,illu/ration3 ,illu/ration3 ,sacr$ tree ) its support]s1 f ,/ ,m>k's1 ,v5ice4 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,tree ,,or ,,! ,,tree ,,9 ,,religion ,,& ,,my? ,,by ,,mrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,philpot ,illu/ration3 ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,limit$ ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #ahig ,all rights res]v$ ,,preface ,! read] is reque/$ to be> 9 m9d t ?is volume lays no claim to s*ol>%ip1 indep5d5t rese>*1 or orig9ality ( view4 ,its aim has be5 to select & collate1 f s\rces n always easily accessible to ! g5]al read]1 c]ta9 facts & conclusions be>+ ^u a subject ( ackn[l$g$ int]e/4 ,9 s deal+ ) "o ( ! _m modes ( primitive religion1 x is p]haps inevitable t ! writ] %\ld seem to exagg]ate its importance1 & 9 isolat+ a giv5 s]ies ( data to und]value ! significance ( ! p>allel facts f :i* !y are sev]$4 ,x is und5iable t ! wor%ip ( ! _s-inhabit$ tree has usually1 if n always1 be5 l9k$ )1 & 9 _m cases ov]%ad[$ by o!r cults2 t sun1 moon1 & />s1 sacr$ spr+s & /ones1 holy m\nta9s1 & animals ( ! mo/ div]se k9d1 h all be5 approa*$ ) s+ul> imp>tiality by primitive man1 z en%r9+ or symbolis+ a div9e pr9ciple4 ,b no o!r =m ( pagan ritual has be5 s widely di/ribut$1 has left beh9d x su* p]si/5t traces1 or appeals s closely to mod]n sympa?ies z ! wor%ip ( ! tree2 ( none is ! /udy bett] calculat$ to ?r[ light on ! d>k ways ( primitive ?\ght1 or to ar\se g5]al int]e/ 9 a bran* ( rese>* :i* is z vigor\s & fruitful z x is new4 ,= ^! reasons1 9 spite ( obvi\s disadvantages1 its sep>ate treatm5t has seem$ to ! writ] to be completely ju/ifiable4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,tree-,,wor%ip--,,its ,,di/ribution ,,& ,,orig9 ,primitive conception ( ! tree-_s--,illu/rations ( ! evid5ce = tree-wor%ip3 f ar*aeology1 f folk-lore1 f lit]ature1 f contempor>y an?ropology--,e>lie/ record ( tree-wor%ip1 ! cyl9d]s ( ,*aldaea--,! symbol ( ! sacr$ tree2 its developm5t--,mean+ ( ! symbol--,tree-wor%ip among/ ! ,semites--,canaaniti% tree-wor%ip--,! a%ra--,! decoration ( ! ,temple at ,j]usalem--,tree-wor%ip 9 anci5t ,egypt--,! sacr$ sycamores--,survival ( ! wor%ip 9 ! ,s\dan & 9 ,africa g5]ally--,osiris1 orig9ally a tree-god2 comp>$ ) o!r vegetation spirits--,tammuz1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,dionysus--,! sacr$ trees ( ! ,p]sians--,tree-wor%ip /ill exi/5t 9 ,india2 evid5ce ( its anci5t preval5ce--,its incorporation 9 ,buddhism--,o!r in/ances ( tree-wor%ip 9 ! ,ea/--,! evid5ce f ,am]ica4 ,greek & ,roman tree-wor%ip--,! ,g]man religion ( ! grove--,p]si/5ce ( ! belief 9 tree-spirits 9 ,russia1 ,pol&1 & ,f9l&--,sacr$ trees 9 m$iaeval ,france--,! rites ( ! ,druids--,evid5ce ( tree-wor%ip 9 ,saxon ,engl&2 its survival 9 ,may-day cu/oms--,g5]al conclusions z to ! anci5t preval5ce ( tree-wor%ip--,its orig92 views ( ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & ,grant ,all5 ,page #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,god ,,& ,,! ,,tree ,tree-spirits divisible into tree-gods & tree-demons--,! gods ( antiquity subject to physical limitations1 & approa*able only ?r\gh _! mat]ial embodim5t or symbol--,?is embodim5t frequ5tly a tree--,! sycamores ( ,egypt believ$ to be inhabit$ by deities--,developm5ts ( ?is conception--,9 ,greece ! tree "o ( ! e>lie/ symbols ( ! god--,! *ief ,greek gods 9 _! orig9 deities ( vegetation--,! ritual ( ! tree--,! tree dress$ or c>v$ to repres5t an an?ropomorphic god--,late survival ( ?is cu/om among/ ! classical nations--,its preval5ce 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! god's own tree--,zeus & ! oak--,apollo & ! laurel--,aphrodite & ! myrtle--,a!na & ! olive--,! association ( a p>ticul> god ) a p>ticul> tree n kn[n among/ ! ,semites--,! bodhi-trees or trees ( wisdom ( ! ,buddhas--,! sculptures ( ,bh>hut--,brahma & ! gold5 lotus--,! holy basil ( ,india--,! grove ( ,upsala1 ! home ( ,wod5--,ta>a & ! oak--,! great oak at ,romove4 ,gifts to ! tree3 9 ,arabia1 9 ,egypt1 9 ,greece--,d$ication ( arms1 trophies1 etc4 ,! use ( bran*es & wrea?s 9 religi\s c]emonies--,! procession ( ! sacr$ b\gh 9 ,greek fe/ivals--,! c]emonial use ( bran*es common ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,! tree z sanctu>y & asylum #bd ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,wood-,,demons ,,& ,,tree-,,spirits ,g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! tree-demon--,! fabul\s mon/]s ( ,*aldaea--,! j9ni ( ,arabia--,! hairy mon/]s ( ! ,bible--,! tree-demons ( ,egypt--,! woodl& creatures ( ,greece--,c5taurs & ,cyclops--,pan1 satyrs1 & sil5i--,! fauns & silvani ( ,italy--,female woodl& spirits--,! hamadryads--,alex&] & ! fl[]-maid5s--,! v9e-wom5 ( ,lucian--,correspond+ in/ances 9 mod]n folk-lore--,! s\l ( ! nymph actually held to inhabit ! tree--,! belief t blood w\ld fl[ :5 ! tree 0 injur$--,examples f ,virgil1 ,ovid1 & f mod]n folk-lore--,indian belief 9 wood-spirits4 ,! wood-spirits ( ,c5tral & ,nor? ,europe--,_! g5]al *>act]i/ics--,! moss-wom5--,! wild wom5 ( ,tyrol--,! wood-spirits ( ! ,grisons--,! :ite & gre5 ladies--,! ,sw$i% tree-_s--,! ,russian ,ljes*i--,! ,f9ni% ,tapio--,! ,t5gus ( ,japan--,wood-demons ( ,p]u & ,brazil #eb ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,tree ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,human ,,life ,! tree repres5t$ z ! prog5itor ( ! human race2 z relat$ 9 ! ,eddas2 9 ,iranian my?ology2 among/ ! ,si\x ,indians--,! classical view--,human be+s repres5t$ z ! fruit ( a tree--,individual bir?s f a tree--,my?ical bir?s b5ea? a tree2 ,zeus2 ,h]mes2 ,h]a2 ,apollo & ,artemis2 ,romulus & ,remus4 ,metamorphoses--,apollo & ,daphne--,mean+ ( ! leg5d--,! daught]s ( ,clym5e--,baucis & ,philemon--,o!r in/ances ( metamorphosis--,! gr[? ( fl[]s f ! blood ( ! dead1 or f ! te>s %$ ov] !m--,transmigration ( s\ls into trees--,tri/ram & ,iseult--,sweet ,william & ,fair ,m>g>et--,o!r in/ances4 ,! conception ( ! tree z sympa!tically int]wov5 ) human life--,! family tree--,! community tree--,! fig-tree 9 ! ,roman ,comitium--,! patrician & plebeian myrtle-trees4 ,! tree z ! symbol ( reproductive en]gy--,! ,semitic "m-goddess--,int]pretation ( ! ,*aldaean sacr$ tree z ! symbol ( f]tility--,! tree-inhabit+ _s ( vegetation z ! patron ( f]tility--,obs]vances connect$ !re) #gb ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,tree ,,z ,,oracle ,! oracul> p[] a coroll>y to ! belief 9 ! tree-inhabit+ god--,connection ( ! tree-oracle ) ! e>?-oracle--,! oracles ( ! ,*aldaeans--,canaanite tree-oracles--8,! tree ( ! soo?say]s0--,! oracul> oak ( ,zeus at ,dodona--,! oracle ( ,zeus ,ammon--,! prophetic laurel ( ,delphi--,oracul> trees 9 ,arm5ia1 9 ,arabia--,alex&] ! ,great & ! ,p]sian tree-oracles--,! prophetic ilex grove at ,rome--,o!r ,italian tree-oracles3 at ,tibur2 at ,pr5e/e--,tree-om5s--,leg5ds ( speak+ trees--,oracle-lots--,! orig9 ( ! div9+-rod--,cut rods believ$ to reta9 "s ( ! div9e p[] resid5t 9 ! tree--,! life-rood--,! div9+-rod a survival ( ! tree-oracle--,its mod]n use--,div9ation by roots & leaves #ic ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,univ]se-,,tree ,wide di/ribution ( ! conception--,its plausibility to ! primitive m9d2 especially to ! inhabitants ( level c\ntries--,e>lie/ v]sion ( ! _w-tree f\nd 9 an ,accadian hymn ( great antiquity--,probably a poetical amplification ( ! sacr$ _s-inhabit$ tree--,! _w-tree & ! _w-m\nta9--,! two conceptions comb9$ 9 ! ,norse ,yggdrasil1 z describ$ 9 ! ,eddas--,indian & ,p]sian v]sions ( ! _w-tree--,buddhi/ developm5t ( ! idea--,! cosmogony ( ! ,pho5icians--,egyptian v>iants2 ! ,tt-pill>2 ! gold5 gem-be>+ tree ( ! sky--,traces ( ! _w-tree 9 ,*9ese & ,japanese my?ology--,a simil> tradition among/ ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! ,ea/]n conception ( ! />s z fruits ( ! _w-tree1 & z jewels hung !reon--,a motive common 9 ,ori5tal art--,! gold5 apples ( ! ,hesp]ides--,o!r in/ances ( ! _w-tree 9 ,european leg5d--,! mon/] oak ( ! ,kalevala--,correspond+ tradition among/ ! ,e/honians4 ,! food ( ! gods1 a conception associat$ ) t ( ! _w-tree--,! ,p]sian haoma1 a my/ical tree1 produc+ an immortalis+ juice--,its t]re/rial c\nt]p>t2 ! haoma sacram5t--,! ,v$ic soma2 n only a plant b a p[]ful deity--,id5tification ( ! plant--,de ,gub]natis on ! soma ritual--,! effect ( ! soma dr9k--,correspond+ conceptions among/ ! ,greeks--,orig9 ( ! idea #aji ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,p>adise ,v>ieties ( ! tradition3 7#a7 z ! seat ( ! gods2 7#b7 z ! home ( ! fir/ p>5ts2 7#c7 z ! abode ( ! bless$--,all associat$ ) ! conception ( a my/ical tree1 9 itself an idealisation ( ! _s-inhabit$ tree wor%ipp$ on e>?--,! p>adise ( ! gods 9 ,indian tradition2 its five miracul\s trees--,! p>adise ( ,g5esis & ( ! ,p]sian sacr$ books--,! tree ( p>adise comp>$ ) sacr$ c$> ( ,*aldaea--p>adise z ! abode ( ! bless$1 a po/-exilic tradition among/ ! ,jews--,! p>adise ( ! ,talmud2 & ( ! ,koran--,! confusion 9 ! anci5t traditions ( p>adise p>tly due to a limit$ conception ( space & to a belief 9 ! prop9quity ( heav5--,greek conceptions ( p>adise--,milton's description influ5c$ by anci5t traditions ( an elevat$ p>adise4 ,! e>?ly p>adise--,p]si/5ce ( ! tradition2 ,sir ,john ,maundeville's v]sion--,icel&ic tradition--,! lo/ ,atlantis ( ,plato a v>iant ( ! p>adise leg5d--,/4 ,br&an & ! ,isle ( ,avalon--,*ri/oph] ,columbus--,japanese tradition ( an isl& ( et]nal y\?1 ) its m>vell\s tree--,developm5ts ( ! idea ( ! tree ( p>adise--,its repres5tation 9 art #abh ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,may ,,celebrations ,_! anci5t religi\s significance--,! old ,engli% ,may-day--,fet*+ 9 ! ,may--,puritan condemnation ( ! ,may-poles--,_! removal 8z a hea!ni% vanity0--,exi/+ survivals ( ,may cu/oms--,may-day rhymes4 ,orig9 ( ! celebrations3 #a4 ,! br++ 9 ( ! ,may-b\gh--,wide di/ribution ( ! cu/om an evid5ce ( its antiquity--,its orig9al int5tion--8,! ,may0 relat$ to ! h>ve/-bu% ( ,france & ,we/]n ,g]many1 & to ! ,greek eiresione--,_! common purpose1 to br+ to ! h\se a %>e ( ! bless+s assum$ to be at ! disposal ( ! tree-inhabit+ _s4 #b4 ,! ,may-pole3 its primitive int5tion to br+ to ! village1 z ! ,may-b\gh to ! family1 ! newly-quick5$ g5]ative pot5cy resid5t 9 ! woods--,wide preval5ce ( ! cu/om--,association ( ! ,may-pole ) a human image or doll1 repres5t+ ! vegetation _s--,! ,greek fe/ival ( ! little ,da$ala--,! ,may-pole1 orig9ally r5ew$ e ye>1 became lat] a p]man5t erection1 newly dress$ on ,may-day--,assum$ b5efic5t influ5ce ( ! ,may-pole4 #c4 ,! ,may ,que51 ,may ,lady1 or ,k+ & ,que5 ( ! ,may3 ,evid5ce t ^! p]sonages 7 orig9ally reg>d$ z human repres5tatives or embodim5ts ( ! g5]alis$ tree-s\l--,(t5 associat$ ) its vegetable repres5tative1 ! tree or b\gh2 or clo!d 9 leaves & fl[]s1 e4g4 ! ,gre5 ,george ( ,c>9?ia & our ,jack-9-!-,gre5--,! cu/om g5]al ?r\gh\t ,europe--,rob9 ,hood & ,maid ,m>ian orig9ally ,k+ & ,que5 ( ! ,may--,9 primitive times ! human repres5tative ( ! vegetation _s probably sacrific$1 9 ord] t ! _s might pass to a m vigor\s successor--,human sacrifice 9 ,mexico--,survival 9 symbol ( ?is anci5t cu/om 9 ,bav>ia1 ,swabia1 ,saxony1 etc4 #add ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,*ri/mas ,,obs]vances ,di/9ctly pagan 9 _! orig91 & adapt$ to ,*ri/ian use "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*--,! ,roman ,saturnalia--,! use ( mi/letoe a direct legacy f ! ,druids--,! decoration ( ! h\se ) ev]gre5s also a ,druidic cu/om4 ,! ,*ri/mas-tree2 its introduction into ,engl& extremely rec5t2 n univ]sally e/abli%$ 9 ,g]many1 ! l& ( its orig91 until ! pres5t c5tury--,ref]5ces to x by ,goe! & ,s*ill]--,e>lie/ record f ,/rasburg ab\t #afjj ,a4,d4--,!ological disapproval--,!ories z to its orig9--,probably connect$ ) ! leg5d ( ,*ri/mas fl[]+ trees--,examples--,! ,gla/onbury ?orn--,mannh>dt's view2 a decorat$ tree ! recognis$ sc5ic symbol ( ,*ri/mas 9 ! p>adise play ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :]e9 ! /ory ( ! ,fall 0 dramatically associat$ ) t ( ! ,nativity--,an anci5t ,g]man cu/om to =ce into fl[] b\ghs cut on a sacr$ night dur+ ! great autumn fe/ival--,! date ( sev]ance delay$ "u prie/ly influ5ce s t ! b\ghs might fl[] at ,*ri/mas--,in/ances ( ! survival ( ?is cu/om--,! lights on ! ,*ri/mas-tree a comp>atively rec5t innovation--,leg5ds ( light-be>+ trees--,! lights possibly d]iv$ f anci5t sol/itial obs]vances--,! ,*ri/mas-tree an illu/ration ( ! bl5d+ ( pagan & m$iaeval ideas--,a po9t 9 :i* ! _m phases ( tree-wor%ip conv]ge #afb ,,index #age ,,illu/rations ,,*apt] ,,page ,sacr$ tree ) its support]s1 f ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice ,frontispiece #a1 ,rudim5t>y & conv5tionalis$ =ms ( ! sacr$ tree #e #b1 #e #c4 #e #d4 ,sacr$ tree ) its support]s1 surm\nt$ by ! w+$ disc1 f an ,assyrian cyl9d] #f #e4 ,sacr$ tree1 f ! ,temple ( ,a!na at ,pry5e #f #f4 ,! same1 f a sculptur$ slab 9 ! ,treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice #g #g4 ,a ,ba or s\l receiv+ ! lu/ral wat] f a tree-goddess #aj #h4 ,sacr$ tree ) wor%ipp]s1 f ea/]n gateway at ,sn*i #ae #i4 ,sacr$ tree1 f a ,mexican manuscript #ag #aj4 ,! goddess ,nut 9 h] sacr$ sycamore be/[+ ! bread & wat] ( ! next _w #bf #aa4 ,sacr$ tree ( ,dionysus1 ) a /atue ( ! god & (f]+s #bg #ab4 ,sacr$ p9e ( ,silvanus1 ) a bu/ ( ! god1 & votive gifts #bh #ac4 ,fruit-tree dress$ z ,dionysus #ca #ad1 ,=ms ( ! ,tt or ,did1 ! emblem ( ,osiris #cd #ae4 #cd #af4 ,apollo on 8 sacr$ tripod1 a laurel bran* 9 8 h& #cf #ag4 ,co9 ( ,a!ns1 ( ! age ( ,p]icles or e>li]1 %[+ olive spray #ch #ah4 ,co9 ( ,a!ns1 ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 #ch #ai4 ,! ,bodhi-tree ( ,kanaka ,muni #da #bj4 ,wild elephants pay+ _! devotions to ! sacr$ banian ( ,ksyapa ,buddha #db #ba4 ,sacr$ sycamore1 ) (f]+s #dd #bb4 ,sacr$ tree ( ,artemis1 hung ) weapons ( ! *ase #de #bc4 ,sacr$ laurel ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 adorn$ ) fillets & votive tablets2 b5ea? x ! god appe>+ to protect ,ore/es #ej #bd4 ,imp]ial co9 ( ,myra 9 ,lycia1 %[+ tree-goddess #hg #be4 ,sacr$ tree & wor%ipp]1 f a ,*aldaean cyl9d] #hh #bf4 ,sacr$ tree z symbol ( f]tility1 f an ,assyrian bas-relief #hi #bg4 ,yggdrasil1 ! ,sc&9avian _w-tree #aae #bh4 ,f a ,babylonian seal #acj ,,*apt] ,i ,,tree-,,wor%ip--,,its ,,di/ribution ,,& ,,orig9 ,x is ! purpose ( ! pres5t volume to deal z concisely z possible ) ! _m religi\s obs]vances1 popul> cu/oms1 leg5ds1 traditions & ideas :i* h sprung f or are relat$ to ! primitive conception ( ! tree-_s4 ,!re is little d\bt t mo/ if n all races1 at "s p]iod ( _! developm5t1 h reg>d$ ! tree z ! home1 haunt1 or embodim5t ( a spiritual ess5ce1 capable ( m or less indep5d5t life & activity1 & able to deta* itself f its mat]ial habitat & to appe> 9 human or 9 animal =m4 ,?is belief has left innum]able traces 9 anci5t art & lit]ature1 has l>gely %ap$ ! usages & leg5ds ( ! peasantry1 & impress$ its influ5ce on ! ritual ( almo/ all ! primitive religions ( mank9d4 ,!re is1 inde$1 sc>cely a c\ntry 9 ! _w :]e ! tree has n at "o "t or ano!r be5 approa*$ ) rev]5ce or ) fe>1 z be+ closely connect$ ) "s spiritual pot5cy4 ,! evid5ce ^u :i* ?is ass]tion is bas$ is ov]:elm+ 9 am\nt1 & is frequ5tly to be f\nd 9 qu>t]s :]e until lately its pres5ce 0 unsuspect$ or its significance ignor$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! int]ior ( t fasc9at+ /oreh\se ( antiquity1 ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 !re are emb$d$ 9 ! walls1 high above "o's head1 a numb] ( anci5t sculptur$ slabs1 on ea* ( :i* a conv5tionalis$ plant1 ) foliage mo/ tru?fully & lov+ly r5d]$1 is set betwe5 two fabul\s mon/]s1 z fanta/ic & impossible z any support]s to be met ) 9 ! :ole range ( h]aldry 7see ,frontispiece74 ,to ! ord9>y obs]v] ^! /range sculptures say no?+2 probably he passes ov] !m lightly1 z ! (fspr+ ( t qua9t m$iaeval fancy :i* 0 s prolific 9 mon/r\s bir?s4 ,b ! /ud5t ( ,ori5tal art at once detects 9 !m a famili> design1 a design ^: p$igree c be trac$ back to ! day1 six ?\s& ye>s ago1 :5 ! ,*aldaean ,semites 7 tak+ _! culture & religion f ! old ,accadians :o dwelt on ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,9 ! c5tral plant he recognises ! symbol or ideograph ( a div9e attribute or activity1 if n a repres5tation ( ! visible embodim5t or abode ( a god1 & 9 ! rais$ h& or =epaw ( ! support]s he disc]ns ! conv5tional attitude ( adoration4 ,! design1 9 %ort1 :i* 0 probably h&$ on f ,assyria to ,p]sia1 & f ,p]sia to ,byzantium1 & s to ,v5ice1 is a ve/ige ( t old _w religion :i* reg>d$ ! tree z "o ( ! sacr$ haunts ( deity4 ,aga91 ! same conception1 ! record ( :i* is ?us /rangely pres]v$ 9 ! v fabric ( a ,*ri/ian edifice1 is to be trac$ ) equal c]ta9ty 9 ! old] & sc>cely less p]man5t fabric ( popul> tradition & cu/om4 ,! folk-lore ( ! mod]n ,european peasant1 & ! obs]vances ) :i* ,*ri/mas1 ,may-day1 & ! ga!r+ ( ! h>ve/ are /ill celebrat$ 9 civilis$ c\ntries1 are all p]meat$ by ! primitive idea t !re 0 a spiritual ess5ce embodi$ 9 vegetation1 t trees1 l m51 _h spirits1 pass+ 9 & out among/ !m1 :i* possess$ a my/]i\s & pot5t influ5ce ov] human affairs1 & :i* x 0 !re=e wise & necess>y to propitiate4 ,a ?ird example ( ! less recondite evid5ce on ! subject is to be f\nd 9 ! ,book t we all "k be/4 ,:5 we once realise h[ deeply root$ & "t-hon\r$ 0 ! belief t !re 0 a spiritual =ce inh]5t 9 vegetation1 we cease to wond] at ! p]v]sity ) :i* ! less cultur$ ,israelites p]si/$ 9 plant+ groves & sett+ up alt>s "u e gre5 tree4 ,read 9 ! light ( mod]n rese>*1 ! ,old ,te/am5t pres5ts a drama ( surpass+ int]e/1 a record ( int]nec9e /ruggle betwe5 ! aspiration ( ! few t[>ds ! wor%ip ( a s+le1 omnipres5t1 uncondition$ ,god & ! cons]vative adhesion ( ! _m to ! primitive ritual & belief common to all ! ,semitic tribes4 ,= ! backslid+ *ildr5 ( ,israel 7 no m idolat]s1 9 ! usual mean+ ( ! ^w1 ?an 7 ! ,canaanites ^: rites !y imitat$4 ,_! view ( nature 0 t ( ! primitive ,semite1 if n ( ! primitive man4 ,all p>ts ( nature1 9 _! idea1 7 full ( spiritual =ces1 m or less1 b nev] completely1 deta*$ 9 _! movem5ts & action f ! mat]ial objects to :i* !y 7 suppos$ prop]ly to belong4 8,9 ritual ! sacr$ object 0 spok5 ( & treat$ z ! god himself2 x 0 n m]ely 8 symbol1 b 8 embodim5t1 ! p]man5t c5tre ( 8 activity1 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ! human body is ! p]man5t c5tre ( man's activity4 ,! god inhabit$ ! tree or sacr$ /one n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* a man inhabits a h\se1 b 9 ! s5se 9 :i* 8 s\l inhabits 8 body40#a ,to ! ?ree classes ( evid5ce1 d]iv$ respectively f ar*aeology1 f folk-lore1 & f anci5t lit]ature1 :i* h be5 ?us briefly exemplifi$1 may be add$ a f\r?1 equally important & prolific1 t namely ( contempor>y an?ropology4 ,sc>cely a book is pr9t$ on ! cu/oms ( uncivilis$ races :i* does n contribute "s new fact to ! subject4 ,! illu/ration ( an ,arab pray+ to a tree1 9 ,slat9 ,pa%a's rec5tly publi%$ volume1 is no surprise to ! an?ropologi/1 :o has le>nt to look = su* survivals ( primitive cu/oms :]ev] culture /ill rema9s primitive4 ,rudim5t>y & conv5tionalis$ =ms ( ! sacr$ tree4 7,f ,*aldaean & ,assyrian cyl9d]s4 ,goblet d',alviella47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,n[ ( all primitive cu/oms & beliefs !re is none :i* has a great] claim ^u our int]e/ ?an ! wor%ip ( ! tree1 = !re is none :i* has _h a wid] di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! _w1 or has left a deep] impress on ! traditions & obs]vances ( mank9d4 ,its antiquity is und\bt$1 = :5 hi/ory beg9s to speak1 we f9d x already firmly e/abli%$ among/ ! olde/ civilis$ races4 ,:at is probably its e>lie/ record is met ) on ! engrav$ cyl9d]s ( ,*aldaea1 "s ( :i* date back to #djjj ,b4,c4 ,ev5 at t p]iod x w\ld appe> t ! ,*aldaeans _h advanc$ beyond ! /age ( crude tree-wor%ip1 z f\nd to ?is day among/ uncivilis$ races1 = ! sacr$ tree _h already und]gone a process ( idealisation4 ,9 a bil+ual hymn1 :i* is ( ,accadian orig91 & probably "o ( ! mo/ anci5t specim5s ( lit]ature 9 exi/5ce1 a my/ical tree is describ$ z ! abode ( ! gods4 ,& x 0 probably by a simil> process ( idealisation t a conv5tional repres5tation ( ! sacr$ tree came to be "o ( ! mo/ important symbols ( ,*aldaean religion4 ,?is symbol1 :i* we h already se5 9 decorative use on ! slabs at ,/4 ,m>k's1 appe>s on ! olde/ ,*aldaean cyl9d]s 8z a /em divid$ at ! base1 surm\nt$ by a =k or a cresc5t1 & cut1 midway1 by "o or m cross b>s :i* sometimes be> a fruit at ea* extremity4 ,?is rudim5t>y image frequ5tly *anges into ! palm1 ! pomegranate1 ! cypress1 v9e1 etc4#b ,on ! ,assyrian monum5ts ( ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c4 & lat]1 ! figure becomes /ill m complex & m arti/ically conv5tionalis$1 & x ne>ly always /&s betwe5 two p]sonages fac+ ea* o!r1 :o are sometimes prie/s or k+s 9 an attitude ( adoration1 sometimes mon/r\s creatures1 su* z are s (t5 met ) 9 ,assyro-,*aldaean imag]y1 lions1 sph9xes1 griff9s1 unicorns1 w+$ bulls1 m5 or g5ii ) ! head ( an eagle1 & s =?4 ,above x is frequ5tly susp5d$ ! w+$ circle1 p]sonify+ ! supreme deity40 ,9 8 exhau/ive *apt] on ?is anci5t design1 ,m4 ,goblet d',alviella has %[n t x obta9$ a wide dissem9ation ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & is us$ ev5 to ?is day 9 ! fictile & textile art ( ! ,ea/4#c ,m4 ,m5ant concludes f 8 exhau/ive /udy ( ! cyl9d]s1 t ! wor%ip ( ! sacr$ tree 9 ,assyria 0 intimately associat$ ) t ( ! supreme deity1 its symbol be+ inconte/ably "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ emblems ( ! ,assyrian religion4#d ,m4 ,l5ormant's view 0 t ! w+$ circle1 9 conjunction ) ! sacr$ tree1 repres5t$ ! primeval cosmogonic pair1 ! creative sun & ! f]tile e>?1 & 0 a symbol ( ! div9e my/]y ( g5]ation4#e ,9 ,babylonia ! sacr$ tree 0 no d\bt closely associat$ ) ,i/>1 ! div9e "m1 :o 0 orig9ally n a ,semitic1 b an ,accadian goddess1 & ^: cult1 toge!r ) t ( h] bridegroom ,tammuz1 0 introduc$ into ,*aldaea f ,eridu1 a city :i* fl\ri%$ on ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf betwe5 #cjjj & #djjj ,b4,c4#f ,t ! ,accadians 7 famili> ) ! wor%ip ( ! tree may also be inf]r$ f ! fact t _! *ief god1 ,ea1 0 closely associat$ ) ! sacr$ c$>1 on ^: core 8 "n 0 suppos$ to be inscrib$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,sacr$ tree ) its support]s1 surm\nt$ by ! w+$ disc47,f an ,assyrian cyl9d]4 ,goblet d',alviella47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,sacr$ tree1 mu* conv5tionalis$47,f a capital ( ! ,temple ( ,a!na at ,pry5e4 ,goblet d',alviella47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,sacr$ tree1 f a sculptur$ slab 9 ! ,treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice4 ,b h[ev] mu* _! attitude t[>ds ! sacr$ tree may h be5 modifi$ "u ,accadian influ5ce1 ! ,*aldaeans 9 _! wor%ip ( ! tree only foll[$ ! rule ( _! ,semitic k9dr$1 = 8! conception ( trees z demoniac be+s 0 famili> to all ! ,semites1 & ! tree 0 ador$ z div9e 9 e "p ( ! ,semitic area40#g ,ev5 t /ation>y ,semite1 ! mod]n ,arab1 holds c]ta9 trees inviolable z be+ inhabit$ by spirits1 & hon\rs !m ) sacrifices & decorations1 & to ?is day ! travell] 9 ,pale/9e sometimes lights ^u holy trees hung ) tok5s ( homage4 ,?is /range p]si/5ce ( a primitive religion 9 ! v bir?place ( a mo/ exalt$ spiritual wor%ip is an additional evid5ce ( its rem>kable vitality4 ,= !re is no c\ntry 9 ! _w :]e ! tree 0 ev] m ard5tly wor%ipp$ ?an x 0 9 anci5t ,pale/9e4 ,among/ ! ,canaanites e alt> to ! god _h its sacr$ tree beside x1 & :5 ! ,israelites e/abli%$ local sanctu>ies "u _! influ5ce1 !y set up _! alt> "u a gre5 tree1 & plant$ beside x z its indisp5sable accompanim5t an a%ra1 :i* 0 ei!r a liv+ tree or a tree-l po/1 & n a 8grove10 z r5d]$ 9 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion4 ,?is a%ra 0 und\bt$ly wor%ipp$ z a sacr$ symbol ( ! deity4 ,orig9ally x appe>s to h be5 associat$ ) ,a%tore? or ,a/>te1 ! ,syrian ,i/>1 ! revolt+ "* ( ^: wor%ip p]haps expla9s ! excessive bitt]ness ( ! biblical d5unciations4#h ,b ! a%ra 0 also erect$ by ! alt>s ( o!r gods1 & 9 pre-prophetic days ev5 beside t ( ,jehovah ,himself1 :5ce x may be conclud$ t 89 e>ly times tree-wor%ip _h su* a vogue 9 ,canaan1 t ! sacr$ tree or ! pole1 its surrogate1 _h come to be view$ z a g5]al symbol ( deity40#i ,! great antiquity ( ! cult 9 ,syria 0 recognis$ 9 ! local traditions1 = an old ,pho5ician cosmogony1 quot$ by ,eusebius1 /ates t 8! fir/ m5 consecrat$ ! plants %oot+ out ( ! e>?1 & judg$ !m gods1 & wor%ipp$ !m1 & made meat & dr9k (f]+s to !m40#aj ,9 addition to ! a%ra1 ! ,*aldaean symbol ( ! sacr$ tree betwe5 its support]s 0 also famili> to ! ,pho5icians1 & is f\nd :]ev] _! art p5etrat$1 notably 9 ,cyprus & on ! ar*aic pott]y ( ,cor9? & ,a!ns4#aa ,x is highly probable t bo? ^! sacr$ symbols _h a common orig91 b ! connection mu/ h be5 lo/ sight ( 9 lat] times1 = we f9d ,ezekiel1 to :om ! prophetic d5unciations ( ! a%ra mu/ h be5 famili>1 decorat+ ! temple ( 8 vision ) designs evid5tly d]iv$ f ! ,*aldaean sacr$ tree1 8a palm-tree betwe5 a *]ub & a *]ub40#ab ,a simil> ornam5tation ) palm-trees & *]ubim1 x w be rememb]$1 _h be5 us$ 9 ! temple built by ,solomon4#ac ,among/ ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ^: 8exub]ant piety0 requir$1 accord+ to ,m4 ,masp]o1 8an actual rabble ( gods0 to satisfy x1 trees 7 en?usia/ically wor%ipp$1 side by side ) o!r objects1 z ! homes ( v>i\s div9ities4 ,! spl5did gre5 sycamores1 :i* fl\ri% "h & !re z ?\gh by miracle on ! edge ( ! cultivat$ l&1 _! rootlets ba!d by ! leakage ( ! ,nile1 7 acc\nt$ div9e & e>ne/ly wor%ipp$ by ,egyptians ( e rank1 9 ! belief t !y 7 animat$ by spirits1 :o on occasion c\ld em]ge f !m4 ,!y 7 habitually hon\r$ ) fruit (f]+s1 & ! *>itable f\nd an outlet = _! b5evol5ce 9 daily repl5i%+ ! wat]-j>s plac$ b5ea? !m = ! use ( ! pass]-by1 :o 9 8 turn w\ld express 8 gratitude = ! boon by recit+ a pray] to ! deity ( ! tree4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! sycamores--! sycamore ( ! ,s\?--0 reg>d$ z ! liv+ body ( ,h?or ^u e>?2 & ! tree at ,metairieh1 commonly call$ ! ,tree ( ! ,virg91 is probably ! successor ( a sacr$ tree ( ,heliopolis1 9 :i* a goddess1 p]haps ,h?or1 0 wor%ipp$4#ad ,! di/rict ar\nd ,memphis 0 kn[n z ! ,l& ( ! ,sycamore1 & conta9$ sev]al trees g5]ally believ$ to be inhabit$ by deta*$ d\bles ( ,nut & ,h?or4 ,simil> trees are wor%ipp$ at ! pres5t day bo? by ,*ri/ian & ,mussulman fellahn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,a ,ba or s\l receiv+ ! lu/ral wat] f a tree-goddess47,f a pa9t+ discov]$ by ,pr(4 ,petrie at ,!bes4 ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 #be? ,july #ahif47 ,on ! outskirts ( ! prov9ce ( ,d>fur ! ,b$eyat ,arabs1 ?\gh surr\nd$ by ,moslem tribes1 /ill adh]e to ! same primitive cult4 ,"u ! wide-spread+ bran*es ( an enorm\s heglik-tree1 & on a spot kept beautifully clean & spr9kl$ ) f9e s&1 !y besee* an unkn[n god to direct !m 9 _! und]tak+s & to protect !m f dang]4#ae ,!y h1 9 %ort1 reta9$1 9 spite ( ! pressure ( ,islamism1 ! old hea!n wor%ip :i* /ill widely prevails among/ ! uncivilis$ races ( ! ,african cont95t4 ,?us on ! ,gu9ea ,coa/ almo/ e village has its sacr$ tree1 & 9 "s p>ts (f]+s are /ill made to !m4 ,! negroes ( ! ,congo plant a sacr$ tree be=e _! h\ses & set j>s ( palm-w9e "u x = ! tree-_s4#af ,9 ,dahomey pray]s & gifts are (f]$ to trees 9 "t ( sickness4 ,"o ( ! goddesses ( ! ,fantis has h] abode 9 huge cotton-trees4 ,9 ! ,nyassa c\ntry1 :]e ! spirits ( ! dead are wor%ipp$ z gods1 ! c]emonies are conduct$ & (f]+s plac$ n at ! grave ( ! dead man1 b at ! foot ( ! tree :i* gr[s be=e 8 h\se1 or if t be unsuitable1 b5ea? "s especially beautiful tree select$ = ! purpose4#ag ,to return to anci5t ,egypt1 !re is evid5ce t ! great ,osiris 0 orig9ally a tree-god4 ,accord+ to ,egyptian my?ology1 aft] he _h be5 murd]$ 8 c(f9 0 discov]$ enclos$ 9 a tree-trunk1 & he is spok5 ( 9 ! inscriptions z 8! "o 9 ! tree10 8! solit>y "o 9 ! acacia40 ,! rites1 too1 by :i* 8 dea? & burial 7 annually celebrat$ appe> to c\ple him closely ) ,tammuz1 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,dionysus1 & o!r gods ^: wor%ip 0 associat$ ) a simil> ritual4#ah ,mr4 ,fraz]1 foll[+ ,mannh>dt1 cont5ds t all ^! deities 7 tree-gods1 & t ! c]emonial connect$ ) _! wor%ip 0 symbolical ( ! annual dea? & revival ( vegetation4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t 9 ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 ,pho5icia1 & above all 9 ,phrygia1 a peculi>ly emotional =m ( wor%ip1 :i* subsequ5tly ext5d$ to ,cyprus1 ,crete1 ,greece1 & ,italy1 arose 9 connection ) deities :o 7 closely associat$ ) vegetable life4 ,tammuz-- ,^: annual w\nd 9 ,lebanon allur$ ,! ,syrian damsels to lam5t 8 fate1 & = ^: resuscitation 8 bride1 ! goddess ,i/>1 desc5d$ into ,hades--0 repres5t$ z orig9ally dwell+ 9 a tree4#ai ,adonis1 :o 0 ! belov$ ( ,aphrodite--! ,syrian ,a/>te--& is ,tammuz "u ano!r "n1 0 born f a myrrh-tree4 ,attis1 ! fav\rite ( ,cybele1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ ) b>b>\s rites 9 ,phrygia1 0 repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a decorat$ p9e-tree1 to :i* 8 image 0 atta*$4 ,dionysus1 ^: dea? & resurrection 7 celebrat$ 9 ,crete & else:]e1 0 wor%ipp$ ?r\gh\t ,greece z 8,dionysus ( ! ,tree40 ,^! facts are suffici5t to w>rant ! inf]5ce t tree-wor%ip 0 v firmly root$ 9 ^? regions :]e ! ,semitic races came into contact ) ! ,aryans4 ,9 ,phrygia x 0 peculi>ly prom95t1 z we "k f classical ref]5ces4 ,! ar*aeological evid5ce is vague & incomplete1 b a *>act]i/ic device frequ5t 9 ,phrygian art1 9 :i* two animals1 usually lions rampant1 face "o ano!r on ei!r side ( a pill>1 or an ar*aic repres5tation ( ! "m-goddess ,cybele1#bj recalls ! sacr$ tree ( ,babylonia4 ,! device is famili> 9 connection ) ! lion-gate ( ,myc5ae1 :i* 0 probably erect$ "u ,phrygian influ5ce4 ,! ,p]sians v5]at$ trees z ! dwell+-place ( ! deity1 z ! haunts ( good & evil spirits1 & z ! habitations 9 :i* ! s\ls ( h]oes & ( ! virtu\s dead cont9u$ _! exi/5ce4 ,accord+ to ,plut>*1 !y assign$ "s trees & plants to ! good ,god1 o!rs to ! evil demon4#ba ,! ,z5d-,ave/a orda9$ t ! trees :i* ,ormuzd _h giv5 %\ld be pray$ to z pure & holy1 & ador$ ) fire & lu/ral wat]2#bb & accord+ to tradition1 :5 ,zoroa/] di$1 ,ormuzd himself translat$ 8 s\l into a l(ty tree1 & plant$ x ^u a high m\nta94 ,! cypress 0 reg>d$ by ! ,p]sians z especially sacr$4 ,x 0 closely associat$ ) fire-wor%ip1 & 0 rev]$ z a symbol ( ! pure light ( ,ormuzd4 ,x is frequ5tly repres5t$ on anci5t grave/ones 9 conjunction ) ! lion1 ! symbol ( ! sun-god ,mi?ra4#bc ,ano!r v5]at$ tree 0 ! myrtle1 a bran* ( :i* 0 us$ z an ess5tial accompanim5t 9 all religi\s functions4 ,! obs]vances connect$ ) ! ,p]sian wor%ip ( ! ,haoma plant w be dealt ) 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! ,a*aem5ian k+s reg>d$ ! plane z _! peculi> tree1 & a repres5tation ( x 9 gold =m$ "p ( _! /ate4 ,a c]ta9 plane-tree 9 ,lydia 0 pres5t$ by ,x]xes ) vessels ( gold & co/ly app>el1 & committ$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( "o ( 8 8immortals40#bd ,9 ,india1 :]e tree-wor%ip once enjoy$ a wide preval5ce1 x has left indubitable traces on ! religions :i* displac$ x1 & x is /ill enc\nt]$ 9 its crude/ =m among/ "s ( ! aborig9al hill tribes4 ,! ,g>r[s1 = in/ance1 :o possess nei!r temples nor alt>s1 set up a bamboo be=e _! huts1 & sacrifice be=e x to _! deity4#be ,on a m\nta9 9 ,travancore !re exi/$ until q rec5tly an anci5t tree1 :i* 0 reg>d$ by ! natives z ! resid5ce ( a p[]ful deity4 ,sacrifices 7 (f]$ to x1 & s]mons prea*$ be=e x2 x s]v$1 inde$1 z ! ca!dral ( ! di/rict4 ,at l5g?1 to ! horror ( its wor%ipp]s1 an ,engli% mission>y _h x cut d[n & us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a *apel on its site4#bf ,! anci5t preval5ce ( tree-wor%ip 9 ,india is e/abli%$ by frequ5t ref]5ces to sacr$ trees 9 ! ,v$as1 & by ! /atem5t ( ,q4 ,curtius t ! companions ( ,alex&] ! ,great notic$ t ! ,indians 8reput$ z gods :atev] !y held 9 rev]5ce1 especially trees1 :i* x 0 dea? to injure40#bg ,?is anci5t rev]5ce = ! tree 0 recognis$ by ,buddhism1 & adapt$ to its m advanc$ mode ( ?\ght4 ,! asvat?a or pippala-tree1 ,ficus ,religiosa1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 id5tifi$ ) ! supreme deity1 ,brahma1 came to be v5]at$ above all o!rs by ! special injunction ( ,gautama1 z t "u :i* he _h a*iev$ p]fect k4#bh ,9 8 previ\s inc>nations ,gautama himself is repres5t$ z hav+ be5 a tree-_s no less ?an =ty-?ree times4 ,! evid5ce ( ! monum5ts z to ! importance atta*$ to ! tree 9 e>ly ,buddhism is equally def9ite4 ,! ,sn*i & ,ama-ravati sculptures1 "s ca/s ( :i* are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 conta9 repres5tations ( ! sacr$ tree decorat$ ) g>l&s & surr\nd$ by vot>ies1 :il/ ! wor%ip ( ! trees id5tifi$ ) ! v>i\s ,buddhas is repeat$ly repres5t$ on ! ,/pa ( ,bh>hut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,sacr$ tree ) wor%ipp]s1 f ea/]n gateway ( ,buddhi/ ,tope at ,sn*i47,f]gusson's ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip 7#ahfh71 ,plate xxv47 ,!re is v little evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( tree-wor%ip among/ ! ,*9ese1 b !y h a tradition ( a ,tree ( ,life1 & ( a dr9k ( immortality made f v>i\s sacr$ plants4 ,!y also make use ( ! div9+-rod1 :i* is an (f%oot ( tree-wor%ip1 & c]ta9 ,taoi/ m$als1 l ! talismans worn 9 ,java1 be> ! famili> symbol ( ! sacr$ tree4#bi ,9 ,japan c]ta9 old trees gr[+ ne> ,%9to temples are reg>d$ z sacr$1 & b\nd ) a fillet ( /raw rope1 8z if !y 7 t5ant$ by a div9e _s40#cj ,japanese my?ology tells ( holy sakaki trees gr[+ on ! ,m\nta9 ( ,heav51 & ( a h]b ( immortality to be ga!r$ on ! ,isl& ( ,et]nal ,y\?4 ,among/ ! semi-civilis$ races :i* bord] ^u ^! anci5t /ates ! tree is /ill almo/ univ]sally reg>d$ z ! dwell+-place ( a _s1 & z su* is protect$1 v5]at$1 & (t5 pres5t$ ) (f]+s4 ,9 ,sumatra & ,borneo c]ta9 old trees are held to be sacr$1 & ! ,dyaks w\ld reg>d _! de/ruction z an impi\s act4 ,! ,m9tira ( ! ,malay ,p59sula believe t trees are inhabit$ by t]rible spirits capable ( inflict+ diseases4 ,! ,tale9 ( ,burmah nev] cut d[n a tree )\t a pray] to ! indwell+ _s4 ,! ,siamese h su* v5]ation = ! takhi5-tree t !y (f] x cakes & rice be=e fell+ x2 s /rong1 inde$1 is _! dread ( de/roy+ trees ( any k9d1 & !reby (f5d+ ! gods inhabit+ !m1 t all necess>y tree-fell+ is relegat$ to ! l[e/ crim9als4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day !y frequ5tly make (f]+s to ! tree-dwell+ spirits1 & hang gifts on any tree ^: deity !y desire to propitiate4#ca ,9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e1 ! fact t ! draw+ ( a tree ) two oppos$ p]sonages or support]s1 simil> 9 design to ! sacr$ tree ( ! ,*aldaeans1 has be5 f\nd 9 an anci5t ,mexican ,,ms41 has be5 put =w>d z an additional argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! pre-,columbian colonisation ( t cont95t & its e>ly contact ) ! ,ea/]n _w4#cb ,speak+ g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! wor%ip ( ! tree appe>s to h fl\ri%$ less widely 9 ! ,new ,_w ?an ! ,old1 ?\gh traces ( x h be5 f\nd all ov] ! cont95t4#cc ,a l>ge a%-tree is reg>d$ ) great v5]ation by ! ,indians ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 & 9 ,mexico !re 0 a cypress1 ! spread+ bran*es ( :i* 7 load$ by ! natives ) votive (f]+s1 locks ( hair1 tee?1 & morsels ( ribbon2 x 0 _m c5turies old1 & _h probably _h my/]i\s influ5ce ascrib$ to x1 & be5 decorat$ ) (f]+s long be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4#cd ,by t date1 h[ev]1 ! ,mexicans _h app>5tly advanc$ beyond ! e>lie/ /age ( religi\s developm5t1 & exp&$ ! idea ( individual tree-spirits into ! m g5]al conception ( a god ( vegetation4 ,x 0 9 ! hon\r ( su* a god t _! ,may-,day celebrations 7 held & _! human sacrifices (f]$4 ,9 ,nic>agua c]eals 7 wor%ipp$ z well z trees4 ,9 m primitive ,patagonia ! crud] =m ( wor%ip p]si/s1 a c]ta9 tree /&+ ^u a hill be+ /ill resort$ to by num]\s wor%ipp]s1 ea* ( :om br+s 8 (f]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,f a ,mexican manuscript47,goblet d',alviella47 ,to return ne>] home1 ! wor%ip ( ! tree has prevail$ at "o "t or ano!r 9 e c\ntry ( ,europe4 ,x play$ a vital "p 9 ! religion ( ,greece & ,rome1 & classical lit]ature is full ( traditions & ideas :i* c h be5 d]iv$ f no o!r s\rce4 ,! subject has be5 exhau/ively treat$ by ,btti*] 9 8 ,baumkultus d] ,hell554#ce ,mr4 ,f>nell1 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ "w1 says t 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,greek religion ( :i* we h any record1 ! tree 0 wor%ipp$ z ! %r9e ( ! div9ity t h\s$ )9 x2 h5ce ! epi!t 1 appli$ to ,zeus1 & ! leg5d ( ,hel5e ,d5dritis4#cf ,discov]ies made 9 ,crete & ! ,peloponnese )9 ! pres5t ye> 7#ahif7 seem to %[ t ! wor%ip ( deities 9 aniconic %ape z /one pill>s or z trees play$ a great "p 9 ! religion ( ! ,myc5aean p]iod ab\t #aejj ,b4,c4#cg ,! p]si/5t belief ( ! ,greek & ,roman peasantry 9 ! exi/5ce & p[] ( ! v>i\s woodl& spirits is also vitally connect$ ) ! primitive idea ( ! tree-s\l4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ,europe1 cov]$ z x once 0 ) d5se =e/1 ! v5]ation ( ! tree t9ctur$ all ! religi\s usages ( ! primitive inhabitants4 ,9 anci5t ,g]many1 ! univ]sal c]emonial religion ( ! p _h its abode 9 ! 8grove10 & ! e>lie/ ef=ts ( ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies 7 direct$ t[>ds ! de/ruction ( ^! v5]at$ woods1 or _! consecration by ! erection )9 !m ( a ,*ri/ian edifice4#ch ,b long aft] _! nom9al conv]sion ! ,g]mans cont9u$ to p e wood ) spirits1 & ! leg5ds & folk-lore ( _! mod]n desc5dants are /ill ri* 9 memories ( ?is "t-hon\r$ sup]/ition4 ,"s ( ^! wood-inhabit+ spirits 7 fav\rable to man1 ready to befri5d & help him 9 difficulty2 o!rs 7 malici\s & v9dictive4 ,! :ole subject has be5 /udi$ 9 ,g]many ) *>act]i/ic ?or\ghness1 ! /&>d "w be+ ,mannh>dt's well-kn[n & fasc9at+ ,wald- und ,feldkulte4#ci ,9 ,pol& trees appe> to h be5 wor%ipp$ z late z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & 9 p>ts ( ,russia ! p[] ( ! tree-_s ov] ! h]ds 0 s firmly held1 t x 0 long cu/om>y to propitiate x by ! sacrifice ( a c[4 ,! ,p]mians1 a tribe relat$ to ! ,f9ns1 wor%ipp$ trees1 among o!r ?+s1 until _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity ab\t #achj ,a4,d4#dj ,9 p>ts ( ,e/honia ! peasants ev5 )9 ! pres5t c5tury reg>d$ c]ta9 trees z sacr$1 c>efully protect$ !m1 hung !m ) wrea?s1 & once a ye> p\r$ fre% bullock's blood ab\t _! roots1 9 ord] t ! cattle might ?rive4#da ,9 ! remot] p>ts ( ! ,cz>'s doma9 ! belief 9 tree-demons /ill p]si/s4 ,!y are held to be enorm\s creatures1 :o c *ange _! /ature at w1 & ^: voice is he>d 9 ! cla% ( ! /orm z !y spr+ f tree to tree4 ,9 ,f9l& ! oak is /ill call$ 8,god's tree10 & to ?is day ! bir* & ! m\nta9-a% are held sacr$ by ! peasants1 & plant$ beside _! cottages ) e sign ( rev]5ce4 ,9 ,france at ,massilia 7n[ ,m>seilles7 human sacrifices 71 9 primitive times1 (f]$ to trees4#db ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ( our era !re 0 a fam\s pe>-tree at ,aux]re :i* 0 hung ) trophies ( ! *ase & paid all ! v5]ation due to a god4#dc ,9 ! life ( ,/4 ,am&us m5tion is made ( sacr$ groves & trees wor%ipp$ ne> ,beauvais1 & v>i\s ,*ur* c\ncils 9 ! e>ly middle ages d5\nc$ ^? :o v5]at$ trees1 "o held at ,nantes 9 #hie ,a4,d4 expressly enjo9+ ! de/ruction ( trees :i* 7 consecrat$ to demons4 ,traces ( ! anci5t wor%ip /ill survive "h z else:]e 9 popul> cu/om2 9 ! s\? ( ,france !y h a graceful obs]vance1 9 :i* ! _s ( vegetation is p]sonifi$ by a y\? clad 9 gre51 :o feign+ sleep is awak5$ by a maid5's kiss4 ,9 our own isl&s1 z e "o kn[s1 ! oak-tree play$ a sali5t "p 9 ! old ,druidical wor%ip1 & ,pl9y#dd ev5 d]ives ! "n ,druid f1 an oak1 z "s /ill connect x ) d>a*1 ! ,celtic ^w = t tree4 ,! important rites ) :i* ! mi/letoe 0 sev]$ f ! p>5t tree & d$icat$ at ! alt> furni% evid5ce ( ! v5]ation paid to ! _s ( ! tree1 :o1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,druids1 retreat$ into ! p>asite-b\gh :5 ! oak leaves )]$4 ,! ,teutons no d\bt br\ght ) !m to ,brita9 ! religion ( ! sacr$ grove1 & we f9d ,k+ ,edg> condemn+ ! idle rites 9 connection ) ! ald] & o!r trees1 & ,canute fifty ye>s lat] =bidd+ ! wor%ip entirely4#de ,! c]emonies once connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! tree surviv$ 9 ! =m ( a picturesque symbolism long aft] _! orig9 _h be5 =gott54 ,9 #aeae1 at a ,twelf?-,night pageant held at 8 palace ( ,gre5wi* by ord] ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 tree-spirits repres5t$ by 8,,viii wylde-m51 all app>ayl$ 9 gr5e mosse soda9ly came oute ( a place lyke a wood0 & engag$ 9 battle ) ! royal knights4#df ,x 0 also a cu/om ( ?is k+ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( 8 reign to resort to ! woods ) a ri*ly-app>ell$ ret9ue 9 ord] 8to fet*e ,may or gr5e b[s10--! _s ( vegetation1 ^: r5ew$ vig\r 0 symbolis$1 unconsci\sly no d\bt1 9 ! gre5 b\ghs ) :i* ! c\rti]s deck$ _! caps4#dg ,may-day c]emonies to celebrate ! new life 9 ! =e/ c be trac$ 9 ,engl& z f> back z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & ! importance /ill atta*$ to !m by ! p z late z ! sev5te5? c5tury is indicat$ by ! ranc\r ) :i* ! ,puritans attack$ ! ,maypole1 8a hea!ni% vanity greatly abus$ to sup]/ition & wick$ness40 ,^! & o!r survivals w be m fully treat$ 9 a lat] *apt]1 & are only m5tion$ "h z %[+ ! anci5t preval5ce ( a belief 9 tree-spirits1 :i* inde$ is alone compet5t to acc\nt = su* cu/oms4 ,9 f9e1 no "o :o has n /udi$ ! subject c h any idea ( ! sanctity associat$ ) ! tree among/ pre-,*ri/ian nations4 ,! g5]al conclusion :i* ,btti*] gives z ! result ( 8 elaborate rese>*1 is t ! wor%ip ( ! tree 0 n only ! e>lie/ =m ( div9e ritual1 b 0 ! la/ to disappe> be=e ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity2 x exi/$ long be=e ! erection ( temples & /atues to ! gods1 fl\ri%$ side by side ) !m1 & p]si/$ long aft] !y _h disappe>$4#dh ,mr4 ,tylor1 ) great] caution1 concludes t direct & absolute tree-wor%ip may lie v wide & deep 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( religion1 b t ap>t f ?is 8!re is a wide range ( animi/ic conceptions connect$ ) tree & =e/ wor%ip4 ,! tree may be ! _s's p]*1 or %elt]1 or fav\rite haunt2 or may s]ve z a scaffold or alt>1 :]e (f]+s c be set out = "s spiritual be+2 or its %elt] may be a place ( wor%ip set ap>t by nature1 ( "s tribes ! only temple1 ( _m tribes1 p]haps1 ! e>lie/2 or la/ly1 x may be m]ely a sacr$ object patronis$ by1 or associat$ )1 or symbolis+ "s div9ity40#di ,^! v>i$ conceptions1 ,mr4 ,tylor ?9ks1 con=m1 9 spite ( _! confusion1 to ! animi/ic !ology 9 :i* !y all h _! ess5tial pr9ciples4 ,to discuss ! orig9 ( tree-wor%ip w\ld involve ! consid]ation ( ! :ole "q ( primitive culture1 ! !ory ( animism1 & ! subject ( ance/or wor%ip1 toge!r ) a digression on ! v obscure problem ( totemism4 ,! la/ ^w has n yet be5 said on ^! que/ions1 & ! "t has c]ta9ly n yet come to say x4 ,z w be %[n 9 ! next two *apt]s1 ! g5]al conception ( ! tree-_s includes at lea/ two diff]5t s]ies ( ideas1 t on ! "o h& ( ! tree-god1 ^: wor%ip became organis$ into a def9ite religion1 & on ! o!r h& t ( ! tree-demons or tree-spirits1 ^: propitiation 0 degrad$ into or nev] rose above ! level ( sorc]y & incantation4 ,to def9e ! relation betwe5 ^! two conceptions is extremely difficult1 & x has be5 approa*$ by diff]5t writ]s along two diff]5t l9es ( ?\ght4 ,ei!r ! gods 7 develop$ f ! spiritual =ces assum$ by primitive man to be inh]5t 9 nature1 & gradually diff]5tiat$ f ! less fri5dly p[]s embodi$ 9 ! v>i\s demons1 until !y came to be reg>d$ z ! k9sm5 & p>5ts ( _! wor%ipp]s2 or !y 7 ance/ral spirits1 at once fe>$ & tru/$ f _! v orig9 by _! k9sm51 :il/ all ! class ( m9or spirits & demons 7 b deg5]ate gods or ! ance/ral spirits ( enemies4 ,! =m] view is put =w>d by ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 9 a *apt] t des]ves mo/ c>eful /udy1 b he admits t x is difficult to und]/& h[ ! fri5dly p[]s ( nature t haunt$ a di/rict 9 :i* m5 liv$ & prosp]$1 & 7 reg>d$ z embodi$ 9 holy trees & spr+s1 became id5tifi$ ) ! tribal god ( a community & ! p>5t ( a race4#ej ,!re is no su* difficulty 9 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s !ory t all religion arose f ance/or wor%ip1 or 9 ,mr4 ,grant ,all5's supplem5t>y cont5tion t trees & /ones came to be reg>d$ z sacr$ & to be hon\r$ ) sacrifices because !y 7 orig9ally associat$ ) ! ance/ral grave1 & 7 h5ce assum$ to h become ! haunts or embodim5ts ( ! ance/ral _s4#ea ,?is latt] view1 h[ev]1 does n seem to take suffici5t acc\nt ( ! ?\s& spirits :o1 9 ! belief ( primitive m51 ?rong$ ! woods1 ! m\nta9s1 & ! spr+s1 & appe>$ 9 horrible animal or semi-human =m4 ,probably ! tru? lies betwe5 ! two !ories1 & ! primitive wor%ip ( ! tree _h m ?an "o root4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,god ,,& ,,! ,,tree ,:5 we exam9e m closely ! spiritual be+s :o h be5 ?\ght to haunt or inhabit vegetation1 we f9d t !y fall m or less di/9ctly into two classes--into tree-gods on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r into ! v>i\s tree-demons1 wood-spirits1 dryads1 elves1 j9ns1 & fabul\s mon/]s common to ! my?ology ( all c\ntries4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no absolutely def9ite l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two classes1 = primitive ?\ght does n deal 9 %>p def9itions4 ,b ! division1 besides be+ conv5i5t = our pres5t purpose1 is a vital "o4 ,= a god is an individual _s :o ent]s into /at$ relations ) man1 is mo/ly if n inv>iably reg>d$ z ak9 to 8 wor%ipp]s1 & is presumably _! fri5d1 ally1 & protector4 ,:]eas ! demon is an indep5d5t &1 z a rule1 n individualis$ _s1 )\t human k9%ip1 & = ! mo/ "p unfri5dly to man4 ,! god is to be rev]$1 approa*$ & call$ ^u by "n2 ! demon1 z a rule1 to be dread$ & %unn$4 ,! pres5t *apt] w be devot$ to ! belief 9 ! tree-inhabit+ god4 ,! conception ( an ubiquit\s1 uncondition$ _s is entirely =eign to primitive ?\ght4 ,all ! gods ( antiquity 7 subject to physical limitations4 ,^? ev5 ( ,greece & ,rome 7 by no means indep5d5t ( a mat]ial environm5t4 ,!re 0 always "s holy place or sanctu>y1 "s grove1 tree1 /one1 or f\nta91 or lat] on "s temple or image1 :]e9 ! god 0 assum$ to dwell1 & ?r\gh :i* he _h to be approa*$4 ,to ,moses ,jehovah is 8,he t dwelt 9 ! bu%10#eb & c5turies lat] ,cyrus1 :ile admitt+ t ! ,"l ( ,israel _h made him k+ ( ! :ole _w1 yet speaks ( ,him z 8! ,"l t dwelle? 9 ,j]usalem40#ec ,v frequ5tly1 especially 9 e>ly times1 ?is home or haunt ( ! god 0 a tree2 8 c]emonial wor%ip 0 conduct$ b5ea? its %ad[1 & ! (f]+s ( 8 wor%ipp]s 7 hung ^u its bran*es1 or plac$ at its foot1 or ^u a table by its side1 & assum$ !reby to h rea*$ ! god4 ,?us ! sacr$ sycamores ( ,egypt 7 believ$ to be actually inhabit$ by ,h?or1 ,nut1 ,selkt1 ,nt1 or "s o!r deity1 & 7 wor%ipp$ & pres5t$ ) (f]+s z su*4 ,! vignettes 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead demon/rate ?is belief unmi/akably4 ,!y frequ5tly depict ! s\l on its j\rney to ! next _w com+ to "o ( ^! miracul\s sycamores on ! edge ( ! t]rible des]t be=e x1 & receiv+ f ! goddess ( ! tree a supply ( bread1 fruit1 or wat]1 ! acceptance ( :i* made x ! gue/ ( ! deity & prev5t$ x f retrac+ its /eps )\t h] express p]mission4 8,o1 sycamore ( ! ,goddess ,nut10 beg9s "o ( ! *apt]s 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 8let !re be giv5 to me ! wat] :i* is 9 !e40 ,z a rule 9 ! vignettes ! bu/ ( ! goddess is repres5t$ z appe>+ f amid/ ! %elt]+ foliage1 b sometimes only h] arm is se5 em]g+ f ! leaves ) a libation-b[l 9 ! h&4 ,! conception is illu/rat$ /ill m cle>ly on an anci5t s>cophagus 9 ! ,m>seilles ,museum1 :]e ! trunk f :i* ! bran*es spread is repres5t$ z ! actual body ( ! deity4#ed ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,! goddess ,nut 9 h] sacr$ sycamore be/[+ ! bread & wat] ( ! next _w47,masp]o1 ,dawn ( ,civilisation47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,sacr$ tree ( ,dionysus1 ) a /atue ( ! god & (f]+s47,btti*]1 ,fig4 #bd47 ,z man's conception ( ! deity became m def9itely an?ropomorphic on ! "o h& & less local on ! o!r1 ?is primitive repres5tation ( ! god 9 ! tree und]w5t a *ange 9 two correspond+ directions4 ,9 ! "o case an attempt 0 made to express m cle>ly ! manlike =m ( ! god2 ! tree 0 dress$ or c>v$ 9 human semblance1 or a mask or /atue ( ! god 0 hung ^u or plac$ beside x4 ,9 ! o!r case1 z ! god wid5$ 8 t]ritory or absorb$ o!r local gods he became associat$ ) all trees ( a c]ta9 class1 & 0 assum$ to dwell n 9 a p>ticul> tree1 b 9 a p>ticul> k9d ( tree1 :i* !nce=w>d became sacr$ to & symbolical ( him4 ,?is latt] idea receiv$ special developm5t 9 ! religions ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,b 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( bo? ^? c\ntries cases occur 9 :i* a god 0 wor%ipp$ 9 an individual tree4 ,at ,dodona1 :i* 0 p]haps ! mo/ anci5t ( all ,greek sanctu>ies1 ,zeus 0 approa*$ z imman5t 9 8 sacr$ oak1 & leg5d>y aft]?\ght expla9$ ! primitive ritual by relat+ t ! fir/ oak sprang f ! blood ( a ,titan sla9 :ile invad+ ! abode ( ! god1 :o !reupon *ose x z 8 own peculi> tree4 ,aga91 9 anci5t ,rome1 accord+ to ,livy1 ,jupit] 0 orig9ally wor%ipp$ 9 ! =m ( a l(ty oak-tree :i* grew ^u ! ,capitol4 ,! same 0 probably true ( o!r gods at _! fir/ appe>ance4 ,among/ ! ,greeks1 inde$1 ! tree 0 ! e>lie/ symbol or ( ! god1 & z su* is frequ5tly repres5t$ on anci5t vases1 m>ble tablets1 silv] vessels1 & wall-pa9t+s4 ,inde$1 ! solit>y tree /&+ 9 ,attic fields & wor%ipp$ z ! sacr$ habitation ( a god 0 9 all probability ! e>lie/ ,greek temple1 ! =]unn] ( ^? m>vell\s edifices :i* h ar\s$ ! admiration ( e subsequ5t age2 :il/ ! elaborate wor%ip ( :i* ^? temples became ! home 0 presumably bas$ ^u a c]emonial orig9ally connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,sacr$ p9e ( ,silvanus1 ) a bu/ ( ! god1 & votive gifts repres5t$ by a bale ( m]*&ise & a ,m]cury's /aff47,btti*]1 ,fig #ah47 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,f>nell1 ! late/ writ] on ! subject1 ! *ief gods ( ! ,greeks 7 9 _! orig9 deities ( vegetation1 ! special attributes :i* we associate ) !m be+ subsequ5t accretions4 ,! pre-,hell5ic ,cronos gave 8 "n to an ,attic h>ve/-fe/ival held 9 ,july1 & 8 anci5t emblem 0 ! sickle4#ee ,zeus1 besides be+ ! oak-god ( ,dodona1 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,attica z a god ( agriculture & hon\r$ ) c]eal (f]+s4#ef ,artemis 0 n prim>ily a goddess ( *a/ity1 nor a moon-goddess1 nor ! tw9-si/] ( ,apollo1 b an indep5d5t div9ity1 closely relat$ to ! wood-nymphs1 & connect$ ) wat] & ) wild vegetation & =e/ bea/s4 ,%e 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,arcadia z ! goddess ( ! nut-tree & ! c$>1 & 9 ,laconia z ! goddess ( ! laurel & ! myrtle4 ,h] idol at ,sp>ta 0 said to h be5 f\nd 9 a will[ brake1 b\nd r\nd ) )ies4 ,at ,teu!a 9 ,a*aea %e 0 wor%ipp$ z ! goddess ( ! woodl& pa/ure1 & at ,cnidus z ! nurtur] ( ! hyac9?4#eg ,9 ! leg5d ( ! colonisation ( ,boiae %e 0 repres5t$ z embodi$ 9 a h>e :i* sudd5ly disappe>$ 9 a myrtle-tree4#eh ,b h] "* z a tree-goddess comes out /ill m cle>ly 9 ! cult ( ! 8hang+ ,artemis0 at ,kaphyae 9 ,arcadia1#ei :i* no d\bt grew out ( ! primitive cu/om ( susp5d+ a mask or image ( ! vegetation _s to ! sacr$ tree4 ,! association ( ,h]a ) tree-wor%ip is less pron\nc$4 ,%e 0 said to h be5 born "u a will[-tree at ,samos1 & h] wor%ip 9 t isl& 0 *>act]is$ by a ye>ly c]emony 9 :i* h] prie/ess secret$ h] idol 9 a will[ brake1 :]e x 0 subsequ5tly r$iscov]$ & hon\r$ ) an oblation ( cakes4#fj ,9 ,argos %e 0 wor%ipp$ z ! deity :o gave ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & z su* 0 repres5t$ ) a pomegranate 9 h] h&4 ,x is also wor?y ( note t ! famili> symbol ( a conv5tionalis$ tree betwe5 two griff9s appe>s on ! /ephanos or coronet ( ! goddess on co9s ( ,croton ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & ( c]ta9 ,s\? ,italian cities1 z well z on a colossal bu/ n[ at ,v5ice1 :i*1 l ! head on ! co9s1 0 presumably copi$ f ! temple-image at ,croton4#fa ,aphrodite 0 n a primitive ,greek deity1 b h] connection ) vegetative life is abundantly cle>4 ,%e 01 9 fact1 b a ,hell5is$ v>iant ( ! great ,ori5tal goddess1 wor%ipp$ 9 diff]5t p>ts z ,i/>1 ,a/>te1 ,cybele1 etc41 :o 0 ess5tially a div9ity ( vegetation4#fb ,?is primitive connection ( ! gods ( ,greece ) vegetative life 0 lo/ sight ( 9 _! lat] developm5ts4 ,ev5 at ! date ( ! ,hom]ic poems ! m advanc$ ( ! ,greeks _h evid5tly arriv$ at 8a highly develop$ /ructure ( religi\s ?\ght1 %[+ u cle>-cut p]sonal div9ities ) e?ical & spiritual attributes40#fc ,b ! old] & crud] ideas ( ! nature ( ! gods left a p]si/5t trace 9 ! ritual ) :i* !y 7 wor%ipp$1 z well z 9 ! designs ( ! arti/s :o reflect$ ! popul> traditions4 ,?us ! anci5t cu/om ( burn+ inc5se be=e ! tree1 deck+ x ) consecrat$ fillets1 & hon\r+ x ) burnt (f]+s1 surviv$ long aft] ! belief ( :i* x 0 ! natural developm5t _h decay$4 ,a sculpture pres]v$ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum repres5ts ! holy p9e-tree ( ,pan adorn$ ) wrea?s & fillets4 ,an image ( ,pan is ne>1 & (f]+s are be+ br\ght to an alt> plac$ b5ea? x4 ,aga91 ,!ocritus describes h[ at ! consecration ( ,hel5's plane-tree at ,sp>ta1 ! *oir ( ,lac$aemonian maid5s hung consecrat$ wrea?s ( lotus fl[]s ^u ! tree1 ano9t$ x ) co/ly spik5>d1 & atta*$ to x ! d$icatory plac>d3 8,hon\r me1 all ye t pass by1 = ,i am ,hel5's tree40#fd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,fruit-tree dress$ z ,dionysus47,btti*]1 ,fig4 #dd47 ,! practice ( giv+ ! tree a human semblance1 by clo?+ x 9 g>m5ts or c>v+ its /ump 9 human =m1 0 ! natural result ( ?is wor%ip among/ an arti/ic race1 grop+ its way t[>ds a concrete expression ( its ideas4 ,x repres5t$ ! crude /riv+s ( a p :o1 9 _! attempts to create gods 9 _! own image1 ev5tually produc$ an unsurpassable ideal ( human grace & beauty4 ,f ! rudely c>v$ tree-/ump arose 9 due "t ! ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles4 ,btti*] reproduces sev]al anci5t designs 9 :i* ! trunk ( a tree is dress$ z ,dionysus4 ,9 "o ( ^! a mask is fa/5$ at ! top ( ! trunk 9 su* a way t ! bran*es appe> to gr[ f ! head ( ! god1 & ! trunk itself is clo!d ) a long g>m5t2 a table1 or alt>1 load$ ) gifts1 /&s beside x4#fe ,9 o!r cases1 probably :]e ! wor%ipp$ tree _h di$1 its trunk or bran*es 7 rudely c>v$ into an image ( ! god1 & ei!r left 9 situ1 or hewn d[n & plac$ ne> ! temple or1 lat]1 9 ! v temple itself4 ,bo? ,pausanias & ,pl9y /ate t ! olde/ images ( ! gods 7 made ( wood1 & sev]al ,lat9 au?ors ref] to ! cu/om ( ?us c>v+ ! bran*es ( auspici\s trees 7felicium arborum7 z preval5t 9 primitive times among/ ! ,greeks4#ff ,! or emblem ( ,aphrodite1 d$icat$ by ,pelops1 0 wr\ght out ( a fre% v]dant myrtle-tree4 ,at ,samos a bo>d 0 ! emblem ( ,h]a2 two wood5 /ocks jo9$ toge!r by a cross-piece 0 ! sign ( ! tw9-bre?r5 at ,sp>ta1 & a wood5 column encircl$ ) ivy 0 consecrat$ to ,dionysus at ,!bes4#fg ,x may be fairly assum$ t 9 cases su* z ^! ! wor%ipp]s believ$ t ! dead piece ( wood reta9$ "s at lea/ ( ! p[] orig9ally attribut$ to ! _s dwell+ 9 ! liv+ tree4 ,_! idolatry 0 b a *ildi% d$uction f an anci5t & deeply-root$ !ology4 ,! same may be said = ! wood-cutt]1 d]id$ 9 ! ,apocrypha1 :o1 8tak+ a crook$ piece ( wood & full ( knots1 c>ve? x ) ! dilig5ce ( 8 idl5ess1 & %ape? x by ! skill ( 8 indol5ce2 !n he give? x ! semblance ( ! image ( a man1 sme>+ x ) v]milion & ) pa9t col\r+ x r$2 & hav+ made = x a *amb] wor?y ( x1 he sette? x 9 a wall1 mak+ x fa/ ) iron40#fh ,side by side ) ?is fooli% wood-cutt]1 :o 8= life besee*e? t :i* is dead10 may be plac$ ! ,sicilian peasant :om ,!ocritus repres5ts z (f]+ sacrifice to a c>v$ ,pan4 8,:5 ?\ ha/ turn$ yond] lane1 goa!rd1 :]e ! oak-trees are1 ?\ wilt f9d an image ( fig-tree wood newly c>v52 ?ree legg$ x is1 ! b>k /ill cov]s x1 & x is e>less )al4 ,a "r holy prec9ct runs r\nd x1 & a ceaseless /ream t falle? f ! rocks on e side is gre5 ) laurels & myrtles & fragrant cypress4 ,& all ar\nd ! place t *ild ( ! grape1 ! v9e1 do? fl\ri% ) its t5drils1 & ! m]les 9 spr+ ) _! sweet songs p\r =? _! woodnotes wild1 & ! br[n night+ales reply ) _! compla9ts1 p\r+ f _! bills _! honey sweet song40#fi ,?is crude wor%ip ( ! god 9 ! an?ropomorphis$ tree l+]$ on among/ ! peasantry side by side ) ! spl5did temple ritual1 ev5 into days :5 ! revelation ( a ,deity :o fill$ all "t & space1 & 0 wor%ipp$ 9 temples n made ) h&s1 0 rapidly und]m9+ ! pagan wor%ip ( ! cities4 ,maximus ,tyrius1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 & c\nt$ among 8 mo/ dilig5t pupils ! great ,m>cus ,aurelius1 relates h[ ev5 9 8 day at ! fe/ival ( ,dionysus e peasant select$ ! mo/ beautiful tree 9 8 g>d5 to conv]t x into an image ( ! god & to wor%ip x4#gj ,& ,apuleius1 ano!r writ] ( ! same p]iod1 be>s simil> te/imony4 8,x is ! cu/om10 he says1 8( pi\s travell]s1 :5 _! way passes a grove or holy place1 t !y (f] up a pray] = ! fulfilm5t ( _! wi%es1 (f] gifts & rema9 !re a "t2 s ,i1 :5 ,i set foot 9 t mo/ sacr$ city1 al?\gh 9 ha/e1 mu/ crave = a p>don1 (f] a pray] & mod]ate my ha/e4 ,= nev] 0 travell] m ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ a religi\s pause1 :5 he p]*ance %all h come ^u a fl[]-wrea!d alt>1 a grotto cov]$ ) b\ghs1 an oak decorat$ ) _m horns1 or a bee*-tree ) sk9s hung to x1 a little sacr$ hill f5c$ ar\nd1 or a tree trunk hewn z an image 7truncus dolam9e effigatus740#ga ,=ms ( ! ,tt or ,did1 ! emblem ( ,osiris4 7,masp]o1 op4 cit47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,?is cu/om ( c>v+ a tree into ! semblance ( a god1 & subsequ5tly wor%ipp+ x z 8 sanctu>y or symbol1 0 curr5t 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! *ief idol =m ( ,osiris1 ! ,did or ,tt1 is believ$ by ,masp]o to h orig9at$ z a simple tree-trunk disbran*$ & plant$ 9 ! gr\nd4#gb ,usually x is repres5t$ ) a grotesque face1 b5ea? f\r sup]impos$ capitals1 ) a necklace r\nd its neck1 a long robe hid+ ! base ( ! column 9 its folds1 & ! :ole surm\nt$ by ! famili> ,osirian emblems4 ,aga91 x is said to h be5 a practice among/ ! ,druids1 :5 an oak di$ to /rip (f its b>k & %ape x into a pill>1 pyramid1 or cross1 & cont9ue to wor%ip x z an emblem ( ! god4#gc ,! cross especially 0 a fav\rite =m1 & any oak ) two pr9cipal bran*es =m+ a cross ) ! ma9 /em 0 consecrat$ by a sacr$ inscription1 & f t "t =w>d reg>d$ ) p>ticul> rev]5ce4 ,! same cu/om prevail$ 9 ,india4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury !re exi/$ ne> ,surat a sacr$ banian-tree1 suppos$ to be #cjjj ye>s old1 :i* ! ,h9dus w\ld nev] cut or t\* ) /eel = fe> ( (f5d+ ! god conceal$ 9 its foliage4 ,!y made pilgrimages to x & hon\r$ x ) religi\s c]emonies4 ,on its trunk at a little di/ance f ! gr\nd a head _h be5 r\ghly c>v$1 pa9t$ 9 gay col\rs1 & furni%$ ) gold & silv] eyes4 ,?is simulacrum 0 con/antly adorn$ ) fre% foliage & fl[]s1 ! )]$ leaves :i* !y replac$ be+ di/ribut$ among/ ! pilgrims z pi\s s\v5irs4#gd ,x 0 pr$om9antly1 ?\gh by no means exclusively1 a ,greek developm5t to associate a p>ticul> god ) a p>ticul> v>iety ( tree4 ,! oak1 excell+ all o!rs 9 maje/ic /r5g? & inh]5t vig\r1 became ! emblem & embodim5t ( ,zeus4 ,! connection arose 9 all probability f ! primitive wor%ip ( ! ,pelasgic ,zeus 9 ! oak grove ( ,dodona1 b 9 classical times x 0 accept$ ?r\gh\t ,greece4 ,on co9s & 9 o!r works ( art ! god is frequ5tly repres5t$ z cr[n$ ) oak leaves1 or z /&+ or sitt+ beside an oak-tree4#ge ,to h p>tak5 ( ! acorns ( ,zeus 0 a v]nacul> expression = hav+ acquir$ wisdom & k4 ,?is especial sanctity ( ! oak z ! tree ( ! fa!r ( ! gods pass$ into ,italy1 & ,virgil speaks ( x z-- ,jove's own tree ,t holds ! _w 9 awful sov]eignty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,apollo on 8 sacr$ tripod1 a laurel bran* 9 8 h&47,f a co91 probably ( ,delphi47 ,m sacr$ ev5 ?an ! oak to ,zeus 0 ! laurel to ,apollo4 ,no sanctu>y ( 8 0 complete )\t x2 none c\ld be f\nd$ :]e ! soil 0 unfav\rable to its gr[?4 ,no wor%ipp] c\ld %>e 9 8 rites :o _h n a cr[n ( laurel on 8 head or a bran* 9 8 h&4 ,z end[$ ) ! p[] ( ! god1 :o 0 at once ! prophet1 poet1 r$eem]1 & protector ( 8 p1 ! laurel assum$ an important & _m-sid$ rle 9 c]emonial symbolism4#gf ,! /aff ( laurel 9 ! h& ( ! recit+ poet 0 assum$ to assi/ 8 inspiration1 9 ! h& ( ! prophet or div9] to help him to see hidd5 ?+s4 ,?us ! use ( ! laurel play$ an ess5tial "p 9 ! oracul> c]emonial ( ,delphi4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 %ort1 ! be>+ ( ! laurel b\gh 0 ! sure/ way to ! god's protection & fav\r4 ,! conception 0 sl[ to die4 ,clem5t1 writ+ ab\t #bjj ,a4,d41 /ill f9ds ! w>n+ necess>y t 8"o mu/ n hope to obta9 reconciliation ) ,god by means ( laurel bran*es adorn$ ) r$ & :ite ribbons40#gg ,by an easy transition ! laurel became sacr$ also to ,aesculapius4 ,z ! s\rce at once ( a valuable rem$y & a deadly poison1 x 0 held 9 high e/eem by ,greek physicians4 ,x 0 popul>ly believ$ t spirits c\ld be ca/ out by its means1 & x 0 usual to affix a laurel b\gh ov] ! doorway 9 cases ( s]i\s illness1 9 ord] to av]t dea? & keep evil spirits at bay4#gh ,! c]emonial use ( ! laurel pass$ f ,greece into ,italy4 ,:5 ! ,sibyll9e books 7 consult$ at ,rome1 ! laurel ( prophecy always adorn$ ! *air ( ! prie/4#gi ,victors 7 cr[n$ ) laurel1 & 9 ,roman triumphs ! soldi]s deck$ _! spe>s & helmets ) its leaves4 ,! tree ( ,aphrodite 0 ! myrtle4#hj ,x 0 held to h ! p[] bo? ( creat+ & ( p]petuat+ love1 & h5ce f ! e>lie/ times 0 us$ 9 m>riage c]emonies4 ,9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies ! initiates cr[n$ !mselves ) ! oak leaves ( ,zeus & ! myrtle ( ,aphrodite4 ,! ,graces1 h] att5dants1 7 repres5t$ z we>+ myrtle *aplets1 & h] wor%ipp]s cr[n$ !mselves ) myrtle sprays4 ,at ,rome ,v5us 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,myrtea 9 h] temple at ! foot ( ! ,av5t9e4 ,! apple-tree held a subsidi>y b yet important place 9 ! cult ( ,aphrodite4 ,its fruit 0 reg>d$ z an appropriate (f]+ to h] &1 accord+ to ,!ocritus1 play$ its "p 9 love games4#ha ,! apples ( ,atalanta _h no d\bt a symbolical significance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,co9 ( ,a!ns1 ( ! age ( ,p]icles or e>li]1 %[+ olive spray4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,co9 ( ,a!ns1 ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,a!na also _h h] special tree4 ,accord+ to my?ology %e sprang fully arm$ f ! head ( ,zeus1 b rese>* into ! orig9s ( ! gods makes x mu* m probable t h] true p$igree 0 f ! olive1 :i* grew wild ^u ! ,a!nian ,acropolis1 ! *ief seat ( h] wor%ip4 ,mr4 ,m#8,l5nan ev5 incl9$ to reg>d ! olive z orig9ally ! totem ( ! ,a!nians4#hb ,at any rate _! connection ) t tree dates f an anci5t "t4 8,! produce ( ! olive-tree _h an almo/ religi\s value = ! m5 ( ,attica1 & ! physical side ( ,greek civilisation mu* dep5d$ on x40#hc ,f ! era ( ,p]icles onw>ds ! co9s ( ,a!ns 7 /amp$ ) ! olive-bran*1 among/ o!r usual accompanim5ts ( ! tutel>y goddess4 ,e sanctu>y & temple ( ,a!na _h its sacr$ olive-tree1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! symbol ( ! div9e peace & protection4 ,naturally a leg5d arose to expla9 ! connection4 ,a!na & ,poseidon1 be+ at v>iance z to :i* ( !m %\ld "n ! newly-f\nd$ city ( ,a!ns1 ref]r$ ! "q to ! gods1 :o 9 g5]al assembly decre$ ! privilege to t claimant :o %\ld give ! mo/ useful pres5t to ! inhabitants ( e>?4 ,poseidon /ruck ! gr\nd ) 8 trid5t & a horse sprang =?4 ,b ,a!na 8reveal$ ! spray ( ! gray-gre5 olive1 a div9e cr[n & glory = bright ,a!ns40#hd ,& ! gods decid$ t ! olive1 z ! emblem ( peace1 0 a high] gift to man ?an ! horse1 :i* 0 ! symbol ( w>4 ,s ,a!na nam$ ! city aft] h]self & became its protectress4 ,?is my?1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,f>nell1 is "o ( ! v few creation-my?s 9 ,greek folk-lore1 0 a fav\rite subject 9 art1 & is frequ5tly repres5t$ on late ,attic co9s4#he ,o!r gods _h _! sacr$ trees3 ,dionysus1 ! v9e2 ,dis & ,p]sephone1 ! popl>1 :i* 0 suppos$ to gr[ on ! banks ( ,a*]on4 ,! cypress1 call$ by ,greeks & ,romans alike ! 8m\rnful tree10 0 also sacr$ to ! rul]s ( ! und]world1 & to _! associates1 ! ,fates & ,furies4 ,z su* x 0 cu/om>y to plant x by ! grave1 &1 9 ! ev5t ( a dea?1 to place x ei!r be=e ! h\se or 9 ! ve/ibule1 9 ord] to w>n ^? ab\t to p]=m a sacr$ rite aga9/ ent]+ a place pollut$ by a dead body4#hf ,9 reg>d to ! numb] ( trees :i* !y held sacr$ ! ,semitic nations rivall$ ! ,greeks4 ,!y v5]at$ 8! p9es & c$>s ( ,lebanon1 ! ev]gre5 oaks ( ! ,pale/9ian hills1 ! tam>isks ( ! ,syrian jungles1 ! acacias ( ! ,arabian wadies10 besides su* cultivat$ trees z ! palm1 ! olive1 & ! v9e4 ,b !re is no cle> evid5ce to prove t !y ev] c\pl$ a p>ticul> species ( tree ) a p>ticul> god4 ,9 ,pho5icia ! cypress 0 sacr$ to ,a/>te1 b x 0 equally connect$ ) ! god ,melc>?1 :o 0 believ$ to h plant$ ! cypress-trees at ,daphne4 8,if a tree belong$ to a p>ticul> deity1 x 0 n because x 0 ( a p>ticul> species1 b because x 0 ! natural wood ( ! place :]e ! god 0 wor%ipp$40#hg ,x is true t ! ,*aldaeans reg>d$ ! c$> z ! special tree ( ! god ,ea1 b ! association 0 probably borr[$1 l ! god himself1 f ! non-,semitic ,accadians1 :ile ! connection ( ! ,nabataean god1 ,dus>es1 ) ! v9e may be trac$ to ,hell5ic influ5ce4 ,outside ! ,semitic area individual gods are (t5 f\nd1 z 9 ,greece1 l9k$ ) p>ticul> k9ds ( trees4 ,9 ,p]sia ! cypress 0 ! sacr$ tree ( ! god ,mi?ra1 :ile 9 ,egypt ! acacia 0 intimately associat$ ) ,osiris4 ,on an anci5t s>cophagus an acacia is repres5t$ ) ! device1 8,osiris %oots up40#hh ,& 9 mortu>y pictures ! god is sometimes repres5t$ z a mummy cov]$ ) a tree or ) gr[+ plants4 ,9 bo? cases ! idea ( life aris+ out ( dea? is probably impli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,! ,bodhi-tree ( ,kanaka ,muni 7,ficus glom]ata747,! ,/pa ( ,bh>hut1 by ,major-,g5]al ,cunn+ham1 ,plate xxiv4 #d47 ,9 ,india ea* ,buddha 0 associat$ ) 8 own bodhi-tree or tree ( wisdom4 ,! trumpet-fl[]1 ! sl-tree1 ! acacia1 ! pippala1 & ! banian all belong$ to diff]5t ,buddhas1 & are s depict$ on ! ,/pa ( ,bh>hut4 ,"h 9 ! case ( ! e>lie/ ( ! ,buddhas ^: bodhi-tree has be5 f\nd1 ! ,buddha ,vipas91 ! p>ticul> tree repres5t$ is ! ptali or trumpet-fl[]4 ,9 front ( x is plac$ 8a ?rone or bodhi-m&a1 be=e :i* two p are kneel+1 :il/ a cr[d ( o!rs ) jo9$ h&s are /&+ on ea* side ( ! tree40#hi ,! ,buddha ,gautama's tree 0 ! pippala or ,ficus religiosa1 :i* is mu* m elaborately treat$ at ,bh>hut ?an any o!r bodhi-tree4 ,9 ! sculpture repres5t+ its adoration1 8! trunk is entirely surr\nd$ by an op5 pill>$ build+ ) an upp] /ory1 ornam5t$ ) ni*es conta9+ umbrellas4 ,two umbrellas are plac$ 9 ! top ( ! tree1 & num]\s /ream]s are hang+ f ! bran*es4 ,9 ! two upp] corn]s are fly+ figures ) w+s1 br++ (f]+s ( g>l&s4 ,on ea* side !re is a male figure rais+ a g>l& 9 8 "r h& & hold+ ! tip ( 8 tongue ) ! ?umb & =ef+] ( 8 left4 ,9 ! l[] /ory ( ! build+ is a ?rone 9 front ( a tree4 ,two figures1 male & female1 are kneel+ be=e ! ?rone1 :ile a female figure is /&+ to ! left1 & a ,nga ,raja ) 8 h&s cross$ on 8 brea/ to ! "r4 ,?is figure is di/+ui%$ by a triple s]p5t cre/4 ,to ! extreme "r !re is an isolat$ pill> surm\nt$ by an elephant hold+ out a g>l& 9 8 trunk4 ,on ! dom$ ro( ( ! build+ is inscrib$1 #8,! ,bodhi-,tree ( ! ,buddha ,skya ,muni4'0#ij ,9 ano!r sculpture elephants old & "y are pay+ _! devotions to a banian-tree1 :ile o!rs are br++ g>l&s to hang on its bran*es4 ,! important be>+ ( ^! sculptures on ! hi/ory ( tree-wor%ip is obvi\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,wild elephants pay+ _! devotions to ! sacr$ banian ( ,ksyapa ,buddha47,! ,/pa ( ,bh>hut1 ,plate xv47 ,x may be not$ 9 pass+ t nei!r 9 ! _m sculptur$ sc5es at ,bh>hut & ,buddha ,gaya1 all ( :i* are contempor>y ) ,asoka 7circa #bej ,b4,c471 nor ev5 9 ! mu* lat] sculptures ( ,san*i dat+ f ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 is !re any repres5tation ( ,buddha1 ! sole objects ( rev]5ce be+ /pas 7repres5tations ( ! tombs ( holy m571 :eels1 or trees4 ,at a lat] date ! tree appe>s to h lo/ its organic connection ) ! v5]at$ p]sonage1 & to h pres]v$ only a c]emonial & symbolic significance1 = ! ,bo-tree1 "u :i* tru? gradually unfold$ itself to ! m$itat+ ,gautama1 is reg>d$ z sacr$ by ,buddhi/s 9 mu* ! same way z ! cross is by ,*ri/ians4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! e>lie/ =ms ( wor%ip curr5t 9 ,india1 ! alliance betwe5 ! plant _w & ! div9e ess5ce 0 extremely intimate4 ,! great creative god ,brahma1 :o1 by ! light ( 8 c\nt5ance1 dispell$ ! primeval gloom1 & by 8 div9e influ5ce evok$ ! e>? f ! primeval ocean1 is repres5t$ 9 ,h9du !ology z hav+ emanat$ f a gold5 lotus :i* _h be5 quick5$ into life :5 ! _s ( ,om mov$ ov] ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,aga91 9 ,brahm9ical wor%ip ! v ess5ce ( ! deity is suppos$ to desc5d into 8 tree4 ,! tulasi or holy basil ( ,india is believ$ by ! ,h9dus to be p]vad$ by ! div9ity ( ,vi%nu & ( 8 wife ,lak%mi1 & h5ce is v5]at$ z a god4 ,x op5s ! gates ( heav5 to ! pi\s wor%ipp]1 & ^? :o uproot x w be puni%$ by ,vi%nu 9 "t & et]nity4#ia ,9 fact1 9 ! twilight ( religion1 :]ev] we turn1 ! same idea ( a tree-inhabit+ god prevails4 ,9 ! my?ology ( ,nor!rn ,europe ! grove ( ,upsala1 ! mo/ sacr$ spot 9 all ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 0 ! home ( ,wod51 ! god :o1 aft] hang+ = n9e nights on ! gall[s-tree1 desc5d$ to ! und]world & br\ght back ! prize ( wisdom 9 ! =m ( n9e rune songs4#ib ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 accord+ to ! rule by :i* ! gods ( "o age become ! demons ( ! next1 ,wod5 0 conv]t$ into ,satan1 8 grove became ! ,brock51 & ! ,valkyrie deg5]at$ into wit*es4 ,ta>a1 ! supreme god ( ! ,f9ns & ,e/honians1 0 associat$ ) ! oak1 & ! same is true ( ! ,norse god1 ,bald]1 at ^: dea?1 we are told1 m51 animals1 & plants wept4 ,! pr9cipal god ( ! anci5t ,prussians 0 suppos$ to dwell by pref]5ce 9 ! great oak at ,romove1#ic be=e :i* a hi]>*y ( prie/s kept up a cont9ual fire ( oak-logs4 ,! oak 0 veil$ f view1 l ! pictures 9 a mod]n cont95tal *ur*1 & only %[n f "t to "t to its wor%ipp]s4 ,! grove :]e x /ood 0 s sacr$ t only ! consecrat$ 7 all[$ to ent]1 & no bran* 9 x might be injur$4#id ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,sacr$ sycamore1 ) (f]+s47,masp]o1 op4 cit47 ,if pro( 7 ne$$ ( ! rev]5ce ) :i* ! tree 0 reg>d$ 9 anci5t times & ( its hold ^u ! rev]5ce ( ! p1 z be+ ! dwell+-place ( ! god1 x c\ld be f\nd alone 9 ! numb] ( ! gifts1 :i*1 by ! evid5ce ( anci5t lit]ature & art1 x 0 ! practice to hang ^u its bran*es or place ab\t its trunk4 ,9 ,arabia !re 0 a tree1 id5tifi$ by ,rob]tson ,smi? ) ! sacr$ acacia ( ,nakhla1 ! dwell+-place ( ! goddess ,al-',ozza1 on :i* ! p ( ,mecca at an annual pilgrimage hung weapons1 g>m5ts1 o/ri* eggs1 & o!r (f]+s4#ie ,x is spok5 ( 9 ! traditions ( ,mahomet by ! vague "n ( a dht anwt1 or 8tree to hang ?+s on40 ,ano!r ,arabian tree1 ! sacr$ date-palm at ,nejrn1 0 also ador$ at an annual fea/1 & hung ) f9e clo!s & wom5's ornam5ts4#if ,9 ,egypt1 (f]+s ( figs1 grapes1 cucumb]s1 etc4 7 habitually made to ! deities inhabit+ ! sycamores4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,sacr$ tree ( ,artemis1 hung ) weapons ( ! *ase47,btti*]1 ,fig4 #i47 ,a simil> cu/om 0 well kn[n 9 ,greece1 z is prov$ by ! _m vases & sculptur$ tablets 9 :i* ! tree is %[n hung ) consecrat$ fillets & (f]+s1 :ile ! alt> b5ea? groans ) gifts4 ,/atius1 writ+ 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 describes a widely celebrat$ tree1 among/ _m o!rs simil>ly lad51 z be+ cov]$ ) b[s & arr[s1 heads ( bo>s1 sk9s ( lions1 & huge horns1 :i* _h be5 d$icat$ to x z trophies ( ! *ase4#ig ,conqu]ors1 return+ f battle1 w\ld hang _! weapons on ! sacr$ tree ) a d$ication to ! all-p[]ful ,zeus4 ,! arms ?us d$icat$ 7 respect$ ev5 by ! enemy4 ,?is cu/om ( mak+ (f]+s to ! tree is no d\bt ( great antiquity4 ,9 ! leg5d ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece1 ,phryxus1 hav+ be5 c>ri$ by ! fabl$ ram across ! ,hellespont1 sacrific$ x to ,ares1 & hung its priceless fleece on ! b\ghs ( a sacr$ bee*-tree1#ih :5ce x 0 subsequ5tly recov]$ by ,jason4 ,su* d$ication at ! %r9es ( ! gods ( some?+ t _h be5 ( s]vice & /ill _h value to ! wor%ipp]1 0 v common 9 ,greek & ,roman wor%ip1 & 9 _m cases ! tree 0 ! recipi5t ( ! gift4#ii ,! ri* br\ght _! jewels1 ! poor _! homely tools & ut5sils4 ,! fi%]man d$icat$ 8 nets 9 gratitude = an exceptional cat*4 ,! %eph]d (f]$ 8 flute z a welcome gift to ,pan4 ,"s ( ! d$icatory inscriptions pres]ve = u ! pa?os ( ! gift4 8,daphnis1 ! flute-play]1 b[$ ) %ak+ age1 has "h d$icat$ 8 %eph]d's /aff1 too heavy = 8 weak h&1 to mead[-lov+ ,pan40#ajj ,lais1 gr[n old1 hangs h] too tru?ful mirror on ! sacr$ tree ( ,aphrodite4 8,take x1 ,o lovely ,cy!rea2 to !e alone is undy+ beauty giv540#aja ,9 ! same way ,bac*ic revell]s1 _! fr5zy pa/1 br\ght to ! tree ! cymbals1 robes1 & p]fum$ tresses !y _h us$4#ajb ,!re is fur!r evid5ce ( ! sanctity ( ! tree 9 ! important function giv5 to bran*es & wrea?s 9 religi\s c]emonies1 a cu/om :i* c f9d logical explanation only 9 a prec$5t tree-wor%ip deeply root$ 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,9 ! s]vice ( ! gods ( ,greece & ,rome ! wrea? 0 indisp5sable4 ,an uncr[n$ wor%ipp] 0 9 ! position ( ! man 9 ! p>able :o _h no w$d+ g>m5t4 ,& ! wrea? mu/ h be5 tak5 f ! p>ticul> tree ( ! god wor%ipp$1 s t ! wor%ipp] might be plac$ 9 close/ communion ) ! deity1 & rema9 inviolate f mole/ation :ile ?us clo!d ) ! div9e protection4#ajc ,! c>ry+ ( ! sacr$ bran* 9 solemn procession =m$ ! ess5tial feature 9 "s ( ! mo/ important religi\s fe/ivals ( ,greece4 ,at ! ,daphnephoria1 held e n9e ye>s at ,!bes 9 ,boeotia 9 hon\r ( ,apollo1 ! *ief po/ 9 ! procession 0 held by ! ,daphnephorus1 or laurel-be>]1 a boy *os5 = 8 /r5g? & beauty4 ,he 0 foll[$ to ! temple ( ! god by a *orus ( maid5s1 also be>+ bran*es & *ant+ a processional hymn1 & 0 reg>d$ = ! occasion z ! prie/ ( ,apollo1 :o himself bore among/ 8 _m o!r appellations t ( ,daphnephorus1 because he _h br\ght ! laurel to ,delphi & plant$ x !re4#ajd ,at ! ,pyanepsia & ! ,?>gelia1 two important ,a!nian fe/ivals1 ! ,eiresione1 a h>ve/ wrea? ( olive or laurel b\nd r\nd ) r$ & :ite wool1 & hung ) ! *oice/ fir/-fruits1 0 borne ab\t by s++ boys1 :ile (f]+s 7 made to ! gods4#aje ,a v9e bran* ) ! grapes ^u x gave its "n to ano!r ,a!nian fe/ival1 ! ,os*ophoria1 or grape c>ry+1 held 9 hon\r ( ,dionysus4 ,a race betwe5 *os5 y\?s =m$ "o ( ! ev5ts ( ! fe/ival1 ! competitors runn+ f ! temple ( ,dionysus to t ( ,a!na1 ) b\ghs 9 _! h&s4#ajf ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ^! important fe/ivals1 ! use ( wrea?s or bran*es 0 a famili> incid5t 9 ! daily life ( ! ,greeks1 be>+ ) x always a sort ( religi\s significance4 ,! br+] ( good news 0 rew>d$ ) a wrea?2 ! gue/s at a fea/ 7 cr[n$ ) fl[]s4 ,no gift to ! gods 0 complete )\t its floral accompanim5t1 & _! /atues 7 (t5 hidd5 "u ! wrea?s br\ght ?i!r z ! mo/ acceptable (f]+4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ?is lavi% employm5t ( blossom & leaf z ! expression ( a religi\s emotion orig9ally sprang f rev]5ce = ! tree z ! fav\rite home ( a god4 ,! ,greeks1 ) _! in/9ctive love = all ?+s beautiful1 naturally pu%$ ?is graceful cu/om fur!r ?an o!r races4 ,b ! c]emonial use ( bran*es & fl[]s 0 common ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,! ,*aldaean sacr$ texts m5tion ! use ( 8gre5 bran*es0 9 religi\s c]emonies4#ajg ,at ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles ! ,israelites 7 enjo9$ to 8take ! b\ghs ( goodly trees1 bran*es ( palm-trees1 & ! b\ghs ( ?ick trees & will[s ( ! brook1 & rejoice be=e ! ,"l40#ajh ,! ,apocrypha m5tions ! 8fe/al olive b\ghs ( ! ,temple40#aji ,9 ,p]sia & ,arm5ia x 0 cu/om>y to be> a bran* :5 approa*+ ! god4 ,9 ,egypt ,isis 0 wor%ipp$ ) sprays ( abs9!1 palm-bran*es 7 c>ri$ 9 fun]al processions1 & lotus wrea?s usually worn at fea/s1 :il/ 9 ! ,assyrian sculptures illu/ri\s p]sons are frequ5tly repres5t$ hold+ a fl[]4#aaj ,h[ev] little b5efit ! vot>ies ( trees & images d]iv$ f _! obs]vances1 ap>t f ! subjective /r5g? & solace t fl[ f e act ( wor%ip1 !re 0 at lea/ "o tangible s]vice _! gods c\ld r5d] !m--! "r ( sanctu>y & asylum4 ,= ! sacr$ tree1 %>+ z x did 9 ! protective p[] ( ! indwell+ deity1 (f]$ an inviolable refuge to ! p]secut$ & ! god's =giv5ess to ! s9n] :o implor$ x4 ,to h t\*$ x 0 reg>d$ among/ ! ,greeks z equival5t to hav+ t\*$ an alt> or /atue ( ! god4 ,a bran* ( x1 entw9$ ) ! consecrat$ fillet1 assur$ its be>] f p]secution4 ,h5ce a possible explanation ( ! leg5d ( ! "y ,dionysus /&+ secure among/ ! bran*es ( ! sacr$ tree :il/ ! flames rag$ ar\nd him4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,sacr$ laurel ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 adorn$ ) fillets & votive tablets2 b5ea? x ! god appe>+ to protect ,ore/es47,f a vase-pa9t+1 ,btti*]1 ,fig4 #b47 ,frequ5t ref]5ces occur 9 ! ,classics to tree-sanctu>ies4 ,! ,amazons1 defeat$ by ,h]cules1 f\nd a safe asylum b5ea? ! holy tree at ,ephesus1 :i* 0 wor%ipp$ bo? z ! symbol & temple ( ,artemis1 be=e h] /atue 0 set up 9 ! tree or h] temple built ar\nd x4#aaa ,h]odotus relates h[ ,cleom5es1 hav+ burnt ! sacr$ grove ( ,argos1 toge!r ) ! five ?\s& conqu]$ ,argives :o _h tak5 refuge !re1 0 visit$ by ! gods ) madness = 8 act ( sacrilege4#aab ,ore/es1 9 8 flight f ! ,furies1 is repres5t$ on a ,greek vase z seek+ refuge b5ea? ,apollo's laurel4#aac ,! god appe>s out ( ! tree to succ\r him & sc>e away 8 pursu]s4 ,! cypress grove on ! ,acropolis at ,phlius 9 ,peloponnesus 0 ano!r in/ance4 ,fugitives f ju/ice on rea*+ x became inviolable1 & escap$ prison]s hung ^u its trees ! *a9s = :i* !y _h no fur!r use1#aad j z ! mod]n cripple1 ^: limbs h be5 fre$ f ! prison ( 8 palsy1 d$icates 8 crut*es to 8our ,lady ( ,l\rdes40 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,wood-,,demons ,,& ,,tree-,,spirits ,9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! _w1 z at ne>ly all p]iods ( hi/ory1 we f9d evid5ces ( a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( wood-spirits & tree-spirits1 :i*1 h[ev] !y may diff] 9 outw>d =m1 are /rangely simil> 9 _! g5]al *>act]i/ics4 ,x _c be ass]t$ ( all ^! be+s t !y 7 reg>d$ z ! actual spirits ( individual trees1 connect$ ) !m z closely z a man's s\l is ) 8 body1 b x is emphatically true ( "s ( !m4 ,to ! class ( wood-spirits z a :ole belong c]ta9 at lea/ ( ! j9ni ( ,arabia1 ! woodl& spirits ( ,greek & ,roman my?ology1 & ! wild m5 & elves ( ,european folk-lore1 besides ! tree-inhabit+ spirits ( v>i\s uncivilis$ races4 ,?\gh n always %>ply dem>cat$ f ! gods1 !y diff] f !m1 z a rule1 9 be+ reg>d$ & spok5 ( g5]ically1 & 9 n hav+ /at$ relations ) man4 ,_! alliances are r ) trees1 plants1 & animals1 ^: gr[? & prosp]ity are (t5 believ$ to be "u _! protection1 & _! pres5ce is (t5 assum$ to be express$ 9 natural ph5om5a1 9 ! my/]i\s s\nds ( ! woods1 & 9 ! fury ( ! /orm4 ,to man !y are frequ5tly unfri5dly1 & num]\s obs]vances1 /ill practis$ 9 uncivilis$ p>ts1 h aris5 f ! belief t x 0 necess>y to propitiate _! fav\r4 ,broadly speak+1 _! fri5dl9ess to man is directly proportionate to _! human semblance1 & ?is 9 its turn w\ld seem to dep5d on ! ext5t to :i* man has be5 able to conqu] ! dang]s ( ! regions :]e !y dwell4 ,! f>!r back !y are trac$ ! m animal-l & inhuman _! appe>ance4 ,!y prec$$ ! gods & outla/$ !m1 fl\ri%+ 9 times :5 ^! 7 /ill animal & totemi/ic1 & reta9+ _! animal *>act]i/ics long aft] ! gods _h become an?ropomorphic4 ,to ! peasant m9d !re 01 p]haps1 no v cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! two classes1 & ! l9e betwe5 !m has nev] be5 an unpassable "o1 = demons may develop into gods1 j z gods may deg5]ate into demons4 ,x is n claim$ t all1 or inde$ mo/ demons 7 tree-spirits 9 _! orig91 b a l>ge class ( !m at any rate 7 closely associat$ ) vegetable life & ! ph5om5a t fo/] or ?reat5 x4 ,*aldaean my?ology recognis$1 side by side ) gods emphatically human1 a class ( fabul\s mon/]s :o 7 ess5tially demons & inf]ior spirits4 ,!re is n mu* evid5ce to c\ple ^! mon/]s ) trees1 b 9 "o ( ! ,babylonian hymns ! aid ( ! gods is invok$ aga9/ a t]rible demon :o 8makes all creatures hurry 9 fe>10 & ( :om x is /at$ t 88 h& is ! /orm-demon1 8 eye is fill$ ) ! %ad[ ( ! =e/1 ! sole ( 8 foot is ! lullub-tree40#aae ,9 ! case ( ! j9ni ( ,arabia ! connection ) trees is m cle>ly demon/rable4 ,!y 7 reg>d$ z hairy mon/]s1 m l bea/s ?an m51 haunt+ d5se1 untrodd5 ?ickets & end[$ ) ! p[] ( assum+ v>i\s %apes4 ,su* an unc\? & al>m+ pres5tm5t may well h aris5 f _! presum$ association ) places1 :i*1 z ! natural lairs ( dang]\s animals1 7 p]il\s to man1 b 8! association ( c]ta9 k9ds ( j9ni ) trees mu/ 9 _m cases be reg>d$ z prim>y1 ! trees !mselves be+ conceiv$ z animat$ demoniac be+s40#aaf ,!y h app>5tly _h a long] c>e] ?an mo/ demons ( ! class1 = _! exi/5ce is /ill firmly believ$ 9 by c]ta9 ,b$\9s1 :o assev]ate t !y h actually se5 !m4 ,mr4 ,!odore ,b5t f\nd ! same sup]/iti\s dread ( ! j9ni bo? 9 ! ,hadramaut & 9 ,dh(>4 ,!y are describ$ z semi-div9e spirits1 :o live by rocks ne> ! /reams1 "u trees1 or 9 ! lakes4 ,mr4 ,b5t c\ld n induce ! ,b$\9s ( 8 escort to ga!r a c]ta9 wat]-plant = fe> ( (f5d+ ! j9n ( ! lake4 ,9 fact 9 ! ,g>a ,m\nta9s ! fe> ( ! j9ni1 & ! skill ( c]ta9 magicians 9 keep+ !m fri5dly1 appe> to con/itute ! only tangible =ms ( religion4#aag ,"u ! ^w srm1 hairy mon/]s1 ,e4,v4 8satyrs0 & 8devils10 ! ,bible makes occasional m5tion ( my?ical creatures :o 7 presumably relat$ to ! ,arabian j9ni4#aah ,!y are repres5t$ z frequ5t+ wa/e-places1 =sak5 by man & giv5 ov] to nettles & brambles4 ,9 "o passage ! ^w is us$ ( ! hea!n gods ( ,canaan1#aai ^: close association ) trees has already be5 notic$4 ,! fanta/ic mon/]s ( ! ,egyptian des]t1 ?\ght to appe> only at ! mom5t :5 ! m9or functions assign$ to !m _h to be p]=m$1 & at o!r times to conceal !mselves 9 inanimate objects1 are repres5t$ z sometimes dwell+ 9 trees or 9 /akes plant$ 9 ! gr\nd4#abj ,_! assum$ complete incorporation 9 su* objects is prov$ by ! expressive t]m us$ by ! ,egyptians--! objects 8ate !m up40 ,_! exi/5ce & _! unfri5dl9ess to man 7 firmly believ$ 94 ,! %eph]d fe>$ !m = 8 flock1 ! hunt] = himself4 ,simil> bea/s roam$ ?r\gh ! ,egyptian ,hades & ?reat5$ ! wayf>+ spirits ( ! dead4 ,^! fragm5t>y evid5ces are important z ca/+ a side-light on ! p>allel sup]/itions ( ! ,aryan races1 among/ :i*1 z we %all see1 ! belief 9 wood-demons & tree-spirits 0 almo/ univ]sal4 ,9 ,greek & ,roman my?ology !re is a :ole gall]y ( wild creatures inhabit+ ! m\nta9s & woods1 & m or less closely associat$ ) vegetable life--c5taurs & cyclops1 ,pans & satyrs1 fauns & silvani1 nymphs & dryads4 ,mannh>dt has dilig5tly comp>$ ^! my?ical be+s ) ! wild p & wood-spirits ( ,european folk-lore1 & has cle>ly demon/rat$ a rem>kable relation%ip4#aba ,9 _! evolution !y pres5t a di/9ctly progressive humanisation4 ,! e>lie/ ( !m1 ! c5taurs & cyclops1 rem9d u ( ! fabul\s mon/]s ( ,semitic leg5d1 & _! conte/s )1 & ev5tual disappe>ance be=e ! high] p[]s seem p>allel$ 9 ! simil> conflict betwe5 ! gods & demons ( ,*aldaea4 ,mannh>dt adduces _m argum5ts to prove t ! c5taurs fir/ orig9at$ z local wood & m\nta9 spirits4 ,_! e>lie/ haunt 0 ! ?ickly wood$ ,pelion2 "o ( !m is repres5t$ z ! son ( ! dryad ,philyra or ! l9d52 ano!r z ! son ( ,melia or ! a%4 ,_! weapons 7 uproot$ trees4 ,l ! ,european wild m5 ( ! woods !y 7 cov]$ ) long %aggy hair4 ,*iron1 ! mo/ fri5dly ( !m1 0 skill$ 9 ! use ( simples & 9 ! hidd5 p[]s ( nature4 ,la/ly1 _! pres5ce 0 assum$ 9 ! :irlw9d & o!r viol5t atmosph]ic ph5om5a4 ,all ^! features class ! ar*aic c5taurs ) ! und\bt$ wood-spirits ( a lat] my?ology4 ,! same is probably true ( ! cyclops1 ^: *>act]i/ics--_! s+le eye1 _! use ( uproot$ trees = weapons1 & _! connection ) %eep & goats--may be p>allel$ among/ ! leg5d>y wood-spirits ( mod]n ,europe4 ,9 lat] times ! place ( ! ext9ct c5taurs & cyclops 0 tak5 by a tribe1 half m5 half goats1 kn[n z ,pan1 satyrs1 & sil5i1 :o orig9ally 7 9 all probability local wood-spirits1 ,pan proce$+ f ,arcadia1 ! satyrs f ,argos1 ! sil5i f ,phrygia4 ,9 ! case ( ,pan we seem to see a class ( d\btfully amicable wood-spirits develop+ into a m or less b5evol5t god4 ,! ,greek poets ( ! ,p]iclean age speak ( a :ole tribe ( wood-demons kn[n z ,panes or ,panisci1 f :i* ev5tually an individual1 8! ,great ,pan10 seems to h em]g$4 ,! son ( a nymph1 ,pan is call$ 9 ! ,classics 8god ( ! wood10 8companion ( kids10 8goa!rd40 ,he is repres5t$ ) horns & goat's legs1 /&+ beside a sacr$ oak or p9e1 a fir-wrea? on 8 head1 & a bran* 9 8 h&4 ,he leads ! revels ( ! satyrs1 pipes & dances among/ ! wood-nymphs "u ! trees1 & woos a p9e-tree p]sonifi$ z ,pi?ys4 ,l o!r wood-spirits he protects ! h]ds1 &1 z befits a demon on ! way to apo!osis1 is = ! mo/ "p fri5dly to man4 ,b he nev]1 app>5tly1 q lo/ 8 orig9al "*1 = he is sometimes class$ ) incubi & spirits :o cause evil dreams4 ,! satyr 0 a degrad$1 or r unhumanis$ ,pan1 m s5sual & malici\s 9 "*1 co>s] 9 feature1 & m be/ial 9 =m4 ,hesiod calls ! satyrs 8a useless & crafty tribe40 ,!y 7 orig9ally wood-demons1 & m5 repres5t$ z satyrs took "p 9 ! fe/ivals ( ,dionysus1 ! *ief ( vegetation spirits4 ,sil5us1 l ,pan1 ! individualis$ head ( a class1 0 also closely associat$ ) ,dionysus4 ,! sil5i1 9 fact1 7 b ,phrygian v>iants ( ! satyrs1 & are repres5t$ 9 ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,aphrodite z consort+ ) ! hamadryads4 ,9 ,art !y appe> clo!d 9 goatsk9s4 ,x may be add$ t ! mod]n ,greek peasant /ill believes 9 malici\s goat-foot$ demons :o inhabit ! m\nta9s4#abb ,9 ,roman my?ology ! fauns & silvani play$ ! same "p z ,pan & ! satyrs 9 ,greece1 & ! same confusion exi/$ z to :e!r !y 7 individual or g5]ic4 ,! fauns seldom appe>$ to mortal sight1 b _! pres5ce 0 made kn[n 9 ! weird noises & ! gho/ly appe>ances ( ! d>k =e/4 ,:5 se5 !y _h horns & goat's feet1 ?\gh 9 a lat] r5d]+ !y are m human 9 appe>ance4 ,!y gu>d$ ! flocks pa/ur+ 9 ! woods &1 l o!r wood-spirits1 also protect$ ! cornfield4 ,silvanus & ! silvani1 z _! "n d5otes1 7 tree-spirits ev5 m emphatically ?an ! fauns4 ,accord+ to ,virgil ! olde/ inhabitants ( ,latium allott$ to ,silvanus a sacr$ grove & a special fe/ival2#abc 9 lat] times he 0 univ]sally reg>d$ z ! patron ( ! g>d5 & field4 ,at h>ve/ "t an (f]+ ( milk 0 p\r$ ov] ! roots ( 8 sacr$ tree4 ,9 ,art1 ,silvanus is repres5t$ z cov]$ ) hair 7horridus7 & /&+ "u1 or gr[+ out ( a g>l&$ tree1 a cr[n ( p9e sprays on 8 head1 a l>ge p9e b\gh 9 "o h& & a sickle 9 ! o!r4 ,an inscription speaks ( him z half enclos$ 9 a sacr$ a% 7sacr semiclusus frax9o74 ,ano!r acc\nt associates ! silvani ) ! fig-tree1 & /ates t !y 7 call$ by "s fauni fic>ii4 ,bo? fauns & silvani _h an evil reputation = _! suppos$ prop5sity to assault wom51 to c>ry (f *ildr51 & to di/urb ! dreams ( sleep]s4 ,! peasants ( ,nor? ,italy & ,sicily /ill believe 9 wood-spirits1 g5te selvatica1 closely resembl+ ! old silvani4 ,a ,sicilian incantation is address$ to ! _s ( ! fig-tree & ! devils ( ! nut-trees4#abd ,tak+ ! sum ( _! *>act]i/ics1 ,mannh>dt is d\btless "r 9 class+ ^! leg5d>y be+s ) ! wood-spirits met ) 9 ! folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! female c\nt]p>ts ( ^! woodl& creatures t ! idea ( an actual tree-s\l is mo/ cle>ly exemplifi$4 ,! mo/ /rik+ in/ance is ! famili> "o ( ! hamadryads1 ! deep-bosom$ nymphs ( wood$ ,ida1 to ^: c>e ,aphrodite entru/$ ! infant ,a5eas1 & ^: v "n expresses _! intimate connection ) _! trees4 ,to quote ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,aphrodite1 :i* 0 probably writt5 "u ,phrygian influ5ce1 8,!y belong nei!r to ! mortals nor to ! immortals3 !y live long1 inde$1 enjoy+ immortal food1 & ) ! immortals !y jo9 9 ! lordly dance4 ,! sil5i mate ) !m1 & ,h]mes1 too1 9 ! privy recesses ( delightful grottoes4 ,) !m1 :5 !y 7 born1 ^u ! m\nta9s l(ty p9es & oaks sprang =? f ! e>? t gives food to man4 ,yet :5 at la/ ! fate ( dea? ov]takes !m1 fir/ ! beautiful trees )] ^u ! e>?1 ! b>k dies ar\nd !m1 _! bran*es fall away1 & !re) ! s\ls ( ! nymphs leave ! light ( ! sun40#abe ,p9d>1 :o w\ld appe> to h fir/ giv5 !m ! "n ( hamadryads1 speaks ( !m z hav+ ! same l5g? ( life z a tree4#abf ,b ! case ( ! hamadryads is by no means an isolat$ example ( ! ,greek belief 9 spirits ^: life 0 b\nd up ) ! life ( ! tree4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,c]es ! nymphs rejoice :5 ! oaks are 9 leaf1 & weep :5 _! bran*es become b>e4#abg ,else:]e a nymph is depict$ implor+ t ! oak :]e9 %e dwelt %\ld n be hewn d[n1 & z br++ v5geance on him :o ignor$ h] entreaty4#abh ,x 0 n only ! oak & ! p9e t might be inhabit$ by a _s4 ,among/ ! names ( nymphs t h come d[n to u is ,philyra 7! l9d571 ,daphne 7! laurel71 ,rhoea 7! pomegranate71 & ,helike 7! will[74 ,9 lat] times an attempt 0 made 9 "s cases to expla9 ! connection by metamorphosis1 a liv+ nymph be+ suppos$ to h be5 conv]t$ into a tree1 b x is extremely probable t ?is 0 an inv]sion ( ! primitive nexus4 ,!re are _m in/ances closely p>allel to ^! classical my?s 9 m$iaeval & mod]n leg5d4 ,! /ory ( ,alex&] & ! fl[]-maid5s1 = in/ance1 :i* 0 a fav\rite ) ! tr\bad\rs1 & 0 subsequ5tly popul>is$ by ,lampre*t1 & lat] by ,uhl&1 0 presumably f\nd$ on a leg5d curr5t 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,! /ory goes t 9 a c]ta9 wood1 :5 spr+ came1 numb]s ( enorm\s fl[] buds appe>$ out ( ! gr\nd1 f ea* ( :i*1 z x op5$1 !re leapt =? a beautiful maid54 ,_! robes 7 a "p ( _! gr[?1 & 9 col\r !y 7 j l _! fl[]s1 r$ & :ite4 ,!y play$ & danc$ 9 ! %ade1 & _! s++ rivall$ ! birds'4 ,all pa/ he>ta*es 7 wip$ away1 & a life ( joy & abundance seem$ to op5 to him :o saw !m4 ,b x 0 dea? = a maid5 to leave h] %ady retreat & enc\nt] ! scor*+ sun4 ,:5 summ] 0 pa/1 & ! fl[]s )]$ & ! birds 7 sil5t1 ! beautiful creatures di$4 ,alex&] & 8 knights1 com+ ^u ?is magical wood1 mat$ ) ! fl[]-maid5s1 & = m ?an ?ree mon?s liv$ 9 p]fect happ9ess1 till "o by "o ! fl[]s fad$1 "o by "o ! nymphs di$1 & ! k+ & 8 companions _h sorr[fully to resume _! travels4#abi ,leg5ds ( ?is sort no d\bt provid$ ,lucian ) ! motive = t 8true hi/ory0 ( 81 :]e9 he tells ( ! wond]ful v9es gr[+ on ! f> side ( a c]ta9 riv] t ran w9e in/ead ( wat]4 ,^! v9es bel[ _h a v ?ick /em1 b above bore maid5s' bodies ( p]fect =m4 ,bun*es ( grapes grew f _! f+]-tips1 & v9e leaves & grapes =m$ _! hair4 ,!y gave ! travell]s a fri5dly greet+1 & bade !m welcome1 mo/ speak+ ,greek1 o!rs ,lydian or ,indian4 ,:oev] accept$ _! kisses felt a sudd5 drunk5 bewild]m5t4 ,!y %riek$ al\d ) pa9 :5 "o attempt$ to pluck _! grapes4 ,two ( ! travell]s :o surr5d]$ !mselves to _! embraces c\ld n get free aga91 b took root & budd$ =? v9e leaves4#acj ,! above1 ( c\rse1 0 int5d$ z a lit]>y p>ody1 b /ories1 n a :it less wond]ful1 are f\nd 9 ! folk-lore ( _m mod]n c\ntries1 & are no d\bt recit$ & receiv$ 9 good fai?4 ,!re is a mod]n ,greek leg5d1 = in/ance1 ( a *ildless wife1 to :om ,heav51 9 answ] to h] pray] = *ildr51 s5t a gold5 laurel b]ry4 ,despis+ ! gift %e ?rew x away4 ,f x !re grew a laurel-tree ) gold5 sprays4 ,a pr9ce1 foll[+ ! *ase1 0 s /ruck by its beauty t he ord]$ 8 d9n] to be prep>$ b5ea? x4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! cook ! tree op5$ & a fair maid5 /epp$ =?1 & aft] /rew+ a h&ful ( salt ov] 8 food1 )drew to ! tree1 :i* imm$iately re9clos$ h]4 ,! foll[+ day ! pr9ce aga9 f\nd 8 d9n] spoilt1 & on ! ?ird day he det]m9$ to keep wat*4 ,! maid came =? & 0 captur$ by ! pr9ce be=e %e c\ld rega9 h] tree4 ,aft] a "t %e escap$1 & com+ back to ! tree call$ ^u x to op5 & receive h]4 ,b x rema9$ clos$1 & %e 0 oblig$ to return to h] pr9ce1 ) :om1 aft] v>i\s mis*ances1 %e liv$ happily = ev] aft]4#aca ,! ,czekhs h a simil> /ory ( a nymph :o roam$ ! =e/ by day1 b at night inv>iably return$ to h] will[4 ,%e m>ri$ a mortal & bore him a *ild4 ,"o day ! will[ 0 cut d[n & ! nymph di$4 ,a cradle fa%ion$ out ( its wood _h ! p[] ( lull+ h] *ild to sleep1 & :5 he grew up he 0 able to hold conv]se ) 8 "m by means ( a pipe =m$ f ! twigs :i* grew ab\t ! /ump4#acb ,t ! s\l ( ! nymph 0 ?\ght actually to inhabit ! tree is fur!r prov$ by ! belief curr5t bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n my?1 t blood w\ld fl[ :5 ! tree 0 injur$4 ,x 0 firmly held 9 primitive times t ! blood 0 ! v life1 ! s\l ( an animal1 & h5ce 9 primitive ritual x 0 ! blood ( ! sacrifice t 0 (f]$ to ! god4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 "s cases w9e--8! blood ( ! grape0--& ! juices ( fruits & vegetables1 i4e4 ! vehicle ( ! plant-s\l1 7 us$ z sub/itutes = blood4#acc ,9 a lat] *apt] we %all see t h]bs & fl[]s 7 fabl$ to gr[ f ! blood ( ! dead & s to re-embody 8 _s1 & x w be rememb]$ h[ ,virgil makes ! cornel & myrtle :i* grew ^u ! grave ( ,polydorus at once ble$ & speak :5 torn up by ! h& ( ,a5eas4#acd ,s ,ovid1 rec\nt+ a simil> occurr5ce 9 ! case ( ! dryads' oak1 sacrilegi\sly fell$ by ,eresic?on1 0 probably only giv+ a poetic v]sion ( a famili> belief3-- ,he x 0 ,^: impi\s axe mid ,c]es' sacr$ grove ,d>$ violate h] immemorial %ades4 ,huge ) ! gr[? ( ages 9 its mid/ ,an anci5t oak !re /ood1 itself a grove1 ,) votive tablets hung & grateful gifts ,= v[s accompli%$4 ,und]nea? its %ade ,! dryads wove _! fe/al dance4 ,eresic?on1 9 spite ( w>n+s1 refus$ to /ay 8 h&4 ,! trembl+ tree s5t =? an audible groan6 ,f its pale leaves & acorns di$ ! gre51 ,d>k ooz+ sweat f e bran* di/ill$1 ,& z ! sc(f] smote x1 crimson-r$ ,gu%$ f ! w\nd$ b>k ! sap1 z /reams ,:5 at ! alt> falls "s mighty bull ,! life-blood f 8 neck4 ,!n f its he>t ,issu$ a voice1 8,?\ /rike/ 9 ?is trunk ,a nymph :om ,c]es loves1 & = ! de$ ,de>ly %alt pay4 ,) my la/ voice ?y doom ,i prophesy1 & 9 ?y imm95t fate ,f9d solace = my own40#ace ,mannh>dt quotes sev]al m$iaeval & mod]n in/ances ( ! belief 9 ble$+ trees4#acf ,& /ories ( puni%m5t incurr$ = de/roy+ a _s-inhabit$ tree are n uncommon 9 folk-lore4 ,!re is a ,g]man leg5d ( an old crone :o attempt$ to uproot ! trunk ( an anci5t fir-tree4 ,9 ! mid/ ( h] lab\rs a sudd5 weakness fell ^u h]1 insomu* t %e 0 sc>cely able to walk4 ,:ile endeav\r+ to crawl home %e met a my/]i\s /rang]1 :o1 he>+ h] /ory1 at once pron\nc$ t 9 h] attempts to uproot ! tree %e _h w\nd$ an elf inhabit+ x4 ,if ! elf recov]$1 he said1 s w\ld %e2 if n1 %e w\ld die4 ,z ! old woman p]i%$ t self-same night we are left to inf] t ! elf di$ also4 ,f ,india comes a simil> recital4 ,:ile fell+ a tree ! y\?ful ,satyavant broke out into a pr(use sweat1 & ov]come ) sudd5 weakness1 fa9t$ & di$ ^u ! spot3 he _h mortally w\nd$ ! indwell+ _s4 ,su* /ories h no d\bt aris5 f ! dread inspir$ by wood-spirits among/ all p :o believe 9 !m4 ,9 %ort1 ! wild inhabitants ( ! woods h always reta9$ "s ( ! awe ) :i* _! =]unn]s1 ! demons1 7 reg>d$4 ,(t5 !y are cr$it$ ) q a wanton v9dictiv5ess4 ,a ,b5gal folk-tale tells ( a c]ta9 banian-tree haunt$ by spirits :o _h a habit ( wr++ ! necks ( all :o v5tur$ to approa* ! tree by night4#acg ,9 ano!r ,indian /ory a tree t grew beside a ,brahman's h\se 0 inhabit$ by a sank*9ni1 a female _s ( :ite complexion1 :o "o day seiz$ ! ,brahman's wife & ?ru/ h] into a hole 9 ! tree4#ach ,sometimes ! tree-_s w be wick$ & fooli% en\gh to ent] into a human be+1 & !n ! exorci/'s s]vices are call$ 94 ,! pres5ce ( ! _s is easily discov]$4 ,! exorci/ has only to set fire to a piece ( turm]ic root1 x be+ ( common k t no _s c endure ! smell ( burn+ turm]ic4 ,! ,%nrs ( ,india believe t disembodi$ spirits haunt ! e>?1 dwell+ 9 trees & tak+ especial delight 9 d>k =e/s & solit>y places4#aci ,:5 a ,burman />ts ^u a j\rney he hangs a bran* ( planta9s or a spray ( ! sacr$ ,eug5ia on ! pole ( 8 buffalo c>t1 to conciliate any _s ^u :om he may be un=tunate en\gh to intrude4 ,! hunt] foll[+ 8 lonely que/ 9 ! =e/ w deposit "s rice & a little bundle ( leaves at ! foot ( any m ?an usually maje/ic tree1 hop+ !reby to propitiate ! nat or _s dwell+ !re94#adj ,some?+ ( ! same fe> is felt by ! peasants = ! fairies1 elves1 pixies1 & all ! tribe ( little p famili> to ,european folk-lore4 ,^!1 too1 are all m or less associat$ ) trees1 be+ suppos$ to dwell ei!r among/ ! bran*es or 9 ! holl[ trunks4 ,g]man elves h a p>tiality = ! oak & eld]1 & ! holes 9 ! trunks are ! doorways by :i* !y pass 9 & out4 ,a simil> idea exi/s among/ ! ,h9dus4 ,?\gh1 z a rule1 ^! =e/-elves be> a good "*1 !y are n to be lightly (f5d$1 or m w be he>d ( x4 ,h5ce prud5t c\ntry-folk w nev] injure trees inhabit$ by fairies1 = :5 aggriev$ !y h ample means ( av5g+ !mselves by inflict+ "s malady or caus+ "s ill-luck4 ,ev5 9 ,engl&1 especially 9 ,devon & ,cornwall1 !re /ill exi/ p :o believe t oaks are inhabit$ by elves-- ,fairy elves1 ^: midnight revels ,by a =e/ side or f\nta9 ,"s belat$ peasant sees4 ,& x is n yet q an obsolete cu/om to turn ! coat = luck :5 pass+ ?r\gh elf-haunt$ groves4 ,x 0 on ,/4 ,john's eve t ! fairies held _! special revels1 & 9 old days _m a timor\s h& might be f\nd atta*+ to 8 doorway bran*es ( ,/4 ,john's wort1 ga!r$ at midnight on ,/4 ,john's eve1 to protect 8 dwell+ f an invasion ( elves4 ,simil>ly ! peasants liv+ ne> ,m\nt ,etna nev] sleep b5ea? trees on ,/4 ,john's eve1 le/ ! spirits :o !n issue freely f _! leafy dwell+-places %\ld ent] into ! sleep]4#ada ,b x is 9 ,c5tral & ,nor? ,europe1 9 ! ,tyrol & ! ,vosges1 9 ! ,g]man =e/s1 9 ,russia1 ,sc&9avia1 & ,f9l&1 t ! belief 9 wood-spirits is mo/ deeply root$ & p]si/5t4 ,mannh>dt1 :o has dilig5tly collect$ an enorm\s mass ( evid5ce on ! subject1 /ates t traditions conc]n+ ! wild p ( ! woods are curr5t 9 all ! m wood$ c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,he sees 9 ^! traditions an amalgamation ( ! idea ( tree-spirits ) t ( w9d-spirits1 & rejects ! hypo!sis t !y arose out ( remembrances ( savage half-be/ial aborig9es :o took to ! woods on ! advance ( m civilis$ races4#adb ,he ?us summ>ises ! "* ( ! wild p ( ,g]many1 ,russia1 & ,sc&9avia4 ,!y are (t5 ( gigantic proportions1 dwell 9 woods or m\nta9s1 & orig9ally 7 no d\bt closely connect$ ) ! spirits ( trees1 _! k ( 8simples0 & rem$ies = sick cattle connect+ !m ) ! spirits ( vegetation4 ,f head to foot !y are clo!d 9 moss1 or cov]$ ) r\gh %aggy hair1 _! long locks float+ beh9d !m 9 ! w9d4 ,occasionally !y assume an animal =m4 ,!y ann\nce _! pres5ce 9 ! w9d & tempe/4 ,! male spirits c>ry z weapons uproot$ p9es or o!r trees1 & 9 _! fights ) ea* o!r use tree trunks & pieces ( rock4 ,!y are almo/ inv>iably ( a wanton disposition4#adc ,( all ! v>i\s spirits ( ! woods1 ! moss-woman ( ,c5tral ,g]many appe>s to be ! mo/ def9ite example ( a tree-_s4 ,z ) ! ,greek dryad1 h] life is b\nd up ) t ( a tree4#add ,! moss-wom5 be> diff]5t names & some:at diff]5t *>act]s 9 diff]5t localities1 b ! foll[+ description by ! au?or ( ,! ,fairy ,family repres5ts ! common tradition3-- 8,a moss-woman10 ! haymak]s cry ,& ov] ! fields 9 t]ror !y fly1 ,%e is loosely clad f neck to foot ,9 a mantle ( moss f ! maple's root1 ,& l li*5 gray on its /em t gr[s ,is ! hair t ov] h] mantle fl[s4 ,h] sk9 l ! maple-r9d is h>d1 ,br[n & ridgy & furr[$ & sc>r$2 ,& ea* feature flat l ! b>k we see1 ,:5 a b\gh has be5 lopp$ f ! bole ( a tree1 ,:5 ! new] b>k has crept heal+ly r\nd ,& laps o'er ! edge ( ! op5 w\nd2 ,h] knotty1 root-l feet are b>e1 ,& h] height is an ell f heel to hair4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! moss-wom5 & _! relatives ! wood-maid5s are m fri5dly to man1 & w help him indu/ri\sly 9 ! h>ve/-field2 !y h ev5 be5 kn[n to ent] 8 s]vice & br+ prosp]ity to all 8 und]tak+s4 ,! wild wom5 ( ,tyrol1 kn[n locally z ,wild-fangg51 are mu* m t]rify+ individuals4 ,gigantic 9 /ature1 _! :ole body is cov]$ ) hair & bri/les1 & _! face di/ort$ ) a m\? t /ret*es f e> to e>4 ,!y live toge!r 9 ! woods1 ) :i* _! lives are b\nd up4 ,if _! special wood is de/roy$ !y disappe>2 if ! tree f :i* a fangga takes h] "n dies or is fell$1 %e passes out ( exi/5ce4#ade ,! peasants 9 ! ,swiss ,canton ( ! ,grisons1 :i* by ! way has a 8wild-man0 = its h]aldic device1 believe 9 wood-spirits ( great /r5g? & agility1 :o are skill$ 9 wea!r-lore & ! recov]y ( /ray$ cattle4#adf ,! female spirits1 "s ( :om h be5 kn[n to m>ry mortals1 are clo!d 9 sk9s2 b ! males1 :o are hairy1 cont5t !mselves ) a cr[n ( oak leaves4 ,!y are sometimes helpful to m51 b m (t5 mis*iev\s1 hav+ a prop5sity = /eal+ ! milk & c>ry+ (f ! *ildr5 ( ! peasants4 ,! :ite & gre5 ladies ( ,fran*e ,comt & ,neuf*atel belong to ! same family1 _! special proclivity be+ to entice m5 away1 to drag !m ?r\gh brake & bri]1 & leave !m /ripp$ ( _! possessions4#adg ,9 ,neuf*atel !re is a rock1 8,la ro*e de la ,dame ,v]te10 :i* "y m5 are especially w>n$ to avoid2 & 9 ! ,jura1 a wood :]e b5ea? an oak ! gre5 ladies are wont to light a fire1 & may be he>d s++ & danc+ ar\nd x4 ,! peasants :5 !y see ! wild fl[]s & ! "y corn wav+ 9 ! w9d1 :isp] to ea* o!r t ! gre5 lady is pass+ ov] !m ) h] companions4 ,! ,sw$i% conception ( ! tree-_s is v simil>4 ,he also delights to lead a/ray ^? :o intrude ^u 8 =e/ doma94 ,! well-kn[n t5d5cy ( man1 aft] los+ himself1 to w&] r\nd & r\nd until he rega9s 8 />t+-place1 is attribut$ to ! wood-_s4 ,he looks l a man :5 y meet him1 b t\* him & he %oots to ! height ( ! l(tie/ tree4 ,y cry out 9 t]ror1 & he laughs 8,ha1 ha60 ,hunt]s seek ! fri5d%ip ( ^! lords ( ! =e/1 = he :o /&s well ) !m nev] misses 8 aim4#adh ,! wood-demon ( ! ,russians1 ,ljes*i1 calls to m9d bo? classical & mod]n traditions4 ,he is ( human =m1 ) ! horns1 e>s1 & feet ( a goat1 8 f+]s are long claws1 & he is cov]$ ) r\gh hair1 (t5 ( a gre5 col\r4 ,he c assume _m =ms1 & v>y 8 /ature at w2 9 ! fields he is no high] ?an ! grass1 9 ! woods z tall z ! trees4 ,sometimes he is l a man1 clo!d 9 %eepsk9s1 & (t51 l ! cyclops1 ) only "o eye4 ,l o!r wood-demons1 he ann\nces 8 pres5ce 9 ! /orm & ! w9d4 ,he spr+s f tree to tree1 & rocks himself 9 ! bran*es1 scree*+ & laugh+1 neigh+1 l[+1 & b>k+4 ,he delights to mislead ! travell] & plunge him 9 difficulties4 ,h[ev] unfri5dly to man1 ,ljes*i is on good t]ms ) animals2 all ! birds & bea/s ( ! wood are "u 8 protection1 & ! migrations ( squirrels1 field-mice1 & su* small de] are c>ri$ out "u 8 guidance4 ,! peasants are at pa9s to propitiate him4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,olonitz ! %eph]ds (f] him a c[ e summ]1 to secure 8 fav\r = ! h]d2 else:]e ! hunt] gives him ! fir/ ?+ he %oots1 leav+ x = him 9 an oak-wood1 or places a piece ( bread or pancake /rew$ ) salt ^u a tree /ump4 ,!re are c]ta9 ways ( conjur+ 8 pres5ce & 8 aid by means ( bir*-twigs1 or by utt]+ a giv5 =mula :ile /&+ on a tree-/ump1 f :i* x w\ld appe> t he is ?\ght ( z dwell+ 9 ^! vegetable fragm5ts4#adi ,! ,russians also believe 9 female wood-spirits ( t]rify+ appe>ance1 b !y are ( less importance ?an ! male4 ,9 ! folk-lore ( ! ,f9ns ! spirits ( ! woods be> a m b5ign "*4 ,! *ief ( !m1 8,tapio10 is t]m$ 8! graci\s god ( ! woodl&s10 & is repres5t$ z v tall & sl5d]1 ) a long br[n be>d1 a coat ( tree moss1 & a high-cr[n$ hat ( fir leaves4 ,8 consort is ,mielikki1 8! honey ri* "m ( ! woodl&10 8! ho/ess ( gl5 & =e/40 ,! neighb\r+ ,e/honians h _! 8grass-"m0 :o1 besides presid+ ov] ! home-field1 is also que5 ( ! woods4 ,x is n p]haps s+ul> to f9d t ! traditions ) reg>d to wood-spirits curr5t among/ contigu\s peoples %\ld exhibit su* a /rong resemblance to ea* o!r1 b :5 almo/ exactly ! same conceptions are met ) 9 su* di/ant p>ts z ,japan & ,s\? ,am]ica1 we c only conclude t ! human m9d1 :]ev] x exi/s1 is simil>ly con/itut$1 &1 grant$ ! same ph5om5a1 falls back ^u ! same ideas to expla9 !m4 ,! ,t5gus ( ,japanese leg5d h _m ( ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! wood-_s4 ,!y dwell 9 ! topmo/ bran*es ( l(ty trees1 are skill$ 9 ! language & lore ( animals & plants1 & are a t]ror to untru?ful *ildr54 ,!y h ! body ( a man1 ! head ( a hawk1 ) a long proboscis1 & p[]ful claws on _! h&s2 on _! feet1 also provid$ ) claws1 are /ilt-l clogs a foot high4 ,!y are hat*$ f eggs1 & 9 _! y\? h fea!rs & w+s4#aej ,a travell] 9 ,p]u only sixty ye>s ago f\nd ! tradition ( a liv+ wood-gho/1 :o dwelt 9 ! d>ke/ "p ( ! =e/1 ! haunt ( night-birds1 & issu$ =? to decoy ! ,indians to _! de/ruction4#aea ,! idea ( a wild man ( ! woods also exi/s 9 ,brazil4 ,! ,indians call him ,curupira1 & attribute to 8 ag5cy all su* =e/ s\nds z !y _c und]/&4#aeb ,"s ( ! =ego+ traditions pres5t a glimpse ( ! transition t[>ds a lat] & m highly develop$ conception1 9 :i* ! _m spirits once believ$ 9 become g5]alis$ into a s+le 8_s ( vegetation40 ,x is n inde$ cont5d$ t ?is belief is necess>ily de/ructive ( ! e>li]4 ,inde$ x is possible t 9 ! loosely work+ m9d ( ! peasant ! two conceptions may exi/ side by side4 ,! _m int]e/+ c]emonies & obs]vances :i* arose out ( ?is g5]alis$ conception w be dealt ) 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,tree ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,human ,,life ,hav+ dealt ) ! ,tree 9 its connection on ! "o h& ) gods1 & on ! o!r ) spirits ( m equivocal attributes1 we h n[ to consid] a s]ies ( my?s & traditions :]e9 x 0 reg>d$ z ent]+ into a /ill m intimate relation%ip ) man4 ,sometimes x 0 repres5t$ z ! s\rce f :i* ! human race orig9ally sprang1 sometimes1 conv]sely1 z ! object into :i* ! s\l might retreat aft] dea?1 or into :i* an individual might be transmut$1 body & s\l1 by "s miracul\s ag5cy4 ,9 o!r cases ! life ( a p>ticul> tree 0 held to be b\nd up ) t ( an individual or a community1 & la/ly1 9 a /ill l>g] conception1 ! tree came to be v widely reg>d$ z ! embodim5t ( ! _s ( f]tility1 ! especial patron ( ! field & flock4 ,to ! mod]n m9d1 :i* claims to h deciph]$ ,nature's scatt]$ hi]oglyphs1 & f9ds a g5ealogical docum5t ev5 9 ! evanesc5t wr9kles on a baby's foot1 ! idea ( man tak+ orig9 f a tree w seem 9 ! highe/ degree fanta/ic1 b to ! primitive intellig5ce x probably pres5t$ no great] difficulty ?an ! extraction ( ! new baby f ! p>sley b$ does to ! mod]n *ild4 ,! e>ly inquir] may well h f\nd 9 x ! mo/ natural answ] to ! et]nal riddle1 8,:5ce came our fir/ p>5ts80 ! mo/ plausible solution to ! /range problem ( man's sep>ate exi/5ce ^u ! globe1 supply+ ! necess>y l9k betwe5 him & ! great "m-e>?1 :i* support$ & f$ him :ile alive1 & receiv$ him aga9 into h] bosom :5 dead4 ,speculation ap>t1 h[ev]1 ! solution w\ld appe> to h comm5d$ itself to _m diff]5t inquir]s1 = ! belief t ! human race took its fir/ orig9 f trees is met ) 9 ! my?ology ( ! mo/ widely sep>at$ races4 ,?us we read 9 ! ,eddas t :5 heav5 & e>? _h be5 made1 ,od9 & 8 bro!rs walk+ by ! sea-%ore came ^u two trees4 ,^! !y *ang$ into human be+s1 male & female4 ,! fir/ bro!r gave !m s\l & life2 ! second end[$ !m ) wit & w to move2 ! ?ird add$ face1 spee*1 sight1 & he>+4 ,!y clo!d !m also & *ose _! names1 ,ask = ! man's & ,embla = ! woman's4 ,& !n !y s5t !m =? to be ! p>5ts ( ! human race4#aec ,aga91 accord+ to ! ,iranian acc\nt ( ! creation ! fir/ human c\ple1 ,mas*ia & ,mas*ina1 issu$ f ! gr\nd 9 ! =m ( a rhub>b plant 7! ,rheum ribes71 :i* 0 at fir/ s+le1 b 9 process ( "t became divid$ into two4#aed ,ormuzd imp>t$ to ea* a human s\l1 & !y became ! p>5ts ( mank9d4 ,9 ! correspond+ leg5d curr5t among/ ! ,si\x ( ! ,upp] ,miss\ri#aee "o seems to cat* an e*o f ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,"h ! orig9al p>5ts1 l ! trees f :i* !y develop$1 at fir/ /ood firmly fix$ to ! e>?1 until a mon/] snake gnaw$ away ! roots & gave !m indep5d5t motion1 j z 9 ,p>adise ! s]p5t de/roy$ ! h>mony & mutual tru/ :i* unit$ ,adam & ,eve4 ,! classical nations possess$ a simil> tradition4 ,accord+ to ,hesy*ius x 0 believ$ by ! ,greeks t ! human race 0 ! fruit ( ! a%1 & ,hesiod relates t x 0 f ! trunks ( a%-trees t ,zeus creat$ ! ?ird or bronze race ( m54#aef ,! oak 0 p>ticul>is$ z ! fav\r$ tree 9 ano!r tradition4 8,:5ce art ?\80 inquires ,p5elope ( ! disguis$ ,ulysses1 8= ?\ are n sprung ( oak or rock1 z old tales tell40#aeg ,virgil1 too1 speaks ( ,nymphs1 & fauns1 & savage m51 :o took ,_! bir? f trunks ( trees & /ubborn oak4#aeh ,! ,dam>as ( ,s\? ,africa believe t ! univ]sal prog5itor 0 a tree1 out ( :i* came ,dam>as1 ,bu%m51 ox5 & zebras1 & ev]y?+ else t lives4#aei ,9 o!r leg5ds human be+s are repres5t$ z aris+ f ! tree z its fruit4 ,! fir/ book ( ! ,mahbhrata tells ( an enorm\s ,indian fig-tree f ^: bran*es hung little devotees 9 human =m2 & an ,italian travell] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 assur$ by ! natives ( ,malab> t !y knew ( trees1 :i* in/ead ( fruit bore pigmy m5 & wom54 ,s long z ! w9d blew !y rema9$ fre% & heal?y1 b :5 x dropp$ !y became )]$ & dry4#afj ,a some:at simil> tradition 0 famili> to ! ,arab geograph]s1 :o tell ( a talk+ tree gr[+ at ! ea/]nmo/ po9t ( ! habitable _w1 :i* bore "y wom5 on its bran*es 9 place ( fruit4#afa ,& ev5 to ! pres5t day folk-tales ( ,saxony & ,?ur+ia speak ( *ildr5 z 8gr[+ on ! tree40 ,9 ano!r class ( orig9-my?s individual bir?s are repres5t$ z tak+ place directly f a tree4 ,adonis came =? at ! /roke ( a sword f ! tree into :i* 8 "m1 ! guilty ,myrrha1 _h be5 trans=m$ 9 answ] to h] pray]s4#afb ,! ,phrygian ,attis1 accord+ to "o v]sion1 0 fa!r$ by an almond-tree2 :ile1 accord+ to ano!r1 8 body 0 conf9$ by ,cybele 9 a p9e-tree1 f :i* on ! return ( spr+ he 0 born aga94#afc ,! ,khatties ( ,c5tral ,india claim to be desc5d$ f a c]ta9 ,khat1 8begott5 ( wood10 :o1 at ! pray] ( ,k>na1 an illegitimate bro!r ( ! five sons ( ,pndu 7h]oes ( ! ,mahbhrata71 sprang f ! /aff he _h fa%ion$ f ! bran* ( a tree to assi/ him aga9/ 8 legitimate k9sm54#afd ,! above examples prove h[ widely ! conception prevail$ t human be+s or man-l spirits might owe _! fir/ orig9 to ! tree4 ,9 a lat] /age ^! crude my?s 7 rationalis$ 9 ?ree directions4 ,9 "o ! tree came to be1 n ! s\rce1 b ! sc5e ( a miracul\s bir?2 9 ano!r its suppos$ connection ) a human be+ 0 expla9$ by a metamorphosis leg5d2 &1 ?irdly1 ! tree came to be reg>d$ z ! symbol & m9i/] ( fecundity4 ,_m ( ! gods ( ,greece 7 born or br\ght up1 accord+ to tradition1 at ! foot ( "s tree1 :5ce ,btti*] argues t _! wor%ip 0 f\nd$ on a pre-exi/+ tree-cult4 ,rhea gave bir? to ,zeus b5ea? a popl> 9 ,crete1 & ! ru9s ( h] temple 9 an adjo9+ cypress grove 7 %[n ev5 up to ! ,augu/an age4#afe ,! p ( ,tanagra ass]t$ t ! "y ,h]mes 0 re>$ among/ !m "u a purslane-tree 7&ra*nos71 ! rema9s ( :i* 7 = long treasur$ 9 ! temple ( ! god z a sacr$ s\v5ir ( ! in/itution ( 8 wor%ip4#aff ,h]a 0 born & br\ght up "u a will[ 9 ,samos1 describ$ by ,pausanias1 :o saw x /ill 9 leaf1 z ! mo/ anci5t ( ! sacr$ trees kn[n to ! ,greeks4#afg ,leto gave bir? to ,apollo & ,artemis 9 ! isl& ( ,delos :ile clasp+ two trees1 by "s au?orities p>ticul>is$ z an olive & a palm1 by o!rs1 "u ! idea t ,apollo mu/ h be5 born at ! foot ( 8 own tree1 z two laurels4#afh ,romulus & ,remus 7 f\nd "u ! ,ficus rum9alis by ! ,tib]1 & 9 lat] days 7 wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,comitium b5ea? a sapl+ f t tree4 ,! same idea is met ) 9 ! my?ology ( o!r nations4 ,vi%nu 0 born b5ea? ! pill>$ %ade ( ! banian2 ,buddha 0 born & di$ "u a sl-tree4 ,! conv]se ( ^! orig9 my?s is repres5t$ 9 ! num]\s leg5ds ( metamorphosis & transmigration4 ,! well-kn[n /ory ( ,apollo & ,daphne seems to supply an in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* ! metamorphosis /ory arose to expla9 a m primitive connection1 ! mean+ ( :i* _h be5 lo/4 ,x is an e/abli%$ fact t ! laurel 0 held sacr$ 9 ,greece z connect$ ) e>?-oracles be=e ! wor%ip ( ,apollo 0 introduc$4 ,a sacr$ laurel grew by ! prophetic cleft at ,delphi 9 ! days :5 ! e>?-goddess1 ,gaia1 /ill presid$ ov] ! oracle1 & accord+ to tradition ! goddess' daught]1 ,daphne1 a m\nta9 nymph1 0 prie/ess "u h]4#afi ,! /ory :i* expla9s ! transf]5ce ( ! oracul> p[] f ,gaia to ,apollo tells h[ ,daphne1 flee+ be=e ! god1 entreats h] "m1 ,e>?1 to save h]2 ! gr\nd op5s to receive h]1 & 9 h] place a laurel appe>s4 ,apollo1 balk$ ( 8 love1 cries3 8,if ?\ may'/ n be my wife1 ?\ %alt = ev] be my tree10 & h5ce=w>d he makes ! laurel 8 sanctu>y1 & cr[ns 8 head & 8 lyre ) its leaves4 ,?us he /eps into h] "m's place1 & ! laws ( ,zeus--! old e>?-oracles "u a new "n--are proclaim$ ?r\gh him4 ,! /ory is "o ( ! _m folk-tales conc]n+ ! conv]sion ( mortals into trees :i* ,ovid has s gracefully elaborat$ 9 8 ,metamorphoses1 & :i* assume a new importance n[ t we c trace !m back into t old _w :5 tree & man1 & inde$ all liv+ ?+s1 7 held to be s ne> ak94 ,h[ f> !y ow$ _! orig9 to ! desire to f9d a new sanction = ! traditional tree-wor%ip by inve/+ x ) a human int]e/1 x is impossible to say4 ,x is suffici5t = u t !y demon/rate ! survival ( v anci5t modes ( ?\ght among/ races :o _h o!rwise rea*$ a high degree ( civilisation4 ,!y 7 among/ ! miracles ( classical antiquity1 & l o!r miracles1 if !y prove no?+ else1 !y at lea/ af=d invaluable evid5ce z to ! /ate ( m5tal culture among/ ^? :o f\nd !m cr$ible4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! metamorphosis leg5ds conc]ns ! fate ( ! ?ree daught]s ( ! ,sun & ,clym5e1 :o 7 s he>t-brok5 at ! tragic fate ( _! bro!r ,phaton t !y 7 *ang$ into popl>s by ! banks ( ! /ream into :i* he _h be5 hurl$1--! ,eridanus or ,po4 ,! te>s !y %$ 7 pres]v$ 9 ! =m ( amb]3-- ,z %e b5t ,to kneel1 ,pha?usa1 elde/ born1 h] feet ,felt /iff51 & ,lampeti1 at h] cry ,/>t+1 took sudd5 root1 & /rove 9 va9 ,= motion to h] aid4 ,! ?ird1 h] hair ,9 angui% te>+1 tore (f leaves6 ,& n[ ,_! legs gr[ fix$ z trunks1 _! arms z b\ghs ,ext5d1 & upw>d r\nd !m creeps a b>k ,t gradual folds ! =m entire1 save yet ,! head & m\?1 t to _! "m %rieks ,= help4 ,:at help is h]s to give8 ,n[ "h1 ,n[ !re %e ru%es1 frantic1 kiss+ ?is ,or t :ile yet %e c1 & /rives to r5d ,_! bodies f ! clasp+ b>k1 & te>s ,! fre% leaves f _! spr\t+ heads1 & sees1 ,agha/1 r$ drops z f "s w\nd di/il4 ,& 8,ah1 =be>60 ! suff]] %rieks2 8=be>1 ,o "m de>6 our bodies 9 ^! trees ,alone are r5t6 ,f>ewell60 ,& o'er ! words1 ,sc>ce-utt]$1 clos$ ! b>k1 & all 0 /ill4 ,b yet !y weep2 & 9 ! sun _! te>s ,to amb] h>d51 by ! cle> /ream caught ,& borne1 ! gaud & grace ( ,latian maids4#agj ,! /ory ( ,baucis & ,philemon--! wor?y peasants :o s hospitably ent]ta9$ ! gods1 ,zeus & ,h]mes1 disguis$ z travell]s1 t _! cottage 0 *ang$ into a temple & !y !mselves into its prie/ & prie/ess--is m famili>4 ,_! pray] t nei!r %\ld witness ! dea? ( ! o!r 0 fulfill$ by ! gods1 by means ( a device famili> en\gh to ! folk-lore ( ! "t3-- ,z "o morn ^u ! hall[$ /eps1 ,b[$ n[ ) ye>s1 !y /ood1 & to a knot ,( wond]+ he>]s told ! ,temple's tale1 ,surpris$ ea* saw ! o!r's figure *ange ,& spr\t ) sudd5 v]dure3 &1 z r\nd ,_! =ms ! rapid foliage spread1 :ile yet ,!y c\ld1 "o mutual fond 8,f>ewell0 !y took1 ,"o kiss1 & o'er _! faces clos$ ! b>k1 ,& bo? 9 trees 7 hidd56 ,/ill ! b\ghs ,t int]lac+ l9k ! neighb\r trunks ,tyana's peasant loves to %[3--! tale ,h] grave/ eld]s--m5 n l to lie1 ,z :]e=e %\ld !y lie8--) s]i\s fai? ,atte/$ to ^! e>s4 ,! hon\r$ b\ghs ,myself h se5 ) g>l&s deck$1 myself ,"o g>l& add$ m4#aga ,9 _m cases metamorphosis leg5ds 7 atta*$ to p>ticul> k9ds ( trees1 !reby no d\bt re9=c+ ! rev]5ce & affection ) :i* !y 7 reg>d$4 ,! ,greek "n = ! almond tree1 8,phylla10 recall$ ! fate ( ,phyllis1 ! beautiful ,?racian1 :o hang$ h]self 9 despair :5 %e ?\ght ,demophoon _h des]t$ h]1 & 0 *ang$ by ! gods into "o ( ^! trees4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ! truant lov] return$1 he>d ! sorr[ful tid+s1 visit$ ! tree1 & embrac$ x ) te>s4 ,!n sudd5ly its bran*es1 :i* till !n _h rema9$ b>e1 bur/ =? into blossom & v]dure1 z if to %[ h[ joyfully consci\s !y 7 ( ! belov$'s return4 ,melus1 prie/ ( ,aphrodite1 fill$ ) grief at ! dea? ( 8 fo/]-son ,adonis1 hang$ himself1 & 0 *ang$ by ! goddess he s]v$ into an apple-tree1 f :i* "t =w>d ! apple came to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ acceptable gift t a lov] c\ld (f] at h] %r9e4 ,lotis1 a beautiful nymph1 pursu$ by ,priapus1 ?rew h]self on ! m]cy ( ! gods1 & by !m 0 *ang$ into ! lotus-tree4 ,! p9e-tree1 into :i* ,cybele1 9 a mom5t ( ang]1 _h *ang$ h] lov] & devotee1 ,attis1 ow$ its p]5nial v]dure to ! compassion ( ,zeus = h] remorse4 ,! pomegranate 0 connect$ 9 tradition ) a c]ta9 maid :om ,dionysus lov$1 & ! cr[n-l =m ( its blossom 0 acc\nt$ = by ! /ory t ! god1 be=e he *ang$ h] into a tree1 _h promis$ h] t %e %\ld "o day we> a cr[n4 ,! frank9c5se-tree ow$ its virtue to ! nect> & ambrosia scatt]$ by ,apollo on ! tomb ( ,leuco!a1 :o _h secur$ 8 love1 & 9 consequ5ce _h be5 buri$ alive at ! in/ance ( h] rival1 ,clytia4 ,! tree grew f h] grave1 & ,clytia1 p9+ away 9 turn f grief1 0 *ang$ into a plant ^: blossoms 7 de/9$ h5ce=?1 l our sunfl[]1 p]petually to confront ! sun1 h] fai?less lov]4 ,! vic>i\s immortality :i* ! jeal\s b fai?ful ,clytia ?us secur$ 0 %>$ by o!r fabl$ p]sonages1 _m ( :om1 accord+ to t poetical s5tim5t :i* is begott5 ( all t is g5tle & beautiful 9 nature1 7 *ang$ into fl[]s4 ,! idea is inde$ a graceful "o4 ,= a beautiful y\? or maid51 dy+ "y & unhappy1 no bett] recomp5se ?an su* a fl[]-*ange c\ld be imag9$ by a p1 full inde$ ( ! in/9ctive crav+ = immortality1 b vague 9 _! assurance ( a life beyond ! grave4 ,! nymphs :o1 he>+ ( ! sad dea? ( ! beautiful ,n>cissus1 hurri$ to p]=m 8 obsequies1 f\nd t he _h be5 *ang$ into a fl[]1 ! cup ( :i* 0 fill$ ) ! te>s t he _h %$4 8,bid daffodillies fill _! cups ) te>s10 s+s ,milton1 us+ ! old ,engli% "n = ! n>cissus4 ,rhodan!1 ! univ]sal praise ( ^: beauty _h ar\s$ ! jeal\s ang] ( ,artemis1 0 *ang$ by ,apollo into ! rose4 ,! pipe ( ,pan 0 fa%ion$ f ! re$s into :i* ! nymph1 ,syr9x1 _h be5 trans=m$ by h] si/] nymphs 9 _! det]m9ation to rescue h] f ! god's unwelcome ov]tures4 ,!re are _m in/ances 9 classical my?ology :]e9 fl[]s 7 believ$ to h aris5 f ! blood1 i4e4 ! v life1 ( dy+ p]sons4 ,! violet sprang f ! blood ( ,attis :5 ,cybele *ang$ him into a p9e-tree4 ,f ! blood ( ,hyac9?us1 kill$ 9 ang] by ,zephyrus1 ,apollo caus$ ! hyac9? to gr[4 ,acis1 cru%$ to dea? by ,polyphemus1 0 *ang$ into a /ream1 b f 8 blood !re sprang ! fl[]+ ru%4 ,accord+ to ! ,egyptians ! v9e arose f ! blood ( ! ,titans4 ,9 o!r cases te>-drops 71 s to speak1 ! se$ ( ! miracle4 ,! anemone grew f ! te>s t ,aphrodite %$ at ! dea? ( ,adonis3-- 8,woe1 woe = ,cy!rea1 he ha? p]i%$1 ! lovely ,adonis4 ,a te> ! ,paphian %$s = ea* blood-drop ( ,adonis1 ,& te>s & blood on ! e>? are turn$ to fl[]s4 ,! blood br+s =? ! rose2 ! te>s1 ! w9d-fl[]2 ,woe1 woe = ,cy!rea1 he ha? p]i%$1 ! lovely ,adonis60#agb ,%akespe>e1 x w be rememb]$1 gives to ! anemone ! magical p[] ( produc+ love4#agc ,! leg5d>y lore ( ! ,ea/ conta9s traditions simil> to ^? above m5tion$1 ( :i* x w be suffici5t to cite ! foll[+3--,! ,burmese believe t ! ,canna ,indica or ,indian %ot sprang f ! sacr$ blood ( ! ,buddha4 ,8 evil-m9d$ bro!r-9-law1 inc5s$ at n be+ all[$ to hold a sep>ate assembly ( 8 own1 roll$ d[n a rock ^u ! tea*] f a l(ty hill4 ,a fragm5t bruis$ ! ,buddha's toe1 & drew f x a few drops ( blood1 f :i* ! sacr$ plant arose4#agd ,9 ano!r class ( leg5ds1 m *>act]i/ic ( m$iaeval ?an ( classical my?ology1 ! s\l ( ! dead p]son 0 believ$ to pass into a tree4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 cases r ( metempsy*osis ?an ( metamorphosis4 ,a leg5d curr5t 9 ,cornwall tells h[1 aft] ! loss ( h] lov]1 ,iseult di$ brok5-he>t$1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! same *ur* ) ,tri/ram1 b by ! k+'s decree at "s di/ance f him4 ,soon ivy sprang f ei!r grave1 & ea* bran* grew & grew until x met its fell[ at ! cr[n ( ! vault$ ro(1 & !re clasp$ x & clung to x z only ivy c4#age ,9 ano!r v]sion ! plants t sprang f ! graves ( ! lov]s 7 a rose & a v9e4 ,! same idea is met ) 9 ! famili> ballad ( ,fair ,m>g>et & ,sweet ,william4 ,m>g>et 0 buri$ 9 ! l[] *ancl1 ,& ,william 9 ! high]2 ,out ( h] brea/ !re sprang a rose1 ,& out ( 8 a bri]4 ,!y grew till !y grew into ! *ur* top1 ,& !n !y c\ld gr[ no high]2 ,& !re !y ty$ 9 a true lov]'s knot1 ,:i* made all ! p admire4#agf ,a /ory is told 9 ,japan ( a fai?ful c\ple :o1 aft] enjoy+ long ye>s ( happ9ess1 di$ at la/ at ! same mom5t2 _! spirits )drew into a tall p9e-tree ( great age1 :i* a god _h once plant$ z he pass$ t way4 ,on moonlight nights ! lov]s may be se5 rak+ toge!r ! p9e-ne$les "u ! tree1 :i* to ?is day is kn[n z ! ,p9e ( ! ,lov]s4#agg ,a c]ta9 ,*9ese k+ _h a secret>y1 ,hanpang1 = ^: "y & beautiful wife he conceiv$ a viol5t passion4 ,fail+ 9 8 designs ^u h]1 ! k+ ?rew ,hanpang into prison1 :]e he %ortly di$ ( grief4 ,8 wife1 to escape ! royal suit1 ?rew h]self f a l(ty t]race1 hav+ entreat$ z a la/ fav\r t %e might be buri$ beside h] husb&4 ,! k+ 9 8 ang] ord]$ o!rwise4 ,b t same night a c$> sprang f ea* grave1 & 9 t5 days !y _h become s tall & vigor\s 9 _! gr[? t !y 7 able to int]lace bo? bran* & root1 & ! p call$ !m ! ,trees ( ,fai?ful ,love4#agh ,9 ,g]many ! foll[+ /ory is told to expla9 :y a c]ta9 blue fl[]1 ! endive1 :i* gr[s by ! roadside1 is call$ ! 8,wegew>te0 or way-wat*]4 ,a maid51 eag]ly anticipat+ ! return ( h] lov] f a long voyage1 visit$ e morn+ & ev5+ ! spot :]e !y _h p>t$1 & anxi\sly pac$ ! road1 await+ 8 com+4 ,at la/1 worn out by h] long vigil1 %e sank d[n by ! wayside & expir$4 ,on ! spot :]e %e brea!d h] la/ ! fl[] appe>$4#agi ,!re is a ,japanese /ory 9 :i* a "m is repres5t$ z he>+ h] dead son's voice 9 ! sigh+ ( a sacr$ will[ :i* grew above 8 grave4#ahj ,grimm quotes o!r examples4#aha ,9 ! song ( ,roncesvalles1 a black?orn gr[s above ! dead ,s>ac5s1 a :ite fl[] above ! dead ,*ri/ians4 ,9 o!r leg5ds :ite lilies gr[ f ! graves ( p]sons unju/ly execut$4 ,f a maid5's grave grew ?ree lilies :i* none b h] lov] might pluck4 ,9 all ^! leg5ds we h a survival ( v primitive ideas ab\t ! s\l1 ideas out ( :i* subsequ5tly arose ! =mal doctr9e ( transmigration4 ,! immortality ( ! s\l 0 accept$1 b !re 0 always an incl9ation to qu>t] x 9 "s new liv+ ?+4 ,! in/ances above giv51 9 :i* x 0 ?\ght to pass into "s plant1 especially conc]n u1 z illu/rat+ ! primitive belief t trees & %rubs might conta9 a _s 9 human =m4 ,a fur!r d]ivative ( ! assum$ k9%ip betwe5 human & vegetable life is ! conception ( ! tree z sympa!tically int]wov5 ) ! life & =tunes ( an individual1 a family1 or a community4 8,9 folktales ! life ( a p]son is sometimes s b\nd up ) ! life ( a plant t ! )]+ ( ! plant w imm$iately foll[ or be foll[$ by ! dea? ( ! p]son4 ,among ! ,m#8,b5gas 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 ab\t ! ,gaboon1 :5 two *ildr5 are born on ! same day ! p plant two trees ( ! same k9d & dance r\nd !m4 ,! life ( ea* ( ! *ildr5 is believ$ to be b\nd up ) ! life ( "o ( ! trees1 & if ! tree dies or is ?r[n d[n !y are sure t ! *ild w soon die4 ,9 ! ,cam]oons1 also1 ! life ( a p]son is believ$ to be sympa!tically b\nd up ) t ( ! tree4 ,"s ( ! ,papuans unite ! life ( a new-born *ild sympa!tically ) t ( a tree1 by driv+ a pebble into ! b>k ( ! tree4 ,?is is suppos$ to give !m complete ma/]y ov] ! *ild's life2 if ! tree is cut d[n ! *ild w die40#ahb ,accord+ to ! ,talmud1 ! de/ruction ( ,bi?>1 9 :i* f\r hundr$ ?\s& ,israelites lo/ _! lives1 orig9at$ 9 ! res5tm5t ( "o ( its inhabitants at ! wanton de/ruction ( a "y c$>-tree1 :i*1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! place1 he _h plant$ at ! bir? ( 8 *ild4#ahc ,x 0 usual among/ ! ,romans to plant a tree at ! bir? ( a son1 & f its vig\r to =eca/ ! prosp]ity ( ! *ild4 ,x is relat$ 9 ! life ( ,virgil1 t ! popl> plant$ at 8 bir? fl\ri%$ exce$+ly1 & f> out/ripp$ all its contempor>ies4 ,a simil> sup]/ition has p]si/$ ev5 into times t are almo/ contempor>y4 ,"l ,byron1 = all 8 scepticism1 _h ! idea t 8 life & prosp]ity dep5d$ on ! fate ( an oak :i* he _h plant$ :5 he fir/ visit$ ,new/ead4#ahd ,! my/ical relation%ip ( man & tree is fur!r illu/rat$ 9 an old ,g]man belief quot$ by ,mannh>dt1 t a sick *ild plac$ 9 a hole made 9 a tree by saw+ (f a bran*1 or by splitt+ x op5 ) a w$ge1 w recov] z soon z ! tree-w\nd heals4 ,%\ld ! *ild die & ! tree survive1 ! human s\l w inhabit ! tree = ! re/ ( its life4#ahe ,! family tree & ! community tree 7 m]ely ext5sions ( ?is conception4 ,! h]oic desc5dants ( ,pelops reg>d$ ! plane-tree z especially sacr$ to !m & b\nd up ) _! =tunes1 & 9 lat] times we f9d families tak+ _! names f trees4 ,mannh>dt quotes 9 ?is connection ! ,g]man surnames ,l9de1 ,holund]1 ,kirs*baum1 ,birnbaum1 etc4#ahf ,b m important ?an ! family tree is ! community tree4 ,9 _m an old ,g]man village !re /ood a tree1 (t5 a ,may-tree1 :i* ! villag]s gu>d$ z ! apple ( _! eye4 ,x 0 look$ ^u z ! life-tree1 ! tutel>y g5ius1 ! second 8,i0 ( ! :ole community4 ,devotions 7 paid to x & gifts (f]$ z to a deity4#ahg ,! anci5t fig-tree 9 ! ,comitium at ,rome1 already allud$ to z a suppos$ desc5dant ( ! v tree "u :i* ,romulus & ,remus 7 f\nd1 is ano!r case 9 po9t4#ahh ,x 0 held to be closely connect$ ) ! =tunes ( ! city1 & ,tacitus describes ! t]ror ( ! ,romans :51 9 ! reign ( ,n]o1 x sudd5ly began to flag & )]1 & _! relief :51 ^u ! ,emp]or's dea?1 x 0 f\nd to h r5ew$ its vig\r4#ahi ,pl9y tells ( two myrtle-trees1 call$ ! ,patrician & ,plebeian1 :i* grew be=e ! temple ( ,quir9us at ,rome4 ,z sacr$ to ,v5us1 & h5ce symbolical ( union1 ^! trees 7 held to repres5t ! amity :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! two ord]s4 ,at fir/ !y _h gr[n ) equal vig\r1 b :5 ! patricians began to encroa* ^u ! p[] ( ! plebs _! tree outgrew ! o!r1 :i* langui%$ b5ea? its baleful %ad[4 ,aft] ! ,m>sian w>1 h[ev]1 f :i* date ! p[] ( ! ,s5ate began to decl9e1 x 0 notic$ t ! patrician tree %[$ signs ( age1 :ile ! plebeian spr\t$ =? ) new vig\r4#aij ,curi\sly en\gh1 !re is1 or 0 s rec5tly z #ahhe1 an old tree 9 ,j]usalem1 opposite ,cook's (fice1 belong+ to an old family & protect$ by ! ,sultan's firman1 :i* ! ,arabs consid] w fall :5 ! ,sultan's rule ends4 8,x lo/ a l>ge limb dur+ ! ,turco-,russian w>1 & is n[ 7#ahhe7 9 a decay$ /ate40#aia ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,imp]ial co9 ( ,myra 9 ,lycia1 %[+ tree-goddess47,goblet d',alviella47 ,f conceptions su* z ^! ! transition is easy to t wid] view :i* reg>d$ ! tree z ! mat]ial repres5tative ( ! my/]i\s fem99e reproductive p[]1 ! good g5ius ( g5]al prosp]ity4 ,we "k t ! ,semitic nations wor%ipp$ "u v>i\s names a great "m-goddess1 ! prog5itrix ( gods & m51 & !re is evid5ce to %[ t ! tree 0 widely v5]at$ z h] div9e symbol4 ,9 ! co9s ( ,heliopolis 7,baalbek71 :]e ?is great deity 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,a/>te1 ! figure ( ! goddess "u ! p]i/yle ( h] temple is sometimes replac$ by a pyramidal cypress4 ,9 a co9 ( ,myra1 9 ,lycia1 ! bu/ ( a goddess is repres5t$ 9 ! foliage ( a tree4#aib ,! goddess1 :o is ( ! veil$ ar*aic type & we>s on h] head ! cala?us1 ! symbol ( f]tility1 is id5tifi$ by ,mr4 ,f>nell ) ,artemis-,aphrodite1 8:o is "h cle>ly conceiv$ z a div9ity ( vegetation40#aic ,! ,canaanites1 & "u _! influ5ce ! ,israelites1 wor%ipp$ ,a%t>o?1 ! fruitful goddess1 "u ! symbol ( an a%ra1 a tree or pole1 deck$ ) fillets1 l ! ,may-tree4 ,an anci5t ,babylonian cyl9d] repres5ts a decorat$ tree ) a wor%ipp] beside x1 :o 9 ! inscription invokes ! goddess z h] s]vant4#aid ,on o!r cyl9d]s ! tree-symbol sometimes accompanies & sometimes replaces ! figure ( ,i/>1 ! great procreative goddess m or less relat$ to ! goddess ( ! a%rim4#aie ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,sacr$ tree & wor%ipp]47,goblet d',alviella47 ,! conception ( ! tree z ! symbol ( f]tility seems to be /ill m cle>ly emphasis$ 9 ! ,assyrian cyl9d]s & bas-reliefs1 :]e x is conv5tionally repres5t$ z a date-palm betwe5 two p]sonages1 :o approa* x f ei!r side be>+ 9 _! h&s a cone simil> to ! infloresc5ce ( ! male date-palm4 ,mr4 ,tylor sugge/s t ^! p]sonages1 v>i\sly repres5t$ z k+s or prie/s1 g5ii ) w+s & heads ( eagles1 or my?ical animals1 may repres5t ! f]tilis+ w9ds or div9ities1 ^: procreative influ5ce 0 typifi$ by ! artificial fecundation ( ! palm1 a proc$ure :i* is necess>y = its successful culture1 & :i* we "k f ,h]odotus to h be5 famili> to ! ,babylonians4#aif ,! design is usually surm\nt$ by ! w+$ disc repres5t+ ! sun1 & ! :ole is n improbably meant to symbolise ! my/]y ( procreation1 9 :i* ! male elem5t en%r9$ 9 ! sun1 & ! female elem5t inhabit+ ! tree are appropriately repres5t$4 ,! same collocation is met ) on an alt> f ! ,palmyr5e n[ 9 ,rome1 on "o ( ! faces ( :i* is ! image ( a sol> god1 & on ! o!r ! figure ( a cypress ) a *ild c>ry+ a ram amid/ its foliage4#aig ,9 ?is connection x may be rememb]$ t ,apuleius1 wi%+ to pa9t ! son ( ,v5us 9 8 "m's lap1 is relat$ to h depict$ him 9 ! mid/ ( a cypress-tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,! sacr$ tree z symbol ( f]tility47,f an ,assyrian bas-relief4 ,p]rot et ,*ipiez47 ,! above facts are important = _! be>+ on ! conception ( a tree-inhabit+ _s ( vegetation or g5]alis$ tree-s\l1 :i*1 z ,mannh>dt & ,fraz] h %[n1 lies at ! root ( _m o!rwise inexplicable obs]vances f\nd among/ ! peasantry 9 diff]5t c\ntries & at diff]5t p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,^! cu/oms w be dealt ) m fully 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,9 all ( !m we f9d a tree1 or ! bran* ( a tree1 or a human be+ or puppet dress$ to repres5t a tree1 figur+ z ! symbol or repres5tative ( a _s :o is reg>d$ z m or less fri5dly to man1 & end[$ ) ! p[] ( assi/+ 8 mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,9 m primitive times ?an ! pres5t ?is prosp]ity resolv$ itself into a "q ( fecundity1 & ! p[] :i* c\ld make ! fields to be>1 ! flocks to multiply1 & wom5 to give increase1 naturally held ! =emo/ place 9 ! affections ( ! p4 ,! ri* & ! cultur$ f\nd o!r attributes to wor%ip & o!r gods to p]sonify !m1 b ! peasant clung to ! obs]vances by :i* ! _s ( f]tility 0 propitiat$4 ,h5ce ! tree1 long aft] x _h ceas$ to be wor%ipp$ z ! home ( ! great gods1 or to be reg>d$ z ! p>5t ( mank9d1 /ill held a firm place 9 ! devotions ( ! p z ! embodim5t ( ! all-p[]ful patron ( univ]sal f]tility4 ,( ! innum]able obs]vances f\nd$ on ?is idea ! foll[+ may be tak5 z a sample4 ,! sacr$ *ili or c$> ( ,gilgit1 on ! nor?-we/]n fronti] ( ,india1 0 held to h ! p[] ( caus+ ! h]ds to multiply & wom5 to be> *ildr54 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( :eat-s[+ ?ree *os5 unm>ri$ y\?s1 :o _h und]gone purification = ?ree days1 />t$ = ! m\nta9s :]e ! c$>s grew1 tak+ ) !m w9e1 oil1 & bread1 & fruit ( e k9d4 ,hav+ f\nd a suitable tree !y spr9kl$ ! oil & w9e on x1 :ile !y ate ! bread & fruit z a sacrificial fea/4 ,!n !y cut (f a bran* & br\ght x to ! village1 :]e amid g5]al rejoic+ x 0 plac$ on a l>ge /one beside runn+ wat]4 ,a goat 0 !n sacrific$ & its blood p\r$ ov] ! c$> bran*1 :ile ! villag]s danc$ ar\nd x4 ,! goat's fle% 0 eat51 & e man w5t to 8 h\se be>+ a spray ( c$>4 ,on 8 arrival he said to 8 wife1 8,if y want *ildr5 ,i h br\ght !m to y2 if y want cattle ,i h br\ght !m2 :atev] y want1 ,i h x40#aih ,! same idea is no d\bt to be trac$ 9 ! =m ( survival1 9 ! cu/om ( giv+ a bran* ( laurel to a bride :i* is f\nd1 accord+ to ,mannh>dt1 at ,c>nac 9 ,brittany2#aii 9 ! introduction ( a decorat$ p9e-b\gh into ! h\se ( ! bride1 met ) 9 ,little ,russia1 z well z 9 ! c]emony ( 8c>ry+ ! ,may10 adorn$ ) lights1 be=e ! bride & bridegroom 9 ,hanov]ian w$d+s4#bjj ,! day ( ^! obs]vances is pa/1 b und]ly+ !m !re 0 a vital & /ill valid tru?4 ,to u z to ! anci5ts ! tree is /ill ! patron ( f]tility1 z ^? h discov]$ to _! co/ :o h b>$ a c\ntry ( its =e/s4 ,to u z to !m x is /ill ! ?+ ( all ?+s liv+ t is end[$ ) ! mo/ endur+ life1 ! mo/ p]si/5t vig\r4 ,g5]ations come & g1 b ! tree lives on & e spr+ puts =? new leaves1 & e autumn be>s new se$1 & ev5 to its la/ decrepitude ! leaves are z gre5 & ! se$s z full ( life z 9 ! prime ( its y\?4 ,:at *anges has n ! olde/ tree 9 ,engl& witness$6 ,9 ! s\!rn c\nties !re is an anci5t way1 once ?rong$ by travell]s1 b n[ des]t$ & brok5 9 its cont9uity2 yet to ?is day1 ev5 :]e p>ks & pa/ures h ov]la9 x1 its c\rse may /ill be trac$ by ! yew-trees plant$ at its side by pilgrims j\rney+ to ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury1 9 ! days :5 _! bro!rs 7 fight+ = ! ,:ite ,rose or ! ,r$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,tree ,,z ,,oracle ,among/ ! innum]able s\rces f :i* ! nations ( antiquity pr(ess$ to d]ive k ( futurity & practical guidance 9 ! affairs ( life ! tree held a v prom95t place4 ,tree-oracles =m$1 inde$1 ! natural coroll>y ( tree-wor%ip1 & _! numb] & popul>ity provide additional te/imony to ! g5u95ess & ext5t ( ! anci5t belief t c]ta9 trees 7 t5ant$ by a sup]natural ess5ce4 ,= x 0 z 8animat$ demoniac be+s10 to use ,rob]tson ,smi?'s phrase1 t trees possess$ oracul> virtue4 ,x 0 ! god dwell+ 9 !m :o produc$ ! my/]i\s ru/l+s & movem5ts ( ! bran*es1 f :i* ! responses 7 int]pret$ by ! att5dant prie/s4 ,b accord+ to ! anci5t view ! tree d]iv$ a fur!r title to its oracul> pre/ige f its connection by means ( its roots ) ! "u-_w1 ! my/]i\s abode ( dep>t$ spirits1 9 :om wisdom & k ( ! future 7 suppos$ to be ve/$4 ,?us ! special prophetic p[] attribut$ to ! v>iety ( oak 7probably ! ,qu]cus esculus7 :i* grew at ,dodona 0 ascrib$ by lat] writ]s to ! fact t its roots pi]c$ ! e>? m deeply ?an ^? ( o!r trees1 rea*+ d[n ev5 to ,t>t>us 7tantum radice 9 ,t>t>a74#bja ,x 0 f ?is "u-_w t ,saul summon$ ,samuel1 & x 0 9 ! hope ( obta9+ help f ! _s ( "s dead h]o by means ( a dream1 t m5 7 wont to pass ! night at 8 tomb or 8 temple4 ,! mod]n ,arabs :o /ill wor%ip c]ta9 sacr$ trees1 z ! place :]e angels or j9ni desc5d1 believe t a sick man :o sleeps "u su* a tree w receive c\nsel 9 a dream = ! re/oration ( 8 heal?4#bjb ,( organis$ oracles ! e>lie/ 0 no d\bt ! e>? oracle1 & ! "p play$ 9 ! c]emonial by natural fissures1 spr+s1 & trees probably grew out ( _! close connection ) ! e>?4 ,! mo/ fam\s oracle ( antiquity1 t ( ,delphi1 0 situat$ at ! op5+ ( a natural cleft 9 ! rock1 believ$ to be at ! v c5tre ( ! e>?1 & 0 orig9ally presid$ ov] by ! great e>?-"m1 ,gaia1 ! subord9ate "p play$ by ! laurel :i* once grew ne> ! cleft be+ express$ by ! leg5d t ,daphne 0 ! daught] & prie/ess ( ,gaia4#bjc ,! proc$ure at ano!r fam\s oracle1 t ( ,trophonius at ,lebadea1 ne> ,m\nt ,helicon 9 ,boeotia1 0 di/9ctly modell$ on ! idea ( a desc5t into ! "u-_w1#bjd ! suppliant obta9+ 8 answ] 9 a cave1 :]e 8 exp]i5ces 7 s t]rible t he nev] smil$ aga92 :5ce x came to be said ( any p>ticul>ly lugubri\s individual t he _h consult$ ! oracle ( ,trophonius4 ,a /ill m /rik+ illu/ration ( ! antiquity ( ?is conception is f\nd 9 ! acc\nt ( ! initiation ( an augur giv5 on a ,babylonian tablet 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! c&idate is !re made to desc5d into an artificial imitation ( ! l[] _w1 :]e he beholds 8! alt>s amid/ ! wat]s1 ! treasures ( ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,ea1 ! tablets ( ! gods1 ! deliv]+ ( ! oracle ( heav5 & e>?1 & ! c$>-tree1 ! belov$ ( ! great gods40#bje ,"h ! e>?-oracle & ! tree-oracle are se5 9 v e>ly conjunction2 b ! belief 9 ! div9e p[] inh]5t 9 ! tree c be trac$ /ill f>!r back1 = 9 a bil+ual text ( mu* e>li] date we read ( 8! c$>-tree1 ! tree t %att]s ! p[] ( ! incubus1 ^u ^: core is record$ ! "n ( ,ea10 i4e4 ! god ( wisdom4#bjf ,! idea ( ! tree-oracle 0 famili> to o!r bran*es ( ! ,semitic race1 & is express$ 9 _! common tradition ( a tree ( k4 ,sev]al allusions to oracul> trees are met ) 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,t ,jehovah %\ld speak to ,moses out ( ! burn+-bu%1 if n to be reg>d$ z a case 9 po9t1 0 at any rate q 9 con=mity ) surr\nd+ tradition1 = !re is no d\bt t ! belief 9 trees z places ( div9e revelation 0 v preval5t 9 ,canaan4 ,! fam\s holy tree ne> ,%e*em1 call$ ! tree ( ! soo?say]s 9 ,judges ix4 #cg1 & ! tree or trees ( ! reveal] 9 ,g5esis xii4 #f & ,deut]onomy xi4 #cj1 mu/ h be5 ! seat ( a ,canaanite tree-oracle4#bjg ,! prophetess ,deborah gave h] responses "u a palm ne> ,be!l1 :i*1 accord+ to sacr$ tradition1 m>k$ ! grave ( ! nurse ( ,ra*el4 ,& ,david1 :5 he inquir$ ( ! ,"l z to ! "r mom5t = attack+ ! ,phili/9es1 receiv$ ! signal 9 8! s\nd ( a go+ 9 ! tops ( ! mulb]ry-trees40#bjh ,! a%ra or artificial tree 9 :i* ! deity 0 suppos$ to dwell also appe>s to h be5 us$ by ! ,canaanites = ! purposes ( div9ation1 a practice probably allud$ to 9 ! rebuke ( ! prophet1 8,my p ask c\nsel at _! /ock1 & _! /aff decl>e? unto !m40#bji ,b by f> ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( a tree-oracle1 & p]haps "o may ev5 say ! mo/ signal ve/ige ( ! primitive tree-wor%ip1 0 ! oracle ( ! ,pelasgic ,zeus at ,dodona 9 ,epirus4 ,"h 9 a grove ( oaks !re 0 a v anci5t tree1 believ$ to be ! actual seat ( ! deity1 ^: responses 7 int]pret$ f ! ru/l+ ( its bran*es1 f ! murmur ( ! sacr$ spr+ :i* well$ =? at its foot1 or f ! draw+ ( ! oracle lots kept 9 an urn b5ea? x4 ,! orig9 ( ! oracle is lo/ 9 prehi/oric gloom2 probably x exi/$ e>li] ?an ! wor%ip ( ,zeus himself4 ,hom] makes ,ulysses visit x1#baj & ,hesiod /ates t ,zeus dwelt !re 9 ! trunk ( a tree4#baa ,h]odotus affirms1 on ! te/imony bo? ( ! prie/esses ( ,dodona & ( ! ,egyptian prie/s at ,!bes1 t ! oracle 0 introduc$ f ,egypt1 & adds t ! mann] 9 :i* oracles 7 deliv]$ at ,!bes & at ,dodona 0 v simil>4 ,! prie/s at ,!bes told him t two wom5 employ$ 9 _! temple _h be5 captur$ by ,pho5icians1 & sold ! "o into ,libya1 ! o!r to ! ,greeks2 ! =m] e/abli%$ ! oracle ( ,zeus ,ammon 9 ! ,libyan des]t1 ! latt] t ( ,dodona4 ,9 ! acc\nt giv5 him by ! ,dodonaean prie/esses1 x 0 ass]t$ t ! oracles 7 f\nd$ by two black pigeons f ,!bes4#bab ,we "k f o!r s\rces t ! oracle ( ,zeus-,ammon 0 ve/$ 9 an anci5t tree 774#bac ,b :atev] may h be5 its orig9 !re is no d\bt t ! oracle ( ,dodona _h a long & active c>e]1 cont9u+ = close ^u two ?\s& ye>s4 ,silius ,italicus1 t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 reit]ates ! /atem5t ( ,hesiod t ! deity at ,dodona occupi$ a tree2#bad ,pausanias a hundr$ ye>s lat] f\nd ! tree /ill gre5 & fl\ri%+1#bae & ,philo/ratos ab\t ! same "t saw x adorn$ ) wrea?s & sacr$ fillets1 8because1 l ! ,delphic tripod1 x gave =? oracles40#baf ,a lat] writ] /ates t ! oracul> voices ceas$ on ! fell+ ( ! tree by a c]ta9 ,illyrian b&it1#bag b !re is evid5ce t ! tree & ! oracle 7 /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,^! anci5t te/imonies to ! importance ( ! oracle h be5 m>vell\sly corroborat$ by ! discov]y 9 ! c\rse ( rec5t excavations ( a l>ge numb] ( lead5 tablets inscrib$ ) ! que/ions address$ to ! god by 8 vot>ies1 & dat+ f #djj ,b4,c4 onw>ds4#bah ,accord+ to classical my?ology1 ! oracul> virtue ( ! fam\s oak ( ,dodona 0 n only transmitt$ to its (f%oots1 b ev5 pres]v$ 9 ! dead wood aft] its sep>ation f ! tree4 ,ovid1 9 relat+ ! /ory ( ! plague ( ,aeg9a1 tells h[ ,aeacus1 /&+ b5ea? ,a bran*+ oak1 ! ,sire's own tree1 f se$ ,( old ,dodona sprung1 calls ^u ,zeus to repeople 8 /rick5 k+dom1 & fill 8 desolate walls anew ) citiz5s z num]\s z ! ants at 8 feet4 ,n a brea? ,0 /irr+1 b ! bran*es %ook1 ! leaves ,) ru/l+ murmur wav$4 ,accept+ ! om5 he kisses ! sacr$ tree1 falls asleep b5ea? x1 & wakes to f9d t ! ants h be5 miracul\sly *ang$ into m51 ! fam\s ,myrmidons4#bai ,aga91 x is relat$ by m ?an "o au?or t :5 ! good %ip ,argo 0 built1 ,a!na introduc$ into x by way ( amulet a beam hewn 9 ! grove ( ,dodona1 :i* 9 ! subsequ5t voyage con/antly gave ! ,argonauts w>n+ & advice4#bbj ,at ! fam\s oracle ( ,delphi ! tree play$ z intr9sic1 if n s pr$om9ant1 a "p z at ,dodona1 its function be+ %>$ by ! fissure 9 ! e>? & ! sacr$ spr+1 :i* te/ify to ! *?onic orig9 ( ! oracle1 :il/ ! use ( ! sacr$ tripod has be5 ?\ght to connect x ) ! class ( fire oracles4#bba ,!re is evid5ce t a laurel-tree grew beside ! oracul> fissure 9 ,gaia's "t1#bbb &1 accord+ to tradition1 ! e>lie/ temple ( ,apollo 0 a hut ( laurel b\ghs erect$ by ! god's own h&s4#bbc ,& lat] on1 :5 ! orig9al tree _h disappe>$ & ! fissure _h be5 enclos$ 9 ! ,adytum1 ! entrance to ! latt]1 z well z ! tripod on :i* ! ,py?ia sat1 7 hidd5 9 fre% laurel leaves :5ev] ! oracle 0 giv51 & ! prie/ess hav+ *ew$ laurel leaves & cr[n$ h]self ) a wrea? ( ! sacr$ plant1 wav$ a laurel bran* :ile *ant+ h] ec/atic utt]ances4 ,e n9? ye>1 moreov]1 a b[] ( laurel bran*es 0 erect$ 9 ! =ec\rt ( ! temple4 ,x is unc]ta9 h[ f> ,apollo's close connection ) ! laurel may h orig9at$ f ,delphi1 b x is a fact t 9 lat] times 8 oracul> function 0 insep>ably b\nd up ) ! use ( t tree1 & ! laurel became ! recognis$ in/rum5t ( prophecy 7p] lauros geomantis74 ,& at ,delphi1 :5 ! laurel trees _h disappe>$1 ! oracle ceas$1 = ! mess5g] s5t by ! ,emp]or ,julian to re9augurate x receiv$ = answ]1 8,tell ! k+ t ! cunn+ly-built *amb] has fall5 to ! gr\nd2 ,apollo no long] has b[]1 or inspir$ laurel1 or prophetic spr+2 vani%$ is ! talk+ wat]40#bbd ,to pass briefly ov] o!r examples ( tree-oracle1 9 ,arm5ia ! fire-prie/s 7 wont to int]pret ! w ( ! god f ! movem5ts obs]v$ 9 ! bran*es ( ! holy plane-tree at ,armavira4#bbe ,! ,*aldaeo-,assyrians read ! future 9 ! ru/l+ ( ! leaves ( ! prophetic trees4#bbf ,at ,nejrn1 9 ,yem51 ! ,arabs pr(ess$ to obta9 oracles f ! _s :o inhabit$ a sacr$ date-palm4#bbg ,9 ! ,%h ,nmeh1 ,firdausi1 work+ no d\bt ^u an anci5t tradition1 tells h[ ,sik&]1 or ,alex&] ! ,great1 consult$ a tree-oracle 9 ,p]sia4#bbh 8,f !nce he proce$$ to ano!r city1 :]e he 0 receiv$ ) great homage by ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ! nation4 ,he inquir$ ( !m if !re 7 any?+ wond]ful or extraord9>y 9 _! c\ntry1 t he might g to see x1 & !y repli$ t !re 7 two trees 9 ! k+dom1 "o a male1 ! o!r a female1 f :i* a voice proce$$4 ,! male tree spoke 9 ! day & ! female tree 9 ! night1 & :oev] _h a wi% w5t ?i!r to h 8 desires accompli%$4 ,sik&] imm$iately repair$ to ! spot1 & approa*+ x1 he hop$ 9 8 he>t t a consid]able "p ( 8 life /ill rema9$ to be enjoy$4 ,:5 he came "u ! tree a t]rible s\nd arose & rang 9 8 e>s1 & he ask$ ! p pres5t :at x meant4 ,! att5dant prie/ said x impli$ t f\rte5 ye>s ( 8 life /ill rema9$4 ,sik&] at ?is int]pretation ( ! prophetic s\nd wept1 & ! burn+ te>s ran d[n 8 *eeks4 ,aga9 he ask$1 #8,%all ,i return to ,rm & see my "m & *ildr5 be=e ,i die8' & ! answ] 01 #8,?\ wilt die at ,ka%n4'0 ,among/ ! ,romans o!r =ms ( augury appe> to h tak5 ! place ( ! old tree-oracles & r$uc$ !m to comp>ative insignificance4 ,! mo/ important ( ^? t rema9$ 0 ! prophetic ilex grove ^u ! ,av5t9e hill1 sacr$ to ,faunus & ,picus4 ,hi!r ! applicant came1 fa/+ & meanly clo!d1 & hav+ cr[n$ himself ) bee* leaves1 sacrific$ two %eep to ! deities ( ! grove1 & lay+ himself d[n ^u _! pelts1 await$ ! c\nsel ( ! gods 9 8 dream4#bbi ,!re 0 ano!r grove oracle ( ,faunus at ,tibur by ! ,albunean spr+1#bcj & at ! neighb\r+ ,pr5e/e1 :]e ! oracle ( ,jupit] 0 held 9 great repute1 ! oracle lots 7 fa%ion$ f ! wood ( 8 sacr$ oak4#bca ,at ! m seque/]$ ,tiora ,mati5a ! tree-oracle appe>s to h dw9dl$ into a m]e ve/ige1 ! responses be+ giv5 by a woodpeck] p]*$ ^u an oak5 column4#bcb ,to tree-om5s1 z di/+ui%$ f tree-oracles1 ! ,romans atta*$ mu* importance1 & !y possess$ sev]al treatises deal+ ) su* port5ts4 ,! family & community tree describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt] _h a c]ta9 oracul> "*1 & =etold 9 its own =tunes ! prosp]ity or adv]sity ( ^? :om x repres5t$4 ,! )]+ ( ! laurel grove ( ,augu/us 0 held to port5d ! dea? ( ,n]o1 & ) him ! ext9ction ( ! ,augu/an h\se & its adopt$ memb]s2 ! fall ( ,vespasian's cypress =etold ! dea? ( ,domitian4 ,if ! sacr$ tree atta*$ to a sanctu>y 7 uproot$ by ! w9d1 x 0 a cle> pro( t ! deity _h )drawn 8 protection1 & unless ! tree upre>$ itself anew1 8 wor%ip at t spot 0 discont9u$4 ,! ,sibyll9e books conta9$ explicit in/ructions ) reg>d to ^! ev5tualities & 7 inv>iably consult$ 9 e su* case4 ,innum]able in/ances ( ^! tree-om5s are giv5 9 classical lit]ature4#bcc ,! leg5ds ( trees :i* spoke intelligibly belong r to my? ?an to hi/ory1 b !y 7 q 9 accordance ) ! anci5t belief t any tree :i* conta9$ a tree-s\l1 7 x ! _s ( a god or only t ( a dryad1 might express itself 9 words4 ,?us ! spirits inhabit+ ! ?ree trees ( ! ,hesp]ides gave advice to ! w&]+ ,argonauts4 ,philo/ratus relates t at ! comm& ( ,apollonius a tree address$ him 9 a di/9ct female voice4#bcd ,:5 ,rome 0 invad$ by ! ,gauls a voice f out ( ! grove ( ,ve/a w>n$ ! ,romans to repair _! walls or _! city w\ld fall4#bce ,& aft] ! battle 9 :i* ,brutus & ,aruns ,t>qu9ius slew ea* o!r1 a p[]ful voice f ! neighb\r+ grove ( ,arsia ann\nc$ t ! victory lay ) ! ,romans4#bcf ,a lat] in/ance is t ( ! gh>cad tree :i* spoke to ,moslim b4 #8,ocba 9 a dream1 & designat$ him to ! comm& ( ! army ( ,yazd aga9/ ,m$9a4#bcg ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t ! responses at ,dodona 7 sometimes int]pret$ f ! oracle lots kept 9 an urn t /ood ^u a sacr$ table b5ea? ! tree1 & ! same =m ( div9ation 0 also app>5tly 9 use at ,delphi1#bch :il/ at ,pr5e/e x 0 ! sole me?od employ$4 ,inde$ ?is outgr[? ( ! tree-oracle 0 9 common use ?r\gh\t ! anci5t _w4 ,!re is a probable allusion to x 9 ,ezekiel xxi4 #ba4 ,! ,scy?ian soo?say]s 7 wont to div9e by ! help ( a numb] ( will[ rods1 :i* !y plac$ ^u ! gr\nd1 utt]+ _! pr$ictions z !y ga!r$ !m up "o by "o4 ,!y also practis$ div9ation by means ( ! b>k ( ! l9d5-tree4#bci ,among/ ! neighb\r+ ,alani1 9 ,s>matia1 wom5 =etold ! future by means ( /raight rods cut ) secret en*antm5ts at c]ta9 times & m>k$ v c>efully4#bdj ,! ,g]mans us$ to div9e by means ( ! fragm5ts ( a bran* cut f a fruit-tree1 :i* !y ?rew on to a :ite clo?4#bda ,! om5 /icks ( ! ,druids1 frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,b>dic poems1 7 probably rods cut f a fruit-tree & m>k$ ) my/ical emblems4#bdb ,x is n easy to def9e ! exact connection betwe5 ^! oracle-lots & t /range survival1 ! div9+-rod1 b x may be tak5 = c]ta9 t ! belief 9 ! efficacy ( ! latt] is 8a sup]/ition cognate to ! belief 9 sacr$ trees10#bdc & t ! idea und]ly+ bo? ! oracle-lot & ! div9+-rod 0 t !y 7 animat$ by an indwell+ _s1 probably by ! _s ( ! tree f :i* !y 7 cut4 ,we "k f ,pl9y & ,pausanias t ! e>lie/ images ( ! gods 7 made ( wood1 & t ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & o!r pre-,*ri/ian nations wor%ipp$ /akes or peel$ rods ( wood1 pa9t$1 or dress$1 or r\ghly c>v$ 9 ! semblance ( an an?ropomorphic god1 & suppos$ to be inhabit$ by a div9e ess5ce4 ,x 0 probably by a simil> mode ( reason+ t ! spe>1 ! sceptre1 ! /aff ( ! g5]al1 ! /&>ds ( ! army1 ! h]ald's w&1 ! rods ( ! flam5s1 ! lituus ( ! augur1 & ! trun*eon ( ! con/able came to be symbolically repres5tative ( p[] & inviolability1 ! primitive assumption be+ t !y reta9$ "s ( ! div9e _s resid5t 9 ! tree f :i* !y 7 cut4#bdd ,f a simil> p>5tage sprang ! popul> cu/om ( /rik+ m51 cattle1 & plants ) a gre5 swit* 7,leb5srute7 at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> 9 ord] to make !m fruitful1 an obs]vance ( :i* s _m in/ances h be5 collect$ by ,mannh>dt4 8,x 0 ! tree-s\l1 ! _s ( vegetation10 he concludes1 8communicat$ by means ( ?is swit*+1 :i* drove away ! demons ( sickness & /]ility & evok$ fruitfulness & heal?40#bde ,! div9+-rod is1 if "o may say s1 fir/ c\s9 to ! 8life-rood40 ,ea* repres5ts & embodies a diff]5t function ( ! sup]natural--! "o its procreative1 ! o!r its prophetic attribute4 ,! div9+-rod is ! meagre survival ( ! once r5[n$ tree-oracle4 ,x may seem /range t 9 ?is positive age !re %\ld exi/ p call+ !mselves educat$1 :o believe t a /ick cut f a hazel or ?orn-bu% may 9 ! h&s ( a specially end[$ p]son possess a magical p[] ( reveal+ ! secrets ( ! e>?4 ,b s x is4 ,!re are 9 ?is c\ntry at ! pres5t h\r "s half-doz5 pr(essional exp]ts1 :o claim ! faculty ( discov]+ unsuspect$ spr+s ( wat] by means ( ! div9+-rod1 & furni% well-atte/$ in/ances ( _! success4 ,x is n necess>y to discuss ! cr$ibility ( _! ass]tions or to =mulate a !ory to acc\nt = _! success4 ,! subject ( ! div9+-rod conc]ns u only 9 s f> z x is a ve/ige--a poor & atrophi$ ve/ige--( ! magic eloqu5ce once associat$ ) ! sacr$ tree4 ,x is impossible to say :5 ! use ( ! div9+-rod fir/ orig9at$4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,v$as1 & is well kn[n to h fl\ri%$ among/ ! ,*aldaeans & ,egyptians4 ,b 9 ^? e>ly days ! function ( ! magical rod 0 n re/rict$1 z x 0 lat] & is n[1 to ! se>* = wat] or buri$ treasure4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans f\nd _m uses = x4 ,cic]o speaks ( provid+ = "o's wants1 quasi virgul div91 ut aiunt4 ,x 0 a famili> in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ! ,briti% ,druids1 & is /ill l>gely employ$ 9 ,*9a4 ,m$iaeval writ]s speak ( x z be+ 9 v common use among ! m9]s ( ,g]many4#bdf ,at all times & 9 all places ! act ( cutt+ & prep>+ ! rod has be5 ! subject ( mu* c]emony4 ,x _h to be sev]$ at a p>ticul> mom5t1 & f a p>ticul> k9d ( tree1 ! latt] v>y+ accord+ to ! c\ntry4 ,z a rule a fruit-tree1 or "s o!r tree t 0 useful & b5efic5t to man1 0 *os54 ,! ,*9ese pref] ! pea*2 ! ,druids made *oice ( ! apple-tree4#bdg ,else:]e ! hazel1 ! will[1 & ! black-?orn h be5 select$1 & ! la/-nam$ is /ill kn[n 9 ,g]many z ! 8wi%+-?orn10 z x is ! tree f :i* wi%+-rods 7 cut4 ,! "t at :i* ! rod 0 cut 0 equally important4 ,= c5turies ! ,*9ese h adh]$ to ! fir/ new moon aft] ! w9t] sol/ice z ! mo/ fav\rable date = ! c]emony4 ,! ,fr5* cu/om 0 to cut x on ,m]cury's day 7,w$nesday7 at ! planet>y h\r ( ,m]cury4#bdh ,9 ,sw$5 div9+-rods ( mi/letoe are cut on midsumm] eve4#bdi ,ev5 9 comp>atively mod]n times believ]s 9 ! div9+-rod pr(ess$ to expect m ( a rod :i* _h be5 cut betwe5 sunset & sunrise1 ^u "s holy day or at new moon1 f a bran* on :i* ! ris+ sun fir/ %one4#bej ,^! my/ic obs]vances smack ( a f>-di/ant pa/1 & ! mod]n wat]-f9d] appe>s to h disc>d$ !m4 ,8 practice is to cut a =k$ bran* ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 l5g? f any conv5i5t hazel or :ite-?orn bu%1 & grasp+ ! prongs v firmly betwe5 ! ?umb & two fir/ f+]s ( ea* h&1 ! jo9t be+ held d[nw>ds1 he walks ov] ! gr\nd :]e x is desir$ to f9d wat]4 ,if he approa*es a hidd5 spr+1 ! jo9t w beg9 to rise aga9/ 8 w1 & :5 he has rea*$ x1 w make a complete half revolution1 break+ or b5d+ ! twigs held 9 8 h&s1 until ! jo9t is upp]mo/4 ,! dep? ( ! spr+ is e/imat$ by ! =ce ) :i* ! rod is repell$ f x4 ,! m5tal exhau/ion ( ! op]ator aft] a successful op]ation is said to be consid]able4 ,9 an old volume ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review 7,no4 #dd7 an acc\nt is giv5 ( a c]ta9 ,lady ,noel :o 0 skilful 9 ! use ( ! div9+-rod4 ,%e us$ a ?9 =k$ hazel-twig1 :i* imm$iately b5t :5 %e came ov] ! und]gr\nd spr+1 its motion be+ m or less rapid z %e approa*$ or )drew f ! spot4 8,:5 j ov] x ! twig turn$ s quick z to snap1 break+ ne> ! f+]s1 :i* by press+ x 7 ind5t$ & heat$ & almo/ bli/]$4 ,a degree ( agitation 0 also visible 9 h] face40 ,_m ( ! sup]/iti\s practices t /ill survive 9 remote villages are no d\bt ( ! same ance/ry z ! div9+-rod4 ,9 ! valley ( ,lanzo 9 ,pi$mont1 lov]s 9 d\bt :e!r to m>ry consult ! oracle 9 ! =m ( a h]b call$ concordia1 ! root ( :i* is %ap$ l two h&s1 ea* ) its five f+]s4 ,if ! h]b !y f9d has ! h&s conjo9$1 ! om5 is fav\rable2 b unfav\rable if ! h&s po9t diff]5t ways4#bea ,! foll[+ nave recital is quot$ 9 ,br&'s antiquities3--8,la/ ,friday 0 ,val5t9e's day1 & ! night be=e ,i got five bay-leaves1 & p9n$ f\r ( !m to ! f\r corn]s ( my pill[1 & ! fif? to ! middle2 & !n1 if ,i dreamt ( my swee!>t1 ,betty said we %\ld be m>ri$ be=e ! ye> 0 out40#beb ,?is belief 9 ! magical p[] ( c]ta9 leaves is en%r9$ 9 _m j+les1 /ill f\nd 9 ! ru/ic =mul>y1 su* z-- ,! ev5 a%-leaf 9 my glove ,! fir/ ,i meet %all be my love2#bec or ,f9d ev5 a% or f\r-leav$ clov] ,& y'll see y\r true love be=e ! day's ov]4#bed ,9 old days on ,/4 ,val5t9e's eve _m a ru/ic maid has spr9kl$ bay-leaves ) rose-wat] & laid !m across h] pill[1 & !n ly+ d[n 9 a clean night-g[n1 turn$ wrong side out1 has s(tly recit$-- ,good ,val5t9e1 be k9d to me1 ,9 dreams let me my true love see2#bee or1 if %e 7 a ,/af=d%ire lass1 %e probably pref]r$ ,/4 ,?omas's eve1 & hav+ plac$ a sprig ( ev]gre5 "u h] pill[1 sigh$-- ,good ,/4 ,?omas1 /& by my b$ ,& tell me :5 ,i %all be w$4#bef ,to ^? :o are new to ! subject ( comp>ative my?ology ^! doggrels :isp]$ by fooli% c\ntry girls "u ! /ress ( a natural impulse may seem absurdly irrelevant4 ,b to t sci5ce :i* /rives to unravel ! beliefs & ideas ( long dead p1 e ve/ige1 e survival is important4 ,! *>ms above m5tion$ did n spr+1 fully matur$1 f ! bra9 ( "s peculi>ly inv5tive dairy-maid4 ,!y h a long1 long p$igree1 &1 l ! zebra /ripe :i* w sometimes appe> on a purebr$ horse1 !y ?r[ u back to an age :5 man believ$ t ! _w 0 controll$ by spirits1 & t he1 l ev]y?+ else1 0 b a puppet 9 _! h&s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,univ]se-,,tree ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ po9ts 9 connection ) tree my?s is ! wide di/ribution ( ! conception ( ! cosmogonic or _w-tree1 ( :i* ! ,sc&9avian ,yggdrasil is ! mo/ famili> example4 ,! idea is met ) among/ ! anci5t ,*aldaeans1 ! ,egyptians1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,h9dus1 & ! ,aryan races ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 z well z 9 ! my?ology ( ,*9a & ,japan2 & ?is community ( tradition has be5 reg>d$ by "s au?orities z po9t+ to a prehi/oric int]c\rse betwe5 ^! widely-sep>at$ races1 if n to _! common orig94#beg ,b1 ap>t f ! fact t ! same conception is also f\nd 9 a rudim5t>y =m among/ ! aborig9es ( ,new ,zeal& & ,am]ica1 x is n difficult to imag9e t x may h occurr$ sep>ately to m ?an "o inquir]4 ,9 %ort1 8! idea ( ref]r+ to ! =m ( a tree ! app>5t con=mation ( ! univ]se is "o ( ! mo/ natural me?ods ( reason+ :i* c occur to ! savage m9d40#beh ,! mom5t he began to conc]n himself ) su* que/ions1 ! primitive ?9k] mu/ h ask$ himself :y ! heav5ly firmam5t1 ) its sun & />s & ! wat]s above x1 did n fall to e>? l ev]y?+ else )9 8 k4 ,8 m9d naturally dem&$ "s prop or support to antagonise :at 9 8 exp]i5ce 0 ! unre/rict$ despotism ( geoc5tric gravitation4 ,! ,egyptian expla9$ ! problem by repres5t+ ! sky z ! />-spangl$ body ( ! goddess ,nut1 :o _h be5 sep>at$ f h] husb& ,sib1 ! e>?1 by ! ef=ts ( ,%4 ,9 ! my?ology ( ! ,maoris1 ,rangi1 ! sky1 0 =cibly sep>at$ f 8 wife1 ! univ]sal "m1 e>?1 by "o ( _! *ildr51 ,tane ,mahuta1 fa!r ( =e/s1 :o plant+ 8 head ^u ! e>?1 upheld ! heav5s ) 8 feet4#bei ,! fact t ! cele/ial bodies 7 obs]v$ to revolve ar\nd a fix$ po9t r5d]$ x a necessity t ?is assum$ support ( ! heav5 %\ld be ( ! nature ( a c5tral axis1 uphold+ ! sky-ro( z ! pole upholds a t5t4 ,to ! inhabitants ( m\nta9\s c\ntries1 :o saw ! cl\ds re/+ ^u ! peaks1 ! idea ( a heav5-support+ m\nta9 no d\bt pres5t$ itself z ! mo/ reasonable solution4 ,?us ,ari/otle1 to quote ,"l ,bacon1 8elegantly exp\nde? ! anci5t fable ( ,atlas 7t /ood fix$ & b>e up ! heav5 f fall+7 to be meant ( ! poles or axle-tree ( heav540 ,to pla9-dwell]s1 h[ev]1 ! tree 0 ! l(tie/ object )9 _! exp]i5ce1 & x may be conjectur$ t ! idea ( a c5tral _w-support+ tree 0 a product ( ! l[l&s4 ,9 "s cases ! two conceptions 7 comb9$ & ! _w-tree 0 plac$ on ! summit ( a _w-m\nta94 ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to note t ! e>lie/ kn[n v]sion ( a _w-tree1 pure & simple1 comes to u f ! f]tile alluvial pla9 on ! bord]s ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! acc\nt1 conta9$ 9 an old bil+ual hymn1 & probably ( ,accadian orig91 repres5ts ! tree z gr[+ 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed9 or ,ed51 plac$ by ,babylonian tradition 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,eridu1 a city :i* fl\ri%$ at ! m\? ( ! ,euphrates betwe5 #cjjj & #djjj ,b4,c4 ,9 ,eridu a /alk grew ov]%ad[+2 9 a holy place did x become gre52 ,its roots 7 ( :ite cry/al1 :i* /ret*$ t[>ds ! deep4 7,be=e7 ,ea 0 its c\rse 9 ,eridu1 teem+ ) f]tility2 ,its seat 0 ! 7c5tral place ( ! e>?72 ,its foliage 787 0 ! c\* ( ,zikum ! 7primaeval7 "m4 ,into ! he>t ( its holy h\se1 :i* spread its %ade l a =e/1 ha? no man ent]$4 7,!re is ! home7 ( ! mighty "m :o passes across ! sky4 ,9 ! mid/ ( x 0 ,tammuz4 ,!re is ! %r9e ( ! two 7gods74#bfj ,( ?is glorifi$ tree or /em x is to be obs]v$ t x grew at ! c5tre ( ! e>?2 t its roots pi]c$ d[n into ! abysmal wat]y deep1 :]e ! amphibi\s ,ea1 ! god ( wisdom1 _h 8 seat1 & :5ce he n\ri%$ ! e>? ) spr+s & /reams2 t its foliage support$ ,zikum1 ! primordial heav5s1 & ov]%ad[$ ! e>?1 :i* 0 app>5tly reg>d$ z a plane plac$ midway betwe5 ! firmam5t above & ! deep bel[4 ,! /em itself 0 ! home ( ,davk9a1 consort ( ,ea1 ! great "m1 8! lady ( ! ,e>?10 & ( h] son ,tammuz1 a temple too sacr$ = mortals to ent]4 ,ev5 7 x n to be inf]r$ f o!r evid5ce1 !re c\ld be little d\bt t ! p among/ :om ! above conception arose mu/ h be5 already famili> ) tree-wor%ip4 ,! mighty /em1 9 :i* ! great gods dwelt1 0 b a poetical amplification ( ! sacr$1 _s-inhabit$ tree1 & arose out ( ! same idealis+ process z t :i* gave bir? to ! ne>ly relat$ tree ( k & tree ( life4 ,side by side ) t ( a _w-tree ! conception ( a _w-m\nta9 is also met ) 9 ! primitive cosmogony ( ! ,*aldaeans1 b :ile ! =m] tradition belong$ to ,sumir or ,s\!rn ,babylonia1 ! latt] seems to h prevail$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,accad1 ^: inhabitants _h once be5 m\nta9-dwell]s4#bfa ,?is 8m\nta9 ( ! _w10 8^: head rivall$ ! heav510 :i* _h ! pure deep = its f\ndation & 0 ! home ( ! gods1 0 plac$ 9 ! nor?1 & its wor%ip surviv$ 9 t ( ! 8illu/ri\s m\nds0 ( ! ,babylonian pla91 :i* 7 equally reg>d$ z ! visible habitation ( div9e spirits4 ,isaiah repres5ts ! k+ ( ,babylon z boa/+1 8,i w asc5d into heav51 ,i w exalt my ?rone above ! />s ( ,god2 & ,i w sit ^u ! m\nt ( congregation1 9 ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! nor?40#bfb ,x seems cle> t ! prophet is allud+ to ! my? ( a ,*aldaean ,olympus1 :]e ! gods held _! assemblies4 ,9 "o ( ! ,babylonian hymns ?is m\nta9 is address$ z1 8,o ?\ :o give/ %ade1 ,"l :o ca/e/ ?y %ad[ ov] ! l&1 great m\nt10#bfc f :i* x might appe> t ! idea ( ! _w-m\nta9 0 n v /rictly dissociat$ f t ( a _w-tree4 ,9 ! correspond+ cosmogony1 :i* 0 curr5t five ?\s& ye>s lat] among/ ! ,sc&9avians1 ! two conceptions 7 unequivocally comb9$4 ,! ,norse ,yggdrasil1 9 spite ( ! _m qua9t symbolical fancies :i* h be5 embroid]$ on to ! ma9 conception1 repres5ts su* a rem>kable amalgamation ( ideas orig9ally ,ori5tal t x is difficult to believe t x c h _h a totally indep5d5t orig94 ,! _w-m\nta91 ! _w-tree ) ! birds 9 its bran*es1 & ! connection ( ! latt] ) ano!r peculi>ly ,ea/]n idea1 t ( ! food ( ! gods1 are all reproduc$ 9 ! cosmogonic traditions ( ! ,eddas1 & x is highly probable t !y =m$ "p ( a primitive folk-lore common to ! diff]5t races4 ,z _! culture grew ! ,*aldaeans gave up _! e>li] conception1 & came to reg>d ! e>? z a gigantic b[l float+ bottom upw>ds ^u ! deep1 b to ! ,norse poet ! _w /ill rema9$ a flat disc surr\nd$ by a riv] ocean1 & limit$ by m\nta9 ranges4 ,9 its c5tre ,asg>d1 ! m\nta9 ( ! gods1 0 pi]c$ by a mighty tree trunk1 ! bran*es ( :i* ov]%ad[$ ! _w & support$ ! sky1 ! />s1 & ! cl\ds1 :il/ its roots /ret*$ d[nw>ds into ! primordial abyss4 ,! apples /or$ 9 ,valhal1 by eat+ :i* ! gods pres]v$ _! y\?1 closely correspond to ! amrita or soma :i*1 z we %all see1 0 a peculi> feature ( ! ,ea/]n conception ( ! _w-tree4 8,! *ief & mo/ holy seat ( ! gods10 say ! ,eddas1 8is by ! a% ,yggdrasil4 ,!re ! gods meet 9 c\ncil e day4 ,x is ! greate/ & be/ ( all trees1 its bran*es spread ov] all ! _w & rea* above heav54 ,?ree roots su/a9 ! tree & /& wide ap>t3 "o is ) ! ,asa2 ! second ) ! ,fro/-giants2 ! ?ird rea*es into ,niflheim1 & "u x is ,hv]gelm]1 :]e ,nidhug gnaws ! root f bel[4 ,b "u ! second root1 :i* ext5ds to ! ,fro/-giants1 is ! well ( ,mim]1 :]e9 k & wisdom are conceal$4 ,! ?ird root ( ! a% is 9 heav51 & b5ea? x is ! mo/ sacr$ f\nta9 ( ,urd4 ,"h ! gods h _! doom/ead4 ,! ,asa ride ?i!r e day ov] ,bifro/1 :i* is also call$ ,asa-bridge4 ,!re /&s a beautiful hall ne> ! f\nta9 b5ea? ! a%4 ,out ( x come ?ree maids4 ,^! maids %ape ! lives ( m5 & we call !m ! ,norns4 ,on ! b\ghs ( ! a% sits an eagle1 :o kn[s _m ?+s4 ,betwe5 8 eyes sits ! hawk1 call$ ,v$foln]4 ,a squirrel1 by "n ,ratatsk1 spr+s up & d[n ! tree & be>s words ( hate betwe5 ! eagle & ,nidhug4 ,f\r /ags leap ab\t 9 ! bran*es ( ! a% & bite ! buds4 ,! ,norns t dwell by ! f\nta9 ( ,urd e day take wat] f ! f\nta91 & clay t lies ar\nd ! f\nta91 & spr9kle !re) ! a%1 9 ord] t its bran*es may n )] or decay4444 ,9 ,valhal !re is a *e/1 kept by ,i?un1 9 :i* are ! apples t ! gods mu/ bite :5 !y gr[ old1 9 ord] to become "y aga940#bfd ,9 ! above description ! v>i\s d5iz5s ( ! tree h be5 suppos$ to symbolise natural ph5om5a4 ,! /ags :o bite ! buds are ! f\r c>d9al w9ds2 ! eagle & ! hawk repres5t respectively ! air & ! w9d-/ill e!r2 ! s]p5t ,nidhug :o gnaws ! root 9 ! subt]ranean abyss symbolises volcanic =ces1 & ! squirrel1 :o runs up & d[n ! tree1 hail & o!r atmosph]ic ph5om5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,yggdrasil--! ,sc&9avian _w-tree47,f ,f9n ,magnus5's ,eddala]547 ,a simil> if some:at less detail$ symbolism is met ) 9 bo? ! ,indian & ,p]sian traditions ( ! _w-tree1 a symbolism :i* (t5 obscures & ov]%ad[s its cosmic function4 ,9 bo? c\ntries ! my?ical tree 0 v5]at$ r z a tree ( life1 ! s\rce ( ! immortalis+ soma or haoma1 ?an z ! support] ( ! univ]se4 ,! latt] function 0 n inde$ q lo/ sight (1 = ! ,kalpadruma ( ! ,v$as 0 a cl\d-tree ( colossal size1 :i* grew on a /eep m\nta91 & by its %ad[ produc$ day & night be=e ! creation ( ! sun & moon2 & 9 ! ,rig-,v$a ,brahma himself is describ$ z ! va/ ov]-spread+ tree ( ! univ]se1 ( :i* ! gods are ! bran*es4 ,simil>ly 9 ,p]sian leg5d1 ne> ! haoma-tree /ood ! tree ( all se$s1 frequ5t$ by two birds1 "o ( :i* :5 he settl$ on x broke (f a ?\s& bran*es & caus$ _! se$s to fall1 :ile ! o!r c>ri$ !m to a place :5ce !y might be convey$ to ! e>? ) ! ra94 ,! same idea1 ev5 to ! two birds1 recurs 9 ! ,indian traditions ( ! my/ical soma-tree1 :i*1 besides produc+ ! immortalis+ dr9k1 also bore fruit & se$ ( e k9d4 ,x 0 f ?is tree t ! immortals %ap$ ! heav5 & ! e>?3 x grew 9 ! ?ird heav51 ov]%ad[+ x ) its bran*es4 ,b5ea? x sat ! gods1 quaff+ ! preci\s soma1 :]eby !y pres]v$ _! immortality4 ,among/ ! foll[]s ( ,buddha ?is tradition ( a sup]natural tree und]w5t a fur!r process ( idealisation4 ,_! fancy describ$ x z cov]$ ) div9e fl[]s1 & gleam+ ) e k9d ( preci\s /one4 ,to its smalle/ leaf x 0 =m$ ( gems4 ,x grew on a pure & level sw>d1 respl5d5t 9 col\r z ! peacock's neck4 ,x receiv$ ! homage ( ! gods4#bfe ,x 0 b5ea? ?is tree t ,gautama took 8 seat1 resolv$ n to /ir until he _h atta9$ to p]fect k4 ,! tempt] ,mra1 ) 8 ho/s ( demons1 assail$ him ) fi]y d>ts1 ) ra9 9 floods & hurricanes2 b ! ,buddha rema9$ unmov$1 until ! defeat$ demons fl$ away4 ,?is is probably a ,buddhi/ r5d]+ ( ! ,v$ic acc\nt ( ! great fight betwe5 ! p[]s ( light & d>kness = ! cl\ds & ! ambrosia !y conta9$4 ,gautama also w9s ! victory1 b = him x is k & enlight5m5t t %\ld con/itute ! true object ( human desire4 ,brief] ref]5ces to ! cosmic tree are met ) 9 ! traditions ( o!r races4 ,accord+ to ! ,pho5icians ! univ]se 0 fram$ on ! model ( a t5t1 its axis a revolv+ cosmic tree1 support+ a blue canopy on :i* ! heav5ly bodies 7 embroid]$4 ,! ,egyptians1 9 "o ( _! s*emes ( ! univ]se1 also repres5t$ ! c5tral axis z a colossal tree1 on ^: bran*es ,b5nu ! sun god p]*$4 ,x gave =? cele/ial ra91 :i* desc5d$ on ! fields ( ,l[] ,egypt1 & p5etrat$ to ! "u-_w to refre% ^? :o are 9 ,am5ti4 ,! ,osirian ,tt-pill>1 allud$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]1 is ?\ght by ,pr(essor ,tiele to be d]iv$ f ! conception ( ! _w-pill>1 ?\gh ,m4 ,masp]o reg>ds its cosmic symbolism z a lat] accretion4 8,on a po/ on :i* is grav5 a human c\nt5ance1 & :i* is cov]$ ) gay clo?+1 /&s ! s-call$ ,tt-pill>1 entirely made up ( sup]impos$ capitals1 "o ( :i* has a rude face scrat*$ ^u x1 int5d$ no d\bt to repres5t ! %9+ sun4 ,on ! top ( ! pill> is plac$ ! complete head-dress ( ,osiris1 ! ram's horns1 ! sun1 ! ureus add]1 ! d\ble fea!r1 all emblems ( light & sov]eignty1 :i* 9 my judgm5t mu/ h be5 int5d$ to repres5t ! highe/ heav540#bff ,! conception ( ! _w-tree is also f\nd 9 ! gold5 gem-be>+ tree ( ! sky1 :]e1 accord+ to ,egyptian my?ology1 ,nut _h h] abode4 8,%e is goddess ( ! heav5ly ocean1 ^: body is deck$ ) />s4 ,! pilgrim to ! l[] _w eats ( ! fruit1 & ! goddess lean+ f ! tree p\rs out ! wat] ( life40 ,?is 0 9 ! we/ on ! way travell$ by ! dead4 ,to ! ea/ !re 0 ano!r tree1 ) wide radiat+ bran*es be>+ jewels1 up :i* ! /rong morn+ sun1 ,horus1 climb$ to ! z5i? ( heav54 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is 8,sycamore ( ,em]ald0 0 a my?ological r5d]+ ( ! beautiful gre5 t9ts on ! horizon at ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun4#bfg ,! tradition ( a univ]se-tree is f\nd also 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! leg5ds ( ! latt] c\ntry speak ( an enorm\s metal p9e :i* gr[s 9 ! nor? at ! c5tre ( ! _w4#bfh ,9 ,*9ese my?ology sev5 miracul\s trees once fl\ri%$ on ! ,ku5 ,ln ,m\nta9s4 ,"o ( !m1 :i* 0 ( jade1 bore fruit t conf]r$ immortality2 ano!r1 nam$ ,tong1 grew on ! highe/ peak1 8h>d by ! clos$ gate ( heav540#bfi ,x is int]e/+ to f9d some:at simil> traditions curr5t 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,accord+ to ! cosmogony ( ! ,sia ,indians--a small dim9i%$ tribe inhabit+ ,new ,mexico--!re 0 9 ea* ( ! six regions ( ! _w1 ,nor?1 ,s\?1 ,ea/1 ,we/1 ,z5i?1 & ,nadir1 a m\nta9 be>+ a giant tree1 9 a spr+ at ! foot ( :i* dwelt "o ( ! six 8cl\d rul]s10 ea* att5d$ by "o ( ! six primal ,sia prie/esses1 *os5 by ! ar*-"m to int]c$e ) ! cl\d rul]s to s5d ra9 to ! ,sia4 ,! six trees 7 specifi$ z ! spruce1 p9e1 asp51 c$>1 & two v>ieties ( ! oak4#bgj ,! beautiful conception met ) 9 "s ( ! above traditions1 by :i* ! />s 7 comp>$ at once to gems & to ! fruits ( a mighty tree1 is frequ5tly enc\nt]$ 9 anci5t lit]ature4 ,! ,arabians repres5t$ ! zodiac z a tree ) twelve bran*es1 ( :i* ! />s 7 ! fruit1 & a some:at simil> idea appe>s 9 ! ,apocalyptic tree ( life1 :i* 8b>e twelve mann] ( fruits1 & yield$ h] fruit e mon?40#bga ,! ,babylonian h]o ,gilgames1 9 8 w&]+s beyond ! gates ( ocean1 came ^u a =e/1 :i* ,to ! =e/ ( ! trees ( ! gods 9 appe>ance 0 equal2 ,em]alds x c>ri$ z its fruit2 ,! bran* refuses n to support a canopy2 ,cry/al !y c>ri$ z %oots1 ,fruit !y c>ry & to ! sight x is gli/5+4#bgb ,! device ( a gold5 tree hung ) jewels1 :i* is common ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ 9 all f9e goldsmi?s' "w1 & a good example ( :i* 0 =m]ly "o ( ! treasures ( ! palace ( ! ,great ,mogul at ,agra1#bgc 0 no d\bt d]iv$ f ! conception ( a />-be>+ _w-tree4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! anci5ts believ$ gems to be self-lu/r\s l ! />s4 ,hom]'s palaces emitt$ a radiance l moonlight1 & ! columns ( gold & em]ald se5 by ,h]odotus at ,tyre gave out light4#bgd ,we h no direct in/ance ( gem-be>+ trees 9 ,greek my?ology1 ?\gh ! gold5 apples ( ! ,hesp]ides gr[+ on ,m\nt ,atlas1 ! sky-su/a9+ m\nta9 9 ! c\ntry beyond ! nor? w9d1 _h evid5tly "s k9%ip to ! jewell$ fruit ( ,ea/]n leg5d4 ,9 addition to ! ,norse ,yggdrasil1 !re are o!r traces ( ! tradition ( a _w-tree to be met ) among/ ,european nations4 ,! ,russians h a leg5d1 d]iv$ f ,byzantium1 ( an iron-tree1 ! root ( :i* is ! p[] ( ,god1 :ile its head su/a9s ! ?ree worlds1 ! heav5ly ocean ( air1 ! e>?1 & hell ) its burn+ fire & brim/one4#bge ,among/ ! ,saxons ! idea ( a _w-tree seems to h p]si/$ ev5 to ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 :o 9 ! c\rse ( 8 campaign aga9/ !m 9 #ggb ,a4,d4 solemnly de/roy$ z a hea!n idol _! ,irm5sl or 8,_w-pill>10 a l(ty tree-trunk1 :i* !y wor%ipp$ z typify+ ! univ]sal column t supports all ?+s4 ,mannh>dt1 h[ev]1 reg>ds ! ,irm5sl z simply a national tree1 correspond+ to ! community trees already m5tion$1 & expla9s ,*>lemagne's act z a political r ?an a religi\s "o4#bgf ,9 ! ,ca!dral at ,hilde%eim !re is an anci5t /one column kn[n z ! ,irm5sule 7?\gh its claim to ! "n is disput$71 :i* 0 dug up "u ,l\is le ,dbonnaire1 & trans=m$ into a c&elabrum surm\nt$ by an image ( ! ,virg91#bgg ! conception ( moral support ?us tak+ ! place ( ! gross] idea ( a mat]ial /ay4 ,z 9 ,ea/]n leg5d ! univ]se-tree 0 v5]at$ z some?+ m ?an a m]e mat]ial support] ( ! _w1 be+ sometimes ! giv] ( wisdom & sometimes ! convey] ( immortality1 s 9 ,european my? x is f\nd l9k$ ) a simil> b5efic5ce4 ,9 ! leg5ds ( ! ,f9ns its bran*es are repres5t$ z conf]r+ 8et]nal welf>e10 & 8! delight t nev] ceases40 ,! ,kalevala1 :i* dates back to an unkn[n antiquity1 relates h[ ! la/ ( creat$ trees1 ! oak1 sprang f ! magic acorn plant$ by ! h]o ,wa9amo95 9 ! a%es ( burnt hay :i* _h be5 m[n by ! wat]-maid5s3-- ,spreads ! oak-tree _m bran*es1 ,r\nds itself a broad corona1 ,raises x above ! /orm cl\ds2 ,f> x /ret*es out its bran*es1 ,/ops ! :ite cl\ds 9 _! c\rses1 ,) its bran*es hides ! sunlight1 ,) its _m leaves ! moonbeams1 ,& ! />light dies 9 heav54 ,sad ! lives ( man & h]o1 ,sad ! h\se ( ocean-dwell]s1 ,if ! sun %9es n ^u !m1 ,if ! moonlight does n *e] !m4 ,at ! pray] ( ,wa9amo951 appall$ by ! mon/r\s gr[?1 8 "m1 ! w9d-_s1 s5ds a t9y wat]-creature1 :o1 soon turn+ into a giant1 ) a mighty sw+ ( 8 hat*et /rikes ! tree4 ,) ! second /roke he cuts x1 & ) ! ?ird fire spr+s f its huge bulk & ! oak yields1 8%ak+ e>? & heav5 9 fall+40 ,x is n till !n t its b5efic5t p[]s are made manife/3-- ,ea/w>d f> ! trunk ext5d+1 ,f> to we/w>d flew ! tree-tops1 ,to ! s\? ! leaves 7 scatt]$1 ,to ! nor? its hundr$ bran*es4 ,:osoe'er a bran* has tak5 ,has obta9$ et]nal welf>e4 ,:o receives himself a tree top ,he has ga9$ ! ma/]-magic4 ,:o ! foliage has ga!r$ ,has delight t nev] ceases4#bgh ,! correspond+ leg5d among/ ! neighb\r+ ,e/honians1 z told 9 _! epic1 ! ,kalevipoeg1 conta9s a qua9t m$ley ( ! practical & ! poetic4 ,"h1 too1 ! mon/r\s oak is fell$ by a giant :o gr[s f a dw>f2 9 fall+ x cov]s ! sea ) its bran*es & is quickly turn$ to use by ! p4 ,f ! trunk is fa%ion$ a bridge ) two arms1 "o /ret*+ to ,f9l&1 ! o!r to an adjo9+ isl&4 ,%ips are built f ! cr[n1 & t[ns f ! roots1 & toy-boats f ! *ips4 ,:at is left ov] is us$ to build %elt]s = old m51 wid[s1 & orphans1 & ! la/ rema9d] to provide a hut = ! m9/rel4 ,!re) he ga9s 8! ma/]-magic10 = ! /rang]s :o cross ! bridge n[ & aga91 & /op at 8 door to ask :at city & :at spl5did palace /& be=e !m1 receive = answ] t ! palace is 8 poor hut1 & all ! spl5d\r ar\nd is ! light ( 8 songs reflect$ f heav54#bgi ,to return aga9 to ! ,ea/1 x has already be5 m5tion$ t 9 a tradition common bo? to ! ,p]sians & ! ,h9dus1 & !re=e presumably ( consid]able antiquity1 ! cosmic tree produc$ ! food :]eby ! gods pres]v$ _! immortality4 ,! univ]se-tree _h become a tree ( life4 ,?is conception ( a my/ical life-giv+ tree 0 associat$ ) ! ritual use ( an e>?ly c\nt]p>t ( ! immortalis+ dr9k4 ,accord+ to ! ,p]sian tradition ! haoma-tree grew beside ! tree ( all se$s 9 a lake1 :]e x 0 gu>d$ by two fi% aga9/ ! attacks ( ! liz>d s5t by ,ahriman to de/roy ! sacr$ sap :]e) ! gods 7 n\ri%$4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ( all trees plant$ by ,ormuzd 9 ! f\nta9 ( life1 & 0 id5tifi$ ) ! god ,haoma1 :o gave /r5g? & heal? to ! body1 & to ! s\l enlight5m5t & et]nal life4 ,?is god 0 reg>d$ z assimilat$ to ! e>?ly haoma1 & z pres5t 9 x4 ,x is relat$ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s t he appe>$ "o day to ,zoroa/] z he 0 t5d+ ! holy fire1 & ?us address$ him3 8,i am ! div9e ,haoma1 :o keeps dea? at bay4 ,call ^u me1 express my juice t ye may enjoy me2 wor%ip me ) songs ( praise40 ,zoroa/] repli$1 8,hon\r to ,haoma4 ,he is good1 well1 & truly born1 ! giv] ( welf>e & heal?1 victori\s & ( gold5 hue2 8 bran*es b[ d[n t "o may enjoy !m4 ,to ! s\l he is ! way to heav54 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,ormuzd gave to ,haoma ! girdle glitt]+ ) />s1 :]e) he gird$ himself ^u ! tops ( ! m\nta9s40#bhj ,! juice ( ! t]re/rial haoma 0 obta9$ f ! plant by ! use ( pe/le & mort>1 & 0 tak5 :5ev] pray] 0 (f]$4 ,e h\se 9 ,p]sia _h its haoma-plant & its sacr$ pe/le & mort>1 :i* _h to be protect$ f pollution z c>efully z ! holy fire & ! sacr$ myrtle-twigs4 ,! prep>ation ( ! haoma-dr9k _h its special liturgy1 & 9 d$icat+ x ! cup 0 held al(t1 n plac$ on ! gr\nd1 le/ x %\ld be pollut$ by ! brea? ( ! wor%ipp] or o!r impurity4#bha ,! ,semnion or ,!ombrotion :i*1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 0 tak5 by ! ,p]sian k+s to keep (f bodily decay & to produce con/ancy ( m9d1 0 probably id5tical ) ! haoma-dr9k4#bhb ,! ,p>sees ( ,bombay /ill cont9ue ! ritual use ( ! haoma-juice1 d]iv+ x f a plant ) a knott$ /em & leaves l ^? ( ! jasm9e1 supplies ( :i* are specially obta9$ f ,kirman 9 ,p]sia4 ,!y refuse to admit ! id5tity ( ! ,v$ic soma ) _! own sacr$ plant1 :i* !y ass]t is nev] f\nd 9 ,india4#bhc ,?is fact1 if true1 w\ld acc\nt = ! confusion :i* appe>s to exi/ z to ! exact nature ( ! plant f :i* ! ,v$ic soma or amrita 0 d]iv$1 & inde$ x is v probable t 9 _! migrations s\?w>d ! ,h9dus made use successively ( diff]5t plants4 ,b !re c be little d\bt t ! soma ritual & ! conceptions associat$ ) x 7 orig9ally d]iv$ f ! same s\rce z t ( ! haoma1 & date back to a p]iod be=e ! ,aryan races _h become sep>at$4 ,l ! haoma1 ! soma is n only a plant b also a p[]ful deity1 & 9 bo? ! ,v$as & ! ,z5dave/a 8! conceptions ( ! god & ! sacr$ juice bl5d wond]fully ) ea* o!r40#bhd ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ro?1 ! plant :i* is ! s\rce ( ! intoxicat+ dr9k (f]$ to ! gods 9 ,h9du sacrifices is ! ,s>co/emma acidum or ,asclepias acida1 a leafless h]b conta9+ a milky juice1 b x is d\btful :e!r x is id5tical ) ! ,v$ic soma plant4#bhe ,dr4 ,haug /ates di/9ctly t ! plant at pres5t us$ by ! sacrificial prie/s ( ! ,deccan is n ! soma ( ! ,v$as4 ,x gr[s on ! hills ne> ,poona2 its sap1 :i* is :iti%1 is bitt] & a/r+5t1 b n s\r2 x is a v na/y dr9k1 b has "s intoxicat+ effect4 ,de ,gub]natis concludes t z ! e>?ly dr9k 0 m]ely a symbol ( ! heav5ly soma1 its s\rce & "* 7 n mat]ial4 ,x is n necess>y t ! dr9k :i* ! wor%ipp] pret5ds to dr9k or to (f] to ,indra at ! sacrifice %\ld be really intoxicat+4 ,! object ( ! rite is to induce ,indra 9 heav5 to dr9k ! wat] ( /r5g?1 ! true soma1 ! real ambrosia1 sometimes conceiv$ z hidd5 9 ! cl\ds1 sometimes z dwell+ 9 ! s(t light p\r$ =? by ! great ,soma1 ,indu1 ! moon1--! tree ^: /em1 long1 d>k1 & leafless1 resembles t ( ! e>?ly plant f :i* ! dr9k is ord]$ to be prep>$4 ,! ritual resolves itself1 accord+ to ,de ,gub]natis1 into a sun-*>m4 ,soma1 ! moon1 ! god ( plants1 ! "l ( ! d>k =e/ ( night or w9t]1 is ! good g5ius :o furni%es ! miracul\s dr9k :]e) ,indra1 ! sol> h]o1 recruits 8 =ces4 ,x is "u its influ5ce1 say ! ,v$as1 t ,indra p]=ms 8 great de$s4 ,soma does really intoxicate ! gods 9 heav51 incessantly r5ew+ ! triumph ( light ov] its enemies4 ,! sacrifice ( ! soma on e>? is only a pale1 nave1 & grotesque reproduction ( t div9e miracle4#bhf ,accord+ to ! ,v$as1 h[ev]1 ! soma-dr9k1 :i* ,w9dis*man describes z 8! holie/ (f]+ ( ! anci5t ,indian wor%ip10 _h a g5u9ely intoxicat+ effect4 ,x is describ$ z 8/imulat+ spee*10 8call+ =? ! ard5t ?\ght10 8g5]at+ hymns ) ! p[]s ( a poet02 & is invok$ z 8be/[] ( good1 ma/] ( a ?\s& songs1 ! lead] ( sages40 ,a hymn 9 ! ,rig-,v$a has be5 ?us translat$3-- ,we've quaff$ ! ,soma bright ,& are immortal gr[n1 ,we've ent]$ into light ,& all ! gods h kn[n4 ,:at mortal n[ c h>m ,or foeman vex u m8 ,?r\gh !e1 beyond al>m1 ,immortal god6 we so>4#bhg ,9 ! ,h9du wor%ip ! f]m5t$ juice ( ! soma-plant 0 pres5t$ 9 ladles to ! deities invok$1 "p spr9kl$ on ! sacrificial fire1 "p on ! sacr$ grass /rew$ ^u ! floor1 & ! rema9d] inv>iably drunk by ^? :o conduct$ ! c]emony4#bhh ,9 e>ly times1 says ,w9dis*man1 its use 0 look$ ^u z a holy action1 & z a sacram5t by :i* ! union ) ,brahma 0 obta9$4 ,! ambrosia ( ! ,olympian gods1 l ! ^w itself1 0 no d\bt 9 its ess5ce id5tical ) ! ,v$ic amrita or soma4 ,x conta9$ ! pr9ciple ( immortality1 & 0 h5ce )held f mortals4 ,b ! ^w 0 also appli$1 l ! soma1 to a mixture ( v>i\s fruits us$ 9 religi\s rites4#bhi ,a /ill clos] analogy1 h[ev]1 ) ! ,h9du & ,p]sian conception is to be f\nd 9 ! cult ( ,dionysus1 :o 0 reg>d$ z pres5t 9 ! w9e1 :i* 0 8 gift to man4 8,he1 born a god10 says ,euripides1 8is p\r$ out 9 libations to ! gods40#bij ,& aga91 8,?is god is a prophet4 ,= :5 he =ces 8 way into ! body1 he makes ^? :o rave to =etell ! future40#bia ,! fact t ,dionysus 0 ess5tially a tree-god1 8! spiritual =m ( ! v9e10#bib r5d]s ! analogy /ill m /rik+4 ,to discuss ! g5esis ( ! above conceptions w\ld be to reop5 ! :ole "q ( ! orig9 ( tree-wor%ip4 ,! dr9k+ ( vegetable juices1 f]m5t$ or o!rwise1 0 no d\bt "o ( ! means by :i* e>ly races 7 accu/om$ to produce dreams & visions1 & s1 9 _! view1 to get !mselves possess$ by or put into communication ) a _s4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 = !m to assume t ! _s 9 "q _h ent]$ into !m ) ! drug1 & 0 !re=e pres5t 9 x & 9 ! plant f :i* x 0 d]iv$4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 inde$1 argues t ?is p>ticul> assumption 0 "o ( ! *ief factors 9 ! orig9 ( plant-wor%ip 9 g5]al1 a ma9 reason :y plants yield+ intoxicat+ ag5ts1 & h5ce o!r plants1 came to be reg>d$ z conta9+ sup]natural be+s4#bic ,x w\ld probably1 h[ev]1 be saf] to conclude t ! sacram5tal use ( ! juice ( plants is m]ely "o among/ _m cognate religi\s usages1 & l ! ritual employm5t ( wrea?s 9 ! s]vice ( ! gods1 ! atta*m5t ( bran*es to ! h\se1 & ! smit+ ) ! 8life-rood10 sprang out ( ! desire ( m5 to br+ ne>] to !mselves a _s already believ$ to exi/1 & ?us to ensure _! enjoym5t ( ! protection & ! b5efits presum$ to be at 8 disposal4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,p>adise ,no acc\nt ( tree-wor%ip w\ld be complete )\t a *apt] on t tradition ( a p>adise or ideal g>d5 ( delight :i* is met ) 9 ! my?ology ( almo/ all ! nations ( antiquity4 ,! =m ( ! tradition v>ies4 ,p>adise 0 sometimes repres5t$ 7#a7 z ! seat ( ! gods2 sometimes 7#b7 z ! fir/ home ( ! p>5ts ( mank9d2 & 9 o!r cases z 7#c7 ! abode ( ! spirits ( ! bless$4 ,occasionally ! diff]5t conceptions are comb9$2 b ! e>li] traditions all concur 9 connect+ p>adise ) a miracul\s tree or trees1 or ) a m or less leg5d>y m\nta91 f :i* x may be plausibly inf]r$ t !y date back to ! days ( t primitive cosmogony :5 ! heav5s 7 suppos$ to be upheld by a mat]ial support4 ,?us 9 "o1 at lea/1 ( its aspects ! tradition ( p>adise mu/ be reg>d$ z an (f%oot ( ! sacr$ tree4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& h[ ! v>i\s conceptions arose4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z ! idea ( a life or _s m or less b\nd to ! tree became exp&$ into t ( a p[]ful & wide-rang+ god1 ! idealis+ process dem&$ = him "s home 9 heav5 correspond+ to ! tree :i* 0 8 fav\rite habitat or embodim5t on e>?4 ,! sacr$ god-haunt$ tree1 to :i* wor%ip & gifts 7 accord$ bel[1 sugge/$ a my/ical c\nt]p>t above1 & ! prop] home ( deity 0 assum$ to be t m>vell\s tree ^: bran*es 7 ! sky & its fruit ! sun & />s1 or t l(ty m\nta9 ^: summit t\*$ & support$ ! heav5s4 ,9 ! second place1 ! belief1 common 9 primitive my?ology1 t ! fir/ p>5ts 7 born f trees1 presumably l$ to ! idea t ^! hon\r$ ance/ors1 ^: innoc5ce 0 a "p ( _! idealisation1 liv$ among/ trees & 9 a g>d5 equally idealis$4 ,! ?ird conception ( p>adise naturally grew out ( ! e>li] conceptions1 :5 !re arose ! belief 9 a future life ( rew>d or puni%m5t2 ?\gh x has be5 po9t$ out t ! conception ( heav5 "u ! =m ( a g>d5 prevail$1 p> excell5ce1 among/ settl$ nations1 liv+ "u k+s ( ^: /ate a luxuri\s g>d5 or pleasaunce =m$ an ess5tial "p4#bid ,( p>adise reg>d$ z ! abode ( ! gods1 ! ,indian tradition ( ! g>d5 ( ,indra furni%es ! be/ example4 ,x 0 situat$ on ,m\nt ,m]u1 on ! conf9es ( ,ca%m]e1 & conta9$ ! five wond]ful trees :i* sprang f ! wat]s1 aft] ! *urn+ ( ! cosmic ocean by ! gods & ! demons4 ,"u ^! trees ! gods took _! ease1 enjoy+ ! ambrosia t fell f !m4 ,! g>d51 wat]$ by spr+s & rivulets1 conta9$ lum9\s fl[]s1 fruits t conf]r$ immortality1 & birds ^: song ev5 ! gods lov$ to he>4 ,! *ief ( its five miracul\s trees 0 ! p>idjata1 ! fl[] ( :i* pres]v$ its fre%ness ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 conta9$ 9 itself e sc5t & flav\r1 & gave happ9ess to :oev] dem&$ x4 ,x 01 moreov]1 a te/ ( virtue1 los+ its spl5d\r 9 ! h&s ( ! s9ful1 & pres]v+ x = him :o foll[$ duty4 ,ea* p]son f\nd 9 x 8 fav\rite col\r & p]fume4 ,x s]v$ z a tor* by night1 0 a talisman aga9/ hung]1 ?ir/1 disease1 & decrepitude1 & disc\rs$ ! sweete/ & mo/ v>i$ music4#bie ,de ,gub]natis quotes sev]al o!r in/ances f ,indian lit]ature ( a leg5d>y cele/ial g>d54#bif ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,f a ,babylonian seal47,goblet d',alviella47 ,( p>adise1 z ! home ( ! fir/ p>5ts1 ! ,p5tateu* gives ! mo/ circum/antial acc\nt1 ?\gh x w\ld appe> f ,g5esis iii4 #h t ! ,biblical p>adise 0 also reg>d$ z a fav\rite resort ( ,jehovah4 ,! sacr$ books ( ! ,p>sis conta9 a v simil> v]sion4 ,! orig9al human pair1 ,mas*ia & ,mas*ina1 sprang f a tree 9 ,h$51 a delightful spot :]e grew hom or haoma1 ! m>vell\s tree ( life1 ^: fruit imp>t$ vig\r & immortality4 ,! woman1 at ! in/ance ( ,ahriman1 ! _s ( evil 9 ! guise ( a s]p5t1 gave h] husb& fruit to eat & s l$ to _! ru94#big ,! tradition is no d\bt ( v anci5t orig91 & is suppos$ to be repres5t$ on an e>ly ,babylonian seal n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! tree /&s 9 ! middle1 f ei!r side two human be+s seat$ /ret* =? _! h&s = its fruit2 ! s]p5t /&s erect beh9d "o ( !m4#bih ,on ano!r cyl9d] 9 ! ,museum at ! ,hague !re is repres5t$ a g>d5 ) trees & birds2 9 ! middle a palm1 f :i* two p]sonages are pluck+ ! fruit2 a ?ird ) a fruit 9 8 h& seems to address !m4#bii ,! two my/ical trees ( ! ,biblical p>adise f9d _! common c\nt]p>t 9 ! sacr$ c$> ( ! ,*aldaeans1 :i*1 besides be+ ess5tially a tree ( life1 employ$ 9 magic rites to re/ore /r5g? & life to ! body1 0 also 8! reveal] ( ! oracles ( e>? & heav540 ,^u its core ! "n ( ,ea1 ! god ( wisdom1 0 suppos$ to be writt51#cjj j z ! "n ( ,ormuzd 0 fir/ disclos$ to man by appe>+ c>v$ 9 ! wood ( 8 sacr$ cypress4 ,! tree ( life also f9ds a p>allel 9 ! div9e soma1 ! giv] ( et]nal y\? & immortality1 a dr9k res]v$ only = ! cele/ial gods or ! s\ls ( ! bless$4 ,! ?ird conception ( p>adise1 z ! dwell+-place ( ! righte\s dead1 is met ) 9 ! e>lie/ ,greek lit]ature1#cja b !re is no def9ite trace ( x among/ ! ,semitic nations until mu* lat]4 ,x did n1 app>5tly1 f9d recognition among/ ! ,jews until aft] ! exile1 b ref]5ces to x are frequ5t 9 _! lat] apocalyptic lit]ature4#cjb ,9 ! second book ( ,esdras1 ! ,"l tells ,8 p t ,he w br+ !m out ( ! tombs1 & t ,he has sanctifi$ & prep>$ = !m 8twelve trees1 lad5 ) div]s fruits1 & z _m f\nta9s fl[+ ) milk & honey1 & sev5 mighty m\nta9s1 :]eupon !re gr[ roses & lilies40#cjc 8,!y %all h ! tree ( life = an o9tm5t ( sweet sav\r2 !y %all nei!r lab\r nor be we>y40#cjd ,9 ! ,rabb9ical writ+s1 & /ill m 9 ! ,koran1 ?is conception ( p>adise is embroid]$ ) _m fanciful extravagances4 ,! ,talmud ev5 inv5ts two p>adises4 8,!re is an upp] p>adise & a l[] p>adise4 ,& betwe5 !m is fix$ a pill>1 by :i* !y are jo9$ toge!r1 & :i* is call$ #8,! /r5g? ( ! ,hill ( ,sion4' ,& by ?is pill> on e ,sabba? & fe/ival ! s\ls ( ! righte\s asc5d f ! l[] to ! upp] p>adise1 & !re enjoy ! light ( ! ,div9e ,maje/y till ! end ( ! ,sabba? or fe/ival1 :5 !y desc5d & return into ! l[] p>adise40#cje ,?is pill> is no d\bt a survival ( ! old tradition ( ! _w-tree1 a tradition /ill m obvi\sly traceable 9 ! ,mahometan belief4 ,accord+ to ! ,koran p>adise is situat$ 9 ! sev5? heav54 ,9 ! c5tre ( x /&s ! m>vell\s tree call$ ,tooba1 :i* is s l>ge t a man m\nt$ on ! fleete/ horse c\ld n ride r\nd its bran*es 9 a hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is tree n only af=ds ! mo/ grateful %ade ov] ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,mussulman p>adise1 b its b\ghs1 lad5 ) delici\s fruits ( a size & ta/e unkn[n to mortals1 b5d !mselves to be pluck$ at ! wi% ( ! happy d5iz5s ( t blissful abode4 ,! riv]s ( p>adise take _! rise f ! tree1 fl[+ "s ) wat]1 "s ) milk1 & "s ) honey2 :ile o!rs are fill$ ) w9e1 ! use ( :i* is n =bidd5 to ! bless$4#cjf ,! confusion ( ?\ght app>5t 9 ^! anci5t traditions ( p>adise 0 no d\bt p>tly due to ! fact t primitive man1 ) 8 limit$ grasp ( ! possibilities ( space1 pictur$ heav5 z n f> di/ant f him4 ,x 0 a happi] & a bright] e>?1 :i* (f]$ mat]ial r ?an spiritual joys1 & :]e1 accord+ to ! e>lie/ conceptions1 ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ c>ri$ on ! same pursuits1 reap$ & s[$ & hunt$1 z !y _h done :ile 9 life4 ,?us ! old ,accadian dwell]s by ! ,euphrates pictur$ ! sky z ! c\nt]p>t ( _! own f]tile pla9s1 & ! sun z a pl\ghman yok+ 8 ox5 to ! glitt]+ pl\gh1 ) :i* he till$ ! heav5ly pa/ure4#cjg ,! same idea is exemplifi$ 9 ! names ( ! zodiacal con/ellations1 :i* are ( extremely anci5t orig91 ! sign we /ill "k z ,taurus be+ call$ by ! ,accadians 8! bull :o guides ! ye>40 ,s ne> 0 heav5 t x 0 n impossible to climb up to x1 if y c\ld b f9d ! cosmic tree by :i* x 0 upheld4 ,! ,khasias ( ,india h a leg5d t ! />s are m5 :o h climb$ into heav5 by a tree4#cjh ,! ,mbocobis ( ,p>aguay /ill believe t ! s\ls ( ! dead g up 8to ! e>? on high0 by ! tree :i* jo9s u to heav51 & f9d an entrance by means ( ! holes 9 ! sky-ro( ?r\gh :i* ! ra9 desc5ds4#cji ,!re is a ,*9ese /ory ( a k+1 :o hav+ he>d ( ! glories ( p>adise1 set =? 9 se>* ( x4 ,aft] long w&]+s he came to a mighty column1 :i*1 he _h be5 told1 mu/ be climb$ 9 ord] to rea* ! wi%$-= goal4 ,b x 0 too slipp]y1 & he 0 compell$ to fall back ^u ! alt]native r\te1 a /eep & rugg$ m\nta9 pa?4 ,:5 almo/ fa9t+ ) fatigue he 0 assi/$ by "s fri5dly nymphs1 & at l5g? arriv$ at a beautiful g>d51 ) a wondr\s tree 9 its mid/1 & a f\nta9 ( immortality1 f :i* f\r riv]s1 fl[+ to ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>?1 took _! rise4#caj ,! same notion ( ! simil>ity & prop9quity ( ! heav5ly field is illu/rat$ by ! /ory ( ! ,etruscan prie/1 :o by 8 *>ms br\ght d[n to e>? a bit ( heav5 :]eon to build 8 temple4 ,! ,mahometans ass]t t ! ,caaba 0 l[]$ directly f ! cele/ial p>adise exactly at ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,& ! ,b$\9s ( ,arabia /ill believe t ! j9ni1 liv+ ne> ! l[e/ heav51 c he> ! conv]sation ( ! angels1 & s ga9 valuable in=mation :i* !y are able to imp>t to m54#caa ,hom] plac$ ! seat ( ! gods & ! c\rt ( ,zeus ^u ! summit ( ,olympus1#cab :i* 0 suppos$ to t\* heav51 & pi]c+ ?r\gh ! region ( ra9 & cl\d to rea* into ! calm e!r1 :]e reign$ et]nal spr+4 ,by lat] writ]s1 h[ev]1 ,olympus 0 repres5t$ z an unsub/antial region ov]head1 ) ! palace ( ,zeus 9 its mid/4 ,! e>li] view ( ,olympus exactly corresponds ) ! ,*aldaean 8m\nt ( ! _w10 ! m\nta9 ( ,arallu or ,hades1 :]e ! gods _h _! seat1 & b5ea? :i* 0 ! _w ( gho/s2#cac also ) ! ,m\nt ( ! ,assembly spok5 ( by ,isaiah1 & ) ! ,sc&9avian ,asg>d4 ,b !re is a cle>] rem9isc5ce ( ! elevat$ p>adise ( ,ori5tal leg5d 9 ! beautiful g>d5s ( ! _w-support+ ,atlas1 ) _! delici\s fruits1 _! gold5 apples1 & _! protect+ dragon4 ,! ?ird conception ( p>adise1 z ! abode ( ! bless$1 is also met ) 9 ,greek my?ology 9 ! ,elysian fields1 or isl&s ( ! bless$1 also plac$ by "s au?orities 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m\nt ,atlas4 ,"h ! s\ls ( ! virtu\s enjoy$ p]fect happ9ess1 9 b[]s = ev] gre51 & among/ mead[s wat]$ by pleasant /reams & be/>r$ ) asphodel4 ,! air 0 pure & s]5e1 ! birds w>bl$ 9 ! groves1 & ! inhabitants c>ri$ on su* avocations z !y _h delight$ 9 :5 on e>?4 ,lat] writ]s1 h[ev]1 sub/itut$ = ^! innoc5t pleasures ! voluptu\s indulg5ces ( ! ,mahometan p>adise4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 ! anci5t tradition ( an elevat$ p>adise1 ( a p>adise seat$ on ! summit ( a heav5-t\*+ _w-m\nta91 :i* influ5c$ ,milton 9 8 celebrat$ description1 = !re is no?+ 9 ! ,biblical acc\nt to sugge/ ! excessive altitude t he s delib]ately acc5tuates4 ,p>adise1 accord+ to ! poet-- cr[ns ) h] enclosure gre51 ,z ) a rural m\nd1 ! *ampa9 head ,( a /eep wild]ness1 444 & ov]head up-grew ,insup]able height ( l(tie/ %ade1 ,c$>1 & p9e1 & fir1 & bran*+ palm2 444 ,yet high] ?an _! tops ,! v]dur\s wall ( p>adise up-sprung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& high] ?an t wall a circl+ r[ ,( goodlie/ trees1 load5 ) faire/ fruit4#cad ,z man's conceptions ( ,god h wid5$ ) a m ext5d$ k ( ,8 univ]se & a full] realisation ( 8 own hi/ory on ! e>?1 ^! old] conceptions ( p>adise z ! home ( deity & ! abode ( ! bless$ h decay$1 until at ! pres5t day1 h[ev] mu* our !ologians may diff] 9 _! descriptions ( heav51 !y agree at lea/ 9 ?is1 t :atev] x is1 x is n a g>d54 ,b ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( an e>?ly p>adise1 :i* =m$ a "p ( ! traditions ( s _m anci5t nations1 l+]$ on = c5turies aft] 8! ,holy ,city0 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _h displac$ ! ,p>adise ( ! ,old4 ,! features ( ?is e>?ly p>adise are = ! mo/ "p simil> to ^? famili> to u 9 ! ,biblical description4 ,x conta9$ ! f\nta9 ( immortality1 f :i* sprang ! f\r riv]s t fl[$ to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! e>?4 ,purl+ brooks ran ) ! f>-fam$ ambrosia4 ,! dwell]s !re9 repos$ on fl[]y lawns1 lull$ by ! melodi\s w>bl+s ( birds & fea/+ on delici\s fruits4 ,:atev] !re 0 ( beautiful or sublime 9 nature !re f\nd its m p]fect c\nt]p>t4 ,absolute cont5tm5t & s]5ity & ! delight t nev] dies 7 ! boons x (f]$4 ,!re man c\ld cease f toil1 = nature1 unassi/$1 produc$ all t 0 necess>y = 8 su/5ance4 ,?is g>d5 ( delight 0 (t5 s\ght aft] b seldom f\nd1 except by semi-div9e h]oes div9ely l$4 ,h]cules1 direct$ by ,n]eus1 ! sea-god1 succe$$ 9 atta9+ ! g>d5s ( ! ,hesp]ides on ! _w-support+ ,m\nt ,atlas1 ! ,pill> ( ,heav51 z ,h]odotus calls x4 ,he conqu]$ ! protect+ dragon & secur$ ! gold5 sun-fruit f ! c5tral tree4#cae ,! ,*aldaean ,h]cules1 ,gilgames1 ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]1 f\nd a simil> tree ) magic fruit ^u x :5 he rea*$ ! gates ( ocean4 ,?is idea ( an actual p>adise ^u e>? has fasc9at$ ! m9d ( man 9 all ages1 & has be5 "o ( 8 mo/ *]i%$ & p]si/5t traditions4 ,x 0 an idea t no d\bt arose out ( & correspond$ to 8 lifelong crav+ = a p]fect peace & happ9ess :i* he nev] f\nd 9 ! _w he knew1 & :i* he has at l5g? realis$ to be incompatible ) 8 own organisation4 ,x has tak5 him c5turies to discov] t if !re is no e>?ly p>adise x is he himself & n ! _w t is at fault4 ,b ! tradition 0 sl[ to die1 & !re are probably p :o /ill believe1 z ,sir ,john ,maundeville believ$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 t ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 exi/s some:]e ^u ! e>? if x c\ld only be f\nd4 ,?is is :at ! fam\s travell] says3-- 8,& beyond ! l&1 & isles1 & des]ts ( ,pre/] ,john's lord%ip1 9 go+ /raight t[>ds ! ,ea/1 m5 f9d no?+ b m\nta9s & great rocks2 & !re is ! d>k region1 :]e no man may see1 nei!r by day nor night1 z !y ( ! c\ntry say4 ,& t des]t1 & t place ( d>kness1 la/s f ?is coa/ unto ,t]re/rial ,p>adise1 :]e ,adam1 our fir/ fa!r1 & ,eve 7 put1 :o dwelt !re b a little :ile1 & t is t[>ds ! ea/1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! e>?4 8,( ,p>adise ,i _c prop]ly speak1 = ,i 0 n !re4 ,x is f> beyond2 & ,i rep5t n go+ !re1 b ,i 0 n wor?y4 ,b z ,i h he>d say ( wise m5 beyond1 ,i %all tell y ) good-w4 ,t]re/rial ,p>adise1 z wise m5 say1 is ! highe/ place ( ! e>?2 & x is s high t x ne>ly t\*es ! circle ( ! moon1 !re z ! moon makes h] turn4 ,= x is s high t ! flood ( ,noah might n come to x1 t w\ld h cov]$ all ! e>? ( ! _w all ab\t1 & above & b5ea?1 except ,p>adise4 ,& ?is ,p>adise is enclos$ all ab\t ) a wall1 & m5 "k n :]e( x is2 = ! wall is cov]$ all ov] ) moss1 z x seems2 & x seems n t ! wall is natural /one4 ,& t wall /ret*es f ! s\? to ! nor?2 & x has b "o entry1 :i* is clos$ ) burn+ fire1 s t no man t is mortal d>e ent]4 ,& 9 ! highe/ place ( ,p>adise1 exactly 9 ! middle1 is a well t ca/s out f\r /reams1 :i* run by div]s l&s1 ( :i* ! fir/ is call$ ,pison or ,ganges1 t runs ?r\gh ,india or ,emlak1 9 :i* riv] are _m preci\s /ones1 & mu* lignum alos1 & mu* s& ( gold4 ,& ! o!r riv] is call$ ,nile or ,gyson1 :i* goes ?r\gh ,e?iopia1 & aft] ?r\gh ,egypt4 ,& ! o!r is call$ ,tigris1 :i* runs by ,assyria & by ,arm5ia ! ,great4 ,& ! o!r is call$ ,euphrates1 :i* runs ?r\gh ,m$ia1 ,arm5ia1 & ,p]sia4 ,& m5 !re beyond say t all ! sweet wat]s ( ! _w1 above & b5ea?1 take _! beg9n+ f ! well ( ,p>adise2 & out ( t well all wat]s come & g40#caf ,! p>adise 9 ! exi/5ce ( :i* ! great travell] s firmly believ$ is repres5t$ 9 a ?irte5?-c5tury map z a circul> isl& ly+ to ! ea/ ( ,india1 & ! c>tograph] has n =gott5 to introduce ev5 ! gate f :i* our fir/ p>5ts 7 expell$4 ,a f\rte5?-c5tury ,icel&ic saga describes a voyage und]tak5 by a pr9ce & 8 *os5 fri5d 9 se>* ( ! ,dea?less ,l&4 ,!y fir/ w5t to ,con/ant9ople to consult ! ,emp]or1 & 7 told t ! e>?ly p>adise 0 slightly to ! s\? ( ,india4 ,arriv$ 9 t c\ntry !y cont9u$ ! j\rney on horseback1 & came at la/ to a d5se =e/1 ! gloom ( :i* 0 s great ?r\gh ! int]lac+ ( ! b\ghs t ev5 by day ! />s c\ld be se54 ,em]g+ f x !y saw1 across a /rait1 a beautiful l&1 :i* 0 unmi/akably p>adise4 ,! /rait 0 cross$ by a /one bridge gu>d$ by a dragon4 ,! pr9ce1 9 no ways det]r$1 walk$ delib]ately sword 9 h& aga9/ ! dragon1 & ! next mom5t1 to 8 inf9ite surprise & delight1 he f\nd himself 9 p>adise4 ,"h he enc\nt]$ all ! joys he>t c\ld desire1 & exhau/$ ) delight he fell asleep4 ,9 8 dreams 8 gu>dian angel appe>$ to him & promis$ to lead him home1 b to come = him aga9 & take him away = ev] at ! expiration ( ! t5? ye>4#cag ,_m o!r m$iaeval /ories c\ld be quot$1 9 :i* ! travell] claims to h f\nd p>adise4 ,x 0 a fav\rite subject ) ! c\rt m9/rels1 prov+ t ev5 ! envi$ dwell]s ar\nd a ?rone are n less op5 ?an o!r m5 to ! fasc9at+ dream ( a /ill m p]fect happ9ess4 ,plato's /ory ( ! lo/ ,atlantis1 suppos$ to h be5 relat$ to ,solon :5 9 ,egypt1 also belongs to ! class ( p>adise leg5ds4 ,x 0 situat$ 9 ! ,atlantic1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules4 ,l>g] ?an ,libya & ,asia toge!r1 x 0 ! seat ( a great & wond]ful empire1 ! subjects ( :i*1 aft] _m conque/s1 set out to subdue ,hellas1 b 7 defeat$ by ! ,a!nians4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds !re arose viol5t e>?quakes & floods1 & 9 a s+le day & night ! isl& disappe>$ b5ea? ! sea4 ,all ?is happ5$ #ijjj ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,plato4#cah ,accord+ to o!r acc\nts1 :5 ! gods di/ribut$ ! :ole e>? among/ !mselves ,atlantis fell to ! lot ( ,poseidon1 & ! *ildr5 he _h by ,cleito1 a mortal1 rul$ ov] ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! elde/1 ,atlas1 gave 8 "n to ! isl& & to ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,?is sacr$ l& br\ght =? 9 abundance ! mo/ beautiful & delici\s fruits1 & magnific5t build+s 7 con/ruct$ f ! m9]als & fragrant woods ( ! place1 notably a holy temple d$icat$ to ,poseidon & ,cleito1 :i* 0 protect$ by an enclosure ( gold4 ,a weal? ( f\nta9s & hot & cold spr+s suppli$ luxuri\s ba?s4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 humane & j1 & ! p took _! due %>e 9 x4 ,s long z ! div9e nature la/$ 9 !m !y 7 ob$i5t to ! laws & well affect$ to ! gods1 _! k9sm51 ev9c+ g5tl5ess & wisdom 9 ! v>i\s *ances ( life & 9 _! int]c\rse ) ea* o!r1 & sett+ m value on virtue ?an on weal? & luxury4 ,b 9 ! end1 z ! div9e "p 9 !m di$ away1 !y fell f virtue1 & !y & _! isl& 7 subm]g$ = ev] b5ea? ! waves4 ,?is leg5d1 :i* w\ld appe> to comb9e ) ! idea ( an e>?ly p>adise ano!r tradition equally famili> to antiquity1 t ( a retributory deluge1 surviv$ into ! ,middle ,ages1 & became bl5d$ ) ! leg5ds ( ! ,celtic ,*ur*4 ,= ! ,atlantic p>adise is di/9ctly reproduc$ 9 t leg5d>y ,isle ( ,avalon1#cai :i* ,/4 ,br&an1 an ,iri% sa9t ( ! six? c5tury1 0 said to h f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( a sev5 ye>s' voyage2 ! isle-- ,:]e falls n hail or ra9 or any sn[1 ,nor ev] w9d bl[s l\dly1 b x lies ,deep-mead[$1 happy1 fair1 ) or*>d lawns ,& b[]y holl[s4 ,columbus1 9 8 ?ird voyage1 came ^u a spot1 ! site ( :i* correspond$ ) ! description giv5 ( ! e>?ly p>adise by 8holy & wise !ologians40 ,b he hesitat$ to asc5d ?i!r & assure himself ( ! correctness ( 8 conclusion1 z no "o c\ld succe$ 9 su* an und]tak+ )\t ! div9e p]mission4#cbj ,! ,japanese h a leg5d ( an ,isl& ( ,et]nal ,y\?1 :i* exi/s beyond ! horizon 9 ! %ad[y unkn[n4 ,"s =tunate obs]v]s h f "t to "t se5 a wondr\s tree ris+ high above ! waves4 ,x is ! tree :i* has /ood = all ages on ! l(tie/ peak ( ,fusan1 ! ,m\nta9 ( ,immortality4 ,! isl& has ! traditional *>act]i/ics ( ! e>?ly p>adise1--endless spr+1 airs ev] sweet1 uncl\d$ skies1 unfad+ fl[]s1 birds t s+ ( love & joy1 trees ^: cele/ial dews c>ry ) !m ! secret ( et]nity4 ,sorr[1 pa91 & dea? are unkn[n1 & ! elect ( ! gods1 :o p t delightful spot1 fill _! days ) music & laught] & song1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! flight ( "t4 ,! miracle ( ! spr+ 9 o!r l&s is due to ! :isp] ( ! _s ( ! isl&4#cba ,?is ,japanese leg5d pres]ves ! intimate connection betwe5 p>adise & ! cosmic tree1 :i* is (t5 f\nd to h dropp$ out ( o!r v]sions ( ! tradition4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t orig9ally ! my/ical tree 0 ! ess5tial feature ( p>adise1 & ! g>d5 0 m]ely its prec9ct or sett+--"o ( ! _m conceptions :i* grew up ar\nd ! c5tral idea ( ! cosmic tree4 ,ea* nation1 accord+ to its /age ( culture or its prevail+ habit ( ?\ght1 emphasis$ "o feature ( x4 ,! mon/] tree :i*1 accord+ to primitive cosmogony1 0 believ$ to support ! univ]se by mat]ial bran*es1 became 9 ! m9ds ( m cultivat$ races ! c5tral tree ( a dimly-realis$ p>adise1 & ev5tually ! symbol ( an ab/ract idea4 ,! intellectual ,buddhi/ saw 9 x ! emblem ( k2 ! ,p]sian ?\ght ( x z ! tree ( immortality2 ! ,hebrew1 fill$ ) ! idea ( man's frailty & ) ! long+ to expla9 x1 made x ! tree ( temptation4#cbb ,b 9 all ^! v>i\s conceptions we f9d a c5tral idea1 d]iv$ no d\bt f an antec$5t & univ]sal tree-wor%ip1 an idea :i* places a tree at ! root ( all philosophy1 ref]s all ph5om5a to ! exi/5ce ( a c5tral tree1 s]viceable to man "h or h]eaft]1 & conc5trat+ ^u itself ! rev]5t devotion :i* _h outgr[n its e>?ly c\nt]p>t4 ,!re are _m facts to prove ! importance atta*$ 9 anci5t times to ?is conception ( a glorifi$ tree4 ,among/ ! gorge\s decorations ( ! palaces ( ,ea/]n k+s a symbolical repres5tation ( ! tree ( p>adise 0 frequ5tly f\nd4 ,tall z ! c$> ( ! m\nta91 "h ,rose ! gold bran*es1 hung ) em]ald leaves1 ,blossom$ ) pe>ls1 & ri* ) ruby fruit4 ,sir ,john ,maundeville describes "o :i* he saw 9 ! palace ( ! ,*an ( ,ca?ay4 8,x is a v9e made ( f9e gold1 :i* spreads all ab\t ! hall1 & x has _m clu/]s ( grapes1 "s :ite1 "s gre51 "s yell[1 "s r$1 & "s black1 all ( preci\s /ones2 ! :ite are ( cry/al1 b]yl1 & iris2 ! yell[ ( topazes2 ! r$ ( rubies1 gr5az1 & alabraund9es2 ! gre5 ( em]alds & p]ydoz & ( *rysolites2 & ! black ( onyx & g>nets4 ,& !y are all s prop]ly made t x appe>s a real v9e1 be>+ natural grapes40#cbc ,accord+ to an ,arab writ]1 quot$ by ,gibbon1#cbd !re exi/$ 9 ! magnific5t palace ( ! ,caliph ( ,bagdad1 9 #iag ,a4,d41 among/ o!r spectacles ( r>e & /up5d\s luxury1 a tree ( gold & silv]1 spread+ into eighte5 l>ge bran*es1 on :i* & on ! less] b\ghs sat a v>iety ( birds made ( ! same preci\s metals4 ,:ile ! ma*9]y effect$ spontane\s motions ! sev]al birds w>bl$ _! natural h>mony4 ,! int5tion 01 no d\bt1 to repres5t ! traditional luxuriance ( p>adise1 & a simil> motive is met ) 9 ,ea/]n design ev5 9 ! pres5t day4 ,! tradition ( a k+ :o built a false p>adise1 l ,%$dad 9 ,s\!y's ,?alaba1 seems always to h be5 curr5t 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a sculpture f ,koyunjik repres5t+ a palace1 or may be a temple1 con/ruct$ 9 imitation ( a p>adise4 ,! artificial hill1 repres5t+ ! _w-m\nta9 on :i* x /&s1 is plant$ ) trees & fl[]s1 & wat]$ by a /ream t issues f a hang+ g>d54 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,may ,,celebrations ,9 ^! days1 :5 s mu* is done to equalise ! seasons1 :5 9 ! fl[]-%ops spr+ treads on ! heels ( autumn1 & ,*ri/mas w9d[s are gay ) tropical fruits1 :5 fre% meat is always on ! /alls1 & ! e>? is tapp$ ( its light & w>m? to make up = ! abs5t sun1 x is difficult to realise ! delight & en?usiasm ) :i* our =efa!rs welcom$ ! ye>ly miracle ( ! spr+4 ,x meant s mu* to !m1--release f ! cold & ! d>kness t fell h>dly on all b ! ri*2 a fea/ ( col\r to eyes we>y ( w9t] grays2 lusci\s1 v>i$1 & pl5tiful food to palates dull$ by salt meat & pease-pudd+4 ,no wond] t ! fir/ h9t ( ! sun's return at ,*ri/mas1 & ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise ( spr+ at ,may-day1 7 welcom$ ) an ab&onm5t ( joy to :i* our mod]n fe/ivals (f] b a pale p>allel4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r1 ev5 9 ! f>-(f days :5 ! c]emonies possess$ ! highe/ religi\s sanction & significance1 !y 7 celebrat$ ) a f9] exub]ance ?an 9 ! comp>atively rec5t times :5 ?is c\ntry 0 /ill 8m]rie ,engl&40 ,fet*+ 9 ! ,may or go+ a-,may+ 0 !n a mo/ important fe/ival1 9 :i* p ( all ranks took "p4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 himself rode a-,may+ ) ,que5 ,ka?>9e & 8 ,c\rt4 ,e village _h its ,may-pole1 & ! fir/ ( ,may 0 ev]y:]e 8! madde/1 m]rie/ day ( all ! glad ,new ,ye>40 ,! celebration 0 recognis$ by ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ! note = ! #cj? ( ,april 9 an old ,cal5d> be+1 8,! boys g out & seek ,may-trees40#cbe ,*auc] repres5ts ! :ole ,c\rt z go+ into ! fields 8on ,may-day :5 ! l>k beg9s to rise0-- ,to fet* ! fl\res fre% & bran* & blome4 ,& namely haw?orne br\ght bo? page & grome1 ,) fre% g>lants p>ty blew & :ite1 ,& ?an rejoys5 9 _! great delight4#cbf ,! poet makes ! :ole ,c\rt pelt ea* o!r ) fl[]s1 8! prim]ose1 ! violete & ! gold10 b ! g5]al cu/om 0 to br+ home ! bran*es & fl[]s z an adornm5t = ! h\se4 ,ev5 ! b>ns & ! c[-byres 7 c>efully decorat$1 long aft] ! primitive int5tion ( ! c]emony _h be5 =gott51 & x _h deg5]at$ into a lic5s$ opportunity = revelry & love-mak+4 ,! two aspects ( ! celebration1 ! decorative & ! amatory1 are *>m+ly illu/rat$ 9 ?is lyric ( ,h]rick's3-- ,come1 my ,cor9na1 come2 & com+ m>k ,h[ ea* field turns a /reet1 ea* /reet a p>k1 ,made gre5 & trimm$ ) trees3 see h[ ,devotion gives ea* h\se a b\gh ,or bran*3 ea* por*1 ea* door ere ?is ,an ark1 a tab]nacle is1 ,made up ( :ite-?orn neatly int]wove1 ,z if "h 7 ^? cool] %ades ( love4 ,c su* delights be 9 ! /reet ,& op5 fields & we n see't8 ,come1 we'll abroad2 & let's obey ,! proclamation made = ,may3 ,& s9 no m1 z we h done by /ay+2 ,b1 my ,cor9na1 come1 let's g a-,may+4 ,! lov] ( old cu/oms owes little to ! ,puritans1 = !y did _! be/ to root !m out1 b he is c]ta9ly indebt$ to !m incid5tally = "s valuable evid5ce z to ^? same cu/oms1 n o!rwise atta9able4 ,/ubbs1 a ,puritan writ] ( ! "t ( ,elizabe?1 ?us describes ! sett+ up ( ! ,maypole 9 8 "t3--8,b _! *eefe/ jewell !y br+ f !nce 7! woods7 9 _! ,maie ,poole1 :i*e !y br+ home ) greate v5]ation z ?us3 ,!y h tw5tie or f\rtie yoke ( ox51 e oxe havyng a sweete nosegaie ( fl[]s ty$ on ! tippe ( 8 hornes1 & ^! ox5 drawe home ?is ,maie poole 7?is /9ckyng idoll r7 :i* is cov]$ all ov] ) fl[]s & he>bes1 b\nde r\nde ab\te ) /r+es1 f top to bottome1 & sometimes pa9t$ ) v>iable col\rs1 ) twoo or ?ree hundr$ m51 wom51 & *ildr5 foll[yng x ) greate devotion4 ,& ?us beyng re>$ up ) h&k]*eifes & flagges /reamyng on ! toppe1 !y /rawe ! gr\nde ab\te1 b9de gre5e b\ghes ab\t x1 sett up somm]-haules1 b[]s1 & arb\rs h>d by x4 ,& !n fall !y to banquet & fea/1 to leape & daunce ab\te x1 z ! ,hea!n p did at ! d$ication ( _! idolles1 :]e( ?is is a p]fect patt]ne1 or r ! ?yng itself40#cbg 8,:at adoe make our yong m5 at ! "t ( ,may80 cries ano!r ,puritan writ]4 8,d !y n use night-wat*+s to rob & /eale "y trees out ( o!r m5's gr\nde1 & br+ !m home into _! p>i%e1 ) m9/rels play+ be=e3 & :5 !y h set x up !y w decke x ) fl\res & g>l&s & daunce r\nde 7m5 & wom5 togi!r1 mo/e unseemley & intol]able1 z ,i h prov$ be=e7 ab\t ! tree1 l unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israell t daunc$ ab\t ! gold5 calfe t !y _h set up40#cbh ,?omas ,hall1 ano!r au?or ( ! same class1 0 also mov$ to eloqu5ce on ! subject3 8,_h ?is rud5ess be5 act$ only 9 "s ignorant & obscure p>ts ( ! l& ,i _h be5 sil5t2 b :5 ,i p]ceiv$ t ! compla9ts 7 g5]al f all p>ts ( ! l&1 & t ev5 9 ,*eapside itself ! rude rabble _h set up ?is ensign ( pr(an5ess1 & _h put ! ,"l ,mayor to ! tr\ble ( see+ x pull$ d[n1 ,i c\ld n1 out ( my de>e/ respects & t5d] compassion to ! l& ( my nativity1 & = ! prev5tion ( l disord]s 7if possible7 = ! future1 b put p5 to pap]1 & discov] ! s9ful use & vile pr(an5ess t att5d su* misrule40#cbi ,z e "o kn[s1 ! ,puritans _h _! w ( ! ,may-poles1 & ! ,long ,p>liam5t 9 ,april #afdd decre$ _! removal z 8a hea!ni% vanity1 g5]ally abus$ to sup]/ition & wick$nesse40 ,!y 7 inde$ re9/at$ aft] ! ,re/oration & ! old fe/ivities reviv$1 b ! ,puritan epo* _h left its m>k ^u ! _s ( ! p1 & ,may-day 0 nev] aga9 q :at x _h be51 s t ! foll[+ lam5t by a writ] ( ,cromwell's "t 0 n q out ( date ev5 :5 ,k+ ,*>les _h aga9 come to 8 own3-- ,happy ! age & h>mlesse 7 ! dayes 7,= !n true love & amity 0 f\nd7 ,:5 e village did a ,may-pole raise1 ,& ,:itsun-ales & ,may-games did ab\nd1 ,& all ! lu/y yonk]s 9 a r\t ,) m]ry lasses daunc'd ! rod ab\t4 ,!n ,fri5d%ip to _! banquets bid ! gue/s ,& poor m5 f>'d ! bett] = _! fea/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b s9ce ! ,summ] poles 7 ov]?r[n1 ,& all good sports & m]rim5ts decay$1 ,h[ times & m5 are *ang'd s well is kn[ne1 ,x 7 b lab\r lo/ if m 7 said4 ,9 ,engl& ! once univ]sal joy-mak+ on ! fir/ ( ,may has dw9dl$ into a m]e eleemosyn>y device1 & e ye> takes away some?+ ev5 f ?is poor survival4 ,we are only rem9d$ ( ! day 9 ,london by "h & !re a p]ipatetic ,jack-9-!-,gre5 ) 8 ret9ue ( begg+ cl[ns1 by ! gay ribbons on a few draught horses1 & by ! newspap] reports ( ! election ( ,mr4 ,rusk9's ,may-que5 at ,:itel&s ,college4 ,b 9 _m old-_w t[ns & villages ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ! *ildr5 /ill c>ry r\nd w&s1 ) bun*es ( fl[]s ti$ to !m1 or g>l&s1 consi/+ ( a little b[] fa%ion$ out ( two cross$ hoops1 hidd5 9 fl[]s1 ) a doll seat$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,! obvi\s int5tion ( ?is pretty cu/om is ! collection ( copp]s1 :i* no "o w grudge4 ,x is1 s to say1 a religi\s c]emony1 :]e( only ! collection has surviv$1 z ! foll[+ old rhyme suffici5tly illu/rates3-- ,g5tlem5 & ladies6 ,we wi% y happy ,may2 ,we've come to %[ our g>l&s1 ,because x is ,may-day2 ,come1 kiss my face1 & smell my mace1 ,& give ! "l & lady some?+4#ccj ,9 place ( ! f9al c\plet x 0 sometimes ! cu/om ( "o ( ! be>]s to say1 8,please to h&sel ! "l & lady's purse40 ,! practice once curr5t 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& ( go+ into ! woods on ! fir/ ( ,may1 8:5 ! day beg9s to break10 & br++ home 8knots ( fl[]s & buds & g>l&s gay0 :]e) to adorn ! w9d[s & doors ( ! h\ses at sunrise1 is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ doggrel1 :i* us$ to be sung 9 ! /reets ( ,newca/le-on-,tyne3#cca-- ,rise up1 maid5s1 fie = %ame6 ,= ,i've be5 f\r long miles f hame2 ,i've be5 ga!r+ my g>l& gay1 ,rise up1 fair maids1 & take 9 y\r ,may4 ,x n[ rema9s to trace back ^! c]emonies--^! survivals--to _! orig91 & to %[ h[ once !y 7 ! ess5tial outcome ( a liv+ cre$1 & _h a s]i\s1 &1 s to speak1 sacram5tal significance4#ccb ,! ,may-day celebrations comb9$ ?ree diff]5t usages4 ,fir/1 ! br++ 9 ( ! ,may & ! decoration ( ! home/ead4 ,secondly1 ! plant+ ( ! ,may-pole & ! danc+ ar\nd x4 ,?irdly1 ! selection ( "s y\? or maid5 z ,k+ or ,que5 ( ! ,may4 7#a7 ,! cu/om ( go+ to ! woods to fet* 9 ! ,may is n by any means peculi> to ,engl&4 ,x 0 until rec5tly v g5]al ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & /ill survives 9 _m di/ricts1 ?\gh sometimes ,:itsuntide or ,midsumm] is ! date *os5 = ! c]emony4 ,?is wide di/ribution at once /amps x z an anci5t obs]vance1 & inde$ x 0 already repres5t$ z su* s long ago z ! ?irte5? c5tury4#ccc ,9 "s di/ricts ! bran*es t 7 br\ght 9 7 fa/5$ ov] ! h\se door or ^u ! ro(1 or plant$ 9 front ( ! cattle /alls1 a sep>ate bu% be+ atta*$ = ea* head ( cattle4 ,"h ! ackn[l$g$ purpose 0 to make ! c[s good milk]s4 8,!y fancy10 says a writ] on ! mann]s ( ! ,iri%1 8t a gre5 b\gh fa/5$ on ,may-day aga9/ ! h\se w produce pl5ty ( milk t summ]40#ccd ,9 o!r di/ricts ! ,may-bu%es 7 decorat$ ) nosegays & ribbons & c>ri$ 9 solemn procession f h\se to h\se1 ! be>]s s++ a song & collect+ _! recomp5se 9 a basket4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,sw$5 on ,may-day eve boys /ill g r\nd at ! heels ( ! village fiddl]1 ea* ) a bun* ( fre%ly-ga!r$ bir*-twigs1 s++ songs 9 :i* f9e wea!r1 good h>ve/s1 & o!r bless+s are entreat$4 ,at e cottage :]e !y are duly comp5sat$ = _! pa9s !y adorn ! door ) "o ( _! bir*-sprays4 ,9 ,/ockholm on ,/4 ,john's eve m9iature ,may-poles1 kn[n z ,maj/ng]1 are sold by ! ?\s&4#cce ,9 ,russia ! cu/om ( deck+ ! h\ses ) bran*es at ,:itsuntide is univ]sal4#ccf ,simil> in/ances might be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,mu* light has be5 ?r[n on ^! ,may-day c]emonies by ! /udy ( _m cognate obs]vances met ) among/ diff]5t nations & at diff]5t p]iods4 ,9 ,we/]n ,g]many & ov] ! great] "p ( ,france x is cu/om>y at h>ve/-"t to select a gre5 sapl+ or bran*1 adorn x ) fl[]s1 ribbons1 & col\r$ pap]1 & hang x ) h>ve/ fruits1 eggs1 cakes1 & sweetmeats1 & sometimes ev5 ) sausages1 rolls ( tobacco1 r+s1 ne$les1 etc4 ,(t5 bottles ( w9e or be] are also susp5d$ to x4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,may1 h>ve/-,may1 b\quet de la moisson1 & x is frequ5tly set up 9 ! field :i* is 9 process ( cutt+4 ,:5 ! reap+ is ov] x is br\ght home on ! la/ %eaf or on ! la/ load1 or is borne by a h>ve/man seat$ on ! waggon or walk+ be=e x4 ,on its arrival at ! home/ead x is solemnly welcom$ by ! f>m]1 & atta*$ to "s conspicu\s spot on ! b>n or h\se4 ,"h x rema9s = a ye> until replac$ by its successor4 ,ano!r feature ( ! c]emony1 :i* is no d\bt ( ! nature ( a ra9 *>m1 consi/s 9 ! dr5*+ ( ! ,may & its be>]s ) wat]1 or 9 ! spr9kl+ ( !m ) w9e4 ,a v>iant ( ?is obs]vance is met ) 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 :]e at "s date aft] h>ve/ ! f>m] causes a l(ty pole1 dress$ ) ribbons & hung ) h&k]*iefs1 articles ( clo?+1 cakes1 fruit1 etc41 to be erect$ 9 8 field4 ,! lab\r]s !n climb or race = ! prizes4#ccg ,!re c be no "q z to ! antiquity ( ^! cu/oms4 ,mannh>dt1 :o has c>efully /udi$ ! subject1 f9ds a mo/ rem>kable simil>ity betwe5 ! h>ve/ fe/ivals ( anci5t ,greece & ^? ( mod]n ,europe4 ,! eiresione or h>ve/-bu% ( ! ,greeks1 :i* is reproduc$ 8) almo/ photographic exactness0 9 ! h>ve/-,may above describ$1#cch 0 a bran* ( olive or laurel1 b\nd ) r$ & :ite wool1 & hung ) ribbons1 ! f9e/ h>ve/-fruits1 cakes1 & j>s ( honey1 oil1 & w9e4 ,x 0 c>ri$ 9 solemn procession ) *oral songs1 at ! ,?>gelia or fea/ ( fir/-fruits 9 ! late spr+1 & at ! ,pyanepsia or true h>ve/-fe/ival 9 ! e>ly autumn1 its de/9ation at ! =m] fe/ival be+ ! temple ( ,a!na ,polias1 at ! latt] t ( ,apollo4 ,x 0 plant$ be=e ! door ( ! temple1 ! cont5ts ( ! j>s atta*$ to x 7 p\r$ ov] x1 & ! foll[+ l9es 7 sung3 8,eiresione br+s figs & plump loaves1 & honey 9 j>s1 & oil :]e) to ano9t y\rself1 & cups ( w9e unwat]$1 t y may dr9k y\rself to sleep40#cci ,9 addition to ?is (ficial c]emony ea* l&[n] :o grew corn & fruit held 8 own fe/ival1 ! eiresione 9 t case be+ susp5d$ or fa/5$ be=e 8 h\se-door1 or plac$ inside ! h\se beside ! ance/ral images4 ,!re x rema9$ = a twelve-mon?1 until on ! br++ home ( ! next ye>'s bran* x 0 tak5 d[n & burnt4 ,x 0 to ?is private eiresione t ! famili> passages 9 ,ari/ophanes allude4 ,demos he>+ a noise at 8 front door1 jumps to ! conclusion t a /reet brawl is imm95t3 8,:o's mak+ t hullaballoo80 he cries2 8away f my door4 ,:at1 w ye te> d[n my eiresione80#cdj ,8 dread is t 8 h>ve/-bran* w be requisition$ z a weapon ( (f5ce1 a possible application ( x also allud$ to by ! poet 9 ano!r passage4#cda ,else:]e x is je/+ly said ( a dri$-up old woman1 t if a sp>k fell on h]1 %e w\ld burn up l an old eiresione1#cdb a comp>ison :i* ?r[s light on ! mode ( dispos+ ( ! la/ ye>'s bran*4 ,! ,os*ophoria1 or c>ry+ 9 procession ( ! os*os1 a v9e-bran* ) ! ripe grapes ^u x1 0 ano!r ( ! ,a!nian h>ve/ fe/ivals1 & is int]e/+ 9 ! pres5t connection f its be+ associat$1 l "s mod]n h>ve/ obs]vances1 ) a rac+ competition4 ,^! fe/ivals1 :i* 7 probably ( prehi/oric orig91 7 9 classical times sanctifi$ = ! popul> m9d by be+ l9k$ ) & acc\nt$ = by "s leg5d>y ev5t :i* appeal$ to ! patriotic s5tim5t4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is !y w\ld appe> 9 c\rse ( "t to h und]gone some?+ ( ! same debasem5t z our own ,may obs]vances1 & deg5]at$ into a begg+ procession f door to door4 ,at any rate ! ^w eiresione1 orig9ally appli$ to ! fe/ival hymn z well z to ! bran*1 became 9 lat] times ! g5]al "n = all begg+-songs4 ,initially1 h[ev]1 ! eiresione 01 no d\bt1 a symbolical repres5tation ( ! g5ius ( vegetation1 & z su* 0 address$ z a p]son4#cdc ,trac$ to its remote orig91 !re c be little d\bt t ! c]emony ( br++ 9 ! ,may arose f a simil> process ( reason+4 ,! gods or spirits ( ^? f>-(f times _h _! habitation1 or at lea/ manife/$ _! activity1 9 ! tree4 ,! gifts ( ra9 & sun%9e 7 9 _! h&s4 ,!y made ! crops to gr[1 ! h]ds to multiply1 & wom5 to give increase4 ,accord+ to ,a5eas ,sylvius1 ! ,li?uanians believ$ t _! sacr$ groves 7 ! h\se ( ! god :o gave !m ra9 & sun%9e4#cdd ,9 ,circassia ! pe>-tree is /ill reg>d$ z ! protector ( cattle1 & 9 ! autumn is cut d[n1 c>ri$ home1 & wor%ipp$ z a god4#cde ,9 _m c\ntries trees are held to h ! p[] ( help+ wom5 9 *ildbir?4#cdf ,x 0 !re=e no m unnatural = an ignorant peasantry to believe t ! same p[] & influ5ce exi/$ 9 ! cut bran*es ( trees ?an x is = a mod]n uncultur$ ,ca?olic to expect help f sacr$ relics4 ,9 ea* case ! process ( ?\ght is ! same4 ,ev5tually ! c]emony ( c>ry+ ! bran* r\nd ! village1 ! primitive purpose ( :i* 0 to make ea* h\se a %>] 9 ! b5evol5t (fices ( ! tree-_s1 deg5]at$ into a mean+less obs]vance1 a pretext = indulg+ 9 fe/ivities & levy+ contributions4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t ! secur+ ( f]tility & abundance1 toge!r ) ! supply ( ra9 & sun%9e necess>y !reto1 0 orig9ally ! root-idea ( ! worldwide spr+ obs]vances4 7#b7 ,! cu/om ( sett+ up ! ,may-pole on ! village gre5 _h1 no d\bt1 a simil> g5esis4 ,x repres5t$ = ! community :at ! ,may-day decoration ( ! h\se repres5t$ = ! family4 ,9 p>ts ( ,europe ! pole is sometimes plant$ 9 front ( ! ,mayor's or ,burgoma/]'s h\se4#cdg ,! int5tion1 evid5tly1 0 to br+ to ! village z a :ole ! newly-quick5$ g5]ative _s resid5t 9 ! woods4 ,! cu/om ( cutt+ d[n a tree1 decorat+ x ) g>l&s & ribbons1 re-erect+ x1 & ft+ x ) dance & song1 has prevail$ 9 almo/ e c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,9 "s in/ances x is fur!r dress$ z a mortal1 or a human image is atta*$ to x1 z 9 ! ,attis rites1 te/ify+ to ! an?ropomorphic conception ( ! tree-_s4 ,! doll plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! *ildr5's ,may g>l&s w\ld seem to be a survival ( ?is cu/om4 ,! same feature ( ! celebration is illu/rat$ mo/ cle>ly 9 ! ,greek fe/ival ( ! little ,da$ala1 :i* may be reg>d$ z 8a classical equival5t ( an ,engli% ,may-day 9 ! old5 "t40#cdh ,! fe/ival 0 inaugurat$ 9 an anci5t oak-=e/4 ,cook$ meat 0 plac$ ^u ! gr\nd & ! movem5ts ( ! birds :i* came to fe$ ^u x 7 c>efully obs]v$4 ,! tree ^u :i* a bird 0 fir/ obs]v$ to alight ) ! meat 9 its bill 0 cut d[n1 c>v$ into ! image ( a woman1 & dress$ z a bride4 ,x 0 !n plac$ ^u a c>t & drawn 9 procession ) s++ & danc+4 ,x mu/ be add$ t ,mr4 ,f>nell reg>ds ?is fe/ival z a survival f prehi/oric times ( ! processional c]emony ( ! 8sacr$ m>riage0 betwe5 ,zeus & ,h]a1 :i* may possibly h be5 symbolical ( ! m>riage ( e>? & heav5 9 spr+4#cdi ,9 ! case ( our own ,may-pole1 x 0 orig9ally1 no d\bt1 ! cu/om to erect a fre% tree e ye>1 9 ord] t ! newly-awak5$ en]gy ( ! =e/ might be communicat$ to ! village1 & 9 _m p>ts ?is feature ( ! cu/om appe>s to h surviv$1 z we may ga!r f ! ,puritan acc\nts above quot$4 ,else:]e1 z ! int5tion ( ! c]emony 0 lo/ sight (1 a p]man5t ,may-pole 0 sub/itut$ = ! annual tree1 & 0 conv]t$ on ,may-day1 by means ( g>l&s & fl[]s1 into ! semblance ( a liv+ gr[?4 ,! ,may-tree ( ! ,g]man village1 = in/ance1 is a p]man5t con/ruction1 made up ( sev]al tall trunks4#cej ,on ,may-day1 cakes1 sausages1 eggs1 & o!r desirable ?+s are hung ^u x1 ! villag]s dance ar\nd x1 & ! "y m5 climb x to secur$ its gifts4 ,9 "s p>ts ! ,may-pole is surm\nt$ by a cross1 & ! symbol ( a dead fai? is consecrat$ by t ( a liv+ "o4 ,yet ! old fai? long left its traces 9 sev]al qua9t obs]vances4 ,among/ ! ,w5ds ( ! ,elbe ! cattle 7 driv5 e ye> r\nd ! village tree4 ,! bride import$ f ano!r village mu/ dance ar\nd x & pay x h] foot+4 ,! w\nd$ villag] also gave x money & got himself heal$ by rubb+ himself aga9/ x4#cea ,su* usages are only intelligible on ! !ory t ! tree 0 once s]i\sly believ$ to be ! local habitation ( a _s1 :o conc5trat$ 9 himself ! m>vell\s fruitfulness & heal+ b5efic5ce ( nature4 ,! cu/om s (t5 met ) on ! ,cont95t#ceb ( atta*+ a "y sapl+ or a bran* to ! ro( ( a h\se newly built1 or 9 process ( erection1 is ano!r survival1 desc5d$1 no d\bt1 f ! anci5t belief 9 ! b5ign influ5ce ( ! tree-inhabit+ _s4 ,9 "s places x is usual to decorate ! b\gh ) fl[]s1 ribbons1 & /r+s ( eggs1 :i* la/ are cle>ly int5d$ to symbolise ! life-giv+ p[] assum$ to be ! _s's special attribute4 7#c7 ,b ! conception :i* und]lay & actuat$ ! ,may celebrations is illu/rat$ /ill m cle>ly by _! ?ird feature--! *oice ( a y\? or maid51 or bo?1 to p]sonify ! reawak5$ & rejoic+ nature4 ,a great deal ( evid5ce on ?is subject has be5 collect$ by ,mannh>dt & ,fraz]1 :i* c only be briefly summ>is$ "h4 ,9 ! case ( ! begg+ processions ) ,may-trees or ,may-b\ghs f door to door1 x 0 once really believ$ t ! good g5ius ( gr[? 0 pres5t unse5 9 ! b\gh4 ,b (t5 he 0 repres5t$ 9 addition by a man dress$ 9 gre5 leaves & fl[]s1 or by a girl simil>ly adorn$1 :o be+ look$ ^u z an actual repres5tative ( ! _s ( vegetation1 0 suppos$ to produce ! same b5eficial effects on ! f[ls1 ! fruit-trees1 & ! crops z ! pres5ce ( ! deity himself4 8,! names ,may1 ,fa!r ,may1 ,may ,lady1 ,que5 ( ! ,may1 by :i* ! an?ropomorphic _s ( vegetation is (t5 d5ot$1 %[ t ! conception ( ! _s ( vegetation is bl5t ) a p]sonification ( ! season at :i* 8 p[]s are mo/ /rik+ly manife/$40#cec ,9 "s cases ! human repres5tative ( ! tree-_s goes h& 9 h& ) 8 vegetable repres5tative1 ! tree or bran*4 ,! =m] may be m]ely a doll or puppet1 z 9 ! ,lady ( ! ,may ( our own ,may g>l&s1 or x may be a *os5 y\? or girl1 :o c>ries a m9iature ,may-tree1 or is ?ron$ beside ! ,may-pole1 or dances ar\nd x1 clad 9 leafy g>m5ts4 ,sometimes ! *ief actor 9 ! c]emony is duck$ 9 a pond or dr5*$ ) wat]1 or1 z is /ill ! case 9 "s p>ts ( ,irel&1 c>ries a pail ( wat] & a mop to di/ribute its cont5ts1 ) ! idea ( ensur+ ra9 by a sort ( sympa!tic magic4 ,9 o!r cases ! tree disappe>s f ! celebration1 & ! :ole burd5 ( repres5t+ its indwell+ _s falls ^u its human sub/itute1 :o 9 su* ev5t is almo/ always swa!d 9 leaves or fl[]s4 ,! ,gre5 ,george ( ,c>9?ia#ced & our own ,jack-9-!-,gre5 are in/ances ( ?is cu/om4 ,! p5ce collect$ no d\bt repres5t :at 0 once a will+ contribution = s]vices presumably useful & wor?y ( rew>d4 ,! cu/om ( elect+ a ,k+ or ,que5 ( ! ,may is v g5]al ?r\gh\t ,europe4#cee ,! orig9al purpose 01 no d\bt1 to p]sonify ! regal "* ( ! _s :o rul$ ! woods1 b 9 o!r cases ! repres5tative is t]m$ a ,bridegroom or ,bride1 emphasis+ ano!r attribute ( ! deity4 ,9 ,engl& ! cr[n+ ( ! ,may-que5 clos$ ! long day's c]emonies1 & ! "y p :o _h be5 up be=e sunrise to br+ 9 ! ,may1 & _h danc$ all day ^u ! village gre51 end$ _! pleasant lab\rs at sund[n ) ?is graceful obs]vance4 ,9 "s in/ances two repres5tatives ( ! _s ( vegetation 7 *os51 "u ! names ( ,k+ & ,que51 or ,pr9ce & ,pr9cess1 or ,"l & ,lady4 ,! ,k+ & ,que5 are m5tion$ 9 an ,engli% docum5t ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & !re is evid5ce to %[ t ,rob9 ,hood & ,maid ,m>ian 7 orig9ally repres5tatives ( ! vegetation _s1 = ! =m] is spok5 ( 9 an old book ( #aegf z ,k+ ( ! ,may1 :ile ,m>ian or ,may-,m>ian1 z %e 0 sometimes call$1 0 c]ta9ly a ,que5 ( ,may1 & z su* 0 repres5t$ we>+ a gold5 cr[n & c>ry+ 9 h] h& a r$ p9k1 ! emblem ( summ]4#cef ,at ! "t :5 we fir/ enc\nt] !m 9 hi/ory ^! celebrations _h already lo/ _! religi\s significance & pass$ into graceful obs]vances1 ! excuse = innoc5t mir?4 ,b if we trace !m back into ! gloom 9 :i* !y arose we come ^u evid5ce :i* seems to %[ t !y 7 n always s innoc5t4 ,x is q probable t 9 v e>ly times ! human repres5tative ( ! _s ( vegetation 0 actually sacrific$1 9 ord] t ! div9e _s inc>nate 9 him might be transf]r$ 9 unabat$ vig\r to 8 successor1#ceg j z ! old ,may-pole 0 de/roy$ & a new "o set up 9 its place4 ,h]e9 0 typifi$ ! annual dea? & resurrection ( ! _s ( vegetation1 a conception :i* has giv5 rise to _m celebrations1 n always free f blood%$1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! rites by :i* 9 ,egypt & ,we/]n ,asia ! dea? & resurrection ( ,osiris1 ,adonis1 ,tammuz1 ,attis1 & ,dionysus 7 solemnis$ f9d _! p>allels n only 9 ! b>b>\s usages once curr5t 9 ,mexico1 b also 9 c]ta9 spr+ & summ] celebrations ( ! peasants ( ,europe4 ,! ,mexican god ( ! plant-_w 0 ,huitzilopo*tli1 & at ! fea/ ( ,teteionan1 "m ( ! gods1 a woman clo!d z ! goddess 0 sacrific$1 h] head cut (f1 & h] sk9 us$ to dress a y\?1 :o 0 !n tak5 to ! god's temple1 accompani$ by a l>ge cr[d ( wor%ipp]s4#ceh ,t is to say1 ! old embodim5t ( plant life 0 kill$1 & its p]sonality1 typifi$ by ! sk91 0 giv5 to a y\?ful successor1 :o1 d\btless1 0 sacrific$ 9 8 turn :5 x 0 consid]$ necess>y = ! heal? ( ! plant-_w4 ,9 "s mod]n ,european spr+ obs]vances ! actual putt+ to dea? ( ! _s ( vegetation survives 9 symbol4 8,9 ,l[] ,bav>ia1 ! ,:itsuntide repres5tative ( ! tree-_s--! ,pf+/l1 z he is call$--0 clad f top to toe 9 leaves & fl[]s4 ,on 8 head he wore a high po9t$ cap1 ! ends ( :i* re/$ on 8 %\ld]s1 only two holes be+ left = 8 eyes4 ,! cap 0 cov]$ ) wat]-fl[]s & surm\nt$ ) a nosegay ( peonies4 ,! sleeves ( 8 coat 7 also made ( wat]-plants1 & ! re/ ( 8 body 0 envelop$ 9 ald] & hazel leaves4 ,on ea* side ( him m>*$ a boy1 hold+ up "o ( ! ,pf+/l's arms4 ,^! two boys c>ri$ drawn swords1 & s did mo/ ( ! o!rs :o =m$ ! procession4 ,!y /opp$ at e h\se :]e !y hop$ to receive a pres5t1 & ! p 9 hid+ s\s$ ! leaf-clad boy ) wat]4 ,all rejoic$ :5 he 0 well dr5*$4 ,f9ally he wad$ into ! brook up to 8 middle1 :]eupon "o ( ! boys1 /&+ on ! bridge1 pret5d$ to cut (f 8 head40#cei 8,at ,wurml+5 9 ,swabia a score ( "y fell[s dress !mselves on ,:it-,monday 9 :ite %irts & :ite tr\s]s ) r$ sc>ves r\nd _! wai/s1 & swords hang+ f ! sc>ves4 ,!y ride on horseback into ! wood1 l$ by two trumpet]s bl[+ _! trumpets4 ,9 ! wood !y cut d[n leafy oak bran*es1 9 :i* !y envelope f head to foot him :o 0 ! la/ ( _! numb] to ride out ( ! village4 ,8 legs1 h[ev]1 are encas$ sep>ately1 s t he may be able to m\nt 8 horse aga94 ,fur!r1 !y give him a long artificial neck1 ) an artificial head & a false face on ! top ( x4 ,!n a ,may-tree is cut1 g5]ally an asp5 or bee* ab\t t5 feet high2 & be+ deck$ ) col\r$ h&k]*iefs & ribbons1 x is entru/$ to a special #8,may-be>]4' ,! cavalcade !n returns1 ) music & song1 to ! village4 ,among/ ! p]sonages :o figure 9 ! procession are a ,moori% k+ ) a sooty face & cr[n on 8 head1 a ,dr4 ,iron-,be>d1 a corporal1 & an execution]4 ,!y halt on ! village gre51 & ea* ( ! *>act]s makes a spee* 9 rhyme4 ,! execution] ann\nces t ! leaf-clad man has be5 condemn$ to dea?1 & cuts (f 8 false head4 ,!n ! rid]s race to ! ,may-tree1 :i* has be5 set up a little way (f4 ,! fir/ man :o succe$s 9 wr5*+ x f ! gr\nd z he gallops pa/ keeps x ) all its decorations4 ,! c]emony is obs]v$ e second or ?ird ye>40#cfj ,9 ,saxony & ,?ur+ia1 at ,:itsuntide1 ! ,wild ,man1 a p]son disguis$ 9 bran*es & moss1 0 *as$ ?r\gh ! woods4 ,on be+ ov]tak5 he 0 %ot at ) blank c>tridge & pret5d$ to fall d[n dead4 ,a mock doctor !n bl$ him & he soon came to life aga94 ,! rejoic+ p plac$ him 9 a waggon1 & l$ him ab\t 9 procession1 to receive gifts at ! h\ses ( ! village4#cfa ,! common feature 9 all ^! app>5tly s5seless obs]vances is ! symbolical sacrifice ( ! human repres5tative ( ! _s ( vegetation1 & !y drive u to ! conclusion t !re 0 a "t :5 ! victim 0 sacrific$ 9 reality4 ,9 ! same way ! cu/om /ill curr5t 9 ,belgium & ,fr5* ,fl&]s at ! summ] fe/ival ( draw+ 9 procession l>ge wick] figures enclos+ liv+ m51 recalls ! gigantic images ( ozi]-"w1 cov]$ ) leaves1 9 :i* ! ,druids conf9$ ! victims de/9$ = _! fi]y sacrifices4#cfb ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,*ri/mas ,,obs]vances ,9 mod]n times1 z ! once joyful celebrations ( ,may-day h wan$ ! fe/ivities ( ,*ri/mas-tide h und]gone increase & developm5t4 ,! gross] features ( ! fe/ival h1 no d\bt1 be5 elim9at$2 ! mumm]s & ! "l ( misrule h = ! mo/ "p gone ! way ( ! ,may-k+1 b all ! m graceful & ord]ly obs]vances ( ! "t h /r5g!n$ _! hold on ! popul> fav\r4 ,! decoration ( ! h\se is z usual to-day at ,*ri/mas z x once 0 at ,may-day1 & ! ,*ri/mas-tree has /epp$ into ! place :i* ! ,may-tree once held 9 ! affections ( ! "y4 ,yet if we trace ^! ,*ri/mas obs]vances back to _! orig91 we f9d !m z di/9ctively pagan 9 _! ance/ry z ! fe/ivities ( ,may-day4 ,we owe ! survival ( _m pagan cu/oms l>gely to ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ^: settl$ policy x 0 to adapt ! old fe/al rites to ! purposes ( ! new fai?1 & to div]t its rude conv]ts f ! riot\s fe/ivities ( _! unconv]t$ fri5ds by (f]+ !m ! m ord]ly rejoic+s ( a ,*ri/ian holy day4 ,gregory ! ,great1 :5 he s5t 8 mission>ies to ,brita91 in/ruct$ !m to ,*ri/ianise ! fe/ivals & temples ( ! hea!n1 8rais+ _! /ubborn m9ds upw>ds n by leaps1 b /ep by /ep40 ,& ,dr4 ,tille1 9 8 le>n$ "w on ! ,g]man ,*ri/mas1#cfc has %[n :at pa9s 7 tak5 by ! prie/hood to transf] to _! own fea/ ! rude rejoic+s ) :i* ! unconv]t$ ,g]mans celebrat$ _! great fe/ival at ! beg9n+ ( w9t]4 ,! same transf]5ce ( pre-,*ri/ian usages occurr$ 9 ,italy1 :]e ! ,*ri/mas fe/ival1 fir/ def9itely fix$ at ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice by ,bi%op ,lib]ius1 ,a4,d4 #ced1cfd inh]it$1 z expressly /at$ by ,polydore ,virgil1 sev]al ( ! features ( ! great ,roman fe/ival ( ! ,saturnalia1 held ab\t ! same "t4 ,?is fe/ival 0 an occasion = univ]sal mir? & fe/ivity4 ,fri5ds visit$ & fea/$ ea* o!r1 & !re 0 a g5]al int]*ange ( pres5ts1 ! objects pres5t$ consi/+ usually ( bran*es1 wax tap]s1 & clay dolls4 ,! /alls 7 lad5 ) gifts1 l ! ,*ri/mas %ops ( to-day4 ,"o ( ! days ( ! fe/ival1 ! dies juv5alis1 0 devot$ to *ildr54 ,! sol/itial "* ( ! fe/ival is %[n by ! fact t ano!r ( its days 0 d$icat$ by ! ,emp]or ,aurelian to ! ,p]sian sun-god1 ,mi?ra2 & ,v>ro /ates t ! clay dolls1 :i* 7 an important feature ( ! celebration1 repres5t$ ! infant sacrifices once made to a ,pho5ician ,baal :o _h be5 introduc$ to ,rome "u ! "n ( ,saturn or ,cronos4#cfe ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is cle> t "s obs]vances famili> to u at ,*ri/mas--! fea/+1 ! pres5t giv+1 & ! n[ obsolete mumm+--h an orig9 :i* is lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,o!r cu/oms1 too1 ?\gh ) a diff]5t prov5ance1 h an equally v5]able ance/ry4 ,! use ( mi/letoe1 = in/ance1 is )\t d\bt a direct legacy f ! ,druids1 :o 7 wont at ! "t ( ! sol/ices solemnly to place ^u _! alt>s ! my/]i\s bran*1 into :i* x 0 ?\ght t ! _s ( ! tree retreat$ :5 ! re/ ( ! leaves _h fall54 ,?is practice1 /rangely en\gh1 surviv$ until )9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s 9 a c]emonial practis$ at ,york ,m9/] & "s o!r nor!rn *ur*es1#cff ?\gh z a rule ! introduction ( ! mi/letoe into ,*ri/ian edifices 0 /rongly reprobat$1 on ! score t x 0 a hea!n emblem4 ,! practice ( decorat+ ! h\se at ! ,new ,ye> ) holly & o!r ev]gre5s 0 also a pagan obs]vance4 ,dr4 ,*&l] ref]s to x z a ,druidic cu/om1 ! int5tion be+ to provide ! sylvan spirits ) a %elt] to :i* !y might repair1 8& rema9 unnipp$ ) fro/ & cold w9ds1 until a mild] season _h r5ew$ ! foliage ( _! d>l+ abodes40#cfg ,9 e>ly times ! ,*ur* made a /& aga9/ ?is use ( ev]gre5s z be+ a pagan cu/om1 b ! int]dict 0 n p]sev]$ 91 & lat] on we f9d ! decoration ( ! *ur*es a recognis$ practice1 ! note = ,*ri/mas eve 9 ! old ,cal5d> be+1 ,templa exornantur4#cfh ,! obs]vance1 h[ev]1 :i* mo/ conc]ns u "h is t ( ! ,*ri/mas-tree1 ! evolution ( :i* furni%es u ) "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s developm5t4 ,to ! pres5t g5]ation ! ,*ri/mas-tree appe>s su* an ess5tial feature ( ! fe/ival1 z celebrat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 t _m w be surpris$ to he> h[ rec5t an importation x is4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,*ri/mas-tree 0 practically unkn[n 9 ,engl& until x 0 introduc$ by ! late ,pr9ce ,consort4#cfi ,ev5 9 ,g]many1 ! l& ( its orig91 x 0 n univ]sally e/abli%$ z an integral "p ( ! fe/ival until ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1#cgj & x 0 only at t date t x came to be kn[n z ! 8,weihna*tsbaum0 & 8,*ri/baum40#cga ,goe! 9 #aggd describes x z adorn$ ) wax tap]s1 sweetmeats1 & apples1 b calls x simply ! 8decorat$ tree40#cgb ,s*ill] 9 #aghi f9ds no m di/9ctive "n = x ?an ! 8gre5 tree40#cgc ,s9ce t "t1 or r s9ce #ahcj1 its diffusion ?r\gh\t ! _w has be5 s m>vell\sly rapid t !re is no?+ to comp>e ) x 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( popul> cu/oms4 ,9 ,g]many ! ,*ri/mas-tree c be trac$ back m or less 9 its pres5t =m to ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 an unnam$ writ]1 9 "s extremely fragm5t>y notes1 tells u t x 0 ! cu/om at ,/rasburg to set up fir-trees 9 ! h\ses at ,*ri/mas1 & to deck !m ) roses ( col\r$ pap]1 apples1 etc4#cgd ,! next m5tion ( x occurs half a c5tury lat] 9 ! writ+s ( ,pr(essor ,dannhau]1 a celebrat$ !ologian1 also liv+ 9 ,/rasburg4#cge 8,among/ ! o!r absurdities10 he writes1 8) :i* m5 are (t5 m busi$ at ,*ri/mas ?an ) ! ,^w ( ,god1 !re is also ! ,*ri/mas or fir-tree1 :i* !y erect 9 _! h\ses1 hang x ) dolls & sweetmeats1 & !n %ake x & cause x to %$ its fl[]s4 ,i "k n ! orig9 ( ! cu/om1 x is a *ild's game4444 ,f> bett] 7 x to lead ! *ildr5 to ! spiritual c$>1 ,*ri/ ,jesus40 ,! reprobation ( ! ,/rasburg prea*] 0 e*o$ by o!r div9es1 & to ?is cause probably ! ,*ri/mas-tree ow$ its sl[ diffusion ?r\gh\t ,g]many4 ,! !ological dislike ( x1 h[ev]1 z x turn$ out1 0 ill-advis$1 = ev5tually ! ,*ri/mas-tree displac$ o!r popul> obs]vances ( a f> less innoc5t nature4 ,s f> we h be5 tread+ hi/orical gr\nd1 b 9 trac+ ! ,*ri/mas-tree /ill f>!r back we h only inf]5ce to g ^u4 ,! subject1 h[ev]1 has be5 c>efully work$ out by ,dr4 ,tille1#cgf & ! p$igree :i* he traces = ! tree is a mo/ int]e/+ "o4 ,8 argum5t mu/ "h be cond5s$ z closely z possible4 ,! ,*ri/mas-tree1 ) its lights1 its artificial fl[]s1 & its apples & o!r fruit1 is presumably connect$ ) ! leg5d ( ,*ri/mas fl[]+ trees1 :i* 0 v famili> to ! ,middle ,ages1 & ( :i* ! ,engli% my? ( ! ,gla/onbury ?orn is an example4 ,! orig9 ( ! leg5d 9 ,g]many is ?us expla9$ by ,dr4 ,tille3--,x is n unusual :5 ! season is mild to f9d trees blossom+ 9 ,novemb]1 especially ! *]ry & ! crab-tree4 ,= ! old ,g]man peasant ! ,new ,ye> began ) ! great slaught]+ fea/ e>ly 9 ,novemb]1 :5 ! cattle 7 br\ght 9 f ! pa/ures1 & all ! sup]flu\s ones 7 but*]$ & fea/$ on2 ! w9t] 0 ?us c\nt$ to ! ,new ,ye>1 l ! eve to a holy day4 ,h5ce :5 trees blossom$ late1 a casual connection 0 inevitably trac$ betwe5 ! /range ph5om5on & ! ,new ,ye> fea/ at :i* x took place4 ,on ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity ! fea/s ( ,/4 ,m>t91 ,/4 ,&rew1 & ,/4 ,ni*olas 7 sub/itut$ = ! anci5t fe/ivals4 ,! /range blossom+ p[] ( nature 0 connect$ ) ,/4 ,&rew's ,day1 & fruit-b\ghs sev]$ on t day 7 believ$ by ! p to possess p>ticul> virtue4#cgg ,! ,m$iaeval ,*ur*1 always eag] to enli/ popul> sup]/itions 9 its own support1 set itself to transf] to ,*ri/mas ! blossom+ tree ( ! ,novemb] fe/ival1 & ! leg5ds :i* relat$ h[ celebrat$ magicians l ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,p>acelsus1 & ,fau/us _h made = !mselves a summ] 9 ! he>t ( w9t] 7 incorporat$ by ! monks into ! lives ( c]ta9 sa9ts4#cgh ,! belief 9 trees t blossom$ & bore fruit at ,*ri/mas 0 widely di/ribut$ & firmly held among/ ! p 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! ,g]man lit]ature ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies _m in/ances ( ! miracul\s fact are circum/antially record$4#cgi ,a writ] 9 #adcj relates t 8n f> f ,nuremburg !re /ood a wond]ful tree4 ,e ye>1 9 ! colde/ season1 on ! night ( ,*ri/'s bir? ?is tree put =? blossoms & apples z ?ick z a man's ?umb4 ,?is 9 ! mid/ ( deep sn[ & 9 ! tee? ( cold w9ds40 ,9 a ,,ms4 lett] ( ! ,bi%op ( ,bamb]g1 dat$ #adbf1 & pres]v$ 9 ! ,h(biblio!k at ,vi5na1 ! actual blossom+ ( two apple-trees at ,*ri/mas is m5tion$ z an ackn[l$g$ fact1 & we f9d a ,prote/ant prea*] giv+ full cr$5ce to ! belief ne>ly a c\ple ( c5turies lat]4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ! hold :i* su* leg5ds _h tak5 on ! popul> m9d is to be f\nd 9 connection ) our own miracul\s tree1 ! ,gla/onbury ,?orn-- ,! w9t] ?orn ,:i* blossoms at ,*ri/mas1 m9dful ( our ,"l4 ,?is tree1 :i* 0 ! object ( su* v5]ation 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages t ! m]*ants ( ,bri/ol are said to h f\nd ! export ( its blossoms extremely remun]ative1 /ood ^u an em95ce ne> ! t[n ( ,gla/onbury4 ,! leg5d ran t ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 :o1 accord+ to monki% tea*+1 0 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian mission>y to ?is c\ntry1 "o ,*ri/mas eve plant$ 8 /aff 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! /aff1 :i* ye>s previ\sly _h be5 cut f a haw?orn-tree1 at once took root & put =? leaves1 & by ! next day 0 9 full blossom4 ,! miracle 0 repeat$ on e subsequ5t ,*ri/mas-day4 ,ev5 aft] ! ,re=mation we f9d ,k+ ,james ,i4 & 8 que5 & o!r p]sons ( quality giv+ l>ge sums = cutt+s f ! tree1 :i* 7 believ$ to h ! same miracul\s virtue z ! p>5t ?orn1 & ev5 9 ! foll[+ reign x 0 cu/om>y to c>ry a bran* ( ! tree 9 procession & pres5t x to ! k+4 ,9 ! ,civil ,w> ! orig9al tree 0 de/roy$1 b "s ( its (f-%oots surviv$1 "o especially at ,qua9ton 9 ,buck+ham%ire1 :i* sudd5ly sprang into fame aga9 :5 ! new /yle 0 introduc$ into ! ,cal5d> 9 #ageb1 & ! p1 res5t+ ! loss ( _! elev5 days1 appeal$ f ! decision ( _! rul]s to ! high] wisdom ( ! miracul\s tree4 ,accord+ to ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e = #agec1 ab\t two ?\s& p on ! night ( #bd? ,decemb] #ageb came ) lan?orns & c&les to view ! ?orn-tree1 8:i* 0 rememb]$ 7?is ye> only7 to be a slip f ! ,gla/onbury ?orn40 ,z ! tree rema9$ b>e ! p agre$ t #be? ,decemb]1 ,n4,s41 c\ld n be ! true ,*ri/mas-day1 & refus$ to celebrate x z su*4 ,_! excitem5t 0 int5sifi$ :5 on #e? ,janu>y ! tree 0 f\nd to be 9 full bloom1 & to pacify !m ! au?orities 7 driv5 to decree t ! old ,*ri/mas-day %\ld be celebrat$ z well z ! new4 ,x may be add$ t two ?orn-trees /ill exi/ ne> ! ru9s ( ,gla/onbury ,abbey1 :i* blossom dur+ ! w9t]1 & are id5tifi$ by ,l\d\n ) a v>iety ( haw?orn1 ! ,crataegus oxyacan?a praecox1 :i* is admitt$ly a w9t] fl[]]4#chj ,!re is1 h[ev]1 z ,mannh>dt po9ts out1#cha ano!r way 9 :i* a fruit-be>+ tree became popul>ly associat$ ) ,*ri/mas4 ,! anci5t ,*ur* _h devot$ ! day be=e ,*ri/mas-day to ! memory ( ,adam & ,eve1 & x 0 cu/om>y at ,*ri/mas 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,cont95t to give a dramatic repres5tation ( ! /ory ( ! ,creation & ,fall 9 connection ) ! drama ( ! ,nativity4 ,h5ce arose ! ,p>adise-plays :i* 7 famili> to ! ,middle ,ages f ! ?irte5? c5tury onw>d4 ,! well-kn[n leg5d t ! cross ( ,*ri/ 0 fa%ion$ f a tree :i* _h sprung f a slip ( ! ,tree ( ,k s]v$ z a l9k betwe5 ! ev5ts celebrat$ s closely toge!r1 ! ,fall & ! ,bir? ( ! ,r$eem]1 & gave additional significance to ! sc5]y ( ! ,p>adise-play1 consi/+1 z x usually did1 ( trees1 or sometimes ( a s+le tree1 lad5 ) apples & deck$ ) ribbons4 ,9 "s cases ! tree 0 c>ri$ on to ! /age by "o ( ! actors4 ,9 ?is way ! apple-be>+ tree became ! recognis$ sc5ic symbol ( ,*ri/mas1 & naturally connect$ itself )1 if x did n spr+ out (1 ! v e>ly leg5d ( ! ,*ur* t all nature blossom$ at ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 :o ,himself1 accord+ to ! fanciful symbolism ( ! "t1 0 ! v ,tree ( ,life :i* _h once /ood 9 p>adise4 ,ano!r popul> cu/om1 :i* dates back to ! "t :5 ! belief 9 ! b5efic5t p[] ( sylvan deities 0 g5]al1 is also probably entitl$ to a place 9 ! p$igree ( ! ,*ri/mas-tree4 ,x 0 cu/om>y among/ ! anci5t ,g]mans on "o ( ! sacr$ nights ( ! w9t] fe/ival1 :51 accord+ to ! popul> belief1 nature 0 p]meat$ ) new life1 to cut w&s f ! h$ges4#chb ,^! 7 br\ght home1 put 9 wat] or plant$ 9 a pot ( moi/ e>?1 & solemnly plac$1 "s 9 ! op5 air1 "s 9 ! /able1 & "s 9 ! h\se4 ,a mon? lat] ea* w& w\ld be 9 full bloom1 & x 0 !n ! cu/om to c>ry x r\nd & lightly /rike ) x ^? to :om "o wi%$ to imp>t heal?1 /r5g?1 & fruitfulness4 ,^? /ruck ) x rew>d$ ! /rik] ) pres5ts1 9 recomp5se = ! b5efit he 0 assum$ to convey4 ,?is cu/om1 :i* is probably ( ,indian orig91 surviv$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,cont95t z a *ild's game ev5 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ! day = cutt+ ! w&s 0 delay$1 s t !y might bloom at ,*ri/mas1 & 9 "s p>ts x is /ill usual to arrange t !re %all be a fl[]+ bran* 9 ! h\se at t "t4 ,9 ,nordl+51 a c5tury ago1 families us$ to compete ) ea* o!r z to :i* %\ld be able to %[ ! mo/ fl\ri%+ bran* at ,*ri/mas-tide4#chc ,to ?is day 9 ,au/rian ,silesia ! peasant wom5 sally =? at midnight on ,/4 ,&rew's eve to pluck a bran* f an apricot-tree4 ,x is put 9 wat] & fl[]s ab\t ,*ri/mas "t1 & is tak5 by !m to ,mass on ,*ri/mas-day4#chd ,among/ p to :om ! apple-be>+ tree ( ! ,p>adise-play 0 famili> ! sub/itution = ! bloom+ bran* ( an ev]gre5 deck$ ) fruits & ribbons & artificial fl[]s 0 q natural4 ,x became1 z x 71 a proxy = ! decidu\s bran*1 /ill rema9+ ! occasion = pres5t-giv+1 ?\gh n[ ! tree became ! giv] in/ead ( ! receiv] ( gifts4 ,! cu/om ( hang+ lights ^u ! ,*ri/mas-tree is a comp>atively late innovation1 ! well-kn[n pr9t ( 8,*ri/mas 9 ,lu!r's ,home10 :]e an illum9at$ fir-tree is repres5t$ z ! c5tre ( ! fe/ivity1 be+ demon/rably an ana*ronism4 ,! ,*ri/mas-tree1 :5 we fir/ def9itely meet ) x at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 c]ta9ly n illum9at$4 ,b ! idea ( a light-be>+ tree 0 famili> to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,an old ,icel&ic leg5d relates t once ^u a "t1 at ,mdhrufell1 !re /ood a m\nta9-a% :i* _h sprung f ! blood ( two innoc5t p]sons :o _h be5 execut$ !re4#che ,e ,*ri/mas-eve ! tree 0 se5 to be cov]$ ) lights1 :i* ! /ronge/ gale c\ld n ext+ui%4 ,^! lights 7 its wond]ful blossoms1 = 9 folk-lore lights are (t5 made to repres5t fl[]s & vice-v]s4#chf ,9 ! old ,fr5* leg5d ( ,p]ceval1 ! h]o is repres5t$ z com+ ^u a tree illum9at$ ) a ?\s& c&les1 & ,durmals le ,galois1 ano!r h]o ( m$iaeval leg5d1 twice saw a magnific5t tree cov]$ ) lights f top to bottom4#chg ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t wax-tap]s 7 giv5 z pres5ts at ! ,roman ,saturnalia1 & x may well be t ! connection ( light$ c&les ) ,*ri/mas "t may date back to ! anci5t sol/itial celebrations1 9 :i* !y 7 reg>d$ z symbolical ( ! new bir? ( ! sun4 ,! same idea--t ( typify+ ! r5ewal ( life by means ( light$ tap]s--is f\nd 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 9 connection ) ! ,may-tree1 :i* !re be>s lights among/ its o!r decorations4 ,at ,v5lo on ! ,maas ! maid5s light ! tap]s z ! ev5+ comes on & !n dance ar\nd ! light$ tree4#chh ,at ,lneb]g1 at w$d+ fe/ivities1 x is usual to c>ry a 8,may0 adorn$ ) lights be=e ! bridal pair1 & 9 ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s ! s-call$ 8,/4 ,john's tree10 r\nd :i* ! peasants dance1 is a pyramid adorn$ ) wrea?s1 fl[]s1 & lights4 ,9 all ^! cu/oms1 :i* are no d\bt survivals ( ! belief 9 a tree-inhabit+ deity1 we see ! collat]al relations1 if n ! direct prog5itors ( our ,*ri/mas-tree4 ,9 %ort1 mod]n z x is 9 its pres5t =m1 ! ,*ri/mas-tree epitomises _m mo/ anci5t ideas2 is ! po9t to :i* _m /reams conv]ge ^: s\rce is hidd5 9 a f> di/ant antiquity4 ,x is ! meet+-po9t ( ! old pagan belief 9 ! virtues ve/$ 9 ! tree & ( ! qua9t fancies ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* lov$ to see spiritual tru?s embodi$ 9 mat]ial =ms4 ,*ri/1 ! ,tree ( ,life1 blossom+ on ,*ri/mas-eve 9 ,m>y's bosom2 ! fatal tree ( p>adise :5ce sprang ! cross1 ! in/rum5t ( man's salvation1--t 8fruit-be>+ heav5ly-n\ri%$ tree plant$ 9 ! mid/ ( r$eem$ man10 s (t5 repres5t$ 9 m$iaeval art2 ! miracle ( nature1 s /irr$ by ! wond] ( ! ev5t z to break =? into blossom 9 ! mid/ ( w9t]--all ^! ideas1 s *>act]i/ic ( m$iaeval ?\ght1 became graft$ toge!r ) obs]vances d]iv$ f sol/itial wor%ip1 ^u ! /ock ( ! sacr$ tree1 lad5 ) (f]+s & deck$ ) fillets4 ,inde$ ! ,*ri/mas-tree may be said to recapitulate ! :ole /ory ( tree-wor%ip1--! ,may-tree1 ! h>ve/-tree1 ! ,greek eiresione1 ! tree z ! symbol & embodim5t ( deity1 & la/ b n lea/1 ! univ]se-tree1 be>+ ! lights ( heav5 = its fruit & cov]+ ! _w ) its bran*es4 ,,footnotes #a,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites 7,ed94 #ahhi71 p4 #hd4 #b;,goblet d',alviella1 ,! ,migration ( ,symbols 7,london1 #ahid71 p4 #aai4 #c,op4 cit4 *ap4 iv4 #d;,j4 ,m5ant1 ,les ,pi]res graves de la ,haute-,asie 7,p>is1 #ahhf71 ,"p ,,ii4 p4 #fc4 #e,les ,orig9es de l',hi/oire 7,p>is1 #ahhh71 vol4 i4 p4 #hh4 #f;,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians 7,london1 #ahhg71 ,lect4 ,,iv4 #g,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #afi4 #h;,cf4 ,ex4 xxxiv4 #ac2 ,deut4 vii4 #e1 xii4 #c1 xvi4 #ba2 ,judges iii4 #g1 vi4 #be2 #a ,k+s xiv4 #ae2 #b ,k+s xvii4 #af2 cf4 also ,isaiah i4 #bi1 lxv4 #c1 lxvi4 #ag4 #i,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #agb4 #aj;,eusebius1 ,praep>4 ,evang41 lib4 i4 cap4 #aj4 #aa;,goblet d',alviella1 op4 cit4 p4 #abe4 #ab;,ezek4 xli4 #ah4 #aca ,k+s vi4 #bi-ce4 #ad;,g4 ,masp]o1 ,! ,dawn ( ,civilisation 7,london1 #ahid71 p4 #abb4 #ae,slat9 ,pa%a1 ,fire & ,sword 9 ! ,sudan 7,london1 #ahif71 p4 #aad4 #af;,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh 7,london1 #ahij71 vol4 i4 p4 #fj4 #ag;,duff ,macdonald1 ,africana 7,london1 #ahhb71 vol4 i4 p4 #fj4 #ah;,fraz]1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #cjg4 #ai;,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 op4 cit4 p4 #bch4 #bj;,encyclop4 ,brit41 #i? edition1 vol4 xviii4 p4 #hej4 #ba;,isis et ,osiris1 #df4 #bb,laj>d1 ,le ,culte du cyprs pyramidal 7#ahde71 p4 #adh4 #bc,sir4 ,w4 ,ouseley1 ,travels 7,london1 #ahai71 vol4 iii4 p4 #hc4 #bd;,h]odotus1 vii4 #ca4 #be,r4 ,folk>d1 ,plant-lore1 ,leg5ds1 & ,lyrics 7,london1 #ahib71 p4 #bci4 #bf,m4 ,d4 ,conway1 ,demonology & ,devil-lore 7,london1 #ahgi71 vol4 i4 p4 #bii4 #bg,qu9tus ,curtius1 ,de ,ge/is ,alex4 viii4 #cc4 #bh;,folk>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #d4 #bi;,goblet d',alviella1 op4 cit4 p4 #acj4 #cj,murray's ,h&book = ,japan 7,london1 #ahhd71 p4 #ff4 #ca;,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture 7,london1 #ahga71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aif1 #aih4 #cb;,goblet d',alviella1 op4 cit4 p4 #aca4 #cc,mll]1 ,am]ikanis*e ,urreligion5 7,basel1 #ahee71 p4 #did4 #cd;,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,anahuac 7,london1 #ahfa71 pp4 #bae1 #bfe4 #ce;,c>l ,btti*]1 ,d] ,baumkultus d] ,hell55 7,b]l91 #ahef74 #cf,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates 7,ox=d1 #ahif71 vol4 i4 p4 #ad4 #cg;,ar?ur ,evans1 9 ! an?ropological section ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,times1 #bcrd ,sept4 #ahif4 #ch;,jacob ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie 7,gtt+51 #ahdd71 vol4 i4 p4 #fj4 #ci;,d] ,baumkultus d] ,g]man5 und ihr] ,na*b>/mme 7,b]l91 #ahge72 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte 7,b]l91 #ahgg74 ,^! volumes w be ref]r$ to z ,mannh>dt ,i4 & ,,ii4 #dj;,a4 ,ca/r51 ,e?nologis*e ,vorlesung5 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aheg71 p4 #ada4 #da;,boecl]1 ,d] ,e/h5 ab]glubis*e ,gebru*e1 etc4 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahed71 quot$ 9 ,f]gusson's ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip4 #db,lucan1 ,ph>salia1 iii4 #dje4 #dc;,jacob ,grimm1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #fg4 #dd,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 lib4 xvi4 #ie4 #de,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #gj4 #df;,hall's ,*ronicle 7,london1 #ahji71 p4 #ehj4 #dg;,ibid4 pp4 #eae1 #ebj4 #dh;,btti*]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ecd4 #di;,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjb4 #ej,op4 cit4 ,lecture ,,iii4 #ea,! ,attis ( ,catullus 7,london1 #ahib71 ,excursus ,,ii4 #eb;,deut]onomy xxxiii4 #af4 #eca ,esdras ii4 #e4 #ed,masp]o1 op4 cit4 p4 #hd1 note #a4 #ee;,f>nell1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 *ap4 iii4 #ef;,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #ff4 #eg;,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbi4 #eh;,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcb4 #ei,pausanias1 #h1 #bc1 #f4 #fj;,f>nell1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #ahe4 #fa;,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #bab4 #fb;,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #fdd4 #fc;,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #i4 #fd,!ocritus1 ,idyll4 xviii4 #dh4 #fe;,btti*]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ajc1 #bbi4 #ff;,ibid4 pp4 #bag1 #bbj4 #fg;,f>nell1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #ad4 #fh,wisdom xiii4 #aa 7,revis$ ,v]sion74 #fi,!ocritus1 ,epigram4 ,,iv4 #gj,maximus ,tyrius1 viii4 #a4 #ga;,apuleius1 ,florid4 i4 #a4 #gb,masp]o1 op4 cit4 p4 #hd1 note #c1 & p4 #acj4 #gc;,folk>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #dfg4 #gd;,de ,gub]natis1 ,my?ologie des ,plantes1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bf et seq4 #ge;,f>nell1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 pp4 #ajh-aaj4 #gf;,btti*]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cde4 #gg;,clem5s ,alex41 ,protrepticus1 cap4 #a1 sect4 #aj4 #gh;,folk>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #djg4 #gi;,btti*]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cea4 #hj;,ibid4 p4 #dde4 #ha,!ocritus1 ,idyll4 vi4 #g4 #hb;,=tnightly ,review1 ,febru>y #ahgj4 #hc;,f>nell1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #bib4 #hd;,euripides1 ,troades1 #gie4 #he;,f>nell1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #cbe4 #hf,pl9y1 xvi4 #fj2 ,s]vius ad ,virgil4 ,a54 iv4 #ejg4 #hg,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #age4 #hh,tiele1 ,religion de l',egypte1 etc4 p4 #hc4 #hi;,a4 ,cunn+ham1 ,! 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,%h ,nmeh1 ,*&os ,classics1 p4 #ccf4 #bbi,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iii4 #bid4 #bcj;,ibid4 iv4 #fej2 ,virgil1 ,a5eid1 vii4 #ha4 #bca;,cic]o1 ,de ,div9at4 ii4 #dj4 #bcb;,dion4 ,halic4 i4 #ad4 #bcc;,btti*]1 op4 cit4 *ap4 xi4 #bcd;,btti*]1 op4 cit4 p4 #afd4 #bce;,cic]o1 ,de ,div9at4 i4 #de4 #bcf;,dion4 ,halic4 v4 #af4 #bcg,rob]tson ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #abf4 #bch;,btti*]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aac1 note #bb4 #bci;,h]odotus1 iv4 #fg4 #bdj;,ammian4 ,m>cell4 ,l4 #ca4 #bda,tacitus1 ,g]m4 x4 #bdb;,e4 ,davies1 ,celtic ,rese>*es1 p4 #hab2 ,briti% ,druids1 p4 #dc4 #bdc,r4 ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #agi1 note #e4 #bdd,! :ole subject is v fully treat$ by ,btti*]1 op4 cit4 *ap4 xvi4 #bde,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #cjc4 #bdf;,de ,vallemont1 ,physique occulte 7#afif71 p4 #aj4 #bdg;,folk>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #aac4 #bdh;,john ,o',neill1 ,! ,night ( ! ,gods1 vol4 i4 p4 #ec4 #bdi;,fraz]1 op4 cit4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfg4 #bej;,folk>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #aad4 #bea;,a4 de ,gub]natis1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #ii4 #beb;,j4 ,br&1 ,obs]vations on ! ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahdi71 vol4 i4 p4 #eh4 #bec,w4 ,hone1 ,ye> ,book 7#ahgh71 p4 #ehh4 #bed,w4 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! 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,middle ,ages 7,london1 #ahff71 p4 #bcf4 #cah,plato1 ,timaeus1 iii4 #cai,w4 ,f4 ,w>r51 op4 cit4 p4 #ab4 #cbj,select ,lett]s ( ,columbus 7,hakluyt ,society71 p4 #acg4 #cba,old-,_w ,japan1 p4 #gi4 #cbb;,goblet d',alviella1 op4 cit4 p4 #agf4 #cbc,le?aby1 op4 cit4 p4 #ig4 #cbd;,decl9e & ,fall1 *ap4 lii4 #cbe;,br&'s ,antiquities1 vol4 i4 p4 #bag4 #cbf;,c\rt ( ,love1 vv4 #adca-ce4 #cbg;,anatomie ( ,abuses 7#aehe71 p4 #id4 #cbh;,j4 ,nor?brooke1 ,treatise :]e9 ,dic+1 ,daunc+1 etc41 are ,reprov$ 7#aegg71 p4 #adj4 #cbi;,br&'s ,antiquities1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdd4 #ccj,notes & ,qu]ies1 #crd s]4 vol4 vii4 p4 #dbe4 #cca;,br&'s ,antiquities1 vol4 i4 p4 #bai4 #ccb,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #cae4 #ccc,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #afj4 #ccd;,camd51 quot$ 9 ,br&'s ,antiquities1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbg4 #cce;,fraz]1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #gh4 #ccf;,ibid4 p4 #gg4 #ccg,mannh>dt ,,ii4 p4 #bab4 #cch;,ibid4 p4 #bad4 #cci;,btti*]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cic4 #cdj,knights1 v4 #gbi4 #cda,wasps1 v4 #cih4 #cdb,plutus1 v4 #ajed4 #cdc,mannh>dt ,,ii4 p4 #beg4 #cdd;,a5eas ,sylvius1 ,op]a 7,bale1 #aega71 p4 #dah4 #cde;,fraz]1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #gc4 #cdf;,ibid4 p4 #gd4 #cdg,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #afg4 #cdh;,fraz]1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #ajj4 #cdi;,f>nell1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 pp4 #ahe1 #ahi4 #cej,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #afi4 #cea,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #agd4 #ceb;,ibid4 p4 #bah4 #cec,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #cae4 #ced;,ibid4 p4 #cac4 #cee,mannh>dt ,i4 pp4 #cda et seq4 #cef;,br&'s ,antiquities1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bec-bfa4 #ceg;,fraz]1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #bdj4 #ceh,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #cfj4 #cei;,fraz]1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #bda4 #cfj;,fraz]1 op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #bdb4 #cfa;,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #bdc4 #cfb,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #ebc4 #cfc;,alex&] ,tille1 ,die ,ges*i*te d] ,deuts*5 ,weihna*t 7,leipzig1 #ahic74 #cfd;,ibid4 p4 #b4 #cfe;,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] 9 ,encyclop4 ,brit41 #i? edition1 vol4 xxi4 p4 #cba4 #cff,w4 ,/ukeley1 ,m$allic ,hi/ory ( ,c>ausius 7#ageg-ei71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #afc1 #afd4 #cfg;,br&'s ,antiquities1 vol4 i4 p4 #ebj4 #cfh;,ibid4 pp4 #eai1 #eba4 #cfi,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #bdj4 #cgj;,ibid4 p4 #bch4 #cga,tille1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfd4 #cgb;,goe!1 ,die ,leid5 des jung5 ,w]!rs 7,am #bj ,decemb]74 #cgc,s*ill] und ,lotte 7,/uttg>t1 #ahef71 p4 #egd4 #cgd,tille1 op4 cit4 p4 #beh4 #cge;,ibid4 p4 #bei4 #cgf,tille1 op4 cit4 *ap4 viii4 #cgg,tille1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbj4 #cgh;,ibid4 p4 #bba4 #cgi;,ibid4 p4 #bbf4 #chj;,folk>d1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ceb1 #cec4 #cha,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #bdb4 #chb,tille1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdd4 #chc,tille1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdi4 #chd;,ibid4 p4 #bej4 #che,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #bda4 #chf,mannh>dt1 ,g]manis*e ,my!n 7,b]l91 #aheh71 p4 #dgj1 note4 #chg,tille1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbj4 #chh,mannh>dt ,i4 p4 #bdd4 ,,index ,a ,acacia1 !1 #aa1 #ci1 #dj1 #de ,accadians1 !1 #b1 #d1 #f1 #aaa1 #acc ,acis1 metamorphosis (1 #ha ,adonis1 #aa1 #ge1 #ha1 #aei ,aesculapius1 laurel sacr$ to1 #cg ,alex&] ! ,great1 & ! fl[]-maid5s1 #fj2 & ! ,p]sian tree-oracles1 #ii ,ama-ravati1 ,buddhi/ sculptures at1 #ad ,ambrosia1 #abf ,am]ica1 tree-wor%ip 91 #af1 #ag ,amrita1 #abe ,aphrodite1 #cj1 #cb1 #df1 #ha1 #hh2 apples sacr$ to1 #cg2 myrtle sacr$ to1 #cg ,apollo1 #dg1 #gf1 #ih1 #ii2 & ,daphne1 #gg2 laurel sacr$ to1 #cf1 #dg1 #ej1 #gg ,apples1 sacr$ to ,aphrodite1 #cg2 ( ,hesp]ides1 #aai ,arabia1 ! ,j9ni (1 #bd1 #eb1 #ed1 #id2 tree-oracles 91 #ii1 #ajb2 tree-wor%ip 91 #de ,argo1 oracul> beam ( !1 #ih ,arm5ia1 tree-oracles 91 #ii2 use ( bran*es 91 #di ,artemis1 #di1 #gf2 a vegetation deity1 #bi1 #hh2 sacr$ tree (1 #de1 #di ,a%ra1 !1 #h1 #hh1 #if ,assyria1 tree-wor%ip 91 #e1 #f1 #hh ,a/>te1 #h1 #cj1 #hg2 ! cypress sacr$ to1 #dj ,a!na1 #aeb2 ! olive sacr$ to1 #ch ,a!ns1 fe/ivals at1 #dh1 #aea ,atlantis1 ! lo/1 #aci ,atlas1 ,m\nt1 #aaj1 #aai1 #ace1 #acf ,attis1 a tree-god1 #aa1 #ge1 #hj1 #ha1 #aed1 #aei ,aux]re1 sacr$ tree (1 #bj ,avalon1 ! isle (1 #adj ,b ,babylonia1 tree-wor%ip 91 #f2 m\nta9 wor%ip 91 #aab2 _w-tree (1 #aaa ,banian1 !1 #db1 #fd1 #gf ,basil1 ,holy1 ( ,india1 #dc ,baucis & ,philemon1 metamorphosis (1 #gi ,bav>ia1 ,:itsuntide cu/om 91 #aei ,bee*1 ! sacr$1 #df ,bh>hut1 ,buddhi/ sculptures at1 #ae1 #dj1 #db ,bo-tree1 !1 #dj1 #aaf ,bodhi-trees ( ! ,buddhas1 #dj ,borneo1 tree-wor%ip 91 #af ,btti*]1 g5]al conclusion (1 reg>d+ tree-wor%ip1 #ba ,brahma1 #ad1 #dc1 #aae ,bran*es =c$ into fl[] at ,*ri/mas1 #agj2 religi\s use (1 #ac1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #dg1 #dh1 #ia ,brittany1 use ( laurel bran* 91 #ia ,buddhas1 ! ,bodhi-trees ( !1 #dj ,buddhism1 tree-wor%ip &1 #ad1 #dj1 #aaj1 #aaf1 #adb ,burma1 tree wor%ip 91 #af2 tree-spirits (1 #fe ,c ,canaan1 tree-wor%ip 91 #c1 #h1 #hh2 tree-oracles 91 #ie ,canute =bids tree-wor%ip1 #bj ,c>9?ia1 ,gre5 ,george (1 #aeg ,c$>1 ! sacr$1 #g1 #ci1 #dj1 #ii1 #ie ,c5taurs1 !1 #ee1 #ef ,c]es1 sacr$ grove (1 #fc ,*aldaea1 cosmogony (1 #aac2 demons (1 #ec2 div9ation 91 #aje2 illu/ri\s m\nds (1 #aab2 oracles (1 #ie1 #ii2 tree-wor%ip 91 #d1 #f2 _w-tree (1 #aaa ,*>lemagne de/roys ! ,irm5sl1 #abj ,*9a1 div9ation 91 #aje2 leg5ds (1 #hc2 p>adise leg5ds (1 #acc2 tree-wor%ip 91 #ae2 _w-tree (1 #aah ,*ri/mas obs]vances1 #afb et seq4 ,*ri/mas-tree1 introduction into ,engl& (1 #afe2 orig9 9 ,g]many (1 #afe ,*ur*es1 decoration (1 at ,*ri/mas1 #afd ,circassia1 pe>-tree wor%ipp$ 91 #aec ,clym5e1 ! daught]s (1 #gh ,clytia1 metamorphosis (1 #hj ,columbus & ! e>?ly p>adise1 #ada ,cronos1 #afc2 a vegetation deity1 #bi ,cybele1 #ab1 #cj1 #ge1 #ha ,cyclops1 !1 #ee1 #ef ,cypress1 ! sacr$1 #e1 #ac1 #ag1 #ci1 #dj1 #ea1 #hi1 #aca ,d ,dam>as1 creation leg5d ( !1 #gd ,daphne1 #id2 metamorphosis (1 #gg ,daphnephoria1 !1 #dg ,delphi1 sacr$ laurel (1 #cf1 #dg1 #ej1 #gg1 #ih2 oracle (1 #cf1 #ej1 #gg1 #id1 #ih1 #ajb ,did1 !1 emblem ( ,osiris1 #cd1 #aag ,dionysus1 fruit-tree dress$ z1 #ca1 #cc2 sacr$ tree (1 #bg2 a tree deity1 #aa1 #ab1 #ca1 #cb1 #ci1 #dh1 #di1 #eg1 #abf1 #aei ,div9ation 9 ,g]many1 #ajb2 by leaves1 #ajg2 by roots1 #ajf2 9 ,s>matia1 #ajb2 9 ,scy?ia1 #ajb2 9 ,sw$51 #aje ,div9+ rod1 !1 #ajc et seq4 ,dodona1 oracul> oak (1 #bh1 #cf1 #ic1 #if1 #ih1 #ajb ,druids1 !1 #bj1 #ce1 #ajc1 #aje1 #afa1 #afd ,dryads1 !1 #ee1 #eh1 #fc ,dus>es & ! v9e1 #dj ,e ,ea1 #g1 #ie1 #aaa2 sacr$ c$> (1 #dj1 #aca ,eddas1 !1 acc\nt ( man's orig9 91 #gc2 description ( ,yggdrasil 91 #aab ,egypt1 sacr$ sycamores (1 #i1 #be1 #bg1 #dd1 #de2 tree-demons (1 #ee2 tree-wor%ip 91 #i1 #aj1 #be1 #de2 _w-tree (1 #aaj1 #aag ,eiresione1 !1 #dh1 #aea1 #agc2 address$ z a p]son1 #aec ,elves1 #bd1 #eb1 #fc1 #fe ,engl&1 ,*ri/mas-tree 91 #afe2 ,may celebrations 91 #add et seq42 tree-wor%ip 91 #bj ,esdras1 p>adise (1 #aca ,e/honia1 tree-wor%ip 91 #ai1 #dd2 _w-tree (1 #abb ,f ,fairies1 !1 #fe ,fauns1 !1 #ee1 #eh ,faunus1 grove oracles (1 #ajj ,f]tility1 ! tree z g5ius (1 #hg1 #aec ,ficus rum9alis1 !1 #gf1 #hf ,fig-tree1 !1 associat$ ) ! silvani1 #eh2 c>v$ z ,pan1 #cc2 _s (1 #eh ,f9l&1 tree-spirits (1 #gj2 tree-wor%ip 91 #ai2 _w-tree (1 #abj ,fl[]-maid5s1 !1 #fj ,france1 div9ation 91 #aje2 h>ve/ cu/om 91 #aej2 tree-wor%ip 91 #ai ,g ,gautama1 #ad1 #da1 #dc1 #gf1 #aaf2 & ! ,indian %ot1 #hb ,g]many1 autumn fe/ival 91 #afc1 #aff1 #agj2 ,*ri/mas-tree 91 #afe2 div9ation 91 #ajb1 #aje2 ,may cu/oms 91 #aej1 #aee2 tree-demons (1 #ai1 #ff2 tree-wor%ip 91 #ah ,gilgames1 #aai1 #acg ,gilgit1 sacr$ c$> (1 #ij ,gla/onbury ?orn1 !1 #aff1 #afh ,god1 !1 & ! tree1 #bd et seq4 ,gods1 food ( !1 #aac1 #aad1 #abb ,greece1 creation leg5ds (1 #gd2 h>ve/ cu/oms (1 #aea2 p>adise leg5ds (1 #aca2 tree-wor%ip 91 #ab1 #ag1 #bh1 #df ,gre5 ladies1 !1 #fh ,h ,hamadryads1 !1 #eg1 #eh ,haoma1 #ac1 #abc1 #acj ,h>ve/ ,may1 !1 #aea1 #agc ,h?or1 a tree-goddess1 #i1 #aj1 #be ,hel51 sacr$ tree (1 #ah1 #ca ,h]a1 #bi1 #cb1 #gf1 #aee ,h]mes1 #gi2 bir? (1 #gf ,hesp]ides1 trees ( !1 #aja1 #aai1 #acf ,i ,icel&1 p>adise leg5d (1 #ach ,india1 p>adise leg5d (1 #abi2 soma ritual (1 #abd2 tree-wor%ip 91 #ac1 #ad1 #ce1 #dj1 #dc1 #fd2 _w-tree (1 #aae ,indra1 ! p>adise (1 #abi2 & ! soma1 #abe ,irm5sl1 !1 #abj ,israelites1 tree-wor%ip among/1 #c1 #h2 use ( bran*es by1 #dh ,i/>1 #f1 #h1 #cj1 #hh ,italy1 mod]n belief 9 wood-spirits 91 #eh2 tree-oracles 91 #ajj2 tree-wor%ip 91 #ab1 #ag1 #bh1 #cg1 #dg ,j ,jack-9-!-,gre51 #adh1 #aeg ,japan1 leg5ds (1 #hc1 #hd2 p>adise leg5d (1 #ada2 tree-demons (1 #gj2 tree-wor%ip 91 #ae2 _w-tree (1 #aah ,j9ni ( ,arabia1 !1 #bd1 #eb1 #ed1 #id ,l ,laurel1 ! sacr$1 #cf1 #dg1 #ej1 #ei1 #gg1 #ia1 #ih ,life-rood1 ! 7,leb5srute71 #ajc1 #abg1 #agj ,life1 ! tree (1 #ae1 #acj1 #aca1 #adb1 #agj ,life-tree1 !1 #hd1 #aja ,little ,da$ala1 fe/ival ( !1 #aee ,ljes*i1 #fi ,m ,mahometan p>adise1 !1 #acb1 #acd ,maid ,m>ian1 #aeh ,maundeville1 ,sir ,j41 8 acc\nt ( p>adise1 #acg2 8 description ( a tree ( p>adise1 #adc ,may-bride1 !1 #aeh ,may celebrations1 #ba1 #ade et seq4 8,may10 !1 #adi1 #aea1 #aec ,may-pole1 !1 #adf1 #aed1 #aee ,may que51 !1 #adf1 #aef ,melc>?1 ! cypress sacr$ to1 #dj ,melus1 metamorphosis (1 #hj ,metamorphosis into trees1 #gg et seq4 ,metempsy*osis into trees1 #hb et seq4 ,mexico1 human sacrifices 91 #aei2 tree-symbol f\nd 91 #af2 tree-wor%ip 91 #ag ,milton1 8 description ( p>adise1 #ace ,mi/letoe1 #bj1 #afd ,mi?ra1 #ac1 #dj1 #afc ,moss-wom51 !1 #fg ,myrtle1 ! sacr$1 #ac1 #bi1 #cg1 #ci1 #hf ,mulb]ry-tree1 !1 #if ,n ,nakhla1 sacr$ acacia (1 #de ,nantes1 tree-wor%ip condemn$ by ,c\ncil (1 #bj ,n>cissus1 metamorphosis (1 #ha ,nejrn1 sacr$ palm (1 #de1 #ii ,new ,zeal&1 cosmogonic leg5d (1 #aaj ,nic>agua1 tree-wor%ip 91 #ag ,nut1 a tree-goddess1 #aj1 #be1 #bg1 #aag2 goddess ( ! sky1 #aaj1 #aag ,o ,oak1 ! sacr$1 ( ,c]es1 #fc2 ( ! ,druids1 #bj2 ( ,e/honia1 #abb2 ( ,f9l&1 #ai1 #dd1 #aba2 ( ,pan1 #ef2 ( ! ,roman ,capitol1 #be2 at ,romove1 #dd2 ( ,zeus1 #bh1 #ce1 #cg1 #ic1 #if1 #aja1 #aee ,olive1 !1 sacr$ to ,a!na1 #ch2 v5]at$ by ! ,semites1 #ci1 #di ,olympus1 #acd ,om5s1 tree1 #aja ,oracle-lots1 #ajb ,oracles1 tree1 #ic et seq4 ,orig9-my?s1 #gc ,os*ophoria1 !1 #dh1 #aeb ,osiris1 8 emblem1 ! ,did or ,tt1 #cd1 #aag2 a tree-god1 #aa1 #dj1 #aei ,p ,pale/9e1 tree-demons (1 #ed2 tree-wor%ip 91 #g1 #h ,palm-tree1 !1 #e1 #de1 #di1 #hh1 #ii ,pan1 a tree-god1 #ca1 #cc1 #df1 #ef2 ! pipe (1 #ha ,p>adise1 #abh et seq42 an artificial1 #adc2 ! e>?ly1 #acf2 trees (1 #aca1 #adb1 #agj ,p>adise-plays1 m$iaeval1 #afi1 #aga ,patagonia1 tree-wor%ip 91 #ag ,pe>-tree1 !1 wor%ipp$ 9 ,circassia1 #aec ,p]mians1 trees wor%ipp$ by !1 #ai ,p]sia1 creation leg5ds (1 #bc1 #acj2 haoma ritual (1 #abc2 tree-oracle 91 #ii2 tree-wor%ip 91 #ac1 #abc2 use ( bran*es 91 #di2 _w-tree (1 #aae1 #adb ,p]u1 wood-gho/ (1 #ga ,pf+/l1 !1 #aei ,phyllis1 metamorphosis (1 #gi ,p9e1 ! sacr$1 #bh1 #ca1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei1 #hj2 v5]at$ by ! ,semites1 #ci ,pippala1 !1 associat$ ) ,brahma1 #ad2 ) ,gautama1 #da ,plane-tree1 !1 ( ,armavira1 #ii2 its connection ) ,pelops1 #hf2 ) ,p]sian k+s1 #ac ,pol&1 tree-wor%ip 91 #ai ,pomegranate1 !1 #e1 #cj1 #hj ,popl>1 !1 sacr$ to ,dis1 #ci2 ,zeus born b5ea?1 #gf ,puritans1 d5unciation ( ,may-poles by1 #ba1 #adf ,r ,rob9 ,hood1 k+ ( ! ,may1 #aeh ,rome1 grove oracle 91 #ajj2 tree-wor%ip 91 #ag1 #bh1 #dg ,romove1 sacr$ oak (1 #dd ,russia1 tree-demons (1 #ai1 #ff1 #fi2 tree-wor%ip 91 #ai2 ,:itsuntide cu/om 91 #aej ,s ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 symbol ( sacr$ tree 91 #b1 #e1 #g ,sn*i1 ,buddhi/ sculptures at1 #ad1 #db ,sanctu>y1 ! tree z1 #di ,s>matia1 div9ation 91 #ajb ,saturnalia1 !1 #afc1 #agb ,satyrs1 !1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg ,sc&9avia1 _w-tree (1 #aab ,scy?ia1 div9ation 91 #ajb ,serm1 8,satyrs0 ( ! ,bible1 #ed ,semites1 tree-oracles ( !1 #ie2 tree-wor%ip among/ !1 #g1 #ci-hg ,sia ,indians1 cosmogony (1 #aah ,siam1 tree-wor%ip 91 #af ,sil5i1 !1 #ee1 #ef ,silvanus1 #bh1 #eg ,si\x1 creation leg5d (1 #gd ,soma1 #abd1 #abf ,sudan1 tree-wor%ip 9 !1 #aj ,sumatra1 tree-wor%ip 91 #af ,swabia1 spr+ obs]vances 91 #afj ,sw$51 div9ation 91 #aje2 ,may obs]vances 91 #aej2 tree-spirits (1 #fh ,switz]l&1 tree-demons (1 #fh ,sycamores1 ! sacr$1 ( ,egypt1 #i1 #be1 #bg1 #dd1 #de1 #aah ,t ,ta>a1 a tree-god1 #dd ,talmud1 !1 p>adise (1 #acb2 life-tree m5tion$ 91 #he ,tammuz1 #f1 #aa1 #ab1 #aaa1 #aei ,tapio1 #gj ,tt-pill>1 !1 #cd1 #aag ,t5gus ( ,japan1 !1 #gj ,travancore1 sacr$ tree 91 #ad ,tree1 !1 bir?s b5ea?1 #gf2 ,*aldaean symbol ( ! sacr$1 #b1 #e1 #cj1 #hh2 dress$ or c>v$ z an?ropomorphic god1 #bg1 #ca1 #cb1 #ce1 #ajc2 ( ! community1 #hf1 #aed2 ( ! family1 #hf1 #aja2 ( life1 #ae1 #acj1 #aca1 #adb1 #agj2 lights on1 #ia1 #aga2 (f]+s to1 #cj1 #de1 #df2 ( p>adise1 #aca1 #afi2 9 relation to human life1 #gb2 z symbol ( f]tility1 #hh2 ( univ]se1 #aji et seq41 #agc ,tree-deities1 #i1 #af1 #bd et seq4 ,tree-demons1 #af1 #bd1 #eb1 #ee et seq4 ,tree-nymphs1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei1 #fa1 #fb ,tree-oracles1 #ic et seq4 ,tree-orig9s1 #gc et seq4 ,tree-om5s1 #aja ,tree-sanctu>ies1 #di ,tree-s\l1 ! g5]alis$1 #ij2 primitive conception (1 #a ,tree-wor%ip1 9 ,africa1 #aa2 9 ,am]ica1 #af1 #ag2 9 ,arabia1 #de2 9 ,assyria1 #f2 9 ,borneo1 #af2 9 ,burma1 #af2 9 ,canaan1 #c1 #h2 9 ,*aldaea1 #d1 #f1 #aaa2 9 ,*9a1 #ae2 9 ,egypt1 #i1 #aj1 #be1 #de2 9 ,engl&1 #bj2 9 ,e/honia1 #ai2 9 ,france1 #ai2 9 ,f9l&1 #ai2 9 ,g]many1 #ah2 9 ,greece1 #ag1 #bh1 #df2 9 ,india1 #ac1 #ad1 #ce1 #dj1 #dc1 #fd1 #abd2 9 ,japan1 #ae2 9 ,mexico1 #ag2 9 ,nic>agua1 #ag2 9 ,pale/9e1 #c1 #g1 #h2 9 ,patagonia1 #ag2 9 ,p]sia1 #ac1 #abc2 9 ,pho5icia1 #h1 #ab2 9 ,phrygia1 #ab2 9 ,pol&1 #ai2 9 ,rome1 #ag1 #df2 9 ,russia1 #ai2 9 ! ,semitic area1 #g1 #ci1 #hg2 9 ,siam1 #af2 9 ! ,sudan1 #aa2 9 ,sumatra1 #af2 orig9 (1 #bb ,trees1 ,*ri/mas fl[]+1 #aaf2 leg5ds ( ble$+1 #fb1 #fc2 leg5ds ( speak+1 #aja ,tri/ram & ,iseult1 leg5d (1 #hb ,trophonius1 oracle (1 #id ,tylor1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,b41 on tree-wor%ip1 #ba ,tyrol1 wild wom5 (1 #fg ,u ,upsala1 sacr$ grove (1 #dc ,v ,v9e-wom5 ( ,lucian1 !1 #fj ,v9e1 !1 sacr$ to ,dionysus1 #ci2 to ,dus>es1 #dj2 v5]at$ by ! ,semites1 #ci ,vi%nu1 #dc1 #gf ,w 8,wege-w>te10 leg5d ( !1 #hc ,w5ds1 !1 & ! ,may-pole1 #aef ,wild-fangg51 !1 #fg ,wild m5 ( ! woods1 #ba1 #eb1 #ef1 #ff1 #fh1 #ga1 #afa ,will[1 !1 connect$ ) ,artemis1 #bi2 ) ,h]a1 #bi1 #gf2 inhabit$ by tree-_s1 #fb ,wod51 #dc ,wood-maid5s1 #fg ,_w-m\nta91 !1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aah1 #acd ,_w-tree1 !1 #aji et seq42 ( ,buddhi/s1 #aaf2 ( ,*aldaea1 #aaa2 ( ,egypt1 #aaj1 #aag2 ( ,e/honia1 #abb2 ( ,f9l&1 #abj2 ( ,india1 #aae2 ( ,p]sia1 #aae2 ( ,sc&9avia1 #aab ,y ,yggdrasil1 #aab et seq4 ,z ,zeus1 a tree-god1 #ah1 #bh1 #bi1 #ce1 #df1 #aee2 oracle (1 at ,dodona1 #ic1 #if ,zeus-,ammon1 oracle (1 #if ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k1 ,limit$1 ,ed9burgh4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 delimit$ italiciz$ text 9 und]scores4 --,9 ! ,lat9-#a text v]sion only1 ! unusual "* 8lat9 u ) dasia0 is repres5t$ by 8u'04 --,9 ! ,lat9-#a text v]sion only1 translit]at$ ,greek words are delimit$ by brackets4