,illustration3 #jjf ,illustration3 #jjg ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,roses ,by ,francis ,parkman ,boston ,j4 ,e4 ,tilton ,and ,company4 #ahga4 ,,introduction ,,it ,,is needless to eulogize the ,rose4 ,poets from ,anacreon and ,sappho1 and earlier than they1 down to our own times1 have sung its praises2 and yet the rose of ,grecian and of ,persian song1 the rose of troubadours and minstrels1 had no beauties so resplendent as those with which its offspring of the present day embellish our gardens4 ,the thirty sorts of rose1 of which ,john ,parkinson speaks in #afbi1 have multiplied to thousands4 ,new races have been introduced from ,china1 ,persia1 ,hindostan1 and our own country2 and these1 amalgamated with the older families by the art of the hybridist1 have produced still other forms of surpassing variety and beauty4 ,this multiplication and improvement are still in progress4 ,the last two or three years have been prolific beyond precedent in new roses2 and1 with all regard for old favorites1 it cannot be denied1 that1 while a few of the roses of our forefathers still hold their ground1 the greater part are cast into the shade by the brilliant products of this generation4 ,in the production of new roses1 ,france takes the lead4 ,a host of cultivators great and small--,laffay1 ,vibert1 ,verdier1 ,margottin1 ,trouillard1 ,portemer1 and numberless others--have devoted themselves to the pleasant art of intermarrying the various families and individual varieties of the rose1 and raising from them seedlings whose numbers every year may be counted by hundreds of thousands4 ,of these1 a very few only are held worthy of preservation2 and all the rest are consigned to the rubbish heap4 ,the ,english1 too1 have of late done much in raising new varieties2 though their climate is less favorable than that of ,france1 and their cultivators less active and zealous in the work4 ,some excellent roses1 too1 have been produced in ,america4 ,our climate is very favorable to the raising of seedlings1 and far more might easily be accomplished here4 ,in ,france and ,england1 the present rage for roses is intense4 ,it is stimulated by exhibitions1 where nurserymen1 gardeners1 landed gentlemen1 and reverend clergymen of the ,established ,church1 meet in friendly competition for the prize4 ,while the ,french excel all others in the production of new varieties1 the ,english are unsurpassed in the cultivation of varieties already known2 and nothing can exceed the beauty and perfection of some of the specimens exhibited at their innumerable rose-shows4 ,if the severity of our climate has its disadvantages1 the clearness of our air and the warmth of our summer sun more than counterbalance them2 and it is certain that roses can be raised here in as high perfection1 to say the very least1 as in any part of ,europe4 ,the object of this book is to convey information4 ,the earlier portion will describe the various processes of culture1 training1 and propagation1 both in the open ground and in pots2 and this will be followed by an account of the various families and groups of the rose1 with descriptions of the best varieties belonging to each4 ,a descriptive list will be added of all the varieties1 both of old roses and those most recently introduced1 which are held in esteem by the experienced cultivators of the present day4 ,the chapter relating to the classification of roses1 their family relations1 and the manner in which new races have arisen by combinations of two or more old ones1 was suggested by the difficulties of the writer himself at an early period of his rose studies4 ,the want of such explanations1 in previous treatises1 has left their readers in a state of lamentable perplexity on a subject which might easily have been made sufficiently clear4 ,books on the rose1 written for the climates of ,france or ,england1 will1 in general1 greatly mislead the cultivators here4 ,extracts will1 however1 be given from the writings of the best foreign cultivators1 in cases where experience has shown that their directions are applicable to the climate of the ,northern and ,middle ,states4 ,the writer having been for many years a cultivator of the rose1 and having carefully put in practice the methods found successful abroad1 is enabled to judge with some confidence of the extent to which they are applicable here1 and to point out exceptions and modifications demanded by the nature of our climate4 ,among ,english writers on the rose1 the best are ,paul1 ,rivers1 and more recently ,cranston1 together with the vivacious ,mr4 ,radclyffe1 a clergyman1 a horticulturist1 an excellent amateur of the rose1 and a very amusing contributor to the ,florist4 ,in ,france1 ,deslongchamps and several able contributors to the ,revue ,horticole are the most prominent4 ,from these sources the writer of this book drew the instructions and hints which at first formed the basis of his practice2 but he soon found that he must greatly modify it in accordance with ,american necessities4 ,there was much to be added1 much to be discarded1 and much to be changed2 and the results to which he arrived are given1 as compactly as possible1 in the following pages4 ,jan4 #a1ahff4 ,illustration3 #jjah ,illustration3 #jjai ,,chapter ,i4 ,,open ,,air ,,culture ,illustration3 #jjba ,,the ,,rose requires high culture4 ,this belle of the parterre1 this queen of flowers1 is a lover of rich fare1 and refuses to put forth all her beauties on a meagre diet4 ,roses1 indeed1 will grow and bloom in any soil2 but deficient nourishment will reduce the size of the flowers1 and impair the perfection of their form4 ,of all soils1 one of a sandy or gravelly nature is the worst2 while1 on the other hand1 a wet and dense clay is scarcely better4 ,a rich1 strong1 and somewhat heavy garden loam1 abundantly manured1 is the soil best adapted to all the strong-growing roses2 while those of more delicate growth prefer one pro-portionably lighter4 ,yet roses may be grown to perfection in any soil1 if the needful pains are taken4 ,we will suppose an extreme case3 ,the grower wishes to plant a bed of roses on a spot where the soil is very poor and sandy4 ,let him mark out his bed1 dig the soil to the depth of eighteen inches8 throw out the worst portion of it1 and substitute in its place a quantity of strong1 heavy loam3 rotted sods1 if they can be had1 will be an excellent addition2 and so1 also1 will decayed leaves4 ,then add a liberal dressing of old stable manure3 that taken from a last year's hot-bod will do admirably4 ,it is scarcely possible to enrich too highly4 ,one-fourth manure to three-fourths soil is not an excessive proportion4 ,now incorporate the whole thoroughly with a spade1 level the top1 and your bed is ready4 ,again3 we will suppose a case1 equally bad1 but of the opposite character4 ,here the soil is very wet1 cold1 and heavy4 ,the first step is to drain it4 ,this may be done thoroughly with tiles1 after the approved methods2 or1 if this is too troublesome or expensive1 simpler means may be used1 which will1 in most situations1 prove as effectual4 ,dig a hole about five feet deep and four feet wide at the lower side of your intended bed of roses3 in this hole place an inverted barrel1 with the head knocked out2 or1 what is better1 an old oil cask4 ,in the latter case1 a hole should be bored in it1 near the top1 to permit the air to escape4 ,fill the space around the cask or barrel with stones1 and then cover the whole with earth4 ,if your bed is of considerable extent1 a drain1 laid in stone or tile1 should be made under or beside the bed1 at the depth of three feet1 and so constructed as to lead to the sunken barrel4 ,throw out1 if necessary1 a portion of the worst soil of the bed1 substituting light loam1 rotted leaves1 and coarse gritty sand4 ,then add an abundance of old stable manure1 as in the former case4 ,in the great majority of gardens1 however1 such pains are superfluous4 ,any good garden soil1 deeply dug1 and thoroughly enriched1 will grow roses in perfection4 ,neither manure nor the spade should be spared4 ,three conditions are indispensable1--sun1 air1 and exemption from the invasion of the roots of young growing trees4 ,these last are insidious plunderers and thieves1 which invade the soil1 and rob its lawful occupants of the stores of nutriment provided for them4 ,a rose planted on the shady side of a grove of elm or maple trees is in one of the worst possible of situations4 ,if1 however1 the situation is in other respects good1 the evil of the invading roots may be cured for a time by digging a trench1 three feet deep1 between the trees and the bed of roses2 thus cutting off the intruders4 ,the trench may then be filled up immediately2 but1 if the trees are vigorous1 it must be dug over again the following year4 ,it is much better to choose1 at the outset1 an airy1 sunny situation1 at a reasonable distance from growing trees2 but1 at the same time1 a spot exposed to violent winds should be avoided1 as they are very injurious and exhausting4 ,illustration3 #jjbd ,roses may be planted either in spring or in autumn4 ,in the ,northern ,states1 the severity of the winter demands some protection1 when planted in autumn1 for all except the old1 hardy varieties4 ,plant as early as possible1 that the roots may take some hold on the soil before winter closes4 ,october1 for this reason1 is better than ,november4 ,the best protection is earth heaped around the stem to the height of from six inches to a foot4 ,pine1 cedar1 or spruce boughs are also excellent4 ,when earth alone is used1 the top of the rose is often frost-killed2 but this is usually of no consequence1 the growth and bloom being only more vigorous for this natural pruning4 ,dry leaves heaped among or around the roses1 and kept down by sticks or pieces of board1 or by earth thrown on them1 are also good protectors4 ,in spring1 plant as early as the soil is in working order2 that is to say1 as soon as it is dry enough not to adhere in lumps to the spade4 ,in planting1 prune back the straggling roots with a sharp knife1 but save as many of the small fibres as possible4 ,if you plant in spring1 prune back the stem at least half way to the ground2 but1 if you plant in autumn1 by all means defer this operation till the winter is over4 ,the ground around autumn-planted roses should be trodden down in the spring1 since the plant will have been somewhat loosened in its place by the effect of frost2 but this treading must not take place until the soil has become free from excessive moisture4 ,budded roses require a peculiar treatment in planting1 which we shall describe when we come to speak of them4 ,illustration3 #jjbe ,next to soil and situation1 pruning is the most important point of attention to the rose-grower4 ,long treatises have been written on it1 describing in detail different modes applicable to different classes of roses1 and confusing the amateur by a multitude of perplexing particulars4 ,one principle will cover most of the ground3 ,weaklygrowing roses should be severely pruned3 those of vigorous growth should be pruned but little4 ,or1 to speak more precisely1 roses should be pruned in inverse proportion to the vigor of their growth4 ,much1 however1 depends on the object at which the grower aims4 ,if he wishes for a profusion of bloom1 without regard to the size and perfection of individual flowers1 then comparatively little pruning is required4 ,if1 on the other hand1 he wishes for blooms of the greatest size and perfection1 without regard to number1 he will prune more closely4 ,the pruning of any tree or shrub at a time when vegetation is dormant acts as a stimulus to its vital powers4 ,hence1 when it is naturally vigorous1 it is urged by close pruning to such a degree of growth1 that it has no leisure to bear flowers1 developing instead a profusion of leaves and branches4 ,the few flowers which it may produce under such circumstances1 will1 however1 be unusually large4 ,the most vigorous growers among roses are the climbers1 such as the ,boursaults and the ,prairies4 ,these require very little pruning3 first1 because of their vigor2 and1 secondly1 because quantity rather than quality of bloom is asked of them4 ,the old and dry wood should be cut wholly away1 leaving the strong young growth to take its place1 with no other pruning than a clipping-off of the ends of side-shoots1 and a thinning-out of crowded or misshapen branches4 ,in all roses1 it is the young1 well-ripened wood that bears the finest flowers4 ,old enfeebled wood1 or unripe1 soft1 and defective young wood1 should always be removed4 ,next in vigor to the climbers are some of the groups of hardy ,june roses2 such1 for example1 as those called the ,hybrid ,china roses4 ,these are frequently grown on posts or pillars2 in which case they require a special treatment1 to be indicated hereafter4 ,we are now supposing them to be grown as bushes in the garden or on the lawn4 ,cut out the old wood1 and the weak1 unripe1 and sickly shoots1 as well as those which interfere with others2 then shorten the remaining stems one-third1 and cut back the side-shoots to three or four buds4 ,this is on the supposition that a full mass of bloom is required1 without much regard to the development of individual flowers4 ,if quality rather than quantity of bloom is the desideratum1 the pruning both of the main stems and of the side-shoots must be considerably shorter4 ,roses of more moderate growth1 including the greater part of the ,june1 ,moss1 ,hybrid ,perpetual1 and ,bourbon roses1 require a proportionally closer pruning4 ,the stems may be cut down to half their length1 and the side-shoots shortened to two buds4 ,all the weak-growing roses1 of whatever class1 may be pruned with advantage even more closely than this4 ,some of the weak-growing ,hybrid ,perpetuals grow and bloom best when shortened to within four or five buds of the earth4 ,the stronggrowing kinds1 on the contrary1 if pruned thus severely1 would grow with great vigor1 but give very few flowers4 ,the objects of pruning are threefold3 first1 to invigorate the plant2 secondly1 to improve its flowers2 and1 thirdly1 to give it shape and proportion4 ,this last object should always be kept in view by the operator4 ,no two stems should be allowed to crowd each other4 ,a mass of matted foliage is both injurious and unsightly4 ,sun and air should have access to every part of the plant4 ,six or seven stems are the utmost that should be allowed to remain1 even on old established bushes2 and these1 as before mentioned1 should be strong and well ripened1 and should also be disposed in such a manner1 that1 when the buds have grown into shoots and leaves1 the bush will have a symmetrical form4 ,in young bushes1 three1 or even two1 good stems are sufficient4 ,pruning in summer1 when the plant is in active growth1 has an effect contrary to that of pruning when it is in a dormant state4 ,far from increasing its vigor1 it weakens it1 by depriving it of a portion of its leaves1 which are at once its stomach and its lungs4 ,only two kinds of summer pruning can be recommended4 ,the first consists in the removal of small branches which crowd their neighbors1 and interfere with them3 the second is confined to the various classes of ,perpetual roses1 and consists merely in cutting off the faded flowers1 together with the shoots on which they grow1 to within three or four buds of the main stem4 ,this greatly favors their tendency to bloom again later in the summer4 ,when old wood is cut away1 it should be done cleanly1 without leaving a protruding stump4 ,a small saw will sometimes be required for this purpose2 though in most cases a knife1 or1 what is more convenient1 a pair of sharp pruning-shears1 will be all that the operator requires4 ,illustration3 #jjbi ,when roses are trained to cover walls1 trellises1 arches1 or pillars1 the main stems are encouraged to a strong growth4 ,these form the permanent wood2 while the side-shoots1 more or less pruned back1 furnish the flowers4 ,for arbors1 walls1 or very tall pillars1 the strongest growers are most suitable1 such as the ,prairie1 ,boursault1 and ,ayrshire roses4 ,enrich the soil strongly1 and dig deep and widely4 ,choose a healthy young rose1 and1 in planting1 cut off all the stems close to the earth4 ,during the season1 it will make a number of strong young shoots4 ,in the following spring cut out half of them1 leaving the strongest1 which are to be secured against the wall1 or over the arbor1 diverging like a fan or otherwise1 as fancy may suggest4 ,the subsequent pruning is designed chiefly to regulate the growth of the rose1 encouraging the progress of the long leading shoots until they have reached the required height1 and removing side-shoots where they are too thick4 ,where a vacant space occurs1 a strong neighboring shoot may be pruned back in spring to a single eye4 ,this will stimulate it to a vigorous growth1 producing a stem which will serve to fill the gap4 ,of the young shoots1 which1 more or less1 will rise every season from the root1 the greater part should be cut away1 reserving two or three to take the place of the old original stems when these become weak by age4 ,when these climbing roses are used for pillars1 they may either be trained vertically1 or wound in a spiral form around the supporting column4 ,roses of more moderate growth are often trained to poles or small pillars from six to twelve feet high4 ,some of the ,hybrid ,china roses are1 as before mentioned1 well adapted to this use2 and even some of the most vigorous ,moss roses1 such as ,princess ,adelaide1 may be so trained4 ,where a pole is used1 two stems are sufficient4 ,these should be examined1 and cut back to the first strong and plump bud1 removing the weaker buds always found towards the extremity of a stem4 ,then let the stems so pruned lie flat on the earth till the buds break into leaf1 after which they are to be tied to the pole4 ,if they were tied up immediately1 the sap1 obeying its natural tendency1 would flow upward1 expanding the highest bud1 and leaving many of those below dormant1 so that a portion of the stem would be bare4 7,the same course of proceeding may be followed with equal advantage in the case of wall and trellis roses47 ,the highest bud now throws up a strong leading shoot1 while the stem below becomes furnished with an abundance of small side-shoots4 ,in the following spring1 the leading shoot is to be pruned back to the first strong bud1 and the treatment of the previous year repeated4 ,by pursuing this process1 the pillar may1 in the course of two or three years1 be enveloped from the ground to the summit with a mass of leaves and blossoms4 ,these and all other rose-pruning operations are1 in the ,northern ,states1 best effected in ,march1 or the end of ,february2 since roses pruned in autumn are apt to be severely injured and sometimes killed by the severity of our winters4 ,illustration3 #jjcb ,nothing is more beneficial to roses than a frequent digging and stirring of the soil around them4 ,the surface should never be allowed to become hard1 but should be kept light and porous by hoeing or forking several times in the course of the season4 ,a yearly application of manure will be of great advantage4 ,it may be applied in the autumn or in the spring1 and forked in around the plants4 ,cultivators who wish to obtain the finest possible blooms sometimes apply liquid manure early in the summer1 immediately after the flower-buds are formed4 ,this penetrates at once to the roots1 and takes immediate effect on the growing bud4 ,illustration3 #jjcc ,the amateur may perhaps draw some useful hints from an experiment made by the writer in cultivating roses1 with a view to obtaining the best possible individual flowers4 ,a piece of land about sixty feet long by forty wide was trenched throughout to the depth of two feet and a half1 and enriched with three layers of manure4 ,the first was placed at eighteen inches from the surface2 the second1 at about nine inches2 and the third was spread on the surface itself1 and afterwards dug in4 ,the virgin soil was a dense yellow loam of considerable depth2 and1 by the operation of trenching1 it was thoroughly mixed and incorporated with the black surface soil4 ,being too stiff and heavy1 a large quantity of sandy road-scrapings was laid on with the surface-dressing of manure4 ,when the ground was prepared1 the roses were planted in rows4 ,they consisted of ,hardy ,june1 ,moss1 ,hybrid ,perpetual1 ,bourbon1 and a few of the more hardy ,noisette roses4 ,they were planted early in spring1 and cut back at the same time close to the ground4 ,many of the ,perptuais and ,bourbons flowered the first season1 and all grew with a remarkable vigor4 ,in ,november1 just before the ground froze1 a spadesman1 working backward midway between the rows1 dug a trench of the depth and width of his spade1 throwing the earth in a ridge upon the roots of the roses as he proceeded4 ,this answered a double purpose4 ,the ridge of earth protected the roots and several inches of the stems1 while the trench acted as a drain4 ,in the spring1 the earth of the ridge was drawn back into the trench with a hoe1 and the roses pruned with great severity2 some of the weak-growing ,perpetuals and ,mosses being cut to within two inches of the earth1 and all the weak and sickly stems removed altogether4 ,the whole ground was then forked over4 ,the bloom was abundant1 and the flowers of uncommon size and symmetry4 ,had the pruning been less severe1 the mass of bloom would have been greater1 but the individual flowers by no means of so good quality4 ,illustration3 #jjcd ,of budded roses we shall speak hereafter1 in treating of propagation4 ,there is one kind1 however1 which it will be well to notice here4 ,in ,england and on the ,continent1 it is a common practice to bud roses on tall stems or standards of the ,dog ,rose1 or other strong stock1 sometimes at a height of five feet or more from the ground4 ,the head of bloom thus produced has a very striking effect1 especially when the budded rose is of a variety with long slender shoots1 adapted to form what is called a weeper4 ,illustration3 #jjce ,in ,france1 standard roses are frequently planted near together in circular or oval beds1 the tallest stems being in the centre1 and the rest diminishing in regular gradation to the edge of the bed1 which is surrounded with dwarf roses4 ,thus a mound or hill of bloom is produced with a very striking and beautiful effect4 ,unfortunately1 the severe cold and sudden changes of the ,northern ,states1 and especially of ,new ,england1 are very unfavorable to standard roses4 ,the hot sun scorches and dries the tall1 bare stem2 and the sharp cold of winter frequently kills1 and in almost every case greatly injures1 the budded rose at the top4 ,it is only by using great and very troublesome precaution that standards can here be kept in a thriving condition4 ,this may be done most effectually by cutting or loosening the roots on one side1 laying the rose flat on the ground1 and covering it during winter under a ridge of earth4 ,some protection of the stem from the hot sun of ,july and ,august can hardly be dispensed with4 ,with regard to the mounds of standard roses first mentioned1 it is scarcely worth while to attempt them here2 but a very good substitute is within our reach4 ,by choosing roses with a view to their different degrees of vigor1--planting the tall and robust kinds in the middle1 and those of more moderate growth in regular gradation around them1--we may imitate the ,french mounds without the necessity of employing standards4 ,of course it will require time1 and also judicious pruning1 to perfect such a bed of roses2 but1 when this is done1 it will be both a beautiful and permanent ornament of the lawn or garden4 ,illustration3 #jjch ,a new mode of growing roses1 so as to form a tall pyramid instead of a standard1 has been recently introduced in ,england4 ,instead of inserting buds at the top of the stem only1 they are inserted at intervals throughout its whole length1 thus clothing it with verdure and flowers4 ,by this means it is effectually protected from the sun1 and one of the dangers which in our climate attend standard roses is averted4 ,the following directions are copied from a late number of the ,gardener's ,chronicle3-- ,some strong two-years-old stocks of the ,manetti ,rose should be planted in ,november1 in a piece of ground well exposed to sun and air4 ,the soil should have dressings of manure1 and be stirred to nearly two feet in depth4 ,in the months of ,july and ,august of the following year1 they will be in a fit state to bud4 ,they should have one bud inserted in each stock close to the ground4 ,the sort to be chosen for this preliminary budding is a very old ,hybrid ,china ,rose1 called ,madame ,pisaroni2 a rose with a most vigorous and robust habit1 which1 budded on strong ,manet-ti stocks1 will often make shoots from six to seven feet in length1 and stout and robust in proportion4 ,in the month of ,february following1 the stocks in which are live buds should be all cut down to within six inches of the bud4 ,in ,may1 the buds will begin to shoot vigorously3 if there are more shoots than one from each bud1 they must be removed1 leaving only one1 which in ,june should be supported with a slight stake1 or the wind may displace it4 ,by the end of ,august1 this shoot ought to be from five to six feet in height1 and is then in a proper state for budding to form a pyramid4 ,some of the most free-growing and beautiful of the ,hybrid ,perpetual roses should be selected1 and budded on these stems in the following manner3 ,commence about nine inches from the ground1 inserting one bud2 then on the opposite side of the stock1 and at the same distance from the lower bud1 insert another2 and then at the same distance another and another2 so that buds are on all sides of the tree up to about five feet in height1 which1 in the aggregate1 may amount to nine buds4 ,you will thus have formed the foundation of a pyramid4 ,i need scarcely add that the shoots from the stock must be carefully removed during the growing season1 so as to throw all its strength into the buds4 ,it will also be advisable to pinch in the three topmost buds rather severely the first season1 or they will1 to use a common expression1 draw up the sap too rapidly1 and thus weaken the lower buds4 ,in the course of a year or two1 magnificent pyramids may thus be formed1 their stems completely covered with foliage1 and far surpassing any thing yet seen in rose culture4 ,illustration3 #jjdj ,another new method of culture is put forward in recent ,french and ,english journals1 and is said to have proved very successful1 increasing both the size of the flowers and the period of bloom4 ,i cannot speak of it from trial2 but1 as it may be found worth an experiment1 ,i extract from the ,florist and ,pomologist the account there given of the process by a ,mr4 ,perry1 who was one of the first to practise it4 ,he says1-- ,as ,i have now spoken of the advantages attendant upon this mode of training1 ,i will proceed to explain the method of carrying it out4 ,i will suppose that the plants are well established1 and are either on their own roots1 or budded low on the ,manetti 7the former ,i prefer74 ,the operation of bending and pegging-down should be performed in the month of ,march1 or early in ,april4 ,all the small growth should be cut clean away1 and the ends of the strong shoots cut off to the extent only of a few inches4 ,these shoots should then be carefully bent to the ground1 and fastened down by means of strong wooden pegs1 sufficiently stout to last the season1 and to retain the branches in their proper positions4 ,care must be taken that the branches do not split off at the base2 but the operator will soon perceive which is the best and easiest mode of bending the tree to his wishes4 ,many shoots will spring up from the base of the plants1 too strong to produce summer blooms2 but most of them will gratify the cultivator will such noble flowers in the autumn that will delight the heart of any lover of this queen of flowers4 ,these branches will be the groundwork for the next year4 ,i have recently been engaged in cutting all the old wood away which last season did such good duty1 and am now furnished with an ample supply of snoots from four to eight feet high1 which1 if devoid of leaves1 would strongly remind me of fine raspberry-canes1 and which1 by their appearance1 promise what they will do for the forthcoming season4 ,i would suggest that these long shoots should now be merely bundled together1 and a stake put to each plant1 so as to prevent their being injured by the wind4 ,in this state let them remain until the latter end of ,march1 and then proceed as ,i have before mentioned4 ,i feel convinced1 that1 when this method of pegging-down and dwarfing stronggrowing roses becomes generally known1 many of the justly esteemed and valuable robust show varieties will occupy the position in our flower-gardens they are justly entitled to4 ,illustration3 #jjdb ,a good soil1 a good situation1 free air and full sun1 joined with good manuring1 good pruning1 and good subsequent culture1 will prevent more diseases than the most skilful practitioner would ever be able to cure4 ,there are certain diseases1 however1 to which roses1 under the best circumstances1 are more or less liable4 ,of these1 the most common1 and perhaps the worst1 is mildew4 ,it consists in the formation on the leaves and stems of sort of minute fungus1 sometimes presenting the appearance of a white frost4 ,though often thought to be the result of dampness1 it frequently appears in the dryest weather4 ,many of the ,bourbon roses1 and those of the ,hybrid ,perptuais nearest akin to the ,bourbons1 are peculiarly liable to it4 ,in the greenhouse1 the best remedy is sulphur1 melted and evaporated at a heat not high enough to cause it to burn4 ,in the open air1 the flour of sulphur may be sifted over the diseased plants4 ,english florists use a remedy against mildew and other kinds of fungus1 which is highly recommended1 but of which ,i cannot speak from trial4 ,it consists in syringing the plants affected with a solution of two ounces of blue vitriol dissolved in a largo stable bucket of water4 ,the worst enemies of the rose belong to the insect world4 ,of these there are four1 which1 in this part of the country1 cause far more mischief than all the rest combined4 ,the first is the aphis1 or green fly2 the second is the rose-slug1 or larva of the saw-fly2 the third is the leaf-hopper1 sometimes called the thrip2 and the fourth is the small beetle1 popularly called the rose-bug4 ,the first three are vulnerable1 and can be got rid of by using the right means4 ,the slug is a small1 green1 semi-transparent grub1 which appears on the leaves of the rose about the middle of ,june1 eats away their vital part1 and leaves nothing but a brown skeleton1 till at length the whole bush looks as if burned4 ,the aphis clings to the ends of young shoots1 and sucks out their sap4 ,it is prolific beyond belief1 and a single one will soon increase to thousands4 ,both are quickly killed by a solution of whale-oil soap1 or a strong decoction of tobacco1 which should be applied with a syringe in the morning or evening1 as the application of any liquid to the leaves of a plant under the hot sun is always injurious4 ,the same remedy will kill the leaf-hopper1 which1 being much more agile than the others1 is best assailed on a cold day1 when its activity is to some degree chilled out of it4 ,both sides of the leaves should be syringed1 and the plant thoroughly saturated with the soap or tobacco-water4 ,two thorough and well-timed applications will suffice to destroy the year's crop of slugs4 ,the rose-bug is endowed with a constitution which defies tobacco and soap2 and1 though innumerable remedies have been proposed1 we know no better plan than to pick them off the bushes by hand1 or1 watching a time when they are chilled with cold1 to shake them off upon a cloth laid on the ground beneath4 ,in either case1 sure work should be made of them by scalding or crushing them to death4 ,the following account of the rose-bug and the slug is from ,dr4 ,harris's work on ,insects ,injurious to ,vegetation3-- ,the saw-fly of the rose1 which1 as it does not seem to have been described before1 may be called ,selandria ,rosae1 from its favorite plant1 so nearly resembles the slug-worm saw-fly as not to be distinguished therefrom except by a practised observer4 ,it is also very much like ,selandria barda1 ,vitis1 and pygmaea1 but has not the red thorax of these three closely-allied species4 ,it is of a deep and shining black color4 ,the first two pairs of legs are brownish-gray1 or dirty white1 except the thighs1 which are almost entirely black4 ,the hind legs are black1 with whitish knees4 ,the wings are smoky and transparent1 with dark-brown veins1 and a brown spot near the middle of the edge of the first pair4 ,the body of the male is a little more than three-twentieths of an inch long2 that of the female1 one-fifth of an inch or more2 and the wings expand nearly or quite two-fifths of an inch4 ,these saw-flies come out of the ground at various times between the #bjth of ,may and the middle of ,june1 during which period they pair1 and lay their eggs4 ,the females do not fly much1 and may be seen1 during most of the day1 resting on the leaves2 and1 when touched1 they draw up their legs1 and fall to the ground4 ,the males are now active1 fly from one rose-bush to another1 and hover around their sluggish partners4 ,the latter1 when about to lay their eggs1 turn a little on one side1 unsheathe their saws1 and thrust them obliquely into the skin of the leaf1 depositing in each incision thus made a single egg4 ,the young begin to hatch in ten days or a fortnight after the eggs are laid4 ,they may sometimes be found on the leaves as early as the #ast of ,june1 but do not usually appear in considerable numbers till the #bjth of the same month4 ,how long they are in coming to maturity1 ,i have not particularly observed2 but the period of their existence in the caterpillar state probably does not exceed three weeks4 ,they somewhat resemble young slug-worms in form1 but are not quite so convex4 ,they have a small1 round1 yellowish head1 with a black dot on each side of it2 and are provided with twenty-two short legs4 ,the body is green above1 paler at the sides1 and yellowish beneath2 and it is soft and almost transparent1 like jelly4 ,the skin of the back is transversely wrinkled1 and covered with minute elevated points2 and there are two small1 triple-pointed warts on the edge of the first ring1 immediately behind the head4 ,the gelatinous and sluggish creatures eat the upper surface of the leaf in large1 irregular patches1 leaving the veins and the skin beneath untouched2 and they are sometimes so thick1 that not a leaf on the bushes is spared by them1 and the whole foliage looks as if it had been scorched by fire1 and drops off soon afterwards4 ,they cast their skins several times1 leaving them extended and fastened on the leaves3 after the last moulting1 they lose their semi-transparent and greenish color1 and acquire an opaque yellowish hue4 ,they then leave the rose-bushes2 some of them slowly creeping down the stem1 and others rolling up and dropping off1 especially when the bushes are shaken by the wind4 ,having reached the ground1 they burrow to the depth of an inch or more in the earth1 where each one makes for itself a small oval cell of grains of earth1 cemented with a little gummy silk4 ,having finished their transformations1 and turned to flies within their cells1 they come out of the ground early in ,august1 and lay their eggs for a second brood of young4 ,these1 in turn1 perform their appointed work of destruction in the autumn3 they then go into the ground1 make their earthen cells1 remain therein throughout the winter1 and appear in the winged form in the following spring and summer4 ,during several years past1 these pernicious vermin have infested the rose-bushes in the vicinity of ,boston1 and have proved so injurious to them as to have elicited the attention of the ,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society1 by whom a premium of one hundred dollars1 for the most successful mode of destroying these insects1 was offered in the summer of #ahdj4 ,in the year #ahcb1 ,i first observed them in the gardens in ,cambridge1 and then made myself acquainted with their transformations4 ,at that time they had not reached ,milton1 my former place of residence2 and they did not appear in that place till six or seven years later4 ,they now seem to be gradually extending in all directions2 and an effectual method for preserving our roses from their attacks has become very desirable to all persons who set any value on this beautiful ornament of our gardens and shrubberies4 ,showering or syringing the bushes1 with a liquor made by mixing with water the juice expressed from tobacco by tobacconists1 has been recommended3 but some caution is necessary in making this mixture of a proper strength2 for1 if too strong1 it is injurious to plants2 and the experiment does not seem1 as yet1 to have been conducted with sufficient care to insure safety and success4 ,dusting lime over the plants1 when wet with dew1 has been tried1 and found of some use2 but this and all other remedies will probably yield in efficacy to ,mr4 ,haggerston's mixture of whale-oil soap and water1 in the proportion of two pounds of the soap to fifteen gallons of water4 ,particular directions1 drawn up by ,mr4 ,haggerston himself1 for the preparation and use of this simple and cheap application1 may be found in the ',boston ,courier' for the #beth of ,june1 #ahda1 and also in most of our agricultural and horticultural journals of the same time4 ,the utility of this mixture has already been repeatedly mentioned in this treatise1 and it may be applied in other cases with advantage4 ,mr4 ,haggerston finds that it effectually destroys many kinds of insects2 and he particularly mentions plant-lice1 red spiders1 canker-worms1 and a little jumping insect1 which has lately been found quite as hurtful to rose-bushes as the slugs or young of the saw-fly4 ,the little insect alluded to has been mistaken for a ,thrips1 or vinc-frettor3 it is1 however1 a leaf-hopper1 or species of ,tettiyonia1 and is described in a former part of this treatise4 ,the rose-chafer1 or rose-bug as it is more commonly and incorrectly called1 is also a diurnal insect4 ,it is the ,melolontha subspinosa of ,fabricius1 by whom it was first described1 and belongs to the modern genus ,macrodaclylus of ,latreille4 ,common as this insect is in the vicinity of ,boston1 it is1 or was a few years ago1 unknown in the northern and western parts of ,massachusetts1 in ,new ,hampshire1 and in ,maine4 ,it may1 therefore1 be well to give a brief description of it4 ,this beetle measures seven-twentieths of an inch in length4 ,its body is slender1 tapers before and behind1 and is entirely covered with very short and close ashen-yellow down2 the thorax is long and narrow1 angularly widened in the middle of each side1 which suggested the name subspinosa1 or somewhat spined2 the legs are slender1 and of a pale-red color2 the joints of the feet are tipped with black1 and are very long2 which caused ,latreille to call the genus ,macrodactylus3 that is1 long toe1 or long foot4 ,the natural history of the rose-chafer1 one of the greatest scourges with which our gardens and nurseries have been afflicted1 was for a long time involved in mystery1 but is at last fully cleared up4 ,the prevalence of this insect on the rose1 and its annual appearance coinciding with the blossoming of that flower1 have gained for it the popular name by which it is here known4 ,for some time after they were first noticed1 rose-bugs appeared to be confined to their favorite1 the blossoms of the rose2 but within forty years they have prodigiously increased in number1 have attacked at random various kinds of plants in swarms1 and have become notorious for their extensive and deplorable ravages4 ,the grape-vine1 in particular1 the cherry1 plum1 and apple trees1 have annually suffered by their depredations3 many other fruit-trees and shrubs1 garden vegetables and corn1 and even the trees of the forest and the grass of the fields1 have been laid under contribution by these indiscriminate feeders1 by whom leaves1 flowers1 and fruits are alike consumed4 ,the unexpected arrival of these insects in swarms at their first coming1 and their sudden disappearance at the close of their career1 are remarkable facts in their history4 ,they come forth from the ground during the second week in ,june1 or about the time of the blossoming of the damask-rose1 and remain from thirty to forty days4 ,at the end of this period the males become exhausted1 fall to the ground1 and perish2 while the females enter the earth1 lay their eggs1 return to the surface1 and1 after lingering a few days1 die also4 ,the eggs laid by each female are about thirty in number1 and are deposited from one to four inches beneath the surface of the soil3 they are nearly globular1 whitish1 and about one-thirtieth of an inch in diameter1 and are hatched twenty days after they are laid4 ,the young larv begin to feed on such tender roots as are within their reach4 ,like other grubs of the ,scarabians1 when not eating they lie upon the side1 with the body covered1 so that the head and tail are nearly in contact3 they move with difficulty on a level surface1 and are continually falling over on one side or the other4 ,they attain their full size in the autumn1 being then nearly three-quarters of an inch long1 and about an eighth of an inch in diameter4 ,they are of a yellowish-white color1 with a tinge of blue towards the hinder extremity1 which is thick1 and obtuse or rounded4 ,a few short hairs are scattered on the surface of the body4 ,there are six short legs2 namely1 a pair to each of the first three rings behind the head3 and the latter is covered with a horny shell of a pale rust color4 ,in ,october they descend below the reach of frost1 and pass the winter in a torpid state4 ,in the spring they approach towards the surface1 and each one forms for itself a little cell of an oval shape by turning round a great many times1 so as to compress the earth1 and render the inside of the cavity hard and smooth4 ,within this cell the grub is transformed to a pupa during the month of ,may by casting off its skin1 which is pushed downwards in folds from the head to the tail4 ,the pupa has somewhat the form of the perfected beetle1 but is of a yellowish-white color2 its short1 stump-like wings1 its antenn1 and its legs1 are folded upon the breast2 and its whole body is enclosed in a thin film1 that wraps each part separately4 ,during the month of ,june1 this filmy skin is rent3 the included beetle withdraws from its body and its limbs1 bursts open its earthen cell1 and digs its way to the surface of the ground4 ,thus the various changes1 from the egg to the full development of the perfected beetle1 are completed within the space of one year4 ,such being the metamorphoses and habits of these insects1 it is evident that we cannot attack them in the egg1 the grub1 or the pupa state3 the enemy in these stages is beyond our reach1 and is subject to the control only of the natural but unknown means appointed by the ,author of ,nature to keep the insect tribes in check4 ,when they have issued from their subterranean retreats1 and have congregated upon our vines1 trees1 and other vegetable productions1 in the complete enjoyment of their propensities1 we must unite our efforts to seize and crush the invaders4 ,they must indeed be crushed1 scalded1 or burned1 to deprive them of life2 for they are not affected by any of the applications usually found destructive to other insects4 ,experience has proved the utility of gathering them by hand1 or of shaking them or brushing them from the plants into tin vessels containing a little water4 ,they should be collected daily during the period of their visitation1 and should be committed to the flames1 or killed by scalding water4 ,the late ,john ,lowell1 ,esq41 states that1 in #ahbc1 he discovered on a solitary apple-tree the rose-bugs 'in vast numbers1 such as could not be described1 and would not be believed if they were described1 or at least none but an ocular witness could conceive of their numbers4 ,destruction by hand was out of the question1' in this case4 ,he put sheets under the tree1 shook them down1 and burned them4 ,dr4 ,green of ,mansfield1 whose investigations have thrown much light on the history of this insect1 proposes protecting plants with millinet1 and says that in this way only did he succeed in securing his grape-vines from depredation4 ,his remarks also show the utility of gathering them4 ',eighty-six of these spoilers1' says he1 'were known to infest a single rose-bud1 and were crushed with one grasp of the hand4' ,suppose1 as was probably the case1 that one-half of them were females3 by this destruction1 eight hundred eggs1 at least1 were prevented from becoming matured4 ,during the time of their prevalence1 rose-bugs are sometimes found in immense numbers on the flowers of the common white-weed1 or ox-eyed daisy 7,chrysanthemum leucanihemum72 a worthless plant1 which has come to us from ,europe1 and has been suffered to overrun our pastures and encroach on our mowing-lands4 ,in certain cases1 it may become expedient rapidly to mow down the infested white-weed in dry pastures1 and consume it1 with the sluggish rose-bugs1 on the spot4 ,our insect-eating birds undoubtedly devour many of these insects1 and deserve to be cherished and protected for their services4 ,rose-bugs are also eaten greedily by domesticated fowls2 and when they become exhausted and fall to the ground1 or when they are about to lay their eggs1 they are destroyed by moles1 insects1 and other animals1 which lie in wait to seize them4 ,dr4 ,green informs us that a species of dragon-fly1 or devil's-needle1 devours them4 ,he also says that an insect1 which he calls the enemy of the cut-worm 7probably the larva of a ,carabus or predaceous ground-beetle71 preys on the grubs of the common dor-bug4 ,in ,france1 the golden ground-beetle 7,carabus auratus7 devours the female dor1 or chafer1 at the moment when she is about to deposit her eggs4 ,i have taken one specimen of this fine ground-beetle in ,massachusetts2 and we have several other kinds equally predaceous1 which probably contribute to check the increase of our native ,melolonthians4 ,illustration3 #jjeb ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,pot ,,culture ,illustration3 #jjec ,,many ,,of the ever-blooming roses cannot1 in our climate1 be cultivated in the open air without extreme precaution to protect them from the cold4 ,to grow them most successfully1 the aid of glass is necessary4 ,many of the ,hardy ,perpetual roses may also be grown with advantage in pots1 by which means their bloom may be prolonged into the early winter months1 or they may be forced into premature flowering long before their natural season of bloom4 ,the first essential in the pot culture of roses is the preparation of the soil4 ,those of delicate growth1 like most of the ,china and ,tea roses1 require a lighter soil than the more robust varieties1 like most of the ,hardy ,perpetuals4 ,a mixture of loam1 manure1 leaf-mould1 and sand1 in the proportion of two bushels of loam to one bushel of manure1 one bushel of leaf-mould1 and half a bushel of sand1 makes a good soil for the more delicate roses4 ,for the more robust kinds1 the proportion of loam and of manure should be greater4 ,in all cases1 the materials should be mixed two or three months before they are wanted for use1 and turned over several times to incorporate them thoroughly4 ,they are frequently1 however1 mixed1 and used at once4 ,the best loam is that composed of thoroughly rotted turf4 ,a very skilful ,english rose-grower1 ,mr4 ,rivers1 recommends the compact turf shaved from the surface of an old pasture1 and roasted and partially charred on a sheet of iron over a moderate fire4 ,i have found no enriching material so good as the sweepings from the floor of a horse-shoer1 in which manure is mixed with the shavings of hoofs4 ,it is light and porous1 and furnishes1 in decomposing1 a great quantity of ammonia4 ,for the more delicate roses it is particularly suited1 while the stronger kinds will bear manures of a stronger and denser nature4 ,the light black soil from the woods is an excellent substitute for leaf-mould2 or1 to speak more correctly1 it is a natural leaf-mould in the most thorough state of decomposition4 ,young and thrifty roses which have been grown during summer may be potted for the house in ,september4 ,they should be taken up with care1 the large straggling roots cut back1 and all bruised ends removed with a sharp knife4 ,the ends of the branches should also be cut back4 ,they may then be potted in the compost just described1 which should first be sifted through a very coarse sieve4 ,the pots must be well drained with broken crocks placed over the hole at the bottom4 ,care must be taken that the pot be not too large1 as this is very injurious4 ,a sharp stick may be used to compact the soil about the roots2 and from half an inch to an inch in depth should be left empty at the top1 to assist in thorough watering1 which is a point of the first importance4 ,when the roses are potted1 they should be placed in a light cellar or shed1 or under a shady wall4 ,they must be well watered1 and it is well to syringe them occasionally4 ,in a week or two they will have become established1 and may then be removed to a greenhouse without fire1 and with plenty of air2 care1 however1 being taken to protect them from frost at night4 ,the roses so treated are intended for blooming from mid-winter to the end of spring2 and we shall soon speak further of them under the head of ,forcing4 ,a great desideratum is the obtaining of roses in the early part of winter4 ,this may be done by growing everblooming roses in pots in the open air during summer1 plunging the pot in the earth1 and placing a tile or brick beneath it to prevent the egress of roots and the ingress of worms4 ,towards the end of ,august1 cut off all the flowers and buds1 at the same time shortening the flower-stalks to two or three eyes4 ,then give the roses a supply of manure-water to stimulate their growth4 ,if they are in a thrifty condition1 they will form new shoots and flower-buds before the frost sets in2 and may then be removed to a cold greenhouse1 where they will continue1 to flower for several months4 ,the following is the description given by ,mr4 ,rivers of a practice recently introduced in ,england1 and which seems well worth a trial here1 with such modifications as the heat of our sun may require3-- ,to have a fine bloom of these roses1 or1 indeed1 of any of the ,hybrid ,perpetuals1 ,bourbons1 or ,china roses1 in pots towards the end of summer or autumn1 take plants from small pots 7those struck from cuttings in ,march or ,april will do71 and put them into six-inch1 or even eight-inch pots1 using a compost of light turfy loam and rotten manure1 equal parts3 to a bushel of the compost add half a peck of pounded charcoal1 and the same quantity of silver sand2 make a hot-bed of sufficient strength1 say three to four feet in height1 of seasoned dung1 so that it is not of a burning heat1 in a sunny1 exposed situation1' and on this place the pots2 then fill up all interstices with sawdust1 placing it so as to cover the rims1 and to lie on the surface of the mould in the pots about two inches deep4 ,the pots should have a good sound watering before they are thus plunged1 and have water daily in dry weather4 ,the bottom heat and full exposure to the sun and air will give the plants a vigor almost beyond belief4 ,this very simple mode of culture is as yet almost unknown4 ,i have circulated among a few friends the above directions2 and have no doubt1 that1 in the hands of skilful gardeners1 some extraordinary results may be looked for in the production of specimens of soft-wooded plants4 ,i may add1 that1 when the heat of the bed declines towards the middle of ,july1 the pots must be removed1 some fresh dung added1 and the bed remade1 again plunging the plants immediately4 ,towards the end of ,august1 the roots of the plants must be ripened3 the pots must1 therefore1 be gradually lifted out of the saw-dust2 i4e41 for five or six days1 expose them about two inches below their rims2 then1 after the same lapse of time1 a little lower1 till the whole of the pot is exposed to the sun and air3 they may be then removed to the greenhouse1 so as to be sheltered from heavy rain4 ,they will bloom well in the autumn1 and be in fine order for early forcing4 ,if plants are required during the summer for exhibition1 or any other purpose1 care must always be taken to harden or ripen their roots1 as above1 before they are removed from the hot-bed4 ,illustration3 #jjeh ,forcing is the very inappropriate name of the process by which roses and other plants are induced to bloom under glass in advance of their natural season4 ,we say that the name is inappropriate1 because one of the chief essentials to the success of the process consists in an abstinence from all that is violent or sudden1 and in the gentle and graduated application of the stimulus of artificial heat4 ,roses may be forced in the greenhouse1 but not to advantage1 because the conditions of success will be inconsistent with the requirements of many of the other plants4 ,the process is best carried on in a small glass structure made for such purposes1 and called a forcing-pit4 ,a pit ten or twelve feet long and eight or ten wide will commonly be large enough4 ,it may be of the simplest and cheapest construction4 ,in a dry situation1 there is advantage in sinking the lower part of it two or three feet below the surface of the ground4 ,the roses may be placed on beds of earth1 or on wooden platforms1 so arranged as to bring the top of the plants near the glass2 and a sunken path may pass down the middle4 ,the pit may be heated by a stove enclosed with brick-work1 and furnished with a flue of brick or tile passing along the front of the pit1 and entering the chimney at the farther end4 ,the lights must be movable1 or other means provided' for ample ventilation2 and if these are such that the air on entering will pass over the heated flues1 and thus become warmed in the passage1 great advantage will result4 ,a pit may be appended to a greenhouse2 in which case it may be heated by hot-water pipes furnished with means of cutting off or letting on the water4 ,the roses potted for forcing1 as directed in the last section1 should be kept in a dormant state till the middle of ,december4 ,a portion of them may then be brought into the pit1 and the young shoots pruned back to two or three eyes4 ,the heat at first must be very moderate1 not much exceeding forty-five degrees in the daytime3 and1 throughout the process1 the pit should be kept as cool as possible at night2 great care1 however1 being taken that no frost is admitted4 ,with this view1 the glass should be covered at sunset with thick mats4 ,syringe the plants as the buds begin to swell1 and lose no opportunity to give air on mild and bright days4 ,raise the heat gradually till it reaches sixty degrees2 which is enough during the winter months1 so far as fire-heat is concerned4 ,the heat of the sun will sometimes raise it to seventy or eighty degrees4 ,syringe every morning2 and1 if the aphis appears1 fumigate with tobacco2 then syringe forcibly to wash off the dead insects4 ,as the plants advance in growth1 they require plenty of water2 and1 as the buds begin to swell1 manure-water may be applied once or twice4 ,when the buds are ready to open1 the pots may be removed to the greenhouse or drawing-room1 and another supply put in their place for a second crop of flowers4 ,when the blooms are faded1 the flower-stalks may be cut back to two or three eyes1 and the plants placed again in the forcing-pit for another crop4 ,this1 of course1 is applicable to ever-blooming roses only4 ,the most common and simple way1 however1 of obtaining roses in winter1 is to grow them on rafters in the greenhouse4 ,some of the ,noisette1 ,china1 and ,tea roses1 thus treated1 will furnish an abundant supply of excellent flowers4 ,by pruning them at different periods during the summer and autumn1 they will be induced to flower in succession2 since1 with all roses1 the time of blooming is1 to a great degree1 dependent on the time of pruning4 ,roses potted in the manner described for forcing may also be brought into bloom in the sunny window of a chamber or drawing-room4 ,they will bloom much better if allowed to remain at rest in a cool cellar for a month or two after potting4 ,illustration3 #jjfa ,the following is a cheap mode of forcing1 described by an ,english cultivator4 ,the amateur may1 perhaps1 be disposed to make the experiment4 ,those who wish for the luxury of forced roses at a trifling cost may have them by pursuing the following simple method3 ,take a common garden frame1 large or small1 according to the number of roses wanted2 raise it on some posts1 so that the bottom edge will be about three feet from the ground at the back of the frame1 and two feet in front1 sloping to the south4 ,if it is two feet deep1 this will give a depth of five feet under the lights at the back of the frame1 which will admit roses on little stems as well as dwarfs4 ,grafted or budded plants of any of the ,perpetual roses should be potted in ,october1 in a rich compost of equal portions of rotten dung and loam1 in pots about eight inches deep and seven inches over1 and plunged in the soil at the bottom4 ,the air in the frame may be heated by linings of hot dung2 but care must be taken that the dung be turned over two or three times before it is used1 otherwise the rank and noxious steam will kill the young and tender shoots3 but the hazard of this may be avoided by building a wall of turf1 three inches thick1 from the ground to the bottom edge of the frame4 ,this will admit the heat through it1 and exclude the steam4 ,the ,perpetual roses1 thus made to bloom early1 are really beautiful4 ,illustration3 #jjfb ,now1 in the way of exciting the reader's emulation1 ,i will mention a few items of the opening flower-show of the ,crystal ,palace1 ,sydenham1 on the #bfth of ,may1 a few years ago4 ,the following specimens of roses1 in pots1 are chronicled among innumerable others3-- ,madame ,willeemoz 7,tea-scented ,rose71 seven feet high1 with more than a hundred expanded flowers4 ,souvenir de la ,malmaison 7,bourbon ,rose71 with thirty expanded flowers1 the largest more than five inches in diameter4 ,paul ,pereas 7,hybrid ,bourbon ,rose71 six feet high1 with nearly a hundred expanded flowers4 ,coupe d',hb 7,hybrid ,bourbon ,rose71 six feet high1 covered with a mass of bloom4 ,these were all raised by ,mr4 ,paul1 one of the most skilful of ,english rose-growers2 and were the results of patience1 care1 and experience4 ,we hold the production of specimens like these a work of art worthy of zealous emulation4 ,our climate is quite as favorable to their production as that of ,england2 and1 when the floricultural art has reached among us the same development1 our horticultural shows will1 no doubt1 boast decorations equally splendid4 ,the plants just mentioned were the productions of a nurseryman2 but specimens of roses grown to the highest perfection are every year exhibited in ,england by amateur cultivators4 ,the competition for prizes1 far from being a mere strife for a small sum of money1 is an honorable emulation1 in which the credit of success is the winner's best reward4 ,one point cannot be too often urged in respect to horticultural pursuits4 ,never attempt to do any thing which you are not prepared to do thoroughly4 ,a little done well is far more satisfactory than a great deal done carelessly and superficially4 ,he who raises one perfect and fully developed specimen of a plant is a better horticulturist than he who raises an acre of indifferent specimens4 ,the amateur who has made himself a thorough master of the cultivation of a single species or variety1 has1 of necessity1 acquired a knowledge and skill1 which1 with very little pains1 he may apply to numberless other forms of culture4 ,learn to produce a first-class specimen of the rose grown in a pot1 and you will have no difficulty in successfully applying your observation and experience to a vast variety of plants4 ,we will1 therefore1 enter into some detail as to the methods of procedure4 ,for many of the specific directions ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,paul1 the exhibiter of the fine specimens named above1 and the author1 among other books1 of a useful little treatise on the cultivation of roses in pots4 ,soil is the point that first demands attention1 and directions concerning it have already been given4 ,you have bought a number of young roses1 in small pots1 in the spring4 ,be sure that these roses have been in a dormant state during the winter2 for1 if they have been kept in growth1 their vital power is partially exhausted4 ,they may be budded on short stems of the ,manetti or other good stock 7see the chapter on ,budding71 or they may be on their own roots4 ,the ,tea and ,china roses are certainly better in the latter condition4 ,shift them from the small pots into pots a very little larger1 without breaking the ball of earth around their roots4 ,water them well1 and plunge them to the edge of the pot in earth1 in an open1 airy1 sunny place4 ,or they may be set on the surface1 provided the spaces between them are well packed with tan1 coal-ashes1 or swamp-moss4 ,the last is excellent3 it holds moisture like a sponge4 ,in every case1 the pots should rest on flat bricks1 slates1 tiles1 or inverted pans1 in order that worms may be excluded1 and that the roots may not be tempted to thrust themselves through the hole4 ,in potting1 thorough drainage should be secured by placing broken crocks at the bottom of the pot4 ,encourage the growth of the plants by pinching off the flower-buds4 ,the object throughout the summer is to get a few stout well-ripened shoots by autumn4 ,therefore the pots should not be very close together1 since this would deprive the plants of free air and sunlight4 ,watering must be carefully attended to4 ,cut out1 or pinch off1 weak or ill-placed shoots2 or1 what is better1 prevent their growth by rubbing off the buds that threaten to form such4 ,thus1 if several buds are crowded together in one place1 rub off all but one or two of them1 choosing the strongest for preservation4 ,this is called dis-budding4 ,those of the plants that grow most vigorously will require to be shifted into still larger pots in ,july2 but this should be done only in cases where it is necessary4 ,as a guide on this point1 turn them carefully out of the pots to examine the roots2 and1 if these are found protruding in great abundance from the ball of earth1 larger pots will be required2 but1 if otherwise1 the same one will suffice4 ,some roses suffer greatly if placed in pots too large for them2 and the same is more or less true of all plants4 ,late in autumn1 when growth has ceased1 shift the roses again1 if they need it1 and place them for wintering in a cellar or cold frame4 ,in the spring1 prune them1 as directed in the chapter on ,pruning4 ,after the rose is pruned1 stake out the shoots to as great distances as possible4 ,indeed1 the larger ones should be made to lie almost horizontal3 this will cause the buds to break1 or open1 regularly along their whole length2 whereas1 if left upright1 a few at the top would break1 and the rest remain dormant4 ,as soon as the buds have opened1 the shoots may be tied up again4 ,syringe the opening buds1 and water moderately1 increasing the amount of moisture as the leaves expand1 and watering abundantly during all the period of full activity of growth2 that is1 during summer and early autumn4 ,an occasional application of manure-water is useful4 ,watch for insects and mildew1 and apply the remedies elsewhere directed4 ,about midsummer1 shift those that need it into larger pots2 an operation which1 if performed with skill1 will not check their growth in the least4 ,continue to disbud and to remove weak and ill-placed shoots1 tying out the rest1 as they grow1 to stakes1 in order to bring the plant into a symmetrical form4 ,this form is a matter of taste with the cultivator3 it may be a half-globe1 a fan1 or a pyramid or cone4 ,the last is usually the best2 one strong stem being allowed to grow in the centre1 and smaller stems trained in gradation around it4 ,none must interfere with their neighbors1 and air should have free play through the plant4 ,you have reached the second autumn1 and your plants are now excellent for forcing2 but1 if you aim at first-class specimens1 you must give them1 at the least1 one season more of growth and training4 ,to this end1 keep them dormant through the winter in a cellar or cold frame as before1 and prune them early in spring4 ,we will suppose that a pyramidal plant is desired4 ,as soon as they are pruned1 draw the lower shoots downwards over the rim of the pot1 just beneath which a wire should pass around1 to which the shoots are to be tied with strings of bass-matting4 ,the shoots higher up are to be arranged1 with the aid of sticks and strings1 so as to decrease in circumference till they terminate in a point4 ,constant care and some judgment are needed throughout the growing season to preserve symmetry of form4 ,strong shoots must be pinched back1 and weak ones encouraged4 ,both the plant1 and the pot that contains it1 are1 or ought to be1 so large by this time1 that handling them1 especially in the act of shifting1 becomes somewhat difficult4 ,in the third1 or at farthest in the fourth autumn1 you may expect1 as the result of your pains1 a plant that in its blooming season will make a brilliant contrast with the half-grown and indifferent specimens sometimes exhibited at our horticultural shows4 ,if you forget every other point of the above directions1 keep in mind the following3 ,drain your pots thoroughly2 and1 when you water them1 be sure that you give water enough to penetrate the whole mass of the earth contained in them4 ,watering only the surface1 and leaving the roots dry1 is ruinous4 ,illustration3 #jjfh ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,propagation ,illustration3 #jjfi ,,there ,,are live modes of propagating the rose1--by layers1 by cuttings1 by budding1 by grafting1 and by suckers4 ,illustration3 #jjgj ,this is perhaps1 for the amateur1 the most convenient and certain method4 ,the best season for layering is the summer1 from the end of ,june to the end of ,august2 and1 for some varieties1 even later4 ,the rose which is to be multiplied should be in a condition of vigorous growth4 ,loosen and pulverize the soil around it2 and1 if heavy and adhesive1 add a liberal quantity of very old manure mixed with its bulk of sharp sand4 ,the implements needed for the operation are a knife1 a trowel1 and hooked wooden pegs4 ,choose a well-ripened shoot of the same season's growth1 and strip off the leaves from its base a foot or more up the stalk2 but1 by all means1 suffer the leaves at the end to remain4 ,bend the shoot gently downward with the left hand1 and insert the edge of the knife in its upper or inner side six or eight inches from its base1 and immediately below a bud4 ,cut half way through the stem2 then turn the edge of the knife upward1 and cautiously slit the stem through the middle1 to the length of an inch and a half1 thus a tongue of wood1 with a bud at its end1 will be formed4 ,with the thumb and finger of the left hand raise the upper part of the stem erect1 at the same time by a slight twist turning the tongue aside1 steadying the stem meanwhile with the right hand4 ,thus the tongue will be brought to a right angle1 or nearly so1 with the part of the stem from which it was cut4 ,hold it in this position with the left hand1 while with the trowel you make a slit in the soil just beneath it4 ,into this insert the tongue and bent part of the stem to a depth not much exceeding two inches4 ,press the earth firmly round them1 and pin them down with one of the hooked pegs4 ,some operators cut the tongue on the lower or outer side of the stem2 but this has a double disadvantage4 ,in the first place1 the stem is much more liable to break in being bent2 and1 in the next place1 the tongue is liable to re-unite with the cut part1 and thus defeat the operation4 ,when all is finished1 the extremity of the shoot should stand out of the ground as nearly upright as possible1 and should by no means be cut back1--a mistaken practice in use with some gardeners4 ,in a favorable season1 most of the layers will be well rooted before the frost sets in4 ,if the weather is very dry1 there will be many failures4 ,instead of roots1 a hard cellular substance will form in a ball around the tongue4 ,in the dry summer of #ahfd1 the rose-layers were thus clubbed with lumps often as large as a hen's egg2 but cases like this are rare4 ,in ,november1 it is better in our severe climate to take up the rooted layers1 and keep them during winter in a cold frame2 that is1 a frame constructed like that of a hot-bed1 without the heat4 ,here they should be set closely in light soil to the depth of at least six inches1 and covered with boards and matting2 or they may be potted in small pots1 and placed in a frame or cellar4 ,layers may be made in spring from wood of the last season's growth2 but laying the young wood during slimmer1 as described above1 is much to be preferred4 ,ill #jjgb ,all roses may be propagated by cuttings2 but some kinds strike root much more readily than others4 ,the hard-wooded roses1 including the entire family of the ,hardy ,june roses1 and especially the ,mosses1 are increased with difficulty by cuttings4 ,the ,hybrid ,perptuais root more readily2 while the tender ever-blooming roses1 including the ,teas1 ,noisettes1 and ,chinas1 are propagated in this way with great ease4 ,cuttings may be made from the ripened or the half-ripened wood4 ,in the case of roses1 and of nearly all ligneous plants1 cuttings made from the ripe wood do not require bottom-heat1 and are more likely to be injured than benefited by it4 ,on the other hand1 cuttings of the soft or unripe wood strike root with more quickness and certainty if stimulated by the application of a gentle heat from below4 ,in propagating roses from the ripe wood1 the cuttings must be made early in autumn from wood of the same season's growth4 ,the chances of success will be increased if they are taken off close to the old wood with what is called a heel2 that is1 with a very small portion of the old wood attached4 ,the heel should be trimmed smooth with a sharp knife3 the cuttings may be six or eight inches long4 ,strip off any leaves which may still adhere to them1 and plant them in rows1 at a depth of about five inches1 in a cold frame4 ,the soil should be very light1 and thoroughly drained3 water it1 to settle it1 around the cuttings4 ,on the approach of frost1 they should be protected with boards and mats1 giving them air on fine days during winter4 ,in the spring1 a white cellular growth called a callus will have formed at the heel of each cutting1 which1 if the process succeeds1 will soon emit roots1 and become a plant4 ,propagation in summer from the half-ripe wood is a better and less uncertain method4 ,in ,june and ,july1 immediately after the blossoms wither1 and before the rose has begun its second growth1 cuttings should be made of the flower-stems4 ,each cutting may contain two or three buds4 ,the lower leaves must be taken off2 but the upper leaves must remain4 ,trim off the stem smoothly with a sharp knife below the lowest bud1 and as near to it as possible without injuring it4 ,if the cuttings are taken off with a heel1 as above described1 the chance of success will be greater4 ,they may now be inserted at the depth of an inch and a half around the edge of a small pot filled one-third with broken crocks1 and the remainder with a mixture of loam1 leaf-mould1 and sharp sand4 ,now place them in a frame on the shady side of a hedge or fence1 water them to settle the soil1 and cover them closely with glass4 ,sprinkle them lightly every morning and night2 and1 when moisture gathers on the inner surface of the glass1 turn it over1 placing the dry side inward4 ,if mould or decay attacks the cuttings1 wedge up the glass a little to give them air4 ,in a week or two1 they will form a callus2 after which they may be removed to a gentle hot-bed1 kept moderately close1 and shaded from the direct sun4 ,here they will quickly strike root1 and may be potted off singly into small pots4 ,another mode of propagation1 and a favorite one with nursery-men1 is practised early in the spring4 ,in this case1 the cuttings are made from forced roses1 or roses grown on greenhouse rafters4 ,some propagators prefer the wood in a very soft state1 cutting it even before the flowers are expanded4 ,the cuttings may be placed in pots as in the former case1 or in shallow boxes or earthen pans thoroughly drained with broken crocks4 ,the soil should be shallow enough to allow the heel of the cutting to touch the crocks4 ,they are to be placed at once on a moderate bottom-heat1 covered closely with glass1 and shaded from the direct rays of the noontide sun4 ,their subsequent treatment is similar to that of summer cuttings4 ,they must be closely watched1 and those that show signs of mould or decay at once removed4 ,after the callus is formed1 they will bear more air4 ,when rooted1 they should be potted into small pots1 and placed on a hot-bed of which the heat is on the decline4 ,towards the end of ,may1 when the earth is warmed by the sun1 they may be turned out of the pots into the open ground1 where they will soon make strong plants4 ,many ,american nursery-men strike rose-cuttings in spring1 in pure sand1 over a hot-bed or a tank of hot water1 in the close air of the propagating-house4 ,they must be potted immediately on rooting1 as the sand supplies them with nothing to subsist on4 ,we have seen many hundreds rooted in this way with scarcely a single failure4 ,the management of difficult cuttings requires a certain tact1 only to be gained by practice and observation2 and the gardener who succeeds in rooting a pot of cuttings of the ,moss ,rose has some reason to be proud of his success4 ,with respect to the relative value of roses propagated by the methods above described1 the most experienced cultivators are unanimous in the opinion1 that those raised from layers and from cuttings of the ripe wood1 without artificial heat1 are superior in vigor and endurance to those raised from the half-ripe wood with the stimulus of a close heat4 ,unfortunately1 the former method is so slow and uncertain when compared with the latter1 that nurserymen rarely employ it to any great extent2 and a good choice of roses on their own roots1 raised without heat1 is sometimes difficult to find4 ,the following is a mode of propagation not often practised1 but which is well worthy of trial1 as it is applicable to prunings which are usually thrown away4 ,the extract is from the ,gardener's ,chronicle4 ,the rose is as easily propagated by means of buds or eyes as the vine4 ,if your correspondent ',x' will take a strong shoot from almost any kind of rose in a dormant state1 and with a sharp knife cut it into as many pieces as there are good eyes on the shoots1 the pieces not being more than one inch long1 taking care to have the eye in the centre of the piece1 he will doubtless succeed4 ,one-third of the wood should be cut clean off from end to end at the back of the eye1 just as you would prepare a vine eye4 ,in preparing the cutting-pans1 it is most essential to put a good quantity of broken potsherds in the bottom1 beginning with large pieces1 and finishing with others more finely broken3 then mix a quantity of good loam1 leaf-soil1 and sand1 in equal proportions2 rub it through a fine sieve1 and fill the pans to within one inch of the top1 pressing down the soil moderately firm4 ,after that1 put in the eyes in a leaning or slanting position1 pressing them firmly into the soil with the thumb and finger2 taking care to keep the thumb on the bottom end of the cutting1 to prevent the bark from being injured4 ,after the eyes are put in1 give the pan two or three gentle raps on the bench2 then put half an inch of silver or clean river sand on the top1 water with a fine rose1 and plunge the pans in a nice bottom heat of say sixty degrees1 covering the surface over with moss to prevent the soil from getting dry3 they will not require any more water for a week or ten days4 ,the moss should be carefully removed as soon as the young shoots begin to push through the sand4 ,in three weeks from that time1 the roses will be fit for potting off into large sixty-sized pots4 ,they should then be placed in a temperature of seventy degrees1 when they will soon repay the care bestowed on them4 ,i1 however1 prefer grafting on the ,manetti stock4 ,i grafted a lot in a dormant state seven weeks ago3 they are now nice plants1 and will be in bloom by ,may4--,j4 ,willis1 ,oulton ,park1 ,cheshire4 ,illustration3 #jjgg ,this mode of propagation is attended with great advantages and great evils4 ,a new or rare rose may be increased by it more rapidly and surely than by any other means2 while roses of feeble growth on their own roots will often grow and bloom vigorously when budded on a strong and congenial stock4 ,on the other hand1 the very existence of a budded rose is1 in our severe climate1 precarious4 ,a hard winter may kill it down to the point of inoculation1 and it is then lost past recovery2 whereas a rose on its own roots may be killed to the level of the earth1 and yet throw up vigorous shoots in the spring4 ,moreover1 a budded rose requires more attention than the cultivator is always willing to bestow on it4 ,an ill-informed or careless amateur will suffer shoots to grow from the roots or stem of the stock2 and1 as these are always vigorous1 they engross all the nourishment1 and leave the budded rose to dwindle or die2 while its disappointed owner1 ignorant of the true condition of things1 often congratulates himself on the prosperous growth of his plant4 ,at length he is undeceived by the opening of the buds1 and the appearance of a host of insignificant single roses in the place of the ,giant of ,battles or ,general ,jacqueminot4 ,budding1 however1 cannot be dispensed with1 since1 in losing it1 we should lose the most effectual means of increasing and distributing the choicest roses4 ,the process consists in implanting1 as it were1 an undeveloped leaf-bud1 of the variety we wish to increase1 in the bark and wood of some other species of rose4 ,the latter is called the stock1 and it should be of a hardy and vigorous nature4 ,two conditions are essential to the process4 ,the first is1 that the bark of the stock will slip2 in other words1 separate freely from the wood4 ,the second is1 that the rose to be increased should be furnished with young and sound leaf-buds in a dormant state4 ,these conditions are best answered in summer and early autumn1 from the first of ,july to the middle of ,september4 ,during the whole of this period1 the sap being in active motion1 the bark separates freely from the wood1 while there is always a supply of plump and healthy buds on shoots of the same year's growth4 ,the only implement necessary is a budding-knife4 ,the operator should also provide himself with strings of bass-matting1 moistened to make them pliant4 ,instead of the bass1 cotton-wicking is occasionally used4 ,cut well-ripened shoots of the variety to be increased1 provided with plump and healthy buds4 ,in order to prevent exhaustion by evaporation from the surface of the leaves1 these should be at once cut off2 leaving1 however1 about half an inch of the leaf-stalk still attached to the stem4 ,insert the knife in the bark of the stem half an inch above a bud1 and then pass it smoothly downward to the distance of half an inch below the bud1 thus removing the latter with a strip of bark attached4 ,a small portion of the wood will also adhere4 ,this may be removed2 though this is not necessary1 and is attended with some little risk of pulling out with it the eye1 or vital part1 of the bud4 ,now place the bud between the lips while you take the next step of the process4 ,this consists in cutting a vertical1 slit in the bark of the stock4 ,this done1 cut a tranverse slit across the top of the vertical one4 ,both should be quite through the bark to the wood below2 then1 with the flat handle of the budding-knife1 raise the corners of the bark1 and disengage it from the wood sufficiently to allow of the bud being slipped smoothly into the crevice between the wood and bark of the stock4 ,next apply the edge of the knife to the protruding end of the bark attached to the bud1 and cut it smoothly off immediately over the tranverse slit in the bark of the stock4 ,the bud is now adjusted accurately in its place1 the overlapping bark closing neatly around it4 ,now tie it above and below pretty firmly with repeated turns of the bass-matting1 and the work is done4 ,it must be remembered1 that1 to be well done1 it must be quickly done2 and it is better to insert the bud on the north or shady side of the stock4 ,the bud and the stock will soon begin to grow together4 ,after a week or two they should be examined1 and the tie loosened4 ,if the bud is put in early in the season1 it may be made to grow almost immediately by cutting off the ends of the growing shoots of the stock1 and thus forcing sap towards the bud4 ,as the bud grows1 the stock should be still further shortened1 and all the shoots growing below the bud should be removed altogether4 ,budded stocks require in this country1 at least when the buds are dormant1 a protection against the winter4 ,where there are but few1 oiled paper1 or something of' a similar nature1 may be tied over the bud as a shelter from snow1 rain1 and sun2 but1 when there are many1 this is impossible1 and the stocks may be taken up1 and heeled close together in a dry soil under a shelter of boards and mats4 ,heeling is merely a temporary planting4 ,in the following spring1 the stocks may be cut off to within an inch of the bud1 and then planted where they are to remain4 ,when the bud is inserted near the ground1--which in our climate should always be done1--the stock should be planted in such a manner that the bud is a little below the level of the earth4 ,to this end1 the stock should be set in a slanting position in the hole dug for it2 the bud1 of course1 being uppermost1 and about an inch below the level of the edge of the hole3 then the hole should be partially filled in4 ,when the bud has grown out to the height of six or eight inches1 the hole may be filled altogether4 ,no part of the stock will now be seen above the earth4 ,by this means1 the point of junction of the stock and the bud is protected from the cold of winter and the heat of summer1 and the rose will live longer and thrive better than where the stock is exposed4 ,in many cases1 the rose will throw out roots of its own above its junction with the stock1 and thus become in time a self-rooted plant4 ,there are two kinds of stocks in common use at the present time for out-door roses4 ,one is the ,dog ,rose1 a variety growing wild in various parts of ,europe2 the other is the ,manetti ,rose1 a seedling raised by the ,italian cultivator whose name it bears4 ,there can be no doubt1 that1 of the two1 the ,manetti is by far the better for this climate4 ,it is very vigorous1 very hardy1 easily increased by layers or cuttings of the ripe wood1 and free from the vicious habit of the ,dog ,rose1 of throwing out long under-ground suckers4 ,we would by no means say that it will not throw up an abundance of shoots from the roots if allowed to do so2 but these shoots are easily distinguished by a practised eye from those of the budded rose4 ,they may be known at a glance by the peculiar reddish tint of the stem1 and by the shape and the deep glossy hue of the leaves4 ,they must be removed as soon as seen1 not by cutting them off1 but by tearing them off under ground1 either by hand if possible1 or with the help of a forked stick1 which1 pressed strongly into the earth1 slips them off at their junction with the root4 ,it cannot be denied that many kinds of roses1 budded low on the ,manetti stock1 will grow with a vigor1 and bloom with a splendor1 which they do not reach on their own roots1 and which will often repay the additional labor which they exact4 ,we once planted in the manner above described a strong ,manetti stock containing a single bud of the ,hybrid ,perpetual ,hose1---,triomphe de l',exposition4 ,in the ,september following1 it had thrown up a stem with several branches1 the central shoot rising to the height of six feet and a half1 and bearing on its top the largest and finest blossom we have ever seen of that superb variety4 ,some roses1 however1 will not grow well on the ,manetti4 ,others1 again1 can scarcely be grown with advantage in any other way1 refusing to strike root from layers1 and often failing when the attempt is made to root them from cuttings even of the soft wood4 ,some1 even when rooted1 remain feeble and dwarfish plants2 while1 if a bud from them is implanted in a good ,manetti stock1 it would grow to a vigorous bush in one season4 ,to sum up1 we would say1 that1 for the amateur1 nine roses out of ten are better on their own roots1 while there are a few which can only be grown successfully1 budded on a good stock4 ,illustration3 #jjhe ,all the evil that can be spoken of budded roses is doubly true of grafted roses2 while the advantages which the former can claim are possessed in a less degree by the latter4 ,the reason is1 simply1 that1 in the case of the budded rose1 the junction between the stock and foreign variety is commonly more perfect than in the case of the grafted rose4 ,indeed1 it would not be worth while to graft roses at all1 were it not for the fact that grafting can be practised at times when budding is impossible4 ,this is because it is indispensable1 in budding1 that the sap of the stock should be in full motion2 whereas1 in grafting1 it may be at rest4 ,there are innumerable modes of grafting2 but1 for the rose1 the simplest form of what is called whip-grafting is perhaps the best4 ,in the end of winter1 or at the beginning of spring1 take young well-rooted plants of the ,ma-netti stock1 having stems not much larger than a quill4 ,beginning very near the root1 shave off with a sharp knife a slip of the bark1 with a little of the wood1 to the length of something more than an inch2 then shave down the lower end of the graft until it fits accurately the part of the stock whence the bark and wood have been pared off4 ,the essential point is1 that the inner bark of the graft should be in contact with the inner bark of the stock4 ,when the two are fitted1 bind them around with strings of wet bass-matting4 ,now plant the stock in a pot1 setting it so deeply1 that its point of junction with the graft is completely covered with soil4 ,place the pots thus prepared on a gentle hot-bed1 and cover them closely with glass4 ,when the shoots from the graft are well grown out1 give them air by degrees to harden them4 ,a better way is to pot the stocks early in autumn1 so that they may become well established4 ,in this case1 it will be necessary to cover the junction of the stock and graft with grafting wax or clay in such a manner as to exclude all air2 then plunge the pots in old tan over a gentle hot-bed1 so deeply that the grafted part is completely covered1 the ends only of the grafts being visible4 ,this keeps them in an equable heat and moisture4 ,the subsequent treatment is the same as in the former case4 ,as the stock has acquired a hold on the earth of the pot1 or is1 as the gardeners express it1 established1 the graft will grow much more quickly1 and make a strong blooming plant the same season4 ,in all grafting1 whether of roses or other woody plants1 it is necessary that the buds of the graft should be completely dormant4 ,in the stock1 on the other hand1 a slight and partial awakening of the vital action at the time the graft is put on seems rather beneficial than injurious4 ,illustration3 #jjhf ,illustration3 #hjhf ,in this mode of increasing roses1 ,nature1 rather than the cultivator1 may be said to do the work of propagation4 ,many sorts of roses throw out spontaneously long underground stems1 from which roots soon issue1 and which soon throw up an abundance of shoots above ground4 ,when these suckers1 as they are called1 are separated from the parent1 and planted apart1 they make a strong growth1 but rarely form plants so symmetrical as those raised from cuttings or layers4 ,illustration3 #jjhg ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,miscellaneous ,,operations ,,raising ,,new ,,varieties4--,a layer1 a cutting1 a bud1 a graft1 and a sucker1 are detached portions of an individual plant2 and the plant resulting from them is of precisely the same character with the parent4 ,but1 when the seed germinates1 it is not the reproduction of the same individual1 but it is the birth of a new one4 ,the offspring will show a family likeness2 but it is by no means probable1 at least in the case of the rose1 that its features will be precisely the same with those of its parent4 ,plant the seeds of a rose2 as1 for example1 of the ,hybrid ,perpetual1 ,la ,reine1 and of the resulting seedlings3 all will probably show traces1 more or less1 of their origin2 but the greater part will be far inferior to the parent4 ,some will be single2 many will be half double2 and1 among a large number of seedlings1 we shall be fortunate if we find two or three equal in beauty to ,la ,reine herself4 ,nor is it at all likely that even these will be her precise counterparts4 ,they may possibly be her equals2 but they will not exactly resemble her3 and thus we obtain a new and valuable acquisition to the list of roses4 ,now1 if1 instead of singly gathering and sowing the seeds of ,la ,reine1 we first impregnate its flowers with the pollen of a different variety1 such as the ,giant of ,battles1 our chance of a valuable result is increased1 because1 if we are fortunate1 we combine the desirable qualities of two sorts4 ,it is not impossible that we may thus produce a rose combining the vigorous growth and large globular flowers of ,la ,reine with some portion of the vivid coloring of the ,giant of ,battles4 ,it is by the raising of seedlings with or without hybridization that the innumerable roses that decorate our gardens and fill the catalogues of nursery-men have been produced4 ,m4 ,laffay1 to whom more than to any other single cultivator we are indebted for bringing into existence the splendid family of the ,hybrid ,perpetual roses1 raised in one year more than three hundred thousand seedlings4 ,of these1 all but a small portion were1 no doubt1 pulled up1 and thrown away as worthless1 after their first blooming2 the rest were allowed to stand for further trial3 and if1 finally1 a score or two of roses really distinct and valuable were obtained1 the year's culture may have been regarded as a great success4 ,it requires a long time before the character of a seedling-rose can be thoroughly ascertained4 ,m4 ,margottin1 another eminent rose-grower1 says that no conscientious cultivator will permit a seedling to pass out of his hands until lie has given it a six-years' trial4 ,the raising of roses from seed is an occupation of so much interest1 that few who have fairly entered upon it have ever willingly abandoned it4 ,many choice roses have been raised by amateurs2 and those who have the time and means to enter on a large or a small scale upon this pursuit will find it a source of abundant enjoyment4 ,in the next chapter1 we shall point out the combinations from which the existing classes of ,hybrid roses have sprung2 and hereafter1 when we come to the description of these classes1 we shall add a few suggestions as to other combinations likely to produce good results4 ,some roses bear seed freely1 while others can hardly be induced to bear it at all4 ,the hybridizer should take note of their peculiarities in this respect1 or he will throw away much labor and patience2 for it is a thankless task to hybridize a rose1 which1 after all the labor spent upon it1 will not produce a single seed-vessel4 ,fortunately1 many of the best roses bear seed abundantly2 and ,la ,reine1 ,general ,jacqueminot1 ,jules ,margottin1 ,madame ,laffay1 and many others as good as these1 may confidently be relied on4 ,it is a good rule1 that no seedling-rose is worth preserving1 or at least worth propagating1 that is not1 in some one point1 superior to or distinct from any other rose existing4 ,roses should be hybridized immediately after they open1 or they will become thoroughly fertilized with their own pollen1 and the object of the operation will thus be defeated4 ,the best time of the day is about ten o'clock in the morning1 as soon as the sun has dried the dew from the centre of the flower4 ,the pollen of the rose whose qualities it is wished to impart may be applied to the pistils of the maternal or seed-bearing flower with a camel's-hair pencil2 or one rose may be held over the other1 and tapped with the finger till the pollen falls upon the pistils of the seed-bearer4 ,roses are uncertain as to the production of pollen4 ,in some seasons and some situations it is abundant1 while in others it is produced very scantily4 ,the impregnated roses may be marked by strings or labels tied to their stems4 ,the seed should not be gathered till the first frost2 and1 to insure its ripening1 the plant should stand in a warm1 sunny exposure4 ,the pods should be laid in the sun to dry1 then broken up1 and the seed separated by means of a sieve4 ,we have found the following mode of sowing a successful one3 ,a frame--a shallow hot-bed frame answers perfectly--should be prepared by making within it a bed of loam1 old manure1 leaf-mould1 and sand1 at least eighteen inches deep4 ,these materials should be thoroughly mixed1 and the surface layer for an inch or two in depth sifted through a moderately coarse sieve1 and then levelled and smoothed4 ,the seeds may be sown broadcast2 that is to say1 scattered over the surface4 ,they may be sown thickly1 as not a third part will germinate2 and1 when sown1 they should be pressed firmly into the soil with a board or the back of a spade4 ,then the same soil should be sifted over them to the depth of half an inch1 and pressed down very lightly4 ,some will prefer to sow them in drills1 which should be about six inches apart2 the seed in no case being more than half an inch deep4 ,now leave the frame open1 and exposed to rain and frost4 ,just before the heavy snows begin1 and when the whole is hard frozen1 cover it with boards and mats1 that it may remain frozen till spring4 ,the object of this is to protect the seeds from mice1 which are exceedingly fond of them4 ,when the mild weather begins1 open the frame1 and allow the ground to thaw3 keeping1 however1 a close watch upon them2 for1 though these depredators like to do their work under cover and in darkness1 there is still some little danger of their attacks4 ,as the soil warms1 the seeds will begin to come up4 ,some of the ever-blooming roses may blossom the first season2 but the ,hardy ,june kinds will not show bloom before the third1 or even the fourth year4 ,if the plants are too crowded1 pull up some of them when the ground is softened after a rain1 and plant them in a bed by themselves4 ,in the autumn1 take them all up1 and heel them in a mouse-proof frame for safe keeping through the winter4 ,in the spring1 plant them out in rich soil1 a foot apart4 ,they might1 indeed1 be wintered safely in the frame where they originally grew3 but this is attended with one disadvantage2 for many of the seeds will not germinate till the second year2 and1 in removing the plants at that time1 these infant seedlings would be destroyed2 whereas1 by leaving them undisturbed1 a second crop may be obtained4 ,care must be taken throughout to keep the frame free from weeds4 ,the eminent ,english rose-grower1 ,mr4 ,rivers1 recommends a method of raising seedlings1 which we have not tried1 but which we have no doubt is a good one1 though not applicable to raising them on a large scale4 ,we give his directions in his own words3-- ,the hips of all the varieties of roses will1 in general1 be fully ripe by the beginning of ,november3 they should then be gathered1 and kept entire in a flower-pot filled with dry sand1 carefully guarded from mice4 ,in ,february1 or by the first week in ,march1 they must be broken to pieces with the fingers1 and sown in flower-pots1 such as are generally used for sowing seeds in1 called 'seed-pans2' but1 for rose-seeds1 they should not be too shallow3 nine inches in depth will be enough4 ,these should be nearly1 but not quite1 filled with a rich compost of rotten manure1 and sandy loam or peat4 ,the seeds may be covered to the depth of about half an inch with the same compost4 ,a piece of kiln-wire must then be placed over the pot1 fitting closely at the rim1 so as to prevent the ingress of mice1 which are passionately fond of rose-seeds4 ,there must be space enough between the wire and the mould for the young plants to come up3 half an inch will probably be found enough4 ,the pots of seed must never be placed under glass1 but kept constantly in the open air1 in a full sunny exposure1 as the wire will shade the mould1 and prevent its drying4 ,water should be given occasionally in dry weather4 ,the young plants will perhaps make their appearance in ,april or ,may2 but very often the seed will not vegetate till the second spring4 ,when they have made their 'rough leaves1' that is1 when they have three or four leaves1 exclusive of their seed-leaves1 they must be carefully raised with the point of a narrow priming-knife1 potted into small pots1 and placed in the shade3 if the weather be very hot and dry1 they may be covered with a hand-glass for a few days4 ,they may remain in those pots a month1 and then be planted out into a rich border3 by the end of ,august1 those that are robust growers will have made shoots long enough to take buds from4 ,those that have done so may be cut down1 and one or two strong stocks budded with each3 these will1 the following summer1 make vigorous shoots2 and the summer following1 if left unpruned1 to a certainty they will produce flowers4 ,this is the only method to insure seedling roses flowering the third year3 many will do so that are not budded2 but very often the superior varieties are shy bloomers on their own roots1 till age and careful culture give them strength4 ,it may be mentioned here1 as treatment applicable to all seed-bearing roses1 that1 when it is desirable the qualities of a favorite rose should preponderate1 the petals of the flower to be fertilized must be opened gently with the fingers4 99 ,a flower that will expand in the morning should be opened the afternoon or evening previous1 and the anthers all removed with a pair of pointed scissors3 the following morning1 when this flower is fully expanded1 it must be fertilized with a flower of some variety1 of which it is desired to have seedlings partaking largely of its qualities4 99 ,it requires some watchfulness to do this at the proper time3 if too soon1 the petals will be injured in forcing them open2 and in hot weather1 in ,july1 if delayed only an hour or two1 the anthers will be found to have shed their pollen4 ,to ascertain precisely when the pollen is in a fit state for transmission1 a few of the anthers should be gently pressed with the finger and thumb3 if the yellow dust adheres to them1 the operation may be performed4 ,it requires close examination and some practice to know when the flower to be operated upon is in a fit state to receive the pollen3 as a general rule1 the flowers ought to be in the same state of expansion2 or1 in other words1 about the same age4 ,it is only in cases where it is wished for the qualities of a particular rose to predominate that the removal of the anthers of the rose to be fertilized is necessary3 thus1 if a yellow climbing rose is desired by the union of the ,yellow ,brier with the ,ayrshire1 'every anther should be removed from the latter1 so that it is fertilized solely with the pollen of the former4 ,in some cases1 where it is desirable to have the qualities of both parents in an equal degree1 the removal of the anthers need not take place3 thus ,i have found by removing them from the ,luxembourg ,moss1 and fertilizing that rose with a dark variety of ,rosa ,galliea1 that the features of the ,moss ,rose are totally lost in its offspring1 and they become nearly pure varieties of ,rosa ,galliea2 but if the anthers of the ,moss ,rose are left untouched1 and it is fertilized with ,rosa ,galliea1 interesting hybrids are the result1 more or less mossy4 ,this seems to make superfetation very probable2 yet ,dr4 ,lindley1 in ',theory of ,horticulture' p4#ccb1 'thinks it is not very likely to occur4' ,to exemplify this1 we will suppose that a climbing ,moss ,rose with red or crimson flowers is wished for4 ,the flowers of the ,blush ,ayrshire1 which bears seed abundantly1 may be selected1 and1 before expansion1 the anthers removed4 ,the following morning1 or as soon after the operation as these flowers open1 they should be fertilized with those of the ,luxembourg ,moss4 ,if the operation succeed1 seeds will be procured1 from which the probability is that a climbing rose will be produced with the habit and flowers of the ,moss ,rose1 or at least an approximation to them2 and as these hybrids often bear seed freely1 by repeating the process with them1 the at present apparent remote chance of getting a climbing ,moss ,rose may be brought very near4 ,i mention the union of the ,moss and ,ayrshire roses by way of illustration1 and merely to point out to the amateur how extensive and how interesting a field of operations is open in this way4 ,i ought to give a fact that has occurred in my own experience1 which will tell better with the sceptical than a thousand anticipations4 ,about four years since1 in a pan of seedling ,moss roses was one with a most peculiar habit1 even when very young3 this has since proved a hybrid rose1 partaking much more of the ,scotch ,rose than of any other1 and1 till the plant arrived at full growth1 ,i thought it a ,scotch rose1 the seed of which had by accident been mixed with that of the ,moss ,rose1 although ,i had taken extreme care4 ,to my surprise1 it has since proved a perfect hybrid1 having the sepals and the fruit of the ,provence ,rose1 with the spiny and dwarf habit of the ,scotch ,rose3 it bears abundance of hips1 which are all abortive4 99 ,the difference in the fruit of the ,moss and ,provence roses and that of the ,scotch is very remarkable1 and this it was which drew my particular attention to the plant in question4 99 ,it is more than probable1 that1 if the flowers of this rose were fertilized with those of the single ,moss ,hose1 they would produce seed from which some curious hybrid ,moss roses might be expected4 ,it was raised from the same seed and in the same seed-pan as the ,single ,crimson ,moss ,rose4 ,as this strange hybrid came from a ,moss ,rose1 accidentally fertilized1 we may expect that art will do much more for us4 ,illustration3 #jjig ,some of the more hardy kinds of climbing roses1 as1 for example1 the ,queen of the ,prairies1 may be induced to wear borrowed robes1 and assume beauties beyond those with which ,nature endowed them4 ,at the proper season1 they may be budded here and there with some of the most hardy and vigorous of the ,june and ,hybrid ,perpetual roses4 ,as these varieties bloom earlier than the ,prairie roses1 the period of bloom of the climber will be greatly protracted by this process1 while at the same time it will be made to bear flowers incomparably finer in form and color than its own4 ,it will be necessary1 however1 in our ,northern climate1 to protect it by nailing mats over it1 since otherwise many of the buds will be winter-killed2 and1 as it is expected to yield more than its natural share of bloom1 it should be stimulated with more than the usual manuring1 and pruned more closely than the ordinary climbing roses4 ,illustration3 #jjih ,we have before spoken of the difficulty of cultivating standard roses1 or roses budded on tall stems1 in our climate4 ,it is possible1 however1 to produce a kind of standard without a resort to budding4 ,we may choose some of the most hardy and vigorous of the ,june roses1--we may find such especially in the class known as the ,hybrid ,chinas1--and encourage the growth of a single1 strong1 upright stem1 removing all other shoots from the base of the plant as fast as they appear4 ,the stem should be kept straight by tying it to a stick till it has gained strength enough to hold itself erect4 ,thus1 in a single season1 we shall have1 with some varieties1 a stem five or six feet high4 ,early in spring1 prune it down to the first healthy and plump bud4 ,during the following season1 allow no shoots to develop themselves1 except at the top2 and1 in the succeeding spring1 prune back these top-shoots to two or three eyes4 ,all of these eyes will1 in their turn1 develop into shoots2 and these1 again1 are to be pruned back like the first4 ,thus1 in two or three seasons1 we obtain a thick bushy head at the top of a tall upright stem2 in short1 a standard1 capable of bearing even a ,new-,england winter4 ,illustration3 #jjii ,it is always better to prepare beds for roses in the autumn1 that they may have the benefit of a thorough exposure to the winter frost4 ,with this view1 the soil should be thrown up into ridges as roughly as possible4 ,it will then be thoroughly frozen through1 and subjected to all the changes of temperature during the season4 ,this will not only tend to destroy worms and noxious insects1 but it will separate the particles of the soil1 and leave it light and pliable4 ,soil thrown into ridges can also be worked earlier in the spring than that which is left at its natural level4 ,the cardinal points of successful rose-culture are a good soil1 good pruning1 and good cultivation4 ,by cultivation1 we mean a repeated digging1 hoeing1 or forking of the earth around the plants1 by which the surface is kept open1 and enabled freely to receive the dew1 rain1 and air1 with its fertilizing gases4 ,plants so treated will suffer far less in a drought than if the soil had been left undisturbed2 for not only will it now absorb the dew at night1 but it will freely permit the moisture which always exists at certain depths below the surface to rise1 and benefit the thirsty roots4 ,for a similar reason1 the process of subsoiling1 or trenching1 by which the earth is loosened and stirred to a great depth1 is exceedingly beneficial to roses1 since the lower portions of the disturbed soil are a magazine of moisture which the severest drought cannot exhaust4 ,with newly-planted roses it is well to practise mulching with manure2 or1 in other words1 to place manure on the surface around the roots of the plants4 ,this keeps the ground moist and open1 while every rain washes down a portion of nutriment to the roots4 ,illustration3 #jajj ,roses may be planted in clumps1 on the lawn1 with far better effect than when arranged in formal beds4 ,they may be separated according to their classes1 as ,june roses1 ,bourbons1 ,hybrid ,perptuals1 ,mosses1 c42 and the effect will be vastly better1 if1 instead of mingling colors indiscriminately1 each is placed by itself4 ,thus the pure white of ,madame ,plantier will form a rich contrast with the deep crimson of ,general ,jacqueminot1 the vivid rose of ,jules ,margottin1 the clear flesh-color of ,ville de ,bruxelles1 and the pale rose of ,baronne ,prvost1 each massed by itself2 while all these varied hues are beautifully relieved by the fresh green of a well-kept lawn with its surrounding trees and shrubbery4 ,illustration3 #jaja ,illustration3 #jajc ,illustration3 #jaje ,,chapter ,v4 ,,groups and ,,families ,,like ,,all things living1 in the world of mind or of matter1 the rose is beautified1 enlarged1 and strengthened by a course of judicious and persevering culture1 continued through successive generations4 ,the art of horticulture is no leveller4 ,its triumphs are achieved by rigid systems of selection and rejection1 founded always on the broad basis of intrinsic worth4 ,the good cultivator propagates no plants but the best4 ,he carefully chooses those marked out by conspicuous merit2 protects them from the pollen of inferior sorts2 intermarries them1 perhaps1 with other varieties of equal vigor and beauty2 saves their seed1 and raises from it another generation4 ,from the new plants thus obtained he again chooses the best1 and repeats with them the same process4 ,thus the rose and other plants are brought slowly to their perfect development4 ,it is in vain to look for much improvement by merely cultivating one individual4 ,culture alone will not make a single rose double1 or a dull rose brilliant4 ,we cultivate the parent1 and look for our reward in the offspring4 ,the village maiden has a beauty and a charm of her own2 and so has her counterpart in the floral world1--the wild rose that grows by the roadside4 ,transplanted to the garden1 and1 with its offspring after it to the fourth and fifth generation1 made an object of skilful culture1 it reaches at last a wonderful development4 ,the flowers which in the ancestress were single and small become double in the offspring1 and expand their countless petals to the sun in all the majesty of the ,queen of ,flowers4 ,the village maid has risen to regal state4 ,she has lost her native virgin charm2 but she sits throned and crowned in imperial beauty4 ,now1 all the roses of our gardens have some wild ancestress of the woods and meadows1 from whom1 in the process of successive generations1 their beauties have been developed1 sometimes by happy accidents1 but oftener by design4 ,thus have arisen families of roses1 each marked with traces of its parentage4 ,these are the patricians of the floral commonwealth1 gifted at once with fame1 beauty1 and rank4 ,the various wild roses differ greatly in their capacity of improvement and development4 ,in some cases1 the offspring grow rapidly1 in color1 fulness1 and size1 with every successive generation4 ,in other cases1 they will not improve at all2 and the rose remains a wild rose still1 good only for the roadside4 ,with others yet1 there seems to be a fixed limit1 which is soon reached1 and where improvement stops4 ,it requires1 even with the best1 good culture and selection through several generations before the highest result appears4 ,in horticulture1 an element of stability is essential to progress4 ,when the florist sees in any rose a quality which he wishes to develop and perfect1 he does not look for success to the plant before him1 but to the offspring which he produces from this plant4 ',but this production and culture must be conducted 'wisely and skilfully1 or the offspring will degenerate instead of improving4 ,there are different kinds of culture1 with different effects4 ,that which is founded in the laws of ,nature1 and aims at a universal development1 produces for its result not only increased beauty1 but increased symmetry1 strength1 and vitality4 ,on the other hand1 it is in the power of the skilful florist to develop or to repress whatever quality he may please4 ,by artificial processes of culture1 roses have been produced1 beautiful in form and color1 but so small1 that the whole plant1 it is said1 might be covered with an egg-shell4 ,these are results of the ingenious florists of ,china and ,japan4 ,the culture that refines without invigorating1 belongs1 it seems1 to a partial or perverted civilization4 ,these several families of roses1 resulting from the development of the several species of wild rose1 have mingled together2 in other words1 they have intermarried3 for ,linnaeus has shown that the loves of the flowers are more than a conceit of poetical fancy4 ,from the fertilization of the flowers of a rose of one family with the pollen of a rose of another family arises a mixed offspring1 called hybrids3 ,seeds--which are vegetable eggs--are first produced2 and these seeds germinate1 or hatch1 into a brood of young plants1 combining in some degree the qualities of their parents4 ,as this process of intermixture may be carried on indefinitely1 a vast number of new varieties has resulted from it4 ,the botanical classification of the rose is a perplexity to botanists4 ,its garden classification--quite another matter--is no less a source of embarrassment to its amateur1 not to say professional1 cultivator4 ,to many1 indeed1 its entire nomenclature is a labyrinth of confusion2 and some have gone to the length of proposing to abolish distinctions1 which1 in their eyes1 seem arbitrary or fanciful4 ,these distinctions1 however1 are founded in ,nature1 though the superstructure built upon her is sometimes flimsy enough to justify the impatience of its assailants4 ,the chief difficulty arises from the extent to which the hybridization of the rose has been carried1 and the vast entanglement of combinations which has resulted4 ,out of a propensity to classify1 where1 in the nature of things1 precise classification is impossible1 has arisen the equivocal and shadowy character of many of the nominal distinctions4 ,omitting less important divisions1 the following are the groups into which cultivated roses are ordinarily divided3 ,the ,provence199 the ,moss199 the ,french199 the ,hybrid ,china1 the ,damask199 the ,alba199 the ,austrian ,brier199 the ,sweet-brier199 the ,scotch199 the ,double ,yellow199 the ,ayrshire199 the ,sempervirens199 the ,multiflora199 the ,boursault199 the ,banksia199 the ,prairie499 ,these bloom once in the season4 ,the following are perpetual or remontant3 ,the ,china199 the ,tea199 the ,bourbon1 the ,hybrid ,perpetual1 the ,perpetual ,moss1 the ,damask ,perpetual199 the ,noisette1 the ,musk199 the ,macartney199 the ,microphylla499 ,some of the above are marked with a star993 these are roses of pure blood4 ,the rest are roses of mixed or hybrid origin4 ,by the former are meant those which have sprung1 without intermixture1 from the wild roses which grew naturally in various parts of the world1 and which are the only roses of which the botanical classifier takes cognizance4 ,many of them are of great beauty1 and would be highly prized for ornamental uses1 were they not eclipsed by the more splendid double varieties1 which the industry of the florist has developed from them4 ,each of these groups of unmixed roses1 however modified in form1 size1 or color1 retains1 as already mentioned1 distinctive features of the native type from which it sprang4 ,yet it often happens that the name is misapplied4 ,thus a rose called ,damask is not always a ,damask1 but a hybrid between a ,damask and some other variety4 ,the true distinctive features of the group are thus rendered1 in some nominal members of it1 so faint1 that they can scarcely be recognized4 ,leaving these bastards out of view1 we will consider at present only the legitimate offspring of the various families of the rose4 ,on ,mount ,caucasus grows a single wild rose1 from the seeds of which have sprung the numerous family of the ,provence or ,cabbage roses1 very double1 very large1 and very fragrant4 ,this race is remarkable for its tendency to sport1 from which have resulted some of the most singular and beautiful forms of the rose4 ,for example1 a rose-colored variety of the ,provence produced a branch bearing striped flowers1 and from that branch has been propagated the ,striped ,provence4 ,the ,crested ,moss is the product of another of these freaks1 being of the pure ,provence race4 ,the ,common ,moss1 and all its progeny1 have the same origin2 being derived1 in all probability1 from a sporting branch of one of the ,provence roses4 ,the family of the ,french-,rose1 or ,rosa ,gallica1 is of vast extent1 and1 though including many diverse shades of color1--some pale1 some bright1 others spotted1 striped1 or marbled1--is commonly recognized without much difficulty by its family features4 ,it is a native of ,southern ,europe4 ,the wild progenitor of the ,damask or ,damascus roses is a native of ,syria4 ,the name ,damask1 by the way1 is popularly applied to deep-colored roses in general2 but its floral signification is very different4 ,in this group1 for the first time1 we meet with a feature1 which1 desirable as it is1 was not many years since regarded as rare and exceptional4 ,june has always been regarded as the month of the rose2 but some of the ,damasks have the peculiarity of blooming twice1 or more than twice1 during the season4 ,these have been placed in a group by themselves1 and christened ,damask ,perptuais4 ,the remontant character1 however1 is not confined to them2 for individual plants belonging to groups and varieties which usually bloom but once will sometimes display an autumnal bloom4 ,thus the common wild rose of ,new ,england is now and then to be seen covered with flowers in ,september2 and there is little doubt1 that1 from the seeds of these twice-blooming individuals1 a new race of hardy remontant roses might be produced4 ,it should be added1 that many of the so-called ,damask ,perpetuals are not pure ,damask1 but crossed with the blood of other families4 ,of the remaining races of pure blood1 the ,alba is remarkable for the delicate coloring of its flowers2 the greater part being1 as the name imports1 white1 or nearly so4 ,the original variety grows wild in ,central ,europe4 ,the ,austrian ,brier is another family1 of features very strongly marked4 ,yellow and copper are its prevailing colors2 and from its habit of growth1 and the color of its twigs1 it is easily recognized under all its forms4 ,its original types are natives of the south of ,europe1 and probably of ,persia2 to which country we owe its finest development1--the well-known ,persian ,yellow4 ,the ,double ,yellow ,rose1 ,rosa ,sulphurea1 remarkable for its beauty1 and1 in our climate1 notorious for its intractable and uncertain character1 is regarded by some botanists as belonging to a group distinct from the preceding4 ,the ,single ,yellow1 from which it must have sprung1 has been found wild in the north of ,india4 ,the ,sweet-brier1 found wild in various parts of the world1 is too well known to need further notice4 ,the ,american variety differs distinctly from the ,european4 ,the ,scotch roses owe their origin to the dwarf wild rose of ,scotland4 ,the ,ayrshire is a family of climbing roses1 originating from the wild trailing rose1 ,rosa ,arven-sis1 common in the ,british islands4 ,the best of them are said1 however1 to be hybrids between this rose' and other species4 ,the ,boursault roses are descendants of ,rosa ,alpina1 a native of the ,alps2 and no family is more clearly marked by distinctive features4 ,the ,sempervirens and the ,multiflora are1 with us at least1 less familiar4 ,both are climbers1 like the former2 the one originating from a wild rose of ,italy1 the other from a wild rose of ,japan4 ,the ,banksia1 with its smooth1 shining leaves1 and slender1 green stems1 is well known in every greenhouse4 ,its progenitor is a native of ,china or ,tartary1 and the improved varieties are chiefly due to the labors of ,chinese florists4 ,there is another race of climbers1 held in great scorn by foreign florists1 but admirably adapted to our climate1 under whose influences they put forth beauties by no means contemptible4 ,these are the progeny of the wild ,michigan or ,prairie ,rose1 rampant growers1 and generally sturdy enough to outface our hardest winters4 ,the best of them1 however1 the ,baltimore ,belle1 is evidently the offspring of a foreign marriage1 which1 while contributing fragrance and beauty to the rugged race of the prairies1 has detracted something from its hardihood4 ,the union1 probably accidental1 seems to have been with the ,tea ,rose or the ,noisette4 ,of the foregoing groups1 all except the ,damask ,perpetual are once-blooming4 ,the following have1 to a greater or less extent1 the desirable character of a continued or successive bloom4 ,the ,macartney ,rose is a wild rose of ,china1 from which a few improved varieties have been raised from seed4 ,its evergreen shining foliage is its most attractive feature4 ,the ,microphylla1 or ,small-leaved ,rose1 is closely akin to the ,macartney1 and1 like the latter1 is a native of the ,east4 ,the ,musk is a rose much more familiarly known4 ,it descends from a ,persian or ,syrian progenitor1 and its vigorous growth1 rich clusters of bloom1 and peculiar fragrance1 have long made it a favorite4 ,but by far the most interesting and valuable among the unmixed races of ever-blooming roses are the numberless offspring of ,rosa ,indica1 in its several varieties4 ,to it we owe all the ,china and ,tea-scented roses1 while to its foreign alliances we are indebted for a vast and increasing host of brilliant hybrids4 ,thus1 from the families of pure blood1 we come at length to those in which is mingled that of two or more distinct races4 ,convey the pollen of a ,china rose to the stigmas of a ,french1 ,damask1 or ,provence rose1 and from the resulting seed an offspring arises different from either parent4 ,hence a new group of roses known as the ,hybrid ,chinas4 ,the parents are both of moderate growth4 ,the offspring is usually of such vigor as to form with readiness a pillar eight feet high4 ,its foliage is distinct1 its bloom often as profuse and brilliant as that of the ,china1 and its constitution as hardy1 or nearly so1 as that of the ,french ,rose4 ,unlike the former1 it blooms but once in the year1 or only in a few exceptional instances shows a straggling autumnal flower4 ,by a vicious system of subdivision1 the group has been separated into ,hybrid ,china1 ,hybrid ,bourbon1 and ,hybrid ,noisette4 ,the two latter are the same as the first3 except1 in the one case1 a slight infusion of the ,damask ,perpetual2 and1 in the latter1 of the ,musk ,rose4 ,in many cases1 no human discernment could detect the effects of the admixture4 ,again3 convey the pollen of the ,china or ,tea ,rose to the flowers of the ,musk1 or vice versa and for a result we obtain the ,noisette1 inheriting from the former various striking characteristics of foliage and bloom1 and from the latter its vigorous climbing habit and clustering inflorescence4 ,but1 by impregnation through several generations1 some of the ,noisettes retain so little of their ,musk parent1 that its traits are almost obliterated3 they no longer bloom in clusters1 and can scarcely be distinguished from the pure ,tea ,rose4 ,again3 a union of a ,damask ,perpetual with a ,china rose has produced a distinct race1 of vigorous habit and peculiar foliage1 possessing in a high degree the ever-blooming character of both its parents4 ,it is hardier than the ,china ,rose1 though usually unable to bear a ,new-,england winter unprotected4 ,this is the ,bourbon ,rose1 a brilliant and beautiful group1 worth all the care which in this latitude its out-door culture requires4 ,the ,moss ,rose1 impregnated with various ever-blooming varieties1 has borne hybrids partially retaining the mossy stem and calyx1 with a tendency more or less manifest to bloom in the autumn4 ,hence the group of the ,perpetual ,moss1 a few only of whose members deserve the name4 ,it is evident1 that1 by continuing the process of hybridizing1 hybrids may be mixed with hybrids1 till the blood of half a score of the original races is mingled in one plant4 ,this1 in some cases1 is1 without doubt1 actually the case2 and this bastard progeny must1 of necessity1 be classified rather by its visible characteristics than by its parentage4 ,thus a host of ever-blooming hybrids1 which are neither ,noisette nor ,bourbon nor ,perpetual ,moss1 have been cast into one grand group1 under the comprehensive title of ,hybrid ,perpetuals4 ,whence have they sprung8 ,what has been their parentage8 ,the question is easier asked than answered3 for as1 in a great nation of the ,west1 one may discern the lineaments and hear the accents of diverse commingled races2 so here we may trace the features of many and various families of ,indian or ,siberian1 ,chinese or ,european1 extraction4 ,the ,hybrid ,perpetuals1 however1 inherit their remontant character chiefly from ,rosa ,indica1--the ,china or ,tea ,rose1--and1 in a far less degree1 from the ,damask ,perpetual4 ,an infusion of the former exists1 in greater or less degree1 in all of them2 while the blood of the ,damask ,perpetual shows its traces in comparatively few4 ,many of the group are the results of a union between the ,hybrid ,china roses and some variety of the ,china or ,tea4 ,others owe their origin to the ,hybrid ,china and the ,bourbon1 both parents being hybrids of ,rosa ,indica4 ,others are offspring of the ,hybrid ,china crossed with the ,damask ,perpetual2 while many spring from intermarriages within the group itself1--,hybrid ,perpetual with ,hybrid ,perpetual4 ,by some over-zealous classifiers1 this group has been cut up into various subdivisions1 as ,bourbon ,perpetual1 ,rose de ,rosomne1 and the like2 a procedure never sufficiently to be deprecated1 as tending to produce no results but perplexity and confusion4 ,where there1 can be no definite basis of division1 it is well to divide as little as may be2 and it is to be hoped that secession from the heterogeneous commonwealth of the ,hybrid ,perpetuals will be effectually repressed4 ,in regard to roses in general1 while a classification founded on evident natural affinities is certainly desirable1 yet1 in the name of common sense1 let us avoid the multiplication of new hybrid groups1 founded on flimsy distinctions1 and christened with new names1 which begin with meaning little1 and end with meaning nothing4 ,in our enumeration of the families and varieties of the rose1 we shall make two great divisions1--that of the ,summer1 or once-blooming1 and that of the ,autumnal1 or ever-blooming roses4 ,in each of these divisions1 we shall place first the roses of unmixed race1 and1 after them1 the hybrids which have sprung from their combinations4 ,illustration3 #jaai ,illustration3 #jabj ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,summer ,,roses ,,these ,,are roses which bloom but once in the year2 hence they have lost favor of late3 for superb families of roses1 fully equal in beauty1 if not in hardiness1 and endowed with an enviable power of renewing or perpetuating their charms1--of smiling in ,october as well as in ,june1 and glowing in full effulgence even on the edge of winter1--have dazzled us into a forgetfulness of our ancient favorites4 ,yet all the poetry of the rose belongs to these old roses of summer4 ,it is they that bloomed in white and red in the rival shields of ,york and ,lancaster2 and it is they that1 time out of mind1 have been the no silent interpreters of hearts too full to find a ruder utterance4 ,for the rest1 they are1 in the main1 very hardy1 very easy of culture1 and often very beautiful4 ,illustration3 #jaba ,rosa ,centifolia4--,this is the family of the old1 well-known1 and deservedly admired ,cabbage ,rose4 ,its ancestors1 as we have seen1 grew on ,mount ,caucasus2 though some have supposed that it is a native of the south of ,france3 hence the name ,provence1 by which it is often known in ,england1 though it is never so designated in ,france4 ,the ,french1 translating its ,latin name1 ,rosa ,centifolia1 or the ,hundred-leaved ,rose1 commonly call it ,rose ,cent ,feuilles4 ,it is supposed to have been known to the ,romans1 and to have been one of their favorite roses2 and it was introduced into ,england before the end of the sixteenth century1 where at least1 until these latter days1 it has been greatly admired and prized4 ,recently1 however1 the introduction of the families of hardy1 ever-blooming roses1 has thrown the ,cabbage and all its compeers into the shade4 ,nevertheless1 it is one of the most desirable of flowers2 and even those who are disposed to pass it by with slight regard will never deny that some of the progeny which have arisen from it are unsurpassed in beauty and attractiveness4 ,it is remarkable among roses for the singular changes1 in horticultural language called sports1 which it has assumed1 and which1 among other results1 have given rise to the entire family of ,moss roses1 of which we shall speak in the next section4 ,the prevailing colors in this group are light4 ,the ,cabbage ,rose is a somewhat weak grower in a heavy soil1 though in a light soil it grows vigorously4 ,as a general rule1 it needs close pruning4 ,the members of the family are numerous2 but1 besides the ,old ,cabbage1 the following are the best3 ,the ,dutch ,provence is remarkable for the size of its flowers1 in which respect it even surpasses the ,old ,cabbage4 ,the ,unique ,provence is probably a sport from the ,old ,cabbage2 that is to say1 an accidental variation of the flowers on some particular branch2 which branch being propagated1 the accidental features become permanent4 ,the ,unique ,provence1 which is pure white1 has1 in its turn1 produced another sport1 called the ,striped ,unique1 the flowers being white1 striped with lake2 though they are very capricious in their coloring1 sometimes opening pure white1 and occasionally light rose4 ,but a more remarkable sport of the ,provence is the variety called the ,crested ,provence1 ,rosa ,cristata1 or1 very commonly among us1 the ,crested ,moss4 ,it is not1 however1 a true ,moss1 as its stems are smooth4 ,its peculiarity consists in a curious and very beautiful mossy growth about the calyx4 ,this growth is developed in proportion to the vigor of the plant3 therefore it should be strongly manured and closely pruned1 as should the whole race of ,provence roses4 ,adeline1 the ,duc de ,choiseul1 the ,stadtholder1 and1 above all1 the ,reine de ,provence1 are beautiful varieties of this group4 ,to it also belong a sub-group of ,miniature or ,pompone roses1 well suited for edging beds4 ,they bloom early1 and are exceedingly pretty and graceful4 ,among the best of them are the ,white ,burgundy1 the ,dwarf ,burgundy1 ,de ,meaux1 and ,spong4 ,the above are all old roses2 for it is rarely that a cultivator of the present day will give himself the trouble to raise new varieties of any of the ,june roses1 excepting always the ,mosses1 which can never be out of favor4 ,illustration3 #jabc ,rosa ,centifolia ,muscosa4--,we have spoken of the tendency of the ,provence ,rose to sport4 ,the most widely known and the most beautiful of the results arising from this tendency is the ,moss ,rose and its varieties2 for that such is the true origin of this unique family1 there can be very little doubt4 ,there is1 however1 no record of the first appearance of the ,moss ,rose4 ,the original type of the race--the ,old ,red ,moss--was introduced into ,england as early as #aeif4 ,it came immediately from ,holland1 but seems not to have originated there3 indeed1 to this day1 we have remained in doubt as to whence it drew its birth4 ,of the large number of ,moss roses now on the lists of nursery-men1 some owe their origin to sporting branches1 others to seed4 ,of the plants arising from the seed of a ,moss rose1 not more than one in three will show the characteristic of the parent2 that is1 the moss1 the rest will be mere varieties of the ,provence ,rose4 ,sometimes a ,moss rose will put forth a branch perfectly free from the mossy covering4 ,in cold1 heavy soils1 ,moss roses are somewhat difficult of cultivation2 but in a light1 rich loam1 and a sunny exposure1 free from roots of growing trees1 they thrive luxuriantly4 ,they all require high enrichment4 ,all excepting the strongest growers should be closely pruned2 and1 in the ,northern ,states1 it is well to give them protection in winter by means of pine-boughs1 or by laying them down like raspberries4 ,here1 as in other classes of the rose1 the hybridist has been at work4 ,by impregnating ,moss roses with the pollen of some of the ever-blooming sorts1 a group of ,perpetual ,mosses has been produced4 ,these have1 to a greater or less extent1 the ever-blooming quality2 but this is acquired at some sacrifice of the peculiar beauty of the moss4 ,they will receive a separate notice4 ,again3 these roses have been fertilized with the pollen of the ,hybrid ,china ,rose2 and the result is a ,moss rose1 remarkably vigorous in growth1 and particularly well suited to form pillars4 ,any1 however1 of the more vigorous ,mosses may be used for this purpose1 provided always that they receive the highest culture in a warm and open exposure4 ,we have it on the authority of the well-known ,english rose-grower1 ,mr4 ,paul1 that1 in the garden of an amateur near ,cheshunt1 there is a pillar of the ,old ,red ,moss fifteen feet high6 ,at the present day1 when the annual progeny of new ,perpetual roses from the nurseries of ,france1 with a humble re-enforcement from those of ,england1 has eclipsed by numbers the old garden favorites1 the well-remembered roses of our infancy1 the ,moss alone stands in tranquil defiance of this gay tide of innovation4 ,nothing can eclipse and nothing can rival her4 ,she is1 and ever will be1 the favorite of poetry and art2 and the eloquence of her opening buds1 half wrapped in their mossy envelope1 will remain through all generations a chosen interpreter of the language of youth and beauty4 ,alice ,le ,roy is a distinct and beautiful rose1 very large1 full1 and mossy2 color1 lilac and rose2 form1 cupped3 it grows vigorously4 ,anglique ,qutier is also of a rosy-lilac hue1 large1 very double1 and very mossy3 it grows freely1 like the former4 ,the ,blush ,moss is of growth somewhat more moderate3 the flower is large and full1 the foliage fine1 and stems and buds well mossed2 color1 clear pale pink4 ,celina is of a deep1 rosy crimson1 sometimes verging to purple4 ,the ,common1 or ,old ,moss1 is still one of the most beautiful of the whole family4 ,its flowers are large and full1 and of a pale rose-color and globular form4 ,it is more abundantly mossed than most of its progeny2 and none of them surpass it1 indeed very few equal it1 in the beauty of its half-opened bud4 ,its growth is tolerably vigorous1 and foliage fine4 ,laneh is a vigorous and beautiful rose2 flowers large1 full1 and globular2 color1 a light rosy-crimson4 ,the buds are large1 full1 and well mossed2 its growth is vigorous2 and1 under good cultivation1 the whole plant1 with its large and bright-green foliage1 bears a striking appearance of thrift and health4 ,luxembourg is of a deep crimson1 moderately double1 and of growth nearly as vigorous as the last1 with which the deep hue of its buds forms a striking contrast4 ,malvina is a good rose1 with clusters of pink flowers4 ,eclatante is of a deep pink1 large1 double1 and well mossed4 ,comtesse de ,murinais is one of the best of the ,white ,mosses4 ,its flowers1 though not so double as the ,old ,moss1 are large1 and of the purest white2 and the growth is very vigorous4 ,the ,crimson or ,tinwell ,moss somewhat belies its name2 for its flowers are rather of a deep rose than crimson4 ,it is1 however1 a beautiful variety4 ,princess ,adelaide is remarkable for the extreme vigor of its growth1 and is evidently a hybrid of some of the ,hybrid ,bourbon or ,hybrid ,china roses4 ,it is admirably suited for a pillar or a wall1 but requires a full sun1 and1 if closely pruned1 will not bloom at all4 ,it blooms in large clusters3 the flowers are of a light glossy rose1 very large and full2 and1 if not too closely pruned1 they are very abundant4 ,the ,white ,bath is an admirable ,white ,moss1 large and full in flower1 and exquisite in bud4 ,as it is of moderate growth1 it will bear dose pruning4 ,prolific is a very beautiful variety1 resembling the ,old ,moss4 ,baronne de ,wassenar is a very vigorous rose1 of a bright red1 and flowering in clusters4 ,captain ,ingram is of a dark1 velvety purple4 ,gloire des ,mousseuses is very large and double1 and of a blush-color4 ,rosa ,bonheur is of a bright rose-color4 ,nuits d',young is of a very dwarfed growth1 and small deep-purple flowers4 ,vandael is purple1 edged with lilac4 ,the above afford excellent examples of the various characteristics of the family of the ,mosses4 ,additions in considerable number are still made to it every year2 but it is very rarely that any decisive improvement upon the old varieties is shown in the recent seedlings4 ,moss roses1 when grown on their own roots1 require a light and rich soil3 in such soils1 they form fine masses of beauty in beds on lawns4 ,the varieties best adapted to this purpose are the ,common ,moss1 the ,prolific1 the ,luxembourg1 the ,crimson1 and ,lane's ,moss4 ,plants of these are procurable at a moderate price2 and1 by pegging down their shoots with hooked sticks1 the surface of the bed will be covered with a mass of foliage and flowers4 ,they require the same severe pruning as the ,provence ,rose4 ,to have a succession of flowers on the same bed1 half of the shoots may be shortened in ,march1 the remainder the beginning of ,may1 pruning closely as recommended for the ,provence roses4 ,by this method1 the blooming season may be prolonged from a fortnight to three weeks4 ,they should have an abundant animal dressing of manure on the surface in ,november1 and the bed lightly stirred with the fork in ,february4444 ,to raise ,moss roses from seed is a most interesting employment for the genuine rose amateur2 such a pleasing field is open1 and so much may yet be done4 ,the following directions will1 ,i hope1 assist those who have leisure1 perseverance1 and love for this charming flower4 ,a plant of the ,luxembourg ,moss1 or one of the ,celina ,moss1 and one of the ,single ,crimson ,moss1 should be planted against a south wall1 close to each other1 so that their branches may be mingled4 ,in bright1 calm1 sunny mornings1 in ,june1 about ten o'clock1 those flowers that are expanded should be examined by pressing the fingers on the anthers4 ,it will then be found if the pollen be abundant3 if so1 a flower of the former should be shaken over the latter2 or1 what perhaps is better1 its flower-stalks should be fastened to the wall1 so that the flower will be kept in an erect position4 ,then cut a flower of the ,luxembourg ,moss1 strip off its petals with a sharp pair of scissors1 and place the anthers firmly1 but gently1 upon a flower of the ,single ,crimson1 so that the anthers of each are entangled3 they will keep it in its position3 a stiff breeze will then scarcely remove it4 ,the fertilizing will take place without further trouble1 and a fine hip full of seed will be the result4 ,to obtain seed from the ,luxembourg ,moss1 ,i need scarcely say that this operation must be reversed4 ,a wall is not always necessary to ripen seed2 for in dry soils1 and airy1 exposed situations1 the above ,moss roses bear seed in tolerable abundance4 ,the treatment of the hips1 sowing the seed1 and the management of the young plants1 as applicable to all1 has already been given4--,rivers4 ,illustration3 #jacj ,rosa ,damascena4--,any deeply colored rose is popularly called a ,damask2 but the true ,damask--the rose of ,damascus--is of various shades1 from the darkest to the lightest4 ,all these varieties have sprung from one origin1--the wild rose of ,syria1 which was introduced into ,england in the year #aegc1 or1 according to some writers1 much earlier4 ,it is this rose from which is made the rosewater of the ,east1 and on this the ,eastern poets and their ,western imitators have lavished the wealth of their fancy4 ,in poetry1 indeed1 the ,damask ,rose has woven more garlands than the ,moss4 ,nor is it unknown to history1 since the five hundred camel-loads of rose-water with which the ,sultan ,saladin purified the ,mosque of ,omar after it had been used as a ,christian church were doubtless distilled from its leaves4 ,but1 without falling into an anachronism1 it is hardly possible to claim for it1 as some have done1 the honor of having been the renowned ,red ,rose of ,lancaster4 ,both the ,damask and the ,provence roses are extensively cultivated in ,france and ,england for the purpose of making rose-water4 ,the ,damask is very hardy1 vigorous of growth1 and abundant in bloom4 ,its shoots are full of spines1 and its leaves of a light green4 ,its old original varieties are wholly eclipsed by those which the industry of the florist has produced from their seed4 ,the following are among the best of these3-- ,la ,ville de ,bruxelles is a very beautiful rose1 of delicate waxy tint and vigorous growth4 ,madame ,stoltz is of a pale straw or lemon color4 ,madame ,sotmans is of delicate cream-color1 tinged with buff4 ,madame ,hardy is a large and very full rose of the purest white4 ,it has but one fault1--that of sometimes showing a green bud in the centre4 ,but for this1 it would be almost unrivalled among white roses4 ,leda is of a blush tint1 edged with lake4 ,there are but few new varieties of this family1 as the double sorts do not bear seed freely4 ,illustration3 #jacb ,rosa ,alba4--,the parent of the ,alba1 or ,white roses1 is a native of ,central ,europe4 ,the species is so called from the prevailing delicacy of hue in its varieties1 many of which are of a pure white1 while none are of a deeper coloring than a bright pink4 ,the original stock is spineless2 but many of its progeny1 in consequence1 probably1 of hybridization1 have spines in greater or less number4 ,the upper surface of the leaves has a glaucous or whitish tinge1 and the shoots are of a clear green4 ,flicit is a large double rose1 of a delicate flesh-color1 and a most symmetrical shape4 ,la ,sduisante is of a bright rose in the centre1 shading into flesh-color at the circumference3 it rivals the last in the perfection of its shape4 ,madame ,audot is of a pale flesh-color4 ,madame ,legras is a white rose of a peculiar delicacy1 and very graceful in its habit of growth4 ,the ,queen of ,denmark is of a clear rosy pink4 ,sophie de ,marsilly is of a delicate rose-color1 slightly mottled1 and1 when half opened1 is a rose of remarkable beauty4 ,the ,alba roses bloom abundantly1 and form in masses a beautiful contrast1 in their chaste and delicate hues1 with the deeper colors of the ,french and ,hybrid ,china roses4 ,they rarely bear seed freely4 ,illustration3 #jacc ,rosa ,gallica4--,this rose draws its origin from the south of ,europe1 where its wild progenitor still grows abundantly in the hedges4 ,it is one of the best known1 and longest under cultivation1 of all the species4 ,we confess our strong partiality for it4 ,it is perfectly hardy1 compact in growth1 abundant in bloom1 beautiful in form1 and rich and various in coloring4 ,it will grow and bloom anywhere1 and endures neglect with a patience unknown to most others of its race4 ,yet none better rewards a careful and generous culture4 ,it returns a rich response to the care bestowed upon it2 and1 under high cultivation1 the members of this group have no superiors in beauty4 ,it is not1 however1 in favor at the present day4 ,roses of equal beauty1 though1 not of equal hardihood1 and endowed with the one valuable quality in which it is wanting1--that of continuous or repeated blooming1--have1 of late1 supplanted it4 ,we may as well say here1 while protesting against the neglect into which the hardy ,june roses have fallen1 that1 of the so-called ,perpetuals1 a great many are undeserving of the name4 ,some1 even with tolerably good treatment1 rarely show a flower after the ,june blooming2 and none will put forth freely and abundantly in autumn1 without more pains in the management than most persons are willing to bestow4 ,the ,french ,rose has been known in ,england since the close of the sixteenth century4 ,it is very prolific1 and innumerable seedlings have been raised from it4 ,some of these produce flowers exceedingly double1 of the most vivid color1 and remarkable even now for the symmetry of their forms4 ,among the rest is a great variety of marbled1 striped1 and spotted roses1 which1 though curious and interesting1 are certainly less beautiful than the self-colored sorts4 ,the varieties of this rose formerly catalogued and cultivated might be numbered by hundreds4 ,of these1 it is needless to mention any but a few of the best and most distinct4 ,boula de ,nanteuil is a rose of the richest crimson-purple1 with a centre1 at times1 of a vivid red4 ,it varies1 however1 very much in different seasons1 and1 while sometimes splendid in coloring1 is occasionally dull and cloudy4 ,grandissima is of a deep purplish-rose1 very large and double4 ,kean closely resembles it4 ,adele ,prvost is of a silvery blush4 ,blanchefleur is white1 with a tinge of flesh-color4 ,cynthia is of a pale rose4 ,the ,duchess of ,buccleugh is of a dark rose4 ,ohl is of a deep crimson and scarlet1 and1 when grown in perfection1 is one of the finest roses in existence4 ,la ,reine des ,franais is also of a bright crimson4 ,perle des ,panaches is white1 striped with rose2 and ,oeillet ,parfait is white1 striped with light crimson1 much like a carnation4 ,d',aguesseau1 ,gloire de ,colmar1 ,latour d',auvergne1 ,triomphe de ,jaussens1 ,letitia1 ,napolon1 ,duc de ,valmy1 and ,transon ,goubault1 are all excellent roses of this family4 ,to grow them fine for exhibition1 as single blooms or 'show-roses1' the clusters of buds should be thinned early in ,june1 taking at least two-thirds of the incipient flowers from each3 manure should also be laid round their stems on the surface1 and manure-water given to them plentifully in dry weather4 ,with this description of culture1 these roses will much surpass any thing we have yet seen in this country4 ,although the varieties of this group are summer roses only1 their period of flowering may be prolonged by judicious pruning2 and for this purpose two trees of each variety should be planted1 one to be pruned in ,october1 the other early in ,may1 or just when the buds have burst into leaf3 these will give a regular succession of flowers4 ,in pruning1 cut out with a sharp knife all the spray-like shoots1 and then shorten to within six or eight buds of their base all the strong shoots 7by such ,i mean those that are above fifteen inches in length73 the weak shoots cut down to two or three buds4 ,this is the pruning required by the ,alba1 ,damask1 and ,hybrid ,provence roses4444 ,to raise ,french roses from seed1 they should be planted in a warm1 dry border sloping to the south1 in an open1 airy situation3 the shade of trees is very pernicious to seed-bearing roses4 ,the following kinds 99 may be selected1 as they bear seed freely3 ,the ,tuscany ,rose1 a very old variety1 with rich1 deep crimson1 semi-double flowers2 also ,ohl and ,latour d',auvergne4 ,the two latter should have their flowers fertilized with the pollen of the ,tuscany ,rose1 and some fine crimson roses will probably be raised4 ,the ,village ,maid and ,oillet ,parfait are the most eligible to raise striped roses from3 if their flowers are deficient in pollen1 they should be fertilized with those of ,rosa ,mundi4--,rivers4 99 ,some of the roses recommended for seed-bearing are old varieties1 which may be procured from any old-fashioned ,english rose-nursery4 ,rosa ,indica ,hybrida4--,this class has been divided by some writers into three2 viz41 ,hybrid ,china1 ,hybrid ,noisette1 and ,hybrid ,bourbon4 ,the division seems to us needless1 for the reason that all these1 on analysis1 resolve themselves into hybrids of the ,chinese ,rose1 since both the ,noisette and the ,bourbon owe their distinctive character to their ,chinese parentage4 ,the hybrids of the ,noisettes are usually inclined to bloom in clusters3 those of the ,bourbons are distinguishable by their large1 smooth1 and thick leaves4 ,this class1 then1 may be defined as the offspring of intermarriage of the ,french and other ,june roses with the ,chinese ,rose and its hybrids4 ,it has1 however1 none of the ever-blooming qualities which distinguish the ,china roses4 ,it is remarkable1 as a class1 for vigor of growth1 in which1 strange as it may appear1 it surpasses1 in some cases1 both its parents4 ,most of the ,hybrid ,china roses are1 moreover1 perfectly hardy even in the climate of the ,northern ,states2 and they are admirably adapted for forming pillars4 ,for this purpose1 they should be planted in a very deep and rich soil4 ,if the soil is naturally poor1 dig it out to the width and depth of three feet1 and replace it with a mixture of strong loam and old manure4 ,some of the ,hybrid ,chinas thus generously treated1 and trained and pruned in the manner recommended in a former chapter1 will form most gorgeous decorations of a garden2 for in the size of the flowers1 in beauty of form1 and brilliancy of color1 some of the varieties are unsurpassed4 ,every autumn1 the surface of the soil around the stem should be covered with manure to the depth of several inches2 and this should be allowed to remain throughout the summer1 renewing it as often as necessary1 after a previous forking-up of the soil1 which this covering or mulching enriches1 at the same time that it keeps it moist and cool4 ,the following are among the best of this family of roses3 ,beauty op ,billiard1 of vigorous growth1 and bright-scarlet and crimson flowers4 ,brennus1 or ,brutus1 is a superb rose1 of great size1 and strong1 rapid growth4 ,blair1 ,no4 #b1 is particularly adapted for a pillar rose2 its bloom being very profuse4 ,the color of its flowers is pink or blush4 ,george the ,fourth is an old rose raised some forty years ago by the excellent ,english cultivator1 ,mr4 ,rivers4 ,its bright crimson color and its neat foliage make it very attractive1 though it is less double than some other varieties4 ,the ,duke op ,devonshire is of a lilac-color1 striped with white1 and perfect in form2 its petals overlapping with the greatest regularity4 ,charles ,duval is of a deep pink2 ,charles ,lawson1 of a vivid rose4 ,chenedol is regarded by many as the best rose of the class2 for its color is the brightest and clearest crimson1 and its flowers are large and very full4 ,inferior roses1 however1 are frequently sold under its name1 especially in ,i this country4 ,coupe d',hb is remarkable both for the perfection of its cup-like form1 and for the delicate rose-color of its petals4 ,its growth is very vigorous2 and1 like most of its kindred1 it is perfectly hardy4 ,general ,jacqueminot is a large purplish-crimson rose4 ,it must not be confounded with the ,hybrid ,perpetual of the same name4 ,fulgens is of a deep crimson4 ,triomphe de ,bayeux is white1 and an excellent pillar-rose4 ,madame ,plantier is also white1 but very distinct from the last2 for1 as it sprang on the mother's side from the ,noisette1 it blooms in dusters4 ,its individual flowers are surpassed by those of one or two other white roses2 but the extraordinary profusion of its bloom1 its graceful habit1 its neat foliage1 and its hardy1 enduring nature1 make it1 on the whole1 the best rose of its color in cultivation4 ,paul ,perras is ,bourbon on the mother's side1 as is also ,paul ,ricaut4 ,the first is of a pale rose1 the second of a bright crimson4 ,vivid is a seedling of the ,english rose-grower1 ,mr4 ,william ,paul4 ,its flowers are not large1 but they are of the most vivid crimson2 and the vigorous habit of the plant makes it very suitable either for a pillar or a trellis4 ,when grown as large standards1 these roses require peculiar pruning4 ,if their shoots are shortened too much1 they will grow vigorously1 but give no flowers4 ,they should1 therefore1 be thinned out1 so that the head of the tree is not at all crowded1 and then be shortened to within twelve buds of their base3 a crop of fine flowers will then be produced4 ,this is the pruning to be done either in the early part of ,november or in ,february3 we will call it the winter pruning4 99 ,there is another mode of pruning these roses1 partly in summer1 which will be found highly eligible4 ,thin out the shoots in the winter1 and leave a selected number of those that are most vigorous nearly their full length1 merely cutting off their tips3 these will be loaded with blossoms so as to make the trees quite pendulous4 ,as soon as the blooming season is past1 shorten them all to within six inches of their base4 ,they will immediately put forth strong shoots1 which1 while in a very young state1 thin out1 leaving those that are the most vigorous4 ,these shoots treat in the same manner the following year4 ,by this method of pruning1 a pendulous1 graceful head is formed1 instead of a stiff1 formal one1 so common to standard roses4 ,in pruning these roses1 when trained as pillars1 the spurs from the shoots fastened to the stake merely require thinning out1 so as not to be crowded1 and then shortened to within five or six buds of their base4 ,trained as pillar-roses1 they give flowers often too abundantly2 so that they are small and ill-shaped3 it is1 therefore1 often a good practice to thin the flower-buds as soon as they can be distinguished4 99 ,these directions1 it will be remembered1 are for the climate of ,england4 ,the ,november pruning will not do here2 indeed1 it will require much precaution to make even the hardy roses succeed as standards4 ,i shall now proceed to give a list of those roses1 from which1 in combination with others1 choice seedlings may be raised4 ,the ,duke of ,devonshire1 in a very warm and dry soil1 will produce hips in tolerable abundance2 and1 as it is inclined to be striped1 it would possibly form a beautiful combination with some striped rose1 which should be planted with it4 ,riego1 which partakes of the ,sweet-brier1 might be made the parent of some beautiful brier-like roses by planting it with the ,splendid ,sweet-brier4 ,general ,allard1 a hybrid rose1 from which ,monsiem ,laffay raised his perpetual rose1 ,madame ,laffay1 is much inclined to give a second series of flowers4 ,this rose should be planted in a very warm border1 or trained against a south wall with ,bourbon ,gloire de ,rosomnes2 and1 if carefully fertilized with it1 some beautiful crimson autumnal roses would probably be originated4 ,chnedol may also be subjected to the same treatment4 ,what a fine autumnal rose one like it would be6--,rivers4 ,illustration3 #jadb ,rosa ,spinosissima4--,the original ,scotch ,rose is a wild dwarf rose1 common in ,scotland and the north of ,england4 ,as it bears seed in great abundance1 as these seeds vegetate freely1 and as the ,scotch gardeners have taken pride in multiplying and improving this native growth of the soil1 the number of varieties is nominally immense4 ,many of them1 however1 are scarcely to be distinguished the one from the other4 ,the flowers are small1 and exceedingly numerous4 ,they bloom earlier than most roses1 and show various shades of crimson1 rose1 white1 and yellow1--or rather straw-color2 for the yellow ,scotch ,rose is apparently a hybrid4 ,they are useful for covering banks and forming clumps where masses of bloom are required4 ,nothing can exceed their hardiness1 and they increase abundantly by suckers4 ,a list of named varieties of the ,scotch ,rose would1 from their multiplicity1 and want of distinctness1 be even more unsatisfactory than the florist's lists of pansies or verbenas4 ,the following1 however1 are good3-- ,la ,neige is pure white1 and very double4 ,guy ,mannering is of a deep blush4 ,sulphurea1 ,lady ,balllie1 and the ,marchioness of ,lansdowne1 are of a pale straw or sulphur color4 ,the ,yellow ,scotch is of a deeper yellow tint4 ,flora1 ,daphne1 ,erebus1 ,venus1 and the ,countess of ,glasgow1 are of deep shades of rose and crimson4 ,scotch roses1 when grown into beds and clumps as dwarfs1 are beautiful2 and in early seasons they will bloom nearly a fortnight before the other summer roses make their appearance4 ,this1 of course1 makes them desirable appendages to the flower-garden4 ,they bear seed profusely2 and raising new varieties from seed will be found a most interesting employment4 ,to do this1 all that is required is to sow the seed as soon as ripe1 in ,october1 in pots or beds of fine earth1 covering it with nearly an inch of mould3 the succeeding spring they will come up1 and bloom in perfection the season following4 ,the aim should be to obtain varieties with large and very double crimson flowers3 this can only be done by slightly hybridizing2 and to effect this it will be necessary to have a plant or two of the ,tuscany ,rose trained to a south wall1 so that their flowers are expanded at the same time as the ,scotch roses in the open borders3 unless thus forced1 they will be too late4 ,any dark-red varieties of the ,scotch roses1 such as ,venus1 ,erebus1 or ,flora1 should be planted separately from others1 and their flowers fertilized with the above ,french ,rose4 ,some very original deep-colored varieties will probably be obtained by this method4 ,sulphurea and one or two other straw-colored varieties may be planted with the ,double ,yellow ,austrian ,brier2 and most likely some pretty sulphur-colored roses will be the result of this combination4--,rivers4 ,rosa ,lutea4--,this is a small family of roses1 very distinct in all its characteristics2 a native of ,southern ,europe and of some parts of the ,east4 ,it is seldom that any seedlings have been obtained from it1 as its flowers1 even in the single varieties1 are usually barren4 ,they may1 however1 be made productive by fertilizing them with the pollen of other varieties4 ,its stems are spiny1 and of a reddish or brownish color4 ,its leaves are small1 and its growth somewhat straggling4 ,the colors of its flowers are copper and yellow in various shades4 ,it should not be pruned too closely2 but the shoots may with great advantage be pinched back in midsummer1 thus causing them to throw out a great number of lateral shoots1 and correcting the loose and straggling habit of the bush4 ,the bloom1 with this treatment1 is very profuse4 ,the best known roses of this family are five in number4 ,the ,single ,austrian ,yellow and the ,single ,austrian ,copper may be regarded as the original types of the species4 ,william's ,double ,yellow is an ,english seedling of a pale-yellow color4 ,harrison's ,yellow is an excellent yellow rose1 originated in ,america4 ,it is very vigorous in growth1 and1 on the whole1 the best yellow rose for general cultivation4 ,the ,persian ,yellow1 however1 is of a much deeper hue1 and is unrivalled in its way4 ,it is one of those roses which are feeble on their own roots1 but grow very vigorously either on the ,dog ,rose or on the ,manetti stock4 ,it is said to have originated1 as its name imports1 from ,persia4 ,a moist soil1 and a dry1 pure air1 are essential to the growth of all this family of roses4 ,no family of roses offers such an interesting field for experiments in raising new varieties from seed as this4 ,first we have the ,copper ,austrian1 from which1 although it is one of the oldest roses in our gardens1 a double flowering variety has never yet been obtained4 ,this rose is always defective in pollen2 and consequently it will not bear seed unless its flowers are fertilized4 ,as it will be interesting to retain the traits of the species1 it should be planted with and fertilized by the ,double ,yellow3 it will then1 in warm1 dry seasons1 produce seed1 not abundantly2 but the amateur must rest satisfied if he can procure even one hip-full of perfect seed4 ,the beautiful and brilliant ,rosa ,harrison1 however1 gives the brightest hopes4 ,this should be planted with the ,double ,yellow ,brier3 it will then bear seed abundantly4 ,no rose will1 perhaps1 show the effects of fertilizing its flowers more plainly than this2 and consequently1 to the amateur1 it is the pleasing triumph of ,art over ,nature4 ,every flower on my experimental plants1 not fertilized1 proved abortive2 while1 on the contrary1 all those that were so1 produced large black spherical hips-full of perfect seed4 ,the ,persian ,yellow does not seem inclined to bear seed2 but it may be crossed with ,rosa ,harrison1 and1 ,i trust1 with some good effect4--,rivers4 ,illustration3 #jadf ,rosa ,sulphurea4--,this beautiful rose is difficult of cultivation both in ,england and in this country1 though in ,italy and the south of ,france it grows and blooms luxuriantly4 ,its original species is found growing wild1 and yielding single flowers1 on the ,himalaya ,mountains1 and also1 it is said1 in ,persia4 ,only two varieties are in cultivation1--the ,double 7called also the ,yellow ,provence7 and the ,dwarf ,double4 ,the climate of the ,southern and ,middle ,states is far more suitable to them than that of the ,north2 though it is more than probable1 that1 with careful and judicious treatment1 they would do well even here4 ,they need a rich diet1 and a sunny and airy situation1 to induce them to expand their flower-buds1 which are provokingly apt to fall before opening4 ,they are also very liable to the attacks of insects4 ,the difficulty of the cultivation of this rose is greatly to be lamented1 since it surpasses even the ,persian ,yellow in beauty4 ,various situations1 says ,mr4 ,rivers1 have been recommended4 ,some have said1 ',plant it against a south wall2' others1 ',give it a northern aspect1 under the drip of some water-trough1 as it requires a wet situation4' ,all this is quackery and nonsense4 ,the ,yellow ,provence ,rose is a native of a warm climate1 and therefore requires a warm situation1 a free and airy exposure1 and rich soil3 a wall with a south-east or north-west aspect will be found eligible4 ,give the plants surface-manure every autumn1 and water with manure-water in ,may2 prune with the finger and thumb in summer1 as recommended for the ,persian ,yellow4 99 99 ,m4 ,godefroy1 a ,french nursery-man1 has cultivated it as a pillar-rose1 in a free and open situation1 with much success4 ,manuring as above1 and summer pruning1 are indispensable4 ,at ,burleigh1 the seat of the ,marquis of ,exeter1 the effect of situation on this rose is forcibly shown4 ,a very old plant is growing against the southern wall of the mansion1 in a confined situation1 its roots cramped by a stone pavement3 it is weakly1 and never shows a flower-bud4 ,in the entrance-court is another plant1 growing in front of a low parapet wall1 in a good loamy soil1 and free1 airy exposure3 this is in a state of the greatest luxuriance1 and blooms in fine perfection nearly every season4 ,mr4 ,mackintosh1 the gardener1 who kindly pointed out these plants to me1 thought the latter a distinct and superior variety1 as it was brought from ,france by a ,french cook a few years since2 but it is certainly nothing but the genuine ,old ,double ,yellow ,rose4 ,in unfavorable soils1 it will often flourish and bloom freely if budded on the ,musk ,rose1 the common ,china ,rose1 or some free-growing hybrid ,china ,rose2 but the following pretty method of culture ,i beg to suggest3 ,bud or graft it on some short stems of the ,rosa ,manetti4 ,in the autumn1 pot some of the strongest plants2 and1 late in spring1 force them with a gentle heat1 giving plenty of air4 ,it will now also be very interesting to plant trees of this variety in orchard-houses3 this seems to me to be the exact climate required by it4 ,by this method1 the dry and warm climate of ,florence and ,genoa may1 perhaps1 be partially imitated2 for there it blooms in such profusion1 that large quantities of its magnificent flowers are daily sold in the markets during the rose-season4 ,the following extract relative to this rose is from the quaint old book1 ',flora1 ,ceres1 and ,pomona1 by ,john ,rea1 ,gent41 #afee1' showing that budding and double-budding of roses and trees is no new idea3 ',the ,double ,yellow ,rose is the most unapt of all others to bear kindly and fair flowers1 unless it be ordered and looked unto in an especial manner4 ,for whereas all other roses are best natural1 this is best inoculated upon another stock4 ,others thrive and bear best in the sun1 this in the shade4 ,therefore the best way that ,i know to cause this rose to bring forth fair and kindly flowers is performed after this manner3 ,first1 in the stock of a ,francford 99 ,rose1 near the ground1 put in a bud of the ,single ,yellow ,rose1 which will quickly shoot to a good length2 then1 half a yard higher than the place where the same was budded1 put into it a bud of the ,double ,yellow ,rose2 which growing1 the suckers must be kept from the root1 and all the buds rubbed off1 except those of the kind desired2 which being grown big enough to bear 7which will be in the two years71 it must in winter be pruned very near1 cutting off all the small shoots1 and only leaving the biggest1 cutting off the tops of them also1 as far as they are small2 then in the spring1 when the buds for leaves come forth1 rub off the smallest of them1 leaving only some few of the biggest1 which by reason of the strength of the stock affording more nourishment than any other1 and the agreeable nature of the ,single ,yellow ,rose 7from whence it is immediately nourished71 the shoots will be then strong1 and able to bear out the flowers if they be not too many1 which may be prevented by nipping off the smallest buds for flowers1 leaving only such a number of the fairest as the tree may be able to bring to perfection2 which tree should stand something shadowed1 and not too much in the heat of the sun1 and in a standard by itself1 rather than under a wall4 ,these rules being observed1 we may expect to enjoy the full delight of these beautiful roses1 as ,i myself have often done by my own practice in divers trees so handled1 which have yearly borne store of fair flowers1 when those that were natural1 not withstanding all the helps ,i could use1 have not brought forth one that was kindly1 but all of them either broken1 or1 as it were1 blasted4' 99 ,this is the ,frankfort ,rose1 a variety of ,rosa ,gallica1 with very double flowers1 one of our oldest garden-roses4 ,rosa ,rubignosa4--,this is the ,eglantine of the poets1 celebrated in song by bards known and unknown to fame1 from ,milton down to the rustic rhymer offering the trib-4 ute of his untutored ,muse to the charms of some village beauty4 ,nothing is easier than its cultivation2 but1 to our mind1 it loses half its attraction when transplanted from its native road-side or thicket into the garden4 ,from its perfect hardiness and free growth1 it is sometimes used as a stock for budding or grafting4 ,the fragrance of its leaves readily distinguishes it from other species4 ,most of the named varieties under this head in the catalogues of nursery-men are hybrids2 sometimes1 as in the case of the ,double-margined ,hip1 or ,madeline1 retaining little trace of the ,sweet-,brier4 ,among the best are the ,monstrous ,sweet-,brier1 the ,carmine1 the ,celestial1 the ,splendid1 the ,scarlet1 the ,rose ,angle1 the ,royal1 and the ,superb4 ,illustration3 #jaea ,rosa ,alpina4--,this familiar climbing rose is easily known by its long shoots1 nearly or quite free from thorns1 and the reddish tinge1 shaded into green1 which marks the stems of most of the varieties4 ,its parent is a native of the ,alps1 and it is perfectly hardy4 ,the flowers grow in clusters4 ,in the ,old ,red ,boursault1 they are semidouble1 and indifferently formed2 but some of the other varieties show great improvements both in shape and color4 ,they are excellent climbing or pillar roses1 and require less sun to develop their flowers than most other species4 ,like other climbing roses1 they should be primed but little1 though the old stems should be well thinned out4 ,amadis1 or the ,crimson ,boursault1 is of a deep purplish-crimson1 with large semi-double flowers4 ,the ,blush ,boursault is1 in its flowers1 larger and more full than most others of the species4 ,they are of a deep flesh-color1 passing into a lighter shade towards the edge4 ,it can scarcely owe its qualities to the ,boursault race alone1 but seems to be a hybrid of some of the ,chinese roses4 ,when in perfection1 it is much the best of the group1 but requires a warmer and brighter aspect than the others4 ,it is1 however1 perfectly hardy4 ,this variety is also called ,calypso1 ,de l',isle1 ,the ,white ,boursault1 and ,florida4 ,inermis ,elegans and ,gracilis are the only other varieties of the group that need be mentioned here4 ,illustration3 #jaeb ,rosa ,arvensis ,hybrida4--,the origin of the ,ayrshire ,rose has been the subject of some discussion among botanists and cultivators4 ,it is generally supposed1 however1 to have sprung from the seed of a wild trailing rose common in ,great ,britain and in ,western ,europe1 the flowers of which had been impregnated by accident or design with the pollen of some other species4 ,the ,ayrshire roses are known in ,europe for their astonishing vigor of growth2 some species1 it is said1 growing nearly thirty feet in a year1--an achievement which we never knew them to equal in this country4 ,their growth1 however1 is very rapid2 and1 when once established1 their long1 slender shoots quickly possess themselves of every object near them4 ,as may be gathered from their name1 most of them originated in ,scotland4 ,in ,europe1 these roses are valued as standard weepers1 since1 when budded on tall stocks1 they form huge heads of pendulous foliage and bloom4 ,doubtless they would succeed as well or better in our ,southern and ,middle ,states2 but in the ,north they would probably require1 in common with other standard roses1 a careful protection against the changes of the seasons4 ,bennett's ,seedling and the ,dundee ,rambler have white flowers2 those of the last being not fully double4 ,the ,countess of ,lieven is creamy-white and semidouble4 ,splendens is white1 edged with red2 and the ,queen of the ,belgians is of a cream-color4 ,the ,ayrshire ,queen is of a dark crimson-purple1 and less vigorous in growth than the rest4 ,ruga is of a pale flesh-color4 ,like the last1 it is a hybrid1 probably between the ,tea ,rose and one of the ,ayrshires2 for it has much of the fragrance of the former4 ,i have a steep bank of a hard white clay1 says an ,english writer1 which1 owing to a cutting made in the road1 became too steep for cultivation4 ,about sixteen years since1 this was planted with ,ayrshire and other climbing roses4 ,holes were made in the hard soil with a pick1 two feet over and two feet deep2 some manure mixed with the clay1 after it had lain exposed to frost to mellow it1 and climbing roses planted4 ,this bank is1 when the roses are in bloom1 a mass of beauty3 ,i have never seen any thing in climbing roses to equal it4 ,on another bank1 they are gradually mounting to the tops of the trees3 none of them have ever been pruned4 ,ayrshire roses1 as articles of decoration in places unfitted for other ornamental climbers1 are worthy of much more attention than they have hitherto received4 ,the following extract from the ,dundee ,courier of ,july #aa1ahcg1 will give some idea how capable these roses are of making even a wilderness a scene of beauty3-- ,some years ago1 a sand-pit at ,ellangowan was filled up with rubbish found in digging a well4 ,over this a piece of rock was formed for the growth of plants which prefer such situations1 and amongst them were planted some half-dozen plants of the ,double ,ayrshire ,rose1 raised in this neighborhood about ten years ago4 ,these roses now most completely cover the whole ground1--a space of thirty feet by twenty4 ,at present they are in full bloom1 showing probably not less than ten thousand roses in this small space4 ,illustration3 #jaee ,rosa ,sempervirens4--,this is a climbing rose of very vigorous growth1 a native of the middle and south of ,europe4 ,the garden varieties originated from it bloom in clusters of small and usually very double flowers1 of which the prevailing tints are light1 varying from delicate shades of rose and pink to a pure white4 ,they are not absolutely evergreen1 but only partially so1 retaining their bright1 glossy leaves till spring1 provided they are planted in shady and sheltered places1 as under trees1 or in the angles of walls1 but dropping them in open situations4 ,in ,england they have come into great favor as pillar-roses1 and for covering walls1 banks1 or unsightly objects in the garden or on the pleasure-ground4 ,budded on tall stems of the ,dog ,rose1 they form pendulous standards of magnificent proportions2 rivalling1 in this respect1 the ,ayrshire4 ,whether such standards would be equally successful in the ,northern ,states1 is1 to say the least1 doubtful4 ,most of the varieties of the ,evergreen ,rose now most in esteem were originated in the gardens of ,reuilly1 near ,paris1 by ,m4 ,jacques1 gardener to ,king ,louis ,philippe4 ,one or two are crossed with the ,musk ,rose2 whence they acquire a fragrance in which their own race is deficient4 ,bankslflora is one of these4 ,it has small double white flowers4 ,flicite ,perptue1 in spite of its preposterous name1 is one of the most beautiful of climbing roses2 and trained as it sometimes is in ,european gardens1 drooping in graceful festoons from pillar to pillar on supporting wires1 or mantling some unsightly dead trunk with its foliage of shining green and its countless clusters of creamy white flowers1 it forms one of the most attractive objects imaginable4 ,thin out its shoots2 but do not prune them1 since1 if they are much shortened1 they will yield no flowers whatever4 ,give it a rich soil1 with autumnal top-dressing of manure2 a treatment good for the whole group1 and1 indeed1 for all climbing roses4 ,donna ,maria has pure white flowers4 ,its growth is less vigorous than others1 its foliage light green1 and it blooms in large clusters4 ,myrianthes ,rnoncule has flowers of a pale peach-color1 drooping in large clusters1 and in form resembling a double ranunculus4 ,rosa ,plena is of a bright flesh-color1 large and double4 ,princesse ,marie is reddish-pink4 ,fortune's ,yellow is a native of ,china and ,japan1 and is sometimes included in this class4 ,it is of a bright fawn-color1 with a tinge of copper2 beautiful under shelter1 but will not bear a winter exposure in the ,northern ,states4 ,it is of comparatively recent introduction4 ,rampante blooms profusely in clusters of pure white4 ,flora is of a bright rose2 ,leopoldine d',orlans1 white1 tinged with rose2 and ,spectabilis1 rosy-lilac4 ,while some of this race are perfectly hardy1 others will require protection against a ,northern winter4 ,the ease of their culture1 their rapid growth1 and their admirable effect where masses of flowers and verdure are desired1 will commend them all to favor in the ,middle and ,southern ,states4 ,i know of no rose idea1 says ,mr4 ,rivers1 prettier than that of a wilderness of evergreen roses1 the varieties planted promiscuously1 and suffered to cover the surface of the ground with their entangled shoots4 ,to effect this1 the ground should be dug1 manured1 and thoroughly cleaned from perennial weeds1 such as couch-grass1 c41 and the plants planted from three to five feet asunder4 ,if the soil be rich1 the latter distance will do4 ,they must be hoed amongst1 and kept clean from weeds after planting1 till the branches meet3 they will then soon form a beautiful mass of foliage and flowers1 covering the soil too densely for weeds of minor growth to flourish4 ,those weeds that are more robust should be pulled out occasionally2 and this is all the culture they will require4 ,for temples1 columns1 wire-fences1 which they soon cover with beauty1 and verandas1 their use is now becoming well known4 ,one of the most complete temples of roses is that at the seat of-----,warner1 ,esq41 ,hoddesdon1 ,hertfordshire2 and the prettiest specimens of festooning these roses from one column to another by means of small iron chains 7strong iron wire will do7 may be seen at ,broxbourn ,bury1 near ,hoddesdon1 the seat of-------,bosanquet1 ,esq4 444 ,about six or eight years ago1 ,i received1 among others1 some very stout short stocks of the ,dog ,rose3 they were not more than two feet in height1 but stouter than a large broom-handle1 the bark thick and gray with age4 ,they were planted1 and grew most luxuriantly4 ,i was for some little time at a loss what varieties to bud them with2 for1 be it remembered1 all stout and old rose-stocks require to be worked with very strong-growing sorts of roses1 to take off the abundance of sap1 and keep them in a healthy state4 ,at last1 in a mere freak of fancy1 ,i had them budded with some varieties of the ,evergreen ,rose 7,rosa ,sempervirens74 ,they grew most luxuriantly2 and after a year or two1 not being trees adapted for sale1 they were planted in a sloping bank of strong white clay1 and left to grow and bloom as ,nature dictated3 not a shoot was ever touched with the pruning-knife4 ,one of these trees is on a stem a trifle more than two feet in height1 and it has been these two or three summers past a picture of beauty4 ,when in full bloom1 the ends of its shoots rest on the ground1 and it then forms a perfect dome of roses3 nothing in rose-culture can really be more beautiful4 ,it will be at once seen with what facility such stout1 short1 old rose-stocks can be found in any hedge4 ,they may be planted in the kitchen-garden1 budded with the above-mentioned sort1 and1 to give variety in color1 with some of the following kinds1--all varieties of ,rosa ,sempervirens1 ,myrianthes1 ,jauntre1 ,adelaide d',orlans1 and ,spectabilis4 ,every bud will succeed1 as no roses grow more freely2 and1 after remaining one season from budding in their 'nursery1' some nice places must be found for them on the lawn1 where1 unpruned1 unchecked1 they will1 with all the freshness of unassisted ,nature1 annually delight the eye of the lover of flowers4 99 99 ,this will do for the ,southern ,states4 ,unhappily1 it will not do in ,new ,england4 ,illustration3 #jaei ,rosa ,multiflora4--,the parent of this family belongs to ,japan and ,china4 ,with few exceptions1 we cannot recommend them to ,northern cultivators for growth in the open air1 as they bear our winters but indifferently1 and1 in some cases1 are killed outright4 ,russelliana1 or ,scarlet ,grevillia1 blooms in large clusters of a rich1 dark lake1 changing to various shades of red and lilac1 so that the cluster presents a curious diversity of hue4 ,as it is extremely vigorous in growth1 it would make an admirable pillar or climbing rose1 were it but a little more hardy4 ,it would1 no doubt1 succeed if the pillar were protected during winter by fastening around it a covering of pine or spruce boughs4 ,these exclude sun1 but not air2 so that the rose is not exposed to the dangers from dampness which attend a compact mass of straw soaked by rain and snow4 ,as ,russelliana bears pruning better than most climbing roses1 it may be grown as a bush2 in which state it has flourished here for a number of years without protection4 ,de la ,grifferaie may also be grown as a bush with perfect success as far ,north as ,boston4 ,it gives a great abundance of blush and rose-colored flowers1 forming a high mound of bloom4 ,laura ,davoust forms an admirable greenhouse stock for rafter roses4 ,indeed1 it is well worth a place for its own sake4 ,its small double flowers of bright pink and flesh-color1 changing to white1 are produced in large and graceful clusters1 beautiful from the varieties of shade which they exhibit4 ,carmin ,velout1 ,alba1 and ,coccinea are also good varieties of this family1 the value of which is greatly diminished by the imperfect hardiness of many of its members4 ,illustration3 #jafa ,the following are roses of doubtful parentage1 several of them much esteemed abroad2 though1 for the most part1 they have not been sufficiently tried here to establish their merit and their hardiness in our ,northern climate4 ,all those named below bear an ,english winter4 ,madame d',arblay1 or ,wells's ,white1 is of a light flesh-color1 and its growth is exceedingly vigorous4 ,the ,garland is of a light fawn-color1 changing to white1 and blooms in large clusters of double flowers1 which turn to pink before fading4 ,sir ,john ,sebright has small semidouble crimson flowers1 a color valuable in a climbing rose1 because not very common4 ,menoux is also crimson4 ,indica ,major is of a pale blush4 ,among others under this head may be mentioned ,astrolabe1 ,bengale ,formidable1 ,queen1 and ,clair4 ,the last1 however1 is but a moderate grower for a climbing rose4 ,among climbing roses1 but few can be found that will bear seed in ,england1 the ,ayrshire roses excepted1 from some of which it is probable that some fine and original climbers may be raised4 ,a most desirable object to obtain is a dark crimson ,rosa ruga3 this may possibly be accomplished by planting that favorite rose with the ,ayrshire ,queen1 and fertilizing its flowers very carefully with those of that dark rose4 ,it is remarkable1 that although these roses are both hybrids1 from species apparently very remote in their affinities1 yet both of them bear seed1 even without being fertilized4 ,the ,blush ,ayrshire1 a most abundant seed-bearer1 may also be planted with the ,ayrshire ,queen1 the ,gloire de ,rosomnes1 the ,double ,yellow ,brier1 ,single ,crimson ,moss1 ,celina ,moss1 the ,china ,rose ,fabvier1 and its flowers fertilized with the pollen of these roses3 if any combination can be effected1 pleasing results may reasonably be hoped for4 ,to make assurance doubly sure1 the anthers of the ,ayrshire ,rose should be removed from some of the flowers with which the experiment is tried4--,rivers4 ,illustration3 #jafb ,rosa ,banksia4--,this very beautiful and very singular family more resembles in bloom a double ,spiraea prunifolia1 dwarf almond1 or ,chinese plum1 than a rose4 ,its shoots are long1 flexible1 and graceful1 and its foliage of a deep1 polished green4 ,in the flowering season1 each shoot is like a pendulous garland of white1 yellow1 or rose-colored blossoms1 small in size1 and countless in number4 ,it is not hardy here1 or even in ,england2 but it is one of the few once-blooming roses that are worth training on a greenhouse rafter4 ,we have found it to succeed in a house without fire1 with the protection of straw placed around it in winter4 ,it will then bloom in the spring4 ,this rose is a native of ,china1 and was named in compliment to ,lady ,banks4 ,in ,italy and the south of ,france it grows to perfection1 climbing with an astonishing vigor1 and covering every object within its reach4 ,according to the ,french writer ,deslongchamps1 there was in #ahdb a ,banksia ,rose at ,toulon1 of which the stem was1 at its base1 two feet and four inches in circumference2 while the largest of the six branches measured a foot in girth4 ,its foliage covered a space of wall seventy-five feet wide1 and about eighteen feet high2 and it sometimes produced shoots fifteen feet long in a single year4 ,it flowered in ,april and ,may2 from fifty to sixty thousand of its double white blossoms opening at once1 with an effect which the writer describes as magical4 ,this remarkable tree was then about thirty-four years old4 ,deslongchamps also describes another ,banksia ,rose at ,caserta1 in the kingdom of ,naples1 which climbed to the top of a poplar sixty feet high1 killed it with its embraces1 and mantled its lifeless form with its rich green drapery1 and its flowery garlands and festoons of white4 ,banksian roses must not be shortened much2 for1 if they are1 they will not bloom4 ,the branches may be thinned out1 however1 to any degree necessary4 ,the strong1 thick shoots of overgrown proportions1 and often but half ripened1 which they sometimes make towards the end of summer1 should be cut out1 as they draw too much life from the blooming part of the plant4 ,the same rule will also apply to many other species4 ,these gross and immature shoots occur in many roses1 both in the open ground and under glass2 and1 as they rarely produce good flowers1 they should not be suffered to rob the rest of the plant of its nourishment4 ,the ,double ,white ,banksia is the best known1 and one of the most beautiful4 ,jauntre ,pleine is of a primrose yellow4 ,jaune ,serin is of a bright yellow4 ,fortune's ,banksia has double white flowers1 much larger than usual with the species1 and is greatly admired4 ,the ,yellow ,banksia is of a bright yellow1 small1 and very double4 ,rosea is of a bright rose1 double4 ,the ,banksia is frequently used in greenhouses and conservatories as a stock for other climbing roses2 and1 in many cases1 answers well4 ,illustration3 #jafe ,rosa ,rubifolia4--,this native rose has been much improved by ,mr4 ,feast and others1 and now has many varieties1 some of which are evidently hybrids4 ,the single variety is in itself very attractive2 blooming in clusters1 which last a long time1 and exhibit a pleasing diversity of shade1 since the flowers grow paler as they grow old4 ,for our own part1 we prefer the parent to most of its more pretending offspring4 ,all of this family are held in great scorn by transatlantic cultivators4 ,perhaps the climate of ,england is unfavorable to them2 perhaps national prejudice may color the judgment2 or perhaps the fact that a less rigorous climate permits the successful cultivation of many fine climbing roses which cannot well be grown here may explain the slight esteem with which these coarse children of the prairies are regarded4 ,coarse1 without doubt1 they are1 except those into which another element has been infused by hybridization1 accidental or otherwise3 and yet our climate forbids us to dispense with them4 ,the ,queen of the ,prairies is among those best known and most desirable4 ,individually1 its flowers are as void of beauty as a rose can be4 ,sometimes they are precisely like a small cabbage1--not the rose so called1 but the vegetable1--and they are as deficient in fragrance as in elegance4 ,yet we regard this rose as a most valuable possession4 ,it will cover a wall1 a pillar1 a bank1 or a dead trunk1 with a profusion of bloom1 gorgeous as a feature of the garden landscape1 though unworthy to be gathered or critically examined4 ,it is perfectly hardy1 and of the easiest culture4 ,those who can make no other rose grow rarely fail with this4 ,the ,baltimore ,belle is a notable exception to every thing we have said in disparagement of the ,prairie roses4 ,it is evidently a hybrid of some tender1 ever-blooming variety1 apparently one of the ,noisettes2 and derives1 from its paternal parent1 qualities of delicacy and beauty which are not conspicuous in the maternal stock4 ,at the same time1 it has lost some of the robust and hardy character of the unmixed ,prairie4 ,in a severe ,new-,england winter1 its younger shoots are often killed back4 ,it shows a tendency to bloom in the autumn2 and a trifle more of the ,noisette blood infused into it would1 no doubt1 make it a true autumnal rose4 ,some florists use it for spring forcing in the greenhouse2 for which the delicacy of its clustering white flowers1 shaded with a soft1 flesh-color1 well fits it4 ,when the worthy ,rivers1 patriarch of ,english rose-growers1 pronounced sentence1 ex cathedra1 against the whole race of ,prairies1--,i will dismiss them with the remark1 that none of them are worth cultivating1--he included in his decree of excommunication one of the prettiest climbing roses in existence4 ,anna ,maria has very double flowers of pink and rose4 ,linnan ,hill ,beauty bears white and pale blush flowers4 ,miss ,gunnell is pale pink1 with a tinge of buff4 ,it is one of the best1 though not equal to the ,baltimore ,belle4 ,mrs4 ,hovey has large white flowers2 ,president1 deep pink2 ,triumphant1 deep rose2 ,superba1 light pink4 ,among other sorts are the ,king of the ,prairie1 ,eva ,corinne1 ,jane1 and ,seraphim1 all excellent for general effect1 but not to be classed with the roses suitable for the bouquet or the drawing-room4 ,the ,prairie roses might1 no doubt1 be greatly improved by hybridizing4 ,thus1 by fertilization with the pollen of the ,musk ,rose1 we should probably obtain an offspring with some of the delicacy and fragrance of that species4 ,again3 by applying the pollen of some vigorous1 hardy rose of deep and vivid color1 we should improve the color of the ,prairie without impairing its hardiness4 ,hybrid ,china ,paul ,ricaut would probably answer well for this experiment4 ,the ,baltimore ,belle bears seed occasionally2 but is so uncertain and capricious in this respect1 that it will require no little perseverance in the hybridist4 ,illustration3 #jafh ,illustration3 #jafi ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,autumnal ,,roses ,,the ,,roses of which we have hitherto spoken have but one period of bloom in the year4 ,june is gay with their flowers2 but at midsummer their glory is departed1 not again to return till a winter of rest has intervened4 ,various families of roses have1 however1 the faculty of continuous or repeated blooming4 ,some remain in bloom with little interruption for a long time2 while others bloom at intervals1 after periods of rest4 ,these classes are known1 with little discrimination1 as ,autumnal ,roses1 ,ever-blooming ,roses1 or ,perpetual ,roses4 ,the ,french have a name for those blooming at intervals1 which is very appropriate4 ,they call them ,remontant ,roses1--,rosiers ,remontants1--in other words1 roses which grow again4 ,this very well describes them4 ,they make a growth in spring and early summer1 and the young wood thus produced bears a crop of flowers4 ,then the plant rests for a while2 but soon begins another growth1 which1 in turn1 bears flowers1 though less abundantly than before4 ,the ,june1 or once blooming roses1 it is true1 make also a first and second growth2 but1 with them1 the second growth gives leaves alone4 ,in the true ever-blooming roses1 or roses that bloom continuously1 the growth of young wood capable of bearing flowers is going on with little interruption during the whole period when the vital powers of the plant are awake4 ,it is to stimulate the production of this blooming wood that we prune back the shoots that have already bloomed1 as soon as the flowers have faded4 ,it is the possession of a great variety of roses of repeated or continuous bloom that gives to the rose-lovers of our own day their greatest advantage over those of former times4 ,our forefathers had but very few autumnal roses4 ,the ancient ,romans1 it seems1 had roses in abundance in ,november and ,december2 but this must have been with the aid of a supreme skill in cultivation1 as there is no reason to believe that they were in possession of those ,chinese and ,indian species1 to which the modern florist is indebted1 directly or indirectly1 for nearly all his autumnal flowers4 ,as these species are by far the most important of the ever-blooming and remontant families1 both in themselves and in the numberless progeny of hybrids to whom they have transmitted their qualities1 we place them first on our list4 ,illustration3 #jaga ,rosa ,indica4--,rosa ,semperflorens4--,we include under the head of the ,chinese ,rose two botanical species1 because they are so much alike1 that1 for floral purposes1 it is not worth while to separate them1 and because their respective offspring are often wholly undistinguishable4 ,the most marked distinction between the two is the greater depth and vividness of the color of ,rosa ,semperflorens2 though1 by a singular freak of ,nature1 seedlings perfectly white are said to have been produced from it4 ,china roses will not endure our winters without very careful protection2 yet they bloom so constantly and so abundantly1 that they are very desirable in a garden4 ,in large ,english pleasure-grounds1 they are sometimes planted in masses1 each of a distinct color4 ,they may also be so used here by those who will take the trouble to remove them from the ground in the autumn1 and place them in a frame for protection4 ,for this purpose1 a hotbed frame may be used1 substantially made of plank4 ,it should be placed in a situation where the soil is thoroughly drained either by ,nature or ,art4 ,the roses are to be placed in it close together1 and overlapping each other1 to save room2 the roots being well covered with soil1 and the plants laid in a sloping position4 ,by covering them with boards and mats1 they will then be safe from every thing but mice4 ,the most effectual way to defeat the mischievous designs of these pestiferous vermin is to cover1 not the roots only1 but the entire plants1 with earth4 ,the covering of boards and mats must be so placed as to exclude water from rain and melting snow4 ,tea roses1 of which we shall speak under the next head1 are1 as a class1 more tender than the ,chinas2 and1 in order to preserve them1 the soil in the frame should be dug out to the depth of a foot1 the roses laid at the bottom1 and wholly covered with earth somewhat dry4 ,on this earth1 after the roses are buried1 place a covering of dry leaves some six inches deep1 and then cover the whole with waterproof boards or sashes4 ,the leaves alone1 if in sufficient quantity1 would protect the roses from cold1 but1 at the same time1 afford a tempting harborage for mice1 which would destroy the plants1 unless buried out of their reach4 ,thus treated1 the tenderest ,tea roses will bear the winter with impunity in the coldest parts of ,new ,england4 ,though ,china roses are not equal in beauty to some of their hybrid offspring to be hereafter described1 they surpass all other roses for pot-culture in the window of the parlor or drawing-room4 ,they are more easily managed than ,tea roses1 and1 though less fragrant1 are not less abundant in bloom4 ,no roses are of easier culture in the greenhouse4 ,the varieties of this group are the ,bengal roses of the ,french1 and are those familiarly known among us as ,monthly roses4 ,they were introduced into ,england from the ,east about the beginning of the last century4 ,carmin d',yeles1 or ,carmin ,superbe1 has bright carmine flowers4 ,cramoisie ,suprieure has double crimson flowers1 and1 like the former1 is excellent for pot-culture4 ,eugne ,beauharnais is large1 very double1 and of a bright amaranth-color1 approaching crimson4 ,fabvier is of crimson scarlet1 very vivid and striking4 ,president d',olbeque is of a cherry-red4 ,all of the above belong to the ,semperflorens species1 and are of deep colors4 ,the following are varieties of ,rosa ,indica4 ,archduke ,charles is of a bright rose-color1 gradually deepening as the flower grows older1 till it becomes1 at times1 almost crimson4 ,cels ,multiflora is white1 shaded with pink1 and flowers very freely4 ,madame ,bron is of a rich rose-color1 very large1 double1 and compact in form4 ,clara ,sylvain is pure white4 ,madame ,bureau is white1 with a faint tinge of straw-color4 ,mrs4 ,bosanquet may be placed in this division2 for1 though it is certainly a hybrid1 the blood of the ,china ,rose predominates in it1 and characterizes it4 ,it is of a pale1 waxy1 flesh color1 very delicate and beautiful1 at the same time large and double4 ,napolon is of a bright pink1 and the ,duchess of ,kent is white4 ,the ,dwarf roses1 called ,lawrenceanas1 or ,fairy roses1 are varieties of the ,chinese4 ,they are very small1 many of them not exceeding a foot in height1 and are used as edging for flower-beds in countries of which the climate is not too severe for them4 ,like all other ,china roses1 they are very easily grown in pots4 ,china roses are better adapted than almost any other class for forming groups of separate colors4 ,thus1 for beds of white roses1--which1 let it be remembered1 will bloom constantly from ,june till ,october1--,clara ,sylvain and ,madame ,bureau are beautiful4 ,the former is the taller grower1 and should be planted in the centre of the bed4 ,for crimson1 take ,cramoisie ,suprieure1--no other variety approaches this in its peculiar richness of color2 for scarlet1 ,fabvier2 for red1 ,prince ,charles and ,carmin ,superbe2 for deep crimson1 ,eugene ,beauhamais2 for blush1 ,mrs4 ,bosanquet2 for a variegated group1 changeable as the chameleon1 take ,archduke ,charles and ,virginie2 for rose1 ,madame ,bron4 ,i picture to myself the above on a well-kept lawn1 their branches pegged to the ground so as to cover the entire surface2 and can scarcely imagine any thing more chaste and beautiful4 ,to succeed in making these roses bear and ripen their seed in ,england1 a warm1 dry soil and south wall are necessary2 or1 if the plants can be trained to a fined wall1 success will be more certain4 ,eugne ,beauharnais1 fertilized with ,fabvier1 would probably produce first-rate brilliant-colored flowers4 ,archduke ,charles1 by removing a few of the small central petals1 just before their flowers are expanded1 and fertilizing it with pollen from ,fabvier or ,henry the ,fifth1 would give seed2 and as the object ought to be1 in this family1 to have large flowers with brilliant colors1 and plants of hardy1 robust habits1 no better union can be formed4 ,china roses1 if blooming in an airy greenhouse1 will often produce fine seed3 by fertilizing their flowers1 it may probably be insured4 ,in addition1 therefore1 to those planted against a wall1 some strong plants of the above varieties should be planted in the orchard-house1--the place1 above all others1 adapted for seed-bearing roses4--,rivers4 ,illustration3 #jagf ,rosa ,indica ,odorata4--,this is a ,chinese species1 closely allied to the last named1 but more beautiful1 far more fragrant1 and usually more tender4 ,the two original varieties of it1 the ,blush ,tea and the ,yellow ,tea1 were introduced into ,england early in the present century2 and between them they have produced a numerous family1 than which no roses are more beautiful4 ,to grow them in the open air1 they require1'in the first place1 a very thorough drainage4 ,if the situation is at all damp1 the bed should be raised some six inches above the surrounding surface2 but this will be rarely necessary in our climate4 ,if it rests on a good natural stratum of gravel1 this will be drainage sufficient2 but1 if not1 the whole bed should be excavated1 and underlaid to the depth of four or five inches with broken stones1 broken bricks1 or with what is much better than either1--oyster-shells4 ,over these1 sift coarse gravel to prevent the soil from working into their crevices1 and on the gravel make a bed somewhat more than a foot deep of good loam1 mixed with a nearly equal quantity of light1 well-rotted manure1 adding sand if the texture of the loam requires it4 ,the bed should be in an open1 sunny situation1 and sheltered1 as far as may be1 from strong winds4 ,the ,tea roses planted in it--unless they have been exhausted by forcing in the greenhouse--will give a liberal supply of bloom until checked by the autumn frosts4 ,many of these roses can be grown to great advantage in a cold grapery1 in a bed suitably prepared4 ,they differ greatly in hardiness1 and in respect to ease of culture4 ,some are so vigorous as to form greenhouse climbers1 and so hardy as to bear a ,northern winter by being simply laid down1 and covered with earth1 like a raspberry4 ,of these is ,gloire de ,dijon1 a rose of most vigorous growth1 and closely resembling in the shape of its blossoms that matchless ,bourbon ,rose1 the well-known ,souvenir de la ,malmaison4 ,its color1 however1 is very different1 being a mixture of buff and salmon4 ,it has one defect1--a crumpled appearance of the central leaves1 which gives them a somewhat withered look1 even when just open4 ,five or six large plants of this variety are growing here with the utmost luxuriance on the rafters of a glass house1 without fire4 ,in winter they are protected by meadow-hay thrust between them and the glass1 and have never been injured by the frost4 ,for preserving a small number of ,tea roses through the winter1 an ordinary cellar answers perfectly1 provided there is no furnace in it4 ,they may either be potted or heeled in earth in a box4 ,a few degrees of frost will not hurt them4 ,roses and all other plants will bear the same degree of cold much better in a close1 still air than in the open sunlight and wind4 ,the prevailing colors of ,tea roses are light and delicate3 of the rose-colored varieties1 ,adam is one of the finest1 as is also ,souvenir d'un ,ami4 ,moiret is of a pale yellow1 shaded with fawn and rose4 ,bougere is of a deep rosy bronze1 large and double4 ,silne resembles it in color1 and is very much admired4 ,canary is of the color which its name indicates1 and its buds are extremely beautiful4 ,yet1 in this respect1 no variety can exceed the ,old ,yellow ,tea1 which is1 however1 one of the most tender and difficult of culture in the whole group4 ,devoniensis is very large1 double1 and of a pale clear yellow2 a very fine rose1 but shy of bloom4 ,gloire de ,dijon1 already mentioned1 is a superb rose1 though somewhat wanting in that grace and delicacy1 which1 in general1 characterize this class4 ,madame ,bravy is of a creamy white1 and very beautifully formed4 ,madame ,damaizin is salmon1 and very free in bloom4 ,madame ,william is of a bright yellow1 large1 and very double4 ,niphetos is of a pale lemon1 turning to snow-white4 ,safeano is one of the most distinct and remarkable roses in the group4 ,it is of a buff and apricot hue1 altogether peculiar4 ,its buds are beautifully formed2 as are also its half-opened flowers1 though they are not very double4 ,it is a very profuse bloomer1 easy of culture1 free of growth1 and hardy as compared with most other ,tea roses4 ,with attention1 some very beautiful roses of this family may be originated from seed2 but the plants must be trained against a south wall1 in a warm1 dry soil1 or grown in pots1 under glass4 ,a warm greenhouse or the orchard-house will be most proper for them1 so that they bloom in ,may1 as their hips are a long time ripening4 ,for yellow roses1 ,vicomtesse ,decazes may be planted with and fertilized by ,canary1 which abounds in pollen3 some fine roses1 almost to a certainty1 must be raised from seed produced by such a union4 ,for the sake of curiosity1 a few flowers of the latter might be fertilized with the ,double ,yellow ,brier1 or ,rosa ,harrison4 ,the ,old ,yellow ,tea ,rose bears seed abundantly2 but it has been found from repeated experiments that a good or even a mediocre rose is seldom or never produced from it3 but1 fertilized with the ,yellow ,brier1 something original may be realized4 ,souvenir d'un ,ami and ,adam would produce seed of fine quality1 from which large and bright rose-colored varieties might be expected2 ,niphetos would give pure white ,tea roses2 and ,gloire de ,dijon1 fertilized with ,safrano1 would probably originate first-rate fawn-colored roses3 but the central petals of the latter should be carefully removed with tweezers or pliers1 as its flowers are too double for it to be a certain seed-bearer4--,rivers4 ,illustration3 #jahj ,rosa ,moschata4--,this rose is a native of ,asia1 ,northern ,africa1 and adjacent islands4 ,in ,persia it is said to reach a prodigious size1 resembling some gorgeous flowering tree4 ,it is said1 too1 that it is the favorite rose of the ,persian poets1 who celebrated its loves with the nightingale in strains echoed by their ,english imitators4 ,being very vigorous1 it is best grown as a climber2 but1 with us1 it requires the shelter of glass4 ,it flowers in large clusters late in summer1 and in a warm1 moist air1 exhales a faint odor of musk4 ,the ,double ,white ,musk has yellowish white flowers of moderate size4 ,eponine has pure white flowers1 very double4 ,the ,new ,double ,white1 or ,ranunculus ,musk1 is an improvement on the ,double ,white1 which it much resembles4 ,nivea1 or the ,snowy ,musk1 can hardly be said to belong to the group1 as it blooms only once in the year4 ,ophir1 ,princess of ,nassau1 and ,rivers1 are also good examples of this family4 ,illustration3 #jaha ,rosa ,moschata ,hybrida4--,having treated of the ,china1 ,tea1 and ,musk roses1 we now come to the hybrid offspring which they have jointly produced4 ,in #ahag1 ,m4 ,noisette1 a ,french florist at ,charleston1 ,s4,c41 raised a seedling from the ,musk ,rose1 impregnated with the pollen of the' common ,china ,rose4 ,the seedling was different from either parent1 but had the vigorous growth of the ,musk ,rose1 together with its property of blooming in clusters1 and a slight trace of its peculiar fragrance4 ,this was the original ,noisette ,rose1 and it has been the parent of a numerous family2 but as it has1 in turn1 been fertilized with the pollen of the ,tea1 and perhaps of other roses1 many of its descendants have lost its peculiar characteristics1 so that in some cases they cannot be distinguished from ,tea roses4 ,it is thus that confusion is constantly arising in all the families of the rose2 the groups becoming merged in each other by insensible gradations1 so that it is impossible to fix any clear line of demarcation between them4 ,the distinctive characteristic of the true ,noisette is blooming in clusters4 ,different varieties have different habits of growth1 some being much more vigorous than others2 but the greater part are true climbing roses4 ,those in which the blood of the ,musk and ,china predominate are comparatively hardy4 ,many of them can be grown as bushes in the open air1 with very little winter protection1 even in the latitude of ,boston4 ,two varieties--,madame ,massot and ,caroline ,marniesse--are today 7,oct4 #af7 in full bloom here1 where they have stood for several years1 with very little precaution to shelter them4 ,some other varieties1 again1 strongly impregnated with the ,tea ,rose1 are quite as tender as ,tea roses of the pure race4 ,as rafter-roses in the greenhouse1 the ,noisettes are unsurpassed4 ,illustration3 #jahc ,aime ,vibert is one of the prettiest of the group4 ,it was raised by the ,french cultivator ,vibert1 who named it after his daughter4 ,the flowers are pure white1 and grow in large clusters4 ,though not among the most vigorous in growth of the ,noisettes1 this variety is comparatively hardy1 and in all respects very desirable4 ,miss ,glegg resembles her ,french sister1 but is scarcely so graceful or elegant4 ,joan of ,arc is a pure white rose1 growing very vigorously4 ,madame ,massot1 sometimes sold by ,american nursery-men under the name of ,mademoiselle ,henriette1 bears large clusters of small flowers of a waxy white1 faintly tinged with flesh-color4 ,it is one of the hardiest of the group4 ,caroline ,marniesse somewhat resembles it1 but is not equal in beauty4 ,all of the above have very distinctly the ,noisette characteristics1 as inherited from their parent1 the ,musk ,rose4 ,those which follow have been hybridized to such a degree with the ,tea ,rose1 that its traits predominate2 and though1 in some of them1 the cluster-blooming habit of the ,musk is not lost1 the flowers bear1 in size1 shape1 color1 and fragrance1 a marked resemblance to the ,tea4 ,chroma-tella1 or the ,cloth of ,gold1 is1 when in perfection1 the most beautiful of all the yellow roses2 but it is shy of bloom1 and difficult of culture4 ,solfaterre is also a fine yellow rose1 much more easily managed than the last4 ,the same may be said of ,augusta1 a seedling raised from it in this country4 ,isabella ,gray was also raised in ,america1 and is a seedling from the ,cloth of ,gold1 which it rivals in beauty2 though1 like its parent1 it is somewhat difficult to manage4 ,jaune ,desprez1 or ,desprez's ,yellow1 is of a sulphur-color tinged with red1 very large and fragrant4 ,america is also a large and fine flower of a creamy white2 but perhaps the best known of the whole group is ,lam arque1 in ,new ,england the greatest favorite among greenhouse climbers4 ,its flowers are of a sulphur-yellow1 large and double2 and its growth is very vigorous4 ,but few of the ,noisette roses will bear seed in this country3 the following1 however1 if planted against a south wall1 and carefully fertilized1 would probably produce some4 ,the object here should be to obtain dark crimson varieties with large flowers2 and for this purpose ,fellenberg should be fertilized with ,octavie1 ,solfaterre with the ,tea ,rose4 ,vicomtesse ,decazes would probably give yellow varieties2 and1 these would be large and fragrant1 as in ,lamarque and ,jaune ,desprez4 ,in these directions for procuring seed from roses by fertilizing1 ,i have confined myself to such varieties as are almost sure to produce it2 but much must be left to the amateur1 as many roses may be made fertile by removing their central petals1 and consequently some varieties that ,i have not noticed may be made productive4--,rivers4 ,illustration3 #jahg ,rosa ,damascena4--,this is a race of ,damask roses endowed with the faculty of blooming in the autumn4 ,the old roses known as the ,monthly 7not the ,china roses so called7 and the ,four ,seasons are the parents of the group1 though not without some infusion of foreign blood4 ,the ,damask ,perpetuals are hardy1 and remarkable for fragrance4 ,they demand rich culture1 even more than most other roses2 and the best of them with neglect and low diet will bloom but once in the year1 and that indifferently4 ,on the other hand1 they repay generous treatment liberally1 as some of them are as beautiful as they are fragrant4 ,american nursery-men usually catalogue them among the ,hybrid ,perpetuals1 where they are out of place2 since the true ,damask ,perpetual is not1 in any sense1 a hybrid1 though1 as before mentioned1 some foreign blood has found its way into the family4 ,the ,french rose-grower ,vibert has formed a new group1 which he calls the ,rose de ,trianon1 out of the ,damask ,perpetuals2 but1 as the subdivision seems unnecessary and perplexing1 we shall re-annex it to the parent group4 ,the following are good examples of these ,perpetuals3 ,joasine ,hanet has deep purplish-red flowers1 very showy4 ,sydonie bears large flowers of a rose or bright salmon1 and blooms profusely4 ,yolande of ,aragon has deep-pink flowers1 and is an abundant autumn bloomer4 ,the above belong to ,vibert's new division4 ,the following are unquestioned ,damask3 ,crimson1 or ,rose du ,roi1 is of a bright crimson1 very large1 very fragrant1 and an excellent autumn bloomer4 ,there is a history attached to it4 ,count ,lelieur was superintendent of the royal gardens of ,st4 ,cloud1 where this rose was raised from seed1 a little before the restoration of the ,bourbons4 ,he named it ,rose ,lelieur1 after himself4 ,when ,louis the ,eighteenth came to the throne1 an officer of his household insisted that the new rose should be named after him4 ,count ,lelieur resisted4 ,a debate ensued4 ,the party of the courtiers prevailed3 the new rose was called the ,king's ,rose1 ,rose du ,roi2 and the count resigned his post in disgust4 ,mogador is a seedling from this rose1 and is1 perhaps1 an improvement on it4 ,portland ,blanche is pure white1 and blooms well in autumn4 ,an ,english writer sets it down as worthless3 whence ,i infer that there must be two of the same name2 for here it lias proved itself one of the most beautiful of white roses4 ,bernard is a small but very beautiful rose1 of a clear salmon-color1 and is said to be a sport from the ,crimson4 ,as the culture of this class of roses1 says ,rivers1 is at present but imperfectly understood1 ,i shall give the result of my experience as to their cultivation1 with suggestions to be acted upon according to circumstances4 ,one peculiar feature they nearly all possess1--a reluctance to root when layered3 consequently1 ,perpetual ,damask roses1 on their own roots1 will always be scarce4 ,when it is possible to procure them1 they will be found to flourish much better on dry1 poor soils than when budded1 as at present4 ,these roses require a superabundant quantity of food3 it is therefore perfectly ridiculous to plant them on dry lawns1 to suffer the grass to grow close up to their stems1 and not to give them a particle of manure for years4 ,under these circumstances1 the best varieties1 even the ,rose du ,roi1 will scarcely ever give a second series of flowers4 ,to remedy the inimical nature of dry soils to this class of roses1 an annual application of manure on the surface of the soil is quite necessary4 ,the ground must not be dug1 but lightly pricked over with a fork in ,november2 after which some manure must be laid on1 about two or three inches in depth1 which ought not to be disturbed1 except to clean with the hoe and rake1 till the following autumn4 ,this1 in some situations1 in the spring months1 will be unsightly3 in such cases1 cover with some nice green moss1 as directed in the culture of ,hybrid ,china roses4 ,i have said that this treatment is applicable to dry1 poor soils3 but1 even in good rose soils1 it is almost necessary2 for it will give such increased vigor1 and such a prolongation of the flowering season1 as amply to repay the labor bestowed4 ,if the soil be prepared as directed1 they will twice in the year require pruning3 in ,november in ,march1 for this country when the beds are dressed2 and again in the beginning of ,june4 ,in the ,november pruning1 cut off from every shoot of the preceding summer's growth about two-thirds its length3 if they are crowded1 remove some of them entirely4 ,if this autumnal pruning is attended to1 there will be1 early in ,june the following summer1 a vast number of luxuriant shoots1 each crowned with a cluster of buds4 ,now1 as ,june roses are always abundant1 a little sacrifice must be made to insure a fine autumnal bloom3 therefore leave only half the number of shoots to bring forth their summer flowers2 the remainder shorten to about half their length4 ,each shortened branch will soon put forth buds2 and in ,august and ,september the plants will again be covered with flowers4 ,in cultivating ,perpetual roses of all classes1 the faded flowers ought immediately to be removed2 for in autumn the petals do not fall off readily1 but lose their color1 and remain on the plant1 to the injury of the forthcoming buds4 ,though ,i have recommended them to be grown on their own roots1 in dry soils1 yet1 on account of the autumnal rains dashing the dirt upon their flowers when close to the ground1 wherever it is possible to make budded roses grow1 they ought to be preferred2 for1 on stems from one to two feet in height1 the flowers will not be soiled3 they are also brought near to the eye1 and the plant forms a neat and pretty object4 ,illustration3 #jaia ,rosa ,hybrida ,bourboniensis4--,the ,china ,rose and one of the old ,damask ,perpetuals1 known as the ,red ,four ,seasons1 have produced between them a distinct family of hybrids known as the ,bourbon roses4 ,they are so called because they were originated on the ,isle of ,bourbon4 ,one ,m4 ,perichon1 an inhabitant of that island1 in planting a quantity of seedling roses raised for a hedge1 found one very different from the rest1 and planted it apart4 ,on flowering1 it proved to be distinct from any rose before known4 ,soon after1 in the year #ahag1 a ,french botanist1 ,m4 ,bron1 arriving at the ,isle of ,bourbon as curator of the government botanical garden established there1 investigated the case of this remarkable seedling1 and became convinced that it was produced between the two species named above2 since these were then the only roses on the island1 and both were freely used as hedges4 ,m4 ,bron sent plants and seeds of the new rose to ,paris2 and from these have sprung the whole race of the ,bourbons1--a race of sweeter savor in horticulture than in history4 ,they are remarkable as a family for clearness and brightness of color1 perfection of form1 and freedom of autumnal blooming4 ,some of them are quite hardy2 others are not so in ,new ,england4 ,their growth is various2 some climbing vigorously if trained to do so1 and others forming compact bushes4 ,abundance of manure1 a deep and well-dug soil1 and mulching with newly-cut grass or some similar substance to keep them moist in dry weather1 joined to judicious pruning1 are needed to bring forth their beauties in perfection4 ,the stronger growers cannot be pruned severely without greatly diminishing the quantity of their bloom2 but the ends of tall1 strong shoots of the same season's growth may be cut off with great advantage1 thus checking their growth1 and causing them to throw out small blooming side-shoots4 ,no roses are better than these where the object is to produce a late autumnal bloom4 ,they may be made to bloom into the winter by pinching off their summer flower-buds1 in order that they may not exhaust themselves in that season1 and by sheltering them from the frost4 ,for forcing1 they are unsurpassed4 ,some of the most vigorous varieties would make gorgeous pillar-roses1 provided pains were taken to lay them flat1 and cover them with earth every winter4 ,without protection1 they would suffer severely in the ,northern ,states4 ,acidalie was1 till recently1 the only white ,bourbon2 yet it is not pure white1 but has a tinge of blush4 ,of late1 another white ,bourbon has been added1--,blanche ,lafitte1--which is also faintly tinged with flesh-color4 ,adelaide ,bougre is of a rich velvety purple4 ,du-petit ,thouars is of a vivid crimson1 large and double4 ,george ,peabody is of a purplish-crimson4 ,louise ,odier is a rose of very vigorous growth1 and one of the hardier members of the family3 its flowers are of a bright rose-color1 of a beautiful cupped form2 and it has a tendency to bloom in clusters4 ,prince ,albert is still hardier4 ,its color is a brilliant crimson-scarlet1 and its autumn bloom is abundant4 ,sir ,joseph ,paxton is of a bright rose-color1 tinged with crimson3 its growth is exceedingly vigorous2 and1 with moderate protection1 it will bear our winters4 ,souvenir de la ,malmaison is unsurpassed among roses4 ,it is very large1 and beautifully formed4 ,it is of a light1 transparent flesh-color2 and no rose is more admired in a greenhouse4 ,it will also thrive in the open air1 and1 when the soil is well drained1 may safely be trusted to bear a ,new-,england winter1 provided it is covered with earth4 ,in a wet soil1 it is usually killed4 ,vorace is of a dark purplish-crimson1 and1 like the last named1 only partially hardy4 ,hermosa1 or ,armosa1 resembles a ,china rose in the character and abundance of its bloom4 ,none surpasses it for forcing4 ,the above will serve as favorable examples of the best types of this group4 ,i hope in a few years to see ,bourbon roses in every garden2 for 'the ,queen of ,flowers' boasts no member of her court more beautiful4 ,their fragrance also is delicate and pleasing1 more particularly in the autumn4 ,they ought to occupy a distinguished place in the autumnal rose-garden1 in clumps or beds1 as standards and as pillars4 ,in any and in all situations1 they must and will please4 ,to insure a very late autumnal bloom1 a collection of dwarf standards1 i4 e4 stems one to two feet in height1 should be potted in large pots1 and1 during summer1 watered with manure-water1 and some manure kept on the surface4 ,towards the end of ,september or the middle of ,october1 if the weather be wet1 they may be placed under glass4 ,they will bloom in fine perfection even as late as ,november4444 ,it is difficult to point out roses of this family that bear seed freely1 except the ,common ,bourbon2 but ,acidalie1 planted against a south wall1 would probably give some seed4 99 ,if any pollen can be found1 it might be fertilized with the flowers of ,julie de ,loynes4 ,a pure white and true ,bourbon ,rose ought to be the object3 therefore it should not be hybridized with any other species4 ,bouquet de ,flore may be planted against a south wall with ,menoux1 with which it should be carefully fertilized3 some interesting varieties may be expected from seed thus produced4 ,queen of the ,bourbons1 planted with the yellow ,china ,rose1 might possibly give some seeds2 but those would not produce true ,bourbon roses1 as the former is a hybrid1 partaking of the qualities of the ,tea-scented roses4 ,anne ,beluze1 planted with ,madame ,nerard1 would give seed from which some very delicate ,blush roses might be raised2 and ,le ,florifre1 fertilized with the ,common ,bourbon1 would also probably produce seed worthy of attention4--,rivers4 99 ,in ,america1 several varieties bear seed well4 ,sir ,joseph ,paxton rarely fails1 and is a very good subject for experiment4 ,the varieties named above by ,mr4 ,rivers are not1 for the most part1 of the first merit4 ,illustration3 #jaie ,we reach1 at length1 the vast family of the ,hybrid ,perpetuals1--a race of brilliant parvenus1 which1 within the last twenty-five years1 have risen to throw other roses into the shade4 ,as we look upon them1 we survey a gorgeous chaos4 ,here are innumerable varieties of foliage and flower1 perplexing us in our search for genealogies and relationships4 ,all of them1 however1 have1 as a basis1 some hardy1 once-blooming rose1 with which has been mingled the blood of one1 and often of many1 of the ever-blooming roses1 in sufficient proportion to impart some of their qualities of autumnal flowering4 ,many of the ,hybrid ,perpetuals have1 as their basis1 the ,hybrid ,china ,rose1 already described under the head of the summer roses4 ,this1 as we have seen1 blooms but once2 but when crossed with the ,china1 ,tea1 ,bourbon1 ,damask ,perpetual1 or several of these combined1 it becomes capable of blooming in the autumn1 without losing its hardiness4 ,such1 then1 is the origin of this group2 and the diversity of its characteristics answers to the diversity of its parentage4 ,thus two roses can scarcely be more unlike than ,baronne ,prvost and the ,giant of ,battles1 or ,la ,reine and ,arthur de ,san sal4 ,in ,baronne ,prvost and ,la ,reine1 the hardier and more vigorous elements prevail2 and they probably owe their ever-blooming qualities to an infusion of the ,damask ,perpetual1 rather than of the more tender ,china roses4 ,in the ,giant of ,battles and ,arthur de ,sansal1 on the contrary1 the ,china and ,bourbon clements are very apparent2 and1 while these roses are excellent autumn bloomers1 they are much less hardy and vigorous than the other two4 ,m4 ,laffay1 in his garden at ,bellevue1 a few miles from ,paris1 may be said to have laid the foundations of the ,hybrid ,perpetual family4 ,indeed1 to a great extent1 he created it2 having originated a great number of beautiful roses1 some of which none of the more recent productions have been able in the least degree to eclipse4 ,laflay's roses were chiefly of the hardier and stronger type1 with ,la ,reine1 which was produced about the year #ahdj1 at their head4 ,from the motley character of the group1 the lines that separate it from the ,bourbon and from some other families cannot be definitely drawn2 and there are certain varieties which always hold an equivocal position1 being sometimes placed with one group1 and sometimes with another4 ,these ,perpetuals differ greatly in the freedom of their autumn blooming2 some giving a second and third crop of flowers in abundance2 while others will not bloom at all after midsummer1 except under careful and skilful treatment4 ,all require rich culture and good pruning4 ,when an abundant autumn bloom is required1 a portion of the ,june bloom must be sacrificed by cutting back about half the flower-stems to three or four eyes as soon as the flower-buds form4 ,when the flowers fade1 these also should be cut off with the stems that bear them1 in a similar manner4 ,the formation of the seed-vessels1 by employing the vitality of the plant1 tends greatly to diminish its autumn bloom4 ,give additional manure every year1 and keep the ground open1 and free of weeds4 ,if rank1 strong shoots1 full of redundant sap1 form in summer1 check their disproportioned growth by cutting off their tops4 ,in the ,north1 these roses are better for a little winter protection1 such as earthing them up at the base1 or thrusting pine-boughs into the soil among them4 ,they may with great advantage be taken up as often as once in three years1 and replanted after two or three shovelfuls of old manure have been dug into the soil1 which1 at the same time1 should be forked to the greatest possible depth4 ,indeed1 it does them no harm to replant them yearly3 on the contrary1 they1 generally bloom the better for it4 ,an excellent way to preserve them during winter1 when they have been taken out of the ground1 is to bury them1 root and branch1 in earth4 ,the earth for this purpose should not be very moist4 ,the place selected should be sheltered and dry2 the latter point being of the last importance4 ,the roses may be tied in bundles1 and the earth thrown over them to the depth of six inches or more1 in such a manner as to shed the rain and snow2 and if a few boards are placed over it1 in a sloping position1 it will be so much the better4 ,in this way1 all the half-hardy roses1 and many of those regarded as the most tender1 can be safely wintered in the coldest parts of ,new ,england4 ,it is to the family of ,hybrid ,perpetuals that the ,french rose-growers have given their chief attention4 ,hence an enormous multiplication of varieties1 every year bringing forth a new brood1 perplexing us with their numbers1 and by the clamor with which the merits of each and all are proclaimed by their respective originators4 ,some of these new roses are unsurpassed in beauty1 and deserve all that can be said of them4 ,yet thoroughly to establish the character of a rose requires several years1--not less than six1 according to the eminent ,french rose-grower1 ,m4 ,jules ,margottin3 therefore it is impossible to speak with entire confidence of these novelties4 ,i shall begin with roses of well-established merit1 which have been for years in cultivation here4 ,of the rest1 which have had not more than a season's trial1 mention will be made afterwards4 ,la ,reine is perhaps entitled to the first mention1 as it was one of the first in its origin1 and has never since lost ground4 ,it varies very much in quality with circumstances of soil and cultivation1 and in its color is surpassed by many other roses4 ,its very large size when well grown1 its fine form and perfect hardiness1 are its points of merit4 ,it is the mother of a numerous progeny1 among which ,auguste ,mie is one of the best1 growing very vigorously1 and bearing flowers equal to those of its parent in beauty of form1 and superior in delicacy of color4 ,they are of a fine rose-color1 several shades lighter than that of ,la ,reine4 ,louise ,peyronney also1 in many respects1 surpasses her parent2 and is a rose of great beauty1 though scarcely so vigorous as ,la ,reine4 ,baronne ,prvost is another hardy and vigorous rose1 of a type wholly different3 it grows with great vigor1 bears the rudest winter1 and1 both in ,june and in the autumnal months1 yields an abundance of large1 very double flowers of a light rose-color4 ,pius ,,ix4 has the same vigor of constitution1 and the same abundant bloom3 its flowers are of a deep rose1 tinged with crimson4 ,dr4 ,arnold is of a deeper color1 approaching to crimson1 and is one of the best autumn bloomers4 ,madame ,boll is a superb rose1 very vigorous1 very hardy1 and very double4 ,l',enfant du ,mt4 ,carmel somewhat resembles it1 but grows and blooms more freely3 its color is a rosy crimson4 ,jules ,margottin has no superior in its way3 it is of a clear1 rosy-crimson color1 and its half-opened buds are especially beautiful4 ,triomphe de l',exposition is of a deep crimson2 and ,souvenir de la ,reine d',angleterre1 of a bright rose3 both are very vigorous and very effective4 ,general ,jacqueminot is of a fine crimson1 and1 though not perfectly double1 is1 nevertheless1 one of the most splendid of roses4 ,its size1 under good culture1 is immense4 ,it is a strong grower and abundant bloomer1 and glows like a firebrand among the paler hues around it4 ,it is one of the hardier kinds1 and is easily managed4 ,its offspring are innumerable4 ,the greater part of the new roses of the last year or two own it as a parent1 and inherit some of its qualities4 ,of its older progeny1 ,triomphe des ,beaux ,arts and the ,oriflamme de ,st4 ,louis may be mentioned with honor4 ,the last1 especially1 is a very brilliant rose4 ,among other deep-colored roses are ,triomphe de ,paris1 ,gloire de ,santenay1 and ,general ,washington2 the last a seedling from ,triomphe de l',exposition4 ,it is a new rose2 but there can be little doubt of its merit4 ,perhaps no rose among the ,hybrid ,perpetuals has been so famous1 and so much praised1 as the ,giant of ,battles2 but we cannot fully echo the commendations bestowed upon it4 ,all the roses just named are hardy1 vigorous1 and of easy culture1 available to the half-practised amateur as well as to the experienced cultivator4 ,but the class of ,hybrid ,perpetuals of which the ,giant of ,battles is the type1 and1 to a great extent1 the parent1 requires more skill and precaution for successful culture4 ,they are all more or less liable to mildew4 ,i can do nothing with the ,giant1 because the mildew destroys it1 a well-known nursery-man writes me4 ,besides this tendency1 it is by no means of the vigorous growth which the catalogues of nursery-men commonly ascribe to it4 ,its flowers1 however1 are very brilliant1 and1 in a favorable season1 are produced in abundance4 ,in color1 they resemble those of ,general ,jacqueminot4 ,some of the seedlings raised from them are much darker2 and among these may be mentioned ,arthur de ,sansal1 ,cardinal ,patrizzi1 and the ,emperor of ,morocco4 ,lord ,raglan is one of the very finest flowers of this section2 and the plant is more vigorous1 and less liable to mildew1 than the rest of the group4 ,the following are of the lighter1 and more delicate shades3 ,caroline de ,sansal is of a clear flesh-color1 large1 full1 and of a vigorous1 hardy constitution4 ,madame ,vidot is1 when in perfection1 an exquisite rose1 of a transparent1 waxy1 flesh color1 and formed like a camellia3 it has not proved hardy here1 and has suffered severely every winter4 ,queen ,victoria is of a better constitution3 it is white1 shaded with pink4 ,william ,griffiths is an old and excellent rose1 of a peculiar light satin rose-color3 it rarely suffers from the winter4 ,virginal is pure white4 ,la ,mere de ,st4 ,louis is of a waxy flesh-color1 and1 though not very full1 is distinct and beautiful4 ,madame ,rivers is of a very light rose4 ,comtesse de ,chabrillant is of a clear pink1 and very fine4 ,madame ,knorr is of a somewhat deeper shade1 and singularly beautiful in bud4 ,louise ,magnan and ,dr4 ,henon may1 with ,virginal1 in the absence of better1 represent the white ,hybrid ,perpetuals1--a color in which this class is very deficient2 while a yellow or buff rose is as yet unknown in it1 although it is said that such an one has been produced1 and will soon be brought out4 ,the following are a selection from the new roses2 and1 though their merits have not as yet been tried by the test of time1 there can be very little doubt that all of them will prove of the highest merit3-- ,maurice ,bernardin is of a bright vermilion1 very large and full4 ,charles ,lefebvre is of a bright crimson1 purplish at the centre1 and seems an admirable rose4 ,mrs4 ,william ,paul is of a violet-red1 shaded with crimson4 ,madame ,clmence ,joigne aux is of a red and lilac color1 and grows with great vigor4 ,lord ,macaulay is of a rich scarlet-crimson3 a bloom of it is now before me1 cut here1 in the open air1 on the #bb;d of ,october4 ,sour des ,anges owes its singular name to the delicacy of its tint1--a soft flesh-color2 yet the habit of the plant is vigorous1 and it seems of a hardy nature4 ,duc de ,rohan is red1 shaded with vermilion4 ,beauty of ,waltham1 an ,english seedling like ,lord ,macaulay1 is of a bright carmine1 and blooms profusely4 ,madame ,furtado is very large1 fragrant1 and double3 its color is a light rosy-crimson4 ,le ,rhone is of a brilliant and deep vermilion4 ,duc de ,cazes is of a purplish crimson1 so deep as almost to appear black4 ,president ,lincoln is cherry-red4 ,princess of ,wales is a recent seedling of ,mr4 ,william ,paul1 the ,english rose-grower2 and1 though ,i have not yet seen it in flower1 it is so highly extolled by an ,english amateur1 that ,i mention it here4 ,it is of a bright crimson1 with thick and firm petals1 and said to be very hardy4 ,snateur ,vaisse is of a brilliant red1 and has found numerous admirers4 ,victor ,verdier is carmine1 shaded with purple1 large and showy4 ,louise ,margottin is of a delicate1 glossy rose-color1 beautifully formed2 and1 though marked of moderate growth on foreign catalogues1 it has grown with uncommon vigor here4 ,prince ,camille de ,rohan is of a deep maroon approaching crimson4 ,it is very large and full4 ,the above comprise the flowers of most brilliant promise among the recent novelties4 ,many others will be mentioned in the supplementary list4 ,the ,hybrid ,perpetuals combine merits so numerous and so brilliant1 that they are rapidly driving out of cultivation many roses once in the highest esteem4 ,indeed1 with the exception of ,moss roses1 and some of the ,teas1 ,noisettes1 and ,bourbons1 none seem likely to maintain their ground before these gorgeous upstarts1 some of which are as robust as they are beautiful4 ,their beauties1 however1 depend greatly on their culture2 and this is true of all roses4 ,a rose which1 under indifferent treatment1 will be passed unnoticed1 puts on1 in the hands of a good cultivator1 its robes of royalty1 and challenges from all beholders the homage due to the ,queen of ,flowers4 ,in conclusion1 the amateur will do well to make this his golden rule3 ,cultivate none but the best1 and cultivate them thoroughly4 ,thoroughness is at the bottom of all horticultural success4 ,raising new varieties of this family from seed presents an extensive field of interest to the amateur2 for we have yet to add to our catalogues pure white and yellow and fawn-colored ,hybrid ,perpetuals3 and these1 ,i anticipate1 will be the reward of those who persevere4 ,monsieur ,laffay1 by persevering through two or three generations1 obtained a mossy ,hybrid ,bourbon rose1 and many of the finest varieties described in the foregoing pages4 ,this information will1 ,i trust1 be an incentive to amateurs in this country4 ,to illustrate this1 ,i may here remark1 that a yellow ,ayrshire ,rose1 now a desideratum1 must not be expected from the first trial2 but probably a climbing rose1 tinged with yellow or buff1 may be the fruit of the first crossing4 ,this variety must again be crossed with a yellow rose3 the second generation will1 perhaps1 be nearer the end wished for4 ,again3 the amateur must bring perseverance and skill into action2 and then1 if in the third generation a bright yellow climbing rose be obtained1 its possession will amply repay the labor bestowed4 ,but these light gardening operations are not labor3 they are a delightful amusement to a refined mind1 and lead it to reflect on the wonderful infinities of ,nature4 ,madame ,laffay is an excellent seed-bearing rose3 this may be fertilized with the ,bourbon ,gloire de ,rosomnes and with ,comte ,bobrinsky4 ,dr4 ,marx may be crossed with the ,bourbon ,paul ,joseph and with the ,bourbon ,le ,grenadier4 ,these should all be planted against a south wall1 so that their flowers expand at the same time2 and they will probably give some fine autumnal roses1 brilliant in color1 and very double4 ,for fawn-colored1 or yellowish and white roses1 ,duchess of ,sutherland may be fertilized with the ,tea-scented roses ,victoria and ,safrano4 ,these must all have a south wall4 ,these hints may possibly be considered meagre and incomplete2 but ,i trust it will be seen how much depends upon the enterprise and taste of the cultivator4--,rivers4 ,illustration3 #jbjg ,rosa ,bracteata4--,the original species was brought to ,england from ,china by ,lord ,macartney in #agie4 ,the varieties are few1 and very distinct in appearance from other roses4 ,the leaves are small1 and of a deep shining green4 ,this rose is not hardy1 even in ,england2 at least1 the old varieties of it are not so3 but one has lately been sent me1 under the formidable appellation of ,rosa ,bracteata ,alba ,venusta1 which is reported to have proved hardy in ,new ,jersey4 ,the ,macartney roses are of a climbing habit1 and evergreen4 ,alba ,odorata is white1 with a yellow centre4 ,the flowers are double4 ,alba ,simplex is a single white4 ,maria ,leonida is white1 with a blush centre1 and is the best of the group4 ,there is a hybrid rose raised by ,m4 ,hardy1 of the ,luxembourg ,garden1 and known by the name of ,berberifolia ,hardi4 ,from its resemblance to this division1 it is commonly placed with it1 though not properly belonging here4 ,it is a pretty rose1 with bright yellow flowers1 marked with a chocolate spot in the centre2 but it is not hardy1 nor is it easy of culture4 ,illustration3 #jbjh ,rosa ,roevigata4--,no foreign work on the ,rose includes this species among those held worthy of culture2 yet in our ,southern ,states1 where it is naturalized1 it is singularly beautiful4 ,in the ,north it is not hardy1 though the root commonly survives the winter1 while the stem and branches are destroyed4 ,it comes originally from ,china4 ,its shoots and leaves resemble those of the ,banksia ,rose2 the former being long1 pendulous1 and graceful1 and the latter of the most vivid green4 ,its flowers are single1 very large1 and of the purest waxy white1 in the midst of which appears the bright yellow of the clustering stamens4 ,its long1 slender1 tapering buds are unsurpassed in beauty4 ,it thrives admirably in a cool greenhouse1 climbing with a rampant growth over the rafters1 and giving forth a profusion of flowers through the greater part of the winter4 ,unlike all the other roses described in this book1 it is a species in its original1 undeveloped state1 and1 as such1 offers a tempting subject for the art of the hybridist4 ,illustration3 #jbji ,rosa ,microphylla4--,this is an introduction within the present century from the ,himalaya ,mountains1 and is rather a curiosity than an ornament4 ,the leaves are very small and very numerous2 and1 by a curious freak of ,nature1 all the spines seem gathered together on the calyx1 or outer covering of the flower-buds4 ,the original variety1 ,microphylla ,rubra1 is perhaps the best4 ,among others may be named ,carnea1 ,coccinea1 ,rosea1 and ,purpurea4 ,there is a rose1 commonly sold under the name of ,microphylla ,rugosa1 which is very desirable from the abundance of its autumnal bloom1 and from its hardy nature2 a point in which it differs from the true ,microphyllas4 ,it grows vigorously1 and in autumn blooms profusely in large clusters of purplish-red flowers4 ,illustration3 #jbaj ,rosa ,centifolia4--,this is a group of ,moss roses to which1 by hybridization1 has been communicated some of the character of the autumn-blooming roses4 ,the power of repeated blooming has1 however1 in some cases1 been acquired at the expense of the distinctive characteristic of the ,moss ,rose2 and few of this group are so well mossed as the parent to which they owe their name4 ,one of the best is ,salet1 which is of a bright rose-color1 tolerably well mossed1 a vigorous grower1 and an excellent autumn bloomer4 ,madame ,edouard ,ory is of a somewhat brighter hue1 but by no means equal in vigor4 ,the ,perpetual ,white ,moss is better deserving of the name of ,moss than either of the others4 ,it is double1 blooms in clusters1 and grows vigorously4 ,besides these1 there are many other varieties1 most of them indifferent4 ,these roses require the same culture with the ,hybrid ,perpetuals4 ,their power of autumnal blooming is increased by high enrichment and frequent transplanting4 ,illustration3 #jbaa ,rosa ,spinosissima4--,the ,perpetual ,scotch is a group of the well-known ,scotch roses1 endowed1 probably by hybridization1 with a power of blooming twice or more in the year4 ,none of them are of much value except ,stan-well1 which is of a blush color1 double1 prettily cupped1 and very fragrant4 ,illustration3 #hbaa ,here closes our list of ,autumnal roses1 and with it our book4 ,in conclusion1 we would remind the cultivator1 that although1 even under neglect and scorn1 the ,rose has smiles for all1 it is only to a loving and constant suitor that she clothes herself in all her beauty4 ,among all the flowers of our gardens1 none is more grateful for a careful attention1 and none more abundantly rewards it4 ,,roses ,,most ,,approved ,,by ,,the ,,best ,,cultivators ,,of ,,the ,,present ,,day ,in ,addition ,to ,those already mentioned under their respective ,classes4 ,,provence ,,roses4 ,madame ,henriette1 rosy1 very large and beautiful4 ,madame ,l',arbry1 bright rose1 large and full4 ,royal1 pale rink1 globular and large1 very fine4 ,white ,provence1 pure white1 large and full4 ,,moss ,,roses4 ,,adele ,,favie1 ,,blush4 ,aristides1 bright crimson4 ,arthur ,yong4 tna1 brilliant crimson1 tinted with purple1 flicit ,bohain1 bright rose1 large and full4 ,gracilis1 or ,prolific1 deep pink1 free bloomer1 large and full4 ,henri ,martin1 shaded velvety carmine1 good4 ,james ,mitchell1 rose-shaded1 full4 ,john ,cranston1 crimson-shaded1 full4 ,julie de',mersent1 rose1 shaded with blush4 ,latone1 blush1 large and full4 ,marie de ,blois1 rosy-lilac1 large and full4 ,madame de la ,rochelambert1 amaranth1 large and full4 ,pompon 7,moss de ,meaux71 blush1 peach centre1 pretty1 small and full4 ,princess ,alice1 blush1 pink centre4 ,princesse ,royale1 salmon-flesh1 full1 fine form4 ,princesse de ,vaudemont1 pink1 good4 ,purpurea ,rubra1 purple1 large and full4 ,reine ,blanche1 pure white1 large and full4 ,unique1 pure white1 large and full4 ,william ,lobb1 velvety-lake1 very distinct4 ,,damask ,,roses4 ,calypso1 shaded pink1 large and good4 ,columella1 bright rose1 large1 full4 ,helvetius1 shaded rosy-crimson1 very large and good4 ,mariquita1 white1 lightly shaded1 beautiful4 ,,alba ,,roses4 ,blanchefleur1 white4 ,blush ,hip1 delicate blush1 exquisite in bud1 full4 ,princesse ,lamballe1 white4 ,,gallica ,,roses ,asfasie1 beautiful flesh1 changing to blush1 fine form4 ,baron ,cuvier1 rosy-crimson1 good shape4 ,bizarre ,marbre1 mottled crimson1 large and very fine4 ,colonel ,coombes1 light crimson1 shaded with purple1 very large and full4 ,comte ,plater1 creamy-blush1 splendid4 ,comtesse de ,segur1 pale flesh1 clear and beautiful1 full1 fine4 ,docteur ,deiltheim1 rose1 often shaded with purple1 very large and full4 ,la ,calaisienne1 delicate pink1 large and beautiful4 ,la ,ville de ,londres1 shaded rose1 very large and good4 ,letitia1 bright rose1 large and full4 ,louis ,philippe1 pinkish-blush1 light margin4 ,madame ,duberry1 mottled crimson-lake4 ,prince ,regent1 deep rose1 superb1 large and full4 ,william ,tell1 bright rose1 edges blush1 very large and full4 ,,hybrid ,,china ,,roses4 ,comte ,boubert1 light rose1 large and very double4 ,comtesse ,lacpde1 silvery-blush1 flesh centre1 large and full ,comtesse ,mole1 delicate rosy-fink1 beautiful4 lise ,mercour1 pale-shaded rose1 beautiful4 ,fimbriata1 rosy-crimson1 petals fringed at edges4 ,frederick the ,second1 rich crimson-purple1 large and double4 ,general ,allard1 fine deep rose1 very double4 ,gnral ,lamoricire1 rose1 fine form1 large and full1 fine4 ,great ,western1 bright reddish-crimson1 beautiful4 ,jenny1 mottled rosy-pink4 ,juno1 pale rose1 blush edges1 very large and full4 ,lady ,stuart1 silvery-blush1 fine form1 medium and full4 ,madeline 7,emmeline71 pale flesh1 edged with crimson1 beautiful1 large1 and very double4 ,nathalie ,daniel1 pink1 fine4 ,perfection1 delicate pink1 fine form4 ,stadtholder1 shaded pink1 very good4 ,triomphe en ,beaut1 deep-shaded rose1 globular and beautiful4 ,triomphe de ,laqueue1 purplish-rose1 large and splendid4 ,william ,jesse1 purplish-crimson1 tinged with lilac1 superb1 very large and very double4 ,,autumnal ,,roses4 ,,china ,,roses4 ,abb ,midland1 fine crimson-red1 good4 ,antheros1 creamy-white1 large and full4 ,belle de ,florence1 light carmine1 blooms in large clusters4 lise ,fleury1 fine rose1 large and full4 ,henry the ,fifth1 vivid scarlet1 very good4 ,la ,fracheur1 rosy-white1 centre yellowish4 ,madame ,desprez1 white1 centre lemon4 ,marjolin de ,luxembourg1 dark crimson1 superb1 very large and full4 ,miellez1 lemon-white1 good4 ,prince ,charles1 bright cherry1 very double4 ,tancrede1 fine rosy-purple1 distinct1 large and full4 ,,viridiflora1 ,,green1 ,,curious4 ,,tea-,,scented ,,roses4 ,abricote1 fawn1 apricot centre1 large and double4 ,adam1 blush-rose1 very sweet1 very large and full4 ,alba ,rosa1 white1 centre rose1 large1 full1 and very sweet4 ,amabilis1 flesh-color1 large and full4 ,archimede1 rosy-fawn1 darker centre1 large and full4 ,auguste ,oger1 rose1 centre copper4 ,auguste ,vacher1 yellow1 shaded with copper-color1 large and full4 ,belle ,chartronnaise1 red1 changing to crimson1 large and full4 ,belle de ,bordeaux1 pink1 large and full1 habit and growth of ,gloire de ,dijon4 ,bride of ,abydos1 white1 shaded with pink1 large4 ,buret1 bright rosy-purple1 distinct1 large and full4 ,caroline1 blush-pink1 centre delicate rose1 large and full4 ,clara ,sylvain1 pure white1 centre cream1 large and full4 ,climbing ,devoniensis1 identical with the old ,devoniensis flower1 but of a rapid running growth1 and hence valuable as a clumber4 ,comte de ,paris1 flesh colored rose1 superb1 very large and full4 ,comtesse de ,brossard1 bright yellow1 large and full4 ,comtesse de ,labaethk1 salmon-pink4 ,comtesse ,ouvaroff1 rose-shaded1 large and full4 ,david ,pradel1 rose1 large and full4 ,delmink ,gaudot1 white1 large and double4 ,duc de ,magenta1 salmon1 very large and full4 lise ,sauvage1 yellow1 centre orange1 beautiful1 large and full4 ,enfant de ,lyon1 pale yellow1 large and full4 ,eugne ,desgaches1 clear rose1 beautiful1 large and full1 vert sweet4 ,general ,tartas1 dark rose1 large and full4 ,gerard2 esbois1 bright red1 large and full1 very showy4 ,gloire de ,bordeaux1 silvery-rose1 the back of the petals rosy1 very large and full4 ,goubault1 bright rose1 centre buff1 very large and double4 ,grandiflora1 shaded rose1 very large and double4 ,homer1 rose1 centre salmon1 variable1 large1 full1 and good4 ,jaune d',or1 fine golden-yellow1 of medium size1 full1 form globular4 ,jaune of ,smith 7,yellow ,noisette71 straw-color1 large and full4 ,julie ,mansais1 pure white1 large and full4 ,la ,boule d',or1 deep golden-yellow1 large and full4 ,lais1 pale yellow1 full1 of fine form1 blooms freely4 ,l',enfant ,trouv1 fine1 large1 pale yellow4 ,le ,pactole1 pale yellow4 ,louise de ,savoie1 fine yellow1 large and full4 ,madame ,blachet1 pale rose1 medium and double4 ,madame ,bravy1 creamy-white1 large and full1 perfect shape4 ,madame ,charles1 sulphur-yellow1 salmon centre1 large1 full1 and of good form1 free bloomer4 ,madame de ,sertot1 cream1 good4 ,madame de ,st4 ,joseph1 salmon-pink1 beautiful1 very large and double1 very sweet4 ,madame de ,tartas1 bright rose1 large and full1 free bloomer4 ,madame de ,vatry1 deep rose1 large and full4 ,madame ,falcot1 yellow1 in the way of ,safrano1 but of a deeper shade1 and more double4 ,madame ,halphin1 salmon-pink1 centre yellowish1 large and full4 ,madame ,lartay1 yellow1 shaded with salmon1 large and full4 ,madame ,villermoz1 white1 centre salmon1 large1 full1 and good4 ,mademoiselie ,adle ,jougant1 clear yellow1 medium size4 ,madame ,maurin1 white1 shaded with salmon1 large and full4 ,madame ,pauline ,labont1 salmon1 large and full4 ,marchal ,bugeaud1 bright rose1 large and full4 ,marchal ,niel1 beautiful deep yellow1 large1 full1 and of globular form1 very sweet1 the shoots well clothed with large shining leaves4 ,marquise de ,foucault1 white1 fawn1 and yellow1 variable1 large and double1 one of the best4 ,mirabile1 pale yellow1 edges dark rose1 pretty1 distinct4 ,narcisse1 fine pale yellow1 large and full4 ,nina1 blush rose1 fine1 large and double4 ,nisida1 rose and yellow shaded1 large and double4 ,odorata1 blush1 centre rose1 large and full4 ,president1 rose1 shaded with salmon1 very large1 and of good form4 ,princess ,adelaide1 yellow1 large and full4 ,princesse ,marie1 rosy-pink1 large and full1 form globular4 ,regulus1 bright rose1 shaded with copper1 large and full4 ,reine des ,pays ,bas1 pale sulphur1 free bloomer4 ,rubens1 white1 shaded with rose1 yellowish centre1 large1 full1 and fine form4 ,socrates1 deep rose1 centre apricot1 large1 full4 ,sombreuil1 white1 tinged with rose1 very large and full4 ,souvenir de ,david1 bright cherry-color1 distinct and good4 ,souvenir d'lise ,vardon1 creamy-white1 centre yellowish1 very large and full2 a splendid rose4 ,souvenir de ,mademoiselle ,eugnie ,pernet1 white1 tinged with flesh-color1 and shaded 'with rose-salmon1 large1 full1 and of good1 hardy habit4 ,triomphe de ,guillot fils1 white1 shaded with rose and salmon1 very large1 full1 and sweet2 one of the best4 ,triomphe du ,luxembourg1 coppery-rose1 superb1 very large and full4 ,vicomtesse de ,cazes1 yellow1 centre deeper yellow1 tinted with copper-color1 large and very double4 ,victoria1 yellow1 changing to white1 large and full4 ,,noisette ,,roses4 ,adle pavie1 white1 rose centre4 ,aime ,vibert ,scandens1 pure white1 large clusters4 ,baronne de ,maynard1 ,french white1 beautifully cupped4 ,blanche ,de ,solville1 creamy-white1 tinged pink1 strong grower4 ,cerise1 rosy-purple1 very good4 ,claudie ,augustin1 white1 with yellowish centre4 ,cornelia ,koch1 pale yellow1 very full and fine form4 ,desprez a ,fleur ,jaune1 red1 buff1 and sulphur1 variable1 very sweet1 large and full4 ,du ,luxembourg1 lilac-rose1 centre deep red1 large4 clair de ,jupiter1 bright crimson-scarlet1 large and double4 ,euphrosine1 creamy-buff1 very sweet and good4 ,fallenberg1 rosy-crimson1 very free bloomer4 ,jane ,hardy1 golden-yellow1 large and full4 ,jacques ,ormyott1 deep rose1 fine4 ,la ,biche1 flesh-white1 large and full4 ,lady ,emily ,peel1 shaded ,french white4 ,lais1 ,french white1 large and good4 ,madame ,deslongchamps1 creamy-white1 deeper centre1 beautiful4 ,madame ,gustave ,bonnet1 white1 tinged with salmon1 first class4 ,madame ,schultz1 primrose1 shaded with carmine1 very sweet4 ,mademoiselle ,aristide1 pale yellow1 centre salmon1 large and full4 ,narcisse1 fine pale yellow4 ,octavie1 crimson1 large1 strong grower4 ,ophirie1 nankeen and copper1 distinct1 full4 ,phalo1 rosy-buff1 very good4 ,pumila ,alba1 white1 small and double4 ,triomphe de la ,duchere1 rosy-blush1 large and full4 ,triomphe de ,rennes1 canary1 large1 full1 and fine4 ,vicomtesse d',avesne1 light salmon-rose1 large1 full1 and distinct4 ,,bourbon ,,roses4 ,appoline1 light pink1 large and full4 ,aurore du ,guide1 purplish-violet1 sometimes crimson-scarlet large and full4 ,baronne de ,noirmont1 pale1 shaded rose1 compact and good4 ,bouquet de ,flore1 bright rosy-carmine4 ,catherine ,guillot1 bright rosy-pink1 compact1 and first-rate4 ,celine ,gonod4 ,charles ,robin1 flesh-color1 small1 full1 and produced abundantly4 ,comice de ,tarne et ,garonne1 cherry-color4 ,comte de ,montijo1 rich reddish-purple1 velvety1 fine shape4 ,comtesse de ,babbantannes1 flesh-color1 large1 full1 and of fine ,form4 ,docteur ,berthet1 brilliant cherry red1 large1 full1 and good4 ,docteur ,lepreste1 bright purplish-red1 shaded4 ,duc de ,crillon1 brilliant red1 changing to bright rose1 large and full4 ,edith de ,murat1 flesh-color1 changing to white1 of fine form4 ,emotion1 delicate shaded blush1 compact and good4 ,empress ,eugnie1 pale rose1 purple edges1 large and full1 good4 ,ferdinand ,dieppe1 reddish-violet1 bright and good4 ,george ,cuvier1 bright rose1 fine form1 large and full4 ,gloire de ,rosomnes1 bright crimson1 semi-double1 but effective4 ,glorietta1 deep red1 or crimson4 ,gourdault1 rich purple1 fine form1 full4 ,josephine ,clermont1 pink1 full4 ,julie de ,fontenelle1 crimson-purple1 fine form1 full1 ,justine1 rosy-carmine1 good1 very double4 ,l',avenir1 bright rose1 large1 full1 and of good form4 ,la ,quintinie1 bright crimson1 shaded1 or changing to blackish-violet1 full4 ,le ,florifre1 rose1 with a lilac and crimson tint1 large and full4 ,leon ,oursel1 light red1 large1 full1 and good4 ,louise ,makgottin1 beautiful bright rosy-pink1 cupped and good4 ,madame ,angelina1 rich cream1 fawn centre1 medium size1 distinct4 ,madame ,cousin1 flesh-colored rose1 large and full4 ,madame de ,stella1 delicate pink1 very double1 fine shape1 first class4 ,madame ,desprez1 lilac-rose1 large and full4 ,madame lise de ,chenier1 bright rose1 blooms freely4 ,madame ,helfenbein1 pale rose1 very good4 ,madame ,josephine ,guyet1 deep red4 ,madame la ,comtesse1 bright pink1 fine shape4 ,madame ,manoel1 light-shaded pink1 very large4 ,madame ,marchal1 flesh1 white edges1 distinct and good4 ,madame ,nerard1 silvery-blush1 centre pink4 ,mademoiselle ,c4 ,riguet1 pure white1 very abundant bloomer4 ,mademoiselle ,flicit ,truillot1 bright rose1 abundant bloomer4 ,marguerite ,bonnet1 fleshy-white1 large and good4 ,marquis ,balbiano1 rose1 tinged with silver1 full1 fine form1 distinct4 ,marquis d',ivry1 lilac-rose1 forms a large and showy head4 ,marquis de ,moyra1 rose1 shaded with vermilion1 fine form1 large4 ,marquis de ,murat1 pink1 pale edges4 ,menoux1 bright red1 approaching to scarlet1 full4 ,michel ,bonnet1 bright rosy-pink1 fine4 ,modle de ,perfection1 delicate pink1 compact1 and most beautiful4 ,monsieur ,jard1 cherry-red1 large and full4 ,octavie ,fontaine1 white1 tinted with flesh-color1 good shape4 ,omar ,pacha1 brilliant red1 large1 full1 and good form4 ,phnix1 purplish-red1 large and fine4 ,pierre ,st4 ,cyr1 pink1 large and full4 ,prince de ,chimay1 purplish-crimson1 large and fine1 flowers freely4 ,queen1 buff-rose1 free bloomer1 large and double4 ,heine de ,castille1 light rose1 good4 ,rev4 ,h4 ,dombrain1 brilliant carmine1 fine shape4 ,reveil1 cherry1 richly shaded with violet4 ,souchkt1 deep crimson-purple1 vivid1 superb4 ,souvenir de ,louis ,gaudin1 reddish-purple1 shaded with black1 fine form1 full1 abundant bloomer4 ,vicomte de ,cussy1 lively red1 large1 and very double4 ,victor ,emanuel1 purple and purplish-maroon1 large and double1 good and distinct4 ,,hybrid ,,perpetual ,,roses4 ,abb ,reynaud1 clear dark violet1 large1 full1 distinct1 and fine2 good habit4 ,abd-el-,kader1 deep velvety-crimson1 good4 ,admiral ,nelson1 crimson1 color beautiful4 ,adolphe ,noblet1 rosy-carmine1 very beautiful4 ,agatoide1 lively rose1 shaded with deep rose1 full4 ,alcide ,vigneron1 bright rose1 large and full4 ,alexandre ,dumas1 velvety-maroon1 highly scented4 ,alexandre ,fontaine1 reddish-cerise1 fine form4 ,alexandrine ,rachmeteff1 bright red1 large1 full1 and showy4 ,alexandrine ,belfroy1 peach-color1 large and full4 ,alfred de ,rougemont1 crimson-purple1 shaded with fiery red1 very bright1 large and full4 ,alpaide de ,rotalier1 fine transparent rose-color1 glossy1 large1 full1 and of good form4 ,alphonse ,belin1 clear brilliant red1 the reverse of the petals whitish1 large1 full1 and of fine form4 ,alphonse ,damaizin1 brilliant-shaded crimson1 good form4 ,alphonse de ,lamartine1 light rosy-pink4 ,alphonse ,karr1 bright rose1 full4 ,amiral ,gravina1 blackish-purple1 changing to amaranth1 large and full4 ,amiral la ,peyrouse1 brilliant crimson1 sometimes dark crimson1 shaded with violet1 large1 full1 and very fine4 ,andr ,leroy1 purplish-crimson1 fine color1 large and full4 ,anna ,alexieff1 pretty rose-color1 large1 full1 and of good habit2 flowers freely4 ,anna de ,diesbach1 clear rose1 fine color1 very large and showy4 ,archevque de ,paris1 shaded velvety-maroon4 ,arles ,dufour1 deep purple1 with violet centre1 large1 and deep imbricated form1 beautiful new rose4 ,armide1 rosy-salmon1 distinct1 imbricated1 and full form4 ,auguste ,guinoisseau1 shaded dark crimson1 very large4 ,aurore1 salmon-rose1 large and full1 distinct4 ,barlow1 bright rosy-crimson4 ,baron ,adolphe de ,rothschild1 fiery red1 petals often edged with white1 large1 full1 and very effective4 ,baron ,gonella1 pink and lilac shaded1 large1 full1 and fine4 ,baronne ,daumesnil1 beautiful bright rose1 large1 full1 and of good form4 ,baronne de ,heckeren1 rosy-pink1 very large and double4 ,baronne ,hallez1 dark red1 full1 and of fine form4 ,baronne ,noirmont1 deep rose1 large1 and of good form4 ,baronne ,pelletan de ,kinkelin1 crimson and purple shaded1 colors brilliant1 large1 full1 and of fine form4 ,beaut ,franaise1 velvety violet-red1 reverse of petals fiery red1 large1 full1 and well formed4 ,belle ,anglaise1 beautiful bright pink1 fine shape4 ,belle de ,bourg la ,reine1 satin-rose1 large and full1 fine form4 ,belle des ,massifs1 beautiful rosy-pink4 ,belle du ,printemps1 beautiful pale1 mottled rose4 ,berceau ,imprial1 flesh-color1 large and full4 ,bernard ,palissy1 bright carmine1 large1 full1 and very fine2 good habit4 ,buffon1 light rosy-crimson4 ,burke1 rosy-lilac1 or violet1 full4 ,catherine ,guillot1 deep pink1 perfect form2 one of the best4 ,centifolia ,rosea1 bright pink1 large1 of beautiful cupped form4 ,christian ,puttner1 purple1 shaded with crimson1 large and full4 ,claude ,million1 scarlet-crimson1 dashed with rose and violet1 velvety1 large1 full1 and of excellent form1 habit good4 ,clement ,marot1 clear rosy-lilac1 large and very double4 ,cleostine1 large rose1 large1 fine globular form4 ,colonel de ,rougemont1 pale rose1 shaded with carmine1 very large and full4 ,colonel ,soufflot1 beautiful rosy-pink4 ,comte ,cavour1 pale-shaded rose1 fine4 ,comte de ,nanteuil1 bright rose1 darker edges1 large and full4 ,comtesse ,barbantanne1 flesh-color1 large1 full1 and of fine form1 free and good4 ,comtesse de ,courcy1 rose1 shaded with brilliant red1 flowers very freely4 ,comtesse de ,kergorlay1 bright glossy purple1 large and full4 ,comtesse de ,sguier1 velvety-red1 shaded with violet1 large and full4 ,darzens1 salmon-rose1 large and double1 very sweet4 ,deuil de ,prince ,albert1 blackish-crimson1 shaded1 centre fiery red1 large1 full1 and good4 ,dominique ,daran1 dark crimson-purple1 large and very double4 ,dr4 ,juillard1 rosy-purple1 shaded with carmine1 large and double4 ,dr4 ,spitzer1 bright red1 large1 fine globular form4 ,duc ,d',anjou1 crimson1 shaded with dark red1 very large1 full1 and well formed4 ,duc ,de ,bassano1 dark velvety-crimson1 cupped1 large and full2 one of the best4 ,due ,d'llarcourt1 bright reddish-carmine1 blooming freely and in clusters1 large and full4 ,duc ,de ,ruschpler1 deep rose1 full4 ,duc ,d',ossuna1 rich crimson4 ,duchesse de ,magenta1 flesh1 changing to white1 distinct and beautiful4 ,duchesse d',orlans1 fine lavender-blush1 large1 full1 and good4 ,duchess of ,norfolk1 rich purple-crimson1 medium1 double4 ,duchess of ,sutherland1 pale rose1 large1 and very double4 ,duke of ,cambridge1 cherry-red1 fine form4 clair de ,jupiter1 rosy-crimson1 large and showy4 mile ,dulac1 bright rose1 large1 full1 and deeply cupped2 the best of the color4 ,emotion1 white1 tinted with rose1 of medium size1 full1 form perfect1 flowers abundantly4 ,eugne ,appert1 scarlet and crimson shaded1 splendid colors1 fine foliage1 free bloomer4 ,eugne ,verdier1 dark violet1 large1 full1 and of perfect form2 one of the best4 ,eugnie ,ledkun1 dark crimson1 large and full4 ,evoque de ,nismes1 scarlet and crimson1 full1 flat form4 ,fernando1 fiery red1 tinted with white1 large1 full1 and very sweet4 ,francois ,bacharme1 bright carmine1 changing to red1 full and globular2 a superb rose4 ,francois ,louvat1 lilac-red1 large1 full1 globular1 good1 and distinct4 ,franois ,premier1 cherry-red1 shaded1 fine form4 ,gabriel de ,peyronney1 fiery red1 shaded with violet towards the centre1 large1 full1 and of fine form4 ,gnral ,castellane1 bright crimson1 large and full4 ,general ,simpson1 bright carmine1 full and free4 ,george ,paul1 bright red1 velvety1 blooming in clusters1 large and full4 ,george ,prince1 fine brilliant red1 shaded with dark rose1 reverse of petals whitish1 large1 full1 form globular4 ,gloire de ,chatillon1 brilliant red1 shaded with violet1 large and full4 ,gloire de ,vitry1 bright rose1 large and full4 ,gloire du ,sacr ,coeur1 flesh-colored rose1 tipped with bright red1 and shaded with purple2 good habit4 ,gustave ,coraux1 bright purple1 free in autumn4 ,gustave ,rousseau1 purple1 shaded with violet-red1 large1 and full4 ,henri ,,iv41 shaded vermilion1 very good4 ,hrone ,vaucluse1 clear rose1 beautiful form1 free bloomer4 ,h4 ,laurentius1 fine reddish-crimson1 shaded with black1 velvety1 large1 and full2 form cupped4 ,hortense ,blachette1 white1 with rosy centre1 medium size1 full4 ,impratrice ,eugnie1 white1 tinted with rose1 full and good4 ,impratrice ,maria ,alexandria1 white1 tinged with blush1 good form1 medium size1 full4 ,james ,dickson1 velvety-lake1 semi-double4 ,jean-,baptiste ,guillot1 velvety-carmine4 ,jean ,bart1 red and violet shaded1 brilliant1 very effective4 ,jean ,goujon1 beautiful clear red1 very large1 full1 and good4 ,jean ,touvais1 beautiful reddish-purple1 shaded with crimson1 very large1 full1 and of excellent form2 blooms freely4 ,john ,hopper1 rose1 crimson centre1 reverse of the petals purplish-lilac1 large and full4 ,john ,standish1 very dark crimson1 fine globular form4 ,joseph ,flala1 bright dark-red1 with whitish edging1 large and full1 form cupped4 ,kate ,hausburg1 fine bright rose1 large1 full1 and of excellent shape and substance4 ,l',abb ,laury1 bright red4 ,l',avenir1 glossy pink1 large1 full1 and of good form4 ,la ,brillante1 transparent carmine1 very bright and beautiful1 large1 and of fine form4 ,la ,duchesse de ,morny1 bright but delicate rose-color1 the reverse of the petals silvery1 large and full1 form globular4 ,l'blouissante1 brilliant red1 large1 full1 and of good habit4 ,l'clatante1 bright red1 changing to violet-red1 large1 full1 and of good form4 ,l'lgante1 blush-white1 full1 free1 flat form4 ,llia1 shaded rose1 very large1 full1 and very fine4 ,la ,esmeralda1 bright cherry-color1 large1 full1 and of good form4 ,lafontaine1 purplish-rose1 very large and full4 ,la ,phocenne1 blackish-crimson1 fine shell-shaped1 cupped form4 ,la ,pivoine1 shaded rosy-carmine1 peculiar foliage4 ,la ,reine de la ,pape1 fine rosy-pink1 large and beautiful4 ,la ,tour de ,courcy1 rosy-pink1 very good4 ,laurent ,descourt1 deep purplish-crimson1 rich and velvety1 large and full4 ,la ,ville de ,st4 ,denis1 rosy-carmine1 fine form1 large and full4 ,le ,baron de ,rothschild1 dark reddish-carmine1 sometimes shaded with violet1 very large and full4 ,le ,gant1 clear bright rose1 tinted with violet1 very large and full1 blooms freely2 the largest rose yet introduced4 ,le ,mont d',oe1 pale rose1 cupped and double4 ,lopold ,hausbuug1 bright carmine1 shaded with purple1 large and double1 of fine form4 ,lopold ,premier1 bright dark-red1 very large and full1 fine form4 ,lon des ,combats1 reddish-violet1 often shaded with scarlet1 large and full4 ,lord ,clyde1 crimson and purple1 deeply shaded1 large and full4 ,lord ,herbert1 rosy-carmine1 the petals reflexing at the summits2 large1 full1 finely formed4 ,lord ,palmerston1 cherry-red1 full1 fine form2 flowers freely4 ,louis ,van ,houtte1 bright rosy-carmine1 very large1 full1 and of fine1 globular form4 ,louis ,,xiv41 rich blood-color1 large and full1 form globular2 a distinct and beautiful variety4 ,louise ,damaizin1 white1 with peach centre1 good size and form4 ,louise ,darzens1 pure white1 not large1 but full1 and of fine form2 one of the best for massing4 ,louise d',autriche1 rose1 large and full4 ,louise ,gulino1 velvety-maroon1 fine4 ,louise ,odier1 fine bright rose1 full1 very free bloomer4 ,madame ,alfred de ,rougemont1 pure white1 lightly and delicately shaded with rose and carmine1 large and full1 shape of the ,cabbage ,rose2 one of the best4 ,madame ,van ,geert1 rosy-pink1 striped white1 very beautiful4 ,madame ,boutin1 cherry-crimson1 large and full4 ,madame ,brianson1 reddish-carmine1 shaded with light red1 very large and full4 ,madame ,bruni1 delicate peach1 large and full4 ,madame ,caillat1 bright cerise1 large1 full1 and of good habit4 ,madame ,c4 ,crapelet1 rosy-red1 large1 full1 and very fine4 ,madame ,celine ,touvais1 shaded carmine4 ,madame ,charles ,boy1 shaded rosy-crimson1 good shape4 ,madame ,charles ,wood1 vinous-crimson1 very large1 full1 and effective4 ,madame ,crespin1 rose1 shaded with dark violet1 medium size1 full1 form good4 ,madame de ,cambacrs1 rosy-carmine1 large and full1 fine form4 ,madame de ,canrobert1 white1 slightly tinged with peach1 large and full1 nicely cupped4 ,madame ,derreux ,douville1 delicate glossy rose1 bordered with white1 large1 full1 and of fine form2 good habit4 ,madame de ,stella1 bright rose1 large1 full1 and of fine form4 ,madame ,domage1 bright rose1 very large and double4 ,madame ,duchre1 rosy-white1 delicate tint1 full4 ,madame ,emain1 fine purplish-red1 globular1 large and full4 ,madame ,ernest ,drol1 dark rose1 shaded with lilac1 large1 full1 and of good form1 foliage fine4 ,madame ,eugne ,verdier1 deep pink1 large1 full1 and finely cupped4 ,madame ,freeman1 creamy-white1 medium size1 globular and full1 thoroughly perpetual4 ,madame ,hector ,jacquin1 clear rose1 shaded with lilac1 large and full4 ,madame ,helye1 carmine1 shaded-lilac1 medium1 distinct4 ,madame ,julie ,daran1 purplish-vermilion1 glossy1 very large and full2 one of the best4 ,madame ,laffay1 rosy-crimson1 large and double4 ,madame ,louise ,carique1 fine rose and carmine1 full4 ,madame ,masson1 reddish-crimson1 changing to violet1 velvety1 large and full4 ,madame ,melaine1 shaded vermilion4 ,madame ,pauline ,villot1 crimson-purple1 fine form2 blooms freely4 ,madame ,phelip1 silvery-rose1 beautifully shaded with crimson1 small and pretty4 ,madame ,pierson1 bright red1 silvery edges1 large and globular4 ,madame ,place1 beautiful light rose1 small1 but pretty form4 ,madame ,schmidt1 shaded rosy-pink1 large and beautiful4 ,madame ,souppert1 beautiful pale flesh-color1 fine form4 ,madame ,standish1 clear pale pink1 delicate color1 large and full ,madame ,sylvain ,caubert1 bright rose1 delicately edged with white2 very distinct4 ,madame ,thrse ,levet1 pale pink1 globular and good4 ,madame ,valembourg1 bright purplish-red1 shaded1 large1 full1 and of good form4 ,madame ,victor ,verdier1 rich bright rosy-cherry color1 large1 full1 and fine formed1 cupped2 blooms in clusters4 ,madame ,vigneron1 pale rose1 large and full1 very sweet and good4 ,mademoiselle ,alice ,leroy1 delicate rose1 shaded1 fine form full4 ,mademoiselle ,betsy ,hainman1 brilliant cerise2 a most effective climber4 ,mademoiselle ,bonnaire1 white1 rosy-centre1 large1 full1 and of exquisite form2 one of the best4 ,mademoiselle ,emain1 white1 rosy centre1 full1 and of good form4 ,mademoiselle ,gabrielle de peyronney1 bright red1 with shaded centre1 large1 full4 ,mademoiselle ,goddard1 rosy-pink1 light margin1 good4 ,thrse ,appert1 peach-color1 large and full1 cupped1 good shape1 free bloomer4 ,marchal ,canrobert1 fine bright rose1 sometimes shaded with purple1 very large1 habit good4 ,marchal ,forey1 velvety-crimson1 reverse of petals violet1 large and full4 ,marchal ,souchet1 beautiful reddish-crimson1 shaded with dark maroon1 very large and full1 petals also large1 habit good1 one of the best4 ,marchal ,souchet 7,damaizin71 fine rosy-carmine1 large1 full1 and of exquisite form4 ,marchal ,vaillant1 purplish-red1 very large1 full1 and of good form4 ,marguerite ,appert1 lavender-blush1 large and full1 form cupped1 pretty and distinct4 ,marie ,portemer1 purplish-red1 full1 and fine form4 ,mathurin ,regnier1 beautiful pale rose1 large and full4 ,maxime1 violet-rose1 large and full4 ,mexico1 velvety reddish-purple1 shaded with blackish-violet1 large and full1 blooms freely1 habit good4 ,modle de ,perfection1 lively pink1 very pretty1 blooms freely2 one of the best4 ,monsieur de ,montigny1 rosy-carmine1 large and full4 ,monsieur ,joigneaux1 shaded maroon1 strong grower4 ,monsieur ,moreau1 shaded crimson4 ,monte ,christo1 blackish-purple1 often dashed with scarlet1 very rich color1 large and good in form4 ,mrs4 ,charles ,wood1 bright red1 large1 full1 and superb form4 ,mrs4 ,elliot1 purple1 large and double4 ,murillo1 rich purplish-red1 shaded with carmine and violet1 large1 double1 and of good form4 ,noemi1 blush1 pink centre1 full4 ,notre ,dame de ,fourvires1 pale satin-rose1 large and full4 ,oderic ,vital1 silvery-rose1 large and full1 good form4 ,olivier ,delhomme1 brilliant purplish-red1 large1 and perfect shape1 foliage handsome4 ,panache d',orlans1 flesh1 striped with rose and purple1 distinct4 parmentier1 rosy-pink1 blooms freely1 very brilliant4 ,paul de la ,meilleray1 fine purplish-cerise1 very large1 full1 and of excellent form4 ,paul ,desgrand1 fine bright-red1 large and full1 form globular4 ,paul ,dupuy1 velvety-crimson1 shaded1 large and full4 ,paul ,feval1 cherry-color1 large and full1 form cupped4 ,pauline ,lanszeur1 bright crimson1 changing to violet1 full4 ,pauline ,villot1 shaded rosy-carmine1 compact and good4 ,pavillon de ,pregny1 white and red1 medium size1 full1 most abundant bloomer4 ,peter ,lawson1 brilliant red1 shaded with carmine1 large and double4 ,pierre ,notting1 blackish-red1 shaded with violet1 very large and full1 form globular1 habit good2 one of the best4 ,prairie de ,terre ,noire1 velvety-purple1 large and full4 ,prince ,henri des ,pays ,bas1 bright crimson1 shaded with velvety-purple1 of medium size1 full1 fine4 ,prince ,imprial1 rosy-carmine1 large and full4 ,prince ,leon1 fine bright crimson1 large1 and very double4 ,prince ,noir1 very dark maroon1 good climber4 ,princess ,alice1 bright rose1 the reverse of the petals whitish1 large4 full1 and sweet2 a distinct and desirable variety4 ,princesse ,impriale ,clotilde1 glossy-white1 pink centre4 ,princesse ,mathilde1 crimson1 maroon1 and purple shaded1 colors exquisite1 medium size1 double1 form expanded2 a good hardy variety4 ,professor ,koch1 bright rosy-cerise1 shaded with carmine1 beautifully cupped2 one of the best4 ,queen1 rose1 very large and beautiful4 ,red ,rover1 fiery red1 growth more than usually vigorous1 flowering up to ,christmas4 ,not double1 enough for a ,show ,rose1 but the finest and most effective of ,pillar ,roses4 ,reine de ,castille1 whitish-rose1 large and full1 of good habit1 and blooms freely4 ,reine de la ,cit1 blush1 pink centre1 large1 full1 and of good habit4 ,reynolds ,hole1 lively pink1 increasing in brilliancy as the flowers advance in age1 large1 not very full4 ,richard ,smith1 velvety-maroon1 very dark4 ,robert ,fortune1 bright red1 large1 full1 and good4 ,snateur ,reveil1 brilliant reddish-crimson1 shaded with dark purple1 large and full1 form fine1 blooms freely1 habit good4 ,simon ,oppenheim1 maroon1 shaded vermilion1 very fine4 ,souvenir de ,branger1 light rose1 very large and double4 ,souvenir de ,charles ,montault1 brilliant red1 cupped1 large and full1 free bloomer4 ,souvenir de ,comte ,cavour1 crimson and black shaded1 of good size and form4 ,souvenir de ,lady ,eardley1 reddish-scarlet1 richly shaded1 large1 very light1 and effective4 ,souvenir de ,leveson gower1 fine dark red1 changing to ruby1 very large and full4 ,souvenir de ,m4 ,rousseau1 scarlet1 changing to crimson1 shaded with maroon1 very rich and velvety1 large and very double4 ,toujours ,fleuri1 violet-purple1 full and good4 ,triomphe d',alencon1 bright red1 very large1 full1 and fine4 ,triomphe d',amiens1 vivid crimson1 sometimes striped with lake1 large and double4 ,triomphe-d',angers1 crimson-scarlet1 large1 full1 free4 ,triomphe de ,bagatelle1 bright cherry-carmine1 large1 full1 and free4 ,triomphe de ,caen1 deep velvety-purple1 shaded with scarlet-crimson1 large and full4 ,triomphe de ,lyon1 shaded maroon1 beautiful4 ,triomphe de ,villecresnes1 clear red1 more brilliant at the centre1 large and full1 blooms freely4 ,turenne1 brilliant red1 large1 handsome petals1 very effective4 ,vainqueur de ,goliath1 brilliant crimson-scarlet1 very large and double4 ,vainqueur de ,solferino1 dark red1 brighter centre1 large1 full1 blooms abundantly4 ,vase d'lection1 bright rose4 ,veloute d',orlans1 brilliant velvety-red1 almost scarlet1 large and full4 ,vicomte ,vigier1 bright violet-red1 large1 full1 and good4 ,vicomtesse ,belleval1 beautiful blush1 large and full1 fine form1 blooms freely1 habit good4 ,vicomtesse de ,montesquieu1 double white1 useful as a bedder4 ,vicomtesse ,douglas1 beautiful rose1 the reverse of the petals whitish1 very large and full1 form cupped4 ,victor ,trouillard1 brilliant crimson and purple shaded1 large and full4 ,vulcan1 bright purplish-violet1 shaded with black1 good and distinct4 ,wilhelm ,pfitzer1 brilliant red1 color often superb1 large and full4 ,william ,jesse1 crimson1 tinged with lilac1 superb1 very large and double4 ,william ,paul1 brilliant reddish-crimson1 large and full2 a free1 hardy1 late-blooming rose1 excellent for bedding4 ,,perpetual ,,moss ,,roses4 ,alfred de ,dalmas1 rose1 edges rosy-white1 blooming in clusters1 full4 ,eugne de ,savoie1 bright red1 large and full4 ,eugnie ,guinoiseau1 bright cherry1 changing to violet1 large1 full1 and well mossed4 ,hortense ,vernet1 white1 tinged with light rose1 fine1 large1 and full4 ,james ,veitch1 deep violet1 shaded with crimson1 large and double4 ,madame la ,rivire1 rosy-pink1 distinct and good4 ,pompone1 mottled rose1 abundant bloomer4 ,raphael1 flesh-color1 flowering in corymbs1 large1 full4 ,,new ,,roses ,,of #ahff ,the following are the most promising of the latest new roses4 ,the descriptions are those of the raisers2 and as the varieties have not yet bloomed in this country1 and very few of them in ,england1 it is impossible to speak of them definitely4 ,most of them are results of the skill and perseverance of ,french cultivators4 ,the letters immediately succeeding the name refer to the class1--,h4 ,p41 ,hybrid ,perpetual2 ,b41 ,bourbon2 ,t41 ,tea-scented1 ,,abb ,,berl,,ze1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers varying from bright-reddish cerise to rosy-carmine1 large1 full1 and of fine form2 growth vigorous4 ,,achille ,,gonod1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers bright-reddish carmine2 a seedling from ,jules ,margottin2 very large and full2 extra fine foliage1 dark green2 growth vigorous4 ,,adrienne ,,de ,,cardoville1 ,b42 flowers delicate rose1 of medium size2 full1 perfect form4 ,,auguste ,,rivi,,re1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers beautiful bright-reddish carmine1 the reverse of the petals of a paler hue1 distinctly edged with white2 large1 and of regular globular form2 growth vigorous4 ,,baptiste ,,desportes1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers bright scarlet1 very abundant1 of medium size1 full2 growth vigorous4 ,,baronne ,,de ,,maynard1 ,b42 flowers beautiful pure white1 of medium size1 fine form2 growth vigorous4 ,,beauty ,,of ,,westerham1 ,h4 ,p4 7,cattell72 flowers brilliant scarlet2 foliage bright green2 habit free and vigorous2 fragrance powerful4 ,,belle ,,normande1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers pale rose1 shaded with silvery white2 very large and ,bill2 form globular2 growth vigorous2 of the race of ,la ,reine4 ,,belle ,,rose1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers bright rose1 very large1 full1 and of fine globular form2 very sweet2 habit good2 growth vigorous4 ,,capitaine ,,rognat1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers brilliant red2 cupped1 large and full2 growth vigorous4 ,,charles ,,margottin1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers brilliant carmine1 their centre fiery red1 very large1 full1 and sweet2 form fine2 outer petals large and round2 growth vigorous2 of the race of ,jules ,margottin4 ,,charles ,,wood1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers deep red1 shaded with blackish-crimson1 very large1 full1 and of tine form2 growth vigorous4 ,,climbing ,,devoniensis1 ,t42 identical with the old ,devoniensis in flower1 but of a rapid running growth1 and hence valuable as a climber4 ,,comtesse ,,de ,,paris1 ,h4 ,p42 beautiful1 distinct lively rose1 with lighter edges2 flowers very large and double2 habit vigorous2 a very beautiful variety4 ,,denis ,,helye1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers brilliant rosy-carmine2 lovely color2 very large and full2 very effective2 growth vigorous4 ,,dr4 ,,andry1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers dark bright-red2 very large1 full1 and perfectly imbricated2 growth vigorous4 ,,duchesse ,,de ,,caylus1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers brilliant carmine2 large1 full1 and of perfect form2 growth vigorous2 foliage very rich and fine4 ,,duchesse ,,de ,,medina ,,coli1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers dark blood-purple2 large1 full1 good1 and distinct2 growth vigorous4 ,,duke ,,of ,,wellington1 ,,ii4 ,p42 flowers bright velvety-red1 shaded with blackish-maroon2 their centre fiery red2 large and full2 growth vigorous4 ,,elizabeth ,,vigneron1 ,,ii4 ,p42 flowers fine rosy-pink1 very large and full2 in the style of ,laelia1 but fuller1 fresher1 and brighter in color2 constitution hardy2 growth vigorous4 ,g,n,,ral ,d',,hautpoult1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers brilliant reddish-scarlet2 the centre petals sometimes striped with white2 large1 full1 and of globular form4 ,,glory ,,of ,,waltham1 ,h4 ,p47,paul7-1 flowers rich crimson1 very large and full2 a seedling from ,leveson ,gower2 larger1 brighter1 darker1 and of better form1 than the parent2 a superb rose1 of hardy1 vigorous growth4 ,,jean ,,rosenkrantz1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers brilliant coral-red2 large1 full1 and of perfect form2 growth vigorous4 ,,john ,,keynes1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers bright reddish-scarlet1 shaded with maroon2 large and full2 growth vigorous4 4 ,,king',s ,,acre1 ,h4 7,cranston72 flowers bright vermilion-rose2 reverse of petals satiny2 large1 and of fine cupped form2 foliage1 rich dark-green2 growth vigorous4 ,,madame ,,verschaffelt1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers beautiful delicate rose2 large1 full1 and of fine form2 growth vigorous2 shoots almost thornless4 ,,madame ,,andr ,,leroy1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers salmon-rose2 large1 very double1 form fine2 growth vigorous4 ,,madame ,,charles1 ,t42 flowers sulphur or yellow1 their centre salmon2 large1 full1 of good form1 and very abundant2 growth vigorous2 of the race of ,madame ,damaizin4 ,,madame ,,charles ,,verdier1 ,h4 ,f42 flowers fine vermeil-rose2 very large1 full1 and of fine form2 growth vigorous4 ,,madame ,,lise ,,vilmorin1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers dark vermilion1 shaded with blackish-crimson2 large1 full1 of good form1 and very abundant2 growth vigorous4 ,,madame ,,mile ,,boyau1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers soft1 rosy flesh-color1 changing to blush2 sufficiently large1 perfect in form1 moderate in growth1 hardy in constitution2 good and distinct4 ,,madame ,,gustave ,,bonnet1 ,b42 flowers white1 shaded with rose and carmine2 of medium size1 full1 very abundant1 form globular2 growth vigorous4 ,,madame ,,herman ,,stenger1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers rose1 suffused with lilac2 their centre shaded with sulphur2 large and full2 the outer petals large1 form cupped2 growth vigorous4 ,,madame ,,moreau1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers brilliant red1 shaded with violet2 very large1 full2 outer petals large2 very sweet2 growth vigorous4 ,,madame ,,rousset1 ,,ii4 ,p42 flowers beautiful pale rose2 the reverse of the petals silvery1 large1 full1 finely cupped1 and good habit2 growth vigorous4 ,,mademoiselle ,,amelie ,,halphen1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers fine rosy-carmine2 large1 full1 of fine form1 bright and beautiful2 habit good2 growth vigorous4 4 ,,mademoiselle ,,loide ,,de ,,falloux1 ,h4 ,p42 white1 suffused or veined with rose2 flowers large1 double1 and of good form2 habit vigorous4 ,,mar,,chal ,,niel1 ,t42 flowers beautiful deep-yellow2 large1 full1 and of globular form1 very sweet2 growth vigorous2 the shoots well clothed with large shining leaves4 ,,marguerite ,,bonnet1 ,b42 flowers white1 shaded with flesh-color2 large1 full1 and of fine form2 growth vigorous2 of the race of ,louise ,odier4 ,,marguerite ,,de ,,st4 ,,amand1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers rosy flesh-color2 large1 full1 of fine form1 and abundant2 habit fine2 growth vigorous2 of the race of ,jules ,margottin4 ,,marie ,,boiss,e1 ,h4 ,p42 blush-white in opening1 passing to pure white when expanded2 flowers double and cup-shaped2 habit vigorous2 very free-flowering4 ,,michel ,,bonnet1 ,b42 flowers beautiful bright rose2 large and full2 growth vigorous4 ,,monsieur ,,de ,,pontbriant1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers dark blackish-crimson1 shaded with carmine2 very large1 full1 of good form2 growth vigorous4 ,,monsieur ,,douard ,,ory1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers beautiful vermilion2 large1 full1 and of globular form2 fine habit2 growth vigorous4 ,,prince ,,de ,,joinville1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers light crimson2 a fine1 large1 showy rose1 of vigorous and hardy habit4 ,,prince ,,eugene ,,beauharnais1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers brilliant reddish-scarlet1 shaded with purple2 large and full2 form cupped2 growth vigorous4 ,,prince ,,napol,,on1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers bright rose2 very large and very double2 growth vigorous2 very effective4 ,,princess ,,lichtenstein1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers white1 globular1 large and full2 a good hardy1 white rose1 of compact growth1 flowering abundantly4 ,,rosa ,,mundi1 ,h4 ,p42 pure rose1 flowers large1 double1 globular1 and well-shaped2 habit vigorous4 ,,rushton ,,radclyffe1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers beautiful clear bright red2 large1 full1 and of perfect form2 growth vigorous4 ,,semiramis1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers clear pink2 large1 full1 and of fine globular form2 growth vigorous4 ,,souvenir ,,de ,,bernardin ,,de ,,st4 ,,pierre1 ,,ii4 ,p42 flowers varying from crimson to violet2 their centre fiery red2 large1 full1 and of fine form2 habit good2 growth vigorous4 ,,souvenir ,,de ,,louis ,,gaudin1 ,b42 flowers fine reddish-purple1 shaded with black2 of medium size1 full2 very abundant2 form fine4 ,,souvenir ,,de ,,william ,,wood1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers dark blackish-purp e1 shaded with scarlet2 darker than ,prince ,camille de ,rohan2 large1 full1 and very effective2 growth vigorous4 ,,triomphe ,,de ,,la ,,terre ,,des ,,roses1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers fine violet-rose1 very large and full2 very sweet2 blooms freely4 ,,triomphe ,,des ,,fran,,ais1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers brilliant crimson2 large1 very double2 growth vigorous2 fine habit2 very free4 ,,william ,,bull1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers brilliant cherry-red2 large1 full1 and of fine globular form2 growth vigorous4 ,,xavier ,,olibo1 ,h4 ,p42 flowers velvety-black1 shaded with fiery amarant1 colors exceedingly rich2 large2 well formed2 growth vigorous4 ,,the ,,end4