,a ,treatise ,conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k by ,george ,b]keley 7#afhe-agec7 ,,:]e9 ,,! ,,*ief ,,causes ,,( ,,error ,,& ,,difficulty ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ces1 ,,) ,,! ,,gr\nds ,,( ,,scepticism1 ,,a!ism1 ,,& ,,irreligion1 ,,are ,,inquir$ ,,into4 ,,d$ication ,to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,,?omas1 ,,e>l ,,( ,,pembroke1 ,c41 ,knight ( ! mo/ ,noble ,ord] ( ! ,g>t] & "o ( ! ,lords ( ,h] ,maje/y's mo/ hon\rable privy c\ncil4 ,my ,"l1 ,y w p]haps wond] t an obscure p]son1 :o has n ! hon\r to be kn[n to y\r lord%ip1 %\ld presume to address y 9 ?is mann]4 ,b t a man :o has writt5 some?+ ) a design to promote ,useful ,k & ,religion 9 ! _w %\ld make *oice ( y\r lord%ip = 8 patron1 w n be ?\ght /range by any "o t is n altoge!r unacqua9t$ ) ! pres5t /ate ( ! *ur* & le>n+1 & consequ5tly ignorant h[ great an ornam5t & support y are to bo?4 ,yet1 no?+ c\ld h induc$ me to make y ?is pres5t ( my poor endeav\rs1 7 ,i n enc\rag$ by t c&\r & native goodness :i* is s bright a "p 9 y\r lord%ip's "*4 ,i might add1 my "l1 t ! extraord9>y fav\r & b\nty y h be5 pleas$ to %[ t[>ds our ,society gave me hopes y w\ld n be unwill+ to c\nt5ance ! /udies ( "o ( its memb]s4 ,^! consid]ations det]m9$ me to lay ?is treatise at y\r lord%ip's feet1 & ! r because ,i 0 ambiti\s to h x kn[n t ,i am ) ! true/ & mo/ pr(\nd respect1 on acc\nt ( t le>n+ & virtue :i* ! _w s ju/ly admires 9 y\r lord%ip1 ,,my ,,"l1 ,y\r lord%ip's mo/ humble & mo/ devot$ s]vant1 ,,george ,,b]keley 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts ,,preface ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,human ,,k 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface ,:at ,i "h make public has1 aft] a long & scrupul\s inquiry1 seem$ to me evid5tly true & n unuseful to be kn[n--p>ticul>ly to ^? :o are ta9t$ ) ,scepticism1 or want a demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce & immat]iality ( ,god1 or ! natural immortality ( ! s\l4 ,:e!r x be s or no ,i am cont5t ! read] %\ld imp>tially exam9e2 s9ce ,i d n ?9k myself any f>!r conc]n$ = ! success ( :at ,i h writt5 ?an z x is agreeable to tru?4 ,b1 to ! end ?is may n suff]1 ,i make x my reque/ t ! read] susp5d 8 judgm5t till he has once at lea/ read ! :ole ?r\gh ) t degree ( att5tion & ?\ght :i* ! subject-matt] %all seem to des]ve4 ,=1 z !re are "s passages t1 tak5 by !mselves1 are v liable 7nor c\ld x be rem$i$7 to gross mis9t]pretation1 & to be *>g$ ) mo/ absurd consequ5ces1 :i*1 nev]!less1 ^u an entire p]usal w appe> n to foll[ f !m2 s likewise1 ?\gh ! :ole %\ld be read ov]1 yet1 if ?is be done transi5tly1 x is v probable my s5se may be mi/ak52 b to a ?9k+ read]1 ,i flatt] myself x w be ?r\gh\t cle> & obvi\s4 ,z = ! *>act]s ( novelty & s+ul>ity :i* "s ( ! foll[+ notions may seem to be>1 x is1 ,i hope1 ne$less to make any apology on t acc\nt4 ,he mu/ surely be ei!r v weak1 or v little acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ces1 :o %all reject a tru? t is capable ( demon/ration1 = no o!r reason b because x is newly kn[n1 & contr>y to ! prejudices ( mank9d4 ,?us mu* ,i ?\ght fit to premise1 9 ord] to prev5t1 if possible1 ! ha/y c5sures ( a sort ( m5 :o are too apt to condemn an op9ion be=e !y rightly compreh5d x4 ,,introduction #a4 ,philosophy be+ no?+ else b ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,wisdom ,,& ,,tru?1 x may ) reason be expect$ t ^? :o h sp5t mo/ "t & pa9s 9 x %\ld enjoy a great] calm & s]5ity ( m9d1 a great] cle>ness & evid5ce ( k1 & be less di/urb$ ) d\bts & difficulties ?an o!r m54 ,yet s x is1 we see ! illit]ate bulk ( mank9d t walk ! high-road ( pla9 common s5se1 & are gov]n$ by ! dictates ( nature1 = ! mo/ "p easy & undi/urb$4 ,to !m no?+ ,,t ,,is ,,famili> appe>s unacc\ntable or difficult to compreh5d4 ,!y compla9 n ( any want ( evid5ce 9 _! s5ses1 & are out ( all dang] ( becom+ ,,sceptics4 ,b no soon] d we dep>t f s5se & in/9ct to foll[ ! light ( a sup]ior pr9ciple1 to reason1 m$itate1 & reflect on ! nature ( ?+s1 b a ?\s& scruples spr+ up 9 our m9ds conc]n+ ^? ?+s :i* be=e we seem$ fully to compreh5d4 ,prejudices & errors ( s5se d f all p>ts discov] !mselves to our view2 &1 endeav\r+ to correct ^! by reason1 we are ins5sibly drawn into unc\? p>adoxes1 difficulties1 & inconsi/5cies1 :i* multiply & gr[ ^u u z we advance 9 speculation1 till at l5g?1 hav+ w&]$ ?r\gh _m intricate mazes1 we f9d ourselves j :]e we 71 or1 :i* is worse1 sit d[n 9 a =lorn ,scepticism4 #b4 ,! cause ( ?is is ?\ght to be ! obscurity ( ?+s1 or ! natural weakness & imp]fection ( our und]/&+s4 ,x is said1 ! faculties we h are few1 & ^? design$ by nature = ! ,,support & com=t ( life1 & n to p5etrate into ! ,,inw>d ,,ess5ce & con/itution ( ?+s4 ,besides1 ! m9d ( man be+ f9ite1 :5 x treats ( ?+s :i* p>take ( inf9ity1 x is n to be wond]$ at if x run into absurdities & contradictions1 out ( :i* x is impossible x %\ld ev] extricate itself1 x be+ ( ! nature ( inf9ite n to be compreh5d$ by t :i* is f9ite4 #c4 ,b1 p]haps1 we may be too p>tial to ourselves 9 plac+ ! fault orig9ally 9 our faculties1 & n r 9 ! wrong use we make ( !m4 ,,x ,,is ,a ,,h>d ,,?+ ,,to ,,suppose ,,t ,,"r ,,d$uctions ,,f ,,true ,,pr9ciples ,,%\ld ,,ev] ,,end ,,9 ,,consequ5ces ,,:i* ,,_c ,,be ,,ma9ta9$ or made consi/5t4 ,we %\ld believe t ,god has dealt m b\ntifully ) ! sons ( m5 ?an to give !m a /rong desire = t k :i* he _h plac$ q out ( _! rea*4 ,?is 7 n agreeable to ! wont$ indulg5t me?ods ( ,provid5ce1 :i*1 :atev] appetites x may h implant$ 9 ! creatures1 do? usually furni% !m ) su* means z1 if rightly made use (1 w n fail to satisfy !m4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! f> great] "p1 if n all1 ( ^? difficulties :i* h hi!rto amus$ philosoph]s1 & block$ up ! way to k1 are entirely ow+ to ourselves--t we h fir/ rais$ a du/ & !n compla9 we _c see4 #d4 ,my purpose !re=e is1 to try if ,i c discov] :at ^? ,pr9ciples are :i* h introduc$ all t d\btfulness & unc]ta9ty1 ^? absurdities & contradictions1 into ! sev]al sects ( philosophy2 insomu* t ! wise/ m5 h ?\ght our ignorance incurable1 conceiv+ x to arise f ! natural dulness & limitation ( our faculties4 ,& surely x is a "w well des]v+ our pa9s to make a /rict inquiry conc]n+ ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 to sift & exam9e !m on all sides1 especially s9ce !re may be "s gr\nds to suspect t ^? lets & difficulties1 :i* /ay & emb>rass ! m9d 9 its se>* aft] tru?1 d n spr+ f any d>kness & intricacy 9 ! objects1 or natural defect 9 ! und]/&+1 s mu* z f false ,pr9ciples :i* h be5 insi/$ on1 & might h be5 avoid$4 #e4 ,h[ difficult & disc\rag+ soev] ?is attempt may seem1 :5 ,i consid] h[ _m great & extraord9>y m5 h gone be=e me 9 ! l designs1 yet ,i am n )\t "s hopes--^u ! consid]ation t ! l>ge/ views are n always ! cle>e/1 & t he :o is %ort--sight$ w be oblig$ to draw ! object ne>]1 & may1 p]haps1 by a close & n>r[ survey1 disc]n t :i* _h escap$ f> bett] eyes4 #f4 ,a ,,*ief ,,s\rce ,,( ,,error ,,9 ,,all ,,p>ts ,,( ,,k4--,9 ord] to prep>e ! m9d ( ! read] = ! easi] conceiv+ :at foll[s1 x is prop] to premise some:at1 by way ( ,introduction1 conc]n+ ! nature & abuse ( ,language4 ,b ! unravell+ ?is matt] leads me 9 "s measure to anticipate my design1 by tak+ notice ( :at seems to h _h a *ief "p 9 r5d]+ speculation intricate & p]plex$1 & to h occasion$ innum]able errors & difficulties 9 almo/ all p>ts ( k4 ,& t is ! op9ion t ! m9d has a p[] ( fram+ ,,ab/ract ,,ideas or notions ( ?+s4 ,he :o is n a p]fect /rang] to ! writ+s & disputes ( philosoph]s mu/ ne$s ackn[l$ge t no small "p ( !m are sp5t ab\t ab/ract ideas4 ,^! are 9 a m especial mann] ?\ght to be ! object ( ^? sci5ces :i* g by ! "n ( ,,logic & ,,metaphysics1 & ( all t :i* passes "u ! notion ( ! mo/ ab/ract$ & sublime le>n+1 9 all :i* "o %all sc>ce f9d any "q h&l$ 9 su* a mann] z does n suppose _! exi/5ce 9 ! m9d1 & t x is well acqua9t$ ) !m4 #g4 ,,prop] ,,acceptation ,,( ,,ab/raction4--,x is agre$ on all h&s t ! qualities or modes ( ?+s d nev] ,,really ,,exi/ ,,ea* ,,( ,,!m ,,ap>t ,,by ,,itself1 & sep>at$ f all o!rs1 b are mix$1 z x 71 & bl5d$ toge!r1 sev]al 9 ! same object4 ,b1 we are told1 ! m9d be+ able to consid] ea* quality s+ly1 or ab/ract$ f ^? o!r qualities ) :i* x is unit$1 does by t means frame to itself ab/ract ideas4 ,= example1 !re is p]ceiv$ by sight an object ext5d$1 col\r$1 & mov$3 ?is mix$ or comp\nd idea ! m9d resolv+ into its simple1 con/itu5t p>ts1 & view+ ea* by itself1 exclusive ( ! re/1 does frame ! ab/ract ideas ( ext5sion1 col\r1 & motion4 ,n t x is possible = col\r or motion to exi/ )\t ext5sion2 b only t ! m9d c frame to itself by ,,ab/raction ! idea ( col\r exclusive ( ext5sion1 & ( motion exclusive ( bo? col\r & ext5sion4 #h4 ,,( ,,g5]aliz+ ,note4--,aga91 ! m9d hav+ obs]v$ t 9 ! p>ticul> ext5sions p]ceiv$ by s5se !re is some?+ ,,common & alike ,,9 ,,all1 & "s o!r ?+s peculi>1 z ?is or t figure or magnitude1 :i* di/+ui% !m "o f ano!r2 x consid]s ap>t or s+les out by itself t :i* is common1 mak+ !re( a mo/ ab/ract idea ( ext5sion1 :i* is nei!r l9e1 surface1 nor solid1 nor has any figure or magnitude1 b is an idea entirely presc9d$ f all ^!4 ,s likewise ! m9d1 by leav+ out ( ! p>ticul> col\rs p]ceiv$ by s5se t :i* di/+ui%es !m "o f ano!r1 & reta9+ t only :i* is ,,common ,,to ,,all1 makes an idea ( col\r 9 ab/ract :i* is nei!r r$1 nor blue1 nor :ite1 nor any o!r det]m9ate col\r4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 by consid]+ motion ab/ract$ly n only f ! body mov$1 b likewise f ! figure x describes1 & all p>ticul> directions & velocities1 ! ab/ract idea ( motion is fram$2 :i* equally corresponds to all p>ticul> motions :atsoev] t may be p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,note3 ,vide ,reid1 on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s ( ,man1 ,essay ,v1 *ap iii4 sec4 #a1 edit4 #ahdc #i4 ,,( ,,comp\nd+4--,& z ! m9d frames to itself ab/ract ideas ( qualities or ,,modes1 s does x1 by ! same precision or m5tal sep>ation1 atta9 ab/ract ideas ( ! m comp\nd$ ,,be+s :i* include sev]al coexi/5t qualities4 ,= example1 ! m9d hav+ obs]v$ t ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john resemble ea* o!r 9 c]ta9 common agreem5ts ( %ape & o!r qualities1 leaves out ( ! complex or comp\nd$ idea x has ( ,pet]1 ,james1 & any o!r p>ticul> man1 t :i* is peculi> to ea*1 reta9+ only :at is common to all1 & s makes an ab/ract idea :]e9 all ! p>ticul>s equally p>take--ab/ract+ entirely f & cutt+ (f all ^? circum/ances & diff]5ces :i* might det]m9e x to any p>ticul> exi/5ce4 ,& aft] ?is mann] x is said we come by ! ab/ract idea ( ,,man1 or1 if y please1 humanity1 or human nature2 :]e9 x is true !re is includ$ col\r1 because !re is no man b has "s col\r1 b !n x c be nei!r :ite1 nor black1 nor any p>ticul> col\r1 because !re is no "o p>ticul> col\r :]e9 all m5 p>take4 ,s likewise !re is includ$ /ature1 b !n x is nei!r tall /ature1 nor l[ /ature1 nor yet middle /ature1 b some?+ ab/ract$ f all ^!4 ,& s ( ! re/4 ,moreov]1 _! be+ a great v>iety ( o!r creatures t p>take 9 "s p>ts1 b n all1 ( ! complex idea ( ,,man1 ! m9d1 leav+ out ^? p>ts :i* are peculi> to m51 & reta9+ ^? only :i* are common to all ! liv+ creatures1 frames ! idea ( ,,animal1 :i* ab/racts n only f all p>ticul> m51 b also all birds1 bea/s1 fi%es1 & insects4 ,! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! ab/ract idea ( animal are body1 life1 s5se1 & spontane\s motion4 ,by ,,body is meant body )\t any p>ticul> %ape or figure1 !re be+ no "o %ape or figure common to all animals1 )\t cov]+1 ei!r ( hair1 or fea!rs1 or scales1 c41 nor yet nak$3 hair1 fea!rs1 scales1 & nak$ness be+ ! di/+ui%+ prop]ties ( p>ticul> animals1 & = t reason left out ( ! ,,ab/ract ,,idea4 ,^u ! same acc\nt ! spontane\s motion mu/ be nei!r walk+1 nor fly+1 nor creep+2 x is nev]!less a motion1 b :at t motion is x is n easy to conceive,note44 ,note3 ,vide ,hobbes' ,tripos1 *4 v4 sect4 #f4 #aj4 ,,two ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,ideas4--,:e!r o!rs h ?is wond]ful faculty ( ,,ab/ract+ ,,_! ,,ideas1 !y be/ c tell3 = myself1 ,i f9d inde$ ,i h a faculty ( imag9+1 or repres5t+ to myself1 ! ideas ( ^? p>ticul> ?+s ,i h p]ceiv$1 & ( v>i\sly comp\nd+ & divid+ !m4 ,i c imag9e a man ) two heads1 or ! upp] p>ts ( a man jo9$ to ! body ( a horse4 ,i c consid] ! h&1 ! eye1 ! nose1 ea* by itself ab/ract$ or sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! body4 ,b !n :atev] h& or eye ,i imag9e1 x mu/ h "s p>ticul> %ape & col\r4 ,likewise ! idea ( man t ,i frame to myself mu/ be ei!r ( a :ite1 or a black1 or a tawny1 a /raight1 or a crook$1 a tall1 or a l[1 or a middle-siz$ man4 ,i _c by any ef=t ( ?\ght conceive ! ab/ract idea above describ$4 ,& x is equally impossible = me to =m ! ab/ract idea ( motion di/9ct f ! body mov+1 & :i* is nei!r swift nor sl[1 curvil9e> nor rectil9e>2 & ! l may be said ( all o!r ab/ract g5]al ideas :atsoev]4 ,to be pla91 ,i own myself able to ab/ract ,,9 ,,"o ,,s5se1 z :5 ,i consid] "s p>ticul> p>ts or qualities sep>at$ f o!rs1 ) :i*1 ?\gh !y are unit$ 9 "s object1 yet x is possible !y may really exi/ )\t !m4 ,b ,i d5y t ,i c ab/ract f "o ano!r1 or conceive sep>ately1 ^? qualities :i* x is impossible %\ld exi/ s sep>at$2 or t ,i c frame a g5]al notion1 by ab/ract+ f p>ticul>s 9 ! mann] a=esaid--:i* la/ are ! two prop] acceptations ( ,,ab/raction4 ,& !re are gr\nds to ?9k mo/ m5 w ackn[l$ge !mselves to be 9 my case4 ,! g5]ality ( m5 :i* are simple & illit]ate nev] pret5d to ,,ab/ract ,,notions4 ,x is said !y are difficult & n to be atta9$ )\t pa9s & /udy2 we may !re=e reasonably conclude t1 if su* !re be1 !y are conf9$ only to ! le>n$4 #aa4 ,i proce$ to exam9e :at c be alleg$ 9 ,,def5ce ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,ab/raction1 & try if ,i c discov] :at x is t incl9es ! m5 ( speculation to embrace an op9ion s remote f common s5se z t seems to be4 ,!re has be5 a late des]v$ly e/eem$ philosoph] :o1 no d\bt1 has giv5 x v mu* c\nt5ance1 by seem+ to ?9k ! hav+ ab/ract g5]al ideas is :at puts ! wide/ diff]5ce 9 po9t ( und]/&+ betwixt man & bea/4 ,! hav+ ( g5]al ideas1 sai? he1 is t :i* puts a p]fect di/9ction betwixt man & brutes1 & is an excell5cy :i* ! faculties ( brutes d by no means atta9 unto4 ,=1 x is evid5t we obs]ve no foot-/eps 9 !m ( mak+ use ( g5]al signs = univ]sal ideas2 f :i* we h reason to imag9e t !y h n ! ,,faculty ,,( ,,ab/ract+1 or mak+ g5]al ideas1 s9ce !y h no use ( words or any o!r g5]al signs4 ,& a little aft]3 ,!re=e1 ,i ?9k1 we may suppose t x is 9 ?is t ! species ( brutes are discrim9at$ f m51 & x is t prop] diff]5ce :]e9 !y are :olly sep>at$1 & :i* at la/ wid5s to s wide a di/ance4 ,=1 if !y h any ideas at all1 & are n b>e ma*9es 7z "s w\ld h !m71 we _c d5y !m to h "s reason4 ,x seems z evid5t to me t !y d1 "s ( !m1 9 c]ta9 in/ances reason z t !y h s5se2 b x is only 9 p>ticul> ideas1 j z !y receive !m f _! s5ses4 ,!y are ! be/ ( !m ti$ up )9 ^? n>r[ b\nds1 & h n 7z ,i ?9k7 ! faculty to enl>ge !m by any k9d ( ,,ab/raction4 ,essay on ,human ,und]/&+1 ,,ii4 xi4 #aj & #aa4 ,i readily agree ) ?is le>n$ au?or1 t ! faculties ( brutes c by no means atta9 to ,,ab/raction4 ,b !n if ?is be made ! di/+ui%+ prop]ty ( t sort ( animals1 ,i fe> a great _m ( ^? t pass = m5 mu/ be reckon$ into _! numb]4 ,! reason t is "h assign$ :y we h no gr\nds to ?9k brutes h ab/ract g5]al ideas is1 t we obs]ve 9 !m no use ( words or any o!r g5]al signs2 :i* is built on ?is supposition--t ! mak+ use ( words implies ! hav+ g5]al ideas4 ,f :i* x foll[s t m5 :o use language are able to ,,ab/ract or ,,g5]alize _! ideas4 ,t ?is is ! s5se & argu+ ( ! au?or w fur!r appe> by 8 answ]+ ! "q he 9 ano!r place puts3 ,s9ce all ?+s t exi/ are only p>ticul>s1 h[ come we by g5]al t]ms8 ,8 answ] is3 ,words become g5]al by be+ made ! signs ( g5]al ideas4--,essay on ,human ,und]/&+1 ,,iv4 iii4 #f4 ,b ,note4 #a x seems t a ^w becomes g5]al by be+ made ! sign1 n ( an ,,ab/ract g5]al idea1 b ( sev]al p>ticul> ideas ,note4 #b1 any "o ( :i* x indiff]5tly sugge/s to ! m9d4 ,= example1 :5 x is said ! *ange ( motion is proportional to ! impress$ =ce1 or t :atev] has ext5sion is divisible1 ^! propositions are to be und]/ood ( motion & ext5sion 9 g5]al2 & nev]!less x w n foll[ t !y sugge/ to my ?\ghts an idea ( motion )\t a body mov$1 or any det]m9ate direction & velocity1 or t ,i mu/ conceive an ab/ract g5]al idea ( ext5sion1 :i* is nei!r l9e1 surface1 nor solid1 nei!r great nor small1 black1 :ite1 nor r$1 nor ( any o!r det]m9ate col\r4 ,x is only impli$ t :atev] p>ticul> motion ,i consid]1 :e!r x be swift or sl[1 p]p5dicul>1 horizontal1 or oblique1 or 9 :atev] object1 ! axiom conc]n+ x holds equally true4 ,z does ! o!r ( e p>ticul> ext5sion1 x matt]s n :e!r l9e1 surface1 or solid1 :e!r ( ?is or t magnitude or figure4 ,note #a3 ,,to ,,?is ,i ,,_c ,,ass5t1 ,,be+ ,,( ,,op9ion1 edit ( #agaj4 ,note #b3 ,( ! same sort4 #ab4 ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,g5]al ,,ideas ,,admitt$4--,by obs]v+ h[ ideas become g5]al we may ! bett] judge h[ words are made s4 ,& "h x is to be not$ t ,i d n d5y absolutely !re are g5]al ideas1 b only t !re are any ,,ab/ract ,,g5]al ,,ideas2 =1 9 ! passages we h quot$ :]e9 !re is m5tion ( g5]al ideas1 x is always suppos$ t !y are =m$ by ,,ab/raction1 aft] ! mann] set =? 9 sections #h & #i4 ,n[1 if we w annex a mean+ to our words1 & speak only ( :at we c conceive1 ,i believe we %all ackn[l$ge t an idea :i*1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is p>ticul>1 becomes g5]al by be+ made to repres5t or /& = all o!r p>ticul> ideas ( ! ,,same ,,sort4 ,to make ?is pla9 by an example1 suppose a geometrician is demon/rat+ ! me?od ( cutt+ a l9e 9 two equal p>ts4 ,he draws1 = in/ance1 a black l9e ( an in* 9 l5g?3 ?is1 :i* 9 itself is a p>ticul> l9e1 is nev]!less ) reg>d to its signification g5]al1 s9ce1 z x is !re us$1 x repres5ts all p>ticul> l9es :atsoev]2 s t :at is demon/rat$ ( x is demon/rat$ ( all l9es1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( a l9e 9 g5]al4 ,&1 z t p>ticul> l9e becomes g5]al by be+ made a sign1 s ! "n ,,l9e1 :i* tak5 absolutely is ,,p>ticul>1 by be+ a sign is made ,,g5]al4 ,& z ! =m] owes its g5]ality n to its be+ ! sign ( an ab/ract or g5]al l9e1 b ( ,,all ,,p>ticul> "r l9es t may possibly exi/1 s ! latt] mu/ be ?\ght to d]ive its g5]ality f ! same cause1 namely1 ! ,,v>i\s ,,p>ticul> l9es :i* x indiff]5tly d5otes4 ,note4 ,note3 ,i look ^u ?is 7doctr9e7 to be "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ valuable discov]ies t h be5 made ( late ye>s 9 ! republic ( lett]s4--,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 book i1 "p i1 sect4 #g4 ,also ,/ew>t's ,philosophy ( ! ,m9d1 "p i1 *apt4 iv4 sect4 iii4 p4 #ii4 #ac4 ,,ab/ract ,,g5]al ,,ideas ,,necess>y1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,locke4--,to give ! read] a yet cle>] view ( ! nature ( ab/ract ideas1 & ! uses !y are ?\ght necess>y to1 ,i %all add "o m passage out ( ! ,essay on ,human ,und]/&+1 7,,iv4 vii4 #i7 :i* is z foll[s3 ,,ab/ract ,,ideas are n s obvi\s or easy to *ildr5 or ! yet unex]cis$ m9d z p>ticul> ones4 ,if !y seem s to gr[n m5 x is only because by con/ant & famili> use !y are made s4 ,=1 :5 we nicely reflect ^u !m1 we %all f9d t g5]al ideas are fictions & contrivances ( ! m9d1 t c>ry difficulty ) !m1 & d n s easily (f] !mselves z we are apt to imag9e4 ,= example1 does x n require "s pa9s & skill to =m ! g5]al idea ( a triangle 7:i* is yet none ( ! mo/ ab/ract1 compreh5sive1 & difficult72 = x mu/ be nei!r oblique nor rectangle1 nei!r equilat]al1 equicrural1 nor scal5on1 b ,,all ,,& ,,none ( ^! at once8 ,9 effect1 x is some?+ imp]fect t _c exi/1 an idea :]e9 "s p>ts ( sev]al diff]5t & ,,inconsi/5t ideas are put toge!r4 ,x is true ! m9d 9 ?is imp]fect /ate has ne$ ( su* ideas1 & makes all ! ha/e to !m x c1 = ! ,,conv5i5cy ,,( ,,communication ,,& ,,enl>gem5t ,,( ,,k1 to bo? :i* x is naturally v mu* incl9$4 ,b yet "o has reason to suspect su* ideas are m>ks ( our imp]fection4 ,at lea/ ?is is en\gh to %[ t ! mo/ ab/ract & g5]al ideas are n ^? t ! m9d is fir/ & mo/ easily acqua9t$ )1 nor su* z its e>lie/ k is conv]sant ab\t4--,if any man has ! faculty ( fram+ 9 8 m9d su* an idea ( a triangle z is "h describ$1 x is 9 va9 to pret5d to dispute him out ( x1 nor w\ld ,i g ab\t x4 ,all ,i desire is t ! read] w\ld fully & c]ta9ly in=m himself :e!r he has su* an idea or no4 ,& ?is1 me?9ks1 c be no h>d task = anyone to p]=m4 ,:at m easy ?an = anyone to look a little into 8 own ?\ghts1 & !re try :e!r he has1 or c atta9 to h1 an idea t %all correspond ) ! description t is "h giv5 ( ! g5]al idea ( a triangle1 :i* is ,,nei!r ,,oblique ,,nor ,,rectangle1 ,,equilat]al1 ,,equicrural ,,nor ,,scal5on1 ,,b ,,all ,,& ,,none ,,( ,,^! ,,at ,,once8 #ad4 ,,b ,,!y ,,are ,,n ,,necess>y ,,= ,,communication4--,mu* is "h said ( ! difficulty t ab/ract ideas c>ry ) !m1 & ! pa9s & skill requisite to ! =m+ !m4 ,& x is on all h&s agre$ t !re is ne$ ( great toil & lab\r ( ! m9d1 to emancipate our ?\ghts f p>ticul> objects1 & raise !m to ^? sublime speculations t are conv]sant ab\t ab/ract ideas4 ,f all :i* ! natural consequ5ce %\ld seem to be1 t s ,,difficult a ?+ z ! =m+ ab/ract ideas 0 n necess>y = ,,communication1 :i* is s ,,easy & famili> to ,,all ,,sorts ,,( ,,m54 ,b1 we are told1 if !y seem obvi\s & easy to gr[n m51 ,,x ,,is ,,only ,,because ,,by ,,con/ant ,,& ,,famili> ,,use ,,!y ,,are ,,made ,,s4 ,n[1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k at :at "t x is m5 are employ$ 9 surm\nt+ t difficulty1 & furni%+ !mselves ) ^? necess>y helps = disc\rse4 ,x _c be :5 !y are gr[n up1 = !n x seems !y are n consci\s ( any su* pa9/ak+2 x rema9s !re=e to be ! bus9ess ( _! *ildhood4 ,& surely ! great & multipli$ lab\r ( fram+ ab/ract notions w be f\nd a h>d task = t t5d] age4 ,is x n a h>d ?+ to imag9e t a c\ple ( *ildr5 _c prate toge!r ( _! sug>-plums & rattles & ! re/ ( _! little tr9kets1 till !y h fir/ tack$ toge!r numb]less inconsi/5cies1 & s fram$ 9 _! m9ds ,,ab/ract ,,g5]al ,,ideas1 & annex$ !m to e common "n !y make use (8 #ae4 ,,nor ,,= ,,! ,,enl>gem5t ,,( ,,k4--,nor d ,i ?9k !m a :it m ne$ful = ! ,,enl>gem5t ,,( ,,k ?an = ,,communication4 ,x is1 ,i "k1 a po9t mu* insi/$ on1 t all k & demon/ration are ab\t univ]sal notions1 to :i* ,i fully agree3 b !n x do? n appe> to me t ^? notions are =m$ by ,,ab/raction 9 ! mann] ,,premis$--,,univ]sality1 s f> z ,i c compreh5d1 n consi/+ 9 ! absolute1 ,,positive nature or conception ( any?+1 b 9 ! ,,relation x be>s to ! p>ticul>s signifi$ or repres5t$ by x2 by virtue :]e( x is t ?+s1 names1 or notions1 be+ 9 _! own nature ,,p>ticul>1 are r5d]$ ,,univ]sal4 ,?us1 :5 ,i demon/rate any proposition conc]n+ triangles1 x is to be suppos$ t ,i h 9 view ! univ]sal idea ( a triangle2 :i* ought n to be und]/ood z if ,i c\ld frame an idea ( a triangle :i* 0 nei!r equilat]al1 nor scal5on1 nor equicrural2 b only t ! p>ticul> triangle ,i consid]1 :e!r ( ?is or t sort x matt]s n1 do? equally /& = & repres5t all rectil9e> triangles :atsoev]1 & is 9 t s5se ,,univ]sal4 ,all :i* seems v pla9 & n to include any difficulty 9 x4 #af4 ,,objection4--,,answ]4--,b "h x w be dem&$1 ,,h[ ,,we ,,c ,,"k ,,any ,,proposition ,,to ,,be ,,true ,,( ,,all ,,p>ticul> ,,triangles1 ,,except we h fir/ se5 x ,,demon/rat$ ,,( ,,! ,,ab/ract ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,triangle :i* equally agrees to all8 ,=1 because a prop]ty may be demon/rat$ to agree to "s "o p>ticul> triangle1 x w n !nce foll[ t x equally belongs to any o!r triangle1 :i* 9 all respects is n ! same ) x4 ,= example1 hav+ demon/rat$ t ! ?ree angles ( an isosceles rectangul> triangle are equal to two "r ones1 ,i _c !re=e conclude ?is affection agrees to all o!r triangles :i* h nei!r a "r angle nor two equal sides4 ,x seems !re=e t1 to be c]ta9 ?is proposition is univ]sally true1 we mu/ ei!r make a p>ticul> demon/ration = e p>ticul> triangle1 :i* is impossible1 or once = all demon/rate x ( ! ,,ab/ract ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,triangle1 9 :i* all ! p>ticul>s d indiff]5tly p>take & by :i* !y are all equally repres5t$4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t1 ?\gh ! idea ,i h 9 view :il/ ,i make ! demon/ration be1 = in/ance1 t ( an isosceles rectangul> triangle ^: sides are ( a det]m9ate l5g?1 ,i may nev]!less be c]ta9 x ext5ds to all o!r rectil9e> triangles1 ( :at sort or bigness soev]4 ,& t because nei!r ! "r angle1 nor ! equality1 nor det]m9ate l5g? ( ! sides are at all conc]n$ 9 ! demon/ration4 ,x is true ! diagram ,i h 9 view includes all ^! p>ticul>s1 b !n !re is n ! lea/ m5tion made ( !m 9 ! pro( ( ! proposition4 ,x is n said ! ?ree angles are equal to two "r ones1 because "o ( !m is a "r angle1 or because ! sides compreh5d+ x are ( ! same l5g?4 ,:i* suffici5tly %[s t ! "r angle might h be5 oblique1 & ! sides unequal1 & = all t ! demon/ration h held good4 ,& = ?is reason x is t ,i conclude t to be true ( any obliquangul> or scal5on :i* ,i _h demon/rat$ ( a p>ticul> "r--angl$ equicrural triangle1 & n because ,i demon/rat$ ! proposition ( ! ab/ract idea ( a triangle ,& "h x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t a man may consid] a figure m]ely z triangul>1 )\t att5d+ to ! p>ticul> qualities ( ! angles1 or relations ( ! sides4 ,s f> he may ab/ract2 b ?is w nev] prove t he c frame an ab/ract1 g5]al1 inconsi/5t idea ( a triangle4 ,9 l mann] we may consid] ,pet] s f> =? z man1 or s f> =? z animal )\t fram+ ! =e-m5tion$ ab/ract idea1 ei!r ( man or ( animal1 inasmu* z all t is p]ceiv$ is n consid]$4 #ag4 ,,advantage ,,( ,,inve/igat+ ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,g5]al ,,ideas4--,x 7 an endless z well z an useless ?+ to trace ! ,,s*oolm51 ^? great ma/]s ( ab/raction1 ?r\gh all ! manifold inextricable labyr9?s ( error & dispute :i* _! doctr9e ( ab/ract natures & notions seems to h l$ !m into4 ,:at bick]+s & controv]sies1 & :at a le>n$ du/ h be5 rais$ ab\t ^? matt]s1 & :at mighty advantage has be5 f !nce d]iv$ to mank9d1 are ?+s at ?is day too cle>ly kn[n to ne$ be+ insi/$ on4 ,& x _h be5 well if ! ill effects ( t doctr9e 7 conf9$ to ^? only :o make ! mo/ av[$ pr(ession ( x4 ,:5 m5 consid] ! great pa9s1 indu/ry1 & p>ts t h = s _m ages be5 laid out on ! cultivation & advancem5t ( ! sci5ces1 & t not)/&+ all ?is ! f> great] "p ( !m rema9s full ( d>kness & unc]ta9ty1 & disputes t are l nev] to h an end1 & ev5 ^? t are ?\ght to be support$ by ! mo/ cle> & cog5t demon/rations conta9 9 !m p>adoxes :i* are p]fectly irreconcilable to ! und]/&+s ( m51 & t1 tak+ all toge!r1 a v small portion ( !m does supply any real b5efit to mank9d1 o!rwise ?an by be+ an innoc5t div]sion & amusem5t--,i say ! consid]ation ( all ?is is apt to ?r[ !m into a despond5cy & p]fect contempt ( all /udy4 ,b ?is may p]haps cease ^u a view ( ! false pr9ciples t h obta9$ 9 ! _w1 among/ all :i* !re is none1 me?9ks1 has a m wide & ext5d$ sway ov] ! ?\ghts ( speculative m5 ?an ,note4 ?is ( ab/ract g5]al ideas4 ,note3 ,t we h be5 endeav\r+ to ov]?r[4--,edit #agaj4 #ah4 ,i come n[ to consid] ! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,?is ,,prevail+ ,,notion1 & t seems to me to be ,,language4 ,& surely no?+ ( less ext5t ?an reason itself c\ld h be5 ! s\rce ( an op9ion s univ]sally receiv$4 ,! tru? ( ?is appe>s z f o!r reasons s also f ! pla9 confession ( ! able/ patrons ( ab/ract ideas1 :o ackn[l$ge t !y are made 9 ord] to nam+2 f :i* x is a cle> consequ5ce t if !re _h be5 no su* ?+s z spee* or univ]sal signs !re nev] _h be5 any ?\ght ( ab/raction4 ,see ,,iii4 vi4 #ci1 & else:]e ( ! ,essay on ,human ,und]/&+4 ,let u exam9e ! mann] :]e9 words h contribut$ to ! orig9 ( t mi/ake4--,fir/ ,vide sect4 xix4 !n1 x is ?\ght t e "n has1 or ought to h1 ,,"o ,,only precise & settl$ signification1 :i* incl9es m5 to ?9k !re are c]ta9 ,,ab/ract1 ,,det]m9ate ,,ideas t con/itute ! true & only imm$iate signification ( ea* g5]al "n2 & t x is by ! m$iation ( ^! ab/ract ideas t a g5]al "n comes to signify any p>ticul> ?+4 ,:]eas1 9 tru?1 !re is no su* ?+ z "o precise & def9ite signification annex$ to any g5]al "n1 !y all signify+ indiff]5tly a great numb] ( p>ticul> ideas4 ,all :i* do? evid5tly foll[ f :at has be5 already said1 & w cle>ly appe> to anyone by a little reflexion4 ,to ?is x w be ,,object$ t e "n t has a def9ition is !reby re/ra9$ to "o c]ta9 signification4 ,= example1 a ,,triangle is def9$ to be ,a ,,pla9 ,,surface ,,compreh5d$ ,,by ,,?ree ,,"r ,,l9es1 by :i* t "n is limit$ to d5ote "o c]ta9 idea & no o!r4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t 9 ! def9ition x is n said :e!r ! surface be great or small1 black or :ite1 nor :e!r ! sides are long or %ort1 equal or unequal1 nor ) :at angles !y are incl9$ to ea* o!r2 9 all :i* !re may be great v>iety1 & consequ5tly !re is ,,no ,,"o ,,settl$ ,,idea :i* limits ! signification ( ! ^w ,,triangle4 ,x is "o ?+ = to keep a "n con/antly to ! same def9ition1 & ano!r to make x /& ev]y:]e = ! same idea2 ! "o is necess>y1 ! o!r useless & impracticable4 #ai4 ,,secondly1 ,b1 to give a f>!r acc\nt h[ ,,words came to ,,produce ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,ideas1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t x is a receiv$ op9ion t language has ,,no ,,o!r ,,end b ! communicat+ our ideas1 & t e significant "n /&s = an idea4 ,?is be+ s1 & x be+ )al c]ta9 t names :i* yet are n ?\ght altoge!r insignificant d n always m>k out ,,p>ticul> conceivable ideas1 x is /raightway conclud$ t ,,!y ,,/& ,,= ,,ab/ract ,,notions4 ,t !re are _m names 9 use among/ speculative m5 :i* d n always sugge/ to o!rs det]m9ate1 p>ticul> ideas1 or 9 tru? any?+ at all1 is :at nobody w d5y4 ,& a little att5tion w discov] t x is n necess>y 7ev5 9 ! /ricte/ reason+s7 significant names :i* /& = ideas %\ld1 e "t !y are us$1 excite 9 ! und]/&+ ! ideas !y are made to /& =--9 read+ & disc\rs+1 names be+ = ! mo/ "p us$ z lett]s are 9 ,,algebra1 9 :i*1 ?\gh a p>ticul> quantity be m>k$ by ea* lett]1 yet to proce$ "r x is n requisite t 9 e /ep ea* lett] sugge/ to y\r ?\ghts t p>ticul> quantity x 0 appo9t$ to /& =4,note4 ,note3 ,language has become ! s\rce or orig9 ( ab/ract g5]al ideas on acc\nt ( a tw(old error4--7#a47 ,t e ^w has only "o signification4 7#b47 ,t ! only end ( language is ! communication ( our ideas--,ed4 #bj4 ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,ends ,,( ,,language4--,besides1 ! communicat+ ( ideas m>k$ by words is n ! *ief & only end ( language1 z is commonly suppos$4 ,!re are o!r ends1 z ! rais+ ( "s passion1 ! excit+ to or det]r+ f an action1 ! putt+ ! m9d 9 "s p>ticul> disposition--to :i* ! =m] is 9 _m cases b>ely subs]vi5t1 & sometimes entirely omitt$1 :5 ^! c be obta9$ )\t x1 z ,i ?9k does n unfrequ5tly happ5 9 ! famili> use ( language4 ,i entreat ! read] to reflect ) himself1 & see if x do? n (t5 happ51 ei!r 9 he>+ or read+ a disc\rse1 t ! passions ( fe>1 love1 hatr$1 admiration1 disda91 & ! l1 arise imm$iately 9 8 m9d ^u ! p]ception ( c]ta9 words1 )\t any ideas com+ betwe54 ,at fir/1 inde$1 ! words might h occasion$ ideas t 7 fitt+ to produce ^? emotions2 b1 if ,i mi/ake n1 x w be f\nd t1 :5 language is once gr[n famili>1 ! he>+ ( ! s\nds or sight ( ! *>act]s is (t imm$iately att5d$ ) ^? passions :i* at fir/ 7 wont to be produc$ by ! int]v5tion ( ideas t are n[ q omitt$4 ,may we n1 = example1 be affect$ ) ! promise ( a ,,good ,,?+1 ?\gh we h n an idea ( :at x is8 ,or is n ! be+ ?reat5$ ) dang] suffici5t to excite a dread1 ?\gh we ?9k n ( any p>ticul> evil likely to befal u1 nor yet frame to ourselves an idea ( dang] 9 ab/ract8 ,if any "o %all jo9 ev] s little reflexion ( 8 own to :at has be5 said1 ,i believe t x w evid5tly appe> to him t g5]al names are (t5 us$ 9 ! propriety ( language )\t ! speak]'s design+ !m = m>ks ( ideas 9 8 own1 :i* he w\ld h !m raise 9 ! m9d ( ! he>]4 ,ev5 prop] names !mselves d n seem always spok5 ) a design to br+ into our view ! ideas ( ^? individuals t are suppos$ to be m>k$ by !m4 ,= example1 :5 a s*oolman tells me ,ari/otle has said x1 all ,i conceive he means by x is to dispose me to embrace 8 op9ion ) ! def]5ce & submission :i* cu/om has annex$ to t "n4 ,& ?is effect is (t5 s in/antly produc$ 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o are accu/om$ to resign _! judgm5t to au?ority ( t philosoph]1 z x is impossible any idea ei!r ( 8 p]son1 writ+s1 or reputation %\ld g be=e ,note44 ,innum]able examples ( ?is k9d may be giv51 b :y %\ld ,i insi/ on ^? ?+s :i* e "o's exp]i5ce w1 ,i d\bt n1 pl5tifully sugge/ unto him8 ,note3 ,s close & imm$iate a connection may cu/om e/abli% betwixt ! v ^w ,,ari/otle1 & ! motions ( ass5t & rev]5ce 9 ! m9ds ( "s m54--,edit #agaj4 #ba4 ,,caution ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,language ,,necess>y4--,we h1 ,i ?9k1 %[n ! impossibility ( ,,ab/ract ,,ideas4 ,we h consid]$ :at has be5 said = !m by _! able/ patrons2 & endeavor$ to %[ !y are ( no use = ^? ends to :i* !y are ?\ght necess>y4 ,& la/ly1 we h trac$ !m to ! s\rce f :5ce !y fl[1 :i* appe>s evid5tly to be language4--,x _c be d5i$ t words are ( excell5t use1 9 t by _! means all t /ock ( k :i* has be5 pur*as$ by ! jo9t lab\rs ( inquisitive m5 9 all ages & nations may be drawn into ! view & made ! possession ( "o s+le p]son4 ,b at ! same "t x mu/ be own$ t mo/ p>ts ( k h be5 /rangely p]plex$ & d>k5$ by ! abuse ( words1 & g5]al ways ( spee* :]e9 !y are deliv]$4,note #a4 ,s9ce !re=e words are s apt to impose on ! und]/&+,note #b41 :atev] ideas ,i consid]1 ,i %all endeav\r to take !m b>e & nak$ into my view1 keep+ out ( my ?\ghts s f> z ,i am able1 ^? names :i* long & con/ant use has s /rictly unit$ ) !m2 f :i* ,i may expect to d]ive ! foll[+ advantages3 ,note #a3 ,t x may almo/ be made a "q1 :e!r language has contribut$ m to ! h9drance or advancem5t ( ! sci5ces4--,edit #agaj4 ,note #b3 ,i am resolv$ 9 my inquiries to make z little use ( !m z possibly ,i c4--,edit #agaj4 #bb4 ,,fir/1 ,i %all be sure to get cle> ( all controv]sies ,,purely ,,v]bal--! spr++ up ( :i* we$s 9 almo/ all ! sci5ces has be5 a ma9 h9drance to ! gr[? ( true & s\nd k4 ,,secondly1 ?is seems to be a sure way to extricate myself out ( t f9e & subtle net ( ,,ab/ract ,,ideas :i* has s mis]ably p]plex$ & entangl$ ! m9ds ( m52 & t ) ?is peculi> circum/ance1 t by h[ mu* ! f9] & m curi\s 0 ! wit ( any man1 by s mu* ! deep] 0 he likely to be ensn>$ & fa/] held !re94 ,,?irdly1 s long z ,i conf9e my ?\ghts to my own ideas dive/$ ( words1 ,i d n see h[ ,i c easily be mi/ak54 ,! objects ,i consid]1 ,i cle>ly & adequately "k4 ,i _c be deceiv$ 9 ?9k+ ,i h an idea :i* ,i h n4 ,x is n possible = me to imag9e t any ( my own ideas are alike or unlike t are n truly s4 ,to disc]n ! agreem5ts or disagreem5ts !re are betwe5 my ideas1 to see :at ideas are includ$ 9 any comp\nd idea & :at n1 !re is no?+ m requisite ?an an att5tive p]ception ( :at passes 9 my own und]/&+4 #bc4 ,b ! atta9m5t ( all ,,^! ,,advantages do? ,,presuppose ,,an ,,entire ,,deliv]ance ,,f ,,! ,,deception ,,( ,,words1 :i* ,i d>e h>dly promise myself2 s difficult a ?+ x is to dissolve an union s e>ly begun1 & confirm$ by s long a habit z t betwixt words & ideas4 ,:i* difficulty seems to h be5 v mu* increas$ by ! doctr9e ( ,,ab/raction4 ,=1 s long z m5 ?\ght ab/ract ideas 7 annex$ to _! words1 x do? n seem /range t !y %\ld use words = ideas--x be+ f\nd an impracticable ?+ to lay aside ! ^w1 & ,,reta9 ,,! ,,ab/ract ,,idea ,,9 ,,! ,,m9d1 ,,:i* ,,9 ,,itself ,,0 ,,p]fectly ,,inconceivable4 ,?is seems to me ! pr9cipal cause :y ^? m5 :o h s emphatically recomm5d$ to o!rs ! lay+ aside all use ( words 9 _! m$itations1 & contemplat+ _! b>e ideas1 h yet fail$ to p]=m x !mselves4 ,( late _m h be5 v s5sible ( ! absurd op9ions & insignificant disputes :i* gr[ out ( ! abuse ( words4 ,&1 9 ord] to rem$y ^! evils1 !y advise well1 t we att5d to ! ideas signifi$1 & draw (f our att5tion f ! words :i* signify !m4 ,b1 h[ good soev] ?is advice may be !y h giv5 o!rs1 x is pla9 !y c\ld n h a due reg>d to x !mselves1 s long z !y ?\ght ! only imm$iate use ( words 0 to signify ideas1 & t ! imm$iate signification ( e g5]al "n 0 a ,,det]m9ate ,,ab/ract ,,idea4 #bd4 ,b1 ,,^! ,,be+ ,,kn[n ,,to ,,be ,,mi/akes1 ,a ,,man ,,may ) great] ease ,,prev5t ,,8 ,,be+ ,,impos$ ,,on ,,by ,,words4 ,he t kn[s he has no o!r ?an p>ticul> ideas1 w n puzzle himself 9 va9 to f9d out & conceive ! ab/ract idea annex$ to any "n4 ,& he t kn[s names d n always /& = ideas w sp>e himself ! lab\r ( look+ = ideas :]e !re are none to be _h4 ,x 71 !re=e1 to be wi%$ t ev]yone w\ld use 8 utmo/ endeav\rs to obta9 a cle> view ( ! ideas he w\ld consid]1 sep>at+ f !m all t dress & incumbrance ( words :i* s mu* contribute to bl9d ! judgm5t & divide ! att5tion4 ,9 va9 d we ext5d our view into ! heav5s & pry into ! entrails ( ! e>?1 9 va9 d we consult ! writ+s ( le>n$ m5 & trace ! d>k foot/eps ( antiquity--we ne$ only draw ! curta9 ( words1 to hold ! faire/ tree ( k1 ^: fruit is excell5t1 & )9 ! rea* ( our h&4 #be4 ,unless we take c>e ,,to ,,cle> ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,k ,,f ,,! emb>ras & ,,delusion ,,( ,,words1 we may make inf9ite reason+s ^u !m to no purpose2 we may draw consequ5ces f consequ5ces1 & be nev] ! wis]4 ,! f>!r we g1 we %all only lose ourselves ! m irrecov]ably1 & be ! deep] entangl$ 9 difficulties & mi/akes4 ,:oev] !re=e designs to read ! foll[+ %eets1 ,i entreat him to make my words ! occasion ( 8 own ?9k+1 & endeav\r to atta9 ! same tra9 ( ?\ghts 9 read+ t ,i _h 9 writ+ !m4 ,by ?is means x w be easy = him to discov] ! tru? or falsity ( :at ,i say4 ,he w be out ( all dang] ( be+ deceiv$ by my words1 & ,i d n see h[ he c be l$ into an error by consid]+ 8 own nak$1 undisguis$ ideas4 ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,human ,,k #a4 ,,objects ,,( ,,human ,,k4--,x is evid5t to any "o :o takes a survey ( ! objects ( human k1 t !y are ei!r ,,ideas actually impr9t$ on ! s5ses2 or else su* z are p]ceiv$ by att5d+ to ! passions & op]ations ( ! m9d2 or la/ly1 ideas =m$ by help ( memory & imag9ation--ei!r comp\nd+1 divid+1 or b>ely repres5t+ ^? orig9ally p]ceiv$ 9 ! a=esaid ways4 ,by sight ,i h ! ideas ( light & col\rs1 ) _! sev]al degrees & v>iations4 ,by t\* ,i p]ceive h>d & s(t1 heat & cold1 motion & resi/ance1 & ( all ^! m & less ei!r z to quantity or degree4 ,smell+ furni%es me ) od\rs2 ! palate ) ta/es2 & he>+ conveys s\nds to ! m9d 9 all _! v>iety ( tone & composition4 ,& z sev]al ( ^! are obs]v$ to accompany ea* o!r1 !y come to be m>k$ by "o "n1 & s to be reput$ z "o ?+4 ,?us1 = example a c]ta9 col\r1 ta/e1 smell1 figure & consi/5ce hav+ be5 obs]v$ to g toge!r1 are acc\nt$ "o di/9ct ?+1 signifi$ by ! "n ,,apple4 ,o!r collections ( ideas con/itute a /one1 a tree1 a book1 & ! l s5sible ?+s--:i* z !y are pleas+ or disagreeable excite ! passions ( love1 hatr$1 joy1 grief1 & s =?4 #b4 ,,m9d--,,_s--,,s\l4--,b1 besides all t endless v>iety ( ideas or objects ( k1 !re is likewise some?+ :i* kn[s or p]ceives !m1 & ex]cises div]s op]ations1 z will+1 imag9+1 rememb]+1 ab\t !m4 ,?is p]ceiv+1 active be+ is :at ,i call ,,m9d1 ,,_s1 ,,s\l1 or ,,myself4 ,by :i* words ,i d n d5ote any "o ( my ideas1 b a ?+ entirely di/9ct f !m1 ,,:]e9 ,,!y ,,exi/1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 :]eby !y are p]ceiv$--= ! exi/5ce ( an idea consi/s 9 be+ p]ceiv$4 #c4 ,,h[ ,,f> ,,! ,,ass5t ,,( ,,! ,,vulg> ,,conc$$4--,t nei!r our ?\ghts1 nor passions1 nor ideas =m$ by ! imag9ation1 exi/ ,,)\t ! m9d1 is :at ,,ev]ybody ,,w ,,all[4 ,& x seems no less evid5t t ! v>i\s s5sations or ideas impr9t$ on ! s5se1 h[ev] bl5d$ or comb9$ toge!r 7t is1 :atev] objects !y compose71 _c exi/ o!rwise ?an ,,9 a m9d p]ceiv+ !m4 ,i ?9k an intuitive k may be obta9$ ( ?is by any "o t %all att5d to ,,:at ,,is ,,meant ,,by ,,! ,,t]m ,,exi/1 :5 appli$ to s5sible ?+s4 ,! table ,i write on ,i say exi/s1 t is1 ,i see & feel x2 & if ,i 7 out ( my /udy ,i %\ld say x exi/$--mean+ !reby t if ,i 0 9 my /udy ,i might p]ceive x1 or t "s o!r _s actually does p]ceive x4,note4 ,!re 0 an od\r1 t is1 x 0 smelt2 !re 0 a s\nd1 t is1 x 0 he>d2 a col\r or figure1 & x 0 p]ceiv$ by sight or t\*4 ,?is is all t ,i c und]/& by ^! & ! l expressions4 ,= z to :at is said ( ! absolute exi/5ce ( un?9k+ ?+s )\t any relation to _! be+ p]ceiv$1 t seems p]fectly un9telligible4 ,_! ,,esse is ,,p]cipi1 nor is x possible !y %\ld h any exi/5ce out ( ! m9ds or ?9k+ ?+s :i* p]ceive !m4 ,note3 ,fir/ argum5t 9 support ( ! au?or's !ory4 #d4 ,,! ,,vulg> ,,op9ion ,,involves ,a ,,contradiction4--,x is inde$ an op9ion ,,/rangely prevail+ among/ m51 t h\ses1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 & 9 a ^w all s5sible objects1 h an exi/5ce1 natural or real1 di/9ct f _! be+ p]ceiv$ by ! und]/&+4 ,b1 ) h[ great an assurance & acquiesc5ce soev] ?is pr9ciple may be ent]ta9$ 9 ! _w1 yet :oev] %all f9d 9 8 he>t to call x 9 "q may1 if ,i mi/ake n1 p]ceive x to involve a manife/ contradiction4 ,=1 :at are ! =e-m5tion$ objects b ! ?+s we p]ceive by s5se8 & :at d we ,,p]ceive ,,besides ,,our ,,own ,,ideas ,,or ,,s5sations8 & is x n pla9ly repugnant t any "o ( ^!1 or any comb9ation ( !m1 %\ld exi/ unp]ceiv$8 #e4 ,,cause ,,( ,,?is ,,preval5t ,,error4--,if we ?or\ghly exam9e ?is t5et x w1 p]haps1 be f\nd at bottom to dep5d on ! doctr9e ( ,,ab/ract ,,ideas4 ,= c !re be a nic] /ra9 ( ab/raction ?an to di/+ui% ! exi/5ce ( s5sible objects f _! be+ p]ceiv$1 s z to conceive !m exi/+ unp]ceiv$8 ,light & col\rs1 heat & cold1 ext5sion & figures--9 a ^w ! ?+s we see & feel--:at are !y b s _m s5sations1 notions1 ideas1 or impressions on ! s5se8 & is x possible to sep>ate1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 any ( ^! f p]ception8 ,= my "p1 ,i might z easily divide a ?+ f itself4 ,i may1 inde$1 divide 9 my ?\ghts1 or conceive ap>t f ea* o!r1 ^? ?+s :i*1 p]haps ,i nev] p]ceiv$ by s5se s divid$4 ,?us1 ,i imag9e ! trunk ( a human body )\t ! limbs1 or conceive ! smell ( a rose )\t ?9k+ on ! rose itself4 ,s f>1 ,i w n d5y1 ,i c ab/ract--if t may prop]ly be call$ ,,ab/raction :i* ext5ds only to ! conceiv+ sep>ately su* objects z x is possible may really exi/ or be actually p]ceiv$ asund]4 ,b my conceiv+ or imag9+ p[] does n ext5d beyond ! possibility ( real exi/5ce or p]ception4 ,h5ce1 z x is impossible = me to see or feel any?+ )\t an actual s5sation ( t ?+1 s is x impossible = me to conceive 9 my ?\ghts any s5sible ?+ or object di/9ct f ! s5sation or p]ception ( x4,note4 ,note3 ,9 tru? ! object & ! s5sation are ! same ?+1 & _c !re=e be ab/ract$ f ea* o!r--,edit #agaj4 #f4 ,"s tru?s !re are s ne> & obvi\s to ! m9d t a man ne$ only op5 8 eyes to see !m4 ,su* ,i take ?is important "o to be1 viz41 t all ! *oir ( heav5 & furniture ( ! e>?1 9 a ^w all ^? bodies :i* compose ! mighty frame ( ! _w1 h n any subsi/5ce )\t a m9d1 t _! ,,be+ 7,,esse7 is to be p]ceiv$ or kn[n2 t consequ5tly s long z !y are n actually p]ceiv$ by me1 or d n exi/ 9 my m9d or t ( any o!r ,,creat$ ,,_s1 !y mu/ ei!r h no exi/5ce at all1 ,,or ,,else ,,subsi/ ,,9 ,,! ,,m9d ,,( ,,"s ,,et]nal ,,_s--x be+ p]fectly un9telligible1 & involv+ all ! absurdity ( ab/raction1 to attribute to any s+le "p ( !m an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( a _s ,note44 ,to be conv9c$ ( :i*1 ! read] ne$ only reflect1 & try to sep>ate 9 8 own ?\ghts ! be+ ( a s5sible ?+ f its be+ p]ceiv$4 ,note3 ,to make ?is appe> ) all ! light & evid5ce ( an axiom1 x seems suffici5t if ,i c b awak5 ! reflection ( ! read]1 t he may take an imp>tial view ( 8 own mean+1 & 9 turn 8 ?\ghts ^u ! subject itself1 free & dis5gag$ f all emb>rass ( words & prepossession 9 fav\r ( receiv$ mi/akes4--,edit #agaj #g4 ,,second ,,argum5t4,note4--,f :at has be5 said x foll[s !re is ,,n ,,any ,,o!r ,,sub/ance ,,?an ,,_s1 or t :i* p]ceives4 ,b1 = ! full] pro( ( ?is po9t1 let x be consid]$ ! s5sible qualities are col\r1 figure1 motion1 smell1 ta/e1 etc41 i4e4 ! ideas p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,n[1 = an idea to exi/ 9 an unp]ceiv+ ?+ is a manife/ contradiction1 = ,,to ,,h ,,an ,,idea ,,is ,,all ,,"o ,,z ,,to ,,p]ceive2 t !re=e :]e9 col\r1 figure1 & ! l qualities exi/ mu/ p]ceive !m2 h5ce x is cle> !re c be no ,,un?9k+ sub/ance or ,,sub/ratum ( ^? ideas4 ,note3 ,vide sect4 iii4 & xxv4 #h4 ,,objection4--,,answ]4--,b1 say y1 ?\gh ! ideas !mselves d n exi/ )\t ! m9d1 yet !re may be ?+s ,,l !m1 :]e( !y are copies or resemblances1 :i* ?+s exi/ )\t ! m9d 9 an un?9k+ sub/ance4 ,i ,,answ]1 an idea c be l no?+ b an idea2 a col\r or figure c be l no?+ b ano!r col\r or figure4 ,if we look b nev] s little into our ?\ghts1 we %all f9d x impossible = u to conceive a lik5ess except only betwe5 our ideas4 ,aga91 ,i ask :e!r ^? suppos$ orig9als or ext]nal ?+s1 ( :i* our ideas are ! pictures or repres5tations1 be !mselves p]ceivable or no8 ,if !y are1 ,,!n ,,!y ,,are ,,ideas & we h ga9$ our po9t2 b if y say !y are n1 ,i appeal to any "o :e!r x be s5se to ass]t a col\r is l some?+ :i* is invisible2 h>d or s(t1 l some?+ :i* is intangible2 & s ( ! re/4 #i4 ,,! ,,philosophical ,,notion ,,( ,,matt] ,,involves ,a ,,contradiction4--,"s !re are :o make a ,,di/9ction betwixt ,,prim>y & ,,second>y qualities4 ,by ! =m] !y mean ext5sion1 figure1 motion1 re/1 solidity or imp5etrability1 & numb]2 by ! latt] !y d5ote all o!r s5sible qualities1 z col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 & s =?4 ,! ideas we h ( ^! !y ackn[l$ge n to be ! resemblances ( any?+ exi/+ )\t ! m9d1 or unp]ceiv$1 b !y w h our ideas ( ! prim>y qualities to be patt]ns or images ( ?+s :i* exi/ )\t ! m9d1 9 an un?9k+ sub/ance :i* !y call ,,matt]4 ,by ,,matt]1 !re=e1 we are to und]/& an in]t1 s5seless sub/ance1 9 :i* ext5sion1 figure1 & motion ,,d ,,actually ,,subsi/4 ,b x is evid5t f :at we h already %[n1 t ext5sion1 figure1 & motion are ,,only ,,ideas ,,exi/+ ,,9 ,,! ,,m9d1 & t an idea c be l no?+ b ano!r idea1 & t consequ5tly nei!r !y nor _! ar*etypes c exi/ 9 an ,,unp]ceiv+ sub/ance4 ,h5ce1 x is pla9 t ! v notion ( :at is call$ ,,matt] or ,,corporeal ,,sub/ance1 involves a contradiction 9 x4,note4 ,note3 ,insomu* t ,i %\ld n ?9k x necess>y to sp5d m "t 9 expos+ its absurdity4 ,b because ! t5et ( ! exi/5ce ( matt] seems to h tak5 s deep a root 9 ! m9ds ( philosoph]s1 & draws aft] x s _m ill consequ5ces1 ,i *oose r to be ?\ght prolix & t$i\s1 ?an omit any?+ t might conduce to ! full discov]y & extirpation ( ! prejudice4--,edit #agaj4 #aj4 ,,argum5tum ,,ad ,,hom9em4--,!y :o ass]t t figure1 motion1 & ! re/ ( ! prim>y or orig9al qualities d exi/ )\t ! m9d 9 un?9k+ sub/ances1 d at ! same "t ackn[l$ge t col\rs1 s\nds1 heat cold1 & su*like second>y qualities1 d n--:i* !y tell u are s5sations exi/+ ,,9 ,,! ,,m9d ,,alone1 t dep5d on & are occasion$ by ! diff]5t size1 texture1 & motion ( ! m9ute p>ticles ( matt]4 ,?is !y take = an und\bt$ tru?1 :i* !y c demon/rate beyond all exception4 ,n[1 if x be c]ta9 t ^? orig9al qualities ,,are ,,insep>ably ,,unit$ ,,) ,,! ,,o!r ,,s5sible ,,qualities1 & n1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 capable ( be+ ab/ract$ f !m1 x pla9ly foll[s t !y exi/ only 9 ! m9d4 ,b ,i desire any "o to reflect & try :e!r he c1 by any ab/raction ( ?\ght1 conceive ! ext5sion & motion ( a body )\t all o!r s5sible qualities4 ,= my own "p1 ,i see evid5tly t x is n 9 my p[] to frame an idea ( a body ext5d$ & mov+1 b ,i mu/ )al give x "s col\r or o!r s5sible quality :i* is ,,ackn[l$g$ to exi/ only 9 ! m9d4 ,9 %ort1 ext5sion1 figure1 & motion1 ab/ract$ f all o!r qualities1 are inconceivable4 ,:]e !re=e ! o!r s5sible qualities are1 !re mu/ ^! be also1 to wit1 9 ! m9d & n[h]e else4 #aa4 ,a ,,second ,,argum5t ,,ad ,,hom9em4--,aga91 ,,great & ,,small1 ,,swift & ,,sl[1 ,,are ,,all[$ ,,to ,,exi/ ,,n[h]e ,,)\t ,,! ,,m9d1 be+ entirely ,,relative1 & *ang+ z ! frame or position ( ! organs ( s5se v>ies4 ,! ext5sion !re=e :i* exi/s )\t ! m9d is nei!r great nor small1 ! motion nei!r swift nor sl[1 t is1 !y are no?+ at all4 ,b1 say y1 !y are ext5sion 9 g5]al1 & motion 9 g5]al3 ?us we see h[ mu* ! t5et ( ext5d$ movable sub/ances exi/+ )\t ! m9d dep5ds on ! /range doctr9e ( ,,ab/ract ,,ideas4 ,& "h ,i _c b rem>k h[ ne>ly ! vague & indet]m9ate description ( ,matt] or corporeal sub/ance1 :i* ! mod]n philosoph]s are run into by _! own pr9ciples1 resembles t antiquat$ & s mu* ridicul$ notion ( ,,mat]ia ,,prima1 to be met ) 9 ,ari/otle & 8 foll[]s4 ,)\t ext5sion solidity _c be conceiv$2 s9ce !re=e x has be5 %[n t ext5sion exi/s n 9 an un?9k+ sub/ance1 ! same mu/ also be true ( solidity4 #ab4 ,t ,,numb] is entirely ,,! ,,creature ,,( ,,! ,,m9d1 ev5 ?\gh ! o!r qualities be all[$ to exi/ )\t1 w be evid5t to :oev] consid]s t ! same ?+ be>s a diff]5t d5om9ation ( numb] z ! m9d views x ) diff]5t respects4 ,?us1 ! same ext5sion is "o1 or ?ree1 or ?irty-six1 accord+ z ! m9d consid]s x ) ref]5ce to a y>d1 a foot1 or an in*4 ,numb] is s visibly relative1 & dep5d5t on m5's und]/&+1 t x is /range to ?9k h[ any "o %\ld give x an absolute exi/5ce )\t ! m9d4 ,we say "o book1 "o page1 "o l9e1 etc42 all ^! are equally units1 ?\gh "s conta9 sev]al ( ! o!rs4 ,& 9 ea* in/ance1 x is pla91 ! unit relates to "s p>ticul> comb9ation ( ideas arbitr>ily put toge!r by ! m9d4 #ac4 ,,unity ,i "k "s w h to be ,a ,,simple ,,or ,,uncomp\nd$ ,,idea1 accompany+ all o!r ideas into ! m9d4 ,t ,i h any su* idea answ]+ ! ^w ,,unity ,i d n f9d2 & if ,i _h1 me?9ks ,i c\ld n miss f9d+ x3 on ! contr>y1 x %\ld be ! mo/ famili> to my und]/&+1 s9ce x is said to accompany all o!r ideas1 & to be p]ceiv$ by all ! ways ( s5sation & reflexion4 ,to say no m1 x is an ,,ab/ract ,,idea4 #ad4 ,a ,,?ird ,,argum5t ,,ad ,,hom9em4--,i %all f>!r add1 t1 aft] ! same mann] z mod]n philosoph]s prove c]ta9 s5sible qualities to h no exi/5ce 9 ,matt]1 or )\t ! m9d1 ! same ?+ may be likewise prov$ ( all o!r s5sible qualities :atsoev]4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x is said t heat & cold are affections only ( ! m9d1 & n at all patt]ns ( real be+s1 exi/+ 9 ! corporeal sub/ances :i* excite !m1 = t ! same body :i* appe>s cold to "o h& seems w>m to ano!r4 ,n[1 :y may we n z well argue t figure & ext5sion are n patt]ns or resemblances ( qualities exi/+ 9 ,matt]1 because to ! same eye at diff]5t /ations1 or eyes ( a diff]5t texture at ! same /ation1 !y appe> v>i\s1 & _c !re=e be ! images ( any?+ ,,settl$ ,,& ,,det]m9ate ,,)\t ,,! ,,m9d8 ,aga91 x is prov$ t ,,sweetness is n really 9 ! sapid ?+1 because ! ?+ rema9+ unalt]$ ! sweetness is *ang$ into bitt]1 z 9 case ( a fev] or o!rwise vitiat$ palate4 ,is x n z reasonable to say t ,,motion is n )\t ! m9d1 s9ce if ! succession ( ideas 9 ! m9d become swift]1 ! motion1 x is ackn[l$g$1 %all appe> sl[] )\t any alt]ation 9 any ext]nal object8 #ae4 ,,n ,,conclusive ,,z ,,to ,,ext5sion4--,9 %ort1 let any "o consid] ^? argum5ts :i* are ?\ght manife/ly to prove t col\rs & ta/e exi/ only 9 ! m9d1 & he %all f9d !y may ) equal =ce be br\ght to prove ! same ?+ ( ext5sion1 figure1 & motion4 ,?\gh x mu/ be confess$ ?is me?od ( argu+ does n s mu* prove t !re is no ext5sion or col\r 9 an outw>d object1 z t we d n "k by ,,s5se :i* is ! ,,true ext5sion or col\r ( ! object4 ,b ! argum5ts =ego+ pla9ly %[ x to be impossible t any col\r or ext5sion at all1 or o!r s5sible quality :atsoev]1 %\ld exi/ 9 an ,,un?9k+ subject )\t ! m9d1 or 9 tru?1 t !re %\ld be any su* ?+ z an outw>d object4 #af4 ,b let u exam9e a little ! receiv$ op9ion4--,x is said ,,ext5sion is a ,,mode or accid5t ,,( ,,matt]1 & t ,matt] is ! ,,sub/ratum t supports x4 ,n[ ,i desire t y w\ld expla9 to me :at is meant by ,matt]'s ,,support+ ext5sion4 ,say y1 ,i h no idea ( ,matt] & !re=e _c expla9 x4 ,i answ]1 ?\gh y h no positive1 yet1 if y h any mean+ at all1 y mu/ at lea/ h a relative idea ( ,matt]2 ?\gh y "k n :at x is1 yet y mu/ be suppos$ to "k :at relation x be>s to accid5ts1 & :at is meant by its support+ !m4 ,x is evid5t ,,support _c "h be tak5 9 its usual or lit]al s5se--z :5 we say t pill>s support a build+2 9 :at s5se !re=e mu/ x be tak58 ,note4 ,note3 ,= my "p1 ,i am n able to discov] any s5se at all t c be applicable to x4--,edit #agaj4 #ag4 ,,philosophical ,,mean+ ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,sub/ance ,,divisible ,,into ,,two ,,p>ts4--,if we inquire into :at ! mo/ accurate philosoph]s decl>e !mselves to mean by ,,mat]ial ,,sub/ance1 we %all f9d !m ackn[l$ge !y h no o!r mean+ annex$ to ^? s\nds b ! idea ( ,,be+ ,,9 ,,g5]al1 toge!r ,,) ,,! ,,relative ,,notion ,,( ,,its ,,support+ ,,accid5ts4 ,! g5]al idea ( ,be+ appe>e? to me ! mo/ ab/ract & incompreh5sible ( all o!r2 & z = its support+ accid5ts1 ?is1 z we h j n[ obs]v$1 _c be und]/ood 9 ! common s5se ( ^? words2 x mu/ !re=e be tak5 9 "s o!r s5se1 b :at t is !y d n expla94 ,s t :5 ,i consid] ! ,,two ,,p>ts or bran*es :i* make ! signification ( ! words ,,mat]ial ,,sub/ance1 ,i am conv9c$ !re is no di/9ct mean+ annex$ to !m4 ,b :y %\ld we tr\ble ourselves any f>!r1 9 discuss+ ?is mat]ial ,,sub/ratum or support ( figure & motion1 & o!r s5sible qualities8 ,does x n suppose !y h an exi/5ce )\t ! m9d8 ,& is n ?is a direct repugnancy1 & altoge!r inconceivable8 #ah4 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,bodies ,,wants ,,pro(4--,b1 ?\gh x 7 possible t solid1 figur$1 movable sub/ances may exi/ )\t ! m9d1 correspond+ to ! ideas we h ( bodies1 yet ,,h[ ,,is ,,x ,,possible ,,= ,,u ,,to ,,"k ,,?is8 ,ei!r we mu/ "k x by s5se or by reason4 ,z = our s5ses1 by !m we h ! k ,,only ,,( ,,our ,,s5sations1 ideas1 or ^? ?+s t are imm$iately p]ceiv$ by s5se1 call !m :at y w3 b !y d n in=m u t ?+s exi/ )\t ! m9d1 or unp]ceiv$1 l to ^? :i* are p]ceiv$4 ,?is ! mat]iali/s !mselves ackn[l$ge4 ,x rema9s !re=e t if we h any k at all ( ext]nal ?+s1 x mu/ be by ,,reason1 inf]r+ _! exi/5ce f :at is imm$iately p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,b :at reason c induce u to believe ! exi/5ce ( bodies )\t ! m9d1 f :at we p]ceive1 s9ce ! v patrons ( ,matt] !mselves d n pret5d !re is ,,any ,,necess>y ,,connexion ,,betwixt ,,!m ,,& ,,our ,,ideas8 ,i say x is grant$ on all h&s 7& :at happ5s 9 dreams1 phr5sies1 & ! l1 puts x beyond dispute7 t ,,x ,,is ,,possible ,,we ,,might ,,be ,,affect$ ,,) ,,all ,,! ,,ideas ,,we ,,h ,,n[1 ,,?\gh ,,!re ,,7 ,,no ,,bodies ,,exi/+ ,,)\t ,,resembl+ ,,!m4 ,h5ce1 x is evid5t ! supposition ( ext]nal bodies is n necess>y = ! produc+ our ideas2 s9ce x is grant$ !y are produc$ sometimes1 & might possibly be produc$ always 9 ! same ord]1 we see !m 9 at pres5t1 )\t _! concurr5ce4 #ai4 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,bodies ,,af=ds ,,no ,,explication ,,( ,,! ,,mann] ,,9 ,,:i* ,,our ,,ideas ,,are ,,produc$4--,b1 ?\gh we might possibly h all our s5sations )\t !m1 yet p]haps x may be ?\ght ,,easi] to conceive & expla9 ! ,,mann] ( _! production1 by suppos+ ext]nal bodies 9 _! lik5ess r ?an o!rwise2 & s x might be at lea/ probable !re are su* ?+s z bodies t excite _! ideas 9 our m9ds4 ,b nei!r c ?is be said2 =1 ?\gh we give ! mat]iali/s _! ext]nal bodies1 !y by _! own confession are nev] ! ne>] kn[+ h[ our ideas are produc$2 s9ce !y own !mselves unable to compreh5d 9 :at mann] ,,body ,,c ,,act ,,^u ,,_s1 or h[ x is possible x %\ld impr9t any idea 9 ! m9d4 ,h5ce x is evid5t ! production ( ideas or s5sations 9 our m9ds c be no reason :y we %\ld suppose ,matt] or corporeal sub/ances1 ,,s9ce ,,t ,,is ,,ackn[l$g$ ,,to ,,rema9 ,,equally ,,inexplicable ,,) ,,or ,,)\t ,,?is ,,supposition4 ,if !re=e x 7 possible = bodies to exi/ )\t ! m9d1 yet to hold !y d s1 mu/ ne$s be a v prec>i\s op9ion2 s9ce x is to suppose1 )\t any reason at all1 t ,god has creat$ innum]able be+s ,,t ,,are ,,entirely ,,useless1 ,,& ,,s]ve ,,to ,,no ,,mann] ,,( ,,purpose4 #bj4 ,,dilemma4--,9 %ort1 if !re 7 ext]nal bodies1 x is impossible we %\ld ev] come to "k x2 & if !re 7 n1 we might h ! v same reasons to ?9k !re 7 t we h n[4 ,suppose--:at no "o c d5y possible--an intellig5ce )\t ! help ( ext]nal bodies1 to be affect$ ) ! same tra9 ( s5sations or ideas t y are1 impr9t$ 9 ! same ord] & ) l vividness 9 8 m9d4 ,i ask :e!r t intellig5ce has n all ! reason to believe ! exi/5ce ( corporeal sub/ances1 repres5t$ by 8 ideas1 & excit+ !m 9 8 m9d1 t y c possibly h = believ+ ! same ?+8 ,( ?is !re c be no "q--:i* "o consid]ation 7 en\gh to make any reasonable p]son suspect ! /r5g? ( :atev] argum5ts be may ?9k himself to h1 = ! exi/5ce ( bodies )\t ! m9d4 #ba4 ,7 x necess>y to add any ,,fur!r ,,pro( ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,matt] aft] :at has be5 said1 ,i c\ld in/ance sev]al ( ^? errors & difficulties 7n to m5tion impieties7 :i* h sprung f t t5et4 ,x has occasion$ numb]less controv]sies & disputes 9 philosophy1 & n a few ( f> great] mom5t 9 religion4 ,b ,i %all n ent] into ! detail ( !m 9 ?is place1 z well because ,i ?9k argum5ts ,a ,,po/]iori are unnecess>y = confirm+ :at has be51 if ,i mi/ake n1 suffici5tly demon/rat$ ,a ,,priori1 z because ,i %all h]eaft] f9d occasion to speak some:at ( !m4 #bb4 ,i am afraid ,i h giv5 cause to ?9k ,i am ne$lessly prolix 9 h&l+ ?is subject4 ,=1 to :at purpose is x to dilate on t :i* may be demon/rat$ ) ! utmo/ evid5ce 9 a l9e or two1 to any "o t is capable ( ! lea/ reflexion8 ,x is b look+ into y\r own ?\ghts1 & s try+ :e!r y c conceive x possible = a s\nd1 or figure1 or motion1 or col\r to exi/ )\t ! m9d or unp]ceiv$4 ,?is easy trial may p]haps make y see t :at y cont5d = is a d[nright contradiction4 ,insomu* t ,i am cont5t to put ! :ole ^u ?is issue3--,if y c b ,,conceive x possible = "o ext5d$ movable sub/ance1 or1 9 g5]al1 = any "o idea1 or any?+ l an idea1 to exi/ o!rwise ?an 9 a m9d p]ceiv+ x1 ,i %all readily give up ! cause4 ,&1 z = all t ,,compages ( ext]nal bodies y cont5d =1 ,i %all grant y its exi/5ce1 ,,?\gh 7#a47 ,,y ,,_c ,,ei!r ,,give ,,me ,,any ,,reason ,,:y ,,y ,,believe ,,x ,,exi/s ,vide sect4 lviii41 ,,or 7#b47 ,,assign ,,any ,,use ,,to ,,x ,,:5 ,,x ,,is ,,suppos$ ,,to ,,exi/ ,vide sect4 lx44 ,i say1 ! b>e possibility ( y\r op9ions be+ true %all pass = an argum5t t x is s4 ,note3 i4e4 al?\gh y\r argum5t be defici5t 9 ! two requisites ( an hypo!sis4--,ed4 #bc4 ,b1 say y1 surely !re is no?+ easi] ?an = me to imag9e trees1 = in/ance1 9 a p>k1 or books exi/+ 9 a closet1 & nobody by to p]ceive !m4 ,i answ]1 y may s1 !re is no difficulty 9 x2 b :at is all ?is1 ,i besee* y1 m ?an fram+ 9 y\r m9d c]ta9 ideas :i* y call ,,books & ,,trees1 & ! same "t omitt+ to frame ! idea ( any "o t may p]ceive !m8 ,,b ,,d ,,n ,,y ,,y\rself ,,p]ceive ,,or ,,?9k ,,( ,,!m ,,all ,,! ,,:ile8 ,?is !re=e is no?+ to ! purpose2 x only %[s y h ! p[] ( imag9+ or =m+ ideas 9 y\r m9d3 b x does n %[ t y c conceive x possible ! objects ( y\r ?\ght may exi/ )\t ! m9d4 ,to make out ?is1 ,,x ,,is ,,necess>y ,,t ,,y ,,conceive ,,!m ,,exi/+ ,,unconceiv$ ,,or ,,un?\ght ,,(1 ,,:i* ,,is ,a ,,manife/ ,,repugnancy4 ,:5 we d our utmo/ to conceive ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal bodies1 we are all ! :ile only contemplat+ our own ideas4 ,b ! m9d tak+ no notice ( itself1 is delud$ to ?9k x c & does conceive bodies exi/+ un?\ght ( or )\t ! m9d1 ?\gh at ! same "t !y are appreh5d$ by or exi/ 9 itself4 ,a little att5tion w discov] to any "o ! tru? & evid5ce ( :at is "h said1 & make x unnecess>y to insi/ on any o!r pro(s aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( mat]ial sub/ance4 #bd4 ,,! ,,absolute ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,un?9k+ ,,?+s ,,are ,,words ,,)\t ,a ,,mean+4--,x is v obvi\s1 ^u ! lea/ inquiry into our ?\ghts1 to "k :e!r x is possible = u to und]/& :at is meant by ! ,,absolute ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,s5sible ,,objects ,,9 ,,!mselves1 ,,or ,,)\t ,,! ,,m9d4 ,to me x is evid5t ^? words m>k out ei!r a direct contradiction1 or else no?+ at all4 ,& to conv9ce o!rs ( ?is1 ,i "k no readi] or fair] way ?an to entreat !y w\ld calmly att5d to _! own ?\ghts2 & if by ?is att5tion ! empt9ess or repugnancy ( ^? expressions does appe>1 surely no?+ m is requisite = ! conviction4 ,x is on ?is !re=e t ,i insi/1 to wit1 t ! ,,absolute exi/5ce ( un?9k+ ?+s are words )\t a mean+1 or :i* include a contradiction4 ,?is is :at ,i repeat & inculcate1 & e>ne/ly recomm5d to ! att5tive ?\ghts ( ! read]4 #be4 ,,?ird ,,argum5t4,note3 ,vide sect4 iii4 & vii4--,,refutation ,,( ,,locke4--,all our ideas1 s5sations1 notions1 or ! ?+s :i* we p]ceive1 by :atsoev] names !y may be di/+ui%$1 are visibly inactive--!re is no?+ ( p[] or ag5cy includ$ 9 !m4 ,s t ,,"o ,,idea or object ( ?\ght ,,_c ,,produce or make ,,any ,,alt]ation ,,9 ,,ano!r4 ,to be satisfi$ ( ! tru? ( ?is1 !re is no?+ else requisite b a b>e obs]vation ( our ideas4 ,=1 s9ce !y & e "p ( !m exi/ only 9 ! m9d1 x foll[s t !re is no?+ 9 !m b :at is p]ceiv$3 b :oev] %all att5d to 8 ideas1 :e!r ( s5se or reflexion1 w n p]ceive 9 !m any p[] or activity2 !re is1 !re=e1 no su* ?+ conta9$ 9 !m4 ,a little att5tion w discov] to u t ! v be+ ( an idea implies passiv5ess & in]tness 9 x1 insomu* t x is impossible = an idea to d any?+1 or1 /rictly speak+1 to be ! cause ( any?+3 nei!r c x be ! resemblance or patt]n ( any active be+1 z is evid5t f sect4 #h4 ,:5ce x pla9ly foll[s t ext5sion1 figure1 & motion _c be ! cause ( our s5sations4 ,to say1 !re=e1 t ^! are ! effects ( p[]s result+ f ! configuration1 numb]1 motion1 & size ( corpuscles1 mu/ c]ta9ly be false4 ,note3 ,vide sect4 cii4 #bf4 ,,cause ,,( ,,ideas4--,we p]ceive a cont9ual succession ( ideas1 "s are anew excit$1 o!rs are *ang$ or totally disappe>4 ,!re is !re=e "s cause ( ^! ideas1 :]eon !y dep5d1 & :i* produces & *anges !m4 ,t ?is cause _c be any quality or idea or comb9ation ( ideas1 is cle> f ! prec$+ section4 ,x mu/ !re=e be a sub/ance2 b x has be5 %[n t !re is no corporeal or mat]ial sub/ance3 x rema9s !re=e t ! ,,cause ,,( ,,ideas is an incorporeal active sub/ance or ,_s4 #bg4 ,,no ,,idea ,,( ,,_s4--,a _s is "o simple1 undivid$1 active be+--z x p]ceives ideas x is call$ ! ,,und]/&+1 & z x produces or o!rwise op]ates ab\t !m x is call$ ! ,,w4 ,h5ce !re c be no idea =m$ ( a s\l or _s2 = all ideas :atev]1 be+ passive & in]t 7vide sect4 #be71 !y _c repres5t unto u1 by way ( image or ,,lik5ess1 t :i* acts4 ,a little att5tion w make x pla9 to any "o1 t to h an idea :i* %all be l t active pr9ciple ( motion & *ange ( ideas is absolutely impossible4 ,su* is ! nature ( ,,_s1 or t :i* acts1 t x _c be ( itself p]ceiv$1 ,,b ,,only ,,by ,,! ,,effects ,,:i* ,,x ,,produce?4 ,if any man %all d\bt ( ! tru? ( :at is "h deliv]$1 let him b reflect & try if he c frame ! idea ( any p[] or active be+1 & :e!r he has ideas ( two pr9cipal p[]s1 m>k$ by ! names ,,w & ,,und]/&+1 di/9ct f ea* o!r z well z f a ?ird idea ( ,sub/ance or ,be+ 9 g5]al1 ) a relative notion ( its support+ or be+ ! subject ( ! a=esaid p[]s--:i* is signifi$ by ! "n ,,s\l or ,,_s4 ,?is is :at "s hold2 b1 s f> z ,i c see1 ! words ,,w ,note3 ,und]/&+1 m9d4--,edit #agaj41 ,,s\l1 ,,_s1 d n /& = diff]5t ideas1 or1 9 tru?1 = any idea at all1 b = some?+ :i* is v diff]5t f ideas1 & :i*1 be+ an ag5t1 _c be l unto1 or repres5t$ by1 any idea :atsoev]4 ,?\gh x mu/ be own$ at ! same "t t we h "s notion ( s\l1 _s1 & ! op]ations ( ! m9d3 su* z will+1 lov+1 hat+--inasmu* z we "k or und]/& ! mean+ ( ^! words4 #bh4 ,i f9d ,i c excite ideas 9 my m9d at pleasure1 & v>y & %ift ! sc5e z (t z ,i ?9k fit4 ,x is no m ?an will+1 & /raightway ?is or t idea arises 9 my fancy2 & by ! same p[] x is oblit]at$ & makes way = ano!r4 ,?is mak+ & unmak+ ( ideas do? v prop]ly d5om9ate ! m9d active4 ,?us mu* is c]ta9 & gr\nd$ on exp]i5ce2 b :5 we ?9k ( un?9k+ ag5ts or ( excit+ ideas exclusive ( volition1 we only amuse ourselves ) words4 #bi4 ,,ideas ,,( ,,s5sation ,,diff] ,,f ,,^? ,,( ,,reflection ,,or ,,memory4--,b1 :atev] p[] ,i may h ov] ,,my ,,own ?\ghts1 ,i f9d ! ideas actually p]ceiv$ by ,s5se h n a l dep5d5ce on my w4 ,:5 9 broad daylight ,i op5 my eyes1 x is n 9 my p[] to *oose :e!r ,i %all see or no1 or to det]m9e :at p>ticul> objects %all pres5t !mselves to my view2 & s likewise z to ! he>+ & o!r s5ses2 ! ideas impr9t$ on !m are n creatures ( my w4 ,!re is ,,!re=e ,,"s ,,o!r ,,w ,,or ,,_s t ,,produces ,,!m4 #cj4 ,,laws ,,( ,,nature4--,! ideas ( ,s5se are m /rong1 lively1 & ,,di/9ct ?an ^? ( ! imag9ation2 !y h likewise a /ead9ess1 ord]1 & coh]5ce1 & are n excit$ at r&om1 z ^? :i* are ! effects ( human wills (t5 are1 b 9 a regul> tra9 or s]ies1 ! admirable connexion :]e( suffici5tly te/ifies ! wisdom & b5evol5ce ( its ,au?or4 ,n[ ,,! ,,set ,,rules ,,or ,,e/abli%$ ,,me?ods ,,:]e9 ,,! ,,m9d ,,we ,,dep5d ,,on ,,excites ,,9 ,,u ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,s5se1 ,,are ,,call$ ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,nature2 & ^! we le>n by exp]i5ce1 :i* tea*es u t su* & su* ideas are att5d$ ) su* & su* o!r ideas1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s4 #ca4 ,,k ,,( ,,!m ,,necess>y ,,= ,,! ,,conduct ,,( ,,worldly ,,affairs4--,?is gives u a sort ( =esight :i* enables u to regulate our actions = ! b5efit ( life4 ,& )\t ?is we %\ld be et]nally at a loss2 we c\ld n "k h[ to act any?+ t might procure u ! lea/ pleasure1 or remove ! lea/ pa9 ( s5se4 ,t food n\ri%es1 sleep refre%es1 & fire w>ms u2 t to s[ 9 ! se$-"t is ! way to reap 9 ! h>ve/2 & 9 g5]al t to obta9 su* or su* ends1 su* or su* means are conducive--all ?is we "k1 ,,n ,,by ,,discov]+ ,,any ,,necess>y ,,connexion ,,betwe5 ,,our ,,ideas1 b only by ! obs]vation ( ! settl$ laws ( nature1 )\t :i* we %\ld be all 9 unc]ta9ty & confusion1 & a gr[n man no m "k h[ to manage himself 9 ! affairs ( life ?an an infant j born4 #cb4 ,& yet ,,?is consi/5t ,,uni=m ,,work+1 :i* s evid5tly displays ! goodness & wisdom ( t ,gov]n+ ,_s ^: ,w con/itutes ! laws ( nature1 is s f> f lead+ our ?\ghts to ,him1 t x r ,,s5ds ,,!m ,a ,,w&]+ ,,aft] ,,second ,,causes4 ,=1 :5 we p]ceive c]ta9 ideas ( ,s5se con/antly foll[$ by o!r ideas & ,,we ,,"k ,,?is ,,is ,,n ,,( ,,our ,,own ,,do+1 we =?) attribute p[] & ag5cy to ! ideas !mselves1 & make "o ! cause ( ano!r1 ?an :i* no?+ c be m absurd & un9telligible4 ,?us1 = example1 hav+ obs]v$ t :5 we p]ceive by sight a c]ta9 r\nd lum9\s figure we at ! same "t p]ceive by t\* ! idea or s5sation call$ ,,heat1 we d f !nce conclude ! sun to be ! cause ( heat4 ,& 9 l mann] p]ceiv+ ! motion & collision ( bodies to be att5d$ ) s\nd1 we are incl9$ to ?9k ! latt] ! effect ( ! =m]4 #cc4 ,,( ,,real ,,?+s ,,& ,,ideas ,,or ,,*im]as4--,! ideas impr9t$ on ! ,s5ses by ! ,au?or ( nature are call$ ,,real ,,?+s2 & ^? excit$ 9 ! imag9ation be+ less regul>1 vivid1 & con/ant1 are m prop]ly t]m$ ,,ideas1 or ,,images ,,( ,,?+s1 :i* !y copy & repres5t4 ,b !n our s5sations1 be !y nev] s vivid & di/9ct1 are nev]!less ,,ideas1 t is1 !y exi/ 9 ! m9d1 or are p]ceiv$ by x1 z truly z ! ideas ( its own fram+4 ,! ideas ( ,s5se are all[$ to h m reality 9 !m1 t is1 to be m 7#a7,,/rong1 7#b7,,ord]ly1 & 7#c7;,,coh]5t ?an ! creatures ( ! m9d2 b ?is is no argum5t t !y exi/ )\t ! m9d4 ,!y are also 7#d7,,less ,,dep5d5t ,,on ,,! ,,_s ,note3 ,vide sect4 xxix4--,note41 or ?9k+ sub/ance :i* p]ceives !m1 9 t !y are excit$ by ! w ( ano!r & m p[]ful _s2 yet /ill !y are ,,ideas1 & c]ta9ly no ,,idea1 :e!r fa9t or /rong1 c exi/ o!rwise ?an 9 a m9d p]ceiv+ x4 #cd4 ,,fir/ ,,g5]al ,,objection4--,,answ]4--,be=e we proce$ any f>!r x is necess>y we sp5d "s "t 9 answ]+ objections :i* may probably be made aga9/ ! pr9ciples we h hi!rto laid d[n4 ,9 do+ ( :i*1 if ,i seem too prolix to ^? ( quick appreh5sions1 ,i hope x may be p>don$1 s9ce all m5 d n equally appreh5d ?+s ( ?is nature1 & ,i am will+ to be und]/ood by e "o4 ,,fir/1 !n1 x w be object$ t by ! =ego+ pr9ciples ,,all ,,t ,,is ,,real ,,& ,,sub/antial ,,9 ,,nature ,,is ,,bani%$ ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 & in/ead !re( a *im]ical s*eme ( ideas takes place4 ,all ?+s t exi/1 exi/ only 9 ! m9d1 t is1 !y are purely notional4 ,:at !re=e becomes ( ! sun1 moon & />s8 ,:at mu/ we ?9k ( h\ses1 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 trees1 /ones2 nay1 ev5 ( our own bodies8 ,are all ^! b s _m *im]as & illusions on ! fancy8 ,to all :i*1 & :atev] else ( ! same sort may be object$1 ,i ,,answ]1 t by ! pr9ciples premis$ we are n depriv$ ( any "o ?+ 9 nature4 ,:atev] we see1 feel1 he>1 or anywise conceive or und]/& rema9s z secure z ev]1 & is z real z ev]4 ,!re is a ,,r]um ,,natura1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 realities & *im]as reta9s its full =ce4 ,?is is evid5t f sect4 #bi1 #cj1 & #cc1 :]e we h %[n :at is meant by ,,real ,,?+s 9 opposition to ,,*im]as or ideas ( our own fram+2 b !n !y bo? equally exi/ 9 ! m9d1 & 9 t s5se !y are alike ,,ideas4 #ce4 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,matt]1 ,,z ,,und]/ood ,,by ,,philosoph]s1 ,,d5i$4,vide sect4 lxxxiv4--,i d n argue aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( any "o ?+ t we c appreh5d ei!r by s5se or reflexion4 ,t ! ?+s ,i see ) my eyes & t\* ) my h&s d exi/1 really exi/1 ,i make n ! lea/ "q4 ,! only ?+ ^: exi/5ce we d5y ,,is ,,t ,,:i* ,,philosoph]s ,,call ,,matt] or corporeal sub/ance4 ,& 9 do+ ( ?is !re is no damage done to ! re/ ( mank9d1 :o1 ,i d>e say1 w nev] miss x4 ,! ,a!i/ inde$ w want ! col\r ( an empty "n to support 8 impiety2 & ! ,philosoph]s may possibly f9d !y h lo/ a great h&le = trifl+ & disputation4 #cf4 ,,readily ,,expla9$4--,if any man ?9ks ?is detracts f ! exi/5ce or reality ( ?+s1 he is v f> f und]/&+ :at has be5 premis$ 9 ! pla9e/ t]ms ,i c\ld ?9k (4 ,take "h an ab/ract ( :at has be5 said3--,!re are spiritual sub/ances1 m9ds1 or human s\ls1 :i* w or excite ideas 9 !mselves at pleasure2 b ^! are fa9t1 weak1 & un/eady 9 respect ( o!rs !y p]ceive by s5se--:i*1 be+ impress$ ^u !m accord+ to c]ta9 rules or laws ( nature1 speak !mselves ! effects ( a m9d m p[]ful & wise ?an human spirits4 ,^! latt] are said to h m ,,reality 9 !m ?an ! =m]3--by :i* is meant t !y are m affect+1 ord]ly1 & di/9ct1 & t !y are n fictions ( ! m9d p]ceiv+ !m4 ,& 9 ?is s5se ! sun t ,i see by day is ! real sun1 & t :i* ,i imag9e by night is ! idea ( ! =m]4 ,9 ! s5se "h giv5 ( ,,reality x is evid5t t e vegetable1 />1 m9]al1 & 9 g5]al ea* "p ( ! mundane sy/em1 is z mu* a ,,real ,,be+ by our pr9ciples z by any o!r4 ,:e!r o!rs mean any?+ by ! t]m ,,reality diff]5t f :at ,i d1 ,i entreat !m to look into _! own ?\ghts & see4 #cg4 ,,! ,,philosophic1 ,,n ,,! ,,vulg> ,,sub/ance1 ,,tak5 ,,away4--,i w be urg$ t ?us mu* at lea/ is true1 to wit1 t we take away all corporeal sub/ances4 ,to ?is my answ] is1 t if ! ^w ,,sub/ance be tak5 9 ! vulg> s5se--= a comb9ation ( s5sible qualities1 su* z ext5sion1 solidity1 weight1 & ! l--?is we _c be accus$ ( tak+ away3 b if x be tak5 9 a philosophic s5se--= ! ,,support ( accid5ts or ,,qualities ,,)\t ,,! ,,m9d--!n inde$ ,i ackn[l$ge t we take x away1 if "o may be said to take away t :i* nev] _h any exi/5ce1 n ev5 9 ! imag9ation4 #ch4 ,b1 say y1 x s\nds v h>% to say we eat & dr9k ideas1 & are clo!d ) ideas4 ,i ackn[l$ge x does s--! ^w ,,idea n be+ us$ 9 common disc\rse to signify ! sev]al comb9ations ( s5sible qualities :i* are call$ ,,?+s2 & x is c]ta9 t any expression :i* v>ies f ! famili> use ( language w seem h>% & ridicul\s4 ,b ?is do? n conc]n ! tru? ( ! proposition1 :i* 9 o!r words is no m ?an to say1 we are f$ & clo!d ) ^? ?+s :i* we p]ceive imm$iately by our s5ses4 ,! h>dness or s(tness1 ! col\r1 ta/e1 w>m?1 figure1 or su*like qualities1 :i* comb9$ toge!r con/itute ! sev]al sorts ( victuals & app>el1 h be5 %[n to exi/ only 9 ! m9d t p]ceives !m2 & ?is is all t is meant by call+ !m ,,ideas2 :i* ^w if x 0 z ord9>ily us$ z ,,?+1 w\ld s\nd no h>%] nor m ridicul\s ?an x4 ,i am n = disput+ ab\t ! propriety1 b ! tru? ( ! expression4 ,if !re=e y agree ) me t we eat & dr9k & are clad ) ! imm$iate objects ( s5se1 :i* _c exi/ unp]ceiv$ or )\t ! m9d1 ,i %all readily grant x is m prop] or con=mable to cu/om t !y %\ld be call$ ?+s r ?an ideas4 #ci4 ,,! ,,t]m ,,idea ,,pref]able ,,to ,,?+4--,if x be dem&$ :y ,i make use ( ! ^w ,,idea1 & d n r 9 compliance ) cu/om call !m ,,?+s4 ,i answ]1 ,i d x = two reasons3--fir/1 because ! t]m ,,?+ 9 contra-di/9ction to ,,idea1 is g5]ally suppos$ to d5ote some:at exi/+ )\t ! m9d2 secondly1 because ,,?+ has a m compreh5sive signification ?an ,,idea1 includ+ ,,_s or ?9k+ ?+s z well z ,,ideas4 ,s9ce !re=e ! objects ( s5se exi/ only 9 ! m9d1 & are )al ?\ghtless & inactive1 ,i *ose to m>k !m by ! ^w ,,idea1 :i* implies ^? prop]ties4 #dj4 ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses ,,n ,,discr$it$4--,b1 say :at we c1 "s "o p]haps may be apt to reply1 he w /ill believe 8 s5ses1 & nev] suff] any argum5ts1 h[ plausible soev]1 to prevail ov] ! c]ta9ty ( !m4 ,be x s2 ass]t ! evid5ce ( s5se z high z y please1 we are will+ to d ! same4 ,t :at ,i see1 he>1 & feel ,,do? ,,exi/1 ,,t ,,is to say1 ,,is ,,p]ceiv$ ,,by ,,me1 ,i no m d\bt ?an ,i d ( my own be+4 ,b ,i d n see h[ ! te/imony ( s5se c be alleg$ z a pro( = ! exi/5ce ( any?+ :i* is n p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,we are n = hav+ any man turn ,,sceptic & disbelieve 8 s5ses2 on ! contr>y1 we give !m all ! /ress & assurance imag9able2 nor are !re any pr9ciples m opposite to ,scepticism ?an ^? we h laid d[n ,note41 z %all be h]eaft] cle>ly %[n4 ,note3 ,!y extirpate ! v root ( scepticism1 ! fallacy ( ! s5ses4--,ed4 #da4 ,,second ,,objection4--,,answ]4--,secondly1 x w be ,,object$ t !re is a great diff]5ce betwixt real fire = in/ance1 & ! idea ( fire1 betwixt dream+ or imag9+ oneself burnt1 & actually be+ s3 if y suspect x to be only ! idea ( fire :i* y see1 d b put y\r h& into x & y w be conv9c$ ) a witness4 ,?is & ! l may be urg$ 9 opposition to our t5ets4 ,to all :i* ! ,,answ] is evid5t f :at has be5 already said2 & ,i %all only add 9 ?is place1 t if real fire be v diff]5t f ! idea ( fire1 s also is ! real pa9 t x occasions v diff]5t f ! idea ( ! same pa91 & yet nobody w pret5d t real pa9 ei!r is1 or c possibly be1 9 an unp]ceiv+ ?+1 or )\t ! m9d1 any m ?an its idea4 #db4 ,,?ird ,,objection4--,,answ]4--,?irdly1 x w be object$ t we see ?+s actually )\t or at di/ance f u1 & :i* consequ5tly d n exi/ 9 ! m9d2 x be+ absurd t ^? ?+s :i* are se5 at ! di/ance ( sev]al miles %\ld be z ne> to u z our own ?\ghts4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 ,i desire x may be consid]$ t 9 a ,,dream we d (t p]ceive ?+s z exi/+ at a great di/ance (f1 & yet = all t1 ^? ?+s are ackn[l$g$ to h _! exi/5ce only 9 ! m9d4 #dc4 ,b1 = ! full] cle>+ ( ?is po9t1 x may be wor? :ile to consid] h[ x is t we p]ceive di/ance & ?+s plac$ at a di/ance by sight4 ,=1 t we %\ld 9 tru? see ,,ext]nal space1 & bodies actually exi/+ 9 x1 "s ne>]1 o!rs f>!r (f1 seems to c>ry ) x "s opposition to :at has be5 said ( _! exi/+ n[h]e )\t ! m9d4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is difficulty x 0 t gave bir? to my ,essay t[>ds a ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 :i* 0 publi%$ n long s9ce1 :]e9 x is %[n 7#a7 t ,,di/ance or outness is ,,nei!r ,,imm$iately ( itself ,,p]ceiv$ by sight1 nor yet appreh5d$ or judg$ ( by l9es & angles1 or any?+ t has a necess>y connexion ) x2 b 7#b7 t x is ,,only ,,sugge/$ to our ?\ghts by c]ta9 visible ideas & s5sations att5d+ vision1 :i* 9 _! own nature h no mann] ( similitude or relation ei!r ) di/ance or ?+s plac$ at a di/ance2 b1 by a connexion taught u ,,by ,,exp]i5ce1 !y come to signify & sugge/ !m to u1 aft] ! same mann] t ,,words ( any language sugge/ ! ideas !y are made to /& =2 insomu* t a man ,,born bl9d & aft]w>ds made to see1 w\ld n1 at fir/ sight1 ?9k ! ?+s he saw to be )\t 8 m9d1 or at any di/ance f him4 ,see sect4 #da ( ! =e-m5tion$ treatise4 #dd4 ,! ideas ( sight & t\* make two species entirely di/9ct & het]og5e\s4 ,,! ,,=m] ,,are ,,m>ks ,,& ,,progno/ics ,,( ,,! ,,latt]4 ,t ! prop] objects ( sight nei!r exi/ )\t m9d1 nor are ! images ( ext]nal ?+s1 0 %[n ev5 9 t treatise4 ,?\gh ?r\gh\t ! same ! contr>y be suppos$ true ( tangible objects--n t to suppose t vulg> error 0 necess>y = e/abli%+ ! notion !re9 laid d[n1 b because x 0 beside my purpose to exam9e & refute x 9 a disc\rse conc]n+ ,,vision4 ,s t 9 /rict tru? ! ideas ( sight1 :5 we appreh5d by !m di/ance & ?+s plac$ at a di/ance1 d n sugge/ or m>k out to u ?+s ,,actually exi/+ at a di/ance1 b only admoni% u :at ideas ( t\* w be impr9t$ 9 our m9ds at su* & su* di/ances ( "t1 & 9 consequ5ce ( su* or su* actions4 ,x is1 ,i say1 evid5t f :at has be5 said 9 ! =ego+ p>ts ( ?is ,treatise1 & 9 sect4 #adg & else:]e ( ! ,essay conc]n+ ,vision1 t visible ideas are ! ,language :]eby ! gov]n+ ,_s on :om we dep5d in=ms u :at tangible ideas he is ab\t to impr9t ^u u1 9 case we excite ?is or t motion 9 our own bodies4 ,b = a full] in=mation 9 ?is po9t ,i ref] to ! ,essay itself4 #de4 ,,f\r? ,,objection1 ,,f ,,p]petual ,,annihilation ,,& ,,creation4--,,answ]4--,f\r?ly1 x w be object$ t f ! =ego+ pr9ciples x foll[s ?+s are e mom5t annihilat$ & creat$ anew4 ,! objects ( s5se exi/ only :5 !y are p]ceiv$2 ! trees !re=e are 9 ! g>d51 or ! *airs 9 ! p>l\r1 no long] ?an :ile !re is somebody by to p]ceive !m4 ,^u ,,%utt+ ,,my ,,eyes all ! furniture 9 ! room is r$uc$ to no?+1 & b>ely ^u op5+ !m x is aga9 creat$4 ,9 ,,answ] to all :i*1 ,i ref] ! read] to :at has be5 said 9 sect4 #c1 #d1 c41 & desire he w consid] :e!r he means any?+ by ! actual exi/5ce ( an idea di/9ct f its be+ p]ceiv$4 ,= my "p1 aft] ! nice/ inquiry ,i c\ld make1 ,i am n able to discov] t any?+ else is meant by ^? words2 & ,i once m entreat ! read] to s\nd 8 own ?\ghts1 & n suff] himself to be impos$ on by words4 ,if he c conceive x possible ei!r = 8 ideas or _! ar*etypes to exi/ )\t be+ p]ceiv$1 !n ,i give up ! cause2 b if he _c1 he w ackn[l$ge x is unreasonable = him to /& up 9 def5ce ( he kn[s n :at1 & pret5d to *>ge on me z an absurdity ! n ass5t+ to ^? propositions :i* at bottom h no mean+ 9 !m4 #df4 ,,argum5tum ,,ad ,,hom9em4--,x w n be amiss to obs]ve h[ f> ! receiv$ pr9ciples ( philosophy are !mselves *>geable ) ^? pret5d$ absurdities4 7#a7 ,x is ?\ght /rangely absurd t ^u clos+ my eyelids all ! visible objects ar\nd me %\ld be r$uc$ to no?+2 & yet is n ?is :at philosoph]s commonly ackn[l$ge1 :5 !y agree on all h&s t light & col\rs1 :i* alone are ! prop] & imm$iate objects ( sight1 are m]e s5sations t exi/ no long] ?an !y are p]ceiv$8 7#b7;,aga91 x may to "s p]haps seem v incr$ible t ?+s %\ld be e mom5t creat+1 yet ?is v notion is commonly taught 9 ! s*ools4 ,= ! ,,s*oolm51 ?\gh !y ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]1 & t ! :ole mundane fabric is fram$ out ( x1 are nev]!less ( op9ion t x _c subsi/ )\t ! div9e cons]vation1 :i* by !m is exp\nd$ to be a cont9ual creation4 #dg4 7#c7 ,fur!r1 a little ?\ght w discov] to u t ?\gh we all[ ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] or corporeal sub/ance1 yet x w unavoidably foll[1 ,,f ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,:i* ,,are ,,n[ ,,g5]ally ,,admitt$1 t ! ,,p>ticul> bodies1 ( :at k9d soev]1 d none ( !m exi/ :il/ !y are n p]ceiv$4 ,=1 x is evid5t f sect4 ,,ii & ! foll[+ sections1 t ! ,matt] philosoph]s cont5d = is an incompreh5sible some:at1 ,,:i* ,,has ,,none ,,( ,,^? ,,p>ticul> ,,qualities ,,:]eby ,,! ,,bodies ,,fall+ ,,"u ,,our ,,s5ses ,,are ,,di/+ui%$ ,,"o ,,f ,,ano!r4 7#b7 ,b1 to make ?is m pla91 x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! inf9ite divisibility ( ,matt] is n[ univ]sally all[$1 at lea/ by ! mo/ approv$ & consid]able philosoph]s1 :o on ! receiv$ pr9ciples demon/rate x beyond all exception4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s !re is an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts 9 ea* p>ticle ( ,matt] :i* are n p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,! reason !re=e t any p>ticul> body seems to be ( a f9ite magnitude1 or exhibits only a f9ite numb] ( p>ts to s5se1 is1 n because x conta9s no m1 s9ce 9 itself x conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 ,,b ,,because ,,! ,,s5se ,,is ,,n ,,acute ,,en\gh ,,to ,,disc]n ,,!m4 ,9 proportion !re=e z ! s5se is r5d]$ m acute1 x p]ceives a great] numb] ( p>ts 9 ! object1 t is1 ! object appe>s great]1 & its figure v>ies1 ^? p>ts 9 its extremities :i* 7 be=e unp]ceivable appe>+ n[ to b\nd x 9 v diff]5t l9es & angles f ^? p]ceiv$ by an obtus] s5se4 ,& at l5g?1 aft] v>i\s *anges ( size & %ape1 :5 ! s5se becomes inf9itely acute ! body %all seem inf9ite4 ,dur+ all :i* !re is no alt]ation 9 ! body1 b only 9 ! s5se4 ,,ea* ,,body ,,!re=e1 ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,itself1 ,,is ,,inf9itely ,,ext5d$1 ,,& ,,consequ5tly ,,void ,,( ,,all ,,%ape ,,or ,,figure4 ,f :i* x foll[s t1 ?\gh we %\ld grant ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] to be nev] s c]ta91 yet x is )al z c]ta91 ! mat]iali/s !mselves are by _! own pr9ciples =c$ to ackn[l$ge1 t nei!r ! p>ticul> bodies p]ceiv$ by s5se1 nor any?+ l !m1 exi/s )\t ! m9d4 ,matt]1 ,i say1 & ea* p>ticle !re(1 is accord+ to !m inf9ite & %apeless1 ,,& ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,m9d ,,t ,,frames ,,all ,,t ,,v>iety ,,( ,,bodies ,,:i* ,,compose ,,! ,,visible ,,_w1 ,,any ,,"o ,,:]e( ,,does ,,n ,,exi/ ,,long] ,,?an ,,x ,,is ,,p]ceiv$4 #dh4 ,if we consid] x1 ! objection propos$ 9 sect4 #de w n be f\nd reasonably *>g$ on ! pr9ciples we h premis$1 s z 9 tru? to make any objection at all aga9/ our notions4 ,=1 ?\gh we hold inde$ ! objects ( s5se to be no?+ else b ideas :i* _c exi/ unp]ceiv$2 yet we may n h5ce conclude !y h no exi/5ce except only :ile !y are p]ceiv$ by ,,u1 s9ce ,,!re ,,may ,,be ,,"s ,,o!r ,,_s ,,t ,,p]ceives ,,!m ,,?\gh ,,we ,,d ,,n4 ,:]ev] bodies are said to h no exi/5ce )\t ! m9d1 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to mean ?is or t p>ticul> m9d1 b ,,all ,,m9ds ,,:atsoev]4 ,x does n !re=e foll[ f ! =ego+ pr9ciples t bodies are annihilat$ & creat$ e mom5t1 or exi/ n at all dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 our p]ception ( !m4 #di4 ,,fif? ,,objection4--,,answ]4--,fif?ly1 x may p]haps be ,,object$ t if ext5sion & figure exi/ only 9 ! m9d1 x foll[s t ! m9d is ext5d$ & figur$2 s9ce ext5sion is a mode or attribute :i* 7to speak ) ! s*ools7 is pr$icat$ ( ! subject 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,i ,,answ]1 7#a7 ,^? qualities are 9 ! m9d ,,only ,,z ,,!y ,,are ,,p]ceiv$ ,,by ,,x--t is1 n by way ( ,,mode or ,,attribute1 b only by way ( ,,idea2 & x no m foll[s ! s\l or m9d is ext5d$1 because ext5sion exi/s 9 x alone1 ?an x does t x is r$ or blue1 because ^? col\rs are ,,on ,,all ,,h&s ackn[l$g$ to exi/ 9 x1 & n[h]e else4 7#b7 ,z to :at philosoph]s say ( subject & mode1 t seems v gr\ndless & un9telligible4 ,= in/ance1 9 ?is proposition a die is h>d1 ext5d$1 & squ>e1 !y w h x t ! ^w die d5otes a subject or sub/ance1 di/9ct f ! h>dness1 ext5sion1 & figure :i* are pr$icat$ ( x1 & 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,?is ,i _c compreh5d3 to me a die seems to be no?+ di/9ct f ^? ?+s :i* are t]m$ its modes or accid5ts4 ,&1 to say a die is h>d1 ext5d$1 & squ>e is n to attribute ^? qualities to a subject di/9ct f & support+ !m1 b only an explication ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,,die4 #ej4 ,,six? ,,objection1 ,,f ,,natural ,,philosophy4--,,answ]4--,six?ly1 y w say !re h be5 a great _m ?+s expla9$ by matt] & motion2 take away ^! & y de/roy ! :ole corpuscul> philosophy1 & und]m9e ^? me*anical pr9ciples :i* h be5 appli$ ) s mu* success to acc\nt = ! ,,ph5om5a4 ,9 %ort1 :atev] advances h be5 made1 ei!r by anci5t or mod]n philosoph]s1 9 ! /udy ( nature d all proce$ on ! supposition t corporeal sub/ance or ,matt] do? really exi/4 ,to ?is ,i ,,answ] t !re is n any "o ,,ph5om5on expla9$ on t supposition :i* may n z well be expla9$ )\t x1 z might easily be made appe> by an ,,induction ,,( ,,p>ticul>s4 ,to expla9 ! ,,ph5om5a1 is all "o z to %[ :y1 ^u su* & su* occasions1 we are affect$ ) su* & su* ideas4 ,b 7#a7 h[ ,matt] %\ld op]ate on a ,_s1 or produce any idea 9 x1 is :at no philosoph] w pret5d to expla92 x is !re=e evid5t !re c be no use ( ,matt] 9 natural philosophy4 ,besides1 7#b7 !y :o attempt to acc\nt = ?+s d x n by ,,corporeal ,,sub/ance1 b by figure1 motion1 & o!r qualities1 :i* are 9 tru? no m ?an m]e ideas1 &1 !re=e1 _c be ! cause ( any?+1 z has be5 already %[n4 ,see sect4 #be4 #ea4 ,,sev5? ,,objection4--,,answ]4--,sev5?ly1 x w ^u ?is be dem&$ :e!r x does n seem ,,absurd ,,to ,,take ,,away ,,natural ,,causes1 ,,& ,,ascribe ,,ev]y?+ ,,to ,,! ,,imm$iate ,,op]ation ,,( ,,spirits8 ,we mu/ no long] say ^u ^! pr9ciples t fire heats1 or wat] cools1 b t a ,_s heats1 & s =?4 ,w\ld n a man be des]v$ly laugh$ at1 :o %\ld talk aft] ?is mann]8 ,i ,,answ]1 he w\ld s2 9 su* ?+s we ought to ,,?9k ,,) ,,! ,,le>n$1 ,,& ,,speak ,,) ,,! ,,vulg>4 ,!y :o to demon/ration are conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em d nev]!less say ! sun rises1 ! sun sets1 or comes to ! m]idian2 & if !y affect$ a contr>y /yle 9 common talk x w\ld )\t d\bt appe> v ridicul\s4 ,a little reflexion on :at is "h said w make x manife/ t ! common use ( language w\ld receive no mann] ( alt]ation or di/urbance f ! admission ( our t5ets4 #eb4 ,,9 ,,! ,,ord9>y ,,affairs ,,( ,,life1 ,,any ,,phrases ,,may ,,be ,,reta9$1 s long z !y excite 9 u prop] s5tim5ts1 or dispositions to act 9 su* a mann] z is necess>y = our ,,well-,,be+1 h[ false soev] !y may be if tak5 9 a /rict & ,,speculative ,,s5se4 ,nay1 ?is is unavoidable1 s9ce1 propriety be+ regulat$ by ,,cu/om1 language is suit$ to ! ,,receiv$ op9ions1 :i* are n always ! true/4 ,h5ce x is impossible1 ev5 9 ! mo/ rigid1 philosophic reason+s1 s f> to alt] ! b5t & g5ius ( ! tongue we speak1 z nev] to give a h&le = cavill]s to pret5d difficulties & inconsi/5cies4 ,b1 a fair & +5u\s read] w collect ! s5se f ! scope & t5or & connexion ( a disc\rse1 mak+ all[ances = ^? inaccurate modes ( spee* :i* use has made inevitable4 #ec4 ,z to ! ,,op9ion ,,t ,,!re ,,are ,,no ,,corporeal ,,causes1 ?is has be5 h]et(ore ma9ta9$ by "s ( ! ,s*oolm51 z x is ( late by o!rs among ! mod]n philosoph]s1 :o ?\gh !y all[ ,matt] to exi/1 yet w h ,god alone to be ! imm$iate effici5t cause ( all ?+s4 ,^! m5 saw t among/ all ! objects ( s5se !re 0 none :i* _h any p[] or activity includ$ 9 x2 & t by consequ5ce ?is 0 likewise true ( :atev] bodies !y suppos$ to exi/ )\t ! m9d1 l unto ! imm$iate objects ( s5se4 ,b !n1 t !y %\ld suppose an innum]able multitude ( creat$ be+s1 :i* !y ackn[l$ge are n capable ( produc+ any "o effect 9 nature1 & :i* !re=e are made to no mann] ( purpose1 s9ce ,god might h done ev]y?+ z well )\t !m3 ?is ,i say1 ?\gh we %\ld all[ x possible1 mu/ yet be a v unacc\ntable & extravagant supposition4 #ed4 ,,eigh? ,,objection4--,,tw(old ,,answ]4--,9 ! eigh? place1 ! univ]sal concurr5t ass5t ( mank9d may be ?\ght by "s an inv9cible argum5t 9 behalf ( ,matt]1 or ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,mu/ we suppose ! :ole _w to be mi/ak58 ,& if s1 :at cause c be assign$ ( s widespread & pr$om9ant an error8 ,i answ]1 ,,fir/1 t1 ^u a n>r[ inquiry1 x w n p]haps be f\nd s _m z is imag9$ d really believe ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] or ?+s )\t ! m9d4 ,/rictly speak+1 to believe t :i* involves a contradiction1 or has no mean+ 9 x1 is impossible2 & :e!r ! =ego+ expressions are n ( t sort1 ,i ref] x to ! imp>tial exam9ation ( ! read]4 ,9 "o s5se1 inde$1 m5 may be said to believe t ,matt] exi/s1 t is1 !y ,,act z if ! imm$iate cause ( _! s5sations1 :i* affects !m e mom5t1 & is s ne>ly pres5t to !m1 7 "s s5seless un?9k+ be+4 ,b1 t !y %\ld cle>ly appreh5d any mean+ m>k$ by ^? words1 & =m !re( a settl$ ,,speculative op9ion1 is :at ,i am n able to conceive4 ,?is is n ! only in/ance :]e9 m5 impose ^u !mselves1 by imag9+ !y believe ^? propositions :i* !y h (t5 he>d1 ?\gh at bottom !y h no mean+ 9 !m4 #ee4 ,b ,,secondly1 ?\gh we %\ld grant a notion to be nev] s univ]sally & /eadfa/ly adh]$ to1 yet ?is is weak argum5t ( its tru? to :oev] consid]s :at a va/ numb] ( prejudices & false op9ions are ev]y:]e embrac$ ) ! utmo/ t5aci\sness1 by ! unreflect+ 7:i* are ! f> great]7 "p ( mank9d4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! antipodes & motion ( ! e>? 7 look$ ^u z mon/r\s absurdities ev5 by m5 ( le>n+3 & if x be consid]$ :at a small proportion !y be> to ! re/ ( mank9d1 we %all f9d t at ?is day ^? notions h ga9$ b a v inconsid]able foot+ 9 ! _w4 #ef4 ,,n9? ,,objection4--,,answ]4--,b x is dem&$ t we assign ,a ,,cause ,,( ,,?is ,,prejudice1 & acc\nt = its obta9+ 9 ! _w4 ,to ?is ,i ,,answ]1 t m5 kn[+ !y p]ceiv$ sev]al ideas1 ,,:]e( ,,!y ,,!mselves ,,7 ,,n ,,! ,,au?ors--z n be+ excit$ f )9 nor dep5d+ on ! op]ation ( _! wills--?is made !m ma9ta9 ^? ideas1 or objects ( p]ception _h an ,,exi/5ce ,,indep5d5t ,,( ,,& ,,)\t ,,! ,,m9d1 )\t ev] dream+ t a contradiction 0 involv$ 9 ^? words4 ,b1 philosoph]s hav+ pla9ly se5 t ! imm$iate objects ( p]ception d n exi/ )\t ! m9d1 ,,!y ,,9 ,,"s ,,degree ,,correct$ ! mi/ake ( ! vulg>2 b at ! same "t run into ano!r :i* seems no less absurd1 to wit1 t !re are c]ta9 objects really exi/+ )\t ! m9d1 or hav+ a subsi/5ce di/9ct f be+ p]ceiv$1 ,,( ,,:i* ,,our ,,ideas ,,are ,,only ,,images or resemblances1 impr9t$ by ^? objects on ! m9d4 ,& ?is notion ( ! philosoph]s owes its orig9 to ! same cause ) ! =m]1 namely1 _! be+ consci\s t !y 7 n ! au?ors ( _! own s5sations1 :i* !y evid5tly knew 7 impr9t$ f )\t1 & :i* !re=e mu/ h "s cause di/9ct f ! m9ds on :i* !y are impr9t$4 #eg4 ,,b ,,:y ,,!y ,,%\ld ,,suppose ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,s5se ,,to ,,be ,,excit$ ,,9 ,,u ,,by ,,?+s ,,9 ,,_! ,,lik5ess1 & n r h rec\rse to ,,_s :i* alone c act1 may be acc\nt$ =1 ,,fir/1 because !y 7 n aw>e ( ! repugnancy !re is1 7#a7 z well 9 suppos+ ?+s l unto our ideas exi/+ )\t1 z 9 7#b7 attribut+ to !m ,,p[] ,,or ,,activity4 ,,secondly1 because ! ,supreme ,_s :i* excites ^? ideas 9 our m9ds1 is n m>k$ out & limit$ to our view by any p>ticul> f9ite collection ( s5sible ideas1 z human ag5ts are by _! size1 complexion1 limbs1 & motions4 ,& ?irdly1 because ,8 op]ations are regul> & uni=m4 ,:5ev] ! c\rse ( nature is int]rupt$ by a miracle1 m5 are ready to own ! pres5ce ( a sup]ior ag5t4 ,b1 :5 we see ?+s g on 9 ! ord9>y c\rse !y d n excite 9 u any reflexion2 _! ord] & concat5ation1 ?\gh x be an argum5t ( ! greate/ wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness 9 _! creator1 is yet s con/ant & famili> to u t we d n ?9k !m ! imm$iate effects ( a ,free ,_s2 especially s9ce inconsi/5cy & mutability 9 act+1 ?\gh x be an imp]fection1 is look$ on z a m>k ( fre$om4 #eh4 ,,t5? ,,objection4--,,answ]4--,t5?ly1 x w be object$ t ! notions we advance are inconsi/5t ) sev]al s\nd tru?s 9 philosophy & ma!matics4 ,= example1 ! motion ( ! e>? is n[ univ]sally admitt$ by a/ronom]s z a tru? gr\nd$ on ! cle>e/ & mo/ conv9c+ reasons4 ,b1 on ! =ego+ pr9ciples1 !re c be no su* ?+4 ,=1 motion be+ only an idea1 x foll[s t if x be n p]ceiv$ x exi/s n2 b ! motion ( ! e>? is n p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,i answ]1 t t5et1 if rightly und]/ood1 w be f\nd to agree ) ! pr9ciples we h premis$2 =1 ! "q :e!r ! e>? moves or no am\nts 9 reality to no m ?an ?is1 to wit1 :e!r we h reason to conclude1 f :at has be5 obs]v$ by a/ronom]s1 t if we 7 plac$ 9 su* & su* circum/ances1 & su* or su* a position & di/ance bo? f ! e>? & sun1 we %\ld p]ceive ! =m] to move among ! *oir ( ! planets1 & appe>+ 9 all respects l "o ( !m2 & ?is1 by ! e/abli%$ rules ( nature :i* we h no reason to mi/ru/1 is reasonably collect$ f ! ph5om5a4 #ei4 ,we may1 f ! exp]i5ce we h _h ( ! tra9 & succession ( ideas 9 our m9ds1 (t5 make1 ,i w n say unc]ta9 conjectures1 b sure & well--gr\nd$ pr$ictions conc]n+ ! ideas we %all be affect$ ) pursuant to a great tra9 ( actions1 & be enabl$ to pass a "r judgm5t ( :at w\ld h appe>$ to u1 9 case we 7 plac$ 9 circum/ances v diff]5t f ^? we are 9 at pres5t4 ,h]e9 consi/s ! k ( nature1 :i* may pres]ve its use & c]ta9ty v consi/5tly ) :at has be5 said4 ,x w be easy to apply ?is to :atev] objections ( ! l sort may be drawn f ! magnitude ( ! />s1 or any o!r discov]ies 9 a/ronomy or nature4 #fj4 ,,elev5? ,,objection4--,9 ! elev5? place1 x w be dem&$ to :at purpose s]ves t curi\s organization ( plants1 & ! animal me*anism 9 ! p>ts ( animals2 might n vegetables gr[1 & %oot =? leaves ( blossoms1 & animals p]=m all _! motions z well )\t z ) all t v>iety ( int]nal p>ts s elegantly contriv$ & put toge!r2 :i*1 be+ ideas1 h no?+ p[]ful or op]ative 9 !m1 nor h any necess>y connexion ) ! effects ascrib$ to !m8 ,if x be a ,_s t imm$iately produces e effect by a fiat or act ( 8 w1 we mu/ ?9k all t is f9e & artificial 9 ! works1 :e!r ( man or nature1 to be made 9 va94 ,by ?is doctr9e1 ?\gh an arti/ has made ! spr+ & :eels1 & e movem5t ( a wat*1 & adju/$ !m 9 su* a mann] z he knew w\ld produce ! motions he design$1 yet he mu/ ?9k all ?is done to no purpose1 & t x is an ,intellig5ce :i* directs ! index1 & po9ts to ! h\r ( ! day4 ,if s1 :y may n ! ,intellig5ce d x1 )\t 8 be+ at ! pa9s ( mak+ ! movem5ts & putt+ !m toge!r8 ,:y does n an empty case s]ve z well z ano!r8 ,& h[ comes x to pass t :5ev] !re is any fault 9 ! go+ ( a wat*1 !re is "s correspond+ disord] to be f\nd 9 ! movem5ts1 :i* be+ m5d$ by a skilful h& all is "r aga98 ,! l may be said ( all ! clockwork ( nature1 great "p :]e( is s wond]fully f9e & subtle z sc>ce to be disc]n$ by ! be/ microscope4 ,9 %ort1 x w be ask$1 h[1 ^u our pr9ciples1 any tol]able acc\nt c be giv51 or any f9al cause assign$ ( an innum]able multitude ( bodies & ma*9es1 fram$ ) ! mo/ exquisite art1 :i* 9 ! common philosophy h v apposite uses assign$ !m1 & s]ve to expla9 abundance ( ph5om5a8 #fa4 ,,answ]4--,to all :i* ,i answ]1 fir/1 t ?\gh !re 7 "s difficulties relat+ to ! adm9i/ration ( ,provid5ce1 & ! uses by x assign$ to ! sev]al p>ts ( nature1 :i* ,i c\ld n solve by ! =ego+ pr9ciples1 yet ?is objection c\ld be ( small weight aga9/ ! tru? & c]ta9ty ( ^? ?+s :i* may be prov$ a priori1 ) ! utmo/ evid5ce & rigor ( demon/ration4 ,secondly1 b nei!r are ! receiv$ pr9ciples free f ! l difficulties2 =1 x may /ill be dem&$ to :at end ,god %\ld take ^? r\ndab\t me?ods ( effect+ ?+s by in/rum5ts & ma*9es1 :i* no "o c d5y might h be5 effect$ by ! m]e comm& ( ,8 w )\t all t app>atus2 nay1 if we n>r[ly consid] x1 we %all f9d ! objection may be retort$ ) great] =ce on ^? :o hold ! exi/5ce ( ^? ma*9es )\t ( m9d2 = x has be5 made evid5t t solidity1 bulk1 figure1 motion1 & ! l h no activity or efficacy 9 !m1 s z to be capable ( produc+ any "o effect 9 nature4 ,see sect4 #be4 ,:oev] !re=e supposes !m to exi/ 7all[+ ! supposition possible7 :5 !y are n p]ceiv$ does x manife/ly to no purpose2 s9ce ! only use t is assign$ to !m1 z !y exi/ unp]ceiv$1 is t !y produce ^? p]ceivable effects :i* 9 tru? _c be ascrib$ to any?+ b ,_s4 #fb4 7,,f\r?ly47--,b1 to come nigh] ! difficulty1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ?\gh ! fabrication ( all ^? p>ts & organs be n absolutely necess>y to ! produc+ any effect1 yet x is necess>y to ! produc+ ( ?+s 9 a con/ant regul> way accord+ to ! laws ( nature4 ,!re are c]ta9 g5]al laws t run ?r\gh ! :ole *a9 ( natural effects2 ^! are le>n$ by ! obs]vation & /udy ( nature1 & are by m5 appli$ z well to ! fram+ artificial ?+s = ! use & ornam5t ( life z to ! expla9+ v>i\s ph5om5a--:i* explication consi/s only 9 %[+ ! con=mity any p>ticul> ph5om5on has to ! g5]al laws ( nature1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 9 discov]+ ! uni=mity !re is 9 ! production ( natural effects2 z w be evid5t to :oev] %all att5d to ! sev]al in/ances :]e9 philosoph]s pret5d to acc\nt = appe>ances4 ,t !re is a great & conspicu\s use 9 ^! regul> con/ant me?ods ( work+ obs]v$ by ! ,supreme ,ag5t has be5 %[n 9 sect4 #ca4 ,& x is no less visible t a p>ticul> size1 figure1 motion1 & disposition ( p>ts are necess>y1 ?\gh n absolutely to ! produc+ any effect1 yet to ! produc+ x accord+ to ! /&+ me*anical laws ( nature4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x _c be d5i$ t ,god1 or ! ,intellig5ce t su/a9s & rules ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 might if ,he 7 m9d$ to produce a miracle1 cause all ! motions on ! dial-plate ( a wat*1 ?\gh nobody _h ev] made ! movem5ts & put !m 9 x3 b yet1 if ,he w act agreeably to ! rules ( me*anism1 by ,him = wise ends e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ 9 ! creation1 x is necess>y t ^? actions ( ! wat*mak]1 :]eby he makes ! movem5ts & rightly adju/s !m1 prec$e ! production ( ! a=esaid motions2 z also t any disord] 9 !m be att5d$ ) ! p]ception ( "s correspond+ disord] 9 ! movem5ts1 :i* be+ once correct$ all is "r aga94 #fc4 ,x may inde$ on "s occasions be necess>y t ! ,au?or ( nature display ,8 ov]rul+ p[] 9 produc+ "s appe>ance out ( ! ord9>y s]ies ( ?+s4 ,su* exceptions f ! g5]al rules ( nature are prop] to surprise & awe m5 into an ackn[l$gem5t ( ! ,div9e ,be+2 b !n !y are to be us$ b seldom1 o!rwise !re is a pla9 reason :y !y %\ld fail ( t effect4 ,besides1 ,god seems to *oose ! conv9c+ our reason ( ,8 attributes by ! works ( nature1 :i* discov] s mu* h>mony & contrivance 9 _! make1 & are su* pla9 indications ( wisdom & b5efic5ce 9 _! ,au?or1 r ?an to a/oni% u into a belief ( ,8 ,be+ by anomal\s & surpris+ ev5ts4 #fd4 ,to set ?is matt] 9 a yet cle>] light1 ,i %all obs]ve t :at has be5 object$ 9 sect4 #fj am\nts 9 reality to no m ?an ?is3--ideas are n anyh[ & at r&om produc$1 !re be+ a c]ta9 ord] & connexion betwe5 !m1 l to t ( cause & effect2 !re are also sev]al comb9ations ( !m made 9 a v regul> & artificial mann]1 :i* seem l s _m in/rum5ts 9 ! h& ( nature t1 be+ hid z x 7 beh9d ! sc5es1 h a secret op]ation 9 produc+ ^? appe>ances :i* are se5 on ! !atre ( ! _w1 be+ !mselves disc]nible only to ! curi\s eye ( ! philosoph]4 ,b1 s9ce "o idea _c be ! cause ( ano!r1 to :at purpose is t connexion8 ,&1 s9ce ^? in/rum5ts1 be+ b>ely inefficaci\s p]ceptions 9 ! m9d1 are n subs]vi5t to ! production ( natural effects1 x is dem&$ :y !y are made2 or1 9 o!r words1 :at reason c be assign$ :y ,god %\ld make u1 ^u a close inspection into ,8 works1 behold s great v>iety ( ideas s artfully laid toge!r1 & s mu* accord+ to rule2 x n be+ cr$ible t ,he w\ld be at ! exp5se 7if "o may s speak7 ( all t art & regul>ity to no purpose4 #fe4 ,to all :i* my answ] is1 fir/1 t ! connexion ( ideas does n imply ! relation ( cause & effect1 b only ( a m>k or sign ) ! ?+ signifi$4 ,! fire :i* ,i see is n ! cause ( ! pa9 ,i suff] ^u my approa*+ x1 b ! m>k t =ew>ns me ( x4 ,9 l mann] ! noise t ,i he> is n ! effect ( ?is or t motion or collision ( ! ambi5t bodies1 b ! sign !re(4 ,secondly1 ! reason :y ideas are =m$ into ma*9es1 t is1 artificial & regul> comb9ations1 is ! same ) t = comb9+ lett]s into words4 ,t a few orig9al ideas may be made to signify a great numb] ( effects & actions1 x is necess>y !y be v>i\sly comb9$ toge!r4 ,&1 to ! end _! use be p]man5t & univ]sal1 ^! comb9ations mu/ be made by rule1 & ) wise contrivance4 ,by ?is means abundance ( in=mation is convey$ unto u1 conc]n+ :at we are to expect f su* & su* actions & :at me?ods are prop] to be tak5 = ! excit+ su* & su* ideas2 :i* 9 effect is all t ,i conceive to be di/9ctly meant :5 x is said t1 by disc]n+ a figure1 texture1 & me*anism ( ! inw>d p>ts ( bodies1 :e!r natural or artificial1 we may atta9 to "k ! sev]al uses & prop]ties dep5d+ !reon1 or ! nature ( ! ?+4 #ff4 ,,prop] ,,employm5t ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,philosoph]4--,h5ce1 x is evid5t t ^? ?+s :i*1 "u ! notion ( a cause co-op]at+ or concurr+ to ! production ( effects1 are altoge!r inexplicable1 & run u into great absurdities1 may be v naturally expla9$1 & h a prop] & obvi\s use assign$ to !m1 :5 !y are consid]$ only z m>ks or signs = our in=mation4 ,& x is ! se>*+ aft] & endeav\r+ to und]/& ^? signs in/itut$ by ! ,au?or ( ,nature1 t ought to be ! employm5t ( ! natural philosoph]2 & n ! pret5d+ to expla9 ?+s by corporeal causes1 :i* doctr9e seems to h too mu* e/rang$ ! m9ds ( m5 f t active pr9ciple1 t supreme & wise ,_s 9 :om we live1 move1 & h our be+4 #fg4 ,,twelf? ,,objection4--,,answ]4--,9 ! twelf? place1 x may p]haps be object$ t--?\gh x be cle> f :at has be5 said t !re c be no su* ?+ z an in]t1 s5seless1 ext5d$1 solid1 figur$1 movable sub/ance exi/+ )\t ! m9d1 su* z philosoph]s describe ,matt]--yet1 if any man %all leave out ( 8 idea ( matt] ! positive ideas ( ext5sion1 figure1 solidity & motion1 & say t he means only by t ^w an in]t1 s5seless sub/ance1 t exi/s )\t ! m9d or unp]ceiv$1 :i* is ! occasion ( our ideas1 or at ! pres5ce :]e( ,god is pleas$ to excite ideas 9 u3 x do? n appe> b t ,matt] tak5 9 ?is s5se may possibly exi/4 ,9 answ] to :i* ,i say1 fir/1 t x seems no less absurd to suppose a sub/ance )\t accid5ts1 ?an x is to suppose accid5ts )\t a sub/ance4 ,b secondly1 ?\gh we %\ld grant ?is unkn[n sub/ance may possibly exi/1 yet :]e c x be suppos$ to be8 ,t x exi/s n 9 ! m9d is agre$2 & t x exi/s n 9 place is no less c]ta9--s9ce all place or ext5sion exi/s only 9 ! m9d1 z has be5 already prov$4 ,x rema9s !re=e t x exi/s n[h]e at all4 #fh4 ,,matt] ,,supports ,,no?+1 ,,an ,,argum5t ,,aga9/ ,,its ,,exi/5ce4--,let u exam9e a little ! description t is "h giv5 u ( matt]4 ,x nei!r acts1 nor p]ceives1 nor is p]ceiv$2 = ?is is all t is meant by say+ x is an in]t1 s5seless1 unkn[n sub/ance2 :i* is a def9ition entirely made up ( negatives1 except+ only ! relative notion ( its /&+ "u or support+4 ,b !n x mu/ be obs]v$ t x supports no?+ at all1 & h[ ne>ly ?is comes to ! description ( a non5tity ,i desire may be consid]$4 ,b1 say y1 x is ! unkn[n occasion1 at ! pres5ce ( :i* ideas are excit$ 9 u by ! w ( ,god4 ,n[1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k h[ any?+ c be pres5t to u1 :i* is nei!r p]ceivable by s5se nor reflexion1 nor capable ( produc+ any idea 9 our m9ds1 nor is at all ext5d$1 nor has any =m1 nor exi/s 9 any place4 ,! words to be pres5t1 :5 ?us appli$1 mu/ ne$s be tak5 9 "s ab/ract & /range mean+1 & :i* ,i am n able to compreh5d4 #fi4 ,aga91 let u exam9e :at is meant by occasion4 ,s f> z ,i c ga!r f ! common use ( language1 t ^w signifies ei!r ! ag5t :i* produces any effect1 or else some?+ t is obs]v$ to accompany or g be=e x 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s4 ,b :5 x is appli$ to ,matt] z above describ$1 x c be tak5 9 nei!r ( ^? s5ses2 = ,matt] is said to be passive & in]t1 & s _c be an ag5t or effici5t cause4 ,x is also unp]ceivable1 z be+ devoid ( all s5sible qualities1 & s _c be ! occasion ( our p]ceptions 9 ! latt] s5se3 z :5 ! burn+ my f+] is said to be ! occasion ( ! pa9 t att5ds x4 ,:at !re=e c be meant by call+ matt] an occasion8 ,! t]m is ei!r us$ 9 no s5se at all1 or else 9 "s v di/ant f its receiv$ signification4 #gj4 ,y w ,p]haps say t ,matt]1 ?\gh x be n p]ceiv$ by u1 is nev]!less p]ceiv$ by ,god1 to :om x is ! occasion ( excit+ ideas 9 our m9ds4 ,=1 say y1 s9ce we obs]ve our s5sations to be impr9t$ 9 an ord]ly & con/ant mann]1 x is b reasonable to suppose !re are c]ta9 con/ant & regul> occasions ( _! be+ produc$4 ,t is to say1 t !re are c]ta9 p]man5t & di/9ct p>cels ( ,matt]1 correspond+ to our ideas1 :i*1 ?\gh !y d n excite !m 9 our m9ds1 or anywise imm$iately affect u1 z be+ altoge!r passive & unp]ceivable to u1 !y are nev]!less to ,god1 by :om !y art p]ceiv$1 z x 7 s _m occasions to rem9d ,him :5 & :at ideas to impr9t on our m9ds2 t s ?+s may g on 9 a con/ant uni=m mann]4 #ga4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 ,i obs]ve t1 z ! notion ( ,matt] is "h /at$1 ! "q is no long] conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ di/9ct f ,_s & idea1 f p]ceiv+ & be+ p]ceiv$2 b :e!r !re are n c]ta9 ideas ( ,i "k n :at sort1 9 ! m9d ( ,god :i* are s _m m>ks or notes t direct ,him h[ to produce s5sations 9 our m9ds 9 a con/ant & regul> me?od--mu* aft] ! same mann] z a musician is direct$ by ! notes ( music to produce t h>moni\s tra9 & composition ( s\nd :i* is call$ a tune1 ?\gh !y :o he> ! music d n p]ceive ! notes1 & may be entirely ignorant ( !m4 ,b1 ?is notion ( ,matt] seems too extravagant to des]ve a confutation4 ,besides1 x is 9 effect no objection aga9/ :at we h advanc$1 viz4 t !re is no s5seless unp]ceiv$ sub/ance4 #gb4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,our ,,p]ceptions ,,%[s ,,! ,,goodness ,,( ,,god1 ,,b ,,af=ds ,,no ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,matt]4--,if we foll[ ! light ( reason1 we %all1 f ! con/ant uni=m me?od ( our s5sations1 collect ! goodness & wisdom ( ! ,_s :o excites !m 9 our m9ds2 b ?is is all t ,i c see reasonably conclud$ f !nce4 ,to me1 ,i say1 x is evid5t t ! be+ ( a _s inf9itely wise1 good1 & p[]ful is abundantly suffici5t to expla9 all ! appe>ances ( nature4 ,b1 z = in]t1 s5seless ,matt]1 no?+ t ,i p]ceive has any ! lea/ connexion ) x1 or leads to ! ?\ghts ( x4 ,& ,i w\ld fa9 see any "o expla9 any ! meane/ ph5om5on 9 nature by x1 or %[ any mann] ( reason1 ?\gh 9 ! l[e/ rank ( probability1 t he c h = its exi/5ce1 or ev5 make any tol]able s5se or mean+ ( t supposition4 ,=1 z to its be+ an occasion1 we h1 ,i ?9k1 evid5tly %[n t ) reg>d to u x is no occasion4 ,x rema9s !re=e t x mu/ be1 if at all1 ! occasion to ,god ( excit+ ideas 9 u2 & :at ?is am\nts to we h j n[ se54 #gc4 ,x is wor? :ile to reflect a little on ! motives :i* induc$ m5 to suppose ! exi/5ce ( mat]ial sub/ance2 t s hav+ obs]v$ ! gradual ceas+ & expiration ( ^? motives or reasons1 we may proportionably )draw ! ass5t t 0 gr\nd$ on !m4 ,fir/1 !re=e1 x 0 ?\ght t col\r1 figure1 motion1 & ! re/ ( ! s5sible qualities or accid5ts1 did really exi/ )\t ! m9d2 & = ?is reason x seem$ ne$ful to suppose "s un?9k+ sub/ratum or sub/ance :]e9 !y did exi/1 s9ce !y c\ld n be conceiv$ to exi/ by !mselves4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 process ( "t1 m5 be+ conv9c$ t col\rs1 s\nds1 & ! re/ ( ! s5sible1 second>y qualities _h no exi/5ce )\t ! m9d1 !y /ripp$ ?is sub/ratum or mat]ial sub/ance ( ^? qualities1 leav+ only ! prim>y ones1 figure1 motion1 & su*like1 :i* !y /ill conceiv$ to exi/ )\t ! m9d1 & consequ5tly to /& 9 ne$ ( a mat]ial support4 ,b1 x hav+ be5 %[n t none ev5 ( ^! c possibly exi/ o!rwise ?an 9 a ,_s or ,m9d :i* p]ceives !m x foll[s t we h no long] any reason to suppose ! be+ ( ,matt]2 nay1 t x is utt]ly impossible !re %\ld be any su* ?+1 s long z t ^w is tak5 to d5ote an un?9k+ sub/ratum ( qualities or accid5ts :]e9 !y exi/ )\t ! m9d4 #gd4 ,b ?\gh x be all[$ by ! mat]iali/s !mselves t ,matt] 0 ?\ght ( only = ! sake ( support+ accid5ts1 &1 ! reason entirely ceas+1 "o might expect ! m9d %\ld naturally1 & )\t any reluctance at all1 quit ! belief ( :at 0 solely gr\nd$ !reon2 yet ! prejudice is rivet$ s deeply 9 our ?\ghts1 t we c sc>ce tell h[ to "p ) x1 & are !re=e incl9$1 s9ce ! ?+ itself is indef5sible1 at lea/ to reta9 ! "n1 :i* we apply to ,i "k n :at ab/ract$ & indef9ite notions ( be+1 or occasion1 ?\gh )\t any %[ ( reason1 at lea/ s f> z ,i c see4 ,=1 :at is !re on our "p1 or :at d we p]ceive1 among/ all ! ideas1 s5sations1 notions :i* are impr9t$ on our m9ds1 ei!r by s5se or reflexion1 f :5ce may be inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( an in]t1 ?\ghtless1 unp]ceiv$ occasion8 &1 on ! o!r h&1 on ! "p ( an ,all-suffici5t ,_s1 :at c !re be t %\ld make u believe or ev5 suspect ,he is direct$ by an in]t occasion to excite ideas 9 our m9ds8 #ge4 ,,absurdity ,,( ,,cont5d+ ,,= ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,matt] ,,z ,,! ,,occasion ,,( ,,ideas4--,x is a v extraord9>y in/ance ( ! =ce ( prejudice1 & mu* to be lam5t$1 t ! m9d ( man reta9s s great a fondness1 aga9/ all ! evid5ce ( reason1 = a /upid ?\ghtless some:at1 by ! int]position :]e( x w\ld z x 7 scre5 itself f ! ,provid5ce ( ,god1 & remove x f>!r (f f ! affairs ( ! _w4 ,b1 ?\gh we d ! utmo/ we c to secure ! belief ( ,matt]1 ?\gh1 :5 reason =sakes u1 we endeav\r to support our op9ion on ! b>e possibility ( ! ?+1 & ?\gh we indulge ourselves 9 ! full scope ( an imag9ation n regulat$ by reason to make out t poor possibility1 yet ! up%ot ( all is1 t !re are c]ta9 unkn[n ,ideas 9 ! m9d ( ,god2 = ?is1 if any?+1 is all t ,i conceive to be meant by occasion ) reg>d to ,god4 ,& ?is at ! bottom is no long] cont5d+ = ! ?+1 b = ! "n4 #gf4 ,:e!r !re=e !re are su* ,ideas 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 & :e!r !y may be call$ by ! "n ,matt]1 ,i %all n dispute4 ,b1 if y /ick to ! notion ( an un?9k+ sub/ance or support ( ext5sion1 motion1 & o!r s5sible qualities1 !n to me x is mo/ evid5tly impossible !re %\ld be any su* ?+1 s9ce x is a pla9 repugnancy t ^? qualities %\ld exi/ 9 or be support$ by an unp]ceiv+ sub/ance4 #gg4 ,,t ,a ,,sub/ratum ,,n ,,p]ceiv$1 ,,may ,,exi/1 ,,unimportant4--,b1 say y1 ?\gh x be grant$ t !re is no ?\ghtless support ( ext5sion & ! o!r qualities or accid5ts :i* we p]ceive1 yet !re may p]haps be "s in]t1 unp]ceiv+ sub/ance or sub/ratum ( "s o!r qualities1 z incompreh5sible to u z col\rs are to a man born bl9d1 because we h n a s5se adapt$ to !m4 ,b1 if we _h a new s5se1 we %\ld possibly no m d\bt ( _! exi/5ce ?an a bl9d man made to see does ( ! exi/5ce ( light & col\rs4 ,i answ]1 fir/1 if :at y mean by ! ^w ,matt] be only ! unkn[n support ( unkn[n qualities1 x is no matt] :e!r !re is su* a ?+ or no1 s9ce x no way conc]ns u2 & ,i d n see ! advantage !re is 9 disput+ ab\t :at we "k n :at1 & we "k n :y4 #gh4 ,b1 secondly1 if we _h a new s5se x c\ld only furni% u ) new ideas or s5sations2 & !n we %\ld h ! same reason aga9/ _! exi/+ 9 an unp]ceiv+ sub/ance t has be5 already (f]$ ) relation to figure1 motion1 col\r & ! l4 ,qualities1 z has be5 %[n1 are no?+ else b s5sations or ideas1 :i* exi/ only 9 a m9d p]ceiv+ !m2 & ?is is true n only ( ! ideas we are acqua9t$ ) at pres5t1 b likewise ( all possible ideas :atsoev]4 #gi4 ,b1 y w insi/1 :at if ,i h no reason to believe ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]8 :at if ,i _c assign any use to x or expla9 any?+ by x1 or ev5 conceive :at is meant by t ^w8 yet /ill x is no contradiction to say t ,matt] exi/s1 & t ?is ,matt] is 9 g5]al a sub/ance1 or occasion ( ideas2 ?\gh inde$ to g ab\t to unfold ! mean+ or adh]e to any p>ticul> explication ( ^? words may be att5d$ ) great difficulties4 ,i answ]1 :5 words are us$ )\t a mean+1 y may put !m toge!r z y please )\t dang] ( runn+ into a contradiction4 ,y may say1 = example1 t twice two is equal to sev51 s long z y decl>e y d n take ! words ( t proposition 9 _! usual acceptation b = m>ks ( y "k n :at4 ,&1 by ! same reason1 y may say !re is an in]t ?\ghtless sub/ance )\t accid5ts :i* is ! occasion ( our ideas4 ,& we %all und]/& j z mu* by "o proposition z ! o!r4 #hj4 ,9 ! la/ place1 y w say1 :at if we give up ! cause ( mat]ial ,sub/ance1 & /& to x t ,matt] is an unkn[n some:at--nei!r sub/ance nor accid5t1 _s nor idea1 in]t1 ?\ghtless1 indivisible1 immovable1 unext5d$1 exi/+ 9 no place4 ,=1 say y1 :atev] may be urg$ aga9/ sub/ance or occasion1 or any o!r positive or relative notion ( ,matt]1 has no place at all1 s long z ?is negative def9ition ( ,matt] is adh]$ to4 ,i answ]1 y may1 if s x %all seem good1 use ! ^w ,matt] 9 ! same s5se z o!r m5 use no?+1 & s make ^? t]ms conv]tible 9 y\r /yle4 ,=1 aft] all1 ?is is :at appe>s to me to be ! result ( t def9ition1 ! p>ts :]e( :5 ,i consid] ) att5tion1 ei!r collectively or sep>ate f ea* o!r1 ,i d n f9d t !re is any k9d ( effect or impression made on my m9d diff]5t f :at is excit$ by ! t]m no?+4 #ha4 ,y w reply1 p]haps1 t 9 ! =e-said def9ition is includ$ :at do? suffici5tly di/+ui% x f no?+--! positive ab/ract idea ( quiddity1 entity1 or exi/5ce4 ,i own1 inde$1 t ^? :o pret5d to ! faculty ( fram+ ab/ract g5]al ideas d talk z if !y _h su* an idea1 :i* is1 say !y1 ! mo/ ab/ract & g5]al notion ( all2 t is1 to me1 ! mo/ incompreh5sible ( all o!rs4 ,t !re are a great v>iety ( spirits ( diff]5t ord]s & capacities1 ^: faculties bo? 9 numb] & ext5t are f> exce$+ ^? ! ,au?or ( my be+ has be/[$ on me1 ,i see no reason to d5y4 ,& = me to pret5d to det]m9e by my own few1 /9t$ n>r[ inlets ( p]ception1 :at ideas ! inexhau/ible p[] ( ! ,supreme ,_s may impr9t ^u !m 7 c]ta9ly ! utmo/ folly & presumption--s9ce !re may be1 = aught t ,i "k1 innum]able sorts ( ideas or s5sations1 z diff]5t f "o ano!r1 & f all t ,i h p]ceiv$1 z col\rs are f s\nds4 ,b1 h[ ready soev] ,i may be to ackn[l$ge ! scant9ess ( my compreh5sion ) reg>d to ! endless v>iety ( spirits & ideas t may possibly exi/1 yet = any "o to pret5d to a notion ( ,entity or ,exi/5ce1 ab/ract$ f _s & idea1 f p]ceiv$ & be+ p]ceiv$1 is1 ,i suspect1 a d[nright repugnancy & trifl+ ) words4--,x rema9s t we consid] ! objections :i* may possibly be made on ! "p ( ,religion4 #hb4 ,,objections ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,scriptures ,,answ]$4--,"s !re are :o ?9k t1 ?\gh ! argum5ts = ! real exi/5ce ( bodies :i* are drawn f ,reason be all[$ n to am\nt to demon/ration1 yet ! ,holy ,scriptures are s cle> 9 ! po9t z w suffici5tly conv9ce e good ,*ri/ian t bodies d really exi/1 & are some?+ m ?an m]e ideas2 !re be+ 9 ,holy ,writ innum]able facts relat$ :i* evid5tly suppose ! reality ( timb] & /one1 m\nta9s & riv]s1 & cities1 & human bodies4 ,to :i* ,i answ] t no sort ( writ+s :atev]1 sacr$ or pr(ane1 :i* use ^? & ! l words 9 ! vulg> acceptation1 or s z to h a mean+ 9 !m1 are 9 dang] ( hav+ _! tru? call$ 9 "q by our doctr9e4 ,t all ^? ?+s d really exi/1 t !re are bodies1 ev5 corporeal sub/ances1 :5 tak5 9 ! vulg> s5se1 has be5 %[n to be agreeable to our pr9ciples2 & ! diff]5ce betwixt ?+s & ideas1 realities & *im]as1 has be5 di/9ctly expla9$4 ,see sect4 #bi1 #cj1 #cc1 #cf1 c4 ,& ,i d n ?9k t ei!r :at philosoph]s call ,matt]1 or ! exi/5ce ( objects )\t ! m9d1 is any:]e m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4 #hc4 ,,no ,,objection ,,z ,,to ,,language ,,t5able4--,aga91 :e!r !re c be or be n ext]nal ?+s1 x is agre$ on all h&s t ! prop] use ( words is ! m>k+ our conceptions1 or ?+s only z !y are kn[n & p]ceiv$ by u2 :5ce x pla9ly foll[s t 9 ! t5ets we h laid d[n !re is no?+ inconsi/5t ) ! "r use & significancy ( language1 & t disc\rse1 ( :at k9d soev]1 s f> z x is intelligible1 rema9s undi/urb$4 ,b all ?is seems s manife/1 f :at has be5 l>gely set =? 9 ! premises1 t x is ne$less to insi/ any f>!r on x4 #hd4 ,b1 secondly x w be urg$ t miracles d1 at lea/1 lose mu* ( _! /ress & import by our pr9ciples4 ,:at mu/ we ?9k ( ,moses' rod8 0 x n really turn$ into a s]p5t2 or 0 !re only a *ange ( ideas 9 ! m9ds ( ! spectators8 ,&1 c x be suppos$ t our ,savi\r did no m at ! m>riage-fea/ 9 ,cana ?an impose on ! sight1 & smell1 & ta/e ( ! gue/s1 s z to create 9 !m ! appe>ance or idea only ( w9e8 ,! same may be said ( all o!r miracles2 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! =ego+ pr9ciples1 mu/ be look$ ^u only z s _m *eats1 or illusions ( fancy4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t ! rod 0 *ang$ into a real s]p5t1 & ! wat] into real w9e4 ,t ?is does n 9 ! lea/ contradict :at ,i h else:]e said w be evid5t f sect4 #cd & #ce4 ,b ?is bus9ess ( real & imag9>y has be5 already s pla9ly & fully expla9$1 & s (t5 ref]r$ to1 & ! difficulties ab\t x are s easily answ]$ f :at has gone be=e1 t x 7 an affront to ! read]'s und]/&+ to resume ! explication ( x 9 its place4 ,i %all only obs]ve t if at table all :o 7 pres5t %\ld see1 & smell1 & ta/e1 & dr9k w9e1 & f9d ! effects ( x1 ) me !re c\ld be no d\bt ( its reality2 s t at bottom ! scruple conc]n+ real miracles has no place at all on ours1 b only on ! receiv$ pr9ciples1 & consequ5tly makes r = ?an aga9/ :at has be5 said4 #he4 ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,t5ets4--,hav+ done ) ! ,objections1 :i* ,i endeav\r$ to propose 9 ! cle>e/ light1 & gave !m all ! =ce & weight ,i c\ld1 we proce$ 9 ! next place to take a view ( our t5ets 9 _! ,consequ5ces4 ,"s ( ^! appe> at fir/ sight--z t sev]al difficult & obscure que/ions1 on :i* abundance ( speculation has be5 ?r[n away1 are entirely bani%$ f philosophy4 ,:e!r corporeal sub/ance c ?9k1 :e!r ,matt] be inf9itely divisible1 & h[ x op]ates on _s--^! & l inquiries h giv5 inf9ite amusem5t to philosoph]s 9 all ages2 b dep5d+ on ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]1 !y h no long] any place on our pr9ciples4 ,_m o!r advantages !re are1 z well ) reg>d to religion z ! sci5ces1 :i* x is easy = any "o to d$uce f :at has be5 premis$2 b ?is w appe> m pla9ly 9 ! sequel4 #hf4 ,,! ,,removal ,,( ,,matt] ,,gives ,,c]ta9ty ,,to ,,k4--,f ! pr9ciples we h laid d[n x foll[s human k may naturally be r$uc$ to two heads--t ( ideas & t ( spirits4 ,( ea* ( ^! ,i %all treat 9 ord]4 ,& fir/ z to ideas or un?9k+ ?+s4 ,our k ( ^! has be5 v mu* obscur$ & conf\nd$1 & we h be5 l$ into v dang]\s errors1 by suppos+ a tw(old exi/5ce ( ! objects ( s5se--! "o intelligible or 9 ! m9d1 ! o!r real & )\t ! m9d2 :]eby un?9k+ ?+s are ?\ght to h a natural subsi/5ce ( _! own di/9ct f be+ p]ceiv$ by spirits4 ,?is1 :i*1 if ,i mi/ake n1 has be5 %[n to be a mo/ gr\ndless & absurd notion1 is ! v root ( ,scepticism2 =1 s long z m5 ?\ght t real ?+s subsi/$ )\t ! m9d1 & t _! k 0 only s f> =? real z x 0 con=mable to real ?+s1 x foll[s !y c\ld n be c]ta9 !y _h any real k at all4 ,= h[ c x be kn[n t ! ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ are con=mable to ^? :i* are n p]ceiv$1 or exi/ )\t ! m9d8 #hg4 ,col\r1 figure1 motion1 ext5sion1 & ! l1 consid]$ only z s _m s5sations 9 ! m9d1 are p]fectly kn[n1 !re be+ no?+ 9 !m :i* is n p]ceiv$4 ,b1 if !y are look$ on z notes or images1 ref]r$ to ?+s or ar*etypes exi/+ )\t ! m9d1 !n are we involv$ all 9 scepticism4 ,we see only ! appe>ances1 & n ! real qualities ( ?+s4 ,:at may be ! ext5sion1 figure1 or motion ( any?+ really & absolutely1 or 9 itself1 x is impossible = u to "k1 b only ! proportion or relation !y be> to our s5ses4 ,?+s rema9+ ! same1 our ideas v>y1 & :i* ( !m1 or ev5 :e!r any ( !m at all1 repres5t ! true quality really exi/+ 9 ! ?+1 x is out ( our rea* to det]m9e4 ,s t1 = aught we "k1 all we see1 he>1 & feel may be only phantom & va9 *im]a1 & n at all agree ) ! real ?+s exi/+ 9 r]um natura4 ,all ?is scepticism foll[s f our suppos+ a diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s & ideas1 & t ! =m] h a subsi/5ce )\t ! m9d or unp]ceiv$4 ,x 7 easy to dilate on ?is subject1 & %[ h[ ! argum5ts urg$ by sceptics 9 all ages dep5d on ! supposition ( ext]nal objects4 #hh4 ,,if ,,!re ,,be ,,ext]nal ,,matt]1 ,,nei!r ,,! ,,nature ,,nor ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,?+s ,,c ,,be ,,kn[n4--,s long z we attribute a real exi/5ce to un?9k+ ?+s1 di/9ct f _! be+ p]ceiv$1 x is n only impossible = u to "k ) evid5ce ! nature ( any real un?9k+ be+1 b ev5 t x exi/s4 ,h5ce x is t we see philosoph]s di/ru/ _! s5ses1 & d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( heav5 & e>?1 ( ev]y?+ !y see or feel1 ev5 ( _! own bodies4 ,&1 aft] all _! lab\r & /ruggle ( ?\ght1 !y are =c$ to own we _c atta9 to any self-evid5t or demon/rative k ( ! exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s4 ,b1 all ?is d\btfulness1 :i* s bewild]s & conf\nds ! m9d & makes philosophy ridicul\s 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1 vani%es if we annex a mean+ to our words1 & n amuse ourselves ) ! t]ms absolute1 ext]nal1 exi/1 & su*-l1 signify+ we "k n :at4 ,i c z well d\bt ( my own be+ z ( ! be+ ( ^? ?+s :i* ,i actually p]ceive by s5se2 x be+ a manife/ contradiction t any s5sible object %\ld be imm$iately p]ceiv$ by sight or t\*1 & at ! same "t h no exi/5ce 9 nature1 s9ce ! v exi/5ce ( an un?9k+ be+ consi/s 9 be+ p]ceiv$4 #hi4 ,,( ,,?+ ,,or ,,be+4--,no?+ seems ( m importance t[>ds erect+ a firm sy/em ( s\nd & real k1 :i* may be pro( aga9/ ! assaults ( ,scepticism1 ?an to lay ! beg9n+ 9 a di/9ct explication ( :at is meant by ?+1 reality1 exi/5ce2 = 9 va9 %all we dispute conc]n+ ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s1 or pret5d to any k !re(1 s long z we h n fix$ ! mean+ ( ^? words4 ,?+ or ,be+ is ! mo/ g5]al "n ( all2 x compreh5ds "u x two k9ds entirely di/9ct & het]og5e\s1 & :i* h no?+ common b ! "n4 viz4 spirits & ideas4 ,! =m] are active1 indivisible sub/ances3 ! latt] are in]t1 fleet+1 dep5d5t be+s1 :i* subsi/ n by !mselves1 b are support$ by1 or exi/ 9 m9ds or spiritual sub/ances4 ,we compreh5d our own exi/5ce by inw>d feel+ or reflexion1 & t ( o!r spirits by reason4 ,we may be said to h "s k or notion ( our own m9ds1 ( spirits & active be+s1 :]e( 9 a /rict s5se we h n ideas4 ,9 l mann]1 we "k & h a notion ( relations betwe5 ?+s or ideas--:i* relations are di/9ct f ! ideas or ?+s relat$1 inasmu* z ! latt] may be p]ceiv$ by u )\t our p]ceiv+ ! =m]4 ,to me x seems t ideas1 spirits1 & relations are all 9 _! respective k9ds ! object ( human k & subject ( disc\rse2 & t ! t]m idea w\ld be improp]ly ext5d$ to signify ev]y?+ we "k or h any notion (4 #ij4 ,,ext]nal ,,?+s ,,ei!r ,,impr9t$ ,,by ,,or ,,p]ceiv$ ,,by ,,"s ,,o!r ,,m9d4--,ideas impr9t$ on ! s5ses are real ?+s1 or d really exi/2 ?is we d n d5y1 b we d5y !y c subsi/ )\t ! m9ds :i* p]ceive !m1 or t !y are resemblances ( any ar*etypes exi/+ )\t ! m9d2 s9ce ! v be+ ( a s5sation or idea consi/s 9 be+ p]ceiv$1 & an idea c be l no?+ b an idea4 ,aga91 ! ?+s p]ceiv$ by s5se may be t]m$ ext]nal1 ) reg>d to _! orig9--9 t !y are n g5]at$ f )9 by ! m9d itself1 b impr9t$ by a ,_s di/9ct f t :i* p]ceives !m4 ,s5sible objects may likewise be said to be )\t ! m9d 9 ano!r s5se1 namely :5 !y exi/ 9 "s o!r m9d2 ?us1 :5 ,i %ut my eyes1 ! ?+s ,i saw may /ill exi/1 b x mu/ be 9 ano!r m9d4 #ia4 ,,s5sible ,,qualities ,,real4--,x 7 a mi/ake to ?9k t :at is "h said d]ogates 9 ! lea/ f ! reality ( ?+s4 ,x is ackn[l$g$1 on ! receiv$ pr9ciples1 t ext5sion1 motion1 & 9 a ^w all s5sible qualities h ne$ ( a support1 z n be+ able to subsi/ by !mselves4 ,b ! objects p]ceiv$ by s5se are all[$ to be no?+ b comb9ations ( ^? qualities1 & consequ5tly _c subsi/ by !mselves4 ,?us f> x is agre$ on all h&4 ,s t 9 d5y+ ! ?+s p]ceiv$ by s5se an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( a sub/ance ( support :]e9 !y may exi/1 we detract no?+ f ! receiv$ op9ion ( _! reality1 & are guilty ( no innovation 9 t respect4 ,all ! diff]5ce is t1 accord+ to u1 ! un?9k+ be+s p]ceiv$ by s5se h no exi/5ce di/9ct f be+ p]ceiv$1 & _c !re=e exi/ 9 any o!r sub/ance ?an ^? unext5d$ indivisible sub/ances or spirits :i* act & ?9k & p]ceive !m2 :]eas philosoph]s vulg>ly hold t ! s5sible qualities d exi/ 9 an in]t1 ext5d$1 unp]ceiv+ sub/ance :i* !y call ,matt]1 to :i* !y attribute a natural subsi/5ce1 ext]ior to all ?9k+ be+s1 or di/9ct f be+ p]ceiv$ by any m9d :atsoev]1 ev5 ! et]nal m9d ( ! ,creator1 :]e9 !y suppose only ideas ( ! corporeal sub/ances creat$ by him2 if inde$ !y all[ !m to be at all creat$4 #ib4 ,,objections ,,( ,,a!i/s ,,ov]turn$4--,=1 z we h %[n ! doctr9e ( ,matt] or corporeal sub/ance to h be5 ! ma9 pill> & support ( ,scepticism1 s likewise ^u ! same f\ndation h be5 rais$ all ! impi\s s*emes ( ,a!ism & ,irreligion4 ,nay1 s great a difficulty has x be5 ?\ght to conceive ,matt] produc$ out ( no?+1 t ! mo/ celebrat$ among ! anci5t philosoph]s1 ev5 ( ^? :o ma9ta9$ ! be+ ( a ,god1 h ?\ght ,matt] to be uncreat$ & co-et]nal ) ,him4 ,h[ great a fri5d mat]ial sub/ance has be5 to ,a!i/s 9 all ages 7 ne$less to relate4 ,all _! mon/r\s sy/ems h s visible & necess>y a dep5d5ce on x t1 :5 ?is corn]-/one is once remov$1 ! :ole fabric _c *oose b fall to ! gr\nd1 insomu* t x is no long] wor? :ile to be/[ a p>ticul> consid]ation on ! absurdities ( e wret*$ sect ( ,a!i/s4 #ic4 ,,& ,,( ,,fatali/s ,,also4--,t impi\s & pr(ane p]sons %\ld readily fall 9 ) ^? sy/ems :i* fav\r _! incl9ations1 by d]id+ immat]ial sub/ance1 & suppos+ ! s\l to be divisible & subject to corruption z ! body2 :i* exclude all fre$om1 intellig5ce1 & design f ! =mation ( ?+s1 & in/ead !re( make a self--exi/5t1 /upid1 un?9k+ sub/ance ! root & orig9 ( all be+s2 t !y %\ld he>k5 to ^? :o d5y a ,provid5ce1 or inspection ( a ,sup]ior ,m9d ov] ! affairs ( ! _w1 attribut+ ! :ole s]ies ( ev5ts ei!r to bl9d *ance or fatal necessity aris+ f ! impulse ( "o body or ano!r--all ?is is v natural4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 m5 ( bett] pr9ciples obs]ve ! enemies ( religion lay s great a /ress on un?9k+ ,matt]1 & all ( !m use s mu* indu/ry & artifice to r$uce ev]y?+ to x1 me?9ks !y %\ld rejoice to see !m depriv$ ( _! gr& support1 & driv5 f t only =tress1 )\t :i* y\r ,epicureans1 ,hobbi/s1 & ! l1 h n ev5 ! %ad[ ( a pret5ce1 b become ! mo/ *eap & easy triumph 9 ! _w4 #id4 ,,( ,,idolators4--,! exi/5ce ( ,matt]1 or bodies unp]ceiv$1 has n only be5 ! ma9 support ( ,a!i/s & ,fatali/s1 b on ! same pr9ciple do? ,idolatry likewise 9 all its v>i\s =ms dep5d4 ,did m5 b consid] t ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 & e o!r object ( ! s5ses are only s _m s5sations 9 _! m9ds1 :i* h no o!r exi/5ce b b>ely be+ p]ceiv$1 d\btless !y w\ld nev] fall d[n & wor%ip _! own ideas1 b r address _! homage to t ,,et]nal ,,invisible ,,m9d :i* produces & su/a9s all ?+s4 #ie4 ,,& ,,soc9ians4--,! same absurd pr9ciple1 by m+l+ itself ) ! articles ( our fai?1 has occasion$ no small difficulties to ,*ri/ians4 ,= example1 ab\t ! ,resurrection1 h[ _m scruples & objections h be5 rais$ by ,soc9ians & o!rs8 ,b d n ! mo/ plausible ( !m dep5d on ! supposition t a body is d5om9at$ ! same1 ) reg>d n to ! =m or t :i* is p]ceiv$ by s5se1 b ! mat]ial sub/ance1 :i* rema9s ! same "u sev]al =ms8 ,take away ?is mat]ial sub/ance1 ab\t ! id5tity :]e( all ! dispute is1 & mean by body :at e pla9 ord9>y p]son means by t ^w1 to wit1 t :i* is imm$iately se5 & felt1 :i* is only a comb9ation ( s5sible qualities or ideas1 & !n _! mo/ unansw]able objections come to no?+4 #if4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,expell+ ,,matt]4--,matt] be+ once expell$ out ( nature drags ) x s _m sceptical & impi\s notions1 su* an incr$ible numb] ( disputes & puzzl+ que/ions1 :i* h be5 ?orns 9 ! sides ( div9es z well z philosoph]s1 & made s mu* fruitless "w = mank9d1 t if ! argum5ts we h produc$ aga9/ x are n f\nd equal to demon/ration 7z to me !y evid5tly seem71 yet ,i am sure all fri5ds to k1 peace1 & religion h reason to wi% !y 74 #ig4 ,beside ! ext]nal exi/5ce ( ! objects ( p]ception1 ano!r great s\rce ( errors & difficulties ) reg>d to ideal k is ! doctr9e ( ab/ract ideas1 su* z x has be5 set =? 9 ! ,introduction4 ,! pla9e/ ?+s 9 ! _w1 ^? we are mo/ intimately acqua9t$ ) & p]fectly "k1 :5 !y are consid]$ 9 an ab/ract way1 appe> /rangely difficult & incompreh5sible4 ,"t1 place1 & motion1 tak5 9 p>ticul> or concrete1 are :at ev]ybody kn[s1 b1 hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( a metaphysician1 !y become too ab/ract & f9e to be appreh5d$ by m5 ( ord9>y s5se4 ,bid y\r s]vant meet y at su* a "t 9 su* a place1 & he %all nev] /ay to delib]ate on ! mean+ ( ^? words2 9 conceiv+ t p>ticul> "t & place1 or ! motion by :i* he is to get ?i!r1 he f9ds n ! lea/ difficulty4 ,b if "t be tak5 exclusive ( all ^? p>ticul> actions & ideas t div]sify ! day1 m]ely = ! cont9uation ( exi/5ce or duration 9 ab/ract1 !n x w p]haps gravel ev5 a philosoph] to compreh5d x4 #ih4 ,,dilemma4--,= my own "p1 :5ev] ,i attempt to frame a simple idea ( "t1 ab/ract$ f ! succession ( ideas 9 my m9d1 :i* fl[s uni=mly & is p>ticipat$ by all be+s1 ,i am lo/ & embrangl$ 9 inextricable difficulties4 ,i h no notion ( x at all1 only ,i he> o!rs say x is inf9itely divisible1 & speak ( x 9 su* a mann] z leads me to ent]ta9 odd ?\ghts ( my exi/5ce2 s9ce t doctr9e lays "o "u an absolute necessity ( ?9k+1 ei!r t he passes away innum]able ages )\t a ?\ght1 or else t he is annihilat$ e mom5t ( 8 life1 bo? :i* seem equally absurd4 ,"t !re=e be+ no?+1 ab/ract$ f ! sucession ( ideas 9 our m9ds1 x foll[s t ! duration ( any f9ite _s mu/ be e/imat$ by ! numb] ( ideas or actions succe$+ ea* o!r 9 t same _s or m9d4 ,h5ce1 x is a pla9 consequ5ce t ! s\l always ?9ks2 & 9 tru? :oev] %all g ab\t to divide 9 8 ?\ghts1 or ab/ract ! exi/5ce ( a _s f its cogitation1 w1 ,i believe1 f9d x no easy task4 #ii4 ,s likewise :5 we attempt to ab/ract ext5sion & motion f all o!r qualities1 & consid] !m by !mselves1 we pres5tly lose sight ( !m1 & run into great extravagances4 ,all :i* dep5d on a tw(old ab/raction2 fir/1 x is suppos$ t ext5sion1 = example1 may be ab/ract$ f all o!r s5sible qualities2 & secondly1 t ! entity ( ext5sion may be ab/ract$ f its be+ p]ceiv$4 ,b1 :oev] %all reflect1 & take c>e to und]/& :at he says1 w1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ackn[l$ge t all s5sible qualities are alike s5sations & alike real2 t :]e ! ext5sion is1 !re is ! col\r1 too1 i4e41 9 8 m9d1 & t _! ar*etypes c exi/ only 9 "s o!r m9d2 & t ! objects ( s5se are no?+ b ^? s5sations comb9$1 bl5d$1 or 7if "o may s speak7 concret$ toge!r2 none ( all :i* c be suppos$ to exi/ unp]ceiv$4 #ajj4 ,:at x is = a man to be happy1 or an object good1 e "o may ?9k he kn[s4 ,b to frame an ab/ract idea ( happ9ess1 presc9d$ f all p>ticul> pleasure1 or ( goodness f ev]y?+ t is good1 ?is is :at few c pret5d to4 ,s likewise a man may be j & virtu\s )\t hav+ precise ideas ( ju/ice & virtue4 ,! op9ion t ^? & ! l words /& = g5]al notions1 ab/ract$ f all p>ticul> p]sons & actions1 seems to h r5d]$ morality v difficult1 & ! /udy !re( ( small use to mank9d4 ,& 9 effect ! doctr9e ( ab/raction has n a little contribut$ t[>ds spoil+ ! mo/ useful p>ts ( k4 #aja4 ,,( ,,natural ,,philosophy ,,& ,,ma!matics4--,! two great prov9ces ( speculative sci5ce conv]sant ab\t ideas receiv$ f s5se1 are ,natural ,philosophy & ,ma!matics2 ) reg>d to ea* ( ^! ,i %all make "s obs]vations4 ,& fir/ ,i %all say some:at ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,on ?is subject x is t ! sceptics triumph4 ,all t /ock ( argum5ts !y produce to depreciate our faculties & make mank9d appe> ignorant & l[1 are drawn pr9cipally f ?is head1 namely1 t we are "u an inv9cible bl9dness z to ! true & real nature ( ?+s4 ,?is !y exagg]ate1 & love to enl>ge on4 ,we are mis]ably bant]$1 say !y1 by our s5ses1 & amus$ only ) ! outside & %[ ( ?+s4 ,! real ess5ce1 ! int]nal qualities & con/itution ( e ! meane/ object1 is hid f our view2 some?+ !re is 9 e drop ( wat]1 e gra9 ( s&1 :i* x is beyond ! p[] ( human und]/&+ to fa?om or compreh5d4 ,b1 x is evid5t f :at has be5 %[n t all ?is compla9t is gr\ndless1 & t we are influ5c$ by false pr9ciples to t degree z to mi/ru/ our s5ses1 & ?9k we "k no?+ ( ^? ?+s :i* we p]fectly compreh5d4 #ajb4 ,"o great inducem5t to our pron\nc+ ourselves ignorant ( ! nature ( ?+s is ! curr5t op9ion t ev]y?+ includes )9 itself ! cause ( its prop]ties2 or t !re is 9 ea* object an inw>d ess5ce :i* is ! s\rce :5ce its disc]nible qualities fl[1 & :]eon !y dep5d4 ,"s h pret5d$ to acc\nt = appe>ances by occult qualities1 b ( late !y are mo/ly resolv$ into me*anical causes1 to wit1 ! figure1 motion1 weight1 & su*like qualities1 ( ins5sible p>ticles2 :]eas1 9 tru?1 !re is no o!r ag5t or effici5t cause ?an _s1 x be+ evid5t t motion1 z well z all o!r ideas1 is p]fectly in]t4 ,see sect4 #be4 ,h5ce1 to endeav\r to expla9 ! production ( col\rs or s\nds1 by figure1 motion1 magnitude1 & ! l1 mu/ ne$s be lab\r 9 va94 ,& accord+ly we see ! attempts ( t k9d are n at all satisfactory4 ,:i* may be said 9 g5]al ( ^? in/ances :]e9 "o idea or quality is assign$ = ! cause ( ano!r4 ,i ne$ n say h[ _m hypo!ses & speculations are left out1 & h[ mu* ! /udy ( nature is abridg$ by ?is doctr9e4 #ajc4 ,,attraction ,,signifies ,,! ,,effect1 ,,n ,,! ,,mann] ,,or ,,cause4--,! great me*anical pr9ciple n[ 9 vogue is attraction4 ,t a /one falls to ! e>?1 or ! sea swells t[>ds ! moon1 may to "s appe> suffici5tly expla9$ !reby4 ,b h[ are we enlight5$ by be+ told ?is is done by attraction8 ,is x t t ^w signifies ! mann] ( ! t5d5cy1 & t x is by ! mutual draw+ ( bodies in/ead ( _! be+ impell$ or protrud$ t[>ds ea* o!r8 ,b1 no?+ is det]m9$ ( ! mann] or action1 & x may z truly 7= aught we "k7 be t]m$ impulse1 or protrusion1 z attraction4 ,aga91 ! p>ts ( /eel we see coh]e firmly toge!r1 & ?is also is acc\nt$ = by attraction2 b1 9 ?is z 9 ! o!r in/ances1 ,i d n p]ceive t any?+ is signifi$ besides ! effect itself2 = z to ! mann] ( ! action :]eby x is produc$1 or ! cause :i* produces x1 ^! are n s mu* z aim$ at4 #ajd4 ,inde$1 if we take a view ( ! sev]al ph5om5a1 & comp>e !m toge!r1 we may obs]ve "s lik5ess & con=mity betwe5 !m4 ,= example1 9 ! fall+ ( a /one to ! gr\nd1 9 ! ris+ ( ! sea t[>ds ! moon1 9 cohesion1 cry/allization1 etc1 !re is some?+ alike1 namely1 an union or mutual approa* ( bodies4 ,s t any "o ( ^! or ! l ph5om5a may n seem /range or surpris+ to a man :o has nicely obs]v$ & comp>$ ! effects ( nature4 ,= t only is ?\ght s :i* is uncommon1 or a ?+ by itself1 & out ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( our obs]vation4 ,t bodies %\ld t5d t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>? is n ?\ght /range1 because x is :at we p]ceive e mom5t ( our lives4 ,b1 t !y %\ld h a l gravitation t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! moon may seem odd & unacc\ntable to mo/ m51 because x is disc]n$ only 9 ! tides4 ,b a philosoph]1 ^: ?\ghts take 9 a l>g] compass ( nature1 hav+ obs]v$ a c]ta9 similitude ( appe>ances1 z well 9 ! heav5s z ! e>?1 t argue innum]able bodies to h a mutual t5d5cy t[>ds ea* o!r1 :i* he d5otes by ! g5]al "n attraction1 :atev] c be r$uc$ to t he ?9ks ju/ly acc\nt$ =4 ,?us he expla9s ! tides by ! attraction ( ! t]raque\s globe t[>ds ! moon1 :i* to him does n appe> odd or anomal\s1 b only a p>ticul> example ( a g5]al rule or law ( nature4 #aje4 ,if !re=e we consid] ! diff]5ce !re is betwixt natural philosoph]s & o!r m51 ) reg>d to _! k ( ! ph5om5a1 we %all f9d x consi/s n 9 an exact] k ( ! effici5t cause t produces !m--= t c be no o!r ?an ! w ( a _s--b only 9 a great] l>g5ess ( compreh5sion1 :]eby analogies1 h>monies1 & agreem5ts are discov]$ 9 ! works ( nature1 & ! p>ticul> effects expla9$1 t is1 r$uc$ to g5]al rules1 see sect4 #fb1 :i* rules1 gr\nd$ on ! analogy & uni=mness obs]v$ 9 ! production ( natural effects1 are mo/ agreeable & s\ght aft] by ! m9d2 = t !y ext5d our prospect beyond :at is pres5t & ne> to u1 & enable u to make v probable conjectures t\*+ ?+s t may h happ5$ at v great di/ances ( "t & place1 z well z to pr$ict ?+s to come2 :i* sort ( endeav\r t[>ds omnisci5ce is mu* affect$ by ! m9d4 #ajf4 ,,caution ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,analogies4--,b we %\ld proce$ w>ily 9 su* ?+s1 = we are apt to lay too great /ress on analogies1 &1 to ! prejudice ( tru?1 hum\r t eag]ness ( ! m9d :]eby x is c>ri$ to ext5d its k into g5]al !orems4 ,= example1 9 ! bus9ess ( gravitation or mutual attraction1 because x appe>s 9 _m in/ances1 "s are /raightway = pron\nc+ x univ]sal2 & t to attract & be attract$ by e o!r body is an ess5tial quality inh]5t 9 all bodies :atsoev]4 ,:]eas x is evid5t ! fix$ />s h no su* t5d5cy t[>ds ea* o!r2 &1 s f> is t gravitation f be+ ess5tial to bodies t 9 "s in/ances a q contr>y pr9ciple seems to %[ itself2 z 9 ! p]p5dicul> gr[? ( plants1 & ! ela/icity ( ! air4 ,!re is no?+ necess>y or ess5tial 9 ! case1 b x dep5ds entirely on ! w ( ! ,gov]n+ ,_s1 :o causes c]ta9 bodies to cleave toge!r or t5d t[>ds ea* o!r accord+ to v>i\s laws1 :il/ ,he keeps o!rs at a fix$ di/ance2 & to "s ,he gives a q contr>y t5d5cy to fly asund] j z ,he sees conv5i5t4 #ajg4 ,aft] :at has be5 premis$1 ,i ?9k we may lay d[n ! foll[+ conclusions4 ,fir/1 x is pla9 philosoph]s amuse !mselves 9 va91 :5 !y inquire = any natural effici5t cause1 di/9ct f a m9d or _s4 ,secondly1 consid]+ ! :ole creation is ! workman%ip ( a wise & good ,ag5t1 x %\ld seem to become philosoph]s to employ _! ?\ghts 7contr>y to :at "s hold7 ab\t ! f9al causes ( ?+s2 & ,i confess ,i see no reason :y po9t+ out ! v>i\s ends to :i* natural ?+s are adapt$1 & = :i* !y 7 orig9ally ) unspeakable wisdom contriv$1 %\ld n be ?\ght "o good way ( acc\nt+ = !m1 & altoge!r wor?y a philosoph]4 ,?irdly1 f :at has be5 premis$ no reason c be drawn :y ! hi/ory ( nature %\ld n /ill be /udi$1 & obs]vations & exp]im5ts made1 :i*1 t !y are ( use to mank9d1 & enable u to draw any g5]al conclusions1 is n ! result ( any immutable habitudes or relations betwe5 ?+s !mselves1 b only ( ,god's goodness & k9dness to m5 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! _w4 ,see sect4 #cj & #ca ,f\r?ly1 by a dilig5t obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a )9 our view1 we may discov] ! g5]al laws ( nature1 & f !m d$uce ! o!r ph5om5a2 ,i d n say demon/rate1 = all d$uctions ( t k9d dep5d on a supposition t ! ,au?or ( nature always op]ates uni=mly1 & 9 a con/ant obs]vance ( ^? rules we take = pr9ciples3 :i* we _c evid5tly "k4 #ajh4 ,,?ree ,,analogies4--,^? m5 :o frame g5]al rules f ! ph5om5a & aft]w>ds d]ive ! ph5om5a f ^? rules1 seem to consid] signs r ?an causes4 ,a man may well und]/& natural signs )\t kn[+ _! analogy1 or be+ able to say by :at rule a ?+ is s or s4 ,&1 z x is v possible to write improp]ly1 ?r\gh too /rict an obs]vance ( g5]al gramm> rules2 s1 9 argu+ f g5]al laws ( nature1 x is n impossible we may ext5d ! analogy too f>1 & by t means run into mi/akes4 #aji4 ,z 9 read+ o!r books a wise man w *oose to fix 8 ?\ghts on ! s5se & apply x to use1 r ?an lay !m out 9 grammatical rem>ks on ! language2 s1 9 p]us+ ! volume ( nature1 x seems b5ea? ! dignity ( ! m9d to affect an exactness 9 r$uc+ ea* p>ticul> ph5om5on to g5]al rules1 or %[+ h[ x foll[s f !m4 ,we %\ld propose to ourselves nobl] views1 namely1 to recreate & exalt ! m9d ) a prospect ( ! beauty1 ord]4 ext5t1 & v>iety ( natural ?+s3 h5ce1 by prop] inf]5ces1 to enl>ge our notions ( ! gr&eur1 wisdom1 & b5efic5ce ( ! ,creator2 & la/ly1 to make ! sev]al p>ts ( ! creation1 s f> z 9 u lies1 subs]vi5t to ! ends !y 7 design$ =1 ,god's glory1 & ! su/5tation & com=t ( ourselves & fell[-creatures4 #aaj4 ,! be/ key = ! a=esaid analogy or natural ,sci5ce w be easily ackn[l$g$ to be a c]ta9 celebrat$ ,treatise ( ,me*anics4 ,9 ! entrance ( :i* ju/ly admir$ treatise1 ,"t1 ,space1 & ,motion are di/+ui%$ into absolute & relative1 true & app>5t1 ma!matical & vulg>2 :i* di/9ction1 z x is at l>ge expla9$ by ! au?or1 does suppose ^! quantities to h an exi/5ce )\t ! m9d2 & t !y are ord9>ily conceiv$ ) relation to s5sible ?+s1 to :i* nev]!less 9 _! own nature !y be> no relation at all4 #aaa4 ,z = ,"t1 z x is !re tak5 9 an absolute or ab/ract$ s5se1 = ! duration or p]sev]ance ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 ,i h no?+ m to add conc]n+ x aft] :at has be5 already said on t subject4 ,sect4 #ig & #ih4 ,= ! re/1 ?is celebrat$ au?or holds !re is an absolute ,space1 :i*1 be+ unp]ceivable to s5se1 rema9s 9 itself simil> & immovable2 & relative space to be ! measure !re(1 :i*1 be+ movable & def9$ by its situation 9 respect ( s5sible bodies1 is vulg>ly tak5 = immovable space4 ,place he def9es to be t "p ( space :i* is occupi$ by any body2 & accord+ z ! space is absolute or relative s also is ! place4 ,absolute ,motion is said to be ! translation ( a body f absolute place to absolute place1 z relative motion is f "o relative place to ano!r4 ,&1 because ! p>ts ( absolute space d n fall "u our s5ses1 in/ead ( !m we are oblig$ to use _! s5sible measures1 & s def9e bo? place & motion ) respect to bodies :i* we reg>d z immovable4 ,b1 x is said 9 philosophical matt]s we mu/ ab/ract f our s5ses1 s9ce x may be t none ( ^? bodies :i* seem to be quiesc5t are truly s1 & ! same ?+ :i* is mov$ relatively may be really at re/2 z likewise "o & ! same body may be 9 relative re/ & motion1 or ev5 mov$ ) contr>y relative motions at ! same "t1 accord+ z its place is v>i\sly def9$4 ,all :i* ambiguity is to be f\nd 9 ! app>5t motions1 b n at all 9 ! true or absolute1 :i* %\ld !re=e be alone reg>d$ 9 philosophy4 ,& ! true z we are told are di/+ui%$ f app>5t or relative motions by ! foll[+ prop]ties4--,fir/1 9 true or absolute motion all p>ts :i* pres]ve ! same position ) respect ( ! :ole1 p>take ( ! motions ( ! :ole4 ,secondly1 ! place be+ mov$1 t :i* is plac$ !re9 is also mov$2 s t a body mov+ 9 a place :i* is 9 motion do? p>ticipate ! motion ( its place4 ,?irdly1 true motion is nev] g5]at$ or *ang$ o!rwise ?an by =ce impress$ on ! body itself4 ,f\r?ly1 true motion is always *ang$ by =ce impress$ on ! body mov$4 ,fif?ly1 9 circul> motion b>ely relative !re is no c5trifugal =ce1 :i*1 nev]!less1 9 t :i* is true or absolute1 is proportional to ! quantity ( motion4 #aab4 ,,motion1 ,,:e!r ,,real ,,or ,,app>5t1 ,,relative4--,b1 not)/&+ :at has be5 said1 ,i mu/ confess x does n appe> to me t !re c be any motion o!r ?an relative2 s t to conceive motion !re mu/ be at lea/ conceiv$ two bodies1 :]e( ! di/ance or position 9 reg>d to ea* o!r is v>i$4 ,h5ce1 if !re 0 "o only body 9 be+ x c\ld n possibly be mov$4 ,?is seems evid5t1 9 t ! idea ,i h ( motion do? necess>ily include relation4 #aac4 ,,app>5t ,,motion ,,d5i$4--,b1 ?\gh 9 e motion x be necess>y to conceive m bodies ?an "o1 yet x may be t "o only is mov$1 namely1 t on :i* ! =ce caus+ ! *ange 9 ! di/ance or situation ( ! bodies1 is impress$4 ,=1 h[ev] "s may def9e relative motion1 s z to t]m t body mov$ :i* *anges its di/ance f "s o!r body1 :e!r ! =ce or action caus+ t *ange 7 impress$ on x or no1 yet z relative motion is t :i* is p]ceiv$ by s5se1 & reg>d$ 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 x %\ld seem t e man ( common s5se kn[s :at x is z well z ! be/ philosoph]4 ,n[1 ,i ask any "o :e!r1 9 8 s5se ( motion z he walks along ! /reets1 ! /ones he passes ov] may be said to move1 because !y *ange di/ance ) 8 feet8 ,to me x appe>s t ?\gh motion includes a relation ( "o ?+ to ano!r1 yet x is n necess>y t ea* t]m ( ! relation be d5om9at$ f x4 ,z a man may ?9k ( some:at :i* does n ?9k1 s a body may be mov$ to or f ano!r body :i* is n !re=e itself 9 motion4 #aad4 ,z ! place happ5s to be v>i\sly def9$1 ! motion :i* is relat$ to x v>ies4 ,a man 9 a %ip may be said to be quiesc5t ) relation to ! sides ( ! vessel1 & yet move ) relation to ! l&4 ,or he may move ea/w>d 9 respect ( ! "o1 & we/w>d 9 respect ( ! o!r4 ,9 ! common affairs ( life m5 nev] g beyond ! e>? to def9e ! place ( any body2 & :at is quiesc5t 9 respect ( t is acc\nt$ absolutely to be s4 ,b philosoph]s1 :o h a great] ext5t ( ?\ght1 & ju/] notions ( ! sy/em ( ?+s1 discov] ev5 ! e>? itself to be mov$4 ,9 ord] !re=e to fix _! notions !y seem to conceive ! corporeal _w z f9ite1 & ! utmo/ unmov$ walls or %ell !re( to be ! place :]eby !y e/imate true motions4 ,if we s\nd our own conceptions1 ,i believe we may f9d all ! absolute motion we c frame an idea ( to be at bottom no o!r ?an relative motion ?us def9$4 ,=1 z has be5 already obs]v$1 absolute motion1 exclusive ( all ext]nal relation1 is incompreh5sible2 & to ?is k9d ( relative motion all ! above-m5tion$ prop]ties1 causes1 & effects ascrib$ to absolute motion w1 if ,i mi/ake n1 be f\nd to agree4 ,z to :at is said ( ! c5trifugal =ce1 t x does n at all belong to circul> relative motion1 ,i d n see h[ ?is foll[s f ! exp]im5t :i* is br\ght to prove x4 ,see ,philosophiae ,naturalis ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica1 9 ,s*ol4 ,def4 ,,viii4 ,= ! wat] 9 ! vessel at t "t :]e9 x is said to h ! greate/ relative circul> motion1 has1 ,i ?9k1 no motion at all2 z is pla9 f ! =ego+ section4 #aae4 ,=1 to d5om9ate a body mov$ x is requisite1 fir/1 t x *ange its di/ance or situation ) reg>d to "s o!r body2 & secondly1 t ! =ce occasion+ t *ange be appli$ to x4 ,if ei!r ( ^! be want+1 ,i d n ?9k t1 agreeably to ! s5se ( mank9d1 or ! propriety ( language1 a body c be said to be 9 motion4 ,i grant inde$ t x is possible = u to ?9k a body :i* we see *ange its di/ance f "s o!r to be mov$1 ?\gh x h no =ce appli$ to x 79 :i* s5se !re may be app>5t motion71 b !n x is because ! =ce caus+ ! *ange ( di/ance is imag9$ by u to be appli$ or impress$ on t body ?\ght to move2 :i* inde$ %[s we are capable ( mi/ak+ a ?+ to be 9 motion :i* is n1 & t is all4 #aaf4 ,,any ,,idea ,,( ,,pure ,,space ,,relative4--,f :at has be5 said x foll[s t ! philosophic consid]ation ( motion does n imply ! be+ ( an absolute ,space1 di/9ct f t :i* is p]ceiv$ by s5se & relat$ bodies2 :i* t x _c exi/ )\t ! m9d is cle> ^u ! same pr9ciples t demon/rate ! l ( all o!r objects ( s5se4 ,& p]haps1 if we inquire n>r[ly1 we %all f9d we _c ev5 frame an idea ( pure ,space exclusive ( all body4 ,?is ,i mu/ confess seems impossible1 z be+ a mo/ ab/ract idea4 ,:5 ,i excite a motion 9 "s "p ( my body1 if x be free or )\t resi/ance1 ,i say !re is ,space2 b if ,i f9d a resi/ance1 !n ,i say !re is ,body2 & 9 proportion z ! resi/ance to motion is less] or great]1 ,i say ! space is m or less pure4 ,s t :5 ,i speak ( pure or empty space1 x is n to be suppos$ t ! ^w space /&s = an idea di/9ct f or conceivable )\t body & motion--?\gh inde$ we are apt to ?9k e n\n sub/antive /&s = a di/9ct idea t may be sep>at$ f all o!rs2 :i* has occasion$ inf9ite mi/akes4 ,:51 !re=e1 suppos+ all ! _w to be annihilat$ besides my own body1 ,i say !re /ill rema9s pure ,space1 !reby no?+ else is meant b only t ,i conceive x possible = ! limbs ( my body to be mov$ on all sides )\t ! lea/ resi/ance1 b if t1 too1 7 annihilat$ !n !re c\ld be no motion1 & consequ5tly no ,space4 ,"s1 p]haps1 may ?9k ! s5se ( see+ do? furni% !m ) ! idea ( pure space2 b x is pla9 f :at we h else:]e %[n1 t ! ideas ( space & di/ance are n obta9$ by t s5se4 ,see ! ,essay conc]n+ ,vision4 #aag4 ,:at is "h laid d[n seems to put an end to all ^? disputes & difficulties t h sprung up among/ ! le>n$ conc]n+ ! nature ( pure ,space4 ,b ! *ief advantage aris+ f x is t we are fre$ f t dang]\s dilemma1 to :i* sev]al :o h employ$ _! ?\ghts on t subject imag9e !mselves r$uc$1 to wit1 ( ?9k+ ei!r t ,real ,space is ,god1 or else t !re is some?+ beside ,god :i* is et]nal1 uncreat$1 inf9ite1 indivisible1 immutable4 ,bo? :i* may ju/ly be ?\ght p]nici\s & absurd notions4 ,x is c]ta9 t n a few div9es1 z well z philosoph]s ( great note1 h1 f ! difficulty !y f\nd 9 conceiv+ ei!r limits or annihilation ( space1 conclud$ x mu/ be div9e4 ,& "s ( late h set !mselves p>ticul>ly to %[ ! incommunicable attributes ( ,god agree to x4 ,:i* doctr9e1 h[ unwor?y soev] x may seem ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 yet ,i d n see h[ we c get cle> ( x1 s long z we adh]e to ! receiv$ op9ions4 #aah4 ,,! ,,errors ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,doctr9es ,,( ,,ab/raction ,,& ,,ext]nal ,,mat]ial ,,exi/5ces1 ,,influ5ce ,,ma!matical ,,reason+s4--,hi!rto ( ,natural ,philosophy3 we come n[ to make "s inquiry conc]n+ t o!r great bran* ( speculative k1 to wit1 ,ma!matics4 ,^!1 h[ celebrat$ soev] !y may be = _! cle>ness & c]ta9ty ( demon/ration1 :i* is h>dly any:]e else to be f\nd1 _c nev]!less be suppos$ altoge!r free f mi/akes1 if 9 _! pr9ciples !re lurks "s secret error :i* is common to ! pr(essors ( ^? sci5ces ) ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,ma!maticians1 ?\gh !y d$uce _! !orems f a great height ( evid5ce1 yet _! fir/ pr9ciples are limit$ by ! consid]ation ( quantity3 & !y d n asc5d into any inquiry conc]n+ ^? transc5d5tal maxims :i* influ5ce all ! p>ticul> sci5ces1 ea* "p :]e(1 ,ma!matics n except$1 does consequ5tly p>ticipate ( ! errors involv$ 9 !m4 ,t ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ma!maticians are true1 & _! way ( d$uction f ^? pr9ciples cle> & inconte/ible1 we d n d5y2 b1 we hold !re may be c]ta9 errone\s maxims ( great] ext5t ?an ! object ( ,ma!matics1 & = t reason n expressly m5tion$1 ?\gh tacitly suppos$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole progress ( t sci5ce2 & t ! ill effects ( ^? secret unexam9$ errors are diffus$ ?r\gh all ! bran*es !re(4 ,to be pla91 we suspect ! ma!maticians are z well z o!r m5 conc]n$ 9 ! errors aris+ f ! doctr9e ( ab/ract g5]al ideas1 & ! exi/5ce ( objects )\t ! m9d4 #aai4 ,ari?metic has be5 ?\ght to h = its object ab/ract ideas ( ,numb]2 ( :i* to und]/& ! prop]ties & mutual habitudes1 is suppos$ no mean "p ( speculative k4 ,! op9ion ( ! pure & intellectual nature ( numb]s 9 ab/ract has made !m 9 e/eem ) ^? philosoph]s :o seem to h affect$ an uncommon f95ess & elevation ( ?\ght4 ,x has set a price on ! mo/ trifl+ num]ical speculations :i* 9 practice are ( no use1 b s]ve only = amusem5t2 & has !re=e s f> infect$ ! m9ds ( "s1 t !y h dream$ ( mighty my/]ies involv$ 9 numb]s1 & attempt$ ! explication ( natural ?+s by !m4 ,b1 if we inquire into our own ?\ghts1 & consid] :at has be5 premis$1 we may p]haps ent]ta9 a l[ op9ion ( ^? high flights & ab/ractions1 & look on all inquiries1 ab\t numb]s only z s _m difficiles nugae1 s f> z !y are n subs]vi5t to practice1 & promote ! b5efit ( life4 #abj4 ,unity 9 ab/ract we h be=e consid]$ 9 sect4 #ac1 f :i* & :at has be5 said 9 ! ,introduction1 x pla9ly foll[s !re is n any su* idea4 ,b1 numb] be+ def9$ a collection ( units1 we may conclude t1 if !re be no su* ?+ z unity or unit 9 ab/ract1 !re are no ideas ( numb] 9 ab/ract d5ot$ by ! num]al names & figures4 ,! !ories !re=e 9 ,ari?metic1 if !y are ab/ract$ f ! names & figures1 z likewise f all use & practice1 z well z f ! p>ticul> ?+s numb]$1 c be suppos$ to h no?+ at all = _! object2 h5ce we may see h[ entirely ! sci5ce ( numb]s is subord9ate to practice1 & h[ jejune & trifl+ x becomes :5 consid]$ z a matt] ( m]e speculation4 #aba4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce !re may be "s :o1 delud$ by ! speci\s %[ ( discov]+ ab/ract$ v]ities1 wa/e _! "t 9 ari?metical !orems & problems :i* h n any use1 x w n be amiss if we m fully consid] & expose ! vanity ( t pret5ce2 & ?is w pla9ly appe> by tak+ a view ( ,ari?metic 9 its infancy1 & obs]v+ :at x 0 t orig9ally put m5 on ! /udy ( t sci5ce1 & to :at scope !y direct$ x4 ,x is natural to ?9k t at fir/1 m51 = ease ( memory & help ( computation1 made use ( c\nt]s1 or 9 writ+ ( s+le /rokes1 po9ts1 or ! l1 ea* :]e( 0 made to signify an unit1 i4e41 "s "o ?+ ( :atev] k9d !y _h occasion to reckon4 ,aft]w>ds !y f\nd out ! m comp5di\s ways ( mak+ "o "* /& 9 place ( sev]al /rokes or po9ts4 ,&1 la/ly1 ! notation ( ! ,arabians or ,indians came into use1 :]e91 by ! repetition ( a few *>act]s or figures1 & v>y+ ! signification ( ea* figure accord+ to ! place x obta9s1 all numb]s may be mo/ aptly express$2 :i* seems to h be5 done 9 imitation ( language1 s t an exact analogy is obs]v$ betwixt ! notation by figures & names1 ! n9e simple figures answ]+ ! n9e fir/ num]al names & places 9 ! =m]1 correspond+ to d5om9ations 9 ! latt]4 ,& agreeably to ^? conditions ( ! simple & local value ( figures1 7 contriv$ me?ods ( f9d+1 f ! giv5 figures or m>ks ( ! p>ts1 :at figures & h[ plac$ are prop] to d5ote ! :ole1 or vice v]sa4 ,& hav+ f\nd ! s\ght figures1 ! same rule or analogy be+ obs]v$ ?r\gh\t1 x is easy to read !m into words2 & s ! numb] becomes p]fectly kn[n4 ,= !n ! numb] ( any p>ticul> ?+s is said to be kn[n1 :5 we "k ! "n ( figures 7) _! due arrangem5t7 t accord+ to ! /&+ analogy belong to !m4 ,=1 ^! signs be+ kn[n1 we c by ! op]ations ( ari?metic "k ! signs ( any "p ( ! p>ticul> sums signifi$ by !m2 &1 ?us comput+ 9 signs 7because ( ! connexion e/abli%$ betwixt !m & ! di/9ct multitudes ( ?+s :]e( "o is tak5 = an unit71 we may be able rightly to sum up1 divide1 & proportion ! ?+s !mselves t we int5d to numb]4 #abb4 ,9 ,ari?metic1 !re=e1 we reg>d n ! ?+s1 b ! signs1 :i* nev]!less are n reg>d$ = _! own sake1 b because !y direct u h[ to act ) relation to ?+s1 & dispose rightly ( !m4 ,n[1 agreeably to :at we h be=e obs]v$ ( words 9 g5]al 7sect4 #ai1 ,introd47 x happ5s "h likewise t ab/ract ideas are ?\ght to be signifi$ by num]al names or *>act]s1 :ile !y d n sugge/ ideas ( p>ticul> ?+s to our m9ds4 ,i %all n at pres5t ent] into a m p>ticul> diss]tation on ?is subject1 b only obs]ve t x is evid5t f :at has be5 said1 ^? ?+s :i* pass = ab/ract tru?s & !orems conc]n+ numb]s1 are 9 reality conv]sant ab\t no object di/9ct f p>ticul> num]al ?+s1 except only names & *>act]s1 :i* orig9ally came to be consid]$ on no o!r acc\nt b _! be+ signs1 or capable to repres5t aptly :atev] p>ticul> ?+s m5 _h ne$ to compute4 ,:5ce x foll[s t to /udy !m = _! own sake w\ld be j z wise1 & to z good purpose z if a man1 neglect+ ! true use or orig9al int5tion & subs]vi5cy ( language1 %\ld sp5d 8 "t 9 imp]t95t criticisms ^u words1 or reason+s & controv]sies purely v]bal4 #abc4 ,f numb]s we proce$ to speak ( ,ext5sion1 :i*1 consid]$ z relative1 is ! object ( ,geometry4 ,! inf9ite divisibility ( f9ite ext5sion1 ?\gh x is n expressly laid d[n ei!r z an axiom or !orem 9 ! elem5ts ( t sci5ce1 yet is ?r\gh\t ! same ev]y:]e suppos$ & ?\ght to h s insep>able & ess5tial a connexion ) ! pr9ciples & demon/rations 9 ,geometry1 t ma!maticians nev] admit x into d\bt1 or make ! lea/ "q ( x4 ,&1 z ?is notion is ! s\rce f :5ce d spr+ all ^? amus+ geometrical p>adoxes :i* h su* a direct repugnancy to ! pla9 common s5se ( mank9d1 & are admitt$ ) s mu* reluctance into a m9d n yet debau*$ by le>n+2 s x is ! pr9cipal occasion ( all t nice & extreme subtilty :i* r5d]s ! /udy ( ,ma!matics s difficult & t$i\s4 ,h5ce1 if we c make x appe> t no f9ite ext5sion conta9s innum]able p>ts1 or is inf9itely divisible1 x foll[s t we %all at once cle> ! sci5ce ( ,geometry f a great numb] ( difficulties & contradictions :i* h ev] be5 e/eem$ a reproa* to human reason1 & )al make ! atta9m5t !re( a bus9ess ( mu* less "t & pa9s ?an x hi!rto has be54 #abd4 ,e p>ticul> f9ite ext5sion :i* may possibly be ! object ( our ?\ght is an idea exi/+ only 9 ! m9d1 & consequ5tly ea* "p !re( mu/ be p]ceiv$4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,i _c p]ceive innum]able p>ts 9 any f9ite ext5sion t ,i consid]1 x is c]ta9 !y are n conta9$ 9 x2 b1 x is evid5t t ,i _c di/+ui% innum]able p>ts 9 any p>ticul> l9e1 surface1 or solid1 :i* ,i ei!r p]ceive by s5se1 or figure to myself 9 my m9d3 :]e=e ,i conclude !y are n conta9$ 9 x4 ,no?+ c be pla9] to me ?an t ! ext5sions ,i h 9 view are no o!r ?an my own ideas2 & x is no less pla9 t ,i _c resolve any "o ( my ideas into an inf9ite numb] ( o!r ideas1 t is1 t !y are n inf9itely divisible4 ,if by f9ite ext5sion be meant some?+ di/9ct f a f9ite idea1 ,i decl>e ,i d n "k :at t is1 & s _c affirm or d5y any?+ ( x4 ,b if ! t]ms ext5sion1 p>ts1 c41 are tak5 9 any s5se conceivable1 t is1 = ideas1 !n to say a f9ite quantity or ext5sion consi/s ( p>ts inf9ite 9 numb] is s manife/ a contradiction1 t e "o at fir/ sight ackn[l$ges x to be s2 & x is impossible x %\ld ev] ga9 ! ass5t ( any reasonable creature :o is n br\ght to x by g5tle & sl[ degrees1 z a conv]t$ ,g5tile to ! belief ( transub/antiation4 ,anci5t & root$ prejudices d (t5 pass into pr9ciples2 & ^? propositions :i* once obta9 ! =ce & cr$it ( a pr9ciple1 are n only !mselves1 b likewise :atev] is d$ucible f !m1 ?\ght privileg$ f all exam9ation4 ,& !re is no absurdity s gross1 :i*1 by ?is means1 ! m9d ( man may n be prep>$ to swall[4 #abe4 ,he ^: und]/&+ is possess$ ) ! doctr9e ( ab/ract g5]al ideas may be p]suad$ t 7:atev] be ?\ght ( ! ideas ( s5se7 ext5sion 9 ab/ract is inf9itely divisible4 ,& "o :o ?9ks ! objects ( s5se exi/ )\t ! m9d w p]haps 9 virtue !re( be br\ght to admit t a l9e b an in* long may conta9 innum]able p>ts--really exi/+1 ?\gh too small to be disc]n$4 ,^! errors are graft$ z well 9 ! m9ds ( geometricians z ( o!r m51 & h a l influ5ce on _! reason+s2 & x 7 no difficult ?+ to %[ h[ ! argum5ts f ,geometry made use ( to support ! inf9ite divisibility ( ext5sion are bottom$ on !m4 ,at pres5t we %all only obs]ve 9 g5]al :5ce x is ! ma!maticians are all s fond & t5aci\s ( t doctr9e4 #abf4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 ano!r place t ! !orems & demon/rations 9 ,geometry are conv]sant ab\t univ]sal ideas 7sect4 #ae1 ,introd472 :]e x is expla9$ 9 :at s5se ?is ought to be und]/ood1 to wit1 ! p>ticul> l9es & figures includ$ 9 ! diagram are suppos$ to /& = innum]able o!rs ( diff]5t sizes2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! geomet] consid]s !m ab/ract+ f _! magnitude--:i* does n imply t he =ms an ab/ract idea1 b only t he c>es n :at ! p>ticul> magnitude is1 :e!r great or small1 b looks on t z a ?+ diff]5t to ! demon/ration4 ,h5ce x foll[s t a l9e 9 ! s*eme b an in* long mu/ be spok5 ( z ?\gh x conta9$ t5 ?\s& p>ts1 s9ce x is reg>d$ n 9 itself1 b z x is univ]sal2 & x is univ]sal only 9 its signification1 :]eby x repres5ts innum]able l9es great] ?an itself1 9 :i* may be di/+ui%$ t5 ?\s& p>ts or m1 ?\gh !re may n be above an in* 9 x4 ,aft] ?is mann]1 ! prop]ties ( ! l9es signifi$ are 7by a v usual figure7 transf]r$ to ! sign1 & !nce1 ?r\gh mi/ake1 ?\gh to app]ta9 to x consid]$ 9 its own nature4 #abg4 ,because !re is no numb] ( p>ts s great b x is possible !re may be a l9e conta9+ m1 ! in*-l9e is said to conta9 p>ts m ?an any assignable numb]2 :i* is true1 n ( ! in* tak5 absolutely1 b only = ! ?+s signifi$ by x4 ,b m51 n reta9+ t di/9ction 9 _! ?\ghts1 slide into a belief t ! small p>ticul> l9e describ$ on pap] conta9s 9 itself p>ts innum]able4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z ! t5--?\s&? "p ( an in*2 b !re is ( a mile or diamet] ( ! e>?1 :i* may be signifi$ by t in*4 ,:5 !re=e ,i del9eate a triangle on pap]1 & take "o side n above an in*1 = example1 9 l5g? to be ! radius1 ?is ,i consid] z divid$ into #aj1jjj or #ajj1jjj p>ts or m2 =1 ?\gh ! t5-?\s&? "p ( t l9e consid]$ 9 itself is no?+ at all1 & consequ5tly may be neglect$ )\t an error or inconv5i5cy1 yet ^! describ$ l9es1 be+ only m>ks /&+ = great] quantities1 :]e( x may be ! t5--?\s&? "p is v consid]able1 x foll[s t1 to prev5t notable errors 9 practice1 ! radius mu/ be tak5 ( #aj1jjj p>ts or m4 #abh4 ,,l9es ,,:i* ,,are ,,inf9itely ,,divisible4--,f :at has be5 said ! reason is pla9 :y1 to ! end any !orem become univ]sal 9 its use1 x is necess>y we speak ( ! l9es describ$ on pap] z ?\gh !y conta9$ p>ts :i* really !y d n4 ,9 do+ ( :i*1 if we exam9e ! matt] ?or\ghly1 we %all p]haps discov] t we _c conceive an in* itself z consi/+ (1 or be+ divisible into1 a ?\s& p>ts1 b only "s o!r l9e :i* is f> great] ?an an in*1 & repres5t$ by x2 & t :5 we say a l9e is inf9itely divisible1 we mu/ mean a l9e :i* is inf9itely great4 ,:at we h "h obs]v$ seems to be ! *ief cause :y1 to suppose ! inf9ite divisibility ( f9ite ext5sion has be5 ?\ght necess>y 9 geometry4 #abi4 ,! sev]al absurdities & contradictions :i* fl[$ f ?is false pr9ciple might1 "o w\ld ?9k1 h be5 e/eem$ s _m demon/rations aga9/ x4 ,b1 by ,i "k n :at logic1 x is held t pro(s a po/]iori are n to be admitt$ aga9/ propositions relat+ to inf9ity1 z ?\gh x 7 n impossible ev5 = an inf9ite m9d to reconcile contradictions2 or z if any?+ absurd & repugnant c\ld h a necess>y connexion ) tru? or fl[ f x4 ,b1 :oev] consid]s ! weakness ( ?is pret5ce w ?9k x 0 contriv$ on purpose to hum\r ! laz9ess ( ! m9d :i* _h r acquiesce 9 an indol5t scepticism ?an be at ! pa9s to g ?r\gh ) a sev]e exam9ation ( ^? pr9ciples x has ev] embrac$ = true4 #acj4 ,( late ! speculations ab\t ,inf9ities h run s high1 & gr[n to su* /range notions1 z h occasion$ no small scruples & disputes among ! geomet]s ( ! pres5t age4 ,"s !re are ( great note :o1 n cont5t ) hold+ t f9ite l9es may be divid$ into an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 d yet f>!r ma9ta9 t ea* ( ^? inf9itesimals is itself subdivisible into an inf9ity ( o!r p>ts or inf9itesimals ( a second ord]1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,^!1 ,i say1 ass]t !re are inf9itesimals ( inf9itesimals ( inf9itesimals1 c41 )\t ev] com+ to an end2 s t accord+ to !m an in* does n b>ely conta9 an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 b an inf9ity ( an inf9ity ( an inf9ity ad inf9itum ( p>ts4 ,o!rs !re be :o hold all ord]s ( inf9itesimals bel[ ! fir/ to be no?+ at all2 ?9k+ x ) good reason absurd to imag9e !re is any positive quantity or "p ( ext5sion :i*1 ?\gh multipli$ inf9itely1 c nev] equal ! smalle/ giv5 ext5sion4 ,& yet on ! o!r h& x seems no less absurd to ?9k ! squ>e1 cube or o!r p[] ( a positive real root1 %\ld itself be no?+ at all2 :i* !y :o hold inf9itesimals ( ! fir/ ord]1 d5y+ all ( ! subsequ5t ord]s1 are oblig$ to ma9ta94 #aca4 ,,objection ,,( ,,ma!maticians4--,,answ]4--,h we n !re=e reason to conclude !y are bo? 9 ! wrong1 & t !re is 9 effect no su* ?+ z p>ts inf9itely small1 or an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts conta9$ 9 any f9ite quantity8 ,b y w say t if ?is doctr9e obta9s x w foll[ ! v f\ndations ( ,geometry are de/roy$1 & ^? great m5 :o h rais$ t sci5ce to s a/oni%+ a height1 h be5 all ! :ile build+ a ca/le 9 ! air4 ,to ?is x may be repli$ t :atev] is useful 9 geometry1 & promotes ! b5efit ( human life1 does /ill rema9 firm & un%ak5 on our pr9ciples2 t sci5ce consid]$ z practical w r receive advantage ?an any prejudice f :at has be5 said4 ,b to set ?is 9 a due light may be ! prop] bus9ess ( ano!r place4 ,= ! re/1 ?\gh x %\ld foll[ t "s ( ! m intricate & subtle p>ts ( ,speculative ,ma!matics may be p>$ (f )\t any prejudice to tru?1 yet ,i d n see :at damage w be !nce d]iv$ to mank9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i ?9k x 7 highly to be wi%$ t m5 ( great abilities & ob/9ate application w\ld draw (f _! ?\ghts f ^? amusem5ts1 & employ !m 9 ! /udy ( su* ?+s z lie ne>] ! conc]ns ( life1 or h a m direct influ5ce on ! mann]s4 #acb4 ,,second ,,objection ,,( ,,ma!maticians4--,,answ]4--,if x be said t sev]al !orems und\bt$ly true are discov]$ by me?ods 9 :i* inf9itesimals are made use (1 :i* c\ld nev] h be5 if _! exi/5ce includ$ a contradiction 9 x2 ,i answ] t ^u a ?or\gh exam9ation x w n be f\nd t 9 any in/ance x is necess>y to make use ( or conceive inf9itesimal p>ts ( f9ite l9es1 or ev5 quantities less ?an ! m9imum s5sible2 nay1 x w be evid5t ?is is nev] done1 x be+ impossible4 #acc4 ,,if ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,7 ,,only ,,an ,,hypo!sis ,,x ,,%\ld ,,be ,,respect$ ,,= ,,its ,,consequ5ces4--,by :at we h premis$1 x is pla9 t v num]\s & important errors h tak5 _! rise f ^? false ,pr9ciples :i* 7 impugn$ 9 ! =ego+ p>ts ( ?is treatise2 & ! opposites ( ^? errone\s t5ets at ! same "t appe> to be mo/ fruitful ,pr9ciples1 f :5ce d fl[ innum]able consequ5ces highly advantage\s to true philosophy1 z well z to religion4 ,p>ticul>ly ,matt]1 or ! absolute exi/5ce ( corporeal objects1 has be5 %[n to be t :]e9 ! mo/ av[$ & p]nici\s enemies ( all k1 :e!r human or div9e1 h ev] plac$ _! *ief /r5g? & confid5ce4 ,& surely1 if by di/+ui%+ ! real exi/5ce ( un?9k+ ?+s f _! be+ p]ceiv$1 & all[+ !m a subsi/ance ( _! own out ( ! m9ds ( spirits1 no "o ?+ is expla9$ 9 nature1 b on ! contr>y a great _m inexplicable difficulties arise2 if ! supposition ( ,matt] is b>ely prec>i\s1 z n be+ gr\nd$ on s mu* z "o s+le reason2 if its consequ5ces _c endure ! light ( exam9ation & free inquiry1 b scre5 !mselves "u ! d>k & g5]al pret5ce ( inf9ites be+ incompreh5sible2 if )al ! removal ( ?is ,matt] be n att5d$ ) ! lea/ evil consequ5ce2 if x be n ev5 miss$ 9 ! _w1 b ev]y?+ z well1 nay mu* easi] conceiv$ )\t x2 if1 la/ly1 bo? ,sceptics & ,a!i/s are = ev] sil5c$ ^u suppos+ only spirits & ideas1 & ?is s*eme ( ?+s is p]fectly agreeable bo? to ,reason & ,religion3 me?9ks we may expect x %\ld be admitt$ & firmly embrac$1 ?\gh x 7 propos$ only z an hypo!sis1 & ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] _h be5 all[$ possible1 :i* yet ,i ?9k we h evid5tly demon/rat$ t x is n4 #acd4 ,true x is t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! =ego+ pr9ciples1 sev]al disputes & speculations :i* are e/eem$ no mean p>ts ( le>n+1 are reject$ z useless4 ,b1 h[ great a prejudice soev] aga9/ our notions ?is may give to ^? :o h already be5 deeply engag$1 & make l>ge advances 9 /udies ( t nature1 yet by o!rs we hope x w n be ?\ght any j gr\nd ( dislike to ! pr9ciples & t5ets h]e9 laid d[n1 t !y abridge ! lab\r ( /udy1 & make human sci5ces f> m cle>1 comp5di\s & atta9able ?an !y 7 be=e4 #ace4 ,hav+ despat*$ :at we int5d$ to say conc]n+ ! k ( ,,ideas1 ! me?od we propos$ leads u 9 ! next place to treat ( ,,spirits--) reg>d to :i*1 p]haps1 human k is n s defici5t z is vulg>ly imag9$4 ,! great reason t is assign$ = our be+ ?\ght ignorant ( ! nature ( spirits is our n hav+ an idea ( x4 ,b1 surely x ought n to be look$ on z a defect 9 a human und]/&+ t x does n p]ceive ! idea ( _s1 if x is manife/ly impossible !re %\ld be any su* idea4 ,& ?is if ,i mi/ake n has be5 demon/rat$ 9 section #bg2 to :i* ,i %all "h add t a _s has be5 %[n to be ! only sub/ance or support :]e9 un?9k+ be+s or ideas c exi/2 b t ?is sub/ance :i* supports or p]ceives ideas %\ld itself be an idea or l an idea is evid5tly absurd4 #acf4 ,,objection4--,,answ]4--,x w p]haps be said t we want a s5se 7z "s h imag9$7 prop] to "k sub/ances )al1 :i*1 if we _h1 we might "k our own s\l z we d a triangle4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 t1 9 case we _h a new s5se be/[$ ^u u1 we c\ld only receive !reby "s new s5sations or ideas ( s5se4 ,b ,i believe nobody w say t :at he means by ! t]ms s\l & sub/ance is only "s p>ticul> sort ( idea or s5sation4 ,we may !re=e inf] t1 all ?+s duly consid]$1 x is n m reasonable to ?9k our faculties defective1 9 t !y d n furni% u ) an idea ( _s or active ?9k+ sub/ance1 ?an x w\ld be if we %\ld blame !m = n be+ able to compreh5d a r\nd squ>e4 #acg4 ,f ! op9ion t spirits are to be kn[n aft] ! mann] ( an idea or s5sation h ris5 _m absurd & het]odox t5ets1 & mu* scepticism ab\t ! nature ( ! s\l4 ,x is ev5 probable t ?is op9ion may h produc$ a d\bt 9 "s :e!r !y _h any s\l at all di/9ct f _! body s9ce ^u inquiry !y c\ld n f9d !y _h an idea ( x4 ,t an idea :i* is inactive1 & ! exi/5ce :]e( consi/s 9 be+ p]ceiv$1 %\ld be ! image or lik5ess ( an ag5t subsi/+ by itself1 seems to ne$ no o!r refutation ?an b>ely att5d+ to :at is meant by ^? words4 ,b1 p]haps y w say t ?\gh an idea _c resemble a _s 9 its ?9k+1 act+1 or subsi/+ by itself1 yet x may 9 "s o!r respects2 & x is n necess>y t an idea or image be 9 all respects l ! orig9al4 #ach4 ,i answ]1 if x does n 9 ^? m5tion$1 x is impossible x %\ld repres5t x 9 any o!r ?+4 ,d b leave out ! p[] ( will+1 ?9k+1 & p]ceiv+ ideas1 & !re rema9s no?+ else :]e9 ! idea c be l a _s4 ,=1 by ! ^w _s we mean only t :i* ?9ks1 wills1 & p]ceives2 ?is1 & ?is alone1 con/itutes ! signification ( ! t]m4 ,if !re=e x is impossible t any degree ( ^? p[]s %\ld be repres5t$ 9 an idea1 x is evid5t !re c be no idea ( a _s4 #aci4 ,b x w be object$ t1 if !re is no idea signifi$ by ! t]ms s\l1 _s1 & sub/ance1 !y are :olly insignificant1 or h no mean+ 9 !m4 ,i answ]1 ^? words d mean or signify a real ?+1 :i* is nei!r an idea nor l an idea1 b t :i* p]ceives ideas1 & wills1 & reasons ab\t !m4 ,:at ,i am myself1 t :i* ,i d5ote by ! t]m ,i1 is ! same ) :at is meant by s\l or spiritual sub/ance4 ,if x be said t ?is is only qu>rel+ at a ^w1 & t1 s9ce ! imm$iately significations ( o!r names are by common cons5t call$ ideas1 no reason c be assign$ :y t :i* is signifi$ by ! "n _s or s\l may n p>take 9 ! same appellation4 ,i answ]1 all ! un?9k+ objects ( ! m9d agree 9 t !y are entirely passive1 & _! exi/5ce consi/s only 9 be+ p]ceiv$2 :]eas a s\l or _s is an active be+1 ^: exi/5ce consi/s1 n 9 be+ p]ceiv$1 b 9 p]ceiv+ ideas & ?9k+4 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 9 ord] to prev5t equivocation & conf\nd+ natures p]fectly disagree+ & unlike1 t we di/+ui% betwe5 _s & idea4 ,see sect4 #bg4 #adj4 ,,our ,,idea ,,( ,,_s4--,9 a l>ge s5se1 inde$1 we may be said to h an idea or r a notion ( _s2 t is1 we und]/& ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 o!rwise we c\ld n affirm or d5y any?+ ( x4 ,moreov]1 z we conceive ! ideas t are 9 ! m9ds ( o!r spirits by means ( our own1 :i* we suppose to be resemblances ( !m2 s we "k o!r spirits by means ( our own s\l--:i* 9 t s5se is ! image or idea ( !m2 x hav+ a l respect to o!r spirits t blu5ess or heat by me p]ceiv$ has to ^? ideas p]ceiv$ by ano!r4 #ada4 ,,! ,,natural ,,immortality ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,is ,a ,,necess>y ,,consequ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,doctr9e4--,x mu/ n be suppos$ t !y :o ass]t ! natural immortality ( ! s\l are ( op9ion t x is absolutely incapable ( annihilation ev5 by ! inf9ite p[] ( ! ,creator :o fir/ gave x be+1 b only t x is n liable to be brok5 or dissolv$ by ! ord9>y laws ( nature or motion4 ,!y inde$ :o hold ! s\l ( man to be only a ?9 vital flame1 or sy/em ( animal spirits1 make x p]i%+ & corruptible z ! body2 s9ce !re is no?+ m easily dissipat$ ?an su* a be+1 :i* x is naturally impossible %\ld survive ! ru9 ( ! tab]nacle :]e9 x is enclos$4 ,& ?is notion has be5 gre$ily embrac$ & *]i%$ by ! wor/ "p ( mank9d1 z ! mo/ effectual antidote aga9/ all impressions ( virtue & religion4 ,b x has be5 made evid5t t bodies1 ( :at frame or texture soev]1 are b>ely passive ideas 9 ! m9d1 :i* is m di/ant & het]og5e\s f !m ?an light is f d>kness4 ,we h %[n t ! s\l is indivisible1 incorporeal1 unext5d$1 & x is consequ5tly incorruptible4 ,no?+ c be pla9] ?an t ! motions1 *anges1 decays1 & dissolutions :i* we h\rly see befall natural bodies 7& :i* is :at we mean by ! c\rse ( nature7 _c possibly affect an active1 simple1 uncomp\nd$ sub/ance2 su* a be+ !re=e is indissoluble by ! =ce ( nature2 t is to say1 ! s\l ( man is naturally immortal4 #adb4 ,aft] :at has be5 said1 x is1 ,i suppose1 pla9 t our s\ls are n to be kn[n 9 ! same mann] z s5seless1 inactive objects1 or by way ( idea4 ,spirits & ideas are ?+s s :olly diff]5t1 t :5 we say !y exi/1 !y are kn[n1 or ! l1 ^! words mu/ n be ?\ght to signify any?+ common to bo? natures4 ,!re is no?+ alike or common 9 !m3 & to expect t by any multiplication or enl>gem5t ( our faculties we may be enabl$ to "k a _s z we d a triangle1 seems z absurd z if we %\ld hope to see a s\nd4 ,?is is inculcat$ because ,i imag9e x may be ( mom5t t[>ds cle>+ sev]al important que/ions1 & prev5t+ "s v dang]\s errors conc]n+ ! nature ( ! s\l4 ,we may n1 ,i ?9k1 /rictly be said to h an idea ( an active be+1 or ( an action1 al?\gh we may be said to h a notion ( !m4 ,i h "s k or notion ( my m9d1 & its acts ab\t ideas1 inasmu* z ,i "k or und]/& :at is meant by ^! words4 ,:at ,i "k1 t ,i h "s notion (4 ,i w n say t ! t]ms idea & notion may n be us$ conv]tibly1 if ! _w w h x s2 b yet x conduce? to cle>ness & propriety t we di/+ui% ?+s v diff]5t by diff]5t names4 ,x is also to be rem>k$ t1 all relations includ+ an act ( ! m9d1 we _c s prop]ly be said to h an idea1 b r a notion ( ! relations & habitudes betwe5 ?+s4 ,b if1 9 ! mod]n way1 ! ^w idea is ext5d$ to spirits1 & relations1 & acts1 ?is is1 aft] all1 an affair ( v]bal conc]n4 #adc4 ,x w n be amiss to add1 t ! doctr9e ( ab/ract ideas has _h no small %>e 9 r5d]+ ^? sci5ces intricate & obscure :i* are p>ticul>ly conv]sant ab\t spiritual ?+s4 ,m5 h imag9$ !y c\ld frame ab/ract notions ( ! p[]s & acts ( ! m9d1 & consid] !m presc9d$ z well f ! m9d or _s itself1 z f _! respective objects & effects4 ,h5ce a great numb] ( d>k & ambigu\s t]ms1 presum$ to /& = ab/ract notions1 h be5 introduc$ into metaphysics & morality1 & f ^! h gr[n inf9ite di/ractions & disputes among/ ! le>n$4 #add4 ,b1 no?+ seems m to h contribut$ t[>ds engag+ m5 9 controv]sies & mi/akes ) reg>d to ! nature & op]ations ( ! m9d1 ?an ! be+ us$ to speak ( ^? ?+s 9 t]ms borr[$ f s5sible ideas4 ,= example1 ! w is t]m$ ! motion ( ! s\l2 ?is infuses a belief t ! m9d ( man is z a ball 9 motion1 impell$ & det]m9$ by ! objects ( s5se1 z necess>ily z t is by ! /roke ( a racket4 ,h5ce arise endless scruples & errors ( dang]\s consequ5ce 9 morality4 ,all :i*1 ,i d\bt n1 may be cle>$1 & tru? appe> pla91 uni=m1 & consi/5t1 c\ld b philosoph]s be prevail$ on to retire into !mselves1 & att5tively consid] _! own mean+4 #ade4 ,,k ,,( ,,spirits ,,n ,,imm$iate4--,f :at has be5 said1 x is pla9 t we _c "k ! exi/5ce ( o!r spirits o!rwise ?an by _! op]ations1 or ! ideas by !m excit$ 9 u4 ,i p]ceive sev]al motions1 *anges1 & comb9ations ( ideas1 t in=m me !re are c]ta9 p>ticul> ag5ts1 l myself1 :i* accompany !m & concur 9 _! production4 ,h5ce1 ! k ,i h ( o!r spirits is n imm$iate1 z is ! k ( my ideas2 b dep5d+ on ! int]v5tion ( ideas1 by me ref]r$ to ag5ts or spirits di/9ct f myself1 z effects or concomitant signs4 #adf4 ,b1 ?\gh !re be "s ?+s :i* conv9ce u human ag5ts are conc]n$ 9 produc+ !m2 yet x is evid5t to e "o t ^? ?+s :i* are call$ ! ,works ( ,nature1 t is1 ! f> great] "p ( ! ideas or s5sations p]ceiv$ by u1 are n produc$ by1 or dep5d5t on1 ! wills ( m54 ,!re is !re=e "s o!r ,_s t causes !m2 s9ce x is repugnant t !y %\ld subsi/ by !mselves4 ,see sect4 #bi4 ,b1 if we att5tively consid] ! con/ant regul>ity1 ord]1 & concat5ation ( natural ?+s1 ! surpris+ magnific5ce1 beauty1 & p]fection ( ! l>g]1 & ! exquisite contrivance ( ! small] p>ts ( creation1 toge!r ) ! exact h>mony & correspond5ce ( ! :ole1 b above all ! nev]-en\gh-admir$ laws ( pa9 & pleasure1 & ! in/9cts or natural incl9ations1 appetites1 & passions ( animals2 ,i say if we consid] all ^! ?+s1 & at ! same "t att5d to ! mean+ & import ( ! attributes ,"o1 ,et]nal1 ,inf9itely ,wise1 ,good1 & ,p]fect1 we %all cle>ly p]ceive t !y belong to ! a=esaid ,_s1 :o works all 9 all1 & by :om all ?+s consi/4 #adg4 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,god ,,m ,,evid5t ,,?an ,,t ,,( ,,man4--,h5ce1 x is evid5t t ,god is kn[n z c]ta9ly & imm$iately z any o!r m9d or _s :atsoev] di/9ct f ourselves4 ,we may ev5 ass]t t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is f> m evid5tly p]ceiv$ ?an ! exi/5ce ( m52 because ! effects ( nature are inf9itely m num]\s & consid]able ?an ^? ascrib$ to human ag5ts4 ,!re is n any "o m>k t d5otes a man1 or effect produc$ by him1 :i* does n m /rongly ev9ce ! be+ ( t ,_s :o is ! ,au?or ( ,nature4 ,=1 x is evid5t t 9 affect+ o!r p]sons ! w ( man has no o!r object ?an b>ely ! motion ( ! limbs ( 8 body2 b t su* a motion %\ld be att5d$ by1 or excite any idea 9 ! m9d ( ano!r1 dep5ds :olly on ! w ( ! ,creator4 ,he alone x is :o1 uphold+ all ?+s by ! ^w ( ,8 p[]1 ma9ta9s t int]c\rse betwe5 spirits :]eby !y are able to p]ceive ! exi/5ce ( ea* o!r4 ,& yet ?is pure & cle> light :i* enlight5s e "o is itself invisible4 #adh4 ,x seems to be a g5]al pret5ce ( ! un?9k+ h]d t !y _c see ,god4 ,c\ld we b see ,him1 say !y1 z we see a man1 we %\ld believe t ,he is1 & believ+ obey ,8 comm&s4 ,b alas1 we ne$ only op5 our eyes to see ! ,sov]eign ,"l ( all ?+s1 ) a m full & cle> view ?an we d any "o ( our fell[--creatures4 ,n t ,i imag9e we see ,god 7z "s w h x7 by a direct & imm$iate view2 or see corporeal ?+s1 n by !mselves1 b by see+ t :i* repres5ts !m 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god1 :i* doctr9e is1 ,i mu/ confess1 to me incompreh5sible4 ,b ,i %all expla9 my mean+2--,a human _s or p]son is n p]ceiv$ by s5se1 z n be+ an idea2 :5 !re=e we see ! col\r1 size1 figure1 & motions ( a man1 we p]ceive only c]ta9 s5sations or ideas excit$ 9 our own m9ds2 & ^! be+ exhibit$ to our view 9 sundry di/9ct collections1 s]ve to m>k out unto u ! exi/5ce ( f9ite & creat$ spirits l ourselves4 ,h5ce x is pla9 we d n see a man--if by man is meant t :i* lives1 moves1 p]ceives1 & ?9ks z we d--b only su* a c]ta9 collection ( ideas z directs u to ?9k !re is a di/9ct pr9ciple ( ?\ght & motion1 l to ourselves1 accompany+ & repres5t$ by x4 ,& aft] ! same mann] we see ,god2 all ! diff]5ce is t1 :]eas "s "o f9ite & n>r[ assemblage ( ideas d5otes a p>ticul> human m9d1 :i!rsoev] we direct our view1 we d at all times & 9 all places p]ceive manife/ tok5s ( ! ,div9ity3 ev]y?+ we see1 he>1 feel1 or anywise p]ceive by s5se1 be+ a sign or effect ( ! p[] ( ,god2 z is our p]ception ( ^? v motions :i* are produc$ by m54 #adi4 ,x is !re=e pla9 t no?+ c be m evid5t to any "o t is capable ( ! lea/ reflexion ?an ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 or a ,_s :o is intimately pres5t to our m9ds1 produc+ 9 !m all t v>iety ( ideas or s5sations :i* cont9ually affect u1 on :om we h an absolute & entire dep5d5ce1 9 %ort 9 :om we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 ,t ! discov]y ( ?is great tru?1 :i* lies s ne> & obvi\s to ! m9d1 %\ld be atta9$ to by ! reason ( s v few1 is a sad in/ance ( ! /upidity & inatt5tion ( m51 :o1 ?\gh !y are surr\nd$ ) su* cle> manife/ations ( ! ,deity1 are yet s little affect$ by !m t !y seem1 z x 71 bl9d$ ) excess ( light4 #aej4 ,,objection ,,on ,,behalf ,,( ,,nature4--,,answ]4--,b y w say1 has ,nature no %>e 9 ! production ( natural ?+s1 & mu/ !y be all ascrib$ to ! imm$iate & sole op]ation ( ,god8 ,i answ]1 if by ,nature is meant only ! visible s]ies ( effects or s5sations impr9t$ on our m9ds1 accord+ to c]ta9 fix$ & g5]al laws1 !n x is pla9 t ,nature1 tak5 9 ?is s5se1 _c produce any?+ at all4 ,b1 if by ,nature is meant "s be+ di/9ct f ,god1 z well z f ! laws ( nature1 & ?+s p]ceiv$ by s5se1 ,i mu/ confess t ^w is to me an empty s\nd )\t any intelligible mean+ annex$ to x4 ,nature1 9 ?is acceptation1 is a va9 *im]a1 introduc$ by ^? hea!ns :o _h n j notions ( ! omnipres5ce & inf9ite p]fection ( ,god4 ,b1 x is m unacc\ntable t x %\ld be receiv$ among ,*ri/ians1 pr(ess+ belief 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures1 :i* con/antly ascribe ^? effects to ! imm$iate h& ( ,god t hea!n philosoph]s are wont to impute to ,nature4 ,! ,"l ,he cause? ! vap\rs to asc5d2 ,he make? lightn+s ) ra92 ,he br+e? =? ! w9d out ( 8 treasures4 ,j]em4 #aj4 #ac4 ,he turne? ! %ad[ ( dea? into ! morn+1 & make? ! day d>k ) night4 ,amos1 #e4 #h4 ,he visite? ! e>?1 & make? x s(t ) %[]s3 ,he blesse? ! spr++ !re(1 & cr[ne? ! ye> ) ,8 goodness2 s t ! pa/ures are clo!d ) flocks1 & ! valleys are cov]$ ov] ) corn4 ,see ,psalm #fe4 ,b1 not)/&+ t ?is is ! con/ant language ( ,scripture1 yet we h ,i "k n :at av]sion f believ+ t ,god conc]ns ,himself s ne>ly 9 our affairs4 ,fa9 w\ld we suppose ,him at a great di/ance (f1 & sub/itute "s bl9d un?9k+ deputy 9 ,8 /ead1 ?\gh 7if we may believe ,sa9t ,paul7 ,he be n f> f e "o ( u4 #aea4 ,,objection ,,to ,,! ,,h& ,,( ,,god ,,be+ ,,! ,,imm$iate ,,cause1 ,,?reefold4--,,answ]4--,x w1 ,i d\bt n1 be object$ t ! sl[ & gradual me?ods obs]v$ 9 ! production ( natural ?+s d n seem to h = _! cause ! imm$iate h& ( an ,almighty ,ag5t4 ,besides1 mon/]s1 untimely bir?s1 fruits bla/$ 9 ! blossom1 ra9s fall+ 9 des]t places1 mis]ies incid5t to human life1 & ! l1 are s _m argum5ts t ! :ole frame ( nature is n imm$iately actuat$ & sup]9t5d$ by a ,_s ( inf9ite wisdom & goodness4 ,b ! answ] to ?is objection is 9 a good measure pla9 f sect4 #fb2 x be+ visible t ! a=esaid me?ods ( nature are absolutely necess>y1 9 ord] to work+ by ! mo/ simple & g5]al rules1 & aft] a /eady & consi/5t mann]2 :i* argues bo? ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god4 ,su* is ! artificial contrivance ( ?is mighty ma*9e ( nature t1 :il/ its motions & v>i\s ph5om5a /rike on our s5ses1 ! h& :i* actuates ! :ole is itself unp]ceivable to m5 ( fle% & blood4 ,v]ily 7sai? ! prophet7 ?\ art a ,god t hide/ ?yself4 ,isaiah1 #de4 #ae4 ,b1 ?\gh ! ,"l conceal ,himself f ! eyes ( ! s5sual & lazy1 :o w n be at ! lea/ exp5se ( ?\ght1 yet to an unbias$ & att5tive m9d no?+ c be m pla9ly legible ?an ! intimate pres5ce ( an ,all-wise ,_s1 :o fa%ions1 regulates & su/a9s ! :ole sy/em ( be+s4 ,x is cle>1 f :at we h else:]e obs]v$1 t ! op]at+ accord+ to g5]al & /at$ laws is s necess>y = our guidance 9 ! affairs ( life1 & lett+ u into ! secret ( nature1 t )\t x all rea* & compass ( ?\ght1 all human sagacity & design1 c\ld s]ve to no mann] ( purpose2 x 7 ev5 impossible !re %\ld be any su* faculties or p[]s 9 ! m9d4 ,see sect4 #ca4 ,:i* "o consid]ation abundantly outbalances :atev] p>ticul> inconv5i5ces may !nce arise4 #aeb4 ,we %\ld fur!r consid] t ! v blemi%es & defects ( nature are n )\t _! use1 9 t !y make an agreeable sort ( v>iety1 & augm5t ! beauty ( ! re/ ( ! creation1 z %ades 9 a picture s]ve to set (f ! bright] & m enlight5$ p>ts4 ,we w\ld likewise d well to exam9e :e!r our tax+ ! wa/e ( se$s & embryos1 & accid5tal de/ruction ( plants & animals1 be=e !y come to full maturity1 z an imprud5ce 9 ! ,au?or ( nature1 be n ! effect ( prejudice contract$ by our famili>ity ) impot5t & sav+ mortals4 ,9 man inde$ a ?rifty managem5t ( ^? ?+s :i* he _c procure )\t mu* pa9s & indu/ry may be e/eem$ wisdom4 ,b1 we mu/ n imag9e t ! inexplicably f9e ma*9e ( an animal or vegetable co/s ! great ,creator any m pa9s or tr\ble 9 its production ?an a pebble does2 no?+ be+ m evid5t ?an t an ,omnipot5t ,_s c indiff]5tly produce ev]y?+ by a m]e fiat or act ( ,8 w4 ,h5ce1 x is pla9 t ! spl5did pr(usion ( natural ?+s %\ld n be int]pret$ weakness or prodigality 9 ! ag5t :o produces !m1 b r be look$ on z an argum5t ( ! ri*es ( ,8 p[]4 #aec4 ,z = ! mixture ( pa9 or uneas9ess :i* is 9 ! _w1 pursuant to ! g5]al laws ( nature1 & ! actions ( f9ite1 imp]fect spirits1 ?is1 9 ! /ate we are 9 at pres5t1 is indisp5sably necess>y to our well-be+4 ,b our prospects are too n>r[4 ,we take1 = in/ance1 ! idea ( "s "o p>ticul> pa9 into our ?\ghts1 & acc\nt x evil2 :]eas1 if we enl>ge our view1 s z to compreh5d ! v>i\s ends1 connexions1 & dep5d5cies ( ?+s1 on :at occasions & 9 :at proportions we are affect$ ) pa9 & pleasure1 ! nature ( human fre$om1 & ! design ) :i* we are put into ! _w2 we %all be =c$ to ackn[l$ge t ^? p>ticul> ?+s :i*1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 appe> to be evil1 h ! nature ( good1 :5 consid]$ z l9k$ ) ! :ole sy/em ( be+s4 #aed4 ,,a!ism ,,& ,,mani*eism ,,w\ld ,,h ,,few ,,support]s ,,if ,,mank9d ,,7 ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,att5tive4--,f :at has be5 said1 x w be manife/ to any consid]+ p]son1 t x is m]ely = want ( att5tion & compreh5siv5ess ( m9d t !re are any fav\r]s ( ,a!ism or ! ,mani*ean ,h]esy to be f\nd4 ,little & unreflect+ s\ls may inde$ burlesque ! works ( ,provid5ce1 ! beauty & ord] :]e( !y h n capacity1 or w n be at ! pa9s1 to compreh5d2 b ^? :o are ma/]s ( any ju/ness & ext5t ( ?\ght1 & are )al us$ to reflect1 c nev] suffici5tly admire ! div9e traces ( ,wisdom & ,goodness t %9e ?r\gh\t ! ,economy ( ,nature4 ,b :at tru? is !re :i* %9e? s /rongly on ! m9d t by an av]sion ( ?\ght1 a wilful %utt+ ( ! eyes1 we may n escape see+ x8 ,is x !re=e to be wond]$ at1 if ! g5]ality ( m51 :o are ev] int5t on bus9ess or pleasure1 & little us$ to fix or op5 ! eye ( _! m9d1 %\ld n h all t conviction & evid5ce ( ! ,be+ ( ,god :i* might be expect$ 9 reasonable creatures8 #aee4 ,we %\ld r wond] t m5 c be f\nd s /upid z to neglect1 ?an t neglect+ !y %\ld be unconv9c$ ( su* an evid5t & mom5t\s tru?4 ,& yet x is to be fe>$ t too _m ( p>ts & leisure1 :o live 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 are1 m]ely ?r\gh a sup9e & dreadful neglig5ce1 sunk into ,a!ism4 ,s9ce x is d[nright impossible t a s\l pi]c$ & enlight5$ ) a ?or\gh s5se ( ! omnipres5ce1 hol9ess1 & ju/ice ( t ,almighty ,_s %\ld p]si/ 9 a remorseless violation ( ,8 laws4 ,we ought1 !re=e1 e>ne/ly to m$itate & dwell on ^? important po9ts2 t s we may atta9 conviction )\t all scruple t ! eyes ( ! ,"l are 9 e place behold+ ! evil & ! good2 t ,he is ) u & keepe? u 9 all places :i!r we g1 & give? u bread to eat & raim5t to put on2 t ,he is pres5t & consci\s to our inn]mo/ ?\ghts2 & t we h a mo/ absolute & imm$iate dep5d5ce on ,him4 ,a cle> view ( :i* great tru?s _c *oose b fill our he>ts ) an awful circumspection & holy fe>1 :i* is ! /ronge/ inc5tive to ,virtue1 & ! be/ gu>d aga9/ ,vice4 #aef4 ,=1 aft] all1 :at des]ves ! fir/ place 9 our /udies is ! consid]ation ( ,,god & our ,,duty2 :i* to promote1 z x 0 ! ma9 drift & design ( my lab\rs1 s %all ,i e/eem !m altoge!r useless & ineffectual if1 by :at ,i h said1 ,i _c inspire my read]s ) a pi\s s5se ( ! ,pres5ce ( ,god2 &1 hav+ %[n ! fals5ess or vanity ( ^? b>r5 speculations :i* make ! *ief employm5t ( le>n$ m51 ! bett] dispose !m to rev]5ce & embrace ! salut>y tru?s ( ! ,gospel1 :i* to "k & to practice is ! highe/ p]fection ( human nature4