,,steam ,,shovels --,,and-- ,,steam ,,shovel ,,work4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,hermann1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 #ahid4 ,,engineering ,,news ,,publishing ,,co41 ,,new ,,york4 ,copyright4 #ahid1 by ,engineering ,news ,publishing ,co4 ,,contents4 ,pages4 ,,part #a4--,steam ,shovels #a-ai #b4--,steam ,shovel ,work #ai-da #c4--;,disposition of ,material #da-ee #d4--;,cost of ,steam ,shovel ,work #ee-eg ,,index4 ,ballast1 plowing1 #dh ,blasting1 #ci1 #eb ,brine1 sprinkling earth1 #eb ,cars1 dump1 #ai1 #da1 #dg ,flat1 #db ,loading1 #ai ,unloading1 #db1 #dg ,cost of work1 #ee ,cuts1 #bh1 #cf1 #ci ,time for1 #ag ,widening1 #ai ,explosives1 #ci1 #eb ,fills1 trestles for1 #dg ,grades1 construction track1 #cd ,cutting down1 #bh ,grading1 #be ,gravel train1 #db1 #de1 #ej ,engines for1 #ej ,unloading1 #dh ,leveling1 #ec ,loading cars1 #ai ,gangs for1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc ,operating1 men for1 #ah ,plow1 ,barnhart1 #dc ,gravel1 #db ,plowing1 cable for1 #ej ,gravel train1 #dh ,hauling engine for1 #ea ,winter1 brine for1 #eb ,railways1 construction1 #cc ,reducing grades1 #bh ,widening cuts1 #ai ,railway work1 #ah1 #bh1 #cc ,rapid unloader1 #ea ,spreaders1 #ec ,steam shovels1 ,barnhart1 #f ,boilers1 #i ,bucyrus1 #d ,clement1 #aj ,daily capacity1 #da ,description1 #e ,giant1 #ab ,invention of1 #a ,little ,giant1 #ab ,industrial ,works1 #aj ,machinery of1 #e ,marion ,s4 ,s4 ,dredge ,co41 #f ,number of men1 #ah ,operation1 #af ,osgood1 #b ,otis-,chapman1 #ad ,repairs1 #ai ,souther's1 #ad ,thompson1 #d ,toledo ,f4 ,m4 ,co41 #h ,types1 #c ,victor1 #h ,vulcan ,iron ,works1 #ab ,tools1 #af1 #ah ,track1 arrangement of1 #ai ,narrow gage1 #dg ,trains1 dirt1 handling1 #ai1 #db1 #de1 #dh1 #ej ,trestles for fills1 #dg ,widening cuts1 #ai ,,steam ,,shovels ,,and ,,steam ,,shovel ,,work4#a ,footnote #a3 ,copyright by ,engineering ,news ,publishing ,co41 #ahid4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,hermann1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,part ,i4--,steam ,shovels4 ,the following article originated in a short paper which was read before a local society of civil engineers1 and there were so many requests made for this paper and the illustrations presented with it that the author was led to believe that there was a demand for such information4 ,believing that a better understanding of the capabilities of these machines will serve a useful purpose in economizing money1 time and labor in the execution of work to which they are adapted1 the author presents in this article the information learned by a long practical experience in this special class of work4 ,descriptions of the various steam shovels can readily be found in the trade catalogues of the different manufacturers1 but very little has been published on the manner of using them in the execution of different classes of work1 and the disposition of the excavated material after it has been loaded on cars or wagons4 ,this part of the subject will receive most attention1 and although much of it may seem very elementary to those who have had an extended experience in operating steam shovels1 it may be entirely new to the much larger number who have had few or no opportunities for doing work of this kind4 ,it has been the aim of the author to condense the reading matter as much as possible1 making it a point to use many illustrations in place of lengthy explanations1 thus presenting the subject more clearly than by extended descriptions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,elevation ,,and ,,half ,,plan ,,of ,,osgood ,,steam ,,shovel2 ,osgood ,dredge ,co41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the steam shovel1 or steam excavator1 is a modified form of dredge adapted for excavating material on dry land4 ,it was designed and patented by a ,mr4 ,otis1 about #ahdj1 and like most new inventions the first machine built was a very clumsy affair1 but even in this crude state it possessed many advantages for removing large masses of material4 ,its merits were recognized in its earliest stages1 and with increased experience in its operation improvements were soon made which rendered it almost indispensable on all works requiring large quantities of excavation4 ,it was not until #ahfe1 however1 that the machine came into general use4 ,about this time the largely increased railway construction created an active demand for the steam shovel1 which demand was quickly supplied by several manufacturers1 whose machines vary in distinctive designs of various parts1 but the principles of operation are essentially the same in them all4 ,types of ,steam ,shovels4--,there are three types of steam shovels3 ,first2 machines mounted on trucks of standard gage1 transported from place to place in freight trains 7or propelled by their own power71 and intended for railway work only4 ,second2 machines mounted on wheels of other than standard gage1 transported in sections by boat or wagon1 or loaded complete on flat cars1 and intended for both railway and other work4 ,third2 machines mounted on wheels fitted for transportation over common roads1 propelled by their own power1 and intended for railway and other work4 ,the first machines built were of the second type4 ,as now constructed they are mounted on a wide wooden frame or car body1 supported by four small wheels of #g ft4 to #h ft4 gage1 thus placing the machinery close to the ground1 with a wide base of support4 ,in transporting this machine from one place to another1 not on the line of a railway1 it is necessary to take it apart1 forward the sections and put them together again at the site of the new work4 ,the machine is built with a view to rapid dismantling and re-erection1 and for work requiring a large machine for economical excavation1 located in hilly country not yet made accessible by rail1 or requiring transportation by boat1 it is the machine most generally used4 ,its ready adaptability to all kinds of work in any location has made it the favorite machine with many general contractors whose work includes large contracts for railway and other excavation4 ,for transportation by rail this machine is run onto an ordinary flat car1 only the crane being detached and loaded on a separate car4 ,with this manner of shipment the machine can be made ready for railway work very quickly1 but for exclusive railway work a machine of a later design has come into use and is now generally preferred for this class of work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,thompson ,,steam ,,shovel2 ,bucyrus ,steam ,shovel ,dredge ,co41 ,south ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,this is the machine of the first type1 resting on a wooden or iron car body1 supported on trucks of standard gage1 with an iron or steel crane from #ah to #bf ft4 high over the track when in working order1 and which can be lowered to #ad ft4 to permit shipment through tunnels and under low overhead bridges4 ,machines of the third type are generally of smaller capacity than the others2 they have come into general use only within the past few years1 but are now multiplying rapidly in numbers as their utility for nearly all kinds of work is better appreciated4 ,they are especially adapted to smaller jobs and work not readily accessible by rail1 but where common roads are available4 ,these three types are shown in ,figs4 #a to #i1 representing the machines of seven of the principal manufacturers4 ,steam shovels will excavate any kind of material except solid rock1 and they will load rock if it has been broken up by explosives into pieces of not more than #c-d cu4 yd4 in size4 ,the materials excavated by them are mostly sand1 loose gravel1 all kinds of clay1 cemented gravel1 hardpan1 clays mixed with bowlders and other small stones1 ore1 phosphate rock1 loose rock and thin seams of slate1 shale or sandstone4 ,these machines are used for excavating material1 loading it on cars or wagons for ballasting tracks2 for filling trestles1 streets1 roads1 dams1 lots and new city additions2 for widening embankments for double track1 side tracks1 yards1 shops and station grounds2 for cutting down street1 road and railway grades2 grading lots and new city additions1 railway yards1 shop and station grounds2 widening cuts1 removing land slides1 stripping coal fields1 ore beds and stone quarries2 digging canals and drainage ditches1 loading clays for brick yards1 etc4 ,construction of ,steam ,shovels4--,the general plan of construction of the machines1 shown in ,figs4 #a to #i1 is essentially the same in all1 and consists of a strong frame1 mounted on wheels1 forming the base to which all working parts are attached4 ,the boiler and machinery are placed near the rear end of the frame1 and the mast1 or post1 and crane at the front end4 ,the crane is made in two pieces connected only at the top or point1 and at the foot of the mast4 ,between these pieces1 serving as guides1 is the dipper handle1 carrying at its farther end the dipper or scoop4 ,to the top of the post 7or to the foot in some machines7 the swinging circle is secured4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,barnhart ,,steam ,,shovel2 ,marion ,steam ,shovel ,co41 ,marion1 ,o4 ,the most used1 and hence the most important part of the machinery of the steam shovel is the gearing imparting motion to the hoisting drum1 actuating the chains by which the dipper is raised and lowered4 ,it is in almost constant use1 and is often subjected to severe shocks in hard digging4 ,of all parts of the machinery it is the most likely to break or rapidly wear out4 ,naturally it has received the most attention of any part of the steam shovel in all efforts to improve the design1 strength and durability of the machine4 ,there are a number of different gears in use1 and essentially they are either friction clutches or positive gearing4 ,the use of the former subjects the machinery and crane to less severe shocks1 and can be thrown in and out of gear more rapidly1 but it wears out quicker1 often causes delay by heating1 and requires frequent repairs4 ,positive gearing exposes the machinery and crane to more severe shocks in hard digging1 and must be started slower1 especially in hard material1 but while these machines are a little slower than those operated with friction clutches1 they are less subject to the expense of repairs and delay due to the disarrangement of the hoisting gear1 so that their total output of material about equals1 and sometimes exceeds1 the quicker moving friction gear machine4 ,the mechanism for thrusting the dipper into the bank is attached to the crane1 and the forms most generally used are as follows3 #a4 ,a chain1 one end of which is attached to the rear end of the dipper handle1 and the other end wound around a drum receiving its motion by an endless chain passing over a sprocket wheel connected to the axle of the sprocket wheel at the top of the mast1 over which the hoisting chain passes1 thereby revolving both wheels4 ,this drum is thrown into gear by a friction clutch1 and its motion regulated by the cranesman's lever and footbrake4 #b4 ,a rack on the dipper handle operated by a pinion attached to a shaft revolved and regulated as above described4 #c4 ,a small double cylinder engine operating either a pinion and rack as above described1 or revolving a drum with a chain attached to it1 and the rear end of the dipper handle as described in the first case4 #d4 ,a long steam cylinder attached to the dipper handle1 whose piston rod is connected to the dipper1 extending or withdrawing it as desired4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,victor ,,steam ,,shovel2 ,toledo ,foundry ,machine ,co41 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,the thrusting mechanism used in the last two cases imparts a rapid1 steady and powerful motion1 but the extra engines or steam cylinder and their connecting steam pipes involve a complication which often more than balances their advantages4 ,swinging the crane in a horizontal direction is generally accomplished in one of the following three ways3 #a4 ,a chain passing around the swinging circle attached to the post1 and wound around drums connected to the engine by positive gearing or friction clutches4 #b4 ,a wire rope passing round the swinging circle and connected to the piston rods operated by two long steam cylinders4 #c4 ,a chain passing round the swinging circle and wound around a drum connected to a small reversible engine4 ,the mechanisms used in the last two cases have the same advantages1 but also suffer from the same objections urged against employing small engines or a steam cylinder for thrusting the dipper into the bank4 ,the engines are either of the upright type with a single steam cylinder1 or of the horizontal type1 with double horizontal steam cylinders4 ,the size of the cylinders varies for machines of different capacities1 ranging from #h by #aj ins4 to #aj by #ab ins4 for the upright engines1 and #f by #h ins4 to #ac by #af ins4 for the horizontal engines4 ,the upright type of boiler with submerged flues is usually preferred1 as it occupies only a small space4 ,horizontal boilers of the locomotive type are used in a few machines1 and are more economical in the use of fuel1 but occupy too large a floor space4 ,forced draft is used in both types of boilers1 and they are generally worked to the limit of their capacity4 ,the usual working pressure is #ij lbs4 per sq4 in4 ,the safety valve is generally set to blow off at #abj lbs4 per sq4 in4 ,the boiler is supplied with water either from an upright circular sheet iron tank located in a corner of the machine1 behind the boiler1 or from a sheet iron box tank hung under the floor4 ,these tanks usually hold about #a1jjj gallons of water1 enough to run the machine half a day4 ,the water is obtained by a pump or siphon from the tender of a locomotive on railway work1 or is hauled to the machine by wagon on other work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,clement ,,steam ,,shovel2 ,industrial ,works1 ,bay ,city1 ,mich4 ,in some machines the frame or car body is made of wood1 generally oak1 often incased with heavy plate iron4 ,in others it is constructed of iron or steel ,i-beams and channels4 ,in all machines it is strongly built and braced with a view to sustain the weight of the working parts and to resist the shocks to which it is subjected4 ,the floor is usually of #c-;in4 oak plank4 ,the mast or post is made of cast or wrought iron1 strongly braced and guyed to the frame4 ,it is the pivot about which the crane swings1 and easy working in its bearings is of great importance for the rapid and economical operation of the machine4 ,in order to prevent breakage or delay it should never be permitted to wabble by neglecting to promptly tighten its braces and guys in case they should work loose4 ,the post should always stand vertical1 or practically so1 to insure the horizontal motion of the crane and avoid unnecessary straining of the swinging gear4 ,for this reason the machine should be set practically level before beginning operations2 and using a small mason's level is better than trusting to the eye1 when blocking under the track and adjusting the jack screws for this purpose4 ,the crane is secured to the post1 and is made of wood1 iron or steel1 strongly and compactly built to resist the shocks to which it is often subjected4 ,it is from #ad to #bj ft4 high above the track or ground1 varying with machines of different sizes and manufacture1 and swings horizontally through an angle of #ahj to #bdj degrees1 with a radius of #ae to #bj ft4 ,in some machines it must be detached from the post for shipment1 in others 7mostly those made for railway use exclusively7 it can be lowered to a height of #ad ft4 above the track1 thereby permitting shipment without detaching from the post4 ,the dipper1 scoop1 or bucket is made of iron or steel1 shaped somewhat like a coal scuttle4 ,its cutting edge is protected by four teeth made of steel or steel pointed4 ,these teeth are easily removed for sharpening or replacement4 ,dippers vary in size from #a_/b cu4 yd4 to #b-a_/b cu4 yds4 capacity4 ,they also vary somewhat in shape1 according to the material to be excavated1 though no special provision is made for this unless there are very large quantities of the same kind of material to be removed2 or for machines working in a certain class of material only1 like ore loaders4 ,for general work in all kinds of materials the dipper is seldom changed4 ,for soft1 tenacious material1 likely to adhere to the inner sides of the dipper1 and not drop out promptly when the bottom door is opened for unloading1 the dipper is shaped as shown in ,fig4 #aj1 with a larger bottom than mouth4 ,in hard1 or dry soft material the section shows parallel sides1 as in ,fig4 #aa4 ,for general use the bottom of the dipper should be slightly larger than the mouth1 as most materials contain more or less moisture which is likely to produce a partial clogging of the dipper by material sticking to the inner sides1 especially between the teeth1 necessitating frequent cleaning out whenever the machine is stopped while preparing to move forward1 and sometimes oftener4 ,for ordinary clay1 cemented gravel1 and hard dry materials1 a dipper with a wide and shallow mouth1 as shown in plan in ,fig4 #ab1 is preferred to the one shown in ,fig4 #ac1 which latter is better adapted for loose gravel1 sand and other soft dry materials where a deep cut can easily be made4 ,for hardpan1 shale1 loose rock and similar materials1 ample strength of teeth and dipper is of greater importance than its shape4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,giant ,,steam ,,shovel2 ,vulcan ,iron ,works ,co41 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,little ,,giant ,,steam ,,shovel2 ,vulcan ,iron ,works ,co41 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,to prevent tenacious material from sticking to the inner sides of the dipper1 and to allow it to drop out freely when the bottom door is opened1 it is often good economy to place a barrel of water near the head of the machine from which a bucketful can be taken and thrown into the dipper just before each cut4 ,the water acts as a lubricant and causes the material to drop out more readily4 ,for cleaning the dipper1 the tool shown in ,fig4 #ad is used4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,figs4 #aj to #ac4--;,buckets for ,steam ,shovel4 ,the chains have links of three-quarters-inch to one-inch diameter1 and are made of iron1 sometimes of steel4 ,their constant use necessarily subjects them to great wear1 and as they are also often exposed to severe shocks 7especially the hoisting chain7 they must be made of the very best material and in the most careful manner4 ,at present iron chains are preferred to those made of steel3 they are more durable1 and less likely to break under severe shocks4 ,steel chains have suffered in reputation through rapid wear and frequent breakages occurring within the last few years1 but with increased experience in their manufacture and use they will undoubtedly be improved1 and eventually take the lead over iron chains4 ,the propelling mechanism consists of an endless chain connecting one or more axles of the truck or supporting wheels with the shaft of the hoisting drum by means of friction clutches or positive gearing4 ,the usual speed is five to six miles per hour4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,otis-,,chapman ,,steam ,,shovel2 ,john ,souther ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,steam shovels of seven of the most prominent manufacturers are shown in ,figs4 #a to #i1 and the general particulars of each are given in condensed form in ,table ,i4 ,in each case the boiler is upright4 ,,table ,i4--,,general ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,important ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,prominent ,,makes ,,of ,,steam ,,shovels4 ---,frame------ ,fig4 ,size1 ,running ,gage1 ,en- ,cylin- ,h'st'g ,shovel4 ,material4 ft4 gear4 ft4ins4 ,b'l'r gine der1 gear4 ins4 #a4 ,osgood ,wood #aj #cd #b trucks #d #h-a_/b ,v ,h #b #aj #ab ,f #aj #cj #h-a_/daj ,f #aj #be #g #aj ,f #b4 ,thompson ,i-be'm #aj #cb #aj #ad ,f and #aj #cj #h #ab ,f chan- #aj #bh #h #aj ,f nels #aj #bd #f #h ,f #c4 ,barnhart #aj #bh ,v #h #aj ,f #aj #bf ,h #a #h #aj ,f #aj #bd ,v #h #aj ,f #aj #bb #f #h ,f #e4 ,victor #aj #cj ,h #b #h #aj ,f #f4 ,clement #aj #cj #h #aj ,p #g4 ,giant #aj #ce;,a #ac #af ,f #aj #ce #h #ab ,f #aj #cj #g #aa ,f #h4 ,little ,giant #g #bcd r'd wh #h #j #g #aa ,f #f #bc #h #j #f #h ,f #i4 ,otis-,ch'pm'n ,wood #aj #bbd fl'ge wh #g #aj ,v #a #aj #ab ,p #aj #ah #g #aj #h #aj ,p ,transcriber's ,note3 ,boiler and ,engine--,v,vert41 ,h,hor4 ,hoisting ,gear--,f,friction ,clutch1 ,p,positive ,fig4 ,thrusting ,mechanism4 ,swinging ,mechanism4 ,reversible engines1 #b steam cylinders #a4 each #f #h ins4 ,chains attached to ,do41 do #e #f ins4 circle geared to hoisting drum #b4 ,rack on dipper handle actuated by #c4 friction clutch geared to hoisting drum4 #e4 ,reversible engine1 #b steam cyls4 #f #h ins4 ,wire ropes attached to circle and pist'n rods #f4 ,long st'm cyl41 in long st'm cyl4 piston rod at'ch'd to dipper ,reversible engine1 ,reversible engine1 #g4 #b steam cyls4 #b steam cylinders #e #f ins4 #e #f ins42 except ,a1 #h4 cylinders #g #i ins4 ,chains on dipper handle actuated ,chains attached to #i4 by friction clutch geared circle geared to to hoisting drum4 hoisting drum --------------,crane4------------ --,h'ght ab've-- gr'nd or track4 ,capacity ,working ,shipping ,swinging of ,post order1 order1 ,radius1 angle1 dipper1 ,w'ht1 ,fig4 material4 ,material4 ft4 ft4 ft4 deg4 cu4 yds4 tons4 #a4 ,wt4 iron ,wt4 iron #bf #ad #bd #bdj #b #dj ,a #bd #ad #bd #bdj #a-a_/b #cj frame #bj #ad #bj #bdj #a #bj #b4 ,cast iron #bc #ad #bj #bjj #b-a_/b #de #ah #ad #ah #bjj #a-c_/d #dj #ah #ad #af #bjj #a-a_/d #cj #af #ad #ab #bjj #c_/d #bj #c4 ,wt4 iron ,wood #bf #ad #bj #bjj #a-a_/b #cg #bd #ad #bj #bjj #a #bf #bj #ad #ah #bjj #c_/d #af #ah #ad #ah #bjj #a_/b #ab #e4 ,hollow ,wt4 iron #ai #ad #bj #bjj #b #dj wt4 ir4 #f4 ,cast iron #bj #ad #bj #bjj #b #dj #g4 ,cast steel ,steel #bj #ad #ai #bjj #b-a_/b #gj ,cast iron #bj #ad #ai #bjj #a-c_/d #de #ah #ad #ag #bjj #a-a_/d #cj #h4 #af ,detach'd #ae #ahe #a-a_/d #bj #ae #ae #ahe #c_/d #ah #i4 ,wood #bj #bj #bjj #b-a_/b #bf #af #ah #bjj #a-a_/d #ae ,makers3 #a 7,osgood73 ,osgood ,dredge ,co41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #b 7,thompson73 ,bucyrus ,steam ,shovel ,dredge ,co41 ,bucyrus1 ,o4 #c1 #d 7,barnhart73 ,marion ,steam ,shovel ,co41 ,marion1 ,o4 #e 7,victor73 ,toledo ,foundry ,machine ,co41 ,toledo1 ,o4 #f 7,clement73 ,industrial ,works1 ,bay ,city1 ,mich4 #g 7,giant7 and #h 7,little ,giant73 ,vulcan ,iron ,works ,co41 ,toledo1 ,o4 #i 7,otis-,chapman73 ,john ,souther ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,operation of ,steam ,shovels4--,all movements of the steam shovel are controlled by two men1 the engineman and the cranesman4 ,the former is stationed near the engine1 the latter on a small platform attached to the crane4 ,the engineman directs the movements for raising and lowering the dipper1 swinging it into position for unloading1 and moving the machine forward or backward4 ,the cranesman regulates the depth of the cut made by the dipper1 releases it from the bank when full or near the top of the crane1 and pulls the spring latch of the bottom door of the dipper when in position for unloading1 thereby dumping its contents4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,spade for ,cleaning ,buckets4 ,these motions are shown in ,figs4 #ae and #af4 ,beginning with the dipper in the position shown at ,a1 ,fig4 #ae1 the engineman throws the hoisting drum into gear1 and starting the engine pulls the dipper upward1 the cranesman at the same time thrusting it forward1 regulating the depth of the cut so that it will not stop the engine or tip up the rear end of the machine4 ,when the dipper has reached the position ,b1 near the top of the crane1 the engineman throws the hoisting drum out of gear1 and holds it in position with a foot brake2 at the same time the cranesman by easing his foot brake1 allows the dipper to fall back to the position ,c4 ,the engineman then swings the dipper over the car or wagon1 as shown in ,fig4 #af1 when the cranesman pulls the latch rope1 thereby opening the bottom door of the dipper and dropping the contents4 ,the engineman then swings the crane back again to the next cut1 at the same time releasing his foot brake on the hoisting drum until the dipper has fallen to a point near the ground1 as at ,d1 ,fig4 #ae1 where he holds it for an instant with the foot brake1 then drops it by releasing the brake1 while the cranesman 7during this slight drop7 regulates the length of the radius of the dipper handle by releasing his foot brake so as to bring the dipper into the position ,a again1 and adjoining the last cut4 ,while the dipper is being lowered1 the bottom door closes and latches itself by its own weight1 when all is ready again for another cut4 ,these motions are very simple when taken separately1 but when performed together by two different men1 experience and quickness in both are required to carry on the work rapidly and harmoniously1 without breakages or delays4 ,in loose gravel one cut can be made in a half to three-quarters of a minute2 in hard materials one and a half to two minutes1 seldom more4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,showing ,series of ,operations for ,excavating4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4--,loading ,earth from ,steam ,shovel ,onto ,cars4 ,after all material within reach of the dipper has been removed1 an unoccupied section of track 7generally about #d ft4 long7 at the rear of the steam shovel is attached to the dipper by a chain and dragged around the machine to the front 7by swinging the dipper horizontally7 and there placed in position in line with the sections of track under the machine4 ,the screws at the ends of the jack arm 7a horizontal bar at the front end of the machine used for steadying it when cuts are taken at right angles to the steam shovel7 are then released1 and the machine moved forward three or four feet by throwing the propelling gear into motion4 ,after placing the jack screws into their new position1 and tightening them1 and blocking the supporting wheels of the steam shovel1 the machine is ready for another series of cuts4 ,the regular employees for operating a steam shovel are the engineman1 cranesman1 fireman and four laborers4 ,the latter are under the supervision of the cranesman1 and their duties are to shovel forward any lumps or loose material which may roll down and lodge too close to the front of the steam shovel to be reached by the dipper1 to level the surface of the ground in front of the machine1 preparing it for the next section of track1 to lay these sections of track1 to attend to the jack screws and blocking and to act as general utility men4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,pole for ,breaking ,down ,edge of ,excavation4 ,with this crew dry sand and loose gravel can readily be loaded4 ,in harder or more tenacious materials from two to six extra men are required1 depending upon the kind of material to be excavated1 and also upon good management of the contractor or foreman in charge4 ,wet sand and fairly loose gravel requires only two extra men1 whose duty is to break down the overhanging ledges of these materials which cannot be reached by the dipper1 and are liable to fall when the machine has advanced1 burying it or blocking the pit behind it4 ,the implement used by these men is a pole1 ,fig4 #ag1 headed by an iron point1 resembling a surveyor's pole4 ,with these poles fairly loose gravel and sand can be readily broken down1 sloped at its natural angle1 and fed into the pit in front of the steam shovel4 ,in harder materials three to four extra men are usually sufficient1 but in very hard or tenacious materials as many as six must be employed4 ,these men break down overhanging material in the face of the bank which cannot be reached by the dipper1 bore or drill holes for powder or dynamite when blasting becomes necessary1 cut and remove trees1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,on all but very small pieces of railway work there are also employed a blacksmith and helper1 and two to five car repairers4 ,the blacksmith's work consists mostly of repairs about the cars1 mainly bent or broken aprons1 sideboards1 chains1 etc4 ,the steam shovel occupies much the smaller part of his time4 ,his accommodation requires a small rough frame shop about #aj by #af ft4 7an old box car body is frequently used71 with forge and tools4 ,another rough frame shed of about the same size is needed for the storage of tools1 oils and supplies4 ,the section-men of the respective sections are occasionally called on for the building and maintaining 7or taking up7 of the various side tracks required during the progress of the work4 ,part ,,ii4--,steam ,shovel ,work4 ,widening a ,cut2 ,loading on the ,main ,track4--,the simplest and one of the most frequent cases for the application of a steam shovel is the widening of a single track railway cut4 ,the manner of doing this is shown in ,fig4 #ah4 ,a switch1 ,a ,b1 is put in the main track just beyond the end of the cut and far enough away to permit the steam shovel 7when standing on the side track7 to clear cars on the main track4 ,cars are then placed opposite it on the main track and the machine is ready for excavation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,it very frequently happens that the end of the cut joins directly on an embankment1 as shown in profile1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,in cases of this kind it would be necessary to widen the embankment for the reception of the side track1 near the end of the cut1 if the machine were to begin work at that point1 ,c1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,this is very seldom done2 the usual method is to remove the section1 ,a1 ,figs4 #ai and #bj1 to ,b by hand labor with wheelbarrows or with teams and scrapers4 ,the excavated material is used to widen part of the embankment near the end of the cut for the reception of the side track4 ,section ,a is made barely long enough to provide a standing place for the steam shovel and clear cars on the main track2 it is seldom over #ej ft4 long1 and averages about #cj ft4 ,after placing the machine in this space it is ready for work4 ,strings of #aj to #bj cars are then drawn along the main track1 and stopped opposite the machine for loading4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,when the machine has reached the end of the switch1 it advances on short sections of track1 generally #d ft4 long1 which are placed in front of it1 and again taken from its rear when it has moved forward one section of track more than its own length4 ,when no more cuts are to be made for still further widening1 the switch is taken up again and the machine advances on its own track sections1 ,fig4 #ba4 ,when other cuts are to follow1 however1 a loading track is needed for the next cut2 the side track is then extended for this purpose at convenient intervals1 generally about #cjj ft4 at a time though often after each space of a rail length 7usually #cj ft47 is clear4 ,the latter is by far the best practice1 as it permits the immediate withdrawal of the machine in case of a threatened cave-in1 sidehill slip1 or other unforeseen danger4 ,after all the cars have been loaded they are taken away for unloading4 ,sometimes the steam shovel is left idle until the train returns1 which is a very wasteful method of working1 even where the haul to the dump is short1 half a mile to two miles4 ,two engines and crews should be furnished for hauls up to ten miles2 three engines and crews1 or more1 for longer hauls1 or where the traffic on the main line is very heavy1 and delays to the work trains are frequent4 ,the material is generally utilized in filling trestles1 widening embankments for side tracks1 double tracks1 yards1 etc41 thereby making two improvements at the same time4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,in widening a cut it is good policy to keep the grade of the pit from #a to #b ft4 below the surface of the subgrade of the main track1 as shown in ,fig4 #bb1 thereby providing for drainage of the ballast and also providing a receptacle for the spreading of loose material dropping off the cars and washing in from the surface of the cut2 there is nearly always considerable of this loose material to roll or wash into the pit after the cut has been completed2 and unless room is provided for it1 the accumulation will soon reach the height of the track1 washing mud on it1 and choking the drainage1 thus injuriously affecting the main track4 ,widening a ,cut2 ,loading on a ,side ,track ,graded by ,hand or ,steam4--,the delays in loading on the main track of a railway in operation1 due to the clearing of the track for all trains1 vary from one to four hours per day of ten hours1 and sometimes amount to as much as seven hours1 depending upon the density of the traffic on the line4 ,the first cut in a case such as the latter is therefore necessarily an expensive one1 and where the traffic is so heavy it is often cheaper to make a narrow cut for the side track1 on which the steam shovel is to load1 either by wagons and wheel scrapers1 ,fig4 #bc1 or by hand with wheelbarrows loading back on cars1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc1 a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd1 a4 ,the latter plan has the great disadvantage that only one car at a time can be loaded and only a few men 7six to ten7 can be employed4 ,therefore this plan is never adopted where quick work is required1 but is used only where ample time is available1 and mostly as an early spring preliminary job1 preparing the way for the operation of the steam shovel later in the season4 ,from three to six flat or coal cars are used1 enough to require a whole day for the gang of men employed to load2 the material from the face of the excavation is loaded on wheelbarrows1 and wheeled over the empty cars to the one farthest from the cut4 ,this car is loaded first1 then the one next to it1 etc4 ,at night the loaded cars are taken out of the switch by the first available freight train and hauled to the nearest yard or side track where widening of the embankment is wanted1 or where the material can be otherwise used to advantage1 and there unloaded by a small gang of men on the following day2 the cars to be returned again the next night4 ,other empty cars are placed in the pit track for loading next day1 by a train bound toward the pit the same night the loaded cars were taken out4 ,the work can be carried on from either one or both ends of the cut4 ,coal cars should never be used if flats can possibly be obtained1 as the latter can be unloaded by a gang of men one-third as large as would be necessary for unloading coal cars4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be1 a4 ,sometimes small dump cars are used1 drawn by horses or mules1 and the material unloaded at the end of the cut1 thereby widening the embankment for a long side track1 ,fig4 #be4 ,the narrow gage track1 ,a1 is laid over the ditch adjoining the main track2 the material for any slight excavation that may be necessary for this track is shoveled on the slope of the cut1 as at ,c1 on the cross section4 ,the material is then loaded on small dump cars standing on track ,a1 and unloaded at ,d4 ,the cars are returned on track ,b4 ,the cross-overs1 ,e and ,f1 are taken up occasionally and relaid near the advancing ends of the cut and dump4 ,in short cuts the narrow excavation necessary for placing a side track in the cut for the steam shovel to load on is generally taken out by carts and dumped at the ends of the cut1 widening the embankment for a long side track4 ,the plan of excavation with wagons or wheel scrapers for this side track1 shown in ,fig4 #bc1 is adopted where the traffic is too heavy to permit loading on the main track2 when the side track is wanted at the earliest possible time2 and in cuts not over #dj ft4 deep4 ,the material is dumped at the ends of the cut until the haul becomes too long1 then it is taken to the top of the cut over sidehill driveways excavated for the purpose1 and unloaded at a sufficient distance from the edge of the new cut to prevent its washing back by rains4 ,these expedients are necessary only on railways where traffic is very heavy4 ,on most railways 7on all where the total delay does not exceed five hours per day7 it is cheaper to load on the main track until the first cut has been made4 ,this necessarily involves the delay due to running to and returning from the nearest side track to get out of the way of every main line train1 until the pit track is long enough to contain the construction train4 ,this1 however1 seldom requires more than two weeks1 generally only one2 the excavation of all of the first cut does not often occupy more than a month1 and is only a very short time compared with the whole length of time that the steam shovel is usually in operation on all but very small jobs4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,after a side track has been laid in the first cut made by one of the methods described above1 the steam shovel begins work at ,a1 ,fig4 #bf1 loading cars standing on the side track1 and some of them extending out on the main track4 ,at first not more than ten cars should be coupled to the engine1 so that the train can quickly run into the side track on the approach of a main line train1 and not delay its passage4 ,after the steam shovel has advanced a train-length1 the full number of empty cars can be coupled to the engine1 as they will all be on the side track while being loaded4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,where the embankment has been previously widened by the excavated material from the cut1 ,fig4 #bg1 a sufficient length to permit laying a side track long enough to hold the construction train1 the full number of cars can be used at once1 a great advantage in keeping the steam shovel at work without interruption by passing trains1 which is unavoidable when some of the cars extend out on the main track4 ,after the machine has reached the other end of the cut it is either withdrawn for other work1 or placed on the other side of the main track for widening the cut on that side4 ,the steam shovel begins at ,a1 ,fig4 #bh1 loading cars standing on the main track2 the main line traffic being carried over a temporary main track built in the excavation previously made by the steam shovel on the other side of the main track4 ,only a few cars at a time can be used for loading at first1 unless the temporary main track has been extended toward ,b a sufficient length to clear the usual string of about #bj cars when the first car is being loaded4 ,grading ,wide ,areas4--,in loading gravel for ballasting1 or in widening a cut for the purpose of grading yard1 shop or station grounds1 the usual manner of doing the work is shown in ,figs4 #bi to #cd4 ,after the first cut has been made by one of the methods already described the steam shovel is started in at ,a1 ,fig4 #bi1 for the second cut4 ,after its completion the first side track becomes available for the storage of empty and loaded cars as in ,fig4 #cj1 greatly increasing the convenience of handling the cars and preventing delays by interferences between the strings of empty and loaded cars1 then the latter cannot be taken away promptly on account of passing or shortly expected trains on the main line4 ,after the completion of the third cut1 another side track is available for cars1 ,fig4 #ca1 the loaded cars are then placed on the first inside track and the empty ones on the second4 ,the former are taken away by the road crew1 and on their return placed on track ,no4 #b4 ,the pit crew set their loaded cars on track ,no4 #a for the road crew1 and get their empties from track ,no4 #b4 ,the pit track in the rear of the steam shovel is used as a repair track for cars4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,after the completion of the fourth cut1 ,fig4 #cb1 track ,no4 #c is used for a car repair and extra storage track for loads or empties1 for which there may not be room in tracks #a or #b4 ,enough tracks have then been built for the most efficient and economical handling of the loaded material1 and if the empty cars are promptly returned the steam shovel can be kept almost constantly at work4 ,each pit track1 on which the steam shovel advances1 becomes a side track on the completion of that cut1 to be used as a loading track for the next cut up to the fourth cut1 after which the loading tracks are taken up on completion of the cut for which they are used1 ,fig4 #cc1 and relaid in the pit of the next cut1 to be used1 taken up1 and relaid as before for the following cuts4 ,in pits less than one-quarter mile in length1 it is sometimes necessary to retain more of these tracks to provide ample storage space for all loaded and empty cars4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,on all large pieces of work where the main line traffic is heavy it is important that the first side track from ,a to ,b1 ,fig4 #cb1 shall be of sufficient length 7usually about #gjj ft47 to hold the engine and a full string of cars to avoid going on the main track when switching loads to ,c1 and obtaining empties from ,d4 ,if there is an embankment from ,a to ,b it can be widened with material taken from the cut1 either by wagon or cars4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,grading by this method for yard1 shop and station grounds occurs mostly near large cities where better terminal facilities must be provided for4 ,the width of the area excavated in this manner seldom exceeds #bjj ft4 7eight cuts7 except in old gravel pits used for furnishing material for ballasting track1 which are sometimes #cjj ft4 7twelve cuts7 or more in width4 ,gravel pits and other wide areas excavated are seldom less than one-quarter mile or more than one mile in length4 ,one-half to three-fourths of a mile is the most usual length2 in exceptional cases two miles have been reached4 ,long and narrow pits can be worked more advantageously than short and wide ones4 ,cutting ,down ,grades4--,for cutting down grades on railways where the traffic is not too heavy to prohibit loading on the main track1 the usual plan of operations is shown in ,figs4 #ce to #db4 ,the machine begins work at ,a1 ,figs4 #ce and #cf1 the beginning point of the new grade1 loading cars on the main track1 cutting to the line of the new grade1 and moving forward on the track on the surface of the pit as long as the height of the crane permits raising the dipper high enough over the cars to open the bottom door of the dipper and discharge its contents1 ,b1 ,fig4 #ce4 ,this point is usually about #b ft4 below the main track4 ,the machine must then be gradually run upward on a cribwork of wooden blocking1 generally pieces of pine #f by #ab ins4 by #d ft4 long1 with some longer track stringers for supporting the sections of track on top of the blocking1 and some thinner pieces for attaining exact heights of blocking when needed4 ,as the machine moves forward the dipper still continues cutting to the line of the new grade1 while the machine is gradually run upward on the blocking on a grade parallel to the grade of the main track1 and slightly below it1 maintaining a constant height between the top of the track on the blocking and the highest point to which the dipper can be raised on the crane to insure discharging its load on the cars4 ,when the dipper has cut as low as the length of the dipper handle will permit1 ,c1 ,fig4 #ce1 the greatest depth to which the machine will cut below the level of the main track has been reached1 and as the steam shovel advances the surface of the pit will be on a grade parallel to the grade of the main track1 running upward to the summit1 ,s1 then downward1 and continue so until it cuts the new grade line at ,h1 when the dipper is made to cut on this grade1 while the blocking under the machine is gradually lowered as it was previously raised1 until the steam shovel reaches the end of the new grade at ,i1 when it is again on the surface of the pit4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,although the machine is gradually run upward and downward1 it is always blocked level after each forward move before beginning work1 to insure quick and easy swinging of the crane1 as previously explained4 ,most machines will cut #e ft4 below the main track and load on a flat car with #ah ins4 side boards4 ,some machines will cut as low as #h ft41 and they are preferred to others on railways where much work of this kind is done1 as their use often avoids making an extra cut4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,after the first cut has been completed1 the pit track1 ,a #a1 ,fig4 #cf1 becomes the temporary main and loading track2 the main track is taken up from ,c to ,h1 and the steam shovel run back to ,c to begin the second cut1 ,fig4 #db1 excavating it in the same way as the first1 and loading on the temporary main track4 ,this track again is taken up after the second cut1 the machine begins at ,d and ends at ,g for the third cut and loads on the pit track in the second cut2 the fourth cut is made in a similar way1 the machine beginning at ,e and ending at ,f1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,the fifth and last cut is merely a widening cut1 made by loading on the track in the pit of the fourth cut4 ,the material of each cut after the first is loaded on the track laid in the preceding cut4 ,after the completion of the last cut1 the permanent subgrade having been reached1 the main track is laid on the permanent line1 and the small quantity of material obtained from cutting the ditches loaded on cars by hand and taken away for unloading4 ,the most frequent depth of cut made at the summit of grades is about #aj ft4 7two cuts71 ,figs4 #ch and #ci4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db-a_/b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,when the main track is on a curve1 as frequently happens1 an extra cut can often be avoided by slightly changing the alinement of the new main track1 and at the same time reducing the degree of curvature1 as shown by ,figs4 #db-a_/b and #dc4 ,this is particularly applicable where an odd number of cuts must be taken to reach the bottom of the new grades4 ,the dipper will cut to a slope of about #a to #a4 ,when greater slopes are required1 it must be done by hand or undercutting resorted to4 ,sloping by hand is slow and expensive work1 impracticably so in all tenacious materials2 it has therefore become the exception1 and undercutting the rule4 ,cuts made in the latter manner sometimes present a rather ragged appearance when just completed1 but the irregularities soon merge into a smooth surface as the action of the elements produces the natural slope of the material2 the smaller cost amply compensates for the temporary lack of finished appearances4 ,the amount of hand labor necessary where undercutting is not practiced is shown by the sections ,a in ,figs4 #ch and #da4 ,this can be entirely avoided by undercutting the slopes1 as shown in ,figs4 #ci and #db2 the sections ,b will slough off within a year or two and most of the material lodge in the spaces ,c2 a small part of this material may roll to the bottom of the cut1 and can be removed by loading on cars by hand1 or space may be provided for it by making the cut a few feet wider at the bottom4 ,in most cuts for reducing grades this extra width must be cut out anyhow to provide room for both steam shovel and loading track4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,in reducing grades on railways with a traffic too heavy to permit loading on the main track1 a temporary main track must first be built by one of the methods shown in ,figs4 #bc1 #bd and #be4 ,the temporary main track1 ,a1 ,figs4 #dd1 #de and #df1 is then laid1 as shown in ,fig4 #bh1 to carry the traffic of the road unobstructed4 ,the main track then becomes the loading track for the first cut1 and the following cuts are made as shown in ,figs4 #dd1 #de and #df4 ,the temporary main track1 ,a1 is moved to a second position1 ,b1 when the material under it must be cut away4 ,great care should be taken to arrange the cuts so that the temporary main track will have to be moved as few times as possible1 and to attain the lowest level when it is moved4 ,in loose gravel or sandy materials wider bermes and longer slopes must be allowed for the shelf on which the temporary main track rests than are shown in the above figures1 but the method of doing the work is essentially the same4 ,if the depth of the original cut in tenacious materials exceed the height which the dipper can reach1 and break down the material above it1 the cuts are arranged as shown in ,figs4 #dg1 #dh and #di4 ,temporary loading tracks1 ,l1 are built on the side of the slope1 and the first cut on each side made by loading on them2 the following cuts are then made1 as shown on the figures4 ,if the main line traffic is very heavy1 it is turned over the temporary main track1 ,a1 ,fig4 #dg1 until the cut is completed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,the original cuts are not often more than #aj ft4 deep1 and the section shown in ,fig4 #de covers the majority of cases4 ,on double-track railways the traffic in both directions is generally turned over one track for the length of the new cut1 thereby avoiding considerable expense in providing two temporary main tracks4 ,each different piece of work presents different conditions2 and while the same general principles apply to all1 every case requires disposition according to its own special circumstances4 ,great care and study should be exercised in arranging the cuts1 to reduce them to the fewest possible number1 and avoid shifting1 taking up and relaying tracks oftener than absolutely necessary4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,construction ,work4--,on railways the steam shovel is used mostly in connection with maintenance of way work3 loading gravel for ballasting the track1 widening cuts1 filling trestles1 etc41 but it is also largely used for various construction work1 particularly re-alinements of the main track for reducing grades and curvature4 ,in excavation of this class1 thorough cutting should be avoided if possible1 for reasons which will be subsequently explained4 ,the work is begun by laying a temporary track1 ,a1 ,figs4 #ej1 #ea and #eb1 over the surface of the ground if its natural grade is not too steep to permit operating construction trains over it4 ,grades up to #f per cent4 7#caf4h ft4 per mile7 can be used4 ,a mogul engine will draw six empty flats over such a grade1 a sufficient number of cars to start the work for the short cuts near the summit4 ,the cuts are then made as indicated in ,fig4 #eb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,if the grade of the ground is too steep to operate a track laid on it1 one of the three methods may be adopted to obtain a grade for this track3 #a4 ,the steam shovel is made to cut a trench between the points ,a and ,b1 ,fig4 #ec1 where the slope of the ground is too steep to permit operating a track laid on its surface1 and varying in depth from #e to #aj ft4 as may be necessary to attain the desired grade4 ,the excavated material is dumped at ,d1 ,fig4 #ed1 to be removed with the next cut4 ,the length of the crane will not permit dumping at ,e a sufficient distance 7#bj ft4 or more7 to obtain a berme and prevent the material washing back into the new cut in the course of time2 it must1 therefore1 be dumped at ,d and removed as described1 unless the slope of the ground is away from the cut1 as indicated by the line ,d ,f1 ,fig4 #ed2 in such a case the excavated material can be dumped at ,f4 #b4 ,by excavating the trench with teams and scrapers4 #c4 ,by through-cutting a trench with the steam shovel1 loading the material on small dump cars or wagons1 and wasting it at the nearest available place4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,after the first loading track has been laid in this trench1 the cuts are made as indicated in ,fig4 #ed4 ,when the slope of the ground is too steep to permit a track to be laid on it which can be operated1 or to cut a trench for it1 as frequently occurs when the excavation passes through a high spur or knoll1 ,figs4 #ee1 #ef and #eg1 the steam shovel mounted on standard gage railway tracks cannot be used1 and a machine independent of a railway track for transportation must be employed4 ,it is started at ,a1 ,figs4 #ef and #eg1 loading small dump cars drawn by horses1 and dumping at the nearest available place outside of the lines of the new cut1 as at ,d1 ,figs4 #ef and #eg4 ,sometimes wagons are used if the cuts near the top are short and not very deep1 so that a temporary standard gage track can soon be run through the cut1 and the material loaded on cars4 ,the dumping track at ,d is changed to ,e ,f1 etc41 ,fig4 #eg1 as the machine cuts lower1 maintaining a descending grade from the steam shovel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,in cases of this kind it is often necessary to run the steam shovel up a very steep grade to reach the point where it is to begin work4 ,this can readily be done by attaching one end of a one and a half inch rope to a strong tree and winding the other end around the driving axle4 ,then starting the running gear the machine can be drawn up grades where it could not otherwise propel itself4 ,as a precautionary measure1 it is advisable to use at least two ropes4 ,a combination of all these methods sometimes becomes necessary1 as shown in ,figs4 #eh and #ei4 ,the material in the knoll1 ,k1 ,fig4 #eh1 is loaded on small dump cars and unloaded at the nearest available place4 ,when this knoll has been cut down sufficiently1 and trenches cut between ,a ,b and ,c ,d1 the track ,a ,b ,c ,d is built1 and the excavation proceeded with1 as heretofore described4 ,the high points ,b1 ,k and ,c are cut down first until the grade of the loading track between ,b and ,c is parallel to the grade of the proposed new main track4 ,cuts nearly #ajj ft4 in depth and a mile in length have been excavated in this manner4 ,two and often three steam shovels are employed at the same time1 working near the ends of the cut until the through track has been laid1 and then following each other1 as shown in ,fig4 #fj4 ,as soon as possible1 a through track should always be laid1 as it greatly increases the capacity for the prompt and efficient handling of the cars4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,enough side tracks for storing both empty and loaded cars should be built close to the work1 where they can be reached without going out on the main track4 ,sometimes the pit tracks behind the steam shovels are utilized for this purpose1 but these tracks are taken up too often1 and should not be depended upon for side tracks1 though they may be used as such occasionally4 ,in through-cutting the material is loaded on small dump cars running on tracks of about #c ft4 gage1 drawn by horses1 and wasted on some side hill or other nearest available place2 this haul seldom exceeds a quarter of a mile in length4 ,in ,fig4 #fa1 the empty dump cars standing at ,a are drawn over the cross-over ,c by a horse1 to be loaded at ,b2 then run to ,d1 and when from four to six cars have been loaded they are taken to the dumping place and unloaded2 then returned to ,a4 ,in loose materials considerable time is lost in waiting from the time the loaded car is run to ,d and the next empty brought from ,a to ,b4 ,in tenacious materials not nearly so much time is lost1 as the dipper cannot be filled so rapidly4 ,this loss of time is largely avoided by arranging double loading tracks1 ,fig4 #fb1 one on each side of the steam shovel1 and connected to a central track for empties by the cross-over ,c and ,c and switches ,s and ,s4 ,two horses are used1 one on each side of the central track1 to bring forward the empty cars from ,a to ,b1 and ,a to ,b1 and return them to ,d and ,d2 these operations are alternately performed1 each empty car on one loading track being brought forward while the other is being loaded4 ,the cross-overs ,c and ,c should be kept close to the rear of the steam shovel1 and as it advances they must be taken up and relaid2 this becomes necessary about once in three days in soft materials and about once a week in hard stuff4 ,portable sections of tracks1 switches and cross-overs are generally used between the points ,a and ,b1 and can be relaid very quickly4 ,standard gage railway cars cannot be used in thorough cutting1 as the track cannot be laid in front of a point at right angles to the post of the steam shovel1 and when the track ends there the crane cannot swing back far enough to load the car4 ,thorough cutting should be avoided if possible1 the cost due to the loss of time in switching cars1 relaying tracks1 extra horses and men1 etc41 makes it more expensive than excavating from a side cut4 ,in excavating canals1 harbor and dockwork1 stripping coalfields1 stone quarries1 grading for new city additions1 and other work not connected with a railway1 as well as railway construction and re-alinement work which is inaccessible to a railway track in its early stages1 the general manner of using the steam shovel is the same as for railway work2 varying only in details1 depending upon the means of disposing of the loaded material1 by wagons1 carts or dump cars1 and the use or waste of this material4 ,although the steam shovel is employed mostly on railway work1 it is not exclusively a railway machine4 ,it is already largely used on other work1 and its use in this direction is rapidly extending1 especially on the increasing number of extensive public works in the vicinity of large cities4 ,the most economical height of cut varies greatly with the nature of the material4 ,in dry clay1 loam and other dry materials which can be broken down readily with a bar or iron pointed pole 7,fig4 #ag71 cuts of #be to #cj ft4 in height are usually taken4 ,in harder and more tenacious materials it should not exceed the height to which the dipper can be raised1 #ad to #bj ft41 varying with the size of the machine4 ,in sand and loose gravel which easily falls down to the machine heights up to #fj ft4 are common1 and sidehill cuts in loose gravel up to #cjj ft4 in height have been taken4 ,in such cases1 and also in the removal of landslides1 great care must be taken to avoid an avalanche of the material burying the machine when the toe of the slope is cut away4 ,the pit track should always be kept close up to the sections of track under the steam shovel1 so that it can be quickly withdrawn when necessary4 ,as a general rule1 the higher the cut the better1 as the machine can then load the greatest amount of material between each advance1 and lose the least possible amount of time4 ,each forward move of the machine requires from three to ten minutes1 depending upon the height of blocking1 if any1 it is working on2 this is a dead loss1 as no cars or wagons can be loaded during that interval4 ,powder and dynamite are frequently used to good advantage to shatter the harder materials before excavating4 ,when thus broken up about twice the amount of these materials can be loaded in a day4 ,great care must be exercised in the quantity of the explosive used1 and in the location of the drill holes to prevent injury to the steam shovel4 ,the explosives should be stored in a safe place1 preferably in a vault at some distance from the place where they are to be used4 ,the use of dynamite is confined mostly to bowlders1 ledges of rock and stumps of trees1 while powder is generally used for hardpan1 shale1 slate1 cemented gravel and hard clays4 ,for the latter materials dynamite is usually too powerful1 as instead of merely lifting and loosening them1 as desired1 it shatters shale and slate into fragments1 and compresses the other materials about it1 forming a cistern from #c to #e ft4 in diameter1 as shown in ,fig4 #fc4 ,sometimes small quantities of it are used specially for this purpose to make room for a large charge of powder at the bottom of the drill hole1 where its explosion will have the most effect in loosening the superincumbent material4 ,a charge of one-quarter to one-half of an ordinary dynamite cartridge will usually blow out a cistern large enough to contain from one-half to one keg of powder1 ,fig4 #fd4 ,the depths of the drill holes in these materials vary from #d to #bj ft42 they are made with a drill1 or1 in the softer materials1 with an auger similar to a plank auger1 generally about #b ins4 diameter1 with extension pieces for deep holes1 as shown in ,fig4 #fe4 ,crowbars and wooden and iron wedges are also often used in breaking down overhanging material when it cannot quite be reached by the dipper4 ,the excavation of materials for which powder or dynamite are used to loosen them requires a powerful machine1 with a strongly built1 medium size dipper4 ,a small or lightly built machine giving good satisfaction in soft materials would prove an utter failure here4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,assuming good management and a competent crew1 the daily output of a steam shovel depends mostly upon the nature of the material excavated2 it is also somewhat dependent upon the height and width of the face of the cutting1 and largely upon the facilities for disposing of the loaded material1 and keeping the machine almost constantly at work by an ample supply of empty cars and wagons4 ,although these varying conditions differ on each piece of work1 the probable output of a machine for a given excavation can be closely estimated by good judgment based on previous experience with similar work4 ,the average daily output in different kinds of materials1 and under average1 favorable and unfavorable conditions1 as described above1 is shown in ,table ,,ii43 ,,table ,,ii4 ,loose ,damp ,capacity ,delay4 ,sand4 gravel4 ,dry loam4 ,dry clay4 clay4 of dipper4 hours4#b ,cu4 yds4 ,cu4 yds4 ,cu4 yds4 ,cu4 yds4 ,cu4yds4 #b-a_/b cu4 yds4 #a ,good #b1djj #b1djj #b1jjj #a1hjj #a1bjj #e ,poor #a1bjj #a1bjj #a1jjj #ijj #fjj #b-a_/b ,avg4 #a1hjj #a1hjj #a1ejj #a1cej #ijj #a-c_/d cu4 yds4 #a ,good #a1fjj #a1fjj #a1bjj #a1jjj #hjj #e ,poor #hjj #hjj #fjj #ejj #djj #b-a_/b ,avg4 #a1bjj #a1bjj #ijj #gej #fjj #a cu4 yd4 #a ,good #a1jjj #a1jjj #hjj #gjj #ejj #e ,poor #ejj #ejj #djj #cej #bej #b-a_/b ,avg4 #gej #gej #fjj #ebe #cge ,footnote #b3 ,the delay in hours is the time lost in moving forward and waiting for empty cars4 ,,table ,,ii4--,continued4 ----- ,loosened by explosives4--- ,mixed ,stiff ,hard clay and ,loose ,cemented ,capacity ,delay4 blue clay4 pan4 boulders4 rock4 gravel4 of dipper4 hours4#c ,cu4yds4 ,cu4yds4 ,cu4yds4 ,cu4yds4 ,cu4yds4 #b-a_/b cu4 yds4 #a ,good #hjj #fjj #fjj #fjj #fjj #e ,poor #djj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #b-a_/b ,avg4 #fjj #dej #dej #dej #dej #a-c_/d cu4 yds4 #a ,good #fjj #djj #djj #djj #djj #e ,poor #cjj #bjj #bjj #bjj #bjj #b-a_/b ,avg4 #dej #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #a cu4 yd4 #a ,good #djj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #e ,poor #bjj #aej #aej #aej #aej #b-a_/b ,avg4 #cjj #bbe #bbe #bbe #bbe ,footnote #c3 ,the delay in hours is the time lost in moving forward and waiting for empty cars4 ,part ,,iii4--,disposition of ,material4 ,loading the ,material for ,transportation4--,the material excavated by a steam shovel is loaded on cars1 wagons or carts4 ,on railway work it is usually loaded on dump or flat cars4 ,on other construction work small dump cars are most generally used1 and sometimes wagons or carts4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,standard gage railway dump cars1 ,figs4 #ff and #fg1 have nearly gone out of use4 ,they were replaced by the center ridge flat car1 ,figs4 #fh and #fi1 and it in turn has been replaced by the ordinary flat car4 ,dump cars are of two styles1 dumping either by tipping1 ,fig4 #ff1 or by means of a hinged sideboard opening on an inclined floor1 ,fig4 #fg4 ,both are heavy1 clumsy1 costly and can be used for scarcely any other purpose1 often standing idle from six to eight months of the year4 ,they dump dry materials very rapidly1 but are often slow in discharging damp1 tenacious materials1 especially in the hinged sideboard car1 whose floor slope is often not sufficient to permit the material to slip out quickly1 and the material must then be pushed out1 thus causing much delay4 ,the greatest objection to these cars is that they can be used for scarcely any other purpose1 on most railways for no other purpose2 and there is not sufficient work for them to justify keeping the necessary number on hand for the ordinary work in this line4 ,they were replaced by the center ridge car1 ,figs4 #fh and #fi1 as above noted1 which is merely an ordinary flat car with a timber #d by #f ins4 bolted on its floor along the center line1 serving as a guide for a plow1 ,fig4 #gj1 drawn over it by the locomotive1 thereby unloading the material4 ,the ridge timber is slightly pointed at both ends to assist in guiding the plow onto the car as it passes from one car to another4 ,the top edges of the ridge are sometimes protected by angle irons1 as in ,fig4 #ga1 and the points by cast iron caps1 ,fig4 #gb4 ,by taking off the center ridge this car can readily be restored to general service after completing the steam shovel work4 ,the center dump car1 shown in ,fig4 #gc1 is used only for gravel ballasting where the material is wanted delivered between the rails4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,the brakes are placed on one side of the car1 as shown in ,figs4 #gd and #ge4 ,when boulders1 loose rock1 etc41 are to be unloaded1 the brake staff is set in a socket1 ,fig4 #gf1 and taken out before the plow is started4 ,this avoids bending or breaking the staff in case any stone should be wedged between it and the moving plow4 ,sometimes the socket is used with the brake at its ordinary place at the end of the car2 in such a case it must always be taken out before the plow reaches it4 ,the plow1 ,fig4 #gj1 is built of heavy plate and angle iron1 strongly braced1 and headed by a cast steel point1 to which the cable is attached4 ,the sides are curved outward at the bottom1 working under the material and pushing it aside as the plow is drawn along1 and held down on the car by the weight of the material and the partly downward pull of the cable at its point4 ,short pieces of old rails and other scrap iron are also often placed on the plow to help hold it down on the car when very tenacious materials are to be unloaded4 ,the groove extending along the center line on the bottom fits over the ridge timber on the car1 and forms the guide by which its movement is directed4 ,small stones1 protruding bolts1 slivered ridge timbers and other obstructions in the groove of the plow sometimes wedge the point fast1 and before the engine can be stopped1 the plow is turned up on its point1 and falling to either side1 tumbles off the car4 ,the weight and elasticity of the cable is often sufficient to draw the plow half a car-length after the engine has been stopped1 and it is often difficult to stop the plow quick enough to prevent upsetting when obstructions occur1 although the speed is usually only two to three miles per hour4 ,the unloading nearly always occurs on trestles or embankments1 and when the plow is thrown off the car1 its replacement often requires much time and labor1 sometimes even making the services of the wrecking car necessary4 ,this difficulty is very likely to occur when unloading on curves1 where one side of the point of the groove presses against the ridge timber4 ,this plow unloads the material equally on both sides of the car1 as it is wanted in filling trestles1 raising embankments1 tracks1 etc42 but it cannot be used to advantage where the material is wanted on one side only1 as in widening embankments for double track1 side tracks1 yards1 station grounds1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,the many objections to the center ridge car are almost entirely avoided by the use of the ,barnhart plow1 ,fig4 #gg1 employing the ordinary flat car without any preparations except changing the brake staffs to one side or placing them in sockets at their ordinary places and inserting short stakes in the stake pockets1 permitting the immediate use of the car for general service if necessity should so require4 ,this plow is also built of heavy plate and angle irons1 strongly braced1 and headed by a cast steel point to which the cable is attached2 it is preceded and followed by guiding sleds attached to it by adjustable hinges and guided over the car by the stakes in the stake pockets1 which are indicated by the dotted lines4 ,the usual speed at which it is drawn over the car is about four miles per hour1 but in loose gravel it can safely be drawn at a speed of six miles per hour4 ,on straight track it is scarcely ever thrown off the car unless carelessly handled1 and it works equally well on curves when the usual means are adopted to maintain a tangential pull of the cable1 as will be subsequently described4 ,two styles of the ,barnhart plow are in use3 ,one unloading on both sides of the car1 and called the center plow1 ,fig4 #gg2 and the other unloading on one side only and called the side plow1 ,fig4 #gh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,on all but very small pieces of work the cars should be provided with hinged drop sideboards1 ,fig4 #gi1 using either of the arrangements shown in ,figs4 #hj and #ha1 which will enable them to carry #ab to #ad cu4 yds4 instead of #f or #g4 ,the side boards are made in two pieces on each side of the car1 ,fig4 #gi4 ,those shown in ,fig4 #hj are used for both center and side plows2 they can be quickly dropped by a man walking along the train1 after arriving at the unloading place and striking the hook ,a an upward blow with a light hammer4 ,the boards are hooked up again after the cars have been returned to the steam shovel pit4 ,the side boards shown in ,fig4 #ha are used where the side plow only is used4 ,here the board on one side only 7the unloading side7 is hinged 7or chained71 and dropped by pulling out the pin ,b1 thus leaving that side of the car entirely unobstructed for unloading the material2 the board on the other side of the car is bolted to the stake pocket and is not moved4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,the cars should also be provided with sheet iron aprons1 ,figs4 #hb and #hc1 extending from the end of one car onto the floor of the next1 to prevent the material from falling on the track between the cars as the plow is drawn over them1 and delaying the departure of the train until it can be shoveled out4 ,these aprons are made either in two pieces1 ,fig4 #hb1 or in one piece only1 ,fig4 #hc4 ,the former are more easily handled1 and permit access to the coupling of the cars without lifting the apron4 ,very little material drops on the track when the aprons and the center plow are used4 ,the single apron is used mostly in connection with the side plow4 ,the number of cars and engines required for each steam shovel to keep it in nearly constant operation depends upon the nature of the material excavated1 the length of haul1 and the density of other traffic upon the main line4 ,this number must be determined by accompanying circumstances in each case2 ordinarily1 however1 it averages about as given in ,table ,,iii43 ,,table ,,iii4 ,in the steam 7--------------,on the road up to-------------7 7shovel pit47 #aj miles4 #be miles4 #ej miles4 #ge miles4 ,loco4 ,cars4 ,loco4 ,cars4 ,loco4 ,cars4 ,loco4 ,cars4 ,loco4 ,cars4 ,loose gravel #a #cj #a #cj #b #fj #c #ij #d #abj ,dry clay #a #bb #a #bb #b #dj - - - - ,damp stiff clay #a #ah #a #ah #b #cf - - - - ,hardpan1 cemented gravel1 etc41 loosened by explosives #a #af #a #af #b #cb - - - - ,the length of haul usually ranges from #b to #ae miles2 it seldom exceeds #be miles for any material except gravel ballast1 where hauls of #ge miles are frequent1 and sometimes reach #bjj miles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,on hauls exceeding #be miles the full number of cars and engines required can seldom be obtained1 and the output of the steam shovel is correspondingly decreased4 ,the delay in returning empty cars due to detentions from other trains is the great trouble most keenly felt in steam shovel work on railways in operation4 ,the so-called mud train is generally considered an outcast1 and is usually the last train to receive the dispatcher's attention for an order to the road4 ,these delays are daily occurrences1 and it is quite an exceptional case when the machine is amply supplied with empty cars4 ,the record of most steam shovels on such work is therefore a rather poor one1 when the machine really made a good showing for the crippled condition of its car service4 ,some of these delays can be avoided or shortened by stationing a telegraph operator at the outgoing end of the pit1 and on all but very small pieces of work his wages will be many times balanced by the time gained in keeping the whole plant moving1 by obtaining train orders quicker1 and remaining constantly informed of the whereabouts of the construction and other trains1 and regulating the work in the pit accordingly4 ,for general construction work where the excavated material is not loaded on standard gage railway cars1 small dump cars1 ,figs4 #hd and #he1 are generally used4 ,they are more economical than wagons or carts1 which are employed only in special cases1 mostly in cities1 where the material must be hauled some distance over several intersecting streets1 and where a track will not be allowed2 or for very small jobs with a long haul which would not justify building a track4 ,the gage of these tracks is usually #b-a_/b or #c ft41 sometimes #b ft4 or even #a-a_/b ft4 only2 the latter gages are not often used1 and the #c-;ft4 gage is usually preferred4 ,the rails most generally used weigh #bj lbs4 per yd4 ,although these tracks are only temporary their construction should be fairly substantial2 but they are often built in an exceedingly careless and insecure manner1 causing a great waste of power in pulling the cars over them1 and resulting in frequent delays1 due to derailments4 ,the grade is usually arranged so that the loaded cars will run downhill by gravity1 and only the empty cars need be drawn back to the pit4 ,on small work1 horses or mules are used to pull the cars1 but on large jobs small locomotives are employed4 ,small dump cars vary in capacity from #a to #c cu4 yds41 the latter size being most generally used4 ,the side dump car1 ,fig4 #hd1 dumps on either side4 ,the rotary dump car1 ,fig4 #he1 unloads on either side or end2 the box can be turned around horizontally1 revolving about a vertical pin in a turntable on the frame2 they are used mostly in dumping off the end of a fill4 ,in making fills it is nearly always the best plan to build a temporary trestle of round pieces of beech1 cottonwood or other cheap trees1 old bridge or building timber1 or other second-class lumber1 and then filling in with the side dump cars4 ,by adopting this plan the unloading will progress much more rapidly than by dumping from the end of a fill1 where only one car at a time can be unloaded4 ,these trestles are inexpensive1 and the saving in labor and time in making the fill will amply repay their cost4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,unloading the ,material4--,on railways the unloading is seldom done by slow and expensive hand labor with the shovel2 sometimes dump cars are employed1 but in most cases flat cars and the plow are used4 ,the trains consist of #aj to #cj cars4 ,the car carrying the plow is attached to the rear of the train at the nearest side track to the unloading place1 if it is not over #aj miles from the steam shovel pit this car is generally carried back and forth to avoid an extra stop to couple it on the train at the side track4 ,one end of a steel wire cable is then hooked to the plow and the other end 7which is attached to an ordinary car coupling link7 coupled to a car or the engine4 ,usually this cable is about #djj ft4 long and extends over #ab cars4 ,the brakes on these cars are then set up tight and the engine started with the forward cars1 ,fig4 #hf4 ,in very tenacious or partially frozen material the rear cars are sometimes pulled along by the plow2 the wheels are then blocked with pieces of wood or with stones2 sometimes it is even necessary to chain a few of these cars to the track to prevent the rear lot of cars from moving4 ,after the plow has been started1 it is drawn along slowly until it arrives on the last car1 ,fig4 #hg4 ,the engine is then stopped and backed up a few feet to permit the cable to be thrown on one side of the track1 ,fig4 #hh4 ,the train is then backed up again and coupled to the unloaded cars1 when four to six men throw the cable on the next loaded cars1 ,fig4 #hi1 coupling its forward end to a car or to the engine if the cable is long enough4 ,the operation is then repeated until all but the car next to the engine is unloaded2 this car carries the plow and is the first car to be unloaded by the next train4 ,the ends of the cable are then detached from engine and plow1 thrown to one side of the track1 and left there for the next train to pick up and use in the same manner4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,when filling a trestle the cable cannot be thrown on one side1 as described1 but must be unhooked from the plow 7the rear lot of cars being left standing on the trestle71 dragged across the trestle1 and there thrown to one side4 ,the forward lot of cars is then backed up until its rear car is opposite the rear end of the cable1 when it is loaded1 the train backed up1 coupled and unloaded1 as before described4 ,after unloading the train the cable must again be dragged beyond the trestle1 and there thrown to one side of the track and left for the next train4 ,the time required for unloading varies from #aj to #cj minutes1 depending upon the nature of the material and the number of cars1 and averages about #bj minutes1 doing as much work in that time as #bj men can do in a day4 ,when unloading on curves the operations are delayed by the necessity of using snatch blocks on the cars to insure a nearly tangential pull of the cable and avoid pulling the plow off the car4 ,these blocks are applied as shown in ,fig4 #ij1 and at ,a1 ,fig4 #ia4 ,they are hooked to long chains extending over the car and fastened to the bolster or arch bar of the truck4 ,the number of snatch blocks required depends upon the degree of the curve and the length of the cable2 generally four to six blocks1 one to every third car1 are enough4 ,as the plow approaches one of these blocks it must be stopped1 block and chain removed and transferred forward for use at that end of the train4 ,the other operations of unloading are the same as when on straight track4 ,the time required in unloading on curves varies from #bj minutes to an hour1 and averages about #dj minutes1 doing as much work in that time as #bj men can do in a day4 ,the steel wire cables used vary from #a in4 to #a-a_/b ins4 diameter4 ,the former are used for unloading loose gravel and sandy material2 they are light and easily handled1 but cannot bear much jerking4 ,the most usual size is #a-a_/d ins4 diameter4 ,heavier cables require too many men 7six to eight7 to load them on the car preparatory to starting the plow4 ,one of the heaviest locomotives on the road 7preferably one of the consolidation type7 should be used for drawing the plow over the cars4 ,these engines are generally able to keep the plow moving with a strong steady pull1 avoiding the necessity of taking a run to start the plow1 and all injurious jerking of the cable1 which frequently breaks it4 ,for tenacious materials and where the haul is not more than #be miles1 it is often good policy to keep one heavy engine at this work1 the other engines merely hauling the trains2 this can generally be arranged so that no more engines are used than if each engine were to unload its own train4 ,sometimes two light engines are used for this purpose1 but they can seldom move in perfect unison and more or less jerking is the result4 ,unfortunately the engines for the mud trains are not always in the best working order2 they are mostly those which are about to go into the shops for turning down the tires or for general repairs1 and are not in fit condition for general traffic1 but still considered good enough for this service4 ,expensive delays due to badly working engines are frequently the result4 ,the locomotive in the steam shovel pit should always be equipped with a steam or air driver brake to assist in quickly stopping the cars at exactly the right place when setting them for loading by the steam shovel4 ,for the same reason the brakeman should be allowed to use short sticks in the brake-wheels to obtain a greater leverage in turning them4 ,both engine and train crews should be changed as little as possible and they should retain their respective trains in the pit on the road or at the dump4 ,most of the men dislike the mud train service1 but some 7especially the older ones7 are glad to get a steady job with a full night's rest1 and these are the men to be chosen4 ,they take an interest in the success of the work1 and soon acquire an expertness in handling cars1 plows1 etc41 that makes them worth twice as much as the inexperienced or unwilling ones4 ,the wages of these men should be equalized to average the same as the men on the road in other service1 otherwise dissatisfaction and indifference are sure to result4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,the machine shown in ,fig4 #ib has lately come into use for pulling the plow over the cars to unload them4 ,this is merely a double cylinder 7#aj by #ab ins47 reversible hoisting engine1 resting on a heavy cast iron bedplate attached to the floor of a box car4 ,steam is supplied to the engine from the locomotive of the train1 which is coupled to this car when the unloading is to begin4 ,with this machine there is no injurious jerking of the cable1 and consequently very little breakages or delays1 and heavy loads of #ae cu4 yds4 of tenacious material are readily plowed off the cars in a more satisfactory manner than can be done by any one or two locomotives4 ,blocking the wheels or chaining cars to the track need not be resorted to2 the cars cannot move1 for the machine pulls the plow toward itself and the strain is resisted by the cars between them4 ,if it is desired to scatter small quantities of material along the track1 as it is often wanted in surfacing or raising track1 both plow and train are moved in the same direction at the same or varying speeds1 as may be necessary to unload the required amount of material4 ,if a large quantity of material is wanted within a short distance1 as usually happens on washouts1 train and plow are moved in opposite directions4 ,by moving them in this manner at the same speed1 a whole train can be unloaded at any desired spot4 ,where two locomotives must be used to pull the plow over the cars1 the use of this machine will dispense with one of them1 and do the work in half the time4 ,on large jobs it should not be missing4 ,the cable is wound around the drum1 ,a1 ,fig4 #ib1 and must be long enough to extend over the whole length of the train4 ,a steel wire cable #a-a_/h ins4 diameter is generally used2 but for loose gravel a #a in4 cable is amply strong enough4 ,the steam shovel can be operated continuously throughout the year in all kinds of weather1 though operations are often suspended in extremely cold weather4 ,when working in cold weather the face of the bank sometimes freezes during the night to the depth of #c to #f ins41 but this crust is easily broken in the morning by a few small charges of powder1 and then the material can be excavated as easily as at any other season4 ,illustration3 ,harris ,carter ,spreader4 ,fig4 #ic4 ,fig4 #id4 ,in freezing weather the floors of the cars should be sprinkled with brine just before loading2 the brine is kept in barrels at the head of the machine1 and one man using an ordinary garden sprinkling can is detailed for the work4 ,this prevents the material from freezing to the floor of the car for three to four hours1 and allows it to slip off readily when the plow is put in operation4 ,no train should be left standing over night without unloading4 ,the brine will not prevent freezing for this length of time1 and to unload one car of the frozen stuff requires a day's labor of four to six men4 ,distributing the ,material ,after ,unloading4--,in widening embankments for side tracks1 double track1 yard and station grounds1 etc41 the material is unloaded1 as described above1 forming a ridge on both sides of the track if unloaded with the center plow1 or on one side of the track only if unloaded with the side plow4 ,this material is sometimes leveled off by hand1 a very slow and expensive job1 but generally it is done with a leveler or spreader1 ,figs4 #ic to #if4 ,illustration3 ,edson ,spreader4 ,fig4 #ie4 ,fig4 #if4 ,in the ,harris ,carter spreader1 ,figs4 #ic and #id1 the car body is cut away between the trucks to receive the two wings which level or spread the material4 ,one or both wings can be used1 and they can be raised and lowered to adjust them to any height of new embankment wanted4 ,they will spread the material for a distance of #c ft4 from the rail4 ,when shipping the spreader over the road the wings are drawn up by a hand windlass1 revolving about hinges fixed to the braces under the floor of the car1 as shown in ,fig4 #id4 ,in this position the clearance is the same as that of an ordinary passenger car4 ,the ,edson spreader1 ,figs4 #ie and #if1 has only one wing1 attached to an ordinary flat car1 and arranged to raise and lower to adjust it to any height of new embankment wanted4 ,the wheel1 ,a1 bears against the head of the rail1 forming a brace where one is most needed1 and greatly assists in preventing a derailment when hard or tenacious materials are suddenly encountered4 ,the wing1 braces1 windlass1 etc41 are so constructed that they can be readily removed from the car1 thereby restoring it to general service on completion of the work in hand4 ,this spreader is used mostly in connection with the side plow2 it will level the material for a distance of #ae ft4 from the rail1 wide enough to permit laying a side track from which the embankment can be further widened4 ,only one side at a time can be widened with this spreader4 ,if it is desired to widen the embankment on both sides of the track1 one side is completed first2 the cars and spreader are then turned around on the nearest turntable or ,y-track1 and the other side widened by drawing the spreader in the opposite direction4 ,if the cars are not provided with aprons they need not be turned around4 ,this spreader is generally arranged to cut about #f ins4 below the bottom of the ties of the main track1 thereby forming the subgrade for the side track1 and maintaining proper drainage of the main track4 ,the apron1 ,b1 is bolted on the spreader1 and serves to remove any loose material which may fall on the track between the rail and the ends of the ties4 ,when shipping the spreader over the road1 ,fig4 #if1 it is drawn up by a hand windlass revolving about hinges on the side sill of the car and folded down on it2 in this position it will clear anything that other cars can pass4 ,the cars of both styles of spreaders are loaded with old rails1 frogs1 scrap iron1 etc41 to hold them down and prevent derailments when hard or tenacious materials are suddenly encountered4 ,loads of five to ten tons are generally sufficient1 though loads up to #ae tons are sometimes required4 ,spreaders are usually drawn at a speed of six to eight miles per hour2 in loose gravel the speed often reaches #aj miles per hour4 ,they will level off a ridge a mile in length in six to ten minutes1 doing as much work in that time as #ajj men can do in a day4 ,the spreader is usually stationed in the nearest side track to the unloading place4 ,frequently it can be hauled between this track and the dump without raising it1 or raising it only partially to clear depot platforms1 switch stands and other obstructions and thereby avoid the necessity of folding it down on the car while passing between these points4 ,ordinarily the spreading is done by the last train before the close of the day4 ,in cold weather or on short dumps it must be done oftener2 either to prevent freezing1 or to make room for the unloading material which would otherwise pile up too high for easy spreading1 or be liable to roll back on the track and obstruct it for the next train4 ,in using the spreader it is coupled to the rear of the car carrying the plow1 and after the train has been unloaded it is pulled over the length of the ridge of material unloaded from its own and preceding trains1 as shown in ,figs4 #ig and #ih4 ,part ,,iv4--,cost of ,steam ,shovel ,work4 ,the cost of steam shovel work varies greatly with the different conditions affecting each piece of work4 ,it depends mainly upon the nature of the material1 its location1 the capacity and efficiency of the steam shovel1 and the supply of empty cars or wagons4 ,the efficiency of a steam shovel is not necessarily proportional to its capacity1 but to the amount of work done compared to its cost2 and while the amount of work done is generally larger in the machines of larger capacities1 this advantage may be more than balanced by the greater cost of operation1 including the cost of labor1 fuel1 supplies and repairs1 etc4 ,machines of the largest capacity1 with dipper of #b-a_/b cu4 yds4 capacity1 are employed mostly in excavating soft materials1 especially in loading gravel for ballasting4 ,machines of medium capacity are usually the most efficient for general construction work4 ,the average daily operating expenses of a steam shovel of medium capacity are about as follows3 ,one engineman #d4jj ,one cranesman #c4ej ,one fireman #b4jj ,four pitmen at #a4ej #f4jj ------- ,wages of crew #ae4ej ------ #ae4ej ,one ton coal #c4jj ,oil and waste 4#ge ,water 4#ej ----- ,fuel and supplies #d4be ------ #ai4ge ,interest on capital1 #f1jjj1 at #f #a4jj ,depreciation at #aj #b4jj ,repairs #a4jj ------ #d4jj ------ ,total daily expense with regular crew #bc4ge ,this will suffice for loading loose gravel2 in the harder materials ordinarily occurring on construction work the following daily expenses must be met3 ,expenses of regular crew #bc4ge ,foreman #e4jj ,two pole 7or bank7 men at #a4ej #c4jj ,two extra men at #a4ej #c4jj ,one night watchman #a4ej ,powder and dynamite #a4jj ------ #ac4ej ------ ,daily expenses on average construction work #cg4be ,to the above must be added the expense of transporting the machine to the work1 and returning4 ,the cost of hauling is also a variable item2 it depends mostly upon the length of the haul1 and on railways very largely upon the delays met with in going to and from the dumping place4 ,on construction work it is seldom less than #c cts4 per cu4 yd41 and sometimes reaches #aj cts4 ,on railways it is not often below #d cts4 for hauls up to #aj miles in length1 and may reach #ej cts4 or more for hauls of #ge miles or farther4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,dumping is a very small item where small dump cars are used on construction work1 and does not exceed #a_/b ct4 per cu4 yd4 ,when wagons are used it will average about #a-a_/b cts4 ,on railways the cost of unloading with the plow varies somewhat1 depending upon the kind of material2 it averages about #a_/b ct4 per cu4 yd4 ,unloading by hand averages #f cts4 ,on railway work1 where the spreader is used1 the average cost of leveling the material for widening embankments is only #j4a ct4 per cu4 yd42 spreading it by hand will range from #e to #bj cts4 per cu4 yd4 for widths of #e to #ae ft4 from the unloading track4 ,the total cost per cu4 yd4 of excavating and loading1 hauling and dumping different kinds of materials with the most usual length of haul averages about as follows3 ,loading4 ,hauling4 ,dumping4 ,total4 ,cents4 ,cents4 ,cent4 ,cents4 ,sand and loose gravel #c #d to #aj #a_/b #g-a_/b to #ac-a_/b ,loam #c-a_/b #h to #ad ,dry clay #d #h-a_/b to #ad-a_/b ,damp clay #f #aj-a_/b to #af-a_/b ,stiff blue clay #h #ab-a_/b to #ah-a_/b ,cemented gravel1 hardpan1 etc41 materials loosened by explosives #aj to #af #ad-a_/b to #bf-a_/b ,the steam shovel will do the work of #fj to #abj men1 saving from #e to #be cts4 per cu4 yd4 of material excavated and loaded4 ,the gain is proportionally much greater in the harder1 and particularly in the more tenacious materials4 ,the machine is not adapted to small jobs1 and is seldom worked in cuts of less than #h ft4 in depth2 nor is it cheaper than hand and team labor on such small jobs1 but on nearly all large work it is much cheaper and faster2 and last1 though not least1 its use largely reduces the number of laborers required1 and hence the probability of strikes and other labor troubles4 ,,appendix4 ,,actual ,,cost ,,of ,,steam ,,shovel ,,work4 7,from an article in ,engineering ,news1 ,june #i1 #ahhh1 we take the following particulars of reports on the actual cost of steam shovel work1 and these reports show how variable is the cost of excavating1 depending1 as it does1 upon delay1 unavoidable on every line of railway1 upon the weather1 character of the material1 length of haul1 and many other conditions4 ,when conditions are favorable as to material1 prompt and short hauling1 with no delays1 the results show a very large increase in the output1 and often a decrease in cost4--,ed4 ,eng4 ,news47 ,from a report of the ,general ,roadmaster of the ,new ,york ,central ,hudson ,river ,r4 ,r4 of work done by two shovels on the ,eastern and ,western divisions1 we find the largest day's work for one shovel at ,yost's pit was #agd cars1 the average for the month of ,august being #aba cars per day and for ,july #aaf cars per day4 ,it could have made a larger average than this with twenty more cars1 as the trains making long runs could not keep cars in the pit4 ,the largest day's work at ,bergen pit with one machine was #aef carloads1 the ,june average being #aag cars and the ,july #aaf cars per day1 and for two weeks in ,august #acd cars per day4 ,at this pit they came in contact with cement1 hard pan1 and very coarse material4 ,at ,yost's pit they have loaded #aj1eaa cars in four months up to ,aug4 #a4 ,figuring these at #i yds4 per car1 which is low1 makes #id1eii yds4 ,the cost of delivering on roadbed was #e1bfa4be1 or about #e-a_/b cts4 per yd4 ,the average cost for handling by men loading and unloading is #ad cts4 per yd4 ,the report on a machine working in ,new ,mexico on the ,atchison1 ,topeka ,santa ,fe ,r4 ,r4 says3 ,in cemented gravel1 we find no difficulty1 under favorable circumstances1 in loading #ge to #ajj cars per day1 at a cost not to exceed #aj cts4 per cu4 yd4 ,the engineer of the ,cleveland1 ,mt4 ,vernon ,delaware ,r4 ,r4 gives some statements as to the cost and amount of some excavating work done under his direction4 ,this shovel worked about #e-a_/b months in stiff clay1 as follows3 ,march loaded #aaed cars1 worked #bd days4 ,july #iee #bd ,aug4 #aaeg #bb ,sept4 loaded #aeef cars1 worked #bc days4 ,oct4 #aeeb #bc ,nov4 #eci #ab ,total1 #f1iae cars1 #da1dij cu4 yds4 ,greatest number of cars loaded in a single day1 #ig4 ,shovel supposed to work ten hours a day1 but did not average more than #f-a_/b hours on account of waiting for cars4 ,carloads average #f cu4 yds4 per car4 ,average cost of loading1 #c cts4 per cu4 yd41 including expense of all men1 shovel1 oil1 waste1 etc4 ,loaded1 hauled material1 and unloaded at a distance of ten miles from pit1 at #aj cts4 per yd41 including all costs1 shovel1 use of cars1 engines and crews4 ,a #bj-mile haul on this road cost #ae cts4 per yd41 and a #cj-mile haul about #bj cts4 per yd41 while on some roads a #cj-mile haul costs over #ge cts4 per yd41 depending on the frequency of trains4 ,the following report from the superintendent of the ,sioux ,city ,pacific ,ry4 gives the operations of a shovel for nine months working in a yellow clay bank from #cj to #dj ft4 in length1 and with a one-mile haul3 ,the total number of cars loaded was #ca1dbj in #bji days1 giving an average of #aej-c_/d cars per day4 ,the greatest number of cars loaded in one day was #bge1 with an average of #f cu4 yds4 per car4 ,the average cost of loading per cu4 yd4 is #f-a_/b cts41 including expense of all men about shovel1 and shifting of shovel track4 ,average cost of unloading with one-mile haul1 #g4h cts41 including wages of all men with trains and engines1 use of cars and locomotives1 with all supplies and repairs of same1 making a total cost of #ad4c cts4 per cu4 yd4 or #he4h cts4 per car delivered on track4 ,a report showing the largest amount of work1 with the most complete detail as to the expense of operation was furnished by the resident engineer of the ,missouri ,valley ,blair ,railway ,bridge ,co41 contractors for the ,chicago ,northwestern ,ry4 bridge across the ,missouri ,river at ,missouri ,valley1 ,ia41 the material excavated being used in the approaches to the bridge4 ,the work1 a tabulated statement of which is given in ,table ,,iv41 was done under the most favorable circumstances1 with but few delays1 and with but one locomotive1 as the cars ran down the hill themselves while being loaded1 the locomotive being employed to haul the empty cars back2 the haul was short and a round trip was made in #cj minutes4 ,the report shows that during the work of six months the average number of cars loaded per day was #bje1 including delays and movings1 and that the average cost per cu4 yd4 was #g cts41 which1 as shown1 included labor of loading1 moving shovel about once a month1 moving track to suit1 dynamite for caving bank1 repairs of shovel1 fuel1 oil1 waste1 wages of watchman1 rent of cars and locomotives1 labor of engineers1 firemen and wipers1 labor1 conductors and brakemen1 and1 in fact1 absolutely everything connected in any way with filling the embankment4 ,,table ,,iv4 ,work ,done by ,steam ,excavator in ,six ,months at ,missouri ,valley1 ,ia4 ,repairs to locomotive1 shovel and cars2 material #deg4ad ,repairs to locomotive1 shovel and cars2 labor #baa4hj ,supplies for shovel #a1gfj4jj ,rent of locomotive and cars #a1djd4ge ,supplies for locomotive #a1gha4eb ,wages of locomotive attendants #a1ejh4cg ,wages of all other employees #aj1fhj4ja ----------- ,total cost #ag1hjc4ei ,cars loaded #cb1ada ,cost per car #ee4ch cts4 ,cost per cubic yard #g ,hours worked by gang #b1cbe ,hours worked by shovel #a1ibf ,the report of the ,roadmasters' ,association for #ahhe gives the cost of steam shovel work as follows3 ,railway4 ,work4 ,cost per yd4 ,baltimore ,ohio ,including everything1 haul #e to #be miles #h4a cts4 ,michigan ,central ,loading #d4e ,michigan ,central ,hauling1 #cj miles1 labor only #d4j ,n4 ,y41 ,p41 ,o4 ,loading #g4j ,central ,iowa ,loading #d4ge ,unloading #a4i ,engine service #c4a ---- ,total #i4ge ,the detailed statement given in ,table ,v4 was prepared by ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,hill1 ,acting ,chief ,engineer of the ,indianapolis1 ,decatur ,springfield ,r4 ,r41 and is a record of work done under the supervision of ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,diddle1 ,roadmaster4 ,it shows marked economy and gives an excellent idea of how the expenses are apportioned4 ,the ,otis type of excavator was used1 which cuts #bd ft4 wide and to a depth of #d ft4 below the track4 ,the banks were about #ae ft4 high1 the average haul #d1jjj ft4 ,twelve flat cars constituted a train4 ,by a special cable arrangement the time of plowing off1 ordinarily requiring about #ae minutes1 was reduced to #e or #f minutes4 ,,table ,v4 ,steam ,shovel ,work2 ,indianapolis1 ,decatur ,springfield ,r4 ,r4 ,sangamon ,montezuma ,sangamon ,nichol's ,river ,gravel ,river ,guion ,hollow ,trestle4 ,pit4 ,trestle4 ,trestle4 ,trestle4 #ahhe4 #ahhf4 #ahhf4 #ahhg4 #ahhg4 ,total number of days #ed #ahf #dh #ajh #ea ,number of working days #df #aae #ch #he #dj ,days idle besides ,sundays #j #de #c #g #d ,material handled light gravel4 light light light clay4 clay4 clay4 clay4 ,average height of bank #aj ft4 #ab ft4 #aj ft4 #aj ft4 #ab ft4 ,total ,no4 cars loaded #b1hii #h1fca #b1gga #e1bed #b1ebh ,greatest ,no4 load4 per day #id #abd #ij #hj #ge ,least ,no4 cars load4 per day #bb #af #ej #cj #ae ,average ,no4 loaded per day #fc #ge #gc #fa4h #fc4b ,average length of haul #a mile4 #i miles4 #a mile4 #b miles4 #c_/d mile4 ,grade1 shovel to dump1 p4 c4 -#a4jj varying4 -#a4jj -#a4jj -#a4jj ,tons coal used1 shov4 eng4 #ada #hec #ii #agj #fe ,no4 car loads per ton coal4 #bj4e #aj #bh #cj4i #ch4i ,cost of ,work ,per ,car ,load4 ,sangamon ,montezuma ,sangamon ,nichol's ,river ,gravel ,river ,guion ,hollow ,trestle4 ,pit4 ,trestle4 ,trestle4 ,trestle4 #ahhe4 #ahhf4 #ahhf4 #ahhg4 #ahhg4 ,cts4 ,cts4 ,cts4 ,cts4 ,cts4 ,foreman at #abe per month #h4hf #i4fg #h4jj #i4ja #i4hh ,cranesman1 #b to #b4ej day #e4ce #e4fb #d4hj #c4ed #e4eg ,fireman 7shovel7 #a4ej day #b4hh #c4cg #b4hg #b4ij #c4bg ,laborers 7#d7 #a4be per day #g4hf #i4ib #h4gg #i4hj #i4hj ,watchman at #a per day #b4jg #a4if #a4hh #b4ej #b4be ,total shovel crew #bg4jb #cj4ed #bf4cb #bg4ge #cj4gg ,engr4 and fireman 7engine7 #ab4jj #ad4ej #g4dd #aa4jj #ac4aj ,trainmen 7conductor1 #b4ej2 brakemen1 #a4ej7 #e4ig #ad4fj #e4gd #e4be #e4gg ,total train crew #ag4ig #bi4aj #ac4ah #af4be #ah4hg ,helpers distrb4 earth1 #a4aj 4444 #a4gd 4444 4444 #b4gb ,sec4 men 7track work71 #a4aj #j4ha #a4hh #a4ch #a4de 4444 ,bridge carpenters 7repairs to plant71 #b4ej #j4ae #a4eh #j4af #a4jd #b4jh ,sec4 men 7reprs plant71 #a4aj 4444 #j4fb 4444 4444 4444 ,shop bills 7repairs to plant7 #a4fi #aj4ij #a4bg #aj4fj #a4fg ,total repairs to plant #a4hd #ac4aj #a4dc #aa4fd #a4fg ,coal from #a4be to #a4da ton #f4ca #ac4cj #d4dg #d4ca #c4bh ,oil1 waste1 etc4 #j4eb #a4ee #j4ge #j4hf #j4cf ,total supplies #f4hc #ad4he #e4bb #e4ag #c4fd ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ,grand total per car load #ed4dg #ia4ai #dg4ec #fb4bf #ei4ge ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ,cost1 cu4 yd41 #h yds4 per car #f4dc #aa4dj #e4id #g4gi #g4dg ,add for interest on cost of plant #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ,cost per cu4 yd41 includ4 int4 #g4dc #ab4dj #f4id #h4gi #h4dg ,,bacon',s ,,hoisting ,,engines ,for ,every ,possible ,duty4 ,,farrel',s--,ore and ,rock ,,crushers4 ,screens1 ,elevators1 ,etc4 ,,the ,,standard ,,for #be ,,years4 ,,earle ,c4 ,,bacon1 ,,engineer1 ,havemeyer ,building1 ,new ,york4 ,,works3 ,,pacific ,,iron ,,works4 ,,farrel ,,foundry ,,machine ,,co4 ,steam ,shovel ,,repairs4 ,dippers1 ,dipper ,teeth1 ,dipper ,bails1 ,dipper ,mouths1 ,kept in ,stock4 ,,chains ,,of ,,ulster ,,and ,,norway ,,iron4 ,we have built a new shop1 and are preparing designs for ,,steam ,,shovels of very substantial construction4 ,we call attention to the fact that we have made for years a specialty of ,pile ,drivers and ,steam ,dredges4 ,,vulcan ,,iron ,,works1 ,,chicago4 ,,new ,,york ,,dredging ,,co41 ,,engineers ,,and ,,contractors4 ,illustration3 ,hydraulic ,dredge discharging through #e1gjj ft4 ,pipe4 ,will dig and put ashore any ,material1 ,rock excepted4 ,illustration3 ,patent ,canal ,excavator4 ,machines at ,work1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,jacksonville1 ,fla41 and ,oakland1 ,cal4 ,,incorporated ,,under ,,laws ,,of ,,new ,,york4 ,,ceo4 ,w4 ,,catt1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,president and ,engineer4 ,o4 ,l4 ,,williams1 ,secretary and ,treasurer4 ,,specialties3 ,machinery for ,economical ,excavation of ,canals for ,dredging2 for ,reclamation of ,low ,lands4 ,,correspondence ,,solicited4 ,,world ,,building1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,g4 ,l4 ,,steubner ,,co41 ,,manufacturers ,,of ,,hoisting ,,buckets ,,of ,,all ,,kinds ,,and ,,for ,,all ,,purposes4 ,illustration ,side ,dumping ,cars1 ,end ,dumping ,cars1 ,bottom ,dumping ,cars1 ,charging ,cars1 ,special ,cars1 ,iron ,wheelbarrows1 ,iron ,hoisting ,blocks1 ,tar ,heating ,furnaces1 ,sheet-,iron ,work1 ,iron ,forgings1 ,etc4 ,send for ,catalogue and ,price ,list4 #afh-agf ,,east ,,third ,,st41 ,,long ,,island ,,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the ,,best ,,steam ,,shovel ,,car4 ,illustration ,,write ,,for ,,prices ,,and ,,catalogue ,,to ,ryan-,mc,donald ,mfg4 ,co41 #dd ,,south ,,street1 ,,baltimore1 ,,md41 ,,manufacturers ,,of ,light ,locomotives1 ,contractors' ,cars1 ,derrick ,irons and ,crabs1 ,hoisting ,engines and ,all ,classes of ,narrow ,gauge ,cars4 ,,contractors' ,,and ,,railroad ,,supplies4 ,construction1 ,dump and ,mine ,cars4 ,,catalogue ,,and ,,prices ,,on ,,application4 ,illustration ,,harold ,c4 ,,dayton ,,co41 #dd ,,dey ,,street1 ,,new ,,york4 ,illustration ,m4 ,,beatty ,,sons1 ,,welland1 ,,ont4 ,dredges1 ,ditchers1 ,derricks and ,steam ,shovels ,,of ,,various ,,styles ,,and ,,sizes ,,to ,,suit ,,any ,,work4 ,,submarine ,,rock ,,drilling ,,machinery1 ,,hoisting ,,engines1 ,,suspension ,,cableways1 ,,horse-,,power ,,hoisters1 ,,gang ,,stone-,,saws1 ,,centrifugal ,,pumps ,,for ,,water1 ,,sand ,,and ,,gold ,,mining4 ,,and ,,other ,,contractors' ,,plant4 ,illustration ,,contractor',s ,,locomotives ,,on ,,hand4 ,we ,keep on hand a number of sizes both narrow and wide gauge locomotives1 of best construction1 for contractors' service4 ,catalogue mailed and prices quoted on application4 ,illustration ,h4 ,k4 ,,porter ,,co41 ,,builders ,,of ,,light ,,locomotives1 ,,wood ,,street1 ,near #gth ,ave41 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa4 ,,no4 #a ,,shovel ,,on ,,chicago ,,drainage ,,canal4 ,illustration ,,osgood ,,dredge ,,co41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,mfrs4 ,,of ,,dredges ,,and ,,steam ,,shovels4 ,,otis ,,chapman1 ,,standard ,,gravel and ,,hardpan ,,excavator ,,manufactured ,,exclusively ,,by ,,john ,,souther ,,co41 ,,boston4 ,earth ,displaced at ,,one-,,quarter ,,less ,,expense ,than by ,any ,other ,machine ,illustration ,to ,whom ,it ,may ,concern3 ,i hereby certify that ,i have used the ,otis patent improved ,steam ,excavator the past twenty years1 in all kinds of earth excavation1 and believe it to be the best dry land excavator in use1 and the only one that will work successfully in hardpan material4 ,i have excavated and put into cars five million yards under one contract for making land in ,boston2 with two of these machines ,i loaded from seventy to eighty thousand yards per month4 ,n4 ,c4 ,,munson4 ,c4 ,p4 ,,treat1 ,,contractor ,,bangor ,,aroostook ,r4 ,r4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,lane1 ,manager4 ,,rob',t ,,smith1 ,ass't ,manager4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,doty1 ,engineer4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,decker1 ,cashier4 ,houlton1 ,maine1 ,december #ca1 #ahid4 ,this is to certify that in the month of ,october1 #ahid1 the bearer1 ,mr4 ,john ,b4 ,shaw1 with #a-c_/d yds4 ,souther ,steam ,shovel1 loaded on cars #ch1afh cubic yds4 of ballast4 ,pit measurement by ,r4 ,r4 ,co4's ,engineers4 7,signed7 ,c4 ,p4 ,,treat1 per ,s4 ,h4 ,doty4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,illustrations in this booklet are not always labelled in order of appearance1 so full page diagrams may appear out of order4 ,fig4 #d4 seems to have been ommitted and is not found 7or referenced7 in any of the online sources4 ,minor corrections made to punctuation4 inconsistent hyphenation and spelling4 ,in particular3 p#g4 rceiving changed to receiving4 p#aa4 wabble has been left - it appears to be a variant spelling of wobble4 p#ah4 overhanging ledges or these materials changed to overhanging ledges of these materials4 p#bb4 only few men changed to only a few men ,,table ,,ii4 ,loose gravel #a #cj #a #cj #b #fj #c #ij #d #ab changed to ,loose gravel #a #cj #a #cj #b #fj #c #ij #d #abj p#ej4 steam or air driver change to steam or air driven