,illu/ration3 ,,brass ,,image ,,(       
,,gautama ,,buddha ,,f ,,ceylon4        
,he is seat$ on ! ,mual9da ,s]p5t 7see  
p4 #dhj71 9 an attitude    ( pr(\nd     
m$itation1 ) eyes half clos$1 & five    
rays ( light                    em]g+ f 
! cr[n ( 8 head4                        
,frontispiece4                          
,,buddhism1               ,,9 ,,its     
,,connexion ,,) ,,br,,hmanism ,,&       
,,h9d,,ism1                             
,,&                            ,,9 ,,its
 ,,contra/ ,,)                          
,,*ri/ianity1                           
,,by                   ,,sir ,,moni]    
,,moni]-,,williams1 ,k4,c4,i4,e41       
,m4,a41 ,,hon4 ,d4,c4,l4 ,,( ,,!        
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d1                 
,,hon4 ,,ll4,d4 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( 
,,calcutta1                 ,,hon4      
,,ph4,d4 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,(        
,g,,tt+51         ,,hon4 ,,memb] ,,( ,,!
 ,,asiatic ,,societies ,,( ,,b5gal ,,&  
,,bombay1        ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,ori5tal  
,,& ,,philosophical ,,societies ,,(     

,,am]ica1                        ,,bod5 
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,sansk,,x1              
,,& ,,late ,,fell[ ,,( ,,balliol        
,,college1 ,,ox=d1 ,,etc4               
,illu/ration3                           
,,new ,,york3                           
,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4                   
#ahhi4                            ,all  
rights res]v$4                          
,,preface4      ,! #8,duff ,lectures' = 
#ahhh 7 deliv]$ by me at ,ed9burgh 9 !  
mon? ( ,m>*4 ,9 introduc+ my subject1 ,i
 spoke to ! foll[+  effect3--    #8,i   
wi% to express my deep s5se ( !         
responsibility :i* ! writ+  ( ^!        
,lectures has laid ^u me1 & my e>ne/    
desire t !y may1  by _! usefulness1     
prove 9 "s degree wor?y ( ! great       
mission>y  ^: "n !y be>4    #8,dr4 ,duff
 0 a man ( p[]1 :o left 8 own foot-pr9t 
s deeply  impress$ on ! soil ( ,b5gal1 t
 its traces are nev] likely to be       
effac$1 & /ill s]ve to enc\rage less    
ard5t spirits1 :o are  /riv+ to imitate 
8 example 9 ! same field ( lab\r4       

#8,b n only is ! impress ( 8 vigor\s    
p]sonality /ill fre% 9  ,b5gal4 ,he has 
e>n$ an endur+ reputation ?r\gh\t ,india
 & !  ,unit$ ,k+dom1 z ! pr9ce (        
educational mission>ies4 ,he 0 9 all  t 
he und]took an en?usia/ic &             
indefatigable workman1 ( :om1 if  ( any 
human be+1 x might be truly said1 t1 :5 
call$ ^u to  quit ! sph]e ( 8 lab\rs1   
8he ne$$ n to be a%am$40 ,no "o  c h    
travell$ mu* 9 ,india )\t hav+ obs]v$ h[
 wond]fully  ! results ( 8 indomitable  
en]gy & f]vid eloqu5ce 9 ! cause  (     
,tru? wait on ! memory ( 8 "w ev]y:]e4  
,monum5ts may be  erect$ & lecture%ips  
f\nd$ to p]petuate 8 "n & te/ify to  8  
victories ov] difficulties :i* few o!r  
m5 c\ld h ov]come1  b bett] ?an ^! w be 
! liv+ te/imony ( successive  g5]ations 
( ,h9d m5 & wom51 ^: gr[? & progress 9  
true  enlight5m5t w be due to ! se$ :i* 
he plant$1 & to :i* ,god  has giv5 !    
increase4'    ,i said a few m words     
expressive ( my hope t ! #8,life ( ,dr4 
,duff'#a w\ld be read & pond]$ by e     

/ud5t de/9$ = "w  ( any k9d 9 our       
,indian empire1 & to t biography ,i ref]
 all :o  are unacqua9t$ ) ! p>ticul>s ( 
! lab\rs ( a man to :om  ,scotl& has    
assign$ a place 9 ! =emo/ rank ( h] mo/ 
em95t  ,evangeli/s4    ,i n[ proce$ to  
expla9 ! process by :i* ^! ,lectures h  
gradually outgr[n ! limits requir$ by ! 
,duff ,tru/ees4    ,:5 ,i address$      
myself to ! c>ry+ out ( _!              
wi%es--communicat$  to me by ,mr4 ,w4   
,pirie ,duff--,i _h no int5tion (       
und]tak+ m ?an a  concise acc\nt ( a    
subject :i* ,i _h be5 /udy+ = _m ye>s4  
,i  conceiv$ x possible to compress into
 six ,lectures a s*ol>ly sket*  ( :at   
may be call$ true ,buddhism1--t is1 !   
,buddhism ( !  ,piakas or ,pli texts :i*
 are n[ be+ edit$ by ! ,pli ,text       
,society1 & "s ( :i* h be5 translat$ 9 !
 #8,sacr$ ,books (  ! ,ea/4' ,x soon1   
h[ev]1 became app>5t to me t to write an
  acc\nt ( ,buddhism :i* w\ld be wor?y (
 ! great ,indian  mission>y1 ,i ought to
 exhibit x 9 its connexion ) ,brhmanism 

&  ,h9dism & ev5 ) ,ja9ism1 & 9 its     
contra/ ) ,*ri/ianity4  ,!n1 z ,i       
proce$$1 ,i began to feel t to d ju/ice 
to my subject ,i  %\ld be compell$ to   
enl>ge ! range ( my rese>*es1 s z to    
embrace "s ( ! lat] phases & mod]n      
developm5ts ( ,buddhism4  ,?is l$ me to 
und]take a m c>eful /udy ( ,koepp5's    
,lamaismus  ?an ,i _h be=e ?\ght        
necess>y4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i felt x my duty 
to  /udy att5tively num]\s treatises on 
,nor!rn ,buddhism1 :i* ,i _h  be=e read 
9 a cursory mann]4 ,i ev5 ?\ght x       
incumb5t on me to  look a little into ! 
,tibetan language1 ( :i* ,i 0 be=e :olly
  ignorant4    ,i ne$ sc>cely expla9    
fur!r ! process ( expansion ?r\gh :i*  !
 pres5t "w has pass$4 ,a conviction took
 possession ( my m9d1  t any endeav\r to
 give ev5 an outl9e ( ! :ole subject (  
,buddhism 9 six ,lectures1 w\ld be r l !
 ef=t ( a fooli%  man try+ to pa9t a    
panorama ( ,london on a %eet (          
note-pap]4 ,h5ce  ! expansion ( six     
,lectures into eighte51 & x w be se5 at 

once  t _m ( ^! eighte5 are f> too long 
to h be5 deliv]$ 9  ext5so4 ,9 po9t (   
fact1 by an arrangem5t ) ! ,tru/ees1    
only a  c]ta9 portion ( any ,lecture 0  
deliv]$ orally4 ,! pres5t "w is  r a    
treatise on ,buddhism pr9t$ & publi%$ 9 
memory ( ,dr4  ,duff4    ,i ne$ n       
encumb] ! ,preface ) a re-/atem5t ( !   
reasons :i*  h made ! elucidation ( an  
intricate subject almo/ hopelessly      
difficult4 ,!y h be5 /at$ 9 !           
,introductory ,lecture 7pp4 #ac1  #ad74 
,moreov] ! plan ( ! pres5t volume has   
be5 !re set =? 7see p4  #ag74    ,i may 
possibly be ask$ by we>y read]s :y ,i h 
v5tur$ to add  ano!r tribut>y to ! too  
swoll5 /ream ( treatises on ,buddhism8  
or  "s may employ ano!r metaphor &      
inquire :y ,i h tr\bl$ myself  to toil &
 plod ov] a pa? already well travell$   
ov] & trodd5  d[n8 ,my reply is t ,i ?9k
 ,i c claim = my own "w an              
individuality :i* sep>ates x f t (      
o!rs--an individuality  :i* may probably
 comm5d x to ?\ghtful /ud5ts ( ,buddhism

 z  help+ to cle> a ?orny road1 &       
introduce "s little ord] &  coh]5ce into
 ! *aotic confusion ( ,buddhi/ic ideas4 
,at any rate ,i reque/ p]mission to draw
 att5tion to ! foll[+  po9ts1 :i*1 ,i   
?9k1 may inve/ my rese>*es ) a di/9ctive
  "* ( _! own4    ,9 ! fir/ place ,i h  
be5 able to avail myself ( ! late/      
publications ( ! ,pli ,text ,society1 & 
to consult _m rec5t works  :i* previ\s  
writ]s on ,buddhism h n _h at _! comm&4 
,secondly1 ,i h /riv5 to comb9e         
sci5tific accuracy ) a popul>           
exposition suffici5tly readable to      
satisfy ! wants ( ! cultur$             
,engli%-speak+ _w--a _w cr[d$ )         
intellig5t read]s :o take  an increas+  
int]e/ 9 ,buddhism1 & yet "k no?+ (     
,sanskx1  ,pli1 & ,tibetan4    ,?irdly1 
,i h aim$ at effect+ :at no o!r ,engli% 
,ori5tali/  has1 to my k1 ev]           
accompli%$4 ,i h endeav\r$ to deal )  a 
complex subject z a :ole1 & to pres5t 9 
"o volume a  compreh5sive survey ( !    
entire range ( ,buddhism1 f its e>lie/  

orig9 9 ,india to its late/ mod]n       
developm5ts 9 o!r ,asiatic  c\ntries4   
,f\r?ly1 ,i h br\ght to ! /udy (        
,buddhism & its sacr$  language ,pli1 a 
life-long prep>atory /udy ( ,brhmanism &
 its  sacr$ language ,sanskx4           
,fif?ly1 ,i h on ?ree occasions travell$
 ?r\gh ! sacr$ l& (  ,buddhism 7p4 #ba71
 & h c>ri$ on my inve/igations p]sonally
 9  ! place ( its orig91 z well z 9     
,ceylon & on ! bord]s (  ,tibet4        
,la/ly1 ,i h depict$ ,buddhism f !      
/&po9t ( a believ] 9  ,*ri/ianity1 :o   
has %[n1 by 8 o!r works on ,ea/]n       
religions1 an  e>ne/ desire to give !m  
cr$it = all ! good !y conta94    ,9     
reg>d to ?is la/ po9t1 ,i %all probably 
be told by "s  en?usia/ic admir]s (     
,buddhism1 t my prepossessions &        
pr$ilections--inh]it$ ) my              
,*ri/ianity--h1 9 spite ( my desire  to 
be j1 di/ort$ my view ( a sy/em ) :i* ,i
 h no sympa?y4  ,to ?is ,i c only reply1
 t my consci\sness ( my own             
prepossessions  has made me ! m         

s5sitively anxi\s to exhibit ,buddhism  
"u its  be/ aspects1 z well z "u its    
wor/4 ,an att5tive p]usal ( my  la/     
,lecture 7see p4 #ecg7 w1 ,i hope1 make 
x evid5t t ,i h at  lea/ done ev]y?+ 9  
my p[] to dismiss all prejudice f my    
m9d1  & to assume & ma9ta9 ! attitude ( 
an imp>tial judge4 ,& to  ?is end ,i h  
tak5 no?+ on tru/1 or at second h&4 ,i h
  /udi$ ,pli1 z ,i h ! o!r ,indian      
,prkits1 on my own acc\nt1  &           
indep5d5tly4 ,i h n accept$ unres]v$ly  
any man's  int]pretation ( ! orig9al    
,buddhi/ texts1 & h endeav\r$ to  v]ify 
= myself all d\btful /atem5ts &         
translations :i* occur  9 exi/+         
treatises4 ,( c\rse ,i owe mu* to mod]n 
,pli s*ol>s1 &  writ]s on ,buddhism1 &  
to ! translators ( ! #8,sacr$ ,books ( !
  ,ea/2' b ,i h frequ5tly felt compell$ 
to =m an indep5d5t  op9ion ( my own4    
,! translations giv5 9 ! #8,sacr$ ,books
 ( ! ,ea/'--good z !y  g5]ally are--h   
seem$ to me occasionally mislead+4 ,i   
may m5tion  z an in/ance ! con/ant      

employm5t by ! translators ( ! ^w       
#8,ord9ation' = ! c]emonies ( admission 
to ! ,buddhi/ monkhood  7see pp4 #gf-hj 
( ! pres5t volume74 ,i h v5tur$ 9 su*   
in/ances  to give :at has appe>$ to me a
 m suitable equival5t = ! ,pli4  ,on !  
same pr9ciple ,i h avoid$ all ne$less   
employm5t (  ,*ri/ian t]m9ology &       
,bible-language to express ,buddhi/     
ideas4    ,= example1 ,i h 9 mo/ cases  
exclud$ su* words z #8s91'  #8hol9ess1' 
#8fai?'1 #8tr9ity1' #8prie/' f my       
explanations ( !  ,buddhi/ cre$1 z :olly
 unsuitable4    ,i regret t want ( space
 has compell$ me to curtail my          
obs]vations  on ,ja9ism--! pres5t       
repres5tative ( ,buddhi/ic doctr9es 9   
,india  7see p4 #ebi47 ,i hope to ent] m
 fully on ?is subject h]eaft]4    ,!    
names ( au?ors to :om /ud5ts ( ,buddhism
 are indebt$ are giv5  9 my fir/        
,lecture 7pp4 #ad1 #ae74 ,we all owe mu*
 to ,*ild]s4 ,my own  ?anks are         
specially due to ,g5]al ,sir ,alex&]    
,cunn+ham1 to  ,pr(essor ,e4 ,b4 ,c[ell 

( ,cambridge1 ,pr(essor ,rhys ,davids1  
,dr4  ,old5b]g1 ,dr4 ,ro/1 ,dr4 ,morris1
 ,dr4 ,w5zel1 :o h aid$ me )  _!        
op9ions1 :5ev] ,i h ?\ght x "r to       
consult !m4 ,dr4  ,ro/1 ,c4,i4,e41 ( !  
,india ,(fice1 is also entitl$ to my    
w>me/  ackn[l$gm5ts = hav+ plac$ at my  
disposal v>i\s subsidi>y  works be>+ on 
,buddhism1 "s ( :i* belong to 8 own     
,libr>y4    ,my obligations to ,mr4     
,hoey's translation ( ,dr4 ,old5b]g's   
#8,buddha1' to  ! translations ( !      
travels ( ! ,*9ese pilgrims by ,pr(essor
  ,legge1 ,mr4 ,beal1 ,m4 ,abel ,rmusat1
 & ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli51 to ,m4 ,huc's  
travels1 & to ,mr4 ,scott's #8,burman1' 
w be evid5t1 & h be5  g5]ally ackn[l$g$ 
9 my notes4 ,i am p>ticul>ly grateful to
 ,mr4  ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds1 ,c4,i4,e41 = !  
in=mation conta9$ 9 8 ,report  & = !    
in/ruction :i* ,i receiv$ f him         
p]sonally :ile  prosecut+ my inquiries  
at ,drjl+4    ,i h felt compell$ to     
abbreviate ne>ly all my quotations1 &   
!re=e occasionally to alt] !            

phraseology4 ,h5ce ,i h ?\ght x  "r to  
m>k !m by a diff]5t type )\t inv]t$     
commas4    ,) reg>d to translit]ation ,i
 mu/ ref] ! /ud5t to ! rules =          
pronunciation giv5 at p4 xxxi4 ,!y con=m
 to ! rules giv5 9 my  ,sanskx ,gramm> &
 ,diction>y4 ,l ,dr4 ,old5b]g1 ,i h     
pref]r$ to  sub/itute ,sanskx t]m9ations
 9 a = ! ,pli o4 ,9 ,tibetan ,i  h      
con/antly consult$ ,js*ke1 b h n foll[$ 
8 sy/em (  translit]ation4    ,9        
conclusion1 ,i may fitly draw att5tion  
to ! engrav+s ( objects1  "s ( :i* 7    
br\ght by myself f ,buddhi/ c\ntries4   
,!y are  describ$ 9 ! li/ ( illu/rations
 7see p4 xxix71 & w1 ,i tru/1  give     
value to ! pres5t volume4 ,x has seem$  
to me a duty to make use  ( e available 
appliance = ?r[+ light on ! obscurities 
( a  difficult subject2 &1 z ^!         
,lectures embrace ! :ole range (        
,buddhism1 ,i h adopt$ z a frontispiece 
a portrait ( ,buddha :i*  exhibits      
,buddhism 9 its receptivity & 9 its     
read9ess to adopt  s]p5t-wor%ip1 or any 

o!r sup]/ition ( ! races :i* x /rove  to
 conv]t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,:eel1 ) !     
,tri-ratna & !  ,lotus 7pp4 #eba1 #ebb71
 is engrav$ on ! title-page z ! be/     
repres5tative symbol ( e>ly ,buddhism4  
,x is tak5 f a ,buddhi/  sculpture at   
,am>vat engrav$ = ,mr4 ,f]gusson's      
#8,tree &  ,s]p5t-wor%ip' 7p4 #bcg74    
,! portrait :i* faces page #gd is well  
wor?y ( att5tion z  illu/rat+ !         
connexion#b betwe5 ,buddhism &          
,brhmanism4 ,x is  f a rec5tly-tak5     
photograph ( ,mr4 ,gaur-ak> ,uday-ak>1  
,c4,s4,i4--a well-kn[n & di/+ui%$       
,brhman ( ,bhaunag>--:o 7) ,mr4         
,p]cival7 adm9i/]$ ! ,/ate dur+ !       
m9ority ( ! pres5t  enlight5$ ,mah-rja4 
,l ! ,buddha ( old1 he has r5\nc$ !     
_w--t is1 he has become a ,sannys1 & is 
*iefly engag$ 9  m$itation4 ,he has     
consequ5tly dropp$ ! title ,c4,s4,i41 & 
tak5 !  religi\s title--,svm r          
,saidn&a-,s>asvat4 ,8 son1 ,mr4         
,vijay-ak> ,gaur-ak>1 k9dly s5t me !    
photograph1 & ) 8  p]mission ,i h _h x  

engrav$4    ,x w be easily und]/ood t1 z
 a great portion ( ! foll[+  pages _h to
 be deliv]$ 9 ! =m ( ,lectures1         
occasional  repetitions &               
recapitulations 7 unavoidable1 b ,i tru/
 ,i %all  n be am5able to ! *>ge (      
repeat+ any?+ = ! sake (  #8padd+4' ,i  
%all1 ) m ju/ice1 be accus$ ( #8cramm+1'
 9 !  s5se ( attempt+ to =ce too mu*    
in=mation into a s+le volume4           
,janu>y #a1 #ahhi4                      
,,po/script4      ,s9ce writ+ ! =ego+   
prefatory rem>ks1 ,i h obs]v$ ) mu*     
conc]n t a preval5t error1 9 reg>d to   
,buddhism1 is /ill  p]si/5tly propagat$4
 ,x is categorically /at$ 9 a newspap]  
report ( a q rec5t lecture1 t out ( !   
_w's population (  ab\t #aejj millions  
at lea/ #ejj millions are ,buddhi/s1 & t
  ,buddhism numb]s m adh]5ts ?an any o!r
 religion on ! surface  ( ! globe4      
,almo/ e ,european writ] on ,buddhism1 (
 late ye>s1 has assi/$ 9  giv+ curr5cy  
to ?is utt]ly errone\s calculation1 & x 
is high  "t t an attempt %\ld be made to

 dissipate a s]i\s  misconception4    ,x
 is =gott5 t m]e sympa?iz]s ) ,buddhism1
 :o occasionally  con=m to ,buddhi/ic   
practices1 are n true ,buddhi/s4 ,9 ,*9a
 !  great majority are fir/ ( all       
,confuciani/s & !n ei!r ,toi/s or       
,buddhi/s or bo?4 ,9 ,japan             
,confucianism & ,%9toism co-exi/ )      
,buddhism4 ,9 "s o!r ,buddhi/ c\ntries a
 k9d ( ,%amanism is  practically        
dom9ant4 ,! be/ au?orities 7includ+ !   
,ox=d  ,pr(essor ( ,*9ese1 z /at$ 9 !   
,introduction to 8 excell5t  "w #8,!    
,travels ( ,f-hi5'7 are ( op9ion t !re  
are n m  ?an #ajj millions ( real       
,buddhi/s 9 ! _w1 & t ,*ri/ianity  ) its
 #dcj to #dej millions ( adh]5ts has n[ 
! num]ical  prepond]ance ov] all o!r    
religions4 ,i am entirely ( ! same      
op9ion4 ,i hold t ! ,buddhism1 describ$ 
9 ! foll[+ pages1  conta9$ )9 itself1 f 
! e>lie/ times1 ! g]ms ( disease1       
decay1 & dea? 7see p4 #eeg71 & t its    
pres5t condition is "o (  rapidly       
increas+ dis9tegration & decl9e4    ,we 

mu/ n =get t ,buddhism has disappe>$ f  
,india prop]1  al?\gh x dom9ates 9      
,ceylon & ,burma1 & al?\gh a few        
,buddhi/  travell]s f9d _! way back to !
 l& ( its orig9 & soj\rn  !re4          
,inde$1 if ,i 7 call$ ^u to give a r\gh 
comp>ative num]ical  e/imate ( ! six    
*ief religi\s sy/ems ( ! _w1 ,i %\ld be 
incl9$1 on ! :ole1 to reg>d             
,confucianism z con/itut+1 next to      
,*ri/ianity1 ! mo/ num]ically preval5t  
cre$4 ,we h to be> 9  m9d ! imm5se      
populations1 bo? 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 ^:    
*ief cre$  is ,confucianism4            
,pr(essor ,legge in=ms me t ,dr4        
,happ]--an ,am]ican ,presbyt]ian        
,mission>y ( ab\t #de ye>s /&+1 :o has  
gone c>efully into !  /ati/ics (        
,buddhism--reckons only #bj millions (  
,buddhi/s 9 ,*9a1  & n m ?an #gb        
millions 9 ! :ole ( ,asia4 ,dr4 ,happ]  
/ates  t1 if ! ,*9ese 7 requir$ to class
 !mselves z ,confuciani/s  or ,buddhi/s 
or ,toi/s1 #ai_/bj?s1 if n #ii_/ajj?s1 (
 !m w\ld1 9  8 op9ion1 claim to be      

designat$ z ,confuciani/s4    ,9 all    
probability 8 e/imate ( ! numb] (       
,buddhi/s 9 ,*9a is  too l[1 b ! ,*9ese 
ambassador ,li1 ) :om ,pr(essor ,legge  
once  _h a conv]sation on ?is subject1  
ridicul$ ! view t !y 7 z  num]\s z !    
,confuciani/s4    ,und5iably1 z x seems 
to me1 ! next place aft] ,*ri/ianity &  
,confucianism %\ld be giv5 to ,brhmanism
 & ,h9dism1 :i* are n  really two sy/ems
 b practically "o2 ! latt] be+ m]ely an 
expansion ( ! =m]1 modifi$ by contact ) 
,buddhism4    ,brhmanism1 z ,i h else:]e
 %[n1 is no?+ b spiritual  ,pan!ism2 t  
is1 a belief 9 ! univ]sal diffusion ( an
 imp]sonal  ,_s 7call$ ,brhmn or        
,brhm7--z ! only really exi/+           
,ess5ce--& 9 its manife/+ itself 9 ,m9d 
& 9 c\ntless mat]ial  =ces & =ms1       
includ+ gods1 demons1 m51 & animals1    
:i*1 aft]  fulfill+ _! c\rse1 mu/       
ultimately be re-absorb$ into ! "o      
imp]sonal ,ess5ce & be aga9 evolv$ 9    
endless evolution &  dissolution4       
,h9dism1 ) its wor%ip ( ,vi%u & iva1 is 

bas$ on ?is  pan!i/ic doctr9e1 b !      
majority ( ! ,h9ds are m]ely  obs]v]s ( 
,brhmanical in/itutions ) _! accompany+ 
,h9d  ca/e usages4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we employ
 ! t]m ,h9d 9 its wide/  acceptation    
7omitt+ only all ,islmiz$ ,h9ds7 we may 
safely affirm  t ! adh]5ts ( ,h9dism h  
rea*$ an aggregate ( ne>ly #bjj         
millions4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,sir ,william   
,wilson ,hunt]1 !y are /ill  rapidly    
increas+1 bo? by excess ( bir?s ov]     
dea?s & by  accretions f m backw>d      
sy/ems ( belief4    ,probably ,buddhism 
has a "r to ! f\r? place 9 ! scale (    
num]ical comp>ison4 ,at any rate ! numb]
 ( ,buddhi/s c sc>cely  be calculat$ at 
less ?an #ajj millions4    ,9 reg>d to  
,muhammadanism1 ?is cre$ %\ld n1 ,i ?9k1
 be plac$  high] ?an fif? 9 !           
enum]ation4 ,9 its pure/ =m x ought to  
be  call$ ,islm1 & 9 t =m x is a m]e    
di/ort$ copy ( ,judaism4    ,! ,empress 
( ,india1 z is well kn[n1 rules ov] m   
,muhammadans ?an  any o!r pot5tate 9 !  
_w4 ,probably ! ,musalmn population (  !

 :ole ( ,india n[ numb]s #ee millions4  
,z to ! numb] ( ,muhammadans 9 ! ,turki%
 empire1 !re are no v  tru/wor?y data to
 guide u1 b ! aggregate is believ$ to be
 ab\t  #ad millions2 :ile ,africa c     
sc>cely reckon m ?an t numb]1  ev5 if   
,egypt be includ$4    ,! six? sy/em1    
,toism 7! sy/em ( ,lo-tsze71 accord+ to 
,pr(essor ,legge1 %\ld rank num]ically  
aft] bo? ,muhammadanism &  ,buddhism4   
,( c\rse ,ja9ism 7p4 #ebi7 &            
,zoroa/rianism 7! religion ( !  ,prss7  
are too num]ically insignificant to     
occupy places 9 ! above  comp>ison4     
,x is possible t a c>eful c5sus might   
result 9 a m fav\rable  e/imate ( !     
numb] ( ,buddhi/s 9 ! _w1 ?an ,i h "h   
submitt$2 b at all ev5ts x may safely be
 alleg$ t1 ev5 z a  =m ( popul>         
religion1 ,buddhism is gradually los+   
its  vitality--gradually loos5+ its hold
 on ! va/ populations once loyal  to its
 rule2 nay1 t ! "t is rapidly approa*+  
:5 its capacity  = resi/ance mu/ give   
way be=e ! mighty =ces :i* are de/9$  9 

! end to sweep x f ! e>?4               
,m4 ,m4-,w4    #hh ,onsl[ ,g>d5s1       
,london4        ,janu>y #ae1 #ahhi4     
,,cont5ts4                              
,,page    ,preface                      
v    ,po/script on ! common error 9     
reg>d to ! comp>ative                   
preval5ce ( ,buddhism 9 ! _w            
xiv    ,li/ ( ,illu/rations             
xxix    ,rules = ,pronunciation         
xxxi    ,pronunciation ( ,buddha1 etc4  
,add5da & ,corrig5da              xxxii 
,,lecture ,i4                           
,introductory ,obs]vations4             
,buddhism 9 its relation to ,brhmanism4 
,v>i\s sects 9 ,brhmanism4        ,cre$ 
( ! ord9>y ,h9d4 ,rise ( scepticism &   
infidelity4        ,mat]iali/ic s*ool ( 
?\ght4 ,orig9 ( ,buddhism & ,ja9ism4    
,manysid$ness ( ,buddhism4 ,its         
complexity4 ,lab\rs ( v>i\s             
s*ol>s4 ,divisions ( ! subject4 ,!      
,buddha1 8 ,law1 8 ,ord]        (       
,monks4 ,nor!rn ,buddhism               
#a-ag                                   

,,lecture ,,ii4                     ,!  
,buddha z a ,p]sonal ,tea*]4      ,!    
,buddha's biography4 ,date ( 8 bir? &   
dea?4 ,8 names1        epi!ts1 & titles4
 ,/ory ( ! f\r visions4 ,bir? ( !       
,buddha's son4 ,! ,buddha leaves 8 home4
 ,8 life at ,rja-giha4        ,8 /udy ( 
,brhmanical philosophy4 ,8 sex5nial fa/4
 ,8        temptation by ,mra4 ,he      
atta9s p]fect enlight5m5t4 ,!           
,bodhi-tree4 ,buddha & ,muhammad comp>$4
 ,! ,buddha's proce$+s        aft] 8    
enlight5m5t4 ,8 fir/ tea*+ at ,b5>es4   
,fir/        s]mon4 ,effect ( fir/      
tea*+4 ,8 fir/ sixty mission>ies4       
,8 fire-s]mon4 ,8 eighty great          
disciples4 ,8 two *ief &        sixte5  
lead+ disciples4 ,8 =ty-five ye>s (     
prea*+ &        it9]ation4 ,8 dea? & la/
 words4 ,"* ( ! ,buddha's        tea*+4 
,8 me?od illu/rat$ by an epitome ( "o ( 
8        p>ables                        
#ah-eb                                  
,,lecture ,,iii4               ,! ,dh>ma
 or ,law & ,scriptures ( ,buddhism4     

,orig9 ( ! ,buddhi/ ,law 7,dh>ma74      
,buddhi/ scriptures n l !        ,v$a4  
,fir/ c\ncil at ,rja-giha4 ,kyapa *os5 z
 lead]4        ,recitation ( ! ,buddha's
 precepts4 ,second c\ncil at ,vail4     
&ra-gupta4 ,?ird c\ncil at ,patn4       
,composition ( s\!rn        canon4      
,tri-piaka or ?ree collections4 ,rules (
 discipl9e1 moral        precepts1      
philosophical precepts4 ,comm5t>ies4    
,buddha-gho%a4        ,aoka's           
inscriptions4 ,8 edicts & proclamations4
 ,f\r? c\ncil        at ,jl&h>a4        
,kani%ka4 ,! nor!rn canon4 ,! n9e       
,neplese        canonical scriptures4 ,!
 ,tibetan canonical scriptures 7,kanjur7
                                        
#ec-gj                                  
,,lecture ,,iv4                   ,!    
,sagha or ,buddhi/ ,ord] ( ,monks4      
,nature ( ! ,buddhi/ bro!rhood4 ,n a    
prie/hood1 n a hi]>*y4        ,names    
giv5 to ! monks4 ,me?od ( admission to !
 monkhood4        ,admission ( novices4 
,?ree-refuge =mula4 ,admission ( full   

monks4 ,f\r res\rces4 ,f\r prohibitions4
 ,(f5ces & p5ances4        ,eight       
practices4 ,! monk's daily life4 ,8 ?ree
 g>m5ts4        ,confession4 ,def9ition 
( ! ,sagha or community ( monks4 ,ord]  
( ,nuns4 ,lay-bro!rs & lay-si/]s4       
,relation ( ! laity to        !         
monkhood4 ,duties ( ! laity4 ,lat]      
hi]>*ical ,buddhism4        ,"* ( monks 
( ! pres5t day 9 v>i\s c\ntries         
#ga-ib                                  
,,lecture ,v4                  ,!       
,philosophical ,doctr9es ( ,buddhism4   
,! philosophy ( ,buddhism f\nd$ on t (  
,brhmanism4 ,?ree ways        (         
salvation 9 ,brhmanism4 ,! ,buddha's "o 
way ( salvation4 ,all        life is    
mis]y4 ,indian pessimi/ic philosophy4   
,twelve-l9k$ *a9        ( causation4    
,celebrat$ ,buddhi/ =mula4 ,! ,buddha's 
attitude        t[>ds ! ,skhya & ,v$nta 
philosophy ( ! ,brhmans4 ,!             
,buddha's negation ( _s & ( a ,supreme  
,be+4 ,brhmanical        !ory (         
metempsy*osis4 ,! ,buddhi/ ,sk&has4 ,!  

,buddhi/        !ory ( transmigration4  
,only six =ms ( exi/5ce4 ,!             
,buddha's previ\s bir?s4 ,examples giv5 
( /ories ( two ( 8        previ\s bir?s4
 ,de/9y ( man dep5d5t on 8 own acts4    
,re-creative =ce ( acts4 ,act-=ce creat+
 worlds4 ,no k        ( ! fir/ act4     
,cycles ( ! ,univ]se4 ,int]m9able       
succession        ( exi/5ces l rotation 
( a :eel4 ,buddhi/ ,kalpas or ages4     
,?irty-"o abodes ( six classes ( be+s   
ris+ "o above !        o!r 9 successive 
ti]s ( l[] worlds & ?ree sets (         
heav5s                                  
#ic-abb                                 
,,lecture ,,vi4      ,! ,morality (     
,buddhism & its *ief aim--,arhat%ip or  
,nirva4      ,inconsi/5cy ( a life (    
morality 9 ,buddhism4 ,division ( !     
moral        code4 ,fir/ five & !n t5   
*ief rules ( moral conduct4             
,positive injunctions4 ,! t5 fett]s b9d+
 a man to exi/5ce4        ,sev5 jewels (
 ! ,law4 ,six 7or t57 transc5d5t        
virtues4        ,examples ( moral       

precepts f ! ,dh>ma-pada & o!r works4   
,moral m]it easily acquir$4 ,aim (      
,buddhi/ morality4 ,ext]nal        &    
int]nal morality4 ,inn] condition (     
he>t4 ,f\r pa?s or        /ages lead+ to
 ,arhat%ip or moral p]fection4 ,?ree    
grades (        ,arhats4 ,s]ies (       
,buddhas4 ,gautama ! f\r? ,buddha ( !   
pres5t age1 & la/ ( tw5ty-five ,buddhas4
 ,! future ,buddha4        ,explanation 
( ,nirva & ,p>i-nirva z ! true aim (    
,buddhi/ morality4 ,buddhi/ & ,*ri/ian  
morality contra/$                       
#abc-adf                                
,,lecture ,,vii4           ,*anges 9    
,buddhism & its disappe>ance f ,india4  
,t5d5cy ( all religi\s movem5ts to      
det]ioration &        dis9tegration4 ,! 
corruptions ( ,buddhism are ! result (  
its        own fundam5tal doctr9es4     
,re-/atem5t ( ,buddha's e>ly            
tea*+4 ,recoil to ! opposite extreme4   
,sects & divisions 9        ,buddhism4  
,! fir/ f\r pr9cipal sects1 foll[$ by   
eighte51        ?irty-two1 & n9ety-six4 

,mah-yna or ,great ,me?od 7vehicle74    
,hna-yna or ,little ,me?od4 ,! ,*9ese   
,buddhi/ travell]s1        ,f-hi5 &     
,hi\5 ,?sang4 ,reasons = ! disappe>ance 
(        ,buddhism f ,india4 ,gradual   
amalgamation ) surr\nd+        sy/ems4  
,int]action betwe5 ,buddhism1           
,vai%avism1 & aivism4        ,ultimate  
m]g+ ( ,buddhism 9 ,brhmanism & ,h9dism 
#adg-aga                                
,,lecture ,,viii4                ,rise (
 ,!i/ic & ,poly!i/ic ,buddhism4         
,developm5t ( ! ,mah-yna or ,great      
,me?od4 ,gradual deification (          
sa9ts1 sages1 & great m54 ,t5d5cy to    
gr\p 9 triads4 ,fir/        triad ( !   
,buddha1 ! ,law1 & ! ,ord]4 ,buddhi/    
triad no        tr9ity4 ,! ,buddha to be
 succe$$ by ,maitreya4 ,maitreya's heav5
        long$ =4 ,con/itution &         
gradations ( ! ,buddhi/                 
bro!rhood4 ,head%ip & gov]nm5t ( !      
,buddhi/ mona/]ies4        ,! fir/      
,arhats4 ,progress ( ! ,mah-yna doctr9e4
 ,! fir/        ,bodhi-sattva ,maitreya 

associat$ ) num]\s o!r                  
,bodhi-sattvas4 ,deification ( ,maitreya
 & elevation ( ,gautama's        great  
pupils to ,bodhi-sattva%ip4 ,p>tial     
deification ( great        tea*]s4      
,ngrjuna1 ,gorakh-n?4 ,b>laam &         
,josaphat      #agb-aid                 
,,lecture ,,ix4                         
,!i/ic & ,poly!i/ic ,buddhism4          
,second ,buddhi/ triad1 ,maju-r1        
,avalokitev>a or ,padma-pi &            
,vajra-pi4 ,description ( ea*4 ,!ory (  
five human ,buddhas1        five        
,dhyni-,buddhas #8( m$itation1' & five  
,dhyni-,bodhi-sattvas4 ,five triads =m$ 
by gr\p+ toge!r "o        f ea*4 ,!ory (
 di-,buddha4 ,wor%ip ( ! ,dhyni-,buddha 
,amitbha4 ,ti]s ( heav5s connect$ ) !   
f\r ,dhynas or        /ages ( m$itation4
 ,acc\nt ( ! lat] ,buddhi/ !ory (       
l[] worlds & ?ree gr\ps ( heav5s4       
,synopsis ( !        tw5ty-six heav5s & 
_! inhabitants4 ,h9d gods & demons      
adopt$ by ,buddhism4 ,h9d & ,buddhi/    
my?ology           #aie-bbb             

,,lecture ,x4        ,my/ical ,buddhism 
9 its connexion ) ! ,yoga ,philosophy4  
,gr[? ( esot]ic & my/ical ,buddhism4    
,dhyni-,buddhas4 ,yoga                  
philosophy4 ,svm ,dayn&a-,s>asvat4      
,tw(old ,yoga sy/em4 ,bodily            
tortures ( ,yogs4 ,fa/+4 ,complete      
absorption 9 ?\ght4        ,progressive 
/ages ( m$itation4 ,samdhi4 ,six        
transc5d5t        faculties4 ,! ,buddha 
no spirituali/4 ,nature ( ,buddha's     
enlight5m5t4 ,atta9m5t ( miracul\s p[]s4
 ,developm5t (        ,buddha's e>ly    
doctr9e4 ,eight requisites ( ,yoga4     
,six-syllabl$        s5t5ce4 ,my/ical   
syllables4 ,cramp+ ( limbs4 ,suppression
 &        imprisonm5t ( brea?4 ,susp5d$ 
animation4 ,self-conc5tration4          
,eight sup]natural p[]s4 ,?ree bodies ( 
e ,buddha4 ,e!real        s\ls & gross  
bodies4 ,buddhi/ ,mahtmas4 ,a/ral       
bodies4 ,mod]n        spiritualism4     
,mod]n esot]ic ,buddhism & ,asiatic     
occultism                               
#bbc-beb                                

,,lecture ,,xi4   ,hi]>*ical ,buddhism1 
especially z develop$ 9 ,tibet &        
,mongolia4      ,! ,sagha4 ,developm5t (
 ,hi]>*ical gradations 9 ,ceylon & 9    
,burma4 ,tibetan ,buddhism4 ,nor!rn     
,buddhism connect$ )        ,%amanism4  
,lmism & ! ,lmi/ic ,hi]>*y4 ,gradations 
(        monkhood4 ,avatra ,lmas4       
,vagabond ,lmas4 ,female ,hi]>*y4 ,two  
,lmi/ic sects4 ,explanation ( ,avatra   
!ory4 ,hi/ory ( ,tibet4        ,e>ly    
hi/ory ( ,tibetan ,buddhism4 ,?umi      
,sambhoa's inv5tion (        ! ,tibetan 
alphabet4 ,indian ,buddhi/s s5t = to    
,tibet4 ,tibetan        canon4 ,tibetan 
k+s4 ,f\nd+ ( mona/]ies4 ,buddhism      
adopt$ 9        ,mongolia4 ,hi]>*ical   
,buddhism 9 ,mongolia4 ,inv5tion (      
,mongolian alphabet4 ,bir? ( ! ,buddhi/ 
re=m] ,tsong ,khapa4        ,! ,r$ &    
,yell[ ,cap s*ools4 ,mona/]ies (        
,galdan1 ,brepung1        & ,s]a4 ,"* ( 
,tsong ,khapa's re=mation4 ,resemblance 
(        ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ,lmi/ic    
sy/ems4 ,dea? & canonization (          

,tsong ,khapa4 ,developm5t ( ! ,avatra  
!ory4 ,! two ,gr&        ,lmas1 ,dalai  
,lma & ,pan*5 ,lma4 ,election ( ,dalai  
,lma4        ,election ( ! ,gr& ,lmas ( 
,mongolia4 ,li/ ( ,dalai ,lmas4         
,discov]y ( pres5t ,dalai ,lma4 ,! ,lma 
or ,khanpo ( ,galdan1 (        ,kurun or
 ,kur51 ( ,kuku khotun4 ,lmism 9 ,ladk1 
,tangut1 ,nepl1        ,bhutn1 ,sikkim4 
,9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,divisions 9 ,japanese
        ,buddhism4 ,buddhism 9 ,russian 
t]ritory                     #bec-cjb   
,,lecture ,,xii4                        
,c]emonial & ,rituali/ic ,buddhism4     
,opposition ( e>ly ,buddhism to         
sac]dotalism & c]emonialism4            
,reaction4 ,religi\s sup]/ition 9 ,tibet
 & ,mongolia4 ,acc\nts        by        
,koepp51 ,s*lag9tweit1 ,m>kham1 ,huc1   
,s>at ,*&ra ,ds4                        
,admission-c]emony ( a novice 9 ,burma &
 ,ceylon4 ,boy-pupils4        ,daily    
life 9 ,burmese mona/]ies1 accord+ to   
,%way ,yoe4        ,obs]vances dur+     
,vassa4 ,pirit c]emony4 ,mah-baa ,pirit4

        ,admission-c]emonies 9 ,tibet & 
,mongolia4 ,dress & equipm5t (        a 
,lmi/ic monk4 ,dorje4 ,pray]-bell4 ,use 
( ,tibetan language 9        ! ,ritual4 
,a4 ,csoma de ,krs' life & lab\rs4 ,=m &
        "* ( ! ,lmi/ic ,ritual4 ,huc's  
description ( a        p>ticul> ,ritual4
 ,holy wat]1 consecrat$ gra91 tea-dr9k+4
        ,c]emonies 9 ,sikkim & ,ladk4   
,c]emony at ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds'            
pres5tation to ! ,dalai ,lma4 ,c]emony  
at translation ( a *ief        ,lma's   
s\l4 ,o!r c]emonies4 ,uposa?a &         
fa/-days4        ,circumambulation4     
,comp>ison ) ,roman ,ca?olic ,ritual    
#cjc-cci                                
,,lecture ,,xiii4           ,fe/ivals1  
,dome/ic ,rites1 & ,=mul>ies ( ,pray]s4 
,new ,ye>'s ,fe/ivals 9 ,burma & ,tibet4
 ,fe/ivals ( ,buddha's bir?        &    
dea?4 ,fe/ival ( lamps4 ,local          
,fe/ivals4 ,*ase ( !        _s-k+s4     
,religi\s masqu]ades & dances4 ,religi\s
 dramas        9 ,burma & ,tibet4       
,weapons us$ aga9/ evil spirits4 ,dorje4

        ,phurbu4 ,tattoo+ 9 ,burma4     
,dome/ic rites & usages4                
,bir?-c]emonies 9 ,ceylon & ,burma4     
,"n-giv+ c]emonies4        ,horoscopes4 
,baptism 9 ,tibet & ,mongolia4 ,amulets4
        ,m>riage-c]emonies4 ,fre$om (   
wom5 9 ,buddhi/ c\ntries4        ,usages
 9 sickness4 ,m]it ga9$ by sav+         
animal-life4 ,usages at        dea?4    
,cremation4 ,fun]al-c]emonies 9 ,sikkim1
 ,japan1 ,ceylon1        ,burma1 ,tibet1
 & ,mongolia4 ,exposure ( corpses 9     
,tibet &        ,mongolia4              
,pray]-=mul>ies4 ,monlam4 ,mai-padme or 
#8jewel-lotus'        =mul>y4           
,pray]-:eels1 pray+-cyl9d]s & me?od (   
us+        !m4 ,=mul>ies on rocks1 etc4 
,man ,dangs4 ,pray]-flags4 ,my/ic       
=mul>ies4 ,ros>ies4 am>u4 ,manual (     
daily pray]s      #cdj-chf              
,,lecture ,,xiv4                        
,sacr$ ,places4      ,! sacr$ l& (      
,buddhism4 ,kapila-va/u1 ! ,buddha's    
bir?-place4        ,! arr[-f\nta94      
,buddha-,gay4 ,anci5t ,temple4 ,sacr$   

tree4        ,re/oration ( ,temple4     
,votive ,/pas4 ,mixture ( ,buddhism &   
,h9dism4 ,hi\5 ,?sang's description (   
,buddha-,gay4 ,srn? ne>        ,b5>es4  
,ru9$ ,/pa4 ,sculpture illu/rat+ f\r    
ev5ts 9 !        ,buddha's c>e]4        
,rja-giha4 ,sc5e ( incid5ts 9 !         
,buddha's        life4 ,deva-datta's    
plots4 ,satta-pai cave4 rva/4 ,resid5ce 
9        ,jeta-vana mona/]y4 ,s&al-wood 
image4 ,miracles4 ,vail1 place        ( 
second c\ncil4 ,description by ,hi\5    
,?sang & ,f-hi54        ,kaumb4 ,great  
monoli?4 ,nl&a mona/]y4 ,hi\5 ,?sang's  
description4 ,sakya1 place ( ,buddha's  
desc5t f heav54        ,acc\nt ( !      
triple ladd]4 ,sketa or ,ayodhy4        
,miracul\s tree4        ,kany-kubja4    
ilditya4 ,pali-putra4 ,aoka's palace4   
,f\nd+ (        hospitals4 ,fir/ ,/pa4  
,kes>ya4 ,ru9$ m\nd4 ,/pa4              
,kui-nag>a1 ! place ( ! ,buddha's dea? &
 ,p>i-nirva                             
#chg-dbe                                
,,lecture ,,xv4                         

,mona/]ies & ,temples4      ,five k9ds (
 dwell+s p]missible = monks4 ,in/itution
 (        mona/]ies4 ,cave-mona/]ies4   
,mona/]ies 9 ,ceylon1 ,burma1 &         
,briti% ,sikkim4 ,mona/]y at ,klang 9   
,lahl2 at ,kunbum2 at ,kuku             
khotun2 at ,kur52 at ,lhssa4            
,palace-mona/]y ( ,potala4 ,resid5ce    
( ,dalai ,lma1 & ,mr4 ,mann+'s int]view 
) him4 ,mona/]ies        ( ,l brang1    
,ramohe1 ,moru1 ,g> ,ma ,khian4 ,?ree   
"m-mona/]ies        ( ! ,yell[ ,sect1   
,galdan1 ,s]a1 & ,dapung4 ,ta%i ,lunpo &
 !        ,ta%i ,lma4 ,mr4 ,bogle's     
int]view ) ! ,ta%i ,lma4 ,turn]'s       
int]view ) ! ,gr& ,lma ( ! ,t]pal+      
mona/]y4 ,s>at        ,*&ra ,ds'        
description ( ! ,ta%i ,lunpo mona/]y4   
,mona/]ies        ( ! ,r$ ,sect1 ,sam ye
 & ,sakya4 ,mona/]y libr>ies4 ,temples4 
,cave-temples or aityas4 ,! ,elor aitya4
 ,! ,krle aitya4        ,village        
temples4 ,temples 9 ,ceylon4 ,temple at 
,kelani4 ,too?-temple        at ,k&y4   
,burmese temples4 ,rangoon pagoda4      

,temples 9 ,sikkim1        ,mongolia1 & 
,tibet4 ,great temple at ,lhssa2 at     
,ramohe2 at ,ta%i        ,lunpo         
#dbf-dfd                                
,,lecture ,,xvi4                        
,images & ,idols4      ,introduction (  
idolatry into ,india4 ,anci5t image (   
,buddha4 ,gradual        gr[? (         
objective ,buddhism4 ,developm5t (      
image-wor%ip4        ,self-produc$      
images4 ,hi\5 ,?sang's acc\nt ( !       
s&al-wood        image4 ,=m1 "*1 & g5]al
 *>act]i/ics ( images4        ,outgr[? (
 ,buddha's skull4 ,nimbus4 ,size1       
height1 & diff]5t        attitudes (    
,buddha's images4 #8,m$itative1'        
#8,witness1'        #8,s]p5t-canopi$1'  
#8,argum5tative' or #8,tea*+1'          
#8,prea*+1'        #8,b5$ictive1'       
#8,m5dicant1' & #8,recumb5t' ,attitudes4
        ,repres5tations ( ,buddha's     
bir?4 ,images ( o!r ,buddhas &          
,bodhi-sattvas4 ,images ( ,amitbha1 (   
,maitreya1 ( ,maju-r1 (                 
,avalokitev>a1 ( ,kwan-y9 & ,vajra-pi4  

,images ( o!r        ,bodhi-sattvas1    
gods & goddesses                        
#dfe-dib                                
,,lecture ,,xvii4                       
,sacr$ ,objects4      ,sung-,yun's      
description ( objects ( wor%ip4 ,?ree   
classes (        ,buddhi/ sacr$ objects 
#dic-die      ,relics4 ,h9d ideas (     
impurity connect$ ) dea?4 ,h9d &        
,buddhi/ me?ods ( hon\r+ ance/ors       
comp>$4 ,wor%ip ( !        ,buddha's    
relics4 ,! ,buddha's hair & nails4      
,eight portions (        8 relics4      
,adv5tures ( "o ( ! ,buddha's tee?4     
,too?-temple        at ,k&y4 ,cele/ial  
light emitt$ by relics4 ,exhibition (   
relics4        ,=m & "* ( ,buddhi/      
relic-receptacles4 aityas1 ,/pas1       
,dgabas1 & _! developm5t into elaborate 
/ructures4 ,votive        ,/pas         
#die-ejf      ,wor%ip ( foot-pr9ts4     
,probable orig9 ( ! wor%ip ( foot-pr9ts4
        ,alleg$ foot-pr9ts ( ,*ri/4     
,vi%u-pad at ,gay4 ,ja9a pilgrims       
at ,m\nt ,prasn?4 ,adam's ,peak4        

,foot-pr9ts 9 v>i\s c\ntries4           
,mr4 ,alaba/]'s description ( !         
foot-pr9t 9 ,siam4 ,m>ks on        !    
soles ( ! ,buddha's feet                
#ejf-ead      ,sacr$ trees4 ,g5]al      
preval5ce ( tree-wor%ip4 ,belief t      
spirits        inhabit trees4 ,(f]+s    
hung on trees4 ,trees ( ! sev5          
pr9cipal ,buddhas4 ,! ,avat?a or        
,pippala is ( all trees !        mo/    
rev]$4 ,o!r sacr$ trees4 ,! ,kalpa-tree4
 ,wi%+-tree4        ,kabr ,v> tree      
#ead-ebj      ,sacr$ symbols4 ,!        
,tri-ratna symbol4 ,! akra or ,:eel     
symbol4 ,!        ,lotus-fl[]4 ,!       
,sva/ika symbol4 ,! ,?rone symbol4 ,!   
,umbrella4 ,! akha or ,con*-%ell        
#ebj-ebc      ,sacr$ animals4 ,wor%ip ( 
animals due to doctr9e ( metempsy*osis4 
,elephants4 ,de]4 ,pigs4 ,fi%           
#ebd-ebf      ,miscellane\s objects4    
,bells4 ,sev5 preci\s sub/ances4 ,sev5  
treasures belong+ to e univ]sal mon>*   
#ebf-ebh          ,supplem5t>y ,rem>ks  
on ! ,connexion ( ,buddhism ) ,ja9ism4  

,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,buddhi/ & ,ja9a     
me?ods ( obta9+        lib]ation4       
,nigahas4 ,two ,ja9a sects4 ,dig-amb>as 
&        vetmb>as4 ,! ?ree *ief po9ts ( 
diff]5ce betwe5 !m4        ,_! sacr$    
books4 ,*>act]i/ics ( bo? sects z       
di/+ui%$        f ,buddhism4 ,belief 9  
exi/5ce ( s\ls4 ,moral code4            
,?ree-jewels4 ,five moral prohibitions4 
,pray]-=mula4 ,temples        erect$ =  
acquisition ( m]it                      
#ebi-ecf                                
,,lecture ,,xviii4                      
,buddhism contra/$ ) ,*ri/ianity4       
,true ,buddhism is no religion4         
,def9ition ( ! ^w #8religion4' ,f\r     
*>act]i/ics con/itute a religion4       
,gautama's claim to be        call$ #8! 
,light ( ,asia' exam9$4 ,! ,buddha's &  
,*ri/'s        fir/ call to _!          
disciples4 ,! ,*ri/ian's rev]5ce = !    
body contra/$ ) ! ,buddhi/'s contempt = 
! body4        ,doctr9e ( /or+ up m]it  
illu/rat$1 & %[n to be common        to 
,buddhism1 ,brhmanism1 ,h9dism1         

,confucianism1 ,zoroa/rianism1        & 
,muhammadanism4 ,doctr9e ( ,k>ma or     
,act-=ce4 ,buddhi/ &        ,*ri/ian    
doctr9e ( deliv]ance comp>$4 ,buddhi/ & 
,*ri/ian        moral precepts comp>$4  
,! _m b5efits conf]r$ ^u ,asia by       
,buddhism admitt$4 ,religi\s feel+s     
among ,buddhi/s4 ,buddhi/               
tol]ation ( o!r religions4      ,hi/oric
 life ( ! ,*ri/ contra/$ ) leg5d>y      
biography ( !        ,buddha4 ,*ri/     
,god-s5t4 ,! ,buddha self-s5t4 ,miracles
 record$        9 ! ,bible & 9 !        
,tri-piaka contra/$4 ,buddhi/ &         
,*ri/ian self-sacrifice comp>$4 ,"* &   
/yle ( !        ,buddhi/ ,tri-piaka     
contra/$ ) ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,bible4      
,v>i\s ,buddhi/ & ,*ri/ian doctr9es     
contra/$4 ,:i*        doctr9es are to be
 pref]r$ by rational & ?\ghtful m5 9    
! n9ete5? c5tury8                       
#ecg-efc                                
,,obs]ve4    ,! preval5t error 9 reg>d  
to ! numb] ( ,buddhi/s at pres5t  exi/+ 
9 ! _w is po9t$ out 9 ! ,po/script at ! 

end ( !  ,preface 7p4 xiv74             
,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations                
,,) ,,descriptions4                     
,,page      #a4 ,brass ,image ( ,gautama
 ,buddha obta9$ by ! ,au?or f ,ceylon   
,frontispiece        ,he is seat$ on !  
,mual9da ,s]p5t 7see p4 #dhj71 9 an     
attitude ( pr(\nd m$itation1 ) eyes half
 clos$1            & five rays ( light  
em]g+ f ! cr[n ( 8            head4     
#b4 ,vignette1 repres5t+ ! akra or      
#8,:eel' ,symbol ) ,tri-ratna           
symbols 9 ! out] circle & ,lotus symbol 
9 ! c5tre 7see        pp4 #eba-ebb7     
,on ,title-page        ,copi$ f !       
engrav+ ( a ,:eel support$ on a column  
at            ,am>vat 7date ab\t #bej   
,a4,d47 9 ,mr4 ,f]gusson's #8,tree      
& ,s]p5t ,wor%ip4'      #c4 ,map        
illu/rative ( ! ,sacr$ ,l& ( ,buddhism  
,to face #ba      #d4 ,portrait ( ,mr4  
,gaur-ak> ,uday-ak>1 ,c4,s4,i41 n[ ,svm 
r        ,saidn&a-,s>asvat              
,to face  #gd        ,see ! explanation 
at p4 xiii4 ( ! ,preface4      #e4      

,magical ,dorje or ?und]bolt us$ by     
,nor!rn ,buddhi/s          #cbc      #f4
 ,pray]-bell us$ 9 wor%ip               
#cbd      #g4 ,magical weapon call$     
,phur-pa1 = def5ce aga9/ evil spirits   
#ceb        ,us$ by ,nor!rn ,buddhi/s4  
,br\ght f ,drjl+ 9 #ahhd4      #h4      
,amulet worn by a ,tibetan woman at     
,drjl+ 9 #ahhd              #ceh        
,pur*as$ at ,drjl+ & giv5 to ! ,au?or by
 ,mr4 ,s>at            ,*&ra ,ds4       
#i4 ,h& ,pray]-:eel br\ght by ! ,au?or f
 ,drjl+           #cge      #aj4 am>u1  
or sacr$ drum1 us$ by vagabond ,buddhi/ 
monks         #che      #aa4 ,anci5t    
,buddhi/ temple at ,buddha-,gay1 z x    
appe>$ 9 #ahhj                          
,to face #cia        ,erect$ ab\t !     
middle ( ! #bnd c5tury on ! ru9s (      
,aoka's temple1 at ! spot :]e ,gautama  
atta9$            ,buddhahood4        ,f
 a photograph by ,mr4 ,begl> enl>g$ by  
,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,au/54      #ab4 ,! same   
temple at ,buddha-,gay1 z re/or$ 9 #ahhd
   ,to face #cic        ,f a photograph 

by ,mr4 ,begl> enl>g$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4   
,au/54      #ac4 ,bronze model dug up at
 ,m\lme91 repres5t+ triple ladd] by     
:i* ,buddha is suppos$ to h desc5d$ f   
heav5 7f        orig9al 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton 
,museum7                            #dah
      #ad4 ,rema9s ( a colossal /atue ( 
,buddha                ,to face #dfg    
,probably 9 #8argum5tative' or #8tea*+' 
attitude 7see p4            #dha74 ,x 0 
f\nd by ,g5]al ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham close 
to            ! s\? side ( !            
,buddha-,gay temple4 ,! date 7,samvat   
#fd  ,a4,d4 #adb7 is inscrib$ on !      
p$e/al4      #ae4 ,t]ra-cotta image (   
,buddha dug up at ,buddha-,gay          
#dgg        ,half ! size ( ! orig9al    
sculpture4 ,buddha is 9 !               
attitude ( m$itation "u ! tree1 ) a halo
 or            aureola r\nd 8 head4     
,probable date1 n e>li] ?an             
#i? c5tury4      #af4 ,sculpture f\nd by
 ,g5]al ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham at ,srn?1 ne>
        ,b5>es                          
,to face #dgg        ,illu/rative ( !   

f\r pr9cipal ev5ts 9 ,gautama ,buddha's 
life--namely1 8 bir?1 8 atta9m5t (      
,buddhahood "u            ! tree1 8     
tea*+ at ,b5>es1 & 8 pass+ away 9       
complete ,nirva 7see p4 #chg74 ,date    
ab\t #djj ,a4,d4      #ag4 ,sculpture ( 
,buddha 9 #8,witness-attitude' on atta9+
 ,buddhahood1        "u ! tree 7an      
umbrella is above7                      
#dgh        ,f\nd at ,buddha-,gay4 ,date
 ab\t ! #i? c5tury4 ,! orig9al          
is rem>kable = its smil+ features & = ! 
circul> m>k on ! =ehead4 ,! draw+ is f a
            photograph belong+ to ,sir  
,a4 ,cunn+ham4      #ah4 ,sculpture (   
,buddha 9 #8,witness-attitude' on atta9+
 ,buddhahood        "u ! tree           
#dhj        ,f a ni*e high up on ! we/]n
 side ( ! ,buddha-,gay                  
temple4 ,x has ! #8,ye dh>m' =mula 7p4  
#ajd7 inscrib$            on ea* side4  
,x is half ! size ( ! orig9al           
sculpture4 ,probable date ab\t ! #aa?   
c5tury4      #ai4 ,sculpture f\nd at    
,buddha-,gay repres5t+ ! e>lie/ ,triad1 

viz4 ,buddha1 ,dh>ma1 & ,sagha          
#dhe        ,! draw+ is f a photograph  
belong+ to ,sir ,a4                     
,cunn+ham1 describ$ at p4 #dhd4         
#bj4 ,votive ,/pa f\nd at ,buddha-,gay  
,to face #eje        ,probable date ab\t
 #i? or #aj? c5tury ( our era4      #ba4
 ,clay model ( a small votive ,/pa      
#ejf        ,select$ f sev]al :i* !     
au?or saw 9 ! act ( be+            made 
by a monk outside a mona/]y 9 ,briti%   
,sikkim 9            #ahhd4 ,?is model  
probably conta9s ! #8,ye dh>m' or "s    
o!r =mula on a seal inside4 ,! engrav+  
is exactly            ! size ( !        
orig9al4                                
,,rules ,,= ,,pronunciation4            
,,v[els4    ,a1 a1 pron\nc$ z 9 rural1  
or ! la/ a 9 ,am]ica2 1  1 z 9 tar1     
fa!r2 ,i1 i1 z 9 fill2 1 1 z 9  police2 
,u1 u1 z 9 bull2 1 1 z 9 rude2 i1 i1 z  
9 m]rily2 1 1 z 9 marine2 ,e1 e1 z 9    
prey2 ,ai1  ai1 z 9 aisle2 ,o1 o1 z 9   
go2 ,au1 au1 z 9 ,haus  7pron\nc$ z 9   
,g]man74                                

,,consonants4    ,k1 k1 pron\nc$ z 9    
kill1 seek2 ,kh1 kh1 z 9 9khorn2  ,g1 g1
 z 9 gun1 dg2 ,gh1 gh1 z 9 loghut2 1 1 z
  ng 9 sing 7si74    1 1 z 9 dolce 79   
music71  ,engli% * 9 *ur*1  lur* 7lur72 
h1 h1 z 9 *ur*hill 7urhill72 ,j1  j1 z 9
 jet2 ,jh1 jh1 z 9 hedgehog 7hejhog72 1 
1 z  9 singe 7sij74    1 1 z 9 true     
7ru72 h1 h1 z 9 an?ill 7anhill72  1 1 z 
9 drum 7rum72 h1 h1 z 9 redhair$        
7rehair$72 1 1 z 9 none 7u74    ,t1 t1 z
 9 water 7z pron\nc$ 9 ,irel&72 ,?1 ?1 z
  nut-hook 7b m d5tal72 ,d1 d1 z 9 dice 
7m l ? 9  ?is72 ,dh1 dh1 z 9 adhere 7m  
d5tal72 ,n1 n1 z 9  not1 in4    ,p1 p1 z
 9 put1 sip2 ,ph1 ph1 z 9 uphill2 ,b1 b1
 z  9 be>1 rub2 ,bh1 bh1 z 9 abhor2 ,m1 
m1 z 9 map1  jam4    ,y1 y1 z 9 yet2 ,r1
 r1 z 9 red1 year2 ,l1 l1 z 9  lie2 ,v1 
v1 z 9 vie 7b l w aft] consonants1 z 9  
twice74    1 1 z 9 sure1 session2 ,%1 %1
 z 9 %un1 hu%2  ,s1 s1 z 9 sir1 8s4 ,h1 
h1 z 9 hx4      ,9 ,tibetan ! v[els1    
includ+ ev5 e & o1 h g5]ally !  %ort    
s\nd1 b acc5tuat$ v[els are comp>atively

 long4 ,i h  m>k$ su* words z ,lma ) a  
long m>k to d5ote ?is1 b ,koepp5  &     
,js*ke write ,lama4 ,js*ke says t !     
,tibetan alphabet 0  adapt$ f ! ,laha =m
 ( ! ,indian lett]s by ,?umi 7,?onmi7   
,sambhoa 7see p4 #bgj7 ab\t ! ye> #fcb4 
,,obs]ve4      ,x is common to he>      
,engli%-speak]s mispron\nce ! words     
,buddha &  ,buddhism4 ,b any "o :o      
/udies ! rules on ! prec$+ page w  see t
 ! u 9 ,buddha1 mu/ n be pron\nc$ l ! u 
9 !  ,engli% ^w #8bud1' b l ! u 9 bull4 
,inde$1 = ! sake ( ! g5]al read]1 x     
might be bett] to write  ,booddha &     
,booddhism1 provid$ ! oo be pron\nc$ z 9
 ! words  #8wood1' #8good4'             
,,add5da & ,,corrig5da4    ,x is fe>$ t 
! long-m>k ov] ! lett] ,a may h be5     
omitt$  9 "o or two cases or may h brok5
 (f 9 pr9t+4    ,9 ?is electronic       
edition1 corrections 7 incorporat$ 9 !  
text2  additions 7 ins]t$ z new         
footnotes & tagg$--,corr4               
,,buddhism4                             
,,lecture ,i4            ,introductory4 

,buddhism 9 relation to ,brhmanism4     
,9 my rec5t "w#c on ,brhmanism ,i h     
trac$ ! progress ( ,indian  religi\s    
?\ght ?r\gh ?ree successive /ages--call$
 by me ,v$ism1  ,brhmanism1 & ,h9dism--!
 la/ includ+ ! ?ree subdivisions (      
aivism1 ,vai%avism1 & ktism4 ,fur!rmore 
,i h attempt$ to prove  t ^! sy/ems are 
n really sep>at$ by %>p l9es1 b t  ea*  
almo/ imp]ceptibly %ades (f into ! o!r4 
,i h /riv5 also to %[ t a true ,h9d ( ! 
or?odox s*ool is  able q consci5ti\sly  
to accept all ^! developm5ts ( religi\s 
belief4 ,he holds t !y h _! au?oritative
 expon5ts 9 !  successive bibles ( !    
,h9d religion1 namely1 7#a7 ! f\r       
,v$as--ig-v$a1 ,yajur-v$a1 ,sma-v$a1    
,a?>va-v$a--& ! ,brhmaz2  7#b7 !        
,upani%ads2 7#c7 !                      
,law-books--especially t ( ,manu2 7#d7 !
  ,bhakti-/ras1 includ+ ! ,rmyaa1 !     
,mah-bhrata1 !  ,purz--especially !     
,bhgavata-pura--& ! ,bhagavad-gt2 7#e7 !
  ,tantras4    ,! *ief works "u ^! five 
heads repres5t ! pr9cipal p]iods  (     

religi\s developm5t ?r\gh :i* ! ,h9d m9d
 has pass$4    ,?us1 9 ! fir/ place1 !  
hymns ( ! ,v$as & ! ritualism (  !      
,brhmaz repres5t physiolatry or ! wor%ip
 ( ! p]sonifi$  =ces ( nature--a =m (   
religion :i* ultimately became saturat$ 
) sacrificial ideas & ) c]emonialism &  
asceticism4 ,secondly1  ! ,upani%ads    
repres5t ! pan!i/ic conceptions :i*     
t]m9at$ 9  philosophical ,brhmanism4    
,?irdly1 ! ,law-books repres5t          
ca/e-rules  & dome/ic usages4 ,f\r?ly1 !
 ,rmyaa1 ,mah-bhrata1 & ,purz  repres5t 
! pr9ciple ( p]sonal devotion to !      
p]sonal gods1 iva1  ,vi%u1 & _!         
manife/ations2 & fif?ly1 ! ,tantras     
repres5t !  p]v]sion ( ! pr9ciple ( love
 to pollut+ & degrad+ practices         
disguis$ "u ! "n ( religi\s rites4 ,( ^!
 five phases ( !  ,h9d religion probably
 ! fir/ ?ree only prevail$ :5 ,buddhism 
arose2 b ,i %all try to make cle>       
h]eaft] t ,buddhism1 z x  develop$1     
accommodat$ itself to ! f\r? & ev5      
ultimately to !  fif? phase1 admitt+ !  

,h9d gods into its own cre$1 :ile       
,h9dism  also receiv$ ideas f ,buddhism4
    ,at any rate x is cle> t ! s-call$  
or?odox ,brhman admits all  five s]ies (
 works z progressive expon5ts ( ! ,h9d  
sy/em--al?\gh he sc>cely likes to       
confess op5ly to any adoption (  ! fif?4
 ,h5ce 8 op9ions are ( necessity        
,protean & multi=m4    ,! root ideas ( 8
 cre$ are ( c\rse ,pan!i/ic1 9 ! s5se ( 
be+ gr\nd$ on ! id5tification ( ! :ole  
ext]nal _w--:i*  he believes to be a m]e
 illusory appe>ance--) "o et]nal1       
imp]sonal1 spiritual ,ess5ce2 b 8       
religion is capable ( pres5t+  s _m     
phases1 accord+ to ! /&-po9t f :i* x is 
view$1  t its pan!ism appe>s to be      
cont9ually slid+ into =ms (  mono!ism & 
poly!ism1 & ev5 into ! l[e/ types (     
animism &  feti%ism4    ,we mu/ n1      
moreov]1 =get--z ,i h po9t$ out 9 my    
rec5t  "w--t a l>ge body ( ! ,h9ds are  
unor?odox 9 respect ( _!  int]pretation 
( ! lead+ doctr9e ( true ,brhmanism4    
,su* unor?odox p]sons may be describ$ z 

sect>ians or diss5t]s4  ,t is to say1 !y
 diss5t f ! or?odox pan!i/ic doctr9e t  
all gods & m51 all div9e & human s\ls1 &
 all mat]ial  appe>ances are m]e        
illusory manife/ations ( "o imp]sonal   
spiritual  ,entity--call$ tman or       
,puru%a or ,brahman--& !y believe 9 "o  
supreme p]sonal god--ei!r iva or ,vi%u  
or ,ki%a or ,rma--:o is n  liable 7z    
or?odox ,brhmans say he is7 to lose 8   
p]sonality by  subjection to ! univ]sal 
law ( dissolution & re-absorption into  
! "o et]nal imp]sonal ,ess5ce1 b exi/s 9
 a heav5 ( 8 own1  to ! bliss ( :i* 8   
wor%ipp]s are admitt$#d4    ,& x mu/ be 
borne 9 m9d t ^! sect>ians are v f> f   
re/+ _! belief on ! ,v$as1 ! ,brhmaz1 & 
,upani%ads4    ,_! cre$ is bas$ entirely
 on ! ,bhakti-/ras--t is1 on !  ,rmyaa1 
,mah-bhrata1 & ,purz 7especially on !   
,bhgavata-pura7  & ! ,bhagavad-gt1 to ! 
exclusion ( ! o!r scriptures (  ,h9dism4
    ,!n aga9 x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d
 t ! t]ms #8or?odox' &  #8unor?odox' h  
really little or no application to !    

great majority  ( ! inhabitants (       
,india1 :o 9 tru? are :olly innoc5t (   
any  !ological op9ions at all1 & are f> 
too apa!tic to tr\ble  !mselves ab\t any
 =m ( religion o!r ?an t :i* has belong$
  = c5turies to _! families & to !      
localities 9 :i* !y  live1 & f> too     
ignorant & dull ( intellect to be       
capable (  inquir+ = !mselves :e!r t    
religion is likely to be true or  false4
    ,to classify ! masses "u any "o     
def9ite d5om9ation1 ei!r z  ,pan!i/s or 
,poly!i/s or ,mono!i/s1 or z simple     
idol-wor%ipp]s1  or feti%-wor%ipp]s1    
w\ld be :olly mislead+4    ,_! faculties
 are s enfeebl$ by ! debilitat+ effect (
 e>ly  m>riages1 & s dead5$ by ! drudg]y
 ( daily toil & ! dire  necessity (     
keep+ body & s\l toge!r1 t !y c sc>cely 
be  said to be capable ( hold+ any      
def9ite !ological cre$ at all4    ,x    
w\ld be ne>] ! tru? to say t ! religion 
( an ord9>y  ,h9d consi/s 9 obs]v+      
ca/e-cu/oms1 local usages1 & family     
obs]vances1 9 hold+ :at may be call$ !  

,folk-leg5ds ( 8  neighb\rhood1 9       
propitiat+ evil spirits & 9 wor%ipp+ !  
image  & sup]scription ( ! ,empress (   
,india1 impress$ on ! curr5t  co9 ( !   
c\ntry4    ,z a rule su* a man gives    
himself no uneas9ess :atev] ab\t 8      
prospects ( happ9ess or mis]y 9 ! _w to 
come4    ,he is q cont5t to commit 8    
int]e/s 9 a future life to ! c>e  &     
cu/ody ( ! ,brhmans2 :ile1 if he ?9ks   
ab\t ! nature ( a  ,supreme ,be+ at all1
 he assumes ,8 b5evol5ce & expects ,8   
good  w z a matt] ( c\rse4    ,:at he   
really tr\bles himself ab\t is !        
necessity = secur+ !  pres5t fav\r ( !  
inhabitants ( ! unse5 _w1 suppos$ to    
occupy ! atmosph]e ev]y:]e ar\nd him--( 
! good & evil demons  & spirits ( !     
soil--g5]ally repres5t$ by rude &       
grotesque  images1 & artfully id5tifi$  
by village prie/s & ,brhmans )  alleg$  
=ms ( ,vi%u or iva4    ,x foll[s t ! m9d
 ( ! ord9>y ,h9d1 ?\gh indiff]5t ab\t   
all def9ite dogmatic religion1 is /eep$ 
9 ! k9d ( religi\sness  be/ express$ by 

! ^w deisidaimonia4 ,he lives 9 p]petual
 dread  ( invisible be+s :o are ?\ght to
 be ex]t+ _! my/]i\s  influ5ces above1  
bel[1 ar\nd1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( 8   
own  dwell+4 ,! v w9ds :i* sweep across 
8 home/ead are believ$  to sw>m )       
spirits1 :o unless duly propitiat$ w    
blight !  produce ( 8 fields1 or br+ d[n
 ^u him injury1 disease1 &  dea?4    ,!n
 aga91 besides ! or?odox & besides !    
sect>ian ,h9d &  besides ! great        
demon-wor%ipp+1 idolatr\s1 & sup]/iti\s 
majority1 ano!r class ( ! ,indian       
community mu/ also be tak5 into         
acc\nt--! class ( rationali/s &         
free-?9k]s4 ,^! h be5  common 9 ,india f
 ! e>lie/ times4    ,fir/ came a class (
 consci5ti\s d\bt]s1 :o /rove to solve !
  riddle ( life by microscopic          
self-introspection & s9c]e se>*+s  aft] 
tru?1 & ^! did _! be/ n to break ) !    
,v$a1 ,v$ic  revelation1 & ! au?ority ( 
! ,brhmans4    ,e>ne/ly & rev]5tly su*  
m5 appli$ !mselves to ! difficult  task 
( try+ to answ] su* que/ions z--,:at am 

,i8 ,:5ce h ,i  come8 ,:i!r am ,i go+8  
,h[ c ,i expla9 my consci\sness (       
p]sonal  exi/5ce8 ,h ,i an immat]ial _s 
di/9ct f1 & indep5d5t  (1 my mat]ial    
frame8 ,( :at nature is ! _w 9 :i* ,i   
f9d  myself8 ,did an all-p[]ful ,be+    
create x out ( no?+8 or did x  evolve   
itself out ( an et]nal protoplasmic g]m8
 or did x come  toge!r by ! comb9ation (
 et]nal atoms8 or is x a m]e illusion8  
,if creat$ by a ,be+ ( inf9ite wisdom & 
love1 h[ c ,i acc\nt =  ! co-exi/5ce 9 x
 ( good & evil1 happ9ess & mis]y8 ,has !
  ,creator =m1 or is ,he =mless8 ,has   
,he qualities & affections1 or has  ,he 
none8    ,x 0 9 ! ef=t to solve su*     
insoluble enigmas by _! own  unaid$     
intuitions & 9 a mann] n too subv]sive (
 traditional  dogma1 t ! sy/ems (       
philosophy f\nd$ on ! ,upani%ads        
orig9at$4    ,^! h be5 describ$ 9 my    
book on ,brhmanism4 ,!y 7 gradually     
excogitat$ by indep5d5t ?9k]s1 :o claim$
 to be ,brhmans or  twice-born m51 &    
nom9ally accept$ ! ,v$a ) its ,brhmaz1  

:ile !y cov]tly attack$ x1 or at lea/   
ab/a9$ f d5\nc+  x z absolutely untrue4 
,su* m5 tacitly submitt$ to sac]dotal   
au?ority1 ?\gh !y really prop\nd$ a way 
( salvation bas$  entirely on           
self-evolv$ k1 & q indep5d5t ( all ,v$ic
  sacrifices & sacrific+ prie/s4 ,! mo/ 
notewor?y & or?odox (  ! sy/ems prop\nd$
 by !m 0 ! ,v$nta#e1 :i*1 z ,i h  %[n1 0
 simply spiritual ,pan!ism1 & ass]t$ t !
 "o ,_s  0 ! only real ,be+ 9 !         
,univ]se4    ,b ! orig9 ( ! m unor?odox 
sy/ems1 :i* d5i$ !  au?ority ( bo? !    
,v$a & ! ,brhmans1 mu/ also be trac$ to 
!  influ5ce ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,= x is     
und5iable t a _s (  a!i/ic infidelity   
grew up 9 ,india almo/ p>i passu )      
dogmatic  ,brhmanism1 & has always be5  
preval5t !re4 ,9 fact x w\ld be  easy to
 %[ t p]iodical outbur/s ( unbelief &   
agno/icism h  tak5 place 9 ,india v mu* 
9 ! same way z 9 ,europe2 b !  t5d5cy to
 run into extremes has always be5 great]
 on ,indian soil &  b5ea? ! gl[ & glam\r
 ( ,ea/]n skies4 ,on ! "o side1 a f>  m 

un?9k+ respect ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry has 
be5 paid to !  au?ority ( prie/s1 :o h  
decl>$ _! sup]natural revelation to  be 
! v brea? ( ,god1 sacrificial rites to  
be ! sole in/rum5ts  ( salvation1 &     
!mselves ! sole m$iators betwe5 e>? &   
heav52 on ! o!r1 f> great] latitude ?an 
9 any o!r c\ntry has  be5 conc$$ to     
infidels & a!i/s :o h p\r$ contempt on  
all  sac]dotal dogmas1 h d5i$ all       
sup]natural revelation1 h made no       
secret ( _! disbelief 9 a p]sonal ,god1 
& h ma9ta9$ t  ev5 if a ,supreme ,be+ & 
a spiritual _w exi/ !y are unkn[able  by
 man & beyond ! cognizance ( 8          
faculties4    ,we le>n inde$ f c]ta9    
passages ( ! ,v$a 7ig-v$a ,,ii4 #ab4 #e2
  ,,viii4 #ajj4 #c1 #d7 t ev5 9 ! ,v$ic 
age "s d5i$ ! exi/5ce (  ! god ,indra4  
,we "k1 too1 t ,yska1 ! well-kn[n ,v$ic 
comm5tator1 :o is  believ$ to h liv$    
be=e ! gramm>ian ,pini 7probably 9 !    
f\r? c5tury ,b4,c471 f\nd himself oblig$
 to refute ! sceptical  argum5ts (      
,kautsa & o!rs :o pron\nc$ ! ,v$a a     

tissue (  nons5se 7,nirukta ,i4 #ae1    
#af74    ,aga91 ,manu--^: law-book1     
accord+ to ,dr4 ,bhl]1 0 compos$  betwe5
 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 & ! second      
,a4,d41 &1 9 my op9ion1  possibly       
e>li]--has ! foll[+ rem>k direct$ aga9/ 
sceptics3--    #8,! twice-born man :o   
dep5d+ on rationali/ic treatises        
7hetu-/ra7 contemns ! two roots ( law   
7ruti & smiti71 is to be  excommunicat$ 
7vahi%-krya7 by ! righte\s z an a!i/    
7n/ika7  & despis] ( ! ,v$a' 7,manu     
,,ii4 #aa74    ,fur!rmore1 !            
,mah-bhrata1 a poem :i* conta9s _m      
anci5t  leg5ds q z anci5t z ^? ( e>ly   
,buddhism1 relates  7nti-p>van #adaj1   
etc47 ! /ory ( ! infidel rvka1 :o 9 !   
disguise ( a m5dicant ,brhman utt]$     
s5tim5ts dang]\sly  h]etical4    ,?is   
rvka 0 ! suppos$ f\nd] ( a mat]iali/ic  
s*ool (  ?\ght call$ ,lokyata4 ,reject+ 
all in/rum5ts ( k  7prama7 except       
p]ception by ! s5ses 7pratyak%a71 he    
affirm$ t  ! s\l did n exi/ sep>ately f 
! body1 & t all !  ph5om5a ( ! _w 7     

spontane\sly produc$4    ,! foll[+      
abbreviation ( a passage 9 !            
,s>va-d>ana-sagraha#f  w give "s idea ( 
?is s*ool's infidel doctr9es1 ! v "n (  
:i* 7,lokyata1 #8g5]ally curr5t 9 ! _w'7
 is an evid5ce ( !  popul>ity !y        
enjoy$3--      ,no heav5 exi/s1 no f9al 
lib]ation1    ,no s\l1 no o!r _w1 no    
rites ( ca/e1    ,no recomp5se = acts2  
let life be sp5t1    ,9 m]rim5t#g2 let a
 man borr[ money    ,& live at ease &   
fea/ on melt$ butt]4    ,h[ c ?is body  
:5 r$uc$ to du/    ,revisit e>?8 & if a 
gho/ c pass    ,to o!r worlds1 :y does n
 /rong affection    ,= ^? he leaves     
beh9d attract him back8    ,oblations1  
fun]al rites1 & sacrifices    ,are a m]e
 means ( livelihood devis$    ,by       
sac]dotal cunn+--no?+ m4    ,! ?ree     
compos]s ( ! triple ,v$a    ,7 rogues1  
or evil spirits1 or buffoons4    ,!     
recitation ( my/]i\s words    ,& jabb] (
 ! prie/s is simple nons5se4    ,!n     
aga91 ! cont9u$ preval5ce ( sceptical   
op9ions may be %[n  by extracts f o!r   

portions ( ! lat] lit]ature4 ,= example1
 9  ! ,rmyaa 7,,ii4 #ajh7 ! infidel     
,brhman ,jvli gives utt]ance to  simil> 
s5tim5ts ?us3--    #8,! books compos$ by
 !ologians1 9 :i* m5 are enjo9$ to      
wor%ip1 give gifts1 (f] sacrifice1      
practise au/]ities1 ab&on !  _w1 are m]e
 artifices to draw =? donations4 ,make  
up y\r m9d  t no "o exi/s h]eaft]4 ,h   
reg>d only to :at is visible &          
p]ceptible by ! s5ses 7pratyak%am74 ,ca/
 ev]y?+ beyond ?is  beh9d y\r back4'    
,fur!rmore1 9 a p>allel passage f !     
,vi%u-pura1 x is  decl>$ t ! great      
,deceiv]1 practis+ illusion1 beguil$ o!r
  demon-l be+s to embrace _m sorts (    
h]esy2 "s revil+ !  ,v$as1 o!rs ! gods1 
o!rs ! c]emonial ( sacrifice1 & o!rs  ! 
,brhmans#h4 ,^! 7 call$ ,n/ikas4    ,su*
 extracts prove t ! wor/ =ms (          
scepticism prevail$ 9 bo?  e>ly & m$ival
 times4 ,b all phases & v>ieties (      
h]etical  ?\ght 7 n equally (f5sive1 & x
 w\ld c]ta9ly be unfair &  mislead+ to  
place ,buddhism & ,ja9ism on ! same     

level ) !  reckless ,pyrrhonism ( !     
rvkas :o _h no code ( morality4    ,&   
inde$ x 0 = ?is v reason1 t :5 ,buddhism
 & ,ja9ism  began to make _! pres5ce    
felt 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 !y became   
f> m =midable ?an any o!r phase (       
scepticism4    ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 ,buddhism  
or ,ja9ism be entitl$ to *ronological   
prec$5ce is /ill an op5 "q1 ab\t :i*    
op9ions may  reasonably diff]4 ,"s hold 
t !y 7 always q di/9ct f  ea* o!r1 & 7 !
 products ( inquiry orig9at$ by two     
indep5d5t ?9k]s1 & _m s*ol>s n[ consid] 
t ! weight (  evid5ce is 9 fav\r (      
,ja9ism be+ a little antec$5t to        
,buddhism4  ,possibly ! two sy/ems      
result$ f ! splitt+ up ( "o sect into   
two divisions1 j z ! two ,brhma-,samjes 
( ,calcutta are !  product ( ! di-,samj4
    ,"o po9t at lea/ is c]ta91 t not)/&+
 mu* community (  ?\ght betwe5 ,buddhism
 & ,ja9ism1 ,buddhism end$ 9 ga9+ =     
itself by f> ! m important position ( ! 
two4 ,= al?\gh  ,ja9ism has %[n m       
t5acity ( life 9 ,india1 & has l+]$ on  

!re till ! pres5t day1 x nev] ga9$ any  
hold on ! masses (  ! population1 :]eas 
its rival1 ,buddhism1 radiat+ f a c5tral
  po9t 9 ,h9d/n1 spread itself fir/ ov] 
! :ole ( ,india & !n  ov] ne>ly all     
,ea/]n ,asia1 & has play$--z ev5 its mo/
 ho/ile  critics mu/ admit--an important
 rle 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4    ,to          
,buddhism1 !re=e1 we h n[ to direct our 
att5tion1 & at !  v ?re%old ( our       
inquiries we are confront$ ) ?is        
difficulty1  t its great popul>ity & its
 wide diffusion among _m peoples h  made
 x mo/ difficult to answ] ! "q3--,:at is
 ,buddhism8 ,if x  7 possible to reply  
to ! inquiry 9 "o ^w1 "o might p]haps   
say  t true ,buddhism1 !oretically /at$1
 is ,humanit>ianism1 mean+ by  t t]m    
some?+ v l ! gospel ( humanity prea*$ by
 !  ,positivi/1 ^: doctr9e is !         
elevation ( man ?r\gh man--t is1  ?r\gh 
human intellect1 human intuitions1 human
 tea*+1 human  exp]i5ces1 & accumulat$  
human ef=ts--to ! highe/ ideal (        
p]fection2 & yet some?+ v diff]5t4 ,= ! 

,buddhi/ ideal  diff]s toto clo f !     
,positivi/'s1 & consi/s 9 !  r5unciation
 ( all p]sonal exi/5ce1 ev5 to !        
ext9ction (  humanity itself4 ,!        
,buddhi/'s p]fection is de/ruction 7p4  
#abc74    ,b su* a reply w\ld h only    
ref]5ce to ! true/ & e>lie/  =m (       
,buddhism4 ,x w\ld cov] a v m9ute       
portion ( ! va/ area  ( a subject :i*1 z
 x grew1 became multi=m1 multilat]al1 & 
almo/ inf9ite 9 its ramifications4      
,innum]able writ]s1 inde$1 dur+ ! pa/   
?irty ye>s h be5  attract$ by ! great   
int]e/ ( ! inquiry1 & h vi$ ) ea*  o!r 9
 _! ef=ts to give a satisfactory acc\nt 
( a sy/em ^:  developm5ts h v>i$ 9 e    
c\ntry2 :ile lectur]s1 essayi/s1  & !   
au?ors ( magaz9e articles are con/antly 
add+ _!  contributions to ! mass (      
float+ ideas1 & too (t5 propagate  crude
 & errone\s conceptions on a subject1 ! 
dep?s ( :i* !y  h nev] ?or\ghly fa?om$4 
,x is to be hop$ t ! annexation ( ,upp] 
,burma1 :ile giv+ an  impulse to ,pli & 
,buddhi/ic /udies1 may help to ?r[ light

 on "s  obscure po9ts4    ,c]ta9ly      
,buddhism cont9ues to be little und]/ood
 by ! great  majority ( educat$ p]sons4 
,nor c any misund]/&+ on su* a  subject 
be matt] ( surprise1 :5 writ]s ( high "*
 col\r  _! descriptions ( x f an        
exam9ation ( "o "p ( ! sy/em  only1 )\t 
due reg>d to its o!r phases1 & 9 ?is way
 ei!r  exalt x to a f> high] position   
?an x des]ves1 or depreciate x          
unfairly4    ,& ,buddhism is a subject  
:i* mu/ cont9ue = a long "t to pres5t  !
 /ud5t ) a b\ndless field (             
inve/igation4 ,no "o c br+ a  prop]     
capacity ( m9d to su* a /udy1 mu* less  
write ab\t x  cle>ly1 :o has n /udi$ !  
orig9al docum5ts bo? 9 ,pli & 9         
,sanskx1 aft] a long c\rse ( prep>ation 
9 ! /udy ( ,v$ism1  ,brhmanism1 &       
,h9dism4 ,x is a sy/em :i* resembles ^! 
o!r  =ms ( ,indian religi\s ?\ght 9 !   
great v>iety ( its aspects4  ,/>t+ f a v
 simple proposition1 :i* c only be      
describ$ z  an exagg]at$ truism--!      
truism1 ,i mean1 t all life involves    

sorr[1  & t all sorr[ results f indulg+ 
desires :i* ought to be  suppress$--x   
has bran*$ out into a va/ numb] (       
complicat$ &  self-contradictory        
propositions & allegations4 ,its tea*+  
has become  bo? negative & positive1    
agno/ic & gno/ic4 ,x passes f  app>5t   
a!ism & mat]ialism to !ism1 poly!ism1 & 
spiritualism4 ,x is "u "o aspect m]e    
pessimism2 "u ano!r pure  philan?ropy2  
"u ano!r mona/ic communism2 "u ano!r    
high  morality2 "u ano!r a v>iety (     
mat]iali/ic philosophy2 "u  ano!r simple
 demonology2 "u ano!r a m]e f>rago (    
sup]/itions1 includ+ necromancy1        
wit*craft1 idolatry1 &  feti%ism4 ,9 "s 
=m or o!r x may be held ) almo/ any     
religion1 & embraces some?+ f almo/ e   
cre$4 ,x is f\nd$  on philosophical     
,brhmanism1 has mu* 9 common ) ,skhya & 
,v$nta  ideas1 is closely connect$ )    
,vai%avism1 & 9 "s ( its phases  ) bo?  
aivism & ktism1 & yet is1 prop]ly       
speak+1 oppos$ to  e "o ( ^! sy/ems4 ,x 
has 9 its moral code mu* common gr\nd  )

 ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 its m$ival & mod]n    
developm5ts pres5ts  examples ( =ms1    
c]emonies1 litanies1 mona/ic            
communities1 &  hi]>*ical organizations1
 sc>cely di/+ui%able f ^? ( ,roman      
,ca?olicism2 & yet a great] contra/ ?an 
t pres5t$ by !  ess5tial doctr9es (     
,buddhism & ( ,*ri/ianity c sc>cely be  
imag9$4 ,/range/ ( all1 ,buddhism--) no 
,god high] ?an ! p]fect  man--has no    
pret5sions to be call$ a religion 9 !   
true s5se ( !  ^w1 & is :olly de/itute (
 ! vivify+ =ces necess>y to give        
vitality to ! dry bones ( its own       
morality2 & yet x once exi/$  z a real  
p[] ov] at lea/ a ?ird ( ! human race1 &
 ev5 at !  pres5t mom5t claims a va/    
numb] ( adh]5ts 9 ,asia1 & n a few      
sympa?is]s 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4         
,evid5tly1 !n1 any ,ori5tali/ :o        
und]takes to give a cle> &  concise     
acc\nt ( ,buddhism 9 ! compass ( a few  
lectures1 mu/ f9d  himself engag$ 9 a v 
v5turesome & difficult task4    ,happily
 we are ga9+ acqua9tance ) ! ,s\!rn or  

pure/ =m (  ,buddhism ?r\gh editions &  
translations ( ! texts ( ! ,pli  ,canon 
by ,fausbll1 ,*ild]s1 ,rhys ,davids1    
,old5b]g1 ,morris1 ,tr5ckn]1  ,l4 ,fe]1 
etc4 ,we owe mu*1 too1 to ! works (     
,turn\r1 ,h>dy1 ,cl\gh1  ,gog]ly1       
,d',alwis1 ,burn\f1 ,lass51 ,spiegel1   
,web]1 ,koepp51 ,m9ayeff1  ,big&et1 ,max
 ,mll]1 ,k]n1 ,ed4 ,mll]1 ,e4 ,kuhn1    
,pis*el1 & o!rs4  ,^! enable u to =m a  
fair e/imate ( :at ,buddhism 0 9 its    
e>ly days4    ,b ! case is diff]5t :5 we
 turn to ! ,nor!rn ,buddhi/             
,scriptures1 writt5 g5]ally 9 tol]ably  
correct ,sanskx 7)  ,tibetan            
translations74 ,^! cont9ue to be little 
/udi$1  not)/&+ ! mat]ials plac$ at our 
comm& & ! good "w  done1 fir/ by !      
di/+ui%$ #8f\nd] ( ! /udy ( ,buddhism1' 
,brian ,hodgson1 & by ,burn\f1          
,wassiljew1 ,c[ell1 ,s5>t1 ,k]n1 ,beal1 
,f\caux1 & o!rs4 ,9 fact1 ! mom5t we    
pass f ! ,buddhism (  ,india1 ,ceylon1  
,burma1 & ,siam1 to t ( ,nepl1 ,ka%mr1  
,tibet1  ,bhutn1 ,sikkim1 ,*9a1         

,mongolia1 ,man*uria1 ,corea1 & ,japan1 
we seem to  h ent]$ a labyr9?1 ! clue ( 
:i* is cont9ually slipp+ f  our h&s4    
,nor is x possible to classify ! v>y+ & 
(t5 conflict+ sy/ems  9 ^! latt]        
c\ntries1 "u ! "o g5]al title ( ,nor!rn 
,buddhism4    ,= inde$ ! *anges :i*     
religi\s sy/ems und]go1 ev5 9  c\ntries 
adjac5t to ea* o!r1 n unfrequ5tly am\nt 
to an entire  rev]sal ( _! :ole "*4 ,we 
may illu/rate ^! *anges by  ! v>iations 
( words d]iv$ f "o & ! same root 9      
neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,take1 = example1 ! 
,g]man words selig1  #8bless$1' & knabe1
 #8a boy1' :i* 9 ,engl& are repres5t$ by
  #8silly' & #8knave4'    ,a simil> law 
appe>s to hold good 9 ! case ( religi\s 
ideas4 ,_!  :ole "* seems to *ange by a 
*ange ( latitude & longitude4  ,?is is  
ev5 true ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,c x be ma9ta9$1
 = in/ance1  t ! ,*ri/ianity ( mod]n    
,greece & ,rome has mu* 9 common )  e>ly
 ,*ri/ianity1 & w\ld any casual obs]v]  
believe t !  inhabitants ( ,/4          
,pet]sburg1 ,b]l91 ,ed9burgh1 ,london1 &

 ,p>is 7  foll[]s ( ! same religion8    
,x _c !re=e surprise u if ,buddhism     
develop$ into app>5tly  contradictory   
sy/ems 9 diff]5t c\ntries & "u v>y+     
climatic  conditions4 ,9 no two c\ntries
 did x pres]ve ! same features4 ,ev5  9 
,india1 ! l& ( its bir?1 x _h greatly   
*ang$ dur+ ! fir/  t5 c5turies ( its    
preval5ce4 ,s mu* s t _h x be5 possible 
= its f\nd] to reappe> ^u e>? 9 ! fif?  
c5tury aft]  ,*ri/1 he w\ld h fail$ to  
recognize 8 own *ild1 & w\ld h  f\nd t 8
 own tea*+ _h n escap$ ! op]ation ( a   
law :i*  exp]i5ce proves to be univ]sal 
& inevitable4    ,x is easy1 !re=e1 to  
und]/& h[ difficult x w be to give  any 
semblance ( unity to my pres5t subject4 
,x w be impossible =  me to treat z a   
consi/5t :ole a sy/em hav+ a p]petually 
v>y+  front & no settl$ =m4 ,i c only   
give a s]ies ( some:at r\gh1  ?\gh1 ,i  
hope1 tru/wor?y outl9es1 z f> z possible
 9 me?odical  succession4    ,& 9 !     
c>ry+ out ( su* a design1 ! ?ree objects
 t w at  fir/ naturally pres5t !mselves 

= del9eation w be ?ree :i*  con/itute ! 
well-kn[n triad ( e>ly ,buddhism--t is  
to say1 !  ,buddha himself1 ,8 ,law & ,8
 ,ord] ( ,monks4    ,h5ce my aim w be1 9
 ! fir/ place1 to give su* a hi/orical  
acc\nt ( ! ,buddha & ( 8 e>lie/ tea*+ z 
may be ga!r$  f 8 leg5d>y biography1 & f
 ! mo/ tru/wor?y p>ts ( !  ,buddhi/     
canonical scriptures4 ,secondly1 ,i %all
 give a brief  description ( ! orig9 &  
composition ( ^? scriptures z  conta9+ !
 ,buddha's #8,law' 7,dh>ma72 & ?irdly1  
,i %all endeav\r  to expla9 ! e>ly      
con/itution ( ! ,buddha's ,ord] ( ,monks
  7,sagha74 ,aft] treat+ ( ^! ?ree      
prelim9>y topics1 ,i %all next  describe
 ! ,law itself2 t is1 ! philosophical   
doctr9es (  ,buddhism1 its code (       
morality & !ory ( p]fection1 t]m9at+ 9  
,nirva4 ,la/ly1 ,i %all attempt to trace
 out ! confus$ outl9es (  !i/ic1        
my/ical1 & hi]>*ical ,buddhism1 z       
develop$ 9 ,nor!rn  c\ntries1 add+ an   
acc\nt ( sacr$ objects & places1 &      
contra/+ ! *ief doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 

,9 reg>d to !  ,buddhism ( ,tibet1 ,i   
%all *iefly base my explanations on     
,koepp5's  great "w--a "w nev] translat$
 into ,engli% & n[ out ( pr9t--z  well z
 on my own rese>*es dur+ my travels     
?r\gh ! p>ts (  ,india bord]+ on t      
c\ntry4    ,& "h ,i ought to /ate t my  
explanations & descriptions w1 ,i  fe>1 
be :olly defici5t 9 picturesqu5ess4 ,my 
simple aim w be to  convey cle> &       
correct in=mation 9 unembelli%$         
language2 & 9  do+ ?is1 ,i %all (t5 be  
compell$ to expose myself to ! reproa*  
conta9$ 9 ! expressions1 arvita-arvaam1 
#8*ew+ ! *ew$1'  & pi%a-pe%aam1 #8gr9d+ 
! gr\nd4' ,i %all con/antly be  oblig$  
to tread on gr\nd already well trodd54  
,to beg91 !n1 ) ! ,buddha himself4      
,,lecture ,,ii4                    ,!   
,buddha z a p]sonal ,tea*]4      ,x is  
mu* to be regrett$ t among all ! sacr$  
books t  con/itute ! ,canon ( ! ,s\!rn  
,buddhi/s 7see p4 #fa7--! only true     
,canon ( ,buddhism--!re is no tru/wor?y 
biography ( its ,f\nd]4    ,= ,buddhism 

is no?+ )\t ,buddha1 j z ,zoroa/rianism 
is  no?+ )\t ,zoroa/]1 ,confucianism    
no?+ )\t ,confucius1  ,muhammadanism    
no?+ )\t ,muhammad1 & ,i may add ) all  
rev]5ce1 ,*ri/ianity no?+ )\t ,*ri/4    
,inde$1 no religion or religi\s sy/em   
:i* has n emanat$ f "s  "o h]oic c5tral 
p]sonality1 or 9 o!r words1 :i* has n _h
 a  f\nd] ^: /rongly m>k$ p]sonal "*    
con/itut$ ! v  life & s\l ( 8 tea*+ & ! 
*ief factor 9 its effectiv5ess1  has ev]
 _h any *ance ( a*iev+ _w-wide          
acceptance1 or ev]  spread f> beyond !  
place ( its orig94    ,h5ce ! b>e/      
outl9e ( primitive ,buddhism mu/ be     
incomplete  )\t "s sket* ( ! life & "* (
 ,gautama ,buddha himself4  ,yet x is   
difficult to f9d any sure basis ( fact  
on :i* we may  con/ruct a fairly cr$ible
 biography4    ,9 all likelihood leg5d>y
 hi/ories ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,buddhism 7      
curr5t 9 ,nepl & ,tibet 9 ! e>ly        
c5turies ( our era2 b  unhappily 8 too  
en?usia/ic & imag9ative admir]s h ?\ght 
x  "r to te/ify _! admiration by        

int]weav+ ) ! probable  facts ( ,gautama
 ,buddha's life1 fables s extravagant t 
"s mod]n  critical s*ol>s h despair$ (  
attempt+ to sift tru? f  fiction1 & h   
ev5 gone to ! extreme ( d\bt+ t ,gautama
  ,buddha ev] liv$ at all4    ,to       
believe no?+ t has be5 record$ ab\t him1
 is z unreasonable  z to accept )       
unque/ion+ fai? all ! miracul\s         
circum/ances  :i* are made to encircle  
him z ) a halo ( div9e glory4    ,we mu/
 be> 9 m9d t :5 ,gautama ,buddha        
liv$--ab\t ! fif?  c5tury ,b4,c4--! art 
( writ+ 0 n common 9 ,india#i4 ,we may  
po9t  out1 too1 t 9 all c\ntries1       
,european z well z ,asiatic--notably 9  
,greece 7witness1 = example1 ! famili>  
in/ance ( ,socrates7--m5  h ?\ght m (   
pres]v+ ! say+s ( _! tea*]s ?an (       
record+ ! facts ( _! lives4    ,& we mu/
 n =get t 9 ,india--:]e ! imag9ative    
faculties  h always be5 too active1 &   
any?+ l real hi/ory is  unkn[n--any pla9
 matt]-(-fact biography ( ! mo/ h]oic   
p]sonage  w\ld h few *>ms = any "o1 &   

little *ance ( ga9+  acceptance any:]e4 
,h5ce x has happ5$ t ! ballads 7g?7 &   
leg5ds curr5t ab\t  ,gautama among      
,nor!rn ,buddhi/s1 bri/le ) ! wilde/    
fancies &  ! mo/ absurd exagg]ations4   
,yet x is n impossible to detect a few  
scatt]$ hi/orical facts  b5ea? /ories1  
h[ev] *ildi%1 & leg5ds1 h[ev]           
extravagant4 ,we  %all n at lea/ be f>  
wrong1 if1 9 attempt+ an outl9e ( !     
,buddha's life1 we beg9 by ass]t+ t     
int5se individuality1 f]vid  e>ne/ness1 
& sev]e simplicity ( "*1 comb9$ ) s+ul> 
beauty ( c\nt5ance1 calm dignity ( be>+1
 & above all1 almo/  sup]human          
p]suasiv5ess ( spee*1 7 conspicu\s 9 !  
great  ,tea*]4    ,! e>lie/ au?orities1 
h[ev]1 nev] claim = him any?+           
extraord9>y or sup]human 9 reg>d to     
ext]nal =m4 ,x 0 only 9  lat] times t   
,buddhi/ writ]s p&]$ to ! sup]/itions ( 
!  p1 by describ+ ! ,buddha z possess$ (
 v>i\s miracul\s  *>act]i/ics ( m9d &   
body4 ,he is said to h be5 ( imm5se     
/ature--accord+ to "s1 eighte5 feet     

high--& to h _h on 8  body ?irty-two    
*ief auspici\s m>ks 7mah-vyajana71      
reg>d$ z  indications ( a ,supreme ,"l &
 ,univ]sal ,rul]1 eighty second>y  m>ks 
7anu-vyajana71 besides "o hundr$ & eight
 symbols on ! sole  ( ea* foot1 & a halo
 ext5d+ = six feet r\nd 8 p]son4    ,all
 t c be said ) any degree ( probability 
ab\t 8 p]sonal  appe>ance is1 t he 0    
end[$ ) c]ta9 qualities1 :i* act$  l a  
spell1 or ) a k9d ( irresi/ible         
magnetism1 on 8 he>]s4  ,^! mu/ h =m$1 s
 to speak1 ! f\ndation-/one on :i* !    
sup]/ructure ( 8 va/ influ5ce re/$4     
,illu/ration3 ,,sacr$ ,,l& ,,(          
,,buddhism1 ,,& ,,sc5e ,,( ,,!          
,,buddha',s  ,,it9]ation ,,& ,,prea*+   
,,= ,,=ty-,,five ,,ye>s4    ,unhappily1 
no au?oritative ,buddhi/ scripture gives
 any tru/wor?y  clue to ! exact ye> ( ! 
,buddha's bir?4 ,! traditions :i* ref]  
back 8 dea? to a date correspond+ to    
#edc ,b4,c4 are n[ reject$ by  mod]n    
,european s*ol>s4 ,nor c we z yet accept
 z infallible !  results ( ! late/      

rese>*es1 :i* mak+ use ( v>i\s o!r      
data1 su* z ! inscriptions on co9s1     
rocks1 & columns1 place 8  dea? m ?an a 
c5tury lat]4 ,we %all n1 h[ev]1 be f>   
wrong if  we ass]t t he 0 born ab\t !   
ye> #ejj ,b4,c4 at ,kapila-va/u 7n[     
,bhila7--a t[n situat$ ab\t half-way    
betwe5 ,ba/ & ,ajdhy  7,ayodhy7 9 !     
t]ritory ( ,kosala 7! mod]n ,oudh1 see  
pp4 #bi1 #dh71  ab\t sixty miles f its  
capital city rva/i 7a fav\rite resid5ce 
( ,gautama71 & ab\t "o hundr$ miles#aj  
nor?-we/ ( ,b5>es1 &  ne> ! bord]s ( !  
k+dom ( ,magadha 7n[ ,behr74    ,8 fa!r1
 nam$ uddhodana1 0 a l&-own] ( ! tribe (
 !  kyas 7a "n possibly connect$ ) !    
,sanskx root ak1 #8to be  p[]ful'71 ^:  
t]ritory 9 ! ,gorakh-pur di/rict ext5d$ 
f !  l[] ,nepalese m\nta9s to ! riv]    
,rapt 9 ,oudh4 ,x has be5  conjectur$ t 
! kyas may h be5 orig9ally a non-ryan   
tribe1  connect$ p]haps ) c]ta9 nomad   
immigrants f ,tibet or ,nor!rn  ,asia1  
:o may h immigrat$ into ,india at v>i\s 
p]iods2 b ev5 if  ?is c\ld be prov$1 x  

w\ld h to be admitt$ t ! kyas _h  become
 ryaniz$4 ,x is said t ! *ief families  
claim$ to be  ,rjputs1 trac+ back _!    
orig9 to ,ik%vku1 ! fir/ ( ! ,sol>      
race4 ,x appe>s1 too1 t ?\gh belong+ to 
! ,k%atriya ca/e1  !y 7 agriculturi/s1 &
 ma9ly engag$ 9 ! cultivation ( rice4   
,x is also ass]t$ t kya families 7 9 !  
habit ( tak+ !  "n ( ! family ( !       
,brhmans :o 7 _! spiritual guides &     
p]=m$ religi\s (fices = !m1 & t ! family
 ( uddhodana  took ! "n ,gautama1 t is1 
desc5dant ( ! sage ,gotama4 ,x does  n1 
h[ev]1 seem necess>y to acc\nt = ! "n 9 
?is mann]4 ,x  0 an auspici\s "n1 :i* 9 
anci5t times might h be5 giv5 to  ! *ild
 ( any great l&-own] z a pro( (         
or?odoxy1 or ) !  view1 p]haps1 ( pleas+
 ! ,brhmans & secur+ _! pray]s &  good  
wi%es on its behalf4    ,! fa!r ( !     
,f\nd] ( ,buddhism 0 simply a *ief ( !  
kya  tribe--c]ta9ly n a k+ 9 our s5se ( 
! t]m--b r a great  ,zamndr or l&lord1  
^: t]ritory 0 n s l>ge 9 area z         
,york%ire4 ,8 "n uddhodana1 #8"o        

possess$ ( pure rice1' probably         
indicat$ ! occupation & ord9>y food ( ! 
peasantry inhabit+  ! di/rict belong+ to
 him & subject to 8 au?ority4 ,^? :o  h 
travell$ mu* 9 ,india mu/ (t5 h met     
great l&-own]s (  ! uddhodana type--m5  
to :om ! title ,mah-rja is giv5 mu* z   
#8,"l' is to our ari/ocracy4 ,= example1
 ! ,mah-rja ( ,d>bhanga is  probably a m
 important p]sonage ?an ,gautama's fa!r 
ev] 01 &  8 t]ritory l>g] ?an t (       
uddhodana ev] 04    ,! "n ,gautama 79   
,pli spelt ,gotama7 0 ! p]sonal "n      
correspond+ to t giv5 to all *ildr5 at !
 "n-giv+ c]emony4  ,x 0 n till 8 suppos$
 atta9m5t ( p]fect wisdom t ,gautama    
assum$ ! title ( ,buddha1 or #8!        
enlight5$ "o4' ,b f t  "t =w>d ?is      
became 8 recogniz$ title4 ,e o!r "n     
besides  ,gautama 7or ,gotama71 & e o!r 
title except ,buddha 7or toge!r1        
,gautama ,buddha71 are simply epi!ts2 = 
example1 kya-muni1 #8sage (  ! tribe ( !
 kyas2' kya-siha1 #8lion ( ! kyas2'     
ramaa  7,samano71 #8! ascetic2'         

,siddhr?a1 #8"o :o has fulfill$ ! object
  7( 8 com+72' ,sugata1 #8^: com+ is    
auspici\s2' ,ta?gata1 #8:o  comes & goes
 z 8 pr$ecessors2' ,bhagavn 7,bhagav71  
#8! bless$  "l2' / 7,sat?71 #8! ,tea*]2'
 ,aaraa-araa1 #8,refuge ( !             
refugeless2' ditya-b&hu1 #8,k9sman ( !  
,sun2' ,j9a1 #8conqu]or2'  ,mah-vra1    
#8great h]o2' ,mah-puru%a1 #8great man2'
 akrav>t1  #8univ]sal mon>*4' ,dev\t    
,buddhi/s call him #8,"l ( ! ,_w1' #8!  
,"l1' #8,_w-hon\r$ ,"o1' #8,k+ ( !      
,law1' #8! ,jewel1' etc42 &  pref] to   
use ! titles r ?an ! p]sonal "n         
,gautama1 :i* is  ?\ght too famili>4    
,! names ( previ\s ,buddhas1 suppos$ to 
h exi/$ 9 previ\s  ages1 are giv5 at p4 
#acf4    ,little ( ! /ory ( ! miracul\s 
bir? ( ,buddha is wor?y (  repetition4  
,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a :ite elephant is reckon$
 among !  sacr$ objects ( ,buddhism1 z  
some?+ r>e & preci\s1 x is wor?  :ile   
m5tion+ ! fable1 t :5 ! "t came = !     
,bodhi-sattva  to leave ! ,tu%ita heav5 
7p4 #abj7 & be born on e>? z ,gautama   

,buddha1 he desc5d$ into ! womb ( 8 "m 9
 ! =m ( a :ite  elephant4 ,he 0 born "u 
a l tree & ! god ,brahm receiv$ him  f 8
 "m's side4 ,8 "m1 ,my1 di$ sev5 days   
aft]w>ds1  & ! infant 0 committ$ to h]  
si/] 7,mah-prajpat71 a second  wife (   
uddhodana4    ,x is n relat$ ( ,gautama 
t1 z he grew up1 any ef=ts 7 made  to   
imbue him ) sacr$ le>n+2 ?\gh1 z a      
,k%atriya1 he 0  privileg$ to receive   
in/ruction 9 c]ta9 portions ( ! ,v$a4   
,nor are we told ( him t z a ,k%atriya  
he 0 tra9$ to !  pr(ession ( a soldi]4  
,x is m probable1 t 8 love (            
contemplation develop$ itself v e>ly1 & 
t f a desire to  hum\r ?is n uncommon   
,ori5tal prop5sity1 he 0 all[$ to pass  
mo/ ( 8 "t 9 ! op5 air4    ,!re is a    
well-kn[n leg5d1 :i* relates h[         
,gautama's relations came  9 a body to 8
 fa!r & compla9$ t ! y\?'s defici5cy 9  
m>tial & a?letic ex]cises w\ld          
incapacitate him1 on rea*+  manhood1 f  
tak+ "p 9 w>like exp$itions4 ,?is might 
be reckon$  among ! few tru/wor?y       

hi/orical incid5ts1 7 ! /ory n  m>r$ by 
! leg5d>y addition1 t on a day ( trial  
be+ fix$1  ! y\?1 )\t any previ\s       
practice1 & ( c\rse to ! surprise  ( all
 pres5t1 prov$ 8 sup]iority 9 ar*]y & 9 
#8! twelve  arts4'    ,"o /atem5t may   
c]ta9ly be accept$ )\t mu*              
qualification4 ,x  is said t ,gautama 0 
made to m>ry e>ly1 accord+ to ! univ]sal
  cu/om ?r\gh\t ,india 9 ! pres5t day4  
,no son ( any respectable  p]son 9 mod]n
 times c\ld rema9 unm>ri$ at ! age (    
sixte5 or  sev5te51 )\t1 s to speak1    
t>ni%+ ! family escut*eon1 &  expos+ !  
y\? himself to a s]i\s social /igma1    
likely to cl+  to him 9 aft]-life4 ,9   
anci5t times m>riage 0 equally univ]sal1
  & !re is no reason to suppose t among 
,k%atriyas x 0 delay$  to a mu* lat]    
p]iod ( life4    ,no d\bt1 !re=e1 !     
future ,buddha _h at lea/ "o wife 7^: "n
  0 ,yaodh>1 ?\gh (t5 call$ ,rhula-mt1  
#8,rhula's "m'71 &  probably at lea/ "o 
son1 nam$ ,rhula4 ,x is said t ?is son 0
  n born till 8 fa!r 0 tw5ty-n9e ye>s ( 

age1 or n till !  "t :5 a s5se ( !      
vanity ( all human aims1 & a resolution 
to  ab&on all worldly ties1 & a long+ to
 ent] ^u a mona/ic life  _h begun to    
take possession ( 8 fa!r's m9d4    ,!   
/ory ( ! f\r visions1 :i* l$ to 8 f9al  
r5unciation (  ! _w1 is pr(usely ov]laid
 ) fanciful hyp]bole1 b1 h[ev]  slight !
 basis ( fact on :i* x may reasonably be
 held to re/1 x  is too picturesque &   
int]e/+ to be pass$ ov] )\t notice4 ,i  
!re=e "h abridge ! acc\nt giv5 9 ,mr4   
,beal's translation (  ! ,*9ese v]sion (
 ! ,abhi-ni%kramaa-stra1 v>y+ 7= ! sake 
( brevity7 ! phraseology1 b reta9+ !    
expression #8pr9ce'3--    ,"o day !     
pr9ce ,gautama resolv$ to visit ! g>d5s 
9 !  neighb\rhood ( 8 fa!r's city1      
desir+ to exam9e ! beautiful  trees &   
fl[]s4    ,!n !re appe>$ be=e 8 eyes 9  
"o ( ! /reets ! =m ( a                  
decrepid9999decrepit old man1 8 sk9     
%rivell$1 8 head bald1 8  tee? gone1 8  
body infirm & b5t4 ,a /aff support$ 8   
tott]+  limbs1 z he /ood "r across ! pa?

 ( ! pr9ce's advanc+  *>iot4    ,see+   
?is ag$ p]son1 ,siddhr?a inquir$ ( 8    
*>iote]3--#8,:at  human =m is ?is1 s    
mis]able & s di/ress+1 ! l ( :i* ,i  h  
nev] se5 be=e8'    ,! *>iote]           
repli$3--#8,?is is :at is call$ an old  
man4'    ,! pr9ce aga9 inquir$3--#8,&   
:at is ! exact mean+ ( ?is  expression  
8old08'    ,! *>iote] answ]$3--#8,old   
age implies ! loss ( bodily p[]1  decay 
( ! vital functions1 & failure ( m9d &  
memory4 ,?is poor  man be=e y is old &  
approa*+ 8 end4'    ,!n ask$ !          
pr9ce3--#8,is ?is law univ]sal8'        
#8,yes1' he repli$1 #8?is is ! common   
lot ( all liv+ creatures4 ,all  t is    
born mu/ die4'    ,soon aft]w>ds ano!r  
/range sight pres5t$ itself--a sick man1
 worn  by disease & suff]+1 pale &      
mis]able1 sc>cely able to draw 8  brea?1
 0 se5 tott]+ on ! road4    ,!n ! pr9ce 
inquir$ ( 8 *>iote]3--#8,:o is ?is      
unhappy be+8'    ,! *>iote]             
repli$3--#8,?is is a sick man1 & su*    
sickness is common  to all4'    ,soon   

aft]w>ds !re pass$ be=e !m a corpse1    
borne on a bi]4    ,!n ask$ !           
pr9ce3--#8,:o is ?is borne onw>ds on 8  
b$1 cov]$  ) /rangely-col\r$ g>m5ts1    
surr\nd$ by p weep+ &  lam5t+8'         
#8,?is1' repli$ ! *>iote]1 #8is call$ a 
dead body2 he has end$ 8  life2 he has  
no fur!r beauty ( =m1 & no desires ( any
 k9d2 he  is "o ) ! /ones & ! fell$     
tree2 he is l a ru9$ wall1 or  fall5    
leaf2 no m %all he see 8 fa!r or "m1    
bro!r or  si/]1 or o!r relatives2 8 body
 is dead1 & y\r body also mu/  come to  
?is4'    ,next day on 8 go+ out by a    
diff]5t gate !re appe>$ advanc+  )      
measur$ /eps a man ) a %av5 cr[n1 &     
monk's robe--8 "r  %\ld] b>e1 a religi\s
 /aff 9 8 "r h&1 & a m5dicant's         
alms-b[l 9 8 left4    #8,:o is ?is1' !  
pr9ce inquir$1 #8proce$+ ) sl[ &        
dignifi$  /eps1 look+ nei!r to ! "r h&  
nor to ! left1 absorb$ 9  ?\ght1 ) %av5 
head & g>m5ts ( r$di% col\r8'    #8,?is 
man1' said ! *>iote]1 #8devotes himself 
to *>ity1 &  re/ra9s 8 appetites & 8    

bodily desires4 ,he hurts nobody1 b     
does good to all1 & is full ( sympa?y = 
all4'    ,!n ! pr9ce ask$ ! man himself 
to give an acc\nt ( 8 own  condition4   
,he answ]$3--#8,i am call$ a homeless   
ascetic2 ,i h =sak5 ! _w1  relatives1 & 
fri5ds2 ,i seek deliv]ance = myself &   
desire !  salvation ( all creatures1 &  
,i d h>m to none4'    ,aft] he>+ ^!     
words1 ! pr9ce w5t to 8 fa!r & said1    
#8,i  wi% to become a w&]+ ascetic      
7p>ivrjika7 & to seek ,nirvna2  all     
worldly ?+s1 ,o k+6 are *angeable &     
transitory4'    ,su* is an epitome ( !  
leg5d>y /ory ( ! #8f\r vision>y         
appe>ances1' s call$ because !y are     
suppos$ to h be5 div9e  visions or      
appe>ances1 miracul\sly produc$4 ,!     
rema9d] ( !  leg5d>y life ( ,gautama    
,buddha is int]e/+ & "h & !re n  )\t "s 
hi/orical value1 & portions ( x ,i n[   
add 9 an  abridg$ =m4    ,v %ortly aft] 
! occurr5ces j describ$1 ,gautama       
receives  intellig5ce ( ! bir? ( 8 son  
,rhula4 ,?is is ! fir/ mom5t\s  crisis (

 8 life1 & ,gautama rema9s = a long "t  
lo/ 9 pr(\nd  ?\ght4 ,he sees 9 8 *ild !
 /ronge/ ( all fett]s1 b9d+ him  to     
family & home4 ,b 8 m9d is made up4 ,he 
mu/ fly at once1 or be  = ev] held 9    
bondage4 ,ar\nd him ga!r ! beautiful    
wom5 ( 8  fa!r's h\sehold1 /riv+ by _!  
bl&i%m5ts to div]t him f  8 purpose2 b 9
 va94 ,he seeks ! *amb] ( 8 wife1 & f9ds
  h] asleep ) h] h& on ! head ( 8 infant
 son4 ,he longs = a  la/ embrace2 b fe>+
 to ar\se h] suspicions hurries away4   
,outside1 8 fav\rite horse is wait+ to  
aid 8 flight4 ,he  accompli%es ! fir/   
/age ( :at ,buddhi/s call ) pride !     
,mahbh9i%kramaa1 #8! great go+ =? f     
home2' b n )\t  ov]com+ o!r /ill m      
=midable trials4 ,= ,mra1 ! evil deity  
:o tempts m5 to indulge _! passions 7see
 p4 #abj71 makes himself  visible1 &    
promises ! pr9ce all ! glories ( empire 
if he w  return to ! pleasures ( worldly
 life4    ,f9d+ all 8 allurem5ts        
disreg>d$1 ,mra alt]s 8 me?od (  attack2
 he fills ! air ) mighty ?und]+s1 &     

creates on !  road be=e ! y\?ful        
fugitive's eyes app>itions ( torr5ts1   
l(ty  m\nta9s1 & blaz+ conflagrations4  
,b no?+ al>ms or det]s him4  #8,i w\ld  
r1' he exclaims1 #8be torn to pieces    
limb by limb1 or be  burnt 9 a fi]y     
furnace1 or be gr\nd to pieces by a     
fall+ m\nta9  ?an =ego my fix$ purpose =
 "o s+le in/ant4'    ,arriv$ at a safe  
di/ance f 8 fa!r's t]ritory1 he ex*anges
  g>m5ts ) a pass+ begg>1 cuts (f 8 own 
hair ) a sword1 &  assumes ! outw>d     
aspect & "* ( a w&]+ ascetic4 ,!  hair  
does n fall to ! gr\nd b is tak5 up to !
 ,traya/riz  heav5 7p4 #abj71 & wor%ipp$
 by ! gods4    ,8 fir/ halt+-place is   
,rja-giha 7n[ ,rj-gr71 ! *ief city (    
,magadha1 :i*1 ) ,kosala 7,oudh1 pp4    
#ba1 #dh71 aft]w>ds became !  holy l& ( 
,buddhism4 ,!re he atta*es himself z a  
disciple to two  ,brhmans nam$ ra 79    
,sanskx ra1 ) epi!t ,klpa or ,klma7  &  
,uddaka 7,udraka1 also writt5 ,rudraka1 
& call$ ,rma-putta1  ,mah-vagga ,i4 #f4 
#c71 :o imbue him ) _! own philosophical

 t5ets  & !ory ( salvation4 ,suffici5t  
evid5ce exi/s to w>rant a belief  9 ?is 
"p ( ! /ory4    ,no place 9 ,india      
ab\nds 9 m int]e/+ ,buddhi/ic rema9s ?an
  ,rja-giha 7ab\t #dj miles s\?-ea/ (   
,patn71 prov+ t x 0 "o  ( ! mo/ sacr$   
places ( ,buddhism1 consecrat$ by "s (  
its mo/  *]i%$ associations4 ,its ,pli  
"n is ,rja-gaha4 ,x may be  conjectur$ t
 ! connexion betwe5 ! metaphysics (     
,buddhism &  ^? ( ,brhmanism 0 due to   
,gautama's int]c\rse ) ! ,brhmans  ( ?is
 di/rict1 & to ! ideas he ?us imbib$ at 
! e>lie/ /age  ( 8 c>e]4    ,b to resume
 our /ory4 ,gautama fails to f9d 9      
,brhmanical philosophy  t re/ & peace = 
:i* 8 s\l 0 crav+ :5 he left 8  home4   
,/ill !re 0 ano!r way ( emancipation &  
union ) ! ,univ]sal  ,s\l1 taught by !  
,brhmans4 ,?is 0 ! way ( ,tapas#aa1 or  
self-inflict$ bodily pa9 & au/]ity4     
,f ! e>lie/ times a fav\rite doctr9e (  
,brhmanism has be51  t self-inflict$    
bodily suff]+ is be=e all ?+s efficaci\s
  = ! accumulation ( religi\s m]it1 = ! 

acquirem5t (  sup]natural p[]s1 & = !   
_s's release f ! bondage (              
transmigration & its re-absorption into 
! ,"o ,univ]sal ,_s4    ,among o!r =ms (
 self-inflict$ pa91 religi\s devotees   
7,tapasvs7  sometimes w5t ?r\gh !       
process ( sitt+ all day long unmov$     
dur+ ! hotte/ mon?s on a prep>$ plat=m  
or plot ( gr\nd1  surr\nd$ by five      
fires1 or by f\r blaz+ fires1 ) ! burn+ 
sun  above _! heads z a fif?#ab4 ,ev5   
gods 7& notably iva7 are  describ$ z    
mortify+ !mselves by bodily au/]ities   
7tapas71 s  z n to be outdone by m52 =  
accord+ to ! !ory ( ,h9dism1  ! gods    
!mselves might be supplant$ & ev5 ou/$ f
 _! rank  & position z div9ities by !   
omnipot5ce acquirable by human  devotees
 ?r\gh a protract$ endurance ( sev]e    
bodily suff]+4    ,h5ce we are n        
surpris$ to f9d x record$ ( ,gautama    
,buddha1 t  seek+ 9 va9 = re/ 9 ! tea*+ 
( ,brhmanical philosophy1 &  eag] to try
 ! effect ( a c\rse (                   
self-mortification1 he w&]$  =? f       

,rja-giha to a wood 9 ! di/rict ( ,gay1 
call$ ,uruvilv  7or ,uruvel74    ,!re1 9
 company ) five o!r ascetics1 he began 8
 celebrat$  sex5nial fa/4 ,sitt+ d[n ) 8
 legs fold$ "u him on a rais$  seat 9 a 
place un%elt]$ f sun1 w9d1 ra91 dew1 &  
cold1 he  gradually r$uc$ 8 daily       
all[ance ( food to a s+le gra9 ( rice4  
,!n hold+ 8 brea?1 he h>ass$ & mac]at$ 8
 body1 b all 9  va94 ,no peace ( m9d    
came1 & no div9e enlight5m5t4 ,he became
  conv9c$ ( 8 own folly 9 resort+ to    
bodily au/]ity z a means  ( atta9+      
supreme enlight5m5t1 & deliv]+ himself f
 !  evils & suff]+s ( life4    ,r\s+    
himself1 z if f a tr\bl$ dream1 he took 
food &  n\ri%m5t 9 a natural way1 !reby 
incurr+ ! tempor>y  disapproval ( 8 five
 companions 9 self-mortification4 ,!n1  
:5  suffici5tly refre%$1 he mov$ away to
 ano!r spot 9 ! same  di/rict4 ,!re1 "u 
! %elt] ( a sacr$ fig-tree 7,avat?a1    
,ficus religiosa1 kn[n z ! ,pippala or  
,ppal71 9 a village1  aft]w>ds call$    
,buddha-,gay1 he gave himself up to     

high] & high]  =ms ( m$itation 7,jhna   
,dhyna74 ,9 ?is he m]ely con=m$ to !    
,h9d ,yoga1--a me?od ( atta9+ my/ic     
union ) ! ,deity1 :i*  al?\gh n !n      
=mulat$ into a sy/em1 0 already 9 vogue 
among  ! ,brhmans4 ,!re c be little d\bt
 t ! ,dhra1 ,dhyna 7see p4  #bji71 &    
,samdhi ( ! ,yoga 7 resort$ to1 ev5 9   
,gautama's "t1  z a means = ! atta9m5t (
 p]fect spiritual illum9ation1 z well  z
 ( f9al absorption 9 ! ,deity4    ,9    
,manu ,,vi4 #gb x is said3--#8,let him  
purge himself f all ta9ts  7do%n7 by    
suppression ( brea?1 f s9 by re/ra9ts ( 
?\ght  7dhrabhi71 f s5sual atta*m5ts by 
control1 & f unspiritual  qualities by  
m$itation 7dhyn5a74'    ,9 ! lat] "w    
call$ ,bhagavad-gt 7see p4 #ie ( ?is    
volume7 x is  decl>$3--#8hold+ 8 body1  
head1 & neck q immovable1 seat$ on a    
firm seat 9 a pure spot ) ,kua grass    
ar\nd1 ! devotee 7,yog7  %\ld look only 
at ! tip ( 8 nose1 & %\ld m$itate on !  
,supreme ,be+' 7,,vi4 #aa1 #ab74 ,fur!r 
on he is direct$ to m$itate s  pr(\ndly 

z to ?9k ab\t no?+ :atev] 7,,vi4 #be74  
,! v ,gyatr or anci5t ,v$ic pray]       
7ig-v$a ,,iii4 #fb4 #aj1 see p4  #gh (  
?is volume7--:i* is to ,h9ds :at ! ,"l's
 ,pray] is to  ,*ri/ians1 & is /ill     
repeat$ by millions ( our ,indian       
fell[-subjects at _! daily devotions--0 
orig9ally an act (  m$itation1 p]=m$ ) !
 v object ,gautama _h 9 view--supreme   
enlight5m5t ( m9d3--#8,let u m$itate    
7,dhmahi1 root dhyai7 on !  excell5t    
glory ( ! div9e vivify+ ,sun1 may he    
enlight5 our  und]/&+s4' ,ev5 !         
selection ( a seat "u an ,avat?a tree 0 
9 keep+ ) ,brhmanical ideas 7see        
#8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1' p4  #cce74     
,! fir/ result1 h[ev]1 ( 8 engag+ 9     
ab/ract m$itation1 0  t he seem$ to     
himself to be z f> z ev] f !            
emancipation  :i* 0 ! "o aim ( 8 great  
r5unciation4 ,:y n !n return to  ! _w8  
,:y n indulge aga9 9 ! pleasures ( s5se8
 ,:y n g  back to home1 wife1 & *ild8   
,?\ghts ( ?is k9d pass$ ?r\gh 8  m9d1   
:ile all 8 old affections & feel+s seem$

 to revive )  t5fold int5sity4 ,!n on "o
 p>ticul> night1 dur+ ?is m5tal         
/ruggle1 ,mra1 ! ,de/roy] &             
p]sonification ( c>nal desire1  seiz$ 8 
opportunity4 ,! _s ( evil _h bid$ 8 "t2 
_h  wait$ to assail ! sage at ! "r      
mom5t1 :5 protract$  self-mortification 
_h done its "w--:5 ) exhau/$ /r5g? he _h
  little p[] ( resi/ance4    ,x is      
c]ta9ly rem>kable t a great /ruggle     
betwe5 good & evil1  "r & wrong1 tru? & 
error1 k & ignorance1 light &  d>kness1 
is recogniz$ 9 all religi\s sy/ems1     
h[ev] false4 7,see a  notable allusion  
to ?is 9 ak>a's ,comm5t>y to hndogya    
,upani%ad1  p4 #bf1 ll4 #b-h47    ,!    
leg5d>y description ( ! ,buddha's       
temptation1 & ( ! assault  made ^u him  
by ,mra 7! deadly _s ( s5su\s           
desire#ac71 & by  all 8 troop (         
att5dants1 is s int]e/+ & curi\s1       
not)/&+ its extravagance1 t ,i "h       
abridge x3--    ,fi5ds & demons sw>m$   
ab\t him 9 ! =m ( awful mon/]s1  furies1
 vampires1 hobgobl9s1 arm$ to ! tee? ) e

 implem5t (  de/ruction4 ,_! million    
faces 7 frightful to behold1 _! limbs   
encircl$ by myriads ( s]p5ts1 _! heads  
envelop$ 9 a blaze (  fire4 ,!y surr\nd$
 ! sa9t & assail$ him 9 a ?\s& diff]5t  
ways4 ,missiles ( all k9ds 7 hurl$ aga9/
 him2 poison & fire  7 %[]$ ov] him--b !
 poison *ang$ into fl[]s1 ! fire  =m$ a 
halo r\nd 8 head4    ,! baffl$ evil "o  
n[ %ift$ 8 gr\nd4 ,he summon$ 8 sixte5  
en*ant+ daught]s1 & s5t !m to display _!
 *>ms 9 !  pres5ce ( ! y\?ful sa9t4 ,b !
 resolute "y ascetic 0 n  to be lur$ by 
_! wiles4 ,he rema9$ calm & impassive1 &
 ) a  /]n face rebuk$ ! maid5s = _!     
boldness1 =c+ !m to  retire discomfit$ &
 disgrac$4    ,o!r =ms ( temptation     
foll[$1 & ! debilitat$ ascetic's  /r5g? 
seem$ to be giv+ way4 ,b ?is 0 m]ely !  
crisis4 ,aft]  ris+ to high] & high]    
/ages ( ab/ract m$itation at ! end (  a 
long night he %ook (f 8 foe4 ,! victory 
0 won1 & ! light (  true k broke ^u 8   
m9d4 ,a leg5d relates t 9 ! fir/        
night-wat* he ga9$ a k ( all 8 previ\s  

exi/5ces2 9 !  second--( all pres5t     
/ates ( be+2 9 ! ?ird--( ! *a9 (  causes
 & effects 7p4 #ajb72 & at ! dawn ( day 
he knew all ?+s4    ,! dawn on :i* ?is  
rem>kable /ruggle t]m9at$ 0 ! bir?day  (
 ,buddhism4 ,gautama 0 at t "t ab\t     
?irty-five ye>s ( age4 ,x  0 !n1 & n    
till !n1 t 8 ,bodhi-sattva%ip 7see p4   
#ace7  end$ & he ga9$ a "r to ! title   
,buddha1 #8! ,enlight5$4' ,no  wond] t !
 tree "u :i* he sat became celebrat$ z  
#8! tree  ( k & enlight5m5t4' ,x is     
rem>kable1 too1 t j z !  night on :i* ! 
,buddha atta9$ p]fect enlight5m5t is !  
mo/  sacr$ night ) ,buddhi/s1 s !       
,bodhi-tree 79 famili> language1        
,bo-tree7 is _! mo/ sacr$ symbol--a     
symbol z de> to ,buddhi/s z  ! ,cross is
 to ,*ri/ians4    ,& :at 0 ?is true k1  
evolv$ out ( a m9d sublimat$ by  int5se 
m$itation8    ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! /range/
 po9t ( all 9 ?is /range /ory4 ,x  0    
aft] all a m]e p>tial "o-sid$ tru?--!   
outcome ( a s+le  l9e ( ?\ght1 dwelt ^u 
) morbid int5sity1 to ! exclusion (  e  

o!r l9e ( ?\ght :i* might h modifi$ &   
balanc$ x4  ,x 0 an ultra-pessimi/ic    
view ( ! mis]ies ( life1 & a            
det]m9ation to ignore all its           
c\nt]balanc+ joys4 ,x 0 !  doctr9e t ?is
 pres5t life is only "o l9k 9 a *a9 (   
c\ntless  transmigrations--t exi/5ce (  
all k9ds involves suff]+1 & t  su*      
suff]+ c only be got rid ( by           
self-re/ra9t & !  ext9ction ( desires1  
especially ( ! desire = cont9uity (     
p]sonal exi/5ce4    ,= let x be made    
cle> at ! outset1 t :atev] may be said (
 !  ,*ri/ian-l self-r5unciation enjo9$  
by ! ,buddhi/ code (  morality1 ! only  
self x aims at r5\nc+ is ! self (       
p]sonality1 & ! *ief self-love x        
deprecates is ! self-love  :i* consi/s 9
 crav+ = cont9u\s individual life4      
,to ^? :o h nev] travell$ or resid$ mu* 
9 ! ,ea/1  indulg5ce 9 su* a morbid =m (
 pessimism1 "u gl[+ skies &  amid bright
 surr\nd+s1 may seem almo/ an           
impossibility4 ,b ^?  :o "k ,india by   
p]sonal exp]i5ce are aw>e t its climate 

is n  conducive to optimi/ic views (    
life1 & t ev5 9 ! pres5t day  m5 ( !    
,buddha type1 :o seek 9 v>i\s ways to   
impress _!  pessimi/ic !ories ( exi/5ce 
on _! fell[-m51 are n uncommon4    ,9 ! 
c\rse ( my travels ,i frequ5tly met     
ascetics :o _h giv5 up  family & fri5ds1
 & 7 lead+ a life ( morose seclusion1 & 
pret5d$ m$itation1 und]go+ long c\rses (
 bodily mortification4  ,nay1 ,i h ev5  
se5 m5 :o1 to prove _! utt] contempt = !
  pleasures ( worldly exi/5ce1 & to r5d]
 !mselves fit = !  ext9ction ( all      
p]sonality by absorption into !         
,univ]sal ,s\l1  h sat 9 "o po/ure1 or  
held up "o arm = ye>s1 or all[$         
!mselves no b$ b a b$ ( spikes1 no %elt]
 b ! foliage (  trees#ad4 ,gautama's    
c\rse ( protract$ cogitation !re=e _h 9 
x  no?+ peculi> or orig9al4    ,nor ne$ 
we d\bt t c]ta9 hi/orical facts und]lie 
! leg5d>y  n>rative4 ,we _c admit ) !   
le>n$ ,s5>t & ,k]n t !  life ( ,gautama 
0 bas$ on a m]e sol> my?4 ,to u x is m  
difficult n to believe ?an to believe t 

!re liv$ 9 ! fif?  c5tury ,b4,c4 !      
y\?ful son ( a petty ,rja or l&-own] 9  
,oudh1  di/+ui%$ f ord9>y m5 by _m      
rem>kable qualities ( m9d &             
body--notably by a ?\ghtful &           
contemplative disposition2 t he  became 
impress$ ) a s5se ( ! vanity ( all e>?ly
 aims1 & (  ! suff]+ caus$ by disease & 
dea?2 t he (t5 said to  himself1 #8,life
 is b a tr\bl$ dream1 an incubus1 a     
nightm>e1' or1  l ! ,jewi% sage ( old1  
#8,all ! days ( man are sorr[1' #8,man  
walke? 9 a va9 %ad[ & disquiete? himself
 9 va92' & t l  _m o!r ( ! _w's         
philosoph]s1 in/ead ( acquiesc+ 9 !     
/ate ( ?+s ar\nd him1 & /riv+ to make ! 
be/ ( !m1 or to  improve !m1 he took    
refuge f ! tr\bles ( life 9 ab&on+ all  
its ties1 r5\nc+ all its joys1 &        
suppress+ all its affections  & desires4
    ,& aga91 x is m difficult n to      
believe ?an to believe t 9  su* a man   
introspection & ab/95ce1 protract$ = _m 
ye>s1  induc$ a condition ( m9d         
fav\rable to ec/atic visions1 :i* 7     

easily mi/ak5 = fla%es ( inn]           
enlight5m5t4    ,we "k1 inde$1 t elev5  
c5turies lat] ano!r great ?9k] arose    
among ! ,semitic races 9 ,we/]n ,asia1  
:o w5t ?r\gh ! same k9d  ( m5tal        
/ruggle1 & t ,muhammad1 l ,gautama1 hav+
 by 8 long  fa/s & au/]ities br\ght     
himself into a highly wr\ght condition (
  ! n]v\s sy/em1 became a fanatical     
believ] 9 ! reality ( 8  own delusions &
 9 8 own div9e commission z a tea*]4    
,b ! p>allel betwe5 ! ,buddha &         
,muhammad _c be c>ri$ on  mu* fur!r4 ,& 
inde$1 9 po9t ( fact1 no two *>act]s    
c\ld be  m diff]5t4 ,= ! ,buddha nev]   
claim$ to be ! *annel ( a  sup]natural  
revelation2 nev] repres5t$ ! k t bur/ on
  8 m9d z spr++ f any b an int]nal      
s\rce2 nev] taught t  a div9e =ce op]at+
 f )\t compell$ him to communicate t  k 
to mank9d2 nev] dream$ ( propagat+ t k  
to  o!rs by compulsion1 mu* less by !   
sword4 ,on ! contr>y1 he always  ma9ta9$
 t ! only revelation he _h receiv$ 0 an 
illum9ation  f )9--due entirety to 8 own

 intuitions1 assi/$ by 8  reason+ p[]s &
 by sev]e purgatorial discipl9e         
protract$ ?r\gh  c\ntless previ\s bir?s 
9 e v>iety ( bodily =m4    ,b h[ did ?is
 int]nal self-enlight5m5t#ae--! great   
di/+ui%+ feature ( ,buddhism--fir/ f9d  
expression8 ,x is said  t ! fir/ words  
utt]$ by ! ,buddha at ! mom5t\s crisis  
:5  true k bur/ ^u him1 7 to ! foll[+   
effect3--    #8,?r\gh c\ntless bir?s h  
,i w&]$1 seek+ b n discov]+  7anibbisan7
 ! mak] ( ?is my mortal dwell+-h\se     
7gaha-kraka71  & /ill aga9 & aga9 h bir?
 & life & pa9 return$4 ,b n[  at l5g?   
art ?\ discov]$1 ?\ build] ( ?is h\se 7(
 fle%74 ,no  long] %alt ?\ re> a h\se = 
me4 ,raft]s & beams are %att]$  & )     
de/ruction ( ,desire 7,tah7 deliv]ance f
 repeat$ life is  ga9$ at la/'          
7,dhamma-pada #aec1 #aed1 ,sumagala     
#df74    ,contra/ ) ^! fir/ utt]ances ( 
,gautama ,buddha ! fir/ words  ( ,jesus 
,*ri/3--    #8,wi/ ye n t ,i mu/ be ab\t
 ,my ,fa!r's bus9ess8' 7,/4 ,luke ii4   
#di47    ,! ,buddha's fir/ exclamations1

 z well z ! acc\nt ( 8  subsequ5t say+s 
& do+s1 are ! m wor?y ( cr$it z tak5  f 
! ,s\!rn ,canon4    ,! ,mah-vagga 7,i4  
#a7 tells u t aft] atta9+ complete      
intellig5ce1 ! ,buddha sat cross-legg$  
on ! gr\nd "u !  ,bodhi-tree = sev5     
days1 absorb$ 9 m$itation & enjoy+ !    
bliss  ( enlight5m5t4 ,at ! end ( t     
p]iod1 dur+ ! fir/ ?ree  wat*es ( !     
night1 he fix$ 8 m9d on ! causes (      
exi/5ce4 ,!n  hav+ ?\ght out ! law (    
causation 7p4 #ajb71 he exclaim$3 #8,:5 
! laws ( be+ become manife/ to ! e>ne/  
?9k]1 8 d\bts  vani%1 &1 l ! ,sun1 he   
dispels ! ho/s ( ,mra4'    ,next he     
m$itat$ = ano!r sev5 days "u a banyan   
tree1 call$ !  tree ( goat-h]ds         
7aja-pla74 ,x 0 !re t a haughty ,brhman 
acco/$ him ) ! "q1 #8,:o is a true      
,brhman8' & 0 told1  #8,"o free f evil &
 pride2 self-re/ra9$1 le>n$1 & pure4'   
,!n he m$itat$ "u ano!r tree = a ?ird   
p]iod ( sev5 days4  ,!re ! s]p5t 7,nga7 
,mual9da 7or ,muil9da7 coil$ 8 body r\nd
  ! ,buddha1 & =m$ a canopy to protect  

him f ! rag+ ( a  /orm--?is be+ "o ( !  
trials he _h to g ?r\gh4 ,:5 x 0  ov] ! 
,buddha exclaim$1 #8,happy is !         
seclusion ( ! satisfi$ man  7tu%a7 :o   
has le>n$ & se5 ! tru?4'    ,a f\r?     
p]iod ( m$itation 0 pass$ "u ! tree     
,rjyatana1  mak+ f\r times sev5 days4   
,may n ^! symbolize ! f\r /ages (       
m$itation 7p4 #bji78 ,lat] leg5ds1      
h[ev]1 reckon sev5 times sev5  days4    
,dur+ ! :ole ( ! int]val betwe5 ! fir/  
acquisition (  k & ! sett+ =? to        
proclaim x1 ! ,buddha fa/$1 be+  too    
elat$ to seek food1 & only once receiv+ 
x f two m]*ants1  nam$ ,tapussa         
7,trapu%a7 & ,bhallika4 ,^! became 8    
fir/  lay-rev]]s 7p4 #hi7 by repeat+ !  
d\ble =mula ( rev]5ce =  ! ,buddha & = 8
 doctr9e 7! ,sagha n be+ !n in/itut$1   
,mah-v ,i4 #d4 #e74 ,a lat] leg5d       
relates t !y receiv$ 9 return  eight ( 8
 hairs :i* !y pres]v$ z relics4    ,9   
connexion ) ! leg5d ( a =ty-n9e days'   
fa/1 ,i may m5tion  t an anci5t c>v+ (  
,gautama 0 po9t$ out to me at           

,buddha-,gay1  :i* repres5ts him z hold+
 a b[l ( rice-milk divid$ into  =ty-n9e 
portions1 "o = ea* day4    ,) ^! leg5ds 
we may contra/ ! simple ,gospel n>rative
 (  ,*ri/'s =ty days' fa/ 9 ! wild]ness4
    ,! ,buddha's fir/ resolution to come
 =? f 8 seclusion &  proclaim 8 gospel  
to mank9d is ( c\rse a great epo* ) all 
,buddhi/s4    ,& "h x %\ld be obs]v$1 t1
 /rictly1 accord+ to ,gautama's  own    
tea*+ he ought to h ceas$ f all action  
on arriv+ at  p]fect enlight5m5t4 ,= _h 
he n atta9$ ! great object ( 8          
ambition--! end ( all 8 /ruggles--! goal
 ( all 8  ef=ts--c>ri$ on ?r\gh hundr$s 
( exi/5ces8 ,he _h1 !re=e1 no  m lives  
to lead1 no m mis]y to und]go4 ,9 %ort  
he _h a*iev$  ! summum bonum ( all true 
,buddhi/s--! ext9ction ( ! fires (      
passions & desires--& _h only to enjoy !
 well-e>n$ peace  7nirviti7 ( complete  
,nirva4 ,yet ! love ( 8 fell[-m5 impell$
  him to action 7pravitti74 ,9 fact x 0 
*>act]i/ic ( a supreme  ,buddha t he    
%\ld belie1 by 8 own activity &         

compassionate  feel+s1 ! utt] apa?y &   
indiff]5ce to :i* 8 own doctr9es        
logically l$ 7p4 #abh74    ,b he did n  
c>ry out 8 b5evol5t design )\t go+ ?r\gh
  ano!r c\rse ( temptation 7:i* x is    
usual to comp>e ) !  temptation (       
,*ri/74 ,evil ?\ghts arose 9 8 m9d1 & ^!
 7  sugge/$1 accord+ to lat] leg5ds1 by 
,mra 7p4 #cc71 ?us3--#8,)  great pa9s1  
bless$ "o1 ha/ ?\ acquir$ ?is doctr9e   
7dh>ma74 ,:y  proclaim x8 ,be+s lo/ 9   
desires & lu/s w n und]/& x4  ,rema9 9  
quietude4 ,enjoy ,nirva' 7,mah-v ,i4 #e4
 #c74    ,to c\nt]act ^! malevol5t      
sugge/ions1 ! god ,brahm ,sahmpati      
7,pli ,sahmpati1 p4 #baj7 pres5t$       
himself & exclaim$3--#8,arise1 ,o       
spotless "o1 op5 ! gate ( ,nirva4       
,arise1 look d[n on ! _w  lo/ 9 suff]+4 
,arise1 w&] =?1 prea* ! doctr9e4'       
,fir/ ! ,buddha ?\ght ( 8 two tea*]s1 ra
 & ,uddaka 7p4 #bi71  b f\nd !y 7 dead4 
,next he ?\ght ( ! five ascetics :om he 
_h (f5d$ by 8 ab&onm5t ( ! me?od ( ga9+ 
true k  ?r\gh pa9ful au/]ities4 ,!y 7 at

 t "t prosecut+ _!  bodily              
mortifications at ,b5>es 9 ! ,de]-p>k   
call$ ,isipatana4 ,x  0 only natural t !
 ,buddha %\ld ?9k ( w5d+ 8 way 9 !  fir/
 in/ance to ,b5>es1 ev5 if special      
consid]ations _h n drawn  him !re2 = t  
city 0 ! great c5tre ( ,ea/]n ?\ght &   
life1 ! ,indian ,a!ns1 :]e all peculi>  
doctr9es 7 mo/ likely  to ga9 a he>+4   
,on 8 way ?i!r1 ,upaka1 a memb] ( !     
jvaka sect ( nak$  ascetics1 met him &  
inquir$ :y 8 c\nt5ance 0 s bright       
7p>iuddha78 ,he repli$1 #8,i am !       
all-subdu]1 ! all-wise1 !  /a9less1 !   
highe/ tea*]1 ! conqu]or 7p4 #ace72 ,i g
 to ,b5>es  to dissipate ! _w's d>kness'
 7,mah-vagga ,i4 #f4 #g74    ,! five    
ascetics 7,kauinya  ,koao1 ,avajit      
,assaji1 ,v%pa1  ,mahnma1 & ,bhadrika7 7
 soon conv]t$ by 8 words1 & by m]ely    
repeat+ ! triple =mula 7 admitt$ at once
 to 8 ,ord] (  monks4 ,!y con/itut$1 )  
,gautama1 ! fir/ six memb]s ( !  ,sagha1
 or frat]nity ( m5 seek+ release f !    
mis]y (  exi/5ce by cnobitic mona/icism4

    ,& ( :at nature 7 ,gautama ,buddha's
 fir/ didactic utt]ances8 ,8  fir/      
s]mon1 deliv]$ 9 ! ,de]-p>k at ,b5>es1  
is held 9 z mu*  rev]5ce by ,buddhi/s z 
! fir/ words ( ,*ri/ are by ,*ri/ians4  
,x is call$                             
,dhamma-akka-ppavattana-sutta1 or 9     
,sanskx  ,dh>ma-akra-prav>tana-stra1 #8!
 disc\rse :i* set 9 motion !  :eel ( !  
law1' or #8( ! univ]sal dom9ance ( !    
true belief4'    ,! foll[+ is ! sub/ance
 ( x1 z giv5 9 ! ,mah-vagga 7,i4 #f4    
#ag74 ,x is important to note t !       
,buddha spoke 9 ! v]nacul> (  ,magadha  
7n[ call$ ,pli71 & n to m5 g5]ally1 b to
 ! fir/  five w\ld-be memb]s ( 8 ,ord] (
 monks3--    #8,!re are two extremes    
7ant71 ,o monks 7,bhikkhus71 to be      
avoid$ by "o  :o has giv5 up ! _w--a    
life devot$ to s5sual pleasures 7kma71  
:i* is degrad+1 common1 vulg>1 ignoble1 
pr(itless2 & a life  giv5 to            
self-mortification                      
7tma-klama?a7--pa9ful1 ignoble1         
pr(itless4 ,!re is a middle pa?1 avoid+ 

bo? extremes--! noble  eightfold pa?    
discov]$ by ! ,buddha 7,ta?gata7--:i*   
leads to  insight1 to wisdom1 to        
quietude 7upaama71 to k1 to p]fect      
enlight5m5t 7sambodhi71 to f9al         
ext9ction ( desire & suff]+  7,nirva74' 
,s f> !re is no?+ v explicit 9 !        
disc\rse4 ,d\btless su*  precepts z     
#8virtue is a mean' & t #8m$io          
tutissimus ibis' are  useful1 ?\gh      
trite1 tru?s2 b ! difficulty is to prove
 t !  ,buddha's eightfold pa? is really 
a middle c\rse ( ! k9d describ$2  = !   
mo/ fanatical en?usia/s w always reg>d  
_! own cre$1  h[ev] extravagant1 z      
mod]ate4    ,! ,buddha1 !re=e1 goes on  
to prop\nd :at he calls ! f\r noble     
tru?s 7ariya-sani  rya-satyni71 :i* are 
! key to 8 :ole  doctr9e4 ,!y may be    
/at$ ?us3--    #a4 ,all exi/5ce--t is1  
exi/5ce 9 any =m1 :e!r on e>? or 9      
heav5ly sph]es--necess>ily involves pa9 
& suff]+ 7dukkha74 #b4  ,all suff]+ is  
caus$ by lu/ 7rga7 or crav+ or desire   
7tah   tri%1 #8?ir/'7 ( ?ree k9ds--=    

s5sual pleasure 7kma71 =  weal?         
7vibhava71 & = exi/5ce 7bhava74 #c4     
,cessation ( suff]+  is simultane\s )   
ext9ction ( lu/1 crav+1 & desire 7p4    
#aci74  #d4 ,ext9ction ( lu/1 crav+1 &  
desire1 & cessation ( suff]+  are       
accompli%$ by p]sev]ance 9 ! noble      
eightfold pa? 7ariyo  ahangiko maggo71  
viz4 "r belief or views 7samm dihi71 "r 
resolve 7sakappo71 "r spee*1 "r "w      
7kammanto71 "r  livelihood 7jvo71 "r    
ex]cise or tra9+ 7vymo  vyyma71 "r      
m9dfulness 7sati1 p4 #ej71 "r m5tal     
conc5tration 7samdhi74    ,& h[ is all  
life m]e suff]+ 7,i4#f4ai78--           
#8,bir? is suff]+4 ,decay is suff]+4    
,illness is suff]+4 ,dea?    is suff]+4 
,association ) 7samprayogo7 objects we  
hate is    suff]+4 ,sep>ation f objects 
we love is suff]+4 ,n to obta9    :at we
 desire is suff]+4 ,cl++ 7updna7 to !   
five elem5ts    7p4 #aji7 ( exi/5ce is  
suff]+4 ,complete cessation ( ?ir/      
7tah7 & desires is cessation ( suff]+4  
,?is is ! noble tru?    ( suff]+4'      

,?is s]mon 7call$ 9 ,ceylon ! fir/ ,baa 
,bha1 #8recitation1' p4  #gj7 0 address$
 to monks1 & h[ev] unfav\rably x mu/    
comp>e  ) t ( ,*ri/ 7,/4 ,luke iv4 #ah71
 address$ n to monks b to  suff]+       
s9n]s--& h[ev] obvi\s may be ! idea t   
pa9 mu/  result f giv+ way to lu/ & !   
desire = life ?r\gh c\ntless            
exi/5ces--is ( great int]e/ because x   
embodies ! fir/ tea*+  ( "o1 :o1 if n   
wor?y to be call$ #8! ,light ( ,asia1' &
  c]ta9ly unwor?y ( comp>ison ) !       
#8,light ( ! ,_w1' 0 at  lea/ "o ( !    
_w's mo/ successful tea*]s4    ,be> 9   
m9d t1 z ! result ( 8 e>lie/ m$itation  
7pp4 #ci1 #ef1  #ajb71 ! ,buddha made   
ignorance prec$e lu/ z ! prim>y cause ( 
life's mis]y4    ,( c\rse ! real        
significance ( ! :ole s]mon dep5ds on ! 
int]pretation ( ! ^w #8"r' 7samm        
samyak7 9 describ+ !  eightfold pa?1 & !
 pla9 explanation is t #8"r belief'     
means  believ+ 9 ! ,buddha & 8 doctr9e2 
#8"r resolve' means  ab&on+ "o's wife & 
family z ! be/ me?od ( ext+ui%+ !  fires

 ( ! passions2 "r spee* is recitation ( 
! ,buddha's  doctr9e2 "r "w 7,k>mnta7 is
 t ( a monk2 "r livelihood is  liv+ by  
alms z a monk does2 "r ex]cise is       
suppression ( !  individual self2 "r    
m9dfulness 7,smiti7 is keep+ 9 m9d !    
impurities & imp]man5ce ( ! body2 "r    
m5tal conc5tration is  trance-l         
quietude4    ,m>k1 too1 t 9 describ+ !  
mis]y ( life1 association ) lov$        
objects is n m5tion$ z comp5sat+ = ! pa9
 ( connexion )  hateful objects4    ,!  
,buddha's e>ly disciples 7 n poor m52 = 
! six? to be  admitt$ to ! ,sagha 0 a   
high-born y\? nam$ ,yasa4 ,!n ?is  y\?'s
 fa!r1 a ri* m]*ant1 became ! fir/      
lay-disciple by  repeat+ ! triple =mula 
7pp4 #dj1 #gh71 & 8 "m & wife  became ! 
fir/ lay-si/]s4 ,next1 f\r high-born    
fri5ds ( ,yasa1 &  subsequ5tly fifty m  
became monks4 ,?us1 n long aft] ! fir/  
s]mon1 ,gautama _h sixty enroll$ monks2 
all f ! upp] classes4    ,9 s5d+ =? ^!  
sixty monks to proclaim 8 own gospel (  
deliv]ance1 he address$ !m ?us3--       

#8,i am deliv]$ f all fett]s 7p4 #abg71 
human & div9e4 ,y too1 ,o  monks1 are   
fre$ f ! same fett]s4 ,g =? & w&]       
ev]y:]e1  out ( compassion = ! _w & = ! 
welf>e ( gods & m54 ,g  =?1 "o by "o1 9 
diff]5t directions4 ,prea* ! doctr9e    
7,dh>mam71 salut>y 7kalya7 9 its beg9n+1
 middle1 & end1 9 its  _s 7ar?a7 & 9 its
 lett] 7vyajana74 ,proclaim a life (    
p]fect  re/ra9t1 *a/ity1 & celibacy     
7brahmaariyam74 ,i w g also to  prea*   
?is doctr9e' 7,mah-vagga ,i4 #aa4 #a74  
,:5 8 monk-mission>ies _h dep>t$1       
,gautama himself foll[$1  ?\gh n till   
,mra 7p4 #da7 _h aga9 tempt$ him4       
,quitt+ ,b5>es he  j\rney$ back to      
,uruvel1 ne> ,gay4 ,!re he fir/ conv]t$ 
?irty  ri* "y m5 & !n "o ?\s& or?odox   
,brhmans1 l$ by ,kyapa  & 8 two bro!rs1 
:o ma9ta9$ a sacr$ fire 7#8,brhmanism1' 
p4  #cfd74 ,! fire-*amb] 0 haunt$ by a  
fi]y snake-demon2 s ,buddha  ask$ to    
occupy ! room = a night1 f\ght ! s]p5t &
 conf9$  him 9 8 own alms-b[l4 ,next he 
work$ o!r miracles 7said to h  be5 #cejj

 9 numb]71 su* z caus+ wat] to rec$e1   
fire-wood to  split1 fire-vessels to    
appe> at 8 ^w4 ,!n ,kyapa & 8  bro!rs1  
conv9c$ ( 8 miracul\s p[]s1 7 admitt$ ) 
!  o!r ,brhmans to ! ,sagha4 ,?us       
,buddha ga!r$ r\nd him ab\t a  ?\s&     
monks4    ,to !m on a hill ,gayssa      
7,brahma-yoni71 ne> ,gay1 he prea*$ 8   
#8burn+' fire-s]mon 7,mah-v ,i4 #ba73   
#8,ev]y?+1 ,o monks1 is burn+  7dittam  
dptam74 ,! eye is burn+2 visible ?+s are
 burn+4 ,!  s5sation produc$ by contact 
) visible ?+s is burn+--burn+  ) ! fire 
( lu/ 7desire71 enmity & delusion       
7rgagg9 dosagg9  mohagg971 ) bir?1 decay
 7j>ay71 dea?1 grief1 lam5tation1 pa91  
dejection 7domanassehi71 & despair      
7upysehi74 ,! e> is burn+1  s\nds are   
burn+2 ! nose is burn+1 od\rs are burn+2
 ! tongue  is burn+1 ta/es are burn+2 ! 
body is burn+1 objects ( s5se  are      
burn+4 ,! m9d is burn+1 ?\ghts are      
burn+4 ,all are burn+  ) ! fire (       
passions & lu/s4 ,obs]v+ ?is1 ,o monks1 
a wise &  noble disciple becomes we>y ( 

7or disgu/$ )7 ! eye1 we>y (  visible   
?+s1 we>y ( ! e>1 we>y ( s\nds1 we>y (  
od\rs1  we>y ( ta/es1 we>y ( ! body1    
we>y ( ! m9d4 ,becom+ we>y1  he frees   
himself f passions & lu/s4 ,:5 free1 he 
realizes t  8 object is accompli%$1 t he
 has liv$ a life ( re/ra9t &  *a/ity    
7brahma-ariyam71 t re-bir? is end$4'    
,x is said t ?is fire-s]mon--:i* is a   
key to ! mean+ (  ,nirva--0 sugge/$ by !
 sight ( a conflagration4 ,x 0          
,gautama's  cu/om to impress ideas on 8 
he>]s by po9t+ to visible objects4  ,he 
comp>es all life to a flame2 & ! gi/ ( !
 disc\rse is !  duty ( ext+ui%+ ! fire (
 lu/s1 & ) x ! fire ( all  exi/5ce1 & ! 
importance ( monkhood & celibacy = !    
atta9m5t ( ?is end4    ,contra/ 9       
,*ri/'s ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt ! words       
address$ to !  multitude 7n to monks71  
#8,bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t1 = !y %all  
see ,god4'    ,! ,buddha & 8 foll[]s    
next proce$$ to ,rja-giha4 ,among !m  7 
two1 aft]w>ds call$ #8*ief disciples'   
7,agra-rvakas71 ,sriputta  & ,moggallna 

7or ,maudgalyyana71 :o di$ be=e !       
,buddha1 &  sixte5 lead]s among !       
s-call$ eighty #8great disciples'       
7,mah-rvakas72 ! *ief ( ^! be+ ,kyapa   
7or ,mah-kyapa71  ,upli1 & n&a 7a c\s971
 besides ,anuruddha 7ano!r c\s971 &     
,ktyyana4 ,( c\rse among ! eighty are   
reckon$ ! five orig9al  ,b5>es conv]ts4 
,at a lat] "t two *ief female disciples 
7,agra-rviks7 nam$ ,khem & ,uppala-va   
7,utpala-v>7 7 add$  7see p4 #hf74 ,ea* 
lead+ disciple 0 aft]w>ds call$         
,/havira1 #8an  eld]1' or ,mah-/havira1 
#8great eld]' 7,pli ,!ra1 ,mah!ra2 fem4 
,!r74 ,m>k1 too1 t ,bimbi-sra1 k+ (     
,magadha1 & ,pras5ajit  7,pas5adi71 k+ (
 ,kosala1 7 ,gautama's lay-disciples &  
con/ant  patrons4    ,x 0 n long be=e ! 
,buddha's foll[]s 7 m =mally            
incorporat$ into a mona/ic ,ord]        
7,sagha71 & rules ( discipl9e  drawn up 
7see pp4 #fa1 #gb1 #gc1 #hc74 ,&        
d\btless ! success ( ,buddhism  0 due to
 ! c>ry+ out ( ?is idea ( e/abli%+ a    
bro!rhood  (f]+ a hav5 ( re/ to all4    

,ab\t =ty-five ye>s elaps$ betwe5       
,gautama's atta9m5t (  ,buddhahood & 8  
dea?4 ,dur+ t p]iod he cont9u$ tea*+ &  
it9]at+ ) 8 disciples2 only go+ #8into  
retreat' dur+ !  ra9s4 ,a li/ ( #de     
places ( resid5ce is giv54 ,he seems to 
h  resid$ (t5e/ at rva/ 7p4 #ba7 9 !    
mona/]y ,jetavana giv5 by  ,an?a-piika2 
b ! :ole region betwe5 rva/ & ,rja-giha 
7p4  #bi71 = ne>ly #cjj miles1 0 ! sc5e 
( 8 it9]ation4 ,fav\rite  resorts ne>   
,rja-giha 7 ! #8,vulture-peak' &        
,bambu-grove  7,veu-vana72 b cont9ual   
it9]ation 0 "o *ief means (  propagat+  
,buddhism4    ,x is said t 8 dea?       
occurr$ at ,kui-nag>a#af 7,kus9r71 a t[n
  ab\t eighty miles ea/ (               
,kapila-va/u--! place ( 8 bir?--:5 he  0
 eighty ye>s ( age1 & probably ab\t !   
ye> #dbj ,b4,c4#ag    ,! /ory is t      
,gautama di$ f eat+ too mu* pork 7or    
dri$  bo>'s fle%#ah74 ,z ?is is some:at 
d]ogatory to 8 dignity x is  n likely to
 h be5 fabricat$4 ,a fabrication1 too1  
w\ld sc>cely  make him guilty ( !       

inconsi/5cy ( say+ #8,kill no liv+ ?+1' 
& yet sett+ an example ( eat+ fle%-meat4
    ,^! 7 8 words :5 he felt 8 end      
ne>3--    #8,o n&a1 ,i am n[ gr[n old1 &
 full ( ye>s1 & my j\rney is  draw+ to  
its close2 ,i h rea*$ eighty ye>s--my   
sum ( days--&  j z a worn-out c>t c only
 ) mu* c>e be made to move along1  s my 
body c only be kept go+ ) difficulty4 ,x
 is only :5 ,i  become plung$ 9         
m$itation t my body is at ease4 ,9      
future be ye to  y\rselves y\r own      
light1 y\r own refuge2 seek no o!r      
refuge4 ,hold  fa/ to ! tru? z y\r lamp4
 ,hold fa/ to ! tru? z y\r refuge2  look
 n to any "o b y\rselves z a refuge'    
7,mah-p>9ibbna-sutta  ,,ii4 #cb1 #cc74  
,aft]w>ds he gave a summ>y ( e monk's   
duties1 ?us3--#8,:i* !n1  ,o monks1 are 
! tru?s 7! sev5 jewels1 p4 #abg7 x      
behoves y to  spread abroad1 out ( pity 
= ! _w1 = ! good ( gods & m58  ,!y are3 
#a4 ! f\r e>ne/ reflections 7,smiti1    
,sati-pahna1 on !  impurities ( ! body1 
on ! imp]man5ce ( ! s5sations1 ( !      

?\ghts1 ( ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 p4    
#abg72 #b4 ! f\r "r  ex]tions           
7,sammappadhna1 viz4 to prev5t dem]it f 
aris+1 get rid  ( x :5 aris51 produce   
m]it1 increase x72 #c4 ! f\r pa?s to    
sup]natural p[] 7,iddhi-pda1 viz4 w1    
ef=t1 ?\ght1 int5se  ?\ght72 #d4 ! five 
=ces 7,paa-bala1 viz4 fai?1 en]gy1      
recollection1 self-conc5tration1        
reason72 #e4 ! prop] use ( ! five       
organs ( s5se2 #f4 ! sev5 #8limbs' ( k  
7,bodhy-aga1 viz4  recollection1        
inve/igation1 en]gy1 joy1 s]5ity1       
conc5tration (  m9d1 equanimity72 #g4 ! 
noble #8eightfold pa?' 7p4 #dd74 ,see   
,mah-p>9ibbna ,,iii4 #fe4    ,!n %ortly 
be=e 8 decease1 he said1 #8,x may be1   
n&a1 t 9  "s ( y ! ?\ght may arise3--,! 
words ( our ,tea*] are end$2  we h lo/  
our ,ma/]4 ,b x is n ?us4 ,! tru?s & !  
rules (  ! ,ord]1 :i* ,i h taught &     
prea*$1 let ^! be y\r tea*]1  :5 ,i am  
gone' 7,,vi4 #a74    #8,behold n[1 ,o   
monks1 ,i exhort y3--,ev]y?+ t come?    
into be+  passe? away2 "w out y\r own   

p]fection ) dilig5ce' 7,,iii4 #ff74     
,n long aft] 8 la/ utt]ances ! ,buddha1 
:o _h be=e ?r\gh  int5se m$itation      
atta9$ ,nirva or ext9ction ( ! fire (   
desires1 pass$ ?r\gh ! f\r /ages (      
m$itation 7p4 #bji7 till !  mom5t came =
 8 ,p>i-nirva1 :]eby ! fire ( life also 
0  ext+ui%$4 ,a c\* _h be5 plac$ = him  
betwe5 two l trees 7p4  #bc71 ) ! head  
t[>ds ! nor?4 ,9 sculptures he is       
repres5t$ z  ly+ on 8 "r side at ! mom5t
 ( dea?1 & images ( him 9  ?is position 
are highly v5]at$4    ,! *ief m5 (      
,kui-nag>a burnt 8 body ) ! c]emonies   
usual at  ! dea? ( a akrav>t9 or        
,univ]sal ,rul]1 :i* ! ,buddha claim$   
to be4    ,!n 8 a%es 7 di/ribut$ among  
eight pr9ces1 :o built ,/pas  ov] !m    
7,buddha-vasa #bh74    ,a leg5d /ates t 
:5 ! ,buddha di$ !re 0 an e>?quake4 ,!n 
! gods ,brahm & ,indra appe>$ & ! latt] 
exclaim$3 #8,transi5t  are all ! elem5ts
 ( be+2 bir? & decay are _! nature2 !y  
are born & dissolv$2 !n only is happ9ess
 :5 !y h ceas$ to  be' 7,mah-p ,,vi4    

#af74    ,contra/ ) ,buddha's la/ words 
! la/ words ( ,*ri/3 #8,fa!r1  into ,?y 
h&s ,i comm5d my ,_s4'    ,a great]     
contra/ ?an t pres5t$ by ! acc\nt ( !   
,buddha's  dea? & ! ,gospel n>rative ( !
 dea? ( ,*ri/ c sc>cely be  imag9$4     
,( c\rse z a result ( disc\rses dur+    
=ty-five ye>s1 a l>ge  numb] 7 ga!r$    
into ,gautama's mona/ic ,ord]4 ,8 fir/  
aim 0  ! f\nd+ ( ?is ,ord]1 & 8 *ief    
s]mons 7 to 8 monks2 b  he accept$ all  
m5 & ultimately multitudes atta*$       
!mselves to him  z lay-bre?r5 7p4 #hg74 
,9 fact ,gautama's doctr9e ( a univ]sal 
bro!rhood1 op5 to all1  con/itut$ !     
corn]-/one ( 8 popul>ity4 ,he spoke to  
!m 9  _! own prov9cial dialect1 :i* c\ld
 n h diff]$ mu* f  ! ,pli ( ! texts--&  
he en=c$ 8 words by dialogues1 p>ables1 
fables1 reit]ations1 & repetitions4     
,probably he 0 ! fir/  introduc] ( real 
prea*+ into ,india1 & by 8 practical    
me?od he  seem$ to br+ d[n k f ! cl\ds  
to e man's door4    ,! foll[+ p>able is 
an example3 #8,z ! peasant s[s ! se$ b  

_c say3 ! gra9 %all swell to-day1       
to-morr[ g]m9ate1 s also  x is ) !      
disciple2 he mu/ obey ! precepts1       
practise m$itation1  /udy ! doctr9e2 he 
_c say to-day or to-morr[1 ,i %all be   
deliv]$4 ,aga93 z :5 a h]d ( de] lives 9
 a =e/ a man comes  :o op5s = !m a false
 pa? & ! de] suff] hurt2 & ano!r  comes 
:o op5s a safe pa? & ! de] ?rive2 s :5  
m5 live among  pleasures ! evil "o comes
 & op5s ! false eightfold pa?4 ,!n      
comes ! p]fect "o & op5s ! safe         
eightfold pa? ( "r belief1  etc4' 7p4   
#dd1 ,old5b]g1 #aia1 #aib74    ,six     
rival h]etical tea*]s are allud$ to4 ,8 
*ief oppon5t 0 8  c\s9 ,devadatta1 :o   
set up a s*ool ( 8 own1 & is said to h  
plott$ aga9/ ! ,buddha's life4 ,8 ef=ts 
fail$ 7ulla-vagga ,,vii71  & he himself 
came to an untimely end4 ,possibly he   
may h belong$ to  ! rival ,ja9a sect    
7,nigaha7 ( nak$ ascetics1 ( :i* ! great
  lead] 0 ,v>dhamna ,mahvra ,nta-putta  
7,jti-putra74    ,gautama's tea*+ ga9$ !
 day4 ,x claim$ univ]sality1 & 0  aptly 

symboliz$ by a :eel roll+ among all     
alike4 ,yet at fir/ x _h  no attractions
 = ! poor & ! *ild-l4    ,by degrees1 a 
full] sy/em1 adapt$ 9 an asc5d+ scale to
 laym51  novices1 monks1 nuns1 &        
,arhats1 0 develop$--a sy/em :i* _h its 
ab/ruse doctr9es suit$ to m5 (          
philosophical m9ds1 z well z its  pla9  
practical side4 ,?is con/itut$ !        
,buddhi/ ,dh>ma1 :i* 0  ultimately      
collect$ 9 c]ta9 sacr$ books to be next 
describ$4                               
,,lecture ,,iii4           ,! ,law      
7,dh>ma7 & ,sacr$ ,scriptures (         
,buddhism4      ,probably mo/ educat$   
p]sons are aw>e t ,buddhi/s h _! own    
sacr$ scriptures1 l ,h9ds1 ,prss1       
,confuciani/s1 ,muhammadans1  ,jews1 &  
,*ri/ians4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 s g5]ally    
kn[n t 9 "o  important p>ticul> ^!      
,buddhi/ scriptures1 con/itut+ !        
,tri-piaka 7p4 #fa71 diff] :olly f o!r  
sacr$ books4 ,!y lay no  claim to       
sup]natural inspiration4 ,:atev] doctr9e
 is f\nd 9 !m  0 believ$ to be purely   

human--t is1 0 held to be ! product (   
man's own natural faculties work+       
naturally4    ,! ,tri-piaka 0 nev] l !  
,v$a ( ! ,brhmans1 believ$ to be  ! v   
#8brea? ( ,god'#ai2 ! same c>e1 !re=e1 0
 n tak5 to  pres]ve e s\nd2 & :5 at la/ 
x 0 writt5 d[n ! result  0 a m s*ola/ic 
production ?an ! ,v$a4    ,moreov]1 x 0 
n compos$ 9 ! ,sanskx ( ! ,v$a & /ras--9
  ! sacr$ language1 ! v gramm> &        
alphabet ( :i* 7  suppos$ to come f     
heav5--b 9 ! v]nacul> ( ! "p ( ,india  9
 :i* ,buddhism fl\ri%$4 ,inde$1 x is a  
significant fact t  :ile ! great sages (
 ,sanskx lit]ature & philosophy1 su* z  
,vysa1 ,kumrila1 & ak>a1 9 all          
probability spoke & taught 9            
,sanskx#bj1 ! ,f\nd] ( ,buddhism pref]r$
 to communicate 8  precepts to ! p 9 _! 
own v]nacul>1 aft]w>ds call$ ,pli4      
,nev]!less1 he nev] compos$ a s+le book 
( 8 own4 ,9 all  probability he nev]    
wrote d[n any ( 8 own precepts2 = if    
writ+  0 !n inv5t$1 x 0 little practis$1
 ?r\gh ! abs5ce (  suitable mat]ials4   

,?is is ! m rem>kable z ,buddhism       
ultimately  became an in/rum5t =        
introduc+ lit]>y culture among          
unciviliz$  races4    ,all t ,gautama   
did 0 to prea* 8 ,dh>ma1 #8,law1' dur+  
=ty-five  ye>s ( it9]ation1 & oral      
tea*+4 ,x 0 n till "s "t aft]  8 dea? t 
8 say+s 7 collect$ 7p4 #ig71 & /ill     
long]  be=e !y 7 writt5 d[n4 ,it9]ation1
 recitation ( ! ,law1 &  prea*+ 7 ! *ief
 in/rum5ts = ! propagation ( ,buddhism4 
,at pres5t ! ,buddhi/ ,canon is ab\t z  
ext5sive z !  ,brhmanical#ba1 & 9 bo?   
cases we are left 9 d\bt z to ! date  :5
 ! books 7 compos$4 ,h[1 !n1 did _!     
composition take  place8    ,all t c be 
said is t at ?ree successive epo*s aft] 
!  ,buddha's dea?1 ?ree ga!r+s ( 8      
foll[]s 7 held = !  purpose ( collect+ 8
 say+s & settl+ ! true ,canon1 & t  a   
f\r? assembly took place mu* lat] 9 !   
,nor?4    ,! fir/ ( ^! assemblages c    
sc>cely ) any fitness be call$ a        
,c\ncil4 ,nor c ! fact ( its meet+      
toge!r 9 any =mal mann]  be e/abli%$ on 

any tru/wor?y hi/orical basis4 ,x is    
said t a  numb] ( monks 7ab\t five      
hundr$1 call$ ,mah-/havir1 #8! great    
eld]s1' ,pli ,mah-!r7 assembl$ 9 a cave 
call$ ,sattapai1 ne>  ! !n capital city 
( ,magadha--,rja-giha1 n[ ,rj-gr--"u !  
sanction ( k+ ,ajta-atru1 dur+ ! ra9y   
season imm$iately  succe$+ ! dea? (     
,gautama1 to ?9k ov]1 put toge!r1 &     
arrange ! say+s ( _! ,ma/]1 b n1 s f> z 
we "k1 to  write !m d[n4    ,!re1 9 all 
likelihood1 !y made ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a  
me?odical  arrangem5t4 ,b ev5 !n x is   
d\btful :e!r any sy/ematic  collections 
7 compos$4 ,! assembl$ monks *ose ,kyapa
 7or  ,mah-kyapa1 p4 #dg71 ! mo/ e/eem$ 
( all ! ,buddha's surviv+  disciples1 z 
_! lead]1 & *ant$ ! ,!ra-vda            
7,/havira-v71  #8words ( ! eld]s1' or   
precepts ( _! ,f\nd] pres]v$ 9 !  memory
 ( ! old] m52 ! rules ( discipl9e       
7,v9aya7 be+ recit$  by ,upli#bb1 & !   
e?ical precepts 7,stra71 :i* con/itut$  
at  fir/ ! pr9cipal ,dh>ma#bc 7p>       
excell5ce1 9 contradi/9ction  to !      

,v9aya71 be+ imp>t$ by ,gautama's       
favorite n&a 7p4 #dg72  :ile !          
philosophical doctr9es--!n undevelop$--7
 communicat$ by  ! presid5t1 ,kyapa4 ,if
 any arrangem5t 0 !n made x 0 probably  
9 two collections--! ,v9aya & ,dh>ma    
7say ab\t #djj ,b4,c47    ,9 reg>d to ! 
,dh>ma1 two ma9 l9es 71 9 all           
likelihood1 laid  d[n z ! basis ( all   
e>ly tea*+4 ,! fir/ consi/$ ( ! f\r     
sublime v]ities1 z !y are call$--t is1 (
 ! f\r fundam5tal  tru?s orig9ally      
taught by ! ,f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 namely1 
!  inevitable inh]5ce ( suff]+ 9 e =m ( 
life1 ! connexion  ( all suff]+ )       
indulg5ce ( desires1 especially ) crav+ 
=  cont9uity ( exi/5ce1 ! possibility ( 
! cessation ( suff]+  by re/ra9+ lu/s & 
desires1 & ! eightfold c\rse lead+ to  t
 cessation 7see p4 #dd74    ,! second   
l9e ( doctr9e probably consi/$ ( an     
outl9e ( !  twelve-l9k$ *a9 ( causality 
7nidna71 :i* trac$ back all  suff]+ to a
 /ill deep] orig9 ?an m]e lu/s &        
desires--namely1  to ignorance 7p4      

#ajc74    ,x is n1 h[ev]1 at all likely 
t any philosophical or metaphysical     
doctr9es 7 cle>ly & me?odically =mulat$ 
at ! e>lie/  assembly :i* took place    
soon aft] ,gautama's dea?4 ,x is f> m   
probable t ! fir/ outcome ( ! ga!r+     
toge!r ( !  ,buddha's disciples 0 simply
 ! en=c+ ( "s /rict rules (  discipl9e =
 ! ,ord] ( monks1 & ?is may h tak5 place
 soon  aft] #djj ,b4,c4    ,aft] a "t1  
c]ta9 relaxations ( ^! rules or         
unau?oriz$  dep>tures f !m 7t5 9 numb]1 
su* z reception ( money-gifts1  eat+ a  
second meal 9 ! aft]noon1 dr9k+ /imulat+
 bev]ages1  if pure z wat] 9            
appe>ance#bd71 began to be common4 ,! "q
 z  to :e!r lib]ty %\ld be all[$ 9 ^!   
po9ts1 especially 9 !  fir/1 %ook ! v   
f\ndations ( ! community4 ,9 fact ! :ole
  society became split up into two      
cont5d+ p>ties1 ! /rict & !  lax1 & a   
second ,c\ncil became necess>y = !      
re/oration ( ord]4  ,all t5 po9ts 7     
discuss$ at ?is ,c\ncil1 said to h      
consi/$ (  #gjj monks & held at ,vail   

7,vesl1 n[ ,besrh71 #bg miles nor? (    
,patn1 ab\t #chj ,b4,c4#be ,!           
discussions 7 protract$ = eight  mon?s1 
& all ! t5 unlawful relaxations 7 f9ally
 prohibit$4    ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ?is  
second ,c\ncil /&s 9 a relation to      
,buddhism v simil> to t :i* ! ,c\ncil ( 
,nica be>s to  ,*ri/ianity4    ,! exact 
date1 h[ev]1 ( ei!r ! fir/ or second    
assemblies _c  be det]m9$ ) precision4  
,n long aft]w>ds occurr$ ! political    
revolution caus$ by !  well-kn[n        
&ra-gupta 7 ,s&ra-kottus7--sometimes    
call$ ! fir/  ,aoka 7or disp>ag+ly1     
,kloka74 ,?is man1 :o 0 a l[-born dra1  
usurp$ ! ?rone & f\nd$ ! ,maurya dyna/y1
 aft] kill+ k+  ,n&a & tak+ possession (
 ,paliputra 7or ,palibo?ra1 n[ ,patn1  !
 !n metropolis ( ,magadha or ,behr71    
ab\t #cae ,b4,c4 ,he ext5d$ !  k+dom (  
,magadha ov] all ,h9d/n1 & became s     
p[]ful t :5  ,alex&]'s successor1       
,seleukos ,nikator 7^: reign comm5c$    
ab\t #cab  ,b4,c471 invad$ ,india f 8   
k+dom ( ,bactria1 s effectual 0 !       

resi/ance (f]$ by &ra-gupta1 t ! ,greek 
?\ght x politic to  =m an alliance ) !  
,h9d k+1 & s5t 8 own c\ntryman1         
,mega/h5es1 z an ambassador to reside at
 8 c\rt4    ,to ?is circum/ance we owe !
 e>lie/ au!ntic acc\nt ( ,indian  cu/oms
 & usages1 by an intellig5t obs]v] :o 0 
n a native2 &  ,mega/h5es' n>rative1    
pres]v$ by ,/rabo1 furni%es a basis on  
:i*  a fair inf]5ce may be f\nd$ t      
,brhmanism & ,buddhism exi/$  side by   
side 9 ,india on amicable t]ms 9 ! f\r? 
& ?ird  c5turies ,b4,c4 ,!re is ev5     
gr\nd = believ+ t k+ &ra-gupta  himself 
fav\r$ ! ,buddhi/s1 ?\gh outw>dly he    
nev] r5\nc$ 8  fai? 9 ,brhmanism4       
&ra-gupta's reign is ?\ght to h la/$    
until #bia ,b4,c41 & t  ( 8 son &       
successor1 ,v9dusra1 f #bia to 7say7    
ab\t #bfj ,b4,c4  ,!n came &ra-gupta's  
gr&son1 ! celebrat$ ,aoka 7sometimes    
call$ ,dh>moka71 :o1 ?\gh ( dra orig91 0
 p]haps !  greate/ ,h9d mon>* ( ,india4 
,x 0 ab\t ?is p]iod t ,gautama ,buddha's
 foll[]s began to  develope 8 doctr9es1 

& to make additions to !m 9 su* a way t 
! ,abhi-dh>ma or #8fur!r ,dh>ma' _h to  
be add$ to ! tra :i*  con/itut$ !       
orig9al ,dh>ma 7p4 #ef74 ,ev5 9         
,gautama's "t !re  7 great diss5sions4  
,aft]w>ds diff]5ces ( op9ion increas$1 s
  t be=e long eighte5 s*ools ( s*ismatic
 ?\ght 7p4 #aeh7 7  e/abli%$4 ,! result+
 controv]sies 7 v di/urb+1 & a  ?ird    
,c\ncil became necess>y4 ,x consi/$ ( a 
?\s& olde/  memb]s ( ! ,ord]1 & 0 held 9
 ! #af? or #ag? ye> ( ,aoka's  reign at 
,patn 7,pali-putra71 ab\t #bdd-bdb      
,b4,c4    ,?is ?ird ,c\ncil 01 p]haps1 !
 mo/ important2 = ?r\gh its             
delib]ations ! decision 0 arriv$ at to  
propagate ,buddhism by  missions4 ,h5ce 
mission>ies1 support$ by k+ ,aoka 7see  
p4 #ff71 7  s5t 9 all directions2 ! fir/
 be+ ,mah9da 7,mah5dra71 ! k+'s  son1 :o
 c>ri$ ! doctr9e into ,ceylon4    ,dr4  
,old5b]g has %[n t 9 a "p ( ! ,tri-piaka
 n[ extant1 !  fir/ & second ,c\ncils   
are m5tion$ b n ! ?ird4 ,! pla9  inf]5ce
 is t ! portion ( ! ,buddhi/ ,canon 9   

:i* ! second  ,c\ncil is describ$ _c be 
old] ?an t ,c\ncil4 ,yet 9 all          
likelihood a great "p ( ! ,v9aya        
7includ+ ! ,ptimokkha & !  ,kh&haka1 p4 
#fb7 0 compos$ be=e ! second            
,c\ncil--possibly z  e>ly z ab\t #djj   
,b4,c4--& ! re/ ( ! ,canon dur+ !       
succe$+  c5tury & a half be=e ! ?ird    
,c\ncil--t is1 f #djj to #bej  ,b4,c4 ,x
 0 compos$ 9 ! !n v]nacul> language (   
,magadha  7,mgadh71 :]e all ?ree        
,c\ncils 7 held4    ,x seems1 h[ev]1    
probable t 9 ea* di/rict to :i*         
,buddhism  spread ! doctr9e ( its f\nd] 
0 taught 9 ! peculi> dialect  und]/ood  
by ! inhabitants4 ,x ev5 appe>s likely t
 :5 ,gautama  himself liv$ 9 ,kosala    
7,oudh7 he prea*$ 9 ! dialect ( t       
prov9ce j z he taught 9 ,mgadh :5 he    
resid$ 9 ,magadha4 ,!  ulla-vagga 7,v4  
#cc4 ,i7 makes him direct t 8 precepts  
%\ld be  le>nt by e conv]t 9 ! prov9cial
 dialect1 :i* d\btless  v>i$ slightly   
ev]y:]e4 ,9 "t x became necess>y to give
 fixity  to ! sacr$ texts1 & ! =m !y    

f9ally assum$ may h  repres5t$ !        
preval5t dialect ( ! "t1 & n necess>ily 
!  orig9al ,mgadh ,prkx#bf4 ,?is f9al =m
 ( ! language 0 call$  ,pli#bg 7or      
,tanti71 & no d\bt diff]s f ! e>li]     
,aoka  inscription dialect1 & f ,mgadh  
,prkx z n[ kn[n4    ,"s ?9k t ! ,pli    
result$ f an artificial infusion (      
,sanskx4 ,x is said t ne>ly two-fif?s ( 
! ,pli vocabul>y  consi/s ( unmodifi$   
,sanskx4    ,at any rate1 x 0 9 ?is     
language t ! ,buddhi/ ,law 0 c>ri$      
7probably by ,mah5dra7 into ,ceylon1 & !
 :ole ,canon is ?\ght by  "s to h be5   
h&$ d[n orally till x 0 writt5 d[n !re  
ab\t #he ,b4,c4 ,oral transmission1 we  
"k1 0 common 9 ,india1 b if  edicts 7   
writt5 by ,aoka 7p4 #fg71 :y %\ld n !   
,law h be5  writt5 d[n also8    ,z1     
h[ev]1 ,pli 0 n spok5 9 ,ceylon1 ! ,pli 
comm5t>ies  br\ght by ,mah5dra 7        
translat$ by him into ,s9halese1 & !    
,pli  orig9als be+ lo/1 7 n retranslat$ 
into ,pli till ab\t !  beg9n+ ( ! fif?  
c5tury ( our era4    ,turn+ next to !   

f9al arrangem5t ( ! ,pli ,canon1 we f9d 
t x  resolv$ itself into ?ree           
collections 7call$ ,tri-piaka1 ,pli     
,tipiaka1 #8,?ree baskets1' ! ^w piaka1 
h[ev]1 n occurr+ 9  ! e>ly texts71      
namely3 #a4 ,y9aya1 #8discipl9e' = !    
,ord]2 #b4  ,stra-7,pli ,sutta71        
#8precepts1' :i* at fir/ con/itut$ !    
pr9cipal  ,dh>ma1 or moral ,law 7p4     
#ef72 #c4 ,abhi-dh>ma 7,abhi-dhamma71   
#8fur!r  ,dh>ma1' or additional precepts
 relative to ! law & philosophy4    ,?is
 division 0 n logical1 z ea* collection 
may treat ( !  subjects belong+ to !    
o!rs4    ,tak+1 !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 !   
,v9aya or discipl9e portion (  !        
,buddhi/ bible1 we ought to obs]ve t a  
portion ( x 7!  ,ptimokkha7 is n only ! 
olde/1 b also ! mo/ important 9 its     
be>+ on ! :ole !ory ( ,buddhism4 ,=1 z  
we %all po9t out m  fully h]eaft]1 !    
,buddha's p>am\nt aim 0 to conv9ce o!rs 
t  to get rid ( ignorance1 ga9 k1       
practise morality1 & obta9  deliv]ance1 
x 0 incumb5t on a wise man to r5\nce    

m>ri$ life &  become a memb] ( a mona/ic
 ,ord]4    ,pure ,buddhism1 9 fact1 0   
pure mona*ism--imply+ celibacy1 pov]ty1 
& m5dicancy--& ?is c\ld n be ma9ta9$ )\t
 rules =  discipl9e & outw>d conduct1   
:i*1 z adopt$ by ! ,buddha1 7  simply a 
modification ( ! rules = ! two religi\s 
ord]s ( !  ,brahma-r & ,sannys1 already 
exi/+ 9 ,brhmanism4    ,) reg>d to !    
classification ( ! ,v9aya rules1 !y 7   
divid$  into ?ree sets3 a4 ! ,kh&haka1 9
 two collections call$  ,mah-vagga      
7,mah-v>ga71 #8great section1' &        
ulla-vagga1 #8m9or  section' 7vagga     
v>ga72 b4 ! ,vibhaga 7includ+ ! two     
works  call$ ,prjika & ,pittiya71 or a  
sy/ematic arrangem5t &  explanation (   
c]ta9 anci5t #8release-precepts'        
7pratimok%a-stra1  ,pli ,ptimokkha7 =   
sett+ free1 ?r\gh p5ances1 any :o _h    
(f5d$ aga9/ ! ,ord]2 c4 ,p>ivra-pha1 or 
a comp>atively  mod]n summ>y ( ! above  
two divisions4    ,m>k1 h[ev]1 t !      
,v9aya ab\nds 9 details ( ! life &      
tea*+ ( ,gautama4    ,! second ,piaka1  

call$ ,sutta 7,stra71 #8precepts1'      
conta9s !  e?ical doctr9es :i* at fir/  
con/itut$ ! :ole ,buddhi/ ,law4 ,x      
consi/s ( five ,nikyas1 or collections1 
viz4 a4 ! ,dgha1 or  collection ( #cd   
long suttas1 among :i* is !             
,mah-p>9ibbna-sutta  7"o ( ! olde/ p>ts 
( ! ,canon aft] ! ,ptimokkha72 b4 !     
,majjhima1 or collection ( #aeb suttas (
 middl+ l5g?2 c4 !  ,sayutta1 or        
collection ( #ee gr\ps ( jo9$ suttas1 "s
 ( !m v  %ort2 d4 ! ,agutt>a1 or        
miscellane\s suttas 9 divisions1 :i*  g 
on increas+ by "o 7aga72 e4 ! ,khuddaka1
 or m9or collection1  consi/+ ( fifte5  
works4    ,accord+ to "o s*ool1 ?is fif?
 ,nikya is m correctly ref]r$ to  !     
,abhi-dhamma ,piaka4 ,9 "*1 h[ev]1 x    
con=ms m to !  ,sutta4 ,( its fifte5    
works1 p]haps ! mo/ important are !     
foll[+ six3--    ,! ,khuddaka-pha1      
#8%ort read+s2' ! ,dhamma-pada1         
#8precepts ( !  ,law' 7or #8v]ses ( !   
,law1' or #8foot/eps ( ! ,law'72 !      
,jtaka  7) _! comm5t>ies71 a s]ies (    

/ories relat+ to ab\t #eejbh  previ\s   
bir?s ( ! ,buddha 7p4 #aaa71 :i* h =m$ !
 basis (  _m /ories 9 ! ,paa-tantra1    
fables ( sop1 etc42 !  ,sutta-nipta1    
#8collection ( disc\rses2' ! ,!ra-g? 7  
,/havira-g71 #8v]ses or /anzas by eld]  
monks2' ,!r-g?1 #8v]ses  by eld] nuns4' 
,! o!r n9e are ! ,udna1 conta9+ #hb %ort
 suttas & joy\s  utt]ances ( ! ,buddha  
at crises ( 8 life2 ! ,itivuttaka1 #8?us
 x  0 said' 7  ity ukta71 #aaj say+s ( !
 ,buddha2 ! ,vimna-vat?u1  on ! mansions
 ( ! gods 7:i* move ab\t at w &         
sometimes  desc5d on e>?72 ! ,peta-vat?u
 7  ,preta-va/u1 ,peta /&+ =  ,preta &  
,piti71 on dep>t$ spirits2 ! ,niddesa1 a
 comm5t>y on !  ,sutta-nipta2 !         
,pai-sambhid1 on ! sup]natural k (      
,arhats2 ! ,apadna 7,sanskx ,avadna71   
#8/ories ab\t ! a*ievem5ts'  ( ,arhats2 
! ,buddha-vasa1 or hi/ory ( ! #bd prec$+
 ,buddhas 7!  ,dgha m5tions only six7 & 
( ,gautama2 ! ariy-piaka1 #8treasury (  
acts1' giv+ /ories bas$ on ! ,jtakas1   
describ+ ,gautama's  acquisition ( ! t5 

transc5d5t virtues 7p4 #abh7 9 =m]      
bir?s4    ,! works includ$ 9 ?is        
,sutta-piaka frequ5tly take ! =m (      
conv]sations on doctr9e & morality1     
betwe5 ,gautama1 or "o ( 8  *ief        
disciples1 & "s inquir]4 ,z con/itut+ ! 
e?ical ,dh>ma1  !y are ! mo/ int]e/+    
portion ( ! ,canon4    ,) reg>d to !    
?ird ,piaka1 call$ ,abhi-dhamma         
7,abbhi-dh>ma1  #8fur!r dh>ma'71 :i* is 
held by mod]n s*ol>s to be ( lat]  orig9
 & supplem5t>y to ! ,sutta 7p4 #fb71 x  
conta9s sev5 prose  works#bi4 ,moreov]1 
x 0 once ?\ght to relate entirely to    
metaphysics & philosophy2 b ?is is n[   
held to be an error1 = all  sev5 works  
treat ( a great v>iety ( subjects1      
includ+ discipl9e  & e?ics4             
,metaphysical discussions occur1 b x is 
probable t  orig9ally ,buddha kept cle> 
( metaphysics 7see p4 #ih74    ,besides 
! num]\s works we h ?us describ$ z      
con/itut+ !  ,tri-piaka or ?ree         
collections ( works ( ! ,s\!rn          
,buddhi/s1  !re are ! ,pli comm5t>ies   

call$ ,aha-ka? 7,ar?a-ka?1  #8tell+ (   
mean+s#cj'71 :i* 7 translat$ into       
,s9halese1  accord+ to tradition1 by    
,mah5dra himself4 ,aft]w>ds ! orig9al   
,pli text 0 lo/ & "s ( ! comm5t>ies 7   
retranslat$ into  ,pli by ,buddha-gho%a1
 #8he :o _h ! v voice ( ,buddha1' at !  
end  ( ! f\r? & beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury (
 our era4    ,! ,mah-vaa or #8hi/ory ( !
 great families ( ,ceylon1' a  well-kn[n
 "w 7writt5 9 ,pli by a monk nam$       
,mah-nma 9 ! fif?  c5tury & translat$ by
 ,turn\r71 gives an acc\nt ( ?is        
writ]#ca4  ,x says t a ,brhman y\?1 born
 ne> ,buddha-,gay 9 ,magadha1 _h  a*iev$
 great celebrity z a disputant 9        
,brhmanical philosophy4 ,?is  y\? 0     
conv]t$ by a ,buddhi/ sage 9 ,india1 &  
induc$ to ent]  ! ,buddhi/ mona/ic      
,ord]4 ,he soon became r5[n$ = 8        
eloqu5ce1  & 0 on t acc\nt call$        
,buddha-gho%a4 ,he wrote a comm5t>y1    
call$ ,aha-sl91 on ! ,dhamma-sagani1 a  
"w belong+ to !  ,abhi-dh>ma4 ,he also  
wrote a mo/ valuable ,pli comp5dium (   

,buddhi/  doctr9e call$ ,visuddhi-magga1
 #8pa? ( purity1' & a comm5t>y on  !    
,dh>ma-pada conta9+ _m p>ables4 ,he w5t 
to ,ceylon ab\t ,a4,d4  #dcj = ! purpose
 ( retranslat+ ! ,s9halese comm5t>ies   
into  ,pli4 ,8 lit]>y reputation /&s v  
high 9 t isl&1 & he  0 in/rum5tal 9     
spread+ ,buddhism ?r\gh\t ,burma4    ,x 
may be not$ t ! two important ,pli      
works1 ,mah-vaa &  ,dpa-vaa 7,dvpa-vaa71
 p]haps ! olde/ extant hi/ories (       
,ceylon1  are also fairly au!ntic s\rces
 = ,buddhi/ic hi/ory be=e ,*ri/4        
,turn we n[ to ! ,mahyna or #8,great    
,vehicle4' ,?is _c be said to  possess  
any true ,canon di/9ct f ! ,tri-piaka1  
?\gh c]ta9  ,nepalese ,sanskx works1    
compos$ 9 lat] times1 are held to be    
canonical by ,nor!rn ,buddhi/s4    ,to  
und]/& ?is "p ( ! subject we mu/ rev]t  
to ! great k+  ,aoka4 ,x is usual to    
call ?is second & m celebrat$ ,aoka !   
,con/ant9e ( ,buddhism4 ,be+ ( dra orig9
 he 0 ! m incl9$  to fav\r ! popul>     
tea*+ ( ,gautama1 &1 z he 0 ! fir/ k+   

:o adopt$ ,buddhism op5ly 7ab\t #beg    
,b4,c47 he d\btless did =  ,buddhism v  
mu* :at ,con/ant9e did = ,*ri/ianity4   
,! ,buddhi/ sy/em !n spread ov] ! :ole  
k+dom ( ,aoka1 &  !nce ov] o!r portions 
( ,india1 & ev5 to "s outly+  c\ntries4 
,= gradually dur+ ?is p]iod mo/ ( !     
petty pr9ces (  ,india1 f ,pe%w> &      
,ka%mr to ! riv] ,ki/na1 & f ,surat to  
,b5gal & ,orissa1 if n actually br\ght  
"u subjection to ! k+  ( ,magadha1 7    
compell$ to ackn[l$ge 8 p>am\nt         
au?ority4    ,?is is prov$ by ,aoka's   
edicts1 :i* are inscrib$ on rocks & /one
  pill>s#cb 7! e>lie/ dat+ f ab\t #bea  
,b4,c471 & are f\nd 9  fronti] di/ricts 
sep>at$ f ea* o!r by enorm\s di/ances4  
,^! inscriptions are ( ! greate/ int]e/ 
& value1 z furni%+  ! fir/ au!ntic      
records ( ,indian hi/ory4 ,!y are writt5
 9 a  m anci5t language ?an ! ,pli (    
,ceylon1 & 9 at lea/ ?ree  diff]5t      
dialects4 ,t5 ( ! mo/ important are f\nd
 on six rocks &  five pill>s 7,ls71 ?\gh
 num]\s o!r monum5ts are scatt]$ ov]    

,nor!rn ,india1 f ! ,indian ,ocean to ! 
,bay ( ,b5gal1 f !  ,v9dhya range on !  
s\? to ! ,khaib> ,pass on ! nor?#cc4    
,9 ^! proclamations & edicts 7"o ( :i* 0
 address$ to !  ?ird ,buddhi/ ,c\ncil71 
k+ ,aoka1 :o calls himself ,priya-d>    
7,pli  ,piya-dass71 issues v>i\s ord]s4 
,he prohibits ! slaught] (  animals =   
food or sacrifice1 gives directions =   
:at may be call$  ! fir/ hospitals1 i4  
e4 = treat+ m5 & ev5 animals m$ically1  
appo9ts mission>ies = ! propagation (   
,buddhi/ doctr9es1  inculcates peace &  
m]cy1 *>ity & tol]ation1 morality &     
self-d5ial1 & :at is /ill m rem>kable1  
enjo9s qu9qu5nial  p]iods ( national    
humiliation & confession ( s9s by all   
classes1  accompani$ by a               
re-proclamation ( ! ,buddha's precepts4 
,aoka1 9  fact1 became s zeal\s a fri5d 
( ,buddhism1 t he is said to h  ma9ta9$ 
#fd1jjj ,buddhi/ monks 9 & ar\nd !      
c\ntry ( ,magadha1  :i* 0 on t acc\nt   
call$ ! l& ( mona/]ies 7,vihra  !  mod]n
 ,bihr or ,behr74    ,no d\bt x 0       

,aoka's propagation ( ,buddhism by      
missions 9 v>i\s  c\ntries--:]e x came 9
 contact ) & p>tly adopt$ v>i\s  already
 exi/+ indig5\s fai?s & sup]/itions--t  
l$ to !  ultimate sep>ation ( ! ,buddhi/
 sy/em into ! two great divisions  (    
,s\!rn & ,nor!rn4    ,inde$1 ! =mation (
 a ,nor!rn ,s*ool1 z di/9ct f a ,s\!rn1 
became inevitable aft] ! conv]sion (    
,kani%ka1 ! ,indo-,scy?ian  k+ ( ,ka%mr1
 :o came f ! ,nor?1 & became a zeal\s   
,buddhi/4  ,he probably reign$ 9 !      
second half ( ! fir/ c5tury 7,a4,d471 & 
ext5d$ 8 dom9ions z f> z ,guj>t1 ,s9dh1 
& ev5 ,ma?ur 7see  p4 #afg1 note #b74   
,x 0 dur+ ,kani%ka's reign t a f\r?     
,c\ncil#cd 0 held at  ,jl&h>a 9 ,ka%mr1 
"u ,prva & ,vasu-mitra4 ,x consi/$ (    
#ejj  monks1 :o compos$ ?ree ,sanskx    
works ( ! nature ( comm5t>ies  7,upadea1
 ,v9aya-vibh%1 ,abhidh>ma-vibh%7 on !   
?ree ,pli  ,piakas4 ,^! 7 ! e>lie/ books
 ( ! ,mah-yna or ,nor!rn  ,s*ool1 :i*   
aft]w>ds =mulat$ its m develop$ doctr9es
 on !  ,indus1 :ile ! ,pli ,canon ( !   

,s\? repres5t$ ! true doctr9e           
promulgat$ on ! ,ganges4    ,ka%mr 0 a  
c5tre ( ,sanskx le>n+1 & ,kani%ka1 :o 0 
a  patron ( x1 became to ,nor!rn        
,buddhism :at ,aoka _h be5 to  ,s\!rn4  
,h5ce 9 process ( "t o!r ,nor!rn        
,buddhi/ books 7  writt5 9 ,sanskx1 )   
occasional ,g?s or /anzas 9 an irregul> 
dialect1 half ,sanskx1 half ,prkx4    ,x
 is usual to enum]ate n9e ,nepalese     
canonical scriptures                    
7,dh>mas73--#a4,praj pramit1            
#8transc5d5t k1' or an ab/ract  (       
metaphysical & my/ic philosophy2 #b4    
,gaa-vyha2 #c4  ,daa-bhm-v>a 7describ+ !
 t5 /ages lead+ to ,buddhahood72 #d4    
,samdhi-rja2 #e4 ,lakvatra2 #f4         
,saddh>ma-puarka1 #8,lotus ( ! ,true    
,law2' #g4 ,ta?gaa-guhyaka 7conta9+ !   
secret ,tantric doctr9es72 #h4          
,lalita-vi/>a 7giv+ a leg5d>y life (    
,buddha72 #i4 ,suv>a-prabhsa4  ,! eigh? 
is probably z old z ! #bnd c5tury ( our 
era1 & next  comes ! six?4 ,tibetan     
translations 7 made ( all ( !m4 ,^!     

ext5d to #ajj volumes & are collectively
 call$ ,ka'gyur or ,kan'gyur  7,kanjur74
 ,we owe our k ( ^! to ! indefatigable  
,hung>ian  travell]1 ,alex&] ,csoma de  
,krs4    ,copies ( ! ,sanskrit works 7  
br\ght to ,engl& by ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4        
,hodgson4 ,! six? has be5 translat$ by  
,burn\f & rec5tly by ,h4  ,k]n4 ,dr4    
,rj5dralla-mitra has edit$ ! eigh?4 ,z  
to !  non-canonical works ,m4 ,s5>t has 
edit$ "p ( ! ,mah-va/u1 &  ,pr(essor ,e4
 ,b4 ,c[ell & ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,neil1 !     
,divyvadna4 ,!y conta9  int]e/+ old     
leg5ds--"s ab\t ! a*ievem5ts ( ,aoka1 "s
 ab\t  ,buddha himself1 "s p]haps f lo/ 
,v9aya books4    ,z to ! ,pli writt5 "*1
 x is a "q :e!r t curr5t  9 ! holy l& ( 
,buddhism1 or 9 ,ceylon1 or 9 ,siam     
7,kambodia71 or 9  ,burma--t is1        
,devang>1 ,s9halese1 ,kambodian1 or     
,burmese--%\ld be  us$4 ,_m ?9k ,burmese
 mo/ suit$ to x1 & 9 ,europe ! ,roman   
"* is pref]r$4    ,x %\ld be add$ t !   
recitation 7,bha1 ,sanskx root ,bha1    
#8to  speak2' 9 ,s9halese spelt ,baa7 ( 

! ,law is "o ( ! pr9cipal  duties (     
monks1 ! recit] be+ call$ ,bhaka4 ,a    
peculi> mode (  inton+ is call$         
,s>a-bhaa 7s>a  sv>a74 ,! ,buddha1 !y   
say1 is  n ext9ct1 = he lives 9 ! ,dh>ma
 & 9 ! ,sagha1 9 ! ,law  & 9 ! monks :o 
recite x4 ,h5ce ! importance (          
recitation 9  ! ,buddhi/ sy/em 7p4 #hd74
                                        
,,lecture ,,iv4                  ,!     
,sagha or ,buddhi/ ,ord] ( ,monks4      
,p]haps ! fir/ po9t made cle> by ! /udy 
( ! ,buddhi/  ,scriptures is1 t !       
,buddha nev] s]i\sly ?\ght ( f\nd+ a new
  sy/em 9 direct opposition to          
,brhmanism & ca/e4 ,ev5 8 ,ord] or      
frat]nity ( ,monks1 :i* atta9$ a _w-wide
 celebrity & spread  ?r\gh a great "p ( 
,asia1 0 a m]e imitation ( an in/itution
  already e/abli%$ 9 ,india4 ,he himself
 0 a ,h9d ( ! ,h9ds1 &  he rema9$ a ,h9d
 to ! end4 ,8 v "n1 ,gautama1 connect$  
him  ) "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ,h9d sages1 
& 0 significant ( 8  orig9al connexion )
 or?odox ,brhmanism4 ,x is true he 0 a  

det]m9$ oppon5t ( all ,brhmanical       
sac]dotalism & c]emonialism1  & ( all   
!ories ab\t ! sup]natural "* ( ! ,v$as  
7see  p4 #ec72 b1 be+ himself a ,h9d1 he
 nev] requir$ 8 adh]5ts to  make any    
=mal r5unciation ( ,h9dism1 z if !y _h  
be5 conv]t$  to an entirely new fai?2 j 
z1 if ,i may say s ) all rev]5ce1  !    
,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 be+ ,himself 
a ,jew1 nev] requir$  ,8 foll[]s to give
 up e ,jewi% usage4    ,nor _h ! ,buddha
 any idea ( c\rt+ popul>ity z a *ampion 
(  social equality & d5\nc] ( all       
di/9ctions ( rank & anci5t              
traditions--a k9d ( ,tribune ( ! p1 ^:  
mission 0 to protect  !m f ! tyranny ( !
 upp] classes4    ,!re 01 no d\bt1 at "o
 "t a preval5t op9ion among s*ol>s t    
,gautama aim$ at becom+ a great social  
re=m]4 ,x 0 g5]ally  suppos$ t he began 
by pos+ be=e 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 9 a       
some:at ad capt&um mann] z a popul>     
lead] & lib]ator1 ^:  mission 0 to      
deliv] !m f ! tyranny ( ca/e4 ,b su* an 
op9ion is n[ kn[n to be bas$ on mi/ak5  

assumptions4 ,:at ought  r to be claim$ 
= him is t he 0 ! fir/ to e/abli% a     
univ]sal bro!rhood 7,sagha7 ( cnobite   
monks1 op5 to all p]sons (  all ranks4  
,9 o!r words1 he 0 ! fir/ f\nd] ( :at   
may be  call$ a k9d ( univ]sal mona/ic  
communism 7= ,buddhi/ monks nev]1  z a  
rule1 liv$ alone71 & ! fir/ to affirm t 
true  enlight5m5t--! k ( ! highe/ pa?   
lead+ to sa9t%ip--0  n conf9$ to !      
,brhmans1 b op5 to all ! memb]s ( all   
ca/es4  ,?is 0 ! only s5se 9 :i* he     
aboli%$ ca/e4 ,8 true foll[]s1  h[ev]1  
con/itut$ a ca/e ( _! own1 di/+ui%$ f ! 
laity4  ,f ! want ( a m suitable t]m we 
are =c$ to call !m  #8monks#ce4'    ,&  
?is ,ord] ( monks 0 n a hi]>*y4 ,x _h no
 ecclesia/ical  organization "u any     
c5traliz$ au?ority4 ,its fir/ ,head1    
,gautama1  appo9t$ no successor4 ,x 0 n 
! depository ( !ological  le>n+4 ,nor 0 
x a m$iatorial ca/e ( prie/s1 claim+ to 
m$iate  betwe5 e>? & heav54 ,x ought n  
to be call$ a ,*ur*1 & x _h  no rite (  
ord9ation 9 ! true s5se4 ,x 0 a         

bro!rhood1 9 :i*  all 7 "u c]ta9        
obligations ( celibacy1 moral re/ra9t1  
fa/+1 pov]ty1 it9]ation & confession to 
ea* o!r--all 7  dom9at$ by "o idea1 &   
pl$g$ to ! propagation ( ! "o  doctr9e1 
t all life 0 9 itself mis]y1 & to be got
 rid ( by a  long c\rse ( discipl9e1 z n
 wor? liv+1 :e!r on e>? or 9  heav51    
:e!r 9 pres5t or future bodies4 ,! f\nd+
 ( a mona/ic  bro!rhood ( ?is k9d :i*   
made p]sonal ext9ction its f9al aim1  & 
might be co-ext5sive ) ! :ole _w1 0 !   
,buddha's  pr9cipal object4    ,9 po9t (
 fact1 ! s-call$ enlight5m5t ( m9d :i*  
entitl$ him  to ,buddhahood1 l$ him at !
 e>ly /age ( 8 c>e] into no ab/ruse  or 
transc5d5tal region ( ?\ght1 b took a v 
practical  direction4 ,x l$ him to see t
 an association ( monks (f]+  equality (
 condition to high & l[1 ri* & poor1 & a
 hav5 (  refuge to all oppress$ by !    
tr\bles ( life1 w\ld soon become        
popul>4 ,8 ,ord] />t$ ) fir/ t51 !n     
fifty1 !n sixty  orig9al memb]s 7see p4 
#de71 b its gr[? soon surpass$ all      

anticipations1 & its ramifications      
ext5d$ to di/ant c\ntries1  :]e1 l !    
bran*es ( ! ,indian fig-tree1 !y s5t d[n
 roots to  =m vigor\s indep5d5t plants1 
ev5 aft] ! decay ( ! p>5t  /em4 ,on ?is 
acc\nt x 0 call$ ! frat]nity ( ! f\r    
qu>t]s  7tuddisa1 ,mah-vagga ,,viii4    
#bg4 #e7 ( ! globe4    ,9 brief1 a      
c>efully regulat$ mona/ic bro!rhood1 :i*
 op5$ its  arms to all com]s ( all      
ranks1 & en=c$ on its memb]s ! duty (   
ext5d+ its b\nd>ies by it9]ancy1 & by   
con/antly roll+ onw>d  ! :eel ( ! true  
doctr9e 7,law71 con/itut$ 9 its e>lie/  
days  ! v ess5ce1 ! v backbone (        
,buddhism1 )\t :i* x c\ld  nev] h be5   
propagat$1 nor ev5 h held its own4    ,b
 we repeat t 9 ?is1 8 ma9 design1       
,gautama 0 aft] all no  innovator2 no   
introduc] ( novel ideas4    ,mona*ism _h
 always be5 a fav\rite adjunct ( !      
,brhm9anical  sy/em1 & respect = mona/ic
 life _h tak5 deep root among !  p4 ,?us
 we f9d x laid d[n 9 its mo/            
au?oritative expon5t1  ,manu's ,law-book

 7,book ,,vi71 t e twice-born man 0 b\nd
 to be  fir/ an unm>ri$ /ud5t           
7,brahma-r71 next a m>ri$ h\sehold]1  & 
!n at ! end ( a long life he 0 to ab&on 
wife & family &  become a ,sannys1      
#8ascetic1' or ,bhik%u1 #8m5dicant1'    
w&]+ f  door to door4 ,9 fact1 x 0 ?r\gh
 ^! v /ates ( life t  ,gautama himself1 
z a ,k%atriya1 0 !oretically b\nd to h  
pass$4    ,h9d monks1 !re=e1 7 num]\s   
be=e ,buddhism4 ,!y belong$ to  v>i\s   
sects1 & took v>i\s v[s ( self-torture1 
( sil5ce1 (  fa/+1 ( pov]ty1 (          
m5dicancy1 ( celibacy1 ( ab&on+ ca/e1   
rank1 wife & family4 ,accord+ly !y _h   
v>i\s names4 ,! ,brhman  0 call$ a      
,sannys1 #8"o :o gives up ! _w4' ,o!rs 7
 call$  ,vairg1 #8free f affections2'   
,yog1 #8seek+ my/ic union ) !  ,deity2' 
,dig-amb>a1 #8sky-clo!d1' #8nak$2'      
,tapasv1 #8practis+  au/]ities2' ,yati1 
#8re/ra9+ desires2' ,jit5driya1         
#8conqu]+  passions2' ramaa1 #8und]go+  
discipl9e2' ,bhik%u1 #8liv+ by alms2'   
,nirgran?a1 #8)\t ties4' ,su* names     

prove t asceticism 0 an  anci5t         
in/itution4 ,! peculi>ity ab\t          
,gautama's tea*+ 9 reg>d  to mona*ism 0 
t he disc\rag$#cf solit>y asceticism1   
sev]e  au/]ities1 & irrevocable v[s1    
?\gh he enjo9$ moral re/ra9t 9  celibate
 frat]nities1 con=mity to rules (       
discipl9e1 upright  conduct1 &          
confession to ea* o!r4    ,illu/ration3 
,,portrait ,,( ,,mr4 ,,gaur-,a,,k>      
,,uday-,a,,k>1 ,c4,s4,i41 ,,n[  ,,sv,m  
,r ,,sa,,id,,n&a-,,s>asvat4     ,seat$1 
z a ,brhman ,sannys1 9 m$itation        
7describ$ at p4 xiii (                  
! ,preface74    ,8 usual mode (         
designat+ 8 monks 0 by ! old t]m ,bhik%u
  7,pli ,bhikkhu71 #8liv+ by alms1' to  
indicate _! pov]ty4 ,!y 7  also call$   
rmaera & ramaa 7,pli ,smaera1 ,samaa71 z
 subject to  mona/ic discipl9e#cg4 ,^?  
:o ent]$ ! /ream lead+ to  ,arhat%ip 7p4
 #acb7 7 call$ rya4    ,! t]m rvaka1    
#8he>]s1' seems to h be5 us$ 9 !        
,hna-yna  sy/em to d5ote great disciples
 only1 & especially ^? #8great          

disciples' 7p4 #dg7 ( ,gautama :o he>d !
 ,law f 8 own lips1 &  7 aft]w>ds call$ 
,/haviras & became ,arhats 7p4 #acc74   
,!y _h  also ! title yu%mat1 #8possess+ 
life4'    ,we p]ceive aga9 ! close      
connexion betwe5 ,brhmanism & ,buddhism2
  = cle>ly ! ,brahma-r & ,sannys ( ! "o 
became ! rmaera  or junior monk1 & ramaa
 or s5ior monk ( ! o!r4    ,z to ! "n   
ramaa 7f root ram1 #8to toil'71 be> 9   
m9d t1  al?\gh ,buddhism has acquir$ !  
cr$it ( be+ ! easie/ religi\s  sy/em 9 !
 _w1 & its monks are among ! idle/ (    
m5--z hav+  no labori\s c]emonies & no  
"w to d = a livelihood--yet 9  reality !
 c>ry+ out ( ! great object ( ext+ui%+  
lu/s1 &  s gett+ rid ( ! burd5 ( repeat$
 exi/5ces1 0 no s9ecure if  e>ne/ly     
und]tak54 ,nor 0 x possible = m5 to lead
 s$5t>y  lives1 ^: only mode ( avoid+   
/>vation 0 by h\se to h\se  it9]ancy4   
,z to ! =m ( admission1 !re 0 no great  
/rictness 9 e>ly  times1 :5 all         
applicants 7 admitt$ )\t inquiry4 ,x 0  
only  :5 ! ,ord] increas$ t murd]]s1    

robb]s1 debtors1 soldi]s &  o!rs 9 !    
,k+'s s]vice1 lep]s1 cripples1 bl9d1    
"o-ey$1 deaf  & dumb1 & consumptive     
p]sons1 & all subject to fits 7         
reject$#ch4    ,orig9ally x 0 en\gh = ! 
,buddha to h said1 #8,come 7ehi71  foll[
 me4' ,?is alone conf]r$ disciple%ip4 ,9
 "t1 h[ev]1 he  commission$ ^? he _h    
himself admitt$ to admit o!rs4 ,!n !  =m
 ( admission to ! bro!rhood 0 divid$    
into two /ages1 m>k$  by two c]emonies1 
:i* h be5 v unsuitably comp>$ to our    
ord9ation s]vices = deacon & prie/4 ,at 
any rate ! t]m  #8ord9ation' is :olly   
mislead+1 if any idea ( a prie/ly       
commission  or gift ( spiritual p[]s be 
impli$4    ,! y\?ful layman :o desir$   
admission to ! fir/ degree1 or t  ( a   
novice1 _h to be at lea/ fifte5 ye>s    
old#ci 7,mah-v ,i4 #ej72  & su* novices 
_h to be at lea/ tw5ty 7f conception7   
be=e !  second rite or admission to !   
full monkhood4    ,! fir/ rite 0 call$  
pravrajy 7pabbajj71 #8go+ =? f home'    
7,mah-v ,i4 #ab74 ,p]sons admitt$ to ?is

 fir/ degree ( monkhood 7  call$ rmaera 
7,sman]a71 #8novices1' ?\gh !y 7 also   
call$  #8new' or #8junior monks'        
7,navako ,bhikkhu74 ,!y might be admitt$
 by a  s5ior monk )\t appe>+ be=e any   
=mal conclave2 b n  )\t ! cons5t ( _!   
p>5ts1 & n )\t atta*+  !mselves to a    
religi\s tea*] 7updhyya7 aft] _!        
admission4 ,x  is said t ,gautama 0 urg$
 by 8 fa!r uddhodana to require !       
sanction ( p>5ts1 9 r t\*+ & rem>kable  
words1 to !  foll[+ effect3--    #8,!   
love = a son cuts into ! cuticle 7havi72
 hav+ cut into !  cuticle1 x cuts into !
 inn] sk9 7amma72 hav+ cut into ! inn]  
sk91 x cuts into ! fle%2 hav+ cut into !
 fle%1 x cuts into  ! t5dons 7nhru or   
nahru72 hav+ cut into ! t5dons1 x cuts  
into  ! bones2 hav+ cut into ! bones1 x 
rea*es ! m>r[  7ahi-mij71 & abides 9 !  
m>r[4 ,let n ,pabbajj1 !re=e1 be  p]=m$ 
on a son )\t 8 fa!r's & "m's p]mission' 
7,mah-vagga ,i4 #ed74    ,! admission   
c]emony ( a novice 0 extremely simple1 &
 conf9$ to  c]ta9 acts & words on ! "p (

 ! c&idate1 witness$ by any  compet5t   
monk4 ,! ,sagha1 z a body1 took no "p 9 
x4 ,! novice  fir/ cut (f 8 hair1 put on
 ?ree yell[ ragg$ g>m5ts  7tri-v>a71    
adju/$ ! upp] robe s z to leave ! "r    
%\ld]  b>e1 & !n be=e a monk repeat$    
?ree times ! ?ree-refuge  =mula3        
#8,i g = refuge to ! ,buddha 7,buddha   
araa gahmi74'    #8,i g = refuge to !   
,law 7,dh>ma araa gahmi74'    #8,i g =  
refuge to ! ,ord] 7,sagha araa gahmi74' 
,v rem>kably1 ?is1 ! only pray] ( true  
,buddhism1 resembl$ !  ,gyatr or sacr$  
pray] ( ! ,v$a 7repeat$ by ! ,brahma-r7 
9  consi/+ ( ?ree times eight syllables4
 ,b if ! ,buddhi/ novice  _h a "r to !  
,brahma-r's sacr$ cord 7upavta71 ?is 0  
probably ab&on$ on admission4 ,he 0 !n  
in/ruct$ 9 ! ,t5  ,precepts 7,dasa-sla  
or sikkh-pada71 :i* 7 really t5         
prohibitions  7,mah-vagga ,i4 #ef71     
requir+ t5 ab/95ces 7v]ama73--    #a4 f 
de/roy+ life 7ptipato  prtipta72 #b4 f  
tak+  any?+ n giv5 7ad9ndna72 #c4 f     
un*a/ity 7abrahmaariy72 #d4  f speak+   

falsely 7mus-vda  mi%-vda72 #e4 f dr9k+ 
/rong  dr9ks 7sur72 #f4 f eat+ at =bidd5
 times 7vikla-bhojana72 #g4  f danc+1   
s++1 music1 & worldly spectacles        
7viska72 #h4 f  g>l&s1 sc5ts1 ungu5ts or
 ornam5ts2 #i4 f ! use ( a high or      
broad b$2 #aj4 f receiv+ gold or silv]4 
,! prohibition n to  receive money1 ev5 
9 return = religi\s tea*+ or any suppos$
  spiritual b5efits conf]r$1 0 held to  
be mo/ important1 & 0 =  a long "t      
obey$1 ?\gh 9 ! end mona/]ies became    
own]s ( l>ge  prop]ty & l&$ e/ates4     
,( c\rse ! ,upasampad1 or admission to  
full monkhood 7describ$  ,mah-vagga ,i4 
#gf71 0 a m =mal c]emony4 ,a conclave   
7,sagha7 ( at  lea/ t5 monks 0 requir$4 
,! c&idate _h to appe> be=e !m1  b 0    
fir/ in/ruct$ by "s compet5t & le>n$    
monk z to !  nature ( ! rite & !        
que/ions he w\ld h to answ]4 ,?is       
in/ructor also direct$ him to *oose "s  
o!r monk compet5t to act  z 8 ,updhyya  
7upajjhya7 or tea*] = five ye>s aft] 8  
admission1 & made him provide himself ) 

an alms-b[l & ) !  usual yell[ monki%   
ve/m5ts4 ,!n 8 fir/ in/ructor pres5t$   
himself be=e ! conclave & in=m$ !m t !  
c&idate 0  ready to be admitt$4 ,!reupon
 ! novice came =w>d1 adju/$ 8  upp]     
g>m5t s z to cov] ! left %\ld]1 b[$ d[n 
be=e !  feet ( ! assembl$ monks1 seat$  
himself on ! gr\nd1 &1 rais+  8 jo9$    
h&s1 ask$ ?ree times = admission to !   
full monkhood1  ?us3--#8,i entreat !    
,sagha = full monkhood 7,upasampad71 h  
compassion on me & uproot me 7ullumpatu 
mm7 f ! _w1' repeat$  ?rice4    ,!reupon
 he 0 que/ion$ n1 z 9 our ,ord9ation    
,s]vice3 #8,are y  inw>dly mov$ by !    
,holy ,_s to take ^u y ?is (fice8' ,n3  
#8,w y apply all y\r dilig5ce to frame &
 fa%ion y\r own life  & t ( y\r family s
 z to be :olesome examples8' b          
?us3--,are  y free f leprosy1 boils1    
consumption1 fits1 etc4 ,are y a male8  
,are y a free man & n 9 ! royal s]vice8 
,are y free f  debts8 ,h y ! cons5t (   
y\r p>5ts8 ,are y full tw5ty ye>s  old8 
,h y an alms-b[l & ve/m5ts8 ,:at is y\r 

"n8 ,:at is  y\r tea*]'s "n8    ,if !   
answ]s 7 satisfactory ! c&idate 0       
admitt$4 ,aft]  admission no pray] 0    
pron\nc$ su* z 9 our ,ord9ation ,s]vice3
  #8,we besee* ,!e1 m]ciful ,fa!r1 s5d  
on ,?y s]vant ,?y heav5ly  bless+ t he  
may be clo!d ) righte\sness'#dj2 b he 0 
in=m$ t he 0 to tru/ to only f\r        
,res\rces 7nissaya71 & to  ab/a9 f f\r  
*ief =bidd5 acts 7ak>ayni74 ,^! f\r     
,res\rces & f\r ,prohibitions 7 !n      
communicat$ to him ?us3--    ,fir/ ! f\r
 ,res\rces z foll[3--7#a7 ,brok5 morsels
 giv5 9 alms =  food2 7#b7 ,rags f a    
du/-heap = clo!s2 7#c7 ,roots ( trees = 
an  abode2 7#d7 ,liquid putrefy+ excreta
 ( c[s = m$ic9e4 ,note1  h[ev]1 t1 9    
practice1 indulg5ces 7atirekha-lbha7 7 9
 all  f\r cases all[$2 su* z1 bett] food
 :5 x happ5$ to be giv51  or :5 invit$  
to d9n] by ri* laym52 l951 cotton1 or   
wooll5  g>m5ts1 if dy$ yell[ & 9 ?ree   
pieces 7b only "o *ange 0  all[$72      
h\ses1 huts1 or caves to dwell 91 :5 n  
it9]at+2  ghee1 honey1 or molasses :5   

out ( heal? 7,mah-v ,i4 #cj4 #d74       
,next ! f\r *ief ,prohibitions 7comp>e !
 ,t5 ,prohibitions1 p4 #gh71            
viz43--7#a7 ,un*a/ity & sexual acts (   
any k9d2 7#b7 ,tak+ any?+  n giv51 ev5 a
 blade ( grass2 7#c7 ,kill+ any liv+ ?+1
 ev5 an  ant1 or worm1 or plant2 7#d7   
,falsely claim+ ! extraord9>y p[]s (  a 
p]fect$ sa9t 7utt>imanussa-dhamma4      
,mah-v ,i4 #gh4 #b74    ,cle>ly !re 7   
great temptations to ga9 celebrity by   
claim+ su*  p[]s1 or else ?is f\r?      
prohibition w\ld n h t]m9at$ !  c]emony4
    ,s soon z a man 0 admitt$ to full   
monkhood1 he w5t ?r\gh a five  ye>s'    
c\rse ( in/ruction 9 ! entire doctr9e & 
discipl9e1  "u ! preceptor 7,updhyya1   
rya7 :o _h be5 previ\sly *os5  & 0      
requir$ to be ( at lea/ t5 ye>s' /&+4   
,?is 0 a modification ( ! ,brhmanical   
rule t a /ud5t  7,brahma-r7 %\ld /udy "u
 8 preceptor = ?irty-six ye>s1 or  less1
 until he knew ! ,v$a4    ,! full       
,buddhi/ monk _h 9 !ory to dwell "u     
trees or 9 huts  =m$ ( leaves 7p-sl     

paa-sla  p>a-l72 b practically  he      
resid$ 9 collections ( simple mud or    
brick t5em5ts1 9 cells1 or  9 r[s (     
caves hewn out ( rocky hills4 ,at any   
rate1 collections (  mona/ic dwell+s1   
call$ ,vihras#da1 7 8 usual abode dur+  
,vassa 7or ! ra9y season1 see p4 #hb72 &
 at su* times he _h  fell[-monks        
7saddhivihrika7 liv+ 9 companies ar\nd  
him1 or 9 !  same mona/]y4    ,/rict    
discipl9e 0 suppos$ to be en=c$1 & yet  
!re 0 no  c5tral au?ority1 no ,*ief     
,hi]>*1 no ,ar*bi%op :om he 0 b\nd      
#8rev]5tly to obey4'    ,(f5ces aga9/ ! 
f\r =bidd5 acts 7 call$ ,prjik patti1   
#8(f5ces m]it+ expulsion f ! community (
 monks 7,sagha74'    ,!n !re 7 ?irte5   
,saghdises patti1 z well z c]ta9        
,dukkata  or less s]i\s (f5ces1 requir+ 
only confession be=e ! ,sagha1  & dealt 
) by a ,sagha-kamma1 or act ( a conclave
 ( monks impos+  "s p5ance4 ,!re 7      
p5ances 7,prya-itta7 = ly+1             
prev>ication1 abusive language1 de/roy+ 
vegetable or animal life1  etc4 7see    

,ptimokkha1 ,pittiy dhamm1 & pp4 #fb1   
#hd74 ,! foll[+  practices 7 also       
incumb5t on all monks3--    7#a7 ,! we>+
 ve/m5ts giv5 by laym5 7n pur*as$7 &    
consi/+  ( ?ree l5g?s ( yell[-col\r$    
rags2 or1 if entire l5g?s (  cotton     
clo?s 7 giv51 ! saleable value _h to be 
de/roy$ by  te>+ !m into at lea/ ?ree   
pieces1 & !n sew+ !m toge!r2  7#b7 ,!   
own+ no possessions except ! ?ree clo?s1
 a girdle1 b[l1  razor1 ne$le1 &        
wat]-/ra9] to prev5t ! swall[+ (        
animalcul2 7#c7 ,! liv+ only on food    
collect$ 9 a wood5 b[l by  daily go+ f  
h\se to h\se1 b )\t ev] ask+ = x2 7#d7  
,!  eat+ at mid-day ! "o meal s collect$
 & at no o!r "t2 7#e7  ,! fa/+ on f\r   
prescrib$ days2 7#f7 ,! abid+ 9 "o spot 
=  ?ree or f\r mon?s dur+ ,vassa1 #8!   
ra9s' 7f middle ( ,june to  middle (    
,octob]71 :5 it9]ation w\ld involve     
trampl+ on  vegetable & insect life2    
7#g7 ,! refra9+ f a recumb5t po/ure  "u 
all circum/ances2 7#h7 ,! visit+        
cremation-gr\nds =  m$itation on !      

corruption ( ! body4    ,9 tru? x might 
almo/ be said t 9 e movem5t & action1 9 
wak+ & sleep+1 9 dress+ & undress+1 9   
/&+ &  sitt+1 9 go+ out & com+ 91 9 fa/+
 & eat+1 9 speak+  & n speak+1 !        
,buddhi/ monk _h to submit to ! mo/     
/r+5t  regulations4    ,x 0 a notewor?y 
feature 9 ,buddhi/ mona*ism t monks 7   
nev]  all[$ to appe> 9 public 9 a /ate (
 ev5 semi-nudity4 #8,prop]ly  clad1'    
says ! ,sekhiy dhamm 7#d71 #8mu/ ! monk 
it9]ate4' #8,n  nak$ness1' says !       
,dhamma-pada 7#ada71 #8c purify a mortal
 :o has n  ov]come desires4' ,! monk's  
?ree g>m5ts 7tiv>a  tri-v>a7  7 an inn] 
"o 7ant>a-vsaka71 ano!r w\nd ab\t !     
?ighs  7sagh7 & an upp] robe 7utt>saga7 
worn loosely & br\ght  r\nd ov] ! left  
%\ld]4 ,?is con/itut$ an important      
di/9ction  betwe5 ! ,buddhi/ monks & !  
,ja9a & o!r nak$ ascetics ^:  want (    
dec5cy ! ,buddha condemn$4    ,!        
,buddhi/ monk's daily life probably     
began by m$itation & by 8  recit+ or    
inton+ 7,bha1 ,s>abhaa7 portions ( !    

,law1 or by  he>+ x recit$1 foll[$      
p]haps by lessons 9 doctr9e1 or by      
discussions or by confessions4 ,next    
came it9]ation = food1 foll[$  by ! "o  
noon-day meal4 ,!n came re/ & fur!r     
m$itation &  recitation1 :ile possibly !
 s5ior monks prea*$ to laym54 ,su*      
prea*+ took place especially dur+       
,vassa4 ,9 lat] times ! daily  duties   
includ$ (f]+ fl[]s1 etc41 at sacr$      
%r9es1 & repeat+  s-call$ pray]s1 :i* 7 
m]ely =ms ( words us$ z *>ms4    ,to    
illu/rate ! imm5sely m]itori\s efficacy 
( con/ant recitation  ( ! ,law1 a /ory  
is told ( five hundr$ bats t liv$ 9 a   
cave  :]e two monks daily recit$ !      
,dh>ma4 ,^! bats ga9$ su* m]it  by      
simply he>+ ! s\nd t :5 !y di$ !y 7 all 
re-born z  m5 & ultimately z gods4      
,d\btless qu>rels & faults ( omission & 
commission occurr$ among  ! monks1      
especially dur+ _! resid5ce toge!r 9    
,vassa  7miscall$ ! ,buddhi/ ,l5t74 ,we 
read ( six monks nam$ habbaggiya  :o 7  
con/antly committ+ (f5ces4 ,h5ce a day  

call$ ,pavra  7,pravra71 #8invitation1' 
0 kept at ! end ( ,vassa1 :5 all 7      
invit$ to assemble = confession & =     
felicitation1 if h>mony _h  be5 pres]v$4
    ,an important "p ( e monk's duties 0
 confession on ,uposa?a  7,upavasa?a7 or
 fa/-days 7miscall$ ! ,buddhi/          
sabba?s7--:i* 7  kept at fir/ on two    
days 9 ea* mon?1 at full & new moon     
7correspond+ to ! ,d>a & ,pauramsa days 
( ,brhmanism71 &  aft]w>ds also at !    
int]m$iate days ( qu>t]-moon4 ,on ^! f\r
  ,uposa?a days ! ,ptimokkha or g5]al   
confession 7p4 #fb7 0 recit$4  ,!       
confession 0 by monks to ea* o!r1 n by  
laym5 to monks1  ?\gh ! f\r days 7 also 
obs]v$ by laym51 & we "k t  ,aoka enjo9$
 p]iodical c]emonies1 & expression (    
sorr[ = s9s  on ! "p ( all 8 subjects4  
,su* confession did n cause remission  (
 s9 or absolution 9 our s5se1 b only    
release f evil  consequ5ces by p5ances  
7p4 #fb74    ,we h le>nt1 !n1 t ,buddhi/
 monks 7 n "u irrevocable  v[s4 ,!y     
und]took to obey rules ( discipl9e1 b   

took no actual  v[s--n ev5 ( ob$i5ce to 
a sup]ior4 ,buddhi/ monkhood 0 purely   
volunt>y1 s t all 7 free to come & g4 ,x
 _h no?+  h]$it>y ab\t x l ! rank ( a   
,brhman4    ,we h also le>nt1 t ! t]m   
#8prie/' is n suitably appli$ to        
,buddhi/ monks4 ,= true ,buddhism has no
 ecclesia/ical hi]>*y1 no  cl]gy1 no    
prie/ly ord9ation2 no div9e revelation1 
no c]emonial  rites1 no pray]1 no wor%ip
 9 ! prop] s5se ( ^! t]ms4 ,ea*  man 0 a
 prie/ to himself 9 s f> z he dep5d$ on 
himself alone  = int]nal sanctification4
    ,evid5tly1 too1 all ,buddhi/ monks 7
 integral p>ts ( "o organic  :ole4 ,x is
 true t 9 ! end !y 7 collect$ 9 v>i\s   
mona/]ies1 ea* ( :i* practically became 
an indep5d5t ,sagha  7ea* "u "o ,head74 
,b 9 !ory all 7 p>ts ( "o & ! same      
bro!rhood1 :i* 0 republican & communi/ic
 9 its con/itution4  ,& ?is ^w ,sagha _c
 be correctly r5d]$ by #8*ur*1' if by  t
 t]m is meant an ecclesia/ical body )   
legislative functions1  embrac+ cl]gy & 
laity unit$ 9 a common fai? & "u "o     

,head2 = z f\nd$ by ! ,buddha1 x 0 n    
?is4 ,x 0 simply a  va/ frat]nity int5d$
 to embrace all monks ( ! f\r qu>t]s    
7aturdia7 ( ! _w1 f ! ,buddha himself & 
! p]fect$  ,arhat 7p4 #acc71 to e monk (
 ! l[e/ degree1 b n a s+le  layman4     
,inde$ 9 its highe/ s5se ! ,sagha       
compris$ only true  ,nirva-seek+ monks  
:o _h ent]$ ! pa?s ( true sanctification
  7p4 #acb74    ,& "h obs]ve t1 not)/&+ 
! /igma atta*$ to unm>ri$  wom5 9       
,india1 ,gautama 9 ! end p]mitt$ an     
,ord] ( ,nuns 7,pli  ,bhikkhun7 & female
 novices 7,smaer1 p4 #dg74 ,! ulla-vagga
 7,x4 ,i4  #c7 relates h[ wom5 7 indebt$
 to ! int]cession ( a monk1  ,gautama's 
c\s9 n&a1 = p]mission to =m an ,ord]1 & 
h[  ,mah-prajpat1 ! ,buddha's nurse 7p4 
#bd71 became ! fir/ nun2 yet  :5 n&a    
fir/ ask$3 #8,h[ are we monks to behave 
:5 we see wom58'  ,gautama repli$3      
#8,don't see !m4' #8,b if we %\ld see   
!m1 :at are  we to d8' #8,don't speak to
 !m4' #8,b if !y speak to u1 :at !n8'   
#8,let y\r ?\ghts be fix$ 9 deep        

m$itation' 7,sati upahpetabb4  ,mah-p>9 
,v4 #bc74    ,cle>ly ! ,buddha 0        
orig9ally a misogyni/ z well z a        
misogami/1  & wi%$ 8 foll[]s to be      
misogyni/s also4 ,ev5 :5 he _h be5      
induc$ to admit ! ju/ice ( ! plea =     
wom5's rights1 he plac$  8 nuns "u !    
direction ( monks4 ,!y c\ld only be     
admitt$ by  monks1 & 7 subject to ! male
 ,ord] 9 all matt]s ( discipl9e4  ,!y 7 
"u eight special obligations1 "o ( :i* 0
 to rise up  9 ! pres5ce ( a monk1 ev5  
if a novice4    ,! ,buddha's exhortation
 to ! fir/ nun is                       
notewor?y3--#8,:atsoev]1 ,o  ,gotam     
7,mah-prajpat71 conduces to abs5ce (    
passion1 to abs5ce (  pride1 to wi%+ =  
little & n = mu*1 to seclusion & n to   
love ( society1 to e>ne/ ef=t & n to    
indol5ce1 to cont5tm5t  & n to          
qu]ul\sness1 v]ily t is ! true doctr9e' 
7ulla-v ,x4  #e74    ,x 0 c]ta9ly a     
great ga9 = a woman :5 %e 0 p]mitt$ to  
become a nun 7or a ,!r72 =1 z a nun1 %e 
c\ld ev5 atta9  ,arhat%ip4 ,?is is      

cle>ly laid d[n 9 ulla-vagga ,x4 #a4 #c4
 #d4 ,no  woman1 h[ev]1 c\ld atta9 to   
,buddhahood )\t be+ born z a man1  s t x
 c\ld sc>cely be said t 9 ,buddha !re is
 #8nei!r male  nor female4'    ,su*1 !n1
 0 ! mona*ism :i* con/itut$ ! v pi? &   
m>r[  ( ,buddhism4 ,all truly enlight5$ 
disciples ( ,buddha 7 monks or  nuns4   
,let u n =get1 h[ev]1 t 9 practice      
,buddhism admitt$  lay-bro!rs1          
lay-si/]s1 m>ri$ h\sehold]s & work+-m51 
z  necess>y adjuncts4    ,yet !y 7 only 
app5dages4 ,( c\rse ! ,buddha knew v    
well t  x 0 n possible to en=ce celibacy
 on all 8 foll[]s4 ,he knew  t hav+     
prohibit$ 8 monks f mak+ or tak+ money  
or hold+  prop]ty1 !y w\ld h to dep5d on
 lay-associates & h\sehold]s  = food1   
clo?+1 & habitation1 & t1 if e layman 7 
to  become a monk1 !re w\ld be no "w    
done1 no food produc$1 no  *ildr5 born1 
& 9 "t no humanity--nay1 no             
,buddhism--left4    ,univ]sal monkhood1 
9 %ort1 might h be5 a consummation to be
 aim$  at 9 "s ,utopia2 b 0 practically 

unatta9able4 ,9 fact ,gautama _h  to    
take ! _w z he f\nd x1 & ! v idea ( a _w
  p]petuat+ itself--accord+ to 8 own    
!ory ( a con/ant succession  ( bir?1    
decay1 & reproduction--impli$ t a y\?1  
on rea*+  manhood1 m>ri$1 _h *ildr51    
work$ & e>n$ a livelihood = _!  support4
 ,he c\ld n impose ?is burd5 on o!rs4   
,besides1 ! g5]ality ( p 7 9 ,gautama's 
day :at !y are 9  ,india n[-a-days--b5t 
on e>ly m>riage1 & resolute 9 work+ h>d 
= a livelihood4 ,ev5 ,manu only enjo9$  
celibacy on "y religi\s  /ud5ts & on old
 m51 ?\gh !re 7 occasional cases (      
p]petual  7nai%hika7 ,brahma-r9s4       
,)\t d\bt1 celibacy 9 in/ances (        
extraord9>y sanctity has  always comm&$ 
respect 9 ,india2 b 9 no c\ntry ( ! _w  
has  m>ri$ life be5 s univ]sally hon\r$4
 ,x is n v likely1 !n1  t ! foll[+      
s5tim5ts1 enunciat$ by ! ,buddha1 c\ld h
 met  ) g5]al approval3--    #8,a wise  
man %\ld avoid m>ri$ life               
7abrahma-ariyam7 z if x 7 a  burn+ pit (
 live coals' 7,dhammika-,sutta #ba74    

#8,full ( h9drances is m>ri$ life1      
defil$ by passion4 ,h[ c "o :o  dwells  
at home live ! high] life 9 all its     
purity8' 7,tevijja-,sutta  #dg74    ,& 9
 reality ,buddha's anti-matrimonial     
doctr9es did excite  opposition4 ,! p   
murmur$ & said1 #8,he is come to br+    
*ildlessness among u1 & wid[hood1 &     
de/ruction ( family-life4'  ,inde$1 !   
two facts--fir/1 t ! f\ndations (       
,buddhism 7 n  laid 7z ^? ( ,*ri/ianity 
notably are71 on ! hall[$ he>? (  home &
 on ! sacr$ rock ( family-life ) its    
daily r\nd (  hone/ "w2 &--secondly1 t !
 precept enjo9+ monkhood &  ab/95ce f   
m>riage 0 n comb9$ ) any organiz$       
ecclesia/ical hi]>*y "u a c5tral        
gov]nm5t1 are suffici5t to  acc\nt = !  
circum/ance t ,buddhism nev] ga9$ any   
real  /ability 9 ,india4    ,no d\bt    
lay-bre?r5 7 always welcom$2 b !y 7 b\nd
 to  ,buddhism by v sl5d] ties 9 reg>d  
to dogma1 & 7 only expect$  to con=m to 
! simple/ possible code ( morality4     
,probably ! only =m ( admission = a     

layman 0 ! repetition (  ! #bd syllables
 ( ! ?ree-refuge 7tri-araa7 =mula3--#8,i
 g =  refuge to ! ,buddha1 8 ,law & 8   
,ord]' 7p4 #gh74 ,x 0 ( c\rse  und]/ood 
t he 0 to ab/a9 f ! five gross s9s 7p4  
#abf71 b  he 0 already b\nd to d s by ! 
rules ( ,h9d ca/e &  family-religion4 ,!
 *ief te/ ( 8 ,buddhism 0 8 read9ess to 
s]ve ! monks4 ,x 0 = ?is reason1 ,i ?9k1
 t lay-adh]5ts  7 n call$1 z might h be5
 expect$1 rvakas1 #8,he>]s1' b  simply  
,upsakas1 #8,s]v]s1' & 9 ! case ( wom5  
,upsiks4 ,!y  c\ld n be call$ disciples 
( ,buddha 9 ! true/ s5se1 unless  !y    
ent]$ 8 mona/ic ,ord]4    ,( c\rse !    
majority ( ,buddhi/ h\sehold]s nev] c>$ 
to d ?is4  ,_! *ief religion consi/$ 9  
giv+ food & clo?+1 e>n$ by  daily toil1 
to ! monks#db4 ,if !y fail$ 9 ?is1 !re 0
 only "o  puni%m5t4 ,!y 7 =bidd5 !      
privilege ( giv+ at all1 & s  (         
accumulat+ a /ore ( m]it4 ,no monk 0    
all[$ to ask !m = a  s+le ?+4 ,( c\rse1 
too1 ! majority ( ,buddhi/ h\sehold]s 7 
worldly-m9d$2 !y 7 no believ]s 9        

ultra-pessimi/ic views (  life4 ,!y     
look$ = a life 9 "s heav51 n ,nirva4    
,yet 9 !ory  all laym5 might ent] ! pa?s
 ( sanctification 7p4 #acb71 &  ?\s&s ( 
e>ne/ m5 are said to h done s#dc4    ,a 
layman's progress1 h[ev]1 t[>ds         
,arhat%ip1 except ?r\gh monkhood  &     
ab&on+ ! _w1 0 almo/ hopelessly b>r$4   
,at page #bfd (  ! ,mil9da-paha x is    
impli$ t an e>ne/ layman might become an
  ,arhat1 ev5 :ile /ill a layman1 b he  
_h ei!r to ent] monkhood or  else to    
pass away 9 ,p>i-nirva 7p4 #adj7 at !   
mom5t ( becom+ s4    ,! be/ pro( ( !    
tru? ( ?is view ( ! matt] is1 t aft] a  
layman _h atta*$ himself to ! ,buddha1 !
 ,law1 & ! ,ord]1 he  0 n requir$ to    
und]go any initiatory c]emony1 l        
baptism1 or to  receive any /amp (      
memb]%ip1 or to assume a peculi> dress1 
or to  give up all belief 9 8 family    
religion1 or ca/e-cu/oms4 ,9 %ort1  he  
did n z a lay-bro!r break entirely )    
,h9dism4    ,t univ]sal tol]ance 0 ( ! v
 ess5ce ( ,buddhism is  indicat$ by     

,aoka's twelf? edict3--#8,! belov$ ( !  
gods hon\rs all  =ms ( religi\s         
fai?--!re ought to be rev]5ce = "o's own
 fai?  & no revil+ ( t ( o!rs4' ,comp>e 
p4 #abf4    ,nor did ,gautama himself   
ev] set an example ( intol]ance4 ,he    
nev]  rail$ at ! ,brhmans4 ,he treat$ !m
 ) respect1 & taught o!rs  to d s2 & ev5
 adopt$ ! title ,brhmaa = 8 own sa9ts & 
,arhats 7,dhamma-pada #chc-dbc74    ,:at
 he oppos$ 0 prie/craft & sup]/ition1 n 
,brhmanism2 z  inde$ o!r re=m]s _h done 
be=e him4 ,probably ! great  receptivity
 ( ,buddhism 0 "o ( ! causes t l$ to its
 decay 9  ,india4    ,yet ,gautama's    
victory ov] "o ( ! mo/ invet]ate        
prop5sities 9  human nature--! t5d5cy to
 seek salvation ?r\gh a m$iatorial ca/e 
( prie/s--0 a wond]ful a*ievem5t4 ,?is  
is prov$ by ! fact t  8 foll[]s 9 o!r   
c\ntries became re-entangl$ 9 a network 
(  prie/craft1 ev5 m enslav+ ?an t out (
 :i* he _h rescu$  !m4    ,koepp51 ,rhys
 ,davids1 & o!r writ]s h well %[n t !   
,buddhism ( ,tibet1 ) its ,pope-l gr&   

,lmas--its c>d9als &  abbots1 monks &   
m5dicant fri>s1 nuns & novices1 canoniz$
 sa9ts  & angelic ho/s1 temples & co/ly 
%r9es1 mona/]ies &  nunn]ies1 images &  
pictures1 alt>s & relics1 robes &       
mitres1  ros>ies & consecrat$ wat]1     
litanies & *ants1 processions &         
pilgrimages1 confessions & p5ances1     
bell-r++ & inc5se--is 9  ev]y?+1 except 
doctr9e1 almo/ a c\nt]p>t ( ! ,romi%    
sy/em4  ,h[ little c\ld ! ,buddha h     
=ese5 su* a developm5t ( 8  bro!rhood ( 
monks1 ^: *ief duties 7 m$itation &     
it9]ation6    ,& :at is to be said ( !  
pres5t condition ( ! ,buddhi/  monkhood8
 ,d we see any:]e evid5ces ( t          
enlight5m5t ( m9d  :i* ,buddhism claims 
z its *ief *>act]i/ic8    ,:5 ,i 0      
travell+ 9 ,ceylon1 ,i met a few le>n$  
monks1 b !  majority seem$ to me idle1  
ignorant1 & indiff]5t4    ,9 ,burma !   
monks are call$ ,pungs 7,phongies71 &   
are a little m  active4 ,e y\? 9 ,burma 
is suppos$ = a "t to inhabit a  mona/]y4
    ,9 ,tibet ! monks are call$ ,lmas 7a

 l[] title be+ ,gelong7 &  con/itute a  
l>ge proportion ( ! population4 ,!y are 
slaves to  gross sup]/itions4 ,"s are   
m]e devil-*>m]s1 a belief 9 ! p[]  (    
evil spirits be+ ! *ief religion ( ! p4 
,9 ,*9a ! monks are call$ ,ho-%ang 7or  
,ho-sang74 ,!y con/itute !  only section
 ( ! population :o h a "r to be call$   
,buddhi/s1  ?\gh1 aft] all1 !y are m]e  
pseudo-,buddhi/s4 ,pr(essor ,legge      
in=ms me t he has kn[n a few le>n$ m5   
among !m1 & le>n$  works h be5 writt5 by
 !m4 ,b ! g5]al te/imony ( ,europeans  9
 ,*9a is t ! mass ( ! monks !re are     
simply drones1 or  aimless dream]s1 :o g
 ?r\gh _! repetitions by rote4 ,almo/   
all  are conspicu\s = apa?y1 in]tness1 &
 a vacant idiotic expression  (         
c\nt5ance4    ,cle>ly we h 9 _!         
condition an example ( ! fact t ev5     
moral re/ra9t1 if c>ri$ to ! extreme (  
ext+ui%+ all !  natural affections &    
desires1 mu/ inevitably be foll[$ by a  
,nemesis4 ,surely we h 9 ^! monki%      
frat]nities an illu/ration (  ! tru? t  

any transgression ( ! laws ( nature1    
common-s5se1  & reason--any suppression 
( ! prim>y in/9cts ( humanity1 mu/ 9  ! 
end incur ! p5alty atta*$ to e violation
 ( ! et]nal  ord9ances ( ,god4          
,,lecture ,v4                 ,!        
,philosophical ,doctr9es ( ,buddhism4   
,"o ( ! mo/ notewor?y po9ts 9 ! e>ly    
hi/ory ( ,buddhi/ic  ?\ght is t :ile    
,gautama ,buddha d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ,brahm
 z a  p]sonal ,creator1 & repudiat$ !   
,v$a & all ,v$ic sacrifices &  c]emonial
 obs]vances1 he at ! same "t made !     
philosophical  tea*+ ( ! ,brhmans ! po9t
 ( dep>ture = 8 own peculi>             
philosophical tea*+4    ,ano!r notewor?y
 po9t is t :ile ,buddhism 0 und\bt$ly a 
modification ( philosophical ,brhmanism1
 ! latt] 0 also modifi$  by an int]*ange
 ) ,buddhi/ic ideas4    ,x may c]ta9ly  
be que/ion$ :e!r ,gautama himself1 9 !  
e>ly  /ages ( 8 c>e]1 ev] caus$ mu*     
(f5ce to ! mo/ or?odox  ,brhmans by !   
free expression ( 8 op9ions4 ,he did n  
sp>e ei!r  8 criticism or s>casm1 b x is

 well kn[n t ! ,brhmans 7  n only       
tol]ant ( criticism2 !y 7 equally       
critical !mselves1  & delight$ 9        
controv]sial discussions1 z !y d to ?is 
day4    ,9 ! ,tevijja-,sutta an acc\nt  
is giv5 ( a discussion 9 :i*1  ?\gh     
,gautama express$ himself /rongly1 he   
does n seem to h  excit$ any wra? 9 8   
oppon5t--a ,brhman nam$ ,vset?a4    ,!  
argum5t attribut$ to ! ,buddha is s     
rem>kable t a portion (  x may be giv5  
"h3--    #8,!n y say1 ,vset?a1 t n "o ( 
! ,brhmans1 or ( _!  tea*]s1 or ( _!    
pupils1 ev5 up to ! sev5? g5]ation1 has 
ev] se5 ,brahman 7! ,god ( ! ,brhmans7  
face to face4 ,& t ev5  ! i%is ( old1 ! 
utt]]s ( ! anci5t v]ses1 :i* !  ,brhmans
 ( to-day s c>efully intone & recite    
precisely z !y h  be5 h&$ d[n--ev5 !y   
did n pret5d to "k or to h se5 :]e  or  
:5ce or :i!r ,brahman is4 ,s t !        
,brhmans v]s$ 9 !  ?ree ,v$as h =soo?   
said ?us3 8,to a /ate ( union ) t  :i*  
we "k n & h n se51 we c %[ ! way & c    
say3  #8,?is is ! /raight pa?1 ?is is ! 

direct way :i* leads him :o  acts       
accord+ to x1 into a /ate ( union )     
,brahman#dd4'0    #8,n[ :at ?9k y1      
,vset?a8 ,does x n foll[1 ?is be+ s1 t  
! talk ( ! ,brhmans1 v]s$ ?\gh !y be 9 !
 ?ree ,v$as1 is  fooli% talk8           
#8,v]ily1 ,vset?a1 t ,brhmans v]s$ 9 !  
?ree ,v$as %\ld be  able to %[ ! way to 
a /ate ( union ) t :i* !y d n  "k1 nei!r
 h se5--su* a condition ( ?+s has no    
exi/5ce4    #8,z :5 a /r+ ( bl9d m5 are 
cl++ "o to ! o!r1 nei!r  c ! =emo/ see1 
nor c ! middle "o see1 nor c ! h9dmo/   
see1 j s is ! talk ( ! ,brhmans v]s$ 9 !
 ?ree ,v$as#dd4'    ,^! no d\bt 7       
tr5*ant words1 b x might easily be %[n t
  ! ,brhmans !mselves did n scruple to  
use almo/ z /rong language  aga9/ _! own
 revelation4 ,= in/ance1 ! hndogya      
,upani%ad 7p4  #dgc7 speaks ( ! ,v$a z  
#8m]e "n' 7nma eva74 ,! ,bihadrayaka    
,upani%ad decl>es t :5 a man is 9 a     
condition ( k1 #8!  gods are no gods to 
him1 & ! ,v$a no ,v$a2' & ! ,muaka      
describes ! sacrificial ,v$a z inf]ior  

to ,brahma-vidy4    ,& 9 tru? e ,h9d 0  
all[$ to *oose "o ( ?ree ways (  secur+ 
8 own salvation4    ,! fir/ 0 #8! way ( 
works' 7,k>ma-mrga71 t is to say1 (     
sacrifices 7,yaja71 ( c]emonial rites1 (
 lu/ral wa%+s1 p5ances  & pilgrimages1 z
 enjo9$ 9 ! ,mantra & ,brhmaa portion ( 
!  ,v$a1 9 ,manu1 ! ,law-books & p>ts ( 
! ,purz4    ,! second 0 #8! way ( fai?' 
7bhakti71 mean+ by t t]m  devotion to "o
 or o!r ( c]ta9 commonly wor%ipp$       
p]sonal  deities1--a way lead+ 9 lat]   
times to ! wor%ip ( iva & ,vi%u         
7unfold$ 9 ! ,purz71 & involv+ m]ely    
he>t-devotion1 )\t  sacrificial or      
c]emonial acts4    ,! ?ird 0 #8! way (  
k' 7,jna71 z set =? 9 !  ,upani%ads4    
,! m$ival ,brhman ,kumrila--a really    
hi/orical tea*]--advocat$ !  fir/ way2  
ano!r tea*] ( less note1 ilya1 advocat$ 
! second2  ano!r celebrat$ hi/orical    
tea*]1 ak>a1 advocat$ ! ?ird4    ,ev5 9 
,gautama's "t any "o ( ^! ways or all   
?ree toge!r might  be *os51 s long z !  
au?ority ( ! ,brhmans 0 n impugn$4      

,?is1 at lea/1 is ! g5]al tea*+ ( !     
,bhagavad-gt--an eclectic  "w :i* is !  
mo/ popul> expon5t ( ! ,h9d cre$#de4    
,yet ev5 ! ,au?or ( ! ,bhagavad-gt _h a 
pref]5ce = ! way (  k4 ,9 "o passage    
7,,ii4 #db7 he describes ! ,v$a z #8m]e 
fl[]y doctr9e' 7pu%pit v71 & is c>eful  
to po9t out t works  mu/ be p]=m$ z acts
 ( devotion lead+ to absorption into !  
,supreme 7,brahma-nirvam74    ,inde$ !re
 c be no d\bt t x 0 g5]ally held by !   
,brhmans  ( ,buddha's "t t ! way ( k 0 !
 highe/ way4 ,b ?is  way 0 n op5 to all4
 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! privileg$ few--= !  m  
intellectual & philosophically-m9d$     
,brhmans4 ,! g5]ality (  m5 _h to cont5t
 !mselves ) ! fir/ & second ways4       
,:at ! ,buddha !n did 0 ?is3--,fir/ he  
/ret*$ out ! "r h&  ( bro!rhood to all  
mank9d by invit+ all )\t exception to   
jo9  8 frat]nity ( celibate monks1 :i*  
he wi%$ to be co-ext5sive  ) ! _w       
itself4 ,!n he aboli%$ ! fir/ & second  
ways (  salvation 7p4 #ie71 t is1 ,yaja1
 #8sacrifices1' & ,bhakti1 #8devotion   

to p]sonal gods1' & sub/itut$ = ^!      
m$itation & moral  conduct z ! only road
 to true k & emancipation4 ,& !n1       
la/ly1 he ?rew op5 ?is highe/ way ( true
 k to all :o  wi%$ to ent] x1 ( :atev]  
rank or ca/e or m5tal calibre !y  might 
be1 n except+ ! mo/ degrad$4    ,)\t    
d\bt ! di/+ui%+ feature 9 ! ,buddha's   
gospel 0 t  no liv+ be+1 n ev5 ! l[e/1 0
 to be %ut out f true  enlight5m5t4     
,& "h x w be necess>y to inquire m      
closely into ! nature (  t k :i* !      
,buddha ?us made accessible to e        
creature  9 ! univ]se4    ,0 x "s deep  
my/]y8 ,"s occult doctr9e ( physical or 
metaphysical sci5ce8 ,"s />tl+          
revelation ( a law ( nature nev]  be=e  
imp>t$ to ! _w8 ,0 ! ,buddha's op5 way v
 diff]5t  f ! old1 well-f5c$-(f         
,brhmanical way8    ,( "o po9t we may be
 c]ta94 ,he 0 too s5sible to ca/ aside  
all  anci5t traditions4 ,nor 0 he a m]e 
en?usia/ claim+ to be ! sole  possessor 
( a new secret = reg5]at+ society4      
,unhappily1 h[ev]1 we are "h met by a   

difficulty4 ,! ,buddha nev]1  l         
,muhammad1 wrote a book1 or1 s f> z we  
"k1 a l9e4 ,he 0 !  ,socrates ( ,india1 
& we are oblig$ to tru/ to ! record ( 8 
say+s 7see p4 #ch74 ,/ill we h no reason
 to d\bt ! g5u95ess (  :at 0 = "s "t h&$
 d[n orally 9 reg>d to ! doctr9es he    
taught1 & we are /ruck ) ! fact t       
,gautama call$ 8 own  k ,bodhi 7f budh1 
#8to und]/&'71 & n ,v$a 7f  vid1 #8to   
"k'74 ,probably by do+ s he wi%$ to     
imply t 8 own  k 0 atta9able by all     
?r\gh _! own intuitions1 inn]           
consci\sness1 & self-enlight5+          
intellect1 & 0 to be  di/+ui%$ f ,v$a or
 k obta9able ?r\gh ! ,brhmans  alone1 & 
by !m ?r\gh sup]natural revelation only4
 ,h5ce1 too1 he  gave to e be+ de/9$ to 
become a ,buddha ! title ,bodhi-sattva  
7,bodhi-satta71 #8"o hav+ k d]iv$ f     
self-enlight5+  intellect = 8 ess5ce4'  
,b x %\ld be not$1 t ev5 9 ! *oice ( a  
"n d]iv$ f  ! ,sanskrit root budh1 !    
,buddha only adopt$ ! phraseology ( !   
,skhya philosophy & ( ! ,brhmaz4 ,!     

,skhya sy/em made ,buddhi1              
#8intellect1' its great pr9ciple        
7,mahat71 & ! atapa?a-brhmaa  call$ a   
man :o _h atta9$ to p]fect k ( ,self    
prati-buddha#df4 ,x may be po9t$ out1   
too1 t ,manu 7,,iv4 #bjd7 uses  ! same  
root :5 he calls 8 wise man ,budha4     
,moreov]1 ! doctr9es :i* grew out ( 8   
own special k  ,gautama /ill call$      
,dh>ma 7,dhamma71 #8law1' us+ ! v same  
t]m  employ$ by ! ,brhmans--a t]m       
expressive ( law 9 its mo/  compreh5sive
 s5se1 z compris+ "u x ! physical laws (
 !  ,univ]se1 z well z moral & social   
duties4    ,9 :at1 !n1 did ! ,buddha's  
,dh>ma diff] f t ( ! ,brhmans8  ,"o     
great di/9ction c]ta9ly 0 t x conta9$ no
 esot]ic  7rahasya7 & metaphysical      
doctr9es 9 reg>d to matt] & _s1  res]v$ 
= ! privileg$ few2 yet "s ( its         
root-ideas 7 aft]  all m]e modifications
 ( ! ,skhya1 ,yoga1 & ,v$nta sy/ems (   
philosophy4 ,8 way ( k1 ?\gh x develop$ 
into _m pa?s1  _h ! same po9t (         
dep>ture4 ,x 0 a k ( ! tru?1 t  all life

 0 m]ely "o l9k 9 a s]ies ( successive  
exi/5ces1 &  insep>ably b\nd up ) mis]y4
 ,moreov] z !re 7 two causes (  t       
mis]y--lu/ & ignorance--s !re 7 two     
cures4    ,! fir/ cure 0 ! suppression (
 lu/ & desire1 especially (  all desire 
= cont9uity ( exi/5ce4    ,! second cure
 0 ! removal ( ignorance4 ,inde$        
,ignorance 01  accord+ to ,gautama1 !   
fir/ factor 9 ! mis]y ( life1 & /&s     
fir/ 9 8 *a9 ( causation 7p4 #ajb74 ,n1 
h[ev]1 ! ,v$nti/'s  ignorance--n        
ignorance ( ! fact t man & ! univ]se are
  id5tical ) ,god1 b ignorance ( ! f\r  
tru?s ( ,buddhism 7p4  #dc73--;ignorance
 t all life is mis]y1 & t ! mis]y ( life
 is  caus$ by indulg+ lu/s1 & w cease by
 suppress+ !m4    ,x w\ld be easy to %[ 
h[ all ,indian philosophy 0 a m]e s*eme 
=  gett+ rid ( ! bugbe> ( metempsy*osis1
 & h[ common 0 !  doctr9e t ev]y?+ is = 
! wor/ 9 ! wor/ ( all possible  worlds4 
,?is 0 taught by ! ,brhmans five        
c5turies ,b4,c41 &  cont9u$ to be a     
?or\ghly ,h9d idea long aft] !          

disappe>ance (  ,buddhism4 ,witness !   
foll[+ f ! ,maitryai ,upani%ad3--       
,9 ?is weak body1 ev] liable    ,to     
wra?1 ambition1 av>ice1 illusion1    ,to
 fe>1 grief1 envy1 hatr$1 sep>ation     
,f ^? we hold mo/ de>1 association    ,)
 ^? we hate2 cont9ually expos$    ,to   
hung]1 ?ir/1 disease1 decrepitude1      
,emaciation1 gr[?1 decl9e & dea?1       
,:at reli% c !re be = true enjoym5t8    
,also ! foll[+1 f ,manu 7,,vi4 #gg73--  
,?is body1 l a h\se compos$ ( ! 7five7  
elem5ts1 ) bones    = its raft]s1 t5dons
 = its connect+ l9ks1 fle% & blood =    
its mort>1 sk9 = its cov]+2 ?is h\se    
fill$ ) impurities1    infe/$ by sorr[ &
 old age1 ! seat ( disease1 full ( pa9 &
    passion1 & n la/+--a man ought      
c]ta9ly to ab&on4    ,also ,bh>ti-h>i   
7,vairgya-ataka ,,iii4 #cb4 #ej73--     
,enjoym5ts are alloy$ by fe> ( sickness1
    ,high rank may h a fall1 abundant   
weal?    ,is subject to exactions1      
dignity    ,enc\nt]s risk ( insult1     
/r5g? is ev]    ,9 dang] ( enfeeblem5t  

by foes1    ,a h&some =m is jeop>d$ by  
wom51    ,scripture is op5 to assaults (
 critics1    ,m]it incurs ! spite (     
wick$ m51    ,! body lives 9 con/ant    
dread ( dea?--    ,"o c\rse alone is    
pro( aga9/ al>m1    ,r5\nce ! _w1 &     
safety may be won4      ,"o hundr$      
ye>s#dg is ! appo9t$ span    ,( human   
life1 "o half ( ?is goes by    ,9 sleep 
& night2 "o half ! o!r half    ,9       
*ildhood & old age2 ! re/ is pass$    ,9
 sickness1 sep>ation1 pa91 & s]vice--   
,h[ c a human be+ f9d delight    ,9 su* 
a life1 va9 z a wat]y bubble8    ,no    
d\bt ?is k9d ( pessimism has always f\nd
 advocates 9 all ages1  & among all     
nations 9 ,europe z well z 9 ,asia4 ,x 0
 a fav\rite  idea ) ! ,/oics1 & x has   
f\nd fav\r ) ,s*op5hau]1 ,von  ,h>tmann1
 & o!r mod]n philosoph]s2 & ,%akespe>e  
makes ,hamlet  give expression to x4    
,happily ! g5]al tone ( ,european       
philosophical ?\ght is 9 ano!r  key1 & !
 admir]s ( ,ari/otle /ill con/itute a   
majority 9  ,europe4 ,! great ,/agirite 

describ$ ,god z #8,en]gy1' & 9 deal+  ) 
,solon's dictum t #8no man c be call$   
happy :ile he lives1'  gave expression  
to a diff]5t belief4 ,a good man's      
virtu\s en]gies1  he ass]t$1 are 9 ?is  
pres5t life a g5u9e s\rce ( happ9ess to 
him2 mis=tunes _c %ake 8 well-balanc$   
"*2 he surm\nts  ! wor/ suff]+s by g5]\s
 magnanimity#dh4    ,ev5 9 ! ,ea/ a     
great] ?an ,ari/otle & no less an       
,au?ority ?an  ! true #8,light ( !      
_w'--bade m5 rejoice & leap = joy "u  ! 
mo/ try+ circum/ances ( life1 & prize ,8
 gift ( ,et]nal  ,life z _! highe/ good4
    ,9 ,india1 on ! contr>y1 !          
,upani%ads & sy/ems ( philosophy  :i*   
foll[$ on !m1 all h>p$ on ! same /r+4   
,!y all dwelt on  ! same m9or key-note4 
,_! real object 0 n to inve/igate tru?1 
b to devise a s*eme = remov+ ! mis]y    
believ$ to result f  repeat$ bodily     
exi/5ce & f all action1 good or bad1 9 !
  pres5t1 previ\s1 & future bir?s4    ,!
 ,skhya 7,i4 #a7 def9es ! *ief aim ( man
 to be deliv]ance f  ! pa9 incid5t to   

bodily life & en]gy2 or accord+ to !    
,nyya  7,i4 #b71 f ! pa9 result+ f bir?1
 actions1 & false  k2 :ile ! ,v$nta     
consid]s t ignorance alone fett]s !  s\l
 ( man to a body1 & ! ,yoga def9es !    
div9e ,puru%a 7 !  p]fect man (         
,buddhism7 z a be+ unaffect$ by pa9     
7klea71 acts1  consequ5ces ( acts1 &    
impressions d]iv$ f acts done 9 previ\s 
bir?s 7aya  sakra74    ,gautama's       
sympa?y ) ^! ideas is %[n by !          
twelve-l9k$ *a9  ( causation1 put =? by 
him z an accompanim5t to 8 f\r          
fundam5tal tru?s 7p4 #dc71 & ?us        
express$ 7,mah-vagga ,i4 #a4 #b73--     
,f ,ignorance comes ! comb9ation (      
=mations or t5d5cies  7in/9cts d]iv$ f  
=m] bir?s#di72 f su* =mations comes     
consci\sness 7vijna72 f consci\sness1   
individual be+  7nma-rpa1 "n & =m72 f   
individual be+1 ! six organs (  s5se    
7includ+ m9d72 f ! six organs1 contact  
7) objects (  s5se72 f contact1 s5sation
 7v$an72 f s5sation1 desire 7lu/1  ?ir/1
 tah  ti%72 f desire1 cl++ to life      

7updna72 f  cl++ to life1 cont9uity (   
becom+ 7bhava72 f cont9uity (  becom+1  
bir?2 f bir?1 decay & dea?2 f decay &   
dea?1  suff]+4    ,x is difficult to    
discov] a /rictly logical sequ5ce 9 ?is 
curi\s  twelve-l9k$ *a94 ,! fir/ l9k is 
a cause1 ! t5 foll[+ are  bo? causes &  
effects1 :ile ! la/ is an effect only4  
,! second  7sakhr7 is pres5t$ to u      
aft]w>ds z "o ( ! ,sk&has 7p4  #aji71 & 
we h ! :ole inv]t$ 9 a k9d ( circul> *a9
 9 !  =m ( "q & answ]1 ?us3--    ,:at is
 ! cause ( mis]y & suff]+8 ,answ]--,old 
age & dea?4  ,:at is ! cause ( old age &
 dea?8 ,answ]--,bir?4 ,( bir?8          
,answ]--,cont9uity ( becom+4 ,(         
cont9uity ( becom+8  ,answ]--,cl++ to   
life4 ,( cl++ to life8 ,answ]--,desire4 
,(  desire8 ,answ]--,s5sation or        
p]ception4 ,( s5sation8 ,answ]--,contact
  ) ! objects ( s5se4 ,( contact )      
objects8 ,answ]--,! organs  ( s5se4 ,( !
 organs8 ,answ]--,"n & =m1 or individual
 be+4 ,(  individual be+8               
,answ]--,consci\sness 7via  vijna74 ,(  

consci\sness8 ,answ]--,comb9ation (     
=mations or t5d5cies 7or  ^? mat]ial &  
m5tal pr$ispositions d]iv$ f previ\s    
bir?s  :i* t5d to =m "*1 comp>e p4      
#aji74 ,( su* =mations8                 
,answ]--,ignorance4    ,9 mak+          
,ignorance 7,avidy7 ! fir/ cause ( !    
mis]y ( life1  ,gautama agre$ ) ! ,v$nta
 7?\gh he expla9$ ,ignorance  diff]5tly1
 see p4 #ii71 :ile 9 ! rema9+ *a9 (     
causes 7,nidna7  we detect 8 sympa?y ) !
 ,skhya !ory ( a *a9 ( produc]s  &      
products4    ,8 own s*eme ( causation   
7(t5 call$ ,paia-samuppd7 occupies an   
important place 9 ,buddhi/ic philosophy1
 z supplem5t>y to1 &  complem5t>y (1 !  
f\r tru?s 7p4 #dc74 ,x 0 ?\ght out be=e 
!m 7see p4 #ci7 & is equally rev]$4     
,x is on ?is acc\nt t ! foll[+ celebrat$
 =mula is  con/antly repeat$ l a %ort   
cre$1 & is f\nd c>v$ on num]\s  ,buddhi/
 monum5ts3--    #8,conditions 7or laws7 
( exi/5ce :i* proce$ f a cause1 ! cause 
( ^! ha? ! ,buddha expla9$1 z also !    
cessation 7or  de/ruction7 ( ^!4 ,( su* 

tru?s is ! ,great ramaa !  tea*]#ej4'   
,?is 0 ! =mula repeat$ by ,assaji to    
,sriputta & ,moggallna 7p4  #dg71 :5 !y 
wi%$ to jo9 ! ,buddha & ask$ = a summ>y 
( !  _s 7ar?a71 n ! lett] 7vyajana71 ( 8
 doctr9e 7,mah-v ,i4  #bc4 #e74 ,c]ta9ly
 ! sorites-l =m ( /atem5t 9 ! s*eme (   
causation _h *>ms = ,ori5tal ?9k]s4     
,moreov] ! ,buddha's me?od ( clo?+ old  
tru?s 9 a new dress1  or--to adopt ano!r
 metaphor--8 plan ( putt+ new w9e into  
old  bottles1 _h 9 x some?+ v attractive
 to all ,indian m9ds4    ,( :at k9d1 !n1
 0 ! new dress 9 :i* ,gautama clo!d !   
great  c5tral doctr9e ( ,indian         
philosophy--! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1  
involv+ ! p]petuation ( ! mis]y ( life8 
,! ,buddha1 l all ,indians1 0 by nature 
a metaphysician4 ,he _h  great sympa?y )
 ! philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,h[ 0 x t 
he  disbeliev$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,_s z      
di/9ct f bodily organism8  ,a little    
consid]ation w p]haps make cle> h[ he 0 
br\ght to 8  own peculi> agno/ic view4  
,probably be=e 8 s-call$ enlight5m5t &  

atta9m5t ( true  k1 he 0 z firm a       
believ] 9 ! real exi/5ce ( "o  ,univ]sal
 ,_s z ! mo/ or?odox ,brhman4 ,he _h    
become imbu$ )  ,brhmanical philosophy  
:ile sitt+ at ! feet ( 8 two tea*]s  ra 
& ,uddaka 7p4 #bi74 ,at t "t !re 7 no   
def9ite or  =mulat$ philosophical       
sy/ems1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by %>p  l9es4 
,b ! ,skhya1 ,yoga1 & ,v$nta sy/ems 7   
assum+ %ape1  & ! doctr9es !y embodi$ _h
 be5 =e%ad[$ 9 ! ,upani%ads1  & 7 orally
 curr5t4    ,9 %ort1 x _h be5 repeat$ly 
/at$ 9 ! ,upani%ads1 t no?+  really     
exi/$ b ! "o univ]sally pres5t imp]sonal
 ,_s1 &  t ! :ole visible _w 0 really to
 be id5tifi$ ) t  ,_s4    ,!n x foll[$ z
 an article ( fai? t man's _s1 delud$   
into  a tempor>y false idea ( sep>ate   
indep5d5t p]sonal exi/5ce by !  illusion
 ( ignorance1 0 also id5tical ) t ,"o   
,_s1 &  ultimately to be re-absorb$ into
 x4    ,fur!r1 x foll[$ t man's _s1 :ile
 s delud$ & s  sep>at$ = a "t f ! ,"o   
,_s1 0 compell$ to migrate  ?r\gh       
innum]able bodily =ms1 & t su* migration

 entail$  mis]y1 f :i* !re 0 no escape  
except by a process (  disillusionm5t1 t
 is1 by dissipat+ ! illusion ( sep>ate  
individuality1 ?r\gh ! acquisition (    
p]fect k lead+ to  re-union ) ! ,"o ,_s1
 z ! riv] bl5ds ) ! ocean4 ,&  su* k 0  
be/ ga9$ by suppression ( ! passions1   
ab&onm5t ( all worldly connexions1 &    
ab/95ce f all action4  ,f9ally1 x 0     
held1 ) app>5t inconsi/5cy1 t ! /or+ up 
( m]it by good works assi/$ 9 effect+   
?is object by rais+ a  man1 n yet fit = 
union ) ! supreme ,_s1 to =ms (  exi/5ce
 9 :i* su* union might be accompli%$4   
,n[ x is obvi\s t to believe 9 !        
ultimate m]g+ ( man's  p]sonal _s 9 ,"o 
imp]sonal ,_s1 is virtually to d5y !    
ultimate exi/5ce ( any human _s at all4 
,nay m--x is virtually  to d5y ! exi/5ce
 ( a supreme univ]sal ,_s also4    ,= h[
 c a m]ely ab/ract univ]sal ,_s1 :i* is 
unconsci\s (  p]sonality1 be reg>d$ z   
possess+ any real exi/5ce wor? be+      
call$ true life8    ,to ass]t t su* a   
,_s is pure ab/ract ,entity or 7accord+ 

to  ,v$nta phraseology7 pure ,exi/5ce   
7)\t any?+ to exi/ =71  pure ,?\ght or  
ev5 pure ,consci\sness 7)\t any?+ to ?9k
  ab\t1 or be consci\s ab\t71 pure ,joy 
7)\t any?+ to rejoice  ab\t71 is        
practically to r$uce x to pure          
non-entity4    ,all t ,gautama did1     
!re=e1 0 to purge ,brhmanism ( a dogma  
:i* appe>$ to him to be a m]e %am       
7,brahma-jla ,i4 #bf74    ,he simply    
elim9at$ z incapable ( pro( ! doctr9e ( 
a purely  ab/ract1 incorporeal _s or    
self1 :e!r human or div9e4 ,!  ass]tion 
t any s\l or self or ,ego really exi/$  
7,atta-vd7 0 an  error4 ,x =m$ "o ( !   
con/itu5ts ( ,updna 7p4 #aji71 & 0  !   
fir/ ( ! t5 fett]s 7,sakkya-dihi1 p4    
#abg74    ,& ) ! rejection ( ?is dogma1 
z incapable ( demon/ration1 he  f\nd    
himself compell$ to reject also1 z      
beyond ! range ( man's  cognizance1 !   
doctr9e ( any ,supreme ,be+ high] ?an ! 
p]fectly  enlight5$ man4 ,l ,kapila 9 ! 
,skhya aphorisms 7,i4 #ib1 ,v4 #aj7 he  
felt b\nd to admit3 #8,x is n prov$ t   

!re is a ,god4'    ,?is1 inde$1 is !    
*ief f\ndation on :i* re/s ! ass]tion t 
,buddhism is a m]e sy/em ( a!i/ic       
negations4 ,& !re c be no  d\bt t f "o  
po9t ( view its /atem5ts are /eep$ 9    
negations1 or r p]haps 9 evasions4 ,its 
morality has be5  describ$ z m negative 
?an positive2 b ?is is sc>cely correct1 
& x w\ld be fair] to say t x delights 9 
tell+ m5 to ab/a9  f do+ evil1 r ?an 9  
urg+ !m to active ex]tions = !  good (  
o!rs4 ,x has _m positive precepts4    ,b
 if !re 0 no probability ( a s\l exi/+  
sep>ately f a  body aft] dea?1 h[ c\ld  
!re be any s\l-transmigration8 ,h[ c\ld 
!re be any agreem5t betwe5 ! tea*+ ( !  
,buddha & t (  ! ,brhmans1 9 reg>d to   
?is important c5tral dogma8 ,! real fact
  0 t ! div]g5ce ( ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e f 
! ,brhmanical1  z /at$ 9 ! ,upani%ads1 0
 n great] ?an 0 to be expect$  f !      
diff]5ce ( belief betwe5 ! two sy/ems 9 
reg>d to !  exi/5ce ( s\l4    ,plato1 we
 "k1 held t s\ls #8f\nd _! prisons 9 !  
same  natures' at dea?1 s t an effem9ate

 man might be re-born z a  woman1 a     
tyrannical man z a wolf1 & s on4 ,9     
,manu's ,law-book is set  =? a triple   
ord] ( s\l-transmigration ?r\gh l[]1    
middle1 &  high] planes ( exi/5ce1      
result+ f good1 middl+1 & bad acts1     
words1 & ?\ghts4 ,?us--to in/ance only !
 l[]--! s\l ( a man  :o spoke ill ( 8   
tea*] 0 de/9$ to pass into an ass or a  
dog  7,,ii4 #bja71 ! s\l ( a ?ief might 
occupy a m\se 7,,xii4 #fb71 ! s\l  ( "o 
:o neglect$ 8 ca/e-duties might pass    
into a demon 7,,xii4 #ga1  #gb72 &      
great] crimes might lead to ! s\l's be+ 
condemn$ to  occupy plants1 /ones1 &    
m9]als4 ,!n !re 0 also an int]m$iate    
condition ( ! s\l4 ,accord+ to "o idea x
 w5t to ! moon2  accord+ to ano!r x     
became a hungry gho/ :i* requir$ food to
 be  (f]$ to x at ! rddha c]emonies4    
,?is !ory ( transmigration1 accord+ to !
 ,h9ds1 expla9$ !  orig9 ( evil4 ,evil  
mu/ proce$ f antec$5t evil1 & !  result+
 p5alty mu/ be borne by ! evil-do] 9    
succe$+  exi/5ces4 ,?is 0 ! t]rible     

incubus :i* x 0 ! great object  (       
,indian philosoph]s to remove4 ,x 0     
equally ,gautama's object1 b  h[ c\ld he
 accept s\l-transmigration1 d5y+ z he   
did ! exi/5ce  ( any _s1 z di/9ct f     
mat]ial organization8 ,he !re=e put  =? 
a view ( 8 own1 ?us3--,e be+ is compos$ 
( five  con/itu5t elem5ts call$ ,sk&has 
7,pli ,kh&ha71 :i* h _!  s\rce 9 ,updna 
7p4 #ajc7 & are cont9ually comb9+1      
dissolv+1  & recomb9+1 viz4 #a4 ,=m     
7rpa71 i4 e4 ! organiz$ body4 #b4       
,s5sation 7v$an7 ( pa9 or pleasure1 or (
 nei!r1 aris+ f  contact ( eye1 e>1     
nose1 tongue1 sk91 & m9d ) ext]nal      
objects4  #c4 ,p]ception 7saa  saj7 (   
ideas ?r\gh ! same sixfold  contact4 #d4
 ,aggregate ( =mations 7sakhra  saskra1 
i4e4  comb9ation ( prop]ties or         
faculties or m5tal t5d5cies1 fifty-two  
9 numb]1 =m+ individual "* & d]iv$ f    
previ\s  exi/5ces2 comp>e ! simil> sakhr
 pl4 at p4 #ajb74 #e4  ,consci\sness    
7via  vijna7 or ?\ght#ea4 ,?is fif? is !
  mo/ important4 ,x is ! only s\l       

recogniz$ by ,buddhi/s4  ,!oretically x 
p]i%es ) ! o!r ,sk&has1 b practically is
  cont9u$1 s9ce its exact c\nt]p>t is   
reproduc$ 9 a new body4    ,= al?\gh1 :5
 a man dies1 all ! five con/itu5ts (    
exi/5ce  are dissolv$1 yet by ! =ce     
result+ f 8 actions 7k>ma71  comb9$ )   
,updna1 #8cl++ to exi/5ce' 7"o =m ( !   
fett]s at p4 #abg71 a new set ( five1 ( 
:i* consci\sness is /ill  ! dom9ant     
faculty1 />ts into be+4 ,! process ( !  
new creation  is s in/antane\s t x is   
equival5t to ! cont9uance ( ! same      
p]sonality1 p]vad$ by ! same            
consci\sness2 ?\gh ea* p]sonality  is   
only really connect$ ) ! previ\s by !   
=ce ( acts done &  "* =m$ 9 ea*--su* =ce
 op]at+ ?r\gh ,updna4 ,9 %ort1  to speak
 ( transmigration ( s\ls 9 ,buddhism    
gives a wrong idea4  ,metempsy*osis )   
,buddhi/s resolves itself into cont9u\s 
metamorphosis or ,pal+5esis4 ,= no true 
,buddhi/ believes 9 !  pass+ ( a s\l f  
"o body to ano!r1 b r 9 ! pass+ on  (   
:at may be call$ act-=ce1 or ( ! m]it & 

dem]it result+  f a man's acts1 s z to  
cause a cont9u\s succession (           
trans=mations--a succession :i* may be  
comp>$ to ! roll+ on (  a :eel ?r\gh    
diff]5t sc5es & ov] e v>iety ( gr\nd2 or
 to  ! burn+ on1 ?r\gh day & night1 ( a 
flame :i* is n ! same  flame at ! beg9n+
 ( ! day & end ( ! night1 & yet is n    
diff]5t4 ,x is ?is act-=ce 7,k>ma71     
comb9$ ) ,updna1  #8cl++ to exi/5ce'    
7abhi-nivea 9 ! ,yoga ,,ii4 #i71 :i* is 
!  connect+ l9k betwe5 ea* man's pa/1   
pres5t1 & future bodies4    ,9 its      
subtle & irresi/ible op]ation x may be  
comp>$ to /or$-up  *emical or electric  
en]gy4 ,x is a =ce :i* cont9ually       
creates &  re-creates ! :ole man1 &     
p]petuates 8 p]sonal id5tity ?r\gh      
sep>ate =ms1 :e!r x compels him to asc5d
 or desc5d 9 ! scale  ( be+4    ,yet to 
say t p]sonality is transmitt$1 :5 !re  
is no  consci\sness ( any cont9uity (   
id5tity1 am\nts1 aft] all1 to  d5ial (  
cont9u\s exi/5ce4    ,be x obs]v$1 too1 
t ! scale ( exi/5ce is limit$ 9         

,buddhism  to six classes ( be+s--gods1 
m51 demons1 animals1 gho/s1 &  dwell]s 9
 hell 7p4 #aba74 ,transmigration is n   
ext5d$1 z 9 !  ,brhmanical sy/em1 to    
plants1 /ocks1 & /ones2 ?\gh a man c\ld 
be  born z a tree-god 7p4 #aab74        
,gautama ,buddha himself 0 m]ely ! la/  
l9k 9 a long *a9 (  corporeal =ms1 & he 
_h be5 prec$$ by tw5ty-f\r ,buddhas1 :o 
7 to previ\s ages ( ! _w :at he 0 to !  
pres5t4 ,e "o  ( ^! ,buddhas 0 gift$ ) !
 faculty ( recollect+ 8  previ\s        
p]sonalities1 & ,gautama (t5 gave an    
acc\nt ( 8 own  =m] exi/5ces4 ,! /ories 
( ab\t five hundr$ & fifty ( 8  bir?s   
7,jtakas7 are ev5 n[ daily repeat$ to   
eag] li/5]s 9 e  ,buddhi/ c\ntry1 & are 
believ$ to convey important lessons1    
?\gh  full ( pu]ilities4    ,! int]*ange
 ( ideas betwe5 ,brhmanism & ,buddhism  
is well  exemplifi$ n only by !         
tw5ty-five ,buddhas1 :o correspond to ! 
f\rte5 ,manus1 or repres5tative m51 9   
ea* _w-p]iod 7,ant>a71  b also by !     
bir?-/ories1 _m ( :i* are m]e           

modifications (  old fables long curr5t 
9 ,india1 :ile o!rs h be5 import$ f     
,buddhism into ,sanskx lit]ature4 ,!y   
con/antly rem9d "o ( simil>  /ories 9 ! 
,paa-tantra1 ,hitopadea1 ,rmyaa1 &      
,mah-bhrata4 ,!  notewor?y po9t ab\t !  
repeat$ bir?s ( ,gautama ,buddha is1 t  
!re appe>s to h be5 no ,d>w9ian rise f  
l[] to high] =ms2  b a m]e jumble (     
metamorphoses4 ,?us we f9d him born f\r 
times z  ,mah-brahm1 tw5ty times z      
,indra1 once z a h>e1 eighty-?ree times 
z an ascetic1 fifty-eight z a k+1       
tw5ty-f\r z a ,brhman1 once z  a game/]1
 eighte5 times z a monkey1 six z an     
elephant1 elev5 z a  de]1 once z a dog1 
f\r times z a s]p5t1 six z a snipe1 once
 z a  frog1 twice z a fi%1 =ty-?ree     
times z a tree-god1 twice z a pig1  t5  
times z a lion1 f\r z a cock1 twice z a 
?ief1 once z a  devil-danc]1 & s on4 ,he
 0 nev] born z a woman1 nor z an insect1
  nor z a ,preta1 nor an inhabitant (   
hell 7p4 #aai71 & 9 all 8  bir?s he 0 a 
,bodhi-sattva 7pp4 #ih1 #ace74 ,& 9 all 

he suff]$ &  sacrific$ himself = ! good 
( ! _w4    ,"h is ! sub/ance ( an acc\nt
 ( ,gautama's bir? z a h>e1 giv5  by    
himself 7ariy-,piaka ,i4 #aj1 translat$ 
by ,dr4 ,old5b]g73--    #8,9 "o ( my    
lives ,i 0 a h>e liv+ 9 a =e/4 ,i ate   
grass & did  no "o any h>m4 ,an ape1 a  
jackal1 & an ott] dwelt ) me4 ,i us$ to 
tea* !m _! duties & tell !m to ab/a9 f  
evil & give alms  on ! f\r fa/-days 9 e 
mon?4 ,!y did z ,i told !m1 & gave      
beans1 corn1 & rice4 ,!n ,i said to     
myself3--,suppose a wor?y object (      
*>ity passes by1 :at c ,i give him8 ,i  
live on grass only2 ,i _c  (f] a />v+   
man grass2 ,i mu/ give him myself4      
,!reupon ! god  akra1 wi%+ to te/ my    
s9c]ity1 came 9 a ,brhman's =m & ask$   
me = food4 ,:5 ,i saw him ,i said       
joyfully3--8,a noble gift w ,i give  !e1
 ,o ,brhman2 ?\ obs]ve/ ! precepts2 ?\  
pa9e/ no creature2  ?\ wilt n kill me = 
food4 ,b g1 collect wood1 place x 9 a   
heap1 & k9dle a fire4 ,!n ,i w roa/     
myself1 & ?\ may'/ eat  me40    #8,he   

said3--8,s be x10 & w5t & ga!r$ wood &  
k9dl$ a fire4    #8,:5 ! wood began to  
s5d =? flame1 ,i leap$ into ! mid/ ( !  
blaz+ fire4    #8,z wat] qu5*es heat1 s 
! flames quell$ all ! suff]+s (  life4  
,cuticle & sk91 fle% & s9ews1 bones1    
ligam5ts1 & he>t--my  :ole body ) all   
its limbs--,i gave to ! ,brhman4'       
,p]haps ! be/ & mo/ (t5 recit$ ,jtaka is
 ! la/ bir? b  "o1 9 :i* he 0 born z    
pr9ce ,vessant>a 7,vaiynt>a74 ,?is is   
call$ ! ,mah-jtaka1 #8great bir?4' ,x   
may be summ>iz$ ?us3--    #8,vessant>a  
7aft]w>ds ,buddha7 0 s lib]al t he gave 
to e "o  :o ask$4 ,among 8 possessions 0
 a :ite elephant1 :i* _h !  p[] ( br++  
d[n ra9 :5ev] x 0 ne$$4 ,at la/ he gave 
away  ?is also to a neighb\r+ c\ntry    
suff]+ f dr\ght4 ,?is s  inc5s$ 8 own p 
t !y p]suad$ ! k+ 8 fa!r to  bani% him )
 8 wife & two *ildr5 to ! =e/4 ,!y set  
out 9  a *>iot drawn by horses4 ,fir/ he
 gave away ! horses & next !  *>iot to  
,brhmans :o begg$ = !m4 ,!n :5 ano!r    
,brhman ask$  = ! *ildr51 ,vessant>a    

gave !m up too1 say+3 8,may ,i = ?is    
act become a ,buddha60 ,9 %ort 8 suff]+s
 & !irs 9 bani%m5t1  & 8 g5]osity to e  
"o1 l$ to 8 recall ) great  rejoic+s4   
,:5 he di$ he 0 born aga9 9 ! ,tu%ita   
heav51 :5ce  he desc5d$ z a :ite        
elephant into ! womb ( ,my1 & 0 born z  
,gautama' 7p4 #bc74    ,ano!r wise man (
 ! ,ea/1 :o liv$ long be=e ,gautama1    
spoke (  #8! pa? ( ! j %9+ m & m unto ! 
p]fect day4' ,(  ?is k9d ( progressive  
advance t[>ds high] planes ( p]fection1 
! ,indian sage knew no?+4 ,nor to !     
,buddha1 ( c\rse1 w\ld !  ,*ri/ian idea 
( #8orig9al s91' or ( imput$ ,p]fection 
h convey$  any mean+ :atev]4 ,)         
,gautama1 righte\sness & unrighte\sness1
  hol9ess & s91 7 ! product ( a man's   
own acts4 ,!y 7  produc$ by no "o b     
himself1 & !y 7 m]ely tr\blesome =ces   
7see p4 #abd7 caus+1 9 ! "o case1 a     
man's re-bir? ei!r 9 "o (  ! heav5s or 9
 high] e>?ly corporeal =ms1 &1 9 ! o!r1 
8  re-bir? 9 "o ( ! hells or 9 l[]      
corporeal =ms4 #8,n 9 !  heav5s1' says !

 ,dhamma-pada 7#abg71 #8n 9 ! mid/ ( !  
sea1 n  if ?\ hide/ ?yself 9 ! clefts ( 
! m\nta9s1 wilt ?\ f9d a  place :]e ?\  
can/ escape ! =ce result+ f ?y evil     
actions4'    ,"h also is ! sub/ance ( a 
passage 9 ! ,deva-dta-sutta  7translat$ 
by ,dr4 ,old5b]g73--    #8,d n relatives
 & fri5ds welcome a man :o has be5 long 
travell+1 :5 he returns safely to 8     
home8 ,ev5 s1 a righte\s  man1 :5 he    
passes f ?is _w to ano!r1 is welcom$ by 
8 good  works1 z by fri5ds4    #8,?r\gh 
! six /ates ( transmigration does ! p[] 
( our actions  lead u4 ,a life 9 !      
heav5s awaits ! good4 ,! w>d5s ( hell   
drag  ! wick$ be=e ! k+ ( hell1 ,yama1  
:o says to !m3--8,did y  n1 :5 on e>?1  
see ! five div9e mess5g]s1 s5t to w>n   
y--!  *ild1 ! old man1 ! sick1 ! crim9al
 suff]+ puni%m5t1 & !  dead corpse80    
#8,& ! wick$ man answ]s3--8,i did see   
!m40    #8,& did/ ?\ n ?9k )9           
?yself3--8,i also am subject to bir?1   
old age1 dea?4 ,let me be c>eful to d   
good works80    #8,& ! wick$ man        

answ]s3--8,i did n1 sire2 ,i neglect$ 9 
my folly  to ?9k ( ^! ?+s40    #8,!n k+ 
,yama pron\nces 8 doom3--8,^! ?y evil   
de$s are n !  "w ( ?y "m1 fa!r1         
relations1 fri5ds1 advis]s4 ,?\ alone   
ha/ done !m all2 ?\ alone mu/ ga!r !    
fruit40 ,& ! w>d]s  ( hell drag him to !
 place ( torm5t1 rivet him to r$-hot    
iron1  plunge him 9 gl[+ seas ( blood1  
torture him on heaps ( burn+  coal2 & he
 dies n1 till ! la/ residue ( 8 guilt   
has be5  expiat$4'    ,& ?is ,buddhi/   
!ory ( e man's de/9y be+ dep5d5t on 8   
own acts is q 9 keep+ ) ,brhmanical     
ideas4 #8,9 t 7new body7  he is unit$ ) 
! k ga9$ 9 ! =m] body1 & !n  aga9 goes  
on work+ = p]fection2 = ev5 aga9/ 8 w he
 is  =c$ on 7f "o body to ano!r7 by 8   
=m] works' 7,bhagavad-gt  ,,vi4 #dc1    
#dd74 ,& aga93--#8,! act committ$ 9 a   
=m] bir?  7prva-janma-kita k>ma71 t is  
call$ "o's de/9y2' & aga91  #8,z f a    
lump ( clay a workman makes :at he      
pleases1 ev5 s a man  obta9s :atev]     
de/9y he has wr\ght out = himself'      

7,hitopadea1  ,introduction74 ,9        
,brhmanism ! influ5ce ( ,k>ma or #8act' 
9  det]m9+ e be+'s =m at ! "t ( 8 own   
re-bir? is  univ]sal4    ,?us also !    
,nyya ( ,gautama 7,,iii4 #acb7 affirms t
 ! new body  7aft] dea?7 is produc$     
?r\gh ! irresi/ible =ce ( actions done  
9 ! previ\s body 7prva-kita-phalnub&ht  
tad-utpatti74 ,!  cosmogony ( ! same    
philosophy 7,vaie%ika bran*71 taught t !
  concurr5ce ( et]nal atoms to =m ! _w 0
 ! result (  ,adi%a or ! #8unse5 =ce'   
d]iv$ f ! acts ( a previ\s  _w4    ,we  
are rem9d$1 too1 ( our poet's own       
s5tim5t3 #8,our de$s /ill  travel ) u f 
af>1 ,& :at we h be5 makes u :at we     
are2'  & ( ,don ,quixote's say+1 #8,e   
man is ! son ( 8 own works2'  & (       
,wordswor?'s1 #8,! *ild is fa!r ( !     
man2' & (  ,longfell['s1 #8,lives (     
great m5 all rem9d u1 we c make         
ourselves  sublime4'    ,9 %ort1 we are 
! outcome ( ourselves4 ,nor c c]emonies 
avail  aught1 nor c devotion to p]sonal 
gods avail aught1 nor c any?+  :atev]   

possess ! slighte/ efficacy to save a   
man f 8 own acts4    ,x is said t       
,buddhism leaves ! w unfett]$2 b surely 
fatalism  is taught :5 ! =ce ( "o's own 
de$s 9 previ\s bir?s is held  to be     
irresi/ible4    ,! only creator1 !n1    
recogniz$ by true ,buddhi/s is ,act-=ce4
 #8,my  action is ! womb t be>s me1'    
says ! ,agutt>a ,nikya4 ,x is ?is       
,act-=ce t creates worlds4 ,x is ?is    
,act-=ce1 9 conjunction )  ,updna 7p4   
#aji71 t creates all be+s 9 any ( ! six 
classes into  :i* !y are divid$--gods1  
m51 demons1 animals1 gho/s1 & !  dwell]s
 9 hell4 ,we (t5 talk ( ! =ce ( a dead  
man's acts--( 8  be+ dead & yet speak+4 
,x is ?is =ce :i* 9 ,buddhism resi/s    
dea?2 = no =ce c ev] be lo/4    ,& :at  
does ! mod]n ,positivi/ philosoph]      
ass]t8 ,he ma9ta9s  t bo? body & m9d are
 resolv$ into _! elem5ts at dea?4 ,!    
only immortal "p ( u consi/s 9 ! good   
de$s1 words1 ?\ghts1  & influ5ces we    
leave beh9d u1 to be made use ( by our  
desc5dants  & improv$ on = ! elevation (

 humanity4 ,& ! aggregate (  ^!1 comb9$ 
) ! =ce ( w1 con/itute1 accord+ to !    
,buddhi/1 a p[] /rong en\gh to re-create
 n only human be+s b  ! :ole mat]ial _w4
    ,x 0 ?us t ! =ce ( ,gautama's own   
acts _h con/antly  re-creat$ him ?r\gh a
 long *a9 ( successive p]sonalities1    
t]m9at+ 9 ! p]fect ,buddha1 :o has no   
fur!r bir?s to und]go4    ,turn we n[ to
 t division ( ! ,buddhi/ sy/em :i*      
conc]ns  itself ) ! ext]nal univ]se1 &  
seeks to expla9 its  con/itution1 =m1 & 
! v>i\s divisions ( :i* x consi/s4    ,&
 "h we mu/ be c>eful to note ! peculi>  
views ( ,buddhism1  not)/&+ ! l>ge      
admixture ( ,brhmanical ideas4    ,=    
,buddhism has no cosmogony l ! ,skhya1  
,v$nta1 & ,vaie%ika4  ,nor does x expla9
 ! creation ( ! univ]se1 9 our s5se4 ,x 
only  conc]ns itself ) cosmology1 & x   
diss5ts f ,brhmanical  cosmology 9      
decl9+ to admit ! et]nity ( any?+       
:atev]1  except *ange or revolution or a
 succession ( revolutions4 ,buddhism has
  no ,creator1 no creation1 no orig9al  

g]m ( all ?+s1 no s\l ( !  _w1 no       
p]sonal1 no imp]sonal1 no supramundane1 
no antemundane  pr9ciple4    ,x might   
inde$ h be5 suppos$ t s9ce ,gautama d5i$
 ! et]nal  exi/5ce ( ei!r a p]sonal ,god
 or ( ,_s1 he w\ld at lea/ h  giv5      
et]nal exi/5ce to matt]4    ,b no2 !    
only et]nal ?+s are ! ,causality (      
,act-=ce & !  succession ( cause &      
effect--! et]nity ( #8,becom+1' n (     
#8,be+4'    ,! ,univ]se ar\nd u1 ) all  
its visible ph5om5a1 mu/ be  recogniz$ z
 an exi/+ entity1 = we see be=e our eyes
 evid5ce (  its actual exi/5ce4 ,b x is 
an entity produc$ out ( non5tity1 &     
de/9$ to lapse aga9 into non5tity :5 its
 "t is fulfill$4    ,= out ( no?+ness x 
came1 & into no?+ness mu/ x return--to  
re-appe> aga91 x is true1 b z a new     
,univ]se br\ght into be+ by  !          
accumulat$ =ce ( its pr$ecessor's acts1 
& n evolv$ out (  any et]nally exi/+    
spiritual or mat]ial g]m ( any k9d4     
,x is ?us t ,univ]se aft] ,univ]se is l 
a succession (  c\ntless bubbles = ev]  

=m+1 exp&+1 drift+ onw>ds1  bur/+ &     
re-=m+1 ea* bubble ow+ its re-=mation to
 ! =ce  g5]at$ by its vani%$ pr$ecessor4
 ,! poet ,%elley might h be5  call$ a   
,buddhi/ :5 he wrote3      ,worlds on   
worlds are roll+ ev]      ,f creation to
 decay2    ,l ! bubbles on a riv]1      
,sp>kl+1 bur/+1 borne away4 7,hellas47  
,or l lotuses1 = ev] unfold+ & !n       
decay+1 ea* decay  conta9+ ! g]m ( a new
 plant2 or l an int]m9able succession  (
 :eels = ev] com+ into view1 = ev] roll+
 onw>ds1  disappe>+ & reappe>+2 = ev]   
pass+ f be+ to non-be+1  & aga9 f       
non-be+ to be+4 ,x 0 ?is ceaseless      
rotation t  l$ to ! :eel be+ adopt$ z ! 
fav\rite symbol 9 ,buddhism 7p4  #abb74 
,*ri/ianity recognizes 9 a v diff]5t way
 ?is #8law (  circul>ity' 9 ! physical  
_w1 z ! ,rev4 ,hugh ,macmillan has ably 
po9t$ out4    ,z to ! "q f :om8 or :5ce8
 or h[8 came ! orig9al =ce  or impetus t
 />t$ ! fir/ movem5t1 ! ,buddha haz>d$  
no  op9ion4 ,he held ?is to be an       
inexplicable my/]y--an insoluble riddle4

  ,he confess$ himself to be a ?or\gh   
,agno/ic4 ,he saw no?+ b  c\ntless      
cycles ( causes & effects1 & nev]       
und]took to expla9  ! fir/ cause :i* set
 ! fir/ :eel 9 motion4 ,x 0 n1 !n1  )\t 
a deep significance t ,gautama plac$    
,ignorance fir/ 9 8  *a9 ( ,causation   
7p4 #ajb4 ,note1 h[ev]1 ! explanation   
giv5 at p4  #ii74    ,aft] all1 ^!      
,buddhi/ic speculations am\nt to little 
else ?an  ,brhmanism /ripp$ ( "s ( its  
transc5d5tal my/icism4 ,we "k1  =       
example1 t ! true ,v$nta philosophy     
makes ! ,univ]se proce$  out ( an et]nal
 ,illusion1 or ,ignorance associat$ ) ! 
imp]sonal  ,_s ,brahman1 into :i* x is  
aga9 absorb$4    ,c x be affirm$1 !n1 a 
,buddhi/ might say1 t ei!r ?is pure     
imp]sonal ,_s 7or ,ignorance7 is        
virtually v diff]5t f pure  no?+ness8   
,:at says ! au?or ( ig-v$a ,x4 #abj8--  
,9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 nei!r naught nor      
aught1    ,!n !re 0 nei!r sky nor       
atmosph]e above4    ,!n fir/ came       
d>kness hid 9 d>kness1 gloom 9 gloom2   

,next all 0 wat]1 all a *aos indiscreet1
    ,9 :i* ! ,"o lay void1 %r\d$ 9      
no?+ness4    ,!n z to ! va/ p]iods call$
 ,kalpas or ages1 dur+ :i* 7z 9         
,brhmanism7 con/ant ,univ]ses are       
suppos$ to appe>1 disappe>1 &           
re-appe>3--    ,let x be suppos$1 say   
,buddhi/ writ]s1 t a solid rock =m+ a   
va/ cube sixte5 miles high1 & ! same 9  
l5g? & bread?1 7  lightly rubb$ once 9 a
 hundr$ ye>s ) a piece ( ! f9e/ clo?1  &
 by ?is slight friction r$uc$ 9 c\ntless
 ages to ! size ( a  mango-se$2 t w\ld  
/ill give y no idea ( ! imm5se duration 
(  a ,buddhi/ ,kalpa4    ,& :at1 9      
conclusion1 is ! exi/+ ,univ]se8        
,buddhi/ writ]s make  x consi/ ( an     
inf9ite numb] ( akkavlas 7akra-vlas7 or 
va/  circul> planes1 :i* = conv5i5ce may
 be call$ sph]es4 ,ea*  sph]e has       
?irty-"o ,satta-lokas 7,sattva-lokas7 or
 dwell+-places (  six classes ( liv+    
be+s1 ris+ "o above ! o!r & di/ribut$   
"u ?ree _w-sy/ems1 built up 9 successive
 ti]s ?r\gh inf9ite  space1 bel[1 ^u1 & 

above ,m\nt ,m]u 7or ,sum]u7--! ideal   
c5tral  po9t ( ! :ole4 ,?is gigantic    
my?ical m\nta9 =ms ! mighty  base or    
pivot ( ! sph]e4    ,fir/ comes ,hell ) 
#acf divisions1 to receive #acf v>ieties
 (  (f5d]s1 all 9 ti]s "o above ! o!r1 &
 ly+ deep "u !  e>? 9 ! l[] regions ( ! 
akra-vla4 ,to be re-born 9 ,hell        
7,n>aka7 is ! wor/ ( all ! six k9ds (   
exi/5ce1 res]v$ =  ! wor/ evil-do]s1 &  
al?\gh ! puni%m5t is n et]nal1 its      
%orte/ duration is = five hundr$ ye>s ( 
,hell1 ea* day equall+  fifty ye>s (    
,e>?4 ,9 ,brhmanism !re are tw5ty-"o    
hells 7,manu ,,iv4  #hh-ij74 ,buddhism  
orig9ally _h only eight4 ,! mo/ t]rific 
7,avi7 is  = revil]s ( ,buddha & 8 ,law4
    ,above ! subdivisions ( ,hell come !
 o!r s5su\s worlds  7,kma-lokas71       
?us3--7#b7 ! _w ( animals2 7#c7 t (     
,pretas or  gho/s2 7#d7 t ( ,asuras or  
demons2 7#e7 ! e>?1 or _w ( m51  )      
conc5tric circles ( sev5 seas4    ,hav+ 
di/ribut$ all possible places (         
habitation = migrat+  be+s "u ! ?ree    

heads ( ,hell1 f\r l[] worlds1 &        
tw5ty-six  heav5s 7describ$ at p4 #bjf71
 ,buddhism holds t !re are only six  =ms
 or ways 7gati7 ( exi/5ce ?r\gh :i* liv+
 be+s c pass1  & "u :i* e ?+ t has life 
mu/ be class$1 & ( ^!  ! fir/ two ways  
are good1 ! la/ f\r bad1 ?us3--#a4      
,gods2 #b4 ,m52  #c4 ,asuras1 or demons1
 inhabit+ spaces "u ! e>?2 #d4 ,animals2
 #e4  ,pretas1 or gho/s1 rec5tly        
inhabitants ( e>?1 & ev] consum$ )      
hung] & ?ir/2 #f4 ,be+s und]go+ torm5t 9
 ! hells4    ,z to ! gods1 be> 9 m9d t  
,buddhism recogniz$ mo/ ( !  deities (  
,h9dism4 ,see p4 #bjf4    ,su* gods     
exi/$ 9 subtle corporeal =ms1 &1 ?\gh n 
omnipot5t1  7 capable ( work+ b5efit or 
h>m4 ,!y 7 subject to !  univ]sal law ( 
dissolution1 & aft] dea? 7 succe$$ by   
o!rs1  s t !re 0 n "o ,brahm or "o akra1
 b _m successive  deities s nam$1 & _m  
classes ( deities "u !m4 ,!y _h no  p[] 
( effect+ any p]son's salvation4 ,on !  
contr>y1 !y _h to  see to _! own1 & 7   
inf]ior to ! p]fect$ man4    ,moreov]1  

to be born 9 ! _w ( ! gods seems n to h 
impli$  any va/ accumulation ( m]it1 =  
we read ( a c]ta9 frog t f  simply li/5+
 to ! ,buddha's voice1 :ile recit+ !    
,law1 0 born  z a god 9 ! ,traya/ria    
heav5 7,h>dy1 p4 #cib74    ,9 %ort1 !   
con/ant revolv+ ( ! :eel ( life 9 "o    
et]nal  circle1 accord+ to fix$ &       
immutable laws1 is p]haps aft] all !    
sum & sub/ance ( ! philosophy (         
,buddhism4 ,& ?is et]nal :eel  or circle
 has1 s to speak1 six spokes repres5t+  
six =ms (  exi/5ce4    ,:5 any "o ( !   
six classes ( be+s dies1 he mu/ be born 
aga9 9  "s "o ( ^! same six classes1 =  
!re are no o!r possible ways  7gati7 (  
life1 & he _c pass into plants1 /ones1 &
 inorganic  matt]1 z 9 ! ,brhmanical    
sy/em 7see p4 #ajh74 ,if he be born aga9
  9 "o ( ! hells he is n !reby deb>r$ f 
seek+ salvation1  & ev5 if he be born 9 
heav5 z a god1 he mu/ at "s "t or o!r   
leave x & seek aft] a high] /ate /ill--t
 ( ! p]fect man :o  has ga9$ ,nirva & is
 soon to a*ieve ! "o consummation wor?  

liv+ =1 ! "o cr[n wor? /riv+            
=--ext9ction ( p]sonal  exi/5ce 9       
,p>i-nirva 7see pp4 #ach-adb74          
,,lecture ,,vi4     ,! ,morality (      
,buddhism & its *ief aim--,arhat%ip or  
,nirva4      ,! fir/ que/ions sugge/$ by
 ! subject ( ?is lecture w  probably    
be3--    ,h[ c\ld a life ( morality be  
inculcat$ by "o :o made all life  proce$
 f ignorance1 & ev5 virtu\s conduct 9 "o
 s5se a  mi/ake1 z lead+ to cont9uity ( 
life1 & !re=e ( suff]+8  ,h[ c\ld !     
,buddha's fir/ comm&m5t be1 #8,de/roy   
n1' :5 8  ideal ( p]fection 0           
de/ruction8 ,h[ c\ld he say1 #8be       
active1' :5  8 !ory ( ,k>ma 7pp4 #aaj1  
#aad7 made action conduce to mis]y8     
,! inconsi/5cy is evid5t1 b x is no less
 true t1  not)/&+ ! doctr9e t all       
exi/5ce entails mis]y1 & t  all action1 
good or bad1 leads to future bir?s1     
,gautama taught t !  life ( a man 9     
high] bodily =ms1 or 9 "o ( ! heav5s1 0 
bett] ?an a life 9 l[] =ms1 or 9 "o ( ! 
hells1 & t  nei!r a high] =m ( life nor 

! great aim ( ,nirva c\ld be  atta9$ )\t
 righte\s action1 m$itation1 & true k4  
,buddhism1 inde$1 z we h se51 c\ld n    
hold =? z an inc5tive  to good behavi\r 
any belief 9 a ,creator rew>d+ & puni%+ 
8  creatures accord+ to _! works1 or    
p>don+ _! s9s4 ,x c\ld  n inculcate     
piety2 = 9 true ,buddhism piety 0       
impossible2 yet l  ,manu 7,,ii4 #f7 x   
made morality 7la7 ! basis ( ,law       
7,dh>ma72 x  /imulat$ good conduct by   
its doctr9e ( repeat$ bir?s1 & by       
pictures ( its num]\s heav5s1 & x det]r$
 m5 f unrighte\s  acts by its t]rible   
places ( torm5t4    ,let x !n be made   
cle> f ! fir/ t ,buddhism1 9 inculcat+  
morality1 us$ no ^w expressive (        
morality1 z f\nd$ on ! love  & fe> (    
,god1 or ( s9 z an (f5ce aga9/ ,god4    
,9 ,buddhism ! words klea 7kileso71     
#8pa91' & akuala1 #8dem]it1'  take !    
place ( #8s91' & its p]fect sa9t is said
 to be #8free f  pa9' 7ni%klea7 & f     
dem]it1 n f s9 9 our s5se4 ,by an       
unrighte\s act x meant an act produc+   

suff]+ & dem]it ( "s  k9d 7p4 #aac71 & x
 bade e man act righte\sly 9 ord] to    
escape  suff]+ & to accumulate m]it     
7kuala71 & ?us "w out 8 own             
p]fection--t is to say1 8 own           
self-ext9ction4    ,d\btless ,buddhism  
des]ves cr$it = lay+ /ress on "r belief1
  "r words1 "r "w1 in/ead ( on c]emonial
 rites2 & on !  wor%ip ( ,h9d gods2 b x 
_h its own idea ( "r4 ,x urg$           
h\sehold]s to ab&on ! _w1 or else to be 
dilig5t 9 s]v+ its  monks = ! work+ out 
( _! own salvation2 & :ile mak+         
morality1 m$itation1 & enlight5m5t its  
indisp5sable factors 9  secur+          
p]fection1 x made p]fection consi/ 9    
fre$om f !  delusion t #8,i am2' & 9    
deliv]ance f an individual exi/5ce      
insep>ably b\nd up ) mis]y4    ,m>k1    
too1 ano!r contradiction4 ,x inculcat$  
entire self-dep5d5ce  9 work+ out ?is   
k9d ( p]fection1 & yet x set be=e its   
disciples ?ree guides2 namely1 !        
,buddha's own example1 ! ,law  7,dh>ma71
 & ! example ( ! :ole body ( monks &    

p]fect$  sa9ts 7,sagha74    ,we n[ turn 
to its full] moral sy/em1 keep+ ?is     
di/9ct f its  philosophy & metaphysics1 
& freely admitt+ t !re are 9  ,buddhi/  
morality _m ?+s1 true1 hon\rable1 j1    
pure1 lovely1 &  ( good report4    ,x is
 fair to po9t out at ! outset t ,buddhi/
 morality 0 n a  purely ext]nal matt]4  
,x divid$ m5 into ! outw>dly correct &  
int]nally s9c]e4 ,! m]e outw>dly correct
 ,buddhi/s might include  monks z well z
 laym51 ?\gh a high] /&>d ( pr(ession 0 
expect$ ( monks4 ,! int]nally s9c]e 7 ! 
really e>ne/  seek]s aft] p]fection     
7monks & laym571 & 7 divid$ into f\r    
classes1 repres5t+ f\r conditions ( !   
inn] life1 l[]1 high]1  /ill high]1 &   
highe/1 culm9at+ 9 p]fect ,sa9t%ip1     
,arhat%ip1  & ,nirva 7p4 #acb74    ,at !
 same "t !re 0 n mu* hope ( sa9t%ip     
except ?r\gh  celibacy & monkhood2 = 9  
true ,buddhism ! notion ( holy          
family-life 0 almo/ a contradiction 9   
t]ms4    ,( c\rse ! ,buddhi/ moral code 
soon pass$ beyond ! eightfold pa?       

prop\nd$ by ,gautama 9 8 fir/ s]mon 7see
 p4 #dd71 & ,dr4 ,old5b]g  has %[n t 9 !
 abs5ce ( a sy/ematically arrang$ code1 
we may  /ill trace out amid a confusion 
( precepts ! ?ree lead+ duties (        
ext]nal moral conduct 7la71 ( int]nal   
m5tal conc5tration  7samdhi71 & (       
acquir+ true wisdom 7pa  praj74 ,comp>e 
,dr4  ,w5zel's #8,fri5dly ,epi/le1' #ec4
    ,! five fundam5tal rules ( moral    
conduct 7la71 or r1  prohibitions1 7    
promulgat$ v e>ly3--    #a4 ,kill n any 
liv+ ?+4 #b4 ,/eal n4 #c4 ,commit n     
adult]y4 #d4  ,lie n4 #e4 ,dr9k n /rong 
dr9k4 ,^! five1 hav+ ref]5ce *iefly  to 
"o's neighb\r1 7 call$ ! fivefold law = 
all classes1  includ+ laym54 ,!y 7 tak5 
f ,brhmanism1 b 9 ! v[s (  ! ,sannys !  
fif? 0 n includ$4 ,x 0 ,buddhism        
probably t  fir/ int]dict$ /rong dr9k4  
,x prohibit$ too :at ! ,brhmans         
all[$--kill+ = sacrificial purposes4    
,five o!rs ( a m trivial "* = monks 7(t5
 giv5 9 a  diff]5t ord]1 p4 #gh7 7      
add$3--    #f4 ,eat no food1 except at  

/at$ times4 #g4 ,use no wrea?s1         
ornam5ts1 or  p]fumes4 #h4 ,use no high 
or broad b$1 b only a mat on ! gr\nd4   
#i4  ,ab/a9 f danc+1 s++1 music1 &      
worldly spectacles4 #aj4 ,own no  gold1 
or silv] ( any k9d1 & accept none       
7,mah-vagga ,i4 #ef74 ,?is  ,buddhi/    
,decalogue may be contra/$ ) ! ,mosaic  
,decalogue4    ,all t5 7 b9d+ on monks  
only1 & = ! ?ird 0 !n  sub/itut$ #8be   
absolutely *a/e4'    ,sometimes n only !
 fir/ five b ! fir/ eight 7 held to be  
b9d+ on laym54    ,ano!r 0 add$ 9 lat]  
times3--,nev] ?9k or say t y\r own      
religion is ! be/4 ,nev] d5\nce !       
religion ( o!rs 7see p4 #ij74    ,!n1   
al?\gh only ! fir/ half ( ! eightfold   
pa? 7p4 #dd7 0  said to be necess>y =   
lay-bre?r51 ! :ole 0 = monks1 :o also   
_h to obs]ve ! special practices already
 describ$ 7p4 #gf74    ,all gambl+ &    
games ( *ance 7 prohibit$               
7,tevijja-,sutta ,,ii74  ,comp>e ,manu  
,,ix4 #bba-bbh4    ,sometimes five      
r5unciations are nam$3--( wife1 (       

*ildr51 ( money1  ( life1 ( crav+ =     
exi/5ce 9 future bir?s4    ,!n sometimes
 ?ree 7sometimes f\r7 corrupt+ influ5ces
 7sava   srava7 are enum]at$--( lu/     
7kma71 ( life1 ( ignorance1 7(          
delusion47    ,mo/ important to be got  
rid ( are ! t5 fett]s 7sayojana1 p4 #de7
  b9d+ a man to exi/5ce3--    #a4       
,belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal self or 
,ego 7sakkya-dihi72  #b4 ,d\bt          
7viikits72 #c4 ,c]emonial practices     
7slabbata  la-vrata72  #d4 ,lu/ or      
s5suality 7kma72 #e4 ,ang] 7paigha72 #f4
 ,crav+ = life 9  a mat]ial =m 7rpa-rga7
 ei!r on e>? or 9 heav52 #g4 ,long+ =   
immat]ial life 7arpa-rga7 9 ! high]     
heav5s2 #h4 ,pride 7mna72 #i4           
,self-exaltation 7auddhatya72 #aj4      
,ignorance4 ,( ^!1 #a1 #c1 & #d1 )      
dihi1 #8wrong belief1' are ! f\r        
con/itu5ts ( ,updna1 #8cl++  to exi/5ce'
 7p4 #aji74    ,! sev5 jewels ( ! law   
7p4 #di7 are--#a4 ! five contemplations 
or  reflections2 #b4 ! f\r "r ex]tions  
7p4 #ej72 #c4 ! f\r pa?s to  sup]natural

 p[] 7p4 #ej72 #d4 ! five moral =ces 7p4
 #ej72 #e4 !  "r use ( ! five organs (  
s5se2 #f4 ! sev5 limbs ( k  7p4 #ej72   
#g4 ! eightfold pa? 7p4 #dd74    ,! five
 above-nam$ reflections are--#a4 on !   
?irty-two impurities (  ! body2 #b4 on !
 duty ( display+ love 7,maitr7 t[>ds all
 be+s2  #c4 on compassion = all :o      
suff]2 #d4 on rejoic+ ) all :o  rejoice2
 #e4 on absolute indiff]5ce 7upek%7 to  
joy or sorr[4 ,^!  contemplations       
7bhvan7 9 ,buddhism take ! place (      
pray]4 ,! la/  is ! highe/4 ,! fir/ is  
also a ,sati-pahna 7p4 #di74 ,!y mu/ n  
be confus$ ) ! m$itations 7,dhynas1 p4  
#bji74    ,!n come six 7or t57          
transc5d5t virtues call$ ,pramits1      
#8lead+  to ! fur!r %ore1' = ,arhats4   
,^!1 too1 e ,bodhi-sattva _h to         
practise be=e he c\ld atta9 ,buddhahood4
 ,!y 73--#a4 ,g5]osity or  giv+ 7,dna7  
to all :o ask1 ev5 ! sacrific+ ( limbs  
or life =  o!rs2 ?is is mo/ important2  
#b4 ,virtue or moral conduct 7la72 #c4  
,pati5ce or tol]ance 7,k%nti72 #d4      

,=titude or en]gy 7,vrya72 #e4          
,suppression ( desire 7,nekkhamma       
nai%kmya71 or1 accord+ to "s1  pr(\nd   
contemplation2 #f4 ,transc5d5tal wisdom 
7,paa  ,praj74 ,to  :i* are add$--#g4   
,tru? 7,satya72 #h4 ,/eadfa/ resolution 
7,adhi%hna72  #i4 ,good-w or k9dness    
7,maitra72 #aj4 ,absolute indiff]5ce or 
imp]turbability or apa?y 7,upek%71      
result+ 9 a k9d ( ec/atic  quietude4    
,?is k9d ( memorial tabulation 9 li/s ( 
#d1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 etc41 is (  c\rse a
 product ( lat] ,buddhism4    ,i n[ give
 examples f ! ,dh>ma-pada3--    #8,by   
oneself is evil done2 by oneself is "o  
injur$2 by oneself is evil  left undone2
 by oneself is "o purifi$2 no "o        
purifies ano!r4'  7,comp>e ,manu ,,iv4  
#bdj47    #8,bett] ?an dom9ion ov] !    
e>?1 bett] ?an go+ to ,heav51 or  hav+  
sov]eignty ov] ! worlds1 is ! atta9m5t (
 ! fir/ /ep  9 sanctification4'    #8,n 
to commit evil1 to accumulate m]it by   
good de$s 7kusalassa  upasampad71 to    
purify ! he>t1 ?is is ! doctr9e ( !     

,enlight5$' 7#afe1 #agh1 #ahc74    #8,z 
a fronti] t[n is gu>d$#eb )9 & )\t1 s   
gu>d  ?yself4' 7,dh4 #cae47    #8,he :o 
holds back ris+ ang] l a roll+ *>iot1   
him ,i call a  real driv]2 any o!r m]ely
 holds ! re9s4' 7,dh4 #bbb4 ,comp>e     
,manu  ,,ii4 #hh47    #8,let a man      
ov]come ang] by g5tl5ess1 let him       
ov]come ! evil by  good2 ! p>simoni\s by
 lib]ality1 ! li> by tru?4' 7,dh4 #bbc4 
,manu  ,,vi4 #dg1 #dh47    #8,! fully   
enlight5$ f9ds no satisfaction ev5 9    
heav5ly pleasures2  b only 9 suppression
 ( desires4'    #8,"o by "o1 little by  
little1 mom5t by mom5t1 a wise man frees
  himself f p]sonal impurities z a ref9]
 bl[s away ! dross (  silv]4' 7,dh4     
#ahg1 #bci47    #8,!re is a treasure    
laid up 9 ! he>t1 a treasure ( *>ity1   
purity1 temp]ance1 sob]ness4 ,a         
treasure1 secure1 impregnable1 t no     
?ief c /eal2 a treasure t foll[s aft]   
dea?4 7,comp>e ,manu ,,iv4  #bda47      
,univ]sal sci5ce1 all ! p]fections1     
sup]natural k1  supreme ,buddha%ip      

itself ?is treasure c procure4'         
7,*ild]s'  ,nidhi-ka47    ,! foll[+ are 
"s ( ! bless$ /ates describ$ 9 !        
,mahmagala-sutta4 ,!y prove t ,gautama  
requir$ m>ri$ m5 to  dis*>ge _! duties  
fai?fully4    #8,! succ\r+ ( "m & fa!r1 
! *]i%+ ( *ild & wife1  & ! foll[+ ( a  
peaceful call+1 ?is is ! greate/ bless+'
  7magalam uttamam74    #8,! giv+ alms1 
a religi\s life1 aid r5d]$ to relations1
 blameless  acts1 ?is is ! greate/      
bless+4'    #8,rev]5ce & humility1      
cont5tm5t & gratefulness1 ! he>+ (  !   
,law at ! "r "t1 ?is is ! greate/       
bless+4'    #8,pati5ce & l[ly spee*1    
association ) religi\s m51 recitation  (
 ! ,law at ! "r "t1 ?is is ! greate/    
bless+4'    #8,self-mortification &     
*a/ity1 disc]nm5t ( ! noble tru?s1      
p]ception ( ,nirva1 ?is is ! greate/    
bless+4'    ,9 ! ,agutt>a 7,,ii4 iv4 #b7
 x is said t no adequate return c be    
made by *ildr5 to p>5ts #8ev5 by m5ial  
s]vice4' ,) ,gautama1 to  hon\r fa!r &  
"m 0 bett] ?an to wor%ip ! gods ( heav54

    ,_m o!r examples might be giv54 ,n  
only 0 a man =bidd5 to  kill1 he 0 nev] 
to injure4    ,!n 9 ! ,rjovda ,jtaka we 
h ! /ory ( ! "o k+ #8:o  ov]comes !     
/rong by /r5g?1 ! s(t by s(tness1 ! good
 by  goodness1 & ! wick$ by wick$ness2' 
& ( ! o!r k+ #8:o  conqu]s ang] by      
calmness1 ! wick$ by goodness1 ! /+y by 
gifts1  ! li> 7alika-vd9am7 by tru?4'   
,o!r precepts require a man to ex]cise  
*>ity & respect t[>ds all  ag$ p]sons1  
tea*]s1 s]vants1 & animals4 ,he 0 to set
 an example  ( self-sacrifice4    ,x is 
record$ ( ,gautama ,buddha t on "o      
occasion he pluck$ out 8  own eyes1 & t 
on ano!r he cut (f 8 own head1 & t on a 
?ird he cut 8 own body to pieces to     
r$eem a dove f a hawk4    ,yet we repeat
 t ) all ?is app>5tly sublime morality  
no true  idea ( s91 z displeas+ to a    
,holy ,god1 0 connect$ ) !  infraction (
 ! moral code4 ,nor did a ,buddhi/      
always avoid h>m+  o!rs f any true      
rev]5ce = life4 ,he 0 to *]i% ! life (  
o!rs1 b 8 *ief motive 0 ! fe> t by n do+

 s he w\ld  entail ! mis]y ( cont9u\s   
life on himself2 & 8 *ief motive  =     
avoid+ ang] 0 t x 0 incompatible ) t    
equanimity1  :i* ought to *>act]ize e   
wise man :o aim$ at ! ext9ction  ( 8 own
 p]sonality4    ,! ease ) :i* *>itable  
acts might be p]=m$ is amus+ly          
illu/rat$ by a /ory told 9 ,huc's       
travels 9 ,tibet4 ,a c]ta9 zeal\s       
fell[-travell] 7:o consid]$ t x 0 q     
possible to be at !  same "t a good     
,buddhi/ & a good ,*ri/ian7 invit$ !    
,fr5*  mission>ies to co-op]ate ) him 9 
p]=m+ *>itable acts to  commemorate !   
t]m9ation ( a fatigu+ j\rney1 especially
 by  provid+ worn-out travell]s1 l      
!mselves1 ) horses4 ,!  mission>ies     
plead$ _! own pov]ty1 b to _! surprise 7
 told  t !y 7 only requir$ to draw      
horses on pap]1 :i* 7 tak5  to ! edge ( 
a precipice1 ?r[n up into ! air1 &1     
c]ta9  =mul>ies be+ recit$1 7 c>ri$ away
 by ! w9d & *ang$  into real horses by !
 p[] ( ,buddha4    ,let u by no means1  
h[ev]1 %ut our eyes to ! praisewor?y    

feature  ( ! ,buddhi/ sy/em m5tion$ at  
page #abe--;its recognition ( ! ne$  (  
inn] purity & sanctification--an inn]   
,buddhism ( ! he>t1  )\t :i* ev5 a monk 
0 no true ,buddhi/4 ,( c\rse ! ,law c\ld
  be obs]v$ sup]ficially )\t any real   
he>t-belief or he>t-purity4    ,:5 !    
inn] he>t-condition ( a ,buddhi/ is     
describ$1 he is said to  be walk+ on "o 
( f\r pa?s 7attro ,magg71 & is !n call$ 
,ariyo 7 rya71 #8wor?y ( rev]5ce'       
7di/+ui%$ f ,pi?ag-jana1  #8an ord9>y   
pr(ess+ ,buddhi/'74 ,to avoid conf\nd+  
^! pa?s  ) ! eightfold pa? 7p4 #dd7 x   
w\ld be bett] to speak ( !m z  f\r /ages
 ( inn] sanctification4 ,dhyna1         
#8m$itation1' ( f\r  k9ds1 is ! *ief    
means ( ent]+ & pass+ ?r\gh ^! /ages    
7p4 #cb71 :i* once ent]$ c nev] be      
ab&on$4    ,! fir/ /age is t ( ! man--be
 he monk or layman--:o is j  conv]t$1 by
 an inn] awak5+1 to true he>t-,buddhism4
 ,?is man has  fre$ himself f ! fir/    
?ree fett]s--namely1 delusion ( self1   
d\bts ab\t ! ,buddha's doctr9e1 &       

dep5d5ce on ext]nal rites 7p4  #abg74   
,he is call$ ,sotpanno1 #8"o :o has     
ent]$ ! /ream'  7,srota-panna71         
inevitably c>ry+ him onw>ds--?\gh n     
necess>ily  9 ! same body--to ! calm    
ocean ( ,nirva1 & 8 /ate is call$       
,sotpatti4 ,he c only be re-born z a god
 or man1 b n 9 ! f\r  l[] bir?s 7p4     
#aba74    ,m>k t ! doctr9e (            
#8p]sev]ance' is a rem>kable feature 9  
?is  phase ( ! ,buddhi/ sy/em4    ,!    
second /age is t ( ! man :o has ne>ly   
fre$ himself f  ! fir/ five fett]s1 b   
has a suffici5t numb] left to cause "o  
m bir? on ! e>?4 ,he is call$ ,sakad-gm 
7,sakid-g74    ,! ?ird /age is t ( ! man
 :o is q free f ! fir/ five  fett]s4    
,su* a man c only be re-born 9 a ,brahm 
heav51 f :i*  he rea*es ,nirva4 ,he is  
!re=e call$ ,an-gm1 #8"o :o w n  come   
back to e>?4'    ,! f\r? /age is t ( !  
completely fre$ man :o atta9s  ,arhat%ip
 7,arahatta7 9 ?is life1 & w at dea?    
exp]i5ce no  re-bir?4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 
a diff]5ce betwe5 "o :o has only  j     

ent]$ ea* /age ( ! j\rney & "o :o has   
rea*$ !  t]m9us4 ,& ?is ,arhat%ip is op5
 to all 7ev5 to wom571 ?\gh only  likely
 to be atta9$ by true monks or true     
nuns4 ,! "n ,arhat 7,pli  ,arah1 9      
,ceylon ,rahat71 #8mo/ des]v+' 7root    
arh71 is significant  ( ! highe/ m]it2 =
 ! ,arhat is p]fect1 fre$ f all pa9     
7ni%klea71 f all ! t5 fett]s1 f all     
atta*m5t to exi/5ce  7updna7 :e!r on e>?
 or 9 heav51 & f all re-creative        
,act-=ce4 ,he has already ent]$ ,nirva1 
& :ile /ill liv+ he is  dead to ! _w4   
,he is ! ,jvan-mukta1 #8emancipat$ liv+ 
man1' (  ! ,yoga4 ,by ! =ce ( ! f\r?    
,dhyna1 he has ga9$ ! ,abhijs  7,abhi71 
or #8transc5d5t faculties ( k1' ! inn]  
eye1  inn] e>1 k ( all ?\ghts1 &        
recollection ( previ\s  exi/5ces1 & !   
extraord9>y p[]s ov] matt] call$ ,iddhi 
7  iddhi74 ,9 %ort he is ,asekha1 #8"o  
:o has no?+ to le>n4'    ,al?\gh1       
!oretically1 a layman & ev5 be+s exi/+ 9
 o!r  sph]es1 might ent] ! /ream lead+  
to ,arhat%ip 7see p4 #ij7 )\t  becom+   

monks1 yet x is evid5t t z a rule x 0   
only likely to  be ent]$ by p]sons :o   
r5\nc$ ! _w & l$ a celibate  mona/ic    
life4    ,b ( ,arhats !re are ?ree      
grades3--    ,fir/1 ! simple ,arhat     
7describ$ above71 :o has atta9$         
p]fection  ?r\gh 8 own ef=ts & ! doctr9e
 & example ( a supreme  ,buddha1 b is n 
himself su* a ,buddha1 & _c tea* o!rs h[
 to  atta9 ,arhat%ip1 ?\gh he associates
 ) o!rs4    ,secondly1 & second 9 rank1 
b f> above ! simple ,arhat1 !           
,pratyeka-,buddha or ,solit>y ,sa9t1 :o 
has atta9$ p]fection =  himself & by    
himself alone1 & n z a memb] ( any      
mona/ic ,ord]1  nor ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( any 
supreme ,buddha 7except 9 "s =m]  bir?74
 ,?is solit>y h]mit-l ,arhat--a k9d (   
conc5tration (  isolat$ or selfi%       
sanctity--is symboliz$ by a rh9oc]os4   
,he does n  appe> on e>? at ! same "t ) 
a supreme ,buddha1 & has n !  same      
epi!ts 7p4 #bc7 appli$ to him4          
,?irdly1 ! supreme ,buddha or ,buddha p>
 excell5ce 7once a  ,bodhi-sattva71 :o1 

hav+ by 8 own self-enlight5+ insight    
atta9$  p]fect k 7sambodhi71 & hav+1 by 
! practice ( !  transc5d5t virtues 7p4  
#abh7 & ?r\gh ext9ction ( ! passions &  
( all desire = life1 become entitl$ to t
 complete ext9ction (  bodily exi/5ce   
7p>i-nirva71 9 :i* ! p]fection ( all    
,arhat%ip mu/ end1 has yet delay$ ?is   
consummation t he may become  ! ,savi\r 
( a suff]+ _w--n 9 ! same mann] z !     
,god-s5t  ,savi\r ( ,*ri/ianity1 b by   
tea*+ m5 h[ to save !mselves4  ,?is is !
 supreme ,buddha1 ! f\nd] ( ! :ole      
mona/ic ,ord]1  immeasurably sup]ior bo?
 to ,pratyeka-,buddhas & to all m]e     
,arhats4    ,he said ( himself          
7,mah-vagga ,i4 #f1 #h71--#8;,i am !    
all-subdu]  7sabbbhibh72 ! all-wise2 ,i 
h no /a9s2 ?r\gh myself ,i possess  k2  
,i h no rival 7paipuggalo72 ,i am ! *ief
 ,arhat--!  highe/ tea*]2 ,i alone am ! 
absolutely wise 7,sambuddha72 ,i am !   
,conqu]or 7,j9a72 all ! fires ( desire  
are qu5*$ 7stibhto7 9  me2 ,i h ,nirva  
7nibbuto74' ,see p4 #db ( ?is volume4   

,?is seems a m>vell\s assumption on ! "p
 ( "o :o nev] claim$  to be o!r ?an a   
man2 yet he _h tak5 ! idea f ,brhmanism1
 :i*  held t its sa9ts c\ld surpass all 
gods 7,brahm only except$74    ,su*     
supreme ,buddhas1 :o are p]fect kn[]s1 &
 also p]fect tea*]s  ( ! tru?1 are only 
manife/$ on ! e>? at long int]vals (    
"t4    ,gautama is ! f\r? ,buddha ( !   
pres5t age 7,bhadra-,kalpa74 ,he 0 a    
,k%atriya2 8 ?ree my?ical               
pr$ecessors--,kraku-h&a1 ,kanaka-muni1  
& ,kyapa--hav+ be5 sons ( ,brhmans4 ,he 
is to be foll[$ by !  fif? ,buddha1     
,maitreya 7a "n mean+ #8full ( love     
t[>ds all  be+s'71 b n until ! doctr9e (
 ,gautama has pass$ out ( m5's  memory  
aft] five ?\s& ye>s 7p4 #aha74 ,9 _!    
previ\s exi/5ces  ,gautama & 8          
pr$ecessors 71 7see pp4 #ih1 #aab17     
,bodhi-sattvas#ec1  #8be+s :o h k 7d]iv$
 f intellect7 = _! ess5ce1'  a "n borne 
by all de/9$ to become supreme ,buddhas 
z well z by !  fir/ ( ,gautama's        
successors1 ,maitreya4    ,?is com+     

,buddha is1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 an   
object ( univ]sal  rev]5ce among lat]   
,buddhi/s ( all sects z a k9d ( expect$ 
,messiah or ,savi\r4 ,(t51 inde$1 he is 
m hon\r$ ?an ,gautama  himself1 because 
he is int]e/$ 9 ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 z  
well z 9 ! future1 :ile ,gautama ,buddha
 & all 8 pr$ecessors  h pass$ away into 
non-be+4    ,tw5ty-f\r my?ical ,buddhas 
7! fir/ be+ ,dpak>a1 #8,light-caus]'7   
are held to h appe>$#ed be=e ,gautama 9 
prec$+ cycles (  "t4 ,_m p>ticul>s ab\t 
!m are giv51 includ+ _!  bir?-places1 ! 
l5g? ( _! lives & _! /atures4 ,gautama  
himself is said to h met "s ( !m dur+ 8 
transmigrations4  ,ev5 ! trees "u :i* !y
 a*iev$ supreme wisdom are enum]at$4    
,sometimes ! la/ six ( ! tw5ty-f\r are  
reckon$ ) ,gautama  ,buddha z con/itut+ 
sev5 pr9cipal ,buddhas#ee1 :o seem to h 
be5 gr\p$ toge!r to correspond ) !      
,brhmanical sev5 ,manus (  ! pres5t     
,kalpa4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ,gautama is    
held to be ! la/ (  tw5ty-five ,buddhas4
    ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! pr9cipal l9es (      

,buddhi/ moral tea*+ all  conv]ge to "o 
focus--to ! p]fect$ ,arhat or r to a    
/ill  bright] po9t ( light 9 ! p]fect   
,buddha wait+ = 8 rew>d--!  nect> ( !   
et]nal /ate ( complete ,nirva4    ,& ?is
 compels u to attempt "s explanation (  
,nirva4 ,9 ! fir/  place =ty-six        
synonyms ( x are giv5 9 !               
,abhidhnappadpik1 e4g4  ,mokkha or      
,mutti1 #8deliv]ance1' ,nirodha1        
#8cessation1' ,tahakkhaya  7ti%-k%aya71 
#8de/ruction ( lu/1' ,arpa1 ,khema1     
,kevala1 ,apavagga1  #8emancipation1'   
,nibbuti 7 nirviti71 #8quietude1' ,amata
 7,amita71  #8dea?less nect>4'    ,!    
foll[+ is f ,rhys ,davids' ,jtaka 7p4   
#d73 #8,"o day ! wise  ,sum$h fell      
a-?9k+1 ?us3--8,griev\s is re-bir? 9 a  
new exi/5ce1  & ! dissolution ( ! body 9
 ea* successive place :]e we are        
re-born4 ,i am subject to bir?1 to      
decay1 to disease1 to dea?4 ,x is  "r1  
be+ su*1 t ,i %\ld /rive to atta9 !     
great dea?less  ,nirva1 :i* is tranquil1
 & free f bir?1 decay1 sickness1 grief1 

& joy4    #88,= z 9 ?is _w !re is       
pleasure--! opposite ( pa9--s :]e  !re  
is exi/5ce !re mu/ be its opposite1 !   
cessation (  exi/5ce2 & z :]e !re is    
heat !re is also cold :i*  neutralizes  
x1 s !re mu/ be a ,nirva t ext+ui%es 7! 
fires  (7 lu/ & ! o!r passions2 & z 9   
opposition to a bad & evil  condition   
!re is a good & blameless "o1 s :]e !re 
is evil  ,bir? !re mu/ also be ,nirva1  
call$ ! ,bir?less1 because x puts  an   
end to all re-bir?4    #88,j z a man :o 
has fall5 into a heap ( fil?1 if he     
beholds af>  (f a great pond cov]$ )    
lotuses ( five col\rs1 ought to seek  t 
pond1 say+1 #8,by :at way %all ,i arrive
 !re8' b if he does  n seek x1 ! fault  
is n t ( ! pond2 ev5 s :]e !re is  !    
lake ( ! great dea?less ,nirva40'       
,:at1 !n1 is ! prop] def9ition ( ,nirva 
7,pli ,nibbna78 ,9  v5tur+ on an        
explanation ( s controv]t$ a t]m1 ,i    
feel r  l a foolh>dy p]son walk+ b>efoot
 ov] ?orny gr\nd4  ,nev]!less ,i may    
fe>lessly ass]t two ?+s ab\t x4    ,!   

fir/ is1 t ! t]m ,nirva 0 n orig9at$ by 
,gautama4 ,x  0 an expression common to 
bo? ,brhmanism & ,buddhism1 & mo/ (  its
 synonyms su* z mok%a1 apav>ga1 &       
nirviti are /ill common to  bo?4 ,x 0   
curr5t 9 ,gautama's "t1 & c]ta9ly occurs
 9 !  ,mah-bhrata1 p>ts ( :i* are (     
great antiquity4    ,9 ! celebrat$      
episode ( t poem call$ ,bhagavad-gt#ef1 
,v4 #bd1  we f9d ! foll[+3--    #8,t    
,yog :o is int]nally happy1 int]nally   
satisfi$ & int]nally  illum9$1 atta9s   
ext9ction 9 ! ,supreme ,be+1 & becomes t
  ,be+' 7,yo 'ntasukho #8nt>rmas        
ta?nt>jyotir eva ya1  ,sa ,yog          
,brahma-nirva#eg ,brahma-bhto           
'dhigahati74    ,! second po9t is t x   
w\ld be ab\t z unreasonable to expect  t
 ,nirva %\ld always be expla9$ 9 "o way 
z to re/rict  ,brhmanism &              
,buddhism--two mo/ ela/ic1 compreh5sive1
 & ,protean  sy/ems1 :i* h con/antly    
*ang$ _! front to suit *ang+            
circum/ances & v>y+ national            
peculi>ities at diff]5t epo*s &  9      

diff]5t c\ntries--to "o h>d & fa/       
outl9e4    ,x is c]ta9ly s+ul> t al?\gh 
! t]m ,nibbna 7,sanskx  ,nirva7--l "s ( 
! crucial !ological t]ms (              
,*ri/ianity--has  l$ to endless         
discussions1 x does n occur (t5 9 ! ,pli
 texts4  ,! ^w ,arahattam1 #8,arhat%ip1'
 is m common4    ,nirva1 ( c\rse1       
orig9ally means #8! /ate ( a bl[n-out   
flame4'  ,h5ce its fir/ mean+ is prop]ly
 re/rict$ to ! complete  ext9ction ( !  
?ree *ief fires#eh ( lu/1 ill-w1 &      
delusion1  & a total cessation ( all    
evil passions & desires#ei1 especially  
( ! desire = individual exi/5ce 7"n &   
=m74    ,foll[+ on ?is is ! /ate (      
release f all pa9 & f all  ignorance1   
accompani$ by a s5se ( pr(\nd re/--a    
/ate a*iev$ by  all ,arhats :ile /ill   
liv+ 9 ! _w#fj1 & notably by !  ,buddha 
at ! mom5t :5 he atta9$ ,buddhahood1    
=ty-five ye>s  be=e 8 f9al ,p>i-nirva4  
,nirva !n is n necess>ily !             
annihilation ( all exi/5ce4 ,x is !     
abs5ce ( klea 7p4 #abd71 z  9 ! ,yoga   

sy/em1 & corresponds v mu* to !         
,brhmanical  ,apav>ga1 describ$ 9 !     
,nyya1 & def9$ by a comm5tator1         
,vtsyyana1 to be ,s>va-dukha-h$a 7#8!   
cutt+ (f ( all pa9'74 ,9  %ort1 x is    
,arhat%ip4    ,b besides ,nirva we h !  
expression ,p>i-nirva4 ,?is is n  m]ely 
! bl[+ out ( ! fires ( ! passions b also
 ! entire  cessation ( re-bir?s1 )      
ext9ction ( all ! elem5ts or se$s (     
bodily exi/5ce4 ,?is took place :5 !    
,buddha di$ or #8pass$ away'  aft]      
innum]able previ\s dea?s4 ,practically1 
h[ev]1 9 ,buddhism !  dea? ( e ord9>y   
be+ am\nts to ?is k9d ( ,nirva2 =1 if   
!re is no recollection ( any =m] /ate ( 
exi/5ce 9 ! new  be+ creat$ by ,k>ma1   
:at is e dea? b utt] p]sonal  ext9ction8
    ,n[ ) reg>d to ! ,nirva ( ,arhat%ip1
 no "o c h come 9  contact ) ! natives (
 ,india 9 _! own c\ntry1 )\t  obs]v+ t =
 a g5u9e ari/ocratic ,brhman to all[    
o!rs to see  him give way to any        
passion1 to exhibit any emotion or      
en?usiasm1 is  reg>d$ z a pro( (        

weakness4    ,we c easily und]/&1 !re=e1
 t :5 ! ,buddha exhort$ 8  foll[]s to   
/rive aft] a :olly impassive condition1 
he address$ a  sympa!tic audi5ce4       
,long be=e 8 exhortations 7 he>d 9      
,india1 8 fell[-c\ntrym5  held p]sons 9 
! highe/ respect :o claim$ to h entirely
  suppress$ _! passions4 ,! only        
peculi>ity 9 ,gautama's tea*+  0 t he   
made ?is object incumb5t on all true    
,buddhi/s alike1  )\t exception4 ,& ?is 
/ate ( absolute imp]turbability is well 
indicat$ to ! eye by ! usual attitude ( 
! images :i*1 aft]  ,gautama's dea?1 7  
c>v$ to repres5t him--an attitude (     
passionless  composure1 & dignifi$ calm4
    ,9 ! int]e/+ ,pli "w ,mil9da-prana  
7,mil9da-paho71 conta9+  a conv]sation  
on ! subject ( ,nirva betwe5 ,k+ ,mil9da
 7,m5&]7  & ! monk ,ngas5a 7suppos$ to h
 liv$ ab\t #adj ,b4,c471 !  latt]       
comp>es x to ! pure wat] :i* qu5*es     
fire1 & to !  fa?omless ,ocean fre$ f   
tr\ble & impurities1 :i* no riv]1  h[ev]
 va/1 c fill to ov]fl[+2 & to ! ,air1   

:i* _c be  se5 or expla9$1 ?\gh x ent]s 
our bodies & fills u ) life2  & to      
,space1 :i* is et]nal & inf9ite1 &      
beyond ! p[] ( man  to conceive4    ,i  
tru/ ,i %all n %ock my ,indian fri5ds if
 ,i illu/rate ?is  condition by a       
comp>ison ( my own drawn f ! animal     
creation4 ,9  cross+ ! ,indian ,ocean1  
:5 unruffl$ by ! slighte/ breeze1 ,i  h 
sometimes obs]v$ a jelly-fi% float+ on !
 surface ( !  transp>5t wat]1 app>5tly  
lifeless4 ,! creature is evid5tly  nei!r
 asleep nor awake4 ,x c]ta9ly is n ?9k+ 
ab\t any?+1  & its consci\sness is      
d\btful4 ,all t c be affirm$ ab\t x is  
t x seems to be dr9k+ 9 ! w>m fluid 9 a 
/ate ( lazy  blissful repose4    ,no    
,buddhi/1 at lea/1 c\ld look at su* a   
sight )\t be+ rem9d$  ( ?is idea (      
,nirva--! idea (1 s to speak1 float+ 9  
p]fect  repose & peace & cessation f all
 pa91 & all "w1 & ev5 all  ?\ght1 on a  
k9d ( ocean ( half consci\s1 half       
unconsci\s  beatitude4 ,x is n          
consci\sness1 nei!r is x unconsci\sness4

 ,x is  symboliz$ by a full-bl[n1       
p]fectly =m$ lotus--a frequ5t emblem (  
p]fection--repos+ on a calm mirror-l    
lake4    ,) reg>d to ,p>i-nirva#fa--!   
complete t]m9ation ( migrations  & pass+
 away ( all ! elem5ts ( bodily          
exi/5ce--if ?is is to  be di/+ui%$ f !  
,brhmanical idea ( absorption into an   
imp]sonal _s--:]eby ! ,ego ( p]sonal    
id5tity is de/roy$--x  is a di/9ction   
)\t mu* diff]5ce4    ,/rictly1 h[ev]1 9 
,buddhism ! dissolution ( ! body leaves 
no  surviv+ p]sonality or individuality1
 & consequ5tly ,p>i-nirva is  n prop]ly 
describ$ ei!r z absorption into a void  
7nya7 or z  annihilation4 ,x is simply !
 absolute t]m9ation ( a s]ies (         
consci\s bodily organizations4 ,!       
,buddha himself evad$ dogmatic          
def9itions1 & w\ld probably h said3--x  
is n life1 nei!r is x  non-life2 x may  
be comp>$ to inf9ite space 7nya7 :i* is 
n to  be compreh5d$ or expla9$4    ,we  
%\ld also be> 9 m9d t al?\gh ,nirva &   
,p>i-nirva  con/itute ! ultimate goal to

 :i* all ! morality ( a true  ,buddhi/  
t5ds1 !y h no place ei!r 9 ! aims or    
?\ghts ( !  ord9>y adh]5ts ( ,buddhism  
at ! pres5t day4    ,! apex ( all !     
desires1 ! culm9at+ po9t ( all !        
ambition  ( ! mo/ religi\sly-m9d$       
,buddhi/s ( mod]n times1 po9ts to a     
life 9 "o ( ! heav5s1 :ile ! great mass 
( ! p aim only  at escap+ "o ( ! hells1 
& elevat+ !mselves to a high]  condition
 ( bodily exi/5ce 9 _! next bir? on ?is 
e>?1 &  p]haps on t v "p ( ?is e>? :i*  
is ! sc5e ( _!  pres5t toils1 joys1 &   
sorr[s4    ,x only rema9s = me to       
caution ^? :o may be impress$ ) !       
beauty ( "s ( ! precepts ( ! moral code 
& its !ory (  p]fection1 z end+ 9       
,p>i-nirva1 aga9/ d$uc+ !refrom too     
optimi/ic an e/imate ( ! ,buddhi/ sy/em4
 ,buddhi/ morality is l  a %[y edifice  
built on ! s&4 ,x is a ?or\ghly         
fair-wea!r  /ructure1 incapable ( /&+   
aga9/ flood1 /orm1 & tempe/4    ,x may  
be summ$ up 9 a few words z a s*eme = ! 
e/abli%+ ( a  p>adox--= ! p]fect+ ( "o's

 self by accumulat+ m]it ) !  ultimate  
view ( annihilat+ all consci\sness (    
self--a sy/em :i*  tea*es ! greate/     
respect = ! life ( o!rs1 ) ! ultimate   
view ( ext+ui%+ "o's own4    ,x mu/1 9  
%ort1 be cle>ly und]/ood t if any       
comp>ison be  in/itut$ betwe5 ,buddhism 
& ,*ri/ianity 9 reg>d to !              
self-abnegation1 or self-sacrifice :i*  
ea* claims to inculcate1 !  self to be  
got rid ( 9 ,buddhism is n ! selfi%ness 
condemn$ by  ,*ri/ianity1 b r ! self (  
individuality--! self (  individual     
life1 & p]sonal id5tity4    ,to be      
righte\s 9 a ,*ri/ian s5se a man mu/ be 
,god-l1 & to be  righte\s 9 a ,buddhi/ic
 s5se a man mu/ be ,buddha-l2 b !       
righte\sness ( ! ,buddhi/ is n !        
p]fection ( hol9ess by !  ext9ction ( s9
 committ$ aga9/ ,god1 b ! p]fection (   
m]it-mak+1 ) ! view ( e>n+ happ9ess =   
himself 9 a high]  /ate h]eaft]4    ,= e
 ,buddhi/ is l a trad] :o keeps a l$g]1 
) a regul>  debtor & cr$itor acc\nt1 & a
 daily entry ( pr(it & loss4    ,he mu/ 

n take1 make1 or ho>d money4 ,he is     
=bidd5 to /ore up a  money-balance 9 a  
worldly bank1 b he is urg$ to be        
con/antly  accumulat+ a m]it-balance 9 !
 bank ( ,k>ma4    ,9 conclusion1 let !  
,buddha en=ce 8 own moral tea*+ 9 8 own 
way1 by allegory & illu/ration drawn f  
real life3--,:5 ask$ by a  ,brhman #8:y 
he did n pl\gh & s[ & e>n 8 own bread8' 
he  repli$ to ! foll[+ effect3 #8,i d   
pl\gh & s[ & eat immortal  fruit 7,amata
  ,amita72 my pl\gh is wisdom 7pa72 my  
%aft is  mode/y2 my draught-ox1 ex]tion2
 my goad1 e>ne/ m$itation 7sati72 my    
m9d1 ! re94 ,fai? 7saddh7 9 ! doctr9e is
 ! se$ ,i s[2  cleav+ to life is ! we$  
,i root up2 tru? is ! de/roy] ( !  we$2 
,nirva & deliv]ance f mis]y are my      
h>ve/4'  7,kasi-bhradvja-sutta ( !      
,sutta-nipta47    ,?is may be comp>$ )  
,/4 ,luke viii4 #aa-ae2 b h we n "h a   
contra/ r ?an a comp>ison8    ,p]haps "s
 may ?9k t ! contra/ is n unfav\rable to
  ,buddhism4 ,nay1 possibly "s may      
compla9 t ,i h n enl>g$  suffici5tly on 

! rem>kable resemblance betwe5 c]ta9    
moral  precepts 9 ! ,buddhi/ code & 9 ! 
,*ri/ian4 ,i admit ?is  resemblance--,i 
admit t bo? tell u3--n to love ! _w2 n  
to  love money2 n to %[ enmity t[>ds our
 enemies2 n to d  unrighte\s or impure  
acts--to ov]come evil by good1 & to d to
 o!rs  z we w\ld be done by4    ,nay1 ,i
 admit ev5 m3--,i all[ t "s ,buddhi/    
precepts g beyond  ! correspond+        
,*ri/ian injunctions4 ,= ,buddhism      
prohibits all  kill+--ev5 ( animals &   
noxi\s insects4 ,x dem&s total ab/95ce  
f /imulat+ dr9ks--disall[+ ev5 mod]ation
 9 _! use4 ,x  excludes all :o aim at   
p]fect sanctity f ! holy e/ate (        
matrimony4 ,x bids a man1 if he /rives  
aft] p]fection1 ab&on !  _w & lead a    
life ( monkhood4 ,9 f9e1 its morality is
 ess5tially  a monkhood-morality4 ,x    
enjo9s total ab/95ce1 because x d>es n  
tru/ human be+s to be temp]ate4 ,h[     
inde$ c\ld x tru/ !m :5  x promises !m  
no help1 no div9e grace1 no re/ra9+ p[]8
    ,! glory ( ,*ri/ianity is t hav+    

freely giv5 t grace &  t p[] to man1 x  
tru/s him to make use ( ! gift4 ,x seems
 to  speak to him ?us3--,?y ,creator    
wills to tru/ !e & to be tru/$ by  !e2  
,he has end[$ !e ) fre$om ( *oice1 &    
!re=e respects  ?y lib]ty ( action4 ,he 
imposes no rule ( total ab/95ce 9 reg>d 
to natural desires2 ,he simply bids !e  
keep !m )9 b\nds1 s t  ?y mod]ation may 
be kn[n unto all m52 ,he places !e 9 !  
_w  amid trials & temptations & says to 
!e1 #8,my grace is suffici5t  = !e' & by
 its aid ?\ maye/ ov]come !m all4       
,yes1 ! gr& diff]5ce betwe5 ! morality (
 ,buddhism & !  morality ( ,*ri/ianity  
is n 9 ! lett] ( ! precepts1 b 9  !     
pr9ciple & motive p[] br\ght to be> on  
_! application4    ,buddhism says3--,be 
righte\s by y\rselves1 & ?r\gh          
y\rselves1 &  = ! gett+ rid ( all life 9
 y\rselves4 ,*ri/ianity says3--,be      
righte\s ?r\gh ! p[] ( ,god's gift (    
et]nal life 9 ,8 ,son4 ,9  a ^w1        
,buddhism f\nds its morality on self4   
,*ri/ianity f\nds its  morality on      

,*ri/4    ,! ,buddha said to 8          
foll[]s3--,take no?+ f me1 tru/ to no "o
  b to y\rselves4    ,*ri/ said1 & says 
to u /ill3--,take all f me2 take ?is    
free  gift4 ,put on ?is spotless robe4  
,eat ?is ,bread ( ,life4 ,dr9k ?is      
,liv+ ,wat]4    ,?9k y t any "o :o      
receives a priceless gift1 is likely    
will+ly to insult ! ,giv] ( x8 ,?9k y t 
any "o :o accepts  a sn[-:ite robe is   
likely will+ly to soil x by impure acts8
 ,?9k  y t any "o :o ta/es life-giv+    
,bread is likely to reli% husks8  or t  
any "o :o draws deep draughts at a liv+ 
,well is likely to  pref] ! pollut$ wat]
 ( a /agnant pool8    ,bew>e1 !n1 (     
judg+ by ! m]e lett]2 or1 %\ld y insi/  
on s  judg+1 be> 9 m9d t ev]y:]e !      
,buddha's ,law is a dead lett]1  because
 ! ,buddha is dead2 j z ! ,s]mon on !   
,m\nt w\ld be a  dead lett]1 if ,*ri/ 7 
dead4    ,f9ally1 let me say to !       
admir]s ( ,buddhism3--    ,if y insi/ on
 plac+ its moral code on ! same level ) 
t (  ,*ri/ianity1 ask y\rselves "o pla9 

"q--,:o w\ld be ! m  likely to lead a   
godly1 righte\s1 & sob] life1 a life (  
mod]ation  & temp]ance1 a life ( hol9ess
 & happ9ess--! man :o has le>nt  8      
morality f ! dead1 ! ext9ct ,buddha1 or 
! man :o draws 8  morality & 8 hol9ess f
 ! liv+1 ! et]nal1 ! life-giv+  ,*ri/8  
,,lecture ,,vii4          ,*anges 9     
,buddhism & its disappe>ance f ,india4  
,9 ! prec$+ ,lectures ,i h conf9$ myself
 *iefly to !  consid]ation ( :at may be 
call$ true ,buddhism z taught by its    
,f\nd] & develop$ by 8 imm$iate foll[]s 
& disciples dur+  ! fir/ two or ?ree    
c5turies ( its exi/5ce 9 ! l& ( its     
bir?1 ,india4    ,to attempt an         
explanation ( all ! subsequ5t phases (  
,buddhism  w\ld1 z ,i h be=e /at$1      
require ! comm& ( unlimit$ "t4  ,all ,i 
c hope to accompli% 9 ! conclud+        
,lectures is to give a  v g5]al idea ( !
 nature ( ! *anges ,buddhism und]w5t    
be=e  x di$ out 9 ,india1 & ( its       
corruptions 9 "s ( ! c\ntries  bord]+ on
 ,india & 9 ,nor?-ea/]n ,asia4    ,& ,i 

may add t ^? :o desire correct views on 
?is subject1 ought  n to tru/ to m]e    
inf]5ces & !ories f\nd$ on a critical   
p]usal ( ! s-call$ ,sacr$ ,books ( !    
,buddhi/s4 ,= x is  c]ta9 t )\t any     
practical exp]i5ce ( :at ,buddhism has  
become 9 mod]n times--,i mean su* an    
exp]i5ce z c only be ga9$  by resid+ or 
travell+ 9 c\ntries :]e ,buddhism n[    
prevails--!  m]e /udy ( its anci5t      
scriptures is likely to be mislead+4    
,at ! same "t book-k is indisp5sable1 & 
x is ess5tial to  br+ to ! /udy ( lat]  
,buddhism a s*ol>like acqua9tance )     
,sanskx & ,pli4 ,ev5 a k ( ,tibetan     
ought to be add$4 ,nor  ought ! inquir] 
to be ignorant ( ! sci5ce ( comp>ative  
religion1 see+ t ! pr9ciples ( t sci5ce 
may ?r[ light on  _m difficult que/ions4
    ,= example1 a /ud5t ( comp>ative    
religion w be prep>$ to  expect t all   
religi\s sy/ems w div]ge m or less f _! 
orig9al type 9 ! h&s ( en?usia/ic       
disciples1 :o are ev]  incl9$ to amplify
 _! ma/]'s tea*+ & to expla9 x          

diff]5tly accord+ to ea* man's peculi>  
temp]am5t & m5tal  bias1 until 9 ! end !
 orig9al deposit ( simple doctr9e       
becomes  ov]laid ) lay] ^u lay] (       
adv5titi\s matt]4    ,nor w he be       
surpris$ to f9d t ! t5d5cy ( e religi\s 
movem5t is t[>ds det]ioration &         
dis9tegration4 ,nor w x appe>  /range to
 him t ! *ief cons]vative =ce is        
antagonism4 ,z "t  goes on disagreem5ts 
among ! foll[]s ( any great lead] seem  
to be  inevitable1 & always lead to     
sect>ian divisions & subdivisions4 ,yet 
x is ?is opposition ( religi\s p>ties t 
usually op]ates to  mitigate ! wor/     
extremes ( corruption1 & t5ds to br+    
ab\t  re-=m+ movem5ts4    ,ev5 !        
progress ( ,*ri/ianity--z hi/ory %[s too
 well--furni%es  illu/rations ( ! law ( 
det]ioration1 dis9tegration1 &          
re-=mation4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is c]ta9 t 
no /udy ( ! ,new  ,te/am5t is likely to 
give a true idea ( ! v>y+ condition ( ! 
,*ri/ian religion z exhibit$ at ! pres5t
 day 9 diff]5t p>ts (  ! _w4    ,b "h x 

is important to caution ! /ud5t (       
religions aga9/  =c+ a comp>ison betwe5 
two sy/ems ( doctr9e l ,*ri/ianity  &   
,buddhism1 :i* are radically &          
ess5tially oppos$ to ea* o!r4    ,!     
un*ri/ianlike incru/ations & divisions  
:i* h m>r$ !  orig9al tea*+ ( ! ,head ( 
our religion exi/ 9 spite (             
,*ri/ianity4 ,!y are n ! result ( any   
developm5t ( its fir/  pr9ciples2 :]eas1
 on ! contr>y1 ! corruptions & s*isms ( 
,buddhism are ! natural & inevitable    
outcome ( its own root-ideas  &         
fundam5tal doctr9es4    ,9 pro( ( ?is   
let u rev]t = a mom5t to ! insight we h 
ga9$ into ! orig9 ( ,buddhism4    ,x w  
be se5 t ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( !    
,buddha's  tea*+1 s f> z x has be5 /at$ 
9 ! prec$+ ,lectures1 0  t he altoge!r  
ignor$ ! exi/5ce 9 human nature ( any   
spiritual aspirations1 affections1 or   
in/9cts high] ?an or di/9ct  f ! natural
 aspirations1 affections1 & in/9cts (   
humanity2 &  ( any =ce outside ( human  
nature capable ( aid+ a man's own  ef=ts

 9 8 /ruggle = salvation4 ,n t he       
revil$1 or p\r$  contempt on ! religion 
preval5t among 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 b t  he
 f\nd no place 9 8 sy/em = an ext]nal   
,rul] & ,controll] (  ! ,univ]se1 & w\ld
 h /ultifi$ 8 own tea*+ _h he  ackn[l$g$
 a ,supreme ,creator1 guid+ & uphold+   
all ?+s by ,8  w1 & always at h& to     
co-op]ate ) ,8 creatures & li/5 to  _!  
supplications4    ,if x 7 possible1 9   
%ort1 to cond5se into a categorical     
/atem5t  ! scatt]$ utt]ances ( a man ^: 
tea*+ 0 r>ely dogmatic1 we  might affirm
 t x 0 to ! effect t = any man to dep5d 
on a  ,be+ high] ?an himself1 or to     
c5tre ! noble/ affections ( 8  nature on
 a m]ciful1 j1 & holy ,god1 ^: pres5ce  
he ye>n$ =1  ^: aid he pray$ =1 & to ^: 
image he long$ to be  assimilat$--0 a   
m]e delusion1 ?\gh p]haps a h>mless "o4 
,he  !re=e set aside e suppos$          
sup]natural revelation z useless  &     
incapable ( pro(4 ,he prescrib$ no      
pray]1 he enjo9$ no =m (  wor%ip1 he    
e/abli%$ no real *ur*1 & in/ead ( a     

prie/hood or  cl]gy1 orda9$ to aid m5 9 
_! progress heav5w>ds or to console  !m 
9 ! trials ( life1 he f\nd$ an ,ord] (  
,monks pl$g$ to  d5\nce human life z n  
wor? liv+1 & b\nd to ab/a9 f all        
p>ticipation 9 human affairs4    ,x is  
true t he des]ves comm5dation = hav+    
sub/itut$ moral  conduct = useless      
sup]/iti\s rites1 b 8 moral code _h no  
o!r  aim ?an ! suppression ( lu/s &     
desires 7p4 #aci1 note #b71 & 8  peculi>
 /oical philosophy _h no o!r object ?an 
! removal ( !  ignorance :i* ob/ruct$ ! 
pa? to true k--! k t  all life is       
fraught ) pa9 & mis]y1 & n wor?         
p]petuat+4    ,x is admitt$1 too1 t its 
moral precepts 7 ( a high ord]2 b  x    
promis$ man no div9e aid 9 obs]v+ !m1 x 
suppli$ him ) no  motive p[] except !   
selfi% hope ( b5efit+ himself 9 future  
/ates ( corporeal exi/5ce1 & x provid$  
no rem$y 9 case 8  attempts to obey its 
injunctions end$ 9 failure4 ,h[1 inde$1 
c\ld x  d any ( ^! ?+s :5 its only idea 
( s9 0 n ! infraction  ( ,god's law1 b !

 commission ( an act fraught ) evil     
consequ5ces to ! do]8    ,fur!rmore1 x 0
 guilty ( ! inconsi/5cy ( bidd+ a man   
*]i%  a fell[-feel+ = o!rs & dilig5tly  
engage 9 all good works1  :ile x made 8 
true salvation dep5d on 8 giv+ up all   
love =  wife & *ildr51 & sett+ be=e     
himself1 z 8 f9al goal1 a  condition (  
absolute indiff]5ce & inactivity4       
,:at1 !re=e1 ,i am at pres5t conc]n$ to 
po9t out is t1 if !  ess5tial doctr9es (
 primitive ,buddhism 7 ( ! "* ?us       
summ>iz$1 a reb\nd f "o extreme to ano!r
 became inevitable1 &  t su* a reaction 
0 due to ! v nature ( ! orig9al tea*+  (
 its ,f\nd]4 ,9 po9t ( fact x 0 n a     
developm5t t took  place1 b a recoil--l 
! recoil ( a spr+ held d[n = a "t by  a 
p[]ful h& & !n releas$4 ,& ?is result$ f
 ! simple  work+ ( ! et]nal in/9cts (   
humanity1 :i* insi/$ on mak+  !mselves  
felt not)/&+ ! unnatural re/ra9t to :i* 
!  ,buddha _h subject$ !m2 s t e doctr9e
 he taught develop$ by  a k9d ( irony ( 
fate into a complete contradiction (    

itself4    ,let u take a few examples3--
    ,buddhism1 we "k1 />t$ ) ! doctr9e t
 all idea ( m>riage1  or ( happy        
home-life1 0 to be ab&on$ by wise m5--by
 all :o aim$  at becom+ true ,buddhi/s  
79 direct contradi/9ction1 we may note1 
to  ! prim>y ,*ri/ian tru? t x is n good
 = creat$ man to be  alone1 & t !re=e 8 
,creator creat$ a help meet = him--a    
tru? confirm$ 9 a rem>kable mann] by !  
,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian  ,*ur* :5 ,he gave !
 fir/ sign ( ,8 div9e commission at a   
m>riage c]emony74    ,:at1 !n1 foll[$ on
 ! ,buddha's orig9al unnatural tea*+ 9  
reg>d to m>riage8    ,( c\rse an        
imm$iate result 0 t1 al?\gh accord+ to !
  ,buddha's ord9ance any "o :o aim$ at  
p]fect sanctity 0 b\nd to  lead a       
celibate life1 ! rule aga9/ m>riage 0   
admitt$ to be  inapplicable to !        
majority ( human be+s liv+ 9 ! _w4 ,!   
mass ( ! p1 9 %ort1 7 necess>ily (f5d]s 
aga9/ !  prim>y law ( ,buddhism4 ,?\gh  
call$ lay-,buddhi/s1 !y 7 n  #8wise m5' 
9 ! ,buddhi/ s5se ( ! t]m 7pp4 #hf1     

#hh74 ,!re is ev5  evid5ce t among c]ta9
 monki% communities 9 ,nor!rn c\ntries  
! law aga9/ m>riage 0 soon relax$4 ,x is
 well kn[n t at !  pres5t day ,lamas]ies
 9 ,sikkim & ,tibet sw>m ) ! *ildr5 (   
monks1 ?\gh call$ _! nephews &          
nieces#fb4 ,& f> worse ?an  ?is1        
,buddhism ultimately alli$ itself )     
,tntrism or ! wor%ip (  ! female        
pr9ciple 7akti71 & "u its sanction      
enc\rag$ !  grosse/ violations ( dec5cy 
& ! wor/ =ms ( pr(ligacy4    ,x 0 ! same
 9 reg>d to ! unnatural v[ ( pov]ty4    
,mona/]ies  & ,lamas]ies n[ possess     
imm5se rev5ues1 & monks are (t5 weal?y  
m54    ,!n aga91 :at result$ f !        
,buddha's ignor+ ! exi/5ce ( a  ,god1 & 
tell+ 8 disciples to ab/a9 f dep5d+ on  
any ,be+  high] ?an :at man himself c\ld
 become8 ,( c\rse ?is 0 oppos$ to  e    
man's inn]mo/ s5se ( 8 own ne$s & ( 8   
own nature4 ,=  man is s con/itut$ t he 
_c be happy )\t lov+ &  tru/+ a ,be+    
high] ?an himself--a ,be+ :o takes !    
initiative 9  lov+ ,8 creatures & is !  

prop] object ( _! l(tie/  affections4   
,nor c man 9 8 secret he>t reg>d ei!r   
himself or any  "o ( 8 fell[-m5 z a be+ 
wor?y ( 8 highe/ adoration4 ,nor  c he  
set 8 affections on a blank or an       
ab/raction4 ,& s1 9 spite  ( ! ,buddha's
 tea*+1 8 foll[]s w\ld act on _! own    
convictions4 ,!y w\ld believe 9 be+s    
high] ?an !mselves1 & 9  a p]sonal      
,creator kn[able & lovable by !mselves1 
& kn[+ &  lov+ ,8 creatures4 ,nay1 !y   
ultimately conv]t$ ! ,buddha himself    
into ! v ,god he d5i$1 call+ him #8,!   
*ief god ( all ! gods'  7,devtideva74   
,aga91 :at 0 ! effect ( ! ,buddha's     
lead+ m5 to believe t  all sup]natural  
revelation 0 unne$$--t all enlight5m5t  
came  f )91 & t e man 0 compet5t to ?9k 
out true  k = himself by ! ex]cise ( 8  
own reason+ p[]s1 9  ! way t ! ,buddha  
himself _h done8    ,( c\rse ! result 0 
t ! g5]ality ( m5 :o %rank f !  ef=t (  
?9k+ out tru? = !mselves1 & 7 :olly     
de/itute  ( any faculty = do+ s1 insi/$ 
on believ+ 9 a revelation f  an ext]nal 

p[]1 & end$ 9 attribut+ infallibility to
 !  ,buddha's own tea*+1 & wor%ipp+ !   
,law ( ,buddhism--z a visible  embodim5t
 ( _! deceas$ tea*]--) all ! ard\r (    
en?usia/ic  bibliolatri/s4              
,fur!rmore1 :at foll[$ on ! ,buddha's   
d5y+ t any pray]1  h[ev] e>ne/1 c\ld h  
any p[] to modify ! op]ation ( natural  
laws8    ,( c\rse m5 long$ = "s =m (    
supplication to a high] p[]1  & s !     
,buddha's disciples n only compos$      
pray]-=mul>ies1 b  inve/$ ! m]e lett]s &
 syllables ( su* =ms ) an efficacy  :i* 
no o!r body ( religioni/s has ev] ?\ght 
( attribut+ to  pray] ( any k9d4    ,!y 
n only repeat$ my/ical s5t5ces1 :i* 7   
call$ pray]s1  ?\gh really m]e *>ms1    
believ+ t an occult virtue 0 inh]5t  9 !
 words1 b inv5t$ a me?od ( manufactur+  
su* s5t5ces  7,dhra7 l m>ketable        
commodities4    ,!y fabricat$ pray]s1 9 
fact1 by ma*9]y1 inscrib+ !m on  :eels  
or on rolls ins]t$ 9 cyl9d]s1 :i* 9 !   
pres5t day are  made to revolve by h& or
 by ! =ce ( wat] & w9d1 & w  possibly1 )

 ! spread ( sci5ce1 be impell$ by       
/eam-p[]1 s  t ea* revolution may c\nt =
 an inf9ite numb] ( repetitions1  & be  
set d[n to ! cr$it ( ! own] or manag] ( 
! me*anism4    ,yet aga91 :at 0 !       
inevitable consequ5ce ( ! ,buddha's     
rejection  ( ! doctr9e t any b5efit c\ld
 accrue to human be+s f  religi\s       
s]vices conduct$ by regul>ly orda9$     
prie/s1 & ( 8  in/itut+ 9 _! /ead an    
,ord] ( ,monks1 :o 7 little bett]  ?an a
 community ( drones1 contribut+ no?+ to 
! weal? ( !  _w1 do+ no?+ ( any utility 
to any "o1 & taught to reg>d  inaction z
 ! pa? ( true wisdom8    ,naturally1 m5 
crav$ = spiritual help]s1 guides1 &     
int]cessors1  & s by degrees ^! v monks 
conduct$ elaborate religi\s  s]vices1 & 
a complicat$ hi]>*y 0 organiz$ 9 ,tibet1
 ev5 m  intricate & f>-rea*+ 9 its      
ramifications ?an t ( ! mod]n  ,romi%   
,*ur*4    ,& once m1 :at result$ f !    
,buddha's objection to provide  visible 
images & mat]ial objects ( wor%ip1 ) a  
view to /imulate  devotion or aid       

m$itation8    ,( c\rse concrete &       
objective ,buddhism ( "s k9d became a   
necessity4 ,x became ess5tial to make   
concessions to ! weakness &  infirmity (
 human nature1 :i* requir$ ext]nal aids1
 & decl9$ to  be devot$ to an ideal     
void1 or to m$itate on a pure           
ab/raction4 ,ev5  ! ,f\nd] ( ,buddhism  
himself seems to h felt1 z we %all see1 
t 8 hold on ! memory ( 8 foll[]s w\ld   
dep5d on _!  v5]at+ c]ta9 objects &     
symbols aft] 8 dea?4 ,unhappily =  !    
purity ( ,buddhism1 b q 9 con=mity ) !  
invet]ate  t5d5cies ( humanity1 !       
,buddha's disciples pu%$ v5]ation (     
ext]nal objects to an extreme4 ,!y 7 n  
cont5t$ ) m]e  rev]5ce %[n to ! relics (
 ! ,buddha's burnt body & ! %r9es       
conta9+ !m4 ,!y wor%ipp$ ! tree "u :i*  
he atta9$  ,buddhahood1 ! seat on :i* he
 sat1 ! pr9ts ( 8 feet1 8 %ad[  suppos$ 
to be impress$ on rocks1 ! ut5sils he   
us$1 ! books  conta9+ ! ,law1 ! :eel :i*
 symboliz$ bo? ! propagation &  ! "* ( 8
 doctr9e1 & f9ally b[$ d[n be=e c>v$    

repres5tations ( 8 body & images ( all  
k9ds4 ,x is rem>kable  t 9 ,buddhi/     
c\ntries idols are f> m num]\s ?an among
 any  o!r idolatr\s p 9 ! _w4    ,la/ly1
 :at result$ f ! ,buddha's tea*+ t !    
ultimate end  to :i* m5's ef=ts ought to
 be direct$ 0 ,nirva--t is1 !  total    
ext9ction ( all individual exi/5ce &    
p]sonal id5tity8    ,( c\rse m5         
in/9ctively recoil$ f utt]              
self-annihilation1 &  s ! ,buddha's     
foll[]s end$ 9 *ang+ ! true idea (      
,nirva &  conv]t+ x f a condition (     
non-exi/5ce into a /ate ( hazy          
beatitude 9 cele/ial regions1 :ile !y   
enc\rag$ all m5--:e!r  monks or         
laym5--to make a s5se ( dreamy bliss 9  
heav51 & n total  ext9ction ( life1 !   
end ( all _! ef=ts4    ,b x 0 n only ?is
 natural & inevitable recoil to !       
opposite  extreme t ultimately br\ght   
ab\t an entire *ange 9 primitive        
,buddhism4 ,ano!r cause mu/ also be tak5
 into acc\nt4    ,we h already expla9$ !
 nature ( ! tie :i* b\nd ,buddhism to   

,brhmanism1 f ! fir/ day on :i* ,gautama
 sat z a disciple at !  feet ( ! ,brhman
 philosoph]s ,udraka & ra 7p4 #bi74 ,n[1
 al?\gh  ?is tie 0 soon loos5$1 & al?\gh
 ! ,buddha /ruck out a l9e (  8 own1 & a
 sep>ation took place1 yet ! two sy/ems 
/ood on s  mu* common gr\nd t !y 7      
always ready to draw toge!r aga94    ,at
 all ev5ts1 x is probable t "o sy/em    
nev] expell$ ! o!r1  & t ! con/ant      
attrition & contact :i* took place      
betwe5  ,brhmanism & ,buddhism1 l$ to a 
consid]able splitt+ up ( !  orig9al     
fabric ( ,buddhism1 involv+1 ( c\rse1 _m
 divisions &  subdivisions ( ,buddhi/ic 
?\ght1 "s ( :i* 7 closely alli$ to  !   
lat] developm5ts ( ,brhmanical          
philosophy4    ,9 ! ,s>va-d>ana-sagraha 
f\r pr9cipal sects ( ,buddhism are      
enum]at$1 :i* mu/ h tak5 root e>ly on   
,indian soil4    ,^! f\r 7 ! ,vaibh%ika1
 ,sautrntika1 ,mdhyamika1 & ,yogra4  ,( 
^! ! fir/ two ) _! subdivisions#fc 7    
reali/ic1 &  7 e/abli%$--?\gh n p]haps  
?or\ghly =mulat$ &  sy/ematiz$--9 v e>ly

 times1 long be=e ! c\ncil ( ,kani%ka2  
:ile ! two lat] s*ools are describ$ z   
ideali/ic1 ! ,mdhyamika  be+ a          
,buddhi/ic =m ( ! ,v$nta philosophy1 & !
 ,yogra  agree+ g5]ally ) ! ,yoga sy/em4
    ,inde$ !re is good evid5ce t        
,buddhism develop$ 9 ,india a great]    
numb] ( s*ools & phases ( ?\ght ?an     
,brhmanism itself4 ,"s  au?orities      
enum]ate eighte5 divisions 7correspond+ 
p]haps to !  eighte5 orig9al disciples1 
pp4 #dg-gc7 :i* exi/$ 9 k+ ,kani%ka's   
"t--t is1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1    
:ile o!rs specify  ?irty-two2 & 9 ! f\r?
 c5tury we f9d ! ,*9ese travell]  ,f-hi5
 7p4 #afj7 mak+ allusion to z _m z      
n9ety-six 7,dr4 ,legge's  translation1  
p4 #fb74    ,we _c wond] !n t ! au?or ( 
! ,s>va-d>ana-sagraha  express$ himself 
9 r /rong language to ! foll[+ effect3--
    #8,?\gh ! v5]at$ ,buddha be ! only  
"o tea*]1 8 disciples are  manifold2 j z
 :5 ! sun has set1 ! ?ief & o!r evil    
do]s1  ! !ological /ud5t & o!rs und]/& t
 x is "t to set  ab\t _! occupations1   

accord+ to _! sev]al incl9ations4'      
,yet1 aft] all1 x 0 *iefly 9 ! ,nor?1 & 
9 consequ5ce ( !  c\ncil held by        
,kani%ka1 ,india's greate/ ,buddhi/ k+  
aft] ,aoka#fd  7see p4 #fi71 t ! orig9al
 features ( ,buddhism und]w5t !  greate/
 *ange & became ov]laid ) coat+ aft]    
coat+ (  extrane\s matt]4 ,x 0 !re1 9   
,nor!rn regions1 9 ! valley (  ! ,indus1
 t ! ,protean sy/em call$ ,mah-yna      
arose1 & grew1 by  ! op]ation ( ! usual 
laws ( accretion1 conglom]ation1        
dis9tegration1 & re9tegration1 into a   
cong]ies ( het]og5e\s  doctr9es1 includ+
 ! wor%ip ( ,bodhi-sattvas1 deifi$      
sa9ts1 &  p]sonal gods4    ,naturally ! 
adh]5ts ( ?is wid] me?od spoke          
disp>ag+ly ( !  simpl] sy/em preval5t 9 
! ,s\?1 ^: sacr$ books 7 !  ,tri-piaka (
 ,ceylon writt5 9 ! anci5t v]nacul>     
7,pli74 ,t  sy/em !y designat$ ,hna-yna1
 #8! defective me?od1' n d5y+  h[ev] t  
_! own enl>g$ sy/em grew out ( & includ$
 !  simpl] "o4    ,!re arose1 too1 a    
?ird me?od1 or #8vehicle' ( salvation1  

call$ #8!  middle me?od'                
7,madhyama-yna74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n s    
well kn[n1  &1 be+ a compromise betwe5 !
 o!r two1 nev] ga9$ _m  adh]5ts1 ?\gh x 
is /ill recogniz$ 9 ,tibet--! ,tibetans 
(t5  speak+ ( ,tri-yna1 or #8! ?ree     
vehicles4'    ,at all ev5ts1 x is only  
necess>y = practical purposes to        
recognize  ! di/9ction ( ! ,great &     
,little ,vehicle--! ,mah-yna#fe &  !    
,hna-yna4 ,& x may be /at$ g5]ally t !  
inhabitants (  ,nepl1 ,tibet1 ,*9a1     
,man*uria1 ,mongolia1 & ,japan h always 
%[n a  pref]5ce = ! ,mah-yna1 or        
#8,great ,vehicle1' :ile ! p (  ,ceylon1
 ,burma1 & ,siam h always pref]r$ !     
#8,little ,vehicle4'    ,at ! same "t1 x
 is important to note t :ile ! ,buddhi/s
 (  ,nor!rn c\ntries are suppos$ to be  
disciples ( ! ,mah-yna or  ,great ,way (
 ,salvation1 ! ,buddhism ( ea* ,nor!rn  
c\ntry diff]s  greatly f t ( ! o!r1 & t 
! c\ntries ne>e/ to ,india  h /ill fur!r
 complicat$ ! ,mah-yna sy/em by adopt+  
my/ical  doctr9es1 & introduc+ magic &  

o!r practices suppos$ to aid 9  !       
acquisition ( sup]natural p[]s4    ,x   
mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t1 al?\gh !     
,mah-yna or ,great  ,me?od orig9at$ on !
 ,indus1 & ! ,hna-yna or ,little ,me?od1
 on  ! ,ganges1 ! two /reams ( tea*+ 7 n
 always conf9$ to  ^! two areas1 ev5 on 
,indian soil4    ,9 po9t ( fact !y 7 (t5
 int]mix$1 & ! *anges ?us  br\ght ab\t 9
 ,buddhism w become m evid5t by ref]r+  
to !  n>ratives ( ?ree well-kn[n        
,buddhi/ travell]s f ,*9a4    ,buddhism 
0 introduc$ into ,*9a betwe5 #eh & #ge (
 our era#ff1 b  x 0 n till mu* lat] t   
,*9ese pilgrims visit$ ,india--! holy   
l& ( ,buddhism4    ,! fir/ travell] (   
:om we h any record 0 a c]ta9 ,*9ese    
,buddhi/ monk nam$ ,f-hi51 :o set out on
 a pilgrimage to ,india ab\t  ! ye> #cii
 ( our era1 ) ! def9ite object ( se>*+ =
 &  c>ry+ back to ,*9a complete copies (
 ! ,v9aya or ,rules (  discipl9e = !    
,ord]4 ,he wrote a v simple &           
/raight=w>d  acc\nt ( 8 travels#fg--:i* 
la/$ = f\rte5 ye>s--& ( 8  visits to all

 ! spots 9 ,india held mo/ sacr$ by     
,buddhi/s4 ,he 0  foll[$ by a ,*9ese    
travell] ( less m>k1 nam$ ,sang ,yun1 :o
  />t$ ab\t #eah ,a4,d41 & seems to h   
end$ 8 j\rney at ,pe%aw>1  or at lea/ n 
to h p5etrat$ mu* fur!r ,s\?4 ,pe%aw>1  
we  "k1 0 a great ,buddhi/ c5tre1 & !re 
0 a f9e ,/pa !re1  conta9+ ! alms-b[l ( 
,buddha4 ,!n aft] ano!r int]val a mu*  m
 celebrat$ ,*9ese pilgrim nam$ ,hi\5    
,?sang#fh />t$ =  ,india 7,a4,d4        
#fbi-fdd74 ,! n>rative ( 8 travels =    
ab\t fifte5  ye>s is p]haps ! be/ kn[n &
 mo/ commonly quot$ ( ! ?ree4  ,9 ,*ang 
,yueh's preface#fi to ^! travels ,hi\5  
,?sang is describ$  z #8a ,doctor ( !   
?ree ,piakas1 & is said to h translat$  
#feg  works f ! orig9al ,sanskx4 ,9 all 
! di/ricts ?r\gh :i* he  j\rney$ he     
le>nt ! dialects & inve/igat$ ! deep    
secrets (  religion4'    ,all ?ree      
travell]s give in=mation 9 reg>d to !   
preval5ce (  ,buddhism 9 ,india up to ! 
sev5? c5tury ( our era1 & !  n>ratives (
 two--,f-hi5 & ,hi\5 ,?sang--are        

invaluable = ! light  !y ?r[ on ! *anges
 :i* ,buddhism und]w5t 9 ! int]val (  _!
 travels4 ,"h & !re ! pilgrims          
exagg]ate1 especially :5  !y v5ture on  
num]ical /ati/ics or write f he>say2 b  
on !  :ole _! acc\nts may be accept$1 & 
we le>n t ,hi\5 ,?sang  f\nd "s         
mona/]ies 9 ru9s :i* 7 fl\ri%+ 9        
,f-hi5's  "t1 & t ! ,mah-yna _h         
supplant$ ! e>li] =m (  ,buddhism1 or r 
co-exi/$ ) x 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,s\? z  well 
z ( ! ,nor?1 & 0 to be f\nd ev5 9       
,ceylon#gj4    ,& ?is br+s u face to    
face ) ! greate/ *ange ( all--!  total  
dy+ out ( ,buddhism 9 ! place ( its     
orig94 ,h[ is x to be  acc\nt$ = t no   
adh]5ts ( ei!r ! great] or less]        
,buddhi/  sy/ems--( ei!r ! ,mah-yna or  
,hna-yna--are to be f\nd 9 ,india at  ! 
pres5t mom5t8    ,! problem is difficult
 ( solution1 & ,i c only (f] a few      
sugge/ions = its elucidation4    ,9 !   
fir/ place1 ,i ?9k x may be confid5tly  
ass]t$ t !  disappe>ance ( ,buddhism f  
,india 0 a v gradual process1 &         

unatt5d$ by any s]i\s or viol5t religi\s
 revolution4    ,we h already allud$ to 
! tol]ant1 lib]al1 & eclectic _s  :i*   
has *>act]iz$ ,buddhism ev] s9ce ! p]iod
 ( its fir/  promulgation at ,b5>es4    
,su* tol]ation ( ! doctr9es & ideas (   
co-exi/+ sy/ems _h  its advantages1     
especially 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,buddhi/ic
  movem5t4 ,x c]ta9ly _h a prophylactic 
effect 9 w>d+ (f viol5t  attacks1 &     
help$ to promote ! diffusion ( ,buddhism
 ?r\gh\t !  num]\s c\ntries to :i* x    
ultimately spread4 ,9 ,india itself1 z  
we  h already se51 ,buddhism 0 nev]     
aggressive or combative4 ,its motto     
ev]y:]e 0 p]suasion & conciliation4     
,composure1 tranquillity1 &  abs5ce (   
acrimony 7 /amp$ on all its features4 ,!
 v  f\ndation on :i* x 0 re>$--! v      
e/abli%m5t ( a celibate  mona/ic ,ord]1 
by means ( :i* true k 0 to be           
propagat$--_h 9 x some?+ altoge!r       
agreeable to ! _s &  usages (           
,brhmanism4    ,we h se51 too1 t !      
,buddha took c>e to %[ 8 respect =      

,brhmanical traditions1 ev5 :ile        
promulgat+ a philosophical !ory  &      
prea*+ doctr9es oppos$ to all           
sac]dotalism1 prie/ly  privileges1      
sup]natural revelation1 & ,v$ic         
c]emonial4    ,x does n1 ( c\rse1 foll[ 
t ! great tea*]1 to :om !  majority (   
,asiatic races h = c5turies look$ z _!  
*os5  example1 _h n ! c\rage ( 8        
op9ions1 & 0 n compet5t to  fill ! rle (
 a religi\s re=m]4    ,! real fact 0 t  
he 0 too wise to ent] ^u any op5 crusade
  aga9/ invet]ate cu/oms & ideas4 ,!    
peculi> calm ( an ,indian  atmosph]e1   
?\gh occasionally di/urb$ by political  
/orms sweep+  f di/ant regions1 has     
r>ely be5 /irr$ by viol5t religi\s      
antagonisms4 ,! v>i\s curr5ts ( ,h9d    
religi\s life h fl[$  peacefully side by
 side1 & re=m]s h g5]ally done _! "w    
quietly4 ,z = ,gautama1 !re c be little 
d\bt t 8 :ole c>e]  0 /amp$ ) ! impress 
( 8 e>ly surr\nd+s1 & t he  imbib$ 8    
tol]ant ideas f ! ,brhmanism 9 :i* he _h
 be5  tra9$4    ,x has be5 usual to     

blame ! ,brhmans = _! arrogant          
exclusiv5ess1 b _! arrogance has be5 r  
%[n 9 magnify+  _! own ca/e-privileges &
 c>ry+ !m to an extravagant pit*1  ?an 9
 prev5t+ any discussion ( _! own dogmas1
 or 9 res5t+  any diss5t f !m4    ,! v  
ess5ce ( ,brhmanism 0 tol]ance4 ,e =m ( 
op9ion 0  admissible "u a sy/em :i* made
 e p]son & e object 9  exi/5ce          
manife/ations ( ! "o ,be+1 ,brahm4    ,!
 only delicate gr\nd1 on :i* x 0 dang]\s
 = any re=m] to  tread1 0 ca/e4 ,! only 
unp>donable s9 0 infr+em5t (            
ca/e-rules4 ,nor 0 any "o tempt$ to     
adopt ! rle ( a viol5t  agitator1 :5 all
 7 free to express any op9ion !y lik$   
)\t  h9drance1 provid$ !y took c>e to   
ab/a9 f any act (  int]f]5ce )          
ca/e-privileges4    ,x does n appe>1 9  
%ort1 t ! prea*]s ( ei!r ,buddhism1 or  
,vai%avism1 or aivism1 or ktism1 or (   
any =m ( ^! sect>ian  sy/ems1 ev]       
incurr$ ! special animosity ( ! ,brhmans
 or ( ea*  o!r1 or ev] indulg$ 9 v      
viol5t d5unciations ( ea* o!r's         

religi\s doctr9es4    ,9 real tru?1 ^!  
sy/ems ( doctr9e 7 all evolv$ out (     
,brhmanism4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 n only tol]at$
 by ,brhmanism1 b  accept$ z !          
inevitable outcome ( its own pan!i/ic   
cre$4    ,no d\bt ea* receiv$ at fir/ a 
/rong /amp ( individuality f its  f\nd]1
 m>k+ x (f f o!r sy/ems1 b ) ! lapse (  
ye>s  ! deep] %ades ( diff]5ce grew     
fa9t]4 ,!n x became a "q  :i* %\ld      
become m]g$ 9 ! o!r4 ,9 su* a           
competition betwe5  rival sy/ems        
,buddhism _h less *ance ( hold+ its own 
?an ei!r  ,vai%avism or aivism2 = its   
root-ideas--z we h se5--7 n  root$ 9 !  
et]nal in/9cts ( human nature4          
,buddhism1 9 fact1 c\ld nev] h ma9ta9$  
itself 9 ,india till !  twelf? or       
?irte5? c5tury ( our era1 _h x n        
gradually1 & to a  great ext5t ?r\gh    
int]action ) ,vai%avism & aivism1 dropp$
  its unnatural pessimi/ic !ory ( life &
 its unpopul> a!i/ic  "*1 & accommodat$ 
itself to ^? sy/ems4    ,b ,buddhism 9  
p>t+ ) its ultra-pessimism & its a!i/ic 

&  agno/ic ideas1 lo/ its *ief elem5ts (
 individuality & its *ief  indep5d5t    
/&-po9t4    ,vai%avism1 on ! o!r h&1 0 q
 alive to its own int]e/s1  & _h an eye 
to ! spread ( its own doctr9es4 ,x took 
c>e to adopt  all ! popul> features (   
,buddhism4 ,x vi$ ) ,buddhism 9         
inculcat+ univ]sal love1 tol]ation1     
lib]ality1 b5evol5ce1 &  ab/95ce f      
injury4 ,x prea*$ equality1 frat]nity1 &
 ev5 9  "s cases ! abolition ( ca/e     
di/9ctions4 ,x taught a succession  (   
inc>nations or r desc5ts 7,avatra#ga7 ( 
div9e be+s ^u  e>? 7z ,buddhism taught a
 succession ( ,buddhas71 & x ev5 adopt$ 
! ,buddha himself z "o ( ! inc>nations (
 ,vi%u4    ,?is1 inde$1 is ! be/        
explanation ( :at has happ5$ at ,pur 9  
,orissa1 :]e a temple once d$icat$ to   
,gautama ,buddha1 & suppos$ to  conta9 a
 relic ( 8 burnt body1 0 aft]w>ds       
d$icat$ to !  ,jagann? =m ( ,ki%a &     
suppos$ to en%r9e "o ( 8 bones1 &  :]e  
l[-ca/e & high-ca/e bo? eat toge!r !    
food cook$ 9 !  h\se ( t popul> god4    

,! same may be said ( ! int]action :i*  
took place betwe5  ,buddhism & aivism2 =
 aivism1 ( c\rse1 0 q z b5t on !        
propagation ( its own cre$ z o!r sy/ems 
74 ,x vi$ )  ,buddhism 9 enc\rag+       
ab/ract m$itation1 & al?\gh x _h less   
sympa?y ?an ,vai%avism _h ) t sy/em1 x  
approa*$ 9 "s  respects s closely to its
 rival1 t :5 ,buddhism disappe>$ f      
,india1 images ( ,gautama 7 conv]t$ into
 repres5tations ( iva  seat$ 9 pr(\nd   
contemplation4    ,ultimately1 !        
int]action betwe5 ! ?ree sy/ems proce$$ 
to su*  a po9t t ea* 0 influ5c$ &       
modifi$ by ! o!r2 ea* le>nt  some?+1 or 
adopt$ "s practice f ! o!r4    ,x 0 ?us1
 too1 t ktism1 i4 e4 ! wor%ip ( en]gy or
 =ce  7akti71 id5tifi$ ) iva's consort1 
0 import$ into ,buddhism2 its  doctr9e (
 ! self-evolution ( all ?+s f ,prakiti  
hav+ mu*  t h>moniz$ ) ! ,buddhi/ !ory (
 ! orig9 ( ! ,univ]se4  ,?us1 too1 ev5  
,tntrism 9 its wor/ =ms became int]mix$ 
)  ,buddhi/ic practice4    ,en\gh1 !n1  
has be5 said to ju/ify ! ass]tion t     

,buddhism 0  n =cibly expell$ f ,india  
by ! ,brhmans4 ,x simply 9 !            
end--possibly z late z ! ?irte5? c5tury 
( our era--became bl5d$  ) ! sy/ems :i* 
surr\nd$ x1 ?\gh ! process ( bl5d+ 0    
gradual4    ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be easy to  
prove f ! records ( ! ?ree  ,*9ese      
travell]s1 t ,buddhism & ,brhmanism     
exi/$ toge!r 9  ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,india
 z q di/9ct sy/ems till at lea/ !  sev5?
 c5tury ( our era1 if n always q        
amicably1 yet )\t  any viol5t int]nec9e 
conflict4 ,bitt] controv]sies betwe5 !  
two  rival cre$s are )\t d\bt cle>ly    
allud$ to1 & ,f-hi5 9 "o  passage /ates 
t #8! ,brhmans ) _! contr>y doctr9e     
became  full ( hatr$ & envy 9 _!        
he>ts#gb4' ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 we  f9d t 
at a ,c\ncil held by ! great ,buddhi/ k+
 ilditya  7,h>%a-v>dhana71 ^: m]itori\s 
acts are fully describ$ by ,hi\5  ,?sang
 7*4 v71 & :o _h 8 capital at ,kan\j1 9 
! ye> #fcd (  our era#gc1 controv]sial  
po9ts relat+ to bo? ,buddhism &         
,brhmanism 7 discuss$ 9 a tol]ant _s1   

?\gh x is said t  9 discuss+ que/ions   
betwe5 ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,buddhi/s1 !  
#8,little ,vehicle' 0 condemn$4         
,aga91 ! ,buddhi/ drama call$ ,ngn&a1   
#8joy ( ! snake  _w#gd1' ?r[s great     
light on ! amicable relations exi/+     
betwe5 ! v>i\s sect>ians & religioni/s 9
 ! days ( k+  ilditya4 ,x is ! only     
,sanskx play 9 :i* ! ,nnd or op5+  pray]
 invokes ! p[] ( ,buddha1 ?us3--        
#88,on :om do/ ?\ m$itate1 putt+ on a   
pret5ce ( religi\s  ab/raction1 yet op5+
 ?9e eyes8 ,see1 savi\r t ?\ art1 ?\    
do/ n pity u sick ) ! %afts ( ,love4    
,falsely art ?\  compassionate4 ,:o is m
 cruel ?an ?\80 ,may ,buddha1 !         
conqu]or1  :o 0 ?us jeal\sly address$ by
 ! ,aps>asas 7daught]s7 ( ,mra  7p4     
#cd71 protect y6'    ,pr(essor ,e4 ,b4  
,c[ell has %[n 9 8 valuable ,preface t  
bo? ?is  play & ! si/] ,h9d play call$  
,ratnvali 7 probably put =?  or at lea/ 
patronis$ by ,h>%a-v>dhana 7ilditya71 & 
t bo?  7 probably act$ at ! same p]iod1 
! k+ be+ z mu* a ,h9d  z a ,buddhi/4    

,hi\5 ,?sang praises ,h>%a-v>dhana = 8  
support (  ,buddhism1 b 9 8 description 
( ! two ,convocations held by t  k+1    
/ates t bo? ,buddhi/s & ,brhmans 7      
equally hon\r$ by  him1 & intimates t   
half 8 subjects held "o doctr9e & half !
  o!r4 ,9 ! second ,convocation :i* took
 place at ,prayga 7n[  ,allahbd7 eighte5
 k+s 7 pres5t & #ejj1jjj monks & laym54 
,on  ! fir/ day ! /atue ( ,buddha 0     
in/all$2 on ! second day t  ( ! ,sun1 & 
on ! ?ird t ( iva4 ,alms 7 di/ribut$ to 
,brhmans & ,buddhi/s alike1 & ev5 to !  
,nirgran?as or ,ja9a nak$  h]etics4     
,aga9 ! well-kn[n play call$            
,mlat-,mdhava 7by ,bhava-bhti1 :o  liv$ 
at ,kanauj 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh? c5tury7 
has an op5+  pray] address$ to iva1 &   
yet a female ,buddhi/ ascetic & h]      
att5dant con/itute two ( ! pr9cipal     
dramatis p]son1 prov+ t  an int]mixture 
( ! two cre$s prevail$ ev]y:]e4    ,x 0 
also dur+ ! reign ( ilditya t ! imm5se  
mona/]y at  ,nl&a ne> ,rja-giha =m$ a   
seat ( le>n+1 :i* might sugge/ a        

comp>ison ) ! le>n$ monki% communities &
 ev5 ) !  univ]sities ( m$ival          
,europe#ge4 ,9 t mona/]y might be se5   
sev]al ?\s& novices & monks ( ! eighte5 
,buddhi/ s*ools--all  ( !m support$ by  
royal grants1 & ?us enabl$ bo? to p]=m  
_! religi\s duties1 & to prosecute !    
/udy ( philosophy1 law1  & sci5ce 9     
lit]>y ease4 ,x is probable t if        
disputes &  disagreem5ts ^u burn+       
que/ions occurr$1 !y r>ely l$ to  s]i\s 
conflicts1 & 7 n g5]al ?r\gh\t ,india1 b
 conf9$  to p>ticul> localities2 & ,i   
?9k x may be safely affirm$ t if        
,buddhism 0 ev] any:]e p]secut$1 x nev] 
any:]e p]secut$ 9  return4    ,i myself 
0 mu* /ruck 9 a visit ,i paid to ,ellora
 9 ! ,nizm's  t]ritory by ! evid5ce ,i  
!re saw ( ! fri5dly tol]ance :i*  mu/ h 
prevail$ betwe5 ,brhmans1 ,buddhi/s1 &  
,ja9s4 ,brhmanical1  ,buddhi/1 & ,ja9a  
caves are !re se5 side by side1 & _!    
inmates  no d\bt liv$ on t]ms ( fairly  
fri5dly tol]ance1 mu* z !  memb]s ( !   
,anglican1 ,roman ,ca?olic1 & ,wesleyan 

communions live 9  ,europe at ! pres5t  
day4    ,ev5 at ,b5>es1 ! /ronghold (   
,brhmanism1 ,i witness$ simil>  pro(s ( 
amicable mutual int]c\rse1 & at ,nsik--!
 ,b5>es (  ,we/]n ,india--! proximity ( 
! ,buddhi/ caves & ru9$ mona/]ies  :i*  
,i visit$1 made x abundantly cle> t     
,brhmans & ,buddhi/s  agre$ to diff] &  
to avoid s]i\s qu>rels4    ,x mu/       
nev]!less be admitt$1 t 9 ! extreme ,s\?
 ( ,india1  & p]haps ev5tually at ,b5>es
 & a few o!r /rongholds (  ,brhmanism1 !
 diff]5ce betwe5 ! sy/ems became s      
acc5tuat$ z  to lead to griev\s         
conflicts4 ,:e!r blood 0 %$ x is        
impossible  to prove2 b x is alleg$1 )  
"s degree ( probability1 t  viol5t      
crusades aga9/ ,buddhism 7 in/itut$ by  
,kumrila &  ak>a--two well-kn[n ,s\!rn  
,brhmans not$ = _! bigotry--9 !  sev5? &
 eigh? c5turies ( our era4 ,x does n    
appe>1 h[ev]1  t !y 7 v successful ei!r 
9 ! conv]sion or ext]m9ation  (         
,buddhi/s4    ,x may1 ,i ?9k1 be        
confid5tly affirm$ t :at ultimately     

happ5$  9 mo/ p>ts ( ,india 01 t        
,vai%avas & aivas crept up s(tly  to _! 
rival & drew ! vitality out ( its body  
by close &  fri5dly embraces1 & t in/ead
 ( ! ,buddhi/s be+ expell$ f  ,india1   
,buddhism gradually & quietly lo/ itself
 9 ,vai%avism &  aivism4 ,9 fact1 by !  
beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury v little      
,buddhism rema9$ on ,indian soil4 ,9 a  
philosophical drama1 call$ #8!  ,rise ( 
! ,moon ( ,k' 7,prabodha-&rodaya71      
writt5 probably  ab\t ! twelf? c5tury1 !
 approa*+ triumph ( ,brhmanism ov]      
,buddhism is cle>ly indicat$2 = !       
,buddhi/ & o!r h]etical  sects are      
repres5t$ z belong+ to ! los+ side4     
,yet1 aft] all1 x is sc>cely correct to 
say t ,buddhism ev] :olly  di$ away 9   
,india4 ,its "n inde$ p]i%$ !re1 b its  
_s  surviv$1 & its sacr$ places rema9 to
 ?is day4 ,its ru9$ temples1  mona/]ies1
 monum5ts1 & idols are scatt]$ ev]y:]e1 
:ile "s  ( ^! h be5 p]petuat$ & adopt$  
by ^? lat] phases (  ,h9dism :i* its own
 tol]ation help$ to br+ into exi/5ce4   

,at all ev5ts x may be safely affirm$ t 
! pass+ away ( !  ,buddhi/ic sy/em 9    
,india 0 on ! :ole l ! peaceful pass+   
away ( a moribund man surr\nd$ by 8     
relatives1 & 0 at lea/  unatt5d$ ) any  
agoniz+ pangs#gf4                       
,,lecture ,,viii4               ,rise ( 
,!i/ic & ,poly!i/ic ,buddhism4      ,9 !
 prec$+ ,lecture we h endeav\r$ to %[   
g5]ally h[  ,buddhism 0 evolv$ out (    
,brhmanism1 h[ x fl\ri%$ side by side  )
 ,brhmanism1 & h[ aft] a *equ]$ c>e] &  
protract$  s5ility 9 ! l& ( its         
bir?--la/+ = at lea/ fifte5             
c5turies#gg--;x ultimately m]g$ its     
individuality 9 ,vai%avism &  aivism1   
or1 9 o!r words1 disappe>$ & became lo/ 
9 a composite  sy/em call$ ,h9dism4     
,we h n[ to trace m closely ! gradual   
slid+ ( a simple  agno/ic & a!i/ic cre$1
 into a v>iety ( !i/ic &  poly!i/ic     
conceptions4    ,we h already se5 h[ !  
expansion ( ! ,hna-yna into !  ,mah-yna 
became an inevitable result ( !         
,buddha's own tea*+--9  o!r words1 h[ a 

reb\nd f a!ism to !ism 0 z unavoidable z
  ! return sw+ ( a heavy p5dulum4 ,we   
ne$ only repeat "h t x  c\ld n h be5    
o!rwise1 :5 a tea*]1 :o nev] claim$ to  
be  m ?an a man1 attempt$ to indoctr9ate
 8 human foll[]s )  pr9ciples oppos$ to 
! inext+ui%able in/9cts & et]nal        
intuitions ( humanity4    ,9 fact !     
tea*]s ( ! ,mah-yna s*ool 7 n sl[ to    
p]ceive  t1 if ,buddhism 0 to ga9 any   
hold ov] ! masses1 x 0 ess5tial  t x    
%\ld adapt itself to _! human ne$s4 ,x  
became imp]atively  necess>y1 z a simple
 pres]vative measure1 to conv]t a cold  
philosophical cre$1 bas$ on an          
ultra-pessimi/ic !ory ( exi/5ce1  into  
"s sort ( belief 9 ! value ( human life 
z wor? liv+4 ,&  if life 0 n to be an   
inv>iable curr5t ( mis]y x foll[$ t  !re
 mu/ also be "s sort ( fai? 9 a         
sup]9t5d+ ,god  controll+ t life1 &     
int]e/+ ,himself 9 ,man's welf>e4       
,un=tunately1 hav+ once advanc$ beyond  
def9ite limits1 ! m  progressive tea*]s 
f\nd x impossible to draw ! l9e at any  

giv5  po9t4    ,no d\bt ! !i/ic movem5t 
began by simple sa9t-wor%ip--t is1 by   
v5]ation = ! ext9ct ,buddha z = a p]fect
 sa9t4 ,?is 0  accompani$ by homage (f]$
 to 8 relics & to v>i\s memorials (  8  
p]son4    ,!n m]e v5]ation & homage l$  
to actual wor%ip1 & ! ,buddha1  :o f    
fir/ to la/ made 8 own p]fect humanity  
an ess5tial  pr9ciple ( 8 tea*+1 became 
elevat$ to a p9nacle f> above  humanity 
& conv]t$ into a v]itable god4    ,next1
 x is easy to see t a fur!r developm5t (
 ! !i/ic  movem5t became inevitable4    
,= inde$ x 0 only natural t 9 process ( 
"t "s ( ! m  em95t ( ! ,buddha's foll[]s
 %\ld become almo/ equally rev]$  )     
himself4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till "s "t aft] 
_! dea? t  !y receiv$ any homage        
resembl+ t accord$ to _! ,ma/]4    ,x 0 
!n t1 in/ead ( be+ ?\ght ( z ext9ct1    
accord+ to  ! or?odox ,buddhi/ doctr9e1 
!y 7 cont9ually elevat$ 9 !  imag9ation 
( _! admir]s to heav5ly regions (       
beatitude4    ,( c\rse ?is con/ant      
increase ( sa9t-wor%ip t5d$ to l& m5 by 

degrees 9 a mass ( !i/ic & poly!i/ic    
conceptions4    ,& poly!ism c\ld n      
prevail 9 ,ea/]n c\ntries )\t its usual 
rev]se side--polydemonism2 &            
polydemonism c\ld n prevail )\t  its    
usual adjuncts ( my/icism & magic4 ,&   
all ( ^! aga9  entail$ idolatry1        
relic-wor%ip1 feti%-wor%ip1 & v>i\s o!r 
gross sup]/itions4    ,su* 0 ! natural  
t]m9ation ( ! process ( deg5]ation4 ,let
 u  n[ trace x m 9 detail4    ,& 9 !    
fir/ place x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,gautama 
himself  seems to h =ese5 ?is result4   
,he seems to h be5 q aw>e ( !           
in]adicable t5d5cy inh]5t  9 ! nature ( 
human be+s1 impell+ !m to elevate _!    
sa9ts  & h]oes to ! position ( gods4 ,he
 !re=e took pa9s to make 8  belov$      
disciple & c\s9 n&a und]/& t ! tru?     
embodi$ 9  ! ,dh>ma or ,law :i* he _h   
taught1 0 all t ought to take 8  place &
 repres5t him :5 he 0 gone4             
,accord+ly we le>n f anci5t inscriptions
 t = _m ye>s  aft]w>ds ! only all[able  
object ( v5]ation among primitive       

,buddhi/s 0 ! ,law--t is1 ! precepts1   
rules1 & ord9ances  prop\nd$ by ,gautama
 himself--_m ( :i* may h be5 committ$ to
  writ+ 9 e>ly times1 ?\gh oral         
transmission 0 at fir/ ! usual  rule1 z 
x 0 among ,brhmans4    ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 !  
int]connexion betwe5 ,brhmanism &       
,buddhism1  & ! t5d5cy to gr\p sacr$    
objects 9 triads#gh1 :i* %[$  itself v  
e>ly 9 ,h9d religi\s ?\ght & my?ology1  
seems to  h l$ to ! idea ( a correspond+
 triple arrangem5t ( v5]at$  objects    
among ,buddhi/s4 ,h5ce ?ree preci\s     
?+s--sometimes call$  ! ?ree jewels     
7tri-ratna71 or ! #8?ree                
,holies#gi'--;came fir/ to  be held 9   
hon\r & !n actually wor%ipp$2 a k9d (   
p]sonality  be+ accord$ to all ?ree1 v  
simil> to t suppos$ to belong to  ! ?ree
 *ief gods ( ! ,h9d ,pan!on4    ,?is    
triad ( p]sonalities consi/$ ( 7#a7 !   
,buddha himself1 t is  to say1 ,gautama 
,buddha1 or ! ,buddha ( ! pres5t age ( !
 _w2  7#b7 8 ,dh>ma or ,law1 t is1 ! ^w 
& doctr9e ( ! ,buddha  p]sonifi$1 or s  

to speak inc>nat$ & manife/$ 9 a visible
 =m  aft] 8 ,p>i-nirva2 & 7#c7 8 ,sagha 
or ,ord] ( monks1 also 9 a  mann]       
p]sonifi$--t is1 embodi$ 9 a k9d ( ideal
 imp]sonation or  collective unity ( 8  
true disciples4    ,?is la/ ^w1 ,sagha1 
:i* means 9 ,sanskx #8a collection' or  
#8assemblage1' is sometimes1 z we h     
already se5 7p4 #he71 v  unsuitably     
r5d]$ by ! expression #8,buddhi/ ,*ur*4'
 ,x simply  d5otes #8! collective body (
 ,buddhi/ monks2' t is to say1 !  entire
 mona/ic frat]nity1 compris+ 9 its wide/
 s5se ! :ole  assemblage ( monks1       
,arhats1 ,pratyeka-,buddhas1            
,bodhi-sattvas1 p]fect$  ,buddhas & n   
yet p]fect$ sa9ts ( all classes1 :e!r on
 !  e>? or 9 any o!r division ( !       
,univ]se2 b n includ+--be x  c>efully   
borne 9 m9d--! /ill va/] community (    
liv+ p]sons  con/itut+ ! :ole body ( !  
,buddhi/ laity4    ,^! ?ree1 !n1--!     
,buddha1 8 ,law1 & 8 ,ord] (            
,monks1--pass$  into ! fir/ ?ree div9e  
p]sonifications ( e>ly !i/ic ,buddhism1 

commonly kn[n z ! fir/ ,buddhi/ ,triad4 
,h5ce we f9d t ! ,khuddaka-pha or       
#8less] read+s#hj' ( !  fifte5 divisions
 ( ! ,khuddaka-nikya 7p4 #fc7 beg9s     
?us3--    #8,i put my tru/ 9 ! ,buddha1 
9 ! ,law1 9 ! ,ord]' 7repeat$ ?ree      
times74    #8,ye be+s 7,bhtni7 "h       
assembl$ ( e>? & air1 let u b[1 let u   
b[ be=e ! ,buddha1 rev]$ by gods & m54  
,may !re be prosp]ity6    #8,ye be+s (  
e>? & air1 let u b[ be=e ! ,law4        
#8,ye be+s ( e>? & air1 let u b[ be=e ! 
,ord] ( ,monks4'    ,:5 ,f-hi5 0 on 8   
return home & 9 great p]il at sea1 he   
committ$ 8 life to ! protection ( !     
,sagha1 say+3--#8,i h  travell$ f> 9    
se>* ( ! ,law1 let me1 by y\r dread &   
sup]natural p[]1 return f my w&]+s &    
rea* my  re/+-place4'    ,& aga91 on    
end+ 8 travels1 he gratefully ackn[l$g$ 
t he _h  be5 gu>d$ 9 8 p]ils by ! dread 
p[] ( ! #8?ree hon\r$  ones' or #8?ree  
preci\s ones' or #8?ree ,holies'--?us   
ackn[l$g+ !  p]sonality ( ! ,law z well 
z ( ! ,buddha himself & ( !  ,sagha or  

collective body ( ,monks#ha4    ,b x mu/
 be borne 9 m9d t ?is did n necess>ily  
imply any  wor%ip ( images4 ,x is c]ta9 
t = a long "t ev5 ,buddha  himself 0 n  
repres5t$ visibly4 ,?is is prov$ by !   
sculptures on  ! ,bh>hut ,/pa4 ,ev5 9 ! 
pres5t day ! simple expression (  tru/ 9
 ! ?ree rev]$ ones con/itutes ! only    
=mula ( wor%ip  curr5t 9 ,ceylon4 ,x is 
true t images ( ! ,buddha are n[ common 
9 t c\ntry1 & :ile travell+ !re ,i saw  
numb]s ( p]sons  (f]+ homage & fl[]s to 
^! images4 ,b no pray] 0 address$  to   
!m1 & ,i notic$ no visible              
repres5tations ( ! p]sonifi$ ,law  or   
,sagha#hb4    ,nor1 :5 ,i 0 at !        
,buddhi/ mona/]y ne> ,d>jl+1 did ,i see 
any  image ( ! ,law side by side ) t (  
,gautama1 ?\gh e book  exam9$ by me 9 ! 
temple-libr>y began ) ! words3--,namo   
,buddhya1 #8rev]5ce to ! ,buddha2' namo 
,dh>mya1 #8rev]5ce to !  ,law2' namo    
,saghya1 #8rev]5ce to ! ,ord]4' ,! only 
visible symbol  ( ! ?ree s-call$        
#8,holies' 0 a long /aff ) ?ree prongs1 

l  ! ,indian ,tri-la4    ,x seems cle>1 
!re=e1 t :ile1 9 process ( "t1 images ( 
,gautama ,buddha 7 multipli$ ev]y:]e--&1
 z we %all see1 9  v>i\s attitudes &    
%apes--images ( ! p]sonifi$ ,law &      
,sagha  7 nev] common1 & inde$ r>ely    
f\nd1 except among ,nor!rn  ,buddhi/s4  
,^? images ( ! ,law :i* ,i h exam9$ are 
9 ! =m  ( a man#hc ) f\r arms & h&s1 two
 ( :i* are fold$ 9  wor%ip1 :ile "o     
holds a book 7or sometimes a lotus7 & ! 
o!r a  ros>y#hd4    ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !
 repres5tation ( a book alone is held to
 be a  suffici5t symbol ( ! ,law4    ,! 
,sagha1 on ! o!r h&1 is g5]ally         
symboliz$ by ! image ( a  man ) two arms
 & h&s1 "o ( :i*1 z 9 ! images (        
,buddha1  re/s on ! knees & ! o!r holds 
a lotus4    ,& x may be obs]v$ "h t ( ! 
?ree images ( ! ,buddha1 !  ,law1 & !   
,ord]1 sometimes "o occupies ! c5tral   
position &  sometimes ! o!r4 ,?is       
circum/ance has l$ s*ol>s to speak ( :at
  x is ! fa%ion to t]m a ,buddhi/       
tr9ity2 b 9 real fact nei!r  ,buddhism  

nor ,brhmanism has any tr9ity 9 ! true  
mean+ ( ! t]m1  = al?\gh ,buddhi/s claim
 a k9d ( tri-unity = _! triad1 &  say t 
! fir/ conta9s ! second1 & t ! ?ird     
proce$s f  ! fir/ two & conta9s !m1 yet 
! fir/ is cle>ly nev] reg>d$  z ei!r !  
,fa!r or ,creator ( ! _w1 9 ! ,*ri/ian  
s5se4    ,x appe>s1 9 fact1 t ! e>lie/  
,buddhi/ wor%ip 0 exactly :at  might h  
be5 expect$ to foll[ on ! dea? ( a      
religi\s ,re=m]  & au?or ( a new sy/em4 
,x 0 m]ely ! natural expression ( deep  
rev]5ce = ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 8        
doctr9e1 & ! collective  body ( 8       
disciples4    ,s simple a =m ( wor%ip1  
h[ev]1 did n long satisfy !  devotional 
aspirations ( ! ,buddha's foll[]s1 ev5 9
 ! sacr$  l& ( pure ,buddhism4    ,! m]e
 (f]+ ( homage1 ei!r to a sy/em ( ,law1 
or to a  community ( liv+ monks or to   
dep>t$ human sa9ts--ev5 ?\gh _!  memory 
0 kept alive by visible repres5tations1 
& /imulat$ by  m$itation & repetition ( 
pray]-=mul>ies--_h 9 x no?+  calculat$  
to support or com=t m5 9 seasons (      

sickness1  b]eavem5t1 or calamity4 ,?is 
k9d ( simple ,buddhism might h  satisfi$
 ! ne$s ( m5 9 times ( peace &          
prosp]ity4 ,"u o!r  conditions x broke  
d[n4 ,x c\ld (f] no %elt] & give no help
  amid ! /orms & tempe/s ( life4 ,h5ce !
 developm5t ( ! lat]  phases ( !        
,mah-yna sy/em1 ! *ief feature ( :i* 0 a
 m>k$  *ange 9 ! mean+ atta*$ to ! t]m  
#8,bodhi-sattva4'    ,?is *ange w be    
bett] und]/ood if we g back to :at has  
already  be5 m5tion$ 7at p4 #ih74 ,we h 
be=e expla9$ t1 accord+ to  ! orig9al   
!ory ( ,buddhism1 a ,bodhi-sattva is "o 
:o has k  7d]iv$ f self-enlight5+       
intellect7 = 8 ess5ce2 t is1 he  is a   
be+ :o ?r\gh all 8 bodily exi/5ces is   
de/9$ 9 "s  f9al exi/5ce to become a    
,buddha1 or self-enlight5$ man4 ,until 8
  f9al bir?1 h[ev]1 a ,bodhi-sattva is a
 be+ 9 :om true k  is r lat5t &         
undevelop$ ?an p]fect$4 ,gautama _h be5 
a  ,bodhi-sattva ( ?is "* 7see p4 #acd71
 ! m]it ( ^: actions  7,k>ma7 9 ea* ( 8 
c\ntless previ\s exi/5ces 7see p4 #aji7 

_h  be5 transmitt$ to succe$+ corporeal 
=ms1 till 9 ! /ate  imm$iately prec$+ 8 
la/ bir? on e>? he exi/$ z a            
,bodhi-sattva 9 ! ,tu%ita heav5 7see p4 
#abj74 ,!re he cont9u$  until ! "t came 
= him to be born on e>? z ! ,buddha ( ! 
pres5t age1 :5 he ent]$ ! "r side ( 8 "m
 9 ! =m (  a :ite elephant 7p4 #bc7he4  
,& x may be repeat$ "h t ! :ite         
elephant1 z some?+ r>e  & beautiful (   
its k9d1 0 simply symbolical ( ! p]fect 
,arhat%ip :i* he 0 de/9$ to a*ieve 9 !  
ensu+ bir?4    ,born1 !n1 at la/ z !    
*ild ,gautama1 son ( uddhodana1 &       
purifi$ by a long obs]vance ( ! six     
transc5d5t virtues 7p4 #abh71  he       
ultimately atta9$ to p]fect k &         
,arhat%ip "u !  ,bodhi-tree1 & 9 s      
atta9+ pass$ f ! condition ( a          
,bodhi-sattva to t ( ! highe/ ( all     
,arhats--a supreme ,buddha4  ,!n1 aft]  
ab\t =ty-five ye>s ( dilig5t dis*>ge ( 8
  self-impos$ task z a tea*] ( ! "r way 
( salvation1 he  ultimately pass$ away 9
 ,p>i-nirva1 or absolute non-exi/5ce4   

,x is important1 h[ev]1 to rememb]1 t at
 ! mom5t ( 8  atta9+ ,buddhahood he _h  
transf]r$ ! ,bodhi-sattva%ip to         
,maitreya1 #8! lov+ & compassionate "o1'
 :o became !  ,buddha-elect1 dwell+ &   
presid+ z 8 pr$ecessor _h done 9 !      
heav5 ( cont5t$ be+s 7,tu%ita2 see p4   
#abj74 ,!re he wat*es ov]  & promotes ! 
int]e/s ( ! ,buddhi/ fai?1 :ile await+ !
  "t :5 he is to appe> on e>? z         
,maitreya1 or ! fif? ,buddha (  ! pres5t
 age4 ,8 adv5t w n take place till !    
lapse ( five  ?\s& ye>s aft] ! ,nirva ( 
,gautama1 :5 ! _w w h  become s corrupt 
t ! ,buddhi/ ,law w be no m obey$1 nor  
ev5  rememb]$4    ,no wond] !n t ?is    
,maitreya--^: v "n implies love &       
t5d]ness t[>ds mank9d1 & :o 0 de/9$ to  
become1 l  ,gautama1 a ,savi\r ( ! _w by
 tea*+ its inhabitants h[ to save       
!mselves--became a fav\rite object (    
p]sonal wor%ip aft] ,gautama  ,buddha's 
dea?4 ,ev5 :5 ! wor%ip ( o!r            
,bodhi-sattvas 0  introduc$1 ,maitreya  
reta9$ ! di/9ction ( be+ ! only         

,bodhi-sattva wor%ipp$ by all ,buddhi/  
c\ntries1 :e!r 9 ! ,s\?  or 9 ! ,nor?4  
,n t ,gautama's memory 0 neglect$4 ,he  
01 (  c\rse1 held to be sup]ior to      
,maitreya1 :o 0 /ill a m]e              
,bodhi-sattva or ,buddha-designate4 ,b !
 feel+ t[>ds ,gautama  ,buddha1 aft] 8  
,nirva & dea?1 became diff]5t1 & !      
object (  br++ fl[]s & (f]+s to 8 %r9es 
0 simply to hon\r !  memory ( a dep>t$1 
n an exi/+ sa9t4 ,x 0 a m]e me*anical   
act1 fraught ) b5eficial consequ5ces1 b 
n supply+ any real  religi\s ne$4 ,on ! 
o!r h& actual pray]s 7 address$ to      
,maitreya1 z to a liv+ m]ciful be+1 ^:  
fav\r x 0  all-important to secure1 & ^:
 heav5 0 believ$ to be a region (       
p]fect love & cont5tm5t1 to :i* all 8   
wor%ipp]s 7  admitt$4    ,9 ,hi\5       
,?sang's ,travels a heav5ly i%i is      
repres5t$ z  say+3--#8,no words c       
describe ! p]sonal beauty ( ,maitreya4  
,he  decl>es a law n diff]5t f ours4 ,8 
exquisite voice is s(t &  pure4 ,^? :o  
he> x c nev] tire2 ^? :o li/5 are nev]  

satiat$#hf4'    ,9 fact1 ! aspirations (
 few pi\s ,buddhi/s 9 e>ly times ev] l$ 
!m to so> high] ?an ! happ9ess ( liv+ ) 
,maitreya &  li/5+ to 8 voice 9 8 own   
,tu%ita heav54    ,x is true t aft]w>ds 
:5 ! wor%ip ( ! ,dhyni-,buddha  ,amitbha
 came into vogue 9 ,nor!rn c\ntries ?is 
,buddha's heav51  call$ ,sukhvat1 fabl$ 
to be some:]e 9 ! ,we/]n sky1 seems to  
h tak5 ! place ( ! heav5 ( ,maitreya4 ,b
 ?is belongs to a  lat] phase (         
,buddhism1 to be expla9$ :5 we speak ( !
  ,dhyni-,buddhas 7p4 #bjc74    ,x 0 =  
,maitreya's ,tu%ita heav5 t ,hi\5       
,?sang1 & o!r  dev\t m5 ( 8 day1 pray$  
on _! dea?-b$s1 & ! "o ,*9ese           
inscription f\nd at ,buddha-,gay is full
 ( expressions indicative (  ! same     
long+#hg4    ,if !n1 we are able to ent]
 into ! feel+s ( ,buddhi/s ev]y:]e  9   
dep5d+ on ! liv+1 lov+1 & en]giz+       
,maitreya1 r ?an  on ! ext9ct ,buddha :o
 exi/$ only 9 _! memories1 we %all f9d  
x less difficult to und]/& h[ x came to 
pass t ! idea (1 s  to speak1 canoniz+ e

 great sa9t or popul> head ( a mona/ic  
community1 & elevat+ him at dea? to !   
position ( a ,bodhi-sattva  l ,maitreya1
 liv+ 9 p]man5t regions ( bliss1 & able 
to help  8 vot>ies to ! same position1  
came into vogue4    ,x may make ! c\rse 
( developm5t ( ,!i/ic ,buddhism cle>] if
 we  "h rev]t to ! e>ly con/itution ( ! 
,buddhi/ mona/ic  bro!rhood1 & endeav\r 
to %[ h[ ! homage paid to em95t &       
sa9t-l m5 l$1 fir/ to ! multiplication (
 ,bodhi-sattvas1 &  !n to poly!ism & e  
=m ( poly!i/ic sup]/ition4    ,a full   
explanation ( ! e>ly mona/ic sy/em is   
giv5 9 ! le>n$  "w ( ,koepp5#hh4 ,x is  
cle> t z long z ,gautama 0 alive he  0 !
 sole ,head ( ! bro!rhood ( monks4 ,aft]
 8 dea? !  ,head%ip 7z 9 ! ,*ri/ian     
bro!rhood aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/7 0  n     
assign$ to any "o lead]4 ,! ,buddha     
himself =bade ?is4 ,!  t]m ,sagha at t  
"t m]ely d5ot$ a republican frat]nity ( 
monks1 b\nd by no irrevocable v[s &     
subject to no hi]>*ical  ,sup]ior1 b all
 int5t on foll[+ ! example1 & propagat+ 

!  doctr9es ( _! dep>t$ lead]4 ,soon1   
h[ev]1 ! =mation (  sep>ate c5tres (    
union & tea*+ became inevitable1 & ! t]m
  ,sagha 0 !n appli$ to ea* sep>ate     
society1 & sometimes ev5 to  a sep>ate  
,conclave ( ea* society1 z well z to !  
:ole body4 ,x  seems at lea/ c]ta9 t ea*
 mona/ic association _h ! "r to  admit  
monks1 to he> confession1 & to          
excommunicate4 ,naturally1 too1  9 c\rse
 ( "t x became necess>y = ea* society to
 h "s sort  ( gov]n+ body & *oose a k9d 
( presid5t1 & ?is presid+  (fic] 0      
orig9ally ! s5ior monk1 & accord+ly _h !
 simple  title ( ,/havira 7,!ra71       
#8,eld]4' ,?is title appe>s to h be5    
introduc$ imm$iately aft] ,gautama's    
dea?4    ,x is believ$ t ev] s9ce ! "t (
 ! great ,aoka1 ,/haviras or  ,eld]s :o 
became actual sup]9t5d5ts ( mona/]ies1  
ex]cis$  adm9i/rative p[]s1 l ^? (      
,abbots2 ea* ov] 8 own mona/ic          
community4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ k9d ( ,head%ip 
recogniz$4 ,x 0 simply  a sup]iority (  
age4    ,z to any /ill high] =m (       

au?ority correspond+ to t ( ,pope1      
,ar*bi%op1 or ,bi%op1 & ext5d+ ov]      
sev]al mona/]ies1 ?is did  n belong to  
e>ly ,buddhism or to its e>lie/         
developm5ts4 ,li/s (  un9t]rupt$ s]ies (
 pret5d$ ,buddhi/ ,hi]>*s exi/1 b are   
m]e  fanciful fabrications4 ,nev]!less1 
x is c]ta9ly a hi/orical fact  t along )
 ! sup]iority ( m]e age1 s5iority1 &    
exp]i5ce1  !re rapidly grew up p>i passu
 a sup]iority ( k1 le>n+1  & sanctity1  
:i* 7 g5]ally1 ?\gh n inv>iably1 comb9$ 
9  ! p]son ( ! presid+ ,eld]4    ,any   
"o1 9 fact1 :o 0 di/+ui%$ = ! practice (
 ! highe/  degree ( m$itation1 =        
complete acqua9tance ) ! ,law1 =        
special purity ( conduct1 & p]fect      
fulfilm5t ( ! precepts1 0  naturally    
elevat$ above ! class ( ord9>y ,bhik%us4
 ,su* a monk 0  f ! e>lie/ times        
dignifi$ by ! title ,arhat1 #8v rev]5d1'
  i4 e4 m wor?y ( hon\r ?an ! g5]ality4 
,arhat1 9 %ort1 0  f ! fir/ a "n = !    
high] grade ( sa9t-l ,bhik%u4 ,su* a    
man1 too1 be=e long1 0 rais$ to a /ill  

high] level 9 !  e/imation ( 8          
fell[-monks4 ,he 0 believ$ to h deliv]$ 
himself f all ! consequ5ces ( acts1 :e!r
 bad or good--f all  ! fett]s 7see p4   
#abg7 ( life1 & !re=e f all re-bir?4 ,he
  0 ev5 elevat$ to a /ill l(ti] p9nacle4
 ,he 0 believ$ by 8  sup]/iti\s admir]s 
to possess unlimit$ dom9ion ov] nature1 
space1  "t1 & matt]2 to be all-see+1    
all-p[]ful1 & capable ( work+  e k9d (  
miracle4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 at dea? he pass$ 
away 9  ,p>i-nirva & 01 s to speak1     
canoniz$4 ,be x not$1 h[ev]1 t  su*     
canonization 0 nev] accord$ to an ,arhat
 till aft] 8  dep>ture f ! _w4          
,probably ! imm$iate disciples (        
,gautama ,buddha--t is1 8  s-call$      
#8great pupils' 7see p4 #dg71 7 all     
consid]$ p]fect  ,arhats4 ,& ^! p]fect  
,arhats 7 probably ! only sa9ts ( !     
e>lie/ p]iod ( ,buddhism4 ,yet !re 0 "o 
:o surpass$ !m all by  an immeasurable  
int]val1 & t "o 0 ,gautama ,buddha      
himself4 ,x  0 ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( a       
supreme ,buddha t he 0 inf9itely  great]

 ?an all o!r ,arhats1 because he _h n   
only ga9$ p]fect  k himself1 b _h become
 ! ,savi\r ( ! :ole _w by  imp>t+ to m5 
! k ( h[ !y 7 to save !mselves4    ,x   
seems1 !re=e1 only natural t ! foll[]s (
 ,buddha1 &  probably ! ,buddha himself1
 be=e 8 decease1 %\ld h ?\ght x         
desirable to e/abli% a m sy/ematic      
gradation ( sa9t%ip by  fill+ up !      
imm5se gap betwe5 ord9>y ,arhats & !    
supreme  ,buddha4 ,x 0 ?is t l$ to !    
idea ( ,pratyeka-,buddhas1 t is1        
self-dep5d5t solit>y ,buddhas#hi 7see p4
 #acd71 z well z to !  notion ( a /ill  
high] be+ call$ a ,bodhi-sattva1 :o1 z !
  ,buddha-designate & future successor (
 ,gautama1 occupi$ a /ill m  exalt$     
int]m$iate position ?an a               
,pratyeka-,buddha4    ,( c\rse x became 
difficult to fix on any liv+ man1 or any
 rec5tly  deceas$ sa9t wor?y ( ! highe/ 
/age ( ,bodhi1 to :i* a be+  ab\t to    
become a p]fect ,buddha 0 suppos$ to    
atta94    ,! fir/ to be s elevat$ 7?\gh 
app>5tly n by ,gautama himself7  01 z   

frequ5tly m5tion$ be=e1 ! my?ical       
individual ,maitreya4  ,he 01 we repeat1
 = a long "t ! only ,bodhi-sattva       
recogniz$ by  all ,buddhi/s alike1 :e!r 
adh]5ts ( ! ,hna-yna or ,mah-yna4  ,b he
 0 n a hi/orical p]sonage1 l ,gautama or
 8 imm$iate  disciples4 ,he 0 a m]e     
my?ological p]sonification ( t _s (     
love--( t k9dly & fri5dly disposition   
t[>ds all liv+ be+s  by =ce ( :i*       
,buddhism hop$ "o day to conqu] ! _w1 & 
w9  x ov] to itself4    ,& 9 con=mity ) 
8 my?ical "*1 & probably to prev5t  !   
rivalry ( pret5d]s among future ambiti\s
 heads ( mona/]ies1  he 0 n to appe> =  
five ?\s& ye>s1 till ! tea*+ (  ,gautama
 _h lo/ its p[]4    ,inde$1 x 0 only to 
be expect$ t ?is rank %\ld at fir/ h    
be5 accord$ to "o p]son alone--j z 9    
worldly affairs !re c\ld  be only "o    
,heir-app>5t to ! ?rone4    ,su* 0 ! m  
simple doctr9e ( e>ly ,buddhism 9 reg>d 
to !  relative position ( ! memb]s ( !  
,buddhi/ community4    ,h[ !n did !     
tea*]s ( ! ,mah-yna proce$ to amplify   

?is  doctr9e8    ,!y taught t !re 7 two 
me?ods ( salvation or1 s to speak1  two 
ways or two vehicles--! ,great & !      
,little 7,mah-yna &  ,hna-yna7--& inde$ 
two ,bodhis or =ms ( true k :i* ^!      
vehicles _h to convey#ij4 ,! =m] 0 =    
ord9>y p]sons1 !  latt] = be+s ( l>g]   
tal5ts & high] spiritual p[]s4 ,!       
#8,little ,way' 0 ! simple doctr9e1 :i* 
_h _m ,arhats b only "o  ,bodhi-sattva2 
! #8,great ,way1' on ! o!r h&1 0 ! wid] 
&  broad]1 :i* _h _m ,bodhi-sattvas z   
well z _m ,arhats4 ,he :o  satisfi$ !   
usual requirem5ts ( ,sa9t%ip receiv$ !  
rank ( an  ,arhat 9 bo? sy/ems4 ,b 9 !  
wid] sy/em e "o :o aim$ at  unusual     
sanctity on ! "o h&1 & k 7,bodhi7 on !  
o!r1  might walk on ! ,great road lead+ 
to ,bodhi-sattva%ip1 & receive  ! title 
,bodhi-sattva4    ,we h se5 7p4 #acf7 t 
! ,hna-yna1 or #8,little sy/em1' taught 
t !re 7 only tw5ty-f\r ,buddhas :o _h   
prec$$ ,gautama4 ,?ree  ( ^! 7viz4      
,kraku-h&a1 ,kanaka-muni1 & ,kyapa71 )  
,gautama z  a f\r?1 _h appe>$ 9 ! pres5t

 age1 & only "o ,bodhi-sattva           
7,maitreya7 0 to come4    ,b accord+ to 
! #8,great ,sy/em1' x 0 a mi/ake to     
limit !  acquisition ( ! highe/ ,sa9t%ip
 9 ?is mann]4 ,x ma9ta9$ t  !re w\ld be 
numb]less supreme ,buddhas 7&1 9        
addition to !m1  self-taught1 solit>y   
,buddhas1 call$ ,pratyeka-,buddhas71 z  
well z  numb]less ,bodhi-sattvas1 ev5 9 
! pres5t age ( ! _w4 ,9 o!r  words1 x   
prop\nd$ ! doctr9e t ! practice ( ! six 
7or t57  transc5d5t virtues 7p4 #abh71 &
 especially ! acquisition (  transc5d5t 
wisdom 7praj pramit71 might qualify _m  
sa9ts = !  atta9m5t ( ,bodhi-sattva%ip &
 ,buddha%ip4 ,accord+ to "o !ory1  !re 7
 to be at lea/ a ?\s& ,bodhi-sattvas1   
foll[$ by a  ?\s& ,buddhas1 :ile1       
accord+ to o!rs1 ,buddhas &             
,bodhi-sattvas  7 to be reckon$ by      
myriads4    ,b ?is !ory ( numb]less     
,bodhi-sattvas involv$ an entirely new  
view ( _! nature & ( ! mean+ ( ! t]m4   
,9 fact1 ! ,bodhi-sattvas ( ! m develop$
 ,mah-yna s*ool 7  n ,bodhi-sattvas at  

all1 accord+ to ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,x
  is true !y resembl$ ! g5u9e           
,bodhi-sattva 9 hav+ gone ?r\gh a  long 
s]ies ( exi/5ces lead+ !m at la/ to     
p]fect sa9t%ip &  to a heav5 ( _! own1 b
 !y 7 "u no obligation to give up  _!   
,bodhi-sattva%ip1 quit _! cele/ial      
abodes1 or desc5d  ultimately z human   
,buddhas ^u e>?4    ,fur!rmore1 !y nev] 
appe>$ to aim at ,p>i-nirva l _!  e>?ly 
c\nt]p>ts4 ,_! mo/ obvi\s raison d'tre  
seems to h  be5 to supply ! ne$ (       
p]sonal objects ( wor%ip1 & ?\gh 9      
,tibet !y 7 believ$ to h _! own second>y
 corporeal  emanations--sometimes call$ 
_! #8inc>nations1' b m prop]ly  describ$
 z desc5ts 7avatra7 ( portions ( _!     
ess5ce 9 a  con/ant succession ( human  
sa9ts1--!y nev] really left _! own      
p]man5t /ations 9 ! heav5ly regions4    
,inde$1 x is probable t  ! *ief cause ( 
_! popul>ity1 z p]sonal objects (       
adoration1  0 t !y 7 able to help _!    
wor%ipp]s to atta9 to ! same  p]man5t & 
un*angeable regions ( bliss4    ,x 0 ?us

 t ! #8,great ,vehicle' took up an      
attitude :i* rais$ x  n only above !    
simple ef=t to suppress ! passions &    
desires1  b also above ! hopeless       
,nihilism ( e>ly ,buddhism2 = x soon    
became ! fa%ion = ! mo/ devot$ & pi\s ( 
,buddhi/ monks to  aspire to ! title &  
actual bless$ness ( ,bodhi-sattva%ip r  
?an to ! d\btful bless$ness ( utt]      
p]sonal annihilation involv$  9         
,buddhahood4 ,at any rate ! num]\s      
,bodhi-sattvas ( ! #8,great  ,me?od'    
appe> to h rema9$ q cont5t$ ) _!        
condition1 s  long z x involv$ p]petual 
resid5ce 9 ! heav5s1 & q  will+ to put  
(f all desire = ,buddhahood &           
,p>i-nirva4    ,)\t d\bt1 ?is m amplifi$
 sy/em 0 ! result ( a reaction  (       
,brhmanism on ,buddhism4 ,x 0 at fir/ a 
m]e plan = creat+ a  close ,hi]>*y l t (
 ! ,brhman ca/e--t is to say1 a         
privileg$ class ( m5 possess$ ( high] k 
& sanctity &  sup]ior to ! majority (   
,bhik%us ( ! common /amp4 ,!n x soon    
develop$ into a s*eme = satisfy+ ! crav+

 ( ! masses =  div9ities ( "s k9d to :om
 !y might appeal = help 9 "t (  ne$4    
,9 all probability ! fir/ to receive !  
title ( ,bodhi-sattva1 next  to         
,maitreya1 7 ! mo/ celebrat$ ,arhats    
be=e m5tion$1 :o 7  imm$iate disciples (
 ,gautama1 n h[ev] till dea? _h sep>at$ 
!m f _! human frames1 :51 z a matt] (   
c\rse1 !y receiv$  a k9d ( wor%ip l t   
accord$ to all lead]s ( m51 j z !       
e>lie/ sa9ts1 h]oes1 & tea*]s (         
,brhmanism did4    ,to specify all !    
,arhats :o 7 elevat$ to ! rank (        
,bodhi-sattva  & became objects (       
v5]ation 9 lat] times w\ld be a         
difficult &  unpr(itable task4    ,we   
may also dismiss1 z unwor?y ( note1     
/atem5ts su* z t 9 !  ,lalita-vi/>a1 9  
:i* x is decl>$ t #cb1jjj ,bodhi-sattvas
 jo9$  ! ,buddha's assembly 9 !         
,jetavana g>d54 ,b we may notice !      
quasi-deification ( a few hi/orical     
p]sonages m5tion$ by ! two  ,*9ese      
travell]s1 ^: acc\nt ( ! /ate (         
,buddhism 9 ,india f  ! f\r? to ! sev5? 

c5turies has be5 s (t5 quot$4    ,fir/ (
 all came ! imm$iate foll[]s & s-call$  
#8great pupils'  7see p4 #dg7 (         
,gautama1 namely1 8 two *ief disciples1 
ri-puttra &  ,moggallna 7,maudgalyyana  
,modgala-puttra7#ia1 bo? ( :om are      
believ$ to h di$ be=e him4 ,!n came !   
?ree great lead]s at  ! fir/ ,c\ncil3   
#a4 ,kyapa 7pp4 #df1 #ee72 #b4          
,gautama's c\s9 &  belov$ pupil n&a2 #c4
 ,upli 7note1 p4 #ef74    ,next to ^!   
p]haps ! mo/ celebrat$ tea*] elevat$ to 
,bodhi-sattva%ip 0 ,ngrjuna#ib--notic$  
be=e z ! alleg$ f\nd]  ( ! ,mah-yna     
sy/em & its introduc] into ,tibet4      
,accord+ to "o  acc\nt he 0 ! son ( a   
,brhman ( ,vid>bha1 & taught ,buddhism 9
  ! s\? ( ,india4 ,he _h a celebrat$    
disciple nam$ ,deva 7or  rya-deva7#ic4  
,ngrjuna 0 at any rate a great tea*] &  
develop]  ( ! ,mah-yna4 ,a leg5d relates
 t he 0 skill$ 9 magic1 & 0  able !reby 
to prolong 8 own & a ,s\!rn ,indian k+'s
 life  indef9itely4 ,?is caus$ great    
grief to ! "m ( !  ,heir-app>5t1 :o     

in/igat$ h] son to ask ,ngrjuna = 8 own 
head4  ,ngrjuna compli$ ) ! reque/1 &   
cut 8 own head (f ) a  blade ( ,kua     
grass1 no?+ else hav+ ! p[] to injure   
him4 ,he is  said by ,hi\5 ,?sang to h  
liv$ 9 ,s\!rn ,koala ab\t #djj ye>s     
aft] ! dea? ( ,gautama1 & is wor%ipp$ "u
 diff]5t epi!ts  9 ,tibet1 ,*9a1        
,mongolia1 & ev5 ,ceylon4 ,probably he  
liv$ 9 !  fir/ or second c5tury--,beal  
places him betwe5 ,a4,d4 #aff & #bjj4   
,wassiljew consid]s him a :olly my?ical 
p]sonage4 ,! additions he  made to      
,buddhi/ doctr9es 7 und\bt$ly great4 ,:5
 he di$ ,/pas  7 erect$ to 8 memory1 & 9
 "s places he 0 ev5 wor%ipp$ z  ,buddha4
    ,among o!r deifi$1 or p>tially      
deifi$ ,bodhi-sattvas1 ^: images  &     
,/pas 7p4 #afa7 ! ,*9ese pilgrims f\nd  
scatt]$ 9 v>i\s  p>ts ( ,india1 may be  
m5tion$1 ^? ( ! my?ical ,buddhas :o     
prec$$ ,gautama1 especially ,kyapa#id4  
,!n we h ,rhula 7son (  ,gautama71 !    
patron ( all novices1 & f\nd] ( !       
reali/ic s*ool  call$ ,vaibh%ika#ie2    

,dh>ma-pla1 ,vasu-mitra 7or ,vasu-b&hu71
  ,ava-gho%a1 ,guamati1 ,/hiramati1 &   
o!rs4 ,9 ?is practice (  deify+ _!      
sa9ts1 ,buddhi/s m]ely foll[$ ! example 
( !  adh]5ts ( ,h9dism4 ,& we may add t 
?is t5d5cy is con/antly  repeat+ itself 
9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( all nations4      
,!re is ev5 a t5d5cy to press ! sa9ts ( 
o!r c\ntries into !  s]vice4 ,?is is    
rem>kably exemplifi$ 9 ! hi/ory (       
,b>laam &  ,josaphat1 curr5t 9 ,europe 9
 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! zeal\s ,roman      
,ca?olics ( ^? days ?\ght t !y c\ld n   
exclude s noble a  monk z ,buddha f !   
catalogue ( _! own sa9ts1 & s !y        
regi/]$ him 9 _! li/ z ,/4 ,josaphat    
7,josaphat be+ a  corruption (          
,bodhisat74 ,colonel ,yule1 9 8 ,m>co   
,polo1 /ates t a  *ur* 9 ,pal]mo is     
d$icat$ to ?is sa9t4    ,& "h m5tion may
 be made ( a mod]n deifi$ ,h9d tea*] or 
sage1  nam$ ,gorakh-n?1 :o is said to h 
gone f ,india into ,nepl1 &  is wor%ipp$
 !re z well z at ,gorakh-pur & ?r\gh\t !
 ,panjb4  ,v little is kn[n ab\t him1 & 

he belongs m to ,h9dism ?an to          
,buddhism4 ,"s say t he 0 a contempor>y 
( ,kabr 7#adhh-aeab71 &1  accord+ to a  
,janamskh1 he once _h an int]view )     
,nnak1 !  f\nd] ( ! ,sikh sect4 ,su*    
leg5d>y acc\nts z are curr5t are  wrapp$
 9 mu* my/]y4 ,"o leg5d describes him z 
born f a lotus4    ,o!rs describe him z 
! ?ird or f\r? 9 a s]ies ( aiva  tea*]s1
 & ! f\nd] ( ! ,knph sect ( ,yogs4 ,!   
rem>kable  ?+ ab\t him is t he succe$$ 9
 a*iev+ an extraord9>y  degree (        
popul>ity among ,nor!rn ,h9ds & among "s
 adh]5ts (  ,buddhism 9 ,nepl4 ,8 tomb  
is 9 ! ,panjb1 & he is to ?is day  ador$
 z a k9d ( god by imm5se numb]s ( !     
inhabitants ( ,nor?  ,we/]n ,india "u ! 
hills4    ,b ! canonization ( su*       
hi/orical tea*]s 9 ,india & _!          
elevation to semi-div9e rank did n      
satisfy ! crav+ ( !  un$ucat$ masses1   
ei!r among ,buddhi/s or ,h9ds1 = p]sonal
  deities1 possess$ ( p[]s ov] human    
affairs f> great] ?an any  dep>t$ human 
be+s1 h[ev] em95t4 ,9 ,buddhism !       

suppos$  exi/5ce ( ! m god-l            
,bodhi-sattva ,maitreya--v5]at$ by bo?  
! ,mah-yna & ! ,hna-yna s*ools--0 n     
suffici5t to satisfy  ?is crav+4        
,h5ce ! #8,great ,vehicle' soon began to
 tea* ! exi/5ce ( num]\s  my?ological   
,bodhi-sattvas1 o!r ?an ,maitreya1 to   
:om no hi/orical  "* belong$1 b ^:      
functions 7 m div9e4                    
,,lecture ,,ix4                   ,!i/ic
 & ,poly!i/ic ,buddhism4      ,9 !      
prec$+ ,lecture ,i h endeav\r$ to sket* 
! rise (  !i/ic & poly!i/ic ,buddhism4  
,we h n[ to turn our att5tion to its    
developm5t1 especially 9  reg>d to !    
wor%ip ( my?ical ,bodhi-sattvas1 & ( !  
,h9d gods  & o!r my?ological be+s4      
,"s ( ! ,bodhi-sattvas ( ! ,mah-yna or  
,great ,sy/em 7 m]ely                   
quasi-deifications ( em95t sa9ts &      
tea*]s4 ,o!rs 7  imp]sonations ( c]ta9  
qualities or =ces2 & j z 9 e>ly         
,buddhism we h ! simple triad ( !       
,buddha1 8 ,law1 & 8 ,ord]1  s 9 ,nor!rn
 ,buddhism ! wor%ip ( my?ical           

,bodhi-sattvas--o!r ?an  ,maitreya--0   
orig9ally conf9$ to a triad1 namely 7#a7
 ,maju-r1 #8he  ( beautiful glory2' 7#b7
 ,avalokitev>a1 #8! look+-d[n "l1' (t5  
call$ ,padma-pi1 #8! lotus-h&$2' 7#c7   
,vajra-pi or ,vajra-dh>a1  #8!          
?und]bolt-h&$4'    ,^! ?ree my?ical     
,bodhi-sattvas 7 n kn[n to e>ly         
,buddhi/s1  nor to ! ,buddhi/s (        
,ceylon4 ,!y are n ev5 f\nd 9 ! olde/   
books ( ! ,nor!rn ,s*ool 7su* z !       
,lalita-vi/>a71 ?\gh !y  occur          
conspicu\sly 9 ! ,saddh>ma-puarka4      
,all we c say ) c]ta9ty is1 t :5 ,f-hi5 
visit$ ,ma?ur on  ! ,jumn #djj ye>s aft]
 ,*ri/1 _! cult c]ta9ly exi/$ !re at  t 
"t4    ,we %all n be f> wrong if we     
ass]t t x 0 adopt$ 9 ab\t !  ?ird c5tury
 ( our era4    ,z already indicat$ 7see 
p4 #age71 ! idea ( ! fir/ ,buddhi/      
triad--! ,buddha1 ! ,law1 & ! ,mona/ic  
,ord]--accept$ by !  adh]5ts ( bo?      
,vehicles--0 probably d]iv$ f ! e>lie/  
,brhmanical triad4 7,see also ,brhmanism
 & ,h9dism1 pp4 #i1 #dd4 #gd47    ,9 !  

same way ! second ,buddhi/ triad        
introduc$ by ! advanc$  tea*]s ( !      
#8,great ,vehicle1' viz4 ,maju-r1       
,avalokitev>a 7  ,padma-pi71 &          
,vajra-pi1 correspond$ to ! lat] ,h9d   
triad  7tri-mrti7 ( deities1 ,brahm1    
,vi%u1 & iva4    ,i h expla9$ 9         
#8,brhmanism & ,h9dism' 7pp4 #ed1 #gc7  
h[ ! gods  ,vi%u & iva gradually usurp$ 
! position ( ! god ,brahm1 :om  !y      
dispossess$ ( 8 co-equality ) !mselves1 
& h[ ! :ole  my?ology ( ! ,h9ds1 :i* 0  
orig9ally complicat$ by a l>ge          
admixture ( pre-ryan & ,v$ic elem5ts1   
ultimately became m  simplifi$ by       
arrang+ itself "u ! two heads (         
,vai%avism &  aivism1 all o!r           
my?ological p]sonages be+ reg>d$ z =ms (
  ei!r ,vi%u or iva4    ,9              
contradi/9ction to ?is1 we f9d t ea*    
memb] ( ! two  ,buddhi/ triads holds its
 own1 & we are l$ on to a sy/em :i*     
bewild]s u by ev] increas+              
complications--a sy/em :i* pres]ves  !  
individuality ( its own triads & deifi$ 

sa9ts1 & yet  recognizes almo/ all !    
gods1 demigods1 demons1 & sup]natural   
be+s ( ,h9dism4    ,i propose n[ to (f] 
"s acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( ! ,buddhi/   
,pan!on1 beg9n+ ) ! my?ical conceptions 
peculi> to ,buddhism1  & pass+ on to ^? 
held 9 common ) ,h9dism4    ,& fir/ z to
 ! second ,buddhi/ triad above-nam$1 x  
may be not$1  z a pro( ( ! v gradual    
gr[? ( ,buddhi/ic my?ology1 t 9  ! e>li]
 developm5ts ( ,buddhism ! ?ree         
,bodhi-sattvas  con/itut+ t triad h v   
re/rict$ functions4    ,:5 ,i visit$ !  
,buddhi/ caves at ,ellora1 ,i notic$ t 9
 !  anci5t sculptures !re1 ,padma-pi &  
,vajra-pi 7b n ,maju-r7  are repres5t$ z
 att5dants ( ! human ,buddha4    ,(     
c\rse x is easy to und]/& t ! duty (    
gu>d+ ! ,buddha  ultimately exp&$ into t
 ( wat*+ ov] & protect+ ! :ole  ,buddhi/
 _w1 ?\gh x is difficult to det]m9e :i* 
( ! ?ree  my?ical ,bodhi-sattvas became 
fir/ celebrat$ = ! effective  dis*>ge ( 
?is duty1 or to :i* ( ! ?ree            
*ronological  prec$5ce ought to be      

assign$4    ,)\t tak+ ! ord] already    
giv51 we may beg9 ) ,padma-pi z  ! mo/  
popul>1 & may note t he has a "n1       
,avalokitev>a1  compos$ ( ! two ,sanskx 
words avalokita1 #8look+ d[n#if1' &     
v>a1 #8"l1' ! latt] be+ ! ,brhmanical "n
 = ! ,supreme  ,god--a "n :olly         
unrecogniz$ by e>ly ,buddhism1 b assign$
 by !  ,h9ds to ! ?ree p]sonal gods1    
,brahm1 ,vi%u1 & iva1 especially  to !  
latt]4    ,9 ! duty ( wat*+ ov] &       
protect+ ! :ole ,buddhi/ _w1            
,avalokitev>a 7 ,padma-pi71 t is1 #8! "l
 :o looks d[n )  pity on all m51'       
c]ta9ly takes ! lead1 & 8 "n 0 9 keep+  
) ! reputation = answ]+ pray] :i* he    
soon a*iev$4    ,9 ! ,lmism ( ,tibet1 he
 is1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 a k9d (     
div9e ,pope1 exi/+ et]nally 9 ! heav5s z
 ,vic> ( "o ( !  ,buddhas ( ! pres5t    
age1 b delegat+ 8 functions to a        
succession  ( e>?ly ,popes 9 :om he is  
p]petually inc>nat$ & re-inc>nat$1  :ile
 at ! same "t pres]v+ 8 own p]sonality 9
 8 own heav54    ,inde$1 ! popul>ity ( 8

 wor%ip is "o ( ! *ief  *>act]i/ics ( ! 
,mah-yna sy/em1 & is n conf9$ to ,tibet1
  ?\gh he is believ$ to be ! special    
patron ( t c\ntry4 ,x is he  :o dur+ !  
cont9uance ( ! pres5t age ( ! _w        
presides ov]  ! :ole cycle (            
s\l-migration4 ,9 a ^w1 ! temporal      
welf>e (  all liv+ be+s1 & ( all :o h to
 w&] ?r\gh ! worlds (  ! gods1 m51      
demons1 gho/s1 animals1 & liv]s 9 hell1 
is  especially assign$ to him4    ,p1   
!re=e1 pray to him m frequ5tly ?an to   
any o!r  ,bodhi-sattva1 & n only =      
release f ! mis]y ( future  re-bir?s1 b 
9 all cases ( pres5t bodily dang] &     
dome/ic  affliction4 ,h5ce he has num]\s
 o!r names or epi!ts1 su* z #8,god  (   
m]cy1' #8,ocean ( pity' 7,k>urava71     
#8,deliv]] f fe>'  7,abhaya-da71 #8,"l (
 ! _w' 7,loke-v>a71 #8,_w-protector'    
7,loka-pla71 #8,protector ( ! ryas'     
7rya-pla72 & ! ,*9ese  travell] ,f-hi5  
says ( himself1 t he pray$ 9 8 he>t = ! 
aid ( ,avalokitev>a :5 9 great p]il dur+
 a /orm at sea4    ,t 8 wor%ip 0 v      

preval5t among ,buddhi/s ( ! ,mah-yna   
,s*ool all ov] ,india1 z well z 9       
,tibet1 f ! f\r? to !  sev5? c5tury1 is 
atte/$ also by ,hi\5 ,?sang4 ,bo?       
travell]s tell  u t !y frequ5tly met ) 8
 images1 :i* 7 (t5 plac$ on  ! tops (   
m\nta9s4 ,possibly ?is fact may acc\nt =
 ! "n he  acquir$ ( ! #8,look+-d[n "l4' 
,or1 on ! o!r h&1 x is  possible t 8 "n 
may h l$ to ! selection ( high          
situations  = 8 temples & images4    ,& 
x may be obs]v$ "h t al?\gh             
,avalokitev>a be>s a close  resemblance 
9 "* to ,vi%u1 yet 8 images (t5 con=m to
 !  ,brahm type1 & sometimes to t (     
iva#ig4 ,he has g5]ally sev]al          
faces--sometimes ev5 elev5 or twelve--& 
usually f\r or eight arms4  ,^! faces   
are plac$ "o above ! o!r 9 ! =m ( a     
pyramid1 9  ?ree ti]s1 & probably       
indicate t he looks d[n on all ?ree     
worlds1 namely1 ! worlds ( desire1 (    
true =m1 & ( no =m 7pp4  #bac1 #bad71 f 
all po9ts ( ! horizon4    ,note1 h[ev]1 
t two ( 8 h&s are g5]ally fold$1 z if   

ador+  ! ,buddha1 :ile 8 two o!r h&s    
hold su* emblems z ! lotus &  :eel      
7especially ! lotus74 ,?is di/+ui%es !  
images ( ! m]e  ,bodhi-sattva           
,avalokitev>a f ^? ( ! god ,vi%u1 :o1   
al?\gh  he has f\r arms1 is nev]        
repres5t$ 9 an attitude ( adoration4    
,note1 too1 t ! _m-head$ images (       
,avalokitev>a probably belong  to ! lat]
 phase ( ! ,mah-yna1 :5 he 0 reg>d$ z an
  emanation or spiritual son ( !        
,dhyni-,buddha ,amitbha1 ^: head  =ms ! 
elev5? above 8 own t54 ,!re are         
descriptions ( e>li]  idols1 :i* make x 
probable t ,avalokitev>a 0 orig9ally    
repres5t$ 9 ord9>y human %ape4    ,:5 8 
wor%ip 0 introduc$ into ,*9a ! "n he    
receiv$ 0  ,kwan-%e-y9 or ,kwan-y9 79   
,japan ,kwan-non7--a "n d5ot+ 7accord+  
to ,pr(essor ,legge7 #8"o :o looks d[n  
on ! s\nds ( ! _w1 &  li/5s to ! voices 
( m54'    ,we "k t ea* ( ! *ief ,h9d    
gods _h 8 female c\nt]p>t or  akti1 :o  
is (t5 m wor%ipp$ ?an ! male4 ,simil>ly 
! female  c\nt]p>t ( ! male             

,avalokitev>a is ! =m ( ! god *iefly    
wor%ipp$ 9 ,*9a & ,japan#ih4 ,9 ^?      
c\ntries he is only kn[n  9 ! fem99e "* 
( #8goddess ( m]cy1' & 9 ?is =m is      
repres5t$ ) two arms1 b (t5] ) f\r or m1
 & ev5 )  a ?\s& eyes4    ,! connexion (
 ,avalokitev>a ) iva1 z well z ) ,vi%u1 
is  prov$ by ! fact t 9 "s *>act]i/ics  
,kwan-y9 corresponds to  ! ,durg =m (   
iva's wife1 & 9 o!rs to ! =m call$      
,prvat1  :o1 z dwell+ on m\nta9s1 may be
 suppos$ to look d[n )  compassion on ! 
_w4    ,z to ,vajra-pi 7or ,vajra-dh>a71
 #8! ?und]bolt-h&$1' ?is  ,bodhi-sattva 
corresponds 9 "s respects to ,indra4 ,he
 is ! fi]ce/  & mo/ awe-inspir+ ( all ! 
,bodhi-sattvas1 & 01 9 "t1  conv]t$ into
 a k9d ( ,buddhi/ic =m ( iva1 resembl+ t
 god 9  8 "* ( controll] ( ! demon-ho/ &
 de/roy] ( evil  spirits4 ,hi\5 ,?sang  
describes h[ eight ,vajra-pis surr\nd$ !
  ,buddha z an escort1 :5 he j\rney$ to 
visit 8 fa!r uddhodana4  ,vajra-pi is ( 
c\rse a popul> object ( v5]ation 9 all  
,nor!rn  ,buddhi/ c\ntries1 :]e a dread 

( malignant spirits is s preval5t  t !  
wav+ to & fro ( an implem5t symboliz+ a 
?und]bolt  7,vajra1 or 9 ,tibetan       
,dorje7 is practis$ z a me?od ( keep+ !m
 at  bay & av]t+ _! malice4             
,nev]!less1 ,vajra-pi is n s popul> z ! 
?ird ,bodhi-sattva1  ,maju-r1 #8he (    
glori\s beauty1' also call$ ,maju-gho%a1
 #8hav+ a  beautiful voice1' & ,vgv>a1  
#8"l ( spee*4' ,?is ,bodhi-sattva1 z    
#8wisdom p]sonifi$1' & z #8"l ( h>mony1'
 may be reg>d$ z a  c\nt]p>t ( !        
,brhmanical ,brahm or ,viva-,k>man1 !   
suppos$  creator ( ! univ]se4 ,brahm1   
h[ev]1 9 8 "* ( *ief god1  ne$$ no      
,buddhi/ic sub/itute1 hav+ be5          
incorporat$ by "n into  ,buddhism4      
,maju-r1 z #8"l ( spee*1' seems also to 
be a c\nt]p>t  ( ,brahm's consort       
,s>asvat4    ,accord+ to "s1 a le>n$ &  
eloqu5t ,brhman tea*]1 nam$  ,maju-r1   
introduc$ ,buddhism f ,india into ,nepl 
ab\t #bej ye>s  aft] ! ,nirva ( ,buddha1
 & ! my?ical ,maju-r may h be5 a        
developm5t ( ! hi/orical p]sonage4 ,8   

wor%ip is m5tion$ by  bo? ,f-hi5 & ,hi\5
 ,?sang#ii1 & seems to h be5 v popul>4  
,a p]sonification ( ,praj pramit1       
#8transc5d5t wisdom1' is also  nam$4 ,& 
inde$ x seems natural t s soon z !      
,buddhi/s began  to p]sonify qualities &
 inve/ !m ) div9e attributes1 le>n+     
%\ld h be5 among ! fir/ select$ =       
deification1 z x 0 by  ! ,h9ds 9 e>ly   
times4    ,m>k1 h[ev]1 t ! popul>       
,maju-r has no place assign$ to him  9 !
 ,dhyni-,buddha !ory4    ,?is my/ical   
!ory 0 a lat] developm5t4 ,x may be     
expla9$  ?us3--,! t]m ,dhyna 7,jhna7 is 
a g5]al expression = ! f\r  gradations (
 my/ic m$itation :i* h e!real spaces or 
worlds  correspond+ to !m 7p4 #bji71 & a
 ,dhyni-,buddha is a ,buddha :o is      
suppos$ to exi/ z a k9d ( spiritual     
ess5ce 9 ^! high] regions  ( ab/ract    
?\ght4    ,t is to say1 e ,buddha :o    
appe>s on e>? 9 a tempor>y human        
body--) ! object ( tea*+ m5 h[ to ga9   
,nirva--exi/s also 9  an ideal c\nt]p>t1
 or e!real repres5tation ( himself1 9 ! 

=mless worlds ( m$itation 7p4 #bac74 ,^!
 ideal ,buddhas are z  num]\s z !       
,buddhas1 b z !re are only five *ief    
human ,buddhas  9 ! pres5t              
age--,kraku-h&a1 ,kanaka-muni1 ,kyapa1  
,gautama1 & !  future ,buddha           
,maitreya--s !re are only five          
correspond+                             
,dhyni-,buddhas3--,vairoana1 ,ak%obhya1 
,ratna-sambhava1 ,amitbha1 &            
,amogha-siddha 7sometimes repres5t$ 9   
images z possess+ a ?ird  eye74 ,b ?is  
is n all2 ea* ( ^! produces by a process
 (  evolution a k9d ( emanation f       
himself call$ a ,dhyni-,bodhi-sattva1   
to act z ! practical head & gu>dian ( ! 
,buddhi/ community  betwe5 ! int]val ( !
 dea? ( ea* human ,buddha & ! adv5t (  8
 successor4 ,h5ce !re are five          
,bodhi-sattvas--,samanta-bhadra1        
,vajra-pi1 ,ratna-pi1 ,padma-pi 7       
,avalokitev>a71 &  ,viva-pi--correspond+
 to ! five ,dhyni-,buddhas & to ! five  
e>?ly ,buddhas respectively4 ,9 ,nepl   
five correspond+ female aktis  or       

,tr-devs are nam$ 7see p4 #baf74    ,x  
is rem>kable t ! ,*9ese pilgrims f !    
fif? to ! sev5?  c5turies1 :ile (t5     
m5tion+ ! ,bodhi-sattvas1 make no       
allusion to  any ( !                    
,dhyni-,buddhas--:5ce we may ga!r t     
,amitbha1 ?\gh  adopt$ into ,indian     
,buddhism1 0 n actually wor%ipp$ 9      
,india at  lea/ z a p]sonal god4    ,9  
po9t ( fact1 x 0 only ! ,buddhism ( !   
,nor? :i* 0 n  satisfi$ ) ! orig9al     
triad ( ! ,buddha1 ! ,law1 & !          
,monkhood4 ,x1 !re=e1 inv5t$ 9 addition 
five triads1 ea*  consi/+ ( a           
,dhyni-,buddha1 a ,dhyni-,bodhi-sattva1 
& an e>?ly  ,buddha1 ?\gh ( ^! triads   
only "o 0 ( importance1 namely1 t       
consi/+ ( ,amitbha1 ,avalokitev>a1 & !  
human ,buddha1 ,gautama4  ,b !          
,lalita-vi/>a does n m5tion ?is !ory4   
,x %\ld be obs]v$1 too1 t an important  
addition to ! ,mah-yna  doctr9e 0 made 9
 c]ta9 ,nor!rn c\ntries ab\t ! t5?      
c5tury  ( our era4    ,a p>ticul> sect (
 ,buddhi/s 9 ,nepl1 call+ !mselves      

,aiv>ikas1  prop\nd$ a !ory ( a ,supreme
 ,be+ 7v>a71 to :om !y gave !  "n ( a   
#8primordial ,buddha' 7di-,buddha71 & :o
 0 decl>$ to be  ! s\rce & orig9ator (  
all ?+s1 & ! orig9al ,evolv] ( !        
,dhyni-,buddhas1 or ,buddhas (          
contemplation1 :ile !y aga9 7  suppos$  
to evolve _! correspond+                
,dhyni-,bodhi-sattvas4    ,x is cle>1 ( 
c\rse1 t ?is addition 0 a m]e adaptation
 (  ,buddhism to ,brhmanism1 & t !      
di-,buddha 0 inv5t$ to s]ve z  a        
c\nt]p>t ( ! ,"o ,univ]sal ,_s ,brahm--!
 "o et]nally  exi/+ spiritual ,ess5ce1 f
 :i* all exi/+ ?+s are m]e  emanations4 
,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ?is di-,buddha is    
said to h produc$ all ?+s  ?r\gh union )
 ,praj 7m5tion$ be=e1 p4 #bjb71 9 :i*   
case he  is r to be id5tifi$ ) ! p]sonal
 ,creator ,brahm4    ,obs]ve1 moreov]1 t
 ev5 9 e>ly times "o ( !                
,dhyni-,buddhas--! "o call$ ,amitbha1   
#8diffus+ inf9ite light1'--lo/  8 purely
 ab/ract "*1 & 0 wor%ipp$ by ,nor!rn    
,buddhi/s  z a p]sonal ,god4 ,he is 9 ! 

pres5t day held by !m to be an  et]nal  
,be+1 ! ideal ( all t is beautiful &    
good1 :o receives  8 wor%ipp]s into a   
heav5 call$ ,sukhvati1 #8p>adise (      
pleasures'  7see p4 #ahc74    ,b x mu/  
also be not$ t nei!r di-,buddha nor     
,amitbha1 :5  reg>d$ z p]sonal gods1 7  
held to be ,creators ( ! ,_w 9 !        
,*ri/ian s5se4 ,!y 7 m]ely ,supreme     
rul]s outside & above x2  = ,nor!rn     
,buddhi/s agree ) ,s\!rn 9 ?9k+ t ! _w  
exi/s ( itself1 & t its only ,creator is
 ! =ce ( its own  acts4    ,we pass on  
n[ to consid] h[ f> & ) :at             
modifications !  my?ology ( ,brhmanism &
 ,h9dism 0 incorporat$ into ,buddhism4  
,i h already po9t$ out t al?\gh !       
,buddha *ang$ !  "* ( mu* ( ! exi/+     
my?ology1 he nev] prohibit$ 8           
lay-foll[]s f cont9u+ _! old =ms (      
wor%ip1 or b[+ d[n  be=e ! deities      
hon\r$ by _! fa!rs & gr&fa!rs4    ,ap>t 
inde$ f ! %rewd policy ( n assum+ an    
attitude (  ho/ility to popul> cre$s &  
usages1 ! tol]ant t5d5cy &  univ]sality 

( ! ,buddha's tea*+ oblig$ him1 9 common
  consi/5cy1 to recognize1 & z f> z     
possible appropriate1 !  v>i\s religi\s 
elem5ts exi/+ ar\nd him1 & to subord9ate
 !m  to 8 own purposes4    ,9 fact1     
accord+ to ! !ory ( true ,buddhism1 z   
has be5 well  po9t$ out by o!r writ]s1  
!re 0 only "o sy/em ( doctr9e &  only "o
 ,law--t ,law 7,dh>ma7 :i* ,gautama     
,buddha came to r5ovate =  ! b5efit ( ! 
_w 9 ! pres5t age4    ,h5ce all !       
app>5tly conflict+ cre$s1 dogmas1 =ms1  
c]emonies1  & usages ( all nations1     
tribes1 & races1 7 9 reality m]e        
outcomes1 or dim recollections1 or      
corruptions1 ( t "o & ! same  univ]sal  
,dh>ma :i* c\ntless ,buddhas _h prea*$  
to mank9d1 9  c\ntless ages be=e ! "t ( 
,gautama1 & w\ld cont9ue to prea*  9    
ages to come4    ,h9dism1 !re=e1 l all  
o!r cre$s1 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,dh>ma  (      
,buddhism1 & ! great object ( ,gautama's
 adv5t 0 n to uproot  ! old religion1 b 
to purify x f error & re/ore x4    ,x 0 
on ?is acc\nt t he reg>d$ ! ,h9d gods z 

occupy+ a  place 9 8 own sy/em1 ?\gh n  
)\t "s modification ( !  nature ( _!    
suppos$ position1 (fices1 & functions4  
,& "h x w be necess>y to give an acc\nt 
( ! lat] ,buddhi/  !ory ( tw5ty-six     
successive ti]s ( heav5s1 "o ris+ above 
!  o!r 7p4 #abj74    ,9 ! c5tre ( !     
_w-sy/em /&s1 z we h se51 ! va/ mass  ( 
! my?ical m\nta9 ,m]u4 ,on ! upp]       
portion ( ?is /up5d\s  axis ( ! univ]se 
& above ! eight *ief hells & ! worlds ( 
animals1 gho/s1 demons1 & m51 is situat$
 ! l[e/ heav5 ( !  gods1 :]e abide ! f\r
 ,mah-rjas1 #8great *ampions1' or       
gu>dians  ( ! e>? & ! heav5s aga9/ !    
demons1 :o are ev] engag$ 9  assail+ !m 
f _! _w bel[4 ,^! f\r are repres5t$ 9   
full arm\r1 ) drawn swords2 "o qu>t] ( !
 heav5s be+  assign$ to ! gu>dian%ip (  
ea*2 viz4 ! ,ea/ to ,dhita-r%ra1  k+ ( !
 ,g&h>vas2 ! ,s\? to ,virhaka1 k+ ( !   
,kumbhz2  ! ,we/ to ,virpk%a1 k+ ( !    
,ngas2 ! ,nor? to ,kuv]a  7,vairavaa71  
k+ ( ! ,yak%as4 ,! inhabitants ( ?is    
heav5 are  call$ atur-mahrja-kyikas1 or 

simply ,mahrjika-devh4 ,above ?is  l[e/ 
heav51 & on ! highe/ summit ( ! _w's    
axis1 ,m]u1 is  en?ron$ ! god akra      
7,indra71 kn[n 9 ! ,v$a z god ( !       
atmosph]e4 ,he is "l ( a heav5 ( 8 own1 
& no god is m  popul> among ,buddhi/s or
 (t5] nam$ 9 _! leg5ds2 yet he is       
inf]ior to ,mah-brahm & to ,mra 7p4     
#bjh74 ,buddha himself 0 ,indra  9 "s ( 
8 bir?s 7p4 #aaa74 ,to ?is heav5 he     
asc5d$ to prea* !  ,law to 8 "m4        
,h5ce we may inf] t 9 ! e>ly days (     
,buddhism1 ,indra1 :o 0  p]haps ! *ief  
god ( ! ig-v$a1 0 /ill ! fav\rite god ( 
! p4    ,8 heav5 =ms ! second ti]1      
reckon+ f ! l[e/ upw>ds 7see  p4 #abj71 
& is call$ ,traya/ria 7,tvatisa71 t ( ! 
?irty-?ree div9ities--z recogniz$ 9 !   
,v$ic hymns--consi/+ (  ! ?ree gr\ps (  
elev5 ,rudras1 eight ,vasus1 & twelve   
dityas1  toge!r ) p]sonifications (     
,heav5 & ,e>?4    ,! rema9+ heav5s ( !  
gods1 :i* rise 9 succession above !     
l[e/ & above ,indra's & !re=e 9 ! sky   
above ,m\nt ,m]u1 are  ! ?ird1 f\r?1    

fif?1 & six?4 ,^! are n illum9at$ by !  
sun & moon1 s9ce ! gods :o live 9 !m    
give out a suffici5t  light f _! own    
p]sons4 ,! fir/ ( !m1 or ?ird ( !       
heav5s1 is inhabit$ by be+s call$ ,ymas4
 ,!y 7 kn[n to !  ,brhmans & probably   
presid$ ov] ! p]iods ( ! day4 ,!y are   
call$ #8/rifeless1' because !y h n to   
take "p 9 ! w>  con/antly be+ wag$ by ! 
gods ( ! two l[] heav5s aga9/ !  demons 
7,asuras71 :o are unable to advance into
 ! regions above ,m]u4    ,! f\r? heav5 
is t ( ! ,tu%itas or #8p]fectly cont5t$ 
be+s4' ,x is a peculi>ly sacr$ region1 z
 x is ! home ( all !  ,bodhi-sattvas    
de/9$ to become ,buddhas4 ,gautama      
,buddha once dwelt  !re1 & ,maitreya n[ 
presides 9 x4    ,! fif? heav5 is       
inhabit$ by ! ,nirma-rati-dev1 t is1    
#8be+s :o con/antly enjoy pleasures     
provid$ by !mselves4'    ,! six? heav51 
& ! highe/ ( ! ,deva-lokas1 is ! abode (
 !  ,p>a-nirmita-vaa-v>ti-dev1 #8be+s :o
 con/antly enjoy pleasures  provid$ = !m
 by o!rs4' ,^! be+s are also call$      

,mras1 &  are #8lords ( s5su\s desires4'
 ,:5 ! !ory ( races ( gods 0  inv5t$1 x 
l$ to ! figm5t ( millions ( ,mras rul$  
ov] by a  *ief ,mra1 :o tempts m5 to    
indulge _! passions 7pp4 #bh1 #cc1 #da71
  & is always on ! wat* to ent] !       
citadel ( ! body by ! gates  ( eye1 e>1 
etc4 7see note1 p4 #abi74 ,"o ( ,mra's  
names is ,kma1  #8desire4' ,he is       
sup]ior to all ! gods ( ! worlds ( s5se1
 ev5 to  akra or ,indra4 ,9 e akravla or
 ,univ]se ( worlds !re is a  ,mra4 ,he  
is sometimes call$ ! ,buddhi/ ,satan1 b 
?is is mislead+4  ,he is r a sup]ior    
god1 ^: p[] consi/s 9 excit+ s5sual or  
c>nal desires4    ,s f>1 !n1 ! heav5s   
are all worlds ( s5se1--l ! e>? &  ! l[]
 regions1--& are sph]es inhabit$ by be+s
 :o h sexual  feel+s & live active      
lives4 ,b at ?is po9t 9 ! asc5t upw>ds  
all s5suality ceases1 & we are introduc$
 to be+s :o enjoy a  high] condition (  
exi/5ce 9 :i* !re is no di/9ction ( sex1
  & all s5su\s desires & objects h lo/  
_! hold ov] !  frame--a condition       

suppos$ to be induc$ by ! ex]cise (     
my/ical  ab/ract m$itation 7,dhyna1 ,pli
 ,jhna74    ,! importance ( ,dhyna or   
int5se ab/ract m$itation 9 ! ,buddhi/   
sy/em has be5 po9t$ out be=e 7p4 #cb74  
,x is ! *ief religi\s  ex]cise 9 :i* a  
true foll[] ( ,buddha c engage1 & al?\gh
 x  is divid$ into f\r /ages1 ! man :o  
ex]cises himself p]fectly 9  any "o ( ! 
f\r1 becomes s sublimat$ & ref9$ t he _c
 be  re-born 9 any ( ! s5su\s heav5s1 or
 9 any region l[] ?an !  ,brahm worlds4 
,! fir/ /age ( ,dhyna consi/s 9 fix+    
7,dhra7 ! m9d & at  ! same "t ex]cis+ ! 
?9k+ faculties on "s object1 9 su*  a   
way t a /ate ( ec/atic joy & s]5ity is  
atta9$4    ,! second consi/s 9          
conc5trat+ ! m9d or s\l s int5sely on   
itself t ! ?9k+ faculties cease to act &
 only ec/atic joy  & s]5ity rema94    ,9
 ! ?ird1 no?+ rema9s b p]fect s]5ity4   
,! f\r? is a trance-l condition ( utt]  
indiff]5ce & torpor1  9 :i* !re is nei!r
 any ex]cise ( ?\ght1 nor any consci\s  
joy  or s]5ity1 b ! :ole be+ is releas$ 

f ! fett]s ( s5se  & so>s to a          
transc5d5tal condition1 *>act]iz$ by    
lat5t en]gy  & a p[] ( work+ miracles   
7p4 #acc74    ,^! f\r /ages ( ab/ract   
m$itation mu/ n be confus$ ) !  f\r     
e>ne/ reflections & ! five              
contemplations 7pp4 #di1 #abg71  :i* are
 n s ab/ract & require m e>?ly objects  
on :i* to  be ex]cis$4    ,! f\r? & la/ 
,dhyna is also call$ ,samdhi1 & prop]ly 
means  su* a p]fect conc5tration ( !    
s\l's faculties1 t ! s\l  becomes m]g$ 9
 itself4 ,x is (t5 us$ to d5ote an      
ec/atic  condition1 sc>cely to be       
di/+ui%$ f trance or hypnotism or       
catalepsy4 ,^? devotees 9 ,india :o     
practise x are buri$1 n  burnt1 & _!    
tombs are call$ ,samdhs4    ,to return  
n[ to ,buddhi/ ,cosmology1 ! !ory ( lat]
 ,buddhism is  t he :o has practis$ !   
fir/ ,dhyna w rise at dea? to "o (  !   
?ree ti]s ( heav5s connect$ ) t fir/    
,dhyna1 i4e4 to !  fir/ & l[e/ ( ! f\r  
gr\ps ( worlds ( true =m 7rpa71 9  :i*  
all sexual di/9ctions are oblit]at$4    

,?is fir/ or l[e/ gr\p consi/s ( !      
worlds ( ! ,brahms1 a high  ord] ( gods 
divid$ into ?ree classes ) ?ree ti]s (  
abodes4    ,! fir/ class ( ,brahm gods1 
inhabit+ ! fir/ or l[e/ ( !  ti]s ( !   
,brahm abodes1 consi/s ( !              
,brahma-p>isajj dev1 or  be+s :o        
con/itute ! ret9ue ( ! god ,mah-brahm--!
 *ief (  all ! ,buddhi/ gods4    ,!     
second class ( ,brahm gods1 inhabit+ !  
second ti]1 consi/s (  ! ,brahma-purohit
 dev1 #8be+s :o are ! m9i/]s (          
,mah-brahm4'    ,! ?ird class ( ,brahm  
gods1 inhabit+ ! highe/ ( ! ?ree  ti]s1 
consi/s ( ! ,mah-brahms1 #8great        
,brahms1' ( :om  ,mah-brahm is ! *ief4  
,! inhabitants ( ^! ?ree worlds are     
sometimes call$ !  ,brahma-kyik dev1    
#8gods hav+ a ,brahm =m4'    ,x is      
important1 h[ev]1 to note t ,brahm or   
,mah-brahm1 sometimes  call$ ,brahm     
,sahm-pati1 #8"l ( ^? :o h to           
suff]#ajj1' is  ! k+ ( all ! high]      
heav5s 7p4 #bad71 rul+ !re1 z ,m>a &    
,indra d 9 ! l[] worlds & heav5s ( s5se 

& desire4 ,out (  def]5ce to ,brhmanism 
he has be5 adopt$ z ! *ief god ( !      
,buddhi/ ,pan!on1 & yet he is f> inf]ior
 to ! ,buddha4    ,fur!rmore1 x is to be
 obs]v$ t e akra-vla or #8sy/em (       
worlds' 7see p4 #abj7 has its own       
,mah-brahm rul+ ov] its own high]       
heav5s1 & t z !re are c\ntless akra-vla1
 s !re are  c\ntless ,mah-brahms4 ,nor  
is any ( ^! *ief gods et]nal4 ,ea* has  
to pass into "s o!r =m ( exi/5ce at !   
end ( va/ p]iods (  "t1 & is !n succe$$ 
by ano!r4 ,gautama ,buddha himself 0    
born  f\r times z ,mah-brahm 7see p4    
#aaa74    ,! second gr\p ( worlds ( true
 =m has also ?ree ti]s ( heav5s  l !    
fir/1 & is assign$ z an abode to ^? :o h
 ris5 to  ! second degree (             
contemplation4    ,! *>act]i/ic ( ^!    
?ree heav5s is t !y are regions (  true 
light--n ( ! sun's light1 b ( m5tal     
enlight5m5t1 & ea*  ( ! ?ree is inhabit$
 by be+s :o h rais$ !mselves to  diff]5t
 heights ( k & intellig5ce4    ,9 ! fir/
 are ! ,p>ttbh 7,p>ttbh7 dev1 #8be+s (  

circumscrib$ or limit$ enlight5m5t2' 9 !
 second are !  ,aprambh 7,appambh7 dev1 
#8be+s ( inf9ite light2' 9 !  ?ird are !
 bhsv> 7bhass>7 dev1 #8be+s ( ! cle>e/  
light4'    ,! ?ird gr\p ( worlds ( true 
=m has aga9 ?ree ti]s ( heav5s1  :i* are
 assign$ to ^? :o h rais$ !mselves to ! 
?ird  /age ( contemplation4    ,!       
peculi>ity ( ^! ?ree seems to be t !y   
are regions ( !  greate/ purity1 & t ea*
 ( ! ?ree is ! abode ( be+s  di/+ui%$ by
 high] & high] degrees ( purity4 ,9 !   
fir/ are  ! ,p>tta-ubh 7,p>tta-subh7    
dev1 #8gods or be+s ( limit$  purity2' 9
 ! second are ! ,aprama-ubh             
7,appamna-subh7 dev1  #8be+s ( unlimit$ 
purity2' 9 ! ?ird are ! ubha-kitsn      
7,subha-ki7 dev1 #8be+s ( absolute      
purity4'    ,! f\r? gr\p ( worlds ( true
 =m has sev5 ti]s ( heav5s1  occupi$ by 
^? be+s :o h ris5 to ! f\r? or highe/   
grade  ( ab/ract m$itation 7,dhyna71 :i*
 is really a /ate ( m$itat+  on no?+ & (
 complete indiff]5ce to all concrete    
objects4 ,^!  be+s are ! emancipat$     

,arhats :o h deliv]$ !mselves f !  cycle
 7,sasra7 ( con/ant re-bir? 7p4 #acd74  
,9 ! fir/ ti] are ! ,vihat-phal         
7,vehapphal7 dev1 #8be+s  enjoy+ great  
rew>d2' 9 ! second are ! ,asaji-sattv   
7,asaa-satt7 dev1 #8be+s lo/ 9 total    
unconsci\sness2' 9 !  ?ird are ! ,avih  
7,avih7 dev1 #8be+s :o make no ef=ts2' 9
 !  f\r? are ! ,atap 7,atapp7 dev1      
#8be+s :o nev] endure any pa92'  9 !    
fif? are ! ,sud> 7,sudass7 dev1 #8be+s  
:o see cle>ly2'  9 ! six? are ! ,sud>ino
 7,sudass7 dev1 #8be+s ( beautiful      
appe>ance2' 9 ! sev5? are ! ,akani%h    
7,akanih7 dev1  #8highe/ ( all be+s4' ,9
 ?is la/ mu/ be includ$ all ,arhats &   
,pratyeka-,buddhas4    ,high above !    
worlds ( true =m & above ! abode ( pure 
contemplative be+s1 rise ! f\r heav5s ( 
=mless entities--be+s  :o h no mat]ial  
frames1 ev5 ( ! subtle/ k9d1 b are m]e  
ab/ractions1 su* z ! ,dhyni-,buddhas    
7pp4 #bjb1 #bjc74    ,9 ! fir/ ( ^!     
=mless heav5s 7,arpa-loka7 are !        
knantyyatan dev1 #8be+s :o are capable (

 conceiv+ ! idea  ( inf9ite space2' 9 ! 
second are ! ,vijnnantyyatan dev1       
#8be+s :o are capable ( conceiv+ ! idea 
( inf9ite  intellig5ce2' 9 ! ?ird are ! 
,akianyyatan dev1 #8be+s :o  c conceive 
! idea ( absolute non5tity1' or1 9 o!r  
words1 t  no?+ :atev] exi/s any:]e2 9 ! 
f\r? & highe/ ( all are  !              
,naivasajnsajyatan dev 7,nevasansay-71  
#8be+s :o  abide 9 nei!r consci\sness   
nor unconsci\sness4' ,?is is ! mo/      
sublime ( all conditions1 b ^! heav5s   
belong to my/ical  ,buddhism4           
,subjo9$ is a synopsis ( all ! heav5s & 
_! inhabitants  expla9$ above 7see      
,koepp5 i4 #bfj74                       
,a4              ,heav5s ( be+s liable  
to s5su\s desires4        7#a7 ,heav5 ( 
! f\r ,mah-rjas4      7#b7 ,heav5 ( !   
,traya/riz4      7#c7 ,heav5 ( ! ,ymas4 
7#d7 ,heav5 ( ! ,tu%itas4      7#e7     
,heav5 ( ! ,nirma-rati-dev4      7#f7   
,heav5 ( ! ,p>a-nirmita-vaa-v>t9s4      
,b4                 ,heav5s ( be+s      
possess+ true =ms4                      

,fir/ ,dhyna4        7#g7 ,heav5 ( !    
,brahma-p>isajj dev4      7#h7 ,heav5 ( 
! ,brahma-purohit dev4      7#i7 ,heav5 
( ! ,mah-brahm dev4                     
,second ,dhyna4        7#aj7 ,heav5 ( ! 
,p>ttbh dev4      7#aa7 ,heav5 ( !      
,aprambh dev4      7#ab7 ,heav5 ( !     
bhsv> dev4                              
,?ird ,dhyna4        7#ac7 ,heav5 ( !   
,p>tta-ubh dev4      7#ad7 ,heav5 ( !   
,aprama-ubh dev4      7#ae7 ,heav5 ( !  
ubha-kitsn dev4                         
,f\r? ,dhyna4        7#af7 ,heav5 ( !   
,vihat-phal dev4      7#ag7 ,heav5 ( !  
,asaji-sattv dev4      7#ah7 ,heav5 ( ! 
,avih dev4      7#ai7 ,heav5 ( ! ,atap  
dev4      7#bj7 ,heav5 ( ! ,sud> dev4   
7#ba7 ,heav5 ( ! ,sud>ino dev4          
7#bb7 ,heav5 ( ! ,akani%h dev4          
,c4                      ,heav5s (      
=mless entities4        7#bc7 ,heav5 ( !
 knantyyatan dev4      7#bd7 ,heav5 ( ! 
,vijnnantyyatan dev4      7#be7 ,heav5 (
 ! ,akianyyatan dev4      7#bf7 ,heav5 (
 ! ,naiva-sajnsajyatan dev4    ,?is     

elaborate description ( high] & high]   
conditions ( future  exi/5ce may be     
contra/$ ) ! retic5ce ( ! ,bible & its  
simple allusion to a new heav5 & a new  
e>?1 :]e9 dwelle?  righte\sness4    ,!  
description1 h[ev]1 belongs to lat]     
,buddhism4 ,x enables u to  und]/& !    
true position ( ! ,buddhi/ gods4 ,!y    
m]ely  con/itute "o ( ! six classes (   
be+s1 &1 z !y h to g  ?r\gh o!r =ms (   
life1 are inf]ior to ,arhats & ,buddhas4
    ,mah-brahm is (t5 nam$1 :]eas ,vi%u1
 ! popul> god ( !  ,h9ds1 is neglect$4  
,9 po9t ( fact he 01 z we h se51        
repres5t$ by ,padma-pi 7,avalokitev>a1  
p4 #aih71 :o seems to h  tak5 8 place 9 
lat] ,buddhism4    ,at all ev5ts ! m    
mod]n =m ( ,vi%u call$ ,ki%a1 :o is     
g5]ally wor%ipp$ by ! l[] ord]s ( ,h9ds 
z ! mo/ popul>  god ( m$ival ,h9dism1   
has n be5 adopt$ by ! inhabitants (     
,buddhi/ c\ntries4    ,:5 ,i 0 at ,k&y 9
 ,ceylon ,i f\nd "o solit>y %r9e 7,devl7
  d$icat$1 n to ,ki%a1 b to ,mah-,vi%u4 
,x 0 ne> !  well-kn[n ,too?-temple &    

appe>$ almo/ des]t$4 ,! %r9e 0 at  ! end
 ( a b>e room1 & conta9$ a small        
silv]-gilt image (  ,mah-,vi%u 7z ,vi%u 
is call$ :5 wor%ipp$ by ,buddhi/s1 j z  
! *ief ( ! ,brahm gods is call$         
,mah-,brahm7 ab\t half a foot  high4 ,9 
! h&s ( ! image 0 a ?9 metal b> ) a k9d 
(  locket or amulet susp5d$ f x1 :ile   
r\nd its neck 0 a long  ros>y & 9 front 
( ! body a l>ge plate = (f]+s4 ,! fold+ 
doors ( ! sanctu>y _h repres5tations ( !
 sun & moon4    ,turn+ to ! god iva1 we 
may note t he 0 adopt$ by lat]          
,buddhism 9 8 "* ( ,yog1 or ,mah-yog    
7see #8,brhmanism &  ,h9dism1' p4 #hc74 
,!n1 z ! ,buddhism ( ! ,nor? v soon     
became  corrupt$ ) aivism & its         
accompanim5ts1 ktism1 ,tntrism1 &       
,magic1 s 9 ,nor!rn c\ntries v>i\s =ms (
 iva--su* z ,mah-,kla1  ,bhairava1      
,bhma--& ( 8 wife 7,prvat1 ,durg1 etc471
 are hon\r$1  & _! images are f\nd 9    
temples4 ,sometimes bloody sacrifices   
are  (f]$ to !m4    ,among ! female     
deities =ms ( ,tr are *iefly wor%ipp$1 &

  reg>d$ z aktis ( ! ,buddhas4    ,x is 
ev5 held by ! disciples ( ! m advanc$   
,mah-yna--especially 9 ,nepl--t !re are 
five aktis or female  ,en]gies          
7correspond+ to ! five human ,buddhas71 
^: names are  giv5 9 correspond+ ord]   
?us3--,vajra-dhtr1 ,loan1 ,mmak1  ,par1 
& ,tr or ,tr-dev 7! latt] be+ ! ,tr p>  
excell5ce7#aja4    ,b ! goddess ,tr 0   
also wor%ipp$ by ,buddhi/s 9 ,india     
prop]2  = we f9d t ,hi\5 ,?sang alludes 
to hav+ se5 images ( ,tr                
,bodhi-sattva#ajb 9 ! c\ntry ( ,magadha4
    ,i may m5tion1 too1 t 9 a dilapidat$
 build+1 :i* conta9s !  ,vajrsana or    
?und]bolt ?rone ( ,gautama at           
,buddha-,gay 79 ! same  c\ntry (        
,magadha71 ,i notic$ 9 a %r9e ne> !     
temple1 an image (  ,tr-dev1 :i*1 f !   
cr[n ( fre% fl[]s encircl+ its head1    
appe>$ to h be5 rec5tly wor%ipp$ by "s  
,buddhi/ pilgrims1 :o  _h arriv$ on !   
day ( my visit 9 #ahgf4    ,! god       
,indra1 usually call$ akra 7,sakka71 is1
 z we h se51 !  mo/ popul> god ( ! e>ly 

,buddhi/ ,pan!on 7pp4 #ea1 #bjg74 ,he is
 a  fri5dly deity & nev] ex]ts evil     
influ5ces ov] m51 l ,mra4 ,on  !        
contr>y1 if any good man is 9 ne$ ( 8   
s]vices he desc5ds  f 8 own heav5 to    
r5d] assi/ance2 & ! fact ( 8 aid be+    
requir$ is made kn[n to him by 8 ?rone  
becom+ hot4    ,! ,dh>ma-pada 7#ajg1    
#cib7 m5tions ,agni1 god ( fire1 & aga9 
7#dh71  ,antaka1 god ( dea?1 sometimes  
id5tifi$ ) ,mra or ) ,yama1  #8rul] 9   
,hell4' ,a =m ( ,yama call$ ,yamntaka is
 also recogniz$4    ,9 ,ceylon ,i obs]v$
 sev]al %r9es to ,k&a-,kumra1 a =m (    
,sk&a  7son ( iva71 :o is said to h     
receiv$ ! gift ( heal+ f  ,buddha4      
,!re also ,i obs]v$ %r9es ( ,saman      
7sometimes spelt ,samanta1  sometimes   
,sumana71 ! tutel>y deity ( ,adam's     
,peak1 :i* is !nce  call$ ,samanta-ko & 
,sumana-ko4    ,!n !re 7 %r9es d$icat$  
to a demoniacal goddess call$ ,paini    
7reg>d$ sometimes z protect+ f          
small-pox71 & to c]ta9 good  & evil     
g5ii1 call$ ,n?s 7,n?as87 z 9 ,burma4   

,no d\bt ! wor%ip ( devils & demons     
exi/$ 9 ,ceylon long be=e  !            
introduction ( ei!r ,brhmanism or       
,buddhism4 ,at ,colombo 9 #ahgg ,i      
witness$ a s-call$ devil-dance1 p]=m$   
late at night be=e !  !n ,gov]nor1 ,sir 
,william ,gregory4    ,fir/1 ?ree m5    
dress$ 9 co>se1 loose1 jet-black        
dresses1 engag$ 9  a wild dance toge!r4 
,!y _h %aggy hair1 black5$ faces daub$ )
  :ite pa9t1 & a set ( six or eight long
 project+ false tee?1  :i* protrud$ f>  
bel[ ! l[] lip1 sometimes "o1 sometimes 
two at  a "t4 ,_! legs 7 completely     
cov]$ ) small bells1 :i*  rattl$ l *a9s 
:5 !y mov$4 ,9 _! h&s !y held ?ree  fl>+
 tor*es1 bran*+ f "o h&le4 ,at int]vals 
!y increas$  ! gl>e & smoke f ^! tor*es 
by spr9kl+ res9 ^u !m4    ,_! dance 0 ( 
! wilde/ description1 9 a circle1       
sometimes  mov+ 9 & out1 & cross+ ea*   
o!r1 & all ! :ile beat+  ! gr\nd        
viol5tly ) _! j+l+ legs1 :i* kept "t to 
!  noisy music ( tom-toms1 flagiolets1  
horns1 etc41 play$ by att5dant          

musicians4 ,^! ?ree m5 7 suppos$ to     
repres5t ! v>i\s =ms  ( typhus fev]4 ,at
 int]vals dur+ _! dance !y assum$       
frightful  black masks ) hide\s op5     
m\?s4    ,!n ) !m 7 two o!r danc+ demons
 dress$ 9 r$1 n s  hide\s 9 appe>ance1  
:o also danc$ hold+ tor*es4 ,^!         
repres5t$ ano!r =m ( devil4 ,!y danc$ 9 
! int]val ( !  two p]=mances ( ! black  
devils4 ,!re 7 also ?ree m5 dress$  9   
r$di% g>m5ts1 :o =m$ "p ( ! gr\p & mov$ 
ab\t  quietly among ! o!rs4 ,!y 7       
describ$ to me z devil-*>m]s or         
exorcis]s4    ,e disease--e calamity has
 its presid+ demon1 & all su*  demons   
are ! s]vants ( ,buddha4    ,9 reg>d to 
! o!r sup]natural be+s & figm5ts ( ,h9d 
my?ology adopt$1 ) a few unimportant    
modifications1 by ,buddhi/s1  ! fir/ t  
call = m5tion are ! ,pretas 7see p4     
#aba74    ,! ,pretas are be+s ( ! nature
 ( gho/s & gobl9s :o h  rec5tly inhabit$
 ! e>?1 & are (t5 ( gigantic size &     
t]rific appe>ance1 ) dri$-up limbs1     
hairy c\nt5ances1 enorm\s  bellies1 ev] 

consum$ ) hung] & ?ir/1 & yet nev] able 
to eat  & dr9k by reason ( _! contract$ 
?roats4 ,"s are repres5t$ z  try+ to    
swall[ sp>ks ( fire2 o!rs try to eat up 
dead bodies1 or  _! own fle%4 ,possibly 
?is =m ( re-bir? 0 inv5t$ to det]  !    
laity f )hold+ food f ! monks4 ,!       
,pretas inhabit a  region above ! hells4
 ,"s1 h[ev]1 assign !m habitations above
 !  surface ( ! e>? or 9 des]t places on
 ! e>? itself4    ,! ,asuras or ,daityas
 are evil demons :o1 l ! ,titans (      
,greek  my?ology1 are always at w> ) !  
gods4 ,!y dwell "u !  f\ndations ( ,m\nt
 ,m]u1 z f> und]nea? ! surface ( ! e>? z
  _! great enemy ,indra is above x4 ,9  
%ort1 if he may be suppos$ to  live at !
 z5i?1 !y live at ! nadir1 & _!         
battle-field is on  ! slopes ( ,m]u4    
,closely connect$ ) !m are ! ,rk%asas1  
:o are also enemies (  ! gods & are     
repres5t$ z mon/]s ( frightful =m &     
man-eat+ prop5sities4 ,!y haunt         
cremation-gr\nds & cemet]ies &  way-lay 
human be+s 9 solit>y places to dev\r !m4

    ,!n !re is a class ( v malignant    
demons call$ ,piz 7describ$  9          
#8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1' p4 #bdb71 :o   
are ! au?ors ( all evils4    ,on ! o!r  
h&1 ! ,yak%as & ,yak%is are a class (   
good g5ii  rul$ ov] by ,kuv]a1 #8god (  
weal?1' :o is (t5 ref]r$ to 9  ,buddhi/ 
writ+s "u 8 patronymic ,vairavaa 7,pli  
,vessavao7#ajc4  ,^! be+s are commonly  
repres5t$ 9 sculptures 9 human =m &     
held to be h>mless1 ?\gh "s ,buddhi/    
leg5ds describe !m z  cruel4 ,/ories are
 told ab\t "s ( !m be+ conv]t$ to       
,buddhism4    ,!n come ! ,ngas1 :o are  
con/antly allud$ to4 ,!y prop]ly belong 
to a class ( s]p5t-demons1 hav+ human   
faces ) s]p5t-l l[]  extremities1 :o    
live 9 "o ( ! l[] regions bel[ ! e>?    
call$  ,ptla1 or "u ! wat]s4 ,!y are    
introduc$ into ,buddhi/  sculptures z   
wor%ipp]s ( ! ,buddha & fri5ds ( all    
,buddhi/s1  b usually repres5t$ z ord9>y
 m54 ,! ,nga ,mual9da 7also  ,muil9da71 
:o %elt]$ ,buddha1 0 a real s]p5t 7see  
p4 #ci74  ,nga-kanys or female ,ngas    

7s]p5ts f ! wai/ d[nw>ds7 are also  n   
uncommon#ajd4 ,9 ,ka%mr ,ngas are       
connect$ ) f\nta9s & !  s\rces ( riv]s4 
,!n !re are ! ,mahoragas1 #8great       
dragons1' :o also belong to !  ,nga     
class ( demons4    ,we ought also to    
notice ! ,kumbhz1 a class ( demons :o   
att5d on  ,virhaka 7p4 #bjf72 ! ,g>uz1 a
 bird-l race rul$ ov] by !  my?ical     
,g>ua1 k+ ( birds & enemy ( ! ,ngas &   
s]p5ts2 !  ,aps>ases1 or nymphs produc$ 
at ! *urn+ ( ! ocean4 ,^! la/  are      
sometimes describ$ 9 ,h9d my?ology z !  
,hrs ( ,indra's  heav51 :o are assign$  
to h]oes kill$ 9 battle4 ,9 ,buddhi/    
sculptures !y are repres5t$ z beautiful 
females1 :o are prop]ly  ! wives (      
,indra's cele/ial musicians call$       
,g&h>vas4    ,f9ally1 m5tion %\ld be    
made ( ! ,k9n>as & ,k9n>s--be+s :o      
ought prop]ly to be repres5t$ ) human   
bodies & equ9e heads1 &  are1 l !       
,g&h>vas1 heav5ly musicians4 ,x is ev5  
record$ 9 "o  leg5d t ! ,buddha himself 
9 a =m] life 0 a ,k9n>4    ,all ?is     

proves ! close connexion ( ,buddhism ) !
 ,h9dism :i*1  l ,buddhism1 grew out (  
,brhmanism4 ,9 %ort1 ! "o my?ology is s 
int]p5etrat$ ) ! o!r1 t ,buddhism 9 mak+
 proselytes  ?r\gh\t ,ea/]n ,asia c\ld n
 avoid propagat+ ,h9d my?ological       
doctr9es along ) its own4    ,!         
consequ5ce 0 t ,h9dism1 ?\gh (t5 reg>d$ 
z an  unproselyt+ & :olly national      
religion1 really ex]cis$ a va/  influ5ce
 outside its own b\nd>ies & among ali5  
races4    ,x is1 at any rate1 a         
rem>kable fact t no my?ological sy/em   
has  ev] spread ov] s l>ge an area ( !  
e>?'s surface z t :i*1  orig9at+ 9      
,india1 0 accept$ to a great ext5t by   
all ,buddhi/  communities4 ,& ?is       
,indo-,buddhi/ic sy/em ( my?ology1 )    
its1 to  u1 absurd idolatry1 re/s on an 
extremely subtle =m ( pan!ism1  :i* is n
 to be bru%$ aside z too contemptible = 
inve/igation4    ,x is usual to d5\nce  
all su* sy/ems z simple ,hea!nism2 b    
#8,hea!nism' means ! religion ( #8!     
nations'--! religion evolv$ by  ! m5 (  

all c\ntries out ( _! own imag9ations & 
by _! own  natural faculties1 )\t ! aid 
( any true sup]natural revelation4    ,&
 assur$ly ?is religion ( human nature is
 /ill a /rong citadel  entr5*$ beh9d !  
=midable =ces ( pride1 passion1         
prejudice1  & ignorance4 ,yet ! walls ( 
! =tress h num]\s weak places1  :i* !   
wise mission>y1 arm$ ) ! /ill m p[]ful  
=ces at  8 comm&1 w endeav\r to discov] 
& quietly und]m9e4 ,by  pati5t & quiet  
work+ he mu/ w9 ! day4    ,) man1 spe$ &
 rapidity ( action are suppos$ to be !  
*ief  evid5ces ( progress & ! *ief      
factors 9 success4 ,! ,evangeli/1  on ! 
o!r h&1 is a work] = ,god & a           
fell[-work] ) ,god1 &  ought n to be    
disc\rag$ by ! t>dy advance ( ! ,tru?   
:i* he  advocates4 ,he may h 8 mom5ts ( 
despond5cy1 b he has only to  look ar\nd
 & obs]ve t ,god works ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t  
,8 own  ,univ]se by sl[ & almo/         
imp]ceptible processes4 ,! ripe fruit   
falls f ! tree 9 a second1 b its        
maturity is n effect$  )\t a :ole ye> ( 

gradual prep>ation4                     
,,lecture ,x4       ,my/ical ,buddhism 9
 its connexion ) ! ,yoga philosophy4    
,! fir/ idea impli$ by ,buddhism is     
intellectual enlight5m5t4 ,b  ,buddhism 
has its own !ory ( enlight5m5t--its own 
idea ( true  k1 :i* x calls ,bodhi1 n   
,v$a4 ,by true k x means  k acquir$ by  
man ?r\gh 8 own intellectual faculties &
  ?r\gh 8 own inn] consci\sness1        
in/9cts1 & intuitions1 unaid$  by any   
ext]nal or sup]natural revelation ( any 
k9d4    ,b x is important to obs]ve t   
,buddhism1 9 ! c>ry+ out ( its  own !ory
 ( entire self-dep5d5ce 9 ! se>* aft]   
tru?1 0  compell$ to be some:at         
inconsi/5t ) itself4 ,x enjo9$          
self-conque/1 self-re/ra9t1             
self-conc5tration1 & sep>ation f  ! _w =
 ! atta9m5t ( true k & = !  accompli%m5t
 ( its own summum bonum--! bliss (      
,nirva--! bliss  ( deliv]ance f ! fires 
( passion & ! flames (  concupisc5ce4   
,yet x enc\rag$ association & comb9ation
 = mutual  help4 ,x e/abli%$ a univ]sal 

bro!rhood ( celibate monks1 op5 to      
p]sons ( all ca/es & ranks1 to ri* &    
poor1 le>n$ & unle>n$  alike--a         
community ( m5 :i* might1 9 !ory1 be    
co-ext5sive )  ! :ole _w--all b\nd      
toge!r by ! common aim ( self-conque/1  
all animat$ by ! wi% to aid ea* o!r 9 ! 
battle ) c>nal  desires1 all p5etrat$ by
 a desire to foll[ ! example ( !        
,buddha1  & be guid$ by ! doctr9e or law
 :i* he promulgat$4    ,cnobitic        
mona/icism 9 fact1 z we h already po9t$ 
out1 became an  ess5tial "p ( true      
,buddhism & a necess>y in/rum5t = its   
propagation4    ,9 all ?is ! ,buddha %[$
 himself to be em95tly practical 9 8    
me?ods & pr(\ndly wise 9 8 g5]ation4    
,evid5tly1 too1 he 0  wise 9 ab/a9+ at  
fir/ f all my/ical tea*+4 ,orig9ally    
,buddhism set its face aga9/ all solit>y
 asceticism & all secret  ef=ts to atta9
 sublime heights ( k4 ,x _h no occult1  
no  esot]ic sy/em ( doctr9e :i* x )held 
f ord9>y m54    ,nor did true ,buddhism 
at fir/ conc]n itself ) any =m (        

philosophical or metaphysical tea*+1 :i*
 x did n consid]  helpful = ! atta9m5t (
 ! only k9d ( true k wor?  /riv+ =--! k 
( ! orig9 ( suff]+ & its rem$y--!  k t  
suff]+ & pa9 arise f indulg+ lu/s1 & t  
life is insep>able f suff]+1 & is an    
evil to be got rid ( by  suppress+ self 
& ext+ui%+ desires4    ,9 !             
,mah-p>9ibbna-sutta 7,rhys ,davids1     
,,ii4 #cb7 is record$ "o (  ! ,buddha's 
rem>ks %ortly be=e 8 decease3--         
#8,:at1 ,o n&a1 does ! ,ord] desire (   
me8 ,i h taught ! law  7desito dhammo7  
)\t mak+ any di/9ction betwe5 esot]ic & 
exot]ic doctr9e 7anant>am abahiram      
k>itv74 ,9 ! matt] ( !  law1 ! ,ta?gata 
7i4e4 ! ,buddha7 has nev] _h ! clos$ fi/
 ( a  tea*] 7ariya-muhi7--( a tea*] :o  
)holds "s doctr9es &  communicates      
o!rs4' ,9 %ort1 he 0 oppos$ to my/icism4
    ,nev]!less1 admitt+1 z we mu/1 t    
e>ly ,buddhism _h no  my/]ies res]v$ = a
 privileg$ circle1 we mu/ n %ut our eyes
 to  ! fact t ! great importance atta*$ 
to ab/ract m$itation 9  ! ,buddhi/ sy/em

 c\ld n fail 9 ! end to enc\rage ! gr[? 
(  my/ical ideas4    ,fur!rmore1 x is   
und5iable t su* ideas 71 9 "s c\ntries1 
c>ri$ to ! mo/ extravagant extremes4    
,ef=ts to induce a  trance-l or hypnotic
 condition1 by ab/ract+ ! ?\ghts f all  
bodily influ5ces1 by recitation (       
my/ical s5t5ces1 & by  sup]/iti\s       
devices = ! acquisition ( sup]natural   
faculties1  7 plac$ above good works &  
all ! duties ( ! moral code4    ,we     
might po9t1 too1 to ! /range doctr9e :i*
 arose 9 ,nepl &  ,tibet--! doctr9e ( ! 
,dhyni-,buddhas 7or #8,buddhas (        
,m$itation'7--c]ta9 ab/ract ,ess5ces    
exi/+ 9 ! =mless worlds  ( ?\ght1 :o 7  
held to be e!real & et]nal              
repres5tatives (  ! transitory e>?ly    
,buddhas4 ,^! h be5 adv]t$ to 9 a       
previ\s ,lecture 7see p4 #bjb74    ,our 
pres5t conc]n is r ) ! gr[? & developm5t
 (  my/ical ,buddhism 9 ,india itself1  
?r\gh its connexion ) ! sy/em  (        
philosophy call$ ,yoga & ,yogra4    ,!  
close relation%ip ( ,buddhism to t sy/em

 is well kn[n2 b !  v>i\s practices     
includ$ "u ! "n ,yoga did n owe _! orig9
  to ,buddhism4 ,!y 7 preval5t 9 ,india 
be=e ,gautama ,buddha's "t2  & "o ( !   
mo/ g5]ally accept$ facts 9 8 biography 
is t1  aft] ab&on+ 8 home & worldly     
associations1 he resort$ to  c]ta9      
,brhman ascetics1 :o 7 practis+ ,yoga4  
,:at !n 0 ! object :i* ^! ascetics _h 9 
view8    ,! ^w ,yoga lit]ally means     
#8union' 7z d]iv$ f ! ,sanskx root      
#8yuj1' to jo92 comp>e ! ,engli% ^w     
#8yoke'71 & ! prop] aim (  e man :o     
practis$ ,yoga 0 ! my/ic union 7or r    
re-union7  ( 8 own _s ) ! "o et]nal ,s\l
 or ,_s ( ! ,univ]se4 ,a  true ,yog1    
says ! ,bhagavad-gt 7,,vi4 #ac1 #be71   
%\ld be indiff]5t to  all e>?ly ?+s4 ,to
 him a clod1 a /one1 & gold %\ld be all 
alike4    ,d\btless ?is 0 ! ,buddha's   
fir/ aim :5 he address$ himself to      
,yoga 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 & ev5 to  
?is h\r1 e>ne/ m5 9  ,india resort to   
?is sy/em ) ! same object4    ,9 !      
,indian ,magaz9e = ,july1 #ahhg 7z well 

z 9 my #8,brhmanism &  ,h9dism1' p4     
#ebi71 is a %ort biography ( a q rec5t  
religi\s  re=m] nam$ ,svm               
,dayn&a-,s>asvat1 ^: acqua9tance ,i made
 at  ,bombay 9 #ahgf & #ahgg1 & :o only 
di$ 9 #ahhc4 ,! /ory ( 8  life reads    
almo/ l a repetition ( ! life ( ,buddha1
 ?\gh 8  tea*+ aim$ at re/or+ ! suppos$ 
mono!i/ic doctr9e ( !  ,v$a4    ,x is   
record$ t 8 fa!r1 desir+ to initiate him
 into !  my/]ies ( aivism1 took him to a
 %r9e d$icat$ to ! god iva2  b ! sight (
 "s mice /eal+ ! consecrat$ (f]+s1 & (  
"s rats play+ on ! heads ( ! idol1 l$   
him to disbelieve 9  iva-wor%ip z a     
means ( union ) ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,long+1
  h[ev]1 = su* union & = emancipation f 
! burd5 ( repeat$  bir?s1 he resolv$ to 
r5\nce m>riage & ab&on ! _w4            
,accord+ly1 at ! age ( tw5ty-two1 he    
cl&e/9ely quitt$ 8  home1 ! d>kness (   
ev5+ cov]+ 8 flight4 ,tak+ a secret pa?1
  he travell$ ?irty miles dur+ ! night4 
,next day he 0 pursu$ by  8 fa!r1 :o    
tri$ to =ce him to return1 b 9 va94     

,aft]  travell+ f>!r & f>!r f 8 native  
prov9ce1 he took a v[  to devote himself
 to ! inve/igation ( tru?4 ,!n he w&]$ =
  _m ye>s all ov] ,india1 try+ to ga9 k 
f sages &  philosoph]s1 b )\t any       
satisfactory result1 till f9ally he     
settl$ at ,ahm$bd4 ,!re1 hav+ ma/]$ !   
high] ,yoga sy/em1 he  became ! lead] ( 
a new sect call$ ! rya-,samj4    ,& "h  
we may obs]ve t ! expression #8high]    
,yoga' implies t a  l[] =m ( t sy/em _h 
be5 introduc$4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 !  ,yoga 
sy/em grew1 & became tw(old--t is1 x    
came 9 ! end to h  two objects4    ,!   
e>li] 0 ! high] ,yoga4 ,x aim$ only at  
union ) ! ,_s  ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! m       
develop$ sy/em aim$ at some?+ m4 ,x     
s\ght to acquire miracul\s p[]s by br++ 
! body "u control  ( ! w1 & by          
completely ab/ract+ ! s\l f body & m9d1 
& isolat+ x 9 its own ess5ce4 ,?is      
condition is call$ ,kaivalya4    ,9 !   
fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 ,gautama ,buddha 
began 8 c>e]1 !  lat] & l[] =m ( ,yoga  
seems to h be5 little kn[n4             

,practically1 9 ^? days1 e>ne/ & dev\t  
m5 crav$ only = union  ) ! ,supreme     
,be+1 & absorption into 8 ,ess5ce4 ,_m  
me?ods (  effect+ su* union & absorption
 7 contriv$4 ,& ^! may be  class$ "u two
 *ief heads--bodily mortification       
7tapas7 & ab/ract  m$itation 7dhyna74   
,by ei!r "o ( ^! two *ief means1 !      
devotee 0 suppos$ to be  able to get rid
 ( all bodily fett]s--to be able to br+ 
8 bodily  organs into su* subjection to 
! spiritual t he became unconsci\s  (   
possess+ any body at all4 ,x 0 9 ?is way
 t 8 _s became  fit = bl5d+ ) !         
,univ]sal ,_s1 ( :i* x 0 orig9ally a    
"p4    ,we le>n f ! ,lalita-vi/>a t     
v>i\s =ms ( bodily torture1             
self-mac]ation1 & au/]ity 7 common 9    
,gautama's "t4    ,"s devotees1 we read1
 seat$ !mselves 9 "o spot & kept        
p]petual  sil5ce1 ) _! legs b5t "u !m4  
,"s ate only once a day or  once on     
alt]nate days1 or at int]vals ( f\r1    
six1 or f\rte5 days4  ,"s slept 9 wet   
clo!s or on a%es1 gravel1 /ones1 bo>ds1 

?orny  grass1 or spikes1 or ) ! face    
d[nw>ds4 ,"s w5t nak$1 mak+ no          
di/9ction betwe5 fit or unfit places4   
,"s sme>$ !mselves )  a%es1 c9d]s1 du/1 
or clay4 ,"s inhal$ smoke & fire4 ,"s   
gaz$  at ! sun1 or sat surr\nd$ by five 
fires1 or re/$ on "o foot1 or  kept "o  
arm p]petually uplift$1 or mov$ ab\t on 
_! knees in/ead  ( on _! feet1 or bak$  
!mselves on hot /ones1 or subm]g$       
!mselves 9 wat]1 or susp5d$ !mselves 9  
air4    ,!n1 aga91 a me?od ( fa/+ call$ 
v pa9ful 7atikihra71  describ$ by ,manu 
7,,xi4 #bac71 0 (t5 practis$4 ,x consi/$
 9 eat+  only a s+le m\?ful e day = n9e 
days1 & !n ab/a9+ f  all food = ! ?ree  
foll[+ days4    ,ano!r me?od1 call$ !   
lun> fa/ 7,,vi4 #bj1 ,,xi4 #baf71       
consi/$ 9  beg9n+ ) fifte5 m\?fuls at   
full moon1 & r$uc+ ! quantity  by "o    
m\?ful till new moon1 & !n increas+ x   
aga9 9 ! same  way till full moon4      
,passages )\t numb] might be quot$ f    
anci5t lit]ature to prove  t simil>     
practices 7 resort$ to ?r\gh\t ,india1 )

 !  object ( br++ ! body into subjection
 to ! _s4 ,& ^!  practices h cont9u$ up 
to ! pres5t day4    ,a ,muhammadan      
travell]1 ^: n>rative is quot$ by ,mr4  
,mill 7,briti%  ,india1 i4 #cee71 once  
saw a man /&+ motionless ) 8 face t[>ds 
! sun4    ,! same travell]1 hav+        
occasion to revisit ! same spot sixte5  
ye>s aft]w>ds1 f\nd ! v same man 9 ! v  
same attitude4 ,he  _h gaz$ on ! sun's  
disk till all s5se ( ext]nal vision 0   
ext+ui%$4    ,a ,yog 0 se5 n v long ago 
7,mill's ,india1 i4 #cec7 seat$ betwe5  
f\r fires on a quadrangul> /age4 ,he    
/ood on "o leg gaz+ at !  sun1 :ile ^!  
fires 7 light$ at ! f\r corn]s4 ,!n     
plac+  himself upright on 8 head1 ) 8   
feet elevat$ 9 ! air1 he  rema9$ = ?ree 
h\rs 9 t position4 ,he !n seat$ himself 
cross-legg$1 & cont9u$ be>+ ! rag+ heat 
( ! sun above 8  head & ! fires :i*     
surr\nd$ him1 till ! end ( ! day1       
occasionally add+ combu/ibles ) 8 own   
h&s to increase !  flames4    ,i1       
myself1 9 ! c\rse ( my travels1 enc\nt]$

 ,yogis :o _h kept  _! arms uplift$ =   
ye>s1 or _h w&]$ ab\t f "o place (      
pilgrimage to ano!r "u a p]petual v[ (  
sil5ce1 or _h no place  to lie ^u b a b$
 ( spikes4    ,z to fa/+1 ! idea t      
att5uation ( ! body by ab/95ce f  food  
facilitates union ( ! human s\l ) !     
div9e1 or at any rate  promotes a ke5]  
insight into spiritual ?+s1 is d\btless 
z common  9 ,europe z 9 ,asia2 b ! mo/  
au/]e obs]v] ( ,l5t 9 ,european         
c\ntries w\ld be hopelessly outdone by  
devotees ^: extraord9>y  p[]s ( ab/95ce 
may be witness$ 9 e "p ( ,india4    ,if 
we n[ turn to ! second me?od ( atta9+   
my/ic union ) !  ,div9e ,ess5ce1 namely1
 by pr(\nd ab/ract ?\ght1 we may obs]ve 
t x1 too1 0 ev]y:]e preval5t 9 ,buddha's
 "t4    ,inde$1 "o ( ! names giv5 by    
,indian philosoph]s to ! ,"o  ,univ]sal 
,_s is x1 #8,?\ght4' ,by t "n1 ( c\rse1 
is meant  pure ab/ract ?\ght1 or !      
faculty ( ?\ght sep>at$ f e  concrete   
object4 ,h5ce1 9 its highe/ /ate !      
et]nal inf9ite  ,_s1 by its v nature1   

?9ks ( no?+4 ,x is ! simple             
?\ght-faculty1 :olly unconnect$ ) any   
object ab\t :i* x  ?9ks4 ,9 po9t ( fact1
 ! mom5t x beg9s to ex]cise ?is faculty1
  x necess>ily ab&ons = a "t its        
condition ( absolute on5ess1            
ab/raction1 & isolation1 to associate   
itself ) some?+ inf]ior1  :i* is n      
itself4    ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t int5se   
conc5tration ( ! m9d on ! ,"o  ,univ]sal
 ,_s am\nts to fix+ ! ?\ght on a m]e    
ab/ract  ,ess5ce1 :i* reciprocates no   
?\ght 9 return1 & is n consci\s  ( be+  
?\ght ab\t by its wor%ipp]4    ,9 h>mony
 ) ?is !ory1 we f9d t ! def9ition (     
,yoga1 9 !  second aphorism ( !         
,yoga-stra1 is1 #8! suppression         
7nirodha7 ( !  functions or             
modifications 7vitti7 ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple 
7itta74'  ,s t1 9 reality1 ! union ( !  
human m9d ) ! inf9ite  ,pr9ciple ( ?\ght
 am\nts to su* complete m5tal           
absorption1 t  ?\ght itself becomes lo/ 
9 pure ?\ght4    ,9 ! akuntal 7,,vii4   
#age7 !re is a description ( an ascetic 

engag$  9 ?is =m ( ,yoga1 ^: condition (
 fix$ m$itation & immovable             
impassiv5ess _h la/$ s long t ants _h   
?r[n up a m\nd z high  z 8 wai/1 & birds
 _h built _! ne/s 9 ! long clott$       
tresses ( 8 tangl$ hair4    ,n _m ye>s  
ago1 ,i1 myself1 saw at ,allahbd ne> !  
=t a devotee  :o _h ma9ta9$ a sitt+1    
contemplative po/ure1 ) 8 feet  fold$ "u
 8 body1 9 "o place = tw5ty ye>s4 ,dur+ 
! ,mut9y  cannon ?und]$ ov] 8 head1 &   
bullets hiss$ ar\nd him1 b  no?+        
app>5tly di/urb$ 8 attitude ( pr(\nd    
m$itation4 ,ev5  ,muhammadans practise !
 same4 ,! ,russian correspond5t ( !     
,times  /ates 7,sept4 #ah1 #ahhh7 t he  
saw 9 a mosque at ,sam>k& m5 :o         
volunt>ily rema9$ mute & motionless =   
=ty days4 ,on a curta9  be+ pull$ aside 
he beheld a motionless figure seat$ 9   
pr(\nd  m$itation l a squatt+ mummy4 ,! 
guide said t a cannon fir$  (f 9 front (
 8 face w\ld h left him equally unmov$4 
,x is cle>1 !n1 t1 suppos+ ,gautama to h
 made up 8 m9d to  devote himself to a  

religi\s life1 8 adoption ( a c\rse (   
pr(\nd  m$itation 0 a mo/ usual proce$+4
    ,a l>ge numb] ( ! images ( ,buddha  
repres5t him sitt+ on a rais$  seat or  
?rone 7call$ ! ,bodhi-maa71 ) 8 legs    
fold$ "u 8  body1 & 8 eyes half-clos$1 9
 a condition ( ab/raction               
7samdhi7--sometimes call$ ,yoga-nidr2 t 
is1 a trance-l /ate1  resembl+ pr(\nd   
sleep4 7,comp>e frontispiece47    ,he is
 said to h seat$ himself 9 ?is way "u   
f\r trees 9  succession 7see p4 #ci ( ^!
 ,lectures71 namely1 "u ! ,bodhi-tree   
or sacr$ fig-tree1 "u ! ,banyan-tree1 "u
 ! ,mual9da-tree  7protect$ by ! s]p5t71
 & "u ! ,rjyatana-tree4    ,& ^? f\r    
successive seats probably symboliz$ !   
f\r recogniz$  /ages ( m$itation#aje    
7dhyna7 ris+ "o above ! o!r1 till  ?\ght
 itself 0 conv]t$ into non-?\ght 7see p4
 #bji74    ,we "k1 too1 t ! ,buddha w5t 
?r\gh /ill high] progressive  /ages (   
m$itation at ! mom5t ( 8 dea? or f9al   
decease  7,p>i-nirva71 ?us describ$ 9 ! 
,mah-p>9ibbna-sutta 7,davids1  ,,vi4    

#aa73    #8,!n ! ,v5]able ,"o ent]$ into
 ! fir/ /age ( m$itation                
7pa?amajjhnam72 & ris+ out ( ! fir/     
/age1 he pass$ into !  second2 & ris+   
out ( ! second1 he pass$ into ! ?ird2 & 
ris+ out ( ! ?ird1 he pass$ into ! f\r?2
 & ris+ out (  ! f\r? /age1 he atta9$ ! 
conception ( ! inf9ity ( space          
7knayatanam1 see p4 #bad72 & ris+ out ( 
! conception ( !  inf9ity ( space1 he   
atta9$ ! conception ( ! inf9ity (       
intellig5ce 7viayatanam72 & ris+ out ( !
 idea ( !  inf9ity ( intellig5ce1 he    
atta9$ ! conception ( absolute  non5tity
 7kiayatanam72 & ris+ out ( ! idea (    
non5tity1  he ent]$ ! region :]e !re is 
nei!r consci\sness nor  unconsci\sness2 
& ris+ out ( t region1 he ent]$ ! /ate 9
  :i* all s5sation & p]ception ( ideas  
_h :olly ceas$4' 7,see p4  #bac ( ^!    
,lectures47    ,cle>ly1 ev5 f\r         
progressive /ages ( ab/raction did n    
satisfy !  requirem5ts ( lat] ,buddhism 
9 reg>d to ! int5se sublimation (  !    
?9k+ faculty ne$$ = ! complete effacem5t

 ( all s5se (  individuality4 ,high] &  
high] altitudes _h to be rea*$1 insomu* 
t ! f\r? /age ( ab/ract m$itation is    
sometimes divid$ &  subdivid$ into :at  
are call$ eight ,vimokhas & eight       
,sampattis--all  ( !m =ms & /ages (     
ec/atic m$itation#ajf4    ,a g5]al "n1  
h[ev]1 = all ! high] trance-l /ates is  
,samdhi1 & by ! practice ( ,samdhi ! six
 transc5d5t faculties  7,abhi7 might    
ultimately be obta9$1 viz4 ! inn] e>1 or
 p[] (  he>+ words & s\nds1 h[ev] di/ant
 7clair-audi5ce1 z x might  be call$72 !
 inn] eye1 or p[] ( see+ all t happ5s 9 
e  "p ( ! _w 7clair-voyance72 k ( !     
?\ghts ( o!rs2  recollection ( =m]      
exi/5ces2 ! k ( ! mode (  de/roy+ !     
corrupt+ influ5ces ( passion2 &1 f9ally1
 !  sup]natural p[]s call$ ,iddhi1 to be
 subsequ5tly expla9$4    ,b to return to
 ! ,buddha's fir/ c\rse ( m$itation at !
 "t  :5 he fir/ atta9$ ,buddhahood4 ,?is
 happ5$ dur+ "o p>ticul>  night1 :i* 0  
foll[$ by ! bir?day ( ,buddhism4    ,&  
:at 0 ! fir/ gr& outcome ( t fir/ pr(\nd

 m5tal  ab/raction8 ,"o leg5d relates t 
9 ! fir/ wat* ( ! night all  8 previ\s  
exi/5ces fla%$ across 8 m9d2 9 ! second 
he  und]/ood all pres5t /ates ( be+2 9 !
 ?ird he trac$ out !  *a9 ( causes &    
effects1 & at ! dawn ( day he knew all  
?+s4    ,accord+ to ano!r leg5d1 !re 0  
an actual outbur/ ( ! div9e  light be=e 
hidd5 )9 him4    ,we read 9 !           
,lalita-vi/>a 7*ap4 i7 t at ! supreme   
mom5t (  8 intellectual illum9ation     
brilliant flames ( light issu$ f !  cr[n
 ( 8 head1 ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( 8 cropp$ 
hair4 ,^!  rays are sometimes repres5t$ 
9 8 images1 em]g+ f 8 skull 9  a =m     
resembl+ ! five f+]s ( an ext5d$ h& 7see
 !  frontispiece74    ,m>k1 h[ev]1 t    
,gautama's m$itation nev] l$ him to !   
highe/  result ( ! true ,yoga ( ,indian 
philosophy--union ) ! ,supreme  ,_s4 ,on
 ! contr>y1 8 self-enlight5m5t l$ to    
entire disbelief  9 ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( 
any et]nal1 inf9ite ,_s at all--any     
,_s1 9 fact1 ) :i* a _s exi/+ 9 8 own   
body c\ld  bl5d1 or into :i* x c\ld be  

absorb$4    ,if ! ,buddha 0 n a         
mat]iali/1 9 ! s5se ( believ+ 9 !       
et]nal exi/5ce ( mat]ial atoms1 nei!r   
c\ld he 9 any s5se be  call$ a          
#8spirituali/1' or believ] 9 ! et]nal   
exi/5ce (  ab/ract _s4    ,) him        
,creation did n proce$ f an ,omnipot5t  
,_s or ,m9d  evolv+ ph5om5a out ( itself
 by ! ex]cise ( w1 nor f an  et]nal     
self-exi/+1 self-evolv+ g]m ( any k9d4  
,z to !  exi/5ce 9 ! ,univ]se ( any     
spiritual sub/ance :i* 0 n  matt] & 0   
imp]ceptible by ! s5ses1 x c\ld n be    
prov$4    ,nor did he believe 9 ! et]nal
 exi/5ce ( an invisible ,self or ,ego1  
call$ ,s\l1 di/9ct f a mat]ial body4 ,! 
only et]nity ( true  ,buddhism 0 an     
et]nity ( #8becom+1' n ( #8be+'--an     
et]nity (  exi/5ces1 all succe$+ ea*    
o!r1 & all laps+ into no?+ness4  ,if !re
 7 any p]sonal gods !y 7 all inf]ior to 
! p]fect  man1 & all liable to *ange &  
dissolution4    ,9 brief1 ! ,buddha's   
enlight5m5t consi/$1 fir/1 9 ! discov]y 
( ! orig9 & rem$y ( suff]+1 &1 next1 9 !

 k (  ! exi/5ce ( an et]nal ,=ce--a =ce 
g5]at$ by :at 9 ,sanskx  is call$       
,k>man1 #8,act4' ,! accumulat$ =ce ( !  
acts ( "o  ,univ]se produc$ ano!r4    ,e
 man1 !re=e1 0 creat$ by ! =ce ( 8 own  
acts 9 =m]  bodies1 comb9$ ) a =ce      
g5]at$ by int5se atta*m5t to  exi/5ce   
7updna74 ,:o or :at />t$ ! fir/ act1 !  
,buddha nev]  pret5d$ to be able to     
expla94 ,he confess$ himself 9 reg>d to 
?is  po9t a d[nright ,agno/ic4 ,!       
,buddha himself _h be5 creat$ by 8  own 
acts1 & _h be5 creat$ & re-creat$ ?r\gh 
c\ntless bodily  =ms2 b he _h no _s or  
s\l exi/+ sep>ately betwe5 !  int]vals (
 ea* creation4 ,by 8 protract$ m$itation
 he atta9$ to  no high] k ?an ?is1 &    
al?\gh he himself rose to l(ti]  heights
 ( k ?an any o!r man ( 8 day1 he nev]   
aspir$ to  o!r faculties ?an 7 )9 ! rea*
 ( any human be+ capable (  ris+ to !   
same sublime ab/raction ( m9d4    ,he 0 
ev5 c>eful to lay d[n a precept t !     
acquisition (  transc5d5t human         
faculties 0 re/rict$ to ! p]fect$ sa9ts 

call$ ,arhats2 & s important did he     
consid] x to gu>d su*  faculties f be+  
claim$ by m]e impo/ors1 t "o ( ! f\r    
prohibitions communicat$ to all monks on
 fir/ admission to 8  mona/ic ,ord] 0 t 
!y 7 n to pret5d to su* p[]s 7see p4    
#ha74    ,nor is !re any pro( t ev5     
,arhats 9 ,gautama's "t 7 all[$  to     
claim sup]human faculties & ! p[] (     
work+ physical  miracles4    ,by        
degrees1 no d\bt1 p[]s ( ?is k9d 7      
ascrib$ to !m z well  z to ! ,buddha4   
,ev5 9 ! ,y9aya1 "o ( ! olde/ portions (
 !  ,tri-piaka1 we f9d x /at$           
7,mah-vagga ,i4 #bj1 #bd7 t ,gautama    
,buddha  ga9$ adh]5ts by p]=m+ ?ree ?\s&
 five hundr$ sup]natural  wond]s 7,pli1 
pi-hriya2 see p4 #df74 ,^! 7 ?\ght to be
  evid5ces ( 8 mission z a great tea*] &
 savi\r ( mank9d2 b  ! "p ( ! n>rative  
record+ ^!1 al?\gh v anci5t1 is         
probably a leg5d>y addition4    ,x is   
int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to trace 9 portions ( ! 
e>ly  lit]ature1 ! developm5t ( !       
doctr9e t ,buddhahood meant fir/        

transc5d5t k1 & !n sup]natural faculties
 & ! p[] (  work+ miracles4    ,9 !     
kakheyya-sutta 7said to h be5 compos$ 9 
! f\r?  c5tury ,b4,c47 occurs a         
rem>kable passage1 translat$ by ,pr(4   
,rhys  ,davids 7,s4,b4,e41 p4 #bad73--  
#8,if a monk %\ld desire ?r\gh !        
de/ruction ( ! corrupt+  influ5ces      
7savas71 by himself1 & ev5 9 ?is v _w1  
to "k  & realise & atta9 to ,arhat%ip1  
to emancipation ( he>t1 &  emancipation 
( m9d1 let him devote himself to t      
quietude ( he>t  :i* spr+s f )91 let him
 n drive back ! ec/asy (  contemplation1
 let him look ?r\gh ?+s1 let him be mu* 
alone4    #8,if a monk %\ld desire to   
he> ) cle> & heav5ly e>1 surpass+  t (  
m51 s\nds bo? human & cele/ial1 :e!r f> 
or ne>2 if he  %\ld desire to compreh5d 
by 8 own he>t ! he>ts ( o!r be+s  & (   
o!r m52 if he %\ld desire to call to m9d
 8 v>i\s  tempor>y /ates 9 ! pa/1 su* z 
"o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 t51  tw5ty1 a 
hundr$1 a ?\s&1 a hundr$ ?\s& bir?s1 or 
8 bir?s  9 _m an age & on ( de/ruction &

 r5ovation1 let him devote  himself to t
 quietude :i* spr+s f )94'    ,!n1 9 !  
,mah-p>9ibbna-sutta 7,i4 #cc1 ,rhys     
,davids7 occurs !  foll[+2--    #8,at t 
"t ! bless$ ,"o--z in/antane\sly z a    
/rong man w\ld  /ret* =? 8 arm1 or draw 
x back aga9 :5 he _h /ret*$ x           
=?--vani%$ f ?is side ( ! riv]1 & /ood  
on ! fur!r  bank ) ! company ( !        
bre?r54'    ,&1 aga91 ! foll[+3--       
#8,i call to m9d1 n&a1 h[ :5 ,i us$ to  
ent] into an assembly (  _m hundr$      
nobles1 be=e ,i _h seat$ myself !re1 or 
talk$ to  !m1 or />t$ a conv]sation )   
!m1 ,i us$ to become 9 col\r  l unto _! 
col\r1 & 9 voice l unto _! voice4 ,!n1 )
  religi\s disc\rse1 ,i us$ to in/ruct1 
incite1 & quick5 !m1 &  fill !m )       
gladness4 ,b !y knew me n :5 ,i spoke1 &
 w\ld  say1 8,:o may ?is be :o ?us      
speaks8 a man or a god80 ,!n1 hav+      
in/ruct$1 incit$1 quick5$1 & gladd5$ !m 
) religi\s  disc\rse1 ,i w\ld vani%     
away4 ,b !y knew me n ev5 :5 ,i  vani%$ 
away2 & w\ld say1 8,:o may ?is be :o has

 ?us vani%$  away8 a man1 or a          
god80'--7,mah-p>9ibbna-sutta ,,iii4 #bb1
 ,rhys ,davids47    ,su* passages 9 !   
e>ly lit]ature af=d an int]e/+          
exemplification ( ! gr[? ( sup]natural &
 my/ical ideas1 :i*  l$ to ! ultimate   
association ( ! ,buddhi/ic sy/em )      
aivism1  demonology1 magic1 & v>i\s     
s-call$ spiritual ph5om5a4    ,i n[     
proce$ to %[ t ! developm5t ( ^! ideas 9
 ,buddhism  result$ f its connexion ) ! 
lat] ,yoga1 :i* develop$ simil>  ideas4 
,9 ! aphorisms ( ?is lat] ,yoga1 compos$
 by ,patajali1 eight *ief  requisites   
are enum]at$ 7,,ii4 #bi72 namely1 #a4   
ab/a9+ f five evil  acts 7yama72 #b4    
p]=m+ five positive duties 7niyama72 #c4
 settl+  ! limbs 9 c]ta9 po/ures 7sana72
 #d4 regulat+ & suppress+ !  brea?      
7pryma72 #e4 )draw+ ! s5ses f _! objects
  7pratyhra72 #f4 fix+ ! ?9k+ faculty   
7dhra72 #g4 int]nal  self-contemplation 
7dhyna72 #h4 trance-l self-conc5tration 
7samdhi74    ,^! eight are indisp5sable 
requisites = ! ga9+ ( ,patajali's       

summum bonum--! complete ab/raction or  
isolation 7kaivalya7 ( !  s\l or _s 9   
its own ess5ce--& = ! acquirem5t (      
sup]natural faculties4    ,tak+ n[ ^!   
eight requisites ( ,yoga 9 ord]1 we may 
obs]ve1 )  reg>d to ! fir/1 t ! five    
evil acts to be avoid$ correspond to  ! 
five comm&m5ts 9 ,buddhism1 viz4 #8kill 
n1' #8/eal n1' #8commit  no impurity1'  
#8lie n4' ,! fif? alone--#8ab/a9 f all  
worldly  enjoym5ts'--is diff]5t1 !      
,buddhi/ fif? prohibition be+ #8dr9k no 
/rong dr9k' 7p4 #abf74    ,) reg>d to ! 
second requisite1 ! five positive duties
  are--self-purification1 bo? ext]nal & 
int]nal 7bo? call$ aua72  ! practice (  
cont5tm5t 7sato%a72 bodily mortification
 7tapas72  mutt]+ ( pray]s1 or          
repetition ( my/ical syllables 7svdhyya1
 or  japa71 & contemplation ( ! ,supreme
 ,be+4    ,! v>i\s processes ( bodily   
mortification already describ$ 7see p4  
#bbh7 7 repudiat$ by ,buddhism4    ,z to
 ! mutt]+ ( pray]s1 ! repetition ( my/ic
 syllables su*  z ,om 7a symbol = !     

,triad ( gods71 or ( any fav\rite       
deity's  "n1 is held among ,h9ds to be  
highly efficaci\s#ajg4 ,9 a simil>      
mann] among ,tibetan ,buddhi/s !        
six-syllabl$ s5t5ce3 #8,om mai  padme   
,hm'--#8,om6 ! jewel 9 ! lotus6         
,hm6'--is us$ z a *>m aga9/  ! sixfold  
c\rse ( transmigration 7see pp4 #aba1   
#cga-cgc74    ,my/ical syllables are v  
common4 ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham gives !      
foll[+ z curr5t 9 ,ladk3--,bhyo1        
,rakmo-bhyo6 ,rakmo-bhyo-bhyo6 ,ru-lu1  
,ru-lu1 ,hm ,bhyo ,hm6 7,ladk1 #chf47   
,o!r my/ical syllables 7su* z ,sam1     
,yam1 ,ram1 ,lam1 etc47 are suppos$  to 
conta9 "s occult virtue4    ,! ?ird     
requisite--po/ure--w\ld appe> to u a    
some:at trivial aid to  ! union ( !     
human _s ) ! div9e2 b ) ,h9ds x is an   
important auxili>y1 fraught ) great     
b5efit to ! ,yog4    ,! alleg$ reason is
 t c]ta9 sitt+ po/ures 7sana7 & cramp+  
( ! l[] limbs are peculi>ly efficaci\s 9
 produc+ bodily  quietude & prev5t+     
re/lessness4 ,"s ( ! po/ures h curi\s   

names1 = example3--,padmsana1 #8! lotus 
po/ure2' #8vrsana1 #8!  h]oic po/ure2'  
sihsana1 #8! lion po/ure' 7see note1 p4 
#ccf72  krmsana1 #8tortoise po/ure2'    
kukku-sana1 #8cock po/ure2'             
dhanur-sana1 #8b[ po/ure2' mayrsana1    
#8peacock po/ure4' ,9 ! fir/  ! legs are
 fold$ "u ! body & ! "r foot is plac$ on
 !  left ?igh1 & ! left on ! "r ?igh4   
,9 %ort1 ! idea is t compression ( ! l[]
 limbs1 9 su* a way  z to prev5t !      
possibility ( ! slighte/ movem5t1 is mo/
  important z a prep>ation = complete   
ab/raction ( s\l4    ,!n1 z ano!r aid1  
p>ticul> my/ical twi/+s 7call$ mudr7 (  
! upp] limbs--( ! arms1 h&s1 & f+]s--are
 enjo9$4    ,ev5 9 ,muhammadan c\ntries 
c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! limbs are  practis$  
by devotees ) ! view ( unit+ ! human _s 
) !  ,div9e4 ,^? :o h se5 ! :irl+ &     
#8h[l+' d]vi%es at  ,cairo c te/ify t   
fa9t+ fits result f _! viol5t  ex]tions1
 inspirations1 expirations1 & utt]ances 
( ! "n ( ,god1  & su* fits are believ$  
to be ec/atic /ates ( union ) !  ,deity4

    ,! f\r? requisite--regulation &     
suppression ( ! brea?--is p]haps  ! "o (
 all ! eight :i* is mo/ difficult =     
,europeans to  und]/& or appreciate2 yet
 ) ,h9ds x is all-important4 ,x is      
sometimes call$ ,haha-vidy4 ,nor are !  
ideas connect$ ) x :olly  unkn[n 9      
,europe4    ,accord+ to ,sw$5borg#ajh1  
?\ght comm5ces & corresponds )          
respiration3--    #8,:5 a man ?9ks      
quickly 8 brea? vibrates ) rapid        
alt]nations2  :5 ! tempe/ ( ang] %akes 8
 m9d 8 brea? is tumultu\s2 :5  8 s\l is 
deep & tranquil1 s is 8 respiration4' ,&
 he adds3 #8,x  is /range t ?is         
correspond5ce betwe5 ! /ates ( ! bra9 or
  m9d & ! lungs has n be5 admitt$ 9     
sci5ce4'    ,! ,h9d belief c]ta9ly is t 
deep inspirations ( brea? assi/ 9       
conc5trat+ & ab/ract+ ! ?\ghts & prev5t+
 ext]nal  impressions4 ,b1 m ?an ?is1   
five sorts ( air are suppos$ to  p]meate
 ! human body & play an important "p 9  
its vitality4 ,!y  are call$ ,pra1      
,vyna1 ,apna1 ,samna1 ,udna4 ,9 !       

hndogya  ,upani%ad 7,v4 #ai1 etc47 !y   
are describ$ z if !y 7 div9e be+s  to be
 ador$ & to be hon\r$ by (f]+s ( food4  
,! ,haha-dpik  says3 #8,z long z ! air  
rema9s 9 ! body1 s long life rema9s4    
,dea? is ! exit ( ! brea?4 ,h5ce ! air  
%\ld be reta9$ 9 !  body4'    ,9        
regulat+ ! brea?1 ! air mu/ fir/ be     
drawn up ?r\gh "o  no/ril 7! o!r be+    
clos$ ) ! f+]71 reta9$ 9 ! lungs1  & !n 
expell$ ?r\gh ! o!r no/ril4 ,?is ex]cise
 mu/ be  practis$ alt]nately ) ! "r &   
left no/ril4 ,next1 ! brea?  mu/ be     
drawn =cibly up ?r\gh bo? no/rils1 & !  
air imprison$  = z long a "t z possible 
9 ! lungs4 ,!nce x mu/ be =c$ by  an    
ef=t ( w t[>ds ! int]nal organs ( !     
body1 or made to  m\nt to ! c5tre ( !   
bra94    ,! ,h9ds1 h[ev]1 d n id5tify ! 
brea? ) ! s\l4 ,!y  believe t a crevice 
or suture call$ ! ,brahma-r&hram at !   
top  ( ! skull s]ves z an outlet = !    
escape ( ! s\l at dea?4 ,a  ,h9d ,yog's 
skull is sometimes split at dea? by     
/rik+ x ) a  sacr$ %ell4 ,! idea is to  

facilitate ! exit ( ! s\l4 ,x is said  t
 9 ,tibet ! hair is torn out ( ! top ( !
 head1 ) ! same  object4    ,9 ! case ( 
a wick$ man ! s\l is suppos$ to escape  
?r\gh "o  ( ! l[] op5+s ( ! body4    ,! 
imprisonm5t ( ! brea? 9 ! body by tak+ 9
 m air ?an is  necess>y = respiration1  
is ! mo/ important ( ! brea?  ex]cises4 
,x is said t ,h9d ascetics1 by con/ant  
practice1 are  able by ?is means to     
su/a9 life "u wat]1 or to be buri$ alive
  = long p]iods ( "t4 ,_m alleg$ feats (
 susp5d$ animation are  ( c\rse m]e &   
%e] trick]y4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 op5 to "q1
  :e!r x may n be possible = human be+s 
( p>ticul>  con/itutions to practise a  
k9d ( hib]nation l t ( animals1 or      
acquire "s p[] ( susp5d+ tempor>ily !   
organic functions4 ,a  c]ta9 ,colonel   
,t[ns5d is said to h succe$$ 9 do+ s4   
,a well-kn[n in/ance ( susp5d$ animation
 occurr$ 9 ! ,panjb 9  #ahcg4 ,a ,h9d   
,yog 0 !re1 by 8 own reque/1 buri$ alive
 9 a  vault = =ty days 9 ! pres5ce (    
,runjit ,s+h & ,sir ,claude  ,wade2 8   

eyes1 e>s1 & e orifice ( 8 body hav+ be5
 fir/  /opp$ ) plugs ( wax4 ,dr4        
,mc,gregor1 ! !n resid5cy surgeon1  also
 wat*$ ! case4 ,e precaution 0 tak5 to  
prev5t deception4  ,engli% (ficials saw 
! man buri$1 z well z exhum$1 & a       
p]petual gu>d ov] ! vault 0 kept night &
 day by ord] ( ,runjit  ,s+h himself4   
,at ! end ( =ty days ! dis9t]m5t took   
place4 ,!  body 0 dri$ up l a /ick1 & ! 
tongue1 :i* _h be5 turn$  back into !   
?roat1 _h become l a piece ( horn4 ,^?  
:o exhum$  him foll[$ 8 previ\sly-giv5  
directions = ! re/oration (  animation1 
& ! ,yog told !m he _h only be5 consci\s
 ( a k9d  ( ec/atic bliss 9 ! society ( 
o!r ,yogs & sa9ts1 & 0  q ready to be   
buri$ ov] aga94    ,:at am\nt ( fraud   
!re may be 9 ^! feats x is difficult to 
say4  ,!y may possibly be acc\nt$ = by !
 fact t ,indian ,yogs h  /udi$ ! habits 
( hib]nat+ animals2 b 9 "s cases !      
secret  introduction ( food has be5     
detect$4    ,i may add t x is commonly  
believ$ ?r\gh\t ,india t a man ^:  body 

is sublimat$ by int5se ab/ract m$itation
 nev] dies1 9 !  s5se ( und]go+         
corruption & dissolution4 ,:5 8 suppos$ 
dea?  occurs he is held to be 9 a /ate (
 trance1 :i* may la/ =  c5turies1 & 8   
body is1 !re=e1 n burnt1 b              
buri$--g5]ally  9 a sitt+ po/ure--& 8   
tomb is call$ a ,samdh4    ,) reg>d to !
 fif? requisite--! act ( )draw+ ! s5ses 
f _! object1 z1 = example1 ! eye f      
visible =ms--?is is  well comp>$ to !   
act ( a tortoise )draw+ its limbs "u its
  %ell4    ,! six? requisite--fix+ !    
pr9ciple ( ?\ght--comprises ! act (     
direct+ ! ?9k+ faculty 7itta7 t[>ds     
v>i\s p>ts ( !  body1 = example1 t[>ds !
 he>t1 or t[>ds ! cr[n ( ! head1  or    
conc5trat+ ! w-=ce on ! region betwe5 ! 
two eyebr[s1  or ev5 fix+ ! eyes int5tly
 on ! tip ( ! nose4 7,comp>e            
,bhagavad-gt ,,vi4 #ac47    ,! sev5? &  
eigh? requisites--viz4 int]nal          
self-contemplation &  int5se            
self-conc5tration--are held 7:5 conjo9$ 
) ! six?7 to  be mo/ important z lead+  

to ! acquisition ( c]ta9 sup]natural    
p[]s1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are mo/ commonly   
enum]at$3--7#a7 ,animan1  #8! faculty ( 
r$uc+ ! body to ! size ( an atom2' 7#b7 
,mahiman1  or ,g>iman1 #8increas+ ! size
 or weight at w2' 7#c7 ,laghiman1       
#8mak+ ! body light at w2' 7#d7,prpti1  
#8rea*+ or t\*+ any  object or spot1    
h[ev] app>5tly di/ant2' 7#e7 ,prkmya1   
#8unlimit$  ex]cise ( w2' 7#f7 itva1    
#8ga9+ absolute p[] ov] "o's self  &    
o!rs2' 7#g7 ,vax1 #8br++ ! elem5ts into 
subjection2' 7#h7  ,kmvasyit1 #8! p[] ( 
suppress+ all desires4'    ,a ,yog :o   
has acquir$ ^! p[]s c rise al(t to !    
skies1 fly  ?r\gh space1 pass ?r\gh !   
key-hole ( a door1 pi]ce ! my/]ies  (   
planets & />s1 cause /orms & e>?quakes1 
und]/& !  language ( animals1 asc]ta9   
:at occurs 9 any "p ( ! _w1 or  ( !     
univ]se1 recollect ! ev5ts ( 8 own      
previ\s lives1 prolong  8 pres5t life1  
see into ! pa/ & future1 disc]n ! ?\ghts
 (  o!rs1 assume any =m he likes1       
disappe>1 reappe>1 & ev5 ent]  into     

ano!r man's body & make x 8 own4    ,su*
 7 "s ( ! extravagant ideas :i* grew ) !
 gr[? (  ! ,yoga sy/em1 & 7 incorporat$ 
into ! lat] developm5ts (  ,buddhism4   
,we le>n f ,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds t 9 !   
mona/]y ( ,galdan 9  ,tibet !re is at   
?is mom5t a college specially devot$ to 
!  tea*+ ( ,esot]ic & ,my/ical          
,buddhism2 :ile magic & sorc]y are      
taught 9 ! mona/]ies f\nd$ by           
,padma-sambhava 7see pp4 #bgb1 #bgd1    
#dda74    ,( c\rse x 0 only natural t1 )
 ! association ( ,buddhism  ) ! lat]    
,yoga & aivism1 ! ,buddha himself %\ld h
 become a  c5tre = ! gr[? ( sup]natural 
& my/ical ideas4    ,h5ce ! ,buddha is  
fabl$ by 8 foll[]s to h asc5d$ to !     
,traya/ria heav5 ( ,indra1 walk$ on     
wat]1 /epp$ f "o m\nta9  to ano!r1 &    
left impressions ( 8 feet on ! solid    
rock4 ,al?\gh  9 ! ,dhamma-pada x is    
twice decl>$ 7#bed1 #bee71 #8,!re is no 
pa?  ?r\gh ! air4'    ,p]haps ! climax 0
 rea*$ :5 ! lat] doctr9e made e ,buddha 
possess a ?reefold exi/5ce or ?ree      

bodies1 mu* 9 ! same way z  9 ,h9dism   
?ree bodies are assign$ to e be+4    ,! 
fir/ ( ! ,buddha's bodies is !          
,dh>ma-kya1 #8body ( ! ,law1'  suppos$  
to be a k9d ( e!real ess5ce ( a highly  
sublimat$ nature  & co-ext5sive ) space4
 ,?is ess5ce 0 believ$ to be et]nal1  & 
aft] ! ,buddha's dea?1 0 repres5t$ by ! 
,law or ,doctr9e  7,dh>ma7 he taught4 ,!
 idea seems to h be5 inv5t$ z an        
analogue  to ,brahman1 or ! ,univ]sal   
spiritual ,ess5ce ( ,brhmanism#aji4     
,! second body is ! ,sambhoga-kya1      
#8body ( consci\s bliss1' :i*  is ( a   
less e!real & m mat]ial nature ?an !    
la/4 ,its  ,brhmanical analogue appe>s  
to be ! int]m$iate body 7belong+ to     
dep>t$ spirits7 call$ ,bhoga-deha1 :i*  
is ( an e!real "*1  ?\gh compos$ (      
suffici5tly gross 7/hla7 mat]ial        
p>ticles to be  capable ( exp]i5c+      
happ9ess or mis]y4    ,= obs]ve t x is  
an ess5tial "p ( ! ,h9d doctr9e (       
transmigration or metempsy*osis1 t a s\l
 )\t a body is  incapable ( feel+ ei!r  

happ9ess 9 heav5 or pa9 9 hell4    ,!   
?ird body is ! ,nirma-kya1 #8body (     
visible %apes &  trans=mations1' t is to
 say1 ^? v>i\s concrete mat]ial =ms  9  
:i* e ,buddha :o exi/s z an invisible & 
et]nal ess5ce1 is  manife/$ on ! e>? or 
else:]e = ! propagation ( ! true        
doctr9e4    ,! ,brhmanical analogue (   
?is ?ird body appe>s to be ! e>?ly      
gross body1 call$ ,/hla-arra4    ,x is  
evid5t t ! extravagances ( my/ical      
,buddhism h _!  c\nt]p>ts 9 ,brhmanism4 
,!re is a ,brhmanical leg5d :i* relates 
h[ ! great ,brhman sage  ak>rya entranc$
 8 gross body1 & !n1 hav+ =c$ out 8  s\l
 along ) 8 subtle body1 ent]$ ! dead    
body ( a rec5tly  deceas$ k+1 :i* he    
occupi$ = sev]al weeks4    ,! ,yoga ( ! 
,brhmans1 9 fact1 held t adepts1 skill$ 
9 occult  sci5ce1 might ?r[ _! gross    
bodies into a /ate ( unconsci\sness1  & 
by a det]m9$ ef=t ( w project or =ce out
 ! e!real  body ?r\gh ! pores ( ! sk91 &
 make ?is phantasmal =m  visible 9      
di/ant places#aaj4    ,& n[ x is decl>$ 

to be a fact t a community ( ,buddhi/   
#8,bro!rs' call$ ,mahtmas1 are liv+ at  
?is mom5t 9 ! des]ts (  ,tibet1 :o1 hav+
 emancipat$ _! int]ior selves f physical
  bondage by pr(\nd ab/ract m$itation1 h
 acquir$ #8a/ral' bodies  7di/9ct f _!  
gross bodies71 ) :i* !y are able to rise
 9  ! air1 or move ?r\gh space1 by ! m]e
 ex]cise ( w4    ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold on !
 o!r h&1 9 8 #8,india ,revisit$' 7p4    
#bgc71  /ates t he ask$ r ,weligama (   
,ceylon :e!r !re exi/$  any:]e ,mahtmas1
 :o elevat$ 9 ?is way above humanity1   
possess$  l>g] p[]s & m pr(\nd insight  
?an any o!r liv+  philosoph]s8 ,weligama
 answ]$1 #8,no6 su* d n exi/2 y w\ld    
seek  !m va9ly 9 ?is isl&1 or 9 ,tibet1 
or 9 ,siam1 or 9 ,*9a4 ,x is  true1 ,o  
my fri5d1 t if we _h bett]              
int]pretations ( ! ,"l  ,buddha's tea*+1
 we might rea* to heights & dep?s ( p[] 
&  goodness n[ q impossible1 b we h     
fall5 f ! old wisdom1  & none ( u to-day
 are s advanc$4'    ,i believe t !      
,psy*ical ,rese>* ,society once s5t     

delegates to  ,india :o inquir$ into ?is
 subject1 & expos$ ! absurdity ( "s  ( !
 alleg$ ph5om5a4    ,curi\sly 9 agreem5t
 ) ^! extravagant notions are ! beliefs 
(  v>i\s unciviliz$ races4 ,dr4 ,tylor1 
9 8 #8,primitive ,culture' 7i4  #ddj71  
relates h[ ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians &  
o!rs believe t  _! s\ls quit _! bodies  
dur+ sleep1 & g ab\t hunt+1  danc+1     
visit+1 etc4 ,x is /at$ by ,mr4 ,f9n1   
late ,h4 ,m4 ,consul =  ,nor? ,p]sia1 t 
he nev] c\ld induce 8 ,p]sian s]vants to
 awak5  him 9 ! morn+4 ,!y gave z _!    
reason t ! s\l dur+ sleep  w&]s away f !
 body1 & t a sleep] w die if awak5$     
be=e ! s\l has "t to rejo9 ! body4 ,!   
,indian tribes 9  ,c5tral ,brazil h !   
same belief1 s says ,dr4 ,k>l von d5    
,/e95  7rec5tly quot$ 9 ! ,times        
newspap]74    ,fur!rmore x is cle> t !  
possibility ( acquir+ sup]natural       
faculties is n an idea conf9$ to "o     
c\ntry4    ,old leg5ds relate h[ ,simon 
,magus made /atues walk2 h[ he flew 9 ! 
air2 h[ he lept into ! fire1 made bread 

( /ones1 *ang$ 8 %ape1  assum$ two      
faces1 made ! vessels 9 a h\se move (   
!mselves  7,colonel ,yule's ,m>co ,polo1
 i4 #cjf74    ,we are told t ! ph5om5a (
 ,european spiritualism are to be kept  
di/9ct f ^? ( ,asiatic occultism4 ,mod]n
 spiritualism1 x is  said1 requires !   
int]v5tion ( #8m$iums1' :o nei!r control
 nor  und]/& ! manife/ations ( :i* !y   
are ! passive in/rum5ts2  :]eas !       
ph5om5a ( occultism are ! #8a*ievem5ts (
 a consci\s  liv+ op]ator1' produc$ on  
himself by an ef=t ( 8 own w4  ,accord+ 
to ,mr4 ,s9nett1 ! important po9t #8:i* 
occultism br+s  out is1 t ! s\l ( man1  
:ile some?+ enorm\sly subtl] &  m e!real
 & m la/+ ?an ! body1 is itself a       
mat]ial body4  ,! e!r t transmits light 
is held to be mat]ial by any "o :o      
holds x to exi/ at all2 b !re is a gulf 
( diff]5ce betwe5 x  & ! ?9ne/ ( gases4'
 ,9 ano!r place he advances an op9ion t 
! _s is di/9ct f ! s\l4 ,x is ! s\l ( ! 
s\l4    ,& aga93 #8,! body is ! prison (
 ! s\l = ord9>y mortals4 ,we  c see     

m]ely :at comes be=e its w9d[s2 we c    
take cognisance  only ( :at is br\ght )9
 its b>s4 ,b ! adept has f\nd ! key  ( 8
 prison1 & c em]ge f x at pleasure4 ,x  
is no long] a  prison = him--m]ely a    
dwell+4 ,he c project 8 s\l out ( 8     
body to any place he pleases ) !        
rapidity ( ?\ght#aaa4'    ,x is p]haps  
wor? not+ t _m believ]s 9 ,asiatic      
occultism hold  t a hi!rto unsuspect$   
=ce exi/s 9 nature call$ ,odic =ce 7is  
?is to be connect$ ) ,psy*ic =ce871 & t 
x is by ?is t  ! levitation ( entranc$  
p]sons is effect$4    ,o!rs1 l ! ,yogs1 
ma9ta9 t any "o may light5 8 body by    
swall[+ l>ge draughts ( air1 & by an    
ef=t ( w =c+ ?is  air to diffuse itself 
?r\gh e "p ( ! frame4 ,x is alleg$  t   
?is ph5om5on has be5 actually witness$4 
,! connexion1 h[ev]1 ( simil> ph5om5a ) 
feats ( conjur+ is  und5iable4 ,9 !     
,asiatic ,mon?ly ,j\rnal 7,m>*1 #ahbi71 
an acc\nt is  giv5 ( a ,brhman :o pois$ 
himself app>5tly 9 ! air1 ab\t  f\r feet
 f ! gr\nd1 = =ty m9utes1 9 ! pres5ce ( 

!  ,gov]nor ( ,madras4 ,ano!r juggl] sat
 on ?ree /icks put toge!r to  =m a      
tripod4 ,^! 7 remov$1 "o by "o1 & ! man 
rema9$  sitt+ 9 ! air#aab4    ,long ago 
,fri> ,ricold relat$ t #8a man f ,india 
0 said to fly4  ,! tru? 0 t he did walk 
close to ! surface ( ! gr\nd  )\t t\*+  
x1 & w\ld seem to sit d[n )\t any       
sub/ance to  support him' 7,colonel     
,yule's ,m>co ,polo1 i4 #cjg74    ,on ! 
o!r h&1 x is cont5d$1 t #8s9ce we h     
atta9$1 9 !  la/ half-c5tury1 ! !ory (  
evolution1 ! antiquity ( man1 !  f>     
great] antiquity ( ! _w itself1 !       
correlation ( physical  =ces1 !         
cons]vation ( en]gy1 spectrum analysis1 
photography1 !  locomotive eng9e1       
electric telegraph1 spectroscope1       
electric light1 &  ! telephone 7to :i*  
we may n[ add ! phonograph71 :o %all d>e
  to fix a limit to ! capacity (        
man#aac8' ,few w d5y altoge!r  ! tru? ( 
su* a cont5tion1 h[ev] mu* !y may diss5t
 f  ,colonel ,olcott's !osophical views4
    ,!re may be1 ( c\rse1 lat5t         

faculties 9 humanity :i* are at  pres5t 
q unsuspect$1 & yet are capable (       
developm5t 9 !  future4    ,accord+ to  
,sir ,james ,paget1 9 8 rec5t address on
 #8,sci5tific  ,/udy1' _m ?+s1 n[ held  
to be inconceivable & pa/ man's         
imag9ation1 are pr(\ndly & assur$ly     
true1 & x w be 9 !  p[] ( ,sci5ce to    
prove !m to be s#aad4    ,mo/ p]sons w  
ass5t to ^! propositions1 & at ! same "t
  agree ) me :5 ,i express my conviction
 t my/ical ,buddhism &  ,asiatic        
occultism are no m likely ?an mod]n     
,european spiritualism1  to be> ! se>*+ 
light ( true sci5tific inve/igation4    
,nev]!less ! subject ( my/ical ,buddhism
 ought n to be bru%$  aside z unwor?y ( 
consid]ation4 ,x furni%es1 9 my op9ion1 
a  highly int]e/+ topic ( inquiry1      
especially 9 its be>+ on !              
#8neo-,buddhism1' & #8,!osophy' ( !     
pres5t day4 ,at all ev5ts x is  cle> f  
:at we h advanc$ 9 ! pres5t ,lecture1 t 
!  practices connect$ ) spiritualism1   
mesm]ism1 animal magnetism1  telepa?y1  

clairvoyance1 ?\ght-read+#aae1 etc41 h  
_!  c\nt]p>ts 9 ! ,yoga sy/em preval5t 9
 ,india m ?an #b1jjj ye>s  ago1 & 9 !   
practices ( my/ical ,buddhism preval5t 9
 ,tibet &  ! adjac5t c\ntries = _m      
c5turies4    #8,! ?+ t ha? be51 x is t  
:i* %all be2 & t :i* is  done is t :i*  
%all be done3 & !re is no new ?+ "u !   
sun4'                                   
,,lecture ,,xi4  ,hi]>*ical ,buddhism1  
especially z develop$ 9 ,tibet &        
,mongolia4      ,e>ly ,buddhism 01 z we 
h se51 oppos$ to all ecclesia/ical      
organization4 ,x _h no hi]>*y 9 ! prop] 
s5se ( t t]m--no  *ur*1 no prie/s1 no   
true =m ( pray]1 no religi\s rites1 no  
c]emonial obs]vances4 ,x 0 simply a     
,bro!rhood consi/+ ( m5  :o _h r5\nc$   
all family ties1 all worldly            
desires--ev5 all desire  = life--& 7    
pl$g$ to devote !mselves to m$itation1  
recitation  ( ! ,law1 self-re/ra9t1 & ! 
accumulation ( m]it1 n = !  sake ( sav+ 
o!rs1 b = _! own deliv]ance4    ,x 0 on 
?is acc\nt t :5 ! ,buddha di$ he ab/a9$ 

f  appo9t+ a successor1 & gave no       
directions to 8 foll[]s z to  any       
p>ticul> =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,all t he said  
01 #8,hold fa/ to  ! ,law2 look n to any
 "o b y\rselves z a refuge4' ,9 %ort1 ! 
,society 7,sagha7 he left beh9d 0 a     
simple bro!rhood ( monks :i*  claim$ "s 
k9d ( corporate au?ority = ! en=cem5t ( 
discipl9e1 b _h no ,head except ! ,law4 
,nor did ,buddhism = a long  "t ?9k (   
contrav5+ ! la/ injunctions ( its       
,f\nd]4 ,nor has  x ev] attempt$ to     
e/abli% a univ]sal hi]>*y "u "o ,head & 
"u "o c5tral au?ority1 & al?\gh ! great 
,kyapa z presid5t  ( ! fir/ ,c\ncil 7p4 
#ee7 is sometimes held to h be5 ! fir/  
successor ( ,buddha1 & n&a ! second 7p4 
#ef71 ^! m5 nev]  claim$ any supremacy l
 t ( ,popes4 ,9 po9t ( fact ,buddhism   
simply organiz$ itself 9 sep>ate mona/ic
 in/itutions accord+ to  local ideas &  
necessities4 ,& inde$ ! exig5cies (     
heal?y  gr[?1 & ev5 ! simple in/9ct (   
self-pres]vation compell$ !  scatt]$    
memb]s ( ! ,buddhi/ ,bro!rhood to       

attempt "s su*  organization v soon aft]
 ! dea? ( _! ,f\nd]4 ,9 anci5t  times   
communication 0 c>ri$ on ) difficulty1 &
 ! ,buddhi/  ,bro!rhood c\ld only hold  
toge!r by comb9+ = mutual support 9     
v>i\s c5tres1 & adopt+ "s sort ( mona/ic
 gov]nm5t4    ,x 0 ?us t e collection ( 
monks naturally t5d$ to  cry/allize into
 a di/9ct organiz$ society ) c]ta9      
def9ite  rules4    ,naturally1 ! e>lie/ 
con/itution ( ea* 0 m\ld$ accord+ to  ! 
family patt]n4 ,! liv+ ,head ( e mona/]y
 0 a k9d (  spiritual fa!r1 :ile its    
inmates 7 8 *ildr51 & ^!1 aga91  resolv$
 !mselves into two classes3 ! fir/      
consi/+ ( ! m  y\?ful memb]s ( !        
society2 ! second1 ( ^? ^: m mature     
exp]i5ce entitl$ !m to great] respect & 
rev]5ce4 ,!n1 aga91  "s k9d ( pre-em95ce
 0 assign$ to individuals :o 7          
rem>kable = great] k1 or sanctity ( "*4 
,x is easy to und]/&1 !re=e1 h[ x happ5$
 t ! ,sagha or  collective community (  
monks 0 compell$ 9 ! end to e/abli%     
sev]al gradations ( rank & position     

among its memb]s4    ,! foll[+ 7 soon   
recogniz$3--#a4 ,! rmaera or #8novice'  
7:o  began by be+ a hela or #8pupil' "u 
education72 #b4 ,! ramaa 7also  call$   
,bhik%u7 or full monk2 #c4 ,! ,/havira  
or #8eld]1' :o 0 m]ely  sup]ior to o!rs 
9 virtue ( 8 age2 #d4 ,! ,mah-/havira or
 #8great  eld]' 7sometimes call$        
,/havira ,/havirm72 #e4 ,! ,updhyya &   
rya4 ,^! la/ 7 tea*]s ( diff]5t k9ds1 :o
 receiv$ hon\r  9 virtue ( _! k2 ! two  
positions ( eld] & tea*]  be+ frequ5tly 
unit$ 9 ! ,presid5t ( p>ticul>          
mona/]ies4    ,no d\bt gradations ( ?is 
k9d exi/$ 9 v e>ly times 9 ,india1      
,ceylon1 & ,burma4 ,b 9 ,india ! :ole   
,buddhi/ic ,ord] ( monks  pass$ away4   
,9 ,ceylon & ,burma1 on ! contr>y1      
,buddhism has held its own4 ,x may  ev5 
n[ be f\nd 9 a pur] =m 9 ^? c\ntries & 9
 ,siam ?an 9  any o!r region ( ,ea/]n   
,asia1 al?\gh x mu/ be borne 9 m9d  t1  
:5 x 0 introduc$ !re1 x 0 graft$ on     
s]p5t-wor%ip1  ,nga-wor%ip#aaf1         
demon-wor%ip1 & ,na?-wor%ip#aag1 ) all (

  :i*1 z well z ) ! wor%ip ( num]\s ,h9d
 gods1 x cont9ues  to be adult]at$ 9 !  
pres5t day4    ,! ,s9halese 7,koepp51 i4
 #bjg1 #chf7 give a li/ ( ! fir/ five   
successive en=c]s ( discipl9e 7viz4     
,upli1 ,dsaka1 ,sonaka1 ,siggava1  &    
,moggali-putta71 & ano!r li/ ( t5       
successive ,/haviras or  eld]s1 beg9n+ )
 ,sri-putta4 ,^! li/s are untru/wor?y1  
especially z omitt+ ! great ,kyapa4     
,& ,i may "h /ate t ! condition (       
,buddhism 9 ,ceylon is a  subject :i* ,i
 h _h an opportunity ( inve/igat+       
p]sonally4 ,i  visit$ ,ceylon 9 #ahgg1 &
 _h _m int]e/+ conv]sations )           
intellig5t monks1 heads ( mona/]ies1 & a
 few really le>n$ m51  includ+ a lead+  
monk nam$ ,sumagala1 :o describ$ himself
 to me z  #8,high ,prie/ ( ,adam's      
,peak#aah4'    ,i f\nd1 too1 t a l(ty   
idea prevails 9 ,ceylon 9 reg>d to !    
/atus ( ! monkhood4 ,!oretically1 a true
 monk is reg>d$ z a k9d  ( inf]ior      
,buddha1 & rev]$ accord+ly4 ,!re are    
boy-pupils1  novices1 & full monks1 z 9 

,burma 7see p4 #bei74 ,!                
admission-c]emonies resemble ^? be=e    
describ$ 7p4 #gg74 ,admission  conf]s no
 prie/ly p[]s4 ,^? monks :o are         
,angliciz$ by contact  ) our            
civilization call !mselves #8prie/s1' b 
!y are n real  prie/s1 & h no sac]dotal 
functions except tea*+1 inton+ !  ,law1 
& prea*+4 ,!y live z celibates &        
cnobites 9 ,pn-sls  7#8h\ses made (     
leaves1' p4 #dcj71 or mona/ic build+s ( 
! simple/  /ructure4    ,! numb] ( su*  
monks is said to be ab\t #h1jjj1 & _!   
*ief  duties are suppos$ to be to       
m$itate a great deal1 to p]=m ,baa1  t  
is1 to recite ! ,tri-piaka ) its        
comm5t>y ! ,aha-ka? 9  a s+-song voice1 
to repeat con/antly ! ?ree-refuge =mula 
7p4  #gh7aai1 to tea* & to prea*1 to fa/
 & to make confession to ea*  o!r on at 
lea/ f\r days 9 e mon?1 at ! f\r *anges 
( !  moon call$ ,uposa?a 7or commonly   
,poya7 days 7see p4 #hd72 ^! days  be+  
g5]ally 9 mod]n times made to co9cide ) 
! ,*ri/ian  ,sunday4    ,true ,buddhism 

does n require monks to p]=m public     
religi\s  s]vices 9 temples4 ,nor is x !
 daily practice ( monks to set !  p an  
example ( wor%ipp+ & pres5t+ (f]+s !re4 
,s f>  z ,i 0 able to obs]ve1 ! duty (  
visit+ temples belongs r to  ! laity4 ,!
 monks receive (f]+s1 r ?an pres5t !m4  
,z to  _! dress1 x resembles t repres5t$
 9 ! ,buddha's images1 &  ought to      
consi/ ( ?ree pieces ( clo? /a9$ yell[  
or ( a dull  yell[i% col\r4 ,! pr9cipal 
g>m5t is 9 "o piece1 b torn &  sewn     
toge!r aga91 ! object be+ to r$uce its  
value & assimilate  x to a dress made ( 
rags4 ,! end ( ! dress is br\ght ov] !  
left %\ld]1 & g5]ally s z to leave ! "r 
%\ld] b>e4 ,9  "s cases bo? %\ld]s are  
cov]$1 or ! "r p>tially s4    ,a good   
deal ( c>e seems to be tak5 9 ,ceylon to
 in/ruct ! y\?ful  memb]s ( ! ,ord] 9   
,pli2 t is1 9 ! language ( _! sacr$     
books 7p4 #fj71 & to make !m conv]sant )
 ! sacr$ texts4    ,i visit$ two        
pr9cipal colleges = monks at ,k&y1 :i*  
enjoy a  reputation r l t ( ,ox=d &     

,cambridge 9 our own c\ntry4  ,"o is    
call$ ,mlwatte1 & ! o!r sgrya4 ,9 ! =m] 
,i notic$  a l>ge c5tral hall1 9 :i* !  
c]emony ( admission to ! monkhood  takes
 place4    ,at ,colombo !re has be5     
rec5tly a revival ( le>n+1 & a mod]n    
,ori5tal ,college 7call$ ,vidyodaya71 = 
! cultivation ( ,sanskx1  ,pli1 &       
,s9halese1 has be5 e/abli%$ "u !        
sup]9t5d5ce (  ! le>n$ ,sumagala1 #8!   
,high ,prie/ ( ,adam's ,peak1' m5tion$  
be=e4    ,ea* mona/]y 9 ,ceylon has a   
presid+ ,head1 & g5]ally a temple  &    
libr>y atta*$1 ) consid]able prop]ty 9  
l&1 b !re is  cle>ly no organiz$ hi]>*y 
9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 & no  supreme   
au?ority l t ( an ,ar*bi%op2 ?\gh x is  
said t !  ,heads ( ! two ,k&y ,colleges 
ex]cise a k9d ( control ov] !  aft]-c>e]
 ( ! monks !y h tra9$4 ,i f\nd t a c]ta9
  am\nt ( intellig5ce & le>n+ exi/s     
among ! monks bo? at  ,colombo & ,k&y1 b
 x mu/ be evid5t to e imp>tial obs]v]  t
 ! habit ( liv+ 9 h\ses ap>t f ! laity1 
( repeat+  ! ,law by rote1 & ( engag+ 9 

a k9d ( m$itation :i* g5]ally  am\nts to
 ?9k+ ab\t no?+ 9 p>ticul>1 mu/ t5d1 9 !
  majority ( in/ances1 to contract !    
m9d1 induce laz9ess1 & give a  vacant & 
li/less expression to ! c\nt5ance4 ,x   
may be safely  affirm$ t ! *ief religi\s
 aim ( ! ,buddhi/s ( ,ceylon is to      
acquire m]it ) a view to #8bett]'       
!mselves 9 future /ates (  exi/5ce1 & t 
_! highe/ aspiration is to atta9 to !   
heav5  ( ,indra 7akra1 p4 #bjg74 ,!y h  
no real desire = ,nirva 7p4 #ada71  &   
/ill less = ,p>i-nirva 7p4 #adb74       
,pass+ on to ,burma we may rem>k t      
al?\gh 9 ,burma1 z 9 ,ceylon1  a pure =m
 ( ,buddhism has prevail$ ev] s9ce its  
introduction by  ,buddha-gho%a 7p4 #fe71
 & is /ill exi/5t1 yet we f9d t ! pur]  
sy/em is mix$ up1 z 9 ,ceylon1 ) !      
wor%ip ( ,ngas1 demons1  _s-gods call$  
,na?s 7commonly spelt ,nats1 p4 #bag71 &
 ) a k9d  ( ,%amanism d]iv$ f ! surr\nd+
 hill-tribes4    ,9 reg>d to !          
gradations ( ! monkhood a m complete    
organization  exi/s 9 ,burma ?an 9      

,ceylon4    ,to beg9 ) ! boy-pupils3--,9
 ,burma ne>ly all boys become inmates ( 
mona/ic h\ses 7call$ ,ky\ng7 ) ! "o     
object ( le>n+ to read  & write4 ,!y are
 simply s*ool-boys & no?+ m4 ,inde$1    
until  our adv5t1 ! mona/]ies monopoliz$
 ! education ( ! c\ntry1  & to a great  
ext5t d s /ill4 ,! real gradations are z
 foll[3--    #a4 ,! ,%e or ,%i1 t is    
rmaeras or novices4 ,^! are prop]ly     
y\?s ( at lea/ fifte5 ye>s ( age 7b see 
p4 #cjg72 _! hair is  cut (f & yell[    
g>m5ts are put on = a "t4    ,x %\ld be 
not$ t e male ?r\gh\t ,burma is requir$ 
to ent]  a mona/]y & become a novice = a
 portion ( 8 life1 if only = a  s+le    
,vassa4 ,?is is because ! ,buddha taught
 t e true ,buddhi/  ought to con=m to 8 
example & become a monk1 al?\gh he      
wisely  ab/a9$ f impos+ any irrevocable 
v[s4 ,! :ole process is (t5  m]ely =mal1
 & sometimes only la/s = sev5 days4     
#b4 ,! ,pyit-se or ,pyit-si 7sometimes  
pron\nc$ ,patz97 or full monks1  :o h ! 
title ,pung or ,phung 7sometimes spelt  

,phungee or ,phongie71  #8full ( great  
glory1' :5 !y h be5 at lea/ t5 ye>s     
memb]s (  ! ord]4 ,!y correspond to !   
ramaz1 & are by ,europeans call$        
,talapo9s 7f _! c>ry+ fans ( palm       
leaves74 ,_! dress usually  consi/s (   
?ree pieces ( yell[ cotton clo?4    #c4 
,! ,hsay 7always a ,phung7 or ,head ( a 
sep>ate mona/]y1 :o  corresponds to !   
,abbot ( ,european c\ntries4    #d4 ,!  
,gai-ok or prov9cial ,head1 :o has a k9d
 ( episcopal  jurisdiction ov] all !    
mona/]ies ( a di/rict4    #e4 ,!        
,??an-pa+ 7,??an  ,sanskx san7 or       
supreme rul]s1  :o correspond to        
,ar*bi%ops4 ,!y sup]9t5d all religi\s   
affairs4  ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,scott1 !re  
are n[ eight ( !m4    ,occasionally     
in/ances occur ( h]mit-monks :o lead    
solit>y lives1  & sit motionless 9      
m$itation = ye>s4    ,9 ,siam !         
gradations ( monkhood are ne>ly simil>  
to ^? 9 ,burma1  & we le>n f ,mr4       
,alaba/] t ! mona/ic v[ is n b9d+ =     
life1 b c be cancell$ at any "t4 ,?is   

rule leads to e ,siamese  man sp5d+ at  
lea/ ?ree mon?s ( 8 life 9 a mona/]y4   
,we h n[ to pass f ,ceylon1 ,burma1 &   
,siam to ,tibet 7prop]ly  call$ ,bod or 
,bot or ,bhot1 ,sanskx ,bhoa74 ,& "h we 
leave !  simpl] =ms ( ,buddhism & are   
br\ght face to face ) t highly  develop$
 sy/em :i*1 ?\gh nom9ally result+ f an  
expansion (  ! ,hna-yna1 #8,little      
,me?od1' into ! ,mah-yna1 #8,great      
,me?od' 7p4  #aeh71 0 really ! product (
 a /ill fur!r expansion ( ! #8,great    
,me?od' & its comb9ation ) o!r cre$s4   
,9 tru?1 ,tibetan ,buddhism is s diff]5t
 f e o!r ,buddhi/ic  sy/em t x ought to 
be treat$ ( sep>ately 9 a sep>ate       
volume1  z ,koepp5 has done4 ,9 8       
elaborate & excell5t "w on ?is subject  
he has rem>k$ t = ! developm5t ( a      
hi]>*y no circum/ance  is m fav\rable   
?an isolation1 & t ?is advantage 0 (f]$ 
9 ! highe/ degree by ,tibet4 ,up to !   
mom5t ( its conv]sion to  ,buddhism a   
pr(\nd d>kness _h re/$ on x4 ,!         
inhabitants 7  ignorant & uncultivat$1 &

 _! indig5\s religion1 sometimes  call$ 
,bon1 consi/$ *iefly ( magic bas$ on a  
k9d ( ,%amanism4    ,to describe exactly
 :at ,%amanism is w\ld be no easy task4 
,! ^w is  said to be ( ,tungusic        
orig9#abj1 & to be us$ z a "n = !       
e>lie/ religion ( ,mongolia1 ,sib]ia1 & 
o!r ,nor!rn c\ntries4    ,p]haps we %all
 n be f> wrong 9 ass]t+ t ! two pr9cipal
  con/itu5ts ( ,%amanism are ! wor%ip ( 
nature & ! dread (  spirits4    ,!      
inhabitants ( ,tibet & ,mongolia & inde$
 ( o!r ,nor!rn  c\ntries believ$ t      
spirits1 good & bad1 influ5c$ ! :ole    
c\rse ( nature4 ,!y held t su* spirits 7
 able ei!r to cause  or to av]t diseases
 & disa/]s1 to control ! de/9ies ( m51 &
  ev5 to decide ! fate ( ! l[] animals4 
,h5ce x is easy to  und]/& t ! *ief     
function ( ! ,%amans1 or wiz>d-prie/s1  
0 to exorcise evil demons1 or to        
propitiate !m by sacrifices &  v>i\s    
magical practices4 ,9 ?is way !y pret5d$
 to prev5t /orms1  pe/il5ces1 & o!r     
calamities4 ,!y 7 suppos$1 too1 to      

und]/& om5s & to pr$ict ! future by     
wat*+ ! flights (  birds1 by exam9+ !   
%\ld]-blades ( %eep1 & by simil>        
devices4 ,%amanism1 9 fact1 ) its       
,tibetan (f%oot1 ,bon1 _h mu* 9  common 
) ! l[e/ types ( aivism1 ktism1 &       
,tntrism1 )  :i* ! ,buddhism ( ,nor!rn  
,india1 ,nepl1 & ! c\ntries bord]+  on  
,tibet1 _h already become adult]at$4    
,:51 !re=e1 ?is mix$ =m ( ,buddhism     
advanc$ f ^?  c\ntries into ,tibet1 its 
approa* 0 n resi/$ z an intrusion4 ,on  
! contr>y1 ,tibetan ,%amanism1 al?\gh x 
_h possession ( !  field1 0 q ready to  
meet ! new religion halfway4 ,! result 0
  an alliance1 or r p]haps an           
amalgamation2 & ?is l$ to !  e/abli%m5t 
( a complex religi\s sy/em :i* ,i h     
v5tur$ to  call ,lmism#aba4    ,lmism1  
!n1 is a =m ( ,buddhism :i*1 al?\gh bas$
 on !  ,hna-yna & ,mah-yna ( ,india1 is 
comb9$ ) ,%amanism1  iva-wor%ip1 &      
magic1 & has a m>k$ individuality & a   
peculi>  hi]>*ical organization ( its   
own4 ,?is organization has be5  comp>$  

to t ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4         
,d\btless 9 its great  receptivity      
,buddhism may h borr[$ f ,*ri/ianity1 b 
,lmism  possesses c]ta9 unique features 
:i* di/+ui% x f e o!r  sy/em 9 ! _w4    
,un=tunately few ,europeans h1 z yet1   
p5etrat$ into ,tibet1 & its  sacr$      
lit]ature has be5 little /udi$4 ,x      
foll[s !re=e t !  v>i\s gradations ( !  
,tibetan hi]>*y are n easily describ$1  
& only a g5]al idea ( !m c be giv54     
,we ought fir/ to note ! boy-pupil call$
 ,g5y51 sometimes spok5 (  z ,b&i or    
,bante 7 ,b&ya#abb1 a t]m m prop]ly     
applicable to  monks74 ,boy-pupils are  
inmates ( e ,tibetan mona/]y2 b "u      
exceptional circum/ances a pupil may    
live ) 8 p>5ts4 ,he may be  receiv$ aft]
 sev5 ye>s ( age1 & until fifte51 z 9   
,burma 7p4  #bei74 ,he is plac$ "u a    
full monk1 :o tea*es him & makes him    
promise to keep ! five *ief comm&m5ts   
7p4 #abf74 ,?\gh sometimes  call$ a     
novice he is m]ely "u education1 & n    
necess>ily a  c&idate = ! monkhood4 ,!  

real degrees ( ! ,lmi/ic hi]>*y1  z     
expla9$ by ,koepp5 & o!rs1 are z        
foll[3--    #a4 ,fir/ & l[e/ 9 rank     
comes ! novice or junior monk1 call$    
,ge?sul 7,getzul71 :o has be5 admitt$   
aft] fifte5 ye>s ( age to  ! fir/ /age (
 monkhood by a ,khanpo ,lma or 8        
repres5tative4 ,8  hair is cut (f & he  
we>s ! monki% g>m5ts1 & has #aab rules  
to  obs]ve4 ,he waits on ! full monk1 & 
assi/s 9 all functions except  bless+ & 
consecrat+4 ,he has be5 comp>$ to !     
deacon ( !  ,european ecclesia/ical     
sy/em1 b ! comp>ison is mislead+1 z  %[n
 at p4 #gf4    #b4 ,secondly & high] 9  
rank we h ! full monk1 call$ ,gelong 7or
  ,gelo74 ,he corresponds to ! ,bhik%u1 
:o has receiv$ complete  consecration1 &
 is (t5 call$ by c\rtesy a ,lma 7see    
note1 p4 #bfb71  ?\gh he has no real "r 
to t title4 ,he is n prop]ly a prie/1   
yet x is c]ta9 t 9 ,tibet he (t5        
dis*>ges sac]dotal  functions4 ,!       
c]emony ( admission to ! full monkhood c
 only be  p]=m$ aft] ! tw5tie? ye>1 &   

b9ds ! recipi5t to #bec rules  (        
discipl9e#abc4    #c4 ,?irdly we h !    
sup]ior ,gelong or ,khanpo 7/rictly     
m,khan po71  :o has a real "r to ! fur!r
 title ,lma1 & f 8 high]  k & sanctity  
sometimes becomes a k9d ( head-tea*]    
7,sanskx ,updhyya or rya74 ,z ! *ief    
monk 9 a mona/]y he may  be comp>$ to ! 
,european ,abbot2 b 9 respect (         
consecration he is  only a ,gelong4 ,nor
 are any ( ! high] grades ( monks--s f> 
z !  =ms ( consecration are             
conc]n$--high] ?an ,gelongs & ,khanpos4 
,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 we h to note !     
special peculi>ity ( !  ,lmi/ic sy/em1  
namely1 t "s ( ! high] ,khanpo ,lmas are
  suppos$ to be liv+ re-inc>nations or  
re-embodim5ts ( c]ta9  canoniz$ sa9ts & 
,bodhi-sattvas :o diff] 9 rank4 ,^! are 
call$  ,avatra ,lmas 7see p4 #aij71 & ( 
su* !re are ?ree degrees1 :i*  we may   
d5ote by ! lett]s ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 z foll[3--
    ,a4 ,! l[e/ degree ( ,avatra ,lma4  
,he may be call$ an ord9>y  ,khubilghan 
7f a ,mongolian ^w--writt5 by ,huc1     

,hubilghan74 ,he  repres5ts ! cont9u\s  
re-embodim5t ( an ord9>y canoniz$ sa9t  
7p4 #ahh71 or f\nd] ( "s great mona/]y4 
,he is high] by "o degree  ?an ! ,khanpo
 ,abbot1 z presid+ ov] a m important    
mona/]y4    ,b4 ,a high] grade ( ,avatra
 ,lma call$ ,khutuktu4 ,he ex]cises a   
k9d  ( episcopal jurisdiction ov] a /ill
 m important mona/]y ?an  t presid$ ov] 
by ! ord9>y inc>nat$ ,lma4 ,he repres5ts
 !  inc>nation ( a high] ,bodhi-sattva  
or deifi$ sa9t1 b he sometimes  claims  
to be an inc>nat$ ,buddha4    ,c4 ,!    
highe/ ,avatra ,lma commonly call$ a    
,supreme or ,gr& ,lma4 ,he  is n an     
inc>nation ( a m]e ord9>y ,bodhi-sattva 
7p4 #ahh71 b a  cont9u\s re-embodim5t ( 
ei!r a supreme ,buddha or ( 8           
,bodhi-sattva4 ,! two notable examples (
 ?is highe/ degree are !  ,dalai &      
,pan*5 ,lmas1 :o claim an au?ority1 l t 
( a ,pope or  ,ar*bi%op1 ov] ext5sive   
regions outside _! own mona/]ies4 ,!y  w
 be m fully describ$ 9 ! sequel 7see p4 
#bhd74    ,x may be /at$ g5]ally1 !re=e1

 t ! ,lmi/ic hi]>*y  consi/s ( ?ree l[] 
& ?ree high] grades4 ,we h1 besides1 to 
reckon c]ta9 o!r di/9ctions ( rank1 su* 
z ^? ( !  ,rab-jampa1 #8doctor ( !ology 
or philosophy1' ! horje 7/rictly        
hos-rje71 #8"l ( ! fai?4' ,^! are       
sometimes associat$ ) !  ,khanpo or     
,abbot1 ?\gh slightly inf]ior 9 rank to 
t dignit>y4 ,x  is said t ! horje (t5   
acts z a k9d ( coadjutor ,abbot4        
,practically !y rank bel[ ! inc>nat$ or 
,avatra ,lmas4 ,moreov]1  9 e mona/]y   
!re are num]\s o!r subord9ate (ficials2 
=  example1 s*oolma/]s1 tea*]s :o expla9
 ! ,law & guide !  /udies ( ! bro!rhood1
 prec5tors or *oirma/]s1 secret>ies1    
collectors ( rev5ue1 treasur]s1 /ew>ds1 
ov]se]s1 physicians1  pa9t]s1 sculptors1
 manufactur]s ( relics1 ( amulets1 (    
ros>ies1  ( images1 & 9 "s              
mona/]ies-especially ^? ( ! ,r$         
sect--a/rolog]s1 =tune-tell]s1 magicians
 7hos-kyong or hos-kyo71  & exorci/s4 ,!
 ,lma is n only ! prie/2 he is !        
educator1  s*oolma/]1 physician1        

a/rolog]1 ar*itect1 sculptor1 pa9t]2 he 
is  #8! head1 ! he>t1 ! oracle ( !      
laity4'    ,!re is also a :ole class (  
m5dicant ,lmas1 :o h v[$ to live a      
vagabond life = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s4   
,!y are bett] kn[n ?an  "s o!rs1 = !y   
(t5 f9d _! way into ,briti% t]ritory4   
,:5 ,i 0 /ay+ at ,drjl+1 ,i enc\nt]$ two
 specim5s ( !  vagabond class :o came f 
"s di/ant "p ( ,tibet4 ,!y call$        
!mselves ,lmas1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !y _h no 
real "r to t  title4 ,!y 7 clo!d 9 ragg$
 g>m5ts made up ( ?irty-two  pat*es (   
diff]5t clo?s1 & wore ?ick busk9s to    
protect !m f  ! sn[s4 ,!n !y c>ri$ a k9d
 ( knapsack or wallet ( goat-sk9  beh9d 
_! backs1 & 9 _! h&s a sort ( sacr$ drum
 or tab\r  call$ am>u 7see p4 #chd74    
,accord+ to ,m4 ,huc1 ^! vagabond ,lmas 
travel = ! sake (  travell+4 ,!y w&]    
?r\gh ,*9a1 ,man*uria1 ,s\!rn ,mongolia1
  ,kuku ,nr1 ,tibet1 ,nor!rn ,india1 &  
ev5 ,turke/n4    ,!re is sc>cely a riv] 
:i* !y h n cross$2 a m\nta9 :i*  !y h n 
asc5d$2 a ,gr& ,lma be=e :om !y h n     

pro/rat$ !mselves2 a p among :om !y h n 
liv$1 & (  :om !y d n "k ! mann]s &     
language4    ,x %\ld be not$ t :5 an    
inc>nat$ ,lma is ! spiritual ,head (  a 
mona/]y !re is g5]ally a temporal ,head 
to manage its affairs4    ,!n we mu/ n  
=get t ,tibetan ,buddhism has also its  
organiz$  female hi]>*y1 on ! highe/    
/eps ( :i* are female ,khutuktus &      
inc>nat$ ,abbesses1 z well z l[]        
gradations ( nuns & novices1  liv+      
toge!r 9 _! own conv5ts4    ,! rules (  
discipl9e = ! :ole ,lmi/ic hi]>*y fill  
at lea/  ?irte5 out ( ! #ajh volumes ( !
 ,tibetan ,canon 7see p4 #bgb74 ,!y  d n
 diff] mat]ially f ^? ( o!r ,buddhi/    
c\ntries4 ,! #bec  rules ( !            
,pratimok%a-stra 7see p4 #fb7 are said  
to conta9 comm&s  & prohibitions relat+ 
to five sides ( ! mona/ic life--conduct1
  dress1 food1 habitation1 & occupation4
    ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t e>ly ,lmism1
 l true ,buddhism1 _h  prop]ly no secul>
 prie/hood & enc\rag$ no int]c\rse ) !  
out] _w1 except = ! reception ( alms &  

food f ! laity4  ,all grades ( ! hi]>*y 
7 suppos$ to live toge!r z "o  celibate 
frat]nity 9 mona/ic seclusion1 ap>t f   
mundane  associations4 ,_! only duties 7
 to m$itate1 recite ! ,law1 &  obey     
c]ta9 /rict rules ( discipl9e4 ,?is     
/rictness ( discipl9e1  h[ev]1 0 n long 
borne ) equal pati5ce by ! :ole         
frat]nity4  ,x soon became irksome to a 
l>ge section1 & ! same /ate ( ?+s  :i*  
arose 9 e>ly ,buddhism & g5]ally arises 
9 all religi\s  communities1 occurr$ 9  
,lmism4 ,! frat]nity ( ,lmas became     
split up  into two *ief p>ties or       
sects--! /rict & ! lax4 ,we %all see 9  
! end t ^! two sects 7 di/+ui%$ f ea*   
o!r by !  col\r ( _! g>m5ts1 &          
especially ( _! caps1 ! =m]  adopt+     
yell[ & call+ !mselves ,gelug pa or     
,galdan pa1 ! latt]  adopt+ r$ 7,%amr74 
,( c\rse ! lax or ,r$-cap sect soon     
infr+$  ! rule 9 reg>d to celibacy1 &   
all[$ ! m>riage ( monks "u  c]ta9       
conditions1 ?\gh su* m>riages seem at   
fir/ to h be5  exceptional4    ,x is    

said1 inde$1 t 9 ,nepl1 "u mod]n ,gorkha
 rule1 !  celibate occupies a l[]       
position ?an ! m>ri$ monk1 to :om !     
s]vices 9 ! temples are committ$4 ,x is 
said1 too1 t ! ,lmas  ( ,sikkim & o!r   
nor!rn c\ntries con/antly h *ildr5 liv+ 
) !m1 ?\gh !y d n admit !m to be _! own 
7p4 #aeb74 ,yet1  = all t1 celibacy is !
 rule1 & nom9ally1 at any rate1 !  great
 majority ( ,lmi/ic monks 9 ,ea/]n ,asia
 are unm>ri$  cnobites1 :o live toge!r 9
 mona/]ies4    ,c]ta9ly 9 no o!r c\ntry 
9 ! _w are mona/]ies s num]\s  or on s  
va/ a scale z 9 ,tibet & ,mongolia 7see 
p4 #dbf74    ,&1 inde$1 9 all           
probability x 0 ! difficulty ( en=c+    
discipl9e & ord] 9 ^! imm5se            
e/abli%m5ts1 )\t "s  me?od ( secur+     
ob$i5ce to a presid+ ,head acceptable to
 all !  inmates1 t l$ to t /range       
re-inc>nation or #8,avatra' !ory  :i* is
 "o *ief di/+ui%+ feature ( ,lmism4     
,! process by :i* ?is rem>kable !ory 0  
develop$ is s  int]e/+ & s important 9  
relation to ! subject ( ! pres5t        

,lecture t x des]ves c>eful             
inve/igation1 & to cle> ! gr\nd  we mu/ 
"h make a brief digression & adv]t to "s
 circum/ances 9  ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,tibet 
& ,mongolia1 z giv5 9 ,koepp5's labori\s
  "w4    ,we le>n f him t ,nya ,khri    
,tsanpo1 :o liv$ 9 ! ,y>lung valley1  0 
! fir/ k+ ( ,tibet4 ,aft] sev]al        
successors came ,srong ,tsan  ,gampo4   
,?is k+ 0 born 9 #fag1 &1 accord+ to a  
leg5d1 exhibit$  at 8 bir? c]ta9 m>ks ( 
p]fection l ^? ( ,amitbha or            
,avalokitev>a 7p4 #aih74 ,he is wor%ipp$
 z a great ,conqu]or &  ,re=m]4    ,9 ! 
ye> #fcb1 or ab\t ! "t :5 ,muhammad di$ 
9 ,arabia1 he  began ! "w ( civiliz+ 8  
subjects4 ,to ?is end he direct$ 8      
m9i/] ,?umi 7or ,?onmi7 ,sambhoa to     
proce$ to ,india1 & make  himself       
acqua9t$ ) ,buddhi/ writ+s4 ,?is great  
man 0 ! fir/  to design ! ,tibetan      
alphabet on ! model ( ! ,indian lett]s  
!n  9 use 7call$ ,laha71 b reject+ c]ta9
 consonants & c]ta9  v[els z unsuitable 
= ! repres5tation ( ,tibetan s\nds1 &   

add+ six new lett]s4 ,h5ce he 0 ! fir/  
to introduce ! art (  writ+ along )     
,buddhism into ,tibet4    ,x may be not$
 "h t ,buddhism1 to its great cr$it1 has
 g5]ally  giv5 "s sort ( lit]>y         
education to ! b>b>\s nations to :i*  x 
has imp>t$ its own doctr9es4 ,x has also
 made ! v]nacul> (  ! p its m$ium (     
in/ruction1 ?\gh x has n always         
translat$ its sacr$ lit]ature or        
rituali/ic =mul>ies into t  v]nacul>4   
,! fir/ ,tibetan au?or 0 ,?umi ,sambhoa 
himself1 :o is said to h  compos$ a     
gramm> & o!r books dur+ 8 soj\rn 9      
,india4 ,an  important "w translat$ by  
him into ! v]nacul> 0 ! ,mai  ,kambum--a
 ,tantra "w1 alleg$ to h be5 reveal$ by 
,amitbha & 8  son ,avalokitev>a4 ,?is   
book describes ! introduction (         
,buddhism  into ,tibet z well z ! orig9 
( ! well-kn[n six-syllabl$  pray]-=mula 
( ,tibet--,om mai padme ,hm 7see pp4    
#cga-cgd74 ,x conta9s  #ajj1jjj         
precepts4    ,! tea*+ ( ,?umi ,sambhoa  
seems to h be5 ( an or?odox  "*4 ,he may

 p]haps be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! /rict   
s*ool ( ,tibetan ,buddhism 7already     
m5tion$71 :i* 0 aft]w>ds  call$         
,kadampa1 & f9ally develop$ into !      
,yell[-rob$ sect1 z  di/+ui%$ f ! ,r$4  
,aft] ,?umi ,sambhoa ! propagation (    
,buddhism 9 ,tibet 0 *iefly c>ri$ on by 
! two pr9cesses1 wives (  ,k+ ,srong    
,tsan ,gampo1 call$ ,dolk> & ,doljang4  
,!y 7 wor%ipp$  "u ! "n ,dolma1 z =ms ( 
! wife ( iva or ( ! goddess  ,tr2 "o be+
 call$ ! :ite "m1 & ! o!r1 ! d>k2       
repres5t+ ! mild & fi]ce =ms ( iva's    
consort#abd4    ,! fir/ two ,lma        
mona/]ies 9 ,tibet 7call$ ,l brang & ,ra
 mo *e1  f\nd$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #fej2 ,edg>1 
p4 #ch7 7 erect$ at ,lhssa#abe by  !m or
 9 _! hon\r1 & ea* mona/]y conta9$ a    
r5[n$  wond]-work+ image1 :i* ea*       
pr9cess _h br\ght ) h] 7see pp4  #ddj1  
#dda1 #dib74    ,aft] ,k+ ,srong ,tsan  
,gampo1 ,buddhism decl9$ 9 ,tibet4 ,"o (
 8  successors1 nam$ ,khri ,srong ,de   
,tsan1 :o 0 born 9 #gbh ,a4,d4 &  reign$
 f #gdj to #ghf1 tri$ to re/ore x4 ,=   

?is purpose1 he s5t  = religi\s tea*]s 9
 great numb]s f ,india4 ,^! seem to h   
br\ght ) !m a v corrupt =m ( ,buddhism1 
:i* aim$ *iefly  at c\nt]act+ ! evil    
influ5ces ( demons by magical spells4   
,fir/ came nta ,rak%ita1 ) twelve       
companions f ,b5gal4    ,!n ! celebrat$ 
,padma-sambhava 0 s5t = out ( ! l& (    
,udyna 7 ,d>di/n7--we/ ( ! ,indus1 nor? 
( ,pe%aw>--:]e !  p 7 addict$ to aivism 
& wit*craft4 ,x 0 "u him t  ! great     
mona/]y at ,sam ye 7/rictly ,sam yas7 0 
built 7see p4 #ddh74  ,he 0 celebrat$ = 
8 skill 9 magic1 sorc]y1 & al*emy1 &    
became ! real f\nd] ( ! ,r$ sect1 aft]  
in/ruct+ sev]al "y  ,tibetans 9 8 own   
lore4 ,at ! same "t he 0 rem>kable = 8  
k ( ,indian languages1 & 0 active 9     
promot+ a ta/e =  lit]ature 9 ,tibet4 ,x
 r$\nds mu* to 8 cr$it t he 0 !  fir/ to
 fur!r ! translation ( ! :ole ,buddhi/  
,canon 7almo/  entirely f ,sanskx books7
 into ,tibetan4    ,b ! sacr$ books _h  
by t "t greatly increas$1 s t !         
,tibetan ,canon commonly call$ ,kanjur  

7or m /rictly ,kangyur &  ,ka-gyur1 pp4 
#gj1 #bfg7 consi/$ ( at lea/ #ajh       
volumes4    ,!n we h ! ,tanjur          
7,tangyur7 consi/+ ( #bbe folio volumes 
(  translations1 comm5t>ies1 &          
treatises1 correspond+ to !  ,aha-ka? ( 
,ceylon 7p4 #fe71 & embrac+ works on all
 subjects  7(t5 m]e translations f !    
,sanskx71 su* z gramm>1 logic1          
rhetoric1 poetry1 m$ic9e1 a/rology1     
al*emy1 magic1 & ! use (  spells4    ,a 
sect call$ ,urgyanpa 7or ,urgy5pa71     
ano!r call$ ,brugpa 7or ,dugpa or       
,dukpa71 ano!r call$ ,sakyapa--all      
belong+ to ! ,r$-clo!d 79  ,tibetan1    
,%amr7 ,lmas :o are num]\s 9 ,nepl1     
,bhutn1 ,sikkim1 ,ladk1  & 9 portions ( 
,s\!rn ,tibet--foll[ ! rules (          
,padma-sambhava4    ,aft] ,khri ,srong  
,de ,tsan came a numb] ( k+s :o caus$   
,buddhism to  decl9e2 b 9 ! second half 
( ! elev5? c5tury x began to  recov]1 & 
le>n$ m5 7 s5t = f ,ka%mir & ,india1 "o 
(  :om 0 ,at%a 7/rictly ,ata71 :o might 
be call$ ! re-f\nd] (  ,lmism4    ,he _h

 an em95t ,tibetan pupil nam$ ,brom ,ton
 7,brom-s,ton or ,brom  ,bak%i#abf74    
,all viol5t opposition to ,buddhism !n  
ceas$4 ,mona/]y  aft] mona/]y 0 f\nd$ 9 
! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4    ,?ree ( !
 mo/ important 7 7#a7 ,ras5g 7or        
,ra-d5g1 /rictly ,ra  s,greng71 nor?-ea/
 ( ,lhssa1 f\nd$ by ,brom ,ton 9 #ajeh2 
7#b7 ,sakya  7see p4 #ddh71 situat$ 9 ! 
di/rict ( ,tsang1 s\?-we/ ( ,%igatse1  &
 f\nd$ by ,kon*o ,yalpo1 ^: son 0 ! fir/
 ,gr& ,lma ( ?is  mona/]y2 7#c7         
,brikhung 7also writt5 ,briku or ,brigu 
or ,brigung71 f\r  days' j\rney nor? (  
,lhssa1 f\nd$ by ,kon*o ,yalpo's son4   
,at%a belong$ to a s*ool :i* did n fav\r
 aivism & sorc]y 9  ! way t             
,padma-sambhava _h done1 & 8 pupil1     
,brom ,ton ( !  ,ras5g mona/]y1 0 !     
f\nd] ( ! sect call$ ,kadampa#abg1 :i*  
en=c$ great /rictness ( mona/ic life--a 
sect :i*1 z we h  already m5tion$1 _h   
its e>lie/ orig9 9 ! tea*+ ( ,?umi      
,sambhoa1 & ^: t5ets 7 adopt$ by !      
celebrat$ re=m] ,tsong  ,khapa 7p4      

#bgg71 ! real f\nd] ( ! ,yell[ sect4    
,on ! o!r h&1 ! monks ( ! ,sakya mona/]y
 belong$ to ! m  lax s*ool1 & 7 !re=e   
foll[]s ( ,padma-sambhava4 ,no d\bt  ^! 
two *ief mona/]ies ( ,ras5g & ,sakya    
ma9ta9$ at fir/  _! own sep>ate         
indep5d5ce1 ! presid+ ,lma ( ea* claim+ 
equal au?ority ) ! o!r4 ,!n 9 process ( 
"t1 a rivalry  sprang up betwe5 !m4     
,moreov] ! ,brikhung mona/]y /rove ) !  
,sakya1 ea* try+ to acquire pr$om9ance4 
,ultimately !y appeal$ to  ! ,*9ese     
au?orities1 :o decid$ t ! highe/        
position belong$  to ! mona/]y ( ,sakya 
& to ! ,r$ sect4    ,& "h we h to turn =
 a %ort "t to ,mongolia4 ,t c\ntry      
receiv$ its ,buddhism1 or r ,lmism1 f   
,tibet4 ,x is well kn[n  t ! great      
,mongol conqu]or1 ,j5ghiz ,khn1 conqu]$ 
,tibet ab\t  ,a4,d4 #abjfabh4 ,be=e t   
p]iod ! ,mongolians _h come 9 contact  )
 v>i\s religi\s cults2 = example1 )     
,zoroa/rianism1  ,buddhism1 & ,islm4    
,!y _h ev5 _h "s exp]i5ce ( ,*ri/ianity2
 = ,ne/orian  ,missions exi/$ 9 ,c5tral 

,asia 9 ! fif? & six? c5turies ( our    
era1 & p5etrat$ to ,*9a 9 ! sev5?       
c5tury4 ,all ^! religions  /rove to     
conv]t ! ,mongolians1 :o soon became an 
important nation  ?r\gh ! conque/s (    
,j5ghiz ,khn4 ,t conqu]or1 h[ev]1 _h a  
v simple religion ( 8 own4 ,he believ$ 9
 "o ,god 9 heav51 &  "o k+ on e>?2 t is1
 he believ$ t ,god _h giv5 him !        
dom9ion ( ! :ole _w1 & he set himself to
 conqu] ! _w4  ,yet he tol]at$ all      
religions4 #8,z ! h&1' he said1 #8has _m
  f+]s1 s !re are _m ways to %[ m5 h[ !y
 may rea* heav54'    ,khubilai          
7#abei-abid71 ! greate/ ( all !         
desc5dants ( ,j5ghiz &  ,sov]eign ( a   
va/ empire1 0 ! fir/ to elevate 8 p     
above a  m]e life ( rap9e & plund]2 & x 
/ruck him t ! be/ me?od  ( civiliz+ !m  
w\ld be by adopt+ & promot+ ,buddhism1  
:i*  ! great] numb] ( ! races subject to
 him already pr(ess$4    ,betwe5 !      
indig5\s ,%amanism ( ,nor!rn c\ntries & 
! doctr9es  ( ,confucius1 or ( ,islm1 or
 ( ,*ri/ianity1 !re 7 no po9ts (        

contact2 :]eas ,%amanism1 z we h se51 _h
 mu* common gr\nd )  ,nor!rn ,buddhism1 
:i* _h become mix$ up ) aivism & magic4 
,x 0 ?is t l$ ,khubilai to adopt !      
,lmi/ic or ,tibetan =m (  ,buddhism4 ,he
 also ?\ght x wise to conciliate !      
spiritual pot5tates  ( ,tibet1 :o _h =  
_m c5turies tak5 all real p[] out ( !   
h&s ( _! temporal *iefs4    ,& among    
,lmi/ic prelates1 ! ,head ( ! ,mona/]y (
 ,sakya & (  ! ,r$ s*ool 9 ,s\!rn ,tibet
 _h1 z we h se51 acquir$ a k9d  (       
sov]eignty4 ,_m monks ( ?is ,r$ sect    
m>ri$1 accord+ to !  practice ( !       
,brhmans1 & rema9$ h\sehold]s till a son
 & heir  0 born to !m4 ,at t "t !y _h a 
presid+ monk1 call$ ,sakya  ,paita1 & ! 
,emp]or ,khubilai appo9t$ ,mati-dhvaja1 
! ,paita's  nephew1 to succe$ him z     
,head ( ! mona/]y1 conf]r+ on him a     
c]ta9 am\nt ( temporal p[] & mak+ him a 
k9d ( tribut>y  rul] ( ,tibet4 ,he 0    
kn[n z ! ,phaspa 7/rictly ,phags pa71   
#8excell5t ,lma1' & 9 return = !        
supremacy grant$ to him1 0  requir$ to  

consecrate or cr[n ! emp]ors (          
,mongolia4    ,koepp5 obs]ves t         
,khubilai 0 ?us ! creator ( ! fir/      
,lmi/ic ,pope2 j z ,pep9 & ,*>lemagne 7 
( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian  ,pope4    ,!         
,mongolians also owe _! writt5 "* &     
lit]ature to  ,buddhism4 ,x 0 ,phaspa   
,lma :o inv5t$ ! ,mongolian alphabet4   
,tak+  ! ,tibetan alphabet z 8 model1 he
 inv5t$ a squ>e "* ) a  ?\s& syllables4 
,he !n und]took a new revision ( !      
,buddhi/  sacr$ writ+s1 caus+ ! ,tibetan
 sacr$ texts 7,kanjur7 to be  comp>$ ) !
 ,*9ese4 ,x is said t ?is la/$ f ! ye>  
#abhe to #acjf4    ,tw5ty-n9e le>n$ m51 
v]s$ 9 ! ,tibetan1 ,ugrian1 ,*9ese1 &   
,sanskx languages1 7 occupi$ on ! task (
 collation1 & a few  ye>s lat]1 ! fir/  
,mongolian translation ( ! sacr$ texts 0
  begun by ! ,sakya ,lma hoskyi ,ods]4  
,khubilai1 no d\bt1 0 a great promot] ( 
,buddhism1 & f\nd$ _m  mona/]ies 9      
,mongolia1 & a celebrat$ "o at ,pek+4   
,aft] ! elevation ( ! ,phaspa ,lma to   
quasi-temporal z well z  spiritual      

sov]eignty v little is kn[n ab\t ! /ate 
( ,buddhism  9 ,tibet1 except t !       
successive ,heads ( ! ,sakya mona/]y    
ma9ta9$ _! position "u ,khubilai's      
successors1 & ( c\rse  p]petuat$ &      
ext5d$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,r$ s*ool (       
,buddhism4  ,probably !y resid$ at      
,lhssa1 & possibly at ! ,mongolo-,*9ese 
,c\rt4    ,9 #acfh1 ! la/ ,mongol emp]or
 0 expell$ by ! f\nd] ( ! ,m+  dyna/y1  
aft] ,j5ghiz's family _h occupi$ ! ?rone
 ( ,*9a =  ab\t a c5tury4    ,! emp]ors 
( ?is dyna/y did _! be/ to br+ ,tibet "u
 !  ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t1 & to conciliate ! 
,tibetan ,lmas by gifts1  titles1 & o!r 
fav\rs4 ,b !y ?\ght x politic to prev5t 
!  pr$om9ance ( any "o mona/]y4 ,h5ce !y
 made ?ree o!r ,heads (  mona/]ies equal
 9 rank to ! ,sakya ,lma1 & enc\rag$    
antagonism  betwe5 !m4 ,?is facilitat$ !
 great ,re=m :i* ,lmism und]w5t  9 ! "t 
( ! ,emp]or ,jong lo--a re=m br\ght ab\t
 by !  celebrat$ ,tsong ,khapa1         
sometimes call$ ! ,lu!r ( ,lmi/ic       
,buddhism4    ,tsong ,khapa1 ^: "n is z 

mu* celebrat$ 9 ,mongolia & ,tibet &    
among ! ,kalmuk ,t>t>s z t ( ! f\nd] (  
,buddhism1 is said to  h be5 born 9 !   
ye> #acee or #aceg ( our era1 9 ! l& (  
,amdo1  :]e ! celebrat$ mona/]y (       
,kunbum or ,kumbum--situat$ ,nor? (     
,tibet on ! bord]s ( ,*9a--n[ /&s4 ,all 
sorts ( leg5ds1 b none  wor? repeat+1   
are relat$ ab\t him4 ,we may note1      
h[ev]1 a probable  tradition t a le>n$  
,lma1 #8) a long nose & bright eyes1' :o
  _h settl$ 9 ! l& ( ,amdo1 & may       
possibly h be5 a ,roman  ,ca?olic prie/1
 became 8 tea*]4    ,9 process ( "t1    
,tsong ,khapa set out on a j\rney f     
,amdo to ,tibet1  8 object be+ to       
acquire a k ( ! doctr9e f orig9al       
s\rces4 ,he is said to h /udi$ ! ,law ( 
,buddha at ,sakya1  ,brikhung1 & ,lhssa4
 ,x 0 9 ?is way t he became impress$ )  
! necessity ( purify+ & re=m+ !         
discipl9e ( ,tibetan  ,buddhism1 :i* !  
,r$ sect _h corrupt$ by all[+ ! m>riage 
(  monks & by laxity 9 o!r matt]s4      
,innum]able pupils ga!r$ r\nd  him1 all 

( :om adopt$1 z _! di/+ui%+ m>k1 !      
or?odox  yell[ g>m5ts ( primitive       
,buddhism1 & especially ! yell[ cap 7p4 
#bfh72 :ile ! foll[]s ( ,padma-sambhava 
& ! m corrupt s*ool  wore r$ g>m5ts & a 
r$ cap4    ,tsong ,khapa soon acquir$   
va/ influ5ce1 & 9 ! ye> #adji 0 able  to
 build on a hill ab\t ?irty miles f     
,lhssa1 ! aft]w>ds  celebrat$ mona/]y   
call$ ,galdan 7or ,gahdan7 ( ! ,yell[   
s*ool4 ,(  ?is ,tsong ,khapa 0 ! fir/   
,abbot4 ,8 foll[]s1 h[ev]1 rapidly      
became too num]\s to be compreh5d$ )9 s 
limit$ an area4 ,h5ce  !re arose 9 !    
imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,lhssa1 two o!r 
great  mona/]ies1 ,brepung 7also writt5 
,dapung1 etc41 see p4 #ddb71 f\nd$ by   
,jam-yang hos-rje1 & ,s]a #8! ,gold51'  
f\nd$ by ,byam h5 hos-rje4    ,^! ?ree  
mona/]ies once held #cj1jjj monks ( !   
,yell[ sect1 b  n[ h only #af1ejj4      
,tsong ,khapa wrote _m works1 :i* enjoy 
a quasi-canonical au?ority  among !     
adh]5ts ( ! re=m$ sect4 ,_m ( !m exi/ 9 
,mongolian translations1 b !y h n yet   

be5 fully exam9$4    ,und5iably1 ,tsong 
,khapa's *ief m]it 0 t he caus$ 8       
foll[]s  to rev]t to ! pur] mona/ic     
discipl9e1 especially to ! rule (       
celibacy4 ,he also purifi$ ! =ms (      
wor%ip1 & greatly re/rict$  )\t altoge!r
 prohibit+ ! use ( magical rites4 ,tsong
 ,khapa1  too1 is said to h re-e/abli%$ 
! orig9al practice ( retirem5t  =       
religi\s m$itation at c]ta9 seasons1    
al?\gh z !re 0 no  ra9y season 9 ,tibet1
 ano!r p]iod _h to be *os54             
,travell]s 9 ,tibet h (t5 describ$ ! _m 
po9ts ( resemblance  betwe5 ! ,roman    
,ca?olic & ,lmi/ic sy/ems1 su* z !      
,pop$om1  ! celibacy ( ! prie/hood1 !   
wor%ip ( sa9ts1 confession1  fa/+1      
processions1 holy wat]1 bells1 ros>ies1 
mitres1 crozi]s1  etc4 ,^! resemblances 
& co9cid5ces w be m fully not$ 9 a      
subsequ5t ,lecture 7see pp4 #cch1 #cci74
    ,x is possible t ,tsong ,khapa may h
 imbib$ "s ( 8 notions  f 8 in/ructor at
 ,amdo already nam$ 7p4 #bgg71 :o 0 ei!r
 a  ,roman ,ca?olic mission>y1 or 0     

famili> ) ! con/itution ( !  ,romi%     
hi]>*y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is c]ta9 t      
celibacy1  confession1 & fa/+ exi/$ 9   
,buddhism be=e ! tea*+ (  ,*ri/1 & long 
be=e t ( ,tsong ,khapa4    ,9 fact1     
,tsong ,khapa's re=mation _h be5 to a   
c]ta9 ext5t  anticipat$1 z we h se51 by 
! s*ool ( ,kadampa1 f\nd$ 9 !  elev5?   
c5tury1 by ,at%a's disciple1 ,brom ,ton 
7p4 #bgc74    ,v little m is kn[n ab\t  
,tsong ,khapa4 ,he di$ 9 ! ye> #adai1   
or1 z 8 disciples believe1 asc5d$ to    
heav51 & t asc5sion is  /ill celebrat$  
dur+ ! fe/ival ( ,lamps by all or?odox  
,buddhi/s  ( ! ,lmi/ic ,*ur* 7see pp4   
#cde1 #cdf74    ,:5 "s "t aft] 8 dea?1  
he 0 canoniz$1 he 0 reg>d$ by  "s z an  
inc>nation ( ,amitbha1 or by o!rs (     
,maju-r1 or by  o!rs ( ,vajra-pi 7see p4
 #aie71 or ev5 ( ! ,mah-kla =m (  iva1 &
 8 image is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! temples ( !
 ,yell[  sect1 & (t5 betwe5 ! two images
 ( ! ,dalai ,lma & ! ,pan*5  ,lma1 on ! 
"r & left respectively4    ,8 foll[]s ( 
! ,yell[ s*ool call$ !mselves ,gelugpa  

7or  ,gelukpa71 #8adh]5ts ( virtue' 7or1
 ,gal-danpa f _! mona/]y72  _! pr9cipal 
*>act]i/ic be+ t !y adh]$ to ! pur]     
discipl9e4    ,! *ief po9t ( int]e/ 9   
connexion ) ,tsong ,khapa is ! be>+  ( 8
 re=mation on ! developm5t ( ! ,avatra  
!ory already  m5tion$ 7see pp4 #aij1    
#bfe74    ,x is said t ,tsong ,khapa    
himself1 l ,gautama ,buddha1 _h two *ief
  pupils1 & t he appo9t$ ^! two to      
succe$ him ) equal  au?ority z ,heads ( 
! or?odox sect4 ,he is also cr$it$ )    
hav+  be5 ! fir/ to promulgate ! doctr9e
 t no election ( successors  to 8 two   
pupils w\ld at any "t be ne$$1 z ea* (  
!m on dy+  w\ld be con/antly re-born 9 a
 sup]natural mann]4    ,!re is1 h[ev]1  
no hi/orical f\ndation = su* a /atem5t4 
,inde$1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( "s1 ! two 
,gr& ,lmas 7  m]ely ! l9eal successors (
 ! two em95t ,lmas1 ,at%a & 8  pupil    
,brom ,ton 7see p4 #bgc74    ,aft] all1 
x seems mo/ likely t ! :ole ,avatra !ory
 0 an  inv5tion ( "s %rewd ,head ,lma1  
:o1 p]ceiv+ t ! /rict  en=cem5t (       

celibacy w\ld prev5t any h]$it>y        
succession1 l  t possible 9 mona/]ies ( 
! ,r$ s*ool1 & =esee+ t x  w\ld be      
necess>y to prev5t ! suicidal divisions 
to :i* !  intrigues ( an election to !  
,head%ip ( mona/]ies--especially (  ,gr&
 ,lma mona/]ies--w\ld be likely to give 
rise1 be?\ght himself  ( a compromise   
betwe5 h]$it>y succession & election4   
,aft] m  ?an "o trial1 ! sy/em 0 f\nd to
 "w s well t x 0  ev5tually adopt$ )    
little modification by all ,nor!rn      
,buddhi/s1  & ev5 by ^? ( ! ,r$ sect4   
,! date ( its inv5tion is z unc]ta9 z ! 
"n ( ! inv5tor4  ,all t c be said is1 t 
x _c be trac$ back to an e>li]  p]iod   
?an ! fifte5? c5tury4    ,& "h we mu/   
aga9 gu>d aga9/ ! confusion ( ?\ght     
likely to  arise f ! usual practice (   
translat+ ,avatra by #8inc>nation4'     
,we h se5 t ! doctr9e ( transmigration  
7gati7 ?r\gh v>i\s  embodim5ts1 z       
applicable to all be+s1 is a fundam5tal 
dogma bo? (  ,brhmanism & ( ,buddhism1  
?\gh 9 ,buddhism transmigration prop]ly 

means a m]e cont9u\s trans=mation &     
recon/ruction ( !  elem5ts 7,sk&has7 (  
be+ 7p4 #aji74    ,! idea is v dimly1 if
 at all1 adumbrat$ 9 ! ,mantra portion (
  ! ,v$a4    ,x is m cle>ly traceable 9 
"o ( ! ,brhmaz1 & di/9ctly  enunciat$ 9 
! hndogya ,upani%ad 7,v4 x4 #g7         
?us3--#8,he ^: conduct  has be5 good1   
quickly atta9s to "s good embodim5t z a 
,brhman1  ,k%atriya1 or ,vaiya4 ,he ^:  
conduct has be5 bad1 assumes an inf]ior 
embodim5t1 z a dog1 a hog1 or a ala4' ,9
 ,manu ! !ory is fully  develop$4    ,n[
 x is true t 9 ,buddhism ?is k9d (      
transmigration may be  describ$ z a     
cont9u\s s]ies ( inc>nations1 al?\gh    
g5u9e  ,buddhism d5ies ! sep>ate exi/5ce
 ( a s\l betwe5 ea*  inc>nation 7see p4 
#aaj74    ,b ! doctr9e ( repeat$        
inc>nations ( "o individual 9 six =ms  (
 life is q di/9ct f ! ,tibetan ,avatra  
!ory4 ,?is !ory  n only recognizes !    
sep>ate exi/5ce ( an immat]ial ess5ce or
  s\l1 b also tea*es t ! ,head ,lma (   
c]ta9 mona/]ies is !  liv+1 visible     

embodim5t1 = ! "t be+1 ( ! cont9u\s     
desc5t 7avatra7 on e>? ( a portion ( !  
ess5ce ( ! canoniz$  ,f\nd] ( a mona/]y 
or ( a cele/ial ,bodhi-sattva or        
,buddha1 :o  w p]petually cont9ue to    
desc5d f heav5 & re-appe> 9 human  =ms =
 ! welf>e ( ! _w 7see p4 #aji7abi4    ,a
 simil> idea1 we "k1 prevails 9 ,india1 
:]e ! doctr9e ( !  desc5t 7avatra7 (    
portions ( ! ess5ce ( ,vi%u & o!r gods  
is  common4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a notewor?y 
di/9ction 9 ! ,h9d  doctr9e1 because !  
desc5ts ( ,vi%u are n cont9u\s &        
un9t]rupt$ 7see #8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1'
 pp4 #dg1 #ajg-aaf72 &  al?\gh e great  
,h9d tea*] is suppos$ to be ! embodim5t 
( a  portion ( ! ess5ce ( a deity1 ea*  
su* embodim5t is isolat$ &  s+le4    ,& 
"h note t "o !ory is t ! cont9u\s       
desc5ts (  ,bodhi-sattvas & ,buddhas    
into human =ms 7 effect$ by means (  _! 
?ird *angeable body 7,nirma-kya1 p4     
#bdg71 :i* belong$ to  ,bodhi-sattvas z 
well z to ,buddhas2 or1 accord+ to ano!r
 !ory1  ?r\gh rays ( light proce$+ f !  

ess5ces ( ! ,bodhi-sattvas1  j z !      
,bodhi-sattvas !mselves 7 held by "s to 
h be5  g5]at$ by rays ( light proce$+ f 
! ,dhyni-,buddhas4    ,or aga91 !       
,dhyni-,buddhas might inc>nate !mselves 
n only  int]m$iately ?r\gh _!           
,dhyni-,bodhi-sattvas1 b by !           
transmission ( rays ( light directly f  
_! own ess5ces into a  cont9u\s         
succession ( human be+s ( pre-em95t     
sanctity4    ,h5ce x is cle> t ! ,avatra
 ,lma is no example ( ! work+ (  ei!r   
,h9d metempsy*osis or ( ,buddhi/        
metamorphosis4 ,& inde$1  re-bir?1 ?r\gh
 transmigration & trans=mation1 accord+ 
to !  ord9>y ,h9d & ,buddhi/ !ories1 is 
reg>d$ z a k9d ( natural  act1 :]eas    
cont9u\s inc>nation ?r\gh ! desc5t ( a  
portion (  a cele/ial ess5ce into human 
bodies is a sup]natural act4    ,(      
c\rse1 z we h /at$1 !re 7 l[] & high]   
,avatras1  correspond+ to ! diff]5ce 9  
rank ( ,sa9ts & ,bodhi-sattvas 7see  pp4
 #aij1 #bfe74    ,examples ( ! highe/   
,avatras are ! two quasi-,popes1 or     

spiritual  ,k+s1 :o are supreme ,lmas ( 
! ,yell[ sect--! "o resid+ at  ,lhssa1 &
 ! o!r at ,ta%i ,lunpo 7,kra%i ,lunpo71 
ab\t #ajj miles  di/ant1 9 a s\?-we/]ly 
direction1 n f> f ! t[n (  ,%igatse 7or 
,%igatze1 capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,tsang71
 & n v  f> f our ,indian fronti]4    ,! 
,gr& ,lma at ,lhssa is ! ,dalai ,lma1 t 
is1 #8! ,ocean-,lma1 or  "o ^: p[] &    
le>n+ are z great z ! ocean2' a half    
,mongolian half ,tibetan title--,dalai  
7or ,tale7 mean+ 9 ,mongolian           
#8,ocean1' & ,lma mean+ 9 ,tibetan #8a  
sup]ior ,tea*]' 7see note1 p4  #bfb74   
,he has also ! ,tibetan title (         
r,gyamthso ,r9po*e 7,r9-po-e71          
#8,ocean-,jewel' 7! ,tibetan equival5t =
 ,dalai be+ r,gyamthso74    ,! o!r ,gr& 
,lma :o resides 9 ! mona/]y ( ,ta%i     
,lunpo1 is  kn[n 9 ,europe "u ! names ( 
! ,ta%i ,lma 7sometimes writt5  ,te%u   
,lma7 or ,pan*5 ,lma 7call$ 9 ,mongolian
 ,bogdo ,lma74 ,he has !  ,tibetan title
 ( ,pan*5 ,r9po*e 7,pa-en ,r9-po-e71 #8!
 great ,pax  ,jewel' 7,pan be+ equival5t

 to ,paita1 & *5 mean+ great74    ,h5ce 
,ta%i ,lunpo is ! second metropolis (   
,lmism 7see p4 #ddc74 ,x is  said to h  
be5 built by ,g$un grub pa1 ! *ief pupil
 ( !  ,re=m] ,tsong ,khapa1 9 #adde 7see
 p4 #bia74    ,nei!r ( ^! ,gr& ,lmas are
 ,popes 9 ! ,european s5se1 =  nei!r are
 elect$ by a conclave ( *ief ,lmas4     
,! belief is t :5 !y quit _! bodies at  
dea?1 !y re-appe>  aft] n9e mon?s1 or   
occasionally aft] ! second or ?ird ye>1 
9  *ildr5 ^: bodies !y h occupi$ f      
conception4    ,! ,dalai ,lmas are held 
to be cont9u\s re-inc>nations ( !       
,dhyni-,bodhisattva ,avalokitev>a 7p4   
#aig71 :ile ! ,pan*5 ,lmas are  cont9u\s
 re-inc>nations ( 8 fa!r !              
,dhyni-,buddha ,amitbha 7p4  #bjc74     
,h5ce1 z ! fa!r is sup]ior to ! son1 & !
 ma/] to !  pupil1 ! ,pan*5 ,lma at     
,ta%i ,lunpo might reasonably h rank$   
above ! ,dalai ,lma at ,lhssa4 ,b1 z    
,avalokitev>a is ! special  patron ( !  
,lmi/ic ,*ur* 9 ,tibet1 8 inc>nation at 
,lhssa is  practically a m important    

p]sonage ?an ! inc>nat$ ,dhyni-,buddha  
at ,ta%i ,lunpo4 ,"s hold t ! ,pan*5    
,lma is only a re-inc>nation  ( ,tsong  
,khapa1 :o 0 id5tifi$ ) ,maju-r4    ,x  
is said t ! ,dalai ,lma ex]cises secul> 
au?ority ov] ab\t  f\r millions ( p1    
includ+ monks2 al?\gh 9 ! pres5t day    
political p[] has to a great ext5t be5  
tak5 f him by ! ,*9ese  ,gov]nm5t1 :i*  
has two p]man5t ,commission]s or        
,resid5ts 7call$  ,ampas7 at ,lhssa1 &  
sometimes s5ds a special ,envoy         
7,k9-,t*e7#acj4    ,! real fact is1 t   
s9ce m]e *ildr51 :o are too "y to h     
receiv$ any education1 are elevat$ to ! 
,gr& ,lma%ip1 & mo/ (  !m ei!r die      
naturally or are made to die be=e !y h  
ga9$ any  k1 ! re-inc>nat$ ,lmas are    
g5]ally unfit to gov]n1 & 9  mona/]ies  
:i* h an ,avatra ,gr& ,lma1 an elect$   
*ief ,lma acts  z reg5t or adm9i/rator (
 affairs1 :ile ! inc>nat$ ,buddha is    
suppos$ to lose himself 9 sublime       
heights ( m$itation & receive  div9e    
homage#aca4 ,?is elect$ ,reg5t also     

gov]ns dur+ !  int]vals ( ! inc>nations1
 & at ,lhssa he is ! real ,head &  mo/  
p[]ful ,tibetan (ficial4 ,he is call$   
,nomun-khan or ,nom9-khan  7or ,no m9   
han74    ,! mann] 9 :i* ! ,avatra       
doctr9e is c>ri$ into practice has  v>i$
 at diff]5t times4    ,x is alleg$ t    
=m]ly ! dep>t+ ,lma1 be=e he transf]r$  
himself to ano!r body1 0 9 ! habit (    
reveal+ :]e & 9 :at  family he w\ld be  
re-inc>nat$4 ,or occasionally x happ5$ t
  *ildr5 ( two or ?ree ye>s ( age call$ 
out sudd5ly1 z if  impell$ by "s        
spiritual influ5ce1 #8,i am a liv+      
,buddha1 ,i am !  *ief ,lma ( su* & su* 
a mona/]y4'    ,or m commonly ! sacr$   
books 7 consult$2 or ! (ficial          
soo?say]s gave _! op9ion4    ,b ! usual 
rule 0 t at ! dea? ( ! ,dalai ,lma !    
int]pretation ( ! traditions & oracles  
ab\t 8 re-bir? & !  duty ( discov]+ !   
family 9 :i* he 0 to appe> 7 committ$   
to ! ,pan*5 ,lma4 ,:5 ! ,pan*5 ,lma     
himself di$1 ! ,dalai ,gr&  ,lma did !  
same s]vice = him4    ,x 0 only natural 

t ! holy l& ( ,tibet1 & especially !    
holy  city ( ,lhssa1 %\ld h be5 mo/     
fruitful 9 re-inc>nations1 &  %\ld ev5 h
 suppli$ =eign c\ntries ) !m4    ,:5    
,messrs4 ,huc & ,gabet 7 travell+ 9     
,mongolia !y 7 ab\t  to pass a c]ta9    
,lmi/ic conv5t )\t /opp+1 :5 a ,lma came
  out & invit$ !m to ent]1 t !y might h 
an opportunity (  pay+ adoration to !   
sa9t en?ron$ )94 #8,our sa9t1' he said1 
#8is n a m]e man4 ,9 our small conv5t we
 h ! happ9ess to  possess a liv+        
,buddha6 ,two ye>s ago he deign$ to     
desc5d f !  holy m\nta9s ( ,tibet1 & he 
is n[ sev5 ye>s old4' ,^! liv+          
,buddhas1 accord+ to ,m4 ,huc1 are v    
num]\s4 ,sometimes a clev] ,lma  builds 
a small temple & attracts a few         
disciples4 ,!n by degrees 8  reputation 
increases4 ,o!r ,lmas build _! cells ne>
 ! temple1 &  br+ x into fa%ion1 &      
proclaim him to be a liv+ ,buddha4    ,x
 is said1 inde$1 t "s spiritual ,heads (
 ! ,hi]>*y 9 ,lhssa  h contriv$ to in/al
 _! illegitimate *ildr5 9 ! ,head%ip (  

di/ant ,lmas]ies1 s t occasionally !    
suppos$ liv+ ,buddha is  really ! son ( 
"s ,tibetan ,gr& ,lma4    ,9 ! pres5t   
day ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a ex]cises s great an
 influ5ce  9 ! nom9ation ( bo? ! ,dalai 
& ,pan*5 ,lmas1 t !  co-op]ation ( !    
,lmi/ic prie/hood has become little m   
?an a  =m4 ,/ill ! =m is gone ?r\gh1 & !
 foll[+ description  7*iefly re/+ on !  
au?ority ( ,koepp5 & ,huc7 may give "s  
idea  ( ! :ole process4    ,:5 ! ,dalai 
,lma dies1 or r :5 8 s\l--:i* consi/s ( 
a  portion ( ! ess5ce (                 
,avalokitev>a--has ca/ (f "o body ) !   
object ( ent]+ ano!r1 ! names ( all !   
male *ildr5 born at  ! "t ( 8 dea? 9    
,tibet h to be s5t 9 to ! great mona/]y 
( ,l brang at ,lhssa1 & ^? p>5ts :o h   
reason to suspect t  _! *ildr5 are      
re-inc>nations1 are oblig$ to notify !  
fact4    ,a true decision _c be arriv$  
at until ?ree *ildr5 h be5  f\nd1 or r  
7z is practically ! case7 until ?ree    
c&idates  h be5 set up = election :o are
 accept$ by ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t  or its  

repres5tatives4    ,! fir/ /age 9 !     
process ( election is to write ! names (
  ^! ?ree *ildr5 on lots1 & place !m 9 a
 gold5 urn4 ,!n !  ,khutuktus assemble  
toge!r 9 solemn conclave4 ,= six days !y
 rema9  9 retirem5t4 ,dur+ all t p]iod  
!y are suppos$ to fa/ & to  be engag$ 9 
repeat+ pray]s4 ,on ! sev5? day1 ! lead+
  ,khutuktu draws a lot1 & ! infant or  
*ild ^: "n comes out is  proclaim$      
,dalai ,lma4 ,! ,pan*5 ,lma & !         
repres5tatives ( ,*9a  mu/ be pres5t at 
! "t#acb4    ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! ,pan*5
 ,lmas1 ,khutuktus1 & ord9>y ,avatra    
,lmas are elect$4    ,! ,mongolian mode 
( election is ?us describ$ by ,m4 ,huc4 
7,!  quotation is n lit]al1 & is        
abridg$47      ,! election &            
en?ronization ( ! liv+ ,buddhas is      
extremely    curi\s4 ,:5 a ,gr& ,lma is 
#8gone away1' t is to say1 is dead1    !
 ev5t is by no means made a matt] (     
m\rn+ 9 ! conv5t4    ,!re are no te>s or
 regrets1 = e "o kn[s t ! liv+          
,buddha w soon re-appe>4 ,! app>5t dea? 

is only !    comm5cem5t ( a new exi/5ce1
 a new l9k add$ to a b\ndless &         
un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( successive lives--a    
simple pal+5esia4 ,:ile    ! sa9t is 9 !
 *rysalis /ate1 8 disciples are 9 !     
greate/    anxiety1 & ! gr& po9t is to  
discov] ! place :]e _!    ma/] has      
return$ to life4 ,if a ra9b[ appe>s1 !y 
consid] x z    a sign s5t to !m f _!    
,gr& ,lma1 to assi/ !m 9 _!    rese>*es4
      ,e "o !n goes to pray]s1 &        
especially ! conv5t :i* has    be5 wid[$
 ( its ,buddha is incessant 9 its fa/+s 
& orisons1    & a troop ( *os5 ,lmas set
 out to consult ! ,*ur*un or div9]    ( 
hidd5 ?+s4 ,!y relate to him ! "t1      
place1 &    circum/ances "u :i* ! ra9b[ 
has appe>$3 & he !n1 aft]    recit+ "s  
pray]s1 op5s 8 books ( div9ation1 & at  
l5g?    pron\nces 8 oracle2 :ile !      
,t>t>s :o h come to consult him1    li/5
 on _! knees ) ! mo/ pr(\nd devotion4   
#8,y\r ,gr& ,lma1' !y say1 #8has return$
 to life 9 ,tibet--at su* a    place--9 
su* a family2' & :5 ! poor ,mongols h   

he>d !    oracle1 !y return full ( joy  
to _! conv5t1 to ann\nce !    happy     
news4 ,sometimes ! liv+ ,buddha ann\nces
 himself1 at an age    :5 o!r infants _c
 articulate a ^w2 b :e!r 8 place (      
abode be f\nd by means ( ! ra9b[1 or by 
?is spontane\s    revelation1 x is      
always at a consid]able di/ance1 & 9 a  
c\ntry    difficult ( access4 ,a gr&    
procession is !n made1 head$ by !    k+1
 or ! greate/ man 9 ! c\ntry1 to fet* ! 
"y liv+    ,buddha4 ,! ,mongols (t5 g   
?r\gh incr$ible fatigue & h>d%ips1      
trav]se frightful des]ts1 & sometimes1  
aft] be+ plund]$ by    robb]s1 /ripp$ ( 
ev]y?+1 & compell$ to return1 set out   
aga9 ) undim9i%$ c\rage4 ,:5 ! liv+     
,buddha is f\nd1    h[ev]1 he is n      
salut$ ,gr& ,lma )\t a previ\s          
exam9ation4    ,d\btless1 ! simple      
,mongols are 9 ?is matt] (t5 ! dupes (  
^? :o h an int]e/ 9 mak+ a ,gr& ,lma ( !
 baby4 ,!    title ( ! liv+ ,buddha hav+
 be5 confirm$1 he is conduct$ 9         
triumph to ! mona/]y ( :i* he is to     

become ,gr& ,lma2 & z    he passes      
along1 ! ,t>t>s come 9 great troops &   
pro/rate    !mselves be=e him1 & br+ him
 (f]+s4 ,z soon z he arrives    at !    
conv5t1 he is plac$ on ! alt>1 & e      
,t>t>1 f !    highe/ to ! l[e/ 9 ! l&1  
b[s d[n be=e ?is *ild4 ,!re    is no    
,t>t> k+dom :i* does n possess "o ( ^!  
liv+    ,buddhas2 b !re is always ano!r 
,gr& ,lma1 *os5 among !    memb]s ( !   
royal family1 ) :om ! real gov]nm5t ( ! 
conv5t re/s4 ,! fam\s maxim #8,le roi   
rgne et ne g\v]ne pas' has    be5 ( old 
application among ! ,t>t>s4 ,see note p4
 #cjf ( ^!    ,lectures4    ,x %\ld be  
not$ t ! ,lmi/ic community l to keep up 
!  fiction ( ^! re-inc>nations2 & !re=e 
!y pret5d to  asc]ta9 ! g5u95ess ( e    
re-bir? by cle> signs4 ,h5ce be=e  a    
re-born sa9t is in/all$1 8 id5tity is   
e/abli%$ by 8 pass+  a k9d ( exam9ation 
be=e a solemn assembly1 ?\s&s (         
witnesses  be+ pres5t4    ,"s ( ! books1
 clo!s1 & sacr$ or secul> ut5sils :i* ! 
dead ,lma 0 9 ! habit ( us+1 are br\ght 

& mix$ ) o!rs4  ,! *ild is !n ask$ to   
pick out ! true ones1 or he has to answ]
  que/ions z to ! ev5ts 9 8 previ\s /ate
 ( exi/5ce4 ,if !  replies are          
satisfactory1 he is in/all$ z ! re-born 
,lma amid great  rejoic+s4    ,koepp5   
ass]ts t no positive in=mation z to !   
relation%ip  betwe5 ! ,dalai & ,pan*5   
,lmas is =?com+4 ,"s ma9ta9 t  bo?      
hi]>*ical sy/ems develop$ simultane\sly4
 ,"s say t !  ,pan*5 ,lma ( ,ta%i ,lunpo
 0 ! fir/ ,gr& ,avatra ,lama1 :ile  o!rs
 hold t ! elevation ( ! ,pan*5 ,lmas    
took place lat]1  & only result$ f !    
increase 9 importance ( ! ,ta%i ,lunpo  
mona/]y 9 :i* !y reside 7p4 #bhd74    ,!
 ,dalai ,lmas may be enum]at$ z foll[3--
    ,! fir/ is said to h be5 ,g$un grub 
pa 7o!rwise pron\nc$ ,g$un  dubpa74     
,probably he 0 ! nephew & *ief pupil ( !
 ,re=m] ,tsong  ,khapa4 ,x 0 he :o f\nd$
 ! mona/]y ( ,ta%i ,lunpo 9 #adde1 &  he
 is by "s !re=e call$ ! fir/ ,lma ( t   
mona/]y4 ,8  bir? is suppos$ to h       
occurr$ 9 #acia or #adai1 & 8 dea? 9    

#adgc or #adgf4 ,!n he 0 born aga9 aft] 
t5 mon?s z ,g$un ,gyam,thso  7or ,g$un  
,yamtso71 ! second ,gr& ,lma1 :o is held
 by "s to h  be5 ! real f\nd] ( !       
,avatra sy/em ( p]petual succession by  
re9c>nations4 ,he fill$ ! ,dalai ,lma   
,*air f #adgd or #adgf to #aedj  or     
#aedb4    ,! ?ird embodim5t took place 9
 #aedc1 & bore ! "n ,sod nam  ,gyam,thso
 7or ,sod nam ,yamtso71 #8sea ( virtue4'
 ,he 0 ! fir/ :o  really took ! half    
,mongolian title ( ,dalai ,lma4         
,moreov]1 he  lab\r$ h>d to spread      
,buddhism among ! ,mongolians1 & f\nd$ !
  fir/ ,great ,lma's ,*air 9 ,mongolia4 
,9 8 f\r? re-bir?1 ! ,dalai ,lma took ! 
"n ( ,yon ,jan ,yam  ,?so1 #8ocean (    
m]it1' & liv$ up to 8 #ad? ye> 7until   
#afjb7 9  ,mongolia1 :5 he mov$ to      
,lhssa4    ,! fif? ,dalai ,lma 0 ! great
 ,navang ,lobsang 7/rictly ,ngag d,bang 
b,lo b,sang71 #8wise speak] or eloqu5t  
sage1' :o is ! mo/ celebrat$  ( all4    
,accord+ to "s he 0 ! fir/ real ,dalai  
,lma1 ^? :o  prec$$ him be+ m]ely       

supreme ,lmas ( ! ,yell[ s*ool4 ,8 c>e] 
la/$ f #afag to #afhb4 ,he 0 a k9d (    
,lmi/ic ,innoc5t4 ,b 8  long m9ority l$ 
to political di/urbances4 ,9 ! end1     
,navang ,lobsang  ov]came all           
difficulties1 & z a sign t ! p[] ( a k+ 
(  ,tibet _h be5 made ov] to him1 built 
on "o summit ( ! triple hill  ,potala1  
:]e once ! royal ca/le _h /ood1 t       
palatial  mona/]y--t wond]ful ,lmi/ic   
,vatican--9 :i* he /ill resides 9  8    
cont9ual re-inc>nations 7see p4 #ccj74  
,inde$ ! successors ( ,tsong ,khapa _h  
good reason to be satisfi$  ) _!        
position at t "t4 ,!y _h ov]%ad[$ ! ,r$ 
sect1 or  r$uc$ x to comp>ative         
unimportance4 ,!y _h won ov] ,mongolia1 
:i* greatly aid$ !m 9 _! /ruggle =      
dom9ion4 ,mona/]y aft]  mona/]y arose   
!re4 ,! sacr$ books _h be5 translat$    
into !  ,mongolian language1 & ?\s&s (  
,mongolians came e ye> )  ri* pres5ts to
 wor%ip ! re-born ,lmas at ,lhssa1 or   
s5t _! sons  !re = education4    ,:5    
,navang ,lobsang di$1 8 dea? 0 conceal$ 

by ! ,reg5t1 &  great intrigu+ foll[$4  
,9 ! int]regnum two ,dalai ,lmas 7      
successively set up & depos$4 ,^! are n 
reckon$ 9 ! li/ (  legitimate ,dalai    
,lmas4    ,!n a *ild 0 *os51 :o _h all !
 signs ( be+ call$ to !  ,lma%ip4 ,?is 0
 ,lobsang ,kalsang ,yam?so2 he is       
reckon$ ! six?  ,dalai ,lma4 ,he di$ 9  
#ageh1 aft] ga9+ "s repute z a writ]4   
,! sev5? ,dalai ,lma 0 ,lobsang ,jampal 
7or ,*ampal7 ,yam?so1 :o is  believ$ to 
h di$ 9 ei!r #ahje or #ahjh4    ,! next 
0 ,lungtog ,yam,thso1 :o di$ a m]e      
infant 9 #ahae or #ahaf4 ,he  _h ?ree   
*ild-successors1 :o 7 all kill$ z m9ors 
by ! act+  ,reg5t4 ,! la/ *ild 0 made   
away ) 9 #ahcg4    ,if ^! ?ree *ildr5   
are reckon$1 ,ge ,mure ,yam,thso mu/ be 
reg>d$  z ! elev5? ,dalai ,lma4 ,he di$ 
9 #ahee4 ,! twelf? 0 born 9  #ahef1 &   
seems to h liv$ till #ahgd4    ,!       
discov]y ( ! pres5t ,dalai ,lma is ?us  
relat$ by ,s>at ,*&ra  ,ds4      ,aft] !
 dea? ( an inc>nate ,lma1 8 s\l is said 
ord9>ily to    rema9 9 ! spiritual _w = 

a space 7call$ ,b>do7 ( at lea/         
=ty-n9e days4 ,9 #ahge1 "o ye> aft] !   
demise ( ! late ,dalai    ,lma1 ,?9le   
,gya-t%o1 ! ,reg5cy & ! ,college (      
,c>d9als at    ,lhssa consult$ !        
celebrat$ oracle ( ,na*ung ,*hoskyong   
ab\t !    re-appe>ance ( ! ,dalai4 ,!   
oracle decl>$ t ! ,gr& ,lma    c\ld only
 be discov]$ by a monk ( ! pure/ morals4
 ,accord+ly    ! ,%>-tse ,khanpo ( !    
,galdan mona/]y1 :o 0 well kn[n =    8  
virtu\s "* & 8 pr(\nd k ( ! sacr$ books1
    proce$$ to ,*hoikhor ,gya1 :]e he   
sat 9 pr(\nd m$itation =    full sev5   
days4 ,on ! night ( ! la/ day he saw a  
vision1 9    :i* a voice f heav5 direct$
 him to g & see a miracul\s    sight 9 !
 ,ya-t%o lake ( ,*hoikhor ,gya4 ,awak+ f
 8 sleep1    ! ,khanpo w5t to ! lake1   
:]e 9 ! cry/al-l wat] he saw    !       
inc>nate ,gr& ,lma sitt+ 9 ! lap ( 8 "m 
& c>ess$    by 8 fa!r4 ,! h\se ) its    
furniture 0 also visible4 ,all on a     
sudd5 ?is mirage-l appe>ance disappe>$1 
& he he>d !    neigh+ ( a horse4 ,s mu* 

( 8 dream be+ fulfill$1 he    proce$$ on
 ! horse to ! prov9ce ( ,kong-po1 &1 on 
! way1 he    happ5$ to call at ! h\se ( 
a ri* & respectable family ( !          
di/rict ( ,tag-po4 ,"h he recogniz$ !   
h\se1 ! family1 & !    *ild he _h se5 9 
! lake1 & at once decl>$ t ! real end   
( 8 j\rney 0 obta9$4 ,on 8 report !     
,gov]nm5t (ficials    & ! ,college (    
,c>d9als1 head$ by ! ,reg5t1 visit$     
,tag-po &    escort$ ! infant ) its     
p>5ts 9 great pomp to ! palace (        
,rigyal ne> ,lhssa4 ,! pr9cely *ild 0   
only "o ye> old :5 he    0 discov]$4 ,he
 is n[ t51 & be>s ! "n ( ,nag-wang      
,lo-ssang    ,?ub-dan ,gya-t%o1 #8! "l (
 spee*1 & p[]ful ocean ( wisdom4'       
7,?is extract is abbreviat$47    ,a     
simil> li/ ( ! ,pan*5 ,lmas :o h reign$ 
at ,ta%i ,lunpo has  n be5 giv54 ,:5    
,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds 0 !re 9 ,augu/1    
#ahhb1  ! !n ,pan*5 ,lma di$ f grief 7s 
x 0 said7 because he _h  n be5 all[$ to 
consecrate ! "y ,dalai ,lma1 accord+ to 
previ\s cu/om4    ,! next important ,lma

 9 great ,tibet 7aft] ! ,dalai & ,pan*5 
,lmas7 is ! ,head ,lma or ,khanpo ( !   
mona/]y ( ,galdan  7,gahdan7--! olde/   
mona/]y ( ! ,yell[ sect1 f\nd$ 9 ! ye>  
#adji by ! re=m] ,tsong ,khapa 7see p4  
#bgh71 :o 0 ! fir/ ,abbot4  ,x once _h  
#h1jjj inhabitants4 ,! body ( ,tsong    
,khapa is said to be  !re visible1      
pres]v$ f corruption & miracul\sly pois$
 9 !  air4 ,pr9ts ( 8 h&s & feet & 8 b$ 
are also %[n to pilgrims  7see p4 #dda74
    ,b ! ,gr& ,lma ( ! ,yell[ s*ool :o  
comes next 9 rank to !  ,dalai & ,pan*5 
,lmas is ! ,head ( ! mona/]y ( ,kurun   
7also  writt5 ,kur57 or ,urga1 9 ! l& ( 
! ,khalkhas 9 ,mongolia4 ,8  p]petual   
re-inc>nation began 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 
,he is g5]ally  call$ by ! ,mongolians  
,maid>i or ,geg5 ,khutuktu1 b 8 prop]   
title  is ,je ,tsun ,dampa 7or ,tampa7  
,tran?a4 ,a ,tran?a ,lma 7born 9 #aege7 
complet$ a "w on ,buddhism 9 ! ,tibetan 
language 9 #afjh 7,m>kham's  ,tibet1    
xlviii74    ,!re is also a celebrat$    
,avatra ,lma at ,kuku khotun 9 ,t>t>y :o

 is  a p]petual re-inc>nation ( ,maju-r 
,khutuktu4    ,inde$ ,mongolia is a k9d 
( p>adise 9 :i* ! monks ( ,lmism enjoy  
p]5nial bliss1 = ! ,mongolians are      
simpl] & m full ( fai?  ?an ! ,tibetans4
    ,ano!r ,gr& ,lma is ! ,dh>ma-rja (  
,bhutn 7p4 #big71 & ano!r  ,great ,lma  
is at ,pek+ 9 ,*9a 7see p4 #bii74    ,z 
to ,ladk 7! capital ( :i* is ,le or     
,leh71 ?is is ! mo/  we/]n "p ( ,tibet t
 has adopt$ ,lmism4 ,aoka's mission     
p5etrat$ to ,ladk1 s t ! :ole l& 9 k+   
,kani%ka's "t  7t is1 9 ! fir/ c5tury7 0
 ,buddhi/ic4 ,moreov]1 ! ,buddhi/       
religion 7bo? ,r$ sect & ,yell[7 has    
ma9ta9$ itself !re until  n[1 :ile 9 !  
neighb\r+ c\ntries ( ,ka%mr1 ,kafir/n1 !
  ,panjb1 etc41 x has be5 displac$ by   
,brhmanism1 ,islm1 & ktism1  etc4 ,we h 
little k ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,ladk4 ,x  
has a  l>ge & anci5t mona/]y at ,lma    
,yurru1 ne> ! ,indus--9 :i* is an       
enorm\s image ( ! clov5-head$#acc       
,avalokitev>a--ano!r at  ,hemis1 & ano!r
 at ,hanle4 7,see ,cunn+ham's #8,ladk1' 

,mrs4 ,bridges'  #8,travels1' & p4 #dcc 
( ?is volume47    ,9 ,tangut1 all r\nd !
 blue lake 7,kuku ,nr71 ,lmi/ic         
,buddhism has  be5 ! e/abli%$ religion  
s9ce ! end ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,x  seems to 
h tak5 a great />t upw>ds 9 ! succe$+   
f\r  c5turies1 = x 0 9 ! prov9ce (      
,amdo1 z be=e m5tion$ 7p4  #bgg71 t !   
great ,re=m] comm5c$ 8 c>e]4 ,9 !       
,nor?-ea/]n  corn] close to ,*9a is !   
,lmas]y ( ,kunbum 7,kumbum71 :]e ,tsong 
,khapa 0 born4 ,:5 8 reputation         
increas$1 ,lmas f all p>ts made         
pilgrimages !re4 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds /ates t
 x is inhabit$ by  #i1jjj ,lmas ( !     
,yell[ sect4 ,koepp5 says t x has a     
,univ]sity  ) f\r ,faculties1 & an      
important pr9t+-press1 & t at !  head ( 
x is an inc>nat$ liv+ ,buddha4 ,! ,lmas 
f ,amdo are said  by ,koepp5 to be m    
highly-gift$1 intellig5t1 le>n$1 &      
religi\s  ?an ! monks ( o!r mona/]ies4  
,!y are intru/$ 9 ,lhssa )  ! mo/       
important (fices1 & are employ$ 9 !     
education ( !  infant repres5tatives (  

,buddha4 ,amdo is /ill almo/ a t]ra     
incognita4    ,pass+ on to ,nepl--?is   
c\ntry probably adopt$ ,buddhism be=e ! 
beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x is said t   
,aoka's mission>ies  f\nd _! way !re2 b 
!re is no pro( t ,buddhism really       
fl\ri%$ 9 ,nepl till ! sev5? c5tury1 &  
ev5 !n x nev]  exi/$ except 9           
conjunction ) ,brhmanism4 ,x is probable
 t  ,buddhi/ mona/]ies & ,brhmanical    
temples always adjo9$ ea* o!r4  ,inde$  
s9ce ! immigration ( ! ,h9ds into ,nepl1
 & especially  s9ce ! invasion ( !      
,gorkhas1 !re h always be5 two          
nationalities1 two languages1 two       
lit]atures1 two religions 9 contact  )  
ea* o!r4    ,9 rec5t times ,brhmanism   
has ga9$ ! pr$om9ance z !               
,/ate-religion1 & ,buddhism has         
deg5]at$1 ?\gh x is ev]y:]e  tol]at$4   
,x is a "q :e!r ! spiritual supremacy ( 
! ,tibetan ,gr&  ,lma has ev] be5       
ackn[l$g$ 9 ,nepl prop]4 ,b1 accord+ to 
"s1  ! ,dalai ,lma =m]ly _h a legate or 
repres5tative 9 ! l>ge/  & olde/        

,buddhi/ic temple ( ,khatm&u--! temple (
 ,svayambhu-n?1  :o is "h at once       
di-,buddha & iva4 ,! ,dalai ,lma also   
claim$ !  own]%ip ( ?is temple1 :i*1 he 
ma9ta9$1 _h be5 dep5d5t on  him f !     
e>lie/ times4 ,b x is c]ta9 t1 ev5 if ! 
,tibetan  ,legate ev] possess$ !        
au?ority arrogat$ by him1 he 0 compell$ 
by ! ,gorkhas to ab&on 8 claims4        
,nev]!less ! ,tibetan tribes  n[ 9 ,nepl
 /ill adh]e to ,buddhism4 ,! same may be
 said ( !  ,new>s1 :o are ! orig9al     
possessors ( ! great valley ( ,nepl4    
,!y pr(ess a k9d ( ,buddhism1 ?\gh !y   
reject ! ,lmas1 & h  prie/s ( _! own1   
:om !y call ,b&ya 7see note p4 #bfc74   
,) reg>d to ,bhutn 7capital t[n         
,punakha7 x is said to h become         
,buddhi/ ab\t #cej ye>s ago4 ,its       
spiritual rul] & inc>nat$ sa9t  is call$
 ,dh>ma-rja 7or ,lma ,r9po*e74 ,he      
belongs to ! ,r$-cap  s*ool1 & calls    
himself ,*ief ( all ! monks ( ! ,dugpa  
sect4 ,8  subord9ation to ! ,dalai ,lma 
is little m ?an nom9al4 ,!  temporal    

,gov]nor is call$ ,depa-rja 7,deb-rja74 
,! foll[+ titles engrav$ on !           
,dh>ma-rja's seal ( (fice w  give "s    
idea ( 8 pret5sions3--    #8,i am !     
,*ief ( ! realm4 ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?4     
,equal to ,s>asvat  9 le>n+4 ,*ief ( all
 ! ,buddhas4 ,head-exp\nd] ( ! /ras4    
,ca/] out ( devils4 ,mo/ le>n$ 9 ! holy 
,laws4 ,an ,avatr ( ,god4  ,absolv] (   
s9s4 ,head ( ! be/ ( all religions4'    
7,see ,dr4 ,wright's  ,nepl47    ,x is  
said t !re are ab\t #aj1jjj monks1 &    
ab\t #ej1jjj ,buddhi/  lay families 9   
,bhutn4 ,_m ( ! monks d n live 9        
mona/]ies1  b hold (fices "u !          
,gov]nm5t4    ,next1 z to ,sikkim--( :i*
 ,drjl+1 n[ ! ,sanit>ium ( ! ,b5gal     
,gov]nm5t1 once =m$ a "p4 ,?is is a     
small b\nd>y c\ntry betwe5  ,bhutn &    
,nepl4 ,x seems to h adopt$ ,buddhism   
ab\t ! same "t  z ,bhutn1 or p]haps a   
c5tury e>li]4 ,! ,lmas !re belong to !  
,dugpa ,r$ sect 7p4 #bfh74 ,! aborig9es1
 call$ ,lep*as1 ?\gh !y  v5]ate ! ,lmas1
 are really only half ,buddhi/s2 & _!   

prie/s1  call$ ,bijna 7,bhik%u87 begg>s1
 are half devil-exorci/s4 ,! olde/      
temple is t ( ,pemyang*i 7see p4 #dcb74 
,next come ! important  mona/]ies (     
,tassid+1 ,*anga*ell+1 ,raklang1 &      
,tamlung 7"o  resid5ce ( ! ,rja1 ! o!r  
be+ at ,*umbi 9 ,tibetan t]ritory74     
,!re is also "o ne> ,drjl+4    ,we ought
 f9ally to adv]t briefly to ,*9a &      
,japan4 ,x is notewor?y  t next 9 rank  
to ! ,mongolian ,gr& ,lma comes ! ,head 
,lma ( !  great mona/]y ( ,pek+1 :o     
repres5ts ,lmism 9 t c\ntry4  ,koepp5   
in=ms u t 9 ,*9a1 = at lea/ six         
c5turies1 !re h  be5 two classes (      
,buddhi/ monks side by side1 viz4 fir/1 
!  ,ho-%ang 7p4 #ib7 or ,*9ese monks1 :o
 _h become naturaliz$ 9 !  ye> #fe aft] 
,*ri/2 &1 secondly1 ! ,lmas4 ,^! two    
s*ools are  n di/+ui%$ s mu* by diff]5ce
 ( doctr9e & discipl9e1 z  by ! position
 !y hold 9 ! empire4 ,! ,ho-%ang are    
little m  ?an sep>ate frat]nities (     
monks1 tol]at$ by ! ,/ate4 ,!y h  no    
hi]>*ical organization1 & no bi%ops1 b  

ea* mona/]y /&s  indep5d5tly1 & has no  
sup]ior except its own ,abbot4    ,on ! 
o!r h&1 ! ,lmas con/itute 9 ,*9a a      
public organiz$  society1 ackn[l$g$ to a
 great ext5t & support$ by ! ,/ate1 &   
possess+ c]ta9 spiritual & temporal     
rights ov] p>ticul>  di/ricts4 ,x is    
said1 h[ev]1 t ! ,lmi/ic hi]>*y 9 ,*9a  
is  subord9at$ to ! ,gov]nm5t ,committee
 = =eign affairs4    ,x is fur!r /at$ t 
?ree great mona/]ies situat$ 9 or ne>   
,pek+ are exclusively res]v$ = !        
,tibetan & ,mongolian ,lmas1 &  t ( !   
?ree ,lmas :o preside ov] ^! ! *ief is !
  be=e-m5tion$ repres5tative ( ,lmism at
 ! ,gov]nm5t ,c\rt 7p4  #bie74    ,9    
,*9a prop]1 )9 ! eighte5 ,prov9ces1 !   
numb] ( ! ,lma  mona/]ies is said to be 
small1 & ^! are g5]ally to be f\nd 9  ! 
,prov9ces ne>e/ to ,tibet & ,mongolia4  
,z to ,japan1 x does n appe> t ! ,lmi/ic
 =m ( ,buddhism has  p5etrat$ into t    
c\ntry4 ,9 all probability ,buddhi/     
writ+s 7  introduc$ !re f ,corea ab\t   
,a4,d4 #eebacd1 b x is c]ta9 t          

,buddhism did n ga9 mu* asc5d5cy 9      
,japan till ! n9? c5tury1  & ev5 !n 0 n 
able to displace ei!r ,%9toism or       
,confucianism  & ! wor%ip ( deceas$     
ance/ors4 ,9 fact1 ,buddhism comm5d$    
itself to ! ,japanese1 z x did to ! p ( 
e c\ntry to  :i* x spread by its        
receptivity2 & j z 9 ,tibet1 x adapt$   
itself to ! ,%amanism :i* previ\sly     
exi/$ !re1 s 9 ,japan x  adopt$         
,%9toism1 & turn$ "s ( ! ,%9to deities  
into  ,bodhi-sattvas4 ,!n foll[$ !      
inevitable splitt+ up ( ,japanese       
,buddhism1 z ( all o!r religi\s sy/ems1 
?r\gh disagreem5ts &  divisions2 & 9 !  
?irte5? c5tury v>i\s sects 7 develop$4  
,z to ^!1 we ne$ only note t :ile "s    
sects adopt ! e>ly  ,a!i/ic & ,agno/ic  
=m ( ,buddhism ) its doctr9e ( ,nirva1  
! pr9cipal sect call$ ,%9 is decid$ly   
,!i/ic4    ,sir ,edw>d ,re$1 9 8 "w on  
,japan 7i4 #hd71 in=ms u t he met a     
le>n$ prie/ nam$ ,akamatz 9 company ) ! 
,ar*bi%op ( !  ,we/]n sect4 ,?is prie/'s
 acc\nt ( ! ,%9 sect co9cides ) !       

in=mation :i* ,i myself receiv$ f a     
le>n$ ,japanese prie/ at  ,ox=d4    ,x  
appe>s t ! memb]s ( ?is sect believe 9  
,amitbha ,buddha z a  ,be+ ( inf9ite    
light & goodness1 _! *ief pray]-=mula   
be+  ,namo ,amida 7= ,amita7 ,butsu1    
#8,rev]5ce to ! ,inf9ite ,buddha1' t  is
 to ,amitbha#ace4 ,!y place fai? 9 !    
love & m]cy ( ,amita  ,buddha1 or r 9 8 
read9ess to receive !m into 8 p>adise   
call$ ,sukhvat 7see pp4 #ahc1 #bjd74 ,at
 ! same "t !y are requir$  to lead moral
 lives1 & salvation is practically only 
obta9able  ?r\gh _! own works4 ,! monks 
are all[$ to m>ry & to eat fle%  & fi%4 
,_! doctr9es h _m po9ts ( contact )     
,*ri/ianity4 ,! late  ,mr4 ,kasaw>a (   
,japan1 :o belong$ to ?is sect & 0      
highly e/eem$  by all :o knew him 9     
,engl&1 said to a ,*ri/ian fri5d t #8x  
gave  him great pleasure to meet 9 !    
,gospels _m co9cid5ces ) !  aspirations 
( 8 own ,buddhi/ fai?1 & t he greatly   
admir$ !  idea ( ! ,*ri/ z ! concrete   
expression ( ! ,inscrutable ,ess5ce  9  

its tw(old =m ( inf9ite ,light & inf9ite
 ,love4'    ,ano!r well kn[n sect call$ 
,ni*ir5 0 f\nd$ by a celebrat$  /ud5t & 
tea*] nam$ ,ni*ir54 ,! ,ni*ir5s h be5   
call$ !  ,me?odi/s or ,revivali/s (     
,japan4 ,!y are v /rict1 & e/eem !  book
 ( ! ,law z ! highe/ object ( v5]ation4 
,_! pray] is to  ! foll[+               
effect3--#8,glory be to ! salvation-br++
 book ( !  ,law6'    ,d\btless ,japan   
once _h a peculi> hi]>*ical organization
 ( its  own1 :i* crumbl$ away n long    
ago1 & ne$ n n[ be describ$4  ,ev5 9 !  
pres5t day ea* sect may h its lead] or  
,head1 :o  ex]cises a k9d ( episcopal   
sup]9t5d5ce l t ( a ,bi%op or           
,ar*bi%op4    ,we h already m5tion$ 7p4 
#bjj7 t a female =m ( ,avalokitev>a  is 
wor%ipp$ 9 ,japan & ,*9a z ! goddess (  
m]cy4 ,h] "n 9  ,*9a is ,kwan-y91 & 9   
,japan ,kwan-non2 & %e is repres5t$ z   
possess+ any numb] ( eyes & arms up to a
 ?\s&1 & sometimes  ?ree faces4    ,9   
conclud+ ?is ,lecture we may note t     
,russia is ! only ,european  c\ntry to  

:i* ,lmi/ic ,buddhism has hi!rto        
p5etrat$4 ,!re are  adh]5ts ( ! ,dalai  
,lma among ! ,burat 7,buryad7 tribes on 
!  ,baikal ,lake1 & among ! ,kalmuks on 
! ,volga4 ,koepp5 in=ms u t  ! *ief     
temple & mona/]y ( ! =m] is on a lake   
?irty v]/s  to ! ,nor?-we/ ( ,sel5g9sk1 
& t ! presid+ monk is call$  ! ,khanpo  
,paita & claims to be an ,avatra ,lma4  
,! ,*ief ,lma (  ! latt] is said to be  
appo9t$ by ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t4        
,hi]>*ical ,buddhism naturally leads u  
on to ! subject ( c]emonial  ,buddhism1 
:i* mu/ be res]v$ = ! next ,lecture4    
,,lecture ,,xii4                        
,c]emonial & ,rituali/ic ,buddhism4     
,hav+ 9 ! la/ ,lecture describ$ ! mann] 
9 :i* hi]>*ical  sy/ems 7 e/abli%$ 9    
v>i\s ,buddhi/ c\ntries1 we are         
naturally  l$ on to consid] 9 ! pres5t  
,lecture ! developm5t ( :at may be      
call$ #8,c]emonial & ,rituali/ic        
,buddhism'2 = no hi]>*y c  ma9ta9 its   
hold ov] ! masses any:]e )\t ! aid (    
outw>d  manife/ations1 rites1 c]emonies1

 & appeals to ! s5ses4    ,e>ly         
,buddhism 01 z we h already %[n1        
vehem5tly oppos$1 n  only to all        
sac]dotalism1 b to all m]ely ext]nal    
rituali/ic &  c]emonial obs]vances4 ,x  
swept away ! :ole ,v$ic ritual--! :ole  
sacrificial sy/em ( ! ,brhmans2 x       
reject$ all p5it5tial  au/]ities &      
pa9ful bodily mortifications2 x d5\nc$ e
 =m  ( sup]/ition1 idolatry1 &          
prie/craft2 x ma9ta9$ t to lead a  life 
( purity & high morality 0 bett] ?an all
 ! =ms &  c]emonies ( religion4    ,b ! 
v vehem5ce ( its opposition t5d$ to br+ 
ab\t a  reaction4 ,inde$1 ! hi/ory ( all
 religi\s movem5ts proves t !  tea*+ (  
extreme doctr9es ( any k9d is almo/     
inv>iably foll[$  by a ,nemesis1 ?\gh ! 
tea*] ( !m may himself n live to see x4 
,at ! outset a re=m] ( ! ultra type is  
sure to ga9 adh]5ts by  8 en?usiasm &   
e>ne/ness1 z well z by 8 ard\r 9        
condemn+  abuses1 b a "t is almo/ c]ta9 
to come :5 8 foll[]s w  !mselves lapse  
into ! id5tical practices :i* x 0 8     

great  object to d5\nce4    ,at all     
ev5ts1 x is well kn[n t 9 ! pres5t day !
 ,buddha's  foll[]s h inv5t$ a mass (   
complicat$ =ms & c]emonies  :olly out ( 
keep+ & incompatible ) ! pur] & simpl]  
sy/em  :i* he himself s\ght to e/abli%4 
,9 po9t ( fact ! ,buddha 9 promulgat+ 8 
cre$ did n take into  acc\nt !          
impossibility ( eradicat+ c]ta9         
deep-seat$ crav+s  inh]5t 9 human       
nature1 :i* e religion aim+ at g5]al    
acceptance mu/ reckon ) & satisfy3--=   
example1 ! crav+ =  ! visible1 = !      
audible1 & = ! tangible2 ! crav+ = "s   
concrete imp]sonation ( inf9ite goodness
 & p[]2 ! crav+ =  fre$om f p]sonal     
responsibility & = its transf]5ce to a  
prie/hood2 ! crav+ = deliv]ance f ! pa9s
 & p5alties (  s92 ! crav+ = an         
infallible guide 9 all matt]s ( fai? &  
doctr9e4    ,lat] ,buddhism1 on ! o!r   
h&1 set itself to satisfy ^!  long+s--^!
 in]adicable ye>n+s ( ! human he>t4 ,x  
felt t  x c\ld n e/abli% itself on a    
firm f\ndation )\t hi]>*ical            

organizations1 & x c\ld n ma9ta9 ^! )\t 
ext]nal =ms1  c]emonies1 & ritual       
obs]vances4 ,x !re=e turn$ ! simple     
mona/ic bro!rhood into a ca/e ( prie/s1 
& x attract$ &  gratifi$ ! s5ses (      
un?9k+ multitudes by a great v>iety (   
religi\s rites1 usages1 & symbols1 _m ( 
:i* are q unique1  :ile ne>ly all are   
accompani$ ) sup]/iti\s practices imply+
  an am\nt ( ignorance & cr$ulity on !  
"p ( ! p1 q  unp>allel$4    ,?is corrupt
 phase ( ,buddhism is especially dom9ant
 9 ,tibet1  ,mongolia1 & ,nor!rn        
c\ntries4 ,9 real tru? x might be       
affirm$ (  e ,buddhi/ 9 ,tibet t        
religi\s sup]/ition col\rs all 8        
?\ghts1 words1 & de$s4 ,x is int]wov5 ) 
! tissue ( 8  daily life1 & is "p &     
p>cel ( 8 worldly occupations4 ,x is    
equally "p & p>cel ( ! national life1 & 
ent]s into e  ,gov]nm5t transaction4    
,fur!rmore1 x is fo/]$ by art & sci5ce1 
& m9i/]$ to by pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,nay1 
x is /amp$ on  ,nature itself4 ,x is    
impress$ on rocks1 /ones1 & trees4 ,x   

f9ds its  way to ! summit ( sn[-clad    
m\nta9s1 to ! recesses (  inaccessible  
rav9es1 & to ! extremities ( remote     
des]ts4    ,to cr[n all1 x might be     
affirm$ t 9 ,tibet religi\s sup]/ition  
goes on by ma*9]y1 q indep5d5tly ( !    
human w4 ,x is kept  9 cont9ual         
activity1 night & day1 by ! flapp+ (    
flags1 & by  ! revolution ( innum]able  
:eels & cyl9d]s1 :i* are act$ on  by !  
=ces ( w9d & wat]4    ,x may easily1    
!re=e1 be imag9$ t to give an exhau/ive 
acc\nt  ( all ! c]emonies & sup]/iti\s  
practices ( ,tibetan1 or1 z x  may be   
call$1 ,lmi/ic ,buddhism1 w\ld require !
 comm& ( unlimit$  "t4 ,!y h be5 treat$ 
( by ,koepp5 9 8 second volume1 & by    
,s*lag9tweit 9 8 #8,buddhism 9 ,tibet1' 
& h be5 illu/rat$ by  descriptions 9    
,huc's travels#acf1 9 ,m>kham's acc\nt (
 ! travels  ( ,bogle1 ,turn]1 & ,mann+1 
& 9 ! rec5t n>rative ( ,mr4 ,s>at  ,*&ra
 ,ds' ,j\rney4 ,all ,i c attempt is to  
give a concise acc\nt (  "s ( ! *ief    
,lmi/ic obs]vances1 tak+ ! books j nam$ 

z  my au?orities1 & add+ :atev]         
in=mation ,i h be5 able to  collect     
myself f o!r s\rces1 :ile travell+ 9    
,buddhi/  c\ntries4    ,we mu/1 h[ev]1  
gu>d aga9/ ! notion t c]emonial         
obs]vances  are conf9$ to ,tibet &      
,nor!rn regions4 ,!y are n[ m or less   
preval5t 9 ,burma & ,ceylon1 :i* h      
adopt$ mu* ( ! ,mah-yna  sy/em1 & to ^! 
c\ntries we mu/ give our fir/ att5tion4 
,ev5  ! c]emonies n[ obs]v$ at !        
reception ( novices & monks 9  ,burma & 
,ceylon are less simple ?an ! e>ly      
admission-=ms already  describ$ 7pp4    
#gg1 #gh1 #bef74    ,( c\rse e novice   
has to cut (f 8 hair4 ,he does ?is to   
prove  t he is ready to give up ! mo/   
beautiful & highly-priz$ ( all  8       
p]sonal ornam5ts = ! sake ( a religi\s  
life4    ,b o!r =ms h to be gone ?r\gh 9
 ! pres5t day1 & ,i n[  give an acc\nt (
 ! admission-c]emony ( a novice--z p]=m$
 9  ,burma--bas$ on ! description 9 !   
?ird *apt] ( ,%way ,yoe's  int]e/+      
volume call$ #8! ,burman#acg4'    ,x is 

well und]/ood t1 accord+ to ! /rict     
lett] ( ! law  7p4 #gg ( ! pres5t       
,lectures71 a boy ought n to be admitt$ 
to !  novitiate until he is fifte51 b 9 
mod]n times1 ! admission (t5  takes     
place at twelve or ev5 elev5 ye>s ( age1
 ! belief be+ t  until a boy is s       
admitt$ he _c claim to be m ?an an      
animal4    ,! fir/ po9t to be not$ is t 
8 admission involves ! dropp+  ( 8      
secul> "n1 & ! receiv+ ( ano!r title to 
m>k t x  is !n possible = him to escape 
! suff]+ ( life4 ,z he is sure  to h be5
 a s*ol> or pupil 9 a mona/]y 7,ky\ng7  
be=e apply+  to be admitt$ z a novice1  
he has le>nt be=eh& all ! =ms (  wor%ip 
& mu* t w be requir$ ( him dur+ 8       
mona/ic life2  = in/ance1 t he is to    
address s5ior monks 9 a p>ticul> mann]  
& to wait ^u !m respectfully2 t he is to
 walk ?r\gh !  /reets keep+ 8 eyes fix$ 
on ! gr\nd1 )\t gaz+ ab\t1 ev5  if he h 
to pass a pageant or attractive         
spectacle ( any k9d2 t  he is to we> 8  
g>m5ts 9 ! prescrib$ fa%ion2 t he is to 

eat  ) mod]ation & dignity4    ,on ! day
 appo9t$ = ! induction-c]emony1 ! "y    
neophyte  dresses 9 8 gaye/ clo!s1 &    
m\nt$ on a pony1 passes at a foot's     
pace ?r\gh ! t[n or village4 ,a b& (    
music goes be=e him1 &  all 8 fri5ds    
dress$ 9 _! be/ g>m5ts1 foll[ 9 a cr[d1 
!  "y m5 danc+ & s++1 ! girls smil+ &   
laugh+4 ,?us he  proce$s 9 procession to
 ! h\ses ( 8 relations1 to bid !m       
f>ewell4 ,( c\rse ! introductory        
obs]vance is int5d$ z a k9d (  dramatic 
imitation ( ,gautama ,buddha's celebrat$
 ab&onm5t ( 8 own  family & worldly     
associates1 call$ ! ,mahbh9i%kramaa1 #8!
 great  go+ =? f home' 7see p4 #bh ( ?is
 volume74 ,:5 ! r\nd (  visits is f9i%$1
 ! w\ld-be novice turns back ) all 8    
companions to 8 p>5ts' h\se4 ,!re he    
f9ds a l>ge numb] (  p]sons assembl$1 & 
among !m ! ,head ( ! mona/]y1 )  sev]al 
( 8 bro!r monks4 ,^! are seat$ on a     
rais$ dais 9 front  ( :i* are ! (f]+s   
int5d$ = pres5tation to !m1 consi/+  (  
fruit1 cook$ food1 yell[ clo?1 etc4     

,! monks 7#8,talapo9s'7 seat$ 9 a r[1   
c>efully hold up _! l>ge  fan-l scre5s  
to %ut out ! female portion ( !         
assemblage f  _! view4 ,portions ( !    
,v9aya 7p4 #fb ( ?is volume7 are !n     
recit$1 aft] :i* ! w\ld-be novice is    
made to ?r[ (f all 8  f9e clo!s & b9d a 
piece ( :ite clo? r\nd 8 lo9s4 ,!n 8    
hair is cut (f close1 & 8 head is       
c>efully %av$ & wa%$4 ,next  he is tak5 
to a ba?1 & aft] imm]sion 9 pure wat]1  
is br\ght  once m1 p>tially clo!d1 be=e 
! assembl$ monks4 ,pro/rat+  himself    
?ree times be=e !m1 he raises 8 h&s 9   
rev]5ce1 &1  us+ ! regul> ,pli =m (     
words1 asks to be admitt$ to ! holy     
bro!rhood4 ,^u t ! ,head ( ! mona/]y    
pres5ts him ) !  yell[ mona/ic g>m5ts4  
,^! are duly put on1 & ! m5dicant's  b[l
 is hung r\nd 8 neck4 ,! c]emony        
concludes by ! =mal  ann\ncem5t ( 8 hav+
 become a memb] ( ! mona/]y4    ,!      
pres5t admission-c]emony 9 ,ceylon      
appe>s to be ( a simpl]  "*4 ,9 fact x  
diff]s little f ! anci5t =m4 ,^? boys   

:o are de/9$ = ! novitiate usually beg9 
_! connexion )  ! mona/]y to :i* !y     
int5d to belong by fir/ becom+ pupils 9 
! mona/]y-s*ool4 ,! devotion ( !        
monkhood to ! education (  m]e boys 0   
p]haps "o ( ! be/ results ( ! progress &
  developm5t ( ,buddhism4 ,9 mona/]ies1 
all boys may le>n to read &  write#ach4 
,!re also !y ga9 "s exp]i5ce ( mona/ic  
duties &  requirem5ts1 s t :5 ! "t comes
 = any pupil to ent] !  novitiate1 8    
prep>$ness is tak5 = grant$4 ,he m]ely  
makes kn[n  8 int5tion to a sup]ior or  
s5ior monk4 ,!n hav+ %av$ 8 head1  &    
und]gone ! c]emony ( ba?+1 ! applicant1 
:o has furni%$  himself ) ! prop] yell[ 
robes1 pres5ts !m to ! sup]ior  monk1 & 
reque/s to be all[$ to receive !m aga9 t
 he may  become a novice4 ,next1 on 8   
recit+ ! ?ree-refuge =mul>y1 &  ! t5    
prohibitions1 he is p]mitt$ to take back
 ! monki% g>m5ts  & to put !m on4 ,he is
 !n =mally admitt$1 & 8 admission       
ann\nc$ to ! o!r memb]s ( ! mona/]y     
7,h>dy's ,ea/]n  ,mona*ism1 p4 #bc74 ,x 

may be not$ t ! monki% g>m5ts d n       
include a head-cov]+ z 9 ,nor!rn        
c\ntries4    ,z to ! c]emony ( admission
 to ! full monkhood1 x diff]s s  little 
f ! anci5t rite 7describ$ at p4 #gi71 t 
no fur!r  description ne$ "h be giv54   
,) reg>d to ! religi\s s]vices p]=m$ 9 !
 mona/ic  in/itutions ( mod]n times1 !y 
are1 ( c\rse1 a great advance on  !     
simple =mul>ies us$ 9 e>ly days1 be=e ! 
e/abli%m5t &  organization ( l>ge       
mona/]ies4    ,! e>li] & pur] ,buddhism1
 z we h se51 _h only "o religi\s  =mula1
 & t 0 a simple expression ( v5]ation = 
! ?ree  jewels--! ,buddha1 8 ,law1 & 8  
,ord] ( ,monks 7p4 #gh74    ,any =m (   
wor%ip 0 altoge!r out ( place1 if n a   
m]e mock]y1  :5 !re 0 no supreme ,be+ to
 wor%ip2 :5 ! ,buddha himself1 :o  nev] 
claim$ to be m ?an a p]fect$ man1 _h    
pass$ away into  non-exi/5ce1 & :5 all t
 he left beh9d 0 ! great ideal (  8 own 
memory1 to be v5]at$ & imitat$4    ,:51 
h[ev]1 mona/ic e/abli%m5ts 7 organiz$ & 
! doctr9e  became develop$1 a great     

developm5t ( wor%ip took place4    ,to  
illu/rate ?is ,i submit a description ( 
daily life 9 a ,burmese  mona/]y1 bas$  
on ! in=mation giv5 by ,%way ,yoe 7p4   
#cjg71 &  (t5 us+ 8 words4    ,x appe>s 
t e mona/ic community 9 ,burma is r\s$ a
 little  be=e daylight by ! s\nd ( a big
 bell1 beat5 ) a wood5 mallet4  ,ea*    
monk has !n to rise1 r9se out 8 m\?1 wa%
 8 h&s &  face1 arrange 8 dress 7! same 
9 :i* he has slept all night7 &  recite 
a few =mul>ies1 among :i* is "o to !    
foll[+  effect3--#8,h[ great a fav\r has
 ! ,"l ,buddha be/[$ ^u me 9  manife/+  
to me 8 law1 ?r\gh ! obs]vance ( :i* ,i 
may escape  ! purgatorial p5alties (    
hell & secure salvation6' ,all ! memb]s 
( ! frat]nity !n /ation !mselves be=e ! 
image ( !  ,buddha1 ) ! ,abbot at _!    
head1 & ! re/ ( ! bro!rhood1  full      
monks1 novices & s*ol>s1 accord+ to _!  
ord]4 ,?is done1  !y proce$ to intone ! 
morn+ s]vice4 ,at its conclusion ea*    
/&s be=e ! ,head ( ! mona/]y1 & pl$ges  
himself to obs]ve  dur+ ! day all !     

rules & precepts incumb5t ^u him4 ,!y !n
  sep>ate--! pupils & novices to sweep !
 floor ( ! mona/]y1  br+ dr9k+ wat]1    
filt] x1 etc41 ! m advanc$ novices &    
full monks to t5d ! sacr$ trees2 ! eld]s
 to m$itate 9 solitude  on ! mis]ies (  
life1 su* m$itation be+ beyond all o!r  
actions  m]itori\s4 ,"s ga!r fl[]s & (f]
 !m be=e ! relic-%r9e  7,dgaba74    ,!n 
comes a repa/1 prec$$ by a grace to !   
effect t ! food is  eat5 to satisfy     
bodily wants1 n to please ! appetite2 t 
g>m5ts  are us$ to cov] nak$ness1 n =   
vanity2 t heal? is desir$ to  give /r5g?
 = ! p]=mance ( religi\s wor%ip &       
m$itation4  ,aft] ! meal1 all devote    
!mselves to /udy or to tea*+4 ,!n       
arrang+ !mselves 9 file1 !y set out ) ! 
,abbot at _! head  to receive _! food 7n
 beg74 ,sil5tly !y move on ?r\gh !      
/reets1 fix+ _! eyes /eadily on ! gr\nd 
six feet be=e !m1  m$itat+ on ! vanity &
 mutability ( all ?+s1 & only halt+  :5 
a layman em]ges f "s door to p\r 8      
contribution ( rice or  fruit or        

vegetables into _! alms-b[ls4 ,! gift   
receiv$1 n a ^w  or a syllable ( ?anks  
is utt]$2 = is x n ! receiv]s :o  conf] 
! fav\r & n ! giv]s8 ,9 ?is way !y      
circle back to  ! mona/]y4    ,on _!    
return f _! p]ambulation a portion ( !  
food is  (f]$ to ! ,buddha1 & !n all    
proce$ to eat ! rema9d]1  consi/+ p]haps
 ( cook$ rice1 boil$ peas1 fi%1         
cocoa-nut cakes1  cucumb]s1 or ev5      
curri$ fle% & f[l1 usually wrapp$       
sep>ately 9  planta9-leaves4 ,next !    
b[ls are wa%$1 & a few hymns are *ant$  
be=e ! ,buddha's image4 ,dur+ ! succe$+ 
h\r ! boy-s*ol>s  are all[$ to play     
ab\t1 :ile ! monks pass _! "t 9         
conv]sation1 & ! ,abbot receives p :o   
come to pay _!  respects4 ,all visitors 
pro/rate !mselves be=e him ?ree times1  
once  = ! ,buddha1 once = ! ,law1 & once
 = ! ,monkhood4 ,! ,abbot  9 return     
says3 #8,may ! support]' 7s he calls all
 laym52 comp>e p4  #hi71 #8z a rew>d =  
m]it1 be fre$ f ! ?ree calamities 7( w>1
  pe/il5ce1 & fam9e76' ,at ab\t half-pa/

 elev5 ! la/ regul>  meal ( ! day is    
eat54 ,monks are =bidd5 to eat aft]     
noon4 ,:5  ! mid-day meal is ov]1 all   
return to "w4 ,"s und]take !  tea*+ ( ! 
boy-s*ol>s4 ,o!rs read ! texts ( !      
,tri-piaka  ) _! comm5t>ies1 or sup]9t5d
 ! writ]s :o are copy+  manuscripts4 ,"s
 ( ! old] memb]s ( ! mona/]y talk ) !   
idl]s1 :o are to be f\nd l\ng+ ab\t !   
prec9cts1 & "s s9k  into deep m$itation1
 :i* probably ends 9 deep sleep4    ,yet
 ?is pr(\nd m$itation is believ$ to be  
all important1 = is x  n ! pa? to       
,arhat%ip1 to ,nirva1 & to ! acquisition
 (  sup]natural faculties 7see p4 #bde78
 ,o!r monks tell ! beads ( _!  ros>ies &
 repeat ! prescrib$ =mul>ies1 su* z3    
#8,all is  *angeful1 all is sorr[ful1   
all is unreal1' foll[$ by invocations to
  ! ?ree holies 7see p4 #age74 ,betwe5  
?ree & f\r o'clock !  lessons are f9i%$1
 & ! s*ol>s p]=m any dome/ic duties     
requir$ 9 ! mona/]y4 ,?is is ! *ief     
return = ! tea*+  !y receive4 ,!n mo/ ( 
! pupils g to _! own homes = d9n]4  ,z  

to ! y\?ful novices or junior monks1 ^! 
are all oblig$ to  fa/ l ! full monks4  
,_m ( !m g out ) "s ( ! s5ior  monks = a
 solemn walk4 ,!n at sunset ! f>-rea*+  
notes ( !  bell summon ! walk]s back to 
! mona/]y4 ,all mu/ be )9 !  walls be=e 
! sun goes d[n4 ,! day's duties n[ draw 
to a close4  ,! boy-pupils are made to  
repeat all !y h le>n$ dur+ ! day1  & "s 
( ! ,pli rituals are *ant$ #8) spasmodic
 en]gy4' ,at  half-pa/ eight or n9e !re 
are fur!r recitations be=e ! image  ( ! 
,buddha4 ,all assemble1 z 9 ! morn+1 &  
toge!r intone !  hymns4 ,:5 ! la/ s\nd (
 ! *ant has di$ away1 "o ( !  novices   
/&s up & proclaims ! h\r1 day ( ! week1 
day ( !  mon?1 & numb] ( ! ye>4 ,!n all 
b[ be=e ! ,buddha's image1  & ?rice be=e
 ! ,head ( ! mona/]y1 & retire to re/   
7see  ,%way ,yoe's #8,burman'74    ,x is
 notewor?y t sev]e asceticism & pa9ful  
au/]ities--z  practis$ among ! ,h9ds f !
 e>lie/ times up to ! pres5t day        
7describ$ at pp4 #bbh-bcj ( ?is         
volume7--=m no "p ( ! duties (  ,buddhi/

 monks2 = ,buddhism has nev] sanction$  
bodily torture1 z  ,brhmanism has done4 
,we n[ pass on to a description ( !     
obs]vances usual dur+ !  p]iod ( ,vassa 
7see pp4 #hb-hd74    ,mr4 ,dickson has  
giv5 u "s valuable notes on ! me?od (   
keep+  ?is season 9 ,ceylon1 & ,i v5ture
 to f\nd a %ort n>rative on !  in=mation
 he has communicat$#aci4    ,x seems t !
 villag]s ( ,ceylon e/eem x a privilege 
& a "w  ( great m]it to s5d = "o or two 
monk-prie/s f a mona/]y &  to m9i/] to  
_! wants1 z well z li/5 to _! prea*+ &  
recitations dur+ ,vassa4    ,! season   
beg9s on ! fifte5? day ( ! eigh? mon?2 t
 is1 on  ! day ( full moon 9 ! mon?     
,a%ha 7,june1 ,july74 ,sometimes two or 
?ree villages jo9 9 invit+ a monk-prie/ 
to live ) !m = !  :ole ?ree mon?s4 ,!y  
prep>e a *amb] = 8 sleep+               
accommodation1 a room = 8 meals1 a      
tempor>y *apel = !  reception ( !       
,buddha's image1 ( ! relic-casket & ( ! 
sacr$  books1 & a place 9 :i* he c      
recite ! law & expla9 x4    ,on ! fir/  

day ( ,vassa ! villag]s put on _!       
holiday dresses1  & set (f ) music1     
danc]s1 s+]s1 & flags = ! mona/]y1  :]e 
! prie/1 :om !y desire to invite1       
resides4 ,!nce !y  conduct him 9        
procession to _! homes4 ,8 fir/ act1    
aft] 8  arrival1 is to set up ! image & 
arrange ! relic-casket & books4  ,an    
alt> is plac$ 9 front ( ! image1 & on   
?is ! p proce$  to make _! (f]+s ( fl[]s
 & p]fumes4 ,next e villag]  contributes
 some?+ = ! prie/'s food1 su* z tea1    
sug>1  honeycomb1 orange-juice1 & ! l4  
,! prie/1 9 return1 pron\nces  a        
b5$iction1 & says3--#8,by virtue ( ?is  
fir/ (f]+ made = !  sake ( ! ,buddha1 :o
 is l unto ! sun ( gods & m51 & by      
virtue ( ?is second (f]+ made to !      
monkhood1 :i* is l a  field ( m]it1 may 
y h5ce=? be deliv]$ f ! evils ( bir?  9 
! place ( torm5t1 9 ! _w ( bea/s1 9 ! _w
 ( gho/s1  & 9 ! _w ( demons1 & inh]it !
 bliss ( ^? :o asc5d  & desc5d ?r\gh !  
worlds ( gods till y are born aga9 9 !  
_w ( m5 7see p4 #ba76'    ,!n !         

monk-prie/ proce$s to ! prea*+-*amb]1 9 
! middle (  :i* is a *air ) a cu%ion4   
,he takes 8 seat1 &1 hold+ a  scre5 be=e
 8 face to prev5t 8 att5tion be+        
di/ract$1  comm5ces 8 recitations4 ,! p 
sit on ! floor--! m5 on "o  side1 ! wom5
 & *ildr5 on ! o!r4 ,fir/ he repeats !  
?ree-refuge =mula 7p4 #gh7 & ! five     
prohibitions 7p4 #abf71 !  p repeat+    
aft] him4 ,next he recites "s fav\rite  
passage f  ! disc\rses ( ,buddha1 ! "o  
g5]ally select$ be+ !  ,nidhi-ka ,sutta 
7see p4 #abi74 ,if any li/5] int]poses a
 rem>k1 or  h9ts t he does n und]/&1 !  
prie/ expla9s ! mean+4 ,!  p !n make    
obeisance & dep>t4    ,! monk-prie/ next
 repeats to himself ! appo9t$ ,pirit = !
  fir/ day ( ,vassa--namely1 !          
,magala-sutta1 ,ratna-sutta1 &          
,k>aya-metta-sutta 7see p4 #cah71 aft]  
:i* he retires to re/ = a  few h\rs4    
,ris+ be=e daybreak1 he m$itates on !   
virtues (  ,buddha1 on goodwill t[>ds   
all liv+ be+s1 on ! impurities ( !      
body1 & on dea?1 walk+ up & d[n 9 8 own 

*amb]1 or 9 any  place suitable =       
p]ambulation4 ,next he goes to !        
tempor>y *apel1  & pro/rat+ himself be=e
 ! %r9e1 says1 #8,i wor%ip cont9ually   
all ! relic-%r9es1 ! sacr$ ,bodhi-tree1 
& ! images ( ,buddha4  ,i rev]5ce ! ?ree
 jewels' 7see p4 #age74 ,he !n arranges 
8  (f]+ ( fl[]s1 & places ^! ) a small  
portion ( 8  morn+ meal on ! alt>4 ,8   
meal be+ conclud$1 he tea*es !  *ildr5 (
 ! villag]s1 or he prep>es = ! mid-day &
 ev5+  prea*+ 7baa74    ,^! prea*+s are 
g5]ally well att5d$1 especially on ! f\r
  ,poya days 7p4 #beg74 ,on ! new-moon &
 full-moon days1 ! prie/ mu/  g to !    
ne>e/ mona/]y & jo9 9 ! ,ptimokkha 7see 
p4 #hd72 &  on ! full-moon day1 :i*     
t]m9ates ! ?ree mon?s ( ,vassa1 he  mu/ 
g !re aga9 z be=e1 b on t occasion1     
address+ !  assembl$ monks1 he mu/      
say3--#8,v5]able ,sirs1 ,i h duly f9i%$ 
!  ,vassa2 if y h any d\bt ab\t x1      
speak1 & tell me 9 :at ,i h  err$4' ,if 
no "o speaks he is held to h fulfill$ 8 
duties  faultlessly4 ,!n return+ & tak+ 

) him a second prie/1 ! two  toge!r p]=m
 ! ,rtri-baa or mid-night s]vice1 :i*   
concludes  ! c]emonies ( ,vassa4 ,two   
pulpits1 made ( f\r upright po/s1       
support+ small plat=ms1 are erect$1 & ! 
p f !  neighb\r+ villages1 dress$ 9 _!  
holiday attire1 att5d 9 l>ge  numb]s4   
,^! nocturnal recitations are commonly  
cont9u$ = ab\t  five h\rs4    ,"s acc\nt
 %\ld next be giv5 ( ! c]emony call$    
,pirit1 :i* is  p]=m$ 9 ,ceylon & ,burma
 dur+ ,vassa1 & also at o!r times4 ,!   
"n ,pirit is corrupt$ f ! ,pli p>itta1  
:i* aga9 is suppos$  to be connect$ )   
,sanskx p>itr or p>itra1                
#8protection#adj4'  ,we mu/ premise t   
?is c]emony _h its orig9 9 ! fe> ( evil 
spirits & demons ev]y:]e preval5t 9 !   
,ea/ 7see p4 #bah72 b x  mu/ be borne 9 
m9d t ,buddhism recognizes no ord] (    
be+s1  call$ demons1 creat$ by ,god1 &  
et]nally sep>ate 9 nature f  m54        
,demons are be+s :o are reg>d$ z creat$ 
by m51 r ?an by  ,god2 = !y may h be5 m5
 9 _! la/ /ate ( exi/5ce & may  become  

m5 aga9 7see p4 #abb74 ,!y are1 h[ev]1  
repres5t$ z  *]i%+ spiteful & malevol5t 
feel+s aga9/ ! sup]ior race to  :i* !y  
once belong$2 & all k9ds ( safegu>ds &  
c\nt]act+  influ5ces are ?\ght to be    
ne$$ to protect human be+s f _!         
malignity4    ,?is is q 9 keep+ ) ! ,h9d
 !ory1 :i* holds t :5 a  man addict$ to 
any p>ticul> vice dies1 8 evil nature   
nev] dies1  b assumes ano!r p]sonality &
 lives aft] him z a demon4 ,& ?is       
applies equally to wom51 s t ! result+  
demons may be ( ei!r  sex1 & ! female is
 held to be m spiteful ?an ! male4    ,!
 mo/ effective ( all safegu>ds aga9/ !  
ma*9ations ( su*  malignant be+s1 is    
believ$ to be ! recitation or inton+ ( !
  ,buddha's ,law1 & especially ( !      
,sutta 7,stra7 division ( x already     
describ$ 7p4 #fb74 ,& ( ?is division !re
 are *oice  portions--tw5ty-n9e 9       
numb]#ada--suppos$ to possess great]    
prophylactic pot5cy ?an o!r portions4   
,collectively1 !y con/itute  :at is     
call$ ! ,pirit1 & ( ^!1 ?ree are mo/    

commonly  recit$3--! ,magala-sutta1 !   
,ratna-sutta1 & !  ,k>aya-metta-sutta4  
,"p ( ! fir/ ( ^! has be5 already giv5  
7at p4 #abi ( ?is volume74    ,"p ( !   
second or #8,jewel' ,sutta 7translat$ by
 ,*ild]s7 runs ?us3--      #8,all       
spirits "h assembl$1--^? ( e>? & ^? (   
air1--let all    su* be joyful2 let !m  
li/5 att5tively to my words4            
#8,!re=e he> me1 ,o ye spirits2 be      
fri5dly to ! race ( m52 =    day & night
 !y br+ y _! (f]+s1 !re=e keep dilig5t  
wat* ov] !m4      #8,:atsoev] treasure  
exi/s "h or 9 o!r worlds1 :atsoev]      
glori\s jewels 9 ! heav5s1 !re is none l
 ,buddha4      #8,buddha is ?is glori\s 
jewel4 ,may ?is tru? br+ prosp]ity6 ,!re
    is n\ght l ?is doctr9e4 ,! ,law is  
?is glori\s jewel4 ,may ?is    tru? br+ 
prosp]ity6      #8,! disciples (        
,buddha1 wor?y to receive gifts1 !      
prie/hood is    ?is glori\s jewel4 ,may 
?is tru? br+ prosp]ity6      #8,_! old  
k>ma is de/roy$1 no new k>ma is produc$4
 ,_! he>ts    no long] cleav+ to future 

life1 _! se$ ( exi/5ce de/roy$1    _!   
desires qu5*$1 ! righte\s are ext+ui%$ l
 ?is lamp4    ,! prie/hood is ?is       
glori\s jewel4 ,may ?is tru? br+        
prosp]ity6 ,ye spirits "h assembl$--^? (
 e>? & ^? (    air--let u b[ be=e       
,buddha--let u b[ be=e ! ,law--let u b[ 
be=e ! ,monkhood4'    ,"p ( ! ?ird or   
,k>aya-metta-sutta runs z foll[s3--     
,?is is :at %\ld be done by him :o is   
wise 9 seek+ 8 own    good4 ,cont5t$ &  
*e]ful1 n oppress$ ) ! c>es ( ?is    _w1
 n burd5$ ) ri*es1 tranquil1 discreet1 n
 arrogant1 n    gre$y = gifts1 let him n
 d any mean action = :i* o!rs :o    are 
wise might reprove him4 ,let all        
creatures be happy & prosp]\s2    let !m
 be ( joyful m9d4 ,let no man 9 any     
place deceive ano!r1    nor let him be  
h>% t[>ds any "o2 let him n1 out ( ang] 
or    res5tm5t1 wi% ill to 8 neighb\r4  
,z a "m1 s long z %e    lives1 wat*es   
ov] h] *ild1 h] only *ild1 s among all  
be+s let    b\ndless goodwill prevail4  
,let goodwill )\t measure1 imp>tial1    

unmix$ ) enmity1 prevail ?r\gh\t ! _w1  
above1 bel[1    ar\nd4    ,! ,rev4 ,d4  
,j4 ,gog]ley witness$ ! p]=mance ( a    
great ,pirit  c]emony 9 ,ceylon 7,h>dy's
 ,mona*ism1 p4 #bdj74 ,tak+ 8 acc\nt &  
t ( ,mr4 ,dickson1 ,i h compil$ ! foll[+
 brief description (  ! ,mah-baa ,pirit1
 #8great ,pirit recitation'3--    ,s    
soon z ! sun has set cr[ds ( p arrive at
 !  ,recitation-,hall1 br++ oil-lamps   
made out ( cocoanut-%ells4 ,!  ,hall is 
decorat$1 & a canopy1 %ap$ l a pagoda1  
is erect$ ov]  ! pulpits1 :i* are plac$ 
on a rais$ plat=m4 ,:5 d>kness  sup]v5es
 a blaze ( light illum9ates ! ,hall4 ,a 
relic ( ! ,buddha  is deposit$ on !     
plat=m1 & a sacr$ ?read is fa/5$ r\nd ! 
,hall1 "o extremity ( x be+ br\ght close
 to ! relic & to !  ,recit]s4 ,on !     
morn+ ( ! next day1 ! recitations beg94 
,"o (  ! ,recit]s repeats ! ?ree-refuge 
=mula1 & ! five comm&m5ts  7see pp4 #gh1
 #abf74 ,!n inc5se is burnt r\nd !      
plat=m1 & !  musicians outside ! ,hall  
/rike up a lively air4 ,next1 ! =mula ( 

#8! twelve successive causes ( exi/5ce' 
7see p4 #ajb7 is inton$1 &  a hymn (    
victory *ant$4    ,! recitation ( !     
,pirit cont9ues un9t]rupt$ly1 day &     
night1  = sev5 days4 ,tw5ty-f\r prie/s  
are employ$1 two ( :om are  con/antly   
seat$ on ! plat=m & engag$ 9 recit+4    
,moreov]  ?ree times 9 ea* day--at      
sunrise1 mid-day1 & sunset--!y all      
assemble toge!r & *ant 9 *orus4 ,(      
c\rse1 :5 ! recitation (  ! ,suttas     
con/itut+ ! ,pirit is conclud$1 x is    
recomm5c$1 &  9 ?is way all ! ,suttas   
are recit$ aga9 & aga94 ,on ! morn+  ( !
 sev5? day a mess5g] is s5t to a        
neighb\r+ temple to  invite ! att5dance 
( ! gods4 ,!n by a /ret* ( ! imag9ation 
c]ta9 ( ! gods & spirits are believ$ to 
answ] ! summons1 &  on _! suppos$       
arrival1 ! protective ,suttas are *ant$ 
m  en]getically ?an ev] till ! morn+ ( !
 eigh? day1 :5 a  b5$iction concludes ! 
c]emony1 & (f]+s ( robes are made to  ! 
prie/-recit]s4    ,we n[ pass on to     
,tibet & ,mongolia4    ,! c]emonies (   

admission to ! monkhood 9 ^? c\ntries d 
n  deviate suffici5tly f ! practices j  
describ$ to require  special notice4    
,) reg>d1 h[ev]1 to ! dress ( ,lmi/ic   
monks aft] _!  admission to ! ,ord]1 !  
anci5t rule1 z we h se51 oblig$ !m  to  
we> only ?ree g>m5ts ( a dirty yell[i%  
col\r1 made out (  rags1 or pick$ up 9  
cemet]ies or on du/ heaps4 ,b !         
necessities  ( a cold] climate h        
compell$ ! ,lmas to increase _! (ficial 
ve/m5ts1 & ! high] ,lmas sometimes we>  
bright silk5 robes  enri*$ ) ornam5t4 ,!
 law is suffici5tly obey$ by putt+ a    
pat* or two at "o corn]4    ,a full     
equipm5t is suppos$ to consi/ ( an "u   
ve/m5t1 a sort (  tunic worn ov] x1 a   
mantle1 a k9d ( sc>f worn ov] ! left    
%\ld]1 a loose robe br\ght r\nd ov] !   
same %\ld]1 & a  cap#adb4 ,! "r %\ld] is
 r>ely b>e1 z x g5]ally is 9  ,s\!rn    
,buddhi/ c\ntries4    ,! col\r ( ^! six 
articles ( clo?+1 especially ( ! cap1 is
  yell[ or r$1 accord+ to ! sect to :i* 
a monk belongs4    ,! cap is an         

important m>k ( sect>ian diff]5ce1 & is 
( v>i\s  =ms1 & :5 x has five po9ts1 has
 be5 comp>$ to a bi%op's  mitre1 b !    
five po9ts really d5ote ! five          
,dhyni-,buddhas &  _! ,bodhi-sattvas4   
,"p ( e full monk's equipm5t 9 ,tibet is
 a peculi> in/rum5t1  made ( bronze or  
o!r metal1 & call$ a ,dorje 7,sanskx    
,vajra1 #8a  ?und]bolt'71 ! employm5t ( 
:i* = religi\s objects is peculi>  to   
,nor!rn ,buddhism4 ,x is %ap$ l !       
imag9>y ?und]bolt ( !  gods ,indra &    
iva--t is1 x consi/s ( a %ort b>1 ab\t  
f\r  in*es long1 ! two extremities ( :i*
 swell out 9 globul> =m1 or  l small    
oval cages =m$ ( hoops ( metal4 ,!      
orig9al ,dorje is  suppos$ to h fall5   
direct f ,indra's heav51 & to h be5     
pres]v$ 9 a mona/]y ne> ,lhssa1 call$   
,s]a pp4 #bgh1 #ddb4  ,accord+ to ano!r 
leg5d1 ! orig9al in/rum5t belong$ to    
,gautama  ,buddha himself1 & on 8 pass+ 
away into non-exi/5ce1 transport$       
itself ?r\gh ! air f ,india into ,tibet4
 ,! consecrat$ imitations  ( x are      

innum]able4 ,_! prim>y use is = exorcis+
 & driv+  away evil spirits1 especially 
9 ! p]=mance ( c]emonies &  repetition (
 pray]s--! in/rum5t be+ !n held betwe5 !
 f+]s  & ?umb & wav$ backw>ds & =w>ds1  
or f side to side4    ,! efficacy ( !   
,dorje 9 secur+ good =tune & w>d+ (f    
evil  influ5ces ( all k9ds is suppos$ to
 be ( wide application4 ,! idea  0      
really borr[$ f aivism or f ! ,tantra   
sy/em1 introduc$  ?r\gh ,nepl by ! ,r$  
sect4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! enorm\s    
p[] suppos$ to belong to a prie/hood :i*
 claim$ to be !  wield]s ( a =midable   
?und]bolt1 s5t to !m directly f heav54  
,no wond] t ! orig9al ,dorje pres]v$ at 
! ,s]a mona/]y has  become an object (  
actual wor%ip4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,huc1    
c\ntless  pilgrims pro/rate !mselves    
be=e x2 & at ! ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival1  on 
! #bg? day ( ! fir/ mon?1 x is c>ri$ 9  
procession )  great pomp to ,lhssa1--to 
! two c5tres ( ,lmism--,potala & ,l     
brang4  ,on its way !re1 ! my/ical      
implem5t is ador$ by ! :ole  population1

 male & female 7ii4 #bba74    ,bel[ is  
an engrav+ ( a ,dorje :i* ,i br\ght f   
,drjl+4    ,illu/ration3     ,x %\ld be 
m5tion$ t ! fi]ce ,bodhi-sattva         
,vajra-pi 7see p4  #bja ( ?is volume7 is
 repres5t$ hold+ a simil> ,dorje 9 8 "r 
h& 9 8 "* ( subdu] ( evil spirits4 ,9 "s
  repres5tations ! evil demons are d5ot$
 by s]p5ts4    ,ano!r important "p ( a  
full monk's equipm5t 9 ,tibet is !      
,pray]-bell 7call$ ,drilbu7 employ$ at !
 p]=mance ( daily  religi\s c]emonies1 &
 rung to accompany ! repetition & *ant+ 
( pray]s1 or to fill up ! int]vals (    
wor%ip4 ,x (t5 has half a  ,dorje z a   
h&le1 or ! h&le is ornam5t$ ) v>i\s     
my/ical  symbols c>v$ on x4 ,! object ( 
r++ bells dur+ wor%ip is to  call !     
att5tion ( ! be+s :o are wor%ipp$1 or to
 keep (f evil  spirits by comb9+ noise )
 ! wav+ ( ! ,dorje 9 ! h&le4    ,! bell 
"h repres5t$ 0 br\ght by me f ,drjl+4   
,illu/ration3     ,! bells us$ 9 ,burma 
are describ$ at p4 #ebf4    ,o!r        
religi\s implem5ts us$ by novices &     

lay-bre?r51 z well z  by full monks1 are
 pray]-:eels1 pray]-cyl9d]s1 ros>ies1   
amulets  7see p4 #ceh71 drums 7see p4   
#che71 & ! ,phurbu or ,phur-pa 7pp4     
#cea1  #ceb74    ,z to ! daily religi\s 
s]vices & c]emonies p]=m$ by ,monks 9   
,tibet & ,mongolia1 ^!1 ( c\rse1 are f> 
m rituali/ic ?an 9  s\!rn ,buddhi/      
c\ntries4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ 7at
 pp4 #bjb1  #bbe7 t c]ta9 ab/ract       
ess5ces or my/ical =ms ( ! ,buddha1     
call$ ,dhyni-,buddhas1 7 imag9$ to exi/1
 & ^! _h _!  concrete en]giz+ vice-g]5ts
 call$ ,bodhi-sattvas--be+s :o  receiv$ 
adoration z if !y 7 actually gods4 ,9   
,tibet !  ,bodhi-sattva ,avalokitev>a1 &
 ! canoniz$ re=m] ,tsong ,khapa1 &  o!r 
suppos$ sa9ts1 became prom95t objects ( 
religi\s wor%ip4  ,!n1 9 process ( "t1 a
 complicat$ c]emonial 0 develop$1 :i*1  
z we %all see 7p4 #cch71 has mu* 9      
common ) ! ritual ( ,roman  ,ca?olic    
,*ri/ianity4    ,! language employ$ 9 ! 
religi\s s]vices ( ! ,lmi/ic  ,hi]>*y1  
:e!r 9 ,tibet1 ,mongolia1 or 9 ! ,lma   

mona/]ies (  ,*9a & ,man*uria1 is       
,tibetan4 ,9 fact1 ,tibetan is to !     
,lmi/ic  ,*ur* :at ,lat9 is to ! ,romi%4
 ,x is ! sole or?odox language (        
religion & religi\s c]emonial4          
,accord+ to ,koepp51 only "o ,mongolian 
,lma-mona/]y 7& t  e/abli%$ at ,pek+7   
has ! "r to p]=m religi\s s]vices 9     
,mongolian in/ead ( 9 ,tibetan#adc4     
,dr4 ,edk9s1 h[ev]1 /ates t !re is a    
temple 7call$ ,fa-hai-si7  ne> !        
hunt+-p>k1 9 :i* ! ,man*u language is   
employ$ in/ead  ( ,tibetan4 7,*9ese     
,buddhism1 p4 #djf47    ,)\t d\bt !     
acquisition ( "s k ( ! ,tibetan language
  is incumb5t on e ,lma4 ,nev]!less1    
few1 except 9 ,tibet1 really  und]/& x4 
,!y simply repeat ! usual pray]s &      
=mul>ies  me*anically#add4    ,x appe>s 
t ! ,lmi/ic prie/s assemble ?ree times a
 day to g  ?r\gh ! prescrib$ ritual--at 
sunrise1 at mid-day1 & at sunset4 ,we   
read t1 be=e comm5c+ ! s]vice1 !y ent] !
 temple or hall  ( wor%ip 9 procession &
 seat !mselves on l[ seats 9 long r[s4  

,^! are plac$ ! :ole l5g? ( ! hall1 f ! 
entrance-door to  ! alt>1 be+ divid$ 9 !
 middle by a passage4 ,at ! fur!r       
extremity1 close to ! alt>1 are two     
rais$ ?rones = ! ,head  ,lmas--a        
five-cu%ion$ "o on ! "r = ! ,abbot & a  
?ree-cu%ion$ "o = ! ,vice-,abbot4    ,:5
 all h seat$ !mselves1 ! *oir-ma/] or   
prec5tor gives a  signal ) a bell4 ,!n !
 pray]-=mul>ies are recit$ or *ant$1    
c]ta9 passages out ( ! ,law are inton$ &
 c]ta9 litanies sung1  sometimes 9 l\d  
tones1 accompani$ by noisy music or by  
clapp+ (  h&s1 & g5]ally 9 unison1 ?\gh 
occasionally v]ses are sung  alt]nately 
) responses4    ,!n at o!r times a      
s5t5ce ( ! ,law is repeat$ by ea* monk 9
  turn2 or a *ant is set up consi/+ (   
su* words z3 ,praise be to !  ,buddha6  
or praise be to "s ,bodhi-sattva6 foll[$
 by a recital ( all  8 names1 titles1 & 
epi!ts2 or my/ical s5t5ces & syllables  
are  ejaculat$4 ,! result is said to be 
a *aos ( voices & a deaf5+  confusion ( 
s\nds4    ,! *ief in/rum5ts us$ 9 !     

s]vices are a spiral %ell1 a long       
trumpet ( copp] or brass 7sometimes m   
?an t5 feet long71 a l>ge  drum1 flutes1
 cymbals1 & horns--! la/ be+ sometimes  
made ( !  ?igh-bones ( human be+s#ade4  
,! ritual is impos+1 & /ill m s :5 a    
liv+ ,buddha is  pres5t4 ,x has be5     
describ$ by ,m4 ,huc1 & ,i "h give !    
sub/ance  ( 8 acc\nt#adf4      ,9 front 
( ! *ief idol1 & on a level ) ! alt>1 is
 a gild$    seat = ! liv+ ,buddha or    
,gr& ,lma ( ! ,mona/]y4 ,! :ole    space
 ( ! temple1 f "o end to ! o!r1 is      
occupi$ by long    l[ seats almo/ level 
) ! gr\nd1 /ret*+ "r & left (    ! ,gr& 
,lma's ?rone4 ,^! are cov]$ ) c>pets1 a 
vacant    space be+ left betwe5 ea* r[ =
 ! ,lmas to pass & repass4    ,:5 ! h\r 
( pray] is come1 a ,lma1 ^: (fice x is  
to summon    ! *oir1 places himself 9   
front ( ! gr& entrance ( ! temple    &  
bl[s ) all ! =ce ( 8 lungs into a       
con*-%ell trumpet1    ! s\nd ( :i* is   
audible = a league r\nd4 ,?is           
effectually    r\ses ! ,lmas & calls !m 

toge!r4 ,ea* !n takes 8 mantle    &     
(ficial hat ( c]emony1 & repairs to !   
int]ior c\rt4 ,!    trumpet s\nds aga91 
& :5 its note is he>d = ! ?ird "t1    ! 
great door is sudd5ly ?r[n op52 ! liv+  
,buddha ent]s1 &    takes 8 seat 9 front
 ( ! image on ! alt>4 ,!n ! ,lmas1      
aft] deposit+ _! r$ boots 9 ! ve/ibule1 
advance t[>ds him    b>efoot1 & adore   
him by ?ree pro/rations4 ,?is done1 !y  
seat    !mselves on ! long seats accord+
 to _! dignity1 cross-legg$    & face to
 face4 ,z soon z ! director ( !         
c]emonies has giv5    ! signal by t9kl+ 
a little bell1 ev]yone murmurs !        
prescrib$    pray]s1 unroll+ ! =mul>ies 
on 8 knees4 ,aft] ?is    recitation1 !re
 is pr(\nd sil5ce = a m9ute4 ,!n ! bell 
is    aga9 rung1 & a hymn or *ant 9 two 
*oruses beg9s4 ,! ,tibetan    pray]s1   
ord9>ily arrang$ 9 v]ses1 & writt5 9    
metrical /yle1    are well adapt$ to    
h>mony2 b sometimes at c]ta9 pauses     
indicat$    by ! rubric1 ! ,lma         
musicians execute a /ra9 9 little accord

    ) ! gravity ( ! psalmody4 ,! result 
is a /unn+ noise (    bells1 cymbals1   
drums1 tamb\r9es1 con*-%ells1 trumpets1 
& pipes4    ,ea* musician s\nds 8       
in/rum5t ) a sort ( fury1 & ea*         
/rives to outdo 8 neighb\r 9 ! noise he 
c produce4 7,huc's    ,travels1 i4 #hh1 
abridg$47    ,"o important elem5t 9 "s  
,tibetan religi\s s]vices is !          
consecration & di/ribution ( holy wat] &
 gra9 by ! *ief  ,lmas4    ,p]fumes1    
too1 are burnt1 & c5s]s conta9+ inc5se  
are swung  backw>ds & =w>ds dur+ !      
c]emonies4    ,!n1 aga91 "s ,lmi/ic     
c]emonials include ! dr9k+ ( tea  p\r$  
into little cups1 kept 9 ! brea/-pockets
 ( ! monks' robes1  & repl5i%$ two or   
?ree times dur+ ! s]vice4    ,sir ,ri*>d
 ,temple 7,j\rnal1 ii4 #bjh7 ?us        
describes a tea-dr9k+  c]emonial at :i* 
he 0 pres5t1 at ! mona/]y ( ,pemyang*i 9
  ,sikkim 7see p4 #bih ( ^! ,lectures74 
,! prie/s & monks1 "s ?irty-five 9 all1 
7 drawn up 9 full    robes to receive u4
 ,!n ! (ficials ( ! mona/]y 7           

introduc$--! /ew>d1 ! rod-be>]1 ! deputy
 ma/]1 & la/ly1    ! ma/]4 ,a procession
 0 quickly =m$1 :i* we foll[$ into    ! 
*apel1 :]e !y all took _! accu/om$      
seats1 :ile we sat    on places prep>$ =
 u4 ,! int]ior ( ! *apel seem$ an odd   
place = ?is1 b we 7 told t x 0 ! correct
 c]emonial4 ,a    *ant 0 begun1 :i* la/$
 "s t5 m9utes1 z a sort ( grace1    & !n
 tea 0 h&$ r\nd--fir/ to u1 next to !   
prie/s1 &    la/ly to ! monks4 ,a %ort  
*ant foll[$1 & !n ! procession    prec$$
 u out ( ! *apel4    ,9 ! picture :i*   
accompanies ,sir ,ri*>d's description1  
all !  monks h head-cov]+s1 "s ( :i* are
 l caps or hats ( a high  sug>-loaf     
%ape1 :ile o!rs h sev]al po9ts l        
episcopal mitres  7see p4 #cba74    ,!  
monks ( ,sikkim are g5]ally ( ! ,dugpa  
sect#adg1 & we> r$  caps 7see pp4 #bgc1 
#bih74    ,:5 ,dr4 ,watt 0 9 ,ladk1 he 0
 pres5t at a s]vice p]=m$ by a  numb] ( 
monks belong+ to bo? sects1 :o seem$ to 
frat]nize v  amicably4 ,all ! monks ( ! 
r$ sect took up a position on "o side  (

 ! *apel1 :ile ^? ( ! yell[ sect rang$  
!mselves on !  opposite side4 ,! two    
sects ent]$ toge!r1 z usual1 9          
procession1  & "p ( ! c]emonial--z 9 t  
witness$ by ,sir ,ri*>d                 
,temple--consi/$ 9 dr9k+ tea f little   
cups tak5 f ! folds  ( _! robes1 & put  
back aga91 to be aga9 tak5 out &        
repl5i%$2 & ?is1 too1 )\t int]rupt+ !   
cont9u\s  repetition ( pray]s1 *ants1 & 
=mul>ies#adh4    ,m4 ,huc also describes
 a #8,tea-g5]al' c]emony aft] morn+     
s]vice 9  a temple4 ,ea* monk dr9ks 9   
sil5ce1 c>efully plac+ 8 sc>f  be=e 8   
cup1 z if to prev5t ! sight ( ! app>5t  
incongruity  ( dr9k+ tea 9 su* a sacr$  
spot 7ii4 #eg74    ,ano!r in/ance (     
tea-dr9k+ z an elem5t 9 ,lmi/ic         
c]emonial1  occurs 9 ,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra   
,ds' highly int]e/+ acc\nt ( !  c]emony 
( 8 pres5tation to ! ,dalai ,lma at !   
palace-mona/]y  ( ,potala1 9 ,lhssa1 on 
,june #aj1 #ahhb4 ,i v5ture to give !   
sub/ance  ( x 9 an abbreviat$ =m & n q  
lit]ally#adi4    ,an acc\nt ( o!r       

pres5tations bo? to ! ,dalai ,lma &     
,ta%i ,lma  w be giv5 9 a future        
,lecture 7see pp4 #dci1 #ddd1 #ddg74    
,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ,i 0 in=m$ ( ! arrival (
 ,*ola ,ku%o1 :o    0 ready to take me  
to ,potala = pres5tation to ! ,dalai    
,lma4 ,we    salli$ =? on horseback1 )  
?ree bundles ( inc5se-/icks 9    our    
h&s1 & a roll ( sc>ves 9 our            
brea/-pockets1 *ant+ z we    w5t along  
c]ta9 hymns1 & p>ticul>ly ! my/ic #8,om 
mai padme    ,hm4' ,9 ! /reet we saw a  
calf suck+ milk1 & sev]al wom5    fet*+ 
wat] 9 our direction4 ,my companions 7  
delight$ at ^!    auspici\s om5s4       
,arriv$ at ! ea/]n gateway ( ,potala1 we
    dism\nt$1 & walk$ up a long hall1 on
 two sides ( :i* 7 two    r[s (         
pray]-:eels1 put !re to be twirl$1 on   
go+ 9 & com+    out4      ,a "y monk n[ 
came d[n to conduct u1 & we asc5d$      
sl[ly1    look+ only on ! gr\nd be=e u4 
,! sev]al ladd]s :i*    conduct$ u f "o 
/ory to ano!r 7 /eep1 & plac$ 9 d>k     
halls4 ,i c\nt$ five1 :i* took u z f> z 

! gr\nd-floor ( !    ,r$ palace4        
,half-a-doz5 ladd]s /ill rema9$ to be   
scal$4      ,at ab\t eight we rea*$ !   
top1 & !re f\nd a numb] ( monks         
anxi\sly await+ an int]view ) 8         
,hol9ess4 ,a seat 0 po9t$    out to me4 
,a monk sat ne> me1 & smil+ly obs]v$ t x
 mu/    h be5 on acc\nt ( ! s9s ( my =m]
 life t ,i 0 born 9    ,india1 :]e !re  
is no liv+ ,buddha4      ,f ! top ( !   
,r$ palace we enjoy$ a gr& panorama (   
,lhssa    & its suburbs4 ,%ortly        
aft]w>ds "s ,lmas ( high rank1 dress$   
9 loose yell[ mantles1 arriv$4 ,!y ent]$
 ! hall ( reception    "o aft] ano!r 9  
solemn array4 ,we rema9$ outside 9      
anxi\s    susp5se1 fix+ our eyes on !   
entrance door1 & expect+ to be          
summon$ to 8 ,hol9ess' pres5ce4      ,at
 la/1 ?ree ,lmas came t[>ds u & ask$ u  
to ent] 9 a l9e    "o aft] ano!r4 ,walk+
 v g5tly1 we proce$$ to ! middle (    ! 
audi5ce hall--a spaci\s ap>tm5t support$
 by ?ree r[s ( f\r    wood5 pill>s4 ,!  
walls _h pa9t+s ( ! exploits ( ,buddha1 

(    ,*anrassig#aej1 ,tsong ,khapa1 &   
o!r celebrat$ sa9ts1 besides    images (
 ! successive inc>nations ( ! ,dalai    
,lma4      ,z soon z we _h ent]$ !      
(ficial sc>f-collectors receiv$ !       
pres5tation-sc>ves f our h&s4 ,we seat$ 
ourselves on rugs1    spread 9 ab\t     
eight r[s1 my seat be+ 9 ! ?ird r[1 at a
    di/ance ( ab\t t5 feet f ! ,gr&     
,lma's ?rone1 & a little    to 8 left4  
,:5 all 7 seat$1 p]fect sil5ce reign$ 9 
!    gr& hall4 ,! /ate (ficials walk$ f 
left to "r ) s]5e    gravity1 z became  
_! exalt$ rank1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,supreme
    ,vice-,reg5t ( ,buddha on e>?4 ,at  
_! head walk$ ! ,ku*>    ,khanpo1 :o    
c>ri$ 9 8 h& ! b[l ( b5$iction1 conta9+ 
! sacr$ ,?ui 7t is1 consecrat$ wat] /a9$
 yell[ )    saffron7 = spr9kl+ ov] !    
audi5ce4 ,! be>] ( !    inc5se-pot1     
susp5d$ by ?ree gold5 *a9s1 ! c>ri] ( ! 
royal gold5 tea-pot1 & o!r dome/ic      
(ficials1 n[ came up1 &    /ood         
motionless z pictures1 )\t look+ on ei!r
 side1 b    fix+ _! eyes & _! att5tion1 

z x 71 on ! tips (    _! respective     
noses4 ,two l>ge gold5 lamp-burn]s1     
resembl+    fl[]-vases1 flick]$ on two  
sides ( ! ?rone4 ,! great               
alt>--resembl+ an ori5tal ?rone1 &      
support$ by lions#aea    c>v$ 9 wood--on
 :i* sat 8 ,hol9ess1 a *ild ( eight1 0  
cov]$ ) silk sc>ves ( great value4 ,x 0 
ab\t f\r feet high1    six long1 & f\r  
broad4 ,a yell[ mitre-hat#aeb cov]$ !   
,gr&    ,lma's head1 ! p5dant portions  
veil+ 8 e>s1 & a yell[    mantle        
envelop$ 8 p]son4 ,he sat cross-legg$1 )
 ! palms (    8 h&s jo9$ toge!r to bless
 u4 ,:5 x came to my turn ,i    receiv$ 
8 ,hol9ess' b5$iction1 & 0 able to look 
^u 8    div9e face4 ,o!r ,lmas approa*$ 
him ) d[nca/ looks1 &    resum$ _!      
respective seats1 n presum+ to look up4 
,i long$ to    l+] a few seconds1 b o!r 
c&idates = b5$iction displac$    me by  
pu%+ me g5tly =w>d4 ,i notic$ t !       
pr9cely *ild    possess$ a really bright
 & fair complexion1 ) rosy *eeks4 ,8    
eyes 7 l>ge & p5etrat+4 ,! cont\r ( 8   

face 0    rem>kably ryan1 ?\gh some:at  
m>r$ by ! obliquity ( 8 eyes4    ,!     
?9ness ( 8 p]son 0 probably ow+ to !    
fatigues ( !    c\rt-c]emonies1 religi\s
 duties1 & ascetic obs]vances1 to :i*   
he _h be5 subject$ s9ce tak+ ! v[s (    
monkhood4 ,rememb]+    ! /ories ab\t !  
freaks ( =tune1 :i* _h lately br\ght him
    to ?is pr\d position1 & _h compell$ 
8 pr$ecessors to und]go    untimely     
transmigrations1 ,i piti$ 8 exalt$ rank3
 = :o kn[s    :e!r he w n be =c$ to     
und]go ano!r transmigration be=e        
rea*+ 8 tw5tie? ye>8      ,:5 all 7 aga9
 seat$ aft] receiv+ ! ,dalai ,lma's     
b5$iction1 ! ,sol-pon ,*h5po p\r$ tea 9 
8 ,hol9ess' gold5    cup f a gold5      
tea-pot1 :ile f\r assi/ant ,sol-pons    
p\r$ tea 9    ! cups ( ! audi5ce1       
consi/+ ( ! head ,lmas ( ,m]u    mona/]y
 & ourselves4 ,be=e ! ,gr& ,lma lift$ 8 
cup to 8    lips1 a grace 0 solemnly    
said1 beg9n+ ) #8,om h ,hm' ?rice       
*ant$1 & foll[$ by a pray] to ! foll[+  
effect3--#8,nev] ev5    = a mom5t los+  

sight ( ! ?ree ,holies1 always (f]      
rev]5ce    to ! ,tri-ratnas2 let !      
bless+s ( ! ?ree be ^u u4' ,)\t    ev5  
/irr+ ! air by ! movem5ts ( our limbs1  
we sl[ly lift$    our cups to our lips1 
& drank ! tea--:i* 0 delici\s--tak+     
c>e to make no s\nd ) our lips4 ,?ree   
times 0 tea s]v$1 &    ?ree times we    
empti$ our cups1 aft] :i* we put !m back
 9 our    brea/-pockets4 ,!n ! ,sol-pon 
plac$ a gold5 di% full (    consecrat$  
rice 9 front ( 8 ,hol9ess1 :i* he only  
t\*$4 ,!    rema9d] 0 di/ribut$ among ^?
 pres5t4 ,i obta9$ a h&ful1    :i* ,i   
c>efully ti$ 9 "o corn] ( my h&k]*ief4  
,! foll[+    grace 0 !n utt]$ by !      
assembl$ monks1 ) mu* gravity3--#8,!    
mo/ preci\s ,buddha is ! mo/ p]fect &   
mat*less tea*]2 !    mo/ un]r+ guide is 
! ,sagha2 ! mo/ infallible protection is
    9 ! sacr$ ,dh>ma4 ,we (f] ^! (f]+s  
to ^! ?ree    objects ( refuge4 ,rev]5ce
 be to ea* ( !m6'    ,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra   
,ds also witness$ at ! same "t !        
p]=mance (  a rem>kable c]emony = !     

translation ( ! s\l ( a *ief ,lma or    
,khanpo to "o ( ! heav5ly mansions4     
,x appe>s t a c]ta9 well-kn[n ,khanpo _h
 di$ ( small-pox4 ,he  0 "o ( ! mo/     
di/+ui%$ s*ol>s ( ,tibet1 & held !      
highe/ position 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,potala4 ,! 
day on :i* ! c]emony  0 p]=m$ 0 !       
tw5ty-sev5? day ( ?is *ief ,lma's ,b>do 
7p4 #cga72 t is1 ( ! int]val ( =ty-n9e  
days betwe5 8 dea?  & 8 translation to  
ano!r _w4 7,accord+ to ,js*ke ! int]val 
( ! int]m$iate /ate only la/s = =ty     
days47    ,! ,dalai ,lma1 seat$ on 8    
?rone1 *ant$ a hymn 9 a l[ indi/9ct     
voice4 ,aft]w>ds ! assembl$ monks 9     
grave tones repeat$ :at !  ,gr& ,lma _h 
utt]$4 ,!n a v5]able p]sonage rose f !  
middle  ( ! fir/ r[ ( seats1 & address+ 
! ,gr& ,lma z !  inc>nate ,"l ,*5ressig 
7,avalokitev>a71 recit$ all ! _m acts ( 
m]cy p]=m$ by him1 z ! patron-sa9t (    
,tibet1 = ! b5efit (  its p4 ,next1 he  
made (f]+s ( c]ta9 preci\s ?+s  7includ+
 an imag9>y pres5tation ( ! sev5 my?ical
  treasures#aec7 = ! b5efit ( ! s\l ( ! 

late ,khanpo1  say+3--#8,i pray t y may 
graci\sly accept ^! pres5ts = !  good ( 
all liv+ be+s4'    ,f9ally1 he pro/rat$ 
himself ?ree times be=e ! ,gr& ,lma's   
?rone4 ,a solemn pause foll[$2 aft] :i* 
! audi5ce rose1 & !  ,gr& ,lma retir$4  
,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds goes on to relate t
 at !  end ( ! c]emony "o ( ! assi/ant  
,lmas gave him two packets (  pills1 &  
ano!r ti$ a scrap ( r$ silk r\nd 8 neck4
 ,! pills1  he 0 told1 7 *9lab or       
bless+s1 consecrat$ by ! ,buddha &  o!r 
sa9ts2 & ! consecrat$ scrap ( silk1     
call$ sungd1 #8knot (  bless+1' 0 ! ,gr&
 ,lma's usual return = pres5ts made to  
him by  pilgrims & devotees4    ,we may 
note "h t 9 #ahff ! ,indian explor] ,na9
 ,s+h saw !  !n ,dalai ,lma4 ,he 0 a    
h&some boy ab\t ?irte5 ye>s old1 & 0    
seat$ on a ?rone six feet high4 ,he _h !
 ,reg5t on 8 "r h&4  ,he 0 said to be 9 
8 ?irte5? transmigration#aed4    ,dr4   
,s*lag9tweit 7p4 #bci7 describes a      
c]emony 9 :i* consecrat$  wat] 7?ui7 is 
p\r$ f a teapot-l vessel ov] a metallic 

mirror  7pp4 #deh1 #dfc ( ^! ,lectures71
 :i* is held s z to reflect !  image (  
,gautama ,buddha seat$ on ! alt>4 ,?is  
wat] falls d[n into  a flat vessel      
conta9+ a bag fill$ ) rice1 & is !n     
suitable  = c]emonial ablutions4        
,ano!r c]emony 7call$ ,nyungne8 by      
,s*lag9tweit71 involv+ long  ab/95ce1   
la/s = f\r days4    ,! fir/ & second    
days are pass$ 9 prep>ations4 ,^? :o are
 to  take "p 9 ! c]emony rise at        
sunrise1 ba! & pro/rate  !mselves sev]al
 times be=e ! image ( ,avalokitev>a4 ,! 
head  ,lma !n bids !m confess _! faults1
 & m$itate on ! evils  result+ f dem]it4
 ,he next1 ) 8 att5dants1 recites       
extracts  f c]ta9 books ( confession4   
,?is goes on till t5 o'clock1 :5  tea is
 tak54 ,aft] ?is ! recitations &        
pray]-recitals cont9ue  till two        
o'clock1 :5 a meal ( vegetables is eat54
 ,!n comes a  pause1 b ! pray]s & read+s
 are aft]w>ds c>ri$ on till late  at    
night1 tea be+ h&$ r\nd at int]vals4    
,be=e retir+ to re/1  ! head ,lma       

specifies ! v>i\s duties to be p]=m$ by 
!  devotees on ! foll[+ day1 & ord]s !m1
 z a p5ance1 to sleep  9 #8!            
lion-po/ure1' viz4 to lie on ! "r side1 
to /ret* out !  feet & to support ! head
 ) ! "r h&#aee4    ,! ?ird day is ! mo/ 
important1 & is pass$ 9 rigor\s  ab/95ce
 f all food4 ,no "o is ev5 all[$ to     
swall[ 8 saliva1  :i* mu/ be eject$ into
 a vessel plac$ be=e him4 ,n a ^w mu/   
be spok54 ,ea* man prays & confesses 8  
s9s1 b does s 9  absolute sil5ce4 ,?is  
cont9ues till sunrise on ! f\r? day4    
,x 0 at fir/ ! rule t repetitions ( !   
,law1 confessions ( s9  7especially !   
,ptimokkha71 & "s ( ! *ief religi\s     
c]emonies  7includ+ fa/+7 %\ld take     
place1 m p>ticul>ly on ! days (  new &  
full moon 7call$ ,uposa?a1 p4 #hd74     
,?us we read t #8on ! day ( full moon   
n&a purifi$ himself1 &  w5t up to ! upp]
 /ory ( 8 h\se to keep ! sacr$ day'     
7,mahsudassana-sutra1 #a-aj74 ,?is 0 9  
con=mity ) ! anci5t  ,brhmanical rule t 
e new-moon day 7,d>a7 & e full-moon day 

7,pauramsa7 %\ld be set ap>t = special  
religi\s obs]vances#aef4    ,9 lat]     
times ! int]m$iate qu>t]-moon days 7    
also held sacr$1  & s ! numb] ( ,uposa?a
 days 7see p4 #hd7 0 increas$ to f\r 9  
e mon?1 or once a week4 ,v /rict        
,buddhi/s 9 ,tibet eat no?+  on ^! days 
betwe5 sunrise & sunset except f>9ace\s 
food )  tea 7p4 #cdf74    ,! laity are  
invit$ to jo9 9 keep+ ! ,uposa?a days1 b
 take no  real "p 9 ! detail ( !        
s]vices4 ,! same rule applies to all    
religi\s c]emonies4 ,laym5 may be pres5t
 at any rite1 b )\t  co-op]at+ 9 c>ry+  
out ! ritual4 ,/ill1 laym5 h _! own  "p 
to p]=m4 ,!y look on--li/51 tell _!     
ros>ies1 & repeat  %ort pray]s--su* z ! 
#8?ree-refuge' & #8jewel-lotus' =mula   
7pp4  #gh1 #cgj7--;& make decl>ations to
 avoid ! five great s9s 7p4 #abf74 ,or  
!y walk up to ! image-alt> & place (f]+s
 on x1 or b[ be=e  x & receive ! ,lma's 
b5$iction4 ,!oretically1 ! laity only   
exi/ to hon\r & support ! monkhood1 & to
 be bless$ by !m 9  return4 ,at all     

ev5ts a layman's religion is usually    
re/rict$ to a  v limit$ range ( duty4   
,"o common way ( %[+ piety is by walk+  
r\nd temples1  mona/]ies1 ,/pas1 & sacr$
 walls 7see pp4 #chj1 #eje71 f ea/ to   
we/1 keep+ ! "r %\ld] t[>ds !m1 & ev5   
occasionally  measur+ ! gr\nd ) ! ext5d$
 body4    ,?is la/ task is by no means a
 light or easy "o4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,huc 
7i4 #bjb71 a :ole day sc>cely suffices  
to p]=m ! circumambulation  :5 ! mona/ic
 build+s & temples occupy an ext5sive   
area4 ,p  beg9 at daybreak1 & ! feat mu/
 be accompli%$ all at "o "t1  )\t any   
break1 or ev5 a few mom5ts' pause = tak+
 n\ri%m5t4  ,moreov]1 ! measur+-process 
mu/ be p]fect2 #8! body mu/ be  ext5d$  
to its :ole l5g?1 & ! =ehead mu/ t\* !  
e>?  :ile ! arms are /ret*$ out 9 front 
& ! h&s jo9$4' ,at ea*  pro/ration a    
circle mu/ be drawn on ! gr\nd ) two    
rams' horns  held 9 ! h&s4 #8,x is a    
sorr[ful spectacle1 & ! un=tunate  p (t5
 h _! faces & clo!s cov]$ ) du/ & mud4  
,!  utmo/ sev]ity ( ! wea!r does n      

pres5t any ob/acle to _!  c\rage\s      
devotion4 ,!y cont9ue _! pro/rations    
?r\gh ra91  sn[1 & cold4 ,sometimes !y g
 ?r\gh ! additional p5ance (  c>ry+ an  
enorm\s weight ( books on _! backs4 ,y  
meet ) m51  wom51 & ev5 *ildr5 s9k+ "u  
^! excessive burd5s4 ,:5  !y h f9i%$ _! 
circumambulation1 !y are consid]$ to h  
acquir$ ! same m]it z if !y _h recit$   
all ! pray]s conta9$  9 ! books !y h    
c>ri$4' ,9 po9t ( fact !y are g5]ally f>
  too ignorant to be able to read !     
books1 & ! c>ry+ ( !m on  _! backs is   
tak5 z an adequate equival5t4    ,!     
acquisition ( m]it by circumambulation  
is n an exclusively ,h9d  or ,buddhi/   
idea4 ,! ,holy ,h\se at ,loretto ne>    
,ancona--believ$ to h  be5 transport$   
!re f ,be?lehem by angels--is           
circumambulat$ by  pilgrims on _! knees1
 b keep+ ! sacr$ object to ! left4      
,inde$1 we may fitly conclude ! pres5t  
,lecture by a comp>ison  betwe5 ! ritual
 ( ,tibetan ,buddhism & t ( ,roman      
,ca?olicism--a  comp>ison1 too1 drawn by

 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,mission>ies         
!mselves3    #8,! cross1 ! mitre1 !     
dalmatica1 ! cope1 :i* ,gr& ,lmas we>   
on _! j\rneys1 or :5 !y are p]=m+ "s    
c]emony out ( !  temple2 ! s]vice )     
d\ble *oirs1 ! psalmody1 ! exorcisms1 ! 
c5s] = inc5se1 susp5d$ f five *a9s1 &   
op5$ or clos$ at  pleasure2 ! b5$ictions
 pron\nc$ by ! ,lmas by ext5d+ !  "r h& 
ov] ! heads ( ! fai?ful2 ! *aplet1      
ecclesia/ical  celibacy1 spiritual      
retirem5t1 ! wor%ip ( ! sa9ts1 ! fa/s1  
! processions1 ! litanies1 ! holy wat]1 
all ^! are analogies  betwe5 ! ,buddhi/s
 & ourselves' 7,huc1 ii4 #ej74 ,to ^!   
may be  add$ sacr$ images1 sacr$        
pictures1 sacr$ symbols1 relics1 lamps1 
&  illum9ations#aeg4    ,?is is d\btless
 a true comp>ison4 ,b x does n foll[ t !
  op9ion :i* ! mission>ies express--#8t 
^! analogies are (  ,*ri/ian orig9'--is 
equally des]v+ ( our ass5t4 ,no d\bt "o 
*ief  feature ( ,buddhism1 z (          
,h9dism#aeh1 is its receptivity1 b may x
  n be ! case t human nature & human    

t5d5cies w be f\nd to  ass]t !mselves   
indep5d5tly 9 e "p ( ! _w1 :]ev]        
surr\nd+ circum/ances are fav\rable to  
_! developm5t8                          
,,lecture ,,xiii4          ,fe/ivals1   
,dome/ic ,rites1 & ,=mul>ies ( ,pray]4  
,we mu/ n[ turn to ! consid]ation ( "s (
 ! *ief fe/ivals1  dome/ic rites1 &     
pray]-=mul>ies ( ,buddhism--a subject   
:i*  foll[s z a natural sequel to ! la/ 
,lecture4    ,x is well kn[n t ! ,h9ds h
 c]ta9 fe/ivals & holy days1  celebrat$ 
at ! junction ( ! seasons :i* 9 ,india  
are prop]ly  six 9 numb]--namely1 spr+1 
summ]1 ! ra9s 7,v>%a71 autumn1  w9t]1 & 
! season ( dew & mi/ 7see #8,indian     
,wisdom1' p4 #dej2  #8,brhmanism &      
,h9dism1' p4 #dbh74    ,buddhism has    
adopt$ ! old ,h9d ideas on ?is subject1 
& has add$  o!rs ( its own1 b g5]ally   
only reckons ?ree seasons--summ]1 !     
ra9s 7,vassa  ,v>%a7 & w9t]4    ,!      
fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye> is1 ( c\rse1      
univ]sal4 ,x is suppos$ to  celebrate ! 
victory ( light ov] d>kness1 &1 9       

,buddhi/  c\ntries1 ( ,buddhism ov]     
ignorance4 ,! correspond+ ,h9d fe/ival  
is call$ ,mak>a-sakrnti4 ,9 ,india ?is  
m>ks ! t]m9ation ( !  inauspici\s mon?  
,pau%a & ! beg9n+ ( ! sun's nor!rn c\rse
  7utt>yaa7 9 ! heav5s4 ,x is a season (
 g5]al rejoic+4    ,9 ,burma1 :]e a good
 type ( ,s\!rn ,buddhism is /ill to be  
f\nd1  ! ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival might      
suitably be call$ a #8wat]-fe/ival4' ,x 
has !re s little connexion ) ! increase 
( ! ,new ,ye>'s light1  t x (t5 takes   
place z late z ! e>ly half ( ,april 7see
 ,mr4  ,scott's #8,burman1' ii4 #dh74 ,x
 is1 h[ev]1 a movable fea/1 ! date (    
:i* is regul>ly fix$ by ! a/rolog]s (   
,m&alay1 #8:o make  intricate           
calculations bas$ on ! position ( v>i\s 
con/ellations4'  ,! object is to det]m9e
 on :at precise day ! k+ ( ! ,na?s  7see
 p4 #bag ( ?is volume7 w desc5d ^u ! e>?
 & inaugurate  ! new ye>4 ,:5 ! day     
arrives all are on ! wat*1 & j at !  "r 
mom5t--:i* inv>iably occurs at          
midnight--a cannon is fir$ (f1  ann\nc+ 

! desc5t ( ! ,na?-k+ ^u e>?4 ,=?)       
7accord+  to ,mr4 ,scott7 m5 & wom5     
sally out ( _! h\ses1 c>ry+ pots  full (
 wat] consecrat$ by fre% leaves & twigs 
( a sacr$ tree 7p4  #ead ( ?is volume71 
repeat a =mal pray]1 & p\r out ! wat] on
  ! gr\nd4 ,at ! same "t all :o h guns (
 any k9d dis*>ge  !m1 s z to greet ! new
 ye> ) z mu* noise z possible4    ,!n1  
#8) ! fir/ glimm] ( light1' all take j>s
 full ( fre%  wat] & c>ry !m (f to !    
ne>e/ mona/]y4 ,fir/ !y pres5t  !m to ! 
monks1 & !n proce$ to ba! ! images4 ,?is
 "w is  usually done by ! wom5 ( ! p>ty1
 #8:o rev]5tly clamb] up' &  empty _!   
goblets ( wat] ov] ! placid features ( !
 ,buddhas &  ,bodhi-sattvas4 ,!n beg9 ! 
,saturnalia4 ,all along ! road are ur*9s
  ) squirts & syr+es1 ) :i* !y h be5    
furtively  practis+ = ! la/ few days4 ,!
 skill ?us acquir$ is exhibit$  by !    
accuracy ( _! aim4 ,cold /reams ( wat]  
cat* ! e>s (  ! pass]s by4 ,"y m5 &     
girls salute "o ano!r ) ! cont5ts  ( j>s
 & goblets4 ,%\ts ( m]rim5t are he>d 9 e

 qu>t]4  ,be=e breakfa/ e "o is soak$1 b
 no "o ?9ks ( *ang+ 8  g>m5ts1 = ! wea!r
 is w>m1 & #8wat] is ev]y:]e4' ,! girls 
are ! mo/ en?usia/ic1 & z !y g5]ally g 9
 b&s & c>ry  copi\s res]voirs along )   
!m1 #8unprotect$ males' are soon r\t$4  
,!n a numb] ( #8zeal\s p' g d[n to !    
riv]1 wade into !  wat] knee-deep1 spla%
 ab\t & dr5* "o ano!r till !y are  tir$4
 ,no "o escapes4 ,= ?ree days no "o     
likes to be se5 ) dry  clo!s4 ,! wett+  
is a complim5t4 ,a cl]k comes up to 8   
ma/]1  b[s1 & #8gravely p\rs ! cont5ts (
 a silv] cup d[n ! back (  8 neck1'     
say+1 #8let me d homage to y ) wat]4'   
,x appe>s f ,mr4 ,scott's amus+ n>rative
 t1 :5 !re 0 a  k+ 9 ,burma1 an         
important feature ( ! fe/ival 0 ! =mal  
wa%+ ( 8 ,maje/y's head4    ,! ,new     
,ye>'s rejoic+s 9 ,ceylon require no    
special notice4    ,9 ,tibet ! ,new     
,ye>'s fe/ival prop]ly beg9s at new     
moon1 & may be  delay$ till "s "t 9     
,febru>y4 ,! fe/ival la/s fifte5 days1  
&1 z usual1 is a season ( g5]al         

fe/ivity1 gifts1 congratulations1       
mumm]y1 danc+1 & act+4 ,x is ! ,lmi/ic  
c>nival4    ,accord+ to ,m4 ,huc 7ii4   
#baf7 ! rejoic+s comm5ce 7z 9 ,burma7 at
  midnight4 ,at ,lhssa all ! inhabitants
 sit up1 await+ ! solemn  mom5t :i* is  
to close ! old ye> & op5 ! new4 ,!      
usages  diff] s curi\sly f ^? cu/om>y 9 
,s\!rn ,buddhi/ c\ntries1  t ,i "h give 
an abbreviat$ v]sion ( ! two ,fr5*      
travell]s'  exp]i5ces4      ,n be+ at   
all eag] to wat* = ! mom5t ( sep>ation  
betwe5    ! two ,tibetan ye>s1 we w5t to
 b$ at our usual h\r1 & 7    wrapp$ 9   
pr(\nd slumb]1 :5 we 7 sudd5ly awak5$ by
 cries    ( joy issu+ f all qu>t]s ( !  
t[n4 ,bells1 cymbals1 con*s1            
tamb\r9es1 & all ! in/rum5ts ( ,tibetan 
music1 7 set to    "w toge!r & produc$ !
 mo/ frightful upro> imag9able4 ,we     
_h a good m9d to get up to witness !    
happ9ess ( ! inhabitants    ( ,lhssa1 b 
! cold 0 s cutt+ t1 aft] reflection1 we 
decid$ to rema9 "u our wooll5 cov]lets1 
& to unite ourselves    9 he>t only ) ! 

public felicity4 ,unhappily = our com=t1
    viol5t knocks on our door1 ?reat5+  
to sma% x into spl9t]s1    w>n$ u t we  
mu/ r5\nce our project4 ,we !re=e donn$ 
our    clo!s1 & ! door be+ op5$1 "s     
fri5dly ,tibetans ru%$ into    our room1
 invit+ u to ! ,new ,ye>'s banquet4 ,!y 
all bore 9    _! h&s a small vessel made
 ( bak$ e>?1 9 :i* balls (    honey &   
fl\r float$ on boil+ wat]4 ,"o visitor  
(f]$ u a    long silv] ne$le1 t]m9at+ 9 
a hook1 & invit$ u to fi% 9    8 bas94  
,at fir/ we s\ght to excuse ourselves1  
object+ t we    7 n 9 ! habit ( tak+    
food dur+ ! night1 b !y    entreat$ u s 
w>mly1 & put out _! tongues at u ) s    
fri5dly a grace1 t we 7 oblig$ to       
comply1 & resign ourselves    to a      
p>ticipation 9 ! ,new ,ye>'s fe/ivities4
 ,ea* ( u1    !re=e1 hook$ a ball1 :i*  
we !n cru%$ betwe5 our tee? to          
asc]ta9 its flav\r4 ,= polit5ess sake we
 _h to swall[ ! dose1    b n )\t mak+ "s
 grimaces4 ,nor c\ld we get (f ) ?is    
fir/ act ( devotion4 ,! ,new ,ye> 0     

inexorable4 ,our num]\s    fri5ds at    
,lhssa succe$$ ea* o!r almo/ )\t        
int]ruption1    & we _h p]=ce to mun*   
,tibetan sweetmeats till daybreak4    ,x
 is said t o!r peculi> cu/oms foll[1 "o 
( :i* ! ,tibetans  call ! ,lhssa-,moru4 
,?is takes place on ! ?ird day1 & leads 
to  ! invasion ( ! t[n & its environs by
 innum]able b&s ( ,lmas4  ,imm5se numb]s
 ( ,lmas1 "s on foot1 "s on horseback1  
"s on asses  or ox51 & all c>ry+        
cook+-ut5sils & pray]-books1 cr[d into  
,lhssa f all po9ts4 ,! t[n is completely
 ov]-run4 ,^? :o  _c get lodg+s encamp 9
 ! /reets & squ>es1 or pit* _!  t5ts 9 !
 suburbs4 ,! tribunals are clos$1 & !   
c\rse (  ju/ice is susp5d$4 ,! ,lmas    
p>ade ! /reets 9 disord]ly b&s1  utt]+  
discordant cries1 pu%+ "o ano!r ab\t1   
qu>rell+1  fight+1 & yet1 9 ! mid/ (    
all1 *ant+ _! pray]s 7,huc1 ii4  #bah74 
,9 ,tibet !re is a #8wat]-fe/ival' 9 !  
sev5? or eigh? mon?  7ab\t our ,augu/ & 
,septemb]74 ,at ?is fe/ival ! ,lmas g 9 
procession to riv]s & lakes1 &          

consecrate ! wat]s by b5$iction  or by  
?r[+ 9 (f]+s4 ,huts & t5ts are erect$ on
 ! banks1  & p ba! & dr9k to wa% away _!
 s9s4 ,x concludes )  danc+1 buffoon]y1 
& masqu]ad+4    ,! fe/ival ( ,gautama   
,buddha's conception1 or ( ! ,buddha's  
la/  bir?--= x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1    
be=e ,buddhahood1 he w5t  ?r\gh         
innum]able previ\s bir?s--is a mo/      
important anniv]s>y 9  all ,buddhi/     
c\ntries1 b ! "r date has be5 ! occasion
 ( mu*  controv]sy4 ,! ev5t is g5]ally  
celebrat$ at ! end ( ,april1 or  beg9n+ 
( ,may1 or on a day correspond+ to !    
#ae? day ( ! ,h9d  mon? ,vaikha1 :i* is 
also sometimes giv5 z ! date ( !        
,buddha's atta9m5t ( ,buddhahood1 & ( 8 
dea?4 ,ev]y:]e  ?r\gh\t ! mod]n ,buddhi/
 _w ! ,buddha's bir?day is kept by  !   
wor%ip ( 8 images1 foll[$ by            
processions4    ,z to ! day ( 8 dea?1   
,s>at ,*&ra ,ds 0 at ,lhssa on ,june #a1
  #ahhb1 & wrote ?us3--#8,to-day be+ !  
holie/ day ( ! ye>--!  anniv]s>y (      
,buddha's ,nirva--! burn+ ( inc5se 9 e  

%r9e1  *apel1 mona/]y1 & h\se1 d>k5$ !  
atmosph]e ) smoke4 ,m5  ha/5$ to ! great
 temple to d homage to ! ,buddha & to   
obta9  8 bless+4'    ,! #8fe/ival (     
lamps' is an important anniv]s>y ) all  
,buddhi/s4  ,! ,h9ds h _! ,dvl or fea/ (
 illum9ations 7see #8,brhmanism  &      
,h9dism1' p4 #dcb7 :5 ! cold season     
beg9s4 ,! e>ly ,buddhi/s  m>k$ ! end ( !
 ra9y season 7,vassa  ,v>%a71 :i*       
t]m9at$  _! p]iod ( retirem5t1 by a day 
( rejoic+ 7see p4 #hd74 ,9  process ( "t
 !y connect$ ! celebration ( ,gautama's 
desc5t f  heav5 7p4 #dag7 ) ! t]m9ation 
( ,vassa4    ,9 ,tibet ! or?odox foll[]s
 ( ! ,dalai ,lma h a fe/ival (  _! own1 
) illum9ations1 on ! #be? day ( ! #aj?  
mon?  7,nov4--,dec471 to celebrate !    
asc5sion ( ,tsong ,khapa to heav5 7p4   
#bhj74 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds 0 at ,ta%i ,lunpo
 on ?is day 9 #ahha1 :5  #8hundr$s (    
lamp-burn]s 7 ta/efully plac$ 9 r[s on !
 ro( (  e build+4' ,! illum9ations ( !  
temples1 tombs1 & gr&  mona/]y #8pres5t$
 a magnific5t appe>ance4'    ,) reg>d to

 ! season call$ ,vassa1 x %\ld be not$  
"h t  s9ce !re is no ra9y p]iod ( ! ye> 
9 ,tibet :i* corresponds to  ! ,indian  
#8,ra9s1' c]ta9 seasons ( ab/95ce f food
 are obs]v$  ei!r be=e1 or at ! same "t 
) ! great ,fe/ivals4 ,^!  p]iods ( fa/+ 
are di/ribut$ equally ?r\gh\t ! ye>--"o 
9  ,febru>y1 "o 9 ,may1 "o 9 ,july1 "o 9
 ,novemb] or ,decemb]4    ,! fe/ivals & 
holy days ?us briefly describ$1 are by  
no means !  only fe/ivals ( ,buddhism4  
,!re are num]\s o!r special & local     
ones4 ,= example1 9 ,ceylon1 ! ,s9halese
 celebrate ! com+ ( !  ,buddha to _!    
isl& & 8 victory ov] ! ,rk%asas & evil  
demons by a fe/ival 9 ,m>* or ,april1 :5
 ! great] numb] (  pilgrims flock to 8  
suppos$ foot-pr9t on ,adam's ,peak1 or  
to !  sacr$ ,bodhi-tree at ,anurdha-pura
 7see p4 #eai74 ,o!r ,s\!rn  c\ntries h 
fe/ivals connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( special  
foot-pr9ts & relics ( _! own4    ,!n !  
,lmas 9 ,lhssa keep ! day ( ! wor%ip ( !
 ,dorje 7see  p4 #cbb7 on ! #bg? day ( !
 fir/ mon?1 :ile ^? 9 ,sikkim  celebrate

 z a fe/ival ! day on :i* ! ,lep*as make
 (f]+s to  ! _s ( ! m\nta9 ,k9*9junga4  
,!n1 aga91 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird mon? an 
exhibition ( sacr$  vessels & pictures  
takes place at ,lhssa1 accompani$ by    
processions  9 masks1 ! ,lmas appe>+ z  
good g5ii1 & ! laity z tig]s1  leop>ds1 
elephants1 c4    ,9 o!r places1 too1 !re
 are special fe/ivals4 ,= example1 a    
s+ul> fe/ival1 call$ #8,*ase ( !        
_s-k+s1' is kept by  ,nor!rn ,buddhi/s  
on ! #cj? ( ! second mon?1 :5 !re is a  
va/  am\nt ( religi\s danc+ 7) t$i\sly  
sl[ movem5ts71  masqu]ad+1 mumm]y1 &    
buffoon]y1 n unlike ! devil-danc+  :i*  
goes on 9 ,ceylon1 & closely connect$ ) 
! univ]sal belief  9 demons & evil      
spirits4    ,! mo/ hide\s masks are us$ 
on ^! occasions4 ,9 #ahhd ,i _h an      
opportunity ( inspect+ 9 a ,buddhi/     
mona/]y ne> ,drjl+ a mo/  s+ul>         
assortm5t ( religi\s masks1 :i* =       
di/ortion ( feature  & horrible         
unsightl9ess1 c\ld sc>cely be mat*$     
any:]e2 =  inde$ mask-mak+ is an art :i*

 ,buddhism has br\ght to ! greate/      
p]fection4 ,i also witness$ a religi\s  
dance p]=m$ by a p>ty (  masqu]ad]s :i* 
/ruck me z a rem>kable example ( ! utt] 
debasem5t ( ,buddhism 9 ,nor!rn         
c\ntries4    ,mrs4 ,bridges describes a 
simil> religi\s dance 9 ,ladk ?us3--    
#8,a gr\p ( gr9n+ masks--lions' heads & 
h>lequ9s' bodies--came    d[n ! /eps1 & 
:irl+ sl[ly r\nd1 retreat$ aga9 into !  
gloom & came out dragon-head$4 ,!n a b& 
( skeletons1 ! skulls    7masks7        
admirably pa9t$1 gna%+ _! hide\s jaws & 
%ak+    _! lanky limbs1 ru%$ out into ! 
sun%9e & execut$ a real    8,dance (    
,dea?0 be=e u4' 7#8,travels1' p4 #aja47 
,yet all true ,buddhi/s are prohibit$ f 
danc+ & masqu]ad+ 7p4  #abf ( ?is       
volume72 j z ,manu 7,,ii4 #agh1 ,,iv4   
#ae1 #bab7 prohibit$  ,brhmans f engag+ 
9 simil> frivolities4    ,!n ! religi\s 
dramas p]=m$ on "s ( ! ,buddhi/ fe/ive  
days  are n ! lea/ int]e/+ examples ( ! 
pres5t preval5t  sup]/itions4    ,i     
witness$ "p ( a dramatic p]=mance at a  

,burmese ,!atre 9  ,calcutta 7dur+ !    
,exhibition ye>71 :5 ! /ory ( ! ,h9d    
,epic1  call$ ,rmyaa1 & especially t    
portion ( x :i* relates to !  c>ry+ (f (
 ,st by demons 7see #8,brhmanism &      
,h9dism1' p4 #db1  & #8,indian ,wisdom1'
 p4 #ccg71 0 dramatically repres5t$4 ,! 
!atre  0 a rude wood5 enclosure op5 to !
 sky1 ) ! exception ( a  portion ro($   
ov] = a b& ( musicians1 ^: noisy        
p]=mances  appe>$ to con/itute an       
important elem5t 9 ! proce$+s4 ,!  *ief 
musician sat on ! gr\nd 9 ! middle ( a  
circul>  frame-"w--ab\t two or ?ree feet
 high--hung r\nd ) drums (  diff]5t     
sizes1 :i* he /ruck ) 8 h&s1 &          
occasionally tun$  by ! application (   
moi/ clay 9 l>g] or small] lumps4 ,9 !  
c5tre ( ! op5 area ( flat du/y soil :i* 
s]v$ = ! /age1 a  big bran* ( a tree 0  
/uck upright1 possibly to repres5t ! =e/
  9 :i* ,rma liv$ ) 8 wife4 ,!n ! h]o & 
h]o9e ( !  drama--,rma & ,st--kept up a 
t$i\s colloquy1 int]sp]s$ ) jokes1  =   
h\rs4 ,! =m]--:o1 be x rememb]$1 0      

suppos$ to be a  god--smok$ a cig> all !
 :ile1 & occasionally eject$ saliva )   
p]fect indiff]5ce to all appe>ances & to
 all laws ( congruity1  :ile e n[ & aga9
 ,st1 9 spite ( a tight dress1 v>i$ !   
monotony ( ! dialogue by execut+ a sl[  
dance1 *>act]iz$ by  /range contortions1
 twi/+s1 & wriggl+s ( ! limbs4 ,hide\s  
masks 7 at int]vals assum$ by ! actors1 
&1 ( c\rse1 by !  demons :o int]v5$ at  
odd mom5ts ) mu* ludicr\s ge/iculation4 
,! action ( ! play w5t on cont9u\sly =  
ab\t t5 days1 dur+  :i* p]iod p came &  
w5t z !y lik$1 & ! la/ com]s  ent]$ into
 ! progress ( ! plot ) z mu* int]e/ z if
 !y  _h witness$ ! :ole4 ,!re is nev]   
mu* orig9ality ( inv5tion 9  ^! religi\s
 plays4 ,! ,indian h]oic poems & ! five 
hundr$ &  fifty bir?-/ories 7see p4 #fc7
 ( ! ,buddha furni% ! basis ( all4    ,!
 religi\s dramas ( ,tibet are ( a       
some:at diff]5t "*4 ,!  foll[+          
description is f\nd$ on ,dr4            
,s*lag9tweit's acc\nt 7p4  #bcc71 & on t
 ( ,mrs4 ,bridges 9 h] int]e/+          

#8,travels' 7,john  ,murray1 #ahhc1 p4  
#acj74      ,! dramatis p]son consi/ (  
?ree classes4--#a4 ,tutel>y deities or  
good g5ii1 call$ ,drag%$ 7,draged71 :o  
w>d (f ! assaults (    evil demons2 #b4 
,evil demons2 #c4 ,m54 ,! actors ( ea*  
class are    di/+ui%$ by _! masks4 ,!   
fir/ class--t is ! ,drag%$s or    good  
g5ii--we> masks ( enorm\s size & t]rific
 aspect#aei4 ,!    second class--t is ! 
,evil demons--we> l>g] masks ( a d>k    
col\r1 & _! g>m5ts are well padd$ to    
dead5 ! =ce ( !    bl[s %[]$ ^u !m4 ,!  
?ird class--t is ! ,m5--we> !    usual  
dress ( human be+s1 & masks ( a natural 
size & col\r1    :ile "u _! clo!s !y    
c>ry heavy wood5 /icks1 ) :i*    at     
times1 dur+ ! progress ( ! drama1 !y    
belab\r ! demons4    ,! gods also get   
well knock$ ab\t by ! demons1 mu* to !  
amusem5t ( ! spectators4      ,! drama  
is prec$$ by ! recital ( hymns & pray]s 
& by noisy    music4 ,! ,drag%$s occupy 
! c5tre1 ! m5 are on _! "r &    ! demons
 on _! left4 ,at %ort int]vals ! m5 & ! 

demons    execute sl[ dances1 ea* gr\p  
by itself4 ,at la/1 an evil _s &    a   
man /ep =?4 ,! evil _s !n tries1 9 a    
plausible spee*1    to tempt ! man to   
violate "s precept ( morality1 :ile o!r 
evil    spirits approa* & *ime 94 ,! man
 at fir/ /&s firm1 b    gradually gives 
way & is ab\t to yield1 :5 o!r m5 come  
=w>d    & entreat him n to be s$uc$ by !
 artful sugge/ions ( !    demons4 ,he is
 !n closely press$ by ! two opposite    
p>ties1 b 9    ! end takes ! advice ( 8 
human c\nsellors4 ,^u ?is all !    m5   
break out into praise ( ! ,drag%$s1 to  
^: pres5ce &    assi/ance !y ascribe !  
victory4 ,! ,drag%$s n[ proce$ to       
puni% ! evil demons4 ,! lead+ ,drag%$1  
:o is di/+ui%$ by    an unusually l>ge  
yell[ mask1 advances aga9/ !m surr\nd$  
by    ab\t a doz5 foll[]s4 ,o!r ,drag%$s
 next ru% out f !    back-gr\nd1 %oot   
arr[s1 ?r[ /ones1 & ev5 fire ) muskets  
^u ! demons1 :ile ! m5 belab\r !m ) _!  
/icks1    hi!rto conceal$ "u _! clo!s4  
,! demons are r\t$1 & run    9 e        

direction pursu$ by ! good g5ii4 ,!     
drama concludes by    all ! actors 7m5 &
 demons includ$7 s++ hymns 9 hon\r (    
! victori\s tutel>y g5ii4    ,among !   
spectators 7at ! p]=mance witness$ by   
,mrs4 ,bridges at  ,leh7 7 six deities1 
repres5t$ by six ,lmas seat$ on a b5* ) 
umbrellas ov] _! heads4 ,!y _h inc5se   
swung be=e !m by  att5dant prie/s4      
,?is curi\s dramatic p]=mance is        
p>allel$ 9 ,india by ! ,h9d  drama call$
 ,prabodha-&rodaya1 #8,rise ( ! moon (  
true k1'  9 :i* we h ,fai?1 ,volition1  
,op9ion1 ,imag9ation1 ,contemplation1   
,devotion1 ,quietude1 ,fri5d%ip1 c41 on 
"o side2 ,error1 ,self-conceit1         
,hypocrisy1 ,love1 ,passion1 ,ang]1     
,av>ice1 on ! o!r4 ,! two sets (        
*>act]s are1 ( c\rse1 oppos$ to ea* o!r1
 ! object ( ! play  be+ to %[ h[ !      
or?odox fai? ( ! ,h9ds became victori\s 
ov] ! errone\s doctr9e ( ! ,buddha--!   
,buddhi/s & o!r  h]etical sects be+     
repres5t$ z adh]5ts ( ! los+ side4      
,!n--to take a p>allel ne>] home--we f9d

 simil> religi\s dramas  act$ 9 ,engl& n
 s v long ago 7ab\t ! "t ( ,h5ry        
,,viii74  ,= example1 9 ! old ,engli%   
morality play1 call$ #8,e-man1' "s  ( ! 
dramatis p]son on ! "o side are--,god1  
,dea?1 ,e-man1  ,fell[%ip1 ,k9dr$1      
,good-de$s1 ,k1 ,confession1 ,beauty1   
,/r5g?1 ,discretion2 :ile on ! o!r are  
p]sonifications ( !  opposite qualities4
 ,!n1 aga91 9 #8,lu/y ,juv5tus1' we h a 
m$ley  ( ,good ,c\nsel1 ,k1 ,satan1     
,hypocrisy1 ,fell[%ip1 ,abom9able       
,liv+1 ,god's ,m]ciful ,promises4    ,& 
"h ) ref]5ce to ! suppos$ conte/        
cont9ually go+ on  betwe5 good & evil1 &
 ! p>ticipation ( human be+s 9 ?is      
t]rible /ruggle1 we may note t ! my/ical
 ?und]bolt call$  ,dorje 7p4 #cbb7 is n 
! only implem5t ( spiritual w>f>e       
employ$  by ! ,lmas aga9/ ! demons#afj4 
,ano!r important weapon is !  ,phurbu or
 #8nail1' describ$ z triangul> &        
w$ge-%ap$1 ) !  ?9 end v %>p-po9t$1 & ) 
! head ( ,tamd9 7a p>ticul>  ,drag%$    
,haya-grva1 not$ = 8 p[]7 em]g+ f !     

broad end  & surm\nt$ by a              
half-?und]bolt = a h&le4    ,accord+ to 
,s*lag9tweit1 ?is weapon is (t5 made (  
c>dbo>d1 on  :i* my/ical s5t5ces        
7,dhras7 9 ,sanskx are inscrib$1 "s     
aga9/ ! demons ( ! ,s\?1 "s aga9/ ^? ( !
 ,ea/1 &  "s aga9/ ^? ( ! ,s\?-ea/4 ,9  
case ( illness a ,lma goes  r\nd ! h\se 
turn+ ! po9t ( ! ,phurbu 9 all          
directions &  utt]+ magical spells4     
,mo/ ( ! ,dharas end ) ! syllables ,hm  
phat1 ! pot5cy (  :i* 9 sc>+ evil demons
 is irresi/ible4 ,_m *>ms beg9 ) ,ah    
,tamd94    ,^? ,phurbus are consid]$ mo/
 efficaci\s :i* are inscrib$ )  my/ical 
syllables & words compos$ by ei!r !     
,dalai ,lma or  ,pan*5 ,lma4 ,^! are    
sold = l>ge sums4 ,x is said            
7,s*lag9tweit1  #bfj7 t su* ,phurbus =m 
an important article ( trade = !        
,mongolian pilgrims return+ f ,tibet4   
,i 0 =tunate en\gh to meet ) a rem>kable
 specim5 ( a magical  weapon ( ?is k9d  
7call$ ,phur-pa by ,js*ke7 made ( metal1
 &  %ap$ l a dagg] ) ?ree edges1 "o =   

ea* ( ! ?ree classes  ( demons inhabit+ 
! ?ree qu>t]s4 ,! h&le is compos$ ( a   
,dorje 7p4 #cbb71 & is surm\nt$ by c>v+s
 ( ! heads ( ! ?ree  mo/ p[]ful         
,drag%$s4 ,i "h give a repres5tation (  
x#afa4    ,illu/ration3     ,x may be   
easily und]/ood t among a p1 /eep$ 9    
sup]/ition1 a man arm$ ) su* a weapon z 
?is--compos$ ( !  heads ( ?ree pot5t    
g5ii1 a div9e ?und]bolt & a triple-edg$ 
dagg]--w\ld be reg>d$ z a mat* = ! :ole 
demon-ho/4    ,9 ,burma ! tattoo+ (     
my/ical squ>es1 triangles & cabali/ic   
diagrams & figures on v>i\s p>ts ( !    
body1 seems to be reg>d$  z a suffici5t 
sub/itute = ! use ( magical weapons1 &  
is held  to be highly efficaci\s4       
,obvi\sly we may contra/ ! ,*ri/ian     
arm\ry describ$ by ,s4 ,paul  7,ephes4  
vi4 #aa71 #8! %ield ( fai? & ! sword ( !
 ,_s4' ,we  might also contra/ ! words (
 ,*ri/1 #8,rejoice n1 t ! spirits  are  
subject unto y2 b r rejoice1 because y\r
 names are writt5  9 heav5' 7,s4 ,luke  
x4 #bj74                                

,dome/ic ,rites & ,usages4    ,i n[ pass
 on to dome/ic rites & usages1 :i* are z
 num]\s &  important 9 ,buddhi/ c\ntries
 z 9 ,india4 ,x is said1 inde$1 t 9     
,tibet & ,mongolia no "o is s poor z n  
to possess an alt> 9 8  dwell+ on :i* he
 daily lays 8 (f]+s1 & be=e :i* he      
p]=ms devotions4    ,9 ,ceylon & ,burma 
c]ta9 c]emonies take place soon aft] !  
bir?  ( a *ild4 ,mr4 ,scott1 describ+ ^?
 9 ,burma1 says t a =tnight  aft] bir? a
 =tunate day & h\r is fix$ by an        
a/rolog] = !  nam+ ( ! infant4 ,a fea/  
is prep>$1 & all ! fri5ds &  relations (
 ! family are invit$4 #8,! *ild's head  
is usually wa%$  = ! fir/ "t on ?is     
day1' & "s "o sugge/s a "n4    ,! "n    
actually giv5 appe>s to be a matt] (    
*oice1 b ?is is  n s4 ,! consonants ( ! 
language are divid$ into gr\ps1 :i*  are
 assign$ to ! days ( ! week1 ,sunday    
hav+ all ! v[els to  itself4 #8,x is an 
inv>iable rule 9 all respectable        
families t !  *ild's "n mu/ beg9 ) "o ( 
! lett]s belong+ to ! day on  :i* x 0   

born1 b )9 ^! limits any "n may be      
*os54' ,a  common belief is t1 accord+  
to ! day ( ! week 7or r !  con/ellation 
repres5t+ t day7 on :i* a *ild is born1 
s w  its "* be4    ,9 ?is way e p]son's 
probable *>act]i/ics may be inf]r$4 ,=  
example1 a man born on a ,monday is     
likely to be jeal\s2 on ,tuesday1       
hone/2 on ,w$nesday1 hot-temp]$--b soon 
appeas$--?is *>act]i/ic  be+ int5sifi$  
"u ! influ5ce ( ,rhu#afb4    ,!n1 aga91 
if born on a ,?ursday1 a man w probably 
be mild2 on  ,friday1 talkative2 on     
,saturday1 ill-temp]$ & qu>relsome2 on  
,sunday1  p>simoni\s4 ,saturday is a bad
 day = ev]y?+4 ,n only has e  day its   
special "* & its fix$ lett]s1 b !re is  
also  7accord+ to ,mr4 ,scott7 a        
p>ticul> animal assign$ to symbolize    
x--= example1 a gu9ea-pig /&s = ,friday2
 a dragon = ,saturday2 a  tig] =        
,monday--& r$ or yell[ wax c&les are    
made 9 ! =ms (  ^! animals to be (f]$ at
 ! ,pagoda by ! pi\s4 ,ea* wor%ipp]     
(f]s ! creature-c&le repres5t+ 8        

bir?-day4    ,!n a c>eful note is made (
 ! exact h\r ( bir?1 ) !  important     
object ( draw+ up ! *ild's horoscope4   
,?is may be  delay$ till ! fif? or six? 
ye>1 & a ,brhman a/rolog] may be  call$ 
9 = ! purpose4 ,he records ! ye>1 !     
mon?1 ! day &  h\r at :i* ! *ild 0 born2
 ! "n giv5 to x & ! planet 9  ! asc5dant
 at ! mom5t4 ,all ?is is scrat*$ neatly 
on a palm-leaf  ) a metal /yle4 ,on !   
o!r side are a numb] ( cabali/ic squ>es 
& numb]s f :i* future calculations may  
be made4    ,a p]son born on ,monday    
rema9s "u ! influ5ce ( ! moon =  fifte5 
ye>s4 ,!n he passes "u ,m>s = eight     
ye>s4 ,at ! age (  tw5ty-?ree ,m]cury   
presides ov] him1 & s on ?r\gh all !    
planets to ! end ( 8 life1 :i* may be   
protract$ to #ajh ye>s4    ,rhu1 &      
especially ,saturn1 h a p>ticul>ly s9i/]
 influ5ce4 ,a  man does mo/ ( ! /upid & 
wick$ ?+s 9 8 life :ile he is 9         
,saturn's h\se4 ,o!r details w be f\nd 9
 #8,%way ,yoe4'    ,! horoscope is      
c>efully kept by ! p>5ts until ! *ild is

 old  en\gh to take c>e ( x himself1 &  
!nce=w>d x is gu>d$ z a  valuable       
possession4    ,all ^! ,buddhi/ cu/oms h
 _! c\nt]p>t 9 ! c]emonies (  ,brhmanism
 & ,h9dism4    ,= example1 ! ,h9ds h _! 
bir?-c]emonies 7,jta-k>man71 &  _!      
"n-giv+ c]emony 7,nma-k>aa#afc71 & !    
latt] is a  solemn religi\s act fraught 
) mom5t\s consequ5ces 9 its be>+  on a  
*ild's future4 ,h5ce ,h9d boys are      
g5]ally call$ aft] "s  god1 or ! "n     
indicates t ! *ild is ! god's s]vant4   
,horoscopes1 too1 are z important 9     
,india z 9 ,buddhi/  c\ntries#afd4    ,9
 ,india1 too1 all ,brhman boys g ?r\gh !
 c]emony ( tonsure &  cutt+ (f ! hair4  
,among ! ,buddhi/s ( ,burma a boy is s5t
 to ! mona/]y s*ool at  ab\t ! age (    
eight4 ,be=e he c become a novice he has
 to und]go  ! hair-abscission c]emony1  
foll[$ by %av+ e =t-night 7z  be=e      
describ$74 ,b ^? :o aft]w>ds elect to   
lead a secul> life  we> long hair1 to   
wa% :i* is reg>d$ z a k9d ( religi\s    
c]emonial1 & only to be p]=m$ ab\t once 

a mon?1 p>tly1 says  ,mr4 ,scott1       
because ! wa%+ ( a ,burman's luxuriant  
hair takes a long  "t1 & p>tly because  
too frequ5t ablutions #8w\ld di/urb &   
irritate ! good g5ius :o dwells 9 ! head
 & protects ! man4'    ,x is consid]$   
unlucky to wa% ! head on a ,monday1     
,friday1 or  ,saturday2 & #8p>5ts s5d+  
_! boy to a mona/]y mu/ rememb]  n to   
cut 8 hair (f on a ,monday1 or on a     
,friday1 or on 8  bir?-day4'    ,x is   
noticeable t a k9d ( baptism is practis$
 9 ,tibet &  ,mongolia4 ,x is usual to  
spr9kle *ildr5 ) consecrat$ wat]1 or    
ev5 to imm]se !m entirely on ! ?ird or  
t5? day aft] bir?4  ,?is is call$       
,khrus-sol 7accord+ to ,js*ke74    ,!   
prie/ consecrates ! wat] by recit+ "s   
=mula1 :ile c&les  & inc5se are burn+4  
,he !n dips ! *ild ?ree times1 blesses  
x1  & gives x a "n4 ,aft] p]=m+ !       
c]emony1 he draws up !  infant's        
horoscope4    ,!n1 s soon z ! *ild c    
walk & talk1 a second c]emony takes     
place1 :5 pray]s are said = its happy   

life1 & an amulet or little  bag is hung
 r\nd its neck1 fill$ ) spells & *>ms   
aga9/ evil  spirits & diseases4    ,!   
use ( amulets 7,sanskx kavaa71 *>ms &   
spells 9 ,nor!rn  ,buddhi/ c\ntries is  
univ]sal4    ,at ,drjl+ ,i notic$ t     
among ! cr[ds ( p]sons :o frequ5t$  !   
baza>--_m ( :om 7 travell]s f ,tibet1   
,nepl1 ,bhutn1 &  ,sikkim--almo/ e "o   
wore an amulet1 or a /r+ ( amulets r\nd 
!  neck4 ,mo/ ( ^! amulets are simply   
ornam5tal boxes or receptacles  =       
suppos$ relics ( sa9ts1 or = little     
images1 or pictures1 or =               
pray]-=mul>ies1 worn l brea/-plates or  
phylact]ies4 ,!y are  compos$ ( wood1   
bone1 & n infrequ5tly (                 
beautifully-work$  filigree silv]1      
emboss$ & ornam5t$ ) turquoise4 ,! %ape 
is  sometimes squ>e1 sometimes circul>  
or curv$1 & br\ght r\nd to a  po9t#afe4 
,i pur*as$ sev]al specim5s1 b ! v5dor ( 
any amulet  9 actual use inv>iably      
remov$ ! cont5ts be=e cons5t+ to "p  )  
x4 ,"h is a specim5 ( "o ( exceptionally

 beautiful design  :i* 0 giv5 to me by  
,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds4 ,x 0 tak5 f !     
neck ( a woman 9 ! baza>1 b n pur*as$   
)\t mu*  difficulty4    ,illu/ration3   
,we pass on next to ! ,buddhi/          
m>riage-c]emony4 ,?is 9 ,ceylon1        
,burma1 ,tibet1 ,mongolia1 & inde$ 9 all
 ,buddhi/ c\ntries1 is  prop]ly a purely
 civil contract witness$ only by p>5ts &
  gu>dians4 ,we h already po9t$ out1 t  
true ,buddhism consid]s  celibacy to be 
! only sure means ( atta9+ real sanctity
 (  "*4 ,consi/5tly ) ?is idea1 x has n 
prescrib$ any  religi\s c]emony to be   
p]=m$ by monks or prie/s1 z a condition 
( ! validity ( m>riage#aff4    ,h5ce    
among ,buddhi/s ! c]emony ( m>riage is v
 simple1 & has  no religi\s "*1 or at   
any rate no complicat$ religi\s         
obs]vances connect$ ) x1 z among !      
,h9ds#afg4 ,9 fact !  celibate monks (  
true ,buddhism w\ld be mu* sc&aliz$ if  
!y 7  ask$ to take "p 9 ! celebration ( 
a w$d+1 or ev5 to ratify x  by _!       
pres5ce4    ,! pr9cipal c]emony consi/s 

9 a fea/ giv5 by ! bridegroom or  8     
p>5ts1 to :i* all ! relations1 fri5ds1 &
 neighb\rs are  invit$4 ,nev]!less1 9   
mo/ ,buddhi/ c\ntries 9 ! pres5t day !  
monks manage to h "s remun]ative "w to d
 9 connexion )  w$d+s2 = _! bus9ess is  
to fix ! mo/ auspici\s days = !         
p]=mance ( ! c]emony1 9 return = :i* !y 
receive (f]+s  ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,we "k t 9 
,india a/rology is a *ief factor 9  all 
m>riage-arrangem5ts4 ,simil>ly 9 mo/    
,buddhi/ c\ntries no  w$d+ c take place 
till ! a/rolog]1 :o is usually a        
monk-prie/1 has be5 consult$ z to lucky 
& unlucky comb9ations1  & ! b5ign or    
baleful aspects ( planets & />s4 ,=     
example1 9  ,burma1 ,saturdays &        
,?ursdays are pron\nc$ unlucky days1 & x
 w\ld  be ! height ( imprud5ce to m>ry 9
 c]ta9 mon?s ( ! ye>4  ,!n1 aga91 a     
woman born on a ,friday w\ld be guilty (
 utt] folly if  %e m>ri$ a man born on a
 ,monday1 see+ t "o or o!r w\ld soon    
die#afh2 & s on ?r\gh a long li/ (      
auspici\s & inauspici\s  pot5tialities4 

,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be set d[n to ! cr$it ( 
,buddhism t wives &  daught]s are n     
imprison$ 9 ,zannas1 z among ,h9ds &    
,muhammadans4 ,i 0 pres5t at an         
ev5+-p>ty giv5 by a ri* native (        
,ceylon1 :5 ! ladies ( ! family 7       
introduc$ to ! ,european  gue/s1 &      
conv]s$ freely ) ! re/ ( ! company4 ,nor
 is !  m>riage ( m]e boys & girls insi/$
 on 9 ,buddhi/ c\ntries z 9  ,india4 ,! 
bridegroom is seldom ( a less age ?an   
eighte5 or n9ete54    ,!n1 aga91 n only 
bir?s & m>riages1 b illnesses & dea? are
  9 ! pres5t day a s\rce ( rev5ue to !  
,buddhi/ monkhood4    ,fir/1 z to       
sickness4    ,9 ,ceylon1 :5 any "o is   
dang]\sly ill1 ! monk-prie/ is summon$  
f ! neighb\r+ ,vihra1 aft] fir/ s5d+    
(f]+s ( fl[]s1  oil1 & food4 ,!n a      
tempor>y prea*+-place is erect$ ne> !   
h\se1 & all ! relatives & fri5ds1 & if  
possible ! sick man  himself1 li/5 to ! 
read+ ( ! ,law 7,baa7 = ab\t six h\rs4  
,! "p especially read & inton$ is !     
,ratna-valiya section ( !  ,pirit 7see  

p4 #cag74 ,aft] ! ,baa a numb] ( (f]+s  
are giv5 to  ! recit+ prie/1 includ+ a  
piece ( calico1 "o end ( :i* is  held by
 ! prie/1 & ! o!r by ! sick man4 ,!n !  
prie/  pron\nces a b5$iction1 & says    
words to ! foll[+ effect3--#8,by        
rev]5ce d ! wise secure heal?1 by       
almsgiv+ d !y lay up  treasures =       
!mselves#afi4'    ,:5 ! sick man is     
likely to die ! prie/ repeats !         
,?ree-refuge  =mula 7p4 #gh71 ! five    
comm&m5ts 7p4 #abf71 & ! ,sati-pahna    
,sutta 7p4 #di74    ,9 ,burma1 if an    
epidemic happ5s to break out 9 any      
village1 ! p  beg9 by pa9t+ ! suppos$   
figure ( an evil _s on a common  e>!nw>e
 wat]-pot1 & !n solemnly sma%+ x to     
pieces at sunset  ) a heavy /ick#agj4   
,!n z soon z x gets d>k all ! villag]s  
%\t1 yell1 %riek1 & make e k9d ( deaf5+ 
d91 ) ! hope  ( fright5+ away ! evil _s 
:o has caus$ ! disease4 ,?is  process is
 cont9u$ = ?ree nights1 & if no good    
result foll[s !  monk-prie/s are call$ 9
 f ! mona/]y4 ,!y recite ! t5  precepts1

 *ant ! ,law up & d[n ! road1 & intone a
 p>ticul>  s]mon ( ! ,buddha1 by !      
prea*+ ( :i* he once drove away a       
pe/il5ce4 ,^! means are1 ( c\rse1 n     
effective unless abundant  alms & gifts 
are be/[$ ^u ! mona/]y4    ,accord+ to  
,koepp5 & ,huc ! art ( m$ic9e 9 ,nor!rn 
,buddhi/  c\ntries is practis$          
exclusively by ! ,lmas4 ,! !ory is t    
!re are #adj diff]5t maladies1 & t mo/ (
 ^! are caus$ by  devils4 ,! monk-prie/s
 are ! sole doctors1 & a sick p]son c   
only be cur$ by !m4 ,"o process is      
simple4 ,x beg9s by ! ,lma  doctor writ+
 ! "n ( a rem$y ^u a morsel ( pap]1     
moi/5+  x ) saliva1 & roll+ x into a    
pill4 ,! pati5t takes ! pap]  pellet ) z
 mu* fai? z if he 7 swall[+ ! v]itable  
drug4  ,_m ,mongols believe t #8x is    
precisely ! same1 :e!r y swall[  a drug 
or its writt5 appellation4' ,!n1 #8if ! 
pati5t be poor1 !  devil is a little "o1
 & may be dislodg$ by a few pray]s2 b1  
if he  be ri*1 ! case is diff]5t2 f9e   
clo!s1 h&some boots1 or ev5 a  good     

horse mu/ be pres5t$1 or he w n cons5t  
to turn out4'    ,a v effective m$ic9e  
may be compos$ ( ! bones ( "s pi\s  ,lma
 gr\nd into a p[d]4 ,?is may be giv5    
alone or 9 comb9ation  ) o!r sub/ances4 
,x appe>s to be ess5tial t ! pray]s     
recit$ on ^! occasions  %\ld be         
accompani$ by t]rific noises4 ,m4 ,huc  
relates a /ory ( an  old woman--! aunt (
 a c]ta9 *ief--:o 0 "o day attack$ by   
int]mitt5t fev]4 ,! ,lma1 ( c\rse1      
ann\nc$ t a devil _h  possession ( h]   
body2 & s 9 ! ev5+ he & eight o!r ,lmas 
began op]ations = its expulsion4 ,fir/  
!y made a little figure or  manik9 (    
dri$ h]bs1 :i* !y call$ ! devil (       
int]mitt5t  fev]s4 ,?is !y /uck upright 
9 ! t5t ( ! sick woman4 ,!n at  elev5   
o'clock at night ! ,lmas rang$ !mselves 
at ! back ( !  t5t1 arm$ ) bells1       
tamb\r9es1 con*-%ells1 & o!r noisy      
in/rum5ts4 ,n9e memb]s ( ! family clos$ 
! circle 9 front1  cr\*+ on ! gr\nd1    
:ile ! old woman rema9$ seat$ on h]     
heels 9 front ( ! manik94 ,next1 #8at a 

giv5 signal1 ! or*e/ra  p]=m$ an ov]ture
 capable ( sc>+ away ! mo/ imp]turbable 
&  ob/9ate devil1 :ile all ! secul>     
assi/ants beat "t ) _!  h&s to ! hubbub 
( ! in/rum5ts & ! h[l+ ( ! pray]s4  ,:5 
?is demoniacal music 0 ov]1 ! *ief ,lma 
began 8 exorcisms1  scatt]+ millet se$s 
ar\nd z he proce$$2 sometimes speak+ l[1
  sometimes 9 /5torian tones4 ,!n1      
appe>+ to ?r[ himself into a  passion1  
he address$ animat$ appeals1 ) viol5t   
ge/iculation1 to  ! manik94' ,f9ally1   
aft] fur!r incantations1 he gave a      
signal2 !  ,lmas ?und]$ out a noisy     
*orus1 ! in/rum5ts add$ to ! d91  & !   
memb]s ( ! family ru%+ out 9 file1 made 
! circuit (  ! t5t1 /rik+ x frantically 
) /akes1 & utt]+ t]rific  cries4        
,f9ally1 ! *ief ,lma & 8 assi/ants1 aft]
 jo9+ 9 !  yells1 set fire to ! manik94 
,?is end$ ! c]emony2 ! demon be+        
compell$ to beat a retreat4    ,mr4     
,s>at ,*&ra ,ds has giv5 an acc\nt ( a  
some:at simil>  c]emony 9 ,tibet p]=m$  
by "s ,lmas to cure him ( a sickness4   

,an  image repres5t+ ! pati5t1 & suppos$
 to resemble him1 0  con/ruct$1 & a suit
 ( 8 clo!s plac$ 9 front ( x1 toge!r  ) 
portions ( 8 usual food & dr9k4 ,two    
,lmas !n mutt]$  my/ic s5t5ces1 r++ a   
bell1 wav+ a ,dorje 7see p4 #cbc ( ^!   
,lectures71 & twi/+ _! f+]s & h&s into !
 my/]i\s  %apes call$ ,mudr 7p4 #bda74  
,next !y broke out into alt]nate        
exhortations & ?reats1 & at ! conclusion
 ( ! c]emony !  (ficiat+ prie/s         
supplicat$ ! "l ( dea? 7,yama7 to accept
 !  image 9 place ( ! moribund man4     
,on ano!r occasion1 :5 ,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra 
,ds 0 s]i\sly ill 9  ,tibet1 an         
effective me?od ( cur+ 8 disease 0      
propos$ to him1  &1 ) 8 cons5t1 actually
 c>ri$ out4 ,?is ma9ly consi/$ 9  !     
ransom+ ( fi%-life4 ,a c]ta9 ,lma />t$  
(f = a fi%]man's  village1 & 9 a %ort "t
 return$ 9 a high /ate ( satisfaction4  
,he _h sav$ ! lives ( five hundr$ fi%es 
= ! b5efit ( !  sick man4 ,! m]it ( ?is 
de$ 0 cr$it$ to ! pati5t on 8  repeat+ !
 foll[+ pray]3--    #8,by virtue ( my   

hav+ ransom$ ! lives ( ^! animals1 let  
heal?1  longevity1 prosp]ity1 & happ9ess
 p]petually accrue to me4'    ,9 ! same 
way 9 ,burma1 9 times ( great heat &    
dr\ght1 :5 !  ponds & tanks appe> to be 
on ! po9t ( dry+ up1 x is held to be  a 
"w ( enorm\s m]it to rescue fi%1 put !m 
9 j>s1 & transport  !m alive to ! riv]s4
 7,see ,scott's #8,burman1' ii4 #dc47   
,simil>ly a bird-cat*] w sell live birds
 to pi\s p]sons1 t  !y may ga9 m]it by  
releas+ !m4    ,we pass on1 9 ! next    
place1 to ! usages & c]emonies common at
  dea?4    ,if a man's s\l is to be     
sep>at$ f 8 body prop]ly &  peacefully1 
s z n to hurt ! survivors1 & 9 a mann]  
likely to  cause a happy re-bir? =      
himself1 alms mu/ be be/[$ on !         
monk-prie/s1 & _! pres5ce mu/ be invit$ 
= ! repetition (  pray]s4 ,9 ,ceylon &  
,burma monks g to ! h\ses ( m\rn]s &    
repeat portions ( ! ,pirit 7see p4      
#cag74    ,9 ,tibet ! prie/ n only      
recites pray]s b compresses ! skull     
till x appe>s to crack1 or else ! hair  

is torn (f & a little  incision is made1
 to enable ! dy+ man's s\l to escape4 ,!
 prie/  !n settles :at me?od ( burial is
 to be foll[$1 & ! place1 day  & h\r1   
all ( :i* dep5d on a/rological          
comb9ations1 kn[n only  to him4    ,!   
me?od ( dispos+ ( a dead body diff]s 9  
all ,buddhi/ c\ntries  accord+ to       
/ation1 condition1 rank1 & weal?4    ,9 
,ceylon ! bodies ( monks are all burnt1 
& ! cremation  c]emonies are c>ri$ out  
"u decorat$ ar*es or canopies1 :i* are  
nev] remov$1 b left to crumble away4    
,9 ,burma ! cremation ( a monk di/+ui%$ 
= sanctity is an affair  ( great /ate & 
c]emonial4 ,! body 7see ,mr4 ,scott's   
#8,burman1' ii4  #cca7 is fir/ embalm$1 
& next tightly wrapp$ 9 :ite clo?1 :i*  
is v>ni%$ & aft]w>ds cov]$ ) gold-leaf4 
,! corpse ?us  gild$ is plac$ 9 an      
unclos$ inn] c(f91 & left expos$ to view
  = a consid]able "t4 ,:5 fa/5$ d[n1 !  
inn] c(f9 is cov]$  ) gold-leaf1 l !    
body4 ,an out] s>cophagus is !n prep>$1 
& pa9t$ to repres5t sc5es f ! lives ( ! 

,buddha4 ,?is is  plac$ 9 a build+      
erect$ = ! purpose1 & !re ! body lies 9 
/ate = sev]al mon?s1 :ile a con/ant l9e 
( pilgrim-wor%ipp]s  pass 9 & out4 ,9   
process ( "t1 :5 en\gh money = ! exp5ses
  has be5 collect$1 a gr& cremation     
takes place "u a l(ty canopy1  :i* on   
special occasions may be fifty or sixty 
feet high4 ,! calc9$  bones are !n      
rev]5tially collect$1 & ei!r buri$ ne> !
  temple or p\nd$ & made up into a pa/e1
 ) :i* an image ( !  ,buddha is         
con/ruct$ = wor%ip 9 ! mona/]y4    ,9   
,tibet ! bodies ( ! ,gr& ,lmas are      
g5]ally embalm$ &  pres]v$ 9 monum5ts or
 ,/pas4 ,o!r ,lmas & monks di/+ui%$  =  
sanctity are burnt1 & _! a%es are ei!r  
di/ribut$ z  relics1 or pres]v$ 9 idols 
or 9 small ,dgabas4 ,k+s1 pr9ces1 &     
great m5 are also burnt1 & ( c\rse ) mu*
 c]emony &  repetition ( pray]s4 ,!n = a
 long "t aft]w>ds pray]s cont9ue  to be 
recit$ by ! prie/s1 ! object be+ to     
propitiate ,yama1 god  ( ,dea?1 & to    
deliv] ! deceas$ f ! possible           

purgatorial  torm5ts ( "o ( ! hells4 ,x 
is said t ?is repetition ( pray]s  is   
prolong$1 9 ! case ( ! ri*1 = sev5      
weeks1 & 9 ! case  ( pr9ces1 = a :ole   
ye>4    ,mr4 ,j4 ,w>e ,edg>1 ,c4,s4,i41 
9 8 int]e/+ ,report ( 8 visit to        
,sikkim 9 #ahgc1 gives a description ( !
 rem>kable fun]al c]emonies  p]=m$ on ! 
occasion ( ! dea? ( ! ,rj ( ,sikkim's   
si/]  7see p4 #fb71 :i* ,i "h           
abbreviate3--      ,! ,rj's si/] _h di$ 
a few days aft] 8 return to ,*oombi4 ,! 
body _h be5 buri$ at ,*oombi1 b h] clo!s
 _h be5 s5t to    ,toomlong1 & h] s\l 0 
suppos$ to accompany !m4 ,!re a         
lay-figure meant to repres5t h]1 dress$ 
9 h] co/ume z a nun1    & we>+ a gilt   
mitre & a long :ite veil1 0 plac$ on a  
k9d    ( ?rone to ! "r ( ! great alt> 9 
! pr9cipal *apel4    ,be=e ! figure 0 a 
table1 on :i* 7 diff]5t k9ds ( food4    
,on ano!r table 7 v>i\s ?+s :i* _h      
belong$ to h]1 :ile    on a ?ird1 #ajh  
little brass lamps 7 arrang$ 9 r[s4 ,"s 
days    aft]w>ds ! lay-figure ( ! nun 0 

tak5 to ,pemyang*i4 ,!re1    = ?ree days
 ! figure 0 seat$ be=e ! alt>1 & ! monks
    *ant$ ! litanies = h] s\l1 :i* _h   
accompani$ h] clo!s    f ,*oombi4 ,on ! 
?ird day t[>ds ev5+ ! tea-cup ( ! nun   
0 fre%ly fill$ ) tea1 & all ! monks     
solemnly drank tea )    h]4 ,! monks    
*ant$ ! litanies1 & ! ,head ,lma w5t    
?r\gh    "s elaborate c]emonies4 ,at    
ab\t n9e o'clock ! *ant+ ceas$1    & !  
,lma made a long spee* to ! s\l ( ! nun1
 9 :i* he    told h] t all t c\ld be    
done to make h] j\rney to ano!r    _w   
easy1 _h be5 done1 & t n[ %e w\ld h to g
 alone &    unassi/$ to appe> be=e ! ,k+
 & ,judge ( ! dead4      #8,y w h to    
leave y\r robes1 y\r mitre1 & y\r veil1'
 said    he1 #8& clad 9 ! black g>m5t ( 
y\r s9s1 or 9 ! %9+    g>m5t ( y\r good 
de$s1 y w be %[n ! mirror ( ! j    ,k+4 
,y\r gold & silv]1 y\r rank1 y\r good "n
 w n help    y1 :5 y\r good de$s are    
weigh$ aga9/ y\r evil de$s1 9 !         
scales ( ! ,k+4 ,if y h done ill1 y w be
 puni%$2 b if    y\r s9s are f\nd to be 

light] ?an y\r good works1 y\r rew>d    
w be great inde$4'      ,:5 ! ,lma _h   
f9i%$ 8 address1 "s ( ! monks took d[n  
! lay-figure & undress$ x1 :ile o!rs =m$
 a procession &    conduct$ ! s\l ( !   
nun into ! d>kness outside ! mona/]y1   
) a discordant noise ( con*-%ells1      
?igh-bone trumpets1 ,tibetan    flutes1 
gongs1 cymbals1 tamb\r9es1 & drums4     
,9 ,japan small portions ( ! calc9$     
rema9s 7(t5 n l>g] ?an  peas7 are       
pres]v$ 9 globul> glass %r9es1 & !n duly
 hon\r$  & wor%ipp$4    ,! me?od (      
dispos+ ( ! dead bodies ( ! laity & ( ! 
common p is g5]ally mu* m simple4 ,9 mo/
 ,buddhi/ c\ntries  laym5 are buri$1 & !
 prie/s lead ! processions to ! grave4  
,9  ,ceylon1 ! laity are c]ta9ly1 z a   
rule1 buri$ & n burnt4    ,9 ,burma ri* 
laym5 are also g5]ally buri$1 &1 accord+
 to ,mr4  ,scott1 ! fun]al is a gr&     
affair4    ,! body is swa!d 9 new :ite  
cotton clo?1 leav+ ! face  uncov]$4 ,a  
piece ( gold or silv] is plac$ betwe5 ! 
tee? to  s]ve z f]ry-money ov] !        

,buddhi/ ,/yx--! t]rible riv] ( dea?    
:i* all deceas$ p]sons are compell$ to  
pass4 ,?is riv] is cle>ly  ! c\nt]p>t ( 
! ,vait>a ( ! ,h9ds 7see #8,brhmanism & 
,h9dism1' p4 #big74    ,if ! dead man's 
family is poor1 a copp] co9 or ev5 a    
betel nut w  suffice4 ,next ! monks are 
s5t =1 _! imm$iate pres5ce be+  necess>y
 to keep (f ! evil spirits :o always    
sw>m ne> a corpse4  ,aft] an int]val !  
body is plac$ 9 a c(f91 :i* is sometimes
  gild$ & plac$ on a bi] "u a canopy4   
,:5 ! "r day arrives  = ! fun]al1 a long
 procession is =m$1 ) a numb] ( prie/s  
9 proportion to ! am\nt ( alms be/[$1 & 
a cr[d ( relations1  fri5ds1 &          
neighb\rs4 ,occasionally ^? :o c>ry !   
bi] /op &  g ?r\gh a sort ( solemn      
dance1 :ile m\rnful tunes are play$ by  
! musicians & fun]al dirges are sung4 ,!
 body is f9ally buri$ 9  a cemet]y to ! 
we/ ( ! t[n or village4 ,a fun]al mu/   
nev] g  to ! nor? or to ! ea/4 ,!       
c]emony concludes by alms to !  prie/s1 
:o 9 return intone ! comm&m5ts & o!r    

portions ( !  ,law 9 ,pli4 ,aft] !      
fun]al1 great fe/ivities g on 9 !       
family-abode = ! b5efit ( ! cr[ds :o    
come to (f] condol5ce4  ,!n ! pres5ce ( 
! prie/s is aga9 ne$$1 & has to be paid 
=  by alms to ! mona/]y1 or ! evil      
spirits1 :o are sure to hang  ab\t1 _c  
be got rid (4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,burma !     
cremation (  ri* laym5 is n uncommon1 & 
! a%es are ei!r deposit$ 9  ,dgabas--t  
is1 9 small ,/pas or ,pagodas#aga--or   
are p\nd$ into  pa/e & made into        
m9iature ,/pas 7p4 #ejf7 or into small  
images (  ! ,buddha = wor%ip at !       
dome/ic alt>4    ,9 ,tibet & ,mongolia !
 corpses ( ! laity1 especially ( ! poor1
  are (t5 expos$ 9 ! fields1 9 des]ts1  
or on m\nta9 tops1 or  rocks1 or 9      
lonely rav9es1 or sometimes 9 op5 places
 enclos$ =  ! purpose4 ,occasionally !y 
are cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( e>? or  loose   
/ones4 ,usually !y are dev\r$ by        
vultures1 dogs1 & o!r  animals4    ,x   
seems t 9 ,lhssa c]ta9 dogs are kept = t
 purpose#agb4 ,a  class ( pr(essional m5

 exi/ !re1 ^: bus9ess x is to cut up    
dead bodies1 & ?r[ ! fle% piecemeal to  
dogs & vultures4 ,ev5  ! bones are      
sometimes p\nd$1 & ! du/1 be+ mix$ )    
fl\r1  is giv5 to be dev\r$4 ,! /range  
?+ is1 t ?is k9d ( burial  is ?\ght     
desirable1 & ev5 hon\rable4 ,to be eat5 
up by sacr$ dogs  aft] dea? is          
productive ( great m]it1 & leads to     
re-bir? 9  high] =ms4 ,dogs are !       
mausoleums ( ,lhssa4    ,accord+ to ,m4 
,huc1 a common fun]al c]emony among !   
,mongols  consi/s 9 c>ry+ ! corpse to ! 
summit ( a m\nta91 or to !  bottom ( a  
rav9e4 ,! body is wall$ up 9 a sort (   
kiln ( a  pyramidal =m1 ) a small door  
at ! bottom1 & an op5+ at !  top to     
ma9ta9 a curr5t ( air1 & all[ ! smoke to
 escape4 ,dur+  ! combu/ion ! ,lmas     
recite pray]s4 ,:5 ! corpse is consum$1 
! kiln is demoli%$4 ,!n ! bones are     
collect$ & c>ri$ to !  ,gr& ,lma1 :o    
r$uces !m to a p[d]1 &1 aft] add+ an    
equal  quantity ( :eat5 fl\r1 kneads !  
:ole c>efully1 &1 ) 8 own  h&s1 fa%ions 

a numb] ( cakes ( v>i\s sizes4 ,^! are  
aft]w>ds  plac$ 9 a pyramidal ,/pa1 :i* 
has be5 built be=eh& 9 "s  auspici\s    
place4    ,! soil ( ! fam\s mona/]y ( ! 
,five ,t[]s 9 ! prov9ce (  ,%an ,si1 is 
said to be s holy t ^? int]r$ !re are   
sure to  effect a good transmigration4  
,9 ! des]ts ( ,t>t>y1 ,mongols are      
frequ5tly se5 c>ry+ on _! %\ld]s ! bones
 ( _! k9dr$1  & j\rney+ to ! ,five      
,t[]s--!re to pur*ase1 almo/ at its     
weight 9 gold1 a little surface ( gr\nd 
:]eon to erect a small  ,/pa4 ,"s ( !m  
und]take a toilsome j\rney ( a :ole     
ye>'s  duration1 to rea* ?is holy spot  
7see p4 #dce74    ,burial 9 riv]s1 :i*  
is highly priz$ by ! ,h9ds1 is n 9 fav\r
  among ,buddhi/s4 ,only v poor p all[  
_! dead to be ?r[n  into riv]s1 ?\gh ?is
 is ! only k9d ( ,buddhi/ burial m5tion$
  by ,alb]n 7,sa*au1 ii4 #afi74         
,buddhism1 f ! fir/1 repudiat$ !  ,h9d  
fun]al c]emonies call$ rddhas1 :i* are  
/ill a great  incubus on ! p4 ,! poore/ 
man 9 ,india1 if he be ( high ca/e1  _c 

p]=m a rddha = a relation = a less sum  
?an =ty  rupees1 giv5 9 fees to !       
prie/s4 ,buddhism did good s]vice 9     
deliv]+ ! p f ?is burd51 b 9 ,nor!rn    
c\ntries x  e/abli%$ some?+ simil> 9 !  
,b>do c]emony 7p4 #ccd74                
,=mul>ies ( ,pray]4    ,) reg>d to      
pray]-=mul>ies1 !re is 9 mod]n times a  
good deal  ( diff]5ce betwe5 ,s\!rn &   
,nor!rn ,buddhi/ c\ntries4 ,we h  se5 t 
! ?ree-refuge =mul>y 0 ! sole pray] (   
e>ly  ,buddhi/s4 ,c]ta9 or?odox m5 :om  
,i met 9 ,ceylon1 ma9ta9$ to me  t ?is  
is ! only legitimate =m ( pray] t ought 
to be us$  ev5 9 ! pres5t day4 ,x is    
c]ta9ly a =m :i* is accept$ &  employ$  
by all ,buddhi/s ( :atev] nationality4  
,tsong ,khapa1 x is said1 e/abli%$ at   
,lhssa an annual  pray]-congregation    
call$ ,monlam h5po 7see p4 #chf74 ,b !  
mo/  common pray] us$ 9 ,tibet is a m]e 
=mul>y1 ! con/ant repetition  ( :i* is  
"o ( ! mo/ amaz+ in/ances ( ! tyranny ( 
sup]/ition to be f\nd 9 any "p ( ! _w4  
,x consi/s ( ! six-syllabl$ s5t5ce1 ,om 

mai padme ,hm1 #8,om6 !  ,jewel 9 !     
,lotus6 ,hm6'    ,?is pray]1 or r       
my/ical s5t5ce1 is suppos$ to h be5     
compos$ by ,padma-pi 7,avalokitev>a71 & 
to h ref]5ce to 8  own manife/ation z ! 
,patron-,sa9t ( ,tibet#agc4 ,x is       
sometimes  call$ ! ,mai or #8,jewel'    
pray]1 &1 if brevity is a valuable      
quality1 its excell5ce is und5iable1    
s9ce x consi/s ( m]ely two  ,sanskx     
words1 betwe5 two my/ical1              
untranslatable auspici\s  ejaculations1 
,om & ,hm#agd4    ,d\btless ! pray]     
really owes its orig9 to ! close        
connexion :i*  sprang up betwe5 ,nor!rn 
,buddhism & aivism4 ,! wor%ipp]s ( iva  
h always us$ 7comp>e p4 #bdj7 simil>    
my/ical s5t5ces &  syllables call$      
,dhras1 to :i* a k9d ( miracul\s        
efficacy is  attribut$4 ,9 all          
probability an occult mean+ und]lies !  
#8,jewel-lotus' =mula1 & my own belief  
is t ! majority ( ^?  :o repeat x are   
ignorantly do+ homage to ! self-g5]ative
 p[]  suppos$ to inh]e 9 ! univ]se--a   

p[] po9t$ at by ! popul>  ,skhya !ory ( 
! union ( ,prakiti & ,puru%a1 & by !    
univ]sal wor%ip ( ! ,liga & ,yoni       
?r\gh\t ,india#age4 ,no  ?\ghtful p]son 
c h travell$ mu* 9 ,india )\t be+       
impress$ ) ?is4    ,at all ev5ts1 :atev]
 be its orig9 & mean+1 no o!r pray] us$ 
by human be+s 9 any qu>t] ( ! globe is  
repeat$ s (t54 ,e  ,tibetan believes x  
to be a panacea = all evil1 a comp5dium 
( all  k1 a treasury ( all wisdom1 a    
summ>y ( all religion4 ,b if  y ask     
,nor!rn ,buddhi/s to give y ! reason =  
?is belief1 v  few are able to give an  
intelligible reply4 ,accord+ to ! mo/   
le>n$ doctors ( philosophy :o are to be 
f\nd 9 ,tibetan  mona/]ies1 x is c]ta9ly
 address$ to _! patron deity            
,avalokitev>a1 & ! real secret ( its    
efficacy lies 9 ! fact1  t ea* "o ( its 
six syllables has a pot5t influ5ce on "s
 "o (  ! six ,gatis or c\rses ( be+--t  
is to say1 on "s "o ( !  six k9ds (     
transmigration or trans=mation ?r\gh :i*
 e liv+  individual has to pass 7see p4 

#aba7agf4    ,! (t5]1 !re=e1 ?is my/ical
 =mula is repeat$ ! %ort]  w be an      
individual's c\rse 7gati7 ?r\gh "s ( ^! 
six =ms (  exi/5ce1 e "o ( :i* involves 
mis]y or evil4 ,or x may be t  by       
repeat+ x he w be able to escape "s ( ! 
six exi/5ces  altoge!r4    ,/range inde$
 z x may appe> to u1 x is impossible to 
%ake !  fai? ( a ,lmi/ic ,buddhi/ 9 !   
absolutely infallible efficacy (  8 six 
fav\rite my/ic syllables4 ,he repeats   
!m1 n at all z if he  7 pray+ 9 a       
,*ri/ian s5se1 b z if he 7 a f>m] int5t 
on  plant+ ! v be/ se$ 9 ! mo/          
productive soil1 & wat]+ x  incessantly 
accord+ to ! mo/ sci5tific pr9ciples (  
irrigation4 ,a  b\ntiful h>ve/ is       
absolutely c]ta9 to rew>d 8 ef=ts4    ,x
 ne$ n1 !re=e1 surprise u if ^! six     
syllables are murmur$  morn+1 noon1 &   
night1 by e man1 woman1 & *ild1 :]ev] ! 
,lmi/ic ,hi]>*y has ext5d$4 ,&1 if n    
repeat$ by ! voice1 an  incessant /ream 
( repetition--an incessant scatt]+ ( !  
six my/ic  se$s--is kept go+ by ! h&4   

,! words are writt5 or pr9t$ on roll )9 
roll ( pap] &  inscrib$ 9 cyl9d]s1 :i*1 
:5 made to revolve ei!r by educat$      
monks or by illit]ate laym51 h ! same   
efficacy z if !y 7  actually said or    
repeat$4 ,! revolutions are cr$it$ z s  
mu*  pray]-m]it1 or1 to speak m         
sci5tifically1 z s mu*  pray]-=ce1      
accumulat$ & /or$ up = ! b5efit ( !     
p]son  :o revolves !m4    ,! cyl9d] is  
g5]ally made ( metal1 ! pray] be+       
engrav$ on  ! outside1 z well z writt5  
on pap] & ins]t$ inside4 ,x is held  9 !
 "r h& & :irl$ r\nd1 l a *ild's toy1 by 
means ( a  h&le 9 a p>ticul> direction  
7) ! sun74 ,if made to revolve !  o!r   
way1 its rotations w be set d[n to !    
debtor r ?an !  cr$itor side ( ! own]'s 
acc\nt4 ,"h is a draw+ ( "o (  sev]al   
h&-cyl9d]s 7commonly call$ pray]-:eels  
or pray]-mills2  ,tibetan1 hos-kor or   
hos-kyi or ,khor-lo71 obta9$ by me at   
,drjl+3--    ,illu/ration3     ,!n1     
aga91 ! words ( ! pray] are writt5 or   
pr9t$ millions &  millions ( times on   

rolls or /rips ( pap]1 & enclos$ 9 mu*  
l>g] b>rel-l cyl9d]s1 :i* are set up 9  
temples1 *apels1  mona/]ies1 corridors1 
passages1 h\ses1 villages1 by ! road    
side1  & 9 e possible corn]1 = !        
conv5i5ce ( ! mass ( !  p :o are too    
ignorant to read1 & too indol5t to      
engage 9  cont9u\s oral repetition#agg4 
,x sometimes happ5s t qu>rels arise f   
rival claims 9 reg>d to  ! use ( su*    
pray]-cyl9d]s4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is an  
amus+  /ory is told by ! ,fr5*          
mission>ies3--    ,"o day :5 !y happ5$  
to be pass+ a pray+-ma*9e1 set up ne>  a
 mona/]y1 !y saw two ,lmas engag$ 9 a   
viol5t qu>rel2 &1 z x  appe>$1 all on   
acc\nt ( _! zeal = _! pray]s4 ,! fact 0 
t "o ,lma _h come1 &1 hav+ set ! b>rel 9
 motion = 8 own  b5efit1 0 retir+       
mode/ly & complac5tly to 8 own abode1 :5
  happ5+ to turn 8 head to enjoy !      
spectacle ( ! :eel's pi\s  revolutions1 
he saw ! o!r ,lma /op x1 & set x :irl+  
aga9  = himself4 ,indignant1 ( c\rse1 at
 ?is unw>rantable int]f]5ce  ) 8 own    

devotions1 he ran back1 & 9 8 turn put a
 /op to 8  rival's piety1 & bo? ( !m    
cont9u$ ?is k9d ( demon/ration =  "s "t1
 till at la/ los+ pati5ce !y proce$$ to 
m5aces1 &  !n to bl[s1 :5 an old ,lma   
came out ( a neighb\r+ cell1 &  br\ght !
 difficulty to a peaceful t]m9ation by  
himself twirl+ !  pray]-b>rel = ! b5efit
 ( bo? p>ties4    ,on ! occasion ( my   
visit+ ,drjl+ 9 #ahhd1 ,i 0 desir\s (   
judg+ = myself ( ! me?od ( us+ ^!       
rem>kable in/rum5ts  ( religion4 ,i     
!re=e1 soon aft] my arrival1 walk$ to a 
,buddhi/  temple ne> ! t[n4 ,!re ,i f\nd
 sev]al l>ge b>rel-l cyl9d]s  set up    
close toge!r 9 a r[ at ! entrance1 s t  
no "o might  pass 9 )\t giv+ !m at lea/ 
"o twirl1 or by a rapid sweep (  8 h&   
might set !m all twirl+ at once4 ,inside
 !  entrance-portico a %rivell$ &       
exceptionally hide\s old woman 0  seat$ 
on ! gr\nd4 ,9 h] left h& %e held a     
small portable  pray]-cyl9d]1 :i* %e    
kept 9 p]petual revolution4 ,9 h] "r  h&
 0 a cord connect$ ) a huge b>rel-l     

cyl9d]1 :i* )  "s ex]tion %e made to    
rotate on its axis by help ( a crank1   
:ile  %e kept mutt]+ ,om mai pamme ,hm  
7s %e pron\nc$ x7 )  amaz+ rapidity4 ,9 
?is way %e complet$ at lea/ sixty oral  
repetitions e m9ute1 )\t reckon+ !      
inf9ite numb] (  rotatory repetitions   
accompli%$ simultane\sly by h] two h&s4 
,&  all ?is 0 done ) an appe>ance (     
apa?y & m5tal vacuity 9 h]  )]$ face1   
:i* 0 s di/ress+ & melan*oly to behold1 
t  ! spectacle w nev] be effac$ f my    
memory4 ,9 tru? !  v5]able dame seem$ to
 be sublimely unconsci\s t any ef=t (   
?\ght or conc5tration ( ei!r m9d or he>t
 0 ne$$ to make  pray] ( any value at   
all4    ,& ! m5 ( ,tibet are q z mu*    
slaves to ?is sup]/ition z  ! wom54 ,a  
fri5d ( m9e :5 /ay+ at ,drjl+ _h "s     
conv]sation on s]i\s subjects ) an      
app>5tly s5sible native1 &  obs]v$ )    
surprise t all ! :ile he 0 engag$ 9     
talk+ )  ! ,buddhi/1 ! latt] cont9u$    
dilig5tly :irl+ a pray]-cyl9d]  ) great 
velocity4 ,my fri5d1 be+ unacqua9t$ )   

,tibetan cu/oms1  came away f 8 colloquy
 "u ! impression t ,buddhi/s reg>d      
,*ri/ians z dang]\s lunatics possess$ ) 
evil spirits1 :i*  require specially    
active measures 9 ! way ( exorcism4 ,x  
did n  occur to him t ! ,buddhi/ 0 m]ely
 int5t on r$eem+ e  in/ant ( "t = !     
purpose ( /or+ up m]it by pray]4    ,& !
 hold :i* ?is extraord9>y sup]/ition has
 ^u !  population is /ill m =cibly      
impress$ on ! travell] :o  p5etrates    
into ! regions beyond ,drjl+4 ,he may   
!re see imm5se  pray]-cyl9d]s set up l  
mills1 & kept 9 incessant revolution1  n
 by ! w or h& ( man1 b by ! bl9d1       
unconsci\s =ce (  w9d & wat]4    ,x is  
ev5 said t great me*anical +5uity is    
display$ by !  monks 9 "s p>ts ( ,tibet1
 _! inv5tive p[]s be+ /imulat$ by  a    
burn+ desire to economize "t & lab\r 9 !
 production (  pray]-m]it by ma*9]y4    
,an intricate arrangem5t ( huge :eels & 
o!r :eels )9 :eels1  l ! works ( a      
clock1 is connect$ ) r[s ( cyl9d]s &    
made  to revolve rapidly by means (     

heavy weights4 ,an inf9ite numb] (      
pray]s are repeat$ 9 ?is mann] by a s+le
 monk1 :o takes a m9ute  or two to w9d  
up ! complicat$ spiritual ma*9]y1 & !n  
ha/5s  to help 8 bro!rs 9 indu/rial     
occupations--! :ole frat]nity  feel+ t !
 +5i\s contrivance ( pray+ by clock-"w  
enables  !m to promote ! common weal by 
mak+ ! mo/ ( bo? worlds4 ,!  /ory goes  
t1 9 times ( special ne$ & em]g5cy1     
additional  weights are atta*$ to !     
ma*9]y1 &1 ( c\rse1 increas$ cog5cy     
giv5 to ! rotatory pray]s4 ,x is to be  
hop$ t :5 ,european  inv5tions f9d _!   
way across ! ,himlayas1 /eam-p[] may n  
be  press$ into ! s]vice ( ^! gross     
sup]/itions4    ,! use ( pray]-:eels (  
v>i\s k9ds is also common 9 ,japan1 z   
describ$ 9 ,sir ,edw>d ,re$'s "w4    ,b 
pray+ by ma*9]y is n all4 ,b5eficial    
results are believ$ to  accrue ?r\gh !  
c>v+ ( ! all-p[]ful six syllables on e  
conceivable object4    ,! travell]1 z he
 walks along1 sees ! my/ic words        
impress$ on !  /ones at 8 feet1 on      

rocks1 doors1 monum5ts1 & trees4 ,inde$1
 ri*  & zeal\s ,buddhi/s ma9ta9 at _!   
own exp5se1 companies ( ,lmas  = ! sole 
object ( propagat+ ! ,mai-padme =mula4  
,^! /range  mission>ies may occasionally
 be enc\nt]$1 *isel & hamm] 9 h&1       
trav]s+ field1 hill1 dale1 & des]t1 _!  
only mission be+ to  engrave ! sacr$ six
 syllables on e rock 9 _! pa? 7,huc1 ii4
  #aid74    ,absolutely incalculable is 
! gr& total ( ,mai-padmes ?us plac$ to  
! cr$it ( ! _w ( liv+ be+s dur+ ! %ort  
space (  tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,yet1 at ! end 
( ! ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival 9 ,tibet1  !    
*ief ,lma w sometimes pret5d to proclaim
 ! exact sum (  my/ic syllables suppos$ 
to h be5 repeat$ dur+ its cont9uance1   
am\nt+ p]haps to billions ^u billions1 =
 ! consolation ( all  ^? fai?ful        
,buddhi/s :o1 oppress$ by ! evils (     
life1 are  seek+ = "s antidote4    ,b ! 
#8jewel-lotus' is n ! only antidote4    
,!re are o!r %ort  pray]-=mul>ies1 su* z
 ,om ,vajra-pi-,hm 7address$ to !       
,bodhi-sattva ,vajra-pi1 p4 #bja71 & o!r

 /ill m my/ical  ejaculations 7su* z ,om
 ah ,hm72 & magical s5t5ces1 call$      
,dhran1  & pr(\ndly significant         
monosyllables1 su* z ,ram1 ,pha1 ,him1  
,hm1  im1 m1 ,hs4    ,& "h 9 connexion )
 ! ubiquity ( pray]-=mul>ies1 we mu/  n 
omit to notice ! ,pray+-walls1 t is1 !  
long /one walls or  banks call$ 7f !    
#8jewel-lotus' pray] inscrib$ ^u !m7    
,mai#agh1 or 9 ! prov9cial dialect ,man 
,dang 7v>i\sly ,man-dong1  ,m5dong74    
,^! rem>kable /one-/ructures1 peculi> to
 ,lmism1 are erect$ by  ! side (        
high-roads1 & 9 frequ5t$ ?or\ghf>es1 ) !
 simple  object ( aid+ 9 ! accumulation 
( pray]-m]it4 ,"s are only a  few feet  
long1 six feet high1 & f six to twelve  
feet broad2 o!rs  h be5 met ) ne>ly     
#ajjj y>ds long1 ) pyramidal ,/pas#agi  
or  aityas 79 ,tibetan hort5s7 at ea*   
end4 ,ins]t$ 9 ^! walls are  slabs on   
:i* ! six-syllabl$1 & o!r pray]-=mulas1 
&  sometimes images ( sa9ts1 are c>v$ & 
d$icat$ z votive  (f]+s4 ,pass+         
travell]s acquire m]it by keep+ !m on _!

  left side#ahj1 s t !y may foll[ !     
lett]s ( ! inscription  )\t necess>ily  
repeat+ ! words#aha4    ,9 ! same       
connexion we may adv]t to ,pray+-flags &
  ,pray+-/affs4 ,& ,i may m5tion t1 :ile
 /ay+ at ,drjl+1 ,i  visit$ a village to
 :i* a mona/]y is atta*$1 &1 on approa*+
  ! spot1 0 surpris$ to see ! :ole      
neighb\rhood /udd$ )  poles f :i* long  
flags 7 fly+4 ,on ! tops ( ! poles 7    
curi\s ornam5ts l caps1 made ( col\r$   
clo? ) fl\nces4 ,i  naturally suppos$ t 
,i _h arriv$ on a gala day1 & t at lea/ 
a  great ,lma or o!r high function>y 0  
expect$1 p]haps to lay !  fir/ /one ( "s
 new build+ connect$ ) ! mona/]y4 ,on   
inquiry1 h[ev]1 ,i asc]ta9$ t !re 0 no?+
 unusual ab\t !  appe>ance ( ! village1 
:i* 0 m]ely pray+1 accord+ to  cu/om1 by
 means ( its flag-/affs4 ,e "t ! w9d1   
:i* happ5$  to be bl[+ fre%1 ext5d$ !   
long flags1 a va/ numb] ( pray]s  7     
cr$it$ to ! inhabitants :o 7 !mselves   
all abs5t1 &  probably h>d at "w ei!r 9 
! fields or at ,drjl+4    ,i manag$ to  

obta9 facsimiles ( "s ( ! flags4 ,on !m 
are  inscrib$ v>i\s v]sions ( !         
inevitable ,mai-padme =mul>y1  toge!r ) 
figures ( ! #8fly+-horse' 7,lungta1     
/rictly r,lu-rta1  #8w9d-horse'7#ahb &  
o!r symbols1 su* z ^? ( ! ,norbu        
gem#ahc & ( ! ,phurbu--:i* are held to  
be peculi>ly efficaci\s  9 w>d+ (f evil 
spirits or neutraliz+ ! diseases        
inflict$ by  !m4 ,inde$ 9 mo/ cases ^!  
flags are reg>d$ by ! peasantry z       
talismans or *>ms to protect ! village f
 ! malice (  mis*iev\s gho/s & demons1  
believ$ to haunt ! atmosph]e &  sw>m    
ev]y:]e ar\nd4    ,"h are "s ( ! my/ic  
=mul>ies inscrib$ on my flags4 ,!y      
resemble aiva ,mantras & ,dhras--t is1  
my/ical words or s5t5ces  us$ z         
spells3--    ,om mai padme ,hm ,hr+1 ,om
 ,vajra-pi ,hm1 ,om  ,hm1 ,om ,vg-v>    
,mm1  ,s>va-siddhi-phala ,hm1 ,om muni  
muni mah-muni1 kya-muni svh1 ,om        
vajra-sattva ,hm1 ,hulu hulu1 ,rulu     
rulu1 ,hm ,pha1 etc4 7,comp>e my        
#8,brhmanism1' etc4 p4 #aig74    ,"o    

flag 9 my possession has repres5tations 
( f\r animals at !  f\r corn]s1 viz4 a  
,tig]1 ,lion1 ,eagle1 &                 
,dragon#ahd--suppos$ to act  z gu>ds    
aga9/ evil spirits4 ,x also has an      
inscription 9 ,tibetan  :i* 0 translat$ 
= me by ,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds1 ?us3--    
#8,rev]5ce be to ! ,buddhas &           
,bodhi-sattvas6 ,?us ha? x be5    he>d  
by me--once on a "t :5 ! adorable       
kya-,buddha 0 seat$    on a m>ble ?rone 
amid ! gods ( ! ,traya/ria heav51       
,indra1    ! ,pr9ce ( ,gods1 arriv$ !re1
 aft] be+ completely defeat$ by    !    
demons 7,asuras74 ,see+ ! ,buddha1 &    
?r[+ himself at 8    feet1 he ?us       
rev]5tially address$ him3--8,oh1 my ,"l1
 we ! gods    ( ! ,traya/ria 7heav57 h  
suff]$ a complete defeat at !    h&s ( !
 demons2 in/ruct u1 :at are we to d8 h[ 
are we to    triumph ov] our enemies80  
,to ?is ! adorable "o repli$3--8,o "l   
( gods1 take ?is my/ical =mula call$    
,gyat%> gyi tsemoi    ,punggyan1 :i*1 :5
 repeat$1 w make y unconqu]able4 ,i1    

too1    9 my =m] exi/5ce ( a            
,bodhi-sattva f\nd x efficaci\s 9       
secur+ victory40'    ,x is ( c\rse a "w 
( great m]it to erect pray]-flags4 ,!y  
=m a  conspicu\s feature 9 e l&scape    
?r\gh\t ,tibet1 flutt]+ on  hills & 9   
valleys1 by ! roadside1 & on ! riv]     
bank1 on walls  & on ! tops ( h\ses1 9  
/reets1 squ>es1 & g>d5s4    ,!n1 aga91 !
 duty ( a con/ant repetition (          
pray]-=mul &  my/ical s5t5ces has l$    
,nor!rn ,buddhi/s to employ ,ros>ies1   
:i* 7 us$ bo? by ,h9ds & ,buddhi/s long 
be=e !y came into  vogue 9 ,europe4 ,)\t
 ^! necess>y aids to devotion ! long    
r\nds ( repetition c\ld n be accurately 
complet$4 ,9 ,nor!rn  ,buddhi/ c\ntries 
ros>ies ought to consi/ ( #ajh beads1   
:i* 9  ,tibet are said to repres5t !    
#ajhahe volumes ( ! ,kanjur4 ,! same    
numb] ( beads is us$ by ! wor%ipp]s (   
,vi%u1 :o use ! ros>y  to aid !m 9      
repeat+ any "o ( ! names ( ,vi%u #hjj   
times1 !  eight additional beads m>k+   
ea* c5tury ( repetitions4    ,! commone/

 ,buddhi/ ros>ies are made ( wood1 or   
pebbles1 or  b]ries1 or bone#ahf2 ! m   
co/ly1 ( turquoise1 coral1 amb]1 or     
silv]1 or ev5 ( pe>ls & gems4 ,if a     
ros>y made ( ! bones (  "s holy ,lma c  
be procur$1 x is ( c\rse priz$ above all
 o!rs4  ,sometimes a ,dorje is app5d$4  
,nor!rn ,buddhi/ wor%ipp]s hold _!      
ros>ies 7l ,roman ,ca?olics7 9 ! "r h&1 
& move on ! beads  ) ! left1 & !y w d   
?is :ile talk+ toge!r or ev5  qu>rell+4 
,9 ,*9a & ,japan ,buddhi/ ros>ies are   
(t5 arrang$ 9  two r+s4 ,!y sometimes   
consi/ ( enorm\s beads ) relics 9 !     
c5tral bead4    ,be x obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t !
 pray]-=mul>ies ( ,buddhi/s are  n      
always a m]e un9telligible /r+ ( words &
 syllables1  mutt]$1 it]at$1 & reit]at$ 
) ! aid ( ros>ies4 ,_!  pray]s sometimes
 conta9 l(ty s5tim5ts4 ,= in/ance1 ! two
  vagabond m5dicant monks se5 by me at  
,drjl+ 7describ$ at p4 #bfg7  w5t ab\t  
*ant+ ! foll[+3--      ,rev]5ce to all !
 noble ,fa!r-,lmas6 ,i address ?is to ! 
feet (    ,duang our patron sa9t4 ,i1   

,mil>aspa#ahg1 s+ x4 ,if ! s\l be       
:ite 7enlight5$71 x mu/ be :ite inside &
 outside4 ,i am born 9    consequ5ce ( !
 works ( ?is _w4 ,my e>?ly fa!r is a s[]
    ( ! se$ ( s94 ,my "m is ! soil :i*  
receives ! se$ (    s94 ,! *ild is      
myself ti$ to ! fa!r by ! cord ( s94 ,:5
    y ?9k ( y\r e>?ly fa!r1 ?9k also (  
y\r ,lma 7spiritual    fa!r74 ,y\r e>?ly
 fa!r is ! s\rce ( y\r s94 ,y\r ,lma    
frees y f s9#ahh4    ,b ?is song1 :i* 0 
repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 inv>iably       
conclud$ by a repetition ( ! inevitable 
six-syllabl$ =mula4 ,?is  !y repeat$ v  
rapidly1 pron\nc+ x z usual1 #8,om      
mai-pamme  ,hm1' & add+ ! my/ical       
syllable ,hs4 ,_! *ant+ 0  accompani$ by
 an incessant agitation ( _! am>u or    
sacr$ drum1  :i* ,i 0 able to pur*ase4  
,x is %ap$ l two hemisph]es1 jo9$  on _!
 convex sides1 & is encircl$ by sacr$   
%ells4 ,x is s\nd$  by means ( buttons  
atta*$ to two p5dul\s /rips ( lea!r4 ,! 
s\nd made by ^! drums is out ( all      
proportion to _! size4 ,x may  be he>d  

at a great di/ance1 & is ?\ght to be    
highly efficaci\s 9  fright5+ away evil 
spirits1 :o dislike l\d noises ( all    
k9ds4  ,"h is an exact repres5tation ( !
 sacr$ drum n[ 9 my  possession3--      
,illu/ration3     ,aga91 ,dr4 ,eitel    
7,lectures1 iii47 m5tions a manual (    
daily pray] us$  by ,nor!rn ,buddhi/s1  
:i* %[s t /rik+ words are sometimes     
*ant$1 ?\gh !y may be 9 ,sanskx1 & !re=e
 un9telligible to  ^? :o repeat !m4 ,=  
in/ance1 ! foll[+3--    #8,may all !    
,buddhas abide 9 me1 in/ruct & enlight5 
me )  k & p]fection1 free me1 deliv] me1
 cleanse me1 purify me2  & may ! :ole   
univ]se be set free 7,s>va-ta?gat m     
samvasantu  buddhy siddhy bodhaya       
vibodhaya moaya vimoaya odhaya viodhaya 
samanta moaya76'    ,be=e1 !re=e1       
conclud+ ?is ,lecture we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 
9  fairness to ! inhabitants ( ,tibet1 t
 mu* ( ! _s (  religion may be m+l$ ) _!
 sup]/itions4 ,! words ( _!  pray]s are 
n m]ely repeat$ by ma*9]y1 writt5 on    
pap]1 &  inscrib$ on rocks & /ones4 ,!  

voices ( m5 & wom51 if n _!  ?\ghts1 (t5
 g he>tily ) utt]$ pray]s4 ,! note (    
pray] is  rais$ at all times &          
seasons--9 ! morn+1 mid-day1 & ev5+1 9  
private & 9 public1 at home or abroad1 9
 ! mid/ ( lab\r &  idl5ess1 9 ly+ d[n & 
ris+ up1 9 mov+ ab\t & keep+  /ill1 on !
 m>* & on ! battle-field1 on m\rnful    
occasions1 &  9 ! mid/ ( joy & laught]4 
,nor is any "o a%am$ ( pray+  al\d or   
pray+ toge!r 9 ! op5 /reets & squ>es (  
cr[d$  t[ns4    #8,!re exi/s1' says !   
,fr5* ,mission>y 7ii4 #aid71 #8a v t\*+ 
cu/om at ,lhssa4 ,9 ! ev5+1 j z ! day is
 v]g+ on its  decl9e1 all ! ,tibetans   
/op bus9ess & meet toge!r1 m51 wom51  & 
*ildr51 accord+ to _! sex & age1 9 !    
pr9cipal p>ts (  ! t[n & 9 ! public     
squ>es4 ,z soon z gr\ps are =m$1 e  "o  
kneels d[n1 & !y beg9 sl[ly & 9         
und]tones to *ant  pray]s4    #8,!      
religi\s conc]ts produc$ by ^! num]\s   
assemblages create  ?r\gh\t ! t[n a     
solemn h>mony1 :i* op]ates =cibly on !  
s\l4 ,! fir/ "t we witness$ ?is         

spectacle1 we c\ld n help  draw+ a      
pa9ful comp>ison betwe5 ?is pagan t[n1  
:]e all pray$  toge!r1 & ! cities (     
,europe1 :]e p w\ld blu% to make !  sign
 ( ! cross 9 public4'                   
,,lecture ,,xiv4                        
,sacr$ ,places4      ,x 0 only to be    
expect$1 t ,buddhism1 closely connect$ z
 x 0  ) ,brhmanism & ,h9dism1 & yet 9 "s
 respects oppos$ to ^?  sy/ems1 %\ld h  
c]ta9 sacr$ places & hall[$ regions1 "s 
(  :i* 7 id5tical ) ^? ( ,brhmanism &   
,h9dism1 & "s  peculi>ly its own4    ,9 
! ,mah-p>9ibbna-sutta 7,v4 #af-bb1 ,rhys
 ,davids71 we h !  foll[+ decl>ation3-- 
#8,!re are f\r places :i* ! believ+ man 
%\ld visit z a    pilgrim ) feel+s (    
rev]5ce & awe4 ,! place at :i* he c     
say1 8,"h ! ,ta?gata 7"o ( ! names (    
,buddha1 see p4 #bc7 0    born40 ,!     
place at :i* he c say1 8,"h ! ,ta?gata  
atta9$ to    p]fect insight &           
enlight5m5t40 ,! place at :i* he c say1 
8,"h ! ,law 0 fir/ prea*$ by !          
,ta?gata40 ,! place at :i*    he c say1 

8,"h ! ,ta?gata pass$ f9ally away 9 t   
utt]    pass+ away :i* leaves no?+      
:atev] beh9d0 7see p4 #adb1 note1    &  
p4 #dgg74      #8,& !y :o die1 :ile )   
believ+ he>t !y j\rney on su*           
pilgrimages1 %all be reborn1 9 ! happy  
realms ( heav54'    ,! ,*9ese travell]1 
,f-hi51 names ! same f\r sacr$ places   
7,*ap4  xxxi471 & says t ! situation ( !
 f\r great ,/pas 7see p4  #ejd7 has be5 
fix$1 namely1 7#a7 :]e ! ,buddha 0 born1
 7#b7 :]e he  atta9$ wisdom1 7#c7 :]e he
 began to turn ! :eel ( 8 ,law1 7#d7    
:]e he atta9$ ,p>i-nirva 7p4 #adb74     
,comp>e engrav+ ( sculpture  opposite p4
 #dgg4    ,else:]e ,f-hi5 m5tions two   
o!r sacr$ spots--! place :]e !  ,buddha 
discomfit$ ! advocates ( errone\s       
doctr9es#ahi1 & !  place :]e he desc5d$ 
aft] asc5d+ to ! ,traya/ria heav5 7see  
p4 #dad ( ?is volume71 to prea* ! ,law  
to 8 "m 7,legge's  ,f-hi51 #fh74    ,^! 
places are all situat$ )9 ! area ( !    
sacr$ l& (  ,buddhism 7see map opposite 
p4 #ba72--t is to say1 ! l& :i* 0  !    

sc5e ( ! ,buddha's it9]ation = =ty-five 
ye>s--a region  ab\t #cjj miles long1 by
 ne>ly #bjj broad1 ly+ 9 ,gangetic      
,india1  )9 ! mod]n prov9ces ( ,oudh &  
,behr 7,bihr = ,vihra71 or !  anci5t    
k+doms ( ,kosala & ,magadha1 & hav+ rva/
 &  ,buddha-,gay = its limit t[>ds !    
nor? & s\? respectively4    ,x w be     
int]e/+ to note a few p>ticul>s 9 reg>d 
to ^! &  o!r sacr$ spots scatt]$ ?r\gh\t
 ?is region1 9 ! foll[+                 
ord]3--,kapila-va/u1 ,buddha-,gay1 ,srn?
 ne> ,b5>es1 ,rja-giha1  rva/ 7(t5      
writt5 rva/i71 ,vail1 ,kaumbi1 ,nl&a1   
,sakya1  ,skea 7,ajdhy71 ,kany-kubja    
7,kanauj71 ,pali-putra 7,patn71 ,kes>ya1
  ,kui-nag>a4 ,! map opposite p4 #ba w  
make ^! cle>4    ,to beg9 ) ! ,buddha's 
bir?-place 7see p4 #ba74                
,kapila-va/u4    ,kapila-va/u 79 ,pli1  
,kapila-vat?u7 0 long se>*$ = by        
ar*ologi/s 9 va91 b is n[ id5tifi$ by   
,g5]al ,sir ,a4  ,cunn+ham & ,mr4       
,c>lleyle ) ,bhila1 a village surr\nd$  
by buri$  brickwork 9 ! ,ba/ di/rict "u 

! ,nepl m\nta9s1 ab\t  tw5ty-five miles 
nor?-ea/ f ,faizbd1 twelve nor?-we/ f   
,ba/1 & "o hundr$ & tw5ty nor? ( ,b5>es4
 ,bo? ,f-hi5 7,legge1  #fg7 & ,hi\5     
,?sang describe ! neighb\r+ ,lumb9      
7,lava7 g>d51  :]e ! ,buddha 0 born f ! 
"r side ( 8 "m 7see p4 #bc1  & engrav+  
opposite p4 #dgg74 ,!y also m5tion !    
,arr[-f\nta9  :]e ,gautama cont5d$ )    
o!rs ( 8 tribe 9 a %oot+-mat*4  ,! leg5d
 is 7p4 #bd7 t he ga9$ ! victory by     
%oot+ an arr[  :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! t>get1 
buri$ itself 9 ! gr\nd1 & caus$  a cle> 
spr+ ( wat] to fl[ =? 7,legge1 #fe-fg2  
,beal1 ii4 #bc1 #bd74  ,?is "n ara-,kpa1
 #8arr[-f\nta91' has n[ be5 corrupt$    
into  ,s>-,kuia 7or ,s>-,kuhiya71 & !   
spot has be5 id5tifi$ 7,cunn+ham's      
#8,reports ( ,survey1' xii4 #ahh74    ,x
 might h be5 expect$ t s sacr$ a place z
 ,kapila-va/u--!  bir?-place ( ,buddha &
 ! sc5e ( 8 education & y\?ful          
exploits--w\ld h be5 a fav\rite place ( 
pilgrimage = ,buddhi/s  ?r\gh all "t2 b 
we le>n f ! two ,*9ese travell]s1 t  ev5

 9 _! day 7f ! f\r? to ! sev5? c5tury7 !
 :ole  neighb\rhood 0 a des]t & ! t[n 9 
ru9s 7,beal1 i4 #ej2 ii4 #ad74  ,!      
reason probably is t ,h9dism ga9$ !     
asc5dancy ov] ,buddhism  9 c]ta9        
localities1 & t :5 ?is happ5$ ! ,brhmans
 took  pa9s to oblit]ate all traces ( ! 
rival cre$4 ,9 lat] times  ,muhammadan  
invasions contribut$ to ! same result4  
,buddha-,gay4    ,?is 0 ! place :]e !   
,buddha obta9$ p]fect k &  enlight5m5t  
aft] 8 sex5nial c\rse ( fa/+ & m$itation
 7see  p4 #ca ( ?is volume74 ,x is      
situat$ six or sev5 miles f ! t[n  (    
,gay1 & ab\t sixty miles f ,patn &      
,bankipur4 ,x is ( all  ,buddhi/ sacr$  
places ! mo/ sacr$1 & ab\nds 9 pr(\ndly 
int]e/+ memorials ( e>ly ,buddhism4     
,( c\rse x 0 only to be expect$ t       
memorial /ructures int5d$  to m>k       
important epo*s 9 ! life ( ! ext9ct     
,buddha1 &  calculat$ to fo/] feel+s (  
rev]5ce 9 ! m9ds ( 8  foll[]s1 %\ld h   
be5 erect$ at ?is & v>i\s o!r holy spots
  ( gr\nd consecrat$ by ! pres5ce & acts

 ( ,gautama on great  occasions4 ,& (   
all su* ,buddhi/ monum5ts ! anci5t      
pyramidal  temple at ,buddha-,gay1 :i*  
,i visit$ 9 #ahgf & #ahhd1 is ! mo/     
/rik+ & full ( int]e/4 ,probably a      
monum5t ( "s k9d 0  erect$ !re n v long 
aft] ! ,buddha's dea?1 & ,hi\5 ,?sang   
7see p4 #cii7 m5tions ! temple built !re
 by ,aoka4 ,! temple :i*  ,i saw on !   
occasion ( my fir/ visit 0 probably n   
built till !  middle ( ! second c5tury1 
b 0 erect$ on ! f\ndation (  ,aoka's    
temple1 ! ru9s ( :i* are traceable "u ! 
pres5t  "o#aij4 ,! mat]ials consi/ (    
blui% bricks1 pla/]$ ) lime4  ,hi\5     
,?sang /ates t 9 8 "t x _h elev5 /ories 
& an  altitude ( ab\t #afe feet4 ,x also
 _h ni*es 9 ea* /ory1 ) a  gold5 /atue (
 ,buddha 9 ea* ni*e4 ,! :ole 0 cr[n$ ) !
  repres5tation ( an ,amalaka fruit     
7,emblic myrobalan7 9 gilt copp]        
7,cunn+ham's ,report1 i4 #e74 ,!        
,burmese probably re/or$ ! temple       
betwe5 #ajce & #ajgh ,a4,d4 ,?\gh fall+ 
into decay 9 #ahgf1 its  appe>ance /ruck

 me z exce$+ly impos+1--ev5 m s ?an t ( 
! gr& pyramidal t[]s1 built ov] !       
entrances to ! great ,s\?  ,indian      
temples#aia4 ,! annex$ engrav+ ( ?is    
anci5t monum5t z  x appe>$ 9 #ahhj1 be=e
 its re/oration1 is f a photograph by   
,mr4  ,begl>1 tak5 on ! spot1 & enl>g$  
by ,mr4 ,au/54    ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t
 ,,buddhi/ ,,temple ,,at ,,buddha-,,gay1
 ,,z ,,x ,,appe>$ ,,9  #ahhj4    ,erect$
 ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury ov] !  
ru9s ( ,aoka's           temple1 at !   
spot :]e ,gautama atta9$ ,buddhahood4   
,! orig9al object ( its erection seems  
to h be5 simply & solely  to s]ve z a   
monum5t1 & n z a ,dgaba or receptacle = 
relics4  ,v soon1 h[ev]1 monum5ts ( ?is 
k9d 7 made to en%r9e images1  & 7 us$ z 
temples & places ( wor%ip4 ,on inquiry  
,i f\nd t  ! anci5t image or images (   
,buddha1 :i* once occupi$ ! %r9e 9  !   
anci5t ,buddha-,gay temple1 _h be5      
de/roy$ or c>ri$ (f at  diff]5t         
times#aib1 & t ano!r /one image1 believ$
 to h  be5 c>v$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 _h be5

 rec5tly sub/itut$ = x4  ,x is rem>kable
 t dur+ ! process ( re/or+ ! s-call$    
#8diamond ?rone1' on :i* ! /atues 7     
plac$1 a mass ( fragm5ts  ( coral1      
sapphire1 cornelian1 cry/al1 ruby1 pe>l1
 ivory1 & gold1  b no diamond1 0 f\nd   
compact$ or cem5t$ toge!r 9 front (     
x#aic4    ,at ! back ( ! rais$ t]race   
:i* surr\nd$ ! anci5t temple  0 a ,ppal 
or sacr$ fig-tree1 fabl$ to be ! v tree 
"u :i*  ,gautama sat dur+ 8 c\rse (     
pr(\nd m$itation end+ 9  ,buddhahood    
7see p4 #ca74 ,its vitality 0 on ! wane1
 = its decay+  bran*es droop$ ov] !     
p>apet z if !y s\ght1 l ^? ( a          
neighb\r+ ,banyan tree1 to ga9 new life 
by root+ !mselves 9 !  gr\nd b5ea?4 ,"s 
,buddhi/ pilgrims happ5$1 at ! mom5t (  
my  visit1 to be wor%ipp+ at ! temple1  
deput$ by ! ,k+ ( ,burma to  pres5t     
(f]+s4 ,i obs]v$ t !y _h br\ght packets 
(  gold-leaf1 & _h gild$ ! /one /eps t  
surr\nd$ ! tree4  ,hav+ p]=m$ ?is act ( 
homage1 !y sat ne> mutt]+ _!            
pray]-=mul>ies4 ,no d\bt !y believ$ x to

 be ! v ,bodhi-tree  ( ,gautama's "t1 ! 
/em ( :i* _h be5 miracul\sly pres]v$1   
?\gh1 _h x be5 really s1 ! /em w\ld h   
be5 ab\t  tw5ty-?ree c5turies old4      
,consid]+ ! well-kn[n prop]ties ( !     
,ppal tree1 x is possible t ! wor%ipp]s 
71 aft] all1 pay+  hon\r to ! desc5dant 
( ! orig9al tree1 ! fact1 no d\bt1 be+  
t z ea* tree began to decay a new "o 0  
produc$1 by ! dropp+  ( se$s into ! old 
roots & ! spr++ up ( fre% scions4       
,probably mo/ ( ! sacr$ trees 9 !       
neighb\rhood ( ,buddhi/  temples ?r\gh\t
 ,india1 ,ceylon1 & ,burma 7 orig9ally  
rais$ f  se$s br\ght f ! anci5t         
,buddha-,gay tree4    ,illu/ration3     
,,anci5t ,,buddhi/ ,,temple ,,at        
,,buddha-,,gay1 ,,z ,,re/or$ ,,9  #ahhd4
    ,x is a receiv$ tradition t a %oot f
 ?is tree 0 tak5 by !  ,mission>y       
,mah5dra1 son ( ,aoka1 9 ! ?ird c5tury  
,b4,c4 to ,ceylon1  & plant$ at         
,anurdha-pura1 :]e its desc5dant /ill   
fl\ri%es4    ,:5 ,i aga9 visit$         
,buddha-,gay 9 #ahhd1 ,i f\nd t ! old   

pyramidal  temple _h be5 re/or$ accord+ 
7z is conjectur$7 to ,hi\5  ,?sang's    
description ( ! ,vihra ( 8 day4    ,x is
 said t ! late ,burmese gov]nm5t1 n v   
long ago1 sp5t  ab\t ?irty ?\s& rupees 9
 build+ a wall r\nd ! temple &  mak+    
excavations ) a view to its re/oration4 
,!n our gov]nm5t1  ab\t #ahha or #ahhb1 
und]took ! "w1 & ,i believe at lea/ a   
lakh (  rupees has be5 sp5t 9 complet+  
x4 ,i give a repres5tation ( !  re/or$  
temple 7z x appe>$ 9 #ahhd71 f a        
photograph tak5 by ,mr4  ,begl>1 &      
enl>g$ by ,mr4 ,au/54 ,its pres5t height
 is #agf feet1 z  x has sev]al ti]s ( ! 
usual umbrella-l ornam5t1 tap]+ to a    
po9t at ! summit#aid4    ,!             
recon/ruction ( ! temple l$ ( c\rse to !
 removal ( !  sacr$ ,bodhi-tree1 b an   
ef=t 0 made to pres]ve ! tree by        
transplant+ x to a neighb\r+ g>d54 ,no  
soon] 0 ?is done ?an  p>ties ( pilgrims 
f ,burma & ,ceylon1 9 _! pi\s desire to 
ma9ta9 ! vitality ( ! v5]at$ tree1 cov]$
 ! /em )  gold-leaf1 &1 br++ ,eau de    

,cologne & o!r sc5ts1 p\r$ !m  ov] !    
roots1 at ! same "t manur+ !m ) !       
cont5ts (  boxes ( s>d9es /eep$ 9 oil1  
*oice biscuits1 & o!r delicacies4  ,(   
c\rse1 ! result 0 ! spe$y de/ruction ( !
 tree1 root &  bran*4 ,to comp5sate =   
its loss1 a new ,ppal tree 0 plant$     
beh9d  ! re/or$ temple by ,sir ,a4      
,cunn+ham 9 #ahhe4 ,ano!r ne> !  temple 
appe>$ to be 9 a fl\ri%+ condition 9    
#ahhd1 & ,i obs]v$  t bo? ,h9d &        
,buddhi/ pilgrims met toge!r !re z      
wor%ipp]s  ( ! same sacr$ object4    ,! 
idol-%r9e1 "u ! pr9cipal t[] ( ! re/or$ 
temple1  consi/s ( a small vault$       
/one-*amb] light$ only by ! door4 ,my   
fir/ act1 on arriv+ at ,gay 9 #ahhd1 0  
to desc5d to ?is  int]e/+ spot4 ,at !   
fur!r end is ! pr9cipal /atue ( ,buddha1
  seat$1 9 ! #8witness-attitude' 7see p4
 #dhj7--on an alt>-l ?rone  hav+ five   
pila/]s1 & suppos$ to repres5t ! orig9al
  ,bodhi-maa4 ,! p$e/al ( ! /atue is    
ornam5t$ )  diamond-%ap$ c>v+s1 &       
sculptures ( two elephants & two        

lions#aie4    ,inside ! %r9e1 at ! mom5t
 ( my visit1 7 five ,burmese pilgrims  f
 ,m&elay4 ,!y 7 app>5tly monks1 z all 7 
habit$ 9 yell[  dresses4 ,ea* man b[$   
d[n be=e ! image1 ) h&s jo9$ 9  rev]5ce1
 occasionally t\*+ ! gr\nd ) 8 =ehead1 &
 go+  ?r\gh a c\rse ( pray]-repetition  
by help ( a ros>y4 ,aft]  wor%ipp+ = "s 
"t1 !y deposit$ a quantity ( (f]+s1 ( a 
some:at miscellane\s description1 9     
front ( ! image4 ,i notic$  among o!r   
?+s1 rice1 fruit1 vegetables1 fl[]s ( ! 
,bel-tree1  t9 boxes fill$ ) s>d9es1    
,huntley & ,palm]'s biscuits1 bottles  (
 ! g5u9e ,m>ia ,f>9a's ,eau de ,cologne 
= wat]+ !  sacr$-trees1 & a l>ge numb] (
 packets ( gold-leaf4 ,i left !  %r9e = 
two or ?ree h\rs1 & on return+ f\nd t ! 
pilgrims  _h cr[n$ _! act ( wor%ip by   
gild+ ! image ) ! cont5ts  ( ^! packets1
 res]v+ a supply = cov]+ ! o!r images 9 
! vic9ity ( ! temple4 ,! co/ ( ! :ole   
process mu/ h be5  consid]able4    ,at !
 back ( ! great ,buddha-,gay temple1 ,i 
f\nd a /one tablet =  (f]+s1 rec5tly    

br\ght & fix$ horizontally 9 ! gr\nd by 
ano!r pilgrim :o 0 f ,colombo 9 ,ceylon4
 ,x bore an inscription  indicat+ t !   
slab _h be5 plac$ !re z a votive (f]+ by
 a  p]son call+ himself ,gua-ratna      
,muddali ,rj ( ,kolamba-pur4 ,! date    
c>v$ on x 7,buddha-vasse #bdbg7 %[s t ! 
,buddhi/s ( ,ceylon are  no believ]s 9 !
 rese>*es ( mod]n s*ol>s4 ,!y /ill      
reckon  f ,b4,c4 #edc = ! suppos$ ,nirva
 ( ,buddha4    ,at a little di/ance 9   
front ( ! great ,temple1 b on ! "r      
side1 are ! two small] temples call$    
,tr-dev & ,vgv>4 ,9 !  latt] is a       
circul> /one ) n9e circles ( complicat$ 
ornam5ts4  ,?is is call$ a ,vajrsana1 f 
! ?und]bolt ornam5t 9 ! second  circle1 
b x is n ! true ,bodhi-maa4    ,i may   
m5tion "h t a portion ( ! orig9al ,aoka 
/one-rail+1  ) an inscription1          
lotus-ornam5ts & c>v+s1 0 discov]$ 9 a  
fair /ate ( pres]vation by ,sir ,a4     
,cunn+ham1 & is n[ to be se5  9 situ4 ,!
 ,buddha's walk+ place 0 une>!d by ,mr4 
,begl>4 ,!  massive new brick rail+ :i* 

n[ encloses ! temple has be5 well       
con/ruct$ aft] an anci5t patt]n1 &      
ornam5t$ ) num]\s  c>v+s repres5t+ sc5es
 9 ! lives ( ! ,buddha 7p4 #aaa74 ,!    
pav$ quadrangle sets ! :ole (f to great 
advantage4 ,inde$1 !  pres5t appe>ance (
 ! squ>e & ! sacr$ area ( gr\nd         
adjo9+--/rewn ) ru9s ( ! ,/pas erect$ by
 ,aoka &  o!rs--& accord+ to ! leg5d by 
! gods ,indra & ,brahm--is "o  ( ! mo/  
/rik+ sights 9 all ,india1 & mu/ be se5 
to be  appreciat$4    ,9 tru?1          
,buddha-,gay is a k9d ( ,buddhi/        
,j]usalem1 ab\nd+ 9  associations (     
?rill+ int]e/1 n only to ! foll[]s (    
,buddha1  b to all :o see 9 t spot !    
c5tral focus :5ce radiat$ a  sy/em :i* =
 c5turies has p]meat$ ! religi\s ?\ght (
 !  mo/ popul\s regions ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 
& influ5c$ ! cre$ ( a  majority ( !     
human race4    ,ano!r rem>kable         
*>act]i/ic ( ?is spot is t x 0 conv]t$  
into a k9d ( ,buddhi/ ,necropolis1 teem+
 ) ! rema9s (  g5]ations ( ! ,buddha's  
adh]5ts conta9$ 9 relic-receptacles     

call$ ,/pas 7pp4 #ejc-ejf71 "s ( :i* h  
be5 br\ght to light1  :ile c\ntless o!rs
 /ill rema9 to be une>!d4    ,! fact 0 t
 imm5se numb]s ( pilgrims f all p>ts (  
,india  & ! outly+ c\ntries once ?rong$ 
9 cr[ds to ,buddha-,gay1 &  ne>ly e     
pilgrim br\ght ) him a ,/pa or          
relic-%r9e ( "s  k9d1 accord+ to 8      
means1 & deposit$ x z a votive (f]+ 9   
?is hall[$ region1 ei!r ) ! object (    
acquir+ religi\s  m]it = himself1 or (  
promot+ ! welf>e ( ! deceas$ 9 o!r      
/ates ( be+4 ,(t5 x 0 inscrib$ ) ! usual
 ,buddhi/ =mula1  ,ye ,dh>m1 etc4 7see  
p4 #ajd71 & sometimes bore a date & ! "n
 (  ! reign+ k+4 ,g5]ally ! votive ,/pa 
conta9$ ! relics (  deceas$             
relatives--p]haps ! a%es ( a fa!r or "m1
 or pieces (  bone1 or a small fragm5t (
 a s+le bone plac$ 9 an e>!n vessel  or 
casket ( "s o!r mat]ial1 & buri$ 9 !    
int]ior ( !  ,/pa4    ,relics1 h[ev]1 7 
n always =?com+1 & s ! votive ,/pas  7  
frequ5tly m]e c5otaphs or models 9 clay 
or /one ( actual  ,/pas erect$ 9 o!r    

places4 ,(t5 !y 7 beautifully c>v$ &    
ornam5t$ ) r[s on r[s ( images ( !      
,buddha4 ,i obta9$ "s  beautiful        
specim5s = ! ,indian ,in/itute at ,ox=d1
 a draw+ ( "o  ( :i* w be giv5 7see p4  
#eje74 ,lay]s on lay]s ( ^! h be5       
exhum$ dur+ ! process ( ! excavations4  
,!y are ( e v>iety  ( size1 f ?ree in*es
 to sev]al feet high1 & ( e v>iety (    
mat]ial1 f t]ra cotta & clay turn$ on a 
pott]'s :eel to  elaborately sculptur$  
brick & /one4 ,all ! upp] lay]s are n[  
gone 7^? made ( clay & pott]y hav+      
naturally crumbl$ to  pieces71 b ! l[e/ 
are /ill 9 situ1 & furni% specim5s (    
all ages f ! second c5tury to ! t5? or  
twelf?4 ,i notic$  hundr$s ly+ ab\t on !
 gr\nd 9 #ahhd4    ,a sacr$ tank1       
m5tion$ by ,hi\5 ,?sang1 is situat$ ?ree
 or f\r  hundr$ y>ds to ! left ( !      
,buddha-,gay temple4 ,i f\nd1 on  visit+
 x1 t ?is hall[$ pool is q z mu* v5]at$ 
by  ,h9ds z by pilgrims f ,buddhi/      
c\ntries4    ,inde$1 ,i 0 mu* /ruck by !
 evid5ce :i* ,buddha-,gay af=ds (  !    

int]-relation%ip betwe5 ,buddhism &     
,h9dism--especially t  =m ( ! latt]     
call$ ,vai%avism4 ,= in/ance1 on "o side
 ( !  temple ,i notic$ ! tombs ( !      
,mahants1 or ,heads ( ! neighb\r+  ,h9du
 mona/]y1 :o are buri$ !re 9 a sitt+    
po/ure4 ,ne> ^!  aga9 are %r9es ( ! five
 ,pava h]oes 7:o take ! place ( !  five 
,buddhas71 & a %r9e conta9+ ! suppos$   
impression ( !  two feet ( ,vi%u4 ,!    
upp] portion ( a small ,buddhi/ ,/pa has
 be5  sawn (f & inv]t$#aif1 & ,vi%u's   
foot/eps c>v$ on ! smoo?  surface4 ,?is 
c]ta9ly symbolizes 9 a rem>kable mann] !
 m]g+ (  ,buddhism 9 ,vai%avism1 & be>s 
out ,dr4 ,sa*au's ass]tion t 9  ,alb]n's
 "t ,vi%u-wor%ip 0 dom9ant 9 ,india4    
,!n1 aga91 on ! "r ( ! entrance to !    
pr9cipal temple is a  rais$ plat=m (    
e>?1 on :i* are images ( ,vi%u1 iva1    
,prvat1  & ,gaea4 ,"h ,i saw a rddha    
c]emony#aig1 9 ! act ( be+  p]=m$ by "s 
,h9ds--j arriv$ f ! neighb\r+ t[n (     
,gay4 ,!y 7 repeat+ _! mantras1 (f]+ _! 
,piz1 &  putt+ ! f9i%+ /roke to ! fun]al

 s]vices 7previ\sly  p]=m$ by !m at !   
,vi%u-pad temple at ,gay71 "u ! %ad[ (  
a ,ppal tree1 held z sacr$ by !m z by   
,buddhi/s4    ,to give an exhau/ive     
acc\nt ( ! objects cr[d$ toge!r at ?is  
f\nta9-head ( ,buddhism w\ld be         
impossible4 ,! foll[+ abbreviat$  v]sion
 ( ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,beal's translation 7ii4 
#aae7 ( ,hi\5 ,?sang's  description1    
?r[s great light on ! /ate ( ,buddhism 9
 ! sev5?  c5tury3--      ,go+ s\?-we/ f 
,m\nt ,prgbodhi1 we came to !           
,bodhi-tree4 ,x    is surr\nd$ by a     
brick wall1 & is ab\t #ejj paces r\nd4  
,)9    ! wall ! sacr$ traces t\* "o     
ano!r 9 all directions4 ,9 "o    place  
!re are ,/pas1 9 ano!r place ,vihras4 ,9
 ! middle ( !    enclosure is !         
,bodhi-tree1 "u :i* is ! diamond ?rone  
call$    ,bodhi-maa4 ,on ?is ! ,buddha  
sat & atta9$ ! holy pa? (    p]fect     
wisdom4 ,:5 ! e>? is %ak51 ?is spot     
alone is unmov$4    ,9 old days1 :5     
,buddha 0 alive1 ! ,bodhi-tree--:i* is a
 ,pippala    or sacr$ fig-tree--0 sev]al

 hundr$ feet high4 ,al?\gh x has    (t5 
be5 injur$ by cutt+1 x is /ill =ty or   
fifty feet high4    ,! leaves nev] )]   
ei!r 9 w9t] or summ]1 b always rema9    
%9+ & gli/5+1 except on e successive    
,nirva-day1 :5    ! leaves fade1 & !n 9 
a mom5t revive z be=e4 ,on ?is day      
?\s&s & t5 ?\s&s assemble f diff]5t     
qu>t]s1 &    ba! ! roots ) sc5t$ wat] & 
p]fum$ milk4 ,k+ ,aoka1    be=e he 0    
conv]t$1 tri$ to de/roy ! tree by =ce1 &
 aft]    him k+ ,saka tri$ aga91 b !    
roots sprang up z full ( life    z ev]4 
,to ! ea/ ( ! ,bodhi-tree1 !re is a     
,vihra ab\t #afj or #agj feet    high1  
built ( blue tiles cov]$ ) *unam2 all ! 
ni*es 9 !    diff]5t /ories hold+ gold5 
figures4 ,! f\r sides ( !    build+ are 
cov]$ ) ornam5tal "w4 ,! :ole is        
surm\nt$ by    a gild$ copp] ,amalaka   
fruit4 ,to ! "r & left ( ! gate are     
ni*es2 9 ! left is a figure (           
,avalokitev>a ,bodhi-sattva & 9    ! "r 
a figure ( ,maitreya4 ,on ! site ( !    
pres5t ,vihra1    ,aoka at fir/ built a 

small ,vihra4 ,aft]w>ds a ,brhman1 :o   
became    a conv]t to ,buddhism1        
recon/ruct$ x on a l>g] scale4      ,to 
! nor? ( ! ,bodhi-tree is ! place :]e   
,buddha walk$ up &    d[n1 ab\t #gj     
paces or s long4 ,:5 he _h obta9$       
enlight5m5t1    he rema9$ p]fectly quiet
 = sev5 days4 ,!n ris+1 he walk$ up    &
 d[n dur+ sev5 days to ! nor? ( ! tree4 
,n f> to !    s\? ( ! tree is a ,/pa    
ab\t #ajj feet high1 built by ,k+ ,aoka4
    ,to ! ea/ ( ! tree is ! place 7m>k$ 
by two ,/pas7 :]e ,mra    tempt$        
,gautama to become a ,univ]sal ,mon>*4  
,to ! nor?-we/ is a    ,vihra 9 :i* is  
an image ( ,kyapa ,buddha1 not$ = its   
miracul\s qualities4 ,occasionally x    
emits a glori\s light1 & !    old       
records say1 t if a man1 actuat$ by     
s9c]e fai?1 walks r\nd    x sev5 times1 
he obta9s ! p[] ( kn[+ ! place &        
condition ( 8 previ\s bir?s4 ,outside ! 
s\? gate is a l>ge    tank1 ab\t #gjj   
paces r\nd1 ! wat] ( :i* is cle> & pure 
z a    mirror4 ,to ! ea/ ( ?is is ! lake

 ( ! ,snake-k+1 ,mual9da4    ,on ! we/  
bank is a small ,vihra4 ,=m]ly1 :5      
,ta?gata acquir$    complete            
enlight5m5t1 he sat "h = sev5 days 9    
p]fect    composure1 & ec/atic          
contemplation1 :ile ,mual9da protect$   
him    ) 8 folds w\nd sev5 times r\nd 8 
body4 7,comp>e !    frontispiece47      
,by ! side ( ! riv]1 n f> (f1 is ! place
 :]e ,buddha    receiv$ ! rice-milk1 &  
:]e two m]*ants (f]$ "s    :eat-fl\r &  
honey f _! travell+-/ore 7p4 #dj ( ?is  
volume74      ,ne> ?is a ,/pa m>ks !    
spot :]e ! f\r ,k+s pres5t$ ,buddha    )
 f\r gold5 di%es4 ,! ,"l decl9$ su*     
co/ly (f]+s4 ,!n    ! f\r ,k+s1 ca/+    
away ! gold5 vessels1 (f]$ silv] ones2  
& aft]w>ds vessels ( cry/al1            
lapis-lazuli1 cornelian1 amb]1    ruby1 
& s on 9 succession2 b ! ,"l ( ! ,_w    
w\ld accept    none ( !m4 ,la/ly1 ! f\r 
,k+s (f]$ /one vessels4      ,ne> ?is   
spot ! ,buddha work$ v>i\s wond]s to    
conv]t ^? :o    7 capable ( conv]sion4  
,= example1 x 0 "h t ! ,buddha          

ov]came ! fi]y snake-demon 7see p4 #df (
 ?is volume74 ,9 !    middle ( ! night !
 ,nga vomit$ =? fire & smoke1 & !       
*amb] seem$ to be fill$ ) fi]y flames2 b
 ! ,buddha hav+    =c$ ! fi]y dragon    
into 8 alms-b[l1 came =? next day       
hold+ x 9 8 h&1 & %[$ x to ! unbeliev]s4
      ,to ! s\? ( ,mual9da's tank is a  
,/pa1 :i* indicates ! spot    :]e       
,kyapa1 hav+ emb>k$ 9 a boat to save    
,buddha dur+ an    inundation1 saw ! ,"l
 ( ! ,_w walk+ on ! wat] z on l&4       
,srn? ne> ,b5>es4    ,! city ( ,b5>es   
7,banras1 prop]ly ,vrz7 is ! mo/ sacr$  
place ( ,brhmanism#aih1 & is c]ta9ly !  
second mo/ holy place (  ,buddhism4 ,= x
 0 f ?is c5tre t ! /ream ( ,buddhi/     
tea*+ fir/ fl[$1 & 9 ! days ( ,aoka & ( 
8 imm$iate  successors1 ,buddhism mu/ h 
vi$ ) ,brhmanism 9 ! numb] ( its  %r9es 
& sacr$ objects collect$ !re4    ,we h  
already se5 t memorial ,/pas & temples1 
n int5d$ to  conta9 relics1 7 re>$ at   
v>i\s holy spots ( gr\nd1 consecrat$  by
 ! pres5ce ( ,gautama on special        

occasions4 ,! imm5se ru9$  ,/pa--once a 
t[]-l monum5t--at a spot n[ call$ ,srn? 
7,sraga-n?#aii71 ?ree or f\r miles f !  
mod]n city (  ,b5>es1 is a memorial (   
?is k9d4 ,x is all t rema9s ( !         
celebrat$ /ructure erect$ at ! spot 9 ! 
,miga-dva or de]-p>k1  once call$       
,isi-patana 7= ,sanskx i%i-patana71 :]e 
,gautama fir/  turn$ ! :eel ( ! ,law    
7,dh>ma-akra7--t is1 :]e he prea*$  8   
fir/ s]mon 7p4 #db74 ,x 0 to ?is place t
 ,buddhi/ pilgrims  once flock$1 & "h   
va/ numb]s ( votive relic-%r9es & ,/pas 
7 deposit$1 z at ,buddha-,gay4    ,i    
visit$ ?is anci5t ru91 9 company ) !    
late ,mr4 ,%]r+1 9  #ahgf1 & enjoy$ !   
advantage ( 8 guidance 9 inspect+ x1 z  
well z all t rema9s ( ! mona/ic build+s 
& o!r adjac5t  ru9s1 includ+ ! octagonal
 t[] call$ ,*auk&i1 ab\t half a mile    
di/ant4 ,9 8 book on ,b5>es1 ,mr4 ,%]r+ 
has foll[$ ,g5]al ,sir  ,a4 ,cunn+ham1  
:o describes ! pr9cipal monum5t--n[ ( a 
bee-hive  %ape1 & call$ ,dhamek#bjj--;z 
#ic feet 9 diamet] at ! base1 #bib  feet

 9 circumf]5ce1 & #abh feet above !     
g5]al level ( ! soil4  ,! l[] "p--to a  
height ( #dc feet--is built ( /one1 &   
all !  upp] "p ( bricks4 ,!re are eight 
project+ faces ) empty  ni*es1 :i* once 
held /atues4    ,an old man :o 0 9 *>ge 
( ! ru9s :5 we exam9$ !m1 light$  a     
c&le1 & took u into ! horizontal        
tunnel-l gall]y :i* !  ,g5]al _h        
excavat$ "s ye>s be=e1 9 ! hope t relics
 or  memorials ( "s k9d might be f\nd   
buri$ 9 ! int]ior4 ,a %aft or  well _h  
be5 previ\sly sunk f ! summit1 & at !   
dep? ( #aj  feet a slab 0 discov]$1     
inscrib$ ) ! well-kn[n ,buddhi/  =mula  
#8,ye dh>m1' etc4 7p4 #ajd72 b ! se>* = 
relics prov$  unsuccessful4 ,! ,/pa1 9  
fact1 turn$ out to be m]ely memorial1 l 
t at ,buddha-,gay4    ,probably "s      
monum5tal ,/pa exi/$ "h f ! e>lie/      
times1 &  c]ta9ly f ,aoka's "t4 ,!      
pres5t ,/pa 0 se5 by ,hi\5  ,?sang1 :o  
has describ$ x 9 r a confus$ mann]      
7,beal1 ii4 #de74  ,h5ce x mu/ be z old 
z ab\t ! n9? c5tury4 ,f-hi5 saw a ,/pa  

( "s k9d !re 9 ! fif? c5tury 7p4 #chg74 
,ab\t fifty y>ds f ! ,/pa1 ,sir ,a4     
,cunn+ham f\nd !  int]e/+ sculpture giv5
 at p4 #dgg4                            
,rja-giha4    ,rja-giha 7,pli1          
,rja-gaha7 is ! mod]n ,rj-gr4 ,! old    
city _h !  epi!t ,giri-vraja1 #8surr\nd$
 by hills#bja4' ,x 0 ! fir/  metropolis 
or "m-city ( ,buddhism1 & ! orig9al     
capital ( !  p[]ful k+dom ( ,magadha1 :5
 "u ! rule ( ! ,k+s ,bimbi-sra  7p4 #dh7
 & 8 son ,ajta-atru1 :o 7 contempor>ies 
& fri5ds (  ,gautama1 & conv]t$ by him  
to ,buddhism#bjb4 ,! sacr$ "* (  ! place
 is atte/$ by ! ru9s ( va/ numb]s (     
,buddhi/ ,/pas  & ,vihras :i* once exi/$
 "h4 ,unhappily ,brhmans & ,musalmns  h 
us$ ! mat]ials = _! temples1 tombs1 &   
mosques4    ,x 0 "h t ,gautama fir/     
/udi$ "u ! ,brhmans ra &  ,uddaka 7p4   
#bi71 & "h he fir/ imbib$ !             
philosophical ideas :i*  aft]w>ds col\r$
 8 tea*+4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t  at
 a lat] p]iod ( 8 c>e] he 0 fond (      
return+ to ,rja-giha  = retirem5t dur+  

,vassa2 8 two fav\rite resorts#bjc be+ !
  ,bambu grove 7,veu-vana1 p4 #dh7 & !  
hill call$ ,vulture-peak  7,gidhra-ka1  
,legge's ,f-hi51 #ha1 #hc71 bo? 9 !     
neighb\rhood (  ! city4    ,x 0 "h1 too1
 t sev]al int]e/+ incid5ts 9 ! life (   
,buddha occurr$4 ,= example1 x 0 "h 9 a 
cav]n t ! ,buddha  (t5 m$itat$4 ,x 0 "h 
t he (t5 prea*$ & taught2 & x  0 "h1 or 
9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! city1 t ! god akra 
7,indra7 once appe>$ to ,buddha1 br++ a 
musician f heav5 to  ent]ta9 him1 &     
aft]w>ds te/+ 8 k by =ty-two  que/ions4 
,^! ! god trac$ ) 8 f+] on ! rock1 & !  
impression ( !m1 accord+ to ,f-hi51 0 to
 be se5 !re 9 8  "t1 & a mona/]y 0 built
 on ! spot4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is  leg5d we 
may note t ! answ]s to ! =ty-two        
que/ions are  suppos$ to be conta9$ 9 a 
celebrat$ ,tibetan "w call$ !           
#8,=ty-two po9ts on :i* ! ,buddha gave  
in/ruction#bjd'1 !  importance ( :i* is 
prov$ by its be+ translat$ into sev]al  
languages4    ,x 0 9 ?is neighb\rhood1  
too1 t ,buddha's two *ief               

disciples--riputra & ,maudgalyyana      
7,pli1 ,moggallna1 p4 #dg7--;_h  _! not$
 meet+ ) ,avajit 7,pli1 ,assaji71       
already m5tion$ 7p4  #ajd74 ,"h1 also1 a
 ,ja9a ascetic made a pit ( fire &      
poison$ !  rice1 & !n invit$ ,buddha to 
eat4 ,la/ly1 x 0 "h t _m (              
,deva-datta's plots aga9/ ! ,buddha's   
life 7see p4 #eb7 7 c>ri$  on4 ,! /ory (
 ^! is s int]e/+ t ,i abridge x f !     
,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ 7vol4 xx4 p4     
#bch73--      ,n[ at t "t ! ,v5]able ,"o
 0 seat$ prea*+ ! ,law &    surr\nd$ by 
a great multitude1 includ+ ! k+ & 8     
ret9ue4    ,& ,deva-datta rose f 8 seat1
 & said1 #8,! ,v5]able ,"o is n[    ag$1
 he has accompli%$ a long j\rney1 & 8   
t]m ( life is    ne>ly run4 ,let !      
,v5]able ,"o n[ dwell at ease & give up 
!    ,sagha to me1 ,i w be its lead]4'  
,!n said ! ,buddha1 #8,i w\ld    n give 
ov] ! ,sagha1 ev5 to ,sriputta &        
,moggallna2 h[ mu*    less !n to s      
evil-liv+ a p]son z y4'      ,!n        
,deva-datta ?\ght3 #8,! ,v5]able ,"o    

d5ies me be=e ! k+1    & calls me       
8evil-liv+10 & exalts ,sriputta &       
,moggallna4' ,)    ^! ?\ghts 9 8 m9d he 
dep>t$1 angry & displeas$1 & w5t    to  
,ajta-sattu & said1 #8,d y1 pr9ce1 kill 
y\r fa!r1 & become    ,rj2 & ,i w kill !
 ,v5]able ,"o & become ! ,buddha4' ,&   
pr9ce ,ajta-sattu1 tak+ a dagg]1 ent]$ 8
 royal fa!r's    *amb]4 ,& ! ,rj        
,bimbi-sra said1 #8,:y d y want to kill 
me1 ,o    pr9ce8 if y want ! k+dom1 let 
x be ?9e4' ,& he h&$ x    ov] to        
,ajta-sattu4 ,!n ,deva-datta said1      
#8,give ord]s1 ,o k+1 to    y\r m51 t ,i
 may deprive ! ,samana ,gotama ( life4' 
,&    ,ajta-sattu did s4 ,!n sixte5 m5 7
 s5t to kill ,gotama4 ,!y    w5t1 &     
return$ & said1 #8,we _c kill him4      
,great is ! p[]    ( ! ,v5]able ,"o4'   
,next ,deva-datta climb$ up ! ,vulture's
 ,peak1 & hurl$ d[n a    mighty rock on 
! ,v5]able ,"o4 ,b two m\nta9 peaks came
 toge!r    & /opp$ t rock4 ,f-hi5 says t
 x hurt "o ( 8 toes4    ,legge1 p4 #hc4 
,n[ at t "t !re 0 at ,rja-giha an       

elephant    nam$ ,nlgiri1 fi]ce & a     
man-slay]4 ,& ,deva-datta caus$ !       
elephant to be let loose aga9/ ,gotama4 
,b ! ,v5]able ,"o infus$    a s5se (    
love into ! elephant4 ,& ! elephant     
ext5d$ 8 trunk    & took up ! du/ f (f !
 feet ( ! ,v5]able ,"o &    spr9kl$ x   
ov] 8 own head1 & retir$ b[+ backw>ds1  
gaz+    ^u ! ,v5]able ,"o4    ,x may be 
not$ "h t ! hell to :i* ,deva-datta 0   
condemn$ =  8 attempts ^u ! ,buddha's   
life1 is ?us describ$ by ,burmese       
au?orities3--      ,! impi\s            
,deva-datta1 a c\s9 & bro!r-9-law ( !   
,buddha1    suff]s t]rible puni%m5t 9   
,hell4 ,8 feet are sunk ankle-deep 9    
burn+ m>l4 ,8 head is incas$ ) a r$ hot 
metal cap d[n to !    lobe ( ! e>s4 ,two
 l>ge r$-hot b>s transfix him f back to 
front1 two horizontally f "r to left1 & 
"o impales him f    head to foot4 7,%way
 ,yoe's #8,burman1' i4 #aba47    ,x %\ld
 be m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ,rja-giha t   
,ajta-atru  built a gr& ,/pa !re1 ov] a 
portion ( ! ,buddha's a%es1 soon  aft] 8

 cremation4    ,ano!r fact :i* enhances 
! int]e/ ( ?is place is !  prop9quity ( 
! celebrat$ ,satta-pai cave 7p4 #ee71   
:]e !  ,buddhi/ bro!rhood fir/ assembl$ 
aft] _! lead]'s dea?4                   
rva/4    rva/ 7,pli1 ,svat?71 sometimes 
spelt rva/i1 has be5 id5tifi$  by ,g5]al
 ,cunn+ham ) a place n[ call$           
,shet-,mhet1 ab\t  fifty-eight miles    
nor? ( ,ajdhy 9 ,oudh4 ,! t[n is said to
 d]ive  its "n f ! fact t x 0 built by a
 c]ta9 ,k+ rva/a4  ,o!r native          
au?orities d]ive x f a i%i nam$ ,svat?a1
 :o is  said to h resid$ !re4 ,x 0      
c]ta9ly ! anci5t capital (  ,kosala     
7,oudh71 & 0 rul$ ov] by ,k+ ,pras5a-jit
 7,pli1 ,pas5adi71  :o 0 ,gautama's     
contempor>y4 ,moreov]1 x 0 ! ,buddha's  
fav\rite  place ( retreat#bje dur+ !    
ra9y seasons 7p4 #dh ( ?is volume71     
ab\t half ( 8 ,vassas hav+ be5 sp5t     
!re#bjf 9 ! ,jeta-vana  mona/]y built = 
him by ! weal?y m]*ant ,an?a-piika      
7,anepidu71 sometimes call$ ,su-datta4  
,d\btless on ?is acc\nt rva/ 0 once mu* 

resort$ to by !  ,buddha's foll[]s1 &   
ultimately became an important seat (   
,buddhi/  le>n+4    ,! celebrat$        
mona/]y1 ! ru9s ( :i* /ill exi/1 0      
erect$ 9  ! g>d5 7vana7 ( ,pr9ce ,jeta1 
:o p>t$ ) ! l& to ,su-datta  on         
condition t he w\ld cov] x ) gold co9s4 
,?is 0 done1 till  eighte5 krores ( co9s
 _h be5 spread out l a pavem5t on !     
gr\nd4 ,bo? ,f-hi5 & ,hi\5 ,?sang m5tion
 ?is incid5t1 & !  =m] /ates t ! mona/]y
 0 sev5 /ories high#bjg4 ,!  pavem5t (  
co9s is repres5t$ 9 "o ( ! sculptures   
belong+ to  ! ,/pa ( ,bh>hut 7,cunn+ham1
 pp4 #hd-hg71 z well z on "o ( !  pill>s
 ( ,aoka's rail+ at ,buddha-,gay4       
rva/ 0 ! place :]e1 accord+ to ,f-hi51 !
 fir/  s&al-wood image ( ,buddha 0 set  
up 9 a mona/]y by ,k+  ,pras5a-jit 7see 
p4 #dga7bjh4 ,a colossal erect figure ( 
! ,buddha 0  f\nd "h 9 a temple excavat$
 by ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham1 b ?is 0 (  /one4
    ,) reg>d to ! celebrat$ s&al-wood   
image1 ,f-hi5 7p4 #eg7 relates  a /range
 leg5d ( its pres]vation by a miracle3--

      #8,! k+s & p ( ! c\ntries ar\nd   
vi$ ) "o ano!r 9    _! (f]+s 7to !      
image74 ,hang+ up ab\t x silk5 canopies1
    scatt]+ fl[]s1 burn+ inc5se1 &      
light+ lamps4 ,x happ5$    t a rat1     
c>ry+ 9 its m\? ! wick ( a lamp1 set "o 
( !    canopies on fire1 :i* caught !   
,vihra1 & ! sev5 /ories 7    all        
consum$4 ,! k+s & p 7 all v sad1 suppos+
 t    ! s&al-wood image _h be5 burn$2 b 
lo6 :5 a small ,vihra to    ! ea/ 0     
op5$1 !re 0 se5 ! orig9al image6'       
,f-hi5 goes on to describe ano!r        
miracle3--      #8,to ! nor?-we/ ( !    
,vihra !re is a grove call$ 8,! gett+   
( ,eyes40 ,=m]ly !re 7 five hundr$ bl9d 
m51 :o liv$ "h2    ,buddha prea*$ 8 ,law
 to !m1 & !y all got back _! eyesight4  
,full ( joy !y /uck _! /aves 9 ! e>?1 & 
did rev]5ce4    ,! /aves imm$iately     
began to gr[1 & =m$ a grove' 7,legge1   
pp4    #eh1 #ei74    ,hi\5 ,?sang /ates 
t 9 8 "t ! t[ns & mona/]ies ab\t  rva/ 7
 mo/ly 9 ru9s4 ,he1 too1 gives an       
int]e/+ acc\nt (  a miracul\s incid5t   

:i* occurr$ !re3--      ,to ! nor?-ea/ (
 ! ,jeta-vana g>d5 is ! place :]e !     
,buddha wa%$ a sick ,monk1 :o liv$ ap>t 
by himself 9 a solit>y    place4 ,! ,"l 
( ! ,_w see+ him inquir$1 #8,:at is y\r 
affliction8' ,he answ]$1 #8,9 =m] days1 
my disposition be+ a    c>eless "o1 ,i  
nev] look$ on any sick man ) pity1 & n[ 
:5 ,i    am sick1 no "o looks on me4'   
,!reupon ! ,buddha said to him1 #8,my   
son6 ,i w look on y1' & t\*+ him ) 8 h&1
 he heal$    ! sickness4 ,!n lead+ him  
=?1 he wa%$ 8 body1 & gave him    new   
clo!s1 & said1 #8,f ?is "t =w>d be      
dilig5t & ex]t    y\rself4' ,he>+ ?is1 !
 p5it5t monk1 mov$ by gratitude &       
fill$ ) joy1 foll[$ ! ,buddha & became 8
 disciple4 7,f\nd$    on ,beal1 ii4 #e1 
abridg$47                               
,vail4    ,vail 79 ,pli ,vesl1 n[       
,besrh7 lies tw5ty miles nor? (         
,hji-pur1 on ! left bank ( ! ,ganges1 & 
tw5ty-sev5 nor?-ea/ (  ,patn4 ,?is t[n  
7! city ( ! ,lihavis7 is celebrat$ z !  
sc5e  ( ! second ,c\ncil 7p4 #eg74 ,ne> 

x1 at a place call$ ,bakhra1 is a       
celebrat$ anci5t pill> surm\nt$ by a    
lion 7see ,cunn+ham1 i4 #ei74  ,vail1   
h[ev]1 is *iefly not$ z "o ( ! places   
:]e ,gautama  (t5 prea*$ & taught1 & :]e
 he /opp$ on 8 way to ,kus9r1  ! place (
 8 dea?4 ,8 usual resid5ce 0 9 a ,vihra1
 describ$  by ,f-hi5 z d\ble-gall]i$1 & 
9 a g>d5 pres5t$ to him by !  c\rtesan  
,amba-pl1 :om he conv]t$ & induc$ to    
live a virtu\s  life4 ,he also resid$ = 
! fif? ye> ( 8 tea*+ 9 a build+  call$ !
 ,kgra#bji hall4    ,hi\5 ,?sang speaks 
( ! t[n & ( ! objects ( int]e/ r\nd x   
?us 7,beal1 ii4 #ff-ge73--      ,bo?    
h]etics & believ]s are f\nd "h liv+     
toge!r4 ,!re are    sev]al hundr$       
mona/]ies 7,saghrmas7 :i* are mo/ly     
dilapidat$4 ,!re are also sev]al ,deva  
temples1 occupi$ by    sect>ies (       
diff]5t k9ds4 ,! foll[]s ( ! ,nirgran?as
 7i4 e4    ( ! ,ja9s7 are v num]\s4     
,to ! nor? is a ,/pa :i* indicates !    
place :]e ,ta?gata    /opp$ & took leave
 ( ! ,lihavis1 on 8 way to ,kui-nag>a to

    die4 ,wi%+ him to quit ! _w1 ,mra   
7comp>e p4 #da7 came to    ,buddha &    
said1 #8,y h n[ dwelt suffici5tly long 9
 ! _w4    ,^? :om y h sav$ f ! circl+   
/reams ( transmigration    are z num]\s 
z ! s&4' ,! ,buddha repli$1 #8,no1 ^? :o
 are    sav$ are z ! gra9s ( du/ on my  
nail2 ^? :o are n sav$    are l ! gra9s 
( du/ on ! :ole e>?4 ,nev]!less1 aft]   
?ree mon?s ,i %all die4' ,mra he>+ ?is 0
 rejoic$1 &    dep>t$4      ,bo? )9 &   
)\t ! city ( ,vail & all r\nd x1 !      
sacr$ ve/iges are s num]\s1 t x w\ld be 
difficult to rec\nt    !m all4 ,to !    
nor?-we/ is a ,/pa at ! spot :]e ,buddha
 dwelt    :5 he recit$ ! hi/ory ( 8 =m] 
bir? 7,jtaka7 z a    akra-v>t9 or       
,univ]sal ,mon>* 7comp>e p4 #dbc7       
possess$ ( !    sev5 treasures4 ,to !   
s\?-ea/ is a great ,/pa1 m>k+ ! place   
:]e ! convocation ( ! sev5 hundr$ sages 
& sa9ts 0 held1    "o hundr$ & t5 ye>s  
aft] ! ,nirva ( ,buddha1 to compel !    
monks :o _h brok5 ! laws ( ,buddha to   
obey !m4    ,x appe>s t ! ,lihavis (    

,vail obta9$ a l>ge quantity (  ! relics
 ( ! ,buddha's body1 & built a ,/pa ov] 
!m4    ,accord+ to ,f-hi5 !y also erect$
 a ,/pa ov] half ! relics (  ! burnt    
body ( n&a 7see p4 #dg ( ?is volume71 ! 
o!r be+  deposit$ ne> ,rja-giha4 ,8     
n>rative runs z foll[s3--      ,:5 n&a 0
 go+ f ,magadha to ,vail1 wi%+ 8        
,p>i-nirva to take place !re1 k+        
,ajta-atru he>d ( 8    int5tion1 & set  
out ) 8 ret9ue to foll[ him4      ,!    
,lihavis1 too1 :5 !y he>d t n&a 0 com+  
to _!    city1 w5t out to meet him4 ,9  
?is way bo? p>ties arriv$ toge!r    at !
 riv]1 & n&a1 ?9k+ to himself t he ought
 to please    bo?1 burnt 8 own body 9 ! 
middle ( ! riv]1 & ?us atta9$           
,p>i-nirva 9 a fi]y ec/asy ( ,samdhi4   
,!n 8 body 0 divid$    into two1 s t ea*
 got "o half z a sacr$ relic 7,legge1   
pp4    #ge-gg74                         
,kaumb4    ,kaumb 79 ,pli ,kosmb71 n[   
,kosam#baj1 on ! riv] ,jumn1 ab\t  ?irty
 miles f ,allahbd1 0 once a place hall[$
 by _m  ,brhmanical associations1 & is  

m5tion$ 9 ! ,rmyaa4 ,x 0 !  capital ( ! 
,kaumba c\ntry1 & is said to h be5 f\nd$
 by  ,kumba1 t5? 9 desc5t f ,purravas4  
,)\t d\bt x 0 "o (  ! mo/ anci5t cities 
( ,india4 ,x 0 also ! city ( ,k+        
,udayana1  ^: /ory is allud$ to by !    
greate/ ( all ,sanskrit poets1          
,kli-dsa1 9 8 #8,cl\d-,mess5g]#baa4'    
,fur!rmore1 ,kaumb is !  city 9 :i* !   
sc5e ( ! ,sanskx drama ,ratnval 0       
laid#bab4    ,! ,buddha resid$ !re 9 !  
six? & n9? ye>s ( 8 ,buddhahood1  &     
probably visit$ ! place at o!r times4   
,?is 0 ! *ief cause  ( its reputation 9 
connexion ) ,buddhism4 ,b x also d]iv$  
its  sacr$ "* f ! fact t x conta9$ !    
celebrat$  s&al-wood image#bac ( !      
,buddha1 believ$ to h be5 c>v$  dur+ 8  
life-"t1 by a sculptor s5t by ,moggallna
 7see la/ l9e1  p4 #dad7 at ,k+         
,udayana's reque/1 to ! ,traya/ria      
heav51 :5 !  ,buddha 0 !re prea*+ ! ,law
 to 8 "m 7see p4 #bjg74    ,9 a village 
ne> at h& ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham 7i4 #cjh7  
f\nd two  sculptur$ pill>s1 & ! p$e/al (

 a /atue inscrib$ ) ! #8,ye  dh>m' =mula
 7see p4 #ajd74 ,a great monoli? 0 also 
discov]$  !re4 ,9 ,f-hi5's "t a ,vihra  
exi/$ at ! spot :]e ! ,buddha  _h       
expla9$ ! ,law 7,legge1 p4 #if74 ,hi\5  
,?sang m5tions t a  l(ty ,/pa1 #bjj feet
 high1 0 erect$ by ,aoka ne> at h&4     
,!re 0 also a cav]n 9 :i* ! ,buddha _h  
left 8 %ad[  impress$ on ! rock4 ,he    
also speaks ( t5 mona/]ies all 9 ru9s4  
,nl&a4    ,nl&a#bad 0 ! greate/ seat (  
,buddhi/ le>n+ 9 ,india4 ,x has  be5    
id5tifi$ by ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham ) !      
village ( ,b>agaon1 ab\t  sev5 miles    
nor? ( ,rja-giha1 ab\t ?irty miles      
s\?-ea/ ( !  mod]n ,patn1 & ab\t =ty    
miles f ,buddha-,gay4 ,sir ,alex&]      
/ates t ,b>agaon possesses imm5se ru9s &
 m num]\s specim5s  ( sculpture ?an any 
o!r place visit$ by him4 ,accord+ to    
,hi\5  ,?sang1 ! ,buddha prea*$ ! ,law  
!re = ?ree mon?s4 ,! va/  ext5t &       
importance ( ! mona/]y 7,saghrma7 or    
mona/]ies at  ,nl&a h be5 already allud$
 to 7p4 #afi74 ,f-hi51 h[ev]1 does  n   

m5tion !m1 :i* seems to indicate t !y 7 
built  subsequ5tly to ,a4,d4 #dbe4 ,hi\5
 ,?sang1 :o travell$ 9 ! sev5?  c5tury1 
is said to h resid$ !re = five ye>s z a 
/ud5t4 ,t5  ?\s& monks1 r5[n$ = _!      
le>n+1 liv$ & /udi$ 9 six  magnific5t   
build+s4 ,! foll[+ is an extract f !    
lat]  ,*9ese travell]'s description ( x 
7,beal1 ii4 #gj73--      ,! monks (     
,nl&a1 to ! numb] ( sev]al ?\s&s1 are m5
 (    ! highe/ ability4 ,_! conduct is  
pure & unblamable1 al?\gh    ! rules ( !
 mona/]y are sev]e4 ,! day is n         
suffici5t =    ask+ & answ]+ pr(\nd     
que/ions4 ,f morn+ till night !    monks
 engage 9 discussion2 ! old & ! "y      
mutually help+ "o    ano!r4 ,^? :o _c   
discuss que/ions out ( ! ,tripiaka are  
little e/eem$1 & are oblig$ to hide     
!mselves = %ame4 ,h5ce    le>n$ m5 f    
diff]5t cities come "h 9 multitudes to  
settle    _! d\bts2 & !nce ! /reams ( _!
 wisdom spread f> &    wide4 ,= ?is     
reason "s p]sons usurp ! "n ( ,nl&a     
/ud5ts1    & 9 go+ to & fro receive     

hon\r 9 consequ5ce4      ,if m5 f o!r   
qu>t]s desire to ent] & take "p 9 !     
discussions1 ! keep] ( ! gate proposes  
"s h>d que/ions2    ^? :o are unable to 
answ] h to retire4 ,"o mu/ h /udi$      
deeply bo? old & new books1 be=e ga9+   
admission4 ,^?    /ud5ts :o come z      
/rang]s1 h to %[ _! ability by h>d      
discussion2 ^? :o fail comp>$ ) ^? :o   
succe$ are z    sev5 or eight to t54    
,sakya4    ,sakya1 n[ call$ ,sakisa1    
ab\t fifty miles nor?-we/ ( ,kan\j1  0  
id5tifi$ by ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham 9 #ahdb4 
,x 0 evid5tly once a  l>ge t[n ) _m     
rem>kable monum5ts1 & ought to be       
reckon$  among ! mo/ sacr$ places (     
,buddhism4 ,hi\5 ,?sang describes x  "u 
! "n ,kie-pi-?a 7,kapi?a74    ,x is said
 t ! ,buddha's "m di$ sev5 days aft] 8  
bir? 7see  p4 #bd ( ?is volume71 & 0 ?us
 depriv$ ( ! advantage ( he>+  ! ,law f 
h] son's lips4 ,to comp5sate h] = ?is   
loss1 ! ,buddha  asc5d$ by 8 own        
sup]natural p[] 9 ?ree /eps to !        
,traya/ria heav5 ( ,indra 7p4 #bjg71 to 

:i* 8 "m _h be5  transport$1 & !re      
recit$ ! ,law = ?ree mon?s = h] b5efit4 
,8 return to e>? seems to h be5 a m     
difficult matt]2 = 8  desc5t 0 n effect$
 )\t ! help ( a ladd] ) ?ree  p>allel   
flights ( /eps1 made = him by ! god     
,indra4    ,f-hi5 describes ?is         
miracul\s incid5t 9 ! foll[+ mann]      
7,legge1 #dh1 abridg$73--      ,sakya is
 ! place :]e ,buddha came d[n aft]      
asc5d+ to !    ,traya/ria heav51 & !re  
prea*+ 8 ,law = ?ree mon?s =    8 "m's  
b5efit4 ,buddha _h asc5d$ !re by 8      
sup]natural    p[]1 )\t ! k ( 8         
disciples2 b sev5 days be=e    8 return1
 ,anuruddha1 by 8 own sup]natural       
vision1 saw him 9    heav51 & reque/$   
,moggallna 7see p4 #dg ( ?is volume7 to 
asc5d    to ,indra's heav5 to inquire   
aft] #8! ,_w-hon\r$ "o4'    ,moggallna  
did s1 & return$ ) ! in=mation t 9 sev5 
days ! ,buddha w\ld return4 ,!n ! k+s ( 
eight c\ntries )    _! p1 n hav+ se5    
,buddha = a long "t1 7 all eag]ly       
look+ up = him to return4 ,b ! female   

m5dicant ,utpal#bae    ?\ght 9 h] he>t1 
#8,to-day1 ! k+s1 ) _! m9i/]s &    p1   
are all go+ to meet ,buddha4 ,i am b a  
woman2 h[ %all ,i    succe$ 9 be+ ! fir/
 to see him8' ,!n ,buddha1 by 8         
sup]natural p[]1 *ang$ h] into !        
appe>ance ( a ,univ]sal    ,emp]or1 s t 
%e 0 ! =emo/ ( all to meet & to d       
rev]5ce to him4      ,at 8 desc5t ?ree  
flights ( /eps 7 creat$4 ,buddha desc5d$
    on ! middle flight1 compos$ ( ! sev5
 preci\s sub/ances2    ,mah-,brahm1 k+ (
 ! ,brahm heav5s 7see p4 #baa ( ?is     
volume71    came d[n by a flight ( silv]
 /eps on ! "r side1 & akra    7,indra71 
"l ( ! ?irty-?ree div9ities 7p4 #bjg71  
desc5d$ by    /eps ( gold on ! left     
side1 hold+ a canopy made ( ! sev5      
preci\s sub/ances4 ,an innum]able       
multitude ( gods foll[$4 ,no    soon] _h
 ! ,buddha come d[n ?an all ?ree flights
 disappe>$ 9    ! gr\nd1 except sev5    
/eps1 :i* cont9u$ to be visible4        
,aft]w>ds ,k+ ,aoka1 be+ eag] to asc]ta9
 :]e _! ends    re/$1 s5t m5 to f9d out 

by digg+4 ,!y dug d[n till !y    rea*$ a
 yell[ spr+1 b c\ld n discov] ! bottom (
 !    /eps4 ,h5ce ! k+ felt an increase 
( devotion1 & built a ,vihra    ov] !   
/eps1 ) a /&+ image ( ,buddha sixte5    
cubits high4    ,beh9d ! ,vihra he      
erect$ a /one pill>1 ab\t fifty cubits  
high1    ) a lion on ! top ( x4 ,a      
dispute arose betwe5 "s h]etics    & !  
,buddhi/ monks ab\t ! own]%ip ( ! place1
 & !    =m] agre$ to give up _! claim if
 any sup]natural sign    occurr$2 ^u :i*
 ! lion on ! column gave a great ro>4   
,f-hi5 adds t a ,/pa 0 erect$ on ! spot 
:]e ,buddha  desc5d$2 ano!r :]e ! female
 m5dicant caught ! fir/ sight (  ,buddha
 at 8 desc5t4    ,! basem5t ( ,k+       
,aoka's pill> 0 f\nd by ,g5]al ,cunn+ham
 9  #ahgf4 ,on a previ\s occasion he    
discov]$ ! capital ( ! anci5t  pill>    
surm\nt$ by an elephant1 :i* may h be5  
mi/ak5 by  ,f-hi5 = a lion 7see         
,cunn+ham1 i4 #bgd74    ,hi\5 ,?sang1 9 
8 acc\nt ( ! ?ree ladd]s 7,beal1 i4     
#bjb71 says  t !y 7 arrang$ side by side

 f nor? to s\?1 s t ^?  :o desc5d$ might
 h _! faces to ! ea/1 & t ! flight by   
:i* ,indra desc5d$ 0 ( cry/al 7n (      
gold71 :ile t us$ by  ,brahm 0 ( silv]1 
& ! ,buddha's /eps 7 ( gold 7or ( !     
sev5 preci\s sub/ances1 ( :i* gold 0    
"o74 ,?is indicat$ !  sup]iority (      
,buddha ov] ! two gods :o accompani$    
him4    ,9 h>mony ) ^! ideas ,indra &   
,brahm are sometimes repres5t$  9       
,buddhi/ic sculptures /&+ "o on ea* side
 ( ! ,buddha1 &  protect+ him4 ,!y 7    
also pres5t at 8 bir? 7see p4 #dhc &    
engrav+ opposite p4 #dgg74    ,hi\5     
,?sang adds t "s c5turies be=e 8 "t !   
ladd]s /ill  exi/$ 9 _! orig9al         
position2 b1 :5 he visit$ ! spot1 !y  _h
 sunk into ! e>?1 & disappe>$4 ,sakya1  
h[ev]1 0 /ill  mu* frequ5t$4 ,a         
magnific5t image ( ! ,buddha 0 pres]v$ 9
 a  l>ge mona/]y !re1 & #ajjj prie/s 7  
/udy+ ! doctr9es (  ! ,sammatya1 a s*ool
 ( ! ,hna-yna1 9 f\r mona/]ies4         
,fur!rmore1 _m #8myriads' ( pi\s laym5  
liv$ 9 ! neighb\rhood4    ,! /ory (     

,buddha's desc5t f heav5 by help ( gold5
 /eps is  commonly believ$ bo? 9 ,ceylon
 & ,burma to ! pres5t day4 ,!  leg5d1 z 
curr5t 9 ,ceylon1 is giv5 by ,sp5ce     
,h>dy 7,manual1 p4 #caa74    ,x appe>s t
 :5 ,buddha 0 ab\t to return to e>? f ! 
god  ,indra's heav51 ! god reflect$ t1  
al?\gh ,buddha _h asc5d$ 9  ?ree /eps1 8
 desc5t ought to be celebrat$ #8)       
special hon\rs4'  ,he !re=e caus$ a     
ladd] ( gold to ext5d f ! ,m\nta9 ,m]u  
7see p4 #bjf ( ! pres5t ,lectures7 to   
,sakya1 #hj1jjj ,yojanas#baf 9  l5g?4 ,!
 /eps 7 alt]nately ( gold1 silv]1 coral1
 ruby1 em]ald  & o!r gems4 ,at ! "r side
 ( ! ladd] he creat$ ano!r1 also  (     
gold1 by :i* ,indra1 bl[+ ! con*1       
desc5d$1 accompani$ by  8 own gods2 & on
 ! left ano!r ladd] ( silv]1 by :i*     
,brahm  & ! ,brahm gods 7p4 #baj7       
desc5d$1 hold+ umbrellas ov] !  ,buddha4
 ,! ?ree flights ( /eps appe>$ to ! p ( 
! e>?  l ?ree ra9b[s4 ,:5 ,buddha       
comm5c$ 8 desc5t all ! worlds  7        
illum9at$ by ! light f 8 body4    ,) ?is

 extravagant my?--believ$ 9 z a         
hi/orical fact by mo/  ,buddhi/s--we may
 contra/ ! simple n>rative ( ,jacob's   
dream 9  ,g5esis xxviii4    ,nev]!less !
 leg5d is curi\s1 & ,i 0 greatly pleas$ 
by  discov]+ 9 ! ,indian ,section ( !   
,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 a  small bronze  
model ( ! triple ladd]1 lately dug up at
 ,m\lme94 ,mr4  ,purdon ,cl>ke1         
,c4,i4,e41 ! pres5t ,keep]1 k9dly _h !  
model  photograph$1 & pres5t$ me ) a    
draw+ ( x4 ,?is ,i h _h  engrav$1 & "h  
give4    ,illu/ration3     ,x w be      
obs]v$ t an image ( ! ,buddha is        
repres5t$ above !  ladd]1 z if seat$ 9  
,indra's heav51 & z if engag$ 9 ! act ( 
tea*+ !re2 :ile ! e>? is typically      
repres5t$ bel[ 9 !  %ape ( a squ>e      
plat=m1 ) f\r small ,buddhi/ temples1 "o
 at  ea* ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! compass     
7comp>e p4 #he74    ,a rud]             
repres5tation ( ! ladd] occurs 9 !      
sculptures ( !  ,bh>hut ,/pa 7,cunn+ham1
 p4 #ib74 ,! ,g5]al f\nd an imp]fect    
repres5tation ( x c>v$ 9 soap-/one at   

,sakisa 9 #ahgf 7,report1  xi4 #bf74    
,sketa4    ,sketa is a "n ( ! anci5t    
city ,ayodhy 7n[ ,ajdhy7 describ$ 9     
,valmki's great epic ! ,rmyana1 &       
believ$ to h be5 f\nd$ by  ,manu1 !     
prog5itor ( ! human race4 ,?is r5[n$    
city1 :i* 0 a  great c5tre ( ,brhmanism1
 0 also1 no d\bt1 at "o "t a            
consid]able c5tre ( ,buddhism4 ,at all  
ev5ts1 ! id5tification (  c]ta9 ,buddhi/
 sites !re has be5 made cle> by ,sir ,a4
 ,cunn+ham1  :o consid]s ,sketa to be ! 
same z ! ,pi-s-kia 7,vikh7 ( ,hi\5      
,?sang & ! ,%-*e or ,%-khe ( ,f-hi54 ,! 
=m] f\nd tw5ty  mona/]ies !re1 & #cjjj  
prie/s /udy+ ! ,little ,vehicle  accord+
 to ! ,sammatya s*ool2 also fifty ,deva 
temples & v _m  h]etics4    ,9 "o ( !   
mona/]ies resid$ ! ,arhat ,deva-arm1 :o 
wrote a  treatise call$ ! ,vijna-kya-/ra
 9 def5ce ( ! doctr9e (  ! non-exi/5ce (
 any ,ego or p]sonal self4 ,a ,/pa1 #bjj
 feet high1  0 built by ,aoka 9 ! place 
:]e ,buddha is suppos$ to h  prea*$ &   
taught dur+ six ye>s4    ,bo? ,f-hi5 &  

,hi\5 ,?sang m5tion ! leg5d t he "o day 
?rew  on ! gr\nd a twig he _h us$ to    
clean 8 tee? 7danta-k%ha71  :i* spr\t$ &
 grew into a miracul\s tree sev5 cubits 
high1 at  :i* height x always rema9$4 ,!
 ,brhmans became jeal\s ( !  miracle &  
sometimes cut ! tree d[n1 sometimes     
uproot$ x1 b x  always grew aga9 &      
rema9$ at ! same height4 ,"h also is !  
place :]e ! f\r ,buddhas 7p4 #djj7 walk$
 & sat 7,legge1 pp4 #ed1 #ee2  ,beal1 i4
 #bdj74                                 
,kany-kubja 7,kan\j74    ,kany-kubja#bag
 is ! ,sanskx "n = ! anci5t city (      
,kan\j2  7(t5 spelt ,kanoj71 once !     
capital ( ,nor!rn ,india1 & said to be  
! olde/ city 9 ,india1 next to ,ayodhy4 
,:5 ,hi\5 ,?sang visit$ ?is place x 0 ! 
capital ( !  celebrat$ mon>*            
,h>%a-v>dhana1 also call$ ilditya 7see  
p4 #afg (  ?is volume71 ^: k+dom ext5d$ 
f ,ka%mr to ,assam & f !  riv] ,n>bad to
 ,nepl4 ,:5 he c>ri$ (f a too?-relic ( !
 ,buddha  f ,ka%mr1 8 procession back to
 8 capital 0 att5d$ by a l>ge  numb] (  

tribut>y k+s4 ,hi\5 ,?sang1 9 describ+ !
 piety (  ?is great mon>*1 says ( him1 t
 #8he s\ght to plant ! tree (  religi\s 
m]it to su* an ext5t t he =got to sleep 
& to eat4'  ,he goes on to /ate z       
foll[s3--      ,k+ ilditya =bade !      
slaught] ( any liv+ ?+ z food on    pa9 
( dea?4 ,he built sev]al ?\s& ,/pas1 ea*
 ab\t #ajj feet    high4 ,!n 9 all !    
highways ( ! t[ns & villages ?r\gh\t    
,india he erect$ hospices1 & /ation$    
physicians !re )    m$ic9es = travell]s 
& ! poor p]sons r\nd ab\t4 ,on all      
spots :]e !re 7 holy traces ( ,buddha1  
he built mona/]ies4    ,once 9 five ye>s
 he held ! great assembly call$ ,mok%a4 
,!n    e ye> he assembl$ ! monks1 &     
be/[$ on !m ! f\r k9ds    ( alms 7food1 
dr9k1 m$ic9e1 clo?+74 ,he ord]$ !m to   
c>ry on    discussions1 & himself judg$ 
( _! argum5ts4 ,he rew>d$ !    good &   
puni%$ ! wick$4 ,he promot$ ! m5 (      
tal5t1 &    degrad$ evil m54 ,:]ev] he  
mov$ he dwelt 9 a travell+-palace1    & 
provid$ *oice meats = m5 ( all sorts (  

religion4 ,( ^!    ! ,buddhi/ prie/s    
w\ld be p]haps a ?\s&2 ! ,brhmans five  
hundr$#bah4 ,he divid$ ea* day into ?ree
 portions4 ,dur+ !    fir/ he occupi$   
himself on matt]s ( gov]nm5t2 dur+ !    
second    he practis$ himself 9 religi\s
 devotion 7,beal1 i4 #bad74    ,not)/&+ 
,hi\5 ,?sang's description ( v>i\s      
,/pas1  mona/]ies & monum5ts se5 by him1
 ,g5]al ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham 0 n  able to 
id5tify any ( ! exi/+ ru9s 9 !          
neighb\rhood (  ,kan\j1 #8s completely  
has almo/ e trace ( ,h9d occupation be5 
oblit]at$ by ! ,musalmns' 7,report1 i4  
#bhd74    ,f-hi5 m5tions a ,/pa ne> !   
t[n1 built on ! spot :]e !  ,buddha     
prea*$ a disc\rse on #8! bitt]ness &    
vanity ( life1'  comp>+ x to #8a bubble 
or foam on wat]' 7,legge1 #ed74         
,pali-putra4    ,pali-putra 7n[ ,patn7  
seems to h exi/$ z a village at a v     
e>ly p]iod4 ,its anci5t "n 0            
,kusuma-pura4 ,x 0 enl>g$ &  practically
 f\nd$ ab\t ! "t ( ! ,buddha's dea? by  
,ajta-atru#bai1 :o did n1 h[ev]1 remove 

!re f 8 own  capital city ,rja-giha4 ,"o
 ( 8 successors1 ! great ,k+ ,aoka1  !  
well-kn[n patron ( ,buddhism 7p4 #ff71  
conv]t$ ,pali-putra into  ! metropolis (
 ! k+dom ( ,magadha1 & x !nce=w>d became
 an  important c5tre ( ,buddhism4 ,sir  
,a4 ,cunn+ham /ates t x cont9u$  fl\ri%+
 z ! capital ( ! great ,gupta k+dom dur+
 ! f\r?  & fif? c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian   
era4    ,f-hi5 relates a tradition t ,k+
 ,aoka's palace 9 ! city 0  built by    
g5ii 7spirits71 :o br\ght great rocks & 
con/ruct$  *amb]s by heap+ !m toge!r4   
,he describes a mona/]y belong+ to  !   
,great ,vehicle1 & a temple belong+ to !
 ,little ,vehicle1 9 !  neighb\rhood ( !
 city1 & gives an acc\nt ( a ,buddhi/   
procession  ( f\r-:eel$ c>s & images :i*
 took place once a ye>4 ,ea* c>  0      
tw5ty-two feet or m high1 & _h five     
/ories1 ) ni*es on  f\r sides1 9 :i* 7  
plac$ images ( ! ,buddha & !            
,bodhi-sattvas1 along ) images ( ! gods 
7dvas74 ,!y 7 made to  look l mov+      
pagodas 7or ,dgabas74 ,! ,h9ds1 z we "k1

 h  simil> c>-processions to ?is day1 :5
 ! images ( ,ki%a are  dragg$ ?r\gh !   
/reets ( t[ns & villages4    ,f-hi5     
m5tions ! int]e/+ fact t ! nobles ( !   
c\ntry _h  f\nd$ hospitals 9 ! city to  
:i* de/itute1 crippl$1 & diseas$  p]sons
 might repair1 & receive advice1 food1 &
 m$ic9es suit$ to  _! cases1            
gratuit\sly4 ,he adds t ,aoka1 wi%+ to  
build #hd1jjj  ,/pas#bbj 9 place ( !    
eight orig9ally con/ruct$ ov] !         
,buddha's a%es1 built ! fir/ ,/pa & a   
pill> ne> ,pali-putra4    ,ne> x he says
 0 an impression ( ! ,buddha's foot1 ov]
 :i* a  temple ) a door t[>ds ! nor? _h 
be5 erect$ 7,legge1 pp4 #gg-hj2  ,beal1 
i4 lv-lviii74 ,! position ( ! ,/pa &    
column has be5  discov]$ by ,sir ,a4    
,cunn+ham 7xi4 #aeg1 #aeh74             
,kes>ya4    ,kes>ya is a l>ge village   
ab\t ?irty miles di/ant f ,vail         
7,besrh74 ,x is *iefly rem>kable = a    
m\nd ( ru9$ brick-"w1 #fb  feet 9       
height1 support+ a solid brick ,/pa     
7ne>ly #fh feet 9  diamet]71 :i* is also

 p>tly 9 ru9s4 ,! p call x ! ,/pa  ( !  
akrav>t 7,univ]sal ,mon>*7 ,vea1 fa!r ( 
,k+ ,pi?u4 ,9  ,manu1 ,,vii4 #da2 ,,ix4 
#ff1 #fg1 ,k+ ,vea is describ$ z an     
arrogant mon>*  :o resi/$ ! au?ority ( !
 ,brhmans4 ,probably he fav\r$ !        
,buddhi/s4 ,at any rate ! ,buddhi/s     
ass]t t ! rem>kable ,/pa at  ?is place 0
 built to m>k ! spot :]e ,gautama       
,buddha prea*$ a  disc\rse1 9 :i* he    
describ$ "o ( 8 previ\s bir?s z a       
akrav>t k+4    ,n f> f ! ,/pa a small   
m\nd has be5 excavat$1 & ! head  &      
%\ld]s ( a colossal /atue ( ,buddha     
br\ght to light  7,cunn+ham1 i4 #fg74   
,kui-nag>a4    ,kui-nag>a 79 ,pli       
,kusi-nr7 0 ! place :]e ! ,buddha di$1  
or--to speak m correctly--pass$ away 9  
,p>i-nirva 7see pp4 #dh1 #di1  #adj74 ,x
 0 long se>*$ = 9 va91 b has rec5tly be5
 id5tifi$  by ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham ) !    
mod]n ,kasia1 eighty miles ea/ (        
,kapila-va/u1 & #abj miles ,n4,n4,e4 (  
,b5>es4    ,nei!r ,f-hi5 nor ,hi\5      
,?sang say mu* ab\t ,kui-nag>a1 except  

t x 0 des]t$ & _h few inhabitants2 b !  
latt]'s allusion  to ! ,buddha's pass+  
away out ( ! _w at ?is place1 & 8       
acc\nt ( ! subsequ5t assembl+ ( ! fir/  
c\ncil at ,rja-giha  by ord] ( ! great  
,kyapa 7pp4 #dg1 #ee71 is s int]e/+ &   
curi\s t ,i "h give an ab/ract ( 8      
n>rative1 bas$ on ,mr4  ,beal's         
translation 7ii4 #afa73--      ,once :5 
! great ,kyapa 0 seat$ 9 m$itation1     
sudd5ly a    bright light bur/ =?1 & !  
e>? %ook4 ,!n1 ex]t+ 8    faculty (     
sup]natural vision1 he saw ! ,"l ,buddha
 pass+ away    into ,p>i-nirva betwe5   
two trees4 ,=?) he ord]$ 8    foll[]s to
 accompany him to ! city ( ,kui-nag>a4  
,on ! way    !re !y met a ,brhman1 :o1  
on be+ ask$ :5ce he came1 repli$1       
#8,f ,kui-nag>a1 :]e ,i saw y\r ma/]    
ent]+ into ,nirva4 ,a    va/ multitude (
 heav5ly be+s 7 ar\nd him4'      ,kyapa 
hav+ he>d ^! words said1 #8,! sun (     
wisdom has    ext+ui%$ 8 rays4 ,! _w is 
n[ 9 d>kness4 ,! illu/ri\s    guide--!  
,k+ ( ! ,law--has left u2 ! :ole _w is  

empty &    afflict$4 ,m5 & gods are left
 )\t a guide4' ,accord+ly1 he    proce$$
 to ! two trees1 & look+ on ,buddha1    
(f]$ wor%ip4    ,b c]ta9 c>eless monks  
said "o to ano!r1 ) satisfaction1       
#8,ta?gata has gone to re/4 ,?is is good
 = u2 = n[1 if we    transgress1 :o is  
!re to reprove u8' ,!n ,kyapa 0 deeply  
mov$1 & resolv$ to secure ob$i5ce to !  
tea*+ ( ,buddha4      ,address+ !       
assembl$ multitude1 he said1 #8,we ought
 to collect !    ,law4 ,^? :o h kept x  
)\t failure1 ^: p[]s (    discrim9ation 
are cle>1 su* p]sons may =m ! assembly4 
,^?    :o are only le>n]s mu/ dep>t to  
_! homes4'      ,on ?is !y w5t away1 &  
only #iii m5 7 left1 includ+ n&a4    ,b 
! great ,kyapa exclud$ n&a z be+ yet a  
le>n]4    ,address+ him1 he said1 #8,y  
are n yet free f defect2 y1 too1    mu/ 
leave ! assembly4 ,y 7 a p]sonal        
att5dant on ,buddha1 y    lov$ him mu*1 
& are1 !re=e1 n free f ! ties (         
affection4'      ,s n&a retir$ to a     
des]t place4 ,we>i$ out1 he desir$ to   

lie    d[n4 ,sc>cely _h 8 head rea*$ !  
pill[1 :5 lo6 he obta9$    ! condition (
 an ,arhat4 ,!n he return$ to ! door ( !
    assembly4 ,b ,kyapa said to him1    
#8,h y got rid ( all ties8 ,if    s1    
prove x2 ex]cise y\r spiritual p[] &    
ent] )\t ! door    be+ op5$4' ,!n n&a   
ent]$ ?r\gh ! key-hole1 & hav+    paid  
rev]5ce to ! assembl$ monks1 sat d[n4   
,?is p[] ( r$uc+ ! body to ! size ( an  
atom1 s z to be able  to pass ?r\gh s   
m9ute an ap]ture z a key-hole1 0 "o ( ! 
sup]natural faculties suppos$ to belong 
to p]fect$ sa9ts or ,arhats  7comp>e pp4
 #acc1 #bde ( ^! ,lectures74    ,!      
consid]ation ( ,buddhi/ ,sacr$ ,places  
might lead u on to v>i\s  hall[$ spots 9
 o!r ,buddhi/ c\ntries1 = example1      
,anurdha-pura1  ,adam's ,peak & ,kelani 
9 ,ceylon2 ! site ( ! great pagoda at   
,rangoon1 & ( t ne> ,m&alay 9 ,burma2 ! 
site ( ! ,buddha's  foot-pr9t 7,phra    
,bat7 9 ,siam2 ! sn[s ( ,k9*9junga 9    
,sikkim2 !  city ( ,lhssa & its         
mona/]ies 9 ,tibet2 ,kur5 9 ,mongolia2 b

 all  ^!1 & o!r places1 h ei!r be5      
incid5tally m5tion$ 9  previ\s ,lectures
 or w be m fully notic$ h]eaft]4        
,,lecture ,,xv4                         
,mona/]ies & ,temples4      ,buddhi/    
mona/]ies des]ve a full] notice ?an !   
incid5tal  allusions we h made to !m 9  
previ\s ,lectures4    ,! duty ( dwell+  
"u trees1 & n 9 h\ses1 accord+ to !     
example set by all ! ,buddhas 7see p4   
#acf71 & especially by ,gautama  ,buddha
 himself1 dur+ 8 long c\rse ( m$itation 
7see p4 #ca71 0 9  !ory suppos$ to be   
b9d+ on all true monks4 #8,! root ( a   
tree =  an abode' 0 "o ( #8! f\r        
,res\rces1' ( :i* e monk 0  all[$ to    
avail himself1 & ! enum]ation ( :i* =m$ 
"p (  ! admission-c]emonies 7see p4     
#hj74    ,at ! same "t c]ta9            
disp5sations or indulg5ces 7 specially  
grant$ at ^? c]emonies1 "o ( :i* 0      
p]mission to live 9  cov]$ resid5ces1 :5
 n it9]at+4 ,! five k9ds ( dwell+s      
p]missible "u v>y+ circum/ances are     
describ$ 9 ulla-vagga  7,,vi4 #a1 #b74  

,!y are ,vihras 7mona/]ies71 ,ahayogas  
7i4 e4 h\ses (  a peculi> %ape71 /ori$  
dwell+s 7prsda7#bba1 mansions 7h>mya71  
& caves 7see note1 p4 #ha ( ?is volume74
    ,x is cle> t any pa9ful exposure ( !
 body to ! viol5t /orms  ( ,india 0     
incompatible ) "o ( ! pr9ciples (       
,buddhism1 :i*1  ?\gh x taught          
self-d5ial & self-sacrifice ( a p>ticul>
 k9d1  deprecat$ all p]sonal            
self-inflict$ pa9 & au/]ity4    ,yet x  
appe>s 7f ,mah-vagga1 ,,iii4 #ae7 t at !
 "t ( 8 fir/  resid5ce at ,rja-giha 7see
 p4 #bi ( ^! ,lectures71 ! ,buddha _h  n
 yet in/itut$ #8! ,retreat' dur+ ! ra9s 
7,vassa74 ,h5ce !  monks 7 9 ! habit (  
go+ on _! travels alike dur+ w9t]1      
summ]1 & ! ra9y season4    ,! p compla9$
 ( ?is1 & said t ! monks 9 walk+ ab\t   
dur+ wet wea!r 7 unable to avoid cru%+  
vegetable life &  tread+ on m9ute liv+  
?+s4 ,!reupon ! ,buddha prescrib$ t  !  
monks 7 to keep #8,vassa1' & refra9 f   
p]egr9ation dur+  ! ra9s4    ,soon      
aft]w>ds1 :5 ! ,buddha _h left ,rja-giha

 & _h tak5 up  8 abode dur+ ,vassa 9 !  
,jeta-vana g>d5 at ,svat? 7see p4 #djg71
  a weal?y & pi\s layman 7,upsaka7 :o _h
 built a mona/]y 7,vihra7  = ! monks1   
s5t to invite !m to reside 9 x1 say+ t  
he  wi%$ to he> !m recite ! ,law & to   
be/[ gifts ^u !m4 ,!  ,buddha p]mitt$ !m
 to g1 b requir$ !m to return 9 sev5    
days4  ,he gave ! same p]mission :5     
ano!r ri* & pi\s layman _h  provid$ o!r 
resid5ces & conv5i5ces = ! monks1 su* z 
a  /ori$ h\se1 a mansion1 a /ore-room1 a
 cave1 a refectory1 a ba?+  room1 a     
well-h\se1 a pavilion1 a p>k1 etc4      
,on ! o!r h&1 :51 on a p>ticul>         
occasion1 a monk wi%$ to keep  ,vassa 9 
a cattle-p5 7,mah-vagga1 ,,iii4 #ab7 !  
,buddha p]mitt$ him to  d s4 ,s1 aga91  
on ano!r occasion he all[$ a man to keep
 ,vassa 9  a c>avan1 & on a ?ird        
occasion 9 a cov]$ boat or %ip4 ,b x is 
record$ t he prohibit$ ,vassa f be+ kept
 9 ! op5 air1 or 9  ! holl[ ( trees#bbb 
7see ,mah-vagga1 ,,iii4 #ab1 #c74    ,x 
is evid5t f all ?is1 t ev5 9 ! e>ly days

 ( ,buddhism1  ri* laym5 7 9 ! habit (  
seek+ to acquire religi\s m]it by       
provid+ com=table habitations = ! monks2
 & al?\gh at fir/  ! use ( su* luxuries 
0 only p]mitt$ 9 ! ra9y season1 ?is     
re/riction 0 soon remov$1 & a resid5ce 9
 cov]$ dwell+s  became usual at all     
seasons ( ! ye>4    ,!n1 z ,buddhism    
spread1 k+s1 pr9ces1 & ri* m5 compet$ ) 
ea* o!r = ! privilege ( erect+ va/      
mona/]ies--sometimes  call$ ,vihras#bbc1
 sometimes ,saghrmas--to :i* temples1   
libr>ies1  & s*ools 7 g5]ally atta*$1 & 
9 :i* dwelt weal?y  communities ( monks1
 :o 7 all[$ to hold prop]ty 9 l&4    ,! 
f\nd+ ( ext5sive & important in/itutions
 ( ?is k9d 01  ( c\rse1 an exceptional  
proce$+4 ,z a g5]al rule1 collections ( 
mona/ic dwell+s 7 ( a simple &          
uno/5tati\s "*4 ,9  v>i\s p>ts ( ,india 
are to be se5 9 ! pres5t day anci5t     
,buddhi/ cave-mona/]ies n[ unt5ant$1 "s 
( !m--su* z ! caves  ( ,b>b>--z old z ! 
?ird c5tury ,b4,c4    ,i myself visit$  
^? at ,elor 7,elur71 twelve miles f     

,aurangbd 9  ! ,nizm's t]ritory1 z well 
z o!rs at ,nsik1 ,krle1 & o!r  places4  
,! ,elor caves are possibly z old z !   
?ird c5tury#bbd1  & ) ! adjo9+          
,brhmanical & ,ja9 caves ( lat] date1   
ext5d  = "o mile & a qu>t] along ! sc>p 
( an elevat$ plateau4 ,!  ?ree gr\ps (  
caves rival ea* o!r 9 ! beauty & int]e/ 
(  _! sculptures1 & toge!r con/itute "o 
( ! wond]s (  ,india--_! position side  
by side prov+ t ! adh]5ts ( !  ?ree     
sy/ems liv$ toge!r 9 h>mony4 ,among !   
,buddhi/ caves are  beautiful #8aityas' 
or halls = g5]al wor%ip 7see p4 #dej71  
refectories = comm5sality1 & cells )\t  
numb] = !  habitation ( ! monks4 ,all ! 
excavations _h become p>tially fill$    
up2 b ! visit ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales 9     
#ahgf /imulat$ ! ,nizm's  gov]nm5t to   
cle> away ! du/ & rubbi% ( c5turies4    
,!n1 besides cave-mona/]ies1 ! ru9s (   
ext5sive mona/ic  e/abli%m5ts built (   
brick1 /one1 or o!r less durable        
mat]ials1  are scatt]$ ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t  
,india4    ,^? ( ! va/ mona/]y ( ,nl&a  

ne> ,rja-giha1 & o!rs at  v>i\s o!r     
sacr$ places1 h be5 already describ$    
7see p4 #dab74    ,turn+ next to !      
mona/ic /ructures ( mod]n ,buddhi/      
c\ntries1  & beg9n+ ) ,ceylon1 we f9d t 
9 t isl&1 z ,sp5ce ,h>dy  has po9t$ out1
 & z ,i myself obs]v$ dur+ my soj\rn    
!re1 !  resid5ces ( ! monks are ( v     
simple con/ruction1 & (t5  extremely    
mean 9 appe>ance4 ,!y are call$ ,pn-sls 
7,paa-l   ,sanskx ,p>a-l7 because       
suppos$ to be made ( leaves4 ,9 g5]al1  
h[ev]1 !y are con/ruct$ ( wattle fill$  
up ) mud1 ! ro(  be+ cov]$ ) /raw1 or ) 
! platt$ leaves ( ! cocoa-nut4  ,!y are 
always dirty & always ab\nd 9 cobwebs4  
,a mona/]y :i* ,i saw ne> ,k&y consi/$ (
 an oblong rectangul>  c\rt-y>d1        
surr\nd$ 9 ! int]ior by a k9d ( ro($    
cloi/] or  v]&ah1 out ( :i* op5$ !      
monks' cells1 light$ only f !  sky above
 ! c\rt4 ,! int]ior walls ( bo? cloi/] &
 cells 7  begrim$ ) pat*es ( dirt &     
masses ( cobwebs1 :i* are nev]  t\*$ =  
fe> ( break+ ! fir/ ,buddhi/ comm&m5t1  

#8kill n'  7p4 #abf74    ,( c\rse !re   
are mona/]ies ( a bett] & m impos+ type1
 su*  z t atta*$ to ! ,mligwa temple ( !
 sacr$ eye-too? on !  ,k&y lake 7see p4 
#ded74    ,9 ,burma ! ord9>y resid5ces (
 ! monks appe> to be simple 9  "*1 l ^? 
9 ,ceylon4 ,9 ,siam1 on ! contr>y1 !y   
are  sometimes elaborate1 & (t5 h       
ri*ly-cov]$ entrances4 ,at !  same "t ! 
,siamese monks 7accord+ to ,mr4         
,alaba/]7 are 9 !  habit ( it9]at+ a    
good deal1 only rema9+ 9 _! mona/]ies   
dur+ ! ?ree mon?s ( ra9s1 :5 resid5ce   
!re is imp]ative4    ,speak+ ( ! l>g] & 
m impos+ mona/]ies 7,ky\ng7 9 ,burma1   
,mr4 ,scott says 7,i give 8 acc\nt 9 an 
abbreviat$ =m73--      ,! mona/]ies are 
built ( teak1 or1 sometimes 9 ,m&alay & 
,l[]    ,burma1 ( brick4 ,! %ape is     
always oblong1 & ! inhabit$ portion     
is rais$ on po/s & pill>s1 eight or t5  
feet above ! gr\nd4    ,!y are1 l all ! 
o!r h\ses 9 ! c\ntry1 only "o /ory      
high2 = if x is an indignity to a layman
 to h anyone's feet ov]    8 head#bbe1 x

 is mu* m s to a memb] ( ! bro!rhood4 ,!
    space betwe5 ! gr\nd & ! floor is   
always kept op51 & is    nev] us$ except
 by ! mona/]y s*ool-boys4 ,a flight (   
/eps (    /one or wood leads up to !    
v]&ah1 :i* ext5ds along ! nor?    & s\? 
sides1 & frequ5tly all r\nd4 ,f ! rais$ 
floor ?us    rea*$1 rises ! build+1 )   
ti] ^u ti] ( massive ro(s 79    dim9i%+ 
/ages71 giv+ ! appe>ance ( _m /ories :5 
!re    is only "o4 ,! accommodation is  
simple4 ,x consi/s 9 ! ma9 ( a    c5tral
 hall divid$ into two portions1 "o level
 ) ! v]&ah    :]e ! s*ol>s are taught1 &
 mo/ ( ! duties ( ! mona/]y    c>ri$ on1
 & ! o!r a dais1 rais$ ab\t two feet    
above !    level ( ! re/ ( ! build+4    
,seat$ ^u ?is1 ! monks are    accu/om$  
to receive visitors1 & at ! back1 aga9/ 
! wall1 are    arrang$ ! images (       
,buddha1 a l>ge "o usually /&+ 9 !      
c5tre on a k9d ( alt>1 ) c&les1 fl[]s1  
pray+ flags1 &    o!r (f]+s plac$ be=e  
x4 ,on %elves alongside are a numb] (   
small] figures ( gold1 silv]1 alaba/]1  

clay or wood1 accord+ to    ! popul>ity 
( ! mona/]y1 & ! religi\s "* ( !        
neighb\rhood4 ,occasionally !re are     
dormitories = ! monks1 b    z a rule !y 
sleep 9 ! c5tral hall1 :]e ! mats :i* =m
    _! b$s may be se5 roll$ up aga9/ !  
wall4 ,! :ole area (    ! ext5sive      
comp\nd 9 :i* ! mona/]y /&s is enclos$  
by a    heavy teak f5ce ) massive po/s &
 rails1 sev5 or eight feet    high4 ,!  
laity1 :5 !y ent]1 take (f _! %oes &    
c>ry !m    9 _! h&s4 ,?is rule applies  
to ! highe/ 9 ! l&4    ,! daily life ( !
 monks inhabit+ mona/]ies ( ?is k9d 9   
,burma  has be5 already describ$ 7see   
pp4 #caa-cad ( ^! ,lectures74    ,if we 
n[ pass to nor!rn ,buddhi/ c\ntries we  
%all f9d t1 z a  g5]al rule1 ! dwell+s (
 monks are insignificant t5em5ts ( poor 
con/ruction1 atta*$ to or built r\nd    
small *apels or %r9es4  ,sometimes !    
monks live 9 ! rooms built ov] su*      
*apels4    ,sir ,ri*>d ,temple 7,j\rnal1
 ii4 #bjg7 visit$ a s-call$ mona/]y at  
,pemyang*i 79 ,sikkim71 :i* consi/$ ( a 

s+le build+ ) two  /ories4 ,9 ! upp] "s 
( ! monks resid$1 & a *apel =m$ !  l[]4 
,! temple-mona/]y ,i myself visit$ 9    
,briti% ,sikkim1 ne> ,drjl+1  is simil>4
 ,! ext]ior appe>ance might be comp>$ to
 t ( "s  small ,diss5t+ *apel 9 an      
,engli% village4 ,! ?at*$ ro(1 :i*  once
 gave x a picturesque appe>ance1 has    
rec5tly be5 remov$1 & a  ro( ( mod]n    
con/ruction sub/itut$4 ,! %r9e or temple
 is on !  gr\nd floor1 :ile ! upp] floor
 is ! abode ( ! att5dant  prie/s1 &     
seems also to s]ve z a /ore-room )      
cupbo>ds =  _! equipm5ts4 ,! cont5ts ( !
 gr\nd-floor temple1 ) its  alt> at !   
fur!r end & %elves = ! sacr$ books on "o
 side1  are v indi/9ctly se51 be+ only  
light$ up by a #8dim religi\s  light1'  
:5 ! door is kept wide op54 ,i notic$   
?ree images on !  alt>4    ,! case is   
diff]5t :5 l>ge numb]s ( monks          
congregate 9  p>ticul> places4 ,9 "s    
di/ricts ( ,ladk1 ,mongolia & ,tibet1   
mona/]ies 7or ,lmas]ies z !y are        
sometimes call$7 h be5  erect$1 :i* =   

va/ness1 magnific5ce1 & gr&eur (        
situation  amid spl5did sc5]y1 are      
unequall$ 9 any "p ( ! _w4    ,accord+  
to /rict rule1 retir$ localities %\ld be
 *os54 ,h5ce  l>ge mona/ic e/abli%m5ts  
are (t5 f\nd 9 solit>y places#bbf  &    
elevat$ situations2 = in/ance1 9 ,ladk  
^? at ,lma ,yurru &  ,hemis are m ?an   
#aa1jjj feet above ! sea1 & t at ,hanle 
is  #ad1jjj feet4 ,!y resemble romantic 
ca/les t[]+ upw>ds 9 !  mid/ ( rocks1   
crags1 & sn[y m\nta9s4    ,ano!r mona/]y
 at ,klang 7,kyelang71 9 ! ,briti%      
,tibetan prov9ce  ( ,lahl 7contigu\s to 
,ladk71 /&s on ! spur ( a m\nta91 at an 
elevation ( #ab1jjj feet1 & is approa*$ 
?r\gh gr& rav9es &  glaci]s1 s t        
occasionally1 aft] sn[-/orms1 ^? :o pass
 to &  fro are buri$ 9 avalan*es4    ,! 
out] walls ( l>ge mona/]ies ( ?is k9d 9 
seclud$ situations  are g5]ally l(ty4   
,(t5 !y are made ( /one or brick1 pla/]$
  ) mud & surm\nt$ ) little p9nacles &  
poles1 on :i* are  pray]-flags4 ,)9 !   
walls are cells = ! monks1 ! abode ( !  

,head or ,abbot1 a room = hold+ books1 a
 temple1 an assembly-hall1 a  refectory1
 /ore-h\ses1 receptacles = musical      
in/rum5ts1 masks1  /aves1 etc42 !       
build+s be+ (t5 arrang$ 9 r[s1 & always 
int]mix$ ) ,/pas 7see p4 #ejd7 &        
monum5ts4 ,! walls ( !  ve/ibules & ( ! 
great hall are usually ornam5t$ )       
fresco-pa9t+s1 repres5t+ subjects f !   
,buddhi/ ,jtakas 7p4  #aaa74 ,g5]ally   
!re are corridors or cov]$ cloi/]s l9$ )
  pray]-:eels1 or op5 walks pav$ ) /one1
 call$ 9 ,sanskx  ankramaa 7,pli1       
ankamana71 = ! monks to p]ambulate up & 
d[n  9 m$itation4 ,^! are suppos$ to be 
con/ruct$ aft] ! patt]n (  ! /one       
walk+-places us$ by ! ,buddha himself   
7see p4 #djj74    ,9 ! mona/]y at ,klang
 ! ro( ( ! great hall is support$ by    
massive beams g>ni%$ ) belts1 swords1   
yaks' tails1 huge &  t]rible masks1 &   
all sorts ( odds & ends4 ,on "o side is 
a huge  pray+-:eel1 on ea* revolution ( 
:i* a bell is /ruck4 ,a dim  subdu$     
light p]vades ! entire hall1 exagg]at+ !

 gha/ly  hide\sness ( ! figures#bbg4    
,to take z ano!r in/ance--! mona/]y or  
,lmas]y ( ,kunbum 7or  ,kumbum7 nor? (  
,tibet1 celebrat$ z ! bir?-place (      
,tsong ,khapa 7p4  #bgg71 & situat$1    
accord+ to ,m4 ,huc1 on a m\nta9        
int]sect$ by a  broad & deep rav9e3--   
,on ei!r side ( ! rav9e1 & up ! slopes (
 ! m\nta91 rise1    9 amphi!atrical     
curves1 ! :ite dwell+s ( ! ,lmas1 ea* ) 
its little t]race & enclos+ wall1 :ile  
"h & !re above !m    #8t[] ! temples1 ) 
_! gilt ro(s glitt]+ ) a ?\s&           
col\rs4' ,! h\ses ( ! sup]ior monks are 
di/+ui%$ by    p5nants1 float+ above    
small hexagonal turrets1 :ile ^? ( !    
ord9>y monks are simple cells4 ,on all  
sides my/ical s5t5ces1 9    ! ,tibetan  
"*1 meet ! eye 7see p4 #cha71 "s        
inscrib$ on    doors1 "s on walls &     
/ones1 or on l95 flags fix$ on poles4   
,almo/ ev]y:]e are conical vessels1 9   
:i* inc5se &    odorif]\s wood are      
burn+2 :ile numb]s ( ,lmas circulate    
?r\gh    ! /reets ( ! mona/]y 9 _! r$ & 

yell[ dresses--grave 9    _! deportm5t1 
&1 al?\gh "u no obligation to sil5ce1   
speak+ little1 & t little 9 a l[ voice4 
,?is ,lmas]y ( ,kunbum enjoys s great a 
reputation1 t !  wor%ipp]s ( ,buddha    
make pilgrimages to x f all p>ts (      
,mongolia1  ,t>t>y1 & ,tibet1 & on !    
occasion ( great fe/ivals !  conflu5ce (
 /rang]s is imm5se4 ,x is mu* frequ5t$  
by ,ea/]n  ,tibetans4    ,ne> ,kunbum is
 a mu* small] mona/]y1 devot$ to ! /udy 
(  m$ic9e4 ,x is at ! foot ( a rocky    
m\nta91 on ! heights ( :i*  dwell c]ta9 
contemplative monks4 ,m4 ,huc saw "o (  
^! h]mits1 :o  nev] communicat$ ) ! out]
 _w except = food1 :i* he drew  up to 8 
rocky cell by ! help ( a bag ti$ to a   
long rope 7ii4 #gc74    ,"s m5tion %\ld 
also be made ( ! mona/]ies at ,kuku     
khotun1 #8!  blue city' 9 ,t>t>y4 ,t t[n
 conta9s no less ?an five great         
,lmas]ies & fifte5 affiliat$ mona/]ies1 
) a gr& total (  #bj1jjj ,lmas dwell+ 9 
!m4 ,! *ief mona/]y is t ( ! #8,five    
,t[]s'--n to be conf\nd$ ) "o ( ! same  

"n 9 ! ,*9ese  prov9ce ( ,%an si4       
,?is latt] is a celebrat$ place =       
burials 7see p4 #cgj71 & pilgrims  may  
!re be edifi$ by a sight ( ! ,buddha's  
%ad[ impress$ on a  rock4    ,ano!r     
example ( a mona/]y 9 a remote situation
 is t ( ,kurun or  ,kur5 7see p4 #bie71 
situat$ on ! slope ( a m\nta9 9         
,mongolia4 ,9  ?is celebrat$ mona/]y ( !
 ,gr& ,lma ,tran?a #cj1jjj ,lmas        
7accord+ to ,m4 ,huc7 are lodg$ &       
support$4      ,! pla9 at ! foot ( !    
m\nta9 is con/antly cov]$ ) t5ts    (   
v>i\s sizes = ! conv5i5ce ( pilgrims4   
,hi!r ?rong !    wor%ipp]s ( ,buddha f !
 mo/ remote c\ntries4      ,view$ f a   
di/ance1 ! :ite cells ( ! ,lmas1 built  
on !    declivity 9 horizontal l9es "o  
above ! o!r1 resemble ! /eps    ( an    
enorm\s alt>1 ( :i* ! temple ( ! ,tran?a
 ,lma    appe>s to con/itute 79 ,roman  
,ca?olic phraseology7 #8!    tab]nacle4'
 ,9 ?is c\ntry ,tran?a is ! sa9t p>     
excell5ce1    & !re is n a ,t>t> ,khalka
 :o does n take a pride 9 call+         

himself 8 disciple4    ,pass+ on n[ to  
,tibet1 we f9d t 9 its pr9cipal prov9ces
 !  numb] ( mona/ic in/itutions connect$
 ) its two respective  capitals ( ,lhssa
 & ,ta%i ,lunpo1 is m ?an a ?\s&1 )     
#dia1bdb ,lmas4 ,?is is ! e/imate ( !   
late/ travell]#bbh4    ,accord+ to ,huc1
 m ?an ?irty l>ge mona/]ies may be      
reckon$ 9  ! neighb\rhood ( ,lhssa      
alone4    ,adv]t+ = a mom5t to ,lhssa   
itself1 we may note t ?is #8city (  !   
gods'--! *ief t[n ( ! prov9ce ( ,u1     
situat$ on ! ,ki-hu  riv]#bbi--;_h 9    
#ahed ab\t #ae1jjj inhabitants )9 a     
circumf]5ce  ( two-&-a-half miles4      
,accord+ to a ,*9ese prov]b1 its *ief   
inmates h always be5 #8prie/s1 wom51 &  
dogs4' ,koepp5 affirms  t ,lhssa has    
always be5 a great] ne/ ( monk-prie/s   
?an ,rome has  ev] be54    ,d\btless its
 population is n[ increas$1 & includes a
 consid]able  proportion ( laym52 yet1 9
 all likelihood1 at lea/ two-?irds ( !  
inhabitants are monks2 & x _c be too (t5
 repeat$ t1  accord+ to ! true !ory (   

,buddhism1 ! only raison d'tre ( !      
laity is to wait ^u ! monkhood4         
,moreov]1 ,lhssa1 next to ,b5>es &      
,mecca1 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/  frequ5t$     
place ( pilgrimage ^u e>?4 ,sc>cely a   
day passes on  :i* ! /reets d n ov]fl[ )
 cr[ds ( pilgrims--"s f  e qu>t] (      
,tibet1 "s f ,bhutn & o!r ,himlayan     
regions1  "s f all p>ts ( ,mongolia4    
,all meet "h to wor%ip ! inc>nat$       
repres5tative ( ! ,bodhi-sattva         
7,avalokitev>a7 manife/$ 9 !  ,dalai    
,lma--to receive 8 bless+1 8 consecrat$ 
pills1 & 8  pray]-pap]s 7see p4 #cca (  
^! ,lectures74 ,! resid5ce ( ?is        
,lmi/ic ,pope is at ,potala4    ,9 fact 
,potala on ! nor?-we/ side ( ,lhssa is  
:at ! ,vatican is  to ,rome4 ,x exi/$ 9 
anci5t times z a palace1 b 0 rebuilt &  
conv]t$ into a palace-mona/]y by !      
celebrat$ fif? ,dalai ,lma  ,navang     
,lobsang1 ,a4,d4 #afag-afhb 7p4 #bib (  
?is volume71 & f t  "t =w>d became !    
resid5ce ( all ! ,dalai ,lmas1 :o _h    
be=e  liv$ ei!r at ,s]a or at ,brepung  

7,dapung1 see p4 #ddb74    ,9 its /rik+ 
& unique position1 x is ev5 m impos+ ?an
 !  ,vatican4    ,imag9e a l(ty /ructure
 erect$ on an isolat$ hill#bcj1 ris+    
abruptly f ! pla9 ) ?ree long summits or
 em95ces1 &  wat]$ at ! base by ! ,ki-hu
 riv]1 :i* fl[s into ! great  ,tsanpo4  
,! s\?-we/]n ridge is ! s-call$         
,iron-hill1 on :i* is  a mona/]y :]e    
,tsong ,khapa himself is said to h      
taught4 ,!  nor?-ea/]n be>s ! "n ( !    
,phagmo hill#bca1 :ile ! highe/  is !   
hill ( ,potala1 ) its palace-mona/]y    
t[]+ 9 f\r  /ories to ! height ( ab\t   
#cfg feet1 & end+ 9 a cupola cov]$  )   
plates ( pure gold4    ,f ?is vantage   
gr\nd ! inc>nat$ ,bodhi-sattva looks d[n
 on !  cr[ds ( pilgrims approa*+ to     
wor%ip him1 or kneel+ at ! foot  ( !    
hill4 ,! build+s gr\p$ 9 ! vic9ity are  
said to conta9  #aj1jjj rooms1 = !      
accommodation ( z _m monks4 ,c\ntless   
are !  /atues ( ,buddha1 ) o!r idols &  
images ( sa9ts1 n to m5tion  obelisks & 
pyramidal monum5ts1 :i* meet ! eye      

ev]y:]e4 ,all  sacr$ objects are        
manufactur$ out ( gold1 silv]1 or copp]1
  accord+ to ! weal? ( ^? :o h br\ght !m
 z (f]+s4 ,two  asc5d+ av5ues lead up f 
,lhssa to ,potala1 :i* are con/antly    
?rong$ ) =eign pilgrims1 troops ( ,lmas 
9 (ficial ve/m5ts1  high] ,lmas &       
c\rti]s 9 full uni=m4 ,yet we are told t
 a  solemn religi\s sil5ce prevails1 = !
 ?\ghts ( all are fix$ 9  m$itation4    
,i h already giv5 an ab/ract ( ,mr4     
,s>at ,*&ra ,ds' n>rative (  8 visit to 
,potala1 & 8 pres5tation to ! ,dalai    
,lma on ,june #aj1  #ahhb 7see p4 #cca (
 ^! ,lectures74 ,i n[ add an acc\nt (   
,mr4 ,?omas  ,mann+'s int]view ) !      
,dalai ,lma on ,decemb] #ag1 #ahaa4 ,no 
,european1 except ,mr4 ,mann+#bcb1 has  
ev] set eyes on a ,dalai ,lma1  & no o!r
 ,engli%man has ev] se5 ,lhssa 7= ,m4   
,huc 0  mis9=m$2 ,moorcr(t 0 nev]       
!re73--      ,we rode to ! foot ( !     
m\nta9 on :i* ! palace is built1 or     
out ( :i*1 r1 x seems to gr[2 b hav+    
asc5d$ a few    paces to a plat=m1 7    

oblig$ to dism\nt4 ,f "h to ! hall      
:]e ! ,gr& ,lma receives visitors is a  
long & t$i\s asc5t4    ,x consi/s ( ab\t
 f\r hundr$ /eps1 p>tly /one /eps 9 !   
rocky m\nta91 & ! re/ m]e ladd]s f /ory 
to /ory 9 !    palace4 ,besides ?is1 f  
int]val to int]val along ! m\nta91      
:]ev] ! asc5t is easy1 !re are /ret*es  
int]sp]s$1 :]e    ! pa? cont9ues =      
sev]al paces toge!r )\t /eps4 ,at l5g?  
we arriv$ at ! l>ge plat=m on :i* is    
built ! hall (    reception4 ,!re we    
re/$ a:ile1 arrang$ ! pres5ts1 &        
conf]r$ ) ! ,lma's ,*9ese int]pret]4    
,! ,t-mu-fu 0 9 ! hall ) ! ,gr& ,lma4 ,i
 0 n in=m$    ( ?is until ,i ent]$1 :i* 
occasion$ me "s confusion4 ,i did n     
"k h[ mu* c]emony to g ?r\gh ) "o1 be=e 
,i began ) !    o!r4 ,i made ! due      
obeisance1 t\*+ ! gr\nd ?ree times )    
my head to ! ,gr& ,lma1 & once to !     
,t-mu-fu4 ,i pres5t$ my    gifts1       
deliv]+ ! co9 & ! h&some silk sc>f ) my 
own    h&s into ! h&s ( ! ,gr& ,lma4 ,i 
!n took (f my hat1 &    humbly gave him 

my clean-%av5 head to lay 8 h&s ^u4 ,!  
c]emony ( pres5tation be+ ov]1 ! ,mun% &
 ,i sat d[n on two    cu%ions n f> f !  
,lma's ?rone1 & _h tea br\ght to u4 ,x  
0 mo/ excell5t1 & ,i meant to h empti$ !
 cup1 b x 0    :ipp$ away sudd5ly1 be=e 
,i 0 aw>e ( x4 ,! ,lma's beautiful    & 
int]e/+ face & mann] engross$ almo/ all 
my att5tion4 ,he    0 at t "t ab\t sev5 
ye>s old2 & _h ! simple &    unaffect$  
mann]s ( a well-educat$ pr9cely *ild4 ,8
 face 01 ,i    ?\ght1 poetically &      
affect+ly beautiful4 ,he 0 ( a gay &    
*e]ful disposition2 8 beautiful m\?     
p]petually unb5d+ into a    graceful    
smile1 :i* illum9at$ 8 :ole c\nt5ance4  
,sometimes1    p>ticul>ly :5 he _h look$
 at me1 8 smile approa*$ to a    g5tle  
laugh4 ,no d\bt my grim be>d &          
spectacles some:at excit$    8          
risibility4 ,he inquir$ :e!r ,i _h n met
 ) mole/ation &    difficulties on !    
road2 to :i* ,i promptly return$ ! prop]
    answ]4 ,a pres5t ( dri$ fruit 0     
br\ght & set be=e me1 &    !n we )drew4 

7,mr4 ,clem5ts ,m>kham's ,tibet1 p4     
#bfd1 abridg$47    ,z to ! mona/]ies    
gr\p$ ar\nd ?is ,vatican ( ,lmi/ic      
,buddhism1  we may make special m5tion (
 f\r1 not+ a few p>ticul>s4    ,to beg9 
) ! olde/ mona/]y1 t ( ,l brang1 said to
 mean  #8abode ( ,lmas#bcc1' :i* 0 built
 by ,k+ ,srong ,tsan ,gampo 7see p4     
#bga ( ?is volume71 & f\nd$ 9 ! sev5?   
c5tury4 ,?is anci5t  in/itution is 9 ! v
 c5tre ( ,lhssa1 & is reg>d$ z !  c5tre 
( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,all ! ma9 roads (     
,tibet conv]ge  t[>ds x4 ,d\btless !    
area ( ! mona/]y has be5 enl>g$ by      
occasional additions 9 ! c\rse ( "o ?\s&
 ye>s1 b n s9ce  x 0 p>tly rebuilt &    
re/or$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,its        
magnific5t temple 7,*o ,khang7 is ! ,/4 
,pet]'s ( ,lmism 7see p4  #dei74    ,!  
imm5se numb] ( monks inhabit+ ?is       
mona/]y is prov$ by !  fact t a huge    
cauldron is %[n :i* holds m ?an #abjj   
gallons (  tea = ! ,lmas :o p]=m ! daily
 s]vices4    ,! o!r ?ree mona/]ies ne>  
,potala & ,l brang1 accord+ to  ,koepp51

 are devot$ to ! /udy ( magic & ! art ( 
exorcis+4 ,we  may take !m 9 ! foll[+   
ord]3--    ,fir/1 at a %ort di/ance nor?
 ( ,l brang1 /&s ! mona/]y  ,ramohe1 #8!
 great enclosure1' :i* 0 ! o!r anci5t   
mona/]y  built by ,srong ,tsan ,gampo1  
or by "o ( 8 wives 7see p4 #bga74 ,x is 
n[ a great s*ool ( exorcism1 & has a    
celebrat$ temple 7see pp4  #dfb1 #dfc71 
conta9+ ! celebrat$ image ( ! ,buddha1 &
 also "o  ( ,n&a1 ,gautama's /ep-bro!r &
 disciple4 ,^? :o /udy "h may  ga9 !    
decree ( #8,doctor ( ,magic4'    ,next  
comes ! mona/]y ( ,moru 7or ,muru or    
,m]u71 close to ! city4  ,x is not$ =   
its ord] & cleanl9ess1 & = its          
pr9t+-press4  ,l ! la/1 x conta9s a     
s*ool = in/ruction 9 magic4    ,!n1 at a
 %ort di/ance ea/ ( ,l brang 7accord+ to
 ,koepp571 is  ! mona/]y ( ,g> ,ma      
,khian--! "m mona/]y ( soo?say]s1       
=tune-tell]s1 & exorcis]s 7hos-kyong1   
see p4 #bff74    ,let u next turn to !  
?ree anci5t #8"m-mona/]ies' ( ! ,yell[  
sect--,galdan1 ,s]a1 & ,dapung4         

,galdan 7or ,gahdan71 ! #8heav5 (       
cont5t$ be+s' 7,sanskx  ,tu%ita1 see pp4
 #bjg1 #bac7--! olde/ mona/]y ( ! ,yell[
 sect--is  situat$ on ! hill ( ! same   
"n1 ab\t ?irty miles#bcd ea/ (  ,lhssa4 
,z already /at$ 7pp4 #bgh1 #bid71 x 0   
f\nd$ by ,tsong ,khapa  ,a4,d4 #adji4 ,x
 is ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 
& has #ccjj  monks4    ,s]a1 #8! gold51'
 f\nd$ by ,tsong ,khapa 7p4 #bgh71 or by
 "o ( 8  disciples imm$iately aft] 8    
dea?1 lies ab\t ?ree miles nor? (       
,lhssa1 on a declivity ( a hill1 ov] :i*
 passes ! road lead+ to  ,mongolia4 ,x  
has #eejj monks1 & num]\s temples1 t[]s1
 & h\ses  curv+ r\nd l an amphi!atre4   
,on ! hills above ! t[n are r[s  ( cells
 ( contemplative monks & recluses4      
,s]a has ?ree great temples sev]al      
/ories high1 ! halls ( :i*  are ri*ly   
gild$4 ,9 "o temple ! /aff ( ,gautama   
,buddha is  pres]v$4    ,dapung 7v>i\sly
 ,dapu1 ,depung1 ,debung1 ,debang1      
,brepung1 ,brebung1  ,prebung71         
#8rice-heap1' s call$ f ! %ape ( ! hill1

 0 also  f\nd$ by ,tsong ,khapa ?ree    
ye>s be=e ,s]a1 & is situat$ f\r  miles 
we/ ( ! city ( ,lhssa4 ,x has #ggjj     
monks4 ,! great temple 9  ! middle is   
surr\nd$ by f\r small ones4 ,"o ( ^! f\r
 belongs  to ! exorcis]s & pr(essors (  
magical arts1 ( :om !re are  ne>ly ?ree 
hundr$4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! mona/]y is a     
resid5ce =  ! ,dalai ,lma1 :5 he pays 8 
annual visit4 ,numb]s ( =eign]s  /udy   
"h1 especially ,mongolians4 ,9 front ( !
 mona/]y /&s a  ,/pa1 :i* conta9s !     
bones ( ! f\r? ,dalai ,lma1 ,jon ,tan   
,yam  ,?so1 :o 0 ( a ,mongolian family4 
,mr4 ,edg> 7,report1 p4 #da7 m5tions f\r
 o!r mona/]ies ( ! ,yell[  sect ar\nd   
,lhssa1 ,*emil+1 ,t5gil+1 ,*e*ul+1 &    
,k5dul+#bce4 ,! la/ is said to be !     
resid5ce ( ! ,reg5t 7p4  #bhf ( ^!      
,lectures74 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds gives a long
 li/ (  mona/]ies1 "s conta9+ #ejjj     
monks 7e4g4 ,rnam rgyal grvatsang1      
,gongdk> r,dorjegdan1 etc47 & "s #gjjj4 
,we h next to describe ! great mona/]y (
 ! second ,gr& ,lma (  ,tibetan         

,buddhism--,i mean t at ,ta%i ,lunpo1   
also belong+ to !  ,yell[ sect4    ,ta%i
 ,lunpo1 ne> ,%igatse1 is ! seat (      
gov]nm5t ( ! ,ta%i  ,lma or ,pan*5 ,lma 
7see p4 #bhd ( ^! ,lectures71 & ! second
  metropolis ( ,lmi/ic ,buddhism4 ,our k
 ( ?is celebrat$ place  is d]iv$ f !    
record ( ! j\rneys ( ,mr4 ,bogle &      
,capta9  ,turn]1 z well z f ! n>ratives 
( ,indian explor]s4    ,accord+ to "s ( 
^! au?orities1 ,ta%i ,lunpo is situat$  
ab\t  #adj ,engli% miles 9 a ne>ly      
we/]ly direction f ,lhssa4 ,x is  built 
on a level pla9 enclos$ on all sides by 
rocky hills1 ?r\gh  :i* a small riv] 7! 
,pa9am7 ru%es into ! great ,tsanpo      
7,brahma-putra74 ,! mona/]y is said to h
 be5 built by ! fir/  ,dalai ,lma1 ,g$un
 grub pa1 9 #adde 7see p4 #bia ( ^!     
,lectures71  ?\gh ! f9al seat ( ! ,dalai
 ,lmas 0 at ,lhssa4    ,accord+ to      
,koepp5 f\r roads meet at ,ta%i ,lunpo2 
"o lead+ to  ,lhssa1 "o to ,ladk1 "o to 
,nepl1 & "o to ,bhutn4    ,ne> at h&1 on
 ! nor?-ea/ side ( ! ,ta%i ,lunpo       

mona/]y1 on a  rocky em95ce protect+ x f
 ! cold w9ds1 /&s ! =t (  ,%igatse 7also
 writt5 ,%igatze71 :i*1 ) its surr\nd+  
h\ses1  =ms ! capital ( ! prov9ce (     
,tsang1 j z ,lhssa con/itutes  t ( !    
prov9ce ( ,u4    ,our fell[ c\ntryman1  
,mr4 ,bogle1 commission$ by ,w>r5 ,ha/+s
 to  op5 communications betwe5 ,b5gal & 
,tibet1 arriv$ at ,ta%i ,lunpo 9  #aggd4
 ,8 description ( x is to ! foll[+      
effect4 ,i give x  abbreviat$ 7f ,mr4   
,clem5ts ,m>kham's ,tibet73--      ,we  
pass$ by ! foot ( ,ta%i ,lunpo1 :i* is  
built on ! l[]    declivity ( a /eep    
hill4 ,! ro( ( ! palace is all (        
copp]-gilt4 ,! build+ is ( d>k-col\r$   
brick4 ,! h\ses ( !    t[n rise "o above
 ano!r4 ,f\r *ur*es ) gilt ornam5ts are 
mix$ ) !m4 ,altoge!r ! t[n pres5ts a    
pr9cely appe>ance4    ,_m ( ! c\rts are 
spaci\s1 flagg$ ) /one1 & h    gall]ies 
runn+ r\nd !m4 ,! alleys1 :i* are       
likewise pav$1    are n>r[4 ,! palace is
 appropriat$ to ! ,lma & 8 (fic]s1    to
 temples1 gran>ies1 w>eh\ses1 etc4 ,!   

re/ ( ! t[n is    entirely inhabit$ by  
prie/s1 :o are 9 numb] ab\t f\r ?\s&4   
,! foll[+ is ! sub/ance ( ,mr4 ,bogle's 
acc\nt ( 8 int]view  ) ! ,ta%i ,lma on  
,novemb] #h1 #aggd 7abbreviat$ f        
,m>kham's  ,tibet73--      ,9 ! aft]noon
 ,i _h my fir/ audi5ce ( ! ,ta%i ,lma4  
,he is    ab\t =ty ye>s ( age1 ( l[     
/ature1 & incl9+ to be fat4 ,8          
complexion is fair] ?an t ( mo/         
,tibetans1 & 8 arms are z    :ite z ^? (
 a ,european2 8 hair1 :i* is jet black1 
is cut    v %ort2 8 eyes are small &    
black4 ,! expression ( 8    c\nt5ance is
 smil+ & good-hum\r$4 ,he 0 ^u 8 ?rone1 
=m$ ( wood c>v$ & gilt1 ) "s cu%ions    
above x1 ^u    :i* he sat ) 8 legs fold$
 "u him4 ,he 0 dress$ 9 a    mitre-%ap$ 
cap ( yell[ broadclo?1 ) long b>s l9$ ) 
r$    sat91 a yell[ clo? jacket )\t     
sleeves1 & a sat9 mantle (    ! same    
col\r ?r[n ov] 8 %\ld]s4 ,on "o side (  
him /ood    8 physician1 ) a bundle (   
p]fum$ s&al-wood rods burn+ 9    8 h&2  
on ! o!r /ood 8 cup-be>]4 ,i laid !     

,gov]nor's    pres5ts be=e him1 deliv]+ 
! lett] & ! pe>l necklace into    8 own 
h&s1 toge!r ) a :ite h&k]*ief on my own 
"p1    accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry4   
,he receiv$ me 9 ! mo/    engag+ mann]4 
,i 0 seat$ on a high /ool cov]$ ) a     
c>pet4    ,plates ( boil$ mutton1 boil$ 
rice1 dri$ fruits1 sweetmeats1 sug>1    
bundles ( tea1 dri$ %eep's c>cases1     
etc41 7 set be=e me &    my companion1  
,mr4 ,hamilton4 ,! ,lma drank two or    
?ree di%es ( tea    ) u1 b )\t say+ any 
grace1 ask$ u once or twice to eat1    &
 on our retir+ ?rew :ite h&k]*iefs ov]  
our necks4 ,aft]    two or ?ree visits1 
he us$ to receive me )\t any c]emony1 8 
head uncov]$1 & dress$ only 9 ! l>ge r$ 
petticoat worn by    all full monks1 r$ 
boots1 a yell[ clo? ve/1 ) 8 arms b>e1  
& a piece ( co>se yell[ clo? ?r[n across
 8 %\ld]s4 ,he sat    sometimes 9 a     
*air1 sometimes on a b5* cov]$ )        
tig]-sk9s1    & nobody b ! cup-be>]     
pres5t4 ,sometimes he w\ld walk ) me    
ab\t ! room1 expla9 ! pictures1 or make 

"s rem>ks ^u !    col\r ( my eyes1 etc4 
,=1 al?\gh v5]at$ z ,god's viceg]5t     
?r\gh all ! ea/]n c\ntries ( ,asia1 &   
end[$ ) a portion    ( omnisci5ce & ) _m
 o!r div9e attributes1 he ?r[s aside    
9 conv]sation all ! awful "p ( 8 "*1    
accommodates    himself to ! weakness ( 
mortals1 endeav\rs to make himself lov$ 
r ?an fe>$1 & behaves ) ! greate/       
affability to    ev]ybody1 p>ticul>ly to
 /rang]s4    ,9 #aghc1 :5 ,ta%i ,lunpo 0
 visit$ by ,capta9 ,turn]1 ! mona/]y    
consi/$ ( #djj h\ses1 _m ( :i* 7 built (
 /one & m>ble1  & at lea/ two /ories    
high4 ,!y conta9$ ab\t #cgjj monks 7n[  
#chjj74 ,ar\nd ! h\ses 7 gild$ temples1 
p9nacles1 pyramidal  monum5ts 7,/pas71 &
 above all ! palace ( ! ,ta%i ,lma1 =m+ 
a /rik+ spectacle4    ,capta9 ,turn] _h 
a rem>kable int]view ) ! ,gr& ,lma at ! 
neighb\r+ mona/]y ( ,t]pal+1 on ,decemb]
 #d1 #aghc4 ,he f\nd !  pr9cely *ild1 !n
 ag$ eighte5 mon?s1 seat$ on a ?rone1 ) 
8  fa!r & "m /&+ on ! left h&4 ,hav+ be5
 in=m$ t1  al?\gh unable to speak1 he   

c\ld und]/&1 ,capta9 ,turn] intimat$  to
 him #8t ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 on receiv+  
news ( 8 decease1 _h  be5 ov]:elm$ )    
sorr[1 & cont9u$ to lam5t 8 abs5ce f  ! 
_w until ! cl\d 0 dispell$ by 8         
re-appe>ance4 ,!  ,gov]nor hop$ t he    
might long cont9ue to illum9e ! _w by 8 
pres5ce4'    ,! infant look$ /eadfa/ly  
at ! ,briti% envoy1 & appe>$ to be      
li/5+ to 8 words ) deep att5tion1 :ile  
he repeat$ly nodd$  8 head1 z if he     
und]/ood e syllable4 ,he 0 sil5t &      
s$ate1  & conduct$ himself ) a/oni%+    
dignity4 ,capta9 ,turn] ?\ght  him "o ( 
! h&some/ *ildr5 he _h ev] se54 ,x seems
 t he  grew up to be an able & dev\t    
rul]1 gratify+ ! ,tibetans by 8  pres5ce
 = _m ye>s1 & liv+ to a good old age4   
,ta%i ,lunpo 0 n visit$ by ! ,fr5*      
mission>ies1 b ,m4 ,huc  in=ms u 7ii4   
#aeg7 t 9 #ahdf ! !n ,pan*5 ,lma 0 #fj  
ye>s (  age1 & /ill vigor\s4 ,m4 ,huc 0 
told t he 0 ( ,indian orig91  & t he _h 
decl>$ ( himself t 8 fir/ inc>nation _h 
tak5  place 9 ,india "s ?\s&s ( ye>s    

be=e4    ,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds1 f ^:     
notes ( a j\rney 9 ,tibet s _m  extracts
 h be5 already giv51 writes ?us ( 8     
arrival at ,ta%i  ,lunpo on ! #i? (     
,decemb]1 #ahha 7! extract is n giv5    
lit]ally1  & is abbreviat$73--      ,9 !
 aft]noon we arriv$ at ,ta%i ,lunpo4 ,9 
front ( ! we/]n    entrance ,i notic$   
two ,*ort5s 7t is1 #8aityas or ,/pas1'  
see p4    #ejd ( ^! ,lectures71 "o v    
l>ge1 ) a gilt spire1 & !    o!r small4 
,on ent]+ ! gr& mona/]y1 ,i mu/]$ all my
    k ( ,buddhi/ c]emonies & monki%     
etiquette1 t ,i might    n be criticis$ 
by ! pass+ monks z "o unacqua9t$ ) !    
duties ( ! we>]s ( ! sacr$ co/ume4 ,i   
walk$ sl[ly & )    gravity1 b secretly  
obs]v+ ev]y?+ ar\nd me4 ,!re 7 a few    
yaks "u ! *>ge ( ?ree or f\r h]dsm51    
wait+ probably =    ! return ( "s ( _!  
numb] f )9 ! mona/]y4 ,"s    monks1 rid+
 on mules1 pass$ u f nor? to s\?4 ,a few
 p>ties    ) heavy gra9 packages on _!  
backs 7 ent]+ ! mona/]y    along ) u4 ,!
 rays ( ! sun1 n[ slant+ on ! gild$     

spires    ( h\ses & tombs 9 ! mona/]y1  
pres5t$ a v magnific5t    view to ! eye4
      ,:ile resid+ 9 ! mona/]y ,i saw p 
busily engag$ 9    out-door "w1 su* z   
collect+ fuel & t5d+ cattle4 ,9 fact1   
?is 0 ! busie/ "p ( ! ye>1 :5 !         
,tibetans rema9 on !    move = ! purpose
 ( buy+ & sell+1 at a "t :5 !           
int5sely cold w9ds )] up ! vegetation1  
freeze ! /reams1    h>d5 ! soil1 & dry  
up ! sk94 ,! monks1 l ! lay-p1    are   
rem>kable = _! habit ( e>ly ris+4 ,no   
monk )9 !    walls ( ! mona/]y rose lat]
 ?an five 9 ! morn+1 & !    usual "t =  
gett+ up 0 f\r a4 m4 ,^? :o slept lat]1 
)\t any special cause1 7 subject to     
correction4 ,at ?ree 9 !    morn+ !     
great trumpet summons all ! monks to !  
religi\s    s]vice 9 ! congregation     
hall4 ,:oev] fails to att5d is puni%$   
next morn+4 ,no regi/] is kept1 yet !   
(fic] :o sup]9t5ds    ! discipl9e c tell
 :at monk out ( two ?\s& has abs5t$     
himself on any p>ticul> day4 ,i 0 ! only
 man :o slept up to six    9 ! morn+4 ,!

 monks us$ (t5 to rem>k t1 7 ,i a regul>
    monk ( ! mona/]y1 ! sup]9t5d5t's    
bir* w\ld h /ript my    body ( its fle%4
    ,ab\t six miles f ,ta%i ,lunpo1 & on
 ! road lead+ f x 9 a  s\?-we/]ly       
direction t[>ds ! mona/]y ( ,sakya 7see 
bel[71 is  ! mona/]y ( ,n>?ang1 :5ce    
issu$ "o ( ! ?ree copies (  ! ,kanjur   
7p4 #bgb7 br\ght to ,europe by ,brian   
,hodgson4    ,we h n[ to notice ! two   
mo/ important mona/]ies ( ! ,r$  sect4  
,fir/1 ,sam ye 7,sam yas7 is on ! great 
riv] ,tsanpo1 ab\t =ty  miles f ,lhssa1 
9 a s\?-ea/]ly direction4 ,x 0 ! fir/   
mona/]y f\nd$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury by       
,padma-sambhava1 aft] ,k+  ,khri ,srong 
,de ,tsan's re/oration ( ,buddhism 7pp4 
#bga1 #bgb74 ,x is !  metropolitan      
mona/]y ( ! ,r$-capp$ monks & ,urgyanpa 
sect4 ,sam ye  0 visit$ by ! ,indian    
explor] ,na9 ,s+h 9 #ahgd1 on 8 f9al    
j\rney to ,lhssa#bcf1 & by ,s>at ,*&ra  
,ds 9 #ahhb4 ,_m ( its  images are (    
gold1 & x possesses an ext5sive libr>y4 
,padma-sambhava 0 a ma/] ( ,indian ,yoga

 & magic4 ,he is fabl$ to  h work$ _m   
miracles--su* z fill+ empty j>s ) div9e 
wat]--at ,sam ye4 ,he und]took to expel 
all evil demons f ,tibet1 b  0 oppos$ by
 ! ,bon prie/s4    ,! o!r *ief mona/]y (
 ! ,r$ sect is t ( ,sakya 7,saskya71    
situat$ ab\t fifty-five miles f ,ta%i   
,lunpo1 on ! road lead+ 9  a s\?-we/]ly 
direction t[>ds ,nepl4 ,x has f\r great 
sanctu>ies  & a celebrat$ libr>y1 & is  
surr\nd$ by a l>ge t[n1 )  temples &    
h\ses mo/ly pa9t$ r$ 7p4 #bgc74    ,x   
%\ld be not$ t 9 all ! l>ge mona/]ies ( 
,nor!rn  ,buddhi/ c\ntries1 v>i$        
assortm5ts ( ve/m5ts1 robes1 co/umes1  &
 masks are kept = use 9 ! religi\s      
dances1 masqu]ades1 &  dramatic         
p]=mances :i* are a *>act]i/ic ( ,nor!rn
 ,buddhism4  ,inde$1 "s ( ! ri*]        
mona/]ies possess ext5sive w>drobes (   
great value1 & ! monks 9 _! masqu]ad+   
dances *ange _!  co/umes v frequ5tly & )
 great rapidity 7see pp4 #cdg-cej74     
,note1 too1 t ! libr>ies ( su* mona/]ies
 g5]ally conta9  l>ge & valuable        

collections ( books4 ,! #ajh volumes ( !
 nor!rn  canon call$ ,kanjur1 ) !       
comm5t>ies call$ ,tanjur 7see p4 #bgb71 
con/itute a libr>y 9 !mselves4 ,9       
addition to ^!1 !re are va/  numb]s (   
o!r treatises writt5 to elucidate !     
my/]ies (  ,nor!rn ,buddhism1 mo/ ( :i* 
are /ill a t]ra incognita to ,european  
s*ol>s4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 m$ival times
 "s ,buddhi/  mona/]ies became seats (  
le>n+1 :i* might h vi$ ) !  mo/ le>n$   
,univ]sities e/abli%$ at t p]iod 9      
,europe4                                
,temples4    ,al?\gh temples h be5      
already adv]t$ to z =m+ an important    
feature 9 all mona/]ies1 & (t5 an actual
 "p ( ! edifice  con/itut+ ! mona/]y2 x 
w be wor? :ile to devote a %ort  space (
 "t to _! sep>ate consid]ation4    ,9 ! 
e>lie/ days ( ,buddhism nei!r temples   
nor halls nor rooms =  meet+ toge!r     
7sagha-giha7 7 mu* ne$$4 ,! monk recit$ 
!  ,law 9 ! op5 air or 9 ! h\ses ( !    
laity4 ,x 0 only :5  collections ( monks
 cry/alliz$ into regul>ly organiz$      

communities1  & a k9d ( congregational  
recitation ( ! ,law became a "p (  e    
day's duty1 t ! monks requir$ places (  
assembly l  *ur*es = ! p]=mance (       
religi\s s]vices4    ,su* places ( meet+
 7 (t51 l ! cells = ! monks1  excavat$  
out ( rocks4 ,&1 s9ce relic-%r9es call$ 
aityas 7z well  z ,/pas1 see p4 #ejd7 7 
erect$ at ! fur!r extremity ( !         
excavat$ hall1 ! hall itself 0 g5]ally  
call$ a aitya4    ,! two pr9cipal       
rock-excavat$ aitya-halls visit$ by me 7
 at  ,elor 7also spelt ,ellora & ,elur7 
& at ,krle 7,krl74 ,i 0 also  mu*       
int]e/$ 9 a small] "o at ! ,nsik caves4 
,9 _! int]ior  /ructure !y are all      
/rik+ly l anci5t ,*ri/ian *ur*es4    ,! 
,elor aitya =ms "o ( ! s]ies ( caves    
already m5tion$  7p4 #afi74 ,x is       
probably z old z ! six? c5tury ( our    
era1 & is  ( an elongat$ horse-%oe %ape1
 ) a massive ribb$ ro( ar*$ l  t ( a    
ca!dral1 support$ on tw5ty-eight        
octagonal columns1 ov]  :i* runs a      
curi\s frieze1 hav+ on x a c>v$         

repres5tation ( a  buffalo-hunt &       
bo>-*ase4 ,!re is a nave ) side-aisles  
ab\t #hf  feet long by #dc broad4       
,moreov]1 ov] ! entrance1 support$ by   
two  squ>e columns1 is a gall]y :i* may 
h s]v$ = a *oir or = a  b& ( musicians4 
,a l(ty solid ,dgaba1 9 %ape l a massive
 dome  re/+ on a cyl9drical base1 /&s at
 ! fur!r end ( ! nave1  ! aisles be+    
cont9u$ r\nd x1 s t wor%ipp]s may       
circumambulate ! apse4 ,! front ( ?is   
imm5se relic-receptacle is  holl[$ out  
to receive a colossal s$5t figure ( !   
,buddha1 ab\t #ag  feet high#bcg1 ) !   
,bodhi-tree c>v$ 9 an ar* above 8 head4 
,two images ( att5dants are 9 an erect  
attitude1 "o on ea* side1 b  are n s    
prom95t z to draw (f ! eye f ! imm5se   
c5tral  figure4    ,! ,brhmans h n[     
appropriat$ ?is cave1 & d$icat$ x to    
,viva-k>ma1 ! suppos$ patron deity (    
build]s & c>p5t]s4 ,i 0  told t c>p5t]s 
come f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry to wor%ip !  
image 9 its ,brhmanical "*4 ,z a tok5 ( 
hon\r1 !y sme> x  ) r$ pa9t4    ,i      

notic$ a rem>kable sculpture c>v$ out ( 
! rock ne> ?is  cave-temple4 ,x         
repres5t$ wor%ipp]s pray+ to ,padma-pni 
to be  deliv]$ f fire1 f sword1 f       
captivity1 f wild bea/s1 f  snakes1 & f 
! skeleton ,dea? :o is se5 approa*+4    
,! aitya cave at ,krle1 ne> ,poona1 :i* 
,i visit$ 9 #ahgf1 is 9  all its        
dim5sions & arrangem5ts simil> to !     
,viva-k>ma cave at  ,elor1 b is /ill    
l>g]1 f9]1 & m impos+4 ,x has a nave &  
side aisles1 t]m9at+ 9 an apse1 r\nd :i*
 ! aisle is c>ri$4  ,! :ole is ab\t #abd
 feet long by #de feet broad & #df feet 
9  height4 ,!re are fifte5 pill>s on ea*
 side1 sep>at+ ! nave f  ! aisles1 & "u 
! dome ( ! apse is ! ,dgaba 7or         
aitya7--a  two-/ori$ cyl9drical drum1   
surm\nt$ by a ,tee ornam5t 7p4 #def71 on
  :i* is a wood5 umbrella4 ,!re is a    
cavity 9 ! ,dgaba = relics1  ?\gh none  
are n[ to be f\nd !re4    ,?is wond]ful 
excavation at ,krle is "o ( ! mo/       
magnific5t  monum5ts ( anci5t ,buddhism1
 & "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ examples  ( e>ly  

,buddhi/ic art to be se5 any:]e 9       
,india4 ,&1 m ?an  ?is1 x is probably "o
 ( ! mo/ /rik+ places ( congregational  
wor%ip to be se5 any:]e 9 ! _w4    ,(   
c\rse ^! rock-excavat$ *ur*es soon      
develop$ into temples  7,vihras7 built (
 /one or brick1 "s ( :i* 7 ( a monum5tal
  "*1 l t at ,buddha-,gay1 already      
describ$ 7see p4 #cij71  :ile o!rs 7    
unpret5d+ /ructures ne> villages1 :]e ! 
laity  c\ld repeat _! pray]s or make    
(f]+s4 ,o!rs1 aga91 =m$ !  mo/ important
 edifice among ! gr\p ( build+s         
con/itut+ a  mona/]y4    ,! village     
temples might m suitably be call$       
*apels4 ,all h "s  features 9 common4   
,at ! fur!r end ( a dimly-light$ room is
 an  alt> ( /one or wood4 ,on ?is are   
plac$ ! idols1 & ar\nd !m  are arrang$  
vases & cups1 9 :i* ! (f]+s ( ! laity   
are  deposit$4 ,! l>g] edifices h       
ve/ibules1 & at ! entrance are  g5]ally 
rude images ( ! f\r great k+s 7p4 #bjf71
 :o are suppos$  to be ! gu>dians (     
,buddhism 7p4 #bjf71 :ile inside !re are

  sculptures1 frescoes1 & pictures      
illu/rative ( ! v>i\s bir?s  &          
transmigrations ( ! ,buddhas &          
,bodhi-sattvas4 ,9 ! prec9cts  is always
 to be f\nd a ,bodhi-tree 7,bo-tree1 p4 
#eai71 if ! climate &  soil w admit (   
its be+ re>$4 ,! great] numb] ( sacr$   
/ructures1 h[ev]1 ev5 ^? ( a m important
 k9d & m  entitl$ to be call$ temples1  
are m]e squ>e or oblong rectangul>      
build+s1 )\t ar*itectural design or     
ornam5tation4    ,9 ,ceylon ,i visit$ a 
temple ( ?is k9d on ! %ore ( ! ,k&y     
lake4 ,x consi/$ ( a l>ge b>e room or   
small hall1 at ! fur!r  end ( :i* 0 a   
curta9 conceal+ a highly v5]at$ image ( 
!  ,buddha4 ,! att5dant drew aside !    
curta9 & %[$ u ! image1  :i* _h         
repres5tations ( rays ( light issu+ f   
all p>ts ( 8  body1 z well z five rays  
em]g+ f ! cr[n ( 8 head4 ,9 !  enclosure
 or #8comp\nd' ( ! temple1 0 a bell-%ap$
 ,dgaba or  relic-%r9e ( solid brick-"w1
 cov]$ ) ,*unam1 & hav+ a  receptacle = 
lights 9 front ( x4 ,close at h& 0 !    

usual sacr$  ,ppal-tree4    ,at ,kelani1
 ab\t eight miles f ,colombo1 is a l>g] 
& mu* m  important temple :i* ,i also   
visit$4 ,^? :o make pilgrimages to  ?is 
temple ga9 great /ores ( m]it4 ,x       
conta9s a colossal recumb5t  image ( !  
,buddha1 ?irty-six feet long1 ly+ on 8  
"r side1 &  repres5t+ ! f\nd] (         
,buddhism :5 ab\t to pass into          
,p>i-nirva 7see p4 #ej74 ,! image is    
protect$ by a scre51 9 !  c5tre ( :i* is
 a figure ( ! ,k+ ( ,s]p5ts1 :ile at !  
sides  are gigantic images ( !          
temple-gu>dians4 ,ar\nd ! int]ior are   
fresco pa9t+s ( v>i\s incid5ts 9 !      
previ\s lives ( !  ,buddha4 ,!re are    
also images ( ! ,h9d gods ,vi%u1 iva1 & 
,gaea  7see p4 #bjf74 ,9 ! g>d5 ( !     
temple are resid5ces = ! monks1  a      
cloi/]-l enclosure1 a room ) a good     
pr9t+ press1 & an  imm5se ,ppal-tree4   
,a /ill m important temple is t call$ ! 
,dalada ,mligwa or  temple ( ! sacr$    
eye-too?1 at ,k&y 9 ,ceylon4 ,?is is a v
  picturesque /ructure1 situat$ on !    

m>g9 ( ! lake close to !  t[n4 ,x has no
 surr\nd+ walls1 & is easily accessible 
to all  com]s4 ,/eps lead up to a k9d ( 
op5 corridor1 9 :i* is ! ma9  entrance1 
& ! walls ( :i* are decorat$ ) col\r$   
frescoes (  ! eight pr9cipal hells--!   
suppos$ abode ( evil-do]s und]go+       
purgatorial torm5ts dur+ "o ( _! /ates (
 exi/5ce 7see p4  #abj7bch4    ,"s are  
repres5t$ 9 ! act ( be+ cut 9 pieces by 
demons1 or  fix$ on r$-hot iron spikes1 
or torn asund] ) gl[+ tongs1 or  sawn 9 
two ) saws1 or cru%$ betwe5 rocks1 or   
consum$ by flames  ent]+ ! ap]tures ( _!
 bodies4 ,! ,european visitor inquires  
) amazem5t h[ x is t a sy/em s mild1    
m]ciful1 & tol]ant1  %\ld h inv5t$ !    
horrible tortures "h exhibit$4 ,!       
explanation is n difficult1 & 8         
a/oni%m5t ceases :5 he is  rem9d$ t     
,buddhism1 recogniz+ no moral ,gov]nor (
 ! ,univ]se1  is compell$ to resort to  
su* artifices = ! co]cion &             
intimidation ( evil-do]s4    ,9 !       
int]ior ( ! build+ is ! %r9e1 9 :i* is  

pres]v$  beh9d iron b>s1 ! gold5 ,dgaba 
or receptacle ( "o ( ! ,buddha's        
eye-tee? 7see p4 #ejj74 ,on ea* side are
 images1 & :5 ,i visit$ !  %r9e1 ! :ole 
*amb] 0 r$ol5t ) ! fragrance ( masses ( 
fl[]s--*iefly jasm9e--rec5tly deposit$  
be=e !m z (f]+s4    ,beh9d ! build+ ,i  
f\nd an op5 quadrangle ) cells = !      
monks1  & a resid5ce = ! ,head ( !      
mona/]y4 ,n f> f ! entrance  0 a spaci\s
 libr>y1 :]e ,i 0 greet$ by a numb] (   
y\?ful  monks1 dress$ 9 simple toga-l   
ve/m5ts1 b ) _! "r  %\ld]s left b>e4 ,"s
 7 engag$ 9 writ+4 ,i !re=e ask$ =  a   
specim5 ( _! p5man%ip4 ,^u :i* !y wrote 
d[n = me on  palm leaves1 9 ! ,s9halese 
"*1 =ty-eight epi!ts ( !  ,buddha1 su* z
 ! foll[+3--,god ( ! gods1 ,indra (     
,indras1 ,brahm  ( ,brahms1 ! ,almighty1
 ,omnisci5t1 ,exi/+ 9 8 own ,law1 ,"l ( 
! ,law1 ,savi\r ( all1 ,conqu]or1 ,k+ ( 
doctr9e1 ,ocean ( grace1  ,treasury1    
,jewel1 ,sun1 ,moon1 ,/>s1 ,lotus1      
,ambrosia ( ! ,_w1 !  ,five-ey$ "o1 !   
,bull1 ,elephant1 ,lion among m51 /rong]

 ?an !  /ronge/1 mighti] ?an ! mightie/1
 m m]ciful ?an ! mo/  m]ciful1 m        
m]itori\s ?an ! mo/ m]itori\s1 m        
beautiful  ?an ! mo/ beautiful1 etc4    
,! temples 9 ,burma are commonly call$  
#8pagodas1' a ^w corrupt$  f ! ,pli     
,dgaba 7,sanskx ,dhtu-g>bha71           
#8receptacle ( !  7sacr$7 elem5ts' or   
relics ( ! body4 ,!y are also call$     
,dagohn4  ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,scott       
7#8,burman1' i4 #ahd71 ! numb] ( temples
 9  ,burma f> exce$s ^? 9 ,ceylon or    
,tibet or ,*9a4 ,no village s poor  z to
 be )\t its #8neatly kept %r9e1 ) !     
rema9s ( o!rs  m\ld]+ away ar\nd x2 no  
hill s /eep z to be )\t its  glitt]+    
gold or sn[-:ite spire ris+ up to gu>d !
 place2 no  "w ( m]it s ri*ly paid z !  
build+ ( a pagoda4' ,"s are (  simple   
con/ruction1 o!rs elaborate2 b ( all !  
temples ! great  ,rangoon pagoda is !   
gr&e/ & mo/ cr[d$ ) wor%ipp]s &         
pilgrims4    ,! peculi> sacr$ness &     
popul>ity ( ?is wond]ful /ructure 7said 
to h be5 f\nd$ #ehh ,b4,c471 arises f   

its conta9+ relics (  ,gautama & 8 ?ree 
pr$ecessors1 t is1 eight hairs f        
,gautama's  head1 ! /aff ( ,kyapa1 !    
robe ( ,kanaka-muni1 & !  dr9k+-cup (   
,kraku-h&a 7see p4 #ace ( ^! ,lectures74
 ,!  /ately pile /&s ^u a m\nd--p>tly   
natural1 p>tly artificial--cut  into two
 rectangul> t]races "o above ! o!r1 !   
upp] be+ #aff  feet above ! gr\nd1 & ea*
 side fac+ "o ( ! c>d9al po9ts  ( !     
compass4 ,! asc5t is by v dilapidat$    
/eps1 "s ( /one1  "s ( #8sun-dri$       
bricks1 worn almo/ into a slope by ! b>e
 feet (  myriads ( wor%ipp]s4' ,none b  
,europeans may asc5d ) cov]$  feet4 ,!  
/airs lead to a #8broad1 op5 flagg$     
space1 :i* runs all  r\nd ! pagoda1 & is
 left free = wor%ipp]s4' ,f ! c5tre (   
?is spr+s1 f an octagonal pl9?1 !       
#8pr(usely gilt solid  brick pagoda1'   
:i* has a circumf]5ce ( #acee feet1 &   
rises to a  height ( ab\t #cbh1 #8or    
ne>ly z high z ,/4 ,paul's ca!dral4' ,on
 !  summit is #8! ,tee1' a gilt         
umbrella-%ap$ ornam5t ) _m ti]s (  r+s1 

on ea* ( :i* #8hang multitudes ( gold & 
silv] jewell$  bells4' ,x 0 #8plac$ !re 
at a co/ ( n mu* less ?an  #ej1jjjbci4' 
,at ! foot ( ! pagoda are f\r *apels1   
hav+  colossal figures ( ,buddha at !   
sides1 & _! gild$ int]iors  d>k5$ by !  
vap\r ( ?\s&s ( burn+ tap]s4 #8,hundr$s 
(  ,gautamas1' l>ge & small1 :ite &     
black1 gild$ & pla91 sitt+1  /&+1 &     
recl9+1 surr\nd ! l>g] images4 ,x is    
said t !  great pagoda has be5 ?rice    
cov]$ ) gold-leaf4    ,!re is a /ill    
high] pagoda 7#ccb feet high7 at ,pegu1 
& ! mo/  anci5t ( all is at ,arakan4    
,pass+ to ,nor!rn ,buddhi/ c\ntries1 we 
f9d t ! temples are  g5]ally simple1 & n
 to be comp>$ ) ! gr& pagodas (  ,burma4
    ,= example1 at ,tassid+ 9 ,sikkim1  
,sir ,ri*>d ,temple 7,j\rnal1 ii4  #bjd7
 f\nd t ! two pr9cipal temples 7 *apel-l
 /ructures  ) #8ov]%ad[+ umbrella-%ap$  
ro(s1 ?at*$ ) split bamboos4'  ,! walls 
7 ( r\gh /one1 ! upp] half be+ pa9t$ r$4
 ,!  int]iors1 :i* 7 dimly light$1 _h   
two /ories1 ! walls be+  cov]$ ) col\r$ 

frescoes illu/rat+ ! puni%m5ts 9 !      
v>i\s hells1 #8"s ( :i* w\ld be suitable
 = illu/rations (  ,dante's ,inf]no4' ,!
 ends opposite to ! entrance 7 fill$ )  
images4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! *apels 7        
pray+-ma*9es1 & on  %elves ! remnants ( 
a libr>y ( sacr$ ,buddhi/ manuscripts4  
,sir  ,ri*>d att5d$ a religi\s s]vice 9 
"o ( ^! *apels1 :i*  consi/$ ( a s]ies (
 *ants & invocations to a female demon  
call$  ,tanma1 repres5t$ by a hide\s lay
 figure dress$ 9 robes4 ,accord+  to    
tradition1 x 0 ! malevol5t action ( !   
twelve ,tanmas 9  br++ pe/il5ces on !   
,tibetans1 t l$ !m to s5d =             
,padma-sambhava1 :o introduc$ ! debas$  
,buddhism subsequ5tly  preval5t 9 ,tibet
 7,note by ,capt4 ,r4 ,c4 ,temple74     
,accord+ to ,dr4 ,s*lag9tweit 7p4 #ahi7 
& ,koepp5 ! g5]ality (  temples 9       
,mongolia & ,tibet consi/ ( "o l>ge     
squ>e or rectangul>  room1 ) an         
entrance-hall or ve/ibule1 :i* 9        
,mongolia looks to !  s\? & 9 ,tibet to 
! ea/4 #8,! inside surface is :itewa%$  

or  cov]$ ) a k9d ( pla/]1' & decorat$ )
 pa9t+s  repres5t+ episodes tak5 f !    
life ( ! ,buddhas1 or )  pictures ( gods
 & goddesses ( t]rible aspect4 ,g5]ally 
images (  ! f\r great k+s are plac$ "h z
 gu>dians ( ! sanctu>y 7p4  #bjf ( ?is  
volume74 ,sometimes !re are side *amb]s1
 :i* may be  comp>$ to transepts1 & give
 ! build+ ! =m ( a cross4 ,^!  *amb]s   
(t5 h %elves = ! sacr$ books1 wrapp$ 9  
silk4 ,9  ! corn]s are tables = images (
 ! deities1 religi\s dresses1  musical  
in/rum5ts1 etc4 ,o!r articles requir$ = 
! daily s]vice  are hung up on wood5    
pegs along ! walls4 ,b5*es = ! ,lmas are
  plac$ 9 ! hall ( ! temple4    ,! alt> 
at ! fur!r extremity rises 9 /eps made (
 wood1  beautifully c>v$ & ri*ly        
ornam5t$4 ,^u ^! are arrang$ images  ( !
 ,buddhas & ,bodhi-sattvas1 & especially
 ! *ief idol  repres5t+ ,gautama ,buddha
 9 "s ( 8 =ms & attitudes4 ,"h  also are
 vessels = (f]+s1 bells1 ,dorjes 7p4    
#cbc71 & o!r  ut5sils us$ 9 religi\s    
wor%ip4 ,among ! latt] may be se5 !     

mirror 7,melong1 see p4 #dfc7 us$ 9 !   
c]emony describ$ at p4 #cce4  ,!re is   
also a vase ) peacock's fea!rs1 & a     
sacr$ book is nev]  want+4    ,! vessels
 = (f]+s are ( brass1 & l tea-cups4 ,!y 
are  usually fill$ ) b>ley1 butt]1 &    
p]fumes1 & 9 summ] )  fl[]s4 ,ne> at h& 
is a ,*ort5 7p4 #chj7 conta9+ relics1 & 
hav+ a ni*e ) ! image ( a ,buddha or    
,bodhi-sattva1 to :om !  temple may     
p]haps be d$icat$4    ,f9ally1 9 !      
entrance-ve/ibule1 at bo? sides ( !     
door1 z well  z 9 ! int]ior1 /& r[s (   
l>ge & small pray]-cyl9d]s1  :i* are    
p]petually kept revolv+ by ! att5dant   
,lmas4    ,( c\rse ! temples at ! great 
c5tres ( ,tibetan ,buddhism 9 &  ne>    
,lhssa1 ,ta%i ,lunpo1 & o!r important   
places1 are f> m  impos+4 ,inde$1 =     
magnific5ce1 few religi\s edifices 9 any
 "p  ( ! _w c comp>e ) !m4    ,! great  
temple 7call$ ,*o ,khang7 9 ! mona/]y ( 
,l brang at  ,lhssa is a k9d ( c5tre ( !
 ,lmi/ic ,*ur*4 ,x is ! fir/ &  olde/   
temple1 &1 z be=e /at$ 7p4 #ddj71 ! ,/4 

,pet]'s (  ,lmism#bdj4    ,! facade (   
?is va/ /ructure looks to ! ea/1 & 9    
front ( x  is a squ>e place1 ) a k9d (  
obelisk or monoli?1 commemorat+ !       
victory ( ! ,tibetans ov] ! ,*9ese 9 !  
n9? c5tury1 z well  z m rec5t treaties (
 peace & fri5d%ip betwe5 ! two          
c\ntries4 ,! ma9 build+ is ?ree /ories  
high4 ,be=e ! entrance  /&s a l(ty      
flag-pole1 =ty feet high#bda1 & n f> (f 
is a  popl>1 said to h sprung #8f !     
consecrat$ hair ( ,buddha4' ,!  portico 
( ! temple consi/s ( a colonnade ( six  
?ick wood5  columns4 ,! walls ( !       
portico are cov]$ ) rude pa9t+s1        
repres5t+ sc5es 9 ! biography ( ,gautama
 ,buddha4 ,9 ! middle  are fold+ doors  
adorn$ ) bronze c>v+s 9 relief4 ,?r\gh  
^!  is ! entrance into ! front hall1 ov]
 :i* is ! fir/ /ory4 ,9  ! wall opposite
 to ! entrance is a second door1 on ea* 
side (  :i* /& two colossal /atues ( !  
f\r great k+s 7see pp4 #bc1  #ea1 #ec1  
#ed ( ?is volume74    ,?is second door  
leads into ! int]ior ( ! build+4 ,on    

ent]+1  ! visitor f9ds himself 9 a va/  
temple1 %ap$ l a basilica1  divid$ by   
r[s ( columns into ?ree naves & two     
transepts4 ,! broad  c5tral nave is     
light$ f above by transp>5t oil-clo?    
in/ead (  glass4 ,?is is ! only light   
:i* f9ds its way into ! temple1 z  !re  
are no side w9d[s4 ,on ! outside ( ! two
 second>y naves is  a r[ ( small *apels1
 f\rte5 on "o side & f\rte5 on ! o!r4   
,! two transepts =m ! back-gr\nd ( !    
great hall1 & are  sep>at$ f ! naves by 
a silv] lattice-"w4 ,"h1 at ! ord9>y    
s]vices1 are ! seats ( ! inf]ior monks4 
,f ! we/ transept a  /aircase leads to  
ano!r pill>$ transept1 :i* =ms !        
ve/ibule  ( ! sanctu>y4 ,9 ! middle ( ! 
sanctu>y1 :i* is squ>e 9  =m1 is ! alt> 
= (f]+s4 ,beyond ! alt>1 at ! we/ side (
  ! sanctu>y1 & !re=e 9 ! fur!/ recess (
 ! :ole  build+1 is a quadrangul> ni*e4 
,9 front ( ?is ni*e on ! left is  !     
?rone ( ! ,dalai ,lma1 v l(ty1 ri*ly    
adorn$ & furni%$  ) five cu%ions1 z is  
cu/om>y 9 ! case ( ,gr& ,lmas4 ,on "o   

side ( ! ,dalai ,lma's ?rone is a simil>
 ?rone = ! ,pan*5  ,lma1 & !n1 9 regul> 
ord]1 ! ?rones ( ! ,khutuktus & o!r     
,avatra ,lmas4 ,! ,khanpos & ! :ole     
non-,avatra monkhood h seats  9 !       
transept4    ,opposite to ! ?rone ( !   
,dalai ,lma1 on ! "r ( ! ni*e1 is  !    
*air ( ! ,reg5t1 :i* is less elevat$ ?an
 ! ?rones ( !  ,avatra ,lmas4 ,beh9d are
 ! seats ( ! f\r m9i/]s1 :i* aga9  are  
less elevat$ ?an ^? ( ! non-,avatra     
,lmas4 ,at ! we/ end  ( ! ni*e is ! high
 alt>1 :i* rises 9 num]\s /eps4 ,on !   
upp] /eps are small images ( deifi$     
sa9ts1 9 massive gold or  silv]4 ,on !  
l[] ones1 z on all ,buddhi/ alt>s1 are  
lamps1  inc5se-hold]s1 b[ls = (f]+s1    
etc4 ,on ! highe/ elevation1  beh9d     
silv] & gold5 lattice-"w1 is ! celebrat$
 image (  ,gautama ,buddha ri*ly gild$4 
,?is image is said to h be5  con/ruct$ 9
 ,magadha dur+ ! lifetime ( ! ,buddha4  
,o!rs hold x  to be self-produc$2 &     
ano!r tradition ascribes its orig9 to ! 
god ,viva-k>ma1 :o1 in/ruct$ by ,indra1 

con/ruct$ x ) equal  p>ts ( five metals 
& five preci\s /ones4 ,besides ?is      
highe/  object ( wor%ip1 ! temple       
conta9s c\ntless images & pictures (    
,buddhas & ,bodhi-sattvas 7su* z        
,dpak>a1 ,amitbha1 ,maitreya1 !         
elev5-fac$ ,avalokitev>a1 ,maju-r1      
etc471 besides gods &  goddesses#bdb1 & 
hi/orical p]sonages1 su* z ,tsong       
,khapa1 :o h  b5efit$ ! ,lmi/ic *ur*    
7among !m be+ a /atue ( ,hi\5  ,?sang71 
z well z relics1 & gold & silv] vessels1
 :i* are  exhibit$ e ye> at ! beg9n+ ( !
 ?ird mon?4    ,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds1 :o1
 9 8 #8,n>rative1' records 8 visit to ! 
great ,lhssa temple1 in=ms u t :5 he 0  
!re1 five ?\s&  oil-burn]s 7 light$ 9 ! 
c\rt ( ! temple1 & ^? be=e  ! pr9cipal  
image 7 all ( gold4 ,he f\nd "s ( !     
subord9ate  *apels infe/$ by mice1 :i*  
are nev] t\*$1 because suppos$ to  be   
metamorphos$ monks4 ,he obs]v$ "s       
,buddhi/s f ,nepl *ant+  ,sanskx hymns1 
& o!rs engag$ 9 circumambulation1 :ile !
  mutt]+ ( ,om ,mai padme ,hm 7p4 #cgb7 

0 incessant4    ,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds    
also describes a visit he paid to !     
fam\s  %r9e ( ,ramohe1 be=e adv]t$ to   
7see p4 #dda74 ,i give 8  description 9 
an abbreviat$ =m3--      ,our equipm5t 0
 z usual a bundle ( inc5se-/icks1       
cl>ifi$    butt]1 & a few sc>ves4 ,our  
road turn$ we/w>d by ! side ( a    long 
,m&ong 7see p4 #chj74 ,i left x to my   
"r-h& side1 see+    t to h kept x on my 
left w\ld h be5 h]etical4 ,a few        
hundr$ paces br\ght u to ! gate ( !     
fam\s temple ( ,ramohe1    erect$ by !  
wife ( ,k+ ,srong ,tsan ,gampo1 ! fir/  
,*9ese    pr9cess :o introduc$ ,buddhism
 into ,tibet4 ,x is a l(ty edifice1     
flat-ro($1 & ?ree /ories high1 surr\nd$ 
by a /one wall1 )    a high & wide por*4
 ,ab\t ?irty monks 7 solemnly seat$ to  
p]=m a religi\s s]vice1 on two sides ( a
 r[ ( pill>s :i*    support$ ! ro(4 ,!  
image br\ght by ! ,neplese pr9cess1 lay 
midway betwe5 ! pill>s4 ,x 0 gr&-look+2 
&1 ?\gh its face    0 gild$1 its        
antiquity 0 manife/4 ,9 ! nor!rn lobby (

 !    temple 0 a va/ collection ( anci5t
 relics1 su* z %ields1    spe>s1 drums1 
arr[s1 sabres1 long knives1 trumpets1   
etc4 ,9 a room    to ! left ( !         
entrance1 enclos$ by iron lattice-"w1 7 
a few    images consid]$ especially     
sacr$4 ,we 7 also %[n a brass    mirror1
 call$ ,melong1 said to be possess$ (   
wond]ful prop]ties4    ,! hi/ory ( !    
%r9e1 accord+ to ! same travell]1 is    
?is3--,!  pr9cess be+ ?or\ghly v]s$ 9   
a/rology1 f\nd t !re 0 a  spot close to 
! new-built city ( ,lhssa :i* 0 connect$
 ) !  l[] regions ( torm5t4 ,on t plot (
 gr\nd %e erect$ ! %r9e  ( ,ramohe1 on !
 *ief alt> ( :i* %e plac$ ! fam\s /atue 
(  ,buddha1 br\ght f ,*9a4 ,9 ?is way %e
 hop$ to int]cept !  passage 7gati7 (   
wick$ p to a life 9 "o ( ! hells 7see p4
  #aba74 ,:oev]1 at ! "t ( dea?1 0      
br\ght to ?is sanctu>y1  c\ld only be   
born aga9 9 ! worlds ( ei!r m5 or gods4 
,f9ally we come to ! temple at ! second 
great ,metropolis (  ,buddhism3--       
,mr4 ,bogle 7,m>kham's ,tibet1 p4 #ajj7 

describes ! temple 9 !  mona/]y at ,ta%i
 ,lunpo z simply a long room or gall]y  
conta9+  ?irte5 gigantic figures made ( 
copp] gilt1 all 9 a s$5t attitude1  ) _!
 legs fold$ "u !m4 ,he f\nd !m all      
drap$1 )  jewell$ cr[ns & necklaces (   
coral1 pe>ls1 & o!r /ones4 ,!  ?rones on
 :i* !y sat 7 also ( copp] gilt1 &      
adorn$ )  turquoises & cornelians4      
,beh9d !m 7 a v>iety ( con*-%ells1  set 
9 silv]1 o/ri*-eggs1 cocoa-nuts1 & o!r  
articles4 ,at ea* end  ( ! gall]y 0 a   
l>ge collection ( books deposit$ 9      
pigeon-holes4 ,mr4 ,bogle 0 pres5t :5 ! 
,ta%i ,lma himself ent]$  ! temple1 &1 z
 he pass$ along1 spr9kl$ rice ^u !      
images4  ,?is 0 a k9d (                 
consecration-c]emony4    ,z an in/ance (
 ! tol]ant "* ( ,buddhism & its read9ess
  to accommodate itself to ! indig5\s   
cre$s ( ! c\ntries into  :i* x 0        
introduc$1 we may note1 9 conclusion1 t 
9 ,japan may  be se5 ,buddhi/ & ,%9to   
temples side by side or ev5 occasionally
  comb9$ 9 "o build+4 ,buddhism 9 fact  

adopt$ ,%9toism 9 ,japan  j z x adopt$  
,%amanism 9 ,tibet4 ,x took ! deities & 
demi-gods  ( ,%9toism & turn$ !m into   
,bodhi-sattvas#bdc4    ,! subject (     
,mona/]ies & ,temples naturally leads u 
to t (  images & image-wor%ip2 b ?is & !
 :ole subject ( #8,sacr$  ,objects' mu/ 
be res]v$ = ! next two ,lectures4       
,,lecture ,,xvi4                        
,images & ,idols4      ,on sev]al       
occasions dur+ my travels ?r\gh all p>ts
 ( ,india1 ,i  ask$ intellig5t ,paits h[
 !y c\ld reconcile ! gross idolatry  &  
feti%-wor%ip :i* meet ! eye at almo/ e  
/ep ?r\gh\t  ! l5g? & bread? ( _! l&1 ) 
! doctr9e repeat$ly  decl>$ to be ! only
 true cre$ ( ,brhmanism--! doctr9e t    
no?+ really exi/s b ! "o et]nal1        
omnipres5t ,_s ( !  ,univ]se 7nam$      
,brahman or ,brahm7#bdd4    ,! answ] ,i 
g5]ally receiv$ to ?is inquiry 01 t     
spiritual  wor%ip 0 at fir/ ! only =m ( 
religion dom9ant 9 ,india1 till  !      
,buddhi/s set ! example ( wor%ipp+      
mat]ial objects & images  7pratim-pj74  

,( c\rse x is impossible to say :at     
am\nt ( tru? !re may be 9  ?is          
accusation4 ,x seems probable t mat]ial 
imp]sonations ( !  =ces ( nature exi/$  
be=e ! ,buddha's "t4 ,yet !re is no     
evid5ce ( ! preval5ce ( actual idolatry 
at ! "t :5 !  ig-v$a 0 compos$4 ,nor is 
!re any v cle> allusion to x 9  ,manu4  
,nor h any images ( ,h9d gods be5 f\nd  
:i* are s anci5t  z "s ,buddhi/ images4 
,at ! same "t no?+ is said ab\t         
image-wor%ip 9 ! ,buddhi/ ,piakas4 ,!   
/atem5t t ! ,buddha  himself sanction$  
idolatry is :olly leg5d>y 7see p4 #agg74
 ,nor is  !re any pro( t c>v$ images ( 8
 p]son 7 common 9 ,india  till sev]al   
c5turies aft] 8 dea?4    ,! ,bh>hut     
sculptures ( ab\t ! second c5tury       
,b4,c4--?\gh  repres5t+ _m sc5es        
connect$ ) ! ,buddha 7see pp4 #djh1     
#ebc7--;exhibit no repres5tations ( !   
,buddha himself4 ,nor are !re any  on ! 
,sn* gateway ( /ill lat] date4    ,!    
only objects ( rev]5ce 9 ! ,bh>hut      
sculptures1 accord+ to  ,sir ,a4        

,cunn+ham1 are ,bodhi-trees1 ,:eels1 !  
,tri-ratna symbol1  ,/pas1 & foot-pr9ts 
7see pp4 #eba-ebb ( ^! ,lectures74 ,!   
bas-reliefs on ! rail+ at ! ,buddha-,gay
 ,temple1 :i* is ( a  little e>li] date1
 agree 9 mak+ ! ,tree1 ,:eel1           
,tri-ratna1 &  ,/pa ! great objects (   
rev]5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! edicts  ( k+ 
,aoka v5]ation = ! ,bodhi-tree alone is 
enjo9$4 ,among !  hi/orical sc5es       
repres5t$ 9 ! ,bh>hut sculptures1 are ! 
processions ( ! k+s ,ajta-atru &        
,pras5ajit on _! visits to  ! ,buddha2  
#8! =m] on 8 elephant1 ! latt] 9 8      
*>iot1  exactly z !y are describ$ 9 !   
,buddhi/ *ronicles4' ,!re are  also     
bas-reliefs :i* seem to repres5t ,rma1  
dur+ 8 exile1 besides  images ( o!r     
gods1 ,yak%as & ,ngas1 b no figure (    
,buddha himself  is to be se5 any:]e4   
,yet x is und5iable t 9 ! e>ly c5turies 
( our era1 images (  ,gautama ,buddha & 
o!r ,buddhas & ,bodhi-sattvas _h become 
common  among ! ,buddhi/s 9 e "p (      
,india4    ,illu/ration3 ,,rema9s ,,( ,a

 ,,colossal ,,/atue ,,( ,,buddha1       
,,probably ,,once ,,9  ,,!              
,,argum5tative ,,or ,,tea*+ ,,attitude4 
,f\nd 9 ! ru9s close to ! s\? side ( !  
,buddha-,gay temple1  ! date 7,s4 #fd   
,a4,d4 #adb7 be+ inscrib$ on ! p$e/al4  
7see p4 #dha7    ,"o ( ! olde/ /atues ( 
! ,buddha t has yet be5 br\ght to  light
 is ! colossal image 7n[ 9 ! ,calcutta  
,museum7 dug up 9 !  ru9s outside !     
anci5t temple at ,buddha-,gay 7p4 #cij71
 ! date  inscrib$ on :i* corresponds to 
ab\t ,a4,d4 #adb4 ,! engrav+  7opposite7
 is f a photograph ( ?is /atue1 belong+ 
to ,sir ,a4  ,cunn+ham#bde4 ,! ?ick lips
 are c]ta9ly rem>kable4 ,! attitude  0  
probably ! #8argum5tative' or #8tea*+'  
7describ$ at p4 #dha74  ,ano!r colossal 
/atue ( ab\t ! same date 0 f\nd by ,sir 
,a4  ,cunn+ham at rva/ 7see p4 #djh74   
,x 0 inde$ by a /range irony ( fate t ! 
man :o d5i$ any god  or any be+ high]   
?an himself1 & told 8 foll[]s to look to
  !mselves alone = salvation1 %\ld h be5
 n only deifi$ &  wor%ipp$1 b repres5t$ 

by m images ?an any o!r be+ ev]  idoliz$
 9 any "p ( ! _w4 ,9 fact images1       
/atues1 /atuettes1  c>v+s 9 bas-relief1 
pa9t+s1 & repres5tations ( him 9 all    
attitudes are absolutely innum]able4 ,9 
caves1 mona/]ies1 &  temples1 on        
,dgabas1 votive ,/pas1 monum5ts & rocks1
 !y are  multipli$ inf9itely & 9 endless
 v>iety1 & n only are isolat$  images   
manufactur$ out ( all k9ds ( mat]ials1 b
 r[s on r[s are  sculptur$ 9 relief1 & !
 great] ! numb] ! great] religi\s  m]it 
accrues to ! sculptor1 &--if !y are     
d$icat$ at sacr$  places--to ! d$icator 
also4    ,& n only images ( ! ,buddha1 b
 repres5tations ( e object  t c\ld      
possibly be connect$ ) him1 became      
multipli$ to an  indef9ite ext5t4    ,! 
gradual gr[? ( :at may be call$         
objective ,buddhism1 & !  /eps :i* l$ to
 e k9d ( extravagance 9 ! idolatr\s use 
(  images1 may be describ$ 9 ! foll[+   
mann]3--    ,x 0 only natural t !       
disciples ( an ideally p]fect man1 :o   
_h taught !m t 9 pass+ away at dea? he  

w\ld become absolutely  ext9ct1 %\ld h  
devis$ "s me?od ( p]petuat+ 8 memory &  
/imulat+ a desire to con=m to 8 example4
 ,_! fir/ me?od 0  to pres]ve ! relics (
 8 burnt body1 & to hon\r e object      
associat$ ) 8 e>?ly c>e]4 ,!n1 9 process
 ( "t1 !y began  to wor%ip n only 8     
relics b ! receptacles "u :i* !y 7      
buri$1 & ar\nd ^! !y plac$ sculptures   
commemorative ( 8  life & tea*+4 ,!nce  
!y pass$ on to ! c>v+ or m\ld+ (  small 
/atuettes ( 8 p]son 9 wood1 /one1 metal1
 t]ra-cotta1 or  clay1 & on ^! !y (t5   
inscrib$ ! well-kn[n ,buddhi/ic  =mul   
m5tion$ be=e 7see p4 #ajd74 ,ev5tually1 
too1 pa9t+ 0  press$ into ! s]vice1 &   
frescoes on walls became common4 ,inde$ 
9  "s temples pa9t+s take ! place (     
images1 z objects (  adoration4    ,x   
seems likely t ! use ( images & pa9t+s 0
 at fir/  conf9$ to ! bro!rhood1 & x is 
alleg$ t !y 7 only  hon\r$ & n wor%ipp$4
 ,b ! m ! circle ( uncultur$ &  un?9k+  
,buddhi/s became enl>g$1 ! m did visible
  repres5tations ( ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism  

become ne$$1 & ! m  !y became multipli$4
    ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,! reaction f !     
orig9al simplicity ( ,buddhism  l$ to a 
complete repudiation ( its anti-!i/ic   
doctr9es4 ,x adopt$  poly!i/ic          
sup]/itions ev5 m rapidly & ?or\ghly ?an
  ,brhmanism did4 ,p 7 n satisfi$ )     
repres5tations ( !  f\nd] ( ,buddhism4  
,!y crav$ = o!r visible & tangible      
objects  ( adoration--= ! images ( o!r  
,buddhas & ,bodhi-sattvas--( gods  _m & 
lords _m--insomu* t a ,buddhi/ ,pan!on 0
 gradually  creat$ :i* became peopl$ ) a
 m motley cr[d ( occupants ?an  t (     
,brhmanism & ,h9dism4    ,fur!rmore1 x 0
 only natural t ! manufacture ( ! :ole  
array  ( div9ities & semi-div9ities1 (  
sa9ts & sages1 %\ld h be5  committ$ to !
 monks4 ,!y alone possess$ ?is          
privilege4 ,!y alone1  too1 _h ! p[] (  
consecrat+ ea* image by ! repetition (  
my/ical texts & =mul>ies4 ,& :5 images &
 idols 7 ?us  consecrat$1 !y 7 believ$  
to be animat$ ) ! _s1 & to  possess all 
! attributes ( ! be+s !y repres5t$4     

,9 fact1 ! developm5t ( e phase (       
idolatr\s sup]/ition  rea*$ a po9t (    
extravagance unp>allel$ 9 any o!r       
religi\s  sy/em ( ! _w4 ,! monks (      
,buddhism vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 !  #8pi\s     
fraud' ) :i* !y con/ruct$ _! idols4 ,!y 
s  manipulat$ !m t !y appe>$ to give out
 light or to fla%  sup]natural glances f
 _! cry/al eyes4 ,or !y made !m deliv]  
oracul> utt]ances1 or !y furni%$ !m )   
movable limbs1 s t  a head w\ld         
unexpect$ly nod1 or a h& be rais$ to    
bless !  wor%ipp]4 ,!n !y clo!d !m )    
co/ly ve/m5ts1 & adorn$  !m ) ornam5ts &
 jewels1 & treat$ !m 9 e way z if !y  7 
liv+ en]giz+ p]sonalities4    ,x ought1 
h[ev]1 to be not$ "h1 t 9 "s temples    
images ( !  ,buddhas & ,bodhi-sattvas 7 
said to exi/ :i* 7 n manufactur$  or    
consecrat$ by monks4 ,!y 7 believ$ to h 
be5 self-produc$1  or to h be5 creat$   
sup]naturally out ( no?+1 or to h  em]g$
 9 a miracul\s mann] out ( vacuity4 ,!  
*ild-l fai? (  uncultur$ & imag9ative   
races 9 ! virtue suppos$ to be inh]5t  9

 su* images 0 p]haps n surpris+4 ,! p[] 
( work+ all  k9ds ( miracles 0 gradually
 ascrib$ to !m2 sicknesses 7 said  to be
 heal$ by !m1 ra9 to be produc$1 & !    
c\rse ( nature  itself to be subject to 
_! direction & control4    ,! two ,*9ese
 pilgrims ,f-hi5 & ,hi\5 ,?sang are nev]
 tir$ (  describ+ ! wond]s suppos$ to h 
be5 wr\ght by ! /atues &  idols !y saw  
dur+ _! travels1 especially by !        
m>vell\s  s&al-wood /atue m5tion$ be=e  
7see p4 #djh74    ,! foll[+ tradition 9 
reg>d to ?is image1 n>rat$ by ,f-hi5    
7,legge1 #ef1 #eg71 is especially       
int]e/+ z %[+ t ! g5]al  belief among   
all classes ( ,buddhi/s 9 8 "t 01 t     
,gautama  ,buddha himself 0 ! fir/ to   
sanction ! mak+ ( visible               
repres5tations ( himself3--      ,:5    
,buddha w5t up to ! ,traya/ria heav5 &  
prea*$ ! law    = ! b5efit ( 8 "m =     
n9ety days1 ,pras5ajit long+ to    see  
him1 caus$ an image to be c>v$ 9 ,gr%a  
s&al-wood1 & put    9 ! place :]e he    
usually sat4 ,:5 ,buddha1 on 8 return1  

ent]$    ! ,vihra1 ?is image imm$iately 
left its place1 & came =? to    meet    
him4 ,buddha !n said to x3 #8,return to 
y\r seat4 ,aft] ,i h    atta9$          
,p>i-nirva y %all s]ve z a patt]n to !  
f\r classes    7pa?s1 see p4 #acb7 ( my 
disciples4' ,!reupon ! image return$ to 
its seat4 ,?is 0 ! v fir/ ( all ! images
 ( ,buddha1 &    t :i* m5 subsequ5tly   
copi$4    ,9 ,hi\5 ,?sang's n>rative1   
:i* is ( mu* lat] date 7see p4 #dac71   
we f9d ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is celebrat$  
s&al-wood image  7,beal1 ii4 #cbb73--   
,at ! t[n ( ,pim 7,pi-mo7 !re is a      
figure ( ,buddha 9 a /&+    position    
made ( s&al-wood4 ,! figure is ab\t     
tw5ty feet high4 ,x    works _m         
miracles1 & reflects con/antly a bright 
light4 ,^? :o    h any disease1 accord+ 
to ! "p affect$1 cov] !    correspond+  
place on ! /atue ) gold-leaf1 & =?) !y  
are heal$4 ,p :o address pray]s to x1 ) 
a s9c]e he>t1    mo/ly obta9 _! wi%es4  
,?is is :at ! natives say3 #8,?is image 
9 old days1 :5 ,buddha 0 alive1 0 made  

by ,udayana1 ,k+ (    ,kaumb 7see p4    
#dab ( ^! ,lectures74 ,:5 ,buddha left !
 _w1    x m\nt$ ( its own accord into ! 
air1 & came to ! nor? (    ?is k+dom to 
! t[n ( ,ho-lo-lo-kia 7,urgha874'    ,) 
reg>d to ! =m & "* ( ! c\ntless images  
n[  scatt]$ ev]y:]e1 !y v>y accord+ to  
c\ntry & p]iod 7see p4  #dhe74 ,x %\ld  
be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ,buddhism1 :5 x     
began to  enc\rage idolatry1 did n make 
x hide\s by giv+ mon/r\s %apes  to its  
idols4 ,9 ?is respect e>ly ,buddhism    
contra/$ v fav\rably  ) ,h9dism4 ,nor   
did ! ,buddhi/s ( ,india1 z ( o!r       
c\ntries1  adopt ! practice ( end[+ _!  
idols ) extra heads & arms to  symbolize
 p[]1 or ( inv5t+ grotesque comb9ations 
( ! human  figure ) ! %apes ( elephants1
 birds1 s]p5ts1 & o!r animals4  ,!y     
seem$ r to h tri$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to   
neutralize !  t5d5cy to extravagant     
symbolism common among all ,ea/]n       
peoples1 by  del9eat+ _! great tea*] z  
an ideal man1 simply & naturally  =m$1  
accord+ to ! ,buddhi/ ideal ( p]fection 

) symmetrical  limbs1 & a dignifi$1     
calm1 passionless1 & maje/ic be>+4 ,:at 
c be a great] contra/ ?an ! f\r-arm$    
elephant-head$  village-god (           
,india1--,gaea1 son ( iva#bdf--;& !     
purely human  figure ( ! ,buddha z %[n 9
 8 /atues6    ,nev]!less x mu/ be       
admitt$ t 9 process ( "t !              
repres5tations ( ,gautama ,buddha       
develop$ c]ta9 peculi> v>ieties  ( =m z 
well z diff]5ces 9 attitude4 ,^!        
diff]5ces1 inde$1  con/itute a highly   
int]e/+ topic ( inquiry1 & p]haps des]ve
  m att5tion ?an !y h hi!rto receiv$ 9  
any treatise )  :i* ,i am acqua9t$4     
,)\t go+ m9utely into e po9t1 we may    
beg9 by not+ a few  g5]al *>act]i/ics   
common to all ! ,buddha's images4    ,9 
! fir/ place1 !y all repres5t ,gautama z
 clo!d--n nak$4 ,9  ?is respect !y      
pres5t a pleasant contra/ to ! images ( 
,ja9a  sa9ts2 =1 z already po9t$ out1   
,gautama disc\nt5anc$ all  extremes (   
bodily mortification1 & disapprov$ !    
practice ( go+  ab\t nude1 accord+ to ! 

cu/om ( ,h9d devotees4 ,9 !  ,dh>ma-pada
 x is said1 #8,n nak$ness1 n matt$ hair1
 n dirt1 n  fa/+1 nor ly+ on ! gr\nd1   
nor sme>+ ) a%es1 nor sitt+  motionless 
c purify a mortal :o has n ov]come      
desires4'    ,gautama's robe 0 drawn    
gracefully ov] 8 %\ld]s l a toga1 b     
probably ! "r %\ld] 0 always left b>e on
 =mal occasions4  ,! ,piakas give no    
cle> in=mation z to ?is po9t4 ,9 ,indian
  /atues ! robe is sometimes repres5t$ z
 fitt+ s closely to !  body t ! figure  
seems g>m5tless#bdg2 its pres5ce be+    
m]ely  d5ot$ by a l9e runn+ diagonally  
ov] ! left %\ld] across !  brea/1 & "u !
 "r arm4 ,?is l9e frequ5tly looks s l a 
cord t "s h mi/ak5 x = ! ?read to :i*1 z
 a ,k%atriya1  ,buddha 0 entitl$#bdh4 ,9
 "s anci5t images no trace ( ! l9e is   
left1 b !y are n really nude4 ,mo/      
,indian images h ! "r  %\ld] b>e 7ev5 9 
! case ( nuns74 ,( c\rse 9 cold]        
climates  bo? %\ld]s are cov]$4 ,ev5 9  
,s\!rn c\ntries "s h bo?  %\ld]s cov]$1 
or ! "r p>tially s4    ,9               

contradi/9ction to ! clo!d images ( !   
,buddha1 all !  repres5tations ( 8 great
 oppon5t & rival ,deva-datta 7see pp4   
#eb1  #dje7 make ! latt] unclo!d1 l a   
,ja9a ascetic1 or only p>tially  clo!d  
up to ! wai/4 ,deva-datta is also       
repres5t$ z %ort] 9  /ature ?an !       
,buddha4    ,o!r *>act]i/ics g5]ally to 
be obs]v$ 9 ! e>li] images (  ,gautama  
,buddha are3--! impassive tranquil      
features1 typical ( complete  conque/   
ov] ! passions1 & ( p]fect repose2 !    
abs5ce ( all  decoration & ornam5t2 !   
long p5dul\s e>s1 :i* occasionally  rea*
 to ! %\ld]s#bdi2 ! circle or small     
globe or lotus#bej1 or  auspici\s m>k ( 
"s k9d1 on ! palm or palms ( ! sup9at$  
h&s 7z well z (t5 on ! soles ( ! feet71 
& ! %ort knobby  hair1 (t5 c>v$ s z to  
resemble a close-fitt+ curly wig4    ,x 
mu/ n be =gott5 t ,gautama signaliz$ 8  
r5unciation ( !  _w by cutt+ (f 8 hair )
 a sword1 & ! result+ /umps are  said to
 h turn$ into p]man5t knobs or %ort     
curls#bea4    ,9 images br\ght f ,burma 

& ,siam a curi\s horn-l protub]ance  on 
! cr[n ( ! head--ei!r tap]+ to a po9t1  
or r\nd$ (f at  ! extremity--is         
noticeable4 ,(t51 too1 sculptures f\nd 9
 ,india %[  ! r\nd$ =m ( ?is excresc5ce4
    ,"s ?9k t x repres5ts an ascetic's  
mass ( hair coil$ up 9 a  top-knot on ! 
cr[n ( ! head1 z 9 images ( ! god iva4  
,o!rs  reg>d x z ! r\gh outl9e ( :at    
ought to be an ,u%%a or  peculi> cr[n-l 
head-dress1 su* z may be se5 9 _m lat]  
images  ( ! ,buddha4 ,"s leg5ds decl>e t
 ! ,buddha 0 born ) ?is  ,u%%a1 :i* 0   
indicative ( 8 future supremacy4        
,o!rs1 aga91 ma9ta9 t ?is protub]ance   
7sometimes l5g!n$ out  s z to be z high 
z ! head itself7 0 a peculi> gr[? ( !   
skull1 & "o ( ! m>ks ( a supreme ,buddha
 indicative (  sup]natural intellig5ce2 
j z 9 o!r images 7especially ^?  br\ght 
f ,ceylon7 five flames--9 %ape l ! f+]s 
( a h&--are  repres5t$ issu+ f ! cr[n ( 
! head 7see p4 #dec71 to typify  !      
,buddha's diffusion ( light & k ?r\gh\t 
! _w4    ,x is said t ?is outgr[? ( !   

,buddha's skull has be5 pres]v$  z a    
sacr$ relic 9 a t[n ( ,afghni/n ne>     
,jallbd4    ,9 _m repres5tations ( !    
,buddha1 a ,nimbus or aureola ( glory   
encircles ! head 7see p4 #dgh71 & 9 "s  
images rays ( light are  repres5t$ z    
em]g+ f 8 :ole body4 ,an image ) a halo 
(  ?is k9d surr\nd+ ! entire figure 0   
se5 by me 9 a temple ne>  ,k&y 9 ,ceylon
 7see p4 #dec74    ,9 ,nepl _m images   
repres5t ,buddha hold+ 8 alms-b[l1 b ^! 
are n common 9 o!r places4    ,) reg>d  
to ! size ( ! images1 !y v>y f dim9utive
  examples1 two or ?ree in*es long1 to  
colossal /atues twelve1  eighte51 tw5ty1
 ?irty1 =ty1 or ev5 sev5ty feet high4   
,!y are  g5]ally c>v$ 9 /one or m>ble1 b
 sometimes 9 metal1 sometimes  9 wood1 &
 occasionally m\ld$ 9 clay4    ,mu*     
diff]5ce ( op9ion prevails z to !       
,buddha's actual /ature4  ,:5 ,i ask$ ! 
op9ion ( ,buddhi/ tea*]s 9 ,ceylon1 !y  
all agre$  9 assign+ to ! f\nd] ( _!    
religion a maje/ic bodily frame1  n only
 gift+ him ) ! possession ( ! ?irty-two 

di/+ui%+ m>ks ( a p]fect man & supreme  
,buddha 7see p4 #bj71  b ) great height 
& impos+ pres5ce4 ,a common idea is t ! 
eighte5-feet /atues repres5t life-size4 
,accord+ to o!r leg5ds  ! ,buddha's     
/ature rea*$ to tw5ty cubits4 ,9 ,*9a1 !
 my?ical  hi/ory ( ,buddha gives him a  
height ( only sixte5 feet#beb4 ,8 arms  
are by "s said to h be5 s long1 t he 0  
able to t\* 8  knees ) 8 h&s )\t /oop+1 
& if we are to take !  suppos$ impress (
 8 foot on ,adam's ,peak & 9 ,siam z !  
measure  ( 8 /ature1 he mu/ h be5 ! mo/ 
gigantic giant t ev]  liv$4 ,ev5 "o ( ! 
mo/ enlight5$ natives ( ,ceylon1 ! late 
,mr4  ,james d',alwis--a conv]t to      
,*ri/ianity--told me1 9 explanation ( ! 
abnormal size ( ! eye-too? at ,k&y1 t he
 0 conv9c$ t all  human be+s 7 tall] 9  
,buddha's "t1 & t ,gautama 0 tall]  ?an 
8 fell[-m5 ( ^? days1 & 0 ab\t eight    
feet high4 ,x 0  8 op9ion t z s9        
increases 9 ! _w1 s m5's /ature         
decreases4 ,probably ! ,buddha 0 tall1  
ev5 = ! ,nor?-we/ (  ,india1 :]e !      

av]age ( a man's /ature is ab\t five    
feet eight or  n9e in*es4               
,illu/ration3 ,,sculpture ,,f\nd ,,by   
,,sir ,a4 ,,cunn+ham ,,at ,s,,rn,,?1    
,,ne>  ,,b5>es1      ,illu/rat+ ! f\r   
pr9cipal ev5ts 9 ,gautama ,buddha's     
life--8    bir? f 8 "m's side1 8        
atta9m5t ( ,buddhahood "u !      tree1 8
 tea*+ at ,b5>es1 & 8 pass+ away 9      
complete              ,nirva4 7,date ( !
 sculpture1 ab\t #djj ,a4,d47    ,z to !
 attitudes ( ,gautama's images1 !y may  
be class$ "u !  ?ree heads ( s$5t1      
erect1 & recumb5t4 ,i use ! ^w #8s$5t' =
  :at ought to be call$ a squatt+       
position1 ) ! legs fold$ "u  ! body4    
,images :i* repres5t a figure sitt+ 9   
,european fa%ion  are r>e4    ,f\r      
pr9cipal images repres5t ! f\r pr9cipal 
ev5ts 9 ,buddha's  life1 z %[n 9 ! ,srn?
 sculpture engrav$ on ! opposite page   
7comp>e p4 #chg74    ,! fir/ s$5t       
attitude may be call$ ! #8,m$itative4'  
,! example  bel[ is describ$ at p4 xxx4 
#ae4    ,illu/ration3     ,?is repres5ts

 ! ,buddha seat$1 9 m$itation1 on a     
rais$ seat "u  ! sacr$ tree1 ) ! two h&s
 sup9at$1 "o ov] ! o!r4    ,illu/ration3
     ,! second s$5t attitude may be     
call$ ! #8,witness-attitude4' ,x is     
p]haps ! mo/ e/eem$ ( all1 & is         
repres5t$ 9 a good sculpture  del9eat$  
bel[ 7f ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham's photograph1
 see p4 xxx4 #ag74  ,?is repres5ts      
,gautama at ! mom5t ( a*iev+ ,buddhahood
 aft] 8  long c\rse ( m$itation1 seat$  
on a lion-?rone 7sihsana7 ) an          
ornam5tal back1 hav+ two lions c>v$ bel[
 7comp>e p4 #cid74 ,8  legs are fold$ 9 
! usual ,indian fa%ion1 ! feet be+ turn$
  upw>ds1 :ile ! "r h& hangs ov] ! "r   
leg & po9ts to !  e>?1 & ! left h& is   
sup9at$ on ! left foot4 ,he has an      
aureola r\nd 8 head & a m>k--p]haps !   
ca/e-m>k ( a  ,k%atriya--on 8 =ehead1 & 
an umbrella ov] ! sacr$ tree4 ,?is      
attitude is well %[n 9 ! ,srn? sculpture
 7fac+ p4 #dgg74    ,! tradition is t at
 ! mom5t ( 8 enlight5m5t ,gautama 0     
taunt$ by ! evil be+ ,mra ) be+ unable  

to give any pro( or  sign ( 8           
,buddhahood4 ,!reupon ,gautama po9t$1 n 
to heav5 z a  ,brhman might h done1 b to
 ! e>? b5ea? 8 feet1 call+ x  to        
witness4 ,!n a six-fold e>?quake & o!r  
miracul\s ph5om5a  foll[$#bec4    ,at   
?is "t1 too1 ! evil be+ ,mra s5t 8      
en*ant+ daught]s 7p4  #cd7 to s$uce !   
,buddha4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! engrav+ fac+ p4
 #dgg4    ,! incid5t ( call+ ! e>? to   
witness is ?us m5tion$ by ,hi\5         
,?sang3--      ,9 ! ,vihra1 0 f\nd a    
beautiful figure ( ,buddha 9 a sitt+    
position1 ! "r foot upp]mo/1 ! left h&  
re/+1 ! "r    h& hang+ d[n4 ,he 0 sitt+ 
fac+ ! ea/1 & z dignifi$ 9    appe>ance 
z :5 alive4 ,! signs & m>ks ( a ,buddha 
7    p]fectly drawn4 ,! lov+ expression 
( 8 face 0 l life4 ,n[    x happ5$ t a  
ramaa1 :o 0 pass+ ! night 9 ! ,vihra1   
_h a dream1 9 :i* he saw a ,brhman :o   
said3--      #8,i am ,maitreya          
,bodhi-sattva4 ,fe>+ t ! m9d ( no arti/ 
c\ld    conceive ! beauty ( ! sacr$     
features1 ,i myself h come to           

del9eate ! figure ( ,buddha4 ,8 "r h&   
hangs d[n1 9 tok5    t :5 he 0 ab\t to  
rea* ,buddhahood ! evil ,mra came to    
tempt    him1 say+1 8,:o w be> witness =
 y80 ,!n ,ta?gata dropp$    8 h& & po9t$
 to ! gr\nd1 say+1 8,"h is my witness40 
,on    ?is an e>?-_s leapt =? to be>    
witness4' 7,beal's ,records1    ii4     
#aba1 abridg$47    ,?is                 
#8,witness-attitude' is also %[n 9 !    
annex$ engrav+ f a  photograph ( "o ( ! 
only /atues t rema9$ 9 ! ext]ior  ni*es 
( ! anci5t ,buddha-,gay temple be=e its 
re/oration4    ,illu/ration3     ,! two 
seal-l circles on ea* side conta9 !     
usual #8,ye dh>m'  =mula 7see p4 #ajd & 
p4 xxx4 #ah74    ,! ?ird s$5t pose or   
position may be call$ !                 
#8,s]p5t-canopi$4'  ,?is is             
commemorative ( ! leg5d t ,gautama1 :5  
seat$ 9  m$itation aft] 8 atta9m5t (    
,buddhahood1 0 %elt]$ f a  viol5t /orm  
by ! exp&$ hood ( ! ,nga1 or s]p5t-demon
  ,mual9da 7see p4 #ci71 :ile ! coils ( 
! snake 7 w\nd r\nd 8  body1 or ga!r$ "u

 him to =m a seat4 ,simil>ly ! ascetic  
=m  ( iva is (t5 repres5t$ "u a         
s]p5t-canopy4    ,only "o example ( ?is 
has be5 f\nd at ,buddha-,gay4 ,su*      
images1  h[ev]1 are common 9 ! s\?1 & _!
 preval5ce !re is n  difficult to acc\nt
 =4 ,inde$1 ! connexion ( ,buddhism ) ! 
s]p5t-wor%ip ( s\!rn c\ntries & ) !     
,ngas ( ,h9d  my?ology 7see p4 #bbj ( ^!
 ,lectures71 0 "o inevitable result (   
its read9ess to graft popul> sup]/itions
 on its own doctr9es#bed4    ,i procur$ 
a good specim5 ( ! #8,s]p5t-canopi$'    
,buddha dur+ my  /ay 9 ,ceylon4 ,x is   
made ( heavy brass1 & curi\sly en\gh    
repres5ts ,buddha ) an aquil9e nose4 ,x 
has ! five rays ( light  be=e allud$ to 
7see pp4 #dec1 #dge7 issu+ f ! cr[n ( 8 
head4  ,see ! frontispiece opposite     
title-page4    ,9 "s images an umbrella 
alone1 & 9 "s1 z at p4 #dgh1 bo? an     
umbrella & tree =m ! canopy4    ,! f\r? 
s$5t po/ure may be call$ !              
#8,argum5tative' 7,t>ka7  attitude 7z   
%[n 9 ! engrav+ opposite p4 #dgg74 ,x   

repres5ts  ,gautama ) ! ?umb & f+] ( !  
"r h& t\*+ ! f+]s  ( ! left1 & app>5tly 
go+ ?r\gh ! heads ( 8  doctr9e#bee1 &   
en=c+ x1 z he usually did1 by           
reit]ations4  ,?is is sometimes call$ ! 
#8,tea*+' attitude4    ,(t5 ! #8,ye     
dh>m' =mula 7see p4 #ajd7 is c>v$ ei!r  
"u or at  ! side ( images 9 ?is         
attitude4    ,! fif? may be call$ !     
#8,prea*+' attitude4 ,x is (t5 erect4 ,!
  ,buddha has "o f+] rais$ 9 a didactic 
mann]4 ,monks 9 ! pres5t  day (t5 read !
 ,law & prea* 9 ! same mann]4    ,! six?
 attitude also--z a rule--comes "u !    
erect class1 & is  (t5 sc>cely to be    
di/+ui%$ f ! la/4 ,x may be call$ !     
#8,b5$ictive' attitude 7irvda74 ,see !  
engrav+ opposite p4 #dgg4    ,x         
repres5ts ! ,buddha 9 ! act ( pron\nc+ a
 b5$iction1 !  "r h& be+ rais$4 ,?is    
attitude is sometimes s$5t4 ,ev5 to ?is 
day ,buddhi/ monks bless laym5 9 a      
simil> attitude4 ,occasionally !  figure
 ) ! h& uprais$ has a cr[n1 & an        
ornam5tal head-dress2  b x may be tak5 =

 grant$ t all images ( ! ,buddha :i*    
repres5t him ) a cr[n ( any k9d aft] 8  
atta9m5t (  ,buddhahood1 are            
comp>atively mod]n & incorrect4    ,on !
 o!r h&1 x is cle> t ev5 anci5t         
sculptures1 :5 !y  repres5t him z a     
pr9ce1 may correctly give him           
decorations & a  head-dress4    ,! sev5?
 attitude may be call$ ! #8,m5dicant4'  
,?is also is a  /&+ figure1 hold+ a r\nd
 alms-b[l 9 "o h&1 & sometimes  scre5+ x
 ) ! o!r 7comp>e p4 #dj74 ,examples (   
?is attitude  are r>e4 ,!re are no real 
m5dicants 9 ,buddhism4 ,no monk ev]     
begs1  he only receives alms4    ,!     
eigh? & la/ attitude is recumb5t1 & ?is 
is p]haps z  important z ! second1 ?\gh 
n s common 7see ! upp]mo/ figure        
opposite to p4 #dgg74 ,x repres5ts !    
moribund ,gautama ly+ d[n on  8 "r side1
 ) 8 head turn$ t[>ds ! nor?1 & 8 "r    
*eek re/+ on 8 "r h&1 ab\t to pass away 
9 ! f9al  consummation ( ,p>i-nirva 7see
 pp4 #ej1 #adj74 ,9 _m repres5tations  (
 ?is attitude1 ! usual five rays ( light

 (t5 m5tion$ be=e  are made to issue f !
 cr[n ( ! head4 ,a colossal image ( ?is 
k9d 0 se5 by me 9 a temple ne> ,colombo1
 & !re is a good  example ( x 9 !       
,indian ,in/itute at ,ox=d#bef4 ,9 "s   
c>v+s  ( ! dy+ ,buddha a few att5dants  
are repres5t$1 :o hold  umbrella-l      
canopies ov] ! recumb5t figure1 or b[   
d[n  rev]5tially be=e x4 ,x has be5     
ass]t$ t ?is sc5e--z  commemorative ( ! 
gr& consummation ( ! ,buddha's c>e]     
?r\gh  c\ntless exi/5ces--is held 9 z   
mu* rev]5ce by ,buddhi/s z !            
crucifixion is by ,*ri/ians4    ,!      
repres5tation ( ! ,buddha 9 ! act ( be+ 
born is f\nd 9  sculptures &            
bas-reliefs1 b is nev] f\nd z a sep>ate 
image4 ,x  repres5ts him spr++ out ( !  
side ( 8 "m 7note1 p4 #ahj74  ,?is      
bir?-sc5e is occasionally c>v$ on       
temples4 ,x is %[n 9 !  l[] "p ( !      
engrav+ 7opposite page #dgg74 ,! god    
,brahm is se5  receiv+ ! new-born *ild1 
:ile ,indra /&s on 8 "r & !  "m's si/]  
7i4e4 nurse1 p4 #bd7 is on h] left4     

,"s repres5tations ( ! ,buddha1 or (    
c]ta9 =ms ( !  ,buddha--su* z           
,amitbha--%[ a s$5t figure em]g+ f a    
lotus-blossom1 or seat$ on a p$e/al =m$ 
( lotus-leaves1 ?is  fl[] symboliz+     
p]fection4    ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t 9 e  
c\ntry ! images ( ! ,buddha  are g5]ally
 m\ld$ accord+ to ! type ( c\nt5ance    
preval5t 9  ea* c\ntry4 ,h5ce ! cont\r &
 expression ( face diff] 9 ,ceylon1     
,burma1 ,siam1 ,tibet1 ,mongolia1 ,*9a1 
& ,japan1 al?\gh z a rule !  features   
are calm1 mild1 m$itative1 &            
passionless4    ,9 ,burma ! p are m]ry2 
h5ce ! images sometimes h a tw9kle  9 ! 
eye & smil+ lips4    ,9 ,*9a1 aga91     
examples sometimes occur ( images :i* d 
n exhibit  ,buddha z ! ideal ( a man :o 
has conqu]$ 8 passions1 b r  ) ! figure 
& features ( a self-indulg5t            
lib]t9e#beg2 :ile  o!rs aga9 portray him
 ) a grim aspect4    ,we n[ pass on to !
 repres5tations ( o!r ,buddhas1         
,bodhi-sattvas1  sa9ts1 gods &          
goddesses4    ,(t5 two o!r images are   

associat$ ) t ( ,gautama ,buddha        
himself4    ,&1 fir/ ( all1 8 image 0   
jo9$ ) ! o!r two p]sons (  ! e>lie/     
,triad 7see p4 #age71 viz4 ,dh>ma 7!    
,law7 & ,sagha 7!  ,monkhood74 ,a       
sculpture1 9 a brok5 & imp]fect         
condition1  repres5t+ ?is e>lie/ ,triad1
 & dat+ f ! n9? to ! t5?  c5tury1 0 f\nd
 at ,buddha-,gay4 ,! image ( ,buddha1 "u
 an  umbrella-l tree1 is 9 ! c5tre2 t ( 
! ,sagha is on 8  "r1 ) a full-bl[n     
lotus 7p4 #agg1 note #b71 & hav+ "o leg 
hang+ d[n1 :ile t ( ,dh>ma 7a female7 is
 on 8 left ) a  half-bl[n lotus4 ,a     
draw+ ( ?is 7f ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham's     
photograph7 is giv5 bel[3--             
,illu/ration3     ,9 ,nepl ! image (    
,dh>ma is always t ( a s$5t female1 :o  
is  suppos$ to be an embodim5t ( supreme
 wisdom 7praj pramit71 &  sometimes has 
f\r arms 7see note1 p4 #agh74    ,next  
come ! images ( ! ,buddhas :o prec$$    
,gautama1 especially  ,kyapa ,buddha1   
,kanaka-muni1 & ,kraku-h&a4 ,x is (t5   
m5tion$  t ! images ( "o or o!r ( ^!    

?ree1 z ( ! ,bodhi-sattvas1  are set up 
side by side ) t ( ,gautama4    ,!n1 (  
c\rse1 !re are ! images ( ! five        
,dhyni-,buddhas4  ,p]haps ! commone/ (  
^! is t ( ,amitbha 7see p4 #bjc71 b     
images ( ,ak%obhya & ,ratna-sambhava are
 by no means r>e4    ,!n z to !         
,bodhi-sattvas1 ( :om ,maitreya is !    
fir/ & ! only  "o wor%ipp$ by ,buddhi/s 
( all c\ntries 7see p4 #ahb71 ,f-hi5    
records t he saw 9 ,nor!rn ,india a     
wood5 image ( ,maitreya  ,bodhi-sattva  
eighty cubits high1 :i* on fa/ days     
emitt$ a brilliant  light4 ,(f]+s 7     
con/antly pres5t$ to x by ! k+s (       
surr\nd+ c\ntries 7,legge1 #bc74        
,hi\5 ,?sang 7,beal1 i4 #acd7 also      
describes ?is image ( ,maitreya z  v    
dazzl+1 & says x 0 ! "w ( ! ,arhat      
,madhyntika1 a  disciple ( n&a4 ,he saw 
ano!r image ( ,maitreya made ( silv] at 
,buddha-,gay1 & ano!r made ( s&al-wood 9
 ,we/]n ,india4 ,!  latt] also gave out 
a bright light4 ,probably ^! images 7   
cov]$  ) "s k9d ( gild+4    ,9 ! pres5t 

day ! images ( ,maitreya (t5 repres5t   
him ) bo?  h&s rais$1 ! f+]s =m+ !      
lotus-%ap$ ,mudr1 ! body  yell[ or      
gild$1 & ! hair %ort & curly4    ,pass+ 
next to ! images ( ! triad ( my?ical    
,bodhi-sattvas1  ,maju-r1 ,avalokitev>a1
 & ,vajra-pi 7p4 #aie71 we may ga!r f   
:at has be5 already /at$ 7p4 #aif71 t ! 
int]action ( ,buddhism  & ,h9dism       
affect$ bo? ! my?ology & imag]y ( bo?   
sy/ems4  ,yet x does n appe> t ! images 
( ! ,bodhi-sattva ,maju-r  7 ev]        
unnaturally di/ort$4 ,!y are q z human &
 pleasant 9  appe>ance z ^? ( ,gautama &
 ,maitreya4 ,9 g5]al ,maju-r  repres5t$ 
9 a s$5t attitude1 ) 8 left h& hold+ a  
lotus1  & 8 "r hold+ ! sword ( wisdom1 )
 a %9+ blade to  dissipate ! d>kness (  
ignorance 7see p4 #bja74 ,8 body ought  
to be  yell[4    ,x 0 n till !          
introduction ( ! wor%ip ( ,avalokitev>a 
t  ! foll[]s ( ,buddha ?\ght ( end[+ !  
figures ( deifi$  sa9ts ) an extra numb]
 ( heads & arms4    ,! process (        
,avalokitev>a's 7,padma-pi's7 creation &

 !  =mation ( 8 num]\s heads by !       
,dhyni-,buddha ,amitbha1 is ?us         
describ$ 7,s*lag9tweit1 p4 #hd1         
abridg$73--      ,once ^u a "t ,amitbha1
 aft] giv+ himself up to e>ne/          
m$itation1 caus$ a r$ ray ( light to    
issue f 8 "r eye1    :i* br\ght         
,padma-pi ,bodhi-sattva into exi/5ce2   
:ile f 8    left eye bur/ =? a blue ray 
( light1 :i* becom+ inc>nate 9    ! two 
wives ( ,k+ ,srong ,tsan 7see p4 #bga71 
_h p[] to enlight5    ! m9ds ( human    
be+s4 ,amitbha !n bless$ ,padma-pi's    
,bodhi-sattva by lay+ 8 h&s ^u him1 s t 
by virtue ( ?is    b5$iction1 he br\ght 
=? ! pray] #8,om mai padme ,hm4'        
,padma-pi !n made a solemn v[ to rescue 
all ! be+s 9 hell    f _! pa9s1 say+ to 
himself3--#8,if ,i fail1 may my head    
split    into a ?\s& pieces6' ,aft]     
rema9+ absorb$ 9 contemplation =    "s  
"t1 he proce$$ to ! v>i\s hells1 expect+
 to f9d t    ! inhabitants1 ?r\gh !     
efficacy ( 8 m$itations1 _h asc5d$    to
 ! high] worlds4 ,& ?is inde$ he f\nd !y

 _h done4 ,b no    soon] 0 _! release   
accompli%$ ?an all ! hells aga9 became  
z full z ev]1 ! places ( ! out-go+      
t5ants be+ suppli$ by    an equal numb] 
( new-com]s4 ,?is s a/\nd$ ! unhappy    
,bodhi-sattva t 8 head in/antly split   
into a ?\s& pieces4    ,!n ,amitbha1    
deeply mov$ by 8 son's mis=tune1 ha/5$  
to 8    assi/ance1 & =m$ ! ?\s& pieces  
into t5 heads4    ,s*lag9tweit /ates1 & 
,i h myself obs]v$1 t ,avalokitev>a's   
elev5 heads are g5]ally repres5t$ z =m+ 
a pyramid1 & are  rang$ 9 f\r r[s4 ,ea* 
s]ies ( heads has a p>ticul> complexion4
  ,! ?ree faces re/+ on ! neck are :ite1
 ! ?ree above yell[1  ! next ?ree r$1 ! 
t5? blue1 & ! elev5?--t is1 ! head  ( 8 
fa!r ,amitbha at ! top ( all#beh--;is   
r$4 ,9 ,japanese images  ! heads are mu*
 small]1 & are arrang$ l a cr[n1 ! c5tre
 (  :i* is =m$ by two entire figures1 ! 
l[] "o sitt+1 ! o!r  /&+ above x4 ,t5   
small heads are comb9$ ) ^! two figures4
    ,! numb] ( ,avalokitev>a's h&s ought
 to am\nt to a ?\s&1 &  he is call$ #8a 

?\s&-ey$1' z hav+ ! eye ( wisdom on ea* 
palm4 ,( c\rse all ^! ?\s& arms & eyes  
_c be repres5t$  9 images4 ,/ill !re is 
an idol 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i*         
repres5ts  him ) ab\t =ty arms1 two (   
:i* h ! h&s jo9$ 9 an  attitude (       
wor%ip4    ,a rem>kable description ( an
 image ( ,avalokitev>a se5 by ,s>at     
,*&ra ,ds 7s rec5tly z #ahhb7 9 ! great 
temple at ,lhssa occurs  9 8            
#8,n>rative' 7:i* ,i "h abridge73--     
,next to ! image ( ,buddha1 ! mo/       
conspicu\s figure 0 t (    ,*anrassig   
7i4 e4 ! elev5-fac$ ,avalokitev>a74 ,!  
orig9 ( ?is    is ascrib$ to ,k+ ,sron  
,tsan ,gampo 7p4 #bga ( ?is volume74    
,once !    k+ he>d a voice f heav51 say+
 t if he con/ruct$ an image    (        
,avalokitev>a ( ! size ( 8 own p]son1   
all 8 desires w\ld    be fulfill$4      
,!reupon he proce$$ to d s1 & ! mat]ials
 he us$ 7 a    bran* ( ! sacr$          
,bodhi-tree1 a portion ( ! ,vajrsana1 "s
 soil    f an oceanic isl&1 "s s& f !   
riv] ,nairajana1 "s pi?    ( ,gr%a      

s&al-wood1 a portion ( ! soil ( ! eight 
sacr$    places ( anci5t ,india1 & _m   
o!r r>e articles p\nd$ toge!r    & made 
into pa/e1 ) ! milk ( a r$ c[ & a       
%e-goat4 ,?is    pa/e ! k+ t\*$ ) 8     
head1 & pray$ to ! all-kn[+    ,buddhas 
& ! ho/ ( ,bodhi-sattvas1 t by ! m]it ( 
mak+    t image1 !re might be god-spe$  
to ! great "w he _h    und]tak5--namely1
 ! diffusion ( ,buddhism 9 ,tibet4      
,! gods1 ,buddhas1 sa9ts1 etc4 fill$ !  
a]ial space to li/5 to    8 pray]4      
,! k+ !n ord]$ ! ,neplese arti/ to ha/5 
! completion (    ! image1 & ) a view ( 
height5+ its sanctity1 obta9$ a         
s&al-wood image ( ,avalokitev>a f       
,ceylon & ins]t$ x    inside1 toge!r ) !
 relics ( ! sev5 pa/ ,buddhas4 ,:5 !    
"w 0 f9i%$1 ! arti/ said3--             
#8,sire1 ,i _c say t ,i h made ?is      
image1 x has pass$ into    self-gr[n    
exi/5ce4' ,!n a curr5t ( lightn+ fla%$  
=? f    its feet4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! s\ls ( ! 
k+ & 8 que5 are said to    h be5 absorb$
 into x1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ?is image is

    call$ #8! five-absorb$ self-sprung4'
    ,x is record$ 9 ano!r tradition t a 
wond]-work+ image (  ,avalokitev>a 0 set
 up 9 a mona/]y ne> ,kabul1 & ano!r 9   
,magadha ne> ! ,ganges4 ,any wor%ipp] :o
 approa*$ ^! idols 9  devotion & fai? 7 
fav\r$ ) a p]sonal vision ( ! sa9t4  ,! 
/atues op5$1 & ! ,bodhi-sattva em]g$ 9  
bright rays ( light  7comp>e ,koepp51 i4
 p4 #dii74    ,orig9ally1 & /ill 9      
,tibet1 ,avalokitev>a 7o!rwise call$    
,padma-pi7 _h only male attributes2 b 9 
,*9a ?is deity 7z we  h already m5tion$ 
at p4 #bjj7 is repres5t$ z a woman1     
call$  ,kwan-y9 79 ,japan ,kwan-non71 ) 
a ?\s& arms & a ?\s& eyes4  ,%e has h]  
pr9cipal seat 9 ! isl& ( ,poo-too1 on ! 
coa/ (  ,*9a1 :i* is a place (          
pilgrimage4    ,!re are two images (    
,kwan-y9 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 "o )      
sixte5  arms & ! o!r ) eight4    ,images
 ( ! ?ird my?ical ,bodhi-sattva--! fi]ce
 ,vajra-pi1  #8hold+ a ?und]bolt 9 "o   
h&'--l "o =m ( iva--are almo/ z  common 
z ^? ( ! m]ciful & mild ,avalokitev>a4  

,he has be5  describ$ 9 a previ\s       
,lecture 7p4 #bja74    ,9 ! ,pitt-,riv]s
 collection at ,ox=d !re is an image (  
?is  ,bodhi-sattva engag$ 9 combat+ !   
p[] ( evil4 ,x is rem>kable  t ! figures
 ( ?ree monkeys are c>v$ und]nea?1 "o   
/opp+  8 e>s ) 8 h&s1 ano!r /opp+ 8     
eyes1 & ano!r 8  m\?1 to symbolize !    
ef=t to prev5t ! entrance ( evil desires
  ?r\gh ! ?ree mo/ important organs (   
s5se4    ,) reg>d to ! images ( female  
deities we may obs]ve t ,tr1  ! wife or 
akti ( ,amogha-siddha 7p4 #baf71 is     
repres5t$ z a gre5  s$5t figure2 h] "r  
h& on h] knee1 h] left hold+ a lotus4   
,a /&+ image ( ! goddess ,pa9 7p4 #bag (
 ?is volume7 may be  se5 9 ! ,briti%    
,museum4    ,9 a temple :i* ,i visit$   
ne> ,drjl+ ,i saw ! image ( !           
,padma-sambhava or #8lotus-born' =m (   
,buddha occupy+ ! c5tre (  ! alt>1 ) !  
images ( ,gautama ,buddha & ( ,buddha   
yu%mat1 or  ! #8,buddha ( ,life1' on ea*
 side4    ,sir ,r4 ,temple 7,j\rnal1 p4 
#bab7 relates h[ 9 a *amb] ( a ,sikkim  

mona/]y !re 7 ?ree figures1 ! c5tral (  
:i*1 ) a fair  complexion1 0 ,amitbha1 t
 on its "r ,gautama ,buddha1 & on its   
left ,gorakh-n? 7see p4 #aic ( ?is      
volume74    ,9 ! mona/]y ( ,galdan 7p4  
#dda7 ,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds saw ! gold5  
image ( ,tsong ,khapa 7) 8 gold5 *a9 & 8
 too? & 8  block-pr9ts71 along ) !      
images ( ,amitbha1 ,gautama1 ,maitreya1 
,bhairava 7! awful def5d] ( ,buddhism71 
,yama #8! "l ( dea?1' &  8 t]rific      
mess5g]s4    ,9 ! great ,*o ,khang at   
,lhssa 7see p4 #dei7 he saw images (    
,avalokitev>a1 ,maju-sr1 ,maitreya1     
,kuv]a1 ,padma-sambhava1 ) an  imm5se   
numb] ( o!rs1 & especially "o ( !       
t]rific goddess  ,paldan 7or ,p&an7 :o  
is fe>$ all ov] ,tibet1 ,mongolia1 &    
,*9a1 z  ! greate/ gu>dian deity ( !    
,dalai & ,ta%i ,lmas & ( !  ,buddhi/    
,dh>ma4 ,he f\nd h] %r9e infe/$ ) mice1 
:o are  believ$ to be metamorphos$      
monks4    ,at ,s]a 7p4 #ddb7 he saw     
images ( ! ,buddha 9 8 "* (             
#8demon-vanqui%]1' along ) ,maitreya 79 

silv]71 ,avalokitev>a1 !  six-arm$      
,bhairava1 ! goddess ,kl1 ,dolk> 7 ,tr1 
p4 #bga71 !  ,tntrik ,vajra-vrh1 !      
sixte5 ,/haviras 7pp4 #dh1 #bee71 & a   
great  v>iety ( o!rs4    ,at ,rad5g 7p4 
#bgc7 he saw a gold5 image ( ,mil>aspa  
7p4 #chd74    ,9 ! mona/]y ( ,sam ye 7p4
 #ddh7 he saw images ( ! ,indian ,paits 
:o br\ght ,buddhism into ,tibet1 ) a va/
 numb] ( o!r images4    ,at ,ta%i ,lunpo
 he saw gold5 images ( ,buddha &        
,maitreya1 besides  images ( #ajjj o!r  
,buddhas 7p4 #ahi71 & ! f\r gu>dians ( !
  qu>t]s 7p4 #bjf74    ,at ,y>lung he   
saw an image ( ,vairoana ,buddha1       
besides images ( !  sixte5 ,/haviras1 & 
a gigantic image ( ! k+ ( ! ,ngas1 & a  
t]rific repres5tation ( ! demon ,rvaa 7(
 ! ,rmyaa74    ,at ,m9doll+ he saw      
fresco pa9t+s ( ! six classes ( be+s 7p4
  #abb7 inhabit+ ! six correspond+      
worlds4 ,( c\rse del9eations (  !       
,jtakas 7p4 #aaa7 & pictures ( all k9ds 
7 common 9  mona/]ies & temples ev]y:]e4
    ,! two wond]-work+ images br\ght f  

,nepl & ,*9a h be5  already m5tion$ 7p4 
#bga74    ,z an illu/ration ( ! mon/r\s 
sup]/ition & idolatry preval5t  9 mod]n 
,buddhi/ c\ntries1 ,i v5ture1 9         
conclusion1 to quote1 )  abridgm5t1 !   
foll[+ description ( an idol se5 by     
,miss ,bird 9  ,japan 7see h] #8,unbeat5
 ,tracks 9 ,japan1' publi%$ by ,mr4     
,murray73--      ,9 "o %r9e is a l>ge   
idol spott$ all ov] ) pellets ( pap]1   
& hundr$s ( ^! may be se5 /ick+ to !    
wire-nett+ :i*    protects him4 ,a      
wor%ipp] writes 8 petition on pap]1 or1 
bett]    /ill1 has x writt5 = him by !  
prie/1 *ews x to a pulp &    spits x at 
! div9ity4 ,if1 hav+ be5 well aim$1 x   
passes    ?r\gh ! wire & /icks1 x is a  
good om51 if x lodges 9 !    nett+ !    
pray] has probably be5 unhe>d4      ,on 
! left !re is a %r9e ) a scre51 to :i*  
innum]able    pray]s h be5 ti$4 ,on ! "r
 sits "o ( ,buddha's orig9al    sixte5  
disciples 7see p4 #dg ( ^! ,lectures74  
,a ,koolie ) a    swell$ knee appli$ x  
to ! knee ( ! idol1 :ile "o )    inflam$

 eyelids rubb$ 8 eyelids on x6          
,,lecture ,,xvii4                       
,sacr$ ,objects4      ,next to ! subject
 ( images & idols comes t ( c]ta9 sacr$ 
objects :i* ,buddhi/s ( all             
,s*ools--:e!r adh]5ts ( !  ,hna-yna or  
,mah-yna sy/ems--hold 9 v5]ation2 =     
example1 relics1  relic-receptacles or  
,/pas1 foot-pr9ts1 trees1 ut5sils1      
bells1  symbols1 & animals4    ,!       
n>ratives ( ! ,*9ese travell]s1         
frequ5tly m5tion$ be=e1  teem )         
descriptions ( su* objects4 ,take1 =    
in/ance1 ,f-hi5's  acc\nt ( ! di/rict ( 
,nagra1 ne> ,pe%aw> 9 ,nor!rn ,india    
7,legge1 #cd-dj71 9 :i* sev]al sacr$    
objects are /at$ to exi/--su*  z a      
fragm5t ( ,buddha's skull1 "o ( 8 tee?1 
portions ( 8 hair  & nails1 8 alms-b[l1 
8 /aff 7conta9$ 9 a wood5 tube1 s  heavy
 t ev5 a ?\s& m5 c\ld n lift x71 8 robe1
 & !  impression ( 8 %ad[4 ,?is 0 at !  
beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury  ( our era4      
,f-hi5's /atem5ts are confirm$ by       
,sung-,yun1 ! next ,*9ese  travell]     

m5tion$ be=e 7p4 #afa ( ?is volume#bei71
 :o />t$ on  8 j\rney r m ?an a c5tury  
aft] ,f-hi54      ,we !n visit$ !       
,ki-,ka-lam temple ne> ,nagra4 ,?is     
conta9s !    yell[ robe 7,ka%ya7 (      
,buddha 9 ?irte5 pieces4 ,"h also is !  
/aff ( ,buddha1 9 a wood5 case cov]$ )  
gold-leaf4 ,! weight    ( ?is /aff is   
sometimes s heavy t a hundr$ m5 _c raise
    x1 & at o!r times x is s light t "o 
man c lift x4 ,9 !    city ( ,na-kie    
7,nag>ahra7 is a too? ( ,buddha & also  
"s ( 8    hair1 bo? ( :i* are conta9$ 9 
preci\s caskets4 ,morn+ &    ev5+       
religi\s (f]+s are made to !m4      ,we 
next arrive at ! cave ( ,g-pla1 :]e is !
 %ad[ ( ,buddha4    ,to anyone ent]+ !  
cav]n1 & look+ = a long "t 7or1 f a     
long di/ance7 at ! we/]n side ( x       
opposite ! door1 !    figure1 ) its     
*>act]i/ic m>ks1 appe>s2 on go+ ne>]1 x 
gradually gr[s fa9t] & !n disappe>s4 ,on
 t\*+ ! place    :]e x 01 !re is no?+ b 
! b>e wall4 ,gradually    retreat+1 !   
figure beg9s to come 9 view aga91 &     

=emo/ is    conspicu\s t peculi> m>k    
betwe5 ! eyebr[s 7ra71 :i* is    s r>e  
among m54      ,be=e ! cave is a squ>e  
/one1 on :i* is a trace ( ,buddha's     
foot 7,beal's ,translation1 p4 cvii1    
abridg$74    ,hi\5 ,?sang1 ! ?ird       
travell]1 confirms ! /atem5ts ( 8       
pr$ecessors 9 reg>d to ! relics 9 ?is   
di/rict1 & adds z  foll[s3--      ,!re  
is ano!r little ,/pa1 made ( ! sev5     
preci\s sub/ances1    9 :i* is deposit$ 
! eye-ball ( ! ,buddha1 l>ge z an mra   
fruit1 & bright & cle> ?r\gh\t4 ,x is   
deposit$ 9 a seal$-up    casket 7,beal1 
i4 #if74    ,x is easy to p]ceive f !   
above extracts t ! wor%ip (  c]ta9 sacr$
 objects connect$ ) ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism 
_h become  ev5 9 ,f-hi5's "t a m>k$     
feature ( ,buddhism4 ,9 fact1 ! numb]  (
 su* objects increas$ s rapidly t be=e  
long x became usual to  classify !m "u  
?ree heads z foll[#bfj3--    7#a7 rrika 
7or arra-dhtu or simply rra71 objects   
:i* once  =m$ "p ( ! ,buddha's body1 su*
 z a bone1 a too?1 a hair1 a  nail4     

7#b7 ,pribhogika1 #8objects possess$ or 
us$ by ! ,buddha1' su* z 8  seat1       
alms-b[l1 dr9k+-vessel 7kumbha71 /aff1  
ve/m5ts1 & ev5  8 spittoon4 ,"u ?is     
division is plac$ ! ,bodhi-tree4    7#c7
 ,uddeika1 objects wor%ipp$ z 9 "s way  
commemorative ( !  ,buddha or ( "s ev5t 
or incid5t 9 8 life4    ,x w\ld be      
difficult to decide "u :i* ( ^!         
categories !  sacr$ books conta9+ !     
,buddha's ,law are to be plac$1 & yet   
!y are deeply rev]$1 & at ! pres5t day  
almo/ deifi$1 z if  !y 7 intellig5t &   
omnisci5t be+s4 ,!y are wrapp$ 9 co/ly  
clo? or silk1 & _! names are m5tion$ ) !
 addition (  honorific p]sonal titles4  
,occasionally su* sacr$ books are plac$ 
on  a k9d ( rude alt>1 ne> ! road-side1 
t pass]s-by may place  (f]+s ( money ^u 
!m#bfa4    ,)\t attempt+1 !re=e1 to     
foll[ any p>ticul> classification1  we  
proce$ to notice "s ( ! *ief objects 9 !
 ord] ( _!  importance1 beg9n+ ) relics4
                                        
,relics4    ,adoration ( relics         

con/itutes an important po9t ( diff]5ce 
betwe5  ,buddhism & ,brhmanism2 =       
,brhmanism & its (fspr+ ,h9dism are     
:olly oppos$ to ! practice ( pres]v+ !  
a%es1 bones1 hair1 or  tee? ( deceas$   
p]sons1 h[ev] mu* su* individuals may h 
be5  rev]$ dur+ life4    ,i rem>k$ 9 !  
c\rse ( my travels ?r\gh ,india t       
articles us$  by great religi\s         
tea*]s--z1 = example1 robes1 wood5 %oes1
 &  seats--are sometimes pres]v$ &      
v5]at$ aft] _! dea?4 ,all  articles (   
?is k9d1 h[ev]1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 be remov$ 
f !  body be=e actual decease2 = x is   
well kn[n t1 9 ! m9ds (  ,h9ds1 ideas ( 
impurity are insep>ably connect$ ) dea?1
 &  contam9ation is suppos$ to result f 
contact ) ! corpses (  ev5 a man's de>e/
 relatives4 ,nor is ! mortal frame ev]  
held 9  v5]ation by ! ,h9ds z x 0 by !  
anci5t ,egyptians1 & z x  g5]ally is 9  
,*ri/ian c\ntries4    ,ev5 ! liv+ body  
is reg>d$ z a mass ( corruption1 a ?+ to
 be  held 9 contempt1 & a con/ant       
imp$im5t to sanctity ( life4 ,h[  mu* m 

!n ought e "p ( a dead body to be got   
rid ( )\t  delay6 ,h5ce 9 ! pres5t day a
 corpse is burnt1 & its a%es are        
g5]ally scatt]$ on ! surface ( sacr$    
riv]s or ( ! sea4    ,x is true t !     
bodies ( great ,h9d ascetics & devotees 
are  exempt$ f ?is rule4 ,!y are usually
 buri$--n burnt4 ,n1  h[ev]1 because !  
m]e corporeal frame is held 9 great]    
v5]ation1  b because ! bodies ( ! mo/   
em95t sa9ts are suppos$ to lie          
undecompos$ 9 a k9d ( trance1 or /ate ( 
int5se ec/atic  m$itation 7samdhi74     
,! ,buddhi/1 too1 is a ?or\gh ,h9d 9    
contemn+ ! liv+ body2  b :5 ! corpse is 
burnt1 he does n scatt] ! a%es on riv]s4
  ,he takes measures to pres]ve !m4     
,we "k t accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,brhmanism
 ! burn+ ( a  corpse is foll[$ by       
religi\s c]emonies call$ rddhas#bfb4 ,! 
great] ! numb] ( rddhas :i* a liv+ man  
is able to p]=m 9  behalf ( 8 deceas$   
relatives1 ! great] is ! b5efit :i*     
accrues to _! s\ls2 & if ! dead man's   
s\l happ5s to be 9 "o  ( ! hells1 !     

soon] x is releas$ f its purgatorial    
pa9s4    ,a true ,buddhi/1 on ! o!r h&1 
consid]s all su* rddhas z  useless2     
al?\gh x is c]ta9ly a fact t 9 ! end ! m
  develop$ ,buddhism ( ! ,nor? inv5t$   
simil> c]emonies1 call$  ,b>do 7see pp4 
#bic1 #ccd74    ,true ,buddhism1 9 %ort1
 has only "o way ( hon\r+ ance/ors1 &   
only "o me?od ( keep+ alive ! memory (  
^? p]fect$ sa9ts  ^: :ole p]sonality has
 become ext9ct1 & ^: transition into    
o!r =ms ( life has f9ally ceas$4    ,!  
calc9$ a%es1 or c]ta9 unconsum$ portions
 ( ! body--su* z  fragm5ts ( bone or    
hair or nails or tee?--are deposit$ 9   
relic-%r9es4    ,( c\rse ! mo/ sacr$ (  
all ,buddhi/ relics are ^? ( ! ,buddha  
himself4 ,x is said t aft] ! cremation (
 8 corpse ! *ief  rema9s consi/$ ( f\r  
tee?1 ! two *eek-bones1 & fragm5ts (  ! 
skull4 ,b x is believ$ t1 ev5 be=e 8    
dea?1 portions (  8 hair & nails 7      
pres]v$ & plac$ "u ,dgabas 7,/pas74 ,"o 
leg5d relates t :5 ,gautama _h decid$ on
 ab&on+ all worldly  associations1 8    

fir/ act 0 to cut (f ! mass ( 8 hair1 ) 
its ornam5t 7-mai71 & t ^! 7 tak5 up by 
! god ,indra  to ! ,traya/ria heav51 &  
!re plac$ "u a ,dgaba &  wor%ipp$ by !  
gods4    ,f-hi51 9 a passage already    
allud$ to1 says t 9 ! c\ntry (  ,nagra  
!re is a p>ticul> spot :]e ,buddha %av$ 
(f 8 hair &  clipt 8 nails1 &1 hav+ done
 s1 proce$$ to erect a l(ty m\nd  or    
,/pa to en%r9e !m1 z well z to be a     
model = all future  ,/pas 7p4 #ejd ( ?is
 volume74    ,hi\5 ,?sang relates a     
tradition t :5 ! two travell+ m]*ants   
,trapu%a & ,bhallika 7see p4 #dj7 7     
conv]t$1 ! ,buddha gave !m  at _! own   
reque/ "s ( 8 own hair & nail-p>+s1     
besides 8  alms-b[l1 /aff1 & a portion (
 8 clo?+1 & bade !m deposit  ea* article
 9 ,/pas or ,dgabas4 ,! two m]*ants1 x  
is n>rat$1  w5t home to _! own c\ntry & 
acquir$ an enorm\s /ock (  religi\s m]it
 by be+ ! fir/ to erect a ,/pa = !      
reception (  p]sonal memorials ( ! great
 ,buddha4 ,accord+ to a tradition ! two 
m]*ants 7 f ,burma1 & ! %r9e :i* 0      

erect$ to receive  eight ( 8 hairs      
aft]w>ds develop$ into ! great ,rangoon 
,dgaba  7,pagoda74 ,x may be inf]r$ f   
?is leg5d 7z ,dr4 ,old5b]g has  already 
rem>k$7 t ! c>e ( ! ,buddha's relics1 & 
!  in/itution ( c]emonies 9 _! hon\r1 7 
9 ! fir/ in/ance  left to ! devotion (  
religi\sly m9d$ ,buddhi/ laym54         
#8,:at are we to d1' n&a asks ( ! ,ma/]1
 :5 8 end is    draw+ ne>#bfc1 #8) !    
body ( ! ,p]fect ,"o8' #8,let n !       
hon\rs due to ! body ( ! ,p]fect ,"o    
tr\ble y1 n&a4 ,seek    ye r p]fection =
 y\rselves4 ,!re are1 n&a1 wise m5 among
    ! nobles1 ! ,brhmans1 & ! citiz5s1  
:o believe 9 ! ,p]fect    ,"o2 !y w     
hon\r ! body ( ! ,p]fect ,"o4'    ,hi\5 
,?sang 7,beal1 ii4 #dj7 also /ates t :5 
c]ta9 ,indian ,rjas1  eight 9 numb]1    
he>d ( ! ,buddha's dea?1 !y collect$    
armies &  m>*$ to ,kusi-nr 7p4 #dbd7 to 
seize portions ( ! relics2 b !  pr9ce ( 
,kusi-nr refus$ to give !m up4 ,9 ! end 
! matt] 0  settl$ amicably1 & ! relics 7
 divid$1 s t ea* ( ! eight  pr9ces might

 take a %>e4 ,!n all dep>t$ to _! own   
homes1 &  ea* pr9ce built a ,/pa ov] 8  
own portion ( ! relics4 ,! gods  also   
took _! portions4    ,f-hi5 7*ap4 xxiii7
 alludes to ! build+ ( ! eight ,/pas1 & 
adds t k+ ,aoka de/roy$ !m1 & 9 _! place
 built #hd1jjj  o!rs--"o = ! cons]vation
 ( ea* atom ( ! elem5ts ( !  ,buddha's  
body2 ! belief be+ t ! bodies ( all     
human be+s  consi/ ( t numb] ( elem5t>y 
p>ticles 7see p4 #dbc74 ,!  eight-fold  
division is describ$ 9 #8,buddhi/       
,suttas1' pp4 #acc-acf 7,s4  ,b4 ,e4    
vol4 xi74    ,x appe>s probable t !     
e>lie/ relics ( 8 burnt body held 9     
hon\r 7 8 tee?2 & ( ^! aga9 ! mo/       
celebrat$ seem to  h be5 8 f\r eye-tee?4
 ,"o ( ! f\r is said to h be5           
appropriat$ by ! gods & ano!r by !      
,ngas1 :ile ! ?ird 0  tak5 to ,gndhra 9 
! nor?-we/1 & ! f\r? to ,kaliga 9 !     
s\?-ea/4    ,! fir/ two eye-tee? h only 
my?ical hi/ories1 & little is  record$ (
 ! ?ird1 b ! f\r? has gone ?r\gh a s]ies
 (  t]re/rial adv5tures1 :i* h be5 mu*  

writt5 ab\t & w\ld  fill sev]al volumes4
 ,"o ( ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,gautama is 
said  to h ga9$ possession ( x on !     
occasion ( ! eight-fold  di/ribution ( !
 great sage's relics 7p4 #dii71 & to h  
convey$  x to a place aft]w>ds call$    
,danta-pura1 #8too?-city#bfd1' !        
capital ( ,kaliga 7,orissa71 :]e x is   
believ$ to h rema9$  undi/urb$ = ab\t   
#hjj ye>s4 ,aft] t p]iod x 0 seiz$1 at !
  in/igation ( "s ,brhmans1 by a p[]ful 
,h9d k+ :o reign$ at  ,paliputra4 ,its  
vicissitudes & adv5tures = c5turies     
aft]w>ds  7 v v>i$4 ,x 0 convey$        
surreptiti\sly to ,ceylon ab\t !  ye>   
#caa ( our era by a pr9cess ( ,kaliga1  
:o conceal$ x 9 h]  hair4 ,!re x rema9$ 
till #acae1 :5 x 0 c>ri$ back to ,s\!rn 
,india4 ,aft] a "t x 0 tak5 back to ,k&y
 9 ,ceylon4 ,next x 0  seiz$ by !       
,portuguese & c>ri$ (f to ,goa4 ,!nce x 
0  transport$ to ,pegu1 & f9ally !      
preci\s too?-relic 7dh-dhtu71  or at    
lea/ "s imitation ( x1 0 re/or$ to !    
good p (  ,k&y1 :]e x is /ill pres]v$ by

 !m z a v]itable ,palladium1  ) e       
possible precaution aga9/ fur!r outrage1
 al?\gh "u  ! protect+ gis ( our        
gov]nm5t its security ought n any long] 
to be matt] ( anxiety4    ,e native (   
,ceylon 7,lak71 :e!r ,buddhi/ or ,h9d1  
seems to feel  t ! welf>e ( 8 c\ntry    
dep5ds on its c>eful cons]vation4 ,at   
any rate ! ,s9halese h plac$ _!         
too?-temple--call$ ,dalada  ,mligwa--9 !
 lovelie/ "p ( _! beautiful isl& 7see p4
 #ded71  amid ri*ly wood$ hills1 f :i*  
may be obta9$ "s ( ! mo/  en*ant+ views 
9 ! _w4 ,! eye-too? is 9 appe>ance l a  
piece ( discol\r$ ivory ab\t two        
in*es#bfe long1 & "o in*  across 9 !    
?icke/ "p4 ,inde$1 all ! suppos$ relics 
( !  ,buddha's body1 & ! dress &        
implem5ts he us$1 are ( su* a size  z to
 make 8 wor%ipp]s believe t 8 /ature f> 
exce$$ t (  ord9>y m54    ,! too? is    
enclos$ 9 n9e bell-%ap$1 jewell$ gold5  
cases1 "o  )9 ! o!r1 ea* lock$ by a key1
 & ea* key consign$ to !  cu/ody ( a    
sep>ate (ficial4 ,! int]ior cases       

increase 9  co/l9ess till ! mo/ highly  
jewell$ ( all is rea*$1 & )9  ?is on a  
gold5 lotus lies ! relic4 ,:5 ,i visit$ 
! too?-temple  9 #ahgg1 ! cases 7 kept  
)9 iron b>s 9 a dimly-light$            
%r9e--r$ol5t ) fl[]-(f]+s :i* exhal$ an 
ov]p[]+  p]fume--& 9 ! v c5tre ( !      
build+s ( ! temple4 ,:5 !  ,pr9ce (     
,wales visit$ ,k&y 9 #ahgf1 all !       
(ficials assembl$ to  unlock ! cases &  
exhibit ! treasur$ relic4    ,a detail$ 
acc\nt ( ! too? is giv5 9 a book call$  
,dalada-vaa  or ,dh-vaa1 said to h be5  
writt5 orig9ally 9 anci5t  ,s9halese    
7,elu7 ab\t ! ye> #caj ( our era1 &     
translat$ into !  sacr$ ,pli ab\t ! ye> 
#abjj4 ,?is book has be5 r5d]$ into     
,engli% by ! late ,sir ,coomra ,swmy4 ,!
 too? is also describ$ 9  _m o!r ,pli & 
,s9halese books1 includ+ ! ,mah-vaa4    
,& "h x may be rem>k$ t "o feature ( !  
,buddha's relics 0  t !y gave =? on     
special occasions cele/ial light1 & _h !
  p[] ( work+ miracles4 ,sometimes a    
rev]5t circumambulation ( !  %r9e :i*   

conta9$ ! relics 0 believ$ to be        
suffici5tly  efficaci\s 9 /imulat+ _!   
miracul\s p[]s4 ,sometimes !y 7  tak5   
out & exhibit$4 ,! foll[+ extract f     
,f-hi5 rem9ds "o  ( :at takes place at  
,k&y 9 ! pres5t day3--      ,9 ! city ( 
,he-lo 7! pres5t ,hia1 we/ ( ,pe%aw>7   
!re is    ! flat-bone ( ,buddha's skull1
 deposit$ 9 a ,vihra adorn$ all    ov] )
 gold-leaf & ! sev5 sacr$ sub/ances4 ,! 
k+ ( !    c\ntry rev]+ ! bone1 & anxi\s 
le/ x %\ld be /ol51 has    select$ eight
 individuals repres5t+ great families1 &
 committ$    to ea* a seal ) :i* he %\ld
 seal ! %r9e & gu>d !    relic4 ,at e>ly
 dawn ^! m5 come1 & aft] ea* has        
inspect$ 8    seal1 !y op5 ! door4 ,?is 
done !y wa% _! h&s ) sc5t$    wat]1 &   
br+ out ! bone1 :i* !y place on a l(ty  
plat=m1    :]e x is support$ on a p$e/al
 ( ! sev5 preci\s sub/ances4    ,! k+ e 
morn+ makes 8 (f]+s & p]=ms 8 wor%ip4   
,! *iefs ( ! ,vaiyas also make _! (f]+s4
 ,!n !y replace    ! bone 9 ! ,vihra1 "u
 a ,/pa ( ! sev5 preci\s sub/ances      

7p4 #ebh ( ?is volume7 m ?an five cubits
 high 7,legge1 pp4 #cf-ch1    abridg$74 
,f-hi5 records a simil> exhibition ( !  
,buddha's alms-b[l 9 !  c\ntry ne>      
,pe%aw>3--      ,:5 x is mid-day !y br+ 
out ! b[l & make (f]+s to x4    ,x may  
conta9 ab\t two pecks1 & x has a bright 
lu/re4 ,:5 poor    p ?r[ into x a few   
fl[]s1 x becomes full4 ,if ! ri* ?r[    
9 myriads ( fl[]s1 !y are n able to fill
 x4    ,he /ates t ! ,buddha's robe 0   
also br\ght out to be wor%ipp$3--       
,:5 !re is a dr\ght ! p collect 9 cr[ds1
 br+ out !    robe1 pay wor%ip to x &   
make (f]+s1 on :i* !re is    imm$iately 
a great ra9 f ! sky 7,legge1 pp4 #ce1   
#ci1 abridg$74    ,! relics ( all great 
sa9ts 9 ,buddhi/ c\ntries 7 rev]$ 9 a   
simil> mann]4 ,at ! same "t x ought to  
be not$ t !  p]iodical exhibition (     
relics1 be=e ! eyes ( wor%ipp]s1 0 n  a 
usual occurr5ce 7z x is 9 ,roman        
,ca?olic c\ntries74 ,inde$1 z a  g5]al  
rule1 ! cu/om seems to h be5 to %ield ! 
a%es &  rema9s ( rev]$ dead bodies f    

obs]vation & liability to be  t\*$4     
,h5ce !y 7 commonly seal$ up            
h]metically1 z x 71 9  ! int]ior (      
receptacles :i* effectually conceal$ !m 
f view  & protect$ !m f di/urbance4     
,& ?is leads u to adv]t to ! =m & "* (  
,buddhi/  relic-receptacles4    ,x is   
probable t at a v e>ly p]iod1 & ev5 be=e
 ! ,buddha's  "t1 ! ,h9ds 7 accu/om$ to 
raise heaps or tumuli ov] ! a%es  ( k+s1
 great m51 sa9ts & sages1 j z ev5 to ?is
 day among  ! ,sikhs ( ! ,panjb1 ! a%es 
( great m5 are s hon\r$4 ,"s  ?9k t !   
hemisph]ical dome-l =m ( ! tumulus 0    
int5d$  to repres5t a bubble--! mo/     
transitory ( all mat]ial objects4 ,9    
all likelihood ! dome ( ! ,s* ,/pa--:i* 
is ?\ght to be z  old z ! "t (          
,buddha--0 con/ruct$ 9 memory ( "s great
 man4    ,su* heaps 7 at fir/ g5]ally   
call$ aityas1 & aft]w>ds ,/pas  7f !    
,sanskx roots i & /yai1 mean+ #8to heap 
toge!r'72 b  aitya ultimately d5ot$ a   
relic-/ructure 9 an assembly-hall 7see  
p4  #dej71 :ile ! ^w ,/pa d5ot$ "o 9 !  

op5 air4 ,!n inside !  aitya or ,/pa    
7,pli ,?pa1 corrupt$ into ,tope7 !re 0 a
  casket--made ( silv]1 gold1 /one1     
e>!nw>e1 etc4--9 :i* 7  deposit$ ! a%es1
 fragm5ts ( bone1 or ! tee? or nails ( !
  deceas$4 ,& ?is relic-casket 0 call$ 9
 ,sanskx ,dhtu-g>bha1 or  9 ,pli ,dgaba 
7corrupt$ into ,dagoba & aft]w>ds into  
,pagoda7--t  is1 a repository ( !       
elem5t>y p>ticles ( :i* all bodies are  
compos$4    ,!n 9 "t ! ^w ,dgaba        
7,pagoda7 d5ot$ ! monum5t z well z  !   
relic-casket4 ,moreov] aityas & ,/pas 7 
(t5 m]e pyramidal  /ructures1 en%r9+    
images or m>k+ important ev5ts 7see p4  
#cij71  b n conta9+ relics4 ,among !    
,h9ds aitya (t5 d5otes !  sacr$         
village-tree plant$ on a m\nd4          
,illu/ration3 ,,votive ,,/,,pa1         
,,rec5tly ,,f\nd ,,at ,,buddha-,,gay4   
7,date ab\t n9? or t5? c5tury ( our     
era47    ,! process by :i* ! simple     
aitya or m\nd develop$ into m  elaborate
 /ructures is rem>kable4 ,fir/ came     
erections ( /one or  brick1 g5]ally     

bell-%ap$ or dom$ l bee-hives4 ,^! aga9 
exp&$ into elongat$ pyramidal /ructures1
 spr++ f cyl9drical  or octagonal or    
hexagonal bases1 & ornam5t$ ) images (  
,gautama1  & re/+ on pl9?-l f\ndations1 
! summits tap]+ into  f9ials consi/+ (  
?ree1 or sev51 or n9e1 or elev51 or ev5 
fifte5 ti]s ( umbrella-%ap$ ornam5ts    
7see note1 p4 #cic74    ,!n1 aga91 9 "t1
 ^! elaborate ,dgabas exp&$ into va/    
,pagodas  ( enorm\s height1 z1 =        
example1 ! ,rangoon ,pagoda 7see p4     
#def7 &  t at ,anurdha-pura 9 ,ceylon4  
,x is d\btful :e!r 9 e>ly ,buddhism     
aityas & ,/pas 7 ev]  empty monum5ts or 
c5otaphs4 ,probably all ( !m conta9$    
a%es1  fragm5ts ( bone1 tee?1 or hair1  
?\gh 9 "s cases ! mo/ c>eful  exam9ation
 has fail$ to discov] ! vessel 9 :i* !y 
7  deposit$4 ,if made ( fragile         
mat]ials1 x rapidly crumbl$ into du/4   
,b ,/pas1 ev5 )\t relics1 7 !mselves    
objects ( rev]5ce4    ,9 ! lat] p]iod ( 
,buddhism ! practice ( c>v+1 or m\ld+   
m]e memorial or votive ,/pas1 & d$icat+ 

!m at sacr$ spots  became common4 ,!    
examples ( ?is k9d ( ,/pa :i* ,i saw    
une>!d  at ,buddha-,gay h be5 describ$  
7p4 #cig74    ,! engrav+ opposite to ?is
 page is a copy ( "o ( ^! votive  ,/pas 
:i* ,i procur$ = ! ,indian ,in/itute    
?r\gh ,mr4 ,begl>4    ,at ,m&alay !re is
 a l>ge ,pagoda ) ab\t #fbj small] ones 
r\nd x  79 r[s ( six or sev5 deep74 ,ea*
 small ,pagoda en%r9es a  tablet--expos$
 to view--on :i* "s portion ( ! ,law is 
engrav$4  ,_m small ,pagodas are simply 
canopies ( brick or "s solid mat]ial    
erect$ ov] images4    ,outside !        
,buddhi/ conv5t ne> ,drjl+1 :5 ,i visit$
 x 9 #ahhd1  a monk 0 r\ghly m\ld+ a    
numb] ( small votive ,/pas 9 clay1  )   
:i* he 0 probably mix+ ! p[d]$ bones (  
"s deceas$  ,lma4 ,"h is a copy ( "o    
exactly ! size ( ! orig9al3--           
,illu/ration3     ,if brok5 op51 a      
t]ra-cotta seal1 inscrib$ ) "s sacr$    
=mula1  w\ld probably be f\nd inside4   
,( c\rse mo/ ( ! ,buddha's *ief         
disciples1 su* z ,sriputta1             

,maudgalyyana1 ,kyapa1 n&a1 ,upli1 ea*  
_h ,/pas erect$ ov]  _! relics4         
,sacr$ ,foot-pr9ts4    ,next 9          
importance to ! wor%ip ( relics is t (  
foot-pr9ts  7,sanskx r-pada or r-pda74  
,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ,buddhi/  c\ntries !   
suppos$ impressions ( ! ,buddha's feet  
are z mu*  hon\r$ z ^? ( ! god ,vi%u are
 by ,vai%avas4    ,:5 ,f-hi5 rea*$      
,gidhra-ka 7see pp4 #djd1 #djf71 he is  
said to h  us$ words to ! foll[+ effect3
 #8,i1 ,f-hi51 0 born :5 ,i c\ld  n meet
 ) ,buddha1 & n[ ,i only see !          
foot-pr9ts :i* he has  left' 7,legge1   
#hc74    ,x is well kn[n t ! practice ( 
b[+ d[n & hon\r+ ! feet  is a ?or\ghly  
,asiatic cu/om4 ,! idea seems to be     
d]iv$ f a k9d  ( a =tiori argum5t4 ,if !
 feet1 z ! l[e/ memb] ( ! body1  are    
hon\r$1 h[ mu* m is homage r5d]$ to !   
:ole man4 ,h5ce  *ildr5 hon\r _! p>5ts1 
n by kiss+ _! faces1 b by  pro/rat+     
!mselves at _! feet & t\*+ !m           
rev]5tially4  ,ano!r reason = v5]at+ !  
feet is well express$ 9 "o ( our        

hymns3--      ,o let me see ,?y         
foot-m>ks1    ,& 9 !m plant my own2    &
 9 ,longfell['s        ,foot-pr9ts on ! 
s&s ( "t2    ,foot-pr9ts :i* p]haps     
ano!r1      ,sail+ o'er life's solemn   
ma91    ,a =lorn & %ipwreck$ bro!r1     
,see+ may take life aga94    ,?is %[s t 
ev5 ,europeans are famili> ) ! idea4    
,!re is a  ,roman ,ca?olic *ur* at      
,vi5na :i* possesses a celebrat$ image (
  ,*ri/ on ! ,cross4 ,on "o occasion ,i 
visit$ ?is *ur* & obs]v$  sev]al        
wor%ipp]s kiss+ ! feet ( ! image1 :ile  
o!rs--too  %ort 9 /ature to rea* x ) _! 
lips--t\*$ its feet ) _!  f+]s & !n     
kiss$ _! f+]s4 ,a simil> hon\r is paid  
to !  images ( ,/4 ,pet] at ,rome1 &    
inde$ to t ,apo/le's liv+               
repres5tatives4 ,! alleg$ foot-pr9ts (  
,*ri/ are n num]\s1 b  !y exi/ 9 c]ta9  
holy places#bff4    ,e s5tim5t 9 ! ,ea/ 
is exagg]at$1 & x ne$ n !re=e be  matt] 
( wond] if a v5]ation = foot-pr9ts has  
l$ to an excessive  multiplication ( ^! 
symbols1 & to an excess ( sup]/iti\s    

wor%ip paid to !m by ,h9ds ( v>i\s sects
 9 e "p ( ,india4  ,no true ,vai%ava w  
leave 8 h\se 9 ! morn+ )\t m>k+  8      
=ehead ) ! symbol ( ,vi%u's feet4 ,9    
travell+ f "o  place to ano!r ,i (t5    
came across :at appe>$ to be an empty   
%r9e1 b on a close inspection ,i f\nd t 
x conta9$ two  foot-pr9ts on a little   
rais$ alt> made ( /one4 ,^! are call$   
,pduk #8%oes1' b are really ! suppos$   
impressions ( ! soles (  ! feet ( !     
p]son to :om ! %r9es are d$icat$4 ,9    
#ahgf ,i  visit$ ! celebrat$ ,vi%u-pad  
temple at ,gay4 ,cr[ds 7  wor%ipp+ !    
foot-m>k impress$ on ! b>e /one1 b      
conceal$ by  (f]+s1 & surr\nd$ by a     
silv] f5ce "u a silv] canopy 7see       
#8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1' p4 #cji74    ,x
 is true t ,buddhi/s nev] imitate !     
practice ( ! wor%ipp]s  ( ,vi%u by m>k+ 
_! =eheads ) ! suppos$ impressions (  ! 
,buddha's feet1 b !y w nev]!less make   
long & toilsome  pilgrimages to b[ d[n  
be=e :at !y believe to be ! impression (
  8 foot on a rock4    ,! ,ja9as1 :o are

 ! only ,h9d repres5tatives ( !         
,buddhi/ic  sy/em left 9 ,india1 are q z
 ard5t foot-pr9t wor%ipp]s4 ,9  #ahhd ,i
 asc5d$ ,m\nt ,prasn? 7,prva-n?7 9      
,b5gal at ! same "t  ) cr[ds ( ,ja9a    
pilgrims :o1 l myself1 toil$ up ! hill  
to  visit ! num]\s ,ja9a temples scatt]$
 ov] ! unev5 surface at  ! summit1 "s   
five ?\s& feet above ! pla94 ,our       
objects 7  v diff]5t4 ,!irs 0 !         
acquisition ( m]it1 m9e 0 !  acquirem5t 
( k4 ,lep]s l9$ ! r\gh pa?way1 & mu*    
additional m]it 0 held to accrue to !   
pilgrims by di/ribut+ alms  among !m4 ,i
 f\nd t ne>ly e %r9e at ! summit consi/$
 (  a little dom$ canopy ( m>ble1 cov]+ 
two foot-pr9ts ( "s "o (  ! tw5ty-f\r   
,ja9a sa9ts 7especially ,prva-n?7       
impress$ on a  m>ble alt>4 ,! soles ( ! 
suppos$ foot-pr9ts 7 ei!r :ite or  black
 & m>k$ ) small gild$ circles4    ,gr\ps
 ( wor%ipp]s b[$ d[n be=e ! %r9es &     
deposit$  (f]+s ( money1 rice1 almonds1 
rais9s1 & spices on !  foot-m>ks4 ,no   
soon] did !y quit "o %r9e = ! next1 ?an 

a  troop ( frolick+ monkeys promptly    
took _! place & scamp]$ (f  ) ! edible  
portion ( ! objects (f]$4    ,x is      
impossible to /ate positively :5 ei!r   
,buddhism or ,ja9ism  fir/ introduc$    
foot-pr9t wor%ip1 b ! practice mu/ h    
begun  v e>ly4    ,) reg>d to ?is po9t  
,g5]al ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham1 9 8 acc\nt ( 
! ,bh>hut ,/pa--a ,/pa :i* dates f !    
second c5tury  ,b4,c4--says3--          
,foot-pr9ts ( ,buddha 7 mo/ probably an 
object ( rev]5ce f a    v e>ly          
p]iod--c]ta9ly be=e ! build+ ( ! ,bh>hut
    ,/pa--z !y are repres5t$ 9 two      
sep>ate sculptures !re4 ,9 !    fir/    
sculpture ! foot-pr9ts are plac$ on a   
?rone or alt>1    canopi$ by an         
umbrella1 hung ) g>l&s4 ,a royal        
p]sonage is    kneel+ be=e ! alt>1 &    
rev]5tly t\*+ ! foot-pr9ts    ) 8 h&s4  
,! second example is 9 ! bas-relief     
repres5t+    ! visit ( ,ajta-atru to    
,buddha4 ,"h1 z 9 all o!r ,bh>hut       
sculptures1 ,buddha does n appe> 9      
p]son1 8 pres5ce be+    m>k$ by 8 two   

foot-pr9ts4 ,! :eel symbol is duly m>k$ 
on bo?    7p4 #aab1 abridg$74    ,!     
,g5]al ju/ly rem>ks t p]haps ! wor%ip ( 
! ,buddha's  foot-pr9ts may h sprung up 
9 imitation ( ! homage alleg$ to  h be5 
paid by ,mah-,kyapa & #ejj monks to 8   
feet1 :i*1 x is  said1 7 expos$ to view 
:5 8 body 0 ly+ on ! fun]al pile4  ,!   
leg5d /ates t :ile ! monks 7 9 ! act (  
b[+ d[n 9  adoration be=e ! feet1 !     
fun]al pile ignit$ spontane\sly4    ,on 
"o ( ! gate-pill>s ( ! anci5t ,s* ,/pa  
!re is a  sculpture ( a foot-pr9t m>k$ )
 ! :eel 7akra1 p4 #ebb7 symbol1  :i* !  
late ,mr4 ,f]gusson ascrib$ to ! e>ly "p
 ( ! fir/  c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4     
,!re are also sculptur$ repres5tations (
 ! ,buddha's foot-pr9ts at  ,am>vat1    
suppos$ to date f ! second or ?ird      
c5tury ( !  ,*ri/ian era4 ,^!           
repres5tations are (t5 c>v$ on s-call$  
alt>s or else plac$ be=e alt>s4    ,b ( 
all foot-pr9ts1 t on ,adam's ,peak 7!   
highe/ m\nta9 9  ,ceylon1 m ?an #gjjj   
feet above ! sea71 suppos$ to h be5 left

  by ! ,buddha :5 he asc5d$ !nce to     
heav51 is ! mo/ celebrat$4    ,accord+  
to ,f-hi5 7,legge1 p4 #ajb71 :5 ,buddha 
0 9 ,ceylon he  plant$ "o foot on ! nor?
 ( ! royal city & ! o!r on  ,sumana-,ka 
7,adam's ,peak71 fifte5 yojanas1 or ab\t
 a hundr$ miles1  di/ant4    ,?is fanci$
 impression ( ! ,buddha's foot 7believ$ 
by ,*ri/ians to  be t ( ,/4 ,?omas1 by  
,muhammadans to be t ( ,adam1 & by ,h9ds
  to be t ( ! god iva7 is m]ely a       
%apeless holl[ 9 ! rock1  five feet sev5
 in*es long by two feet sev5 in*es      
broad1 :i* w\ld  give ! ,buddha a /ature
 ( ab\t ?irty-five feet4 ,x is said to h
  be5 discov]$ by a hunt] at ! beg9n+ ( 
! c5tury be=e  ,*ri/1 &1 al?\gh v       
difficult ( access1 is annually visit$  
by  ab\t #ajj1jjj ,buddhi/ pilgrims4    
,ne> x1 on ! summit ( ! m\nta91  is a   
small temple d$icat$ to ,saman 7p4      
#bag74    ,9 a %r9e ne> ! too?-temple at
 ,k&y1 ,i saw a s-call$ facsimile  ( ?is
 foot-pr9t4 ,^? :o are physically       
incapable ( toil+ up !  m\nta9 to b[ d[n

 be=e ! sacr$ impression on ! rock1 ga9 
ne>ly z mu* m]it by wor%ipp+ its copy4  
,! %r9e 0 fill$ )  fragrant fl[]s       
rec5tly deposit$ on ! facsimile4    ,o!r
 foot-pr9ts 9 v>i\s places ?r\gh\t      
,india1 ,burma1 ,siam1  ,tibet1         
,mongolia1 & ,*9a1 are f two to five    
feet long4 ,a tradition  is m5tion$ by  
,f-hi5 7,legge1 #bi7 t1 :5 ,buddha      
visit$ ,nor!rn  ,india1 he came to !    
c\ntry ( ,woo-*ang or ,udyna1 & !re he  
left  a pr9t ( 8 foot1 :i* appe>s long  
or %ort accord+ to ! ideas  ( !         
behold]s4    ,ano!r leg5d /ates t       
,buddha left ! pr9t ( 8 left foot on    
,adam's ,peak1 & !n1 9 "o /ride1 /rode  
across to ,siam1 :]e he  left !         
impression ( 8 "r foot4    ,! ,siamese  
hold _! foot-pr9t 9 z mu* rev]5ce z !   
,s9halese  hold !irs4 ,x is call$ ,phra 
,bat1 &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,alaba/]1 its  
appe>ance is l t ( ! foot-pr9t on       
,adam's ,peak4 ,no?+ is to  be se5 b a  
hole 9 ! rock1 ab\t five feet long by   
two broad4 ,a  temple is built ov] x1 & 

e precaution tak5 to protect x f        
ov]-zeal\s wor%ipp]s4 ,mr4 ,alaba/] ?us 
describes 8 visit to ?is  sacr$ spot3-- 
,! grat+ :i* usually cov]s ! foot-pr9t 0
 remov$ to enable    u to see ! bottom1 
b ! temple 0 s d>k t we c\ld n see      
mu* ( x4 ,we mov$ aside "s ( ! (f]+s ly+
 on x1 b    c\ld see no?+ ( ! patt]n    
except ! five m>ks ( !                  
toe-nails--five grooves 9 ! rock--:i* "s
 decl>e to h be5    made ) *isels4 ,on  
inquiry we 7 told t ! o!r m>ks 7    long
 ago de/roy$ by an accid5tal fire4      
,lik5ess to a foot !re is    none4 ,yet 
to ?is holy foot-pr9t ye> aft] ye> cr[ds
 ( ,siamese    flock ) v>i$ (f]+s1 & ev5
 ! mo/ enlight5$ among/    !m--! late   
,k+ = in/ance--h obs]v$ & enc\rag$ !    
practice4 7#8,:eel ( ! ,law1' p4 #bhd1  
abridg$47    ,! soles ( ! ,buddha's feet
 are repres5t$ z q flat1 & all  ! toes (
 equal l5g?4 ,ea* sole possesses1 z we h
 se5 7p4 #bj71  "o hundr$ & eight       
auspici\s m>ks 7magala-lakkhaa71 & ( ^! 
! pr9cipal is g5]ally ! :eel 7akra71    

:ile ar\nd x are  gr\p$ repres5tations (
 animals1 inhabitants ( v>i\s worlds1 & 
symbols ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,9 all          
probability ! idea is t all  ?+s are    
subject to ! ,buddha or belong to him2  
!y are !re=e  metaphorically plac$ "u 8 
feet4 7,comp>e ! metaphor 9 ,psalm      
viii4 #f-h47    ,! "o hundr$ & eight    
m>ks v>y 9 v>i\s specim5s4 ,a good      
typical example 7br\ght f ,burma7 ( !   
impression ( "o foot may  be se5 9 !    
,briti% ,museum4 ,! sole is divid$ into 
comp>tm5ts1  ea* comp>tm5t conta9+ a    
m>k4 ,!re are five con*-%ells1 "o 9  ea*
 ( ! five toes1 ?is symbol be+ highly   
e/eem$ by ,buddhi/s z  well z by ,h9ds4 
,among ! "o hundr$ & eight auspici\s    
m>ks on ! ,siamese  foot-pr9t are !     
foll[+3--,a spe>1 trid5t 7tri-ratna71   
book1  elephant-goad1 ,indra's elephant1
 dragon 7mak>a71 ocean1 gold5 %ip1  wat]
 ) lotuses1 con*-%ell1 f\r-fac$ ,brahm1 
umbrella1 k+ (  ,ngas1 k+ ( horses1 (   
tig]s1 ( birds1 sun1 moon1 t5 m\nta9s1  
peacock1 flag ( victory1 de]1 fi%1      

wat]-j>4 ,! :eel 7akra7 does  n occur 9 
,mr4 ,alaba/]'s li/ 7#8,:eel ( ! ,law1' 
p4 #bij71 b !  two feet ( ! ,am>vat     
,/pa1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,f]gusson1 h a   
:eel 9 ! c5tre ( ! soles4 ,above is !   
,tri-ratna emblem ) a  ,sva/ika symbol  
on ea* side4 ,!re are o!r ,sva/ika m>ks1
 & o!rs  on ! toes 7see p4 #ebc74    ,! 
,sk&a-,pura & ,bhgavata-,pura give      
simil> li/s ( m>ks on  ! sole ( ,vi%u's 
foot4                                   
,sacr$ ,trees4    ,we n[ pass on to a   
brief consid]ation ( sacr$ trees4 ,mo/  
p]sons  are aw>e t ! homage (f]$ to     
trees & plants is n conf9$ to           
,buddhism4 ,x exi/$ v e>ly 9 ,brhmanism 
& is /ill common  ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ,india
 7see my #8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1' p4    
#ccj74    ,9 po9t ( fact v>i\s =ms (    
tree-wor%ip prevail at ! pres5t  mom5t 9
 almo/ e "p ( ! _w :]e sup]/ition &     
ignorance are rul+ influ5ces4 ,nor c we 
really condemn1 z ei!r  unnatural or    
unreasonable1 ! feel+ ( v5]ation ) :i*  
trees  are g5]ally reg>d$1 be>+ 9 m9d ! 

grateful %ade & %elt]  :i* !y af=d1 !   
beauty ( _! foliage1 _! importance z    
purifi]s ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! hundr$s (   
useful purposes to  :i* _! wood1 leaves1
 & fruit are applicable4 ,accord+ to    
,dr4 ,e4  ,b4 ,tylor 7#8,primitive      
,culture1' ii4 #bbc71 ! ,nor? ,am]ican  
,indians (  ! ,f> ,we/ (t5 hang (f]+s on
 ! trees to propitiate ! spirits  &     
procure good wea!r & good hunt+4 ,he    
adds t ,mr4 ,d>w9  describes ! ,s\?     
,am]icans z do+ mu* ! same4    ,9 ,p]sia
 & o!r ,ea/]n ,c\ntries trees may (t5 be
 met )1 !  bran*es ( :i* h be5 rec5tly  
hung ) (f]+s ( clo?1 rags1  & ev5       
g>m5ts4    ,9 ,india ! notion ( trees   
be+ inhabit$ by deities or semi-div9e   
be+s or spirits is to ?is day v common1 
& we h already not$  7p4 #aab7 t dur+ ! 
p]iod ( ,gautama's ,bodhi-sattva%ip1 9 !
  c\rse ( :i* he _h to und]go c\ntless  
bir?s 9 prep>ation =  8 ,buddhahood1 he 
0 born =ty-?ree times z a tree-god4     
,9 ,siam1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,alaba/]1     
(f]+s are commonly made 9 !  pres5t day 

to ! spirits or deities inhabit+ trees4 
,p hang  v>i\s votive objects on !      
bran*es1 or place !m on a /& or  alt>   
b5ea? any p>ticul> tree ^: deity !y wi% 
to propitiate4  ,moreov] !y are v av]se 
to ! cutt+ d[n ( any trees ( any  k9d1  
le/ ! tree-gods %\ld be angry4          
#8,"s ye>s ago1' says ,mr4 ,alaba/]1    
#8:5 ,i employ$ my sp>e en]gy    9 %[+ !
 ,siamese h[ to make roads 9 !1 till !n1
 roadless    suburbs ( ,bangkok1 ,i _h  
to cut my l9es ?r\gh villages1          
temple-groves1 or*>ds1 plantations1 &   
pat*es ( jungle4 ,= !    8wick$0 duty ( 
cutt+ d[n ! trees1 a gang ( ! l[e/      
crim9als 0 plac$ at my disposal4' ,b he 
adds t ! removal (    any specially holy
 build+ or tree 0 int]dict$ by !        
,gov]nm5t4    ,we h already se5 t1      
accord+ to ! !ory ( lat] ,buddhism1  e  
,buddha is suppos$ to h 8 own special   
tree "u :i* he sat  & m$itat$1 & 9 ! end
 atta9$ supreme k 7see p4 #acf74  ,=    
example1 !re is ! ,pippala 7also call$  
,avat?a1 ,ficus  ,religiosa7 sacr$      

fig-tree ( ,gautama ,buddha1 ! ,vaa or  
,banyan-tree  7,ficus ,indica7 ( ,kyapa 
,buddha1 ! ,uumb>a 7,ficus ,glom]ata7 ( 
,kanaka-muni2 ! ir%a 7,acacia ,s]isa7 ( 
,kraku-h&a2 ! la  7,%orea ,robu/a7 (    
,viva-bh2 ! ,puarka 7,:ite ,lotus7 (    
ikh9#bfg2 ! ,pali 7,bignonia ,suaveol5s7
 ( ,vipay94    ,^! six ,buddhas )       
,gautama are sometimes held to be ! sev5
  pr9cipal ,buddhas1 &1 accord+ to "s   
au?orities1 ! tree ( !  future ,buddha  
7,maitreya7 w be ! ,iron-wood tree      
7,sid]oxylon7#bfh4  ,specim5s ( "s ( ^! 
trees are to be f\nd gr[+ 9 ! area (  ! 
,buddha-,gay temple1 & sev]al are       
repres5t$ 9 ! sculptures (  ! ,/pa (    
,bh>hut 7( ! second c5tury ,b4,c474 ,on 
"o ( ! pill>s  ( t ,/pa elephants are   
c>v$ 9 ! act ( wor%ipp+ bo? !           
,ppal-tree & ! ,banyan-tree4 ,9 fact x  
mu/ be borne 9 m9d t  ,gautama ,buddha  
is said to h m$itat$ "u bo? ( ^! trees1 
&  is !re=e connect$ ) bo? 7see p4 #ci74
    ,x might h be5 expect$1 too1 t !    
l-tree w\ld h rank$  next 9 sacr$ness to

 ! ,ppal & ,banyan2 = accord+ to "o     
leg5d1  ,my gave bir? to ,gautama :ile  
/&+ "u a l-tree1 &  accord+ to ano!r    
leg5d1 ,gautama di$ on a c\* plac$      
betwe5 two  l-trees 7pp4 #bc1 #ej74 ,?is
 tree1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be m hon\r$  9  
connexion ) ! ,buddha ,viva-bh 7p4 #acf1
 note #a74    ,!re are o!r trees :i* 7  
held 9 v5]ation by ,indian              
,buddhi/s3--= example1 ! ,mango 7mra7 & 
! ,jambu1 & ! ,aoka4  ,! fir/ ( ^!      
appe>s frequ5tly 9 sculptures1 & is kn[n
 by !  %ape ( its fruit4    ,two o!r    
trees "u :i* ! ,buddha is said to h     
m$itat$ aft]  8 atta9m5t (              
,buddhahood--namely1 ! ,mual9da-tree#bfi
 & !  ,rjyatana-tree--are n id5tifi$4   
,b among all trees rev]$ by all         
,buddhi/s ( all nationalities1 !        
,avat?a or ,pippala 7,ppal71 "u :i*     
,gautama a*iev$ ,buddhahood &  p]fect k1
 takes ! prec$5ce4 ,9 "s ,buddhi/       
c\ntries !  climate prev5ts its         
introduction1 b if x c by any means be  
made to  gr[1 x is ev]y:]e plant$ close 

to ,buddhi/ temples1 mona/]ies  &       
,dgabas1 & 9 _m cases is ! product ( a  
se$ br\ght f !  suppos$ orig9al tree at 
,buddha-,gay4    ,a tradition relates t 
,gautama dur+ 8 lifetime direct$ n&a to 
break (f a bran* f t orig9al tree & to  
plant x 9 ! g>d5  ( ! ,vihra1 or        
mona/]y1 at rva/--,gautama's fav\rite   
place (  resid5ce--#8,he :o wor%ips x1' 
said ,gautama1 #8w receive ! same  rew>d
 z if he wor%ipp$ me#bgj4'    ,?is is a 
m]e leg5d re/+ on no hi/orical basis2 b 
! tradition  :i* makes ,gautama *oose a 
seat "u ! sacr$ ,pippala or ,avat?a  z !
 spot :]e ! fir/ /irr+s ( a div9e       
afflatus & ! fir/  :isp]+s ( div9e      
communications--symboliz$ by ! my/]i\s  
quiv]+ & ru/l+ ( its leaves--7 likely to
 make !mselves  felt1 po9ts to a        
probable fact--a fact q 9 h>mony ) :at  
we  h already not$ 9 reg>d to 8 e>ly    
,brhmanical education &  ideas4 ,we read
 9 ! ,kaha ,upani%ad 7,,vi4 #a7 t ! root
 ( !  ,avat?a-tree 0 id5tifi$ ) !       
,supreme ,be+1 ,brahman4 ,9 a  passage (

 ! ,muaka ,upani%ad 7,,iii4 #a4 #a7 & 9 
a ,mantra ( !  ig-v$a 7,i4 #afd4 #bj7 ! 
same idea is allud$ to4 ,x is true t    
,gautama aft]w>ds repudiat$ !           
possibility ( any div9e inspiration     
com+ f any ext]nal s\rce :atev]1 yet x  
is probable t :5  he fir/ seat$ himself 
"u ! sacr$ fig-tree1 :i* is ev5 n[      
reg>d$ by ! ,h9ds z a manife/ation ( !  
god ,brahm1 he expect$  sup]natural     
communications ( "s k9d#bga4    ,!      
hi/ory ( ! orig9al sacr$ ,pippala       
7,avat?a7 tree1 or z x is  commonly     
call$ ! ,bodhi-tree 7,bo-tree7 (        
,gautama ,buddha at  ,buddha-,gay1 has  
already be5 sket*$ 9 a previ\s ,lecture 
7see pp4  #cib-cid74    ,hi\5 ,?sang's  
description ( ! tree1 z he saw x 9 !    
sev5?  c5tury1 has also be5 giv5 7see p4
 #cii74 ,f-hi51 :o saw x at             
,buddha-,gay 9 ! fif? c5tury1 calls x ! 
,patra-tree4 ,! foll[+  is an abridgem5t
 ( :at he says ab\t x3--      ,!        
,bodhi-sattva advanc$ to ! ,patra-tree1 
plac$ ! ,kua grass at    ! foot ( x1 &  

sat d[n ) 8 face to ! ea/4 ,!n ,k+ ,mra 
s5t ?ree beautiful damsels to tempt him4
 ,! ,bodhi-sattva put 8    toes d[n to !
 gr\nd1 & ! "y maid5s 7 *ang$ into old  
gr&mo!rs4 ,buddha1 aft] atta9+ p]fect   
wisdom1 contemplat$ !    tree = sev5    
days 7,legge1 p4 #hh74    ,f-hi5 also   
saw ! (fspr+ ( ! orig9al ,bodhi-tree    
gr[+ 9  ,ceylon 7,legge1 p4 #ajc74    ,x
 is record$ t soon aft] ,mah9da1 son (  
,aoka1 arriv$ 9 ,ceylon  7ab\t #bej     
,b4,c47 = ! purpose ( propagat+         
,buddhism1 8 si/]1  :o _h become a      
,buddhi/ ,nun1 also arriv$ !re1 & br\ght
 ) h]  f ,k+ ,aoka a bran* ( ! sacr$    
,bodhi-tree ( ,buddha-,gay4 ,?is  0     
plant$ at ,anurdha-pura1 & ! zeal\s     
,buddhi/s ( ,ceylon fully  believe t !  
id5tical tree exi/s !re /ill4    ,an    
int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ?is tree or   
its desc5dant1  ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 is 
giv5 9 ,sir ,em]son ,t5nant's #8,ceylon'
 7vol4  ii4 p4 #fac74 ,i "h give an     
abridg$ extract3--      ,! ,bo-tree (   
,anurdha-pura is 9 all probability !    

olde/    hi/orical tree 9 ! _w4 ,its    
cons]vancy has be5 an object (          
solicitude to successive dyna/ies1 & !  
/ory ( its vicissitudes    has be5      
pres]v$ 9 a s]ies ( cont9u\s *ronicles4 
,x w\ld almo/ seem to v]ify ! prophecy  
pron\nc$ :5 x 0    plant$1 t x w\ld     
fl\ri% & be gre5 = ev]4      ,! degree (
 sanctity ) :i* ?is extraord9>y tree has
 be5    inve/$ by ,buddhi/s1 may be     
comp>$ to ! feel+ ( v5]ation    ) :i*   
,*ri/ians reg>d ! atte/$ wood ( !       
,cross4      ,! o!r ,bo-trees :i* are   
f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( e temple 9    ,ceylon
 are said to be all d]iv$ f ! p>5t-tree 
at    ,anurdha-pura1 b !y h be5         
propagat$ by se$s2 ! prie/hood    adh]+ 
9 ?is respect to ! prec$5t record$ 9 !  
,mah-vaa    7:5 ,mah9da himself1 tak+ up
 a fruit z x fell1 gave x to !    k+ to 
plant71 & object+ religi\sly to lop x ) 
any weapon4      ,9 ! fif? c5tury ,f-hi5
 f\nd ! ,bo-tree at ,anurdha-pura 9     
vigor\s heal?1 & its gu>dians display+  
t[>ds x ! same    vigilant t5d]ness :i* 

!y exhibit at ! pres5t day4      ,!     
au?or ( ! ,mah-vaa1 :o wrote betwe5 !   
ye>s #dei & #dgh    ( our era1 aft]     
relat+ ! c]emonial :i* _h be5 obs]v$    
ne>ly eight hundr$ ye>s be=e1 at !      
plant+ ( ! v5]at$    tree by ,mah9da1   
concludes by say+3--#8,?us ?is mon>* ( !
    =e/1 end[$ ) miracul\s p[]s1 has    
/ood = ages 9 ,lak1    promot+ !        
spiritual welf>e ( its inhabitants & !  
propagation    ( true religion4'    ,:5 
,buddhism became ?or\ghly mix$ up )     
,h9dism ! ,kalpa-tree or  div9e tree (  
,indra's p>adise 0 (t5 introduc$4 ,x is 
suppos$ to  h its t]re/rial c\nt]p>t 9  
"s sacr$ spots on e>?1 &  !re to grant  
all desires1 ! wor%ipp] hav+ m]ely to   
/ret* out  8 h& & take ! gifts susp5d$ f
 its bran*es#bgb4 ,9 "o  sculpture x is 
repres5t$ p\r+ out co9s on ! gr\nd4 ,?is
 k9d  ( wi%+-tree is believ$ to pres5t1 
among o!r ?+s1 any food  t its wor%ipp]s
 may ask =1 & to pres5t x ready-cook$1  
if  cook+ is ne$$4    ,! miracul\s tree 
:i* develop$ out ( ! ,buddha's          

too?-clean+  twig1 :5 ?r[n by him on !  
gr\nd1 has be5 already describ$ 7see  p4
 #dai1 & comp>e #8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1'
 p4 #ccg74                              
,sacr$ ,symbols4    ,"s ( ! sacr$       
objects already describ$ may be reg>d$ z
 symbols4  ,( ^? :i* are m /rictly      
symbols ! ,tri-ratna #8?ree-jewel'      
emblem comes fir/4 ,x is ?ree-po9t$1 & !
 ?ree po9ts are simply  emblematical ( !
 ,buddha1 ! ,law1 & ! ,mona/ic ,ord]4 ,x
 is (t5  us$ z an ornam5t4 ,good        
examples may be se5 9 "s ( ! ,bh>hut    
sculptures 7see ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham's    
"w74 ,! c5tral po9t is (t5  ! lea/      
elevat$4    ,! use ( ?is triple symbol  
is ano!r pro( ( ! connexion betwe5      
,buddhism & ,h9dism4 ,bo? delight 9     
triads & 9 symboliz+  triads#bgc1 b !   
,buddhi/ #8?ree-jewel' symbol %\ld n be 
confus$ ) ! ,h9d ,tri-la1 :i* is iva's  
trid5t us$ z a  weapon 9 8 w>f>e ) !    
demons4 ,! ,tri-ratna is m]ely !        
analogue ( ! ,tri-la1 z x is also ( !   
triple horizontal m>k on  ! =ehead (    

aivas1 & ( ! ,tri-pura or triple frontal
 m>k (  ! ,t5galai sect ( ,rmnuja       
,vai%avas4 ,! two out] m>ks ( !  latt]  
/& = ,vi%u's two feet & ! middle = 8    
consort  ,lak%m#bgd4    ,sir ,a4        
,cunn+ham 0 ! fir/ to %[ t ! ?ree       
feti%-l  figures ( ,jagann? 7,ki%a7 & 8 
si/] & bro!r1 at ,pur 9  ,orissa1 7     
d]iv$ f ?ree ( ! comb9$ emblems ( !     
,buddhi/  ,tri-ratna 7comp>e p4 #aff (  
?is volume74    ,next to ! ,tri-ratna   
comes ! akra or :eel4 ,?is symbolizes ! 
,buddhi/ doctr9e t ! orig9 ( life & ( ! 
univ]se 7p4 #aai7  are unkn[able--!     
doctr9e ( a circle ( causes & effects   
)\t  beg9n+ & )\t end4 ,! :eel also     
typifies ! roll+ ( ?is  doctr9e ov] !   
:ole surface ( ! _w 7pp4 #daj1 #dbc74 ,x
 is  p]haps "o ( ! mo/ important symbols
 ( ,buddhi/ philosophy4 ,x is  (t5      
repres5t$ z ei!r support+ ! ,tri-ratna  
or support$ by x1  or ! latt] may be    
ins]t$ 9 x4    ,obs]ve t ! akra or :eel 
is equally a ,vai%ava symbol1 b 9  ! h& 
( ,vi%u or ( ,ki%a x is a circul>       

weapon1 hurl$ at a  demon-foe4    ,ano!r
 symbol is ! ,lotus-fl[]4 ,its con/ant  
use z an emblem1  seems to result f !   
:eel-l =m ( ! fl[]--! petals tak+  !    
place ( spokes1 & ?us typify+ ! doctr9e 
( p]petual cycles  ( exi/5ce--or f !    
p]fection typifi$ by ! regul>ity ( ^!   
petals1 or f ! idea t its exp&$ fl[]1   
repos+ on a calm  mirror-l lake1 is a   
fit emblem ( ,nirva4    ,! ,:eel1 !     
,tri-ratna1 & ! ,lotus are s important1 
z symbols (  ,buddhism1 t !y are comb9$ 
9 ! vignette on ! title-page (  ?is     
volume4    ,ano!r symbol is ! ,sva/ika  
m>k1 consi/+ ( two l9es cross+  ea* o!r1
 ! t]m9ation ( ea* arm ( ! cross be+    
usually b5t  r\nd 9 ! same              
direction#bge4 ,mu* controv]sy has be5  
devot$ to  ! orig9 & mean+ ( ?is symbol1
 :i* simply symbolizes good  luck1 &    
equally belongs to ,h9dism4 ,long ago ,i
 prop\nd$ a !ory  t x might repres5t !  
f\r arms ( ,lak%m4 ,i n[ ?9k x a m]e    
curtail$ =m ( ! ,:eel1 consi/+ ( f\r    
spokes ) a portion (  ! p]iph]y ( !     

circle4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! f\r spokes may  
repres5t ! f\r gr\ps ( worlds 7i4 e4 !  
l[] worlds & ?ree  gr\ps ( heav5s1 p4   
#bac7 circl+ 9 an et]nal cycle4 ,sir ,a4
  ,cunn+ham consid]s ?is symbol to be a 
monogram or int]lac+ ( !  lett]s ( !    
auspici\s words su a/i 7sva/i7 9 ! ,aoka
  *>act]s4    ,ano!r symbol is ! ,?rone 
or seat ( ,buddha--a fav\rite emblem 9  
_m sculptures4 ,9 ,cunn+ham's #8,/pa (  
,bh>hut' ! ?rone ( ea*  ,buddha is (t5  
repres5t$ "u 8 ,bodhi-tree 7b )\t any   
image71 & ! ?rones ( ! la/ f\r ,buddhas 
are jo9$ toge!r 9  a s+le bas-relief4   
,sometimes ! ?rone is cov]$ by an       
umbrella )  g>l&s1 or ! ,buddha's b[l   
may re/ on x4 ,sometimes two foot-pr9ts 
are on a foot-/ool "u ! ?rone4    ,ano!r
 v5]at$ symbol is ! ,/pa 7see p4 #eje74 
,x is (t5 an  object ( adoration 9      
itself4    ,i ne$ sc>cely rev]t to !    
,umbrella symbol 7see p4 #cic74 ,9      
,ea/]n  c\ntries x typifies supremacy4  
,if a k+ is pres5t no "o else ought  to 
c>ry an umbrella4    ,! akha or         

,con*-%ell is a v auspici\s symbol1     
especially if  ! convolutions turn to ! 
"r 9 ! ,n&y-v>ta =m1 z on !  ,buddha's  
foot 7see p4 #eac74    ,! ,tibetan      
symbol ( ! #8,fly+ horse'               
7,lung-ta7--able to transport a  man    
r\nd ! _w 9 "o day--has be5 m5tion$     
be=e2 also !  ,norbu gem 7see pp4 #cha1 
#ebh74                                  
,sacr$ ,animals4    ,x may be truly said
 t all animals are m or less            
v5]at$--?\gh  n actually wor%ipp$--"u ! 
,buddhi/ sy/em4 ,h[ c x be  o!rwise :5 e
 ,buddhi/ believes t ! ,buddha himself 0
  inc>nat$ 9 v>i\s animals dur+ ! p]iod 
( 8 ,bodhi-sattva%ip  7see p4 #aaa78    
,9 ! same way ! ,h9ds believe t ! god   
,vi%u 0 inc>nat$ 9  animals1 su* z a    
fi%1 a tortoise1 & a bo>4    ,buddhism 9
 ?is z 9 o!r respects is l ,brhmanism & 
,h9dism4  ,! feel+ ( rev]5ce = animals  
re/s on ! doctr9e (  metempsy*osis4 ,x  
is difficult = ei!r a ,h9d or a ,buddhi/
 to draw  a l9e ( dem>cation betwe5     
gods1 m51 & animals1 :5 ! same  liv+ be+

 may exi/ z a god1 a man1 or an animal4 
,x is on ?is  acc\nt t 9 ,india animals 
appe> to live on t]ms ( ! greate/       
fri5d%ip & mutual confid5ce ) human     
be+s4      ,ev]y:]e 9 ,india animals    
dispute possession ( ! e>? ) man4       
,birds build _! ne/s & lay _! eggs 9 !  
fields1 untr\bl$    by fe>s or misgiv+s1
 be=e ! v eyes ( e pass]-by1 &    )9 !  
rea* ( e village s*ool-boy4 ,animals    
rove ov] !    soil z if !y 7 ! l&lords4 
,bulls walk ab\t indep5d5tly 9    !     
/reets1 & jo/le y on ! pavem5ts2 monkeys
 dome/icate    !mselves jauntily on !   
ro( ( y\r h\se2 p>rots pe]              
inquisitively f ! eaves ( y\r b$room    
into ! my/]ies (    y\r toilet2 cr[s    
make !mselves at home on y\r w9d[-sill1 
&    c>ry (f impud5tly any portable     
article ( jewell]y t takes    _! fancy  
on y\r dress+-table2 sp>r[s hop ab\t    
imp]t95tly    & take ! bread (f y\r     
table-clo?2 a solit>y mongoose em]ges   
e morn+ f a hole 9 y\r v]&ah1 & expects 
a %>e 9    y\r breakfa/2 sw>ms ( insects

 claim a portion ( y\r mid-day    meal1 
& levy a tax on ! *oice/ delicacies at  
y\r d9n] table2    bats c>e]            
triumphantly ab\t y\r head z y light    
y\rself to y\r    b$room2 & at c]ta9    
seasons snakes domicile !mselves        
unpleasantly 9 ! folds ( y\r ca/-(f     
g>m5ts4 7,quot$ f my    #8,brhmanism &  
,h9dism4'7    ,p]haps ! mo/ sacr$ animal
 9 ! e/imation ( all ,buddhi/s is !     
elephant4 ,?is w be easily und]/ood by  
recall+ :at has be5 said  9 a previ\s   
,lecture 7see pp4 #bc1 #bd74 ,9 "o ( !  
,bh>hut sculptures  ! :ite elephant is  
se5 desc5d+ to ent] ! side ( ,gautama's 
"m ,my 7#8,/pa ( ,bh>hut1' p4 #hd74 ,!  
elephant1 says ,sir ,a4  ,cunn+ham1 is a
 fav\rite subject = del9eation4 ,x is   
repres5t$ 9  almo/ e possible position1 
z /&+1 walk+1 runn+1 sitt+  d[n1 eat+1  
dr9k+1 ?r[+ wat] ov] its own back1 &    
la/ly1  kneel+ d[n 9 rev]5ce be=e ! holy
 ,bodhi-tree4    ,probably ! next sacr$ 
animal to ! elephant is ! de]4 ,!       
,buddha  0 born elev5 times z a de] 7p4 

#aaa71 & he deliv]$ 8 fir/  s]mon 9 a   
de]-p>k 7p4 #db74 ,! #8goose' 7,hasa1   
sometimes call$ #8a  duck' or #8a swan'7
 is also v sacr$4 ,) reg>d to o!r       
animals1  ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham rem>ks3--  
,! animals repres5t$ 9 ! ,bh>hut        
sculptures are ( two classes1    !      
natural & ! fabul\s4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1   
are limit$ to    ?ree v>ieties1 an      
elephant ) a fi%-tail1 a crocodile ) a  
fi%-tail1 & a w+$ horse2 :ile ! =m]     
comprises no less ?an    f\rte5         
quadrup$s1 six birds1 "o snake1 "o fi%1 
"o insect1 "o    crocodile1 two         
tortoises1 "o liz>d1 & "o frog4 ,!      
quadrup$s    include ! lion1 elephant1  
horse1 rh9oc]os1 wild bo>1 bull1 de]1   
wolf1 monkey1 cat1 dog1 %eep1 h>e1 &    
squirrel4 ,! birds comprise    ! cock1  
p>rot1 peacock1 goose1 wild duck1 &     
quail4 ,! snakes &    fi%es appe> to be 
( only "o k9d4 ,! solit>y insect is a   
fle%-fly 7p4 #da1 etc474    ,9 ,burma p 
fe$ sacr$ fi%1 & save _! lives 9 seasons
 :5  !y w\ld p]i% ?r\gh ! dry+ up (     

riv]s & ponds 7see p4  #cfd74    ,dr4   
,eitel1 9 8 ,lectures 7p4 #acf71 po9ts  
out t ev5 pigs are held  sacr$1 ?\gh n  
wor%ipp$1 by ,nor!rn ,buddhi/s4 ,we mu/ 
n =get  t ! ,buddha 9 two ( 8 bir?s 0 a 
pig 7p4 #aab71 t he di$ (  eat+ pork1 & 
t 9 sculptures ( ! ,tntrik goddess      
,vajra-vrh--adopt$ by ,nor!rn           
,buddhi/s--a r[ ( sev5 pigs is c>v$     
und]nea? h] ?ree-head$ figure1 "o head  
be+ t ( a pig4                          
,miscellane\s ,objects4    ,among ^! may
 be reckon$ bells ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,!      
pray]-bells  common 9 ,tibet1 :i* are   
held 9 ! h& & us$ dur+ ! *ant+  (       
pray]s1 h be5 already describ$ 7p4      
#cbc74    ,9 ,burma bells ab\nd ev]y:]e4
 ,!y are ( all sizes1 & (t5 (  imm5se   
weight1 b are n us$ 9 ! same way z 9    
,tibet4 ,nor are  !y ev] rung 9 peals or
 ) a clapp]4 ,_! use is n to call  p to 
religi\s s]vices4 ,x is no "p ( !       
bus9ess ( monks or  prie/s to summon !  
laity to any s]vice4 ,e man wor%ips on 8
  own acc\nt1 & = himself1 & by himself1

 & no s-call$ prie/  rem9ds him ( 8     
religi\s duties1 or is responsible if he
 neglects  !m4    ,! real use ( bells 9 
,burmese temples is to draw ! att5tion (
 !  deities & spirits 7,na?s7 to ! act (
 wor%ip1 & s secure ! due  regi/]+ (    
pray]-m]it4 ,:5 a man has f9i%$ 8       
repetitions1 he  /rikes ! bell ) a piece
 ( wood or o!r sacr$ implem5t ly+  ne>1 
& ! m noise he makes ! bett]4 ,mr4      
,scott in=ms u t  e l>ge pagoda has     
doz5s ( bells ( all sizes1 hang+        
outside1  & "o or two inside ! c5tral   
%r9e4 ,!y are con/antly d$icat$  by     
religi\s p1 & ?us multipli$ ad inf9itum4
    ,! =m ( d$ication is inscrib$ on e  
bell1 & is 9 ! ,pli  language1 ?\gh     
in/ances ( ! v]nacul> occur4    ,!      
foll[+ is a portion ( a rem>kable       
inscription 9 ! v]nacul>  7,%way ,yoe1  
i4 #bdc1 abridg$73--      ,?is bell 0   
m\ld$ ) great c>e & mu* exp5se1 & is    
humbly    (f]$ by ,m\ng ,san ,yah & 8   
wife1 :o seek refuge 9 !    b\ndless    
m]cy ( ! pitiful ,buddha1 9 ! maje/y ( !

 et]nal    law1 & 9 ! examples ( !      
v5]able assembly4 ,!y humbly /rive    to
 ga9 m]it = !mselves4 ,may ! good ,na?s 
look smil+ly on    !m4 ,may ! ,na?s :o  
dwell 9 ! air & ! e>? def5d _!    two   
fat bullocks--:i* pl\gh ! fields--f evil
 creatures4 ,may !    gu>dian ,na?s ( ! 
h\se & ( ! city keep ,*it ,oo1 _! son1  
& little ,mah ,mee1 _! d>l+ daught]1 f  
h>m4    ,! weight ( ! bell is g5]ally   
add$ to ! d$ication4    ,!re is a f9e   
,burmese bell 9 ! ,indian section ( !   
,s\?  ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,x has a long   
,pli inscription1 a portion ( !         
translation ( :i* ,i "h give3--         
#8,)\t *>ity y _c atta9 to ,nirva'--s x 
is writt5 9 !    ,pli ,texts4      ,i1 !
 giv] ( ?is bell1 0 /ay+ 9 !            
sweet-smell+ t[n (    ,ma-oo--( :i* ,i  
collect ! taxes = ! k+--& ) me 0 my     
wife--my life's brea?--l to ! poll5 ( a 
lily1 f :om ,i w    n be sep>at$ 9 all !
 exi/5ces :i* are to come1 & out (      
:i* we hope soon to escape4 ,we adore   
,buddha1 t we may emb>k 9    ! gold5    

raft ( ! ,noble ,pa?1 :i* w lead u to ! 
f9al    plunge into ,nirva4 ,we two1    
bro!r & si/] 7t is1 husb& &    wife71 h 
giv5 ?is bell z an (f]+4 ,! exact weight
 ( !    bell is #bejj kyats4 ,we took   
our own weight 9 gold & silv] &         
bright copp] & o!r metal1 & mix$ !m well
 toge!r1 9 !    ye> #abji 7#ahdg        
,a4,d474      ,n[ ,i w record all ! alms
 ,i gave & :at ,i erect$ )9 !    sacr$  
enclosure4 ,i gave a sacr$ flag-/aff    
7see p4 #chj ( ^!    ,lectures71 ! price
 ( :i*1 ) all exp5ses 9 putt+ up1 0     
#ejj rupees4 ,at ! foot ( x ,i built f\r
 small pagodas4 ,outside ,i    built a  
mona/]y & a re/-h\se4 ,su* are all !    
(f]+s4 ,may ,i    be fre$ f ! ,f\r /ates
 ( ,puni%m5t1 f ! ,?ree ,great          
,calamities 7w>1 fam9e1 & plague71 f !  
,eight ,evil ,places1 f    ! ,five      
,enemies1 f un=tunate times & seasons1 &
 f bad    p4 ,may ,i escape all ^! :5 ,i
 die4      ,all ! m]its ,i h ga9$1 may  
!y be %>$ ) my p>5ts1    tea*]s1 & all  
my relations2 ) k+s1 que5s1 nobles1 &   

all    p 9 ! ?irty-"o places (          
habitation ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4    7,see  
p4 #aba ( ^! ,lectures47    ,"u ! head (
 miscellane\s objects1 we may note !    
sev5 preci\s  m9]als or sub/ances to :i*
 allusion has frequ5tly be5 made4 ,!y   
are gold1 silv]1 pe>l1 sapphire or ruby1
 cat's eye1 diamond1 & coral  7,*ild]s72
 b !y v>y1 & "s au?orities sub/itute    
lapis lazuli  = pe>l4 ,9 ,h9dism !re are
 n9e preci\s sub/ances 7nava-ratna74    
,we may also enum]ate "h ! sev5         
treasures belong+ to e  univ]sal mon>*4 
,^! are3--#a4 a :eel :i*1 be+ set 9     
motion by  ! mon>*1 rolls be=e him to   
e/abli% ! ,law 9 8 dom9ions2 #b4  an    
elephant2 #c4 a fly+ horse 7see p4      
#ebc72 #d4 a jewel :i* on !  d>ke/ night
 illum9ates ! e>? = sev5 miles r\nd 7p4 
#cha72 #e4 a  good que5 or wife2 #f4 a  
good m9i/] or s]vant1 :o has ! p[] (    
discov]+ hidd5 treasures2 #g4 a good    
g5]al 7comp>e ,alaba/]'s  #8,:eel ( !   
,law1' p4 #ha74          ,supplem5t>y   
,rem>ks on ! ,connexion ( ,buddhism )   

,ja9ism#bgf4      ,hav+ dur+ ! progress 
( ! =ego+ ,lectures1 incid5tally        
m5tion$ ! subject ( ,ja9ism1 ,i ought n 
to conclude !m )\t  expla9+ "s ( ! *ief 
po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! sy/em (  !    
,ja9as 7conv5i5tly contract$ into ,ja9s7
 & t ( !  ,buddhi/s4 ,! ,ja9s 9 ,india1 
accord+ to _! own reckon+1 numb]        
#a1bbb1jjj2 b ?is is incorrect1 = by !  
la/ ,c5sus !y only  numb] half a        
million4 ,a great au?ority 7,sir        
,william ,wilson ,hunt]7  confirms ?is4 
7,see 8 #8,gazette]' & #8,indian        
,empire4'7    ,mo/ s*ol>s 9 ! pres5t day
 are ( op9ion t ! ,ja9a ,tea*]          
,v>dhamna ,mah-vra 7,ntaputta7 &        
,gautama ,buddha 7 contempor>ies1  & t  
,ja9s 7 an indep5d5t sceptical sect1    
probably a little  antec$5t to !        
,buddhi/s1 & 7 _! rivals4 ,at any rate x
 seems  c]ta9 t ! ,nigahas#bgg or       
,dig-amb>a ,ja9s1 t is1 a sect (  nak$  
ascetics1 exi/$ be=e ! ,buddha's "t1 & t
 ! ,tripiaka  alludes to !m4            
,probably ,v>dhamna ,mah-vra 7usually   

call$ ,mah-vra7 0 m]ely a  re=m] ( a    
sy/em previ\sly f\nd$ by a tea*] nam$   
,prva-n?a4  ,n mu* is kn[n ( ! latt]1   
?\gh he is greatly hon\r$ by !  ,ja9s4  
,8 images are #8s]p5t-canopi$' l ^? (   
,buddha 7p4 #dhj74  ,8 pupils are call$ 
,psvaijja 7= ,prvpatyya1 #8belong+ to ! 
desc5dants ( ,prva'74 ,!y 7 only b\nd by
 f\r v[s1 :]eas  ,mah-vra's tea*+ impos$
 five v[s4    ,we h se5 t ,gautama      
,buddha1 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 came to
 !  conclusion t bodily au/]ities 7     
useless z a means ( obta9+  lib]ation4  
,8 ma9 idea seems to h be5 t lib]ation f
 !  pa9ful cycle ( cont9u$ re-bir?s1 t  
is1 f ,sasra1 0 to be  obta9$ by means (
 k 7,bodhi71 evolv$ out ( ! inn]        
consci\sness ?r\gh m$itation 7dhyna7 &  
intuition2 :]eas1 9  contradi/9ction to 
?is ,buddhi/ idea1 ! ma9 idea ( ! ,ja9  
tea*] ,mah-vra seems to h be5 t         
lib]ation 0 to be obta9$  ?r\gh         
subjugation ( ! passions & ?r\gh        
mortification ( !  body 7tapas74 ,! t]m 
,j9a1 #8conqu]or1' is us$ 9 bo? sy/ems1 

b  ,gautama ,buddha 0 a ,j9a or conqu]or
 ?r\gh pr(\nd ab/ract  m$itation1 :]eas 
,mah-vra 0 a ,j9a ?r\gh sev]e bodily    
au/]ity4    ,9 fact1 ! ,ja9s1 l all o!r 
ascetics1 7 impress$ ) !  idea t x 0    
necess>y to ma9ta9 a def5sive w>f>e     
aga9/ !  assault ( evil passions1 by    
keep+ "u ! body & subdu+ x4  ,!y _h also
 a notion t a s5se ( %ame impli$ s91 s t
 if  !re 7 no s9 9 ! _w !re w\ld be no  
%ame4 ,h5ce !y  argu$ r illogically t to
 get rid ( clo!s 0 to get rid (  s92 & e
 ascetic :o aim$ at s9lessness 0 enjo9$ 
to walk  ab\t nak$1 ) ! air or sky      
7,dig7 z 8 sole cov]+  7,dig-amb>a74    
,9 ! ,kalpa-stra ( ! ,ja9s we read t    
,mah-vra himself began 8  c>e] by we>+  
clo!s = "o ye> & "o mon?1 & aft] t he   
walk$ ab\t nak$4 ,n[ ,gautama ,buddha 0 
an oppon5t ( ,ja9  asceticism1 & x seems
 to me probable t "o ( ! *ief po9ts on  
:i* he laid /ress 0 t ( dec5t clo?+4 ,9 
! ,dhamma-pada  7#ada7 occurs ! s5tim5t 
t #8,nak$ness _c purify a mortal :o  has
 n ov]come desires4' ,& aga91 9 !       

,sekhiy ,dhamm we h  #8prop]ly clad'    
#8mu/ a monk it9]ate4' 7,see p4 #dgc (  
^! ,lectures47    ,x is record$ 9 !     
,v9aya 7,mah-vagga ,i4 #f4 #g-i7 t      
,upaka1 a man (  ! jvaka sect ( nak$    
ascetics1 f\nd$ by ,gosla 7said to h be5
  a pupil ( ,mah-vra71 met ! ,buddha j  
aft] 8 enlight5m5t1 &  notic+ 8 bright  
c\nt5ance1 ask$ him :o _h be5 8 tea*]8  
,he  repli$1 #8,hav+ ga9$ all k1 ,i am  
myself ! highe/ tea*]4'  ,!reupon ! nak$
 ascetic %ook 8 head & w5t ano!r road4  
,cle>ly ^! nak$ ,nigahas1 disciples ( ! 
,ja9 ,tea*] ,mah-vra1  7 no fri5ds ( !  
,buddha4 ,x seems to me ev5 possible t  
,gautama's great rival1 ,deva-datta 7see
 pp4 #dje1 #djf71 may h belong$  to a   
,dig-amb>a sect :o oppos$ ! ,buddha on  
que/ions ( /rict]  asceticism1          
especially 9 ! matt] ( clo?+2 = 9 anci5t
  sculptures ,deva-datta is g5]ally     
repres5t$ nak$ or ne>ly s1 &  is usually
 9 close proximity to 8 c\s9 ,gautama   
,buddha1 :o1 9  m>k$ contra/ to ! o!r1  
is always clo!d4 ,evid5tly ! "q  ( dress

 0 a crucial "o1 & 9 process ( "t a p>ty
 seems to h  aris51 ev5 among !         
,dig-amb>a ,ja9s1 oppos$ to /rict       
asceticism 9  ?is p>ticul>4    ,?is p>ty
 ultimately =m$ !mselves into a sep>ate 
sect1 call+  !mselves vetmb>as1 t is1   
#8clo!d 9 :ite g>m5ts4' ,x is well  kn[n
 t 9 e>ly ,buddhism two simil> p>ties   
arose1 ! /rict &  ! lax4 ,b ! two       
,buddhi/ p>ties 7 ultimately reunit$4 ,!
  second c\ncil is suppos$ to h settl$ !
 controv]sy4    ,dr4 ,jacobi has %[n t !
 sep>ation ( ! two ,ja9 sects mu/ h     
tak5 place 7accord+ to ! traditions (   
bo? p>ties7 "s "t  be=e ! fir/ c5tury ( 
our era4    ,x appe>s probable t ! /rict
 ,dig-amb>as prec$$ ! m lax  vetmb>as1  
?\gh ea* sect claims to be ! olde/4 ,!  
two ,ja9  sects h rema9$ sep>ate to !   
pres5t day1 ?\gh 9 all ess5tial  po9ts (
 doctr9e & discipl9e !y agree4    ,:5 ,i
 0 la/ 9 ,india1 9 #ahhd1 ,i asc5d$ !   
two hills1 ,prasn?  7= ,prva-n?7 &      
b--bo? ( !m mo/ sacr$ places 9 !        
e/imation ( ! ,ja9s1 & cov]$ ) _!       

temples4 ,my asc5t (  ! =m] has be5     
already describ$ 7p4 #eji74 ,i also     
visit$ ,delhi1  ,jaypur1 jm]e1 & "s o!r 
*ief ,ja9 /ations4 ,jaypur is !         
/ronghold ( ! ,dig-amb>a ,ja9s1 & two   
intellig5t ,dig-amb>a  ,paits1 nam$     
,phae ,ll & ,syoj ,ll1 visit$ me !re4   
,we conv]s$  = a long "t 9 ,sanskx1 & ,i
 ask$ !m _m que/ions ab\t _!  religion1 
& ! po9ts 9 :i* !y diff]$ f ! vetmb>a   
sect4    ,?ree *ief diff]5ces 7 /at$ to 
be3 ,fir/1 ! vetmb>as object  to        
entirely nude images ( any ( ! tw5ty-f\r
 ,j9as or ,tr?a-k>as  accept$ by bo?    
sects4 ,h5ce all vetmb>a /atues ought to
 h "s  appe>ance ( a l9e r\nd ! middle (
 ! body1 repres5t+ a /rip  ( clo?4 ,9 "o
 respect ! images ( ! ,j9as diff] f ^? (
  ! ,buddhas4 ,!y h a jewel-l m>k on !  
brea/4 ,?is is  especially conspicu\s 9 
,prva-n?4 ,!y are also ( diff]5t        
col\rs1 & h symbols 7g5]ally animals1   
su* z a de]1 tortoise1  pig7 connect$ ) 
!m4    ,secondly1 ! vetmb>as admit wom5 
into _! ord] ( ascetics j  z ,buddhi/s h

 _! ,bhikkhuns1 or nuns2 :]eas !        
,dig-amb>as1  = obvi\s reasons1 d n     
admit wom54    ,?irdly1 ! vetmb>as h    
di/9ct sacr$ books ( _! own1 :i*  !y    
call ,agas1 #8limbs ( ! ,law1' elev5 9  
numb]1 besides o!rs1  mak+ #de gamas1   
#aa ,agas1 #ab ,upgas1 #aj ,pinnas      
7,prakraka71 #d  ,mlas1 #f h$as1 #a     
,anuyoga-dvra1 & #a ,n&i4 ,dr4 ,bhl]    
places !  composition ( ! ,agas 9 ! ?ird
 c5tury ,b4,c4 ,dr4 ,jacobi places  !m  
at ! end ( ! f\r? or beg9n+ ( ! ?ird    
c5tury4 ,!y  are writt5 9 ,ja9 ,prkx    
7sometimes call$ ,ardha-,mgadh1 a lat]  
=m ?an ,pli71 ) ,sanskx comm5t>ies4 ,!  
,dig-amb>as sub/itute1  = ! ,agas1 lat] 
works1 also writt5 9 m mod]n ,prkx      
7probably 9 ! fif? or six? c5tury aft]  
,*ri/71 & ma9ta9 t  ! vetmb>a ,canon is 
spuri\s4 ,bo? sects h valuable ,sanskx  
works 9 _! sacr$ lit]ature4    ,i n[ add
 a few *>act]i/ics ( bo? sects ( ,ja9s z
 di/+ui%+  !m f ,buddhi/s4    ,i ne$    
sc>cely notice ! fact t ! ,ja9s ( !     
pres5t day keep  up ,ca/e4 ,! two ,ja9  

,paits :o came to me at ,jaypur 7       
,brhmans1  & wore ! ,brhmanical ?read4  
,i believe ?is to be a m]e mod]n        
innovation1 :i* does n prop]ly belong to
 ! ,ja9 sy/em4    ,m important are !    
foll[+ po9ts3--,! ,ja9 sa9ts1 or        
prophets1  are call$ by a peculi> "n    
,tr?a-k>a1 #8=d-mak]s1' i4 e4 mak+  a =d
 across ! tr\bl$ riv] ( con/ant bir?s or
 transmigrations  7,sasra7 to ! ,elysium
 ( ,nirva2 :]eas ! "n ,tr?a-k>a )  !    
,buddhi/s means a #8h]etical tea*]4' ,!n
 !re are tw5ty-f\r  ,ja9 ,tr?a-k>as1    
:]eas !re are tw5ty-five ,buddhas4 ,( ! 
tw5ty-f\r ,ja9 sa9ts1 ! tw5ty-?ird &    
tw5ty-f\r?--,prva-n?  7pp4 #eji1 #ebi7 &
 ,mah-vra--are ! only hi/orical         
p]sonages4 ,!  o!rs1 beg9n+ ) i%abha1   
are my?ical4    ,next1 ! ,ja9s h no     
,/pas or ,dgabas 7p4 #ejd7 = pres]v+ !  
relics ( _! sa9ts4    ,/ill m important 
is ! po9t t ! ,ja9s believe 9 sep>ate   
individual s\ls 7,jva71 :]eas !         
,buddhi/s d5y ! exi/5ce (  s\ls4 ,s\ls1 
accord+ to ! ,ja9s1 may exi/ 9 /ocks1   

/ones1 lumps  ( e>?1 drops ( wat]1      
p>ticles ( fire4 ,9 ,buddhism !re is1 z 
we  h se51 no true metempsy*osis1 b r a 
connect$ s]ies (  metamorphoses1 & ?is  
/ops at animals2 :]eas ! metempsy*osis (
  ,ja9ism ext5ds to inorganic matt]4    
,) reg>d to ! moral code two or ?ree    
po9ts may be notic$4 ,!  ,ja9a #8?ree   
jewels' are ,"r-belief1 ,"r-k1 &        
,"r-conduct1 :]eas ! ,buddhi/ ,tri-ratna
 consi/s 9 ! well-kn[n  ,triad--!       
,buddha1 ! ,law1 & ! ,monkhood4    ,!n z
 to ! five *ief ,moral ,prohibitions--! 
fif? ) ,ja9s is3  #8h no worldly        
atta*m5ts2' :]eas ) ,buddhi/s x is3     
#8dr9k no  /rong dr9k4' ,i believe !    
,buddhi/s to h be5 ! fir/ to  introduce 
total ab/95ce f /rong dr9ks into ,india4
 ,! ,ja9s1  too1 lay ev5 m /ress ?an !  
,buddhi/s on ! fir/  prohibition3--,kill
 no liv+ creature4 ,!y /ra9 wat] be=e   
dr9k+1  sweep ! gr\nd ) a silk5 bru%    
be=e sitt+ d[n on x1 nev]  eat 9 ! d>k1 
(t5 we> musl9 be=e _! m\?s to cat* m9ute
  insects1 & ev5 object to eat+ fruits  

conta9+ se$4    ,ano!r int]e/+ diff]5ce 
is t ,ja9ism makes ,dh>ma & ,adh>ma1    
good & evil1 or r m]it & dem]it1 two out
 ( its six real  sub/ances--its         
fundam5tal & et]nal pr9ciples           
7,a/ikya7--! o!r  f\r be+ matt]         
7pudgala71 s\l 7jva71 space & "t4 ,!    
,ja9s  reject ! ,buddhi/ !ory ( ! five  
,sk&has 7see p4 #aji74    ,la/ly1 !     
pray]-=mula ( ! ,ja9s diff]s f !        
well-kn[n  #8?ree-refuge' =mula ( !     
,buddhi/s 7#8,i g = refuge to ! ,buddha1
  ! ,law1 & ! ord] ( ,monks'7 ?us3      
#8,rev]5ce to ! ,arhats1 to !  ,siddhas1
 to ! ,aryas1 to ! ,updhyyas1 to all !  
,sdhus' 7,namo  ,arihanta namo ,siddha  
namo ,ay>iya namo ,uvajjhya namo loe    
sabba-sha74    ,"t w n p]mit me to      
notice m9or diff]5ces1 su* z ! ,ja9     
rule t ! hair %\ld be pa9fully torn (f1 
in/ead ( cut (f1  etc4    ,c]ta9ly      
,ja9ism1 :5 view$ f ! /&-po9t (         
,*ri/ianity1 is  ev5 a cold] sy/em ?an  
,buddhism1 & has ev5 less claim to be   
call$  a religion4 ,yet no sy/em c %[ a 

great] numb] ( temples4 ,e  ,ja9 :o is  
not$ = 8 piety builds a small temple4   
,he nev] repairs  ! temples ( o!rs4 ,at 
,plitna 9 ,k?iwr1 !re is a :ole city  ( 
,ja9 temples4 ,nor is x at all necess>y 
t e temple built to  hold a ,ja9 sa9t   
%\ld possess ei!r prie/s or wor%ipp]s4  
,:at is  aim$ at is ! acquisition ( m]it
 by ! p]=mance ( pi\s acts4    ,i mu/   
conclude by express+ my op9ion t ,indian
 ,ja9ism is  gradually drift+ back into 
! curr5t ( ,brhmanism1 :i* ev]y:]e      
surr\nds x & attracts x4 ,ja9ism1 l     
,buddhism1 came out f  ,brhmanism1 &    
into ,brhmanism x is de/9$ to return4   
,,lecture ,,xviii4                      
,buddhism contra/$ ) ,*ri/ianity4       
,9 ! previ\s ,lectures ,i h incid5tally 
contra/$ ! pr9cipal  doctr9es (         
,buddhism ) ^? ( ,*ri/ianity4    ,x w be
 my aim 9 ?is conclud+ ,lecture to draw 
att5tion m  directly & m 9 detail to !  
ma9 po9ts ( div]g5ce betwe5 two  sy/ems1
 :i* 9 _! moral tea*+ h s _m po9ts (    
contact1  t a sup]ficial /udy ( ei!r is 

apt to lead to v confus$ ideas  9 reg>d 
to _! comp>ative excell5ce & _!         
resemblance to ea*  o!r4    ,& fir/ (   
all ,i mu/ rem9d ^? :o he>d my e>li]    
,lectures (  ! gr& fundam5tal di/9ction 
:i* !y 7 int5d$ to  e/abli%--namely1 t  
,*ri/ianity is a religion1 :]eas        
,buddhism1 at  lea/ 9 its e>lie/ & true/
 =m1 is no religion at all1 b a m]e     
sy/em ( morality & philosophy f\nd$ on a
 pessimi/ic !ory (  life4    ,"h1 h[ev]1
 x may be object$ t1 be=e we exclude    
,buddhism f  all title to be call$ a    
religion1 we ought to def9e :at we mean 
by  ! t]m #8religion4'    ,( c\rse1 x w 
be g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t m]e morality ne$ 
n  imply religion1 ?\gh--tak+ !         
conv]se--x is mo/ und5iably true  t     
religion mu/ ( necessity imply morality4
    ,unque/ionably !re h be5 great      
philosoph]s 9 anci5t times :o  h liv$   
/rictly moral lives )\t ackn[l$g+ any   
religi\s  cre$ at all4 ,_m excell5t m51 
too1 exi/ among u 9 ! pres5t  day1 :o   
res5t be+ call$ irreligi\s1 & yet hold  

no def9ite  religi\s doctr9es1 & decl9e 
to accept any sy/em :i* commits !m  to  
absolute belief 9 any?+ except an et]nal
 ,en]gy or ,=ce4    ,cle>ly ! def9ition 
( ! ^w #8religion' is beset )           
difficulties1 & its etymology is too    
unc]ta9 to help u 9  expla9+ x#bgh4 ,we 
%all1 h[ev]1 be ju/ifi$ if we affirm t  
e sy/em claim+ to be a religion 9 !     
prop] s5se ( ! ^w  mu/ po/ulate ! et]nal
 exi/5ce ( "o liv+ & true ,god (        
inf9ite p[]1 wisdom1 & love1 ! ,creator1
 ,design]1 & ,pres]v]  ( all ?+s visible
 & invisible4    ,x mu/ also take =     
grant$ ! immortality ( man's s\l or _s1 
& ! reality ( a future /ate & ( an unse5
 _w4 ,x mu/ also  po/ulate 9 man an     
innate s5se ( dep5d5ce on a p]sonal     
,god--a s5se  ( rev]5ce & love = ,him1  
spr++ f a belief 9 ,8 ju/ice1  hol9ess1 
wisdom1 p[]1 & love1 & int5sifi$ by a   
deep  consci\sness ( weakness1 & a ye>n+
 to be deliv]$ f !  pres5ce1 tyranny1 & 
p5alty ( s94    ,!n1 />t+ f ^!          
assumptions1 x mu/ satisfy f\r          

requisites4    ,fir/1 x mu/ reveal !    
,creator 9 ,8 nature & attributes to ,8 
creature1 man4    ,secondly1 x mu/      
reveal man to himself4 ,x mu/ imp>t to  
him a  k ( 8 own nature & hi/ory--:at he
 is2 :y he 0 creat$2  :i!r he is t5d+2 &
 :e!r he is at pres5t 9 a /ate (        
decad5ce d[nw>ds f a high] condition1 or
 ( developm5t upw>ds  f a l[]4          
,?irdly1 x mu/ reveal "s me?od by :i* ! 
f9ite creature may  communicate ) !     
inf9ite ,creator--"s plan by :i* he may 
ga9  access to ,him & become unit$ )    
,him1 & be sav$ by ,him f !  consequ5ces
 ( 8 own s9ful acts4    ,f\r?ly1 su* a  
sy/em mu/ prove its title to be call$ a 
religion by  its reg5]at+ effect on     
man's nature2 by its influ5ce on 8      
?\ghts1 desires1 passions1 & feel+s2 by 
its p[] ( subdu+ all  8 evil t5d5cies2  
by its ability to trans=m 8 "* &        
assimilate him to ! ,god x reveals4     
,x is cle>1 !n1 t tri$ by su* a crit]ion
 z ?is1 e>ly  ,buddhism c\ld n claim to 
be a religion4 ,x fail$ to satisfy ^!   

conditions4 ,x refus$ to admit ! exi/5ce
 ( a p]sonal ,creator1 or  ( man's      
dep5d5ce on a high] ,p[]4 ,x d5i$ any   
et]nal s\l or ,ego  9 man4 ,x ackn[l$g$ 
no ext]nal1 sup]natural revelation4 ,x  
_h no  prie/hood--no real cl]gy2 no real
 pray]2 no real wor%ip4 ,x _h no  true  
idea ( s91 or ( ! ne$ ( p>don 7p4 #abd71
 & x condemn$  man to suff] !           
consequ5ces ( 8 own s9ful acts )\t hope 
(  help f any ,savi\r or ,r$eem]1 &     
inde$ f any be+ b  himself4    ,! late  
,bi%op ( ,calcutta once said to me1 t   
be+ 9 an outly+  "p ( 8 diocese1 :]e    
,buddhism prevail$1 he ask$ an app>5tly 
pi\s ,buddhi/1 :om he happ5$ to obs]ve  
pray+ 9 a temple1 :at he  _h j be5 pray+
 =8 ,he repli$1 #8,i h be5 pray+ =      
no?+4' #8,b1' urg$ ! ,bi%op1 #8to :om h 
y be5 pray+8' ,!  man answ]$1 #8,i h be5
 pray+ to nobody4' #8,:at6' said !      
a/oni%$ ,bi%op1 #8pray+ = no?+ to       
nobody8' ,& no d\bt ?is  anecdote gives 
an accurate idea ( ! s-call$ pray] ( a  
true  ,buddhi/4 ,?is man _h n really be5

 pray+ = any?+4 ,he _h be5  m]ely mak+  
use ( "s =m ( words to :i* an efficacy1 
l t  ( s[+ fruitful se$ 9 a field1 0    
suppos$ to belong4 ,he _h n  be5 pray+ 9
 any ,*ri/ian s5se4    ,"h1 h[ev]1 an   
objector might rem9d me t accord+ to my 
own  %[+1 v>i\s developm5ts ( ,buddhism 
modifi$ & ev5 contradict$  ! orig9al    
cre$1 & t :at has be5 "h said ab\t      
pray]1 is  only /rictly applicable to   
e>ly ,buddhism z orig9ally taught 9 !   
mo/ anci5t texts4    ,i grant ?is--,i   
grant t expressions ( rev]5ce = !       
,buddha1 !  ,law1 & ! ,monkhood1        
develop$ into expressions ( wants &     
ne$s1  & t ^! expressions1 gradually l$ 
on to ! (f]+ ( actual  pray]s to deifi$ 
,buddhas & ,bodhi-sattvas4    ,i admit t
 we ought to judge ( ,buddhism z a :ole4
 ,we ought to give  full consid]ation to
 its lat] developm5ts1 & ! gradual slid+
 (  its a!ism & agno/icism into !ism &  
poly!ism4 ,we are b\nd to  ackn[l$ge t  
,buddhism1 z x ext5d$ to o!r c\ntries1  
did  acquire ! "* ( a !i/ic religi\s    

sy/em1 :i*1 ?\gh  false1 _h 9 x "s po9ts
 ( contact ) ,*ri/ianity4    ,nev]!less1
 admitt+ all ?is1 & tak+ into acc\nt all
 t c  be said 9 fav\r ( ,buddhism z a   
religi\s sy/em1 x w be easy to  %[ h[   
impossible x is to bridge ov] ! yawn+   
*asm :i*  sep>ates x f ! true religion4 
,x is1 inde$1 "o ( ! /range ph5om5a ( ! 
pres5t day1 t  ev5 educat$ p :o call    
!mselves ,*ri/ians1 are apt to fall     
into raptures ov] ! precepts (          
,buddhism#bgi1 attract$ by !  bright    
gems :i* its admir]s delight 9 cull+ out
 ( its moral code1  & 9 display+        
o/5tati\sly1 :ile keep+ out ( sight all 
its  d>k spots1 all its trivialities &  
s5seless repetitions#bhj2 n to  speak ( 
all ^? evid5ces ( deep corruption b5ea? 
a :it$  surface1 all ^? significant     
precepts & prohibitions 9 its books (   
discipl9e1 :i* inde$ no ,*ri/ian c\ld   
soil 8 lips by  utt]+#bha4    ,x has ev5
 be5 ass]t$ t mu* ( ! tea*+ 9 ! ,s]mon  
on !  ,m\nt1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,gospel   
n>ratives1 is bas$ on  previ\sly curr5t 

moral tea*+1 :i* ,buddhism 0 ! fir/ to  
introduce to ! _w1 #ejj ye>s be=e       
,*ri/#bhb4 ,b ?is is n  all4 ,! admir]s 
( ,buddhism ma9ta9 t ! ,buddha 0 n a m]e
  tea*] ( ! tru?s ( morality1 b ( _m o!r
 sublime tru?s4 ,he  has be5 ju/ly      
call$1 say !y1 #8! ,light ( ,asia1' ?\gh
 !y  condesc5d+ly admit t ,*ri/ianity z 
a lat] developm5t is m  adapt$ to become
 ! religion ( ! _w4    ,let u !n        
inquire1 = a mom5t1 :at claim ,gautama  
,buddha has to ?is  title--#8! ,light ( 
,asia8'    ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place ^? :o    
give him ?is "n =get t 8  doctr9es only 
spread ov] ,ea/]n ,asia1 & t ei!r       
,confucius1 or  ,zoroa/]1 or ,muhammad  
might equally be call$ #8! ,light (     
,asia4'    ,b 0 ! ,buddha1 9 any true   
s5se1 a ,light to any "p ( ! _w8    ,x  
is c]ta9ly true t ! ma9 idea impli$ by  
,buddhism is  intellectual enlight5m5t4 
,buddhism1 be=e all ?+s1 means          
enlight5m5t ( m9d1 result+ f int5se     
self-conc5tration &  introspection1 f   
int5se ab/ract m$itation1 comb9$ ) !    

ex]cise ( a man's own reason+ faculties 
& intuitions4    ,( :at nature1 !n1 0 ! 
s-call$ ,light ( ,k t radiat$  f !      
,buddha8 ,0 x ! k ( 8 own utt] weakness1
 ( 8  orig9al depravity ( he>t1 or ( !  
orig9 ( s98 ,no2 ! ,buddha's  light 0 9 
^! respects pr(\nd d>kness4 ,he confess$
 himself1 9  reg>d to su* mom5t\s       
que/ions1 a d[nright ,agno/ic4 ,! prim>y
  orig9 ( evil--! fir/ evil act--0 to   
him an inexplicable my/]y4    ,0 x1 !n1 
a k ( ! goodness1 ju/ice1 hol9ess1 &    
omnipot5ce ( a p]sonal ,creator8 ,0 x a 
k ( ! ,fa!rhood  ( ,god8 ,no2 !         
,buddha's light 0 9 ^! respects also m]e
 & %e]  d>kness4 ,9 ^! respects1 too1 he
 ackn[l$g$ himself a ?or\gh  ,agno/ic4  
,he admitt$ t he knew ( no be+ high] ?an
 himself4    ,:at1 !n1 0 ! light t broke
 ^u ! ,buddha8 ,:at 0 ?is  enlight5m5t  
:i* has be5 s mu* writt5 ab\t & extoll$8
 ,all  t he claim$ to h discov]$ 0 !    
orig9 ( suff]+ & !  rem$y ( suff]+4 ,all
 ! light ( k to :i* he atta9$  came to  
?is3--t suff]+ arises f indulg+ desires1

 especially  ! desire = cont9uity (     
life2 t suff]+ is insep>able f  life2 t 
all life is suff]+2 & t suff]+ is to be 
got rid (  by ! suppression ( desires1 &
 by ! ext9ction ( p]sonal  exi/5ce4     
,"h1 !n1 is ! fir/ great contra/4 ,:5 ! 
,buddha said to 8  conv]ts1 #8,come     
7ehi71 be my disciple1' he bade !m      
expect to get rid  ( suff]+1 he told !m 
to /amp out suff]+ by /amp+ out  desires
 7see pp4 #dc1 #dd74 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ said to
 ,8 disciples1 #8,come1  foll[ ,me1' ,he
 bade !m expect suff]+4 ,he told !m to  
glory 9  _! suff]+s--nay1 to expect !   
p]fection ( _! *>act]s  ?r\gh suff]+4   
,x is c]ta9ly notewor?y t bo?           
,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism agree 9  ass]t+ 
t all creation groane? & travaile? 9    
pa91 9  suff]+1 9 tribulation4 ,b m>k ! 
va/1 ! vital di/9ction 9  ! tea*+ ( ea*4
 ,! "o taught m5 to be pati5t "u        
affliction1  & to aim at ! glorification
 ( ! suff]+ body1 ! o!r taught  m5 to be
 intol]ant ( affliction1 & to aim at !  
utt] annihilation  ( ! suff]+ body4     

,:at says our ,bible8 ,we ,*ri/ians1 x  
says1 are memb]s ( ,*ri/'s  ,body--( ,8 
fle% & ( ,8 bones--( t ,div9e ,body :i* 
0 once a  suff]+ ,body1 a cross-be>+    
,body1 & is n[ a glorifi$ ,body1 an     
ev]-liv+1 life-giv+ ,body4 ,h5ce x      
tea*es u to hon\r & rev]e  ! human body2
 nay1 almo/ to deify ! human body4    ,a
 ,buddhi/1 on ! o!r h&1 treats e k9d (  
body ) contempt1  & repudiates z a      
simple impossibility1 all idea ( be+ a  
memb] (  ! ,buddha's body4 ,h[ c\ld a   
,buddhi/ be a memb] ( a body :i* 0      
burnt to a%es--:i* 0 calc9$1--:i* became
 ext9ct at ! mom5t  :5 ! ,buddha's :ole 
p]sonality became ext+ui%$ also8    ,b1 
say ! admir]s ( ,buddhism1 at lea/ y w  
admit t !  ,buddha told m5 to avoid s91 
& to aim at purity & hol9ess ( life8    
,no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! ,buddha _h no idea (  
s9 z an (f5ce aga9/  ,god1 no idea (    
true hol9ess 7see p4 #abd74 ,:at he said
 0--,get rid (  ! dem]it ( evil actions 
& accumulate a /ock ( m]it by good      
actions4    ,& let me rem>k "h t ?is    

det]m9ation to /ore up m]it--l  capital 
at a bank--is "o ( ^? invet]ate         
prop5sities ( human  nature1 "o ( ^?    
irrepressible & deep-seat$ t5d5cies 9   
humanity :i* no?+ b ! div9e =ce imp>t$  
by ,*ri/ianity c  ev] eradicate4 ,x is =
 ev] cropp+ up 9 ! he>t ( man1 z mu*  9 
! ,we/ z 9 ! ,ea/1 z mu* 9 ! ,nor? z 9 !
 ,s\?2 =  ev] re-ass]t+ itself l a      
pe/il5t we$1 or l t>es amid/ !  :eat1 = 
ev] blight+ ! fruit ( ^? good in/9cts   
:i*  und]lie man's nature ev]y:]e4      
,only ! o!r day ,i met an intellig5t    
,sikh f ! ,panjb1 & ask$  him ab\t 8    
religion4 ,he repli$1 #8,i am no        
idolat]2 ,i believe 9 ,"o  ,god1 & ,i   
repeat my pray]s1 call$ 8,jap-jee10 e   
morn+ &  ev5+4 ,^! pray]s occupy six    
pages ( pr9t1 b ,i c get ?r\gh  !m 9    
little m ?an t5 m9utes4' ,he seem$ to   
pride himself on  ?is rapid recitation z
 a "w ( increas$ m]it4    ,i said1      
#8,:at else does y\r religion require ( 
y8' ,he repli$1 #8,i  h made "o         
pilgrimage to a holy well ne> ,amrits>4 

,eighty-five /eps  lead d[n to x4 ,i    
desc5d$ & ba!d 9 ! sacr$ pool4 ,!n ,i   
asc5d$ "o /ep & repeat$ my ,jap-jee )   
great rapidity4 ,!n ,i  desc5d$ aga9 to 
! pool & ba!d aga91 & asc5d$ to ! second
  /ep & repeat$ my pray]s a second "t4  
,!n ,i desc5d$ a ?ird  "t1 & asc5d$ to !
 ?ird /ep & repeat$ my ,jap-jee a ?ird  
"t1 & s on = ! :ole eighty-five /eps1   
eighty-five ba?+s  & eighty-five        
repetitions ( ! same pray]s4 ,x took me 
exactly  f\rte5 h\rs1 f #e p4m4 "o ev5+ 
to #g a4m4 next morn+1 & ,i  fa/$ all ! 
"t4'    ,i ask$1 #8,:at good did y      
expect to get by go+ ?r\gh ?is task8'   
,he repli$1 #8,i hope ,i h laid up an   
abundant /ore ( m]it1 :i*  w la/ me = a 
long "t4'    ,?is1 let me tell y1 is a  
g5u9e ,h9d notion4 ,x is ( ! v  ess5ce (
 ,brhmanism1 ( ,h9dism1 (               
,zoroa/rianism1 ( ,confucianism1  (     
,muhammadanism4 ,x is ev5 m ( ! ess5ce (
 ,buddhism4 ,=1 (  all sy/ems1 ,buddhism
 is ! "o :i* lays mo/ /ress on !        
accumulation ( m]it by good actions1 z !

 sole c\nt]poise to !  mighty =ce g5]at$
 by ! accumulation ( dem]it ?r\gh evil  
actions 9 pres5t & previ\s =ms ( life4  
,nor did ! ,buddha ev]  claim to be a   
deliv]] f guilt1 a purg] f ! ta9t ( pa/ 
pollution4 ,he nev] pret5d$ to set any  
"o free f ! p5alty1  p[]1 & pres5ce (   
s9--f ! bondage ( s9ful acts & besett+  
vices4 ,he nev] pr(ess$ to furni% any   
cure = ! leprosy ( man's  corrupt       
nature--any m$ic9e = a dy+ s9n]#bhc4 ,on
 ! contr>y1 by  8 doctr9e ( ,k>ma he    
b\nd a man h& & foot to ! inevitable    
consequ5ces ( 8 own evil actions ) *a9s 
( adamant4 ,he said1 9  effect1 to e "o 
( 8 disciples1 #8,y are 9 slav]y to a   
tyrant  ( y\r own sett+ up2 y\r own     
de$s1 words1 & ?\ghts 9 y\r  pres5t &   
=m] /ates ( be+1 are y\r own av5g]s     
?r\gh a  c\ntless s]ies ( exi/5ces4     
8,y\r acts y\r angels are = good or ill1
    ,y\r fatal %ad[s t walk by y /ill40 
#8,if y h be5 a murd]]1 a ?ief1 a li>1  
impure1 a drunk>d1 y  mu/ pay ! p5alty 9
 y\r next bir?--p]haps z a suff]] 9 "o (

  ! hells#bhd1 p]haps 9 ! body ( a wild 
bea/1 p]haps 9 t (  "s unclean animal or
 loa?some v]m91 p]haps z a demon or evil
  _s4 ,yes1 y\r doom is seal$4 ,n 9 !   
heav5s1 ,o man1 n 9 !  mid/ ( ! sea1 n  
if ?\ hide/ ?yself 9 ! clefts ( !       
m\nta9s1 wilt ?\ f9d a place :]e ?\ can/
 escape ! =ce (  ?9e own evil           
actions#bhe4 ,?y only hope ( salvation  
is 9 ?yself4  ,nei!r god nor man c save 
!e1 & ,i am :olly p[]less to set !e     
free4'    ,& n[1 contra/ ! few brief    
words ( ,*ri/ 9 8 fir/ record$          
s]mon#bhf4 #8,! ,_s ( ! ,"l is ^u ,me1  
because ,he ha?  ano9t$ ,me to prea*    
good tid+s to ! poor2 ,he ha? s5t ,me to
  proclaim lib]ty to ! captives1 &      
recov]+ ( sight to ! bl9d1  & ! op5+ ( !
 prison to !m t are b\nd4'    ,yes1 9   
,*ri/ alone !re is deliv]ance f !       
bondage ( =m]  transgressions1 f !      
prison-h\se ( =m] s9s2 a total cancell+ 
( ! pa/2 a complete blott+-out ( !      
h&writ+ t is aga9/  u2 an entire wa%+   
away ( e guilty /a92 ! op5+ ( a cle>    

c\rse = e man to />t afre%2 ! free gift 
( p>don & (  life to e crim9al1 to e    
s9n]--ev5 ! mo/ he9\s &  invet]ate4     
,/ill1 ,i seem to he> "s admir]s (      
,buddhism say3 ,we admit ! =ce  ( ^!    
contra/s1 b surely y w all[ t 9 ! moral 
law (  ,buddha we f9d precepts          
id5tically ! same z ^? (                
,*ri/ianity--precepts :i* tell a man n  
to love ! _w1 n to  love money1 n to    
hate 8 enemies1 n to d unrighte\s acts1 
n to  commit impurities1 to ov]come evil
 by good1 & to d to o!rs z we  w\ld be  
done by8    ,well1 ,i admit all ?is4    
,nay1 ,i admit ev5 m ?an ?is2 = _m      
,buddhi/ precepts comm& total ab/95ce 9 
cases :]e ,*ri/ianity  dem&s only       
temp]ance & mod]ation4 ,! great contra/1
 z ,i h  already expla9$1 betwe5 ! moral
 precepts ( ,buddhism &  ,*ri/ianity1 is
 n s mu* 9 ! lett] ( ! precepts1 z 9 !  
p[] br\ght to be> 9 _! application4     
,buddhism1 ,i repeat1 says3 ,act        
righte\sly ?r\gh y\r own ef=ts1 &  = !  
f9al gett+ rid ( all suff]+1 ( all      

individuality1 ( all  life 9 y\rselves4 
,*ri/ianity says3 ,be righte\s ?r\gh a  
p[]  implant$ 9 y f above1 ?r\gh ! p[] (
 a life-giv+  pr9ciple1 freely giv5 to  
y1 & always abid+ 9 y4 ,! ,buddha  said 
to 8 foll[]s3 #8,take no?+ f me1 tru/ to
 y\rselves  alone4' ,*ri/ said3 #8,take 
all f ,me2 tru/ n to y\rselves4 ,i give 
unto y et]nal life1 ,i give unto y !    
bread ( heav51 ,i give unto  y liv+     
wat]4' ,n t ^! priceless gifts involve  
any passive  condition ( inaction4 ,on !
 contr>y1 !y /ir ! s\l ( !  recipi5t ) a
 liv+ en]gy4 ,!y /imulate him to noble  
de$s1 &  self-sacrific+ ef=ts4 ,!y      
compel him to act z ! wor?y1  grateful1 
& appreciative possessor ( s ine/imable 
a treasure4    ,/ill1 ,i seem to he> "s 
"o say3 ,we ackn[l$ge ?is2 we admit !   
tru? ( :at y h /at$2 nev]!less1 = all t1
 y mu/  all[ t ,buddhism conf]r$ a great
 b5efit on ,india by enc\rag+  fre$om ( 
?\ght & by sett+ at lib]ty its teem+    
population1  be=e entangl$ 9 ! me%es (  
c]emonial obs]vances & ,brahmanical     

prie/craft4    ,yes1 ,i grant ?is2 nay1 
,i grant ev5 m ?an ?is4 ,i admit t      
,buddhism conf]r$ _m o!r b5efits on !   
millions inhabit+ !  mo/ popul\s "p (   
,asia4 ,x introduc$ education & culture2
 x  enc\rag$ lit]ature & art2 x promot$ 
physical1 moral1 &  intellectual        
progress up to a c]ta9 po9t2 x proclaim$
 peace1 good  w1 & bro!rhood among m52 x
 deprecat$ w> betwe5 nation &  nation2 x
 av[$ sympa?y ) social lib]ty & fre$om2 
x gave back  mu* indep5d5ce to wom52 x  
prea*$ purity 9 ?\ght1 ^w1 &  de$ 7?\gh 
only = ! accumulation ( m]it72 x taught 
self-d5ial  )\t self-torture2 x         
inculcat$ g5]osity1 *>ity1 tol]ance1    
love1 self-sacrifice1 & b5evol5ce1 ev5  
t[>ds ! inf]ior  animals2 x advocat$    
respect = life & compassion t[>ds all   
creatures2 x =bade av>ice & ! ho>d+ (   
money2 & f its  decl>ation t a man's    
future dep5d$ on 8 pres5t acts &        
condition1 x did good s]vice = a "t 9   
prev5t+ /agnation1  /imulat+ ex]tion1   
promot+ good works ( all k9ds1 & elevat+

  ! "* ( humanity4    ,!n aga91 :5 x    
spread to outly+ c\ntries x assum$ !  "*
 ( a religion2 x taught ! exi/5ce (     
unse5 worlds2 x  p]mitt$ ! (f]+ ( pray]s
 to ,maitreya & o!r suppos$  p]sonal    
savi\rs2 x inculcat$ fai? & tru/ 9 ^!   
cele/ial  be+s1 :i* op]at$ z good       
motives 9 ! he>ts ( _m1 :ile !  hope (  
be+ born 9 high] conditions ( life1 & ! 
desire to  acquire m]it by rev]5tial    
acts1 l$ to ! developm5t ( devotional   
s]vices1 :i* _h mu* 9 common ) ^? p]=m$ 
9 ,*ri/ian  c\ntries4 ,nay1 x mu/ ev5 be
 admitt$ t _m ,buddhi/s 9 !  pres5t day 
are deeply imbu$ ) religi\s feel+s1 & 9 
no "p (  ! _w are ! outw>d manife/ations
 ( religion--su* z temples &  sacr$     
objects ( all k9ds--s conspicu\s z 9    
mod]n ,buddhi/  c\ntries4    ,b if1 aft]
 mak+ all ^! concessions1 ,i am told t1 
on my own  %[+1 ,buddhism 0 a k9d (     
introduction to ,*ri/ianity1 or t       
,*ri/ianity is a k9d ( developm5t (     
,buddhism1 ,i mu/ ask y to  be> ) me a  
little long]1 :ile ,i po9t out c]ta9 o!r

 contra/s1  :i* ought to make x cle> to 
e reasonable man1 h[ va/1 h[  pr(\nd1 h[
 impassable is ! gulf sep>at+ ! true    
religion f  ! false philosophy1 & f !   
lat] religi\s sy/ems develop$ out  ( x4 
,& fir/1 obs]ve t ,buddhism has nev]    
claim$ to be an exclusive  sy/em4 ,x has
 nev] aim$ at tak+ ! place ( o!r        
religions4 ,on  ! contr>y x tol]ates    
all1 & a ,buddhi/ consid]s t he may be  
at ! same "t a ,h9d1 a ,confuciani/1 a  
,toi/1 a ,%9toi/1 &  ev51 /range to say1
 a ,*ri/ian4    ,a ,*ri/ian1 on ! o!r   
h&1 holds z a c>d9al doctr9e ( 8        
religion1 t !re is only "o ,"n "u heav5 
giv5 among m51  :]eby any human be+ c be
 sav$4 ,to be at ! same "t a believ]  9 
,*ri/ & a believ] 9 ,buddha implies an  
utt] contradiction 9  t]ms4    ,!n x ne$
 sc>cely be repeat$ "h t ,*ri/ is be=e  
all ?+s  a maje/ic example ( a great    
hi/oric p]sonality4 ,any really         
hi/orical1 matt]-(-fact acc\nt ( ! life 
( ,buddha1 l t (  ! life ( ,*ri/ by !   
f\r ,evangeli/s1 may be look$ = 9 va9   

?r\gh all ! ,buddhi/ scriptures4 ,!     
,buddha's biography is mix$ up  ) su*   
mon/r\s leg5ds1 absurd figm5ts1 &       
extravagant fables1  t to attempt !     
sift+ out ( any really hi/orical elem5t 
wor?y  ( be+ comp>$ ) ! pregnant        
simplicity--! dignifi$ brevity (  !     
biography ( ,*ri/1 w\ld be an idle task4
    ,/ill we may note two or ?ree obvi\s
 po9ts ( comp>ison &  contra/4    ,&    
p]haps ! mo/ important is1 t ,*ri/      
con/antly insi/$ on  ! fact t ,he 0     
,god-s5t1 :]eas ! ,buddha always        
describ$  himself z self s5t4 ,h[ inde$ 
c\ld ! ,buddha h said #8! great ,i  ,,am
 ha? s5t me unto y#bhg' :5 he _h no     
belief 9 ! et]nal  exi/5ce ( any ,ego at
 all8 ,n ev5 9 ! reality ( 8 own        
individuality4    ,all t he affirm$ (   
himself 0 t he came into ! _w to be a   
tea*] ( p]fect wisdom1 by a =ce d]iv$ f 
8 own acts4 ,by t  =ce alone he _h pass$
 ?r\gh innum]able bodies ( gods1        
demi-gods1  demons1 m51 & animals1 until
 he rea*$ "o out ( num]\s heav5s1  &    

!nce by 8 own w desc5d$ ^u e>? & ent]$ !
 side (  8 "m 9 ! =m ( a :ite elephant  
7see pp4 #bc1 #dgg74 ,let ^?  :o speak (
 8 #8virg9-"m' be> ?is 9 m9d4    ,*ri/1 
on ! o!r h&1 made kn[n to 8 disciples1 t
 ,he 0 )  ,8 ,fa!r f ev]la/+1 #8,be=e   
,abraham 01 ,i am4' ,!n 9 !  fulness (  
"t1 ,he 0 s5t into ! _w by ,8 ,fa!r1 & 0
  born ( a pure virg91 ?r\gh ! p[] ( !  
,holy ,_s1 9 !  lik5ess & fa%ion ( m54  
,next let u note a va/ contra/ 9 ! fact 
t ,*ri/ 0 s5t f  heav5 to be born on e>?
 9 a poor & humble /ation1 to be re>$ 9 
a cottage1 to be tra9$ to toilsome lab\r
 z a work+-man2 :]eas  ! ,buddha came   
d[n to be born on e>? 9 a ri* & pr9cely 
family2  to be br\ght up amid luxuri\s  
surr\nd+s1 & f9ally to g =? z  a        
m5dicant-monk1 dep5d+ ^u o!rs = 8 daily 
food & do+  no?+ = 8 own support4       
,!n1 aga91 ,*ri/ z ,he grew up %[$ no   
signs ( e>?ly maje/y 9  8 ext]nal =m1   
:]eas ! ,buddha is describ$ z m>k$ )    
c]ta9 my/ic symbols ( univ]sal mon>*y on
 8 feet & on 8  h&s1 & tall] & m /ately 

9 frame & figure ?an ord9>y  human be+s 
7see pp4 #dgf1 #eja74    ,!n1 :5 ea*    
ent]$ on 8 m9i/ry z a tea*]1 ,*ri/ 0    
despis$ & reject$ by k+s & pr9ces1 &    
foll[$ by poor &  ignorant fi%]m51 by   
common p1 publicans1 & s9n]s2 ,buddha 0 
hon\r$ by k+s & pr9ces1 & foll[$ by ri* 
m5 & le>n$  disciples4    ,!n ,*ri/ _h  
all ! treasures ( k hidd5 9 ,himself1 & 
made kn[n to ,8 disciples t ,he 0       
,himself ! ,way1 & !  ,tru?1--,himself  
_! ,wisdom1 ,righte\sness1              
,sanctification1 &  ,r$emption4 ,buddha 
decl>$ t all enlight5m5t & wisdom 7 to  
be  atta9$ by 8 disciples1 n ?r\gh him1 
b ?r\gh !mselves &  _! own intuitions2 &
 t1 too1 only aft] long & pa9ful        
discipl9e 9 c\ntless successive bodily  
exi/5ces4    ,!n 9 reg>d to ! miracles  
:i* bo? ! ,bible & ! ,tripiaka  describe
 z atte/ations ( ! tru? ( ! tea*+ ( ea*1
 contra/  ! simple & dignifi$ /atem5t t 
#8! bl9d receive _! sight1  ! lame walk1
 ! lep]s are cleans$1 ! deaf he>1 ! dead
 are  rais$ up1 & ! poor h ! gospel     

prea*$ unto !m#bhh1' )  ! foll[+        
description ( ! ,buddha's miracles 9 !  
,mah-vagga 7,i4  #bj1 #bd7bhi3 #8,at !  
comm& ( ! ,bless$ ,"o ! five hundr$     
pieces  ( fire-wood c\ld n be split & 7 
split1 ! fires c\ld n be  lit up & 7 lit
 up1 c\ld n be ext+ui%$ & 7 ext+ui%$4   
,besides he creat$ five hundr$ vessels )
 fire4 ,?us ! numb] (  ^! miracles      
am\nts to ?ree ?\s& five hundr$4'       
,!n1 al?\gh ea* made use ( mission>y    
ag5cy1 ! "o s5t =?  8 high-born le>n$   
monks z mission>ies to ! _w at !        
comm5cem5t ( 8 own c>e]1 giv+ !m no     
div9e commission2 !  o!r wait$ till !   
close ( ,8 own m9i/ry1 & !n said to ,8  
l[-born1 unle>n$ disciples1 #8,z ,my    
,fa!r ha? s5t ,me1 ev5 s s5d  ,i y' 7,/4
 ,john xx4 #ba74    ,!n1 :5 we come to  
comp>e ! dea? ( ea*1 ! contra/ rea*es   
its climax2 = ,*ri/ 0 put to dea?       
viol5tly by wick$ m51 &  di$ 9 agony an 
aton+ dea?1 suff]+ = ! s9s ( ! _w at  ! 
age ( ?irty-?ree1 leav+ beh9d 9         
,j]usalem ab\t "o hundr$  & tw5ty       

disciples aft] a %ort m9i/ry ( ?ree     
ye>s4 ,:]eas !  ,buddha di$ peacefully  
among 8 fri5ds1 suff]+ f an attack (    
indige/ion at ! age ( eighty1 leav+     
beh9d _m ?\s&s (  disciples aft]        
=ty-five ye>s ( tea*+ & prea*+4    ,&   
:at happ5$ aft] ! dea? ( ea*8 ,*ri/1 !  
,holy ,"o1 saw no  corruption1 b rose   
aga9 9 ,8 pres5t glorifi$ body1 & is    
alive  = ev]more--nay1 has life 9       
,himself ev] fl[+ 9 life-giv+  /reams   
t[>ds ,8 p4 ,! ,buddha is dead & gone = 
ev]2 8  body1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( 8 
own disciples1 0 burnt m  ?an #djj ye>s 
be=e ! ,adv5t ( ,*ri/1 & its a%es 7     
di/ribut$ ev]y:]e z relics4    ,ev5     
accord+ to ! ,buddha's own decl>ation1  
he n[ lives only 9 !  doctr9e :i* he    
left beh9d him = ! guidance ( 8 foll[]s4
    ,& "h aga91 9 reg>d to ! doctr9e    
left beh9d by ea*1 a va/  di/9ction is  
to be not$4 ,= ! doctr9e deliv]$ by     
,*ri/ to ,8  disciples is to spread by  
degrees ev]y:]e until x prevails        
et]nally4 ,:]eas ! doctr9e left by      

,buddha1 ?\gh x advanc$  rapidly by     
leaps & b\nds1 is1 accord+ to 8 own     
admission1 to fade  away by degrees1    
till at ! end ( #ejjj ye>s x has        
disappe>$  altoge!r f ! e>?1 & ano!r    
,buddha mu/ desc5d to re/ore  x4        
7,comp>e ,po/script at end ( ,preface1  
p4 xiv47    ,!n t o!r ,buddha mu/ be    
foll[$ by c\ntless succe$+ ,buddhas  9  
succe$+ ages1 :]eas !re is only "o      
,*ri/1 :o c h no  successor1 = ,he is   
alive = ev] & = ev] pres5t ) ,8  p3     
#8,lo1 ,i am ) y alway1 ev5 unto ! end (
 ! _w4'    ,!n obs]ve t1 al?\gh !       
,buddha's doctr9e 0 ultimately writt5   
d[n by 8 disciples 9 c]ta9 collections (
 books1 9 ! same  mann] z ! doctr9e (   
,*ri/1 a fundam5tal diff]5ce (  "*--nay1
 a va/ & impassable gulf (              
diff]5ce--sep>ates !  ,sacr$ ,books (   
ea*1 ! ,bible ( ! ,*ri/ian & ! ,bible ( 
!  ,buddhi/4    ,! *>act]i/ic ( !       
,*ri/ian's ,bible is t x claims to be a 
sup]natural revelation1 yet x atta*es no
 my/ical talismanic virtue  to ! m]e    

s\nd ( its words4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !       
*>act]i/ic (  ! ,buddhi/ ,bible is t x  
utt]ly repudiates all claim to be a     
sup]natural revelation2 yet ! v s\nd (  
its words is believ$ to  possess a      
m]itori\s efficacy capable ( elevat+ any
 "o :o he>s x  to heav5ly abodes 9      
future exi/5ces4 ,9 illu/ration ,i may  
adv]t to  a leg5d curr5t 9 ,ceylon1 t   
once on a "t #ejj bats liv$ 9 a cave    
:]e two monks daily recit$ ! ,buddha's  
,law4 ,^! bats ga9$ su*  m]it by simply 
he>+ ! s\nd ( ! words1 t1 :5 !y di$1  !y
 7 all re-born z m51 & ultimately z     
gods4    ,!n z to ! words !mselves1     
contra/ ! sev]ely simple &  dignifi$    
/yle ( ! ,bible n>rative1 its brevity1  
p]spicuity1  vig\r1 & sublimity1 its    
tru5ess to nature & inimitable pa?os1  )
 ! feeble utt]ances1 ! t$i\s diffus5ess1
 & ,i might almo/  say #8! inane        
twaddle' & *ildi% repetitions ( ! great]
 portion  ( ! ,tripiaka 7see note #b1 p4
 #eda74    ,b aga91 ,i am sure to he> ! 
admir]s ( ,buddhism say3 ,is x n !  case

 t ! doctr9e ( ,buddha1 l ! doctr9e (   
,*ri/1 has  self-sacrifice z its        
key-note8 ,well1 be x s4 ,i admit t !   
,buddha  taught a k9d ( self-sacrifice4 
,i admit t he relat$ ( himself  t1 on a 
p>ticul> occasion 9 "o ( 8 previ\s      
bir?s#bij1 he  pluck$ out 8 own eyes1 &1
 t on ano!r1 he cut (f 8 own head  z a  
sacrifice = ! good ( o!rs2 & t aga91 on 
a ?ird  occasion1 he cut 8 own body to  
pieces to r$eem a dove f a  hawk#bia4   
,yet note ! va/ di/9ction betwe5 !      
self-sacrifice  taught by ! two sy/ems4 
,*ri/ianity dem&s ! suppression (       
selfi%ness2 ,buddhism dem&s !           
suppression ( self1 ) ! "o  object (    
ext+ui%+ all consci\sness ( self4 ,9 !  
"o1 ! true  self is elevat$ & int5sifi$4
 ,9 ! o!r1 ! true self is  annihilat$ by
 ! practice ( a false =m (              
non-selfi%ness1 :i*  has = its real     
object1 n ! good ( o!rs1 b !            
annihilation (  ! ,ego1 ! utt] ext9ction
 ( ! illusion ( p]sonal individuality4  
,fur!rmore1 obs]ve ! foll[+ contra/s 9 !

 doctr9es :i* ea*  bequea!d to 8        
foll[]s3--    ,accord+ to               
,*ri/ianity3--,fight & ov]come ! _w4    
,accord+ to ,buddhism3--,%un ! _w1 &    
)draw f x4    ,accord+ to               
,*ri/ianity3--,expect a new e>? :5 !    
pres5t e>? is  de/roy$2 a _w r5ew$ &    
p]fect$2 a purifi$ _w 9 :i*             
righte\sness is to dwell = ev]4         
,accord+ to ,buddhism3--,expect a       
nev]-end+ succession ( evil worlds  =   
ev] com+ into exi/5ce1 develop+1 decay+1
 p]i%+1 &  reviv+1 & all equally full ( 
ev]la/+ mis]y1 disappo9tm5t1  illusion1 
*ange1 & transmutation4    ,accord+ to  
,*ri/ianity1 bodily exi/5ce is subject  
to only "o  trans=mation4    ,accord+ to
 ,buddhism1 bodily exi/5ce is cont9u$ 9 
six conditions1  ?r\gh c\ntless bodies (
 m51 animals1 demons1 gho/s1 & dwell]s  
9 v>i\s hells & heav5s2 & t1 too1 )\t   
any progressive  developm5t1 b 9 a      
con/ant jumble ( metamorphoses &        
transmutations 7see p4 #abb74           
,*ri/ianity tea*es t a life 9 heav5 c   

nev] be foll[$ by a  fall to a l[] /ate4
    ,buddhism tea*es t a life 9 a high] 
heav5 may be succe$$ by a  life 9 a l[] 
heav51 or ev5 by a life on e>? or 9 "o (
 !  hells4    ,accord+ to ,*ri/ianity1 !
 body ( man may be ! abode ( ! ,holy    
,_s ( ,god4    ,accord+ to ,buddhism1 ! 
body :e!r ( m5 or ( high] be+s c  nev]  
be ! abode ( any?+ b evil4    ,accord+  
to ,*ri/ianity3--,pres5t y\r bodies z   
liv+ sacrifices1  holy1 acceptable to   
,god1 & expect a *ange to glorifi$      
bodies  h]eaft]4    ,accord+ to         
,buddhism3--,look to f9al deliv]ance f  
all bodily life1  pres5t & to come1 z ! 
greate/ ( all bless+s1 highe/ ( all     
boons1 & l(tie/ ( all aims4    ,accord+ 
to ,*ri/ianity1 a man's body c nev] be  
*ang$ into !  body ( a bea/1 or bird1 or
 insect1 or loa?some v]m94    ,accord+  
to ,buddhism1 a man1 & ev5 a god1 may   
become an animal (  any k9d1 & ev5 ! mo/
 loa?some v]m9 may aga9 become a man or 
a  god4    ,accord+ to                  
,*ri/ianity3--,/ray n f ,god's ways2    

(f5d n aga9/  ,8 holy laws4    ,accord+ 
to ,buddhism3--,/ray n f ! eight-fold   
pa? ( ! p]fect  man1 & (f5d n aga9/     
y\rself & ! law ( ! p]fect man4         
,accord+ to ,*ri/ianity3--,"w ! works ( 
,god :ile x is day4    ,accord+ to      
,buddhism3--,bew>e ( action1 z caus+    
re-bir?1 & aim at  inaction1 indiff]5ce1
 & apa?y1 z ! highe/ ( all /ates4    ,!n
 note o!r contra/s4    ,accord+ to !    
,*ri/ian ,bible3--,regulate & sanctify !
 he>t1  desires1 & affections4          
,accord+ to ! ,buddhi/3--,suppress &    
de/roy !m utt]ly1 if y  wi% = true      
sanctification4    ,*ri/ianity tea*es t 
9 ! highe/ =m ( life1 love is           
int5sifi$4    ,buddhism tea*es t 9 !    
highe/ /ate ( exi/5ce1 all love is      
ext+ui%$4    ,accord+ to                
,*ri/ianity3--,g & e>n y\r own bread1   
support y\rself  & y\r family4 ,m>riage1
 x says1 is hon\rable & undefil$1 &     
m>ri$ life is a field on :i* hol9ess may
 gr[ & be develop$4  ,nay1 m--,*ri/     
,himself hon\r$ a w$d+ ) ,8 pres5ce1 &  

took  up little *ildr5 9 ,8 arms &      
bless$ !m4    ,buddhism1 on ! o!r h&1   
says3--,avoid m>ri$ life2 %un x z if x  
7 #8a burn+ pit ( live coals' 7p4 #hh72 
or1 hav+ ent]$ on x1  ab&on wife1       
*ildr51 & home1 & g ab\t z celibate     
monks1  engag+ 9 no?+ b 9 m$itation &   
recitation ( ! ,buddha's  ,law--t is to 
say--if y aim at ! highe/ degree (      
sanctification4    ,& !n comes !        
important contra/ t 9 ! "o sy/em we h a 
tea*+ gratify+ to ! pride ( man1 &      
flatt]+ to 8  intellect2 :ile 9 ! o!r we
 h a tea*+ humbl+ to 8 pride1  &        
di/a/eful to 8 intellect4 ,= ,*ri/ianity
 tells u t we mu/  become z little      
*ildr51 & t :5 we h done all t we c1  we
 are /ill unpr(itable s]vants4 ,:]eas   
,buddhism tea*es t e  man is sav$ by 8  
own works & by 8 own m]its only4        
,fitly1 inde$1 d ! rags worn by ! monks 
( true ,buddhism symbolize  ! mis]able  
pat*work ( its own self-righte\sness4   
,n t ,*ri/ianity ignores ! necessity =  
good works2 on !  contr>y1 no o!r sy/em 

insi/s on a l(ty morality s /rongly2 b  
nev] z ! m]itori\s in/rum5t (           
salvation#bib--only z a  ?ank-(f]+1 only
 z ! outcome & evid5ce ( fai?4          
,la/ly1 we mu/ adv]t aga9 to ! mo/      
mom5t\s--! mo/ ess5tial (  all !        
di/9ctions :i* sep>ate ,*ri/ianity f    
,buddhism4  ,*ri/ianity reg>ds p]sonal  
life z ! mo/ sacr$ ( all  possessions4  
,life1 x seems to say1 is no dream1 no  
illusion4 #8,life is  real1 life is     
e>ne/4' ,life is ! mo/ preci\s ( all    
,god's gifts4  ,nay1 x affirms ( ,god   
,himself t ,he is ! highe/ ,example (   
int5se  ,life--( int5se p]sonality1 !   
great #8,i ,,am t ,i ,,am1' & tea*es u  
t we are to ?ir/ = a cont9uance (       
p]sonal life z a gift =  ,him2 nay1 m1 t
 we are to ?ir/ = ! liv+ ,god ,himself &
 =  con=mity to ,8 lik5ess2 :ile        
,buddhism sets =? z ! highe/ (  all aims
 ! utt] ext9ction ( ! illusion ( p]sonal
 id5tity--!  utt] annihilation ( !      
,ego--( all exi/5ce 9 any =m :atev]1 &  
proclaims z ! only true cre$ ! ultimate 

resolution ( ev]y?+  into no?+1 ( e     
entity into pure non5tity4    ,:at %all 
,i d to inh]it et]nal life8--says !     
,*ri/ian4 ,:at %all  ,i d to inh]it     
et]nal ext9ction ( life8--says !        
,buddhi/4    ,x seems a m]e absurdity to
 h to ask 9 conclud+ ^!                 
,lectures3--,:om %all we *oose z our    
,guide1 our ,hope1 our ,salvation1  #8! 
,light ( ,asia1' or #8! ,light ( ! ,_w8'
 ! ,buddha or !  ,*ri/8 ,x seems a m]e  
mock]y to put ?is f9al "q to rational  &
 ?\ghtful m5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury3 ,:i*   
,book %all we clasp  to our he>ts 9 our 
la/ h\r--! ,book t tells u ( ! dead1 !  
ext9ct1 ! dea?-giv+ ,buddha1 or ! ,book 
t reveals to u !  liv+1 ! et]nal1 !     
life-giv+ ,*ri/8                        
,,po/script4    ,s9ce ! pr9t+ ( my      
conclud+ ,lecture1 x has occurr$ to me t
  ,i ought to make a few rem>ks 9 reg>d 
to a v preval5t error--!  error t       
,buddhism /ill numb]s m adh]5ts ?an any 
o!r religion  ( ! _w4 ,= ^! rem>ks !    
read] is ref]r$ to ! ,po/script  at !   

end ( ! ,preface 7p4 xiv74              
,footnotes      #a#8,life ( ,alex&]     
,duff1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 by ,george     
,smi?1 ,c4,i4,e41 ,,ll4,d4'             
,london3 ,hodd] & ,/\ghton2 publi%$ fir/
 9 #ahgi1 & a popul>      edition 9     
#ahha4    #b;,a ref]5ce to pages #gd1   
#bbf1 #bcb ( ! foll[+ ,lectures w make  
! connexion :i* ,i wi% to illu/rate     
cle>]4 ,9 _m images (      ! ,buddha !  
robe is drawn ov] bo? %\ld]s1 z 9 !     
portrait      ( ! liv+ ,sannys4 ,!n m>k 
o!r p>ticul>s 9 !      portrait3--e4g4 !
 ,rudrk%a ros>y r\nd ! neck 7see        
#8,brhmanism      & ,h9dism1' p4 #fg74  
,!n 9 front ( ! rais$ seat ( !          
,sannys are c]ta9 c]emonial implem5ts4  
,fir/1 obs]ve !      ,kamaalu1 or       
wat]-g\rd1 ne> ! "r h& corn] ( ! seat4  
,next1 9 front ( ! seat1 on ! "r h& ( ! 
figure1 is !      ,upa-ptra--a subsidi>y
 vessel to be us$ ) ! ,kamaalu4 ,!n1    
9 ! middle1 is ! ,tmra-ptra or copp]    
vessel1 & on ! left      ! ,paa-ptra ) !
 aman 7see #8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1' pp4 

#dja1 #djb74 ,ne> ! left h& corn] ( !   
seat are ! wood5      clogs4 ,f9ally1   
!re is ! ,daa or /aff held 9 ! left h&1 
& us$ by a ,sannys z a def5ce aga9/ evil
 spirits1 mu* z      ! ,dorje 7or       
,vajra7 is us$ by ,nor!rn ,buddhi/ monks
 7see p4 #cbc      ( ! pres5t volume74  
,?is my/ical /aff is a bambu ) six      
knots1 possibly symbolical ( six ways   
7,gati7 or /ates ( life1      ?r\gh :i* 
x is believ$ t e be+ may h to migrate--a
      belief common to bo? ,brhmanism & 
,buddhism 7see p4 #abb ( ?is            
volume74 ,! /aff is call$ ,su-d>ana 7a  
"n = ,vi%u's akra71      & is daily     
wor%ipp$ = ! pres]vation ( its my/]i\s  
p[]s4 ,! my/ic :ite roll :i* beg9s j    
above ! left h&      & ends be=e ! left 
knot is call$ ! ,lak%m-va/ra1 or        
auspici\s cov]+4 ,! project+ piece (    
clo? fold$ 9 !      =m ( an axe 7,p>au7 
repres5ts ! weapon ( ,p>au-,rma1 "o (   
! inc>nations ( ,vi%u 7see pp4 #aaj1    
#bgj ( #8,brhmanism &      ,h9dism'7 )  
:i* he subdu$ ! enemies ( ! ,brhmans4 ,)

      ?is s-call$ axe may be contra/$ ! 
,buddhi/ weapon = keep+      (f ! p[]s (
 evil 7engrav$ at p4 #ceb74             
#c#8;,brhmanism & ,h9dism4' ,?ird       
,edition4 ,john ,murray1 ,albem>le      
,/reet4    #d,! heav5 ( iva is ,kailsa1 
( ,vi%u is ,vaikuha1 ( ,ki%a is         
,goloka4    #e,! ,skhya sy/em1 z ,i h   
%[n1 0 closely connect$ ) !      ,v$nta1
 ?\gh x recogniz$ ! sep>ate exi/5ce (   
c\ntless      individual ,puru%as or    
spirits in/ead ( ! "o 7call$ tman74     
,bo? _h mu* 9 common ) ,buddhism1 ?\gh !
 latt] sub/itut$      nya #8a void' =   
,puru%a & tman4    #f;,freely translat$ 
by me 9 ,indian ,wisdom1 p4 #acc1 &     
lit]ally      translat$ by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,b4
 ,c[ell4    #g#8,let u eat & dr9k =     
to-morr[ we die4' #a ,cor4 xv4 #cb4     
#h,see ,dr4 ,john ,muir's ,article on   
,indian ,mat]iali/s1 ,j\rnal ( ,royal   
,asiatic ,society1 ,n4 ,s4 xix1 p4 #cjb4
    #i;,x is difficult to accept ! !ory 
( ^? :o ma9ta9 t      writ+ _h n be5    
inv5t$4    #aj,"o hundr$ is giv5 z a    

r\nd numb]4 ,! actual di/ance is ab\t   
"o hundr$ & tw5ty miles4--,corr4        
#aa,tapas is a ,sanskx ^w1 d]iv$ f !    
root tap1 #8to burn1      torm5t4' ,x is
 connect$ ) ,lat4 tepeo1 ,greek ,?apt1  
:i*      la/ orig9ally d5ot$ #8to burn1'
 n #8to bury' dead bodies4 ,tapas       
ought n to be translat$ by #8p5ance1'   
unless t ^w is      re/rict$ to ! s5se  
po5a1 #8pa94'    #ab,su* m5 are call$   
,paa-taps 7,manu ,,vi4 #bc74 ,a good    
repres5tation      ( ?is =m ( ,tapas may
 be se5 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,indian         
,in/itute1 ,ox=d4    #ac;,accord+ to    
,dr4 ,old5b]g1 ! ,mityu ( !             
,kahopani%ad4    #ad;,9 ! same way !    
,ci/]cian monks ( ,f\nta9's ,abbey liv$ 
"u      c]ta9 trees :ile ! ,abbey 0     
build+4    #ae,! ,bhagavad-gt 7,v4 #bh7 
ass]ts3--#8,! sage 7,yog7 :o is         
int]nally happy1 int]nally at peace1 &  
int]nally illum9$1      atta9s ext9ction
 9 ,brahma4' ,?is is pure ,buddhism if  
we      sub/itute ,cessation (          
individual exi/5ce = ,brahma4    #af,or 

,kua-nag>a1 id5tifi$ by ,g54 ,sir ,a4   
,cunn+ham ) ,kasia1 #ce      miles ea/ (
 ,gorakh-pore on an old *annel ( ! ,*ota
 ,g&ak4    #ag;,i give #dbj z a r\nd    
numb]4 ,rhys ,davids has good reasons = 
fix+ ! date ( ,gautama's dea? ab\t      
,b4,c4 #dab1 ,old5b]g ab\t      #dhj1   
,cunn+ham #dgh1 ,k]n #chh4 ,! old date  
is #edc4    #ah,see ,book ( ! great     
,decease1 translat$ by ,rhys ,davids1 p4
 #gb4    #ai,! atapa?a-brhmaa 7p4 #ajfd7
 & ! ,bihad-rayaka ,upani%ad      7p4   
#dee7 affirm t ! ig- ,yajur- ,sma- &    
,a?>va-v$a1 !      ,upani%ads1 ,itihsas1
 & ,purz 7 all ! brea? 7nivasitni7      
( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,& ,syaa1 ! well-kn[n
 ,indian ,comm5tator      on ! ig-v$a1  
speak+ ( ! ,supreme ,be+ 9 8            
,introduction1      says1 ,yasya        
nivasita ,v$1 #8^: brea? ! ,v$as 74'    
#bj;,h[ else c we acc\nt = ,pini's      
apply+ ! t]m ,bh% to      colloquial    
,sanskx8 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,b4 ,c[ell holds 
t ,pini's      /&>d is ! ,brhmaa        
language z oppos$ to ! ,sahit ( !       

,v$a & to ,loka or ord9>y usage4        
#ba;,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,rhys ,davids1
 ! ,pli text ( ! :ole      ,tri-piaka1  
or true ,canon ( ,buddhi/ ,scripture1   
conta9s ab\t      twice z _m words z our
 ,bible2 b he calculates t an ,engli%   
translation1 if all repetitions 7 giv51 
w\ld be ab\t f\r      times z long4 ,i  
%\ld /ate "h t 9 ?is *apt] ,koepp51     
,*ild]s1 ,rhys ,davids1 & ,old5b]g h all
 be5 ref]r$ to1      ?\gh ,i h n fail$  
to exam9e ! orig9al ,pli docum5ts       
myself4    #bb,upli is said to h be5    
orig9ally ! family b>b] ( !      kyas4  
,pr(essor ,old5b]g rightly rem>ks t ?is 
did n make      him a man ( l[ position1
 ?\gh he 0 probably ! l[e/ 9 rank      (
 all ! e>ly disciples ( ,gautama4       
#bc,pr(essor ,old5b]g1 9 8 preface to 8 
edition ( !      ,mah-vagga1 %[s t 9    
e>ly times !re 7 only two divisions     
( ! ,piaka1 "o call$ ,v9aya & ! o!r     
,dh>ma 7,dhamma71      :i* 7 (t5        
contra/$4    #bd,! t5 usually enum]at$  
are ! ?ree above-nam$ & sev5      o!rs1 

viz4 p[] ( admitt+ to ! ,ord] &         
confession 9      private h\ses1 ! use (
 com=table seats1 relaxation ( mona/ic  
rules 9 remote c\ntry places1 p[] (     
obta9+ a disp5sation      f ! ,ord] aft]
 ! infr+em5t ( a rule1 dr9k+ :ey1       
putt+ salt aside = future use1 p[] (    
cit+ ! example (      o!rs z a valid    
excuse = relax+ discipl9e4              
#be;,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,old5b]g's    
calculation4 ,! date is      d\btful4 ,a
 r\nd numb] 7say #cej ,b4,c47 might be  
giv54    #bf,pr(essor ,old5b]g places ! 
locality ( ! ,pli on ! ea/]n      coa/ (
 ,s\!rn ,india 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,kaliga  
7,pur 9      ,orissa71 & w\ld !re=e make
 x an old =m ( ,uriya4 ,t      c\ntry he
 ?9ks _h mo/ frequ5t communications )   
,ceylon4    #bg,pr(essor ,*ild]s ?\ght t
 ,pli m]ely meant ! language (      !   
l9e or s]ies ( texts1 ! ^w pli l tanti  
mean+      #8l9e4' ,pli diff]s f ! ,prkx
 ( ! ,inscriptions1 & f      t ( !      
dramas1 & f t ( ! ,ja9as 7:i* is /ill   
lat] & call$ ,ardha-mgadh71 by its      

ret5tion ( "s consonants      & infusion
 ( ,sanskx4 ,! ,g? dialect ( ! nor!rn   
books is      aga9 diff]5t4    #bheej is
 a r\nd numb]4 ,! text ( ! ,jtakas has  
be5 edit$ by      ,fausbll & translat$  
by ,rhys ,davids & o!rs4 ,see a specim5 
at      p4 #aab4    #bi,! sev5 are      
call$3 #a4 ,dhamma-sagai1 #8enum]ation (
 conditions      ( exi/5ce1' edit$ by   
,dr4 ,e4 ,mll]2 #b4 ,vibhaga1           
#8explanations2'      #c4 ,ka?-vat?u1   
#8discussions on "o ?\s& controv]t$     
po9ts2'      #d4 ,puggala-paatti1       
#8explanation ( p]sonality2' #e4        
,dhtu-ka?1      #8acc\nt ( elem5ts2' #f4
 ,yamaka1 #8pairs2' #g4 ,pahna1         
#8causes4'    #cj;,a li/ ( ^! is giv5 9 
,*ild]s' ,diction>y4    #ca,see         
,introduction to ,buddha-gho%a's        
,p>ables1 by ,pr(essor ,max      ,mll]2 
,turn\r's ,mah-vaa1 pp4 #bej-bec4       
#cb,!y are 9 two q di/9ct k9ds ( writ+4 
,t at      ,kapurda-g>hi--sometimes     
call$ ,nor!rn ,aoka or ,ariano-,pli--is 
cle>ly ,semitic1 & traceable to a       

,phnician s\rce1 be+ writt5      f "r to
 left4 ,t at ,girnr1 commonly call$     
,s\!rn ,aoka      or ,indo-,pli1 is read
 f left to "r1 & is n s cle>ly          
traceable4 ,if x came f ! we/ x probably
 came ?r\gh a      ,pahlav *annel1 &    
gave rise to ,devang>4 ,g5]al ,cunn+ham 
&      o!rs believe ?is latt] "* to h   
orig9at$      indep5d5tly 9 ,india4     
,james ,pr9sep 0 ! fir/ to deciph] !    
inscription "*4    #cc,see ,dr4 ,r4 ,n4 
,cu/'s article 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( !        
,national ,indian      ,association' =  
,june1 #ahgi1 & "o ( 8 ,select$ ,essays1
 &      ,g5]al ,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham's     
great "w1 #8,! ,corpus ,inscriptionum   
,indic>um4' ,! ,g5]al reckons ?irte5    
rock inscriptions1      sev5te5 cave    
inscriptions1 & six inscrib$ pill>s4    
,! eight mo/ important rock inscriptions
 are ^? on 7#a7 ! ,rock      (          
,kapurda-g>hi 7at ,%hbz-g>hi71 9 ,briti%
 ,afghni/n1 =ty      miles ea/-nor?-ea/ 
( ,pe%w>--?is is 9 ! ,ariano-,pli       
"*2 7#b7 ! ,rock ( ,khlsi1 situat$ on ! 

bank ( ! riv]      ,jumn1 j :]e x leaves
 ! ,himlaya m\nta9s1 fifte5 miles       
we/ ( ! hill-/ation ( ,muss\rie2 7#c7 ! 
,rock ( ,girnr1      half-a-mile to !   
ea/ ( ! city ( ,junagurh1 9 ,k?iwr2 7#d7
      ! ,rock ( ,dhauli1 9 ,kuttack     
7prop]ly ,kaak71 tw5ty miles nor?      (
 ,jagan-n?2 7#e7 ! ,rock ( ,jaugada1 9 a
 l>ge old =t eighte5      miles         
we/-nor?-we/ ( ,ganjam 9 ,madras2 7#f7  
,bairt2 7#g7 ,rpn?1      at ! foot ( !  
,kaimur range2 7#h7 ,sahas>m1 at !      
nor?-ea/      end ( ! ,kaimur4 ,! second
 ,bairt inscription is mo/ important    
z ! only "o :i* m5tions ,buddha by "n4  
,! five mo/ important pill>s are3 7#a7 !
 ,pill> at ,delhi kn[n      z ,firoz    
,%h's ,l2 7#b7 ano!r ,pill> at ,delhi1  
:i* 0 remov$      to ,calcutta1 b has   
rec5tly be5 re/or$2 7#c7 ! ,pill> at    
,allahbd1 a s+le %aft )\t capital1 (    
poli%$ s&/one1      ?irty-five feet 9   
height2 7#d7 ! ,pill> at ,lauriya1 ne>  
,bettiah1      9 ,b5gal2 7#e7 ! ,pill>  
at ano!r ,lauriya1 sev5ty-sev5 miles    

nor?-we/ ( ,patn4    #cd;,hi\5 ,?sang   
/ates t ! ?ree comm5t>ies 7 engrav$ on  
%eets ( copp] & buri$ 9 a ,/pa4 ,beal1  
,i4 #aeb-aef4    #ce,our ^w monk 7d]iv$ 
f mona*os1 #8"o :o lives alone1'7 is    
n q suitable unless x be tak5 to mean   
#8"o :o )draws      f worldly life4'    
,see p4 #ge4    #cf;,al?\gh he          
disc\rag$1 he did n prohibit monks f    
liv+      solit>y lives4 ,see p4 #acb z 
to ! ,pratyeka-,buddha1 & note1 p4      
#gb4    #cg,"s pref] to d]ive ! ,pli    
amao f ! ,sanskx root am1      #8to be  
quiet4' mnika1 #8frequ5t+ burn+ gr\nds1'
 is a lat]      "n1 life be+ to monks a 
k9d ( gravey>d4    #ch,we may note t 9 !
 #8,clay-,c>t1' a ,sanskx drama writt5 9
 an      e>ly c5tury ( our era1 a gambl]
 becomes a ,buddhi/ monk4    #ci;,i he> 
f ,dr4 ,old5b]g t ! m5tion 9 8          
#8,buddha' ( twelve      ye>s z ! m9imum
 is a mi/ake4 ,! age ( eight m5tion$ by 
,pr(4 ,rhys ,davids z ! m9imum1 mu/ be a
 mod]n rule peculi> to      ,ceylon1 if 
x be admissible at all4    #dj;,i give  

^! quotations to %[ ! unsuitabl5ess ( ! 
t]m      #8,ord9ation' appli$ to        
,pabbajj & ,upasampad 9 ! ,s4 ,b4 ,e4   
#da;,9 ,mah-vagga ,i4 #cj4 #d1 five k9ds
 ( dwell+s are nam$ besides      trees1 
viz4 ,vihras1 ,ahayogas 7a k9d ( h\se   
%ap$ l      ,g>ua71 /ori$ dwell+s       
7prsda71 mansions 7h>mya71 & caves      
7guh74    #db;,comp>+ ,we/]n ) ,ea/]n   
,mona*ism1 ,i may rem>k t !      *ief   
duty ( ! lay-bre?r5 atta*$ to !         
,ci/]cian mona/]y      at ,f\nta9's     
,abbey 0 to wait ^u ! monks1 procure    
food &      cook x = !m2 & we le>n f !  
,times ( ,decemb] #bd1      #ahhe1 t !  
same duty devolv$ on ! ,c>?usian        
lay-bro!rs4    #dc,! ,*ronicles (       
,ceylon /ate t #hj1jjj laym5 ent]$ !    
pa?s      9 ,ka%mr4 ,comp>e ,divyvadna1 
p4 #aff1 l9e #ab2 p4 #bga1 #ab4         
#dd,see ,tevijja-,sutta1 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4    
#ad1 #ae4    #de,! v5]able ,svm r       
,saidn&a ,s>asvat1 9 s5d+ me a copy     
( ! ,bhagavad-gt ) a metrical comm5t>y1 
says1 #8,x is !      be/ ( all books on 

! ,h9d religion1 & conta9s ! ess5ce (   
all k9ds ( religi\s philosophy4' ,i f9d 
9 ! ,madras ,times =      ,octob] #bi1  
#ahhf1 ! foll[+3 #8,at a meet+ ( !      
8,society =      ! ,propagation ( ,true 
,religion10 at #f p4m4 to-day1 !        
,bhagavad-gt w be read & expla9$4'      
#df,,xiv4 #g4 #b4 #ag4 ,?is 0 fir/ po9t$
 out by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,web]4            
#dg;,c5t5>ians 7atyus1 ata-v>%a7 seem to
 h be5 r common      9 ,india 9 anci5t  
times1 if we may judge by ! allusions to
 !m      9 ,manu & o!r works4 ,see ,manu
 ,,iii4 #ahf2 ,,ii4 #ace1 #acg4         
#dh;,i "h m]ely give ! sub/ance ( :at   
may be f\nd fully /at$      9           
,ari/otle's ,e?ics1 ,i4 #a & ,,iv4 #c4  
#di,t is1 ,sakhr  ,sanskx ,saskr pl4    
7see p4 #aji71 #8qualities      =m+ "*4'
 ,9 ! ,vaie%ika sy/em ,saskra is "o ( ! 
tw5ty-f\r qualities1 ! self-reproductive
 quality4 ,9 ! ,yoga      sy/em ,saskra 
aya1 #8impressions d]iv$ f actions done 
9      previ\s bir?s4' ,accord+ to      
,*ild]s1 ,sakro is practically          

,k>ma1 #8act4' ,x may also /& =         
#8matt]1' & = a quality1 or      mode ( 
be+2 e4g4 n only = a plant b = its      
gre5ness4    #ej,! ,pli 9 ,mah-v ,i4    
#bc4 #e1 is3--,ye dhamm hetuppabhav tesa
 hetu      ,ta?gato ha tesa a yo nirodho
 evamvd ,mah-samao4 ,! =m      ,ta?gato 
is also common 9 ,sanskx v]sions4 ,!    
metrical =m (      ! s5t5ce has become  
brok54        ,pr(essor ,c[ell in=ms me 
t ! ,sanksx giv5 9 an old ,,ms4 at      
,cambridge is3--#8,ye dh>m hetu-prabhav 
hetu te% ,ta?gata  ,hy      avadat te% a
 yo nirodha eva-vd ,mah-ramaa4' ,burn\f 
gives      a slightly diff]5t v]sion1   
?us3--,ye dh>m hetu-prabhavs te%        
hetu ,ta?gata uva te% a etc4 ,sometimes 
bo? avadat &      uva are omitt$4       
#ea,sometimes a human be+ is said to be 
made up ( ! five      elem5ts--e!r1 air1
 fire1 wat]1 e>?--) a six? call$ ,vijna4
    #eb,! body is (t5 comp>$ to a city )
 n9e gates or ap]tures1      :i* h to be
 gu>d$ 7viz4 two eyes1 e>s1 no/rils1    
etc474    #ec;,9 fact ,gautama rema9$ a 

,bodhi-sattva until he 0 ?irty-f\r or   
?irty-five1 :5 he atta9$ p]fect         
enlight5m5t & ,buddhahood4    #ed,_!    
names are ,dpak>a1 ,kauinya1 ,magala1   
,sumanas1 ,raivata1      obhita1        
,anavama-d>91 ,padma1 ,nrada1           
,padmott>a1 ,sum$has1      ,sujta1      
,priya-d>91 ,ar?a-d>91 ,dh>ma-d>91      
,siddhr?a1      ,ti%ya1 ,pu%ya1 ,vipay91
 ikh91 ,viva-bh1 ,kraku&a1 ,kanaka-muni 
7or ,kogamana71 ,kyapa4    #ee;,beg9n+ )
 ,vipay94 ,^! are ! only ,buddhas       
m5tion$ 9 !      ,dgha-nikya4 ,if ! com+
 ,buddha ,maitreya is reckon$1 !n       
,vipay9 mu/ be omitt$4    #ef;,x mu/ n  
be inf]r$ t ! episode ( ! ,bhagavad-gt  
is (      great antiquity4 ,?is po9t ,i 
h made cle> 9 #8,brhmanism &            
,h9dism' 7p4 #fc7 z well z 9 #8,indian  
,wisdom4' ,my object at p4 #ach      is 
simply to %[ t ,nirva is an expression  
common to ,buddhism1      ,brhmanism1 & 
,h9dism4--,corr4    #eg,! expression    
,brahma-nirva is repeat$ sev]al times   
aft]w>ds4      ,m>k1 too1 t "o ( ! god  

iva's names 9 ! ,mah-bhrata is          
,nirvam4    #eh,rga1 dve%a1 moha4 ,elev5
 fires are sometimes enum]at$4          
#ei;,dr4 ,rhys ,davids holds t ! ,buddha
 only advocat$ ! suppression      ( good
 desires2 ,fausbll says #8desire 9 all  
its =ms4' ,i agree      ) ! latt]4      
#fj,:5 ,i 0 on ! conf9es ( ,tibet1 ?is 0
 describ$ to me by a      ,tibetan s*ol>
 z ! un*angeable /ate ( consci\s        
beatitude4    #fa,or ,anupdi-e%a1 t is1 
,nirva )\t rema9s or remnants (      !  
elem5ts ( exi/5ce4 ,see ,*ild]s' ,pli   
,diction>y1 s4 v4    #fb,?is 0 rem>k$ by
 ,hook] :5 travell+ 9 ,sikkim4 ,sir     
,ri*>d      ,temple 9 8 ,j\rnals 7,,ii4 
#baf7 ass]ts t he (t5 f\nd m>ri$        
monks 9 ,sikkim1 & !y make no secret (  
x4 ,!y are free to      resign ! mona/ic
 "* :5 !y *oose4    #fc,! ,vaibh%ika 0  
divid$ into ,s>v/ivda 7ass]tion ( ! real
      exi/5ce ( all ?+s71 ,mahsaghika1  
,sammatya 7said to h be5      f\nd$ by  
,upli71 & ,/havira2 ! ,sautrntika _h    
also its own      subdivisions4         

#fd;,ano!r great k+ 0 ! celebrat$       
,h>%a-v>dhana or ,silditya      (       
,kanauj1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4,d4         
#faj-fej1 & :o is said to      h f\nd$  
an era =m]ly mu* us$ 9 ,nor!rn ,india4  
,he rul$      f ! ,indus to ! ,ganges1 &
 8 do+s are describ$ by ,hi\5           
,?sang 7,beal's ,records1 ,i4 #baj-bba47
    #fe,! ,mah-yna is said to be        
connect$ ) ! ,mdhyamika &      ,yogra   
,s*ools1 & ! ,hna-yna ) ! ,vaibh%ika &  
,sautrntika4    #ff,pr(essor ,legge's   
,travels ( ,f-hi51 p4 #bh4              
#fg,translat$ f ! ,*9ese by ! ,rev4 ,s4 
,beal & m rec5tly by      ,pr(essor     
,legge4    #fh;,accord+ to ,dr4 ,legge's
 or?ography ?is "n %\ld be writt5       
,hsen ,*wang4    #fi,see ,beal's        
#8,records ( ! ,we/]n ,_w1' :i* gives a 
translation      ( ^! travels 9 two     
volumes4    #gj;,hi\5 ,?sang describes !
 ,/havira =m ( ! ,mah-yna z      exi/+ z
 f> s\? z ,ceylon4 ,he f\nd _m monks    
/udy+ bo?      ! ,great & ,little       
,vehicles 9 ,c5tral ,india4 ,beal's     

,records1 ii4      #bdg1 #bed1 #beg4    
#ga;,z ,i h %[n 9 #8,brhmanism &        
,h9dism1' ! t]m inc>nation      is n    
/rictly expressive ( ! ,h9d idea (      
,avatra1 :i* means      #8a desc5t' ( a 
god 7or a portion ( 8 ess5ce7 9 v>i\s   
=ms      ^u e>?4    #gb,pr(essor        
,legge's translation1 p4 #ef4    #gc,!re
 are f\r great ,buddhi/ k+s ( ,india :o 
may be call$      hi/orical1 ! dates (  
^: reigns may be fix$ ) fair            
c]ta9ty3--#a4 &ra-gupta1 :o 0 at any    
rate a sympa?is] )      ,buddhism1      
,b4,c4 #cae-bia4 #b4 ,aoka1 a decid$    
,buddhi/1 ,b4,c4 #bei-bbb4      #c4     
,kani%ka 7see p4 #fi74 #d4 ilditya1     
above4 ,"s consid] ,kani%ka      to h   
f\nd$ ! aka era1 dat+ f ,a4,d4 #gh4     
#gd,translat$ 9 #ahgb by ,mr4 ,palm]    
,boyd1 & publi%$ ) an      int]e/+      
introduction by ,pr(essor ,c[ell4       
#ge,see ,beal's ,records1 ii4 #afg-agb2 
a long acc\nt ( ?is mona/]y      visit$ 
by ,hi\5 ,?sang is !re giv54    #gf,no  
d\bt !re are places 9 ! ,s\? ( ,india   

:]e !re is      evid5ce ( "s viol5t     
p]secution4 ,i may in/ance among !      
places ,i visit$ ,tanjore & ,madura4 ,:5
 ,i conclud$ ! read+ (      a pap] on   
?is subject at ! meet+ ( ! ,royal       
,asiatic ,society      on ,febru>y #ae1 
#ahhf1 ! !n ,presid5t1 ,colonel ,yule1  
ju/ly      rem>k$ t ! memb]s ( two      
religi\s communions :o hold v           
simil> doctr9es1 (t5 on t acc\nt hate & 
oppose ea* o!r      all ! m2 b my po9t 0
 t ! ultra-tol]ance :i* 0 (      ! v    
ess5ce ( bo? ,brhmanism & ,buddhism mu/ 
h prev5t$      actual p]secution1 except
 "u special circum/ances4 ,brhmanism    
0 mu* m likely to h adopt$ ,buddhism z  
"p ( its sy/em1      ?an to h p]secut$ &
 expell$ x4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 !           
,brhmans1 z is well kn[n1 are ready to  
reg>d any great tea*] z      "o (       
,vi%u's inc>nations1 & 9 ?is way are ev5
 will+ to      pay homage to ! ,head (  
,*ri/ianity4    #gg;,buddhism began to  
lose gr\nd 9 ,india ab\t ! f\r? or fif? 
c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 b x ma9ta9$ a *equ]$ 

c>e] =      sev]al succe$+ c5turies ev5 
aft] ,hi\5 ,?sang's "t4 ,see p4         
#afa4    #gh;,fir/1 ! ,v$ic triad (     
gods1 ,agni1 #8,fire1' ,indra1 #8wield] 
( !      ?und]bolt1' & ,srya1 #8! ,sun1'
 foll[$ by ! ,tri-mrti or      ,brahm1  
iva1 & ,vi%u4 ,!n ! ?ree ,guz or        
con/itu5ts (      ! mat]ial ,univ]se1   
,sattva1 ,rajas1 & ,tamas1 & la/ly !    
triple "n ( ,brahm1 ,sa-id-n&a4         
#gi,s>at ,*&ra ,ds1 9 8 int]e/+ ,tibetan
 j\rnal1 describes      !m z ! #8?ree   
,holies4'    #hj;,edit$ by ,*ild]s4 ,see
 ,j\rnal ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 ,n4 ,s4 iv4 #cah1 
& ,k]n's      ,buddhismus1 ii4 #aef4    
#ha,legge's ,f-hi51 pp4 #aab-aaf4       
#hb;,capt4 ,temple /ates t ! ,sagha is  
p]sonifi$ 9 ,sikkim "u      ! =m ( a man
 hold+ a lotus 9 8 left h&1 ! "r h&     
be+ on ! "r knee4    #hc,probably all ! 
images ( ,dh>ma are meant to be female1 
z      describ$ 9 ! note on ! same page1
 & at p4 #dhe4--;,corr4    #hd;,accord+ 
to ,capt4 ,temple1 ,dh>ma1 #8! law1' is 
p]sonifi$ 9      ,sikkim z a :ite woman 

) f\r arms1 two rais$ 9 pray]1 !        
?ird hold+ a g>l& 7or ros>y71 ! f\r? a  
lotus4    #he,"o leg5d says3--#8,?us1 ,o
 monks1 ,buddha 0 born1 & ! "r side     
( 8 "m 0 n pi]c$1 0 n w\nd$4 ,x rema9$ z
      be=e4' ,f\caux1 p4 #ig4 ,hi\5     
,?sang relates t !re is a      ,vihra at
 ,kapila-va/u indicat+ ! spot #8:]e !   
,bodhi-sattva      desc5d$ spiritually  
into ! womb ( 8 "m1' & t !re      is a  
repres5tation ( ?is sc5e drawn 9 !      
,vihra4 ,i h myself      se5 _m         
repres5tations ( x 9 ,buddhi/           
sculptures4    #hf;,beal's ,records1 i4 
#bbh4    #hg;,beal's ,records1 i4 #acd1 
note4    #hh,?is "w1 #8,die ,religion   
des ,buddha1' by ,c>l ,fri$]i* ,koepp51 
has be5 long out ( pr9t1 & has          
un=tunately nev] be5      translat$ into
 ,engli%4 ,! ,g]man is (t5 difficult1 b 
,i h      endeav\r$ to give a correct   
idea ( ,koepp5's /atem5ts 9 !           
in/ances 9 :i* ,i h made use ( !m4 ,x is
 n[ some:at out      ( date4    #hi;,x  
is obvi\s to rem>k t 9 ! same way ^? :o 

are      intellectually self-dep5d5t &  
self-rais$ among ourselves      g5]ally 
rise to a high] level ( popul> e/eem ?an
 ^? taught      by o!r m54    #ij,!re 0 
also a #8middle way1' see p4 #aei4      
#ia,see pp4 #dg1 #ajd4 ,koepp5 comp>es  
!m to ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4    #ib,!   
,rev4 ,s4 ,beal 7,ind4 ,antiqu>y =      
,dec41 #ahhf7 %[s t      ,ngrjuna &     
,ngas5a are two diff]5t p]sons4 ,sir ,a4
 ,cunn+ham      is ( ! same op9ion4 ,x  
may be not$ t ,padma-sambhava is        
cr$it$ ) introduc+ ! m corrupt =m (     
,buddhism along      ) magic into ,tibet
 at a lat] date1 probably 9 ! eigh?     
c5tury4    #ic;,= ! acc\nt ( ,ngrjuna's 
disciple ,deva1 m5tion$ by ,hi\5        
,?sang1 see ,beal's ,records1 ii4 #ig4  
#id,( c\rse n to be conf\nd$ )          
,gautama's disciple ( ! same      "n1 :o
 is g5]ally call$ ,mah-,kyapa4          
#ie;,accord+ to ,eitel he is /ill rev]$ 
z ! patron-sa9t ( all      novices1 & is
 to be re-born z ! elde/ son ( e future 
,buddha2 see ,legge's ,f-hi51 p4 #df4   

#if,! use ( ! passive p>ticiple 9 an    
active s5se is n uncommon      9        
,sanskx1 b is g5]ally conf9$ to v]bs    
involv+ "s idea      ( motion4          
#ig,see ,beal's ,records1 i4 #aad1 note 
#ajg4    #ih,pr(essor ,legge tells u t  
an intellig5t ,*9ese once ask$ him      
:e!r #8! wor%ip ( ,m>y 9 ,europe 0 n    
simil>8'    #ii,legge's ,translation1 p4
 #df4 ,beal1 i4 #ahj1 ii4 #bbj4 ,accord+
 to      ,s*lag9tweit1 a hi/orical tea*]
 nam$ ,maju-r taught 9 !      eigh? or  
n9? c5tury ,a4,d4    #ajj;,ev5 !        
,brahms1 aft] imm5se p]iods ( life 9 !  
,brahm      heav5s1 h to g ?r\gh o!r    
bir?s 9 "o ( ! six ways (               
migration4 ,sahm-pati may !re=e mean #8!
 "l ( suff]]s1'      #8all life involv+ 
suff]+1' & ?is excludes ! idea ( 8      
#8be+ "l ov] ! ,buddha :o has n to be   
born aga94'    #aja,see ,wright's ,nepl1
 p4 #dc4    #ajb;,beal's ,records1 ii4  
#ajc1 #agd4    #ajc,! images ( ?is deity
 repres5t him z co>se & ill-fav\r$      
9 =m 78 "n 9 fact signify+ #8de=m$'74   

,he has sometimes      ?ree legs4 ,z    
gu>dian ( ! nor!rn qu>t] he is sculptur$
 on      ! corn] pill> ( ! nor!rn gate (
 ! ,bh>hut ,/pa4 ,he _h      a          
metropolis ( 8 own1 accord+ to ,h9d     
my?ology 7z we "k      f ! ,megha-dta71 
call$ ,alaka1 on ! ,himlayas4    #ajd;,a
 v int]e/+ specim5 ( anci5t sculpture   
repres5t+ a      ,nga-kany may be se5 9 
! museum ( ! ,indian ,in/itute1         
,ox=d4 ,x belongs to a collection (     
,buddhi/ antiquities l5t by      ,mr4   
,r4 ,sewell1 ( ! ,madras ,civil ,s]vice4
    #aje;,i give ?is z my own !ory4 ,i  
am no believ] 9 ! le>n$ ,m4      ,s5>t's
 sun !ory1 or 9 its applicability to ?is
 po9t4    #ajf,^! are describ$ 9        
,*ild]s's ,pli ,diction>y1 s4v4         
#ajg,see my #8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1' p4 
#aje4    #ajh,quot$ 9 ,colonel ,olcott's
 #8,yoga ,philosophy1' p4 #bhb4         
#aji,see my #8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1' p4 
#ce4    #aaj;,colonel ,olcott & ,mr4    
,s9nett m5tion ?is faculty z a peculi>  
*>act]i/ic ( ,asiatic occultism4        

#aaa#8,! ,occult ,_w1' by ,a4 ,p4       
,s9nett1 ,vice-,presid5t ( !            
,!osophical ,society1 pp4 #ab1 #ae1 #bj4
    #aab;,at a meet+ ( ! ,victoria      
,in/itute1 :]e ,i repeat$ !             
sub/ance ( ! pres5t ,lecture1 ,mr4 ,w4  
,s4 ,seton-,k>r1 :o 0 =      "s "t      
,=eign ,secret>y at ,calcutta1 /at$ t he
 also _h      witness$ ! p]=mance ( ?is 
feat 9 ,india4    #aac;,colonel         
,olcott's #8,lectures on ,!osophy &     
,ar*aic ,religions1' p4      #aji4      
#aad,report 9 ! ,times newspap]4        
#aae,see ,mr4 ,walt] ,besant's rec5t    
int]e/+ /ory1 #8,h]r ,paulus4'          
#aaf,nga-wor%ip is n always id5tical )  
s]p5t-wor%ip4 ,see p4      #bbj4        
#aag,! ,na?s are c]ta9 demons or spirits
 ( ! air m wor%ipp$      9 ,burma ?an 9 
,ceylon4 ,see p4 #bei4    #aah;,8 prop] 
title is rpda ,sumagala ,unnnse4 ,!     
title ,unnnse is      us$ by all !      
sup]ior monks ( ,ceylon = #8v5]able'    
7,sanskx      v&ya74    #aai,sumagala   
in=m$ me t ?is 0 ! only pray] us$ 9     

,ceylon4      ,x is no real pray]1 b    
only an expression ( rev]5ce4 ,(t51     
h[ev]1 wi%es = good luck are express$ l 
pray]s4 ,!y are      call$ ,magala or   
,jaya-magala4 ,= example3 #8,may ,i =   
?is      p>ticul> act ( m]it obta9 "s   
p>ticul> piece ( good      =tune6'      
#abj,"s connect ! wiz>d-prie/ ,%aman ) !
 ,buddhi/ ramaa4    #aba,lma 7writt5 9  
,tibetan b,lama7 is ! ,tibetan "n = a   
sup]ior      tea*] 7,sanskx ,guru71 & f 
?is ^w ! hi]>*ical sy/em      ( ,tibet  
is usually call$ ,lmaism4 ,x seems1     
h[ev]1 z legitimate      to =m a ^w     
,lmism f ,lma1 z ,buddhism f ,buddha4   
,at any      rate my adjective ,lmi/ic  
is less awkw>d ?an ,lmai/ic4 ,z to      
9 ,lma1 see ,rules = pronunciation at p4
 xxxi4    #abb,?is is ! ,sanskx v&ya1   
#8to be salut$4' ,i _c help      ?9k+ t 
,bante & ,b&ya may be ! orig9 ( ! t]m   
,bonze1      appli$ to monks or prie/s 9
 ,*9a1 ?\gh ,i believe ,pr(essor        
,legge connects ,bonze ) ,mun%4         
#abc;,accord+ to ,dr4 ,s*lag9tweit !    

numb] ( rules is #bej1 & !y      are    
detail$ 9 ! fir/ or ,dulva portion ( !  
,kanjur4    #abd,"o 0 a ,neplese pr9cess
 7call$ ,bribsun7 & ! o!r a      ,*9ese 
pr9cess 7call$ ,w5*+74 ,accord+ to      
,koepp51 !y 7      wor%ipp$ "u ! g5]al  
"n ,dra ,eke--,dra /&+ = !      ,sanskx 
,tr & ,eke mean+ ,"m4    #abe,"s write  
,lhsa 7/rictly ,lhasa74 ,i pref] ,lhssa 
z be/      repres5t+ ! pronunciation4 ,x
 means #8! city ( ! gods' 7lha      or  
lh74    #abf;,bak%i is probably a       
corruption ( ,bhik%u4 ,koepp5 says x is 
,mongolian = ,ton4 ,mr4 ,edg> 7,report1 
p4 #ci7 pron\nces ,brom ,ton            
,domton4    #abg;,dr4 ,s*lag9tweit 7p4  
#gc7 id5tifies ?is ) ! sect :i* we>     
r$ dresses1 b ?is mu/ surely be an error
 = yell[4    #abh,?r\gh ! ,mongols      
,tibet gradually came "u ! p[] ( ,*9a   
f #abee to #agbj4 ,! dyna/y 9 ,*9a is n[
 ,man*u4    #abi;,x is rem>kable t !    
expression ho katabas is said ( ,*ri/   
9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4    #acj;,accord+ to !
 ,times ,correspond5t ,lhssa /&s 9 no   

clos]      relation to ,*9a ?an ! lea/  
dep5d5t ( ,indian ,/ates to !           
,briti% ,empire2 hi/ory1 h[ev]1 proves t
 ,*9a c1 :5 h]      int]e/s dem& x1     
assume a v diff]5t position4 ,! milit>y 
p[] ( ,*9a is n great1 b t ( ! ,lma     
,gov]nm5t is      ne>ly nil4 ,!         
expulsion ( ! mission>ies ,huc & ,gabet 
proves      ?is4    #aca;,x is said by  
"s t ev5 8 excreta are held sacr$4 ,!y  
are      dri$1 gr\nd to p[d]1 & ei!r    
swall[$ or made use ( z      *>ms4 ,o!rs
 d5y ?is4    #acb;,9 ! ,times newspap] =
 ,june #ae1 #ahhh1 is ! foll[+3 #8,h[   
! ,gr& ,lma ( ,tibet is appo9t$4--,a    
rec5t numb] ( !      ,pek+ ,gazette     
conta9s a memorial to ! ,emp]or f !     
,*9ese      ,resid5t at ,lhssa1 /at+ t a
 c]ta9 ,tibetan (ficial call$      !    
,nom9han 7see p4 #bhf ( ?is volume7 _h  
report$ to him t he      _h f\nd ?ree "y
 boys ( rem>kable intellig5ce &         
acut5ess1      into "o ( :om beyond a   
d\bt ! _s ( ! late ,lma ( ,ta%i         
,lunpo 7"o ( ! two supreme pontiffs7 _h 

pass$4 ,!reupon !      ,*9ese ,resid5t  
s5t a report to ,pek+1 ask+ t ! c]emony 
( select+ "o ( ^! ?ree *ildr5 might be  
p]mitt$4 ,by !      "t ! au?ority       
arriv$1 ! ,nom9han ) ! *ildr5 _h        
rea*$ ,lhssa1 & a lucky day 0 *os5 = !  
c]emony4 ,!      gold5 vase 9 :i* ! lots
 are ca/ 0 br\ght & plac$ be=e      !   
image ( ! ,emp]or4 ,pray]s 7 *ant$ be=e 
! assembl$      ,lmas1 & ! *ildr5 7     
conduct$ into ! pres5ce ( !             
,resid5t & ,tibetan au?orities 9 ord] t 
_! intellig5ce      & diff]5ce f o!r    
p]sons might be te/$4'                  
#acc#8;,clov5-head$' seems a mispr9t =  
elev5-head$2 b ! acc\nt      ( !        
creation ( ,avalokitev>a at p4 #dhg (   
?is volume ju/ifies                     
#8clov5-head$4'--,corr4    #acd;,article
 on ,japan 9 ! la/ edition ( !          
,encyclopdia      ,britannica4          
#ace;,accord+ to "o ( my ,japanese      
in=mants ,butsu %\ld he ,bhutsu1      & 
! =mula %\ld be translat$1 #8,rev]5ce to
 ! ,inf9ite      ,be+4'    #acf,my      

quotations f ! travels ( ,huc & ,gabet h
 be5 made f      excell5t translations  
by ,mrs4 ,p]cy ,s9net & ,w4 ,hazlitt1 b 
,i      h be5 compell$ to abbreviate !  
extracts4    #acg,publi%$ by ,messrs4   
,macmillan  ,co4 ,%way ,yoe is an assum$
 "n4      ,! au?or's real "n is ,scott4 
#ach;,i 0 told :5 9 ,ceylon1 t _m       
mona/]ies 9 ! ,k&yan      prov9ces _h   
misappropriat$ _! end[m5ts & dropp$ !   
s*ools1 :i* !y 7 b\nd to keep up4       
#aci,notes illu/rative ( ,buddhism z !  
daily religion ( !      ,buddhi/s (     
,ceylon1 by ,j4 ,f4 ,dickson1 ,m4 ,a4   
,oxon4    #adj,?is is ! d]ivation giv5  
by ,*ild]s2 "o might o!rwise h      be5 
incl9$ to suspect "s connexion ) ,preta1
 a gho/ 7pp4      #aba1 #bai ( ?is      
volume74    #ada,! texts & comm5t>ies ( 
"s ( ^! 7 collect$ by ,m4               
,grimblot1 & translat$ ) notes by ,m4   
,leon ,fe]1 9 ! ,j\rnal      ,asiatique4
 ,! ,tibetan ,pirit is said to consi/ ( 
only ?irte5      ,suttas4    #adb;,a    
cold climate necessitates ! addition (  

tr\s]s1 & boots &      occasionally %oes
 are worn4    #adc,?is is probably      
p]mitt$ ) a view to prev5t ! /udy (     
,mongolian f entirely dy+ out4 ,x is    
c]ta9 t1 al?\gh !      ,buddhi/ sacr$   
books h long be5 translat$ into         
,mongolian1      ,*9ese1 & ,tungusic1   
only ! ,tibetan texts are e/eem$ z      
canonical4    #add,! indomitable p]sev]+
 ,hung>ian travell]1 ,alex&] ,csoma de  
,krs1 already m5tion$ 7at p4 #gj71 0 !  
fir/ ,european to ?r[      light on !   
,tibetan language4 ,he _h be5 impell$ to
 acquire x by      ! task he _h impos$  
on himself ( se>*+ out ! prog5itors     
( 8 race4 ,m ?an eighty ye>s ago he set 
out on 8 travels1      & 8 se>*         
ultimately br\ght him to ,tibet4 ,!re he
 devot$      himself to ! /udy ( !      
,tibetan language & its sacr$           
lit]ature1 tak+ up 8 abode 9 ! mona/]y (
 ,pugdal1 9      defiance ( int5se cold 
& o!r h>d%ips4 ,b 8 h]oic en]gy      did
 n end !re4 ,9 #ahca he travell$ f      
,tibet to ,calcutta1 &      9 t city1   

ab\t ! ye> #ahcd1 publi%$ 8 ,gramm> &   
,diction>y ( ! ,tibetan language1       
besides 8 table ( cont5ts (      !      
,kanjur & ! extra-canonical treatises4  
,at l5g? fancy+      himself qualifi$ = 
! accompli%m5t ( 8 self-inflict$ task1  
he />t$ (f aga91 & di$ 9 ,sikkim 9      
,april #ahdb4 ,he is buri$      at      
,drjl+4 ,we ,engli%m51 :o ought to h    
tak5 ! greate/      %>e 9 ^! l+ui/ic    
conque/s--s important 9 _! be>+ on      
! int]e/s ( our ,indian fronti]--h      
hi!rto1 to our great      discr$it1     
almo/ entirely neglect$ !m4 ,mean:ile1  
,/4 ,pet]sburg      & ,p>is h f\nd$     
*airs ( ! ,tibetan language1 & ne>ly    
all t has be5 effect$ = promot+ ! /udy (
 ,tibetan has      be5 due to ,russian &
 ,fr5* s*ol>s1 & to ,g]man & ,moravian  
mission>ies1 especially to ,js*ke &     
,hyde4        ,i am glad1 h[ev]1 to see 
f ! annual address deliv]$ by !         
,presid5t ( ! ,asiatic ,society (       
,b5gal1 & publi%$ 9 !      ,report =    
,febru>y1 #ahhh1 t ?is reproa* is n[ be+

 wip$ out      by our fell[-subjects 9  
,india4 ,babu ,pratpa ,*&ra ,gho%a is   
br++ out 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,indica !       
,tibetan translation (      ! ,buddhi/ic
 "w ,praj-pramit1 =m+ ! second division 
(      ! ,kanjur1 :ile ,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra 
,ds1 ,c4,i4,e41 is edit+ !      ,tibetan
 v]sion ( ! ,avadna-,kalpalat 7a        
/ore-h\se ( leg5ds      ( ,buddha's life
 & acts71 & compil+ a                   
,tibetan-,sanskx-,engli%                
,diction>y4 ,great cr$it is due to our  
,indian ,gov]nm5t = !      publication (
 ,js*ke's ,tibetan-,engli% ,diction>y4  
#ade;,z corpses are expos$ to be dev\r$ 
by animals 9 ,tibet human      bones are
 easily obta9$ = ?is purpose4    #adf;,z
 be=e /at$ 7p4 #cjf1 note7 ,i h be5     
compell$ to abbreviate      !           
translator's v]sion & occasionally to   
v>y ! expressions1      & h !re=e felt x
 "r to omit inv]t$ commas4              
#adg;,accord+ to ,s*lag9tweit ?is sect  
7also call$ ,brugpa1 p4 #bgb7      are  
especially wor%ipp]s ( ! ,dorje 7see p4 

#cbb71 & are      !re=e ,tntrikas4      
#adh,?is ,i he>d f 8 own lips4    #adi,!
 ab/ract has be5 made by me f a copy (  
,s>at ,*&ra ,ds'      ,report k9dly l5t 
to me by ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold4 ,b ,i le>nt
 mu* f      ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,d4 9 p]sonal  
conv]sations4 ,9 my num]\s quotations ,i
      h v5tur$ to make a few alt]ations 
9 ! ,engli%4    #aej,?is is ! ,tibetan  
"n ( ,avalokitev>a or ,padma-pi4 ,x is  
(t5 spelt ,*5resi1 or ,*5resig1 or      
,*5ressig4    #aea,! ,lion is an emblem 
( ! ,buddha1 & he is call$ kya-siha1    
#8! ,lion ( ! kya tribe' 7see pp4 #bc1  
#cid74    #aeb,see p4 #cba4    #aec,see 
^! enum]at$ at p4 #ebh4    #aed,see ,mr4
 ,clem5ts ,m>kham's ,tibet1 p4 cxiii4   
#aee,?is 0 ! ,buddha's attitude :5 he   
di$ 7see pp4 #ej1 #bda74 ,he      is    
call$ #8a ,lion4' 7,see note #b1 p4     
#ccb47    #aef,see my #8,brhmanism &    
,h9dism1' p4 #cfg4    #aeg;,i f\nd1 :5 9
 ! ,s\? ( ,india1 t an image ( ,bhavn 9 
a      ,h9d temple 0 v l t ( ! ,virg9   
,m>y 9 an adjac5t      ,roman ,ca?olic  

,*ur*4 ,i 0 told t ! same ,h9d c>v] c>v$
      bo?4    #aeh,we "k t ,h9dism1 9 ! 
end1 adopt$ ,buddha himself1 &          
conv]t$ him into "o ( ! inc>nations (   
,vi%u 7see      #8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1'
 p4 #aad74    #aei,^! good deities1     
accord+ to ,s*lag9tweit1 are repres5t$  
) =midable c\nt5ances & d>k complexions1
 & a ?ird eye      9 ! =ehead--probably 
! eye ( wisdom1 z 9 ! ,dhyni-,buddhas   
7see p4 #bjc ( ^! ,lectures74           
#afj,see ! acc\nt ( ! female demons     
call$ ,tanma at p4 #deg (      ^!       
,lectures4    #afa,! %ape is n q ! same 
z t ( ! ,phurbu1 b !re      c be no d\bt
 ( its be+ a k9dr$ weapon4 ,i pur*as$ my
      specim5 at ,drjl+1 & 0 assur$ t x 
came f ,tibet1 &      0 us$ by !        
,tibetans 9 ! same way z ! ,phurbu4     
#afb,see #8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1' p4    
#cde4    #afc,see my "w on #8,brhmanism 
& ,h9dism1' pp4 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cgj1 etc4  
#afd,see ! translation ( a horoscope    
giv5 9 #8,brhmanism &      ,h9dism1' p4 
#cgc4    #afe;,accord+ to ,s*lag9tweit1 

^? amulets :i* are curv$ r\nd to      a 
po9t are int5d$ to repres5t ! leaf ( !  
sacr$ fig-tree4    #aff;,9 ?is x did    
good s]vice1 at lea/ = a "t2 = ! co/ (  
m>riage-c]emonies among ! ,h9ds (t5     
cripples ! res\rces (      a family =   
ye>s4 ,! m>riage ( ! poore/ p]sons      
sometimes      entails exp5ses 9 gifts  
to ! ,brhmans1 etc41 to ! am\nt (       
#cjj rupees4    #afg,mr4 ,scott po9ts   
out 9 8 #8,burman' t ?is is especially !
      case 9 ,burma4    #afh,scott's    
#8,burman1' p4 #abe4    #afi,my au?ority
 = ?is is ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,dickson's       
pamphlet call$ #8,notes      &          
illu/rations ( ,buddhism1' etc4         
#agj,scott's #8,burman1' i4 #bhb4       
#aga,! ,dgabas ( laym5 h no umbrellas at
 ! top 7see p4 #eje74      ,?is         
privilege is only accord$ to ! monkhood 
7,scott's #8,burman'74    #agb,?is is   
m5tion$ by ,huc z well z by ,koepp54    
#agc;,he is sometimes repres5t$ seat$ on
 a ,lotus1 or born f a      ,lotus4     
#agd,om is borr[$ f ! ,h9ds4 ,x is _!   

mo/ sacr$ syllable1      symbolical ( _!
 triad ( gods1 ,brahm1 ,vi%u1 & iva1    
d5ot$      by ! ?ree my/ical lett] ,a1  
,u1 ,m 7see my #8,brhmanism1' p4 #djb74 
,:5 import$ into ,buddhism x may        
possibly symbolize ! ,buddhi/           
triad4 ,om is sometimes translat$ by    
,hail6 ,hm1 z a p>ticle (      solemn   
ass5t1 is sometimes translat$ by ,am56  
,i pref] to treat      bo? ,om & ,hm z  
untranslatable ejaculations4    #age;,i 
_h =m$ ?is op9ion long be=e ,i saw !    
same view h9t$ at      9 "o ( ,koepp5's 
notes 7see my #8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1'  
p4 #cc74      ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t 
! "n ,mai is appli$ to ! male           
organ1 & ! female is comp>$ to a        
lotus-blossom 9 !      ,kma-/ras4 ,i    
fully believe ! =mula to h a phallic    
mean+1      because ,tibetan ,buddhism  
is und\bt$ly connect$ ) aivism4         
#agf,"s ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! six syllables   
owe _! efficacy to      _! symboliz+ !  
six ,pramits or transc5d5t virtues4     
#agg;,dr4 ,s*lag9tweit m5tions 7p4 #aba7

 t :5 ,b>on ,s*ill+      visit$ a c]ta9 
conv5t he f\nd ! ,lmas occupi$ 9 prep>+ 
#ajj million copies ( ,om mai padme ,hm 
to be ins]t$ 9 a      pray]-cyl9d]4 ,he 
also /ates t ! inscription relat+ to !  
f\ndation ( ! mona/]y ( ,hemis 9 ,ladk  
7see p4 #dcc ( ^!      ,lectures7       
records ! sett+ up ( #cjj1jjj           
pray]-cyl9d]s along      ! walls &      
passages ( ! mona/]y4    #agh,!         
,mai-padme pray] is itself = %ortness   
(t5 call$ ,mai4    #agi,/pas & aityas   
are expla9$ at p4 #ejd4    #ahj,s says  
,s*lag9tweit1 b he adds t 9 "s places   
pass]s by      keep !m to ! "r4 ,mr4    
,s>at ,*&ra ,ds also m5tions ?is4       
#aha;,accord+ to ,sir ,ri*>d ,temple    
7,j\rnal1 p4 #aih7 travell]s walk       
fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r4          
#ahb,s*lag9tweit 7p4 #bec7 says ?is is !
 horse :i* con/itutes "o      ( ! sev5  
treasures 7see p4 #ebh ( ^! ,lectures74 
,x br+s      good =tune to ! man :o     
keeps x fly+ on a flag4    #ahc,! gem   
call$ ,norbu is ano!r ( ! sev5          

treasures4    #ahd;,dr4 ,s*lag9tweit    
says t a ,dhrai to ! foll[+ effect is   
(t5 writt5 on ! flag3 #8,tig]1 ,lion1   
,eagle1 & ,dragon1 may !y      co-op]ate
 ,s>va-du-du-hom6 7#8,tibetan           
,buddhism1' p4 #bee74    #ahe,! numb]   
#ajh seems sacr$1 z ! sole ( ,buddha's  
foot is said      to h t numb] ( m>ks ^u
 x4    #ahf;,common p 9 ,buddhi/        
c\ntries are satisfi$ ) #cj or #dj      
beads4    #ahg,?is is a great ,tibetan  
sa9t1 au?or ( a hundr$ ?\s& songs4      
#ahh,translat$ = me by ,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra 
,ds1 :o 0 my companion      dur+ "p ( my
 soj\rn at ,drjl+4    #ahi;,hi\5 ,?sang 
says t ?is place is ne> ,prayga 7! mod]n
      ,allahbd71 & t ,aoka built a ,/pa 
!re4 7,beal1 i4 #bca47    #aij;,g5]al   
,sir ,a4 ,cunn+ham puts ! date at ab\t  
,a4,d4 #aej4    #aia,see ! acc\nt giv5 9
 #8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1' p4 #ddb4      
#aib,_m images & sculptures 7 ab/ract$  
by ! ,burmese1 b _m      nev] rea*$     
,burma1 = !y accid5tally fell into !    
,ganges 9      ! process ( be+          

transport$ !re4 ,! colossal image f\nd  
outside ! temple is n[ 9 ! ,calcutta    
,museum 7see ! engrav+      opposite to 
p4 #dff74    #aic,mr4 ,begl> gave me    
specim5s ( ! fragm5ts1 :i* ,i h /ill4   
#aid,! umbrella is symbolical (         
supremacy4 ,see p4 #ebc4    #aie,! lion 
is (t5 associat$ ) ,buddha1 :o is call$ 
kya-siha      7see p4 #bc71 & ^: ?rone  
is !re=e call$ a ,sihsan4    #aif,?is w 
be evid5t to any "o :o exam9es x        
att5tively4 ,!      socket-hole ( !     
umbrella-ornam5t may be easily detect$4 
#aig,! =m ( ritual obs]v$ 0 l t ,i      
witness$ at ,gay1 &      describ$ 9 my  
#8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1' p4 #caj4       
#aih,see my #8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1' p4 
#dcd4    #aii,t is1 #8! "l ( de]4'      
,sraga is a k9d ( de]1 & !      ,buddha 
0 probably call$ s because he is fabl$  
to h w&]$      ab\t z a de] 9 ?is v     
place 9 "o ( 8 =m] bir?s 7see      p4   
#aaa ( ?is volume74 ,! leg5d is t he 0  
born elev5 times      z a de]1 & on ?is 
acc\nt a de] is "o ( ! sacr$ symbols    

( ,buddhism4 ,we le>n f ,g5]al ,sir ,a4 
,cunn+ham 7i4 #aje7 t      ! "n ,srn?   
prop]ly belongs to a temple d$icat$ to  
iva ne>      ! ,buddhi/ monum5t1 & !    
epi!t #8,"l ( de]1' is equally          
applicable to ! god iva1 :o is (t5      
repres5t$ 9 ! act (      hold+ up a de] 
9 8 h&4    #bjj,! "n ,dhamek may        
possibly be a corruption ( ,dhamma-akka 
7,dh>ma-akra74    #bja;,f-hi5 says t !  
old city 0 girdl$ by five hills4 ,^!    
hills are n[ call$ ,baibhr 7on :i* are  
five ,ja9 temples71      ,vipula1       
,ratna1 ,udaya1 & ,sona-giri4 ,a long   
acc\nt ( ! place      w be f\nd 9       
,cunn+ham's #8,anci5t ,geography (      
,india1' pp4      #dfb-dfh1 & 9 8       
#8,ar*ological ,report1' i4 #bj4        
,bimbi-sra seems      to h built ! t[n1 
:i* 0 aft]w>ds improv$ by               
,ajta-atru1 & ! site ( ! new portion be+
 n q      id5tical1 ! new t[n 0 call$   
#8new ,rja-giha4' ,legge's              
#8,f-hi51' p4 #ha4 ,!re are sev]al hot  
spr+s 9 ?is locality4    #bjb;,ajta-atru

 seems fir/ to h sid$ ) ,buddha's enemy 
,deva-datta4    #bjc;,x may be m5tion$  
"h t any place or h\se 9 :i* !          
,buddha resid$ = a "t 0 aft]w>ds call$  
,g&ha-ku      7probably f ! fragrance ( 
! p]fum$ (f]+s always to be      f\nd 9 
x74 ,h5ce ! ,bambu grove at ,rja-giha1 &
 ! ,jeta-vana      at ,srva/ 7p4 #djg71 
7 bo? ,g&ha-kus4    #bjd;,a magnific5t  
edition ( ?is "w 9 ,tibetan1 ,mongol1   
,man*u1 &      ,*9ese came into !       
possession ( ! ,fr5* ,mission>ies 7,huc1
      ii4 #gd74    #bje;,"h1 !re=e1 !re 
0 a ,g&ha-ku 7see note1 p4 #djd74       
#bjf;,f-hi5 says1 #8,"h liv$ ,buddha = a
 long] "t ?an at any      o!r place1' & 
on t acc\nt1 p]haps1 0 call$            
,dh>ma-pattana 7,beal's #8,records1' ii4
 #a74 ,x 0 at ?is place t      !        
,brahmarns kill$ a c\rtesan1 & accus$   
,buddha ( adult]y      & murd] 7see     
,legge1 p4 #ei2 ,beal1 ii4 #h74         
#bjg,legge1 pp4 #eg1 #ei2 ,beal1 ii4 #e4
    #bjh;,ano!r /atue1 claim+ to be !   
g5u9e s&al-wood image1 0      at ,kaumb 

7see p4 #dab74    #bji;,a kgra is       
prop]ly any build+ ) a peak$ ro( 7ka7 or
      p9nacle4    #baj;,cunn+ham 7i4    
#cja7 gives a full acc\nt ( ! place4    
#baa,! /ory is fully n>rat$ 9 ! second &
 ?ird books ( !      ,ka?-s>it-sg>a (   
,soma ,deva4 ,see my #8,indian ,wisdom1'
 p4 #eaa4      ,k+ ,udayana is said to h
 be5 a contempor>y ( ! ,buddha4         
#bab,see my #8,indian ,wisdom1' p4 #dhf4
    #bac,see ,hi\5 ,?sang's acc\nt ( x1 
p4 #dga4 ,ano!r simil> image            
belong$ to ,k+ ,pras5ajit at rva/1 see  
pp4 #djh1 #dga4    #bad,! "n is said to 
h be5 d]iv$ f t ( a ,nga1 :o      liv$ 9
 a neighb\r+ tank4 ,see ! description 9 
two ,*9ese      ,buddhi/ inscriptions   
f\nd at ,buddha-,gay4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4       
,j\rnal1 vol4      xiii4    #bae,?is    
,utpal mu/ be ! same z ,utpala-v> 7see  
p4 #dh ( ?is      volume74    #baf;,a   
,yojana is v>i\sly e/imat$ at #d or #e  
or #i ,engli% miles4    #bag;,hi\5      
,?sang /ates t ?is "n1 :i* means a      
#8hump-back$      virg91' is d]iv$ f !  

fact t an old sage 7i%i71 :o            
possess$ sup]natural p[]s1 curs$        
n9ety-n9e daught]s ( k+                 
,brahma-datta = refus+ to m>ry him1 &   
made !m de=m$      7,beal1 i4 #bji74 ,a 
diff]5t leg5d is giv5 9 my              
,sanskx-,engli%      ,diction>y4        
#bah,?is is v in/ructive 9 reg>d to !   
num]ical proportion      betwe5 ,brhmans
 & ,buddhi/s at ?is place4              
#bai;,accord+ to ,cunn+ham1 ab\t ,b4,c4 
#dej4    #bbj,"o = ea* ( ! #hd1jjj      
elem5ts ( ! body 7p4 #dii74 ,! real     
numb] ( ,/pas 0 #hd1 b1 z usual1 ?ree   
ciph]s h be5      add$4    #bba;,x is   
difficult to und]/& exactly :at ^!      
,ahayoga1 ,prsda      & ,h>mya 74 ,9 "s 
,buddhi/ c\ntries /ori$ h\ses are       
consid]$ objectionable1 z no "o likes to
 submit to ! indignity      ( hav+ !    
feet ( ano!r p]son above 8 head4        
#bbb,! objection to ! holl[ ( trees 0 t 
spirits1 gho/s1 &      gobl9s (t5 took  
up _! abode !re4    #bbc,! t]m ,vihra 0 
aft]w>ds usually appli$ to temples1 or  

to      build+s comb9+ temple & mona/]y 
9 "o4    #bbd,"s au?orities place !m 9 !
 six? c5tury ( our era4    #bbe,?is is  
curi\sly illu/rat$ 9 a rec5t lett] f a  
resid5t 9      ,burma to ! ,editor ( !  
,times newspap]1 9 :i* x is /at$      t 
ab\t six mon?s aft] ,k+ ,!ebaw _h be5   
deport$1 "s (      8 ?+s 7 exhibit$ by u
 9 ! l[] rooms ( ! ,rangoon             
,museum1 to ! great disgu/ ( 8 ,burmese 
admir]s1 :o ask$1      #8h[ we d>$ place
 _! k+'s ?+s 9 a l[] room :]e p         
c\ld walk above !m8'    #bbf;,x is = ?is
 reason t 9 ! ,tibetan language !y are  
call$      ,gonpa4    #bbg,s describ$ 9 
a pamphlet on ,buddhi/ ,mona/]ies 9     
,lah\l1 by a      ,moravian ,mission>y4 
#bbh,mr4 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds gives ! names (
 #ajbf mona/]ies4 ,koepp5      makes    
#cjjj mona/]ies & #hd1jjj ,lmas4        
#bbi;,a small riv] fl[+ into ! ,tsanpo  
or ,brahma-putra4    #bcj,! hill is     
call$ ,potala1 & ! palace-mona/]y is    
nam$ aft]      x4 ,koepp5 says x has    
?ree peaks1 b ! illu/ration 9           

,m>kham's acc\nt ( ,mann+'s j\rney 7p4  
#bef7 %[s ?ree long      summits r ?an  
peaks4 ,! hill is call$ ,buddha-la by   
,huc 7ii4      #adj71 b ,koepp5 7ii4    
#cda7 is m correct 9 /at+ t ,potala     
is ! "n ( a sea-port on ! riv] ,indus1  
call$ ,pattala by !      ,greeks1 & n[  
,tatta4 ,!re is a tradition t ?is       
,potala 0 !      orig9al home ( ! kya   
tribe 7see p4 #ba ( ?is volume74        
#bca,koepp5 translates ?is by ! ,g]man  
sau1 b says x may also      mean        
#8,h9t]e ,b]g4'    #bcb,messrs4 ,huc &  
,gabet fail$ 9 _! attempt to obta9 an   
int]view ) ! ,dalai ,lma ( #ahdf4       
#bcc;,x may also mean temple ( ,lhssa & 
#8abode ( gods1' 9 :i*      case ,l w\ld
 be = ,lh4    #bcd;,huc says #8f\r      
leagues2' ,koepp5 #8drei meil51' :i* is 
incorrect4    #bce,^! are also m5tion$  
by ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds & by ,m>kham 7p4     
#acj1 note #c71 & aga91 diff]5tly spelt1
 at p4 #bfd1 note #a4    #bcf;,= 8      
s]vices z an explor] & surveyor ,na9    
,s+h enjoys a      ,gov]nm5t p5sion1 &  

has be5 aw>d$ ! gold m$al ( !           
,geographical ,society4 ,s>at ,*&ra ,ds 
has be5 made a ,c4,i4,e4    #bcg,my     
au?ority = all ^! details is ,dr4       
,burgess' ,report4    #bch;,copies ( ^! 
7 made = me by a ,s9halese arti/4       
#bci;,9 ?is description ,i h *iefly     
foll[$ ,mr4 ,scott4    #bdj,?is         
description is bas$ on ,koepp51 ii4     
#bcd1 & on ! n>rative      ( ,s>at ,*&ra
 ,ds' j\rney 9 #ahha1 #ahhb4            
#bda,s>at ,*&ra ,ds m5tions a           
#8flag-pole =ty feet high1 on :i*       
are "s inscriptions1 two tufts ( yak    
hair1 & sev]al yak &      %eep-horns4'  
,possibly ?is may be ! obelisk m5tion$  
by ,koepp54    #bdb,"o ( ^! is ! t]rific
 goddess ,paldan 7p4 #dia71 wor%ipp$ by 
all ,tibetans & ,mongols1 & id5tifi$ ) !
 goddess ,kl4    #bdc,my au?ority = ?is 
is ,bi%op ,edw>d ,bick]/e?1 ! pres5t    
,bi%op 9 ,japan4    #bdd,see my         
#8,brhmanism & ,h9dism' 7publi%$ by ,mr4
 ,murray (      ,albem>le ,/reet71 pp4  
#b-bj4    #bde;,ano!r anci5t /atue b n s

 old1 ?\gh ( a highly      int]e/+ type1
 0 procur$ by me 7= ! ,indian ,in/itute 
at      ,ox=d7 f ,buddha-,gay on !      
occasion ( my la/ visit 9 #ahhd1        
?r\gh ! k9d assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,begl>4 ,x 
is 9 ! erect      attitude4    #bdf,see 
#8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1' p4 #bad4       
#bdg;,a good example ( ?is tight-fitt+  
robe is af=d$ by !      anci5t /atue ( !
 ,buddha1 m5tion$ at p4 #dfg1 note4     
#bdh,:5 ,gautama r5\nc$ 8 family & ca/e1
 he d\btless disc>d$      ! cord1 j z a 
true ,sannys is requir$ to d 7p4 #gh74  
#bdi;,9 ! ,ja9a /atues1 ! lobes ( ! e>s1
 s f> z ,i h      obs]v$1 always t\* !  
%\ld]s4    #bej,"s ?9k t ?is repres5ts !
 :eel ( ! akra-v>t      emp]or1 or !    
:eel ( ! law1 or ! cycle ( causes1 or ! 
cont9ual revolution ( bir?s1 dea?s1 &   
re-bir?s4 ,dr4 ,mitra      ma9ta9s t a  
lotus1 & n a :eel1 is always int5d$1    
?\gh      ! lotus is (t5 s badly c>v$ t 
x may pass = any circul>      ornam5t4  
#bea;,dr4 ,raj5dralla ,mitra consid]s t 
curly locks 7 giv5 to      ,gautama     

,buddha because ! possession ( curls is 
believ$ to be an      auspici\s sign4   
,"s h actually inf]r$ f ! curl-l        
knobs1 t ,buddha 0 a negro6    #beb,see 
,dr4 ,edk9s' #8,*9ese ,buddhism' 7p4    
#bef74    #bec,see ,lalita-vi/>a 7,calc4
 ed471 pp4 #djb1 #djc1 #ddi1 ll4 #f-ad4 
#bed,see my rem>ks on ! wor%ip ( s]p5ts 
9 #8,brhmanism &      ,h9dism1' p4 #cai2
 & ,f]gusson's great "w1 #8,tree &      
,s]p5t      ,wor%ip4'    #bee,!re is a  
/rik+ p>allel 9 a well-kn[n picture by  
,b]n>d9o      ,lu9i 7( ! ,milan s*ool7 (
 #8,*ri/ disput+ ) ! ,doctors'      to  
be se5 9 our ,national ,gall]y4         
#bef,procur$ = me by ,mr4 ,burr[s1 ( !  
,ceylon ,civil ,s]vice4    #beg,see     
especially an image 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4
 ,9 ,*9a ,bas-relief      images (      
,buddha are sometimes ins]t$ by ,buddhi/
 prie/s 9 l>ge      mussel-%ells :ile ! 
animal is liv+1 & are cov]$ by x )      
a coat+ ( "m ( pe>l4 ,?is !y call a     
miracle4 ,an example      is 9 ! ,indian
 ,in/itute1 pres5t$ by ,mrs4 ,newman    

,smi?4    #beh,! sculptur$ figures (    
,padma-pi obs]v$ by me 9 ! caves (      
,elor repres5t him ) ,amitbha 9 8       
head-dress4    #bei,obs]ve t ,sang ,yun1
 z !re giv51 is m correctly spelt ,sung 
,yun or ,sung-,yun4    #bfj;,comp>e     
,h>dy's #8,mona*ism1' p4 #bab4          
#bfa,see ,h>dy's #8,ea/]n ,mona*ism1' p4
 #aib4    #bfb,see my #8,brhmanism &    
,h9dism1' p4 #cjc4    #bfc#8,mah-p4' p4 
#ea4 #8,mil9da ,paha1' p4 #agg4 #8,x is 
c]ta9ly      notewor?y1' says ,old5b]g1 
#8t z ! c>e = ,buddha's rema9s      is n
 repres5t$ z belong+ to ! disciples1 s !
 ,v9aya      texts are ne>ly sil5t z to 
! la/ hon\rs ( ! deceas$      monks4 ,to
 arrange = _! cremation 0 probably      
committ$ to !      laity4'              
#bfd,subsequ5tly call$ ,pur1 & not$ = ! 
wor%ip ( ,jagan-n?      or ,ki%a1 :o    
became ! successor ( ,buddha z an object
 (      wor%ip 7see p4 #aff ( ?is       
volume74    #bfe;,h>dy's #8,ea/]n       
,mona*ism1' p4 #bbd4 ,! size ( ! too?   
does n      seem v prepo/]\s1 on !      

assumption ( ! tru? ( !      tradition t
 ,gautama atta9$ to ! /ature ( tw5ty    
cubits4    #bff,mr4 ,lesley1 9 8        
#8,lectures on ! ,orig9 & ,de/9y (      
,man1'      /ates t !re are two         
foot-pr9ts sculptur$ on ! summit (      
,m\nt ,olivet1 & wor%ipp$ by pilgrims z 
! m>ks left :5      ,*ri/ sprang into ! 
sky at ,8 asc5sion4 ,!re is ano!r       
alleg$ foot-pr9t ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,mosque (  
,om>1 & two      foot-pr9ts at ,poiti]s 
9 ,france4 ,!re are two foot-pr9ts (    
,i%mael 9 ! temple at ,mecca4 ,?is is   
m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,alaba/]      7p4 #bfb74
    #bfg,or accord+ to "s ! lmali or    
,silk-cotton tree 7,smal74    #bfh,sp5ce
 ,h>dy's #8,ea/]n ,mona*ism1' p4 #bae4  
#bfi;,i conjecture t ! ,mual9da-tree may
 h be5 ! ,s&al1 =      x is describ$ 9  
,sanskx lit]ature z infe/$ by snakes4 ,!
      fact ( a s]p5t hav+ em]g$ f !     
roots ( ?is tree &      protect$ !      
,buddha in/ead ( injur+ him1 may acc\nt 
= !      sacr$ "* ( ! s&al-wood /atue   
7see p4 #djh74    #bgj;,h>dy's #8,ea/]n 

,mona*ism1' p4 #bab4    #bga;,i notic$ a
 f9e specim5 ( ?is tree gr[+ 9 ! c\rty>d
 (      ! temple ( ! god ,brahm at      
,pokh>1 ne> jm]e1 visit$ by me      9   
#ahhd4 ,ne> x 7 two ,banyan trees1 a ,nm
 tree1 & ,aoka tree4      ,brahm's o!r  
temple at ,id> 0 n visit$ by me4        
#bgb;,comp>e my translation (           
#8akuntal1' pp4 #ij1 #ia 7fif? edition74
      ,! ,*ri/mas-tree ) its susp5d$    
gifts (f]s a curi\s &      int]e/+      
analogy4 ,! wond]ful tree describ$ by   
,messrs4 ,huc &      ,gabet z se5 by !m 
7vol4 ii4 p4 #ec1 ,hazlett's            
translation7 c      only be reg>d$ z an 
example ( a rem>kably clev] hoax4       
#bgc,mr4 ,r4 ,sewell has writt5 an      
int]e/+ article on #8,e>ly ,buddhi/     
,symbolism1' 9 :i* he connects c]ta9    
symbols ) sol> ideas      d]iv$ f !     
,we/4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,p9cott ?9ks t !     
triple      symbol /&s = ! anci5t ,y ( !
 #8,ye dh>m' =mula4    #bgd,see my      
#8,mod]n ,india1' p4 #aic1 publi%$ by   
,messrs4 ,trbn] &      ,co41 &          

#8,brhmanism & ,h9dism1' p4 #abg4       
#bge,! ,jaugada inscription has two     
,sva/ikas1 ! arms 9 ea* (      :i* are  
b5t 9 opposite directions4    #bgf,!    
expression ,ja9ism corresponds to       
aivism1 j z ,ja9a does      to aiva4    
,consi/5cy w\ld require ,bauddhism &    
,bauddha =      ,buddhism & ,buddhi/1 b 
,i fe> ! latt] expressions are too      
firmly e/abli%$4    #bgg,nigaha 7also   
spelt ,niggan?a7 is f ! ,sanskx         
,nir-gran?a1      #8hav+ no ties or     
worldly associations4'    #bgh;,cic]o   
7,de natura deorum7 d]ives religion f   
relego1 &      expla9s x z a dilig5t    
practice ( pray] & wor%ip4 ,o!rs      h 
d]iv$ x f religo1 & hold t x means      
#8b9d+ to      ,god4'    #bgi;,"h is an 
extract f a book call$ #8,! ,my/]y ( !  
,ages1'      publi%$ 9                  
#ahhg3--#8;,buddhism is ! ,*ri/ianity ( 
! ,ea/1 &1      z su*1 ev5 9 bett]      
cons]vation ?an is ,*ri/ianity1 !       
,buddhism ( ! ,we/4'    #bhj;,z in/ances
 ( ! trivialities ,i give ! foll[+ f !  

ulla-vagga 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4
 xx4 v1 #ca1 p4 #adf2 v1 #i4      #e1 p4
 #hg73--        #8,n[ at t "t !         
,bhikkhus hung up _! b[ls on p9s 9 !    
walls1 or on hooks4 ,! p9s or hooks     
fall+ d[n1 ! b[ls 7      brok54 ,!y told
 ?is matt] to ! ,bless$ ,"o4 8,y are n1 
,o      ,bhikkhus1 to hang y\r b[ls up4 
,:osoev] does s1 %all be guilty      ( a
 dukkata0 7(f5ce74 ,n[ at t "t !        
,bhikkhus put _!      b[ls d[n on a b$1 
or a *air2 & sitt+ d[n ?\ghtlessly !y   
upset !m1 & ! b[ls 7 brok54 ,!y told ?is
 matt] to !      ,bless$ ,"o4 8,y are n1
 ,o ,bhikkhus1 to put y\r b[ls on a b$1 
or on a *air4 ,:osoev] does s1 %all be  
guilty ( a dukkata0      7(f5ce74 ,n[ at
 t "t ! ,bhikkhus kept _! b[ls on _!    
laps2 & ris+ up ?\ghtlessly !y upset !m1
 & ! b[ls      7 brok54 ,!y told ?is    
matt] to ! ,bless$ ,"o4 8,y are n1      
,o ,bhikkhus1 to keep y\r b[ls on y\r   
laps4 ,:osoev] does s1      %all be     
guilty ( a dukkata0 7(f5ce74 ,n[ at t "t
 !      ,bhikkhus put _! b[ls d[n on a  

sun%ade2 & ! sun%ade be+      lift$ up  
by a :irlw9d1 ! b[ls roll$ ov] & 7      
brok54      ,!y told ?is matt] to !     
,bless$ ,"o4 8,y are n1 ,o ,bhikkhus1   
to put y\r b[ls d[n on a sun%ade4       
,:osoev] does s1 %all be      guilty ( a
 dukkata40 ,n[ at t "t ! ,bhikkhus1 :5  
!y 7      hold+ ! b[ls 9 _! h&s1 op5$ ! 
door4 ,! door      spr++ back1 ! b[ls 7 
brok54 ,!y told ?is matt] to !          
,bless$ ,"o4 8,y are n1 ,o ,bhikkhus1 to
 op5 ! door ) y\r      b[ls 9 y\r h&s4  
,:osoev] does s1 %all be guilty ( a     
dukkata40 ,n[ at t "t ! ,bhikkhus did n 
use too?-/icks1      & _! m\?s got a bad
 od\r4 ,!y told ?is matt] to !          
,bless$ ,"o4 8,!re are ^! five          
disadvantages1 ,o ,bhikkhus1 9 n        
us+ too?-/icks--x is bad = ! eyes--! m\?
 becomes      bad-smell+--! passages by 
:i* ! flav\rs ( ! food pass are      n  
pure--bile & phlegm get into ! food--& !
 food does n      ta/e well to him :o   
does n use !m4 ,^! are ! five           
disadvantages1 ,o ,bhikkhus1 9 n us+    

too?-/icks40 8,!re are      five        
advantages1 ,o ,bhikkhus0 7etc41 !      
conv]se ( ! la/74 8,i      all[ y1 ,o   
,bhikkhus1 too?-/icks40 ,n[ at t "t !   
habbaggiya ,bhikkhus us$ long           
too?-/icks2 & ev5 /ruck !      ,smaeras 
) !m4 ,!y told ?is matt] to ! ,bless$   
,"o4 8,y      are n1 ,o ,bhikkhus1 to   
use too long too?-/icks4 ,:osoev] does  
s1 %all be guilty ( a dukkata4 ,i all[  
y1 ,o ,bhikkhus1      too?-/icks up to  
eight f+]-bread?s 9 l5g?4 ,& ,smaeras   
are n to be /ruck ) !m4 ,:osoev] does s1
 %all be guilty      ( a dukkata40 ,n[  
at t "t a c]ta9 ,bhikkhu1 :5 us+ too    
%ort a too?-/ick got x /uck 9 8 ?roat4  
,!y told ?is      matt] to ! ,bless$    
,"o4 8,y are n1 ,o ,bhikkhus1 to use too
      %ort a too?-/ick4 ,:osoev] does s1
 %all be guilty ( a      dukkata4 ,i    
all[ y1 ,o ,bhikkhus1 too?-/icks f\r    
f+]-bread?s      long at ! lea/40'      
#bha;,al?\gh ?is ,lecture 0 writt5 & 9  
type be=e !      publication ( ! ,bi%op 
( ,colombo's article 9 ! ,july 7#ahhh7  

numb] ( ! #8,n9ete5? ,c5tury1' ,i ne$ n 
say t ,i wi% "h1      z ! ,bi%op has    
done1 to draw att5tion to ! collection (
      #8moral horrors' exi/+ 9 "s p>ts (
 ! ,prjika books--!      disgu/+ detail 
( e conceivable =m ( revolt+ vice1      
suppos$ to be p]petrat$ or p]petrable by
 monks4    #bhb;,dr4 ,kellogg1 9 8      
excell5t "w1 #8! ,light ( ,asia & !     
,light ( ! ,_w1' well criticizes        
,pr(essor ,seydel's                     
,buddhi/-,*ri/ian ,h>mony1 z well z !   
,pr(essor's views on ?is      po9t      
express$ 9 8 "w entitl$ #8,das          
,evangelium von ,jesu 9      ,se95      
,v]hltniss5 zu ,buddha-,sage und        
,buddha-,lehre4' ,leipzig1      #ahhj4  
#bhc;,x is true t 9 ! ,lalita-vi/>a     
,buddha is describ$ 9 t]ms      :i*     
appe> to assimilate 8 "* to ! ,*ri/ian  
conception      ( a ,savi\r2 b h[ c\ld  
any man1 h[ev] good & great1 h      any 
claim to be call$ ei!r a ,savi\r or     
,r$eem]1 :o only      reveal$ to 8      
fell[-m5 su* a me?od ( gett+ rid ( pa9 &

      suff]+1 ?r\gh _! own works &      
m]its1 z mu/ lead !m 9      ! end to    
ext9ction ( all p]sonal exi/5ce8 ,! v   
ess5ce (      ,*ri/'s "* z a ,savi\r is 
,8 div9e p[] ( transf]r+      ,8 own    
p]fect m]its to imp]fect m51 & lead+ !m 
f dea?      to et]nal life1 n to et]nal 
ext9ction ( life4    #bhd;,9 reg>d to ! 
,buddhi/ doctr9e ( t]rific purgatorial  
torm5ts      9 "s ( ! num]\s ,hells see 
p4 #abj ( ?is volume4    #bhe,see       
,dhamma-pada1 #abg4    #bhf;,i h n      
foll[$ ! exact words 9 our au?oriz$     
translation      ( ,/4 ,luke iv4 #ah1   
because !y mu/ be tak5 ) ,isaiah4       
#bhg;,exodus iii4 #ad4    #bhh,/4 ,mat!w
 xi4 #e4    #bhi,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 
xiii4 #acc4    #bij;,x is necess>y to   
po9t out t ^! acts ( self-sacrifice took
      place 9 =m] /ates ( exi/5ce1 = :5 
a man becomes a ,buddha      he has no  
ne$ to ga9 m]it by self-sacrifice4      
#bia,see p4 #acj4    #bib;,a ,buddhi/   
writ] 9 a ,buddhi/ magaz9e1 publi%$ 9   
,ceylon1 has      lately tak5 me to task

 = ass]t+ 9 a rec5t spee* t             
,*ri/ianity d5ies ! all-suffici5cy (    
good works z an      in/rum5t (         
salvation4 ,x is easy to quote passages1
 su* z ^?      9 ! epi/le ( ,/4 ,james1 
9 support ( 8 "o-sid$ view (      ?is   
"q1 b ,i ne$ sc>cely say t ! writ] has  
mu* to      le>n z to ! true "* ( our   
,bible1 9 :i* no text has      full =ce 
)\t its context1 & no "p c be tak5 to   
e/abli% a doctr9e )\t a comp>ison ) o!r 
p>ts1 &      )\t ! balanc+ ( app>5t     
contradictions 9 bo? ,old & ,new        
,te/am5ts4                              
,,works ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4        
,brhmanism & ,h9dism1 or ,religi\s      
,?\ght & ,life 9 ,india1 z    bas$ on ! 
,v$a & o!r ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,h9ds4     
,?ird &    *eap] ,edition1 ) full index4
 ,john ,murray1 ,albem>le ,/reet4 #ahhg4
    #ajs4 #f;d4      ,indian ,wisdom1 or
 ,examples ( ! ,religi\s1               
,philosophical1 &    ,e?ical ,doctr9es (
 ! ,h9ds3 ) a brief hi/ory ( ! *ief     
dep>tm5ts ( ,sanskx ,lit]ature1 & "s    

acc\nt ( ! pa/ &    pres5t condition (  
,india1 ,moral & ,intellectual4         
,mod]n ,india & ! ,indians3 ,a ,s]ies ( 
,impressions1 ,notes1 &    ,essays4     
,f\r? ,edition1 ) index4 ,trbn]  ,co41  
,ludgate ,hill4 #ahhh4      ,h9dism4    
,publi%$ by ! ,society = ,promot+       
,*ri/ian    ,k4      ,sanskx-,engli%    
,diction>y4 ,publi%$ at ! ,univ]sity    
,press1    ,ox=d4 ,h5ry ,fr[de1 #g      
,pat]no/] ,r[4 #ahhh4                   
,engli%-,sanskx ,diction>y4 ,at ! ,india
 ,(fice4      ,practical ,sanskx        
,gramm>4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,at !          
,univ]sity ,press1    ,ox=d4 ,h5ry      
,fr[de1 #g ,pat]no/] ,r[4 #ahgg4        
,sanskx ,manual ) ,ex]cises4 ,w4 ,h4    
,all5  ,co4      akuntal4 ,a ,sanskx    
,drama1 9 ,sev5 ,acts2 ! ,text1 )       
critical    & explanatory notes & lit]al
 ,engli% translations4 ,second          
,edition4 ,at ! ,univ]sity ,press1      
,ox=d4 ,h5ry ,fr[de1 #g ,pat]no/]       
,r[4 #ahgf4 #hvo4 clo?1 #bas4           
,vikramorras4 ,a ,sanskx ,drama4 ,!     

,text4 ,/eph5 ,au/91 ,h]t=d4      ,a    
,free ,translation 9 ,engli% ,prose &   
,v]se ( ! ,sanskx ,drama    akoontal1 ) 
a portrait ( ! h]o9e & h] two fri5ds4   
,fif?    ,edition4 ,john ,murray1       
,albem>le ,/reet4 #ahhg4 #gs4 #f;d4     
,fir/    ,edition pr9t$ on f9e pap]1    
illum9at$ & illu/rat$ by ,/eph5         
,au/91 ,h]t=d4      ,/ory ( ,nala3 ,a   
,sanskx ,poem1 ) full ,vocabul>y & an   
improv$    v]sion ( ,dean ,milman's     
,translation4 ,univ]sity ,press1 ,ox=d1 
& #g    ,pat]no/] ,r[4      ,application
 ( ! ,roman ,alphabet to ! ,languages ( 
,india4    ,longmans4      ,practical   
,h9d/n ,gramm>4 ,longmans4      ,bgh o  
,bahr4 ,! ,h9d/n ,text 9 ! ,roman "*4   
,longmans4                              
,transcrib]'s ,notes      --,correct$   
palpable typos4    --,incorporat$ mo/   
au?or's corrections into ! text4        
--,ins]t$ au?or's additions into        
additional footnotes tagg$    8--,corr40