,an ,essay ,t[>ds a ,new ,!ory ( ,vision by ,george ,b]keley 7#afhe-agec7 ,,cont5ts ,sect4 #a ,design #b ,di/ance ( itself invisible #c ,remote di/ance p]ceiv$ r by exp]i5ce ?an by s5se #d ,ne> di/ance ?\ght to be p]ceiv$ by ! ,,angle ( ! ,,optic ,,axes #e ,diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! =m] mann] ( p]ceiv+ di/ance #f ,also by div]g+ rays #g ,?is dep5ds n on exp]i5ce #h ,^! ! common acc\nts1 b n satisfactory #i ,"s ,,ideas p]ceiv$ by ! m$iation ( o!rs #aj ,no ,,idea :i* is n itself p]ceiv$1 c be ! means ( p]ceiv+ ano!r #aa ,di/ance p]ceiv$ by means ( "s o!r ,,idea #ab ,^? l9es & angles m5tion$ 9 optics1 are n !mselves p]ceiv$ #ac ,h5ce ! m9d does n p]ceive di/ance by l9es & angles #ad ,also because !y h no real exi/5ce #ae ,& because !y are insuffici5t to expla9 ! ph5om5a #af ,! ,,ideas t sugge/ di/ance are1 #a/1 ! s5sation aris+ f ! turn ( ! eyes #ag ,betwixt :i* & di/ance !re is no necess>y connection #ah ,sc>ce room = mi/ake 9 ?is matt] #ai ,no reg>d _h to ! angle ( ! ,,optic ,,axes #bj ,judgm5t ( di/ance made ) bo? eyes1 ! result ( ,,exp]i5ce #ba #bndly1 ,confus$ness ( appe>ance #bb ,?is ! occasion ( ^? judgm5ts attribut$ to div]g+ rays #bc ,objection answ]$ #bd ,:at deceives ! writ]s ( optics 9 ?is matt] #be ,! cause :y "o ,,idea may sugge/ ano!r #bf ,?is appli$ to confusion & di/ance #bg ,?irrdly1 ! /ra9+ ( ! eye #bh ,! occasions :i* sugge/ di/ance h 9 _! own nature no relation to x #bi ,a difficult case propos$ by ,dr4 ,b>r[ z repugnant to all ! kn[n !ories #cj ,?is case contradicts a receiv$ pr9ciple 9 catoptrics #ca ,x is %[n to agree ) ! pr9ciples we h laid d[n #cb ,?is ph5om5on illu/rat$ #cc ,x confirms ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple :]eby x is expla9$ #cd ,vision :5 di/9ct1 & :5 confus$ #ce ,! diff]5t effects ( p>allel div]g+ & conv]g+ rays #cf ,h[ conv]g+ & div]g+ rays come to sugge/ ! same di/ance #cg ,a p]son extreme purbl9d w\ld judge aright 9 ! =em5tion$ case #ch ,l9es & angles1 :y useful 9 optics #ci ,! n und]/&+ ?is1 a cause ( mi/ake #dj ,a qu]y propos$1 by ,mr4 ,molyneux 9 8 ,,dioptrics1 consid]$ #da ,"o born bl9d w\ld n at fir/ h any ,,idea ( di/ance by sight #db ,?is n agreeable to ! common pr9ciples #dc ,! prop] objects ( sight1 n )\t ! m9d1 nor ! images ( any ?+ )\t ! m9d #dd ,?is m fully expla9$ #de ,9 :at s5se we mu/ be und]/ood to see di/ance & ext]nal ?+s #df ,di/ance1 & ?+s plac$ at a di/ance1 n o!rwise p]ceiv$ by ! eye ?an by ! e> #dg ,! ,,ideas ( sight m apt to be conf\nd$ ) ! ,,ideas ( t\* ?an ^? ( he>+ are #dh ,h[ ?is comes to pass #di ,/rictly speak+1 we nev] see & feel ! same ?+ #ej ,objects ( ,,sight tw(old1 m$iate & imm$iate #ea ,^! h>d to sep>ate 9 our ?\ghts #eb ,! receiv$ acc\nts ( our p]ceiv+ magnitude by sight1 false #ec ,magnitude p]ceiv$ z imm$iately z di/ance #ed ,two k9ds ( s5sible ext5sion1 nei!r ( :i* is inf9itely divisible #ee ,! tangible magnitude ( an ,,object /eady1 ! visible n #ef ,by :at means tangible magnitude is p]ceiv$ by sight #eg ,?is fur!r enl>g$ on #eh ,no necess>y connection betwe5 confusion or fa9tness ( appe>ance1 & small or great magnitude #ei ,! tangible magnitude ( an ,,object m he$$ ?an ! visible1 & :y #fj ,an in/ance ( ?is #fa ,m5 d n measure by visible feet or in*es #fb ,no necess>y connection betwe5 visible & tangible ext5sion #fc ,great] visible magnitude might signify less] tangible magnitude #fd ,! judgm5ts we make ( magnitude dep5d altoge!r on exp]i5ce #fe ,di/ance & magnitude se5 z %ame or ang] #ff ,b we are prone to ?9k o!rwise1 & :y #fg ,! moon seems great] 9 ! horizon ?an 9 ! m]idian #fh ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on assign$ #fi ,! horizontal moon1 :y great] at "o "t ?an ano!r4 #gj ,! acc\nt we h giv5 prov$ to be true #ga ,& confirm$ by ! moon's appe>+ great] 9 a mi/ #gb ,objection answ]$ #gc ,! way :]e9 fa9tness sugge/s great] magnitude illu/rat$ #gd ,appe>ance ( ! horizontal moon1 :y ?\ght difficult to expla9 #ge ,attempts t[>ds ! solution ( x made by sev]al1 b 9 va9 #gf ,! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,wallis #gg ,x is %[n to be unsatisfactory #gh ,h[ l9es & angles may be ( use 9 comput+ app>5t magnitudes #gi ,"o born bl9d1 be+ made to see1 :at judgm5t he w\ld make ( magnitude #hj ,! ,,m9imum ,,visible ! same to all creatures #ha ,objection answ]$ #hb ,! eye at all times p]ceives ! same numb] ( visible po9ts #hc ,two imp]fections 9 ! ,,visive ,,faculty #hd ,answ]+ to :i*1 we may conceive two p]fections #he ,9 nei!r ( ^! two ways d microscopes improve ! sight #hf ,! case ( microscopical eyes1 consid]$ #hg ,! sight1 admirably adapt$ to ! ends ( see+ #hh ,difficulty conc]n+ erect vision #hi ,! common way ( expla9+ x #ij ,! same %[n to be false #ia ,n di/+ui%+ betwe5 ,,ideas ( sight & t\*1 cause ( mi/ake 9 ?is matt] #ib ,! case ( "o born bl9d1 prop] to be consid]$ #ic ,su* a "o might by t\* atta9 to h ,,ideas ( ,,upp] & ,,l[] #id ,:i* modes ( situation he w\ld attribute only to ?+s tangible #ie ,he w\ld n at fir/ sight ?9k any?+ he saw1 high or l[1 erect or inv]t$ #if ,?is illu/rat$ by an example #ig ,by :at means he w\ld come to d5om9ate visible ,,objects1 high or l[1 etc4 #ih ,:y he %\ld ?9k ^? ,,objects highe/1 :i* are pa9t$ on ! l[e/ "p ( 8 eye1 & ,,vice ,,v]sa #ii ,h[ he w\ld p]ceive by sight1 ! situation ( ext]nal objects #ajj ,our prop5sion to ?9k ! contr>y1 no argum5t aga9/ :at has be5 said #aja ,objection #ajb ,answ] #ajc ,an object c\ld n be kn[n at fir/ sight by ! col\r #ajd ,nor by ! magnitude !re( #aje ,nor by ! figure #ajf ,9 ! fir/ act ( vision1 no tangible ?+ w\ld be sugge/$ by sight #ajg ,difficulty propos$ conc]n+ numb] #ajh ,numb] ( ?+s visible1 w\ld n at fir/ sight sugge/ ! l numb] ( ?+s tangible #aji ,numb] ! creature ( ! m9d #aaj ,"o born bl9d w\ld n at fir/ sight numb] visible ?+s z o!rs d #aaa ,! situation ( any object det]m9$ ) respect only to objects ( ! same s5se #aab ,no di/ance1 great or small1 betwe5 a visible & tangible ?+ #aac ,! n obs]v+ ?is1 cause ( difficulty 9 erect vision #aad ,:i* o!rwise includes no?+ unacc\ntable #aae ,:at is meant by ! picture be+ inv]t$ #aaf ,cause ( mi/ake 9 ?is matt] #aag ,images 9 ! eye1 n pictures ( ext]nal objects #aah ,9 :at s5se !y are pictures #aai ,9 ?is affair we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ideas ( sight & t\* #abj ,difficult to expla9 by words ! true ,!ory ( ,vision #aba ,! "q1 :e!r !re is any ,,idea common to sight & t\*1 /at$ #abb ,ab/ract ext5sion inquir$ into #abc ,x is incompreh5sible #abd ,ab/ract ext5sion n ! ,,object ( geometry #abe ,! g5]al ,,idea ( a triangle1 consid]$ #abf ,vacuum1 or pure space1 n common to sight & t\* #abg ,!re is no idea1 or k9d ( idea1 common to bo? s5ses #abh ,fir/ argum5t 9 pro( h]e( #abi ,second argum5t #acj ,visible figure & ext5sion1 n di/9ct ,,ideas f col\r #aca ,?ird argum5t #acb ,confirmation drawn f ,mr4 ,molyneux's problem ( a sph]e & a cube1 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,locke #acc ,:i* is falsely solv$1 if ! common supposition be true #acd ,m might be said 9 pro( ( our t5et1 b ?is suffices #ace ,fur!r reflection on ! =ego+ problem #acf ,! same ?+ do? n affect bo? sight & t\* #acg ,! same idea ( motion n common to sight & t\* #ach ,! way :]e9 we appreh5d motion by sight1 easily collect$ f :at ha? be5 said #aci ,,qu4 ,h[ visible & tangible ,,ideas came to h ! same "n if n ( ! same k9d #adj ,?is acc\nt$ = )\t suppos+ !m ( ! same k9d #ada ,,obj4 ,t a tangible squ>e is lik] to a visible squ>e ?an to a visible circle #adb ,,ans4 ,t a visible squ>e is fitt] ?an a visible circle1 to repres5t a tangible squ>e #adc ,b x do? n h5ce foll[1 t a visible squ>e is l a tangible squ>e #add ,:y we are m apt to conf\nd visible ) tangible ,,ideas1 ?an o!r signs ) ! ?+s signifi$ #ade ,sev]al o!r reasons h]e(1 assign$ #adf ,reluctancy 9 reject+ any op9ion1 no argum5t ( its tru? #adg ,prop] objects ( vision ! language ( nature #adh ,9 x !re is mu* admirable1 & des]v+ our att5tion #adi ,"q propos$1 conc]n+ ! object ( geometry #aej ,at fir/ view we are apt to ?9k visible ext5sion ! object ( geometry #aea ,visible ext5sion %[n n to be ! object ( geometry #aeb ,words may z well be ?\ght ! object ( geometry1 z visible ext5sion #aec ,x is propos$ to inquire1 :at progress an intellig5ce t c\ld see1 b n feel1 might make 9 geometry #aed ,he _c und]/& ^? p>ts :i* relate to solids1 & _! surfaces1 & l9es g5]at$ by _! section #aee ,nor ev5 ! elem5ts ( plane geometry #aef ,! prop] objects ( sight incapable ( be+ manag$ z geometrical figures #aeg ,! op9ion ( ^? :o hold plane figures to be ! imm$iate objects ( sight1 consid]$ #aeh ,planes no m ! imm$iate objects ( sight1 ?an solids #aei ,difficult to ent] precisely into ! ?\ghts ( ! above-m5tion$ intellig5ce #afj ,! object ( geometry1 its n be+ suffici5tly und]/ood1 cause ( difficulty1 & useless lab\r 9 t sci5ce ,,an ,,essay ,,t[>ds ,a ,,new ,,!ory ,,( ,,vision #a4 ,my design is to %[ ! mann] :]e9 we p]ceive by sight ! di/ance1 magnitude1 & situation ( ,,objects4 ,also to consid] ! diff]5ce !re is betwixt ! ,,ideas ( sight & t\*1 & :e!r !re be any ,,idea common to bo? s5ses4 #b4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 agre$ by all t ,,di/ance1 ( itself & imm$iately1 _c be se54 ,= ,,di/ance be+ a ,l9e direct$ end-wise to ! eye1 x projects only "o po9t 9 ! fund ( ! eye1 :i* po9t rema9s inv>iably ! same1 :e!r ! di/ance be long] or %ort]4 #c4 ,i f9d x also ackn[l$g$ t ! e/imate we make ( ! di/ance ( ,,objects consid]ably remote is r an act ( judgm5t gr\nd$ on ,,exp]i5ce ?an ( ,,s5se4 ,= example1 :5 ,i p]ceive a great numb] ( int]m$iate ,,objects1 su* z h\ses1 fields1 riv]s1 & ! l1 :i* ,i h exp]i5c$ to take up a consid]able space1 ,i !nce =m a judgm5t or conclusion t ! ,,object ,i see beyond !m is at a great di/ance4 ,aga91 :5 an ,,object appe>s fa9t & small1 :i* at a ne> di/ance ,i h exp]i5c$ to make a vigor\s & l>ge appe>ance1 ,i in/antly conclude x to be f> (f3 ,& ?is1 x is evid5t1 is ! result ( ,,exp]i5ce2 )\t :i*1 f ! fa9tness & littl5ess ,i %\ld n h inf]r$ any?+ conc]n+ ! di/ance ( ,,objects4 #d4 ,b :5 an ,,object is plac$ at s ne> a di/ance z t ! int]val betwe5 ! eyes be>s any s5sible proportion to x1 ! op9ion ( speculative m5 is t ! two ,,optic ,,axes 7! fancy t we see only ) "o eye at once be+ explod$7 concurr+ at ! ,,object d !re make an ,,angle1 by means ( :i*1 accord+ z x is great] or less]1 ! ,,object is p]ceiv$ to be ne>] or f>!r (f4 #e4 ,betwixt :i* & ! =ego+ mann] ( e/imat+ di/ance !re is ?is rem>kable diff]5ce3 t :]eas !re 0 no app>5t1 necess>y connection betwe5 small di/ance & a l>ge & /rong appe>ance1 or betwe5 great di/ance & a little & fa9t appe>ance1 !re appe>s a v necess>y connection betwe5 an obtuse angle & ne> di/ance1 & an acute angle & f>!r di/ance4 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ dep5d ^u exp]i5ce1 b may be evid5tly kn[n by anyone be=e he _h exp]i5c$ x1 t ! ne>] ! concurr5ce ( ! ,,optic ,,axes1 ! great] ! ,,angle1 & ! remot] _! concurr5ce is1 ! less] w be ! ,,angle compreh5d$ by !m4 #f4 ,!re is ano!r way m5tion$ by optic writ]s1 :]eby !y w h u judge ( ^? di/ances1 9 respect ( :i* ! bread? ( ! ,,pupil ha? any s5sible bigness3 ,& t is ! great] or less] div]g5cy ( ! rays1 :i* issu+ f ! visible po9t d fall on ! ,,pupil1 t po9t be+ judg$ ne>e/ :i* is se5 by mo/ div]g+ rays1 & t remot] :i* is se5 by less div]g+ rays3 & s on1 ! app>5t di/ance /ill increas+1 z ! div]g5cy ( ! rays decreases1 till at l5g? x becomes inf9ite1 :5 ! rays t fall on ! ,,pupil are to s5se p>allel4 ,& aft] ?is mann] x is said we p]ceive di/ance :5 we look only ) "o eye4 #g4 ,9 ?is case also x is pla9 we are n behold+ to exp]i5ce3 x be+ a c]ta91 necess>y tru? t ! ne>] ! direct rays fall+ on ! eye approa* to a ,,p>allelism1 ! f>!r (f is ! po9t ( _! int]section1 or ! visible po9t f :5ce !y fl[4 #h4 ,i h "h set d[n ! common1 curr5t acc\nts t are giv5 ( our p]ceiv+ ne> di/ances by sight1 :i*1 ?\gh !y are unque/ionably receiv$ = true by ,,ma!maticians1 & accord+ly made use ( by !m 9 det]m9+ ! app>5t places ( ,,objects1 d1 nev]!less seem to me v unsatisfactory3 & t = ^! foll[+ reasons3-- #i4 ,,fir/1 ,x is evid5t t :5 ! m9d p]ceives any ,,idea1 n imm$iately & ( itself1 x mu/ be by ! means ( "s o!r ,,idea4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! passions :i* are 9 ! m9d ( ano!r are ( !mselves to me invisible4 ,i may nev]!less p]ceive !m by sight1 ?\gh n imm$iately1 yet by means ( ! col\rs !y produce 9 ! c\nt5ance4 ,we (t5 see %ame or fe> 9 ! looks ( a man1 by p]ceiv+ ! *anges ( 8 c\nt5ance to r$ or pale4 #aj4 ,moreov] x is evid5t t no ,,idea :i* is n itself p]ceiv$ c be ! means ( p]ceiv+ any o!r ,,idea4 ,if ,i d n p]ceive ! r$ness or pal5ess ( a man's face !mselves1 x is impossible ,i %\ld p]ceive by !m ! passions :i* are 9 8 m9d4 #aa4 ,n[ f sect4 #b x is pla9 t di/ance is 9 its own nature imp]ceptible1 & yet x is p]ceiv$ by sight4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 t x be br\ght into view by means ( "s o!r ,,idea t is itself imm$iately p]ceiv$ 9 ! act ( ,,vision4 #ab4 ,b ^? ,,l9es & ,,angles1 by means :]e( "s ,,ma!maticians pret5d to expla9 ! p]ception ( di/ance1 are !mselves n at all p]ceiv$1 nor are !y 9 tru? ev] ?\ght ( by ^? unskilful 9 optics4 ,i appeal to anyone's exp]i5ce :e!r ^u sight ( an ,,object he computes its di/ance by ! bigness ( ! ,,angle made by ! meet+ ( ! two ,,optic ,,axes8 ,or :e!r he ev] ?9ks ( ! great] or less] div]g5cy ( ! rays1 :i* arrive f any po9t to 8 ,,pupil8 ,ev]yone is himself ! be/ judge ( :at he p]ceives1 & :at n4 ,9 va9 %all all ! ,,ma!maticians 9 ! _w tell me1 t ,i p]ceive c]ta9 ,,l9es & ,,angles :i* introduce into my m9d ! v>i\s ,,ideas ( ,,di/ance1 s long z ,i myself am consci\s ( no su* ?+4 #ac4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ^? ,,angles & ,,l9es are n !mselves p]ceiv$ by sight1 x foll[s f sect4 #aj t ! m9d do? n by !m judge ( ! di/ance ( ,,objects4 #ad4 ,secondly1 ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion w be yet f>!r evid5t to anyone t consid]s ^? ,,l9es & ,,angles h no real exi/5ce 9 nature1 be+ only an ,,hypo!sis fram$ by ! ,,ma!maticians1 & by !m introduc$ into ,,optics1 t !y might treat ( t sci5ce 9 a ,,geometrical way4 #ae4 ,! ?ird & la/ reason ,i %all give = reject+ t doctr9e is1 t ?\gh we %\ld grant ! real exi/5ce ( ^? ,,optic ,,angles1 etc41 & t x 0 possible = ! m9d to p]ceive !m1 yet ^! pr9ciples w\ld n be f\nd suffici5t to expla9 ! ,,ph5om5a ( ,,di/ance1 z %all be %[n h]eaft]4 #af4 ,n[1 x be+ already %[n t di/ance is sugge/$ to ! m9d by ! m$iation ( "s o!r ,,idea :i* is itself p]ceiv$ 9 ! act ( see+1 x rema9s t we inquire :at ,,ideas or ,,s5sations !re be t att5d ,,vision1 unto :i* we may suppose ! ,,ideas ( di/ance are connect$1 & by :i* !y are introduc$ into ! m9d4 ,& ,,fir/1 x is c]ta9 by exp]i5ce t :5 we look at a ne> ,,object ) bo? eyes1 accord+ z x approa*es or rec$es f u1 we alt] ! disposition ( our eyes1 by less5+ or wid5+ ! int]val betwe5 ! ,,pupils4 ,?is disposition or turn ( ! eyes is att5d$ ) a s5sation1 :i* seems to me to be t :i* 9 ?is case br+s ! ,,idea ( great] or less] di/ance into ! m9d4 #ag4 ,n t !re is any natural or necess>y connection betwe5 ! s5sation we p]ceive by ! turn ( ! eyes & great] or less] di/ance1 b because ! m9d has by con/ant ,,exp]i5ce f\nd ! diff]5t s5sations correspond+ to ! diff]5t dispositions ( ! eyes to be att5d$ ea* ) a diff]5t degree ( di/ance 9 ! ,,object3 !re has gr[n an habitual or cu/om>y connection betwe5 ^? two sorts ( ,,ideas1 s t ! m9d no soon] p]ceives ! s5sation aris+ f ! diff]5t turn x gives ! eyes1 ,9 ord] to br+ ! ,,pupils ne>] or f>!r asund]1 b x )al p]ceives ! diff]5t ,,idea ( di/ance :i* 0 wont to be connect$ ) t s5sation2 j z ^u he>+ a c]ta9 s\nd1 ! ,,idea is imm$iately sugge/$ to ! und]/&+ :i* cu/om _h unit$ ) x4 #ah ,nor d ,i see h[ ,i c easily be mi/ak5 9 ?is matt]4 ,i "k evid5tly t di/ance is n p]ceiv$ ( itself4 ,t by consequ5ce x mu/ be p]ceiv$ by means ( "s o!r ,,idea :i* is imm$iately p]ceiv$1 & v>ies ) ! diff]5t degrees ( di/ance4 ,i "k also t ! s5sation aris+ f ! turn ( ! eyes is ( itself imm$iately p]ceiv$1 & v>i\s degrees !re( are connect$ ) diff]5t di/ances1 :i* nev] fail to accompany !m into my m9d1 :5 ,i view an ,,object di/9ctly ) bo? eyes1 ^: di/ance is s small t 9 respect ( x ! int]val betwe5 ! eyes has any consid]able magnitude4 #ai4 ,i "k x is a receiv$ op9ion t by alt]+ ! disposition ( ! eyes ! m9d p]ceives :e!r ! angle ( ! ,,optic ,,axes is made great] or less]4 ,& t accord+ly by a k9d ( ,,natural ,,geometry x judges ! po9t ( _! int]section to be ne>] or f>!r (f4 ,b t ?is is n true ,i am conv9c$ by my own exp]i5ce1 s9ce ,i am n consci\s t ,i make any su* use ( ! p]ception ,i h by ! turn ( my eyes4 ,& = me to make ^? judgm5ts1 & draw ^? conclusions f x1 )\t kn[+ t ,i d s1 seems altoge!r incompreh5sible4 #bj4 ,f all :i* x foll[s t ! judgm5t we make ( ! di/ance ( an ,,object1 view$ ) bo? eyes1 is entirely ! ,,result ,,( ,,exp]i5ce4 ,if we _h n con/antly f\nd c]ta9 s5sations aris+ f ! v>i\s disposition ( ! eyes1 att5d$ ) c]ta9 degrees ( di/ance1 we %\ld nev] make ^? sudd5 judgm5ts f !m conc]n+ ! di/ance ( ,,objects2 no m ?an we w\ld pret5d to judge a man's ?\ghts by 8 pron\nc+ words we _h nev] he>d be=e4 #ba4 ,secondly1 an ,,object plac$ at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! eye1 to :i* ! bread? ( ! ,,pupil be>s a consid]able proportion1 be+ made to approa*1 is se5 m confus$ly3 & ! ne>] x is br\ght ! m confus$ appe>ance x makes4 ,& ?is be+ f\nd con/antly to be s1 !re arise? 9 ! m9d an habitual ,,connection betwe5 ! sev]al degrees ( confusion & di/ance2 ! great] confusion /ill imply+ ! less] di/ance1 & ! less] confusion ! great] di/ance ( ! ,,object4 #bb4 ,?is confus$ appe>ance ( ! ,,object do? !re=e seem to be ! ,,m$ium :]eby ! m9d judge? ( di/ance 9 ^? cases :]e9 ! mo/ approv$ writ]s ( optics w h x judge by ! diff]5t div]g5cy ) :i* ! rays fl[+ f ! radiat+ po9t fall on ! ,,pupil4 ,no man1 ,i believe1 w pret5d to see or feel ^? imag9>y angles t ! rays are suppos$ to =m accord+ to _! v>i\s incl9ations on 8 eye4 ,b he _c *oose see+ :e!r ! ,,object appe> m or less confus$4 ,x is !re=e a manife/ consequ5ce f :at ba? be5 demon/rat$1 t in/ead ( ! great] or less] div]g5cy ( ! rays1 ! m9d makes use ( ! great] or less] confus$ness ( ! appe>ance1 !reby to det]m9e ! app>5t place ( an ,,object4 #bc ,nor do? x avail to say !re is n any necess>y connection betwe5 confus$ ,,vision & di/ance1 great or small4 ,= ,i ask any man :at necess>y connection he sees betwe5 ! r$ness ( a blu% & %ame8 ,& yet no soon] %all he behold t col\r to arise 9 ! face ( ano!r1 b x br+s into 8 & ! ,,idea ( t passion :i* ha? be5 obs]v$ to accompany x4 #bd4 ,:at seems to h misl$ ! writ]s ( optics 9 ?is matt] is t !y imag9e m5 judge ( di/ance z !y d ( a conclusion 9 ma!matics1 betwixt :i* & ! premises x is inde$ absolutely requisite !re be an app>5t1 necess>y connection3 b x is f> o!rwise 9 ! sudd5 judgm5ts m5 make ( di/ance4 ,we are n to ?9k t brutes & *ildr51 or ev5 gr[n reasonable m51 :5ev] !y p]ceive an ,,object to approa*1 or dep>t f !m1 d x by virtue ( ,,geometry & ,,demon/ration4 #be4 ,t "o ,,idea may sugge/ ano!r to ! m9d x w suffice t !y h be5 obs]v$ to g toge!r1 )\t any demon/ration ( ! necessity ( _! coexi/5ce1 or )\t s mu* z kn[+ :at x is t makes !m s to coexi/4 ,( ?is !re are innum]able in/ances ( :i* no "o c be ignorant4 #bf4 ,?us1 great] confusion hav+ be5 con/antly att5d$ ) ne>] di/ance1 no soon] is ! =m] ,,idea p]ceiv$1 b x sugge/s ! latt] to our ?\ghts4 ,& if x _h be5 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,nature t ! f>!r (f an ,,object 7 plac$1 ! m confus$ x %\ld appe>1 x is c]ta9 ! v same p]ception t n[ makes u ?9k an ,,object approa*es w\ld !n h made u to imag9e x w5t f>!r (f4 ,t p]ception1 ab/ract+ f ,,cu/om & ,,exp]i5ce1 be+ equally fitt$ to produce ! ,,idea ( great di/ance1 or small di/ance1 or no di/ance at all4 #bg4 ,?irdly1 an ,,object be+ plac$ at ! di/ance above specifi$1 & br\ght ne>] to ! eye1 we may nev]!less prev5t1 at lea/ = "s "t1 ! appe>ances gr[+ m confus$1 by /ra9+ ! eye4 ,9 :i* case t s5sation supplies ! place ( confus$ ,,vision 9 aid+ ! m9d to judge ( ! di/ance ( ! ,,object2 x be+ e/eem$ s mu* ! ne>] by h[ mu* ! ef=t or /ra9+ ( ! eye 9 ord] to di/9ct ,,vision is great]4 #bh4 ,i h "h set d[n ^? s5sations or ,,ideas t seem to be ! con/ant & g5]al occasions ( introduc+ into ! m9d ! diff]5t ,,ideas ( ne> di/ance4 ,x is true 9 mo/ cases t div]s o!r circum/ances contribute to frame our ,,idea ( di/ance1 to wit1 ! p>ticul> numb]1 size1 k9d1 etc41 ( ! ?+s se54 ,conc]n+ :i*1 z well z all o!r ! =em5tion$ occasions :i* sugge/ di/ance1 ,i %all only obs]ve !y h none ( !m1 9 _! own nature1 any relation or connection ) x3 nor is x possible !y %\ld ev] signify ! v>i\s degrees !re(1 o!rwise ?an z by ,,exp]i5ce !y h be5 f\nd to be connect$ ) !m4 #bi4 ,i %all proce$ ^u ^! pr9ciples to acc\nt = a ph5om5on :i* has hi!rto /rangely puzzl$ ! writ]s ( optics1 & is s f> f be+ acc\nt$ = by any ( _! ,,!ories ,,( ,,vision t x is1 by _! own confession1 pla9ly repugnant to !m2 & ( consequ5ce1 if no?+ else c\ld be object$1 7 alone suffici5t to br+ _! cr$it 9 "q4 ,! :ole difficulty ,i %all lay be=e y 9 ! words ( ! le>n$ ,dr4 ,b>r[1 ) :i* he concludes 8 optic lectures3-- ',i h "h deliv]$ :at my ?\ghts h sugge/$ to me conc]n+ t "p ( optics :i* is m prop]ly ma!matical4 ,z = ! o!r p>ts ( t sci5ce 7:i* be+ r physical1 d consequ5tly ab\nd ) plausible conjectures in/ead ( c]ta9 pr9ciples71 !re has 9 !m sc>ce any?+ occurr$ to my obs]vation diff]5t f :at has be5 already said by ,kepl]1 ,s*e9]us1 ,desc>tes1 & o!rs4 ,& me?9ks1 ,i _h bett] say no?+ at all1 ?an repeat t :i* has be5 s (t5 said by o!rs4 ,i ?9k x !re=e high "t to take my leave ( ?is subject3 b be=e ,i quit x = good & all1 ! fair & +5u\s deal+ t ,i owe bo? to y & to tru? oblige? me to acqua9t y ) a c]ta9 unt[>d difficulty1 :i* seems directly opposite to ! doctr9e ,i h be5 hi!rto inculcat+1 at lea/1 admits ( no solution f x4 ,9 %ort x is ?is4 ,be=e ! d\ble convex glass or concave speculum ,,ebf1 let ! po9t ,a be plac$ at su* a di/ance t ! rays proce$+ f ,a1 aft] refraction or reflection1 be br\ght to unite some:]e 9 ! ,ax,a,b4 ,& suppose ! po9t ( union 7i4e4 ! image ( ! po9t ,a1 z ha? be5 already set =?7 to be ,z2 betwe5 :i* & ,b1 ! v]tex ( ! glass or speculum1 conceive ! eye to be any:]e plac$4 ,! "q n[ is1 :]e ! po9t ,a ought to appe>8 ,exp]i5ce %[s t x does n appe> beh9d at ! po9t ,z1 & x 7 contr>y to nature t x %\ld1 s9ce all ! impression :i* affects ! s5se comes f t[>ds ,a4 ,b f our t5ets x %\ld seem to foll[ t x w\ld appe> be=e ! eye at a va/ di/ance (f1 s great z %\ld 9 "s sort surpass all s5sible di/ance4 ,= s9ce if we exclude all anticipations & prejudices1 e ,,object appe>s by s mu* ! f>!r (f1 by h[ mu* ! rays x s5ds to ! eye are less div]g+4 ,& t ,,object is ?\ght to be mo/ remote f :i* p>allel rays proce$ unto ! eye4 ,reason w\ld make "o ?9k t ,,object %\ld appe> at yet a great] di/ance :i* is se5 by conv]g+ rays4 ,moreov] x may 9 g5]al be ask$ conc]n+ ?is case :at x is t det]m9es ! app>5t place ( ! po9t ,a1 & make? x to appe> aft] a con/ant mann] sometimes ne>]1 at o!r times f>!r (f8 ,to :i* d\bt ,i see no?+ t c be answ]$ agreeable to ! pr9ciples we h laid d[n except only t ! po9t ,a ought always to appe> extremely remote4 ,b on ! contr>y we are assur$ by exp]i5ce t ! po9t ,a appe>s v>i\sly di/ant1 accord+ to ! diff]5t situations ( ! eye betwe5 ! po9ts ,b & ,z4 ,& t x do? nev] 7if at all7 seem f>!r (f1 ?an x w\ld if x 7 beheld by ! nak$ eye1 b on ! contr>y x do? sometimes appe> mu* ne>]4 ,nay1 x is ev5 c]ta9 t by h[ mu* ! rays fall+ on ! eye d m conv]ge by s mu* ! ne>] do? ! ,,object seem to approa*4 ,= ! eye be+ plac$ close to ! po9t ,b1 ! ,,object ,a appe>s ne>ly 9 its own natural place1 if ! po9t ,b is tak5 9 ! glass1 or at ! same di/ance1 if 9 ! speculum4 ,! eye be+ br\ght back to ,o1 ! ,,object seems to draw ne>3 & be+ come to ,p x beholds x /ill ne>]4 ,& s on little & little1 till at l5g? ! eye be+ plac$ some:]e1 suppose at ,q1 ! ,,object appe>+ extremely ne>1 beg9s to vani% into m]e confusion4 ,all :i* do? seem repugnant to our pr9ciples1 at lea/ n rightly to agree ) !m4 ,nor is our t5et alone /ruck at by ?is exp]im5t1 b likewise all o!rs t ev] came to my k are1 e :it z mu*1 endang]$ by x4 ,! anci5t "o especially 7:i* is mo/ commonly receiv$1 & comes ne>e/ to m9e7 seems to be s effectually ov]?r[n !reby t ! mo/ le>n$ ,tacquet has be5 =c$ to reject t pr9ciple1 z false & unc]ta91 on :i* alone he _h built almo/ 8 :ole ,,catoptrics2 & consequ5tly by tak+ away ! f\ndation1 ha? himself pull$ d[n ! sup]/ructure he _h rais$ on x4 ,:i*1 nev]!less1 ,i d n believe he w\ld h done _h he b consid]$ ! :ole matt] m ?or\ghly1 & exam9$ ! difficulty to ! bottom4 ,b z = me1 nei!r ?is nor any o!r difficulty %all h s great an influ5ce on me z to make me r5\nce t :i* ,i "k to be manife/ly agreeable to reason3 especially :51 z x "h falls out1 ! difficulty is f\nd$ 9 ! peculi> nature ( a c]ta9 odd & p>ticul> case4 ,= 9 ! pres5t case some?+ peculi> lies hid1 :i* be+ involv$ 9 ! subtilty ( nature w1 p]haps1 h>dly be discov]$ till su* "t z ! mann] ( vision is m p]fectly made kn[n4 ,conc]n+ :i*1 ,i mu/ own1 ,i h hi!rto be5 able to f9d out no?+ t has ! lea/ %[ ( ,,probability1 n to m5tion ,,c]ta9ty4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 leave ?is knot to be unti$ by y1 wi%+ y may h bett] success 9 x ?an ,i h _h4' #cj4 ,! anci5t & receiv$ pr9ciple1 :i* ,dr4 ,b>r[ "h m5tions z ! ma9 f\ndation ( ,tacquet's ,,catoptrics1 is t3 'e visible po9t se5 by reflection f a speculum %all appe> plac$ at ! int]section ( ! reflect$ ray1 & ! p]p5dicul> ( incid5ce3' :i* int]section 9 ! pres5t case1 happ5+ to be beh9d ! eye1 x greatly %akes ! au?ority ( t pr9ciple1 :]eon ! a=em5tion$ au?or proce$s ?r\gh\t 8 :ole ,,catoptrics 9 det]m9+ ! app>5t place ( ,,objects se5 by reflection f any k9d ( speculum4 #ca4 ,let u n[ see h[ ?is ph5om5on agrees ) our t5ets4 ,! eye ! ne>] x is plac$ to ! po9t ,b 9 ! =ego+ figures1 ! m di/9ct is ! appe>ance ( ! ,,object2 b z x rec$es to ,o ! appe>ance gr[s m confus$2 & at ,p x sees ! ,,object yet m confus$2 & s on till ! eye be+ br\ght back to ,z sees ! ,,object 9 ! greate/ confusion ( all4 ,:]e=e by sect4 #ba ! ,,object %\ld seem to approa* ! eye gradually z x rec$es f ! po9t ,b1 t is1 at ,o x %\ld 79 consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciple ,i h laid d[n 9 ! a=esaid section7 seem ne>] ?an x did at ,b1 & at ,p ne>] ?an at ,o1 & at ,q ne>] ?an at ,p2 & s on1 till x q vani%es at ,z4 ,:i* is ! v matt] ( fact1 z anyone t pleases may easily satisfy himself by exp]im5t4 #cb4 ,?is case is mu* ! same z if we %\ld suppose an ,engli%man to meet a =eign] :o us$ ! same words ) ! ,engli%1 b 9 a direct contr>y signification4 ,! ,engli%man w\ld n fail to make a wrong judgm5t ( ! ,,ideas annex$ to ^? s\nds 9 ! m9d ( him t us$ !m4 ,j s1 9 ! pres5t case ! ,,object speaks 7if ,i may s say7 ) words t ! eye is well acqua9t$ )1 t is1 confusions ( appe>ance2 b :]eas h]et(ore ! great] confusions 7 always wont to signify ne>] di/ances1 !y h 9 ?is case a direct1 contr>y signification1 be+ connect$ ) ! great] di/ances4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! eye mu/ unavoidably be mi/ak51 s9ce x w take ! confusions 9 ! s5se x has be5 us$ to1 :i* is directly oppos$ to ! true4 #cc4 ,?is ph5om5on z x entirely subv]ts ! op9ion ( ^? :o w h u judge ( di/ance by l9es & angles1 on :i* supposition x is altoge!r inexplicable1 s x seems to me no small confirmation ( ! tru? ( t pr9ciple :]eby x is expla9$4 ,b 9 ord] co a m full explication ( ?is po9t1 & to %[ h[ f> ! hypo!sis ( ! m9d's judg+ by ! v>i\s div]g5cy ( rays may be ( use 9 det]m9+ ! app>5t place ( an ,,object1 x w be necess>y to premise "s few ?+s1 :i* are already well kn[n to ^? :o h any skill 9 dioptrics4 #cd4 ,,fir/1 any radiat+ po9t is !n di/9ctly se5 :5 ! rays proce$+ f x are1 by ! refractive p[] ( ! cry/all9e1 accurately reunit$ 9 ! ret9a or fund ( ! eye3 b if !y are reunit$1 ei!r be=e !y arrive at ! ret9a1 or aft] !y h pass$ x1 !n !re is confus$ vision4 #ce4 ,,secondly1 suppose 9 ! adjac5t figures ,,np repres5t an eye duly fram$ & reta9+ its natural figure4 ,9 ,fig4 #a ! rays fall+ ne>ly p>allel on ! eye1 are by ! cry/all9e ,,ab refract$1 s z _! focus or po9t ( union ,f falls exactly on ! ret9a3 b if ! rays fall s5sibly div]g+ on ! eye1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 !n _! focus falls beyond ! ret9a3 or if ! rays are made to conv]ge by ! l5s ,,qs be=e !y come at ! eye1 z 9 ,fig4 #c1 _! focus ,f w fall be=e ! ret9a4 ,9 :i* two la/ cases x is evid5t f ! =ego+ section t ! appe>ance ( ! po9t ,z is confus$4 ,& by h[ mu* ! great] is ! conv]g5cy1 or div]g5cy1 ( ! rays fall+ on ! pupil1 by s mu* ! f>!r w ! po9t ( _! reunion be f ! ret9a1 ei!r be=e or beh9d x1 & consequ5tly ! po9t ,z w appe> by s mu* ! m confus$4 ,& ?is1 by ! bye1 may %[ u ! diff]5ce betwe5 confus$ & fa9t vision4 ,confus$ vision is :5 ! rays proce$+s f ea* di/9ct po9t ( ! ,,object are n accurately recollect$ 9 "o correspond+ po9t on ! ret9a1 b take up "s space !reon1 s t rays f diff]5t po9ts become mix$ & confus$ toge!r4 ,?is is oppos$ to a di/9ct vision1 & att5ds ne> objects4 ,fa9t vision is :5 by reason ( ! di/ance ( ! object or grossness ( ! int]jac5t m$ium few rays arrive f ! object to ! eye4 ,?is is oppos$ to vigor\s or cle> vision1 & att5ds remote objects4 ,b to return4 #cf4 ,! eye1 or 7to speak truly7 ! m9d1 p]ceiv+ only ! confusion itself1 )\t ev] consid]+ ! cause f :i* x proce$s1 do? con/antly annex ! same degree ( di/ance to ! same degree ( confusion4 ,:e!r t confusion be occasion$ by conv]g+ or by div]g+ rays1 x matt]s n4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! eye view+ ! object ,z ?r\gh ! glass ,,qs 7:i* by refraction cause? ! rays ,,zq1 ,,zs1 etc41 to conv]ge7 %\ld judge x to be at su* a ne>ness at :i* if x 7 plac$ x w\ld radiate on ! eye ) rays div]g+ to t degree z w\ld produce ! same confusion :i* is n[ produc$ by conv]g+ rays1 i4e4 w\ld cov] a portion ( ! ret9a equal to ,,dc 7,,vid4 ,fig4 #c supra74 ,b !n ?is mu/ be und]/ood 7to use ,dr4 ,b>r['s phrase7 ,,seclusis ,,pra5otionibus ,,et ,,praejudiciis1 9 case we ab/ract f all o!r circum/ances ( vision1 su* z ! figure1 size1 fa9tness1 etc4 ( ! visible objects2 all :i* d ord9>ily concur to =m our idea ( di/ance1 ! m9d hav+ by frequ5t exp]i5ce obs]v$ _! sev]al sorts or degrees to be connect$ ) v>i\s di/ances4 #cg4 ,x pla9ly foll[s f :at ha? be5 said t a p]son p]fectly purbl9d 7i4e4 t c\ld n see an object di/9ctly b :5 plac$ close to 8 eye7 w\ld n make ! same wrong judgm5t t o!rs d 9 ! =em5tion$ case4 ,= to him great] confusions con/antly sugge/+ great] di/ances1 he mu/1 z he rec$es f ! glass & ! object gr[s m confus$1 judge x to be at a f>!r di/ance1 contr>y to :at !y d :o h _h ! p]ception ( ! objects gr[+ m confus$ connect$ ) ! idea ( approa*4 #ch4 ,h5ce also x do? appe> !re may be good use ( computation by l9es & angles 9 optics2 n t ! m9d judge? ( di/ance imm$iately by !m1 b because x judge? by some:at :i* is connect$ ) !m1 & to ! det]m9ation :]e( !y may be subs]vi5t4 ,?us ! m9d judg+ ( ! di/ance ( an object by ! confus$ness ( its appe>ance1 & ?is confus$ness be+ great] or less] to ! nak$ eye1 accord+ z ! object is se5 by rays m or less div]g+1 x foll[s t a man may make use ( ! div]g5cy ( ! rays 9 comput+ ! app>5t di/ance1 ?\gh n = its own sake1 yet on acc\nt ( ! confusion ) :i* x is connect$4 ,b1 s x is1 ! confusion itself is entirely neglect$ by ma!maticians z hav+ no necess>y relation ) di/ance1 su* z ! great] or less] angles ( div]g5cy are conceiv$ to h4 ,& ^! 7especially = t !y fall "u ma!matical computation7 are alone reg>d$ 9 det]m9+ ! app>5t places ( objects1 z ?\gh !y 7 ! sole & imm$iate cause ( ! judgm5ts ! m9d makes ( di/ance4 ,:]eas1 9 tru?1 !y %\ld n at all be reg>d$ 9 !mselves1 or any o!rwise1 ?an z !y are suppos$ to be ! cause ( confus$ vision4 #ci4 ,! n consid]+ ( ?is has be5 a fundam5tal & p]plex+ ov]sight4 ,= pro( :]e( we ne$ g no f>!r ?an ! case be=e u4 ,x hav+ be5 obs]v$ t ! mo/ div]g+ rays br\ght into ! m9d ! idea ( ne>e/ di/ance1 & t /ill1 z ! div]g5cy decreas$1 ! di/ance increas$3 & x be+ ?\ght ! connexion betwe5 ! v>i\s degrees ( div]g5cy & di/ance 0 imm$iate2 ?is naturally leads "o to conclude1 f an ill-gr\nd$ analogy1 t conv]g+ rays %all make an object appe> at an imm5se di/ance3 & t1 z ! conv]g5cy increases1 ! di/ance 7if x 7 possible7 %\ld d s likewise4 ,t ?is 0 ! cause ( ,dr4 ,b>r['s mi/ake is evid5t f 8 own words :i* we h quot$4 ,:]eas _h ! le>n$ doctor obs]v$ t div]g+ & conv]g+ rays1 h[ opposite soev] !y may seem1 d nev]!less agree 9 produc+ ! same effect1 to wit1 confus$ness ( vision1 great] degrees :]e( are produc$ indiff]5tly1 ei!r z ! div]g5cy or conv]g5cy & ! rays increase?4 ,& t x is by ?is effect1 :i* is ! same 9 bo?1 t ei!r ! div]g5cy or conv]g5cy is p]ceiv$ by ! eye2 ,i say1 _h he b consid]$ ?is1 x is c]ta9 he w\ld h made a q contr>y judgm5t1 & rightly conclud$ t ^? rays :i* fall on ! eye ) great] degrees ( conv]g5cy %\ld make ! object f :5ce !y proce$ appe> by s mu* ! ne>]4 ,b x is pla9 x 0 impossible = any man to atta9 to a "r notion ( ?is matt] s long z he _h reg>d only to l9es & angles1 & did n appreh5d ! true nature ( vision1 & h[ f> x 0 ( ma!matical consid]ation4 #dj4 ,be=e we dismiss ?is subject1 x is fit we take notice ( a qu]y relat+ !reto1 propos$ by ! +5i\s ,mr4 ,molyneux1 is 8 ,,treatise ,,( ,,dioptrics1,p>4 ,i4 ,prop4 #ca1 ,sect4 #i4 :]e speak+ ( ?is difficulty1 he has ^! words3 ',& s he 7i4e4 ,dr4 ,b>r[7 leaves ?is difficulty to ! solution ( o!rs1 :i* ,i 7aft] s great an example7 %all d likewise2 b ) ! resolution ( ! same admirable au?or ( n quitt+ ! evid5t do>9e :i* we h be=e laid d[n1 = det]m9+ ! ,,locus ,,objecti1 on acc\nt ( be+ press$ by "o difficulty :i* seems inexplicable till a m intimate k ( ! visive faculty be obta9$ by mortals4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,i propose x to ! consid]ation ( ! +5i\s1 :e!r ! ,,locus ,,app>5s ( an object plac$ z 9 ?is #i? section be n z mu* be=e ! eye z ! di/9ct base is beh9d ! eye6' ,to :i* qu]y we may v5ture to answ] 9 ! negative4 ,= 9 ! pres5t case ! rule = det]m9+ ! di/ance ( ! di/9ct base1 or respective focus f ! glass1 is ?is3 z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! di/ance ( ! object & focus is to ! focus or focal l5g?1 s ! di/ance ( ! object f ! glass is to ! di/ance ( ! respective focus or di/9ct base f ! glass4 ,molyneux ,dioptr41 ,p>4 ,i4 ,prop4 #e4 ,let u n[ suppose ! object to be plac$ at ! di/ance ( ! focal l5g?1 & "o half ( ! focal l5g? f ! glass1 & ! eye close to ! glass1 h5ce x w foll[ by ! rule t ! di/ance ( ! di/9ct base beh9d ! eye is d\ble ! true di/ance ( ! object be=e ! eye4 ,if !re=e ,mr4 ,molyneux's conjecture held good1 x w\ld foll[ t ! eye %\ld see ! object twice z f> (f z x really is2 & 9 o!r cases at ?ree or f\r times its due di/ance1 or m4 ,b ?is manife/ly contradicts exp]i5ce1 ! object nev] appe>+1 at f>!/1 beyond its due di/ance4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 is built on ?is supposition 7,,vid4 ,,corol4 ,i4 ,,prop4 #eg1 ,,ibid47 comes to ! gr\nd along ) x4 #da4 ,f :at ha? be5 premis$ x is a manife/ consequ5ce t a man born bl9d1 be+ made to see1 w\ld1 at fir/1 h no idea ( di/ance by sight2 ! sun & />s1 ! remote/ objects z well z ! ne>]1 w\ld all seem to be 9 8 eye1 or r 9 8 m9d4 ,! objects intromitt$ by sight w\ld seem to him 7z 9 tru? !y are7 no o!r ?an a new set ( ?\ghts or s5sations1 ea* :]e( is z ne> to him z ! p]ceptions ( pa9 or pleasure1 or ! mo/ inw>d passions ( 8 s\l4 ,= our judg+ objects provid$ by sight to be at any di/ance1 or )\t ! m9d1 is 7,,vid4 sect4 #bh7 entirely ! effect ( exp]i5ce1 :i* "o 9 ^? circum/ances c\ld n yet h atta9$ to4 #db4 ,x is inde$ o!rwise ^u ! common supposition t m5 judge ( di/ance by ! angle ( ! optic axes1 j z "o 9 ! d>k1 or a bl9d-man by ! angle compreh5d$ by two /icks1 "o :]e( he held 9 ea* h&4 ,= if ?is 7 true1 x w\ld foll[ t "o bl9d f 8 bir? be+ made to see1 %\ld /& 9 ne$ ( no new exp]i5ce 9 ord] to p]ceive di/ance by sight4 ,b t ?is is false has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 suffici5tly demon/rat$4 #dc4 ,& p]haps ^u a /rict inquiry we %all n f9d t ev5 ^? :o f _! bir? h gr[n up 9 a cont9u$ habit ( see+ are irrecov]ably prejudic$ on ! o!r side1 to wit1 9 ?9k+ :at !y see to be at a di/ance f !m4 ,= at ?is "t x seems agre$ on all h&s1 by ^? :o h _h any ?\ghts ( t matt]1 t col\rs1 :i* are ! prop] & imm$iate object ( sight1 are n )\t ! m9d4 ,b !n x w be said1 by sight we h also ! ideas ( ext5sion1 & figure1 & motion2 all :i* may well be ?\ght )\t1 & at "s di/ance f ! m9d1 ?\gh col\r %\ld n4 ,9 answ] to ?is ,i appeal to any man's exp]i5ce1 :e!r ! visible ext5sion ( any object do? n appe> z ne> to him z ! col\r ( t object2 nay1 :e!r !y d n bo? seem to be 9 ! v same place4 ,is n ! ext5sion we see col\r$1 & is x possible = u1 s mu* z 9 ?\ght1 to sep>ate & ab/ract col\r f ext5sion8 ,n[1 :]e ! ext5sion is !re surely is ! figure1 & !re ! motion too4 ,i speak ( ^? :i* are p]ceiv$ by sight4 #dd4 ,b = a full] explication ( ?is po9t1 & to %[ t ! imm$iate objects ( sight are n s mu* z ! ideas or resemblances ( ?+s plac$ at a di/ance1 x is requisite t we look ne>] into ! matt] & c>efully obs]ve :at is meant 9 common disc\rse1 :5 "o says t :i* he sees is at a di/ance f him4 ,suppose1 = example1 t look+ at ! moon ,i %\ld say x 7 fifty or sixty semidiamet]s ( ! e>? di/ant f me4 ,let u see :at moon ?is is spok5 (3 x is pla9 x _c be ! visible moon1 or any?+ l ! visible moon1 or t :i* ,i see1 :i* is only a r\nd1 lum9\s plane ( ab\t ?irty visible po9ts 9 diamet]4 ,= 9 case ,i am c>ri$ f ! place :]e ,i /& directly t[>ds ! moon1 x is manife/ ! object v>ies1 /ill z ,i g on2 & by ! "t t ,i am advanc$ fifty or sixty semidiamet]s ( ! e>?1 ,i %all be s f> f be+ ne> a small1 r\nd1 lum9\s flat t ,i %all p]ceive no?+ l x2 ?is object hav+ long s9ce disappe>$1 & if ,i w\ld recov] x1 x mu/ be by go+ back to ! e>? f :5ce ,i set out4 ,aga91 suppose ,i p]ceive by sight ! fa9t & obscure idea ( some?+ :i* ,i d\bt :e!r x be a man1 or a tree1 or a t[]1 b judge x to be at ! di/ance ( ab\t a mile4 ,x is pla9 ,i _c mean t :at ,i see is a mile (f1 or t x is ! image or lik5ess ( any?+ :i* is a mile (f1 s9ce t e /ep ,i take t[>ds x ! appe>ance alt]s1 & f be+ obscure1 small1 & fa9t1 gr[s cle>1 l>ge1 & vigor\s4 ,& :5 ,i come to ! mile's end1 t :i* ,i saw fir/ is q lo/1 nei!r d ,i f9d any?+ 9 ! lik5ess ( x4 #de4 ,9 ^! & ! l in/ances ! tru? ( ! matt] /&s ?us3 hav+ ( a long "t exp]i5c$ c]ta9 ideas1 p]ceivable by t\*1 z di/ance1 tangible figure1 & solidity1 to h be5 connect$ ) c]ta9 ideas ( sight1 ,i d ^u p]ceiv+ ^! ideas ( sight =?) conclude :at tangible ideas are1 by ! wont$ ord9>y c\rse ( ,nature l to foll[4 ,look+ at an object ,i p]ceive a c]ta9 visible figure & col\r1 ) "s degree ( fa9tness & o!r circum/ances1 :i* f :at ,i h =m]ly obs]v$1 det]m9e me to ?9k t if ,i advance =w>d s _m paces or miles1 ,i %all be affect$ ) su* & su* ideas ( t\*3 s t 9 tru? & /rictness ( spee* ,i nei!r see di/ance itself1 nor any?+ t ,i take to be at a di/ance4 ,i say1 nei!r di/ance nor ?+s plac$ at a di/ance are !mselves1 or _! ideas1 truly p]ceiv$ by sight4 ,?is ,i am p]suad$ (1 z to :at conc]ns myself3 & ,i believe :oev] w look n>r[ly into 8 own ?\ghts & exam9e :at he means by say+ he sees ?is or t ?+ at a di/ance1 w agree ) me t :at he sees only sugge/s to 8 und]/&+ t aft] hav+ pass$ a c]ta9 di/ance1 to be measur$ by ! motion ( 8 body1 :i* is p]ceivable by t\*1 he %all come to p]ceive su* & su* tangible ideas :i* h be5 usually connect$ ) su* & su* visible ideas4 ,b t "o might be deceiv$ by ^! sugge/ions ( s5se1 & t !re is no necess>y connexion betwe5 visible & tangible ideas sugge/$ by !m1 we ne$ g no f>!r ?an ! next look+-glass or pictures to be conv9c$4 ,note t :5 ,i speak ( tangible ideas1 ,i take ! ^w idea = any ! imm$iate object ( s5se or und]/&+1 9 :i* l>ge signification x is commonly us$ by ! mod]ns4 #df4 ,f :at we h %[n x is a manife/ consequ5ce t ! ideas ( space1 outness1 & ?+s plac$ at a di/ance are n1 /rictly speak+1 ! object ( sight2 !y are n o!rwise p]ceiv$ by ! eye ?an by ! e>4 ,sitt+ 9 my /udy ,i he> a coa* drive along ! /reet2 ,i look ?r\gh ! casem5t & see x2 ,i walk out & ent] into x2 ?us1 common spee* w\ld incl9e "o to ?9k ,i he>d1 saw1 & t\*$ ! same ?+1 to wit1 ! coa*4 ,x is nev]!less c]ta91 ! ideas intromitt$ by ea* s5se are widely diff]5t & di/9ct f ea* o!r2 b hav+ be5 obs]v$ con/antly to g toge!r1 !y are spok5 ( z "o & ! same ?+4 ,by ! v>iation ( ! noise ,i p]ceive ! diff]5t di/ances ( ! coa*1 & "k t x approa*es be=e ,i look out4 ,?us by ! e> ,i p]ceive di/ance1 j aft] ! same mann] z ,i d by ! eye4 #dg4 ,i d n nev]!less say ,i he> di/ance 9 l mann] z ,i say t ,i see x1 ! ideas p]ceiv$ by he>+ n be+ s apt to be conf\nd$ ) ! ideas ( t\* z ^? ( sight are4 ,s likewise a man is easily conv9c$ t bodies & ext]nal ?+s are n prop]ly ! object ( he>+2 b only s\nds1 by ! m$iation :]e( ! idea ( ?is or t body or di/ance is sugge/$ to 8 ?\ghts4 ,b !n "o is ) m difficulty br\ght to disc]n ! diff]5ce !re is betwixt ! ideas ( sight & t\*3 ?\gh x be c]ta9 a man no m sees & feels ! same ?+ ?an he he>s & feels ! same ?+4 #dh4 ,"o reason ( :i* seems to be ?is4 ,x is ?\ght a great absurdity to imag9e t "o & ! same ?+ %\ld h any m ?an "o ext5sion1 & "o figure4 ,b ! ext5sion & figure ( a body1 be+ let into ! m9d two ways1 & t indiff]5tly ei!r by sight or t\*1 x seems to foll[ t we see ! same ext5sion & ! same figure :i* we feel4 #di4 ,b if we take a close & accurate view ( ?+s1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t we nev] see & feel "o & ! same object4 ,t :i* is se5 is "o ?+1 & t :i* is felt is ano!r4 ,if ! visible figure & ext5sion be n ! same ) ! tangible figure & ext5sion1 we are n to inf] t "o & ! same ?+ has div]s ext5sions4 ,! true consequ5ce is t ! objects ( sight & t\* are two di/9ct ?+s4 ,x may p]haps require "s ?\ght rightly to conceive ?is di/9ction4 ,& ! difficulty seems n a little increas$1 because ! comb9ation ( visible ideas ha? con/antly ! same "n z ! comb9ation ( tangible ideas :]e) x is connect$3 :i* do? ( necessity arise f ! use & end ( language4 #ej4 ,9 ord] !re=e to treat accurately & unconfus$ly ( vision1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t !re are two sorts ( objects appreh5d$ by ! eye1 ! "o prim>ily & imm$iately1 ! o!r second>ily & by int]v5tion ( ! =m]4 ,^? ( ! fir/ sort nei!r are1 nor appe> to be1 )\t ! m9d1 or at any di/ance (f2 !y may inde$ gr[ great] or small]1 m confus$1 or m cle>1 or m fa9t1 b !y d n1 _c approa* or rec$e f u4 ,:5ev] we say an object is at a di/ance1 :5ev] we say x draws ne>1 or goes f>!r (f1 we mu/ always mean x ( ! latt] sort1 :i* prop]ly belong to ! t\*1 & are n s truly p]ceiv$ z sugge/$ by ! eye 9 l mann] z ?\ghts by ! e>4 #ea4 ,no soon] d we he> ! words ( a famili> language pron\nc$ 9 our e>s1 b ! ideas correspond+ !reto pres5t !mselves to our m9ds3 9 ! v same in/ant ! s\nd & ! mean+ ent] ! und]/&+3 s closely are !y unit$ t x is n 9 our p[] to keep out ! "o1 except we exclude ! o!r also4 ,we ev5 act 9 all respects z if we he>d ! v ?\ghts !mselves4 ,s likewise ! second>y objects1 or ^? :i* are only sugge/$ by sight1 d (t5 m /rongly affect u1 & are m reg>d$ ?an ! prop] objects ( t s5se2 along ) :i* !y ent] into ! m9d1 & ) :i* !y h a f> m /rict connexion1 ?an ideas h ) words4 ,h5ce x is we f9d x s difficult to discrim9ate betwe5 ! imm$iate & m$iate objects ( sight1 & are s prone to attribute to ! =m] :at belongs only to ! latt]4 ,!y are1 z x 71 mo/ closely twi/$1 bl5d$1 & incorporat$ toge!r4 ,& ! prejudice is confirm$ & rivet$ 9 our ?\ghts by a long tract ( "t1 by ! use ( language1 & want ( reflexion4 ,h[ev]1 ,i believe anyone t %all att5tively consid] :at we h already said1 & %all say1 ^u ?is subject be=e we h done 7especially if he pursue x 9 8 own ?\ghts7 may be able to deliv] himself f t prejudice4 ,sure ,i am x is wor? "s att5tion1 to :oev] w\ld und]/& ! true nature ( vision4 #eb4 ,i h n[ done ) di/ance1 & proce$ to %[ h[ x is t we p]ceive by sight ! magnitude ( objects4 ,x is ! op9ion ( "s t we d x by angles1 or by angles 9 conjunction ) di/ance3 b nei!r angles nor di/ance be+ p]ceivable by sight1 & ! ?+s we see be+ 9 tru? at no di/ance f u1 x foll[s t z we h %[n l9es & angles n to be ! m$ium ! m9d makes use ( 9 appreh5d+ ! app>5t place1 s nei!r are !y ! m$ium :]eby x appreh5ds ! app>5t magnitude ( objects4 #ec4 ,x is well kn[n t ! same ext5sion at a ne> di/ance %all subt5d a great] angle1 & at a f>!r di/ance a less] angle4 ,& by ?is pr9ciple 7we are told7 ! m9d e/imates ! magnitude ( an object1 comp>+ ! angle "u :i* x is se5 ) its di/ance1 & !nce inf]r+ ! magnitude !re(4 ,:at incl9es m5 to ?is mi/ake 7beside ! hum\r ( mak+ "o see by geometry7 is t ! same p]ceptions or ideas :i* sugge/ di/ance d also sugge/ magnitude4 ,b if we exam9e x we %all f9d !y sugge/ ! latt] z imm$iately z ! =m]4 ,i say1 !y d n fir/ sugge/ di/ance1 & !n leave x to ! judgm5t to use t z a m$ium :]eby to collect ! magnitude2 b !y h z close & imm$iate a connexion ) ! magnitude z ) ! di/ance2 & sugge/ magnitude z indep5d5tly ( di/ance z !y d di/ance indep5d5tly ( magnitude4 ,all :i* w be evid5t to :oev] consid]s :at ha? be5 already said1 & :at foll[s4 #ed4 ,x ha? be5 %[n !re are two sorts ( objects appreh5d$ by sight2 ea* :]e( ha? its di/9ct magnitude1 or ext5sion4 ,! "o1 prop]ly tangible1 i4e4 to be p]ceiv$ & measur$ by t\*1 & n imm$iately fall+ "u ! s5se ( see+3 ! o!r1 prop]ly & imm$iately visible1 by m$iation ( :i* ! =m] is br\ght 9 view4 ,ea* ( ^! magnitudes are great] or less]1 accord+ z !y conta9 9 !m m or few] po9ts1 !y be+ made up ( po9ts or m9imums4 ,=1 :atev] may be said ( ext5sion 9 ab/ract1 x is c]ta9 s5sible ext5sion is n inf9itely divisible4 ,!re is a ,,m9imum ,,tangibile & a ,,m9imum ,,visibile1 beyond :i* s5se _c p]ceive4 ,?is ev]yone's exp]i5ce w in=m him4 #ee4 ,! magnitude ( ! object :i* exi/s )\t ! m9d1 & is at a di/ance1 cont9ues always inv>iably ! same3 b ! visible object /ill *ang+ z y approa* to1 or rec$e f1 ! tangible object1 x ha? no fix$ & det]m9ate greatness4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 we speak ( ! magnitude ( any?+1 = in/ance a tree or a h\se1 we mu/ mean ! tangible magnitude1 o!rwise !re c be no?+ /eady & free f ambiguity spok5 ( x4 ,b ?\gh ! tangible & visible magnitude 9 tru? belong to two di/9ct objects3 ,i %all nev]!less 7especially s9ce ^? objects are call$ by ! same "n1 & are obs]v$ to coexi/71 to avoid t$i\sness & s+ul>ity ( spee*1 sometimes speak ( !m z belong+ to "o & ! same ?+4 #ef4 ,n[ 9 ord] to discov] by :at means ! magnitude ( tangible objects is p]ceiv$ by sight4 ,i ne$ only reflect on :at passes 9 my own m9d1 & obs]ve :at ^? ?+s be :i* introduce ! ideas ( great] or less] into my ?\ghts1 :5 ,i look on any object4 ,& ^! ,i f9d to be1 ,,fir/1 ! magnitude or ext5sion ( ! visible object1 :i* be+ imm$iately p]ceiv$ by sight1 is connect$ ) t o!r :i* is tangible & plac$ at a di/ance4 ,,secondly1 ! confusion or di/9ctness4 ,& ?irdly1 ! vigor\sness or fa9tness ( ! a=esaid visible appe>ance4 ,,cet]is ,,p>ibus1 by h[ mu* ! great] or less] ! visible object is1 by s mu* ! great] or less] d ,i conclude ! tangible object to be4 ,b1 be ! idea imm$iately p]ceiv$ by sight nev] s l>ge1 yet if x be )al confus$1 ,i judge ! magnitude ( ! ?+ to be b small4 ,if x be di/9ct & cle>1 ,i judge x great]4 ,& if x be fa9t1 ,i appreh5d x to be yet great]4 ,:at is "h meant by confusion & fa9tness ha? be5 expla9$ 9 sect4 #ce4 #eg4 ,moreov] ! judgm5ts we make ( greatness d1 9 l mann] z ^? ( di/ance1 dep5d on ! disposition ( ! eye1 also on ! figure1 numb]1 & situation ( objects & o!r circum/ances t h be5 obs]v$ to att5d great or small tangible magnitudes4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! v same quantity ( visible ext5sion1 :i* 9 ! figure ( a t[] do? sugge/ ! idea ( great magnitude1 %all 9 ! figure ( a man sugge/ ! idea ( mu* small] magnitude4 ,t ?is is ow+ to ! exp]i5ce we h _h ( ! usual bigness ( a t[] & a man no "o1 ,i suppose1 ne$ be told4 #eh4 ,x is also evid5t t confusion or fa9tness h no m a necess>y connexion ) little or great magnitude ?an !y h ) little or great di/ance4 ,z !y sugge/ ! latt]1 s !y sugge/ ! =m] to our m9ds4 ,& by consequ5ce1 if x 7 n = exp]i5ce1 we %\ld no m judge a fa9t or confus$ appe>ance to be connect$ ) great or little magnitude1 ?an we %\ld t x 0 connect$ ) great or little di/ance4 #ei4 ,nor w x be f\nd t great or small visible magnitude ha? any necess>y relation to great or small tangible magnitude3 s t ! "o may c]ta9ly be inf]r$ f ! o!r4 ,b be=e we come to ! pro( ( ?is1 x is fit we consid] ! diff]5ce !re is betwixt ! ext5sion & figure :i* is ! prop] object ( t\*1 & t o!r :i* is t]m$ visible2 & h[ ! =m] is pr9cipally1 ?\gh n imm$iately tak5 notice (1 :5 we look at any object4 ,?is has be5 be=e m5tion$1 b we %all "h inquire into ! cause !re(4 ,we reg>d ! objects t environ u 9 proportion z !y are adapt$ to b5efit or injure our own bodies1 & !reby produce 9 our m9ds ! s5sation ( pleasure or pa94 ,n[ bodies op]at+ on our organs1 by an imm$iate application1 & ! hurt or advantage aris+ !refrom1 dep5d+ altoge!r on ! tangible1 & n at all on ! visible1 qualities ( any object3 ?is is a pla9 reason :y ^? %\ld be reg>d$ by u mu* m ?an ^!3 & = ?is end ! visive s5se seems to h be5 be/[$ on animals1 to wit1 t by ! p]ception ( visible ideas 7:i* 9 !mselves are n capable ( affect+ or any wise alt]+ ! frame ( _! bodies7 !y may be able to =esee 7f ! exp]i5ce !y h _h :at tangible ideas are connect$ ) su* & su* visible ideas7 & damage or b5efit :i* is l to ensue1 ^u ! application ( _! own bodies to ?is or t body :i* is at a di/ance4 ,:i* =esight1 h[ necess>y x is to ! pres]vation ( an animal1 ev]yone's exp]i5ce c in=m him4 ,h5ce x is t :5 we look at an object1 ! tangible figure & ext5sion !re( are pr9cipally att5d$ to2 :il/ !re is small he$ tak5 ( ! visible figure & magnitude1 :i*1 ?\gh m imm$iately p]ceiv$1 d less conc]n u1 & are n fitt$ to produce any alt]ation 9 our bodies4 #fj4 ,t ! matt] ( fact is true w be evid5t to anyone :o consid]s t a man plac$ at t5 foot di/ance is ?\ght z great z if he 7 plac$ at a di/ance only ( five foot3 :i* is true n ) relation to ! visible1 b tangible greatness ( ! object3 ! visible magnitude be+ f> great] at "o /ation3 ?an x is at ! o!r4 #fa4 ,in*es1 feet1 etc41 are settl$ /at$ l5g?s :]eby we measure objects & e/imate _! magnitude3 we say1 = example1 an object appe>s to be six in*es or six foot long4 ,n[1 t ?is _c be meant ( visible in*es1 etc41 is evid5t1 because a visible in* is itself no con/ant1 det]m9ate magnitude1 & _c !re=e s]ve to m>k out & det]m9e ! magnitude ( any o!r ?+4 ,take an in* m>k$ ^u a rul]3 view x1 successively1 at ! di/ance ( half a foot1 a foot1 a foot & a half1 etc41 f ! eye3 at ea* ( :i*1 & at all ! int]m$iate di/ances1 ! in* %all h a diff]5t visible ext5sion1 i4e4 !re %all be m or few] po9ts disc]n$ 9 x4 ,n[ ,i ask :i* ( all ^! v>i\s ext5sions is t /at$1 det]m9ate "o t is agre$ on = a common measure ( o!r magnitudes8 ,no reason c be assign$ :y we %\ld pit* on "o m ?an ano!r3 & except !re be "s inv>iable1 det]m9ate ext5sion fix$ on to be m>k$ to ! ^w in*1 x is pla9 x c be us$ to little purpose2 & to say a ?+ conta9s ?is or t numb] ( in*es %all imply no m ?an t x is ext5d$1 )\t br++ any p>ticul> idea ( t ext5sion into ! m9d4 ,f>!r1 an in* & a foot1 f diff]5t di/ances1 %all bo? exhibit ! same visible magnitude1 & yet at ! same "t y %all say t "o seems sev]al times great] ?an ! o!r4 ,f all :i* x is manife/ t ! judgm5ts we make ( ! magnitude ( objects by sight are altoge!r 9 ref]5ce to _! tangible ext5sion4 ,:5ev] we say an object is great1 or small1 ( ?is or t det]m9ate measure1 ,i say x mu/ be meant ( ! tangible1 & n ! visible ext5sion1 :i*1 ?\gh imm$iately p]ceiv$1 is nev]!less little tak5 notice (4 #fb4 ,n[1 t !re is no necess>y connexion betwe5 ^! two di/9ct ext5sions is evid5t f h5ce3 because our eyes might h be5 fram$ 9 su* a mann] z to be able to see no?+ b :at 7 less ?an ! ,,m9imum ,,tangibile4 ,9 :i* case x is n impossible we might h p]ceiv$ all ! imm$iate objects ( sight1 ! v same t we d n[3 b unto ^? visible appe>ances !re w\ld n be connect$ ^? diff]5t tangible magnitudes t are n[4 ,:i* %[s ! judgm5ts we make ( ! magnitude ( ?+s plac$ at a di/ance f ! v>i\s greatness ( ! imm$iate objects ( sight d n arise f any ess5tial or necess>y b only a cu/om>y tie1 :i* has be5 obs]v$ betwe5 !m4 #fc4 ,moreov]1 x is n only c]ta9 t any idea ( sight might n h be5 connect$ ) ?is or t idea ( t\*1 :i* we n[ obs]ve to accompany x3 b also t ! great] visible magnitudes might h be5 connect$ )1 & introduc$ into our m9ds less] tangible magnitudes & ! less] visible magnitudes great] tangible magnitudes4 ,nay1 t x actually is s we h daily exp]i5ce2 t object :i* makes a /rong & l>ge appe>ance1 n seem+ ne> s great z ano!r1 ! visible magnitude :]e( is mu* less1 b m fa9t1 & ! appe>ance upp]1 or :i* is ! same ?+ pa9t$ l[] on ! ,,ret9a1 :i* fa9tness & situation sugge/ bo? great] magnitude & great] di/ance4 #fd4 ,f :i*1 & f sect4 #eg & #eh1 x is manife/ t z we d n p]ceive ! magnitudes ( objects imm$iately by sight1 s nei!r d we p]ceive !m by ! m$iation ( any?+ :i* has a necess>y connexion ) !m4 ,^? ideas t n[ sugge/ unto u ! v>i\s magnitudes ( ext]nal objects be=e we t\* !m1 might possibly h sugge/$ no su* ?+3 or !y might h signifi$ !m 9 a direct contr>y mann]3 s t ! v same ideas1 on ! p]ception :]e( we judge an object to be small1 might z well h s]v$ to make u conclude x great4 ,^? ideas be+ 9 _! own nature equally fitt$ to br+ into our m9ds ! idea ( small or great1 or no size at all ( outw>d objects2 j z ! words ( any language are 9 _! own nature indiff]5t to signify ?is or t ?+ or no?+ at all4 #fe4 ,z we see di/ance1 s we see magnitude4 ,& we see bo? 9 ! same way t we see %ame or ang] 9 ! looks ( a man4 ,^? passions are !mselves invisible1 !y are nev]!less let 9 by ! eye along ) col\rs & alt]ations ( c\nt5ance1 :i* are ! imm$iate object ( vision3 & :i* signify !m = no o!r reason ?an b>ely because !y h be5 obs]v$ to accompany !m4 ,)\t :i* exp]i5ce we %\ld no m h tak5 blu%+ = a sign ( %ame ?an ( gladness4 #ff4 ,we are nev]!less exce$+ prone to imag9e ^? ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ only by ! m$iation ( o!rs to be !mselves ! imm$iate objects ( sight2 or1 at lea/1 to h 9 _! own nature a fitness to be sugge/$ by !m1 be=e ev] !y _h be5 exp]i5c$ to coexi/ ) !m4 ,f :i* prejudice ev]yone1 p]haps1 w n f9d x easy to emancipate himself1 by any b ! cle>e/ convictions ( reason4 ,& !re are "s gr\nds to ?9k t if !re 0 "o only inv>iable & univ]sal languages 9 ! _w1 & t m5 7 born ) ! faculty ( speak+ x1 x w\ld be ! op9ion ( _m t ! ideas ( o!r m5's m9ds 7 prop]ly p]ceiv$ by ! e>1 or _h at lea/ a necess>y & insep>able tie ) ! s\nds t 7 affix$ to !m4 ,all :i* seems to arise f want ( a due application ( our disc]n+ faculty1 !reby to discrim9ate betwe5 ! ideas t are 9 our und]/&+s1 & consid] !m ap>t f ea* o!r2 :i* w\ld pres]ve u f conf\nd+ ^? t are diff]5t1 & make u see :at ideas d1 & :at d n include or imply ?is or t o!r idea4 #fg4 ,!re is a celebrat$ ph5om5on1 ! solution :]e( ,i %all attempt to give by ! pr9ciples t h be5 laid d[n1 9 ref]5ce to ! mann] :]e9 we appreh5d by sight ! magnitude ( objects4 ,! app>5t magnitude ( ! moon :5 plac$ 9 ! horizon is mu* great] ?an :5 x is 9 ! m]idian1 ?\gh ! angle "u :i* ! diamet] ( ! moon is se5 be n obs]v$ great] 9 ! =m] case ?an 9 ! latt]3 & ! horizontal moon do? n con/antly appe> ( ! same bigness1 b at "s times seeme? f> great] ?an at o!rs4 #fh4 ,n[ 9 ord] to expla9 ! reason ( ! moon's appe>+ great] ?an ord9>y 9 ! horizon1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! p>ticles :i* compose our atmosph]e int]cept ! rays ( light proce$+ f any object to ! eye2 & by h[ mu* ! great] is ! portion ( atmosph]e int]jac5t betwe5 ! object & ! eye1 by s mu* ! m are ! rays int]cept$2 & by consequ5ce ! appe>ance ( ! object r5d]$ m fa9t1 e object appe>+ m vigor\s or m fa9t 9 proportion z x s5de? m or few] rays into ! eye4 ,n[ betwe5 ! eye & ! moon1 :5 situat$ 9 ! horizon1 !re lies a f> great] quantity ( atmosph]e ?an !re does :5 ! moon is 9 ! m]idian4 ,:5ce x comes to pass t ! appe>ance ( ! horizontal moon is fa9t]1 & !re=e by sect4 #ef x %\ld be ?\ght bigg] 9 t situation ?an 9 ! m]idian1 or 9 any o!r elevation above ! horizon4 #fi4 ,f>!r1 ! air be+ v>i\sly impregnat$1 sometimes m & sometimes less1 ) vap\rs & exhalations fitt$ to retund & int]cept ! rays ( light1 x foll[s t ! appe>ance ( ! horizontal moon ha? n always an equal fa9tness1 & by consequ5ce t lum9>y1 ?\gh 9 ! v same situation1 is at "o "t judg$ great] ?an at ano!r4 #gj4 ,t we h "h giv5 ! true acc\nt ( ! ph5om5a ( ! horizontal moon w1 ,i suppose1 be f>!r evid5t to anyone f ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,,fir/1 x is pla9 t :i* 9 ?is case sugge/s ! idea ( great] magnitude mu/ be some?+ :i* is itself p]ceiv$2 = t :i* is unp]ceiv$ _c sugge/ to our p]ception any o!r ?+4 ,,secondly1 x mu/ be some?+ t does n con/antly rema9 ! same1 b is subject to "s *ange or v>iation1 s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! horizontal moon v>ies1 be+ at "o "t great] ?an at ano!r4 ,& yet1 ,,?irdly1 x _c be ! visible figure or magnitude1 s9ce t rema9s ! same1 or is r less]1 by h[ mu* ! moon is ne>] to ! horizon4 ,x rema9s !re=e t ! true cause is t affection or alt]ation ( ! visible appe>ance :i* proce$s f ! great] paucity ( rays arriv+ at ! eye1 & :i* ,i t]m ,,fa9tness3 s9ce ?is answ]s all ! =em5tion$ conditions1 & ,i am n consci\s ( any o!r p]ception t do?4 #ga4 ,add to ?is t 9 mi/y wea!r x is a common obs]vation t ! appe>ance ( ! horizontal moon is f> l>g] ?an usual1 :i* greatly conspires ) & /r5g!ns our op9ion4 ,nei!r w\ld x prove 9 ! lea/ irreconcilable ) :at we h said1 if ! horizontal moon %\ld *ance sometimes to seem enl>g$ beyond its usual ext5t1 ev5 9 m s]5e wea!r4 ,= we mu/ n only h reg>d to ! mi/ :i* happ5s to be 9 ! place :]e we /&2 we ought also to take into our ?\ghts ! :ole sum ( vap\rs & exhalations :i* lie betwixt ! eye & ! moon3 all :i* coop]at+ to r5d] ! appe>ance ( ! moon m fa9t1 & !reby increase its magnitude1 x may *ance to appe> great] ?an x usually does1 ev5 9 ! horizontal position1 at a "t :51 ?\gh !re be no extraord9>y fog or haz9ess1 j 9 ! place :]e we /&1 yet ! air betwe5 ! eye & ! moon1 tak5 all toge!r1 may be load$ ) a great] quantity ( int]sp]s$ vap\rs & exhalations ?an at o!r times4 #gb4 ,x may be object$ t 9 consequ5ce ( our pr9ciples ! int]position ( a body 9 "s degree opaque1 :i* may int]cept a great "p ( ! rays ( light1 %\ld r5d] ! appe>ance ( ! moon 9 ! m]idian z l>ge z :5 x is view$ 9 ! horizon4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 x is n fa9tness anyh[ appli$ t sugge/s great] magnitude1 !re be+ no necess>y b only an exp]im5tal connexion betwe5 ^? two ?+s4 ,x foll[s t ! fa9tness :i* enl>ges ! appe>ance mu/ be appli$ 9 su* sort1 & ) su* circum/ances1 z h be5 obs]v$ to att5d ! vision ( great magnitudes4 ,:5 f a di/ance we behold great objects1 ! p>ticles ( ! int]m$iate air & vap\rs1 :i* are !mselves unp]ceivable1 d int]rupt ! rays ( light1 & !reby r5d] ! appe>ance less /rong & vivid3 n[1 fa9tness ( appe>ance caus$ 9 ?is sort ha? be5 exp]i5c$ to coexi/ ) great magnitude4 ,b :5 x is caus$ by ! int]position ( an opaque s5sible body1 ?is circum/ance alt]s ! case1 s t a fa9t appe>ance ?is way caus$ do? n sugge/ great] magnitude1 because x ha? n be5 exp]i5c$ to coexi/ ) x4 #gc4 ,fa9tness1 z well z all o!r ideas or p]ceptions :i* sugge/ magnitude or di/ance1 do? x 9 ! same way t words sugge/ ! notions to :i* !y are annex$4 ,n[1 x is kn[n a ^w pron\nc$ ) c]ta9 circum/ances1 or 9 a c]ta9 context ) o!r words1 ha? n always ! same import & signification t x ha? :5 pron\nc$ 9 "s o!r circum/ances or diff]5t context ( words4 ,! v same visible appe>ance z to fa9tness & all o!r respects1 if plac$ on high1 %all n sugge/ ! same magnitude t x w\ld if x 7 se5 at an equal di/ance on a level ) ! eye4 ,! reason :]e( is t we are r>ely accu/om$ to view objects at a great height2 our conc]ns lie among ?+s situat$ r be=e ?an above u1 & accord+ly our eyes are n plac$ on ! top ( our heads1 b 9 su* a position z is mo/ conv5i5t = u to see di/ant objects /&+ 9 our way4 ,& ?is situation ( !m be+ a circum/ance :i* usually att5ds ! vision ( di/ant objects1 we may f h5ce acc\nt = 7:at is commonly obs]v$7 an object's appe>+ ( diff]5t magnitude1 ev5 ) respect to its horizontal ext5sion1 on ! top ( a /eeple1 = example1 an hundr$ feet high to "o /&+ bel[1 f :at x w\ld if plac$ at an hundr$ feet di/ance on a level ) 8 eye4 ,= x ha? be5 %[n t ! judgm5t we make on ! magnitude ( a ?+ dep5ds n on ! visible appe>ance alone1 b also on div]s o!r circum/ances1 any "o ( :i* be+ omitt$ or v>i$ may suffice to make "s alt]ation 9 our judgm5t4 ,h5ce1 ! circum/ances ( view+ a di/ant object 9 su* a situation z is usual1 & suits ) ! ord9>y po/ure ( ! head & eyes be+ omitt$1 & in/ead !re( a diff]5t situation ( ! object1 :i* requires a diff]5t po/ure ( ! head tak+ place1 x is n to be wond]$ at if ! magnitude be judg$ diff]5t3 b x w be dem&$ :y an high object %\ld con/antly appe> less ?an an equidi/ant l[ object ( ! same dim5sions1 = s x is obs]v$ to be3 x may inde$ be grant$ t ! v>iation ( "s circum/ances may v>y ! judgm5t made on ! magnitude ( high objects1 :i* we are less us$ to look at3 b x does n h5ce appe> :y !y %\ld be judg$ less r ?an great]8 ,i answ] t 9 case ! magnitude ( di/ant objects 0 sugge/$ by ! ext5t ( _! visible appe>ance alone1 & ?\ght proportional !reto1 x is c]ta9 !y w\ld !n be judg$ mu* less ?an n[ !y seem to be 7,,vide sect4 #gi74 ,b sev]al circum/ances concurr+ to =m ! judgm5t we make on ! magnitude ( di/ant objects1 by means ( :i* !y appe> f> l>g] ?an o!rs1 ^: visible appe>ance ha? an equal or ev5 great] ext5sion2 x foll[s t ^u ! *ange or omission ( any ( ^? circum/ances :i* are wont to att5d ! vision ( di/ant objects1 & s come to influ5ce ! judgm5ts made on _! magnitude1 !y %all proportionably appe> less ?an o!rwise !y w\ld4 ,= any ( ^? ?+s t caus$ an object to be ?\ght great] ?an 9 proportion to its visible ext5sion be+ ei!r omitt$ or appli$ )\t ! usual circum/ances1 ! judgm5t dep5ds m entirely on ! visible ext5sion1 & consequ5tly ! object mu/ be judg$ less4 ,?us 9 ! pres5t case ! situation ( ! ?+ se5 be+ diff]5t f :at x usually is 9 ^? objects we h occasion to view1 & ^: magnitude we obs]ve1 x foll[s t ! v same object1 be+ an hundr$ feet high1 %\ld seem less ?an if x 0 an hundr$ feet (f on 7or ne>ly on7 a level ) ! eye4 ,:at has be5 "h set =? seems to me to h no small %>e 9 contribut+ to magnify ! appe>ance ( ! horizontal moon1 & des]ves n to be pass$ ov] 9 ! explication ( x4 #gd4 ,if we att5tively consid] ! ph5om5on be=e u1 we %all f9d ! n disc]n+ betwe5 ! m$iate & imm$iate objects ( sight to be ! *ief cause ( ! difficulty t occurs 9 ! explication ( x4 ,! magnitude ( ! visible moon1 or t :i* is ! prop] & imm$iate object ( vision1 is n great] :5 ! moon is 9 ! horizon ?an :5 x is 9 ! m]idian4 ,h[ comes x1 !re=e1 to seem great] 9 "o situation ?an ! o!r8 ,:at is x c put ?is *eat on ! und]/&+8 ,x has no o!r p]ception ( ! moon ?an :at x gets by sight3 & t :i* is se5 is ( ! same ext5t1 ,i say1 ! visible appe>ance ha? ! same1 or r a less1 magnitude :5 ! moon is view$ 9 ! horizontal ?an :5 9 ! m]idional position3 & yet x is e/eem$ great] 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,h]e9 consi/s ! difficulty1 :i* do? vani% & admit ( a mo/ easy solution1 if we consid] t z ! visible moon is n great] 9 ! horizon ?an 9 ! m]idian1 s nei!r is x ?\ght to be s4 ,x ha? be5 already %[n t 9 any act ( vision ! visible object absolutely1 or 9 itself1 is little tak5 notice (1 ! m9d /ill c>ry+ its view f t to "s tangible ideas :i* h be5 obs]v$ to be connect$ ) x1 & by t means come to be sugge/$ by x4 ,s t :5 a ?+ is said to appe> great or small1 or :atev] e/imate be made ( ! magnitude ( any ?+1 ?is is meant n ( ! visible b ( ! tangible object4 ,?is duly consid]$1 x w be no h>d matt] to reconcile ! seem+ contradiction !re is1 t ! moon %\ld appe> ( a diff]5t bigness1 ! visible magnitude !re( rema9+ /ill ! same4 ,= by sect4 #ef ! v same visible ext5sion1 ) a diff]5t fa9tness1 %all sugge/ a diff]5t tangible ext5sion4 ,:5 !re=e ! horizontal moon is said to appe> great] ?an ! m]idional moon1 ?is mu/ be und]/ood n ( a great] visible ext5sion1 b a ( great] tangible or real ext5sion1 :i* by reason ( ! m ?an ord9>y fa9tness ( ! visible appe>ance1 is sugge/$ to ! m9d along ) x4 #ge4 ,_m attempts h be5 made by le>n$ m5 to acc\nt = ?is appe>ance4 ,gass5dus1 ,desc>tes1 ,hobbes1 & sev]al o!rs h employ$ _! ?\ghts on t subject2 b h[ fruitless & unsatisfactory _! endeav\rs h be5 is suffici5tly %[n 9 ,,! ,,transactions1,phil4 ,trans4 ,num4 #ahg4 p4 #cad :]e y may see _! sev]al op9ions at l>ge set =? & confut$1 n )\t "s surprize at ! gross blund]s t +5i\s m5 h be5 =c$ into by endeav\r+ to reconcile ?is appe>ance ) ! ord9>y ,pr9ciples ( optics4 ,s9ce ! writ+ ( :i* !re ha? be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,,transactions ,numb4 #ahg4 ,p4 #cbc ano!r pap] relat+ to ! same affair by ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,wallis1 :]e9 he attempts to acc\nt = t ph5om5on :i*1 ?\gh x seems n to conta9 any?+ new or diff]5t f :at _h be5 said be=e by o!rs1 ,i %all nev]!less consid] 9 ?is place4 #gf4 ,8 op9ion1 9 %ort1 is ?is2 we judge n ( ! magnitude ( an object by ! visual angle alone1 b by ! visual angle 9 conjunction ) ! di/ance4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ! angle rema9 ! same1 or ev5 become less1 yet if )al ! di/ance seem to h be5 increas$1 ! object %all appe> great]4 ,n[1 "o way :]eby we e/imate ! di/ance ( any?+ is by ! numb] & ext5t ( ! int]m$iate objects3 :5 !re=e ! moon is se5 9 ! horizon1 ! v>iety ( fields1 h\ses1 etc41 toge!r ) ! l>ge prospect ( ! wide ext5d$ l& or sea t lies betwe5 ! eye & ! utmo/ limb ( ! horizon1 sugge/ unto ! m9d ! idea ( great] di/ance1 & consequ5tly magnify ! appe>ance4 ,& ?is1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,wallis1 is ! true acc\nt ( ! extraord9>y l>g5ess attribut$ by ! m9d to ! horizontal moon at a "t :5 ! angle subt5d$ by its diamet] is n "o jot great] ?an x us$ to be4 #gg4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is op9ion1 n to repeat :at ha? be5 already said conc]n+ di/ance1 ,i %all only obs]ve1 ,,fir/1 t if ! prospect ( int]jac5t objects be t :i* sugge/s ! idea ( f>!r di/ance1 & ?is idea ( f>!r di/ance be ! cause t br+s into ! m9d ! idea ( great] magnitude1 x %\ld h5ce foll[ t if "o look$ at ! horizontal moon f beh9d a wall1 x w\ld appe> no bigg] ?an ord9>y4 ,= 9 t case ! wall int]pos+ cuts (f all t prospect ( sea & l&1 etc4 :i* might o!rwise increase ! app>5t di/ance1 & !reby ! app>5t magnitude ( ! moon4 ,nor w x suffice to say ! memory do? ev5 !n sugge/ all t ext5t ( l&1 etc41 :i* lies )9 ! horizon2 :i* sugge/ion occasions a sudd5 judgm5t ( s5se t ! moon is f>!r (f & l>g] ?an usual4 ,= ask any man :o1 f su* a /ation behold+ ! horizontal moon1 %all ?9k h] great] ?an usual1 :e!r he ha? at t "t 9 8 m9d any idea ( ! int]m$iate objects1 or long tract ( l& t lies betwe5 8 eye & ! extreme edge ( ! horizon8 ,& :e!r x be t idea :i* is ! cause ( 8 mak+ ! a=em5tion$ judgm5t8 ,he w1 ,i suppose1 reply 9 ! negative1 & decl>e ! horizontal moon %all appe> great] ?an ! m]idional1 ?\gh he nev] ?9ks ( all or any ( ^? ?+s t lie betwe5 him & x4 ,,secondly1 x seems impossible by ?is hypo!sis to acc\nt = ! moon's appe>+ 9 ! v same situation at "o "t great] ?an at ano!r2 :i* nev]!less has be5 %[n to be v agreeable to ! pr9ciples we h laid d[n1 & receives a mo/ easy & natural explication f !m4 ,= ! fur!r cle>+' up ( ?is po9t x is to be obs]v$ t :at we imm$iately & prop]ly see are only lights & col\rs 9 sundry situations & %ades & degrees ( fa9tness & cle>ness1 confusion & di/9ctness4 ,all :i* visible objects are only 9 ! m9d1 nor d !y sugge/ ought ext]nal1 :e!r di/ance or magnitude1 o!rwise ?an by habitual connexion z words d ?+s4 ,we are also to rem>k t1 beside ! /ra9+ ( ! eyes1 & beside ! vivid & fa9t1 ! di/9ct & confus$ appe>ances 7:i*1 be>+ "s proportion to l9es & angles1 h be5 sub/itut$ in/ead ( !m 9 ! =ego+ "p ( ?is treatise71 !re are o!r means :i* sugge/ bo? di/ance & magnitude2 p>ticul>ly ! situation ( visible po9ts ( objects1 z upp] or l[]2 ! "o sugge/+ a f>!r di/ance & great] magnitude1 ! o!r a ne>] di/ance & less] magnitude3 all :i* is an effect only ( cu/om & exp]i5ce2 !re be+ really no?+ int]m$iate 9 ! l9e ( di/ance betwe5 ! upp]mo/ & l[]mo/1 :i* are bo? equidi/ant1 or r at no di/ance f ! eye1 z !re is also no?+ 9 upp] or l[]1 :i* by necess>y connexion %\ld sugge/ great] or less] magnitude4 ,n[1 z ^! cu/om>y1 exp]im5tal means ( sugge/+ di/ance d likewise sugge/ magnitude1 s !y sugge/ ! "o z imm$iately z ! o!r4 ,i say !y d n 7,,vide sect4 #ec7 fir/ sugge/ di/ance1 & !n leave ! m9d f !nce to inf] or compute magnitude1 jut sugge/ magnitude z imm$iately & directly z !y sugge/ di/ance4 #gh4 ,?is ph5om5on ( ! horizontal moon is a cle> in/ance ( ! insuffici5cy ( l9es & angles = expla9+ ! way :]e9 ! m9d p]ceives & e/imates ! magnitude ( outw>d objects4 ,!re is nev]!less a use ( computation by !m 9 ord] to det]m9e ! app>5t magnitude ( ?+s1 s f> z !y h a connexion )1 & are proportional to1 ^? o!r ideas or p]ceptions :i* are ! true & imm$iate occasions t sugge/ to ! m9d ! app>5t magnitude ( ?+s4 ,b ?is 9 g5]al may1 ,i ?9k1 be obs]v$ conc]n+ ma!matical computation 9 optics3 t x c nev] be v precise & exact s9ce ! judgm5ts we make ( ! magnitude ( ext]nal ?+s d (t5 dep5d on sev]al circum/ances1 :i* are n proportionable to1 or capable ( be+ def9$ by1 l9es & angles4 #gi4 ,f :at has be5 said we may safely d$uce ?is consequ5ce2 to wit1 t a man born bl9d & made to see w\ld1 at fir/ op5+ ( 8 eyes1 make a v diff]5t judgm5t ( ! magnitude ( objects intromitt$ by !m f :at o!rs d4 ,he w\ld n consid] ! ideas ( sight ) ref]5ce to1 or z hav+ any connexion )1 ! ideas ( t\*3 8 view ( !m be+ entirely t]m9at$ )9 !mselves1 he c no o!rwise judge !m great or small ?an z !y conta9 a great] or less] numb] ( visible po9ts4 ,n[1 x be+ c]ta9 t any visible po9t c cov] or exclude f view only "o o!r visible po9t1 x foll[s t :atev] object int]cepts ! view ( ano!r ha? an equal numb] ( visible po9ts ) x2 & consequ5tly !y %all bo? be ?\ght by him to h ! same magnitude4 ,h5ce x is evid5t "o 9 ^? circum/ances w\ld judge 8 ?umb1 ) :i* he might hide a t[] or h9d] its be+ se51 equal to t t[]1 or 8 h&1 ! int]position :]e( might conceal exp]im5tal means ! firmam5t f 8 view1 equal to ! firmam5t3 h[ great an inequality soev] !re may 9 our appreh5sions seem to be betwixt ^? two ?+s1 because ( ! cu/om>y & close connexion t has gr[n up 9 our m9ds betwe5 ! objects ( sight & t\*2 :]eby ! v diff]5t & di/9ct ideas ( ^? two s5ses are s bl5d$ & conf\nd$ toge!r z to be mi/ak5 = "o & ! same ?+2 out ( :i* prejudice we _c easily extricate ourselves4 #hj4 ,= ! bett] expla9+ ! nature ( vision1 & sett+ ! mann] :]e9 we p]ceive magnitudes 9 a due light1 ,i %all proce$ to make "s obs]vations conc]n+ matt]s relat+ !reto1 :]e( ! want ( reflexion1 & duly sep>at+ betwe5 tangible & visible ideas1 is apt to create 9 u mi/ak5 & confus$ notions4 ,& ,,fir/1 ,i %all obs]ve t ! ,,m9imum ,,visibile is exactly equal 9 all be+s :atsoev] t are end[$ ) ! visive faculty4 ,no exquisite =mation ( ! eye1 no peculi> %>pness ( sight1 c make x less 9 "o creature ?an 9 ano!r2 = x n be+ di/+ui%able into p>ts1 nor 9 any wise a consi/+ ( !m1 x mu/ necess>ily be ! same to all4 ,= suppose x o!rwise1 & t ! ,,m9imum ,,visibile ( a mite1 = in/ance1 be less ?an ! ,,m9imum ,,visibile ( a man3 ! latt] !re=e may by detraction ( "s "p be made equal to ! =m]3 x do? !re=e consi/ ( p>ts1 :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! notion ( a ,,m9imum ,,visibile or po9t4 #ha4 ,x w p]haps be object$ t ! ,,m9imum ,,visibile ( a man do? really & 9 itself conta9 p>ts :]eby x surpasses t ( a mite1 ?\gh !y are n p]ceivable by ! man4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 ! ,,m9imum ,,visibile hav+ 79 l mann] z all o!r ! prop] & imm$iate objects ( sight7 be5 %[n n to h any exi/5ce )\t ! m9d ( him :o sees x1 x foll[s !re _c be any pan ( x t is n actually p]ceiv$1 & !re=e visible4 ,n[ = any object to conta9 di/9ct visible p>ts1 & at ! same "t to be a ,,m9imum ,,visibile1 is a manife/ contradiction4 #hb4 ,( ^! visible po9ts we see at all times an equal numb]4 ,x is e :it z great :5 our view is contract$ & b\nd$ by ne> objects z :5 x is ext5d$ to l>g] & remot]4 ,= x be+ impossible t "o ,,m9imum ,,visibile %\ld obscure or keep out ( sight mote ?an "o o!r1 x is a pla9 consequ5ce t :5 my view is on all sides b\nd$ by ! walls ( my /udy see j z _m visible po9ts z ,i c\ld1 9 case t by ! removal ( ! /udy-walls & all o!r ob/ructions1 ,i _h a full prospect ( ! circumjac5t fields1 m\nta9s1 sea1 & op5 firmam5t3 = s long z ,i am %ut up )9 ! walls1 by _! int]position e po9t ( ! ext]nal objects is cov]$ f my view3 b ea* po9t t is se5 be+ able to cov] or exclude f sight "o only o!r correspond+ po9t1 x foll[s t :il/ my sight is conf9$ to ^? n>r[ walls ,i see z _m po9ts1 or ,,m9ima ,,visibilia1 z ,i %\ld 7 ^? walls away1 by look+ on all ! ext]nal objects ^: prospect is int]cept$ by !m4 ,:5ev] !re=e we are said to h a great] prospect at "o "t ?an ano!r1 ?is mu/ be und]/ood ) relation1 n to ! prop] & imm$iate1 b ! second>y & m$iate objects ( vision1 :i*1 z ha? be5 %[n1 prop]ly belong to ! t\*4 #hc4 ,! visive faculty consid]$ ) ref]5ce to its imm$iate objects may be f\nd to lab\r ( two defects4 ,,fir/1 9 respect ( ! ext5t or numb] ( visible po9ts t are at once p]ceivable by x1 :i* is n>r[ & limit$ to a c]ta9 degree4 ,x c take 9 at "o view b a c]ta9 det]m9ate numb] ( ,,m9ima ,,visibilia1 beyond :i* x _c ext5d its prospect4 ,secondly1 our sight is defective 9 t its view is n only n>r[1 b also = ! mo/ "p confus$3 ( ^? ?+s t we take 9 at "o prospect we c see b a few at once cle>ly & unconfus$ly3 & ! m we fix our sight on any "o object1 by s mu* ! d>k] & m indi/9ct %all ! re/ appe>4 #hd4 ,correspond+ to ^! two defects ( sight1 we may imag9e z _m p]fections1 to wit1 #a,,/1 t ( compreh5d+ 9 "o view a great] numb] ( visible po9ts4 #b;,,dly1 ( be+ able to view !m all equally & at once ) ! utmo/ cle>ness & di/9ction4 ,t ^? p]fections are n actually 9 "s intellig5ces ( a diff]5t ord] & capacity f ours x is impossible = u to "k4 #he4 ,9 nei!r ( ^? two ways d microscopes contribute to ! improvem5t ( sight2 = :5 we look ?r\gh a microscope we nei!r see m visible po9ts1 nor are ! collat]al po9ts m di/9ct ?an :5 we look ) ! nak$ eye at objects plac$ 9 a due di/ance4 ,a microscope br+s u1 z x 71 into a new _w3 x pres5ts u ) a new sc5e ( visible objects q diff]5t f :at we behold ) ! nak$ eye4 ,b h]e9 consi/s ! mo/ rem>kable diff]5ce1 to wit1 t :]eas ! objects p]ceiv$ by ! eye alone h a c]ta9 connexion ) tangible objects1 :]eby we are taught to =esee :at w ensue ^u ! approa* or application ( di/ant objects to ! p>ts ( our own body1 :i* mu* conduce? to its pres]vation1 !re is n ! l connexion betwe5 ?+s tangible & ^? visible objects t are p]ceiv$ by help ( a f9e microscope4 #hf4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t 7 our eyes turn$ into ! nature ( microscopes1 we %\ld n be mu* b5efit$ by ! *ange2 we %\ld be depriv$ ( ! =em5tion$ advantage we at pres5t receive by ! visive faculty1 & h left u only ! empty amusem5t ( see+1 )\t any o!r b5efit aris+ f x4 ,b 9 t case1 x w p]haps be said1 our sight w\ld be endu$ ) a f> great] %>pness & p5etration ?an x n[ ha?4 ,b x is c]ta9 f :at we h already %[n t ! ,,m9imum ,,visibile is nev] great] or less]1 b 9 all cases con/antly ! same3 & 9 ! case ( microscopical eyes ,i see only ?is diff]5ce1 to wit1 t ^u ! ceas+ ( a c]ta9 obs]vable connexion betwixt ! div]s p]ceptions ( sight & t\*1 :i* be=e enabl$ u to regulate our actions by ! eye1 x w\ld n[ be r5d]$ utt]ly uns]viceable to t purpose4 #hg4 ,^u ! :ole x seems t if we consid] ! use & end ( sight1 toge!r ) ! pres5t /ate & circum/ances ( our be+1 we %all n f9d any great cause to compla9 ( any defect or imp]fection 9 x1 or easily conceive h[ x c\ld be m5d$4 ,) su* admirable wisdom is t faculty contriv$1 bo? = ! pleasure & conv5i5ce ( life4 #hh4 ,hav+ f9i%$ :at ,i int5d$ to say conc]n+ ! di/ance & magnitude ( objects1 ,i come n[ to treat ( ! mann] :]e9 ! m9d p]ceives by sight _! situation4 ,among ! discov]ies ( ! la/ age1 x is reput$ none ( ! lea/ t ! mann] ( vision ha? be5 m cle>ly expla9$ ?an ev] x _h be5 be=e4 ,!re is at ?is day no "o ignorant t ! pictures ( ext]nal objects are pa9t$ on ! ,,ret9a1 or fund ( ! eye3 t we c see no?+ :i* is n s pa9t$3 & t1 accord+ z ! picture is m di/9ct or confus$1 s also is ! p]ception we h ( ! object3 b !n 9 ?is explication ( vision !re occurs "o mighty difficulty4 ,! objects are pa9t$ 9 an inv]t$ ord] on ! bottom ( ! eye3 ! upp] "p ( any object be+ pa9t$ on ! l[] "p ( ! eye1 & ! l[] "p ( ! object on ! upp] "p ( ! eye3 & s also z to "r & left4 ,s9ce !re=e ! pictures are ?us inv]t$1 x is dem&$ h[ x comes to pass t we see ! objects erect & 9 _! natural po/ure8 #hi4 ,9 answ] to ?is difficulty we are told t ! m9d1 p]ceiv+ an impulse ( a ray ( light on ! upp] "p ( ! eye1 consid]s ?is ray z com+ 9 a direct l9e f ! l[] "p ( ! object2 & 9 l mann] trac+ ! ray t /rikes on ! l[] "p ( ! eye1 x is direct$ to ! upp] "p ( ! object4 ,?us 9 ! adjac5t figure1 ,c1 ! l[] po9t ( ! object ,,abc1 is project$ on ,c ! upp] "p ( ! eye4 ,s likewise ! highe/ po9t ,a is project$ on ,a ! l[e/ "p ( ! eye1 :i* makes ! repres5tation ,,cba inv]t$3 b ! m9d consid]+ ! /roke t is made on ,c z com+ 9 ! /raight l9e ,,cc f ! l[] end ( ! object2 & ! /roke or impulse on a z com+ 9 ! l9e ,,aa f ! upp] end ( ! object1 is direct$ to make a "r judgm5t ( ! situation ( ! object ,,abc1 not)/&+ ! picture ( x is inv]t$4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by conceiv+ a bl9d man :o1 hold+ 9 8 h&s two /icks t cross ea* o!r1 do? ) !m t\* ! extremities ( an object1 plac$ 9 a p]p5dicul> situation4 ,x is c]ta9 ?is man w judge t to be ! upp] "p ( ! object :i* he t\*es ) ! /ick held 9 ! und]mo/ h&1 & t to be ! l[] "p ( ! object :i* he t\*es ) ! /ick 9 8 upp]mo/ h&4 ,?is is ! common explication ( ! erect appe>ance ( objects1 :i* is g5]ally receiv$ & acquiesc$ 91 be+ 7z ,mr4 ,molyneux tells u ,diopt4 p>4 #b4 c4 #g4 ,p4 #bhi47 'all[$ by all m5 z satisfactory'4 #ij4 ,b ?is acc\nt to me does n seem 9 any degree true4 ,did ,i p]ceive ^? impulses1 decussations1 & directions ( ! rays ( light 9 l mann] z ha? be5 set =?1 !n inde$ x w\ld n be altoge!r void ( probability4 ,& !re might be "s pret5ce = ! comp>ison ( ! bl9d man & 8 cross /icks4 ,b ! case is f> o!rwise4 ,i "k v well t ,i p]ceive no su* ?+4 ,& ( consequ5ce ,i _c !reby make an e/imate ( ! situation ( objects4 ,i appeal to anyone's exp]i5ce1 :e!r he be consci\s to himself t he ?9ks on ! int]section made by ! radi\s ,,sic p5cils1 or pursues ! impulses !y give 9 "r l9es1 :5ev] he p]ceives by sight ! position ( any object8 ,to me x seems evid5t t cross+ & trac+ ( ! rays is nev] ?\ght on by *ildr51 idiots1 or 9 tru? by any o!r1 save only ^? :o h appli$ !mselves to ! /udy ( optics4 ,& = ! m9d to judge ( ! situation ( objects by ^? ?+s )\t p]ceiv+ !m1 or to p]ceive !m )\t kn[+ x1 is equally beyond my compreh5sion4 ,add to ?is t ! expla9+ ! mann] ( vision by ! example ( cross /icks & hunt+ = ! object along ! axes ( ! radi\s p5cils1 do? suppose ! prop] objects ( sight to be p]ceiv$ at a di/ance f u1 contr>y to :at ha? be5 demon/rat$4 #ia4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 t we look = "s o!r explication ( ?is difficulty3 & ,i believe x n impossible to f9d "o1 provid$ we exam9e x to ! bottom1 & c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ! ideas ( sight & t\*2 :i* _c be too (t inculcat$ 9 treat+ ( vision3 b m especially ?r\gh\t ! consid]ation ( ?is affair we ought to c>ry t di/9ction 9 our ?\ghts3 = t f want ( a "r und]/&+ !re( ! difficulty ( expla9+ erect vision seems *iefly to arise4 #ib4 ,9 ord] to dis5tangle our m9ds f :atev] prejudices we may ent]ta9 ) relation to ! subject 9 h&1 no?+ seems m apposite ?an ! tak+ into our ?\ghts ! case ( "o born bl9d1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 gr[n up1 made to see4 ,& ?\gh1 p]haps1 x may n be an easy task to dive/ ourselves entirely ( ! exp]i5ce receiv$ f sight1 s z to be able to put our ?\ghts exactly 9 ! po/ure ( su* a "o's1 we mu/1 nev]!less1 z f> z possible1 endeav\r to frame true conceptions ( :at might reasonably be suppos$ to pass 9 8 m9d4 #ic4 ,x is c]ta9 t a man actually bl9d1 & :o _h cont9u$ s f 8 bir?1 w\ld by ! s5se ( feel+ atta9 to h ideas ( upp] & l[]4 ,by ! motion ( 8 h& he might disc]n ! situation ( any tangible object plac$ )9 8 ,,fi rea*4 ,t "p on :i* he felt himself support$1 or t[>ds :i* he p]ceiv$ 8 body to gravitate1 he w\ld t]m l[]1 & ! contr>y to ?is upp]2 & accord+ly d5om9ate :atsoev] objects he t\*$4 #id4 ,b !n1 :atev] judgm5ts he makes conc]n+ ! situation ( objects are conf9$ to ^? only t are p]ceivable by t\*4 ,all ^? ?+s t are intangible & ( a spiritual nature1 8 ?\ghts & desires1 8 passions1 & 9 g5]al all ! modifications ( ! s\l1 to ^! he w\ld nev] apply ! t]ms ,,upp] & ,,l[]1 except only 9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,he may1 p]haps1 by way ( allusion1 speak ( high or l[ ?\ghts3 b ^? t]ms 9 _! prop] signification w\ld nev] be appli$ to any?+ t 0 n conceiv$ to exi/ )\t ! m9d4 ,= a man born bl9d1 & rema9+ 9 ! same /ate1 c\ld mean no?+ else by ! words ,,high] & ,,l[] ?an a great] or less] di/ance f ! e>?2 :i* di/ance he w\ld measure by ! motion or application ( 8 h& or "s o!r "p ( 8 body4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t all ^? ?+s :i*1 9 respect ( ea* o!r1 w\ld by him be ?\ght high] or l[]1 mu/ be su* z 7 conceiv$ to exi/ )\t 8 m9d1 9 ! ambi5t space4 #ie4 ,:5ce x pla9ly foll[s t su* a "o1 if we suppose him made to see1 w\ld n at fir/ sight ?9k any?+ he saw 0 high or l[1 erect or inv]t$2 = x ha? be5 already demon/rat$ 9 sect4 #da t he w\ld n ?9k ! ?+s he p]ceiv$ by sight to be at any di/ance f him1 or )\t 8 m9d4 ,! objects to :i* he _h hi!rto be5 us$ to apply ! t]ms ,,up & ,,d[n1 ,,high & ,,l[1 7 su* only z affect$ or 7 "s way p]ceiv$ by 8 c\*3 b ! prop] objects ( vision make a new set ( ideas1 p]fectly di/9ct & diff]5t f ! =m]1 & :i* c 9 no sort make !mselves p]ceiv$ by t\*4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ at all t c\ld induce him to ?9k ^? t]ms applicable to !m3 nor w\ld he ev] ?9k x till su* "t z he _h obs]v$ _! connexion ) tangible objects1 & ! same prejudice began to ins9uate itself into 8 und]/&+1 :i* f _! infancy _h gr[n up 9 ! und]/&+s ( o!r m54 #if4 ,to set ?is matt] 9 a cle>] light ,i %all make use ( an example4 ,suppose ! above-m5tion$ bl9d p]son by 8 t\* p]ceives a man to /& erect4 ,let u inquire into ! mann] ( ?is4 ,by ! application ( 8 h& to ! sev]al p>ts ( a human body he _h p]ceiv$ diff]5t tangible ideas1 :i* be+ collect$ into sundry complex ones1 h di/9ct names annex$ to !m4 ,?us "o comb9ation ( a c]ta9 tangible figure1 bulk1 & consi/5cy ( p>ts is call$ ! head1 ano!r ! h&1 a ?ird ! foot1 & s ( ! re/3 all :i* complex ideas c\ld1 9 8 und]/&+1 be made up only ( ideas p]ceivable by t\*4 ,he _h also by 8 t\* obta9$ an idea ( e>? or gr\nd1 t[>ds :i* he p]ceives ! p>ts ( 8 body to h a natural t5d5cy4 ,n[1 by ,,erect no?+ m be+ meant ?an t p]p5dicul> position ( a man :]e9 8 feet are ne>e/ to ! e>?1 if ! bl9d p]son by mov+ 8 h& ov] ! p>ts ( ! man :o /&s be=e him p]ceives ! tangible ideas t compose ! head to be f>!/ f1 & ^? t compose ! feet to be ne>e/ to1 t o!r comb9ation ( tangible ideas :i* he calls e>?1 he w d5om9ate t man erect4 ,b if we suppose him on a sudd5 to receive 8 sight1 & t he behold a man /&+ be=e him1 x is evid5t 9 t case he w\ld nei!r judge ! man he sees to be erect nor inv]t$2 = he nev] hav+ kn[n ^? t]ms appli$ to any o!r save tangible ?+s1 or :i* exi/$ 9 ! space )\t him1 & :at he sees nei!r be+ tangible nor p]ceiv$ z exi/+ )\t1 he c\ld n "k t 9 propriety ( language !y 7 applicable to x4 #ig4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ^u turn+ 8 head or eyes up & d[n to ! "r & left he %all obs]ve ! visible objects to *ange1 & %all also atta9 to "k t !y are call$ by ! same names1 & connect$ ) ! objects p]ceiv$ by t\*2 !n inde$ he w come to speak ( !m & _! situation1 9 ! same t]ms t he has be5 us$ to apply to tangible ?+s2 & ^? t he p]ceives by turn+ up 8 eyes he w call upp]1 & ^? t by turn+ d[n 8 eyes he w call l[]4 #ih4 ,& ?is seems to me ! true reason :y he %\ld ?9k ^? objects upp]mo/ t are pa9t$ on ! l[] "p ( 8 eye3 = by turn+ ! eye up !y %all be di/9ctly se52 z likewise ^? t are pa9t$ on ! highe/ "p ( ! eye %all be di/9ctly se5 by turn+ ! eye d[n1 & are = t reason e/eem$ l[e/2 = we h %[n t to ! imm$iate objects ( sight consid]$ 9 !mselves1 he w\ld n attribute ! t]ms ,,high & ,,l[4 ,x mu/ !re=e be on acc\nt ( "s circum/ances :i* are obs]v$ to att5d !m3 & ^!1 x is pla91 are ! actions ( turn+ ! eye up & d[n1 :i* sugge/ a v obvi\s reason :y ! m9d %\ld d5om9ate ! objects ( sight accord+ly high or l[4 ,& )\t ?is motion ( ! eye1 ?is turn+ x up & d[n 9 ord] to disc]n diff]5t objects1 d\btless ,,erect1 ,,inv]se1 & o!r ! l t]ms relat+ to ! position ( tangible objects1 w\ld nev] h be5 transf]r$1 or 9 any degree appreh5d$ to belong to ! ideas ( sight3 ! m]e act ( see+ includ+ no?+ 9 x to t purpose2 :]eas ! diff]5t situations ( ! eye naturally direct ! m9d to make a suitable judgm5t ( ! situation ( objects intromitt$ by x4 #ii4 ,f>!r1 :5 he has by exp]i5ce le>n$ ! connexion !re is betwe5 ! sev]al ideas ( sight & t\*1 he w be able1 by ! p]ception he has ( ! situation ( visible ?+s 9 respect ( "o ano!r1 to make a sudd5 & true e/imate ( ! situation ( outw>d1 tangible ?+s correspond+ to !m4 ,& ?us x is he %all p]ceive by sight ! situation ( ext]nal objects :i* d n prop]ly fall "u t s5se4 #ajj4 ,i "k we are v prone to ?9k t1 if j made to see1 we %\ld judge ( ! situation ( visible ?+s z we d n[3 b we are also z prone to ?9k t1 at fir/ sight1 we %\ld 9 ! same way appreh5d ! di/ance & magnitude ( objects z we d n[3 :i* ha? be5 %[n to be a false & gr\ndless p]suasion4 ,& = ! l reasons ! same c5sure may be pass$ on ! positive assurance t mo/ m51 be=e !y h ?\ght suffici5tly ( ! matt]1 might h ( _! be+ able to det]m9e by ! eye at fir/ view1 :e!r objects 7 erect or inv]se4 #aja4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be object$ co our op9ion t a man1 = in/ance1 be+ ?\ght erect :5 8 feet are next ! e>?1 & inv]t$ :5 8 head is next ! e>?1 x do? h5ce foll[ t by ! m]e act ( vision1 )\t any exp]i5ce or alt]+ ! situation ( ! eye1 we %\ld h det]m9$ :e!r he 7 erect or inv]t$3 = bo? ! e>? itself1 & ! limbs ( ! man :o /&s !reon1 be+ equally p]ceiv$ by sight1 "o _c *oose see+ :at "p ( ! man is ne>e/ ! e>?1 & :at "p f>!/ f x1 i4e4 :e!r he be erect or inv]t$4 #ajb4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 ! ideas :i* con/itute ! tangible e>? & man are entirely diff]5t f ^? :i* con/itute ! visible e>? & man4 ,nor 0 x possible1 by virtue ( ! visive faculty alone1 )\t sup]add+ any exp]i5ce ( t\*1 or alt]+ ! position ( ! eye1 ev] to h kn[n1 or s mu* z suspect$1 !re _h be5 any relation or connexion betwe5 !m4 ,h5ce a man at fir/ view w\ld n d5om9ate any?+ he saw e>?1 or head1 or foot2 & consequ5tly he c\ld n tell by ! m]e act ( vision :e!r ! head or feet 7 ne>e/ ! e>?3 nor1 inde$1 w\ld we h !reby any ?\ght ( e>? or man1 erect or inv]se1 at all3 :i* w be made yet m evid5t if we nicely obs]ve1 & make a p>ticul> comp>ison betwe51 ! ideas ( bo? s5ses4 #ajc4 ,t :i* ,i see is only v>iety ( light & col\rs4 ,t :i* ,i feel is h>d or s(t1 hot or cold1 r\gh or smoo?4 ,:at similitude1 :at connexion h ^? ideas ) ^!8 ,or h[ is x possible t anyone %\ld see reason to give "o & ! same "n to comb9ations ( ideas s v diff]5t be=e he _h exp]i5c$ _! coexi/5ce8 ,we d n f9d !re is any necess>y connexion betwixt ?is or t tangible quality & any col\r :atsoev]4 ,& we may sometimes p]ceive col\rs :]e !re is no?+ to be felt4 ,all :i* do? make x manife/ t no man1 at fir/ receiv+ ( 8 sight1 w\ld "k !re 0 any agreem5t betwe5 ?is or t p>ticul> object ( 8 sight & any object ( t\* he _h be5 already acqua9t$ )3 ! col\rs1 !re=e1 ( ! head w\ld to him no m sugge/ ! idea ( head ?an !y w\ld ! idea ( foot4 #ajd4 ,f>!r1 we h at l>ge %[n 7,,vid4 sect4 #fc & #fd7 !re is no discov]able necess>y connexion betwe5 any giv5 visible magnitude & any "o p>ticul> tangible magnitude2 b t x is entirely ! result ( cu/om & exp]i5ce1 & dep5ds on =eign & accid5tal circum/ances t we c by ! p]ception ( visible ext5sion in=m ourselves :at may be ! ext5sion ( any tangible object connect$ ) x4 ,h5ce x is c]ta9 t nei!r ! visible magnitude ( head or foot w\ld br+ along ) !m into ! m9d1 at fir/ op5+ ( ! eyes1 ! respective tangible magnitudes ( ^? p>ts4 #aje4 ,by ! =ego+ section x is pla9 ! visible figure ( any "p ( ! body ha? no necess>y connexion ) ! tangible figure !re(1 s z at fir/ sight to sugge/ x to ! m9d4 ,= figure is ! t]m9ation ( magnitude2 :5ce x foll[s t no visible magnitude hav+ 9 its own nature an aptness to sugge/ any "o p>ticul> tangible magnitude1 s nei!r c any visible figure be insep>ably connect$ ) its correspond+ tangible figure3 s z ( itself & 9 a way prior to exp]i5ce1 x might sugge/ x to ! und]/&+4 ,?is w be f>!r evid5t if we consid] t :at seems smoo? & r\nd to ! t\* may to sight1 if view$ ?r\gh a microscope1 seem q o!rwise4 #ajf4 ,f all :i* laid toge!r & duly consid]$1 we may cle>ly d$uce ?is inf]5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ act ( vision no idea ent]+ by ! eye w\ld h a p]ceivable connexion ) ! ideas to :i* ! names ,,e>?1 ,,man1 ,,head1 ,,foot1 etc41 7 annex$ 9 ! und]/&+ ( a p]son bl9d f 8 bir?2 s z 9 any sort to introduce !m into 8 m9d1 or make !mselves be call$ by ! same names1 & reput$ ! same ?+s ) !m1 z aft]w>ds !y come to be4 #ajg4 ,!re do?1 nev]!less1 rema9 "o difficulty1 :i* p]haps may seem to press h>d on our op9ion1 & des]ve n to be pass$ ov]3 = ?\gh x be grant$ t nei!r ! col\r1 size1 nor figure ( ! visible feet h any necess>y connexion ) ! ideas t compose ! tangible feet1 s z to br+ !m at fir/ sight into my m9d1 or make me 9 dang] ( conf\nd+ !m be=e ,i _h be5 us$ to1 & = "s "t exp]i5c$ _! connexion3 yet ?us mu* seems und5iable1 namely1 t ! numb] ( ! visible feet be+ ! same ) t ( ! tangible feet1 ,i may f h5ce )\t any exp]i5ce ( sight reasonably conclude t !y repres5t or are connect$ ) ! feet r ?an ! head4 ,i say1 x seems ! idea ( two visible feet w soon] sugge/ to ! m9d ! idea ( two tangible feet ?an ( "o head2 s t ! bl9d man ^u fir/ reception ( ! visive faculty might "k :i* 7 ! feet or two1 & :i* ! head or "o4 #ajh4 ,9 ord] to get cle> ( ?is seem+ difficulty we ne$ only obs]ve t div]sity ( visible objects do? n necess>ily inf] div]sity ( tangible objects correspond+ to !m4 ,a picture pa9t$ ) great v>iety ( col\rs affects ! t\* 9 "o uni=m mann]2 x is !re=e evid5t t ,i d n by any necess>y consecution1 indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce1 judge ( ! numb] ( ?+s tangible f ! numb] ( ?+s visible4 ,i %\ld n1 !re=e1 at fir/ op5+ my eyes conclude t because ,i see two ,i %all feel two4 ,h[1 !re=e1 c ,i1 be=e exp]i5ce tea*es me1 "k t ! visible legs1 because two1 are connect$ ) ! tangible legs1 or ! visible head1 because "o1 is connect$ ) ! tangible head8 ,! tru? is1 ! ?+s ,i see are s v diff]5t & het]og5e\s f ! ?+s ,i feel t ! p]ception ( ! "o w\ld nev] h sugge/$ ! o!r to my ?\ghts1 or enabl$ me to pass ! lea/ judgm5t !reon1 until ,i _h exp]i5c$ _! connexion4 #aji4 ,b = a full] illu/ration ( ?is matt] x ought to be consid]$ t numb] 7h[ev] "s may reckon x among/ ! prim>y qualities7 is no?+ fix$ & settl$1 really exi/+ 9 ?+s !mselves4 ,x is entirely ! creature ( ! m9d1 consid]+ ei!r an idea by itself1 or any comb9ation ( ideas to :i* x gives "o "n1 & s makes x pass = an unit4 ,accord+ z ! m9d v>i\sly comb9es its ideas ! unit v>ies3 & z ! unit1 s ! numb]1 :i* is only a collection ( units1 do? also v>y4 ,we call a w9d[ "o1 a *imney "o1 & yet a h\se 9 :i* !re are _m w9d[s & _m *imneys ha? an equal "r to be call$ "o1 & _m h\ses g to ! mak+ ( ! city4 ,9 ^! & ! l1 in/ances x is evid5t ! unit con/antly relates to ! p>ticul> draughts ! m9d makes ( its ideas1 to :i* x affixes names1 & :]e9 x includes m or less z be/ suits its own ends & purposes4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 ! m9d consid]s z "o1 t is an unit4 ,e comb9ation ( ideas is consid]$ z "o ?+ by ! m9d1 & 9 tok5 !re( is m>k$ by "o "n4 ,n[1 ?is nam+ & comb9+ toge!r ( ideas is p]fectly arbitr>y1 & done by ! m9d 9 su* sort z exp]i5ce %[s x to be mo/ conv5i5t3 )\t :i* our ideas _h nev] be5 collect$ into su* sundry di/9ct comb9ations z !y n[ are4 #aaj4 ,h5ce x foll[s t a man born bl9d & aft]w>ds1 :5 gr[n up1 made to see1 w\ld n 9 ! fir/ act ( vision p>cel out ! ideas ( sight into ! same di/9ct collections t o!rs d1 :o h exp]i5c$ :i* d regul>ly coexi/ & are prop] to be bundl$ up toge!r "u "o "n4 ,he w\ld n1 = example1 make into "o complex idea1 & !reby e/eem an unit1 all ^? p>ticul> ideas :i* con/itute ! visible head or foot4 ,= !re c be no reason assign$ :y he %\ld d s1 b>ely ^u 8 see+ a man /& upright be=e him4 ,!re cr[d into 8 m9d ! ideas :i* compose ! visible man1 9 company ) all ! o!r ideas ( sight p]ceiv$ at ! same "t3 b all ^! ideas (f]$ at once to 8 view1 he w\ld n di/ribute into sundry di/9ct comb9ations till su* "t z by obs]v+ ! motion ( ! p>ts ( ! man & o!r exp]i5ces he comes to "k :i* are to be sep>at$ & :i* to be collect$ toge!r4 #aaa4 ,f :at ha? be5 premis$ x is pla9 ! objects ( sight & t\* make1 if ,i may s say1 two sets ( ideas :i* are widely diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,to objects ( ei!r k9d we indiff]5tly attribute ! t]ms high & l[1 "r & left1 & su*like1 d5ot+ ! position or situation ( ?+s3 b !n we mu/ well obs]ve t ! position ( any object is det]m9$ ) respect only to objects ( ! same s5se4 ,we say any object ( t\* is high or l[1 accord+ z x is m or less di/ant f ! tangible e>?3 & 9 l mann] we d5om9ate any object ( sight high or l[ 9 proportion z x is m or less di/ant f ! visible e>?3 b to def9e ! situation ( visible ?+s ) relation to ! di/ance !y be> f any tangible ?+1 or ,,vice ,,v]sa1 ?is 7 absurd & p]fectly un9telligible4 ,= all visible ?+s are equally 9 ! m9d1 & take up no "p ( ! ext]nal space3 & consequ5tly are equidi/ant f any tangible ?+ :i* exi/s )\t ! m9d4 #aab4 ,or r1 to speak truly1 ! prop] objects ( sight are at no di/ance1 nei!r ne> nor f>1 f any tangible ?+4 ,= if we inquire n>r[ly into ! matt] we %all f9d t ^? ?+s only are comp>$ toge!r 9 respect ( di/ance :i* exi/ aft] ! same mann]1 or app]ta9 unto ! same s5se4 ,= by ! di/ance betwe5 any two po9ts no?+ m is meant ?an ! numb] ( int]m$iate po9ts3 if ! giv5 po9ts are visible ! di/ance betwe5 !m is m>k$ out by ! numb] ( ! int]jac5t visible po9ts3 if !y are tangible1 ! di/ance betwe5 !m is a l9e consi/+ ( tangible po9ts2 b if !y are "o tangible & ! o!r visible1 ! di/ance betwe5 !m do? nei!r consi/ ( po9ts p]ceivable by sight nor by t\*1 i4e4 x is utt]ly inconceivable4 ,?is1 p]haps1 w n f9d an easy admission into all m5's und]/&+3 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld gladly be in=m$ :e!r x be n true by anyone :o w be at ! pa9s to reflect a little & apply x home to 8 ?\ghts4 #aac4 ,! n obs]v+ :at has be5 deliv]$ 9 ! two la/ sections seems to h occasion$ no small "p ( ! difficulty t occurs 9 ! bus9ess ( erect appe>ances4 ,! head1 :i* is pa9t$ ne>e/ ! e>?1 seems to be f>!/ f x3 & on ! o!r h& ! feet1 :i* are pa9t$ f>!/ f ! e>?1 are ?\ght ne>e/ to x4 ,h]e9 lies ! difficulty1 :i* vani%es if we express ! ?+ m cle>ly & free f ambiguity1 ?us3 h[ comes x t to ! eye ! visible head :i* is ne>e/ ! tangible e>? seems f>!/ f ! e>?1 & ! visible feet1 :i* are f>!/ f ! tangible e>? seem ne>e/ ! e>?8 ,! "q be+ ?us propos$1 :o sees n ! difficulty is f\nd$ on a supposition t ! eye1 or visive faculty1 or r ! s\l by means !re(1 %\ld judge ( ! situation ( visible objects ) ref]5ce to _! di/ance f ! tangible e>?8 ,:]eas x is evid5t ! tangible e>? is n p]ceiv$ by sight3 & x ha? be5 %[n 9 ! two la/ prec$+ sections t ! location ( visible objects is det]m9$ only by ! di/ance !y be> f "o ano!r2 & t x is nons5se to talk ( di/ance1 f> or ne>1 betwe5 a visible & tangible ?+4 #aad4 ,if we conf9e our ?\ghts to ! prop] objects ( sight1 ! :ole is pla9 & easy4 ,! head is pa9t$ f>!/ f1 & ! feet ne>e/ to1 ! visible e>?2 & s !y appe> to be4 ,:at is !re /range or unacc\ntable 9 ?is8 ,let u suppose ! pictures 9 ! fund ( ! eye to be ! imm$iate objects ( ! sight4 ,! consequ5ce is t ?+s %\ld appe> 9 ! same po/ure !y are pa9t$ 92 & is x n s8 ,! head :i* is se5 seems f>!/ f ! e>? :i* is se52 & ! feet :i* are se5 seem ne>e/ to ! e>?1 :i* is se52 & j s !y are pa9t$4 #aae4 ,b1 say y1 ! picture ( ! man is inv]t$1 & yet ! appe>ance is erect3 ,i ask1 :at mean y by ! picture ( ! man1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ! visible man's be+ inv]t$8 ,y tell me x is inv]t$1 because ! heels are upp]mo/ & ! head und]mo/8 ,expla9 me ?is4 ,y say t by ! head's be+ und]mo/ y mean t x is ne>e/ to ! e>?2 & by ! heels be+ upp]mo/ t !y are f>!/ f ! e>?4 ,i ask aga9 :at e>? y mean8 ,y _c mean ! e>? t is pa9t$ on ! eye1 or ! visible e>?3 = ! picture ( ! head is f>!/ f ! picture ( ! e>?1 & ! picture ( ! feet ne>e/ to ! picture ( ! e>?2 & accord+ly ! visible head is f>!/ f ! visible e>?1 & ! visible feet ne>e/ to x4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 t y mean ! tangible e>?1 & s det]m9e ! situation ( visible ?+s ) respect to tangible ?+s2 contr>y to :at ha? be5 demon/rat$ 9 sect4 #aaa & #aab4 ,! two di/9ct prov9ces ( sight & t\* %\ld be consid]$ ap>t1 & z if _! objects _h no int]c\rse1 no mann] ( relation "o to ano!r1 9 po9t ( di/ance or position4 #aaf4 ,f>!r1 :at greatly contributes to make u mi/ake 9 ?is matt] is t :5 we ?9k ( ! pictures 9 ! fund ( ! eye1 we imag9e ourselves look+ on ! fund ( ano!r's eye1 or ano!r look+ on ! fund ( our own eye1 & behold+ ! pictures pa9t$ !reon4 ,suppose two eyes ,a & ,b3 ,a f "s di/ance look+ on ! pictures 9 ,b sees !m inv]t$1 & = t reason concludes !y are inv]t$ 9 ,b3 b ?is is wrong4 ,!re are project$ 9 little on ! bottom ( ,a ! images ( ! pictures (1 suppose1 man1 e>?1 etc41 :i* are pa9t$ on ,b4 ,& besides ^! ! eye ,b itself1 & ! objects :i* environ x1 toge!r ) ano!r e>?1 are project$ 9 a l>g] size on ,a4 ,n[1 by ! eye ,a ^! l>g] images are deem$ ! true objects1 & ! less] only pictures 9 m9iature4 ,& x is ) respect to ^? great] images t x det]m9es ! situation ( ! small] images3 s t comp>+ ! little man ) ! great e>?1 ,a judges him inv]t$1 or t ! feet are f>!/ f & ! head ne>e/ to ! great e>?4 ,:]eas1 if ,a comp>e ! little man ) ! little e>?1 !n he w appe> erect1 i4e4 8 head %all seem f>!/ f1 & 8 feet ne>e/ to1 ! little e>?4 ,b we mu/ consid] t ,b does n see two e>?s z ,a does3 x sees only :at is repres5t$ by ! little pictures 9 ,a1 & consequ5tly %all judge ! man erect4 ,=1 9 tru?1 ! man 9 ,b is n inv]t$1 = !re ! feet are next ! e>?2 b x is ! repres5tation ( x 9 ,a :i* is inv]t$1 = !re ! head ( ! repres5tation ( ! picture ( ! man 9 ,b is next ! e>?1 & ! feet f>!/ f ! e>?1 mean+ ! e>? :i* is )\t ! repres5tation ( ! pictures 9 ,b4 ,= if y take ! little images ( ! pictures 9 ,b1 & consid] !m by !mselves1 & ) respect only to "o ano!r1 !y are all erect & 9 _! natural po/ure4 #aag4 ,f>!r1 !re lies a mi/ake 9 our imag9+ t ! pictures ( ext]nal objects are pa9t$ on ! bottom ( ! eye4 ,x ha? be5 %[n !re is no resemblance ,,betwe5 ! ideas ( sight & ?+s tangible4 ,x ha? likewise be5 demon/rat$ t ! prop] objects ( sight d n exi/ )\t ! m9d4 ,:5ce x cle>ly foll[s t ! pictures pa9t$ on ! bottom ( ! eye are n ! pictures ( ext]nal objects4 ,let anyone consult 8 own ?\ghts1 & !n say :at aff9ity1 :at lik5ess !re is betwe5 t c]ta9 v>iety & disposition ( col\rs :i* con/itute ! visible man1 or picture ( a man1 & t o!r comb9ation ( f> diff]5t ideas1 s5sible by t\*1 :i* compose ! tangible man4 ,b if ?is be ! case1 h[ come !y to be acc\nt$ pictures or images1 s9ce t supposes !m to copy or repres5t "s orig9als or o!r8 #aah4 ,to :i* ,i answ]3 9 ! =em5tion$ in/ance ! eye ,a takes ! little images1 includ$ )9 ! repres5tation ( ! o!r eye ,b1 to be pictures or copies1 :]e( ! ar*etypes are n ?+s exi/+ )\t1 b ! l>g] pictures project$ on its own fund3 & :i* by ,a are n ?\ght pictures1 b ! orig9als1 or true ?+s !mselves4 ,?\gh if we suppose a ?ird eye ,c f a due di/ance to behold ! fund ( ,a1 !n inde$ ! ?+s project$ !reon %all1 to ,c1 seem pictures or images 9 ! same s5se t ^? project$ on ,b d to ,a4 #aai4 ,rightly to conceive ?is po9t we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ! ideas ( sight & t\*1 betwe5 ! visible & tangible eye2 = c]ta9ly on ! tangible eye no?+ ei!r is or seems to be pa9t$4 ,aga91 ! visible eye1 z well z all o!r visible objects1 ha? be5 %[n to exi/ only 9 ! m9d1 :i* p]ceiv+ its own ideas1 & comp>+ !m toge!r1 calls "s ,,pictures 9 respect ( o!rs4 ,:at ha? be5 said1 be+ rightly compreh5d$ & laid toge!r1 do?1 ,i ?9k1 af=d a full & g5u9e explication ( ! erect appe>ance ( objects2 :i* ph5om5on1 ,i mu/ confess1 ,i d n see h[ x c be expla9$ by any !ories ( vision hi!rto made public4 #abj4 ,9 treat+ ( ^! ?+s ! use ( language is apt to occasion "s obscurity & confusion1 & create 9 u wrong ideas2 = language be+ accommodat$ to ! common notions & prejudices ( m51 x is sc>ce possible to deliv] ! nak$ & precise tru? )\t great circumlocution1 impropriety1 & 7to an unw>y read]7 seem+ contradictions2 ,i d !re=e once = all desire :oev] %all ?9k x wor? 8 :ile to und]/& :at ,i h writt5 conc]n+ vision1 t he w\ld n /ick 9 ?is or t phrase1 or mann] ( expression1 b c&idly collect my mean+ f ! :ole sum & t5or ( my disc\rse1 & lay+ aside ! words z mu* z possible1 consid] ! b>e notions !mselves1 & !n judge :e!r !y are agreeable to tru? & 8 own exp]i5ce1 or no4 #aba4 ,we h %[n ! way :]e9 ! m9d by m$iation ( visible ideas do? p]ceive or appreh5d ! di/ance1 magnitude & situation ( tangible objects4 ,we come n[ to inquire m p>ticul>ly conc]n+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ideas ( sight & t\*1 :i* are call$ by ! same names1 & see :e!r !re be any idea common to bo? s5ses4 ,f :at we h at l>ge set =? & demon/rat$ 9 ! =ego+ p>ts ( ?is treatise1 x is pla9 !re is no "o selfsame num]ical ext5sion p]ceiv$ bo? by sight & t\*2 b t ! p>ticul> figures & ext5sions p]ceiv$ by sight1 h[ev] !y may be call$ by ! same names & reput$ ! same ?+s ) ^? p]ceiv$ by t\*1 are nev]!less diff]5t1 & h an exi/5ce di/9ct & sep>ate f !m3 s t ! "q is n n[ conc]n+ ! same num]ical ideas1 b :e!r !re be any "o & ! same sort ( species ( ideas equally p]ceivable to bo? s5ses2 or1 9 o!r words1 :e!r ext5sion1 figure1 & motion p]ceiv$ by sight are n specifically di/9ct f ext5sion1 figure1 & motion p]ceiv$ by t\*4 #abb4 ,b be=e ,i come m p>ticul>ly to discuss ?is matt]1 ,i f9d x prop] to consid] ext5sion 9 ab/ract3 = ( ?is !re is mu* talk1 & ,i am apt to ?9k t :5 m5 speak ( ext5sion z be+ an idea common to two s5ses1 x is ) a secret supposition t we c s+le out ext5sion f all o!r tangible & visible qualities1 & =m !re( an ab/ract idea1 :i* idea !y w h common bo? to sight & t\*4 ,we are !re=e to und]/& by ext5sion 9 ab/ract an idea ( ext5sion1 = in/ance1 a l9e or surface entirely /ripp$ ( all o!r s5sible qualities & circum/ances t might det]m9e x to any p>ticul> exi/5ce2 x is nei!r black nor :ite1 nor r$1 nor ha? x any col\r at all1 or any tangible quality :atsoev] & consequ5tly x is ( no f9ite det]m9ate magnitude3 = t :i* b\nds or di/+ui%es "o ext5sion f ano!r is "s quality or circum/ance :]e9 !y disagree4 #abc4 ,n[ ,i d n f9d t ,i c p]ceive1 imag9e1 or any wise frame 9 my m9d su* an ab/ract idea z is "h spok5 (4 ,a l9e or surface :i* is nei!r black1 nor :ite1 nor blue1 nor yell[1 etc41 nor long1 nor %ort1 nor r\gh1 nor smoo?1 nor squ>e1 nor r\nd1 etc41 is p]fectly incompreh5sible4 ,?is ,i am sure ( z to myself3 h[ f> ! faculties ( o!r m5 may rea* !y be/ c tell4 #abd4 ,x is commonly said t ! object ( geometry is ab/ract ext5sion3 b geometry contemplates figures3 n[1 figure is ! t]m9ation ( magnitude3 b we h %[n t ext5sion 9 ab/ract ha? no f9ite det]m9ate magnitude4 ,:5ce x cle>ly foll[s t x c h no figure1 & consequ5tly is n ! object ( geometry4 ,x is inde$ a t5et z well ( ! mod]n z ( ! anci5t philosoph]s t all g5]al tru?s are conc]n+ univ]sal ab/ract ideas2 )\t :i*1 we are told1 !re c\ld be no sci5ce1 no demon/ration ( any g5]al proposition 9 geometry4 ,b x 7 no h>d matt]1 did ,i ?9k x necess>y to my pres5t purpose1 to %[ t propositions & demon/rations 9 geometry might be univ]sal1 ?\gh !y :o make !m nev] ?9k ( ab/ract g5]al ideas ( triangles or circles4 #abe4 ,aft] reit]at$ endeav\rs to appreh5d ! g5]al idea a triangle1 ,i h f\nd x altoge!r incompreh5sible4 ,& surely if anyone 7 able to introduce t idea into my m9d1 x mu/ be ! au?or ( ! ,,essay ,,conc]n+ ,,human ,,und]/&+2 he :o has s f> di/+ui%$ himself f ! g5]ality ( writ]s by ! cle>ness & significancy ( :at he says4 ,let u !re=e see h[ ?is celebrat$ au?or describes ! g5]al or ab/ract idea ( a triangle4 ',x mu/ be 7says he7 nei!r oblique nor rectangul>1 nei!r equilat]al1 equicrural1 nor scal5um2 b all & none ( ^! at once4 ,9 effect1 x is some:at imp]fect t _c exi/2 an idea1 :]e9 "s p>ts ( sev]al diff]5t & inconsi/5t ideas are put toge!r' ,,essay ,,on ,,hum4 ,,und]/&4 ,b4 iv4 ,c4 #g4 ,s4#i4 ,?is is ! idea :i* he ?9ks ne$ful = ! enl>gem5t ( k1 :i* is ! subject ( ma!matical demon/ration1 & )\t :i* we c\ld nev] come to "k any g5]al proposition conc]n+ triangles4 ,t au?or ackn[l$ges x do? 'require "s pa9s & skill to =m ?is g5]al idea ( a triangle4' ,,ibid4 ,b _h he call$ to m9d :at he says 9 ano!r place1 to wit1 ',t ideas ( mix$ modes :]e9 any inconsi/5t ideas are put toge!r _c s mu* z exi/ 9 ! m9d1 i4e4 be conceiv$4' ,,vid4 ,b4 iii4 ,c4 #aj4 ,s4 #cc4 ,,ibid4 ,i say1 _h ?is occurr$ to 8 ?\ghts1 x is n improbable he w\ld h own$ x above all ! pa9s & skill he 0 ma/] ( to =m ! above-m5tion$ idea ( a triangle1 :i* is made up ( manife/1 />+ contradictions4 ,t a man :o laid s great a /ress on cle> & det]m9ate ideas %\ld nev]!less talk at ?is rate seems v surpris+4 ,b ! wond] w less5 if x be consid]$ t ! s\rce :5ce ?is op9ion fl[s is ! prolific womb :i* has br\ght =? innum]able errors & difficulties 9 all p>ts ( philosophy & 9 all ! sci5ces3 b ?is matt]1 tak5 9 its full ext5t1 7 a subject too compreh5sive to be insi/$ on 9 ?is place4 ,& s mu* = ext5sion 9 ab/ract4 #abf4 ,"s1 p]haps1 may ?9k pure space1 ,,vacuum1 or tr9e dim5sion to be equally ! object ( sight & t\*3 b ?\gh we h a v great prop5sion to ?9k ! ideas ( outness & space to be ! imm$iate object ( sight1 yet1 if ,i mi/ake n1 9 ! =ego+ p>ts ( ?is essay t ha? be5 cle>ly demon/rat$ to be a m]e delusion1 aris+ f ! quick & sudd5 sugge/ion ( fancy1 :i* s closely connects ! idea ( di/ance ) ^? ( sight1 t we are apt to ?9k x is itself a prop] & imm$iate object ( t s5se till reason corrects ! mi/ake4 #abg4 ,x hav+ be5 %[n t !re are no ab/ract ideas ( figure1 & t x is impossible = u by any precision ( ?\ght to frame an idea ( ext5sion sep>ate f all o!r visible & tangible qualities :i* %all be common bo? to sight & t\*3 ! "q n[ rema9+ is1 :e!r ! p>ticul> ext5sions1 figures1 & motions p]ceiv$ by sight be ( ! same k9d ) ! p>ticul> ext5sions1 figures1 & motions p]ceiv$ by t\*8 ,9 answ] to :i* ,i %all v5ture to lay d[n ! foll[+ proposition3 ,,! ,,ext5sion1 ,,figures1 ,,& ,,motions ,,p]ceiv$ ,,by ,,sight ,,are ,,specifically ,,di/9ct ,,f ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,t\* ,,call$ ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,names1 ,,nor is ,,!re ,,any ,,su* ,,?+ z ,,"o ,,idea ,,or ,,k9d ,,( ,,idea ,,common ,,to ,,bo? ,,s5ses4 ,?is proposition may )\t mu* difficulty be collect$ f :at ha? be5 said 9 sev]al places ( ?is essay4 ,b because x seems s remote f1 & contr>y to1 ! receiv$ notions & settl$ op9ion ( mank9d1 ,i %all attempt to demon/rate x m p>ticul>ly & at l>ge by ! foll[+ argum5ts4 #abh4 ,:5 ^u p]ception ( an idea ,i range x "u ?is or t sort1 x is because x is p]ceiv$ aft] ! same mann]1 or because x has a lik5ess or con=mity )1 or affects me 9 ! same way z1 ! ideas ( ! sort ,i rank x "u4 ,9 %ort1 x mu/ n be entirely new1 b h some?+ 9 x old & already p]ceiv$ by me4 ,x mu/1 ,i say1 h s mu* at lea/ 9 common ) ! ideas ,i h be=e kn[n & nam$ z to make me give x ! same "n ) !m4 ,b x has be51 if ,i mi/ake n1 cle>ly made out t a man born bl9d w\ld n at fir/ reception ( 8 sight ?9k ! ?+s he saw 7 ( ! same nature ) ! objects ( t\*1 or _h any?+ 9 common ) !m2 b t !y 7 a new set ( ideas1 p]ceiv$ 9 a new mann]1 & entirely diff]5t f all he _h ev] p]ceiv$ be=e3 s t he w\ld n call !m by ! same "n1 nor repute !m to be ( ! same sort ) any?+ he _h hi!rto kn[n4 #abi4 ,,secondly1 light & col\rs are all[$ by all to con/itute a son or species entirely diff]5t f ! ideas ( t\*3 nor w any man1 ,i presume1 say !y c make !mselves p]ceiv$ by t s5se3 b !re is no o!r imm$iate object ( sight besides light & col\rs4 ,x is !re=e a direct consequ5ce t !re is no idea common to bo? s5ses4 #acj4 ,x is a prevail+ op9ion1 ev5 among/ ^? :o h ?\ght & writ mo/ accurately conc]n+ our ideas & ! ways :]eby !y ent] into ! und]/&+1 t some?+ m is p]ceiv$ by sight ?an b>ely light & col\rs ) _! v>iations4 ,mr4 ,locke t]me? sight1 ',! mo/ compreh5sive ( all our s5ses1 convey+ to our m9ds ! ideas ( light & col\rs1 :i* are peculi> only to t s5se2 & also ! f> diff]5t ideas ( space1 figure1 & motion4 ,,essay ,,on ,,human ,,und]/&4 ,b4 ii4 ,c4 #i4 ,s4 #i4 ,space or di/ance1 we h %[n1 is n o!rwise ! object ( sight ?an ( he>+4 ,,vid4 sect4 #df4 ,& z = figure & ext5sion1 ,i leave x to anyone t %all calmly att5d to 8 own cle> & di/9ct ideas to decide :e!r he _h any idea intromitt$ imm$iately & prop]ly by sight save only light & col\rs3 or :e!r x ,de possible = him to frame 9 8 m9d a di/9ct ab/ract idea ( visible ext5sion or figure exclusive ( all col\r3 & on ! o!r h&1 :e!r he c conceive col\r )\t visible ext5sion8 ,= my own "p1 ,i mu/ confess ,i am n able to atta9 s great a nicety ( ab/raction3 9 a /rict s5se1 ,i see no?+ b light & col\rs1 ) _! sev]al %ades & v>iations4 ,he :o beside ^! do? also p]ceive by sight ideas f> diff]5t & di/9ct f !m ha? t faculty 9 a degree m p]fect & compreh5sive ?an ,i c pret5d to4 ,x mu/ be own$ t by ! m$iation ( light & col\rs o!r f> diff]5t ideas are sugge/$ to my m9d3 b s !y are by he>+1 :i* beside s\nds :i* are peculi> to t s5se1 do? by _! m$iation sugge/ n only space1 figure1 & motion1 b also all o!r ideas :atsoev] t c be signifi$ by words4 #aca4 ,,?irdly1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 an axiom univ]sally receiv$ t quantities ( ! same k9d may be add$ toge!r & make "o entire sum4 ,ma!maticians add l9es toge!r3 b !y d n add a l9e to a solid1 or conceive x z mak+ "o sum ) a surface3 ^! ?ree k9ds ( quantity be+ ?\ght incapable ( any su* mutual addition1 & consequ5tly ( be+ comp>$ toge!r 9 ! sev]al ways ( proportion1 are by !n e/eem$ entirely disp>ate & het]og5e\s4 ,n[ let anyone try 9 8 ?\ghts to add a visible l9e or surface to a tangible l9e or surface1 s z to conceive !m mak+ "o cont9u$ sum or :ole4 ,he t c d ?is may ?9k !m homog5e\s3 b he t _c1 mu/ by ! =ego+ axiom ?9k !m het]og5e\s4 ,a blue & a r$ l9e ,i c conceive add$ toge!r into "o sum & mak+ "o cont9u$ l9e3 b to make 9 my ?\ghts "o cont9u$ l9e ( a visible & tangible l9e add$ toge!r is1 ,i f9d1 a task f> m difficult1 & ev5 insurm\ntable3 & ,i leave x to ! reflexion & exp]i5ce ( e p>ticul> p]son to det]m9e = himself4 #acb4 ,a f>!r confirmation ( our t5et may be drawn f ! solution ( ,mr4 ,molyneux's problem1 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,locke 9 8 ,,essay3 :i* ,i %all set d[n z x !re lies1 toge!r ) ,mr4 ,locke's op9ion ( x1 ',suppose a man born bl9d1 & n[ adult1 & taught by 8 t\* to di/+ui% betwe5 a cube & a sph]e ( ! same metal1 & nighly ,,sic ( ! same bigness1 s z to tell1 :5 he felt "o & t'o!r1 :i* is ! cube & :i* ! sph]e4 ,suppose !n ! cube & sph]e plac$ on a table1 & ! bl9d man to be made to see3 ,,qua]e1 :e!r by 8 sight1 be=e he t\*$ !m1 he c\ld n[ di/+ui% & tell :i* is ! globe1 :i* ! cube8 ,to :i* ! acute & judici\s propos] answ]s3 ,n4 ,= ?\gh he has obta9$ ! exp]i5ce ( h[ a globe1 h[ a cube1 affects 8 t\*1 yet he has n yet atta9$ ! exp]i5ce t :at affects 8 t\* s or s mu/ affect 8 sight s or s3 or t a protub]ant angle 9 ! cube t press$ 8 h& unequally %all appe> to 8 eye z x do? 9 ! cube4 ,i agree ) ?is ?9k+ g5tleman1 :om ,i am pr\d to call my fri5d1 9 8 answ] to ?is 8 problem2 & am ( op9ion t ! bl9d man at fir/ sight w\ld n be able ) c]ta9ty to say :i* 0 ! globe1 :i* ! cube1 :il/ he only saw !m4' 7,,essay ,,on ,,human ,,und]/&+1 ,b4 ii4 ,c4 #i4 ,s4 #h47 #acc4 ,n[1 if a squ>e surface p]ceiv$ by t\* be ( ! same sort ) a squ>e surface p]ceiv$ by sight1 x is c]ta9 ! bl9d man "h m5tion$ might "k a squ>e surface z soon z he saw x3 x is no m b introduc+ into 8 m9d by a new inlet an idea he has be5 already well acqua9t$ )4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 he is suppos$ to h kn[n by 8 t\* t a cube is a body t]m9at$ by squ>e surfaces1 & t a sph]e is n t]m9at$ by squ>e surfaces3 ^u ! supposition t a visible & tangible squ>e diff] only ,,9 ,,num]o x foll[s t he might "k1 by ! un]r+ m>k ( ! squ>e surfaces1 :i* 0 ! cube1 & :i* n1 :ile he only saw !m4 ,we mu/ !re=e all[ ei!r t visible ext5sion & figures are specifically di/9ct f tangible ext5sion & figures1 or else t ! solution ( ?is problem giv5 by ^? two ?\ghtful & +5i\s m5 is wrong4 #acd4 ,mu* m might be laid toge!r 9 pro( ( ! proposition ,i h advanc$3 b :at has be5 said is1 if ,i mi/ake n1 suffici5t to conv9ce anyone t %all yield a reasonable att5tion3 & z = ^? t w n be at ! pa9s ( a little ?\ght1 no multiplication ( words w ev] suffice to make !m und]/& ! tru?1 or rightly conceive my mean+4 #ace4 ,i _c let g ! above-m5tion$ problem )\t "s reflexion on x4 ,x ha? be5 evid5t t a man bl9d f 8 bir? w\ld n1 at fir/ sight1 d5om9ate any?+ he saw by ! names he _h be5 us$ to appropriate to ideas ( t\*1 ,,vid4 sect4 #ajf4 ,cube1 sph]e1 table are words he has kn[n appli$ to ?+s p]ceivable by t\*1 b to ?+s p]fectly intangible he nev] knew !m appli$4 ,^? words 9 _! wont$ application always m>k$ out to 8 m9d bodies or solid ?+s :i* 7 p]ceiv$ by ! resi/ance !y gave3 b !re is no solidity1 no resi/ance or protrusion1 p]ceiv$ by sight4 ,9 %ort1 ! ideas ( sight are all new p]ceptions1 to :i* !re be no names annex$ 9 8 m9d3 he _c !re=e und]/& :at is said to him conc]n+ !m3 & to ask ( ! two bodies he saw plac$ on ! table1 :i* 0 ! sph]e1 :i* ! cube8 7 to him a "q d[nright bant]+ & un9telligible2 no?+ he sees be+ able to sugge/ to 8 ?\ghts ! idea ( body1 di/ance1 or 9 g5]al ( any?+ he _h already kn[n4 #acf4 ,x is a mi/ake to ?9k ! same ?+ affects bo? sight & t\*4 ,if ! same angle or squ>e :i* is ! object ( t\* be also ! object ( vision1 :at %\ld h9d] ! bl9d man at fir/ sight f kn[+ x8 ,= ?\gh ! mann] :]e9 x affects ! sight be diff]5t f t :]e9 x affect$ 8 t\*1 yet1 !re be+ beside 8 mann] or circum/ance1 :i* is new & unkn[n1 ! angle or figure1 :i* is old & kn[n1 he _c *oose b disc]n x4 #acg4 ,visible figure & ext5sion hav+ be5 demon/rat$ to be ( a nature entirely diff]5t & het]og5e\s f tangible figure & ext5sion1 x rema9s t we inquire conc]n+4 ,n[ t visible motion is n ( ! same sort ) tangible motion seems to ne$ no f>!r pro(1 x be+ an evid5t coroll>y f :at we h %[n conc]n+ ! diff]5ce !re is betwe5 visible & tangible ext5sion3 b = a m full & express pro( h]e( we ne$ only obs]ve t "o :o _h n yet exp]i5c$ vision w\ld n at fir/ sight "k motion4 ,:5ce x cle>ly foll[s t motion p]ceivable by sight is ( a sort di/9ct f motion p]ceivable by t\*4 ,! antec$5t ,i prove ?us3 by t\* he c\ld n p]ceive any motion b :at 0 up or d[n1 to ! "r or left1 ne>] or f>!r f him2 besides ^! & _! sev]al v>ieties or complications1 x is impossible he %\ld h any idea ( motion4 ,he w\ld n !re=e ?9k any?+ to be motion1 or give ! "n motion to any idea :i* he c\ld n range "u "s or o!r ( ^? p>ticul> k9ds !re(4 ,b f sect4 #ie x is pla9 t by ! m]e act ( vision he c\ld n "k motion upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 to ! "r or left1 or 9 any o!r possible direction4 ,f :i* ,i conclude he w\ld n "k motion at all at fir/ sight4 ,z = ! idea ( motion 9 ab/ract1 ,i %all n wa/e pap] ab\t x1 b leave x to my read] to make ! be/ he c ( x4 ,to me x is p]fectly un9telligible4 #ach4 ,! consid]ation ( motion may furni% a new field = inquiry3 b s9ce ! mann] :]e9 ! m9d appreh5ds by sight ! motion ( tangible objects1 ) ! v>i\s degrees !re(1 may be easily collect$ f :at ha? be5 said conc]n+ ! mann] :]e9 t s5se do? sugge/ _! v>i\s di/ances1 magnitudes1 & situations1 ,i %all n enl>ge any f>!r on ?is subject1 b proce$ to consid] :at may be alleg$1 ) greate/ appe>ance ( reason1 aga9/ ! proposition we h %[n to be true4 ,= :]e !re is s mu* prejudice to be enc\nt]$1 a b>e & nak$ demon/ration ( ! tru? w sc>ce suffice4 ,we mu/ also satisfy ! scruples t m5 may raise 9 fav\r ( _! preconceiv$ notions1 %[ :5ce ! mi/ake arises1 h[ x came to spread1 & c>efully disclose & root out ^? false p]suasions t an e>ly prejudice might h implant$ 9 ! m9d4 #aci4 ,,fir/1 !re=e1 x w be dem&$ h[ visible ext5sion & figures come to be call$ by ! same "n ) tangible ext5sion & figures1 if !y are n ( ! same k9d ) !m8 ,x mu/ be some?+ m ?an hum\r or accid5t t c\ld occasion a cu/om s con/ant & univ]sal z ?is1 :i* has obta9$ 9 all ages & nations ( ! _w1 & among/ all ranks ( m51 ! le>n$ z well z ! illit]ate4 #adj4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 we c no m argue a visible & tangible squ>e to be ( ! same species f _! be+ call$ by ! same "n1 ?an we c t a tangible squ>e & ! monosyllable consi/+ ( six lett]s :]eby x is m>k$ are ( ! same species because !y are bo? call$ by ! same "n4 ,x is cu/om>y to call writt5 words & ! ?+s !y signify by ! same "n3 = words n be+ reg>d$ 9 _! own nature1 or o!rwise ?an z !y are m>ks ( ?+s1 x _h be5 sup]flu\s1 & beside ! design ( language1 to h giv5 !m names di/9ct f ^? ( ! ?+s m>k$ by !m4 ,! same reason holds "h also4 ,visible figures are ! m>ks ( tangible figures1 & f sect4 #ei x is pla9 t 9 !mselves !y are little reg>d$1 or ^u any o!r score ?an = _! connexion ) tangible figures1 :i* by nature !y are orda9$ to signify4 ,& because ?is language ( nature do? n v>y 9 diff]5t ages or nations1 h5ce x is t 9 all times & places visible figures are call$ by ! same names z ! respective tangible figures sugge/$ by !m1 & n because !y are alike or ( ! same sort ) !m4 #ada4 ,b1 say y1 surely a tangible squ>e is lik] to a visible squ>e ?an to a visible circle3 x has f\r angles & z _m sides3 s also has ! visible squ>e3 b ! visible circle has no su* ?+1 be+ b\nd$ by "o uni=m curve )\t "r l9es or angles1 :i* makes x unfit to repres5t ! tangible squ>e b v fit to repres5t ! tangible circle4 ,:5ce x cle>ly foll[s t visible figures are patt]ns (1 or ( ! same species )1 ! respective tangible figures repres5t$ by !m3 t !y are l unto !m1 & ( _! own nature fitt$ to repres5t !m1 z be+ ( ! same sort3 & t !y are 9 no respect arbitr>y signs1 z words4 #adb4 ,i answ]1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ ! visible squ>e is fitt] ?an ! visible circle to repres5t ! tangible squ>e1 b !n x is n because x is lik]1 or m ( a species ) x1 b because ! visible squ>e conta9s 9 x sev]al di/9ct p>ts1 :]eby to m>k ! sev]al di/9ct correspond+ p>ts ( a tangible squ>e1 :]eas ! visible circle do? n4 ,! squ>e p]ceiv$ by t\* ha? f\r di/9ct1 equal sides1 s also ha? x f\r di/9ct equal angles4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t ! visible figure :i* %all be mo/ prop] to m>k x conta9 f\r di/9ct equal p>ts correspond+ to ! f\r sides ( ! tangible squ>e1 z likewise f\r o!r di/9ct & equal p>ts :]eby to d5ote ! f\r equal angles ( ! tangible squ>e4 ,& accord+ly we see ! visible figures conta9 9 !m di/9ct visible p>ts1 answ]+ to ! di/9ct tangible p>ts ( ! figures signifi$ or sugge/$ by !m4 #adc4 ,b x w n h5ce foll[ t any visible figure is l unto1 or ( ! same species )1 its correspond+ tangible figure1 unless x be also %[n t n only ! numb] b also ! k9d ( ! p>ts be ! same 9 bo?4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 ,i obs]ve t visible figures repres5t tangible figures mu* aft] ! same mann] t writt5 words d s\nds4 ,n[1 9 ?is respect words are n arbitr>y1 x n be+ indiff]5t :at writt5 ^w /&s = any s\nd3 b x is requisite t ea* ^w conta9 9 x s _m di/9ct *>act]s z !re are v>iations 9 ! s\nd x /&s =4 ,?us ! s+le lett] ,a is prop] to m>k "o simple uni=m s\nd2 & ! ^w ,,adult]y is accommodat$ to repres5t ! s\nd annex$ to x1 9 ! =mation :]e( !re be+ eight diff]5t collisions or modifications ( ! air by ! organs ( spee*1 ea* ( :i* produces a diff]5ce ( s\nd1 x 0 fit ! ^w repres5t+ x %\ld consi/ ( z _m di/9ct *>act]s1 !reby to m>k ea* p>ticul> diff]5ce or "p ( ! :ole s\nd4 ,& yet nobody1 ,i presume1 w say ! s+le lett] a1 or ! ^w ,,adult]y1 are l unto1 or ( ! same species )1 ! respective s\nds by !m repres5t$4 ,x is inde$ arbitr>y t1 9 g5]al1 lett]s ( any language repres5t s\nds at all3 b :5 t is once agre$1 x is n arbitr>y :at comb9ation ( lett]s %all repres5t ?is or t p>ticul> s\nd4 ,i leave ?is ) ! read] to pursue1 & apply x 9 8 own ?\ghts4 #add4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t we are n s apt to conf\nd o!r signs ) ! ?+s signifi$1 or to ?9k !m ( ! same species1 z we are visible & tangible ideas4 ,b a little consid]ation w %[ u h[ ?is may be )\t our suppos+ !m ( a l nature4 ,^! signs are con/ant & univ]sal1 _! connexion ) tangible ideas has be5 le>nt at our fir/ entrance into ! _w2 & ev] s9ce1 almo/ e mom5t ( our lives1 x has be5 occurr+ to our ?\ghts1 & fa/5+ & /rik+ deep] on our m9ds4 ,:5 we obs]ve t signs are v>iable1 & ( human in/itution2 :5 we rememb] !re 0 a "t !y 7 n connect$ 9 our m9ds ) ^? ?+s !y n[ s readily sugge/2 b t _! signification 0 le>n$ by ! sl[ /eps ( exp]i5ce3 ?is pres]ves u f conf\nd+ !m4 ,b :5 we f9d ! same signs sugge/ ! same ?+s all ov] ! _w2 :5 we "k !y are n ( human in/itution1 & _c rememb] t we ev] le>n$ _! signification1 b ?9k t at fir/ sight !y w\ld h sugge/$ to u ! same ?+s !y d n[3 all ?is p]suades u !y are ( ! same species z ! ?+s respectively repres5t$ by !m1 & t x is by a natural resemblance !y sugge/ !m to our m9ds4 #ade4 ,add to ?is t :5ev] we make a nice survey ( any object1 successively direct+ ! optic axis to ea* po9t !re(1 !re are c]ta9 l9es & figures describ$ by ! motion ( ! head or eye1 :i* be+ 9 tru? p]ceiv$ by feel+1 d nev]!less s mix !mselves1 z x 71 ) ! ideas ( sight1 t we c sc>ce ?9k b !y app]ta9 to t s5se4 ,aga91 ! ideas ( sight ent] into ! m9d sev]al at once1 m di/9ct & unm+l$ ?an is usual 9 ! o!r s5ses beside ! t\*4 ,s\nds1 = example1 p]ceiv$ at ! same in/ant1 are apt to coalesce1 if ,i may s say1 into "o s\nd3 b we c p]ceive at ! same "t great v>iety ( visible objects1 v sep>ate & di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,n[ tangible ext5sion be+ made up ( sev]al di/9ct coexi/5t p>ts1 we may h5ce ga!r ano!r reason t may dispose u to imag9e a lik5ess or an analogy betwe5 ! imm$iate objects ( sight & t\*4 ,b no?+1 c]ta9ly1 do? m contribute to bl5d & conf\nd !m toge!r ?an ! /rict & close connexion !y h ) ea* o!r4 ,we _c op5 our eyes b ! ideas ( di/ance1 bodies1 & tangible figures are sugge/$ by !m4 ,s swift & sudd5 & unp]ceiv$ is ! transition f visible to tangible ideas t we c sc>ce =be> ?9k+ !m equally ! imm$iate object ( vision4 #adf4 ,! prejudice :i* is gr\nd$ on ^!1 & :atev] o!r causes may be assign$ !re(1 /icks s fa/ t x is impossible )\t ob/9ate /riv+ & lab\r ( ! m9d to get entirely cle> ( x4 ,b !n ! reluctancy we f9d 9 reject+ any op9ion c be no argum5t ( its tru? to :oev] consid]s :at has be5 already %[n ) reg>d to ! prejudices we ent]ta9 conc]n+ ! di/ance1 magnitude1 & situation ( objects2 prejudices s famili> to our m9ds1 s confirm$ & invet]ate1 z !y w h>dly give way to ! cle>e/ demon/ration4 #adg4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i ?9k we may fairly conclude t ! prop] objects ( vision con/itute an univ]sal language ( ! ,au?or ( ,nature1 :]eby we are in/ruct$ h[ to regulate our actions 9 ord] to atta9 ^? ?+s t are necess>y to ! pres]vation & well-be+ ( our bodies1 z also to avoid :atev] may be hurtful & de/ructive ( !m4 ,x is by _! in=mation t we are pr9cipally guid$ 9 all ! transactions & conc]ns ( life4 ,& ! mann] :]e9 !y signify & m>k unto u ! objects :i* are at a di/ance is ! same ) t ( languages & signs ( human appo9tm5t1 :i* d n sugge/ ! ?+s signifi$ by any lik5ess or id5tity ( nature1 b only by an habitual connexion t exp]i5ce has made u to obs]ve betwe5 !m4 #adh4 ,suppose "o :o _h always cont9u$ bl9d be told by 8 guide t aft] he has advanc$ s _m /eps he %all come to ! br9k ( a precipice1 or be /opp$ by a wall2 mu/ n ?is to him seem v admirable & surpriz+8 ,he _c conceive h[ x is possible = mortals to frame su* pr$ictions z ^!1 :i* to him w\ld seem z /range & unacc\ntable z prophesy do? to o!rs4 ,ev5 !y :o are bless$ ) ! visive faculty may 7?\gh famili>ity make x less obs]v$7 f9d !re9 suffici5t cause ( admiration4 ,! wond]ful art & contrivance :]e) x is adju/$ to ^? ends & purposes = :i* x 0 app>5tly design$1 ! va/ ext5t1 numb]1 & v>iety ( objects t are at once ) s mu* ease & quickness & pleasure sugge/$ by x3 all ^! af=d subject = mu* & pleas+ speculation1 & may1 if any?+1 give u "s glimm]+ analog\s pr5otion ( ?+s :i* are plac$ beyond ! c]ta9 discov]y & compreh5sion ( our pres5t /ate4 #adi4 ,i d n design to tr\ble myself ) draw+ coroll>ies f ! doctr9e ,i h hi!rto laid d[n4 ,if x be>s ! te/ o!rs may1 s f> z !y %all ?9k conv5i5t1 employ _! ?\ghts 9 ext5d+ x f>!r1 & apply+ x to :atev] purposes x may be subs]vi5t to3 only1 ,i _c =be> mak+ "s inquiry conc]n+ ! object ( geometry1 :i* ! subject we h be5 ^u do? naturally lead "o to4 ,we h %[n !re is no su* idea z t ( ext5sion 9 ab/ract1 & t !re are two k9ds ( s5sible ext5sion & figures :i* are entirely di/9ct & het]og5e\s f ea* o!r4 ,n[1 x is natural to inquire :i* ( ^! is ! object ( geometry4 #aej4 ,"s ?+s !re are :i* at fir/ sight incl9e "o to ?9k geometry conv]sant ab\t visible ext5sion4 ,! con/ant use ( ! eyes1 bo? 9 ! practical & speculative p>ts ( t sci5ce1 do? v mu* induce u !reto4 ,x w\ld1 )\t d\bt1 seem odd to a ma!matician to g ab\t to conv9ce him ! diagrams he saw ^u pap] 7 n ! figures1 or ev5 ! lik5ess ( ! figures1 :i* make ! subject ( ! demon/ration4 ,! contr>y be+ held an unque/ionable tru?1 n only by ma!maticians1 b also by ^? :o apply !mselves m p>ticul>ly to ! /udy ( logic2 ,i mean1 :o consid] ! nature ( sci5ce1 c]ta9ty1 & demon/ration3 x be+ by !m assign$ z "o reason ( ! extraord9>y cle>ness & evid5ce ( geometry t 9 ?is sci5ce ! reason+s are free f ^? inconv5i5ces :i* att5d ! use ( arbitr>y signs1 ! v ideas !mselves be+ copi$ out & expos$ to view ^u pap]4 ,b1 by ! bye1 h[ well ?is agrees ) :at !y likewise ass]t ( ab/ract ideas be+ ! object ( geometrical demon/ration ,i leave to be consid]$4 #aea4 ,to come to a resolution 9 ?is po9t we ne$ only obs]ve :at ha? be5 said 9 sect4 #ei1 #fj1 #fa1 :]e x is %[n t visible ext5sions 9 !mselves are little reg>d$1 & h no settl$ det]m9able greatness1 & t m5 measure altoge!r1 by ! application ( tangible ext5sion to tangible ext5sion4 ,all :i* makes x evid5t t visible ext5sion & figures are n ! object ( geometry4 #aeb4 ,x is !re=e pla9 t visible figure are ( ! same use 9 geometry t words are3 & ! "o may z well be acc\nt$ ! object ( t sci5ce z ! o!r1 nei!r ( !m be+ o!rwise conc]n$ !re9 ?an z !y repres5t or sugge/ to ! m9d ! p>ticul> tangible figures connect$ ) !m4 ,!re is inde$ ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! signification ( tangible figures by visible figures1 & ( ideas by words3 t :]eas ! latt] is v>iable & unc]ta91 dep5d+ altoge!r on ! arbitr>y appo9tm5t ( m51 ! =m] is fix$ & immutably ! same 9 all times & places4 ,a visible squ>e1 = in/ance1 sugge/s to ! m9d ! same tangible figure 9 ,europe t x do? 9 ,am]ica4 ,h5ce x is t ! voice ( ! ,au?or (' ,nature :i* speaks to our eyes1 is n liable to t mis9t]pretation & ambiguity t languages ( human contrivance are unavoidably subject to4 #aec4 ,?\gh :at has be5 said may suffice to %[ :at ought to be det]m9$ ) relation to ! object ( geometry1 ,i %all nev]!less1 = ! full] illu/ration !re(1 consid] ! case ( an intellig5ce1 or unbodi$ _s1 :i* is suppos$ to see p]fectly well1 i4e4 to h a cle> p]ception ( ! prop] & imm$iate objects ( sight1 b to h no s5se ( t\*4 ,:e!r !re be any su* be+ 9 ,nature or no is beside my purpose to inquire4 ,x suffice? t ! supposition conta9s no contradiction 9 x4 ,let u n[ exam9e :at pr(ici5cy su* a "o may be able to make 9 geometry4 ,:i* speculation w lead u m cle>ly to see :e!r ! ideas ( sight c possibly be ! object ( t sci5ce4 #aed4 ,,fir/1 !n1 x is c]ta9 ! a=esaid intellig5ce c\ld h no idea ( a solid1 or quantity ( ?ree dim5sions1 :i* foll[e? f its n hav+ any idea ( di/ance4 ,we inde$ are prone to ?9k t we h by sight ! ideas ( space & solids1 :i* arise? f our imag9+ t we d1 /rictly speak+1 see di/ance & "s p>ts ( an object at a great] di/ance ?an o!rs2 :i* ha? be5 demon/rat$ to be ! effect ( ! exp]i5ce we h _h1 :at ideas ( t\* are connect$ ) su* & su* ideas att5d+ vision3 b ! intellig5ce "h spok5 ( is suppos$ to h no exp]i5ce ( t\*4 ,he w\ld n1 !re=e1 judge z we d1 nor h any idea ( di/ance1 outness1 or pr(undity1 nor consequ5tly ( space or body1 ei!r imm$iately or by sugge/ion4 ,:5ce x is pla9 he c h no notion ( ^? p>ts ( geometry :i* relate to ! m5suration ( solids & _! convex or concave surfaces1 & contemplate ! prop]ties ( l9es g5]at$ by ! section ( a solid4 ,! conceiv+ ( any "p :]e( is beyond ! rea* ( 8 faculties4 #aee4 ,f>!r1 he _c compreh5d ! mann] :]e9 geomet]s describe a "r l9e or circle2 ! rule & compass ) _! use be+ ?+s ( :i* x is impossible he %\ld h any notion3 nor is x an easi] matt] = him to conceive ! plac+ ( "o plane or angle on ano!r1 9 ord] to prove _! equality3 s9ce t suppose? "s idea ( di/ance or ext]nal space4 ,all :i* makes x evid5t our pure intellig5ce c\ld nev] atta9 to "k s mu* z ! fir/ elem5ts ( plane geometry4 ,& p]haps ^u a nice inquiry x w be f\nd he _c ev5 h an idea ( plane figures any m ?an he c ( solids2 s9ce "s idea ( di/ance is necess>y to =m ! idea ( a geometrical plane1 z w appe> to :oev] %all reflect a little on x4 #aef4 ,all t is prop]ly p]ceiv$ by ! visive faculty am\nts to no m ?an col\rs1 ) _! v>iations & diff]5t proportions ( light & %ade4 ,b ! p]petual mutability & fleet+ness ( ^? imm$iate objects ( sight r5d] !m incapable ( be+ manag$ aft] ! mann] ( geometrical figures2 nor is x 9 any degree useful t !y %\ld4 ,x is true !re are div]s ( !m p]ceiv$ at once1 & m ( "s & less ( o!rs3 b accurately to compute _! magnitude & assign precise det]m9ate proportions betwe5 ?+s s v>iable & incon/ant1 if we suppose x possible to be done1 mu/ yet be a v trifl+ & insignificant lab\r4 #aeg4 ,i mu/ confess m5 are tempt$ to ?9k t flat or plane figures are imm$iate objects ( sight1 ?\gh !y ackn[l$ge solids are n4 ,& ?is op9ion is gr\nd$ on :at is obs]v$ 9 pa9t+1 :]e9 7x seems7 ! ideas imm$iately impr9t$ on ! m9d are only ( planes v>i\sly col\r$1 :i* by a sudd5 act ( ! judgm5t are *ang$ into solids4 ,b ) a little att5tion we %all f9d ! planes "h m5tion$ z ! imm$iate objects ( sight are n visible b tangible planes4 ,= :5 we say t pictures are planes1 we mean !reby t !y appe> to ! t\* smoo? & uni=m4 ,b !n ?is smoo?ness & uni=mity1 or1 9 o!r words1 ?is plan5ess ( ! picture1 is n p]ceiv$ imm$iately by vision3 = x appe>e? to ! eye v>i\s & multi=m4 #aeh4 ,f all :i* we may conclude t planes are no m ! imm$iate object ( sight ?an solids4 ,:at we /rictly see are n solids1 nor yet planes v>i\sly col\r$3 !y are only div]sity ( col\rs4 ,& "s ( ^! sugge/ to ! m9d solids1 & o!r plane figures1 j z !y h be5 exp]i5c$ to be connect$ ) ! "o or ! o!r3 s t we see planes 9 ! same way t we see solids1 bo? be+ equally sugge/$ by ! imm$iate objects ( sight1 :i* accord+ly are !mselves d5om9at$ planes & solids4 ,b ?\gh !y are call$ by ! same names ) ! ?+s m>k$ by !m1 !y are nev]!less ( a nature entirely diff]5t1 z ha? be5 demon/rat$4 #aei4 ,:at ha? be5 said is1 if ,i mi/ake n1 suffici5t to decide ! "q we propos$ to exam9e1 conc]n+ ! ability ( a pure _s1 su* z we h describ$1 to "k ,,geometry4 ,x is1 inde$1 no easy matt] = u to ent] precisely into ! ?\ghts ( su* an intellig5ce1 because we _c )\t great pa9s clev]ly sep>ate & dis5tangle 9 our ?\ghts ! prop] objects ( sight f ^? ( t\* :i* are connect$ ) !m4 ,?is1 inde$1 9 a complete degree seems sc>ce possible to be p]=m$3 :i* w n seem /range to u if we consid] h[ h>d x is = anyone to he> ! words ( 8 native language pron\nc$ 9 8 e>s )\t und]/&+ !m4 ,?\gh he endeav\r to disunite ! mean+ f ! s\nd1 x w nev]!less intrude into 8 ?\ghts1 & he %all f9d x extreme difficult1 if n impossible1 to put himself exactly 9 ! po/ure ( a =eign] t nev] le>n$ ! language1 s z to be affect$ b>ely ) ! s\nds !mselves1 & n p]ceive ! signification annex$ to !m4 #afj4 ,by ?is "t1 ,i suppose1 x is cle> t nei!r ab/ract nor visible ext5sion makes ! object ( geometry2 ! n disc]n+ ( :i* may p]haps h creat$ "s difficulty & useless lab\r 9 ma!matics4 ,sure ,i am1 t some:at relat+ !reto has occurr$ to my ?\ghts1 :i*1 ?\gh aft] ! mo/ anxi\s & repeat$ exam9ation ,i am =c$ to ?9k x true1 do?1 nev]!less1 seem s f> out ( ! common road ( geometry1 t ,i "k n :e!r x may n be ?\ght presumption1 if ,i %\ld make x public 9 an age1 :]e9 t sci5ce ha? receiv$ su* mighty improvem5ts by new me?ods2 great "p :]e(1 z well z ( ! anci5t discov]ies1 may p]haps lose _! reputation1 & mu* ( t ard\r ) :i* m5 /udy ! ab/ruse & f9e geometry be abat$1 if :at to me1 & ^? few to :om ,i h imp>t$ x1 seems evid5tly true1 %\ld really prove to be s4