,transcrib]'s note3 ,table ( ,cont5ts add$ by ,transcrib]4 ,boldface is indicat$ by equals signs2 italics by und]scores4 ,,cont5ts ,! ,com+ ,total ,eclipse ( ! ,sun #a ,! ,mo/ ,exp5sive ,city 9 ! ,_w #af ,a ,bubble-bl[+ ,insect #bc ,! ,negro ,s9ce ! ,civil ,w> #bi ,! ,birds ( ! ,adirondacks #dj ,! ,/ructure ( ,bl9d ,fi%es #dh ,a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ( ,*emi/ry #ei ,m\nt ,tamalpais #fi ,int]national ,law & ! ,peace ,conf]5ce #gf ,! ,fate ( ! ,beagle #hf ,sci5ce ,/udy & ,national ,"* #ij ,editor's ,table #ii ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce #aja ,m9or ,p>agraphs #ajh ,publications ,receiv$ #aaa ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,edit$ ,,by ,j4 ,mc,k,e,e,n ,,cattell ,,vol4 ,,lvii ,,may ,,to ,,octob]1 #aijj ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,mc,c,l,u,r,e1 ,,phillips ,,& ,,company #aijj ,,copyright1 #aijj1 ,,by ,mc,c,l,u,r,e1 ,,phillips ,,& ,,company4 ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,may1 #aijj4 ,,! ,,com+ ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,,by ,,frank ,h4 ,,bigel[1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,meteorology1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,wea!r ,,bureau4 ,! circum/ance :i* r5d]s ! com+ total eclipse ( ! sun1 on ,may #bh1 #aijj1 ( special significance to ?\s&s ( p :o might o!rwise entirely ov]look ! occasion is ! fact t ! pa? ( ! moon's %ad[ ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 or ! track ( ! eclipse1 is 9 su* a conv5i5t locality--namely1 9 our ,s\!rn ,/ates--z to r5d] ! places ( visibility easily accessible4 ,in/ead ( be+ oblig$ to g to ! ends ( ! e>?1 at a heavy exp5diture ( "t & money1 all ! :ile runn+ ! risk ( n see+ ! eclips$ sun on acc\nt ( prevail+ cl\d9ess1 we are =tunate ?is "t to h ! %[ at home 9 our own c\ntry4 ,:ile _m =eign]s w be induc$ to come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to make obs]vations1 x is c]ta9 t m p w be 9 a position to see ?is eclipse ) a m9imum am\nt ( tr\ble ?an has ev] happ5$ be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( eclipses1 at lea/ s9ce ! telescope 0 inv5t$ & c>eful records ( ! ph5om5on pres]v$4 ,! track ( ,may #bh? ent]s ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 s\!a/]n ,l\isiana2 passes ov] ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 c5trally2 ov] ,mobile1 ,ala41 :i* is on its s\!rn edge2 ov] ,montgom]y1 ,ala41 on ! nor!rn edge2 ov] ,columbus1 ,ga42 s\? ( ,atlanta1 ,ga41 :i* lies ab\t tw5ty-five miles to ! nor? ( x2 ne> ,macon1 ,mill$geville1 & ,augu/a1 ,ga41 ,columbia1 ,s4 ,c41 ,*>lotte1 ,n4 ,c42 ov] ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c41 :i* is t5 miles nor? ( ! c5tral l9e2 & ov] ,norfolk1 ,va41 fifte5 miles nor? ( ! c5t]4 ,! track is ab\t fifty miles wide 9 all p>ts1 & ! duration ( ! eclipse v>ies f "o m9ute & twelve seconds ne> ,new ,orleans to "o m9ute & =ty-f\r seconds ne> ,norfolk1 on ! c5tral l9e4 ,^! durations dim9i% f ! maximum at ! middle ( ! track to z]o at ! nor!rn & s\!rn limits ( x1 s t an obs]v] mu/ be /ation$ z ne> ! c5tral l9e z possible 9 ord] to see mu* ( ! eclipse4 ,! population ( sev]al ( ! above-m5tion$ cities is at pres5t z foll[s3 ,new ,orleans1 #bdb1jjj2 ,mobile1 #ca1jjj2 ,montgom]y1 #bb1jjj2 ,columbus1 #bj1jjj2 ,atlanta1 #ff1jjj2 ,raleigh1 #ac1jjj2 & ,norfolk1 #ce1jjj4 ,x is evid5t t ) v little ex]tion m ?an #ejj1jjj p c see ?is eclipse4 ,x is mo/ =tunate t ! track passes ne> s _m cities1 because1 ) _! facilities = ! accommodation ( visitors1 _m w be induc$ to und]take excursions ) ! purpose ( tak+ 9 ?is r>e sight1 & a little ent]prise on ! "p ( railroads & transportation companies might easily increase ! numb]s4 ,if p w g to a p>ade1 ya*t race1 or an exposition1 & consid] !mselves paid = _! exp5ses1 !n surely !y w f9d 9 ?is great spectacle ( ,nature n only an object ( wond] & beauty1 b also "o ( peculi> in/ruction 9 _m important bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,all educators :o c induce _! pupils to make su* an exp$ition w implant a love ( a/ronomy 9 _m impressionable m9ds :i* w become a s\rce ( pleasure to !m = ! re/ ( _! lives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,i4--,,track ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,may #bh1 #aijj4 7,by p]mission ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau47 ,out ( ab\t sev5ty eclipses ( ! sun :i* h occurr$ some:]e 9 ! _w )9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !re h be5 only eight total eclipses ( m or less duration visible on ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! o!rs happ5$ 9 places (t5 remote f civilization1 & sometimes 9 entirely inaccessible localities1 z ov] ! ocean areas4 ,! difficulty ( transport+ heavy baggage to ! remote p>ts ( ,asia1 ,africa1 or ,s\? ,am]ica is su* z to preclude all b a few sci5ti/s f any ef=t to obs]ve eclipses4 ,! writ] 0 mu* impress$ ) ! =midable nature ( und]tak+ to e/abli% eclipse /ations 9 places :i* are di/ant f c5t]s ( population by 8 own exp]i5ce on ! ,we/ ,african ,eclipse ,exp$ition1 s5t out by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 = ! eclipse ( ,decemb] #bb1 #ahhi1 to ,cape ,l$o1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,angola1 ab\t sev5ty miles s\? ( ,/4 ,paul de ,lo&a4 ,ne>ly eight mon?s 7 consum$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! prep>ations at home & 9 ! voyage out & back4 ,! exp$ition1 x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 w5t to ,cape ,t[n1 ,s\? ,africa1 & halt$ also at ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,asc5sion ,isl&1 & ,b>bados = magnetic & gravity obs]vations1 s t all ?is "t %\ld n be *>g$ to ! eclipse prop]4 ,we sail$ 9 ! old frigate ,p5sacola1 ! companion to ,f>ragut's flag%ip1 ! ,h>t=d1 ) ,capta9 ,yates4 ,9 e>li] days ,admiral ,dewey comm&$ ?is %ip1 & ! exp$ition 0 fitt$ out :ile he 0 9 *>ge ( ! ,bureau ( ,equipm5t at ,wa%+ton4 ,! same f9e c\rtesy t has become s well kn[n to 8 c\ntrym5 0 at t "t ext5d$ to all ! memb]s ( ! exp$ition4 ,! cl\d9ess along ! track ( ! eclipse 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates on ! #bh? ( ,may1 #aijj1 is evid5tly a matt] ( mu* importance n only = all a/ronom]s1 b = non-pr(essional spectators4 ,if x c\ld be =etold1 ) ! same precision z ! a/ronomical data give ! "t & ! place ( ! occurr5ce ( ! eclipse1 t ! day itself w be fair or cl\dy1 or t c]ta9 portions ( ! track w be cle> :ile o!rs w be obscur$1 x w\ld be ( great b5efit4 ,! co/ ( ^! sci5tific exp$itions is v great1 s9ce x is necess>y to transport _m heavy & delicate pieces ( app>atus into ! field1 includ+ telescopes1 spectroscopes1 pol>iscopes1 & photographic cam]as1 & set !m up 9 exact position = ! day ( obs]vation4 ,! exp$ition to ,cape ,l$o1 ,we/ ,africa1 9 #ahhi1 c>ri$ out a l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial1 prep>$ x = "w dur+ ! totality1 & !n entirely lo/ ! sun dur+ ! critical mom5ts by a tempor>y obscur+ ( ! sky ?r\gh local cl\d =mations4 ,!re _h be5 "s cl\ds at ! /ation dur+ ! =5oons = sev]al days prec$+ ! eclipse1 b ! sky 0 usually cle> & v favorable dur+ ! middle ( ! aft]noons4 ,! totality came on at ?ree o'clock1 & photographs ( ! sun 7 tak5 at fir/ contact ab\t #a4cj ,p4 ,m42 cl\ds ?ick5$1 h[ev]1 & totality 0 entirely lo/1 :ile ! sun came out aga9 = ! la/ contact at #d4cj ,p4 ,m4 ,?is 0 a v try+ exp]i5ce1 & ( c\rse c\ld n h be5 avoid$ by any possible precautions4 ,"s a/ronom]s h ?\ght t ! advance ( ! moon's %ad[ is accompani$ by a fall 9 temp]ature1 & t cl\d9ess is m likely to be produc$ f ?is cause4 ,soon aft] ! ,we/ ,african eclipse ,pr(essor ,todd1 ( ,amh]/ ,college1 propos$ t m sy/ematic obs]vations be made = ! probable /ate ( ! sky along eclipse tracks1 ) ! view ( at lea/ select+ /ations hav+ ! mo/ favorable local conditions4 ,! me?od 0 tri$ 9 ,*ili1 ,april1 #ae1 #ahic1 & 9 ,japan1 ,augu/ #h1 #ahif1 ) "s success4 ,h]et(ore ! available meteorological records1 :i* 7 orig9ally tak5 = o!r g5]al purposes1 _h be5 consult$1 & "s idea =m$ ( ! prevail+ t5d5cy to cl\dy conditions4 ,9 accordance ) ! improv$ me?od1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau has be5 conduct+ special obs]vations on ! cl\d9ess occurr+ f ,may #ae? to ,june #ae? 9 ea* ( ! ?ree ye>s #ahig1 #ahih1 & #ahii1 = ! morn+ h\rs ( ! eclipse--betwe5 #h ,a4 ,m4 & #i ,a4 ,m4 ,a tabul> =m 0 s5t ?r\gh ! local (fices to su* obs]v]s z 7 will+ to act z volunte]s 9 mak+ ^! records1 & _! reports h be5 /udi$ to discov] h[ ! cl\d9ess behaves along ! eclipse track at t season ( ! ye>4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree ye>s gives sub/antially ! same conclusion--namely1 t !re is a maximum ( cl\d9ess ne> ! ,atlantic coa/ 9 ,virg9ia1 ext5d+ back into ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & also ne> ! ,gulf coa/ 9 ,l\isiana & 9 s\!rn ,mississippi1 :ile !re is a m9imum ( cl\d9ess 9 ea/]n ,alabama & c5tral ,georgia4 ,! foll[+ table w s]ve to make ?is pla93 ,! ,prevail+ ,cl\d9ess ( ! ,sky along ! ,eclipse ,track4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,/ate4 ,g5]al sky4 ,sky ne> ! sun4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,virg9ia #dj4c #ch4j ,nor? ,c>ol9a #cb4d #bi4i ,s\? ,c>ol9a #bf4d #bd4i ,georgia #af4d #ad4g ,alabama #ah4b #ag4g ,mississippi #cj4h #bi4b ,l\isiana #cb4i #bg4g ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,! significance ( ^! figures is %[n by transf]r+ !m to a diagram1 giv5 on ,*>t ,,ii1 :i* indicates ! av]age cl\d9ess prevail+ ov] ! sev]al ,/ates :]e !y are cross$ by ! track4 ,! m>k$ depression 9 ! middle portions1 especially ov] ,alabama & ,georgia1 indicates t ! /ations 9 ^! di/ricts make a mu* bett] %[+ ?an ^? ne>] ! coa/ l9e4 ,! reasons = ?is diff]5ce are probably _m 9 numb]1 b ! *ief feature is t ! int]ior ( ?is region1 especially ov] ! high] l&s ( ! s\!rn rea*es ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 :i* are f six hundr$ to "o ?\s& feet above ! sea level1 is some:at fre] f ! moi/ure fl[+ inl& f ! ocean at t season ( ! ye>4 ,! table %[s also two divisions1 "o = ! 8g5]al sky10 :]e9 ! relative cl\d9ess 0 not$ 9 e portion ( ! visible sky1 & = ! 8sky ne> ! sun10 :]e ! obs]vation 0 conf9$ to ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! sun4 ,! two records agree almo/ exactly1 except t ! sky ne> ! sun av]ages a little l[] ?an ! g5]al sky4 ,?is indicates t al?\gh ! sun w be se5 9 ! morn+ h\r ( ,may #bh?1 :5 x is only f ?irty to =ty degrees above ! horizon1 yet ?is is n an unfavorable circum/ance4 ,! l[ altitude1 on ! o!r h&1 makes x easi] = ^? at ! in/rum5ts to enjoy a m com=table obs]v+ position ?an if x 7 ne>] ! z5i?1 :]e "o mu/ look directly upw>d4 ,( c\rse1 a /orm ( "s k9d may occur on t day to modify ^! g5]al wea!r conditions & upset all calculations4 ,:ile ! cl\d obs]vations sugge/ t ,georgia & ,alabama h ! be/ sites = ! eclipse1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! duration is ab\t "o m9ute & tw5ty seconds 9 ,alabama1 & "o m9ute & =ty seconds 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,z a ga9 ( tw5ty seconds 9 obs]v+ "t w be consid]$ by _m ( suffici5t importance to take *ances on ! cl\d9ess1 /ations w be select$ 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a = t reason1 al?\gh ! probability = m9imum cl\d9ess is twice z good 9 ,georgia & ,alabama4 ,! table %[s t ! *ances are only "o to six aga9/ obs]v]s locat$ 9 ^! ,/ates1 :ile ne> ! coa/ !y are ab\t two to six aga9/ !m4 ,on ! :ole1 ! g5]al result is t obs]v+ 9 ?is region ought to be successful1 because ! favorable *ances = good wea!r are above ! av]age at t season ( ! ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,ii4--,,probable ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,sky ,,along ,,! ,,eclipse ,,track4 ,av]age p]c5tage ( cl\d9ess 9 ,may & ,june4 ,on ,*>t ,i !re are six l9es drawn across ! track3 ,no4 #a ne> ,new ,orleans1 & ,no4 #f on ! ocean to ! ea/ ( ,norfolk1 ,va4 ,^! repres5t ! places = :i* ! times ( ! duration are comput$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,nautical ,almanac1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,no4 h4 m4 h4 m4 m4 s4 #a4 ,at #a #cj ,gre5wi* ,m4 ,t4 #g #bg4 ,local ,m4 ,t4 ! duration is #a #ab4f #b4 0 #a #ce 0 0 #g #dg4 0 0 0 0 0 #a #ai4f #c4 0 #a #dj 0 0 #h #je4 0 0 0 0 0 #a #bf4j #d4 0 #a #de 0 0 #h #bb4 0 0 0 0 0 #a #ca4g #e4 0 #a #ej 0 0 #h #dj4 0 0 0 0 0 #a #cg4j #f4 0 #a #ee 0 0 #h #ed4 0 0 0 0 0 #a #da4i ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,iii4--,,fifte5 ,,pictures ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,corona1 ,,arrang$ ,,9 ,,! ,,elev5 ,,ye> ,,p]iod1 ,,to ,,%[ ,,! ,,recurr5ce ,,( ,,simil> ,,types ,,dur+ ,,?is ,,p]iod4 ,an obs]v] at ! int]section ( ^! cross-l9es ) ! c5tral l9e w see ! totality dur+ ! int]vals giv5 9 ! table4 ,! mode ( ! =mation ( ! %ad[ cones ( ! moon1 call$ ! p5umbra = ! p>tial %ad[ & ! umbra = ! total %ad[1 are well illu/rat$ 9 g5]al works on a/ronomy1 & good geometrical pictures ( !m c !re be f\nd1 toge!r ) mu* useful in=mation reg>d+ ! subject ( eclipses4 ,z we are "h conc]n$ *iefly ) c]ta9 practical po9ts ab\t ! eclipse ( #aijj1 x w be well = ! read] to consult su* works = _m details reg>d+ ! a/ronomical features att5d+ an eclipse ( ! sun :i* mu/ n[ be omitt$4 ,!re are _m exi/+ !ories to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on ( ! sun's bright app5dage1 call$ ! corona1 :i* is visible only dur+ eclipses1 on acc\nt ( ! absorb+ effects ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e on its light4 ,is x electrical1 or is x magnetic8 ,is x compos$ ( f9e /uff eject$ f ! sun1 or ( meteoric du/ fall+ ^u ! sun8 ,is x m]ely an optical effect1 z "s suppose1 or is x a portion ( ! newly discov]$ radiant matt] /ream+ (f to enorm\s di/ances into space8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions is eag]ly s\ght ?r\gh obs]vation1 photography1 & e o!r possible means1 on ! occasion ( ea* total eclipse4 ,! ef=ts ( a/ronom]s h ?us f> secur$ a s]ies ( pictures ( ! sol> corona1 :i*1 :5 comp>$ toge!r1 %[ v di/9ctly t ! corona1 z well z ! spots1 ! protub]ances1 & ! facul1 are go+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( *anges :i* seem to repeat !mselves 9 ! s-call$ elev5-ye> p]iod4 ,x has also be5 prov51 ) entire di/9ctness1 t ! e>?'s magnetic field1 z m>k$ by ! *anges 9 ! int5sity ( ! magnetic elem5ts1 9 ! auroral displays1 & ! e>? electric curr5ts %[ v>iations :i* syn*ronize closely ) ^? obs]v$ on ! sun2 also t ! wea!r elem5ts ( pressure1 temp]ature1 precipitation1 & /orm int5sity all h>monize ) ! sol> & ! e>?'s magnetism 9 ! same syn*ronism4 ,all attempts ( sci5ti/s to detect any v>iations 9 ! sun%9e :i* falls ^u ! tropics h be5 entirely futile2 on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 %[n t ! magnetic =ces hav+ ! *>act]i/ics j m5tion$ imp+e ^u ! e>? 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit1 j z if ! sun1 be+ a magnet1 ?r[s out a field ( =ce to ! surface ( ! e>?1 :i*1 by its v>iation dep5d+ ^u ! int]nal work+s ( ! sun1 produces ! *anges j enum]at$ 9 ! e>?'s atmosph]e & 9 its magnetic field1 also ?r\gh\t ! planet>y sy/em1 be+1 ( c\rse1 /ronge/ ne> ! sun4 ,! belief is gradually gr[+ among sci5ti/s t ! e>?1 ! sun1 & ! planets are all magnetic bodies1 & h ^! bonds ( connection betwe5 !m 9 addition to ! ,newtonian gravitation4 ,?is is a mo/ fasc9at+ field ( rese>*1 &1 ?\gh full ( difficulties1 yet attracts ! att5tion ( _m :o are conv9c$ t "o ( ! mo/ press+ duties ( ! h\r is to cle> up ! problems connect$ ) ! transmission ( en]gy f ! sun to ! e>? 9 o!r =ms ?an ! ord9>y or sunlight radiation4 ,x is entirely probable t ! secul> v>iations ( ! wea!r *anges f ye> to ye>1 & ev5 f mon? to mon?1 are b\nd up ) ^! sol> =ces1 & t ! solution ( ^! que/ions w c>ry ) !m mu* in=mation ( practical use to civiliz$ man4 ,! coronas ( ! pa/ =ty ye>s are %[n on ,*>t ,,iii1 tak5 f ! report ( ! eclipse ( #ahif 7,augu/ #i?71 by ,a4 ,hansky4 ,x arranges ! coronas 9 ! elev5-ye> p]iod s f> z ! dates at :i* ! eclipses occurr$ p]mit ?is to be done1 & by comp>+ !m 9 v]tical l9es ! simil>ity is at once se5 = ! respective qu>t]s ( phases ( ! p]iod4 ,! =eca/ !re giv5 = #aijj is se5 to resemble #ahfg1 #ahgh1 & #ahhi1 b x diff]s 9 ori5tation f t on ,*>t ,,iv1 :i* 0 prep>$ by ! au?or4 ,! f\r coronas on ! left 9 ,*>t ,,iii are tak5 at ! sun-spot maximum1 & ! appe>ance is t ( total confusion 9 ! /ructure ( ! rays2 ! second & ! f\r? columns are = ! sun's m$ium int5sity at ab\t halfway betwe5 ! maximum & ! m9imum1 & !y %[ a sy/em ( pol> rays tak+ on /ructural =m1 ! second column be+ at a /age ( dim9i%+ & ! f\r? at "o ( increas+ sol> activity2 ! ?ird column gives ! corona :5 ! spots are at a m9imum ( frequ5cy & ! sun is 9 a comp>atively quiesc5t /ate1 :]e9 ! pol> rifts are v di/9ct & ! equatorial w+s or ext5sions greatly develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,iv4--,,bigel[',s ,,=eca/ ,,( ,,! ,,corona ,,( ,,may #bh1 #aijj4 ,e1 e>?'s axis2 ,k1 axis ( ecliptic2 ,s1 axis ( sun2 ,c1 ,c1 poles ( ! sol> corona4 ,! successful obs]vation ( a sol> corona dep5ds ^u ?ree conditions3 ! selection ( ! in/rum5t1 its prop] m\nt+1 & ! photographic process1 reg>d+ ea* ( :i* a few sugge/ions w be made4 ,! in/rum5ts are divid$ into two classes1 = visual & = photographic "w4 ,b 9 ei!r case ! mo/ important feature is ! focal l5g? or ! size ( ! telescope4 ,s9ce ! photographic image ( ! corona w n be> magnify+ )\t disp]s+ ! available light1 & ?us blurr+ out ! details ( ! picture1 :i* is ! mo/ important feature to reta9 to ! utmo/1 "o c n use a %ort telescope & at ! same "t a magnify+ eyepiece to enl>ge ! image by projection on a scre5 or on a photographic plate4 ,! only alt]native 9 ord] to get an image ( l>ge diamet] is to use a long-focus l5s4 ,! effect ( a diff]5ce ( focus ^u ! image ( ! corona is well %[n on ,*>t ,v1 :i* gives a small corona 7#a7 tak5 ) a f\r-foot l5s 7,b>n>d71 7#b7 ) a fifte5-foot l5s 7,pick]+71 & 7#c7 ) a =ty-foot l5s 7,s*aeb]le74 ,! diamet] is proportional to ! focal l5g?1 b ! diff]5ce ( effect ^u ! details is v important4 ,9 ! small picture ! details ( ! corona ne> ! sun are completely lo/ 9 ! g5]al light1 :ile ! coronal ext5sions f ! middle latitudes are se5 at a great di/ance f ! sun--z mu* z "o million miles2 at ! same "t ! pol> rifts are di/9ctly m>k$1 s t ! pole or c5tral l9e f :i* !y b5d is readily locat$4 ,on ! second picture ! details ( ! pol> rays are bett] br\ght out1 b ! ext5sions are %ort5$4 ,9 ! ?ird ! region ne> ! sun's edge has _m int]e/+ details v cle>ly def9$1 :ile all ! ext5sions are gone4 ,x is evid5t t ea* l5s has its advantage1 accord+ to ! details s\ght1 & !y ought all to be employ$ 9 ! eclipse4 ,! reproductions on pap] by no means d ju/ice to ! orig9al negatives1 :i* make ! di/9ctions ev5 m pron\nc$ ?an %[n on ,*>t ,v4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,v4--,,relative ,,images ,,( ,,! ,,corona ,,z ,,tak5 ,,) ,,telescopes ,,rang+ ,,f ,,=ty ,,feet ,,to ,,f\r ,,feet ,,9 ,,focal ,,l5g?4 ,"s amateur obs]v]s h telescopes b no m\nt+s suitable = eclipse "w1 & _m a/ronomical telescopes h good equatorial m\nt+s at home :i* are yet unavailable 9 ! field = lack ( prop] f\ndations & supports4 ,! ord9>y telescope balanc$ ne> ! c5t]1 ) ! eye end subject to all sorts ( motions :i* may happ5 ?r\gh j>r+ & r\gh h&l+ 9 ! hurry ( %ift+ photographic plates1 makes a v poor eclipse app>atus4 ,all telescopes ( any l5g? %\ld be held firmly at ea* end1 s z to be p]fectly /eady1 s9ce ! lea/ vibration ru9s a coronal picture devot$ to delicate photographic effects4 ,!re are two ways ( accompli%+ ?is1 & only two4 ,disp5s+ ) an equatorial m\nt+1 ! l5s mu/ be set p]man5tly on a base1 & light reflect$ f a mirror mu/ be utiliz$1 :i* %all be conc5trat$ on a plate also plac$ on a fix$ base4 ,?is is ! me?od employ$ by ,s*aeb]le 9 ,*ili1 ,april #af1 #ahic1 to obta9 ,no4 ,,iii ( ,*>t ,v4 ,!re is no objection to x if an obs]v] possesses a p]fectly plane mirror1 :i* x is v difficult & also exp5sive to obta92 if ! reflect+ mirror %\ld be imp]fect x w\ld di/ort ! image ( ! corona4 ,! second me?od1 lack+ a good mirror1 is to m\nt ! long-focus l5s 9 a tube & po9t x directly at ! sun4 ,a =ty-foot l5s 0 ?us m\nt$ at ,cape ,l$o = ,decemb] #bb1 #ahhi1 & its action 0 v satisfactory4 ,( c\rse1 x 0 a cumb]some arrangem5t1 & c\ld n be employ$ by a small p>ty4 ,! f\ndation = ! m\nt+ ( ! =ty-foot tube consi/$ ( two casks fill$ ) /ones & cem5t1 & set firmly 9 ! gr\nd4 ,^! made two good pi]s1 s9ce ! n>r[+ tops ( ! casks held ! b$ plates ( ! telescope z 9 a vise4 ,a triangle1 ^: base 0 p>allel to ! e>?'s axis & hav+ ! telescope tube itself = ! long side1 0 fitt$ ) an ext5sion rod = adju/m5t 9 altitude on ! ?ird side1 & ! :ole 0 made to revolve on ball be>+s4 ,?is triangul> support 0 rotat$ by a side rod ( adju/able l5g?1 ^: end t]m9at$ 9 a s& pi/on work+ ) a regulat+ valve4 ,! s& fl[$ out /eadily l an h\r-glass1 & dropp$ ! tube1 keep+ x c5tral on ! sun4 ,! image 0 made to foll[ accurately = tw5ty m9utes )\t tremor1 all ! "t hold+ ! sol> disk tang5t to fix$ l9es4 ,! pr9ciple ( a revolv+ triangle & a %ort pi/on1 tak+ ! place ( an exp5sive reflect+ mirror ) a delicate clockwork or "o c>ry+ a telescope balanc$ on its c5t] b subject to j>s & side motions1 is an important assi/ance 9 field "w on acc\nt ( its ready adaptability to all sorts ( obs]vations4 ,s9ce "t is limit$1 x is necess>y to provide all op]ations ) automatic arrangem5ts z f> z possible1 by us+ su* an app>atus z t describ$4 ,:at c be appli$ successfully to a =ty-foot l5s c s]ve = %ort] telescopes4 ,9 comb9ation ) spectroscopes1 pol>iscopes1 & special in/rum5ts = photograph+1 an imm5se am\nt ( "w c be compress$ into ! few seconds all[$ by m\nt+ !m all on su* a movable frame z ! triangle4 ,! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( putt+ "o obs]v] to "o telescope ought to be ab&on$4 ,( c\rse1 = a ris+ sun dur+ ! =5oon a modification 9 ! mov+ support mu/ be employ$4 ,?is %\ld be su* z to cause ! objective ( ! telescope to rise f ! gr\nd t[>d ! m]idian1 & x mu/ be accompli%$ by atta*+ a heavy weight :i* 9 s9k+ draws ! tube upw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,vi4--,,tracks ,,( ,,! ,,eight ,,total ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,se5 ,,on ,,! ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,cont95t ,,dur+ ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,( ! two k9ds ( photographic plates1 ! wet & ! dry1 ! dry plates are mu* m conv5i5t 9 ! field1 & are good = c]ta9 purposes4 ,! objections to !m are t ! r\gh granulations ( ! gelat9 film sometimes ov]p[] ! f9e details ( ! corona itself2 !y burn out v ne> ! disk by ov]-exposure :ile ! fa9t out] ext5sions are be+ tak54 ,wet plates hav+ ! requisite quickness are h>d] to prep>e1 b are smoo!r & hold ! coronal rays bett] f ! base to ! out] edge1 & !re is always pl5ty ( "t to give ! necess>y exposure4 ,! ,no4 #bf ,se$ plate requires f #j4e to #b4j seconds only1 g5]ally "o second be+ ab\t "r2 ! wet plate w take ! corona 9 eight seconds or less4 ,! be/ "t ( exposure %\ld be te/$ on a bright /> ( ab\t ! second magnitude1 by trial be=e ! eclipse4 ,!re is no rule ab\t ! photographic focus1 except to discov] x by a s]ies ( exposures at diff]5t di/ances ne> ! suppos$ po9t4 ,eclipse "w is a practical matt]1 & _m r\gh-&-ready me?ods mu/ necess>ily be admitt$4 ,a good l5s 9 a wood5 light-tight tube1 support$ at ea* end1 hav+ ! motion ( ! sun1 ! photographic focal plane c>efully det]m9$1 ! "t exposures v %ort1 &1 f9ally1 exce$+ly sl[ developm5t ( ! picture aft] ! eclipse--^! =m ! prime requisites4 ,exp5sive telescopes1 clockwork on heavy iron pi]s1 reflect+ mirrors1 & su* l app>atus are n ne$$4 ,+5uity 9 practical details1 ) great anxiety ab\t ! ess5tial matt] ( ! light itself1 is :at is ne$$ = a successful eclipse exp$ition4 ,^? p]sons :o h no telescope = view+ ! sun1 or cam]a = photograph+ x1 c yet see ! corona to great advantage by means ( a good op]a glass1 & inde$ ?is is really ! mo/ satisfactory way to ?or\ghly enjoy ! spectacle4 ,! object may be sket*$ on pap] at once or f memory1 & ?is picture may well be ( value to a/ronomy4 ,! tracks ( ! eight ,nor? ,am]ican eclipses se5 s9ce #ahjj are %[n on ,*>t ,,vi4 ,x is not$ t ?ree h pa?s v simil>ly locat$1 & t five run 9 directions ab\t p>allel to "o ano!r1 b almo/ at "r angles to ! fir/ gr\p4 ,?is comprises ! eclipse ( ,novemb] #cj1 #ahcd1 duration two m9utes2 ,augu/ #g1 #ahfi1 two m9utes & ?ree qu>t]s2 ,july #bi1 #ahgh1 two m9utes & a half1 :i* /ret* f ,alaska s\!a/w>d 9 a fan-%ape to ! ,s\? ,atlantic coa/4 ,! second gr\p conta9s ! tracks ,june #af1 #ahjf1 f\r m9utes & a half2 ,july #ag1 #ahfj1 ?ree m9utes2 ,janu>y #aa1 #ahhj ?irty-two seconds2 ,janu>y #a1 #ahhi1 two m9utes & a qu>t]2 & ,may #bh1 #aijj1 two m9utes4 ,^! tracks all tr5d f s\?we/ to nor!a/1 & cross ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t 9 diff]5t latitudes1 t ( ,may #bh1 #aijj1 be+ ! mo/ s\!rly & ( r %ort duration2 la/+ less ?an two m9utes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! pa? ( ! total eclipse ( ,may #bh1 #aijj1 aft] leav+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 crosses ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean to ,coimbra1 ,portugal1 & cont9ues ov] ,nor? ,africa to its end at ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,/ations :i* are n situat$ on ! pa? ( ! totality w see ! sun p>tially eclips$1 9 proportion to ! di/ance ( ! locality f ! c5tral l9e to ! nor!rn or ! s\!rn limits4 ,?us ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 ! ,ohio ,valley1 & ! s\!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9 di/ricts w see ! sun ab\t n9e t5?s cov]$2 ! ,lake ,region1 ! l[] ,miss\ri ,valley1 & ,s\!rn ,cali=nia w see an eight-t5?s eclipse2 & ! nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9 region ab\t six t5?s or sev5 t5?s4 ,! be/ way to view ! p>tially eclips$ sun is to secure ?ree /rips ( ?9 color$ glass1 "o & a half in* wide by five in*es long--r$1 blue1 & gre52 b9d !m ov] ! eye end ( a good op]a glass1 & adju/ focus on ! sun4 ,?is makes ! light safe = ! eyes & br+s out ! sph]ical aspect ( ! sun's ball4 ,! "t ( ! eclipse c be read by int]polat+ )9 ! l9es m>k$ on ,*>t ,,vii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,vii4--,,! ,,pa? ,,( ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,may #bh1 #aijj1 ,,) ,,times ,,( ,,beg9n+ ,,& ,,end+ ,,at ,,sev]al ,,places ,,& ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,& ,,s\!rn ,,limits ,,( ,,! ,,p>tial ,,eclipse4 ,no o!r eclipse track w occur 9 ?is c\ntry till ,june #h1 #aiah1 :5 "o ( ! fir/ k9d w pass f ,oregon to ,florida1 two m9utes 9 duration4 ,ano!r w occur 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,janu>y #bd1 #aibe4 ,eclipses sev5 m9utes 9 duration w occur 9 ,india 9 #aiee1 & 9 ,africa 9 #aigc1 ! longe/ = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! remot5ess ( ! la/ two1 bo? 9 "t & place1 put !m out ( reckon+ = mo/ ( u1 b ^? ( #aiah & #aibe give additional ze/ to ! approa*+ eclipse ( ,may #bh?1 z af=d+ fur!r opportunity = confirm+ facts & not+ diff]5ces bas$ ^u ! obs]vations n[ made4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,exp5sive ,,city ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,,by ,,hon4 ,,bird ,s4 ,,col]1 ,,comptroll] ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,! annual exp5ses ( ! city ( ,new ,york are l>g] ?an ^? ( any o!r municipality 9 ! _w1 & ! f9ancial transactions ( a ye> repres5t ! receipt & exp5diture ( m ?an #bjj1jjj1jjj1 c\nt+ tempor>y loans1 s9k+ funds1 & bond issues4 ,! gross budget ( ! city = #ahii 0 #bj1jjj1jjj great] ?an ! exp5ses ( ! city ( ,london1 #ah1jjj1jjj 9 excess ( ! budget ( ,p>is1 & only #a1jjj1jjj less ?an ! comb9$ exp5ditures ( ,bo/on1 ,*icago1 & ,philadelphia4 ,! exp5ses ( ,new ,york la/ ye> = local purposes1 exclusive ( bond issues1 am\nt$ to #ai4ef p] capita ( an e/imat$ population ( #c1ejj1jjj4 ,! comb9$ annual exp5ditures ( ! six l>ge/ ,/ates 9 ! ,union are less ?an ^? ( ! city ( ,new ,york1 & ! f9ancial transactions ( ! latt] are equal 9 am\nt to "o sev5? ( ^? ( ! national ,gov]nm5t4 ,! cr$it ( ! city1 x may be /at$ at ! outset1 is second only to t ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 & ! prop]ty own$ by ! municipality1 if sold at m>ket value1 w\ld pay ! entire fund$ debt sev]al times ov]4 ,! consolidation ( n9ety municipalities ) ! =m] city ( ,new ,york 0 ! culm9ation ( a s5tim5t s fix$ ^u an ideal t !re _h be5 little c>eful reckon+ ( ! co/4 ,! municipality1 by tak+ 9 ! extra t]ritory & population1 d\bl$ its debt1 add$ less ?an "o f\r? to its tangible assets1 & increas$ ! co/ ( local gov]nm5t #ae1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,?is add$ co/ is ! price paid by ! taxpay]s = a s5tim5t & = ha/e & c>elessness 9 ! "w ( complet+ consolidation4 ,! co/ ( gov]nm5t = ! enl>g$ city 0 9 #ahii approximately #ae1jjj1jjj m ?an ! comb9$ exp5ditures ( ! v>i\s municipalities = ! la/ ye> ( _! sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,?is increase 0 excessive & altoge!r unnecess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( ?or\gh & progressive gov]nm5t4 ,! pres5t *>t] ( ! city is suppos$ to provide a l>ge measure ( home rule1 yet ! sal>y ( almo/ e (fic] & employee1 f ! mayor to ! doorm5 ( ! police /ations1 is fix$ by act ( ! ,/ate ,legislature4 ,! =m] cities ( ,new ,york & ,brooklyn _h be5 s long regulat$ & gov]n$ f ,albany t ! commission]s :o draft$ ! *>t] evid5tly ov]look$ ! fact t a municipality might be tru/$ to regulate ! pay ( its own employees4 ,to-day ! pay ( ! s*ool-tea*]s1 policem51 firem51 heads ( dep>tm5ts1 & *iefs ( bureaus is fix$ at ,albany1 :]e ! repres5tatives ( ! city are 9 ! m9ority4 ,:5 ! *>t] 0 prep>$ ! commission]s agre$ t taxation & sal>ies mu/ be equaliz$4 ,! memb]s diff]$ 9 _! views on _m que/ions1 b !y evid5tly agre$ t ! way to equalize sal>ies 0 to increase ! l[e/ to equal ! highe/4 ,9 ext5d+ ! b5efits ( a great corporate gov]nm5t to ! _m suburban communities includ$ 9 ! consolidation a uni=m$ policeman1 or five or t5 ( !m1 at f\rte5 hundr$ doll>s a ye> took ! place ( a t[n m>%al or con/able at ?ree hundr$ doll>s a ye>1 & high-pric$ tra9$ firem5 7 sub/itut$ = unpaid volunte]s4 ,?is me?od ( equaliz+ sal>ies 0 ext5d$ to e section ( ! city & to e bran* ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,no attempt1 app>5tly1 0 made to devise "s sy/em t w\ld adju/ sal>ies 9 v>i\s localities to local conditions & co/ ( liv+4 ,! s5tim5t 9 favor ( a great city 0 n dispos$ to quibble :5 ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ! visible =m ( municipal gov]nm5t 0 increas$ fivefold 9 mu* ( ! outly+ t]ritory4 ,aside f ! ext5sion ( high-pric$ municipal s]vice ?r\gh\t ! great area ( ! consolidat$ city1 _m useless (fices 7 creat$ & _m sal>ies fix$ at excessive figures4 ,au?ority 0 too mu* divid$4 ,! bor\gh sy/em is exp5sive1 & s f> useless4 ,! entire *>t] is a s]ies ( compromises1 & e compromise on a sal>y 0 at ! maximum rate4 ,?is me?od ( arrang+ ! exp5ses ( ! great] city increas$ ! co/ ( gov]nm5t beyond ! highe/ e/imates ( ^? :o _h advocat$ consolidation4 ,! initial co/ 0 fur!r increas$ by reason ( ! fact t no precautions 7 tak5 to prev5t ! v>i\s municipalities to be unit$ f increas+ _! bond$ & contract indebt$ness dur+ ! la/ ye> ( _! sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,! result ( t ov]sight 0 t e municipality1 ! =m] city ( ,new ,york includ$1 issu$ bonds & ent]$ ^u contracts ) some:at reckless disreg>d ( ! future4 ,9 ?is way a heavy burd5 ( unnecess>y exp5se 0 add$ to ! legitimate acc\nt *>g$ aga9/ ! consolidat$ city4 ,great] ,new ,york began bus9ess 9 a condition ( app>5t bankruptcy1 because ! debts exce$$ ! con/itutional limitation ( t5 p] c5t ( ! assess$ value ( taxable real e/ate4 ,to ov]come ?is & to meet ! extra exp5se ( gov]nm5t by ! new sy/em x 0 necess>y to greatly increase ! tax rate4 ,! f9ancial condition ( ,new ,york on ,janu>y #a1 #aijj1 0 satisfactory except 9 ! matt] ( curr5t exp5ses4 ,! gross accept$ fund$ debt on t date 0 #ceh1ajd1cjg4aa1 aga9/ :i* !re 0 a s9k+ fund ( #aje1dce1hga4gj1 leav+ a net fund$ debt ( #beb1ffh1dce4da4 ,consid]$ 9 connection ) ! weal? ( ! city1 ?is debt is n excessive4 ,! city ( ,p>is1 ) small] available res\rces1 has a debt 9 excess ( #ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,! gross exp5ditures ( ! city dur+ #ahii1 exclusive ( p]man5t improvem5ts1 paid = f ! proce$s ( bonds1 7 #ic1ebj1jhb4jc1 & 9 #aijj ! exp5ses w be "s #c1jjj1jjj less4 ,! total receipts ( ! city = ! same p]iod1 f all s\rces & = all purposes1 7 approximately #ajh1jjj1jjj4 ,! income 0 d]iv$ f ?ree g5]al s\rces1 taxation yield+ #hd1jjj1jjj4 ,! budget1 :i* repres5ts ! money to be rais$ by taxation1 0 r$uc$ #i1jjj1jjj by income kn[n z ! g5]al fund4 ,! *ief items ( ?is 73 ,excise taxes1 #c1fjj1jjj2 s*ool money f ! ,/ate1 #a1bhj1hhc4de2 fees ( v>i\s c\nty & city (fices1 #bdf1egf4fe2 int]e/ on taxes & assessm5ts1 #igi1ahe4ce2 & unexp5d$ appropriations1 #a1cef1ghf4eg4 ,aside f ! rev5ues class$ z ! g5]al fund1 ,new ,york has no income f any s\rce t c be appli$ to curr5t exp5ses = ! r$uction ( taxation4 ,! imm5sely valuable fran*ises h]et(ore grant$ to private corporations yield a rev5ue to ! city t is insignificant1 ! total collect$ r>ely exce$+ #cjj1jjj a ye>4 ,! gradual r$uction ( ! city debt1 except z x is ma9ta9$ or increas$ by additional bond issues1 is amply provid$ = by a /eadily increas+ & protect$ s9k+ fund4 ,! total receipts ( ?is fund 9 #ahii 7 #ae1fja1dib4ej4 ,! ,croton wat] r5ts1 am\nt+ la/ ye> to #d1eij1ejb4ee1 are appli$ to ?is fund1 z well z ! dock & slip r5ts ( #b1cfb1dba4ad4 ,"s ( ! o!r *ief items ( ?is fund are3 ,rev5ue f inve/m5ts1 #c1egc1eai4cd2 f]ry r5ts1 #cgj1ggf2 m>ket r5ts1 #bea1ejj2 int]e/ on deposits1 #ebj1ebf2 in/allm5ts includ$ 9 ! budget1 #b1fcc1aaj4 ,m1 ?an #a1jjj1jjj is d]iv$ annually f miscellane\s s\rces1 includ+ ! sale ( v>i\s odds & ends ( prop]ty4 ,! total int]e/ *>ges on bonds 9 #ahii am\nt$ to #aa1bge1hbb1 leav+ m ?an #d1jjj1jjj ( ! s9k+-fund income applicable to r$uction ( ! fund$ debt4 ,two features ( ! f9ancial sy/em ( ,new ,york t increase exp5ditures c & %\ld be *ang$4 ,taxes are n[ collect$ 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! ye> ^u an assessm5t made twelve mon?s be=e4 ,?is compels ! city to borr[ l>ge sums ( money to meet curr5t exp5ses4 ,9 #ahii ! city borr[$1 9 anticipation ( taxes1 ! sum ( #dh1jbg1dej1 on :i* ! int]e/ am\nt$ to #gee1gjd4 ,if ! taxes 7 collect$ dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! ye>1 ! city w\ld n only save ?is ?ree qu>t]s ( a million doll>s int]e/ on tempor>y loans1 b = six or sev5 mon?s w\ld h l>ge ca% balances 9 depository banks e>n+ two p] c5t4 ,?is *ange w\ld be wor? approximately #a1ejj1jjj a ye> to ! treasury1 b x mu/ be made by degrees 9 ord] t taxes %all n be collect$ twice 9 a twelve-mon?4 ,"u ! pres5t con/itutional re/riction ^u ! borr[+ capacity ( ! city1 ,new ,york is plac$ 9 ! contradictory position ( gett+ ri*] & poor] at ! same "t & by ! same process4 ,! re/riction ( ! debt limit to t5 p] c5t ( ! taxable real e/ate is arbitr>y1 & makes no di/9ction ( obligations4 ,e "t ! city acquires additional real e/ate = p>ks1 docks1 s*oolh\ses1 or any o!r purpose its borr[+ capacity & income f taxation are r$uc$1 because ! prop]ty acquir$ no long] yields a tax & x is n c\nt$ 9 ! valuation ^u :i* ! debt limit is fix$4 ,?is is ! mo/ illogical & unbus9esslike feature ( ! pres5t f9ancial sy/em4 ,! pi]s own$ by ! city are pr(itable inve/m5ts1 yield+ a rev5ue 9 excess ( int]e/ & s9k+ fund = ! bonds issu$2 yet if we %\ld acquire #ajj1jjj1jjj ( additional wat] front n[ own$ by private p>ties ! borr[+ capacity ( ! municipality w\ld be r$uc$ #aj1jjj1jjj1 & ! income w\ld suff] ! am\nt ( taxes on ! l& acquir$4 ,!re %\ld be adopt$ a con/itutional am5dm5t t w\ld sep>ate debts incurr$ = rev5ue-yield+ inve/m5ts1 su* z docks & wat]works1 f ^? creat$ = g5]al public improvem5ts4 ,! =m] %\ld n be a *>ge aga9/ ! borr[+ capacity ( ! city4 ,! budget ( ! city = #aijj is #ij1ggh1igb4dh1 :i* w be r$uc$ #i1jjj1jjj by ! g5]al fund1 leav+ "s #hb1jjj1jjj to be rais$ by taxation4 ,! magnitude ( ?is outlay = curr5t exp5ses may be bett] und]/ood by comp>ison ) ! exp5ditures ( o!r l>ge cities4 ,! approximate curr5t exp5ses ( ,london la/ ye> 7 #gc1jjj1jjj2 ( ,p>is1 #ge1jjj1jjj2 ( ,b]l91 #bc1cdg1fjj2 ( ,bo/on1 #ce1ded1ehh2 ( ,*icago1 #cb1jcd1jjh2 ( ,philadelphia1 #bg1jge1jad4 ,9 #ahii ! ,/ate tax paid by ! city ( ,new ,york am\nt$ to #f1bge1fei1 or ne>ly sev5ty p] c5t ( ! :ole2 int]e/ on bonds absorb$ #aa1bge1hbb1 leav+ #ge1hac1fdd z ! actual co/ ( ! curr5t exp5ses ( local gov]nm5t4 ,! gross budget repres5t$ a p]-capita tax ( #bd4fb on #c1ejj1jjj inhabitants1 ( :i* #ai4ef 0 = local exp5ses4 ,( ?is enorm\s exp5diture m ?an #ce1jjj1jjj is paid out 9 sal>ies & wages to #cg1jjj (fic]s & employees4 ,! ,police ,dep>tm5t co/ #ab1jjj1jjj a ye>1 ( :i* #aj1gjj1jjj is = sal>ies4 ,new ,york has #f1djj policem54 ,philadelphia has #b1fjj1 & ! annual co/ ( ! dep>tm5t 9 t city is #c1ajj1jjj a ye>--mu* l[] 9 proportion ?an t ( ! metropolis4 ,! sal>ies & wages paid to all regul> dep>tm5t employees1 includ+ policem51 firem51 /reet clean]s1 & dock build]s1 are high] ?an ^? paid 9 any o!r city 9 ! _w1 & almo/ )\t exception ! rate has be5 fix$ by act ( ! ,/ate ,legislature1 & n by ! local au?orities4 ,9 ! matt] ( fix+ ! pay ( (fic]s & employees ! city ( ,new ,york has nev] kn[n any degree ( home rule4 ,! magnitude ( ! city 9 weal? & population has always op]at$ aga9/ economy 9 local gov]nm5t4 ,!re has exi/$1 app>5tly1 an ov]:elm+ popul> s5tim5t 9 ! city1 z well z ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate1 t su* a great municipality %\ld pay ! maximum price = ev]y?+ x might require4 ,if ?is s5tim5t _h be5 satisfi$ by ! paym5t ( high sal>ies & wages x might h be5 excusable f "s po9ts ( view2 b x 0 n1 & ! dem& = m money f ! public treasury has ext5d$ to e class ( exp5diture4 ,! city ( ,new ,york is a pur*as] 9 ! op5 m>ket ( supplies exce$+ 9 value #e1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,?is figure applies only to articles pur*as$ )\t competitive bidd+4 ,!re is 9 ! *>t] a provision t all pur*ases ( supplies & labor 9 excess ( #a1jjj %all be made by op5 competitive bidd+4 ,?is leaves a wide field = fraud & favoritism1 & x is an easy matt] to evade ! _s & lett] ( ! law relat+ to competition4 ,if a dep>tm5t requires mat]ial & supplies am\nt+ to #aj1jjj1 or ev5 #ej1jjj1 x is (t5 possible to make ! pur*ases 9 lots ( less ?an #a1jjj f day to day1 & !reby obey ! lett] ( ! law :ile p]mitt+ ! grosse/ frauds aga9/ ! city treasury4 ,"u ! sy/em t has gr[n up1 protect$ by ?is imp]fect legal re/riction & op9ions & decisions to ! effect t ! city has no def5se aga9/ excessive claims unless fraud & conspiracy c be prov$1 robb]y ( ! public treasury has n only be5 legaliz$1 x has be5 made respectable4 ,! comptroll]1 :o is by law ! auditor ( acc\nts1 may be able to %[ t ! city has be5 *>g$ d\ble or treble ! m>ket rate = supplies pur*as$1 yet "u ! legal op9ions & decisions t h prevail$ = two ye>s he is n p]mitt$ to int]pose any def5se to an action to recov] unless he c prove t !re 0 a conspiracy or agreem5t to defraud4 ,9 ! v nature ( ?+s x is next to impossible to secure legal evid5ce ( su* agreem5ts2 !re=e ! city has be5 robb$ ) impunity4 ,! me?ods ( ! ,twe$ r+ h long be5 out ( date 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 & fraud ^u ! public treasury has become a respectable call+4 ,x is n easy--9 fact1 n possible--to det]m9e accurately h[ mu* ! exp5ses ( ! city h be5 increas$ 9 rec5t ye>s by ! lax int]pretation ( an imp]fect law & ! tol]ance ( a public s5tim5t t dem&s pro( ( crime on a l>ge scale be=e becom+ ar\s$ to a condition ( effective action4 ,x is safe to say1 h[ev]1 t a p]fect sy/em ( buy+ 9 ! op5 m>ket at ! l[e/ prices obta9able1 if hone/ly en=c$1 w\ld save to ! taxpay]s m ?an #a1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,hone/ & intellig5t adm9i/ration 9 e dep>tm5t ( ! city gov]nm5t w\ld r$uce exp5ditures1 b ! ext5t ( ! r$uction t might be made w\ld dep5d l>gely ^u ! prop] am5dm5t ( c]ta9 laws1 & to an ev5 great] ext5t ^u ! developm5t ( a ?or\ghly in=m$ public s5tim5t t w\ld su/a9 retr5*m5t & economy4 ,! exp5ses ( ! city are f> great] ?an !y %\ld be1 b x is go+ to be a difficult matt] to make ev5 an appreciable beg9n+ 9 economy s long z ! ,/ate ,legislature is p]mitt$ to ex]cise practically unlimit$ p[] to regulate ! f9ancial affairs ( ! municipality4 ,p]sons & corporations1 be !y hone/ or corrupt1 :5 !y seek to obta9 money f ! city treasury = any purpose1 are go+ to proce$ along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 & ! smoo? & op5 way has long be5 ! ,legislature at ,albany4 ,e session ( t body adds some?+ to ! exp5ses ( ! city1 & x is a %ort & dull "o t does n add _m ?\s&s ( doll>s to ! burd5 ( ! ,new ,york taxpay]s4 ,! rev5ues ( ! municipality are s small 9 comp>ison ) :at !y %\ld be t x is a difficult matt] to f9d any excuse = ! !ory ( gov]nm5t t exi/$ 9 ! days :5 p]petual fran*ises 7 giv5 away4 ,x is small consolation t ! policy ( municipal own]%ip is at la/ to prevail aft] s mu* ( ! public prop]ty has pass$ into ! possession ( private corporations4 ,if all ! out/&+ fran*ises t 7 ! prop]ty ( ! p _h be5 sold on %ort t]ms = p]c5tages ev5 z l>ge z h be5 fix$ 9 rec5t cases1 ! city to-day w\ld drive f t s\rce an annual rev5ue ( m ?an #e1jjj1jjj1 in/ead ( ! paltry #cjj1jjj n[ collect$4 ,! mi/akes ( ! pa/1 h[ev]1 are beyond undo+1 & ! taxpay]s mu/ look to ! future = relief f ! burd5s !y be>4 ,!y are pay+ n[ #ae1jjj1jjj a ye> = ! s5tim5t t dem&$ a city great 9 all save hone/y & political wisdom4 ,consolidation 9 fact z well z s5tim5t mu/ result to prove ! mat]ial advantage ( ! arrangem5t4 ,public op9ion & politicians mu/ realize soon] or lat] t income & exp5ses are to be adju/$ ! "o to ! o!r ^u s\nd & endur+ pr9ciples ( bus9ess1 hone/y1 & intellig5ce4 ,!re mu/ be a union ( public & political int]e/s4 ,e section ( ! great city mu/ be br\ght into close t\* ) e o!r section by *eap & rapid transit4 ,! possibilities ( ! future are great] ?an ! dreams ( to-day1 b new policies & new me?ods mu/ & w prevail4 ,! developm5t ( ,great] ,new ,york mu/ n be hamp]$ by a f9ancial sy/em antiquat$ & imp]fect4 ,! city %\ld h p[] to develop its mat]ial res\rces into rev5ue-yield+ improvem5ts1 & !n1 ) hone/ & intellig5t gov]nm5t1 ! burd5 ( taxation w be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & ! ideal ( ! gr&e/ municipality 9 ! _w w h be5 a*iev$4 ,a ,,bubble-,,bl[+ ,,insect4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,e4 ,s4 ,,morse4 ,_m ye>s ago1 :ile prep>+ an elem5t>y book on zology1 ,i _h occasion to make a draw+ ( ! little insect :i* is f\nd on grass & o!r plants imm]s$ 9 flecks ( fro?4 ,?is sub/ance is commonly kn[n z frog spittle or cuckoo spit1 &1 be+ f\nd 9 ! spr+1 is kn[n 9 ,france z 8spr+ fro?40 ,works on entomology gave ! g5]al /atem5t t ?is insect emitt$ ! fro?y mass f its body4 ,curi\s to asc]ta9 :at peculi> gas-secret+ app>atus 0 conta9$ )9 its anatomy1 ,i dissect$ a numb] ( specim5s1 )\t f9d+ a trace ( any /ructure t c\ld produce f )9 ! body a s+le bubble ( air4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i f\nd t ! little insect emitt$ a cle>1 some:at viscid fluid1 & by means ( app5dages at ! extreme tip ( its tail secur$ a moiety ( air by grasp+ x1 s to speak1 & !n in/antly releas+ x z a bubble 9 ! fluid x _h secret$4 ,at ! "t ( ?is obs]vation--tw5ty-five ye>s ago--,i suppos$ t entomologi/s 7 famili> ) ?is fact1 b1 on ! appe>ance ( my little book1 ,i receiv$ a lett] f ! late ,dr4 ,h]mann ,hag51 ! di/+ui%$ entomologi/1 /at+ t he _h ransack$ 8 libr>y & fail$ to f9d any ref]5ce ( ! nature ( my /atem5t4 ,d\btless ! :ole hi/ory ( ?is insect has s9ce be5 publi%$1 b a some:at sup]ficial survey ( ! lit]ature has fail$ to reveal any ref]5ce to ! matt]4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ (t5 ! m easily accessible facts ( ,nature escape ! special /ud5t4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce is replete ) su* in/ances4 ,"o c h>dly take up any subject connect$ ) ! life hi/ory ( animals )\t f9d+ lacun :i* ought to h be5 fill$ long ago4 ,! facts 9 reg>d to ! ossification ( ! hyoid bones 9 man is a case 9 po9t4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ^! errone\s concepts or half-tru?s comes ab\t by ! acceptance at ! outset ( "s fairly tru/wor?y acc\nt by an au?ority on ! subject1 & ev] aft] ! /atem5ts are copi$ )\t a d\bt be+ express$ z to _! accuracy4 ,if we look ov] ! lit]ature ( ! subject "u discussion1 we f9d t 9 ne>ly e case ! /atem5t 9 reg>d to ! spit-insect conveys ! idea t ! creature secretes ! fro? 9 :i* x is imm]s$4 ,beg9n+ ) ,de ,ge] 9 ! la/ c5tury1 we quote z foll[s3 8,"o may see com+ out ( ! h9d] "p ( its body a little ball ( liquid1 :i* x causes to slip along1 b5d+ x "u its body4 ,beg9n+ aga9 ! same movem5ts1 x is n long 9 produc+ a second globule ( liquid1 fill$ ) air l ! fir/1 :i* x places side by side ) & close to ! prec$+ "o1 & cont9ues ! same op]ation z long z !re rema9s any sap 9 its body40 ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 9 _! ,entomology1 describe 8! :ite fro? (t5 obs]v$ on rose bu%es & o!r %rubs & plants1 call$ by ! vulg> #8frog spittle1' b :i* if exam9$ w be f\nd to envelop ! l>va ( a small hemipt]\s l>va 7,aphrophora spum>ia71 f ^: anus x exudes40 ,9 ,we/wood's ,insects we f9d ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,"o ( ! be/-kn[n insects 9 ! family is ! ,aphrophora spum>ia1 a species ( small size :i* frequ5ts g>d5 plants1 ! l>va & pupa inve/+ !mselves ) a fro?y excrem5titi\s secretion :i* has giv5 rise to v>i\s fancies4 ,a species ( ,aphrophora is also f\nd 9 great quantities ^u trees 9 ,madagasc>1 ! l>va ( :i* has ! p[] ( emitt+ a consid]able quantity ( cle> wat]1 especially 9 ! middle ( ! day1 :5 ! heat is greate/40 ,"h ! /atem5t is def9itely made t ! fro? is excrem5titi\s1 & ! ,madagasc> insect is %[n to be diff]5t f ,aphrophora 9 t x exudes a cle> wat]4 ,9 ,dr4 ,h>ris's ,treatise on "s ( ! ,insects ,injuri\s to ,vegetation1 ( ,massa*usetts1 we f9d a mo/ def9ite /atem5t z to ! orig9 & nature ( ?is fro?4 ,he says3 8,"h may be arrang$ ! s+ul> insects1 call$ frog hopp]s 7,c]copidid71 :i* pass _! :ole lives on plants1 on ! /ems ( :i* _! eggs are laid 9 ! autumn4 ,! foll[+ summ] !y are hat*$1 & ! "y imm$iately p]=ate ! b>k ) _! beaks & beg9 to imbibe ! sap4 ,!y take 9 su* quantities ( ?is t x oozes out ( _! bodies cont9ually 9 ! =m ( little bubbles1 :i* soon completely cov] up ! insects40 ,9 ,dr4 ,pack>d's admirable ,guide to ! ,/udy ( ,insects ! /atem5t is made t 8,helo*>a & ,aphrophora1 :ile 9 ! l>va /ate1 suck ! sap ( grasses & emit a great quantity ( fro?1 or 9 "s cases a cle> liquid1 :i* 9 ! =m] case envelops ! body & ?us conceals x f sight4 ,x is !n vulg>ly call$ #8toad's spittle4'0 ,9 o!r acc\nts x is /at$ t ! l>v live cov]$ by masses ( fro? :i* ! insects produce by expell+ f _! beak ! juices drawn out ( ! tree4 ,! above extracts are suffici5t to indicate ! common belief among entomologi/s t ! insect 9 "s way emits ?is fro? f ! body4 ,a mo/ cursory exam9ation ( ! creature1 h[ev]1 %[s t its only secretion is a cle> fluid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,grass /alk & leaves1 %[+ appe>ance ( fro?4 ,! s-call$ frog spittle or cuckoo spit 7,fig4 #a7 appe>s z little flecks ( fro? on grass1 butt]cups1 & _m o!r plants dur+ ! e>ly summ]4 ,^! flecks ( fro? may be f\nd v commonly at ! junction ( ! leaf ) ! /em4 ,imm]s$ 9 ?is fro? is f\nd a little gre5 insect1 sometimes two or ?ree ( !m1 conceal$ by ! same moi/ cov]+4 ,?is little creature repres5ts ! e>ly /age ( an insect :i* 9 its full gr[? /ill lives ^u grass1 & is easily recogniz$ by its triangul> %ape & its ability ( jump+ l a gras%opp]4 ,!re are a numb] ( species2 ! "o liv+ on grass app>5tly conf9es itself to ! grass alone1 ?\gh ,i h se5 "o species t frequ5ts a numb] ( diff]5t plants4 ,a species f\nd on ! :ite p9e is d>k br[n 9 color1 & ! fro? 9 :i* x is f\nd n only hangs p5d5t f ! bran*1 b ! l[] portion appe>s z a l>ge drop ( cle> wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,! insect fir/ emitt+ a cle> fluid :i* fills up ! int]spaces betwe5 its body & ! /em ( grass ^u :i* x re/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,aft] ! lapse ( "s "t x beg9s rapidly to make bubbles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,entire fluid fill$ ) bubbles1 & ! fro? ?us made envelop+ ! /em4 ,,magnifi$ ,,figures ,,( ,,aphrophora1 ,,%[+ ,,successive ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,fro?4 ,let "o provide himself ) a good h& l5s1 a bit ( glass 7a wat* cry/al is especially suitable = ?is purpose71 & a common camel's-hair bru%1 & he is ready to make a prelim9>y /udy ( ,aphrophora4 ,! bru% is conv5i5t = easily remov+ ! insect f ! fro? :i* inve/s x4 ,if ! insect is cle>$ f ! mass ( fro?1 x w crawl q rapidly along ! /em ( ! plant1 /opp+ at times to pi]ce ! /em = ! purpose ( suck+ ! juices )91 & f9ally settl+ d[n 9 e>ne/1 evid5tly ex]t+ "s =ce 9 ?ru/+ its pi]c+ app>atus ?r\gh ! out] lay]s1 z %[n by ! firm way 9 :i* x clut*es ! /em ) its legs4 ,aft] suck+ = "s "t1 a cle> fluid is se5 to sl[ly exude f ! po/]ior end ( ! abdom51 fl[+ ov] ! body fir/ & gradually fill+ up ! spaces betwe5 ! legs & ! l[] "p ( ! body & ! /em ^u :i* x re/s 7,fig4 #b74 ,dur+ all ?is "t n a trace ( an air bubble appe>s2 simply a cle>1 slightly viscid fluid is exud$1 & ?is is ! only matt] t escapes f ! insect4 ,9 o!r words1 its secretion ( cle> fluid is precisely l t ( ! ,madagasc> species ref]r$ to by ,we/wood & o!rs4 ,?is /ate ( p>tial imm]sion cont9ues = half an h\r or m4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 & ev5 :5 ! insect is roam+ up & d[n ! grass or twig1 ! po/]ior segm5ts ( ! abdom5 are ext5d$ at int]vals1 ! abdom5 turn+ upw>d at ! same "t4 ,x is a k9d ( rea*+-up movem5t1 b :e!r ?is action accompanies a dis*>ge ( fluid or is an attempt at rea*+ = air ,i h n asc]ta9$4 ,sudd5ly ! insect beg9s to make bubbles by turn+ its tail out ( ! fluid1 op5+ ! po/]ior segm5t1 :i* appe>s l clasp]s1 & grasp+ a moiety ( air1 !n turn+ ! tail d[n into ! fluid & in/antly all[+ ! inclos$ air to escape 7,fig4 #c74 ,^! movem5ts g on at ! rate ( sev5ty or eighty times a m9ute4 ,at ! outset ! tail is mov$ alt]nately to ! "r & left 9 p]fect rhy?m1 s t ! bubbles are di/ribut$ on bo? sides ( ! body1 & ^! are cr[d$ t[>d ! head till ! entire fluid is fill$ ) bubbles1 & ! fro? ?us made runs ov] ! back & ar\nd ! /em 7,fig4 #d74 ,ev5 :5 p>tially buri$ 9 ^! bubbles ! tail is oscillat$ to ! "r & left1 ?\gh :5 completely imm]s$ ! tail is only occasionally ?ru/ out = air :i* is all[$ to escape 9 ! mass app>5tly )\t ! "r-&-left movem5t1 ?\gh ( ?is ,i am n sure4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t 9 half a m9ute "s ?irty or =ty bubbles are made 9 ?is way--a bulk ( air two or ?ree times exce$+ ! bulk ( ! body--)\t ! slighte/ dim9ution 9 ! size ( ! body4 ,if ! insect is all[$ to become dry1 by re/+ x ^u a piece ( blott+ pap]1 & is !n plac$ ^u a piece ( glass & a drop ( cle> saliva be all[$ to fall ^u x1 x proce$s to fill up ?is fluid ) bubbles 9 precisely ! same mann] z x did ) its own wat]y secretion4 ,x is q difficult to dive/ ! creature ( ! bubbles ( air :i* adh]e to ! spaces betwe5 ! legs & ! segm5ts on ! und]side ( ! body4 ,x may be readily done1 h[ev]1 by imm]s+ x 9 cle> wat] & manipulat+ x ) a bru%4 ,if n[ x is aga9 dri$ & plac$ on ! glass x w sl[ly secrete :at sp>e fluid x has 9 its body1 b n ! m9ute/ bubble ( air is se5 to escape4 ,^! exp]im5ts %\ld be made on glass1 = !n "o may get transmitt$ light1 & ! highly refractive outl9es ( ! air bubbles are m quickly detect$4 ,us+ a high] p[] ) a live cell1 new features may be obs]v$4 ,conf9+ ! insect 9 ?is way1 inclos$ 9 a drop ( wat]1 a v cle> pro( is (f]$ t x gets all ! air = its fro? 9 ! way ,i h describ$4 ,s long z ! insect rema9s surr\nd$ by wat] n ! m9ute/ bubble ( air is se5 to escape f ! body4 ,dur+ ?is imm]sion ! creature is incessantly /ruggl+ to rea* ! edge ( ! drop1 & no soon] has ?is be5 accompli%$ ?an x ?ru/s out its tail & beg9s ! clut*+ ( air & ! mak+ ( bubbles4 ,! bubbles1 h[ev]1 disappe> z soon z made1 z ! cle> wat] w n pres]ve !m4 ,z ! wat] becomes slightly viscid f ! insect's own secretions1 ! bubbles rema9 = a long] "t4 ,a bubble w be p>tially releas$ & !n held1 or ev5 p>tially )drawn1 betwe5 ! clasp]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,%[+ und]side ( po/]ior extremity ( body ) appe>ance ( bran*i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,a s+le bran*ia "u slight pressure4 ,! clasp]s seem to be ! t]gal portions ( ! n9? segm5t4 ,on ! sides ( ! sev5? & eigh? segm5ts may be cle>ly se5 leaflike app5dages1 :i* are possibly bran*ial 9 _! nature 7,figs4 #e & #f74 ,!y are extremely t5u\s1 & appe> l clu/]s ( filam5ts1 slightly adh]+ toge!r & =m+ lamellate app5dages simil> to ! gill-l app5dages se5 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ,potaman?us1 a neuropt]\s insect1 n1 h[ev]1 hav+ ! def9it5ess ( ^! /ructures4 ,:ile 9 ,potaman?us "o may easily trace ! ramifications ( ! tra*eal sy/em1 ,i h n be5 able to detect a simil> connection ) ^! app5dages 9 ,aphrophora4 ,c]ta9ly ! insect does n dep5d ^u ^! /ructures = respiration1 z :5 ! creature is p]fectly dry x seems to suff] no imm$iate inconv5i5ce1 b w crawl ab\t ! table or ev5 on ! du/y floor & live = an h\r or two 9 ?is condition4 ,! usually glabr\s surface ( ! body1 h[ev]1 becomes %rivel$ aft] a :ile4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x imm$iately s9ks 9 wat]1 & w live = "s "t imm]s$ 9 ?is way1 & ?is leads me to believe t ! app5dages above describ$ may p]=m a slight respiratory function4 ,! fact t ! insect imm$iately s9ks may be cit$ z an additional evid5ce t x does n emit air4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t reg>d+ ?is /age ( ,aphrophora z an aquatic /age1 s9ce x lives imm]s$ 9 fluid1 we h ! same behavior t we obs]ve 9 ! aquatic /ages ( o!r ,hemipt]a1 z well z 9 insects ( o!r ord]s4 ,! great wat] beetle ,hydrophilus has an aquatic l>va4 ,myall1 quot+ ,lyonet1 says3 8,!y nev] rema9 long at ! bottom ( ! wat]2 air is necess>y = !m1 & ?is !y take 9 by ! tail1 :i* !y raise f "t to "t to ! surface ( ! wat]40 ,9 ! l>va ( ,dy/icus1 ano!r wat] beetle1 ! only functional spiracles are ! la/ pair1 op5+ at ! tail4 ,! little oval beetles1 kn[n z :irligigs1 f _! rapid :irl+ motion1 :5 swimm+ on ! surface ( ! wat] c>ry d[n a bubble ( air on ! end ( ! abdom51 & :5 ?is has be5 exhau/$ 9 ! process ( respiration rise to ! surface = a fre% bubble4 ,! l>v ( "s =ms are furni%$ on ea* side ) long respiratory filam5ts4 ,a numb] ( neuropt]\s insects ^: e>ly /ages are pass$ 9 ! wat] are furni%$ ) bran*ial tra*e or false gills4 ,^! consi/ ( filam5ts spr++ f ! sides ( ! abdom9al segm5ts4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( c]ta9 dragon flies ! rectum supports epi!lial folds :i* are fill$ ) f9e tubes f ! tra*eal sy/em4 ,among c]ta9 aquatic insects belong+ to ! ord] ( ,hemipt]a ! creatures rea* out ! h9d] portion ( ! body to secure air4 ,dr4 ,myall1 9 8 v int]e/+ book on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,aquatic ,insects1 says3 8,a ,nepa or a ,ranatra may sometimes be se5 to creep backw>d along a subm]g$ we$ until ! tip ( its brea?+ tube breaks ! surface ( ! wat]40 ,! ,aphrophora :ile imm]s$ 9 ! wat]y fluid1 :e!r secret$ by itself or consi/+ ( cle> wat] :i* has be5 suppli$ to x1 rea*es out = air 9 a precisely simil> mann]4 ,prim>ily ! fro? made by ?is insect n only keeps ! body moi/1 b acts z a protection aga9/ its enemies4 ,a numb] ( individuals may (t5 be f\nd 9 "o fleck ( fro?1 & !y are entirely hidd5 f sight :ile imm]s$ 9 ?is way4 ,! viscid "* ( ! fluid secret$ insures ! ret5tion ( ! air ! insect collects 9 ! =m ( little bubbles4 ,?is peculi> feature mu/ h be5 a second>y acquisition4 ,! bubbles n only surr\nd ! insect & ! /em ^u :i* x re/s1 b fl[s 9 a cont9u\s %eet betwe5 ! v5tral plates ( ! abdom51 & ! insect probably utilizes ?is air 9 ! mann] ( o!r air-brea?+ aquatic l>v--namely1 ?r\gh its spiracles4 ,z _m aquatic l>v respire 9 two ways1 ei!r inhal+ air ?r\gh ! spiracles or by means ( bran*ial leaflets1 s ,aphrophora may likewise utilize its bran*ial tufts = ! same purpose4 ,= ?is reason we c und]/& h[ ea* fre% bubble add$ to ! mass may arate ! fluid1 s to speak1 & ?us insure at int]vals a fre% supply ( oxyg54 ,,! ,,negro ,,s9ce ,,! ,,civil ,,w>4 ,,by ,n4 ,s4 ,,%al]1 ,,dean ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,s*ool ,,( ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity4 ,! admirable conduct ( ! negro dur+ ! civil w> made x seem possible to h ! readju/m5t ( 8 relations on ! basis ( fre$om br\ght ab\t ) a m9imum ( friction4 ,z a :ole1 ! =m] slaves _h /ay$ on ! l& :]e !y belong$4 ,_m ( ^? :o _h w&]$1 mov$ by ! hom+ in/9ct s /rong 9 _! race1 f\nd _! way back to _! accu/om$ places4 ,! bonds ( mutual int]e/ & old affections 7 en\gh1 _h ! situation be5 left )\t outside di/urbance1 to h made ! transition natural & easy4 ,x is true t ! negro1 ) 8 scant wage paid 9 supplies1 w\ld n h advanc$ v f> 9 ! ways ( fre$om4 ,he w\ld h be5 h>dly bett] ?an ! middle-age s]f b\nd to 8 field4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 h be5 bett] to beg9 ) a m9imum ( lib]ty1 ) provision = s*ool+ & a fran*ise bas$ on education4 ,b ?is 0 n to be4 ,political ends & ! popul> misconception ( ! negroes z be+s :o diff] f ourselves only 9 ! color ( _! sk9 & 9 ! k9k ( _! hair l$ to _! imm$iate enfran*isem5t & to ! dis5fran*isem5t ( _! ma/]s4 ,?is 0 att5d$ by an invasion into ! ,s\? ( ! wor/ political rabble t has ev] curs$ ! l&4 ,!re 7 good & true m5 among ! c>pet-bagg]s1 b z a lot !y 7 ( a badness su* z ! _w has n kn[n s9ce captur$ prov9ces 7 dealt out to ! political gambl]s ( ,rome4 ,! effect ( ! c>pet-bag p]iod on ! negroes 0 to raise _! expectations ( =tune to ! highe/ po9t1 & !n to ca/ !m d[n4 ,^? ( ! poore/ imag9ations look$ = =ty acres ( l& & a mule4 ,9 ! result+ political corruption ! native :ites & blacks endur$ ev5 great] losses ?an ! w> _h inflict$1 ! mo/ griev\s be+ a great unsettl+ ( ! relations betwe5 ! races4 ,! way 9 :i* ! :ite m5 ( ! bett] sort met ?is trial is fit to be comp>$ ) ! be/ political a*ievem5ts ( _! folk4 ,gradually1 on ! :ole )\t viol5ce1 = !y _h to ab/a9 f t1 work+ )9 ! limits ( ! ,con/itution to :i* !y _h be5 =c$ to tru/ = _! rem$ies1 !y rewon control ( _! wa/$ communities1 & br\ght !m back to civiliz$ ord]4 ,!re 0 a %>e ( t]rorism & %ame f su* devices z tissue ballots to less5 ! dignity ( ?is rem>kable "w1 yet x rema9s a great a*ievem5t--"o t goes f> to r$eem ! folly ( ! secession movem5t4 ,! full significance ( ?is action is yet to be compreh5d$4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ! c>pet-bag gov]nm5ts1 quietly yet effectively accompli%$1 remov$ ! only dang] ( w> betwe5 ! blacks & :ites4 ,we c n well imag9e ano!r crisis s likely to br+ ab\t a conflict ( t k9d4 ,! blacks 7 driv5 f p[]4 ,_! desp]ate lead]s w\ld will+ly h l$ !m to fight1 b ! allegiance to ! anci5t ma/]s 0 too /rong1 _! tru/ 9 ! c>pet-bagg]1 = all 8 affectation ( love1 too slight to set !m on t way4 ,! negro fell back z ne> z might be to ! place he held at ! close ( ! w>4 ,8 position 0 !reaft] worse ?an x 0 at t /ation 9 8 hi/ory1 = ! confid5ce & affection :i* ! behavior ( _! s]vants dur+ ! rebellion _h inspir$ 0 replac$ 9 ! m9d ( ! dom9ant race by an abid+ s5se ( ! iniquities 9 :i* ! ex-slaves _h %>$4 ,!reaft]1 & to ?is day1 ! black man is look$ ^u z a political enemy1 :o has to be wat*$ le/ he w aga9 w9 a *ance to control ! /ate4 ,9 ! great] "p ( ! ,s\? ?is fe> is pass+ away4 ,9 sev]al ,/ates new laws conc]n+ ! fran*ise h made x practically impossible = ! negro vote to be a s\rce ( dang] = "s "t to come--until1 inde$1 ! negro is bett] educat$ & has prop]ty4 ,!re is a %>e ( iniquity 9 ^! laws1 z !re is apt to be 9 all actions relat+ to a situation t re/s on anci5t evils1 b _! effect is bett] ?an t ( t]rorism & tissue ballots :i* x replaces4 ,!y w af=d "t = ! new adju/m5ts to be effect$4 ,9 consid]+ ! pres5t conditions ( ! negro1 we may fir/ note ! important fact t he is h>d at "w4 ,! production ( ! ,s\? cle>ly %[s t ! sometime slaves1 or r _! *ildr51 are labor+ ev5 m effectively ?an !y did 9 ! "t ( legal s]vitude4 ,?is disposes ( ! notion t ! blacks w n "w )\t o!r compulsion ?an ^? ne$s :i* b5d ! backs ( 8 :ite bre?r54 ,x is evid5t t ! g5]ation born s9ce ! w> is labori\s & productive up to1 if n beyond1 ! av]age ( m54 ,x is also pla9 t !y are fitt$ = a r wid] range ( employm5t ?an !y 7 accu/om$ to foll[ z slaves4 ,! negro has prov$ himself well adapt$ = labor 9 m9es & ab\t furnaces--9 all places1 inde$1 :]e /r5g? & a mod]ate %>e ( intellig5ce are requir$4 ,! fe> t he w\ld des]t ! l& & flock to ! cities has n be5 ju/ifi$4 ,he appe>s less dispos$ to yield to ! temptations ( ! great t[ns ?an ! :ites4 ,! fir/ rage ( ! fre$ p = s*ool+ seems to h pass$4 ,a good _m ( !m are gett+ ! rudim5ts ( an education1 "s few a l>g] culture1 b !re appe>s to be dang] t ! folk may lapse into indiff]5ce conc]n+ all tra9+ t is n imm$iately pr(itable4 ,z to ! moral condition ( ! negroes1 !re appe>s to be good reason = believ+ t x is n[ 9 ! way ( bett]m5t4 ,little z !y 7 di/urb$ 9 _! conduct by ! sudd5 *ange 9 _! app>5t place 9 ! _w1 !y 7 = a "t some:at %ak5 z reg>ds ! limits ( _! rights4 ,s f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 !y are mu* less giv5 to /eal+ ?an !y 7 j aft] !y 7 fre$1 or ev5 z !y 7 z slaves4 ,_! m>ital relations1 ?\gh leav+ mu* /ill to be desir$1 are improv+1 z is all t relates to ! c>e ( _! *ildr54 ,mo/ important is ! fact t loose relations betwe5 :ite m5 & negro wom5 h 9 great measure ceas$1 s t ! unhappy mixture ( ! races1 :i* has be5 ! curse ( tropical /ates1 is app>5tly n likely to prove s]i\s4 ,al?\gh ! negro is n rapidly ga9+ prop]ty1 he is mak+ a /eadfa/ advance 9 t direction4 ,! money s5se 9 all t relates to capital he1 ) a few exceptions1 is yet to acquire4 ,?is "p ( 8 task is c]ta9 to be difficult to him1 z x is to all peoples :o are 9 ! e>li] /ages ( civiliz$ ?\ght4 ,! exp]im5t ( ! ,fre$man's ,bank1 by :i* _m suff]$ at ! h&s ( design+ :ite p1 has left a bad impression ^u ! m9ds ( ! negroes4 ,:]e !y save1 !y commonly ho>d _! /ore4 ,z yet !y h n become accu/om$ to associative action4 ,!y r>ely ent] into any k9d ( p>tn]%ip4 ,9 ?is indisposition to atta9 ! advantages ( mutual support we h ano!r evid5ce ( ! primitive condition ( ! folk4 ,be=e endeavor+ to g fur!r ) ?is acc\nt ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! negroes ( ?is c\ntry1 x is well to note ! fact t :ile mu* has be5 done to bl5d ! orig9al div]sities ( _! /ock1 ^! diff]5ces h by no means pass$ away4 ,! seek]s aft] slaves 9 ,africa 7 n *oice z to _! pur*ases or captures2 !y reckon$ z black if he 7 no d>k] ?an br[n1 & !y 7 n at all c>eful to see t 8 hair 0 k9ky4 ,?us x came ab\t t f ! wide e?nic range ( ! ,d>k ,cont95t !re came to u a great v>iety ( p--a mu* m div]se population ?an we h receiv$ f ,europe4 ,x might be suppos$ t ! conditions ( slav]y w\ld quickly h effac$ ^! diff]5ces1 b ev5 9 t /ate !re 0 *oice 9 mat+1 & c]ta9 /ocks h su* prepot5cy t a small %>e ( _! blood /amps ^? :o h x 9 a def9ite mann]4 ,! result is t1 "u ! mask ( a common d>k1 ?\gh really v v>i$ly t9t$ sk91 we h an exce$+ div]sity ( race & quality4 ,x is discr$itable to our /ud5ts ( an?ropology t z yet !re has be5 no consid]able ef=t made to det]m9e ! v>ieties :i* exi/ 9 our negro population or ! s\rce ( _! peculi>ities 9 ! tribes :5ce !y come4 ,9 a small way1 = _m ye>s1 on num]\s j\rneys 9 ! ,s\?1 ,i h endeavor$ to classify ! blacks ,i h met4 ,= a long "t ,i kept ^! results 9 a r\ghly tabulat$ =m4 ,al?\gh su* obs]vations1 includ+ no measurem5ts & giv+ only eye impressions ( ! g5]al =m1 c h no det]m9able value1 !y may1 9 ! abs5ce ( bett] "w1 des]ve consid]ation4 ,! result ( ?is r\gh inspection ( _m ?\s& ( ^! peoples 9 ne>ly e ,/ate 9 ! ,s\? has be5 to indicate t !re are sev]al1 probably m ?an six1 gr\ps ( s-call$ negroes :i* repres5t orig9al diff]5ces ( /ock or ! mix$ product ( _! union4 ,! m *>act]i/ic ( ^! ,i w n[ briefly describe4 ,= conv5i5ce ,i w fir/ note ^? :o are t]m$ mulattoes1 9 :i* !re is an evid5t mixture ( :ite blood4 ,su* admixture seems to be di/9ctly traceable if x am\nts to z little z "o eigh?2 x is said t "o sixte5? ( negro blood1 or less1 w be reveal$ on close /udy ( ! hair & sk94 ,! proportion ( ! negroes 9 our ,s\!rn ,/ates :o h :ite ance/ry 9 any degree does n1 9 my op9ion1 exce$ "o t5?1 & may be z small z "o tw5tie? ( ! :ole numb]4 ,judg+ only by ! hue ( ! sk91 ! obs]v] w be likely to make ! proportion l>g]1 = ! reason t he w include _m p]sons :o1 because !y come f /ocks t 7 n blacksk9n$1 appe> at fir/ sight to be mulattoes ( "s degree4 ,^! ,eu-,africans1 z we may t]m !m--imitat+ 9 ! t]m ! useful ^w ,eurasian1 :i* is appli$ to ! mixture ( ,european & ,asiatic p 9 ,india--are 9 appe>ance exce$+ly div]se1 ! v>iety be+ caus$ by ! v>y+ %>e ( ! blood ( ! two races1 z well z by ! div]sities ( ! /ocks to :i* ! p>5ts belong4 ,besides ! mixture ( ! ,european & black1 we h ano!r less well kn[n b n uncommon betwe5 ! negro & ! ,indian4 ,?is is (t5 met ) among ! remnants ( ! ,indian tribes 9 all ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! two gr\ps ( primitive p appe> to h f\nd _! despis$ lot a basis = a clos] union4 ,! d>k sk9 ( ! ,algonk9s1 h[ev]1 makes ! remnants ( t p appe> to h m black blood ?an !y really possess4 ,n only did /ray negroes resort to ! ,indian settlem5ts1 b "s ( ! tribes own$ _m slaves4 ,! result is t 9 _m p>ts ( ?is c\ntry1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ,virg9ia1 ! ,c>ol9as1 ,florida1 & ,georgia1 ! att5tive obs]v] (t5 w note ! ,indian's features /amp$ on ^? ( ! ,african4 ,com+ to ! div]sities ( ! /ock among ! pure ,africans1 we may fir/ note ! type :i*1 9 ! r\gh judgm5t ( ! public1 is ! real or ,gu9ea negro4 ,t he is s tak5 is d\btless because he is ! mo/ di/9ctly *>act]iz$ ( all black p4 ,! m5 ( ?is well-kn[n gr\p are g5]ally burly fell[s1 atta9+ at a relatively e>ly age a massive trunk & /rong ?ighs2 !y h ?ick necks & small ?\gh v>i$ly %ap$ heads4 ,! bridge ( ! nose is l[1 & ! jaws protrud+4 ,! face1 ?\gh di/9ctly ( a l[ type1 v (t5 has a v *>m+ expression--"o 9 :i* ! human look is bl5d$ ) a remnant ( ! anci5t animal :o _h n yet come to ! c>eful /age ( life4 ,! wom5 ( ?is gr\p are well made1 b commonly less s ?an ! m54 ,9 g5]al =m ! two sexes ( ! gr\p are mu* alike1 a feature :i* also indicates an ess5tially l[ /ation4 ,^! p ( ! ,gu9ea type =m p]haps "o half ( ! ,s\!rn negroes4 ,along ) ! ,gu9ea type goes ano!r mu* r>]1 :i* at fir/ sight might by ! c>eless obs]v] be conf\nd$ ) ! l[] gr\p4 ,! only common features are ! burly =m ( bo?1 ! deep-black hue1 & ! g5]al =m ( ! features4 ,! m5 we are n[ consid]+ h a high] & 9 e way bett] head4 ,_! =eheads are full]1 & ! expression ( ! face1 to my view1 q o!r ?an t ( ! ,gu9ea m54 ,9 place ( ! sly1 evasive *ild-animal look ( ! l[] creature1 ?is fell[ has r a lordly port1 ! expression ( a vigor\s1 brave1 al]t man4 ,?is1 :i* ,i am dispos$ to t]m ! ,zulu type1 f ! resemblance to t p1 is on _m acc\nts ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! gr\ps we h to consid]4 ,my idea t x may h come f ! above-nam$ tribe is bas$ on an acqua9tance ) a p>ty ( s\!rn ,africans :o "s =ty ye>s ago 7 br\ght to ?is c\ntry by a %[man4 ,i came to "k !m well4 ,!y 7 attractive fell[s1 ( ! same quality z c]ta9 blacks ,i _h kn[n 9 ,k5tucky4 ,:5 ,i saw ^! /rang]s ,i p]ceiv$ _! lik5ess to c]ta9 able blacks ^: features & quality _h made impressions on my m9d t rema9 cle> to ! pres5t day4 ,x is likely t ?is elem5t ( ! negro p ,i h t]m$ ,zulu is n ( any "o tribe2 x may be ( sev]al div]se /ocks ) no o!r common quality ?an t :i* vigor gives4 ,!y may1 9 "p1 be f ,bangora tribes ( ! ,congo ,valley1 or ev5 ,s\danese4 ,! proportion ( ?is gr\p to ! :ole is small2 because x m]ges into ! o!r x c n well be e/imat$4 ,i f9d t ,i h reckon$ x 9 my notes z "o tw5tie? ( ! :ole black population4 ,set ov] aga9/ ^! robu/ blacks1 b also ( high quality1 is a gr\p less di/9ctly limit$1 :i* has = its *>act]i/ics a r tall1 lean =m1 a sl5d] neck1 a high head1 & a ?9 face1 usually ) a nose ( bett] =m ?an is commonly f\nd1 sometimes approa*+ ! aquil9e4 ,! sk9 ( ^! p is (t5 z black z t ( ! ,gu9ea folk1 yet x is ( ano!r hue--a dead] black1 p]haps due to "s diff]5ce 9 ! sk9 gl&s4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 !re is a trace ( br[n 9 ! complexion4 ,n[ & !n ! relative /raightness ( ! hair & _! facial pr(iles sugge/ t ! peculi>ity ( ?is p is due to an admixture ( ,semitic 7probably ,arabian7 blood4 ,negroes ( ?is type are mo/ abundant 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,s\?1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,virg9ia4 ,!y are r>e 9 ! plantation ,/ates4 ,?is is mayhap due to ! fact t 9 ! selection ( p to be sold to ! trad]s su* delicate folk 7 reta9$ :]e !y belong$--z h\se s]vants4 ,^! r>e negroes1 :i* = lack ( a bett] "n w be t]m$ ,arabs1 are few 9 numb]4 ,!y c n be reckon$ at m ?an "o p] c5t ( ! :ole4 ,besides ! comp>atively recognizable types above reckon$1 !re is ano!r :i* puzzles ! obs]v]4 ,!y are ( v>i$ %apes1 g5]ally1 h[ev]1 r small] ?an ! av]age4 ,_! peculi>ity consi/s 9 ! r$di%-br[n hue ( _! sk9s1 :i* at fir/ sugge/s t !y are mulattoes4 ,_! faces & h&s are (t5 di/9ctly blot*$ ) d>k] pat*es1 9 ! mann] ( freckles4 ,at times ,i h be5 incl9$ to reg>d _! features z indicat+ a t5d5cy to alb9ism1 or t *ange ( pigm5t su* z n[ & !n gives silv] foxes or :ite blackbirds4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 x seems m likely t we h 9 ^! r$ negroes ! remnant ( a p once di/9ctly sep>at$ f ! o!r black ,africans4 ,9 favor ( ?is view is ! fact t ! memb]s ( ! gr\p are v ev5ly di/ribut$1 z !y w\ld be if !y 7 a di/9ct race1 & n z we %\ld expect to f9d !m if !y 7 ! result ( alb9ism or ( a mixture ( :ite blood4 ,! numb] ( ?is v>iety ( folk is small2 x probably does n exce$ "o p] c5t ( ! population4 ,:5 ! obs]v] has made ! divisions above not$ he has set ap>t a little m ?an "o half ( ! blacks he has tri$ to classify4 ,among ! rema9d] he w h rem>k$ o!r b indi/9ct types 9 a way t appe>s to indicate t sev]al o!r fairly *>act]iz$ gr\ps might by close scrut9y be e/abli%$4 ,! great] "p ( ?is rema9d]1 h[ev]1 evid5tly consi/s ( mix$ p1 :o h come f a m+l+ ( ! orig9al div]se /ocks4 ,imp]fectly f\nd$ & inadequate z are ! results ( my r\gh inspection ( ! ,s\!rn negroes1 !y fairly s]ve to %[ "s facts ( importance to ^? :o w\ld helpfully =esee ! future ( ! black p 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we may fir/ rem>k t1 not)/&+ ! _m di/9ct racial qualities & div]sity :i*1 to my eye1 f> exce$ :at we may obs]ve among ! :ites ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !y are1 ) ! exception ( ! mulattoes1 9 excell5t physical condition4 ,!y are ( curi\sly ev51 s]viceable size1 dw>fs & giants be+ v r>e--mu* r>] ?an among ! :ites4 ,! p]c5tage ( de=m$ p]sons is1 s f> z ! eye c det]m9e x1 v l[4 ,i am fairly well acqua9t$ ) ! peasant class 9 mo/ ( ! ,european /ates1 & ,i "k ( no region :]e ! av]age condition ( ! folk appe>s to be s good z x is among ! ,s\!rn blacks4 ,9 fact1 ?is /ate is d\btless due to ! rigid selection :i* 0 _h :5 ! ,africans 7 *os5 = export2 9 "p to ! c>e ( _! bodies dur+ ! "t :5 !y 7 slaves4 ,! result is a di/9ctly *os5 p1 well fitt$ to c>ry ! burd5s ( ?is _w4 ,! v>iety ( physical quality :i* appe>s to exi/ among ! negroes is important1 = ! reason t x appe>s to be associat$ ) m5tal diff]5ces ev5 z great1 ?us af=d+ a basis = ! diff]5tiation ( ! p z reg>ds occupations & consequ5t /ation 9 life4 ,x is ev5 m difficult to get at ! m5tal peculi>ities ( ! sev]al gr\ps ( black folk ?an x is to asc]ta9 ^? ( _! bodies1 s :at ,i %all n[ set =? is /at$ ) mu* d\bt4 ,x repres5ts my own op9ion1 qualifi$ by t ( o!rs ^: judgm5ts ,i h s\ght4 ,9 ! ,gu9ea type we h a folk ( ess5tially limit$ intellig5ce4 ,! *ildr5 are r nimble-witt$1 b :5 ! body beg9s to be mature x dom9ates ! m9d4 ,x seems likely t ?us ! l>ge/ elem5t ( ! race is to f9d its place 9 ! field or 9 ! l[] /ages ( craft "w4 ,! ,zulu type appe>s to me fit = any?+ t ! ord9>y m5 ( our own race c d4 ,!y rema9 ?r\gh life al]t & ) a capacity = a vigor\s reaction ) _! associates4 ,f !m may come ! lead]s ( _! k9dr$ ( less ma/]ful quality4 ,f ! ,arab type we may expect m highly educable p ?an is af=d$ by ! o!r di/9ct gr\ps4 ,!y h m delicate qualities4 ,!y lack ! :olesome exub]ance ( ! ord9>y negro1 :i* is commonly t]m$ 8bumpti\sness40 ,_! nature is (t5 :at we may t]m cl]ical4 ,!y are incl9$ to be somb]1 b are n morose 9 ! mann] ( a 8mu/y0 elephant1 z is frequ5tly ! case ) ! ,gu9ea & ,zulu types4 ,( ! r$ or freckl$ negroes ,i h no suffici5t gr\nds = an op9ion1 yet !y z a :ole impress me less favorably ?an any o!r ( ! di/9ct gr\ps4 ,z = ! unclassifi$ rema9d] ( ! blacks1 x c only be said t !y seem to be z v>i$ 9 _! m5tal z !y are 9 _! physical "*4 ,! mulattoes ( ?is c\ntry appe> to be ( less importance to ! future ( ! p ) :i* !y are class$ ?an !y are 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e ! :ite elem5t ( ! mixture is f o!r ?an ! ,teutonic /ock4 ,!y are 9 g5]al ( feeble vitality1 r>ely surviv+ beyond middle age4 ,my fa!r1 an able physician1 :o _h be5 = ne>ly all ( a long life 9 contact ) negroes1 0 ( ! op9ion t he _h nev] se5 a half-bre$ :o 0 m ?an sixty ye>s old4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a notable lack ( ag$ p ( a hue t w\ld indicate t !y 7 any:]e ne> an equal mixture ( ! :ite & black races4 ,^? 9 :i* ! blood ( :ite /ock pr$om9ates appe> to be m endur+ ?an ! half-bre$s4 ,:ile ! intellectual qualities ( ! mix$ :ite & black are (t5 v good & ! attractiv5ess ( ! p]son & mann] sometimes rem>kable1 !y h 9 g5]al a r bad reputation z reg>ds tru/wor?9ess4 ,su* a view ( me/izos is common 9 all c\ntries :]e !y occur4 ,humboldt is quot$ 7?\gh ,i h n f\nd ! matt] 9 8 works7 z say+ t all mix$ races h r ! evil ?an ! good ( ! races f :i* !y sprang4 ,9 ! case ( ! mulattoes1 at lea/1 !re seems to be no w>rant = ?is judgm5t1 & all we "k ( (fspr+ ( div]se species 9 ! animal & plant _w fails to give x any support4 ,x is mo/ likely t ?is op9ion z to ! mix$ :ite & black p is b "o ( ! v>ieties ( race prejudice :]e ! suff]] is (t5 despis$ by ^? :o are bel[ him z well z ^? :o are above4 ,! lot ( all human half-bre$s is unhappy 9 t !y are limit$ to a n>r[ field ( association4 ,!y are n p]fectly free to make fri5ds ) ei!r ( ! peoples to :om !y are k94 ,consid]+ ! peculi> situation ( ! mulattoes1 ! difficulty ( :i* no "o :o has n s\ght in=mation on ! matt] c well conceive1 x seems to me t _! way ( life is cr$itable to !m4 ,on _! own & o!r acc\nts1 h[ev]1 we may welcome ! fact t _! mix$ /ock is likely to disappe>1 be+ m]g$ 9 ^? :5ce x sprang4 ,9 consid]+ ! future ( our ,am]ican negroes x is important t we %\ld make a judgm5t z to _! moral t5d5cies4 ,?is is n easy to d1 = ! /ati/ics ( crime are n 9 su* =m z to make x cle> 9 :at reg>ds !y dep>t f ! av]ages ( ! :ite population4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt t at fir/ !y 7 addict$ to small ?iev+1 & t ?is habit cont9u$ until aft] ! civil w>4 ,s\!rn p1 well plac$ = =m+ an op9ion1 believe t ?is evil is pass+ away1 f ! developm5t ( ! prop]ty s5se4 ,z = drunk5ness1 ! negro appe>s to be on ! :ole less tempt$ to x ?an are ! :ites4 ,"o r>ely f9ds ! sot type among !m4 ,^? ( ! l[] class are liable to curi\s contagi\s excitem5ts1 :i* (t5 make !m behave z if !y 7 intoxicat$ :5 !y are n s4 ,a sc5e ,i witness$ on a tra9 out ( ,new ,orleans1 a few ye>s ago1 illu/rates ?is & o!r significant features ( ! negro "*4 ,x 0 a ,sunday morn+1 & ! c> assign$ to blacks 0 full ( /urdy fell[s1 mo/ly ( ! ,gu9ea type4 ,expla9+ to ! conductor t ,i wi%$ to see ! p1 he all[$ me to take a seat 9 ! re> ( ! c>riage4 ,at fir/ my neighbors look$ askance at me1 b ) a ^w !y became fri5dly4 ,:ile ! tra9 0 at re/ ! ?rong 0 /ill1 b z soon z x 0 9 motion s++ & %\t+ began4 ,!re 0 a lull at e /ation1 b ) ea* r5ewal ( ! motion ! excitem5t rose high]1 until x became v great4 ,a :ite newsboy1 a fell[ ( "s eighte5 or tw5ty ye>s1 0 engag$ 9 sell+ pap]s & c&y4 ,z he pass$ along ! aisle "o ( ! negroes sprang at him1 knife 9 h&4 ,9 a fla% ! boy _h ! muzzle ( 8 pi/ol almo/ aga9/ ! assailant's head4 ,at ?is e negro 9 ! c> 0 afoot & %\t+4 ,fe>+ ! boy might be /ruck f beh9d1 ,i mov$ ne> to him1 int5d+ to caution him n to fire too soon1 = ,i 0 sure t 8 oppon5t w\ld quickly break d[n4 ,! y\ng/] ne$$ no advice ( m9e4 ,9 a /eady1 l[ voice he call$1 8,put up y\r knife--"o60 ,) t ! ?rong became sudd5ly /ill4 8,put up y\r knife--two60 :]eupon ! ugly fell[ sl[ly hid 8 knife & sank into a seat ) b[$ head1 :ile ! newsboy w5t on cry+ 8 w>es1 z if no?+ unusual _h happ5$4 ,?9k+ t ! negro might h _h "s grudge 9 m9d1 ,i ask$ ! newsboy = ! facts4 ,he assur$ me t he _h nev] se5 ! fell[ be=e1 & _h no reason to expect ! attack4 ,he agre$ ) me t none ( ! p 7 drunk1 & acc\nt$ = _! conduct mu* z ,i 0 dispos$ to d--t 8coons w\ld get wild :5 !re 0 a racket go+ on40 ,x 0 int]e/+ to note t ! brakem51 :o1 ) _! pi/ols ready1 came f ei!r end ( ! c>1 took ! affair z quietly z did ! newsboy1 mak+ no k9d ( comm5t on x4 ,i /ay$ on = an h\r or s 9 ! c>4 ,:ile ,i 0 !re ! negroes 7 p]fectly quiet1 x be+ evid5t t al?\gh ! (f5d] 0 n arre/$ & no bl[ _h be5 /ruck1 n ev5 a brutal ^w us$1 a pr(\nd impression _h be5 made on ^? half-savage p1 z 9 ano!r way on me4 ,we bo? felt :at means ! /rong h& ( a ma/]ful race--! /rong] :5 x )holds f smit+4 ,i _h se5 a good example ( "o ( ! ways by :i* ! wild m5 ( ,africa h be5 %ap$ to ! habits ( _! ma/]s4 ,su* a sc5e z ,i h sket*$ is happily possible 9 only a limit$ "p ( ! ,s\?--t 9 :i* !re is a great body ( negroes :o h n yet be5 to any ext5t influ5c$ by civiliz+ contact ) ! :ites4 ,!re is a common ass]tion t ! male negroes are sexually dang]\s animals4 ,! lyn*+s = assaults on :ite wom5 appe> at fir/ sight to give "s color to ?is view4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 evid5tly a difficult matt] on :i* to =m an op9ion4 ,x may be fairly said t ^! in/ances ( viol5ce occur 9 by f> ! l>g] proportion 9 ! ,/ates :]e ! blacks are lea/ dome/icat$1 :]e !y h be5 9 ! smalle/ measure remov$ f _! primitive savag]y4 ,if we c\ld elim9ate ?is unciviliz$ mat]ial1 mo/ly t :i* took %ape1 or r kept its primitive %ape1 on ! great plantation1 ! iniquity w\ld be z r>e ev]y:]e z x is 9 ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 ,miss\ri1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,t5nessee4 ,:5 we recall ! fact t !re are n[ "s five million negro m5 9 ! ,s\?1 & t probably n "o 9 t5 ?\s& is guilty ( ! crime1 we see h[ imp]fect is ! basis ( ?is judgm5t4 ,we h also to rememb] t ?is (f5se :5 committ$ by a negro is ?r\gh ! action ( ! mob widely publi%$1 :ile if ! (f5d] be a :ite man x is unlikely to be s well kn[n4 ,i !re=e hold to ! belief t viol5ce to wom5 is n prov$ to be a crime peculi>ly common among ! blacks4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t1 on ! :ole1 !re is less dang] to be appreh5d$ f !m 9 ?is reg>d ?an f an equal body ( :ites ( ! l social grade4 ,?is matt] is "o ( exce$+ importance1 = on x may dep5d ! future ( ! ,s\?4 ,x is fit t 9 consid]+ x m5 %\ld keep _! heads cle>4 ,9 review+ ! condition ( ! ,eu-,africans a ?ird ( a c5tury aft] ! w> t gave !m _! new e/ate1 we h1 ,i ?9k1 reason to be satisfi$ ) ! results ( ! *ange4 ,! *ange has br\ght u no di/9ct economic evils1 z %[n by ! /ati/ics ( ! indu/ries4 ,! labor ( ! blacks is q z productive z x 0 :ile !y 7 slaves4 ,_! moral situation is n evid5tly worse ?an x 0 be=e !y atta9$ ! measure ( lib]ty :i* !y n[ possess4 ,! fir/ /ep1 t :i* naturally caus$ ! mo/ fe>1 has be5 tak51 ! p are free & h n turn$ _! lib]ty to lic5se4 ,9 look+ =w>d1 h[ev]1 we see t only a "p ( ! task has be5 done4 ,! negroes h fail$ to acquire1 save 9 v small proportion1 ! capacity = a true political life4 ,x has be5 f\nd necess>y to deprive !m ( ! control !y once ex]cis$1 to ! p]il ( ! ,/ates & _! own great h>m4 ,! "q is z to ! ways 9 :i* !y are to be lift$ into ! safe plane ( ,am]ican citiz5%ip4 ,!y mu/ be s lift$1 or we %all 9 "t see e/abli%$ 9 ! ,s\? a sy/em ( s]fdom "u ! control ( an olig>*y--a /ate ( affairs 9 "s reg>ds worse ?an t ( slav]y1 = x w lack ! elem5t ( p]sonal int]e/ :i* did mu* to help ! black 9 ! fir/ /ages ( 8 life ) u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f>o ,,ii is a dog ( f9e bre$ & great intellig5ce1 belong+ to "o ( ! arti/s ( ,la ,nature1 & has be5 engag$ z an actor 9 ! play ( ,rob9son ,crusoe1 at "o ( ! !at]s 9 ,p>is4 ,on ! /age 8 "n is ,toby1 & he kn[s x1 & kn[s j :at he has to d4 ,he has ent]$ into relations ) 8 fell[-actors1 & obeys 8 cue in/antly4 ,he does ! /age bus9ess ) /rict accuracy1 picks up ! bird t is %ot & takes x to ,rob9son1 looks up 8 yams & ! vegetable s\p & 8 pipe4 ,he is griev$ :5 ,rob9son is sad1 exults :5 he is rejoic+1 & looks aft] 8 fell[-actors--! goat1 ! monkey1 & ! p>rot--:o are n s bright z he4 ,(f ! /age he kn[s no?+ ( ,toby or ( ,rob9son ,crusoe1 answ]s to no "n b ,f>o1 & recognizes no ma/] b ! arti/1 ,m4 ,weiss]4 ,,! ,,birds ,,( ,,! ,,adirondacks4 ,,by ,,s5ator ,,george ,,*ahoon4 ,i %all make no appeal = ! protection ( our birds1 = t is n necess>y to ^? :o "k !m2 b ,i wi% we c\ld all "k !m bett]1 & :5 we knew we w\ld surely love & give !m our protection4 ,we w\ld !n realize _! great use z insect & we$ de/roy]s2 !y w\ld fasc9ate u ) _! cunn+ habits1 & *>m u ) _! beauty & grace4 ,mo/ ( our birds are migrators1 pass+ _! bre$+ season 9 summ] ) u & !n leav+ = w>m] climes4 ,9 addition to ! climatic reasons = ?is migration1 ! "q ( food supply is d\btless an important factor1 = :ile !y might /& ! sev]ity ( our w9t]s ! insectivor\s birds c\ld n get any food :5 our gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) sn[ & ice1 &1 9 pro( ( ?is1 z a rule ! omnivor\s migratory birds are ! fir/ to come 9 ! spr+ & ! la/ to leave 9 ! fall4 ,9 #ahgg ,i began mak+ notes ( ! arrival ( ! rob91 bluebird1 & swall[2 ^! notes h be5 made e spr+1 mo/ly by myself1 b dur+ my abs5ce by "s memb] ( my family1 & 7 all tak5 at ,au ,sable ,=ks4 ,! e>lie/ date = ! rob9 is ,m>* #aj?2 = ! bluebird1 ,m>* #g?2 & = ! swall[1 ,april #d?4 ,! late/ date = ! rob9 is ,april #g?2 = ! bluebird1 ,april #g?2 & = ! swall[1 ,april #be?4 ,! av]age date is = ! rob91 ,m>* #bh?2 bluebird1 ,m>* #bf?2 & ! swall[1 ,april #ae?4 ,9 e ye> ! fir/ rob9s t came 7 males1 & ?is 0 true ) ! bluebird except+ two ye>s :5 ,i saw bo? male & female birds on ! same day4 ,! sex ( ! swall[ is n z easily det]m9$1 & ,i am n sure ab\t !m1 b my g5]al obs]vation has be5 t ! males come fir/1 & are foll[$ 9 a few days by ! females1 & t ! c\rt%ip & mat+ are all arrang$ aft] _! arrival4 ,my obs]vations h be5 q c>eful1 & ,i ?9k !y are full en\gh to g f> t[>d e/abli%+ ?is fact4 ,( c\rse1 !re w be exceptions & our obs]vations are necess>ily imp]fect1 = x is n probable t we happ5 to see ! v fir/ bird t comes4 ,no bird is m g5]ally kn[n or m univ]sally lik$ ?an our common rob94 ,e ye> he s+s = u our praises to ! com+ spr+ f ! talle/ limb ( ! elm1 & he hops across our lawn ) a cut5ess t =ces a he>ty welcome1 &1 diff]+ f mo/ birds1 he seems to be m num]\s ea* ye>4 ,9 a few days 8 mate jo9s him1 & a se>* = a site = _! fir/ ne/ beg9s4 ,! rob9 lays f\r eggs1 & frequ5tly raises ?ree broods ( "y 9 a season1 nev]1 s f> z ,i "k1 us+ ! same site or ! same ne/ twice 9 "o season1 or m c]ta9ly nev] us+ ! same ne/ or site = two consecutive broods4 ,ye> aft] ye> ! same corn] 9 ! por* or ! same crot* 9 ! apple tree w be us$ z a ne/+ place by ! rob91 & we h all wond]$ if ! same rob9s came back e ye>1 or if ! "y birds return$ & us$ ! ne/ 9 :i* !y 7 hat*$4 ,! birds look & act wond]fully famili> :5 ! old site is occupi$1 & _m p are sure !y rememb] ! birds f ! ye> prec$+4 ,i h nev] se5 a /atem5t f any orni?ologi/ ?r[+ light on ?is int]e/+ "q1 & ,i twice made an attempt1 )\t success1 to obta9 ! in=mation = myself4 ,all ?ru%es except ! rob9 are mottl$ on ! brea/1 & ! brea/ ( ! "y rob9 is mottl$ = ! fir/ season1 s ! "y c be readily told f ! old birds4 ,! rob9 is a great lov] ( angleworms4 ,! "y foll[ ! "m :ile %e ga!rs worms to fe$ !m1 & ab\t ! "t = wean+ ! "y birds ,i h frequ5tly se5 ! "m bird pick up /raws & /icks & (f] !m to h] "y in/ead ( food4 ,?is may be done to disc\rage !m f foll[+ h] any long]1 b ,i ?9k x is m probably caus$ by a return ( ! ne/-build+ in/9ct to ! "m4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i put a small bird box on a po/ 9 our y>d1 :i* 0 soon occupi$ by a pair ( summ] wr5s1 & all w5t nicely ) !m until a pair ( ,engli% sp>r[s conclud$ to drive ! wr5s away & take ! h\se = !mselves1 & = ?ree or f\r days ! wr5s & sp>r[s 7 con/antly fight+1 b ! wr5s f9ally won & held possession ( ! h\se1 al?\gh at a great sacrifice1 = aft] ! fight 0 ov] ,i rais$ ! lid ( ! box & f\nd ! "y birds dead1 ! fight evid5tly tak+ s mu* ( ! "t & att5tion ( ! old birds t !y all[$ _! "y to />ve4 ,i remov$ ! dead birds1 & 9 a %ort "t ! wr5s rebuilt ! ne/1 & ?is "t !y clos$ ! hole = entrance until x 0 sc>cely l>ge en\gh to admit my ?umb4 ,! box 0 occupi$ by wr5s = sev]al ye>s1 b ! entrance 0 nev] clos$ aft]w>d1 & ,i kept ! sp>r[s f any fur!r int]f]5ce4 ,9 ?is connection ,i w\ld say t1 at lea/ s f> z ! ,engli% sp>r[ is conc]n$1 ! male selects ! site = ! ne/4 ,:5 ,i %ot ! female ! male soon return$ ) ano!r mate1 b :5 ,i %ot ! male ! female did n return4 ,! wr5 builds a v co>se ne/1 & fills ! box ne>ly half full ( /icks ?ree or f\r in*es long4 ,z ^! /icks are c>ri$ 9 ! birds' bills by ! middle1 !y w\ld naturally /rike ! hole crosswise & c\ld n ent]1 s :5 ! birds get ne> ! box !y turn sideways & poke ! /icks 9 end fir/1 foll[+ 9 & arrang+ !m aft]w>d4 ,! m]gans] is a fi% duck ne>ly z l>ge z our common dome/ic duck1 & is kn[n "u ! names ( %eldrake & sawbill duck4 ,! male is consid]ably l>g] ?an ! female2 he has a jet-black head1 & ! black ext5ds d[n ! neck = ab\t two in*es1 :]e ! color *anges to a pure :ite1 ! l9e be+ z regul> & di/9ct z ! pa9t+ on ! smoke/ack ( a /eam%ip4 ,! body is g5]ally :ite1 ) black m>k+s on ! w+s & "s black on ! body2 ! brea/ is a beautiful salmon color :5 ! bird is kill$1 b if m\nt$ soon fades to a pure :ite4 ,! male m]gans] 9 full plumage is "o ( our mo/ beautiful birds4 ,! female1 besides be+ small]1 is ( a grayi% color1 & ! plumage & g5]al appe>ance are entirely unlike ! male1 s t ! sex c be easily det]m9$ ev5 at a long di/ance4 ,?is bird is common on ! ,*ampla9 & wat]s ( ! ,adirondacks4 ,l all fi% ducks1 x has a long1 %>p bill1 :i* is s]rat$ ) sawtoo?-%ap$ not*es /rongly sugge/+ tee?1 a fact :i* has giv5 ?is bird mu* int]e/ to our evolution>y sci5ti/s4 ,i h notic$ a habit ( ?is bird t ,i believe is entirely unique1 & "o ,i am surpris$ t our au?orities on birds h n m5tion$--t is1 t ! males are entirely migratory & ! females are n4 ,aft] ! lakes & /ill wat]s freeze ! m]gans]s g to ! riv]s :i* are op5 9 "s places on ! rapids all w9t]4 ,= m ?an tw5ty ye>s ,i h se5 female m]gans]s on ! ,au ,sable ,riv] all w9t]1 & ,i h frequ5tly se5 !m on ! o!r ,adirondack riv]s2 b ,i h nev] se5 a male m]gans] 9 ! w9t]1 & 9 ! late fall ! males & females ga!r 9 sep>ate flocks1 & :5 ! male m]gans]s appe> 9 ! spr+ !y are always 9 flocks by !mselves4 ,i ?9k ! m]gans] lives entirely on fi%1 & x is surpris+ to "o :o has made no obs]vations on ! subject to "k :at an enorm\s numb] ( "y fi% a flock ( ^! ducks w de/roy 9 a season4 ,i quote ! foll[+ f my notebook3 8,octob] #ac1 #ahhb1 kill$ fi% duck 7female m]gans]7 9 ,slu% ,pond1 & f\nd 9 h] ?roat & /oma* "o pick]el1 f\r black bass1 & elev5 sun p]*4 ,bob 7my bro!r7 pres5t4 ,octob] #ah1 #ahhb1 kill$ same k9d ( duck on ,lake ,*ampla91 & took out ( h] sixty small p]*4 ,james ,r4 ,graves pres5t40 ,our mo/ valuable game bird is ! ruff$ gr\se or p>tridge4 ,he /ays ) u all ! "t4 ,he is a /rong1 swift fli]1 & taxes ! n]ve & skill ( ! sportsman to a high degree1 & to br+ d[n a p>tridge "u full w+ 9 ! ev]gre5s 9 ,novemb] s5ds a ?rill ( delight ?r\gh "o's ve9s4 ,! p>tridge is a gall9ace\s bird1 & ! "y leave ! ne/ z soon z hat*$1 runn+ ar\nd ) ! "m l *ick5s4 ,^u ! approa* ( dang] ! "y hide !mselves "u ! leaves 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t1 & ! "m flutt]s (f ) an app>5tly brok5 w+1 keep+ j out ( rea* to lure y away f ! hid+ place ( h] "y4 ,?is ruse is employ$ by _m birds1 b 9 none1 s f> z ,i "k1 to z l>ge an ext5t z ! p>tridge4 ,naturally a v timid bird1 ! p>tridge w put up q a bluff = a fight 9 def5se ( h] "y1 & on two occasions ,i knew a p>tridge to %[ fight )\t any "y4 ,exp]i5ce has satisfi$ me t a p>tridge kn[s en\gh to try & get a tree betwe5 himself & ! huntsman1 & to keep x !re until he is out ( range4 ,p>tridges are less num]\s ar\nd my home ?an !y 7 tw5ty ye>s ago1 & _! habits h und]gone a v decid$ *ange4 ,!n !y usually took to a tree :5 flu%$2 n[ !y seldom light on a tree1 & take mu* long] flights4 ,:5 hunt+ 9 ,canada la/ fall ,i f\nd t ! p>tridges 7 v tame1 & simply ran away f me1 or if press$ flew into trees ne> by & wait$ = _! heads to be tak5 (f ) rifle balls4 ,i notice consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! %ade color+ ( ! p>tridge1 "s be+ mu* d>k] ?an o!rs1 b all h ! same m>k+s4 ,! p>tridge is omnivor\s1 &1 l man & ! pig1 he eats almo/ ev]y?+4 ,9 ! w9t] he lives ^u ! buds ( trees1 & _m a bird has lo/ 8 life :ile fill+ 8 crop f ?is s\rce1 z he is !n an easy m>k = ! hunt]1 & ,i h se5 ! m>ks ( 8 bill on ! c>casses ( animals4 ,he is fond ( blackb]ries1 & sportsm5 (t5 visit blackb]ry pat*es :5 look+ = him 9 ! e>ly fall1 b ,i h be5 surpris$ to f9d t :5 fe$+ 9 a blackb]ry pat* he app>5tly %[s no pref]5ce = ! ripe b]ries1 fill+ 8 crop ) all k9ds4 ,a fact ab\t ! p>tridge :i* ,i f9d is n g5]ally kn[n is1 :ile 9 summ] its toes are pla91 l ! toes ( a *ick51 9 ! w9t] !y are bord]$ ) a /iff hairy fr+e t gives x support on ! sn[1 hav+ ! same effect z ! me%es ( our sn[%oes4 ,?is is a fact ( consid]able int]e/1 = x seems to h a be>+ ^u ! !ory t !re is a t5d5cy 9 animals to develop conditions favorable to _! environm5t4 ,"u ?is !ory "o might hope to f9d a developm5t ( a sub/itute = a sn[%oe on a non-migratory bird ^: habits keep x l>gely ^u ! gr\nd1 :ile no su* developm5t w\ld be expect$ on a bird t leaves u 9 ! w9t] = w>m] climes4 ,9 ?is connection ,i w\ld say t :ile few ( our native birds *ange ! color ( _! plumage z an adaptation to ! seasons1 our pretty ?i/le bird1 or ,am]ican goldf9*1 und]goes a radical *ange4 ,9 summ] he has a bright yell[ body ) black m>k+s & a black head1 :ile 9 w9t] 8 plumage is all pale br[n or sp>r[-color1 & we (t5 fail to recognize 9 our somb] w9t] resid5t ! brilliant goldf9* ( our summ]4 ,^! little birds are greg>i\s 9 ! w9t]1 & z !y fly 9 small flocks into ! trees by ! roadside !y are frequ5tly mi/ak5 = sp>r[s1 & 9 fact are usually call$ tree sp>r[s4 ,!re are few ?+s connect$ ) ! /udy ( natural hi/ory m int]e/+ ?an ! t5d5cy 9 animals to develop conditions suitable to _! environm5t1 & x is surpris+ to see = h[ long a "t an acquir$ habit w sometimes survive aft] its usefulness has ceas$4 ,! common *imney swall[s always build _! ne/s 9 *imneys t are unus$ dur+ _! bre$+ season4 ,!y make a semicircul> ne/ ( /icks1 :i* !y glue to ! inside wall ( ! *imney ) a secretion f _! m\?s4 ,x is int]e/+ to see ! swall[s ga!r ! /icks = _! ne/s1 = !y d n alight on ! gr\nd1 b1 :ile fly+1 break (f dead twigs f trees )\t /opp+ 9 _! flight4 ,?is habit ( build+ 9 *imneys mu/ h be5 acquir$ 9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 = !re 7 no *imneys 9 ?is c\ntry be=e ! arrival ( ! :ite man1 & = a long "t aft]w>d ! settl] _h b "o *imney 9 8 h\se1 :i* mu/ h be5 us$1 at lea/ = cook+ purposes1 9 ! summ]4 ,s p]fect is ?is habit t ! swall[ looks & acts z ?\gh he 7 made = ! *imney2 8 color is a sooty black1 s t he does n t>ni% 8 coat by rubb+ aga9/ ! *imney walls2 ! fea!rs ( 8 tail end 9 h>d spikes1 t he c use !m to prop himself aga9/ ! wall4 ,i h be5 int]e/$ on a summ] ev5+ wat*+ ^! swall[s 9 hundr$s circl+ ar\nd a *ur* *imney 9 ,plattsburg1 until f9ally ! birds 9 ! c5t] began to ent] ! *imney1 ! circle gr[+ small] & small] z !y app>5tly p\r$ d[n 9 ! vortex ( a :irlpool ( swall[s4 ,_m birds h acquir$ a habit ( associat+ ) man1 & we r>ely f9d !m1 except dur+ ! season ( _! flight1 f> away f h\ses4 ,! b>n swall[s always place _! ne/s "u ! eaves or cornices ( "s build+1 usually a b>n4 ,^! ne/s are built ( mud ga!r$ by ! birds f wet places on ! gr\nd1 & c>ri$ 9 _! m\?s to ! sites *os5 by !m4 ,_m ( our f>m]s h an unk9d feel+ = ! b>n swall[s1 z !y ?9k ! mud-daub$ ne/s on ! new r$ pa9t are n an arti/ic addition2 b if our cattle c\ld give an intellig5t op9ion !y w\ld welcome ! birds1 = all swall[s are entirely insectivor\s1 & !y mu/ eat _m flies & mosquitoes t o!rwise w\ld be left to torm5t our animals4 ,birds t build 9 inaccessible places seem to rely ^u t = security1 & app>5tly make little ef=t to conceal _! ne/s1 :ile ^? build+ on or ne> ! gr\nd are g5]ally c>eful to hide !m1 & !y display consid]able cunn+ 9 prev5t+ discov]y4 ,rob9s1 = in/ance1 aft] ! "y are hat*$1 nev] drop ! egg%ells ov] ! side ( ! ne/s to ! gr\nd1 :]e !y w\ld attract att5tion & cause "o to look directly ov]head & ?us f9d ! ne/1 b take ! brok5 %ells 9 _! bills & c>ry !m (f1 dropp+ !m :ile fly+4 ,frequ5tly birds are v %y & easily fright5$ away f _! ne/s1 b aft] !y are well e/abli%$ !y sometimes %[ a good deal ( t5acity 9 /ay+ by !m until ! "y are ready to leave4 ,"s ye>s ago we op5$ an old ore m9e1 :]e a pair ( phbe birds _h plac$ _! ne/ on a %elf a few feet ov]head1 a project+ rock protect+ x f ! fly+ /ones ( ! bla/s t 7 fir$ sev]al times a day1 & ! m5 7 work+ s ne> t !y c\ld almo/ t\* x ) _! h&s4 ,^! birds did n des]t _! ne/s until ! "y 7 old en\gh to leave4 ,! site 0 n us$ ! foll[+ ye>1 z is usually ! case ) ! phbe bird4 ,no bird has ins9uat$ himself into our affections m deeply ?an ! bluebird4 ,he *>ms u z he flits ?r\gh ! air l a pa9t$ arr[1 reflect+ ! sunlight f ! metallic lu/] ( 8 w+s1 :ile he p\rs out 8 inspir$ song 89 notes z sweet z angels' greet+s :5 !y meet40 ,he comes to u be=e ! unfold+ ( ! fir/ bud ( spr+1 s+s to u until our hills & m\nta9s are cov]$ ) ! ri*ness ( _! summ] v]dure1 & /ays ) u until ?is v]dure is *ang$ to all ! beauty ( its autumnal glory4 ,i am v sorry1 b ,i believe our bluebirds are gradually ?\gh /eadily decreas+ 9 numb]s4 ,"s ye>s ago two pairs ne/$ 9 our y>d1 "o pair 9 a hole 9 an old apple tree & "o pair 9 a box1 b = sev]al ye>s ^! ne/+ places h be5 unoccupi$1 & ,i "k ( a numb] ( o!r =m] ne/+ places t h be5 vacant = ye>s4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ! wild pigeons 7 q pl5tiful 9 ! fall ( ! ye> 9 ?is "p ( our ,/ate1 b ea* fall !y came 9 decreas+ numb]s1 & = ! la/ f\r or five ye>s ,i h n se5 a s+le bird4 ,!re is no sweet] song/] ?an ! %y h]mit ?ru%1 & ,i am mu* pleas$ 9 believ+ t 8 numb]s are increas+4 ,9 =m] ye>s !y 7 n (t5 he>d2 n[1 z our spr+ aft]noons decl9e into twilight1 8 *>m+ notes come to u f almo/ e suitable po9t4 ,= ! fir/ eight or t5 ye>s ( my resid5ce 9 ,au ,sable ,=ks ,i did n see a turtle dove1 & n[ ,i see !m ne>ly e summ]4 ,our ,am]ican eagle is occasionally se5 9 ! ,adirondacks1 & "s ye>s ago a l>ge female gold5 eagle 0 caught 9 a /eel trap ne> my home & came into my possession1 :]e %e occupi$ a slatt$ h5coop1 & :5ev] curiosity l$ a h5 to poke h] bill ?r\gh ! slats h] head 0 tak5 (f v quickly4 ,i 0 afraid t if ,i kept ! eagle ,i w\ld turn vivisectioni/ or become too cruel = a hunt]1 s ,i pres5t$ h] to ! ,zological ,g>d5s 9 ,c5tral ,p>k4 ,9 birds ( prey ! female is ! l>g] & f9] bird1 :ile ! rev]se is true ) o!r birds2 b !re is a /rik+ exception 9 ! noble woodcock4 ,no bird is held 9 high] appreciation by ! sportsman1 & a female woodcock 9 full plumage is z ri* 9 color+ & z beautiful 9 m>k+ z any bird ,i "k4 ,he lies well = ! dog1 is r>e sport = ! gunn]1 & has no equal = ! palate4 ,he ne/s 9 our ald] ?ickets or on wet m>%y gr\nd1 & ar\nd my home x is ! "w ( a man to get him4 ,he is nocturnal 9 8 habits1 fe$+ at night & pu%+ 8 long1 sl5d] bill into ! s(t gr\nd1 leav+ holes t to ! casual eye look l worm holes1 b :i* are easily recogniz$ by "o famili> ) 8 habits4 ,c[ blackbirds are common to ?is locality dur+ ! summ]s1 & !y are f\nd 9 our pa/ures ) ! cattle4 ,i h nev] f\nd _! eggs 9 ! ne/s ( o!r birds1 b !y are ,mormoni/ic 9 _! habits1 "o (t5 hav+ z _m z a doz5 wives1 & ,i h kn[n ! cr[ blackbird to h m ?an "o mate4 ,"s ye>s ago an article w5t ! r\nds ( ! newspap]s tell+ ( a man cat*+ a flock ( cr[s by soak+ corn 9 alcohol & leav+ x = ! cr[s to eat1 & :5 !y became drunk he caught !m4 ,i tri$ bread crumbs soak$ 9 :isky on ,engli% sp>r[s1 b !y w\ld n eat !m1 & ,i f9ally got a cr[1 & ?\gh ,i kept him until he 0 v hungry ,i c\ld n get him to eat corn soak$ 9 :isky1 & he f\nd no difficulty 9 pick+ up e unsoak$ k]nel & leav+ ! o!rs4 ,y may draw y\r own moral1 b ,i am satisfi$ t ! cr[ w n eat food saturat$ ) alcohol4 ,he is ei!r too unciviliz$ or too intellig5t4 ,orioles & o!r birds sometimes give u mu* annoyance by eat+ ! gre5 peas f our g>d5s1 &1 except 9 ! case ( ,engli% sp>r[s1 we d n l to %oot !m4 ,i once kill$ a hawk & r\ghly /uff$ x ) /raw1 putt+ x on a pole ne> my pea v9e1 :]e ! birds collect$ 9 numb]s to scold & peck at x1 b !y 7 afraid to t\* ! peas1 & f9ally left m9e = ^? ( my neighbors across ! /reet4 ,! ,acadian owl is a pretty1 cunn+-look+ little bird1 n mu* l>g] ?an a rob94 ,he is ! smalle/ ( our owls & q tame1 & is n (t5 se5 ar\nd my home4 ,"s two ye>s ago1 :ile hunt+ ) my bro!r we saw "o ( ^! little birds on ! limb ( a tree n f> f ! gr\nd1 & we conclud$ to try & sn>e him4 ,we cut a long pole & made a slip noose ) a %oe /r+1 & :ile my bro!r kept ! owl's att5tion by /&+ 9 front ( him ,i slipp$ ! noose ov] 8 head f beh9d4 ,:5 we _h ! owl we want$ to tie him1 & s9ce we c\ld n sp>e ! %oe /r+ = t purpose1 my bro!r decid$ to tie him ) 8 wat* *a94 ,he snapp$ ! cat* ar\nd "o leg1 & :ile try+ to fa/5 ! o!r leg ! owl made a flutt] & got loose1 & ! la/ we saw ( him he 0 sail+ ov] ! tops ( ! trees ) ! wat* *a9 hang+ to 8 leg4 ,i h always tak5 an int]e/ 9 birds because ,i h lov$ !m1 b x does n foll[ t ,i "k mu* ab\t !m4 ,"s "o said t ! m we "k m5 ! less we love !m1 b t man 0 an old cynic & d\btless told an untru?4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! m we "k our native birds ! m we love !m1 & x is "o ( ! enc\rag+ signs ( ! day t x has become fa%ionable = "y p to take an increas+ int]e/ 9 ! birds & wild fl[]s ( _! own c\ntry1 & a "y p]son w\ld h>dly be consid]$ accompli%$ to-day :o is entirely ignorant ( at lea/ ! common names ( ! fl[]s t bloom 9 our fields & woods & ! birds t p\r out _! ec/atic music f our trees & h$ges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s "w on ,education has be5 translat$ into ,sanskrit by ,mr4 ,h4 ,soobba ,r[1 :o gives z 8 reason = publi%+ a v]sion 9 an 8unspok50 language t ! pundits1 = :om ! v]sion is prim>ily int5d$1 8c m easily appreciate ! ideas convey$ 9 ,sanskrit ?an p]haps 9 any o!r v]nacul>40 ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,bl9d ,,fi%es4 ,,by ,,c>l ,h4 ,,eig5mann1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,zo,,logy1 ,,indiana ,,univ]sity4 ,,! ,,color ,,( ,,! ,,amblyopsid4--,! ?ree species ( ,*ologa/] are color$1 ) v>y+ int5sity1 f ,c4 cornutus1 :i* is d>ke/1 to ,c4 ,agassizii1 9 :i* ! color is fa9te/4 ,! color cells are 9 all cases arrang$ 9 a def9ite patt]n4 ,^! are det]m9$ by ! und]ly+ muscles4 ,! patt]n consi/s ( ?ree longitud9al b&s on ! sides1 foll[+ ! l9e :]e ! muscle segm5ts are angul>ly b5t1 & cross-/ripes along ! l9e sep>at+ successive segm5ts4 ,! g5]al color ( ,typhli*?ys is cream & p9k4 ,x is abundantly pigm5t$4 ,9 y\ng] specim5s ! pigm5t is arrang$ 9 m def9ite areas ab\t ! head4 ,9 ! old x is m uni=mly di/ribut$1 be+1 h[ev]1 specially abundant ab\t ! bra94 ,! pigm5t patt]n ( ! body is precisely z 9 ,*ologa/]1 except t ! individual pigm5t cells are m9ute & _! aggregate n evid5t except "u ! l5s4 ,! ret5tion ( ! color patt]n ( ,*ologa/] 9 ,typhli*?ys is n less int]e/+ ?an ! ret5tion ( simil> habits4 ,x is p]haps due to diff]5t causes4 ,! color patt]n 9 ,*ologa/] is det]m9$ by ! und]ly+ muscul> /ructure1 & ! ret5tion ( a simil> patt]n 9 ,typhli*?ys is due to ! same und]ly+ /ructure1 r ?an to ! direct h]$it>y transmission ( ! color patt]n4 ,amblyopsis is fle%-color$1 rang+ to purple 9 ! gill region1 :]e ! blood ( ! gills %[s ?r\gh ! ov]ly+ /ructures1 & ov] ! liv]1 :i* c be se5 ?r\gh ! transluc5t sides & v5tral wall4 ,ab\t ! head & bases ( ! f9s ! color is yell[i%1 resembl+ dilut$ blood4 ,! surface ( ! body is slightly iridesc5t1 & ! surface ( ! head has a velvety1 pea*-bloom appe>ance4 ,! g5]al p9k color ( ,amblyopsis is due to ! blood4 ,x is n due to any abnormal developm5t ( blood-vessels 9 ! d]mis4 ,9 ! f9s1 :]e ! blood-vessels are ne> ! surface1 ! g5]al effect is a yell[i% color4 ,! surface vessels ( ! d]mis also appe> yell[i%4 ,x is only on acc\nt ( ! transluc5t condition ( all ! tissues1 p]mitt+ ! deep] vessels to %[ ?r\gh a c]ta9 ?ickness1 t ! p9k effect is produc$4 ,amblyopsis has always be5 spok5 ( z :ite4 ,! t]m 8:ite aquatic gho/s0 ( ,cope is v apt1 = !y d appe> :ite 9 ! caves1 & _! glid+ motion has an uncanny effect4 ,all alcoholic specim5s are :ite4 ,! pigm5t cells c n be made to %[ !mselves1 ev5 by a prolong$ /ay 9 ! light4 ,! old1 if kept 9 ! light1 w n become d>k]1 & a "y "o re>$ 9 ! light until t5 mon?s old n only %[$ no increase 9 ! pigm5tation b lo/ ! pigm5t x _h at bir?1 tak+ on ! exact pigm5tless coloration ( ! adult4 ,pigm5t cells are late 9 appe>+ 9 ,amblyopsis4 ,:5 ! "y are two mon?s old pigm5t is abundant4 ,?is pigm5t$ condition is evid5tly a h]$it>ily transmitt$ condition4 ,x disappe>s ) age4 ,prim>ily ?is disappe>ance 0 probably individual4 ,b1 z 9 ! fl\nd]1 ! depigm5tation has also become h]$it>ily transmitt$1 = ev5 ^? individuals re>$ 9 ! light lose ! color4 ,num]\s facts & exp]im5ts %[ t :ile pigm5t may be1 & is1 develop$ 9 total d>kness1 ! am\nt ( color 9 an individual animal dep5ds1 o!r ?+s equal1 directly on ! am\nt ( light to :i* x is habitually expos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,*ologa/] ,agassizii f ,c$> ,s9ks ,cave1 ,k5tucky4 ,! l[] & upp] surfaces ( ! fl\nd]1 ! "o protect$ & ! o!r expos$ to ! light1 give ! mo/ /rik+ example1 & ! argum5t is cl9*$ "h by ! fact1 not$ by ,cunn+ham1 t a fl\nd] ^: l[] side is = long p]iods expos$ to ! light takes on color4 ,loeb has %[n t 9 ! yolk sacs ( ,fundulus embryos m pigm5t cells are develop$ if ! embryos are kept 9 ! light ?an :5 !y are kept 9 ! d>k4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! body1 & especially 9 ! eye1 ! pigm5tation 0 n affect$ by ! abs5ce ( light4 ,! g5]al abs5ce ( color 9 cave animals is conc$$4 ,pack>d /ates1 8,z reg>ds *ange ( color1 we d n recall an exception to ! g5]al rule t all cave animals are ei!r colorless or ne>ly :ite1 or1 z 9 ! case ( ,ara*nida & insects1 mu* pal] ?an _! out-(-door relatives40 ,*ilton has made ! same obs]vation on ! und]gr\nd animals ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,simil> obs]vations h be5 record$ by ,lnnb]g1 ,c>p5t]1 ,s*meil1 & ,vir4 ,hamann enum]ates a numb] ( species liv+ bo? 9 caves & above gr\nd4 ,9 su* cases ! und]gr\nd individuals are pal] ?an ! o!rs4 ,?is confirms simil> obs]vations by ,pack>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,*ologa/] papillif]us f ,ill9ois4 ,p\lton has m5tion$ t ,proteus becomes d>k] :5 expos$ to ! light4 ,?is has be5 v]ifi$ by o!rs4 ,typhlotriton l>v liv+ at ! entrance ( a cave are d>k1 :ile ! adult liv+ f>!r 9 ! cave are mu* light]1 b ) _m *romatophores conta9+ a small am\nt ( color4 ,epigan fi%es f\nd 9 caves are always light] 9 color ?an _! confrres outside4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,typhli*?ys subt]raneus4 ,we h ?us num]\s examples ( color$ epigan animals blea*+ 9 caves1 & also blea*$ cave animals turn+ d>k :5 expos$ to ! light4 ,we h also animals 9 :i* ! side habitually turn$ to ! d>k is colorless1 :ile ! side habitually turn$ to ! light is color$4 ,f9ally1 we h cave animals t are p]man5tly blea*$4 ,natural selection c n h affect$ ! coloration ( ! cave =ms1 = x c be absolutely ( no consequ5ce :e!r a cave species is :ite or black4 ,x c\ld affect ! coloration only indirectly 9 "o ( two ways3 ,fir/1 z a matt] ( economy1 b s9ce ! individual is 9 "p blea*$ by ! direct effect ( ! d>kness !re is no reason :y natural selection %\ld come into play at all 9 r$uc+ ! pigm5t z a matt] ( economy2 second1 ,romanes has suppos$ t ! color decreases ?r\gh ! selection ( correlat$ /ructures--a supposition he f\nd sc>cely conceivable :5 ! v>iety ( animals %[+ ! blea*$ condition is consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d c4 ,,fig4 #d a1 b1 c4--,?ree views ( ,amblyopsis4 ,panmixia c n acc\nt = ! r$uction ( ! color1 s9ce x returns 9 "s species :5 !y are expos$ to ! light1 & disappe>s to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 o!rs :5 kept 9 ! d>k4 ,panmixia1 ,romanes ?9ks1 may h help$ to dis*>ge ! color4 ,9 _m in/ances ! coloration is a protective adaptation1 & !re=e ma9ta9$ by selection4 ,panmixia might 9 su* in/ances l[] ! g5]al av]age to :at has be5 t]m$ ! 8bir? mean40 ,proteus is p]haps su* an in/ance4 ,b 9 ?is species ! blea*$ condition has n yet be5 h]$it>ily e/abli%$1 & s9ce ea* individual is indep5d5tly affect$ 8! ma9 cause ( *ange mu/ h be5 ( t direct ord] :i* we und]/& by ! t]m climatic40 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! blea*$ condition1 :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance is an individual reaction to ! abs5ce ( light1 has become h]$it>ily e/abli%$ 9 ,amblyopsis s t ! blea*+ goes on ev5 :5 ! "y are re>$ 9 ! light1 x is evid5t t 9 ,amblyopsis we h ! direct effect ( ! environm5t on ! individual h]$it>ily e/abli%$4 ,,! ,,eyes ,,( ,,! ,,amblyopsid4--,! /ructure ( ! eyes has =m$ ! basis ( a sep>ate1 fully illu/rat$ pap]4,a ,! prom95t features 9 ! eyes ( ! v>i\s species mu/1 h[ev]1 be kn[n be=e ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ^! =ms & ! causes ( deg5]ation c be s]i\sly consid]$4 ,! eyes ( ! species ( ,*ologa/] are normally =m$1 possess+ a l5s1 pupil1 vitre\s body1 ret9a1 & optic n]ve1 & all ! eye muscles normal to ! fi%es4 ,! eyes are functional4 ,! ret9a is1 h[ev]1 v mu* simplifi$4 ,! eye ( papillif]us is1 9 ?is respect1 m p]fect ?an ! eye ( cornutus4 ,9 papillif]us ! out] nucle> lay] consi/s ( two s]ies ( nuclei1 ! inn] lay] ( ab\t five s]ies ( nuclei1 & ! ganglionic lay] ( a complete s+le lay] ( nuclei except :]e ! optic fib]s pass betwe5 !m1 = an optic-fib] lay] is n pres5t4 ,9 ,*ologa/] cornutus ! out] nucle> lay] has be5 r$uc$ to "o or two s]ies1 & ! ganglionic lay] to cells widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r or 9 r[s & little gr\ps1 b no long] =m+ a complete lay]4 ,9 ,amblyopsis & ,typhli*?ys ! l>ge/ eyes are n m ?an "o tw5tie? ! diamet] ( ^? ( ,*ologa/]1 or "o ?\s&? ( _! bulk2 ! l5s is ne>ly1 if n q1 oblit]at$2 ! same is true ( ! vitre\s body & ! optic n]ve 9 ! adult4 ,beyond ?is ! eyes diff] mu*4 ,9 ,amblyopsis scl]al c>tilages are pres5t & prom95t1 ! pigm5t$ lay] is prom95t1 ! out] & inn] nucle> lay]s =m "o lay] only1 two or ?ree cells deep4 ,9 ,t4 subt]raneus ! pigm5t$ lay] is insignificant1 & no pigm5t is ev] f\nd 9 x1 :ile ! out] & inn] nucle> lay]s are /ill sep>ate4 ,9 bo? ^! species ! ganglionic lay] =ms a c5tral core ( cells4 ,9 ,amblyopsis sev]al or all ! eye muscles are pres5t2 9 ,typhli*?ys no?+ is left ( !m4 ,a ,ar*iv f4 ,entwickelungsme*anik1 viii1 pp4 #ede-fag1 ,plates ,,xi-,,xv4 ,scl]al c>tilages are n pres5t 9 ,*ologa/] or ,typhli*?ys2 9 ,trogli*?ys !y are v prom95t1 sometimes sev]al times z long z ! eye4 ,:ile !re is no pigm5t left 9 ,typhli*?ys1 !re is 9 ,trogli*?ys4 ,! eye 9 ! =m] is ab\t #j4afh millimetre 9 diamet]1 :ile ! entire eye ( ! latt] is b ab\t #j4jej millimetre1 or less ?an "o ?ird ! diamet]1 & less ?an "o n9? ! bulk4 ,! entire eye ( ,trogli*?ys is small] ?an _m s+le cells1 & ,i %all be p>don$ = n go+ into ! details ( its /ructure "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,?ree views ( ! head ( an ,amblyopsis1 prep>$ to %[ ! tactile ridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,sn\t ( ,*ologa/] papillif]us1 to %[ ! tactile ridges4 ,,! ,,tactile ,,organs4--,! tactile organs are among ! mo/ important 9 ! consid]ation ( ! bl9d =ms4 ,_! m9ute /ructure w =m ! basis ( a sep>ate pap]4 ,! prom95t tactile organs ab\t ! head ( ,amblyopsis h be5 m5tion$ by ne>ly e writ]1 & !y h be5 figur$ by ,putnam-,wyman,b & ,leidig1,c b ! figures ( ! di/ribution ( ! ridges are wor?less4 ,! description ( ,pr(essor ,=bes,d ( ,*ologa/] papillif]us is ! only sy/ematic enum]ation ( ! ridges t has appe>$4 ,! accompany+ figures1 drawn by me ) ! cam]a lucida1 & v]ifi$ & copi$ by ,mr4 ,u4 ,o4 ,cox1 give ! exact ext5t & position ( ! ridges 9 ,amblyopsis & ,*ologa/] papillif]us4 ,x w be se5 t 9 ! numb] & di/ribution ( ! tactile area ! two =ms agree v closely1 ! ey$ =m hav+ ! same numb] & di/ribution ( ridges or r[s t ! bl9d =ms h4 ,9 ,*ologa/] papillif]us mo/ ( ! ridges are mu* less prom95t ?an 9 ! bl9d species1 be+ sunk into ! sk94 ,ab\t ! nose & *91 h[ev]1 ! ridges are z prom95t z 9 ! o!r species4 ,9 ! small ,*ologa/] cornutus !re are no di/9ct ridges at all1 ! tactile organs be+ arrang$ z 9 o!r species ( fi%es4 ,9 specim5s ( ! same size ! papill are n m prom95t 9 papillif]us ?an 9 cornutus4 ,x is only 9 ! olde/ ( papillif]us t ! papill become prom95t4 ,! numb] ( individual papill 9 ea* tactile ridge diff]s consid]ably ) age 7size71 s t an exact comp>ison betwe5 ! l>ge ,amblyopsis & ! mu* small] species ( ,*ologa/] & ,typhli*?ys c n be made4 ,f a numb] ( c\nts made by ,pr(essor ,cox ,i take ! lib]ty ( giv+ ! foll[+3 ,ridge ,no4 #f conta9s1 9 ,*ologa/] papillif]us1 six organs2 9 ,typhli*?ys1 elev52 9 two specim5s ( ,amblyopsis1 respectively eighty-?ree & "o hundr$ & six in*es long1 twelve & tw5ty4 ,b ,am]ican ,naturali/1 #ahgb1 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,c ,unt]su*ung5 z4 ,anatomie und ,hi/ologie d4 ,ti]e1 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #bh4 ,d ,am]ican ,naturali/1 #af1 #ahhb1 p4 #b4 ,aside f ! tactile organs 9 ridges1 !re are _m solit>y ones n evid5t f ! surface 9 ,amblyopsis4 ,:5 ! epid]mis is remov$ by mac]ation1 ! d]mal papill on :i* ^! re/ give ! :ole head a velvety appe>ance4 ,9 ! "y1 at lea/ ( ,amblyopsis1 ea* ( ! tactile organ ( ! ridges is provid$ ) a club-%ap$ filam5t abruptly po9t$ ne> ! end4 ,!y wave ab\t ) ! slighte/ motion 9 wat]1 & are s num]\s z to give ! :ole head a woolly appe>ance4 ,to recapitulate ! facts asc]ta9$ conc]n+ ! eye & tactile organs3 #a4 ,! eyes 7 deg5]at+ & ! tactile organs develop+ beyond ! normal be=e ! p]man5t und]gr\nd exi/5ce began4 #b4 ,! eyes cont9u$ to deg5]ate & ! tactile organs to increase aft] p]man5t entrance to und]gr\nd wat]s4 #c4 ,9 ! deg5]ation ( ! eye ! ret9a leads2 ! vitre\s body & l5s foll[2 ! m passive pigm5t$ lay] & scl]a rema9 longe/2 ! bony orbit is n affect$4 ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,facts ,,ga9$ ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,cave ,,fauna4--,! orig9 ( ! cave fauna & ( ! bl9d fauna are two di/9ct que/ions4 ,?is 0 fir/ recogniz$ by ,h4 ,g>man4 ,be=e1 ! two que/ions 7 consid]$ z "o1 & two explanations are prom95t among ^? sugge/+ its solution3 #a4 ,! explanation ( ,lanke/] seems ei!r a pleasantry or ! mo/ unw>rant$ speculation4 ,he says3 8,suppos+ a numb] ( "s species ( ,ar?ropod or fi% to be swept into a cav]n or to be c>ri$ f less to great] dep?s 9 ! sea1 ^? individuals ) p]fect eyes w\ld foll[ ! glimm] ( light1 & ev5tually escape to ! out] air or ! %all[] dep?s1 leav+ beh9d ^? ) imp]fect eyes to bre$ 9 ! d>k place4 ,a natural selection w\ld ?us be effect$4 ,9 e succe$+ g5]ation ?is w\ld be ! case1 & ev5 ^? ) weak b /ill see+ eyes w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t escape1 until only a pure race ( eyeless or bl9d animals w\ld be left 9 ! cav]n or deep sea40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,lat]al view ( ,amblyopsis1 %[+ ! location ( ! tactile ridges4 ,?is process does n1 ( c\rse1 acc\nt = ! deg5]ation ( ! eye beyond bl9dness4 ,b1 aside f ?is objection1 ! humor ( 8 8glimm] ( light0 impresses itself v =cibly on "o aft] sp5d+ a day 9 foll[+ ! devi\s w9d+s ( a liv+ cave1 n to m5tion 8 t5d5cy 9 cave animals1 :i* are negatively heliotropic1 to foll[ x4 ,!re are o!r objections4 ,fi%es are annually swept into ! caves1 b !y are n able to e/abli% !mselves 9 !m4 ,to d ?is !y mu/ h peculi> habits1 special me?ods ( fe$+ & mat+ be=e a successful colonization ( cav]ns c become successful4 ,fur!r1 if ! orig9 ( ! cave fauna is due to accid5t1 ! accid5t mu/ h happ5$ to f\r species out ( six ( ! ,amblyopsid1 :ile none ( ! num]\s o!r species ( fi%es ab\t ! caves met ) ! same accid5t4 #b4 ,! second explanation is t ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]3,e 8,! exi/5ce ( ^! bl9d cave animals c be acc\nt$ = only by suppos+ _! remote ance/ors began mak+ excursions into ! caves1 &1 f9d+ x pr(itable1 ext5d$ !m1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 f>!r 91 und]go+ ! requir$ adaptations little by little40 ,e ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xliii1 pp4 #dhg1 #dhh4 ,?is second view has be5 modifi$ by ,h4 ,g>man 9 s f> z he supposes ! adaptations to d )\t eyes & consequ5t deg5]ation ( eyes to occur any:]e :]e a species has no use = eyes1 enum]at+ burr[+ animals & p>asitic animals1 conclud+ t 8! orig9 ( ! cave species 7nonaquatic especially7 ( ,k5tucky 7 probably already adju/$ to a life 9 ! e>? be=e ! caves 7 =m$40 ,9 ?is modifi$ s5se1 ,sp5c]'s view is directly applicable to ! ,amblyopsid4 ,hamann goes s f> z to suppose t d>kness itself is n ! prim>y cause ( deg5]ation1 b unkn[n factors 9 ! animal itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,lat]al view ( ,*ologa/] papillif]us1 %[+ ! location ( ! tactile ridges4 ,! ?ree ?+s to be consid]$ 9 ?is connection are 7a7 ! habit ( ! cave =m1 7b7 ! modifications to enable ! =m to d )\t ! use ( light1 & 7c7 ! /ructure ( ! eye z a result ( a & b4 a4 ,! prime requisite = a c&idate to und]gr\nd exi/5ce is a negative reaction to light4 ,we f\nd t ev5 ! epigan ,*ologa/] is negatively heliotropic4 b4 ,x mu/ also be evid5t t a fi% dep5d+ on its sight to procure its food c nev] become a cave =m4 ,sunfi%es1 :i* are annually c>ri$ into caves1 belong to ?is class ( fi%es4 ,!y are always poor :5 f\nd 9 ! caves1 & w nev] be able to e/abli% !mselves 9 !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are no reasons :y fi%es detect+ _! prey ei!r by smell or t\* %\ld n be capable ( coloniz+ caves4 ,! catfi%es & ,amblyopsid belong to ! latt] class4 ,x is surpris+ t m catfi%es h n e/abli%$ !mselves 9 caves4 ,among ! ,amblyopsid ev5 ^? ) functional eyes dep5d on t\* & vibrations = _! food4 ,*ologa/] has well-develop$ tactile organs & poor eyes4 ,x is f\nd *iefly at ! m\?s ( und]gr\nd /reams1 b also 9 ! und]gr\nd /reams !mselves4 ,! tactile organs are n diff]5t 9 k9d f ^? ( o!r fi%es1 & _! high developm5t is n m m>k$ ?an _! developm5t 9 ! b>bels ( ! catfi%es4 ,! *>act]s :i* di/+ui% ,*ologa/] z a fi% capable ( secur+ its food 9 ! d>k are emphasiz$ 9 ,typhli*?ys1 & ! tactile organs are /ill m highly develop$ 9 ,amblyopsis4 ,! eyes ( ! la/ two g5]a are s deg5]ate t x is ne$less 9 ?is connection to speak ( degrees ( deg5]ation4 ,on acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( _! eyes & _! loss ( protective pigm5t !y are incapable ( exi/5ce 9 op5 wat]s4 ,) ! p>tial & total adaptation to an und]gr\nd exi/5ce 9 ! ,amblyopsid & _! negative reaction to light1 x is sc>cely possible t = ?is family ! idea ( accid5tal colonization c be ent]ta9$ = a mom5t4 ,_! /ructure is n z mu* due to _! habitat z _! habitat is to _! /ructure & habit4 ,typhlogobius lives 9 ! holes ( %rimps "u rocks on ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x is a liv+ example ( ! orig9 ( bl9d =ms 9 d>k places remote f caves4 ,"h aga9 ! 8accid5tal0 idea is prepo/]\s1 s9ce no fi% c\ld by accid5t be c>ri$ into ! devi\s w9d+s ( ! burr[s !y inhabit4 ,moreov]1 a numb] ( relat$ species ( gobies occur 9 ! neighborhood4 ,!y live ord9>ily 9 ! op51 b always retreat into ! burr[s ( cru/aceans :5 di/urb$4 ,! orig9 ( ! bl9d species by ! gradual *ange f an occasional burr[ seek] to a p]man5t dwell] 9 ! d>k & ! consequ5t deg5]ation ( ! eye is evid5t "h at once4 ,among insects ! same process & ! same results are not$4 ,we h ev]y:]e ! connection ( diurnal species ) d>k-lov+ & bl9d =ms1 a transition ! result ( habit ent]$ into ) int5t1 b no evid5ce ( su* a connection z ! result ( accid5t4 ,also num]\s in/ances ( daylight species be+ swept into caves1 b no in/ance ( "o e/abli%+ itself !re4 ,?is view acc\nts also = ! wide di/ribution ( ! bl9d fi%es4 ,! ance/ry ( ! ,amblyopsid we may assume to h _h a t5d5cy to seek d>k places :]ev] f\nd1 & incipi5t bl9d =ms w\ld ?us arise ov] _! entire di/ribution4 ,! /ructural diff]5ces betwe5 ,trogli*?ys & ,typhli*?ys argue 9 favor ( ?is1 & c]ta9ly ! fe>less1 conspicu\s bl9d fi% z at pres5t develop$ w\ld h no *ance ( surviv+ 9 ! op5 wat]4 ,_! wide di/ribution aft] _! pres5t *>act]s _h be5 assum$1 except ?r\gh subt]ranean wat]s1 w\ld be out ( ! "q entirely4 ,! same w\ld n be true ( ! incipi5t cave =ms :5 !y _h rea*$ ! /age at pres5t f\nd 9 ,*ologa/]4 ,x w be recall$ t ,*ologa/]1 & ev5 ! bl9d =ms1 h ! habit ( hid+ und]nea? bo>ds & 9 ! d>k] sides ( an aqu>ium4 ,^! d>k-seek+ creatures w\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 be especially well fitt$ to become di/ribut$ 9 caves ?r\gh\t _! habitat4 ,s4 ,g>man's able argum5t = ! s+le orig9 & disp]sal ( ! bl9d fi%es ?r\gh epigan wat]s 0 bas$ on ! supposition t ! cis-,mississippi & trans-,mississippi =ms 7 id5tical4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! species are su* z to w>rant n only t !y h be5 indep5d5tly segregat$1 b t !y are desc5d$ f diff]5t g5]a4 ,! ext]nal diff]5ces betwe5 ^! species are trifl+1 b ?is 0 to be expect$ 9 an environm5t :]e all ! elem5ts t make = ext]nal color m>k+ are lack+4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ,typhli*?ys & ,amblyopsis is s great t ! =m] has be5 consid]$ to be ! "y ( ! latt]4 ,judg+ f ! /ructure ( ! eye & ! color ( ! sk91 ,trogli*?ys has be5 longe/ e/abli%$ 9 caves4 ,amblyopsis came next1 & ,typhli*?ys is a lat] addition to ! bl9d cave fauna4 99 99 99 99 99 8,^?10 said ,dr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,langley1 9 8 sectional address on ,physiology at ! ,briti% ,association1 8:o h occasion to ent] into ! dep?s ( :at is oddly1 if g5]\sly1 call$ ! lit]ature ( a sci5tific subject1 alone "k ! difficulty ( em]g+ ) an uns\r$ disposition4 ,! multitud9\s facts pres5t$ by ea* corn] ( ,nature =m 9 l>ge "p ! sci5tific man's burd5 to-day1 & re/rict him m & m1 willy nilly1 to a n>r[] & n>r[] specialism4 ,b t is n ! :ole ( 8 burd54 ,mu* t he is =c$ to read consi/s ( records ( defective exp]im5ts1 confus$ /atem5t ( results1 we>isome description ( detail1 & unnecess>ily protract$ discussion ( unnecess>y hypo!ses4 ,! publication ( su* matt] is a s]i\s injury to ! man ( sci5ce2 x absorbs ! scanty funds ( 8 libr>ies1 & /eals away 8 poor h\rs ( leisure40 ,a ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,cl>ke1 ,,*ief ,,*emi/1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey4 ,conclud$4 ,x is evid5t1 f :at has be5 already said1 t *emi/ry & physics are ne> ak9--inde$1 !y c h>dly be sep>at$4 ,avogadro's law & spectrum analysis are b two illu/rations ( ! relation%ip1 b _m o!r examples are equal to !m 9 importance4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! action ( light ^u *emical sub/ances2 x may provoke union ( elem5ts1 or effect ! decomposition ( comp\nds2 ^u ! latt] ph5om5on ! art ( photography dep5ds4 ,t salts ( silv] are *emically *ang$ by light 0 ! fundam5tal obs]vation1 & ^u ?is fact mo/ photographic processes1 ?\gh n all1 are f\nd$4 ,?us light1 work+ z a *emi/ 9 ! laboratory ( ! photographic plate1 has become ! useful s]vant ( all arts1 all sci5ces1 & all indu/ries--an indisp5sable aid to inv5tion & rese>*4 ,on ?is !me a volume might be writt52 a b>e ref]5ce to x mu/ be suffici5t "h4 ,/ill ano!r bran* ( *emi/ry1 rec5tly develop$ b ess5tially an ext5sion ( ! !ory ( val5ce1 is also due to ! /udy ( optical relations4 ,t diff]5t cry/all9e bodies diff] 9 _! behavior t[>d pol>iz$ light has long be5 kn[n1 & ! pol>iscope is recogniz$ z an in/rum5t ( great value 9 *emical rese>*4 ,to ! analysis & valuation ( sug>s & sirups x is mo/ effectively appli$1 & comm]cial transactions ( great magnitude dep5d 9 "p ^u its te/imony4 ,"h is practical utility1 b ! developm5t ( !ory is :at conc]ns u n[4 ,! discov]y ( isom]ism1 ( ! fact t v diff]5t comp\nds might conta9 ! same elem5ts unit$ 9 ! same proportions1 0 easily int]pret$ by ! !ory ( val5ce 9 a fairly complete & satisfactory way4 ,9 ! /ructural =mul ! diff]5t atomic gr\p+s 7 cle>ly %[n1 b ) "o ess5tial limitation--! arrangem5t 0 9 a s+le plane4 ,t is1 ! l9k+ ( ! atoms 0 consid]$1 b n _! relations to tridim5sional space4 ,= ! /udy ( reactions1 = ! classification ( comp\nds1 ! /ructural symbols suffic$2 b human ?\ght is n s easily satisfi$1 & m 0 soon requir$4 ,"o class ( isom]s 0 unexpla9$1 & an explanation 0 dem&$4 ,a typical example ( ! difficulty 0 (f]$ by t>t>ic acid1 :i* exi/s 9 two =ms diff]+ cry/allographically & optically4 ,"o =m1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 twi/$ a ray ( pol>iz$ light to ! left1 ! o!r produc$ a rotation to ! "r1 :ile ! cry/als ( ! two acids1 simil> 9 all o!r respects1 also %[$ a "r- & left-h&$ness 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! planes4 ,! cry/al ( "o v>iety resembl$ ! o!r z w\ld its reflection 9 a mirror--! same1 b rev]s$4 ,^! diff]5ces1 discov]$ by ,pa/eur z long ago z #ahdh1 ! !ory ( val5ce c\ld n expla92 to int]pret !m1 & o!r simil> cases1 ! arrangem5t ( ! atoms 9 space _h to be consid]$4 ,9 #ahgd two *emi/s1 ,van t',h(f & ,lebel1 work+ indep5d5tly1 (f]$ a solution ( ! problem1 & /]eo*emi/ry1 ! *emi/ry ( molecul> /ructure 9 ?ree dim5sions1 0 f\nd$4 ,!y propos$1 9 effect1 to treat ! c>bon atom ess5tially z a tetrah$ron1 ! f\r angles correspond+ to ! f\r units ( val5ce or bonds ( aff9ity4 ,!y !n /udi$ ! l9k+ or union ( su* tetrah$ra1 & f\nd t ) _! aid ! =mul = t>t>ic acid c\ld be develop$ 9 diff]5t ways1 %[+ "r- & left-h&$ atomic gr\p+s4 ,o!r simil> comp\nds 7 equally explicable4 ,?us ! def9ite conception ( a tridim5sional1 geometric atom l$ to a new developm5t ( /ructural =mul1 f :i* _m discov]ies h already proce$$4 ,! fruitfulness ( ! speculation v9dicates its use1 b x is only ! fir/ /ep 9 a me?od ( rese>* :i* mu/ 9 "t be appli$ to all ( ! *emical elem5ts4 ,probably ! /udy ( cry/all9e =m w be connect$ ) ^! *emico-/ructural expressions1 & f ! union "s great] g5]alizations w be born4 ,f ! geometry ( ! cry/al to ! geometry ( ! molecule !re mu/ be "s legitimate transition4 ,) all _! utility1 our pres5t conceptions ( *emical /ructure are incomplete2 !y repres5t only portions or special phases ( "s great g5]al law1 b s f> z !y g1 prop]ly us$1 !y are valid4 ,b light is n ! only physical =ce involv$ 9 *emical *anges2 heat & electricity are f> m important4 ,heat1 9 p>ticul>1 is ess5tial to e *emical op]ation2 x provokes comb9ation & effects decomposition2 x appe>s 9 "o reaction & vani%es 9 ano!r2 ap>t f !rmal ph5om5a ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry c\ld n exi/4 ,f ! v beg9n+s ( *emi/ry ?is int]dep5d5ce has be5 recogniz$1 & its /udy has l$ to notable discov]ies & to great enl>gem5ts ( res\rce4 ,9 ! !ory ( phlogi/on ! connection betwe5 heat & *emical *ange 0 crudely /at$1 & :5 ,lavoisi] saw t combu/ion 0 oxidation1 !rmo*emi/ry began to exi/4 ,9 e *emical *ange a def9ite am\nt ( heat is ei!r lib]at$ or absorb$--a di/9ct1 measurable quantity4 ,?is fact 0 e/abli%$ by ,hess 9 #ahdj1 & s9ce !n ! !rmal values ( _m reactions h be5 det]m9$1 notably by ,?oms5 9 ,d5m>k & ,b]!lot 9 ,france4 ,! data are already num]\s1 b z yet !y h n be5 co-ord9at$ into any g5]al law4 ,!y are 9 great measure ! raw mat]ial ) :i* "s future s*ol> is to build4 ,"o fact1 h[ev]1 is already cle>--namely1 t ! heat ( =mation or ( combu/ion ( any comp\nd is condition$ by its /ructure4 ,two isom]ic sub/ances may diff] widely 9 _! calorific con/ants1 an obs]vation :i* has repeat$ly be5 v]ifi$4 ,?us ! conception ( /ructure1 ( atomic gr\p+1 appe>s aga9 a *ief factor 9 a set ( unsolv$ problems4 ,9 ! relations ( *emi/ry to heat p]haps ! greate/ advances h be5 made 9 ! ext5sion ( our res\rces1 p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ! developm5t & control ( temp]atures4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! range ( temp]atures available to ! *emi/ 0 n>r[ly limit$--f ! freez+ po9t ( m]cury at "o end to ! heat ( a bla/ furnace at ! o!r4 ,8 comm& ( heat & cold are n[ va/ly great] ?an !n1 & ! /eps :i* h be5 tak5 are wor? trac+4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! scale ! greate/ progress has be5 made ?r\gh ! liquefaction ( gases4 ,:5 a liquid evaporates1 heat is absorb$1 or1 rev]sely /at$1 cold is produc$1 & ! m rapid ! evaporation ! great] is ! cool+ effect4 ,a comm& ( m volatile liquids is !re=e a comm& ( cold1 & ! liquefi$ gases repres5t ! extreme limit ( our p[] 9 t direction4 ,ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 by comb9+ cold & pressure1 sulphur\s acid & *lor9e 7 r$uc$ to ! liquid /ate4 ,9 #ahbc ,f>aday succe$$ 9 liquefy+ /ill o!r gases1 & 9 #ahce ,?ilori] w5t ev5 fur!r & r$uc$ c>bonic acid to a sn[like solid4 ,liquid *lor9e1 sulphur\s acid1 & c>bonic acid1 /or$ 9 /rong cyl9d]s ( /eel1 are n[ comm]cial products1 manufactur$ & sold 9 l>ge quantities l any o!r m]*&ise4 ,!y c be transport$ to long di/ances & kept indef9itely1 to ! great conv5i5ce ( *emi/s & ! fur!rance ( rese>*4 ,9 #ahde ,f>aday publi%$ ! results ( fur!r inve/igations1 :5 x appe>$ t all b six ( ! kn[n gases _h be5 r$uc$ to ! liquid /ate4 ,?r\gh cold & pressure l[] & l[] temp]atures 7 ga9$1 ea* /ep =w>d hav+ giv5 a foo?old f :i* a new advance 0 possible4 ,9 #ahgg ,pictet & ,cailletet simultane\sly succe$$ 9 liquefy+ f\r ( ! suppos$ly p]man5t gases2 nitrog5 yield$ to ! attacks ( ,wroblevsky & ,olzewski 9 #ahhc1 & hydrog5 alone rema9$ unconqu]$4 ,9 #ahih ,dew> ov]came ?is la/ ob/acle1 & 9 ! ye> foll[+ he actually r$uc$ hydrog5 to an icelike solid :i* melts at only eighte5 degrees c5tigrade above ! !oretical absolute z]o4 ,e gas has be5 liquefi$1 & probably ! l[e/ degree ( cold atta9able by man has be5 rea*$4 ,)9 ! c5tury ! "w began & end$2 ! future c only improve ! work+ me?ods & utilize ! new res\rces4 ,liquid ammonia has long be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( artificial ice & = direct refrig]ation2 liquid air1 ) its temp]ature ( two hundr$ c5tigrade degrees bel[ z]o1 is n[ almo/ a comm]cial product1 obta9able 9 quantity1 b ) its possibilities ( usefulness z yet practically undevelop$4 ,! infant ,h]cules w d\btless f9d no lack ( tasks to d1 ea* "o m ardu\s & m helpful to man ?an any labor ( 8 my?ical prototype4 ,to ! *emi/ ! possibilities ?us op5$ are innum]able4 ,pictet has %[n t at ! l[ temp]atures :i* are n[ easily atta9able all *emical action /ops1 ev5 ! mo/ en]getic sub/ances ly+ 9 contact ) ea* o!r quiet & in]t4 ,a great] control ( ! m viol5t *emical reactions is !re=e )9 rea*1 d\btless to be utiliz$ 9 _m ways yet un=ese54 ,at ! highe/ temp]atures1 also1 *emical union ceases1 & comp\nds are decompos$2 ea* reaction is possible only )9 a limit$ !rmal range1 ( :i* ! beg9n+ & ! end are measurable4 ,f future measurem5ts ( ?is sort new laws w surely be discov]$4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! upw>d scale ( temp]atures 0 tak5 9 #ahjb1 :5 ,rob]t ,h>e1 an ,am]ican1 inv5t$ ! oxyhydrog5 bl[pipe4 ,) ?is in/rum5t plat9um1 hi!rto infusible1 0 melt$1 a result ( great importance to *emi/s4 ,ap>t f rec5t electrical applications1 plat9um f9ds its *ief use 9 ! con/ruction ( *emical app>atus1 & ,h>e's inv5tion 0 !re=e ( great assi/ance to *emical rese>*4 ,lat] 9 ! c5tury electrical curr5ts 7 utiliz$ z produc]s ( great heat1 until 9 ! v mod]n device ( ! electric furnace ! range ( available temp]atures has be5 at lea/ d\bl$4 ,temp]atures ( ?ree to f\r ?\s& degrees ( ! c5tigrade scale are n[ at ! disposal ( ! *emi/1 & ^! are manageable 9 compact app>atus at v mod]ate co/4 ,*eap alum9um is "o ( ! products ( ?is new in/rum5t1 & ! extraord9>y abrasive sub/ance1 c>borundum1 is ano!r4 ,new indu/ries h be5 creat$ by ! electric furnace1 & 9 ! h&s ( ,moissan x has yield$ sci5tific results ( great int]e/ & rem>kable v>iety4 ,! r>e/ metals c n[ be sep>at$ f _! oxides ) p]fect ease1 & new comp\nds1 obta9able 9 no o!r way1 ! furnace has plac$ at our disposal4 ,?is field ( rese>* is n[ b>ely op5$2 f x ! tw5tie? c5tury %\ld ga!r a ri* h>ve/4 ,) electricity also *emi/ry is ne>ly alli$1 & along "s l9es ! two bran*es ( sci5ce h be5 curi\sly int]tw9$4 ,l ! o!r physical =ces1 electricity may ei!r provoke or undo comb9ation1 &1 l heat1 x may itself be g5]at$ z a product ( *emical action4 ,! voltaic pile & ! galvanic batt]y owe _! curr5ts to *emical *ange1 & x is only s9ce ! middle ( ! c5tury t any o!r s\rce ( electric en]gy has become available = practical purposes4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t _m ?9k]s %\ld h s\ght to id5tify *emical & electric =ce1 ! two h s mu* 9 common4 ,x 0 ) ! galvanic curr5t t ,davy decompos$ ! alkalies1 & s9ce 8 day o!r electro-*emical decompositions h be5 /udi$ 9 great numb]1 to ! developm5t ( important indu/ries4 ,to ! action ( ! curr5t ^u metallic solutions we owe ! electrotype & all our processes = electroplat+1 & ^! repres5t only ! beg9n+s ( usefulness4 ,ev5 n[1 almo/ daily1 advances are be+ made 9 ! practical applications ( electrolysis1 & ! =w>d movem5t is likely to cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! com+ c5tury4 ,f ! curi\sly rev]sible *emical reactions ( ! second>y batt]y ! automobile d]ives its p[]1 & "h aga9 we f9d a field = inv5tion s l>ge t its limits are beyond our sight4 ,f e peak t sci5ce c scale new ranges come into view4 ,! solution ( "o problem always creates ano!r1 & ?is fact gives to sci5tific inve/igation its *ief int]e/4 ,we ga91 only to see t m ga9 is possible2 ! opportunity = advance is inf9ite4 ,=ev] & ev] ?\ght c rea* out into ! unkn[n1 & nev] ne$ to weep because !re are no m worlds to conqu]4 ,x 0 ! /udy ( electro-*emical *anges :i* l$ ,b]zelius to 8 electro-*emical !ory ( comb9ation1 & !n to ! duali/ic !ory1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$4 ,9 or ab\t ! ye> #ahcb1 :5 ! ,b]zelian doctr9es 7 at ! summit ( _! fame1 ,f>aday %[$ t ! *emical p[] ( a curr5t 0 directly proportion$ to ! quantity ( electricity :i* pass$1 & ?is l$ him to believe t *emical aff9ity & electric en]gy 7 id5tical4 ,electrolysis1 ! electrical decomposition ( comp\nds 9 solution1 0 a special object ( 8 att5tion1 & by quantitative me?ods he f\nd t ! *anges produc$ c\ld be /at$ 9 t]ms ( *emical equival5ts or comb9+ numb]s4 ,"o equival5t weight ( z9c consum$ 9 ! galvanic batt]y yields a curr5t :i* w deposit "o equival5t ( silv] f its solution1 or :i*1 decompos+ wat]1 w lib]ate "o equival5t ea* ( oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,all electro-*emical *anges foll[$ ?is simple law1 :i* gave new emphasis to ! atomic !ory1 & furni%$ a new means = measur+ ! comb9+ numb]s4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( electro-*emi/ry ! products ( electrolysis 7 /udi$ 9 ! light ( ! duali/ic !ory4 ,b z *emical inve/igation along o!r l9es ov]?rew ?is hypo!sis1 a clos] exam9ation ( electrolytic reactions became necess>y4 ,electrical decompositions 7 duali/ic 9 "*1 b ! dualism 0 n t taught by ,b]zelius4 ,:5 a salt1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 is decompos$ by ! curr5t x is sep>at$ into two p>ts1 :i* ,f>aday call$ its ions2 9 ,b]zelian t]ms ^! 7 9 mo/ cases oxides1 b ?is conclusion fitt$ only a "p ( ! facts1 & f9ally 0 ab&on$4 ,:atev] ! ions might be1 !y 7 n ord9>y oxides4 ,_m & long 7 ! inve/igations be>+ ^u ?is subject be=e a satisfactory settlem5t 0 rea*$4 ,! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 solutions1 rais$ /ill ano!r "q1 t ( ! nature ( solution itself1 & ?is is n yet fully answ]$4 ,two l9es ( /udy1 h[ev]1 h conv]g$1 )9 rec5t ye>s1 to "s rem>kable conclusions1 ! late/ l>ge developm5t ( *emical !ory4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t solutions ( salts d n freeze s easily z pure wat]1 & also t _! boil+ po9ts are high]4 ,9 #ahhc ,ra\lt discov]$ a rem>kable relation betwe5 ! freez+ po9t ( a solution & ! molecul> weight ( ! sub/ance dissolv$1 a relation :i* has s9ce be5 elaborately /udi$ by _m inve/igators4 ,f ei!r ! freez+-po9t depression or ! elevation ( ! boil+ po9t ! molecul> weight ( a soluble comp\nd c n[ be calculat$1 & _m unc]ta9 molecul> weights h ?us be5 det]m9$4 ,ano!r ph5om5on connect$ ) solutions1 :i* has receiv$ mu* att5tion1 is t ( osmotic pressure4 ,a salt 9 solution ex]cises a def9ite pressure1 quantitatively measurable1 :i* is curi\sly analog\s to ! pressure ex]t$ by gases4 ,9 a gas ! molecules are widely sep>at$1 & move ab\t ) mu* fre$om4 ,9 a v dilute solution ! molecules ( a salt are simil>ly sep>at$1 & are also comp>atively free to move4 ,! k9etic !ory ( gases1 !re=e1 is n[ p>allel$ by a k9etic !ory ( solutions1 f\nd$ by ,van t',h(f 9 #ahhg1 :i* is n[ g5]ally accept$4 ,all ! well-e/abli%$ laws connect+ pressure1 temp]ature1 & volume among gases f9d _! equival5ts 9 ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by solutions4 ,9 ,avogadro's law we le>n t equal volumes ( gases1 "u l conditions ( temp]ature & pressure1 conta9 equal numb]s ( molecules4 ,accord+ to ! new g5]alizations1 equal volumes ( diff]5t solutions1 if !y ex]t ! same osmotic pressure1 also conta9 equal numb]s ( molecules4 ,! p>allelism is p]fect4 ,) ^! relations ! freez+- & boil+-po9t ph5om5a are directly connect$4 ,b1 bo? = gases & = solutions "s app>5t anomalies exi/$4 ,c]ta9 comp\nds1 :5 vaporiz$1 seem$ n to con=m to ,avogadro's law1 & call$ = explanation4 ,?is prov$ to be simple1 & 0 suppli$ by ! fact t ! anomal\s comp\nd1 z su*1 did n exi/ z vapor1 b 0 split up1 dissociat$1 into o!r ?+s4 ,= in/ance1 ammonium *loride1 above a c]ta9 temp]ature1 is decompos$ into a mixture ( two gases--hydro*loric acid & ammonia--:i*1 on cool+1 reunite & reproduce ! orig9al comp\nd4 ,twice z mu* vapor z is requir$ by !ory1 & specifically half z heavy1 is produc$ by ?is trans=mation1 :i* is only "o ( a l>ge class1 all well und]/ood4 ,9 ! case ( solutions x 0 f\nd t c]ta9 comp\nds1 notably ! acids1 alkalies1 & metallic salts1 caus$ a depression ( freez+ po9t :i* 0 twice z great z ought to be expect$4 ,?is fact 0 illum9at$ by ! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 gases1 & soon x 0 se5 t "h too a splitt+ up ( molecules1 a true dissociation1 occurr$4 ,^! anomal\s solutions1 moreov]1 7 electrolytes--t is1 !y conduct$ electricity & und]w5t electrolytic decompositions--:ile normal sub/ances1 especially solutions ( c>bon comp\nds1 su* z sug>1 7 n4 ,van t',h(f's discov]ies w5t f>1 b "o m /ep 0 ne$$1 & ?is 0 tak5 by ,arrh5ius 9 #ahhh4 ,electrolytic comp\nds1 :5 dissolv$1 are actually dissociat$ into _! ions1 p>tially s 9 a /rong solution1 entirely s 9 "o :i* is inf9itely dilute1 a /atem5t :i* leads to "s extraord9>y conclusions4 ,= in/ance1 ! ions ( common salt are sodium & *lor9e4 ,9 a dilute solution ! salt itself ceases to exi/1 :ile atoms ( sodium & atoms ( *lor9e w&] ab\t1 *emically sep>at$ f ea* o!r b /ill 9 equilibrium4 ,sodium sulphate may be reg>d$ z made up ( two p>ts--sodium & an acid radicle :i* conta9s "o atom ( sulphur to f\r ( oxyg5--& ^! p>ts1 its ions1 are sev]$ ap>t dur+ solution to move ab\t indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,?is !ory ( ,arrh5ius1 ! !ory ( electrolytic dissociation1 is support$ by _m facts1 & fits 9 well ) ! k9etic !ory ( ,van t',h(f4 ,electrolysis is no long] to be consid]$ z a sep>at+ process1 b r z a sort+ ( ! ions1 :i* receive diff]5t electrical *>ges & conc5trate at ! two electrical poles4 ,! ph5om5a ( freez+ & boil+ po9ts 9 solutions1 & ( ! absorption ( heat :5 solid salts are dissolv$1 all h>monize ) ! conclusions :i* h be5 rea*$4 ,a complete !ory ( solutions is yet to be propos$2 b ^! new doctr9es1 :i* are true s f> z !y g1 repres5t a long /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,a f9al !ory w include !m1 b !y are n likely to be set aside4 ,z we ne> ! end ( ! c5tury we f9d "o m discov]y to note1 f a mo/ unexpect$ qu>t]--! discov]y ( new gases 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,9 #ahic ,"l ,rayleigh 0 at "w ^u new det]m9ations ( d5sity1 ) reg>d to ! m important gases4 ,9 ! case ( nitrog5 an anomaly appe>$3 nitrog5 obta9$ f ! atmosph]e 0 f\nd to be v slightly heavi] ?an t prep>$ f *emical s\rces1 b ! diff]5ce 0 s slight t x might almo/ h be5 ignor$4 ,to ,rayleigh1 h[ev]1 su* a proc$ure 0 inadmissible1 & he s\ght = an explanation ( 8 results4 ,jo9+ =ces ) ,ramsay1 ! obs]v$ discrepancies 7 hunt$ d[n1 & 9 #ahid ! discov]y ( argon 0 ann\nc$4 ,ramsay soon f\nd 9 c]ta9 r>e m9]als ano!r new gas--helium--^: spectral l9es _h previ\sly be5 not$ 9 ! spectrum ( ! sun2 & /ill lat]1 work+ ) liquid air1 he discov]$ f\r m ( ^! /range elem5ts--krypton1 x5on1 neon1 & met>gon4 ,by extreme accuracy ( measurem5t ?is *a9 ( discov]y 0 />t$1 &1 z "s "o has aptly said1 x repres5ts ! triumph ( ! ?ird decimal4 ,a noble dissatisfaction ) m]ely approximate data 0 ! motive :i* initiat$ ! "w4 ,to ! *emi/ ^! new gases are sorely puzzl+4 ,!y come f a field :i* 0 ?\ght to be exhau/$1 & cause u to wond] :y !y 7 n f\nd be=e4 ,! reason = ! ov]sight is pla93 ! gases are devoid ( *emical prop]ties1 at lea/ none h yet be5 c]ta9ly obs]v$4 ,!y are colorless1 ta/eless1 odorless1 in]t2 s f> !y h be5 f\nd to be incapable ( union ) o!r elem5ts2 ap>t f "s d\btful exp]im5ts ( ,b]!lot1 !y =m no *emical comp\nds4 ,"u ! p]iodic law !y are difficult to classify2 !y seem to belong n[h]e2 !y simply exi/1 unsocial1 alone4 ,only by _! d5sity1 _! spectra1 & "s physical prop]ties c ^! intractable new =ms ( matt] be id5tifi$4 ,9 a sket* l ?is a ho/ ( discov]ies mu/ rema9 unnotic$1 & o!rs c be b>ely m5tion$4 ,! isolation ( fluor9e & ! manufacture ( diamonds by ,moissan1 ! syn!sis ( sug>s by ,fis*]1 ! discov]y ( soluble =ms ( silv] by ,c>ey ,lea--all ^! a*ievem5ts & _m m mu/ be pass$ ov]4 ,some?+1 h[ev]1 ne$s to be said ^u ! utilit>ian aspects ( *emi/ry1 & conc]n+ its influ5ce ^u o!r sci5ces4 ,portions ( ?is field h be5 t\*$ 9 ! prec$+ pages2 ! int]dep5d5ce ( *emi/ry & physics is already evid5t2 o!r subjects n[ dem& our att5tion4 ,m$ic9e & physiology are bo? debtors to *emi/ry = mu* ( _! advancem5t1 & 9 m ?an "o way4 ,f ! *emi/ m$ic9e has receiv$ a ho/ ( new rem$ies1 "s new processes1 & advanc$ me?ods = ! diagnosis ( disease4 ,! /a9+ ( tissues = id5tification "u ! microscope is effect$ by *emical ag5ts1 ! analysis ( ur9e helps to id5tify disord]s ( ! kidneys2 nitr\s oxide1 *lor(orm1 e!r1 & coca9e almo/ aboli% pa94 ,! dis9fection ( ! sick-room & ! antiseptic me?ods :i* g f> t[>d ! creation ( mod]n surg]y all dep5d ^u *emical products ^: long li/ increases ye> by ye>4 ,crude drugs are n[ replac$ by active pr9ciples discov]$ 9 ! laboratory--morph9e1 qu99e1 & ! l--& in/ead ( ! bulky1 nause\s draughts ( old5 "t1 ! invalid is giv5 ta/eless capsules ( gelat9 or compress$ tablets ( uni=m /r5g? & m accurately grad$ p[]4 ,a great "p ( physiology consi/s ( ! /udy ( *emical processes1 ! trans=mation ( comp\nds )9 ! liv+ organism1 & practically all ?is advance is ! creation ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,mod]n bact]iology1 at lea/ 9 its practical applications1 began ) a *emical discussion betwe5 ,liebig & ,pa/eur z to ! nature ( f]m5tation3 /ep by /ep ! field ( exploration has enl>g$2 z ! result ( ! inve/igations we h prev5tive m$ic9e1 m p]fect sanitation1 & antiseptic surg]y4 ,! ptoma9es :i* cause disease & ! antitox9s :i* prev5t x are alike *emical 9 _! nature1 & 7 discov]$ by *emical me?ods4 ,physiology )\t *emi/ry c\ld n exi/2 ev5 ! ph5om5a ( respiration 7 mean+less be=e ! discov]y ( oxyg54 ,! human body is a *emical laboratory1 & )\t ! aid ( ! *emi/ its my/]ies c n be unravel$4 ,to agriculture also *emi/ry is a pot5t ally1 ^: value c h>dly be ov]rat$4 ,x has creat$ f]tiliz]s & insecticides = ! use ( ! f>m] & taught _! intellig5t use1 & 9 ! _m exp]im5t /ations ( ! _w x is daily discov]+ facts or pr9ciples :i* are practically applicable to agriculture4 ,! beet-sug> indu/ry 0 develop$ by *emical rese>*es & *emical me?ods2 ! arts ( ! dairy h be5 *emically improv$2 ! food ( all civiliz$ nations is bett] & m abundant ?an x 0 be=e ! *emi/ gave 8 aid to its production4 ,adult]ation1 always practic$1 is n[ easily detect$ by *emical analysis1 &1 ?\gh ! evil /ill exi/s1 ! rem$y = x is 9 sight4 ,to ,liebig1 :o gave to agricultural *emi/ry its fir/ great impulse =w>d1 mank9d is indebt$ to an am\nt :i* is beyond all computation4 ,9 manufactures ! influ5ce ( *emi/ry is se5 at e turn4 ,:5 ! c5tury began1 probably no indu/rial e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w dream$ ( ma9ta9+ a *emical laboratory2 to-day1 hundr$s are well equipp$ & (t5 heavily mann$ = ! sole b5efit ( ! intellig5t manufactur]4 ,coal gas is a *emical product2 its by-products are ammonia & coal t>2 f ! latt]1 z we h se51 hundr$s ( useful sub/ances1 ! discov]ies ( ! la/ half c5tury1 are prep>$4 ,bett] & *eap] soap & glass owe _! exi/5ce to *emical improvem5t 9 ! mak+ ( alkalies2 *emical blea*+ has replac$ ! t$i\s action ( sunlight & dew2 *emical dye/uffs give our mod]n fabrics ne>ly all _! hues4 ,metallurgy is almo/ :olly a gr\p ( *emical processes2 e metal is extract$ f its ores by me?ods :i* re/ on *emical f\ndations2 analyses ( fuel1 flux1 & product g on side by side ) ! smelt+4 ,! cyanide & *lor9ation processes = gold1 ! ,bessem] process = /eel1 are apt illu/rations ( ! advances 9 *emical metallurgy2 b be=e ^! come into play ! dynamite ( ! m9]1 ano!r *emical inv5tion1 mu/ h done its "w und]gr\nd4 ,= r>e m9]als1 ! m]e curiosities ( tw5ty ye>s ago1 uses h be5 f\nd2 f monazite we obta9 ! oxides :i* =m ! mantle ( ! ,welsba* burn]2 f beauxite1 alum9um is made4 ,! =m] wa/e products ( _m an indu/ry h also reveal$ unsuspect$ values1 & *emi/ry has ! sole honor ( _! discov]y4 ,9 education1 *emi/ry has /eadily gr[n 9 importance1 until a s+le univ]sity may h ne$ ( z _m z tw5ty *emi/s 9 its tea*+ /aff1 tea*+ n only :at is already kn[n1 b also ! art ( rese>*4 ,z a discipl9>y /udy1 *emi/ry ranks high 9 ! college curriculum1 & x op5s ! way to a new le>n$ pr(ession1 equal 9 rank ) ^? ( m anci5t /&+4 ,= ! mat]ial advancem5t ( mank9d ! n9ete5? c5tury has done m ?an all ! prec$+ ages comb9$1 & sci5ce has be5 ! *ief in/rum5t ( progress4 ,sci5tific me?ods1 exp]im5tal inve/igation1 h replac$ ! old empiricism1 & no man c imag9e :]e ! =w>d movem5t is to end4 ,hi!rto rese>* has be5 sporadic1 individual1 unorganiz$2 b fruitful beyond all anticipation4 ,9 ! future x %\ld become m sy/ematic1 bett] organiz$1 ri*] 9 facilities4 ,?r\gh laboratories equipp$ = rese>* alone ! tw5tie? c5tury mu/ "w1 & *emi/ry is entitl$ to its fair %>e ( ! com+ opportunities4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( ! *emi/1 great z !y h be5 dur+ ?is c5tury1 are b a beg9n+2 ! l>g] possibilities are ahead4 ,! greate/ laws are yet undiscov]$2 ! invitation ( ! unkn[n 0 nev] m di/9ct ?an n[4 ,,m\nt ,,tamalpais4 ,,by ,,m>sd5 ,,manson1 ,c4 ,e41 ,,ph4,d4 ,m\nt ,tamalpais is ! s\!rn & t]m9at+ peak ( ! we/]ly ridge ( ! ,coa/ ,range1 :i* confronts ! ,pacific ,ocean f ! ,gold5 ,gate to ! ,oregon l9e4 ,its outli]s =m ! bold headl&s :i* skirt ! ,gold5 ,gate & adjac5t wat]s to ! nor?1 & :i* b\nd ! p59sula con/itut+ ,m>9 ,c\nty4 ,! spurs ext5d+ to ! ea/ rea* ! %ores ( ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco1 & inclose small alluvial valleys ( great f]tility & beauty4 ,9 "s in/ances ^! valley l&s are fr+$ by tidal m>%es1 9 "p reclaim$ & "u cultivation4 ,! top ( ! m\nta9 breaks into ?ree di/9ct peaks1 ea* rea*+ an altitude ( ne>ly half a mile above sea level1 al?\gh b\nd$ on ?ree sides by tidal wat]s4 ,no l& po9ts visible f ! summit1 except ^? b\nd+ ! app>5t horizon1 rea* equal or great] altitude4 ,! m\nta9 is !re=e a m>k$ feature f all p>ts ( ! area visible f its summit1 :i* area has an ext5t ( ab\t eight ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,! adjo9$ photographic reproduction ( a portion ( a relief map ( ! ,/ate gives a g5]al idea ( ! adjac5t l&1 bay1 & ocean areas4 ,! we/]ly gr\p ( isl&s1 opposite ! ,gold5 ,gate1 are ! ,f>allones4 ,! bold headl& nor?we/ ( ! ,gate is ,po9t ,reyes2 x protects f ! nor? & nor?we/ w9ds ! an*orage kn[n z ,drake's ,bay4 ,! /rip ( wat] betwe5 ! adjo9+ p59sula & ! ma9l& is ,tomales ,bay4 ,! mo/ we/]ly headl& s\? ( ! ,gold5 ,gate is ,san ,p$ro ,po9t1 & ! prom95t headl& f>!r s\? is ,pescad]o ,po9t4 ,! :ole ( ,san ,francisco ,bay is visible f ,m\nt ,tamalpais1 except a few %elt]$ nooks & portions beh9d isl&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vic9ity ,,( ,,! ,,gold5 ,,gate4 ,! tidal area inside ! ,gold5 ,gate is ab\t sev5 hundr$ & =ty squ>e miles at high tide2 ?is includes t portion :i* ext5ds ea/ ( ! ,coa/ ,range into ! valley ( ,cali=nia1 & kn[n z ,suisun ,bay2 ?is bay is connect$ ) ,san ,francisco ,bay ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,c>qu9ez & ,san ,pablo ,bay4 ,empty+ into ,suisun ,bay at its ea/]ly end are ! ,sacram5to & ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv]s4 ,?us ! tidal wat]s wa%+ ! base ( ,m\nt ,tamalpais are connect$ ) ! int]ior valley ( ,cali=nia1 & tribut>y to !m are ab\t twelve hundr$ miles ( navigable *annels1 tapp+ ! c5tral "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,f ! summit ( ?is peak ! eye sweeps ! horizon ( ! ,pacific ,ocean = ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty degrees4 ,to ! nor?we/1 nor?1 & nor!a/ lie ,petaluma1 ,santa ,rosa1 ,sonoma1 & ,napa ,valleys1 ! view ov] ^! be+ b\nd$ by ! ridges inclos+ !m4 ,to ! ea/ are ! ,/raits ( ,c>qu9ez1 ! outlet ( ! fifty-eight ?\s& squ>e miles ( dra9age ( ! ,sacram5to & ,san ,joaqu9 ,riv]s1 & ! only wat] gap 9 ! entire p]imet]4 ,f ! ea/ to ! s\? lie ! slopes ( ! ,contra ,co/a ,hills & ! ranges b\nd+ ! dra9age into ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco1 & includ+ ! ,santa ,cl>a ,valley1 ?us embrac+ a magnific5t view ( ! g>d5 spots ( ,cali=nia1 & ! cities & t[ns ar\nd ! bay--! homes ( ab\t "o ?ird ! population ( ! ,/ate4 ,?ree prom95t peaks m>k ! limits ( ! l& view3 ,m\nt ,hamilton1 ! site ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia2 ,m\nt ,diablo1 ! base & m]idian ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates l& surveys ( c5tral ,cali=nia2 & ,m\nt ,/4 ,hel5a1 a volcanic peak ! summit ( :i* is common to ,napa1 ,sonoma1 & ,lake ,c\nties1 & ^: spurs are not$ = _! quicksilv] m9es1 m9]al & hot spr+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,location ,,( ,,railroad ,,f ,,mill ,,valley ,,to ,,summit ,,( ,,m\nt ,,tamalpais4 ,! plant life ( ! imm$iate ,tamalpais region is abundant & int]e/+2 ! fl[]+ plants are repres5t$ by ab\t eighty ord]s1 ?ree hundr$ & fifty g5]a1 & f sev5 to eight hundr$ species1 ( :i* ab\t "o hundr$ are trees & %rubs4,f ,"s ( ! ,si]ra =ms occur on ,m\nt ,tamalpais1 & x is also ! locus ( ! mo/ s\!rly ext5sion ( c]ta9 boreal species4 ,ow+ to ! wide range ( temp]ature1 moi/ure conditions1 & exposures1 _m ( ^! plants c be f\nd 9 bloom dur+ e week 9 ! ye>4 ,dur+ ! w>m1 moi/ autumn & w9t] ! h>die/ species bloom f ,octob] to ,april 9 protect$ areas1 & 9 ! cold1 expos$ areas ^! same species require ! heat ( ! season f ,april to ,septemb] to br+ !m into bloom4 ,?us1 )9 a radius ( f\r or five miles f ! summit !re is n a week 9 ! ye> :5 ! fl[]s ( c]ta9 species c n be ga!r$--?is 9 face ( ! fact t dur+ ! mon?s ( ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y ! summit may be cov]$ ) sleet or sn[ = a day or two at a "t4 ,f ,e/imat$ by ,miss ,ea/wood1 curator ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,botany ( ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,m\nt ,tamalpais is !re=e a po9t ( great int]e/ to ! sight-se]1 ! t\ri/1 & ! /ud5t ( ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ,summit f a ,po9t ,sixte5 ,hundr$ ,feet above ,tide4 ,,modes ,,( ,,rea*+ ,,! ,,summit4--,= _m ye>s a trail has exi/$ f ,mill ,valley to ! summit1 & ano!r f ,ross ,valley1 bo? practicable = pack mules4 ,lat] ! ,ross ,valley trail 0 improv$ s z to be practicable = light vehicles1 b ^! did n answ] ! ne$s ( ! increas+ travel1 & 9 #ahie ! ,mill ,valley & ,m\nt ,tamalpais ,sc5ic ,railway ,company 0 organiz$4 ,! purpose ( ?is company 0 bold--to con/ruct a traction railroad f tide level to ! summit ( a peak n two miles (f & ne>ly half a mile high appe>$ vision>y1 if n impossible1 to _m4 ,b ) p]sev]+ skill a road 0 locat$ ^u a l9e #h4ai miles long1 hav+ an av]age grade ( five & a half p] c5t & maximum grades ( sev5 p] c5t1 & ov]com+ #b1cec feet elevation 9 ?is di/ance4 ,f\r & n9e t5?s miles are curv$1 ! m9imum radius be+ sev5ty feet4 ,ow+ to ! r\gh & rav9e-cut topography1 tw5ty-five tre/les 7 necess>y1 ! curvature & grade be+ ma9ta9$ ov] ^!4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! co/ ( grad+ & to develop suffici5t l5g? to ov]come ! elevation1 ! grade cont\r 0 foll[$ z closely z possible4 ,! v %ort radius employ$ p]mitt$ ?is to be done )\t tunnels & ) b two ?r\gh cuts4 ,! accompany+ map1 prep>$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic *>ts & ! maps & pr(iles ( ! company1 gives a g5]al idea ( ! location & ma9 features4 ,to ! /ud5t ( railroad location x =ms an int]e/+ exhibit ( ! extreme flexibility ( railway location4 ,! rails are /eel1 fifty-sev5 p\nds to ! y>d1 laid to /&>d gauge ^u ! ord9>y r$wood ties 9 use on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,grad+1 tre/le "w1 & lay+ co/ ab\t #ee1jjj4 ,! entire road co/ #acf1gdf4dd1 or practically #af1gjj p] mile4 ,! equipm5t consi/s ( "o ?irty-ton ge>$ locomotive 7,heisl]71 "o tw5ty-ton ge>$ locomotive 7,%ay71 six op5 canopy-top obs]vation c>s1 "o half-clos$ pass5g] c>1 & two flat c>s4 ,co/ ( equipm5t1 #bb1dej4;,g ,g ,! writ] is indebt$ to ! (fic]s ( ! ,mill ,valley & ,m\nt ,tamalpais ,sc5ic ,railway = ! above accurate /ati/ics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,f ,,summit ,,( ,,m\nt ,,tamalpais ,,hotel ,,at ,,t]m9us4 ,! locomotives & c>s are v ?or\ghly provid$ ) brakes3 fir/1 ! ,we/+h\se automatic air brake2 second1 a wat] brake2 &1 ?ird1 a p[]ful h& brake to ea* locomotive & c>4 ,! effici5cy ( ?is equipm5t is atte/$ 9 ! op]ation ( ! road )\t accid5t or injury ( any k9d4 ,! locomotives are always op]at$ on ! l[] end ( tra9s1 & ! maximum spe$ all[$ is eight miles p] h\r4 ,! ride up ! w9d+ caons & ?r\gh ! sup]b sc5]y trav]s$ by ?is road is a treat ( :i* "o nev] tires4 ,! po9t ( view1 ! direction1 & ! "* ( ! l&scape are cont9ually *ang+4 ,) no deep cuts1 no tunnels1 fac+ fir/ "o & !n ! o!r & f9ally all ! po9ts ( ! compass1 sweep+ ar\nd spurs1 ) di/ant views ( l& & sea1 & ne> views ( great beauty2 !n fac+ ! /eep sides ( ! m\nta91 its geology & flora af=d+ int]e/+ pictures2 !n ov] tre/les ) ! bran*es ( ! bay1 r$wood1 madroo1 oak1 & manzanita j out ( rea*--all ^! =m beauties & attractions possess$ by no o!r road kn[n to ! writ]4 ,a fa9t idea ( ! appe>ance ( ! road & ( ! sc5]y may be _h f ! app5d$ photographs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,d\ble ,,b[4 ,,! ,,meteorological ,,/ation4--,! advantages ( ,m\nt ,tamalpais z a meteorological /ation h long be5 recogniz$1 & _m ef=ts h be5 made to utilize !m4 ,x frequ5tly projects _m hundr$s ( feet above fogs :i* cov] ! adjac5t %ores1 & dur+ ^! p]iods "o c look out ^u an ocean ( roll+1 fleecy cl\ds :i* break ^u ! m\nta9s ar\nd its base & visible f its summit4 ,?is fre$om f obscur+ conditions gives an opportunity to m freely obs]ve & /udy meteorological ph5om5a1 & caus$ ! ,wea!r ,bureau to make a s]ies ( prelim9>y obs]vations 9 #ahig1 &1 ^! result+ favorably1 a fully equipp$ p]man5t /ation 0 subsequ5tly built4 ,! results h fully equal$ expectations4 ,! advantages ( ! location may be briefly summ>iz$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,x is close to ! coa/ l9e1 & is s elevat$ t x is n s]i\sly affect$ by ! local indraught ( air ?r\gh ! ,gold5 ,gate & adjac5t gaps 9 ! ,coa/ ,range4 ,?is local indraught is a di/urb+ & (t5 a mislead+ factor 9 all obs]vations tak5 ne> & s\? ( ! ,gold5 ,gate = at lea/ a score ( miles4 ,! elevat$ /ation on top ( ! peak elim9ates ! s\rce ( errors bas$ ^u obs]vations at l[] /ations1 & enables ! =eca/ (ficial to det]m9e ! effects ( ! local di/urbances1 & ?us to give obs]vations tak5 at or ne> sea level _! true weight at ! prop] "t4 #b4 ,no /ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has s full & free a projection into ! l[] ?ird ( ! vapor-be>+ /ratum z has ! /ation on ?is peak4 ,no o!r /ation furni%es1 z x does1 an opportunity to /udy ! di/ribution ( vapor 9 ! l[] ?ird ( t /ratum ( ! atmosph]e1 ! physics ( :i* is mo/ important to human life & indu/ries4 #c4 ,9 /udy+ ! ph5om5a connect$ ) ! occurr5ce ( fog1 ?is /ation furni%es highly valuable data t c\ld be obta9$ f no o!r2 &1 aga91 enables ! /ud5t ( wea!r lore to correct mislead+ impressions & d$uctions bas$ ^u obs]vations tak5 bel[ ! "o-?\s&-foot cont\r above sea level4 ,on ! #af? ( ,june1 #ahii1 ! obs]vations tak5 on ,m\nt ,tamalpais m>k$ a diff]5ce ( ab\t ?irty degrees 9 temp]ature ov] ^? ar\nd its base4 ,9 ,san ,francisco1 at ,po9t ,lobos & at ,po9t ,reyes1 ! temp]ature 0 d[n to #dh1 :ile on ,m\nt ,tamalpais x 0 #gi1 ?us m>k+ an approa*+ *ange 9 wea!r conditions1 & giv+ ! ,wea!r ,bureau ! fir/ opportunity ( us+ ! v]tical temp]ature gradi5t 9 =eca/+4 ,z a /ation = furni%+ ! data = a /udy ( ! problems ( ! physics ( ! atmosph]e ,m\nt ,tamalpais is ( fur!r importance1 z x /&s ne> ! ea/]ly limits ( ! great area ( high pressure :i*1 dur+ summ]1 lies ov] ! ,nor? ,pacific & :i* dom9ates ! climatic ph5om5a ( ,cali=nia = ! great] portion ( ! ye>4 ,/ations on ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s to ! s\? & o!rs on ! ,aleutian ,isl&s to ! nor? ( ?is area ( high pressure w /ill fur!r aid 9 ! solution ( ! great & vital problems n[ be=e meteorologi/s4 ,^! /ations are ! mo/ reliable ones :i* c surr\nd on ?ree sides ! two great 8wea!r bre$]s0--! 8summ] high0 & ! 8w9t] l[0 ( ! ,nor? ,pacific4 ,,int]national ,,law ,,& ,,! ,,peace ,,conf]5ce4 ,,by ,,james ,,h>ris ,,vick]y1 ,,ll4 ,b4 8,9 tru? ^! #8cut-&-dri$' s*emes are ( no value at all1 unless z monum5ts ( ! m+l$ simplicity & +5uity ( _! au?ors40--,,lawr5ce4 ,! view has be5 v g5]ally ent]ta9$ t all ef=ts to promote ! cause ( peace & ord] 9 ! _w by cut-&-dri$ s*emes are b\nd to fail1 & x mu/ be admitt$ t few tru] words h be5 writt5 ?an ^? :i* /& at ! head ( ?is article4 ,b ?is tru?1 l "s o!rs1 may be abus$4 ,evid5ces are n want+ to %[ t ! incr$ulity :i* prec$$ ! conv5+ ( ! ,peace ,conf]5ce1 ! skepticism :i* m>k$ its fir/ sessions1 & a c]ta9 want ( fai? :i* has s9ce be5 manife/$ 9 v>i\s qu>t]s 9 ! practical value ( ! measures adopt$1 are all ma9ly due to a misapplication ( ?is tru?4 ,! measures =mulat$ at ,! ,hague d n con/itute a 8cut-&-dri$ s*eme10 b1 on ! contr>y1 !y =m an additional /ep 9 a natural1 heal?y1 & ord]ly evolution ( ! =ces ( peace :i* h s effectively ass]t$ !mselves 9 ! improvem5t ( int]national relations dur+ ! latt] half ( ?is c5tury4,h ,h ,= an excell5t /atem5t ( ! "w ( ! ,conf]5ce f ! ,g]man po9t ( view1 see ,die vlk]re*tli*5 ,ergebnisse d] ,haag] ,conf]5z1 by ,pr(essor ,zorn1 ( ,knigsb]g1 "o ( ! ,g]man delegates1 publi%$ 9 ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 ,janu>y et seq4 ,,! ,,g5eva ,,r$ ,,cross ,,rules4--,! fir/ matt] to :i* att5tion w be invit$ is ! ext5sion ( ! ,r$ ,cross rules to naval w>f>e4 ,! ,g5eva ,conv5tion ( #ahfd1 :i* m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! organization kn[n z ! ,r$ ,cross ,society1 inaugurat$ a va/ & b5efic5t improvem5t 9 ! !n exi/+ usage ( nations z reg>d$ ! c>e ( ! sick & w\nd$ 9 w>4 ,its two sali5t features are ! neutralization ( ! (fic]s & =ces ( ! society & ! disabl$ soldi]s "u _! c>e1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em to gov]n ! conduct ( its humane "w4 ,at ! dawn ( mod]n int]national law dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury n only ! sick & w\nd$ ( a vanqui%$ foe1 b e prison]1 & ev5 wom5 & *ildr51 suff]$ to ! fulle/ ! indignities & cruelties incid5t to ! r\gh w>f>e ( ! age2 b ! gr[? ( m]cy has s(t5$ ! asp]ities ( w>1 & among ! mile/ones t m>k ?is advance t[>d a m humane usage ! ,r$ ,cross ,society holds an honor$ place4 ,"u its rules ! sick & w\nd$ 7 no long] left to ! irregul> & caprici\s c>e ( private b5evol5ce1 b 7 made ! subject ( organiz$ & sy/ematic treatm5t by a /aff ( skill$ physicians & exp]i5c$ nurses provid$ ) hospital & ambulance facilities1 &1 ?us equipp$ & assur$ ! protection ( bo? combatants1 !y 7 able to "w effectively 9 _! m9i/rations to ! sick & dy+4 ,va/ z 0 ?is progress f ! days :5 at ! siege ( ,acre ! fir/ real att5tion s9ce ! d>k ages 0 giv5 to ! w\nd$ by ! ,ord] ( ,teutonic ,knights1 !re 0 /ill "o s]i\s imp]fection t limit$ its sph]e ( usefulness--x did n apply to w>f>e on ! seas4 ,an ef=t _h inde$ be5 made 9 #ahfh to ext5d ! ,r$ ,cross rules to naval w>f>e1 b x fail$1 & ! w\nd$ 9 conflicts on ! sea cont9u$ to be left to ! old provisions1 :i* 7 necess>ily inadequate & c\ld n be ex]cis$ "u ! jo9t protection ( ! combatants4 ,! virtue ( ! good ,sam>itan is a pot5t =ce1 b to be fully effective on ! field ( battle x mu/ be ex]cis$ "u a common sy/em e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ by ! mutual cons5t ( nations4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a mi/ake to suppose t because ! ef=t made 9 #ahfh to ext5d ^! rules to sea w>f>e fail$ on acc\nt ( _! non-ratification1 !y 7 n su/a9$ by public op9ion4 ,_m difficulties1 especially ^? ( a te*nical "*1 /ood 9 ! way2 b public op9ion 0 ev] gr[+ 9 _! favor1 & x ev5tually came to be reg>d$ z an anomaly t :ile ! c>e ( ! sick & w\nd$ 9 l& w>f>e _h be5 regulat$ ^u a common basis ( int]national agreem5t1 no simil> provision exi/$ = ! c>e ( ! victims ( naval combat4 ,)\t "s su* ext5sion ( ! rules no adequate expression c\ld be giv5 to ! gr[+ humanity ( ! age4 ,= ^! reasons x w be obvi\s t ! next /ep necess>y 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ! ,r$ ,cross "w consi/$ ( its ext5sion to naval w>f>e4 ,! ,peace ,conf]5ce subject$ ! ,conv5tion ( #ahfd & ! additional rules ( #ahfh to a c>eful exam9ation1 consid]$ at l5g? ! difficulties 9 ! way1 & f9ally adopt$ a new s]ies ( rules provid+ = an organiz$ /aff ( physicians & nurses1 ) hospital %ips & life-sav+ appliances1 :i* %all1 )\t int]f]+ ) op]ations1 be h5ce=? employ$ 9 naval engagem5ts & enjoy ! protection ( bo? combatants4 ,! newly =mulat$ rules1 9 conjunction ) ! previ\s ones relat+ to l& w>f>e1 are ! practical embodim5t ( ! gr[+ feel+s ( humanity & m]cy 9 ! conduct ( w>f>e :i*1 comm5c+ ) ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia1 has be5 ev] m & m effective 9 secur+ ! evolution ( a bett] usage4 ,,! ,,brussels ,,rules4--,s1 too1 ) ref]5ce to ! rules gov]n+ ! conduct ( armies 9 ! field ! "w ( ! conf]5ce repres5ts a s\nd & heal?y evolution4 ,x may be rem>k$1 by way ( preface1 t ! old idea ( w> reg>d$ ho/ilities z work+ ! absolute int]ruption ( all relations betwe5 bellig]5ts1 save ^? aris+ f =ce2 x also reg>d$ ! enemy z a prop] object ( viol5ce & depr$ation4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ,grotius ! univ]sal usage p]mitt$ ! putt+ to dea? ( all p]sons f\nd 9 ! enemy's t]ritory1 & 9 ! t]rible /ruggles ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 9 ,g]many & ! ,eighty ,ye>s' ,w> 9 ! ,ne!rl&s ! /ory ( ! fate ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 at ! h&s ( a conqu]+ soldi]y =ms "o ( ! d>ke/ *apt]s 9 human hi/ory4 ,b :ile ,grotius decl>$ ?is to be ! usage1 he also took c>e to po9t out t consid]ations ( ju/ice & m]cy dictate a bett] c\rse1 & he made a di/9ction betwe5 c]ta9 classes1 decl>+ t ju/ice requires ! bellig]5t to sp>e ^? :o h done no wrong to him1 especially old m51 prie/s1 husb&m51 m]*ants1 prison]s1 wom51 & *ildr54 ,?is m]ciful di/9ction 0 eag]ly seiz$ ^u by 8 successors1 :o gradually develop$ out ( x diff]5t rules = ! treatm5t ( ! 8combatant0 & 8non-combatant0 portion ( ! enemy inhabitants4 ,aft] ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia 9 #afdh1 :i* m>k$ ! close ( ! great /ruggles t _h s long convuls$ ,europe1 ! old] & m brutal cu/oms fell into disuse1 & ! !ory t only s mu* /ress %\ld be put ^u an enemy1 & prim>ily ^u ! combatant portion1 z 0 suffici5t to de/roy 8 p[] ( resi/ance 0 sub/itut$ = x4 ,along ) ?is new usage grew ! ev]-increas+ rights ( neutrals1 among !m be+ t ( trade & comm]ce ) ! non-combatant portion ( bellig]5t /ates1 :i* has done s mu* to light5 ! h>d%ips ( w> suff]$ by ^? devot$ to peaceful pursuits 9 ! enemy's t]ritory4 ,! next important /ep 9 ?is evolution belongs to ! pres5t c5tury1 & is due to ! enlight5$ initiative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is /ep consi/$ 9 ! prep>ation ( a manual conta9+ a code ( rules = ! conduct ( l& w>f>e4 ,ke5ly alive to ! inevitable suff]+s incid5t to ! great civil conflict !n be+ wag$1 ,abraham ,l9coln commission$ ,francis ,lieb] to prep>e a s]ies ( rules = ! conduct ( ! armies ( ! republic 9 ! field :i* %\ld set b\nds to ! passions ( ! soldi]y4,i ,9 pursuance ( ?is commission1 a code ( rules 0 prep>$ & adopt$ :i* has s9ce be5 kn[n z ,lieb]'s ,manual2 x 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfc1 & prov$ a bless+ to soldi] & civilian alike4 ,s obvi\s1 inde$1 7 its good results t o!r nations rapidly foll[$ ! lead ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & simil> manuals 7 issu$ by ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,russia1 & o!r p[]s4 ,i ,see ,pi]antoni1 ,die ,=ts*ritte des ,vlk]re*ts im neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t4 ,b :ile ,lieb]'s ,manual 0 ?us tak5 z ! model by v>i\s nations1 !re 7 inevitably develop$ s]i\s div]g5cies 9 ! rules & details4 ,recogniz+ ! desirability ( a common code1 :i* %\ld be b9d+ ^u all nations1 ,alex&] ,,ii ( ,russia attempt$ to secure ! unit$ action ( ! lead+ /ates1 &1 pursuant to 8 initiative1 ! ,conf]5ce ( ,brussels 0 call$ 9 #ahgd4 ,9 ! sessions ( ?is conf]5ce ! rules already develop$ 7 c>efully exam9$1 & ultimately a s]ies ( articles1 well calculat$ to =m ! basis = an excell5t int]national code1 0 adopt$4 ,z ! delegates1 h[ev]1 _h n be5 giv5 pl5>y p[]s by _! respective gov]nm5ts1 _! action 0 necess>ily ineffective )\t subsequ5t ratification4 ,^u ?is rock ! conf]5ce 0 wreck$1 & ! rules :i* x _h =mulat$ acquir$ no b9d+ au?ority4 ,b indirectly !y _h a mo/ happy effect1 = !y work$ z a unify+ influ5ce 9 ! prep>ation ( subsequ5t manuals & ! am5dm5t ( exi/+ ones4 ,! increas+ int]e/ 9 ! subject ?us /imulat$ l$ ! ,in/itute ( ,int]national ,law to give ! matt] /ill fur!r ?\ght1 ) ! result t t em95t body ( juri/s 9 #ahhj adopt$ a v full & excell5t code1 :i* gave evid5ce ( mu* advance 9 ! k ( ! subject4 ,b nei!r ! ,brussels rules nor ! code ( ! ,in/itute ( ,int]national ,law possess$ any b9d+ au?ority1 save 9 s f> z !y embodi$ g5]ally accept$ usage2 _! influ5ce1 h[ev]1 increas$ ! t5d5cy 9 ! direction ( a common manual su* z t :i* ,alex&] ,,ii _h hop$ to secure--a hope :i* has n[ be5 realiz$1 & 9 a mann] wor?y ( ! subject4 ,?is logical /ep1 too long delay$1 is due to ! ,peace ,conf]5ce4 ,x devot$ mo/ c>eful consid]ation to ! v>i\s codes1 & has enri*$1 ext5d$1 & unifi$ ! rules & improv$ ! :ole by _m valuable provisions sugge/$ by ! int]v5+ exp]i5ce4 ,altoge!r1 ! result is a spl5did example ( a natural evolution :i*1 comm5c+ ) ! di/9ction betwe5 8combatant0 & 8non-combatant0 f\nd$ on ! consid]ations ( m]cy & ju/ice plead$ by ,grotius1 subsequ5tly recogniz$ 9 ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia1 increas+ly practic$ s9ce !n1 & at ! in/ance ( ,l9coln embodi$ 9 a manual1 has n[ l$ to ! adoption ( a common int]national code = ! conduct ( future armies 9 ! field--a result :i* m>ks ! triumph 9 our day ( ! conception ( civiliz$ w>f>e temp]$ ) m]cy ov] ! old idea ( indiscrim9ate & inhuman slaught]4 ,,! ,,sph]e ,,( ,,arbitration4--,a matt] t has giv5 rise to mu* speculation is ! jurisdiction ( arbitral tribunals4 ,x has come to be recogniz$ t a di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 diff]5t classes ( int]national disputes4 ,:at may be call$ 8bus9ess disputes0 betwe5 /ates1 su* z b\nd>y l9es1 t>iffs1 damages1 fi%]y claims1 que/ions ( citiz5%ip1 & v>i\s treaty arrangem5ts--l ! mo/-favor$ nation clause--are all fit subjects = arbitration4,j ,b ! grav] que/ions involv+ ! consid]ation ( national policy & aspirations1 vital int]e/s & honor1 race & religi\s prejudices & passions1 & la/ ( all self-pres]vation1 are1 at lea/ = ! pres5t1 f> beyond ! compet5ce ( an arbitration tribunal4,k ,j ,see ,essai sur l',organisation de l',arbitrage ,int]national1 by ,m4 ,descamps1 p4 #bd4 ,k ,! ,transvaal ,w> p]t95tly illu/rates ! prevail+ want ( k reg>d+ ! true sph]e ( arbitration4 ,ev] s9ce ! outbreak ( w> ! ,cont95tal press & "s ,am]ican pap]s h be5 ask+ :y ! provisions ( ! ,peace ,conf]5ce are n put 9 op]ation4 ,mu* ( ?is is due to anglophobia2 mu* to a g5u9e ignorance ( ! matt]4 ,! treatm5t ( ! subject usually takes ! =m ( an anti!sis 9 :i* ,great ,brita9 z a peace p[] at ! conf]5ce is contra/$ ) ,great] ,brita9 mak+ w> on a little republic1 & ?is is inv>iably foll[$ ) a /atem5t or inf]5ce t ! ,peace ,conf]5ce 0 a huge f>ce1 & ! ,p]man5t ,c\rt a dire failure4 ,x is n[ q pla9 t ! root ( ! difficulty betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,transvaal 0 n ! fran*ise nor ! dynamite monopoly1 b ,engli% v]sus ,dut* pr$om9ancy 9 ! :ole ( ,s\? ,africa1 & !re=e a grave cla% ( two oppos+ policies1 involv+ ! deepe/ que/ions ( int]e/ & ev5 self-pres]vation4 ,reg>d+ ^! que/ions ! conf]5ce 0 unanim\s 9 ! op9ion t !y are entirely outside ! sph]e ( arbitrable "q4 ,if ! li/ ( arbitral decisions hi!rto giv5 be exam9$ x w %[ t que/ions ( ! fir/ sort above are ^? :i* h ?us f> be5 submitt$ to judicial settlem5t4,l ,x is !re=e 9 h>mony ) pa/ exp]i5ce t ! conf]5ce1 9 g5]ally def9+ ! scope ( arbitration1 decl>$ x to be int5d$ = ! settlem5t ( 8que/ions ( a juridical nature10 especially ! int]pretation & application ( int]national agreem5ts ^u ! basis ( respect = law4,m ,! frequ5cy ( ^! 8bus9ess que/ions0 is on ! increase2 !y s]i\sly emb>rass diplomatic repres5tatives1 ^: prop] duty is ! conduct ( grav] matt]s ( policy1 & !re is a gr[+ disposition to submit !m to legal settlem5t4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !re is little d\bt t ! "t has come :5 ! sy/em ( special tempor>y c\rts ( arbitration1 spl5did z _! "w has be51 mu/ give way to a m adequate sy/em--!y 7 inde$ b /epp+ /ones to a m p]man5t organization4 ,"u ! old sy/em ea* p[] 0 likely to wait = ! o!r to take ! initiative2 !n came a squabble z to j h[ mu* & :at "p ( ! difficulty %\ld be submitt$ to arbitration1 !n a squabble ab\t judges1 !n a squabble ab\t proc$ure1 place ( trial1 & s on--all 0 unprep>$ness1 unc]ta9ty1 & meantime angry passions _h full play4 ,l ,see especially ! li/ giv5 9 ! back ( ,d>by's ,int]national ,tribunals1 p4 #bhf4 ,m ,see ,article ,,xv ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,9 ! prep>ation = w> ! mod]n /ate lays no end ( =ce on ! necessity = a rapid & sy/ematic mobilization4 ,! weak po9t1 h[ev]1 9 prep>+ = a judicial conte/ hi!rto has be5 ! abs5ce ( any sy/em by :i* to 8mobilize judges & c\nsel0 & get ! legal =ces out into ! field4 ,to atta9 ?is end ! s*eme pres5t$ by ,"l ,pauncefote & unanim\sly adopt$ by ! conf]5ce w be f\nd to be a mo/ /rik+ example ( ! happy adaptation ( a means to an end :]e ! way seem$ block$ by inf9ite difficulties4 ,x consi/s ( a few simple provisions = ! e/abli%m5t ( an ,int]national ,bureau ( ,arbitration ) an ,adm9i/rative ,c\ncil1 & ?is1 ) ! addition ( v>i\s o!r features drawn f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,russia1 ,france1 & ,italy1 ) "s o!rs1 con/itutes ! composite plan embodi$ 9 ! ,f9al ,act4 ,9 brief outl9e x is z foll[s3 ,,p]man5t ,,c\rt ,,( ,,arbitration4--,! diplomatic repres5tatives ( ! signatory p[]s accr$it$ to ,! ,hague1 includ+ ! ,ne!rl&s ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs z presid5t1,n are to con/itute an adm9i/rative c\ncil4 ,?is c\ncil %all organize & e/abli% an ,int]national ,bureau ( ,arbitration1 ( :i* x %all reta9 ! direction & control1 pursuant to ! provisions ( ! conf]5ce4 ,?is bureau %all s]ve z ! (fice ( ! c\rt1 & conta9 ! ar*ives1 & ! r\t9e bus9ess %all be conduct$ !re94 ,! signatory p[]s w ea* appo9t f\r p]sons1 :o %all be m5 ( recogniz$ ability 9 int]national law & ( high "*1 & ! :ole numb] ( p]sons s appo9t$ %all =m a li/ or panel ( memb]s ( ! c\rt1 or ! int]national b5*4 ,9 case ( a difficulty aris+ betwe5 two or m p[]s :i* !y desire to submit to arbitration1 !y agree to notify ! bureau1 & ! bureau w ask !m to *oose a c]ta9 numb] ( judges f ! panel1 & ^! %all con/itute ! special b5*4,o ,an agreem5t is !n to be drawn up /at+ ! object ( ! litigation & ! p[]s ( ! arbitrators4 ,?is agreem5t implies ! engagem5t ( ! p>ties to submit 9 good fai? to ! s5t5ce4 ,n ,! am5dm5t to ,"l ,pauncefote's plan1 by :i* ! ,dut* ,=eign ,m9i/] 0 made ! presid5t1 is due to ,mr4 ,:ite1 ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,commission4 ,o ,9 case /ates1 betwe5 :om a dispute may arise1 d n ( _! own accord h rec\rse to ! tribunal1 ,section #bg p]mits ! p[]s to rem9d su* /ates t ! ,p]man5t ,c\rt is op5 to !m1 & ! giv+ ( ?is rem9d] is decl>$ to be a duty 9 ! sup]ior int]e/s ( peace1 & is to be reg>d$ only z an ex]cise ( 8good (fices40 ,to ?is section ! ,unit$ ,/ates agre$ on condition t its cons5t %\ld n be reg>d$ z a dep>ture f ! well-kn[n pr9ciples und]ly+ ! =eign policy ( ! ,republic4 ,,arbitral ,,proc$ure4--,= ! purpose ( promot+ ! developm5t ( arbitration c]ta9 simple rules are =mulat$4 ,! p[]s w appo9t special ag5ts1 :o %all be int]m$i>ies betwe5 !m & ! tribunal2 !y w also appo9t c\nsel4 ,! proce$+s consi/ fir/ ( in/ruction--communications by ! ag5ts & c\nsel to ! tribunal & ! oppos+ p>ty1 ( ! plead+s1 etc42 &1 secondly1 ( argum5t--! oral developm5t ( ! plead+s4 ,! argum5t be+ clos$1 ! b5* %all delib]ate 9 secret1 & a decision is to be rea*$ by a majority vote4 ,! decision %all be writt51 & is to conta9 ! reasons ( law & fact ^u :i* x is bas$4 ,9 case ( disagreem5t1 ! diss5t+ op9ion %all also be writt5 & conta9 ! reasons !re=2 ! signature ( ea* memb] is to be add$ to 8 op9ion4 ,subsequ5tly ! decision is to be read 9 op5 session1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ag5ts & c\nsel ( ! p>ties4 ,to sum up3 x conta9s all ! ess5tials2 x is imm$iately available1 provid$ ) a p]man5t (fice1 ) (ficials1 ) a code ( proc$ure1 ) directions = ! comm5cem5t ( proce$+s1 ! pres5tation ( cases1 ! tak+ ( evid5ce by an ,int]national ,commission ( ,inquiry1 ! oral explanation & argum5t ( ! pr9t$ case1 ! pron\ncem5t ( s5t5ce 9 op5 c\rt1 ! record+ ( su* decision1 ! subsequ5t rectification ( an error !re9 on ! discov]y ( new & important facts ( a decisive "*1 & ! pres]vation ( ! records4,p ,p ,see ,articles ,,xv to ,,lvii ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,,basis ,,= ,,future ,,evolution4--,) ^! ess5tials !re is a basis = a future evolution until ! c\rt %all h become z p]fect 9 its organization & details z ! ,high ,c\rts ( ,ju/ice 9 ,engl& or ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x may n be amiss "h to sugge/ ! influ5ce :i* ! p]man5t tribunal is calculat$ to ex]cise 9 ! future developm5t ( int]national law4 ,! provision = a p]man5t bureau or record (fice1 9 :i* ! ar*ives %all be kept1 is sure to prove a valuable condition = future gr[?1 = ! deposit 9 su* bureau ( all arbitral decisions w m>k ! true beg9n+ ( :at we may call 8,int]national ,law ,reports40 ,to ?is bureau ! p[]s und]take to s5d c]tifi$ copies ( all special arbitration agreem5ts1 :e!r embodi$ 9 treaties or o!rwise2 to x also w be s5t ! result ( all special arbitrations h]eaft] resort$ to1 & 9 x w be deposit$ ! pap]s1 plead+s1 & o!r docum5ts1 & especially ! decisions ( ! p]man5t c\rt1 z well z ^? ( any special c\rts :i* may h]eaft] be creat$ f "t to "t4 ,^! ar*ives w ?us furni% a weal? ( mat]ial n lock$ up or available only by juri/s ( ! p>ticul> /ate :]e !y may happ5 to be situat$1 z has too (t5 be5 ! case h]et(ore1 b accessible alike to ! great text writ]s & comm5tators ( all nations4 ,! criticisms & op9ions ( em95t text writ]s h h]et(ore be5 ( great value 9 ! improvem5t ( int]national law1 & "u ^! new & m favorable conditions _! influ5ce %\ld be ev5 m b5eficial 9 ! future4 ,to ! works ( text writ]s w 9 future be add$ ! able discussions ( c\nsel & ! le>n$ op9ions ( judges h&$ d[n 9 writ+1 ) ! reasons ^u :i* !y are f\nd$4,q ,:]e rules & usages are becom+ obsolete or obvi\sly ho/ile to ! gr[? ( op9ion1 int]national judges may feel !mselves b\nd = a "t by !m & give _! decisions accord+ly1 b !y may embody 9 _! writt5 decisions an obit] dictum :i* %all prove ! dea? knell ( ! old rule & ! e/abli%m5t ( a heal?i] "o4 ,_m are ! :olesome *anges t h ?us be5 wr\ght 9 ,engli% 8judge-made law0 z ! direct result ( le>n$ & conv9c+ obit] dicta4 ,q ,= an admirable example1 see ! publi%$ proce$+s ( ! ,p>is ,tribunal 9 ! ,v5ezuelan case4 ,! int]e/ :i* w ?us be /imulat$ 9 ! :ole subject ( int]national law w promote its /udy 9 all nations4 ,hi!rto ?is bran* ( legal education has be5 r slight$2 n be+ reg>d$ z ess5tial to ! ord9>y practition]1 x has be5 neglect$ = ! petty provisions ( "s /ate code or involv$ corporation law1 b ! influ5ces already at "w 9 favor ( a m ?or\gh & s*ol>ly /udy ( ?is bran* w be effectively aid$ "u ! new conditions4 ,?\gh ! law ( nations %\ld be uni=m 9 all c\ntries1 a comp>ison ( ! lead+ works 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ,engli% & ,g]man = in/ance1 w reveal _m diff]5ces p>tly traceable to ! p>ticul> sy/em ( law 9 :i* ! au?or 0 gr\nd$1 & 9 "p to 8 peculi> 8judicial in/9ct40 ,x is n (t5 t "o f9ds an ,engli% or ,am]ican lawy] ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 ! ,roman sy/em & ! mod]n ,cont95tal sy/ems f\nd$ ^u x2 q z r>e is x to f9d a ,cont95tal lawy] le>n$ 9 ! sy/em ( ,engli% jurisprud5ce4 ,!re h be5 su* m51 z1 = example1 ,rudolf ,gnei/1 ^: great "w on ,engli% ,con/itutional ,law & ,hi/ory has become a classic4 ,b1 z a rule1 !re is among text writ]s on ?is bran* ( law & among ! em95t juri/s :o h hi!rto be5 connect$ ) int]national tribunals mu* 8prov9cialism 9 ?\ght & conception10 if ! phrase may be all[$1 & to ov]come x ! future juri/s :o %all take "p 9 int]national conte/s be=e ! high tribunal ( ! nations w require to be m ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 ! hi/ory & evolution ( law 9 g5]al & 9 ! /udy ( comp>ative law1 bo? private & public1 9 p>ticul>1 ?an _! pr$ecessors h be54,r ,9 ?is connection x is n too mu* to hope t ! unify+ influ5ce ( an int]national tribunal w ev5tually ex]cise a good effect 9 promot+ ! solution ( v>i\s p]plex+ problems on ! private side ( int]national law1 or :at is kn[n z 8conflict ( laws40 ,r ,z evid5ce ( increas$ att5tion to ?is matt] 9 ,g]many1 see ,w]!im1 ,wrt]bu* des ,englis*5 ,re*ts4 ,hav+ indicat$ "s directions 9 :i* ! gr[? ( int]national law w be likely to be promot$ by ! tribunal1 ! "q sugge/s itself :e!r ! jurisdiction ( ! int]national c\rt w ev5tually be enl>g$ beyond ! scope at pres5t contemplat$ by ! ,conv5tion ( ,! ,hague4 ,w ! "t ev] come :5 su* a c\rt %all take cognizance ( v>i\s matt]s :i* n[ lie )\t ! sph]e ( 8bus9ess disputes & que/ions ( a juridical nature0 & )9 t ( ess5tial int]e/s1 honor1 race1 & religi\s policies & ideals8 ,! /atem5t1 :i* is sometimes he>d1 t su* w nev] be ! case1 does n seem w>rant$ :5 we reg>d ! gr[? ( law 9 g5]al1 & inde$ ! developm5t ( ?is p>ticul> bran* ( x1 9 ! pa/1 b x is safe to say t ! "t is a long way (f2 x w dep5d on _m ?+s3 ! effici5cy ( ! c\rt itself1 ! cont9u$ gr[? ( neutral rights1 ! increas+ necessity = pres]v+ int]national peace1 & ! inf9ite =ces :i* h t5d$ to wid5 ! jurisdiction ( municipal law4,s ,s ,see ,le ,droit de la ,paix1 by ,m4 ,descamps4 ,9 ! gr[? ( sy/ems ( 8,national ,law0,t !re has be5 evolv$ f small beg9n+s an ev]-wid5+ jurisdiction4 ,imp>tial c\rts h inspir$ confid5ce :i* /imulat$ individuals to seek _! aid1 & ?is has react$ to ext5d _! jurisdiction1 until n[ ! mo/ intimate & complex relations betwe5 individuals1 at "o "t :olly )\t _! sph]e1 are 9 ^! days submitt$ z a matt] ( c\rse to judicial settlem5t4 ,ev5 que/ions ( individual honor are settl$ accord+ to ! well-develop$ pr9ciples ( libel & sl&] :i* 7 once consid]$ z requir+ a duel = _! satisfaction4 ,t ,9 contradi/9ction to 8,int]national ,law40 ,a simil> gr[? may be expect$ 9 ! jurisdiction ( ! int]national tribunal4 ,^u ! reputation :i* x %all succe$ 9 e/abli%+ = imp>tiality1 fre$om f race & national prejudices1 reg>d = broad pr9ciples ( law & equity1 & ! ?or\ghness & ability ) :i* x %all dis*>ge its high duties )9 its pres5t sph]e1 w l>gely dep5d ! ext5t to :i* an advanc+ public op9ion w enl>ge its jurisdiction until x %all embrace v>i\s classes ( que/ions n[ decl>$ non-arbitrable4 ,no detail$ classification1 h[ev]1 c be ?\ght (2 ea* difficulty z x arises mu/ be det]m9$ 9 view ( ! surr\nd+ circum/ances ) due reg>d to ! gr[+ public feel+ 9 favor ( judicial settlem5t4 ,"u ! sy/em ( volunt>y arbitration !re is abundant room = gr[?1 = ! onus w be ?r[n on ea* cont5d+ /ate to squ>e its conduct ) t gr[+ feel+ 9 favor ( arbitration :i* x w become m & m difficult to ignore4 ,9 e c\ntry ! gr[? ( law & ! ext5sion ( ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rts :i* adm9i/]$ x h be5 concurr5t2 ! same rule mu/ gov]n 9 ! field ( int]national law4 ,!re are va/ fields at pres5t unt\*$ by ! law ( nations4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w ?rew ! juri/s ( t day into bewild]m5t z to h[ rights 9 ! ,am]ican cont95ts might be acquir$ & e/abli%$4 ,a p]iod ( d\bt & dispute ensu$1 until f9ally ,grotius1 by apply+ c]ta9 rules ( ,roman law reg>d+ ! acquirem5t ( rights by individuals ?r\gh pur*ase1 possession1 etc41 & by inv5t+ c]ta9 o!r rules1 help$ to supply a legal f\ndation ^u :i* ! acquisition ( ^! t]ritories c\ld be regulat$4 ,look+ t[>d ! future1 "o c see t1 s9ce !re are no m cont95ts to be discov]$ & ! habitable p>ts ( ! e>? h be5 already tak5 possession ( by ! colonial pione]1 ! great pr9ciple ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ mu/ h5ce=? ma9ly "w itself out 9 competitions conf9$ to ! exi/+ t]ritories ( ! v>i\s p[]s4 ,?is w necessitate ! consid]ation ( "s deep que/ions conc]n+ ! life & dea? ( nations & ! heir%ip to _! dom9ions4,u ,u ,vide ,contuzzi1 ,leggi di ,composizioni e di ,decomposizioni degli ,/ati4 ,x is widely believ$1 = in/ance1 t ,*9a is dy+ a natural dea?4 ,assum+ x to be ! fact1 :at w be ! rules to gov]n ! inh]itance ( ^! ,ori5tal doma9s8 ,great ,brita91 ,russia1 ,g]many1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & o!r nations h acquir$ foo?olds & e/abli%$ int]e/s )9 ,*9ese t]ritory4 ,disputes w inevitably arise betwe5 !m2 _m w be settl$ by mutual compromise 9 :i*1 p]haps1 ! *ief consid]ation w be ! am\nt ( w>like =ce beh9d ! argum5ts advanc$2 _m o!rs w be sure to f9d _! way to an arbitral tribunal1 & be=e t body argum5ts w be made & by t body decisions w be h&$ d[n embrac+ pr9ciples n n[ to be f\nd 9 ! books1 b :i* ! circum/ances ( ! case & ! dem&s ( ju/ice require4 ,& s w d\btless ensue a gr[? ( 8int]national judge-made law & equity0 :i* w gradually "w an ext5sion ( ! arbitral jurisdiction into fields at pres5t unkn[n to ! law ( nations4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 ! law s develop$ mu/ n1 on ! "o h&1 be 9 conflict ) ! ,grotian doctr9e ( ! equality ( /ates z rightly und]/ood1 nor1 on ! o!r1 ) t great all-p]vad+ law ( ! survival ( ! fitte/--a law :i* det]m9es ! de/9ies ( m5 & nations alike4 ,,! ,,fate ,,( ,,! ,,beagle4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,v4 ,,m>%all ,,law4 ,on ! #bg? ( ,decemb]1 #ahca1 8 ,maje/y's %ip ,beagle1 a t5-gun brig1 "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,fitz ,roy1 ,r4 ,n41 sail$ f ,devonport1 ,engl&1 on an exp$ition ! purpose ( :i* 0 to complete a survey ( ,patagonia & ,ti]ra del ,fuego t _h be5 begun "u ,capta9 ,k+ 7#ahbf-'cj72 to survey ! %ores ( ,*ile & ,p]u1 & ( "s isl&s 9 ! ,pacific2 & to c>ry a *a9 ( *ronometrical measurem5ts r\nd ! _w4 ,! voyage 0 "o ( ! mo/ memorable ones 9 ! annals ( sci5tific exploration1 =1 besides ! direct results1 :i*1 9 ! condition ( geography & natural hi/ory at ! "t1 con/itut$ v important additions to k1 x c>ri$ ,*>les ,d>w91 !n "y & full ( ! en?usiasm = /udy t nev] left him4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 accompani$ ! exp$ition on ! invitation ( its comm&]1 ,capta9 ,fitz ,roy1 & ) ! special sanction ( ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty1 &1 z x turn$ out1 next to ! capta9 ( ! vessel 0 p]haps ! mo/ important memb] ( x4 ,he made x 8 special bus9ess to inquire into ! "* & me?od & ! reason ( all ! natural objects & ph5om5a he saw1 exam9+ :at 0 9 ! sea :ile !y 7 ^u x1 &1 :5 !y l&$1 go+ a%ore & /udy+ ! geography & geology & life ( ! region z ?or\ghly z ! "t ( /ay w\ld p]mit1 & collect+ no end ( notes & specim5s z mat]ial = future /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,beagle ,,9 ,,! ,,/raits ,,( ,,magellan4 ,,m\nt ,,s>mi5to ,,9 ,,! ,,di/ance4 ,besides 8 elaborate "w giv+ ! full /ory ( ! exp$ition & ! details ( its sci5tific results--a book :i* has ev] s9ce be5 a /&>d au?ority1 & /ill keeps /ud5ts 9 active discussion & inve/igation--! voyage ( ! ,beagle has to be cr$it$ ) hav+ suppli$ ! occasion = ! composition ( ! brief] & m popul> acc\nt :i* has become "o ( ! classics ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,m ?an ?is1 & va/ly transc5d+ x 9 ! importance ( its be>+ on ! future ( sci5ce1 x 0 :ile go+ r\nd ! _w & obs]v+ on ! ,beagle t ^? fundam5tal facts 7 ga!r$ & /or$ 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's m9d :i*1 work$ ov] & develop$ 9 aft] ye>s & comp>$ & comb9$ ) subsequ5tly accumulat$ facts1 bore fruit 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species & ! trans=mation ( sci5ce t result$ ^u ! enunciation ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory ( desc5t4 ,we all reg>d ! association ( any object ) great ev5ts or ) ^? 9 :i* we h great int]e/ z mak+ x preci\s4 ,we end[ %ips ) a k9d ( p]sonality1 reg>d !m affectionately1 & (t5 speak ( !m fondly1 z if !y 7 real liv+ be+s 9 :om we _h an int]e/4 ,su* feel+s we might legitimately ent]ta9 ) reg>d to ! ,beagle1 s closely associat$ ) ! hi/ory we h ref]r$ to4 ,few associations des]ve1 9 fact1 to be m highly valu$ ?an t ( ?is brig1 ! ,beagle1 ) ,mr4 ,d>w9's books & 8 !ory4 ,x is !re=e a matt] ( legitimate conc]n to inquire into :at 0 ! fate ( ! fam\s vessel4 ,! inquiry has be5 made1 & is answ]$ by ! ,rev4 ,v4 ,m>%all ,law1 ( ,oakl&1 ,cal41 ^: acc\nt foll[s3 8,i 0 ly+ 9 my room1 9 ,tsukiji1 z ,i _h be5 day aft] day1 9 #ahij1 wat*+ ! lazy roll ( ! s*ool-%ip 9 ! ,imp]ial ,naval ,academy1 j a little to ! s\?1 :5 a call] & an old resid5t1 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,morris1 said to me1 #8,i see y h ,d>w9's old %ip1 ! ,beagle1 9 pla9 sight out !re4' 8#8,is t ! ,beagle8' ,i ask$ 9 great surprise4 8,he assur$ me t x 01 & someh[ aft] he _h gone x impress$ itself m /rongly on my m9d ! m ,i ?\ght ( x4 ,i lay ill1 & "p ( ! "t 9 delirium1 = t5 days4 ,:5 ,i at la/ got up1 ! ,beagle 0 gone4 ,i s5t inquiries to ! ,naval ,academy1 b no "o seem$ to "k any?+ ab\t h]4 ,z soon z ,i 0 able to g out1 ,i lo/ no "t 9 sett+ on foot inquiries ( ! :]eab\ts ( ! miss+ %ip4 ,i f9ally le>n$ t %e _h probably gone to ! ,imp]ial ,navy ,y>d 9 ,yokosuka1 ab\t ?irty miles f ,tokio4 ,z soon z ,i 0 able to travel we />t$ to g to ,yokosuka 9 se>* ( ! miss+ vessel4 ,be=e ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i _h tak5 ! precaution to put on ! track ! ,engli%man1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,hammond1 :o taught ! "y ,japanese gunn]y 9 ! ,imp]ial ,naval ,academy at ,tokio1 & he promis$ to d all 9 8 p[]--:i* 9 ?is in/ance 0 v great--to help me 9 my se>* = ! ,beagle4 ,to aid him1 ,i gave him ! foll[+ li/ ( que/ions1 to :i* he s5t me ! answ]s giv5 bel[ mon?s aft]w>d4 ,my que/ions _h gone ?r\gh ! regul> naval *annels4 ,! answ]s %[ h[ me?odical ! ,japanese are1 ev5 if !y are sl[4 ,9 ^! answ]s ,i use _! language3 8#8,"q4 ,h[ did ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t happ5 to get ! ,beagle8' 8#8,answ]4 ,! details ( gett+ are n pla9ly kn[n1 b ! ,pr9ce ( ,kago%ima procur$ x on sev5ty-five ?\s& doll>s1 at ! #bc;d ( ,july1 fir/ ye> ( ,g5zi 7#ahfj71 aft]w>d he (f]$ x to ! ,gov]nm5t at ! ,june ( ! ?ird ye> ( ,g5zi4' 8#8,q4 ,are !re any good photographs ( h] z %e 0 :5 a w> %ip8' 8#8,a4 ,no1 we h no "o4' 8#8,q4 ,:]e is ! ,beagle n[8' 8#8,a4 ,aft] out ( use1 %e 0 appli$ z a ,*a/is+ ,place = seam5 at ! ,yokosuka /ation1 & !n 0 auction$ at ! ,m>*1 tw5ty-second ye> ( ,g5zi4' 8#8,q4 ,:at 0 ! date ( h] arrival 9 ,japan8' 8#8,a4 ,%e 0 receiv$ by ! ,pr9ce ( ,kago%ima1 at ,nagasaki1 ,july1 ! fir/ ye> ( ,g5zi4' 8#8,q4 ,:at is h] pres5t "n8 ,:5 0 h] "n *ang$8' 8#8,a4 ,at ! pres5t ?is %ip has no "n 9 ! consequ5ce ( out ( use1 b aft] procur$ by ! ,kago%ima ,pr9ce ! "n ( ,beagle 0 *ang$ into ,k5ko ,kan4' 8#8,q4 ,d y "k h[ old ?is %ip is1 & :at %e 0 us$ = by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t be=e ! ,japanese got h]8' 8#8,a4 ,%e 0 actually us$ dur+ tw5ty-?ree ye>s1 aft] :i* %e 0 put out ( use1 hav+ be5 con/ruct$ at ,liv]pool1 & we c n "k :at %e 0 appli$ = be=e got by ,japan1 b %e rema9$ m or less ?an "o ye> 9 ,engl&4' 7,d>w9 made 8 fam\s voyage 9 h] f #ahca to #ahcf47 8#8,q4 ,:at is ! "n ( ! capta9 :o _h *>ge ( h] aft] %e became ! prop]ty ( ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t8' 8#8,a4 ,comm&] ,sadakumi ,%iba 0 appo9t$ ! act+ capta9 ,febru>y1 #b;d ye> ( ,g5zi2 ,comm&] ,s4 ,hamataki1 f ,decemb]1 #e? ye> ( ,g5zi2 ,comm&] ,m4 ,omura1 f ,novemb]1 #aj? ye> ( ,g5zi2 ,comm&] ,sadakumi ,%iba1 f ,decemb]1 #aa? ye> ( ,g5zi2 !n ! la/ 0 dismiss$ on ! ,septemb]1 9 ! #ad? ye> ( ,g5zi4' 8#8,q4 ,9 :at capacity did ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t use h] f ! "t %e arriv$ up to ! "t %e 0 dismantl$8' 8#8,a4 ,%e 0 rat$ z ! fif? class at ! ,novemb]1 #d? ye> ( ,g5zi1 !n ! f\r? class ,may ! #h? ye>4' 8,we f\nd ,yokosuka1 & our p>ty 7 %[n e c\rtesy by ! ,japanese naval (ficials2 s at la/ we ran d[n ! ,beagle1 ly+ on ! %ore & %[+ n a ve/ige ( h] pr\d1 hi/oric self4 ,%e 0 be+ torn to pieces1 & ! p>ts 7 sold = #8old junk4' 8,i reflect$1 z ,i /ood among h] sp>s & *a9s1 h] an*ors & h] cap/an1 ( ! significance ( ! c>e] ( ! fam\s vessel1 & ( h] associations ) ! man ^: inve/igations revolutioniz$ sci5tific ?\ght & spread con/]nation = a "t 9 ! pulpits ( ! _w4 ,! attitude ( ^! pulpits has be5 modifi$ by reason ( ^? rese>*es1 & ! bless+s ( ! _w & ( ! ,*ur* n[ foll[ ! au?or ( !m = hav+ %[n ! way to a ju/] & m rational conception ( ! p[] & purposes ( ! ,creator40 ,,sci5ce ,,/udy ,,& ,,national ,,"*4 ,,by ,,alb]t ,b4 ,,cr[e4 ,until v rec5tly x _h come to be a commonly accept$ view 9 ,am]ica t ! civilization ( a nation is directly proportional to ! am\nt x exp5ds = education1 & inv]sely proportional to ! am\nt x exp5ds = w>4 ,! budgets ( ,european c\ntries h giv5 ,am]icans good reason to accept ?is /&>d1 s9ce its application gave ! mo/ gratify+ evid5ce ( our great intellectual & moral advancem5t4 ,less ?an ?ree ye>s ago ! ,presid5t ( ! ,national ,educational ,association pr\dly exclaim$3 8,engl&1 six to "o = w>2 ,russia1 ?irty-eight to "o = w>2 ,am]ica1 f\r to "o = education60 ,s9ce t "t our c\ntry has become involv$ 9 w> projects1 f :i* we c h>dly hope x w )draw1 t h increas$ our exp5diture = w> f\r times1 & a policy has be5 inaugurat$ :i*1 if p]si/$ 91 w c]ta9ly almo/ at once rev]se our boa/$ ratio1 mak+ x 8f\r to "o = w>06 ,?is c\rse has be5 support$ by a great body ( our p4 ,ev5 our ,*ri/ian m9i/]s h committ$ 8,! ,:ite ,man's ,burd50 to memory1 & brea! nev] a :isp] ( ! six? comm&m5t4 ,if1 z has be5 held by all wise & good m51 ! victories ( peace are m wor?y to be sung ?an ^? ( w>2 if ! ability to avoid qu>rels or to settle !m )\t =ce ( arms is nobl] ?an t :i* a*ieves milit>y success2 if true enlight5m5t & education make = peace & n = w>1 !n our law ( direct & inv]se proportion has lately be5 sc&al\sly di%onor$4 ,if we h exp5d$ s mu* = education & at ! same "t h l[]$ our ideal ( national greatness1 some?+ mu/ be wrong ) t education4 ,if ! %>p5+ & quick5+ ( ! intellect are accompani$ by a blunt+ & atrophy ( ! moral s5se1 ! be/ & ! wor/ ?+ t c be said ( our s*ool sy/em is t x gives daily rations to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( tea*]s4 ,evid5ce ( disease ( ! national consci5ce mu/ raise 9 ! m9ds ( ?\ghtful m5 grave d\bts z to ! suffici5cy ( our education to 8insure national progress1 prosp]ity1 & honor10 :e!r because ( inh]5t weakness ( ! sy/em or because ( ! /r5g? ( ! =ces oppos$ to x4 ,has our sy/em ( education1 !n1 fail$ to elevate our national "*8 ,he :o w\ld answ] ?is "q 9 ! affirmative w\ld be a pessimi/ inde$4 ,incalculable 8g5]al good0 has come to u1 we ?9k1 by ! ag5cy ( our s*ools4 ,)\t !m our civilization c\ld n be s f> advanc$ z x is2 our national life might h end$ long s9ce4 ,9 e crisis1 h[ev] black has be5 ! /orm1 h[ev] fi]ce & om9\s ! lightn+ fla%1 !re has foll[$ 9 good "t ! g5tle ra91 soo?+ & allay+ our fe>1 & giv+ r5ew$ promise ( prosp]ity & peace4 ,x is ! sob] second ?\ght1 we are 9 ! habit ( say+1 :i* saves u1 :i* takes ! helm & %e]s u away f ! half-hidd5 reefs 9 our fir/ mad c\rse4 ,x is n4 ,x is ! sob] fir/ ?\ght :i* has r$eem$ u f de/ruction "t aft] "t--! sob] fir/ ?\ght ( ! few :o are truly educat$1 :o h look$ bel[ ! surface ( ?+s & consid]$ ! hidd5 & obscure results1 :o h weigh$ ! "r & wrong & /ood immovable = ! "r4 ,x is ! c\nsel ( su* m5 :i* has fall5 l ! ra9 t foll[s ! fir/ bur/+ ( ! /orm1 & has giv5 u c\rage & p[] to re/ra9 ourselves & to face our h>de/ duty4 ,= su* m5 9 our national affairs we may rev]5tly (f] ?anks1 & = an educational sy/em :i* is p>tly1 at lea/1 responsible = !m we may h s9c]e praise4 ,b our safety mu/ always dep5d ^u ! pres5ce ( su* m51 /rong en\gh 9 numb]s & 9 influ5ce to control ea* difficult & dang]\s situation :i* may ?reat5 u4 ,our "w z tea*]s is n fai?ful if we d n increase ?is numb] & /r5g!n ?is influ5ce4 ,& if su* m5 h be5 ov]p[]$ 9 ! important ev5ts ( ! pa/ two ye>s1 if !y h be5 entirely ignor$1 or if !y h be5 taunt$ & ridicul$1 we h rea*$ a dang]\s crisis1 & our sacr$ duty is to /op & take our be>+s4 ,if we h manife/$ c]ta9 national traits hi!rto sc>cely suspect$1 & n[ unwill+ly confess$1 e motive ( patriotism & ( prud5ce %\ld impel u to /udy our case1 t we may effectively prescribe = x4 ,are !re n1 !n1 c]ta9 signs :i* we may all agree are disc]nible8 ,h n ! waves ( p[]ful feel+ :i* h swept ov] u1 ! /orms ( acrimoni\s debate :i* h rag$ 9 our pap]s & =ums1 ! pans ( praise :i* we h *ant$ at our 8peace jubilees0 & h]o p>ties1 reveal$ ! preval5ce & rapid gr[? ( c]ta9 s5tim5ts :i* we may all1 )\t reg>d to political belief1 cle>ly recognize8 ,i d n 9 ?is place raise ! "q ( ! political wisdom or simple ju/ice ( ! c\rse :i* ! c\ntry has tak5 9 its int]national relations4 ,i d n n[ *all5ge any belief z to ^! matt]s :i* has be5 =m$ ?\ghtfully1 hone/ly1 manfully2 b ,i d ma9ta9 t ! pa/ few mon?s h left lessons = ?\ghtful1 hone/ m5 to unite 9 /udy+4 ,probably ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5on :i* we h witness$ has be5 ! trem5d\s display ( excit$ feel+4 ,h[ev] c>eful our national lead]s may h be51 h[ev] hone/ 9 bas+ _! actions on :at !y consid]$ suffici5t in=mation1 or h[ev] c>eless & di%one/1 no man :o has read any consid]able numb] ( our pap]s1 :o has li/5$ to ! clamor ( ! cr[ds1 c d\bt t ! =ce ( bl9d passion has be5 9 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( m5 ! dom9ant =ce4 ,if dur+ ! w> ) ,spa9 y /ood 9 ! *e]+1 surg+ cr[ds be=e ! bullet9 bo>ds1 if y he>d /orms ( hisses greet ! "n ( ! innoc5t boy-,k+ ( ,spa91 or not$ ! *e] ( triumph :i* applaud$ ! capture ( a lumb] sc[ by an armor$ cruis]1 y w h no difficulty 9 agree+ ) me4 ,y w smile at ! idea ( imput+ to su* m5 ! cr$it ( s]i\s ?\ght4 ,on ! bir?day ( ! greate/ ,am]ican1 ^: life 0 a message ( lib]ty--8:o10 said a great ,spani% orator1 8laid d[n 8 life at ! foot ( 8 f9i%$ "w0--our pap]s pr9t$ jokes ab\t ! mi/ake ( ! ,filip9os 9 try+ to fight ,uncle ,sam1 & 9 our cities1 at lea/1 ! report ( _! slaught] 0 receiv$ ) exultation4 ,:e!r !y 7 civiliz$ or n1 :e!r !y 7 misl$ or n1 :e!r !y 7 ignorant ( ,am]ica's c>efully conceal$ int5tion or n1 ! kill+ ( ?\s&s ( m5 :o ?\ght !y 7 fight+ = _! fre$om1 :o fac$ ma*9e guns1 & :o crawl$ away into ! bu%es to die = ! cause = :i* !y _h f\ght1 is h>dly a subject = jokes or = exultation1 :5 p are gov]n$ by reason & n by feel+ alone4 ,:5 ! ,ma9e 0 sunk 9 ,havana ,h>bor h] capta91 9 a notable dispat* tell+ ( ! disa/]1 urg$ a susp5sion ( judgm5t until ! facts %\ld be kn[n4 ,facts6 ,9 an h\r our battle-cry 01 8,rememb] ! ,ma9e60 ,"u t motto1 )9 a few days1 "o ( ! great ,*icago dailies 7! ,int]-,ocean7 hung out ! p5nant ( ! wreck$ battle %ip & enli/m5t signs4 ,:o 0 "r--! ,ma9e's capta9 or ! pap]8 ,:i* appeal meant safety1 & :i* dang]8 ,our own commission inve/igat$ ! wreck4 ,aft] an exam9ation1 :i* 0 kept entirely )9 our own h&s1 ! commission report$ t ! %ip _h be5 de/roy$ f ! outside1 b t !re 0 no evid5ce to fix ! responsibility4 ,did we fix ! responsibility8 ,?\gh ! inve/igation bo>d c\ld f9d no evid5ce1 ?\gh reason said t ! de/roy] ( ! ,ma9e1 7 he ,spa9's own k+1 0 ,spa9's wor/ enemy1 we =got ! cause ( deliv]ance1 & w5t into battle ) ! cry ( v5geance on our lips4 ,?is is n a /atem5t ( s5tim5t b ( fact4 ,y\r motives1 or ! ,presid5t's1 or m9e may h be5 pure--y\r op9ion may h be5 unprejudic$--b ^! ?+s ar\nd u we all saw & all he>d4 ,we "k t _m m5 7 c>ri$ away by _! feel+s1 & did n ?9k4 ,we "k t _! feel+s grew into a prejudice :i* 0 absolutely c]ta9 to di/ort ! facts & to drive !m f> f ! tru? if !y ev] came to ! po9t ( ?9k+4 ,! e>s ( ! multitude h be5 clos$ to all c\nsels1 h[ev] wise2 _! eyes to all consequ5ces1 h[ev] fatal2 _! m9ds to all logic1 h[ev] cle> & simple4 ,we may consid] m briefly1 b n less c>efully1 o!r t5d5cies :i* h be5 %[n1 see+ _m ( !m 9 ! facts :i* h already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,f ! fact t passion has s l>gely supplant$ reason 9 mov+ _m ( our p we h develop$ "s wond]ful in/ances ( cr$ulity4 ,! sequ5ce is mo/ natural4 ,:5 m5 become unwill+1 or unc>+1 to asc]ta9 ! tru? = !mselves !y inevitably display a great will+ness to swall[ any /atem5t :i* may oblig+ly be (f]$ !m by "s "o else4 ,s1 ) half ( ! ,spani% navy sunk & ! o!r half acc\nt$ =1 we sp5t h\rs ( glori\s1 wild conjecture1 9 ! de> dead days beyond recall1 li/5+ to ! awful s\nd ( cannonad+ 9 ! ,w9dw>d ,passage1 :i* rea*$ u by ! way ( ,mole ,/4 ,ni*olas4 ,we believe :at is suffici5tly excit+ to be true4 ,relat$ to ! ph5om5a we h notic$ is ano!r--! evid5t loss ( individuality--( moral & m5tal indep5d5ce4 ,h[ /rik+ is x to comp>e "s ( our newspap] editorials ( to-day ) ^? ( two ye>s ago 9 ! same pap]s1 & to see h[ _! writ]s h be5 dragg$1 /ep by /ep1 into l9e ) ^? :om !y =m]ly oppos$6 ,!y h n *ang$ _! fai?2 !y h des]t$ x4 ,= !m !re is ! def5se ( bus9ess necessity2 b if y w to-day talk to _m m5 :o gave y _! op9ions a few mon?s ago1 y w f9d t !y h brok5 d[n & giv5 up--surr5d]$ to sup]ior numb]s4 ,9 our bullet9 cr[ds we h all se5 ! _s ( ! mob1 :i* meets ! newcom] indiff]5t or d\btful1 ?rills him ) ! my/]i\s influ5ce ( ! m5 pack$ ar\nd & aga9/ him1 & s5ds him away an irresponsible monomaniac4 ,) su* =ces at "w1 x is inevitable t we %\ld act1 or be ready to act1 quickly4 ,:y n8 ,reflection takes "t4 ,to le>n ! facts fully & c]ta9ly takes "t4 ,to feel--h[ long8 ,to take ano!r man's ^w--h[ long8 ,to give way to a ?\s& o!r m5--h[ long8 ,we h all se5 m5 *e]+ our w> ) ,spa9 only ye/]day4 ,to-day ,au/ria seems fri5dly to ! que5 reg5t4 ,we'll :ip ,au/ria1 too4 ,to-morr[ ,g]many is impud5t to ,dewey4 ,we %all be ready by night to :ip ,g]many4 ,if ,europe comb9es aga9/ u1 h[ long %all we consid] ! co/ ( su* a w> z t8 ,write x on ! bullet9 bo>d--! cr[d w be ready be=e ! writ+ is done4 ,ne> to ?is is ! _s ( fickl5ess1 ( incon/ancy1 :i* has be5 frequ5tly manife/$4 ,we h n only made up our m9ds on insuffici5t evid5ce1 b we h unmade !m 9 a hurry on no evid5ce at all1 %[+ a />tl+ lack ( confid5ce 9 our own judgm5ts & ( respect = !m4 ,att5tion might well h be5 call$1 9 a =m] p>agraph1 to ! small am\nt ( our real k ( ! "* ( ,agu9aldo4 ,on :at petty & inconsequ5tial evid5ce h we fir/ call$ him a great lib]ator1 & n[ a s*em+ politician6 ,m5 :o c\ld h>dly read 8 mo/ rem>kable appeal to ?is c\ntry d n hesitate to call him an unpr9cipl$1 conceit$1 ignorant b>b>ian3 :at reliable in=mation h !y receiv$ ) ref]5ce to 8 motives8 ,!y h f\nd no tr\ble 9 *ang+ _! op9ions4 ,9 ! pa/ few mon?s we h be5 m]curial almo/ beyond m]curial ,fr5*m54 ,?9k ( ! revulsion ( feel+ t foll[$ ,hobson across ! cont95t2 &1 m rec5tly1 ( our sad lack ( self-re/ra9t %[n by ! vici\s & ungr\nd$ attack ^u ,admiral ,dewey1 only a few days aft] he _h be5 ! object ( ! greate/ display ( h]o wor%ip ,am]ica has ev] se54 ,& h[ _m important *anges may we c\nt1 if we c>ry back our comp>ison to ! "t be=e ! w>8 ,b by s do+ we uncov] ano!r significant fact4 ,we f9d t _m ( ! ideas s quickly ?r[n aside are ^? :i* h be5 ! f\ndation pr9ciples1 & be> ! pre/ige ( great names4 ,we h held x our special mission to %[ to w>like nations t a p[] :i* /&s = peace may be great] ?an !irs2 &1 alas6 _m ( our lead]s1 & our p1 too1 are cry+ t ! "t has come--has n[ come--= u to take our place among ! great nations ( ! e>?4 ,we h piti$ ! w>-tax$ peoples ( ,europe1 & (f]$ !m a home :]e !y w\ld n h to buy p[d] & guns4 ,& n[ we are eag]ly ru%+ to take up ! burd5 f :i* !y h be5 flee+ to u4 ,we h held t great /&+ armies are unnecess>y & dang]\s1 & already we h quadrupl$ ours4 ,we h decl>$ our det]m9ation to avoid =eign entanglem5ts1 & n[ we are 9 ! v he>t ( ! sputt]+ coil 9 ! f> ,ea/4 ,) ^? :o h ?\ghtfully decid$ t ^! *anges h be5 necess>y or wise ,i h no wi% to debate n[1 b we mu/ all unite 9 recogniz+ ! _s :i* has be5 %[n1 & is n[ %[n1 9 speak+ ( our pa/ positions4 ,! pr9ciples :i* = ye>s h be5 our rules ( national conduct h be5 ?r[n aside 9 a day1 sc(f$ at1 mock$4 ,& we smile at ! names ( ! great m5 :o h ann\nc$ ^? pr9ciples & def5d$ !m1 or we flatly decl>e !y are out ( date4 ,we once li/5$ ) rev]5t & full he>ts :5 our wise m5 spoke to u ( fre$om1 & recall$ our national traditions & taught national righte\sness4 ,n[ we laugh at swaddl+ clo!s outgr[n1 outus$1 & smile at ! innoc5t simplicity ( our fa!rs4 ,we lift our br[s at ! "n ( ,wa%+ton3 we say he 0 a f9e old g5tleman1 & 8 ,f>ewell ,address1 consid]+ ev]y?+1 0 a v cr$itable pap]1 & well adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( ! "t 9 :i* x 0 writt54 ,& ?is c>nival ( irrev]5ce is hold+ n only 9 our /reets1 b 9 our newspap] (fices1 9 our pulpits1 & 9 "s ( our high] in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,^! are ! ph5om5a ( our rec5t national exp]i5ce :i* ,i desire y to consid]4 ,!re may be o!r unfavorable indications4 ,!re may be o!rs1 & _m m1 :i* are hopeful & enc\rag+4 ,b ^! cle>ly w>n u ( dang]4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i insi/ t :atev] may h be5 y\r sympa?y ) ! ,adm9i/ration1 or y\r opposition to x2 h[ev] num]\s ! m5 ( y\r acqua9tance :o h be5 free f su* influ5ces1 y mu/ h se5 !m at "w 9 a dang]\sly l>ge "p ( our population4 ,ev5 if t "p has1 9 y\r judgm5t1 rea*$ ! "r position1 y mu/ recognize ! om9\s "* ( _! me?od ( rea*+ x4 ,n[1 :at has ?is to d ) u8 ,:at connection has x ) our "w8 ,if sci5ce tea*+ has any educational value1 ! mo/ def9ite & direct connection4 ,i %all n d y ! inju/ice ( suppos+ t any t5d5cy ,i h nam$ did n at once be> to y its prop] sugge/ion4 ,if x has fail$1 ! fault has be5 9 ! pres5tation ( a v simple matt]4 ,= e p]il\s t5d5cy ,i h m5tion$ has its life 9 direct violation ( ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( sci5ce /udy1 & may be re/ra9$ by ext5d+ ! k & habitual use ( ^? pr9ciples4 ,i d n wi% to claim = sci5ce "w an unw>rant$ value 9 ?is respect1 nor to d5y ! influ5ce ( o!r subjects 9 br++ ab\t a moral evolution4 ,x is true t hi/ory w>ns u by examples1 t x po9ts u to ! failure ( free gov]nm5ts 9 ^: /eps to de/ruction _m ( u seem only too will+ to foll[4 ,x is true t we c le>n f ,rome ! results ( imp]ialism2 f ,france1 ( irrev]5ce2 f ,spa91 ( tyranny4 ,9 o!r fields ( le>n+ we may f9d o!r lessons ( pres5t value4 ,b to meet ! dang]s t j n[ assail u1 ! national weaknesses t ,i h enum]at$1 ! sci5tific /udies seem especially fitt$4 8,! great peculi>ity ( sci5tific tra9+10 says ,huxley1 8t 9 virtue ( :i* x c n be replac$ by any o!r discipl9e :atsoev]1 is ! br++ ( ! m9d directly into contact ) fact1 & practic+ ! intellect 9 ! complete/ =m ( induction--t is to say1 9 draw+ conclusions f p>ticul> facts made kn[n by imm$iate obs]vation ( ,nature40 8,! br++ ( ! m9d into contact ) fact40 ,?is means ! recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( incontrov]tible tru?4 ,! dawn+ k ( su* tru? mu/ br+ ) x ! consci\sness t mu* t we h always accept$ z tru? is op5 to "q4 ,?us e belief1 no matt] :at its nature1 is 9 "t subject$ to exam9ation4 ,if x /&1 x /&s because x is able to be> ?is se>*+ scrut9y & to answ] fairly ! que/ions ( hone/ d\bt4 ,hone/ d\bt may be ! result ( hone/ reason+2 x mu/ absolutely dem& hone/ reason+ to satisfy x4 ,?is ex]cise ( ! rational faculty1 !n1 dep5ds ^u & results f an awak5$ love ( tru?4 ,h[ directly d ^! mo/ obvi\s pr9ciples ( sci5tific inve/igation be> ^u ! facts we h be5 consid]+6 ,h[ flatly d !y =bid u to be c>ri$ away into excesses6 ,let u apply !m briefly1 po9t by po9t4 ,if love ( tru? & appeal to reason mean any?+ at all1 !y mean1 fir/ ( all1 et]nal opposition to ! p[] ( un?9k+ passion--( bl9d feel+4 ,!y mean t e s5tim5t %\ld h a rational cause & a reasonable object4 ,!y d n =bid feel+1 b !y require ?9k+4 ,secondly1 !y defy prejudice4 ,!y call = ! op5 c\rt1 ! fair trial1 ! imp>tial judge4 ,!y say 8,no0 to wor?less witnesses & to pack$ juries4 ,?irdly1 !y dem& a suffici5t am\nt ( evid5ce4 ,true sci5ce is ! enemy ( wildcat !ories & reckless g5]alizations4 8,! ,unit$ ,/ates has always come out on top 9 e w>60 cries "o4 8,!re's no dang] t we'll ev] be :ipp$40 8,i don't l =eign]s10 says ano!r4 8,i _h a ,fr5*man = a neighbor once1 & he 0 di%one/4 ,i'm 9 favor ( %utt+ out =eign]s40 ,su* reason+ z ?is--& h[ a/\nd+ly common x is6--mu/ be cut d[n at ! root by ! habit ( tra9$ induction4 ,f\r?ly1 ! love ( tru? & appeal to reason1 :i* are 9 ! v gra9 ( ! sci5tific m9d & he>t1 laugh at cr$ulity4 ,!y d n sc(f at au?ority1 or reject x4 ,b !y say3 8,we mu/ "k4 ,if we le>n f y1 we mu/ "k t y "k4 ,:o are y8 ,h[ d y "k8 ,if y "k1 y w n (f] u absurd contradictions ( reason & accept$ tru?40 ,aga91 !y make _! abode ) ! man :o c receive !m at 8 own intellectual fireside4 ,!y require t 8 m9d be 8 own1 t 8 op9ions be 8 own1 t 8 acts be 8 own1 & t he def5d 8 prop]ty 9 !m1 h pride 9 !m1 & /& by !m4 ,aga91 !y dem& suffici5t "t = c>e1 = secur+ ! evid5ce & = weigh+ x1 & = consid]+ its effect4 ,!y dem& ! complet$ "w1 & !y reject all results :i* d n come f "t employ$1 b are ha/y guesses4 ,& !y are n toss$ ab\t l a wave ( ! sea4 ,!y d comm& to prove all ?+s1 b !y also exhort to hold fa/ t :i* is good4 ,fir/1 to :at is good ( our own & 9 ourselves4 ,x is well en\gh to ?r[ away our guesses1 quickly made & (t5 wrong4 ,b ! fruit ( hone/ inve/igation1 ! conclusions ( c>eful reason+ on suffici5t in=mation1 ^! are ! sci5ce /ud5t's ri*es4 ,he may add to !m or replace "s ( !m by bett]1 b he w n ?r[ !m away at a sugge/ion1 or trade !m to ! fir/ speculator :o (f]s some?+ else4 ,he w n h a supply ( new beliefs = e day1 or = e mon?1 or = e ye>4 ,second1 we %\ld hold fa/ ! prov$ good :i* we h receiv$ f o!rs4 ,& we %\ld honor & rev]e ^? :o h op5$ ! way = u to ! tru?--^? :o h above o!r m5 possess$ ! p[] ( reason & b5efic5tly us$ x = ! _w4 ,! _s ( sci5ce1 :i* sets inf9ite value on k1 c n fail to tea* rev]5ce = ^? :o h made x possible = u to "k4 ,at e po9t1 !n1 ! sci5ti/ opposes ! t5d5cies ,i h deplor$4 ,aga9/ !m all he mu/ /&1 by tra9+ & by in/9ct4 ,aga9/ !m all he w\ld tea* o!rs to /&1 by giv+ to !m 8 own tra9+4 ,aga9/ !m all we sci5ce tea*]s may arm our c\ntrym5 if we are fai?ful to our duty4 ,b ?is end ( our "w is defeat$ if our /ud5ts are all[$ to indulge 9 c>eless /atem5ts ( :at !y see & d2 if !y are p]mitt$ to use exagg]at$ description or inaccurate t]ms4 ,"r "h is ! crucial te/ ( ! tea*]'s hone/y ( purpose4 ,! c>eful exam9ation ( writt5 descriptions & reports1 ! en=c$ correction ( e inaccurate detail1 ! p]sonal consultation--all require untir+ labor1 & "t nev] allott$ 9 ! s*$ule4 ,b su* "w c>ri$ out has its own rew>d4 ,! /ud5t fir/ respects ! tru?1 !n le>ns to love x4 ,he consci5ti\sly avoids ! vague1 ! d\btful1 ! unsub/antiat$4 ,if 9 our s*ools we might insure to e boy & girl ?is attitude ( m9d1 ?is desire = /rict v]acity1 we %\ld h />t$ him well on ! way to correct judgm5ts & wise conduct2 we %\ld h implant$ 9 8 nature ! fir/ elem5ts ( good citiz5%ip4 ,z ,t5nyson says3 8,self-rev]5ce1 self-k1 self-control1 ,^! ?ree alone lead life to sov]eign p[]4 ,yet n = p[] 7p[] ( h]self ,w\ld come uncall$ =7 b to live by law1 ,act+ ! law we live by )\t fe>1 ,& because "r is "r1 to foll[ "r ,7 wisdom 9 ! scorn ( consequ5ce40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fi% call$ ,lepidosir5 7,lepidosir5 p>adoxica7 is "o ( ! only ?ree /ill exi/+ survivors ( ! once prom95t gr\p ( ,dipnoi1 or lung fi%es1 :i* are *>act]iz$ by ! possession ( well-develop$ lungs 9 addition to _! gills4 ,mr4 ,graham ,k]r1 :o sp5t sev]al mon?s 9 ! swamps ( ! ,gran ,*aco1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 a habitat ( ^! fi%es1 describes !m z liv+ among ! d5se vegetation ( ! swamp1 swimm+ 9 eel fa%ion1 or clamb]+ ?r\gh ! mass ( vegetation by means ( _! leglike limbs4 ,9 ! dry season !y retire into ! mud1 & brea! entirely by means ( _! lungs4 ,:5 ! wet season beg9s !y are set free1 & at once prep>e to spawn4 ,!y lay _! eggs 9 burr[s at ! bottom ( ! swamp1 :]e ! eggs develop into l>v4 ,! ph5om5a ( _! developm5t are ( special int]e/1 because x takes place 9 seclusion1 away f ! di/urb+ features due to adaptation to v>i$ surr\nd+s4 ,x has be5 discov]$ t ! "y lepidosir5s become :ite & transp>5t dur+ ! h\rs ( d>kness4 ,editor's ,table4 ,,?\ghts ,,= ,,! ,,times4 ,good use 0 made ( a ,wa%+ton celebration at ,ob]l9 ,college1 ,ohio1 by ! *ief speak] ( ! occasion1 ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,a4 ,b]le1 to utt] words t are peculi>ly ne$$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,8 subject 0 ,popul> ,am]ican ,fallacies1 & among ^! he not$ ! foll[+3 ,t ,anglo-,saxondom is id5tical ) ! k+dom ( ,god2 t national glory & p[] c supply ! place ( national "*2 t new occasions always tea* new duties2 & t political alliances may d away ) ! necessity = 8a dual alliance10 z he express$ x1 8betwe5 ! p & ,god40 ,^! p>ticul> fallacies1 9 our op9ion1 7 happily *os54 ,!re is a great deal ( silly talk curr5t ab\t ! incomp>able glories & unimag9able de/9ies ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race2 & x nev] seems to occur to ^? :o indulge 9 su* talk t a pr(\nd s5se ( "o's greatness is v f> f be+ a sure sign ( greatness4 ,! greate/ *>act]s are ! simple/ & lea/ boa/ful4 ,_! greatness is s native to !m t !y are sc>cely consci\s ( x2 & !y leave x to o!rs to s+ _! praises4 ,x is presum+ altoge!r too intimate an acqua9tance ) ! designs ( ,provid5ce to claim t any race 9 p>ticul> is *>g$1 above all o!rs1 ) c>ry+ ^? designs into effect4 ,:o kn[s :at res]voirs ( moral & intellectual =ce may reside 9 nations & tribes ^: _w-action has be5 v obscure z yet8 ,dr4 ,arnold1 ( ,rugby1 ?\ght t mu* ( high value = civilization lay dormant 9 ! negro race1 & x is too soon to say he 0 mi/ak54 ,!n1 :o kn[s :at ! ,slavonic race may br+ =?8 ,:o c calculate ! future ( ! va/ human hive kn[n z ,*9a8 ,&1 aft] all1 :at has any nation got to d except to behave itself1 be x great or small1 fam\s or ( no great repute8 ,h[ is x 9 ! community8 ,d we admire great m5 :o swagg]1 :o boa/ ( _! weal?1 _! /r5g?1 _! c\rage1 or _! virtue8 ,a little quiet consid]ation w p]suade any man t !re is "o law = all nations alike--! law ( ju/ice & humanity--& t ! greate/ nation1 accord+ to any true conception ( greatness1 is ! "o :i* exemplifies t law mo/ p]fectly 9 its dome/ic & =eign policy4 ,! sure/ sign ( greatness 9 a nation1 we v5ture to say1 is t x %\ld hate w>--n dread x1 b hate x4 ,x is a s+ul> ?+ t any b ! mo/ light-head$ portion ( ! community %\ld fall into ! second fallacy :i* ! speak] m5tion$--t national glory & p[] c take ! place ( national "*4 ,a nation requires a true he>t1 an hone/ self-consci\sness1 j z mu* z an individual1 & "t w av5ge national misdo+s j z surely z x w ^? ( individuals4 ,no numb]s1 nor any am\nt ( huzza+ or factiti\s en?usiasm1 c make a vici\s policy safe4 ,y may w9 victories ) *>iots & horsem51 b to enjoy ! fruits ( peace !re mu/ be a dom9ant love ( ju/ice1 & t is :at w> does n t5d to promote4 ,x is also v true1 z ! speak] said1 t !re are n _m new duties to be le>n$ 9 ?is age ( ! _w4 ,!re is en\gh ( moral tru? taught 9 old ,hesiod's ,works & ,days to make any society n[ exi/+ a good deal bett] ?an x is4 ,:5 p talk ( new duties !y g5]ally mean "s new h>um-sc>um ent]prise4 ,! old duty w\ld be good en\gh if !y w\ld only consid] x closely & foll[ x fai?fully4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,b]le has spok5 words 9 season2 & x w\ld be well if all :o are l m9d$ w\ld unceas+ly proclaim ! same doctr9es1 if p]*ance !y may s9k into ! he>t ( ! masses1 & give to ?is great p a public policy f\nd$ on righte\sness & ! love ( peace4 ,a ,,humiliat+ ,,situation4 8,h[ f>1 ,o ,catil9e1 :5 all is said & done1 are y go+ to abuse our pati5ce80 ,s said ! great ,roman orator on a c]ta9 fam\s occasion4 ,our ,catil9e is no individual man2 x is ! p>ty sy/em :i* has inflict$ on u ! ,pu]to ,rican disgrace4 ,x 0 obvi\s to ! common s5se ( e "o t1 hav+ laid our h&s on ! isl& ( ,pu]to ,rico1 !re 0 no dec5t c\rse to take save to make x1 = all practical purposes1 an integral portion ( ! ,union4 ,we _h cut x (f f ! m>ket x enjoy$ 9 ,spa91 & left x to cont5d ) ! ho/ile t>iffs ( o!r c\ntries--7 we go+1 9 addition to t1 to make x a /rang] to ! l& t _h seiz$ x1 & subject its products to our own high scale ( duties8 ,! ,presid5t1 9 8 message to ,congress1 conceiv+ ! proposition to be almo/ self-evid5t1 _h decl>$ t x 0 8our pla9 duty to aboli% all cu/oms t>iffs betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,pu]to ,rico1 & give h] products free access to our m>kets40 ,s ?\ght ne>ly e dis9t]e/$ citiz51 & yet :at h we s9ce se58 ,! ,presid5t1 t]roriz$ by ! cry ( p>ty unity 9 dang]1 repudiates 8 =m] emphatic decl>ation1 & gives 8 approval to a measure :i* virtually makes our un=tunate possession a =eign c\ntry4 ,) ! 8free access to our m>kets0 :i* ! ,presid5t _h promis$1 ! isl& w\ld h ent]$ on a new c>e] ( prosp]ity2 b ) its lead+ indu/ries weigh$ d[n "u an impo/ ( fifte5 p] c5t1 !re is no?+ 9 view b comm]cial /agnation & g5]al pov]ty4 ,t ! isl& has already langui%$ "u ,am]ican rule--our revolution>y =efa!rs did n expect t _! desc5dants w\ld s soon g into ! 8rul+0 bus9ess--! mo/ dis9t]e/$ witnesses atte/4 ,a lead+ j\rnal ( ?is city1 ,! ,h]ald1 pr9ts 9 heavy-fac$ type ! foll[+ /atem5t ( a correspond5t3 8,am]ican milit>y (ficials told me at ! outset t ! ye> & a half ( ,am]ican sov]eignty _h be5 a blight on ! isl&4 ,?is 0 n ! e*o ( ,spani% or ( ,pu]to ,rican feel+s4 ,!y spoke _! own views ) soldi]ly frankness & sometimes ) a ^w ( regret = _! own position4 ,_! talk 0 m po9t$ ?an :5 filt]$ ?r\gh (ficial *annels40 ,x is 9 ^! circum/ances t our ,legislature1 at ! in/ance ( a b5evol5t ,presid5t1 decides to refund to ! p ( ! isl& two million doll>s ( duties collect$ 9 our ports on _! products4 ,our t>iff sy/em bre$s pov]ty 9 ! population x oppresses1 & !n we ru% to _! assi/ance ) a l>gess4 ,!y ask = ju/ice & we (f] !m alms--alms = :i* ! correspond5t already quot$ says he c n f9d a s+le individual :o is grateful4 ,we rob ! ,pu]to ,rican ,pet] to pay our own tobacco-gr[+ ,paul2 & !n we rob ! :ole community 9 ord] to pay back ,pet]4 ,&1 /range to say1 "s ( u feel v virtu\s ov] ! bus9ess4 ,! c\nt5ance ( ! ,presid5t gl[s ) satisfaction ov] ! ?\ght ( all ! good he is do+4 ,= our "p1 we view ! matt] 9 a diff]5t light4 ,! money w1 ( c\rse1 meet c]ta9 exp5ses ( gov]nm5t 9 ,pu]to ,rico2 b !re is reason to fe> t x w d z mu* to paup]ize ! isl& 9 "o direction z ! re/riction ( its trade w d 9 ano!r4 ,:at ! ,pu]to ,ricans want is n alms1 b comm]cial lib]ty4 ,! repaym5t ( ?is money w n /imulate _! trade2 x w n /imulate any?+ except _! helplessness4 ,x is an op5 "q :e!r !y w suff] m by our protectioni/ gre$ or by our wi%y-wa%y s5tim5tality4 ,meantime :at are we to ?9k ( ! p>ty sy/em ^: exig5cies place u 9 s ridicul\s a position be=e ! _w8 ,h[ long %all x abuse our pati5ce8 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce4 ,v5tilation ( ,tunnels4--,! "q ( ! v5tilation ( tunnels =ms ! subject ( a s]ies ( articles1 by ,m4 ,raymond ,godf]naux1 publi%$ rec5tly 9 ,le ,gnie ,civil4 ,! pr9cipal s\rces ( def9ite in=mation1 ^u :i* ! discussion ( ,m4 ,godf]naux is bas$1 are ! reports ( ! committee on v5tilation ( tunnels ( ! ,metropolitan ,railway ( ,london1 & ( ! commission appo9t$ by ! ,italian ,m9i/] ( ,public ,works to inve/igate ! tunnels ( ! railways ( ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,adriatic4 ,al?\gh ! vitiation ( ! air 9 a tunnel may proce$ f ?ree s\rces--i4 e41 ! light+1 ! respiration ( ! pass5g]s1 & ! combu/ion ( ! fuel 9 ! eng9es--yet ! two =m] s\rces are insignificant comp>$ ) ! latt]1 :i* alone ne$ be consid]$4 ,! pr9cipal products ( combu/ion :i* are injuri\s are c>bonic acid1 c>bonic oxide1 & sulphur\s acid4 ,( ^! x is f\nd t ! proportion ( c>bonic oxide %\ld n exce$ #j4ja p] c5t1 :i* corresponds to #j4ac p] c5t ( c>bonic acid 9 excess ( ! normal proportion ( #j4jc p] c5t & to #j4jjjbg p] c5t ( sulphur\s acid4 ,9 practice x is f\nd t if ! total proportion ( c>bonic acid be limit$ to #j4ae p] c5t ! proportions ( ! o!r gases w be well )9 ! com=t & dang] limits4 ,?is is mu* l[] ?an is (t5 atta9$ 9 cr[d$ auditoriums1 :]e ! proportion ( c>bonic acid sometimes rea*es #j4d to #j4e p] c5t1 b 9 su* cases !re is no c>bonic oxide produc$1 :ile 9 ! case ( tunnels trav]s$ by /eam locomotives we may assume t ! c>bonic oxide w be ab\t #a to #ac ( ! c>bonic acid1 & ! sulphur\s acid ab\t #a to #ddj4 ,assum+ a giv5 limit ( det]ioration ( ! air1 x w\ld be easy to devise a sy/em ( v5tilation if x 7 possible to treat ! tunnel z if x 7 a clos$ room or controllable space4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! conditions are peculi>4 ,! space to be v5tilat$ is a long1 n>r[ passage1 usually op5 only at ! ends1 & trav]s$ p]iodically (t5 almo/ cont9u\sly1 by tra9s 9 "o or bo? directions1 ^! tra9s emitt+ ! objectionable gases & also di/urb+ ! air curr5ts be/ adapt$ to prop] v5tilation4 ,h[ be/ to reconcile ^! conflict+ conditions =ms ! problem "u consid]ation4 ,:]e !re are b few tra9s x has be5 propos$ to close ! ends ( ! tunnel by doors1 & provide a fan exhau/ or pressure sy/em1 b ?is me?od is obvi\sly limit$ 9 its applications4 ,! practical conditions :i* mu/ be consid]$ are ^? 9 :i* frequ5t tra9s 9 opposite directions pass ?r\gh ! tunnel1 & ^! conditions ,m4 ,godf]naux has analyz$ graphically 9 a v int]e/+ mann]4 ,assum+ a d\ble-track tunnel eight hundr$ metres 7a metre conta9s #ci4cg in*es7 9 l5g?1 ) an exhau/+ v5tilator plac$ 9 ! middle & ) tra9s ( a giv5 gas-produc+ capacity pass+ on ea* track e ?ree m9utes1 he con/ructs a diagram %[+ h[ ! composition ( ! atmosph]e ( ! tunnel v>ies at successive po9ts1 & h[1 by an exam9ation ( ! diagram ?us made1 x is possible to discov] ! maximum vitiation ( ! air1 & consequ5tly ! ext5t to :i* ! conditions are satisfi$4 ,by "o or two su* con/ructions any su* problem may be solv$ to a degree q )9 ! limits ( practical "w1 & ! effect ( v>i\s sy/ems ( v5tilation comp>$4 ,m4 ,godf]naux discusses v>i\s sy/ems ( v5tilation1 includ+ ^? involv+ ! use ( %afts1 fan bl[]s & exhau/]s1 & air jets1 & concludes ) a description ( ! ,sacc>do sy/em1 9 use 9 ! ,ap5n9e tunnel ( ! ,bologna-,pi/oia l9e1 & to ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel4 ,:ile all ?is inve/igation & discussion is ( mu* value1 x c]ta9ly seems z if ! true rem$y lies n s mu* 9 ! removal ( delet]i\s gases z 9 ! abs5ce ( _! production4 ,! sub/itution ( electric traction avoids altoge!r ! f\l+ ( ! air ( tunnels & subways1 & electric locomotives are already us$ 9 ! ,baltimore ,tunnel 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & else:]e1 & x seems z if ?is rem$y is ! true "o to be appli$ 9 all cases4 99 99 99 99 99 ,liquid ,air4--,! foll[+ w>n+ appe>s 9 ,! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal ( ,m>* #c;d3 8,! adv]tisem5ts :i* are n[ appe>+ 9 ! pap]s all ov] ! c\ntry ( companies :i* are to furni% liquid air on a l>ge scale mu/ be accept$ ) a great deal ( caution4 ,! public m9d has be5 v adroitly work$ up = ! reception ( ^! by lectures1 p>agraphs 9 ! press1 & o!r well-und]/ood me?ods4 ,und\bt$ly liquid air possesses "s valuable prop]ties1 & _m /rik+ exp]im5ts c be p]=m$ ) x4 ,x is n by any means c]ta9 yet t x c be prep>$1 transport$1 & us$ economically on a comm]cial scale1 or t ! difficulties 9 ! way h be5 ov]come4 ,we d n say t !y may n be ov]come 9 ! future2 b to talk1 z ! adv]tisem5ts d1 ( ! c]ta9ty t liquid air w soon l>gely replace /eam 9 furni%+ motive p[] is go+ entirely too f>4 ,su* ass]tions h no pres5t basis ( fact to w>rant any "o 9 mak+ !m4 ,! liquid-air p h a great deal to d yet be=e !y c e/abli% _! claims or c>ry on bus9ess on a scale t w w>rant ! organization ( t5-million-doll> companies4 ,! "q ( validity ( pat5ts is also q an op5 "o4 ,x is d\btful if !re is any valid pat5t on ?is subject40 99 99 99 99 99 ,taka-,dia/ase4--,! foll[+ is tak5 f an int]e/+ article1 by ,w4 ,e4 ,/one & ,h4 ,e4 ,wright1 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society3 8,taka-dia/ase is1 s f> z kn[n1 some:at simil> to malt-dia/ase 9 its *emical "*1 viz43 a highly nitrog5\s sub/ance1 readily soluble 9 wat]1 & dep5d5t ^u c]ta9 conditions ( temp]ature = its maximum activity4 ,its action is also affect$ by alkalies & acids4 ,x is produc$ z ! result ( ! gr[? ( a species ( mold 7,eurotium oryz1 ,ahlb]g7 ^u rice1 maize1 :eat bran1 etc4 ,= its production1 z at pres5t practic$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 :eat bran is /eam$ &1 aft] cool+1 is s[n ) ! spores ( ! fungus4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 culture rooms1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #be ,c41 ! fung\s gr[? becomes visible4 ,9 =ty or fifty h\rs ! cont5t 9 dia/atic mat]ial has rea*$ ! maximum1 & fur!r gr[? ( ! fungus is *eck$ by cool+4 ,! mat]ial1 n[ consi/+ ( ! bran felt$ toge!r ) fungus mycelium1 is call$ #8taka-koji4' ,x may be mix$ ) gra9 or />*y mat]ials 9 ! same mann] z malt is us$1 &1 l malt1 w spe$ily conv]t ! />* into f]m5table sug>s4 ,an aque\s extract ( ! mass may be us$ = a simil> purpose4 ,= ! prep>ation ( a pure product1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n necess>y = ord9>y indu/rial purposes1 ! aque\s extract is conc5trat$ by evaporation1 & on ! addition ( alcohol ! dia/atic sub/ance may be precipitat$ z a yell[i% p[d]1 easily soluble 9 wat]1 ( /able keep+ qualities1 & possess$ ( an unusual p[] ( conv]t+ />* into sug>4 ,! m$ic9al prep>ation above m5tion$ is obta9$ 9 ?is way1 & repres5ts a fairly pure =m ( ! dia/atic pr9ciple4 ,?is be>s ! "n ( #8taka-dia/ase4'0 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr(essor ,agassiz's ,inve/igations on ,coral ,isl&s4--,hav+ /eam$ & obs]v$ = tw5ty-five hundr$ miles among ! ,paumotu ,isl&s1 ,pr(4 ,alex&] ,agassiz says1 9 a second lett] f ! ,albatross ,exp$ition1 publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 t he has se5 no?+ t5d+ to %[ t !re has any:]e be5 a subsid5ce1 b t ! condition ( ! isl&s does n seem to him capable ( explanation on any !ory except t !y h be5 =m$ 9 an area ( elevation4 ,all ! isl&s exam9$ are compos$ ( a t]ti>y corallif]\s lime/one1 :i* has be5 elevat$ to a great] or less ext5t above ! level ( ! sea1 & !n plan$ d[n by atmosph]ic ag5cies & subm>9e erosion1 & ! appe>ance ( ?is old rock is v diff]5t f t ( ! mod]n reef rock4 ,9 ^! isl&s ! rims ( ! great atolls1 aft] hav+ be5 d5ud$ to ! level ( ! sea1 are built up aga9 f ! mat]ial ( _! two faces1 s t a k9d ( conglom]ate1 or breccia1 or pudd+ /one1 or bea* rock is f\nd on all ! reef flats4 ,on ! lagoon side s& b>s gr[ into small isl&s & gradually become cov]$ ) vegetation4 ,:5ev] ! mat]ial suppli$ f bo? sides is v abundant ! l& r+ becomes m or less solid2 ! islets become isl&s1 sep>at$ by n>r[ or wid] cuts1 until !y at l5g? =m ! l>ge isl&s1 :i* seem at fir/ to be a cont9u\s l& ar\nd ! rim ( ! lagoon1 :ile !y are (t5 really mu* dissect$4 ,9 "t wat] ceases to pass ?r\gh ! *annels1 & only ! m>ks ( !m are left4 ,few if any ( ! lagoons appe> to be %ut (f f ! sea z ,dana & o!r writ]s h suppos$4 ,!y simply h n boat passages4 ,unlike o!r coral regions1 ! ,paumotu reefs seem to be> only a scanty life4 99 99 99 99 99 8,w9k+40--,no satisfactory det]m9ation has be5 made ( ! reason we w9k4 ,"s suppose t ! desc5t & return ( ! lid ov] ! eye s]ves to sweep or wa% x (f2 o!rs t cov]+ ( ! eye gives x a re/ f ! labor ( vision1 if only = an inappreciable in/ant4 ,?is view borr[s "s =ce f ! fact t ! record ( w9k+ is consid]ably us$ by exp]im5tal physiologi/s to help measure ! fatigue :i* ! eye suff]s4 ,9 ano!r l9e ( inve/igation ,h]r ,s4 ,g>t5 has attempt$ to measure ! l5g? ( "t occupi$ by ! diff]5t phases ( a w9k4 ,he us$ a specially arrang$ photographic app>atus1 & affix$ a piece ( :ite pap] to ! edge ( ! eyelid = a m>k4 ,he f\nd t ! lid desc5ds quickly1 & re/s a little at ! bottom ( its movem5t1 aft] :i* x rises1 b m sl[ly ?an x fell4 ,! mean duration ( ! d[nw>d movem5t 0 f sev5ty-five to n9ety-"o ?\s&?s ( a second2 ! re/ ) ! eye %ut la/$ v>i\sly1 ! %orte/ durations be+ fifte5 hundr$?s ( a second ) "o subject & sev5te5 hundr$?s ) ano!r2 & ! ?ird phase ( ! w9k1 ! ris+ ( ! lid1 took sev5te5 hundr$?s ( a second m1 mak+ ! entire duration ( ! w9k ab\t =ty hundr$?s1 or f\r t5?s ( a second4 ,! int]ruption is n long en\gh to int]f]e ) di/9ct vision4 ,m4,v4 ,h5ri says1 9 ,l',anne ,psy*ologique1 t diff]5t p]sons w9k diff]5tly--"s (t51 o!rs r>ely2 "s 9 gr\ps ( t5 or s at a "t1 :5 !y re/ a :ile2 & o!rs regul>ly1 once only at a "t4 ,! movem5t is modifi$ by ! degree ( att5tion4 ,p]iods ( close int]e/1 :5 we w9k h>dly at all1 may be foll[$ by a spe$y mak+ up = lo/ "t by rapid w9k+ :5 ! t5sion is reliev$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,+5i\s ,me?od ( ,locat+ an ,ob/ruction4--,! ,eng9e]+ ,record gives ! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! sci5tific solv+ ( a practical comm]cial problem3 8,! pneumatic dispat* tube = ! deliv]y ( mail betwe5 ! ma9 ,philadelphia po/ (fice & a bran* (fice at ,*e/nut & ,?ird ,/reets is a ca/-iron pipe buri$ bel[ ! surface ( ! /reet1 & 9 x small cyl9drical c>ri]s1 six in*es 9 diamet]1 are propell$ f end to end by air pressure4 ,at "o "t a c>ri] became lodg$ at "s unkn[n po9t 9 ! tube1 & to remove ! ob/ruction x 0 desirable to locate its position z closely z possible be=e digg+ d[n to ! pipe4 ,?is 0 satisfactorily accompli%$ by fir+ a pi/ol at "o end ( ! tube2 its report 0 e*o$ f ! ob/ruction1 & indicat$ its position by ! "t requir$ = ! transmission ( ! s\nd4 ,! pi/ol 0 fir$ 9 a hole 9 ! side ( ! pneumatic tube ne> ! end1 :i* 0 capp$ & _h a rubb]-hose connection to ! record+ app>atus4 ,! end ( ! rubb] hose t]m9at$ 9 a *amb] clos$ by a diaphragm ab\t five in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* _h a /ylus atta*$ to x4 ,a cock 9 ! middle ( ! rubb] hose 0 p>tly clos$ to r$uce ! =ce ( ! explosion on ! diaphragm1 & ! pi/ol 0 fir$4 ,! s\nd-wave imm$iately produc$ a movem5t ( ! diaphragm1 caus+ ! /ylus to make a m>k on ! record diagram4 ,! hose cock 0 !n fully op5$1 & :5 ! s\nd-wave _h travel$ to ! ob/ruction & be5 reflect$ back x aga9 mov$ ! diaphragm1 & caus$ ! /ylus to make a second m>k on ! diagram4 ,! lapse ( "t _h be5 automatically record$ on ! same diagram1 s to det]m9e ! di/ance x 0 only necess>y to note ! exact int]val ( "t betwe5 ! direct & reflect$ reports1 divide x by two1 & multiply ! quoti5t by ! velocity ( s\nd "u ! exi/+ conditions40 ,! ob/ruction 0 indicat$ at #a1ecg feet f ! diaphragm4 ,excavations 7 made at ?is place1 & ! c>ri] 0 f\nd ne>ly at ! calculat$ po9t4 ,! limits ( di/ance at :i* ?is me?od is applicable h n yet be5 det]m9$1 b ,mr4 ,bat*ell]1 ! eng9e] ( ! ,pneumatic ,tube ,company & ! devis] ( ! above +5i\s exp$i5t1 has f\nd t 9 a tube #dc4c in*es 9 diamet] a pi/ol %ot w vibrate a s5sitive diaphragm at a di/ance ( #fe1abi feet2 decreas+ ! diamet] ( ! tube decreases ! di/ance ov] :i* ! pi/ol %ot w act4 99 99 99 99 99 ,diseas$ ,meat 9 ,p>is4--,! police ( ,p>is1 says ! ,lancet1 h j laid h&s on a va/ fraudul5t organization = evad+ ! precaution>y measures drawn up by ! au?orities = inspect+ ! meat di/ribut$ = consumption 9 ! suburbs ( ,p>is4 ,bo? = ,p>is & ! suburbs all animals de/9$ = food h to be kill$ 9 public slaught]h\ses1 :]e ! /ricte/ wat* is kept by ! municipal vet]9>y surgeons1 :o =bid ! deliv]y to ! but*]s ( any meat :i* exhibits ! slighte/ suspici\s signs4 ,elaborate regulations h be5 laid d[n z to ! v>i\s diseases :i* r5d] meat unfit = ! food ( man1 & naturally en\gh tub]culosis is ! compla9t mo/ rigor\sly wat*$ =4 ,! sw9dl]s :o h be5 arre/$ made up a va/ organization :i* us$ to buy up f ! f>ms ( ! ea/]n prov9ces & ev5 9 ,g]many su* animals z1 ow+ to disease1 w\ld h be5 refus$ = slaught] at ! abattoirs1 &1 moreov]1 !y b\ght !m dirt *eap4 ,^! animals 7 !n convey$ 9 regul> h]ds to a small place ne> ,p>is & kill$ 9 %$s built at ! bottom ( an old qu>ry4 ,"u cov] ( night ! meat 0 tak5 away by ! accomplice but*]s & resold 9 ! v>i\s suburban %ops4 ,9 connection ) ?is cl&e/9e slaught]h\se ! firm _h a k9d ( cemet]y1 :]e ^? animals 7 buri$ ! meat ( :i* 0 too bad = ev5 ! sw9dl]s to risk its sale 9 ! m>ket4 ,ivry 0 ! place :]e ! fraud 0 discov]$1 & ! (ficial inquiry %[s t ! organization 0 s+ul>ly complete4 ,x is extraord9>y t ! slaught]h\se1 :i* 0 9 full "w1 %\ld nev] h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! villag]s1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t all kill+ 0 done by night & t ! slaught]m5 7 all ,g]mans :o did n und]/& a ^w ( ,fr5*1 & 7 !re=e unable to engage 9 imprud5t conv]sation ) ! neighbors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ ,alum9um is made4--,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,man*e/] ,junior ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ,j4 ,h4 ,h5d]son describes ! two comm]cial me?ods ( mak+ alum9um3 ,! ag5t :i* has made alum9um a comm]cial product is electricity4 ,?is is h[ electrolysis produces x 7by "o successful me?od73 ,9 a metal1 c>bon-l9$ crucible hav+ two c>bon electrodes1 "o ( :i* acts z anode & ! o!r z ca?ode1 are put ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3 ,fluoride ( calcium1 #bcd p>ts by weight2 d\ble fluoride ( cryolite1 #dba p>ts by weight2 fluoride ( alum9um1 #hde p>ts by weight4 ,to ^! add ?ree to f\r p] c5t ( a suitable *loride--= example1 calcium *loride4 ,to ?is add alum9a suffici5t to =m a v /iff mixture4 ,be=e electrolysis c beg9 ! above are fus$ by means ( heat1 :i* %\ld n exce$ #a1baj ,f4 ,! heat is obta9$ f a furnace heat$ by gas1 coke1 or *>coal1 c>e be+ tak5 t no gases f ! furnace ent] ! crucible4 ,! ba? fus$1 ! electrodes are dipp$ into x1 ! curr5t swit*$ on1 & ! metal is deposit$ 79 ! be/ & l>ge/ ( ^! crucibles7 at ! rate ( "o p\nd p] five electrical horse-p[] h\rs4 ,! curr5t pressure requir$ is six to eight volts1 at a d5sity ( "o & a half ampres p] squ>e in*4 ,! metal f "t to "t is remov$ f ! crucible by means ( a siphon or a ladle1 c>e be+ tak5 to remove z little ( ! haloid salts z possible4 ,!re is ano!r me?od ( extraction equally successful ) ?is1 b also m economical4 ,9 ?is o!r me?od a set ( simil> +r$i5ts are plac$ 9 a crucible hav+ "o or m v]tically movable c>bon electrodes1 :i* are us$ z "o1 or a collective anode1 respectively4 ,! crucible1 ?\gh l9$ pr9cipally ) c>bon1 has "s metal expos$ to act z a ca?ode at ! beg9n+ ( ! process1 ?is to g5]ate heat en\gh to fuse ! ba?1 aft] :i* ! anode is plac$ s t ! extract$ alum9um acts z a ca?ode4 ,! molt5 metal is f "t to "t run out ( a tap-hole into a mold1 & !nce ca/ into +ots1 or granulat$ by be+ p\r$ into cold wat]4 ,! same p>ticul>s z to results apply to ?is crucible furnace process also1 only t n ne>ly s mu* ( ! ba? is wa/$ 9 x1 & ! metal ne$s less purify+ :5 molt54 ,!re are1 also1 no loss ( "t & money f ! use ( gas1 coke1 or *>coal1 & ( an extra furnace 9 ?is me?od4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration 8,a ,me*anical ,bootblack40--,a bootblack+ app>atus is "o ( ! late/ developm5ts ( ! nickel-9-!-slot ma*9e1 a specim5 ( :i* is und]go+ trial 9 a ,fr5* public g>d54 ,! cu/om] drops 8 co9--9 ! pres5t case a t5 c5time1 or a two-&-a-half-c5t piece--into ! receptacle1 :i* op5s ! way to a comp>tm5t :]e a bru% cleans 8 boots2 he next puts 8 feet into a second comp>tm5t & has !m black5$2 & !n into a ?ird1 :]e !y are poli%$4 ,! op]ation takes ab\t a m9ute & a half1 & dur+ ! "t ! cu/om] may wat* ! indications ( its progress z !y are %[n ^u ! dial4 ,! ma*9]y work+ 9 ! inside is v simple4 ,an electric motor ( small p[]--ab\t eighte5 kilogrammetres p] second--controls ! %aft on :i* ! ?ree rot>y bru%es are fix$1 & ! cu/om] has only to unlock ! ma*9e1 ! same z all o!rs ( its k9d1 ) 8 co91 & move ! h&le :i* op5s ! circuit & />ts ! motion4 ,a repres5tation ( ! ma*9e at "w is giv5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! 8,b>isal ,guns40--,a curi\s ph5om5on ( unexpla9$ s\nds l ^? ( explosions1 occasionally he>d 9 diff]5t places ov] ! e>?1 has attract$ mu* att5tion1 has be5 made ! subject ( a book record+ sev]al hundr$ acc\nts ( x1 by ,m4 ,erne/ ,van d5 ,broeck1 ( ,brussels1 & has already be5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly4 ,! ph5om5on has be5 mo/ c>efully obs]v$ 9 ,india1 :]e x seems to h assum$ a peculi>ly m>k$ =m1 & is kn[n !re z ! 8,b>isal guns40 ,m4 ,van d5 ,broeck calls x 8mi/poeff]s10 or air-puffs4 ,! mo/ def9ite description ( x is giv5 9 ,nature by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,s4 ,s*urr1 z he has he>d x 9 ,india1 :]e x has be5 obs]v$ ov] a wide range1 b mo/ cle>ly & frequ5tly 9 ! ,baek]gunge di/rict1 ( :i* ,b>isal is ! headqu>t]s4 ,! ,b>isal guns are he>d mo/ frequ5tly f ,febru>y to ,octob]1 n dur+ f9e wea!r b j be=e1 dur+1 or imm$iately aft] heavy ra94 ,!y always s\nd 9 triplets--t is1 ?ree reports occur1 "o aft] ano!r1 at regul> int]vals--& ?\gh sev]al guns may be he>d1 ! numb] is always ?ree or a multiple ( ?ree4 ,sometimes only "o s]ies ( triplets ( s\nds is rem>k$ 9 a day2 at o!r times ! au?or has c\nt$ z _m z =ty-five ( !m1 "o aft] ano!r1 )\t a pause4 ,! report is exactly l ! fir+ ( big guns he>d at a di/ance1 except t x is always d\ble1 or has an e*o4 ,a numb] ( conjectural solutions ( ! ph5om5on h be5 put =?1 b none ( !m acc\nts = x z a :ole 9 any approa*+ a satisfactory mann]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,photograph+ ,live ,fi%es4--,a numb] ( me?ods are m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,s*ufeldt1 9 a pap] on ! subject1 by :i* fi%es may be photograph$ 9 _! natural elem5t1 ) natural surr\nd+s4 ,?is c be done1 ev5 "u ! surface ( ! wat]1 by ! use ( c]ta9 subaquatic app>atus4 ,by ! employm5t ( in/antane\s photography "s fi%es h be5 tak5 9 ! air1 z ( salmon 9 ! act ( leap+1 or ( fly+ fi% 9 flight4 ,su* pictures1 h[ev]1 illu/rate special habits r ?an ! ord9>y life ( ! subjects4 ,well-arrang$ aqu>iums af=d opportunities = photograph+ fi%es 9 almo/ e condition & position1 & a comm& ( light & situation c be _h 9 !m :i* is ( great advantage to ! op]ator4 ,! specim5s ( fi% photographs publi%$ by ! au?or ) 8 pap] are 9 e way satisfactory4 ,! spots on ! sunfi%1 = example1 are almo/ z cle> & di/9ct z if we _h ! fi% ly+ be=e u 9 ! broad light4 ,! photograph ( ! pike has af=d$ opportunity to correct "s inaccuracies 9 ! draw+ ( x z giv5 9 previ\s works ( high au?ority4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m>9e ,life at ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor1 ,long ,isl&4--,mr4 ,francis ,n4 ,bea*1 9 pres5t+ to ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory a li/ ( ! ,m>9e ,mollusca ( ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor1 ,long ,isl&1 speaks ( ! locality z repres5t+ 8a fairly di/9ct facies ( molluscan life--! fauna ( ! oy/] b$s1 broadly speak+4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 its homog5eity & ! abs5ce ( /raggl]s l5d x value4 ,probably almo/ e species enum]at$ lives on ! spot :]e f\nd or 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,?is *>act]i/ic makes ! spot a good sample ( actual conditions ( life 9 t int]e/+ transitional region :]e ! #8,virg9ian' & #8,acadian' 7or #8,boreal'7 faunas ov]lap4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is1 s f> f be+ homog5e\s1 /rik+ly het]og5e\s40 ,( ! two faunas1 ! s\!rn "o contributes a quota r m ?an twice t ( ! m nor!rn "o1 & ! increase 9 ! prepond]ance ( s\!rn =ms c be detect$ 9 a range ( =ty miles4 ,! au?or concludes f 8 exam9ation t1 not)/&+ ! well-m>k$ "* ( ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor z 8muddy10 its molluscan fauna is det]m9$ n at all by t "*1 b pr$om9antly by ! dep? ( wat] & by ! factors includ$ 9 ! 8inclos$ness0 ( ! place--t is1 he supposes1 by ! temp]ature1 ! specific gravity1 ! p]c5tage ( organic matt]1 etc4 8,x looks z ?\gh ! v>i\s species w\ld manage someh[ to be repres5t$ on almo/ any /ret* ( %ore or bottom1 provid$ only ! wat] conditions be "r40 99 99 99 99 99 ,f>m ,homes = ,neglect$ ,city ,*ildr54--,! sy/em ( provid+ homes ^u f>ms is repres5t$ 9 ! la/ annual report ( ! ,new ,york ,juv5ile ,asylum z be+ on ! wane4 ,:ile f #ahhj to #ahij tw5ty-f\r p] c5t ( ! *ildr5 committ$ to ! asylum 7 plac$ 9 ,we/]n homes1 ! p]c5tage f #ahij to #ahig 0 only fifte54 ,among ! reasons assign$ = ?is dim9ution are ! increase ( undesirable mat]ial1 *iefly ( races aga9/ :i* prejudice is /rong1 & ! gr[+ habit ( p>5ts expect+ _! *ildr5 to be re/or$ to !m :5 _! s]vices become pr(itable4 ,plac+ out /reet waifs & neglect$ & dep5d5t *ildr5 9 ! homes ( private families1 ! report says1 has be5 sadly abus$4 ,! degradation & moral corruption ( ! condition ( su* *ildr5 are apt to make !m s refractory & unsusceptible to ! :olesome influ5ces ( family life t an abrupt transf] is liable to be att5d$ ) failure & disa/]4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld !re=e be previ\sly br\ght "u ! re/ra9+ & re=matory influ5ces ( a tra9+ s*ool4 ,at ! be/1 a plac+-out "w c n be exempt f s]i\s cont+5cies4 8,! second decade1 ! adolesc5t age1 "u mo/ favorable conditions1 is ! p]iod :5 ! w is apt to be :olly dom9at$ by ! emotions1 & unless ! environm5t is peculi>ly favorable1 gu>dian%ip becomes a difficult function4 ,) an ind5tur+ sy/em t prolongs ! t]m ( appr5tice%ip = boys ?r\gh\t _! m9ority1 bo? appr5tice & gu>dian mu/ possess an extraord9>y measure ( amiable qualities to insure a cont9uance ( _! relation ?r\gh an ext5d$ p]iod40 ,:5 ! boy is old en\gh to e>n wages f /rang]s ! temptation to leave & g out = hire is v /rong1 & mu/ be met by a correspond+ degree ( tact & lib]ality2 & ev5 :5 int]e/s are happily adju/$ 8a plac+-out sy/em ought to take acc\nt ( ! ta/es & aptitudes ( "y p1 & leave ! way op5 = ! des]v+ at a suitable age to />t ^u a new c>e]40 99 99 99 99 99 ,animals ,help+ ,"o ,ano!r4--,:ile ! rum9ant animals z a rule d n seem to h made any fur!r advance t[>d =m+ communal gr\ps ?an to po/ s5t9els :ile pa/ur+ toge!r1 a few m>k$ cases are f\nd 9 :i* a division ( labor & "s sy/em ( assi/ance seem to h be5 giv5 effect4 ,"o su* in/ance is cit$ 9 ! ,london ,spectator z hav+ be5 obs]v$ by ,"l ,lovat 9 ! ,highl& de]1 :]e l>ge /ags h small] /ags to att5d !m & s]ve !m v mu* z ! ,engli% s*ool bully is att5d$ & s]v$ by 8 fag4 ,"l ,lovat tells ano!r /ory ( compassion manife/$ & help af=d$ by a /ag to a y\ng] animal4 ,( ?ree /ags on ! move1 two jump$ ! wire f5ce1 & ! ?ird1 a two-ye>-old1 halt$ & w\ld n v5ture ! leap4 ,! two wait$ = "s "t :ile ! little fell[ ran along ! f5ce1 till ! l>g] ( !m came back to coax him1 & 8actually kiss$ him sev]al times40 ,f9ally1 ! animal gave up & w5t on1 aft] :i* ! little /ag took c\rage & made ! jump4 ,! social organization is v f> advanc$ ) ! beav]s1 & is q elaborate ) ! rabbits1 :i* excavate common & int]lac+ burr[s1 & ) insects l ants & bees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,geological ,=mations & ,=e/s 9 ,new ,j]sey4--,f a /udy ( ! relation betwe5 =e/ry & geology 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ar?ur ,hollick f9ds t two di/9ctly def9$ =e/ zones h long be5 recogniz$ 9 ! ,/ate--a decidu\s & a conif]\s--! contra/ betwe5 ! two be+ s obvi\s z to attract ! att5tion ev5 ( sup]ficial obs]v]s4 ,:ile ! decidu\s zone is r\ghly conf9$ to ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate & ! conif]\s to ! s\!rn "p1 yet :5 ! l9e ( dem>cation is c>efully foll[$ up across ! ,/ate & beyond its conf9es x is f\nd n to co9cide ) any p>allel ( latitude or iso!rmal l9e1 & n to be entirely dep5d5t ei!r on topography or ! physiographic conditions4 8,if1 h[ev]1 a geological map ( ! region be exam9$1 ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two zones w be f\nd to foll[ ! tr5d ( ! geologic =mations ^: outcrops ext5d 9 a nor!a/ direction across ! ,/ate & s\?w>d beyond4 ,a co9cid5ce 0 sugge/$1 & x became m app>5t1 z ! inve/igations proce$$1 t ! two classes ( angiosp]ms & gymnosp]ms 7 sev]ally id5tifi$ ) c]ta9 geological =mations1 & also t ! di/ribution ( _m species )9 ea* ( ! zones 0 capable ( be+ simil>ly associat$1 & _! limits ( be+ m or less accurately def9$4 ,! decidu\s zone is r\ghly locat$ z ly+ nor? ( a l9e betwe5 ,woodbridge & ,tr5ton1 & ! conif]\s zone z be+ s\? ( a l9e betwe5 ,eatont[n & ,salem4 ,betwe5 ^! two l9es is an area ab\t sixte5 miles wide :]e ^! zones ov]lap1 :i* ! au?or calls ! 8t5sion zone10 because a con/ant /ate ( /ra9 or t5sion 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce prevails 9 x4 ,9 ! decidu\s zone ! geological =mations are num]\s1 ) v>i\s soils & e gradation ( topography1 & ! div]sity ( trees is great4 ,its s\!rn l9e is cot]m9\s ) ! s\!rn edge ( ! ,triassic =mation4 ,! conif]\s zone pres5ts b little div]sity 9 geology or topography1 & little v>iety ( trees4 ,its nor!rn bord] is cot]m9\s ) ! nor!rn bord] ( ,t]ti>y gravels1 s&s1 & s&y clays4 ,! 8t5sion zone0 includes practically ! :ole ( ! ,cretace\s pla/ic clays1 & ! clay-m>ls & m>ls4 ,,m9or ,,p>agraphs4 ,a conf]5ce 0 appo9t$1 to be held at ,wiesbad51 ,g]many1 ,octob] #i? & #aj?1 to promote ! =mation ( an ,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,sci5ce--a s*eme :i* 0 ref]r$ to 9 ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/]'s presid5tial address be=e ! ,briti% ,association4 ,?is idea = ! e/abli%m5t ( an int]national association ( great le>n$ societies appe>s1 ! ,london ,a!num says1 to be ! outcome ( discussions c>ri$ on at ,gtt+5 9 #ahih4 ,= "s "t pa/ ! ,academies ( ,vi5na1 ,muni*1 ,gtt+51 & ,leipsic h be5 f$]at$ into an association or 8,ca/ell10 ea* meet+ 9 turn at _! respective headqu>t]s to talk ov] sci5tific matt]s ( jo9t int]e/4 ,at two or ?ree rec5t meet+s que/ions 7 br\ght up1 su* z ant>ctic rese>* & ! catalogu+ ( sci5tific lit]ature1 :i*1 besides be+ ( suffici5t int]academic value to come be=e ! 8,ca/ell10 7 ( prime importance to ,engli% m5 ( sci5ce4 ,engli% delegates 7 !re=e invit$ to att5d1 & did s2 & out ( ?is invitation has gr[n a desire = a wid] int]national basis = ! association4 ,! adh]5ce ( ! pr9cipal le>n$ societies ( ! _w1 includ+ our ,national ,academy1 is said to h be5 secur$ to ! movem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ?irte5? season ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,botany at ! ,m>9e ,biological ,laboratory1 ,woods ,holl1 ,mass41 w op5 ,july #e? & cont9ue till ,augu/ #af?4 ,?ree laboratory c\rses are provid$1 accompani$ by lectures1 includ+ ! subjects ( cryptogamic botany1 plant physiology1 & plant cytology & micro-te*nique4 ,! pr9cipal in/ructors are ,dr4 ,bradley ,r4 ,davis1 ,mr4 ,george ,t4 ,moore1 & ,dr4 ,rodney ,h4 ,true4 ,! dep>tm5t ext5ds a special welcome to inve/igators1 & desires _! co-op]ation 9 ! developm5t ( ! laboratory4 ,woods ,holl (f]s great attractions 9 v>iety ( mat]ial & facilities = biological rese>*1 & is propos$ z an excell5t c5t] ( resort :]e ! botani/s ( ! c\ntry may meet = a few weeks4 ,a six weeks' c\rse 9 ,nature /udy1 includ+ bo? animals & plants1 & consi/+ l>gely ( field "w1 is a new feature (f]$ ?is ye> = ! fir/ "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ,friday1 ,m>* #i?1 occurr$ ! dea? ( two ( ! six surviv+ f\nd]s ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce--,dr4 ,*>les ,e4 ,we/1 ( ,brooklyn1 & ,pr(essor ,oliv] ,payson ,hubb>d1 ( ,manhattan4 ,bo? 7 di/+ui%$ tea*]s4 ,dr4 ,we/ 0 born 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,mass41 9 #ahji1 & aft] be+ graduat$ f ,union ,college1 began 8 c>e] z a tea*] 9 ! ,albany ,female ,academy4 ,he 0 aft]w>d pr9cipal ( ! ,rutg]s ,female ,in/itute1 ! ,buffalo ,female ,sem9>y1 & ! ,brooklyn ,heights ,sem9>y1 :]e he rema9$ tw5ty-n9e ye>s4 ,he also assi/$ 9 prep>+ ! orig9al c\rses ( in/ruction ( ,vass> ,female ,college4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,long ,isl& ,hi/orical ,society2 0 a fell[ ( ! ,royal ,antiqu>ian ,society ( ,d5m>k2 & 0 a memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,e?nological1 ! ,am]ican ,philosophical1 & ! ,new ,york & ! ,long ,isl& ,hi/orical ,societies4 ,pr(essor ,hubb>d 0 born at ,pomfret1 ,conn41 9 #ahji1 0 graduat$ f ,yale ,college 9 #ahbh1 & 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,ph>macy1 & ,m9]alogy at ,d>tm\? ,college 9 #ahcf4 ,he rema9$ !re1 ) an int]val1 f #ahff till #ahga1 9 :i* he devot$ himself to lectur+1 till #ahhc1 :5 he became pr(essor em]itus4 ,he 0 made 9 #ahga ov]se] ( ! ,?ay] ,s*ool ( ,eng9e]+ at ,d>tm\?1 & he 0 a memb] ( ! ,new ,hamp%ire ,legislature 9 #ahfc & #ahfd4 ,only f\r ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,am]ican ,association are n[ liv+--namely1 ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,h4 ,boye1 ( ,coop]/[n1 ,pa42 ,pr(4 ,walcott ,gibbs1 ( ,h>v>d2 ,dr4 ,samuel ,l4 ,abbot2 & ,epes ,dixwell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! firm ( ,burr\ghs1 ,wellcome ,co41 says ! ,lancet1 are to be congratulat$ on ! g5]\s c>e :i* !y h tak5 to promote ! mat]ial & intellectual welf>e ( _! employees4 ,_! pr9cipal works are at ,d>t=d1 :]e !y employ m ?an eight hundr$ p]sons ( bo? sexes1 includ+ "s two hundr$ sci5tific work]s4 ,= ! purpose ( e/abli%+ a sort ( club = ^! employees1 ,mr4 ,wellcome succe$$ 9 pur*as+ ! ,manor ,h\se kn[n z ,acacia ,hall1 & ! ext5sive & beautiful gr\nds 9 :i* x is situat$4 ,! ,manor ,h\se he has fitt$ up z a club = ! memb]s ( 8 /aff4 ,an old mill :i* /&s close by has be5 conv]t$ into :at is call$ ! libr>y build+4 ,! upp] floor is fitt$ out z a lecture-room1 & !re is a libr>y :i* already conta9s "s ?\s&s ( volumes4 ,a ?ird build+1 call$ ! ,t[] ,h\se1 conta9s club accommodations = m54 ,!n !re are elaborate ba?rooms1 & f9ally a l>ge gymnasium4 ,! gr\nds are mo/ ext5sive1 be+ half a mile 9 l5g? & v ta/efully laid out4 ,!re is a lake1 a riv]1 & _m pleasure boats = r[+1 a l>ge field = sports ( all sorts1 a gr& /& to witness ! same1 a ri* or*>d & a beautiful pleasure g>d51 sev]al luxuri\s lawns1 & _m sup]b trees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a peculi> k9d ( glassy bodies1 kn[n z moldavite or b\teill5/e91 is attract+ ! att5tion ( ,au/rian & ,bohemian geologi/s4 ,^! glasses are ovals f an in* to an in* & a half long1 & are *>act]iz$ by v>i\s m>k+s1 "s ( :i* sugge/ f+] impressions1 :ile o!rs =m a network ( furr[s1 :i* may h 9 "p a r\gh radial arrangem5t4 ,!y h be5 reg>d$ by "s au?ors z relics ( prehi/oric glass manufacture1 b ?is view does n appe> to h be5 su/a9$4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,suess1 ! fam\s ,au/rian geologi/1 f9ds resemblances betwe5 !m & meteorites1 & ! mo/ g5]al disposition ( /ud5ts ( ! subject is n[ to consid] !m ( extra-t]re/rial orig94 ,resemblances h fur!r be5 po9t$ out betwe5 !m & "s peculi> obsidian bombs f\nd 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! moldavites 9 ,bohemia occur 9 s&y deposits :i* are assign$ to ! late ,t]ti>y or e>ly ,diluvial p]iod4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 besides /udies be>+ directly on sci5ce & ! arts1 c\rses are giv5 9 mod]n languages1 z an important means ( access to =eign works 9 ! /ud5t's pr(essional dep>tm5t3 ,engli%1 = ! purpose ( tra9+ pupils to express !mselves readily1 accurately1 & adequately1 & ( aid+ !m 9 ! und]/&+ & appreciation ( good lit]ature2 hi/ory & political & social sci5ce1 ! in/ruction 9 :i* is arrang$ to connect ) t 9 biology1 s t ! two dep>tm5ts %all pres5t 8an unbrok5 sequ5ce ( relat$ /udies ext5d+ ?r\gh ?ree successive ye>s1 & re/+ ^u ! fundam5tal k ( liv+ =ms & ( prehi/oric man t is pres5t$ 9 g5]al biology1 zology1 & an?ropology10 foll[$ by comp>ative politics & int]national law2 & economics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a witness rec5tly admitt$ to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t's ,committee n[ mak+ inquiry into ! use ( color+ matt]s & pres]vatives 9 food1 t yell[ color+ sub/ances 7 l>gely pur*as$ )\t any discrim9ation = ! purpose ( giv+ a ri* appe>ance to milk & milk products4 ,z a rule1 no "q 0 ask$ z to ! injuri\s or non-injuri\s "* ( ! dye s us$4 ,"o ( ! be/ color+ matt]s 0 kn[n z ,m>tius's yell[1 naph?ol yell[1 naph?al5e yell[1 ,man*e/] yell[1 saffron yell[1 or gold5 yell[1 & is *emically ! same z ! d9itro-alpha-naph?ol prep>$ f ! naph?al5e t cry/allizes 9 gas ma9s1 :i* is an important con/itu5t 9 ! mak+ ( lyddite4 ,x is slightly explosive :5 heat$1 is injuri\s :5 x comes 9 contact ) an abrasion ( ! sk91 & has be5 %[n by physiological exp]im5ts to be a highly improp] sub/ance to mix ) food4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a goose m>ket is held regul>ly 9 ,octob] at ,w>saw1 ,pol&1 to :i* ab\t ?ree million geese are br\ght1 mo/ ( !m to be export$ to ,g]many4 ,(t5 com+ f remote prov9ces1 _m ( ^! geese h to travel ov] long di/ances1 ^u roads :i* w\ld we> out _! feet if !y 7 n 8%od40 ,= ?is purpose !y are driv5 fir/ ?r\gh t> p\r$ ^u ! gr\nd1 & !n ?r\gh s&4 ,aft] ! op]ation has be5 repeat$ sev]al times ! feet ( ! geese become cov]$ ) a h>d cru/ t effectively protects !m4 ,,notes4 ,! fir/ summ] session ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 #aijj1 w op5 ,july #b;d1 in/ruction beg9n+ ,july #e?1 & w cont9ue till ,augu/ #aj?4 ,! "w w be "u ! g5]al direction ( ,pr(4 ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 & w be conduct$ by a l>ge corps ( in/ructors1 9 elev5 c\rses1 ( ?irty lectures or o!r ex]cises or _! equival5t 9 laboratory or field "w1 ea*4 ,! conclud+ exam9ations w be held ,augu/ #i? & #aj?4 ,cr$its w be giv5 = c\rses pursu$ at ! s*ool 9 ! requirem5ts = a degree at ! univ]sity1 & = a ,tea*]s' ,college diploma1 & 9 ! exam9ations = tea*]s' lic5ses 9 ,new ,york city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,int]national ,congress ( ,m$ical ,electrology & ,radiology has be5 connect$ ) ! ,int]national ,congress sy/em ( ! ,p>is ,exposition1 #aijj1 & w be held ,july #bg? to ,augu/ #a/4 ,! commission is compos$ ( repres5tative m5 f v>i\s univ]sities1 in/itutions1 & hospitals ( ,france1 ) ,pr(4 ,e4 ,d\m]1 #eg ,rue ,nicolas ,leblanc1 ,lille1 z secret>y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a curi\s fall ( 8black sn[10 :i* 0 obs]v$ at ,mold+1 ,au/ria1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 0 f\nd to consi/ l>gely ( ! insects kn[n z 8glaci] fleas10 :i* 7 suppos$ to h come along ) a viol5t sn[/orm f "s ( ! ,alp9e glaci]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ to write #aijj 9 ,roman num]als is a "q ( ! day t w h to be settl$4 ,?ree ways are sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,flet*] ,little 9 ! ,london ,times1 ei!r ( :i* is correct accord+ to ! ,roman sy/em4 ,!y are ,,mdcccc1 ,,mdcd1 & ,,mcm4 ,b :5 we rea* ! ye> #aihh1 if we use ! fir/ ( ^! me?ods we %all h to write ! =midable-look+ =mula ,,mdcccclxxxviii1 :]eas if we use ! ?ird & %orte/ me?od1 x w only be ,,mcmlxxxviii--& t is long en\gh4 ,! ?ird me?od1 !re=e1 :i* may be int]pret$ z mean+ "o ?\s& plus ano!r ?\s& lack+ a hundr$1 seems to be ! simple/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,/4 ,george ,miv>t1 ,pr(essor ( ,biology 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,k5s+ton1 di$ sudd5ly 9 ,london1 ,april #a/1 ag$ sev5ty-two ye>s4 ,he 0 au?or ( num]\s sci5tific works1 ( treatises critical ( ,d>w9ism & ! !ory ( evolution1 & ( demon/rations ( ! h>mony ( ,roman ,ca?olic dogma ) prov$ sci5tific facts4 ,8 "n has be5 made prom95t ( late by 8 recantation ( 8 previ\sly express$ views ( ! consi/5cy ( dogma ) sci5ce1 & ! correspond5ce ) ,c>d9al ,vaughan :i* grew out ( x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,int]national ,congress ( ,e?nographical societies has be5 arrang$ = by ! ,e?nographic ,society ( ,p>is1 to be held 9 ,p>is1 ,augu/ #bf? to ,septemb] #a/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,wolla/on m$al ( ! ,royal ,geological ,society1 ,london1 = ! mo/ important geological discov]ies1 has ?is ye> be5 aw>d$ to ,mr4 ,grove ,k4 ,gilb]t1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,?is is ! ?ird "t ! m$al has be5 aw>d$ to a citiz5 ( ?is c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among ! rec5tly ann\nc$ publications ( ,john ,wiley & ,sons we notice a ?ird edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 ( ,all5 ,haz5's ,filtration ( ,public ,wat] ,supplies2 a new & revis$ edition ( ,ol('s ,text-book ( ,physiological ,*emi/ry2 ,! ,co/ ( ,liv+ z ,modifi$ by ,sanit>y ,sci5ce1 by ,ell5 ,h4 ,ri*>ds2 ,exam9ation ( ,wat] 7,*emical & ,biological71 by ,william ,p4 ,mason2 & ! fif? edition ( ,h4 ,van ,f4 ,furman's ,manual ( ,practical ,assay+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 a me?od ( /]ilization ( wat] by means ( ozone1 describ$ by ,dr4 ,weyl1 ( ,b]l91 at ! ,g]man ,sci5tific ,conf]5ce1 #ahii1 wat] is pump$ to ! top ( a t[] & all[$ to fl[ freely ov] /ones1 meet+ z x falls a curr5t ( air *>g$ ) ozone4 ,! process appe>s to be likewise effectual 9 purify+ peat & bog wat]1 ! solution ( ! iron salts ( humic acid be+ decompos$ & oxidiz$1 & ! br[n color disappe>+ 9 consequ5ce4 ,! me?od1 x is said1 c be advantage\sly us$ 9 connection ) filt] b$s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our dea? li/ ?is mon? ( m5 kn[n 9 sci5ce is l>ge4 ,x includes ! names ( ,m4 ,philippe ,salmon1 ar*ologi/1 subdirector ( l'cole d',an?ropologie ( ,p>is1 ,presid5t ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,public ,in/ruction's ,commission on ,megali?ic ,monum5ts & au?or ( num]\s monographs on subjects ( 8 /udies1 9 ,p>is1 ag$ sev5ty-six ye>s2 ,dr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,r4 ,lu!r1 director ( ! ,obs]vatory at ,bilk1 ne> ,dusseldorf1 ag$ sev5ty-eight ye>s4 ,he discov]$ tw5ty-"o ( ! m9or planets & calculat$ ! orbits ( !m all1 z well z ^? ( sev]al o!r bodies2 ,dr4 ,c4 ,piazzi ,smi?1 =m]ly ,a/ronom] ,royal ( ,scotl&1 au?or ( /udies ( ! am\nt ( heat giv5 by ! moon to ! e>?1 & ( "s fam\s speculations ^u ! con/ruction & purposes ( ! ,great ,pyramid z an expon5t ( ! /&>d ( measurem5t1 ,febru>y #ba/1 ag$ eighty-"o ye>s2 ,m4 mile ,blan*>d1 dean ( ! section ( ,anatomy & ,physiology ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces2 ,capta9 ,b]nadires1 memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,bureau des ,longitudes & ,director ( ! ,obs]vatory ,s*ool ( ,monts\ri = ,(fic]s ( ! ,m>9e1 :o _h fulfill$ sev]al a/ronomical & geodesic commissions2 ,dr4 ,h]mann ,s*aeff]1 honor>y pr(essor ( ,ma!matics & ,physics at ,j5a1 ag$ sev5ty-six ye>s2 ,le&] ,j4 ,mc,cormick1 f\nd] ( ! ,mc,cormick ,obs]vatory at ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia2 ,presid5t ,james ,h4 ,sm>t1 ( ,purdue ,univ]sity1 ,lafayette1 ,ind42 ,g5]al ,a4 ,a4 ,tillo1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,russian ,geographical ,society1 f\nd] ( an exact physical geography ( ,russia1 bas$ on sci5tific data1 & ( _m contributions on ! sci5ce1 at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,janu>y #aa?1 ag$ sixty ye>s2 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,beltrami1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome 7,ma!matical ,physics71 ,presid5t ( ! ,accademia dei ,l9cei1 & correspond5t ( ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces2 ,m4 ,emmanuel ,liais1 ,mayor ( ,*]b\rg1 ,france1 also di/+ui%$ = useful & v m]itori\s "w 9 ,a/ronomy & ,physics1 ag$ sev5ty-f\r ye>s2 ,dr4 ,hans ,bruno1 ,pr(essor ( ,m9]alogy & ,geology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,dresd51 ,saxony1 di/+ui%$ = 8 inve/igations ( ! ,paleozoic1 ,cretace\s1 & ,p]mian rocks ( ,saxony1 at ,dresd51 ,janu>y #bh?1 ag$ eighty-five ye>s2 & ,william ,?orpe1 "o ( ! ,vice-,presid5ts ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry4 ,,publications ,,receiv$4 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations4 ,bullet9s & ,reports4 ,indiana 7,purdue ,univ]sity74 ,twelf? ,annual ,report4 ,pp4 #aej4--,mi*igan4 ,mon?ly ,bullet9 ( ,vital ,/ati/ics1 ,janu>y1 #aijj4 ,pp4 #ah4--,new ,j]sey3 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ada4 ,=c+ ,tomatoes4 ,by ,alva ,t4 ,jordan4 ,pp4 #ah2 ,no4 #adb4 ,pea-,gr[+ 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,by ,alva ,t4 ,jordan4 ,pp4 #ad4--,new ,york3 ,no4 #afb 7popul> edition74 ,injury by ,sun ,scor*+ ( ,foliage4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,hale & ,f4 ,c4 ,/ew>t4 ,pp4 #f2 ,no4 #afc 7popul> edition74 ,cank]1 an ,enemy ( ! ,apple4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,hall & ,w5dell ,paddock4 ,pp4 #f2 ,no4 #afd 7popul> edition74 ,div]s ,diseases discuss$4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,hall4 ,pp4 #e2 ,no4 #afe4 ,report ( ,analyses ( ,p>is ,gre5 & o!r ,insecticides4 ,by ,l4 ,l4 ,van ,slyke4 ,pp4 #aj4--,ohio3 ,no4 #aj4 ,! ,ma9t5ance ( ,f]tility4 ,by ,c4 ,e4 ,?orne4 ,pp4 #ia--,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,comp>ative ,range ,grass & ,=age ,plant ,exp]im5ts at ,highmore1 ,s\? ,dakota4 ,by ,f4 ,lampson ,scribn]4 ,pp4 #aj4--,li/ ( ,publications = ,sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,union ,build+1 ,wa%+ton1 to ,febru>y #a1 #ahii4 ,pp4 #cc2 ,"s ,miscellane\s ,results ( ! ,"w ( ! ,division ( ,entomology4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,pp4 #aji4--,report ( ! ,nor? 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