,transcrib]'s note3 ,table ( ,cont5ts   
add$ by ,transcrib]4  ,bold text is     
indicat$ ) equals signs1 italics )      
und]scores4          ,,cont5ts          
,s\? ,sea ,bubbles 9 ,sci5ce            
#dja    ,:at ,makes ! ,trolley ,c> ,g   
#djh    ,is ! ,*ri/ian ,religion        
,decl9+8                  #dbc    ,a    
,c5tury ( ,geology                      
#dca    ,! ,applications ( ,explosives  
#ddd    ,a ,ye>'s ,progress 9 !         
,klondike                     #def    ,!
 ,decl9e ( ,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce 9     
,am]ica      #dff    ,! ,bl9d ,fi%es (  
,nor? ,am]ica                     #dgc  
,! ,man ( ,sci5ce 9 ,practical ,affairs 
#dhg    ,=5oon & ,aft]noon              
#dib    ,presid5t ,jordan's 8,nem9ism40 
#did    ,correspond5ce                  
#dig    ,editor's ,table                
#eja    ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce             
#eje    ,m9or ,p>agraphs                
#eaj    ,publications ,receiv$          
#eab            ,e/abli%$ by ,edw>d ,l4 
,y\mans        ,,appletons'    ,,popul> 

,,sci5ce    ,,mon?ly      ,,edit$ ,,by  
,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans      ,,vol4    
,,lvi    ,,novemb]1 #ahii1 ,,to ,,april1
 #aijj      ,,new ,,york    ,d4         
,,appleton ,,& ,,company    #aijj       
,,copyright1 #aijj1    ,,by ,d4         
,,appleton ,,& ,,company4               
,,appletons'    ,,popul> ,,sci5ce       
,,mon?ly4    ,,febru>y1 #aijj4          
,,s\? ,,sea ,,bubbles ,,9 ,,sci5ce4     
,,by ,,pr(4 ,,john ,,tr[bridge1         
,,director ,,( ,,jeff]son ,,physical    
,,laboratory1 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity4      
,! advances 9 sci5ce lead to hopes ( !  
sudd5 accumulation  ( gold1 j z !       
discov]y ( new worlds l$ our ance/ors to
  inve/ 9 _m inflat$ ent]prises (       
comm]ce & conque/4 ,?is  old] temptation
 has pass$ away1 = !re are no new worlds
 to  discov]1 & ?is small globe has be5 
practically /ak$ out2 b !  my/]i\s      
doma9s ( sci5ce are /ill illimitable1 & 
af=d va/  opportunities = inflat$ s*emes
 :i* h _! prototype 9 !  ,s\? ,sea      
,bubble4    ,let u refre% our memory (  

?is surpris+ delusion4 ,x arose 9  !    
reign ( ,que5 ,anne1 ne>ly "o hundr$ &  
eighty ye>s ago1 &  :5 we consid] !     
ext5t ( ! speculation & gambl+ :i* x    
caus$ & ! numb] ( ^? :o lo/ ev]y?+ & :o 
consign$  _! families to bitt] pov]ty1  
we are tempt$ to class x )  ^? o!r      
calamities :i* prec$$ x & :i* afflict$  
,engl&  s heavily--! great fire (       
,london & ! plague4 ,! ,s\? ,sea        
,company claim$ to h enorm\s s\rces (   
pr(it 9 c]ta9 exclusive  privileges1    
obta9$ f ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t1 = trad+ 9 
_!  possessions 9 ,s\? ,am]ica &        
,mexico2 & x may be well = u 9  ^! times
 ( ! flotation ( s*emes = obta9+ gold f 
salt  wat] & f s&s1 ( p[] f air & some?+
 m e!real  ?an air1 to be rem9d$ ( ! _m 
bubbles t came into exi/5ce  & bur/ at !
 "t ( ! collapse ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,bubble4 
,! /ock ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,company rose f "o
 hundr$ to a ?\s&1  & an army ( future  
victims cr[d$ ! (fices ( ! company1     
anxi\s to inve/ 9 :at !y believ$ w\ld   
sudd5ly enri* !m4  ,inde$1 all ,engl&   

seem$ to g mad1 & ! craze ( ! "t is     
reflect$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,pope & ,swift4   
,pope says3      8,at l5g? corruption l 
a g5]al flood    ,did deluge all2 &     
av>ice creep+ on1    ,spread l a l[-born
 mi/1 & hid ! sun4    ,/atesm5 &        
patriots pli$ alike ! /ocks1    ,pe]ess 
& butl] %>$ alike ! box2    ,& judges   
jobb$1 & bi%ops bit ! t[n1    ,& mighty 
dukes pack$ c>ds = half a cr[n2         
,brita9 0 sunk 9 lucre's sordid *>ms40  
,! rise ( ! great bubble 0 accompani$ by
 ! =mation (  hundr$s ( m9or ones4      
,among ^! we w m5tion a few :i* are     
p]t95t to ! subject ( ?is pap]3    ,a   
:eel = p]petual motion4 ,capital1 "o    
million p\nds4    ,= extract+ silv] f   
lead4    ,= ! transmutation ( quicksilv]
 into a malleable f9e metal4    ,puckles
 ,ma*9e ,company1 = dis*>g+ r\nd & squ>e
 cannon balls  & bullets1 & mak+ a total
 revolution 9 8! art ( w>40    ,= c>ry+ 
on an und]tak+ ( great advantage1 8b    
nobody to "k  :at x is40    ,x is       
e/imat$ t ! propos$ capital = float+ ^! 

&  simil> s*emes 0 ?ree hundr$ million  
p\nds4 ,we f9d1 9 !  annals ( ! "t1 t ! 
,du*ess ( ,m>lbor\gh p]suad$ h]  husb&1 
,john ,*ur*ill1 ! great g5]al1 n to     
increase 8  hold+s1 & to sell 8 %>es2   
he1 l a s5sible man1 took a  s5sible    
woman's advice & made "o hundr$ ?\s&    
p\nds4 ,:5 we  come to speak ( !        
connection ( wom5 ) mod]n delusions1 we 
mu/  rememb] ?is act ( "o ( _! sex4     
,at ?is "t1 ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s aft] !
 s+ul> outbreak (  *im]ical projects (  
,que5 ,anne's reign1 we c mat* "s ( ^!  
bubbles almo/ exactly2 = h we n _h !    
,keeley motor1 !  extraction ( gold f   
salt wat]1 & is !re n great activity  9 
mak+ ! wond] ( ! public ov] "s advance 9
 sci5ce a  s\rce ( money-mak+8 ,!       
unsci5tific p]son is c]ta9ly op5 to  a  
new dang] 9 ! increas+ t5d5cy to promote
 ent]prises bas$  ^u "s new sci5tific   
discov]y1 & x behooves ! foll[]s (      
sci5ce to sugge/ a rem$y = ?is gr[+     
evil4 ,i %all endeavor to  d my "p 9 ?is
 pap] 9 po9t+ out ! necessity ( "s      

oracul>  m$ium--a sci5tific oracle (    
,delphos--to :i* ! common man c  repair 
& get tru/wor?y in=mation1 = x is a     
melan*oly fact  t su* in=mation c n be  
obta9$ f ! daily press or f  ! lit]>y   
magaz9es ( ! "t4    ,_m ( our newspap]s 
draw su* an income f _! adv]tis+        
columns t ! editors are unwill+ to pr9t 
any criticism :i*  w\ld lead to !       
re/riction ( ?is s\rce ( ga92 ?us if a  
company  promot+ a sci5tific bubble %\ld
 adv]tise lib]ally 9 a lead+  newspap]1 
! editors are usually loa? to ins]t an  
article ^u !  s*eme1 = ! pr9t+ ( !      
criticism might lead to ! )drawal  ( !  
adv]tisem5t4 ,x is possible t ! editors 
( su* daily  pap]s h n ov]mu* confid5ce 
9 ! judgm5t ( sci5tific m51  = h n !    
latt] (t5 be5 mi/ak58 ,!re 0 ,l>dn]1 :o 
prophesi$ t /eam%ips c\ld n cross !     
,atlantic1 b we mu/  rememb] t ,l>dn] 0 
n a sci5tific man2 he 0 a popul>iz]  (  
sci5ce1 & nev] made a sci5tific         
inve/igation4 ,x is said t  !re h be5   
college pr(essors :o h d5i$ !           

possibility (  s5d+ messages "u ! ocean4
 ,?is ,i also d\bt1 = ,i am a witness  9
 ! fle% ( ! way su* /ories c arise4 ,n  
long s9ce ,i 0  invit$ to speak be=e a  
comm]cial club1 & ! presid+ (fic]1  9   
introduc+ me1 rem>k$3 8,! pr(essor w n[ 
address y on  ! advances 9 electricity4 
,:5 ,i 0 9 college ,i well rememb]  8   
describ+ an electric motor & 8 rem>k t x
 w\ld nev]  become a practical          
inv5tion40 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 laught]1 & !
  presid5t sat d[n ) a com=table air (  
hav+ made a po9t4 ,!  pr(essor po9t$ out
 t ! presid+ (fic] graduat$ be=e he     
became pr(essor 9 ! univ]sity1 & be=e ! 
,gramme ma*9e &  ! electric motor 7     
inv5t$4 ,nev]!less1 ! _w loves to       
believe 9 ! inaccuracy ( ! accurate1 &  
ev5 a sophomore takes  inf9ite delight 9
 discov]+ ari?metical mi/akes 9 an      
edition (  ,newton's ,pr9cipia4    ,i   
m5tion ?is pron5ess to believe t        
sci5tific m5 are apt to be  mi/ak51 = x 
is a blame laid at _! doors (t5 by !    
promot]s  ( sci5tific bubbles1 & = a v  

easily und]/ood reason1 & !  editors (  
newspap]s & lit]>y magaz9es c ease _!   
consci5ces  aft] publi%+ s5sational     
sci5tific articles by reflect+ on !     
fallibility ( ! foll[]s ( sci5ce4       
,lawy]s & judges1 too1  make _! mi/akes2
 nev]!less1 we cont9ue to resort to !m =
  advice2 & few editors1 ,i imag9e1 w\ld
 d>e to publi% a legal  op9ion )\t      
consult+ an au?ority 9 law4 ,yet we read
 e day  s-call$ sci5tific articles 9    
newspap]s & magaz9es :i* h  evid5tly    
nev] be5 submitt$ to compet5t critics4  
,h we n read  /atem5ts ( ! possibility (
 explod+ p[d] magaz9es on bo>d  %ips by 
electric waves2 ( ! manufacture ( liquid
 air )\t !  exp5diture ( en]gy2 (       
electricity direct f coal2 pap]s on !   
nebul> !ory1 m nebul\s ?an any nebula   
yet discov]$8 ,:5 we  read a broad %eet 
9 ! morn+ pap] sett+ =? a gl[+ s*eme  to
 manufacture p[] out ( no?+1 to :at     
oracle c we repair to  asc]ta9 ! tru?8  
,x is true t common s5se might lead !   
read]  to reflect t :5 he is told t !   

%>es c n[ be obta9$ =  five doll>s1 b 9 
a %ort "t !y w be advanc$ to t5 doll>s1 
& n[ is ! "t to inve/1 t su* good ?+s   
are quickly tak5  up )\t ! necessity (  
adv]tis+4 ,:5 ! morn+ mail br+s  a      
prospectus ( a company =m$ to make      
diamonds by electricity1  a company ) t5
 million doll>s capital 7:y n "o hundr$ 
millions871 to :om %\ld "o g to allay ! 
fev] ( sudd5 ga98  ,:ile m5 & wom5 w    
c>efully consid] :i* l9e ( /eam%ips  to 
,europe is ! be/ equipp$ ) eng9es1 !    
effici5cy ( :i*  dep5ds ^u ! laws t     
prove ! impossibility ( p]petual motion1
  !y ent] at ! same "t ^u s*emes to     
obta9 p[] )\t !  consumption ( "w4      
,we are inde$ confront$ ) ! curi\s fact 
t ev5 s-call$  intellig5t p c be l$ to  
believe t :at we h le>n$ 9  reg>d to !  
work+ ( ,nature may be ?r[n aside1 & t  
"s  new & unrelat$ laws may rule        
supreme4 ,?us we h :at is call$         
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 "o ( ! intuitional    
sci5ces :i* may be said  to add a new   
p]il to matrimony4 ,we f9d cultivat$ m5 

believ+ t  a gov]nm5t c make money by   
pron\nc+ silv] equal to gold4 ,?us  !re 
are ^? :o fondle _! delusions & ^? :o   
bank ^u  cr$ulity4 ,education seems to  
be ineffectual ) "s temp]am5ts2 on  !   
:ole1 h[ev]1 x has a sav+ grace1 & !re  
are und\bt$ly  a numb] 9 ! community :o 
w\ld welcome a s\rce ( sci5tific        
au?ority :i* might answ] = !m j z !     
,times does 9  political & economic     
que/ions to an ,engli%man4 ,! ,am]ican  
has  especial reason to fe> sci5tific   
bubbles1 = our pat5t laws make  x       
comp>atively easy = promot]s to make a  
great %[ ( ve/$  rights4 ,"o me?od is to
 build an impos+ plant1 ) p[]ful dynamos
  & ) a multiplicity ( electrical       
devices1 & to capitalize =  an enorm\s  
sum an exp5sive plant 9 sight ) millions
 9 pat5ts  ( v little value4 ,! propos$ 
inve/or is tak5 to see ! great  plant2  
its magnitude appeals to 8 rev]5ce =    
size1 & 8  pocketbook is soon at !      
s]vice ( ! promot]4 ,ano!r me?od is  to 
select "s s*eme :i* is on ! bord]l&     

betwe5 physics &  *emi/ry1 su* z !      
electrolytic me?od ( obta9+ gold f  salt
 wat]4 ,!re is a m9ute quantity ( gold 9
 salt wat]1 &  ! *emi/1 ?9k+ t          
electricity might af=d an economical    
me?od ( treat+ l>ge quantities ( wat]1  
is retic5t 9 reg>d  to su* a s*eme1 :ile
 ! electrician1 ignorant ( *emi/ry1 is  
ready to conc$e t ! *emi/s may h f\nd a 
*eap extractor1  s ! promot] c play !   
*emi/ aga9/ ! electrician1 &  !re is no 
arbitrator 9 sight4 ,! ,am]ican is      
peculi>ly 9 p]il  f ! abs5ce ( a l>ge   
body ( m5 tra9$ 9 te*nical sci5ce1  su* 
z exi/ 9 ,g]many4 ,he also has be5      
unduly excit$1 & 8  desire = love (     
sudd5 weal? /imulat$ by ph5om5al        
successes4  ,! comm]cial triumph ( !    
telephone has l$ to a multitude (       
sci5tific bubbles1 & has result$1 l !   
discov]y ( gold 9 !  ,klondike1 9 a ru% 
into electrical s*emes :i* h be5 held up
 to  a hungry cr[d ( victims z second   
only to ! ,bell telephone4    ,:ile !   
telegraph & ! telephone c prev5t        

speculations l  ! ,s\? ,sea ,bubble 9 a 
great measure1 = su* s*emes 7 mu*  aid$ 
by a lack ( a g5]al dissem9ation (      
intellig5ce1 & ?is  lack is suppli$ by a
 quick int]*ange ( k1 !y br+ _!  own    
peculi> p]il1 = !y are examples ( :at   
pr(it may be reap$  f discov]y 9 ! _w ( 
sci5ce4 ,! comm]cial ent]prises (  ! _w 
h be5 br\ght )9 rea* ( ! _m by !        
telegraph  & telephone4 ,!y no long]    
belong to ! few1 :ile ! successful      
work+ ( ! field ( sci5ce is /ill conf9$ 
to a m9ority & !  g5]al public2 ev5 !   
cultivat$ p are v ignorant ( !          
approa*es to ! ,new ,el ,dorado4 ,no    
bogus l& s*eme or salt$ m9+  ent]prise c
 be kept 9 exi/5ce to-day = a long      
p]iod2 b !  ,keeley motor1 ) its e!real 
vibrations & its pseudo-molecul>        
motions1 0 limit$ 9 activity only by !  
life ( ! promot]4  ,in/ead ( ! al*emi/s 
we h ! seek]s aft] p[]1 :i* co/s  no?+1 
& 9 ! tra9 ( ! hone/ inv5tor !re are    
unscrupul\s  promot]s ready to          
capitalize any rem>kable new fact or    

discov]y  :i* attracts public att5tion4 
,i h m5tion$ ! influ5ce ( ! fir/ ,du*ess
 ( ,m>lbor\gh  9 induc+ h] husb&1 !     
great duke1 to sell out 8 %>es 9  ! ,s\?
 ,sea ,bubble :5 !y _h ris5 to a high   
value because ?is  example (            
discrim9ation & prud5ce 9 a woman       
supports "o 9 !  belief t all wom5 are n
 prone to inve/ 9 wom5's bank s*emes1  9
 ,keeley motors1 or 9 ent]prises =      
8c>ry+ on an und]tak+  ( great          
advantage1 b nobody to "k :at x is40 ,"o
 ( my fri5ds  rec5tly visit$ ! (fice ( a
 company :i* propos$ to produce  p[] )\t
 ! exp5diture ( a due am\nt ( en]gy1 &  
f\nd  among ^? anxi\s to inve/ a woman  
:o said t %e _h j  receiv$ a divid5d f !
 company = extract+ gold f salt  wat]1 &
 %e 0 anxi\s to inve/ x 9 ! new p[]     
company4 ,!  divid5d 0 ! result ( a     
liquidation ( ! ,gold f ,sea ,wat]      
,company1 & repres5t$ half ( h] orig9al 
sum4 ,%e _h come out (  "o delusion ) a 
loss ( half ( h] prop]ty1 & 0 n[ ready  
to ent] ano!r "o ) ! rema9+ half4 ,x 0  

an old-fa%ion$  notion t wom5 %\ld be   
kept 9 ignorance ( bus9ess1 = bus9ess   
k1 x 0 ?\ght1 0 ! conc]n ( ! husb&s4    
,?is notion  prevails /ill 9 "s qu>t]s1 
& !re may be "s connection  betwe5 !    
numb] ( wom5 9 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce temples 
& _! lack  ( education 9 practical      
matt]s1 or 9 :at may be call$ ! legal   
bus9ess habit--a habit :i* weighs !     
probabilities ( ?is &  t1 & leads to    
ways ( exact ?9k+4    ,"o ( ! rem$ies = 
?is pron5ess ( wom5 to inve/ 9 sci5tific
  bubbles1 to inve/ money on fai?1 is ! 
lack ( exact tra9+1  :i* is n acquir$ by
 !m ei!r 9 private s*ools or colleges4  
,! classes ( philosophy & psy*ology 9   
wom5's colleges are  cr[d$1 :ile ^? 9 ! 
exact sci5ces h only h&fuls4 ,?is  rem>k
 also applies to ! /ud5ts 9 m5's        
colleges1 & we realize  9 ?is respect h[
 closely college wom5 imitate college   
m54 ,!y  foll[ ! latt] also 9 ! habit ( 
tak+ lecture c\rses1 a cu/om  :i*       
increases vagu5ess1 inaccuracy ( ?\ght1 
& loos5ess (  /atem5t4 ,?is *oice (     

/udies by ! "y wom5 9 _! colleges  is a 
s]i\s "q = mank9d1 9 view ( !           
speculative _s  :i* ! fem99e sex %[ t[>d
 sci5tific bubbles & s*emes  :i* promise
 an inord9ate rate ( int]e/2 = !        
graduates (  ^! colleges w become tea*]s
 ( y\?1 & if n tea*]s  !y h an influ5ce 
^u ! com+ citiz5 dur+ 8 =mative  p]iod4 
,z tea*]s !y w f> outnumb] m5 tea*]s1 & 
!y are  fa/ com+ into competition ) m5  
also 9 ! r\t9e ( bus9ess  (fices & 9    
c]ta9 positions 9 comm]cial h\ses4 ,9 ^!
  activities !y w ne$ a balance (       
judgm5t1 exactness ( ?\ght1  & bus9ess  
habits4 ,!y %\ld be giv5 a suffici5t k (
  ! elem5ts ( physical sci5ce to "k t   
p[] c n be creat$  f no?+1 & t ! great  
mass ( our k ( me*anics  & ( ! relation 
( electricity to me*anics c n be        
ov]turn$  by any new discov]y4 ,:atev]  
is discov]$ mu/ be relat$ to :at  has   
prec$$ x4 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic ( a      
sci5ce1 & ?is is  :at di/+ui%es x f a   
delusion--namely1 ! great body (  relat$
 facts put ^u a me*anical basis1 s t any

 fact c be  sub/antiat$ & any ph5om5on  
repeat$4 ,:5 ?is latt] te/ is  appli$ to
 _m ( ! isms ( ! day !y fade into ?9    
air1 &  "y wom5 ne$ especially to be    
taught to apply su* a te/4 ,x  w\ld seem
 z if ! pres5t *oice ( /udy by wom5     
/ud5ts t5d$  to int5sify vagu5ess (     
?\ght r ?an to correct x1 to keep  !m 9 
ignorance ( bus9ess habits r ?an to     
educate !m 9 !  balance ( judgm5t on    
economic que/ions4    ,wom5 are born    
speculators1 & are peculi>ly prone to   
inve/ money  & he>t 9 bubbles4 ,be+ !   
p[] beh9d ! ?rone1 !y c  c>ry m5 into   
action1 & x seems to me t especial      
att5tion  %\ld be paid 9 wom5's colleges
 to ! /udies t cultivate  accurate ?\ght
 & bus9ess me?ods4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( !   
/udy  ( sci5tific me?ods & a /udy (     
common law might take ! place  ( ! /udy 
( philosophy1 psy*ology1 & biology1     
c]ta9ly 9 !  fir/ ye>s ( a woman's      
college c\rse1 = psy*ology & biology are
  /udies :i* dem& long sci5tific tra9+ &
 maturity ( ?\ght4  ,rec5tly ,i he>d !  

foll[+ conv]sation at a bank 9          
,cambridge4  ,! ca%i] 0 speak+ ) a "y   
lady3 8,miss ----1 y\r fri5d has        
ov]drawn h] acc\nt ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 &
 y say %e has left  ,cambridge40 8,yes1 
! tr\ble ) ,jane is %e is too mu*       
educat$40  ,a long resid5ce 9 a         
univ]sity t[n makes "o w>y ( educational
  !ories1 b ! pron5ess ( wom5 to inve/ 9
 wom5's banks &  bogus tru/ companies   
c]ta9ly seems to ne$ a corrective 9 a   
new  college curriculum4 ,m5 c indulge 9
 delusions & c recov]  m5tal balance1 & 
p]haps _! =tunes2 b wom5 are apt to     
become bankrupt p]man5tly4 ,_! exp]i5ce 
9 bus9ess delusions is  simil> to t 9   
affairs ( ! he>t4 ,wa%+ton ,irv+ says ( 
?is  fem99e attribute3    8,%e s5ds =?  
h] sympa?ies on adv5ture2 %e emb>ks h]  
:ole  s\l 9 ! traffic ( affection1 & if 
%ipwreck$ h] case is  hopeless1 = x is a
 bankruptcy ( ! he>t40    ,m ma!matics &
 sci5ce1 & less philosophy & psy*ology1 
might  correct t vagu5ess ( ?\ght :i*   
leads bo? m5 & wom5 into  delusion4     

,n[ = our o!r rem$ies4 ,%all we h an    
academy :i* %all issue  /orm w>n+s (    
sci5tific bubbles8 ,i fe> t ! influ5ce (
  academies is wan+1 & t ! conviction t 
!re are z _m  good m5 outside ( !       
academy z inside w\ld militate aga9/ _! 
dicta4 ,we c\ld h c\rts ( sci5tific     
appeal1 ) judges appo9t$  by ! ,/ate to 
sit on sci5tific que/ions ( p]plexity1 &
 to  sift exp]t op9ions4 ,su* a         
con/itution ( sci5tific c\rts might  be 
a good ?+ 9 sev]al ways--a sav+ heal? to
 ! public4 ,!  college pr(essor w\ld    
c]ta9ly be greatly reliev$ ( endeavors (
  promot]s to use ! "n & reputation ( ! 
pr(essor's univ]sity1  & incid5tally !  
little 8 own "n might add4 ,?is rem$ial 
solution is n 9 sight1 & we mu/ direct  
our vision 9 ano!r  direction4 ,we "k t 
! newspap] c n s]ve u1 = we seek to     
kill s5sations1 & x seeks to live on !m4
 ,we are b\nd to turn to  "s j\rnal or  
p]iodical :i* w publi% only :at x       
consid]s  s\nd sci5ce & w es*ew         
s5sational sci5ce2 a j\rnal :i*1  j z ! 

,london ,times is reg>d$ z ! au?ority on
 political &  economical que/ions1 w be 
look$ up to z an au?ority on matt]s  (  
sci5ce4    ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to protect ! 
public aga9/ sci5tific bubbles  we mu/  
impress ^u bo? m5 & wom5 ! fact t an    
education 9  sci5ce is desirable1 & is  
becom+ m important z ! _w gr[s  old]2 b 
until a sci5tific education becomes m   
g5]al1 x is  important t !re %\ld be "s 
sci5tific oracle ( ,delphos1 &  ,i c n  
?9k ( any bett] ?an a well-manag$       
sci5tific j\rnal1  ! editors ( :i* w    
seek = ! be/ in=mation on sci5tific     
que/ions :i* int]e/ ! f9ancial _w4 ,:5 x
 is kn[n t  su* a j\rnal admits to its  
pages no?+ t is s5sational1 :5 x  is    
realiz$ t ! be/ speciali/s contribute to
 x1 surely x w  become a sav+ help 9    
times ( tr\ble4          ,,:at ,,makes  
,,! ,,trolley ,,c> ,,g4    ,,by         
,,william ,,baxt]1 ,,jr41 ,c4 ,e4       
,,note4--,! illu/rations ( railway      
g5]ator & swit*bo>d 7      made f       
photographs k9dly furni%$ by ! ,we/+h\se

 ,electric      & ,manufactur+ ,company4
        ,= ! photographs ( ! electric   
truck & c> controll] we are      indebt$
 to ! c\rtesy ( ! ,g5]al ,electric      
,company4      ,,ii4    ,if ! successful
 op]ation ( a /reet-railway c> by       
me*anical p[]  dep5d$ :olly ^u ! ability
 to produce a motor ( suffici5t         
capacity to d ! "w1 ! problem w\ld be an
 easy "o to solve1  & w\ld h be5 solv$  
long be=e ! adv5t ( ! electric  motor4  
,m]e ability to furni% ! necess>y p[]1  
h[ev]1 is n  en\gh to meet !            
requirem5ts4 ,z already %[n1 ! me*anism 
mu/ be light1 /rong1 compact1 simple1 & 
s well protect$ t  x c n be injur$      
except "u abnormal conditions4 ,9       
addition1  spe$-controll+ devices mu/ be
 provid$ :]eby ! velocity may  be *ang$ 
at w & 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 & ) z    
ne>ly absolute precision z possible4    
,?is controll+ me*anism mu/  also be s  
arrang$ t ! direction ( motion may be   
v>i$ )  ! greate/ c]ta9ty & z rapidly z 
may at any "t be requir$4  ,! way 9 :i* 

^! results are accompli%$ 9 an          
electrically  op]at$ c> c be und]/ood f 
,figs4 #ah & #ai1 :i* are l9e  draw+s1 9
 a simplifi$ =m1 ( an ord9>y trolley c>4
 ,fig4 #ah  is an elevation %[+ ! outl9e
 ( ! c> body & ! :eels 9  brok5 l9es1   
:ile ! motors & ! wires ?r\gh :i* !     
curr5t  is convey$ !reto are drawn 9    
solid l9es4 ,fig4 #ai is a plan 9  :i* !
 outl9e ( ! c> floor & ! plat=ms is     
repres5t$ 9  brok5 l9es1 ! solid l9es   
be+ ! motors & connect+ wires4    ,9    
almo/ e in/ance railway c>s are provid$ 
) two motors1 z  %[n at ,m ,m 9 ^! two  
figures4 ,?is arrangem5t is adopt$ n    
because "o motor c n furni% all ! p[]   
requir$1 b simply  = ! purpose ( mak+ ! 
equipm5t m reliable4 ,ev]y?+ (  human   
make is liable to fail2 h5ce if only "o 
motor 7 us$ !re  w\ld be m or less      
liability ( its giv+ out at a critical  
mom5t1  & !n ! c> w\ld be helpless4 ,if 
two motors are provid$1 %\ld  "o give   
out ! c> w\ld n be disabl$1 = ! rema9+  
ma*9e  w\ld be able to run x to its     

de/9ation4 ,9 ord] t ?is result  may be 
successfully accompli%$1 ea* motor is   
made ( suffici5t  capacity to run ! c>  
)\t be+ ov]tax$1 unless ! load is       
abnormally l>ge2 b ev5 "u ! latt]       
conditions ! ma*9e w  9 n9ety-n9e cases 
out ( a hundr$ )/& ! /ra94 ,"s roads1  9
 small t[ns1 :]e ! traffic is light & ! 
exp5se mu/ be  kept d[n to ! l[e/ po9t1 
use s+le-motor c>s1 s z to effect  a    
sav+ 9 fir/ co/4 ,?is c\rse1 h[ev]1 is v
 seldom foll[$1  except 9 places :]e !re
 are no heavy grades or :]e !re is  v   
little probability ( ! loads becom+     
excessive1 except at  r>e int]vals4 ,if 
! c>s are provid$ ) a s+le motor1 :5 "o 
becomes disabl$ f any cause x has to    
wait until ov]tak5 by !  c> beh9d x1 s t
 x may be pu%$ by ! latt] to ! end ( !  
road4    ,! electric curr5t = op]at+ !  
motors is g5]at$ 9 a p[]  h\se t is     
locat$ at "s conv5i5t po9t along ! r\te4
 ,!  curr5t is convey$ to ! mov+ c>s by 
means ( a trolley wire1  :i* is m>k$ ,t 
9 ! draw+s4 ,unless ! road is v small & 

op]ates b a few c>s1 ?is wire w n be    
suffici5t to c>ry all  ! curr5t1 h5ce 9 
mo/ cases !re are a numb] ( supplem5t>y 
wires1 :i* are call$ fe$]s4 ,^! wires   
are c>ri$ along on  poles1 & at prop]   
int]vals are connect$ ) ! trolley wire  
,t4  ,! electric curr5t passes f !      
trolley wire ?r\gh ! motors  on ! c>1 & 
!nce to ! rails ,r1 & ?r\gh ^!1 & also  
?r\gh ! gr\nd1 back to ! p[] h\se4 ,!   
exact pa? ( !  curr5t is z foll[s3      
,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ah1              
#ai4--,,outl9e ,,elevation ,,& ,,plan   
,,( ,,electric  ,,railway ,,c>1 ,,%[+   
,,location ,,( ,,motors1 ,,controll+    
,,swit*es1 ,,&  ,,connect+ ,,wires4     
,f ! trolley wire1 ?r\gh ! trolley pole 
t1 to ! fixture  on top ( ! c> :i* holds
 ! latt]4 ,f ?is fixture1 z %[n  by !   
heavy full l9e1 ! curr5t passes to a1   
:i* is a swit*  locat$ "u ! c> hood     
ov]hang+ ! plat=m4 ,f ?is swit*  !      
curr5t passes to a simil> "o1 m>k$ b1   
locat$ 9 a l  position at ! o!r end ( ! 
c>4 ,^! two swit*es are call$  em]g5cy  

swit*es2 !y are provid$ simply z a      
safety device1  & are us$ only :5 ! ma9 
swit*es get out ( ord] & !  motorman c n
 turn ! curr5t (f 9 ! regul> way4 ,f !  
la/ hood swit* b ! curr5t passes to !   
bottom ( ! c>1  :]e x ent]s ! wire d d  
at ! po9t c4 ,?is wire d d1 z  w be se51
 runs 9 bo? directions1 & ends 9 ! /&s  
,c ,c4  ,^! latt] are ! controll+       
swit*es1 & are provid$ ) a  h&le h1 by  
means ( :i* ! curr5t is turn$ on or (f f
  ! motors1 & is direct$ ?r\gh !m 9 su* 
a way z to make !  c> run 9 :i*ev]      
direction may be desir$4 ,f ! controll]s
  ,c ,c sev]al wires are run "u ! c>1 z 
%[n at e e e4 ,^!  wires are g5]ally    
bun*$ into "o or two cables1 b !y are   
kept  sep>ate f ea* o!r by means ( /rong
 insulat+ cov]+s4 ,f\r  wires lead into 
ea* motor1 & ?ree or f\r into ea* ( !   
boxes  m>k$ ,g ,g4 ,if ! motors 7       
requir$ to run 9 "o direction  only1 !n 
two wires w\ld be suffici5t to convey ! 
curr5t to  !m2 b z !y h to run 9 ei!r   
direction1 at lea/ ?ree  wires are      

necess>y1 b 9 almo/ e case f\r are us$1 
z !  results obta9$ !reby are m         
satisfactory4 ,! boxes ,g ,g are  call$ 
rheo/ats1 & are simply devices ?r\gh :i*
 ! curr5t is  run s z to r$uce ! spe$ ( 
! c>1 & also = ! purpose (  graduat+ !  
/r5g? ( ! curr5t t passes ?r\gh ! motors
  9 ! act ( />t+4 ,^! rheo/ats are v    
seldom 9 use :5 !  c> is 9 motion1      
because x is a wa/e ( p[] to pass !     
curr5t  ?r\gh !m4 ,aft] ! curr5t has    
pass$ ?r\gh ! motors x ent]s  !         
ironwork1 & ?us gets into ! c> :eels &  
f9ally to !  track4    ,! l9es drawn 9  
,fig4 #ah to indicate ! position ( !    
wires 9 !  c> d n %[ _! actual position1
 b only ! g5]al direction  !y foll[4 ,f 
! trolley base to ! fir/ hood swit* !   
wire1  z a rule1 is run along ! c> ro(  
on "o side ( ! v5tilator1  & ! wire     
lead+ f ! fir/ to ! second hood swit*   
occupies  a correspond+ position on !   
opposite side ( ! ro(4 ,f !  la/ hood   
swit*1 b1 ! wire is run d[n "o corn] ( !
 c> body1  be+ ei!r )9 ! c> body1 or1 if

 n1 s cov]$ by mold+s z  to n be rea*$  
by ! h&s ( pass5g]s4 ,! wires d & e are 
g5]ally run "u ! c>1 & are firmly secur$
 to x by means (  suitable fa/5+s4    ,!
 controll+ swit*es ,c ,c are provid$ )  
"o & sometimes two  h&les1 "o ( :i* is  
us$ to regulate ! spe$ ( ! c> &  /op &  
/>t x1 :ile ! o!r is = ! purpose (      
rev]s+  ! direction 9 :i* x runs4 ,!    
h&le h is = ! purpose (  regulat+ !     
spe$1 & by means ( k ! direction (      
motion  is *ang$4 ,be=e h is mov$ f !   
inactive position k is  turn$ s t ! c>  
may run ei!r =w>d or backw>d1 z may be  
desir$2 !n1 :5 h is mov$1 ! c> w />t1 & 
by v>y+  ! position ( h ! spe$ c be     
*ang$4 ,if x is desir$ to  rev]se ! c>1 
h is br\ght back to ! /op position1 k is
  %ift$ to ! rev]se motion1 & !n h is   
aga9 turn$ to !  runn+ position4 ,:5 !  
controll+ swit* is provid$ ) only "o    
h&le ?is is turn$ 9 "o direction to run 
! c> ahead1 & 9  ! opposite direction to
 run x backw>d1 ! graduations 9 velocity
  be+ obta9$ by plac+ ! h&le 9 positions

 int]m$iate betwe5  ! /op position & !  
highe/ spe$ position4    ,z w be notic$1
 ! wire d d bran*es at c & runs 9 bo?   
directions4 ,n[1 :5 ! controll] h&les   
are bo? turn$ to !  /op position !      
curr5t f ! trolley c get no f>!r ?an  ! 
ends ( d 9 ei!r swit*1 b if "o ( !m is  
turn$ to  ! runn+ position1 ! curr5t at 
once passes to ! wires 9 !  cable e e e1
 & ?us to ! two motors4 ,if ! swit*es ,c
 ,c are  9 prop] work+ ord] & !re is no 
dis>rangem5t ( ! wires  lead+ to !      
motors or ^? )9 ! latt]1 ! curr5t w obey
  ! movem5ts ( ! h&le h1 b "u o!r       
conditions x may n4  ,if su* an em]g5cy 
arises1 ! motorman rea*es up to ! hood &
  turns ! safety swit* a or b1 & ?us    
cuts ! curr5t (f4    ,! =ce ) :i* !     
motors turn ! c> :eels ar\nd dep5ds  ^u 
! /r5g? ( ! curr5t2 ?is is ow+ to ! fact
 t !  magnetic =ce is increas$ or       
decreas$ by v>iations 9 ! curr5t  /r5g?4
 ,if ! curr5t is d\bl$ ! magnetic =ce ( 
! armature  is ne>ly d\bl$1 & s is t ( !
 field magnet1 !re=e !  pull betwe5 !   

poles is ne>ly f\r times z great4 ,f ?is
 x  w be se5 t ! =ce ) :i* ! c> is pu%$ 
ahead c be  increas$ enorm\sly by a     
comp>atively small increase 9 ! /r5g?  (
 ! curr5t4 ,if ! curr5t /r5g? is d\bl$1 
! propell+  =ce is practically          
quadrupl$2 & if ! curr5t is increas$ f\r
  times1 ! propell+ =ce is made ne>ly   
sixte5 times z great4    ,! spe$ at :i* 
! c> runs dep5ds ^u ! =ce t impels !    
curr5t ?r\gh ! wire1 & :i* is call$     
electro-motive =ce4  ,! great] !        
electro-motive =ce1 ! high] ! velocity4 
,if !  curr5t passes f ! wires 9 ! cable
 e e e ?r\gh ea* motor  sep>ately1 &    
!nce to ! rails ,r1 ea* ma*9e w receive 
! effect ( ! :ole electro-motive =ce ( !
 curr5t2 b if  aft] ! curr5t has pass$  
?r\gh "o motor x is direct$ ?r\gh  !    
o!r1 !n ea* ma*9e w be act$ ^u by only  
"o half !  electro-motive =ce1 &1 z c be
 se5 at once1 ! velocity 9 !  fir/      
in/ance w be twice z great z 9 ! la/4   
,?is fact is  tak5 advantage ( 9        
regulat+ ! spe$ ( ! c>1 & controll+     

swit*es arrang$ s z to direct ! curr5t  
?r\gh ! motors 9  ?is way are designat$ 
z belong+ to ! s]ies p>allel type1  ! "n
 be+ giv5 f ! fact t :5 ! c> is runn+   
sl[1  ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! two motors
 9 s]ies--t is1 ?r\gh  "o aft] ! o!r2 b 
:5 ! motors are runn+ fa/1 a sep>ate    
curr5t passes ?r\gh ea* ma*9e4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,view ,,(   
,,electric ,,railway ,,truck ,,) ,,"o   
,,motor  ,,on ,,ea* ,,axle ,,& ,,provid$
 ,,) ,,magnetic ,,brakes4    ,if1 :5 a  
c> is runn+1 ! controll+ swit* is turn$ 
to cut !  curr5t (f1 ! effect w be t !  
spe$ w gradually r$uce2  b if x is      
desir$ to effect a sudd5 /op1 x becomes 
necess>y to  *eck ! headway by means ( a
 brake4 ,= ?is purpose ! h& brake       
ord9>ily us$ on all types ( c>s is      
employ$1 b magnetic brakes  are also us$
 9 "s cases4 ,fig4 #bj %[s a c> truck   
equipp$ )  two motors & magnetic brakes1
 "o on ea* axle4 ,look+ at ! front  end 
( ! truck1 ! brake is se5 on ! left side
 ( ! axle1  betwe5 ! motor be>+ & ! c>  

:eel4 ,! l>g] drum1 on !  "r side1 is ! 
cas+ )9 :i* ! ge> :eel & p9ion are      
inclos$4 ,^! magnetic brakes are op]at$ 
by a curr5t g5]at$  by ! motors1 & n by 
t ( ! ma9 l9e4 ,z 0 expla9$ 9  ! fir/   
article1 an electric motor c be made to 
act z a g5]ator  ( electric curr5t by   
simply rev]s+ ! direction 9 :i* !       
armature revolves4 ,if we d n desire to 
rev]se ! direction (  rotation1 ! result
 c /ill be atta9$ by rev]s+ ! direction 
9 :i* ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! armature  
coils4 ,x is evid5t  t ! direction ( a  
c> motor c n be rev]s$ at ! in/ant  t x 
is desir$ to h x act z a g5]ator--t is1 
:5 x  is desir$ to put ! brakes on2 h5ce
 ! direction ( ! curr5t  ?r\gh !        
armature is rev]s$4    ,:5 a c> is      
provid$ ) magnetic brakes1 ! controll+  
swit*es  are s made t :5 ! h&le h is    
mov$ back to ! /op position  x          
disconnects ! motors f ! trolley wire & 
at ! same "t  connects !m ) ! magnetic  
brakes 9 su* a mann] t !y  w act z      
g5]ators & ?us s5d curr5t ?r\gh ! coils 

( !  latt]4 ,9 ord] t ! =ce ) :i* !     
brakes are appli$ may  be graduat$1 !   
controll+ swit*es are arrang$ s z to be 
mov$  sev]al /eps back ( ! po9t :i* 9 ! 
ord9>y type ( swit*  w\ld be ! f9al /op 
position4 ,:5 ! h&le h is plac$ on  !   
fir/ brake position ! curr5t g5]at$ by !
 motors is n  v /rong1 & z a consequ5ce 
! =ce ( ! brake is light1 b  suffici5t  
to br+ ! c> to a /op 9 a reasonable     
di/ance4 ,if a  quick] /op is desir$ !  
h&le is mov$ to ! second1 ?ird1 or  f\r?
 brake position1 ?us increas+ ! ret>d+  
=ce z mu* z  may be desir$4 ,magnetic   
brakes are v desirable1 z !y save !  c> 
:eels1 & fur!rmore af=d an additional   
safety 9 cases :]e  x is necess>y to    
arre/ ! spe$ in/antly4    ,! position ( 
! motors ) ref]5ce to ! truck & c> :eels
  is v well %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj1 & also !   
mann] 9 :i* !y are  held 9 place4 ,!    
cov]s ( ! op5+s ?r\gh :i* access to !   
commutator bru%es is obta9$ are remov$ f
 bo? motors1 & 9  ! =w>d "o ! top ( !   
commutator & "o ( ! bru%es c  be readily

 se54 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! motors are       
susp5d$ f !  truck is n ! same 9 ?is    
figure z 9 ^? previ\sly %[n1 b  ?is is  
simply because ! ma*9es are n made by ! 
same conc]n1  & ea* manufactur] has 8   
own design4    ,fig4 #ba %[s ! appe>ance
 ( ! int]ior ( ! controll+  swit*es ,c  
,c1 ,figs4 #ah & #ai4 ,x w be notic$ t  
!re are two  upright %afts1 ! ends ( :i*
 project above ! top ( ! box4 ,!  h&le h
 is plac$ ^u ! %aft to ! left1 & k on t 
to !  "r4 ,! fir/ is ! ma9 controll]1 & 
! o!r is ! rev]s+  swit*4 ,x w be notic$
 t ! ma9 controll] %aft c>ries a  numb] 
( circul> segm5ts ( diff]5t l5g?s2 ^!   
are s dispos$  t !y come 9 contact )    
suitable /ation>y pieces z ! h&le  h is 
turn$ ar\nd1 & ?us v>y ! pa? ( ! curr5t 
?r\gh !  motors & ! rheo/ats 9 ! mann]  
requir$ to effect ! desir$  *anges 9 !  
velocity ( ! c>4 ,! rev]s+ %aft is also 
provid$ ) a numb] ( segm5ts1 b ^! are n 
s easily se51  al?\gh !y c be disc]n$ on
 close exam9ation4 ,! wires f !  cable e
 e e & also wire d d are atta*$ to !    

/ation>y pieces  ) :i* ! segm5ts c>ri$  
by ! two %afts make contact :5  ! latt] 
are mov$ ar\nd by ! motorman4 ,^! wires 
c be se5  back ( ! ma9 swit* %aft1 &    
also above ! bo>d locat$ at !  l[]      
left-h& corn]4 ,all ^! wires ent] !     
controll] ?r\gh an  op5+ 9 ! bottom4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,view ,,(   
,,int]ior ,,( ,,c> ,,controll]4    ,9   
addition to ! app>atus %[n 9 ,figs4 #ah 
to #ba1 electric c>s  are provid$ ) a   
safety fuse & a lightn+ arre/]1 ! object
  ( ! latt] be+ to protect ! motors f ! 
de/ructive effects  ( lightn+ /rokes4 ,!
 object ( ! safety fuse is to protect ! 
motor f injury :5 ! curr5t becomes too  
/rong4 ,an electric  curr5t 9 pass+     
?r\gh a wire g5]ates heat1 & ! /rong] ! 
curr5t ! great] ! heat4 ,if ! wire is   
l>ge & ! curr5t  weak1 ! heat develop$  
may be insuffici5t to raise ! temp]ature
  to a noticeable degree2 b1 on ! o!r   
h&1 if ! wire is small  or ! curr5t v   
/rong1 ! heat g5]at$ may be capable (   
rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! metal to ! fus+  

po9t4 ,9 fact1 !  inc&esc5t lamp op]ates
 ^u ?is pr9ciple2 ! c>bon filam5t  is   
trav]s$ by a curr5t ( a /r5g? suffici5t 
to heat x to a  po9t :]e x becomes      
int5sely lum9\s1 & sometimes1 ?r\gh     
accid5t or o!rwise1 ! curr5t becomes    
/rong en\gh to melt !  filam5t1 & !n !  
light goes out4 ,9 an electric motor x  
is n  necess>y to raise ! temp]ature ( !
 wire to ! melt+ po9t to  d s]i\s       
injury2 9 fact1 if ! heat is suffici5t  
to *> pap] or  clo?1 ! ma*9e w be r5d]$ 
useless until suitable repairs are      
made4 ,! insulation ( ! wire coils is   
made pr9cipally ( cotton1  :i* is a v   
good electrical insulator 9 its natural 
/ate1 b  :5 c>boniz$ by excessive heat x
 becomes a conductor4 ,z soon z  x      
becomes a conductor ! curr5t is no long]
 conf9$ to ! prop]  *annel1 b cuts ?r\gh
 ! insulation to f9d ! %orte/ pa?  ?r\gh
 ! ma*9e4 ,if safety fuses 7 n provid$ !
 dang] (  de/roy+ ! insulation ( !      
motors & ?us disabl+ ! c>  w\ld be      
decid$ly great1 =1 z already said1 !    

motors c n be  /all$ ) an ov]load1 !    
only effect produc$ be+ a r$uction 9  ! 
spe$ & an increase 9 curr5t /r5g?4 ,n[1 
if !re 7 no  way ( limit+ ! increase 9  
curr5t /r5g? ! motors1 if greatly       
ov]load$1 w\ld cont9ue to op]ate until !
 insulation gave out4  ,! safety fuse is
 simply a piece ( wire ( su* size t x w 
be  melt$ by a curr5t t ! motors c c>ry 
)\t be+ injur$2  h5ce :5 ! curr5t /r5g? 
rea*es a po9t :]e ! safety ( !  app>atus
 is endang]$ ! fuse melts & ?us breaks !
 circuit &  /ops ! fur!r fl[ ( curr5t4  
,fuses are g5]ally made ( an alloy  t   
melts at a l[ temp]ature1 s t ! molt5   
metal may n set  fire to any?+ ^u :i* x 
may fall4 ,^! easily fus$ alloys are    
inf]ior to copp] z electrical           
conductors1 & on ?is acc\nt !  fuse wire
 is z a rule mu* l>g] ?an t w\nd ^u !   
motors1  :i* fact makes its action      
some:at my/]i\s to ! un9itiat$2  b      
:atev] its size may be1 x is s          
proportion$ t x w melt  be=e ! curr5t   
rises to a /r5g? t w\ld injure ! motor  

coils4    ,! mann] 9 :i* ! electric     
curr5t g5]at$ 9 ! p[] h\se  rea*es !    
motors is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,9 ?is 
figure f\r  tracks are %[n1 :i* may be  
tak5 to repres5t roads runn+ 9  z _m    
diff]5t directions4 ,! ?ree squ>es at ! 
left side  repres5t g5]ators locat$ 9 ! 
p[] h\se4 ,! circles a a a  repres5t    
swit*es1 by means ( :i* ! g5]ators are  
connect$  or disconnect$ f ! trolley    
l9es4 ,a & ,b repres5t heavy  metallic  
rods1 g5]ally made ( copp]1 ) :i* !     
g5]ators are  connect$ by means ( !     
swit*es a a a4 ,^! rods are call$ bus   
b>s4 ,! circles b b b b repres5t swit*es
 by means ( :i* !  curr5t is turn$ on or
 (f f ! sev]al tracks4    ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #bb4--;,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,! 
,,mann] ,,9 ,,:i* ,,!  ,,electric       
,,curr5t ,,fl[s ,,f ,,! ,,g5]ators ,,to 
,,! ,,c>s ,,^u ,,! ,,tracks4            
,electric curr5ts mu/ always circulate 9
 clos$ pa?s--t is1 !  curr5t t />ts out 
f a g5]ator mu/ return to x1 & !  am\nt 
com+ back is ! same z t :i* leaves4 ,!  

action (  an electric g5]ator c be      
und]/ood by comp>+ x ) t (  a wat] pump 
pump+ into a pipe :i* runs ar\nd f !    
deliv]y  end to ! suction4 ,) su* an    
arrangem5t x c be se5 t !  action ( !   
pump w\ld be to keep ! wat] 9           
circulation1 b  ! same wat] w\ld be     
pump$ ?r\gh ! pump & ! pipe all !  "t4  
,) an electric g5]ator ! action is !    
same1 & 9 ,fig4  #bb ! curr5t fl[+ along
 any "o ( ! tracks foll[s ! c\rse       
indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,! curr5ts pass out
 to ! sev]al tracks  ?r\gh ! trolley    
wires ,t ,t ,t ,t1 & return ?r\gh !     
tracks  ,r ,r ,r ,r4 ,! bus b> ,a is    
connect$ ) a plate ,d1 :i* is  imb$d$ 9 
! gr\nd1 & is also connect$ ) ! ends ( !
  rails ,r ,r ,r ,r4 ,suppose = a mom5t 
t ! two l[] g5]ators are  out ( s]vice1 
_! swit*es a a be+ turn$ s z to         
disconnect  !m f ! bus ,a1 &1 fur!r1    
suppose t ! ?ree l[] b  swit*es are op51
 s t ! curr5t c only pass to ! upp]     
track2 !n ! top g5]ator w fe$ into ! top
 road only4 ,trac+  ! pa? ( ! curr5t "u 

^! conditions1 we f9d t x w  />t f !    
upp] side ( ! g5]ator ?r\gh ! a swit* to
  ! ,b bus1 & !nce to ! trolley wire at 
! top ( ! figure4  ,on rea*+ ! fir/ c> a
 portion ( ! curr5t passes to ! track   
,r1 ! am\nt be+ dep5d5t ^u ! spe$ ( ! c>
 & ! load4  ,:y ! :ole curr5t does n    
foll[ ?is pa? g5]ally puzzles !  layman1
 b ! explanation is t ! motors hold !   
curr5t back1  & only all[ z mu* to pass 
?r\gh !m z is necess>y to p]=m  !       
requir$ "w--t is to say1 ! curr5t fl[+  
?r\gh ea*  c> is n controll$ by !       
g5]ator or by ! =ce ( ! curr5t1  b by ! 
requirem5ts ( ! motors4 ,! am\nt (      
curr5t deliv]$  by ! g5]ator is gov]n$  
by ! dem&s ( ! motors4 ,! curr5t  t does
 n pass ?r\gh ! fir/ c> goes on to !    
second "o1  & if !re 7 m c>s !re w\ld be
 curr5t left 9 ! trolley  wire to supply
 !m4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! motors ( ! two 
c>s  ! curr5t returns ?r\gh ! rails ,r  
to ! plate ,d1 & ?us  to bus ,a1 f :i* x
 ent]s ! l[] side ( ! top g5]ator4  ,x w
 f ?is explanation be se5 t ! action ( !

 g5]ator  is simply to keep ! curr5t    
circulat+4 ,if two ( ! g5]ators  are    
connect$ ) ! bus b>s ,a & ,b1 ! curr5t  
requir$ by  ! motors w be deliv]$ by !  
two ma*9es1 & if ! ?ree  g5]ators are   
plac$ 9 s]vice ! curr5t w be divid$     
among !m4    ,:5 two or m g5]ators are  
us$1 x is necess>y to provide  means to 
prev5t ! curr5t f divid+ unequally      
betwe5 !m2  if ?is 7 n done1 "o ma*9e   
might d ne>ly all ! "w1  :ile ! o!r "o  
w\ld be practically idle4 ,! means      
employ$ to  accompli% ! result is simply
 an additional bus b>1 :i* is call$  an 
equaliz+ bus4 ,we w n und]take to expla9
 ! pr9ciple ^u  :i* ?is arrangem5t acts2
 x is suffici5t to say t by su* means  !
 "w c be di/ribut$ 9 am\nts directly    
proportional to !  capacity ( !         
g5]ators1 s t if "o ma*9e is v mu* l>g] 
?an ! o!rs x w take a portion ( ! load  
correspond+ to  its size4 ,9 ord] t ^!  
results may be atta9$ x is necess>y  to 
prop]ly adju/ ! sev]al g5]ators1 & z no 
ma*9e c be  made to "w ) ! accuracy (   

p]fection1 ! "w w n be  di/ribut$ 9 true
 proportion = all conditions ( load2 ?us
 if !  g5]ators are adju/$ s z to ea*   
take its prop] %>e :5 all  ! c>s are 9  
op]ation1 "o ma*9e may d too mu* or n   
en\gh  :5 only "o half ! numb] are      
runn+1 b ! excess or defici5cy  w n be m
 ?an a few p] c5t unless ! adju/m5t is v
  defective4    ,electric g5]ators =    
railway "w are made 9 all sizes1 f ^?   
only l>ge en\gh to op]ate f\r or five   
c>s to o!rs capable (  furni%+ suffici5t
 curr5t = ?irty or =ty or ev5 m4 ,small 
g5]ators are made s z to be driv5 by a  
belt runn+ ov] a pulley  m\nt$ on ! end 
( ! armature %aft1 or !y may be arrang$ 
to be connect$ to ! end ( a /eam-eng9e  
%aft1 & ?us become  :at is call$ direct 
connect$ ma*9es4 ,l>ge g5]ators are     
almo/  inv>iably ( ! latt] type4 ,a     
ma*9e ( ?is class is illu/rat$  9 ,fig4 
#bc4 ,! driv+ eng9e is %[n at ,e1 !     
cyl9d] be+  9 ! backgr\nd & ! crank t[>d
 ! front1 ! %aft be+  cle>ly se5 at ,s1 
:ile ,f is ! fly :eel4 ,! g5]ator is    

m\nt$ directly ^u ! eng9e %aft1 betwe5 !
 be>+ at !  crank end & ! fly :eel4 ,!  
l>ge r+ m>k$ ,g is ! field  magnet r+1 &
 at ,d ,d ,d ! field coils are %[n4 ,^! 
coils  are equally spac$ all ! way ar\nd
 ! circle4 ,! commutator is  m>k$ ,c1 & 
! commutator bru%es are locat$ at ,b ,b4
 ,!  armature c n be se5 v well1 z x is 
cov]$ by ! bru%  hold]s & _! support+   
frames1 b x is locat$ )9 !  r+ ,g 9 !   
position designat$ by ,a4 ,?is ma*9e is 
"o (  a numb] us$ to op]ate ! roads (   
,troy1 ,n4 ,y41 & is ( ab\t             
"o-?\s&-horsep[] capacity1 :i* is en\gh 
to furni% all !  curr5t requir$ to run  
sixty or sev5ty c>s4    ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #bc4--,,l>ge-,,size ,,direct     
,,connect$ ,,electric ,,railway         
,,g5]ator4    ,! swit*es a a & b b1 %[n 
9 ,fig4 #bb1 & ! bus b>s ,a  ,b1 are    
m\nt$ ^u a l>ge panel1 made ( m>ble or  
slate1 call$ a  swit* bo>d4 ,^! swit*es 
are suffici5t = ! purpose ( turn+  !    
curr5t on or (f any track or = connect+ 
& disconnect+  ! g5]ators1 b = !        

successful op]ation ( ! plant x is      
necess>y to h o!r devices by means ( :i*
 ! /r5g? (  ! curr5t may be asc]ta9$1 & 
also ! electro-motive =ce4  ,x is       
necess>y to provide ea* g5]ator ) means 
= v>y+ !  electro-motive =ce ( ! curr5t 
x g5]ates1 o!rwise ! load  c\ld n be    
prop]ly equaliz$ betwe5 ! sev]al ma*9es4
 ,all ^!  diff]5t devices are locat$ ^u 
! swit* bo>d1 s z to h  !m 9 an         
accessible position4 ,a railway swit*   
bo>d1 arrang$ =  f\r g5]ators & a l>ge  
numb] ( di/ribut+ circuits1 is %[n  9   
,fig4 #bd4 ,! f\r g5]ator swit*es are   
%[n at a a a a1 &  ! circles m>k$ ,r1   
directly "u !m1 are ! devices by means  
( :i* ! electro-motive =ce ( ! curr5t is
 regulat$4 ,^!  devices are call$ field 
regulators1 f ! fact t _! (fice  is to  
regulate ! /r5g? ( ! field magnets ( !  
g5]ators1  mak+ !m /rong] to increase ! 
electro-motive =ce & weak]  to r$uce x4 
,! "p se5 ^u ! front ( ! swit* bo>d is n
  ! regulator prop]1 b only ! h&le & !  
contact po9ts ov]  :i* ?is sw+s4 ,!     

in/rum5ts m>k$ ,a ,a ,a ,a are = measur+
  ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t ( ea* individual   
g5]ator1 & are  call$ ammet]s4 ,!       
in/rum5ts m>k$ ,v ,v ,v ,v are = !      
purpose  ( indicat+ ! electro-motive =ce
 ( ! curr5ts ( ! sev]al  g5]ators1 & are
 call$ voltmet]s4 ,ag is an ammet] us$  
to  measure ! /r5g? ( ! total curr5t1 & 
,vg is a voltmet] t  indicates !        
electro-motive =ce ( ! curr5t pass+ out 
to !  c>s on ! v>i\s l9es4 ,! ammet] ,ag
 is n an actual necessity1  = ! /r5g? ( 
! total curr5t c be asc]ta9$ by add+ !  
read+s ( ! f\r in/rum5ts connect$ ) !   
g5]ators1 b x  is a conv5i5ce1 z x saves
 ! tr\ble ( p]=m+ ! addition4  ,!       
voltmet] ,vg1 h[ev]1 c n be reg>d$ 9 ?is
 light2 9  fact1 its pres5ce is decid$ly
 s]viceable1 = x indicates !  av]age    
electro-motive =ce ( all ! g5]ators2    
!re=e if any  "o ( ! in/rum5ts ,v ,v ,v 
,v is high] or l[] x %[s at once  t !   
g5]ator to :i* x is atta*$ is out (     
adju/m5t & n  do+ its prop] %>e ( ! "w4 
,! swit*es b b b1 by means (  :i* !     

curr5t is turn$ on to ! sev]al ext]nal  
circuits1 are  %[n at ! extreme end ( ! 
swit* bo>d4    ,! in/rum5t m>k$ ,w1     
locat$ betwe5 ! a swit*es1 is  call$ a  
wattmet]1 & its (fice is to indicate !  
am\nt ( p[]  furni%$ by ! g5]ators4 ,?is
 in/rum5t is n always us$1 z  x is a    
conv5i5ce b n a necessity4 ,x c be se5  
at once t  :e!r x is us$ or n1 ! am\nt (
 p[] requir$ to op]ate  ! roads w be !  
same1 b x is ?\ght by mo/ railroad      
manag]s t x is desirable1 = !n !        
relation betwe5 ! coal  consum$ & ! p[] 
develop$ c be se52 & if ! %[+ is  n z   
good z x %\ld be1 ! eng9e] c rem9d !    
firem5 t  !y are n ex]cis+ z mu* c>e 9  
fe$+ ! boil]s z !y  %\ld4 ,consid]$ 9   
?is light1 ! watt-met] acts z a *eck to 
wa/efulness on ! "p ( ! employees4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,electric  
,,railway ,,swit*bo>d4    ,! in/rum5ts  
m>k$ ,c ,c ,c ,c s]ve ! same purpose 9  
connection  ) ! g5]ators z ! safety     
fuses d ) respect to ! c>  motors2 !y   
are electro-magnetic devices us$ to op5 

! g5]ator  circuits :5ev] ! curr5t      
rea*es a /r5g? t is suffici5t  to injure
 ! ma*9e4 ,^! devices are call$ circuit 
break]s4  ,z w be notic$1 !re are f\r   
locat$ directly above ! f\r  a swit*es1 
&1 at ! f>!r end ( ! bo>d1 a l>ge numb] 
locat$ directly above ! b swit*es4 ,!   
latt] act to op5 !  individual circuits 
:5 ! curr5ts fl[+ 9 !m become too       
/rong1 & ! =m] are controll$ entirely by
 ! curr5t ( !  g5]ator circuits4 ,a     
circuit break] is m reliable ?an a      
safety  fuse1 because x acts quick]4 ,) 
! fuse ! curr5t mu/ act =  "s "t be=e x 
c melt ! metal1 z a suffici5t am\nt (   
heat  c n be g5]at$ in/antly4 ,) !      
circuit break]1 h[ev]1  ! action is     
in/antane\s1 = z soon z ! curr5t rea*es 
!  pr$et]m9$ /r5g? ! magnetism ( !      
op]ative p>ts ( !  device becomes       
suffici5tly /rong to cause x to act4 ,a 
circuit  break] is simply a swit* t is  
arrang$ to be op5$ automatically  by !  
action ( a magnet1 in/ead ( by ! h& ( ! 
op]ator4 ,!  swit* "p ( ! app>atus is   

held 9 place by a cat* t is set  mu*    
aft] ! fa%ion ( ! cat* 9 a m\se trap--t 
is1 s t  ! lea/ pressure w dis5gage x4  
,a /rong spr+ acts to ?r[  ! swit* op51 
& z soon z ! cat* is tripp$ by ! actuat+
  magnet ! =ce ( ! spr+ comes into      
action & ! circuit is  op5$4    ,!      
circuit break] is a v valuable app>atus1
 = x frequ5tly  happ5s t1 ?r\gh delays (
 "o k9d or ano!r1 a l>ge numb] (  c>s   
conc5trate at "o po9t on ! road1 &1 z   
all ! motorm5  are anxi\s to make       
headway1 !y all />t up at once at ! fir/
  opportunity4 ,if !re 7 no circuit     
break]s at ! p[] h\se !  result w\ld be 
t "s ( ! g5]ators w\ld be greatly       
ov]load$  & p]haps disabl$2 b1 ow+ to ! 
pres5ce ( ! circuit  break]s1 ! actual  
result is t ! circuit is brok51 & !n  ! 
motorm5 h to wait until ! curr5t is     
turn$ on aga94 ,if too  _m ( !m try to  
/>t _! c>s at ! second trial ! curr5t  w
 aga9 /op4 ,aft] two or ?ree ineffectual
 ef=ts h be5 made  to />t all ! c>s     
toge!r ! motorm5 w conclude to g easy1  

& set a few 9 motion at a "t4 ,9 ?is way
 ! c>s w become  m ev5ly di/ribut$ along
 ! l9e1 & ! dem& = curr5t at  ! po9t (  
blockade w r$uce to ! normal am\nt1 or  
ne>ly s1  & ! runn+ ( ! c>s w cont9ue   
)\t fur!r int]ruption1  = ! curr5t drawn
 by ! motors hav+ be5 r$uc$ to ! av]age 
am\nt1 ! circuit break] w cease to act4 
,! bus b>s & all ! connections betwe5 !m
 & ! g5]ators  & ext]nal circuits1 z    
well z ) all ! in/rum5ts1 are locat$    
beh9d ! swit* bo>d4 ,all ^! connections 
are s secur$ t  !y c n come 9 contact ) 
ea* o!r except :]e contacts  are        
requir$2 c>e is also tak5 to prev5t any 
connection be+ made  ) ! iron fram+ t   
supports ! m>ble slabs4 ,! front ( a    
swit* bo>d is g5]ally v attractive1 !   
surface be+ ( highly  poli%$ m>ble1 :ile
 all ! swit*es & in/rum5ts are f9ely    
f9i%$ &1 z a rule1 ( decid$ly ornam5tal 
design4    ,! swit* bo>d might be look$ 
^u z ! f\nta9 head f :i*  ! entire      
op]ation ( an electric railway sy/em is 
controll$4 ,by  ! movem5t ( "o set (    

swit*es ^u x ! g5]ators are ?r[n  9 or  
out ( s]vice1 & by ! movem5t ( ano!r set
 ( swit*es  ! sev]al bran*es ( ! road   
are r5d]$ active or inactive4           
,,is ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,religion ,,decl9+8 
,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,*>les ,,augu/us       
,,briggs1 ,d4 ,d41    ,,pr(essor ,,(    
,,biblical ,,!ology1 ,,union ,,!ological
 ,,sem9>y4      ,! "q :e!r ! ,*ri/ian   
religion is decl9+ is agitat+  ! public 
m9d 9 "s measure at ! pres5t "t4 ,?is is
 due to  ! _m *anges t are tak+ place 9 
! =ms ( religion1 !  types ( doctr9e1 & 
! me?ods ( action 9 ! num]\s religi\s   
organizations :i* be> ! "n ( ,jesus     
,*ri/4 ,are ^! *anges  symptoms (       
disease & decay 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion1  
or are !y  evid5ces ( r5ew$ vitality &  
enl>gem5t by gr[?8 ,x is q  evid5t t _m 
?+s :i* h be5 reg>d$ z important & ev5  
ess5tial 9 ! pa/ h decl9$ 9 importance1 
& "s ( !m  seem to be on ! eve (        
disappe>+ altoge!r4 ,x is n surpris+  t 
^? :o h be5 tra9$ to reg>d ^! z ess5tial
 to  ,*ri/ianity %\ld ?9k t ! ,*ri/ian  

religion is decl9+  ) !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^!
 ?+s are n s important z has  be5       
suppos$1 b h ga9$ = a "t an exagg]at$   
importance1  !n _! decl9e to _! normal  
position & ! advance ( o!r  ?+s to _!   
rightful place1 z m important ?+s ?an   
has  hi!rto be5 suppos$--all ?is is     
evid5ce ( a heal?ful advance 9          
,*ri/ianity4 ,?is "q1 !re=e1 w be answ]$
 9 accordance  ) ! po9t ( view ( ! "o :o
 consid]s x4 ,if x is to be  answ]$     
correctly we mu/ put aside all          
prejudice1 & exam9e !  :ole situation   
c&idly & ) a critical sci5tific _s4 ,x  
is impracticable )9 ! b\nds ( ?is       
article to exam9e ?is  "q on all sides4 
,we c only make a few sugge/ions relat+ 
to  x4    ,x is necess>y at ! outset to 
approa* ! "q aright4 ,we  mu/ di/+ui%   
betwe5 :at is ess5tial to ! ,*ri/ian    
religion  & :at is non-ess5tial4 ,?is is
 n s easy a task z "o might  imag9e4 ,we
 c only make ?is di/9ction g5]ally1 & n 
)  sci5tific precision4 ,9 ! /udy (     
religions we h to di/+ui%  7#a7 ! m     

fundam5tal ?+s 9 ! hi/orical in/itutions
 &  exp]i5ce 9 life2 7#b7 ! doctr9es :i*
 express ! popul> belief  or sci5tific k
 ( ! adh]5ts ( ! religion2 & 7#c7 !     
expression ( ! religion 9 e?ical        
pr9ciples & moral conduct4  ,! ord] (   
developm5t is always life1 doctr9e1     
morals4 ,! e>li]  /ages ( ! ,*ri/ian    
religion & ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce at any   
"t & 9 any community is ! vital exp]i5ce
 & ! in/itutional  organization4        
,doctr9es ( fai? & k presuppose ! vital 
relation1 & morals presuppose bo?1 &    
conduct is ! f9al aim  & cr[n ( ! :ole  
developm5t4 ,& yet !re are "s s*ol>s  :o
 exagg]ate ! relative importance ( ea*  
"o ( ! ?ree 9 its  relation to ! o!r two
 & to ! :ole4    ,9 our age great]      
att5tion is giv5 to ,*ri/ian e?ics &    
sociology  ?an ev] be=e4 ,a man :o has !
 e?ical en?usiasm ( our times  is incl9$
 to criticise hi/orical ,*ri/ianity )   
great sev]ity1  because ( its failure to
 realize ! highe/ e?ical ideals1 &      
especially ^? pres5t$ by ,jesus 9 8     

tea*+ & 8 example4  ,hi/orical          
,*ri/ianity is s f> bel[ ^! ideals1 ev5 
9 its  be/ types1 t "o is incl9$ to say 
if ! ,*ur* has fail$ s  badly 9 n9ete5  
c5turies1 :at prospect has x 9 ! pres5t 
or  ! future8 ,"s good m5 9 our times   
are disgruntl$ ) hi/orical  ,*ri/ianity 
= its e?ical failures1 & keep alo( f !  
,*ur*  on t acc\nt2 b ^! are aft] all   
proportionately few1 & !y  are          
unreasonable1 = !y exagg]ate ! e?ical   
phase ( ,*ri/ianity  ov] aga9/ !        
doctr9al & ! vital2 !y fail to see :at  
is  necess>ily involv$ 9 ! developm5t ( 
! ,*ri/ian religion1  t ! e?ical age    
%\ld come la/ ( all2 & !y also are n  j 
9 _! e/imate ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 =1      
not)/&+ !  failure ( ! ,*ur*1 !re has   
be5 a wond]ful & /eady e?ical  advance  
?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,inde$1 x is          
,*ri/ianity itself :i*  is *iefly       
responsible = ! e?ical en?usiasm ( !    
pres5t "t1  & ?is is an evid5ce t       
,*ri/ianity is ab\t to ent] ^u !  la/ & 
highe/ /age ( its developm5t4 ,holy love

 9 pr9ciple &  practice 9 ! lib]ty (    
self-sacrifice is bett] und]/ood 9 !    
,*ur* to-day ?an ev] be=e1 & x is becom+
 m influ5tial  9 ! ,*ur* & 9 ! _w4 ,!   
,*ur* is ab\t to put =? !  supreme      
e?ical influ5ce ( holy love to trans=m  
society & !  lives ( m54    ,9 l>ge     
sections ( ! ,*ur* ! greate/ /ress is   
/ill laid  ^u ,*ri/ian doctr9e1         
especially z express$ 9 dogmatic =ms4   
,if a man ?9ks t or?odox doctr9e is !   
te/ ( a heal?ful  & vigor\s *ur*1 he w  
make t ! det]m9+ elem5t 9  8 judgm5t    
:e!r ,*ri/ianity is advanc+ or decl9+4  
,9 ?is  sph]e we h to di/+ui% ?ree ?+s3 
7#a7 ,! popul> or?odoxy1  :i* is det]m9$
 by ! cons5sus ( tea*+ f ! pulpit2 7#b7 
! s*ol>ly or?odoxy1 :i* is det]m9$ by ! 
tea*+ ( !  !ologian f ! *airs ( !       
!ological s*ools & 9 text-books  (      
dogmatic !ology2 7#c7 ! (ficial         
or?odoxy1 :i* is det]m9$  by cre$s1     
liturgies1 confessions ( fai?1 & canons 
( ! ,*ur*4    ,!re c be no d\bt t !re   
has be5 a great ov]turn+ ( dogma  9 our 

times1 & x is altoge!r probable t ?is w 
assume  mu* great] dim5sions4 ,_m ?9k t 
dogma has _h an exagg]at$  importance 9 
! pa/1 &1 f _! po9t ( view1 ! ,*ri/ian  
religion has made an advance by pu%+    
dogma back to a less dom9ant  position4 
,^? :o ma9ta9 t dogma is ( supreme      
importance  naturally ?9k t ! ,*ri/ian  
religion decl9es :5 dogma is  discr$it$ 
9 ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,!re c be little
 d\bt t  a l>ge numb] ( m5 abs5t        
!mselves f *ur* att5dance because  !y   
dislike ! popul> or?odoxy1 :i* seems to 
!m antiquat$1  unsci5tific1 & untrue4   
,_m refuse to unite ) religi\s          
organizations :i* are dom9at$ by an     
or?odoxy repres5t+ !  !ories ( s*ola/ic 
!ology4 ,_m rema9 ap>t f ! *ur*es       
because !y are unwill+ to be responsible
 9 any way = _!  (ficial or?odoxy4 ,_m1 
born & tra9$ 9 ,presbyt]ian families1   
refuse to rema9 9 an organization :i* is
 responsible = ! h>d  doctr9es set =? 9 
! ,we/m9/] ,confession4 ,_m ,me?odi/s   
refuse to be compromis$ by ,wesley's    

doctr9es & ,wesley's rules (  life4 ,_m 
refuse to rema9 ,bapti/s because ( :at  
is involv$ 9  close communion4 ,_m      
refuse to be ,episcopalians because !y  
res5t  ! doctr9es & practices (         
sac]dotalism4 ,& s we c\ld f9d1  m or   
less 9 all religi\s communions1 a       
dissatisfaction )  dogmas--sometimes    
sup]ficial1 giv+ a plausible excuse =   
abs5ce1  sometimes pr(\nd1 incit+ active
 ho/ility to ! ,*ur*4 ,if all (  ^!     
dissatisfi$ ones are to be reg>d$ z     
ho/ile or indiff]5t  to ,*ri/ianity1 !n 
x is evid5t t an army ( ,*ri/ians h     
practically sep>at$ !mselves f ! ,*ur* 9
 our "t1 & we  mu/ say t ,*ri/ianity has
 9 ?is respect decl9$4 ,if1 on !  o!r   
h&1 we ?9k t ^! dissatisfi$ & disgruntl$
 ones are  yet ,*ri/ians1 & t !y are    
ma9ta9+ _! fai? 9 ,*ri/  9 opposition to
 an unreasonable *ur*1 t !y are ex]t+ an
  important influ5ce 9 ! trans=mation ( 
! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*1  !n we may say t ?is
 is an evid5ce t ,*ri/ianity is 9 a     
/ate ( transition1 t x is on ! move away

 f an unt5able  position ( exagg]at$    
dogma to a tru] & /rong] position1  9   
:i* dogma w be trans=m$ & giv5 its      
normal place &  importance4    ,! ef=t  
to ?r[ (f ! bondage ( ! popul> & !      
s*ola/ic  dogma is an advance1 & n a    
decl9e2 x is an advance into ! realm  ( 
fre$om4 ,x fir/ gives ! possibility ( a 
critical re-exam9ation  ( ! dogmatic    
fai? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,only by ! application (
 !  sci5tific me?ods ( our age to dogma 
is x possible = our age to  v]ify dogma 
& accept x z valid & reliable4 ,we c n  
rely on  any?+ t is m]ely traditional or
 ! product ( ! logical  analysis (      
premises :i* rema9 !mselves unv]ifi$4 ,!
 revolt  aga9/ ! confessional or?odoxy1 
especially 9 ! ,presbyt]ian1  ,re=m$1 & 
,lu!ran ,*ur*es1 is n a sign ( decl9e1 z
 "s  ?9k1 b a :olesome movem5t :i*      
indicates a det]m9ation to "k  ! tru? & 
to hold no?+ b ! tru?4    ,!            
,*icago-,lambe? articles1 adopt$ by !   
:ole ,anglican communion  ?r\gh\t ! _w1 
r$uces ! ess5tial doctr9es ( ,*ri/'s    

,*ur* to ! ,nic5e ,cre$ & ! ,apo/les'   
,cre$2 ^? cre$s 9  :i* all ! great      
hi/orical *ur*es1 ! ,greek & ! ,ori5tal1
  ! ,roman & ! ,prote/ant1 agree4 ,?is  
m>ks a dogmatic advance1  n a dogmatic  
decl9e1 because x makes ! di/9ction     
betwe5 !  ess5tial & uness5tial         
doctr9es1 x def9es ess5tial doctr9es by 
hold+ up anci5t fundam5tal hi/orical    
cre$s2 x !reby repres5ts  all o!r matt]s
 z )9 ! realm ( ! uness5tial doctr9es1 !
  prov9ce ( ,*ri/ian lib]ty4    ,!      
*ur*es are !re=e readju/+ !mselves 9 _! 
relation  to ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & !      
,*ri/ian community is readju/+  itself  
likewise4 ,! (f5sive features ( ,*ri/ian
 dogma1 :ile /ill  reta9$ & advocat$ by 
"s !ologians & "s communions1 h  be5 9  
great measure remov$ by o!r !ologians & 
communions1 &  ! process is go+ on )    
great rapidity4 ,! w> aga9/ sci5ce1     
criticism1 lit]ature1 & art--all t is   
*>act]i/ic ( our  age--is gradually be+ 
limit$ to a small] numb] ( !ologians &  
d5om9ations1 & !re is ev] an increas+   

numb] ( !ologians  & *ur*es :i* fully   
recognize all ! a*ievem5ts ( mod]n times
  & :o are at "w 9 h>moniz+ !m ) !      
v]ifi$ ,*ri/ian  dogmas 9 a l>g]1 gr&]  
sy/em--9 a new !ology repres5t+  all t  
is noble/ & be/ 9 ,*ri/ianity z appli$  
to ! mod]n  _w4 ,:ile ?is process is go+
 on1 ! dissatisfi$ ones w  take "s      
little "t to f9d _! new *ur* homes & to 
adju/  !mselves to new conditions &     
circum/ances4    ,s f> z ! great mass ( 
mank9d is conc]n$1 ! *ief factor  9 !   
,*ri/ian religion is ! fundam5tal "o ( !
 ,*ri/ian  life & ! ,*ri/ian in/itution1
 & ! advance or decl9e (  ,*ri/ianity w 
be judg$ f ?is po9t ( view4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 
we  mu/ recognize t !re are sev]al types
 ( religi\s life :i*  sometimes comb9e 9
 "o community1 b :i* ord9>ily exi/ ap>t 
z  *>act]i/ic ( diff]5t temp]am5ts1     
diff]5t nations1 diff]5t  races4 ,! l9es
 ( cleavage 9 hi/orical ,*ri/ianity are 
= !  mo/ "p racial1 national1 or        
temp]am5tal4 ,we h to take ?is  into    
acc\nt :5 we consid] ! religi\s life &  

in/itutions  ( diff]5t c\ntries4 ,:at a 
diff]5ce !re is 9 religion f  ?is po9t (
 view 9 ! great c5t]s1 su* z ,rome1 ,/4 
,pet]sburg1  ,b]l91 ,london1 ,ed9burgh1 
,new ,york6 ,t man w\ld g f> a/ray :o   
%\ld und]take to use any "o ( ^! z a te/
 ( any or ( all !  o!rs4    ,let u      
consid]1 = example1 ! "q ( p>ticipation 
9 !  s]vices ( ! ,*ur*4 ,rome has       
app>5tly1 f a ,prote/ant po9t  ( view1  
an abnormal numb] ( *ur*es1 & 9 ^!      
*ur*es an  extraord9>y numb] ( *apels & 
alt>s4 ,! reason = ?is is  t !re is an  
imm5se numb] ( cl]gy 9 ,rome1 & all ^!  
alt>s are ne$$ t !y may p]=m ! mo/      
important ( _!  duties--! sacrifice ( ! 
mass4 ,! *ur*es1 *apels1 & alt>s  are n 
erect$ = ! p m]ely--if s1 va/ly few]    
w\ld be  necess>y--b = ! prie/s :o      
sacrifice = ! p ev5 :5  !y are abs5t4   
,b]l9 has app>5tly v few *ur*es1 & ^!   
are n always well att5d$ by ! p1 & are  
us$ infrequ5tly  except on ,sundays4    
,judg+ f ?is1 x w\ld be a v irreligi\s  
city2 b any "o :o really kn[s ,b]l9 w\ld

 n say t x is  less religi\s ?an ,rome4 
,! religion ( ! ,g]man p f9ds its       
expression 9 a my/ic type ( p]sonal     
piety & ( family & social  life2 x      
ma9ta9s & propagates itself )\t frequ5t 
att5dance  ^u public wor%ip4    ,9      
,london regul> att5dance ^u public      
wor%ip is commonly reg>d$  z            
indisp5sable = ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,*ri/ian 
religion4  ,!re=e ,*ri/ian p frequ5t !  
*ur*es to an ext5t t is  unkn[n on !    
cont95t ( ,europe4 ,b to make ! ,briti% 
habit (  frequ5t+ ! ,*ur* = public      
wor%ip a te/ ( ! vitality (  ! ,*ri/ian 
religion 9 ! great cities ( ! ,cont95t  
w\ld be  altoge!r unju/ & untrue4 ,!    
hi/orical developm5t ( religion  9      
,great ,brita9 has br\ght ab\t an       
entirely diff]5t /ate (  affairs !re f t
 :i* we f9d ev]y:]e else 9 ! _w4  ,!    
situation 9 ,great ,brita9 is !re=e     
special1 peculi>1 &1  "o might say1     
abnormal z comp>$ ) ! situation 9 o!r   
p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !       
orig9al population 0  *iefly ,briti%1 & 

!re=e foll[$ ,briti% me?ods 9 religion4 
,b 9 ! pres5t c5tury our l&1 &          
especially our cities1 h  fill$ up ) a  
population f ! cont95t ( ,europe1 br++  
) !m ,cont95tal me?ods ( wor%ip :i* w\ld
 n yield to or  readily adopt ,briti%   
me?ods4 ,int]m>riage ) ! ,briti% /ock  &
 famili> conv]se 9 society h t5d$ to    
assimilation1 &  !re=e ! situation has  
gradually & inevitably em]g$ t  !       
,*ri/ianity ( ,new ,york & ,*icago & our
 o!r great cities  has assum$ an        
int]m$iate position betwe5 t ( !        
,cont95t  & t ( ,great ,brita94 ,!      
religi\s cu/oms *>act]i/ic (  ,briti%   
,*ri/ianity h und\bt$ly decl9$--!y h    
yield$ to  ! influ5ce ( ,cont95tal      
,*ri/ianity4 ,if ,briti% ,*ri/ianity  is
 ! norm by :i* we are to judge1 !n      
,*ri/ianity has decl9$  9 ! ,unit$      
,/ates4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is n ! norm1 !n x 
might  appe> t an int]m$iate position1  
su* z we h atta9$ by  ! assimilation ( !
 ,briti% & ! ,cont95tal types1 may be a 
real advance & ga91 because ( !         

appropriation ( "s ( !  be/ features (  
bo? me?ods & ! rubb+ (f ( "s ( !        
ecc5tricities & excresc5ces ( bo?4 ,a   
decl9e 9 ! relative  att5dance ^u !     
public wor%ip1 & especially ^u ! second 
s]vice on ,sunday1 is exactly :at we    
w\ld anticipate "u !  circum/ances4 ,x  
is altoge!r probable t ! decl9e is mu*  
less ?an we _h ! "r to expect 9 view ( !
 va/ influ5ce  ex]t$ ^u u by ,cont95tal 
types ( ,*ri/ianity dur+ ! pa/  half    
c5tury4 ,& x is altoge!r probable t !   
decl9e has n  rea*$ its normal goal4    
,especially is ?is ! case :5 we take    
into  consid]ation o!r influ5ces :i* t5d
 to dim9i% ! att5dance  ^u public       
wor%ip4    #a4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 :]e ! 
*ur*es 7 e/abli%$ by law1  ! /ate &     
,*ur* 7 s entw9$ t x 0 a badge ( good   
citiz5%ip to att5d ^u public wor%ip4 ,9 
anti!sis ) ?is1  att5dance ( !          
noncon=mi/s ^u public wor%ip 0 reg>d$ z 
a  /&+ by _! pr9ciples & a te/ (        
fidelity & c\rage4 ,^!  influ5ces work$ 
also 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! colonial  

p]iod2  b dur+ ! pres5t c5tury ?is      
motive has lo/ its influ5ce1  & x is to 
be fe>$ t politicians z su* feel "u no  
special  obligation to att5d *ur*1      
especially 9 view ( ! attitude ( _m  ( !
 m9i/ry z to political life & political 
que/ions4    #b4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 x has
 be5 a badge ( social propriety to att5d
  public wor%ip4 ,social influ5ces /ill 
prevail greatly 9 ! ,unit$  ,/ates1 9   
villages & small cities1 & ev5 to "s    
ext5t 9 !  *ur*es 9 ! great cities1 :]e 
!y are organiz$ & conduct$  9 social    
l9es z social religi\s clubs4 ,b ?is    
influ5ce is mu*  weak] ?an x us$ to be1 
& x is gradually pass+ away4    #c4 ,!  
pulpit 0 once ! *ief means ( in/ruction 
& (  intellectual & moral /imulation = !
 p4 ,! prea*] 0 !  p's orator4 ,! pulpit
 has 9 great measure lo/ its attractive 
p[] 9 ?is reg>d4 ,! daily & weekly press
 h a great]  influ5ce 9 public          
in/ruction4 ,! multiplication ( *eap    
books  also takes f ! prea*] a l>ge %>e 
( 8 influ5ce 9 ?is  reg>d4 ,oratory 9   

legislative bodies has to a great ext5t 
lo/ its  influ5ce4 ,its place has be5   
tak5 by simple1 compact1 "t-sav+        
/atem5ts1 (t5 pr9t$ b n deliv]$4        
,committees d ! "w  :i* us$ to be done  
aft] discussion be=e ! public4 ,s ! p  w
 n li/5 n[ to ! pulpit orator ( =m]     
g5]ations4 ,!y  dem& %ort1 crisp s]mons 
t bri/le ) po9ts1 & are practical  &    
helpful4 ,9 o!r words1 ! oratorical &   
highly intellectual  "* ( ! pulpit :i*  
us$ to attract wor%ip]s no long]        
attracts !m4 ,!y feel t !y c get m      
b5efit 9 ?is reg>d  by read+ 9 ! com=t (
 ! home4 ,multitudes ( p c no  long] be 
induc$ to att5d *ur* to be in/ruct$ by !
 m9i/]  or to get 8 judgm5t on topics ( 
! "t1 or to be /irr$ by 8  eloqu5ce2 !y 
c get all ^! ?+s *eap] & easi] by read+ 
at home4 ,:51 n[1 ?is is re-en=c$ by !  
fact t multitudes  dislike ! doctr9es ( 
! ,*ur*1 & res5t !m :5 !y are  prea*$1  
we c easily und]/& t *ur* att5dance %\ld
  decl9e v greatly f ?is reason4    ,b  
?is is no evid5ce t ! ,*ri/ian religion 

has decl9$4 ,if  m5 abs5t !mselves f    
public wor%ip because x is no long]     
necess>y = !m1 z good citiz5s & z       
respectable memb]s (  society1 to att5d1
 or because !y may get _! in/ruction &  
/imulation else:]e easi] & ) less       
exp5diture ( "t &  money1 t is simply an
 evid5ce t att5dance ^u *ur* 9 !  pa/   
has be5 due 9 great measure to o!r ?an  
religi\s reasons1 &  t1 ^! no long]     
hold+1 att5dance has disappe>$ ) !m4  ,!
 att5dance ^u public wor%ip1 ?\gh r$uc$ 
s f> z numb]  is conc]n$1 is n[ m simply
 & purely = religi\s reasons1  & !re=e  
m9i/] & p may ) great] fre$om make !    
s]vices m di/9ctly religi\s4    ,?is is 
inde$ ! real situation t has em]g$4 ,!  
s]mon  has decl9$ relatively 9          
importance1 & rightly s4 ,x _h an       
exagg]at$ importance 9 ! ,prote/ant     
,*ur*1 especially 9 !  non-liturgical   
*ur*es4 ,!re is a _w-wide t5d5cy n[1 :i*
  is increas+ 9 p[]1 to improve & enl>ge
 ! wor%ip ( !  ,*ur*4 ,liturgies &      
c]emonies ( wor%ip are m discuss$ n[  9 

! ,prote/ant _w ?an are s]mons &        
lectures1 because x is  becom+ e day m  
evid5t t ! ,*ur* is organiz$ = common   
pray] & = public wor%ip1 & n m]ely to   
furni% a pulpit =  a m9i/]4 ,! pulpit is
 m & m be+ m]g$ 9 ! wor%ip1  & is los+  
its dom9ation ov] ! wor%ip4 ,) ?is      
t5d5cy  goes increas$ att5tion to !     
,holy ,sacram5ts1 especially ! ,holy    
,communion1 m frequ5t celebrations & m  
frequ5t p>ticipation1  increas$         
opportunity ( wor%ip dur+ ,sunday & dur+
 ! week1  & also !re) ! greatly increas$
 att5tion to ! organization  ( ! ,*ur* =
 aggressive ,*ri/ian "w4 ,^? :o ?9k t ! 
pulpit is ev]y?+ 9 ! public s]vice      
naturally suppose t )  ! decl9e ( !     
pulpit ,*ri/ianity decl9es1 b ^? :o ?9k 
t public wor%ip is ! ess5tial ?+ 9 !    
,*ur* rejoice at !  *anges t are tak+   
place1 & hold t ,*ri/ianity is advanc+4 
,!y ma9ta9 t x is n s important = !     
,*ur* to ga!r  l>ge cr[ds to li/5 to !  
s]mon z x is = ! *ur* doors to  be ev]  
op51 ) frequ5t s]vices = ! conv5i5ce &  

help (  wor%ip]s at any "t1 )\t reg>d to
 :e!r !y are few or _m1  assur$ t !reby 
a mu* great] numb] ( p are rea*$ &      
b5efit$ ?an by ! =m] limit$ me?ods4     
,x is sometimes said t biblical         
criticism has und]m9$ fai?  9 ,holy     
,scripture1 & t1 !re=e1 _m abs5t        
!mselves f  public wor%ip4 ,b !re is no 
real evid5ce = x4 ,i d\bt n  t !        
oppon5ts ( biblical criticism drive _m p
 f _!  congregations1 j z !y d :5 !y    
attack ! sure results  ( mod]n sci5ce1  
or expose _! ignorance 9 ! discussion ( 
political & economical que/ions 9 :i* !y
 h n be5 tra9$2  b ^! p simply remove to
 o!r congregations :]e !y w  n be (f5d$ 
by obscurantism & intol]ance4 ,biblical 
criticism  really makes ! ,bible m      
attractive to ! p1 & its read+  &       
exposition m int]e/+ & influ5tial 9 !   
,*ur*4    ,a c>eful /udy ( ! situation  
makes x evid5t t ! ,*ri/ian  religion is
 n decl9+ 9 our l&2 b x is pass+ ?r\gh a
  transition /ate1 putt+ (f antiquat$   
dogmas1 cu/oms1 & me?ods1  & adapt+     

itself to ! mod]n _w1 & transf]r+ itself
 s z  to bett] accompli% its "w4 ,9 no  
age has ,*ri/ianity made m  advance ?an 
9 ! c5tury n[ draw+ to a close4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,! ,indians ( ,bolivia are describ$ by  
,sir ,m>t9 ,conway z 8an      exce$+ly  
bigot$ folk1 reta9+ "u a mask (         
,*ri/ianity      _! anci5t sup]/itions1 
little alt]$10 & are kept 9      ord] by
 prie/ly managem5t r ?an by =ce4 ,mr4   
,conway      0 s]i\sly int]f]$ ) by !m 9
 ! prosecution ( 8      rese>*es because
 ! nature ( 8 und]tak+ involv$ "s       
outrage to _! sup]/itions4 ,!y reg>d !  
m\nta9s above !      level ( habitation 
z "p ( ! o!r _w1 & hold+1 among      o!r
 fancies1 t a gold5 bull & a gold5 cross
 plant$ by      sup]natural ag5cy /ood  
on ! summit ( "o ( ! peaks r\nd      !  
base ( ,m\nt ,s]ata1 ?\ght t ! object ( 
! explor]'s      exp$ition c\ld be no?+ 
else ?an to obta9 possession ( ^!       
priceless treasures4 ,h5ce !y (f]$      
=midable opposition to      him4        

,a ,,c5tury ,,( ,,geology4,a    ,,by    
,,pr(4 ,,joseph ,,le ,,conte4        ,a 
,9 ?is article ,i h attempt$ to give    
only ! developm5t          ( geological 
?\ght4      ,geology is "o ( ! y\nge/ ( 
! sci5ces4 ,x may almo/ be said  to h   
be5 born ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x is true t
 k  conc]n+ ! /ructure ( ! e>? _h be5   
accumulat+ ev] s9ce  ! "t ( ! ,greeks & 
,romans2 x is true t ^! mat]ials  became
 m abundant & 7 bett] organiz$ 9 !      
eighte5?  c5tury2 b ?is k _h n yet tak5 
=m z a di/9ct  bran* ( sci5ce until ab\t
 ! end ( t c5tury4 ,!re are two         
di/9ctive m>ks ( sci5tific z comp>$ )   
popul> k3  ,fir/1 t its fundam5tal idea 
is cle>ly conceiv$2 &1 second1  t its   
me?od is di/9ctly inductive4    #a4     
,,fundam5tal ,,idea4--,! fundam5tal idea
 und]ly+ geological  ?\ght is ! hi/ory (
 ! e>?4 ,n[1 until ! beg9n+ ( !  pres5t 
c5tury ! e>? 0 n suppos$ to h any       
hi/ory4 ,x 0  suppos$ to h be5 made at  
once1 out ( h&1 ab\t six ?\s&  ye>s ago1
 & to h rema9$ sub/antially un*ang$ ev] 

s9ce z  ! necess>y !at] ( human hi/ory4 
,*anges 7 kn[n to h  tak5 place & 9 less
 degree to be /ill tak+ place1 b ^!  7 n
 suppos$ to foll[ any law su* z is      
necess>y to con/itute  a hi/ory1 & ?us  
to con/itute a sci5ce di/9ct f          
geography4  ,buffon1 ab\t ! middle ( !  
la/ c5tury1 did inde$ br+ out  dimly !  
idea ( an abyss ( "t1 prec$+ ! adv5t (  
man1 9  :i* ! e>? 0 inhabit$ by animals 
& plants :olly diff]5t  f ^? ( ! pres5t 
day1 b he 0 compell$ by ! prie/s (  !   
,sorbonne to retract ^! suppos$         
irreligi\s views4 ,s t>dily  0 !        
fundam5tal idea ( geology cle>ly        
conceiv$ t ,comte1 !  great orig9ator ( 
sci5tific philosophy1 9 8 classification
 (  ! sci5ces 9 #ahbj1 d5i$ a place to  
geology because1 accord+  to him1 x 0 n 
a di/9ct sci5ce at all1 b only a field =
  ! application ( all ! sci5ces4 ,x is  
evid5t t he did n  p]ceive ! fundam5tal 
idea und]ly+ geology & di/+ui%+  x f    
geography--viz41 a life hi/ory ( ! e>?  
?r\gh all  "t4 ,! claim ( geology to a  

place 9 a s*eme ( classification  is    
exactly ! same z t ( a/ronomy4 ,z       
a/ronomy is a field =  ! application (  
ma!matics1 me*anics1 physics1 &1        
rec5tly1  *emi/ry1 b is di/+ui%$ f !m   
all by its *>act]i/ic  fundam5tal idea (
 illimitable space1 s geology is a field
 = !  application ( all o!r l[] sci5ces1
 b is di/+ui%$ f  !m all by h]          
*>act]i/ic fundam5tal idea ( illimitable
 "t4  ,z all o!r sci5ces are t]re/rial1 
b a/ronomy alone cele/ial1  s all o!r   
sci5ces belong to ! pres5t--! 8n[0--b   
geology  alone belongs to ! illimitable 
pa/4 ,! fundam5tal idea ( ! "o  is      
inf9ite space1 ( ! o!r inf9ite1 9 s5se (
 inconceivable1  "t4 ,all o!r sci5ces1  
includ+ a/ronomy1 are b a fla%-light    
view ( ,nature4 ,geology alone is a view
 ( ,nature 9 cont9u\s  movem5t1 a life  
hi/ory--an evolution ( ,nature4 ,?is    
mode ( ?\ght  began to dawn only 9 !    
clos+ ye>s ( ! la/ & ! op5+  ye>s ( !   
pres5t c5tury4 ,x seems to h be5 fir/   
cle>ly  conceiv$ by ! m9d ( ,hutton 9 ! 

la/ "p ( ! eighte5?  c5tury4    #b4     
,,inductive ,,me?od ,,appli$4--,:5 !    
true idea und]ly+ geology  0 cle>ly     
conceiv$ & geology ?us di/9ctly sep>at$ 
f o!r  dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 geology may  
be said to h be5 born4 ,b  x 0 /ill 9   
helpless infancy1 its gr[? irregul>1 &  
ev5 its  cont9u\s life unc]ta91 because 
a solid basis ( inductive me?od  0 n yet
 laid4 ,t basis 0 laid ma9ly by ,hutton 
9 #agie1;,b &  /ill m cle>ly by ,*>les  
,lyell 9 #ahcj1 9 ! pr9ciple t  ! /udy (
 causes n[ 9 op]ation is ! only true    
f\ndation (  geology4        ,b         
,hutton's ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4    ,geological
 *anges1 ( c\rse1 belong to !           
irrevocable pa/1 & are  !re=e hopelessly
 remov$ f direct obs]vation4 ,_! causes 
& process mu/ be recon/ruct$ by !       
skillful use ( ! sci5tific  imag9ation4 
,until ,lyell1 m or less probable       
hypo!ses seem$ all  t 0 possible4 ,:at a
 field 0 "h = ! conflict ( opposite     
extreme views6 ,b ,lyell %[$ t 8causes  
n[ 9 op]ation0 are  produc+ simil>      

effects "u our eyes1 if we w only       
obs]ve4 ,f  t mom5t geology became a    
truly inductive sci5ce & its indef9ite  
progress assur$4    ,^! two ev5ts1      
!n--viz41 ! conception ( geology z a    
di/9ct  sci5ce1 & ! introduction ( a    
true sci5tific me?od--are !  greate/    
epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( geological sci5ce4   
,"s dim  adumbrations ( ^! appe> be=e   
?is c5tury1 especially ! =m]  9 ! m9d ( 
,buffon1 & ! latt] some:at fully 9 ! m9d
 (  ,hutton1 b !y 7 n g5]ally accept$ & 
_h n become work+  pr9ciples until !    
beg9n+ & ev5 "s "t aft] ! beg9n+  ( !   
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,^! mu/ be borne 9 m9d 9
 all we h  fur!r to say ( ! progress (  
geology ?r\gh ! c5tury4    ,:5 ! c5tury 
op5$1 ! w> betwe5 ! ,neptuni/s & !      
,plutoni/s1 betwe5 ! ,w]n]ites & !      
,huttonites1 0 /ill  go+ on1 b 0        
approa*+ ! usual result 9 su* cases (   
dispute--viz41 ! recognition ( ! fact t 
!re 0 tru? on  bo? sides1 & !y mu/ be   
comb9$ into a m compreh5sive view4  ,!  
*ief diff]5ce ( op9ion /ill rema9+ 0 z  

to ! relative  importance ( ! two       
ag5cies1 aque\s & igne\s4 ,two great    
advances  took place ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ?is
 c5tury3 ,william ,smi?1 by  pati5t1    
pa9/ak+ field obs]vation & mapp+1 laid !
 f\ndation  ( /ratigraphy2 & ,cuvi]1 by 
8 pr(\nd & brilliant /udies (  !        
wond]ful discov]ies ( ext9ct mammals 9 !
 ,eoc5e bas9 (  ,p>is1 laid ! f\ndations
 ( paleontology4 ,^! rese>*es plac$  9  
cle>] light ?an ev] be=e ! exi/5ce ( o!r
 "t-worlds  be=e ! pres5t "o4 ,william  
,smi? publi%$ 8 tabul> view ( !  ,briti%
 ,/rata 9 #agij1 b 8 map 0 n complet$ & 
publi%$  until #ahae4 ,cuvi]'s great "w 
on ! ,organic ,rema9s ( ! ,p>is  ,bas9 0
 publi%$ 9 #ahjh4    ,?us1 e>ly 9 !     
c5tury ! two bases ( our sci5ce 7 laid  
by  ,smi? & ,cuvi]4 ,we n[ proce$ to t\*
 lightly only ! ma9 /eps  ( subsequ5t   
gr[? ?r\gh ! c5tury4    ,z1 9 ! previ\s 
c5tury & ! e>ly "p ( ?is1 ! discussion  
0 betwe5 ! opposite s*ools ( ,neptuni/s 
& ,plutoni/s1 )  ! f9al result (        
reconciliation 9 a m sci5tific view :i* 

comb9$ ^! two surface views into a      
/]eoscopic reality1 s n[  ! discussions 
began betwe5 cata/rophism &             
uni=mit>ianism1 &  end$ ) a simil> f9al 
result4 ,geologi/s1 9 ! e>ly "p ( !     
c5tury1 be=e ! /udy ( causes & processes
 n[ 9 op]ation 0  g5]ally ackn[l$g$ z ! 
only rational basis ( a true sci5tific  
geology1 see+ ! frequ5t uncon=mities 9 !
 geological s]ies  & ! app>5tly sudd5   
*anges ( life =ms associat$ ) ^!        
uncon=mities1 7 naturally l$ to !       
conclusion t ! :ole  hi/ory ( ! e>?     
consi/$ ( a s]ies ( sudd5 & viol5t      
cata/rophes by :i* ! b$ ( ! ocean 0     
sudd5ly rais$ &  its wat]s precipitat$  
on ! l& z a great wave ( translation1   
c>ry+ univ]sal ru9 & ext]m9ation ( all  
life 9 its c\rse4  ,su* cata/rophes 7   
suppos$ to be foll[$ by p]iods ( quiet1 
dur+ :i* ! new e>? 0 repeopl$1 by direct
 act ( creation1  ) new =ms ( life      
adapt$ to ! new conditions4    ,?is view
 0 9 p]fect accord ) ! !n accept$       
doctr9e (  ! sup]natural orig9 & !      

p]man5ce ( species4 ,species 7  suppos$ 
to h be5 creat$ at once1 out ( h&1 )\t  
natural  process1 9 "s place 7c5t] (    
specific orig971 spread 9 all           
directions z f> z physical conditions   
w\ld all[1 b rema9$  un*ang$ &          
un*angeable z long z !y cont9u$ to live 
or until  ano!r univ]sal ext]m9at+      
cata/rophe4 ,species are 8m$als (       
creation40 ,!y are successive           
individuals /ruck f ! same die1  until !
 die is worn out or brok54 ,!n a new die
 is made1 & !  process ( co9age (       
id5tical individuals is r5ew$4    ,?us !
 :ole hi/ory ( ! e>? 0 suppos$ to consi/
 (  a succession ( alt]nate sup]natural 
& natural ev5ts4 ,!  cata/rophes 7      
sup]natural2 ! times ( quiet 7 natural4 
,!  creation ( new dies or creation (   
fir/ individuals 0 sup]natural2  !      
co9age ( individuals ( successive       
g5]ations 0 natural4 ,b  on ! :ole !    
successive conditions ( physical        
geography & !  successive faunas &      
floras 7 high] & m complex accord+ to  a

 preorda9$ plan4 ,! great apo/les (     
cata/rophism 7 ,cuvi]  9 ,france &      
,buckl& 9 ,engl&4 ,accord+ to ,buckl&1 !
 la/  ( ^! great cata/rophes 0 !        
,quat]n>y or drift p]iod1 &  ?is p]iod  
01 by him & by _m o!rs s9ce1 associat$ )
 !  ,noa*ian ,deluge4    ,lyell oppos$  
?is view ) all 8 p[]4 ,accord+ to him we
 c n  judge ( geological causes &       
processes except by /udy ( causes &     
processes n[ 9 op]ation & produc+       
effects "u our eyes4 ,!  sl[ op]ation ( 
simil> causes & processes is            
suffici5t--giv5  "t en\gh--to acc\nt =  
all ! ph5om5a 9 geological hi/ory4  ,?us
 arose ! extreme opposite doctr9e (     
uni=mit>ianism4 ,?+s  h gone on f !     
beg9n+ & ?r\gh\t all "t mu* z !y  are   
go+ on n[4 ,?is view1 ( c\rse1 requir$  
illimitable "t1 &  0 ( great s]vice 9   
en=c+ ?is idea4 ,b1 9 revulsion f !     
previ\s idea ( cata/rophism1 x und\bt$ly
 0 pu%$ mu* too f>4    ,mean:ile ! !ory 
( evolution 0 incubat+ 9 ! m9d ( ,d>w94 
,ev5 ,lyell1 :ile he e/abli%$ ! doctr9e 

( sl[ uni=m *anges  s f> z inorganic    
,nature 0 conc]n$1 0 /ill compell$ to   
admit  sup]natural cata/rophic *anges 9 
organic ,nature4 ,species1 ev5 =        
,lyell1 7 /ill immutable--/ill !re 7    
sup]natural creation (  fir/            
individuals1 & cont9uance ( simil>      
individuals by natural  process (       
g5]ation4 ,on ! publication ( ,d>w9's   
,orig9 ( ,species  by ,desc5t )         
,modification1 ,lyell at once embrac$ ! 
new view  z a completion ( 8 pr9ciple ( 
causes n[ 9 op]ation & 8  doctr9e (     
uni=mit>ianism4 ,9 a c]ta9 sup]ficial   
s5se evolution  is c]ta9ly confirmatory 
( ! doctr9e ( uni=mity ( causes &       
processes 9 ! pa/ & ! pres5t1 b 9 a     
deep] s5se x is  q contr>y 9 its _s4    
,uni=mit>ians ( ! ,lyell s*ool look  ^u 
geology z a *ronicle (                  
ev5ts--evolutioni/s z a life hi/ory  ( !
 e>?4 ,! "o reg>ds ! sl[ *anges z       
irregul>1 unc]ta91  )\t progress or     
purpose or goal2 ! o!r z an evolution to
  high] & high] conditions1 z a gradual 

movem5t onw>d t[>d !  pres5t condition &
 t[>d man z its goal4 ,! recognition (  
?is  is only n[ approa*+ cle>ness4 ,if  
geology is ! hi/ory ( !  evolution ( !  
e>? f primal *aos until n[1 !n !        
conditions  h *ang$ at e /ep1 & absolute
 uni=mity is impossible4  ,extreme      
uni=mit>ianism is !re=e unt5able4       
,cata/rophism &  uni=mit>ianism are     
opposite extremes :i* mu/ be comb9$ &   
reconcil$4 ,?is reconciliation is only  
n[ be+ complet$1 & we  !re=e put (f its 
discussion = ! pres5t4 ,suffice x to say
  n[ t geologic ?\ght 9 ?is reg>d has   
pass$ ?r\gh ?ree  /ages--cata/rophism1  
uni=mit>ianism1 & evolutionism4 ,& ?is  
latt] is ! f9al /age1 because 7#a7 x is 
a complete reconciliation  betwe5 ! o!r 
two1 & 7#b7 because x is pla/ic &       
indef9itely  modifiable & progressive1  
:ile ! o!r two are equally rigid &      
un*angeable by _! mutual antagonism4    
,) ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 m9d1 we    
proce$ to t\* briefly  ! mo/ important  
advances dur+ ! c5tury4      ,,evolution

 ,,( ,,e>? ,,=ms4    ,! idea ( !        
progressive developm5t ( ! e>? 9 its    
great]  features ?r\gh\t all geologic "t
 by ! action ( =ces resid5t  9 ! e>?    
itself prec$$ ! acceptance ( ! evolution
 ( organic  =ms4 ,we h said t !         
fundam5tal idea ( geology is t ( !      
evolution ( ! e>? ?r\gh all "t4 ,n[1 x 0
 ,dana :o fir/  /udi$ geology :olly f   
?is po9t ( view4 ,= him geology 0  !    
developm5t ( ! e>? z a unit4 ,be=e him1 
d\btless1 geology  0 a k9d ( hi/ory--i4 
e41 a *ronicle ( ?rill+ ev5ts--b  ,dana 
fir/ made x a philosophic hi/ory4 ,be=e 
,dana1 geology 0 an  acc\nt ( !         
succession ( =mations & _! fossil       
cont5ts4 ,dana  made x an acc\nt ( !    
evolution ( e>? =ms & ! concomitant  &  
result+ evolution ( organic =ms4 ,x is  
true t fir/ & =  a long "t 8 evolutional
 conception 0 incomplete4 ,x is true t  
:ile he attribut$ ! evolution ( e>? =ms 
to natural causes &  processes1 he /ill 
%rank f apply+ simil> causes to ! *anges
  9 life =ms1 b ?is 0 ! almo/ necess>y  

result ( ! !n  univ]sal belief 9 !      
sup]natural orig9 & ! un*angeabl5ess  ( 
organic =ms4 ,he liv$ to make 8         
conception ( evolution z a  natural     
process1 bo? ( ! e>? & ( organic =ms1   
complete4    ,ocean ,bas9s &            
,cont95ts4--,if we divide geological    
causes &  processes into two g5]al k9ds 
z to _! orig9--viz41 int]nal1  or       
e>?-d]iv$1 & ext]nal1 or                
sun-d]iv$--evid5tly ! =m]  is ! orig9al 
& fundam5tal k9d4 ,^! det]m9e e>? =ms1  
:ile ! o!r only modify !m2 ^! det]m9e ! 
great features1  ! o!r only ! less]     
features2 ! =m] r\gh-hews ! e>?         
features1 ! latt] %apes !m4 ,x is !     
effects ( ^! int]ior  e>? =ces :i* are !
 mo/ important to /udy4 ,& among ^!     
effects ! mo/ fundam5tally important (  
all is ! =mation (  ^? greate/          
features--! ocean bas9s & cont95tal     
ar*es4  ,! mo/ probable view is t !y are
 =m$ by unequal radial  contraction 9 ! 
secul> cool+ ( ! e>?4 ,! e>? 0  c]ta9ly 
at "o "t an inc&esc5tly hot mass1 :i*   

gradually  cool$ & contract$ to its     
pres5t temp]ature & size4 ,n[1 if x  7  
p]fectly homog5e\s bo? 9 d5sity & 9     
conductivity 9 all  p>ts1 !n1 cool+ &   
contract+ equally 9 e "p1 x w\ld  reta9 
its symmetric oblate-sph]oid =m1 ?\gh   
dim9i%+ 9 size4  ,b if !re 7 any1 !     
lea/1 het]og5eity ei!r 9 d5sity or      
especially 9 conductivity ov] l>ge      
areas1 !n ! m conductive  areas1        
contract+ m rapidly t[>d ! c5t]         
radially1 w\ld =m  holl[s or bas9s1 & ! 
less conductive areas w\ld /& out z     
high] ar*es4 ,?us 7 =m$ ! oceanic bas9 &
 ! cont95tal  ar*es ( ! li?osph]e4 ,!   
same causes :i* produc$ w\ld  cont9ue to
 increase !m1 & ?us ! ocean bas9s w\ld  
increase 9  dep? & ! cont95ts 9 height4 
,! hydrosph]e is /ill to be add$4 ,9 !  
beg9n+ ( ?is process  d\btless !        
li?osph]e 0 hot en\gh to ma9ta9 all !   
wat]  9 ! =m ( vapor 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,b  
:5 ! surface 0  cool en\gh ! wat] w\ld  
precipitate & p>tly or :olly cov]  !    
e>?--:e!r p>tly or :olly w\ld dep5d on !

 am\nt (  precipitat$ wat] & ! am\nt (  
inequality :i* _h already  tak5 place4  
,! am\nt ( wat]1 z we "k1 is suffici5t1 
if !  inequalities 7 remov$1 to cov] !  
:ole surface two & a half  miles deep4  
,inasmu* z ! =m+ ( ! inequalities is    
progressive  & /ill go+ on1 x seems     
improbable t ! inequalities _h  become  
suffici5tly great1 at ! "t (            
precipitation1 to hold !  wat]s4 ,if ?is
 be s1 !n ! primeval ocean 0 univ]sal & 
!  future cont95ts exi/$ only z         
cont95tal banks 9 ! univ]sal  ocean4    
,h[ev] ?is may h be51 !re seems little  
d\bt t ! same  cause :i* produc$ !      
inequalities cont9u$ to op]ate to       
increase  !m4 ,! ocean bas9s1 s f> z ^! 
causes are conc]n$1 mu/  h become deep] 
& deep]1 & ! cont95ts l>g] & l>g]4  ,9  
spite ( _m oscillations produc+ *anges  
mo/ly on ! m>g9s1  b sometimes ext5d+   
ov] wide areas 9 ! int]ior ( !  cont95t1
 ?is1 on ! :ole1 seems to be 9          
accordance ) !  kn[n geological hi/ory (
 ! e>?4 ,if s1 !n ! oceanic bas9s  h    

always be5 oceanic bas9s1 & ! places ( !
 cont95ts h  always be5 sub/antially !  
same4 ,?is introduces a subject on :i*  
!re has be5 mu* discussion              
rec5tly--viz43    ,! ,p]man5cy ( ,ocean 
,bas9s4--,closely associat$ ) !         
,lyellian uni=mit>ianism 0 ! doctr9e (  
extreme in/ability  ( e>? features1     
especially ! =ms & places ( sea & l&4   
,cru/ movem5ts 7 irregul>ly oscillat+ to
 su* a degree t  9 ! c\rse ( geologic   
hi/ory sea & l& frequ5tly &  completely 
*ang$ places4 ,abundant evid5ce ( ?is 0 
suppos$  to be f\nd 9 ! uncon=mities s  
frequ5t 9 ! /ratifi$  s]ies4 ,! t5d5cy (
 t "t 0 t[>d a belief 9 up-&-d[n        
movem5ts1 back-&-=? *anges1 )\t         
discov]able law1 r  ?an progressive     
onw>d movem5t4 ,on fir/ ?\ght x might   
seem  t su* lawless movem5t 0 r 9 keep+ 
) cata/rophism  ?an uni=mit>ianism4 ,b n
 s1 = ! movem5ts are suppos$  to be v   
sl[4 ,aga91 x might seem on fir/ ?\ght t
 gradual  progressive *ange--9 a ^w1    
evolution--w\ld be peculi>ly 9 accord  )

 uni=mit>ian ideas4 ,b aga9 n s1 because
 ?is doctr9e  01 above all1 a revulsion 
f ! idea ( sup]natural purpose or       
design or goal conta9$ 9 cata/rophism4  
,uni=mit>ianism /rongly  incl9$ t[>d    
purposelessness1 because ( its suppos$  
id5tity )  naturalism4 ,?us = a long "t1
 & /ill ) _m geologi/s1  ! t5d5cy is    
t[>d a belief 9 irregul> movem5ts )\t   
discov]able law1 t[>d in/ability ( ev5 !
 greate/ features (  ! e>?--viz41 sea   
bas9s & cont95tal ar*es4 ,geology = !m  
is  a *ronicle1 n a life hi/ory4    ,!  
contr>y movem5t ( ?\ght may be said to h
 comm5c$ )  ,dana4 ,dana /udi$ ! e>? z a
 unit1 z 9 "s s5se an organism  develop+
 by =ces )9 itself4 ,! hi/ory ( ! e>? is
 a  life hi/ory mov+ progressively t[>d 
its completion4 ,! =ces  orig9at+       
oceanic bas9s & cont95tal ar*es /ill    
cont9ue  to deep5 ! =m] & enl>ge !      
latt]4 ,f ?is po9t (  view1 oceanic     
bas9s & cont95tal ar*es mu/ h always be5
  sub/antially 9 ! same places4         
,oscillations !re h be5 at  all times & 

9 all places1 b !y affect ma9ly !       
outl9es (  ^! great features1 ?\gh      
sometimes affect+ also ! int]ior (      
cont95ts & mid-sea bottoms1 b n         
suffici5tly to *ange greatly  _! g5]al  
=m1 mu* less to int]*ange _! places4    
,su* is ! doctr9e ( p]man5cy ( oceanic  
bas9s4 ,x is und\bt$ly  a true doctr9e1 
b mu/ n be held 9 ! rigid =m *>act]i/ic 
( e>ly ?\ght4 ,! =ces orig9at+ oceanic  
bas9s /ill cont9ue  to deep5 !m & to    
increase ! size & height ( cont95ts1 b  
o!r =ces are at "w1 "s antagoniz+ 7i4   
e41 cutt+ d[n !  cont95ts & fill+ up !  
ocean b$s71 & /ill o!rs det]m9$  by     
causes we little und]/&1 by oscillations
 ov] wide areas1  greatly modify+ & (t5 
obscur+ ! effects ( ! bas9-mak+         
movem5ts4 ,"h1 !n1 we h two k9ds ( cru/ 
movem5ts3 ! "o  fundam5tal & orig9al1   
det]m9+ ! greate/ features ( !  e>? &   
mov+ /eadily onw>d 9 ! same direction1  
ev] increas+  ! features :i* x          
orig9ates2 ! o!r app>5tly lawless1      
unc]ta91 oscillat+ ov] v wide areas1    

modify+ & (t5  obscur+ ! effects ( !    
=m]4 ,! old uni=mit>ians saw only  !    
effects ( ! latt]1 because ^! are mo/   
conspicu\s2 !  new evolutioni/s add also
 ! =m] & %[ its m fundam5tal  "*1 & ?us 
introduce law & ord] into ! previ\s     
*aos4  ,! =m] is ! "o movem5t :i* runs  
ev] 9 ! same direction  ?r\gh all       
geologic "t4 ,! latt] are ! mo/ common &
  conspicu\s n[ & 9 all previ\s geologic
 "t4 ,! =m] und]lies  & conditions &    
unifies ! hi/ory2 ! latt] has           
practically  det]m9$ all ! details ( !  
drama enact$ "h on ! surface  ( ! e>?4  
,( ! causes ( ! =m] we "k some?+1 ?\gh  
yet imp]fectly4 ,( ! causes ( ! latt] we
 yet "k absolutely  no?+4 ,we h n ev5   
begun to speculate pr(itably on !       
subject1  & h5ce ! app>5t lawlessness ( 
! ph5om5a4 ,a fruitful !ory  ( ^! mu/ be
 left to ! com+ c5tury4    ,m\nta9      
,ranges4--,if oceanic bas9s & cont95tal 
domes con/itute  ! greate/ features ( ! 
e>?'s face1 & are det]m9$ by !  mo/     
fundam5tal movem5ts ( ! cru/1 surely    

next 9 importance  come great m\nta9    
ranges4 ,^! are ! glory ( our e>?1 !    
culm9at+ po9ts ( sc5ic beauty & gr&eur4 
,b !y are s only  because !y are also ! 
culm9at+ po9ts1 ! !at]s ( greate/       
activity1 ( all geological =ces1 bo?    
igne\s & aque\s--igne\s  9 _! =mation1 &
 aque\s bo? 9 ! prep>atory s$im5tation  
& 9 ! f9al erosive sculptur+ into =ms ( 
beauty4 ,a !ory  ( m\nta9 ranges !re=e  
lies at ! bases ( all !oretical         
geology4 ,to ! pre-geologic m9d m\nta9s 
are ! type ( p]man5ce  & /ability4 ,we  
/ill speak metaphorically ( ! ev]la/+   
hills4 ,b ! fir/ lesson taught by       
geology is t no?+ is  p]man5t2 ev]y?+ is
 subject to cont9u\s *ange by a process 
(  evolution4 ,m\nta9s are no exception4
 ,we "k !m 9 embryo 9 !  womb ( ! ocean4
 ,we "k ! date ( _! bir?2 we trace _!   
gr[?1 _! maturity1 _! decay1 _! dea?2 we
 ev5 f9d 9 !  fold$ /ructure ( ! rock1 z
 x 71 ! fossil bones ( ext9ct  m\nta9s4 
,9 a ^w1 we are able n[ to trace ! :ole 
life hi/ory  ( m\nta9s4    ,m\nta9s1    

!re=e1 h always be5 a subject ( deepe/  
int]e/  bo? to ! popul> & ! sci5tific   
m9d--an int]e/ int5sifi$  by ! spl5dors 
( m\nta9 sc5]y & ! p]ils ( m\nta9       
exploration4 ,! /udy ( m\nta9s is !re=e 
coeval ) ! /udy  ( geology4 ,z e>ly z ! 
beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury ,con/ant       
,prevo/ obs]v$ t mo/ *>act]i/ic /ructure
 ( m\nta9s--viz41  _! fold$ /rata--&    
inf]r$ _! =mation by lat]al pressure4   
,all subsequ5t writ]s h assum$ lat]al   
pressure z someh[  conc]n$ 9 ! =mation (
 m\nta9s4 ,b t ! :ole height  ( m\nta9s 
is due :olly to ?is cause 0 n g5]ally   
admitt$  or ev5 imag9$ until rec5tly4 ,x
 0 univ]sally suppos$ t  m\nta9s 7 lift$
 by volcanic =ces f b5ea?1 t ! lift$    
/rata broke along ! top ( ! ar*1 & melt$
 matt] 0 =c$  ?r\gh betwe5 ! p>t$ /rata1
 pu%+ !m back & fold+ !m  on ea* side4  
,& h5ce ! typical =m ( m\nta9 ranges is 
t  ( a granite axis along ! cre/ & fold$
 /rata on ea* flank4  ,b att5tion has   
lately be5 drawn to ! fact t "s m\nta9s1
  z1 = example1 ! ,appala*ian1 ! ,u9tah1

 etc41 consi/ ( fold$  /rata alone1 )\t 
any granite axis4 ,9 su* ranges x is    
pla9 t  ! :ole height is due n to any   
=ce act+ f bel[1 b to a  lat]al pressure
 cru%+ & fold+ ! /rata1 & a correspond+ 
?ick5+ & bulg+ ( ! same along ! l9e (   
cru%+4 ,!n !  idea 0 appli$ to all      
m\nta9 ranges4 ,s soon z ! prodigi\s    
am\nt ( erosion suff]$ by m\nta9s1      
great] (t5 ?an all t is  left ( !m1 0   
fully appreciat$1 x became evid5t t !   
granite  axis s *>act]i/ic ( m\nta9s 0 n
 necess>ily pu%$ up f  b5ea? & protrud$ 
?r\gh ! p>t$ /rata1 b 0 9 _m cases  only
 a sub-m\nta9 core ( igne\s matt] sl[ly 
cool$ into granite  & expos$ by         
subsequ5t erosion greate/ along ! cre/4 
,next1 att5tion 0 drawn to ! enorm\s    
?ickness ( ! /rata  involv$ 9 ! fold$   
/ructure ( m\nta9s4 ,f ?is x became     
evid5t t ! places ( m\nta9s be=e !y 7   
=m$ 7  m>g9al sea bottoms (f ! coa/s (  
cont95ts1 & receiv+ !  :ole wa%+s ( !   
cont95ts4 ,?us ! /eps ( ! process (     
m\nta9 =mation 7 7#a7 accumulation (    

s$im5ts on (f%ore sea  bottoms until by 
p>i passu subsid5ce an enorm\s ?ickness 
0  atta9$4 ,?is is ! prep>ation4 7#b7 ,a
 yield+ along ^! l9es  to ! increas+    
lat]al pressure ) fold+ & bulg+ ( !     
/rata along ! l9e ( yield+1 until !     
m\nta9 em]ges above  ! ocean & is add$  
to ! l& z a coa/ range4 ,?is is m\nta9  
bir?4 7#c7 ,z soon z x appe>s above !   
wat] x is attack$ by  erosive ag5ts4 ,at
 fir/ ! ris+ by cont9uance ( ! cru%+ &  
bulg+ is 9 excess ( ! erosion1 & !      
m\nta9 gr[s4 ,?is is  m\nta9 y\?4 7#d7  
,!n supply & wa/e balance "o ano!r1 & we
  h m\nta9 maturity4 7#e7 ,!n ! erosive 
wa/e exce$s ! gr[?  by up-bulg+1 &      
m\nta9 decay beg9s4 7#f7 ,f9ally1 !     
erosive  =ces triumph & ! m\nta9 is     
clean swept away1 leav+ only !          
complexly fold$ rocks ( enorm\s ?ickness
 to m>k ! place ( a  =m] m\nta94 ,?is is
 m\nta9 dea?4 ,su* briefly is ! life    
hi/ory ( a m\nta9 range4    ,9 all ?is  
we h said no?+ ab\t causes4 ,9 ?is      
connection !re  are two po9ts ( especial

 importance3 7#a7 ,:y does ! yield+ to  
lat]al pressure take place along l9es ( 
?ick s$im5ts8 7#b7 ,:at is  ! cause ( ! 
lat]al pressure8    #a4 ,cause ( ,yield+
 to ,lat]al ,pressure along ,l9es (     
,?ick  ,s$im5ts4--,! e>? 0 once v hot4  
,x is /ill v hot )91  & /ill v sl[ly    
cool+4 ,if s$im5ts accumulate ^u a sea  
bottom ! int]ior heat w t5d to rise s z 
to keep at ! same  di/ance f ! surface4 
,if ! s$im5ts are v ?ick1 say five to   
t5 miles1 _! l[] p>ts w be invad$ by a  
temp]ature ( n  less ?an #ejj to #a1jjj 
,f4 ,?is temp]ature1 9 ! pres5ce ( wat] 
7! includ$ wat] ( ! s$im5ts71 w\ld be   
suffici5t to produce  s(t5+ or ev5      
fusion ( ! s$im5ts & ( ! sea floor on   
:i*  !y re/4 ,?is w\ld e/abli% a l9e (  
weakness1 & !re=e a  l9e ( yield+1      
cru%+1 fold+1 bulg+1 & ?us a m\nta9     
range4 ,9 ! fir/ =mation ( a range1     
!re=e1 !re w\ld  necess>ily be a        
sub-m\nta9 mass ( fus$ or semifus$ matt]
 :i*  by ! lat]al cru%+ might be squeez$
 into cracks or fissures1  =m+ dikes4 ,b

 9 any case ! sub-m\nta9 mass w\ld cool 
into  a granite core :i* by erosion may 
be expos$ along ! cre/4 ,!  explanation 
seems to be satisfactory4    #b4 ,cause 
( ! ,lat]al ,pressure4--,no "q 9 geology
 has be5  m discuss$ ?an ?is1 & yet none
 is m difficult & !  solution ( :i* is m
 unc]ta94 ,b ! mo/ obvi\s & z  yet ! mo/
 probable view is t x is ! result ( !   
secul>  contraction ( ! e>? :i* has gone
 on ?r\gh\t its :ole  hi/ory1 & is /ill 
go+ on4    ,x is admitt$ by all t 9 an  
e>? cool+ f primal  inc&esc5ce !re mu/  
come a "t :5 ! surface1 hav+ become     
sub/antially cool & receiv+ heat also f 
! sun1 w\ld no  long] cool or contract1 
b1 ! int]ior be+ /ill inc&esc5tly  hot1 
w\ld cont9ue to cool & contract4 ,!     
int]ior1 !re=e1  cool+ & contract+ fa/] 
?an ! ext]ior cru/1 ! latt]  foll[+ d[n 
! ev]-%r9k+ nucleus1 w\ld be ?ru/ ^u    
itself  by a lat]al or tang5tial        
pressure :i* w\ld be simply irresi/ible4
  ,if ! e>? cru/ 7 a hundr$ times m     
rigid ?an x is1 x /ill  mu/ yield to !  

enorm\s pressure4 ,x does yield along   
its weake/  l9es ) cru%+1 fold+1 bulg+1 
& ! =mation ( m\nta9  ranges4    ,?is is
 ! b>e/ outl9e ( ! s-call$              
8contractional !ory (  m\nta9 =mation40 
,v _m objections h be5 br\ght aga9/  x1 
"s ( !m answ]able & completely answ]$1 b
 ! complete  answ] to o!rs mu/ be left  
to ! next c5tury4 ,p]haps ! greate/     
objection ( all is ! app>5t insuffici5cy
 ( ! cause to produce  ! enorm\s am\nt (
 fold+ f\nd n only 9 exi/+ m\nta9s b  9 
! fold$ /ructure ( rocks :]e m\nta9s no 
long] exi/4 ,b  x w be obs]v$ t ,i h ?us
 f> spok5 only ( contraction by  loss ( 
heat4 ,n[1 n only has ?is cause be5     
greatly und]e/imat$  by objectors1 b1 z 
%[n by ,davison & especially by ,van    
,hise1  !re are _m o!r & ev5 great]     
causes ( contraction4 ,x w\ld  be out ( 
place to foll[ ! discussion "h4 ,!      
subject is v  complex1 & n yet          
completely settl$4    ,we h giv5 ! b>e/ 
outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( m\nta9 ranges &  ( !
 !ory ( _! =mation z work$ out 9 ! la/  

?ird ( !  pres5t c5tury1 &1 ,i might    
add1 *iefly by ,am]ican geologi/s4 ,s   
true is ?is1 t by "s x has be5 call$ !  
8,am]ican !ory40    ,oscillatory        
,movem5ts ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ ov] ,wide    
,areas4--,we  h already spok5 ( ^! z    
modify+ ! effect ( !  ocean-bas9-mak+   
movem5ts1 & !re=e n[ t\* !m v  lightly4 
,^! diff] f ! movem5ts produc+ oceanic  
bas9s  on ! "o h& & m\nta9 ranges on !  
o!r1 by ! fact  t !y are n cont9u\sly   
progressive 9 "o direction1 b           
oscillatory--n[ up1 n[ d[n1 9 ! same    
place4 ,aga91 !y d n  involve           
contraction ( ! :ole e>?1 b probably are
 always m or  less local &              
comp5satory--i4 e41 ris+ 9 "o place is  
comp5sat$  by d[n-s9k+ 9 "s o!r place4  
,nev]!less1 !y (t5  affect v wide       
areas--sometimes1 inde$1 ( m ?an        
cont95tal  ext5t--z1 = example1 9 ! cru/
 movem5ts ( ! ,quat]n>y  p]iod or ice   
age4    ,^! are by f> ! mo/ frequ5t &   
mo/ conspicu\s ( all  cru/ movem5ts--n  
only n[1 b also 9 all geological times4 

,if  ocean-bas9-=m+ movem5ts are !      
und]ly+ cause & condition  ( ! evolution
 ( ! e>?1 ^! wide oscillations1 by      
increas+  & decreas+ ! size & height (  
cont95ts & *ang+ greatly  _! cont\rs1 h 
det]m9$ all ! details ( ! drama enact$  
on ! surface1 & 7 ! det]m9+ cause ( !   
v>y+ rates  & directions ( ! evolution (
 ! organic k+dom4 ,^! 7 !  cause ( !    
uncon=mities & ! correspond+ app>5t     
:olesale  *anges 9 species s common 9 ! 
rocky /rata1 & :i* gave rise  to !      
doctr9e ( cata/rophism ( ! e>ly         
geologi/s4 ,^! also  h s greatly modifi$
 ! cont\rs ( ! cont95ts & _! size  by   
tempor>y increase or decrease t !y h    
obscur$ ! g5]al  law ( ! /eady          
developm5t ( ^!1 & !re=e _! sub/antial  
p]man5cy4    ,al?\gh ! mo/ important (  
all cru/ movem5ts 9 det]m9+ !  :ole     
hi/ory ( ! e>?1 & especially ( ! organic
 k+dom1 we  %all dwell no fur!r on !m1  
because no progress has yet be5 made  9 
_! explanation4 ,?is1 too1 mu/ be left  
to ! work]s ( !  tw5tie? c5tury4    ,!  

,pr9ciple ( ,iso/asy4--,! pr9ciple (    
/atic equilibrium z  appli$ to e>? =ms 0
 fir/ br\ght =w>d 7z s _m o!r  valuable 
sugge/ions & anticipations 9 _m         
dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce7  by ! wond]fully    
f]tile m9d ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 & us$  
by him  9 ! explanation ( ! s9k+ ( riv] 
deltas "u ! increas+  weight (          
accumulat+ s$im5ts4,c ,x 0 aft]w>d      
appli$ to  cont95tal masses by ,ar*bi%op
 ,pratt,d & by ! ,royal ,a/ronom]       
,pr(essor ,airy4,e ,b = its wide        
application z a pr9ciple 9  geology1 its
 cle> def9ition1 & its embodim5t 9 an   
appropriate  "n1 we are indebt$ to      
,major ,dutton1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4,f  
,c ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 ii1 p4 
#bab1 #ahcg2 ,qu>t]ly          ,j\rnal (
 ,geological ,society1 vol4 ii1 p4 #edh1
 #ahcg4        ,d ,philosophical        
,magaz9e1 vol4 ix1 p4 #bca1 & vol4 x1 p4
          #bdj1 #ahee4        ,e        
,philosophical ,trans41 #ahee1 p4 #aja4 
,f ,philosophical ,society ( ,wa%+ton1  
#ahib4    ,! pr9ciple may be briefly    

/at$ z foll[s3 ,a globe s l>ge z !  e>?1
 "u ! influ5ce ( its own gravity1 mu/   
behave l a v  /iffly visc\s body--t is1 
! g5]al =m ( ! e>? & its  greate/       
inequalities mu/ be 9 sub/antial /atic  
equilibrium4 ,=  example1 ! g5]al =m ( !
 e>? is oblate sph]oid1 because t  is ! 
only =m ( equilibrium ( a rotat+ body4  
,rotation det]m9es  a di/ribution (     
gravity ) latitude :i* br+s ab\t ?is =m4
  ,) any o!r =m ! e>? w\ld be 9 a /ate (
 /ra9 to :i*  x mu/ sl[ly yield1 &      
f9ally relieve itself by becom+ oblate4 
,if ! rotation /opp$1 ! e>? w\ld        
accommodate itself to ! new  di/ribution
 ( gravity & become sph]ical4    ,! same
 is true ( ! l>ge inequalities (        
surface4 ,oceanic  bas9s & cont95tal    
ar*es mu/ be 9 /atic equilibrium or !y  
c\ld n su/a9 !mselves4 ,9 ord] to be 9  
equilibrium !  sub-oceanic mat]ial mu/  
be z mu* m d5se ?an ! cont95tal  &      
sub-cont95tal mat]ial z ! ocean bottoms 
are l[] ?an  ! cont95tal surfaces4 ,su* 
/atic equilibrium1 by diff]5ce (        

d5sity1 is completely expla9$ by ! mode 
( =mation ( oceanic  bas9s already giv54
    ,s also plateaus & great m\nta9     
ranges are at lea/ p>tly  su/a9$ by     
gravitative equilibrium1 b p>tly also by
 e>?  rigidity4 ,x is only ! small]     
inequalities1 su* z ridges1 peaks1      
valleys1 etc41 t are su/a9$ by e>?      
rigidity alone4    ,^! conclusions are n
 rea*$ by physical reason+s alone1 b are
  also confirm$ by exp]im5tal           
inve/igations4 ,= example1 a plumb  l9e 
on ! pla9s ( ,india is deflect$ inde$   
t[>d ! ,himalayas1  z x ought to be1 b  
mu* less ?an x w\ld be if ! m\nta9 &    
sub-m\nta9 mass 7 n less d5se & !       
sub-oceanic mat]ial  m d5se ?an !       
av]age4,g ,aga91 gravitative            
det]m9ations by  p5dulum oscillations1  
und]tak5 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates along a l9e 
f ! ,atlantic %ore to ,salt ,lake ,city1
 %[ t ! l>ge/  inequalities1 su* z !    
,appala*ian bulge1 ! ,mississippi-bas9  
holl[1 & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 bulge1 are 9  
gravitative  equilibrium--i4 e41 !      

m\nta9 & sub-m\nta9 mat]ial is z mu*    
light] z ! m\nta9 region is high] ?an ! 
,mississippi-bas9  region4        ,g    
,pratt1 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4   
ix1 p4 #bca1 #ahee2 vol4          x1 p4 
#cdj1 #ahee2 vol4 xvi1 p4 #dja1 #aheh4  
,n[1 s s5sitive is ! e>? to *anges (    
gravity t1 giv5 "t  en\gh1 x responds to
 increase or decrease ( pressure ov]    
l>ge  areas by correspond+ subsid5ce or 
elevation4 ,h5ce1 all places :]e  great 
accumulations ( s$im5t are go+ on are   
s9k+ "u !  increas$ weight1 &1          
contr>ily1 all places :]e excessive     
erosion  is go+ on1 z1 = example1 on    
high plateaus & great m\nta9  ranges1   
are ris+ by relief ( pressure4    ,?is  
pr9ciple ( iso/asy is und\bt$ly a       
valuable "o1 :i* mu/ be  borne 9 m9d 9  
all our reason+s on cru/ movem5ts1      
al?\gh its  importance has be5 exagg]at$
 by "s en?usia/ic support]s4 ,its       
greate/ importance is n z a cause       
initiat+ cru/ movem5ts or  det]m9+ !    
features ( ! e>?1 b r z condition+ &    

modify+ ! results produc$ by o!r causes4
 ,! idea belongs :olly  to ! latt] half 
( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,comm5c+ ab\t #ahdj1 
x  has gr[n 9 cle>ness & importance to !
 pres5t "t4    ,to be conclud$4         
,,! ,,applications ,,( ,,explosives4    
,,by ,,*>les ,e4 ,,munroe1    ,,pr(essor
 ,,( ,,*emi/ry1 ,,columbian ,,univ]sity4
    ,conclud$4      ,illu/ration3 ,,gun 
,,cotton ,,%ell ,,aft] ,,impact4    ,x  
is app>5t t ! range ( ev5 ! mo/ highly  
p]fect$  torp$o is comp>atively %ort1   
:ile _! accuracy ( travel is l[4        
,besides1 _! propell+1 controll+1 &     
dis*>g+ me*anisms are  complicat$1      
delicate1 & easily d]ang$1 !y are v     
exp5sive1  & n only ! explosive *amb] b 
! entire sy/em is de/roy$  9 use4 ,!    
sup]iority ( gunp[d] guns z a means (   
?r[+  projectiles to great di/ances )   
accuracy is well kn[n1 &  _! capacity = 
safely & effici5tly project+ %ells fill$
  ) gunp[d] has long be5 demon/rat$4 ,x 
0 obvi\s t z  ! sup]ior de/ructive p[] (
 dynamite1 gun cotton1 & o!r  high      

explosives became kn[n & _! comm]cial   
manufacture 0  assur$1 attempts w\ld be 
made to employ !m z bur/+ *>ges  =      
%ells4 ,exp]im5ts to demon/rate h[ ?is  
might be done &  :at effects c\ld be    
expect$ 7 begun m ?an =ty ye>s ago1  & h
 be5 cont9u$ 9 _m diff]5t places f "t to
 "t  ev] s9ce2 b :ile x has prov$ t     
small *>ges might be  fir$ ) l[         
velocities & pressures 9 ord9>y %ell1 & 
l>ge  *>ges 9 specially con/ruct$ %ell  
or 9 specially prep>$ =ms  ( *>ge1 )    
comp>ative safety s f> z ! premature    
explosion  ( ! explosive *>ge itself is 
conc]n$1 yet ^! bodies are s  s5sitive  
to ! %ock result+ f ! dis*>ge ( !       
propellant1  ! heat g5]at$ by its       
combu/ion1 & t aris+ f friction  9 !    
8set-back0 ( ! %ell *>ge & ! rotation   
imp>t$ by  ! rifl+1 t !y c n be safely  
fir$ f mod]n high-p[]  guns "u s]vice   
conditions1 p>ticul>ly z ^! explosives  
all  require t ! %ell %all be fitt$ ) a 
detonator 9 ord] t  ! *>ge may be fully 
explod$4 ,! mo/ promis+ results )       

explosives ( ?is class h be5 obta9$ )   
compress$ wet gun  cotton1 :i* has be5  
pack$ directly 9 ! %ell 9 rigid blocks  
completely fill+ ! %ell cavity1 or cut 9
 cubes & cem5t$ 9  ! cavity ) c>nauba   
wax1 = %ell fill$ 9 ! =m] mann]1  b     
unfus$1 7 repeat$ly fir$1 9 #ahhg &     
#ahhh1 at ,newport1 ,r4  ,i41 f         
#bd-p\nd] ,dahlgr5 h[itz]s & #bj-p\nd]  
muzzle-load+  rifles ) s]vice *>ges (   
p[d]1 & ?\gh !y 7 fir$  po9t blank into 
! masonry esc>pm5t ( ! old =t on ,rose  
,isl&1 b fifty y>ds di/ant f ! muzzle1 s
 t ! %ells  7 brok5 up or di/ort$ & !   
gun cotton 9 !m subject$ to a  p[]ful   
compression1 yet n only 0 !re no        
premature explosion1  b none ( ! %ell   
explod$ by impact4 ,ab\t ! same "t fus$ 
%ell conta9+ cem5t$ gun cotton 7 fir$ 9 
,g]many1 ) an  initial velocity ( f\rte5
 hundr$ feet p] second1 & !y pass$      
completely ?r\gh f\r in*es & ?ree qu>t]s
 ( comp\nd armor1  back$ ) tw5ty-f\r    
in*es ( oak1 & bur/ inside ! bombpro(1  
:ile 9 #ahig fus$ armor-pi]c+ %ells     

conta9+ wet gun cotton  7 fir$ f !      
six-in* quick-fir+ gun1 ) a muzzle      
velocity  ( ne>ly n9ete5 hundr$ feet p] 
second1 :i* completely p]=at$  ?ree     
in*es ( /eel & bur/ beh9d ! plate4      
,enc\rag$ by ^!  results1 ?is sy/em 0   
adopt$ by our army (ficials1 b1 on trial
  9 l>g] calib]s at ,s&y ,hook1 x gave  
rise to premature explosions1  & ! tale 
( disa/] rea*$ its climax on ,april #bi1
 #ahii1 :5  ,capta9 ,/u>t1 ( ! ,ordnance
 ,corps1 0 sup]9t5d+ ! load+  ( a       
twelve-in* torp$o %ell ) wet gun cotton 
by compress+  x into ! %ell1 = an       
explosion result$ :i* kill$ f\r m5      
in/antly & fatally w\nd$ two o!rs1      
,capta9 ,/u>t be+ "o (  !m4             
,illu/ration3 ,,sims-,,dudley           
,,pneumatic ,,gun1 ,,limb]$ ,,up4       
7,c\rtesy ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican47     
,illu/ration3 ,,sims-,,dudley           
,,pneumatic ,,gun1 ,,9 ,,batt]y4        
7,c\rtesy ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican47     
,illu/ration3 ,,tyndall',s ,,bronze     
,,bell-,,m\!d ,,gun4    ,! hi/ory ( !   

attempts made to use nitroglyc]91       
dynamite1  explosive gelat91 &          
explosives ( ?is class z bur/+ *>ges  = 
%ell fir$ f s]vice guns is ev5 less     
satisfactory ?an t  giv5 = gun cotton4  
,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t inv5tors     
%\ld h propos$ catapults1 sl+s1 rot>y   
:eels1 & o!r means  = project+ ^! p[]ful
 ag5ts into ! enemy's mid/1 b !  ,mef=d 
air gun1 z m\nt$ on ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
/eam%ip ,vesuvius1  & ! ,sims-,dudley   
gun1 9 :i* a r$uc$ *>ge ( p[d] is fir$  
9 a *amb] ext]ior to ! gun prop]1 7     
deem$ to possess  suffici5t m]it to     
w>rant _! trial 9 ! field4 ,^! devices  
7 employ$ 9 ! rec5t w> ) ,spa91 !       
pneumatic guns on !  ,vesuvius be+ us$  
to ?r[ %ells conta9+ ?ree hundr$ p\nds (
  gun cotton1 :ile ! ,sims-,dudley guns 
7 us$ on l& to ?r[ small  *>ges (       
dynamite or explosive gelat92 b1 beyond 
fright5+ !  enemy by ! />tl+ "* ( _!    
reports1 ^! sup]ficial  *>ges produc$ no
 s]i\s effect4    ,illu/ration3 ,,mirror
 ,,or ,,reflector ,,9 ,,:i* ,,to ,,fire 

,,gun ,,cotton4    ,!re is a widespread 
misappreh5sion 9 reg>d to ! deva/at+    
effect ( ^! high explosives1 = :5       
unconf9$ ! effect ev5 (  l>ge *>ges ( !m
 ^u /ructures is comp>atively slight4   
,at !  ,naval ,ordnance ,prov+ ,gr\nd1 s
 long ago z #ahhd1 repeat$ *>ges  (     
dynamite1 v>y+ f five p\nds to "o hundr$
 p\nds 9 weight1  7 detonat$ on ! face (
 a v]tical t>get consi/+ ( elev5  "o-in*
 wr\ght-iron plates bolt$ to a tw5ty-in*
 oak back+1 until  #ddj p\nds ( dynamite
 _h be5 s detonat$ 9 contact ) x1 &  yet
 ! t>get rema9$ practically un9jur$2    
:ile at ,braamfonte9  ! accid5tal       
explosion ( fifty-five tons ( bla/+     
gelat91 :i*  0 /or$ 9 railway vans1     
excavat$ b #cj1jjj tons ( s(t e>?4  ,?is
 la/ may seem a t]rible effect1 b !     
am\nt ( explosive  involv$ 0 enorm\s & !
 mat]ial "o ( ! mo/ en]getic t  we      
possess1 :ile if we comp>e x ) ! action 
( explosives :5  conf9$ its effect      
becomes q mod]ate4 ,?us at ,=t ,lee1 on 
!  ,hudson1 b two tons ( dynamite plac$ 

9 a *amb] 9 ! rock &  tamp$ br\ght d[n  
#ajj1jjj tons ( ! rock2 at ,lamb]is1    
,wales1  two tons & a half ( gelat9     
dynamite simil>ly plac$ ?rew out        
#ahj1jjj tons ( rock2 & at ! ,talc5     
,mawr1 9 ,wales1 sev5 tons (  gunp[d]1  
plac$ 9 two *amb]s 9 ! rock1 dislodg$ f 
#abe1jjj  to #bjj1jjj tons ( rock4 ,we  
might cite _m su* examples1 b on  comp>+
 ^! we f9d t ! gunp[d] conf9$ 9 !       
int]ior at  ! ,talc5 ,mawr 0 ov] =ty-two
 times z effici5t z ! explosive  gelat9 
on ! surface at ,braamfonte91 :ile !    
dynamite at ,=t ,lee  0 ov] n9ety times 
z de/ructive4    ,illu/ration3          
,,railroad ,,torp$oes ,,fa/5$ ,,on      
,,rail4    ,illu/ration3 ,,/eel ,,disks 
,,^u ,,:i* ,,gun ,,cotton ,,has ,,be5   
,,detonat$ ,,to  ,,te/ ,,_! ,,resi/ance 
,,to ,,%ock4 ,midvale /eel disks aft]   
second fire4    ,consid]ations simil> to
 ^! l$ me1 9 #ahhe1;,h to po9t out t    
high explosives = use 9 %ells mu/ be    
/rongly conf9$1 & 9  ! attack on armor$ 
%ips !y %\ld be fir$ 9 projectiles t  c 

8ei!r p5etrate ! armor p>tially &       
explode 9 place or  pi]ce x completely &
 bur/ inside ! %ip0 to secure ! greate/ 
effici5cy4 ,?is requires t ! projectiles
 %all be fir$ at  high] velocities ?an c
 be imp>t$ to !m by guns ( ! k9d  j     
describ$1 & :i* c only be realiz$ at    
pres5t 9 mod]n  bree*-load+ rifles4     
,al?\gh exp]i5ce has %[n ! futility (   
all our ef=ts to use gun cotton &       
nitroglyc]9 explosives 9 ?is  mann]1 x  
has be5 prov$ t ! nitro-sub/itution     
explosives c  be employ$ ) safety &     
effect4        ,h ,van ,no/r&'s ,eng9e]+
 ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxxii1 pp4 #a-i1        
#ahhe4    ,! nitro-sub/itution          
explosives are made f nitrob5z5es1      
nitrotolu5es1 nitronaph?al5es1          
nitroph5ols1 & bodies ( a simil>  "*1 & 
"o ( !m1 call$ joveite1 has giv5        
excell5t results  9 ?is c\ntry4 ,aft]   
hav+ demon/rat$ t ! de/ructive effect  (
 joveite 0 great] ?an t ( gunp[d]1      
smokeless p[d]1 or gun  cotton1 &1 by   
repeat$ trials "u sev]e conditions1 t   

s]vice  %ell load$ ) x c\ld be fir$ f   
s]vice guns "u s]vice  conditions )     
safety1 on ,novemb] #c1 #ahig1 ! naval  
(ficials  at ,indian ,head fir$ a fus$  
t5-in* ,c>p5t] armor-pi]c+  projectile  
conta9+ #h4be p\nds ( joveite1 ) a      
velocity ( #a1ifj  foot-seconds1 at a   
,h>veyiz$ nickel-/eel plate tak5 f !    
armor  = ! ,unit$ ,/ates /eam%ip        
,k5tucky4 ,! %ell pass$ completely      
?r\gh ! armor plate1 :]e x 0 #ad4e in*es
 9 ?ickness1 &  bur/ imm$iately beh9d ! 
plate4 ,9 a second r\nd an unfus$       
t5-in* ,midvale semi-armor-pi]c+ %ell   
conta9+ tw5ty-eight  p\nds ( joveite 0  
fir$ ) a velocity ( #a1ibe foot-seconds 
at  ! same plate :]e x 0 sixte5 in*es   
?ick4 ,! %ell p5etrat$  to a dep? (     
twelve in*es1 & ! heat produc$ by !     
upsett+ (  ! %ell 0 s great z to explode
 ! joveite1 :i* broke ! plate  & bur/ ! 
%ell ) trem5d\s viol5ce4 ,9 fact1 !     
explosion  0 s v sev]e t ! heavy base   
plug ( ! %ell 0 %e>$  longitud9ally1 an 
effect nev] obs]v$ be=e ) any explosive 

fir$ at ! prov+ gr\nd4    ,illu/ration3 
,,%oot+ ,,an ,,oil ,,well ,,)           
,,nitroglyc]94    ,not)/&+ t no accid5t 
occurr$ 9 any ( ! _m fir+s1  t !        
/ability & safety ( ! explosive are     
assur$1 & t  ! explosion has be5 effect$
 ) a well-kn[n & long-us$ =m  ( fuse1 no
 provision has yet be5 made to supply ! 
s]vice )  *>ges = its co/ly armor-pi]c+ 
projectiles4    ,happily1 ! =ce resid5t 
9 explosives may be appli$ to !  sav+ z 
well z to ! de/ruction ( human life1    
advantage hav+  long s9ce be5 tak5 ( !  
p5etrat+ p[] ( ! report f  ! dis*>ge ( a
 gun to employ !m z signals ( di/ress at
 sea  or z w>n+s 9 foggy wea!r4 ,!      
,engli% ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 "u  ,pr(essor  
,tyndall's guidance1 "s ye>s ago s\ght  
to f9d ! =m  ( gun be/ suit$ to ?is     
purpose1 & _! exp]im5ts l$ !m at  fir/  
to a bronze gun ) a bell-%ap$ m\?4      
,subsequ5tly1 _!  att5tion be+ call$ to 
! %>pness & c>ry+ p[] ( !  report f     
detonat+ gun cotton1 an app>atus 0      
devis$ 9 :i*  ! gun cotton 0 detonat$ 9 

! focus ( a p>abolic mirror4 ,!  be/    
results1 h[ev]1 7 atta9$ ) rockets c>ry+
 gun cotton  *>ges arrang$ to be explod$
 9 mid air4    ,illu/ration3 ,,safe ,,to
 ,,be ,,op5$ ,,by ,,detonation ,,(      
,,nitroglyc]94 ,be=e  ! *>ge 0 fir$4    
,illu/ration3 ,,aft] ,,fir+ ,,*>ge4     
,guns h also be5 arrang$ = project+     
life-l9es betwe5 /r&$  %ips & ! adjac5t 
%ore1 & are n[ employ$ on a small] scale
  = convey+ l9es to ! upp] /ories ( our 
monum5tal build+s  :5 !y are on fire4   
,by means ( guns or rockets1 projectiles
 fill$  ) oil may be ca/ to consid]able 
di/ances f a vessel 9 a  rag+ sea1 s t !
 oil1 z x diffuses1 may /ill ! wat]s 9  
h] c\rse2 :ile s\nd+-l9es may be ?r[n f>
 9 advance ( a  vessel :ile %e is /ill  
"u way1 & ! s\nd+s tak5 )\t  h] lay+-to4
    ,inclos$ 9 %all[ t9 boxes1 :i* are  
fix$ by lead /rips to !  top ( ! rail1  
explosives are us$ z torp$oes 9 !       
railroad  s]vice to give w>n+1 by !     
report ( _! explosion z an eng9e  runs  
ov] !m1 t ano!r tra9 is on ! same track 

& b a %ort  di/ance ahead1 & by ?is     
means collisions 9 fogs or on curves are
  frequ5tly prev5t$4    ,explosives f9d 
applications 9 _m indu/ries4 ,! f>m]    
uses !m  9 break+ b[ld]s1 grubb+ /umps &
 fell+ trees1 9 %ak+  ! soil to fit x = 
deep-soil cultivation1 &1 9 ! w9e-gr[+  
di/ricts1 to free x f phyllox]a1 :ile ! 
f>m]'s fri5d has  tri$ by ?is means1 9  
times ( dr\ght1 to %ake ! n]ves ( ,jove 
& to div]t ! hail/orm f its c\rse4      
,illu/ration3 ,,safe ,,p]=at$ ,,by      
,,holl[ ,,dynamite ,,c>tridge4    ,!    
iron f\nd] uses !m 9 break+ up l>ge     
ca/+s4 ,! iron  smelt] employs !m to    
cle> out ob/ructions 9 bla/ furnaces    
:ile  ! latt] are /ill 9 op]ation1 !    
dynamite1 protect$ by a clay  envelope1 
be+ ins]t$ 9 ! r$-hot mass :i* clogs !  
furnace4  ,! au?or has propos$ to use ! 
detonat+ explosives = te/+  ! integrity 
( l>ge masses ( metals & _! resi/ance to
 %ock4    ,dynamite has be5 employ$ 9   
fi%+1 s9ce subm>9e explosions (  x w    
kill or /un fi% = a long di/ance ab\t ! 

*>ge4 ,?is  me?od ( fi%+1 :i* ?reat5$ to
 deplete ! wat]s1 has v  prop]ly be5    
prohibit$ by law1 b guns are employ$ =  
project+  h>poons 9 ! :ale fi%]y1 & h   
r$uc$ v mu* ! dang]  att5d+ ?is         
extra-haz>d\s occupation4               
,nitroglyc]91 inclos$ 9 t9 cans ?ree to 
five in*es 9 diamet]  & five to         
tw5ty-five feet 9 l5g?1 is us$ = %oot+  
oil wells  to free !m f ! solid p>aff9s 
) :i* !y become *ok$1 or  to %ake !     
oil-be>+ s&/one s z to produce a great] 
yield4 ,9  ?is "w ! load$ c1 hav+ a     
detonat+ cap atta*$ to its top1  is l[]$
 by a wire to ! bottom ( ! well1 :i* is 
(t5 fifte5  hundr$ feet or m 9 dep?4 ,a 
p]=at$ weight is !n /rung on  ! wire1 & 
:5 ! torp$o is 9 place ! weight is all[$
 to  fall1 /rike ! cap1 & explode !     
*>ge4    ,dynamite has be5 us$ to knock 
out ! block+ f ! ways :5  laun*+ %ips4  
,fir$ on an iron plate plac$ on ! top ( 
a pile  & cov]$ ) a tamp+ ( e>? or clay1
 x has successfully &  economically     
replac$ ! pile driv]4 ,x has be5 f\nd   

effici5t 9  excavat+ holes 9 :i* to     
plant telegraph & telephone poles2 9    
driv+ wat] out ( quicks&s 9 :i*         
f\ndations are to be laid  or %afts to  
be driv52 9 slaught]+ cattle2 9 break+  
d[n ice  dams to prev5t inundations2 9  
bl[+ up build+s to prev5t !  spread (   
conflagrations2 9 raz+ unsafe walls (   
burn$ build+s2  9 de/roy+ wrecks :i*    
endang] navigation1 & ev5 9 free+       
vessels :i* are h>d agr\nd on %oals4    
,illu/ration3 ,,holl[ ,,dynamite        
,,c>tridge2 ,,elevation4    ,an         
especially notable in/ance 0 9 ! bla/+  
out ( ! dbris  9 ! riv] at ,john/[n aft]
 ! frightful flood t occurr$  !re1 :i*  
=m$ an enorm\s dam above ! bridge &     
?reat5$  its exi/5ce1 & :i* 0           
successfully & exp$iti\sly remov$ by    
bla/+ aft] all o!r means _h be5 tri$ 9  
va94    ,illu/ration3 ,,holl[ ,,dynamite
 ,,c>tridge4    ,view f bel[4    ,9     
fact1 ! am\nt ( explosives consum$ 9 !  
indu/ries  is s great t ! quantity      
employ$ = milit>y purposes  s9ks into   

insignificance4 ,yet we h fail$ to ref] 
to ^?  indu/ries--qu>ry+ & m9+1 & !     
eng9e]+ op]ations--9  :i* !y are mo/    
ext5sively & commonly us$1 be+ employ$ s
  l>gely 9 m9+ alone t x is an almo/    
daily occurr5ce =  bla/s conta9+ tw5ty1 
?irty1 & ev5 fifty ?\s& p\nds (         
explosives to be us$ 9 a s+le *>ge2 & ! 
sy/em ( l>ge  bla/s has ev5 become      
common 9 h>d-rock excavations1 su* z    
qu>ries & railroad cutt+s1 :ile 9 ! bla/
 at ! bl[+ up  ( ,flood ,rock1 9 ,new   
,york ,h>bor1 ,octob] #aj1 #ahhe1 ov] "o
 hundr$  & =ty-"o tons ( rack-a-rock1   
dynamite1 & m]cury fulm9ate 7  us$ 9 a  
s+le %ot4    ,nor h ,i allud$ to ! use (
 explosives by ! an>*i/s 9  _! da/>dly  
outrages1 ?r\gh :i* ! safety ( ! old &  
"y1 feeble & /rong1 ! innoc5t & ! (f5d+1
 are alike  endang]$2 b ,i w t\* briefly
 ^u ! applications ( ^!  p[]ful ag5ts 9 
! too-mu* cultivat$ indu/ry (           
safe-robb+1  s9ce ,i 0 call$ ^u "s ye>s 
ago to demon/rate1 be=e a  ,gov]nm5t    
commission1 h[ safes might be           

successfully attack$ ei!r  9 a burgl>i\s
 way or by a mob ) explosives1 mean+ by 
!  burgl>i\s op]ation t ! safe %\ld be  
made accessible )9  tw5ty-f\r h\rs )    
means su* z a p>ty ( m5 c\ld smuggle    
into  a bank & :i* might be us$ )\t     
attract+ att5tion or do+  mat]ial damage
 to ! build+1 & by 8mob viol5ce10 mean+ 
t  ! vaults are suppos$ to be 9 ! h&s ( 
a mob :i* has ample  "t & quantities (  
explosives at comm&1 & does n c>e h[    
mu* noise is made or de/ruction is      
wr\ght1 provid$ ! treasure is  secur$4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fir+ ,,on ,,iron ,,disk1
 ,,re/+ ,,on ,,lead ,,disk1 ,,9 ,,te/+  
,,! ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,gun ,,cotton4     
,illu/ration3 ,,gun ,,cotton ,,disk4 ,) 
ind5t$ inscription1 & iron  plate ^u :i*
 ! ind5t$ inscription has be5 reproduc$4
    ,9 ! exp]im5ts made 9 a burgl>i\s   
way1 among o!rs1 a  ?ree-?\s&-doll>     
squ>e safe ( ! mo/ approv$ con/ruction 0
  attack$ by ins]t+ 9 ! crevice ab\t !  
lock$ door f\r &  eight t5?s ounces (   
nitroglyc]91 & 9 eight m9utes aft] !    

op]ation ( load+ 0 begun ! *>ge 0 fir$1 
) ! result  t ! :ole ( ! jamb bel[ !    
door 0 bl[n out & a hole  made 9 ! door 
( suffici5t size to admit ! h& & arm1   
:ile  ! doors & divisions ( ! int]ior   
comp>tm5ts 7 completely  %att]$4 ,on    
repeat+ ! op]ation ) f\r ounces & a     
qu>t] (  =cite dynamite ! door 0        
completely torn (f4    ,among exp]im5ts 
made to demon/rate ! resi/ance (        
/ructures  to attack by a mob 0 "o ^u a 
safe tw5ty-n9e in*es cube1 )  walls f\r 
in*es & ?ree qu>t]s ?ick1 made up (     
plates ( iron  & /eel1 :i* 7 re-en=c$ on
 ea* edge s z to make x highly  resi/+1 
yet :5 a holl[ *>ge ( dynamite n9e p\nds
 & a half  9 weight & untamp$ 0 detonat$
 on x a hole ?ree in*es 9  diamet] 0    
bl[n cle> ?r\gh ! wall1 ?\gh a solid    
c>tridge (  ! same weight & ( ! same    
mat]ial produc$ no mat]ial effect4  ,!  
holl[ c>tridge 0 made by ty+ ! /icks (  
dynamite ar\nd  a t9 c1 ! op5 m\? ( !   
latt] be+ plac$ d[nw>d1 & ,i  0 l$ to   
con/ruct su* holl[ c>tridge = use :]e a 

p5etrat+  effect is desir$ by ! foll[+  
obs]vations3    ,illu/ration3 ,,holes   
,,produc$ ,,9 ,,iron ,,plates ,,by      
,,bor$ ,,gun ,,cotton4    ,9 mold+ ! gun
 cotton at ! torp$o /ation1 z /at$      
above1 a  v]tical hole 0 =m$ 9 ea*      
cyl9d] or block 9 :i* to ins]t  !       
detonator1 & 9 ! f9al press a /eel die 0
 laid ^u !  cake s t an inscription 9   
lett]s & figures 0 =c$ ^u x4  ,?is      
inscription 0 ind5t$ 9 ! cyl9d]s & 0    
rais$ ^u !  surfaces ( ! blocks4 ,:5 !  
gun cotton 0 fir$ untamp$1 9  te/+ x1 ! 
cyl9d] or block 0 usually plac$ ) !     
inscrib$  face re/+ on a poli%$ iron    
plate or iron disk1 & aft] fir+1  if !  
gun cotton _h detonat$ x 0 inv>iably    
f\nd t n only  0 a vortex-l cavity      
produc$ bel[ ! detonator1 b t !         
inscription on ! gun cotton 0 reproduc$ 
on ! iron plate1 &1  :at 0 mo/ s+ul>1 :5
 ! inscription 0 ind5t$ 9 ! gun  cotton 
x 0 ind5t$ 9 ! iron plate1 & :5 !       
inscription 0  rais$ on ! surface ( !   
gun cotton x 0 reproduc$ rais$ on  !    

surface ( ! iron plate4 ,9 exp]im5tally 
inve/igat+ ?is  ph5om5on ,i ev5tually   
soak$ sev]al cyl9d]s 9 wat]1 s t  ,i    
c\ld bore !m )\t dang]1 & !n bor$ holes 
( v>i\s  diamet]s & dep?s 9 !m1 until 9 
! la/ in/ance ,i bor$ a  v]tical hole an
 in* & ?ree qu>t]s 9 diamet] completely 
?r\gh  ! cyl9d]4 ,^! wet cyl9d]s 7 ea*  
plac$ on a simil> iron  plate1 a simil> 
dry disk 0 plac$ on ea* z a prim]1 & !y 
7  successively fir$1 :5 x 0 f\nd t !   
deep] & wid] !  hole 9 ! gun cotton !   
deep] & wid] 7 ! holes produc$  9 ! iron
 plate1 until :5 ! completely p]=at$ gun
 cotton  cyl9d]1 f :i* at lea/ half ( ! 
weight ( explosive _h  be5 remov$ by !  
bor+1 0 fir$1 ! iron plate 0 f\nd to be 
completely p]=at$4    ,advantage 0 tak5 
( ?is action ( ! rapidly mov+ molecules 
to  produce "s beautiful effects by     
int]pos+ laces1 co9s1 leaves f  ! trees1
 & /5cils ) v>i\s devices cut 9 !m      
betwe5 !  base ( ! gun cotton & ! iron  
plate1 = aft] ! detonation (  ! gun     
cotton ! objects 7 f\nd to be reproduc$ 

^u ! iron  ) ! utmo/ fidelity & 9 _! mo/
 delicate p>ts1 & !  impressions 7 rais$
 ^u ! iron z ! objects _h be5 be=e  !   
explosion4    ,9 "o in/ance a disk ( gun
 cotton 0 plac$ 9 a t9 :i* _h  be5 us$ 9
 cann+ peas4 ,! disk 0 cov]$ ) wat] s z 
to be  completely imm]s$ 9 x1 & a second
 dry disk1 ) :i* to fire  x1 0 plac$ ^u 
! wet "o4 ,! face ( ! c re/+ 9 contact  
) ! iron plate 0 orig9ally ! top ( ! c1 
?r\gh :i*  ! vegetable _h be5 introduc$1
 & x 0 consequ5tly groov$  :]e ! cov] 0 
sold]$ on1 & x also _h an irregul> drop 
(  sold] ov] ! v5t hole1 ! sold] be+    
rais$1 !re=e1 above  ! g5]al level ( !  
face4 ,on fir+1 ! c 0 completely        
volatiliz$ or comm9ut$ z usual1 b ! face
 ( ! c 0  reproduc$ 9 e feature & ) !   
orig9al values ( !  surface1 ! groove   
be+ ind5t$ 9 ! iron1 & ! sold] be+      
rais$ above ! re/ ( ! impression4       
,illu/ration3 ,,maple ,,leaf ,,reproduc$
 ,,on ,,iron ,,plate4    ,9 ano!r       
in/ance a disk ( gun cotton ?ree in*es 9
 diamet] 0  plac$ 9 a t9 c five in*es 9 

diamet]1 & ! c1 :i* _h  a smoo? bottom1 
plac$ on ! face ( an iron ,i-beam4 ,! c 
0  fill$ ) wat] s z to j cov] ! gun     
cotton1 a second dry  gun cotton disk 0 
plac$ on ! wet disk ( a prim]1 bo? be+ 9
  con/ant contact ) "o side ( ! c1 & !  
sy/em detonat$4  ,z a result ! c & wat] 
disappe>$ & ! face ( ! beam  0 torn (f1 
b on recov]+ ! pieces & mat*+ !m x 0    
f\nd t n only 0 ! smoo? base ( ! gun    
cotton & ! face  ( ! c reproduc$ 9 !    
iron1 b 9 ! space betwe5 ! gun  cotton &
 ! side ( ! c1 occupi$ by ! wat]1 ?ree  
di/9ct  sets ( waves 7 produc$1 hav+ an 
increas+ amplitude f !  c5t] proce$+    
outw>d4 ,x is evid5t t _m curi\s effects
 c  be produc$ ) explosive sub/ances1 & 
,i d n d\bt t useful  applications w be 
f\nd ?r\gh a close /udy ( ! ph5om5a     
att5d+ !m4          ,a ,,ye>',s         
,,progress ,,9 ,,! ,,klondike4    ,,by  
,,pr(4 ,,angelo ,,heilpr94              
,,note4--,ackn[l$gm5t is "h made to ,mr4
 ,e4 ,a4 ,hegg = ! use (      mo/ ( !   
photographs accompany+ ?is article4     

,two ye>s ago ! difficulties ( rea*+ !  
,klondike 7 ?\ght to  be ( su* a nature 
z to preclude ! probability or ev5      
possibility  ( ,dawson ev] becom+ a     
place ( p]man5t habitation4 ,! trials  (
 ! ,*ilkoot & ,:ite ,passes 7 exploit$ 9
 magaz9e &  j\rnal f "o end ( ! cont95t 
almo/ to ! o!r1 & !  wrecks ( humanity1 
& p>ticul>ly ( ! ?\s&s ( bea/s t  lay   
scatt]$ along ! trail--! tribute to !   
,sah>a turn$ to  %ame--7 appeal$ to z   
grim te/imony ( ! almo/ insup]able      
b>ri] :i* sep>at$ man f ! object ( 8    
se>*4 ,to-day1  & s9ce ,july #f? ( ! pa/
 ye> 7#ahii71 a /eam railway trav]ses  !
 full =ty-two miles ( ! ,:ite ,pass     
trail1 & ! travel]  enjoys ! beauties ( 
! sub>ctic l&scape 9 mu* ! way t  he    
enjoys ! trip ?r\gh ! ,alleghany        
,m\nta9s 9 ! ,ea/1 or (  ! prairies 9 ! 
,we/4 ,deposit$ at ,b5nett1 on ,lake    
,b5nett1 at  virtually ! head (         
navigation ( ! mighty ,yukon ,riv]      
7o!rwise  kn[n z ! ,lewes71 he engages  
passage on "o ( sev]al commodi\s  /eam]s

 head+ d[n /ream or nor?w>d1 & ) "o     
*ange--at  ! ,miles ,caon & ,:ite ,horse
 ,rapids1 :]e !re is a five-mile        
portage--rea*es ,dawson aft] a voyage1  
delightful 9 its *ange (  sc5e & novelty
 ( exp]i5ce1 ( f f\r to six days4 ,x is 
a  fact1 !re=e1 t ) a /rict tim+ (      
dep>tures ! travel]  f ,new ,york may   
make ! j\rney to ,dawson 9 summ] "t 9   
twelve  days1 & exceptionally ev5 9     
less2 & ! j\rney has inde$ be5  made 9  
elev5 days & a half4 ,su* is ! *ange :i*
 ! ef=t (  less ?an two ye>s has        
accompli%$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,b>tlett  
,,bro!rs' ,,pack ,,tra91 ,,dawson4    ,!
 ,dawson ( #ahii is no long] ! ,dawson (
 #ahih1 & mu* less t  ( ! ye> previ\s4  
,! ?\s&s ( bateaux t 7 =m]ly l9$  up    
aga9/ ! riv] front1 9 r[s six deep & m1 
& compris+  all mann] ( craft f ! small 
canoe to slic$ sections ( sc[s1  h mo/ly
 disappe>$1 & 9 _! place we n[ f9d !    
graceful  & ungraceful =ms ( v>y+ types 
( /eamboat4 ,x is no uncommon  ?+ to f9d
 five or m ( ^! l>g] craft ti$ up at "o 

"t to  ! riv] front1 & ! amplitude &    
maje/y ( ! ,mississippi boats  ga9 b    
little 9 a comp>ison ) "s ( ! l>g] craft
 ( !  ,yukon ,riv]4 ,ov]hung signs call 
att5tion to ! fly+ que5s ( !  riv]1 !   
,bonanza ,k+1 ,canadian1 & ,sibyl1 &    
?\s&s are (f]$  ^u ! result ( ! race to 
! ,:ite ,horse ,rapids4 ,s "h1 z 9  !   
old5 days ( ! ,mississippi1 ! /ruggle = 
supremacy has l$  to ! op5+ ( ! ?rottle 
& to ! scrap+ ( ! fire box4  ,upw>d ( a 
hundr$ arrivals f d[n ! riv] 7 regi/]$  
at  ,dawson dur+ ! season ( op5 wat] (  
#ahii4    ,dawson has be5 fur!r put into
 comp>atively close t\* )  ! out] _w by 
! entry ( ! telegraph1 & s9ce ! e>ly    
days ( ,octob] messages h be5 freely go+
 to ! seabo>d at  ,skaguay4 ,x is true t
 a cableless /ret* ( hundr$s ( miles    
/ill sep>ates ?is t[n f ! ne>e/ port (  
importance on !  cont95t1 b d\btless    
be=e v long ev5 ?is blank 9 ! l9e  (    
communication w h be5 suppli$4 ,x may be
 fir/ by means  ( wireless telegraphy1 z
 x is moot$ t ! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t     

looks ) favor ^u exp]im5tation ) !      
,m>coni sy/em2 or1 :at  is m likely1 !  
desir$ end w be br\ght ab\t by ! lay+  (
 a cont9u\s wire4 ,! extraord9>y        
rapidity ) :i* ! five  hundr$ to six    
hundr$ miles ( l& wire 7 laid--five &   
sev5  miles p] day--speaks well = !     
morale ( ! ,canadian sapp] &  eng9e]+   
s]vice4    ,9 its comm]cial & resid5tial
 aspects ! city has made va/  progress4 
,! days ( +ulf+ mires are virtually ov]1
 & f "o  end ( ! t[n almo/ to ! o!r1 "o 
may safely tread ! /reets  on secure    
bo>d sidewalks4 ,n alone ! ma9 /reet is 
furni%$ 9  ?is way1 b also sev]al ( !   
/reets runn+ p>allel ) x1 &  p>ts (     
/reets t run across at "r angles4 ,a    
wise enactm5t1  n p]haps absolutely j 9 
its details1 has swept (f ! %acks  &    
boo?s f ! riv] side ( ! front /reet1 &  
"o n[ enjoys  an almo/ un9t]rupt$ view (
 ! oppos+ bank ( ! /ream1  already m>r$ 
by giant adv]tis+ lett]s ann\nc+ b>ga9  
sales 9  m]*&ise1 & direct+ to p>ticul> 
%ops 9 ! metropolis ( !  ,nor?4         

,illu/ration3 ,,dawson',s ,,great       
,,fire1 ,,april #bf1 #ahii4    ,! %ops (
 ,dawson h ris5 to ! dignity (          
e/abli%m5ts hav+  corrugat$-iron cov]s1 
plate-glass fronts1 & r$wood %elves &   
c\nt]s4 ,foll[+ closely ^u ! pione]     
con/ructions--dep>tm5t  /ores1 !y might 
be class$--( ! ,alaska ,comm]cial       
,company are !  depots ( ! ,nor?        
,am]ican ,trad+ & ,transportation       
,company1 !  ,alaska ,exploration       
,company1 ,ames ,m]cantile ,company1 & !
 ,yukon]  ,company1 sev]al ) reta9+     
w>eh\ses plac$ beyond ! rea* ( a  city  
fire & ) dim5sions t w\ld l5d dignity to
 locations (  mu* l>g] size ?an !       
emporium ( ! ,nor?4 ,_m ( ! small]  %ops
 also c>ry a v>i$ l9e ( goods1 b o!rs   
are re/rict$ to  a specialty1 & _! w>es 
are n[ (f]$ at rates :i* are 9 !  ma9   
only reasonably 9 advance ( ! 8high0    
rates ( ! ,we/]n  coa/ t[ns4 ,!re are   
exceptions to ?is rule1 h[ev]1          
especially  :]e skill$ local labor is   
call$ into requisition 9 a manufacture4 

,?us f\rte5 doll>s = a pair ( tr\s]s    
made to ord] /rikes !  imag9ation r     
=cibly1 :5 a fir/-grade quality ( boot  
or %oe  c be obta9$ = five doll>s & six 
doll>s4 ,really good meals  may be      
procur$ almo/ ev]y:]e = f a doll> to a  
doll> &  a half1 & ! be/ hotels supply  
tw5ty-"o meals = tw5ty-five  doll>s1 &  
^! d n absolutely reject delicacies ( "o
 k9d  or ano!r4 ,c['s milk c n[ be _h z 
a regul> adjunct to c(fee1  s9ce ! mil*]
 is no long] a /rang] to ! c\ntry4 ,!   
price (  rooms 9 ! hotels /ill rema9s   
high--f f\r to six doll>s p]  night1 )\t
 meals--b ! "* ( ^! rooms has mat]ially 
improv$1 ev5 ?\gh !y w\ld be consid]$ ) 
u decid$ly ?ird  rate4 ,9 a few         
e/abli%m5ts ( a m private "*1 lodg+ =  a
 c]ta9 am\nt ( p]man5cy may be _h =     
fifte5 doll>s ! week1  or1 :]e !        
condition ( ! surr\nd+s is n closely    
scann$1  = ev5 less4 ,a new & capaci\s  
hotel1 ! ,hotel ,metropole1 re>$  f !   
weal? ( ! 8,k+ ( ! ,klondike0--,alex&]  
,mac,donald--has  rec5tly be5 add$ to ^?

 ( less pret5ti\s design :i* s]v$  !    
community la/ ye>4 ,a heavy cut 9 rates 
is promis$4    ,! conflagration ( ,april
 #bf?1 ?r\gh :i* p]haps "o qu>t]  ( !   
bus9ess portion ( ,dawson 0 burn$ to !  
gr\nd1 has  giv5 opportunity = !        
introduction ( improvem5ts1 & !  mo/    
important ( ^! is t :i* has result$ 9 ! 
removal  ( h\ses & resorts ( evil repute
 f ! he>t ( ! city &  consign$ !m & _!  
inmates to a localiz$ area or 8t5d]lo90 
di/rict4 ,wom5 ( ref9em5t may n[ p>ade !
 /reets )\t  hav+ _! f9] s5sibilities   
(f5d$ ?r\gh ! public intrusion  ( !     
immorals ( ! l[] _w4 ,! tone ( ! public 
places (  amusem5t1 ! !at]s & dance     
h\ses1 has also be5 9 a measure         
elevat$1 ev5 if f> f suffici5tly s1 & "s
 real tal5t  occasionally sp>kles beh9d 
! footlights4 ,a new 8op]a h\se10 )  a  
seat+ capacity ( p]haps sev5 hundr$ or  
eight hundr$1 b  adv]tis$ = two ?\s&1 0 
?r[n op5 to ! public la/ ,augu/1  aft] a
 con/ruction1 x is claim$1 ( only two   
weeks4 ,its season's  rp]toire includ$1 

among o!r plays1 ,mi*ael ,/rog(f &      
,camille1  bo? ( :i*1 ev5 9 _! crude/   
type ( pres5tation1 felt well (  !      
public pulse4    ,s*ool education plays 
z yet little "p 9 ! morals ( !          
,dawsonites4 ,! gre$ ( =tune has left   
scant "t = !  consid]ation ( educational
 matt]s1 & :at little ( s*ool  tra9+ is 
imp>t$ to ! y\? ( t5d] ye>s comes l>gely
 9  ! %ape ( a b5efic5ce f private h&s4 
,if ! issuance (  newspap]s be prop]ly  
class$ z belong+ to education1 !n       
,dawson  has made mat]ial advances dur+ 
! pa/ ye>1 =1 9 addition to  ! ?ree     
weeklies :i* m ?an suppli$ all !        
in=mation t  0 ne$$ to ! inhabitants (  
#ahih1 x has n[ a daily 7! ,dawson      
,daily ,news7 & a ,sunday pap] 7,!      
,glean]71 :ile ! pione] ,nugget  has be5
 conv]t$ into a semi-weekly4 ,"s ( ^!   
j\rnals1 :i*  9 typographical detail /& 
fully equal to _m ( ! =emo/  j\rnals ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 are devot$ l>gely to a  
vilification  ( ! ,yukon gov]nm5t1 &    
second>ily to ! nonp>tisan int]e/s  ( ! 

community4 ,b little space is giv5 ov]  
to murd]s & d>+  de$s ( robb]y1 s9ce    
occurr5ces ( ?is k9d1 ?anks to !        
cont9u$ vigilance & effici5cy ( !       
,nor?we/ ,m\nt$ ,police1 are  all b     
unkn[n1 & ! safety ( possessions is z   
well e/abli%$  z t ( ! p]son4 ,! %oot+ (
 an actress by h] lov]1  foll[$ by !    
suicide ( ! murd]]1 furni%$ ! s5sation =
  ! ye>2 b previ\s suicides1 also 9 !   
ranks ( ! !atrical  pr(ession1 _h       
already pav$ a way to ?is =m (          
excitem5t4    ,two or m l9es ( telephone
 unite ,dawson ) ! ne>] m9+  region1 & a
 p>tial city s]vice has also be5        
e/abli%$4 ,!  city rema9s z yet )\t an  
electric-light plant1 b x is by no      
means unlikely t be=e ! pres5t season   
has pass$ ! d>kness  ( ! w9t] night w be
 lift$ by ! arc light1 & mu* (  !       
oppressiv5ess ( ! clos$ season !reby    
remov$4 ,aft] two  w9t]s ( exp]i5ce1 !  
,dawsonites cont9ue to ?9k lightly (  ! 
8t]rors0 ( ! cold1 & to b few app>5tly  
is ! extreme  ( temp]ature a det]r5t to 

ex]cise4 ,sleigh+ cont9ues to be a      
pa/ime1 ) ! temp]ature m>k+ #dj to #ej  
bel[ z]o1 b only  ) ?is season does x   
ent] into ! category ( a fa%ionable     
recreation4 ,hi!rto dog-sl$ teams p]=m$ 
! full s]vice (  w9t] travel1 & divid$ )
 skat+ & 8ski0-+ ! w9t]  ex]cise2 b ?is 
ye> ! sn[ causeways w be lively ) !     
j+l+ ( cutt] bells & ! rapid pac+ ( !   
horse4    ,"o c n help rem>k+ ! va/     
improvem5t 9 ! g5]al tone (  ,dawson    
society1 if by t t]m we may include all 
t con/itutes  ! population ( ! city4 ,m 
p>ticul>ly is ?is m>k$ 9 !  case ( wom51
 among :om x is no long] a r>ity to meet
 )  /rict ref9em5t & culture4 ,musical  
soires regi/] among !  ev5ts ( ! week1 &
 lit]>y recitals are n exceptional4 ,!  
male portion ( ! population has also    
und]gone a ref9+ process  ?r\gh !       
dep>ture ( hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s (       
8bums10 :o  only too late = _! com=t    
discov]$ t _! pres5ce 0  nei!r a        
necessity to ,dawson nor a ma9spr+ to ! 
extraction (  gold f ! soil4 ,by _!     

dep>ture ! city has probably suff]$  a  
decrease 9 its population ( "s ?ree ?\s&
 to f\r ?\s&1  b has m ?an receiv$      
comp5sation 9 t /ability ( purpose  :i* 
su* elim9ation always insures4 ,z a city
 ( ab\t ?irte5  ?\s& inhabitants1 x     
ent]s ^u its hi/ory 9 ! ye> #aijj )     
pr9ciples ca/ l>gely ^u a pure bus9ess  
basis1 & ) a future  t is b\nd 9 ) !    
product ( ! soil4    ,illu/ration3      
,,midnight ,,view ,,( ,,dawson1 ,,june  
#ba1 #ahii4    ,! gold res\rce ( !      
,klondike region seems fully to su/a9 ! 
anticipations :i* _h be5 put =? t\*+ !  
product ( #ahii4  ,! bett]-kn[n creeks1 
su* z ! ,bonanza1 ,eldorado1 & ,hunk]1  
h kept well up ) _! record ( ! previ\s  
ye>1 & give  indications ( cont9u+ z    
important factors 9 ! calculation (     
output = "s "t to come 9 ! future4 ,!   
introduction ( a  c]ta9 am\nt ( m9+     
ma*9]y1 su* z /eam drills1 ?aw]s1  &    
p[]ful pumps--appli$ m p>ticul>ly to !  
deposits (  ! b5*es & hillsides--c\pl$ )
 a m def9ite me?od (  conduct+ ext5sive 

op]ations on a comp>atively economic    
basis1  has giv5 fre% impetus to ! "w ( 
m9e hold]s1 & made l>gely  remun]ative t
 :i* _h promis$ to be little pr(itable4 
,a m  j adm9i/ration ( ! m9+ laws has   
help$ to a consid]ate  feel+ among !    
m9]s1 & r$uc$ v mat]ially ! grievances  
:i* =m]ly fell ) ?ick =ce ^u ! (fices ( 
! ,record]  & ,gold ,commission]4       
,access is n[ easily _h to ! records (  
claims1 & individual 8cases0 receive an 
e>ly & prop] he>+4  ,electric plants h  
be5 introduc$ on "s ( ! claims1 s t  !re
 ne$ be no int]ruption 9 "w = ! full    
tw5ty-f\r h\rs (  ! day4    ,ap>t f !   
discov]y ( ri* pay-dirt on creeks &     
gul*es1  su* z ,la/ ,*ance 7tribut>y to 
,hunk]71 ,gold ,bottom 7tribut>y to     
,sulphur71 & ,am]ican1 ,magnet1 & ,adams
 7tribut>y to ! ,bonanza71  conc]n+ :i* 
mu* skepticism 0 express$ la/ ye>1 !    
fill+  9 ( assum$ b>r5 gaps 9 ! g5]al   
l9e ( creeks has done mu*  to inspire ! 
feel+ t m ( ! broad area is gold-be>+   
?an ! fir/ surveys & explorations       

8indicat$0--a feel+ to  :i* p>ticul>    
confid5ce has be5 giv5 by ! surpris+    
weal?  :i* has be5 wa%$ out f !         
hillsides4 ,= a ne>ly cont9u\s  f\r     
miles ( ! 8left limit0 ( ! ,bonanza1    
ext5d+ nor?w>d  f ,gold ,hill at !      
conflu5ce ( ! ,eldorado to ! 8=ties bel[
  discov]y10 ! cre/s ( ! hills at an    
elevation ( "s "o hundr$  & eighty to   
two hundr$ feet above ! creek are laid  
b>e ) !  "w ( ! %ovel1 pick1 & drill1 & 
! same or a correspond+  /ratigraphical 
height is pi]c$ else:]e along ! /ream4  
,gold  ,hill 7& ,fr5* ,hill1 on !       
,eldorado side71 ,skookum1 ,adams1      
,magnet1  & ,am]ican ,hills1 & ,monte   
,cri/o1 all h _! summits capp$ by  :at  
is n[ famili>ly kn[n z ! 8:ite lay]0--a 
feature 9 !  l&scape z int]e/+ to !     
casual t\ri/ z ! con/ruction is         
important to ! m =tunate claim hold]s :o
 are locat$ "h4    ,up to ?is "t no     
qu>tz locations det]m9$ to be ( positive
 value  h be5 locat$1 al?\gh a goodly   
numb] ( 8qu>tz reefs10 8lodes10  &      

kidney masses h be5 /ak$1 re/ak$1 &     
record$4 ,"s (  ^! h %[n gold 9 small   
quantity1 b 9 by f> ! great]  numb] (   
cases !y h prov$ absolutely b>r51 & are 
)\t  promise ( yield+ any?+4 ,!         
anticipation ( _m1 naturally  fo/]$ by  
individual wi% & hope1 t an orig9at+ or 
8"m0  lode mu/ be pres5t & f\nd some:]e 
re/s )\t any geological  support s f> z 
evid5ce has be5 accumulat$ up to !      
pres5t  "t1 & !re is no?+ t looks l a   
promise to ! geological  eye4 ,at ! same
 "t1 x w\ld be premature to ass]t t su* 
a reef  or s]ies ( reefs may n be       
discov]$ 9 ! future4 ,! hill cre/s  t h 
furni%$ s mu* ( ! :ite mat]ial ( ! high 
b5*es  ( ! ,bonanza & ! ,eldorado may   
p]haps be se>*$ ) be/  advantage 9 ?is  
direction1 & !nce ext5d$ to ! wat] p>t+ 
:i* surr\nds or incloses ! upp] wat]s ( 
,gay ,gul*4    ,illu/ration3 ,,!        
,,columbian ,,& ,,! ,,eldorado ,,/>t+   
,,f ,,dawson1  ,,july #d1 #ahii1 ,,on ,a
 ,,race ,,to ,,:ite ,,horse ,,rapids4   
,no e/imate1 naturally1 c yet be put to 

! total gold supply (  ! ,klondike      
region1 b to inquiry t is frequ5tly put 
reg>d+  ! future exi/5ce ( ,dawson z an 
en]getic m9+ camp "o c  unhesitat+ly    
answ] t ?is exi/5ce is assur$ = _m ye>s 
to  come1 & !re are indications t po9t  
to a p]man5ce indep5d5t  ( ! simple     
supply ( gold4    ,illu/ration3 ,,/reet 
,,sc5e1 ,,dawson1 ,,july1 #ahii4    ,!  
e>li] conceptions ( ! extreme sev]ity ( 
! climate ( !  ,yukon ,valley =bade !   
hope ( agricultural possibilities1 b a m
  intimate k ( ! conditions prevail+ 9 !
 summ] "t--a  season ( f\r to five      
mon?s' duration1 ) daylight & day heat  
protract$ f> into ! normal h\rs (       
night--& a comp>ison (  ^! conditions ) 
some:at simil> conditions prevail+      
else:]e1  h giv5 hope n alone ( a       
possibility1 b ( a probability1 &  !re  
are few to-day :o d\bt t agriculture may
 n be practic$  ) at lea/ a legitimate  
am\nt ( success 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,yukon    
bas94 ,?is probability has1 inde$1 be5  
already emphasiz$ by ,pr(4  ,george     

,dawson1 & ! m rec5t exam9ations (      
,alaskan t]ritory1  made by ,colonels   
,ray & ,ab]crombie1 confirm ) a         
conviction !  ref]5ce to ,am]ican soil4 
,! feeble b m ?an promis+ ef=ts  9      
agriculture & g>d5+ t 7 made 9 ! region 
ab\t ,dawson  9 #ahih h borne surpris+  
fruit 9 #ahii1 & :ile ! results may  n1 
= v>i\s reasons1 h prov$ 9 all cases    
remun]ative to  ! 8prospector10 !y at   
lea/ cle>ly demon/rate ! possibilities  
to :i* ! future may lay claim4          
,cabbages1 turnips1 peas1 radi%es1      
lettuce1 & beans are n[ rais$ to        
p]fection 9 favor$ spots along  ! ,yukon
 & ,klondike1 & on scatt]$ hillsides ( !
 ,bonanza &  ,eldorado1 & a good promise
 is also held out = ! potato4 ,9 !  *>m+
 spot kn[n z ! ,ackl9 ,g>d51 situat$ on 
! ,klondike  ab\t two miles f ,dawson1  
oats & b>ley1 s[n on ,april #bf?  & ,may
 #bb;d respectively 7#ahii71 7 gr[n to  
beautiful heads1 &  h>ve/$ 9 ! middle ( 
,augu/4 ,no :eat _h rip5$ up to t  "t1 &
 ,i suspect t1 ow+ to a light fro/ :i*  

took place  on ! #ai? ( ! same mon?1    
none ( ?is gra9 came to maturity4       
,radi%es s[n on ,april #bd? 7 collect$  
on ,may #bj?1 & /r+  beans1 ^: se$ 0    
scatt]$ on ,may #bf?1 7 collect$ on     
,augu/  #a/4 ,o!r successful crops 7 ^? 
( beets1 onions1 & sp9a*4    ,!         
exquisite beauty ( ! fl[] g>d5 9 ?is    
spot rivets !  att5tion ( all pass]s-by1
 & few !re are :o d n = a mom5t  lay    
aside _! packs to enjoy ! fea/ ( color t
 is pres5t$  to !m4 ,poppies ( ! size & 
brilliance ( ^? :i* adorn !  fields ab\t
 ,naples1 *rysan!mums1 gorge\s dahlias1 
pansies1 !  cornfl[]1 mignonette1 &     
c5taurea are "p ( ! outside bloom1  to  
:i* ,nature 8beyond ! f5ce0 has fitt+ly 
add$ ! wild rose1  anemone1 firewe$1 &  
=get-me-n4 ,su* is ! aspect ( ! region  
:i* to-day illum9es ! f> ,nor?1 & c>ries
 ) itself a hopeful  promise to _m & !  
c]ta9ty ( disappo9tm5t to _m m4         
,,! ,,decl9e ,,( ,,crim9al              
,,jurisprud5ce ,,9 ,,am]ica4    ,,by    
,,g9o ,c4 ,,sp]anza4      ,! rights (   

p]sonal security1 p]sonal lib]ty1 &     
private prop]ty  h be5 call$ ! 8rights (
 ! p ( ,engl&10 & may be  said to       
con/itute ! ri*e/ heirloom 9 !          
,anglo-,saxon family4  ,:ile1 9 a c]ta9 
s5se1 !y belong to all civiliz$ p1 yet1 
9 _! practical application1 !y are      
peculi>ly ! creation (  ,anglo-,saxon   
common s5se & love ( ord]4 ,! und]ly+   
pr9ciple (  ^! rights1 clo!d by ! ,lat9s
 9 ! s$uctive g>b ( ,lib]t1  ,egalit1   
,frat]nit1 gave u a ,reign ( ,t]ror1 a  
,commune1 &  f9ally a d\btful           
republicanism2 b ! same pr9ciple1       
embodi$ 9  ! less dazzl+ =mula1 8,t no  
man %all be depriv$ ( life1  lib]ty1 or 
prop]ty )\t due process ( law10 produc$ 
9 ! h&s  ( ! ,anglo-,saxons m endur+    
democracies 8( ! p1 by !  p1 & = ! p40  
,) ! in/9ct ( a race born =             
self-gov]nm5t1 ! ,anglo-,saxons  h ev]  
s\ght & almo/ always f\nd ! highe/      
safegu>d  = _! anci5t rights 9 ! c\rts (
 law4 ,betwe5 a p>tisan  ,legislature & 
a tyrannical ,executive an hone/        

judici>y has  g5]ally be5 f\nd ready to 
annul ! excesses ( ! "o & to  prev5t any
 infr+em5t by ! o!r2 s t x has become a 
belief1  hav+ ! =ce ( fai?1 t 9 our     
c\rts w be f\nd ! bulw>k  ( ^? lib]ties 
:i* we consid] ess5tial to ! full       
enjoym5t (  life4    ,laws & c\rts1     
h[ev]1 are aft] all ! creation ( m51 &1 
l  all su* creations1 !y are necess>ily 
imp]fect & fallible2 or1  m correctly1  
!y are organisms :i* develop & improve4 
,9 o!r  words1 ju/ice & law are only    
relatively immutable & p]fect4  ,!y d1  
inde$1 repres5t1 9 a s5se1 ab/ract      
p]fection1 & at  any giv5 "t !y mu/ be  
consid]$ ! highe/ crit]ion ( human      
conduct4 ,b ju/ice & law are n su*      
div9ities t !y c  )draw !mselves f !    
op]ation ( ^? =ces :i* we call          
progress4 ,s]i\sness1 dignity1 &        
v5]ability are n suffici5t  to su/a9 !  
maje/y ( ! law2 x ne$s also adaptation  
to ^?  high] conditions & broad] views  
:i* m>k ! gr[? ( human  ?\ght4 ,! m we  
come to look ^u law z ! /&>d & gauge (  

upright human action1 ! m d we gr[ to   
expect x 9 consonance  ) ! highe/       
dictates ( human k & reason1 = :at is   
above u mu/ repres5t :at is be/ 9 u1    
else x w be nei!r  respect$ nor obey$4  
,:5ev] ?is consonance is n f\nd1 human  
belief 9 ! dignity ( ! law & 9 !        
efficacy ( ju/ice ceases4  ,=1          
!oretically at lea/1 law is s ne> ideal 
p]fection t !  lea/ defect de/roys x    
entirely2 & by ?is 8ideal p]fection0 is 
meant t laws mu/ reflect ! highe/ &     
s\nde/ ?\ght (  e age4 ,laws t fail 9   
?is cease to be a p[] = good2 !y  are !n
 look$ ^u ei!r z ridicul\s or z         
oppressive4 ,if !  =m]1 !y defeat _!    
ends by becom+ dead laws2 if ! latt]1   
!y become a s\rce ( disord] & discont5t4
 ,h5ce we see t  jurisprud5ce is        
ess5tially evolution>y & progressive1 & 
t  ! maje/y ( ! law does n lie 9 its age
 b 9 its p]5nial  y\?1 or1 m correctly1 
9 its successive rejuv5esc5ce4 ,x is    
true t 9 ,*9a ! antiquity ( a law is its
 highe/ pre/ige1  b1 z a consequ5ce1    

,*9ese ju/ice is prov]bially ineffici5t 
&  b>b>\s4 ,x !re=e foll[s t ! con/ant  
/udy & improvem5t  ( :at we h call$ !   
safegu>ds ( our fundam5tal rights %\ld  
be our highe/ duty1 & ! object ( ! c>e &
 solicitude ( !  ,/ate4 ,x is n en\gh to
 re/ cont5t$ly 9 ! ?\ght t a ,magna     
,*>ta1 a ,petition ( ,rights1 & sundry  
writt5 con/itutions protect  u4 ,_! v   
exi/5ce is b an argum5t = our et]nal    
vigilance4  ,n[1 ! "q to be "h exam9$ is
 :e!r we h ex]cis$ t  c>e & vigilance   
:i* are ess5tial to ! free enjoym5t (   
our  rights4    ,let me premise !       
/atem5t t ! protection ( ! rights (     
life1  lib]ty1 & prop]ty is peculi>ly )9
 ! prov9ce ( ! crim9al  law4 ,:at       
con/itutes ! "r ( life1 lib]ty1 &       
prop]ty c n  be def9$ or describ$1      
except negatively by a def9ition ( :at w
  be deem$ its infr+em5ts4 ,^! we call  
crimes4 ,to decl>e :at  acts come )9 !  
def9ition ( su* crimes is ! function ( !
  crim9al c\rts4    ,x is ^u ! crim9al  
law1 !re=e1 t we mu/ rely = !           

enunciation ( :at acts %all con/itute a 
brea* ( ! "r (  life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty1
 & x is to ! crim9al b5* & b>  t we mu/ 
turn = ! correct int]pretation &        
application (  su* enunciations4 ,h5ce !
 m "t & att5tion we devote to !  /udy ( 
crim9al legislation & to ! enlight5m5t (
 ! crim9al  b5* & b>1 ! m w ! safety (  
our rights be increas$ &  /r5g!n$4      
,likewise1 ! m we all[ crim9al          
legislation to be  ! product ( ha/y     
consid]ation & ! crim9al b> to drift    
into  disrepute1 ! m ! safety ( our     
rights w be proportionally  weak5$4     
,! fir/ "q t pres5ts itself is1 8,:at is
 done by  our law s*ools = ! /udy (     
crim9al law80 ,! answ] is  n v enc\rag+4
 ,let u take ^? law s*ools :i* are (    
mo/ importance1 ei!r by reason ( _!     
curriculum or ( _!  att5dance4 ,h>v>d1 )
 a ?ree ye>s' c\rse1 devotes two h\rs  a
 week = "o ye> to crim9al law 7includ+  
crim9al proc$ure74  ,all[+ n9e mon?s (  
f\r weeks ea* to ! s*ola/ic ye>1 &  a   
weekly av]age ( eighte5 h\rs1 x w be    

f\nd t ! "t  devot$ to ! /udy ( crim9al 
law 7includ+ proc$ure7 is a little  ov] 
?ree p] c5t ( ! entire c\rse4 ,by a     
simil> computation  we f9d t ,columbia  
devotes to crim9al law 7& proc$ure7 a   
little ov] f\r p] c5t ( ! entire c\rse1 
:i* is ab\t  ! p]c5tage giv5 by ,yale & 
a little l[] ?an t ( !  ,univ]sities (  
,mi*igan1 ,cornell1 & ,new ,york        
respectively4    ,^! computations are   
bas$ ^u figures giv5 9 ! catalogues (   
^? univ]sities1 or k9dly furni%$ by !   
deans4 ,no?+ m  eloqu5t ( ! decl9e ( !  
/udy ( crim9al jurisprud5ce 9 our       
c\ntry c\ld be cit$4 ,b ! catalogues (  
^! law s*ools add  fur!r pro(4 ,at none 
( !m is !re a pr(essor ^: in/ruction  is
 conf9$ solely to crim9al law4 ,ne>ly   
all ! in/ructors 9  crim9al law devote b
 a small "p ( _! "t 7& probably  ( _!   
/udy7 to ! tea*+ ( ?is subject4 ,9      
,columbia !  in/ructor 9 crim9al law is 
pr(essor ( int]national law &           
diplomacy2,i at ,h>v>d ! incumb5t ( !   
*air ( crim9al law  tea*es ! law (      

c>ri]s2 t ( ,mi*igan tea*es ! law (     
bills  & notes & ( public corporations2 
t ( ! ,new ,york ,univ]sity  ! law (    
sales & wills4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a        
significant fact t  ! faculties ( !     
above-nam$ in/itutions1 :ile recomm5d+  
to  law /ud5ts ! optional /udy (        
political economy1 con/itutional        
hi/ory1 taxation1 physical sci5ce1      
,engli% lit]ature1 & mod]n  languages z 
conducive to a high] /&>d ( legal       
culture1 utt]ly  fail to advise !m to   
pursue c\rses 9 crim9al an?ropology1    
crim9ology1 or p5ology4 ,9 o!r words1 x 
is deem$ advisable t  ! future lawy]    
%\ld br+ to ! aid ( 8 civil practice !  
complem5t>y k ( ,fr5* & hi/ory1 =       
in/ance1 b x  is ( no importance t he   
%\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! results (  mod]n   
crim9ologic & p5ologic rese>*4 ,?us !   
conclusion is  =c$ ^u u t ! /udy (      
crim9al law1 ^: importance ,i h         
endeavor$ to set =?1 has become a       
subject at suff]ance 9 our  univ]sities1
 a practically optional c\rse ( little  

consequ5ce to  ! /ud5t1 & ( no int]e/ to
 ! tea*]4        ,i ,?is has s9ce be5   
*ang$2 b ! *ange makes ! case           
worse1 z ! new in/ructor 9 crim9al law  
tea*es n          only two bran*es ( !  
law 7z "u la/ ye>'s c\rse71          b  
five--viz41 ,crim9al ,law1 ,wills &     
,adm9i/ration1          ,common-,law    
,practice & ,plead+ ,bankruptcy1 &      
,bailm5ts          & ,c>ri]s4    ,f ! v 
beg9n+ ( 8 legal c>e] ! future lawy] is 
made to feel t ! field ( crim9al law is 
n ! "o 9 :i*  to ex]cise 8 be/ tal5ts4  
,bo? ! s*ool curriculum & popul>        
s5tim5t /r5g!n ?is prejudice4 ,to !     
community at l>ge our  crim9al c\rts h  
come to mean places :]e crim9als are    
s5t5c$  or rogues sav$ on te*nicalities2
 !y h ceas$ to be c5t]s (  ju/ice1 :]e  
innoc5t m5 are sav$ & guilty m5 tri$    
accord+  to ! law ( ! l&4 ,h5ce has     
aris5 ! popul> belief 7despite  ! rule t
 ! accus$ %all be consid]$ innoc5t until
 8 guilt  is prov$71 %>$ 9 a measure by 
! b5* & b>1 t e  man accus$ ( crime is  

crim9al & deprav$1 & t1 !re=e1  contact 
) him %\ld be avoid$4 ,?us ! crim9al    
lawy]1 :o  necess>ily mu/ come 9 t\* )  
su* alleg$ crime & depravity1  is       
practically o/raciz$ n only f !         
community b also f !  civil =um4    ,!  
exi/5ce ( su* prejudice aga9/ ! crim9al 
b> is mo/  deplorable4 ,m5 ( ability &  
position w %un crim9al practice1  leav+ 
! field cle> to unscrupul\s %y/]s4 ,let 
x be rememb]$  t to a man *>g$ ) !      
commission ( a crime & depriv$  ( 8     
lib]ty ! lawy] appe>s a savior2 t !     
accus$ is  practically at 8 lawy]'s     
m]cy1 be+ "u mo/ try+ duress &  v easily
 influ5c$4 ,! temptation = unpr(essional
 deal+ is  "h at its highe/1 because ( !
 manife/ advantage ( ! lawy]  :o is     
able1 or :om ! cli5t believes to be     
able1 to unlock !  prison doors4 ,x     
takes m5 ( m ?an ord9>y fib] to         
p]si/5tly  resi/ su* temptation 9 all   
its =ms4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( upright  & 
le>n$ m5 at ! crim9al b>4 ,b h[ few are 
our great crim9al  practition]s6 ,h[ (t5

 h ,i he>d lawy]s1 too "y & cli5tless   
to all[ !mselves pref]5ces1 decl>e mo/  
decid$ly t !y 7  will+ to d any?+       
8except crim9al law06 ,!y _h be5 tra9$  
to  look ^u x n m]ely z inf]ior b z     
degrad+ practice4 ,yet x  is common k t 
9 ,european c\ntries1 :]e less boa/ is  
made ( inali5able rights1 x is !        
ambition ( all lawy]s to get a          
reputation at ! crim9al b>4 ,x is !re1 9
 fact1 t reputations  are made4    ,x is
 likewise 9 ^? c\ntries :]e _m w\ld make
 u believe  t life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty   
are n z sacr$ly gu>d$ z 9 our  own      
c\ntry1 t ! crim9al laws are a con/ant  
object ( s*ol>ly  /udy & inve/igation4  
,! great progress made 9 ! /udy ( crime1
  ! build+ up ( a crim9al sci5ce & a    
crim9al sociology1 is  almo/ exclusively
 ! "w ( ,cont95tal crim9ologi/s4        
,p5ology  has inde$ engag$ our att5tion1
 b crim9ology has be5 almo/  practically
 ignor$ by u4    ,( crim9al law x 0 long
 ago said t1 8by reason ( ! numb]less   
un=ese5 ev5ts :i* ! compass ( a day may 

br+ =?10 !  k ( its provisions 8is a    
matt] ( univ]sal conc]n40 ,yet1  despite
 ?is 8univ]sal conc]n10 our crim9al law 
has be5 & /ill  is inf]ior to our civil 
law4 ,i h po9t$ out at ! beg9n+ (  ?is  
article h[ ! maje/y ( ! law dep5d$      
ess5tially ^u its  ev]-recurr+          
rejuv5esc5ce2 t law 0 a liv+ organism1  
subject  to *ange & ! =ces ( evolution4 
,! !ories on crim9al responsibility & on
 crime 9 g5]al1 9 !  light ( mod]n      
m$ical1 an?ropologic1 & sociologic      
sci5ces1 h  completely supplant$ ! old  
doctr9es1 yet crim9al legislation has   
app>5tly tak5 no notice ( !m4 ,mod]n    
sci5ce tells u t our  antiquat$ te/s (  
crim9al responsibility result 9 s5d+    
hundr$s  ( m5 to prison :o ought to be  
s5t to asylums1 b we d no?+ to  avoid   
?is sc&al4 ,"u our sy/em ! c\rts are    
oblig$ to let !  conclusions ( ! le>n$  
judges :o occupi$ ! b5* ?ree hundr$     
ye>s ago h m weight ?an ! positive      
inve/igations ( ! m5  ( sci5ce ( our    
day1 & s1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1   

numb]less  crimes are committ$ 9 ! "n ( 
/>e decisis4 ,true x is t 9  "s         
jurisdictions1 & notably 9 ,new ,york1 !
 c\rts h recogniz$  to "s ext5t !       
progress ( sci5ce & its influ5ce ^u     
juridic  !ories4 ,b ev5 9 ^! cases !    
concession has be5 made only  9 civil   
cases4 ,?us ,mr4 ,bi%op1 9 8 ,crim9al   
,law1 is oblig$ to  po9t out t our c\rts
 recognize two k9ds ( insanity--to wit1 
civil & crim9al irresponsibility4 ,:y ! 
te/ to be appli$  9 ! case ( ! validity 
( a w %\ld be diff]5t f t  appli$ 9 !   
case ( murd] does n seem v cle>4 ,!     
sci5tific  te/ z to insanity has be5    
(t5times recogniz$ & appli$ by our      
civil tribunals1 b ! crim9al judges /ill
 cl+ ) unaba%$  atta*m5t to !           
unsci5tific & unprogressive rule 9      
,mc,naughten's  case4 ,! ,guiteau trial1
 :i* foll[$ t celebrat$ decision1 add$  
fre% au?ority to ! ,engli% view1 &      
practically made ! rule to  be appli$ 9 
crim9al trials a legal dogma4    ,9 an  
able & exhau/ive pap] by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4   

,d\gh]ty on ?is v  subject1 be=e !      
,society ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 !     
evils (  su* dogmatism 9 crim9al law are
 /rik+ly set =?4 8,life10 he  said1     
8%\ld be z sacr$ z prop]ty4 ,:ile       
society ne$s protection  f ! crim9al1 x 
does n require t ! protection %\ld be   
insur$ ?r\gh ! application ( a fallaci\s
 & discr$it$ legal  dogma40    ,?is is b
 "o example ( ! unprogressiv5ess ( our  
crim9al  jurisprud5ce4 ,yet1 if we      
really h ! anci5t pr9ciple ( !  "r (    
life & lib]ty at he>t we ought to       
recognize t ?is  legal dogma is a great]
 m5ace to ! practical abrogation ( !  "r
 ?an ! despotism ( an unscrupul\s       
executive4 ,= :ile !  latt] is an       
infr+em5t ( a "r :i* ! law =bids1 ! =m] 
is a brea* ( a "r :i* ! law sanctions4  
,aga91 ! !ories  reg>d+ ! object ( p5al 
provisions h entirely *ang$4  ,puni%m5t 
has be5 sci5tifically %[n to be         
practically useless  ei!r z a det]r5t or
 z a correctional rem$y4 ,yet our p5al  
codes  are confess$ly bas$ on ! idea (  

puni%m5t & retribution4 ,we  h inde$    
made "s little headway1 su* z           
indet]m9ate s5t5ces  & susp5sion (      
judgm5t1 b only 9 a scatt]$ & t5tative  
way4    ,! additions to or *anges 9 our 
crim9al codes h be5 unimportant  &      
unprogressive4 ,:at additions are made  
are slip%od 9 _!  make-up1 at times     
p>tisan 9 int5t1 seldom 9 h>mony ) !    
tea*+s ( mod]n sci5ce1 & (t5times 9     
disreg>d ( fundam5tal  pr9ciples4 ,our  
legislators grant 8he>+s0 be=e pass+ a  
law  affect+ ! bus9ess ( a few privileg$
 m5 & give x due weight2  b crim9al     
bills1 :i* may affect ! public1 are     
g5]ally 8ru%$  ?r\gh10 probably because 
( an absolute lack ( int]e/4 ,?is is b  
a repetition ( ,black/one's compla9t    
aga9/ crim9al legislation 9  8 day4 8,x 
is nev] usual 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons10 he 
wrote1 8ev5  to read a bill :i* may     
affect ! prop]ty ( an individual )\t    
fir/ ref]r+ x to "s ( ! le>n$ judges &  
he>+ _!  report !reon4 ,& surely equal  
precaution is necess>y :5 laws are  to  

be e/abli%$ :i* may affect ! prop]ty1   
lib]ty1 & p]haps  ! lives ( ?\s&s40 ,&  
he ?us concludes 8 obs]vations3 8,!     
enact+ ( p5alties to :i* a :ole nation  
%\ld be subject ought  n to be left z a 
matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! passions or     
int]e/s  ( a few1 :o ^u tempor>y motives
 may pref] or support su* a bill40    ,!
 lack ( public int]e/ & ( intellig5t    
consid]ation by !  p & ! b> 9 crim9al   
problems & crim9al legislation are      
cle>ly %[n by ! paucity ( crim9al       
/ati/ical data furni%$ by  v>i\s ,/ates4
    ,p5ological rese>* is bas$ on an    
intellig5t /udy ( /ati/ics1  & civiliz$ 
nations1 recogniz+ ?is fact1 h provid$  
elaborate  sy/ems ( records bas$ on !   
sugge/ions ( /ati/ical sci5ce4  ,b ) u  
/ati/ical facilities 9 ! field ( crime  
are n  m]ely primitive or old-fa%ion$1 b
 9 _m cases %amefully  abs5t4 ,9 reply  
to reque/s address$ to ! ,secret>ies (  
,/ate (  v>i\s ,/ates = (ficial /ati/ics
 ( crimes committ$ 9 _!  respective     
jurisdictions1 ! answ]s ,i receiv$ 7 9 a

 numb] (  cases negative4 ,! (ficials   
m5tion$ repli$ t no /ati/ics  7 publi%$ 
by ! ,/ate 9 ,ill9ois1 ,georgia1 ,new   
,j]sey1  ,t5nessee1 ,k5tucky1 ,m>yl&1   
,v]mont1 ,cali=nia1 ,idaho1 ,miss\ri1   
,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,connecticut1 ,texas1     
,wiscons91 ,nebraska1 ,mississippi1     
,virg9ia1 ,colorado1 & ,kansas4 ,x is   
true t 9 "s ( ^!  ,/ates ?is lacuna is  
fill$ 9 by special prison reports or    
reports  ( commission]s or ( !          
attorneys-g5]al4 ,b ev5 9 ^! cases1  z  
well z 9 ^? publi%$ (ficially by ! ,/ate
 7,ohio1 ,indiana1  ,new ,york1         
,massa*usetts1 & ,l\isiana71 ! in=mation
 furni%$ is a  monum5t ( antiquat$      
me?ods & ( v little value to ! /ud5t  ( 
crim9ology4 ,h[1 !n1 c we /udy ! grave  
que/ions ( crime  & crim9als )\t a basis
 ( computation8    ,x may be true1 z "s 
claim1 t ,cont95tal juri/s h ref9$  !   
crim9al law to an unpractical degree &  
too mu* on classic &  !oretic l9es1 b x 
w n be claim$ t by adh]+ to an          
old-fa%ion$ & obsolete crim9al          

jurisprud5ce ! ,anglo-,saxons  are      
safegu>d+ _! fundam5tal lib]ties4 ,t !re
 is some?+  ess5tially wrong1 or at lea/
 antiquat$1 ) our crim9al law is        
evid5c$ by ! popul> discont5t aga9/ x1  
:i* is too widespread  & insi/5t to be !
 result ( ignorance or s5tim5t4 ,if !re 
is  in]tia z to *anges 9 ! law x is     
probably because1 :ile feel+  t !re is  
some?+ wrong1 ! p ei!r c n def9e x or  !
 cons]vatism ( c5turies 9 ?is field is  
unconsci\sly affect+  _! bett]          
int5tions4 ,:o w d5y 7& ,i address ?is  
"q  to lawy]s & judges7 t1 "u our sy/em1
 guilty m5 escape &  innoc5t m5 suff] 9 
l>g] numb]s ?an x %\ld be1 ev5 all[+  = 
! defects inh]5t 9 all human sy/ems8--t 
te*nicalities &  n facts (t5 save       
sc\ndrels2 t unscrupul\s lawy]s d n     
avoid  !m1 & ! be/ ( judges are oblig$  
by legal dogmas to respect  !m8 ,:o w   
d5y 7& ,i address ?is "q to sociologi/s 
& p5ologi/s7 t ! p5al provisions ( our  
pres5t laws are  inappropriate1         
inela/ic1 & unsci5tific2 t !y nei!r     

prev5t  nor re=m2 & t ! basic pr9ciple (
 our p5al codes is /ill  retribution &  
puni%m5t8 ,c x be t ! "r ( life1 lib]ty1
  & prop]ty is becom+ a pi\s fraud8 ,(  
c\rse1 x is n claim$  t we h less lib]ty
 n[ ?an our fa!rs _h ?ree c5turies  ago2
 progress nev] /ops1 & ea* day is some?+
 ga9$2 b x  seems cle> t ! juridic basis
 & =m ( our lib]ties h  n kept up ) !   
progress ( ^? v lib]ties4 ,yet1 :at we  
call rights mu/ h a c\nt]p>t or         
reflection 9 our laws4 ,we may1  :ile   
enjoy+ ^? rights1 =get t ! juridic basis
 on :i*  !y /& is crumbl+ ) age4 ,unless
 t basis is rejuv5at$ !  entire edifice 
mu/ ev5tually fall4 ,:ile we are 9 full 
possession (  our rights we ne$ no laws 
to gu>antee !m2 b x is :5 ^? laws  are  
encroa*$ ^u t !re arises ! necessity (  
juridic sanction  = !m4    ,! "r ( life1
 lib]ty1 & prop]ty con/itutes ! ess5ce (
  ! 8law ( ! l&40 ,b ! conception (     
rights1 z we h se51  *anges &           
progresses4 ,! law ( ! l& mu/ likewise  
*ange &  progress4    ,laws may be !    

highe/ & be/ creation ( man's intellect1
 b !y  are n 8h$g$ 9 by any div9ity40 ,t
 is :y !y are nei!r  infallible nor     
un*angeable4 ,yet1 z ! highe/ & be/     
creation (  man's intellect1 & z ! f9al 
crit]ion ( human public conduct1  !y    
%\ld con=m to ! be/ ?\ght & to ! highe/ 
sci5tific  progress4 ,if !y d n approa* 
?is /&>d !y are worse ?an  useless1 = !y
 become legaliz$ means ( oppression4 ,x 
is !n t  ,ju/ice ne$s a b&age ov] h]    
eyes1 n to avoid p>tiality1 b to  hide  
h] %ame4          ,,! ,,bl9d ,,fi%es ,,(
 ,,nor? ,,am]ica4    ,,by ,,c>l ,h4     
,,eig5mann1    ,,pr(essor ,,(           
,,zo,,logy1 ,,indiana ,,univ]sity4      
8,an inve/igation into ! hi/ory (       
deg5]ate =ms (t5      tea*es u m ( !    
causes ( *ange 9 organic ,nature ?an c  
be le>n$ by ! /udy ( ! progressive      
ones40--,,weismann4      ,! caves ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates are inhabit$ by ?ree cave 
salam&]s1  two ( !m ) deg5]ate eyes2 by 
six cave fi%es1 all ) impair$           
vision--five ( !m ) rudim5t>y eyes1 "o )

 eyes ! mo/  deg5]ate among v]tebrates2 
& by sev]al mammals4 ,x is ?us se5  t   
among ! int]e/+ features ( ! ,nor?      
,am]ican fauna !  bl9d v]tebrates are n 
! lea/4 ,yet dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-five  ye>s
 ! only additions to our k1 aside f     
diagnoses ( new  species1 h be5 a few   
r&om notes on ! habits & a %ort acc\nt  
( ! eye ( ,trogli*?ys by ,kohl4         
,v>i\s classes ( v]tebrates h bl9d      
memb]s1 b no l>ge  v]tebrate has become 
bl9d or p]man5tly tak5 up its home 9    
caves4  ,blat*ley reports t a numb] (   
cats h e/abli%$ !mselves  9 ,wy&otte    
,cave1 :]e !y br+ =? & re> _! "y4 ,!y  h
 ext]m9at$ ! cave rats1 & n[ /ation     
!mselves 9 a n>r[  passage ( ! cave &   
capture bats z !y fly ?r\gh4    ,among !
 p]man5t resid5ts 9 d>k places we h1    
among mammals1  ! moles1 :i* habitually 
live 9 burr[s ( _! own make4 ,9  ,mammo?
 ,cave lives a rat--,neotoma            
p5nsylvanica4 ,9 ,m>5go ,cave1          
,indiana1 :ite-foot$ mice h e/abli%$    
!mselves4 ,al?\gh )  unimpair$ eyes1 !y 

h acquir$ e>s & :isk]s long] ?an !  re/ 
( _! k9d liv+ outside4    ,9 ,florida   
occurs a bl9d liz>d--,rh9eura floridana4
 ,x burr[s 9 !  gr\nd1 & is colorless & 
bl9d4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,!   
cave salam&] ( ! ,mississippi ,valley   
7,spel]pes maculicauda74    ,( salam&]s1
 "o bl9d species lives 9 ,european      
caves4 ,9 !  l>ge caves ( ! ea/]n ,unit$
 ,/ates no bl9d salam&]s h  be5 f\nd1   
al?\gh o!r species1 especially ,spel]pes
 maculicauda1  ab\nd4 ,9 ! caves (      
,miss\ri a veil$-ey$ salam&]1           
,typhlotriton1 has be5 describ$ )9 rec5t
 ye>s by ,/ejneg]4  ,/ill ano!r salam&]1
 ,typhlomolge1 hav+ rudim5t>y eyes1 has 
be5 ca/ up f an artesian well at ,san   
,m>cos1 ,texas1 & occurs 9  ! cave      
/reams ab\t t place4    ,! mo/ abundant 
( ! bl9d v]tebrates1 bo? 9 individuals &
  9 species1 are ! bl9d fi%es4 ,^!1 f _!
 geographical  di/ribution1 may be      
sep>at$ into ?ree gr\ps3 7#a7 ,^?       
inhabit+  ! dep?s ( ! ocean2 7#b7 ^?    
inhabit+ d>k places along !  %ores ( !  

ocean2 7#c7 ^? inhabit+ ! und]gr\nd fre%
 wat]s4    ,! fi%es1 bl9d or p>tially   
bl9d1 liv+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean  bord]+ !
 ,am]ican cont95ts1 are z foll[s3 #a4   
,ipnops ,murrayi  ,gn!r lives at dep?s  
v>y+ f #iee fa?oms to #b1aeh & has !  v 
wide di/ribution sugge/$ by ! localities
 f :i* specim5s  h be5 secur$--viz41 (f 
! coa/ ( ,brazil1 ne> ,tri/an da        
,cumba1 ne> ,celebes1 latitude #bd #cf  
nor?1 longitude #hd #ea we/1  & (f      
,bequia4 ,?is is ! only v]tebrate 9 :i* 
no ve/ige ( an  eye has be5 f\nd4       
,ipnops /&s alone 9 a family4 #b4 ,!    
,brotulid  h sev]al memb]s bl9d or ) v  
mu* r$uc$ eyes 9 v>i\s  p>ts ( ! globe4 
,aphyonus mollis ,g4 & ,b41 #iee fa?oms1
 &  ,alexet]ion p>faiti ,vaillant1      
#e1jje metres1 are ! only ones f\nd  9 !
 neighborhood ( ,am]ica4 #c4 ,! ,lophiid
 are repres5t$ by  ,mancalias           
,s*ufeldtii ,gill1 f a dep? ( #cgb      
fa?oms4 ,o!r bl9d  species are f\nd 9   
=eign wat]s1 :ile o!rs ) small eyes  are
 f\nd 9 ,am]ican wat]s4 ,! majority (   

deep-sea fi%es h  well-develop$ eyes4   
,! %ore fi%es h _! bl9d repres5tative 9 
,typhlogobius  cali=ni5sis ,/41 :i*     
lives "u rocks betwe5 tide wat] on !    
coa/ ( s\!rn & ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,i h     
else:]e describ$  ! habits ( ?is =m4 ,9 
! fre%-wat] caves ( ,cuba two bl9d      
fi%es--,/ygicola d5ta ,poey & ,lucifuga 
subt]raneus ,poey--h be5  f\nd4 ,_!     
relatives live 9 ! ocean1 ,brotula      
b>bata 9 ,cuban  wat]s2 "s ( ! o!rs are 
bl9d & inhabitants ( deep wat]4    ,!   
inl& fre%-wat] fi%es are repres5t$ by   
,gronias nigrilabris  ,cope1 a catfi% f 
cave /reams ( ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 & by  
memb]s ( ! ,amblyopsid1 conc]n+ :i* a m 
detail$ acc\nt is  giv5 bel[4    ,,!    
,,amblyopsid4--,! ,amblyopsid are a     
small family ( fi%es alli$  to !        
,cypr9odontid4 ,!y are f\nd 9 !         
,mississippi dra9age  bas9 & 9 c]ta9    
s\!a/]n /reams4 ,?ree ( ! memb]s (  !   
family1 ! ,*ologa/]s1 are provid$ )     
well-develop$ eyes1  :ile f\r o!r       
species are cave fi%es 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1

 be+  bl9d & colorless4 ,! di/ribution (
 ! diff]5t memb]s ( !  ,amblyopsid is z 
foll[s3    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,! 
l>va & adult ( ! ,miss\ri cave  salam&] 
7,typhlotriton74    ,*ologa/] cornutus  
is f\nd 9 l[l& swamps ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 
f ! ,dismal ,swamp to ! ,okef9okee      
,swamp4 ,*ologa/] ,agassizii is  f\nd 9 
subt]ranean /reams 9 ,t5nessee &        
,k5tucky4 ,*ologa/]  papillif]us has s  
f> be5 f\nd only 9 s\?we/]n ,ill9ois4   
,amblyopsis is abundant 9 ! cave /reams 
( ! ,ohio ,valley s\? (  ! ea/ =k (     
,:ite ,riv]4    ,typhli*?ys subt]raneus 
inhabits ! region s\? ( ! ,ohio &  ea/ (
 ! ,mississippi4 ,a s+le specim5 ( ano!r
 ,typhli*?ys  has be5 f\nd nor? ( !     
,ohio ,riv] 9 a well at ,corydon1       
,indiana4  ,trogli*?ys ros inhabits !   
caves we/ ( ! ,mississippi 9  ,arkansas 
& ,miss\ri4    ,,*ologa/]4--,mr4 ,e4 ,b4
 ,=bes secur$ a s*ool ( ,*ologa/]       
papillif]us = me1 & he wrote3 8,! little
 fi%es 7 f\nd  "u /ones at ! edges ( !  
spr+ v close to ! bluff1 &  :5 di/urb$  

!y swam back "u ! cliff4444 ,none 7 f\nd
 at  any consid]able di/ance f ! face ( 
! cliff40 ,i f\nd !  ,*ologa/]          
,agassizii to act simil>ly 9 ! riv]     
,/yx1 9 ,mammo?  ,cave4 ,z soon z my net
 t\*$ ! wat] !y d>t$ 9 "u !  l$ge ( rock
 at ! side ( ! little pool 9 :i* ,i f\nd
 !m4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,bl9d
 salam&] f an artesian well at ,san     
,m>cos1 ,texas 7,typhlomolge74          
,*ologa/] papillif]us detects its food  
entirely by ! s5se (  t\*4 ,two :i* 7   
kept 9 an aqu>ium = ov] a ye> 7 />v$  = 
a few days4 ,!y became v n]v\s1         
cont9ually swimm+ along  ! sides ( !    
aqu>ium4 ,asellus 0 introduc$4 ,^!1 ev5 
if q  ne>1 produc$ no effect if mov+ 9  
front ( ! ,*ologa/]4 ,!  mom5t "o came 9
 close proximity to ! fi% f any         
direction1 by  a fla%like motion x 0    
seiz$4 ,none ( !m 7 swall[$4 ,!  fi%    
became v al]t aft] ! introduction ( !   
s[bugs1 &  :5 swimm+ =w>d w\ld /rike at 
a "p ( a leaf if x came 9  contact ) !  
head ( ! fi%4 ,x seem$ evid5t t ! eye   

gave no in=mation ( ! "* ( ! object4 ,z 
,asellus 0  n altoge!r to _! ta/e1      
,gamm>us 0 introduc$4 ,"o ( ^!  swimm+  
rapidly t[>d ! *9 ( ! ,*ologa/] f beh9d 
&  bel[ 0 in/antly seiz$ :5 x came 9    
contact ) ! fi%4 ,!  eye c\ld n h locat$
 ! ,gamm>us at all4 ,! action is 9 v    
/rong contra/ to ! action ( a sunfi%1   
:i* detects its food by  ! sight4 ,x is 
und\bt$ly ?is peculi> me?od ( locat+ &  
secur+ food :i* has enabl$ ! ,amblyopsid
 to e/abli% !mselves  9 caves4    ,!    
,*ologa/] 9 g5]al make-up is l          
,amblyopsis1 b is some:at  long]-jo9t$4 
,x sits ) its pectorals ext5d$4 ,:5 x   
moves  horizontally = "s di/ance !      
pectorals are usually press$ to !       
sides1 ! propell+ be+ done l>gely by !  
tail v mu* aft]  ! mann] ( a salam&]1   
:i* x resembles4 ,9 swimm+ t[>d !       
surface x uses its pectoral f9s *iefly1 
& ! fi% usually s9ks  to ! bottom z soon
 z its ef=ts to raise itself are /opp$4 
,individuals kept 9 aqu>ia ) "o end     
d>k5$ ei!r collect$ 9  ! d>k5$ area     

float+ ab\t1 or "u leaves or /icks 9 any
 "p  ( ! aqu>ium4 ,!y are frequ5tly f\nd
 "u a float+ bo>d1  :]e !y float ) !    
tops ( _! heads 9 contact ) !  bo>d1 _! 
bodies slant+ d[nw>d4 ,!y seek ! d>k1   
reg>dless  ( ! direction ( ! rays (     
light4 ,^! *>act]i/ics !y  h1 9 great   
"p1 9 common ) ! bl9d memb]s ( ! family4
  ,! adult ,amblyopsis frequ5tly floats 
) its head to ! top (  ! wat]1 ! tail   
slop+ d[nw>d1 & 9 swimm+ along l$ges (  
rock ! top ( ! head is appli$ to ! l$ge4
 ,i h captur$ _m  specim5s simply by    
scrap+ my net along ! surface ( a l$ge4 
,typhli*?ys1 liv+ 9 total d>kness1 has  
reta9$ ! habit (  /ay+ "u float+ bo>ds1 
/icks1 & /ones4 ,miss ,hopp9 notic$  t  
,trogli*?ys swims ) its back to ! sides 
( ! aqu>ium1 &  ,i h repeat$ly not$ !   
same 9 ! "y ( ,amblyopsis up to fifty   
millimetres1 & ! /ill y\ng] ,amblyopsis 
frequ5tly hides "u  rocks4              
,,amblyopsis4--,! g5]al impression giv5 
by ,amblyopsis is t (  a sk9n$ catfi%   
swimm+ on its back4 ,! expressions1 8,!y

 are  catfi%02 8,!y look z ?\gh !y 7    
sk9n$02 8,!y are swimm+  on _! backs10  
are he>d f ^? :o see ^! fi%es = !  fir/ 
"t4    ,! l>ge/ individual secur$ by me 
measur$ #ace millimetres 9 total  l5g?4 
,individuals z l>ge z ?is are r>e4 ,!   
usual l5g? ( an  adult is ab\t #ij      
millimetres4 ,"o individual 0 m5tion$ to
 me at  ,mammo? ,cave hav+ a l5g? ( #bjj
 millimetres6    ,amblyopsis is f\nd 9  
pools 9 ! cave /reams x inhabits4 ,i h  
secur$ z _m z twelve f a pool p]haps t5 
by fifty feet 9  size4 ,v r>ely !y are  
to be f\nd 9 ! riffles connect+ !       
pools4 ,i h se5 !m ly+ at ! bottom1 or  
swimm+1 or r  glid+1 ?r\gh ! wat] l     
8:ite aquatic gho/s40 ,9 ! aqu>ium  !y  
lie at ! bottom or at v>i\s dep?s 9 !   
wat]1 _! axes  mak+ v>i\s angles ) !    
horizontal1 _! pectorals fold$ to  _!   
sides4 ,:5 swimm+ sl[ly x is *iefly by !
 use ( !  pectorals4 ,! /rokes ( !      
pectoral are lazily giv51 & ! fi%       
glides on aft] a /roke till its impetus 
is exhau/$1 :5 ano!r  /roke is deliv]$4 

,! fi%es frequ5tly roll slightly f side 
to side at ! exhau/ion ( ! result ( a   
/roke4 ,:5 swimm+  rapidly ! pectorals  
are fold$ to ! sides1 & _! locomotion is
  !n simil> to t ( a salam&]--by !      
motion ( ! tail4 ,!y  readily adju/     
!mselves to diff]5t dep?s1 & are usually
 p]fect  philosoph]s1 quiet1 dignifi$1  
unconc]n$1 & imp]turb$1 entirely        
diff]5t f su* ey$ species z m9n[s &     
sunfi%es :i* are  sometimes f\nd 9 caves
 & :i* are mu* m readily di/urb$ by  any
 motion 9 ! wat]1 mak+ x almo/          
impossible to capture !m  :5 f\nd 9 !   
caves4 ,! pectorals are also almo/      
exclusively  us$ :5 quietly ris+ 9 !    
wat]4 ,at su* times ! pectorals are     
ext5d$ lat]ally & !n press$ to ! sides1 
beg9n+ ) !  upp] rays4 ,a d[nw>d /roke  
is deliv]$ 9 ?is way n quickly1  b )    
app>5t lazy delib]ation4 ,9 swimm+ !    
pectorals are  br\ght =w>d upp] edge    
=emo/4 ,! c5t] ( gravity seems to  be s 
plac$ 9 reg>d to _! v>i\s axes t ! fi%  
does n  lose its balance :atev] its     

position4 ,!y float horizontally 9 !    
wat] )\t any app>5t ef=t to ma9ta9 _!   
position1 or )  ! ma9 axis incl9$ upw>d1
 ) ! sn\t sometimes t\*+ !  surface ( ! 
wat]1 app>5tly lifeless4 ,once "o 0 se5 
re/+ on  its tail 9 a ne>ly v]tical     
position1 & "o :ile quietly swimm+  0   
once se5 to leisurely turn a som]sault &
 swim on undi/urb$4  ,at ano!r "t ! same
 individual roll$ completely ov]4 ,:5 "o
 (  !m is kept out ( ! wat] = a %ort "t 
x frequ5tly goes 9 a  corkscrew-%ap$ pa?
 ?r\gh ! wat]1 cont9ually sp9n+ ar\nd   
its long axis4 ,9 _! quiet1 float+      
position x is difficult to  det]m9e :e!r
 !y are alive or n4    ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #d4--;,ipnops ,murrayi1 liv+ at a
 dep? ( #a1ejj to  #b1ajj fa?oms4       
,,fig4 #e4--;,*loroph?almus gracilis1 f 
#a1ajj fa?oms1 (f ,new  ,zeal&4    ,i h 
n f\nd ! slighte/ difficulty 9 captur+  
,amblyopsis  ) a small dip net1 ei!r f a
 boat or :ile wad+ ?r\gh !  subt]ranean 
/ream1 & ,i h caught "o 9 ! holl[ ( my  
h&4  ,at su* a "t all ! noise ,i c\ld   

make did n affect ! fi%es  f\nd swimm+ 9
 ! wat]4 ,frequ5tly !y 7 tak5 9 ! dip   
net  )\t app>5tly not+ ! vibrations     
produc$ 9 ! wat] until  !y 7 lift$ out (
 x2 v r>ely a fi% became evid5tly sc>$4 
,su* a "o w\ld d>t (f a few feet or a   
few in*es1 & rema9 on  ! qui vive4 ,if n
 pursu$1 x soon swam (f quietly2 if     
pursu$1  x n infrequ5tly escap$ by      
rapidly d>t+ ?is way & t2  :5 jump+ out 
( ! wat]1 (t5 an abrupt turn 9 !        
opposite  direction f :i* x />t$ w\ld l&
 x 9 ! net1 %[+  t _! s5se ( direction 0
 n v acute4 ,at o!r times1 if  di/urb$  
by ! waves produc$ by wad+1 "o or ano!r 
individual  w\ld foll[ a l$ge ( rock to 
! bottom ( ! /ream1 :]e x  w\ld hide 9 a
 crevice4 ,b v frequ5tly1 mu* m         
frequ5tly ?an  n1 no att5tion 0 paid    
ei!r to ! commotion produc$ by !  wad+  
or by ! boat & dip net4 ,9 g5]al1 x may 
be said t !  fi%es 9 _! natural habitat 
are oblivi\s to di/urbances ( !  wat]   
until fright5$ by "s v unusual j> or    
motion1 probably a  t\* ) ! net1 :5 !y  

become int5sely al]t4 ,! fact t  !y are 
n easily fright5$ sugge/s ! abs5ce ( _m 
enemies1  :ile _! frantic behavior if   
once sc>$ gives evid5ce ei!r t          
occasional enemies are pres5t & t !y are
 v dang]\s1 or  t ! transmission ( !    
in/9ct ( fe> is z t5aci\s z !           
transmission ( physical *>act]s4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,brodula     
b>bata f ,havana1 ,cuba4                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,/ygicola     
d5tatus f ! caves ( ,cuba4    ,contr>y  
to ,sloan's obs]vation1 t !y detect !   
pres5ce ( a  solid sub/ance 9 _! pa?1 ,i
 h nev] notic$ t ^? 9  conf9em5t became 
aw>e ( ! proximity ( ! walls ( ! aqu>ium
  :5 swimm+ t[>d x4 ,in/ead1 !y         
con/antly use ! padd$1  project+ l[] jaw
 z bump]s4 ,ev5 an extremely rapid d>t  
?r\gh  ! wat] seems to be /opp$ )\t     
s]i\s inconv5i5ce by !  project+ jaw4   
,! fir/ obs]vations on ! fe$+ habit (   
,amblyopsis are ^? (  ,cope4 ,he rem>ks 
t 8! project+ l[] jaw & upw>d direction 
( ! m\? r5d] x easy = ! fi% to fe$ at ! 

surface ( !  wat]1 :]e x mu/ obta9 mu* (
 its food4444 ,?is /ructure also        
probably expla9s ! facts ( its be+ !    
sole repres5tative ( !  fi%es 9         
subt]ranean wat]s4 ,no d\bt _m o!r =ms 7
 c>ri$  into ! cav]ns s9ce ! wat]s fir/ 
f\nd _! way !re1 b mo/  ( !m 7 l ^? (   
our pres5t riv]s--deep-wat] or bottom   
fe$]s4 ,su* fi%es w\ld />ve 9 a cave    
riv]1 :]e mu* ( !  food is c>ri$ to !m  
on ! surface ( ! /ream40                
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,aphyonus    
gelat9osus1 #a1djj fa?oms1 betwe5       
,au/ralia & ,new ,gu9ea4    ,,fig4      
#i4--;,aphyonus mollis1 #iee fa?oms1 #bd
 #cf nor?1 #hd #e we/4    ,,fig4        
#aj4--,taur$ophidium hextii1 #a1caj     
fa?oms1 ,bay ( ,b5gal4    ,,fig4        
#aa4--;,acan?onus armatus1 #a1jej       
fa?oms1 mid ,pacific1 (f !  ,philipp9es4
    ,,fig4 #ab4--,typhlonus nasus1      
#b1aej to #b1ddj fa?oms1 nor? (         
,au/ralia  & nor? ( ,celebes4    ,,fig4 
#ac4--;,heph?ac>a simum1 #ijb fa?oms1   
,corom&el coa/4    ,,fig4               

#ad4--;,alexet]ion p>faiti1 #e1jje      
metres1 ,nor? ,atlantic4    ,!          
obs]vations ( ,cope are entirely        
errone\s1 z we %all see1 &  !           
speculations bas$ on !m naturally fall  
to ! gr\nd4    ,dr4 ,sloan record$ "o   
,amblyopsis :i* he kept tw5ty mon?s )\t 
food4 8,"s ( !m w\ld /rike eag]ly at any
 small body ?r[n 9  ! wat] ne> !m1 r>ely
 miss$ x1 & 9 a v %ort "t eject$  x f _!
 m\?s ) consid]able =ce4 ,i tri$ to fe$ 
!m  (t5 ) bits ( meat & fi%-worms1 b !y 
reta9$ no?+4 ,on  "o occasion ,i miss$ a
 small "o1 & f\nd 8 tail project+ f  !  
m\? ( a l>g] "o40    ,wyman f\nd a      
small-ey$ fi% 9 ! /oma* ( an            
,amblyopsis4    ,hopp9 0 /ruck by ! fact
 t1 if n capable ( long fa/s1           
,trogli*?ys mu/ live on v small         
organisms t ! unaid$ eye c  n disc]n4   
,g>man f\nd1 9 ! /oma*s ( ,trogli*?ys   
collect$  by ,hopp9 9 ,miss\ri1 species 
( ,asellus1 ,camb>us1 ,ceu?ophilus1 &   
,crangonyx4    ,all ! specim5s (        
,amblyopsis s f> tak5 by me conta9$ v   

l>ge fatty bodies 9 _! abdom9al cavity1 
a condition sugge/+  abundance ( food4  
,! /oma*s always conta9$ ! dbris (      
cru/aceans1 a clos] id5tification ( :i* 
0 n attempt$4 ,"o  "y ,amblyopsis       
disappe>$ on ! way home f ! caves1 & _h 
evid5tly be5 swall[$ by "o ( ! l>g]     
ones4 ,a few old ones1  kept 9 an       
aqu>ium f ,may to ,july1 7 se5 void+    
excrem5t  t[>d ! la/ ( _! captivity1 &  
_! actions at v>i\s  times sugge/$ t !y 
7 scrap+ ! m9ute organisms f !  side ( !
 aqu>ium4 ,! "y ,amblyopsis re>$ 9 !    
aqu>ium  seem$ to fe$ on ! m9ute =ms    
f\nd 9 ! mud at ! bottom  ( its aqu>ium4
 ,"s ,ccidota plac$ 9 ! aqu>ium ( ! "y  
soon disappe>$1 & ! capture ( "o ( ^! 0 
not$ "u a  read+ glass4 ,! fi% 0 quietly
 swimm+ along ! side ( its  aqu>ium2 :5 
x came )9 ab\t an in* ( ! cru/acean x   
became  al]t1 & ) ! next move ( !       
,ccidota x 0 captur$ )  a v quick1      
well-aim$ d>t on ! "p ( ! "y fi%4 ,o!rs 
7 captur$ :ile crawl+ along ! floor ( ! 
aqu>ium4 ,f  all ?+s not$1 x seems v    

probable t ,amblyopsis is a bottom      
fe$]1 & t x also picks food f ! walls ( 
! caves4 ,x is  n at all improbable or  
impossible t food %\ld be captur$ at  ! 
surface or 9 op5 wat]1 b !re seems no   
w>rant = ,cope's  supposition t         
,amblyopsis is a top fe$]4 ,i h         
frequ5tly se5  l>g] specim5s1 :i* _h be5
 9 captivity = sev]al weeks1 nos+  ab\t 
! bottom ( ! aqu>ium1 ) _! bodies incl9$
 upw>d 9  ! wat] & quietly tak+ 9 !     
organic fragm5ts at ! bottom4  ,an      
,asellus /irr+ ab\t at su* a "t always  
produc$ an unusual  al]tness4    ,!     
numb] ( respiratory movem5ts (          
,amblyopsis av]ag$ n9ete5 a  m9ute 9    
five obs]vations1 rea*+ a maximum (     
?irty 9 a small  individual & a m9imum (
 f\rte5 9 a l>ge "o4 ,?is is 9 /rong    
contra/ to ,*ologa/]1 ! numb] ( ^:      
respiratory motions  rea*$ an av]age (  
eighty p] m9ute 9 five obs]vations1 )  a
 m9imum ( fifty-six & a maximum ( "o    
hundr$ & eight 9 a  small specim54 ,dr4 
,loeb has call$ my att5tion to ! m rapid

  absorption ( oxyg5 9 ! light ?an 9 !  
d>k2 ?is ext5d$ w\ld  probably mean ! m 
rapid absorption ( oxyg5 ?r\gh ! sk9 (  
light-color$ animals1 a matt] ( d\btful 
value1 h[ev]1 to species  liv+ 9 ! d>k4 
,! gill filam5ts are small z comp>$ ) ! 
gill cavity4    ,oxyg5ation probably    
takes place ?r\gh ! sk94 ,ritt],j has   
sugge/$ ! same = ,typhlogobius4         
,j ,ritt]1 ,museum ( ,comp>ative        
,zology1 vol4 xxiv1 p4 #ib4             
8,cutane\s respiration is n unique 9    
,typhlogobius & !  ,amblyopsid4 ,9 !    
vivip>\s fi%es ( ,cali=nia ! g5]al      
surface1 & especially ! f9s1 :i* h      
become enorm\sly  enl>g$1 s]ve z        
respiratory organs dur+ ! middle & lat] 
p]iods ( ge/ation2 ! f9s are a mass (   
blood-vessels1 ) m]ely  suffici5t       
cellul> sub/ance to knit !m toge!r4 ,!re
 is1 h[ev]1  no p9k coloration40        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,mancalias   
,s*ufeldtii1 #cgb fa?oms4    ,sk9       
respiration w\ld acc\nt = ! extreme     
resi/ance to  asphyxiation 9 ,amblyopsis

 & ,typhlogobius4 ,ab\t =ty-five        
examples ( ,amblyopsis 7 c>ri$ 9 a pail 
( wat] f\r hundr$  miles by rail1 ) only
 a p>tial *ange ( wat] ?ree times  dur+ 
tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a small] numb] may be  
kept = days or  weeks--probably         
indef9itely--9 a pail ( wat] )\t *ange4 
,!  *>act]i/ics ( ,typhlogobius along   
?is l9e h be5 set =?  else:]e4          
,/icks1 /raws1 etc41 are nev] avoid$ by 
! fi%es ev5 :5  p]fectly imp]turb$4 ,by 
?is ,i mean t !y are nev] se5 to avoid  
su* an object :5 x is 9 _! pa?4 ,!y swim
 aga9/ x & !n  turn4 ,an object fall+   
?r\gh ! wat] does n di/urb !m1 ev5  if x
 falls on !m4 ,a p5cil g5tly mov$ ab\t 9
 front ( !m does  n di/urb ! fi%es mu*1 
b if ! p5cil is held firmly 9 !  h& x is
 always p]ceiv$1 & ! fi% comes to a dead
 halt t5 or  fifte5 millimetres be=e x  
rea*es su* an object4 ,on ! o!r  h&1 !y 
may be t\*$ on ! back or tail be=e !y   
/>t away4  ,!y glide by ea* o!r         
leisurely & dignifi$1 & if !y collide1  
z !y sometimes d1 !y usually %[ no m    

emotion ?an :5 !y  run aga9/ a /ick4 ,b 
?is indiff]5ce is n always display$1 z  
we %all see "u ! head ( bre$+ habits4   
,a numb] kept 9 an aqu>ium ) a m$ian    
p>tition1 9 :i* !re  0 a small op5+1 7  
readily able to p]ceive ! op5+1  swimm+ 
directly = x :5 opposite x4 ,?is        
obs]vation is 9  direct contra/ to _!   
inability to p]ceive solid sub/ances 9  
_! pa?4 ,a %>p tap on ! sides ( an      
aqu>ium 9 :i* six  bl9d fi%es 7 swimm+1 
:]e !y _h be5 = a numb] ( days          
undi/urb$1 9 a d>k room1 caus$ ne>ly all
 ( !m to d>t rapidly  =w>d4 ,a second   
tap produc$ a less unanim\s reaction4   
,?is repeat$  on successive days always 
br\ght responses f "s ( ! inmates  ( !  
aqu>ium4 ,^? respond+ 7 n necess>ily !  
ne>e/ to  ! c5t] ( di/urbance1 b        
sometimes at ! opposite side ( !        
aqu>ium or v>i\sly di/ribut$ ?r\gh x4   
,aft] a few days !  fi%es took no notice
 ( ! tapp+ by any action obs]vable 9 !  
artificially light$ room4    ,su* tapp+ 
on a well-light$ aqu>ium conta9+ bo?    

,*ologa/]  & ,amblyopsis 0 always       
p]ceiv$ by ! ,amblyopsis1 b ! only      
response f ^! imp]turbable philosoph]s 0
 a slight motion (  ! pectorals1 a      
motion t sugge/$ t _! balance _h be5    
di/urb$ & t ! motion 0 a rebalanc+4     
,*ologa/]1 on !  o!r h&1 inv>iably d>t$ 
ab\t 9 a frantic mann]4 ,"o individual  
( ,amblyopsis float+ on ! wat] 0        
repeat$ly pu%$ d[n by !  f+] )\t be+    
di/urb$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are t\*$ on !   
side !y always rapidly d>t away4    ,f  
ev]y?+ obs]v$1 x is q evid5t t          
,amblyopsis is n  ke5] 9 p]ceiv+ objects
 or vibrations ?an o!r fi%es1 &         
ord9>ily pays mu* less att5tion to !m4  
,:e!r x possesses a  great] p[] (       
discrim9ation ( vibrations x w\ld be    
difficult to  say4 ,x c]ta9ly possesses 
v elaborate tactile organs ab\t !  head4
 ,^! tactile organs are probably m      
s]viceable 9 detect+  & precisely locat+
 prey 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ?an =   
any?+ else4 ,"s obs]vations on "y       
,amblyopsis are ( int]e/ 9  ?is         

connection4    ,! "y1 ) a l>ge am\nt (  
yolk /ill atta*$1 %[ a  well-develop$   
s5se ( direction4 ,a ne$le ?ru/ into !  
wat] ne>  _! heads & 9 front ( !m causes
 a quick reaction1 ! "y  fi%es turn+ &  
swimm+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,!y w d  
?is two or ?ree times1 !n1 becom+       
exhau/$1 w rema9 at re/4  ,sometimes an 
individual w n move until x is actually 
t\*$ by  ! ne$le4 ,! ne$le mu/ come )9  
ab\t ?ree or f\r millimetres  ( ! fi%   
be=e x is notic$4 ,!n1 if x produces any
 result1 x  causes ! fi% to quickly turn
 & swim "s di/ance1 :5 x falls  to !    
bottom aga9 & rema9s at re/4 ,if ! ne$le
 is plac$  beh9d ! fi%1 x w swim        
directly =w>d2 if at ! side or ab\t  !  
middle1 x causes ! fi% to swim directly 
=w>d or to turn &  swim 9 a direction   
opposite ! orig9 ( ! di/urbance4 ,y\ng] 
specim5s h1 z yet1 no p[] ov] !         
direction ( _! progress2  ! wiggl+ ( !  
tail simply produces a gyration1 ) !    
yolk z  pivot4    ,a "y bl9d fi%1 six   
mon?s old1 swims ab\t 9 a j]ky mann]1   

*iefly by ! use ( its pectoral f9s4 ,x  
keeps close to ! side  ( ! vessel1      
usually ) its back to ! glass4 7,!      
aqu>ium 0  a cyl9drical j> ?ree hundr$  
millimetres 9 diamet] & ?ree  hundr$    
millimetres high47 ,x p]ceives a /ick   
?ru/ t[>d x  z readily z a see+ fi% c4  
,x always p]ceives f :atev]  direction x
 may be approa*$1 & w inv>iably d>t away
 a %ort  di/ance1 sometimes mak+ %>p    
turns to avoid ! /ick1 & always         
successfully4 ,x c be approa*$ f ! top  
ne>] ?an f !  sides or f 9 front4 ,x    
does n avoid ! sides ( ! aqu>ium1  :i* x
 frequ5tly /rikes4 ,x is a bottom fe$]2 
its inte/9al  canal is always p>tially  
full4    ,a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0    
made on ,amblyopsis & ,*ologa/]  to     
det]m9e _! reaction to :ite &           
mono*romatic light4 ,)\t  go+ into !    
details ( ^! exp]im5ts1 x may be /at$ t 
,amblyopsis avoids ! light1 reg>dless ( 
! direction or ! color  ( ! rays4 ,!    
same is true ( ,*ologa/]1 except t !y 7 
positively attract$ by ! r$ rays ( !    

spectrum z aga9/ !  blue4    ,we owe !  
fir/ obs]vations on ! bre$+ habits (    
,amblyopsis to  ,?ompson1 :o /ates t a  
fi% 80 put 9 wat] z soon z captur$1  :]e
 x gave bir? to ne>ly tw5ty "y1 :i* swam
 ab\t = "s  "t1 b soon di$2 444 !y 7 ea*
 f\r l9es 9 l5g?40 ,little  or no?+ has 
be5 add$ to our k ( ?is subject s9ce t  
"t1 b ! highly int]e/+ supposition (    
,?ompson t !y 7  vivip>\s has ga9$      
curr5cy1 & x is !re=e un=tunate t 9  ?is
 respect he 0 9 error4    ,putnam adds  
to ! above t1 judg+ f "s data 9 8       
possession1 ! "y are born 9 ,septemb] & 
,octob]1 & fur!r  along rem>ks t !y are 
8und\bt$ly0 vivip>\s4    ,! eggs are    
laid by ! female 9 "u h] gill membrane4 
,"h !y  rema9 = p]haps two mon?s1 till !
 yolk is ne>ly all absorb$4  ,if a      
female ) "y 9 h] gill p\*es is h&l$1 "s 
( !  "y are sure to escape4 ,?is 0      
obs]v$1 & gave rise to ! idea  t ?is fi%
 is vivip>\s4 ,eggs h be5 obta9$ z e>ly 
z  ,m>* #aa? & z late z ,septemb]1 & !  
indications are t !  bre$+ season ext5ds

 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! eggs are l>ge--#b4c  
millimetres 9 diamet] f membrane to     
membrane--& ab\t sixty to  sev5ty are   
laid at "o "t4    ,c]ta9 /ructures ga9  
an entirely new significance 9 ! light (
  ! bre$+ habits4 ,^! are ! enl>g$ gill 
cavities1 ) !  small gills1 ! closely   
appli$ bran*io/egal membrane1 & !       
position ( ! anus & sexual orifices4 ,! 
latt] are plac$ j  beh9d ! gill membrane
 9 su* close proximity to x t !y c  be  
cov]$ by x4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t !  
membrane is  drawn ov] ! sexual orifice 
& ! eggs deposit$ directly into !  gill 
cavity4 ,9 an individual ?irty-five     
millimetres long ! anus  is situat$     
betwe5 ! orig9 ( ! pectorals2 9 "o      
tw5ty-five  millimetres long x lies     
betwe5 ! pectorals & v5trals4 ,9 !  "y x
 lies beh9d ! v5trals1 z 9 o!r fi%es4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,! embryo (  
,typhlogobius1 %[+ !  well-develop$ eye4
    ,,fig4 #ag4--;,a "y ,typhlogobius1  
times #d-b_/i4    ,,fig4 #ah4--;,adult  
,typhlogobius4    ,,fig4 #ai4--;,adult  

,gilli*?ys-y-cauda liv+ 9 crab holes 9  
,san ,diego  ,bay4    ,,fig4 #bj4--,"y  
,gilli*?ys mirabilis "u ! same          
magnification z  ,fig4 #ag4    ,9 an    
aqu>ium conta9+ six ,amblyopsis two took
 a great antipa?y to  ea* o!r4 ,:5ev] !y
 t\*$1 a vigor\s conte/ began4          
,frequ5tly  !y came to h a position )   
broadside to broadside1 _! heads  po9t+ 
9 opposite directions4 ,at su* a "t !   
fight consi/s  9 quick lat]al ?ru/s t[>d
 ! antagoni/ to seize him )  ! m\?4 ,!  
motion is in/antly p>ri$ by a simil>    
move by !  antagoni/4 ,?is bl9d pun*+   
may be kept up = a few seconds1 :51  by 
_! vigor\s motions1 !y lose ea* o!r &   
j]k !mselves  ?r\gh ! wat] f side to    
side1 app>5tly hunt+ = ea*  o!r4 ,at ?is
 "t !y are v agile1 & move ) precision4 
,:5  ! bellig]5ts meet "o above ! o!r1 !
 snapp+ & pun*+ is  ( a diff]5t ord]4   
,:ile j]k+ ?r\gh ! wat] imm$iately aft] 
a r\nd1 if "o ( ! bellig]5ts t\*es "o ( 
! neutrals 9 !  aqu>ium x frequ5tly     
gives x a pun*1 b does n foll[ x up1 &  

! un(f5d+ fell[ makes ha/e to get out ( 
! road1 ! small]  ones do+ s mo/        
quickly4 ,if1 aft] an int]val ( a few   
seconds1 a  bellig]5t meets a neutral !y
 quietly pass ea* o!r )\t pay+  any     
fur!r att5tion1 :]eas if ! two          
bellig]5ts meet aga9 !re  is an imm$iate
 response4 ,:e!r !y recognize ea* o!r by
 t\*  or by _! mutual excitability ,i d 
n "k4 ,at "o "t1 9 ano!r  aqu>ium1 ,i   
saw "o bellig]5t capture ! o!r by !     
pectorals4  ,aft] hold+ on = a %ort "t x
 let g1 & all diff]5ces 7  =gott54 ,!   
?ru/ is deliv]$ by a s+le vigor\s flip (
 !  tail & caudal to "o side4 ,^! fights
 7 frequ5tly notic$1 &  always occurr$  
betwe5 males4    ,! abs5ce ( second>y   
sexual diff]5ces 9 ! cave fi%es is a    
=cible argum5t 9 favor ( sexual         
selection z ! factor produc+  high      
coloration 9 ! males4 ,! abs5ce (       
second>y sexual  diff]5ces 9 cave       
animals opposes ! idea ( ,g$des &       
,?ompson  t ! diff]5ces are ! ext]nal   
expression ( mal5ess &  femal5ess4      

,attempts at acclimat+ ,amblyopsis 9    
outside wat]s h s f>  fail$4,k ,a few 7 
plac$ 9 ,turkey ,lake1 ,indiana4 ,!y 7  
surr\nd$ by a f9e wire net1 to keep (f  
o!r fi%es4 ,!y di$ 9  a few days1 z !   
result ( attacks ( lee*es1 saprolegnia1 
or  fi% mold1 & f unkn[n causes4 ,o!rs 7
 kept 9 an elongat$  box sunk into !    
gr\nd1 :]e fre% spr+ wat] fl[$ ?r\gh x  
con/antly4 ,saprolegnia soon] or lat]   
de/roy$ all ( !m4 ,!y  live longe/ 9    
quiet aqu>ia1 :]e ! wat] is r>ely *ang$4
 ,!  "y ,i h secur$ di$1 ) "o exception1
 )9 a few weeks4 ,!  difficulty ( re>+ !
 "y is n at all insurm\ntable4 ,!y eat  
readily4 ,_! aqu>ia mu/ be kept free f  
gre5 plants1 & h a  lay] ( f9e mud1 ) a 
few decay+ leaves1 9 ! bottom4 ,!y w    
fe$ on m9ute cru/aceans & o!r           
micro-organisms4 ,:5 !y h  rea*$ a      
suffici5t size1 examples ( ,asellus are 
gre$ily dev\r$4  ,fi% mold is ! bane ( !
 l>v4 ,_m ( !m 7 f\nd ) tufts  ( ! hyph 
gr[+ out ( _! m\?s & gill op5+s4        
,k ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 an app>5tly   

successful          attempt has be5 made
 to colonize !m 9 a pool at ,w9ona      
,lake4 ,a record ( ?is colony w be      
publi%$ lat]4          ,,! ,,man ,,(    
,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,practical ,,affairs4     
,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,cl>ke4      ,! human m9d 
is addict$ to ! creation ( types1 a     
process :i*  implies classification &   
g5]alization ( a some:at l[ ord]4 ,"s   
prom95t feature ( ! ?+ classifi$ is     
select$ = emphasis1  & !re is (t5 a     
degree ( exagg]ation :i* leads1 9 ! end1
  to c>icature4 ,john ,bull1 ,bro!r     
,jona?an1 ! ,jew ( ! comic  pap]s1 & !  
/age ,iri%man are examples ( ?is t5d5cy4
 ,s1 too1  a pr(ession or occupation is 
summ$ up 9 "o conv5tional "*1  ) a      
little tru? di/ort$ z if se5 reflect$ f 
! surface (  a curv$ mirror4 ,! lik5ess 
is !re1 b unlike ! reality4 ,!          
individual embodim5t ( ! type is r>ely1 
if ev]1 enc\nt]$4    ,! man ( sci5ce    
deals ) que/ions :i* commonly lie       
outside  ( ! range ( ord9>y exp]i5ce1   
:i* (t5 h no imm$iately  disc]nible     

relation to ! affairs ( ev]yday life1 & 
:i*  conc5trate ! m9d ^u app>5t         
ab/ractions to an extraord9>y  degree4  
,accord+ly1 ! s*ol>1 ! sci5tific        
inve/igator1 is  typifi$ z an eld]ly    
dream] 9 spectacles1 :o is s unc\?1 s   
self-=getful1 s abs5t-m9d$1 & s ignorant
 ( practical matt]s  z to be h>dly m ?an
 a *ild4 ,he is "o to be c>$ = &        
humor$1 l an imbecile--treat$ ) "s      
consid]ation1 p]haps1  on acc\nt ( 8    
le>n+1 b nev] to be tru/$ 9 !           
transaction  ( bus9ess nor 9 !          
adm9i/ration ( public affairs4 ,) him1 z
  an anti!sis1 is contra/$ ! practical  
man1 :o kn[s :i!r 8  /eps are t5d+1 :o  
has le>n$ to control o!rs1 & :o nev]    
dreams ( ab/ractions dur+ (fice h\rs1 if
 inde$ he tr\bles  himself ab\t !m at   
all4 ,! "o is ?\ght to be vague1        
vision>y1  & unpractical2 ! o!r is deem$
 effici5t1 precise1 prompt1  & cle>4    
,has ?is di/9ction any basis 9 reality8 
,d sci5tific  pursuits disqualify a man 
= adm9i/rative responsibility8    ,^!   

que/ions1 l all o!r legitimate que/ions1
 are to be  answ]$ by evid5ce1 & !      
popul> impression is entitl$ to no      
weight :atev]4 ,?is evid5ce is to be    
f\nd by a /udy ( ! ?+  itself1 ! man (  
sci5ce z he actually is2 by an          
exam9ation (  ! tra9+ :i* he receives1 !
 "* ( ! "w :i* he  does1 & ! results :i*
 he accompli%es4 ,by ?is me?od x w be   
f\nd t ! suppos$ type is purely imag9>y1
 t ! work]s 9  sci5ce exhibit all !     
v>iations :i* are f\nd 9 any o!r gr\p  (
 occupations1 t ! human race z a :ole is
 _! only symbol  or repres5tative4 ,!   
man ( sci5ce may be grave or gay1 moral 
or immoral1 social or unsocial1 ke5 or  
vision>y--9 %ort1 he may  exemplify any 
trait ( human nature1 except ! traits ( 
ignorance &  /upidity4 ,he mu/ be       
intellig5t & educat$1 me?odical & exact2
  ap>t f ^! qualifications he may       
resemble any o!r man1 *os5  f any o!r   
vocation4 ,inde$1 8 ne>e/ analogue is ! 
s-call$  man ( bus9ess1 & ! *ief        
di/9ction betwe5 ! two is t "o  deals ) 

unfamili>1 ! o!r ) famili> ?+s4    ,!   
direct t5d5cy ( ! sci5tific tra9+ is to 
develop z fully  z possible ! positive  
traits :i* h be5 m5tion$4 ,ea*  sci5ce  
is a body ( sy/ematic1 well-organiz$ k1 
) cle>  fundam5tal pr9ciples & di/9ct   
outl9es4 ,! /udy ( sci5ce  is a cont9ual
 disc\ragem5t ( obscurity or vagu5ess2 x
 is a  discipl9e 9 ! /atem5t & solution 
( def9ite problems1 & x  tra9s "o to see
 ?+s z !y are1 ap>t f all irrelevancies4
 ,!  te*nicalities ( sci5ce1 s bewild]+ 
to ! layman1 are m]ely  aids to         
exactness1 avoidances (                 
circumlocution--9 %ort1 !y are          
practical devices :]eby labor is sav$4  
,economy ( ef=t is "o (  ! features 9   
:i* ! sci5tific tra9+ excels4    ,!     
results ( su* a tra9+ v>y1 ( c\rse1 ) ! 
individual1  & dep5d ^u 8 p]sonal       
peculi>ities4 ,a broad man is broad5$ by
  x2 a n>r[ man %uts himself up )9 !    
limits ( a specialty4 ,to  "s ext5t     
specialization is necess>y1 b !re is a  
wide diff]5ce  betwe5 ! man :o sees only

 8 own prov9ce & "o :o realizes its     
relations to o!r fields4 ,! same        
di/9ction is f\nd 9 comm]cial  life1 & )
 ! same results4 ,! speciali/ 9 money1 9
 /ocks1 9  iron1 or 9 cotton may be j z 
n>r[ z ! speciali/ 9 />s1  or reactions1
 or insects1 & "k little or no?+ ( any  
subject  outside 8 own4 ,nei!r n>r[ness 
nor bread? ( view is monopoliz$  by any 
vocation4 ,! m]e fact t m5 ( sci5ce     
r>ely devote _!  att5tion to accumulat+ 
weal? does n prove !m to be unpractical4
  ,!y are n1 z a rule1 c>eless or       
?riftless 9 money matt]s2  !y are z     
likely to h&le _! f9ancial affairs      
intellig5tly  z any "o else1 b _! ma9   
bus9ess lies 9 o!r directions4  ,if     
seldom a millionaire1 ! man ( sci5ce is 
/ill m seldom a  bankrupt4 ,9 wild      
speculation ! s-call$ practical man     
takes !  lead1 & any?+ :i* be>s ! trade 
m>k ( electricity1 f  ! electrical ref9+
 ( sug> to ! extraction ( gold f sea    
wat]1 c secure f o!rwise %rewd f9anci]s 
! support :i*  a work] 9 sci5ce w\ld    

contemptu\sly refuse to give4 ,a few    
ye>s  ago ! w\ld-be ra9-mak]s obta9$ !  
money = _! exp]im5ts  f m5 ( bus9ess1 & 
f ,congress ev51 9 spite ( advice bas$  
^u sci5tific k1 & failure 0 ! inevitable
 end4 ,9 t  bord]l& betwe5 bus9ess &    
rese>*1 :i* is kn[n z appli$  sci5ce1 ! 
sci5tific /ud5t is m practical ?an !    
f9anci]4  ,:5 bo? "w toge!r1 weal? is   
produc$1 b ! se$time (  ab/ract         
inve/igation always prec$es ! h>ve/4 ,! 
comm]cial  value ( exact k is (t5 v     
great1 b to ! prospective  inve/or ?is  
tru? is n always evid5t4    ,! practical
 value ( ! sci5tific tra9+ is p]haps mo/
 fully  recogniz$ 9 ,g]many4 ,!re !     
importance ( ! inve/igator1 !  app>5tly 
ab/ract s*ol>1 is ?or\ghly und]/ood1 &  
to 8 "w  ! great indu/rial advance (    
,g]many is l>gely attributable4 ,9      
*emical & electrical indu/ries ?is is   
p>ticul>ly true1 & _!  gr[? c be        
directly trac$ to ! influ5ce ( !        
univ]sities4  ,! ,g]man pr(essor is a   
man tra9$ to rese>*1 & f among 8  /ud5ts

 _m ( ! be/ inve/igators are *os5 =     
s]vice 9  ! factories4 ,g]man           
competition 9 ! comm]cial _w is to-day  
! bugbe> ( o!r ,european c\ntries1 & its
 success is due1  fir/ ( all1 to !      
utilization ( tra9$ intellig5ces4 ,9 our
 own  c\ntry ! importance ( appli$      
sci5ce is fully realiz$ & its           
a*ievem5ts are beyond dispute1 b ! s*ol>
 z yet receives less  consid]ation ?an !
 comm]cial exp]t4 ,! latt] is practical1
 !  =m] is reg>d$ z vision>y4 ,accurate 
k is a good ?+1  b rule-(-?umb exp]i5ce 
is (t5 ?\ght to be bett]4 ,x is only  :5
 k & exp]i5ce jo9 h&s t ! highe/        
practical  results are atta9able1 ! "o  
factor t5d+ to advance1 ! o!r to        
p]petuate1 indu/ry4 ,! man ( affairs is 
n a practical man until  he appreciates 
! =ce ( ^! propositions4    ,at bottom !
 sci5tific tra9+ is a tra9+ 9 cle>      
?\ght1  precise /atem5t1 accurate       
obs]vation1 ! v]ification ( evid5ce1  & 
! asc]ta9m5t ( tru?4 ,:y %\ld its       
recipi5t be unfitt$  = practical ?+s8   

,good adm9i/ration1 ! effective         
transaction  ( bus9ess1 implies sy/em1  
exactness1 ! judgm5t ( evid5ce ^u  its  
m]its1 & ! prompt solution ( problems z 
!y arise1 & to  ea* ( ^! requisites !   
sci5tific education is directly relat$4 
,:at o!r tra9+ is less likely to produce
 dream]s1 or m likely  to develop       
effici5t m58 ,! ma9 di/9ction betwe5 !  
work]s  9 sci5ce & m5 ( o!r vocations is
 "o ( aim1 a diff]5ce 9  ambition1      
p]haps a diff]5ce 9 ! po9t ( view4 ,!   
sci5tific  s*ol> seeks to discov] &     
possibly to apply new tru?2 & aft]  t 8 
ambition is to w9 ! recognition ( 8     
fell[s1 to ga9  reputation1 r ?an to    
acquire weal?4 ,he may n be indiff]5t to
  ! latt] purpose1 b x is n 8 *ief end4 
,x is difficult to d  bo? ?+s well4     
,= ! adm9i/ration ( l>ge int]e/s1       
involv+ ! control ( m5  & ! build+-up ( 
great in/itutions1 m5 ( sci5ce h ov]  & 
ov] aga9 demon/rat$ _! fitness4 ,9 !    
sci5tific societies  ( ! _w !y h %[n _! 
capacity = organization1 & 9  !         

managem5t ( s*ools & colleges _! ability
 has (t5 be5  prov$4 ,among ! presid5ts 
( univ]sities & te*nical s*ools  :o h   
be5 drawn f ! ranks ( sci5ce ,i may     
m5tion ,eliot1  ( ,h>v>d2 ,gilman1 ( !  
,johns ,hopk9s2 ,dr[n1 ( ,lehigh2       
,jordan1  ( ! ,lel& ,/an=d2 ,*amb]l91 ( 
,wiscons92 ,morton1 ( !  ,/ev5s         
,in/itute2 & ,m5d5hall1 ( ! ,worce/]    
,polyte*nic4 ,!  ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 
9 ,bo/on has be5 direct$ successively by
  ,rog]s1 ,runkle1 ,walk]1 & ,crafts2 ! 
,columbia ,s*ool ( ,m9es 0  built up by 
a gr\p ( sci5tific work]s1 aid$ by      
,presid5t ,b>n>d2  & ! li/ might be     
l5g!n$ almo/ indef9itely4 ,h ^! m5      
fall5 bel[ ! av]age ( _! fell[s8 ,h !y n
 %[n at  lea/ z high adm9i/rative       
ability z has be5 f\nd else:]e8 ,!  m]e 
/atem5t ( _! names is a suffici5t answ]1
 & r5d]s  argum5t unnecess>y4 ,) !m !   
sci5tific tra9+ has n be5  a            
disqualification1 nor ev5 a h&icap2 x   
has r be5 to _!  advantage1 = to x !y   
owe mu* ( ! insight1 ! p[] to grasp     

great problems intellig5tly1 ! ability  
to int]pret evid5ce1 &  ! t5d5cy to     
prompt & decisive action1 )\t :i*       
successful  adm9i/ration is impossible4 
,aga91 consid] ! sci5tific in/itutions (
 ! _w1 ! museums  & obs]vatories1 & !   
v>i\s gov]nm5tal organizations 9 :i*    
sci5ce is recogniz$4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 
! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution  & ,national  
,museum 7 built up by ,h5ry & ,baird1 9 
spite (  great & v>i$ difficulties2 !   
,coa/ ,survey 0 creat$ by ,hassl]  &    
,ba*e2 & ! ,geological ,survey 0        
develop$ by a gr\p ( m5  among :om      
,hayd51 ,k+1 & ,p[ell 7 pione]s4 ,!     
la/-nam$  organization has be5 controll$
 f ! beg9n+ by m5 ( sci5ce1  & ! ,coa/  
,survey has be5 weak only :5 "u         
nonsci5tific  managem5t4 ,! ,commission 
( ,fi% & ,fi%]ies owes its exi/5ce  & a 
great "p ( its effectiv5ess to its      
creator1 ,baird2 ! ,army  ,m$ical       
,museum & ,libr>y repres5ts ! executive 
g5ius ( ,bill+s2  & 9 none ( ^!         
in/itutions has p>tisan politics ev]    

ex]t$  an appreciable influ5ce4 ,no     
bureaus ( ! ,gov]nm5t h be5 m  wisely or
 m effici5tly h&l$ ?an ^? :i* m5 (      
sci5ce h  controll$2 9 none h !re be5   
few] errors or sc&als2 !re is  n "o 9   
:i* ! ess5tial purpose ( its exi/5ce has
 be5 bett]  fulfill$4    ,in/ead1 !n1 ( 
exclud+ ! s*ol>1 ! inve/igator1 ! man   
:o kn[s1 ! man ( sci5tific tra9+1 f 8   
fair %>e (  public responsibility1 we   
%\ld d well to call him into s]vice  m &
 m4 ,he may be1 he (t5 is1 av]se to     
adm9i/rative "w1  = ! reason t x        
int]f]es ) 8 *os5 occupation1 &  h9d]s !
 prosecution ( rese>*4 ,b 8 tra9+ & 8   
m5tal  bias are bo? ne$$ 9 public       
affairs1 :]e9 ! sci5tific me?od  is too 
(t5 unappli$4 ,9 ,european c\ntries m5 (
 high sci5tific  rank are frequ5tly f\nd
 9 legislative bodies & m9i/ries2 m5  l 
,playfair1 ,roscoe1 & ,lubbock 9 ,engl&1
 ,vir*[ 9 ,g]many1  ,qu9t9o ,sella 9    
,italy1 & ,b]!lot 9 ,france4 ,) u 9     
,am]ica  ! mak] ( spee*es outranks !    
?9k] 9 popul> e/eem1 & is  giv5 duties  

to p]=m 9 :i* he may become ridicul\s4  
,bo? 9  legislation & 9 diplomacy _m    
que/ions arise :i* dem& ! mo/  c>eful   
sci5tific treatm5t1 or :i* c be answ]$  
only by ?or\gh  sci5tific k1 & _m ( ^! h
 be5 intru/$ =  settlem5t to m5 ( no    
specific tra9+ :atev]4 ,( late ye>s we  
h _h ! fur-seal controv]sy1 ! "q ( =e/  
res]ves1 !  irrigation ( our arid l&s1  
problems ( sanitation & wat] supply1  & 
9 ea* ( ^! ! man ( sci5ce has play$ a "p
 :i* 0 too  (t5 subord9ate to t ( !     
politician4 ,9 an ideal gov]nm5t  ! two 
%\ld "w toge!r1 ea* supplem5t+ ! peculi>
 ability  ( ! o!r4 ,_m details ( !      
t>iff1 & a notable "p ( !  co9age "q1   
require sci5tific data = _! prop]       
settlem5t1  b ! true exp]t has n always 
be5 consult$4 ,! result (  ?is neglect  
is sometimes se5 9 c\rts ( law1 :]e     
que/ions  ( int]pretation arise :i*     
might h be5 av]t$1 obscurity  9         
legislation be+ (t5 due to ! c>eless use
 ( sci5tific  t]m9ology or to ignorance 
( ! relations 9 sci5ce betwe5 two       

bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,! voice ( ! tra9$   
inve/igator might well  be he>d 9       
,congress1 b 8 te/imony n[ is limit$ to 
! committee  room4 ,ev5 !re x is receiv$
 ) an att5tion :i* is too (t5  m+l$ )   
incr$ulity4 ,! my? ( ! dream]1 !        
vision>y1 is  m ?an half believ$4    ,! 
suppos$ type1 !n1 is n a type1 b an     
exception--a man (  /raw1 :i* is h>dly  
wor? ov]?r[+4 ,b ! belief 9 x has  be5 &
 /ill is mis*iev\s1 a h9drance to wise  
action1 an ob/acle  to progress4 ,!     
misconception has work$ injury to       
sci5ce4 ,^!  words ( prote/1 !re=e1 are 
n :olly sup]flu\s4          ,,=5oon ,,& 
,,aft]noon4    ,,by ,,*>les ,f4 ,,d[d1  
,,ph4 ,d4      ,x is a fact ( common    
obs]vation1 at diff]5t times ( ! ye>1  t
 ! =5oon & aft]noon1 z to daylight1 are 
( unequal  l5g?4 ,along 9 lat] autumn ! 
%ortness ( ! aft]noons is v  noticeable1
 & ! %ortness ( =5oons along 9 lat]     
w9t]4  ,:atev] makes common facts m     
intelligible adds to ! g5]al            
intellig5ce & to ! g5]al good4 ,x is to 

?is end t !  foll[+ brief /atem5ts are  
made4    ,no?+ is m evid5t ?an t ! sun  
requires j z mu* "t  to g f ! ea/]n     
horizon to ! midday m]idian z to g f  t 
m]idian to ! we/]n horizon4 ,b1 /range  
to say1 !re are  b f\r days dur+ ! :ole 
ye> 9 :i* ! sun rea*es ! midday  m]idian
 at j twelve o'clock4 ,! true noon po9t 
v>ies f ab\t  fifte5 m9utes be=e to ab\t
 sixte5 m9utes aft] twelve o'clock4  ,^!
 extreme po9ts 9 "o set ( v>iations fall
 9 ! fir/ week  ( ,novemb] & 9 ! second 
week ( ,febru>y1 n to designate exact   
days = ye>s 9 g5]al4    ,! cal5d>s %[ t 
9 ! latitude ( ,s>atoga 7ess5tially     
,bo/on latitude7 on ,novemb] #c1 #ahih1 
! sun rose at #f4cj & set at  five      
o'clock1 !reby mak+ ! =5oon a half h\r  
long] ?an !  aft]noon4 ,on t day ! sun  
rea*$ ! midday m]idian at #aa4de4 ,on   
,febru>y #ac1 #ahii1 ! sun rose at j    
sev5 o'clock & set at #e4cj1  !reby mak+
 ! aft]noon a half h\r long] ?an !      
=5oon1 &  on ?is day ! sun rea*$ !      
midday m]idian at #ab4ae4 ,^! are  facts

 pla9ly op5 to g5]al view1 & !re=e ne$  
no v]ify+4    ,! causes ( ! =ego+ are n 
s app>5t to common obs]vation4  ,x mu/  
be borne 9 m9d t ! mean or av]age sol>  
day is !  basis = all "t measurem5ts1   
!re=e its exact l5g? is (  ! greate/    
importance4 ,yet ! g5]al sol> day1 f :i*
 !  av]age "o is d]iv$1 is a v indef9ite
 t]m z to its l5g?4  ,its l5g? 9 g5]al  
may be def9$1 "u view ( ! sun's app>5t  
motion1 z ! "t ext5d+ f ! in/ant t !    
sun's c5t]  crosses any giv5 m]idian ( !
 e>? on "o day to ! in/ant t  c5t]      
crosses ! same m]idian on ! foll[+      
day--i4 e41 ! "t  int]v5+ betwe5 ^! two 
in/ants is ! l5g? ( a sol> day4    ,!   
motion ( ! sun1 h[ev]1 is only app>5t2 !
 actual motion  is 9 ! e>?'s revolution 
^u its axis4 ,we %\ld h "o day  a ye>   
long if ! e>? did n revolve on its axis 
at all1 s9ce  ! revolution ( ! e>? ar\nd
 ! sun once a ye> w\ld 9 !  c\rse ( !   
ye> br+ all sides fac+ ! sun4           
,consequ5tly !  e>? makes "o m          
revolution ^u its axis ea* ye> ?an !    

numb]  ( sol> days 9 t ye>1 & a little  
consid]ation ( ?is fact  w %[ t 9 ea*   
sol> day ! e>? makes "o full revolution 
on its axis & ab\t #a_/cfe ( ano!r1 :i* 
fractional addition is  occasion$ by "o 
day's progress ( ! e>? along its orbit4 
,ano!r fact ne$s to be consid]$4 ,s9ce !
 e>?'s orbit is 9 !  =m ( an ellipse1 ) 
! sun at "o ( ! foci1 ! e>? mu/  pass   
ne>] ! sun 9 "s p>ts ( its orbit ?an 9  
o!rs4 ,by !  laws ( gravity1 :5 ne>]1 ! 
attraction betwe5 ! e>? & sun  is       
great]1 & if ?is 7 n balanc$ by increas$
 velocity along  its orbit ! e>? w\ld   
fall into ! sun2 &1 on ! o!r h&1  :5    
f>!r (f ?is attraction is less1 & if ?is
 7 n balanc$  by a dim9ution ( velocity 
along its orbit ! e>? w\ld fly (f  into 
space4 ,?is v>y+ velocity1 toge!r ) o!r 
complications  too te*nical = a magaz9e 
article1 gives v>y+ l5g?s ( orbit to  ! 
sev]al sol> days ( ! ye>4 ,if ! e>?'s   
orbit 7 laid out  ^u pap] &1 by         
a/ronomical calculations1 an exact      
proportionate  section 7 m>k$ (f = ea*  

sol> day ( ! ye>1 ! v>iable  l5g?s (    
orbit = ! diff]5t days ( ! ye> w\ld     
pla9ly  appe> to ! eye4    ,b1 z be=e   
expla9$1 ! "t ( a sol> day is ! "t ( "o 
revolution ( ! e>? ^u its axis1 toge!r )
 ! fractional  "p ( ano!r revolution    
occasion$ by "o day's progress ( !  e>? 
along its orbit4 ,!n x mu/ foll[ t z !  
daily sections  ( ! orbit v>y 9 l5g?1 ! 
"t ( ! sol> day mu/ v>y 9  l5g?4 ,no    
clock c\ld be made to keep ! v>iable "t 
( true sol>  days1 & if ?is 7 possible1 
! h\r1 m9ute1 etc41 w\ld be  v>iable (  
l5g?1 & h5ce no /&>d = "t measurem5ts4  
,b  by work+ a simple ari?metical       
problem ( addition & division an  av]age
 l5g? ( day = ! ye> may easily be f\nd4 
,?is av]age  day is ! mean sol> day     
adopt$4 ,its "t is arbitr>y & exact1    
=m+ a p]fect /&>d = all "t measurem5ts4 
,f ?is !  t]m mean "t ga9s its          
significance4    ,by ref]r+ to ! =ego+  
e>?'s orbit laid out on pap]1 )  ! true 
sol> days m>k$ (f 9 sections (          
ma!matical exactness1  x w be se5 t by  

divid+ ea* section into two equal p>ts &
  m>k+ ! division po9t ) r$ ink1 ! true 
noon po9t ( ea*  sol> day 9 ! ye> w be  
conspicu\s ^u ! draw+1 & 9 its          
proportionate relations 9 e way4 ,if n[ 
we set a pair ( divid]s  or compasses s 
t ! op5+ %all rea* ov] ! exact space on 
! orbit ( "o half ( ! mean sol> day1 &  
beg9n+ at ! r$  noon po9t ( "o ( ! f\r  
days 9 ! ye> :5 ! true noon falls  at j 
twelve o'clock--say ,decemb] #bd?--& /ep
 ! divid]s ar\nd  on ! orbit1 mak+ a    
blue po9t m>k at ea* second /ep1 !n z ! 
blue po9ts v>y f ! r$ s w ! mean "t :i* 
our clocks  keep v>y f ! true noon ( ea*
 day ( ! ye>4    ,v>iation 9 l5g? (     
=5oon & aft]noon1 !re=e1 may be view$   
by common intellig5ce n only z a fact b 
z a necessity4          ,,presid5t      
,,jordan',s 8,,nem9ism40        ,,(fice 
,,( ,,! ,,presid5t1 ,,lel& ,,/an=d      
,,junior ,,univ]sity1            ,,palo 
,,alto1 ,,cal4        ,,po/ ,,(fice1    
,,/an=d ,,univ]sity4    ,,de> ,,dr4     
,,y\mans3    ,! inclos$1 f an anonym\s b

 appreciative s\rce1 may int]e/  y4 ,x  
is d\btless true t ! philosophy (       
,nem9ism goes back to  ,india1 ?r\gh    
,hegel & ,plato1 b ! high prie/ess does 
n "k  ?is4 ,%e made x all out ( h] own  
head4      ,truly y\rs1        ,,david  
,s4 ,,jordan4      ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,(  
,,m5tiphysics1            ,,lynn1       
,,mass41 ,decemb] #f1 #ahii4            
,presid5t ,david ,/>r ,jordan1 ,lel&    
,/an=d ,univ]sity1 ,cali=nia4    ,,sir3 
,i h be=e me ! la/ issue ( "o ( our two 
or ?ree great  sci5tific magaz9es1 9 :i*
 ,mr4 ,gidd+s lays d[n ! exact me?od  we
 are to foll[ 9 sociology1 !reby creat+ 
! pleas+ impression  t h]eaft] he int5ds
 to /ick to x himself4 ,b1 sir1 ,i wi%  
to  say1 z a /ud5t ( 8,nem9ism10 z y    
call x1 t my emotions 7  f> less        
agreeable on p]us+ y\r brilliant        
plagi>ism1 ! doctr9e  ( ,nihil nem9i    
nocet1 an aphorism :i* app>5tly y wi% to
  make rival ! ,cogito ergo sum ( !     
,c>tesian philosophy4 ,i w  conc$e to y 
7,i be+1 z x is p]haps necess>y = me to 

rem>k1 a  lit]>y p]son7 ! und\bt$ "r all
 real lit]>y p]sons h (  appropriat+    
ev]y?+ ( a lit]>y nature t !y c lay _!  
h&s ^u2 b1 :ile we are 9 p]fect h>mony  
^u ?is occasion1  9 reg>d to t po9t1 ,i 
regret to insi/ t ! ?+ mu/ be  done     
judici\sly--t is ! art4 ,any m]e        
plebeian c accumulate  facts--t is !    
raison d'tre ( ! plebeian2 8 duty is to 
"w--b ! real e!real lit]>y man1 su* z ! 
mon?ly magaz9es  n\ri%1 mu/ disda9 facts
 & !ories & ! tru?1 & mu/ float  9 !    
pure1 s(t twilight ( 8 own imag9ation   
:ile he writes ab\t  p :o nev] exi/$1 9 
a language :i* nobody c und]/&4  ,yet1  
sir1 9 y\r unblu%+ appropriation ( !    
late ,pr(essor  ,hegel's dictum ( ,se9  
und ni*t ,se9 s9d dieselbe 7:i* ,i      
presume  y1 sir1 to exculpate y\rself1 w
 swe> y d n und]/&71  & 9 y\r *ang+ t   
immortal anti!sis to y\r ,nihil nem9i   
nocet--9 do+ all ?is ,i decl>e t y h    
violat$ "o ( !  mo/ sacr$ pr9ciples1 9  
fact1 ! v ess5ce ( ,nem9ism2 = to  say1 
z y h said1 t no?+ hurts nobody1 is to  

say a v  dull1 prosaic1 vulg> fact :i*  
any fool c und]/&2 b to say  t 8to be & 
n to be are ! same0 is to say some?+ t  
is n  only v beautiful1 b1 :at is f> m  
to ! po9t1 is likewise  utt]ly          
incompreh5sible2 yet to d ?is is !      
ess5ce ( ,nem9ism1  z y y\rself h %[n4  
,z a confirm$ ,nem9i/ glory+ 9 8        
,nem9ism1 z ,pascal's  ,fa!r ,joseph1 ! 
,jesuit1 glori$ 9 8int]pretation0 ( !   
words  8murd]0 & 8*>ity10 ,i am1 sir 7& 
,i hope my frequ5t use ( ?is            
monosyllable w n annoy y1 = ! fir/      
,nem9i/1 ,plato1 uses    ,greek3        
,skrates q z frequ5tly1 ?\gh 8          
expression  requires f\r times z mu* w9d
 or space z m9e71 ,i say1 !n1 t ,i  am  
always anxi\s to be ?\ght well ( by p :o
 are on top or are  gett+ !re1 9 ord]1  
to use y\r own undignifi$ & cruel       
metaphor  9 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,lyman         
,abbott's j\rnal ( news & ,*ri/ianity1 t
 ,i  may cont9ue 8to hold d[n0 my       
position z ! janitor & ,pr(essor (      
,leibnitzian ,monadology 9 ! ,univ]sity 

( ,m5tiphysics4 ,b !re are  times1 sir1 
:5 ev5 a fem9i/ rises above 8 int]e/1 &1
 l  ,ri*elieu 9 ! play1 ex*anges !      
lion's & ! fox's sk9s4 ,9  %ort1 ,i beg 
to in=m y t ,i believe t y1 see+ ! gr[+ 
atta*m5t ( ! vulg> mob = !              
,wiss5%aftli*e ,pdagogie (  ! ,rob9son  
,crusoeans or conc5trationi/s1 h _h !   
?\ght  to sap ! f\ndations ( _! success 
by vulg>iz+ our noble  monopoly (       
,nem9i/ic sci5ce1 & ,i %\ld n be at all 
surpris$  to see y\r "n1 aft] a little1 
z ! editor ( a 8,j\rnal (               
,psy*o-,mat]no-,k9d] ,app]ceptics10 or (
 a /rictly ,am]ican 8,great  ,educator  
,s]ies10 beg9n+ ) ,pontiac & end+ ) ,jim
 ,fiske4    ,or p]haps1 sir1 y are      
actuat$ by deep] motives4 ,our univ]sity
  has n yet receiv$ ! complim5t>y copy (
 y\r "w on ,imp]ial  ,democracy1 !      
,gov]nm5t probably hold+ x back until   
,g5]al  ,"y c cat* ,mr4 ,agu9aldo1 b ,i 
see by ! publi%]s' li/s  t x is out4    
,n[1 x is easy to see t if ,imp]ial     
,democracy  gets )9 a /one's ?r[ ( ,*9a 

x w get into ,*9a1 &1  ) y\r k (        
,ari/otle's ,politics & ! ,highb9d]s 9  
,*9at[n1 y c n h fail$ to h recogniz$ t 
,nem9ism  & ,ori5talism are v simil>4   
,to be or n to be2 to be alive or  to be
 dead2 to be drunk or to be sob]--'tis  
all ! same = !  p2 'tis ,nirvana4 ,y wi%
 to vulg>ize ,nem9ism4 ,:at foll[s  y\r 
success8 ,imm$iately e ,/ate w make x an
 obligatory /udy  9 ! public s*ools1 &  
:51 9 ! di/ant future1 we meet !  ,*9am5
 face to face1 we w be ready to         
ext]m9ate !m or be  ext]m9at$ by !m2 = x
 is an axiom ( sociology1 :i* x is  to  
be hop$ ,mr4 ,gidd+s w see ! value ( & w
 9 ! next  edition ( 8 ,social ,euclid  
make numb] "o1 t :5 two societies       
completely diff]+ 9 orig91 hi/ory1      
mann]s1 in/itutions1 &  laws come toge!r
 !y />t 9 ! m quickly to cut ea* o!r's  
?roats :5 !y h a common idea 9 :i* !y c 
locate a  diff]5ce1 & h5ce f9d a logical
 excuse to beg94    ,i w\ld h pref]r$ t 
our presid5t _h tak5 up ?is unpleasant  
task ( criticis+ y\r mis*iev\s ef=ts to 

vulg>ize our beautiful  sci5ce1 :i*1 l !
 true religion ( ! ,egyptians1 %\ld be  
reta9$ sub rosa 9 ! temples2 b %e1 z y  
y\rself h  said1 does n l controv]sial  
publicity1 & has (t5 rem>k$  t our      
sci5ce is l ! mu%room1 =1 ?\gh x is !   
*ild (  d>kness & ,byzantian fil?1 x is 
em95tly adapt$ to be reta9$ by  weak    
/oma*s1 :ile = o!rs x may be nauseat+4  
,i am1 sir1 v  respectfully1            
,,ana*>sis ,,pangloss1 ,m4 ,plane4      
,?\gh religi\sly refra9+ f introduc+ my 
own p]sonality  9 ! =ego+1 x be+ a      
c>d9al po9t 9 our sci5ce t x  is good =m
 to appe> mode/--vid]i quam esse1 z 0   
said (  ,cato--,i am1 nev]!less1 oblig$ 
to obs]ve t ,i am n at all 9  any way   
relat$ to ! ,dr4 ,pangloss1 ,,ll4 ,d41  
,a4 ,s4 ,s41 m5tion$ 9  ! play ( ! ,heir
 at ,law1 nor yet1 ?\gh p]haps m        
spiritually  ak91 to t o!r ,dr4         
,pangloss--,dr4 ,leibnitz ,pangloss1 !  
tutor  ( ,c&ide m5tion$ by ! late       
,monsieur ,voltaire ( happy memory4     
,dr4 ,l4 ,pangloss1 a f9e old fell[ at  

bottom1 0 engag$ 9 %[+  h[1 9 ! be/     
possible words1 a cause always prec$es  
its effect2  = in/ance1 ,monsieur !     
,b>on ,?und] d5 ,trock5dorf has a nose1 
argues he--x w c>ry spectacles1 h5ce !  
nose 0 creat$ =  spectacles1 &          
spectacles are creat$4 ,x is pla9 t ,dr4
 ,l4  ,pangloss 0 a sci5ti/4 ,n[1 ,i am 
a sociologi/1 & x is !  hope ( my life  
to fill ! *air ( ,monadology 9 ! new    
,am]ican  univ]sity1 :]e ,i int5d to %[ 
t :ile ! ri* are becom+  ri*] ! poor w  
become ri*] ?an ! ri* 9 contemplat+ h[  
mu* m satisfaction ! ri* get out ( _!   
ri*es ?an !y1 !  poor1 get out ( _!     
pov]ty4 ,?is1 z y w at once recognize1  
is 9 ! l9e ( :at ,mr4 ,le/] ,w>d calls  
,dynamic ,sociology1 &1  ?\gh x is n !  
acme ( ! application ( dynamics su* z t 
:i* knock$ ,hebraism out ( ,saul (      
,t>sus1 ,i beg to rem9d y t1  until     
,g]man sci5ce has made fur!r progress 9 
! application (  electricity1 we lack ! 
means ( produc+ ! necess>y ph5om5a by   
:i* alone su* effects c be secur$4      

,a4 ,p4          ,correspond5ce4        
,,fai? ,,& ,,k4    ,editor ,popul>      
,sci5ce ,mon?ly3    ,,sir3 ,9 y\r       
editorial1 9 ! issue ( ,septemb]1 y     
speak ( 8fai?  z ! organ ( religi\s     
appreh5sion40 ,?is sugge/s "s important 
facts t are n always appreh5d$1 or are  
=gott54 ,!re is no  organ = ! discov]y1 
! pro(1 or ! appreh5sion ( tru? b       
reason1 :e!r facts ( ,nature or (       
religion4 8,fai?0 is n a six?  s5se :i* 
we d n use 9 sci5tific pursuits1 b :i*  
comes to  our help :5 we seek = religi\s
 tru?4 ,mu* ( ! difficulty  comes f !   
fact t ! ^w 8fai?0 is ambigu\s1 hav+ two
  mean+s1 :i* are n di/+ui%$4 ,x is 7#a7
 simply belief ( a  fact because (      
evid5ce pres5t$ to & appreh5d$ by !     
reason2 or  is x 7#b7 tru/1 confid5ce 91
 belief 91 z 9 a p]son1 re/+ on  !      
belief ( t p]son's compet5cy &          
tru?fulness1 t belief  re/+ on evid5ce  
appreh5d$ by ! reason4 ,because ( ?is   
8fai?0  9 ! p]son we accept 8 te/imony z
 to facts beyond our p]sonal            

cognizance1 we believe !m n because we h
 discov]$ !m1 or  may be are compet5t to
 discov] !m1 b because ( our 8fai?0 9  a
 p]son :om we h se5 reason to believe is
 tru/wor?y--i4 e41  compet5t & tru?ful4 
,n[1 ^! two mean+s ( 8fai?0 are (t5     
confus$1 int]*ang$4  ,h5ce ! discr$it   
?r[n ^u belief ( religi\s tru?1 because 
an  illegitimate use is made ( ! place (
 8fai?0 9 its ju/ification4  ,& writ]s  
def5d+ religi\s belief h be5 great s9n]s
 9 ?is  illegitimate use ( 8fai?40    ,!
 place ( 8fai?0 is ! same 9 sci5ce z 9  
religion--i4 e41 x  is ! condition &    
ju/ification ( our acceptance ( tru? :i*
 is  beyond our p]sonal cognizance4 ,we 
accept x because ( ! te/imony  ( m5 9   
:om we h le>n$ to h fai?--e4g41 ,h[ few 
( u :o  accept ! revelations ( !        
spectrum analysis z to ! composition  ( 
! />s h any o!r ju/ification = accept+  
!m ?an j  ?is8 ,we believe !m simply    
because m51 :om we1 9 ! ex]cise  ( our  
reason1 h come to believe compet5t &    
tru?ful1 tell u  :at !y h se54 ,we      

believe on _! te/imony because we tru/  
!m4 ,our process involves ?ree /eps3    
7#a7 ,belief ( _! compet5ce  ?r\gh      
appeal to reason2 7#b7 tru/ 9 !m because
 ( ?is belief2 7#c7  belief ( _!        
te/imony because ( ?is tru/ or 8fai?0 9 
!m4  ,! only organ we h us$ is reason1 9
 its initial act ( belief (  ! compet5ce
 & tru?fulness ( ! witnesses4 ,error 9 !
 use (  reason "h vitiates all t foll[s4
 ,correct use ( reason "h gives  a      
legitimate condition = correct results (
 ! o!r /eps4 ,b  reason mu/ g along ) u 
& guide u 9 ^!1 t we may come to  a     
rationally accept$ belief ( ! tru?4     
,"h is ! place ( 8fai?0 9 sci5ce1 z     
belief & z tru/4 ,by its  use we accept 
! great issues ( sci5tific tru? :i* we  
believe1  & d x legitimately4    ,x is !
 same 9 all "r acceptance ( religi\s    
tru?4 ,"h appe>s  a p]son 9 human hi/ory
 claim+ to reveal facts beyond our sph]e
  ( cognizance4 ,n[1 ! fir/ 7#a7 /ep is 
belief 9 8 compet5ce  & tru?fulness z a 
witness1 j z 9 cases ( sci5ce4 ,8 only  

appeal is to reason1 our only organ =   
appreh5d+ tru?4 ,we1 because  ( !       
evid5ce pres5t$ to our reason1 believe  
him compet5t &  tru?ful--i4 e41         
tru/wor?y--& we take ! second /ep 7#b71 
z 9  case ( se>* = sci5tific tru?4 ,we  
tru/ him1 we h 8fai?0  9 him4 ,!n 7#c7  
we believe 8 te/imony z to facts beyond 
our  cognizance1 z to ,god1 z to ! inn] 
_w & life1 z to 8  own p]son & "w1 & 8  
ag5cy 9 help+ u to ! true life4  ,"h are
 ! same ?ree /eps z 9 our believ+ !     
great facts (  sci5ce1 & !y are equally 
legitimate1 & ! belief is equally       
legitimate1 & ) ! same use ( 8fai?0 9   
bo? cases1 :i* use  is legitimate if we 
h appli$ our reason correctly4    ,x may
 be said t !re is ?is diff]5ce 9 ! two  
cases3 ,we are1  x may be1 compet5t )   
tra9+ to p]ceive ) our reason !  facts  
to :i* ! sci5ti/s witness1 :]eas 9      
religion we are n  compet5t by any      
tra9+1 9 our pres5t /ate1 to see :at    
,jesus  ,*ri/ te/ifi$ to2 !re=e !       
believ+ him is n legitimate4    ,space  

=bids argu+ ?is po9t1 b ! writ] is      
confid5t x c  be %[n t ?is does n       
vitiate ! process 9 ! lea/4 ,!  only    
po9t n[ argu$ is t reason is ! only     
organ ( man =  ! appreh5sion ( tru?1 & t
 8fai?0 acts ! same "p 9  sci5tific &   
religi\s belief4          ,,john ,r4    
,,?ur/on4    ,,:it9sville1 ,,mass41     
,septemb] #cj1 #ahii4    ,! po9t :i* our
 correspond5t discusses is "o :i* falls 
r  )9 ! prov9ce ( !ology or philosophy  
?an )9 t (  sci5ce4 ,9 ! article to :i* 
he ref]s we did n di/9ctly say  t 8fai?0
 0 8! organ ( religi\s appreh5sion40    
,:at we said  0 t grant+ su* 0 ! case1 !
 "q /ill rema9$ to  be settl$ :]e ! l9e 
%\ld be drawn betwe5 fai? & k4  ,we d\bt
 :e!r ! acc\nt :i* our correspond5t     
gives ( fai?  w\ld be widely accept$ by 
^? :o approa* ! subject f !  !ological  
side1 :ile ^? :o approa* x f ! sci5tific
  side w\ld--at lea/ _m ( !m w\ld--be   
dispos$ to consid] !  t]m "o :i* might  
bett] be disp5s$ ) 9 favor ( ! less     
ambigu\s ^w 8belief40 ,belief is !      

incl9ation ( ! m9d t[>d a  proposition =
 :i* absolute or demon/rative pro( is   
want+1 &  x is ?is condition ( m9d1 x   
seems to u1 t our correspond5t  has 9   
view4 ,fai? 9 ! religi\s s5se1 unless we
 are mi/ak51 is  some?+ diff]5t4 ,x is  
an affirmation made by ! human consci5ce
  or consci\sness 9 its own behalf--a   
c]ta9 in/9ctive recognition  ( a pres5ce
 & p[] 9 ! univ]se :i*1 ?\gh            
inaccessible  to sci5tific inve/igation1
 su/a9s an intimate1 pr(\nd1 &          
all-ess5tial relation to man's moral    
nature4 ,if tru/ 9 an individual  ev]   
rises to ! level ( fai? 9 ?is s5se1 x is
 because !  influ5ce ( ! individual     
h>monizes ) & re-en=ces ! primal        
in/9ct4 ,t1 at lea/1 is h[ we view !    
matt]4--,,editor4      ,,fiske',s       
,,views ,,comp>$4    ,editor ,popul>    
,sci5ce ,mon?ly3    ,,sir3 ,w y p]mit me
 to say a few words supplem5t+ y\r      
review  ( ,?r\gh ,nature to ,god8 ,to ^?
 :o h p]us$ ,mr4 ,fiske's late/  ?ree   
sci5tifico-!ological booklets1 & also 8 

,cosmic ,philosophy1  x c n be new t _! 
au?or has become entangl$ 9 hopeless    
contradictions ( himself4 ,! limit$     
space ( a lett] does n all[  ( adduc+ m 
?an "o rem>kable passage f ,cosmic      
,philosophy1  demon/rat+ ! anti!sis     
betwe5 ! argum5ts ( ?is "w &  ,mr4      
,fiske's late/ op9ions1 ^! new ?\ghts   
hav+ be5 develop$1  z he tells u1 by    
8c>ry+ su* a subject ab\t 9 8 m9d =0    
tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,we are told 9 ,?r\gh  
,nature to ,god 7page #ab7  t 8x has    
usually be5 f\nd necess>y to repres5t ! 
,creator  z f9ite ei!r 9 p[] or 9       
goodness1 al?\gh ! limitation is  seldom
 av[$1 except by writ]s :o h a lean+    
t[>d a!ism  & take a grim pleasure 9    
po9t+ out flaws 9 ! con/itution  ( ?+s4 
,among mod]n writ]s0 ,comte & ,mill are 
conspicu\s =  su* a 8lean+ t[>d a!ism40 
,!n we are in=m$ 7page #bj7 t  ! 8%ock  
:i* su* a cle>1 bold /atem5t gives to   
our religi\s  feel+s is no great] ?an ! 
%ock ) :i* x /rikes c\nt]  to our mod]n 
sci5tific philosophy40 ,& a little fur!r

 on we f9d  t 8! ,god :i* ,mr4 ,mill    
(f]s u1 %orn ( ! attribute (            
omnipot5ce1 is no ,god at all40    ,if !
 read] w n[ op5 ,cosmic ,philosophy1 he 
is told 9 vigor\s  language 7vol4 ii1 p4
 #dje7 t 8if !re exi/ a p]sonal ,creator
 (  ! univ]se :o is inf9itely intellig5t
 & p[]ful1 he c n be  inf9itely good2   
if1 on ! o!r h&1 he be inf9ite 9        
goodness1  !n he mu/ be lam5tably f9ite 
9 p[] or 9 intellig5ce4 ,by ?is         
two-edg$ difficulty1 !ology has ev] be5 
foil$40 ,!n 7vol4 ii1  p4 #djf7 ,mr4    
,fiske1 quot+ f ,mill1 expresses 8      
entire concurr5ce  ) ! views ( ?is em95t
 ?9k]1 & adds 7vol4 ii1 p4 #djg71  8,)  
,mr4 ,mill1 !re=e1 #8,i w call no be+   
good :o is n :at  ,i mean :5 ,i apply t 
epi!t to my fell[-creatures4' ,&1 go+ a 
/ep fur!r1 ,i w add t x is impossible to
 call t be+ good  :o1 exi/+ prior to !  
ph5om5al univ]se & creat+ x out (  !    
pl5itude ( inf9ite p[] & =ekn[l$ge1     
end[$ x ) su*  prop]ties t its mat]ial &
 moral developm5t mu/ inevitably be     

att5d$ by ! mis]y ( untold millions (   
s5ti5t creatures =  ^: exi/5ce _!       
,creator is ultimately alone            
responsible40    ,no comm5t ( m9e c %[ m
 cle>ly ?an ! passages cit$ above  !    
8conv]sion0 ( ,mr4 ,fiske1 aga9/ :i*    
imputation s mu* subtle  +5uity is      
exp5d$ 9 ! preface to ,! ,idea ( ,god4  
,t ,mr4 ,fiske is m]ely reviv+ gross    
an?ropoc5tric views he  himself admits4 
,to him1 man is 8! goal t[>d :i*        
,nature's "w  has be5 t5d+ f ! fir/40 ,b
 might n also "s pi!coid  ance/ors (    
ours h deem$ !mselves ! 8goal t[>d :i*  
,nature  _h be5 t5d+ f ! fir/08 ,:at is 
,nature's goal 9 ! endless  cycle (     
evolution 9 :i* life is b an            
inf9itesimal "p8 ,b )  ,huxley ,i       
believe t 8x w\ld be a new ?+ 9 hi/ory  
if a priori  philosoph]s 7 daunt$ by a  
facti\s opposition ( exp]i5ce40 ,mr4    
,fiske's late/ writ+s1 z all !odicies1  
be> te/imony to ! tru?  ( ,huxley's     
sca?+ rem>k4    ,b grant+1 = ! sake ( ! 
argum5t1 t 89 ! deepe/ s5se  x is z true

 z x ev] 0 held to be1 t ! _w 0 made =  
man10 !re is an objection to be rais$ on
 moral gr\nds /rong] ?an  any t c\ld be 
f\nd$ on sci5tific argum5ts4 ,_h ?is _w 
be5  creat$ = man1 entail+1 z x does1 ! 
8mis]y ( untold millions  ( s5ti5t      
creatures10 :o b ! crasse/ egoti/ c\ld  
wor%ip ?is  ,fiskean ,god ( iniquity8   
,! c>eful /ud5t ( ,?omas ,huxley's works
 may be surpris$ to f9d  ,?r\gh ,nature 
to ,god 8consecrat$0 to ! memory ( him  
^: life  "w 0 devot$ to 8untir+         
opposition to t ecclesia/ical _s0  t    
%9es ?r\gh e page ( ,mr4 ,fiske's late/ 
writ+s4 ,i e*o  ,mr4 ,fiske's words3 8,i
 c nev] cease to regret t ,huxley %\ld h
  pass$ away )\t see+ my ,mr4 ,fiske's  
argum5ts & giv+ me !  b5efit ( 8        
comm5ts40 ,! la/ /roke ( ,huxley's p5 0 
giv+  ,mr4 ,balf\r 8! b5efit ( 8        
comm5ts02 w\ld t he c\ld h  giv5 !m to !
 au?or ( ! excursion ,?r\gh ,nature to  
,god6          ,b4 ,a4 ,,behr5d4        
,,erie1 ,,pa41 ,decemb] #e1 #ahii4      
,editor ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly3        

,,sir3 ,y\r tr5*ant criticism ( ,mr4    
,john ,fiske's discussion ( !  my/]y (  
evil recalls ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s rem9d] t 8!re
 is a s\l (  tru? 9 all ?+s errone\s40  
,mr4 ,fiske c]ta9ly has n made x pla9 t 
! mean+ ( !  univ]se is to be f\nd      
7exclusively7 9 ! high] developm5ts  (  
love & self-sacrifice2 b is x n equally 
a mi/ake to say  inf]5tially t 8on a    
broad view ( ! _w-wide /ruggle = life   
!re are no moral elem5ts to be se508 ,if
 we def9e morality z !  equival5t m]ely 
( love & self-sacrifice1 ! ev]-pres5t   
love  ( "m &1 9 a degree1 ( fa!r = !    
(fspr+ imp]atively  negatives su* a     
conclusion4    ,b morality is some?+ m  
?an love & self-sacrifice4 ,morality  is
 "r conduct1 & "r conduct 9 ! la/       
analysis is con=mity  to ! conditions ( 
exi/5ce4 ,! ne>] ! con=mity1 ! m        
complete ! life1 & life approa*es       
complet5ess only z !  activities ( m5   
cease to be imp$$ by ea* o!r's          
aggressions1 !  highe/ life be+ rea*$ :5
 m5 help to complete "o ano!r's  lives4 

,conv]sely1 evil mu/ be def9$ z         
noncon=mity to ! conditions (  exi/5ce4 
,sl[ly b surely man is le>n+ ^!         
conditions1 &  z he le>ns x is n to be  
d\bt$ t 8evil0 w less54 ,if we  affirm  
acquisition ( k by man1 we mu/ po/ulate 
a prec$5t  or 8necess>y0 condition (    
ignorance4 ,h5ce x may be tru?fully said
  t evil is a necess>y correlative1 & 9 
a mann] ! necess>y  condition ( good2 & 
also1 ,i ?9k1 t a broad view ( !        
worldwide /ruggle = life %[s n an abs5ce
 ( moral elem5ts1  b r t ! e?ical is    
inh]5t 9 ! v nature ( animate  ?+s4     
,we may n all %>e ,mr4 ,fiske's exub]ant
 optimism1 & _m c n  accept 8           
teleological implications1 b ( !        
ultimate triumph (  good ov] evil1 ( k  
ov] ignorance1 we may n d\bt4           
,,frank ,m4 ,,loomis4    ,,buffalo1     
,novemb] #aj1 #ahii4      ,,! ,,location
 ,,( ,,v9l&4    ,editor ,popul> ,sci5ce 
,mon?ly3    ,,sir3 ,i beg to take       
exception to ! explod$ ,bo/on !ory aga9 
reviv$ by ,miss ,cornelia ,hors=d 9 !   

la/ numb] ( y\r valuable  magaz9e4 ,x is
 a/oni%+ to notice h[ little ,pr(4 ,g4  
,/orm's  excell5t prize essay & ,mr4    
,reeve's c>eful edition ( ! text  (     
sagas seem to h avail$ aga9/ ! misplac$ 
patriotism t  p]si/s 9 c>ry+ ^? ,norse  
explor]s d[n to ,new ,engl& 9 !  face ( 
! num]\s difficulties ) :i* ?is feat is 
associat$4  ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 n a s+le
 hi/orian or antiqu>ian ( note  has tak5
 ,pr(essor ,hors=d's extremely          
unsci5tific treatm5t ( !  sagas or 8    
,norse discov]ies s]i\sly1 & ! sob]     
v]dict (  ,mr4 ,?or/e9n ,erl+sson & ,dr4
 ,v4 ,gudmundsson on ! alleg$ ,norse    
ru9s seems to %[ t ,miss ,cornelia      
,hors=d has met ) no bett]  success4 ,to
 refute all ! philological curiosities &
 illogical  conclusions drawn by        
,pr(essor ,hors=d 9 8 t5 treatises on ! 
subject w\ld1 h[ev]1 require a book ( at
 lea/ five hundr$ pages1  & nobody seems
 to ?9k ! "q important en\gh to w>rant  
su*  an output4 ,! fact t ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4  
,keane1 9 8 rec5t "w1 ,man1 ,pa/  &     

,pres5t1 takes x = grant$ t ! ,norsem5  
met ) ,eskimos  9 ,new ,engl& 9 ! ye>   
#ajjj seems to prove1 h[ev]1 t ?is      
p]si/5ce 9 def5d+ a baseless supposition
 is n m]ely a matt]  ( innoc5t          
patriotism4 ,=tunately1 ! curr5t ye>1   
:i* m>ks !  n9e hundr$? anniv]s>y ( !   
discov]y1 w be sure to see "s  valuable 
new treatises on ! subject1 & ^? :o are 
suffici5tly  int]e/$ fur!rmore ne$ only 
consult ! above-m5tion$ books to        
discov] h[ _m s]i\s objections ! ,new   
,engl& !ory really has  to cont5d )4    
,p]mit me to m5tion "o ( !m4 ,cape ,cod 
has1 x  is true1 "o s+ul> feature t     
sugge/s ! ,keel ,cape ( ! be/  v]sion ( 
! ,v9l& manuscripts--viz41 s&y %ores4 ,z
 ev]ybody  c see = himself1 h[ev]1 by   
consult+ ,mr4 ,reeve's book1 !  explor]s
 sail$ s\? f ,keel ,cape on ! ea/]n %ore
 till !  c\ntry became ind5t$ ) bays4   
,at ! m\? ( "o ( ^! !y  e/abli%$ _! fir/
 w9t] qu>t]s 7! s-call$ ,/reamfir?71  & 
! next fall proce$$ /ill f>!r s\? = a   
consid]able "t  till !y came to 8,hop10 

! true ,w9el&4 ,! extraord9>y ease  )   
:i* ,pr(essor ,hors=d1 9 8 book ,l&fall 
( ,leif ,ericson1  und]takes to *op up  
?is v]sion1 9 ord] to make ! explor]s   
return to ,bo/on f ,cape ,cod in/ead (  
cont9u+ on _! c\rse1  is some?+         
rem>kable 9 ! annals ( hi/orical rese>*4
 ,b  ev5 !n 8 !ory fails utt]ly to      
satisfy ! critical read]4  ,! tr\ble )  
mo/ ( ! writ]s on ?is subject1 n exclud+
 a  pr(essional hi/orian l ,pr(4 ,john  
,fiske1 is t !y h fail$  to sift !      
mat]ial or see ! =ce ( ,pr(essor ,/orm's
 criticism (  ! ,flat ,isl& v]sion4 ,?is
 be+ done1 ev]y?+ falls into l9e  = !   
,nova ,scotia !ory1 due consid]ation be+
 giv5 to ! fact  t an oral tradition (  
at lea/ "o hundr$ ye>s int]v5$ betwe5  !
 ev5ts n>rat$ & ! fir/ some:at ext5d$   
writt5 record4    ,:ile1 !re=e1 ow+ to !
 la/-m5tion$ fact1 x is n  altoge!r     
impossible t ! ,norsem5 rea*$ ,new      
,engl&1 x %\ld  be di/9ctly und]/ood t  
su* a conclusion c only be drawn on     
ar*ological l9es1 ! te/ ( ! sagas po9t+ 

cle>ly 9 !  opposite direction4         
,,juul ,,dies]ud4      ,,field          
,,columbian ,,museum1 ,,*icago1         
,decemb] #g1 #ahii4          ,editor's  
,table4      ,,! ,,w> ,,_s4    ,x mu/ be
 a matt] ( deep regret to all "r-?9k+ m5
 t  !re %\ld h be5 dur+ ! latt] half ( !
 c5tury n[  expir+ s m>k$ a revival ( ! 
w> _s4 ,9 ! middle ( !  c5tury x 0 ?\ght
 by _m t ! _w _h le>n$ wisdom f  !      
t]rible exp]i5ces ( ! pa/1 & t ) !      
developm5t  ( int]national trade w> w\ld
 become an outworn mode ( settl+        
int]national controv]sies4 ,h[ diff]5t a
 turn ?+s 7 de/9$  to take ne$ n "h be  
told4 ,com+ to rec5t ev5ts1 h[ev]1 we   
may say t x is lam5table our own c\ntry 
c\ld n h won by  peaceful means :atev]  
advantages x has secur$ by its rec5t w> 
) ,spa94 ,equally lam5table is x t      
,great ,brita91 ! o!r  great            
repres5tative ( ,anglo-,saxon           
civilization1 %\ld at ?is mom5t  be     
engag$ 9 a /ill bloodi] /ruggle ov]     
que/ions :i* x is h>d  to believe c\ld n

 h be5 settl$ by negotiation4 8,:5ce    
come  w>s & fight+s among y80 is a "q t 
0 ask$ v long  ago1 & we d n "k t x is  
possible to improve on ! answ]  !n giv53
 8,f y\r lu/s40    ,we d n say t a      
nation %\ld n resi/ to ! dea? a di/9ct  
aggression on its lib]ties or its       
indep5d5ce4 ,we d n say t  :5 horrors   
are be+ enact$ 9 any "p ( ! _w =ce may n
  righte\sly be employ$ to arre/ !m2 b x
 is cle> to our m9d  t1 9 ! pres5t age1 
w>s betwe5 civiliz$ c\ntries might be   
almo/ :olly avoid$ if m reliance 7 plac$
 ^u moral =ce  & less re9 giv5 to !     
impulse to employ physical =ce4 ,?is is 
a  matt] = ! p 9 any /ate enjoy+ free   
in/itutions to take  to he>t4 ,let e man
 9 a "t ( national difficulty ask       
himself  ?is "q3 8,d ,i p]sonally want  
to h blood %$ ov] ?is  matt]80 ,or ?is  
"o3 8,am ,i p]sonally indiff]5t :e!r or 
n ?is  dispute ends 9 blood%$80 ,if a   
nation or ! majority ( a nation  wants  
to h blood %$ ov] a dispute ) ano!r     
nation1 or is  indiff]5t z to :e!r t    

%all be ! outcome1 ! discussion  w be   
c>ri$ on 9 a v diff]5t _s f :at x w\ld  
be  if !re 7 a pron\nc$ av]sion to su* a
 result4 ,) nations1  z ) individuals1  
ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! _s & ult]ior  purpose
 ) :i* a "q is approa*$4 ,! cases mu/ be
 v  few 9 :i* a great nation1 safe      
itself f attack1 might n1 9  any matt] 9
 :i* m9or int]e/s are involv$1 resolve  
)9  itself t x w n resort to w>--t x w  
"w1 & cont9ue  to "w1 on moral l9es1    
tru/+ t1 if x has "r on its side1  x w 9
 due "t c>ry its po9t4 ,if blood cries f
 ! gr\nd  aga9/ ! slay]1 :at mu/ be !   
responsibility ( ^? :o  he$lessly &     
ru?lessly give _! voices = w>1 :5       
pati5ce1  mod]ation1 & dis9t]e/$ness    
w\ld h bett] accompli%$ e  legitimate   
purpose8 ,slaught] is slaught]1 murd] is
 murd]1 h[ev]  we may seek to weak5 _!  
import by a conv5tional treatm5t4 ,w> is
  mutual murd] c>ri$ on pr(essionally & 
sy/ematically4 ,yet !  primal comm& /ill
 makes its solemn appeal to ! human he>t
 &  consci5ce3 8,?\ %alt n kill40    ,x 

is1 un=tunately1 only too easy to       
cultivate ! milit>y _s  9 almo/ any     
nation1 & ! milit>y _s1 x ne$ h>dly be  
said1  is ! _s t seeks qu>rels4 ,to !   
milit>y man w> means  excitem5t1        
emulation1 reputation1 promotion1       
subject ( c\rse to !  possibility (     
injury or dea?4 ,no "o d5ies t de$s (   
h]oism &  self-devotion are done on !   
battlefield2 b t m5 %\ld acquit         
!mselves nobly 9 ! field is no          
comp5sation = ! horrors ( a  w> br\ght  
on by ! pr$om9ance ( ! milit>y _s4      
8#8,great fame ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh won1
        ,& our good ,pr9ce ,eug5e4'--   
#8,oh1 'twas a v wick$ ?+1'        ,said
 little ,wilhelm9e40    ,& e w> is wick$
 & dete/able t c\ld consi/5tly  )       
national honor be avoid$4 ,:5 we say    
8honor0 we d n mean  8reputation40      
,reputation dep5ds on ! canons ( judgm5t
 prevail+  among ^? :o presume to aw>d  
x4 ,9 a duel+ community a man's         
reputation might suff] by decl9+ a      
*all5ge1 b 8 honor w\ld  be intact if he

 decl9$ f s9c]e unwill+ness to d a wrong
 act4  ,!re is mu* honor sometimes 9    
sacrific+ reputation1 p>ticul>ly  !     
8bubble reputation0 t is won 89 !       
cannon's m\?40 ,e  appeal to ! sword    
weak5s ! reliance plac$ ^u pr9ciples (  
ju/ice1 & ?us undoes a va/ am\nt ( ! "w 
( peace4 ,:5 w>  is once set on foot1 ! 
national judgm5t is m or less bl9d$4    
,true1 x is ! action ( a majority ( ! p 
only--admitt+  t a majority want$ x--b  
:o is uncompromis+ en\gh1 :5 8  c\ntry's
 armies are 9 ! field1 to proclaim t !y 
are fight+  9 a wrong cause8 ,a few may 
d x1 b !y d x at _! p]il4 ,9  all o!r   
matt]s a m9ority may c5sure ) any degree
 ( sev]ity  ! policy ( ! majority1 b n 9
 ! matt] ( a w> once ent]$  on4 ,yet h[ 
p]v]t+ su* a situation is to "r judgm5t1
 & h[  injuri\s an effect x mu/ h on !  
ris+ g5]ation1 are only too  app>5t4    
,^! reflections may n at fir/ sight seem
 to h a v direct  be>+ on ! int]e/s =   
:i* ?is magaz9e is suppos$ to /&1  b to 
our m9d sci5ce1 9 ! broad s5se1 has no  

function s  important z t ( settl+ !    
education ( ! "y ^u a "r  moral basis4  
,no sy/em ( education des]ves to be     
call$ sci5tific  t does n place ! idea (
 ju/ice at ! v f\ndation (  human life4 
,y c n d ?is1 h[ev]1 )\t mak+ x a work+ 
pr9ciple1 & )\t inculcat+ a belief 9 x z
 su*4 ,apply+  ! pr9ciple to national   
affairs1 we see at once t a /rong nation
  :i* desires to be j w take no         
advantage ( its /r5g? 9  its deal+s )   
o!r nations4 ,if x has a dem& to make1 x
 w  make x simply 9 ! "n ( ju/ice1 & ca/
 no sidelong glances at  its up-to-date 
battle %ips or its well-equipp$         
battalions4 ,x w  h unb\nd$ pati5ce )   
weak] communities1 :i*1 rightly or      
wrongly1 may seem to ?9k !y h "r on _!  
side4 ,x w n  be a%am$ to %r9k f ! %$d+ 
( blood4 ,! 8"y b>b>ians0  ( our public 
s*ools are always only too ready to     
exalt might above  "r2 b ! judici\s     
tea*] into :om ! true _s ( sci5ce  has  
ent]$ w seize e favorable opportunity = 
inculcat+ !  great lesson t ! moral law 

has a way ( v9dicat+ itself 9 !  end1 & 
t ! inh]itance ( ! e>? has be5 promis$ n
 to !  qu>relsome or ! ov]we5+1 b to !  
meek4 ,a g5]ation br\ght  up on ^!      
pr9ciples w\ld be sl[ to make w>1 & _!  
influ5ce  on ! _w w\ld be 9 e way p[]ful
 = good4      ,,language ,,& ,,life4    
,! ord9>y s*ool education 9 language &  
gramm> is d\btless  responsible = !     
impression :i* we f9d exi/+ 9 s _m m9ds 
t1 9 all matt]s ( v]bal expression1 !re 
is "s "o absolute  /&>d ( au?ority to   
:i* x implies simply ignorance n to     
b[--"s supreme c\rt1 z x 71 emp[]$ to   
decide = u :at  words we are to use1 h[ 
we are to pron\nce !m1 & :at rules (    
syntax we are to foll[4 ,x w\ld be      
difficult1 d\btless1 to imp>t  to *ildr5
 or v "y p ! wid] & m sci5tific view (  
language1 inasmu* z !y ne$1 9 ! fir/    
place1 cle> guidance z  reg>ds usage r  
?an correct !ory4 ,! idea1 !re=e1 )  :i*
 !y gr[ up1 if _! s*ool /udies take any 
hold ^u !m  at all & if no wid] culture 
comes to *ange _! way ( look+  at ?+s1  

is t "s v wise man made an infallible   
gramm> &  ano!r v wise man an infallible
 diction>y1 & t no "o ne$ be  9 d\bt 9  
reg>d to :at is or?odox 9 language :o   
has access to  ^! tables ( ! law4 ,we h 
kn[n gr[n-up p]sons to turn away  ) a v 
skeptical air1 & a k9d ( look z if !y _h
 f\nd out  a weak spot 9 y\r educational
 armor1 :5 !y 7 told t really  x 0      
impossible to say :i* ( two             
pronunciations ( a ^w 0  "r & :i* 0     
wrong--t ei!r might be employ$ )\t      
mortal  (f5se aga9/ elegance ( spee* or 
good bre$+4    ,a hideb\nd view (       
language t5ds s mu* to n>r[ ?\ght on    
g5]al  subjects t x seems to u (        
importance t ! true & sci5tific  view ( 
! subject %\ld be br\ght =w>d :5ev]     
opportunity  (f]s4 ,mr4 ,william ,ar*]1 
! well-kn[n ,engli% critic1 contribut$  
an article n long ago to ! ,pall ,mall  
,magaz9e :i* might be read  ) mu*       
advantage by p$ants & puri/s1 & all bl9d
 foll[]s (  au?ority4 ,he takes ! broad 
gr\nd t language is a transcript1  z x  

71 ( life1 & t z life wid5s & becomes m 
v>i$1  language mu/ d ! same4 ,x mu/    
reflect ! fancy1 ! imag9ation1  & !     
humor ( ! day1 & n m]ely ! fancy1       
imag9ation1 &  humor ( pa/ g5]ations4   
,if we want a language t is fix$ &      
unalt]able 9 its =ms we mu/ seek "o t   
has ceas$ to be spok5  by m54 ,ev5 !n we
 c n always get absolute decisions4     
,cic]o is  p]haps ! be/ /&>d ( ,lat9    
prose1 b no compet5t critic w\ld  say t 
8 writ+ 0 flawless4 ,we "k t grammatical
 que/ions  7 mu* debat$ among ! anci5ts1
 & we h no d\bt t _m  su* que/ions 7    
left unsettl$4 ,9 a liv+ language !re   
mu/ be  unsettl$ que/ions4 ,!re is a    
con/ant /ruggle = life go+ on  among !  
words & phrases ) :i* m5 endeavor to    
express _!  ideas1 &1 at a giv5 mom5t1 x
 is impossible to say :i* %all  prosp]1 
?is or t4 ,! ^w or phrase t prosp]s--t  
comm5ds  itself1 aft] adequate trial1 = 
expressiv5ess1 conv5i5ce1 or  euphony1  
or = any comb9ation ( useful            
qualities--w survive &  become classic2 

! expression t has no?+ special to      
comm5d x1  beyond its novelty &         
slang9ess1 w probably pass1 aft] a brief
  & p>tial curr5cy1 into ! va/ limbo ( !
 unfit4 ,all we c say  ( a ^w at a giv5 
mom5t is h[ f> x has actually become    
curr5t  & :at k9d ( society x keeps4    
,:at its =tune w be we c only  guess4 ,j
 z 9 ! f9ancial _w great =tunes are     
sometimes  v sudd5ly made & names be=e  
obscure spr+ into _w-wide  notoriety1 s1
 9 ! realm ( language1 a ^w ( v unc]ta9 
ance/ry & no social repute may ass]t its
 "r to recognition &  take its place    
among ! be/4    ,x does n foll[ f ?is t 
x c ev] be a matt] (  indiff]5ce :at    
words we use or :at tricks we play )    
language1  any m ?an x c be a matt] (   
indiff]5ce :at p]sonal habits  we adopt4
 ,language is ! clo?+ ( our ?\ghts1 & z 
su* x may  exhibit ! same qualities :i* 
atta* to ! clo?+ ( our bodies4  ,x may  
be m>k$ by neatness & propriety1 or by  
slov5l9ess &  want ( ta/e4 ,"s m5 are   
ov]-dress$1 & "s affect ov]-f9e         

language4 ,"s g aft] ! late/ novelties 9
 ! tailor+ _w1  & "s aft] ! late/ slang1
 ass]t+ !reby _! resolution  to be up to
 date4 ,x is ne$less to draw ! p>allel  
fur!r1 b  x is evid5t t !re is wide     
scope 9 ! *oice ( language =  !         
exhibition ( p]sonal pref]5ce & p]sonal 
"*4 ,we  ?9k x safe to say t ! int]e/s (
 a language1 consid]$ z  an in/rum5t (  
?\ght1 w be be/ promot$ by ^? :o pay due
  respect to its e/abli%$ =ms1 & only   
c\nt5ance su* neologisms  z make good _!
 claim to acceptance by supply+ a real  
want4 ,mr4  ,ar*]1 9 ! article we h     
ref]r$ to1 /ates1 & we d n  d\bt ) tru?1
 t ! ,engli% language has be5 greatly   
enri*$  & /r5g!n$ by ! fact t x has be5 
spok5 & writt5 by  millions ( p on ?is  
side ( ! ,atlantic1 lead+ an int5se &   
vigor\s life ( _! own1 "u conditions v  
diff]5t 9 _m  respects f ^? prevail+ 9 !
 "m c\ntry4 ,! language  moves ) a fre] 
/ep1 beats ) a /rong] pulse1 & assumes a
  m imp]ial be>+ f ! fact t x expresses 
! activity &  sums up ! life ( ! =emo/  

communities ( ! human race 9 bo?        
hemisph]es4    ,a great classical s*ol> 
n long ago wrote a lett] to an ,engli%  
weekly newspap] express+ a v contemptu\s
 e/imate ( ! ,fr5*  language1 z be+ only
 a degrad$ =m ( ,lat94 ,he ?\ght x a    
great  disgrace to ! language t x _h no 
bett] ^w = 8mu*0 ?an  beauc\p1 :i*1 z he
 le>n$ly expla9$1 came f two ,lat9 words
  mean+ 8f9e0 & 8bl[40 ,! mo/ cursory   
exam9ation ( any language  w %[ t x     
ab\nds 9 j su* v]bal devices4 ,we d n 9 
,engli% put ! words 8great0 & 8/roke0   
toge!r1 b1 us+ !m  sep>ately1 we say 8a 
great /roke0 ( luck & ( _m o!r ?+s  :5  
!re is no "q ( 8/rik+0 at all4 ,9 ! same
 way we  w\ld say 8a great hit10 :5 !re 
is no "q ( hitt+1 except  by remote     
analogy4 ,languages gr[ ri* & flexible  
precisely by !  adoption ( su* conv5i5t 
comb9ations4 ,:at !y may orig9ally h    
meant becomes a matt] ( little mom5t :5 
once !y h become  ?or\ghly accept$ &    
?or\ghly expressive4 ,aft] !y h become  
weld$ toge!r1 z sometimes happ5s1 9 "o  

^w1 x is an advantage  r ?an o!rwise if 
! sep>ate mean+s ( _! con/itu5t  p>ts   
become lo/ to all except ! pr(essional  
etymologi/4 ,z long  z ! sep>ate p>ts   
reta9 _! sep>ate mean+ "s s5se (        
incongruity w sometimes arise 9         
connection ) ! use ( !  t]m4 ,?us to say
 8a h&ful ( corn0 is all "r1 b "o might 
feel t x 0 n all "r to say 8a m]e h&ful 
( m540 ,yet x  w\ld be futile to        
criticise ! expression :i* has become   
idiomatic  ,engli%4 ,if ! ^w 8h&ful0 _h 
p>t$ ) its ess5tial mean+  z completely 
z say ! ^w 8troop0 has1 = all b         
etymologi/s1  !re w\ld be no k9d (      
incongruity 9 its employm5t = any small 
numb] or quantity :atsoev]4    ,!       
sci5tific view ( language1 !n1 is t x   
repres5ts ! ef=t  ( mank9d to use       
audible symbols = ! expression ( ?\ght2 
t  x foll[s ! developm5t ( man's        
activity & enl>ges ) 8  enl>g+ k1 &     
compreh5sion ( ?+s2 t :ile its object   
is ess5tially a practical "o x ga!rs    
beauty ) use & age1 &  beg9s to react on

 ! m9ds ( its mak]s2 t its mak]s are !  
p1 n ! gramm>ians1 ^! be+ m]ely its     
policem51 :o1  useful 9 g5]al1 are      
sometimes too (fici\s2 t great writ]s   
are  ! ar*itects :o felicit\sly arrange 
mat]ials :i* ! p h  ga!r$ & %ap$1 plac+ 
! be/ ( su* mat]ials :]e !y c  be se5 to
 be/ advantage2 f9ally1 t ! language (  
ea* nation  is its mo/ preci\s          
possession1 ! record ( its civilization1
 &  ! repository ( all t is be/ 9 its   
moral & intellectual life1  & t x is    
!re=e ! duty ( all :o make any          
pret5sions to  lib]al tra9+ to wat* ov] 
_! h]itage &1 :ile all[+ all  reasonable
 scope = fur!r developm5t1 to gu>d x by 
all means 9  _! p[] aga9/ degradation & 
pollution4 ,a great p w  h a great      
language3 :5 a language %[s signs (     
weakness or  decl5sion1 !re is reason to
 fe> = ! civilization ( :i* x is  !     
expression4          ,fragm5ts (        
,sci5ce4      8,d>k ,lightn+40--,!      
att5tion ( meteorologi/s & photograph]s 
has be5 engag$ to a consid]able ext5t1  

)9 a few mon?s pa/1  ) ! appe>ance on   
photographs ( lightn+ ( :at seem$ to  be
 d>k fla%es z well z bright ones4 ,9 !  
ef=t to acc\nt  satisfactorily = !      
ph5om5on x has be5 ref]r$ to            
photographic  rev]sal1 due to extreme   
brilliancy2 to a pr$om9ance ( infra-r$  
radiations2 to ! exi/5ce ( fla%es       
defici5t 9 act9ic rays2 to  *anges 9 !  
d5sity ( ! air occasion$ by ! sp>k1 :5 a
 d>k  l9e ) a light l9e )9 x is %[n if !
 air is compress$1  & a light l9e       
inclos+ a d>k "o if x is r>efi$2 & to "s
  qualities ( ! photographic plate4 ,!  
fir/ real light 0 ?r[n on  ! subject by 
"s exp]im5ts describ$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4   
,clayd51 :o1  hav+ photograph$ "s       
electric sp>ks ( diff]5t int5sities1    
be=e develop+ ! plates expos$ !m to !   
diffus$ light (  a gas flame4 ,!        
brilliant sp>ks !n yield$ images :i*    
might  ei!r be call$ normal ) a rev]s$  
m>g91 or rev]s$ ) a  normal core1 :ile !
 fa9t] images 7 completely rev]s$--or1  
9 o!r words1 came out d>k] ?an !        

backgr\nd4 ,! 8fogg+0 (  ! picture1 to  
produce ?is rev]sal1 mu/ be done aft] ! 
image (  ! fla% is impress$2 = if x is  
done be=e1 ! image appe>s  light] ?an ! 
backgr\nd4 ,?is effect1 :i* is call$ !  
8,clayd5  effect10 is accept$ z a       
satisfactory explanation ( ! ph5om5on   
by two ( ! au?ors :o h mo/ /udi$ x--,dr4
 ,w4 ,j4 ,s4 ,locky]  & ,pr(4 ,r4 ,w4   
,wood1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94      
,pr(essor ,wood1  on repeat+ ,mr4       
,clayd5's exp]im5t1 obta9$ d>k fla%es   
)\t  any difficulty1 b z !y fail$ to    
appe> :5 ! light ( an  inc&esc5t lamp 0 
sub/itut$ = ! electric sp>k1 he         
concludes  t !re is some?+ 9 ! sp>k     
ess5tial to ! rev]sal4 ,dr4  ,locky]    
summ>izes 8 conclusion by say+ t        
d>k-lightn+ fla%es  8d n exi/ 9 ,nature1
 b _! appe>ances on photographs are due 
to "s *emical action :i* takes place 9 !
 gelat9 film40           99       99    
99       99       99    8,w>m+          
,up40--8,w>m+ up0 is ! expressive t]m ( 
g5]al  curr5cy1 :i* ,dr4 ,e4 ,g4        

,lanca/] adopts to d5ote ! process 9    
:i* "o />t+ on any "w 9 a little :ile   
suff]s a %ort  p]iod ( fatigue1 f :i* he
 soon recov]s1 to g on ) new &  increas$
 vigor4 ,?is occurs 9 ! c\rse ( walks1 )
 /ud5ts  engag$ 9 e>ne/ read+ or 9      
writ+1 & 9 animals1 z 9 dogs  on ! *ase1
 ! animals pursu$1 & racehorses4 8,x is 
said ( two  fam\s trott]s1 ea* ( :i* has
 r$uc$ ! _w's record )9 a  few ye>s1 t !
 p]iod ( w>m+ up 0 v *>act]i/ic4444     
,a?letes1 especially ball play]s1       
realize ! importance ( practice  j be=e 
! games1 to be foll[$ by a slight re/4  
,a pit*]  w\ld h>dly ent] ! box till he 
_h got 8 arm 9 work+ ord]  by a few     
m9utes' practice4 ,orators (t5 are dull 
at fir/1 b w>m  up4 ,x is said t ,w5dell
 ,phillips 0 (t5 hiss$ = 8 sl[1         
un9t]e/+ spee*1 b ralli$ to ! occasion  
at su* times )  8 ma/]ly oratory40 ,dr4 
,lanca/] has exp]im5t$ on ! ph5om5a1    
us+ a me?od l ^? ( ,mosso & ( ,lomb>d 9 
! psy*ological  laboratory at ,cl>k     
,univ]sity1 & publi%es ! results1 )     

details  & curves1 9 ! pap]s ( !        
,colorado ,college ,sci5tific ,society4 
,he tri$ t5 or twelve subjects1         
exp]im5t+ on ! middle f+]  ( ! "r h&1 & 
ga9+ mo/ ( 8 results f f\r or five      
p]sons4 ,he f9ds t w>m+ up is g5]al1 b n
 univ]sal4 ,"o  subject always did 8 be/
 "w fir/4 ,he likewise %[$ no w>m+  up 9
 8 m5tal "w4 ,! ph5om5on call$ 8second  
m9d0 is closely  alli$ to w>m+ up1 b is 
n ! same4 ,! au?or is ( ! op9ion  t !   
importance ( ?is process is greatly     
misund]/ood4           99       99      
99       99       99    ,sixty ,ye>s'   
,improvem5ts 9 ,/eam%ips4--,a review (  
:at has  be5 accompli%$ 9 sixty ye>s 9 !
 improvem5t ( transatlantic  traffic1   
giv5 by ,sir ,william ,h4 ,:ite 9 8     
address at ! ,briti%  ,association on   
,/eam ,navigation at ,high ,spe$s1 %[s t
 spe$ has  be5 increas$ f eight & a half
 to tw5ty-two & a half knots  an h\r1 & 
! "t ( ! voyage has be5 br\ght d[n to   
ab\t  ?irty-eight p] c5t ( :at x 0 9    
#ahch4 ,%ips h be5 m ?an  trebl$ 9 l5g?1

 ab\t d\bl$ 9 bread?1 & increas$ t5fold 
9  displacem5t4 ,! numb] ( pass5g]s     
c>ri$ by a /eam%ip has be5  enl>g$ f    
ab\t "o hundr$ to ne>ly two ?\s&4 ,!    
eng9e  p[] has be5 made =ty times z     
great4 ,! ratio ( horse p[] to  ! weight
 driv5 has be5 quadrupl$4 ,! rate ( coal
 consumption  p] horse p[] p] h\r is n[ 
only ab\t "o ?ird :at x 0 9  #ahdj4 ,_h 
! old rate ( coal consumption cont9u$1  
in/ead ( ?ree  ?\s& tons ( coal1 n9e    
?\s& w\ld h be5 requir$ = a  voyage at  
tw5ty-two knots4 ,_h ! eng9es be5       
proportionately z  heavy z ^? 9 use     
sixty ye>s ago1 !y w\ld h weigh$ ab\t   
f\rte5 ?\s& tons4 ,9 o!r words1 ma*9]y1 
boil]s1 & coal  w\ld h exce$$ ! total   
weight ( ! ,campania z %e floats        
to-day4 8,!re c\ld n be a m /rik+       
illu/ration ?an ?is  ( ! close relation 
betwe5 improvem5ts 9 m>9e eng9e]+ at    
high spe$4 ,equally true is x t ?is     
developm5t c\ld n h  be5 accompli%$ b = 
! use ( improv$ mat]ials & /ructural    
arrangem5ts40           99       99     

99       99       99    ,am]ican        
,advances 9 ,=e/ry4--,! ,dep>tm5t (     
,agriculture hav+  det]m9$ to prep>e a  
book = ! ,p>is ,exposition1 review+  :at
 has be5 accompli%$ 9 sci5tific         
agriculture 9 ! ,unit$  ,/ates1 !       
,division ( ,=e/ry w contribute to x a  
%ort hi/ory  ( =e/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
) an acc\nt ( ! ef=ts (  private        
l&hold]s to apply ! pr9ciples ( =e/ry4  
,mu* m has  be5 accompli%$ 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates 9 ! way ( =e/ry ?an has  be5     
suppos$4 ,mr4 ,p9*ot1 ! =e/] ( !        
division1 holds t  :]ev] private own]s h
 made ! ef=t to use ! m]*antable  timb] 
on _! woodl& )\t injur+ its productive  
p[]1 & to  e/abli% new =e/s1 !re has be5
 ! int5tion ( true =e/ry4  ,! me?ods may
 h be5 imp]fect1 b !y h t5d$ t[>d       
economic =e/ managem5t s f> z _! object 
0 ! cont9u$  use ( ! l& = produc+ woods4
 ,among ! measures look+ 9  ?is         
direction ,mr4 ,p9*ot m5tions 9 8       
circul> ! practice  :i* has be5 adopt$  
8because x pays10 9 "s ( ! spruce l&s  (

 ! ,nor?we/1 ( leav+ ! small trees /&+1 
s t !  lumb]m5 c return = a second crop 
e>li] ?an w\ld o!rwise  be possible2 & !
 adoption by f>m]s ( me?ods 9 gett+ _!  
wood1 = sav+ ! be/ trees & promot+ _!   
gr[? & t  ( ! new ones2 ( keep+ spr\t   
l&s to be cut ov] regul>ly &            
sy/ematically1 = p]iodical r5ewal1 & (  
tree plant+ on wa/e  places1 hillsides  
liable to be wa%$1 & ! banks ( /reams4  
,o!r  =ms ( plant+ are ! in/itution (   
w9d breaks 9 ! treeless  ,we/1 & special
 plantations = f5ce po/s1 etc4 ,a k9d ( 
=e/ry  practice is likewise indicat$ 9 !
 special pa9s t are tak5  by f>m]s & 9  
lumb]+ di/ricts to less5 ! dang] (      
fires4  ,=e/] ,p9*ot desires t all !    
in=mation t c be ga9$ be  communicat$ to
 him = ! propos$ article4           99  
99       99       99       99           
,pr(essor ,putnam on ! ,orig9s ( !      
,am]ican ,races4--,9 8  address z retir+
 ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,association1   
,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4  ,putnam1 aft] express+ 8 
high op9ion ( ! late ,dr4 ,d4 ,g4       

,br9ton  & 8 sci5tific labors1 ref]r$ to
 ! diff]5ces ( op9ion t  _h exi/$ betwe5
 !m 9 respect to ! orig9 ( ! ,am]ican   
peoples1 & proce$$ to exp\nd 8 own views
 on ! subject4 ,he  reg>d$ ! t]m        
8m\nd-build]s0 z compreh5sive en\gh to  
include  all ! peoples :o _h left ! m>ks
 ( _! =m] pres5ce 9  ?is c\ntry4 ,ev5 ! 
%ell heaps c\ld n be reg>d$ z ! "w  ( "o
 p4 ,f ! "t ( ! e>lie/ deposits--:i* 7 (
  great antiquity--to ! pres5t1 su*     
refuse piles _h be5 made &  _m ( ! sites
 reoccupi$1 sometimes ev5 by a diff]5t  
p4  ,s ) ! m\nds ( e>? & /one2 _m ( !m  
are ( great  antiquity1 :ile o!rs 7 made
 )9 ! hi/oric p]iod1 & ev5  dur+ ! fir/ 
half ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,^! works 7     
devot$  to a v>iety ( purposes1 & !re   
are _m diff]5t k9ds ( !m4  ,besides !   
m\nds1 !re are gr\ps ( e>?works ( a     
diff]5t ord]  ( /ructure1 t mu/ be      
consid]$ by !mselves--great embankm5ts1 
=tifications1 & s+ul> /ructures on hills
 & plateaus t are  9 m>k$ contra/ to !  
ord9>y conical m\nds1 & m\nds 9 !  =m ( 

animals & ( man4 ,! consid]able         
antiquity ( ^! old]  e>?works is prov$  
by ! accumulation ( mold & ! =e/ gr[?   
^u !m4 8,if all m\nds ( %ell1 e>?1 or   
/one1 =tifications  on hills1 or places 
( religi\s & c]emonial rites1 are       
class$1  irrespective ( _! /ructure1    
cont5ts1 or "t ( =mation1 z  ! "w ( "o  
p1 & t p is designat$ z ! #8,am]ican    
,indian' or ! #8,am]ican race1' &       
consid]$ ! only p ev]  inhabit+ ,am]ica 
nor? & s\?1 we are simply 444 n giv+    
fair  consid]ation to diff]5ces1 :ile   
ov]e/imat+ resemblances40  ,cit+        
analogies betwe5 our e>?works & ,mexican
 /ructures1 &  look+ ^u ! ,pueblos z a  
connect+ l9k1 8we mu/ reg>d !  culture (
 ! build]s ( ! anci5t e>?works z "o & ! 
same  ) t ( anci5t ,mexico1 al?\gh      
modifi$ by environm5t4 ,our  nor!rn &   
ea/]n tribes came 9 contact ) ?is p :5  
!y pu%$ _! way s\?w>d & we/w>d1 & _m (  
_! arts  & cu/oms /ill l+] among "s (   
our ,indian tribes4 ,x is ?is           
absorption & admixture ( ! /ocks t has 9

 ! c\rse (  ?\s&s ( ye>s br\ght all our 
peoples into a c]ta9 uni=mity4  ,?is    
does n1 h[ev]1 prove a unity ( race40   
99       99       99       99       99  
,heat ,insulators4--,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,norton
 has made exp]im5ts1 at !  reque/ ( ,mr4
 ,edw>d ,atk9son1 9 ord] to det]m9e !   
relative  effici5cy ( sev]al k9ds (     
/eam-pipe cov]+ n[ on ! m>ket2  to      
asc]ta9 ! fire risk att5dant ^u ! use ( 
c]ta9 me?ods  & mat]ials employ$ =      
insulation ( /eam pipes2 to %[ ! ga9  9 
economy att5dant ^u ! increase (        
?ickness ( cov]+s2 &  to f9d ! exact    
f9ancial return t may be expect$ f a    
giv5  outlay = cov]+ /eam pipes4 ,a     
me?od ( exp]im5tation 0  adopt$ :i*     
repres5t$ z ne>ly z practicable !       
conditions  exi/+ 9 ! actual use ( /eam 
pipes4 ,( sixte5 non-conduct+           
prep>ations tri$1 ! mo/ effici5t 7 f\nd 
to be ^? made (  cork2 next 0 a cov]    
compos$ ( an inn] jacket ( e>?y mat]ial 
& an out] jacket ( wool felt2 & next    
magnesia4 ,9 ref]5ce to  ! la/ sub/ance 

x is1 h[ev]1 obs]v$ t1 :ile x is a mo/  
effective non-conductor1 ! "n has be5   
appli$ to _m comp\nds  ( :i* ! great] "p
 consi/ ( c>bonate ( lime or pla/] (    
,p>is1 mat]ials :i* are n good z heat   
ret>d5ts4 ,asbe/os is  m]ely a          
non-combu/ible mat]ial 9 :i* air may be 
entrapp$1 b1  :5 non-por\s1 is a good   
conductor ( heat4 ,g5]ally speak+1 a    
cov] saves heat en\gh to pay = itself 9 
a little less ?an a ye>  at ?ree hundr$ 
& t5 t5-h\r days1 & 9 ab\t f\r mon?s at 
?ree hundr$ & sixty-five tw5ty-f\r-h\r  
days4 ,! decision z to  ! *oice ( cov]  
mu/1 h[ev]1 come f o!r consid]ations1 z 
well z f t ( non-conductivity4 ,ability 
to )/& ! action  ( heat = a prolong$    
p]iod )\t be+ de/roy$ or r5d]$  less    
effici5t is ( vital importance4 ,! cork 
cov]+s 7 f\nd  to respond to ?is te/    
extremely well1 & !re c be no "q        
respect+ magnesia2 b ,mr4 ,norton does n
 consid] x safe to put  ^u a /eam pipe  
wool1 hair1 felt1 or wool5 felt 9 any   
=m1 ?\gh  ! dang] is n likely to accrue 

:5 an in* ( firepro( mat]ial  /&s betwe5
 ! felt & ! pipe4 ,9 g5]al x may be said
 t  if five ye>s is ! life ( a cov]1 "o 
in* is ! mo/ economical  ?ickness1 :ile 
a cov] :i* has a life ( t5 ye>s may to  
advantage  be made two in*es ?ick4 ,!   
me?od ( judg+ a pipe cov] by !  w>m?    
felt on putt+ ! h& ^u x is fallaci\s2 ! 
s5sation  dep5ds s mu* ^u ! nature ( !  
surface t x utt]ly fails to  give any   
idea ( ! actual temp]ature4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,effect ( ,sea ,wat] on ,soil4--,9 a    
pap] read at ! ,briti%  ,association1   
#ahii1 on ! *emical effect ( ! salts ( !
  salt-wat] flood ( ,novemb] #bg1 #ahig1
 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,engl&1  ,messrs4 ,t4  
,s4 ,dymond & ,f4 ,hughes record$ !     
rem>kable result t1  al?\gh ! proportion
 ( salt left 9 ! soil 0 insuffici5t to  
prove injuri\s to gr[+ crops1 ! e>?worms
 7 entirely remov$1  ) ! consequ5ce t v 
few crops 7 wor? h>ve/+ !  foll[+ ye>4  
,9 ! next ye> n9e t5?s ( ! salt at fir/ 
pres5t _h disappe>$ f ! soil1 & "y worms

 _h aga9  made _! appe>ance1 b /ill !   
condition ( ! soil rema9$               
unsatisfactory1 ! rate ( p]colation (   
wat] ?r\gh ! flood$  e>? be+ only "o    
half z rapid z ?r\gh ! unflood$4 ,!     
au?ors ascribe ?is to ! action ( !      
*lorides ( ! sea wat] on  ! silicates ( 
! soil ) ! =mation ( silicate ( alum9a 9
  a gelat9\s condition4           99    
99       99       99       99    ,! ,w> 
aga9/ ,monopolies4--,mr4 ,rob]t ,ew5    
writes1 9 !  ,we/m9/] ,review1 dem&+    
free bank circulation z likely to  be a 
v effective weapon to be us$ 9 8! com+  
conte/ )  monopoli/s40 ,! subject seems 
to h attract$ (ficial att5tion  9 ,engl&
 9 #ahge1 :5 ,sir ,/af=d ,nor?cote 0    
,*ancellor ( !  ,ex*equ]4 ,z *airman ( !
 committee appo9t$ to inquire into !    
work+ ( ! ,bank ,acts1 he submitt$ a    
memor&um %[+ t1  :ile c]ta9 items ( !   
monopoly enjoy$ by ! ,bank ( ,engl&  _h 
be5 )drawn1 a residuum ( re/rictions on 
issu+ banks /ill  rema9$ unrepeal$4 ,"s 
o!r c\ntries h f\nd a way ( giv+        

ela/icity to ! curr5cy by buy+ 9 & lay+ 
aside _! bonds1  z ! ,unit$ ,/ates has  
rec5tly be5 do+4 ,?is c n be done  9    
,great ,brita91 because ! ,bank ( ,engl&
 & ! o!r bank  monopoli/s block ! way4  
,! bank is ti$ d[n by acts ( ,p>liam5t  
to buy & sell gold at a fix$ price1 &   
?is re/riction has be5  a cause (       
panics1 :]eas _h gold be5 all[$ to rise 
& fall 9  price1 accord+ to supply &    
dem&1 & ! bank got a free h& 9  deal+ ) 
t commodity & 9 issu+ legal notes to    
supply !  circulat+ m$ium1 8all w\ld h  
gone well40 ,=eign protectioni/s  n[ h !
 p[] to prev5t ,briti% goods f gett+    
into _!  m>kets by impos+ heavy duties  
on !m1 & at ! same "t =c+  _! produce   
into ,briti% m>kets1 because ,engli%    
laws all[  !m to get gold f ! ,engli%   
*eap] ?an _! goods c be  obta9$4        
8,suppose a m]*ant 9 ,brita9 buys       
#ajj1jjj wor? ( corn  f ,am]ica & gives 
a *eck on ! ,bank ( ,engl& = ! am\nt  ( 
! pur*ase4 ,! ,am]ican draws ! #ajj1jjj 
9 gold & takes x  home2 he w h to pay no

 export or import duty !reon--inde$1  ! 
probability is he may get a premium on !
 gold 9 ,am]ica4 ,b  rev]se !           
transaction3 ,suppose ! ,briti% m]*ant  
sold #ajj1jjj  wor? ( 8 goods to        
,am]ica1 !re w\ld1 9 ! fir/ place1 be  !
 exorbitant duty impos$ !re ^u our      
manufactures ( f =ty  to fifty p] c5t4  
,or suppose our m]*ant wi%$ to buy corn 
or any  ,am]ican produce 9 ex*ange = 8  
goods 9 place ( br++ money1  ! case w\ld
 be diff]5t--x w\ld tell aga9/ !        
,am]ican f>m]1  :o w\ld get a less price
 = 8 corn1 etc41 ?an he w\ld h done  by 
free trade40 ,?is in/ance is giv5 8to %[
 h[ free trade 9  gold w\ld br+ ab\t    
free trade & reciprocity betwe5 ! ,unit$
  ,/ates & ,brita91 & is applicable to e
 o!r /ate ) :i*  we trade4444 ,!re %\ld 
be full scope giv5 to all good banks 9  
! c\ntry1 l>ge or small1 to c>ry on     
bank+ bus9ess 9 ! be/  mod]n mann] = !  
b5efit ( all p>ties1 s z to enc\rage &  
develop all trades & indu/ries40        
99       99       99       99       99  

,rats & ! ,plague4--,9 8 introductory   
address at ! op5+  ( ! ,london ,s*ool ( 
,tropical ,m$ic9e1 ,dr4 ,manson prea*$ a
 w>  ( ext]m9ation aga9/ rats ) ! vigor 
( ,cato call+ =  ! de/ruction ( ,c>?age4
 8,7 ,i ask$10 he said1 8h[ ,i w\ld     
protect a /ate f plague1 ,i w\ld c]ta9ly
 answ]1 ,ext]m9ate  ! rats z a fir/ &   
mo/ important measure40 ,he add$1 8,at !
  pres5t juncture1 7 ,i ! responsible   
sanit>y head ( any t[n 9  ,europe1 9    
anticipation ( a possibility comp>$ to  
:i* 9 horror  & 9 de/ructiv5ess a g5]al 
,european w> w\ld be a trifle1 ,i  w\ld 
d my be/ to h e rat &1 if possible1 e   
m\se 9  my di/rict promptly ext]m9at$40 
,dr4 ,manson does n reveal 8  plan (    
campaign4 ,:olesale poison+ ( sew]s     
might h s]i\s  disadvantages1 & !re w\ld
 be difficulties ab\t inveigl+ !  rod5t 
population ( ^! subt]ranean heal?       
resorts 7z "s  en?usia/s consid] !m to  
be7 into a le?al *amb]4 ,are we to cry  
havoc & let slip ! cats ( w>8 or to hurl
 an army ( snakes  aga9/ ! foe8 ,9 ei!r 

case we might f9d ourselves 9 ! awkw>d  
position ( a k+ :o _h call$ a too p[]ful
 auxili>y to 8 aid4  ,already action is 
be+ tak5 on ! rat !ory ( plague4 ,!     
,fr5*  ,gov]nm5t has ord]$ t special    
precautions are to be tak5 to  prev5t ! 
importation ( rats 9 vessels f          
plague-/rick5 places4  ,x is to be hop$ 
t simil> precautions w be tak5 9 reg>d  
to  ! transports :i* convey ! ,indian   
cont+5t to ! ,cape1 or !  situation !re 
may become complicat$ by ! int]v5tion ( 
an enemy  :o w deal de/ruction          
imp>tially to ,bo]s & to ,britons4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,=e/ry 9 ,cali=nia4--,z a rem$y = !     
deva/ation ( !  =e/ l&s ( ,cali=nia1    
,m>sd5 ,manson1 hav+ %[n t  ,gov]nm5t   
adm9i/rations ) politics 9 !m c n be    
tru/$ 9  ! matt]1 recomm5ds t all =e/   
res]vations & public l&s  ^u m\nta9     
slopes )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,/ate be grant$  
to !  ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia 9 tru/1 = !
 purpose ( ma9ta9+1  develop+1 & ext5d+ 
! wat] supply ( ^? regions =ev]4  ,= ?is

 purpose ! reg5ts %\ld be emp[]$ to     
lease1 "u  prop] control1 ! timb] cutt+ 
& pa/urage privileges ( ^?  areas1 & to 
use ! resultant fund to protect !       
cat*m5t areas1  to ma9ta9 a college (   
practical =e/ry1 to con/ruct res]voirs  
at su* po9ts z may be necess>y to !     
indu/ries ( ! ,/ate1 &  dispose ( ! wat]
 = ! b5efit ( ! tru/1 to acquire m\nta9 
l&s to be add$ to ! cat*m5t areas1 & to 
d all su* ?+s z  may ma9ta9 wise sy/ems 
( =e/ & wat] cons]vation & use4  ,!     
ext5t ( income-be>+ prop]ty :i* c be    
made available =  =e/ pres]vation &     
/orage ( flood wat]s1 ,mr4 ,manson says1
 is  f> beyond ! g5]al idea4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,ano!r ,new ,elem5t4--,! m9]al pit*bl5de
 is di/+ui%$ =  its radio-activity1 or !
 prop]ty x has ( emitt+ ! peculi>       
light-rays :i* h rec5tly attract$       
att5tion4 ,! prop]ty  has be5 attribut$ 
to ! pres5ce ( uranium1 "o ( ! mo/      
radio-active among ! kn[n metals4 ,ab\t 
a ye> ago ! *emi/s ,m4  & ,madame       

,curie1 exam9+ ! diff]5t sub/ances 9    
pit*bl5de1  f\nd among !m two new       
radiant sub/ances1 bo? m active ?an     
uranium1 :i* !y call$ polonium & radium4
 ,polonium 0 f\nd  to be closely ak9 to 
bismu?1 accompany+ t metal 9 all its    
reactions1 b sep>able f x by            
fractionation4 ,radium resembles  b>ium 
9 its *emical reactions4 ,rec5tly ,m4   
,a4 ,debi]ne1 exam9+  "o ( ! products ( 
solution & precipitation ( pit*bl5de1   
obs]v$ int5sifi$ radio-active prop]ties 
9 a portion conta9+  titanium1 & on     
fur!r inve/igation f\nd /ill ano!r      
sub/ance  %[+ ! pr9cipal analytical     
prop]ties ( titanium1 b :i*  emitt$     
extremely active rays4 ,:ile ^! rays 7  
comp>able )  ^? obs]v$ f polonium &     
radium1 ! *emical prop]ties are         
entirely diff]5t f ^? ( ^! sub/ances4   
,radium1 h[ev]1 is  spontane\sly lum9\s1
 :ile ! new sub/ance is n4              
,,m9or ,,p>agraphs4    ,"s rec5t        
exp]im5ts 7 made by ,arm& ,gauti] on !  
am\nt  ( ! *lorides conta9$ 9 sea air4  

,!y 7 conduct$ at !  ligh?\se at        
,ro*$\vres1 situat$ ab\t fifty-five     
kilometres f  ! coa/1 dur+ & aft] ! long
 cont9uance ( a good breeze  directly   
in%ore f ! ,atlantic4 ,! air 0 drawn    
?r\gh a long  tube conta9+ glasswork1 & 
?is well !n analyz$4 ,he f\nd t  9 a    
litre ( air !re 0 only #j4jbb ( a gramme
 ( *loride (  sodium4 ,small z ?is      
quantity is1 x suffices1 p]haps1 ) ! aid
  ( ! traces ( sodium pres5t1 to give   
sea air its tonic qualities4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,! second ,int]national ,congress on    
,hypnotism is to be held 9 ,p>is1       
,augu/ #ab to #af1 #aijj1 ,dr4 ,jules   
,vois9 presid+4 ,! programme (          
discussions includes su* topics z !     
t]m9ology ( hypnotism1  its relations to
 hy/]ia1 its application to g5]al       
!rapeutics1  ! indications ( x &        
sugge/ions = ! treatm5t ( m5tal  disease
 & alcoholism1 its application to g5]al 
p$agogy & m5tal  or?opdics1 its value z 
a means ( pa?ological inve/igation1 its 

relation to ! practice ( m$ic9e & to    
jurisprud5ce1 & special                 
responsibilities aris+ f ! practice (   
exp]im5tal hypnotism4           99      
99       99       99       99    ,!     
foll[+ is f a rec5t lett] to ,sci5ce by 
,pr(4 ,james ,h4  ,hyslop1 ( ,columbia  
,univ]sity3 8,s mu* has be5 publi%$ f> &
  wide ?is la/ summ] ab\t my int5tion   
#8to sci5tifically demon/rate  !        
immortality ( ! s\l )9 a ye>1' t x is   
due to ! facts  be>+ ^u ! *oice betwe5  
mat]ialism & spiritism to say t ,i  h   
nev] made any su* pr(essions z h be5    
alleg$4 ,i wi% !  sci5tific public t    
/ill has ! bad habit ( read+ & believ+  
! newspap]s to "k t ,i 0 c>eful to d5y t
 ,i made any su*  pret5sions z 7 s      
g5]ally attribut$ to me4 ,m ?an "o half 
! int]views alleg$ to h be5 held ) me 7 
! fabrications  ( report]s :o nev] saw  
me1 & ! o!r half omitt$ :at ,i did  say 
& publi%$ :at ,i did n say40            
99       99       99       99       99  
,"s novel results h be5 obta9$ by ,m4   

,baillaud1 ( ! ,t\l\se  ,obs]vatory1    
,france1 f rec5t obs]vations ( ! annul> 
nebula 9  ,lyra & comp>isons )          
photographs tak5 9 #ahij4 ,among !m are 
! discov]y ( small />s 9 ! c5tral space 
( ! r+1 !  exi/5ce ( bright po9ts on !  
r+ itself1 a m di/9ct figure  ( ! c5tral
 /> on ! lat] photographs1 giv+ x !     
aspect (  a true />1 & great] brightness
 9 ! c5tral space1 & c]ta9  *anges 9 !  
%ape ( ! edge ( ! r+1 :i* %[s at "o     
po9t1 m di/9ctly ?an 9 #ahij1 an em95ce 
indicat+ a jet (  matt] escap+ f ! r+4  
,o!r nebul1 especially t call$  !       
,dumb-bell & ! nebula 9 ! ,cr[n1 are    
spok5 ( z exhibit+  simil> ph5om5a4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,! ,*icago ,manual-,tra9+ ,s*ool1 :i* is
 said to be ! fir/  indep5d5t           
manual-tra9+ s*ool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is
 n[ 9 its  sixte5? ye>1 hav+ be5 f\nd$ 9
 #ahhc by ! ,comm]cial ,club (  ,*icago4
 ,x has be51 s9ce #ahig1 an integral "p 
( ! ,univ]sity  ( ,*icago4 ,:ile its    
peculi> feature is manual tra9+1 x also 

furni%es in/ruction 9 ! ess5tial /udies 
( a high-s*ool c\rse4  ,! %op "w & draw+
 are em95tly practical4 ,! mak+ ( a     
ma*9e1 su* z a la! or /eam eng9e1 is    
begun by ! pupils 9 !  draw+ room1 & is 
foll[$ by !m ?r\gh ! patt]n-mak+ %op1  !
 f\ndry1 & ! =ge room1 & is p]fect$ 9 ! 
ma*9e %op4  ,! =ge tools & eng9e-la!    
tools are made by pupils4 ,! c\rses  ( !
 s*ool include a bus9ess c\rse1 a       
te*nological c\rse1 & a  college        
prep>atory c\rse4      ,,notes4    ,!   
,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology has
 receiv$1 by ! w (  ,mr4 ,edw>d ,au/91  
deceas$ at ! age ( n9ety-f\r ye>s1 a    
beque/  ( #djj1jjj1 ! int]e/ ( :i* is to
 be us$ = ! assi/ance  ( ne$y &         
m]itori\s tea*]s 9 prosecut+ _! /udies4 
,9  addition to ?is beque/1 ! in/itute  
receiv$1 dur+ #ahih1 an  accession (    
#ibh1jjj to its g5]al funds1 & "o (     
#df1jjj to its  s*ol>%ip funds4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,alli$ ,sci5tific 
,societies1 at ,new ,hav51  ,conn41 ,mr4

 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
,geological ,survey1 0  *os5 to act z   
retir+ ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican           
,association = !  ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1
 9 place ( ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,orton1 deceas$4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,! meet+ ( ! ,alli$        
,sci5tific ,societies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
0  held 9 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 dur+      
holiday week4 ,x 0 mu* l>g] ?an  ei!r ( 
! meet+s previ\sly held1 & 0 att5d$ by  
ne>ly five  hundr$ memb]s1 repres5t+ t5 
societies--viz41 ! ,am]ican ,society  ( 
,naturali/s1 ! ,association ( ,am]ican  
,anatomi/s1 ! ,am]ican  ,morphological1 
,physiological1 ,psy*ological1 &        
,*emical ,societies1  ! ,society =      
,plant ,morphology & ,physiology1 !     
,am]ican  ,association = ! ,advancem5t (
 ,sci5ce1 & ! ,ar*ological  ,association
 ( ,am]ica4 ,! discussions 7 all        
int]e/+4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,! great ,roman ,ca?olic 
,mission>y ,society1 ! ,sacr$           
,congregation  ( ! ,propagation ( !     

,fai?1 is report$ to h s5t a circul>  to
 all its mission>ies urg+ !m to int]e/  
!mselves 9 !  collection (              
natural-hi/ory specim5s = sci5tific     
societies &  in/itutions4 ,?is is       
int5d$1 x is said1 to int]e/ & enc\rage 
mission>ies :o h a sci5tific b5t1 & to  
in=m ! _w t  ! ,*ur* is n ho/ile to     
biological rese>*4           99       99
       99       99       99    ,we h to 
record1 among ! lat] dea?s ( m5 9       
sci5ce1 !  names ( ,francis ,gu?rie1    
=m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ,graaff  
,re9et ,college & aft]w>d 9 ,s\?        
,african ,college till #ahih1 ag$       
sixty-eight ye>s2 he 0 int]e/$ 9 botany1
 on :i* he gave public  lectures1 &1 )  
,h>ry ,bolus1 revis$ ! ord] ( ,hea?s =  
,flora  cap5sis2 ,pr(4 ,p4 ,knu?1       
botani/ & au?or ( rese>*es on !         
relations ( insects & fl[]s & on        
cross-f]tilization1 at ,kiel1  ,g]many1 
ag$ =ty-five ye>s2 he _h publi%$ two ( !
 project$  ?ree volumes ( ! ,h&bu* d]   
,blt5 ,biologie2 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,yatube1     

,japanese botani/2 ,f]d9& ,tiemann1     
honor>y ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry  9 !       
,univ]sity ( ,b]l92 ,alex&] ,mc,dougall1
 inv5tor1 sixty ye>s  ago1 ( an         
atmosph]ic railway1 & s9ce ( _m useful  
me*anical &  *emical appliances1 at     
,s\?port1 ,engl&2 ,dr4 ,cam]a ,pe/ana1  
*ief  ( ! ,bact]iological ,in/itute at  
,lisbon1 ,portugal1 ( plague1 :i*  he   
contract$ :ile exp]im5t+ ) x at ,oporto2
 & ,pr(4 ,elliott  ,c\es1 an ,am]ican   
naturali/1 mo/ di/+ui%$ 9 orni?ology1 9 
,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital1 ,baltimore1   
,decemb] #be?1 aft] a surgical          
op]ation1 ag$ sixty-sev5 ye>s2 he _h be5
 a pr(essor 9 ,norwi*  ,univ]sity1      
,v]mont1 & 9 ! ,national ,m$ical        
,college 9 ,wa%+ton1  & _h done         
sci5tific "w :ile 9 ! milit>y s]vice ( !
  ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! ,geological ,survey1 & 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,nor!rn  ,b\nd>y      
,commission2 & 0 ! au?or ( sev]al books 
on orni?ology  & on ! ,fur-be>+         
,animals1 besides edit+ ! j\rnals (     
,lewis  & ,cl>k & o!r books ( ,am]ican  

exploration4          ,,publications    
,,receiv$4      ,agricultural ,exp]im5t 
,/ations4 ,bullet9s & ,reports4 ,cornell
  ,univ]sity3 ,no4 #agb4 ,! ,*]ry       
,fruit-,fly4 ,a ,new ,*]ry ,pe/4 ,by    
,m4 ,v4 ,sl+]l&4 ,pp4 #bj4--,m>yl&3     
,twelf? ,annual ,report4 ,pp4           
#bab4--,mi*igan3 ,horticultural         
,dep>tm5t4 ,no4 #agf4 ,/rawb]ry ,notes =
  #ahii4 ,by ,l4 ,r4 ,taft & ,h4 ,p4    
,gladd54 ,pp4 #ad4--,ohio3 ,press       
,bullet9  ,no4 #bjb4 ,results (         
,sug>-,beet ,inve/igations 9 #ahii1 etc4
 ,pp4  #b4--,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t (   
,agriculture3 ,practical ,=e/ry 9 !     
,adirondacks4 ,by ,h5ry ,s4 ,graves4    
,pp4 #hd4    ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1
 ,j\rnal ( !4 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 ,no4 #ab4    
,decemb]1  #ahii4    ,blat*ley1 ,w4 ,s4 
,glean+s f ,nature4 ,indianapolis3 ,!   
,nature  ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #cdh4  
,capon ,spr+s ,conf]5ce1 ,! ,second1 on 
,education 9 ! ,s\?4 #ahii4  ,proce$+s4 
,pp4 #aji4    ,catl91 ,*>les ,a4 ,bak+  
,p[d]s4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,"*1 ,me?ods  

= ! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,values1 etc4      
,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i43 ,rum=d  ,*emical   
,works4 ,pp4 #dj4    ,field ,columbian  
,museum1 ,*icago4 ,zological ,s]ies4    
,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #af4  ,li/ ( ,mammals    
obta9$ by ,?addeus ,surb]1 *iefly 9     
,oklahoma &  ,indian ,t]ritories4 ,by   
,d4 ,g4 ,elliot2 ,no4 #ag4 ,notes on a  
,collection (  ,fi%es & ,amphibia f     
,muskoka & ,gull ,lakes4 ,pp4 #f4 ,by   
,s4 ,e4 ,meek  & ,d4 ,g4 ,elliot4       
,knight1 ,w4 ,c41 & ,slosson1 ,e4 ,e4 ,!
 ,oil ,fields ( ,crook & ,u9ta          
,c\nties1 ,wyom+4 ,univ]sity ( ,wyom+1  
,l>amie4 7,petroleum ,s]ies1  ,bullet9  
,no4 #c47 ,pp4 #cj4    ,lange1 ,d4 ,our 
,native ,birds4 ,h[ to protect !m &     
attract !m to our  ,homes4 ,new ,york3  
,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #afb4 #a4  
,manson1 ,m>sd51 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 
,! ,evolution ( ,climates4 ,pp4 #ajj4   
,morgan1 ,william1 #if ,b[]y1 ,new      
,york4 ,a ,new ,sci5tific ,discov]y4 ,! 
,correct ,reason :y ! ,magnetic ,ne$le  
po9ts to ! ,pole4 ,pp4 #ad4    ,new     

,epo*1 ,!1 ,publi%+ ,company4 ,!        
,bibliography ( ,progressive            
,lit]ature4 ,new ,york4 ,p4 ,o4 ,box    
#acf1 ,madison ,squ>e ,bran*4 ,pp4 #if4 
,orcutt1 ,h4 ,e4 ,! ,empire ( !         
,invisibles4 ,new ,york3 ,!             
,metaphysical  ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4  
#hj4 #a4    ,peabody ,education ,fund4  
,proce$+s ( ! ,tru/ees at _!            
,tw5ty-eigh? ,annual ,meet+4 ,new ,york1
 ,octob] #d1 #ahii4 ,pp4 #eh4           
,sunset4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #f4 ,octob]1 
#ahii4 ,mon?ly4 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4  
,s\!rn ,pacific ,railway ,company4 ,pp4 
#bd4    ,/>r1 ,fr$]ick1 ,*icago1 ,ill4  
,"s ,nor? ,am]ican ,spe>-,?r[]s4  ,pp4  
#c1 ) plate2 ,survivals ( ,paganism 9   
,mexico1 ,pp4 #ad2 ,!  ,int]national    
,congress ( ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology4 ,pp4 
#h2 ,holy ,week 9  ,mexico4 ,pp4 #f2 ,! 
,art ( ,b59 ,city1 ,pp4 #h4    ,turn]1  
,mrs4 ,m4 ,m4 ,! ,bible ,god1 ,bible    
,tea*+s1 ,selections f !  ,writ+s (     
,sci5ti/s4 7,libr>y ( ,lib]al           
,classics47 ,new ,york3 ,pet]  ,eckl]4  

,pp4 #aci4 #be c5ts4    ,unit$ ,/ates   
,commission ( ,fi% & ,fi%]ies4 ,pamphlet
 ,no4 #dbd4  ,exp]im5ts 9 ,photography (
 ,live ,fi%es4 ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,%ufeldt4    
,pp4 #e1  ) n9e plates2 ,no4 #dbe4      
,notes on ! ,tide-,pool ,fi%es (        
,cali=nia1  ) a ,description ( ,f\r ,new
 ,species4 ,by ,ar?ur ,:ite ,greeley4   
,pp4  #bj2 ,no4 #dbf4 ,! ,synaptas ( !  
,new ,engl& ,coa/4 ,by ,hub]t ,lyman    
,cl>k4 ,pp4 #ab1 ) plate2 ,no4 #dbg4    
,descriptions ( ,new ,g5]a &  ,species (
 ,fi%es f ,pu]to ,rico4 ,by ,b>ton ,w4  
,ev]mann & ,mill>d  ,c4 ,m>%4 ,pp4 #ab4 
,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum         
7,smi?sonian ,in/itution74 ,directions  
= collect+ & re>+ ,dragon ,flies1 ,/one 
,flies1 & ,may ,flies4  ,by ,james ,g4  
,ne$ham4 ,pp4 #ab2 ,contributions to !  
,natural ,hi/ory (  ! ,comm&] ,isl&s4   
7,a ,new ,species ( ,/alk$ ,m$us1       
,halicly/us  ,/ejneg]i47 ,by ,k4        
,ki%9\ye4 ,pp4 #e2 ,report = ! ,ye> end+
 ,june  #cj1 #ahig4 ,"p ,i4 ,pp4 #ajba4 
,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,! ,inauguration

 ( ,b5jam9 ,ide ,:eel] z  ,presid5t ( ! 
,univ]sity4 ,b]keley3 ,univ]sity ,press4
 ,pp4 #cj4    ,w>d1 ,le/] ,f41 ,j5ney1  
,w4 ,f41 ,fonta9e1 ,w4 ,m41 & ,kn[lton1 
,f4 ,h4  ,! ,cretace\s ,=mation ( !     
,black ,hills z indicat$ by ! ,fossil   
,plants4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological      
,survey4 ,pp4 #ahh4                     
,transcrib]s' ,notes      ,punctuation1 
hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 
a  pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2
 o!rwise !y 7 n  *ang$4    ,simple      
typographical errors 7 correct$2        
occasional unbalanc$  quotation m>ks    
reta9$4    ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( 
l9es 7 reta9$4    ,words orig9ally pr9t$
 9 ,greek are %[n t way 9 "s v]sions  ( 
?is e,book4 ,engli% translit]ations 7   
add$ to all v]sions by  ! ,transcrib]s &
 are indicat$ by ,greek3 4    ,page     
#dfg3 8,magna ,*>ta0 0 pr9t$ t way4     
,page #ejg3 ,quotation beg9n+ 8we mu/   
reg>d0 0 n end$ by a  clos+ quotation   
m>k4 ,transcrib] add$ "o at ! end ( !   
p>agraph1 aft] 8prove a unity ( race40