,transcrib]'s note3 ,table ( ,cont5ts add$ by ,transcrib]4 ,boldface is indicat$ by equals signs2 italics by und]scores4 ,,cont5ts ,rec5t ,ye>s ( ,egyptian ,exploration #fbe ,! ,gold ,s&s ( ,cape ,nome #fcc ,a ,/ate ,(ficial on ,excessive ,taxation #fde ,late/ ,developm5ts ,) ! ,x ,rays #fei ,a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ( ,*emi/ry #fgc ,! ,sci5ce ( ,art ,=m #fhe ,/eam ,turb9es & ,high-spe$ ,vessels #fif ,a ,survival ( ,m$ival ,cr$ulity #gjf ,g5u9e ,/>* ,factories #gaf ,trade ,corporations 9 ,*9a #gbb ,editor's ,table #gbh ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce #gca ,m9or ,p>agraphs #gcg ,publications ,receiv$ #fci ,index #gda ,e/abli%$ by ,edw>d ,l4 ,y\mans ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans ,,vol4 ,,lvi ,,novemb]1 #ahii1 ,,to ,,april1 #aijj ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #aijj ,,copyright1 #aijj1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,april1 #aijj4 ,,rec5t ,,ye>s ,,( ,,egyptian ,,exploration4 ,,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,fl9d]s ,,petrie1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,egyptology1 ,,univ]sity ,,college1 ,,london4 ,famili> z we are ) ! me?ods ( sci5ce--exact obs]vation & record1 comp>ison1 & ! /rict we$+ out ( hypo!ses--yet su* me?ods h only gradually be5 appli$ to v>i\s bran*es ( le>n+4 ,geometry became a sci5ce long ago1 zology mu* lat]1 m$ic9e only a g5]ation or two ago1 & ! hi/ory ( man is b j be+ develop$ into a sci5ce4 ,:at 0 done = o!r sci5ces by ! pione]s ( ! pa/ is n[ be+ done 9 ! pres5t day = ar*ology4 ,we n[ h to devise me?ods1 to =m a notation = record+ facts1 & to beg9 to lay out our gr\ndwork ( k4 ,) v few exceptions1 x may be said ( ,egypt t !re is no publication ( monum5ts be=e ?is c5tury t is ( ! lea/ use1 no record or dat+ ( objects be=e #ahfj1 & no comp>ison or /udy ( ! hi/ory ( classes ( products be=e #ahij4 ,?us1 ! "w ( rec5t ye>s 9 ,egyptology is really ! hi/ory ( ! =mation ( a sci5ce4 ,! great /ride t has be5 made 9 ! la/ six ye>s is ! op5+ up ( prehi/oric ,egypt1 lead+ u back "s two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! "t ( ! pyramid build]s4 ,till rec5tly1 no?+ 0 kn[n be=e ! age ( ! f9e/ art & ! greate/ build+s1 & x 0 a famili> puzzle h[ su* a gr& civilization c\ld h left no traces ( its rise4 ,?is 0 only a case ( bl9dness on ! "p ( explor]s4 ,upp] ,egypt teems ) prehi/oric rema9s1 b1 z mo/ ( :at appe>s is dug up by plund]]s = ! m>ket1 until !re is a dem& = a class ( objects1 v little is se5 ( !m4 ,n[ t ! prehi/oric has become fa%ionable1 x is ev]y:]e to be se54 ,! e>li] digg]s 7 dazzl$ by ! poli%$ colossi1 ! massive build+s1 ! brilliant sculptures ( ! well-kn[n hi/oric times1 & !y _h no eyes = small graves1 conta9+ only a few j>s or1 at be/1 a fl9t knife4 ,! pres5t position ( ! prehi/ory ( ,egypt is t we c n[ di/+ui% two sep>ate cultures be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,egyptian dyna/ies1 & we c cle>ly trace a sequ5ce ( manufactures & art ?r\gh\t long ages be=e ! pyramid build]s1 or f say #fjjj ,b4 ,c41 giv+ a cont9u\s hi/ory ( eight ?\s& ye>s = man 9 ,egypt4 ,cont9u\s ,i say advis$ly1 = "s ( ! prehi/oric ways are ^? kept up to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /age ( ?is prehi/oric culture metal 0 already us$ & pott]y made4 ,:y no rud] /ages are f\nd is p]haps expla9$ by ! fact t ! alluvial deposits ( ! ,nile d n seem to be mu* old] ?an eight ?\s& ye>s4 ,! rate ( deposit is well kn[n--v closely "o metre 9 a ?\s& ye>s--& bor+s %[ only eight metres ?ick ( ,nile mud 9 ! valley4 ,be=e t ! c\ntry _h en\gh ra9 to keep up ! volume ( ! riv]1 & x did n drop its mud4 ,x mu/ h run z a rapid /ream ?r\gh a b>r5 l& ( s& & /ones1 :i* c\ld n support any population except paleoli?ic hunt]s4 ,) ! fur!r dry+ ( ! climate1 ! riv] lo/ s mu* velocity t its mud 0 deposit$1 & ! f]tile mud flats made cultivation & a high] civilization possible4 ,at ?is po9t a p already us+ copp] came into ! c\ntry4 ,_! bodies 7 buri$ 9 %all[1 circul> pit-graves1 cov]$ ) goat sk9s1 :i* 7 fa/5$ r>ely by a copp] p92 be=e ! face 0 plac$ a simple b[l ( r$ & black pott]y1 & "s ( ! valu$ mala*ite 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s4 ,! body 0 %>ply contract$1 (t5 ) ! knees almo/ t\*+ ! face1 & ! h&s 7 usually 9 front ( ! face4 ,v soon !y develop$ _! pott]y into v>i$ & graceful =ms1 & decorat$ x ) patt]ns 9 :ite clay appli$ to ! d>k-r$ surface1 b x cont9u$ to be entirely h&-made1 )\t ! use ( ! pott]'s :eel4 ,! patt]ns1 usually copi$ f basketwork1 %[ ! s\rce ( ! =ms ( ! cups & vases4 ,! mod]n ,kabyle1 9 ! highl&s ( ,alg]ia1 has kept up ! same patt]ns on h&-made pott]y1 & ! same use ( :ite clay on a r$ base4 ,x is probably to a ,libyan p t ?is civilization is fir/ due1 & ! skulls ( ^! prehi/oric ,egyptians are id5tical ) ^? ( ! prehi/oric ,alg]ians f ! dolm5s & ! mod]n ,alg]ians4 ,?is fir/ gr[? ( ! civilization n only develop$ pott]y1 b also ! c>v+ ( /one vases entirely by h&4 ,! pr9cipal type ( ^! is ! cyl9d]1 ) _m small v>iations4 ,figures 7 c>v$ 9 alaba/] & bone1 & model$ 9 clay & pa/e2 ^! are rude1 b %[ t ! type ( ! race 0 f9e1 ) a high =ehead & po9t$ be>d4 ,! use ( m>ks d5ot+ prop]ty 0 common1 & su* m>ks seem to be ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! sy/em ( signs :i* develop$ lat] into ! alphabet4 ,?is civilization _h app>5tly pass$ its be/ "t1 decoration _h ceas$ on ! pott]y1 :5 a *ange came ov] all classes ( "w4 ,! second prehi/oric civilization seems to h belong$ to a p k9dr$ to t ( ! fir/ age1 z mu* ( ! pott]y cont9u$ un*ang$1 & only gradually fad$ away4 ,b a new /yle arose ( a h>d1 buff pott]y1 pa9t$ ) patt]ns & subjects 9 r$ outl9e4 ,%ips are repres5t$ ) cab9s on !m1 & r[$ by a long bank ( o>s4 ,! use ( copp] became m g5]al1 & gold & silv] appe> also4 ,spoons ( ivory1 & r>ely ( preci\s metals1 7 made1 b hair combs1 :i* 7 common be=e1 ceas$ to be worn4 ,/one vases 7 commonly c>v$ 9 a v>iety ( h>d & ornam5tal /ones1 b always ( ! b>rel outl9e & n ! e>ly cyl9d] %apes4 ,fl9t-work+ rea*$ ! highe/ /age ev] kn[n 9 any c\ntry1 ! mo/ p]fect ma/]y ( ! mat]ial hav+ be5 acquir$4 ,?\gh ?is civilization 0 9 _m respects high] ?an t :i* prec$$ x1 yet x 0 l[] arti/ically1 ! figures be+ rud] & always flat1 in/ead ( 9 ! r\nd4 ,also ! use ( signs 0 driv5 out1 & disappe>$ 9 ! lat] /age ( ?is second p]iod4 ,! sep>ation ( ^! two diff]5t ages has be5 entirely rea*$ by ! classification ( _m hundr$s ( tombs1 ! orig9al ord] ( :i* c\ld be trac$ by ! relation ( _! cont5ts4 ,9 ?is way a scale ( sequ5ce has be5 =m$1 :i* enables ! range ( any =m ( pott]y or o!r object to be exactly /at$1 & e fact ( connection discov]$ c be at once r$uc$ to a num]ical scale z def9ite z a scale ( ye>s4 ,= ! fir/ "t a regul> sy/em ( notation has be5 devis$ = prehi/oric rema9s1 & future rese>* 9 ea* c\ntry w be able to deal ) su* ages 9 z def9ite a mann] z ) hi/oric times4 ,! mat]ial = ?is /udy has come entirely f excavations ( my own p>ty at ,nagada 7#ahie71 ,abadiyeh1 & ,hu 7#ahii72 b great numb]s ( tombs ( ^! same ages h be5 op5$ )\t record by ,m4 de ,morgan 7#ahif-'ig71 & by ,fr5* & ,arab speculators 9 antiquities4 ,! connection betwe5 ^! prehi/oric ages & ! e>ly hi/oric times ( ! dyna/ic k+s ( ,egypt is yet obscure4 ,! cemet]ies :i* w\ld h cle>$ ?is h unhappily be5 loot$ 9 ! la/ few ye>s )\t any record1 & x is only ! *ance ( "s new discov]ies t c be look$ to = fill+ up ! hi/ory4 ,we c at lea/ say t ! pott]y ( ! e>ly k+s is cle>ly d]iv$ f ! lat] prehi/oric types1 & t mu* ( ! civilization 0 9 common4 ,b x is cle> t ! second prehi/oric civilization 0 degrad+ & los+ its arti/ic ta/e = f9e "w be=e ! new wave ( ! dyna/ic or hi/oric ,egyptians came 9 ^u x4 ,^! e>ly hi/oric p are ma9ly kn[n by ! rema9s ( ! tombs ( ! e>ly k+s1 f\nd by ,m4 ,amel9eau at ,abydos 7#ahif-'ii71 & probably ! fir/ /age ( ! same race is se5 9 ! rude colossi ( ! god ,m91 :i* ,i f\nd at ,koptos 7#ahid74 ,unhappily1 ! "w at ,abydos 0 n record$1 & x is n kn[n n[ out ( :i* ( _m k+s' tombs1 nor ev5 out ( :i* cemet]ies1 ! objects h come4 ,h5ce sci5tific results are impossible1 unless en\gh mat]ial has escap$ ! c>eless & ignorant workm5 to rew>d m accurate rework+ ( ! same gr\nd4 ,we c at pres5t only glean a g5]al picture ( ! e>ly royal civilization f ,abydos1 supplem5t$ by "s spl5did c>v+s ( two reigns f\nd at ,hi]akonpolis 7#ahig-'ih7 by ,mr4 ,quibell4 ,! burials cont9u$ to be 9 tombs ( ! same =m--rectangul> pits l9$ ) brickwork & ro($ ov] ) beams & bru%wood4 ,b !y 7 made l>g]1 &1 9 ! case ( ! royal tombs1 great halls 7 =m$ ab\t fifty by ?irty-five feet1 ro($ ) beams eighte5 or tw5ty feet long4 ,9 ^! royal tombs 7 plac$ a pr(usion ( vases ( h>d & beautiful /ones1 b[ls ( slate1 & imm5se j>s ( alaba/]2 ^! conta9$ ! m valuable (f]+s ( preci\s o9tm5ts & o!r fun]eal treasures4 ,besides ^!1 !re 7 hundr$s ( great j>s ( pott]y1 conta9+ provision ( bread1 meats1 dri$ fruits1 wat]1 be]1 & w9e4 ,d\btless !re 7 _m vases ( metals1 b ^! h be5 almo/ always robb$ f ! tomb anci5tly4 ,ar\nd ! tomb 7 ! small graves ( ! reta9]s ( ! k+1 ea* ) a less] /ore l t ( _! ma/]4 ,! royal tomb 0 d5ot$ by a great tablet be>+ ! k+'s spiritual "n by :i* he w\ld be kn[n 9 ! future _w4 ,! private tombs _h small tablets1 ab\t a foot & a half high1 ) ! names ( _! occupants4 ,z all ^! tablets %[ consid]able wea!r+1 x seems t !y 7 plac$ visible above ! tomb4 ,tombs ( ! subsequ5t k+s 7 elaborat$ ) small *amb]s ar\nd ! great "o1 to conta9 ! (f]+s1 & ev5 a long passage 0 =m$ ) doz5s ( *amb]s along ea* side ( x1 ea* *amb] conta9+ a sep>ate k9d ( (f]+4 ,turn+ n[ to "s ( ! rema9s ( ^! k+s dur+ _! life1 we le>n t !y 7 occupi$ ) frequ5t w>s--! gradual consolidation ( ! k+dom ( ,egypt4 ,"o k+ w record ! myriads ( sla9 enemies1 ano!r gives a picture ( a captive k+ br\ght be=e him ) ov] a million liv+ captives1 ! regul> ,egyptian notation = su* l>ge numb]s be+ already complete4 ,ano!r k+ %[s 8 triumphal entry to ! temple1 ) ! sla9 enemies laid out be=e him4 ,on o!r sculptures are %[n ! peaceful triumphs ( canalization & reclamation ( l&1 :i* are allud$ to 9 ! traditions ( ! e>ly dyna/ies pres]v$ by ,greek hi/orians4 ,all ^! sc5es are giv5 u on ! slate c>v+s & great mace heads cov]$ ) sculpture f ,hi]akonpolis4 ,?us 9 ^! great discov]ies ( ! la/ few ye>s we c trace at lea/ ?ree successive peoples1 & see ! gradual rise ( ! arts1 f ! man :o 0 buri$ 9 8 goat sk9s1 ) "o pla9 cup by him1 up to ! k+ :o built great monum5ts & 0 surr\nd$ by mo/ sumptu\s h&iwork4 ,we see ! rise ( ! art ( exquisite fl9t flak+1 & ! decl9e ( t z copp] came m commonly into use4 ,we see at fir/ ! use ( signs1 lat] on disus$ by a second race1 & !n sup]s$$ by ! elaborate hi]oglyph sy/em ( ! dyna/ic race4 ,! mixture ( v>i\s races 0 surmis$ long ago f ! v>i$ portraiture ( ! e>ly times4 ,x is n[ %[n m pla9ly ?an ev] on ^! e>ly monum5ts4 ,we see repres5t$ ! k+ ( ! dyna/ic type1 a scribe ) long1 wavy hair1 a *ief ( ! dyna/ic %av5-head$ type1 ano!r ) long1 lank hair1 & ano!r ) a be>d1 :ile ! enemies are %[n ) curly hair & n>r[ be>ds l ,b$\94 ,f\r diff]5t peoples are "h 9 union aga9/ a fif?4 ,& ?is div]sity ( peoples la/s on long into ! hi/oric times4 ,aft] sev]al c5turies ( a unit$ ,egypt1 "u ! pyramid build]s1 we f9d t "s p buri$ 9 ! old contract$ position1 o!rs cut up ! body & wrapp$ e bone sep>ately 9 clo?1 :ile o!rs embalm$ ! body :ole4 ,?us great div]sity ( belief & cu/om /ill prevail$ = p]haps a ?\s& ye>s aft] ! unification ( ,egypt4 ,s useless is x to ?9k ( 8! anci5t ,egyptians0 z an unmix$ race gradually ris+ into 8a consci\sness ( nationality40 ,! excavations at ,de%a%eh 9 #ahig1 :i* fir/ %[$ me ! div]sity ( burials1 also %[$ t ! type ( ! race _h already become unifi$ by int]mixture1 & t1 /range to say1 f\r ?\s& ye>s lat]1 aft] untold cross+s ) _m invad]s1 ! type 0 un*ang$4 ,lat] "w at ,d5d]eh & else:]e has po9t$ to ! conclusion t a mixture ( a new race is subdu$ to ! type ( ! c\ntry by ! effect ( climate & surr\nd+s )9 a few c5turies4 ,turn+ n[ to ! purely classical ,egyptian "w1 ! pr9cipal discov]ies ( ! la/ few ye>s h giv5 u new lead+ examples 9 e l9e4 ,! great copp] /atue ( ,k+ ,pepy1 ) 8 son1 dates f be=e #cjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,x is ov] life size1 & entirely wr\ght 9 hamm]$ copp]1 %[+ a complete ma/]y 9 metal "w ( ! highe/ arti/ic p[]4 ,probably ( ! same age is a head ( a figure ( ! sacr$ hawk1 wr\ght holl[ 9 a s+le mass ( hamm]$ gold1 weigh+ ov] a p\nd2 ?is aga9 %[s "w ( noble dignity & p[]4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 f\nd at ,hi]akonpolis 9 #ahih1 & are n[ 9 ! ,cairo ,museum4 ,"s c5turies lat] 0 made ! exquisite jewelry f\nd at ,dah%ur 9 ! graves ( ?ree pr9cesses4 ,?is is a revelation ( ! delicacy possible 9 goldsmi?'s "w4 ,! sold]+ ( ! m9ute p>ts ( ! gold is absolutely invisible4 ,! figures ( hawks are made up ( doz5s ( microscopic pieces ( color$ /one--lazuli1 turquoise1 c>nelian--e "o cut to ! =ms ( ! fea!rs1 & e piece hav+ a t9y cell ( sold]$ gold /rip to hold x 9 place1 yet ! :ole bird only ab\t half an in* high4 ,! f9e/ color$ enamel+ ev] made w\ld be *ild's play comp>$ ) a piece ( ?is e>ly jewelry4 ,! exquisite grace ( =m1 h>mony ( color+1 & s5se ( p]fection leave ! m9d ri*] by a fre% emotion1 aft] see+ su* a new _w ( skill4 ,com+ d[n to ab\t #aejj ,b4 ,c41 a l>ge "w has be5 done 9 ! la/ six ye>s 9 cle>+ ! temple ( ,que5 ,hat%epsut at ,deir el ,bahri1 on ! we/]n side ( ,!bes4 ,t great rul] _h !re commemorat$ ! ev5ts ( h] reign1 p>ticul>ly ! exp$ition to ! s\? ( ! ,r$ ,sea to obta9 ! plants ( ! sacr$ inc5se & o!r valu$ products4 ,! att5tion %[n to exact figur+ ( plants & animals makes ?is valuable z a record ( natural hi/ory4 ,?is cle>ance has be5 made by ,dr4 ,naville = ! ,engli% fund4 ,mean:ile1 ,franco-,egyptian (ficials h be5 cle>+ out ! ,temple ( ,k>nak1 on ! opposite bank1 b ) disa/r\s effect4 ,! huge columns1 built poorly ( small blocks by ,rameses ,,ii1 /& n[ bel[ ! level ( ! inundation1 &1 aft] remov+ ! e>? accumulat$ ar\nd !m1 ! ,nile wat] has free circulation4 ,?is has dissolv$ ! mort> s mu* t n9e ( ^! ,titanic columns ( ! ,great ,hall fell la/ ye>1 & ?ree m ?reat5 to foll[ !m4 ,! ,valley ( ! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s has be5 prohibit$ gr\nd to =eign explor]s = ov] =ty ye>s1 al?\gh ! (ficial dep>tm5t nev] did any "w !re4 ,! native plund]]s1 h[ev]1 turn$ up _m ye>s ago ! beautiful *air ( ,que5 ,hat%epsut1 & lately !y f\nd ! entry to /ill unop5$ royal tombs4 ,! secret pass$--= a consid]ation--to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,antiquities1 & two royal tombs 7 op5$4 ,^! conta9$ ! bodies ( sev]al k+s ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? dyna/ies--"o undi/urb$1 ! o!rs mov$ f else:]e4 ,) ^! 0 a cr[d ( objects ( fun]eal furniture4 ,unhappily1 no?+ is publi%$ 9 detail ( any (ficial discov]ies2 ) ! exception ( ! fir/ f9d ( ! ,dah%ur jewelry1 !re has nev] be5 any full acc\nt issu$ ( ! great discov]ies 9 ! mo/ important sites1 :i* are res]v$ to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! great gr\p ( k+s f\nd at ,deir el ,bahri1 ! great necropolis ( ! prie/s ( ,am51 ! second f9d ( ,dah%ur jewelry1 ! second gr\p ( royal mummies1 ( all ^! we "k no?+ b :at has appe>$ 9 newspap]s1 or "s p>tial acc\nt ( "o bran* ( ! subject4 ,h>dly any publication has ev] appe>$1 su* z ! ,engli% societies issue e ye> ab\t ! produce ( _! excavations4 ,_m ( ! royal temples ( ! n9ete5? dyna/y at ,!bes 7 explor$ by ! ,engli% 9 #ahif4 ,! ,ramesseum 0 completely exam9$1 ?r\gh all ! maze ( /one *amb]s ar\nd x4 ,b ! mo/ important result 0 ! magnific5t tablet ( black granite1 ab\t t5 feet high & five wide1 cov]$ on "o side ) an inscription ( ,am5 ,hotep ,,iii1 & on ! o!r side ) an inscription ( ,m]5ptah4 ,! latt] acc\nt1 ( ab\t #abjj ,b4 ,c41 m5tions ! w> ) ! 8,p ( ,israel02 ?is is ! only nam+ ( ,israel on ,egyptian records1 & is sev]al c5turies e>li] ?an any ,assyrian record ( ! ,hebrews4 ,x has1 ( c\rse1 giv5 rise to mu* discussion1 :i* is too l5g?y to /ate "h4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important results ( hi/orical ,egyptian times is ! light ?r[n on prehi/oric ,greek ages4 ,! pott]y kn[n z 8,myk5an0 s9ce ! discov]ies ( ,s*liemann 9 ! ,peloponnesus 0 fir/ dat$ 9 ,egypt at ,gurob 9 #ahhi2 next 7 f\nd hundr$s ( vase fragm5ts at ,tell el ,am>na 9 #ahib2 & s9ce !n sev]al ,egyptian k+s' names h be5 f\nd on objects 9 ,greece1 along ) su* pott]y4 ,! :ole ( ?is evid5ce %[s t ! gr& age ( prehi/oric ,greece1 :i* c well comp>e ) ! art ( classical ,greece1 began ab\t #afjj ,b4 ,c41 0 at its highe/ po9t ab\t #adjj ,b4 ,c41 & became decad5t ab\t #abjj ,b4 ,c41 be=e its ov]?r[ by ! ,dorian invasion4 ,besides ?is dat+1 ,greece is indebt$ to ,egypt = ! pres]vation ( ! olde/ texts ( its classics4 ,fragm5ts ( ,plato almo/ contempor>y ) 8 lifetime1 pages ( ,?ucydides1 :ole books ( ! ,iliad1 & ! celebrat$ rec5t publications ( ,bac*ylides & ,h]ondas1 all are due to ,egypt4 ,moreov]1 ( ,*ri/ian times we h a leaf ( an e>ly collection ( ,say+s ( ,jesus1 a leaf ( gospel ab\t two c5turies old] ?an any o!r biblical manuscript1 & a ho/ ( docum5ts be>+ on e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 su* z ! ,gospel ( ,pet] & o!r apocryphal writ+s :i* 7 lat] bann$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,n[ x may be ask$ h[ all ^! discov]ies are made--inde$1 _m p take = grant$ t "s gov]nm5t k9dly pays = x all4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! only (ficial influ5ces are a sev]e *eck on su* sci5tific "w4 ,:ile a native ,egyptian c plund] tombs ) b little h9drance1 any "o desir+ to pres]ve objects & promote k mu/ 7aft] obta9+ ! p]mission ( ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t = ! exact place he wants to "w7 be (ficially inspect$ at 8 own exp5se 7a matt] ( tw5ty or ?irty p\nds a season71 & !n1 aft] all1 give up to ! ,gov]nm5t half ( all he f9ds1 )\t any recomp5se4 ,! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t long ago gave up all claim = ,briti% subjects to occupy any po/ 9 ! ,cairo ,museum1 ?us putt+ a decisive b> on ! hopes ( w\ld-be /ud5ts & h9d]+ ! object v effectually4 ,9 face ( all ^! disadvantages1 "w has yet be5 c>ri$ on by ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund & by ! ,egyptian ,rese>* ,acc\nt2 bo? rely on ,engli% & ,am]ican support1 & ! latt] body is int5d$ expressly to help /ud5ts 9 tra9+4 ,besides ^!1 private "w has be5 c>ri$ on dur+ sev]al ye>s by two or ?ree o!r explor]s1 p>tly at _! own co/1 p>tly help$ by fri5ds4 ,! two societies above nam$ h kept to ! pr9ciples t ev]y?+ %all be publi%$ z soon z possible1 & t all ! antiquities remov$ f ,egypt %all be divid$ among public museums z gifts 9 return = ! support f v>i\s places1 no?+ ev] be+ sold publicly or privately4 ,9 ?is way sev]al c5t]s 9 ,am]ica s5d l>ge annual contributions1 h repres5tatives on ! ,london ,committee ( ! ,exploration ,fund1 & receive _! %>e = museums e ye>4 ,besides ?is organiz+ ( ways & means1 !re is q z important organization ne$$ 9 ! excavations4 ,at pres5t mo/ ( ! above-nam$ "w is done by a corps ( m5 :o h be5 engag$ at x = _m ye>s4 ,!y leave _! homes & assemble z soon z ! w9t] beg9s2 any deal+ 9 antiquities or misconduct s9ce ! la/ season excludes !m f rejo9+4 ,!y ea* "k _! "w1 :at to pres]ve1 h[ to leave ev]y?+ intact 9 ! gr\nd :]e f\nd1 & h[ be/ to manage diff]5t k9ds ( excavat+4 ,) su* m5 x is always possible to screw m in=mation out ( a site1 h[ev] mu* x may h be5 already wreck$ 9 anci5t or mod]n times4 ,& x is f> saf] to leave su* m5 unwat*$1 ) ! c]ta9ty t !y w receive a fair value = all !y f9d1 ?an x is to drive a gang "u ! la%1 on b>e wages1 )\t rew>ds to keep !m f pilf]+4 ,! ,engli% sy/em means mutual confid5ce & good fai?2 ! native & ,fr5* sy/em ( =ce means ! de/ruction ( bo? in=mation & antiquities4 ,& yet besides ?is !re is ! ess5tial bus9ess ( obs]v+ & record+4 ,e hole dug mu/ h a mean+ & be und]/ood1 z to ! date ( ! gr\nd at diff]5t levels & ! nature ( ! place4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be spell$ out z ! "w advances2 any difficulties t c n be expla9$ mu/ be tri$ ) all possible hypo!ses2 ea* detail mu/ ei!r fall into place z agree+ ) :at is kn[n1 or be built 9 z a new piece ( k4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago no?+ 0 kn[n ( ! date ( any ,egyptian manufactures1 n ev5 ( pott]y or beads1 :i* are ! commone/4 ,n[1 at pres5t x is seldom t any?+ is f\nd :i* c n be dat$ tol]ably ne> by1 & 9 "s classes ( rema9s ! c5tury or ev5 ! reign c be /at$ at once1 )\t a s+le ^w to %[ x4 ,! sci5ce ( ,egyptian ar*ology is n[ 9 be+4 ,9 ?is1 !re=e1 z 9 _m o!r matt]s1 ! ,anglo-,saxon ta/e = private ent]prise is ! rul+ p[]1 & 9 spite ( political ob/acles & ( taxation1 :i* are happily unkn[n 9 o!r sci5ces1 ! private "w ( individuals has quietly trac$ out ! f\ndations ( "o ( ! e>lie/ civilizations ( mank9d4 ,,! ,,gold ,,s&s ,,( ,,cape ,,nome4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,angelo ,,heilpr91 ,,late ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,philadelphia ,,geographical ,,society4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ contributions to ! hi/ory ( gold & gold m9+ has und\bt$ly be5 discov]$ 9 ! region ( ,cape ,nome1 ,alaska1 dur+ ! pa/ summ]4 ,vague reports h f "t to "t1 = a p]iod ( a ye> or m1 be5 s5t out f ! bleak & inhospitable %ores ( ,b]+ ,sea ( ! discov]y !re ( ri* deposits ( plac] gold1 & ( almo/ fabul\s weal? acquir$ by a few =tunate prospectors--a new ,klondike on ,am]ican soil--b ^! ga9$ little cr$5ce beyond ! portals ( transportation companies & ! organiz]s ( 8boom0 ent]prises4 ,a few ( ! m cr$ul\s & ^? unm9dful ( adv5ture & h>d%ip took practical action on ! receipt ( ! reports1 & prep>$ to buffet ! /ill ice-b\nd wat]s ( ! ,pacific to ga9 e>ly access to ! new l& ( promise4 ,9 a brief p]iod ! fame ( ,golovn9 ,bay _h be5 spread broadca/1 only to be aga9 dimm$ by ! lat] ann\ncem5ts t ! e>li] reports ( f9ds 7 only 8fakes40 ,mak+ & unmak+ are a "p ( all new m9+ c5t]s1 & 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t all mann] ( conclusions are arriv$ at reg>d+ ! possibilities ( a location4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,(f-,,%ore ,,view ,,( ,,nome4 ,new reports ( f9ds made along ! coa/ ( ,b]+ ,sea1 ab\t fifty miles we/ ( ,golovn9 ,bay1 call$ r5ew$ att5tion to ! region1 & ^? :o 9 ! e>ly summ] ( ! pa/ ye> 7#ahii7 timidly v5tur$ _! =tunes to %>e 9 a possible discov]y1 f\nd1 on _! arrival at ! tundra-b\nd %ores ab\t ,cape ,nome1 t miles ( t]ritory _h already be5 locat$ z claim sites1 t sluice-boxes 7 9 full op]ation1 & t sackfuls ( gold du/ & nuggets _h be5 c>efully laid to "o side1 repres5t+ 8outputs0 ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ,at ?is "t _m ( ! j\rnals ( civilization 9 ! ,ea/1 repeat+ ! w>n+s t !y p]si/5tly ?rew out foll[+ ! discov]y ( gold 9 ! ,klondike1 jeal\sly gu>d$ ! secrets ( ! e>? by d\bt+1 or ev5 d5y+1 ! claims to discov]y1 b1 )al1 wisely c\nsel+ aga9/ t haphaz>d & purseless ru% :i* is "o ( ! inv>iable accompanim5ts ( gold ann\ncem5ts4 ,a new m9+ di/rict _h sudd5ly sprung into exi/5ce1 & be=e two mon?s _h pass$--i4 e41 by ! e>ly days ( ,septemb]--a full front ( t5ts & frame h\ses took possession ( :at cont9ues to rema9 a dre>y & desolate expanse ( ocean bea*--suffici5tly pleasant 9 ! quiet1 balmy days ( summ] & autumn1 b w(ully expos$ to ! hurricane bla/s ( ! arctic w9t]--& gave %elt] to f ?ree to f\r ?\s& adv5tur]s1 :]e =m]ly a few ,indians & ,eskimos f ! /ill f>!r nor?we/ & ,k+'s ,isl& con/itut$ a /raggl+ & accid5tal population4 ,?is1 9 brief1 is ! initial hi/ory ( ! ,nome or ,anvil ,city m9+ region1 :i* w almo/ c]ta9ly call to x 9 ! com+ spr+ fifte5 to tw5ty ?\s& additional inhabitants4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/reet ,,9 ,,nome4 ,f> m int]e/+ to ! "o :o has n be5 prop]ly rew>d$ 9 8 se>* = plac] claims ?an ! plac] deposits !mselves are ! gold-be>+ bea* s&s1 ^: productivity w ma9ly be responsible = ! influx ( population to ! new region4 ,f !m1 by crude & simple me?ods1 has be5 tak51 9 b>ely m ?an two mon?s1 gold to ! value ( m ?an a million doll>s1 & :at ! possibilities = ! future may be no "o is wise en\gh to tell4 ,s cle>ly exagg]at$ did ! acc\nts ( ! free-s& rock+ appe>1 ev5 ^? com+ f reputable m9]s :o 7 p]sonally kn[n to me1 t ,i c\ld h>dly br+ myself to take !m at _! full value1 b1 be+ accid5tally drift$ 9 ! c\rse ( a summ]'s w&]+s to ,/4 ,mi*ael1 above ! m\? ( ! ,yukon ,riv]1 ,i _h easy opportunity to v]ify = myself ! accuracy ( ! /atem5ts t _h be5 s5t out1 & to ca/ a geological glance at ! situation4 ,my exam9ation ( ! region 0 conf9$ to a few ( ! lat] days ( ,septemb] & to e>ly ,octob]4 ,! geographical position ( ! ,nome region is ! s\!rn face ( ! p59sul> projection ( ,alaska :i* sep>ates ,kotzebue ,s\nd on ! nor? f ,b]+ ,sea on ! s\?1 & t]m9ates we/w>d 9 ,cape ,pr9ce ( ,wales ! ext5t ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,9 a direct l9e ( navigation1 x lies ab\t tw5ty-five hundr$ miles nor?we/ ( ,seattle & "o hundr$ & sev5ty miles s\!a/ ( ,sib]ia4 ,! ne>e/ settlem5t ( consequ5ce to x prior to #ahii 0 ,/4 ,mi*ael1 a hundr$ miles to ! s\!a/1 ! />t+ po9t ( ! /eam]s = ! ,yukon ,riv]2 b dur+ ! ye> v>i\s aggregations ( m9+ population _h built !mselves up 9 clos] range1 & r$uc$ ! isolation f ! civiliz$ _w by "s sixty miles4 ,! ,nome di/rict z settl$ c5t]s ab\t ! l[] c\rse ( ! ,snake ,riv]1 an exce$+ly tortu\s /ream 9 its tundra c\rse1 :i* em]ges f a badly degrad$ l9e ( lime/one1 slaty1 & s*i/ose m\nta9 spurs g5]ally n ov] sev5 hundr$ to twelve hundr$ feet elevation1 b back$ by l(ti] granitic heights1 & dis*>ges into ! sea at a position ?irte5 miles we/ ( ,cape ,nome prop]4 ,?ree miles ea/ ( ?is m\? is ! dis*>ge ( ,nome ,riv]4 ,bo? /reams h a tidal c\rse ( sev]al miles4 ,nome1 or1 z x 0 fir/ call$1 ,anvil ,city--nam$ f a giant anvil-l protrusion ( slate rock ne> to ! summit ( ! fir/ l9e ( hills--occupies 9 great] "p ! tundra & ocean bea* ( ! ea/]n or left bank ( ,snake ,riv]1 b _m habitations1 ma9ly ( a tempor>y "*1 h be5 plac$ on ! b> bea* :i* has be5 ?r[n up by ! sea aga9/ ! m\? ( ! /ream1 & deflect$ its c\rse = "s di/ance p>allel ) ! ocean front4 ,a numb] ( riv] /eam]s 7"o ev5 ( consid]able size7 & dr$ges h f\nd a suitable an*orage or 8h>bor0 9 ! b>ri]-b\nd wat]s1 & mu* driftwood passes into !m at times ( /orms & high] wat]s1 :5 ! greatly con/rict$ & %all[ m\? is made passable4 ,! entire region is treeless1 & ! ne>e/ approa* to woodl& is 9 ! timb] tract ( ,golovn9 ,bay & its tribut>ies1 ab\t =ty miles to ! nor!a/4 ,a fairly d5se gr[? ( scrub will[1 ?ree to five feet 9 height1 ) elms & ald]s1 =ms a fr+e or delimit+ l9e to p>ts ( ! c\rses ( ! /reams 9 ! tundra1 :i* greatly undulates 9 ! direction ( ! foo?ills & incloses t>nlike bodies ( fre% & slightly bracki% wat]s4 ,x is cov]$ m]ely ) a l[ gr[? ( fl[]+ h]bace\s plants1 grass1 & moss1 ) a some:at scanti] admixture ( ! dw>f bir*1 arctic will[1 & cr[b]ry4 ,! surface is pre-em95tly swampy dur+ ! w>m] p]iods ( ! ye>1 & walk+ ov] x means ei!r wad+ ?r\gh ! wat] or risk+ cont9u\s jumps to & f ! individual clumps ( matt$ grass & moss--! s-call$ 8nigg]-heads40 ,! great] "p ( ! tundra seems to re/ on gravel & s&--d\btless ( bo? m>9e & fluviatile orig9--& ord9>ily ! froz5 /ratum is already rea*$ at a dep? ( two or ?ree feet1 sometimes less4 ,9 e>ly ,octob] ( ! pa/ ye> x 0 /ill too 8op50 to p]mit ( easy walk+ ov] x1 b 9 q e>ly h\rs ( ! morn+ ! surface af=d$ fair lodgm5t to mod]ate weights4 ,fragm5t>y p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ! mammo? h be5 f\nd "h & !re1 ev5 loose on ! top grass1 b :]e f\nd 9 su* situations x is by no means c]ta9 t !y _h n be5 r$eposit$ by high tidal wa%4 ,a l>ge fragm5t ( ?igh bone1 ) %\ld] blade1 :i* ,i f\nd ab\t an eigh? ( a mile inl& & p]haps fifte5 feet above ! wat]1 0 associat$ ) "o ( ! m&ibul> bones ( ! :ale4 ,i c\ld obta9 no in=mation z to _! hav+ be5 possibly c>ri$ to _! pres5t position by man1 b x may h be5 ! case4 ,a l>ge skull1 :i* ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,+le/adt & to ,mr4 ,l\is ,sloss1 ,jr41 manag] ( ! ,alaska ,comm]cial ,company1 0 obta9$1 z ne>ly z ,i c\ld det]m9e ?r\gh inquiry on ! spot1 f ab\t ! same locality4 ,:]e x abuts ^u ! sea ! tundra /&s f eight to tw5ty feet above x1 at places desc5d+ to ev5 l[] levels4 ,! sea face is almo/ ev]y:]e an abrupt "o1 %[+ und]cutt+ by high wat]1 & x is cont9u$ by a broad1 rapidly slop+ s& & %+le bea*1 :i* packs firmly1 & almo/ imm$iately b5ea? ! surface exhibits a di/9ctly /ratifi$ con/ruction--! alt]nate lay]s ( f9e1 flat gravel1 co>se1 clayey s&1 & f9] 8ruby0 7fragm5t$ g>net7 s& slop+ l ! surface1 al?\gh g5]ally ) a mild] pit*1 to ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,native ,,( ,,! ,,l& ,,( ,,nome4 ,! op5 sea front1 ) inl& tundra1 is cont9u$ = a di/ance ( ab\t f\rte5 miles we/w>d ( ,nome1 :]e x is int]rupt$ by ! m\nta9s1 9 a we/-s\?we/ c\rse1 rea*+ ! sea2 flat-topp$ ,sl$ge ,isl&1 s mu* recall+ 9 aspect "s ( ! isl&s ly+ (f ,:ale ,s\nd1 9 ! nor?we/ ( ,gre5l&1 is _! oceanic cont9uation = "s di/ance1 ) %>p breaks on bo? ! oceanic & inn] sides4 ,x is probable t mu* ( ! dbris t has result$ f ! disruption ( ! m\nta9 masses has be5 di/ribut$ littorally by ! sea1 ) an ea/w>d wa%1 to =m ! b>s & %all[s :i* = "s di/ance /ret* along ! coa/2 nor is x impossible t "s ( ! giant b[ld]s ( lime/one1 m>ble1 granite1 & sy5ite :i* are f\nd on ! m>g9 ( ! bea* ab\t f\r or five miles we/ ( ,nome1 "s ( !m measur+ eight & twelve feet or m 9 diamet]1 & all ( !m smoo?ly r\nd$ & ev5ly poli%$1 repres5t a "p ( ?is de/ruction4 ,at ! same "t1 !re is good reason to suspect t !y may h be5 deposit$ by ice action1 ei!r z erratics ( floe ice com+ f ! nor?we/1 or ( glacial di/ribution f ! region ( ! m\nta9s4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! f9al /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! amphi!at] ( ,nome 7! region includ$ betwe5 ,cape ,nome & ,sl$ge ,isl&71 :i* my limit$ obs]vation did n p]mit me to det]m9e to full satisfaction1 x is almo/ c]ta91 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ord9>y glacial te/imony1 t ! region is "o ( pa/ glaciation1 & t mu* ( ! gravel & b[ld] mat]ial ( ! ocean front is ( mora9ic orig91 s modifi$ & alt]$ 9 position by readju/m5ts ( ! l& & wat] z to h lo/ its prop] physiographic cont\rs4 ,! aspect ( ! hills & valleys is almo/ precisely t ( "s ( ! regions ( ,gre5l& :i* h only q rec5tly be5 vacat$ by ! glaci]s1 :ile ! composition ( ! %+le--! inclusion ov] s long a front ( b[ld]s f beyond ! fir/ l9e ( m\nta9 heights1 _m ( !m mo/ m>k$ly groov$ & poli%$--is also highly sugge/ive ( glacial deposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,h>bor ,,( ,,snake ,,riv] 7,,nome74 ,! gold s&s1 or s&s t are work$ = gold1 are m]ely ! ord9>y mat]ials ( ! bea*1 loose & incoh]5t l mo/ sea%ore s&s1 & p>ticul>ly def9+ horizons ?ree to six feet bel[ ! surface4 ,9 regul> /ratifi$ lay]s1 ) f9e & mod]ately co>se gravel1 !y embrace f\r or five di/9ct lay]s ( fragm5t$ g>nets 7! compon5ts ( ! s-call$ 8ruby s&071 & x is f ^!1 & at ?is "t almo/ exclusively f ! bottom lay] ( ?ree to five in*es ?ickness1 :i* is popul>ly describ$ z ly+ on 8b$ rock0--9 mo/ places m]ely a h>d-pan ( ar5ace\s clay or argillace\s s&1 ) no true rock to def9e x--t mo/ ( ! gold is obta9$4 ,ea* ruby b& ne>] to ! top seems to conta9 less & less gold1 & !re is no "q t ! diff]5t lay]s are m]ely re=mations by ! sea f ^? ( e>li] deposition1 j z surface %+le deposits g5]ally are 9 "p recon/ructions ( und]ly+ b$s4 ,t ! ocean is to-day deposit+ ! ruby s& is unmi/akably %[n by ! great pat*es ( ?is s& ly+ on ! surface & its incom+ 9 ! pa? ( ne>ly e /orm4 ,ev5 ^! surface s&s are mildly gold-be>+1 %[+ t ! gold1 despite its high specific gravity1 may be buoy$ up & waft$ 9 by su* a light m$ium z wat] :5 x has be5 r$uc$ to suffici5tly m9ute p>ticles or scalelike =ms4 ,x is little wond] t a g5]al belief has ga9$ curr5cy ) ! m en?usia/ic locators t ! s& gold is a deposition or precipitate f ! sea4 ,! gold itself occurs 9 an exce$+ly f9e /ate ( subdivision1 too f9e 9 mo/ cases to be caught )\t m]cury or ! be/ arrangem5t ( 8blanket+s40 ,mu* ( x is really 9 ! condition ( colors dissect$ ne>ly to _! f9e/ p>ticles1 & x is h>dly surpris+ t x %\ld h s long escap$ detection4 ,occasionally pieces to ! value ( ?ree to six c5ts are obta9$ 9 ! pans1 & ,i 0 witness to ! f9d+ ( a scale ) ! value ( p]haps ne>ly tw5ty c5ts4 ,! usual magnetitic p>ticles are associat$ ) ! gold1 & _! orig9 c cle>ly be trac$ to ! magnetite :i* is s abundantly f\nd 9 "s ( ! s*i/s 7micace\s1 *loritic1 & talcose s*i/s71 :i*1 judg$ by ! fragm5ts & b[ld]s t ev]y:]e lie 9 ! pa? ( ! /reams ( ! tundra1 mu/ be closely simil> to ! s]ies ( s*i/s ( ! ,klondike region4 ,! p>ticles ( fragm5t$ g>net1 :i* by _! a/oni%+ abundance give s di/9ctive a color+ to ! lay]s :i* !y compose or con/itute1 are ( ab\t ! ord9>y f95ess ( sea%ore s&1 p]haps a trifle co>s]1 b occasionally mu* co>s] p>ticles or masses ( p>ticles are f\nd2 & 9 ! plac] deposits ( ,anvil ,creek1 z 9 ! bun* ( claims ar\nd 8,discov]y0--ab\t five miles due nor? ( ,nome--fragm5ts ( ! size ( l5tils are n uncommon4 ,i h se5 full g>nets obta9$ f ! wa% "h :i* 7 ( ! size ( small peas4 ,nodules ( manganese 7manganite1 pyrolusite7 are at int]vals f\nd ) !m1 & "s /ream-t9 7cassit]ite71 z 9 ! ,klondike region1 also appe>s to be pres5t4 ,ap>t f ! evid5ce t is br\ght d[n by ! magnetite & g>net1 x w\ld naturally be assum$ t ! gold _h its primal s\rce 9 ! m\nta9s back ( ! coa/4 ,^!1 z has already be5 /at$1 h und]gone exhau/ive degradation1 & ! mat]ials result+ f _! de/ruction1 9 :atev] way br\ght ab\t1 h be5 ?r[n into ! sea1 & !re adju/$ & readju/$--or1 s f> z ! gold p>ticles are conc]n$1 "o might say 8conc5trat$40 ,latt]ly1 & p]haps ?is is also true to-day1 ! l& has und]gone elevation1 & expos$ mu* t until rec5tly prop]ly belong$ to ! sea4 ,! tundra is a "p ( ?is ocean floor1 & x too d\btless conta9s mu* gold1 p]haps ev5 v mu*4 ,! l5g? ( ! sea /rip t 0 work$ dur+ ! pa/ summ]1 & s f> 9 autumn z ! clem5cy ( ! wea!r p]mitt$1 cov]$ a ne>ly cont9u\s ?irty or ?irty-five miles1 ext5d+ beyond ,synrock on ! we/ &1 ) int]ruptions1 to ,nome ,riv] on ! ea/4 ,! full ext5t ( ! aurif]\s s&s rema9s unkn[n1 h[ev]1 & report claims = !m reappe>ances ?r\gh\t ! entire coa/ z f> z ,cape ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,! season's "w gave easy & lucrative employm5t to p]haps fifte5 hundr$1 mo/ly ne$y1 prospectors1 :o realiz$ on an av]age c]ta9ly n less ?an fifte5 doll>s p] day1 & _m z mu* z sixty1 sev5ty1 & eighty doll>s4 ,x is claim$1 & ,i h little reason to d\bt ! tru?fulness ( ! /atem5t1 t f a s+le rock]1 al?\gh op]at$ by two m51 "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s _h be5 tak5 out 9 ! c\rse ( n9e h\rs' "w4 ,x is also ass]t$ t two m5 realiz$ a =tune ( ?irte5 ?\s& doll>s z ! result ( _! comb9$ season's "w1 & two o!rs are said to h rock$ out =ty-five hundr$ doll>s 9 ! p]iod ( a mon?4 ,wom5 h1 to an ext5t1 %>$ ) m5 ! pleasures ( 8rock+ gold f ! sea10 & _! application 9 ! toils ( ! sea pl[1 ) boot$ =ms1 roll$-up sleeves1 & sunbonnets1 0 c]ta9ly an int]e/+ v>iation on ! bord]s ( ! ,arctic ,circle f ! sc5es "o has gr[n accu/om$ to at ,atlantic ,city or ,newport4 ,illu/ration3 ,,erect+ ,a ,,/eam ,,pump 7,,nome74 ,! plac] deposits ( ! ,nome di/rict are 9 ! =m ( %all[1 l>gely or mo/ly unfroz5 gravels1 :i* occupy v>y+ heights1 p>tly 9 disrupt$ or ov]hang+ b5*es1 ( ! valleys & gul*es :i* tr5* ! slate & lime/one m\nta9s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ favor$ ones are ^? ( ,anvil & ,glaci] ,creeks 7) ,sn[ ,gul* z an afflu5t ( ! latt]71 tribut>ies ( ,snake ,riv]1 & ,dext] ,creek1 a tribut>y ( ,nome ,riv]4 ,my "t & ! conditions ( wea!r p]mitt$ only ( a visit to ,anvil ,creek1 & an exam9ation ma9ly ( ! prop]ties ab\t 8,discov]y40 ,! digg+s "h are all %all[1 f f\r to sev5 feet1 :5 b$-rock1 a /eeply pit*+ & highly fissile slate1 is rea*$4 ,z be=e rem>k$1 ! gravels are n froz51 & !reby pres5t a m>k$ contra/ to ! condition t prevails 9 ! ,klondike region1 & "o1 x is h>dly necess>y to /ate1 :i* is em95tly to ! favor ( economy 9 m9+4 ,a lay] ( ice1 ab\t eight in*es 9 ?ickness1 cov]s "o side ( ! lay]s 9 claim 8,no4 #a bel[10 b b5ea? ?is ! matrix is aga9 op54 ,9 all ^! claims ! pay-/reak 0 at fir/ report$ to be v broad1 b x seems t ! lat] "w has n>r[$ d[n ! probabilities ( ext5sion v measurably--at any rate1 9 ! condition ( a ri* produc]4 ,( ! weal? conta9$ 9 ^! claims !re is no "q1 b x w\ld probably be /ra9+ ! tru? to say t x is ! equal ( t ( ! be/ or ev5 ! bett] claims ( ! ,klondike region4 ,a two days' clean-up f 8,no4 #a bel[0 is report$ to h yield$ ?irte5 ?\s& doll>s1 :ile ! entire product ( t claim f ,july #bf?1 :5 ! fir/ wa% 0 made1 to ,septemb] #ba/1 0 plac$ at "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five ?\s& doll>s4 ,claim 8,no4 #a above0 appe>s to be equally good1 & 8,discov]y0 falls p]haps n v f> bel[ ei!r4 ,a nugget ( ! value ( ?ree hundr$ & twelve doll>s--a magnific5t specim51 measur+ upw>d ( f\r in*es 9 l5g?--0 obta9$ f ! tail+s ( 8,no4 #a bel[02 a l>g] "o1 ( ! value ( f\r hundr$ & ?irty-f\r doll>s1 is to ! cr$it ( 8,no4 #a above40 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ^! ri* claims are locat$ at ! v issuance ( ,anvil ,creek f ! m\nta9s--i4 e41 at ! contact ) ! upp] rise ( ! tundra--& o!r good prop]ties are f\nd /ill l[] d[n1 a condition :i* makes x c]ta9 t ! inn] rea*es ( ! tundra1 :atev] ! :ole tundra may be1 mu/ yield l>gely 9 gold4 ,illu/ration3 8,,digg+0 ,,! ,,sea%ore ,,s&s ,,= ,,gold4 ,! city ( ,nome itself might prop]ly be t]m$ a model ( production4 ,be=e ! end ( ,june1 #ahii1 !re 0 practically no?+ on its pres5t site2 9 e>ly ,july x 0 /ill a place ( t5ts1 b by ! middle ( ,septemb] x _h blossom$ out into a con/ruct$ t[n ( ?ree to f\r ?\s& inhabitants1 m ?an "o half ( :om 7 prop]ly h\s$ 9 well-built cab9s1 ! lumb] = :i* 0 9 "p br\ght f a di/ance ( two ?\s& miles1 & none ( x f less ?an "o hundr$ miles4 ,num]\s /ores & saloons _h arrang$ !mselves on bo? sides ( a well-def9$ /reet 7:i* 0 "h & !re c5trally int]rupt$ by build+ transgressions71 ! famili> signs ( danc+ & box+ b\ts 7 display$ 9 front ( m ?an com=tably fill$ f>o & r\lette e/abli%m5ts1 & 9 a g5]al way ! site wore ! aspect ( rid+ a boom swell4 ,& inde$ !re 0 pl5ty ( activity1 = ! f9al weeks ( f9e wea!r w>n$ ( ! imp5d+ w9try sn[s & bla/s1 & mu* _h to be done individually to %ield "o f ^! & o!r discom=ts4 ,!re 0 at t "t a ?reat5+ %ortage 9 build+ mat]ial1 & fe>s 7 express$ = ^? :o seem+ly w\ld be oblig$ to sp5d ! w9t] mon?s--a dre>y expanse ( ne>ly "o half ! ye>1 ) hurricane bla/s ( icy w9d bl[+ ) a velocity ( fifty to eighty miles an h\r1 & "u ! n v com=table temp]ature ( -#dj to -#fj ,f4--9 ! frail %elt] ( t5ts4 ,h[ _m1 if any1 rema9$ 9 ?is condition c n n[ be kn[n4 ,mu* driftwood & "s coal _h be5 secur$ by _m ( ! m =tunate inhabitants1 & x is possible t "s provision has be5 made by :i* ev]ybody ( ! two or ?ree ?\s& w9t]+ inhabitants w receive a prop] measure ( heat+ sub/ance1 )\t :i* ! utmo/ discom=t mu/ prevail4 ,! la/ coal be=e my dep>ture sold = sev5ty-five doll>s p] ton1 b ,i suspect t lat] importations mu/ h realiz$ ! bett] "p ( d\ble ?is am\nt4 ,9 e>ly ,octob] fl\r c\ld /ill be pur*as$ = sev5 to eight doll>s p] sack1 & meat = a doll> a p\nd1 b ^! prices 7 run up v mat]ially 9 ! p]iod ( ! next two weeks4 ,good meals 7 only a doll>1 & fractions ( meals c\ld be _h = tw5ty-five & fifty c5ts4 ,magnific5t oranges 7 only a qu>t] apiece1 & wat]melons f\r & five doll>s4 ,all ^! prices 71 at ! lea/1 d\bl$ be=e ! fir/ week 9 ,novemb]1 :5 ! locality 0 f9ally cut (f f contact ) ! re/ ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! pr9cipal comm]cial h\ses do+ trade 9 ,alaska--z ! ,alaska ,comm]cial ,company1 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,trad+ & ,transportation ,company1 ! ,alaska ,exploration ,company1 all ( :i*1 besides o!rs1 h _! ag5cies 9 ,dawson & at v>i\s /ations on ! ,yukon ,riv]--h well-con/ruct$1 iron-%ea!d w>eh\ses1 & c>ry l>ge l9es ( goods4 ,! en]gy :i* 9 s %ort a p]iod has plant$ ^! int]e/s "h1 & 9 s sub/antial a mann]1 is c]ta9ly a/oni%+4 ,:o a ye> ago c\ld h expect$ t ! ne$s ( a resid5t population situat$ close "u ! ,arctic ,circle1 & along ! inhospitable %ores ( ,b]+ ,sea1 w\ld h dem&$ depots ( sale ( ! size ( ^? t "o f9ds 9 cities ( importance 9 ! civiliz$ ,s\?8 ,nome pr9ts to-day ?ree newspap]s1 ! fir/ issue ( ! fir/ j\rnal1 ! ,nome ,news1 appe>+ ab\t ! #aj? ( ,octob]4 ,its sell+ price 0 tw5ty-five c5ts4 ,up to ! "t ( my leav+1 !re 7 no s]i\s di/urbances ( any k9d1 b indications ( tr\ble1 result+ f ! disput$ rights ( possession1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( squatt] sov]eignty or ( pur*ase1 7 om9\sly 9 ! air1 & x 0 fe>$ t %\ld s]i\s tr\ble ( any k9d arise1 nei!r ! milit>y nor civil au?orities w\ld be 9 a position to prop]ly cope ) x4 ,x 0 freely admitt$ t ! community 0 n "u ! law t s /rongly =ces ord] 9 ,dawson & ! ,klondike region4 ,mu* m to be fe>$ ?an di/urbance1 = at lea/ ! fir/ season1 is ! possibility ( conflagration2 closely pack$ z are ! t5ts & %acks1 ) no available wat] supply = combat+ flames1 a headway ( fire c n b be a s]i\s m5ace to ! entire location1 & "o :i* is 9 no way less5$ ?r\gh ! g5]al indraught ( hurricane w9ds4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ,dawson %\ld h furni%$ a lesson1 b !y h seem+ly n done s1 nor has app>5tly ! av]age inhabitant pr(it$ 9 any ef=t to w>d (f ! malignant influ5ces aris+ f h>d liv+1 unnecess>y exposure to ! inclem5cies ( ! wea!r1 & a non-hygi5ic diet4 ,h5ce1 typhoid or typho-mal>ial disease1 ev5 if n 9 a v pron\nc$ =m1 has already s[n its se$s ( de/ruction1 & w>ns ( ! dang]s :i* "h1 z 9 ,dawson1 man br+s to himself 9 8 cu/om>y contempt = ! work+ ( ,nature's laws4 ,a ,,/ate ,,(ficial ,,on ,,excessive ,,taxation4 ,,by ,,frankl9 ,,smi?4 ,x is n to gov]nm5t reports t a /ud5t ( social sci5ce looks = w>n+s aga9/ ! p]ils lurk+ 9 ! enorm\s exp5ditures & ! extraord9>y enl>gem5t ( ! duties ( ! /ate4 ,(ficials are usually s deeply impress$ ) ! importance ( _! positions & s anxi\s to magnify ! wor? ( _! labors t !y are prone to take ! rosie/ view ( any "p ( ! great clank+ ma*9e intru/$ to _! c>e4 ,) ! ke5e/ pride !y po9t to _! a*ievem5ts 9 fur!r+ ! "w ( human welf>e4 ,if mode/y does n re/ra9 !m1 !y are c]ta9 to pa9t1 ) an artless fai? 9 _! own abilities1 ! /ill great] "w t c\ld be done ) a slight increase ( funds & a little m assi/ance4 ,n all (ficials1 h[ev]1 p]mit !mselves to indulge 9 ! natural vanity ( bureaucrats4 ,!y refuse ei!r to be bl9d$ to ! p]petual failure ( /ate-made civilization1 or to deceive ! impov]i%$ victims ( ! same co/ly sy/em ( mod]n magic4 ,( ! v few ( ?is class ,mr4 ,james ,h4 ,rob]ts1 = five ye>s ,comptroll] ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1,a is p]haps ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,a/ray z he is on ! "q ( a grad$ inh]itance tax1 & tru/ful z he is 9 ! virtue ( ,/ate sup]vision1 he puts himself beyond criticism 9 8 opposition to ! policy ( ,/ate socialism1 n[ ! rage at home & abroad4 ,inde$1 no "o c\ld hold x up to grav] reproa*4 ,a ,he 0 9 (fice f ,janu>y #a1 #ahid1 to ,janu>y #a1 #ahii4 ,:5ev] an obs]v] ( ! signs ( ! times 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates v5tures to say t !y (f] little food = hope1 he is br&$ z pessimi/ic or unpatriotic4 ,he is told t if he _h ! confid5ce 9 democratic in/itutions ( a man ) a good dige/ion & a fair intellig5ce1 he w\ld "k t !y possess a vitality1 a p[] ( rejuv5ation1 t does n belong to an autocracy nor an ari/ocracy4 ,if he is p>ticul>ly despond5t1 & seeks to ju/ify himself ) fact & argum5t1 he is d5\nc$ z a dang]\s agitator1 or1 :at is a %ade m odi\s1 z an absurd doctr9aire4 ,b ,mr4 ,rob]ts has n be5 consign$ to any su* dep?s ( contempt4 ,he is kn[n z a 8h>d-head$ bus9ess man10 a title ( honor t always frees ! mo/ ridicul\s optimi/ f any suspicion ( ! !ori/ or s5tim5tali/4 ,yet1 z ! sup]visor ( ! f9ances ( a great ,/ate1 he 0 br\ght 9 contact ) a mass ( ph5om5a t =c$ ^u him ! conviction t some?+ is wrong1 & t if x is n right$ x w br+ disa/]4 ,inde$1 ,i d n recall a pessimi/1 h[ev] dyspeptic1 nor a doctr9aire1 h[ev] vision>y1 t has /ruck a m melan*oly note ?an he4 ,9 all 8 reports mu* w be f\nd t indicates any?+ b a belief t a democracy t plund]s & enslaves a p is any bett] ?an any o!r despotism guilty ( ! same (f5se1 or t ! practice 9 ! "o case w be productive ( great] prosp]ity & happ9ess ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! report = #ahig t ,mr4 ,rob]ts gives ! fulle/ expression to 8 appreh5sions4 8,?is c\ntry10 he says 9 an elaborate argum5t = a grad$ inh]itance tax1 :i* he believ$ w\ld br+ "s relief to ! poor & discont5t$1 8has j pass$ ?r\gh ! mo/ ?reat5+ political campaign 9 its hi/ory4 ,! port5ts 9 #ahif 7 va/ly m dang]\s ?an ^? ( #ahfj1 :5 peace & int]nec9e w> hung 9 ! balance4 ,issues 7 advanc$ la/ ye>1 & vigor\sly support$ by a l>ge elem5t ( ! ,am]ican electorate1 :i*1 if adopt$1 w\ld h und]m9$ ! v f\ndations ( ,am]ican in/itutions4 ,^! issues 7 l>gely ! outgr[? ( discont5t among ! p4 ,! f>m]1 z a class1 ! "w p1 & ! small trade folk 7 9 di/ress4444 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( indu/ri\s p 7 out ( employm5t1 ! be/ ef=ts ( ! f>m] _h be5 att5d$ ) poor results1 & ! small tradesman & bus9ess man 7 worse (f ?an if !y _h be5 do+ no?+40 ,9 ! report = ! foll[+ ye> he spoke aga9 ( ! 8public discont5t & dissatisfaction ) exi/+ conditions 9 ?is ,/ate40 ,in/ead ( jo9+ ! com=table & cont5t$ 9 a d5unciation ( !m z a delusion1 born ( envy or crim9al in/9cts1 he express$ ! op9ion t !y _h a v sub/antial basis4 8,my f\r ye>s ( close (ficial /udy ( ! ,/ate f9ances10 he says1 8compels me to say !re is s]i\s gr\nd = compla9t40 ,aft] giv+ an impressive summ>y 9 ano!r place ( ! enorm\s increase ( public exp5ditures )9 rec5t ye>s he is mov$ to ask1 8,:i!r are we drift+80 ,! answ] commonly giv5 to ?is "q is "o q flatt]+ to ,am]ican vanity4 ,x is t we are drift+ away f 8p>o*ial0 ?+s & tak+ our prop] place z a great 8_w p[]40 ,hav+ solv$ all ! petty problems t h absorb$ our ?\ghts & en]gies = a hundr$ ye>s1 we h gone =? to 8take up ! :ite man's burd510 & to solve ! great] problems t a discrim9at+ ,provid5ce has s wisely confid$ to our ability & philan?ropy4 ,at ! same "t we are go+ to h our say z to h[ ! affairs ( ! _w outside ( our n>r[ & cramp+ bord]s %all be manag$4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 h[ev]1 does n appe> to take any su* pleasant view ( ! future4 ,he has none ( ! blood ( ,don ,quixote fl[+ 9 8 ve9s4 ,! be/[al ( ! bless+s ( a ,*ri/ian civilization ) ma*9e guns ^u bree*-cl\t$ savages has no attractions = him4 ,he sees t we h made su* a disgraceful failure ( ! managem5t ( ! contemptible ?+s 9 :i* we h be5 s ignobly absorb$ t we are ?reat5$ ) national decad5ce6 8,:ile ! conte/s aga9/ unju/ & oppressive taxation10 he says 9 8 report = #ahii1 8h be5 ! conte/s ( fre$om & civil & religi\s lib]ty 9 ! _w1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t unju/ & burd5some taxation has be5 9 all ages ! mo/ prolific cause ( national decad5ce z well4 ,!re are nations 9 ,europe1 once great & prosp]\s10 he adds1 ?us recall+ ! w>n+s ( ,"l ,salisbury's fam\s spee* on ! same subject1 8:i* to-day seem dy+ ( dry rot because1 to meet _! imm5se exp5ses & to pay int]e/ on _! great bond$ debts1 taxation has be5 increas$ beyond ! safe limit1 & ! v s\rces ( national prosp]ity h be5 tax$ s t !y run dry1 or s5d d[n a rill :]e x %\ld be a riv]4 ,few national diseases are m dang]\s or h>d] to cure ?an burd5some taxation4 ,c any "o *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( mak+ tax laws10 he asks1 pr(\ndly /irr$ by ! />tl+ facts t h come "u 8 obs]vation1 8af=d to ignore ! und\bt$ lessons ( hi/ory or ! manife/ t5d5cy ( ! times 9 ! matt] ( rev5ue rais+ & exp5d+80 ,obvi\s z is ! fitt+ answ] to ?is "q1 x is "o t few p /op to give4 ,bo? ! lessons ( hi/ory & ! t5d5cy ( ! times are willfully & incessantly ignor$4 ,n only are !y ignor$ by demagogues1 :o ?rive mo/ :5 public di/ress is greate/1 & by misguid$ philan?ropi/s1 :o seek to relieve x 9 ways t only int5sify x4 ,ev5 publici/s1 ^: /udies 9 hi/ory ought to make !m m famili> ) ! signs ( social decad5ce ?an a man ( affairs ) vision less ext5d$1 ignore !m also4 ,!y seem to be z ins5sible to ! real significance ( :at is go+ on be=e _! eyes z ! wood5 totems ( a burn+ tepee4 ,b to m9ds m al]t & p5etrat+1 ev5 if less conge/$ ) mu/y lore & f9e int5tions1 ! flight ( ! f>m+ population to ! cities is some?+ besides 8a great natural movem5t t[>d urban life t accompanies an advance 9 civilization0--x is a desp]ate b futile attempt to escape conditions t h become too h>d to be borne4 ,! sw>ms ( impov]i%$ & degrad$ humanity t cr[d ! slums to suffocation are n altoge!r ! product ( willful slo? & incapacity2 !y are due1 9 a measure1 to ! gr[+ taxation t has wip$ out ! n>r[ m>g9 t sep>ates indep5d5ce f dep5d5ce--self-support & self-respect f de/itution & paup]ism4 ,! hatr$ ( ! ri*1 ! d5unciation ( capital1 ! contempt = ! ,*ur*1 ! bloody insurrections ( labor1 ! g5]al feel+ ( rancor1 accompani$ by an increase ( ! tyranny ( trades unions & gov]nm5t regulations1 are n ! inevitable manife/ations ( envy1 ignorance1 & crim9al in/9cts2 !y are ! inevitable fruits ( ! p]petual aggressions 9 a ?\s& =ms t spr+ f politics & w>4 ,b in/ead ( act+ ^u ?is natural int]pretation ( ! signs ( ! times & seek+ to solve ! social problem 9 ! only way t x c be solv$1 ! 8new0 re=m]s torm5t+ ! _w are engag$ 9 ! inv5tion ( s*emes t add to ! public burd5s & ha/5 ! nation's decay4 ,! reckless exp5diture ( public money 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has n be5 conf9$ to any p>ticul> political division nor to any p>ticul> geographical section4 ,! national1 ,/ate1 & municipal gov]nm5ts h seem$ to vie ) "o ano!r 9 ! plund] ( ! taxpay]4 ,f ! ,nor?1 ! ,s\?1 ! ,ea/1 & ! ,we/ h come ! same compla9ts ( excessive burd5s4,b ,b figures are ne$$ to give ^! /atem5ts ! vividness ( reality4 ,beg9n+ ) national exp5ditures1 ,mr4 ,rob]ts says t dur+ ! decade f #ahbj to #ahcj !y 7 #a4jg p] capita2 f #ahea to #ahfa1 !y 7 #b4jf2 & = ! ye> #ahid1 #f4jh4 8,9 a ^w10 he adds1 8! p] capita exp5se ( ! national ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahid 0 ne>ly six times z great z x 0 9 #ahbj1 & ne>ly ?ree times z great z x 0 9 ! decade be=e our great civil w>40 ,! p] capita exp5ditures ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york 9 #ahcj 7 #a4cj1 ?irty ye>s lat] !y 7 #a4hi1 9 #ahij !y 7 #b4ae1 & 89 #ahig ! e/imat$ p] capita exp5diture rea*$ ! al>m+ am\nt ( #d4ie40 ,t is to say1 ! comb9$ exp5ditures ( ! ,/ate & national gov]nm5ts gave a rate z high z t prevail+ 9 ,france be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution4 8,! t5d5cy to increase10 says ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 comm5t+ on ^! figures1 8is a p]si/5t "o4 ,9 #ahha ! am\nt exp5d$ by ! ,/ate 0 #i1hgh1bad4ei2 9 #ahhd1 #aj1dgi1eag4ca2 9 #ahhg1 #ad1cja1ajb4dh2 9 #ahij1 #ac1jgf1hha4hf2 9 #ahic1 #ag1cfg1cce4ih2 & 9 #ahif1 #bj1jbj1jbb4dg40 ,com+ to municipal exp5ditures1 :]e ! h& ( ! prodigal has be5 mo/ lavi%1 ,mr4 ,rob]ts says t 8betwe5 #ahfj & #ahhj ! municipal debts ( our ,union increas$ f #ajj1jjj1jjj to #fhb1jjj1jjj1 & 9 fifte5 cities1 believ$ to repres5t ! av]age1 ! increase 9 taxation 0 #cfb4b p] c5t1 :ile ! increase 9 taxable valuation 0 b #aef4i p] c5t1 & ( population b #gj p] c5t4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfj ! direct taxes = ,/ate1 c\nty1 t[n1 & city purposes 9 ,new ,york 7 #d4ij p] capita1 9 #ahhj x 0 #h4bj1 & 9 #ahif x _h rea*$ #aj4dc1 an increase 9 ?irty-six ye>s ( #bac p] c5t40 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! bond$ debt--,/ate1 c\nty1 city1 t[n1 village1 & s*ool di/rict--9 ! ,/ate is e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,rob]ts to be #dej1jjj1jjj4 ,is x any wond] t p s m]cilessly plund]$ feel t ! times are out ( jo9t8 ,is x any wond]1 ei!r1 t 9 #ahif ,mr4 ,rob]ts 0 mov$ to say t1 )\t ! discov]y ( new s\rces ( rev5ue1 8a l[ tax rate w\ld nev] aga9 be enjoy$ 9 ?is ,/ate08 ,is x any wond]1 f9ally1 t he decl>$ aga9 t if 8we h n yet pass$ ! dang] limit ( taxation10 we h rea*$ 8a po9t :]e !re is a deep feel+ ( unre/ & dissatisfaction1 & :]e a halt %\ld be call$ or !re w be dang]08 ,b ,f ! mass ( pro(s ( ?is /atem5t 9 my possession ,i w select only "o4 ,9 a call = a conv5tion at ,portl&1 ,me41 on ! #aj? ( ,june la/1 ( all p]sons 8int]e/$ 9 ! revision ( ! pres5t sy/em ( ,/ate taxation & a m economical managem5t ( ! ,/ate affairs10 x is /at$ t 8! exp5ses ( ! ,/ate h increas$ fifty p] c5t 9 t5 ye>s1 :ile ! weal? & population ( ! ,/ate h /eadily decl9$40 ,! object ( ! conv5tion 0 8to prote/ aga9/ ! c\rse ( extravagance t is rapidly br++ reproa* ^u ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate & r$uc+ ! f>m]s & taxpay]s to automatons to gr9d out rev5ue to be absorb$ by a rapaci\s & ev]-multiply+ horde ( (fice-hold]s1 :o dev\r ! p's sub/ance z fa/ z !y produce x40 ,aft] %[+ h[ 8once prosp]\s f>m+ t[ns & t[n%ips h be5 r$uc$ to b little bett] ?an a h[l+ wild]ness10 ! call says 9 conclusion3 8,^! once prosp]\s f>m+ communities 7 r$eem$ f ! native wild]ness by m5 :o 7 no m temp]ate1 indu/ri\s1 or economical ?an ! f>m]s ( to-day1 & ! prices !y receiv$ = _! products 7 z l[ z1 & 9 "s in/ances l[] ?an1 to-day1 b ! fruits ( _! hone/ toil 7 n drawn f !m z fa/ z acquir$ by national1 ,/ate1 c\nty1 &1 9 _m in/ances1 by municipal extravagance1 z x is to-day40 ,! plund]$ peasantry ( ,spa91 ,italy1 or ,russia1 army ridd5 z !y are1 c\ld n h made a m j compla9t4 ,! /ock explanation ( ?is gr[? ( exp5diture is t ) ! advance ( civilization ! co/ ( gov]nm5t mu/ increase 9 l degree2 !re mu/ be m regulation & sup]vision ( ! activities becom+ m num]\s & complex4 ,b ?is means1 if x means any?+1 t ! m enlight5$ & humane p are1 ! m difficult x is to ma9ta9 ord] & en=ce ju/ice1 ! m incl9$ are !y to attack & plund] "o ano!r--9 a ^w1 ! m b>b>\s !y are4 ,prepo/]\s z ?is !ory ( civilization is1 x is precisely ! "o ^u :i* ! ,am]ican p are act+ ) unp>allel$ en]gy4 ,:ile we %\ld naturally ?9k !m mov+ t[>d a po9t :]e !y c\ld get along )\t gov]nm5t1 !y are mov+ t[>d a po9t :]e !y w h no?+ b gov]nm5t4 ,ref]r+ to ! increase ( exp5ditures already m5tion$1 ,mr4 ,rob]ts says x 8corresponds almo/ exactly ) ! increase ( ! numb] ( commissions & dep>tm5ts4444 ,^! dep>tm5ts & commissions10 he cont9ues1 8are l>gely = ! purpose ( ext5d+ social sup]vision & regulation ov] _m ?+s :i*1 9 ! e>li] days ( our ,commonweal?1 7 left to ! localities or to self-regulation40 ,aga9 he says3 8,! am\nt ( ,/ate inspection has become v great1 rea*+ out con/antly ov] new fields1 & employ+ 9 ! aggregate an army ( inspectors4444 ,! sy/em ( laissez faire1 :i* 0 ! rally+ cry ( democracy & free gov]nm5t at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 has yield$ gradually to a sy/em ( sup]vision & control :i* mon>*ies nev] attempt$4444 ,:at our ,/ate has done 9 ?is l9e c n probably be undone10 he says 9 a repetition ( 8 w>n+1 8b ?is t5d5cy to exp& & multiply & diff]5tiate & segregate ,/ate sup]vision & regulation mu/ cease1 or ! burd5 w soon become too griev\s to be borne40 ,b !re is no w>rant = ! assumption t ! m civiliz$ we are--t is1 ! great] our self-control--! m are we 9 ne$ ( inspection & regulation4 ,su* an explanation ( ! enorm\s increase 9 public exp5diture is wor?less4 ,! true explanation lies 9 ! gre$ ( politicians & ! delusion ( social re=m]s4 ,to bo? ( ^! causes mu/ be attribut$ ! evils t ,mr4 ,rob]ts deplores4 8,! tru? ( hi/ory10 he says1 ref]r+ to ! ?irty-six new (fices & commissions creat$ s9ce #ahhj1 8compels ! /atem5t t x looks z if _m ( ^! creations 7 made n s mu* to satisfy a public want z to relieve a political situation40 ,t is to say1 !y 7 design$ to provide spoils = ! insatiable maw ( politicians4 ,"o ( ! mo/ flagrant examples ( ?is popul> me?od ( =w>d+ ! b5efic5t "w ( civilization & ha/5+ ! dawn ( ! mill5nium is ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,m$iation & ,arbitration1 creat$ 9 #ahhf4 ,up to ! pres5t ye> x has co/ ! taxpay]s #aie1hbh4eg4 ,= ?is exp5diture little c be %[n b a %elf full ( reports seldom read1 & a pigeon hole ( v\*]s = sal>ies nev] e>n$4 ,) "o ( ! =m] memb]s ( ?is bo>d1 :o s]v$ ?irte5 ye>s & receiv$ #ci1jjj = 8 able s]vices1 ,i am p]sonally acqua9t$4 ,( my own k1 ,i c say t = ne>ly ?ree ye>s at lea/ 8 duties z commission] nev] int]f]$ p]ceptibly ) 8 duties z editor4 ,t mo/ ( ! o!r (fices & commissions are equally wor?less !re c be no d\bt4 ,altoge!r !y h co/ ! ,/ate ! />tl+ sum ( #ca1gfh1hii4he1 & are increas+ ! public burd5s at ! rate ( m ?an #a1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,b _! true "* z asylums = decay$ politicians1 or z /epp+ /ones = ambiti\s "y ones1 & at all times z c5t]s ( political intrigue & p]sonal pr(it1 is gradually dawn+ ^u ! public4 ,already sev]al ,gov]nors h dem&$1 9 _! annual messages to ! ,legislature1 t !y be consolidat$ or aboli%$4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 x has be5 impossible to relax _! grip on ! taxpay]4 ,ob$i5t to ! in/9cts ( _! k9d1 !y are inv5t+ new argum5ts to e/abli% _! claims to ! confid5ce & gratitude ( ! victims ( _! gre$ & incompet5cy4 ,b ! creation ( new & ne$less (fices is n ! only manife/ation ( :at ,mr4 ,rob]ts fitly calls 8! vici\s t5d5cies ( legislation40 ,m demoraliz+ are ! laws t actually enc\rage ! robb]y ( "o class ( p = ! b5efit ( ano!r4 ,a famili> example is ! b\nty law = ! de/ruction ( fi%+ nets4 ,almo/ z soon z pass$ x produc$ a new indu/ry--namely1 ! manufacture ( *eap nets1 :i* 7 deposit$ 9 fi%+ wat]s1 subsequ5tly discov]$ & seiz$ by a pre-arrangem5t1 & made ! basis ( dem&s ^u ! public treasury out ( proportion to _! value4 ,s great h be5 ! frauds p]petrat$ "u x t ! cry = its repeal comes f e qu>t]4 ,ano!r law ev5 worse morally 0 pass$ to meet ! clamor ( ! bicycli/s & bicycle manufactur]s4 ,x provides t tw5ty-five p] c5t ( ! co/ ( s-call$ good roads to be built "u x %all be paid by ! ,/ate4 ,z cities & villages are exempt f its provisions1 ?is sum1 :i* comes out ( ! pockets ( all taxpay]s1 urban z well z rural1 is1 z ,mr4 ,rob]ts says1 simply 8a gratuity to ! t[ns = ! b5efit ( c\ntry roads40 ,z a sign ( ! moral decad5ce ( ! times1 ,i ought to add t "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & effective argum5ts 9 favor ( ! law 0 ?is v discrim9ation4 ,/ill m %ameless 0 "o ( ! *ief argum5ts 9 favor ( ! ,ra9es liquor law4 ,) a moral call\sness truly a/\nd+1 its advocates fram$ tables ( figures to %[ h[ great a p]c5tage ( taxation x w\ld %ift f ! c\ntry to ! city di/ricts4 ,9 ! heat$ political campaign t foll[$1 ^! tables 7 made to d s]vice aga9 to save f defeat ! p>ty responsible = ! enactm5t4 ,to indicate1 f9ally1 h[ legislation may enc\rage vice1 ,i mu/ n omit to m5tion ! provision t creat$ ! ,ra9es hotel4 ,"u x assignation h\ses h multipli$ to a degree t ,satan himself c\ld n h =ese5 nor h be5 m en*ant$ )4 ,b ! greate/ inroads on ! pockets ( ! taxpay] h be5 made "u ! pret5se ( *>ity4 ,i say 8pret5se0 because x is a gross misuse ( language to decorate ) s f9e a ^w ! seizure ( a man's prop]ty "u ! =ms ( law & to devote x to ! o/5sible relief ( want & suff]+4 ,x is ! infliction ( an aggression t has no m w>rant 9 a c\rt ( s\nd morals ?an ! seizure ( 8 prop]ty 9 disreg>d ( ! =ms ( law4 ,yet ?is evil has rea*$ su* va/ proportions t ,mr4 ,rob]ts 0 mov$ to prote/ aga9/ x4 ,aft] speak+ ( 8! t5d5cy ( ! ,/ate 9 build+ up a gigantic sy/em0 t 8w call = an enorm\s & ev]-increas+ annual exp5diture = ma9t5ance10 he express$ ! belief 9 #ahif t 8! "t has come to call a halt be=e ?is burd5 ( taxation becomes too heavy40 ,he !n m5tion$ ! significant fact t :ile ! ,/ate sp5t #f1jjj1jjj = *>ity1 #d1hjj1jjj = public s*ools1 #hjj1jjj = ! militia1 x sp5t only #ejj1jjj = judges' sal>ies6 ,he po9t$ out also t ! exp5ditures "u ! head ( *>ity _h increas$ f #a1dfh1dga4eh 9 #ahhg to #e1hhh1aic4gd 9 #ahig1 or ov] f\r hundr$ p] c5t 9 t5 ye>s4 ,he add$ ! prophecy t x w\ld be 8a matt] ( a %ort "t only :5 ! annual exp5ditures = *>ity alone 9 ?is ,/ate w rea* #aj1jjj1jjj40 ,at t "t five l>ge ,/ate *>itable in/itutions 7 9 process ( con/ruction1 & 7 soon to be ?r[n op5 to ! public4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he rev]t$ to ! subject 9 /ill /rong] t]ms4 8,god =bid10 he says1 8t ,i %\ld put a /raw 9 ! way ( *>ity rationally direct$2 b my f\r ye>s' exp]i5ce z comptroll] 444 compels me to say t *>ity is disp5s$ 9 ?is ,/ate ) an almo/ lavi% h&1 & 9 my judgm5t x is 9 _m cases unwisely disp5s$40 ,9 8 la/ report to ! ,legislature ! aggregate co/ ( ! f\rte5 great in/itutions 9 op]ation1 ) a population ( #f1fba1 is put at #f1hih1cjd4eb4 ,t ?is enorm\s l>gess1 wre/$ f ! taxpay]s )\t ! slighte/ consid]ation = _! own wants & suff]+s1 is unwisely disp5s$ 9 _m cases ,mr4 ,rob]ts furni%es ! ample/ pro(4 ,! *>ges t he br+s aga9/ ?is =m ( ,/ate activity are mo/ s]i\s4 ,!y reveal ! same odi\s traits t *>act]ize ! managem5t ( public affairs 9 no wise connect$ ) ! love ( humanity4 8,ne>ly e locality10 says ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 8hav+ a ,/ate *>itable in/itution deals ) x z ?\gh x 7 e/abli%$ to af=d t locality an av5ue ?r\gh :i* to rea* ! ,/ate treasury1 & 9 mo/ cases1 :]e a majority ( ! manag]s live "u or are dom9at$ by local influ5ce1 ! av5ue has be5 pr(itably travel$4 ,! result ( su* pr$om9ance is comb9ation among local deal]s1 a division ( ! furni%+ ( ! supplies among !m at greatly advanc$ prices1 ! palm+ (f ^u ! in/itution ( inf]ior articles :i* w\ld f9d no sale 9 ! m>ket1 a r[ ) ! sup]9t5d5t if he und]takes to exp5d money outside ( ! locality1 &1 ?r\gh friction & di/urbance1 ! "w ( ! in/itution is m or less demoraliz$40 ,he *>ges t 8! only aim0 ( "s in/itutions 8seems to be ! exp5diture ( _! entire appropriation1 irrespective ( ! numb] ( inmates provid$ = or ! results obta9$40 ,putt+ ! same *>ge 9 ano!r way1 he says t 8! co/ ( an in/itution is m frequ5tly bas$ ^u ! am\nt ( ! appropriation grant$ by ! ,legislature ?an ^u its real or app>5t necessities40 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! manag]s ( ! in/itutions aga9/ :om ^! a/oni%+ *>ges are br\ght are pick$ p1 repres5t+ mu* m ?an ! av]age "* & ability1 ! conclusion is n unnatural t w>d heel]s & caucus pack]s h no monopoly ( ! rott5 e?ics ( politics4 ,if we look a little fur!r into ! managem5t ( ! in/itutions1 all ! famili> footpr9ts ( ! unscrupul\s politician become visible4 ,money appropriat$ = specific purposes is div]t$ f !m4 ,ov] fifty-five p] c5t ( ! am\nt exp5d$ 9 #ahih "u special appropriations 0 us$ = ! b5efit ( two in/itutions1 leav+ less ?an =ty-five p] c5t = ! rema9+ f\rte54 ,plans = new build+s or ! improvem5t ( old are s *ang$ z to require an exp5diture consid]ably 9 excess ( ! money appropriat$ = ! purpose4 ,n infrequ5tly ! excess ranges f tw5ty-five to fifty p] c5t1 & ?us ! way is pav$ = fur!r appeals to ! ,legislature to meet ! di%one/ deficits4 ,a m repreh5sible use ( public money is appropriations = new build+s & improvem5ts ( old ones belong+ to private in/itutions4 ,z examples1 ,mr4 ,rob]ts cites ! exp5diture ( #gg1dgc ^u ! private prop]ty ( ! ,malone ,in/itute = ,deaf-,mutes1 & #deg1eef ^u t ( ! ,r&all's ,isl& ,re=matory4 8,9 my judgm5t10 he says1 express+ an op9ion t e fair-m9d$ p]son w approve1 8?is is a mi/ak5 public policy4 ,if ^! in/itutions are to be /eady recipi5ts ( ,/ate aid = p]man5t improvem5ts1 ! title ( ! prop]ty %\ld be transf]r$ to ! ,/ate40 ,o!rwise any philan?ropi/ might f\nd a *>itable in/itution to provide himself ) cong5ial employm5t1 &1 avail+ himself ( ! c\rtesy ( ! ,/ate to ?ru/ 8 h&s into ! pockets ( 8 neighbors1 make additions to x & keep x 9 repair4 ,b ^! are by no means ! only ways t money pick$ f ! pockets ( taxpay]s is p\r$ into ! bottomless pit ( ,/ate philan?ropy4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common & mo/ exp5sive is ! unju/ifiable increase ( sal>ies4 ,9 #ahid & #ahie1 :5 ! c\ntry 0 /ill 9 ! ?roes ( ! great panic ( #ahic & :5 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p 7 glad to get "w at almo/ any pay1 ! sal>y li/ ( n9e *>itable in/itutions 0 increas$ =ty ?\s& doll>s a ye>4 ,indef5sible v>iations 9 ! p] capita co/ ( practically ! same s]vice discloses ano!r mode ( wa/e4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts gives elaborate tables 9 exposure ( ?is evil4 ,:ile ! p] capita co/ ( ! inmates ( ! ,we/]n ,h\se ( ,refuge = ,wom5 at ,albion is #bed4bg1 t ( ! inmates ( ! ,h\se ( ,refuge = ,wom5 at ,hudson is #bag4fc4 ,aga91 :ile ! p] capita co/ ( ! inmates ( ! ,/ate ,indu/rial ,s*ool at ,ro*e/] is #bai4di1 t ( ! inmates ( ! ,re=matory on ,r&all's ,isl& is #baj4ei4 ,/ill aga91 :ile ! p] capita co/ ( ! inmates ( ! ,/ate ,s*ool = ! ,bl9d at ,batavia is #cac4gd1 t ( ! inmates ( ! ,nor!rn ,new ,york ,in/itute = ,deaf-,mutes at ,malone is #beh4cf4 ,if x be rememb]$ t ! in/itutions on ,r&all's ,isl& & at ,malone are "u private managem5t1 ! l[] rate prevail+ !re1 comp>$ ) ! high] rate at ! ,batavia & ,ro*e/] in/itutions1 sugge/ a fact ( no slight significance4 8,private in/itutions10 says ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 call+ att5tion to x1 8are only paid 9 "s in/ances #aaj p] annum = ! c>e & support ( inmates1 444 :ile ! co/ 9 ,/ate in/itutions is m ?an #bjj p] annum40 ,yet1 despite ! possible indef9ite multiplication ( su* facts1 ! 8new0 re=m] p9s 8 fai? to ! ,/ate z a fit ag5t = ! reg5]ation ( 8 fell[s4 ,be=e leav+ ^! in/itutions ,i mu/ call att5tion to ano!r *>act]i/ic =m ( wa/e4 ,i ref] to ! delicacies furni%$ to ! (ficials & inmates4 8,x has n seem$ exactly "r10 says ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 sett+ =? ! sc&al 9 v mod]ate t]ms1 8t ! taxpay]s ( ! ,/ate %\ld be requir$ to pay = ,blue ,po9ts1 lob/]1 t]rap91 frogs' legs1 p>tridge1 quail1 v5ison1 & mo/ ( ! delicacies ( ! season to supply ! tables ( (ficials already well paid & well h\s$ by ! ,/ate40 ,b solicitude ab\t table economies 0 nev] kn[n to be a trait ( bureaucratic p>asites4 ,!y nev] tr\ble !mselves to prolong _! vision to ! meag] tables ( ! poor & suff]+ robb$ ( ! necess>ies ( life to load !irs ) luxuries4 ,! same limit$ vision is exhibit$ on holidays 9 _! g5]osity at o!r p's exp5se4 8,is x fair10 says ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 prote/+ aga9/ ?is t\*+ display ( human goodness1 8t ! av]age work+man %\ld we> poor clo!s & live on pla9 f>e 9 ord] t he may br+ up 8 family dec5tly & hone/ly1 :ile ! inmates ( ,/ate in/itutions are indulg$ ) turkey at eighte5 c5ts a p\nd1 footballs at #d4hc ea*1 oranges1 c&y1 nuts1 ice cream1 & exp5sive luxuries8444 ,x mu/ n be =gott510 he adds1 m5tion+ a tru? commonly =gott5 ev5 by p t h rea*$ a high] civilization ?an t ( ! av]age ,/ate (ficial1 8t ! money sp5t = ^! inmates is n volunt>y contribution1 b is ! product ( en=c$ taxation40,c ,c ,b ,i ought to add t ?is mismanagem5t ( ,/ate *>itable in/itutions is duplicat$ 9 ! managem5t ( o!r ,/ate dep>tm5ts t came "u ,mr4 ,rob]ts's obs]vation4 ,al?\gh m ?an #bd1jjj1jjj h be5 sp5t on ! new ,capitol1 x proves to be too small = ! purposes x 0 design$ to meet4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts recomm5ds ! conv]sion ( ! old ,/ate ,hall into a f9ance build+4 ,! ,/ate ,libr>y has become s l>ge t x w soon require a sep>ate build+4 ,! rac+ tax law 0 s bungl+ly fram$ t ! collections "u x 9 #ahif 7 att5d$ ) 8m difficulty & exp5se ?an usual40 ,z ! =e/-pres]ve law /ood 9 #ahif1 x p]mitt$ p pur*as+ ,/ate l&s to /rip !m ( lumb]1 & !n1 ow+ to c]ta9 irregul>ities connect$ ) ! sale1 mak+ x illegal1 to recov] ! money orig9ally paid ) int]e/ at six & sev5 p] c5t add$4 ,because ( ! abs5ce ( any law cov]+ ! p]sonal exp5ditures ( memb]s ( legislative inve/igat+ committees1 claims = sev5 & eight doll>s a day are r5d]$1 al?\gh f\r or five doll>s a day are believ$ to be ample4 ,let me add t ^! inve/igations1 :i*1 dur+ ! p]iod f #ahgi to #ahif inclusive1 co/ #hbc1ecd4ea1 reveal ano!r s\rce ( wa/e f ,/ate managem5t4 ,/ill ano!r s\rce ( wa/e is ,/ate pr9t+4 ,po9t+ out ! 8gr[+ exp5ses ( ,/ate pr9t+10 ,mr4 ,rob]ts %[s t !y h increas$ f #ie1jbi4ea 9 #ahhg to #cae1ehe4ha 9 #ahif4 ,at "o "t ! law 0 s defective t x 0 impossible to frame specifications = bids t w\ld all[ = pr9t+ ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,= example1 blanks v>y+ f two to ?ree in*es squ>e to two & ?ree feet _h to be class$ 9 ! same s*$ule & price4 ,a ne$less quantity ( reports is pr9t$4 ,"s ( !m are pr9t$ 9 ! highe/ /yle ( ! art & ri*ly embelli%$ ) exp5sive plates & engrav+s4 ,"o report = #ahie co/ #db1jjj1 & o!rs co/ z high z #bj1jjj & #cj1jjj4 8,x does n seem logical10 says ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 comm5t+ on ?is extravagance1 8to sp5d z mu* on ! illu/ration ( a report z x co/s = cl]k hire 9 _m dep>tm5ts40 ,ano!r evil is ! failure ( ! ,legislature to appropriate money en\gh to meet ! pr9t+ bills ea* ye>1 ?us mak+ x necess>y ei!r to borr[ money to pay !m or to compel ! pr9t] to wait = 8 pay at a loss ( int]e/ on ! am\nt due him4 ,9 ?is connection att5tion mu/ be call$ to ! failure ( ! ,legislature to provide money en\gh to cov] exp5ditures dur+ ! p]iod int]v5+ be=e funds are available f taxation4 ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,rob]ts recomm5d$ repeat$ly legislation = ! avoidance ( ?is difficulty1 :i* causes wa/e1 no att5tion 0 paid to him4 ,! managem5t ( c\rt & tru/ funds by c\nty treasur]s has be5 p>ticul>ly sc&al\s4 ,9 disreg>d ( ! express direction ( ! c\rts1 ?\s&s ( doll>s 7 reta9$ by p>ties or _! attorneys = _! own p]sonal b5efit4 ,money has be5 paid out by c\nty treasur]s )\t c]tifi$ ord]s ( ! c\rts m]ely ^u ! assurance ( attorneys t ! paym5ts 7 prop]4 ,! rules fram$ by ! comptroll] 9 reg>d to ?is matt] 7 con/antly disreg>d$4 ,excessive all[ances 7 made = co/s ( attorneys4 ,9 ! case ( "o e/ate ( #gej1 ?us robb$1 only #fj rema9$ = ! paym5t ( ! debts aga9/ x4 ,by ! defalcations ( c\nty treasur]s1 c\rt & tru/ funds are (t5 deplet$1 & ! b5efici>ies1 (t5 wid[s1 orphans1 & un=tunate litigants1 are robb$4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts has recomm5d$ legislation on ?is subject1 b no att5tion1 z f> z ,i "k1 has be5 paid to x4 ,x is "o ( ^? 8p>o*ial0 que/ions t ! ,am]ican p appe> to h no ta/e =4 ,b x w\ld seem z if ! protection ( citiz5s1 especially ! poor & weak1 0 ! fir/ duty ( ! ,/ate4 ,resi/ance to aggression is "o ( ! fundam5tal in/9cts ( ! human race4 ,x has be5 en=c$ dur+ c\ntless ages by ! p5alty ( ext]m9ation4 ,only ! p t refuse to be kill$1 or robb$ & enslav$1 :i* are modifi$ =ms ( ! same crime1 c respond to a scriptural injunction2 !y alone c be fruitful1 multiply1 & repl5i% ! e>?4 ,all o!rs mu/ succumb to ! pitiless law ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,ef=ts to escape taxation n sanction$ by ju/ice1 s common ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are n1 !re=e1 exhibitions ( hopeless depravity2 !y are exhibitions ( ! natural desire = self-pres]vation t dem&s /udy & he$4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate ! ef=ts ( taxpay]s to escape ?is increas+ aggression h _h a deplorable effect4 ,to /ill ! voice ( discont5t & compla9t1 legislators h tri$ to lay on _! burd5s z lightly z possible4 ,act+ ^u a famili> def9ition ( taxation1 !y h tri$ to pluck ! goose s z to get ! mo/ fea!rs ) ! lea/ squawk4 ,b 9 _! obs]vance ( ! pr9ciples ( humanity !y h %[n b slight reg>d = ! pr9ciples ( economics or ju/ice4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts *>act]izes _! enactm5ts z 8confus$1 illogical1 & conflict+02 he adds t !y are 8ne>ly all legislative make%ifts1 & _m ( !m blund]s40 ,! moral effect ( ! aggression has1 h[ev]1 be5 m disa/r\s ?an ei!r ! economic or /atutory4 ,to escape x1 ! own]s ( e class ( prop]ty1 no matt] :at _! intellig5ce1 _! religi\s pr(essions1 or _! social /&+1 resort to e possible subt]fuge4 ,) ! cries ( ! tortur$ f[l r++ 9 sympa!tic e>s1 complaisant (ficials refuse to assess real e/ate1 z requir$ by law1 at its full value4 8,! assessor10 says ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 describ+ ?is =m ( evasion & its evil consequ5ces1 8und]takes1 by r$uc+ valuations on 8 own responsibility & 9 defiance ( law1 to protect 8 own c\nty or t[n f pay+ m ?an its fair proportion ( tax1 & self-int]e/ lulls ! moral s5se ( ! community into support ( 8 action40 ,! same law ( assessm5t applies to ! :ole ,/ate1 yet !re are tw5ty-five rates ( assessm5t 9 ! sixty c\nties1 & ^! rates range f fifty to n9ety-two p] c5t ( ! value ( ! l&4 ,! own]s ( p]sonal prop]ty avoid _! obligations 9 a mann] /ill m repreh5sible4 ,!y ei!r conceal x or lie ab\t x4 ,:ile its am\nt dur+ ! pa/ =ty ye>s has rea*$ ! enorm\s total ( #ah1jjj1jjj1jjj1 or m ?an f\r times ! value ( ! real e/ate1 its assess$ value has n increas$4 ,x is ,mr4 ,rob]ts's conviction1 bas$ ^u 8/udy & obs]vation10 t n 8m ?an ?ree p] c5t0 ( x is assess$4 ,! result is t1 al?\gh real e/ate pays a rev5ue ( ov] #i1jjj1jjj a ye>1 p]sonal prop]ty pays "o ( only ab\t #a1jjj1jjj4 ,z to ! corporations1 !y are equally al]t 9 avoid+ _! obligations4 ,be=e ! enactm5t ( a rec5t law !y did x by wat]+ _! /ocks & issu+ bonds1 ?us creat+ an indebt$ness equal to _! capital4 ,!y d x n[ by incorporat+ 9 o!r ,/ates & c>ry+ on bus9ess 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,!y d x also by neglect+ = a c]ta9 "t to make ! reports requir$ by law1 & !n tak+ refuge beh9d ! /atute ( limitations4 ,if ! burd5s ?ru/ ^u !m c n be %irk$ or borne1 !y fly to o!r ,/ates1 :]e ! aggressions ( ! tax collector are less ru9\s4 ,to compel (ficials to d _! duty1 c\ntless exp$i5ts h be5 inv5t$ f "t immemorial4 ,9 ! face ( pro( m\nta9s high t no legislative or adm9i/rative device c uproot ! selfi%ness imb$d$ 9 human nature or re%ape ! conduct mold$ to ?is immutable fact1 social quacks /ill cont9ue to spawn _! s*emes to "w ! miracle4 ,slight z is ,mr4 ,rob]ts's sympa?y ) !m1 he is no exception4 ,z a panacea = ! di%one/y & incompet5cy ( ! c\nty treasur]s t mismanage c\rt & tru/ funds1 he recomm5ds ! sub/itution ( ,/ate = local inspection4 ,by a simil> application ( hocus-pocus1 he w\ld transmute ! extravagance ( ! manag]s ( *>itable in/itutions into exempl>y economy4 ,disgu/$ ) ! *>latans 9 *>ge ( c]ta9 duties connect$ ) ^! in/itutions requir+ special skill & k1 he ?9ks 8x w\ld be well to provide a corps ( en?usia/ic sci5ti/s 444 :o h m ?an a pecuni>y int]e/0 9 _! "w4 ,b ano!r recomm5dation ( 8 is a direct assault on ?is simple fai? 9 ! honor & integrity ( speciali/s4 ,already _m ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ! ,/ate are 9 ! h&s ( m5 suppos$ to h a special aptitude & lik+ = _! duties4 ,b ,mr4 ,rob]ts f9ds t 8leav+ ! dep>tm5t to exp5d ! money z x deems be/10 in/ead ( appropriat+ x = a specific purpose1 8is n 9 ! int]e/ ( economy40 ,he says t 8x absolutely deprives ! ,legislature ( t judicial scrut9y ( ! necessity ( appropriations0 t 8x %\ld always ex]cise1 & leaves to ! judgm5t ( "o :at c\ld (t5 be bett] decid$ if consid]$ by sev]al40 ,c\ld a deadli] bl[ be giv5 to a common !ory t "u gov]nm5t managem5t we h ! same division ( labor & ! same p]fect adju/m5t ( means to ends t we h "u private managem5t8 ,:at legislative body1 *os5 by univ]sal suffrage1 ! mo/ p]fect in/rum5t ev] inv5t$ = ! selection ( incompet5ts1 w\ld enable x to ex]cise ! sup]vision ov] ! ?\s& activities ( life t ,mr4 ,rob]ts recomm5ds8 ,! same futile +5uity exhibit$ 9 mak+ (ficials d _! duty is exhibit$ 9 mak+ taxpay]s d !irs4 ,"o ( ! multitude ( plans sugge/$ is a s+le tax on l&2 b t does n seem promis+1 = x w\ld n prev5t ! discrim9ations t assessors make--discrim9ations t ,mr4 ,rob]ts himself believes to be beyond ! rea* ( ev5 ,/ate sup]vision4 ,ano!r is a m rigid en=cem5t ( ! p]sonal-prop]ty tax2 b ?is is equally unpromis+4 8,! fact is10 says ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 8t f ! dawn ( civilization ! wit ( man has fail$ to discov] a plan by :i* intangible p]sonal prop]ty c\ld be made to pay its %>e ( taxation1 & x w nev] be made to pay on ! ord9>y assessm5t plan40 ,besides ! increase ( taxes on corporations1 ! taxation ( fran*ises1 :i* has j be5 au?oriz$1 & a g5]al revision & simplification ( tax laws1 x has be5 propos$ t a grad$ inh]itance tax be adopt$4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts is p>ticul>ly enamor$ ( ?is idea4 ,b 8 advocacy ( x betrays ! same disreg>d ( ! rights ( o!rs1 & leads to ! same appeals to speci\s facts & argum5ts t always accompany ! commission ( aggression 9 politics z well z 9 w>4 ,8 reason+ is t s9ce 8special privileges conf]r$ by gov]nm5t10 su* z t>iff laws1 corporation laws1 public fran*ises1 etc41 are 8! f\ndation ( mo/ ( ! great =tunes ( ! c\ntry to-day02 s9ce ^! =tunes are1 to a consid]able ext5t1 8compos$ ( p]sonal prop]ty0 t 8v l>gely escapes taxation02 s9ce ! dec$5t has be5 8all[$ ! use & enjoym5t ( 8 =tune dur+ life10 & ! b5efici>y simply pays 8a fee = ! privilege ( receiv+ an e/ate 9 ! creation ( :i* he _h little or no h&02 &1 f9ally1 s9ce he c make no j compla9t aga9/ ! paym5t ( su* a fee1 z 8 "r to receive 8 =tune 8comes f ! ,/ate--is by ! grace ( ! ,/ate0--! seizure at dea? ( a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( all e/ates beyond a prescrib$ am\nt w\ld be only ju/ice to 8! mass ( small l&[n]s & taxpay]s :o h f ye> to ye> borne m ?an _! equitable %>e ( ! burd5 ( taxation40 ,b1 ! fallacies ( su* an argum5t are easily expos$4 ,! moral own]%ip ( prop]ty does n lie 9 ! ,/ate2 x lies 9 ! labor & skill ( ! man t accumulat$ ! prop]ty4 ,! moral title to a beque/ does n lie 9 t fiction ei!r2 x lies 9 ! "r ( ! dec$5t to d :atev] he pleases ) 8 own4 ,if great =tunes h be5 unju/ly acquir$ 9 consequ5ce ( special privileges a great wrong has be5 committ$1 & x is n right$ by ! commission ( ano!r wrong4 ,! only rep>ation t c be made is to aboli% ! privileges4 ,s obvi\s a sugge/ion does n1 h[ev]1 appe> to h occurr$ to ,mr4 ,rob]ts4 ,b ev5 if all ! re=ms 9 taxation t c\ld be imag9$ 7 put 9 op]ation !y w\ld n meet ! situation2 !y w\ld n deliv] ! ,am]ican p f ! great & al>m+ evil ( ov]-legislation & excessive taxation4 ,an increase ( rev5ue1 l an increase ( sup]vision1 is almo/ c]ta9 to increase ! inju/ice t x 0 design$ to abate4 ,! fir/ ye>'s op]ation ( ! ,ra9es law contribut$ m ?an #c1ejj1jjj to ! ,/ate treasury1 yet ! addition to ! public exp5ditures t accompani$ its enactm5t made a high tax rate necess>y4 ,:at ! situation requires1 !re=e1 is n m b less social regulation & taxation4 ,we ne$ also a gradual re/riction ( ! duties ( ! ,/ate to ! limits laid d[n by ,mr4 ,sp5c]--to ! pres]vation ( ord] & ! en=cem5t ( ju/ice4 ,al?\gh n app>5tly a disciple ( t philosoph]1 ,mr4 ,rob]ts himself virtually subscribes to ?is view4 ,9 8 la/ report he dem&s 8f> great] economy & c>e 9 public exp5ditures1 & no fur!r excursions 9 ! field ( social sup]vision & regulation40 ,,late/ ,,developm5ts ,,) ,,! ,x ,,rays4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,john ,,tr[bridge1 ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,jeff]son ,,physical ,,laboratory1 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity4 ,we h become accu/om$ to see+ photographs ( ! bones ( our h&s1 & we no long] /op at %op w9d[s to look at ,x-ray photographs4 ,inde$1 !y are r>ely display$1 & ! lectur] :o once gaz$ on a sea ( faces z he endeavor$ to expla9 ! mo/ m>vel\s electrical s5sation ( ?is c5tury n[ addresses a m]e h&ful ( li/5]s4 ,su* pati5t he>]s cont9u+ to ! end may /ill he> ( m>vel\s p]=mances ( ?is /range light ( :i* ! great public are ev5 n[ ignorant1 & 9 ?is pap] ,i %all take my read]s into a physical laboratory & endeavor to make ! g5]ally unkn[n manife/ation ( ! new rays pla9 & free f te*nical language4 ,i am sure t we %all all leave ! laboratory ) our imag9ation full ( ?\ghts ( unkn[n movem5ts 9 ! air ab\t u--?\ghts ( possible telepa?ic waves ?r\gh space1 conceptions ( new ranges ( n]ve excitations1 hopes ( new lights1 conceptions ( ! va/ness ( ! electrical :irls 9 t elevat$ region :]e ! molecules ( ! air1 9 _! endeavor to fly into ! abyss ( space1 are controll$ by ! e>?'s =ces & are end[$ ) electrical en]gy by ! sun4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at is ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( ! ,x rays8 ,h we m effici5t me?ods ( produc+ !m1 & c we see f>!r into ! recesses ( ! human body8 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/ "q1 we c say t1 al?\gh we may n be able to answ] dogmatically t we "k :at ^! rays are1 we h valuable h9ts 9 reg>d to _! "*1 & our k ( _! manife/ations & _! relation to light waves & magnetic waves has greatly increas$ dur+ ! f\r ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce _! discov]y4 ,!y are n[ believ$ by ! be/ au?orities to be magnetic & electrical pulses1 or waves ( extremely %ort l5g?4 ,9 ! spectrum ( sunlight =m$ by s5d+ a beam ?r\gh a prism ( qu>tz ! ,x-ray pulses or waves are to be f\nd1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 beyond ! violet color ( ?is spectrum--f> into ! d>k region invisible to ! eye1 & only br\ght into view at pres5t by ! aid ( photography4 ,9 ?is invisible region reside _m s+ul> manife/ations ( en]gy closely analog\s to ^? ( ! ,x rays4 ,! ultra-violet rays invisible to ! eye h ! prop]ty ( refraction4 ,!y c be b5t out ( _! c\rse by prisms made ( qu>tz4 ,! ,x rays1 h[ev]1 c n be direct$ f a /raight c\rse4 ,?is is _! greate/ peculi>ity1 & _m attempts1 bo? ma!matical & exp]im5tal1 h be5 made to elucidate x4 ,x is n a fatal objection to ! ,x rays be+ class$ ) light waves1 =1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ev5 light waves c be made to lose ! p[] ( be+ b5t aside4 ,leav+ = ! pres5t a fur!r discussion ( ! "q ,:at are ! ,x rays8 let u exam9e :at ! actual condition ( ! art ( us+ ! rays is4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to improve ! ,crooke's tube1 9 :i* ! rays are produc$1 b1 l ! h& telephone1 its =m has rema9$ sub/antially unalt]$ s9ce ! fir/ flu% ( discov]y4 ,its pres5t =m consi/s ( a bulb ( ?9 glass1 exhau/$ ( air1 conta9+ a little concave mirror ( alum9um1 & opposite to ?is1 sep>at$ by a gap ( sev]al in*es1 is an incl9$ %eet ( ?9 plat9um1 call$ ! focus plane1 or antica?ode4 ,! electrical dis*>ge passes betwe5 ?is plane & ! mirror1 & ! ,x rays are ?r[n (f f ! incl9$ %eet ( plat9um4 ,!y are n reflect$ 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 b ! electric rays conv]ge f ! mirror to a spot on ! plat9um :i* gl[s ) a r$ heat1 & ! ,x rays emanate f ! heat$ spot z if x 7 _! s\rce4 ,?\s&s ( inve/igators h endeavor$ to improve ! =m ( tube1 b1 ) sev]al important m9or app5dages1 x /ill ma9ta9s ! pr9cipal features ( an alum9um concave mirror & an incl9$ plane ( plat9um4 ,alum9um is f\nd to be ! be/ metal = ! mirror f :i* ! rays are g5]at$1 l>gely because its metallic p>ticles are n torn (f by ! dis*>ge1 z w\ld be ! case if x 7 made ( plat9um4 ,x is also light1 & c be easily fix$ to a plat9um wire4 ,among ! important modifications ( ! tube are ^? :i* enable ! op]ator to control ! degree ( vacuum 9 ! tube4 ,?is is accompli%$ by seal+ to ! ma9 tube an app5dage conta9+ c]ta9 *emicals :i*1 on be+ heat$1 give (f a small am\nt ( vapor1 & :i* take x up aga9 on cool+4 ,?is modification is made necess>y by ! s+ul> fact t aft] a ,crooke's tube is submitt$ to an electrical dis*>ge = "s "t ! vacuum becomes m & m complete1 & a high] & high] electro-motive =ce or pressure is ne$$ to produce ! dis*>ge 9 ! tube4 ,x pref]s 9 "t to jump ov] ! surface4 ,?us1 at ! v beg9n+ ( our use ( ! ,x rays we meet ) a my/]y4 ,:]e d ! rema9+ p>ticles ( air g8 ,x is surmis$ t !y disappe> 9 ! plat9um t]m9als4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,! evolution ( ! ,crooke's tube4 ,! manufacture ( ! ,x-ray tubes te/s te*nical skill & ! pati5ce ( ! exp]im5t] m highly1 p]haps1 ?an ! prep>ation ( any app>atus us$ 9 sci5ce4 ,glass work+ is a difficult art1 & requires an absolute devotion to x4 ,!re is only "o metal kn[n :i* w enable an electrical dis*>ge to pass into & out ( a r>efi$ space inclos$ by glass4 ,?is is plat9um4 ,a wire ( ?is metal c be seal$ into glass s t no air c leak into an exhau/$ space ar\nd ! jo9ts4 ,all electric lamps1 s commonly us$ 9 electric light+1 h little wires ( plat9um at _! bases1 by means ( :i* ! electric curr5t ent]s & leaves ! bulb4 ,! ,crooke's tube is 9 pr9ciple an ,edison lamp ) ! filam5t brok54 ,! mak] ( ,crooke's tubes %\ld complete ! mak+ ( ! tube at "o sitt+1 = reheat+ ( ! tube is v apt to lead to a disa/r\s crack+ ( ! glass4 ,he mu/ take ! utmo/ precautions aga9/ unequal heat+ & sudd5 cool+1 & he mu/1 above all1 h ph5om5al pati5ce4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! evolution ( ! ,crooke's tube :i* is us$ to produce ! ,x rays4 ,! fir/ =m ( tube 0 b>ely l>g] ?an a goose's egg4 ,! size has be5 gradually increas$1 & at pres5t x is ?ree or f\r times l>g] ?an ! orig9al =m4 ,! int]ior arrangem5t has n be5 mat]ially *ang$1 & consi/s1 z we h said1 ( a concave mirror1 :i* con/itutes ! negative electrode1 & an incl9$ %eet ( plat9um1 f :i* ! ,x rays seem to emanate4 ,! lat] =ms ( tube h accessory *amb]s1 fill$ ) c]ta9 *emicals1 :i*1 on be+ slightly heat$1 r$uce ! vacuum to ! desir$ po9t4 ,c]ta9 =ms ( tubes h m]ely an additional *amb] :i*1 on be+ heat$1 r$uces ! vacuum 9 ! ma9 vessel4 ,! late/ =m ( tube1 devis$ by ,dr4 ,william ,roll9s1 ( ,bo/on1 has a holl[ anode tube 7,b ,c1 ,fig4 #a71 ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( wat] c circulate 9 ord] to save ! tube f break+4 ,! end ( ?is anode tube is small1 9 ord] to =m a %>p radiant po9t ( light4 ,"o ( ! plat9um wires 7,p7 ins]t$ 9 ! tube projects outside "s di/ance4 ,:5 ! vacuum becomes too high 9 ! tube1 ?is plat9um wire is slightly heat$ 9 a gas flame2 !n ! flame is bl[n out & ! hydrog5 is all[$ to fl[ aga9/ ! heat$ wire4 ,a suffici5t am\nt ( ! gas is absorb$ by ! heat$ wire to r$uce ! vacuum 9 ! tube4 ,?is tube /&s v p[]ful electrical dis*>ges1 & is ! mo/ sci5tifically design$ tube at ! comm& ( ! exp]im5t]4 ,!re are ?ree me?ods ( g5]at+ ! electrical dis*>ge :i* produces ! rays4 ,! commone/ me?od is t 9 :i* ! ,ruhmkorf coil is us$4 ,?is coil is :at is n[ kn[n z a trans=m]1 & consi/s ( "o coil ( a few turns ( co>se wire1 :i* is connect$ to a batt]y or o!r s\rce ( electricity1 & ( ano!r coil surr\nd+ ! fir/ ( a great numb] ( turns ( f9e wire4 ,any sudd5 *ange ( ! batt]y curr5t produces an electric pressure or electro-motive =ce at ! ends ( ! f9e coil ( wire4 ,by ?is simple arrangem5t ( two coils we c ?us exalt a curr5t ( l[ pressure to "o ( high electro-motive =ce4 ,a batt]y curr5t :i* c b>ely produce an electric sp>k ( "o hundr$? ( an in* at ! ends ( ! co>se coil c cause a sp>k ( eight in*es or m at ! t]m9als ( a f9e coil4 ,9 ! second me?od "o uses an ord9>y electrical ma*9e 9 :i* ! glass plates are supplant$ by rubb] ones1 :i* are run at a high rate ( spe$4 ,bo? ( ^! me?ods h _! advocates4 ,! use ( ! ,ruhmkorf coil is ! mo/ univ]sal4 ,! ?ird me?od consi/s 9 *>g+ a numb] ( ,leyd5 j>s by a /orage batt]y & 9 dis*>g+ ^! "o aft] ano!r1 s z to obta9 a high electro-motive =ce4 ,?is me?od is a v flexible "o4 ,i c exp]im5t ) my app>atus ov] a range ( electric pressure ext5d+ f tw5ty ?\s& units to ?ree million4 ,! electrical dis*>ge produc$ by ?ree million units or volts is ov] six feet 9 l5g?4 ,! app>atus = dis*>g+ ! ,leyd5 j>s or cond5s]s 9 s]ies is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,app>atus = produc+ electrical sp>ks six feet 9 l5g?4 ,a f\r? me?od1 fir/ us$ by ,pr(essors ,norton & ,goodw91 ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 consi/s 9 dis*>g+ a quantity ( electricity ?r\gh ! co>se coil ( a ,ruhmkorf coil4 ,?is me?od obviates ! necessity ( a me*anical break to int]rupt ! batt]y curr5t :i* is employ$ to excite ! curr5t 9 ! co>se coil ( ?is app>atus4 ,i h exp]im5t$ ) m p[]ful quantities ( electricity ?an h be5 hi!rto us$4 ,! accompany+ photograph gives an idea ( ! magnitude ( ! quantity :i* ,i c use to excite ! ,x rays4 ,x repres5ts ! dis*>ge1 burn+ a f9e iron wire1 & x makes a noise resembl+ ! crack ( a pi/ol4 ,n[1 ?is dis*>ge c be us$ 9 a v>iety ( ways to excite v>i\s trans=m]s 9 ord] to produce ! be/ conditions = excit+ ! ,x rays4 ,! me?od ( us+ ?is p[]ful dis*>ge to excite a trans=m] seems at pres5t ! mo/ promis+ "o 9 seek+ ! be/ conditions = obta9+ rays ( high p5etrat+ p[]4 ,!re is /ill ano!r me?od ( obta9+ ! rays yet 9 its infancy--! simple/ me?od ( all1 = no app>atus is requir$4 ,x has be5 discov]$ t c]ta9 sub/ances1 l ! salts ( uranium1 h ! p[] ( emitt+ rays :i* h all ! prop]ties ( ! ,x rays4 ,! li/ ( su* sub/ances is con/antly increas+1 & !y are call$ radio-active sub/ances4 ,x is possible to take a %ad[ picture ( ! h& ?r\gh a bo>d by plac+ ! h& on a cov]$ s5sitive plate1 re/+ ! bo>d on ! back ( ! h&1 & /rew+ ! bo>d ) "o ( ^! radio-active sub/ances 9 ! =m ( a p[d]4 ,c x be t all ! skill & indu/ry :i* has be5 employ$ to p]fect ,x-ray app>atus is to be supplant$ by a p[d]8 ,! peculi> prop]ty %[n by ! radio-active sub/ances leads inve/igators to surmise t we h evid5ce ( new sub/ances1 & we h ! waves radium & polonium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,! burn+ ( an iron wire by ! mo/ p[]ful electric dis*>ge yet produc$4 ,! me?ods by :i* ! ,x rays are detect$ 9 practical employm5t 9 surg]y h n be5 ess5tially *ang$4 ,! ord9>y photographic plate1 %ield$ 9 a plate hold]1 is /ill us$ to receive ! %ad[ ca/ by ! bones1 & salts ( b>ium or ( calcium /rewn on pa/ebo>d s]ve z fluoresc5t scre5s to receive on _! lum9\s surfaces ^! %ad[s & to make !m evid5t to ! eye4 ,an int]e/+ use ( flexible s5sitive films in/ead ( glass plates has be5 made 9 d5ti/ry4 ,! films are put 9 ! m\?1 & ! ,crooke's tube plac$ outside 9 su* a position t ! rays c pass ?r\gh ! jaw4 ,9 ?is way ! accompany+ photographs 7 tak5 7,fig4 #d74;,d ,d ,k9dness ( ,dr4 ,dwight ,m4 ,clapp1 ,bo/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--a4 ,male pati5t1 ag$ t5 ye>s4 ,tempor>y incisors 9 position ) ! p]man5t incisors ne>ly ready to erupt4 ,! roots ( ! tempor>y tee? ne>ly absorb$4 ,"r tempor>y c5tral cut incisor de/roy$ by a bl[ five ye>s previ\s1 %[+ gutta-p]*a fill+ put 9 at ! "t :i*1 ) ! dead root1 has be5 absorb$ 7same z ! live root ( ! o!r c5tral74 ,x is taught 9 ! text-books t tee? ) dead n]ves are n absorb$4 #b4 ,tempor>y mol>s 9 position ) no signs ( ! p]man5t bicuspid :i* %\ld take its place4 #c4 ,pati5t1 ag$ t5 ye>s4 ,%[s ! op5 ends ( ! incisor roots4 #d4 ,%[s "o bicuspid & two mol> tee?4 ,! roots ( ! tee? pass ?r\gh ! floor ( & into ! cavity ( ! antrum4 ,! spongy "* ( ! bone is %[n4 #e & #f4 ,sup]ior jaw1 "r & left sides1 %[+ tempor>y cuspid tee? 9 place1 ) ! p]man5t cuspids imb$d$ 9 ! jaw entirely cov]$4 ,! use ( photographic films 9 ! application ( ! ,x rays 9 surg]y w d\btless ext5d2 we c easily imag9e cases :]e ! necessity ( ! use ( ! knife may be avoid$ by ! in=mation :i* a c>efully plac$ film might af=d4 ,9 g5]al1 ,x-ray photographs convey m in=mation to ! skill$ eye ( ! speciali/ ?an to ! untra9$ inspector ( !m4 ,!y %\ld be /udi$ f ! negatives !mselves1 = ! delicate details c n be reproduc$ 9 a pr9t4 ,x is rem>kable t %ad[ pictures c %[ s mu* def9ition4 ,"h is a photograph ( an elb[ jo9t :i* %[s ! texture ( ! bones 7,fig4 #e74;,e ,e ,tak5 by ,pr(essor ,goodspe$1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! use ( ! fluoresc5t scre51 too1 has be5 greatly ext5d$4 ,dr4 ,francis ,h4 ,williams1 ( ,bo/on1 has us$ x z a valuable in/rum5t 9 m$ical diagnosis1 especially 9 /udy+ lung diseases4 ,x has be5 us$ at ! ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool to foll[ ! processes ( dige/ion4 ,to accompli% ?is1 9 "o in/ance a goose 0 f$ ) food mix$ ) subnitrate ( bismu?1 a salt :i* absorbs ,x rays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,photograph ( an elb[ jo9t1 %[+ ! texture ( ! bones4 ,! passage ( ! d>k mass d[n ! long neck ( ! bird c\ld be trac$ on ! fluoresc5t scre51 & ! peculi>ities ( its motion 9 ! gullet c\ld be /udi$4 ,a cat 0 also f$ ) ! same sub/ance1 & ! movem5ts ( its /oma* not$4 ,^! movem5ts 7 analog\s to ^? ( ! he>t--9 o!r words1 7 rhy?mical :5 ! processes ( dige/ion 7 go+ on normally & un9t]rupt$ly4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! cat 0 irritat$1 x may be by ! sight ( a dog1 ^! pulsations in/antly ceas$4 ,z soon z ! s\rce ( vexation 0 remov$ & ! purr+ ( ! animal %[$ a cont5t$ frame ( m9d1 ! /oma* resum$ its rhy?mical movem5ts4 ,! dep5d5ce ( ! dige/ive app>atus on ! /ate ( ! n]v\s sy/em 0 ?us cle>ly %[n4 ,! female cat 0 mu* m tractable "u ^! exp]im5ts ?an ! male4 ,! use ( ! ,x rays is accompani$ ) "s dang] if ! ,crooke's tube is n prop]ly us$4 ,a long exposure to ! ,x rays is apt to produce bad burns :i* are l sunburns1 & lead 9 c]ta9 cases to bad ulc]ations4 ,!y are long 9 heal+ & are *>act]iz$ by a peculi> r$ gl[1 especially on exposure to a cold w9d4 ,to prev5t !m "o %\ld place a %eet ( ?9 alum9um betwe5 ! ,crooke's tube & ! "p ( ! body submitt$ to ! rays4 ,?is %eet %\ld be connect$ to ! e>?4 ,?is fact %\ld be borne 9 m9d :5 we come to speak ( ! electrical region outside a ,crooke's tube4 ,_m inve/igators1 reflect+ ^u ! s+ul> fact t ! rays pass s freely ?r\gh ?9 alum9um & t1 on ! contr>y1 glass absorbs su* a l>ge p]c5tage1 conclud$ t ,crooke's tubes provid$ ) alum9um w9d[s w\ld be an improvem5t ^u ! ?9 inc&esc5t lamplike bulbs n[ us$4 ,! glass ( ^! bulbs is v ?91 n m ?an "o ?\s&? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 :]e ! rays em]ge1 n ?ick] ?an a %eet ( ord9>y note pap]1 & ! absorption ( su* a %eet ( glass is s small t x c n be detect$ by photography4 ,?us a sliv] ( glass ( ?is ?ickness 9 ! h& w\ld n appe> on ! ,x-ray photograph ( ?is memb]1 & w\ld n ca/ a %ad[ 9 ! fluoroscope4 ,!re does n seem1 !re=e1 any advantage 9 supply+ a ,crooke's tube ) an alum9um w9d[4 ,! me*anical difficulties1 too1 9 accompli%+ ?is are v great4 ,!re is no way ( jo9+ ! ?9 alum9um disk to ! glass s t an air-tight jo9t c be made4 ,9 ! process ( exhau/+ ! ,crooke's tube1 ! tube mu/ be heat$ to a comp>atively high temp]ature 9 ord] to drive (f ! air :i* cl+s to ! inside ( ! glass4 ,! rise ( temp]ature w\ld s(t5 or melt any curr5t :i* might be us$ to make ! alum9um adh]e to ! glass4 ,we c n expect1 !re=e1 any improvem5t 9 ! direction ( alum9um w9d[s4 ,at "o "t1 ,i suppose t ! rays 7 highly absorb$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh atmosph]ic air1 & t x w\ld be an improvem5t 9 ! application ( ! rays to surg]y to int]pose1 s to speak1 a vacuum *amb] betwe5 ! body & ! s\rce ( ! ,x rays4 ,! exp]im5t l$ to "s int]e/+ results1 b n 9 ! direction anticipat$4 ,! vacuum *amb] consi/$ ( a glass cyl9d] ?ree feet long & ab\t eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! two ends 7 clos$ by %eets ( alum9um1 & x c\ld be exhau/$ ?r\gh a side tube4 ,! read] w imm$iately ask1 9 view ( :at has be5 said1 ,h[ c\ld ! glass tube be h]metically clos$ ) %eets ( alum9um8 ,?is 0 inde$ a difficult matt]1 b less difficult ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,crooke's tube1 = ! ends ( ! glass cyl9d] 7 provid$ ) heavy brass flanges1 :i* 7 p]fectly flat1 & ! %eets ( alum9um ly+ smoo?ly c\ld be conf9$ by _m bolts betwe5 ! flange & suitable brass heads4 ,?is cyl9d]1 hav+ be5 exhau/$1 0 plac$ betwe5 ! ,crooke's tube & ! arm1 = in/ance1 9 ! hope t a great] dep? ( human fle% & tissue might be p5etrat$ by ! rays4 ,x 0 spe$ily se5 t ! absorption ( ! lay] ( air ?ree feet ?ick c\ld n be detect$ ei!r by photographs or ! fluoresc5t scre54 ,! glass cyl9d] 0 !n fill$ ) r>efi$ hydrog51 b no advantage 0 app>5t4 ,if ! photographs ( ! human h& 7 tak51 "o ?r\gh ! r>efi$ cyl9d] & ! o!r ?r\gh an equival5t ?ickness ( air1 no diff]5ce 9 cle>ness or dep? ( def9ition c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,! am\nt ( absorption by a column ( air ?ree feet 9 l5g? is less ?an t5 p] c5t4 ,?is result int]e/$ me greatly1 = x %[s ! rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,x rays & ! ca?ode rays1 :i* _h be5 inve/igat$ by ,crooke1 ,hittorf1 & ,l5>d2 = ! ca?ode rays are greatly absorb$ by atmosph]ic air1 be+ r$uc$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh five or six in*es ( air to "o f\r-hundr$? "p ( _! value4 ,! small am\nt ( absorption ( ! ,x rays lifts !m into ! realm ( v %ort wave l5g?s ( light1 = _! behavior 9 reg>d to ! absorption by air is v analog\s to t ( ultra-violet rays4 ,al?\gh ! vacuum *amb]1 by :i* ,i look$1 %[$ no absorption ( ! ,x rays1 x disclos$ a beautiful ph5om5on4 ,9 a d>k room ?is l>ge tube1 ?ree feet long & eight in*es wide1 0 fill$ ) a roseate light1 :i* wav]$ l ! nor!rn lights :5 ! ,crooke's tube 0 emitt+ ! ,x rays4 ,if ! f+] 0 br\ght ne> ! glass walls ( ! cyl9d] a /ream ( light app>5tly emanat$ f a po9t on ! inside wall ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! h& ?us _h gho/ly /ream]s giv+ an image ( x1 al?\gh ! h& itself 0 invisible4 ,^! bann]s ( light c\ld be div]t$ 9 any direction by ! h& or by any conduct+ body br\ght ne>1 & gave a vivid conception ( h[ ! /ream+ ( ! aurora c be br\ght ab\t by ?is flitt+ ( conduct+ cl\ds or ! drift+ ( moi/ure-lad5 /rata ( air bel[ ! r>efi$ space 9 :i* ! beams ( ! nor!rn light d>t back & =?4 ,bo? 9 ! case ( ! ,crooke's tube & ! aurora ^! /ream]s are produc$ by electrical dis*>ges ?r\gh r>efi$ air4 ,! exp]im5ts %[ t outside ! ,crooke's tube !re is a /rong electrical attraction & repulsion1 :i* is only reveal$ 9 d>kness & 9 a cold1 lifeless1 airless space1 su* z exi/s betwe5 u & ! sun4 ,c we n ext5d our ?\ghts f ! contemplation ( ?is laboratory exp]im5t to t ( ! imm5sely great] play ( electrical =ces betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun across ! imm5se vacant space n9ety millions ( miles 9 di/ance8 ,! my/]i\s effects ( ! ,x rays on ! molecules 9 ! air =m a great subject ( inquiry1 & ! inve/igation ( x promises to ext5d our k ( electricity & light & heat4 ,:5 ! ,crooke's tube is excit$ we are consci\s ( a my/]i\s activity )9 x1 = its glass walls gl[ ) a phosphoresc5t light1 & if c]ta9 cry/als1 l ! diamond or ! ruby1 are plac$ 9 ! tube1 ?is phosphoresc5t light is vivid4 ,outside ! tube1 9 free air1 ^! lum9esc5t effects are also pres5t4 ,! air is "u an electrical /ra91 :i* is %[n by ! auroral /ream]s :5 ?is air is r>efi$1 & an electrical *>ge c n be ma9ta9$ on a pi? ball--x is dissipat$ 9 "s /range mann]4 ,/ill /rang]1 an electrical curr5t is greatly aid$ by ! ,x rays 9 its endeavor to pass ?r\gh air--!y make = ! "t be+ air a conductor4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! rays sep>ate ! air into positively lad5 & negatively lad5 p>ticles4 ,! electrical dis*>ge 9 ! ,crooke's tube is _m-sid$ 9 its manife/ations4 ,its en]gy seems all-p]vad+ 9 ! room :]e x occurs4 ,be=e ! dis*>ge passes ?r\gh ! r>efi$ space 9 ! tube its en]gy manife/s itself by a crackl+ sp>k1 a m9iature lightn+ dis*>ge4 ,?is sp>k1 five or six in*es 9 l5g?1 c s5d out magnetic waves :i* ext5d f> beyond ! n>r[ limits ( ! room4 ,!y c be detect$1 by ! me?ods ( wireless telegraphy1 fifty miles4 ,:5 ! same am\nt ( en]gy is develop$ 9 a ,crooke's tube ! magnetic waves h>dly pass beyond ! walls ( ! room1 & ! ph5om5on ( phosphoresc5ce & fluoresc5ce & ! /range molecul> effects outside ! ,crooke's tube spr+ into prom95ce4 ,! crackl+ sp>k outside ! tube is f>-rea*+ 9 its effect1 yet x %[s no signs ( ! ,x rays1 its light c n p5etrate ! human body1 x excites only a feeble phosphoresc5ce at a di/ance ( ev5 two or ?ree feet1 :ile ! same en]gy excit$ 9 ! ,crooke's tube c cause lum9esc5ce at a di/ance ( tw5ty feet4 ,! crackl+ sp>k1 h[ev]1 c be se5 mu* f>!r ?an ! light ( ! ,crooke's tube1 & x c also impress a photographic plate at mu* great] di/ance4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts w illu/rate ! diff]5t manife/ations ( en]gy ( :i* an electrical dis*>ge is capable4 ,i produc$ an electrical sp>k ab\t six in*es 9 l5g? & expos$ a photographic plate = six seconds1 at a di/ance ( two1 t51 & tw5ty feet1 to its light4 ,a ?9 /rip ( t91 ) a circul> hole cut 9 x1 s]v$ z a %utt]4 ,! s5sitive plate 0 ?us protect$1 except 9 front ( ?is ap]ture4 ,! images exhibit ! decrease 9 light ) ! increase ( di/ance4 ,ano!r portion ( ! s5sitive plate 0 expos$ 9 ! same mann] dur+ ! same l5g? ( "t to ! light ( a ,crooke's tube :i* 0 excit$ by ?is same sp>k4 ,no image 0 obta9$ at a di/ance ( t5 feet1 & b>ely "o at ?ree feet4 ,! sp>k 9 air1 !re=e1 0 f> m en]getic photographically ?an ! ,x rays1 b x c\ld n p5etrate solid mat]ials4 ,?is prop]ty 0 giv5 to x by its passage ?r\gh r>efi$ space4 ,i !n cov]$ a scre5 ) a phosphoresc5t sub/ance1 & expos$ x to ! sp>k 9 air4 ,! phosphoresc5t light c\ld b>ely be detect$ at a di/ance ( ?ree feet1 :ile ) a sp>k 9 r>efi$ air x c\ld be se5 at a di/ance ( tw5ty feet4 ,:5 we consid] ^! exp]im5ts we see t ! ,x rays act t[>d phosphoresc5t matt] mu* z ! sp>k 9 air behaves t[>d ! photographic plate4 ,n[1 ^! results1 tak5 9 connection ) ! /rong electrical effects 9 ! neighborhood ( an excit$ ,crooke's tube1 po9ts to a c]ta9 connection betwe5 phosphoresc5ce & electricity4 ,c x be t ! /range light is excit$ by v %ort electrical waves s5t out f ! tube1 :i* c n travel f> b are v active 9 produc+ molecul> effects8 ,?is activity1 inde$1 may prev5t _! ext5d+ to great di/ances4 ,wireless telegraphy evid5tly dep5ds ^u "o set ( waves s5t out by a sp>k1 & ,x-ray photographs ^u ano!r set develop$ only 9 r>efi$ air4 ,phosphoresc5ce c n be produc$ ) ease by ! sp>k 9 air4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is develop$ to a rem>kable degree & at comp>atively great di/ances by ! dis*>ge 9 r>efi$ air4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,mr4 ,burbank & myself t electrical =ce c develop phosphoresc5t light 9 c]ta9 cry/als4 ,! sunlight c d ! same4 ,is sunlight an electrical ph5om5on8 ,t x is con/itutes ! greate/ hypo!sis 9 physics ( ?is c5tury4 ,:5 we reflect1 too1 t ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! firefly is excit$ by "s manife/ation ( a liv+ organism--n]ve =ce or "s relat$ =ce--%all we n include n]ve =ce 9 ! electrical category8 ,! ,x rays1 !re=e1 br+ into prom95ce /range lights :i* _h h]et(ore be5 notic$ *iefly by ke5-ey$ inve/igators1 & :i*1 ) _! names1 phosphoresc5ce & fluoresc5ce1 7 unkn[n to ! bulk ( mank9d4 ,! fluoresc5t scre51 by means ( :i* surgeons obs]ve ! skeleton ( ! body1 has n[ tak5 its place 9 m$ical practice ) ! /e?oscope1 by :i* ! me*anism ( ! lungs is /udi$1 & hopes h be5 excit$ t ! bl9d may yet use ! ,x rays 9 detect+ objects & 9 rega9+ a s5se ( vision1 ev5 ?\gh ?is s5se may be only p>tial4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! ret9a ( ! eye is phosphoresc5t & fluoresc5t1 & t "o c see ! %ad[ ( c]ta9 objects 9 ! d>k :5 "o /&s s t ! feeble ,x rays fall ^u ! eye4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ret9a acts z a fluoresc5t scre54 ,! eye at pres5t recognizes only a limit$ numb] ( ! waves t are surg+ ab\t u4 ,we c see ! colors f r$ to violet1 b ! d>k colors1 s to speak1 =m$ by waves long] ?an #a_/djjjj ( an in* & %ort] ?an #a_/ajjjjj ( an in* make no recognizable impress ^u our ret9a1 unless1 inde$1 !y con/itute telepa?ic signals :i* app>5tly /ir our consci\sness & make u believe t fri5ds are communicat+ f a di/ance4 ,! electrical dis*>ge has lift$1 s to speak1 a realm ( %ort waves ( en]gy out ( ! d>kness & made !m visible4 ,c ! human bra9 be made consci\s ( o!r waves :i* fill space8 ,b we h n by any means exhau/$ ! protean manife/ations ( ! ,x rays4 ,besides ! photographic1 ! phosphoresc5t1 & fluoresc5t effects1 !re are /ill m s+ul> prop]ties ( ^! rays4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ consi/s 9 _! op5+ a pa? = a curr5t ( electricity4 ,! electrical dis*>ge1 feeble 9 itself1 n capable ( lift+ by means ( a motor a p\nd weight a foot f ! floor1 is yet compet5t to op5 a pa? = a curr5t :i* c set all ! trolley c>s ( a great city 9 motion4 ,to exhibit ?is my/]i\s effect we br+ ! ends ( ! electrical curr5t :i* we wi% to excite ne> ea* o!r1 b n t\*+1 9 a glass tube ) ?9 walls1 f :i* ! air has be5 exhau/$4 ,:5 ! ,x rays fall on ! gap betwe5 ! wires ! electrical curr5t imm$iately jumps across ! gap ) a vivid light4 ,we h "h ! me*anism ( an electrical relay--! feeble en]gy ( ! electric dis*>ge c call into play a giant en]gy4 ,by :at en]gy does x accompli% ?is8 ,is x by compell+ molecules to put !mselves 9 l9e1 s t ! electrical curr5t c bridge ! gap8 ,is x by break+ d[n ?is my/]i\s e!r ( space1 z if we ?rew a /one at a turbid bull's eye 9 a prison *amb] & let 9 a flood ( sunlight8 ,h[ ! imag9ation is /irr$ by ?is process1 :at seems dead & lifeless c1 by a physical ag5cy1 be /irr$ to endless activity6 ,! rays are l ! t\* ( ,i?uriel's spe>4 ,! electrical dis*>ge c accompli% all ?is1 b ! /ory ( its activity is n yet told4 ,x c n be told1 = ea* ye> adds in=mation 9 reg>d to ^! activities1 = !re are ?\s&s ( inve/igators at "w4 ,ano!r f>-rea*+ manife/ation is ?is3 ! rays c sep>ate ! air or a gas into its con/itu5t p>ticles1 mu* z a /rong electrical curr5t sep>ates wat] into oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,!y c communicate electrical *>ges to ^! p>ticles--positive & negative *>ges4 ,! *>g$ air-p>ticles1 :5 =c$ ?r\gh p>titions ( spun glass1 does n give up _! electricity z !y d :5 !y are *>g$ by an electrical ma*9e4 ,?is curi\s manife/ation leads me to suspect t ! electricity & magnetism ( ! e>? may be caus$ by an ,x-ray effect on our atmosph]e4 ,! sun & ! e>? are sep>at$ l ! t]m9als ( a ,crooke's tube--two conductors ) a vacuum betwe54 ,an electrical excitation f ! sun may cause an electrical dis*>ge betwe5 x & ! e>?4 ,?is dis*>ge might consi/ ( an ,x-ray effect :i* c\ld sep>ate ! upp] lay]s ( ! atmosph]e into positive & negative *>ges4 ,! velocity ( ! negatively *>g$ p>ticles is great] ?an t ( ! positively *>g$ ones1 & ! revolution ( ! e>? may cause su* a movem5t ( ^! electrifi$ p>ticles t electrical curr5ts may be g5]at$ :i* 9 circulation ar\nd ! e>? c\ld produce ! obs]v$ magnetism ( ! nor? & s\? poles1 toge!r ) ! auroral lights *>act]i/ic ( ^? regions4 ,?is1 ,i am well aw>e1 is an audaci\s !ory4 ,x is c]ta9ly a va/ ext5sion ( ! laboratory exp]im5ts ,i h describ$1 b ! electrical radiations develop$ 9 electrical dis*>ges are z compet5t to produce p[]ful magnetic :irls z ! heat radiations 9 our atmosph]e to develop cyclones4 ,9 ! l[] regions ( our atmosph]e ! air is an insulator l glass to ! passage ( an electrical curr5t4 ,a lay] a foot ?ick c prev5t ! circulation ( ! mo/ p[]ful curr5t :i* is n[ us$ to g5]ate horse p[]4 ,:5 ?is air space is r>efi$ at a c]ta9 degree ( r>efaction ! electrical curr5t passes1 especially1 z we h se51 if x is illum9at$ by ! ,x rays4 ,:51 !re=e1 we asc5d to a height ( t5 or tw5ty miles ! r>efi$ air becomes an excell5t conductor ( electricity ( high electro-motive =ce4 ,to my m9d ! conditions exi/ = develop+ an electrical /ate 9 ! e>?'s cov]+ ( air1 :i* is compet5t to expla9 ! electrical manife/ations ( ! air1 ! auroral gleam1 & ! my/]i\s effect on ! magnetic ne$le :i* keeps x direct$ to ! magnetic nor?4 ,c n we conclude t ! /udy ( ! ,x rays bids fair to greatly ext5d our conceptions ( ! con/itution ( matt] & ( ! action & int]action ( ,nature's =ces8 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,himalayan explor] report$1 a few ye>s ago1 t he _h se51 f "o ( ! l(ty summits ( ! ,m\nt ,ev]e/ di/rict1 a peak :i*1 beheld 9 ! same view ) ,m\nt ,ev]e/1 0 evid5tly high] ?an x4 ,no?+ has be5 he>d ( ! matt] s9ce !n till ! rec5t appe>ance ( ,major ,l4 ,a4 ,waddell's book1 ,among ! ,himalayas4 ,?is au?or1 :o has explor$ ! same region1 repres5ts t ! ,tibetans !re say !re is ano!r m\nta91 due nor? ( ,m\nt ,ev]e/1 t exce$s t peak 9 height1 ?us confirm+ ! /ory ( ! =m] ,alp9i/4 ,x appe>s t ,m\nt ,ev]e/ is n call$ ,gaurisank> or ,deodunga1 z "s affirm1 b t ! ,tibetan "n ( ! culm9at+ peak ( ! gr\p is ,jomokang-k>--8,! ,lady ,:ite ,glaci]40 ,a ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,cl>ke1 ,,*ief ,,*emi/1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey4 ,x is h>dly an exagg]ation to say t *emi/ry1 z a sci5ce1 is ! creation ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,*emical facts1 inde$1 7 kn[n ev5 9 remote antiquity2 "s pr9ciples 7 dimly anticipat$ long be=e ! c5tury began2 ,boyle _h giv5 ! fir/ rational def9ition ( an elem5t2 ! pr9cipal gases _h be5 discov]$2 great f\ndations 7 laid1 ready = ! sup]/ructure4 ,b ! mak+ ( bricks is n ar*itecture1 nor does ! accumulation ( details con/itute a sci5ce4 ,! scatt]$ facts are ne$ful prelim9>ies1 b only ) ! discov]y ( laws & ! developm5t ( broad g5]alizations does true sci5ce beg94 ,t tru? c be born f error may seem p>adoxical1 b1 nev]!less1 ! /atem5t is exact4 ,false hypo!ses /imulate inve/igation1 & s tru? comes at la/ to light4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry ?is pr9ciple is cle>ly illu/rat$4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ! doctr9e ( phlogi/on 0 g5]ally accept$2 ?is l$ to exhau/ive rese>*es ^u combu/ion1 & f ^! ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry receiv$ its pres5t %ape4 ,be*] & ,/ahl _h taught t e combu/ible sub/ance conta9$ a combu/ible pr9ciple--phlogi/on--& t to ! elim9ation ( ?is pr9ciple ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion 7 due4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 a metal 0 reg>d$ z a comp\nd ( its calx1 or oxide1 ) phlogi/on2 hydrog5 became a comp\nd ( wat] ) phlogi/on1 & s ! tru? 0 curi\sly inv]t$4 ,! doctr9e 0 vigor\sly & +5i\sly def5d$1 &1 al?\gh x 0 ov]?r[n by ,lavoisi]1 x _h p]si/5t support]s ev5 aft] ! pres5t c5tury began4 ,! weak po9t ( ! phlogi/ic !ory 0 its practical disreg>d ( ! ph5om5a ( weight4 ,t ! calx weigh$ m ?an ! metal 0 well kn[n1 b quantitative consid]ations 7 subord9at$ to ^? ( quality1 & ! =m ( matt] 0 /udi$ r ?an its mass4 ,9 #aggj ! sci5tific c>e] ( ,lavoisi] began1 & ! balance became a *ief in/rum5t 9 *emical rese>*4 ,! con/ancy ( weight dur+ *emical *ange 0 exp]im5tally e/abli%$1 & :at _h be5 a philosophical speculation--! increatability & inde/ructibility ( matt]--became a doctr9e ( sci5ce1 a datum ( k in/ead ( a hypo!tical belief4 ,9 #aggd ,prie/ley & ,s*eele indep5d5tly discov]$ oxyg51 & ) ! aid ( ! balance ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion 7 r5d]$ intelligible4 ,! f\ndations ( *emi/ry 7 laid1 & ^u !m ! n9ete5? c5tury has built4 ,lavoisi]1 ! greate/ ( ! f\nd]s1 fell a victim to ! guillot9e2 ! judge :o condemn$ him refus$ all appeals = m]cy1 say+ 8! republic has no ne$ = savants10 b ! necessity :i* judicial ignorance c\ld n =esee pres5tly made itself felt4 ,france1 at w> ) all ,europe1 h] ports clos$ to supplies f )\t1 fell back ^u h] own res\rces4 ,saltpet] 0 ne$$ = h] guns1 alkali = h] indu/ries1 & ! *emi/ 0 call$ ^u = help4 ,! /ress ( cont9u$ w>f>e /imulat$ intellectual activity1 & "o result 0 ! creation ( *emical processes :i* revolutioniz$ m ?an "o indu/ry4 ,! dep5d5ce ( mod]n civilization ^u sci5ce !n began to be recogniz$--a dep5d5ce :i* is1 p]haps1 ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,) ! op5+ ( ! new c5tury a p]iod ( great activity began4 ,! con/ancy ( matt] 0 well e/abli%$1 & ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 elem5ts & comp\nds 0 cle>ly recogniz$2 two />t+ po9ts = exact rese>* _h be5 ga9$4 ,only a small numb] ( elem5ts1 h[ev]1 _h be5 id5tifi$ z su*2 ( "s sub/ances x 0 d\btful :e!r !y 7 elem5t>y or n1 b ! m9e 0 op5 & a ri* body ( ore 0 9 sight4 ,fur!rmore1 ! utility ( rese>* _h become evid5t1 s t intellectual curiosity receiv$ a new /imulus & a new direction4 ,!ory & practice became p>tn]s1 & h work$ toge!r to ?is day4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahjc & #ahjh "o ( ! greate/ advances1 9 sci5tific *emi/ry 0 made1 :5 ,john ,dalton ann\nc$ & develop$ 8 fam\s atomic !ory4 ,9 ?is we f9d a notable illu/ration ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 metaphysics & sci5ce4 ,! conception ( matt] z made up ( atoms1 z discrete r ?an cont9u\s1 0 a commonplace ( philosophical speculation4 ,x _h be5 taught by ,democritus & ,lucretius2 x 0 ! !me ( wordy wrangles dur+ c5turies2 ,sw$5borg1 ,higg9s1 & o!r writ]s _h s\ght to apply x to ! discussion ( *emical ph5om5a2 b x rema9$ only a speculation1 unfruitful = discov]y4 ,up to ! "t ( ,dalton x _h l$ to no?+ b intellectual gymna/ics4 ,a good sci5tific !ory is nev] a product ( ! unaid$ imag9ation2 x mu/ s]ve "s purpose 9 ! correlation ( ph5om5a :i* sugge/ x to ! m9d4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ,dalton's discov]y1 :i* grew out ( 8 obs]vations ^u def9ite & multiple proportions4 ,t e *emical comp\nd has a fix$ & def9ite composition 0 recogniz$ by ,lavoisi]1 & by o!r *emi/s be=e him2 b ! fact 0 disput$ by ,b]?ollet1 & its v]ity 0 n e/abli%$ until #ahjh4 ,dalton w5t a /ep fur!r1 & f\nd t to e elem5t a def9ite comb9+ numb] c\ld be assign$1 & t :5 two elem5ts unit$ 9 m ?an "o proportion ev5 multiples ( t numb] appe>$4 ,?us1 tak+ ! hydrog5 weight z unity1 oxyg5 always comb9es ) o!r elem5ts 9 ! proportion ( eight p>ts or "s simple multiple !re(1 & s on ?r\gh ! entire li/ ( elem5t>y bodies4 ,ea* "o has its own comb9+ weight1 & ?is 0 ! law = :i* ,dalton s\ght an adequate explanation4 ,fractions ( ! weights did n appe>1 fractional atoms c\ld n exi/2 ! two ?\ghts 7 connect$ by ,dalton4 ,*emical union1 to 8 m9d1 became a juxtaposition ( atoms1 ^: relative weights 7 indicat$ by _! comb9+ numb]s1 & s ! atomic conception = ! fir/ "t 0 giv5 quantitative expression4 ,! facts 7 co-ord9at$1 ! special laws 7 comb9$ 9 "o g5]al !ory1 & ! m]e suppositions ( o!r m5 7 supplant$ by a precise /atem5t1 :i* is a corn] /one ( *emi/ry to-day4 ,! doctr9e l$ at once to inve/igations1 x r5d]$ possible ! discov]y ( new tru?1 *emical =mul & *emical equations 7 develop$ f x2 )\t its aid ! gr[? ( *emical sci5ce w\ld probably h be5 sl[4 ,! nature ( ! atoms may be 9 d\bt1 !y may be divisible or indivisible1 b ! value ( ! !ory is indep5d5t ( su* consid]ations4 ,x gives adequate expression to kn[n laws1 & x c only be set aside1 if ev]1 by absorption into "s wid] & deep] g5]alization4 ,! same ye> :i* saw ! completion ( ,dalton's !ory 7#ahjg7 0 also signaliz$ by ! rem>kable discov]ies ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 :o decompos$ ! alkalies & prov$ !m to be comp\nds ( metals4 ,9 #ahaj *lor9e1 :i* 0 previ\sly ?\ght to be a comp\nd1 0 prov$ to be elem5t>y1 & ?is fact 0 emphasiz$ a ye> lat] by ! discov]y ( iod9e4 ,^! rese>*es gave precision to ! conception ( an elem5t1 & prep>$ ! way = lat] inve/igations ^u _m o!r oxides4 ,all ! s-call$ 8e>?s0--lime1 magnesia1 alum9a1 & s on--7 n[ se5 to be oxy-comp\nds ( metals1 & an intellig5t int]pretation ( all =ms ( inorganic matt] became possible4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! *a9 ( rese>* 0 ! discov]y ( oxyg5 itself2 f t1 & f ! tea*+s ( ,lavoisi]1 ! lat] discov]ies logically foll[$4 ,:ile ! inve/igations ( ,dalton & ( ,davy 7 /ill incomplete1 o!r *emi/s 7 actively /udy+ ! prop]ties ( gases & explor+ ! f]tile bord]-l& betwe5 *emi/ry & physics4 ,9 #ahje ,gay-,lussac & ,humboldt det]m9$ ! composition ( wat] by volume2 9 #ahjh ,gay-,lussac ext5d$ ^! obs]vations1 & f\nd t 9 all comp\nd gases simple volumetric relations exi/$2 & 9 #ahaa ! entire subject 0 g5]aliz$ into ,avogadro's law4 ,avogadro %[$ t equal volumes ( gases1 comp>$ "u equival5t conditions1 mu/ conta9 equal numb]s ( molecules1 & al?\gh ! =ce ( 8 discov]y 0 n fully appreciat$ until mu* lat]1 x is n[ recogniz$ z "o ( ! fundam5tal propositions ( bo? physics & *emi/ry4 ,= ! fir/ "t ! di/9ction betwe5 atoms & molecules 0 cle>ly /at$1 & f ! d5sity ( a gas ! relative weight ( its molecule c\ld be calculat$4 ,avogadro's law r\nd$ out & complet$ ! atomic !ory1 & to its application mu* ( ! advance 9 organic *emi/ry is due4 ,equally /rik+1 b less f>-rea*+ 9 its consequ5ces1 0 ! discov]y ann\nc$ by ,dulong & ,petit 9 #ahai1 :5 x 0 %[n t ! specific heat ( an elem5t 0 inv]sely proportional to its atomic weight4 ,o!rwise /at$1 ?is law ass]ts t ! atoms ( all ! elem5ts h ! same capacity = heat1 & an important *eck ^u det]m9ations ( atomic weight 0 ?us provid$4 ,! next tw5ty ye>s 9 ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry 7 ye>s ( detail r ?an ( p]man5t g5]alizations4 ,! multitud9\s v]ification ( kn[n laws1 ! developm5t ( exp]im5tal me?ods1 especially me?ods ( analysis1 ! discov]y ( new elem5ts1 ! prep>ation ( numb]less new comp\nds1 occupi$ ! att5tion ( mo/ work]s4 ,?is p]iod1 :i* may be call$ ! ,b]zelian p]iod1 0 enorm\sly fruitful 9 results1 al?\gh b few ( ! !ories !n propos$ h surviv$ to ! pres5t day4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! "n & influ5ce ( ,b]zelius ov]%ad[$ all o!rs1 & 8 m>vel\s rese>*es1 c>ri$ out 9 a laboratory :i* 0 h>dly m ?an a kit*51 7 ( almo/ incr$ible v>iety4 ,= ! crude symbols ( ,dalton1 ,b]zelius sub/itut$ a sy/em ( *emical =mul :i* c\ld be us$ 9 *emical equations2 9 #ahah & #ahbf he publi%$ tables ( atomic weights1 det]m9$ ) f> great] exactness ?an ev] be=e2 he discov]$ five new elem5ts & a multitude ( comp\nds1 devis$ me?ods ( rese>*1 & propos$ !ories :i*1 ?\gh lat] to be ov]?r[n1 = _m ye>s dom9at$ *emical sci5ce4 ,8 electro-*emical exp]im5ts l$ him to 8 duali/ic !ory ( comp\nds1 :i* int]pret$ ea* comp\nd z made up ( two p>ts--"o positive1 ! o!r negative4 ,! electro-positive oxides 7 basic1 ! electro-negative gr\ps 7 acid2 *emical aff9ity 0 electrical attraction betwe5 ! two opposites2 *emical union impli$ a neutralization ( "o by ! o!r4 ,^! ideas 7 m ?an speculation1 = !y re/$ ^u exp]im5t & l$ to fur!r exp]im5tal rese>*2 b !y w5t too f>1 & !re=e c\ld n la/4 ,! !ory1 h[ev]1 conta9$ mu* t 0 true1 & ! =mul develop$ by x gave ! fir/ g5]al sugge/ion ( :at is n[ kn[n z *emical /ructure or con/itution4 ,! lat] /udy ( organic comp\nds l$ up to ! mod]n views4 ,al?\gh ,b]zelius & _m o!r *emi/s did "s "w ^u organic comp\nds1 _! era 0 *iefly id5tifi$ ) inorganic rese>*es4 ,m9]al *emi/ry receiv$ a great deal ( att5tion1 ! relatively simple acids1 bases1 & salts 7 /udi$1 b ! comp\nds ( c>bon 7 ?\ght to be m complex & receiv$ less consid]ation4 ,to-day1 at ! close ( ! c5tury1 ne>ly sev5ty ?\s& organic comp\nds are kn[n1 & ( ^! comp>atively few 7 discov]$ be=e ! ye> #ahcj4 ,s9ce !n organic *emi/ry has be5 ! dom9ant l9e ( inve/igation4 ,among ! e>li] *emi/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 commonly suppos$ t organic & inorganic matt] 7 radically diff]5t1 & t ! =m] c\ld only be produc$ by ! op]ation ( a peculi> vital =ce4 ,to ?is view !re 7 "s diss5ti5ts1 ,b]zelius among !m1 b exp]im5tal pro( = _! cont5tion 0 lack+4 ,9 #ahbg1 h[ev]1 ,whl] succe$$ 9 trans=m+ ! inorganic ammonium cyanate into ! organic urea1 & ! b>ri] 0 brok5 d[n4 ,! era ( syn!tic *emi/ry _h begun4 ,/ill e>li]1 9 #ahbc1 ,liebig _h f\nd t silv] cyanate & silv] fulm9ate possess$ ! same p]c5tage composition2 9 #ahbe ,f>aday discov]$ an isom] ( e?yl5e2 & ,whl]'s rese>* n[ gave a ?ird example ( ! same k9d4 ,two diff]5t sub/ances c\ld conta9 ! same elem5ts 9 ! same proportions1 & to expla9 ?is fact ,b]zelius inf]r$ diff]5t arrangem5ts ( atoms )9 ! molecule1 & sugge/$ t _! mode ( union might be det]m9$4 ,a work+ !ory1 h[ev]1 0 /ill lack+1 & )\t x progress 0 necess>ily sl[4 ,! duali/ic hypo!sis expla9$ ! ph5om5a only 9 "p1 & z ! kn[n facts increas$ 9 numb] x _h to be ab&on$4 ,two important inve/igations pav$ ! way = an advance4 ,9 #ahcb ,liebig & ,whl]1 /udy+ b5zoic acid1 f\nd t x & its d]ivatives conta9$ 9 common a gr\p ( atoms1 n isolable by itself1 to :i* !y gave ! "n ( b5zoyl4 ,! conception ( su* a gr\p1 a comp\nd radicle1 already exi/$1 b x lack$ cle>ness1 & n[ = ! fir/ "t x became truly a sci5tific idea4 ,! se>* =1 & ! id5tification (1 comp\nd radicles began to occupy ! att5tion ( *emi/s1 & a def9ite l9e ( attack ^u organic matt] 0 recogniz$4 ,two ye>s lat] ! second great /ep 0 tak54 ,dumas1 /udy+ ! action ( *lor9e ^u acetic acid1 %[$ t ! *lor9e c\ld replace hydrog5 atom = atom1 or volume = volume1 & t 8 obs]vations expla9$ o!r reactions :i* _h be5 un9telligible hi!rto4 ,?is rese>* l$ him to ! fam\s !ory ( sub/itutions1 :i* at fir/ 0 receiv$ ) ridicule1 b soon f\nd g5]al acceptance4 ,electro-*emical conceptions1 ! ,b]zelian doctr9es1 7 !n 9 vogue1 & x seem$ /range1 ev5 absurd1 to suppose t electro-negative *lor9e c\ld be sub/itut$ = electro-positive hydrog54 ,b ! facts 7 /rong] ?an ! preconceiv$ ideas1 & ! latt] soon gave way4 ,9 ?is discov]y by ,dumas ! fir/ g]ms ( ! mod]n !ory ( val5ce are to be f\nd4 ,= ! /udy ( inorganic sub/ances1 h[ev]1 ! duali/ic !ory 0 long reta9$1 ) ! result t inorganic *emi/ry deg5]at$ to a great ext5t into analysis & comp\nd mak+1 )\t any g5]al conceptions :i* c\ld /imulate sci5tific advance4 ,x became a sci5ce ( details r ?an ( pr9ciples1 & 0 soon ov]%ad[$ by ! organic bran*4 ,9 ! latt]1 !ory aft] !ory sprang up1 fl\ri%$1 & di$ away1 ea* "o hav+ p>tial tru?1 b none be+ exhau/ive & f9al4 ,/ill1 ! intellectual activity l$ to discov]ies1 & ! w>f>e betwe5 doctr9es1 unlike ! w>f>e betwe5 m51 0 productive ( good in/ead ( de/ruction4 ,f ! conflict ( ideas ! tru? gradually em]g$1 & a new sy/em ( *emical philosophy 0 develop$4 ,! !ory ( comp\nd radicles1 ! nucleus !ory1 ! !ory ( types1 ! conception ( conjugat$ comp\nds1 foll[$ rapidly "o aft] ! o!r1 until 9 ! discov]y ( val5ce all discrepancies 7 reconcil$1 /ructural *emi/ry came into exi/5ce1 & a s+le doctr9e1 applicable alike to organic & inorganic sub/ances1 _h possession ( ! field4 ,! !ory ( val5ce 0 a logical outgr[? f its pr$ecessors1 ^: valuable features x includ$ 9 a wid] g5]alization1 b x 0 ! "w ( no "o ma/] m9d4 ,_m *emi/s contribut$ to its up-build+1 ,frankl& & ,kekul be+ among ! lead]s2 b its f\ndations are to be detect$ 9 ! atomic !ory itself1 f :i* x is legitimately d]iv$4 ,to und]/& its full significance we mu/ take a /ep backw>d 9 hi/ory1 & trace ! *ange 9 atomic weights f _! fir/ =m to ! mod]n sy/em4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! atomic !ory1 9 ! det]m9ations by ,wolla/on1 ,b]zelius1 & o!rs1 att5tion 0 *iefly paid to ! atomic weights 9 _! aspect ( comb9+ numb]s4 ,!y 7 prim>ily ( use z factors 9 *emical calculations1 & *emi/s naturally s\ght = _! simple/ expressions1 ) little reg>d to !oretical consid]ations4 ,! laws ( ,avogadro1 ( ,dulong & ,petit1 _h1 inde$1 be5 ann\nc$1 b ! adju/m5t ( ! atomic weights to meet _! requirem5ts 0 long neglect$4 ,! importance ( ! adju/m5t 0 n realiz$1 = x 0 obscur$ by ! prevail+ duali/ic !ory1 b )\t x ! deep] g5]al relations ( ! atoms c\ld n appe>4 ,accord+ly1 a sy/em ( *emical =mul grew up :i* 0 bas$ ^u a deceptive app>5t simplicity ( ratios1 & by :i* ! !ory ( val5ce c\ld n be ev5 sugge/$4 ,! old =mula = wat]1 ,,ho1 express$ only its composition by weight1 ignor+ its composition by volume2 x fail$1 !re=e1 to accord ) ,avogadro's law or to give ! slighte/ h9t z to ! relations :i* are n[ cov]$ by ! conception ( *emical /ructure4 ,a "p ( ! exi/+ k 0 accurately symboliz$1 b ! l>g] "p 0 ignor$1 a /ate ( affairs :i* c\ld n la/1 al?\gh ! *ange came ab\t b sl[ly4 ,! inc5tive to re=m came f two s\rces4 ,physics1 9 ! k9etic !ory ( gases1 gave a new demon/ration ( ! tru? ( ,avogadro's law1 & l$ *emi/s to realize m cle>ly ?an be=e ! di/9ction betwe5 atoms & molecules4 ,soon x 0 se5 t ! molecule 0 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] :i* c\ld exi/ z su*1 :ile ! atom 0 ! smalle/ p>ticle :i* c\ld take "p 9 any *emical *ange4 ,! metaphysical atom 0 really ! mod]n molecule2 ! *emical atom 0 a new conception1 due to ! discov]ies ( *emi/ry alone4 ,?is di/9ction 0 f\nd to hold good ev5 = elem5t>y bodies1 & x became evid5t t free hydrog5 or oxyg5 mu/ conta9 two atoms to ! molecule1 :ile phosphorus & ars5ic conta9$ f\r4 ,) m]cury ! atom & ! molecule are id5tical1 b 9 mo/ cases ! great] complexity exi/s1 & ! elem5ts z we see !m are comp\nds ( l atoms ) ea* o!r4 ,t hydrog5 c unite ) hydrog51 oxyg5 ) oxyg51 c>bon ) c>bon1 is a conception to :i* ! e>ly *emi/s nev] atta9$1 b :i* is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ,avogadro's law 9 its application to obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,! second impulse t[>d *ange orig9at$ 9 ! /udy ( organic comp\nds1 & ga9$ its =ce f ! /ruggle betwe5 cont5d+ !ories4 ,! advocates ( ea* !ory s\ght = evid5ce 9 its favor1 & s innum]able discov]ies 7 made1 comp\nd radicles 7 recogniz$ 9 great numb]s1 & ! mass ( data became s ov]:elm+ t = a :ile *aos reign$4 ,classification ( comp\nds became imp]atively necess>y1 & to t all speculation 0 subord9at$4 ,9 #ahdb ,s*iel f\nd t ! alcohols =m$ a regul> s]ies1 ) progressive v>iation 9 _! prop]ties2 ,dumas obs]v$ a simil> relation among ! fatty acids1 & s some?+ l ord] began to appe>4 ,9 #ahdc ,*>les ,g]h>dt propos$ to use ! law ( ,avogadro z a basis = ! det]m9ation ( atomic weights4 ,?is involv$ ! d\bl+ ( _m exi/+ values1 especially ! atomic weights assign$ to oxyg51 c>bon1 & sulphur4 ,at fir/ ! proposition 0 viol5tly oppos$1 & ev5 ridicul$1 b by sl[ degrees x manag$ to make its way1 al?\gh x 0 n until aft] #aheh t x began to f9d any?+ l g5]al acceptance4 ,9 t ye> ,cannizz>o put =? 8 revision ( ! atomic weights1 adju/$ to accord ) physical laws1 & a new era 9 *emi/ry began4 ,! mod]n !ories ( *emi/ry became possible1 & ! _m rese>*es 9 :i* !y _h be5 =e%ad[$ receiv$ a cle>] mean+4 ,cannizz>o did n /& alone2 8 "w 0 b ! cap/one ( a /ructure :i* _h long be5 gr[+2 ,liebig1 ,dumas1 ,laur5t1 ,g]h>dt1 ,wurtz1 ,graham1 ,williamson1 & ,frankl& 7 among ! build]s4 ,b at la/ *emical & physical evid5ce 7 br\ght into full conv]g5ce1 & ea* gave emphasis to ! o!r4 ,dur+ ! =mative p]iod ( ! new doctr9es1 betwe5 #ahdj & #aheh1 _m discov]ies 7 made :i* help$ t[>d ! f9al consummation4 ,ev5 e>li] ?an ?is ! rese>*es ( ,graham ^u ! phosphoric acids _h famili>iz$ *emi/s ) ! idea t diff]5t sub/ances might h v diff]5t comb9+ p[]s1 & o!r polybasic acids 7 f\nd to exi/ among organic comp\nds4 ,! discov]y by ,wurtz1 9 #ahdi1 t ! hydrog5 ( ammonia 0 replaceable by organic radicles1 =m+ ! comp\nd ammonias or am9es1 0 a logical ext5sion ( ! !ory ( sub/itutions2 & ! recognition at ab\t ! same "t1 by ,h(mann1 ( ammonia z a di/9ct type ^u :i* _m o!r sub/ances c\ld be model$1 0 ano!r long /ep =w>d4 ,9 #ahea ,williamson argu$ t ne>ly all inorganic & _m organic molecules c\ld be repres5t$ z analog\s 9 /ructure to wat]1 & a ye> lat]1 z a result ( 8 rese>*es ^u ! organo-metallic bodies--z9c e?yl1 t9 e?yl1 etc4--,frankl& express$ ! belief t e elem5t>y atom has a def9ite comb9+ p[] :i* limits ! numb] ( o!r atoms capable ( direct union ) x4 ,?is 0 ! !ory ( val5ce 9 its fir/ & simple/ =m1 undevelop$ to its consequ5ces1 b unmi/akably cle>4 ,to c>bon comp\nds 9 g5]al x 0 yet to be appli$4 ,9 #aheh ! "w ( ,cannizz>o appe>$1 & a g5]al revision ( *emical =mul became necess>y4 ,! advanc$ views :i* a few *emi/s _h held began to f9d a m g5]al acceptance1 & ! significance ( ! *ange 0 gradually realiz$4 ,9 ! same ye> ,kekul %[$ t ! atom ( c>bon _h a comb9+ capacity ( f\r1 & fur!rmore t 9 _m organic comp\nds ! c>bon atoms 7 9 "p unit$ ) ea* o!r1 & ev5 l9k$1 z x 71 into *a9s4 ,/ill lat]1 /udy+ b5z5e1 he f\nd t its six c>bon atoms 7 be/ reg>d$ z jo9$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a clos$ r+1 & ) ?is conception ! idea ( *emical /ructure receiv$ at la/ a def9ite =m4 ,^! l9kages ( atoms1 ^! r+s & _! d]ivatives1 c\ld all be repres5t$ graphically to ! eye1 9 accordance ) ! comb9+ p[] ( ! sev]al elem5ts1 & s ! /ructural =mul ( mod]n *emi/ry came into vogue4 ,types1 sub/itutions1 comp\nd radicles1 7 all cov]$ by & includ$ 9 ! new g5]alization1 & ea* ( ! old] !ories 0 se5 to be b an expression ( special cases1 r ?an ( any g5]al law4 ,no tru? 0 set aside1 b all 7 co-ord9at$4 ,to ! non-*emical read] ! =ego+ passages may seem vague & ab/ruse1 b 9 an essay ( ?is scope great] elaboration is inadmissible4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ea* =w>d /ep has be5 a logical developm5t ( ! atomic !ory1 :i*1 z we %all see lat]1 does n end ev5 "h4 ,?us1 !n1 ! *emical =mul & atomic weights ( ,b]zelius grew by sl[ degrees into ! mod]n sy/em1 ) its repres5tations ( /ructure & atomic l9k+4 ,! int]nal ar*itecture ( ! molecule 0 n[ reveal$ n to ! imag9ation only1 b to ! eye ( reason1 &1 speculative z ! new conceptions may seem at fir/1 !y h l$ to a/oni%+ practical consequ5ces4 ,! new =mul at once indicat$ l9es ( rese>*1 & ) _! aid syn!tic *emi/ry 0 greatly /imulat$4 ,true1 _m syn!ses ( organic comp\nds _h already be5 made1 b progress became m rapid & ! "w ( discov]y 0 sy/ematiz$ to a wond]ful degree4 ,9 #ahef ,p]k9 discov]$ ! fir/ ( ! coal-t> dyes1 creat+ a new indu/ry :i* has be5 assi/$ beyond measure by ! /ructural symbols t came into use only a few ye>s lat]4 ,9 #ahfh aliz>91 ! color+ pr9ciple ( madd]1 0 made artificially f ! hydroc>bon an?rac5e2 a ho/ ( o!r colors1 a v]itable *emical ra9b[1 h be5 discov]$2 ! syn!sis ( indigo has be5 effect$2 & )9 tw5ty ye>s we h se5 m$ic9e enri*$ by a great v>iety ( drugs1 all prep>$ by purely *emical processes f ! =m] wa/e mat]ial--coal t>4 ,to mo/ ( ?is "w1 at lea/ s9ce #ahfe1 ,kekul's conception ( ! b5z5e r+ has be5 ! guid+ clew1 & x is c]ta9 t )\t ! !ory ! practice w\ld h advanc$ mu* m sl[ly4 ,out ( rese>* = its own sake has come an enri*m5t ( ! _w1 :i* 9 any previ\s age w\ld h be5 inconceivable4 ,! atomic !ory1 :ile replac+ speculation 9 "o s5se1 /imulat$ x 9 ano!r4 ,! human m9d is always /riv+ to get back ( ! kn[n1 to see :at lies beyond ! limits ( visibility1 & ! conception ( an elem5t ) its atomic weight op5$ up a field = ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation4 ,:at is an elem5t ultimately8 0 an e>ly "q to ask4 ,are ! elem5ts really div]se1 or d !y manife/ b "o fundam5tal k9d ( matt]8 ,to su* qu]ies ! atomic weights (f]$ a promis+ l9e = inve/igation1 & m ?an "o m9d began travel+ along x4 ,9 #ahae ,pr\t put =? ! supposition t all atomic weights 7 ev5 multiples ( t assign$ to hydrog51 & ov] ?is hypo!sis a long w>f>e has rag$4 ,to-day x is practically ab&on$ by *emi/s1 b ! controv]sy :i* x provok$ l$ to "s ( ! mo/ accurate inve/igations 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 & s s]v$ to give precision to our k4 ,)\t ! in/igation ( ,pr\t's hypo!sis1 :i* h9t$ at hydrog5 z ! ultimate =m ( matt]1 we might h be5 cont5t ) inf]ior det]m9ations ( atomic weight1 & *emi/ry1 z an exact sci5ce1 w\ld h suff]$4 ,9 due "t1 h[ev]1 x 0 p]ceiv$ t ! elem5ts c\ld be arrang$ 9 gr\ps1 ! memb]s ( ea* gr\p hav+ simil> prop]ties & =m+ simil> comp\nds4 ,s]ial relations1 analog\s to ^? discov]$ among organic comp\nds1 became manife/1 & mu* ?\ght 0 exp5d$ 9 seek+ to trace out _! mean+4 ,! classification ( ! elem5ts 0 m & m se5 to be important1 & regul>ities came to light :i* at fir/ 7 unsuspect$4 ,/ill1 no g5]al law1 no "o guid+ pr9ciple1 c\ld be f\nd s long z ! old sy/em ( weights & =mul 0 reta9$ 9 common usage4 ,! adoption ( ,cannizz>o's atomic weights & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! !ory ( val5ce made possible a new attack ^u ! problem ( classification4 ,9 #ahfd ,newl&s arrang$ ! elem5ts 9 ! ord] ( _! atomic weights1 & %[$ t at regul> int]vals !re 0 a p]iodic recurr5ce ( c]ta9 *>act]i/ics4 ,?is obs]vation1 :i* =e%ad[$ ! p]iodic law1 0 receiv$ ) indiff]5ce &1 to "s ext5t1 ) ridicule1 b ! pa? _h be5 f\nd :i* soon l$ to a great discov]y4 ,9 #ahfi ,m5delejeff publi%$ 8 celebrat$ memoir1 & ! p]iodic law took its place z a di/9ct addition to sci5ce4 ,almo/ simultane\sly ,lo?> ,mey] ann\nc$ simil> views1 b indep5d5tly1 & controv]sy soon arose z to ! relative m]its ( ! two philosoph]s4 ,) t controv]sy we h no?+ to d1 b ! law itself des]ves our full] att5tion4 ,accord+ to ! p]iodic law1 all ! prop]ties ( ! elem5ts are p]iodic functions ( _! atomic weights1 v>y+ f sub/ance to sub/ance 9 a p]fectly regul> mann]4 ,! elem5ts ?us fall into p]iods1 or octaves1 z ,newl&s call$ !m1 ( a v /rik+ "*4 ,if1 = example1 we />t ) unival5t li?ium1 ! next high] elem5t has a val5ce ( two1 ! next ( ?ree1 & !n comes c>bon1 ^: atom is quadrival5t4 ,foll[+ c>bon1 ! comb9+ p[] ( successive elem5ts decreases until we rea* sodium1 9 :i* some?+ l ! prop]ties ( li?ium recur4 ,above sodium ! same rise goes on to ! f\r? elem5t high]1 silicon1 :i* resembles c>bon1 & !n foll[s ! regul> /ep-by-/ep fall+ away1 to end ) *lor9e1 ! la/ memb] ( ! second p]iod4 ,?is p]iodic ris+ & fall+ is *>act]i/ic ( all ! elem5ts1 & !y 7 s tabulat$ by ,m5delejeff z to be p]fectly cle>1 ) a cle>ness :i* is n to be giv5 by words4 ,9 ,m5delejeff's table c]ta9 gaps appe>$1 :i* he ascrib$ to ! exi/5ce ( undiscov]$ metals4 ,= ?ree ( ^! he pr$ict$ ! prop]ties1 />t+ out f ! prop]ties ( _! neighbors4 ,?is 0 a ra% ?+ to d1 b ! v5ture has be5 fully v9dicat$4 ,9 #ahge ,lecoq de ,boisb&ram discov]$ gallium1 :i* fill$ "o ( ! gaps2 sc&ium & g]manium fill$ ! o!r two lat]4 ,! pr$ictions ( ,m5delejeff 7 fulfill$2 atomic weight1 specific gravity1 fusibility1 ! "* ( ! comp\nds to be =m$1 7 all =ese5 = ea* ( ! ?ree new elem5ts2 &1 s f> z exp]im5t has yet gone1 8 anticipations h be5 p]fectly realiz$4 ,e good !ory is prophetic2 b few g5]alizations h be5 s /rik+ly v]ifi$ 9 ?is respect z has ! p]iodic law4 ,9 spite ( "s out/&+ difficulties1 yet to be expla9$1 ! law has s]v$ to great advantage 9 ! classification ( ! elem5ts1 & x has _h mu* to d ) ! late revival ( inorganic *emi/ry4 ,! latt] bran* ( sci5ce1 long comp>atively neglect$1 has n[ ga9$ new int]e/1 & = x1 9 ! ne> future1 a great gr[? c be prophesi$4 ,! imm$iate effect ( ! p]iodic law 0 to prove t ! elem5ts are connect$ ) "o ano!r by g5]al relations1 & s to /imulate ! belief 9 _! possibly common orig94 ,?is view has _m uphold]s1 al?\gh x is also /rongly oppos$1 b ! weight ( argum5t seems to be 9 its favor4 ,on philosophic gr\nds x is at lea/ m probable ?an ! opposite op9ion1 :i* c n acc\nt 9 any way = ! regul>ities :i* h be5 obs]v$4 ,f ano!r s\rce1 p>tly physical & p>tly *emical1 ! !ory ( ! unity ( matt] has receiv$ /rong support1 & ?is /atem5t br+s u to ano!r ( ! greate/ discov]ies made dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury--t ( ! spectroscope & spectrum analysis4 ,x 0 9 #ahfj t ,kir*h(f & ,buns5 add$ ?is new weapon to ! ars5al ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! spectroscope itself1 z an in/rum5t1 0 an inv5tion 9 ! dep>tm5t ( optics1 b its applications to *emi/ry 7 among ! mo/ obvi\s & ! mo/ />tl+ ( its a*ievem5ts4 ,) its aid new elem5ts 7 discov]$--rubidium1 csium1 ?allium1 indium1 & gallium2 9 _m l9es ( inve/igation x f\nd imm$iate use2 b1 m ?an all1 x made possible ! analysis ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & prov$ t ! same k9ds ( matt] exi/ ?r\gh\t ! visible univ]se4 ,be=e ! day ( ! spectroscope all speculation ^u ! *emi/ry ( ! />s 0 9 va92 ) its adv5t ! mat]ial unity ( planets1 suns1 & nebul 0 made cle>4 ,to ! a/ronom]1 a new eye 0 giv52 to ! *emi/1 a new laboratory4 ,?ree sci5ces 7 br\ght to a s+le focus1 & ea* "o ga9$ 9 p[] !reby4 ,9 its application to :at may be call$ *emical a/ronomy1 "o a*ievem5t ( ! spectroscope 0 p>ticul>ly notable--namely1 ! rehabilitation ( ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,:5 ! gigantic telescope ( ,"l ,rosse _h resolv$ "s nebul into clu/]s ( />s1 x 0 ?\ght t all o!r nebul might be ( ! same "*2 ! visible basis ( ! hypo!sis 0 gone4 ,b ! spectroscope soon f\nd among ^! cele/ial objects "s :i* 7 truly cl\ds ( inc&esc5t gas1 & s ! nebul> hypo!sis receiv$ a new /&+1 becom+ /rong] ?an ev] be=e4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 0 /range3 ^! gase\s cl\ds 7 ( ! simple/ composition2 hydrog5 & nitrog5 7 _! *ief con/itu5ts2 h[1 !n1 c\ld a _w l ours orig9ate f !m8 ,fur!r inve/igation1 to :i* ,hugg9s & ,sec*i 7 ! *ief contributors1 %[$1 h[ev]1 t f nebula to planet !re is a regul>1 progressive ord] ( *emical complexity4 ,! nebul are simple2 9 ! hott] />s a few m elem5ts appe>2 m /ill c be detect$ 9 color$ />s & ! sun2 b ! planets1 repres5t$ by our e>?1 are mo/ complex ( all4 ,s f> ! facts2 ! sci5tific imag9ation n[ comes into play4 ,if suns & planets 7 d]iv$ by a process ( cond5sation f su* nebul z exi/ to-day1 p]haps ! process ( evolution 0 att5d$ by an evolution ( ! *emical elem5ts !mselves4 ,^u t supposition ! facts become intelligible2 )\t x ! evid5ce is n easily co-ord9at$4 ,?is h9t1 toge!r ) ! sugge/ions (f]$ by ! p]iodic law1 has made *emi/s m ready to consid] ! probable unity ( matt]1 ev5 ?\gh actual pro( = or aga9/ ! conception has n yet be5 atta9$4 ,t ! *emical elem5ts are absolute & f9al few ?9k]s ( to-day believe2 ! drift ( op9ion is ma9ly 9 "o direction1 b no elem5t has yet be5 decompos$ or transmut$ into ano!r4 ,"s ma!matical relations h be5 f\nd connect+ ! atomic weights ( c]ta9 elem5ts ) ! wave l5g?s ( _! spectral l9es1 & ?is field ( inve/igation is a promis+ "o = ! future4 ,t ! atomic weights are connect$ h>dly admits ( d\bt2 to ! mass ( ! atom its rate ( vibration mu/ be relat$2 to t vibration ! l9es 9 ! spectrum are due4 ,! clews are obvi\s1 & x w be /range if !y d n lead to important discov]ies ere long4 ,to be conclud$4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,art ,,=m4 ,,by ,d4 ,,cady ,,eaton4 ,ta/e is s free & s subjective1 s l>gely a matt] ( p]sonal feel+1 t any selection or limitation ( attractive objects w\ld be met by plausible objection4 ,e hone/ & unprejudic$ inve/igator mu/1 h[ev]1 admit n[adays t 8 individual ta/e may be in=m$ & purifi$1 & t he is "u obligations to be ev] ready to expla9 & to ju/ify x4 ,! day = ! m]e proclaim+ ( pref]5ce has pass$4 ,! proclamation mu/ be accompani$ by explanations :i* w satisfy o!rs1 if !y d n conv9ce !m1 & :i* w be cle> to "o's own und]/&+4 ,! au?oritative explanation1 8,i l ?is1 ,i dislike t10 w no m pass curr5t nor c>ry weight4 ,sci5ce has suffici5tly /udi$ ! s5tim5ts & emotions to "k t !y1 too1 are subject to laws :i* mu/ be ackn[l$g$ & obey$4 ,excitations = :i* !re is no reasonable acc\nt+1 no ju/ifiable s\rce1 mu/ be relegat$ to ! doma9 ( folly4 ,! reason = ev]y?+ t app]ta9s to ?\ght & emotion1 if n app>5t1 mu/ be expos$ & pres5t$4 ,arti/s mu/ expla9 _! works to vulg> und]/&+4 ,writ]s mu/ make _! criticisms pla9 to ! humble intellect4 ,! age 9 :i* we live takes no?+ = grant$1 accepts no man's ipse dixit1 hates %ams1 is intol]ant ( secrecy1 hypocrisy1 & fraud4 ,i propose 9 ?is article1 by contra/+ good & bad examples1 to put be=e read]s a few ( ! simple/ elem5ts ( decoration4 ,y c h>dly fail to note ! diff]5ces1 & :5 once ! eye has acquir$ ! habit ( discrim9at+ !re is no reason :y !re %\ld n foll[ a gr[? 9 p]ception :i* w result 9 delightful & augm5t+ arti/ic enjoym5t4 ,no attempt is to be made to develop a sy/em1 nor1 ( c\rse1 to cov] ! :ole gr\nd ( ! subject4 ,! object is simply to />t p]ceptions 9 ! "r direction4 ,almo/ all ! ideas & ! illu/rations ( ?is article are tak5 f a little "w by ,h5ri ,mayeux1 call$ ,la ,composition ,dcorative4 ,h5ri ,mayeux is ,pr(essor ( ,decorative ,art 9 ! cole des ,beaux-,arts 9 ,p>is4 ,8 "w is "o ( ! s]ies ( ! ,biblio?que de l',enseignem5t des ,beaux-,arts1 a s]ies :i* %\ld be among ! v fir/ works to be f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( e /ud5t ( art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! v fir/ ( ,mayeux's illu/rations 7,fig4 #a7 introduces ! /yle ( ! tea*+ ( ! volume & ( ?is article4 ,let me translate 8 accompany+ description3 8,"h are two recipi5ts ( ! same height1 made ( ! same mat]ial1 & ) ab\t equal c>e4 ,ea* has two h&les & is decorat$ by ! same numb] ( fillets4 ,! "o m>k$ ,a is ! "w ( an ord9>y pott]1 )\t arti/ic in/9ct or education4 ,! o!r1 ,b1 is a ,greek vase ( f9e & delicate ta/e4 ,no "o c fail to appreciate ! sup]iority ( ,b to ,a4 ,! purity ( its pr(ile1 ! graceful mann] 9 :i* ! h&les are atta*$1 ! calculat$ division ( ! fillets1 e/abli% at once a consid]able diff]5ce ( arti/ic value betwe5 ! two objects40 ,if ,mayeux 7 address+ beg9n]s he might add t "o reason :y all jugs & vases are r\nd is t ! %ape is ! easie/ to make4 ,! pott]'s :eel mu/ h be5 "o ( ! v e>lie/ inv5tions ( semi-civiliz$ races4 ,besides1 z a drop ( wat] is globul>1 x seems appropriate t liquids %\ld be conta9$ 9 r\nd receptacles4 ,a squ>e jug w\ld n only seem inappropriate1 b x w\ld be ugly & p]haps difficult to h&le4 ,notice 9 ,b h[ mu* bett] ! diff]5t p>ts are di/+ui%$3 ! neck f ! body ( ! vessel1 & ! body ( ! vessel f ! foot4 ,two fillets are also v appropriately put :]e ! vessel is l>ge/1 & :]e !y seem to convey a s5se ( increas$ /r5g? exactly :]e ! pressure is greate/4 ,y w f9d all ! way ?r\gh ! /udy ( ornam5t t utility1 or use1 is a fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* c n be violat$ )\t impair+ beauty4 ,be=e pres5t+ objects = comp>ison x may be well to pass 9 review ! elem5ts :i* compose all objects4 ,decoration is ! application ( ornam5t to =m4 ,x !re=e presupposes k ( bo? =m & ornam5t1 = =m mu/ be und]/ood by itself1 & ornam5t by itself1 be=e ! prop] ornam5t may be select$ = ! giv5 =m4 ,! elem5ts ( =m are l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness4 ,a ma!matical po9t is conceiv$ to h no dim5sions1 a ma!matical l9e b "o1 & a ma!matical plane b two4 ,b 9 actuality !re is no tangible object )\t ! ?ird dim5sion--?ickness4 ,/ill1 :]e two dim5sions are v mu* m prom95t ?an ! ?ird--z1 = in/ance1 9 a plaque1 9 ! side ( a room1 9 a s+le elevation ( a build+1 or :5ev] m]ely ! surface ( an object is view$--! ?ird dim5sion may be left out ( consid]ation4 ,l9es & ! surfaces !y b\nd--t is1 l5g? & bread?--are ! two elem5ts ( =m :i* play ! *ief "p 9 decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,if ! two vases :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! view by v]tical & horizontal1 /raight & curv$ l9es1 7 actually be=e u y w\ld h difficulty 9 f9d+ any v]tical l9es1 & ! horizontal l9es w\ld turn out to be circles4 ,! l9es 9 ! view m>k ! app>5t t]m9ations ( ! surfaces4 ,= purposes ( /udy1 h[ev]1 y mu/ reg>d objects ( ?ree dim5sions z b\nd$ by l9es1 j z !y appe> 9 photographs1 draw+s1 or o!r flat repres5tations1 geometric or p]spective4 ,9 reg>d+ objects f ! po9t ( view ( decoration !re is /ill ano!r elem5t to be consid]$2 t is1 ! elem5t ( mat]ial1 ! sub/ance ( :i* objects consi/1 = x is evid5t t ! ornam5t :i* w\ld be appropriate to wood1 = in/ance1 might n be appropriate to metal or to /one4 ,! elem5t ( mat]ial is ( great importance 9 practical decoration1 b ( less importance 9 !oretical decoration4 ,l9es & surfaces are !re=e ! two *ief elem5ts ( decoration to be consid]$ at pres5t4 ,color1 be+ an elem5t ( an entirely indep5d5t nature1 w n be consid]$ at all4 ,fir/1 l9es4 ,! l9es d[n "o side ( an object may be call$ ! pr(ile ( ! object1 :ile ! l9es surr\nd+ ! object may be call$ ! cont\r or outl9e ( ! object4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,pr(iles & outl9es are made up ( any numb] ( /raight & curv$ l9es connect$ at any & e v>iety ( angle4 ,! view 7,fig4 #b7 %[s a few possibilities ( comb9ation ( l9es into pr(iles4 ,! p>ticul> ?+ to be obs]v$ 9 ^! pr(iles is t individual curves are prec$$ or foll[$ by curves :i* curve 9 ! same direction or 9 ! opposite direction--t is1 reg>d+ ! curves z concave or convex f a giv5 side ( ! pr(ile1 sometimes a concave curve meets a concave curve1 sometimes x meets a convex curve4 ,9 ^! p>ticul> pr(iles ! /raight l9es :i* unite ! curves are s small & s insignificant t !y appe> z m]e connections4 ,:]e ! adjo9+ curves are homog5e\s ! connection is call$ cont9u\s--raccords cont9us1 z ,mayeux puts x4 ,:5 ! adjo9+ curves are diff]5t1 ! connection is call$ contra/$--raccords contra/s4 ,9 ! view all cont9u\s connections are m>k$ a2 all contra/$ connections are m>k$ b4 ,n[ foll[ ^! l9es up & d[n sl[ly & delib]ately--n once or twice1 b a numb] ( times4 ,see exactly :]e ! connections occur1 & :]e ! connections are cont9u\s1 & :]e !y are contra/$4 ,9 ^! pr(iles are %[n =? & made evid5t two ( ! mo/ important & g5]al laws n only ( ornam5t1 b ( all arti/ic composition3 ,fir/1 t connect$ curves ( ! same k9d mu/ run sub/antially 9 ! same direction2 &1 second1 t = purposes ( /rong contra/ curves ( diff]5t k9ds mu/ be jo9$--t is to say1 t :]e contra/$ connection is desir$1 ! diff]5ce 9 direction mu/ be abruptly & %>ply indicat$4 ,9 ! pr(iles 9 ! view ! v>i\s curves h be5 cont9u$ 9 dott$ l9es beyond ! pr(iles1 s z to br+ out & make cle> ^! two laws4 ,y see t :]ev] !re is a b4 ! dott$ l9es cross at1 or ne>ly at1 "r angles1 & t :]ev] !re is an a4 !re is no cross+ at all ( ! dott$ l9es4 ,! ess5ce ( ^! two laws is ( su* importance 9 all arti/ic & decorative composition t beg9n]s might well be put to draw+ pr(iles until ! pr9ciples involv$ h be5 absorb$ & made a "p ( arti/ic appreh5sion4 ,! pr(iles 9 ! view are all pleas+1 because ! laws are obs]v$4 ,try y\r h& at draw+ pr(iles 9 :i* ! laws are n obs]v$1 & y w quickly p]ceive ! diff]5ce4 ,! mo/ beautiful ( pure pr(iles are ^? pres5t$ by ,greek entablatures4 ,! mo/ beautiful ( ,greek outl9es are ^? pres5t$ by ,greek vases4 ,! beauties ( ,greek sculpture & ( r5aissance design belong s /rictly to ! doma9 ( pure art t !y may n be us$ = comp>ison 9 an article on ornam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,z outl9es are compos$ ( pr(iles1 ! same laws gov]n4 ,t ! curv$ l9e is ! l9e ( beauty /&s out mo/ evid5tly 9 ! /udy ( antique designs4 ,v]tical l9es & horizontal l9es are ! l9es ( support & /r5g?1 & mu/ always h prop] consid]ation2 b 9 pure ornam5t ! (fice ( /raight l9es seems to be conf9$ to connect+ curves & to emphasiz+ _! contra/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,! next view 7,fig4 #c7 is to illu/rate ! progress already made4 ,on ! upp] l9e are ! ?ree r\gh outl9e sket*es = mod]n articles1 ( :i* ! f9al use & de/9ation are %[n on ! l[] l9e4 ,9 ! sket* to ! left ! f9e effect is produc$ by a few curves1 ( :i* ! connections are boldly & f9ely contra/$4 ,9 ! second sket* an equally pleas+ effect is produc$ by curves1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal ones are cont9u\sly connect$1 :ile 9 ! ?ird sket* !re is a pleas+ exhibition ( bo? k9ds ( connections4 ,! l[] l9e gives y y\r fir/ notion ( ! use ( ornam5t 9 m>k+ & embelli%+ ! l9es ( =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,cont\rs bt>ds et indcis ,,fig4 #h4 ,! next view 7,fig4 #d7 exposes =ms 9 :i* ! above laws are violat$1 & by ^: ugl9ess y c n fail to be impress$4 ,on ! top l9e are objects ( :i* ! curves are s weak & undecid$ t x w\ld be difficult to /ate :e!r ! connections are cont9u\s or contra/$4 ,9 ! second l9e is %[n h[ ugly is ! effect :5 /raight l9es are sub/itut$ = curv$ l9es1 & 9 ! ?ird l9e is %[n h[ ugly effects may be produc$ ev5 by curv$ l9es :5 n us$ 9 ob$i5ce to "s accept$ & appreh5d$ pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,!re is ano!r pres5tation ( =m :i* is 9 reality b a modification ( pr(ile1 b :i*1 because x looks z if x _h be5 sep>ately appli$1 & also because x is sep>ately treat$ 9 books1 mu/ be consid]$ by itself4 ,! t]m 8mold+0 has be5 giv5 to v>iations 9 surfaces :i* h bo? useful & ornam5tal uses4 ,mold+s are z old z ar*itecture1 & v>y ) s*ools ( ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,9 ! next view 7,fig4 #e71 tak5 f ,mayeux's "w1 are giv5 ! mo/ ord9>y ,greek mold+s ) _! ,fr5* names4 ,h[ev] necess>y x mu/ be = ! ar*itect1 & h[ev] admirable x may be = ! art /ud5t1 to "k ! names ( all mold+s by he>t & to be able to describe ea* "o accurately1 su* pr(ici5cy is n requir$ at pres5t & is n necess>y = ! und]/&+ ( ! pres5t !me4 ,"s mold+s h squ>e edges1 "s r\nd4 ,! curv$ edges ( "s are simple1 ( o!rs complex4 ,ea* has its "n1 & ( "s ! "n is descriptive4 ,! t]m mold+ w\ld seem to indicate t mold+s 7 made ap>t & subsequ5tly appli$ to ! ma9 object4 ,:atev] be ! orig9 ( mold+s1 ! same rules apply to !m :i* apply to o!r pr(iles1 ) ! additional rule t mold+s mu/ always be kept subord9ate to ! pr9cipal object4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! view 7,fig4 #f7 ! p$e/al m>k$ bon is good1 because ! body ( ! p$e/al is ! pr9cipal object & x is cle>ly se5 t ! mold+s at ! base & at ! top are subord9ate & m]ely ornam5tal1 :ile ! p$e/al m>k$ mauvais is decid$ly bad1 because m v]tical space is giv5 to ! mold+s ?an to ! %aft1 confus+ outl9e1 weak5+ ! %aft1 & de/roy+ ! s5se ( /rong & /eady support4 ,read]s may at once make use ( ! in=mation already acquir$ by see+ h[ ^! rules apply to _! own lamps1 c&le/icks1 pieces ( furniture1 etc4 ,! next view 7,fig4 #g7 %[s incid5tally h[ mu* bett] x is "u all circum/ances to m>k ) fillets & l9es ! *anges f "o curve to ano!r1 = y c]ta9ly see h[ mu* m sub/antial "* & beauty has ,b ?an ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,f9ally1 let x be said1 & said emphatically1 t ?\gh !re are pr(iles :i* require ! use ( ! compass to draw !m1 & ?\gh all ar*itectural details mu/ be work$ out ) ma!matical accuracy1 ^? pr(iles & outl9es are ! mo/ beautiful :]e x is evid5t t arti/ic skill gov]n+ a free h& has controll$ & :]e me*anical assi/ance is s subord9ate z to be ov]look$4 ,!re is v little to be said ab\t surfaces or =ms ( two dim5sions4 ,! pr9cipal requirem5t is t outl9es %\ld be agreeable & mu/ be well def9$4 ,9 fact1 ! two qualities are insep>able1 = a well-def9$ outl9e is agreeable & a badly def9$ "o is sure to be disagreeable4 ,by well-def9$ is meant t its p>ticul> %ape %\ld easily appe> & be cle>ly di/+ui%able4 ,= in/ance1 a squ>e %\ld appe> ) sides di/9ctly equal2 a circle %\ld h b "o c5t]4 ,9 an ar*itectural op5+ ei!r ar* or entablature %\ld prevail1 & ! "* ( ! ar* %\ld be evid5t4 ,9 ! examples pres5t$ 7,fig4 #h7 9 ! view ^! pr9ciples are violat$4 ,! fir/ figure is s cle>ly a squ>e t at fir/1 & be=e y h exam9$ x closely1 y ?9k x is a squ>e4 ,x leaves an indef9ite & consequ5tly disagreeable impression4 ,! same criticism applies to ! second object1 app>5tly a mirror4 ,! glass is r\nd1 b ! frame is s irregul> t ! impress ( ! circle is de/roy$1 & !re is left an undecid$ & !re=e uncom=table s5sation4 ,9 ! ?ird example ! ar* is s poorly def9$ & s weak1 :ile ! entablature above x is s /rong & s prom95t1 t ! result is a composition t fails to give pleasure1 because no di/9ct idea is convey$4 ,9 ! la/ example ! outl9es ( ! ar* are s indef9ite t its "* is indi/+ui%able4 ,y c n see :i* prevails1 ! r\nd ar* or ! po9t$ ar*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,! same pr9ciples apply to small] objects & to details1 z se5 9 ! next view 7,fig4 #i74 ,to ! left ! date plate on top is bad 9 comp>ison ) ! "o b5ea? x1 because its direction is n s well m>k$ & its corn] projections are too l>ge4 ,9 ! lambrequ9s on ! "r1 ^? are good 9 :i* ! g5]al direction is prop]ly m>k$1 & 9 :i* subdivisions are kept prop]ly subord9at$4 ,lambrequ9s h s entirely gone out ( use n[adays t x is difficult to recall ! "t :5 !y 7 reg>d$ z indisp5sable p>ts ( furniture4 ,!re is "o o!r po9t to :i* y\r att5tion %\ld be call$--t is1 /ability4 ,if an object be int5d$ to /&1 its c5t] ( gravity %\ld be s well )9 its base t !re w be no dang] ( its be+ upset by ! ord9>y uses to :i* x is expos$4 ,pots & pans1 pit*]s1 lamps1 & c&le/icks1 ( g5]al & daily h\sehold use1 %\ld h bases s broad & weight s l[ t ! accid5tal bump ( ! inexp]i5c$ 8help0 w n be inevitably fatal4 ,:5 ut5sils are made m = %[ ?an = use1 z ^? 9 ,fig4 #aj1 & are to occupy places ( comp>ative security1 beauty m ?an utility may be consid]$ 9 ! proportions ( _! supports4 ,:]e utility has disappe>$ altoge!r & ! sugge/$ outl9e ( a vase1 = in/ance1 is us$ = purely ornam5tal purpose1 supports may be done away ) altoge!r1 z appe>s 9 ^! draw+s ( ,italian tape/ries ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7,fig4 #aa74 ,! /ability ( p5dant objects mu/ also be consid]$4 ,x is evid5t t ! p]p5dicul> l9e ( susp5sion mu/ be ! l9e ( equilibrium1 & t ^! two mu/ correspond ) ! design 7,fig4 #ab74 ,:e!r any objects %\ld "u any circum/ances be expos$ to ! real & app>5t dang] ( fall+ is a "q4 ,we h got s into ! habit ( hang+ pictures1 engrav+s1 & o!r works ( art 9 our h\ses1 & ( see+ !m hung 9 gall]ies1 t we h lo/ sight ( ! incongruity ( ! cu/om4 ,pictures %\ld be impanel$1 & be p]man5t p>ts ( ! walls on :i* !y appe>4 ,b1 !n1 h[ c\ld !y be mov$ :5 own]s tire ( !m1 or tire ( _! h\ses1 or h[ c\ld !y be ga!r$ toge!r 9 museums = purposes ( /udy & public enjoym5t8 ,picture frames are ( comp>atively mod]n inv5tion4 ,! idea ( buy+ a picture = ! purpose ( sell+ x aga9 0 n ent]ta9$ be=e ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,pictures 7 z sub/antial p>ts ( *ur*es & h\ses z 7 %r9es & fireplaces4 ,hav+ v cursively review$ ! elem5ts ( =m1 we are 9 a position to und]/& decoration1 :i* is simply ! application to =m ( ornam5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! highe/ au!nticat$ po9ts at :i* fl[]+ plants h h]et(ore be5 f\nd gr[+ ^u ! ,&es are at ab\t #ag1jjj feet1 al?\gh ! ,kew ,h]b>ium conta9s sev]al specim5s label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at altitudes ( f #ag1jjj to #ah1jjj feet4 ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway has br\ght back f 8 rec5t explorations 9 ! ,bolivian m\nta9s at lea/ half a doz5 species f #ah1jjj feet & upw>d1 ! highe/ be+ f ab\t #ah1ejj feet4 ,!y include a saxifrage1 a mall[1 a val]ian1 & sev]al ,composit4 ,composit likewise atta9 ! upp] limit ( phan]ogam\s vegetation 9 ,?ibet1 :]e1 9 latitudes f #cj to #cd1 "o 0 f\nd by ,dr4 ,?orold at #ai1jjj feet4 ,,/eam ,,turb9es ,,& ,,high-,,spe$ ,,vessels4,f ,,by ,,! ,,hon4 ,,*>les ,a4 ,,p>sons1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,f ,ab/ract ( ! ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,in/itution ( ,junior ,eng9e]s1 ,novemb] #c1 #ahii4 ,all heat eng9es at pres5t 9 use take 9 heat f a s\rce at a high temp]ature & dis*>ge mo/ ( x at a l[] temp]ature1 ! disappe>ance ( heat 9 ! process be+ ! equival5t ( ! "w done by ! eng9e4 ,9 all cases at ! pres5t "t ! s\rce ( heat is f fuel ( "s k9d1 & aft] work+ ! eng9e ! residue is dis*>g$ 9 ! case ( ! /eam eng9e ei!r to ! cond5s] or 9 ! exhau/ /eam :5 non-cond5s+4 ,9 ! gas eng9e x is dis*>g$ 9 ! wa/e gases & into ! wat] jacket ar\nd ! cyl9d]4 ,! e>lie/ records ( heat eng9es are f\nd 9 ! ,pneumatics ( ,h]o ( ,alex&ria1 ab\t #bjj ,b4 ,c4 ,he describes a reaction /eam turb9e1 a sph]ical vessel m\nt$ on axes suppli$ ) /eam ?r\gh "o ( ! trunnions f a boil] b5ea?2 ! /eam escap+ ?r\gh two nozzles diametrically opposite to ea* o!r & tang5tial to ! sph]e1 caus+ ! sph]e to rotate by ! reaction or mom5tum ( ! issu+ /eam1 & analog\s to a ,b>k]'s wat] :eel4 ,?us1 ! fir/ eng9e d]iv+ its motive p[] f fuel 0 a crude =m ( /eam turb9e1 & ?\gh x c\ld h be5 appli$ to useful "w1 & c\ld easily h be5 made suffici5tly economical to replace manual & horse p[] 9 _m in/ances1 yet x lay dormant till #afbi ,a4 ,d41 :5 ,bianca sugge/$ ! same pr9ciple 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,bianca's /eam turb9e consi/$ simply ( a /eam jet f$ f a boil] imp++ aga9/ vanes or paddles atta*$ to ! rim ( a :eel :i* 0 bl[n r\nd by ! mom5tum ( ! /eam issu+ f ! jet4 ,! pi/on eng9e is1 h[ev]1 ( comp>atively mod]n orig91 & dates f ab\t ! ye> #agjj ,a4 ,d4 ,eng9es ( ?is class are s well kn[n t x suffices to say t !y h be5 practically ! sole motive-p[] eng9es f fuel 9 use f #agjj up to #ahde1 & h con/itut$ "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n eng9e]+ ent]prise4 ,air eng9es 7 introduc$ ab\t ! ye> #ahde1 & al?\gh ! l>g] eng9es ( ! ,/irl+ type 7 v economical 9 fuel1 yet1 on acc\nt ( ! inh]5t difficulty ( heat+ l>ge volumes ( air )9 metal *amb]s or pipes--a difficulty aris+ f ! l[ conductibility ( air & consequ5tly ! ov]heat+ & burn+ ( ! metal--!y h only come into comm]cial use = v small p[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,longitud9al ,,diagram ,,( ,,p>sons',s ,,/eam ,,turb9e1 ,,) ,,side ,,( ,,conta9+ ,,case ,,remov$4 ,! con/ruction ( ! blades & guide vanes is m cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! /eam ent]s at ,j & exhau/s aft] leav+ ! l[-pressure cyl9d] ,c4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?irty-five ye>s gas eng9es h be5 p]fect$1 & m rec5tly oil eng9es1 & 9 po9t ( effici5cy bo? conv]t a some:at l>g] p]c5tage ( ! heat en]gy ( ! fuel into me*anical en]gy ?an ! be/ /eam eng9es4 ,all successful oil & gas eng9es are at pres5t int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 ! fuel be+ burn$ 9 a gase\s =m inside ! work+ cyl9d]4 ,v num]\s attempts h1 h[ev]1 be5 made to con/ruct int]nal-combu/ion eng9es to burn solid fuel in/ead ( gas4 ,"s h be5 s f> successful z to "w ) good economy 9 fuel1 b ! b> to _! comm]cial success has be5 ! cutt+ ( ! cyl9d] & valves by f9e p>ticles ( fuel4 ,?is difficulty is n pres5t :5 ! fuel is introduc$ 9 ! gase\s or liquid =m1 & h5ce ! success ( gas & oil eng9es2 b c\ld ?is difficulty be ov]come1 ! solid fuel w\ld be ! *eap] to use4 ,int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 gas eng9es1 oil eng9es1 cannon1 etc41 owe _! sup]ior economy 9 fuel to ! v high temp]ature at :i* ! heat is transf]r$ f ! fuel to ! work+ sub/ance ( ! eng9e1 & consequ5tly ! great range ( temp]ature 9 ! work+ sub/ance ( ! eng9e4 ,9 /eam eng9es ! temp]ature is limit$ by ! practical difficulties ( det]ioration ( metal & mat]ials involv$ 9 ! con/ruction4 ,ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago ,i 0 l$ by circum/ances to inve/igate ! subject ( improv+ ! /eam turb9e4 ,9 rec5t times sev]al attempts _h be5 made to apply /eam turb9e :eels ( ! ,h]o & ,bianca types to ! driv+ ( circul> saws & fans4 ,! velocity ( rotation ) ei!r ( ^! types mu/ necess>ily be v high 9 ord] to obta9 a reasonable effici5cy f ! /eam1 a velocity mu* 9 excess ( t suitable = ! direct driv+ ( almo/ all classes ( ma*9]y2 ge>+ 0 consid]$ objectionable1 & x !re=e appe>$ desirable to adopt "s =m ( turb9e 9 :i* ! /eam %\ld be gradually exp&$ 9 small /eps or drops 9 pressure s z to keep ! velocity ( fl[ suffici5tly l[ to all[ ( a comp>atively mod]ate spe$ ( rotation ( ! turb9e eng9e4 ,! me?od adopt$ 0 to ga!r a numb] ( turb9es ( ! p>allel fl[ type on to "o %aft & conta9$ 9 "o case1 ! turb9es ea* consi/+ ( a r+ ( guide & a r+ ( mov+ blades1 ! successive r+s ( blades or turb9es be+ graduat$ 9 size1 ^? ne>] ! exhau/ end be+ l>g] ?an ^? ne> ! /eam inlet1 s z to all[ a gradual expansion ( ! /eam dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! turb9es4 ,! =m ( ! turb9e 0 t ( a rotat+ drum1 ) outw>dly project+ r+s ( blades :i* ne>ly t\*$ ! conta9+ cyl9drical case1 & on ! case inw>dly project+ r+s ( guide blades :i* ne>ly t\*$ ! drum4 ,9 ! fir/ examples ( ! eng9e !re 7 two gr\ps ( turb9es "r-& left-h&$ on ea* side ( ! /eam inlet1 ! exhau/ tak+ place at ea* end ( ! turb9e case1 s z to completely balance end pressure f ! /eam4 ,m rec5tly "o s]ies ( turb9es only has be5 us$1 ^? on ! o!r side ( ! /eam inlet be+ replac$ by pack+ r+s or rotat+ balance pi/ons :i* balance ! end pressure & div]t ! :ole ( ! /eam ?r\gh ! turb9es on ! o!r side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,,%[s ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,mov+ ,,blades ,,& ,,guide ,,vanes ,,9 ,a ,,p>sons',s ,,turb9e4 ,! top out] cov] has be5 remov$4 ,! cyl9d] conta9+ ! revolv+ b>rel has1 z w be se51 a great] int]nal diamet] ?an ! diamet] ( ! drum4 ,x is ! annul> space ?us =m$ ?r\gh :i* ! /eam fl[s & :i* conta9s ! revolv+ blades & ! fix$ guide blades4 ,betwe5 ea* two r+s ( mov+ blades !re is a r+ ( guide blades1 ! latt] be+ key$ into ! conta9+ case4 ,! vanes are set at an angle1 s t ! /eam acts on !m z w9d on ! sails ( a w9dmill4 ,! /eam ent]+ ! annul> space betwe5 ! %aft & ! case passes fir/ly ?r\gh a r+ ( guide blades atta*$ to ! case1 & is giv5 a rotational direction ( fl[2 x !n passes to ! succe$+ r+ ( blades atta*$ to ! %aft1 by :i* its direction ( rotation is rev]s$1 !reby impress+ ! diff]5ce ( its rotational mom5tum 9 torque to ! %aft4 ,! /eam !n passes to ! second r+ ( guide blades1 & ! process is repeat$1 & s on1 gradually exp&+ by small increm5ts at ea* r+ ( blades2 ! succe$+ r+s ( blades get long] & wid]1 & at int]vals ! diamet] ( ! turb9e drums1 cyl9d]s1 & r+s are also increas$4 ,9 cond5s+ turb9e eng9es ( ! l>g] size an expansion ratio 9 ! turb9es ( "o hundr$fold & upw>d is atta9$ be=e ! /eam passes to ! exhau/ pipe & cond5s]4 ,! loss ( p[] pres5t 9 eng9es ( ! pi/on class1 due to cyl9d] cond5sation aris+ f ! v>iation ( /eam pressure 9 ! cyl9d]1 is n pres5t 9 ! /eam turb9e1 z ! /eam pressure rema9s con/ant at ea* turb9e r+ & ea* "p ( ! cyl9d] & b>rel1 & ! num]\s te/s ( /eam consumption t h be5 made h %[n t comp\nd /eam turb9e eng9es ( mod]ate sizes :5 work+ ) a cond5s] are comp>able 9 /eam consumption p] effective horse p[] ) ! be/ comp\nd or triple cond5s+ /eam eng9es ( ! pi/on type4 ,!y h be5 con/ruct$ 9 sizes up to ab\t "o ?\s& horse p[] = driv+ alt]nators & dynamos1 & sev]al sets ( ab\t two ?\s& horse p[] are ne>+ completion4 ,! application ( ! comp\nd /eam turb9e to ! propulsion ( vessels is a subject ( consid]able g5]al int]e/1 9 view ( ! possible & probable g5]al adoption ( ?is class ( eng9e 9 fa/ vessels4 ,9 ! turb9e is f\nd an eng9e ( extremely light weight1 ) a p]fectly uni=m turn+ mom5t1 & v economical 9 /eam 9 proportion to ! p[] develop$1 &1 fur!r1 x c be p]fectly balanc$ s t no p]ceptible vibration is imp>t$ to ! %ip4 ,! problem ( proportion+ ! eng9e to ! screw propell]s & to ! %ip to be driv5 has be5 ! subject ( co/ly exp]im5ts ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s1 ) ! result t a satisfactory solution has be5 f\nd1 giv+ v economical results 9 reg>d to p\nds ( /eam consum$ 9 ! eng9es p] effective horse p[] develop$ 9 propell+ ! vessel1 results :i* are equal or sup]ior to ^? s f> obta9$ ) triple-expansion eng9es ( ord9>y type 9 torp$o boats or torp$o-boat de/roy]s4 ,! arrangem5t adopt$ may be be/ describ$ by say+ t in/ead ( plac+1 z usual1 "o eng9e to drive "o screw %aft1 ! turb9e eng9e is divid$ into two1 ?ree1 or sometimes m sep>ate turb9es1 ea* driv+ a sep>ate screw %aft1 ! /eam pass+ successively ?r\gh ^! turb9es2 ?us :5 !re are ?ree turb9es driv+ ?ree %afts1 ! /eam f ! boil] passes ?r\gh ! high-pressure turb9e1 !nce ?r\gh ! int]m$iate1 & la/ly ?r\gh ! l[1 & !nce to ! cond5s]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,a ,,sev5ty-,,five ,,kil[att ,,turb9e ,,eng9e ,,directly ,,connect$ ,,to ,a ,,dynamo4 ,! turb9e eng9e is on ! "r4 ,z to ! propell]s1 ^! approa* closely to ! usual =m4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd be/ to place two propell]s ( approximately ! same pit* on ea* %aft at "s consid]able di/ance ap>t1 s t ! aft] "o %all n be s]i\sly affect$ by ! wa% ( ! "o 9 front4 ,! advantage ( ?is arrangem5t is t a suffici5t blade area is obta9$ to c>ry ! ?ru/ necess>y to drive ! vessel ) a less] diamet] ( propell]1 & s p]mitt+ ( a high] spe$ ( revolution ( ! eng9es4 ,! problem 0 complicat$ by ! "q ( cavitation1 :i*1 ?\gh previ\sly anticipat$1 0 fir/ practically f\nd to exi/ by ,mr4 ,?ornycr(t & ,mr4 ,b>naby 9 #ahid1 & by !m x 0 exp]im5tally det]m9$ t cavitation1 or ! holl[+ out ( ! wat] into vacu\s spaces & vortices by ! blades ( ! propell]1 comm5ces to take place :5 ! mean ?ru/ pressure on ! project$ area ( ! blades exce$s elev5 p\nds & a qu>t] p] squ>e in*4 ,?is limit has s9ce be5 corroborat$ dur+ ! trials ( ! ,turb9ia4 ,?is ph5om5on has also be5 fur!r inve/igat$ 9 ! case ( model propell]s work+ 9 an oval tank ( wat]1 & to p]mit ( cavitation at m mod]ate spe$s ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 necess>y1 ! foll[+ arrangem5t 0 adopt$3 ,! tank 0 clos$1 plate-glass w9d[s be+ provid$ on ea* side1 ?r\gh :i* ! propell] c\ld be obs]v$1 & ! atmosph]ic pressure 0 remov$ f ! surface ( ! wat] by an air pump2 "u ?is condition ! only =ces t5d+ to prev5t cavitation 7 ! small head ( wat] above ! propell]1 & capill>y attraction4 ,9 ! case ( a propell] ( two in*es 9 diamet]1 cavitation comm5c$ at ab\t twelve hundr$ revolutions1 & became v pron\nc$ at fifte5 hundr$4 ,_h ! atmosph]ic pressure n be5 remov$1 spe$s ( twelve ?\s& & fifte5 ?\s& respectively w\ld h be5 necess>y4 ,photographs 7 tak5 ) a cam]a made = ! purpose1 ) a focal plane %utt] giv+ an exposure ( ab\t "o ?\s&? ( a second1 ! illum9ation be+ by sunlight conc5trat$ on ! propell] f a tw5ty-f\r-in* concave mirror4 ,photographs 7 also tak5 by int]mitt5t illum9ation ( ! propell] f an arc lamp1 ! arrangem5t consi/+ ( an ord9>y lant]n cond5s]1 :i* project$ ! beam on to a small concave mirror1 m\nt$ on a prolongation ( ! propell] %aft1 ! reflect$ beam be+ caught by a small /ation>y concave mirror at a def9ite position 9 ea* revolution & reflect$ on to ! propell]4 ,by ?is means ! propell] 0 illum9at$ 9 a def9ite position at ea* revolution1 & to ! eye x appe>$ z /ation>y4 ,! cavities ab\t ! blades c\ld also be cle>ly se5 & trac$1 ! photographs be+ tak5 ) an ord9>y cam]a & ab\t t5 seconds' exposure4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 also made ) model propell]s 9 wat] at & j bel[ ! boil+ po9t1 dynamometric measurem5ts be+ tak5 ( p[] & ?ru/ ) v>i\s wid?s ( propell] blade1 ! conclusion arriv$ at be+ t wide & ?9 blades are ess5tial = fa/ spe$s at sea1 z well z a co>se pit* ratio ( propell]4 ,! fir/ vessel fitt$ ) /eam turb9e ma*9]y 0 ! ,turb9ia4 ,%e 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahid1 &1 aft] _m alt]ations & prelim9>y trials1 0 satisfactorily complet$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahig4 ,h] pr9cipal features are3 ,l5g?1 "o hundr$ feet2 beam1 n9e feet2 five-foot draught ( wat] "u ! propell]s2 =ty-f\r tons & a half displacem5t on trial2 %e is fitt$ ) a wat]-tube boil] ( elev5 hundr$ feet total heat+ surface1 & =ty-two squ>e feet ( grate area1 ) clos$ /oke-holds suppli$ ) air f a c5trifugal fan m\nt$ on a prolongation ( ! l[-pressure turb9e %aft4 ,! eng9es consi/ ( ?ree comp\nd /eam turb9es1 high pressure1 int]m$iate1 & l[ pressure1 ea* driv+ "o screw %aft2 on ea* ( ! %afts are ?ree propell]s1 mak+ n9e 9 all2 ! cond5s] is ( ! usual type1 & has f\r ?\s& squ>e feet ( surface4 ,:5 (ficially te/$ by ,pr(essor ,ew+1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 assi/$ by ,pr(essor ,dunk]ley1 %e atta9$ a mean spe$ on a measur$ mile ( ?irty-two knots & ?ree qu>t]s1 & ! consumption ( /eam = all purposes 0 comput$ to be f\rte5 p\nds & a half p] indicat$ horse p[] ( ! ma9 eng9es4 ,subsequ5tly1 aft] "s small alt]ations to ! /eam pipe1 %e 0 fur!r press$1 & is e/imat$ to h rea*$ ! spe$ ( ?irty-f\r knots & a half4 ,%e 01 & /ill is1 !re=e1 ! fa/e/ vessel afloat2 %e has be5 out 9 v r\gh wea!r1 is an excell5t sea boat1 & at all spe$s !re is an almo/ complete abs5ce ( vibration4 ,9 ! ,turb9ia ! exceptional spe$ results pr9cipally f two causes3 #a4 ,! eng9es1 screws1 & %aft+ are exceptionally light4 #b4 ,! economy ( /eam 9 ! ma9 eng9es is great] ?an usual4 ,at full spe$ ! /eam pressure 9 ! boil] is two hundr$ & t5 p\nds2 at ! eng9es1 "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five2 & ! vacuum 9 ! cond5s] tw5ty-sev5 in*es1 repres5t+ an expansion ratio 9 ! turb9es ( ab\t "o hundr$ & t5 aft] all[ance has be5 made = wire-draw+ 9 ! exhau/ pipe4 ,! fir/ vessels ( l>g] size ?an ! ,turb9ia to be fitt$ ) /eam turb9e ma*9]y are ! torp$o-boat de/roy] ,vip] = ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 & a simil> vessel = ,messrs4 ,sir ,w4 ,g4 ,arm/rong1 ,:itwor? ,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,! ,,turb9ia ,,runn+ ,,ab\t ,,=ty ,,miles ,,an ,,h\r4 ,^! vessels are ( approximately ! same dim5sions z ! ?irty-knot de/roy]s n[ 9 h] ,maje/y's s]vice1 b h slightly m displacem5t4 ,! boil]s are ab\t twelve p] c5t l>g]1 & x is e/imat$ t upw>d ( t5 ?\s& horse p[] w be realiz$ "u ! usual conditions1 z aga9/ sixty-five hundr$ ) reciprocat+ eng9es4 ,! eng9es ( ^! vessels are 9 duplicate4 ,two screw %afts are plac$ on ea* side ( ! vessel1 driv5 respectively by a high- & a l[-pressure turb9e2 to ea* ( ! l[-pressure turb9e %afts a small rev]s+ turb9e is p]man5tly c\pl$ = go+ a/]n1 ! e/imat$ spe$ a/]n be+ fifte5 knots & a half1 & ahead ?irty-five knots2 two propell]s are plac$ on ea* %aft4,g ,g ,on h] second trial trip ! ,vip] atta9$ a mean spe$ ( #cd4h knots1 h] fa/e/ trial be+ ov] #ce knots1 or ab\t #da /atute miles p] h\r1 ) an indicat$ horse p[] ( #aa1jjj4 ,?is vessel is ( ab\t #cej tons displacem5t4 ,! latt] ( ^! two vessels has comm5c$ h] prelim9>y trials1 & has already rea*$ a spe$ ( ?irty-two knots4 ,! manipulation ( ! eng9es is a comp>atively simple matt]1 z to rev]se x is only necess>y to close "o valve & op5 ano!r1 &1 ow+ to !re be+ no dead c5t]s1 small graduations ( spe$ c be easily made4 ,9 reg>d to ! g5]al application ( turb9e ma*9]y to l>ge %ips1 ! conditions appe> to be m favorable 9 ! case ( ! fa/] class ( vessels su* z cross-,*annel boats1 fa/] pass5g] vessels1 cruis]s1 & l9]s2 9 su* vessels ! r$uction 9 weight ( ma*9]y1 z well z economy 9 ! consumption ( coal p] horse p[]1 are important factors 9 ! case1 & 9 "s vessels ! abs5ce ( vibration1 bo? z reg>ds ! com=t ( pass5g]s1 & 9 ! case ( %ips ( w> p]mitt+ great] accuracy 9 sight+ ( ! guns1 is a "q ( fir/ importance4 ,z reg>ds cross-,*annel boats1 ! turb9e sy/em pres5ts advantages 9 spe$1 abs5ce ( vibration1 &1 ow+ to ! small] diamet] ( ! propell]s1 r$uc$ draught4 ,z an in/ance1 a boat ( two hundr$ & sev5ty feet l5g?1 ?irty-?ree feet beam1 "o ?\s& tons displacem5t1 & eight feet six in*es draught ( wat] c\ld be con/ruct$ ) spaci\s accommodation = six hundr$ pass5g]s1 & ) ma*9]y develop+ eighte5 ?\s& horse p[]2 %e w h a sea spe$ ( ab\t ?irty knots1 z comp>$ ) ! spe$ ( n9ete5 to tw5ty-two knots ( ! pres5t vessels ( simil> size & accommodation4 ,x is1 p]haps1 int]e/+ to exam9e ! possibilities ( spe$ t might be atta9$ 9 a special un>mor$ cruis]1 a magnifi$ torp$o-boat de/roy] ( light build1 ) scanty accommodation = h] l>ge crew1 b equipp$ ) an armam5t ( light guns & torp$oes4 ,let u assume t h] dim5sions are ab\t d\ble ^? ( ! ?irty-knot de/roy]s1 ) plates ( d\ble ! ?ickness & specially /r5g!n$ to correspond ) ! increas$ size--l5g?1 f\r hundr$ & tw5ty feet2 beam1 =ty-two feet2 maximum draught1 f\rte5 feet2 displacem5t1 tw5ty-eight hundr$ tons2 indicat$ horse p[]1 eighty ?\s&2 !re w\ld be two ti]s ( wat]-tube boil]s2 ^!1 ) ! eng9e space1 coal bunk]s1 etc41 w\ld occupy ! :ole ( ! l[] portion ( ! vessel2 ! crew's qu>t]s & guns w\ld be on ! upp] decks4 ,!re w\ld be eight propell]s ( n9e feet 9 diamet] revolv+ at ab\t f\r hundr$ revolutions p] m9ute1 & h] spe$ w\ld be ab\t =ty-f\r knots4 ,%e c\ld c>ry coal at ?is spe$ = ab\t eight h\rs1 b %e w\ld be able to /eam at f t5 to f\rte5 knots ) a small section ( ! boil]s m economically ?an o!r vessels ( ord9>y type & p[]1 &1 :5 requir$1 all ! boil]s c\ld be us$1 & full p[] ex]t$ 9 ab\t half an h\r4 ,9 ! case ( an ,atlantic l9] or a cruis] ( l>ge size1 turb9e eng9es w\ld appe> to pres5t "s consid]able advantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y w\ld effect a r$uction 9 weight ( ma*9]y & "s increase 9 economy ( fuel p] horse p[] develop$1 bo? ?us t5d+ ei!r to a sav+ 9 coal on ! "o h&1 or1 if pref]r$1 "s increase 9 spe$4 ,! advantages are1 h[ev]1 less pron\nc$ 9 ?is class ( vessel on acc\nt ( ! small] relative p[] ( ! ma*9]y & ! l>ge quantity ( coal necess>y = long voyages1 b ! complete abs5ce ( vibration at all spe$s1 n to m5tion _m m9or consid]ations ( sav+ 9 co/ & r$uc$ eng9e-room /aff1 are que/ions ( consid]able importance4 ,a ,,survival ,,( ,,m$i,,val ,,cr$ulity4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,e4 ,p4 ,,evans4 ,conclud$4 ,9 ! sev5te5? ye> ( h] age ,miss ,diana ,vaughan jo9$ ! ,freemasons1 ent]+ ! lodge 78triangle07 ( 8,! ,elev5 ,sev510 at ,l\isville1 & pass+ rapidly ?r\gh ! diff]5t grades until ! 8,elect ,palladi/ic ,knigh?ood0 0 conf]r$ ^u h] aft] %e _h giv5 satisfactory pro(s ( h] ,lucif]ian or?odoxy4 ,"o ?+ %e refus$ to d--namely1 to /ab ! ho/ ) a dagg]--s9ce ?is act impli$ a recognition ( ! sacram5tal "* ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,%e ma9ta9$ t !re w\ld be no s5se 9 pi]c+ ! consecrat$ waf] unless x 0 believ$ to be ! real body ( ,*ri/2 b z %e reject$ ! doctr9e ( transub/antiation z a *ildi% sup]/ition1 %e 0 unwill+ to make a fool ( h]self by assault+ a piece ( ord9>y bread ) a %[ ( wra?4 ,%e w\ld n hesitate to commit sacrilege1 b did object to be+ silly4 ,?is scruple1 or r ?is lively s5se ( ! ridicul\s1 r5d]$ h] unpopul> ) ! ,freemasons1 inasmu* z x m>r$ ! p]=mance ( _! mo/ important & impressive ,satanic c]emony1 & ?us gave h] rival1 ,sophia ,wald]1 an advantage1 :i* %e 0 quick to improve4 ,we ne$ n foll[ ! c>e] ( ,sophia ,wald]1 kn[n to ! inf]nals z ,sophia ,sapho4 ,%e is said to h be5 born 9 ,/rasburg1 ,septemb] #bi1 #ahfc1 z ! supposititi\s daught] ( a ,prote/ant p>son1 ,philias ,wald]1 & a ,rosicrucian dame1 ,ida ,jacobs51 ) :om ! cl]gyman liv$ aft] hav+ murd]$ 8 wife 9 ,cop5hag54 ,h] real fa!r1 h[ev]1 0 ! devil ,bitru1 :o decl>$ h] to be ! pr$e/9$ great-gr&mo!r ( anti*ri/4 ,9 #ahif1 :ile 9 ,j]usalem1 %e gave bir? to a daught]1 ! gr&mo!r ( anti*ri/2 ?is *ild 0 also ( demoniac pat]nity4 ,ow+ to h] uncompromis+ ,lucif]ianism1 %e 0 a favorite ( ! ,freemasons1 & excit$ ! jeal\sy ( ,diana ,vaughan1 :o tells ) ze/ ( ! practical jokes play$ on h]4 ,?us1 at a banquet ( ! ,freemasons1 somebody put a few drops ( ,l\rdes wat] 9 h] glass ( lemonade1 :i* caus$ t]rible pa9 & ?rew h] into spasms1 f :i* %e f9ally f\nd relief by vomit+ fire4 ,?is incid5t is cit$ by a ,ca?olic writ]1 ,dr4 ,mi*ael ,g]manus1,h 9 8 ,secrets ( ,hell 7,geheimnisse d] ,hlle71 z conclusive pro( t 8,sophia 0 possess$40 ,h ,mi*ael ,g]manus 7a ,lat9ization ( 8,d] deuts*e ,mi*el10 ! p]sonification ( ! ,g]man nation1 analog\s to ! ,engli% 8,john ,bull0 & ! ,am]ican 8,bro!r ,jona?an07 is ! pseudonym ( a prie/1 ,p>son ,knzle1 ( ,feldkir*1 9 ! ,tyrolese ,voralb]g4 ,illu/ration ,bitru's proclamation ( ,sophia ,sapho z ! prospective great-gr&mo!r ( ! inc>nate anti*ri/ is giv5 9 full4 ,x 0 dictat$ 9 ,lat9 by ,bitru at a meet+ ( ,freemasons 9 ,italy1 & writt5 d[n by ,luigi ,revello1 & be>s ! devil's signature1 compos$ ( ,satanic signs & symbols1 d>ts1 sword1 cords1 lightn+1 bugle-horn1 trid5t1 & cr[+ cock4 ,?is climax ( absurdity ought to h s]v$ to expose ! trick]y & trump]y ( ! :ole affair1 b x produc$ ! v opposite effect4 ,dr4 ,g]manus ref]s to 8,bitru's sign-manual z highly int]e/+10 & *>act]izes 8! docum5t>y evid5ce z ?or\ghly conv9c+02 ^? :o refuse to recognize ! tru? 9 ! face ( su* positive pro( he accuses ( imitat+ ! o/ri* & willfully %utt+ _! eyes to ! light4,i ,i ,a photographic reproduction ( ?is docum5t is giv5 9 ,diana ,vaughan's biography ( ! ,italian /atesman ,crispi1 :i* conta9s num]\s illu/rations & portraits ( ,crispi1 ,mazz9i1 ,lemmi1 ,g>ibaldi1 ,giordano ,bruno1 & o!r 8,palladi/s10 or ,masonic wor%ip]s ( ,satan4 ,! orig9al ,fr5* title ( ! book is 8,le #cc ,crispi4 ,un ,palladi/e ,homme d'tat dmasqu4 ,biographie docum5te du ,hros depuis sa ,naissance jusqu' sa deuxime ,mort4 ,p> ,miss ,diana ,vaughan40 ,! salvation ( ,diana ,vaughan is describ$ z due to h] int5se admiration = ,joan ( ,arc1 a feel+ :i* 0 ard5tly fo/]$ by ! prie/s ) :om %e *anc$ to come 9 contact4 ,"o day1 z %e 0 att5d$ by ,asmodeus1 ,a/>o?1 ,beelzebub1 & ,molo*1 inc>nate 9 8! c\nt]feit pres5tm5t0 ( f9e g5tlem51 %e obey$ a sudd5 & irresi/ible impulse to invoke ! ,maid ( ,orleans1 :5 ^! devils 7 imm$iately /ripp$ ( _! disguise1 & /ood be=e h] 9 _! true "* z imps ( hell1 ) ho(s & horns1 & emitt$ an intol]able /5*4 ,no soon] did !y p]ceive t !y 7 unmask$ ?an !y vani%$ ) a fe>ful h[l4 ,?is miracle made a deep impression ^u h]1 & l$ to h] conv]sion4 ,%e took refuge 9 a ,p>isian cloi/]1 &1 aft] sev]e p5ance & prop] in/ruction1 0 receiv$ into ! bosom ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( p5it5tial seclusion %e wrote h] ,memoirs1 :i* produc$ an imm5se s5sation 9 cl]ical circles1 & 7 pron\nc$ by a high ecclesia/ical dignit>y to be 8wor? m ?an _! weight 9 gold40 ,x mu/ be confess$ t 9 weav+ ?is tissue ( fabrications ,taxil %[$ consummate skill z a romanc] & a pr(\nd k ( ! possibilities ( human cr$ulity4 ,he made a happy hit 9 call+ ! h]o9e ( 8 ,/ygian /ory ,diana1 s9ce 9 ! annals ( wit*craft ! pagan goddess ( ! *ase is wont to frequ5t ! nocturnal assemblies ( demons1 & 9 m$ival !ology ! phrase 8congressus ,saba?i cum ,diana0 0 a common expression = int]c\rse ) ,satan4 ,ano!r ma/]ly /roke 0 to repres5t h] deliv]ance f ! sn>es ( evil spirits & ! halluc9ations ( ,lucif]ianism z a miracle ( grace wr\ght ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,joan ( ,arc1 ?us furni%+ an argum5t 9 favor ( ! canonization ( ! ,maid ( ,orleans1 :i* ! clev]e/ advocatus diaboli w\ld be unable to answ]4 ,at ?is "t ,taxil prep>$ also a ,ca?olic pray] book entitl$ ,eu*>i/ic ,nov5a1 publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,diana ,vaughan1 & conta9+ =ms ( supplication aga9/ unbelief1 worldly indiff]5ce & lukew>mness1 h>dness ( he>t1 blasphemy1 & un*a/ity4 ,! cov]t s>casm :i* p]vades ! entire manual ( devotion comes out mo/ cle>ly 9 ! section on ! violation ( ! sev5? comm&m5t4 ,a copy ( ! "w1 :i* _h be5 approv$ by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,g5oa1 0 s5t to ,c>d9al ,p>oc*i1 ) a lett] sign$ 8,y\r ,em95ce's mo/ devot$ s]vant 9 ,jesus1 ,m>y1 & ,joseph1 ,diana ,vaughan10 & five hundr$ francs1 ( :i* two hundr$ & fifty 7 to be us$ = organiz+ an int]national antimasonic congress1 & ! re/ to be giv5 z ,pet]'s p5ce to ! ,pope4 ,! c>d9al repli$ ) great cordiality to 8 8de> daught] 9 our ,"l10 call$ h] conv]sion 8"o ( ! mo/ glori\s triumphs ( grace10 & add$1 8,i am read+ at ?is v mom5t y\r ,memoirs ) burn+ int]e/40 ,he gave h] 8 bless+1 & convey$ 8! ?anks & special b5$iction ( 8 ,hol9ess40 ,num]\s lett]s ( a l "* 7 receiv$ f ! ,vatican4 ,on ,may #bg1 #ahif1 ! ,g5]al ,secret>y ( ! ,apo/olic ,see1 ,v]zi*i1 wrote t 88 ,hol9ess _h read h] ,eu*>i/ic ,nov5a ) extreme pleasure02 two mon?s lat] ! ,pope's private secret>y1 ,v9c5zo ,s>di1 ?ank$ h] 9 ! "n ( ,leo ,,xiii = h] exposure ( ,crispi1 & bade h] 8cont9ue to write & to unmask ! godless sect10 & ! ,civilt ,cattolica1 ! (ficial organ ( ! papacy1 prais$ h] 8inexhau/ibl5ess 9 preci\s revelations1 :i* are unp>allel$ = _! accuracy & usefulness4 ,freemasonry is conf\nd$1 & seeks to evade ! bl[s ( ! valiant *ampioness by d5y+ h] exi/5ce1 & treat+ h] z a my?4 ,x is a pitiable %ift1 b ,freemasonry c f9d no bett] refuge40 8,y\r p5 & y\r piety10 wrote ,monsignore ,vill>d1 ,octob] #ae1 #ahif1 8are pr$e/9$ to demoli% ! foes ( mank9d4 ,! good works ( ! sa9ts h always met ) opposition1 & x is no wond]1 !re=e1 t y\rs %\ld be combat$40 ,naturally1 !re 0 int5se curiosity to see ?is new conv]t & p[]ful def5d] ( ! fai?4 ,?is inquisitiv5ess 0 easily allay$ at fir/ by ! plea t ! cloi/] to :i* %e _h retir$ mu/ be kept secret1 9 ord] t %e might be safe f assass9ation by ! ,freemasons4 ,mean:ile ! m$ium ( correspond5ce 0 a bright ,am]ican girl1 employ$ z copyi/ 9 a ,p>isian typewrit+ e/abli%m5t1 :o wrote all ! lett]s at ,taxil's dictation1 & receiv$ a mon?ly sal>y ( "o hundr$ & fifty francs = h] s]vices4 ,aft] a "t he deem$ x politic to introduce h] privately to select circles ( ,ca?olics1 :o 7 !reby enabl$ to te/ify to h] exi/5ce1 s9ce !y _h se5 & conv]s$ ) h]4 ,! foll[+ incid5t may be m5tion$ to illu/rate ! adroitness ) :i* %e play$ h] "p3 ,m4 ,pi]re ,lauti] /ates t he once breakfa/$ ) h]1 & (f]$ to p\r a little ,*>treuse into h] c(fee1 b %e refus$ x ) a s+ul> sign ( av]sion1 & took a few drops ( old cognac in/ead4 ,z an ex-,lucif]ian1 %e in/9ctively %rank f a dr9k made 9 a cloi/]1 or :at %e call$ 8an ,adonac liquor40 ,t %e %\ld h ?\ght ( su* a fe9t on ! spur ( ! mom5t indicates t %e _h n only made a ?or\gh /udy ( h] rle1 b also _h be5 end[$ by ,nature ) g5u9e !atrical tal5t4 ,a full acc\nt ( ! solemn %am1 publi%$ 9 ! ,revue ,m5suelle1 s]v$ to /r5g!n ! fai? ( wav]]s 9 ! reality ( ,diana ,vaughan1 & furni%$ an admirable opportunity = disc\rs+ on ! difficulty ( ?r[+ (f ,satanic influ5ces2 = "h 0 a "y lady :o1 al?\gh %e _h receiv$ absolution & ?us become a *ild ( grace1 c\ld n =get ! t]rible effect ( a few drops ( ,l\rdes wat] on "o ( h] =m] demonolatr\s associates1 & recoil$ ) horror f a glass ( ,*>treuse4 ,taxil & 8 conf$]ates confess t !y (t5 8d\bl$ up ) laught]0 ov] ! success ( _! impo/ure1 & indulg$ 9 jokes ab\t x 9 _! writ+s4 ,?us ,dr4 ,bataille1 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,! ,devil 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 rem>ks1 z a peculi>ity ( ,diana ,vaughan1 t %e 8is v fond ( we>+ male attire10 b no allusions ( ?is k9d1 h[ev] po9t$1 seem$ to h excit$ any suspicion ( guile 9 m9ds pr$ispos$ to cr$ulity by ,nature & by education4 ,taxil's long s]ies ( my/ifications1 ext5d+ ov] a doz5 ye>s1 culm9at$ 9 ! convocation ( an antimasonic congress at ,tr5t1 on ,septemb] #bf1 #ahif1 to ! presid5t ( :i* ,leo ,,xiii address$ an apo/olical brief ) 8 b5$iction1 & express$ ! hope t ! assembl$ repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur* w\ld n re/ until ! 8dete/able sect0 _h be5 unmask$ & ! evil utt]ly eradicat$4 ,a 8c5tral executive committee10 consi/+ ( a score ( ,italian papi/s1 issu$ a circul> summon+ all ,ca?olics to jo9 8! new crusade10 & decl>+ t ! ,vatican _h n[ rais$ a w>-cry aga9/ ,freemasonry1 8! d5 ( ,satan10 z x did eight c5turies ago aga9/ ,islam4 ,taxil 0 receiv$ ) ovations1 & did n hesitate to poke fun at ! v5]able prelates to _! v faces4 ,) an assumption ( mode/y he reprov$ !m = :at might be misplac$ en?usiasm4 8,"o c nev] be sure10 he said1 8( a conv]t$ ,freemason1 b mu/ always fe> le/ he may return to 8 =m] fri5ds4 ,n until ! conv]t is dead c "o be :olly free f ?is anxiety4 ,i am well aw>e t ?is g5]al pr9ciple applies also to myself40 ,b ev5 ?is d>+ da% ( irony1 h>dly hidd5 "u ! gauzy disguise ( self-di/ru/1 did n cool ! ardor ( 8 admir]s1 :o cont9u$ to greet ! h>lequ9 ) 8,evviva ,taxil60 ,8 photograph hung among ! pictures ( ! sa9ts1 & ! m]e m5tion ( 8 "n call$ =? l\d applause1 :]eupon ! pr9ce ( m\ntebanks rose & b[$4 ,a few ,g]mans _h ! good s5se & c\rage to prote/ aga9/ ^! demon/rations1 & to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ,diana ,vaughan & ! s9c]ity ( ,taxil1 ^: sole object1 z ,dr4 ,gratzfeld ass]t$1 0 to 8lay a sn>e = ,ca?olics & anti-,freemasons1 & sc(f at !m :5 !y are caught 9 x40 ,?is skepticism creat$ int5se excitem5t1 & 0 sev]ely rebuk$ by an ,italian prie/ & a ,p>isian preb5d>y1 :o av]r$ t !y knew ,diana ,vaughan p]sonally1 & c\ld v\* = h] sa9tl9ess4 ,a ,fr5* monk us$ su* viol5t language 9 8 reply to ,dr4 ,gratzfeld t ! presid+ (fic]1 al?\gh indors+ 8 views1 felt con/ra9$ to call him to ord]4 8,any d\bt ( ,diana ,vaughan's exi/5ce or ( ! g5u95ess ( h] revelations10 exclaim$ ! ,abb de ,bessonies1 8is a s9 aga9/ ! antimasonic cause60 ,! ,spani% delegates introduc$ a resolution dem&+ t all ,freemasons %\ld be legally incapacitat$ to hold any civil (fice or milit>y comm&2 ! resolution 0 adopt$1 ) ! am5dm5t t 8:]ev] x may be feasible0 su* laws %\ld be enact$ & execut$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,taxil met ! allegations ( 8 oppon5ts is highly *>act]i/ic4 8,a prie/ ( ! ,holy ,sacram5t1 ,fa!r ,delaporte1 _h (t5 decl>$ t he w\ld gladly give 8 life = ! conv]sion ( ,diana ,vaughan4 ,%e att5d$ mass 9 ! cloi/] = ! fir/ "t on ,corpus ,*ri/i1 & left h] sacr$ retreat on ! foll[+ ,saturday4 ,on ! v day ( h] dep>ture ,fa!r ,delaporte di$4 ,& yet !re are p]sons :o d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ,miss ,vaughan60 ,! bur/ ( applause elicit$ by ?is irrefragable argum5t prov$ 8 accurate appreciation ( ! logical p[]s ( 8 auditors1 ^: m9ds _h be5 f$ on ! nutrim5t :i* may be :olesome z 8milk = babes10 b1 :5 p]si/5tly adm9i/]$ to adults1 conv]ts !m into intellectual milksops4 ,al?\gh ! congress 0 att5d$ by _m ( ! *ief dignit>ies ( ! papal hi]>*y1 & ! ,romi% ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople sat !re 9 /ate ) a gold5 cr[n on 8 head1 ,taxil 0 its rul+ _s4 ,on 8 motion1 x 0 resolv$ to e/abli% antimasonic associations 9 e l& "u ! auspices ( ! bi%ops & ! direction ( national committees1 & a commission 0 appo9t$ to inve/igate ! ,diana ,vaughan affair4 ,a few mon?s lat]1 on ,janu>y #bb1 #ahig1 ?is commission made an indecisive & utt]ly nugatory report1 to ! effect t 8no ?or\ghly conv9c+ evid5ce _h be5 furni%$ = or aga9/ ! exi/5ce & conv]sion ( ,diana ,vaughan & ! au!nticity ( ! writ+s attribut$ to h]40 ,?is evasion ( ! issue1 h[ev]1 did n %ake ! confid5ce ( ! ultramontane press1 nor prev5t its positive affirmation ( ! po9ts :i* ! commission _h discreetly left 9 d\bt4 ,z a rew>d = ?is fanatical zeal & /eadfa/ cr$ulity1 ! editor ( ,! ,pelican receiv$ a special apo/olical b5$iction1 & 0 ?us enc\rag$ to 8resi/ ! rag+ ( ,satan40 8,/& firm60 he exclaim$4 8,! ,holy ,fa!r is ) u1 & :o is ov] him80 ,) ! ,congress ( ,tr5t ! my/ification :i* ,taxil _h be5 play+ (f on papacy = s _m ye>s _h rea*$ ! acme ( success1 & no?+ n[ rema9$ b to w9d up ! plot ) a dra/ic d5\em5t4 ,accord+ly1 ,diana ,vaughan issu$ an invitation to a conf]5ce to be held on ,april #ai1 #ahig1 9 ! great hall ( ! ,geographical ,society ( ,p>is4 ,x 0 also /at$ t o!r conf]5ces w\ld be held 9 ! pr9cipal cities ( ,france1 ,italy1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! programme = ! ev5+ 0 q elaborate1 beg9n+ ) a lott]y = an ,am]ican typewrit] & end+ ) a s]ies ( fifty-f\r /]eopticon pictures repres5t+1 among o!r fanta/ic sc5es1 ,sophia ,wald] & h] s]p5ts1 ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,diana ,vaughan1 ! app>ition ( ! devil ,bitru 9 ,rome1 ,ed5 & ,eve ) ! fatal apple1 sacrilegi\s /abb+ ( ! ho/ on a ,satanic alt> 9 a ,masonic lodge at ,b]l91 & f9ally ,leo ,,xiii ) ! encyclical lett] ,humanum g5us z a flam+ sword 9 8 h&1 ! ar*angel ,mi*ael on 8 "r & ! apocalyptic ,/4 ,john on 8 left tread+ ! triple-head$ dragon ( ,freemasonry "u foot4 ,! audi5ce consi/$ *iefly ( prie/s1 ) a few ,prote/ant cl]gym5 & ,freemasons1 & an unusually l>ge numb] ( newspap] report]s4 ,! typewrit] 0 won by ,ali ,kemal1 correspond5t ( ! ,con/ant9ople j\rnal ,ikdam1 :o only regrett$ t x did n write ,turki%4 ,taxil !n appe>$ on ! plat=m1 & began 8 address ) ! words3 8,rev]5d sirs1 ladies1 & g5tlem56 ,y wi% to see ,diana ,vaughan4 ,look at me6 ,i myself am t lady60 ,aft] ?is />tl+ exordium1 he proce$$ to relate h[ f 8 y\? up he _h always _h an irresi/ible incl9ation to play practical jokes4 ,once he fright5$ ! inhabitants ( ,m>seilles by discov]+ a %oal ( %>ks 9 ! h>bor1 & aga9 he set ! ar*ologi/s all agog by ann\nc+ ! exi/5ce ( a city1 built on piles1 at ! bottom ( ,lake ,leman4 ,b ^! 7 8*ildi% ?+s0 comp>$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* he _h humbugg$ ! ,ca?olic cl]gy = ne>ly a doz5 ye>s4 ,we ne$ n report ! details ( 8 disc\rse2 x is suffici5t to say t he gave a full acc\nt ( ! deep-laid plot f its fir/ conception to its f9al consummation at ! ,congress ( ,tr5t4 ,ea* new disclosure call$ =? cries ( 8,li>60 8,sc\ndrel60 8,vilifi]60 8,villa960 & simil> epi!ts1 b no?+ c\ld di/urb ! cynical composure ( ! speak]4 ,z a precaution>y measure1 all p]sons _h be5 requir$ to give up _! canes & umbrellas at ! entrance1 o!rwise ! angry words w\ld h be5 emphasiz$ by bl[s4 ,! %ameless impo/or coolly ref]r$ to ! num]\s pres5ts receiv$1 among :i* 0 an ,emm5?al] *eese1 s5t by ! ,m>quis de ,mors1 ) pi\s say+s c>v$ 9 ! r9d4 8,x 0 an excell5t *eese10 he add$1 8& s]v$ to /r5g!n me 9 my fight aga9/ ,freemasonry40 ,! money remitt$ to ,diana ,vaughan 9 t5 ye>s am\nt$ to m ?an half a million francs1 & fl[$ into ! pockets ( ,taxil & 8 conf$]ates4 ,he express$ 8 ?anks to ! cl]gy = _! aid 9 c>ry+ out 8 s*eme1 & attribut$ _! co-op]ation *iefly to ignorance & imbecility1 b p>tly also to di%one/y1 decl>+ t among ! _m dupes !re 7 n a few knaves4 ,z he left ! hall he 0 ?reat5$ ) viol5ce1 & took refuge 9 a neighbor+ caf1 "u ! protection ( ! police4 ,no "o ?\ght any long] ( ! pictures :i* 7 to =m su* a novel & attractive feature ( ! ent]ta9m5t2 inde$1 ?is =getfulness con/itut$ an important al?\gh unpr9t$ "p ( ! programme 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o arrang$ x4 ,h[ difficult x is = con/itutionally cr$ul\s p]sons1 9 :om ?is disposition has be5 nurtur$ by education1 to take a rational view ( ?+s :5 a /rong appeal is made to _! prejudices1 is evid5t f a /atem5t publi%$ 9 ! ,oss]vatore ,cattolico ( ,milan1 9 ,may1 #ahig1 t ,leo ,taxil 0 held 9 durance vile by ! ,freemasons1 "o ( :om p]sonat$ him on ! occasion j describ$4 ,ano!r ,ca?olic writ] ass]t$ t ,diana ,vaughan did n appe> at ! conf]5ce because ,taxil _h be5 brib$ by ! ,freemasons to h h] %ut up 9 a lunatic asylum4 ,! hi/ory ( ,taxil's impo/ure has be5 circum/antially n>rat$ 9 a book entitl$ ,leo ,,xiii und d] ,satanskult1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,ricks 7,b]l93 ,h]mann ,wal!r1 #ahig1 pp4 xiv-#cja2 price1 ?ree m>ks74 ,! au?or1 a doctor ( div9ity & pa/or ( a ,lu!ran *ur* at ,olv5/adt1 ne> ,magdeburg1 has collect$ 8 mat]ials f au!ntic s\rces & treat$ ! :ole subject ) rem>kable ?or\ghness & imp>tiality4 ,8 "w is a valuable contribution to ! volum9\s annals ( religi\s sup]/ition & cr$ulity4 ,! ease ) :i* ,taxil succe$$ 9 dup+ s _m prom95t repres5tatives ( ! papal hi]>*y naturally di/urb$ ! equanimity ( ! mo/ intellig5t ,ca?olics1 especially 9 ,g]many1 & caus$ !m to s\nd a note ( al>m4 ,h[ is x possible1 !y ask$ !mselves1 = a l>ge body ( educat$ m51 claim+ to be ! spiritual guides ( ! p1 to become ! victims ( s plump an imposition8 ,is x n due to radical defects 9 ! developm5t & discipl9e ( ! intellectual faculties8 ,ne>ly a c5tury ago ,madame de ,/al rem>k$ t 8s9ce ! ,re=mation ! ,prote/ant univ]sities /& unque/ionably high] ?an ! ,ca?olic1 & ! :ole lit]>y fame ( ,g]many emanates f ^! in/itutions02 & ?is op9ion has be5 quot$ & indors$ by ! unimpea*able au?ority ( an em95t ,ca?olic !ologian1 ! late ,pr(essor ,dll+]4,j ,rec5tly ano!r ,ca?olic1 ,dr4 ,h]mann ,s*ell1 ,pr(essor ( ,apologetics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,wrzburg1 has call$ att5tion to ! late/ /ati/ics ( religi\s d5om9ations 9 ,g]many1 %[+ ! inf]iority ( ,ca?olics1 z indicat$ by _! comp>ative lack ( int]e/ 9 high] education & ! small] p]c5tage ( !m 9 ! le>n$ pr(essions4,k ,9 ?is connection he ref]s to ,taxil's successful exposure ( ! intellectual defici5cies1 :i* r5d] ! hi]ophants ( ,roman ,ca?olicism incapable ( resi/+ ! mo/ palpable delusions ( sup]/ition4 ,8 two 8tracts = ! times10 z !y might fitly be t]m$1 ,d] ,ka?olicismus als ,pr9cip des ,=ts*ritts & ,die neue ,zeit und d] alte ,glaube1 ma9ta9 t ,ca?olicism %\ld be progressive1 & t ! old fai? c rema9 a liv+ =ce 9 ea* new era only by adapt+ itself to e real advance ( mank9d 9 k & ?us becom+ reanimat$ by ! _s ( ! age4 ,pr(essor ,s*ell expresses 8 sympa?y ) ! movem5t 9 favor ( great] fre$om ( ?\ght & indep5d5ce ( rese>*1 kn[n z 8,am]icanism0 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & reg>ds its ext5sion to ! ,old ,_w z a vital necessity4,l ,j ,cf4 ,ignaz von ,dll+]4 ,se9 ,leb5 auf ,grund se9es s*riftli*5 ,na*lasses d>ge/ellt von ,j4 ,fri$ri*4 ,mn*53 ,beck1 #ahii1 vol4 i1 p4 #gg4 ,k ,9 confirmation ( ?is /atem5t we may cite ! /ati/ical tables ( ,dr4 ,von ,mayr = #ahif1 giv+ ! numb] 9 e t5 ?\s& ( ! diff]5t d5om9ations att5d+ ! gymnasia or classical s*ools1 ! sci5tific s*ools ) ,lat91 & ! sci5tific s*ools )\t ,lat93 ,prote/ants #bg4g #ac4b #ab4e ,ca?olics #ba4d #c4h #f4g ,dissid5ts #ag4g #ac4b #ah4g ,jews #agc4g #fe4h #ib4g ,! ,ca?olic /ud5ts 9 ! gymnasia are mo/ly c&idates = ! prie/hood4 8,dissid5ts0 are memb]s ( free religi\s associations4 ,a notewor?y feature is ! l>ge proportion ( ,jews1 & curi\sly en\gh ?is laudable *>act]i/ic is made by anti-,semitic agitators a gr\nd ( crim9ation & us$ to prejudice ! public m9d4 ,n long s9ce a demagogue ( t ilk 9 ,b]l9 *>g$ ! ,jews ) putt+ =? e ef=t = ! education ( _! sons1 9 ord] t !y might m effectually compete ) ,*ri/ians2 8!re=e d[n ) ! ,jews60 ,l ,s9ce ^! l9es 7 writt5 ,pr(essor ,s*ell has be5 discipl9$ & ?reat5$ ) excommunication by ! ,see ( ,rome4 ,we regret to be oblig$ to add t he did n h ! c\rage to ma9ta9 8 op9ions1 b made a public recantation ( !m4 ,! cause ( progress 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has n[ f\nd a new & app>5tly m fe>less advocate 9 a ,bav>ian prie/1 ,dr4 ,mll]1 ( ,muni*1 ^: pamphlet on ,re=mka?olizismus c h>dly escape ! int]dict ( ! papal hi]>*y4 ,x is cr$itable to ! ,ca?olic prelates 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t !y 7 n among ! fooli% birds caught ) ! lime laid by ,leo ,taxil4 ,inde$1 ! ,bi%op ( ,*>le/on w5t to ,rome = ! express purpose ( w>n+ ,leo ,,xiii aga9/ ?is trick/]1 b 0 %>ply repreh5d$ & admoni%$ to be sil5t4 ,a simil> rebuke 0 giv5 to ! ,apo/olic ,vic> ( ,gibralt> = d5y+ ! exi/5ce !re ( ,tubal-,ca9's subt]ranean laboratory = manufactur+ microbes4 ,! ,brevi>ium ,romanum1 ! daily use ( :i*1 z a manual ( devotion & edification1 is enjo9$ by ! ,pope on ! cl]gy1 is full ( leg5ds :i* are record$ z hi/orical facts1 & q equal 9 absurdity to ,taxil's mo/ extravagant & fanta/ic inv5tions4 ,! tales !re told ( ! miracles wr\ght by sa9ts1 _! communion ) angels1 & _! combats ) devils may h easily sugge/$ _m incid5ts n>rat$ 9 ,! ,devil 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ! ,memoirs ( ,diana ,vaughan4 ,x is no wond] t m9ds accu/om$ to accept ! m>vels ( hagiology z actual ev5ts %\ld be readily deceiv$ by a clev] c>icature ( !m1 especially :5 appeal+ to a prejudice s absurd & yet s /rong z t ent]ta9$ by ! papacy aga9/ ,freemasonry4 ,x w\ld seem f _m indications t ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 z an ecclesia/ical organization1 be>s ab\t ! same relation to contempor>y culture t ,roman paganism did to ! be/ ?\ght ( ! p]iod :5 ,lucian wrote 8 sprightly dialogues & ,lucretius 8 g5ial & compreh5sive didactic poem ,de ,r]um ,natura4 ,is x doom$ to ! same fate1 or has x1 z ,pr(essor ,s*ell & ,dr4 ,mll] ass]t1 a sav+1 recup]ative p[]8 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ! geological age ( ! build+ /ones us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,george ,p4 ,m]rill obs]ves1 9 8 report to ! ,m>yl& ,geological ,survey1 t few /ones are us$ to any ext5t t are ( lat] date ?an ! ,triassic1 & few1 if any1 ( our m>bles are y\ng] ?an ! ,silurian1 :ile ne>ly all our granites1 z n[ qu>ri$1 belong at lea/ to ,palozoic or ,ar*an times4 ,/ones ( lat] age ?an ,triassic are1 s f> z relates to ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 s friable or s poor 9 color z to h little value4 ,,g5u9e ,,/>* ,,factories4 ,,by ,,byron ,d4 ,,hal/$1 ,,sc4 ,d41 ,,rutg]s ,,college4 ,mu* 9 ?is _w is nei!r ^u fir/ nor la/ analysis true to "n4 ,f ! corn] groc]y we buy a p\nd ( />* 9 a rectangul> package highly decorat$ ) li?ograph & lett]+1 sett+ =? ! excell5ces ( ! product1 8sup]ior to all o!rs10 & manufactur$1 ) ! utmo/ c>e1 by ,messrs4 ,s-&-,s4 ,! fact is t ! big sev5-/ory e/abli%m5t did n make a gra9 ( ! />*1 & ! be/ t c be claim$ is a satisfactory me?od ( br++ ! product already =m$ into ! pres5t acceptable condition4 ,b x is n ! purpose ( ?is pap] to decry ! ref9]ies1 :e!r !y be ( />*1 sug>1 or ?is or t ( a hundr$ natural products1 b to direct att5tion to ! s\rce ( t v common &1 x may be safely said1 indisp5sable sub/ance kn[n to ! ,engli%-speak+ p z />*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,/>* ,,granules ,,( ,,! ,,potato4 ,x w be no new surprise to /ate1 by way ( introduction to ! subject1 t />* is ! ord9>y ev]yday product ( ord9>y ev]yday plants4 ,s humble a vegetable z ! potato has ga9$ its way into all l&s ( ! m civiliz$ peoples almo/ solely because x has a habit ( /or+ away1 9 l>ge und]gr\nd /ems1 a va/ am\nt ( />*4 ,let ?is provid5t t5d5cy disappe> 9 ?is plant = a s+le season1 & ! crop gr[]s w\ld disc>d x f _! li/ ( remun]ative plants1 :ile millions ( p w\ld turn ) dismay to "s o!r s\rce ( a daily supply ( />*4 ,:at ?is *ange 9 ! nature ( a s+le k9d ( plant w\ld mean to ! human race words c n describe4 ,if ! fam9e 9 ,irel& ( #ahde & "s lat] ye>s1 induc$ by a rot 9 ! potato1 is any index1 ! mis]y w\ld be some?+ worse ?an we %\ld c>e to ev5 dream (4 ,:5 !re is a %ortage ( />* 9 ,india1 a di/ress foll[s t is felt ?r\gh ! bonds ( sympa?y1 if 9 no o!r way1 ! :ole _w r\nd4 ,let rice fail to mature its gra91 :i* means1 9 %ort1 n to /ore its />* 9 available =m = man1 & ! dep5d5t race is br\ght to ! gho/ly condition ( />vation & ?r[n ^u ! *>ity ( ^? p ^: />* is 9 _! gra9 elevators1 sacks1 & b>rels almo/ )\t numb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,/>* ,,granules ,,( ,,corn4 ,/>*1 x w\ld seem f ?is1 is ! prime food elem5t ( ! human family1 ! *ief factor 9 ! upbuild+ ( a race1 because a fundam5tal alim5t ( our bodies4 ,if ! />* factories d n make1 9 ! true s5se1 ! product ( _! mills1 x may be to ! po9t to consid] h[ ?is all-important sub/ance comes into exi/5ce4 ,! organic *emi/ tells u t />* is a t]n>y comp\nd1 & ?is agrees closely ) ! def9ition laid d[n by ! diction>ies1 only !y add t x is odorless1 ta/eless1 & insoluble 9 wat]4 ,x is "o ( ! proximate pr9ciples ( plants1 & is /or$ 9 ! =m ( granules wond]fully v>iable 9 size & %ape1 b ea* k9d hav+ a type t is adh]$ to ) mu* regul>ity4 ,= example1 ! ord9>y potato 7,solanum tub]osum ,l47 produces a />* granule t is *>act]iz$ by a =m resembl+ ! %ell ( ! oy/]4 ,fig4 #a is f a cam]a draw+ ( a cell f ! c5t] ( a potato1 ) portions ( adjo9+ cells1 all ( :i* 7 pack$ full ( />*1 a few gra9s only be+ repres5t$4 ,/>* is act$ ^u diff]5tly by reag5ts1 "o ( ! lead+ te/s = x be+ a solution ( iod9e4 ,a drop ( a v weak solution w det]m9e ! pres5ce ( />* 9 a cuff or %irt front by leav+ a blue spot or /reak :]e ! iod9e has be5 appli$4 ,by means ( ?is reag5t ! /ud5t ( plant tissues is readily able to locate />* :5 pres5t 9 any slice ( tissue he may h made4 ,he w\ld1 = example1 f9d mu* m />* 9 ! tub] ( ! potato ?an 9 any o!r portion ( ! plant1 & !re ! gra9s w be f\nd _m times l>g] ?an 9 ! /em or ! cells ( ! gre5 leaves4 ,( ! relation ( ! />* 9 ! leaves to t 9 ! und]gr\nd /em some?+ may be said lat] 9 ?is pap]4 ,9 ! corn plant ! />* is /or$ *iefly 9 ! gra91 & n 9 ! subt]ranean portions1 z 9 ! potato4 ,! granules ( ! corn />* are mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! potato1 z indicat$ by ,fig4 #b1 :i* is f a cam]a draw+ ( a cell f a gra9 ( corn & made to ! same scale z ,fig4 #a4 ,! granules are oval & n mu* m>k$ ) /ri or l9es1 b *emically ! sub/ance is ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,ano!r lead+ />* is t ( :eat1 ! =m ( ! gra9s ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,:ile some:at l>g] ?an ! corn-/>* granules1 !y are n o!rwise widely diff]5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,/>* ,,granules ,,( ,,:eat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,/>* ,,granules ,,( ,,rice4 ,"o c\ld sc>cely ov]look ! />* produc$ by ! rice plant1 = x fe$s m p ?an ! potato1 corn1 or :eat4 ,! relative size & =m ( ! rice-/>* granules are %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,x is se5 t ! gra9s are n l>ge1 & ) a /rong t5d5cy to break up into small angul> pieces4 ,!re are almo/ z _m =ms ( />* z plants produc+ x1 "s ( !m be+ v odd 9 %ape4 ,?us ! tapioca />* has a *>act]i/ic =m1 z also ! sago2 b x is n ! purpose "h to m ?an call att5tion to ! =m 9 :i* ! sub/ance "u consid]ation is laid d[n 9 plants4 ,! /ud5t ( food adult]ations is an exp]t 9 ! detection ( />*es1 &1 ) 8 microscope & skill1 is able to decide h[ mu* ( "o k9d ( />* & h[ mu* ( ano!r is (f]$ 9 ! product "u exam9ation4 ,x is a matt] ( congratulation t ,nature has set h]self s /rongly aga9/ fraud 9 food /uffs z to record ! orig9 ( ea* gra9 ( />* 9 ! gra9 itself4 ,& t br+s u to a consid]ation ( t orig94 ,we mu/ accord to plants ! exalt$ pr]ogative ( be+ ! exclusive & univ]sal />*-=m]s 9 ! _w4 ,:e!r we note ! gr[? ( ! potato tub]s or ! plump+ out ( ! gra9s ( corn1 :eat1 or rice1 ! same fact rema9s t /oreh\ses are be+ fill$ ) ! same organic comp\nd4 ,!re mu/ be _m prelim9>y /eps be=e ?is process ( /or+ is complete1 & = ^! we ne$ to seek else:]e 9 ! gr[+ plant4 ,ev5 ! mo/ c>eless obs]v] c n b be at home ) ! fact t ! :ole port & be>+ ( ord9>y plants is = sun exposure4 ,!y rise f ! gr\nd z closely plac$ /ems ( grass or less neighborly or*>d or =e/ trees1 & hang out _! leaves to cat* ! sun4 ,! economy ( sub/ance is s well /udi$ t !re is a v l>ge exposure at a m9imum ( exp5diture ( tissue4 ,9 %ort1 ! leaves are ! organs = association ) ! sunlight4 ,!y rea* t[>d ! sun :]e light is scanty1 z 9 ! w9d[1 & ev5 turn _! faces to ! orb ( day1 %ift+ ! position h\r by h\r f sunrise to nightfall4 ,! rapidity ) :i* we come to ! fundam5tal fact t leaves are = ! sun almo/ surprises "o4 ,! purpose is z easily inf]r$1 b ! /eps 9 ! process are n s quickly tak54 ,! facts t leaves are p> excell5ce ! />* factories & ! sunlight ! inobtrusive *emi/ are grant$1 & x rema9s only to %[ some?+ ( ! /eps ( pro( t sci5ce may h discov]$4 ,we ne$1 !re=e1 to consid] />* f ! /&po9t ( its composition1 & ^u ?is ! *emi/s are fairly well agre$4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree elem5ts1 ) _! atoms s arrang$ t ! molecule ( />* has ! composition ( six p>ts ( c>bon1 t5 ( hydrog51 & five ( oxyg51 or1 to express ! =mula 9 t]se *emical t]ms1 x /&s ,c,h,o4 ,if we c acc\nt = ! br++ ( ^! atoms toge!r 9 ! production ( a s+le molecule ( />* ! laboratory has be5 explor$ & ! secret is ours1 ev5 if we c n put x to practical use 9 our s-call$ 8/>* factories40 ,! indep5d5t plant1 beyond s]i\s "q1 gets its food f outside itself4 ,!re are two s\rces = ^! sub/ances--namely1 ! soil-wat] ba?+ ! absorb+ roots1 & ! atmosph]e1 ) :i* ! arial bran*es & _! leaves are con/antly surr\nd$4 ,f ! soil come ! wat] & all ! salts1 a% con/itu5ts1 & ! l t may be dissolv$ !re91 :ile ! gases ( ! atmosph]e br+1 among its *ief contributions1 a con/ant &1 9 an always exce$+ly dilut$ =m1 ! c>bon dioxide1 or1 sometimes call$1 ! c>bonic-acid gas4 ,?is comp\nd1 famili> to u z a product ( combu/ion1 f]m5tation1 & decay1 is compos$ ( c>bon & oxyg51 & has ! symbol ,,co associat$ ) x by *emi/s4 ,9 %ort1 = ! =mation ( our />* ! wat] 7,h,o7 f ! soil & ! ,,co ( ! atmosph]e1 :5 br\ght toge!r1 may be made to comb9e ) ! =mation ( />*4 ,a s+le diagram1 :ile n p]haps an absolute /atem5t ( fact1 may s]ve to repres5t ! f9al result3 #f;,,co ,c,h,o #ab,o4 #e;,h,o ,9 o!r words1 ! six molecules ( c>bon dioxide & five ( wat] comb9e ) ! =mation ( "o molecule ( />* & ! lib]ation ( twelve atoms ( oxyg54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,diagrammatic ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,photo-,,syn!sis4 ,?is driv+ (f ( su* a l>ge am\nt ( oxyg51 entirely aga9/ ! :ole t5d5cy ( t elem5t1 x is assum$1 is at ! exp5diture ( mu* =ce4 ,! only "o adequate to ?is "w is sol> en]gy1 & ?is is abundantly at h&4 ,t we ne$ n seek fur!r = ?is p[] is prov$ by _m & conclusive te/s4 ,vegetable physiologi/s to-day are able n only to locate ! sun z ! *emi/1 t effects ! *anges necess>y = ! production ( />*1 b c %[ 9 :at cells & portions ( ^? cells ! =ces effect ! syn!sis4 ,! *lorophyll granules 9 ! liv+ cell are ! microscopic laboratories 9 :i* a sil5t *emi/1 p[]ful beyond all measurem5ts1 builds out ( inorganic mat]ials ! food sub/ance ( ! :ole _w ( animals & plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,portion ,,( ,,leaf ,,magnifi$1 ,,illu/rat+ ,,photo-,,syn!sis4 ,fig4 #e is an attempt to pres5t ! above /atem5ts z to photo-syn!sis 9 plants 9 su* a =m t x may appeal to ! eye ( ! read]4 ,a bit ( maple twig is %[n ) "o leaf 9 position4 ,pass+ up ! /em 9 ! "y wood is ! crude sap f ! soil to ! leaf4 ,!re is a d[nw>d fl[ ( elaborat$ sap 9 ! inn] b>k also repres5t$4 ,sol> en]gy is indicat$ by ! wave l9es z play+ ^u ! upp] side ( ! leaf1 :ile ! direction ( ! c>bon dioxide is %[n by ! dott$ l9es ent]+ f bo? above & bel[ ! leaf4 ,wat] ( transportation is indicat$ z be+ giv5 (f1 & ^u a dry1 hot day ?is is consid]able1 :i*1 z x vaporizes 9 ! tissue1 t5ds to keep ! latt] cool4 ,la/ly1 ) ! =mation ( />* !re is ! escape ( oxyg5 set free f ! brok5 molecule ( c>bon dioxide or wat] or bo? 9 ! =mation ( ! />*4 ,fig4 #f is a simil> attempt to %[ ! process ( />* =mation ) ! use ( a portion ( ! leaf 9 section z x might appe> "u ! microscope4 ,! "u portion ( ! leaf is se5 z hav+ op5+s 9 ! sk91 ?r\gh :i* ! gases & vapors pass1 & ! middle portion above %[s ! por\s nature ( t "p t is mo/ active 9 syn!sis4 ,! small oval bodies 9 all ! cells1 except ^? ( ! upp] & "u epid]mis1 repres5t ! *lorophyll granules1 ! special seat ( ! special activities :i* result 9 ! =mation ( ! c>bohydrate1 famili> to all z />*4 ,to ! "r is a leaf ve91 ?r\gh :i* ! crude sap 7c4 s47 rea*es ! syn!tic cells1 & ! elaborat$ sap 7e4 s47 desc5ds to places :]e x is ne$$ = gr[? or = /orage4 ,) ! above facts 9 m9d1 !re is no wond] at ! activity t may reside 9 a field ( corn dur+ a bright day 9 ,augu/4 ,/>* is be+ made almo/ by ! ton daily1 &1 if ! conditions favor1 ! next mon? w f9d a ri* h>ve/ = ! husb&man :o has assi/$ 9 supply+ ! conditions = ! desir$ output ( ! lead+ c>bohydrate4 ,! g5u9e />* factories ( ! _w are exce$+ly small & equally num]\s1 &1 ) ! sunlight z ! active =ce1 ea* gre5 cell may contribute to ! _w's ga9 9 ! food sub/ances t enable all creatures to live & move & enjoy a fairly com=table exi/5ce4 ,,trade ,,corporations ,,9 ,,*9a4 ,,by ,m4 ,,maurice ,,c\rant4 ,! rem>kable longevity ( a l>ge numb] ( bus9ess h\ses 9 ,*9a is n due solely to ! g5]al conditions ( society or to ^? :i* are peculi> to ! comm]cial class1 b _! /ability & _! fame re/ ^u a special organization1 "u :i* !y are unit$ 9 gr\ps4 ,x is cu/om>y = all ! h\ses possess+ ! same specialty to =m an association :i* ,i %all call a corporation1 res]v+ to myself ! privilege ( po9t+ out a few exceptions to ! rule4 ,^! corporations1 :i* seem to date f at lea/ ?ree c5turies back1 are difficult subjects to /udy4 ,v>i\s 9 type1 =m$ by ! individuals int]e/$1 )\t ! /ate hav+ _h any?+ to d ) _! regulations or ev5 p]haps au?oriz$ !m1 !y exi/ by =ce ( cu/om & live con=mably to _! traditions1 :ile "s1 ,i h be5 told1 h writt5 regulations & ev51 p]haps1 ar*ives--:i* !y h n ?\ght fit to communicate to ! public4 ,:at is to be le>n$ ( !m has1 !re=e1 to be d$uc$ f _! visible transactions4 ,! corporation fixes ! m9imum price ( articles ( sale1 & has secret ag5ts to wat* t no h\se takes less1 !reby sett+ b\nds to competition & prev5t+ ! injuri\s depreciation ( goods4 ,only ! public suff]s f ! exi/5ce ( ! m9imum1 b x does n seem to p]ceive x1 & ! ,gov]nm5t nev] int]f]es except 9 respect to ! price ( gra91 = :i* x fixes a maximum1 & 9 times ( great /ress sells f its own gran>ies4 ,! corporation1 too1 z repres5t$ 9 ! banks & loan (fices1 fixes ! rates ( int]e/ to be paid or receiv$1 & ! k9ds ( securities & moneys t %all be accept$4 ,9 %ort1 x adju/s ! g5]al regulations ( bus9ess transactions1 & def5ds ! common int]e/s ( all ^? associat$ 9 x4 ,if "o ( !m is implicat$ 9 a judicial proce$+ ( g5]al int]e/ ! corporation su/a9s him ) its cr$it & its funds4 ,x fur!r takes 9 h& injuries to ! int]e/s ( its associates4 ,9 #ahhc ! tea m]*ants' corporation ( ,hank[ suspect+ frauds by ! ag5ts ( c]ta9 =eign h\ses1 ask$ ^? h\ses to designate !mselves "s =eign] to sup]9t5d ! weigh+s4 ,not)/&+ ! good reputation ( ! corporation & ! mod]ation ( its reque/s1 ! =eign h\ses refus$4 ,all transactions 7 susp5d$1 & ! (ficial 9 au?ority decl>$ t he c\ld n compel ! m]*ants to sell contr>y to _! wi%1 & ! =eign h\ses 7 ev5tually oblig$ to yield1 "o at a "t4 ,! corporations likewise wat* ! transactions ( _! memb]s1 oppose fraud :i* might h>m ! good "n ( ! association s f> t ! silv]smi?s w n p]mit "o ( _! numb] to sell alloy$ jewelry1 ev5 :5 ! pur*as] kn[s x is su*4 ,"s see t ! taxes & duties on production are regul>ly & prop]ly paid4 ,o!rs1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! /ability ( ! h\ses1 =bid all fictiti\s sales & pur*ases1 & mo/ ( ! /ock op]ations & a l>ge numb] ( comm]cial transactions :i* seem v simple to u w\ld n be tol]at$ by !m4 ,! cu/om ( sell+ %ort hav+ be5 introduc$ ^u ! silv] ex*ange 9 ,pek+ a few ye>s ago1 a c5sor report$ x z a k9d ( gambl+1 & ! ,gov]nm5t int]dict$ ! op]ation--a v r>e example ( (ficial int]v5tion4 ,"u a simil> old-fa%ion$ view1 ! corporation ( bank]s inquires into ! total am\nt ( ! notes issu$ by its memb]s4 ,e bank] & e brok] is free to issue notes1 & little att5tion is paid to ! precautions requir$ by ! law4 ,b ! corporation has an infallible means ( re/rict+ extravagance 9 ! emission ( bills4 ,if a h\se is go+ s fa/ z to be 9 dang] ( compromis+ its cr$it & p]haps endang]+ ! capital ( o!rs associat$ ) x1 an ord] is giv51 all ! notes are ?r[n be=e ! public1 & ! imprud5t bank has to susp5d its paym5ts & retire4 ,! corporation fur!r ma9ta9s its reputation & keeps on good t]ms ) public p[]s by exp5ditures on c]emonials & *>ities4 ,e ye> x appropriates a sum = ! op5+ ( ! kit*5s f :i* rice & millet bro?s are di/ribut$ to ! poor ( ,pek+4 ,9 case ( fam9e or inundation1 ! quotas ( ! corporations d n h to be wait$ =1 :ile ! m prom95t comm]cial m5 also contribute l>gely "u _! own names4 ,!y w subscribe = a te/imonial to a m&>9 :o has done good s]vice1 w help prep>e ! road ov] :i* an imp]ial procession is to pass1 & w contribute to ! pageantry ( popul> religi\s c]emonials4 ,ea* corporation has its patron div9ity1 :o is ! object ( a special cult4 ,) "o x is ! god ( ri*es2 ) ano!r ,koan ,yu1 god ( w>2 ) o!rs a _s ( m limit$ compet5cy1 l ,l\ ,pan1 a fam\s me*anician ( ! "t ( ,confucius1 n[ patron ( ! c>p5t]s4 ,ador$ 9 e %op by all ! patrons & cl]ks1 ! fe/ivals ( ! protect+ g5ius are celebrat$ by ! :ole corporation at fix$ dates4 ,to "s div9ities a sacrifice ( meats & inc5se is (f]$ 9 ea* w>eh\se1 aft] :i* all ! *iefs & ! m5 employ$ take "p1 :ile ! _s is suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,to o!rs1 m r>ely1 a m b\ntiful sacrifice is made 9 a temple1 & ! banquet1 held 9 a l>ge hall1 is enliv5$ by dramatic ent]ta9m5ts4 ,! patron is also duly honor$ 9 ! celebration ( ! g5]al fea/s ( ! ,*9ese p4 ,! corporations h tribunals ( arbitration & a common treasury1 b ! me?od ( op]ation ( ^? dep>tm5ts is among ! ?+s !y d n reveal to ! public4 ,i h only le>n$ a few g5]al facts on ! subject4 ,! corporations int]v5e1 ,i h be5 told1 9 ! disputes ( ! memb]s & to prev5t di%one/ deal+s & attempts to *eat "o ano!r1 b ,i h n le>n$ t !y h any real judici>y au?ority4 ,_! treasury is su/a9$ by means ( assessm5ts & f9es1 & loans may be contract$ on its acc\nt1 = ! salt m]*ants ( ,ti5ts9 are /ill pay+ int]e/ on a numb] ( debts contract$ by ! corporation 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,great diff]5ces might be expect$ to exi/ betwe5 ! corporations 9 respect to ^! po9ts & _m o!rs4 ,!y h be5 con/itut$ at diff]5t epo*s1 indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 & are simil> only 9 _! ess5tial features4 ,! m9imum price fix$ by ! assembly is n equally imp]ative 9 all4 ,?us1 ! price fix$ by ! fur m]*ants at ! beg9n+ ( ! w9t] does n b9d ! memb]s4 ,9 mo/ bran*es ( comm]ce all ! h\ses compos+ ! corporation are on a foot+ ( sub/antial equality1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! l>ge banks prevail ov] ! small brok]s1 b !re is no unlik5ess 9 ! bus9ess or ! situation4 ,! policy ( ! tea trade is ma9ly controll$ 9 ,pek+ by ! h\ses ( ! families ,fang & ,o\4 ,!y fix ! price1 det]m9e ! equival5ce ( weight 7! /&>d is a p\nd ( f\r ounces in/ead ( sixte571 & lead ! corporation4 ,9 fact1 ! retail deal]s use _! capital 9 ! decoration ( _! %ops ) gild+ & sculpture1 at a co/ ( betwe5 sixte5 hundr$ & two ?\s& doll>s1 :ile ! goods are l5t !m by "o ( ! import]s1 :o holds ! decoration z security1 s t ! :ole corporation is 9 ! h&s ( ^! two families4 ,?is is a special condition1 & !re is no?+ else l x1 ev5 among o!r import]s ( s\!rn products4 ,:ile mo/ bran*es ( trade are indep5d5t ( (ficial action1 slaught] h\ses1 ( :i* !re are only five 9 ,pek+1 h to be au?oriz$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,a religi\s motive may be at ! bottom ( ?is re/riction1 ! l>ge cattle be+ res]v$ = ! imp]ial sacrifices4 ,moreov]1 ! kill+ ( animals has be5 int]dict$ at diff]5t times1 & ev5 n[ ! slaught] h\ses are ord]$ clos$1 z an act ( public p5it5ce1 9 times ( dr\ght4 ,! loan h\ses also ne$ an (ficial au?orization4 ,!y pay a tax on _! op]ations to ! local au?orities1 & are divid$ into ?ree classes1 accord+ to ! importance ( _! bus9ess4 ,^? ( ! fir/ class receive deposits f ! au?orities ( v>i\s sums1 on :i* !y pay int]e/1 ! adm9i/ration reason+ t by help+ !m increase _! capital & enl>ge _! bus9ess x w be do+ a philan?ropic "w & assi/+ ! p4 ,^! loan (fices are n at all l our pawnbrok]s' %ops1 b are a cr$it in/itution1 to :i* ! middle class z well z ! poor ,*9aman has con/ant rec\rse4 ,be+ conduct$ on equitable t]ms & s]v+ _! conv5i5ce 9 v>i\s ways1 !y r5d] great s]vices to ! ,*9ese p1 & h become necess>y to _! life1 & ?is expla9s ! dep>ture ( ! ,gov]nm5t f its usual policy ( non-int]f]5ce to sup]vise & favor !m4 ,*9a has1 fur!r1 l>ge & small capitali/s1 & num]\s cr$it e/abli%m5ts v mu* l ours4 ,!y may be classifi$ z ex*ange (fices1 banks1 & banks ( disc\nt4 ,! la/ are at ,pek+1 :]e !y 7 f\nd$ a few decades ago by "s m5 f ,*an-,si4 ,_! s+le indu/ry is trad+ notes 9 all ,*9a & "s ( its dep5d5cies4 ,!y h no monopoly1 = "s ( ! l>g] banks & m important trad]s 7 all do+ ! same2 b !y h regulat$ ! bus9ess1 ext5d$ x to m places1 & h almo/ entirely suppress$ ! transportation ( money 9 bulk4 ,! banks ( ex*ange p]=m a v>iety ( functions on a re/rict$ scale1 *>g+ two p] c5t = ex*anges1 issu+ notes )\t any sup]vision1 & l5d+ money at two p] c5t a mon? 9 normal times4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 always able to pay _! notes at sight1 & x is well1 !re=e1 n to keep !m too long4 ,9 ! prov9ces a bank usually accepts only its own notes4 ,9 ,pek+ "s well-kn[n signatures are accept$ ev]y:]e aft] exam9ation by an exp]t1 :o places 8 seal on ! note he decl>es good1 *>ges a fee = ea* v]ification1 & is responsible = 8 mi/akes4 ,! l>ge banks1 by accept+ or refus+ ! notes ( any h\se or by ?r[+ money or sapiques on ! m>ket1 rule 9 ! corporation & h ! :ole fate ( ! m>ket 9 _! h&s4 ,! f\r ,h5gs1 by ! am\nt ( _! res]ve1 ! solidity ( _! cr$it1 & ! numb] ( _! bran*es or correspond5ts1 h no rivals 9 nor? ,*9a4 ,all ex*ange op]ations are c>ri$ on 9 ! money m>ket1 :i* is held e day 9 ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ! city1 on ! /reet1 ne> ! ,taui/ ,temple1 :]e all ! h\ses 9 ,pek+ are repres5t$1 & e "o takes c>e to be s1 le/ he be ?\ght 9 default4 ,:5 ! rate is fix$ ! news is dispat*$ by c\ri]s1 pigeons1 etc41 to all :om x conc]ns4 ,! c\ri]s ( ! corporation1 :o communicate ) ! brok]s & bank]s1 are also ! confid5tial ag5ts ( ! syndics1 are acqua9t$ ) ! am\nts ( ! emissions ( ea* h\se1 "k :e!r a c]ta9 patron is really ill or only feign+1 & by _! reports decide :o %all be boycott$ or decl>$ insolv5t4 ,all ?is goes on 9 full lib]ty1 )\t surveillance by ! /ate1 )\t any tax on ! transactions1 & )\t any o!r int]f]5ce ?an ! prohibition ( fictiti\s deal+s4 ,! corn m>ket is 9 ! same way ! almo/ exclusive doma9 ( ! corn corporation1 ! /ate nev] int]f]+ except 9 ! case ( a fam9e 9 ! region4 ,besides ! m]*ants' corporations1 !re exi/ also corporations ( artisans4 ,! embroid]]s1 ! mak]s ( cloisonn1 ! tann]s1 & ! c>p5t]s h !irs4 ,! c>ri]s & ! boatm51 :o1 be=e ! op5+ ( ! railway1 _h ! monopoly ( transportation betwe5 ,pek+ & ! prov9ces )\t =m+ associations1 met at _! respective inns & e/abli%$ rules & rates = _! bus9ess4 ,in=mal organizations1 v>y+ among ! diff]5t t[ns 9 _! degrees ( developm5t1 exi/ among ! b>b]s--:o at ,pek+ meet e ye> = a sacrifice & a banquet--! *air-be>]s1 & ! j9riki%a m51 & s e city has its corporations & associations :i* are n l ^? ( ! next city4 ,"s bran*es ( trade h no corporations1 & ! peasants1 :5 !y come to t[n to sell _! produce1 trade on _! own acc\nt1 = ! be/ t]ms !y c get1 & h to accept1 9 ! m>ket1 an organization ! orig9 ( :i* is =gott54 ,e ye>1 on ! appe>ance ( ea* sort ( crop1 ! ,k+ ki ( ! m>ket1 hav+ agre$ ) ! deal]s1 fixes ! m9imum price ( ! commodity = ! season4 ,he also polices ! m>ket4 ,! function ( ,k+ ki is ! prop]ty ( ! p]son :o ex]cises x1 :o has b\ght x f 8 pr$ecessor & w sell x to 8 successor by private contract1 & nobody conte/s 8 "r4 ,9 ! m>ket = az>oles ! position is h]$it>y4 ,! monopoly ( ! corporations is (t5 complicat$ ) a prov9cial "q4 ,! ,*9aman reg>ds e man :o 0 born 9 ano!r di/rict z a =eign]--/ill m if he is ( ano!r prov9ce4 ,^? :o are ( ! same local orig91 on ! o!r h&1 /& by "o ano!r4 ,h5ce x has come to pass t "s trades h be5 monopoliz$ by ! p ( "s "o prov9ce4 ,mo/ ( ! bank]s 7 orig9ally f ,*an-,si2 all ! great m]*ants came f ,anhoei4 ,! p ( ,*an-tung h ?ree special occupations 9 ,pek+4 ,!y h ! exclusive privilege ( kill+ pigs & retail+ meat4 ,!y are ! only wat] c>ri]s1 ea* "o hav+ 8 well on ! public highway1 8 wat]+ place = horses & mules1 & 8 di/rict :]e he sells wat] )\t p]mitt+ ! p to provide = !mselves else:]e4 ,su* privileges are consecrat$ by usage & zeal\sly def5d$ by _! hold]s1 & respect = !m is en=c$1 :5 necess>y1 by ! au?orities4 ,associations are =m$1 also1 ev5 among ! coolies :o "w on ! docks4 ,^! details %[ by h[ great a v>iety ( =ms all ! corporations assure ! same result--! organization ( labor4 ,we see also h[ !y ext5d beyond comm]ce4 ,! ,*9aman is 9 fact a social be+ b\nd closely to 8 fell[s--( ! family1 prov9ce1 trade1 or class--by e tie & 9 e sph]e ( life4 ,he is nev] a man liv+ by himself & = himself1 & is n accu/om$ to indep5d5ce4 ,h5ce ! au?ority ( ! corporation1 in/ead ( seem+ /range1 is a necessity to him4 ,consequ5tly ! corporation has ! "r1 by univ]sal cons5t1 to exact ob$i5ce f its memb]s1 & to compel ^? :o w\ld /ay out to come into x4--,translat$ = ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly f ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,l4 ,az\lay sugge/s1 9 ! ,revue ,sci5tifique1 t ! invitation giv5 to ,seor ,rmon y ,cajal1 ! celebrat$ ,spani% neurologi/1 to visit ! ,unit$ ,/ates & att5d ! celebration ( ! t5? anniv]s>y ( ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 furni%es a good example = ,france to foll[4 8,x causes griev\s *agr9 to me to ?9k10 he says1 8t :ile ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,au/ria1 ,switz]l&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are regul>ly accu/om$ to invite to _! sci5tific c]emonials1 ( :i* !re are m ?an "o e ye>1 /ud5ts ( o!r c\ntries :o h illu/rat$ any bran* ( human k1 ,france1 =m]ly s hospitable1 refuses ^! int]national appeals40 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,ar*ological ,association1 at ,buxton1 ,dr4 ,bru%field describ$ ! prehi/oric circle ( ,arbor ,l[ z1 ^u evid5ce :i* he cit$1 ! e>lie/ neoli?ic monum5t 9 ,brita94 ,!re are ?irty-two /ones 9 ! circle1 all n[ ly+ pro/rate1 b !y mu/ orig9ally h be5 erect4 ,! dolm5 9 ! c5t] is n[ level ) ! gr\nd4 ,! m\nd & dit*--! latt] be+ inside1 betwe5 ! m\nd & ! /one circle--are 9 a v p]fect condition1 not)/&+ ! lapse ( "t4 ,! "w has two op5+s--on ! nor!a/ & s\?we/4 ,editor's ,table4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,dogma4 ,aft] _m uncom=table turn+s 9 8 n>r[ !ological qu>t]s1 ! em95t biologi/1 ,pr(essor ,/4 ,george ,miv>t1 seems to h made up 8 m9d t he may z well1 be=e he dies1 "k :at x is to enjoy ! air ( lib]ty4 ,= _m ye>s he has be5 p9+ = ?is1 & almo/ invit+ ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur* to give him 8 passports4 ,! ,*ur* 0 n anxi\s1 h[ev]1 to qu>rel ) a man ( recogniz$ ability & wide k1 & !re=e writ+s :i* might well h be5 expect$ to give s]i\s umbrage 7 all[$ to pass unnotic$4 ,! pr(essor !n made a mo/ audaci\s raid ^u ! v5]able doctr9e t !re rema9s = ! majority ( mank9d a place ( unutt]able & et]nal mis]y4 ,he v5tur$ to speak ( ,! ,happ9ess 9 ,hell1 ma9ta9+ t1 :ile ! inhabitants ( t abode w\ld always h a pr(\nd & h>r[+ s5se ( hav+ miss$ ! supreme happ9ess ( heav51 !y w\ld /ill be able to occupy !mselves 9 a v>iety ( ways :i* w\ld give !m a c]ta9 am\nt ( happ9ess1 j z 9 ?is _w a man may c>ry a pr(\nd sorr[ 9 8 he>t & yet1 "u ! /imulus ( bus9ess or society or intellectual /udy1 h 8 att5tion happily div]t$ = _m h\rs e day4 ,at ?is po9t ! au?orities drew ! l9e4 ,x is relat$ ( an old ,scot* lady t1 ref]r+ to ! ,univ]sali/s1 %e said1 8,^? p say t all m5 w be sav$ at la/1 b we hope = bett] ?+s40 ,:e!r ?is 0 ! po9t ( view ( ! ecclesia/ical p[]s or n1 c]ta9 x is t !y refus$ to sanction ! notion ( any happ9ess1 ( h[soev] humble an ord]1 9 ! abode ( gloom1 & gave a p]emptory ord] to ! pr(essor to take x all back4 ,well1 he took x back z a matt] ( submission to ^? :om he reg>d$ z 8 lawful spiritual guides1 b ! submission did n give him re/4 ,if ecclesia/ical au?ority 0 entitl$ to respect on "o side1 sci5ce 0 urg+ ev5 /rong] claims on ! o!r4 ,9 ,augu/ la/1 z we n[ le>n1 ! pr(essor wrote to ! ,prefect ( ! ,sacr$ ,congregation ( ! ,index1 expla9+ h[ he wi%$ 8 submission to be und]/ood1 & z he & ! prefect c\ld n come to an agreem5t ab\t x1 he )drew ! submission altoge!r4 ,!n he resolv$ to relieve 8 m9d4 ,x took two articles 9 two sep>ate magaz9es to d x--"o 9 ! ,=tnightly & "o 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury--b !n x 0 done 9 a mann] admitt+ ( no recall4 ,no soon] _h ^! articles appe>$ ?an ,c>d9al ,vaughan drew up an iron-clad decl>ation affirm+ ! falsity ( e position ! writ] _h tak51 & requir$ him to sign x4 ,too late6 ,! biologi/ & evolutioni/ 9 ,pr(essor ,miv>t _h f9ally triumph$ ov] ! !ologian1 & he met ! c>d9al's dem& ) a flat refusal4 ,!reupon 8 ,em95ce issu$ an ord] exclud+ ! recalcitrant savant f ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*4 ,mr4 ,miv>t n[ kn[s :]e he is4 ,he occupies ! broad gr\nd ( sci5tific tru?4 ,he brea!s ! free air ( intellectual & moral lib]ty4 ,he /ill pr(esses loyalty to ! ,*ur* accord+ to 8 own conception ( x1 b he w no long] b[ d[n to an au?ority t assumes to prescribe 8 op9ions 9 matt]s :i* he is q capable ( judg+ = himself4 ,he has arriv$ at ! conclusion t ev5 z reg>ds ! int]pretation ( ,scripture ! ,*ur* is j z liable to err z ! humble layman4 ,he quotes mo/ p]si/5tly ! case ( ,galileo1 9 :i* ! ,*ur*1 9 ! mo/ =mal & (ficial mann]1 decl>$ t ,scripture taught :at = ne>ly a c5tury n[ x has admitt$ ,scripture does n tea*4 ,if ! highe/ organs ( ecclesia/ical au?ority c\ld make su* a blund] 9 ,galileo's day1 :at blund]s may !y n commit 9 our day8 ,b if ! ,*ur* c err egregi\sly 9 :at is its own peculi> prov9ce--if any?+ is--h[ great is likely to be its inaptitude :5 x und]takes to deal ) sci5tific que/ions6 8,god has taught u10 says ,mr4 ,miv>t1 8?r\gh hi/ory1 t x is n to ecclesia/ical congregations b to m5 ( sci5ce t he has committ$ ! elucidation ( sci5tific que/ions1 :e!r su* que/ions are or are n treat$ ( by ,scripture1 ! ,fa!rs1 ! ,*ur*'s common tea*+1 or special congregations or tribunals ( ecclesia/ics actually summon$ = ! purpose4 ,?is also applies to all sci5ce--to ,scripture criticism1 to biology1 & to all que/ions conc]n+ evolution1 ! antiquity ( man1 & ! orig9 ( ei!r 8 body or 8 s\l or ( bo?4 ,= all ecclesia/ics :o "k no?+ ( natural sci5ce x is an act necess>ily z futile z imp]t95t to express any op9ion on su* subjects40 ,! opposition ( ! rul]s ( ! ,*ur* to ! true !ory ( ! sol> sy/em 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies is p>allel$1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,miv>t1 by _! opposition to ! doctr9e ( evolution to-day4 ,he ref]s to ! fact t two ,ca?olic pr(essors :o _h v5tur$ to give a p>tial support to ! doctr9e 9 "q--"o ( !m ,fa!r ,zahm1 :o contribut$ an article1 z _m ( our read]s w rememb]1 to ?is magaz9e a c\ple ( ye>s ago--_h bo? be5 compell$ to retract & disav[ :at !y _h publi%$ on ! subject4 ,pr(essor ,miv>t draws a di/9ction1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! rul]s ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,*ur*4 ,! latt] he idealizes--& we by no means dispute 8 "r to d s--z a va/ organization ! (fice ( :i* is to keep alive man's s5se ( spiritual ?+s1 & to be> et]nal te/imony 9 favor ( ^? tru?s ( ! he>t :i* d n admit1 l intellectual tru?s1 ( logical demon/ration4 ,?\gh cut (f by au?ority f p>ticipation 9 ! rites ( ! ,*ur*1 he feels himself /ill "o 9 sympa?y ) all :o 9 ! ,*ur* are aspir+ to a high] life4 ,we look ^u 8 case z a v in/ructive "o1 af=d+ z x does cle> evid5ce ( ! absolute incompatibility betwe5 any au?oritative sy/em ( dogma & ! free pursuit ( tru?4 ,x has tak5 ,pr(essor ,miv>t a long "t to arrive at 8 pres5t /&po9t1 b x is well t he has got !re at la/4 ,8 example1 we believe1 w enc\rage n a few to ass]t 9 l mann] _! "r to ?9k freely & to utt] :at !y ?9k4 ,a ,,m ,,excell5t ,,way4 ,:5 our article ( la/ mon?1 entitl$ ,a ,commission 9 ,difficulties1 0 writt5 we _h n se5 ! pap] by ,mr4 ,!odore ,dreis]1 9 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e = ,febru>y1 describ+ ! important educational "w :i* ! ,we/]n railways are do+ ) a view to promot+ ! prosp]ity ( ! agricultural regions ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,9 our article we obs]v$ t 8! m int]f]5ce !re is betwe5 p>ties :o1 9 ! la/ resort1 are dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r's good w1 ! less likely !y are to recognize _! sub/antial id5tity ( int]e/40 ,:at ,mr4 ,dreis] cle>ly %[s is h[ great ! community ( int]e/ is betwe5 ! railroads on ! "o side & ! f>m+ community on ! o!r1 & h[ fully t community ( int]e/ is recogniz$ by ! railways at lea/4 ,! freight ag5t ( a giv5 l9e is *>g$ ) ! duty ( develop+ to ! utmo/--9 ! int]e/1 prim>ily1 ( 8 road1 x may readily be grant$--! agricultural res\rces ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x runs4 ,he has 8 assi/ants1 :o look aft] diff]5t bran*es ( ! "w1 su* z crop-rais+1 cattle-graz+1 dairy+1 p\ltry-rais+1 etc4 8,?r\gh ?is dep>tm5t10 ! writ] says1 8! railroads are do+ a rem>kably broad educational "w1 n only ( inspect+ ! l&1 b ( educat+ ! f>m]s & m]*ants1 & help+ !m to become wis] & m successful4 ,!y give lectures on soil nutrition & vegetable gr[+1 expla9 conditions & trade %ipm5ts1 tea* p\ltry-rais+ & cattle-fe$+1 organize cream]ies = ! manufacture ( *eese & butt]1 & expla9 new bus9ess me?ods to m]*ants :o are sl[ & ignorant 9 ! matt] ( conduct+ _! affairs40 ,an ag5t ( ! railway w visit e t[n along ! l9e a c]ta9 numb] ( times e ye> to see :at he c d to quick5 trade4 ,f9ally1 9 ! great c5t]s !re are special ag5ts :o 8look aft] incom+ %ipm5ts1 & "w = ! int]e/s ( ! m]*ants & f>m]s by f9d+ a m>ket = _! products40 ,examples are giv5 %[+ h[ ! railways are able to imp>t1 & d imp>t1 in=mation ( ! highe/ value to ! f>m]s1 su* z puts !m 9 ! way ( gett+ greatly improv$ returns f _! l&4 ,( c\rse1 ! railways want bus9ess1 b x is em95tly satisfactory :5 "o p>ty :o wants bus9ess uses 8 be/ ef=ts on behalf ( ano!r 9 ord] t by mak+ him prosp]\s he himself may prosp]4 ,:5 ?+s get into ?is %ape !y are all "r1 z ! phrase is4 ,! accept$ def9ition ( a p]fect action is "o :i* b5efits all :o are p>ties to x4 ,?+s are on a mu* bett] f\ndation :5 p are mutually b5efit+ "o ano!r1 ea* prim>ily 9 8 own int]e/1 ?an :5 x is all philan?ropy on "o side & passive acceptance ( b5efits on ! o!r4 ,philan?ropy is an unc]ta9 ?+1 & its effects are unc]ta94 ,its quality w take1 9 g5]al1 a good deal ( tra9+2 b bus9ess1 on an hone/ & reciprocally helpful basis1 is good all ?r\gh4 ,x is a happy circum/ance t !re are natural laws & =ces at "w :i* t5d to produce a heal?ful social equilibrium4 ,! true /atesman is he :o is on ! wat* to disc]n ^! =ces & ^! laws1 resolv$ t if he c n aid _! op]ation he %all at lea/ ?r[ no ob/acle 9 ! way ( _! activity4 ,! am\nt ( h>m t is done by com+ betwe5 p :o w\ld be c]ta9 to arrange _! bus9ess relations satisfactorily1 if !y 7 only left to d x )\t int]f]5ce1 c h>dly be e/imat$4 ,man is fundam5tally a social animal1 & he wants1 if he c possibly get x1 ! good op9ion ( 8 fell[s4 ,?is is a pr9ciple :i* legislation too mu* ov]looks1 b x is "o on :i*1 z we believe1 ! future progress ( society dep5ds1 & :i*1 9 spite ( ! blund]s ( legislators1 w m & m ass]t itself z ! ye>s g on4 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce4 ,religi\s ,suicides4--,suicides f religi\s fanaticism1 :i* are /ill prescrib$ by "s sects1 are comp>$1 z hav+ a common orig91 ) propitiatory or expiatory human sacrifices1 by ,h]r ,las*1 9 an article ( :i* we f9d a review 9 ! ,rivi/a ,italiana di ,sociologica4 ,volunt>y sacrifices1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( anci5t peoples1 _h ne>ly always 9 view ! removal ( p]ils or ! cessation ( public calamities by appeas+ ! ang] ( ! div9ity ?r\gh ! (f]+ ( a human victim4 ,?us ,mac>ia1 ! daught] ( ,h]cules1 at ,a!ns dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w>1 & ,codrus & ! ,a!nian y\? ,crat9us volunt>ily (f]$ _! lives to aid _! c\ntry by ! sacrifice4 ,! consul ,decius gave himself up to assure victory to 8 legions1 & ,adrian's favorite ,ant9\s to save 8 imp]ial protector4 ,spontane\s (f]+s ( human victims to appease (f5d$ div9ities are m5tion$ 9 ! traditions ( ! anci5t ,g]mans1 & x 0 usually _! *ief or k+ :o suff]$ = ! good ( ! p4 ,(f]+s ( ?is sort are f> f infrequ5t among b>b>\s & half-civiliz$ peoples4 ,among "s tribes 9 ,*9a a man is sacrific$ e ye> = ! public welf>e4 ,su* volunt>y r5unciations ( life to acquire m]it ) ! div9ity1 to ga9 favors1 to atone = s9s1 & fulfill v[s are v common 9 ,india1 p>ticul>ly :]e ,brahmanism is mo/ influ5tial4 ,special me?ods 7 po9t$ out 9 ! ,h9du laws = p]=m+ su* sacrifices z w\ld be s9ful = a ,brahman1 b n = a ,sutra1 :o1 be=e ab&on+ life1 %\ld make gifts to ! ,brahmans4 ,a favorite me?od 0 to dr[n "o's self 9 ! ,ganges1 & p>ticul> spots 9 ! riv] 7 designat$ = ?is act4 ,! sacr$ books m5tion five me?ods ( p]=m+ sacrifice to assure a bett] =tune 9 ! next life3 ,/>v+ to dea?1 be+ burn$ alive1 burial 9 sn[1 be+ eat5 by a crocodile1 & cutt+ ! ?roat or be+ dr[n$ at a p>ticul> spot 9 ! ,ganges4 ,9 fulfillm5t ( v[s1 sons w\ld sacrifice !mselves = _! mo!rs by jump+ f a rock4 ,to keep up ! c\rage ( ! victim1 ! ,sivaitic rituals promis$ _m beatitudes to him :o c\rage\sly met dea? = 8 s9s1 & ?reat5$ et]nal puni%m5t to "o :o p]=m$ ! sacrifice 9 a base mann]4 ,& :5 ! suicide _h be5 decid$ ^u !y all[$ no retreat or rep5tance1 b =c$ its consummation4 ,a special app>atus = suicide =m]ly exi/$ 9 "s ( ! villages 9 c5tral ,india1 consi/+ ( a guillot9e :i* ! victim himself set 9 action4 ,ca/+ "o's self "u ! :eels ( ! c> ( ,jugg]naut 0 ano!r me?od ( religi\s suicide4 ,"s philosophical s*ools prescrib$ subjection ( ! body to v>i\s pa9s = ! purification ( ! s\l2 & ! books ( ,manu1 :i* also impose ! de/ruction ( human s5sibility1 h contribut$ mu* to pres]ve ?is idea 9 ,india & spread abroad1 especially 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ! usage ( volunt>y sacrifice to ! div9ity4 ,! aborig9es ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s h employ$ volunt>y sacrifices on ! com+ ( an epidemic1 & ! anci5t ,mexicans & ,p]uvians obs]v$ !m 9 honor ( ! div9ity4 99 99 99 99 99 8,manur+ ) ,bra9s40--8,new ,soil ,sci5ce0 is ! "n ,mr4 ,d4 ,"y gives1 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 to ! results ( ! /udies ( soil bact]iology prosecut$ by ,mr4 ,john ,hunt] & ,pr(essor ,mc,alpine on ,"l ,roseb]ry's e/ate ( ,dalm5y1 & 8manur+ ) bra9s0 to ! application ( !m4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to ! value ( ! bact]ia 9 ! soil z nitrify+ & f]tiliz+ elem5ts by ! exp]im5ts ( ,sir ,john ,b5net ,lawes & ,sir ,joseph ,h5ry ,gilb]t at ,ro?am/$1 & m =cibly by exp]im5ts com+ aft] !m b sugge/$ by !m4 ,x _h also be5 f\nd t cau/ic lime us$ ^u ! soil is liable to de/roy ! nitrify+ & o!r advantage\s organisms1 :ile c>bonate ( lime is surely useful1 & a due proportion ( lime comp\nds is ess5tial to ! be/ dis*>ge ( _! functions4 ,! discov]y t ! bact]ia ( ! root nodules ( legum9\s plants possess ! p[] ( absorb+ ! free nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e & r5d]+ x available = ! use ( ! plant 0 made by ,messrs4 ,hunt] & ,mc,alpine1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,"y1 & 0 taught by !m to _! /ud5ts sev]al ye>s be=e ,hellriegel1 to :om x is usually ascrib$1 fell ^u x4 ,!y f\nd t sev]al well-def9$ sets ( bact]ia 7 conc]n$ 9 ! "w ( nitrification1 & isolat$ & cultivat$ ! nitr\s g]m1 b c\ld accompli% no?+ ) ! nitric g]m till !y us$ old mort> or "s lime dress+ ) x4 ,!y also f\nd t lime comp\nds 9 ! surface soil s]v$ a fur!r important use by prev5t+ ! soluble silicates f be+ tak5 up by ! roots ( ! plant1 ! lime tak+ up ^? salts & =m+ insoluble silicates :i* 7 reta9$ 9 ! soil & did n diffuse into ! plant4 ,s a non-silicat$ /em1 or a cellulose /em1 0 =m$1 :i* w\ld b5d be=e ! w9d )\t break+1 :ile ! non-silicat$ /raw 0 mu* sup]ior 9 value to ! silicat$ /raw4 ,messrs4 ,hunt] & ,mc,alpine d5i$ t silica 9 ! plant gave /r5g? & solidity to ! /em1 & po9t$ out t x r1 l glass1 made ! /raw brittle4 ,!y f\nd out1 fur!r1 t l>ge quantities ( c>bonic acid 7 produc$ 9 ! soil ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! f]m5ts1 & f\nd an outlet ?r\gh ! subsoil dra9s4 ,!y made o!r discov]ies :i* ?reat5$ to r5d] x necess>y to revise ! :ole fabric ( agricultural sci5ce1 & 7 call$ to acc\nt by ! in/itutions 9 :i* !y 7 tea*]s = _! h]esies4 ,!y ma9ta9$ _! position till ! opportunity came to !m to make te/s ( _! !ories on ,"l ,roseb]y's ,dalm5y f>m4 ,among ! results ( ! ,dalm5y exp]im5ts are pro( ( ! value ( a dress+ ( gr\nd lime 9 proportions n l>ge en\gh to kill ! bact]ia1 emphasis ( ! value ( pota% = e crop1 & ! discov]y ( a rem$ial treatm5t = ! f+]-&-toe pe/ 9 turnips4 8,:5 ^! exp]im5ts 7 comm5c$1 gr\nd lime = agricultural purposes _h nev] be5 he>d (1 :]eas n[ !re are at lea/ six lime works :]e ext5sive gr9d+ plants are kept h>d at "w to supply ! ev]-increas+ dem& = t sub/ance4 ,s9ce ! pr9ciples = ! new soil sci5ce h be5 put 9 successful practice at ,dalm5y ! sci5tific au?orities1 :o at fir/ _h br&$ ^! pr9ciples z absurd h]esies1 h *ang$ _! tune10 & n[ ! *emical advis] ( ! ,highl& ,society has decl>$ t he accepts ! new doctr9es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,plague ,antitox94--,9 ju/ify+ 8 belief 9 ! efficacy ( ! inoculation treatm5t aga9/ ! plague1 ,"l ,curzon1 ! ,vic]oy ( ,india1 said1 9 a rec5t address at ,poonah3 8,if ,i f9d1 z ,i d f9d1 out ( "o hundr$ plague seizures among un9oculat$ p]sons1 ! av]age numb] :o die is some:]e ab\t sev5ty to eighty p] c5t1 :ile1 9 a correspond+ numb] ( seizures among inoculat$ p]sons1 ! proportions are entirely rev]s$ & sev5ty to eighty p] c5t1 if n m1 are sav$--& ^! calculations h be5 furni%$ f m ?an "o responsible qu>t]--,i say figures ( t k9d c n fail to c>ry conviction2 & ,i altoge!r fail to see h[1 9 ! face ( !m1 x is possible = any "o to argue t inoculation is n a wise & necess>y precaution40 ,he _h be5 p]sonally visit+ ! plague hospitals & camps ab\t ! city1 & _h already support$ 8 advocacy ( ?is treatm5t by hav+ himself & 8 p>ty inoculat$ at ,simla ) ! plague antitox94 99 99 99 99 99 ,cultivation ( ,india ,rubb]4--,an article 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,republics repres5ts t !re are l&s 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica equally adapt$ to ! cultivation ( ! ,india-rubb] tree ) ! ,brazilian plantations1 & hav+1 9 addition1 a salubri\s climate4 ,=m]ly dep5d5ce = ! supply ( ,india rubb] 0 plac$ 9 ! product ( wild trees1 b ) ! increase 9 ! uses = x1 & ! consequ5t rise 9 prices1 capital is be+ inve/$ 9 ?is indu/ry1 & its pr(itable cultivation is be+ l>gely engag$ 94 ,! trees d n fl\ri% at an elevation exce$+ five hundr$ feet above sea level1 & l[ l&1 moi/ b n swampy1 is ! be/4 ,l& suitable = plant+ c\ld be b\ght = tw5ty-five c5ts an acre 9 l>ge tracts1 b x n[ br+s f two doll>s to five doll>s ,mexican4 ,^! l&s c be us$ = o!r crops :ile ! trees are gr[+ up1 & ?us made p>tly to repay ! co/ ( />t+ ! plantation4 ,s ! exp5se ( cle>+ ! l& prep>atory to plant+ x is l>gely met1 if facilities = transplantation are at h&1 by ! sale ( ! dyewoods1 s&alwood1 sat9wood1 ebony1 & mahogany t are cut (f4 ,! l& %\ld be *os5 along ! banks ( /reams1 :]e ! soil is ri*1 deep1 & loamy1 & ! pres5ce ( wild rubb] trees is a sure indication ( its suitability4 ,^! wild trees %\ld be left /&+1 & "y se$l+s %\ld be kept & transplant$ into _! prop] places4 ,! d5se/ plantation compatible ) good results is fifte5 feet ap>t1 giv+ ab\t "o hundr$ & n9ety-?ree trees to ! acre4 ,once 9 ! gr\nd1 ! tree ne$s no att5tion or cultivation beyond keep+ d[n ! und]gr[?1 :i* c be effect$ by ! aid ( a side crop4 ,! tree propagates itself by ! se$s or nuts1 :i* drop 9 ,may & ,june4 ,by ! six? or sev5? ye> ! grove w be 9 be>+1 & !reaft] %\ld yield f ?ree to five p\nds ( ,india rubb] p] tree4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,new ,york ,botanical ,g>d5's ,museum4--,! museum build+ ( ! ,new ,york ,botanical ,g>d5 is sub/antially complet$1 & mo/ ( ! works are 9 an advanc$ /ate ( =w>dness4 ,! museum cases 7= public inspection7 & ! h]b>ium cases 7= /ud5ts7 are 9 position1 & ! h]b>ium cases are fill$4 ,among ! rec5t gifts ( value to ! in/itution are ! miscellane\s collection ( ,john ,j4 ,crooke1 made ab\t ?irty ye>s ago & conta9+ ab\t tw5ty ?\s& specim5s1 among :i* are a set ( ! plants obta9$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pacific ,explor+ ,exp$ition ( ab\t #ahej2 ! collection ( betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty ?\s& specim5s made by ,dr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,hexam] 9 ,switz]l& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 a collection ( sev5 or eight ?\s& numb]s1 made by ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,a4 ,a4 ,hell]1 repres5t+ betwe5 twelve & ?irte5 hundr$ species1 "s ( :i* are new to sci5ce2 & specim5s ( crude drugs1 = ! ,economic ,museum1 pres5t$ by ,p>ke1 ,davis ,co4 ,a p]man5t microscopic exhibition is to be e/abli%$ by ,mr4 ,william ,e4 ,dodge1 at 8 own exp5se4 ,x w be furni%$ ) at lea/ tw5ty-five microscopes1 & ) specim5s c>efully prep>$ & inclos$1 to secure !m f injury4 ,a set ( m ?an two hundr$ volumes on botany & horticulture1 :i* =m$ a "p ( ! libr>y ( ,dr4 ,david ,hosack1 f\nd] ( ! fir/ botanical g>d5 9 ,new ,york1 has be5 pres5t$ by ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 :i* receiv$ x f ! ,new ,york ,hospital4 99 99 99 99 99 ,action ( ,sea ,wat] on ,cem5ts4--,z ! result ( exam9ations ( _m masonry /ructures imm]s$ 9 sea wat]1 ,dr4 ,wilhelm ,mi*aelis has f\nd t ,portl& cem5t does n resi/ ! *emical action ( su* wat] s well z d ,roman cem5t & ! hydraulic cem5ts4 ,! soluble sulphates 9 ! sea wat] appe> to ent] into a sub/itution comb9ation ) ! lime :i* exi/s 9 ! cem5t 9 a free /ate or is lib]at$ 9 ! h>d5+1 & x is conv]t$ into a sulphate1 :ile dis9tegration ensues4 ,9 ,roman cem5t ! lime exi/s 9 comb9ation1 & !re is no incl9ation t[>d ! =mation ( a sulphate1 & hydraulic limes resemble ,roman cem5t 9 physical qualities4 ,dr4 ,mi*aelis sugge/s t hydraulic cem5t+ mat]ials conta9+ m lime ?an is requir$ = ! =mation ( /able hydro-silicate & alum9ate may be made suitable = subm>9e "w by an admixture ( trass or puzzolana1 :]eby ! cem5t+ /r5g? ( ! mass w be greatly increas$1 & x w be enabl$ to )/& ! dis9tegrat+ action ( ! sea wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,/ories ( ,amazonian ,pygmies4--,dr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton subject$ ! /ories ( ! exi/5ce ( pygmy tribes on ! upp] tribut>ies ( ! ,amazon to a c>eful exam9ation1 & came to ! conclusion t ! facts did n %[ any?+ m ?an t !re are und]siz$ tribes 9 t "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ) occasional individual examples ( dw>fs1 su* z occur 9 all communities4 ,x is /ill a "q1 he obs]v$1 8:e!r ! rumor ( a pygmy p some:]e 9 ! tropical =e/s is n to be class$ ) ! /ories :i* ?rew a /range glam\r ab\t ^? inaccessible regions 9 ! e>ly days ( ! discov]y4 ,!re 7 _m ( ^!1 = ,i am speak+ ( ! "p ( ! map :]e 0 locat$ ! ,el ,dorado1 ! gold5 city ( ,manoa1 ! home ( ! w>like ,amazons2 :]e dwelt ! m5 ) tails & ! my/]i\s ,oyac\lets1 w>riors ) :ite sk91 blue eyes1 & long1 blond be>ds4 ,all h vani%$ f hi/ory b ! pygmies1 & _! turn w probably soon come40 99 99 99 99 99 ,relief & ,p5sion ,funds ( ,railroad ,m54--,9 in/itut+ a p5sion fund = ! m5 9 its employ ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad e/abli%$1 9 addition & supplem5t>y to ! relief fund ( :i* !y enjoy ! privilege1 a special fund = ^? :o are retir$ or sup]annuat$1 :i* is adju/$ accord+ to _! l5g? ( s]vice & ! pay !y h be5 receiv+4 ,! relief fund af=ds e man employ$ an opportunity to provide = himself 9 case ( sickness or disability4 ,x is co-op]ative1 & is support$ jo9tly by ! employ$ m51 its memb]s1 & ! company1 ! exp5ses ( op]ation & ! defici5cies 9 x be+ met by ! company4 ,! additional p5sion is ! company's own und]tak+4 ,besides ! manife/ly humane purpose ( ?is arrangem5t--to c>e = ! pres5t & future int]e/s ( its m5--x promises to "w to increase & improve ! effectiv5ess ( ! company's s]vice4 ,its t5d5cy w be to give ! m5 great] he>t 9 _! "w1 & to cause !m to id5tify !mselves m fully ) x4 ,dec5t provision be+ made = ! retirem5t ( old h&s1 ! s]vice c be kept mann$ by a y\ng] & m robu/ class4 ,! new fund w effect ! entire =ce on ! l9es ( ! ,p5nsylvania sy/em ea/ ( ,pittsburg & ,erie1 ext5d+ ov] a trackage ( m ?an =ty-"o hundr$ miles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,broom z a ,spread] ( ,disease4--,du/ be+ n[ g5]ally recogniz$ z "o ( ! mo/ effici5t vehicles ( ! g]ms ( disease1 ,dr4 ,max ,girsdansky f9ds ! broom to be "o ( ! mo/ active ag5ts 9 s5d+ !m into air1 :]e x is diffus$ by :atev] breezes may be bl[+ !re4 ,! h\sewife digs ! du/ out ( h] c>pets & /irs x out ( ! quiet corn]s :]e x has accumulat$1 we>+ an old dress & cov]+ h] head :ile %e leaves h] lungs expos$1 !n %akes h] rugs 9 ! y>d1 & ! /reet sweep] transf]s ! du/ he has *>ge ( f ! pavem5t to ! atmosph]e1 :]e we c brea! our fill ( consumption f day to day4 ,!re=e1 ! au?or holds1 ! broom1 8f> f s]v+ any hygi5ic purpose1 is ! cause ( ! ma9t5ance ( organic du/ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! l>ge cities ( ! _w1 & z su* is ! mo/ important cause ( ! exi/5ce & spread ( tub]culosis40 ,fur!r1 ! c>pet is pron\nc$ 8an unhygi5ic article1 s]v+ z a f9e bre$+ gr\nd = vegetable p>asites1 necessitat+ ! use ( ! broom & ! du/]1 & !reby becom+ a reason = ! exi/5ce ( organic du/40 ,z ! only prop] & safe way ( procur+ ! cleanl9ess ( ! floors & /reets ( our l>ge cities1 ,dr4 ,girsdansky advises ! free use ( wat] 9 ! %ape ( %[]s1 or ) spr9kl+ wagons1 hoes1 mops1 etc41 & t all floors & floor cov]+s ( ! h\se & ! /reet be s con/ruct$ z to facilitate ! free use ( wat] 9 ^! ways4 99 99 99 99 99 ,alkali ,soils 9 ,montana4--,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,traphag51 ( ! ,montana ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ascribes ! orig9 ( ! alkali soil 9 ! arid regions to ! failure ( ! elem5ts to remove ! soda salts set free on ! dis9tegration ( ! rocks1 :i* 9 humid regions are tak5 up & wa%$ away by ! ra9s4 ,! soluble salts are dissolv$ by ! wat] t falls on ! surface1 & are c>ri$ d[n :5 x soaks ?r\gh ! gr\nd1 to =m an elem5t 9 ! gr\nd wat]4 ,!y return !nce to ! soil :5 wat] is br\ght up by capill>y action to supply ! place ( t lo/ by surface evaporation1 & accumulate !re4 ,!n1 z ! wat] evaporates !y are left on ! surface1 =m+1 :5 9 suffici5t quantity1 ! :ite cru/s se5 9 badly alkali$ places4 ,! mo/ effective rem$y = alkali might probably be f\nd 9 und]dra9age1 :i* w\ld prev5t ! gr\nd wat] ris+ to ! top1 & w\ld c>ry (f ! salts4 ,?is be+ at pres5t impracticable on ! l>ge scale t w\ld be requir$1 su* exp$i5ts z surface flood+ & su* cultivation ( crops z w\ld t5d to *eck evaporation are sugge/$4 ,! p]nici\s effects ( 8black alkali0 or sodium c>bonate are se5 :5 x =ms z mu* z ab\t "o t5? ( "o p] c5t ( ! soil1 9 ! corrosion & solution ( vegetable matt]--! /ems ( plants--expos$ to x4 ,x also dissolves ! humus or vegetable mold1 =m+ d>k-color$ solutions & deposit+ a black residue ^u ! evaporation ( ! wat]--:5ce its "n--& x de/roys ! tillability ( _m soils4 ,! 8:ite alkali0 or sodium sulphate c be borne 9 mu* l>g] proportions 9 ! soil1 & promotes ! be/ crops j be=e x completely de/roys !m4 ,! au?or rem>ks t ! f\ndations ( a numb] ( build+s 9 ,bill+s1 ,montana1 are gradually becom+ insecure because ( ! dis9tegration ( ! rock1 due to ! absorption ( alkali salts1 foll[$ by ! evaporation ( ! wat] & ! deposit ( salts )9 ! pores ( ! rock4 ,z ! process cont9ues1 ! rock p>ticles are =c$ ap>t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,future ( ! ,new ,york ,canals4--,! ,committee on ,canals ( ,new ,york ,/ate recomm5d decid$ly 9 _! report to ! ,gov]nor t ^? highways %\ld n be ab&on$ b ma9ta9$1 & ! pr9cipal ones enl>g$1 :ile ! o!rs %\ld be kept up z navigable fe$]s4 ,( two projects = enl>g+ ! ,erie ,canal1 t und]tak5 9 #ahie1 ) modifications to be execut$ at a co/ ( #ba1afa1fde1 & a l>g] "o to co/ #eh1hid1ffh1 ! committee pref] ! l>g] "o1 because x w p]man5tly secure ! comm]cial supremacy ( ,new ,york1 :ile ! o!r is 8at be/ only a tempor>y make%ift40 ,an important pr9ciple emphasiz$ 9 ! report is t ! effici5cy ( ! canals dep5ds ^u _! managem5t z well z ^u _! physical size4 ,!re=e a policy %\ld be foll[$ t w enc\rage transportation companies to seek ! use ( !m2 me*anical means ( traction %\ld be employ$1 & me*anical p[] %\ld be sub/itut$ = h& p[] 9 c]ta9 op]ations2 ! =ce engag$ ^u !m %\ld be organiz$ on a m p]man5t basis ( fitness1 s z to furni% an attractive c>e] to graduates ( sci5tific in/itutions2 & effici5t gu>ds %\ld be ?r[n ov] ! exp5diture ( money 8s z to make impossible a repetition ( ! un=tunate results ( ! #i1jjj1jjj appropriation40 99 99 99 99 99 ,float+ ,/ones4--,:ile engag$ 9 sci5tific rese>* 9 s\?we/ ,patagonia1 ,mr4 ,erl& ,nord5skiold obs]v$ a consid]able numb] ( small fragm5ts ( slate float+ ^u ! surface1 pack$ toge!r 9 l>g] or small] clu/]s4 ,! surface ( ! /ones 0 dry1 & !y sank imm$iately :5 x became wet4 ,_! specific gravity 0 #b4ga1 t ( ! wat] be+ #a4jjdi4 ,! fragm5ts conta9$ no air cavities p]ceptible to ! nak$ eye1 b small1 gase\s bubbles c\ld be se5 atta*$ to _! "u surfaces1 & /ones on ! v fr+e ( ! bea* :i* 7 j beg9n+ to float 7 obs]v$ to be light5$ by gase\s bubbles4 ,! au?or 0 n able to inve/igate ! ph5om5on m closely1 b believes t besides ! visible bubbles !y 7 surr\nd$ by an envelope ( gas1 support$ by an insignificant coat+ ( alg1 by :i* !y are envelop$4 ,! greasy surface ( ! m9]al also prev5t$ ! wat] f adh]+ to !m1 & caus$ !m to be surr\nd$ ) a concave m5iscus1 :i* contribut$ mu* to _! float+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! 8,p]iodicity ( ,w>40--,! doctr9e ( 8! p]iodicity ( w>0 0 pres5t$ at ! ,lake ,mohonk ,conf]5ce on ,int]national ,arbitration 9 ,may-,june1 #ahii1 by ,g5]al ,alfr$ ,c4 ,b>nes1 ) ! introductory rem>k t 8no "o deprecates w> m ?an ! soldi] :o s]ves f a s5se ( duty40 ,! speak] said t 8) all our privileges1 & 9 spite ( ! elevat$ _s t und5iably prevails among u1 ! orig9al savage lurks 9 ! he>ts ( m5 "h z else:]e40 ,9 two hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s we h _h t5 pr9cipal w>s--five dur+ ! colonial p]iod & five s9ce our indep5d5ce 0 und]tak54 ,! av]age int]val betwe5 w>s has be5 ab\t tw5ty ye>s--8an extremely int]e/+ p]iodicity1 z x br+s into ! ar5a a new race ( fight+ "y m54 ,s x seems t = ea* fre% g5]ation ( our y\? ! temple gates ( ,janus h to be op5$1 t ! furies !re conf9$ may ru% =? & deva/ate ! e>?4 ,x looks almo/ l ! op]ation ( a natural law40 ,g5]al ,b>nes's !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! w> t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is /ill engag$ 9 is ! simple "o t we 7 8spoil+ = a fight40 99 99 99 99 99 ,exp]t ,op9ions respect+ ,food ,pres]vatives4--,at a rec5t he>+ be=e an ,engli% ,(ficial ,committee on ,pres]vatives & ,color+ ,matt]s 9 ,food1 ! repres5tative ( an em95t firm ( pres]v]s said t pres]vatives 7 n v g5]ally us$ ) fruits & jams4 ,8 firm reg>d$ !m z q unnecess>y1 b he w\ld n say !y ought to be prohibit$ if us$ 9 mod]ate quantity4 ,besides color+ matt] 9 vegetables1 ! only article us$ by 8 firm = color+ 0 an extract ( co*9eal4 ,mr4 ,john ,tubb ,?omas1 a m$ical (fic]1 told ( *ildr5 :o 7 injur$ by milk conta9+ boracic acid1 & said t 9 8 exp]im5ts ^u himself ab\t fifte5 gra9s ( t sub/ance a day _h upset 8 dige/ive organs & produc$ sickness1 ) di>rha & heada*e4 ,! use ( ! acid1 he said1 %\ld c]ta9ly be prohibit$ 9 new milk1 :i* 0 s l>gely ! food ( invalids & infants4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,corfield said he _h f\nd salicylic acid 9 ! light] w9es & be]s4 ,x 0 a slightly acrid1 irritat+ sub/ance1 :i* 0 us$ ext]nally = ! removal ( corns & w>ts1 & 0 a mo/ undesirable article to put 9 food4 ,mr4 ,walt] ,coll+wood ,williams1 a public analy/1 _h f\nd salicylic acid 9 a numb] ( temp]ance1 non-alcoholic dr9ks4 ,dr4 ,kaye1 a m$ical (fic] ( heal?1 %[$ t ! numb] ( infant dea?s 0 increas+1 :ile ! g5]al dea? rate 0 decreas+1 & attribut$ ! fact1 p>tly at lea/1 to ! gr[+ & excessive use ( pres]vatives4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pawn%ops 9 ,g]many4--,betwe5 half a doz5 & a doz5 ( ! /ate pawn%ops :i* 7 common 9 ,g]many 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies /ill exi/4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates vice-consul at ,cologne has giv5 a consid]able li/ ( municipal pawn%ops 9 ! m important cities ( all p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,on ! :ole1 ! numb] ( ^! in/itutions is l>g] 9 ,g]many ?an 9 ,france1 b small] ?an 9 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 & ,italy4 ,! bus9ess ( pawn%ops appe>s1 at lea/ m rec5tly1 to dep5d less ^u g5]al economic ?an on special1 local causes4 ,! ,g]man law has usually requir$ private p]sons do+ a pawnbrok+ bus9ess to take out special lic5ses1 & has ex]cis$ a m or less /rict sup]vision ov] !m4 ,! sup]vision practically lack$ effici5cy1 & m /r+5t regulations 7 impos$ by a /atute enact$ 9 #ahgi1 :i* is n[ ! basis ( ! exi/+ law ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,"u ?is law lic5se is refus$ to p]sons :o are unfitt$ = ! bus9ess1 & is n issu$ at any rate unless a necessity is %[n = ! in/itution4 ,! imp]ial law is supplem5t$ by special laws ( ! v>i\s ,g]man /ates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,animals ( ! ,ocean ,dep?s4--,:ile plant life 9 ! ocean is limit$ to %all[ wat]s1 ,sir ,john ,murray says fi%es & memb]s ( all ! inv]tebrate gr\ps are di/ribut$ ov] ! floor ( ! ocean at all dep?s4 ,! majority ( ^! deep-sea animals live by eat+ ! mud1 clay1 or ooze1 or by cat*+ ! m9ute p>ticles ( organic matt] :i* fall f ! surface4 ,x is probably n f> f ! tru? to say t ?ree f\r?s ( ! deposits n[ cov]+ ! floor ( ! ocean h pass$ ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canals ( m>9e animals4 ,^! mud-eat+ species1 _m ( :i* are ( gigantic size :5 comp>$ ) _! allies liv+ 9 ! %all[ coa/al wat]s1 become 9 turn ! prey ( num]\s rapaci\s animals arm$ ) peculi> preh5sile & tactile organs4 ,_m deep-sea animals pres5t ar*aic *>act]s2 /ill1 ! deep sea c n be said to conta9 m remnants ( fauna :i* fl\ri%$ 9 remote geological p]iods ?an ! %all[ & fre% wat]s ( ! cont95ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,site ( ,ophir4--,dr4 ,c>l ,pet]s1 an ,african explor] rec5tly return$ to ,london1 believes t he has f\nd ! ,ophir :5ce ,k+ ,solomon's gold 0 br\ght1 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,zambesi & ! ,pungwa ,riv]s1 9 ,portuguese ,africa & ea/]n ,ma%onal&4 ,_m riv]s1 "s q ext5sive1 ( undet]m9$ orig91 & traces ( anci5t m9+ ent]prises1 are f\nd 9 ! region1 & gold is /ill wa%$ !re4 ,"o site is ,fura1 on ! ,muira ,riv]1 ab\t fifte5 miles s\? ( ! ,zambesi4 ,! "n ,fura is said to be a native corruption ( ! ^w ,afur1 by :i* ! ,arabs ( ! sixte5? c5tury call$ ! di/rict1 & t to be ! ,sah>an or s\? ,arabian =m ( ! ,hebrew ,ophir4 ,! natives are unlike ! ord9>y ,africans1 & h a di/9ctly ,jewi% type ( face4 ,a *ief in=m$ ,dr4 ,pet]s conc]n+ ! position ( "s anci5t work+s1 &1 foll[+ 8 directions1 ! explor] f\nd ru9s 8( an und\bt$ly ,semitic type40 ,dr4 ,pet]s's hypo!ses & evid5ces mu/ be accept$ = :at !y are wor?4 ,o!r explor]s h f\nd ,ophir at v>i\s po9ts 9 ,africa & ,arabia1 & ev5 9 ,india & else:]e1 & h be5 z satisfi$ & z sure z he ) _! id5tifications4 ,,m9or ,,p>agraphs4 ,an in/ructive address1 be=e ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita91 0 rec5tly deliv]$ by ,sir ,w4 ,rob]ts ,au/5 on ! progress made 9 ! iron & /eel indu/ries dur+ ! pa/ c5tury4 ,! great revolution :i* ! discov]y ( /eel br\ght ab\t is dwelt ^u at l5g?1 & its f>-rea*+ importance1 n only 9 ! iron indu/ry itself b 9 all o!r indu/ries & 9 ! de/9ies ( ,engl& h]self1 po9t$ out4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! indu/ry x 0 held t ! diff]5t qualities ( iron 7 due to ! diff]5t localities f :i* ! ore 0 obta9$1 b late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! great ,sw$i% *emi/1 ,b]gman1 ( ,upsala1 cle>ly %[$ t c>bon is ! elem5t to :i* /eel & ca/ iron owe _! di/9ctive prop]ties4 ,cl\et's celebrat$ exp]im5t on ! c>burization ( iron by ! diamond foll[$4 8,well might ,b]gman express a/oni%m5t at ! action ( c>bon on iron4 ,/>tl+ z ! /atem5t may seem1 ! de/9ies ( ,engl& ?r\gh\t ! c5tury1 & especially dur+ ! latt] half ( x1 h be5 ma9ly influ5c$ by ! use ( /eel4 ,h>dly a /ep ( our progress or an incid5t ( our civilization has n 9 "o way or ano!r be5 influ5c$ by ! prop]ties ( iron & /eel4 ,x is rem>kable t ^! prop]ties h be5 det]m9$ by ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 a mass ( iron1 itself protean 9 its nature1 & ! few t5?s p] c5t ( c>bon x conta9s40 ,9 #ahjj ! production ( pig iron 9 ,engl& 0 ab\t #bjj1jjj tons2 9 #ahih x 0 #h1gfi1bdi tons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a note 9 ,nature describes an +5i\s arrangem5t = controll+ ! direction ( torp$oes by means ( e!r waves4 ,two sol5oids1 into :i* are drawn iron cores1 are atta*$ to ! rudd] head1 ! core :i* is drawn 9 dep5d+1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! direction ( ! receiv$ curr5t4 ,two rods project+ above ! surface ( ! wat] receive ! waves & are 9 circuit ) a coh]] ( special type1 :i* affects a relay 9 ! usual way4 ,! actual processes involv$ 9 /e]+ & controll+ a torp$o are some:at z foll[s3 ,! torp$o1 conta9+ a suitable comb9ation ( ! app>atus above m5tion$1 is laun*$ f a vessel conta9+ ! necess>y s5d+ app>atus4 ,suppose ! torp$o goes (f its c\rse4 ,!n1 by means ( a swit*1 an induction coil is suppli$ ) an electric curr5t1 & waves or oscillations are g5]at$4 ,^!1 on rea*+ ! torp$o1 pass into ! project+ wire & !nce rea* ! coh]]4 ,?is op]ates ! relay1 clos+ ! second>y circuit4 ,an electric curr5t n[ fl[s ?r\gh a 8selector0 to "o ( ! sol5oids1 ! iron core is suck$ into "r or left1 & ! helm is ?us turn$4 ,:5 ! torp$o has atta9$ a prop] c\rse ! swit* is op5$ & ! waves cease4 ,! vibration 9 ! neighborhood ( ! coh]] re/ores x to ! orig9al resi/ance2 ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh x becomes weak] & ceases to affect ! relay coil1 :i* !re=e op5s ! second>y circuit & all[s ! helm to fly back to ! mid%ip position4 ,a l>ge model ( ! app>atus has be5 con/ruct$1 & x is said to "w ) entire success "u all k9ds ( conditions4 ,! inv5tors are ,mr4 ,walt] ,jameson & ,mr4 ,john ,trott]4 ,x is /at$ t ,nikola ,tesla has ,am]ican pat5ts = a some:at simil> device4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! au?or1 ,pr(essor ,dew>'s pap] on ! solidification ( hydrog5 0 read 9 ! ,briti% ,association by ,sir ,william ,crook4 ,x %[s t solid hydrog5 pres5ts ! appe>ance ( froz5 wat]1 & n1 z _h be5 anticipat$ by _m1 ( froz5 m]cury2 h5ce x is n[ def9itely decid$ t x is n metallic4 ,! temp]ature ( ! solid is #af absolute at ?irty-five millimetres pressure1 & x melts at #af or #ag absolute1 ! practical limit ( ! temp]ature obta9able by its evaporation be+ #ad or #ae absolute4 ,?us ! la/ ( ! old gas has be5 solidifi$4 ,x 0 fur!r m5tion$1 9 connection ) ^! /atem5ts1 t ,pr(essor ,dew> _h succe$$ 9 liquefy+ helium4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! organiz+ committees ( ! ,congresses ( ,aronautics & ,meteorology--^! be+ cognate subjects--( ! ,exposition ( #aijj h decid$ to hold ! meet+s ( ^! bodies 9 su* a mann] t all memb]s c att5d ! sessions ( bo?4 ,! programme arrang$ = ! ,aronautical ,congress contemplates ! discussion1 "u aspects :i* are set =? 9 detail1 ( 8problems0 relat+ to free balloons1 _! managem5t & use2 captive balloons1 /e]able balloons1 & aviation2 & ! sci5tific applications ( balloon obs]vations to problems 9 a/ronomy1 meteorology1 & physiology2 also ( _! use = purposes ( reconnoissance & topographical surveys1 & ( photography f balloons4 ,9 a diff]5t ord] ( ideas1 ! congress may occupy itself ) que/ions ( legislation & int]national law :i* conc]n aronauts 9 times ( peace & ( w>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ree ,/ate catalogues ( ,ohio plants h h]et(ore be5 issu$4 ,! fir/1 by ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,/ate ,agricultural ,report 9 #ahei2 ! second1 by ,h4 ,c4 ,be>dslee1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgd1 & 0 repr9t$ 9 ! ,agricultural ,report = #ahgi2 & ! ?ird1 by ,w4 ,a4 ,kell]man & ,w4 ,c4 ,w]n]1 0 includ$ 9 ! ,/ate ,geological ,report = #ahic4 ,?is "w conta9s a bibliography1 & gives ! names ( ! fir/ kn[n collectors ( ! less common species4 ,a f\r? catalogue1 consi/+ ( a *eckli/ ( ! ,pt]idophytes & ,sp]mophytes1 rec5tly publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,a4 ,kell]man1 conta9s ! species & v>ieties numb]$ s]ially1 z 9 ! ,/ate ,h]b>ium ( ne>ly t5 ?\s& %eets1 ) ! sequ5ce ( gr\ps z by ,engl] & ,prantl1 & ! nom5clature z us$ by ,britton & ,br[n4 ,,notes4 ,! committee ( ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,a/ronomical ,society = ! revision ( ! ,russian cal5d>1 to make x agree ) ! ,gregorian1 has f\nd x necess>y to move sl[ly4 ,! fe/ivals prove a =midable ob/acle to ! desir$ re=m1 & ! p w h to be prep>$ = ! *ange be=e x c be in/itut$4 ,! plan n[ is to use bo? dates1 ,russian & ,gregorian1 toge!r till ! new /yle c be made famili>1 & x is propos$ to make ! d\ble use compulsory on private z well z on public docum5ts & pap]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a /eamboat company is plac+ its little vessels on ! canals ( ,v5ice1 & ! gondolas1 :i* 7 "o ( ! *>ms ( ! city to travel]s1 are de/9$ to disappe>--unless a few may be res]v$ to gratify ! curiosity ( t\ri/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,commission] ( ,education ( ,rhode ,isl& has issu$ a circul> to tea*]s1 call+ att5tion to ! "w ( ! ,audubon ,society = ! ,pres]vation ( ,birds1 & to ! incalculable value1 f v>i\s po9ts ( view1 ( bird life1 & advises !m to fo/] ,nature /udy z furni%+ a natural *annel by means ( :i* in/ruction & in=mation on ! subject may readily be br\ght be=e ! *ildr51 & ?r\gh !m to ! p g5]ally4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 a pap] on ,! ,ultimate ,basis ( ,"t ,divisions 9 ,geology1 ,t4 ,c4 ,*amb]l9 accepts x z prov$ t !re 7 no univ]sal breaks 9 s$im5tation or 9 ! fundam5tal cont9uity ( life1 no physical cataclysms att5d$ by univ]sal de/ruction ( life1 & t s$im5tation has be5 9 con/ant progress some:]e & life cont9u\s & self-d]ivative s9ce ! beg9n+4 ,he !n raises ! "q :e!r ?is cont9uity ( physical & vital action proce$$ by het]og5e\s impulses or by correlat$ pulsations4 ,! au?or's conclusion is 9 favor ( ! hypo!sis ( correlat$ pulsations involv+ a rhy?mical p]iodicity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nettle fib] is said to be com+ into great favor = ! manufacture ( f9e y>ns & tissues4 ,sev]al factories 9 ,g]many are us+ x1 & ! introduction ( ! ext5sive cultivation ( nettles into ! ,african colony ( ! ,cam]oons is contemplat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are n[1 accord+ to ! la/ annual ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice1 ?irty-six =e/ res]vations 7exclusive ( ! ,afognak ,=e/ & ,fi%-,culture ,res]ve 9 ,alaska7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 embrac+ an e/imat$ area ( #df1jba1hii acres4 ,?is e/imate is = ! aggregate areas )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! res]vations1 b ! l&s res]v$ are only ! vacant public l&s !re94 ,! actual res]v$ area is !re=e some:at less ?an ! e/imate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,exp]im5ts made by ,pr(essor ,dew> & ,sir ,w4 ,?isleton ,dy]1 & report$ to ! ,briti% ,association1 ^u ! effect ( ! temp]ature ( liquid hydrog5 ^u ! g]m9ative p[] ( se$s1 g to %[ t life goes on at a temp]ature s l[ t ord9>y *emical action is practically /opp$4 ,se$s ( b>ley1 vegetable m>r[1 mu/>d1 & ! pea 7 imm]s$ 9 liquid hydrog5 = six h\rs1 cool$ to a temp]ature ( #dec ,f4 bel[ ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice1 & came out un*ang$ to ! eye1 &1 :5 plant$1 all g]m9at$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 hav+ be5 rais$ to ! pe]age1 has adopt$ ,"l ,avebury z 8 title1 & w be h5ce=? s kn[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 our obitu>y li/ ( m5 kn[n to sci5ce are ! names ( ,n4 ,e4 ,gre51 ,f4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 :o 0 di/+ui%$ = ! excell5ce ( 8 planet>y obs]vations1 p>ticul>ly ( ,m>s1 made at ,madeira 9 #ahgg1 & 0 ! second ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association1 di$ ,novemb] #aj?1 9 8 sev5ty-six? ye>2 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hughes1 inv5tor ( ! ,hughes pr9t+ telegraph ma*9e1 ! microphone1 & ! induction balance1 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 gold m$ali/1 & ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor1 :o 0 born 9 ,london 9 #ahca & 0 br\ght to ! ,unit$ ,/ates at an e>ly age2 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,gregory1 m9]alogi/2 ,m4 ,m>ion1 pr(essor 9 ! ,sci5tific ,faculty 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>seilles & ,keep] ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum !re1 :o took "p 9 ! dr$g+ trips ( ! ,travailleur & ! ,talisman1 & contribut$ to ! ,annales ( ! museum at ,m>seilles2 ,dr4 ,hans ,bruno ,ge9itz1 geologi/ & paleontologi/1 at ,dresd51 ,saxony1 9 8 eighty-six? ye>2 ,walt] ,gtze1 botani/1 :ile on an exp$ition to ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 ,decemb] #i?2 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,suffolk1 treasur] ( ! ,royal ,microscopical ,society ( ,great ,brita94 ,,publications ,,receiv$4 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations4 ,bullet9s & ,reports4 ,connecticut3 ,tw5ty-?ird ,annual ,report4 ,"p ,i4 ,f]tiliz]s4 ,pp4 #ib2 ,bullet9 ,no4 #acj4 ,comm]cial ,fe$+ ,/uffs 9 ! ,connecticut ,m>ket4--,nor? 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(1 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,a4 ,f4 ,web]1 #abf4 ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association (4 ,april1 #ahii1 #bgh4 ,cope1 ,e4 ,d4 ,v]tebrate ,rema9s f ! ,port ,k5n$y ,deposit1 #acc4 ,c\lt]1 ,john ,m4 ,plant ,relations1 #aca4 ,crag91 ,belle ,s4 ,our ,insect ,fri5ds & ,foes1 #bgc4 ,croke1 ,w4 ,j4 ,d4 ,ar*itecture1 ,pa9t+1 & ,pr9t+ at ,subiaco1 #acd4 ,crook1 ,james ,k4 ,m9]al ,wat]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & _! ,!rapeutic ,uses1 #abg4 ,dalton1 ,d4 ,h[ to ,swim1 #bgg4 ,davidson1 ,alice ,m4 ,cali=nia ,plants 9 _! ,homes1 #acj4 ,diet 9 ,illness & ,convalesc5ce4 ,a4 ,w4 ,w9?rop1 #bga4 ,e>l1 ,a4 ,! ,liv+ ,organism1 #aca4 ,economics4 ,liquor ,laws1 ,c5traliz$ ,adm9i/ration (4 ,c4 ,m4 ,l4 ,sites1 #bge4 ,electricity4 ,accumulators1 ,small4 ,p4 ,m>%all1 #bgf4 ,entomology4 ,butt]flies1 ,ev]yday4 ,s4 ,h4 ,scudd]1 #abh4 -- ,insect ,fri5ds & ,foes4 ,b4 ,s4 ,crag91 #bgc4 ,erl+sson1 ,t4 ,ru9s ( ! ,saga ,times1 #bgg4 ,fi% & ,fi%]ies1 ,report ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission (1 = ,ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahih1 #bgf4 ,fiske1 ,john4 ,?r\gh ,nature to ,god1 #bfh4 ,g>d9]1 ,c4 ,a4 ,our ,"r to ,acquire & ,hold ,=eign ,t]ritory1 #acd4 ,gell1 ,m4 ,e4 ,l',audition et ses ,organes1 #abh4 ,gelman1 ,f4 ,h4 ,elem5ts ( ,bl[pipe ,analysis1 #bgi4 ,geological ,survey1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,eighte5? ,annual ,report1 #bgb4 ,geometry1 ,new ,plane & ,solid4 ,beeman & ,smi?1 #bgc4 ,heilpr91 ,a4 ,alaska & ! ,klondike1 #bgj4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,nation4 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,laughlin1 #abi4 ,hunt+ton1 ,h4 ,notes on ,*emical ,jurisprud5ce1 #acc4 ,idylls ( ! ,sea4 ,f4 ,t4 ,bull51 #bga4 ,insect ,fri5ds & ,foes4 ,b4 ,s4 ,crag91 #bgc4 ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 ,t5? ,annual ,report (1 #bgf4 ,jacoby1 ,j4 ,! ,object ( ! ,labor ,movem5t1 #bgi4 ,k1 ,me?ods (4 ,w4 ,smi?1 #bgc4 ,krug]1 ,f4 ,t4 ,a ,/ep ,=w>d1 #bge4 ,labor ,movem5t1 ,! ,object ( !1 #bgi4 ,leon>d1 ,j4 ,w4 ,:o's ,:o ,9 ,am]ica1 #bgd4 ,lucas1 ,f4 ,a4 ,! ,h]mit ,naturali/1 #acc4 ,luqu]1 ,l4 ,mc,i4 ,m9]als 9 ,rock ,sections1 #acj4 ,mc,laughlin1 ,a4 ,c4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,nation1 #abi4 ,m>%all1 ,p4 ,small ,accumulators1 #bgf4 ,ma!matics4 ,trigonometry1 ,elem5ts (4 ,h4 ,c4 ,:itak]1 #acj4 ,m$ic9e4 ,transactions ,wyom+ ,/ate ,m$ical ,society4 ,fir/ & ,second ,regul> ,meet+s1 #bgi4 ,memory1 ,! ,philosophy (1 & ,o!r ,essays1 #bgd4 ,m9]alogy4 ,bl[pipe ,analysis1 ,elem5ts (4 ,f4 ,h4 ,gelman1 #bgi4 -- ,colombia1 ,! ,ores (4 ,h4 ,w4 ,ni*ols1 #acb4 -- ,cry/als1 ,! ,*>act]s (4 ,a4 ,j4 ,moses1 #abi4 -- ,microscopic ,id5tification ( ,m9]als 9 ,rock ,sections4 ,l4 ,mc,i4 ,luqu]1 #acj4 ,m9]al ,wat]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,james ,k4 ,crook1 #abg4 ,montaigne on ! ,education ( ,*ildr54 ,l4 ,e4 ,rector1 #bgh4 ,moore1 ,j4 ,h4 ,bett] ,_w ,philosophy1 #bgf4 ,moreh\se1 ,g4 ,w4 ,! ,wild]ness ( ,worlds1 #aca4 ,moses1 ,a4 ,j4 ,! ,*>act]s ( ,cry/als1 #abi4 ,munro1 ,john4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,briti% ,race1 #bgb4 ,naturali/1 ,! ,h]mit4 ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas1 #acc4 ,ni*ols1 ,h4 ,w4 ,! ,ores ( ,colombia1 #acb4 ,oratory1 ,extemporane\s4 ,j4 ,m4 ,buckley1 #bgj4 ,philosophy1 ,bett] ,_w4 ,j4 ,h4 ,moore1 #bgf4 -- ,?r\gh ,nature to ,god4 ,john ,fiske1 #bfh4 ,physiology4 ,he>+ & its ,organs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,gell1 #abh4 ,port ,k5n$y ,deposit1 ,v]tebrate ,rema9s f4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cope1 #acc4 ,psy*ologique1 ,l',anne4 ,a4 ,b9et1 #bgh4 ,psy*ology ( ,reason+1 ,!4 ,a4 ,b9et1 #bgd4 ,railway ,/ati/ics 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 #bgf4 ,reason+1 ,! ,psy*ology (4 ,a4 ,b9et1 #bgd4 ,reason1 ,! ,dawn (4 ,j4 ,weir1 ,jr41 #bge4 ,rector1 ,l4 ,e4 ,montaigne on ! ,education ( ,*ildr51 #bgh4 ,saga ,times1 ,ru9s ( !4 ,t4 ,erl+sson1 #bgg4 ,scudd]1 ,s4 ,h4 ,ev]yday ,butt]flies1 #abh4 ,sites1 ,clem5t ,m4 ,l4 ,c5traliz$ ,adm9i/ration ( ! ,liquor ,laws1 #bge4 ,smi?1 ,d4 ,t4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,memory & ,o!r ,essays1 #bgd4 ,smi?1 ,w4 ,me?ods ( ,k1 #bgc4 ,s\!rn ,magaz9e1 ,!1 #bgh4 ,subiaco1 ,ar*itecture1 ,pa9t+1 & ,pr9t+ at4 ,w4 ,j4 ,d4 ,croke1 #acd4 ,swift1 ,m4 ,l4 ,anti-,imp]ialism1 #acd4 ,swim1 ,h[ to4 ,d4 ,dalton1 #bgg4 ,todd1 ,d4 ,b4 ,/>s & ,telescopes1 #acb4 ,web]1 ,adna ,f]r94 ,gr[? 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(4 7,frag471 #bha ,calcium1 ,metallic4 7,frag471 #bhc ,cali=nia1 ,=e/ry 94 7,frag471 #eji ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 7,an ,engli% ,univ]sity47 ,h4 ,/otesbury991 #ad ,canals1 ,future ( ! ,new ,york4 7,frag471 #gce ,c>bonic ,acid & ,climate4 7,frag471 #fba ,c>r+ton1 ,james ,b4 ,w9t] ,birds 9 a ,city ,p>k991 #cff ,cem5ts1 ,action (1 on ,sea ,wat]4 7,frag471 #gcc ,*emi/ry3 ,a ,hundr$ ,ye>s (4 ,f4 ,w4 ,cl>ke1 #fgc 0 ,calcium1 ,metallic4 7,frag471 #bhc 0 ,hydrog51 ,! ,solidification (4 7,frag471 #fah 0 ,new ,elem5t1 ,ano!r4 7,frag471 #eji ,*ildr51 ,lit]ature =4 7,frag471 #fah ,*9a1 ,trade ,corporations 94 ,m4 ,c\rant1 #gbb ,*ri/ian ,religion ,decl9+8 ,is !4 ,c4 ,a4 ,briggs1 #dbc ,city ,roadways1 ,mod]n4 ,n4 ,p4 ,lewis991 #ebd ,civiliz$ & ,savage4 7,frag471 #ada ,cl>ke1 ,f4 ,w4 ,a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ( ,*emi/ry1 #fgc 0 0 0 ,! ,man ( ,sci5ce 9 ,practical ,affairs1 #dhg ,climate & ,c>bonic ,acid4 7,frag471 #fba ,color$ ,labor1 ,educat$4 7,frag471 #ada ,columbus1 ,ohio1 ,geology (4 7,frag471 #ada ,commission 9 ,difficulties1 ,a4 7,table71 #fad ,cook1 ,o4 8,ribbon ,lightn+0991 #ehg ,c\rant1 ,m4 ,trade ,corporations 9 ,*9a1 #gbb ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce1 ,decl9e (1 9 ,am]ica4 ,g4 ,c4 ,sp]anza1 #dff ,crim9ology3 ,an>*i/1 ,a ,p>adoxical4 ,c4 ,lombroso991 #cab 0 ,typical ,crim9als4 ,rev4 ,s4 ,a4 ,smi?991 #eci ,dairy1 ,bact]ia ( !4 7,frag471 #bhd 8,d>k ,lightn+40 7,frag471 #eje ,da/re1 ,m4 ,a4 ,! ,scav5g]s ( ! ,body1 #cgi ,dawson1 ,sir ,william1 ,dea? (4 7,frag471 #cij ,democracy1 ,real ,problems (4 ,f4 ,smi?1 #a ,de/ruction ( ! ,birds4 7,frag471 #cic ,developm5t ( ! ,am]ican ,newspap]4 ,w4 ,l4 ,hawley991 #ahf ,diamonds1 ,emigrant1 9 ,am]ica4 ,william ,h4 ,hobbs991 #gc ,dov] ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 7,frag471 #ace ,d[d1 ,c4 ,f4 ,=5oon & ,aft]noon1 #dib ,eaton1 ,d4 ,cady4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,art ,=m991 #fhe ,economics3 ,a ,m ,excell5t ,way4 7,table71 #gbi 0 ,commission 9 ,difficulties1 ,a4 7,table71 #fad 0 ,monopolies1 ,! ,w> aga9/4 7,frag471 #ejh 0 ,pawn%ops 9 ,g]many4 7,frag471 #gcf 0 ,p5sion ,funds = ,railroad ,m54 7,frag471 #gcd 0 ,taxation1 ,a ,/ate ,(ficial on ,excessive4 ,f4 ,smi?1 #fde ,economy1 ,a ,"q (4 7,frag471 #bhc ,education3 ,an ,engli% ,univ]sity4 ,h4 ,/otesbury991 #ad 0 ,cross-4 ,e4 ,w4 ,scripture991 #ehi 0 ,language & ,life4 7,table71 #ejc 0 ,lib]al1 & ,democracy4 7,table71 #che 0 ,lit]ature = ,*ildr54 7,frag471 #fai 0 ,plantations = ,rural ,s*ool ,gr\nds4 7,frag471 #cic 0 ,specialization4 7,table71 #abe 0 ,! ,environm5t 94 7,frag471 #cia ,egyptian ,exploration1 ,rec5t ,ye>s (4 ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 #fbe ,eig5mann1 ,c4 ,h4 ,bl9d ,fi%es ( ,nor? ,am]ica991 #dgc ,electricity3 ,d>k ,lightn+4 7,frag471 #eje 0 ,f ,?ales to ,f>aday4 ,e4 ,t4 ,lesueur1 #bdb ,electricity3 8,ribbon ,lightn+40 ,o4 ,cook991 #ehg ,electrolysis4 ,h4 ,s4 ,wynkoop991 #ceg ,elem5t1 ,ano!r ,new4 7,frag471 #eji ,emigrant ,diamonds 9 ,am]ica4 ,william ,h4 ,hobbs991 #gc ,entomology3 ,spid] ,bites & 8,kiss+ ,bugs40 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d991 #ca ,evans1 ,e4 ,p4 ,a ,survival ( ,m$ival ,cr$ulity1 #egg1 #gjf ,evolution>y ,v>iation 9 ! ,pa/1 ,rate (4 7,frag471 #bhe ,exploration & ,geography 9 #ahii4 7,frag471 #fai ,explosives1 ,! ,applications (4 ,c4 ,e4 ,munroe991 #cjj1 #ddd ,fai? & ,k4 7,corr471 #dig ,fiske's ,views ,comp>$4 7,corr471 #dih ,fl9d]s1 ,petrie1 ,w4 ,m4 ,rec5t ,ye>s ( ,egyptian ,exploration1 #fbe ,float+ ,/ones4 7,frag471 #gce ,food ,poison+4 ,v4 ,c4 ,vaughan1 #dg 0 ,pres]vatives1 ,exp]t ,op9ions respect+4 7,frag471 #gcf ,=d1 ,r4 ,c4 ,malay ,folklore1 #bci ,=5oon & ,aft]noon4 ,c4 ,f4 ,d[d1 #dib ,=e/ry1 ,am]ican ,advances 94 7,frag471 #ejf 0 9 ,cali=nia4 7,frag471 #eji ,fossilif]\s ,=mation bel[ ! ,cambrian1 ,a4 7,frag471 #aci ,funafuti ,atoll1 ,con/itution ( !4 7,frag471 #bhc ,future ( ! ,new ,york ,canals4 7,frag471 #gce ,geg5s*e91 ,!4 7,frag471 #fah ,geography & ,exploration 9 #ahii4 7,frag471 #fai ,geology1 ,a ,c5tury (4 ,j4 ,le ,conte1 #dca1 #edf 0 ,fossilif]\s ,=mation bel[ ! ,cambrian4 7,frag471 #aci 0 ,funafuti ,atoll1 ,con/itution ( !4 7,frag471 #bhc 0 ( ,columbus1 ,ohio4 7,frag471 #ada ,g]h>d1 ,william ,p4 ,ne$$ ,improvem5ts 9 ,!at] ,sanitation1 #hd ,gidd+s1 ,f4 ,h4 ,exact ,me?ods 9 ,sociology1 #ade ,glacial ,lakes 9 ,new ,york4 7,frag471 #cia ,glangeaud1 ,p4 ,w+less ,birds1 #bed ,hal/$1 ,b4 ,d4 ,g5u9e ,/>* ,factories991 #gaf 0 0 0 ,! ,new ,field ( ,botany1 #ih ,hawley1 ,w4 ,l4 ,developm5t ( ! ,am]ican ,newspap]991 #ahf ,heat ,insulators4 7,frag471 #ejg ,heilpr91 ,a4 ,a ,ye>'s ,progress 9 ! ,klondike991 #dee 0 0 ,! ,gold ,s&s ( ,cape ,nome991 #fcc ,high ,altitudes1 ,dang]s (1 = ,eld]ly ,p4 7,frag471 #acf ,hobbs1 ,w4 ,h4 ,emigrant ,diamonds 9 ,am]ica991 #gc ,home ,burd5s4 7,table71 #abe ,hors=d1 ,cornelia4 ,v9l& & its ,ru9s991 #afj ,h[>d1 ,l4 ,o4 ,spid] ,bites & 8,kiss+ ,bugs0991 #ca ,hydrog51 ,solidification (4 7,frag471 #fah ,hygi5e3 ,bact]ia ( ! ,dairy4 7,frag471 #bhd ,india ,rubb]1 ,artificial4 7,frag471 #acf 0 0 ,cultivation (4 7,frag471 #gcb ,japanese ,pap]4 7,frag471 #chi ,jew1 ,! ,dread ( !4 7,frag471 #bhj ,jordan1 ,d4 ,s4 ,old ,rattl] & ! ,k+ ,snake1 #cga 0 0 0 ,! ,education ( ! ,nem9i/1 #agf ,jordan's 7,presid5t7 ,nem9ism4 ,a4 ,pangloss1 #did 8,kiss+ ,bugs0 & ,spid] ,bites4 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d991 #ca ,klondike1 ,a ,ye>'s ,progress 9 !4 ,a4 ,heilpr9991 #dee ,language & ,life4 7,table71 #ejc ,law3 ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce1 ,decl9e (1 9 ,am]ica4 ,g4 ,c4 ,sp]anza1 #dff ,le ,conte1 ,joseph4 ,a ,c5tury ( ,geology1 #dca1 #edf ,lesqu]eux & ,sullivant1 ,honors to4 7,frag471 #bhe ,lesueur1 ,e4 ,a4 ,electricity f ,?ales to ,f>aday1 #bdb ,lewis1 ,n4 ,p4 ,mod]n ,city ,roadways991 #ebd ,lit]ature = ,*ildr54 7,frag471 #fai ,lombroso1 ,c4 ,a ,p>adoxical ,an>*i/991 #cab ,mal>ia1 ,! ,mosquito ,!ory4 ,major ,r4 ,ross1 #db ,malay ,folklore4 ,r4 ,c4 ,=d1 #bci ,man ( ,sci5ce 9 ,practical ,affairs4 ,f4 ,w4 ,cl>ke1 #dhg 8,manur+ ) ,bra9s40 7,frag471 #gca ,m$ali/s1 ,royal ,society4 7,frag471 #fbj ,m$ic9e3 ,plague ,antitox94 7,frag471 #gcb 0 ,rats & ! ,plague4 7,frag471 #eji ,meteorology3 ,climate & ,c>bonic ,acid4 7,frag471 #fba ,mexico1 ,prosp]ity & ,ent]prise 94 7,frag471 #bhc ,m9]alogy3 ,emigrant ,diamonds 9 ,am]ica4 ,william ,h4 ,hobbs991 #gc ,miracle1 ,a ,?irte5?-,c5tury4 7,frag471 #cid ,monopolies1 ,! ,w> aga9/4 7,frag471 #ejh ,montana1 ,alkali ,soils 94 7,frag471 #gcd ,mosquito ,!ory ( ,mal>ia1 ,!4 ,major ,r4 ,ross1 #db ,munroe1 ,e4 ,c4 ,! ,applications ( ,explosives991 #cjj1 #ddd ,natural ,hi/ory3 8,salam&]s0 & 8,salam&]0 ,cats4 ,n4 ,rob9son991 #eef 0 0 ,:ales1 ,longevity (4 7,frag471 #fah ,negro ,"q3 ,educat$ ,color$ ,labor4 7,frag471 #ada 0 0 ,transplantation ( a ,race4 ,n4 ,s4 ,%al]1 #eac ,nem9ism1 ,presid5t ,jordan's4 ,a4 ,pangloss1 #did ,nem9i/1 ,! ,education ( !4 ,d4 ,s4 ,jordan1 #agf ,new ,york ,botanical ,g>d5's ,museum4 7,frag471 #gcc 0 0 ,glacial ,lakes 94 7,frag471 #cia ,nome1 ,! ,gold ,s&s ( ,cape4 ,angelo ,heilpr9991 #fcc ,ocean ,dep?s1 ,animals ( !4 7,frag471 #gcf 0 ,! ,deeps ( !4 7,frag471 #cij ,old ,rattl] & ! ,k+ ,snake4 ,d4 ,s4 ,jordan1 #cga ,ophir1 ,! ,site (4 7,frag471 #gcf ,oregon1 ,ea/]n ,oy/] ,culture 94 ,f4 ,l4 ,wa%burn991 #bcc ,orni?ology3 ,birds1 ,de/ruction ( !4 7,frag471 #cic 0 ,s& ,gr\se1 ,!4 7,frag471 #cib 0 ,w+less ,birds4 ,p4 ,glangeaud1 #bed 0 ,w9t] ,birds 9 a ,city ,p>k4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>r+ton991 #cff ,orton1 ,edw>d1 ,sket* (4 7,portrait71 #fjg ,outdoor ,improvem5t1 ,=4 7,frag471 #bhd ,oy/] ,culture1 ,ea/]n1 9 ,oregon4 ,f4 ,l4 ,wa%burn991 #bcc ,pack>d1 ,r4 ,l4 ,rem>kable ,volcanic ,eruptions 9 ! ,philipp9es1 #cgd ,pangloss1 ,a4 ,presid5t ,jordan's 8,nem9ism01 #did ,pap]1 ,japanese4 7,frag471 #chi ,p>is ,exposition 9 #aijj1 ,!1 & ,congresses4 7,frag471 #adj ,p>k-mak+ among ! ,s& ,dunes4 7,frag471 #aci ,p>liam5t>y ,am5ities ,committee1 ,!4 7,frag471 #acg ,p>sons1 ,c4 ,a4 ,/eam ,turb9es & ,high-,spe$ ,vessels991 #fif ,patrick1 ,m>y ,m4 ,woman's ,/ruggle = ,lib]ty 9 ,g]many1 #cbh ,pawn%ops 9 ,g]many4 7,frag471 #gcf ,pe>l ,mussels4 7,frag471 #fba ,p5sion ,funds = ,railroad ,m54 7,frag471 #gcd ,p]iodicity ( ,w>4 7,frag471 #gce ,p]rot1 ,g4 ,value ( ! 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