,,/eam ,,%ovels --,,&-- ,,/eam ,,%ovel ,,"w4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,h]mann1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 #ahid4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,news ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,,new ,,york4 ,copyright4 #ahid1 by ,eng9e]+ ,news ,publi%+ ,co4 ,,cont5ts4 ,pages4 ,,"p #a4--,/eam ,%ovels #a-ai #b4--,/eam ,%ovel ,"w #ai-da #c4--;,disposition ( ,mat]ial #da-ee #d4--;,co/ ( ,/eam ,%ovel ,"w #ee-eg ,,index4 ,balla/1 pl[+1 #dh ,bla/+1 #ci1 #eb ,br9e1 spr9kl+ e>?1 #eb ,c>s1 dump1 #ai1 #da1 #dg ,flat1 #db ,load+1 #ai ,unload+1 #db1 #dg ,co/ ( "w1 #ee ,cuts1 #bh1 #cf1 #ci ,"t =1 #ag ,wid5+1 #ai ,explosives1 #ci1 #eb ,fills1 tre/les =1 #dg ,grades1 con/ruction track1 #cd ,cutt+ d[n1 #bh ,grad+1 #be ,gravel tra91 #db1 #de1 #ej ,eng9es =1 #ej ,unload+1 #dh ,level+1 #ec ,load+ c>s1 #ai ,gangs =1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc ,op]at+1 m5 =1 #ah ,pl[1 ,b>nh>t1 #dc ,gravel1 #db ,pl[+1 cable =1 #ej ,gravel tra91 #dh ,haul+ eng9e =1 #ea ,w9t]1 br9e =1 #eb ,railways1 con/ruction1 #cc ,r$uc+ grades1 #bh ,wid5+ cuts1 #ai ,railway "w1 #ah1 #bh1 #cc ,rapid unload]1 #ea ,spread]s1 #ec ,/eam %ovels1 ,b>nh>t1 #f ,boil]s1 #i ,bucyrus1 #d ,clem5t1 #aj ,daily capacity1 #da ,description1 #e ,giant1 #ab ,inv5tion (1 #a ,little ,giant1 #ab ,indu/rial ,works1 #aj ,ma*9]y (1 #e ,m>ion ,s4 ,s4 ,dr$ge ,co41 #f ,numb] ( m51 #ah ,op]ation1 #af ,osgood1 #b ,otis-,*apman1 #ad ,repairs1 #ai ,s\!r's1 #ad ,?ompson1 #d ,tol$o ,f4 ,m4 ,co41 #h ,types1 #c ,victor1 #h ,vulcan ,iron ,works1 #ab ,tools1 #af1 #ah ,track1 arrangem5t (1 #ai ,n>r[ gage1 #dg ,tra9s1 dirt1 h&l+1 #ai1 #db1 #de1 #dh1 #ej ,tre/les = fills1 #dg ,wid5+ cuts1 #ai ,,/eam ,,%ovels ,,& ,,/eam ,,%ovel ,,"w4#a ,footnote #a3 ,copyright by ,eng9e]+ ,news ,publi%+ ,co41 #ahid4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,h]mann1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,"p ,i4--,/eam ,%ovels4 ,! foll[+ article orig9at$ 9 a %ort pap] :i* 0 read be=e a local society ( civil eng9e]s1 & !re 7 s _m reque/s made = ?is pap] & ! illu/rations pres5t$ ) x t ! au?or 0 l$ to believe t !re 0 a dem& = su* in=mation4 ,believ+ t a bett] und]/&+ ( ! capabilities ( ^! ma*9es w s]ve a useful purpose 9 economiz+ money1 "t & labor 9 ! execution ( "w to :i* !y are adapt$1 ! au?or pres5ts 9 ?is article ! in=mation le>n$ by a long practical exp]i5ce 9 ?is special class ( "w4 ,descriptions ( ! v>i\s /eam %ovels c readily be f\nd 9 ! trade catalogues ( ! diff]5t manufactur]s1 b v little has be5 publi%$ on ! mann] ( us+ !m 9 ! execution ( diff]5t classes ( "w1 & ! disposition ( ! excavat$ mat]ial aft] x has be5 load$ on c>s or wagons4 ,?is "p ( ! subject w receive mo/ att5tion1 & al?\gh mu* ( x may seem v elem5t>y to ^? :o h _h an ext5d$ exp]i5ce 9 op]at+ /eam %ovels1 x may be entirely new to ! mu* l>g] numb] :o h _h few or no opportunities = do+ "w ( ?is k9d4 ,x has be5 ! aim ( ! au?or to cond5se ! read+ matt] z mu* z possible1 mak+ x a po9t to use _m illu/rations 9 place ( l5g?y explanations1 ?us pres5t+ ! subject m cle>ly ?an by ext5d$ descriptions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,elevation ,,& ,,half ,,plan ,,( ,,osgood ,,/eam ,,%ovel2 ,osgood ,dr$ge ,co41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! /eam %ovel1 or /eam excavator1 is a modifi$ =m ( dr$ge adapt$ = excavat+ mat]ial on dry l&4 ,x 0 design$ & pat5t$ by a ,mr4 ,otis1 ab\t #ahdj1 & l mo/ new inv5tions ! fir/ ma*9e built 0 a v clumsy affair1 b ev5 9 ?is crude /ate x possess$ _m advantages = remov+ l>ge masses ( mat]ial4 ,its m]its 7 recogniz$ 9 its e>lie/ /ages1 & ) increas$ exp]i5ce 9 its op]ation improvem5ts 7 soon made :i* r5d]$ x almo/ indisp5sable on all works requir+ l>ge quantities ( excavation4 ,x 0 n until #ahfe1 h[ev]1 t ! ma*9e came into g5]al use4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! l>gely increas$ railway con/ruction creat$ an active dem& = ! /eam %ovel1 :i* dem& 0 quickly suppli$ by sev]al manufactur]s1 ^: ma*9es v>y 9 di/9ctive designs ( v>i\s p>ts1 b ! pr9ciples ( op]ation are ess5tially ! same 9 !m all4 ,types ( ,/eam ,%ovels4--,!re are ?ree types ( /eam %ovels3 ,fir/2 ma*9es m\nt$ on trucks ( /&>d gage1 transport$ f place to place 9 freight tra9s 7or propell$ by _! own p[]71 & int5d$ = railway "w only4 ,second2 ma*9es m\nt$ on :eels ( o!r ?an /&>d gage1 transport$ 9 sections by boat or wagon1 or load$ complete on flat c>s1 & int5d$ = bo? railway & o!r "w4 ,?ird2 ma*9es m\nt$ on :eels fitt$ = transportation ov] common roads1 propell$ by _! own p[]1 & int5d$ = railway & o!r "w4 ,! fir/ ma*9es built 7 ( ! second type4 ,z n[ con/ruct$ !y are m\nt$ on a wide wood5 frame or c> body1 support$ by f\r small :eels ( #g ft4 to #h ft4 gage1 ?us plac+ ! ma*9]y close to ! gr\nd1 ) a wide base ( support4 ,9 transport+ ?is ma*9e f "o place to ano!r1 n on ! l9e ( a railway1 x is necess>y to take x ap>t1 =w>d ! sections & put !m toge!r aga9 at ! site ( ! new "w4 ,! ma*9e is built ) a view to rapid dismantl+ & re-erection1 & = "w requir+ a l>ge ma*9e = economical excavation1 locat$ 9 hilly c\ntry n yet made accessible by rail1 or requir+ transportation by boat1 x is ! ma*9e mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,its ready adaptability to all k9ds ( "w 9 any location has made x ! favorite ma*9e ) _m g5]al contractors ^: "w includes l>ge contracts = railway & o!r excavation4 ,= transportation by rail ?is ma*9e is run onto an ord9>y flat c>1 only ! crane be+ deta*$ & load$ on a sep>ate c>4 ,) ?is mann] ( %ipm5t ! ma*9e c be made ready = railway "w v quickly1 b = exclusive railway "w a ma*9e ( a lat] design has come into use & is n[ g5]ally pref]r$ = ?is class ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,?ompson ,,/eam ,,%ovel2 ,bucyrus ,/eam ,%ovel ,dr$ge ,co41 ,s\? ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,?is is ! ma*9e ( ! fir/ type1 re/+ on a wood5 or iron c> body1 support$ on trucks ( /&>d gage1 ) an iron or /eel crane f #ah to #bf ft4 high ov] ! track :5 9 work+ ord]1 & :i* c be l[]$ to #ad ft4 to p]mit %ipm5t ?r\gh tunnels & "u l[ ov]head bridges4 ,ma*9es ( ! ?ird type are g5]ally ( small] capacity ?an ! o!rs2 !y h come into g5]al use only )9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 b are n[ multiply+ rapidly 9 numb]s z _! utility = ne>ly all k9ds ( "w is bett] appreciat$4 ,!y are especially adapt$ to small] jobs & "w n readily accessible by rail1 b :]e common roads are available4 ,^! ?ree types are %[n 9 ,figs4 #a to #i1 repres5t+ ! ma*9es ( sev5 ( ! pr9cipal manufactur]s4 ,/eam %ovels w excavate any k9d ( mat]ial except solid rock1 & !y w load rock if x has be5 brok5 up by explosives into pieces ( n m ?an #c-d cu4 yd4 9 size4 ,! mat]ials excavat$ by !m are mo/ly s&1 loose gravel1 all k9ds ( clay1 cem5t$ gravel1 h>dpan1 clays mix$ ) b[ld]s & o!r small /ones1 ore1 phosphate rock1 loose rock & ?9 seams ( slate1 %ale or s&/one4 ,^! ma*9es are us$ = excavat+ mat]ial1 load+ x on c>s or wagons = balla/+ tracks2 = fill+ tre/les1 /reets1 roads1 dams1 lots & new city additions2 = wid5+ embankm5ts = d\ble track1 side tracks1 y>ds1 %ops & /ation gr\nds2 = cutt+ d[n /reet1 road & railway grades2 grad+ lots & new city additions1 railway y>ds1 %op & /ation gr\nds2 wid5+ cuts1 remov+ l& slides1 /ripp+ coal fields1 ore b$s & /one qu>ries2 digg+ canals & dra9age dit*es1 load+ clays = brick y>ds1 etc4 ,con/ruction ( ,/eam ,%ovels4--,! g5]al plan ( con/ruction ( ! ma*9es1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #a to #i1 is ess5tially ! same 9 all1 & consi/s ( a /rong frame1 m\nt$ on :eels1 =m+ ! base to :i* all work+ p>ts are atta*$4 ,! boil] & ma*9]y are plac$ ne> ! re> end ( ! frame1 & ! ma/1 or po/1 & crane at ! front end4 ,! crane is made 9 two pieces connect$ only at ! top or po9t1 & at ! foot ( ! ma/4 ,betwe5 ^! pieces1 s]v+ z guides1 is ! dipp] h&le1 c>ry+ at its f>!r end ! dipp] or scoop4 ,to ! top ( ! po/ 7or to ! foot 9 "s ma*9es7 ! sw++ circle is secur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,b>nh>t ,,/eam ,,%ovel2 ,m>ion ,/eam ,%ovel ,co41 ,m>ion1 ,o4 ,! mo/ us$1 & h5ce ! mo/ important "p ( ! ma*9]y ( ! /eam %ovel is ! ge>+ imp>t+ motion to ! hoi/+ drum1 actuat+ ! *a9s by :i* ! dipp] is rais$ & l[]$4 ,x is 9 almo/ con/ant use1 & is (t5 subject$ to sev]e %ocks 9 h>d digg+4 ,( all p>ts ( ! ma*9]y x is ! mo/ likely to break or rapidly we> out4 ,naturally x has receiv$ ! mo/ att5tion ( any "p ( ! /eam %ovel 9 all ef=ts to improve ! design1 /r5g? & durability ( ! ma*9e4 ,!re are a numb] ( diff]5t ge>s 9 use1 & ess5tially !y are ei!r friction clut*es or positive ge>+4 ,! use ( ! =m] subjects ! ma*9]y & crane to less sev]e %ocks1 & c be ?r[n 9 & out ( ge> m rapidly1 b x we>s out quick]1 (t5 causes delay by heat+1 & requires frequ5t repairs4 ,positive ge>+ exposes ! ma*9]y & crane to m sev]e %ocks 9 h>d digg+1 & mu/ be />t$ sl[]1 especially 9 h>d mat]ial1 b :ile ^! ma*9es are a little sl[] ?an ^? op]at$ ) friction clut*es1 !y are less subject to ! exp5se ( repairs & delay due to ! dis>rangem5t ( ! hoi/+ ge>1 s t _! total output ( mat]ial ab\t equals1 & sometimes exce$s1 ! quick] mov+ friction ge> ma*9e4 ,! me*anism = ?ru/+ ! dipp] into ! bank is atta*$ to ! crane1 & ! =ms mo/ g5]ally us$ are z foll[s3 #a4 ,a *a91 "o end ( :i* is atta*$ to ! re> end ( ! dipp] h&le1 & ! o!r end w\nd ar\nd a drum receiv+ its motion by an endless *a9 pass+ ov] a sprocket :eel connect$ to ! axle ( ! sprocket :eel at ! top ( ! ma/1 ov] :i* ! hoi/+ *a9 passes1 !reby revolv+ bo? :eels4 ,?is drum is ?r[n into ge> by a friction clut*1 & its motion regulat$ by ! cranesman's lev] & footbrake4 #b4 ,a rack on ! dipp] h&le op]at$ by a p9ion atta*$ to a %aft revolv$ & regulat$ z above describ$4 #c4 ,a small d\ble cyl9d] eng9e op]at+ ei!r a p9ion & rack z above describ$1 or revolv+ a drum ) a *a9 atta*$ to x1 & ! re> end ( ! dipp] h&le z describ$ 9 ! fir/ case4 #d4 ,a long /eam cyl9d] atta*$ to ! dipp] h&le1 ^: pi/on rod is connect$ to ! dipp]1 ext5d+ or )draw+ x z desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,victor ,,/eam ,,%ovel2 ,tol$o ,f\ndry ,ma*9e ,co41 ,tol$o1 ,o4 ,! ?ru/+ me*anism us$ 9 ! la/ two cases imp>ts a rapid1 /eady & p[]ful motion1 b ! extra eng9es or /eam cyl9d] & _! connect+ /eam pipes involve a complication :i* (t5 m ?an balances _! advantages4 ,sw++ ! crane 9 a horizontal direction is g5]ally accompli%$ 9 "o ( ! foll[+ ?ree ways3 #a4 ,a *a9 pass+ ar\nd ! sw++ circle atta*$ to ! po/1 & w\nd ar\nd drums connect$ to ! eng9e by positive ge>+ or friction clut*es4 #b4 ,a wire rope pass+ r\nd ! sw++ circle & connect$ to ! pi/on rods op]at$ by two long /eam cyl9d]s4 #c4 ,a *a9 pass+ r\nd ! sw++ circle & w\nd ar\nd a drum connect$ to a small rev]sible eng9e4 ,! me*anisms us$ 9 ! la/ two cases h ! same advantages1 b also suff] f ! same objections urg$ aga9/ employ+ small eng9es or a /eam cyl9d] = ?ru/+ ! dipp] into ! bank4 ,! eng9es are ei!r ( ! upright type ) a s+le /eam cyl9d]1 or ( ! horizontal type1 ) d\ble horizontal /eam cyl9d]s4 ,! size ( ! cyl9d]s v>ies = ma*9es ( diff]5t capacities1 rang+ f #h by #aj ins4 to #aj by #ab ins4 = ! upright eng9es1 & #f by #h ins4 to #ac by #af ins4 = ! horizontal eng9es4 ,! upright type ( boil] ) subm]g$ flues is usually pref]r$1 z x occupies only a small space4 ,horizontal boil]s ( ! locomotive type are us$ 9 a few ma*9es1 & are m economical 9 ! use ( fuel1 b occupy too l>ge a floor space4 ,=c$ draft is us$ 9 bo? types ( boil]s1 & !y are g5]ally work$ to ! limit ( _! capacity4 ,! usual work+ pressure is #ij lbs4 p] sq4 94 ,! safety valve is g5]ally set to bl[ (f at #abj lbs4 p] sq4 94 ,! boil] is suppli$ ) wat] ei!r f an upright circul> %eet iron tank locat$ 9 a corn] ( ! ma*9e1 beh9d ! boil]1 or f a %eet iron box tank hung "u ! floor4 ,^! tanks usually hold ab\t #a1jjj gallons ( wat]1 en\gh to run ! ma*9e half a day4 ,! wat] is obta9$ by a pump or siphon f ! t5d] ( a locomotive on railway "w1 or is haul$ to ! ma*9e by wagon on o!r "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,clem5t ,,/eam ,,%ovel2 ,indu/rial ,works1 ,bay ,city1 ,mi*4 ,9 "s ma*9es ! frame or c> body is made ( wood1 g5]ally oak1 (t5 incas$ ) heavy plate iron4 ,9 o!rs x is con/ruct$ ( iron or /eel ,i-beams & *annels4 ,9 all ma*9es x is /rongly built & brac$ ) a view to su/a9 ! weight ( ! work+ p>ts & to resi/ ! %ocks to :i* x is subject$4 ,! floor is usually ( #c-;94 oak plank4 ,! ma/ or po/ is made ( ca/ or wr\ght iron1 /rongly brac$ & guy$ to ! frame4 ,x is ! pivot ab\t :i* ! crane sw+s1 & easy work+ 9 its be>+s is ( great importance = ! rapid & economical op]ation ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 ord] to prev5t breakage or delay x %\ld nev] be p]mitt$ to wabble by neglect+ to promptly tight5 its braces & guys 9 case !y %\ld "w loose4 ,! po/ %\ld always /& v]tical1 or practically s1 to insure ! horizontal motion ( ! crane & avoid unnecess>y /ra9+ ( ! sw++ ge>4 ,= ?is reason ! ma*9e %\ld be set practically level be=e beg9n+ op]ations2 & us+ a small mason's level is bett] ?an tru/+ to ! eye1 :5 block+ "u ! track & adju/+ ! jack screws = ?is purpose4 ,! crane is secur$ to ! po/1 & is made ( wood1 iron or /eel1 /rongly & compactly built to resi/ ! %ocks to :i* x is (t5 subject$4 ,x is f #ad to #bj ft4 high above ! track or gr\nd1 v>y+ ) ma*9es ( diff]5t sizes & manufacture1 & sw+s horizontally ?r\gh an angle ( #ahj to #bdj degrees1 ) a radius ( #ae to #bj ft4 ,9 "s ma*9es x mu/ be deta*$ f ! po/ = %ipm5t1 9 o!rs 7mo/ly ^? made = railway use exclusively7 x c be l[]$ to a height ( #ad ft4 above ! track1 !reby p]mitt+ %ipm5t )\t deta*+ f ! po/4 ,! dipp]1 scoop1 or bucket is made ( iron or /eel1 %ap$ some:at l a coal scuttle4 ,its cutt+ edge is protect$ by f\r tee? made ( /eel or /eel po9t$4 ,^! tee? are easily remov$ = %>p5+ or replacem5t4 ,dipp]s v>y 9 size f #a_/b cu4 yd4 to #b-a_/b cu4 yds4 capacity4 ,!y also v>y some:at 9 %ape1 accord+ to ! mat]ial to be excavat$1 ?\gh no special provision is made = ?is unless !re are v l>ge quantities ( ! same k9d ( mat]ial to be remov$2 or = ma*9es work+ 9 a c]ta9 class ( mat]ial only1 l ore load]s4 ,= g5]al "w 9 all k9ds ( mat]ials ! dipp] is seldom *ang$4 ,= s(t1 t5aci\s mat]ial1 likely to adh]e to ! inn] sides ( ! dipp]1 & n drop out promptly :5 ! bottom door is op5$ = unload+1 ! dipp] is %ap$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 ) a l>g] bottom ?an m\?4 ,9 h>d1 or dry s(t mat]ial ! section %[s p>allel sides1 z 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,= g5]al use ! bottom ( ! dipp] %\ld be slightly l>g] ?an ! m\?1 z mo/ mat]ials conta9 m or less moi/ure :i* is likely to produce a p>tial clogg+ ( ! dipp] by mat]ial /ick+ to ! inn] sides1 especially betwe5 ! tee?1 necessitat+ frequ5t clean+ out :5ev] ! ma*9e is /opp$ :ile prep>+ to move =w>d1 & sometimes (t5]4 ,= ord9>y clay1 cem5t$ gravel1 & h>d dry mat]ials1 a dipp] ) a wide & %all[ m\?1 z %[n 9 plan 9 ,fig4 #ab1 is pref]r$ to ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 :i* latt] is bett] adapt$ = loose gravel1 s& & o!r s(t dry mat]ials :]e a deep cut c easily be made4 ,= h>dpan1 %ale1 loose rock & simil> mat]ials1 ample /r5g? ( tee? & dipp] is ( great] importance ?an its %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,giant ,,/eam ,,%ovel2 ,vulcan ,iron ,works ,co41 ,tol$o1 ,o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,little ,,giant ,,/eam ,,%ovel2 ,vulcan ,iron ,works ,co41 ,tol$o1 ,o4 ,to prev5t t5aci\s mat]ial f /ick+ to ! inn] sides ( ! dipp]1 & to all[ x to drop out freely :5 ! bottom door is op5$1 x is (t5 good economy to place a b>rel ( wat] ne> ! head ( ! ma*9e f :i* a bucketful c be tak5 & ?r[n into ! dipp] j be=e ea* cut4 ,! wat] acts z a lubricant & causes ! mat]ial to drop out m readily4 ,= clean+ ! dipp]1 ! tool %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,figs4 #aj to #ac4--;,buckets = ,/eam ,%ovel4 ,! *a9s h l9ks ( ?ree-qu>t]s-in* to "o-in* diamet]1 & are made ( iron1 sometimes ( /eel4 ,_! con/ant use necess>ily subjects !m to great we>1 & z !y are also (t5 expos$ to sev]e %ocks 7especially ! hoi/+ *a97 !y mu/ be made ( ! v be/ mat]ial & 9 ! mo/ c>eful mann]4 ,at pres5t iron *a9s are pref]r$ to ^? made ( /eel3 !y are m durable1 & less likely to break "u sev]e %ocks4 ,/eel *a9s h suff]$ 9 reputation ?r\gh rapid we> & frequ5t breakages occurr+ )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 b ) increas$ exp]i5ce 9 _! manufacture & use !y w und\bt$ly be improv$1 & ev5tually take ! lead ov] iron *a9s4 ,! propell+ me*anism consi/s ( an endless *a9 connect+ "o or m axles ( ! truck or support+ :eels ) ! %aft ( ! hoi/+ drum by means ( friction clut*es or positive ge>+4 ,! usual spe$ is five to six miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,otis-,,*apman ,,/eam ,,%ovel2 ,john ,s\!r ,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,/eam %ovels ( sev5 ( ! mo/ prom95t manufactur]s are %[n 9 ,figs4 #a to #i1 & ! g5]al p>ticul>s ( ea* are giv5 9 cond5s$ =m 9 ,table ,i4 ,9 ea* case ! boil] is upright4 ,,table ,i4--,,g5]al ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,important ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,prom95t ,,makes ,,( ,,/eam ,,%ovels4 ---,frame------ ,fig4 ,size1 ,runn+ ,gage1 ,en- ,cyl9- ,h'/'g ,%ovel4 ,mat]ial4 ft4 ge>4 ft4ins4 ,b'l'r g9e d]1 ge>4 ins4 #a4 ,osgood ,wood #aj #cd #b trucks #d #h-a_/b ,v ,h #b #aj #ab ,f #aj #cj #h-a_/daj ,f #aj #be #g #aj ,f #b4 ,?ompson ,i-be'm #aj #cb #aj #ad ,f & #aj #cj #h #ab ,f *an- #aj #bh #h #aj ,f nels #aj #bd #f #h ,f #c4 ,b>nh>t #aj #bh ,v #h #aj ,f #aj #bf ,h #a #h #aj ,f #aj #bd ,v #h #aj ,f #aj #bb #f #h ,f #e4 ,victor #aj #cj ,h #b #h #aj ,f #f4 ,clem5t #aj #cj #h #aj ,p #g4 ,giant #aj #ce;,a #ac #af ,f #aj #ce #h #ab ,f #aj #cj #g #aa ,f #h4 ,little ,giant #g #bcd r'd : #h #j #g #aa ,f #f #bc #h #j #f #h ,f #i4 ,otis-,*'pm'n ,wood #aj #bbd fl'ge : #g #aj ,v #a #aj #ab ,p #aj #ah #g #aj #h #aj ,p ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,boil] & ,eng9e--,v,v]t41 ,h,hor4 ,hoi/+ ,ge>--,f,friction ,clut*1 ,p,positive ,fig4 ,?ru/+ ,me*anism4 ,sw++ ,me*anism4 ,rev]sible eng9es1 #b /eam cyl9d]s #a4 ea* #f #h ins4 ,*a9s atta*$ to ,d41 d #e #f ins4 circle ge>$ to hoi/+ drum #b4 ,rack on dipp] h&le actuat$ by #c4 friction clut* ge>$ to hoi/+ drum4 #e4 ,rev]sible eng9e1 #b /eam cyls4 #f #h ins4 ,wire ropes atta*$ to circle & pi/'n rods #f4 ,long /'m cyl41 9 long /'m cyl4 pi/on rod at'*'d to dipp] ,rev]sible eng9e1 ,rev]sible eng9e1 #g4 #b /eam cyls4 #b /eam cyl9d]s #e #f ins4 #e #f ins42 except ,a1 #h4 cyl9d]s #g #i ins4 ,*a9s on dipp] h&le actuat$ ,*a9s atta*$ to #i4 by friction clut* ge>$ circle ge>$ to to hoi/+ drum4 hoi/+ drum --------------,crane4------------ --,h'ght ab've-- gr'nd or track4 ,capacity ,work+ ,%ipp+ ,sw++ ( ,po/ ord]1 ord]1 ,radius1 angle1 dipp]1 ,w'ht1 ,fig4 mat]ial4 ,mat]ial4 ft4 ft4 ft4 deg4 cu4 yds4 tons4 #a4 ,wt4 iron ,wt4 iron #bf #ad #bd #bdj #b #dj ,a #bd #ad #bd #bdj #a-a_/b #cj frame #bj #ad #bj #bdj #a #bj #b4 ,ca/ iron #bc #ad #bj #bjj #b-a_/b #de #ah #ad #ah #bjj #a-c_/d #dj #ah #ad #af #bjj #a-a_/d #cj #af #ad #ab #bjj #c_/d #bj #c4 ,wt4 iron ,wood #bf #ad #bj #bjj #a-a_/b #cg #bd #ad #bj #bjj #a #bf #bj #ad #ah #bjj #c_/d #af #ah #ad #ah #bjj #a_/b #ab #e4 ,holl[ ,wt4 iron #ai #ad #bj #bjj #b #dj wt4 ir4 #f4 ,ca/ iron #bj #ad #bj #bjj #b #dj #g4 ,ca/ /eel ,/eel #bj #ad #ai #bjj #b-a_/b #gj ,ca/ iron #bj #ad #ai #bjj #a-c_/d #de #ah #ad #ag #bjj #a-a_/d #cj #h4 #af ,deta*'d #ae #ahe #a-a_/d #bj #ae #ae #ahe #c_/d #ah #i4 ,wood #bj #bj #bjj #b-a_/b #bf #af #ah #bjj #a-a_/d #ae ,mak]s3 #a 7,osgood73 ,osgood ,dr$ge ,co41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #b 7,?ompson73 ,bucyrus ,/eam ,%ovel ,dr$ge ,co41 ,bucyrus1 ,o4 #c1 #d 7,b>nh>t73 ,m>ion ,/eam ,%ovel ,co41 ,m>ion1 ,o4 #e 7,victor73 ,tol$o ,f\ndry ,ma*9e ,co41 ,tol$o1 ,o4 #f 7,clem5t73 ,indu/rial ,works1 ,bay ,city1 ,mi*4 #g 7,giant7 & #h 7,little ,giant73 ,vulcan ,iron ,works ,co41 ,tol$o1 ,o4 #i 7,otis-,*apman73 ,john ,s\!r ,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,op]ation ( ,/eam ,%ovels4--,all movem5ts ( ! /eam %ovel are controll$ by two m51 ! eng9eman & ! cranesman4 ,! =m] is /ation$ ne> ! eng9e1 ! latt] on a small plat=m atta*$ to ! crane4 ,! eng9eman directs ! movem5ts = rais+ & l[]+ ! dipp]1 sw++ x into position = unload+1 & mov+ ! ma*9e =w>d or backw>d4 ,! cranesman regulates ! dep? ( ! cut made by ! dipp]1 releases x f ! bank :5 full or ne> ! top ( ! crane1 & pulls ! spr+ lat* ( ! bottom door ( ! dipp] :5 9 position = unload+1 !reby dump+ its cont5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,spade = ,clean+ ,buckets4 ,^! motions are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ae & #af4 ,beg9n+ ) ! dipp] 9 ! position %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #ae1 ! eng9eman ?r[s ! hoi/+ drum into ge>1 & />t+ ! eng9e pulls ! dipp] upw>d1 ! cranesman at ! same "t ?ru/+ x =w>d1 regulat+ ! dep? ( ! cut s t x w n /op ! eng9e or tip up ! re> end ( ! ma*9e4 ,:5 ! dipp] has rea*$ ! position ,b1 ne> ! top ( ! crane1 ! eng9eman ?r[s ! hoi/+ drum out ( ge>1 & holds x 9 position ) a foot brake2 at ! same "t ! cranesman by eas+ 8 foot brake1 all[s ! dipp] to fall back to ! position ,c4 ,! eng9eman !n sw+s ! dipp] ov] ! c> or wagon1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 :5 ! cranesman pulls ! lat* rope1 !reby op5+ ! bottom door ( ! dipp] & dropp+ ! cont5ts4 ,! eng9eman !n sw+s ! crane back aga9 to ! next cut1 at ! same "t releas+ 8 foot brake on ! hoi/+ drum until ! dipp] has fall5 to a po9t ne> ! gr\nd1 z at ,d1 ,fig4 #ae1 :]e he holds x = an in/ant ) ! foot brake1 !n drops x by releas+ ! brake1 :ile ! cranesman 7dur+ ?is slight drop7 regulates ! l5g? ( ! radius ( ! dipp] h&le by releas+ 8 foot brake s z to br+ ! dipp] into ! position ,a aga91 & adjo9+ ! la/ cut4 ,:ile ! dipp] is be+ l[]$1 ! bottom door closes & lat*es itself by its own weight1 :5 all is ready aga9 = ano!r cut4 ,^! motions are v simple :5 tak5 sep>ately1 b :5 p]=m$ toge!r by two diff]5t m51 exp]i5ce & quickness 9 bo? are requir$ to c>ry on ! "w rapidly & h>moni\sly1 )\t breakages or delays4 ,9 loose gravel "o cut c be made 9 a half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a m9ute2 9 h>d mat]ials "o & a half to two m9utes1 seldom m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,%[+ ,s]ies ( ,op]ations = ,excavat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,load+ ,e>? f ,/eam ,%ovel ,onto ,c>s4 ,aft] all mat]ial )9 rea* ( ! dipp] has be5 remov$1 an unoccupi$ section ( track 7g5]ally ab\t #d ft4 long7 at ! re> ( ! /eam %ovel is atta*$ to ! dipp] by a *a9 & dragg$ ar\nd ! ma*9e to ! front 7by sw++ ! dipp] horizontally7 & !re plac$ 9 position 9 l9e ) ! sections ( track "u ! ma*9e4 ,! screws at ! ends ( ! jack arm 7a horizontal b> at ! front end ( ! ma*9e us$ = /eady+ x :5 cuts are tak5 at "r angles to ! /eam %ovel7 are !n releas$1 & ! ma*9e mov$ =w>d ?ree or f\r feet by ?r[+ ! propell+ ge> into motion4 ,aft] plac+ ! jack screws into _! new position1 & tight5+ !m1 & block+ ! support+ :eels ( ! /eam %ovel1 ! ma*9e is ready = ano!r s]ies ( cuts4 ,! regul> employees = op]at+ a /eam %ovel are ! eng9eman1 cranesman1 fireman & f\r labor]s4 ,! latt] are "u ! sup]vision ( ! cranesman1 & _! duties are to %ovel =w>d any lumps or loose mat]ial :i* may roll d[n & lodge too close to ! front ( ! /eam %ovel to be rea*$ by ! dipp]1 to level ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! ma*9e1 prep>+ x = ! next section ( track1 to lay ^! sections ( track1 to att5d to ! jack screws & block+ & to act z g5]al utility m54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,pole = ,break+ ,d[n ,edge ( ,excavation4 ,) ?is crew dry s& & loose gravel c readily be load$4 ,9 h>d] or m t5aci\s mat]ials f two to six extra m5 are requir$1 dep5d+ ^u ! k9d ( mat]ial to be excavat$1 & also ^u good managem5t ( ! contractor or =eman 9 *>ge4 ,wet s& & fairly loose gravel requires only two extra m51 ^: duty is to break d[n ! ov]hang+ l$ges ( ^! mat]ials :i* _c be rea*$ by ! dipp]1 & are liable to fall :5 ! ma*9e has advanc$1 bury+ x or block+ ! pit beh9d x4 ,! implem5t us$ by ^! m5 is a pole1 ,fig4 #ag1 head$ by an iron po9t1 resembl+ a surveyor's pole4 ,) ^! poles fairly loose gravel & s& c be readily brok5 d[n1 slop$ at its natural angle1 & f$ into ! pit 9 front ( ! /eam %ovel4 ,9 h>d] mat]ials ?ree to f\r extra m5 are usually suffici5t1 b 9 v h>d or t5aci\s mat]ials z _m z six mu/ be employ$4 ,^! m5 break d[n ov]hang+ mat]ial 9 ! face ( ! bank :i* _c be rea*$ by ! dipp]1 bore or drill holes = p[d] or dynamite :5 bla/+ becomes necess>y1 cut & remove trees1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,on all b v small pieces ( railway "w !re are also employ$ a blacksmi? & help]1 & two to five c> repair]s4 ,! blacksmi?'s "w consi/s mo/ly ( repairs ab\t ! c>s1 ma9ly b5t or brok5 aprons1 sidebo>ds1 *a9s1 etc4 ,! /eam %ovel occupies mu* ! small] "p ( 8 "t4 ,8 accommodation requires a small r\gh frame %op ab\t #aj by #af ft4 7an old box c> body is frequ5tly us$71 ) =ge & tools4 ,ano!r r\gh frame %$ ( ab\t ! same size is ne$$ = ! /orage ( tools1 oils & supplies4 ,! section-m5 ( ! respective sections are occasionally call$ on = ! build+ & ma9ta9+ 7or tak+ up7 ( ! v>i\s side tracks requir$ dur+ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,"p ,,ii4--,/eam ,%ovel ,"w4 ,wid5+ a ,cut2 ,load+ on ! ,ma9 ,track4--,! simple/ & "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t cases = ! application ( a /eam %ovel is ! wid5+ ( a s+le track railway cut4 ,! mann] ( do+ ?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,a swit*1 ,a ,b1 is put 9 ! ma9 track j beyond ! end ( ! cut & f> en\gh away to p]mit ! /eam %ovel 7:5 /&+ on ! side track7 to cle> c>s on ! ma9 track4 ,c>s are !n plac$ opposite x on ! ma9 track & ! ma*9e is ready = excavation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,x v frequ5tly happ5s t ! end ( ! cut jo9s directly on an embankm5t1 z %[n 9 pr(ile1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d x w\ld be necess>y to wid5 ! embankm5t = ! reception ( ! side track1 ne> ! end ( ! cut1 if ! ma*9e 7 to beg9 "w at t po9t1 ,c1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,?is is v seldom done2 ! usual me?od is to remove ! section1 ,a1 ,figs4 #ai & #bj1 to ,b by h& labor ) :eelb>r[s or ) teams & scrap]s4 ,! excavat$ mat]ial is us$ to wid5 "p ( ! embankm5t ne> ! end ( ! cut = ! reception ( ! side track4 ,section ,a is made b>ely long en\gh to provide a /&+ place = ! /eam %ovel & cle> c>s on ! ma9 track2 x is seldom ov] #ej ft4 long1 & av]ages ab\t #cj ft4 ,aft] plac+ ! ma*9e 9 ?is space x is ready = "w4 ,/r+s ( #aj to #bj c>s are !n drawn along ! ma9 track1 & /opp$ opposite ! ma*9e = load+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,:5 ! ma*9e has rea*$ ! end ( ! swit*1 x advances on %ort sections ( track1 g5]ally #d ft4 long1 :i* are plac$ 9 front ( x1 & aga9 tak5 f its re> :5 x has mov$ =w>d "o section ( track m ?an its own l5g?4 ,:5 no m cuts are to be made = /ill fur!r wid5+1 ! swit* is tak5 up aga9 & ! ma*9e advances on its own track sections1 ,fig4 #ba4 ,:5 o!r cuts are to foll[1 h[ev]1 a load+ track is ne$$ = ! next cut2 ! side track is !n ext5d$ = ?is purpose at conv5i5t int]vals1 g5]ally ab\t #cjj ft4 at a "t ?\gh (t5 aft] ea* space ( a rail l5g? 7usually #cj ft47 is cle>4 ,! latt] is by f> ! be/ practice1 z x p]mits ! imm$iate )drawal ( ! ma*9e 9 case ( a ?reat5$ cave-91 sidehill slip1 or o!r un=ese5 dang]4 ,aft] all ! c>s h be5 load$ !y are tak5 away = unload+4 ,sometimes ! /eam %ovel is left idle until ! tra9 returns1 :i* is a v wa/eful me?od ( work+1 ev5 :]e ! haul to ! dump is %ort1 half a mile to two miles4 ,two eng9es & crews %\ld be furni%$ = hauls up to t5 miles2 ?ree eng9es & crews1 or m1 = long] hauls1 or :]e ! traffic on ! ma9 l9e is v heavy1 & delays to ! "w tra9s are frequ5t4 ,! mat]ial is g5]ally utiliz$ 9 fill+ tre/les1 wid5+ embankm5ts = side tracks1 d\ble tracks1 y>ds1 etc41 !reby mak+ two improvem5ts at ! same "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,9 wid5+ a cut x is good policy to keep ! grade ( ! pit f #a to #b ft4 bel[ ! surface ( ! subgrade ( ! ma9 track1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb1 !reby provid+ = dra9age ( ! balla/ & also provid+ a receptacle = ! spread+ ( loose mat]ial dropp+ (f ! c>s & wa%+ 9 f ! surface ( ! cut2 !re is ne>ly always consid]able ( ?is loose mat]ial to roll or wa% into ! pit aft] ! cut has be5 complet$2 & unless room is provid$ = x1 ! accumulation w soon rea* ! height ( ! track1 wa%+ mud on x1 & *ok+ ! dra9age1 ?us injuri\sly affect+ ! ma9 track4 ,wid5+ a ,cut2 ,load+ on a ,side ,track ,grad$ by ,h& or ,/eam4--,! delays 9 load+ on ! ma9 track ( a railway 9 op]ation1 due to ! cle>+ ( ! track = all tra9s1 v>y f "o to f\r h\rs p] day ( t5 h\rs1 & sometimes am\nt to z mu* z sev5 h\rs1 dep5d+ ^u ! d5sity ( ! traffic on ! l9e4 ,! fir/ cut 9 a case su* z ! latt] is !re=e necess>ily an exp5sive "o1 & :]e ! traffic is s heavy x is (t5 *eap] to make a n>r[ cut = ! side track1 on :i* ! /eam %ovel is to load1 ei!r by wagons & :eel scrap]s1 ,fig4 #bc1 or by h& ) :eelb>r[s load+ back on c>s1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc1 a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd1 a4 ,! latt] plan has ! great disadvantage t only "o c> at a "t c be load$ & only a few m5 7six to t57 c be employ$4 ,!re=e ?is plan is nev] adopt$ :]e quick "w is requir$1 b is us$ only :]e ample "t is available1 & mo/ly z an e>ly spr+ prelim9>y job1 prep>+ ! way = ! op]ation ( ! /eam %ovel lat] 9 ! season4 ,f ?ree to six flat or coal c>s are us$1 en\gh to require a :ole day = ! gang ( m5 employ$ to load2 ! mat]ial f ! face ( ! excavation is load$ on :eelb>r[s1 & :eel$ ov] ! empty c>s to ! "o f>!/ f ! cut4 ,?is c> is load$ fir/1 !n ! "o next to x1 etc4 ,at night ! load$ c>s are tak5 out ( ! swit* by ! fir/ available freight tra9 & haul$ to ! ne>e/ y>d or side track :]e wid5+ ( ! embankm5t is want$1 or :]e ! mat]ial c be o!rwise us$ to advantage1 & !re unload$ by a small gang ( m5 on ! foll[+ day2 ! c>s to be return$ aga9 ! next night4 ,o!r empty c>s are plac$ 9 ! pit track = load+ next day1 by a tra9 b\nd t[>d ! pit ! same night ! load$ c>s 7 tak5 out4 ,! "w c be c>ri$ on f ei!r "o or bo? ends ( ! cut4 ,coal c>s %\ld nev] be us$ if flats c possibly be obta9$1 z ! latt] c be unload$ by a gang ( m5 "o-?ird z l>ge z w\ld be necess>y = unload+ coal c>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be1 a4 ,sometimes small dump c>s are us$1 drawn by horses or mules1 & ! mat]ial unload$ at ! end ( ! cut1 !reby wid5+ ! embankm5t = a long side track1 ,fig4 #be4 ,! n>r[ gage track1 ,a1 is laid ov] ! dit* adjo9+ ! ma9 track2 ! mat]ial = any slight excavation t may be necess>y = ?is track is %ovel$ on ! slope ( ! cut1 z at ,c1 on ! cross section4 ,! mat]ial is !n load$ on small dump c>s /&+ on track ,a1 & unload$ at ,d4 ,! c>s are return$ on track ,b4 ,! cross-ov]s1 ,e & ,f1 are tak5 up occasionally & relaid ne> ! advanc+ ends ( ! cut & dump4 ,9 %ort cuts ! n>r[ excavation necess>y = plac+ a side track 9 ! cut = ! /eam %ovel to load on is g5]ally tak5 out by c>ts & dump$ at ! ends ( ! cut1 wid5+ ! embankm5t = a long side track4 ,! plan ( excavation ) wagons or :eel scrap]s = ?is side track1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1 is adopt$ :]e ! traffic is too heavy to p]mit load+ on ! ma9 track2 :5 ! side track is want$ at ! e>lie/ possible "t2 & 9 cuts n ov] #dj ft4 deep4 ,! mat]ial is dump$ at ! ends ( ! cut until ! haul becomes too long1 !n x is tak5 to ! top ( ! cut ov] sidehill driveways excavat$ = ! purpose1 & unload$ at a suffici5t di/ance f ! edge ( ! new cut to prev5t its wa%+ back by ra9s4 ,^! exp$i5ts are necess>y only on railways :]e traffic is v heavy4 ,on mo/ railways 7on all :]e ! total delay does n exce$ five h\rs p] day7 x is *eap] to load on ! ma9 track until ! fir/ cut has be5 made4 ,?is necess>ily involves ! delay due to runn+ to & return+ f ! ne>e/ side track to get out ( ! way ( e ma9 l9e tra91 until ! pit track is long en\gh to conta9 ! con/ruction tra94 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seldom requires m ?an two weeks1 g5]ally only "o2 ! excavation ( all ( ! fir/ cut does n (t5 occupy m ?an a mon?1 & is only a v %ort "t comp>$ ) ! :ole l5g? ( "t t ! /eam %ovel is usually 9 op]ation on all b v small jobs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,aft] a side track has be5 laid 9 ! fir/ cut made by "o ( ! me?ods describ$ above1 ! /eam %ovel beg9s "w at ,a1 ,fig4 #bf1 load+ c>s /&+ on ! side track1 & "s ( !m ext5d+ out on ! ma9 track4 ,at fir/ n m ?an t5 c>s %\ld be c\pl$ to ! eng9e1 s t ! tra9 c quickly run into ! side track on ! approa* ( a ma9 l9e tra91 & n delay its passage4 ,aft] ! /eam %ovel has advanc$ a tra9-l5g?1 ! full numb] ( empty c>s c be c\pl$ to ! eng9e1 z !y w all be on ! side track :ile be+ load$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,:]e ! embankm5t has be5 previ\sly wid5$ by ! excavat$ mat]ial f ! cut1 ,fig4 #bg1 a suffici5t l5g? to p]mit lay+ a side track long en\gh to hold ! con/ruction tra91 ! full numb] ( c>s c be us$ at once1 a great advantage 9 keep+ ! /eam %ovel at "w )\t int]ruption by pass+ tra9s1 :i* is unavoidable :5 "s ( ! c>s ext5d out on ! ma9 track4 ,aft] ! ma*9e has rea*$ ! o!r end ( ! cut x is ei!r )drawn = o!r "w1 or plac$ on ! o!r side ( ! ma9 track = wid5+ ! cut on t side4 ,! /eam %ovel beg9s at ,a1 ,fig4 #bh1 load+ c>s /&+ on ! ma9 track2 ! ma9 l9e traffic be+ c>ri$ ov] a tempor>y ma9 track built 9 ! excavation previ\sly made by ! /eam %ovel on ! o!r side ( ! ma9 track4 ,only a few c>s at a "t c be us$ = load+ at fir/1 unless ! tempor>y ma9 track has be5 ext5d$ t[>d ,b a suffici5t l5g? to cle> ! usual /r+ ( ab\t #bj c>s :5 ! fir/ c> is be+ load$4 ,grad+ ,wide ,areas4--,9 load+ gravel = balla/+1 or 9 wid5+ a cut = ! purpose ( grad+ y>d1 %op or /ation gr\nds1 ! usual mann] ( do+ ! "w is %[n 9 ,figs4 #bi to #cd4 ,aft] ! fir/ cut has be5 made by "o ( ! me?ods already describ$ ! /eam %ovel is />t$ 9 at ,a1 ,fig4 #bi1 = ! second cut4 ,aft] its completion ! fir/ side track becomes available = ! /orage ( empty & load$ c>s z 9 ,fig4 #cj1 greatly increas+ ! conv5i5ce ( h&l+ ! c>s & prev5t+ delays by int]f]5ces betwe5 ! /r+s ( empty & load$ c>s1 !n ! latt] _c be tak5 away promptly on acc\nt ( pass+ or %ortly expect$ tra9s on ! ma9 l9e4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! ?ird cut1 ano!r side track is available = c>s1 ,fig4 #ca1 ! load$ c>s are !n plac$ on ! fir/ inside track & ! empty ones on ! second4 ,! =m] are tak5 away by ! road crew1 & on _! return plac$ on track ,no4 #b4 ,! pit crew set _! load$ c>s on track ,no4 #a = ! road crew1 & get _! empties f track ,no4 #b4 ,! pit track 9 ! re> ( ! /eam %ovel is us$ z a repair track = c>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! f\r? cut1 ,fig4 #cb1 track ,no4 #c is us$ = a c> repair & extra /orage track = loads or empties1 = :i* !re may n be room 9 tracks #a or #b4 ,en\gh tracks h !n be5 built = ! mo/ effici5t & economical h&l+ ( ! load$ mat]ial1 & if ! empty c>s are promptly return$ ! /eam %ovel c be kept almo/ con/antly at "w4 ,ea* pit track1 on :i* ! /eam %ovel advances1 becomes a side track on ! completion ( t cut1 to be us$ z a load+ track = ! next cut up to ! f\r? cut1 aft] :i* ! load+ tracks are tak5 up on completion ( ! cut = :i* !y are us$1 ,fig4 #cc1 & relaid 9 ! pit ( ! next cut1 to be us$1 tak5 up1 & relaid z be=e = ! foll[+ cuts4 ,9 pits less ?an "o-qu>t] mile 9 l5g?1 x is sometimes necess>y to reta9 m ( ^! tracks to provide ample /orage space = all load$ & empty c>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,on all l>ge pieces ( "w :]e ! ma9 l9e traffic is heavy x is important t ! fir/ side track f ,a to ,b1 ,fig4 #cb1 %all be ( suffici5t l5g? 7usually ab\t #gjj ft47 to hold ! eng9e & a full /r+ ( c>s to avoid go+ on ! ma9 track :5 swit*+ loads to ,c1 & obta9+ empties f ,d4 ,if !re is an embankm5t f ,a to ,b x c be wid5$ ) mat]ial tak5 f ! cut1 ei!r by wagon or c>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,grad+ by ?is me?od = y>d1 %op & /ation gr\nds occurs mo/ly ne> l>ge cities :]e bett] t]m9al facilities mu/ be provid$ =4 ,! wid? ( ! area excavat$ 9 ?is mann] seldom exce$s #bjj ft4 7eight cuts7 except 9 old gravel pits us$ = furni%+ mat]ial = balla/+ track1 :i* are sometimes #cjj ft4 7twelve cuts7 or m 9 wid?4 ,gravel pits & o!r wide areas excavat$ are seldom less ?an "o-qu>t] mile or m ?an "o mile 9 l5g?4 ,"o-half to ?ree-f\r?s ( a mile is ! mo/ usual l5g?2 9 exceptional cases two miles h be5 rea*$4 ,long & n>r[ pits c be work$ m advantage\sly ?an %ort & wide ones4 ,cutt+ ,d[n ,grades4--,= cutt+ d[n grades on railways :]e ! traffic is n too heavy to prohibit load+ on ! ma9 track1 ! usual plan ( op]ations is %[n 9 ,figs4 #ce to #db4 ,! ma*9e beg9s "w at ,a1 ,figs4 #ce & #cf1 ! beg9n+ po9t ( ! new grade1 load+ c>s on ! ma9 track1 cutt+ to ! l9e ( ! new grade1 & mov+ =w>d on ! track on ! surface ( ! pit z long z ! height ( ! crane p]mits rais+ ! dipp] high en\gh ov] ! c>s to op5 ! bottom door ( ! dipp] & dis*>ge its cont5ts1 ,b1 ,fig4 #ce4 ,?is po9t is usually ab\t #b ft4 bel[ ! ma9 track4 ,! ma*9e mu/ !n be gradually run upw>d on a cribwork ( wood5 block+1 g5]ally pieces ( p9e #f by #ab ins4 by #d ft4 long1 ) "s long] track /r+]s = support+ ! sections ( track on top ( ! block+1 & "s ?9n] pieces = atta9+ exact heights ( block+ :5 ne$$4 ,z ! ma*9e moves =w>d ! dipp] /ill cont9ues cutt+ to ! l9e ( ! new grade1 :ile ! ma*9e is gradually run upw>d on ! block+ on a grade p>allel to ! grade ( ! ma9 track1 & slightly bel[ x1 ma9ta9+ a con/ant height betwe5 ! top ( ! track on ! block+ & ! highe/ po9t to :i* ! dipp] c be rais$ on ! crane to insure dis*>g+ its load on ! c>s4 ,:5 ! dipp] has cut z l[ z ! l5g? ( ! dipp] h&le w p]mit1 ,c1 ,fig4 #ce1 ! greate/ dep? to :i* ! ma*9e w cut bel[ ! level ( ! ma9 track has be5 rea*$1 & z ! /eam %ovel advances ! surface ( ! pit w be on a grade p>allel to ! grade ( ! ma9 track1 runn+ upw>d to ! summit1 ,s1 !n d[nw>d1 & cont9ue s until x cuts ! new grade l9e at ,h1 :5 ! dipp] is made to cut on ?is grade1 :ile ! block+ "u ! ma*9e is gradually l[]$ z x 0 previ\sly rais$1 until ! /eam %ovel rea*es ! end ( ! new grade at ,i1 :5 x is aga9 on ! surface ( ! pit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,al?\gh ! ma*9e is gradually run upw>d & d[nw>d1 x is always block$ level aft] ea* =w>d move be=e beg9n+ "w1 to insure quick & easy sw++ ( ! crane1 z previ\sly expla9$4 ,mo/ ma*9es w cut #e ft4 bel[ ! ma9 track & load on a flat c> ) #ah ins4 side bo>ds4 ,"s ma*9es w cut z l[ z #h ft41 & !y are pref]r$ to o!rs on railways :]e mu* "w ( ?is k9d is done1 z _! use (t5 avoids mak+ an extra cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,aft] ! fir/ cut has be5 complet$1 ! pit track1 ,a #a1 ,fig4 #cf1 becomes ! tempor>y ma9 & load+ track2 ! ma9 track is tak5 up f ,c to ,h1 & ! /eam %ovel run back to ,c to beg9 ! second cut1 ,fig4 #db1 excavat+ x 9 ! same way z ! fir/1 & load+ on ! tempor>y ma9 track4 ,?is track aga9 is tak5 up aft] ! second cut1 ! ma*9e beg9s at ,d & ends at ,g = ! ?ird cut & loads on ! pit track 9 ! second cut2 ! f\r? cut is made 9 a simil> way1 ! ma*9e beg9n+ at ,e & end+ at ,f1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,! fif? & la/ cut is m]ely a wid5+ cut1 made by load+ on ! track 9 ! pit ( ! f\r? cut4 ,! mat]ial ( ea* cut aft] ! fir/ is load$ on ! track laid 9 ! prec$+ cut4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! la/ cut1 ! p]man5t subgrade hav+ be5 rea*$1 ! ma9 track is laid on ! p]man5t l9e1 & ! small quantity ( mat]ial obta9$ f cutt+ ! dit*es load$ on c>s by h& & tak5 away = unload+4 ,! mo/ frequ5t dep? ( cut made at ! summit ( grades is ab\t #aj ft4 7two cuts71 ,figs4 #ch & #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db-a_/b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,:5 ! ma9 track is on a curve1 z frequ5tly happ5s1 an extra cut c (t5 be avoid$ by slightly *ang+ ! al9em5t ( ! new ma9 track1 & at ! same "t r$uc+ ! degree ( curvature1 z %[n by ,figs4 #db-a_/b & #dc4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly applicable :]e an odd numb] ( cuts mu/ be tak5 to rea* ! bottom ( ! new grades4 ,! dipp] w cut to a slope ( ab\t #a to #a4 ,:5 great] slopes are requir$1 x mu/ be done by h& or und]cutt+ resort$ to4 ,slop+ by h& is sl[ & exp5sive "w1 impracticably s 9 all t5aci\s mat]ials2 x has !re=e become ! exception1 & und]cutt+ ! rule4 ,cuts made 9 ! latt] mann] sometimes pres5t a r ragg$ appe>ance :5 j complet$1 b ! irregul>ities soon m]ge into a smoo? surface z ! action ( ! elem5ts produces ! natural slope ( ! mat]ial2 ! small] co/ amply comp5sates = ! tempor>y lack ( f9i%$ appe>ances4 ,! am\nt ( h& labor necess>y :]e und]cutt+ is n practic$ is %[n by ! sections ,a 9 ,figs4 #ch & #da4 ,?is c be entirely avoid$ by und]cutt+ ! slopes1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ci & #db2 ! sections ,b w sl\gh (f )9 a ye> or two & mo/ ( ! mat]ial lodge 9 ! spaces ,c2 a small "p ( ?is mat]ial may roll to ! bottom ( ! cut1 & c be remov$ by load+ on c>s by h&1 or space may be provid$ = x by mak+ ! cut a few feet wid] at ! bottom4 ,9 mo/ cuts = r$uc+ grades ?is extra wid? mu/ be cut out anyh[ to provide room = bo? /eam %ovel & load+ track4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,9 r$uc+ grades on railways ) a traffic too heavy to p]mit load+ on ! ma9 track1 a tempor>y ma9 track mu/ fir/ be built by "o ( ! me?ods %[n 9 ,figs4 #bc1 #bd & #be4 ,! tempor>y ma9 track1 ,a1 ,figs4 #dd1 #de & #df1 is !n laid1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh1 to c>ry ! traffic ( ! road unob/ruct$4 ,! ma9 track !n becomes ! load+ track = ! fir/ cut1 & ! foll[+ cuts are made z %[n 9 ,figs4 #dd1 #de & #df4 ,! tempor>y ma9 track1 ,a1 is mov$ to a second position1 ,b1 :5 ! mat]ial "u x mu/ be cut away4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to arrange ! cuts s t ! tempor>y ma9 track w h to be mov$ z few times z possible1 & to atta9 ! l[e/ level :5 x is mov$4 ,9 loose gravel or s&y mat]ials wid] b]mes & long] slopes mu/ be all[$ = ! %elf on :i* ! tempor>y ma9 track re/s ?an are %[n 9 ! above figures1 b ! me?od ( do+ ! "w is ess5tially ! same4 ,if ! dep? ( ! orig9al cut 9 t5aci\s mat]ials exce$ ! height :i* ! dipp] c rea*1 & break d[n ! mat]ial above x1 ! cuts are arrang$ z %[n 9 ,figs4 #dg1 #dh & #di4 ,tempor>y load+ tracks1 ,l1 are built on ! side ( ! slope1 & ! fir/ cut on ea* side made by load+ on !m2 ! foll[+ cuts are !n made1 z %[n on ! figures4 ,if ! ma9 l9e traffic is v heavy1 x is turn$ ov] ! tempor>y ma9 track1 ,a1 ,fig4 #dg1 until ! cut is complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,! orig9al cuts are n (t5 m ?an #aj ft4 deep1 & ! section %[n 9 ,fig4 #de cov]s ! majority ( cases4 ,on d\ble-track railways ! traffic 9 bo? directions is g5]ally turn$ ov] "o track = ! l5g? ( ! new cut1 !reby avoid+ consid]able exp5se 9 provid+ two tempor>y ma9 tracks4 ,ea* diff]5t piece ( "w pres5ts diff]5t conditions2 & :ile ! same g5]al pr9ciples apply to all1 e case requires disposition accord+ to its own special circum/ances4 ,great c>e & /udy %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 arrang+ ! cuts1 to r$uce !m to ! fewe/ possible numb]1 & avoid %ift+1 tak+ up & relay+ tracks (t5] ?an absolutely necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,con/ruction ,"w4--,on railways ! /eam %ovel is us$ mo/ly 9 connection ) ma9t5ance ( way "w3 load+ gravel = balla/+ ! track1 wid5+ cuts1 fill+ tre/les1 etc41 b x is also l>gely us$ = v>i\s con/ruction "w1 p>ticul>ly re-al9em5ts ( ! ma9 track = r$uc+ grades & curvature4 ,9 excavation ( ?is class1 ?or\gh cutt+ %\ld be avoid$ if possible1 = reasons :i* w be subsequ5tly expla9$4 ,! "w is begun by lay+ a tempor>y track1 ,a1 ,figs4 #ej1 #ea & #eb1 ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd if its natural grade is n too /eep to p]mit op]at+ con/ruction tra9s ov] x4 ,grades up to #f p] c5t4 7#caf4h ft4 p] mile7 c be us$4 ,a mogul eng9e w draw six empty flats ov] su* a grade1 a suffici5t numb] ( c>s to />t ! "w = ! %ort cuts ne> ! summit4 ,! cuts are !n made z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,if ! grade ( ! gr\nd is too /eep to op]ate a track laid on x1 "o ( ! ?ree me?ods may be adopt$ to obta9 a grade = ?is track3 #a4 ,! /eam %ovel is made to cut a tr5* betwe5 ! po9ts ,a & ,b1 ,fig4 #ec1 :]e ! slope ( ! gr\nd is too /eep to p]mit op]at+ a track laid on its surface1 & v>y+ 9 dep? f #e to #aj ft4 z may be necess>y to atta9 ! desir$ grade4 ,! excavat$ mat]ial is dump$ at ,d1 ,fig4 #ed1 to be remov$ ) ! next cut4 ,! l5g? ( ! crane w n p]mit dump+ at ,e a suffici5t di/ance 7#bj ft4 or m7 to obta9 a b]me & prev5t ! mat]ial wa%+ back into ! new cut 9 ! c\rse ( "t2 x mu/1 !re=e1 be dump$ at ,d & remov$ z describ$1 unless ! slope ( ! gr\nd is away f ! cut1 z indicat$ by ! l9e ,d ,f1 ,fig4 #ed2 9 su* a case ! excavat$ mat]ial c be dump$ at ,f4 #b4 ,by excavat+ ! tr5* ) teams & scrap]s4 #c4 ,by ?r\gh-cutt+ a tr5* ) ! /eam %ovel1 load+ ! mat]ial on small dump c>s or wagons1 & wa/+ x at ! ne>e/ available place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,aft] ! fir/ load+ track has be5 laid 9 ?is tr5*1 ! cuts are made z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ed4 ,:5 ! slope ( ! gr\nd is too /eep to p]mit a track to be laid on x :i* c be op]at$1 or to cut a tr5* = x1 z frequ5tly occurs :5 ! excavation passes ?r\gh a high spur or knoll1 ,figs4 #ee1 #ef & #eg1 ! /eam %ovel m\nt$ on /&>d gage railway tracks _c be us$1 & a ma*9e indep5d5t ( a railway track = transportation mu/ be employ$4 ,x is />t$ at ,a1 ,figs4 #ef & #eg1 load+ small dump c>s drawn by horses1 & dump+ at ! ne>e/ available place outside ( ! l9es ( ! new cut1 z at ,d1 ,figs4 #ef & #eg4 ,sometimes wagons are us$ if ! cuts ne> ! top are %ort & n v deep1 s t a tempor>y /&>d gage track c soon be run ?r\gh ! cut1 & ! mat]ial load$ on c>s4 ,! dump+ track at ,d is *ang$ to ,e ,f1 etc41 ,fig4 #eg1 z ! ma*9e cuts l[]1 ma9ta9+ a desc5d+ grade f ! /eam %ovel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d x is (t5 necess>y to run ! /eam %ovel up a v /eep grade to rea* ! po9t :]e x is to beg9 "w4 ,?is c readily be done by atta*+ "o end ( a "o & a half in* rope to a /rong tree & w9d+ ! o!r end ar\nd ! driv+ axle4 ,!n />t+ ! runn+ ge> ! ma*9e c be drawn up grades :]e x c\ld n o!rwise propel itself4 ,z a precaution>y measure1 x is advisable to use at lea/ two ropes4 ,a comb9ation ( all ^! me?ods sometimes becomes necess>y1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #eh & #ei4 ,! mat]ial 9 ! knoll1 ,k1 ,fig4 #eh1 is load$ on small dump c>s & unload$ at ! ne>e/ available place4 ,:5 ?is knoll has be5 cut d[n suffici5tly1 & tr5*es cut betwe5 ,a ,b & ,c ,d1 ! track ,a ,b ,c ,d is built1 & ! excavation proce$$ )1 z h]et(ore describ$4 ,! high po9ts ,b1 ,k & ,c are cut d[n fir/ until ! grade ( ! load+ track betwe5 ,b & ,c is p>allel to ! grade ( ! propos$ new ma9 track4 ,cuts ne>ly #ajj ft4 9 dep? & a mile 9 l5g? h be5 excavat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,two & (t5 ?ree /eam %ovels are employ$ at ! same "t1 work+ ne> ! ends ( ! cut until ! ?r\gh track has be5 laid1 & !n foll[+ ea* o!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj4 ,z soon z possible1 a ?r\gh track %\ld always be laid1 z x greatly increases ! capacity = ! prompt & effici5t h&l+ ( ! c>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,en\gh side tracks = /or+ bo? empty & load$ c>s %\ld be built close to ! "w1 :]e !y c be rea*$ )\t go+ out on ! ma9 track4 ,sometimes ! pit tracks beh9d ! /eam %ovels are utiliz$ = ?is purpose1 b ^! tracks are tak5 up too (t51 & %\ld n be dep5d$ ^u = side tracks1 ?\gh !y may be us$ z su* occasionally4 ,9 ?r\gh-cutt+ ! mat]ial is load$ on small dump c>s runn+ on tracks ( ab\t #c ft4 gage1 drawn by horses1 & wa/$ on "s side hill or o!r ne>e/ available place2 ?is haul seldom exce$s a qu>t] ( a mile 9 l5g?4 ,9 ,fig4 #fa1 ! empty dump c>s /&+ at ,a are drawn ov] ! cross-ov] ,c by a horse1 to be load$ at ,b2 !n run to ,d1 & :5 f f\r to six c>s h be5 load$ !y are tak5 to ! dump+ place & unload$2 !n return$ to ,a4 ,9 loose mat]ials consid]able "t is lo/ 9 wait+ f ! "t ! load$ c> is run to ,d & ! next empty br\ght f ,a to ,b4 ,9 t5aci\s mat]ials n ne>ly s mu* "t is lo/1 z ! dipp] _c be fill$ s rapidly4 ,?is loss ( "t is l>gely avoid$ by arrang+ d\ble load+ tracks1 ,fig4 #fb1 "o on ea* side ( ! /eam %ovel1 & connect$ to a c5tral track = empties by ! cross-ov] ,c & ,c & swit*es ,s & ,s4 ,two horses are us$1 "o on ea* side ( ! c5tral track1 to br+ =w>d ! empty c>s f ,a to ,b1 & ,a to ,b1 & return !m to ,d & ,d2 ^! op]ations are alt]nately p]=m$1 ea* empty c> on "o load+ track be+ br\ght =w>d :ile ! o!r is be+ load$4 ,! cross-ov]s ,c & ,c %\ld be kept close to ! re> ( ! /eam %ovel1 & z x advances !y mu/ be tak5 up & relaid2 ?is becomes necess>y ab\t once 9 ?ree days 9 s(t mat]ials & ab\t once a week 9 h>d /uff4 ,portable sections ( tracks1 swit*es & cross-ov]s are g5]ally us$ betwe5 ! po9ts ,a & ,b1 & c be relaid v quickly4 ,/&>d gage railway c>s _c be us$ 9 ?or\gh cutt+1 z ! track _c be laid 9 front ( a po9t at "r angles to ! po/ ( ! /eam %ovel1 & :5 ! track ends !re ! crane _c sw+ back f> en\gh to load ! c>4 ,?or\gh cutt+ %\ld be avoid$ if possible1 ! co/ due to ! loss ( "t 9 swit*+ c>s1 relay+ tracks1 extra horses & m51 etc41 makes x m exp5sive ?an excavat+ f a side cut4 ,9 excavat+ canals1 h>bor & dockwork1 /ripp+ coalfields1 /one qu>ries1 grad+ = new city additions1 & o!r "w n connect$ ) a railway1 z well z railway con/ruction & re-al9em5t "w :i* is inaccessible to a railway track 9 its e>ly /ages1 ! g5]al mann] ( us+ ! /eam %ovel is ! same z = railway "w2 v>y+ only 9 details1 dep5d+ ^u ! means ( dispos+ ( ! load$ mat]ial1 by wagons1 c>ts or dump c>s1 & ! use or wa/e ( ?is mat]ial4 ,al?\gh ! /eam %ovel is employ$ mo/ly on railway "w1 x is n exclusively a railway ma*9e4 ,x is already l>gely us$ on o!r "w1 & its use 9 ?is direction is rapidly ext5d+1 especially on ! increas+ numb] ( ext5sive public works 9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge cities4 ,! mo/ economical height ( cut v>ies greatly ) ! nature ( ! mat]ial4 ,9 dry clay1 loam & o!r dry mat]ials :i* c be brok5 d[n readily ) a b> or iron po9t$ pole 7,fig4 #ag71 cuts ( #be to #cj ft4 9 height are usually tak54 ,9 h>d] & m t5aci\s mat]ials x %\ld n exce$ ! height to :i* ! dipp] c be rais$1 #ad to #bj ft41 v>y+ ) ! size ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 s& & loose gravel :i* easily falls d[n to ! ma*9e heights up to #fj ft4 are common1 & sidehill cuts 9 loose gravel up to #cjj ft4 9 height h be5 tak54 ,9 su* cases1 & also 9 ! removal ( l&slides1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid an avalan*e ( ! mat]ial bury+ ! ma*9e :5 ! toe ( ! slope is cut away4 ,! pit track %\ld always be kept close up to ! sections ( track "u ! /eam %ovel1 s t x c be quickly )drawn :5 necess>y4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! high] ! cut ! bett]1 z ! ma*9e c !n load ! greate/ am\nt ( mat]ial betwe5 ea* advance1 & lose ! lea/ possible am\nt ( "t4 ,ea* =w>d move ( ! ma*9e requires f ?ree to t5 m9utes1 dep5d+ ^u ! height ( block+1 if any1 x is work+ on2 ?is is a dead loss1 z no c>s or wagons c be load$ dur+ t int]val4 ,p[d] & dynamite are frequ5tly us$ to good advantage to %att] ! h>d] mat]ials be=e excavat+4 ,:5 ?us brok5 up ab\t twice ! am\nt ( ^! mat]ials c be load$ 9 a day4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! quantity ( ! explosive us$1 & 9 ! location ( ! drill holes to prev5t injury to ! /eam %ovel4 ,! explosives %\ld be /or$ 9 a safe place1 pref]ably 9 a vault at "s di/ance f ! place :]e !y are to be us$4 ,! use ( dynamite is conf9$ mo/ly to b[ld]s1 l$ges ( rock & /umps ( trees1 :ile p[d] is g5]ally us$ = h>dpan1 %ale1 slate1 cem5t$ gravel & h>d clays4 ,= ! latt] mat]ials dynamite is usually too p[]ful1 z in/ead ( m]ely lift+ & loos5+ !m1 z desir$1 x %att]s %ale & slate into fragm5ts1 & compresses ! o!r mat]ials ab\t x1 =m+ a ci/]n f #c to #e ft4 9 diamet]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc4 ,sometimes small quantities ( x are us$ specially = ?is purpose to make room = a l>ge *>ge ( p[d] at ! bottom ( ! drill hole1 :]e its explosion w h ! mo/ effect 9 loos5+ ! sup]9cumb5t mat]ial4 ,a *>ge ( "o-qu>t] to "o-half ( an ord9>y dynamite c>tridge w usually bl[ out a ci/]n l>ge en\gh to conta9 f "o-half to "o keg ( p[d]1 ,fig4 #fd4 ,! dep?s ( ! drill holes 9 ^! mat]ials v>y f #d to #bj ft42 !y are made ) a drill1 or1 9 ! s(t] mat]ials1 ) an aug] simil> to a plank aug]1 g5]ally ab\t #b ins4 diamet]1 ) ext5sion pieces = deep holes1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe4 ,cr[b>s & wood5 & iron w$ges are also (t5 us$ 9 break+ d[n ov]hang+ mat]ial :5 x _c q be rea*$ by ! dipp]4 ,! excavation ( mat]ials = :i* p[d] or dynamite are us$ to loos5 !m requires a p[]ful ma*9e1 ) a /rongly built1 m$ium size dipp]4 ,a small or lightly built ma*9e giv+ good satisfaction 9 s(t mat]ials w\ld prove an utt] failure "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,assum+ good managem5t & a compet5t crew1 ! daily output ( a /eam %ovel dep5ds mo/ly ^u ! nature ( ! mat]ial excavat$2 x is also some:at dep5d5t ^u ! height & wid? ( ! face ( ! cutt+1 & l>gely ^u ! facilities = dispos+ ( ! load$ mat]ial1 & keep+ ! ma*9e almo/ con/antly at "w by an ample supply ( empty c>s & wagons4 ,al?\gh ^! v>y+ conditions diff] on ea* piece ( "w1 ! probable output ( a ma*9e = a giv5 excavation c be closely e/imat$ by good judgm5t bas$ on previ\s exp]i5ce ) simil> "w4 ,! av]age daily output 9 diff]5t k9ds ( mat]ials1 & "u av]age1 favorable & unfavorable conditions1 z describ$ above1 is %[n 9 ,table ,,ii43 ,,table ,,ii4 ,loose ,damp ,capacity ,delay4 ,s&4 gravel4 ,dry loam4 ,dry clay4 clay4 ( dipp]4 h\rs4#b ,cu4 yds4 ,cu4 yds4 ,cu4 yds4 ,cu4 yds4 ,cu4yds4 #b-a_/b cu4 yds4 #a ,good #b1djj #b1djj #b1jjj #a1hjj #a1bjj #e ,poor #a1bjj #a1bjj #a1jjj #ijj #fjj #b-a_/b ,avg4 #a1hjj #a1hjj #a1ejj #a1cej #ijj #a-c_/d cu4 yds4 #a ,good #a1fjj #a1fjj #a1bjj #a1jjj #hjj #e ,poor #hjj #hjj #fjj #ejj #djj #b-a_/b ,avg4 #a1bjj #a1bjj #ijj #gej #fjj #a cu4 yd4 #a ,good #a1jjj #a1jjj #hjj #gjj #ejj #e ,poor #ejj #ejj #djj #cej #bej #b-a_/b ,avg4 #gej #gej #fjj #ebe #cge ,footnote #b3 ,! delay 9 h\rs is ! "t lo/ 9 mov+ =w>d & wait+ = empty c>s4 ,,table ,,ii4--,cont9u$4 ----- ,loos5$ by explosives4--- ,mix$ ,/iff ,h>d clay & ,loose ,cem5t$ ,capacity ,delay4 blue clay4 pan4 b\ld]s4 rock4 gravel4 ( dipp]4 h\rs4#c ,cu4yds4 ,cu4yds4 ,cu4yds4 ,cu4yds4 ,cu4yds4 #b-a_/b cu4 yds4 #a ,good #hjj #fjj #fjj #fjj #fjj #e ,poor #djj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #b-a_/b ,avg4 #fjj #dej #dej #dej #dej #a-c_/d cu4 yds4 #a ,good #fjj #djj #djj #djj #djj #e ,poor #cjj #bjj #bjj #bjj #bjj #b-a_/b ,avg4 #dej #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #a cu4 yd4 #a ,good #djj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #e ,poor #bjj #aej #aej #aej #aej #b-a_/b ,avg4 #cjj #bbe #bbe #bbe #bbe ,footnote #c3 ,! delay 9 h\rs is ! "t lo/ 9 mov+ =w>d & wait+ = empty c>s4 ,"p ,,iii4--,disposition ( ,mat]ial4 ,load+ ! ,mat]ial = ,transportation4--,! mat]ial excavat$ by a /eam %ovel is load$ on c>s1 wagons or c>ts4 ,on railway "w x is usually load$ on dump or flat c>s4 ,on o!r con/ruction "w small dump c>s are mo/ g5]ally us$1 & sometimes wagons or c>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,/&>d gage railway dump c>s1 ,figs4 #ff & #fg1 h ne>ly gone out ( use4 ,!y 7 replac$ by ! c5t] ridge flat c>1 ,figs4 #fh & #fi1 & x 9 turn has be5 replac$ by ! ord9>y flat c>4 ,dump c>s are ( two /yles1 dump+ ei!r by tipp+1 ,fig4 #ff1 or by means ( a h+$ sidebo>d op5+ on an incl9$ floor1 ,fig4 #fg4 ,bo? are heavy1 clumsy1 co/ly & c be us$ = sc>cely any o!r purpose1 (t5 /&+ idle f six to eight mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,!y dump dry mat]ials v rapidly1 b are (t5 sl[ 9 dis*>g+ damp1 t5aci\s mat]ials1 especially 9 ! h+$ sidebo>d c>1 ^: floor slope is (t5 n suffici5t to p]mit ! mat]ial to slip out quickly1 & ! mat]ial mu/ !n be pu%$ out1 ?us caus+ mu* delay4 ,! greate/ objection to ^! c>s is t !y c be us$ = sc>cely any o!r purpose1 on mo/ railways = no o!r purpose2 & !re is n suffici5t "w = !m to ju/ify keep+ ! necess>y numb] on h& = ! ord9>y "w 9 ?is l9e4 ,!y 7 replac$ by ! c5t] ridge c>1 ,figs4 #fh & #fi1 z above not$1 :i* is m]ely an ord9>y flat c> ) a timb] #d by #f ins4 bolt$ on its floor along ! c5t] l9e1 s]v+ z a guide = a pl[1 ,fig4 #gj1 drawn ov] x by ! locomotive1 !reby unload+ ! mat]ial4 ,! ridge timb] is slightly po9t$ at bo? ends to assi/ 9 guid+ ! pl[ onto ! c> z x passes f "o c> to ano!r4 ,! top edges ( ! ridge are sometimes protect$ by angle irons1 z 9 ,fig4 #ga1 & ! po9ts by ca/ iron caps1 ,fig4 #gb4 ,by tak+ (f ! c5t] ridge ?is c> c readily be re/or$ to g5]al s]vice aft] complet+ ! /eam %ovel "w4 ,! c5t] dump c>1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc1 is us$ only = gravel balla/+ :]e ! mat]ial is want$ deliv]$ betwe5 ! rails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,! brakes are plac$ on "o side ( ! c>1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #gd & #ge4 ,:5 b\ld]s1 loose rock1 etc41 are to be unload$1 ! brake /aff is set 9 a socket1 ,fig4 #gf1 & tak5 out be=e ! pl[ is />t$4 ,?is avoids b5d+ or break+ ! /aff 9 case any /one %\ld be w$g$ betwe5 x & ! mov+ pl[4 ,sometimes ! socket is us$ ) ! brake at its ord9>y place at ! end ( ! c>2 9 su* a case x mu/ always be tak5 out be=e ! pl[ rea*es x4 ,! pl[1 ,fig4 #gj1 is built ( heavy plate & angle iron1 /rongly brac$1 & head$ by a ca/ /eel po9t1 to :i* ! cable is atta*$4 ,! sides are curv$ outw>d at ! bottom1 work+ "u ! mat]ial & pu%+ x aside z ! pl[ is drawn along1 & held d[n on ! c> by ! weight ( ! mat]ial & ! p>tly d[nw>d pull ( ! cable at its po9t4 ,%ort pieces ( old rails & o!r scrap iron are also (t5 plac$ on ! pl[ to help hold x d[n on ! c> :5 v t5aci\s mat]ials are to be unload$4 ,! groove ext5d+ along ! c5t] l9e on ! bottom fits ov] ! ridge timb] on ! c>1 & =ms ! guide by :i* its movem5t is direct$4 ,small /ones1 protrud+ bolts1 sliv]$ ridge timb]s & o!r ob/ructions 9 ! groove ( ! pl[ sometimes w$ge ! po9t fa/1 & be=e ! eng9e c be /opp$1 ! pl[ is turn$ up on its po9t1 & fall+ to ei!r side1 tumbles (f ! c>4 ,! weight & ela/icity ( ! cable is (t5 suffici5t to draw ! pl[ half a c>-l5g? aft] ! eng9e has be5 /opp$1 & x is (t5 difficult to /op ! pl[ quick en\gh to prev5t upsett+ :5 ob/ructions occur1 al?\gh ! spe$ is usually only two to ?ree miles p] h\r4 ,! unload+ ne>ly always occurs on tre/les or embankm5ts1 & :5 ! pl[ is ?r[n (f ! c>1 its replacem5t (t5 requires mu* "t & labor1 sometimes ev5 mak+ ! s]vices ( ! wreck+ c> necess>y4 ,?is difficulty is v likely to occur :5 unload+ on curves1 :]e "o side ( ! po9t ( ! groove presses aga9/ ! ridge timb]4 ,?is pl[ unloads ! mat]ial equally on bo? sides ( ! c>1 z x is want$ 9 fill+ tre/les1 rais+ embankm5ts1 tracks1 etc42 b x _c be us$ to advantage :]e ! mat]ial is want$ on "o side only1 z 9 wid5+ embankm5ts = d\ble track1 side tracks1 y>ds1 /ation gr\nds1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,! _m objections to ! c5t] ridge c> are almo/ entirely avoid$ by ! use ( ! ,b>nh>t pl[1 ,fig4 #gg1 employ+ ! ord9>y flat c> )\t any prep>ations except *ang+ ! brake /affs to "o side or plac+ !m 9 sockets at _! ord9>y places & ins]t+ %ort /akes 9 ! /ake pockets1 p]mitt+ ! imm$iate use ( ! c> = g5]al s]vice if necessity %\ld s require4 ,?is pl[ is also built ( heavy plate & angle irons1 /rongly brac$1 & head$ by a ca/ /eel po9t to :i* ! cable is atta*$2 x is prec$$ & foll[$ by guid+ sl$s atta*$ to x by adju/able h+es & guid$ ov] ! c> by ! /akes 9 ! /ake pockets1 :i* are indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! usual spe$ at :i* x is drawn ov] ! c> is ab\t f\r miles p] h\r1 b 9 loose gravel x c safely be drawn at a spe$ ( six miles p] h\r4 ,on /raight track x is sc>cely ev] ?r[n (f ! c> unless c>elessly h&l$1 & x works equally well on curves :5 ! usual means are adopt$ to ma9ta9 a tang5tial pull ( ! cable1 z w be subsequ5tly describ$4 ,two /yles ( ! ,b>nh>t pl[ are 9 use3 ,"o unload+ on bo? sides ( ! c>1 & call$ ! c5t] pl[1 ,fig4 #gg2 & ! o!r unload+ on "o side only & call$ ! side pl[1 ,fig4 #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,on all b v small pieces ( "w ! c>s %\ld be provid$ ) h+$ drop sidebo>ds1 ,fig4 #gi1 us+ ei!r ( ! arrangem5ts %[n 9 ,figs4 #hj & #ha1 :i* w enable !m to c>ry #ab to #ad cu4 yds4 in/ead ( #f or #g4 ,! side bo>ds are made 9 two pieces on ea* side ( ! c>1 ,fig4 #gi4 ,^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #hj are us$ = bo? c5t] & side pl[s2 !y c be quickly dropp$ by a man walk+ along ! tra91 aft] arriv+ at ! unload+ place & /rik+ ! hook ,a an upw>d bl[ ) a light hamm]4 ,! bo>ds are hook$ up aga9 aft] ! c>s h be5 return$ to ! /eam %ovel pit4 ,! side bo>ds %[n 9 ,fig4 #ha are us$ :]e ! side pl[ only is us$4 ,"h ! bo>d on "o side only 7! unload+ side7 is h+$ 7or *a9$71 & dropp$ by pull+ out ! p9 ,b1 ?us leav+ t side ( ! c> entirely unob/ruct$ = unload+ ! mat]ial2 ! bo>d on ! o!r side ( ! c> is bolt$ to ! /ake pocket & is n mov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,! c>s %\ld also be provid$ ) %eet iron aprons1 ,figs4 #hb & #hc1 ext5d+ f ! end ( "o c> onto ! floor ( ! next1 to prev5t ! mat]ial f fall+ on ! track betwe5 ! c>s z ! pl[ is drawn ov] !m1 & delay+ ! dep>ture ( ! tra9 until x c be %ovel$ out4 ,^! aprons are made ei!r 9 two pieces1 ,fig4 #hb1 or 9 "o piece only1 ,fig4 #hc4 ,! =m] are m easily h&l$1 & p]mit access to ! c\pl+ ( ! c>s )\t lift+ ! apron4 ,v little mat]ial drops on ! track :5 ! aprons & ! c5t] pl[ are us$4 ,! s+le apron is us$ mo/ly 9 connection ) ! side pl[4 ,! numb] ( c>s & eng9es requir$ = ea* /eam %ovel to keep x 9 ne>ly con/ant op]ation dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! mat]ial excavat$1 ! l5g? ( haul1 & ! d5sity ( o!r traffic ^u ! ma9 l9e4 ,?is numb] mu/ be det]m9$ by accompany+ circum/ances 9 ea* case2 ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 x av]ages ab\t z giv5 9 ,table ,,iii43 ,,table ,,iii4 ,9 ! /eam 7--------------,on ! road up to-------------7 7%ovel pit47 #aj miles4 #be miles4 #ej miles4 #ge miles4 ,loco4 ,c>s4 ,loco4 ,c>s4 ,loco4 ,c>s4 ,loco4 ,c>s4 ,loco4 ,c>s4 ,loose gravel #a #cj #a #cj #b #fj #c #ij #d #abj ,dry clay #a #bb #a #bb #b #dj - - - - ,damp /iff clay #a #ah #a #ah #b #cf - - - - ,h>dpan1 cem5t$ gravel1 etc41 loos5$ by explosives #a #af #a #af #b #cb - - - - ,! l5g? ( haul usually ranges f #b to #ae miles2 x seldom exce$s #be miles = any mat]ial except gravel balla/1 :]e hauls ( #ge miles are frequ5t1 & sometimes rea* #bjj miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,on hauls exce$+ #be miles ! full numb] ( c>s & eng9es requir$ c seldom be obta9$1 & ! output ( ! /eam %ovel is correspond+ly decreas$4 ,! delay 9 return+ empty c>s due to det5tions f o!r tra9s is ! great tr\ble mo/ ke5ly felt 9 /eam %ovel "w on railways 9 op]ation4 ,! s-call$ mud tra9 is g5]ally consid]$ an outca/1 & is usually ! la/ tra9 to receive ! dispat*]'s att5tion = an ord] to ! road4 ,^! delays are daily occurr5ces1 & x is q an exceptional case :5 ! ma*9e is amply suppli$ ) empty c>s4 ,! record ( mo/ /eam %ovels on su* "w is !re=e a r poor "o1 :5 ! ma*9e really made a good %[+ = ! crippl$ condition ( its c> s]vice4 ,"s ( ^! delays c be avoid$ or %ort5$ by /ation+ a telegraph op]ator at ! outgo+ end ( ! pit1 & on all b v small pieces ( "w 8 wages w be _m times balanc$ by ! "t ga9$ 9 keep+ ! :ole plant mov+1 by obta9+ tra9 ord]s quick]1 & rema9+ con/antly in=m$ ( ! :]eab\ts ( ! con/ruction & o!r tra9s1 & regulat+ ! "w 9 ! pit accord+ly4 ,= g5]al con/ruction "w :]e ! excavat$ mat]ial is n load$ on /&>d gage railway c>s1 small dump c>s1 ,figs4 #hd & #he1 are g5]ally us$4 ,!y are m economical ?an wagons or c>ts1 :i* are employ$ only 9 special cases1 mo/ly 9 cities1 :]e ! mat]ial mu/ be haul$ "s di/ance ov] sev]al int]sect+ /reets1 & :]e a track w n be all[$2 or = v small jobs ) a long haul :i* w\ld n ju/ify build+ a track4 ,! gage ( ^! tracks is usually #b-a_/b or #c ft41 sometimes #b ft4 or ev5 #a-a_/b ft4 only2 ! latt] gages are n (t5 us$1 & ! #c-;ft4 gage is usually pref]r$4 ,! rails mo/ g5]ally us$ weigh #bj lbs4 p] yd4 ,al?\gh ^! tracks are only tempor>y _! con/ruction %\ld be fairly sub/antial2 b !y are (t5 built 9 an exce$+ly c>eless & insecure mann]1 caus+ a great wa/e ( p[] 9 pull+ ! c>s ov] !m1 & result+ 9 frequ5t delays1 due to d]ailm5ts4 ,! grade is usually arrang$ s t ! load$ c>s w run d[nhill by gravity1 & only ! empty c>s ne$ be drawn back to ! pit4 ,on small "w1 horses or mules are us$ to pull ! c>s1 b on l>ge jobs small locomotives are employ$4 ,small dump c>s v>y 9 capacity f #a to #c cu4 yds41 ! latt] size be+ mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,! side dump c>1 ,fig4 #hd1 dumps on ei!r side4 ,! rot>y dump c>1 ,fig4 #he1 unloads on ei!r side or end2 ! box c be turn$ ar\nd horizontally1 revolv+ ab\t a v]tical p9 9 a turntable on ! frame2 !y are us$ mo/ly 9 dump+ (f ! end ( a fill4 ,9 mak+ fills x is ne>ly always ! be/ plan to build a tempor>y tre/le ( r\nd pieces ( bee*1 cottonwood or o!r *eap trees1 old bridge or build+ timb]1 or o!r second-class lumb]1 & !n fill+ 9 ) ! side dump c>s4 ,by adopt+ ?is plan ! unload+ w progress mu* m rapidly ?an by dump+ f ! end ( a fill1 :]e only "o c> at a "t c be unload$4 ,^! tre/les are inexp5sive1 & ! sav+ 9 labor & "t 9 mak+ ! fill w amply repay _! co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,unload+ ! ,mat]ial4--,on railways ! unload+ is seldom done by sl[ & exp5sive h& labor ) ! %ovel2 sometimes dump c>s are employ$1 b 9 mo/ cases flat c>s & ! pl[ are us$4 ,! tra9s consi/ ( #aj to #cj c>s4 ,! c> c>ry+ ! pl[ is atta*$ to ! re> ( ! tra9 at ! ne>e/ side track to ! unload+ place1 if x is n ov] #aj miles f ! /eam %ovel pit ?is c> is g5]ally c>ri$ back & =? to avoid an extra /op to c\ple x on ! tra9 at ! side track4 ,"o end ( a /eel wire cable is !n hook$ to ! pl[ & ! o!r end 7:i* is atta*$ to an ord9>y c> c\pl+ l9k7 c\pl$ to a c> or ! eng9e4 ,usually ?is cable is ab\t #djj ft4 long & ext5ds ov] #ab c>s4 ,! brakes on ^! c>s are !n set up tight & ! eng9e />t$ ) ! =w>d c>s1 ,fig4 #hf4 ,9 v t5aci\s or p>tially froz5 mat]ial ! re> c>s are sometimes pull$ along by ! pl[2 ! :eels are !n block$ ) pieces ( wood or ) /ones2 sometimes x is ev5 necess>y to *a9 a few ( ^! c>s to ! track to prev5t ! re> lot ( c>s f mov+4 ,aft] ! pl[ has be5 />t$1 x is drawn along sl[ly until x arrives on ! la/ c>1 ,fig4 #hg4 ,! eng9e is !n /opp$ & back$ up a few feet to p]mit ! cable to be ?r[n on "o side ( ! track1 ,fig4 #hh4 ,! tra9 is !n back$ up aga9 & c\pl$ to ! unload$ c>s1 :5 f\r to six m5 ?r[ ! cable on ! next load$ c>s1 ,fig4 #hi1 c\pl+ its =w>d end to a c> or to ! eng9e if ! cable is long en\gh4 ,! op]ation is !n repeat$ until all b ! c> next to ! eng9e is unload$2 ?is c> c>ries ! pl[ & is ! fir/ c> to be unload$ by ! next tra94 ,! ends ( ! cable are !n deta*$ f eng9e & pl[1 ?r[n to "o side ( ! track1 & left !re = ! next tra9 to pick up & use 9 ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,:5 fill+ a tre/le ! cable _c be ?r[n on "o side1 z describ$1 b mu/ be unhook$ f ! pl[ 7! re> lot ( c>s be+ left /&+ on ! tre/le71 dragg$ across ! tre/le1 & !re ?r[n to "o side4 ,! =w>d lot ( c>s is !n back$ up until its re> c> is opposite ! re> end ( ! cable1 :5 x is load$1 ! tra9 back$ up1 c\pl$ & unload$1 z be=e describ$4 ,aft] unload+ ! tra9 ! cable mu/ aga9 be dragg$ beyond ! tre/le1 & !re ?r[n to "o side ( ! track & left = ! next tra94 ,! "t requir$ = unload+ v>ies f #aj to #cj m9utes1 dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! mat]ial & ! numb] ( c>s1 & av]ages ab\t #bj m9utes1 do+ z mu* "w 9 t "t z #bj m5 c d 9 a day4 ,:5 unload+ on curves ! op]ations are delay$ by ! necessity ( us+ snat* blocks on ! c>s to insure a ne>ly tang5tial pull ( ! cable & avoid pull+ ! pl[ (f ! c>4 ,^! blocks are appli$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ij1 & at ,a1 ,fig4 #ia4 ,!y are hook$ to long *a9s ext5d+ ov] ! c> & fa/5$ to ! bol/] or ar* b> ( ! truck4 ,! numb] ( snat* blocks requir$ dep5ds ^u ! degree ( ! curve & ! l5g? ( ! cable2 g5]ally f\r to six blocks1 "o to e ?ird c>1 are en\gh4 ,z ! pl[ approa*es "o ( ^! blocks x mu/ be /opp$1 block & *a9 remov$ & transf]r$ =w>d = use at t end ( ! tra94 ,! o!r op]ations ( unload+ are ! same z :5 on /raight track4 ,! "t requir$ 9 unload+ on curves v>ies f #bj m9utes to an h\r1 & av]ages ab\t #dj m9utes1 do+ z mu* "w 9 t "t z #bj m5 c d 9 a day4 ,! /eel wire cables us$ v>y f #a 94 to #a-a_/b ins4 diamet]4 ,! =m] are us$ = unload+ loose gravel & s&y mat]ial2 !y are light & easily h&l$1 b _c be> mu* j]k+4 ,! mo/ usual size is #a-a_/d ins4 diamet]4 ,heavi] cables require too _m m5 7six to eight7 to load !m on ! c> prep>atory to />t+ ! pl[4 ,"o ( ! heavie/ locomotives on ! road 7pref]ably "o ( ! consolidation type7 %\ld be us$ = draw+ ! pl[ ov] ! c>s4 ,^! eng9es are g5]ally able to keep ! pl[ mov+ ) a /rong /eady pull1 avoid+ ! necessity ( tak+ a run to />t ! pl[1 & all injuri\s j]k+ ( ! cable1 :i* frequ5tly breaks x4 ,= t5aci\s mat]ials & :]e ! haul is n m ?an #be miles1 x is (t5 good policy to keep "o heavy eng9e at ?is "w1 ! o!r eng9es m]ely haul+ ! tra9s2 ?is c g5]ally be arrang$ s t no m eng9es are us$ ?an if ea* eng9e 7 to unload its own tra94 ,sometimes two light eng9es are us$ = ?is purpose1 b !y c seldom move 9 p]fect unison & m or less j]k+ is ! result4 ,un=tunately ! eng9es = ! mud tra9s are n always 9 ! be/ work+ ord]2 !y are mo/ly ^? :i* are ab\t to g into ! %ops = turn+ d[n ! tires or = g5]al repairs1 & are n 9 fit condition = g5]al traffic1 b /ill consid]$ good en\gh = ?is s]vice4 ,exp5sive delays due to badly work+ eng9es are frequ5tly ! result4 ,! locomotive 9 ! /eam %ovel pit %\ld always be equipp$ ) a /eam or air driv] brake to assi/ 9 quickly /opp+ ! c>s at exactly ! "r place :5 sett+ !m = load+ by ! /eam %ovel4 ,= ! same reason ! brakeman %\ld be all[$ to use %ort /icks 9 ! brake-:eels to obta9 a great] lev]age 9 turn+ !m4 ,bo? eng9e & tra9 crews %\ld be *ang$ z little z possible & !y %\ld reta9 _! respective tra9s 9 ! pit on ! road or at ! dump4 ,mo/ ( ! m5 dislike ! mud tra9 s]vice1 b "s 7especially ! old] ones7 are glad to get a /eady job ) a full night's re/1 & ^! are ! m5 to be *os54 ,!y take an int]e/ 9 ! success ( ! "w1 & soon acquire an exp]tness 9 h&l+ c>s1 pl[s1 etc41 t makes !m wor? twice z mu* z ! inexp]i5c$ or unwill+ ones4 ,! wages ( ^! m5 %\ld be equaliz$ to av]age ! same z ! m5 on ! road 9 o!r s]vice1 o!rwise dissatisfaction & indiff]5ce are sure to result4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,! ma*9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #ib has lately come into use = pull+ ! pl[ ov] ! c>s to unload !m4 ,?is is m]ely a d\ble cyl9d] 7#aj by #ab ins47 rev]sible hoi/+ eng9e1 re/+ on a heavy ca/ iron b$plate atta*$ to ! floor ( a box c>4 ,/eam is suppli$ to ! eng9e f ! locomotive ( ! tra91 :i* is c\pl$ to ?is c> :5 ! unload+ is to beg94 ,) ?is ma*9e !re is no injuri\s j]k+ ( ! cable1 & consequ5tly v little breakages or delays1 & heavy loads ( #ae cu4 yds4 ( t5aci\s mat]ial are readily pl[$ (f ! c>s 9 a m satisfactory mann] ?an c be done by any "o or two locomotives4 ,block+ ! :eels or *a9+ c>s to ! track ne$ n be resort$ to2 ! c>s _c move1 = ! ma*9e pulls ! pl[ t[>d itself & ! /ra9 is resi/$ by ! c>s betwe5 !m4 ,if x is desir$ to scatt] small quantities ( mat]ial along ! track1 z x is (t5 want$ 9 surfac+ or rais+ track1 bo? pl[ & tra9 are mov$ 9 ! same direction at ! same or v>y+ spe$s1 z may be necess>y to unload ! requir$ am\nt ( mat]ial4 ,if a l>ge quantity ( mat]ial is want$ )9 a %ort di/ance1 z usually happ5s on wa%\ts1 tra9 & pl[ are mov$ 9 opposite directions4 ,by mov+ !m 9 ?is mann] at ! same spe$1 a :ole tra9 c be unload$ at any desir$ spot4 ,:]e two locomotives mu/ be us$ to pull ! pl[ ov] ! c>s1 ! use ( ?is ma*9e w disp5se ) "o ( !m1 & d ! "w 9 half ! "t4 ,on l>ge jobs x %\ld n be miss+4 ,! cable is w\nd ar\nd ! drum1 ,a1 ,fig4 #ib1 & mu/ be long en\gh to ext5d ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ! tra94 ,a /eel wire cable #a-a_/h ins4 diamet] is g5]ally us$2 b = loose gravel a #a 94 cable is amply /rong en\gh4 ,! /eam %ovel c be op]at$ cont9u\sly ?r\gh\t ! ye> 9 all k9ds ( wea!r1 ?\gh op]ations are (t5 susp5d$ 9 extremely cold wea!r4 ,:5 work+ 9 cold wea!r ! face ( ! bank sometimes freezes dur+ ! night to ! dep? ( #c to #f ins41 b ?is cru/ is easily brok5 9 ! morn+ by a few small *>ges ( p[d]1 & !n ! mat]ial c be excavat$ z easily z at any o!r season4 ,illu/ration3 ,h>ris ,c>t] ,spread]4 ,fig4 #ic4 ,fig4 #id4 ,9 freez+ wea!r ! floors ( ! c>s %\ld be spr9kl$ ) br9e j be=e load+2 ! br9e is kept 9 b>rels at ! head ( ! ma*9e1 & "o man us+ an ord9>y g>d5 spr9kl+ c is detail$ = ! "w4 ,?is prev5ts ! mat]ial f freez+ to ! floor ( ! c> = ?ree to f\r h\rs1 & all[s x to slip (f readily :5 ! pl[ is put 9 op]ation4 ,no tra9 %\ld be left /&+ ov] night )\t unload+4 ,! br9e w n prev5t freez+ = ?is l5g? ( "t1 & to unload "o c> ( ! froz5 /uff requires a day's labor ( f\r to six m54 ,di/ribut+ ! ,mat]ial ,aft] ,unload+4--,9 wid5+ embankm5ts = side tracks1 d\ble track1 y>d & /ation gr\nds1 etc41 ! mat]ial is unload$1 z describ$ above1 =m+ a ridge on bo? sides ( ! track if unload$ ) ! c5t] pl[1 or on "o side ( ! track only if unload$ ) ! side pl[4 ,?is mat]ial is sometimes level$ (f by h&1 a v sl[ & exp5sive job1 b g5]ally x is done ) a level] or spread]1 ,figs4 #ic to #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,edson ,spread]4 ,fig4 #ie4 ,fig4 #if4 ,9 ! ,h>ris ,c>t] spread]1 ,figs4 #ic & #id1 ! c> body is cut away betwe5 ! trucks to receive ! two w+s :i* level or spread ! mat]ial4 ,"o or bo? w+s c be us$1 & !y c be rais$ & l[]$ to adju/ !m to any height ( new embankm5t want$4 ,!y w spread ! mat]ial = a di/ance ( #c ft4 f ! rail4 ,:5 %ipp+ ! spread] ov] ! road ! w+s are drawn up by a h& w9dlass1 revolv+ ab\t h+es fix$ to ! braces "u ! floor ( ! c>1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #id4 ,9 ?is position ! cle>ance is ! same z t ( an ord9>y pass5g] c>4 ,! ,edson spread]1 ,figs4 #ie & #if1 has only "o w+1 atta*$ to an ord9>y flat c>1 & arrang$ to raise & l[] to adju/ x to any height ( new embankm5t want$4 ,! :eel1 ,a1 be>s aga9/ ! head ( ! rail1 =m+ a brace :]e "o is mo/ ne$$1 & greatly assi/s 9 prev5t+ a d]ailm5t :5 h>d or t5aci\s mat]ials are sudd5ly enc\nt]$4 ,! w+1 braces1 w9dlass1 etc41 are s con/ruct$ t !y c be readily remov$ f ! c>1 !reby re/or+ x to g5]al s]vice on completion ( ! "w 9 h&4 ,?is spread] is us$ mo/ly 9 connection ) ! side pl[2 x w level ! mat]ial = a di/ance ( #ae ft4 f ! rail1 wide en\gh to p]mit lay+ a side track f :i* ! embankm5t c be fur!r wid5$4 ,only "o side at a "t c be wid5$ ) ?is spread]4 ,if x is desir$ to wid5 ! embankm5t on bo? sides ( ! track1 "o side is complet$ fir/2 ! c>s & spread] are !n turn$ ar\nd on ! ne>e/ turntable or ,y-track1 & ! o!r side wid5$ by draw+ ! spread] 9 ! opposite direction4 ,if ! c>s are n provid$ ) aprons !y ne$ n be turn$ ar\nd4 ,?is spread] is g5]ally arrang$ to cut ab\t #f ins4 bel[ ! bottom ( ! ties ( ! ma9 track1 !reby =m+ ! subgrade = ! side track1 & ma9ta9+ prop] dra9age ( ! ma9 track4 ,! apron1 ,b1 is bolt$ on ! spread]1 & s]ves to remove any loose mat]ial :i* may fall on ! track betwe5 ! rail & ! ends ( ! ties4 ,:5 %ipp+ ! spread] ov] ! road1 ,fig4 #if1 x is drawn up by a h& w9dlass revolv+ ab\t h+es on ! side sill ( ! c> & fold$ d[n on x2 9 ?is position x w cle> any?+ t o!r c>s c pass4 ,! c>s ( bo? /yles ( spread]s are load$ ) old rails1 frogs1 scrap iron1 etc41 to hold !m d[n & prev5t d]ailm5ts :5 h>d or t5aci\s mat]ials are sudd5ly enc\nt]$4 ,loads ( five to t5 tons are g5]ally suffici5t1 ?\gh loads up to #ae tons are sometimes requir$4 ,spread]s are usually drawn at a spe$ ( six to eight miles p] h\r2 9 loose gravel ! spe$ (t5 rea*es #aj miles p] h\r4 ,!y w level (f a ridge a mile 9 l5g? 9 six to t5 m9utes1 do+ z mu* "w 9 t "t z #ajj m5 c d 9 a day4 ,! spread] is usually /ation$ 9 ! ne>e/ side track to ! unload+ place4 ,frequ5tly x c be haul$ betwe5 ?is track & ! dump )\t rais+ x1 or rais+ x only p>tially to cle> depot plat=ms1 swit* /&s & o!r ob/ructions & !reby avoid ! necessity ( fold+ x d[n on ! c> :ile pass+ betwe5 ^! po9ts4 ,ord9>ily ! spread+ is done by ! la/ tra9 be=e ! close ( ! day4 ,9 cold wea!r or on %ort dumps x mu/ be done (t5]2 ei!r to prev5t freez+1 or to make room = ! unload+ mat]ial :i* w\ld o!rwise pile up too high = easy spread+1 or be liable to roll back on ! track & ob/ruct x = ! next tra94 ,9 us+ ! spread] x is c\pl$ to ! re> ( ! c> c>ry+ ! pl[1 & aft] ! tra9 has be5 unload$ x is pull$ ov] ! l5g? ( ! ridge ( mat]ial unload$ f its own & prec$+ tra9s1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ig & #ih4 ,"p ,,iv4--,co/ ( ,/eam ,%ovel ,"w4 ,! co/ ( /eam %ovel "w v>ies greatly ) ! diff]5t conditions affect+ ea* piece ( "w4 ,x dep5ds ma9ly ^u ! nature ( ! mat]ial1 its location1 ! capacity & effici5cy ( ! /eam %ovel1 & ! supply ( empty c>s or wagons4 ,! effici5cy ( a /eam %ovel is n necess>ily proportional to its capacity1 b to ! am\nt ( "w done comp>$ to its co/2 & :ile ! am\nt ( "w done is g5]ally l>g] 9 ! ma*9es ( l>g] capacities1 ?is advantage may be m ?an balanc$ by ! great] co/ ( op]ation1 includ+ ! co/ ( labor1 fuel1 supplies & repairs1 etc4 ,ma*9es ( ! l>ge/ capacity1 ) dipp] ( #b-a_/b cu4 yds4 capacity1 are employ$ mo/ly 9 excavat+ s(t mat]ials1 especially 9 load+ gravel = balla/+4 ,ma*9es ( m$ium capacity are usually ! mo/ effici5t = g5]al con/ruction "w4 ,! av]age daily op]at+ exp5ses ( a /eam %ovel ( m$ium capacity are ab\t z foll[s3 ,"o eng9eman #d4jj ,"o cranesman #c4ej ,"o fireman #b4jj ,f\r pitm5 at #a4ej #f4jj ------- ,wages ( crew #ae4ej ------ #ae4ej ,"o ton coal #c4jj ,oil & wa/e 4#ge ,wat] 4#ej ----- ,fuel & supplies #d4be ------ #ai4ge ,int]e/ on capital1 #f1jjj1 at #f #a4jj ,depreciation at #aj #b4jj ,repairs #a4jj ------ #d4jj ------ ,total daily exp5se ) regul> crew #bc4ge ,?is w suffice = load+ loose gravel2 9 ! h>d] mat]ials ord9>ily occurr+ on con/ruction "w ! foll[+ daily exp5ses mu/ be met3 ,exp5ses ( regul> crew #bc4ge ,=eman #e4jj ,two pole 7or bank7 m5 at #a4ej #c4jj ,two extra m5 at #a4ej #c4jj ,"o night wat*man #a4ej ,p[d] & dynamite #a4jj ------ #ac4ej ------ ,daily exp5ses on av]age con/ruction "w #cg4be ,to ! above mu/ be add$ ! exp5se ( transport+ ! ma*9e to ! "w1 & return+4 ,! co/ ( haul+ is also a v>iable item2 x dep5ds mo/ly ^u ! l5g? ( ! haul1 & on railways v l>gely ^u ! delays met ) 9 go+ to & f ! dump+ place4 ,on con/ruction "w x is seldom less ?an #c cts4 p] cu4 yd41 & sometimes rea*es #aj cts4 ,on railways x is n (t5 bel[ #d cts4 = hauls up to #aj miles 9 l5g?1 & may rea* #ej cts4 or m = hauls ( #ge miles or f>!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,dump+ is a v small item :]e small dump c>s are us$ on con/ruction "w1 & does n exce$ #a_/b ct4 p] cu4 yd4 ,:5 wagons are us$ x w av]age ab\t #a-a_/b cts4 ,on railways ! co/ ( unload+ ) ! pl[ v>ies some:at1 dep5d+ ^u ! k9d ( mat]ial2 x av]ages ab\t #a_/b ct4 p] cu4 yd4 ,unload+ by h& av]ages #f cts4 ,on railway "w1 :]e ! spread] is us$1 ! av]age co/ ( level+ ! mat]ial = wid5+ embankm5ts is only #j4a ct4 p] cu4 yd42 spread+ x by h& w range f #e to #bj cts4 p] cu4 yd4 = wid?s ( #e to #ae ft4 f ! unload+ track4 ,! total co/ p] cu4 yd4 ( excavat+ & load+1 haul+ & dump+ diff]5t k9ds ( mat]ials ) ! mo/ usual l5g? ( haul av]ages ab\t z foll[s3 ,load+4 ,haul+4 ,dump+4 ,total4 ,c5ts4 ,c5ts4 ,c5t4 ,c5ts4 ,s& & loose gravel #c #d to #aj #a_/b #g-a_/b to #ac-a_/b ,loam #c-a_/b #h to #ad ,dry clay #d #h-a_/b to #ad-a_/b ,damp clay #f #aj-a_/b to #af-a_/b ,/iff blue clay #h #ab-a_/b to #ah-a_/b ,cem5t$ gravel1 h>dpan1 etc41 mat]ials loos5$ by explosives #aj to #af #ad-a_/b to #bf-a_/b ,! /eam %ovel w d ! "w ( #fj to #abj m51 sav+ f #e to #be cts4 p] cu4 yd4 ( mat]ial excavat$ & load$4 ,! ga9 is proportionally mu* great] 9 ! h>d]1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! m t5aci\s mat]ials4 ,! ma*9e is n adapt$ to small jobs1 & is seldom work$ 9 cuts ( less ?an #h ft4 9 dep?2 nor is x *eap] ?an h& & team labor on su* small jobs1 b on ne>ly all l>ge "w x is mu* *eap] & fa/]2 & la/1 ?\gh n lea/1 its use l>gely r$uces ! numb] ( labor]s requir$1 & h5ce ! probability ( /rikes & o!r labor tr\bles4 ,,app5dix4 ,,actual ,,co/ ,,( ,,/eam ,,%ovel ,,"w4 7,f an article 9 ,eng9e]+ ,news1 ,june #i1 #ahhh1 we take ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( reports on ! actual co/ ( /eam %ovel "w1 & ^! reports %[ h[ v>iable is ! co/ ( excavat+1 dep5d+1 z x does1 ^u delay1 unavoidable on e l9e ( railway1 ^u ! wea!r1 "* ( ! mat]ial1 l5g? ( haul1 & _m o!r conditions4 ,:5 conditions are favorable z to mat]ial1 prompt & %ort haul+1 ) no delays1 ! results %[ a v l>ge increase 9 ! output1 & (t5 a decrease 9 co/4--,ed4 ,eng4 ,news47 ,f a report ( ! ,g5]al ,roadma/] ( ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,hudson ,riv] ,r4 ,r4 ( "w done by two %ovels on ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n divisions1 we f9d ! l>ge/ day's "w = "o %ovel at ,yo/'s pit 0 #agd c>s1 ! av]age = ! mon? ( ,augu/ be+ #aba c>s p] day & = ,july #aaf c>s p] day4 ,x c\ld h made a l>g] av]age ?an ?is ) tw5ty m c>s1 z ! tra9s mak+ long runs c\ld n keep c>s 9 ! pit4 ,! l>ge/ day's "w at ,b]g5 pit ) "o ma*9e 0 #aef c>loads1 ! ,june av]age be+ #aag c>s & ! ,july #aaf c>s p] day1 & = two weeks 9 ,augu/ #acd c>s p] day4 ,at ?is pit !y came 9 contact ) cem5t1 h>d pan1 & v co>se mat]ial4 ,at ,yo/'s pit !y h load$ #aj1eaa c>s 9 f\r mon?s up to ,aug4 #a4 ,figur+ ^! at #i yds4 p] c>1 :i* is l[1 makes #id1eii yds4 ,! co/ ( deliv]+ on roadb$ 0 #e1bfa4be1 or ab\t #e-a_/b cts4 p] yd4 ,! av]age co/ = h&l+ by m5 load+ & unload+ is #ad cts4 p] yd4 ,! report on a ma*9e work+ 9 ,new ,mexico on ! ,at*ison1 ,topeka ,santa ,fe ,r4 ,r4 says3 ,9 cem5t$ gravel1 we f9d no difficulty1 "u favorable circum/ances1 9 load+ #ge to #ajj c>s p] day1 at a co/ n to exce$ #aj cts4 p] cu4 yd4 ,! eng9e] ( ! ,clevel&1 ,mt4 ,v]non ,delaw>e ,r4 ,r4 gives "s /atem5ts z to ! co/ & am\nt ( "s excavat+ "w done "u 8 direction4 ,?is %ovel work$ ab\t #e-a_/b mon?s 9 /iff clay1 z foll[s3 ,m>* load$ #aaed c>s1 work$ #bd days4 ,july #iee #bd ,aug4 #aaeg #bb ,sept4 load$ #aeef c>s1 work$ #bc days4 ,oct4 #aeeb #bc ,nov4 #eci #ab ,total1 #f1iae c>s1 #da1dij cu4 yds4 ,greate/ numb] ( c>s load$ 9 a s+le day1 #ig4 ,%ovel suppos$ to "w t5 h\rs a day1 b did n av]age m ?an #f-a_/b h\rs on acc\nt ( wait+ = c>s4 ,c>loads av]age #f cu4 yds4 p] c>4 ,av]age co/ ( load+1 #c cts4 p] cu4 yd41 includ+ exp5se ( all m51 %ovel1 oil1 wa/e1 etc4 ,load$1 haul$ mat]ial1 & unload$ at a di/ance ( t5 miles f pit1 at #aj cts4 p] yd41 includ+ all co/s1 %ovel1 use ( c>s1 eng9es & crews4 ,a #bj-mile haul on ?is road co/ #ae cts4 p] yd41 & a #cj-mile haul ab\t #bj cts4 p] yd41 :ile on "s roads a #cj-mile haul co/s ov] #ge cts4 p] yd41 dep5d+ on ! frequ5cy ( tra9s4 ,! foll[+ report f ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,si\x ,city ,pacific ,ry4 gives ! op]ations ( a %ovel = n9e mon?s work+ 9 a yell[ clay bank f #cj to #dj ft4 9 l5g?1 & ) a "o-mile haul3 ,! total numb] ( c>s load$ 0 #ca1dbj 9 #bji days1 giv+ an av]age ( #aej-c_/d c>s p] day4 ,! greate/ numb] ( c>s load$ 9 "o day 0 #bge1 ) an av]age ( #f cu4 yds4 p] c>4 ,! av]age co/ ( load+ p] cu4 yd4 is #f-a_/b cts41 includ+ exp5se ( all m5 ab\t %ovel1 & %ift+ ( %ovel track4 ,av]age co/ ( unload+ ) "o-mile haul1 #g4h cts41 includ+ wages ( all m5 ) tra9s & eng9es1 use ( c>s & locomotives1 ) all supplies & repairs ( same1 mak+ a total co/ ( #ad4c cts4 p] cu4 yd4 or #he4h cts4 p] c> deliv]$ on track4 ,a report %[+ ! l>ge/ am\nt ( "w1 ) ! mo/ complete detail z to ! exp5se ( op]ation 0 furni%$ by ! resid5t eng9e] ( ! ,miss\ri ,valley ,blair ,railway ,bridge ,co41 contractors = ! ,*icago ,nor?we/]n ,ry4 bridge across ! ,miss\ri ,riv] at ,miss\ri ,valley1 ,ia41 ! mat]ial excavat$ be+ us$ 9 ! approa*es to ! bridge4 ,! "w1 a tabulat$ /atem5t ( :i* is giv5 9 ,table ,,iv41 0 done "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 ) b few delays1 & ) b "o locomotive1 z ! c>s ran d[n ! hill !mselves :ile be+ load$1 ! locomotive be+ employ$ to haul ! empty c>s back2 ! haul 0 %ort & a r\nd trip 0 made 9 #cj m9utes4 ,! report %[s t dur+ ! "w ( six mon?s ! av]age numb] ( c>s load$ p] day 0 #bje1 includ+ delays & mov+s1 & t ! av]age co/ p] cu4 yd4 0 #g cts41 :i*1 z %[n1 includ$ labor ( load+1 mov+ %ovel ab\t once a mon?1 mov+ track to suit1 dynamite = cav+ bank1 repairs ( %ovel1 fuel1 oil1 wa/e1 wages ( wat*man1 r5t ( c>s & locomotives1 labor ( eng9e]s1 firem5 & wip]s1 labor1 conductors & brakem51 &1 9 fact1 absolutely ev]y?+ connect$ 9 any way ) fill+ ! embankm5t4 ,,table ,,iv4 ,"w ,done by ,/eam ,excavator 9 ,six ,mon?s at ,miss\ri ,valley1 ,ia4 ,repairs to locomotive1 %ovel & c>s2 mat]ial #deg4ad ,repairs to locomotive1 %ovel & c>s2 labor #baa4hj ,supplies = %ovel #a1gfj4jj ,r5t ( locomotive & c>s #a1djd4ge ,supplies = locomotive #a1gha4eb ,wages ( locomotive att5dants #a1ejh4cg ,wages ( all o!r employees #aj1fhj4ja ----------- ,total co/ #ag1hjc4ei ,c>s load$ #cb1ada ,co/ p] c> #ee4ch cts4 ,co/ p] cubic y>d #g ,h\rs work$ by gang #b1cbe ,h\rs work$ by %ovel #a1ibf ,! report ( ! ,roadma/]s' ,association = #ahhe gives ! co/ ( /eam %ovel "w z foll[s3 ,railway4 ,"w4 ,co/ p] yd4 ,baltimore ,ohio ,includ+ ev]y?+1 haul #e to #be miles #h4a cts4 ,mi*igan ,c5tral ,load+ #d4e ,mi*igan ,c5tral ,haul+1 #cj miles1 labor only #d4j ,n4 ,y41 ,p41 ,o4 ,load+ #g4j ,c5tral ,i[a ,load+ #d4ge ,unload+ #a4i ,eng9e s]vice #c4a ---- ,total #i4ge ,! detail$ /atem5t giv5 9 ,table ,v4 0 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,hill1 ,act+ ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,indianapolis1 ,decatur ,spr+field ,r4 ,r41 & is a record ( "w done "u ! sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,diddle1 ,roadma/]4 ,x %[s m>k$ economy & gives an excell5t idea ( h[ ! exp5ses are apportion$4 ,! ,otis type ( excavator 0 us$1 :i* cuts #bd ft4 wide & to a dep? ( #d ft4 bel[ ! track4 ,! banks 7 ab\t #ae ft4 high1 ! av]age haul #d1jjj ft4 ,twelve flat c>s con/itut$ a tra94 ,by a special cable arrangem5t ! "t ( pl[+ (f1 ord9>ily requir+ ab\t #ae m9utes1 0 r$uc$ to #e or #f m9utes4 ,,table ,v4 ,/eam ,%ovel ,"w2 ,indianapolis1 ,decatur ,spr+field ,r4 ,r4 ,sangamon ,montezuma ,sangamon ,ni*ol's ,riv] ,gravel ,riv] ,guion ,holl[ ,tre/le4 ,pit4 ,tre/le4 ,tre/le4 ,tre/le4 #ahhe4 #ahhf4 #ahhf4 #ahhg4 #ahhg4 ,total numb] ( days #ed #ahf #dh #ajh #ea ,numb] ( work+ days #df #aae #ch #he #dj ,days idle besides ,sundays #j #de #c #g #d ,mat]ial h&l$ light gravel4 light light light clay4 clay4 clay4 clay4 ,av]age height ( bank #aj ft4 #ab ft4 #aj ft4 #aj ft4 #ab ft4 ,total ,no4 c>s load$ #b1hii #h1fca #b1gga #e1bed #b1ebh ,greate/ ,no4 load4 p] day #id #abd #ij #hj #ge ,lea/ ,no4 c>s load4 p] day #bb #af #ej #cj #ae ,av]age ,no4 load$ p] day #fc #ge #gc #fa4h #fc4b ,av]age l5g? ( haul #a mile4 #i miles4 #a mile4 #b miles4 #c_/d mile4 ,grade1 %ovel to dump1 p4 c4 -#a4jj v>y+4 -#a4jj -#a4jj -#a4jj ,tons coal us$1 %ov4 eng4 #ada #hec #ii #agj #fe ,no4 c> loads p] ton coal4 #bj4e #aj #bh #cj4i #ch4i ,co/ ( ,"w ,p] ,c> ,load4 ,sangamon ,montezuma ,sangamon ,ni*ol's ,riv] ,gravel ,riv] ,guion ,holl[ ,tre/le4 ,pit4 ,tre/le4 ,tre/le4 ,tre/le4 #ahhe4 #ahhf4 #ahhf4 #ahhg4 #ahhg4 ,cts4 ,cts4 ,cts4 ,cts4 ,cts4 ,=eman at #abe p] mon? #h4hf #i4fg #h4jj #i4ja #i4hh ,cranesman1 #b to #b4ej day #e4ce #e4fb #d4hj #c4ed #e4eg ,fireman 7%ovel7 #a4ej day #b4hh #c4cg #b4hg #b4ij #c4bg ,labor]s 7#d7 #a4be p] day #g4hf #i4ib #h4gg #i4hj #i4hj ,wat*man at #a p] day #b4jg #a4if #a4hh #b4ej #b4be ,total %ovel crew #bg4jb #cj4ed #bf4cb #bg4ge #cj4gg ,engr4 & fireman 7eng9e7 #ab4jj #ad4ej #g4dd #aa4jj #ac4aj ,tra9m5 7conductor1 #b4ej2 brakem51 #a4ej7 #e4ig #ad4fj #e4gd #e4be #e4gg ,total tra9 crew #ag4ig #bi4aj #ac4ah #af4be #ah4hg ,help]s di/rb4 e>?1 #a4aj 4444 #a4gd 4444 4444 #b4gb ,sec4 m5 7track "w71 #a4aj #j4ha #a4hh #a4ch #a4de 4444 ,bridge c>p5t]s 7repairs to plant71 #b4ej #j4ae #a4eh #j4af #a4jd #b4jh ,sec4 m5 7reprs plant71 #a4aj 4444 #j4fb 4444 4444 4444 ,%op bills 7repairs to plant7 #a4fi #aj4ij #a4bg #aj4fj #a4fg ,total repairs to plant #a4hd #ac4aj #a4dc #aa4fd #a4fg ,coal f #a4be to #a4da ton #f4ca #ac4cj #d4dg #d4ca #c4bh ,oil1 wa/e1 etc4 #j4eb #a4ee #j4ge #j4hf #j4cf ,total supplies #f4hc #ad4he #e4bb #e4ag #c4fd ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ,gr& total p] c> load #ed4dg #ia4ai #dg4ec #fb4bf #ei4ge ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ,co/1 cu4 yd41 #h yds4 p] c> #f4dc #aa4dj #e4id #g4gi #g4dg ,add = int]e/ on co/ ( plant #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ,co/ p] cu4 yd41 includ4 int4 #g4dc #ab4dj #f4id #h4gi #h4dg ,,bacon',s ,,hoi/+ ,,eng9es ,= ,e ,possible ,duty4 ,,f>rel',s--,ore & ,rock ,,cru%]s4 ,scre5s1 ,elevators1 ,etc4 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,= #be ,,ye>s4 ,,e>le ,c4 ,,bacon1 ,,eng9e]1 ,havemey] ,build+1 ,new ,york4 ,,works3 ,,pacific ,,iron ,,works4 ,,f>rel ,,f\ndry ,,ma*9e ,,co4 ,/eam ,%ovel ,,repairs4 ,dipp]s1 ,dipp] ,tee?1 ,dipp] ,bails1 ,dipp] ,m\?s1 ,kept 9 ,/ock4 ,,*a9s ,,( ,,ul/] ,,& ,,norway ,,iron4 ,we h built a new %op1 & are prep>+ designs = ,,/eam ,,%ovels ( v sub/antial con/ruction4 ,we call att5tion to ! fact t we h made = ye>s a specialty ( ,pile ,driv]s & ,/eam ,dr$ges4 ,,vulcan ,,iron ,,works1 ,,*icago4 ,,new ,,york ,,dr$g+ ,,co41 ,,eng9e]s ,,& ,,contractors4 ,illu/ration3 ,hydraulic ,dr$ge dis*>g+ ?r\gh #e1gjj ft4 ,pipe4 ,w dig & put a%ore any ,mat]ial1 ,rock except$4 ,illu/ration3 ,pat5t ,canal ,excavator4 ,ma*9es at ,"w1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,jacksonville1 ,fla41 & ,oakl&1 ,cal4 ,,incorporat$ ,,"u ,,laws ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,,ceo4 ,w4 ,,catt1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,presid5t & ,eng9e]4 ,o4 ,l4 ,,williams1 ,secret>y & ,treasur]4 ,,specialties3 ,ma*9]y = ,economical ,excavation ( ,canals = ,dr$g+2 = ,reclamation ( ,l[ ,l&s4 ,,correspond5ce ,,solicit$4 ,,_w ,,build+1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,g4 ,l4 ,,/eubn] ,,co41 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,,hoi/+ ,,buckets ,,( ,,all ,,k9ds ,,& ,,= ,,all ,,purposes4 ,illu/ration ,side ,dump+ ,c>s1 ,end ,dump+ ,c>s1 ,bottom ,dump+ ,c>s1 ,*>g+ ,c>s1 ,special ,c>s1 ,iron ,:eelb>r[s1 ,iron ,hoi/+ ,blocks1 ,t> ,heat+ ,furnaces1 ,%eet-,iron ,"w1 ,iron ,=g+s1 ,etc4 ,s5d = ,catalogue & ,price ,li/4 #afh-agf ,,ea/ ,,?ird ,,/41 ,,long ,,isl& ,,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,/eam ,,%ovel ,,c>4 ,illu/ration ,,write ,,= ,,prices ,,& ,,catalogue ,,to ,ryan-,mc,donald ,mfg4 ,co41 #dd ,,s\? ,,/reet1 ,,baltimore1 ,,md41 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,light ,locomotives1 ,contractors' ,c>s1 ,d]rick ,irons & ,crabs1 ,hoi/+ ,eng9es & ,all ,classes ( ,n>r[ ,gauge ,c>s4 ,,contractors' ,,& ,,railroad ,,supplies4 ,con/ruction1 ,dump & ,m9e ,c>s4 ,,catalogue ,,& ,,prices ,,on ,,application4 ,illu/ration ,,h>old ,c4 ,,dayton ,,co41 #dd ,,dey ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york4 ,illu/ration ,m4 ,,beatty ,,sons1 ,,well&1 ,,ont4 ,dr$ges1 ,dit*]s1 ,d]ricks & ,/eam ,%ovels ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,/yles ,,& ,,sizes ,,to ,,suit ,,any ,,"w4 ,,subm>9e ,,rock ,,drill+ ,,ma*9]y1 ,,hoi/+ ,,eng9es1 ,,susp5sion ,,cableways1 ,,horse-,,p[] ,,hoi/]s1 ,,gang ,,/one-,,saws1 ,,c5trifugal ,,pumps ,,= ,,wat]1 ,,s& ,,& ,,gold ,,m9+4 ,,& ,,o!r ,,contractors' ,,plant4 ,illu/ration ,,contractor',s ,,locomotives ,,on ,,h&4 ,we ,keep on h& a numb] ( sizes bo? n>r[ & wide gauge locomotives1 ( be/ con/ruction1 = contractors' s]vice4 ,catalogue mail$ & prices quot$ on application4 ,illu/ration ,h4 ,k4 ,,port] ,,co41 ,,build]s ,,( ,,light ,,locomotives1 ,,wood ,,/reet1 ,ne> #g? ,ave41 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa4 ,,no4 #a ,,%ovel ,,on ,,*icago ,,dra9age ,,canal4 ,illu/ration ,,osgood ,,dr$ge ,,co41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,mfrs4 ,,( ,,dr$ges ,,& ,,/eam ,,%ovels4 ,,otis ,,*apman1 ,,/&>d ,,gravel & ,,h>dpan ,,excavator ,,manufactur$ ,,exclusively ,,by ,,john ,,s\!r ,,co41 ,,bo/on4 ,e>? ,displac$ at ,,"o-,,qu>t] ,,less ,,exp5se ,?an by ,any ,o!r ,ma*9e ,illu/ration ,to ,:om ,x ,may ,conc]n3 ,i h]eby c]tify t ,i h us$ ! ,otis pat5t improv$ ,/eam ,excavator ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 9 all k9ds ( e>? excavation1 & believe x to be ! be/ dry l& excavator 9 use1 & ! only "o t w "w successfully 9 h>dpan mat]ial4 ,i h excavat$ & put into c>s five million y>ds "u "o contract = mak+ l& 9 ,bo/on2 ) two ( ^! ma*9es ,i load$ f sev5ty to eighty ?\s& y>ds p] mon?4 ,n4 ,c4 ,,munson4 ,c4 ,p4 ,,treat1 ,,contractor ,,bangor ,,aroo/ook ,r4 ,r4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,lane1 ,manag]4 ,,rob',t ,,smi?1 ,ass't ,manag]4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,doty1 ,eng9e]4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,deck]1 ,ca%i]4 ,h\lton1 ,ma9e1 ,decemb] #ca1 #ahid4 ,?is is to c]tify t 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #ahid1 ! be>]1 ,mr4 ,john ,b4 ,%aw1 ) #a-c_/d yds4 ,s\!r ,/eam ,%ovel1 load$ on c>s #ch1afh cubic yds4 ( balla/4 ,pit measurem5t by ,r4 ,r4 ,co4's ,eng9e]s4 7,sign$7 ,c4 ,p4 ,,treat1 p] ,s4 ,h4 ,doty4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,illu/rations 9 ?is booklet are n always labell$ 9 ord] ( appe>ance1 s full page diagrams may appe> out ( ord]4 ,fig4 #d4 seems to h be5 ommitt$ & is n f\nd 7or ref]5c$7 9 any ( ! onl9e s\rces4 ,m9or corrections made to punctuation4 inconsi/5t hyph5ation & spell+4 ,9 p>ticul>3 p#g4 rceiv+ *ang$ to receiv+4 p#aa4 wabble has be5 left - x appe>s to be a v>iant spell+ ( wobble4 p#ah4 ov]hang+ l$ges or ^! mat]ials *ang$ to ov]hang+ l$ges ( ^! mat]ials4 p#bb4 only few m5 *ang$ to only a few m5 ,,table ,,ii4 ,loose gravel #a #cj #a #cj #b #fj #c #ij #d #ab *ang$ to ,loose gravel #a #cj #a #cj #b #fj #c #ij #d #abj p#ej4 /eam or air driv] *ange to /eam or air driv5