,transcrib]'s note3 ,table ( ,cont5ts   
add$ by ,transcrib]4  ,bold text is     
indicat$ ) equals signs1 italics )      
und]scores4          ,,cont5ts          
,advance ( ,a/ronomy ,dur+ ! ,n9ete5?   
,c5tury      #bhi    ,! ,applications ( 
,explosives                             
#cjj    ,a ,p>adoxical ,an>*i/          
#cab    ,:at ,makes ! ,trolley ,c> ,g   
#caf    ,woman's ,/ruggle ,= ,lib]ty 9  
,g]many                 #cbh    ,sc5es  
on ! ,planets                           
#ccg    ,pr(essor ,w>d on 8,naturalism &
 ,agno/icism0          #cdi             
,de/ructive ,effects ( ,vagrant         
,electricity              #ceg    ,w9t] 
,birds 9 a ,city ,p>k                   
#cff    ,old ,rattl] & ! ,k+ ,snake     
#cga    ,rem>kable ,volcanic ,eruptions 
9 ! ,philipp9es        #cgd    ,!       
,scav5g]s ( ! ,body                     
#cgi    ,editor's ,table                
#che    ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce             
#chh    ,m9or ,p>agraphs                
#cie    ,publications ,receiv$          

#cii            ,e/abli%$ by ,edw>d ,l4 
,y\mans        ,,appletons'    ,,popul> 
,,sci5ce    ,,mon?ly      ,,edit$ ,,by  
,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans      ,,vol4    
,,lvi    ,,novemb]1 #ahii1 ,,to ,,april1
 #aijj      ,,new ,,york    ,d4         
,,appleton ,,& ,,company    #aijj       
,,copyright1 #aijj1    ,,by ,d4         
,,appleton ,,& ,,company4               
,,appletons'    ,,popul> ,,sci5ce       
,,mon?ly4    ,,janu>y1 #aijj4           
,,advance ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,,dur+ ,,!     
,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4    ,,by ,,sir       
,,rob]t ,,ball1 ,,l[ndean ,,pr(essor ,,(
 ,,a/ronomy ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity  ,,(   
,,cambridge1 ,,engl&4      ,"o ( ! mo/  
rem>kable *apt]s 9 ! a/ronomy ( ! pa/   
c5tury 0 comm5c$ on ! v fir/ night ) :i*
 t c5tury  began4 ,x 01 inde$1 on ! #a/ 
( ,janu>y1 #ahja1 t ! discov]y  ( a new 
planet 0 ann\nc$4 ,! five great         
orbs--,jupit]1 ,saturn1  ,m]cury1 ,m>s1 
& ,v5us--_h be5 kn[n f ! e>lie/ times ( 
:i* we h records1 & ! planet ,uranus _h 
be5 discov]$ ne>ly  tw5ty ye>s be=e !   

previ\s c5tury clos$4 ,! sol> sy/em  0  
?us ?\ght to consi/ ( ^! six planets &1 
( c\rse1 !  e>?4 ,on ! memorable night  
to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 ,piazzi1 !          
a/ronom]1 made a rem>kable advance4 ,he 
discov]$ yet ano!r  planet--! sev5?1 or 
eigh?1 if ! e>? be includ$4 ,! new body 
0 a small object 9 comp>ison ) ^? :i* 7 
previ\sly  kn[n4 ,x 0 invisible to !    
unaid$ eye1 & seem$ no m ?an a  />like  
po9t ev5 :5 view$ ?r\gh a telescope4 ,x 
revolv$ ar\nd  ! sun 9 ! wide region    
betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit]4  ,?is 
discov]y 0 spe$ily foll[$ by o!rs ( !   
same k9d1  &1 z ! c5tury has advanc$ to 
its close1 ! numb]s ( ^!                
planets--a/]oids1 z !y are g5]ally      
call$--has be5 gradually  increas+1 s   
mu* s t n[1 ( ^! little bodies kn[n to  
a/ronom]s1 ! numb] am\nts to ab\t f\r   
hundr$ & fifty4    ,b j z ! beg9n+ ( !  
c5tury 0 h]ald$ by ! discov]y  ( ! fir/ 
( ^! a/]oids1 s ! close ( ! c5tury w be 
signaliz$ 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy by !    
detection among ^!  little objects ( "o 

:i* has entirely ca/ into ! %ade all o!r
  discov]ies ( ! same nature4 ,on !     
night ( ! #ac? ( ,augu/1  #ahih1 a      
,g]man a/ronom]1 ,h]r ,witt1 expos$ a   
photographic plate to  ! heav5s 9 8     
telescope 9 ! ,obs]vatory ( ,urania1 at 
,b]l94  ,on t plate a picture ( ! heav5s
 0 obta9$1 & 9 t  picture a new planet 0
 reveal$4 ,at fir/ ! discov]y ( "o m    
a/]oid does n imply v mu*4 ,hundr$s (   
su* planets might be  f\nd1 & inde$ h   
be5 f\nd1 & yet no p>ticul> comm5t has  
be5 call$ =?4 ,b ?is planet f\nd by     
,witt is a unique object2 x  is m       
int]e/+ ?an ! :ole ( ! f\r hundr$ &     
?irty-two  o!r m9or planets :i* h prec$$
 x--n1 inde$1 on acc\nt  ( its size1 =  
,witt's planet is a :olly insignificant 
object f  ?is po9t ( view4 ,! special   
int]e/ :i* ?is new planet has  = u      
dwell]s on ! e>? lies 9 ! fact t x seems
 to be !  ne>e/ to ! e>? ( all ! o!r    
worlds 9 space--! moon1 (  c\rse1       
except$4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! att5tion 
( all :o are  int]e/$ 9 ! sci5ce (      

a/ronomy has be5 conc5trat$ on ,witt's  
discov]y4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! mo/ int]e/+   
telescopic revelation  :i* has be5 made 
= _m ye>s4    ,x may illu/rate a        
*>act]i/ic feature 9 ! progress ( mod]n 
a/ronomy if ,i describe h[ ,witt succe$$
 9 obta9+ ?is picture4  ,he _h select$  
"o ( ! mo/ rapid plates t ! skill$      
manufactur] c supply to ! photograph]4  
,he put ?is plate into  8 telescope1 &  
he direct$ x to ! heav5s4 ,if t plate _h
  be5 us$ 9 broad daylight = ! m ord9>y 
purpose ( obta9+  a photographic        
portrait1 an exposure ( half a second   
w\ld h be5  q long en\gh4 ,b ! v fa9t   
/>s c n "w _! *>m on  ! plate ) equal   
rapidity2 a second is n long en\gh1 nor 
is t5  seconds1 nor ev5 t5 m9utes4 ,if  
we desire to secure an impr9t ( !       
fa9te/ />s we mu/ expose ! plate = an   
h\r1 & sometimes =  ev5 mu* long] ?an an
 h\r4 ,( c\rse1 an exposure ( su*       
duration  w\ld utt]ly ru9 ! picture if a
 gleam ( any o!r light obta9$  access4  
,b 9 ! d>kness ( night ! plate is secure

 f ?is  dang]4 ,ea* /> is ?us giv5 "t   
en\gh to impress its little image  at   
leisure4    ,! photograph] has (t5      
occasion to deplore ! poorness ( 8      
light4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 9 ! endeavor to  
c\nt]act ! poorness  ( ! light t s long 
an exposure is frequ5tly giv54 ,b x  w n
 be any long] suppos$ t1 f ! a/ronom]'s 
po9t (  view1 a t$i\s exposure mu/      
necess>ily be a disadvantage4 ,let x  be
 h5ce=? recollect$ t x 0 ! v requirem5t 
( a long  exposure :i* l$ to ! pres5t   
important discov]y4 ,if ! />s _h  be5   
bright en\gh to be photograph$ by an    
exposure n long] ?an  a few seconds or  
ev5 ?an a few m9utes1 !n ?is new &      
wond]ful  planet ,eros w\ld n h be5     
reveal$4    ,_m po9ts ( light :i* 7     
und\bt$ly />s1 & m]ely />s1  7 %[n on   
?is picture tak5 by ! ,g]man a/ronom] at
 ,urania4  ,among ^! po9ts ( light 01   
h[ev]1 "o object :i*1 ?\gh 9  appe>ance 
h>dly di/+ui%able f a fa9t />1 0 9 tru? 
a  body ( a v diff]5t "*4 ,no telescope1
 h[ev] p[]ful1  w\ld %[ by m]e          

inspection any appreciable diff]5ce     
betwe5 !  dot ( light indicat+ a /> & ! 
dot ( light indicat+ !  a/]oid ,eros4 ,!
 fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! /> & ,eros
  01 h[ev]1 reveal$ by ! long exposure4 
,! />s 9 su* a  picture are1 ( c\rse1 at
 re/4 ,!y h occupi$ = ye>s & =  c5turies
 ! places :]e we n[ f9d !m4 ,if !y are  
mov+ at  all1 _! movem5ts are s sl[ t !y
 ne$ n n[ be consid]$4  ,b ?is />like   
po9t1 or1 z we may at once call x1 ?is  
a/]oid1  ,eros1 is mov+4 ,n t its       
movem5ts seem v rapid f !  di/ance at   
:i* alone we are compell$ to view x4 ,no
 casual glance  w\ld indicate t ,eros 0 
fly+ along4 ,! ord9>y obs]v] w\ld  see  
no *ange 9 its place 9 a second--no     
*ange 9 its place ev5 9  a m9ute4 ,b :5 
! exposure has la/$ = an h\r ?is a/]oid1
  9 ! c\rse ( ! h\r1 has mov$ q         
appreciably4 ,h5ce arose a  great       
diff]5ce betwe5 ! repres5tation :i* !   
photograph has  giv5 ( ! />s1 prop]ly s 
call$1 & ( ! a/]oid4 ,ea* />  is depict$
 z a %>p1 well-def9$ po9t4 ,?is little  

body :i*  is n a />1 ?is un/eady sitt] 9
 ! picture1 c\ld n be s  repres5t$2 x   
m]ely appe>$ z a /reak4 ,! complet$     
photograph  accord+ly %[s a l>ge numb] (
 well-m>k$ dots = ! />s1 &  among !m "o 
fa9t l9e = ! a/]oid4    ,su* a feature  
on a picture1 ?\gh v unusual1 does      
sometimes  pres5t itself4 ,to detect su*
 a /reak on a photograph ( ! />s  is a  
mom5t ( transc5d5t joy to ! a/ronom]4 ,x
 is (t5 =  him ! excit+ occasion on :i* 
a discov]y is made4 ,?is little  mov+   
po9t is 9 actual fact z diff]5t f a /> z
 a pebble  is diff]5t f a brilliant     
electric light4 ,! resemblance ( !      
a/]oid to a /> is m]ely casual2 !       
resemblance w\ld :olly  disappe> if we 7
 able to make a clos] inspection4 ,! /> 
is a  brilliant blaz+ orb l a sun1 b s  
f> away t its lu/] is  dim9i%$ to t ( a 
po9t2 ! planet is comp>atively ne> u2  x
 is a d>k body l our e>?1 & is l our e>?
 also 9 ?is  fur!r respect t all ! light
 x enjoys has be5 d]iv$ f !  sun4       
,?\gh !re is ?is imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 

a /> & a planet1  yet ! obs]v] mu/ n    
expect to notice any su* diff]5ce by    
m]ely tak+ a peep ?r\gh ! telescope4 ,x 
0 only ! long  exposure 9 ! photograph t
 reveal$ ! little body4    ,su* is !    
mann] 9 :i* an a/]oid is g5]ally        
discov]$ 9  ^! latt] days4 ,a discov]y l
 ?is comes z ! well-e>n$  rew>d ( !     
skill & pati5ce ( ! a/ronomical         
photograph]4  ,!re are1 inde$1 a l>ge   
numb] ( kn[n a/]oids2 our catalogues    
conta9$ f\r hundr$ & ?irty-two ( !m up  
to ! "t :5 ,witt  expos$ 8 n[ fam\s     
plate4 ,_h ! a/]oid ,witt !n f\nd be5   
m]ely z o!r a/]oids1 x w\ld nev] h      
receiv$ ! prom95t  position t has n[ to 
be assign$ to x 9 any acc\nt ( !        
a/ronomy ( ! c5tury4 ,t object f\nd by  
,witt on ?is night :i*  is to be h5ce=? 
memorable 9 a/ronomy is ( a :olly       
exceptional  k9d4 ,_h ,eros be5 m]ely an
 ord9>y a/]oid1 ,witt might no d\bt  h  
receiv$ ! cr$it to :i* 8 labors &       
success w\ld h  entitl$ him4 ,ano!r     
a/]oid w\ld h be5 add$ to ! long li/  ( 

su* objects already kn[n1 b ! newspap]s 
w\ld nev] h  tr\bl$ _! read]s ab\t !    
matt]1 & ! only p]sons :o  w\ld h be5   
affect$ w\ld h be5 ! a/ronom]s1 & p]haps
  ev5 among !m no p>ticul> sympa?y w\ld 
h be5 felt 9 c]ta9  qu>t]s4 ,^? p>ticul>
 a/ronom]s to :om has be5 intru/$ !     
special "w ( look+ aft] ! a/]oids & (   
calculat+ !  tables ( _! movem5ts might 
ev5 h receiv$ ) no v great  en?usiasm ! 
ann\ncem5t ( ?is fur!r addition to !    
burd5 on  _! heavily lad5 %\ld]s4    ,i 
h said t ,eros is q a small globe2 x may
 be well = u  fully to realize h[ small 
t a/]oid actually is4 ,if ! moon 7  to  
be cru%$ into two million equal         
fragm5ts1 ea* ( ^? p>ts  w\ld be z big z
 ,eros4 ,if ! :ole ( ,eros 7 to be cov]$
 )  h\ses1 ! city ?us =m$ w\ld n be s   
l>ge z great] ,london4  ,s f> z m]e size
 is conc]n$1 ,eros is q unimportant4 ,we
 c  fur!r illu/rate ?is if we comp>e    
,eros ) "s ( ! o!r  planets4 ,!         
well-kn[n ev5+ />1 ,v5us1 ! goddess (   
love1 is a  hundr$ million times z big z

 t t9y orb we n[ call ,eros1 ! god  (   
love4 ,aft] all ?is x may seem /range to
 h to ma9ta9 :at  is1 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly !
 fact1 t ! discov]y ( ,eros is "o (  !  
mo/ rem>kable discov]ies ( ?is c5tury4  
,until ,eros 0 discov]$1 our ne>e/      
neighbors among ! planets  7 consid]$ to
 be ,v5us on "o side & ,m>s on ! o!r4 ,!
  o!r great planets are mu* m di/ant1   
:ile1 ( c\rse1 ! />s  prop]ly s call$   
are millions ( times z f>4    ,great1   
!n1 0 ! a/oni%m5t ( ! a/ronom]s :51 by !
  discov]y ( ,eros1 ,m>s & ,v5us 7      
sudd5ly de?ron$ f _!  position ( be+ !  
e>?'s ne>e/ neighbors among ! planet>y  
ho/4 ,?is little ,eros w1 "u favorable  
circum/ances1 approa*  ! e>? to )9 ab\t 
"o ?ird ! di/ance ( ,m>s :5 ne>e/1  or  
ab\t "o half ! di/ance ( ,v5us :5 ne>e/4
 ,we ?us  conc5trate on ,eros all !     
int]e/ :i* arises f ! fact t1  ! moon ( 
c\rse except$1 ,eros is ! ne>e/ globe to
 ! e>? 9  ! wide expanse ( heav54 ,to ! 
a/ronom] ?is /atem5t is ( !  utmo/      
significance2 :5 ,eros comes s close x w

 be possible to  det]m9e its di/ance ) a
 precision hi!rto unatta9able 9 su*     
measurem5ts4 ,once ! di/ance ( ,eros is 
kn[n1 ! di/ance ( !  sun & ( all ! o!r  
planets c be det]m9$4 ,! importance (  !
 new discov]y arises1 !n1 f ! fact t by 
! help ( ,eros  all our measurem5ts 9 ! 
cele/ial spaces w ga9 t = :i*  e        
a/ronom] /rives--namely1 increas$       
accuracy4    ,see+ t ! exi/5ce (        
intellig5ce is a *>act]i/ic feature  (  
?is e>?1 we feel naturally v mu* int]e/$
 9 ! "q  z to :e!r !re c be intellig5t  
be+s dwell+ on o!r  worlds ar\nd u4 ,x  
is only regrettable t our means ( solv+ 
?is problem are s inadequate4 ,inde$1   
until q lately x w\ld  h be5 almo/      
futile to discuss ?is "q at all4 ,all t 
c\ld !n h be5 said on ! subject am\nt$  
to little m  ?an ! /atem5t t x w\ld be  
intol]able presumption = man  to suppose
 t he alone1 ( all be+s 9 ! univ]se1 0  
end[$  ) intellig5ce1 & t 8             
insignificant little e>?1 alone  amid ! 
myriad globes ( space1 enjoy$ !         

di/9ction ( be+ !  abode ( life4 ,rec5t 
discov]y has1 h[ev]1 giv5 a new aspect  
to  ?is "q4 ,at ! end ( ?is c5tury c]ta9
 obs]vations h  be5 made disclos+       
features 9 ! neighbor+ planet1 ,m>s1 :i*
  h rivet$ ! att5tion ( ! _w4 ,on ?is   
"q1 above mo/  o!rs1 extreme caution is 
necess>y4 ,x is especially ! duty ( !   
man ( sci5ce to weigh c>efully ! evid5ce
 (f]$ to him on a  subject s important4 
,he w te/ t evid5ce by e means 9 8  p[]1
 & if he f9ds ! evid5ce e/abli%es c]ta9 
conclusions1  !n he is b\nd to accept   
su* conclusions irrespective ( all o!r  
circum/ances4    ,mr4 ,p]cival ,l[ell   
has an obs]vatory 9 an em95tly favorable
  position at ,flag/aff1 9 ,arizona4 ,he
 has a sup]b telescope1  & enjoys a     
p]fect climate = a/ronomical "w4 ,aid$  
by  skillful assi/ants1 he has obs]v$   
,m>s "u ! mo/ favorable  circum/ances ) 
great c>e = "s ye>s4 ,i mu/ be p]mitt$  
to  say t1 hav+ c>efully /udi$ :at ,mr4 
,l[ell has set =?1 &  hav+ te/$ 8 facts 
& figures 9 e way 9 my p[]1 mo/         

a/ronom]s h come to ! conclusion t1     
h[ev] a/oni%+ 8  obs]vations may seem to
 be1 we c n refuse to accept !m4    ,no 
"o has ev] se5 inhabitants on ,m>s1 b   
,mr4 ,p]cival ,l[ell  & "o or two o!r   
equally favor$ obs]v]s h se5 features on
  t planet :i*1 s f> z our exp]i5ce     
goes1 c be expla9$ 9  no o!r way ?an by 
suppos+ t !y 7 made by an intellig5t    
design] = an intellig5t purpose4 ,mr4   
,l[ell has discov]$ t  !re are c]ta9    
op]ations 9 progress on ! surface ( ,m>s
 :i*1  if we met ) on ?is e>?1 we %\ld  
c]ta9ly conclude1 )\t !  slighte/       
hesitation1 7 ! result ( op]ations      
conduct$ "u  :at we consid] rational    
guidance4    ,a riv]1 z ,nature has made
 x1 w5ds its way to & fro2 x nev]  takes
 ! %orte/ r\te f "o po9t to ano!r2 !    
wid? ( !  riv] is incessantly *ang+2    
sometimes x exp&s into a lake1          
sometimes x divides s z to inclose an   
isl&4 ,if we c\ld disc]n  ?r\gh our     
telescopes a w9d+ l9e su* z ,i h        
describ$ on ,m>s  x might p]haps        

repres5t a riv]4    ,b suppose1 in/ead (
 a w9d+ l9e1 !re 0 a p]fectly /raight   
l9e1 or r a great circle on ! globe     
drawn z /raight z a  surveyor c\ld lay x
 out--if we beheld an object l t on ,m>s
 ,i  ?9k we %\ld c]ta9ly inf] t x 0 n a 
riv] made 9 !  ord9>y c\rse ( natural   
op]ations2 no natural riv] ev] runs 9  t
 regul> fa%ion4 ,if su* a /raight l9e 7 
inde$ a riv]1 !n  x mu/ h be5 design$ly 
/raight5$ by human ag5cy or by "s  o!r  
intellig5t ag5cy = "s p>ticul> purpose4 
,9 its l>g]  features ,nature does n "w 
by /raight l9es4 ,a long & p]fectly     
/raight object1 if f\nd on our e>?1     
might be a canal or x might be  a road2 
x might be a railway or a t]race ( "s   
k9d2 b assur$ly  no "o w\ld expect x to 
be a natural object4    ,we h ! te/imony
 ( ,s*iap>elli1 n[ /r5g!n$ by t ( ,mr4  
,l[ell & 8 assi/ants1 t !re are _m      
/raight l9es ( ?is  k9d on ,m>s4 ,!y    
appe> to be j z /raight z a railway w\ld
  h to be if laid across ! flat &       
b\ndless prairie1 :]e !  eng9e] enc\nt]$

 no ob/acle :atev] to make him sw]ve f !
  direct pa?4 ,^! l9es on ,m>s run =    
hundr$s ( miles1 sometimes1  inde$1 ,i  
%\ld say = ?\s&s ( miles4 ,!y are f>    
wid] ?an  any t]re/rial riv]1 except    
p]haps ! ,amazon = a %ort "p (  its     
c\rse4 ,! l9es on ,m>s are ab\t =ty     
miles wide4 ,inde$1 !  planet is s      
di/ant t if ^! l9es 7 mu* n>r[] ?an  =ty
 miles !y w\ld be invisible4 ,ea* ( !m  
is m>vel\s 9 its  uni=mity ?r\gh\t its  
entire l5g?4    ,! exi/5ce ( ^! /raight 
l9es on ! planet conta9s p]haps  ! fir/ 
sugge/ion ( ! pres5ce ( "s intellig5t   
be+s on  ,m>s4 ,! m]e occurr5ce ( a     
numb] ( p]fectly /raight1 uni=m  l9es on
 su* a globe w\ld 9 itself be a         
suffici5tly rem>kable  circum/ance4 ,b  
!re are o!r features exhibit$ by ^!     
objects  :i* also sugge/ ! a/oni%+      
surmise t !y h be5  con/ruct$ by "s     
intellig5t be+s = "s intellig5t         
purposes4    ,sometimes two ( ^! l9es w 
/>t f a c]ta9 junction1  sometimes !re w
 be a ?ird or a f\r? f ! same junction2 

9  "o case !re are z _m z sev5 radiat+ f
 ! same po9t4 ,su*  an arrangem5t ( ^!  
/raight l9es is c]ta9ly unlike any?+  t 
we f9d 9 ,nature4 ,we are l$ to seek =  
"s o!r explanation  ( ! ph5om5on1 & "h  
is ! explanation :i* ,mr4 ,l[ell (f]s3  
,x has rec5tly be5 f\nd t !re are no    
oceans ( wat] on !  planet ,m>s4 ,9     
e>li] days x us$ no d\bt to be believ$ t
 !  d>k m>ks easily se5 9 ! telescope   
c\ld repres5t no?+ b  oceans1 b ,i ?9k  
we mu/ n[ give up ! notion t ^! are     
wat]y expanses4 ,inde$1 !re is n mu*    
wat] on t globe any:]e  9 comp>ison ) ! 
abundance ( wat] on our e>?4 ,x is !    
sc>city ( wat] :i* seems to give a clew 
to "s ( ! my/]ies  discov]$ on ,m>s by  
,s*iap>elli & ,l[ell4    ,z our e>?     
moves r\nd ! sun we h1 ( c\rse1 ! *ang+ 
seasons ( ! ye>4 ,9 a some:at simil>    
mann] ,m>s revolves ar\nd  ! sun1 &     
accord+ly ?is planet has also its due   
succession (  seasons4 ,!re is a summ]  
on ,m>s1 & !re is a w9t]2 dur+ !  w9t]  
on t globe ! poles ( ! planet are mu*   

cold] ?an at  o!r seasons1 & ! wat] !re 
accumulates 9 ! =m ( ice or  sn[ to make
 ^? ice-caps t telescopic obs]v]s h s   
long  notic$4 ,9 ?is respect ,m>s1 (    
c\rse1 is l our e>?4 ,!  ice-cap at ea* 
pole ( our globe is s va/ t ev5 ! hotte/
  summ] does n suffice to melt !        
accumulation2 mu* ( ! ice &  sn[ !re    
rema9s to =m ! et]nal sn[ :i* e arctic  
explor]  s well kn[s4 ,x w\ld seem1     
h[ev]1 t ! contra/ betwe5 w9t]  & summ] 
on ,m>s mu/ be mu* m deeply m>k$ ?an !  
contra/  betwe5 w9t] & summ] on our e>?4
 ,dur+ ! summ] ( ,m>s ice  & sn[ vani%  
altoge!r f ! poles ( t planet4    ,mr4  
,l[ell supposes t wat] is s sc>ce on    
,m>s t !  inhabitants h f\nd x necess>y 
to economize to ! utmo/ :atev]  /ock !re
 may be ( ?is mo/ necess>y elem5t4 ,!   
obs]vations at  ,flag/aff t5d to %[ t ! 
d>k l9es on ,m>s m>k ! c\rse (  ! canals
 by :i* ! wat] melt$ 9 summ] 9 ! arctic 
regions  is conduct$ ov] ! globe to !   
tracts :]e ! wat] is want$4  ,n t ! l9e 
z we see x repres5ts actually ! wat]    

itself2  ! /raight l9e s *>act]i/ic (   
,m>s's globe seems r to  correspond to !
 zones ( vegetation :i* are br\ght into 
culture  by means ( wat] t fl[s along a 
canal 9 its c5t]4 ,9 mu* !  same way    
w\ld ! c\rse ( ! ,nile be exhibit$ to an
 inhabitant  on ,m>s :o 0 direct+ a     
telescope t[>d ?is e>?3 ! riv]  itself  
w\ld n be visible1 b ! cultivat$ tracts 
:i* owe _!  f]tility to ! irrigation f !
 riv] w\ld be broad en\gh to be         
di/+ui%able4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! irrigat$ 
zones w\ld v>y1 (  c\rse1 ) ! seasons2 &
 we obs]ve1 z might h be5 expect$1      
*anges 9 ! l9es on ,m>s correspond+ to !
 *anges 9 !  seasons ( ! planet4    ,a  
notewor?y developm5t ( a/ronomy 9 ! la/ 
c5tury has be5 !  erection ( mighty     
telescopes = ! /udy ( ! heav5s4 ,x mu/  
"h suffice to m5tion1 z ! late/ & mo/   
rem>kable ( ^!1  ! fam\s in/rum5t at !  
,y]kes ,obs]vatory1 :i* belongs to !    
,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,j z ! c5tury is  
draw+ to its close1 !  ,y]kes telescope 
has begun to ent] on its sublime task ( 

exhibit+  ! heav5s "u great] advantages 
?an h ev] be5 previ\sly  af=d$ to any   
a/ronom]s s9ce ! _w began4    ,!        
,univ]sity ( ,*icago hav+ be5 rec5tly   
f\nd$1 x 0 desir$  to associate ) !     
univ]sity an a/ronomical obs]vatory :i* 
%\ld be wor?y ( ! a/oni%+ place t ?is   
wond]ful city has  assum$ 9 ! _w's      
hi/ory4 ,mr4 ,y]kes1 an ,am]ican        
millionaire1  g5]\sly und]took to       
provide ! co/ ( ?is obs]vatory4 ,two    
noble  disks ( glass1 =ty in*es 9       
diamet]1 7 produc$ at ! furnaces  (     
,messrs4 ,mantois1 9 ,p>is2 ^! disks 7  
work$ by ,mr4 ,alvan  ,cl>k1 ( ,bo/on1  
into ! fam\s object glass :i*1 weigh+   
ne>ly  half a ton1 has n[ be5 m\nt$ 9   
:at we may describe z a temple or  a    
palace su* z _h nev] be5 dream$ ( be=e 9
 ! :ole annals  ( a/ronomy4    ,p]haps  
if we c\ld n[ place ! sci5ce ( ! n9ete5?
 c5tury 9  its prop] p]spective ! mo/   
rem>kable discov]y :i* x conta9s  w\ld  
be t ( ! planet ,neptune4 ,inde$1 ! :ole
 annals (  sci5ce pres5t no incid5t ( a 

m dramatic "*4    ,x w be rememb]$ t at 
! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury  ,william
 ,h]s*el _h immortaliz$ himself by !    
discov]y ( a great  planet1 to :i* 0    
pres5tly assign$ ! "n ( ,uranus4 ,aft] !
  movem5ts ( ,uranus _h be5 c>efully    
/udi$1 x 0 f\nd t  on _m previ\s        
occasions ,uranus _h be5 unwitt+ly      
obs]v$ by  a/ronom]s1 :o reg>d$ x z a   
/>4 ,:5 ^! obs]vations 7  all br\ght    
toge!r1 & :5 ! track :i* ,uranus foll[$ 
?r\gh  ! heav5s 0 ?us op5$ to           
inve/igation1 x 0 f\nd t !  movem5ts ( !
 planet pres5t$ consid]able anomalies4  
,! planet  did n move precisely z x w\ld
 h mov$ _h x be5 subject$  solely to !  
supreme attractive p[] ( ! sun4         
,a/ronom]s are1  ( c\rse1 accu/om$ to   
irregul>ities ( ?is description 9 !     
movem5ts ( ! planets4 ,^! irregul>ities 
h z _! orig9  ! attractions ( ! v>i\s   
o!r memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4  ,x is       
possible to submit ^! attractions to    
calculation & ?us  to e/imate _! am\nt4 
,! effect1 = in/ance1 ( ,saturn 9       

di/urb+ ,jupit] c be all[$ =1 & ! nature
 ( ,jupit]'s  motion z ?us modifi$ c be 
precisely e/imat$4 ,9 l mann]1  !       
influ5ce ( ! e>? on ,v5us c be det]m9$1 
& s = !  o!r planets2 & ?us1 g5]ally    
speak+1 x 0 f\nd t :5  ! prop] all[ances
 _h be5 made = ! action ( kn[n causes  (
 di/urbance1 !n ! calculat$ movem5t (   
ea* planet c\ld be  reconcil$ )         
obs]vation4    ,! circum/ances ( ,uranus
 71 h[ev]1 9 ?is respect :olly          
exceptional4 ,due all[ance 0 fir/ made =
 ! attraction ( ,uranus  by ,saturn1 & =
 ! attraction ( ,uranus by ,jupit]1 z   
well z by  ! o!r planets4 ,x 0 ?us f\nd 
t ! irregul>ities ( ,uranus  c\ld be to 
"s ext5t expla9$1 b t x 0 n possible 9  
?is  mann] to acc\nt = ^? irregul>ities 
completely4 ,x 0 !re=e  evid5t t "s     
influ5ce mu/ be at "w affect+ ! movem5t 
( ,uranus1 9 addition to ^? aris+ f any 
planet ( :i*  a/ronom]s hi!rto _h       
cognizance4 ,! only available           
supposition  w\ld be t "s o!r planet1 at
 pres5t unrecogniz$1 mu/ be 9  our      

sy/em1 & t ! attraction ( ?is unkn[n    
body mu/ give rise  to ^? irregul>ities 
( ,uranus :i* rema9$ /ill out/&+4    ,a 
great problem 0 ?us propos$ =           
ma!maticians4 ,x 0 no?+  less ?an to    
affect ! det]m9ation ( ! orbit & !      
position  ( ?is unkn[n planet1 ! sole   
guide to ! solution ( ! problem  be+    
af=d$ by ! discrepancies betwe5 ! places
 ( ,uranus  z actually obs]v$ & ! places
 :i* 7 indicat$ by !  calculations1 :5 e
 all[ance _h be5 made = kn[n causes4  ,!
 problem 0 inde$ a difficult "o1 b1     
=tunately1 two  ma!maticians prov$ to be
 equal to ! task ( solv+ x--,adams1  9  
,engl&1 & ,le ,v]ri]1 9 ,france4 ,ea* ( 
^! a/ronom]s1 9  indep5d5ce ( ! o!r1    
succe$$ 9 det]m9+ ! place ( !  planet 9 
! sky4 ,! dramatic incid5t ( ?is        
discov]y 0 af=d$  :5 ! ma!maticians _h  
done _! "w4 ,:5 ! place ( !  planet _h  
be5 asc]ta9$1 !n ! telescopic se>* 0    
und]tak5  to v]ify if x 7 inde$ ! case t
 a planet hi!rto unkn[n  did actually   
lurk 9 ! spot to :i* ! calculations     

po9t$4 ,e  "o :o has ev] read a book on 
a/ronomy is well acqua9t$ ) !  wond]ful 
mann] 9 :i* ?is v]ification 0 made4 ,j  
:]e !  ma!maticians indicat$1 !re 0 !   
great planet discov]$6 ,to  ?is object !
 "n ( 8,neptune0 has be5 assign$1 & its 
discov]y  may be said to m>k an epo* 9 !
 hi/ory ( gravitation4 ,x provid$  a mo/
 /rik+ illu/ration ( ! tru? ( ^? great  
laws :i*  ,newton _h discov]$4    ,!    
latt] half ( ! c5tury w be also         
rem>kable 9 ! hi/ory  ( sci5ce f ! fact 
t )9 t p]iod mank9d has be5  enabl$ to  
make "s acqua9tance ) ! *emi/ry ( !     
cele/ial  bodies4 ,x 0 9 #ahei t        
,kir*h(f & ,buns5 fir/ exp\nd$ to !  _w 
! true mean+ ( ! d>k l9es 9 ! sol>      
spectrum4 ,9 ?is  !y 7 foll[+ out a l9e 
( reason+ t _h be5 previ\sly  sugge/$ by
 ,pr(4 ,sir ,g4 ,/okes1 ( ,cambridge1   
,engl&4 ,^? :o  are at all conv]sant ) t
 wond]ful bran* ( k kn[n  z spectrum    
analysis are aw>e h[ ^! discov]ies h    
r5d]$ x  possible = u to det]m9e 9 _m   
cases ! actual mat]ial elem5ts  f\nd 9 !

 mo/ di/ant bodies4    ,"o ( ! /rik+    
results to :i* ?is inve/igation has l$  
is !  demon/ration ( ! sub/antial unity 
( ! mat]ials f :i* !  e>? & ! v>i\s     
heav5ly bodies h be5 con/ruct$4 ,^?     
elem5ts :i* ent] mo/ abundantly into !  
composition ( ! e>?  are also ! elem5ts 
:i* appe> to ent] mo/ abundantly into ! 
composition ( ! sun & ( ! />s4 ,! iron &
 ! hydrog51 !  sodium & ! _m o!r        
mat]ials ( :i* our globe is s l>gely    
=m$1 are also ! selfsame mat]ials :i*1 9
 widely diff]5t  proportions & 9 v      
diff]5t associations1 g to =m ! heav5ly 
bodies4 ,?is conclusion is z int]e/+ z x
 0 unexpect$4 ,x  might naturally h be5 
?\ght t1 see+ ! sun is sep>at$  f u by  
ne>ly a hundr$ million miles1 & see+ t !
 />s  are sep>at$ f u by millions (     
millions ( miles1 all ^!  cele/ial      
bodies mu/ be con/ruct$ 9 q a diff]5t   
mann] &  ( sub/ances q di/9ct f !       
sub/ances :i* we "k on  ?is e>?4 ,b ?is 
is n ! case4 ,inde$1 at ! pres5t mom5t  
x seems d\btful if !re be any elem5t :i*

 spectrum analysis  has hi!rto disclos$ 
9 ! cele/ial bodies :i* is n also a     
recogniz$ t]re/rial body4 ,! well-kn[n  
case ( helium gives a  /rik+            
illu/ration4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfh ,sir ,norman
 ,locky] detect$  ! pres5ce ( rays 9 !  
sol> spectrum :i* 7 unkn[n at t  "t 9   
t]re/rial *emi/ry4 ,^! rays appe>$ to   
emanate f  "s sub/ance :i*1 ?\gh pres5t 
9 ! sun1 did n !n appe>  to belong to ! 
e>?4 ,?is elem5t 0 accord+ly nam$       
8helium10  to indicate its sol> orig94  
,tw5ty-five ye>s lat] ,pr(essor  ,ramsay
 discov]$ a sub/ance on ! e>? :i* _h be5
 hi!rto  unrecogniz$1 & :i*1 on         
exam9ation1 yield$ 9 ! spectrum         
precisely ^? same rays :i* _h be5 f\nd 9
 ! s-call$  helium f ! sun4 ,9          
consequ5ce ( ?is discov]y ?is elem5t  is
 n[ recogniz$ z a t]re/rial body4 ,x is 
inde$ a rem>kable  illu/ration ( !      
extraord9>y "* ( mod]n me?ods (  rese>* 
t a sub/ance %\ld h fir/ be5 discov]$ at
 a  di/ance ( ne>ly "o hundr$ million   
miles1 t same sub/ance be+  all ! "t1   

?\gh no d\bt 9 v small quantities1 a    
con/itu5t  ( our e>? z well z ( ! sun4  
,mu* has be5 done )9 ! pa/ c5tury 9 _m  
o!r bran*es (  a/ronomy4 ,i mu/         
especially m5tion ! important subject ( 
meteoric  %[]s4 ,= ! developm5t ( our k 
( ?is attractive "p  ( a/ronomy we are  
l>gely indebt$ to ! labors ( ! late     
,pr(4  ,h4 ,newton1 ( ,yale4 ,by 8      
inve/igations1 9 conjunction ) ^?  ( !  
late ,pr(essor ,adams1 x 0 demon/rat$ t 
! %[] (  %oot+ />s :i* usually appe>s 9 
! middle ( ,novemb] is  d]iv$ f a %oal (
 small bodies :i* revolve ar\nd ! sun 9 
an  elliptic track1 & accompli% t       
circuit 9 ab\t ?irty-?ree ye>s  & a     
qu>t]4 ,! e>? crosses ! track ( ^!      
meteors 9 !  middle ( ,novemb]4 ,if x   
%\ld happ5 t ! great %oal is pass+      
?r\gh ! junction at ! "t ! e>? also     
arrives !re1 !n !  e>? ru%es ?r\gh !    
%oal ( little bodies4 ,^! plunge into   
our  atmosph]e1 !y are ignit$ by !      
friction1 & a great %[] is  obs]v$4 ,x  
is ?us t we acc\nt = ! recurr5ce (      

specially  sup]b displays at int]vals ( 
ab\t ?irty-?ree ye>s4    ,b "o m great  
a/ronomical discov]y ( ?is c5tury mu/ be
  m5tion$1 & "h aga91 z 9 s _m o!r      
in/ances1 we are  indebt$ to ,am]ican   
a/ronom]s4 ,x 0 9 #ahgg t ,pr(4 ,asaph  
,hall  discov]$ t ! planet ,m>s 0 att5d$
 by two satellites4 ,?is  0 inde$ a     
great a*ievem5t1 & excit$ ! livelie/    
int]e/ &  att5tion4 ,s9ce ! days :5     
telescopes 7 fir/ inv5t$ all  !         
a/ronom]s h be5 look+ at ,m>s1 & yet !y 
nev] notic$  7_! telescopes 7 n good    
en\gh7 ^? int]e/+ satellites  :i* !     
acute obs]vation ( ,pr(essor ,hall      
detect$ ) ! help  ( ! great telescope ( 
! ,naval ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton4 ,?is  
discov]y 0 foll[$ by ano!r ( a /ill m   
delicate nature1  :5 t consummate       
obs]v]1 ,pr(essor ,b>n>d1 us+ ! great   
,lick  telescope1 detect$ ! fif?        
satellite ( ,jupit]4 ,?is is inde$ a    
mo/ difficult object to obs]ve1 requir+1
 z x does1 ! highe/  optical p[]1 ! mo/ 
p]fect atmosph]ic conditions1 & ! mo/   

skillful ( a/ronomical obs]v]s4 ,we may 
take ?is obs]vation to  repres5t !      
high-wat] m>k ( telescopic a/ronomy 9 ! 
n9ete5?  c5tury4 ,?is be+ s1 x may fitly
 conclude ?is brief acc\nt (  "s ( ! mo/
 rem>kable a/ronomical discov]ies :i* t 
c5tury  has produc$4          ,,!       
,,applications ,,( ,,explosives4    ,,by
 ,,*>les ,e4 ,,munroe1    ,,pr(essor ,,(
 ,,*emi/ry1 ,,columbian ,,univ]sity4    
,illu/ration3 ,,gun-,,cotton ,,factory4 
,dipp+ cotton 9 nitrat+ tr\ghs4    ,!re 
is some?+ ab\t fire :i* fasc9ates e "o1 
yet !  action ( explosives ar\ses ev5 a 
liveli] int]e/1 s9ce !  accompany+ fi]y 
ph5om5a are m int5se & are att5d$ ) a   
%ock+ report & a viol5t de/ruction ( !  
surr\nd+ mat]ial1  :ile ?is tra9 (      
ev5ts1 ) all its m>k$ effects1 is set 9 
op]ation by :at appe>s to be a v slight 
initial cause4 ,x is  evid5t on brief   
consid]ation t ^! bodies1 l a coil$     
spr+1  a b5t b[1 or a head ( wat]1 are  
enorm\s res]voirs ( en]gy :i*  c be     
releas$ at a t\*1 & :i*1 if ! explosive 

be prop]ly  plac$ 9 well-proportion$    
am\nts & dis*>g$ at ! "r  "t1 c be made 
to d useful & important "w t c n be z   
conv5i5tly & quickly accompli%$ 9 mo/   
cases1 & 9 "s cases  c n be accompli%$  
at all by any o!r means4                
,illu/ration3 ,,gun-,,cotton ,,factory4 
,dige/ion tr\ghs4    ,! m>k$ *>act]i/ic 
( all explosive sub/ances1 & especially 
( ! s-call$ high explosives1 is t !     
en]gy1 z develop$1 is  at high pot5tial1
 & ! uses to :i* en]gy 9 ?is condition c
  be economically put are s manifold t !
 production ( explosives  has become "o 
( ! mo/ important ( our *emical         
indu/ries1 ?is  c\ntry alone produc+1 9 
#ahij1 #ajh1gce1ihj p\nds1 hav+ a value 
(  ne>ly #aa1jjj1jjj4    ,! numb] (     
possible sub/ances possess+ explosive   
prop]ties  is exce$+ly l>ge2 ! numb]    
actually kn[n is s great t x  has tax$ !
 +5uity ( inv5tors to provide !m )      
suitable  names2 b ^! v>i\s explosive   
sub/ances v>y to s great an  ext5t 9 !  
en]gy !y w develop 9 practice & 9 _!    

safety  9 /orage1 transportation1 & use 
t b a comp>atively small  numb] h met ) 
wide acceptance4 ,all may be classifi$  
"u !  heads ( physical mixtures l       
gunp[d]1 or *emical comp\nds l          
nitroglyc]91 & !y owe _! developm5t (   
en]gy to ! fact  t1 l gunp[d]1 !y are   
mixtures 9 :i* combu/ible sub/ances  su*
 z *>coal are mix$ ) support]s (        
combu/ion su* z nit]2  or t1 l *loride (
 nitrog51 !y are *emical comp\nds1 !    
=mation ( ^: molecules is att5d$ ) !    
absorption ( heat2  or t1 l gun cotton1 
!y are *emical comp\nds ^: molecules    
conta9 bo? ! combu/ible & ! support] (  
combu/ion1 &  ^: =mation f _! elem5ts is
 att5d$ ) ! absorption  ( heat2 :ile    
occupy+ a middle place betwe5 ! gunp[d] 
& !  gun cotton class1 & possess+ also  
to "s degree ! prop]ties (  !           
nitrog5-*loride class1 are !            
nitro-sub/itution explosives1 (  :i*    
mel9ite1 emm5site1 lyddite1 & joveite   
furni% conspicu\s  examples4            
,illu/ration3 ,,gun-,,cotton ,,factory4 

,f9al press4    ,x may lead to a cle>]  
und]/&+ ( :at is said reg>d+  !         
applications ( explosives to dwell      
briefly on ! me?ods by  :i* "s ( !m are 
produc$1 s9ce1 al?\gh ! raw mat]ial 9   
ea* case is diff]5t & ! details ( !     
op]ations v>y1 !  und]ly+ pr9ciples ( ! 
me?ods are ! same1 & a good example  is 
f\nd 9 ! milit>y gun cotton z made by ! 
,abel process at !  ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval
 ,torp$o ,/ation4    ,illu/ration3      
,,gunp[d] ,,gra9s4 ,! l>ge ones are ov] 
five p\nds  weight1 ea*4    ,! mat]ial  
employ$ is cotton1 b :e!r fre% f ! field
 or 9  ! =m ( wa/e1 x mu/ fir/ be fre$ f
 dirt by h& pick+ &  sort+1 & f grease &
 incru/+ sub/ances by boil+ 9 a weak    
soda solution4 ,! cotton is n[ dri$ by  
wr++ 9 a c5trifugal  wr+] & expos+ to a 
curr5t ( hot air 9 a metal closet2 b z  
! compact$ mass ( cotton holds moi/ure )
 great p]si/5cy1  aft] p>tial dry+ !    
cotton is pass$ ?r\gh a cotton pick] to 
op5 ! fib]1 s t x n only yields its     
conta9$ wat] m  readily & completely1 b 

x also absorbs ! acids m spe$ily 9  !   
dipp+ process to :i* x is subsequ5tly   
expos$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,burn+ ,,disk 
,,( ,,gun ,,cotton4    ,illu/ration3    
,,ext+ui%+ ,,burn+ ,,gun ,,cotton4      
,:5 ! moi/ure1 by ! f9al dry+1 is r$uc$ 
to "o half (  "o p] c5t ! cotton is1    
:ile hot1 plac$ 9 copp] tanks :i*  close
 h]metically1 :]e x cools to !          
atmosph]ic temp]ature  & 9 :i* x is     
transport$ to ! dipp+ room1 :]e a batt]y
  ( l>ge iron tr\ghs1 fill$ ) a mixture 
( "o "p ( ! mo/  conc5trat$ nitric acid 
& ?ree p>ts ( ! mo/ conc5trat$          
sulphuric acid1 set 9 a l>ge iron wat]  
ba? to keep ! mixture at  a uni=m       
temp]ature1 is plac$ "u a hood aga9/ !  
wall4 ,!  fluffy cotton1 9 "o-p\nd lots1
 is dipp$ h&ful by h&ful "u  ! acid1 by 
means ( an iron =k1 :]e x is all[$ to   
rema9  = t5 m9utes1 :5 x is rais$ to !  
grat+ at ! re> ( !  tr\gh & squeez$ ) ! 
lev] press to remove ! excess (  acid4  
,x /ill reta9s ab\t t5 p\nds ( ! acid   
mixture1 & 9  ?is condition is plac$ 9  

an acid-pro( /onew>e crock1 :]e x  is   
squeez$ by ano!r iron press to cause !  
conta9$ acid to rise  above ! surface ( 
! p>tly conv]t$ cotton4 ,! cov]$ crock  
is n[ plac$ ) o!rs 9 wood5 tr\ghs       
conta9+ runn+ wat]  s z to keep !       
temp]ature uni=m1 :]e ! cotton is all[$ 
to  dige/ = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! acid
 is !n wrung out 9 a  /eel c5trifugal1 &
 ! wrung gun cotton is ?r[n 9 small lots
  into an imm]sion tank conta9+ a l>ge  
volume ( fl[+ wat]1 9  :i* a paddle :eel
 is revolv+ s z to rapidly dilute & wa% 
away  ! residual acid 9 ! gun cotton )\t
 p]mitt+ any consid]able  rise (        
temp]ature f ! reaction ( ! wat] ) !    
acid4    ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,m]cury  
,,fulm9ate4    ,ev5 ^! sev]e means are n
 en\gh1 =1 z ! cotton fib] is  9 ! =m ( 
hairlike tubes1 traces ( ! acid         
suffici5t to br+  ab\t ! subsequ5t      
decomposition ( ! gun cotton are reta9$ 
by capill>ity4 ,!re=e1 aft] boil+ ) a   
dilute solution (  sodium c>bonate1 !   
gun cotton is pulp$ & wa%$ 9 a beat] or 

rag eng9e until ! fib] is r$uc$ to !    
f95ess ( corn meal1  & a sample ( x w   
pass ! 8heat te/40 ,?is is a te/ ( !    
resi/ance ( gun cotton to decomposition1
 & requires t :5 !  air-dri$ sample (   
gun cotton is heat$ to #fe4e ,c4 9 a    
clos$ tube  9 :i* a moi/5$ /rip (       
potassium iodide & />* pap] is  susp5d$1
 ! pap] %\ld n become discolor$ 9 less  
?an fifte5  m9utes' exposure4           
,illu/ration3 ,,detonator ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! 
,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,navy4 ,conta9s        
?irty-five gra9s ( fulm9ate ( m]cury4   
,?is pulp+ ( ! gun cotton n only enables
 "o to m completely  purify x1 b x also 
r5d]s x possible to mold x into conv5i5t
  =ms & to compress x s z to greatly    
increase its effici5cy 9  use4 ,= ?is   
purpose ! pulp is susp5d$ 9 wat] & pump$
 to a  mold+ press1 :]e1 "u a hydraulic 
pressure ( "o hundr$ p\nds  to ! squ>e  
in*1 x is mold$ into cyl9d]s or prisms  
ab\t ?ree  in*es 9 diamet] & five in*es 
& a half high1 & ^! are  compress$ to   
two in*es 9 height by a f9al press ex]t+

 a pressure  ( ab\t sixty-eight hundr$  
p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,z ?is is  reg>d$ 
z a some:at haz>d\s op]ation1 ! press is
 surr\nd$  by a mantlet wov5 f /\t rope 
to protect ! workm5 f fly+  pieces (    
metal 9 case ( an accid5t4 ,! op]ation  
is analog\s to  t employ$ 9 p[d]-mak+1  
:]e ! gunp[d] has be5 press$ 9  a great 
v>iety ( =ms & into s+le gra9s weigh+   
sev]al p\nds  apiece4    ,illu/ration3  
,,torp$o ,,cases ,,& ,,blocks ,,( ,,wood
 ,,de/roy$ ,,by ,a ,,naval  ,,detonator4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,te/+ ,,detonators   
,,on ,,iron ,,plates4    ,illu/ration3  
,,iron ,,cyl9d] ,,fill$ ,,) ,,wat] ,,&  
,,conta9+ ,a ,,naval  ,,detonator4 ,be=e
 & aft] fir+1 %[s ! "w accompli%$ by    
?irty-five gra9s ( m]cury fulm9ate4     
,ev5 "u ! enorm\s pressure ( ! f9al     
press ! compress$ gun  cotton /ill      
reta9s f twelve to sixte5 p] c5t ( wat]1
 & 9  ?is =m x is q safe to /ore & h&le4
 ,:5 dry x is v  combu/ible & burns     
readily :5 ignit$1 b x c be qu5*$ by    
p\r+ wat] ^u x4 ,:5 conf9$ 9 ! *amb] ( a

 gun or !  bore-hole ( a rock1 gun      
cotton w burn l gunp[d] :5 ignit$1  if  
dry1 & produce an explosion1 b1 9 common
 ) nitroglyc]9 &  o!r high explosives1  
gun cotton is be/ explod$ & develops its
  maximum effect :5 detonat$1 a result  
:i* is secur$ by explod+ a  small       
quantity ( m]cury fulm9ate 9 contact ) !
 dry mat]ial4    ,illu/ration3          
,,smokeless ,,p[d]s4 ,9 ! bottle is     
indurite 9 flake  gra9s4 ,! l>g] gra9s  
are cyl9drical & hexagonal multip]=at$  
,unit$ ,/ates army gra9s4 ,! b5t gra9 9 
! =egr\nd1 look+  l a piece ( rubb]     
tub+1 is a gra9 ( ,maxim p[d] ) a s+le  
canal4 ,! flat /rips 9 ! =egr\nd on !   
left are gra9s ( !  ,fr5* ,b4 ,n4 p[d]4 
,! flat /rips 9 ! =egr\nd on ! "r are   
gra9s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy            
8pyrocellulose0 p[d]4    ,m]cury        
fulm9ate is made by dissolv+ m]cury 9   
nitric acid &  p\r+ ! solution ?us      
produc$ into alcohol1 :5 a viol5t       
reaction takes place & ! fulm9ate is    
deposit$ z a cry/all9e  gray p[d]4 ,?is 

p[d] is load$ 9 copp] cases &1 aft]     
dry+1  x is prim$ ) dry-meal$ gun       
cotton1 ! m\? ( ! case be+  clos$ ) a   
sulphur-glass plug1 ?r\gh :i* pass two  
copp] lead+  wires jo9$ by a bridge (   
plat9um-iridium wire1 two "o-?\s&?s  (  
an in* 9 diamet]1 :i* becomes heat$ to  
inc&esc5ce :5 an  electric curr5t is s5t
 ?r\gh x4 ,?is device is :at is kn[n z  
! naval detonator4 ,m]cury fulm9ate is s
 employ$ because x is !  mo/ viol5t (   
all explosives 9 common use1 & ex]ts a  
pressure (  =ty-eight ?\s& atmosph]es :5
 fir$ 9 contact4 ,al?\gh !  naval       
detonator conta9s b ?irty-five gra9s (  
m]cury fulm9ate1  yet x w rupture /\t   
iron & heavy t9 torp$o cases :5 fir$    
susp5d$ 9 !m1 x w r5d ?ick blocks ( wood
 :5 plac$ 9  a hole & fir$ )9 !m1 & x w 
ev5 pi]ce holes ?r\gh  plates ( ! f9e/  
wr\ght iron "o-sixte5? in* 9 ?ickness if
  only ! base ( ! detonator is 9 contact
 ) ! plate1 & ?is  has be5 us$ z a te/ (
 _! effici5cy4 ,its =ce is m>k$ly  %[n  
by fir+ "o 9 a /\t iron cyl9d] fill$ )  

wat] &  clos$ tightly1 :5 ! cyl9d] is   
bl[n into a %r$d$ sph]e4 ,:5  us$ to    
detonate gun cotton1 ei!r :5 conf9$ or 9
 ! op51 !  detonator is plac$ 9 ! hole  
:i* has be5 mold$ 9 ! c5t] (  ! gun     
cotton disk or block1 s t x %all be 9   
close contact )  ! gun cotton4 ,i h f\nd
 t p]fectly dry compress$ gun cotton  is
 detonat$ by #b4hc gra9s ( m]cury       
fulm9ate2 b z a torp$o  attack is       
necess>ily 9 ! nature ( a =lorn hope &  
%\ld be  provid$ ) e possible provision 
aga9/ failure1 & s9ce if  ! detonator   
fails ! attack fails1 ! naval detonator 
is suppli$  ) ?irty-five gra9s1 s z to  
give a l>ge coeffici5t ( assurance4     
,illu/ration3 ,,bl5d+ ,,ma*9e ,,=       
,,cordite4    ,illu/ration3 ,,c>tridge  
,,( ,,cordite ,,smokeless ,,p[d]4 ,*>ge 
= #f-;in*  #b ,f gun1 #ac p\nds1 #d     
ounces4 ,cords1 #bb in*es long1 #c in*es
 9  diamet]4    ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( 
gun cotton is t x may be detonat$ ev5   
:5 completely saturat$ ) & imm]s$ 9     
wat]1 if only "s dry  gun cotton be     

detonat$ 9 contact ) x4 ,?us 9 "o       
exp]im5t a  disk ( dry gun cotton 0     
cov]$ ) a wat]-pro( coat+ & !  detonator
 ins]t$ 9 ! detonator hole ( ?is disk4  
,?is dry disk  0 laid ^u f\r uncoat$    
disks1 ! five la%$ tightly toge!r1  &   
sunk 9 ,newport ,h>bor1 :]e ! column    
rema9$ until !  uncoat$ disks 7 saturat$
 ) salt wat]1 :5 ! m9e 0 fir$  & !      
saturat$ disks 7 f\nd by measurem5t ( ! 
"w done to  h be5 completely explod$4 ,i
 h f\nd t ?ree ounces ( dry  compress$  
gun cotton w cause ! detonation ( wet   
compress$ gun  cotton 9 contact ) x1 b  
=ty ounces ( dry gun cotton are us$  z !
 prim] 9 our naval m9es & torp$oes1 s z 
to give a l>ge  coeffici5t ( assurance4 
,illu/ration3 ,,gun-,,cotton ,,sp>      
,,torp$o4    ,illu/ration3 ,,bl[+ ,,up  
,,! ,,s*oon] ,,joseph ,,h5ry4    ,9 !   
m9+ & o!r indu/ries ! fulm9ate is us$ 9 
small]  quantities & x is g5]ally mix$ )
 potassium *lorate1 !  mixture be+      
compress$ 9 small copp] cases & sold z  
bla/+  caps4 ,!y are fir$ by means ( a  

piece ( ,bick=d or runn+  fuse1 consi/+ 
( a wov5 cotton or hemp tube conta9+ a  
core  ( gunp[d]1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! m\? (
 ! copp] cap &  made fa/ )9 x by crimp+4
 ,! capp$ fuse is !n ins]t$ 9  a        
dynamite c>tridge s t ! cap is firmly 9 
contact ) !  dynamite1 ! m\? ( !        
c>tridge is fa/5$ securely1 & !  *>ge   
ins]t$ 9 ! bore-hole 9 ! rock & tamp$4  
,! protrud+  end ( ! fuse is light$1 & !
 fire travels at ! rate ( ?ree  feet p] 
m9ute d[n ! tra9 ( gunp[d] to !         
fulm9ate1 :i*  !n detonates & causes !  
detonation ( ! dynamite4    ,al?\gh gun 
cotton1 nitroglyc]91 & _! cong5]s c be &
  usually are fir$ by detonation1 !re   
has )9 rec5t ye>s be5  a great numb] (  
compositions inv5t$ :i*1 :ile =m$ f gun 
cotton alone or mixtures ( x )          
nitroglyc]91 burn progressively  :5     
ignit$ & are !re=e available = use z    
propellants2 &  s9ce ! products ( _!    
burn+ are almo/ :olly gase\s1 !y        
produce b little or no smoke & are !re=e
 call$ smokeless  p[d]s4 ,z upw>d (     

fifty-sev5 p] c5t ( ! products ( !      
burn+ ( ord9>y gunp[d] are solids or    
easily compress$ vapors1  ?is comp>ative
 smokelessness ( ! mod]n p[d]s is a v   
important *>act]i/ic1 & :5 us$ 9 battle 
!y s]i\sly modify  our =m] accept$      
me?ods ( h&l+ troops4 ,:ile ?is is !    
feature ( ^! p[d]s :i* has attract$     
popul> att5tion1 a f>  m important      
quality :i* !y possess is ! p[] to imp>t
 to  a projectile a mu* high] velocity  
?an black p[d] does1 )\t  ex]t+ an undue
 pressure on ! gun4 ,a velocity ( ov]   
tw5ty-f\r  hundr$ feet p] second has be5
 imp>t$ to a "o-hundr$-p\nd  projectile 
) ! p[d] t ,i h inv5t$ = our navy1 :ile 
!  pressure on ! gun 0 less ?an fifte5  
tons to ! squ>e in*4    ,illu/ration3   
,,torp$o ,,practice4 ,b[ dis*>ge4       
,prior to my "w 9 ?is field all !       
s-call$ smokeless p[d]s 7  mixtures (   
sev]al +r$i5ts1 resembl+ gunp[d] 9 ?is  
respect4  ,b1 consid]+ ! precise &      
difficult "w t 0 expect$ (  ^! high-p[]$
 p[d]s & ! difficulty :i* _h always be5 

f\nd 9 secur+ uni=mity 9 mixtures1 & t  
?is difficulty _h  become ! m app>5t z !
 gun became m highly develop$1 ,i  s\ght
 to produce a p[d] :i* %\ld consi/ ( a  
s+le *emical  sub/ance 9 a /ate (       
*emical purity1 & :i* c\ld be =m$ into  
gra9s ( su* =m & size z 7 mo/ suitable =
 ! piece 9  :i* ! p[d] 0 to be us$4     
,i succe$$ 9 s treat+ cellulose nitrate 
( ! highe/ degree (  nitration z to     
conv]t x into a mass l ivory & yet leave
 x  pure4 ,9 ?is indurat$ condition !   
gun cotton w burn freely1 b  x has n be5
 possible to detonate x ev5 :5 closely  
conf9$ &  expos$ to ! initial detonation
 ( l>ge masses ( m]cury fulm9ate4       
,illu/ration3 ,,torp$o ,,practice ,,on  
,,! ,,cu%+4 ,broadside dis*>ge4    ,i am
 happy to say t ?is pr9ciple has n[ be5 
adopt$ by !  ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 & by   
our navy 9 its specifications =         
smokeless  p[d]2 b !y h1 ,i ?9k         
unwisely1 select$ a cellulose nitrate   
conta9+ #ab4e p] c5t or less ( nitrog5  
in/ead ( t ( !  highe/ nitration4       

,?is "w 0 complet$1 a factory e/abli%$1 
& ! processes well  m>k$ out :5 ,i left 
! torp$o /ation 9 #ahib4 ,besides ?is1  
!re 7 !n already comm]cial works        
e/abli%$ else:]e 9 ?is  c\ntry = !      
manufacture ( !                         
nitroglyc]9-nitrocellulose p[d]s  ( !   
balli/ite class1 :ile l>ge quantities ( 
_m v>ieties  c\ld be easily procur$     
abroad4 ,consid]+ ^! facts1 & t  ,france
 & ,g]many _h already adopt$ smokeless  
p[d]s 9 #ahhg1 t  ,italy adopt$ "o 9    
#ahhh1 & ,engl& ab\t ! same "t1 x is    
unp>donable t our s]vices %\ld n yet h  
adopt$ any ( !  smokeless p[d]s         
available :5 we 7 drawn into ! conflict 
)  ,spa94    ,besides _! use z balli/ic 
ag5ts1 gun cotton1 dynamite1 &          
explosive gelat9 9 _! ord9>y condition h
 f\nd employm5t  & be5 adopt$ z s]vice  
explosives 9 milit>y & naval m9+1  z _! 
great en]gy & ! viol5ce ) :i* !y        
explode1 ev5  :5 unconf9$1 especially   
adapt !m = use 9 ! v>i\s k9ds (         
torp$oes & m9es :i* are 9 vogue 9 !     

s]vice4    ,illu/ration3 ,,laun*+       
,,patrick ,,torp$o ,,f ,,! ,,ways4      
,"o =m ( ^! torp$oes 0 atta*$ to ! end (
 a sp> or pole  :i* 0 rigg$ out f ! b[ (
 a laun* or vessel s t x  c\ld be ?ru/  
"u ! enemy's vessel1 & ! detonators (   
su*  sp> torp$oes 7 n only connect$ )   
electric g5]ators1 s  t !y c\ld be fir$ 
at w1 b !y1 9 common ) m9es1  7         
frequ5tly provid$ ) a sy/em ( lev]s s   
arrang$ t !  enemy's vessel fir$ !      
torp$oes & m9es automatically z x came  
9 contact ) ! lev]s4 ,x 0 ) su* a       
contact-sp> torp$o1  conta9+ ?irty-?ree 
p\nds ( gun cotton1 t ! s*oon] ,joseph  
,h5ry 0 bl[n up 9 ,newport ,h>bor 9     
#ahhd4    ,illu/ration3 ,,patrick       
,,torp$o ,,"u ,,way4 ,mov+ at ! rate (  
tw5ty-?ree knots p] h\r4    ,!re are _m 
types ( ! automobile torp$o4 ,among !m !
 ,hall1  ,patrick1 ,:itehead1 & ,h[ell  
may be cit$4 ,! fir/ ?ree are  propell$ 
by ! en]gy resid5t 9 compress$ gases2 ! 
,h[ell by  ! en]gy /or$ 9 a heavy fly   
:eel1 :i* also1 by act+ on !  gyroscopic

 pr9ciple1 s]ves to ma9ta9 ! direction  
imp>t$ to  ! torp$o z x is laun*$4 ,!   
,hall1 ,:itehead1 & ,h[ell are  laun*$ f
 tubes or guns by means ( light p[d]    
*>ges1 &  are indep5d5t ( ext]ior       
control aft] laun*+4 ,! ,patrick is     
laun*$ f ways1 & is controll$ f ! %ore  
or boat by a  wire ?r\gh :i* an electric
 curr5t may be s5t to its /e]+          
me*anism4 ,! *>ges are q v>iable1 b ! w>
 heads ( !  l>g] torp$oes conta9 z mu* z
 five hundr$ p\nds ( gun cotton4    ,to 
be conclud$4          ,a ,,p>adoxical   
,,an>*i/4    ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,ces>e        
,,lombroso4      ,:ile ,i h _h !        
privilege ( mak+ sev]al indirect /udies 
(  an>*i/s by means ( ! data furni%$ by 
legal processes1 !  j\rnals1 & ! h&writ+
 ( ! subjects1 ,i h only r>ely  be5 able
 to exam9e "o directly & make ^?        
measurem5ts &  craniological            
det]m9ations ^u him )\t :i* any /udy c  
be  only approximate1 or1 we might ev5  
say1 hypo!tical4 ,i _h1 h[ev]1  an      
opportunity a %ort "t ago to obs]ve a   

real an>*i/ 9 p]son1  & /udy him accord+
 to ! me?ods ( my crim9ological cl9ic4  
,! results h be5 s+ul>1 & x seems to me 
t !y %\ld  ca/ "s light ^u ! d>k _w ( ^!
 agitators1 & especially  ^u ! ph5om5a (
 ! /range contradictions pres5t$ 9 _!   
life2 manife/ations :i* juri/s & police 
(fic]s1 int5t only  on a*iev+ ! judicial
 triumph ( a conviction1 consid] & call 
simulations & falsehoods4               
,illu/ration3 7,uncle> h&writt5         
inscription7    ,he 0 a fell[ :o _h     
caus$ a great excitem5t1 dur+ ! cr[d$   
days ( ! exposition at ,tur91 by say+ t 
he want$ to kill  ! k+4 ,9 fact1 he gave
 himself up to ! police1 say+ t !       
an>*i/s ( ,alex&ria 7 seek+ !           
assass9ation ( ! k+1  & _h writt5 him a 
lett] direct+ him to arm himself1 b t   
he1  wi%+ any?+ else ?an to commit      
regicide1 _h surr5d]$ 9 ord]  to d5\nce 
! s*eme4 ,!re 0 no real basis ( crim9al 
int5t1 b  our police put him 9 prison1 &
 !re ,i f\nd him4    ,8 physiognomy     
pres5t$ all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! born      

crim9al  & ( ! foolh>dy & sangu9>y      
an>*i/4 ,he _h fl>+ e>s1  premature &   
deep wr9kles1 small1 s9i/] eyes sunk    
back 9 _!  orbits1 a holl[$ flat nose1 &
 small be>d--9 %ort1 he pres5t$  an     
extraord9>y resemblance to ,rava*ol1 z  
may be se5 f _!  portraits4    ,!       
cranium 0 a little small] ?an ! normal1 
& ! upp] "p  ( ! skull 0 mu* r\nd$ &    
de=m$1 ) a cephalic index (             
#ia--;consid]ably m r\nd$ ?an ! head (  
,luc*5i4 ,! horizontal  fold ( ! h& 0 ( 
a type mu* l t ( ,rava*ol4    ,i add t !
 biological /udy1 :i* 0 made directly1 &
 !re=e  m satisfactorily ?an 0          
practicable ) ,cas]io & ,luc*5i1        
reveal$ a s]ies ( v s+ul> anomalies2 a  
t\* six times m  obtuse ?an !           
normal--six millimetres on ! "r1 five on
 !  left2 a rem>kably blunt s5sitiv5ess 
to pa9 & dull p]ception (  location2 an 
extraord9>ily r$uc$ visual field1       
p>ticul>ly 9  ! left eye2 a some:at     
tremul\s h&writ+1 & slight defects (    
articulation 9 spee*2 & ?9 hair4 ,!re 0 

no?+ v /rik+  9 8 affective nature4 ,he 
spoke k9dly ( 8 p>5ts1 :om he w\ld  be  
glad to see4 ,b he _h a blunt moral     
s5se1 & _h committ$  frequ5t !fts1      
especially aga9/ 8 family1 s t he _h be5
  put into a h\se ( correction4 ,& x 0 j
 :ile he 0 /ill 9  ?is e/abli%m5t1 at   
sixte5 ye>s ( age1 t he pret5d$ to h    
be5 invit$ to att5d a meet+ ( ab\t ?irty
 an>*i/s at ,brescia1  :]e he 0 made to 
swe>1 kiss+ a dagg]1 to kill ! k+4 ,he  
describ$ ! room1 & spoke ( ! individual 
p]sons pres5t1 &  !n said t he ?\ght no 
m ( ! matt] aft] he return$ to  ! h\se2 
b a few days ago x _h come into 8 m9d to
 g to !  po/ (fice1 & !re he _h f\nd a  
lett] f ! an>*i/s (  ,alex&ria1 urg+ him
 to arm himself to kill ! k+4    ,he    
repeat$ ?is /ory m9utely & ) great      
p]si/5ce1  not)/&+ ! po/al au?orities   
d5i$ hav+ giv5 him !  lett]1 9 ! face ( 
! assev]ations ( ! prefects t !re  7 n  
?irty an>*i/s 9 ,brescia1 :]e he 0 9    
correction1 &  al?\gh all ! facts 7     
aga9/ him4 ,obs]ve t he 0 9 prison1  t  

he _h be5 !re ?ree mon?s1 & t he 0 told 
he w\ld be  likely to /ay !re z long z  
he adh]$ to 8 /ory4    ,illu/ration3    
,,rava*ol4    ,ef=ts to acc\nt = !      
ph5om5on 7 unsuccessful1 because 8      
fri5ds & relatives made no m5tion ( any 
traces ( insanity4 ,light  began to     
break ^u ! case :5 x 0 le>n$ t he _h    
attempt$  suicide1 a few ye>s be=e1 9   
grief at ! dea? ( 8 "m1 &  also t on !  
day be=e he gave himself up he _h /ol5 a
 small  sum f 8 drunk5 bro!r4 ,^!1      
h[ev]1 7 only di/ant h9ts4  ,! matt] 0  
fully expla9$ :51 aft] he _h drunk a    
litre ( w9e  9 ! prison1 he began to    
exclaim1 8,viva l'an>*io60 7,hurrah =   
an>*y671 8,morte al ,re60 7,dea? to !   
k+671 to kiss a dagg]1  to break v>i\s  
?+s aga9/ imag9>y gu>ds1 &1 aft] a %ort 
p]iod ( quiet1 to swe> & =swe> himself t
 8 companions _h  done :at he _h done1 t
 !y _h %\t$ = an>*y1 _h brok5  ! vases1 
& _h desir$ to kill ! k+4               
,illu/ration3 ,,visual ,,field 7,,left  
,,eye7 ,,( ,,*ie 444 ,,giac 444         

,! ?9 l9e indicates ! normal visual     
field 7left eye74        ,! ?ick l9e    
indicates ! visual field 7left eye7 "u  
alcoholic excitem5t4      ,?is cle>$ up 
! matt] at once = me1 b ,i wi%$ to      
complete !  elucidation ) an exp]im5t4  
,i began by giv+ him t51 !n tw5ty1  !n  
?irty1 !n =ty grammes ( alcohol1 up to  
eighty4 ,i obs]v$  t 8 p]sonality began 
to *ange aft] =ty grammes4 ,he became   
some:at insol5t & suspici\s1 & _h vague 
deliri\s imag9+s  ( p]secutions4 ,:5    
invit$ to s+ an>*i/ic songs he refus$1  
evid5tly fe>+ to compromise himself1 b  
sang !m volunt>ily 9  an und]tone4 ,:5 !
 dose ( alcohol 0 increas$ to n9ety     
grammes  8 p]sonality seem$ imm$iately  
to und]go a full *ange2 8  t\* became   
twice z f9e 7?ree millimetres71 & 8     
visual field  increas$ ?reefold2 he     
decl>$ t !re 0 a spy ar\nd4 ,:5  put    
into 8 cell he sang an>*i/ic hymns1     
?reat5$ dea? to !  k+1 h&l$ a box z if  
br&i%+ a dagg]1 climb$ to a w9d[ &      
insult$ ! s5t9el1 resi/$ five m5 :o tri$

 to dis>m him1 &  cont9u$ 9 ?is         
condition = eight h\rs4    ,! next day  
he d5i$ hav+ done any ( ^! ?+s1 av[$ t  
he 0 a good mon>*i/ & a good citiz51 &  
decl>$ di/9ctly  t he _h n done :at he  
_h done1 9 ! face ( ! concurr5t         
te/imony ( sev]al witnesses4 ,on r5ew+ !
 exp]im5t a few  days aft]w>d ) eighty  
grammes ( alcohol1 ! same s]ies (       
ph5om5a recurr$--a real an>*i/ic rav+1 a
 g5u9e mania =  regicide1 :i* w\ld      
c]ta9ly h end$ 9 "s act if he _h n  be5 
re/ra9$ by =ce2 & ?is p]son1 :o _h at   
fir/ pres5t$  an evid5t obtusity ( t\* &
 an extraord9>y contraction ( !  visual 
field1 n[ exhibit$ an almo/ normal t\* (
 ?ree millimetres  & a visual field     
enl>g$ to triple its ext5t :5 he 0 sob]4
    ,on ! day aft] ?is he recollect$    
none ( all ! ?+s t  _h happ5$ ! day     
be=e4 ,?is d\ble p]sonality 0 det]m9$  9
 him by alcohol1 z x is 9 o!rs by mis]y 
or by fanaticism1  :ile x re/s ) all ^u 
a cong5ital basis4 ,! fact helps u  to  
expla9 h[ "s in(f5sive man may h a type 

( physiognomy  q simil> to t ( ,rava*ol1
 %[+ h[ (t5 !re are true  crim9als 9    
pot5cy1 ^: physiognomy1 or r ! anomalies
 ( x1  be>s a prophetic relation to !   
crime :i* breaks out on ! fir/  det]m9+ 
circum/ance4 ,& we h "h ano!r           
explanation ( su*  contradictory *>act]s
 z ^? ( ,rava*ol1 ,cas]io1 & ,luc*5i1   
:o1 hav+ be5 once well-behav$1 end by   
becom+ crim9als4           99       99  
99       99       99        ,appli$     
sci5ce 0 def9$ by ,sir ,w4 ,rob]ts      
,au/51 9 8      presid5tial address to !
 ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute1 #ahii1 z      
8no?+ b ! application ( pure sci5ce to  
p>ticul> classes      ( problems40      
,,:at ,,makes ,,! ,,trolley ,,c> ,,g4   
,,by ,,william ,,baxt]1 ,,jr41 ,c4 ,e4  
,i4    ,( all ! wond]ful op]ations      
accompli%$ by ! aid ( electricity  at ! 
pres5t "t1 none s completely my/ifies ! 
behold]  z ! action ( ! trolley c>4 ,!  
electric light1 al?\gh  incompreh5sible 
to ! av]age layman1 does n excite 8     
curiosity  to ! same ext5t4 ,! gl[+     

filam5t ( an inc&esc5t lamp or  ! dazzl+
 c>bon po9ts ( an arc light /imulate !  
inquisitive  proclivities to "s ext5t1 b
 z ! popul> notion ) respect  to !      
nature ( electricity is t x is "s k9d ( 
fluid t  c fl[ ?r\gh wires & o!r ?+s l  
wat] ?r\gh a pipe1  ! conclusion arriv$ 
at is t ! curr5t1 9 its passage ?r\gh  !
 filam5t or ! c>bon po9ts1 g5]ates a    
suffici5t am\nt (  heat to raise !      
temp]ature ( ! mat]ial to ! lum9\s po9t4
  ,! fact t en]gy is requir$ to raise ! 
temp]ature ( ! mass  to ! inc&esc5t po9t
 is n tak5 into consid]ation by ^?  n   
v]s$ 9 te*nical matt]s1 ow+ to ! fact t1
 z no?+  moves1 x is n suppos$ t p[] c  
be exp5d$4 ,:5 a trolley  c> is se5 com+
 d[n ! /reet at a high rate ( spe$ !    
effect  ^u ! m9d is v diff]5t4 ,"h we   
see a va/ am\nt ( weight  propell$ at a 
high velocity1 & yet ! only s\rce ?r\gh 
:i*  ! p[] to accompli% ?is result is   
suppli$ is a small wire4 ,!  my/ify+    
cause does n /op "h1 = if we look fur!r 
into !  matt] we see t ! en]gy has to   

pass f ! trolley wire to !  c> ?r\gh ! v
 small contact betwe5 x & ! trolley     
:eel4  ,aft] contemplat+ ^! facts1 x    
appe>s rem>kable t ! en]gy  t c creep   
?r\gh ?is dim9utive passage c by any    
means be made  to develop ! =ce necess>y
 to propel a c> ) a heavy load up a     
/eep grade4 ,an electrical eng9e]1 if   
ask$ to expla9 ! action1  w\ld say t !  
=ce ( magnetic attraction 0 made use (  
to  accompli% ! result1 b ?is           
explanation w\ld fail to ?r[ any  light 
^u ! subject4 ,9 :at foll[s1 x is       
propos$ to expla9 !  matt] 9 a simple   
mann]1 & !n x w be se5 t :at appe>s  to 
be an incompreh5sible my/]y1 :5 n       
und]/ood1 is1 9 fact1 no  my/]y at all4 
,,note4--,! illu/rations ( railway      
motor1 g5]ator1 &      swit*bo>d 7,figs4
 #ae1 #af1 #ag7 7 made f photographs    
k9dly      furni%$ by ! manufactur]s1 ! 
,we/+h\se ,electric &      ,manufactur+ 
,company4    ,electricity & magnetism   
are two =ces t are intimately associat$ 
) ea* o!r1 &1 al?\gh radically diff]5t1 

x is difficult1  if n impossible1 to    
obta9 "o )\t ! o!r1 al?\gh x is a       
simple matt] to make "o inactive "u     
c]ta9 conditions4 ,x is v  g5]ally      
und]/ood t a magnet possesses ! p[] (   
attraction1  & t x w draw t[>d x pieces 
( iron1 /eel1 & o!r  magnets4 ,! laws   
gov]n+ ! attractive prop]ties ( magnets1
  h[ev]1 are n s well und]/ood1 & _m are
 n aw>e ( ! fact  t "u c]ta9 conditions 
"o magnet w repel ano!r1 b su*  is      
nev]!less ! case4    ,illu/ration3      
,,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c4--;,,diagrams        
,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,attraction ,,&        
,,repulsion ,,( ,,magnets4    ,9 ,fig4  
#a ! l[] outl9e1 ,m1 repres5ts a magnet 
fix$ 9  position1 & ! upp] b> repres5ts 
ano!r magnet arrang$ to  sw+ freely     
ar\nd ! pivot a4 ,a magnet1 z is g5]ally
 kn[n1  w arrange itself 9 a nor?-to-s\?
 position if susp5d$ f its  c5t]1 l a   
scale beam1 & all[$ to sw+ freely1 & !  
same  end w always po9t t[>d ! nor?4 ,on
 ?is acc\nt ! ends ( a  magnet are call$
 its poles1 & ! "o t w po9t t[>d !  nor?

 is designat$ ! nor? pole1 :ile ! o!r "o
 is ! s\?  pole4 ,! t]ms nor? & s\?     
poles 7 appli$ to magnets c5turies  ago1
 b at ! pres5t "t ! ends are m commonly 
designat$ z  positive & negative4 ,9    
,fig4 #a x w be notic$ t ! /ation>y     
magnet has its positive end upw>d1 & ?is
 attracts ! negative end  ( ! sw++      
magnet4 ,if ! ord] ( ! poles is rev]s$1 
s t  ! positive ( ! sw++ magnet w come  
opposite ! positive (  ! /ation>y "o1 !n
 !re w be a repulsive action in/ead ( an
  attraction1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,if !
 two negative ends 7 plac$  opposite1 ! 
effect w\ld be ! same4 ,f ?is we see t  
to obta9  an attraction we mu/ place !  
magnets s t opposite poles come  toge!r1
 & t by rev]s+ ! ord] we obta9 a        
repulsive action4    ,if ! sw++ magnet  
is replac$ by a b> ( iron1 z is %[n 9   
,fig4 #c1 !re w be an attraction1 no    
matt] :at end ( ! magnet  may be        
upp]mo/1 ?us %[+ t ei!r end ( a magnet w
 attract  a b> ( iron4 ,! explanation ( 
^! diff]5t actions is t :5  two magnets 

are br\ght into proximity to ea* o!r ea*
 "o ex]ts  its =ce )\t any reg>d to !   
o!r1 & if ! two are set  to act toge!r  
!y w attract "o ano!r1 b if set to act 9
  opposition !y w repel4 ,:5 "o ( ! b>s 
is n a magnet1 b  simply a piece ( iron 
or /eel1 ?is b>1 hav+ no attractive or  
repulsive =ce ( its own1 c only obey !  
attractive action ( !  o!r1 :i* is !    
only "o t ex]ts a =ce4    ,illu/ration3 
,,figs #d1 #e4--;,,diagrams ,,illu/rat+ 
,,! ,,me?od ,,(  ,,obta9+ ,,rot>y       
,,motion ,,) ,,magnets4    ,9 ,fig4 #d  
,m is a magnet b5t into ! =m ( a ,u1    
commonly call$  a horse%oe magnet4 ,!   
%ort b> set betwe5 ! upp] ends is also  
a magnet1 & is arrang$ s z to revolve   
ar\nd ! %aft s4 ,f  :at has j be5       
expla9$ 9 connection ) ,figs4 #a & #b x 
w be und]/ood t1 ) ! poles z indicat$ by
 ! lett]s1  !re w be an attractive =ce  
set up betwe5 ! top end ( !  /raight b> 
& ! ,p end ( ! horse%oe1 & ?us rotation 
w  be produc$ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,!
 rotation1 h[ev]1 w  necess>ily /op :5 !

 b> rea*es ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 = 
!n ! attraction betwe5 ! poles w resi/  
fur!r movem5t4  ,if ! /raight b> 7 n a  
magnet1 b simply a piece ( iron or      
/eel1 x is evid5t t :5 9 ! position (   
,fig4 #d ! attraction  w\ld be j z mu*  
t[>d ! "r z t[>d ! left1 & if  ! b> 7   
plac$ accurately 9 ! c5tral position x  
w\ld n  sw+ 9 ei!r direction4 ,x w\ld be
 9 ! condition call$1 9  me*anics1      
un/able equilibrium4 ,9 practice ?is    
condition c\ld n  be v well realiz$1 z x
 w\ld be difficult to set & reta9 !  b> 
9 a position :]e ! attraction f bo?     
sides w\ld be !  same1 !re=e ! rotation 
w\ld be 9 "o direction or ! o!r2  b     
:i*ev] way ! b> might move1 x w\ld only 
sw+ ?r\gh "o  qu>t] ( a revolution1 into
 ! horizontal position ( ,fig4 #e4      
,if we reflect ^u ^! actions we c see t 
if we c\ld de/roy  ! magnetism ( bo?    
p>ts be=e ! /raight b> rea*es !         
position ( ,fig4 #e x w\ld be possible  
to obta9 rotation ?r\gh  a great]       
di/ance ?an "o qu>t] ( a turn1 = !n !   

headway  acquir$ by ! rotat+ "p w\ld    
cause x to cont9ue its motion4  ,if1    
aft] ! completion ( "o half ( a         
revolution1 we c\ld  remagnetize bo?    
p>ts1 we w\ld !n set up an attraction   
betwe5 !  l[] end ( ! /raight b> & !    
left side ( ! horse%oe1 =  !n ! pol>ity 
( ! =m] w\ld be ! rev]se ( t %[n 9      
,fig4 #d--t is1 ! l[] end w\ld be       
negative4 ,by means ( ?is  second       
attraction we w\ld cause ! b> to rotate 
?r\gh ! ?ird  qu>t] ( ! revolution1 &   
if1 j be=e complet+ ?is la/  qu>t]1 we 7
 to remove all ! magnetism aga91 !      
headway w\ld  keep up ! motion ?r\gh !  
f9al qu>t] ( ! revolution1 ?us  complet+
 "o full turn4 ,f ?is x w be realiz$ t  
if we  c\ld magnetize & demagnetize !   
two p>ts twice 9 ea* revolution  a      
cont9u\s rotation c\ld be obta9$4    ,if
 ! magnetiz+ & demagnetiz+ action 7 only
 appli$ to !  rotat+ "p we w\ld fail to 
keep up a cont9u\s rotation1 =1  z 0 %[n
 9 connection ) ,fig4 #c1 ! action :5 ! 
/raight  b> rea*$ ! position ( ,fig4 #e 

w\ld be ! same z if x 7  magnetiz$1 ow+ 
to ! fact t a magnet always ex]ts an    
attraction  ^u a mass ( iron4 ,suppose1 
h[ev]1 t we 7 to rev]se !  pol>ity ( !  
rotat+ "p j z x rea*es ! position (     
,fig4  #e1 !n !re w\ld be two poles ( ! 
same pol>ity opposite ea*  o!r1 &1 z %[n
 9 ,fig4 #b1 ! =ce act+ betwe5 !m w\ld  
be  repulsive1 & w\ld pu% ! b> ar\nd 9 !
 direction ( rotation4  ,n only w\ld !  
"r-side pole ( ! horse%oe =ce ! end  ( !
 b> away f x1 b ! negative pole1 on !   
left side1  w\ld attract ?is same end1 &
 ?us a =ce w\ld be ex]t$ by !  two poles
 ( ,m to keep up ! rotation ?r\gh ! next
 half ( a  circle4 ,on rea*+ ?is la/    
position ! rotation w\ld /op if !       
pol>ity ( ! revolv+ b> 7 left un*ang$1 =
 !n ! poles  fac+ ea* o!r w\ld be (     
opposite pol>ity4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we aga9   
rev]s$ ! pol>ity1 a repulsion w\ld be   
set up betwe5 ! poles  fac+ ea* o!r1 &  
?us a =ce w\ld be ex]t$ to cont9ue !    
rotation4 ,?us we see t if ! pol>ity ( !
 horse%oe magnet is  n di/urb$ x is     

necess>y to rev]se t ( ! rotat+ "p to   
obta9 a cont9u\s motion1 b if we *ange !
 magnetic conditions (  bo? p>ts1 !n x  
is only necess>y to magnetize &         
demagnetize !m  alt]nately4    ,f !     
=ego+ x is se5 t !re are two ways 9 :i* 
!  =ce ( magnetism c\ld be utiliz$ to   
keep up a cont9u\s rotation1  & ! "q n[ 
is1 ,c ei!r ( !m be made available 9    
practice8 ,to ?is we answ] t1 by ! aid (
 ! relations exi/+  betwe5 electricity &
 magnetism1 bo? c be & are made         
available1  z w be %[n 9 ! foll[+       
p>agraphs3    ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #f1 
#g1 #h4--;,,diagrams ,,illu/rat+ ,,!    
,,pr9ciples ,,(  ,,electro-,,magnets4   
,9 ,fig4 #f ,w repres5ts a coil ( wire  
provid$ ) a cotton  cov]+1 s t !re may  
be no actual contact betwe5 ! adjo9+    
convolutions4 ,if ! ends p n ( ?is coil 
are connect$ ) a  s\rce ( electric      
en]gy1 an electric curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh x1
  & if a b>1 z indicat$ by ,n ,p1 ( iron
 or /eel is plac$ )9  ! coil x w become 
magnetiz$4 ,if ! b> is made ( /eel &  is

 h>d5$ x w reta9 ! magnetism1 & become  
:at is call$ a  p]man5t magnet2 su* a   
magnet1 9 fact1 z we h consid]$ 9 all  !
 previ\s figures4 ,if ! b> is made (    
iron x w n reta9 !  magnetism1 b w only 
be a magnet z long z ! electric curr5t  
fl[s ?r\gh ! coil ,w4 ,a magnet ( !     
latt] type is call$  an electro-magnet4 
,if ! iron is ( poor quality--t is1 f an
  electrical /&po9t--x w require an     
appreciable "t to lose its  magnetism1 b
 if x is s(t & high grade1 electrically 
consid]$1  x w lose its magnetism       
in/antly1 or ne>ly s4 ,if we take two   
b>s  ( s(t iron & arrange !m side by    
side1 z 9 ,fig4 #g1 & w9d  coils ar\nd  
!m z indicat$ ea* "o w become magnetiz$ 
:5 !  ends p n ( ! coils are connect$ ) 
an electric circuit4 ,if !  l[] ends ( !
 two b>s are jo9$ by a piece1 z %[n at  
,m1 we  w h a horse%oe electro-magnet4  
,if we take a r\nd disk ( iron1  z 9    
,fig4 #h1 & w9d a coil ar\nd x1 x w also
 become a magnet  :5 an electric curr5t 
trav]ses ! coil4 ,?us x w be se5 t  x   

makes little diff]5ce :at ! %ape ( !    
iron may be1 provid+  x is surr\nd$ by a
 coil ( wire & an electric curr5t is    
pass$  ?r\gh ! latt]4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x
 is evid5t t ei!r (  ! processes expla9$
 9 connection ) ,figs4 #d & #e c be made
  available = ! production ( a cont9u\s 
rotation by ! aid (  electro-magnets4   
,suppose we make a drum1 z %[n 9 ,fig4  
#i1 & w9d  a wire coil ar\nd x 9 !      
direction indicat$1 !n :5 a curr5t      
passes ?r\gh ! wire ! drum w be         
magnetiz$1 ) poles at top  & bottom4 ,if
 ! electric curr5t passes ?r\gh ! wire f
 end  p to end n ! drum w be magnetiz$  
positively at ! top &  negatively at !  
bottom1 & if ! direction ( ! curr5t     
?r\gh  ! wire is rev]s$ ! pol>ity ( !   
drum w be rev]s$4 ,if we  con/ruct a    
horse%oe magnet ( ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4    
#aj1 & place  )9 ! circul> op5+ betwe5  
its ends ! drum ( ,fig4 #i1 we  w h a   
device t is capable ( develop+ a        
cont9u\s rotation1  provid+ we h        
suitable means = rev]s+ ! direction ( ! 

electric curr5t ?r\gh ! wire coil2 & ?is
 ma*9e con/itutes an  electric motor 9  
its simple/ =m4    ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4
 #i1 #aj4--;,,diagrams ,,illu/rat+ ,,!  
,,pr9ciples ,,(  ,,! ,,electric ,,motor4
    ,9 an electric motor ! horse%oe     
magnet is call$ ! field magnet1  & !    
rotat+ "p is call$ ! armature1 :ile !   
device by  means ( :i* ! direction ( !  
curr5t ?r\gh ! armature coil  is rev]s$ 
is call$ ! commutator4 ,9 ?is la/ figure
 x w be  notic$ t ! coils w\nd ^u !     
field magnet are repres5t$  z ( wire mu*
 f9] ?an t w\nd ^u ! armature4 ,9 actual
  practice ma*9es are sometimes w\nd 9  
?is way1 & sometimes !  field wire is   
twice z l>ge z t on ! armature4 ,:5 !   
field  wire is v mu* f9] ?an t ( !      
armature ! ma*9e is :at  is kn[n z %unt 
w\nd1 :i* means t only a small portion (
 !  curr5t t pass$ ?r\gh ! armature     
passes ?r\gh ! field  coils4 ,al?\gh )  
?is type ( w9d+ ! curr5t t passes  ?r\gh
 ! field coils is v weak1 ! magnetism   
develop$ !reby  c be made great] ?an t (

 ! armature if desir$4 ,?is result  is  
accompli%$ by increas+ ! numb] ( turns (
 wire 9 ! field  coils4 ,?us if ! curr5t
 ?r\gh ! armature is "o hundr$ times  z 
/rong z t ?r\gh ! field coils1 ! latt] c
 be made to  equal ! effect ( ! =m] by  
increas+ ! numb] ( turns 9 !  proportion
 ( "o hundr$ to "o1 & if ! increase is  
/ill great]  ! field coils w develop !  
/ronge/ magnetism4 ,! reason :y a  small
 curr5t pass+ ar\nd a magnet a great _m 
times w develop  z /rong a magnetization
 z a l>ge curr5t1 c be readily und]/ood 
:5 we say t ! magnetism is 9 proportion 
to ! total /r5g?  ( ! electric curr5t t 
circulates ar\nd ! magnet4 ,suppose we  
h two curr5ts1 "o ( :i* is "o ?\s& times
 z /rong z !  o!r1 !n if ! weak "o is   
pass$ ?r\gh a coil consi/+ (  "o ?\s&   
turns x w develop j z /rong a           
magnetization z  ! l>ge curr5t pass+    
?r\gh a coil ( only "o turn4 ,?is la/   
explanation enables u to see h[ x is t !
 comp>atively small  curr5t t c pass    
?r\gh ! contact betwe5 ! trolley wire & 

! trolley :eel c develop 9 ! motor =ce  
suffici5t to propel  a heavy c> up a    
/eep grade4 ,:5 t small curr5t rea*es ! 
c>  motors x passes ?r\gh a ?\s& or m   
turns ( wire1 & ?us its  effect is      
increas$ a correspond+ numb] ( times4   
,a motor hav+ a s+le coil ( wire ^u !   
armature1 z 9 ,fig4 #aj1  w\ld n give v 
satisfactory results1 ow+ to ! fact t ! 
rotative =ce develop$ by x w\ld n be    
uni=m4 ,su* motors are  made 9 v small  
sizes1 b nev] :5 a ma*9e ( any capacity 
is  requir$4 ,= l>ge ma*9es x is        
necess>y to w9d ! armature )  a numb] ( 
coils1 s t ! rotat+ =ce may be uni=m1 & 
also  s t ! curr5t may be rev]s$ by !   
commutator )\t produc+  sp>ks s l>ge z  
to de/roy ! device4 ,:5 an armature is  
w\nd  ) a numb] ( coils ! direction ( ! 
curr5t is rev]s$1 by !  commutator1 9   
ea* coil z x rea*es ! po9t :]e its      
usefulness  ends1 & :]e1 if x cont9u$ to
 fl[ 9 ! same direction1 x  w\ld act to 
hold ! armature back4 ,! effect ( ?is   
rev]sal (  ! curr5t 9 "o coil aft] ano!r

 is to ma9ta9 ! pol>ity (  ! armature   
practically at ! same po9t1 s t !       
/ronge/ pull  is ex]t$ betwe5 x & !     
field magnet poles at all times4 ,to    
expla9 cle>ly ! way 9 :i* ! commutator  
rev]ses ! curr5t  9 "o coil at a "t x w 
be necess>y to make use ( a diagram     
illu/rat+ :at is call$ a r+ armature4   
,su* a diagram is %[n  9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,!  
r+ ,a is ! armature core1 & is made (   
iron2  ! wire coils are repres5t$ z     
consi/+ ( "o turn to ea* coil1  & are   
m>k$ w w w4 ,! curr5t ent]s ! wire ?r\gh
 ! spr+  ,b1 & passes out ?r\gh ,c4 ,z c
 be se51 ! curr5t f ,b  c fl[ ?r\gh !   
coils w w 9 bo? directions1 ?us divid+  
into two curr5ts1 ea* "o ( :i* w trav]se
 "o half ( !  wire w\nd ^u ! armature4  
,! two half curr5ts w meet at ,c4  ,if !
 armature is rotat$ ! spr+s ,b & ,c 7:i*
 are call$  commutator bru%es7 w pass f 
"o turn ( ! wire coil to ano!r  j back (
 x z ! rotation progresses1 & ea* "t t  
contact  is made ) a new turn !         
direction ( ! curr5t 9 ! turn j  ahead w

 be rev]s$4 ,! curr5t 9 ! wire z a :ole1
 h[ev]1  w always be 9 ! same           
direction--t is1 9 all ! turns to !  "r 
( ! two bru%es2 ! curr5t w fl[ t[>d !   
c5t] (  ! %aft on ! front side ( !      
armature1 & away f ! %aft  9 all ! turns
 on ! left side4 ,z ! direction ( !     
curr5t on  opposite sides ( ! bru%es is 
always ! same1 ! poles ( !  armature w  
rema9 "u ,b & ,c1 !re=e ! relation      
betwe5  ! position ( ! poles ( !        
armature & ! field magnet w  be ! same  
sub/antially z t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aj1 
&1 z a  result1 ! =ce t5d+ to produce   
rotation w at all times be !  greate/   
possible = ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t us$ & !   
size (  ! magnets4    ,armatures are    
w\nd ) a numb] ( turns ( wire 9 ea*     
coil1 unless  ! ma*9e is v l>ge1 &      
pres5t an appe>ance m l ,fig4  #ab4 ,9  
?is figure ! bru%es are arrang$ to make 
contact ) !  out] surface ( ! r+ ,c1 :i*
 is ! commutator4 ,! segm5ts  s s are   
connect$ ) ! ends ( ! armature coils c c
 c1 b  are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by "s k9d (

 mat]ial t w n  conduct electricity--t  
is1 !y are electrically insulat$4 ,z w  
be notic$ f ?is1 ! armature 9 ,fig4 #aa 
acts z a commutator z  well z an        
armature1 its out] surface p]=m+ ! =m]  
(fice4  ,9 ! w9d+ ! diff]5ce betwe5     
,figs4 #aa & #ab is simply 9  ! numb] ( 
turns 9 ea* coil1 !re be+ "o turn 9     
,fig4 #aa &  sev]al 9 ,fig4 #ab4        
,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #aa1              
#ab4--;,,diagrams ,,illu/rat+ ,,!       
,,me?od ,,(  ,,w9d+ ,,armatures ,,(     
,,electric ,,motors ,,& ,,g5]ators4     
,! armature %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj is ( ! type 
call$ drum armature1  b x c be w\nd s z 
to produce ! same result z ! r+1  al?\gh
 x is n s easy to expla9 ?is /yle (     
w9d+4 ,x w  be suffici5t = ! pres5t     
explanation to say t :atev] type (      
armature may be us$1 ! w9d+ is always   
su* t ! direction (  ! curr5t ?r\gh !   
wire coils is rev]s$ progressively1 s t 
! magnetic pol>ity is ma9ta9$           
practically at ! same po9t2  !re=e !re  
is a cont9u\s pull betwe5 ?is po9t ( !  

armature  core & ! poles ( ! field      
magnet4 ,! commutator is secur$ to  !   
armature %aft1 & ! bru%es ?r\gh :i* !   
curr5t ent]s  & leaves are held         
/ation>y2 keep+ ?is fact 9 m9d1 x c be  
se5 at once t 9 ,fig4 #ab ! curr5t w fl[
 f ! bru% a  ?r\gh ! two sides ( !      
armature wire to bru% b1 h5ce all  !    
coils on ! "r ( ! v]tical l9e w be      
trav]s$ by !  curr5t 9 ! same           
direction--t is1 ei!r to or f ! c5t] (  
! %aft--& 9 ! coils on ! left !         
direction w be opposite1  :i* is j !    
same ord] z 0 expla9$ 9 connection )    
,fig4  #aa4    ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4    
#ac1 #ad4--;,,diagrams ,,illu/rat+ ,,!  
,,diff]5ce  ,,betwe5 ,,an ,,electric    
,,motor ,,& ,a ,,g5]ator4    ,an        
electric motor c be turn$ into an       
electric g5]ator by simply  rev]s+ !    
direction 9 :i* ! armature rotates--t   
is1 any  electric ma*9e is ei!r a       
g5]ator or a motor4 ,?is fact c  be     
illu/rat$ by means ( ,figs4 #ac & #ad1  
bo? ( :i* %[ !  armature & ! poles ( !  

field magnet4 ,! fir/ figure repres5ts  
an electric motor1 &1 z c be se51 ! pull
 betwe5 ! ,n pole  ( ! armature & ! ,p  
pole ( ! field is 9 ! direction (  arr[ 
b1 h5ce ! armature w rotate 9 ! same    
direction1 z  indicat$ by arr[ a4 ,to   
obta9 ! pol>ity ( ! armature &  field x 
is necess>y to pass an electric curr5t  
?r\gh bo?--t  is to say1 we mu/ exp5d   
electrical en]gy to obta9 p[] f !       
ma*9e4 ,z soon z ! curr5t ceases to fl[1
 ! pol>ity ( !  armature & field dies   
out1 & ! rotation ( ! =m] comes to an   
end4 ,! magnetism1 h[ev]1 does n die out
 entirely2 a small residue  is always   
left1 al?\gh x is nev] suffici5t to     
produce rotation1  & ev5 if x 7 x c\ld  
only cause ! armature to revolve ?r\gh  
"o qu>t] ( a turn4 ,if1 aft] ! curr5t   
has be5 %ut (f1 !  armature %aft is     
rotat$ 9 ! rev]se direction1 z indicat$ 
by  arr[ a 9 ,fig4 #ad1 ! motion w be   
aga9/ ! pull ( !  magnetism2 !re=e1     
al?\gh ! poles may be v weak1 an am\nt (
  p[] suffici5t to ov]come _! attraction

 mu/ be appli$ to !  pulley1 o!rwise    
rotation c n be accompli%$4 ,9          
consequ5ce (  ! backw>d rotation a      
curr5t is g5]at$ 9 ! armature coils1 &  
?is curr5t1 z x trav]ses ! field coils z
 well z ^? ( !  armature1 causes !      
pol>ity ( bo? p>ts to increase4 ,z a    
result  ( ! increas$ pol>ity ! resi/ance
 to rotation is increas$1  & m p[] has  
to be appli$ to ! pulley4 ,! increase 9 
!  /r5g? ( ! poles results 9 increas+ ! 
curr5t g5]at$1 &  ?is 9 turn fur!r      
increases ! pole /r5g?1 s t "o effect   
helps ! o!r1 ! result be+ t ! curr5t1   
:i* />ts )  an inf9itesimal /r5g?1 soon 
rises to ! maximum capacity ( !  ma*9e4 
,! motor %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj does n 9 any   
way resemble an electric  railway motor1
 nev]!less ! pr9ciple ( action is       
precisely !  same 9 bo?4 ,! design ( a  
ma*9e ( any k9d has to con=m to  !      
practical requirem5ts1 & ?is is true (  
railway motors1 j  z x is true ( pr9t+  
presses1 sawmills1 or any o!r me*anism4 
,a railway motor mu/ be design$ to run  

at a comp>atively sl[ spe$  & to develop
 a /rong rotative =ce1 or torque1 z x is
 te*nically  call$4 ,x mu/ also be s    
con/ruct$ t x w n be injur$ if  cov]$ ) 
mud & wat]4 ,x mu/ be compact1 /rong1 & 
light1 &  capable ( )/&+ a sev]e /ra9   
)\t giv+ out4 ,to r5d]  ! ma*9e wat]- & 
mud-pro( x is =m$ ) an out] iron %ell1  
:i* entirely incases ! int]nal p>ts4 ,! 
fir/ railway motors  7 n inclos$1 & !   
result 0 t !y frequ5tly came to  grief f
 ! effects ( a %[] ( mud4 ,:5 ! mod]n   
inclos$  type ( motor1 :i* is call$ !   
iron-clad type1 fir/ made its  appe>ance
 x 0 frequ5tly spok5 ( z ! clam-%ell    
type1 &  ! "n is n altoge!r             
inappropriate1 = :ile ! outside may  be 
cov]$ ) mud to su* an ext5t z to        
entirely oblit]ate !  design1 ! int]ior 
w rema9 p]fectly clean & dry1 & !re=e   
its effectiv5ess w n be impair$4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,,ext]nal   
,,view ,,( ,,electric ,,railway ,,motor 
,,m\nt$ ,,^u ,,c>-,,:eel ,,axle4    ,to 
enable ! motor to give a /rong torque & 

run at a sl[ spe$  ! numb] ( poles 9 !  
field & armature is increas$4 ,! design 
( ,fig4 #aj has two poles 9 ! field &   
two 9 ! armature1 &  is :at is kn[n z ! 
bipol> type4 ,ma*9es hav+ m ?an two     
poles 9 ea* "p are call$ multipol>      
ma*9es4 ,! numb] ( poles  c be increas$ 
by pairs1 b n by a s+le pole--t is1 we c
  h f\r1 six1 eight1 or any o!r ev5     
numb] ( poles1 b n  five1 sev51 or any  
odd numb]4 ,?is is ow+ to ! fact t !re  
mu/ always be z _m positive z negative  
poles1 no m & no  less4 ,railway motors 
at ! pres5t "t are made ) f\r poles4 ,! 
ext]nal appe>ance c be und]/ood f ,fig4 
#ae1 :ile ,fig4 #af &  ,fig4 #ag w s]ve 
to elucidate ! int]nal con/ruction4 ,9  
,fig4  #ae ! motor cas+ is m>k$ ,m1 &1 z
 w be se51 x =ms a  complete %ell4 ,!   
motion ( ! armature %aft is transmitt$  
to !  c>-:eel axle ,f ?r\gh a p9ion1 :i*
 engages ) a spur ge>  secur$ to !      
latt]4 ,9 ,fig4 #af ! p9ion & ge> are   
m>k$ ,n  & ,l respectively4 ,z x is     
necess>y t ! armature %aft &  ! axle be 

kept 9 p]fect alignm5t1 ! motor cas+ ,m 
is provid$  ) suitable be>+s = bo?1 ^? =
 ! armature %aft be+  m>k$ ,p ,p 9 ,fig4
 #af1 & "o ( ^? = ! axle be+ m>k$ ,t  9 
,fig4 #ae4 ,x w be und]/ood f ! =ego+ t 
! motor  is m\nt$ s z to sw+ ar\nd !    
c>-:eel axle z a c5t]1 b1  z x is n     
desirable to h all ?is dead weight re/+ 
^u !  :eels )\t any ela/icity1 ! motor  
is c>ri$ by ! crossb>s  ,b ,b1 ,fig4    
#ae1 :i* re/ ^u spr+s s s at ea* end4 ,!
 beam  ,a & a simil> "o at ! f>!r end ( 
! ,b ,b b>s ext5d out  to ! sides ( ! c>
 truck & are suitably secur$ to ! latt]4
  ,! coils w w are ! ends ( ! field     
coils & ! armature  connections1 & to ^!
 ! wires convey+ ! curr5t f !  trolley  
are connect$4 ,! cov] ,c on top ( !     
motor at "o end  closes an op5+ ?r\gh   
:i* access to ! commutator bru%es is    
obta9$4 ,! armature is %[n at ,h 9 ,fig4
 #af & ! commutator at  ,k 9 ! same     
figure4 ,directly "u ! armature may be  
se5 "o (  ! field magnet coils1 x be+   
m>k$ ,r4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        

#af4--,,railway ,,motor ,,) ,,cas+      
,,op51 ,,%[+  ,,armature ,,9 ,,l[]      
,,half4    ,z w be notic$ 9 ,fig4 #af1 !
 motor cas+ is made s z to op5  along ! 
c5tral l9e1 & ! l[] half is secur$ to ! 
top by  means ( h+es1 g g1 ,fig4 #ae1 & 
also by a numb] ( bolts1 :i*  are n s   
cle>ly %[n4 ,! ge> :eels are also locat$
 )9 a  cas+1 :i* 7,fig4 #af7 is made s z
 to be readily op5$ :5ev]  x becomes    
necess>y4 ,all ! vital p>ts ( ! ma*9e   
are entirely  cov]$1 & are n easily     
injur$ by mud or wat]4    ,! con/ruction
 ( ! armature & commutator is well      
illu/rat$ 9  ,fig4 #ag1 :i* %[s ?is "p (
 ! ma*9e by itself4 ,! armature  is m>k$
 ,a1 ! %aft ,b1 & ! commutator ,c4 ,9 ! 
diagrams1  ,figs4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab1 !
 wire coils are repres5t$ z w\nd ^u  !  
surface ( ! armature core1 b1 f ,fig4   
#ag1 x w be notic$  t !y are locat$ 9   
grooves4 ,a railway motor armature core1
 :5  se5 )\t ! wire coils1 looks v mu* l
 a wide-fac$ cog  :eel ) extra long     
tee?1 n v well %ap$ = ge> tee?4 ,9      

,fig4 #ag ! ends ( ! tee? are m>k$ ,d1 &
 ! grooves )9  :i* ! wire is w\nd are   
m>k$ ,e4 ,! coils are n w\nd s t  _!    
sides are on diametrically opposite     
sides ( ! armature core1  b s t !y may  
be "o qu>t] ( ! circumf]5ce ap>t1 &1 z  
w be notic$1 ! wires are arrang$ s z to 
fit neatly into ea*  o!r at ! ends ( !  
armature core4 ,! b&s m>k$ ,f ,f ,f ,f  
are  provid$ = ! purpose ( hold+ ! wire 
coils )9 ! grooves4  ,! flanges ,h & ,i 
are simply %ields to prev5t oil1 grease1
 or  ev5 wat]1 if x %\ld pass ?r\gh !   
be>+s1 f be+ ?r[n  ^u ! commutator or   
armature4 ,! p9ion ?r\gh :i* ! armature 
imp>ts motion to ! c>-:eel axle is n %[n
 9 ,fig4 #ag1 b x is  m\nt$ ^u ! tap]   
end ( ! %aft4    ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#ag4--;,,armature ,,( ,,electric        
,,railway ,,motor4    ,an electric      
railway motor is a ma*9e t is *>act]iz$ 
by extreme  simplicity 7!re be+ only "o 
mov+ "p71 compactness1 & great  /r5g?4  
,9 addition1 z none ( ! work+ p>ts is   
expos$ x  c n be injur$1 no matt] h[ mu*

 mud may accumulate ^u x4  ,"o ( !      
reasons :y ! electric railway motor has 
met ) su*  unp>allel$ success is t x is 
a ma*9e t c )/& !  r\ghe/ k9d ( usage   
)\t be+ damag$ !reby4 ,ano!r reason  is 
t an electric motor c1 if call$ ^u1     
develop an am\nt  ( p[] two or ?ree     
times great] ?an its full-rat$ capacity 
)\t injury1 provid+ ! /ra9 is n ma9ta9$ 
too long4  ,a /eam eng9e or any o!r type
 ( motor t has ev] be5 us$  = railway   
propulsion if load$ beyond its capacity 
w come to a  /&/ill--t is1 x w be       
/all$--b an electric motor c n  be /all$
 ) any /ra9 t is likely to be plac$ ^u  
x4 ,if !  load is increas$ ! motor w run
 sl[] & ! curr5t w become  great]1 ?us  
increas+ ! pull1 b ! armature w cont9ue 
to rotate until ! curr5t becomes s great
 z to burn out !  insulation4 ,a railway
 motor calculat$ to "w up to            
tw5ty-five-horse  p[] w h to develop on 
an av]age ab\t six-or sev5-horse  p[]1 b
 if ! c> runs (f ! track on a /eep      
grade1 & has su*  a heavy load t ! motor

 is call$ ^u to develop "o-hundr$-horse 
p[] = a few seconds1 ! ma*9e w be equal 
to ! occasion4  ,?is result a /eam1 gas1
 or any o!r type ( eng9e c n  accompli%1
 & x is ?is fact z mu* z any?+ else t   
has giv5  ! electric motor ! control ( !
 /reet-railway field4    ,to be cont9u$4
          ,,woman',s ,,/ruggle ,,=      
,,lib]ty ,,9 ,,g]many4    ,,by ,,m>y    
,,mills ,,patrick1 ,,ph4 ,d41           
,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,college  
,,= ,,girls ,,at ,,con/ant9ople4      ,x
 is dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! pres5t c5tury t 
a g5]al  movem5t has aris5 to give wom5 
_! rights 9 bus9ess life &  9 political 
& social affairs4 ,x is ! int5tion ( ?is
 article  to treat ( ?is movem5t1       
especially 9 its relation to education1 
9 ,g]many1 :]e1 ( all civiliz$ l&s1 x   
has _h app>5tly  ! smalle/ results4     
,progress 9 ! direction indicat$ has    
be51  h[ev]1 f> great] ?an appe>s on !  
surface1 & ! movem5t is  sl[ly tak+ %ape
 9 a =m t w ga9 (ficial recognition &   
support1 & ! way is be+ prep>$ = s*ol>ly

 atta9m5ts among  ! wom5 ( ,g]many1     
sup]ior1 possibly1 to ^? ( ! wom5 (  o!r
 nations4    ,!re is1 moreov]1 an ideal 
side to ?is movem5t 9 ,g]many n         
altoge!r f\nd 9 o!r l&s4 ,! motive =    
advanc$ /udy is m  l>gely joy 9 ! /udy  
itself1 & desire to supply ! spiritual  
ne$s ( an idle life4 ,9 ord] to und]/&  
?is ideal t5d5cy x is  necess>y to ca/ a
 glance backw>d ov] ne>ly ?ree hundr$   
ye>s4    ,let u beg9 ) ! conte/ :i* 0   
wag$ s successfully = !  developm5t &   
protection ( ! ,g]man language1 fir/    
aga9/ !  ,lat9 & lat] aga9/ ! ,fr5*4 ,9 
?is /ruggle wom5 took a  prom95t "p1    
especially ?r\gh memb]%ip 9 ! society   
call$  ! 8,ord] ( ! ,palms10 :i*1 be=e !
 beg9n+ ( ! ,?irty  ,ye>s' ,w>1 unit$ ! 
/ronge/ spirits ( ,g]many = ?is purpose4
  ,! fir/ woman to jo9 ?is society 0    
,sophie ,elizabe?1 ,pr9cess (           
,meckl5burg1 m>ri$ 9 #afcf to ! ,h]zog (
 ,brauns*weig4 ,%e 0  foll[$ by _m o!rs1
 bo? ( ! nobility & ! common p1  & 0    
nam$ by virtue ( ?is lead]%ip 8,!       

,deliv]]40    ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury we h 
! f\nd] ( ! ,g]man !at]1  ,c>ol9e       
,neub]4 ,9 ! arti/ic s5se %e 0 ! fir/   
director (  ! ,g]man /age1 ! fir/ to    
turn ! att5tion ( ! greate/  actors ( h]
 day to ! ideal side ( dramatic         
pres5tation4 ,e>ly  9 ! eighte5? c5tury 
wom5 began to take up univ]sity /udies4 
,a c]ta9 ,frau von ,z+l] receiv$ a prize
 f ! ,univ]sity (  ,witt5b]g = lit]>y   
"w1 & ! wife ( ,pr(essor ,gotts*$s      
ent]$ ^u a conte/ = a prize 9 poetry )  
h] husb&4    ,we f9d "s old v]ses       
publi%$ 9 ,leipsic1 9 a book ( /ud5ts'  
songs1 9 #agcf1 recogniz+ ! fact t wom5 
att5d$ lectures 9  ! univ]sity !re1     
al?\gh ! ref]5ce is r s>ca/ic1  speak+ (
 8beauty com+ to li/5 9 ! halls (       
le>n+40    ,9 #aged ! fir/ woman receiv$
 h] degree ( ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e  9       
,halle--,doro!a ,*ri/9e ,erxleb51 ne    
,lebor91 a daught] (  a physician1 :o   
atta9$ to ?is result only aft] _m ye>s (
  pa9/ak+ ef=t4 ,) h] fa!r's help %e    
/udi$ ! classics  & m$ic9e1 & gradually1

 9 spite ( ! objections ( 8  bro!r      
physicians1 began to practice z a doctor
 "u h] fa!r's  protection4 ,%e is said  
to h cur$ h] pati5ts cito tuto1         
jucunde1 & 9 #agdb %e publi%$ a book on 
! "r ( wom5 to  /udy1 ! title ( :i*1    
accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! day1 includ$  !  
full table ( cont5ts4 ,?is book pass$   
?r\gh two editions1 &  enabl$ h] to ga9 
! att5tion ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 :o 0 p]suad$
 to  ord] ! ,univ]sity ( ,halle to grant
 h] ! privilege ( tak+ h]  exam9ation   
!re4 ,! day arriv$1 & ! hall 0 cr[d$ = !
  occasion2 ! c&idate pass$ ! ordeal 9 a
 brilliant mann]1 &  took ! oa? = !     
doctor's degree amid a /orm ( applause f
 !  li/5]s pres5t4    ,9 ! pres5t c5tury
 ! g]m ( ! movem5t = educational rights 
= wom5 came into consci\sness 9 ,g]many 
9 ! /ormy ye>  #ahdh1 & fir/ f\nd       
expression & life ?r\gh ! "w ( two      
wom5--,l\ise ,otto ,pet]s & ,augu/e     
,s*midt4 ,! =m] f\nd$ !  ,univ]sal      
,association = ,wom5 9 ,g]many1 & ?r\gh 
?is society  bo? ^! wom5 work$ = ?irty  

ye>s & did mu* t[>d prep>+  ! way = !   
broad] ef=ts ( ! pres5t "t4    ,x is a  
fact grant$ by all ! educational _w t   
s*ol>%ip  atta9s a dep? & ?or\ghness 9  
,g]many n f\nd 9 o!r l&s1  & ?is v      
p]fection has be5 9 "p ! cause ( !      
backw>dness  ( ! educational movem5t    
among ! wom51 = a high degree (         
s*ol>%ip has (t5 be5 acquir$ by ! m5 at 
! exp5se ( !  devot$ s]vice ( ! wom5    
connect$ ) !m4 ,yet :5 ! wom5 (  ,g]many
 dem& _! educational rights x w be to   
%>e also 9 !  ri* intellectual          
inh]itance ( _! l&4    ,! majority ( !  
m5 ?us f> reg>d ! movem5t ) di/ru/  &   
suspicion1 b are p[]less to cru% x out4 
,an amus+ in/ance  occurr$ la/ ye> 9 !  
family ( an (ficial 9 "o ( ! l>ge       
univ]sity t[ns4 ,he 0 a cons]vative man 
:o _h 8 imm$iate  family 9 a prop] /ate 
( subjection1 b 8 "m-9-law1 alas6  he   
c\ld n control1 & to 8 dismay %e enroll$
 h]self at !  univ]sity z a ,hospitant1 
&1 9 spite ( ! prote/ations ( h]        
son-9-law1 %e 0 a regul> att5dant ^u !  

c\rses ( lectures  t %e _h elect$4    ,!
 regul> s*ools = girls 9 ,g]many1 above 
! common s*ools  att5d$ by girls & boys 
toge!r1 are ( two grades--! middle      
s*ools & ! high s*ools4 ,! av[$ object (
 ^! s*ools is to  fit girls = society & 
= ! position ( h\sewife1 z ,h]r ,dr4    
,bosse1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction =
 ! ,g]man ,empire1 /ates  9 8 report on 
! condition ( girls' s*ools 9 ,g]many1 &
 z  he publicly decl>$ be=e ! ,g]man    
,p>liam5t 9 ! discussion  reg>d+ !      
e/abli%m5t ( a girls' gymnasium 9       
,breslau1 ref]r$  to lat] on 9 ?is pap]4
    ,! girls' s*ools e/abli%$ by !      
,gov]nm5t provide well = !  /udy ( !    
mod]n languages1 & x is ! exception to  
f9d wom5  9 ! upp] classes :o d n speak 
,fr5* & ,engli%4 ,lit]ature1  religion1 
gymna/ics1 & ne$lework are also well    
taught4 ,! c\rse  ( /udy 9 ! high s*ool 
includes a little ma!matics1 (f]$  "u ! 
"n ( reckon+1 & suffici5t to enable a   
woman to keep  ! acc\nts ( a h\sehold1 &
 also a little sci5ce ( ! k9d  t c be   

le>n$ )\t a k ( ma!matics4 ,let me quote
  a p>agraph f ! report ( ! ,m9i/] (    
,public ,in/ruction  = ! ye> #ahih 9    
reg>d to ! aim ( ! ma!matical c\rse 9  !
 girls' high s*ools3 8,accuracy 9       
reckon+ ) numb]s & !  ability to use    
numb]s 9 ! common relations ( life1     
especially 9  h\sekeep+4 ,great weight  
is laid ^u quick m5tal computations1 b  
9 all grades ! *oice ( problems %\ld be 
su* z especially apply  to ! keep+ ( a  
h\se40 ,?is is ! opportunity :i* is (f]$
 to  girls by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ! dep>tm5t (
 ma!matics6 ,9 addition  to ! two grades
 ( s*ools m5tion$ !re are sem9>ies 9 _m 
( ! l>ge cities = ! purpose ( educat+   
wom5 tea*]s4 ,!  in/ructors 9 ^!        
sem9>ies are well prep>$ = _! positions1
  are mo/ly m51 & ! in/ruction giv5 is v
 sup]ior to t  giv5 9 ! girls' high     
s*ools4 ,lat9 & ,greek are1 h[ev]1  n   
/udi$ 9 ^! sem9>ies1 & ma!matics &      
sci5ce are  expurgat$1 we might say1 (  
po9ts t might prove difficult = !       
fem99e intellect4    ,! ability to le>n 

,lat9 & ,greek seems 9 ! ,g]man m9d to  
especially m>k ! divid+ l9e betwe5 !    
mascul9e & fem99e  bra94 ,! writ] 0 at  
"o "t /udy+ a subject 9 ,greek          
philosophy1 9 ! ,city ,libr>y ( ,muni*1 
requir+ ! use ( a  numb] ( ,greek &     
,lat9 books1 & x 0 amus+ to notice !    
a/oni%m5t ( ! m5 pres5t t a woman %\ld  
"k ! classic  languages6    ,! wom5 :o  
hold c]tificates f ! sem9>ies are all[$1
  accord+ to a new law pass$ 9 #ahid1 to
 cont9ue _! /udies &  to take ! high]   
tea*]s' exam9ations4 ,?is is consid]$ a 
great  /ep 9 advance1 = a woman :o has  
successfully pass$ ?is latt]  exam9ation
 c hold any position 9 ! girls' s*ools1 
& c ev5  be director ( su* a s*ool4     
,t ,g]man wom5 h long be5 discont5t$ ) !
 education  provid$ = !m by ! ,gov]nm5t 
is prov$ by ! fact t !  numb] ( high]   
in/itutions (f]+ private opportunities  
to girls  is con/antly increas+4 ,z f>  
back z #ahfh ! ,victoria ,lyceum 0      
f\nd$ by a ,scot* woman--,miss ,georg9a 
,ar*]--at h] own exp5se &  on h] own    

responsibility1 & ?is in/itution 0 well 
su/a9$ f  ! beg9n+4 ,x is n[ "u !       
patronage ( ! ,empress ,fr$]ick1  & (f]s
 c\rses to wom5 t run p>allel to a c]ta9
 ext5t  ) ^? giv5 on ! same subjects 9 !
 univ]sity4 ,pr(essors  f ! univ]sity   
lecture 9 ! ,victoria ,lyceum1 b a "y   
woman  :o _h li/5$ to ! same pr(essor 9 
bo? places in=m$ me  t he 7p]haps       
unconsci\sly7 simplifi$ 8 lectures v mu*
  = ! ,victoria ,lyceum4 ,fraule9 ,anna 
von ,cotta is ! director (  !           
in/itution4 ,among ! wom5 :o tea* !re we
 note ! "n (  ! well-kn[n ,fraule9      
,lange1 :o lectures on psy*ology &      
,g]man  lit]ature4    ,!re are sev]al   
girls' gymnasia 9 ,g]many :i* te/ify to 
!  dem& = high] education4 ,^!          
in/itutions are all b "o  private1 &    
?ree ( !m--"o 9 ,leipsic1 "o 9 ,b]l91 & 
a ?ird1  op5$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahih1 9       
,knigsb]g--are call$ 8gymnasial c\rses10
  & are = girls :o h f9i%$ ! girls' high
 s*ool1 & :o  mu/ pass entrance         
exam9ations 9 ord] to be receiv$ into   

!m4    ,!re has be5 = "s "t a girls'    
gymnasium :i* corresponds  exactly to ^?
 = boys 9 ,c>lsruhe1 "u ! auspices ( !  
8,society = ,re=m 9 ! ,education (      
,wom510 :i* receives girls  ( twelve :o 
mu/ h f9i%$ ! six l[] classes ( a girls'
  s*ool4 ,?is society1 to :i* ! girls ( 
,g]many owe mu*1 is  plann+ to op5 ano!r
 gymnasium 9 ,hannov]1 to :i* girls w be
  receiv$ f ! junior class ( ! girls'   
high s*ool2 ! c\rse  ( /udy w occupy    
five ye>s1 & w fit girls = ! same       
(ficial exam9ations z ! boys' gymnasia4 
,! language c\rses 9  ! highe/ class w  
be elective1 provid+ ei!r = ,greek or ! 
mod]n languages1 b ,lat9 is obligatory 9
 all ! classes4 ,! girls  f all ^!      
gymnasia are deb>r$ f tak+ any ( !      
(ficial  exam9ations = :i* _! /udies h  
prep>$ !m4    ,! next /ep 9 ! matt] (   
gymnasial education = girls 0  :at might
 h be5 expect$4 ,! p ( ! wide-awake city
 (  ,breslau vot$1 by an ov]:elm+       
majority1 to e/abli% a girls'  gymnasium
 "u ! same laws & furni%+ ! same        

advantages z  ! boys' gymnasia4 ,!      
complet$ plan 0 s5t to ! ,m9i/] (       
,public ,in/ruction 9 ,b]l9 9 ,janu>y1  
#ahih1 = approval1 ) !  int5tion ( op5+ 
! gymnasium at ,ea/]1 = :i* tw5ty-six   
girls 7 already enroll$4 ,h]r ,dr4      
,bosse1 h[ev]1 =esee+  ! results su* an 
und]tak+ w\ld involve1 consult$ ! o!r   
dep>tm5ts ( ! m9i/ry1 & two mon?s lat] a
 decid$ refusal  came l a ?und]bolt ^u !
 p ( ,breslau4 ,on ! #cj? (  ,april1    
#ahih1 ,h]r ,dr4 ,bosse 0 call$ to      
acc\nt 9 ! ,rei*/ag  = 8 action 9 !     
matt]1 :i* he ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd t      
,gov]nm5t approval ( girls' gymnasia    
w\ld mean ! acceptance (  ! diploma =   
matriculation 9 ! univ]sities & ! op5+  
to wom5 ( all ,gov]nm5t pr(essional     
exam9ations1 & t to  h grant$ x w\ld h  
be5 to take a /ep 9 ! direction (  !    
mod]n movem5t = wom5 :i* c\ld nev] h be5
 recall$1  & w\ld op5 ! lecture rooms ( 
,g]many 9 g5]al to wom54 ,he  cont5d$1  
fur!r1 t ! f\nd+ ( (ficial gymnasia =   
girls  w\ld delegate ! exi/+ girls' high

 s*ool to a second>y place1  an         
in/itution :i* _h be5 plann$ ?\ghtfully 
by ! ,gov]nm5t  = ! purpose ( educat+   
wom5 9 ! be/ mann]1 n to become  rivals 
( m51 b help-meets & able h\sekeep]s4   
,! dem& ( ! p ( ,breslau1 ,dr4 ,bosse   
said1 0 an unnatural  "o1 & 8 refusal 0 
f\nd$ on ! fe> t su* a movem5t w\ld     
increase & ?reat5 ! social f\ndations ( 
all ,g]many1 z !  idea t wom5 c compete 
) m5 9 all c>e]s is a false "o4    ,!   
petition ( ! magi/rate ( ,breslau 0     
support$ 9 !  discussion by "s ( !      
national-lib]al1 free-cons]vative1 &    
,poli% repres5tatives4 ,^! took ! broad 
gr\nd t girls h  a "r to equal education
 ) boys1 & t ! educational  in/itutions 
( ,g]many :i* h s long /ood at ! head ( 
^?  ( ! _w %\ld n1 9 ! matt] ( education
 ( wom51 leave !  "q to be decid$       
accord+ to ! :ims ( private individuals4
    ,"s ( ! argum5ts ( ^? :o spoke 9    
favor ( ! ent]prise  7 amus+4 ,"o said t
 ! girls ( ,g]many w\ld be grateful if  
! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction w\ld     

furni% !m ) husb&s1  b1 z !re 7 n en\gh 
to g ar\nd1 ! o!rs %\ld h "s  c>e]      
provid$ = !m4 ,ano!r1 t ab\t =ty p] c5t 
( !  girls ( ! high] classes no long]   
m>ry1 & !y %\ld n be  all[$ to suff] !  
consequ5ces ( ! fact t "y m5 ( !  pres5t
 day d n c>e to m>ry1 b !y h a "r t !   
way be  %[n !m to su* c>e]s z are suit$ 
to _! fem99e nature4    ,an objector    
said t he c\ld n und]/& h[ any man (    
p$agogical culture c\ld approve ( a     
girls' gymnasium1 = x is  evid5t t any  
su* progress = wom5 z t w\ld imply mu/  
be at  ! exp5se ( ! m51 :o w\ld ga9 less
 on acc\nt ( ! increas$  numb] (        
c&idates = "w ( all k9ds & w\ld m seldom
 be  able to (f] ! be/ ( all exi/5ces to
 a woman--t ( wifehood4  ,! city (      
,breslau 0 oblig$1 !re=e1 to give up !  
und]tak+  = ! pres5t1 b ! agitation ( ! 
"q has probably  prep>$ ! way = m ext5d$
 plans 9 ! future 9 ! same  direction 9 
,prussia4    ,a simil> und]tak+ 9       
,c>lsruhe1 9 ,bad51 has met ) bett]     
success1 & result$ 9 ! op5+ ( ! fir/    

(ficial gymnasium  = girls 9 ,g]many1 9 
,septemb]1 #ahih4 ,?is gymnasium 0      
plann$  ab\t ! same "t z t ( ,breslau1 &
 z ! p]mission (  ! ,m9i/] ( ,public    
,in/ruction 9 ,bad5 0 obta9$ )\t        
difficulty1 ! in/itution came into      
exi/5ce accord+ to !  w ( ! p (         
,c>lsruhe4 ,sev5ty-n9e ( ! memb]s ( !   
,brg]aus*uss vot$ 9 favor ( ! und]tak+ 9
 ! meet+ 9  :i* ! f9al action 0 tak5    
e>ly 9 ! summ] ( #ahih4 ,!              
,*ri/ian-cons]vative p>ty only decid$ly 
oppos$ x4 ,! lead] (  ?is p>ty 0 v mu*  
excit$ ov] ! matt]1 & call$ out1 :5  !  
action 0 tak51 8,i ask y1 g5tlem51 on   
y\r honor1 if any (  y w\ld m>ry a girl 
f a gymnasium80    ,! op5+ ( ! ,gov]nm5t
 gymnasium w remove ! necessity =       
cont9u+ ! private "o 9 ,c>lsruhe1 "u !  
society 9 *>ge (  x1 & leave t society  
free to direct its ef=ts else:]e4       
,!re _h already be5 sev]al ref]5ces to !
 g5]al subject (  ! education ( wom5 9 !
 ,rei*/ag be=e ! "q ( !  gymnasium 9    
,breslau came up4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahih1    

,pr9ce ,c>ola? spoke  9 favor ( f\nd+   
sev]al girls' gymnasia1 & admitt+ wom5  
legally to ! univ]sities & to p$agogical
 & to m$ical /ate  pr(essional          
exam9ations1 rem>k+ t 9 all o!r civiliz$
 l&s  ! univ]sities are m op5 to wom5   
?an 9 ,g]many4    ,com+ n[ to ! pres5t  
attitude ( ! univ]sities to ! high]     
education ( wom51 we f9d t a great *ange
 has tak5 place dur+  ! la/ few ye>s4   
,:ile x is /ill ! fact t no ,g]man woman
 c  matriculate 9 any univ]sity 9       
,g]many1 yet ! problem ( ! /&  :i* !    
univ]sities %\ld take is work+ out its  
own solution 9  ! "r direction4    ,!   
,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 ! l>ge/ & 9 _m      
respects ! lead+  "o1 has made progress 
9 ! matt]1 al?\gh wom5 /ill "w !re  "u  
great limitations4 ,! cause 0 injur$ at 
! outset 9 ,b]l9  by ! fact t wom51 (t5 
=eign]s1 :o _h n ! requir$  prep>ation1 
ru%$ into lecture rooms :i* 7 op5 to !m 
f  motives ( curiosity4 ,?is caus$ su*  
/rong feel+ among !  pr(essors t 9 "o   
in/ance a pr(essor1 on ent]+ 8          

classroom1  saw a lady sitt+ 9 ! re>1   
walk$ up to h]1 (f]$ h] 8 arm1  & l$ h] 
out ( ! room4    ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! "r     
direction has be5 to dem& ei!r a        
diploma f "s well-kn[n in/itution1 or1 z
 t c\ld n be  compli$ ) by ,g]man wom51 
! c]tificate ( ! tea*]s'  exam9ations4  
,! possessors ( su* cr$5tials may att5d 
lectures  9 any c\rse1 :]e ! pr(essor is
 will+1 z ,hospitants4 ,!  conditions "u
 :i* wom5 may att5d ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9
 are  ! foll[+3    #a4 ,a writt5        
p]mission mu/ be obta9$ f ! curator ( ! 
univ]sity on pres5tation ( a            
satisfactory diploma1 a passport1 &1  by
 ,russian applicants1 a writt5 p]mission
 f ! police au?orities  to /udy 9       
,g]many4    #b4 ,writt5 p]mission f !   
rector4    #c4 ,writt5 p]mission f !    
pr(essors or doc5ts ^: lectures !       
applicant wi%es to att5d4    #d4 ,!     
p]mission f ! rector mu/ be obta9$ ea*  
seme/]1 b  f ! curator only :5 a new    
subject is *os54    #e4 ,! same fee is  
dem&$ f wom5 z f m51 & wom5 are  reque/$

 to always c>ry ) !m1 9 att5d+ lectures1
 ! writt5  p]mission f ! rector4    ,at 
! public in/allation ( ,rector ,waldey]1
 9 ,octob]1 #ahih1  bo? 9 8 address & 9 
t ( ! resign+ rector1 ,geheimra?        
,pr(essor ,s*moll]1 ! subject (         
education ( wom5 receiv$  att5tion4     
,geheimra? ,s*moll] said t ! fir/       
condition ( fur!r  concessions 9 ! matt]
 mu/ be bett] prep>ation on ! "p ( !    
wom51 & :5 ?is defici5cy %\ld be provid$
 = ! faculty (  ! univ]sity c\ld make ! 
conditions ( _! att5d+ lectures  light]1
 p]haps ev5 ! same z ^? = m54 ,geheimra?
 ,waldey]  made ! subject "o ( ?ree to  
:i* he gave equal space1 & :i*  he said 
call$ = imm$iate att5tion 9 !           
educational affairs (  ,g]many4 ,! o!r  
two subjects 7 ! relation ( te*nical    
s*ools  to ! univ]sities1 & univ]sity   
ext5sion4 ,geheimra? ,waldey] said  t he
 _h =m]ly be5 oppos$ to ! high]         
education ( wom51  b _h be5 l$ to *ange 
8 m9d f see+ t ! movem5t is  n an       
artificial "o1 b r ! natural result ( ! 

pres5t  social condition ( society1 & on
 ! simple gr\nd ( "r %\ld  be =w>d$ 9 a 
legitimate mann]4 ,he spoke /rongly1    
h[ev]1 9  favor ( ! e/abli%m5t ( sep>ate
 univ]sities = m5 & wom51  on acc\nt ( !
 natural diff]5ces 9 ! work+ ( _! m9ds &
  ! necessity ( adapt+ me?ods 9 bo?     
in/ances to _! ne$s4    ,! numb] ( wom5 
9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 has increas$ v   
rapidly1 be+ 9 ! autumn ( #ahif         
?irty-n9e1 9 ! w9t] ( !  same ye>       
n9ety-five4 ,! next ye> ! l>ge/ numb] 0 
ne>ly  two hundr$1 & 9 #ahig-'ih ?ree   
hundr$ & fifty-two 7 9 all  inscrib$4   
,ne>ly half ( ^! 7 ,g]man wom54 ,mo/ ( !
 wom5  9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 are 9 !   
dep>tm5t ( philosophy1 b  sev]al are    
pursu+ c\rses 9 !ology & law4 ,^! wom5  
are (  all ages4 ,"o f ,*>lott5burg 0   
sixty-two ye>s old1 &1 besides  ?is     
honor$ lady1 !re 7 five o!rs ^: :ite    
hair te/ifi$  to an age ( f fifty to    
fifty-five1 :ile ! y\nge/ ( all 0 a     
,bulg>ian girl ( sev5te54    ,! fir/    
woman to take h] degree 9 ! ,univ]sity (

 ,b]l9 0  ,dr4 ,else ,neumann1 9        
,decemb]1 #ahih1 9 physics & ma!matics1 
:o  succe$$1 not)/&+ ! difficulties to  
be cont5d$ ) 9 !  abs5ce ( prep>atory   
/udy & ! necessity = private prep>ation4
    ,x is n1 h[ev]1 only 9 ,b]l9 t !    
desire = univ]sity  /udy has tak5 a     
/rong hold on ! ,g]man wom51 b x is %[n 
9 o!r places1 n simply by ! fact t _m ( 
!m att5d !  univ]sities ( ,switz]l&1 :i*
 are ev]y:]e op5 to !m1 b by  _! also   
obta9+ ! advantages 9 _! own l& :i* h s 
long be5 d5i$ !m4    ,heidelb]g 0 ! fir/
 univ]sity 9 ,g]many to grant ! doctor  
exam9ation to wom51 & ?is 0 done sev]al 
ye>s be=e lectures  7 op5 to !m4 ,!     
writ] call$ ^u ,pr(4 ,kuno ,fis*] "o day
  9 ! summ] ( #ahij to ask p]mission to 
att5d a lecture :i* he  0 to give t     
aft]noon on ,helmholtz4 ,he said t he 0 
v sorry  inde$1 b he 0 oblig$ to refuse 
wom5 ! privilege ( li/5+  to him1 z !y 7
 n admitt$ to ! univ]sity4 ,i ask$ :5   
!y w\ld probably be admitt$1 & he       
repli$1 speak+ 9 ,fr5*1  8,jamais1      

mademoiselle1 jamais60 ,f\r ye>s lat]1  
h[ev]1 a fri5d  ( m9e took h] degree !re
 9 ! dep>tm5t ( philosophy1 ?us  prov+ t
 ! wise/ ( m5 sometimes make mi/akes4   
,wom5 h = ye>s /udi$ z ,hospitants 9 !  
,univ]sities (  ,leipsic & ,gtt+51 b    
s9ce ,novemb]1 #ahig1 ! conditions (  _!
 admission 9 ,gtt+5 h be5 made m        
difficult4    ,9 ,kiel ! pr(essors :o   
are n will+ to all[ wom5 to att5d  _!   
lectures put a /> opposite _! names 9 ! 
univ]sity  programme ( ! lecture c\rses1
 & ?is /> is un=tunately se5  opposite !
 names ( all ! pr(essors ( !ology & _m (
 ^?  ( m$ic9e4 ,wom5 began to att5d !   
,univ]sity ( ,tb+5 9 !  autumn ( #ahih1 
,dr4 ,m>ia ,grf9 von ,l9d5 be+ ! fir/1  
:o 0  soon foll[$ by _m o!rs4    ,!     
degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy honoris  
causa has be5 conf]r$  on two wom5 by ! 
,univ]sity ( ,muni*--9 ,decemb]1 #ahig1 
on !  ,pr9cess ,!resa1 & 9 ,octob]1     
#ahih1 on ,lady ,bl5n]hassett1 an       
au?or1 = h] rese>*es 9 mod]n languages4 
,! ,dean ( !  ,philosophical ,faculty1  

accompani$ by ?ree pr(essors1 visit$ h] 
9 h] home 9 ,muni* to communicate to h] 
! honor :i* %e _h  receiv$4    ,!       
,univ]sity ( ,breslau (f]s bett]        
conditions to wom5 ?an are  provid$     
else:]e1 z might naturally be expect$1  
especially 9 !  dep>tm5t ( m$ic9e4      
,g]many 0 repres5t$ 9 ! ,int]national   
,c\ncil ( ,wom51 held 9  ,london 9 ,june
 ( ?is pres5t ye>1 by ,frau ,anna       
,simson1 ,frau ,bieb]  ,boehm1 & ,fran  
,m>ie ,/ritt1 ( ,dresd54    ,x 0 also   
decid$ at ?is congress t ! next         
,qu9qu5nial  ,int]national ,c\ncil (    
,wom5 %\ld be held 9 ,b]l91 & x w  )\t  
d\bt be an occasion t w m>k an era 9 !  
hi/ory (  ! progress ( lib]ty = ! wom5 (
 ,g]many4          ,,sc5es ,,on ,,!     
,,planets4    ,,by ,,g>rett ,p4         
,,s]viss4      ,al?\gh amateurs h play$ 
a conspicu\s "p 9 telescopic  discov]y  
among ! heav5ly bodies1 yet e own] ( a  
small  telescope %\ld n expect to atta* 
8 "n to a />4 ,b he  c]ta9ly c d some?+ 
p]haps m useful to himself & 8  fri5ds4 

,he c foll[ ! discov]ies t o!rs1 ) bett]
  appliances & opportunities1 h made1 & 
c ?us imp>t to ^?  discov]ies t s5se (  
reality :i* only comes f see+ ?+s  )    
"o's own eyes4 ,!re are hundr$s ( ?+s   
cont9ually ref]r$  to 9 books & writ+s  
on a/ronomy :i* h b a mi/y &  unc]ta9   
significance = ! m]e read]1 b :i* he c  
easily  v]ify = himself ) ! aid ( a     
telescope ( f\r or five in*es'  ap]ture1
 & :i*1 :5 actually confront$ by !      
s5ses1 assume a  mean+1 a beauty1 & an  
importance t w\ld o!rwise entirely h    
escap$ him4 ,h5ce=? e allusion to !     
objects he has se5 is  eloqu5t )        
intellig5ce & sugge/ion4    ,take1 =    
in/ance1 ! planets t h be5 ! subject ( s
 _m  obs]vations & speculations ( late  
ye>s--,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1  ,v5us4 ,=
 ! ord9>y read] mu* t is said ab\t !m   
makes v  little impression ^u 8 m9d1 &  
is almo/ un9telligible4 ,he reads  ( !  
8sn[ pat*es0 on ,m>s1 b unless he has   
actually se5 !  :it5$ poles ( t planet  
he c =m no cle> image 9 8 m9d (  :at is 

meant4 ,s ! 8belts ( ,jupit]0 is a      
confus+ & mislead+  phrase = almo/      
ev]ybody except ! a/ronom]1 & ! r+s (   
,saturn are beyond compreh5sion unless  
!y h actually be5 se54    ,x is true t  
pictures & photographs p>tially supply !
 place  ( obs]vation1 b by no means s   
successfully z _m imag9e4 ,!  mo/       
reali/ic draw+s & ! %>pe/ photographs 9 
a/ronomy are  ^? ( ! moon1 yet ,i ?9k   
nobody w\ld ma9ta9 t any picture  9     
exi/5ce is capable ( imp>t+ a really    
satisfactory visual  impression ( !     
appe>ance ( ! lun> globe4 ,nobody :o has
 n  se5 ! moon ) a telescope--x ne$ n be
 a l>ge "o--c =m a  correct & def9ite   
idea ( :at ! moon is l4    ,!           
satisfaction ( view+ ) "o's own eyes "s 
( ! ?+s !  a/ronom]s write & talk ab\t  
is v great1 & ! illum9ation  t comes f  
su* view+ is equally great4 ,j z 9 =eign
  travel ! actual see+ ( a fam\s city1 a
 great gall]y fill$ )  ma/]pieces1 or a 
battlefield :]e decisive issues h be5   
f\ght  out illum9ates1 = ! travel]'s    

m9d1 ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 !  criticisms (  
arti/s1 & ! occurr5ces ( contempor>y    
life 9  =eign l&s1 s an acqua9tance ) ! 
sights ( ! heav5s gives  a grasp on     
a/ronomical problems t c n be acquir$ 9 
any o!r  way4 ,! p]son :o has be5 9     
,rome1 ?\gh he may be no ar*ologi/1     
gets a f> m vivid conception ( a new    
discov]y 9 ! ,=um ?an  does ! read] :o  
has nev] se5 ! city ( ! ,sev5 ,hills2 & 
! amateur :o has look$ at ,jupit] ) a   
telescope1 ?\gh he may  be no a/ronom]1 
f9ds t ! ann\ncem5t ( "s *ange among !  
wond]ful belts ( t cl\dy planet has =   
him a mean+ & an  int]e/ 9 :i* ! ord9>y 
read] c n %>e4    ,illu/ration3 ,,jupit]
 ,,se5 ,,) ,a ,,five-,,in* ,,telescope4 
,%ad[ ( a  satellite visible4    ,jupit]
 is p]haps ! easie/ ( all ! planets = ! 
amateur  obs]v]4 ,a ?ree-in* telescope  
gives beautiful views ( ! great  planet1
 al?\gh a f\r-in* or a five-in* is (    
c\rse bett]4 ,b  !re is no necessity =  
go+ beyond six in*es' ap]ture 9 any     
case4 ,= myself1 ,i ?9k ,i %\ld c>e =   

no?+ bett] ?an my  five-in* ( fifty-two 
in*es' focal di/ance4 ,) su* a glass m  
details are visible 9 ! d>k belts &     
along ! bright equatorial  girdle ?an c 
be correctly repres5t$ 9 a sket* be=e ! 
rotation ( ! planet has alt]$ _! aspect1
 :ile ! %ad[s  ( ! satellites ?r[n ^u ! 
broad disk1 & ! satellites  !mselves :5 
9 transit1 c be se5 sometimes )         
exquisite  cle>ness4 ,! contra/+ colors 
( v>i\s p>ts ( ! disk are also  easily  
/udi$ ) a glass ( f\r or five in*es'    
ap]ture4    ,!re is a *>m ab\t ! great  
planet :5 he rides high 9 a  cle> ev5+  
sky1 lord+ x ov] ! fix$ />s ) 8 s]5e1   
unflick]+ lum9\sness1 :i* no possessor (
 a telescope c  resi/4 ,y turn ! glass  
^u him & he floats into ! field (  view1
 ) 8 cortge ( satellites1 l a yell[-&-r$
 moon1  att5d$ by f\r m9iatures (       
itself4 ,y in/antly compreh5d  ,jupit]'s
 ma/]y ov] 8 satellites--_! allegiance  
is evid5t4 ,no  "o w\ld = an in/ant     
mi/ake !m = />s accid5tally se5 9  !    
same field ( view4 ,al?\gh x requires a 

v l>ge telescope  to magnify _! disks to
 measurable dim5sions1 yet ! smalle/    
glass diff]5tiates !m at once f ! fix$  
/>s4 ,!re is  some?+ almo/ />tl+ 9 _!   
appe>ance ( companion%ip )  ! huge      
planet--?is sudd5 v]ification to y\r    
eyes ( ! laws (  gravitation & ( c5tral 
=ces4 ,x is easy1 :ile look+ at ,jupit] 
amid 8 family1 to und]/& ! con/]nation (
 ! *ur*m5 :5  ,galileo's telescope      
reveal$ t m9iature ( ! sol> sy/em1 &  x 
is gratify+ to gaze ^u "o ( ! fir/      
battle gr\nds :]eon  sci5ce ga9$ a      
decisive victory = tru?4    ,! swift    
*ang+ ( place among ! satellites1 z well
 z !  rapidity ( ,jupit]'s axial        
rotation1 give ! attraction ( visible   
movem5t to ! ,jovian spectacle4 ,!      
planet rotates 9 f\r or five  m9utes    
less ?an t5 h\rs--9 o!r words1 x makes  
two turns &  f\r t5?s ( a ?ird turn :ile
 ! e>? is turn+ once ^u its  axis4 ,a   
po9t on ,jupit]'s equator moves ab\t    
tw5ty-sev5 ?\s&  miles1 or consid]ably m
 ?an ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! e>?1  9 a 

s+le h\r4 ,! effect ( ?is motion is     
cle>ly p]ceptible to  ! obs]v] ) a      
telescope on acc\nt ( ! div]sifi$ m>k+s 
& colors ( ! mov+ disk1 & to wat* x is  
"o ( ! greate/  pleasures t ! telescope 
af=ds4    ,x w\ld be possible1 :5 !     
planet is favorably situat$1 to witness 
an entire rotation ( ,jupit] 9 ! c\rse (
 "o night1 b !  beg9n+ & end ( !        
obs]vation w\ld be m or less int]f]$  ) 
by ! effects ( l[ altitude1 to say no?+ 
( ! t$ium  ( s long a vigil4 ,b by look+
 at ! planet = an h\r at a  "t 9 ! c\rse
 ( a few nights e side ( x w h be5      
pres5t$ to view4 ,suppose ! fir/        
obs]vation is made betwe5 n9e  & t5     
o'clock on any night :i* may h be5      
select$4 ,!n on !  foll[+ night betwe5  
t5 & elev5 o'clock ,jupit] w h made  two
 & a half turns ^u 8 axis1 & ! side     
diametrically opposite  to t se5 on !   
fir/ night w be visible4 ,on ! ?ird     
night  betwe5 elev5 & twelve o'clock    
,jupit] w h p]=m$ five  complete        
rotations1 & ! side orig9ally view$ w be

 visible  aga94    ,illu/ration3        
,,eclipses ,,& ,,transits ,,(           
,,jupit]',s ,,satellites4 ,satellite  ,i
 & ! %ad[ ( ,,iii are se5 9 transit4    
,,iv is ab\t to be  eclips$4    ,ow+ to 
! rotundity ( ! planet1 only ! c5tral "p
 ( !  disk is %>ply def9$1 & m>k+s :i* c
 be easily se5 :5  c5trally locat$      
become indi/9ct or disappe> altoge!r :5 
ne>  ! limb4 ,approa* to ! edge ( ! disk
 also causes a =e%ort5+  :i* sometimes  
entirely alt]s ! aspect ( a m>k+4 ,x is 
advisable1 !re=e1 to conf9e ! att5tion  
ma9ly to ! middle (  ! disk4 ,z "t      
passes1 cle>ly def9$ m>k+s on or betwe5 
!  cl\dy belts w be se5 to approa* !    
we/]n edge ( ! disk1  gradually los+ _! 
di/9ctness & alt]+ _! appe>ance1  :ile f
 ! region ( indi/9ct def9ition ne> !    
ea/]n edge  o!r m>k+s sl[ly em]ge &     
advance t[>d ! c5t]1 becom+  %>p] 9     
outl9e & m cle>ly def9$ 9 color z !y sw+
 into  view4    ,wat*+ ^! *anges1 !     
obs]v] is c>ri$ away by ! reflection  t 
he actually sees ! turn+ ( ano!r di/ant 

_w ^u its  axis ( rotation1 j z he might
 view ! revolv+ e>? f a  /&po9t on !    
moon4 ,belts ( r$di% cl\ds1 _m ?\s&s (  
miles across1 are /ret*$ along on ea*   
side ( ! equator ( !  great planet he is
 wat*+2 ! equatorial belt itself1       
brilliantly  lemon-hu$1 or sometimes    
ruddy1 is div]sifi$ ) :ite globul> &    
balloon-%ap$ masses1 :i* almo/ recall ! 
appe>ance ( summ]  cl\d domes hang+ ov] 
a t]re/rial l&scape1 :ile t[>d !  poles 
%ad[y expanses ( gradually deep5+ blue  
or blue-gray sugge/  ! comp>ative       
coolness ( ^? regions :i* lie always "u 
a l[  sun4    ,aft] a few nights'       
obs]vation ev5 ! v]ie/ amateur f9ds     
himself  recogniz+ c]ta9 %apes or       
appe>ances--a n>r[ d>k belt runn+       
slop+ly across ! equator f "o ( ! ma9   
cl\d zones to !  o!r1 or a rift 9 "o ( !
 color$ b&s1 or a rotund :ite mass      
app>5tly float+ above ! equator1 or a   
broad scallop 9 !  edge ( a belt l t ne>
 ! site ( ! celebrat$ 8r$ spot10  ^:    
*anges ( color & aspect s9ce its fir/   

appe>ance 9 #ahgh1  toge!r ) ! light x  
has ?r[n on ! con/itution ( ,jupit]'s   
disk1 h all b creat$ a new ,jovian      
lit]ature1 s ?or\ghly &  s frequ5tly h  
!y be5 discuss$4    ,&1 hav+ notic$ ^!  
recurr+ features1 ! obs]v] w  beg9 to   
note _! relations to "o ano!r1 & w ?us  
be l$  to obs]ve t "s ( !m gradually    
drift ap>t1 :ile o!rs  drift ne>]2 &    
aft] a "t1 )\t any aid f books or h9ts  
f obs]vatories1 he w discov] = himself t
 !re is a law  gov]n+ ! movem5ts on     
,jupit]'s disk4 ,^u ! :ole he w f9d  t !
 swifte/ motions are ne> ! equator1 & ! 
sl[e/ ne>  ! poles1 al?\gh1 if he is    
p]si/5t & has a good eye & a good       
in/rum5t1 he w note exceptions to ?is   
rule1 probably aris+1 z  ,pr(essor ,h\gh
 sugge/s1 f diff]5ces ( altitude 9      
,jupit]'s  atmosph]e4 ,f9ally1 he w     
conclude t ! colossal globe be=e  him   
is1 ext]iorly at lea/1 a va/ ball (     
cl\ds & vapors1 subject  to trem5d\s    
vicissitudes1 possibly int5sely heat$1 &
 altoge!r  diff]5t 9 its physical       

con/itution1 al?\gh made up ( simil>    
elem5ts1 f ! e>?4 ,!n1 if he *ooses1 he 
c sail (f into !  delightful cl\d-l& (  
a/ronomical speculation1 & make ( !     
/rip$ & spott$ sph]e ( ,jove j su* a _w 
z may please 8  fancy--= a _w ( "s k9d x
 c]ta9ly is4    ,= _m obs]v]s !         
satellites ( ,jupit] possess ev5 great] 
attractions ?an ! gigantic ball itself4 
,z ,i h already rem>k$1  _! movem5ts are
 v noticeable & l5d a wond]ful animation
  to ! sc5e4 ,al?\gh !y be> classical   
names1 !y are almo/  univ]sally ref]r$  
to by _! ,roman numb]s1 beg9n+ ) !      
inn]mo/1 ^: symbol is ,i1 & runn+ outw>d
 9 regul> ord] ,,ii1  ,,iii1 & ,,iv4 ,! 
m9ute satellite mu* ne>] to ! planet ?an
 any  ( ! o!rs1 :i* ,mr4 ,b>n>d discov]$
 ) ! ,lick telescope 9  #ahib1 is call$ 
! fif?1 al?\gh 9 ! ord] ( di/ance x w\ld
  be ! fir/4 ,9 size & importance1      
h[ev]1 x c n rank ) its  comp>atively   
gigantic bro!rs4 ,( c\rse1 no amateur's 
telescope c  %[ ! fa9te/ glimpse ( x4   
,satellite ,i1 situat$ at a mean di/ance

 ( #bfa1jjj miles f  ,jupit]'s          
c5t]--ab\t #bb1jjj miles f>!r ?an ! moon
 is f !  e>?--is urg$ by its ma/]'s     
ov]p[]+ attraction to a spe$ (  #cbj    
miles p] m9ute1 s t x p]=ms a complete  
revolution 9  ab\t =ty-two h\rs & a     
half4 ,! o!rs1 ( c\rse1 move m  sl[ly1 b
 ev5 ! mo/ di/ant p]=ms its revolution 9
 sev]al  h\rs less ?an sixte5 days4 ,!  
plane ( _! orbits is pres5t$  edgewise  
t[>d ! e>?1 f :i* x foll[s t !y appe>   
to move back & =? ne>ly 9 /raight l9es1 
"s app>5tly  approa*+ ! planet1 :ile    
o!rs are rec$+ f x4 ,! *anges  9 _!     
relative positions1 :i* c be detect$ f  
h\r to h\r1  are v /rik+ night aft]     
night1 & lead to a great v>iety (       
arrangem5ts always pleas+ to ! eye4     
,! mo/ int]e/+ ph5om5a t !y pres5t are  
_! transits  & ^? ( _! r\nd1 black %ad[s
 across ! face ( ! planet2  _! eclipses 
by ! planet's %ad[1 :5 !y disappe> &    
aft]w>d reappe> ) a/oni%+ sudd5ness2 &  
_! occultations  by ! globe ( ,jupit]4  
,^u ! :ole1 ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+  = !       

amateur to wat* is ! passage ( ! %ad[s  
across ,jupit]4  ,! di/9ctness ) :i* !y 
c be se5 :5 ! air is /eady is  likely to
 surprise1 z x is c]ta9 to delight1 !   
obs]v]4 ,:5 x  falls ^u a light "p ( !  
disk ! %ad[ ( a satellite is z  black & 
%>ply outl9$ z a drop ( ink2 on a       
d>k-color$ belt x  c n s easily be se54 
,x is m difficult to see ! satellites   
!mselves 9 transit4 ,!re  appe>s to be  
"s diff]5ce among !m z to visibility 9  
su*  circum/ances4 ,ow+ to _! lum9osity 
!y are be/ se5 :5 !y  h a d>k belt = a  
backgr\nd1 & are lea/ easily visible :5 
!y appe> aga9/ a bright portion ( !     
planet4 ,e obs]v]  %\ld provide himself 
) a copy ( ! ,am]ican ,ephem]is = !     
curr5t ye>1 :]e9 he w f9d all !         
in=mation ne$$ to enable  him to id5tify
 ! v>i\s satellites & to pr$ict1 by     
turn+  ,wa%+ton mean "t into 8 own local
 "t1 ! v>i\s ph5om5a (  ! transits &    
eclipses4    ,:ile a fai?ful /udy ( !   
ph5om5a ( ,jupit] is likely to lead  !  
/ud5t to ! conclusion t ! greate/ planet

 9 our sy/em is  n a suitable abode =   
life1 yet ! problem ( its future1 always
  fasc9at+ to ! imag9ation1 is op52 &   
:osoev] may be dispos$  to record 8     
obs]vations 9 a sy/ematic mann] may at  
lea/ hope to  r5d] aid 9 ! solution ( t 
problem4    ,illu/ration3 ,,saturn ,,se5
 ,,) ,a ,,five-,,in* ,,telescope4       
,saturn ranks next to ,jupit] 9         
attractiv5ess = ! obs]v] )  a telescope4
 ,! r+s are almo/ z my/ify+ to-day z !y 
7  9 ! "t ( ,h]s*el4 ,!re is probably no
 s+le telescopic view  t c comp>e 9 !   
p[] to excite wond] ) t ( ,saturn  :5 ! 
r+ sy/em is n s widely op5$ b t bo?     
poles (  ! planet project beyond x4 ,"o 
returns to x aga9 & aga9 )  unflagg+    
int]e/1 & ! beauty ( ! spectacle q      
mat*es its  s+ul>ity4 ,:5 ,saturn is 9  
view ! own] ( a telescope may become  a 
recruit+ (fic] = a/ronomy by simply     
invit+ 8 fri5ds to  gaze at ! wond]ful  
planet4 ,! silv]y color ( ! ball1       
delicately  *as$ ) half-visible %ad+s1  
m]g+ "o into ano!r f !  bright          

equatorial b& to ! blui% pol> caps2 !   
gr& ar* ( !  r+s1 sweep+ across ! planet
 ) a p]ceptible edg+ ( %ad[2  _! sudd5  
disappe>ance close to ! m>g9 ( ! ball1  
:]e !y  g beh9d x & fall /raightway into
 night2 ! manife/ contra/  ( brightness1
 if n ( color1 betwe5 ! two pr9cipal    
r+s2 !  f9e curve ( ! black l9e m>k+ !  
#a1fjj-mile gap betwe5 _!  edges--^! are
 "s ( ! elem5ts ( a picture t c nev]    
fade  f ! memory ( any "o :o has once   
beheld x 9 its full glory4    ,saturn's 
moons are by no means s int]e/+ to wat* 
z are ^? (  ,jupit]4 ,ev5 ! effect ( _! 
surpris+ numb] 7rais$ to n9e  by        
,pr(essor ,pick]+'s discov]y la/ spr+ ( 
a new "o :i* is  almo/ at ! limit (     
visibility1 & 0 f\nd only ) ! aid (     
photography7 is lo/1 because mo/ ( !m   
are too fa9t to be se5  ) ord9>y        
telescopes1 or1 if se51 to make any     
notable impression  ^u ! eye4 ,! two    
l>ge/--,titan & ,japetus--are easily    
f\nd1 &  ,titan is conspicu\s1 b !y give
 none ( t s5se ( companion%ip  & ob$i5ce

 to a c5tral au?ority :i* /rikes ev5 !  
c>eless  obs]v] ( ,jupit]'s sy/em4 ,?is 
is ow+ p>tly to _! m  delib]ate movem5ts
 & p>tly to ! incl9ation ( ! plane (  _!
 orbits1 :i* seldom lies edgewise t[>d !
 e>?4    ,illu/ration3 ,,pol> ,,view ,,(
 ,,saturn',s ,,sy/em4 ,! orbits ( ! five
  ne>e/ satellites are %[n4 ,! dott$ l9e
 outside ! r+s %[s  ,ro*e's limit4    ,b
 ! *>m ( ! pe]less r+s is abid+1 & !    
int]e/ (  ! spectator is height5$ by    
recall+ :at sci5ce has rec5tly  e/abli%$
 z to _! composition4 ,x is m>vel\s to  
?9k1 :ile  look+ ^u _! broad1 level     
surfaces--z smoo?1 app>5tly1  z poli%$  
/eel1 ?\gh ?irty ?\s& miles across--t !y
  are 9 reality va/ circl+ curr5ts (    
meteoritic p>ticles or  du/1 ?r\gh :i*  
run imm5se waves1 cond5sation &         
r>efaction  succe$+ "o ano!r z 9 !      
undulations ( s\nd4 ,yet1 )  all _!     
inf]5tial tumult1 !y may actually be z  
s\ndless z  ! dep?s ( int]/ell> space1 =
 ,/ruve has %[n t ^?  spectacul> r+s    
possess no appreciable mass1 &1 view$ f 

,saturn  itself1 _! 7to u7 gorge\s seem+
 b[ may appe> only z a wrea?  ( %imm]+  
vapor spann+ ! sky & pal$ by ! rivalry (
 !  bright] />s4    ,9 view ( ! !ory (  
tidal action disrupt+ a satellite )9  a 
critical di/ance f ! c5t] ( its prim>y1 
! ?\ghtful  obs]v] ( ,saturn w f9d      
himself wond]+ :at may h be5 !  orig9 ( 
! r+s4 ,! critical di/ance ref]r$ to1 & 
:i*  is kn[n z ,ro*e's limit1 lies1     
accord+ to ! mo/ tru/wor?y  e/imates1 j 
outside ! out]mo/ edge ( ! r+s4 ,x      
foll[s  t if ! matt] compos+ ! r+s 7    
collect$ into a s+le  body t body w\ld  
inevitably be torn to pieces & scatt]$  
into  r+s2 & s1 too1 if in/ead ( "o !re 
7 sev]al or _m bodies  ( consid]able    
size occupy+ ! place ( ! r+s1 all ( ^!  
bodies w\ld be disrupt$ & scatt]$4 ,if  
"o ( ! pres5t moons (  ,saturn--=       
in/ance1 ,mimas1 ! inn]mo/ hi!rto       
discov]$--%\ld  w&] )9 ! magic circle ( 
,ro*e's limit x w\ld suff] a  simil>    
fate1 & its p>ticles w\ld be dissem9at$ 
among ! r+s4  ,"o c h>dly help wond]+   

:e!r ! r+s h orig9at$ f  ! demolition ( 
satellites--,saturn dev\r+ 8 *ildr51 z !
  anci5t my?s repres5t1 & encircl+      
himself1 amid ! fury (  de/ruction1 ) ! 
du/ ( 8 dis9tegrat$ victims4 ,at any    
rate1  ! amateur /ud5t ( ,saturn w f9d 9
 ! revelations ( 8  telescope !         
inspirations ( poetry z well z ^? (     
sci5ce1 &  ! b5t ( 8 m9d w det]m9e :i*  
he %all foll[4    ,pr(essor ,pick]+'s   
discov]y ( a n9? satellite ( ,saturn1   
situat$ at ! great di/ance ( ne>ly eight
 million miles f  ! planet1 s]ves to    
call att5tion to ! va/ness ( ! 8sph]e  (
 activity0 ov] :i* ! r+$ planet reigns4 
,surpris+ z !  di/ance ( ! new satellite
 appe>s :5 comp>$ ) t ( our  moon1 x is 
yet f> f ! limit :]e ,saturn's control  
ceases &  t ( ! sun becomes pr$om9ant4  
,t limit1 accord+ to ,pr(4  ,asaph      
,hall's calculation1 is ne>ly           
#cj1jjj1jjj miles f ,saturn's  c5t]1    
:ile if our moon 7 remov$ to a di/ance a
 little exce$+  #ejj1jjj miles ! e>?    
w\ld be 9 dang] ( los+ its satellite    

?r\gh ! elopem5t ( ,artemis ) ,apollo4  
,al?\gh1 z already rem>k$1 ! satellites 
( ,saturn are n  especially int]e/+ to !
 amateur telescopi/1 yet x may be well  
to m5tion t1 9 addition to ,titan &     
,japetus1 ! satellite  nam$ ,rhea1 !    
fif? 9 ord] ( di/ance f ! planet1 is n a
  difficult object = a ?ree-or f\r-in*  
telescope1 & two o!rs  consid]ably fa9t]
 ?an ,rhea--,dione 7! f\r?7 & ,te?ys 7! 
?ird7--may be se5 9 favorable           
circum/ances4 ,! o!rs--,mimas 7!  fir/71
 ,enceladus 7! second71 & ,hyp]ion 7!   
sev5?7--are beyond  ! rea* ( all b l>ge 
telescopes4 ,! n9? satellite1 :i* has   
receiv$ ! "n ( ,phbe1 is mu* fa9t] ?an  
any ( ! o!rs1 its  /ell> magnitude be+  
reckon$ by its discov]] at ab\t #ae4e4  
,m>s1 ! be/ adv]tis$ ( all ! planets1 is
 ne>ly ! lea/  satisfactory to look at  
except dur+ a favorable opposition1 l   
^? ( #ahgg & #ahib1 :5 its comp>ative   
ne>ness to ! e>?  r5d]s "s ( its        
*>act]i/ic features visible 9 a small   
telescope4 ,! next favorable opposition 

w occur 9 #aijg4    ,illu/ration3 ,,m>s 
,,se5 ,,) ,a ,,five-,,in* ,,telescope4  
,:5 well se5 ) an ord9>y telescope1 say 
a f\r-or five-in*  glass1 ,m>s %[s ?ree 
peculi>ities t may be call$ fairly      
conspicu\s--viz41 its :ite pol> cap1 its
 g5]al r$di%1 or  orange-yell[1 hue1 &  
its d>k m>k+s1 "o ( ! cle>e/ ( :i*  is !
 s-call$ ,syrtis ,major1 or1 z x 0 once 
nam$ on acc\nt  ( its %ape1 8,h\rglass  
,sea40 ,o!r d>k expanses 9 ! s\!rn      
hemisph]e are n difficult to be se51    
al?\gh _! outl9es are  m or less mi/y & 
indi/9ct4 ,! gradual dim9ution ( ! pol> 
cap1 :i* c]ta9ly behaves 9 ?is respect z
 a mass ( sn[ & ice  w\ld d1 is a mo/   
int]e/+ spectacle4 ,z summ] advances 9 !
  s\!rn hemisph]e ( ,m>s1 ! :ite circul>
 pat* surr\nd+ !  pole becomes small]1  
night aft] night1 until x sometimes     
disappe>s  entirely ev5 f ! k5 ( ! l>ge/
 telescopes4 ,at ! same "t  ! d>k       
expanses become m di/9ct1 z if ! melt+ (
 ! pol>  sn[s _h suppli$ !m ) a great]  
dep? ( wat]1 or ! advance  ( ! season _h

 d>k5$ !m ) a heavi] gr[? ( vegetation4 
,! ph5om5a m5tion$ above are ab\t all t 
a small telescope  w reveal4            
,occasionally a d>k /reak1 :i* l>ge     
in/rum5ts %[  is connect$ ) ! my/]i\s   
sy/em ( 8canals10 c be detect$1  b !    
8canals0 !mselves are f> beyond ! rea* (
 any telescope  except a few ( ! giants 
h&l$ by exp]i5c$ obs]v]s4 ,!  conviction
 :i* seems to h =c$ its way into ! m9ds 
ev5 (  "s cons]vative a/ronom]s1 t on   
,m>s ! conditions1 to use  ! expression 
( ,pr(essor ,"y1 8are m ne>ly e>?like   
?an on  any o!r ( ! heav5ly bodies :i*  
we c see ) our pres5t  telescopes10 is  
suffici5t to make ! planet a c5t] (     
undy+  int]e/ not)/&+ ! difficulties )  
:i* ! amateur is  confront$ 9 8         
endeavors to see ! details ( its m>k+s4 
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,illum9ation ,,(     
,,v5us',s ,,atmosph]e ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ 
,,( ,,h] ,,transit ,,across ,,! ,,sun4  
,9 ,v5us 8! fatal gift ( beauty0 may be 
said1 z f> z our  obs]vations are       
conc]n$1 to be mat*$ by ! equally fatal 

gift (  brilliance4 ,:e!r x be due to   
atmosph]ic reflection alone or to !     
preval5ce ( cl\ds1 ,v5us is s bright t  
consid]able d\bt exi/s  z to ! actual   
visibility ( any p]man5t m>k+s on h]    
surface4  ,! detail$ repres5tations ( ! 
disk ( ,v5us by ,mr4 ,p]cival  ,l[ell1  
%[+ 9 "s respects a resemblance to !    
/rip+s (  ,m>s1 c n yet be accept$ z    
decisive4 ,m exp]i5c$ a/ronom]s  ?an    
,mr4 ,l[ell h be5 unable to see at all  
?+s :i* he draws  ) a fe>less &         
unhesitat+ p5cil4 ,t !re are "s %ad[y   
features ( ! planet's surface to be se5 
9 favorable circum/ances  is probable1 b
 ! "t = draw+ a 8map ( ,v5us0 has n yet 
come4    ,! previ\s "w ( ,s*iap>elli    
l5ds a c]ta9 degree ( probability  to   
,mr4 ,l[ell's obs]vations on ! rotation 
( ,v5us4 ,?is rotation1  accord+ to !   
orig9al ann\ncem5t ( ,s*iap>elli1 is    
probably  p]=m$ 9 ! same p]iod z !      
revolution ar\nd ! sun4 ,9 o!r  words1  
,v5us1 if ,s*iap>elli & ,l[ell are "r1  
always pres5ts !  same side to ! sun1   

possess+1 9 consequ5ce1 a day hemisph]e 
&  a night hemisph]e :i* nev] int]*ange 
places4 ,?is condition is  s antagoni/ic
 to all our ideas ( :at con/itutes      
habitability =  a planet t "o hesitates 
to accept x z prov$1 & almo/ hopes  t x 
may turn out to h no real exi/5ce4      
,v5us1 z ! tw9 (  ! e>? 9 size1 is a    
planet :i* ! imag9ation1 w>m$ by its    
sunny aspect1 w\ld fa9 p ) intellig5t   
be+s a little fair]  ?an ourselves2 b h[
 c su* ideas be reconcil$ ) ! picture  (
 a _w "o half ( :i* is subject$ to !    
m]ciless rays ( a  nev]-sett+ sun1 :ile 
! o!r half is buri$ 9 ! fe>ful gloom  & 
icy *ill ( un5d+ night8    ,any amateur 
obs]v] :o wi%es to te/ 8 eyesight & 8   
telescope  9 ! se>* ( %ades or m>k+s on 
! disk ( ,v5us by ! aid (  :i* ! "q (   
its rotation may f9ally be settl$ %\ld d
 8  "w :ile ! sun is /ill above !       
horizon4 ,s*iap>elli adopt$  t plan ye>s
 ago1 & o!rs h foll[$ him ) advantage4  
,!  diffus$ light ( day s]ves to take (f
 ! gl>e :i* is s s]i\s  an ob/acle to ! 

successful obs]vation ( ,v5us :5 se5    
aga9/  a d>k sky4 ,kn[+ ! location (    
,v5us 9 ! sky1 :i* c be  asc]ta9$ f !   
,ephem]is1 ! obs]v] c f9d x by day4 ,if 
8 telescope is n p]man5tly m\nt$ &      
provid$ ) 8circles0  ?is may n prove an 
easy ?+ to d1 yet a little p]sev]ance & 
+5uity w effect x4 ,"o way is to f9d1 ) 
a /> *>t1 "s  /> ^: decl9ation is !     
same1 or v ne>ly ! same1 z t (  ,v5us1 &
 :i* crosses ! m]idian say twelve h\rs  
ahead ( h]4  ,!n set ! telescope ^u t   
/>1 :5 x is on ! m]idian at  night1 &   
leave x !re1 & ! next day1 twelve h\rs  
aft] !  /> cross$ ! m]idian1 look into  
y\r telescope & y w see  ,v5us1 or1 if  
n1 a slight motion ( ! tube "o way or   
ano!r w  br+ h] into view4    ,= _m     
amateurs ! phases ( ,v5us w alone supply
 suffici5t  int]e/ = telescopic         
obs]vation4 ,! *anges 9 h] =m1 f  t ( a 
r\nd full moon :5 %e is ne> sup]ior     
conjunction to  ! gibb\s1 & f9ally !    
half-moon phase z %e approa*es h]  ea/]n
 elongation1 foll[$ by ! gradually n>r[+

 & l5g!n+  cresc5t1 until %e becomes a  
m]e silv] sickle z %e sw+s 9  betwe5 !  
sun & ! e>?1 =m a succession (          
delightful pictures  = ! eye4    ,n v   
mu* c be said = ,m]cury z a telescopic  
object4 ,!  little planet pres5ts phases
 l ^? ( ,v5us1 &1 accord+ to            
,s*iap>elli & ,l[ell1 x resembles ,v5us 
9 its rotation1 keep+  always ! same    
side to ! sun4 ,9 fact1 ,s*iap>elli's   
discov]y (  ?is peculi>ity 9 ! case (   
,m]cury prec$$ ! simil> discov]y  9 !   
case ( ,v5us4 ,!re are p]ceptible m>k+s 
on ,m]cury :i*  h rem9d$ "s a/ronom]s ( 
! appe>ance ( ! moon1 &  !re are v>i\s  
reasons = ?9k+ t ! planet c n be  a     
suitable abode = liv+ be+s1 at lea/ =   
be+s resembl+  ! inhabitants ( ! e>?4   
,uranus & ,neptune are too f> away to   
pres5t any attraction = amateur         
obs]vation4          ,,pr(essor ,,w>d   
,,on 8,,naturalism ,,& ,,agno/icism40   
,,by ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4      ,9 a rec5t   
adv]tisem5t1 ,pr(essor ,w>d's "w entitl$
 z above 0  *>act]iz$ z 8"o ( ! mo/     

important contributions to philosophy   
made 9 our "t 9 ,engl&10 & ?is 0 jo9$ ) 
! prophecy  t x 8may ev5 d some?+ to    
re/ore to philosophy ! prom95t  place x 
once occupi$ 9 ,engli% ?\ght40 ,along ) 
laudatory  expressions1 ,i h obs]v$ 9 "s
 notices reprobation ( ! mann]  adopt$  
by ,pr(essor ,w>d 9 8 attack ^u my      
views--,i might almo/  say ^u me2 & "o (
 ! review]s gives examples ( ! words he 
uses--8ridicul\s10 8absurd10 8blund]10  
8nons5se10 8amaz+ fallacy10  8our       
oracle40    ,:51 "s "t ago1 ,i glanc$ at
 "o ( ! volumes1 ,i came ^u a  passage  
:i* at once /amp$ ! book by display+ !  
attitude  ( ! writ]2 b1 be+ !n o!rwise  
occupi$1 ,i decid$ n to  di/urb myself  
by read+ m4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 p>tly by !      
reviews ,i  h se51 & p>tly by ! comm5ts 
( a fri5d1 ,i h be5 %[n  t ,i c n let ! 
book pass )\t rem>k4 ,! assumption t a  
critic /ates rightly ! doctr9e he       
criticises is s g5]ally made1  t 9 !    
abs5ce ( pro( to ! contr>y 8 criticisms 
are almo/  c]ta9 to be reg>d$ z valid4  

,& :5 ! critic is a ,cambridge          
,pr(essor & an ,honor>y ,,ll4 ,d41 !    
assumption w be ?\ght fully  w>rant$4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,let me set out by quot+ "s passages    
disclos+ ! k9d ( feel+  by :i* ,pr(essor
 ,w>d's criticisms are influ5c$1 if n   
prompt$4  ,9 8 preface he says3--       
8,:5 at l5g? ,naturalism is =c$ to take 
acc\nt ( ! facts      ( life & m9d1 we  
f9d ! /ra9 on ! me*anical !ory is      m
 ?an x w be>4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has bl&ly to  
confess t      #8two volumes' ( 8       
,syn!tic ,philosophy are miss+1 !       
volumes t %\ld connect inorganic )      
biological1 evolution40    ,respect+ !  
fir/ ( ^! s5t5ces1 ,i h only to rem>k t 
,i  h said 7z 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1  #fb7 
& repeat$ly impli$1  t =ce or en]gy 9 ! 
s5se :i* a 8me*anical !ory0 connotes1  c
 n be t ,ultimate ,cause :5ce all ?+s   
proce$1 & t  !re is z mu* w>rant = call+
 x spiritual z = call+ x  mat]ial4 ,z 0 
ass]t$ at ! close ( t "w 7p4 #eeh71 !   
8implications are no m mat]iali/ic ?an  

!y are spirituali/ic2  & no m           
spirituali/ic ?an !y are mat]iali/ic02 &
 z  0 cont5d$ 9 ! ,pr9ciples (          
,sociology1  #fei1 8! ,p[]  manife/$    
?r\gh\t ! ,univ]se di/+ui%$ z mat]ial1  
is !  same ,p[] :i* 9 ourselves wells up
 "u ! =m ( consci\sness40    ,b x is to 
! second s5t5ce ,i "h *iefly draw       
att5tion4 ,:e!r  or n !re be a s>casm   
beh9d ! words 8bl&ly to confess10 x  is 
cle> t ! s5t5ce is meant to imply "s    
d]eliction on my  "p4 ,n[ 9 ! programme 
( ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy1 ! division    
deal+ ) inorganic nature 0 av[$ly       
omitt$1 8because ev5  )\t x ! s*eme is  
too ext5sive02 & ?is undue ext5siv5ess  
0 s conspicu\s t ,i 0 ?\ght absurd or   
almo/ insane4 ,yet ,i  am n[ tacitly    
reproa*$ because ,i did n make x m      
ext5sive  /ill--because an und]tak+     
deem$ sc>cely possible 0 n made  q      
impossible4 ,:5 blam$ = attempt+ too    
mu*1 x nev] ent]$  my ?\ghts t ,i might 
9 aft] ye>s be blam$ = n attempt+  m4   
,repeat$ ref]5ce to ,fir/ ,pr9ciples z  

8! /]eotyp$  philosophy0 are manife/ly  
int5d$ by ,pr(essor ,w>d to reflect on  
me1 ei!r = hav+ left t "w dur+ _m ye>s  
un*ang$1 or  = imply+ t no *ange is     
ne$$4 ,mu* z ,i dislike p]sonal         
explanations1 ,i am "h compell$ to make 
!m4 ,if1 9 #ahif1 :5 !  t5 volumes      
con/itut+ ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy 7      
complet$1 ,i  _h done no?+ t[>d revision
 ( !m1 ! omission w\ld n h  be5 consid]$
 by mo/ m5 a reason = compla9t4 ,!      
facts1 h[ev]1  are1 t 9 #ahfg ,i issu$ a
 reca/ & revis$ edition ( ,fir/         
,pr9ciples2 9 #ahgj an edition ( !      
,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 (  :i* half 0  
revis$1 & t5 ye>s lat] an enl>g$ edition
 (  ! same "w2 9 #ahhe a revis$ edition 
( ! fir/ volume ( !  ,pr9ciples (       
,sociology2 & n[ ,i h =tunately be5 able
 to  f9i% a revis$ & enl>g$ edition ( ! 
,pr9ciples ( ,biology4  ,any "o n       
willfully bl9d might h se5 t :5 p]si/+1 
"u  great difficulties1 9 try+ to       
execute ! entire "w z orig9ally  outl9$1
 x 0 n practicable at ! same "t to br+  

all e>li]  p>ts ( x up to date4         
,pr(essor ,w>d1 h[ev]1 ?9ks t ,i %\ld  h
 sacrific$ ! end to improve ! beg9n+1 or
 else t ,i  %\ld h f\nd en]gy en\gh to  
re-revise an e>li] volume :ile  writ+ ! 
lat] ones2 & my failure to d bo? prompts
 s>ca/ic  allusions4,a        ,a ,c&or  
(t5 br+s p5alties1 z witness !          
ann\ncem5t 8/]eotyp$ edition40 ,:5 ano!r
 ?\s&          ( a "w has be5 ord]$1 !  
pr9t]s d n always          ref] to !    
au?or = correction ( ! title-page1      
b1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 put 8second       
edition10 or          8?ird edition10 z 
! case may be4 ,:5 my att5tion          
has be5 drawn to su* matt]s1 h[ev]1 ,i h
 direct$          t ! words 8/]eotyp$   
edition0 %all be put on !               
title-page if ! pr9t+ is f plates1 & if 
! "w          is unalt]$3 object+ to a  
usage :i* betrays read]s          into !
 false belief t new matt] is =?com+4 ,i 
did n p]ceive t an antagoni/ might      
trans=m !          words 8/]eotyp$      
edition0 into an ass]tion t ! "w        

ne$$ no *anges4 ,exp]i5ce %\ld h w>n$ me
 t          adv]se int]pretations are   
inevitable :]ev] !y are                 
possible4 ,to ! "q--8,:y did y          
/]eotype80 !          obvi\s reply      
is--8,f motives ( economy40    ,9 fur!r 
illu/ration ( ! feel+ ,pr(essor ,w>d    
br+s to 8  task1 ,i may quote ! foll[+  
passage1 9 :i* he int]poses  comm5ts on 
my mode ( writ+3--        8,by !        
p]si/5ce ( ,=ce capital ,f1 we really   
mean !      p]si/5ce ( "s ,p[] capital  
,p :i* transc5ds our      k &           
conception4 ,! manife/ations1 z recurr+ 
ei!r 9 ourselves or outside ( u1 d n    
p]si/2 b t      :i* p]si/s is ! ,unkn[n 
,cause capitals aga9 ( ^!               
manife/ations40    ,! matt] itself is   
trivial en\gh4 ,x is wor? notic+ only z 
indicat+ a /ate ( m9d4 ,suppos+ ev5 t   
capitals 7 9 su*  cases                 
inappropriate--suppos+ ev5 t small      
initial lett]s w\ld  h be5 m            
appropriate2 x is cle> t only "o hav+ a 
/rong  animus w\ld h gone out ( 8 way to

 notice x4    ,aft] ?us enabl+ ! read]  
to judge 9 :at temp] ! criticisms  (    
,pr(essor ,w>d are made1 ,i may pass on4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,z impli$ at ! outset1 my  
int5tion is n to discuss ,pr(essor      
,w>d's own philosophy--! less s because 
,i discuss$ a l  philosophy ne>ly a     
g5]ation ago4 ,8 position is t 8,once   
mat]ialism is ab&on$ & dualism f\nd     
unt5able1 a spirituali/ic  monism rema9s
 ! "o /able position4 ,x is only 9 t]ms 
( m9d  t we c und]/& ! unity1 activity1 
& regul>ity t  nature pres5ts4 ,9 s     
und]/&+ we see t ,nature is ,_s40       
7,preface47 ,?is 0 ! position ( ,dr4    
,m>t9eau 9 #ahgb 7&  probably is n[74   
,he argu$1 t to acc\nt = ?is inf9itude (
  physical *anges ev]y:]e go+ on1 8,m9d 
mu/ be conceiv$ z  !re10 8"u ! guise (  
simple ,dynamics40 ,my criticisms on ?is
  view1 giv5 9 an essay entitl$ 8,mr4   
,m>t9eau on ,evolution10 c n  "h be     
repeat$4 ,b ,i held !n1 z ,i hold n[1 t 
8! ,ultimate  ,p[] is no m repres5table 

9 t]ms ( human consci\sness ?an  human  
consci\sness is repres5table 9 t]ms ( a 
plant's functions40  ,briefly ! result  
is1 t 9 say+ 8,nature is ,_s0 7capital  
,n &  capital ,s671 ,pr(essor ,w>d      
implies t he kn[s all ab\t x2 :ile  ,i1 
on ! o!r h&1 am sure t ,i "k no?+ ab\t  
x4           99       99       99       
99       99    ,& n[1 pass+ to my       
ess5tial purpose1 let me exemplify      
,pr(essor  ,w>d's controv]sial me?od4   
,specify+ an hypo!sis ( ! late ,dr4     
,croll 7:o1 he ?9ks1 _h 8incomp>ably m  
"r to an op9ion on  ! "q0 ?an ,i h71 he 
says1 t x 8at lea/ recognizes a  problem
 ) :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] sc>cely attempts to  
deal--,i mean !  evolution ( ! *emical  
elem5ts4 ,x ?us suffices to convict ,mr4
  ,sp5c]'s "w ( a c]ta9 incomplet5ess0  
7i41 #aij74 ,app>5tly  ! words 8sc>cely 
attempts0 ref] to a passage 9 !         
above-nam$  essay1 8,mr4 ,m>t9eau on    
,evolution10 :]e sev]al reasons are giv5
  = ?9k+ t ! 8s-call$ elem5ts arise by  
comp\nd+ &  recomp\nd+40 ,m ?an ?is has 

be5 done1 h[ev]4 ,! evolution  ( !      
elem5ts1 if n sy/ematically dealt ) )9 !
 limits (  ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy1 has n
 be5 ignor$4 ,9 an essay on 8,!  ,nebul>
 ,hypo!sis0 7,essays1 i41 pp4 #aef-i71 x
 is argu$1 t  8! g5]al law ( evolution1 
if x does n actually involve !          
conclusion t ! s-call$ elem5ts are      
comp\nds1 yet af=ds a  priori gr\nd =   
suspect+ t !y are su*02 & five gr\ps (  
traits are enum]at$ :i* support ! belief
 t !y orig9at$ by  a process ( evolution
 l t ev]y:]e go+ on4 ,b ! po9t ,i  "h   
*iefly emphasize is t1 hav+ reflect$ ^u 
me = omitt+  two volumes1 ,pr(essor ,w>d
 aga9 reflects ^u me = hav+ omitt$      
some?+ :i* "o ( ^! volumes w\ld h       
conta9$4 8,sir1 y  h neglect$ to build t
 h\se :i* 0 want$6 ,moreov]1 y h  n     
suppli$ ! /airs60           99       99 
99       99       99    ,f a s9 (       
omission let u pass to a s9 (           
commission4 ,pr(essor  ,w>d quotes f me 
! s5t5ce--8,! absolutely homog5e\s mu/  
lose its equilibrium2 & ! relatively    

homog5e\s mu/ lapse into  ! relatively  
less homog5e\s40--,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 p4  
#dbi4 ,!n  pres5tly he writes3--        
8,9 tru?1 h[ev]1 homog5eity is n        
necess>ily in/ability4      ,q o!rwise4 
,if ! homog5eity be absolute--t ( ,"l   
,kelv9's primordial m$ium1 say--!       
/ability w be absolute      too4 ,9 o!r 
words1 if #8! indef9ite1 incoh]5t       
homog5eity1'      9 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4
 ,sp5c]1 "s re>rangem5t mu/      result1
 be a /ate devoid ( all qualitative     
div]sity & )\t      assignable b\nds1   
!n1 z we saw 9 discuss+ me*anical       
ideals1      any #8re>rangem5t' c result
 only f ext]nal int]f]5ce2 x      c n   
beg9 f )90 7i41 #bbc74    ,& !n he goes 
on to argue t 8,?us1 ! v fir/ /ep 9 ,mr4
  ,sp5c]'s evolution seems to           
necessitate a brea* ( cont9uity4 ,?is   
fatal defect1 c40 7ibid474    ,obs]ve ! 
words 8)\t assignable b\nds0--)\t       
kn[able limits1  inf9ite4 ,s t ! law ( !
 in/ability ( ! homog5e\s is  dispos$ ( 
because x does n apply to an inf9ite    

homog5e\s  m$ium4 ,b s9ce inf9ity is    
inconceivable by u1 ?is alleg$  case (  
/able homog5eity is inconceivable too4  
,h5ce ! proposal  is to %elve ! law     
display$ 9 all ?+s we "k1 because x  is 
inapplicable to a hypo!tical ?+ we c n  
"k1 & c  n ev5 conceive6 ,n[ let me turn
 to ! ess5tial po9t4 ,?is               
nom9ally-exceptional case 0 fully       
recogniz$ by me 9 ! *apt]  he is        
criticis+4 ,9  #aee ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples  
7p4 #dbi71 x is  writt53--        8,"o  
/able homog5eity only1 is hypo!tically  
possible4 ,if      c5t]s ( =ce1         
absolutely uni=m 9 _! p[]s1 7 diffus$   
) absolute uni=mity ?r\gh unlimit$      
space1 !y w\ld rema9      9 equilibrium4
 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ?\gh a v]bally            
intelligible      supposition1 is "o t c
 n be repres5t$ 9 ?\ght2 s9ce           
unlimit$ space is inconceivable40    ,s 
t ?is nom9al exception :i* ,pr(essor    
,w>d urges aga9/ me z  a 8fatal defect10
 0 set =? by me ?irty-sev5 ye>s ago6    
,a some:at m involv$ case may next be   

dealt )4 ,pr(essor ,w>d  writes3--      
8,moreov]1 on ! physical assumption f   
:i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] sets      out1 viz41 t !
 mass ( ! univ]se & ! en]gy ( !         
univ]se are fix$ 9 quantity--:i* ought  
to mean are f9ite      9 quantity--!re c
 be no su* alt]nations ( evolution &    
dissolution z he supposes0 7i41 #aib74  
,aft] "s two pages ( argum5t1 he goes   
on3--        8,& s :ile all             
trans=mations ( en]gy lead directly or  
indirectly to trans=mation into heat1 f 
t trans=mation      !re is no complete  
return1 &1 !re=e f9ally no return at    
all4 ,?is !n is ! conclusion to :i* ,mr4
 ,sp5c]'s premises      lead4 ,two em95t
 physici/s :o accept ^? premises may be 
cit$      at ?is po9t3 #8,x is          
absolutely c]ta91' !y say1 #8t life1    
s f> z x is physical1 dep5ds ess5tially 
^u trans=mations      ( en]gy2 x is also
 absolutely c]ta9 t age aft] age !      
possibility ( su* trans=mations is      
becom+ less & less2 &1      s f> z we   
yet "k1 ! f9al /ate ( ! pres5t univ]se  

mu/      be an aggregation 7into "o     
mass7 ( all ! matt] x conta9s1      i4  
e4 ! pot5tial en]gy gone1 & a           
practically useless /ate      ( k9etic  
en]gy1 i4 e4 uni=m temp]ature ?r\gh\t t 
mass4444 ,! pres5t visible univ]se began
 9 "t & w 9      "t come to an end'0 7p4
 #aid74    ,m>k n[1 h[ev]1 t ?is op9ion 
( 8two em95t physici/s10  quot$ to      
disprove my position1 & tacitly assum$  
to h validity  9 s f> z x s]ves t end1  
is =?) dismiss$ z hav+1 =  o!r purposes1
 no validity4 ,8 next p>agraph runs3--  
8,to ?is conclusion we are surely l$ f  
su* premises4 ,b      aga9 ,i ask :at   
w>rant is !re = ! premises8 ,our        
exp]i5ce      c]ta9ly does n embrace !  
totality ( ?+s1 is1 9 fact1             
ridicul\sly f> f x4 ,we h no evid5ce (  
def9ite space      or "t limits2 q !    
contr>y4 ,e advance ( k      only op5s  
up new vi/as into a remot] pa/ &        
discloses fur!r      dep?s ( imm5sity   
teem+ ) worlds40    ,?us ! tru? urg$    
aga9/ me is t we c n "k any?+  ab\t ^!  

ultimate physical pr9ciples 9 _!        
application to !  ultra-visible univ]se4
 ,b1 unhappily = ,pr(essor ,w>d's       
criticism1  ,i ent]$ ?is same caveat    
long ago4 ,demurr+ to t doctr9e ( !     
dissipation ( en]gy to :i* he n[ demurs1
 ,i wrote3--        8,"h1 inde$1 we     
arrive at a b>ri] to our reason+s2 s9ce 
we      c n "k :e!r ?is condition is or 
is n fulfill$4 ,if !      e!r :i* fills 
! int]spaces ( our ,sid]eal sy/em has a 
limit some:]e beyond ! out]mo/ />s1 !n x
 is inf]able      t motion is n lo/ by  
radiation beyond ?is limit2 & if      s1
 ! orig9al degree ( diffusion may be    
resum$4 ,or suppos+      ! e!real m$ium 
to h no su* limit1 yet1 on ! hypo!sis   
( an unlimit$ space1 conta9+1 at c]ta9  
int]vals1 ,sid]eal      ,sy/ems l our   
own1 x may be t ! quantity ( molecul>   
motion radiat$ into ! region occupi$ by 
our ,sid]eal ,sy/em1      is equal to t 
:i* our ,sid]eal ,sy/em radiates2 9 :i* 
case      ! quantity ( motion possess$  
by x1 rema9+ undim9i%$1 x      may      

cont9ue dur+ unlimit$ "t its alt]nate   
conc5trations &      diffusions4 ,b if1 
on ! o!r h&1 ?r\gh\t b\ndless space     
fill$ ) e!r1 !re exi/ no o!r ,sid]eal   
,sy/ems subject      to l *anges1 or if 
su* o!r ,sid]eal ,sy/ems exi/ at m      
?an a c]ta9 av]age di/ance f "o ano!r2  
!n x seems an      unavoidable          
conclusion t ! quantity ( motion        
possess$1 mu/      dim9i% by radiation2 
& t s1 on ea* successive resumption     
( ! nebul\s =m1 ! matt] ( our ,sid]eal  
,sy/em w      occupy a less space2 until
 x rea*es ei!r a /ate 9 :i* its         
conc5trations & diffusions are          
relatively small1 or a /ate      (      
complete aggregation & re/4 ,s9ce1      
h[ev]1 we h no      evid5ce %[+ !       
exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( ,sid]eal       
,sy/ems      ?r\gh\t remote space2 &    
s9ce1 ev5 _h we su* evid5ce1 a          
legitimate conclusion c\ld n be drawn f 
premises ( :i*      "o elem5t 7unlimit$ 
space7 is inconceivable2 we mu/ be =ev] 
)\t answ] to ?is transc5d5t "q40 7,fir/ 

,pr9ciples1       #ahb1 pp4 #ece-f47    
,see1 !n1 h[ ! case /&s4 ,aft] urg+     
aga9/ me ! argum5t  ( 8two em95t        
physici/s0 z fatal to my conclusions1 he
 !reupon  expresses diss5t f ! premises 
( t argum5t2 & ! reasons  he gives =    
diss5t+ are l ^? giv5 by me be=e he 0   
out (  8 te5s6           99       99    
99       99       99    ,x is n always  
easy to dis5tangle misrepres5tations2   
especially  :5 !y are wov5 into a       
fabric4 ,= elucidation ( ?is matt]  !re 
ne$s ano!r section4 ,x may fitly beg9 ) 
an analogy4  ,an a/ronom] :o 8saw reason
 to ?9k0 t ! sw>m ( ,novemb]  meteors   
?is ye> w\ld be great] ?an usual1 w\ld  
be surpris$ if  ! occurr5ce ( a small]  
numb] 7 cit$ 9 dispro( ( 8  a/ronomical 
beliefs at l>ge4 ,x w\ld be held t s    
undecid$ a  phrase z 8saw reason to     
?9k10 n imply+ a def9ite d$uction1 did  
n implicate 8 g5]al conceptions nor     
appreciably discr$it !m4  ,pr(essor     
,w>d1 h[ev]1 ?9ks a t5tative op9ion is  
equival5t to a  positive ass]tion4 ,9 ! 

c\rse ( ! =ego+ argum5t 7p4 #aia7  he   
repres5ts me z say+ t 8!re is an        
alt]nation ( evolution  & dissolution 9 
! totality ( ?+s40 ,he does n quote !   
:ole  clause1 :i* runs ?us3--8,= if1 z  
we saw reason to ?9k1  !re is an        
alt]nation ( evolution & dissolution 9 !
 totality  ( ?+s1 c40 ,"h1 !n1 are two  
qualify+ expressions :i* he  suppresses2
 & n only does he "h suppress !m1 b     
else:]e he  ref]s to ?is passage z n    
speculative1 b q positive4 ,on p4  #aig 
he says3--        8,b ( a s+le supreme  
evolution embrac+ !m all we h no        
title to speak3 n ev5 to assume t x is1 
mu* less to say      :at x is2 lea/ (   
all to affirm confid5tly t x c be       
embrac$ 9 su* a mean+less =mula z !     
integration ( matt]      & ! dissipation
 ( motion40 ,! italics are m9e4    ,s t 
a hypo!tical inf]5ce 7impli$ by 8if071  
drawn f av[$ly  unc]ta9 data 7impli$ by 
8reason to ?9k071 he trans=ms into an   
unhesitat+ ass]tion4 ,he does ?is 9     
pres5ce ( my /atem5t t  respect+        

trans=mations ( ! ,univ]se z a :ole1 no 
8legitimate  conclusions0 c be drawn1 & 
t we mu/ be =ev] 8)\t answ]  to ?is     
transc5d5t "q40 ,nay1 he does x 9       
pres5ce ( a /ill  m specific repudiation
 ( c]ta9ty4 ,section #ahb beg9s3--      
8,"h we come to ! "q rais$ at ! close ( 
! la/      *apt]--does ,evolution z a   
:ole1 l ,evolution 9 detail1            
advance t[>d complete quiesc5ce8 ,is t  
motionless /ate call$      dea?1 :i*    
ends ,evolution 9 organic bodies1       
typical ( !      univ]sal dea? 9 :i*    
,evolution at l>ge mu/ end8444          
8,to s speculative an inquiry1 none b a 
speculative answ] is to      be expect$4
 ,su* answ] z may be v5tur$1 mu/ be tak5
 less z      a positive answ] ?an z a   
demurr] to ! conclusion t !             
proximate result mu/ be ! ultimate      
result0 7p4 #ebi74 ,in/ead (      be+ a 
positive answ]1 x is int5d$ to exclude a
 positive      answ]4    ,"o m in/ance  
may be giv5 to illu/rate ,pr(essor      
,w>d's mode (  discr$it+ views :i* he   

dislikes4 ,on p4 #aih ( 8 fir/ volume   
occurs ! s5t5ce--        8,at any rate  
su* a conception is less conjectural & m
      adequate ?an ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s        
ridicul\s comp>ison ( ! univ]se      to 
a sp9n+ top t beg9s by #8wabbl+1' passes
 into a /ate (      /eady motion or     
equilibrium mobile1 & f9ally comes to   
re/40    ,! read] :o seeks a w>rant =   
?is repres5tation w seek 9  va94 ,if1 9 
! *apt] ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples on           
8,equilibration10  he turns to section  
#aga1 :]e ! cele/ial applications ( !   
g5]al law are consid]$1 he w f9d ! ,sol>
 ,sy/em alone  in/anc$ z hav+ progress$ 
t[>d a mov+ equilibrium2 & !  mov+      
equilibrium ev5 ( ?is n comp>$ z alleg$4
 ,nei!r 9  t section nor 9 any subsequ5t
 section ( ! *apt]1 is any  l>g]        
cele/ial aggregate m5tion$ z progress+  
t[>d a mov+  equilibrium4 ,contr>iwise1 
9 ! succe$+ *apt] on 8,dissolution10  x 
is said t 8! irregul> di/ribution ( our 
,sid]eal ,sy/em0  is 8su* z to r5d] ev5 
a tempor>y mov+ equilibrium impossible0 

7p4 #eca74 ,on pp4 #ecc-d x is cont5d$ t
 ev5 local aggregations  ( />s1 /ill m !
 :ole ,sid]eal ,sy/em1 mu/ ev5tually    
rea*  a diffus$ /ate )\t pass+ ?r\gh any
 su* /age4 ,& _h n  conclusions respect+
 ! *anges ( ! ,univ]se be5 exclud$  z   
exce$+ ! b\nds ev5 ( speculation 7p4    
#ecf71 x is cle>  t /ill m ( ! ,univ]se 
w\ld no mov+ equilibrium h  be5 alleg$2 
b1 _h any?+ be5 alleg$1 x w\ld h be5 !  
rev]se4 ,h[1 !n1 has x be5 possible1 !  
read] w ask1 =  ,pr(essor ,w>d to write 
! s5t5ce above quot$8 ,if in/ead (      
va9ly seek+ ?r\gh ! sections devot$ to  
8,equilibration0 &  8,dissolution0 9    
relation to cele/ial ph5om5a1 he turns  
back to  "s introductory pages he w f9d 
a clew4 ,i h po9t$ out t  9 an aggregate
 hav+ comp\nd$ motions1 "o ( ! con/itu5t
  motions may be dissipat$ :ile ! re/   
cont9ue2 & t 9 "s  su* cases !re is     
e/abli%$ a mov+ equilibrium4 ,9         
illu/ration  ,i h tak5 8! mo/ famili>   
example0--8t ( ! sp9n+ top02  & to rem9d
 ! read] ( "o ( ! movem5ts ?us dissipat$

 :ile  ! re/ cont9ue1 ,i h us$ ! ^w     
8wabbl+02 !re be+ no  o!r descriptive   
^w4 ,:at !n has ,pr(essor ,w>d done8 ,t 
mode  ( e/abli%+ an equilibrium :i* !   
sp9n+ top exemplifies1  he repres5ts z  
ext5d$ by me to cele/ial ph5om5a1 ?\gh  
no  su* comp>ison is made nor any su* ^w
 us$4 ,nay1 he has done s  not)/&+ my   
ass]tion t a mov+ equilibrium ( our     
sid]eal  sy/em is negativ$1 & reg>dless 
( ! impli$ ass]tion t  /ill m w\ld be   
negativ$ a mov+ equilibrium ( !         
,univ]se1  c\ld we ) any rationality    
speculate ab\t x4 ,actually 9 defiance  
( all ?is1 he says ,i comp>e ! motion ( 
! ,univ]se to t (  a 8wabbl+0 top4 ,hav+
 con/ruct$ a grotesque fancy1 he labels 
x  8ridicul\s0 & !n debits me ) x4    ,i
 c n pursue fur!r ?is exam9ation (      
,pr(essor ,w>d's  criticisms3 o!r ?+s h 
to be done4 ,:e!r :at has be5 said  w   
lead read]s to disc\nt ! laudatory      
expressions ,i quot$ at !  outset1 x is 
n = me to say4 ,b ,i ?9k ,i h said en\gh
 to  w>n !m t be=e accept+ ,pr(essor    

,w>d's v]sions ( my views1  x w be      
prud5t to v]ify !m4           99        
99       99       99       99           
,,po/script4--,i said t ,i did n propose
 to discuss ,pr(essor ,w>d's  own       
philosophy1 & ,i cont5t$ myself ) quot+ 
8 summ>y (  x--8,nature is ,_s40 ,x     
occurs to me1 h[ev]1 t z %[+ !  po9t (  
view f :i* 8 criticisms are made1 x may 
n be amiss  to give read]s a r m        
specific conception ( 8 philosophy1 by  
reproduc+ a laudatory quotation he      
makes4 ,"h x is3--        8,if          
#8rational syn!sis' ( ?+s is :at we     
seek1 x is surely      m reasonable to  
say ) ,lotze3 #8,:at lies b5ea? all is n
 a      quantity :i* is b\nd et]nally to
 ! same limits & compell$      ?r\gh _m 
div]se arrangem5ts1 cont9u\sly v>i$1 to 
manife/ always ! v same total4 ,on !    
contr>y1 %\ld !      self-realization ( 
! ,idea 6 require x1 !re is no?+ to     
h9d] ! work+ elem5ts ( ! _w be+ at "o   
p]iod m      num]\s & yet m int5se2 at  
ano!r p]iod less int5se z      well z   

few]'0 7i41 #bah74 ,! italics are m9e4  
,x is wor? rem>k+ t on ! opposite page  
"s ( my views are  *>act]iz$ z 8a/\nd+  
feats ( philosophical juggl]y06         
,,de/ructive ,,effects ,,( ,,vagrant    
,,electricity4    ,,by ,,hub]t ,s4      
,,wynkoop1 ,m4 ,e4      ,rev]t+ to !    
diction>y = a def9ition1 electrolysis is
 8!  process ( decompos+ a *emical      
comp\nd by ! passage ( an  electric     
curr5t ?r\gh x40 ,electroplat+ is a     
popul> illu/ration  ( ?is def9ition1    
hav+ be5 numb]$ among ! indu/rial arts =
  ne>ly a c5tury4    ,if 9 a ba? (      
sulphate-(-copp] solution are plac$ a   
copp] plate  & a plumbago-cov]$ wax     
mold1 ! passage ( an electric curr5t    
?r\gh ! solution1 f ! plate to ! mold1 w
 result  9 ! deposition ( copp] ^u !    
mold1 or negative electrode1  & ! wa/+  
away ( ! plate ( copp]1 or positive     
electrode4  ,g5]aliz+ f ?is & o!r       
exp]im5ts1 x may be broadly  /at$ t !   
passage ( an electric curr5t ?r\gh a    
solution (  electrolyzable metallic     

salt1 f an oxidizable metal to "s  o!r  
conductor1 w be att5d$ by ! sep>ation ( 
! salt into  two p>ts3 fir/1 ! metal1   
appe>+ at ! negative electrode2  &1     
second1 an un/able comp\nd ( ! rema9+   
elem5ts4 ,?is  un/able comp\nd is       
suppos$ to unite ) ! hydrog5 ( ! wat]1  
lib]at+ oxyg51 & =m+ an acid4 ,bo? oxyg5
 & acid appe>  only at ! positive       
electrode1 :i* is ?us made subject to a 
d\ble  decay--a corrosion by oxyg5 & a  
solution by acid4    ,!re is no?+ new   
ab\t ?is4 ,x is n ev5 a novel /atem5t ( 
a fundam5tal electro-*emical tru?4 ,9   
times pa/1 h[ev]1 we 7  wont to consid] 
?is matt] z p]ta9+ solely to !          
laboratory  or to ! electroplat+        
indu/ry2 n[ we are =c$ to see t !       
reproduction ( ?is exp]im5t on a gr&    
scale is att5d$ )  results z            
disagreeable z !y are widespread4       
,hidd5 b5ea? our highways lie gas pipes1
 wat] pipes1 railway tracks1  ,edison   
tubes1 cem5t-l9$ iron subway ducts1 &   
lead-cov]$ cables4  ,^! are !           

electrodes4 ,9 contact ) ^! conductors  
is !  soil1 conta9+ an electrolyzable   
salt--*loride1 nitrate or sulphate  (   
ammonia1 pota%1 soda1 or magnesia1      
g5]ally4 ,9 ! pres5ce (  moi/ure ?is    
soil becomes an electrolyte1 or salt    
solution4 ,9 !  abs5ce ( electricity no 
appreciable damage occurs2 b ! passage (
  an electric curr5t1 no matt] h[ small1
 f "o pipe to ano!r is  sure1 soon] or  
lat]1 to leave its traces ^u ! positive 
conductor  9 ! =m ( a decay o!r ?an m]e 
oxidation4 ,x is to ?is decay  t has be5
 giv5 ! "n ( electrolysis2 s t :5 ?is   
head+ appe>s 9 ! daily press or 9       
te*nical j\rnals "o may  int]pret ! t]m 
popul>ly z 8! electrolytic corrosion (  
metals  buri$ 9 ! soil40                
,illu/ration3 ,,copp] ,,drip ,,pipe     
,,aft] ,,sev5te5 ,,days' ,,exposure ,,9 
,,salt  ,,wat] ,,to ,,! ,,action ,,(    
,,electricity4 ,half size4    ,to       
produce electrolytic dis9tegration (    
pipes1 etc41 on a scale  gr& en\gh to   
cause appreh5sion1 a b\ntiful s\rce (   

electricity  is ess5tial4 ,un=tunately1 
?is condition is n lack+ to-day 9  any  
t[n 9 :i* ! usual ov]head trolley       
electric railway is 9  op]ation4 ,?is   
sy/em ( electric propulsion is bas$ ^u !
 use (  a 8gr\nd return0--t is to say1 !
 electricity passes out f !  p[] h\se to
 ! b>e trolley wire1 !nce to ! pole on !
 ro( (  ! c>1 !nce ?r\gh ! motors to !  
:eels1 :5ce x is expect$  to return to !
 p[] h\se1 via ! rails4    ,z a matt] ( 
fact1 h[ev]1 ! releas$ electricity by no
 means  conf9es itself to ! rails & !   
copp] return fe$]s--legitimate  pa?s    
provid$ = x4 ,x avails itself1 on ! o!r 
h&1 ( :at may  be t]m$1 = brevity's     
sake1 ! illegitimate return--compris+   
all  und]gr\nd electrical conductors    
except ! rails & return fe$]s1  &       
includ+ subt]ranean wat]-c\rses1 sew]s1 
& metallic e>?  ve9s4    ,illu/ration3  
,,wr\ght-,,iron ,,s]vice ,,pipe ,,=     
,,wat] ,,aft] ,,"o ,,ye>',s  ,,burial   
,,b5ea? ,a ,,trolley ,,track4    ,!     
fibr\s appe>ance ( ! surface is         

*>act]i/ic ( wr\ght iron  & /eel4    ,9 
! light ( our exp]i5ce ( ! la/ eight    
ye>s1 x is easy  to id5tify z           
electrolysis ! effects %[n 9 !          
accompany+  cuts ( buri$ metals t h be5 
actually subject$ to a fl[ (            
electricity4 ,x is n to be inf]r$ t !   
de/ructive action "h  depict$ is        
univ]sal ?r\gh\t our t[ns1 b1 r1 t !    
damage occurs 9 spots1 its rate (       
progress be+ dep5d5t ^u !  am\nt (      
curr5t & ! duration ( ! fl[4 ,dry1 s&y  
soils t5d  to keep d[n ! fl[ ( curr5t by
 int]pos+ a high resi/ance1 s  t 9 su*  
localities electrolytic effects are n z 
pron\nc$  z 9 wet1 loamy soils4 ,9 !    
same way1 ! "* ( ! pipe  surface--or    
coat+1 if !re be any--acts z a p>tial   
b>ri] to  *eck ! passage ( electricity4 
,until rec5tly x 0 g5]ally suppos$ t ca/
 iron 0 n  attack$--at lea/ n rapidly   
en\gh to cause al>m4 ,9 ,brooklyn !     
wat] ma9s1 ( v h>d1 d5se1 ev5-gra9$ ca/ 
iron1 conta9+  alloy$ r ?an comb9$      
c>bon1 h n be5 appreciably  corrod$4 ,at

 ,dayton1 ,ohio1 on ! o!r h&1           
sev5ty-sev5 ?\s&  doll>s' wor? ( damage 
has already result$4 ,"o peculi>ity (   
electrolyz$ ca/ iron is t ! orig9al %ape
 is usually reta9$1  ! iron be+ eat5    
away & leav+ a punky =mation ( pure or  
ne>ly pure graphite4 ,9 su* a case a    
sup]ficial exam9ation detects  no?+     
wrong1 & x requires a me*anical scrap+  
to %[ t !  /r5g? is n !re4 ,= ?is reason
 good photographs ( ca/-iron            
electrolysis are some:at h>d to obta94  
,illu/ration3 ,,lead ,,s]vice ,,pipe    
,,aft] ,,eight ,,mon?s' ,,burial ,,9    
,,build]s' ,,s&4 ,! collaps$ appe>ance (
 ! pipe is due entirely  to ! removal ( 
! lead by electrolysis1 ! bore reta9+   
its  orig9al %ape4 ,! d>k spot on ! upp]
 surface ( ! pipe is !  po9t ( rupture4 
,"o ?ird size4    ,! reason = !         
comp>ative immunity ( ca/ iron is n z   
yet  def9itely und]/ood4 ,x c]ta9ly does
 n lie p>ticul>ly 9 !  asphaltic v>ni%  
usually appli$1 = ?is v>ni% af=ds little
 or  no protection :5 us$ ^u wr\ght iron

 or o!r metals4 ,nor c x  be acc\nt$ =  
by ! composition ( ca/ iron itself1     
inasmu* z a  fractur$ or brightly scrap$
 surface ( ca/ iron %[s approximately  !
 same symptoms z o!r metals :5 act$ ^u  
by a giv5 curr5t  = a giv5 "t4 ,:e!r !  
iron oxide is ! sav+ feature1 or  :e!r !
 8sk90 due to ! process ( ca/+ acts z an
 insulator1  is n yet settl$4    ,:5 !  
tr\ble fir/ appe>$ 9 ,bo/on1 9 #ahia1   
its cause 0  promptly id5tifi$4 ,!      
electric-railway con/ruction ( ^? days  
0 s crude1 h[ev]1 t _m well-in=m$       
electricians fell into  ! error ( assum+
 t heavi] rails1 m & l>g] return  fe$]s1
 & bett] bond+ 7i4 e41 wire connections 
f rail to rail1  ar\nd ! jo9ts1 design$ 
to decrease ! resi/ance7 w\ld prove a   
panacea = all electrolytic ills4 ,inde$1
 ?is view is /ill held by a  surpris+ly 
l>ge numb] ( m5 v]s$ 9 matt]s           
electrical4    ,i am ( ! op9ion t x is  
impossible1 f a f9ancial /&po9t1  to    
provide s satisfactory a legitimate     
return t consid]able  electricity w n   

seek a pa? ?r\gh pipes1 cable cov]s1    
etc42  =1 9 ord] to conf9e ! electric   
curr5t to ! rails1 !  resi/ance ( ! e>? 
& its conta9$ pipes w\ld h to be        
inf9itely great1 & ?is condition c be   
realiz$ only by mak+ !  resi/ance ( !   
rail inf9itely small z comp>$ ) t ( !   
e>?4 ,! co/ ( arriv+ at ?is condition is
 prohibitive1 & !  improv$ track return 
is1 & always mu/ be1 a palliative m]ely1
 n  a cure4    ,illu/ration3 ,,lead     
,,s]vice ,,pipe ,,%[+ ,,! ,,effects ,,( 
,,eight ,,mon?s'  ,,electrolytic        
,,action1 ,,& ,,cle>ly ,,illu/rat+ ,,!  
,,fact ,,t ,,damage  ,,occurs ,,only    
,,:]e ,,! ,,electricity ,,leaves ,,!    
,,conductor4 ,! int]ior  surface is     
unattack$4    ,assum+1 !n1 t "u ! mo/   
favorable "* (  electric-railway        
con/ruction "s ( ! curr5t may be expect$
 to  /ray f ! /raight & n>r[ pa?1 x     
behooves u to consid] h[  x may be/ be  
c>$ = 9 ord] t x may n cause            
electrolysis4  ,s9ce corrosion ( ?is    
nature occurs only at ^? po9ts :]e      

electricity leaves ! metal1 "o might    
suppose t ! atta*m5t  ( a conduct+ wire 
to ! affect$ "p w\ld result 9 ! h>mless 
c>ry+ away ( ! curr5t4 ,9 isolat$ cases1
 9 small t[ns1  su* a plan might        
accompli% ! desir$ result4 ,x is op5 to 
!  objection1 h[ev]1 t x 9 a measure    
legalizes ! conveyance (  electricity on
 conductors o!r ?an ^? design$ = !      
purpose4  ,9 l>g] t[ns1 ) m ?an "o p[]  
h\se & ) c> l9es  radiat+ f &           
circumscrib+ ! bus9ess c5t]1 ! atta*m5t 
( conduct+ wires entails a ceaseless    
di/urbance ( ! electrical  equilibrium1 
cur+ ! evil 9 spots & develop+ new dang]
  po9ts4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! connections t5d 
to decrease ! resi/ance  ( ! total      
illegitimate return1 !reby tempt+ a     
great] fl[  ( electricity along o!r pa?s
 ?an ! rails & track fe$]s4  ,x has be5 
g5]ally believ$ t ?is increas$ curr5t   
w\ld  develop electrolysis at ! ends ( !
 pipes1 due to ! jump+ (  ! electricity 
ar\nd ! presumably high resi/ance ( !   
jo9ts2  &1 inde$1 _m samples ( su*      

corrosion are 9 exi/5ce4 ,i h  f\nd1    
h[ev]1 t x is possible to calk a        
bell-&-spigot jo9t  9 ca/-iron pipe 9   
su* a mann] t ! resi/ance is practically
  nil2 & z = wr\ght iron or /eel1 ! jo9t
 resi/ance may be  made z l[ z we please
 by fitt+ ! surfaces s c>efully t       
:ite-lead+ is unnecess>y4    ,argu+ f ! 
fact t ! negative electrode is n        
attack$1 x  has be5 sugge/$ to employ an
 auxili>y dynamo & a special sy/em  (   
wir+1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! pipes1 etc41 at
 all times &  at all po9ts1 negative to 
! rails4 ,c\ld ?is ideal condition be   
realiz$1 ! rails alone w\ld suff]4 ,we c
 n hope1 h[ev]1 to  ?us easily solve !  
problem 9 t[ns :]e ! di/ribution ( buri$
  conductors is at all complex4         
,illu/ration3 ,,lead ,,s]vice ,,pipe    
,,%[+ ,,! ,,irregul>ity ,,(             
,,electrolytic ,,action1 ,,or ,,:at ,,is
 ,,te*nically ,,kn[n ,,z 8,,pitt+40     
,x has be5 sugge/$1 also1 to disc\rage !
 fl[ ( electricity  along pipes & cable 
cov]s by ins]t+ insulat+ sections ( wood

  or t]ra cotta4 ,?is plan has nev] be5 
tri$ on a scale l>ge en\gh  to af=d a   
suitable demon/ration ( its utility4    
,:ile x might  reasonably be tri$ on new
 con/ruction1 its application to old "w 
is almo/ prohibit$ by ! att5dant exp5se4
    ,illu/ration3 ,,lead ,,s]vice ,,pipe
 ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,local ,,effects ,,(  
,,eight ,,mon?s' ,,electrolysis4    ,!  
o!r side ( ?is pipe is smoo? & clean4   
,attack+ ! problem f a directly opposite
 /&po9t1 !re seems  to be a *ance (     
successfully invok+ ! aid ( "s purely   
*emical  me?od ( r5d]+ lead & iron      
innocu\s1 electrolytically speak+4  ,if 
we c obta9 an insulat+ oxide1 lacqu]1 or
 v>ni% t w  reta9 its high-resi/ance    
prop]ties dur+ ! ord9>y lifetime (  !   
buri$ metal1 x w be possible to         
effectually protect pipes &  cable      
cov]+s by coat+ !m prior to burial4 ,or1
 if we c /umble  ^u an electrolysis-pro(
 alloy1 =m$ by ! addition ( a few p]    
c5t ( "s =eign metal to ! pipe mat]ial  
dur+ manufacture1 !  buri$ conductor w  

ne$ no protection :atev]4    ,b1 suppos+
 t we discov] ?is lacqu] or ?is alloy & 
by su*  means gu>d aga9/ damage to all  
new con/ruction1 h[ are we to c>e  = !  
metals already buri$8 ,we c n dig !m all
 up & pa9t  !m1 nei!r c we attempt to   
replace !m by ! new alloy4 ,i d  n see t
 ! /ate ( ! art to-day pres5ts any      
solution ( !  difficulty1 o!r ?an !     
bani%m5t ( ! s+le trolley sy/em4  ,none 
( ! electrical rem$ies 7s call$7 (f]s m 
?an p>tial  & tempor>y relief1 & !      
*emical field is j beg9n+ to be         
explor$4    ,p]mit me to /ate mo/       
emphatically t ?is is n int5d$ z an     
argum5t 9 favor ( ! aboli%m5t ( s+le    
trolley sy/ems4 ,our  civilization owes 
m to !m ?an c\ld be rehe>s$ 9 catalogue 
=m )9 ! limits ( "o issue ( ?is magaz9e4
 ,we h  no?+ at pres5t t c be employ$ z 
a satisfactory sub/itute  = ! ord9>y    
electric railway4 ,! und]gr\nd trolley  
is a  safe sub/itute1 b ! great exp5se (
 in/allation r5d]s x  available = v few 
localities4 ,! ov]head trolley1 ) two   

wires & no gr\nd return1 is cumb]some1  
vexati\s1 & unsightly4  ,! /orage batt]y
 is m or less exp]im5tal 9 its nature4  
,!  electro-magnetic contact sy/ems1 )  
plates set 9 ! pavem5t at  /at$         
int]vals1 make no pret5se ( avoid+      
electrolytic tr\bles4  ,! compress$-air 
motor has yet to receive popul>         
approval4    ,illu/ration3 ,,lead       
,,s]vice ,,pipe ,,%[+ ,,! ,,dep? ,,to   
,,:i* ,,! ,,pipe  ,,has ,,be5 ,,affect$4
    ,9 ?is in/ance ! out] cov]+ consi/s 
( a salt ( lead1 hav+  no /r5g? :atev]4 
,!re seems to be a mi/ak5 impression    
abroad t ! railway  companies are       
indiff]5t to ?is subject4 ,s f> z my    
exp]i5ce &  in=mation g1 ?is is n !     
case4 ,!y are only too anxi\s to  f9d a 
rem$y--n1 z "s electricians h /at$1 to  
save _!  coal-pile1 = en]gy is wa/$ 9   
=c+ ! electricity back to !  p[] h\se1  
no matt] :at ! pa?1 b because !y fe> t  
at  "s future date ! taxpay]1 !         
corporation1 & ! municipality  w b&     
toge!r1 pres5t ov]:elm+ bills = damages1

 &  sweep ! trolleys (f ! face ( ! e>?4 
,! in/9ct (  self-pres]vation1 if no?+  
else1 dem&s t ! electric-railway        
companies %\ld put =? e endeavor to     
solve ! electrolysis  problem4    ,&    
yet1 cons]vative judgm5t requires t !   
railway companies  %\ld n take !        
initiative4 ,x is "o ( boyhood's maxims 
n to  %oot arr[s at a hornet's ne/      
unless "o has mud h&y to apply to  !    
subsequ5tly afflict$ "p4 ,?us x happ5s t
 ! railway  company rema9s app>5tly     
inactive1 be>+ ! burd5 ( public         
condemnation1 :ile we1 ^: le?>gy is     
responsible = fail+  pipes1 read        
electrolysis articles 9 ! daily press & 
wond] h[  soon ! imp5d+ cata/rophe is   
likely to occur4    ,?is condition (    
affairs is deplorable2 =1 :ile we may n 
c>e  h[ ext5sively or h[ frequ5tly !    
city au?orities or ! private            
corporations are oblig$ to r5ew _!      
und]gr\nd metals1 we are  at lea/       
vitally conc]n$ z to :e!r ! /ray        
electricity is  endang]+ our /eel (fice 

build+s1 our bridges1 our wat] supply1  
our immunity f conflagrations1 & !      
safety ( ! hundr$ & "o  appliances t g  
to make up our mod]n civilization4      
,are ! ,brooklyn ,bridge an*or plates   
go+ to pieces1 or are !y  n8 ,are !     
elevat$ railroad /ructures ab\t to fall 
ap>t1 or are  !y n8 ,! consult+         
electrical eng9e] says 8,yes10 ! railway
  man says 8,no40 ,! municipal          
au?orities say no?+4 8,:5 doctors       
disagree----0    ,i deem x d\bly        
un=tunate t s mu* valuable bra9 en]gy   
has  be5 ineffici5tly exp5d$ 9 !        
discussion ( electrolysis4 ,ea*  writ]  
has view$ x f 8 own /&po9t4 ,electrical 
lit]ature has  acquir$ 9 ?is way a s]ies
 ( views1 int]e/+ & in/ructive1  b also 
bewild]+4 ,!re is no composite view1 su*
 z might be  obta9$ f ! report ( a      
commission compos$ ( a te*nical         
repres5tative ( ea* ( ! int]e/s affect$4
 ,s f> z ,i am able  to le>n1 su* a     
commission has nev] exi/$4           99 
99       99       99       99        ,a 

curi\s co9cid5ce ( sup]/itions1         
illu/rat+ anew h[ all      m5 are k91 is
 exemplifi$ 9 ! native belief1 m5tion$ 9
 ,mrs4      ,r4 ,langloh ,p]k9s's book (
 ,m ,au/ralian ,leg5d>y ,tales1 t       
any *ild :o t\*es "o ( ! brilliant fungi
 gr[+ on dead      trees--:i* are call$ 
8devil's bread0--w be spirit$ away      
by gho/s4 ,an ,engli% review] ( ! book  
rememb]s hav+ be5      dragg$ away f a  
fungus ( ?is k9d = ! same reason4 ,9 !  
nor? ( ,engl& *ildr5 us$ to be told t1  
if !y t\*$ !      dang]\s gr[?s1 a      
fungus ( ! same k9d w\ld gr[ f !        
tip ( e f+]4          ,,w9t] ,,birds ,,9
 ,a ,,city ,,p>k4    ,,by ,,james ,b4   
,,c>r+ton4      ,mo/ ( u are s us$ to   
?9k+ ( birds1 if we notice !m at all1  z
 belong+ to spr+ & summ] t we easily    
fail to see or he>  ! comp>atively few  
fea!r$ w9t] visitors4 ,among ^!1 h[ev]1 
are "s ( ! mo/ attractive & amus+ (     
birds1 & to he>  _! *e]y notes & to wat*
 _! busy hunt = food on a cold  w9t] day
 adds a v consid]able pleasure to a walk

 9 a city p>k  or ! ne>-by woods4 ,9    
,new ,york city bird lov]s h le>n$ t    
,c5tral ,p>k is "o ( ! v be/ places 9   
:i* to wat* birds  bo? summ] & w9t]4    
,!re is room en\gh !re & ! conditions   
are v>i$ en\gh to (f] cong5ial dwell+   
places = ne>ly all (  ! bett]-kn[n      
birds4 ,9 ! spr+ & fall ! beautiful &   
t9y  migrat+ wood w>bl]s f9d ! p>k a    
good fe$+ gr\nd1 & a safe  place :]e9 to
 l+] = a brief "t on _! j\rneys nor? &  
s\?4    ,illu/ration3 ,,mr4 ,,*ickadee  
,,tak+ ,,obs]vations4    ,) ! approa* ( 
w9t] ! innum]able fat & saucy rob9s  t h
 hunt$ angleworms & /rutt$ ab\t ! lawns 
( ! p>k  s9ce e>ly spr+ disappe>1 except
 = an occasional h>dy fell[  :o p]haps  
pref]s ! dang]s ( a nor!rn w9t] to ^? ( 
!  long j\rney s\?w>d4 ,! wood- & !     
h]mit-?ru%2 ! ve]y1 or  ,wilson's ?ru%2 
! yell[ w>bl]1 s abundant & s musical2 !
  p]ky little r$/>t1 ^: song ( 8,sweet1 
sweet1 sweet]0 closely  resembles !     
yell[ w>bl]'s2 ! somb]-color$           
blackbirds2 !  ,baltimore & ! or*>d     

oriole2 ! sc>let tanag]2 ! catbird2     
,phbe2 ,j5ny ,wr52 ! t9y *ipp+ sp>r[2 ! 
vireos2 & _m  o!r famili> w>m-wea!r     
fri5ds h also j\rney$ s\?w>d4    ,! b>e 
trees & ! gr\nd br[n ) fall5 leaves h to
 "s  a bleak & dre>y look1 b ?is is     
because a wrong impression has  gone    
abroad conc]n+ !m4 ,nature 9 w9t] is n  
dead1 n ev5  sleep+2 %e is all ! "t /or+
 up en]gy to enable h] to greet  !      
return+ sun 9 h] v be/ dress4 ,if y w   
look c>efully  at ! b>e limbs & bran*es 
( ! trees & bu%es1 y w see  ! little    
buds t are sl[ly b surely swell+ up ) ! 
pride  ( "y1 active1 vigor\s life1 only 
wait+1 ) ! great pati5ce  ( ,nature1 = !
 prop] & suitable "t to break away f _! 
w9t] retirem5t & take up _! "p 9 ! new  
ye>4    ,illu/ration3 ,,gett+           
,,acqua9t$4    ,"s ( ! pleasante/ days  
,i h ev] kn[n 9 ! op5 h  be5 sp5t 9 !   
w9t] woods1 :5 ! sn[ 0 on ! gr\nd &     
ev]y?+ seem$ /ill & unfamili>4 ,e little
 s\nd is  acc5t$ on a cold day1 & !     
creak+ ( a sway+ limb or ! note  ( a    

bird comes to y ) almo/ />tl+           
di/9ctness4 ,someh[ y  feel on su* days 
t y are m a "p ( ! ?+s ab\t y ?an  9 !  
full flu% ( summ]4 ,x is l meet+ p      
/ripp$ ( all  ! artificial di/9ctions ( 
clo!s & position4    ,!re is some?+ f9e 
9 ! way ! trees /& up 9 w9t]2 no "o  c  
fail to und]/& :at is meant by ! 8/urdy 
oak40 ,!y seem to  feel pretty mu* z y  
d1 & %[ a _s ( vigor\s resi/ance  & p[] 
to enjoy & cope ) ! wor/ t ,jack ,fro/ c
 br+1  & ! bright sun s5ds ! sap t+l+   
?r\gh _! limbs j z  x does ! blood ?r\gh
 y\rs4 ,"o day especially t ,i rememb] 9
  ,c5tral ,p>k br\ght me a some:at novel
 exp]i5ce1 & gave me !  privilege (     
transf]r+ "s old bird acqua9tance to !  
li/ (  my bird fri5ds4 ,x 0 aft] a fall 
( sn[1 & ! air 0 crisp  & %>p1 inde$ x 0
 nipp+1 & /&+ /ill 0 a *illy            
occupation4 ,f long famili>ity ,i knew j
 ab\t :]e to g to  f9d c]ta9 birds1 & ,i
 0 n disappo9t$ 9 my hunt4 ,my ov]coat  
pocket1 x is ne$less to say1 0 fully    
/ock$ ) peanuts & a box  ( bird se$1 &  

dem&s 7 v soon made ^u ! peanut supply  
by  ! fat & fri5dly gray squirrels t    
come bravely up to y\r h&  to be f$4 ,!y
 h a mo/ attractive & appeal+ way (     
approa*+  y4 ,! m timid ones /op (t5 to 
sit up inquir+ly1 & put "o  h& on _!    
he>t1 z if to /op its excit$ beat+4     
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sil5t ,,w9t]        
,,woods4    ,! fir/ birds ,i saw 7 !    
rugg$ & noisy ,engli% sp>r[s1  writt5   
d[n 9 mo/ bird books z 8pe/s10 b ,i     
confess ,i c\ld n  resi/ giv+ !m a crumb
 or two1 = !y appeal to my sympa?ies    
mu* z ! plucky little gam9 newsboys ( ! 
/reets d1 &  !n1 too1 ,i h le>n$ t _!   
l\d *att] & ru% = food  attract m       
desirable acqua9tances4 ,i soon he>d !  
%>p1 %rill  peep ( ! :ite-?roat$ sp>r[s1
 & li/5$ to _! scrat*+  8) bo? feet0 "u 
! bu%es4 ,n[ & !n "o w\ld try 8  ?roat )
 8 full song1 two sweet :i/les foll[$ by
 v pla9  calls = 8,peabody1 peabody1    
peabody40 ,!y are call$ ! peabody  bird 
by _m4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ ?is beautiful  
sp>r[4 ,among a  bun* ( 8 noisy ,engli% 

neighbors ! ri* br[n ( 8 fea!rs  is     
easily se51 & ! ?ree :ite /ripes on 8   
head & ! :ite  pat* on ! ?roat attract  
y\r eye at once4 ,9 a gr\p ( ?irty or   
=ty :ite?roats t 7 fe$+ on my bird se$  
,i notic$ also  two plump song sp>r[s4  
,!y are br[n1 too1 b small] ?an !       
:ite?roats1 & _! brea/s are /reak$ )    
d>k-br[n /ripes1  ) a spot "r 9 ! c5t]4 
,?is is ! sp>r[ t makes music  = u f v  
e>ly spr+ until late 9 ! autumn4 ,i h   
he>d  !m 9 ,febru>y1 ) ! sn[ yet on !   
gr\nd1 p]*$ on ! tip  ( "s bu% & s++    
away ) a joyfulness t made ev]y?+  take 
on a m *e]ful look4 ,:ile ,i 0 wat*+ !  
:ite?roats  ,i he>d ! jolly little song 
t ,i especially hop$ =1 & v  soon _h a  
ne> view ( wee ,mr4 ,*ickadee himself1 )
 8 jet-black  head1 ?roat1 & *91 & gray 
*eeks4 ,he1 9 company ) sev]al  ( 8     
fri5ds1 came d[n to fe$ at once1 & hopp$
 ab\t my feet  & a ne>-by b5* to pick up
 ! bits ( peanut ,i _h dropp$ =  8      
b5efit4 ,! *ickadees are always 8*ummy0 
little birds1 &  seem to h f\nd _! human

 acqua9tances 9 g5]al pretty good  sort 
( p4 ,aft] a "t ,i put "s peanut crumbs 
9 my h& &  held x out invit+ly4 ,!      
*ickadees w\ld alight on ! tree ov]  my 
head1 s+ _! song1 look d[n inquir+ly1 & 
!n fly (f1  app>5tly int]e/$ 9 se>*+ =  
"s important bus9ess !y _h  ov]look$ on 
! b>k ( ano!r tree4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1  
"o became  m famili> & f9ally light$ on 
my h& ) entire confid5ce1  select$ !    
l>ge/ piece ( peanut to be _h1 & flew   
away to eat  x4 ,he held ! bit betwe5   
bo? feet on a b5*1 & lean$ =w>d  & peck$
 away until x disappe>$4 ,occasionally  
he w\ld hold a  small piece 9 "o foot   
only4 ,"o little fell[ /opp$ to s+ me  8
 ,*ick-a-dee-dee-dee1 z he p]*$ on my   
little f+]1 be=e  select+ 8 morsel4 ,!y 
foll[$ me ab\t ! pa?s1 & :]ev]  ,i /opp$
 !re 7 sure to be sev]al *ickadees peep+
 ab\t !  tree trunks ask+ me to please  
give !m m peanuts4 ,:ile ?is 0  go+ on  
,i he>d a ho>se 8,quank1 quank1 quank60 
t s\nd$ v  ne>1 & on look+ up saw a     
:ite-brea/$ nu?at*1 a blue-gray bird  ) 

a v di/9ct black b& on ! top ( 8 head t 
ext5ds  back across 8 %\ld]s4 ,8 %ort   
tail & legs make him look v  funny :5 on
 ! gr\nd4 ,on a tree1 h[ev]1 he is a    
regul> circus1  walk+ head up or head   
d[n on ! limbs & trunk1 & n[ & !n  do+ !
 giant sw+1 completely circl+ "s twig1 j
 to %[ :at  he c d :5 he tries4 ,he 0   
attract$ by ! noise & conduct (  !      
*ickadees1 8 w9t] companions1 & 0 call+ 
= some?+  = himself4 ,8 long1 slim bill 
is n made = crack+ ?+s z  ! sp>r[s c )  
_! %ort1 /rong bills1 b he pun*es holes 
9 !m v mu* z ! woodpeck]s d4 ,:5 he came
 d[n to ! pa?  & pick$ up a peanut he   
flew (f to a ne>-by tree & hunt$ up &   
d[n until he f\nd a place 9 ! b>k :]e he
 c\ld w$ge ! nut 9  & !n proce$$ to hat*
 or crack x into bits to suit 8 ta/e4   
,a br[n creep] 0 walk+ up 8 tree a %ort 
di/ance away v  mu* z ! nu?at* does1    
pok+ 8 long1 curv$ bill into ! b>k1     
?\gh ,i did n see him = "s "t1 z 8 br[n 
& gray fea!rs  7 s l ! color ( ! tree on
 :i* he walk$4 ,he circles r\nd  ! trunk

 or limb1 & y h to keep a %>p look\t to 
get m  ?an an occasional rapid glance at
 him4 ,a l\d rapp+ & a noise  t s\nd$ a 
good deal l a giggle attract$ my        
att5tion to a  d[ny black-&-:ite        
woodpeck]1 ) a bright-r$ spot on ! back 
( 8 head4 ,he 0 hamm]+ away ) all 8     
might1 & ! limb on  :i* he hung1 back   
d[n1 fairly rattl$ z he drove 8 *isel-l 
bill into ! wood4 ,ano!r woodpeck]1 !   
big & beautifully m>k$  flick]1 ) 8 br[n
 back b>r$ ) black1 8 spott$ brea/  )   
its big black cresc5t & ! r$ b& on !    
back ( 8 head1  /opp$ = a m9ute or two  
on a tree a hundr$ feet away4 ,8 cry  ( 
al>m rang out %rilly z he flew away4    
,all ( ^! birds are  h&somely m>k$1 ?\gh
 none ( !m comp>e1 9 ! m]e matt] (      
color1 ) "s ( ! _m beautiful summ]      
species4 ,!re 0 "o  bird !re t day1     
?\gh1 ^: brilliant plumage & altoge!r   
tropical aspect comes z a great surprise
 to ! unaccu/om$ visitor  to ! p>k 9    
w9t]4 ,z he light$ on ! sn[-cov]$ gr\nd 
among  a gr\p ( fe$+ :ite?roats !       

c>d9al1 ) 8 spl5did cre/1  /ood out l a 
jet ( flame1 & ! black spot at ! base ( 
8  bill only made ! re/ ( him seem !    
bright]4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,c>d9al  sp5d _!  
w9t]s regul>ly 9 ,c5tral ,p>k1 & ,i he> 
or see !m  e "t ,i g !re4 ,8 only note  
n[ is a %>p squeak ( al>m1  b a little  
lat] he w p]* high up 9 "s tree ne> !   
lake  & awake ! e*oes ) 8 l\d :i/l+4    
,high ov] my head1 m]e  specks ( %9+    
:ite aga9/ ! blue-gray ( ! sky1 ,i c\ld 
see  sev]al gulls float+ along on _! way
 to ! res]voir1 :]e  hundr$s ( !m (t5   
ga!r 9 ! op5 wat] t is usually f\nd  9 !
 c5t]4 ,z ,i walk$ t[>d ! entrance ( !  
p>k1 on my way  to ! c>1 ,i he>d1 on "s 
c$>s ne> ! bord] ( ! lake1 !  gurgl+    
music ( a p>ty ( goldf9*es4 ,!y _h on _!
 w9t]  coats ( yell[i% br[n1 b _! song &
 dipp+ flight made !m  easily           
recognizable4    ,once y become acqua9t$
 ) a few birds1 e flutt] ( a w+ or  *eep
 or peep becomes an object ( int]e/ & a 
motive = _m days  9 ! op54 ,x is v easy 
also to s5tim5talize ab\t ,nature & to  

assume a patroniz+ air t[>d h]1 b ! m y 
"k ( h] &  h] ways ! soon] y get ov]    
?is4 ,y c n help be+ impress$  ) ! fact 
t ! life & ways ( ! animals & birds are1
  aft] all1 9 _m ways v l y\r own4      
,birds1 y w f9d1 are  v human inde$1 &  
%[ a wide div]sity 9 disposition &      
habit4  ,!re is "o ?+ sure to foll[ an  
int]e/ ( ?is k9d1 & t is  a great]      
respect & c>e = wild life4 ,! cruelty ( 
egg-collect+  & ! wanton de/ruction (   
birds = mill9]y purposes are becom+     
less tol]able e ye> 9 civiliz$          
communities4          ,,old ,,rattl] ,,&
 ,,! ,,k+ ,,snake4    ,,by ,,david ,,/>r
 ,,jordan1    ,,presid5t ,,( ,,lel&     
,,/an=d ,,junior ,,univ]sity4      8,i  
only "k !e humble1 bold1    ,haughty1 ) 
mis]ies untold1    ,& ! old curse t left
 !e cold1    ,& drove !e ev] to ! sun   
,on bli/]+ rocks4444                    
,?\ ^: fame    ,se>*e/ ! grass ) tongue 
( flame1    ,mak+ all creatures seem ?y 
game1    ,:5 ! :ole woods be=e !e run1  
,ask$ b--:5 all is said & done--    ,to 

lie1 untrodd51 9 ! sun60--,,bret ,,h>te4
      ,old ,rattl] 0 a snake1 ( c\rse1 &
 he liv$ 9 ! ,k+'s ,riv]  ,caon1 high up
 & d[n deep 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia4    
,he _h a hole beh9d & bel[ a l>ge1 flat 
granite rock1 n f> f  ! riv]1 & he call$
 x 8 home2 = 9 x he slept all night &   
all w9t]1 b :5 ! sun came back 9 ! spr+ 
& took !  fro/ out ( ! air & ! rocks1 !n
 he crawl$ out to lie until he  got w>m4
 ,! /ream 0 cle> & swift 9 ! caon1 !    
wat]falls  sang 9 ! side gul* ( ,ro>+   
,riv]1 ! w9d ru/l$ 9 ! long  ne$les ( ! 
yell[ p9es1 & ! birds call$ to _! mates 
9 !  bran*es4 ,b ,old ,rattl] did n c>e 
= su* ?+s4 ,he 0 j  a snake1 y "k1 & 8  
neighbors did n ?9k him a good snake  at
 t1 = he 0 surly & sil5t1 & 8 big1      
?ree-corn]$1  8c(f9-%ap$0 head1 set on a
 slim1 flat neck1 0 v ugly to see4  ,b  
:5 he op5$ 8 m\? he 0 ugli] /ill1 = 9 8 
upp] jaw  he _h two long fangs1 & ea* "o
 0 fill$ ) deadly poison4  ,8 vici\s old
 head 0 cov]$ ) gray & wr9kl$ scales1 & 
8 black1 beadlike eyes snapp$ :5 he op5$

 8 m\? to f9d out  :e!r 8 fangs 7 bo? 9 
work+ ord]4    ,old ,rattl] 0 pretty    
/iff :5 he fir/ came f 8 hole on !      
morn+ ( ?is /ory4 ,he _h la9 all night  
coil$ up l a rope  among ! rocks1 & 8   
tail felt v cold4 ,b ! glad sun w>m$  ! 
cockles ( 8 he>t1 & 9 an h\r or two he  
became limb]1 &  ?is made him happy 9 8 
snaky fa%ion4 ,b1 be+ w>m1 he began to  
be hungry1 = x _h be5 a :ole mon? s9ce  
he _h eat5 any?+4  ,:5 ! fir/ new moon (
 ,augu/ came1 8 sk9 loos5$ ev]y:]e  &   
slipp$ d[n ov] 8 eyes l a veil1 s t he  
c\ld see  no?+ ab\t him1 & c\ld n hunt =
 frogs by ! riv] nor =  *ipmunks among !
 trees4 ,b ) ! new moon ( ,septemb] all 
?is  0 ov]4 ,! ru/y br[n old coat 0     
*ang$ = a new suit ( gray  & black1 & ! 
diamond-%ap$ *eck]s all ov] x 7 clean & 
%9y z a set ( new clo!s ought to be4    
,!re 0 a little /rip$ *ipmunk runn+ up &
 d[n ! sug>-p9e  tree ov] 8 head1 purs+ 
8 little m\? & ?r[+ himself  into pretty
 attitudes1 z ?\gh he 7 ! c5t] ( an     
admir+  audi5ce1 & ,old ,rattl] kept a  

/eady eye on him4 ,b he 0 9 no  hurry   
ab\t x all4 ,he mu/ fir/ get ! k9ks out 
( 8 neck1 &  ! cold cramps f 8 tail4    
,!re 0 an old curse on 8 family1  s !   
o!r bea/s _h he>d1 t kept him always    
cold1 & 8 tail  0 ! colde/ "p ( all4 ,s 
he %ook x a little1 j to %[  t x 0 gr[+ 
limb]1 & ! bone clapp]s on ! end ru/l$  
) a %>p1 angry noise4 ,fifte5 rattles he
 _h 9 all--fifte5 &  a button--& to h s 
_m %[$ t he 0 no common memb] (  8 hat$ 
family4 ,!n he %ook 8 tail aga91 & m    
%>ply4 ,?is  0 to %[ all ! _w t he1 ,old
 ,rattl]1 0 wide awake1 &  :oev] /epp$  
on him w\ld bett] look out4 ,!n all !   
big bea/s  & little bea/s :o he>d !     
noise fl$ away j z fa/ z ev]  !y c\ld2 &
 to run away 0 ! be/ ?+ !y c\ld d1 = :5 
,old ,rattl] /ruck "o ( !m ) 8 fangs all
 0 ov] ) him4  ,s !re 7 _m 9 ! caon1    
bea/s & birds & snakes too1 :o  hat$    
,old ,rattl]1 b only a few d>$ face him4
 ,& "o ( ^! 0  ,glitt]%ield1,b :om m5   
call ! ,k+ ( ,snakes1 & 9 a m9ute ,i    
%all tell y :y4        ,b ,lampropeltis 

zonatus4    ,& :5 ,old ,rattl] 0 do+ all
 t ,i h said1 ! ,k+ ,snake  lay l[ on a 
b$ ( p9e ne$les1 beh9d a bun* ( f]n1 &  
wat*$  ) ke51 %>p eye4 ,! angry buzz (  
,rattl]'s tail1 :i* sc>$  ! *ipmunks & !
 bullfrogs & all ! re/ ( ! bea/ folk1 0 
music = ,glitt]%ield4 ,he 0 a snake too1
 & snakes und]/& "s  ?+s bett] ?an any (
 ! re/ ( u4    ,glitt]%ield 0 slim &    
wiry 9 8 body1 z long z ,old ,rattl]    
himself1 b n s l>ge ar\nd4 ,8 coat 0    
smoo? & glossy1 n  r\gh & wr9kly l ,old 
,rattl]'s1 & 8 uprais$ head 0 small  &  
pretty--= a snake4 ,he 0 ! be/ dress$ ( 
all 8 k9d1 &  he look$ 8 f9e/ z he fac$ 
,old ,rattl]4 ,8 head 0 %9y black1  8   
?roat & neck z :ite z milk1 :ile all d[n
 8 body to !  end ( 8 tail he 0 pa9t$ ) 
r+s1 fir/ :ite1 !n black1  !n crimson1 &
 e r+ 0 bright z if x _h j be5 fre%ly   
poli%$ t v day4    ,s ! ,k+ ,snake pass$
 ! %elt]+ f]n & came "r up to ,old      
,rattl]4 ,rattl] op5$ 8 sleepy eyes1    
?rew himself on gu>d ) a  snap & a buzz1
 & %ook 8 bony clapp]s savagely4 ,b !   

,k+ (  ,snakes 0 n afraid4 ,e snake has 
a weak spot some:]e1 & t  is ! place to 
/rike him4 ,if he hadn't a weak spot no 
"o else c\ld  live ab\t him1 & !n p]haps
 he w\ld />ve to dea? at la/4 ,if  he _h
 n "s /rong po9ts1 :]e no "o c\ld h>m   
him1 he c\ldn't  live himself4    ,z !  
black cre/ rose1 ,old ,rattl]'s tail    
grew cold1 8 head  dropp$1 8 m\? clos$1 
he /raight5$ out 8 coil1 & /agg]$       
helplessly t[>d 8 hole4    ,?is 0 !     
*ance = ,glitt]%ield4 ,) a da% s swift t
 all  ! r+s on 8 body--r$1 :ite1 &      
black--melt$ into "o purple  fla%1 he   
seiz$ ,old ,rattl] by 8 ?roat4 ,he c>ri$
 no weapons1 to  be sure4 ,he _h nei!r  
fangs nor v5om4 ,he won 8 victories by  
=ce  & da%1 n by mean advantage4 ,he 0  
quick & /rong1 & 8  little hook$ tee?   
held l ! claws ( a hawk4 ,old ,rattl]   
clos$  8 m\? because he c\ldn't help x1 
& ! fangs he c\ld n use  7 fold$ back   
aga9/ ! ro( ( 8 jaw4    ,! ,k+ ,snake   
leap$ =w>d1 w\nd 8 body 9 a 8love-knot0 
ar\nd  ,old ,rattl]'s neck1 took a      

8half-hit*0 ) 8 tail ab\t !  /oma*1 :ile
 ! re/ ( 8 body lay 9 a curve l ! lett] 
,s  betwe5 ! two knots4 ,!n all he _h to
 d 0 to /iff5 up 8  muscles1 & ,old     
,rattl]'s backbone 0 snapp$ (f at !     
neck4    ,all t rema9$ to ,glitt]%ield 0
 to swall[ 8 enemy4 ,fir/ he  rubb$ 8   
lips all ov] ! body1 f ! head to ! tail1
 till x  0 slipp]y ) slime4 ,!n he op5$ 
8 m\? v wide1 ) a  huge snaky yawn1 &   
face to face he began on ,old ,rattl]4  
,! ugly  head 0 h>d to manage1 b1 aft]  
mu* /ra9+1 he clasp$ 8  jaws ar\nd x1 & 
! v5om trickl$ d[n 8 ?roat l "s fi]y    
sauce4 ,sl[ly head & neck & body        
disappe>$1 & ! tail wriggl$  despair+ly1
 = ! tail ( ! snake folk c n die till   
sund[n1  & :5 x w5t at la/ ! fifte5     
rattles & ! button 7  keep+ up an angry 
buzz4 ,& all night long ! ,k+ ( ,snakes1
 twice  z big z he ought to be1 lay     
gorg$ & motionless ^u ,old ,rattl]'s    
rock4    ,& 9 ! morn+ ! little *ipmunk  
ran out on a limb above him1  purs$ up 8
 lips1 & made all k9ds ( faces1 z mu* z 

to say1 8,i  did all ?is1 & ! :ole _w 0 
wat*+ :ile ,i did x40                   
,,rem>kable ,,volcanic ,,eruptions ,,9  
,,! ,,philipp9es4    ,,by ,r4 ,l4       
,,pack>d4      ,e "o kn[s t ! ,philipp9e
 ar*ipelago1 l o!r regions  9 its       
neighborhood1 ab\nds 9 volcanoes1 "s (  
:i* are /ill  active1 :ile ! majority   
are ext9ct4 ,"s geologi/s h tri$ to     
di/ribute ! ,philipp9e volcanoes into   
two p>allel belts or l9es  runn+ 9 a    
g5]al nor?we/ & s\!a/ direction1 foll[+ 
! tr5d ( ! isl& gr\p1 & ext5d+ f ! s\!rn
 end  ( ,m9danao to ! nor!rn "p (       
,luzon--"s sixte5 degrees (  latitude4  
,e>ly1 possibly prehi/oric1 volcanic    
activity 9 ! gr\p  has left its impr9t  
^u ! native my?ology1 z 0 ! case 9 !    
,m$it]ranean1 & an explanation ( "s ( ! 
my?ical /ories is to  be f\nd 9 e>?     
movem5ts4 ,! ,spani>ds h giv5 acc\nts ( 
_m  eruptions 9 ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 
:i* 7 rem>kable ei!r  f ! de/ruction !y 
caus$ or ! t]ror !y inspir$4 ,"s (  ^!  
acc\nts 7 writt5 by ! t]rifi$           

eyewitnesses !mselves1  su* z ! monks 9 
*>ge ( p>i%es :]e ! greate/ damage 0    
done1 & are suffici5tly vivid1 h[ev] mu*
 !y may lack ( :at  w\ld n[ be call$    
8sci5tific0 accuracy4    ,probably ! mo/
 rem>kable volcanic outbur/ 9 hi/orical 
times1 on  acc\nt ( ! di/ance ap>t ( !  
simultane\s eruptions1 al?\gh  its      
int5sity might n be reg>d$ z great :5   
comp>$ ) t  ( ,krakatoa1 0 t ( ,janu>y  
#d1 #afda1 :5 a volcano on !  s\!a/]n   
extremity ( ,m9danao1 ano!r on ! nor!rn 
coa/ (  ! isl& ( ,sulu to ! we/1 & a    
?ird 9 ,luzon f> to ! nor?1  became     
active at ! same "t4 ,a translation ( ! 
orig9al ,spani%  report ( ?is           
extraord9>y ph5om5on1 :i* is extremely  
r>e &  practically inaccessible to      
/ud5ts1 is giv5 9 ,jagor's ,reis5 9  d5 
,philipp954 ,f ?is x appe>s t ^u two    
occasions1 t[>d  ! end ( ,decemb]1      
#afdj1 volcanic a%es fell at ,zamboanga 
7on !  s\?we/ coa/ ( ,m9danao7 & cov]$ !
 fields l a light fro/4  ,on ,janu>y #a1
 #afda1 ! auxili>y fleet c>ry+ troops f 

,manila to  ! isl& ( ,t]nate 0 (f       
,zamboanga1 & on ! #c;d1 at ab\t #g ,p4 
,m41 p 9 ! latt] place he>d :at !y      
suppos$ 0 artill]y  & musketry fir+ at  
"s miles' di/ance4 ,believ+ t an enemy  
0 attack+ ! coa/1 prep>ations 7 made to 
meet him1 & !  comm&] ( ! galleys s5t a 
boat out to see if any ( ! vessels  ( ! 
fleet ne$$ assi/ance1 b ! boat return$  
)\t f9d+  ! fleet4    ,on ! next day1   
,janu>y #d1 #afda1 at ab\t #i ,a4 ,m41 !
 noise ( !  suppos$ cannonad+ increas$  
to su* an ext5t t x 0 fe>$  9 ,zamboanga
 t ! ,spani% fleet _h be5 attack$ by !  
,dut*1  ) :om ! ,spani>ds 7 !n at w>4   
,?is noise la/$ ab\t half  an h\r1 :5 x 
became evid5t t x 0 n caus$ by artill]y1
  b proce$$ f ! outbreak ( a volcano1 =1
 t[>d noon1 ?ick  d>kness began to      
spread ov] ! sky to ! s\?1 :i* soon     
cov]$  t "p ( ! heav5s & gradually      
spread ov] ! :ole sky1 s  t by #a ,p4   
,m4 x 0 z d>k z night1 & by #b ,p4 ,m4 !
 d>kness  _h s increas$ t "o c\ld n     
di/+ui% objects a %ort  di/ance (f4     

,c&les 7 light$1 & a great fe> fell ^u !
  p1 :o fl$ to ! *ur*es to pray &       
confess4 ,?is d>kness1  dur+ :i* no     
light 0 visible 9 ! :ole horizon1 la/$  
until #b  ,a4 ,m41 :5 ! moon became     
visible1 to ! great joy ( bo? ,spani>ds 
& ,indians1 :o 7 afraid ( be+ buri$     
b5ea? ! a%es :i*  _h be5 fall+ s9ce #b  
,p4 ,m4 ,! fleet1 :i* 0 !n pass+ !      
s\!rn end ( ,m9danao1 0 ?r[n into       
confusion by ! tumult (  ! elem5ts1 & 0 
9 d>kness e>li] ?an ,zamboanga--viz41 at
  #aj ,a4 ,m4--because x 0 ne>] !       
volcano4 ,! d>kness 0 s  int5se t !     
crews believ$ ! la/ day _h come1 & !    
vessels  7 endang]$ by ! heavy %[] (    
/ones1 a%es1 & e>? :i*  fell ^u !m & :i*
 ! m5 ha/5$ to ?r[ ov]bo>d4 ,!  %ips'   
lant]ns 7 light$ z at night4 ,! volcano 
c\ld be se51  at a consid]able di/ance1 
?r[+ up columns ( flame :i*1 on         
desc5d+1 set ! neighbor+ woods on fire4 
,! d>kness cov]$  ! great] "p (         
,m9danao1 :i* is a v l>ge isl&1 & !     
a%es 7 c>ri$ to ,cebu1 ,panay1 & o!r    

isl&s1 & !re 0  an especially heavy fall
 on ! isl& ( ,jolo 7,sulu71 :i* is m    
?an =ty leagues we/ by s\? f ! s\!a/    
po9t ( ,m9danao1  :]e ! volcano bur/    
out4 ,on ?is isl&1 on acc\nt ( ! d>kness
  & ! g5]al upro>1 ! s\rce ( ! a%es :i* 
fell !re 0  n kn[n at ! "t1 b :5 x      
became light en\gh to see x 0  f\nd t at
 ! same "t ) ! eruption on ,m9danao a   
second  volcano _h bur/ out ^u a small  
isl& :i* lies (f ! m\? (  ! pr9cipal    
riv] ( ,sulu4 ,!re ! e>? _h op5$ ) a    
viol5t  commotion1 & _h vomit$ out      
flames m+l$ ) trees & huge  /ones4 ,s   
great 0 ! di/urbance t ! sea bottom 0   
m+l$  ) ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & ! volcano  
?rew out quantities  ( %ells & o!r ?+s t
 gr[ ^u ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,!  m\? ( ?is 
volcano rema9$ op5 aft]w>d4 ,x 0 v      
broad1 &  ! eruption _h burn$ up ev]y?+ 
^u ! isl&4 ,b :at excit$  ! greate/     
amazem5t 0 t a ?ird volcano broke out on
 ! same  day & h\r ) ! two j m5tion$1 9 
! prov9ce ( ,ilocos1 9  ,luzon1 & at    
lea/ six hundr$ miles nor?2 & ?is       

volcano eject$  wat]4 ,! outbreak 0     
prec$$ by a viol5t /orm & e>?quake4 ,!  
e>? swall[$ up ?ree m\nta9s1 on ! sides 
( "o ( :i* 7  ?ree villages4 ,all ?ree  
m\nta9s 7 torn f _! f\ndations  & bl[n  
into ! air1 toge!r ) a va/ am\nt ( wat]1
 & !  *asm :i* took _! place =m$ a broad
 lake1 t %[$ no trace  ( ! m\nta9s :i*  
_h /ood on ! spot4 ,! lett] f :i*  !    
=ego+ acc\nt is tak5 goes on to say t ! 
noise ( ?is  outbreak1 :i* occurr$      
betwe5 #i & #aj ,a4 ,m41 0 he>d n only  
9 ,manila b 9 all ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & 
! ,moluccas4 ,x ev5  rea*$ ! ma9l& (    
,asia 9 ! k+doms ( ,co*9 ,*9a1 ,*ampa1  
& ,cambodia1 z 0 le>n$ f prie/s & o!rs  
:o came to ,manila  f ^? c\ntries       
aft]w>d4 ,! noise s\nd$ l heavy artill]y
  & musketry fire at two or ?ree        
leagues' di/ance4 ,9 ,manila x 0        
suppos$ t ! fir+ 0 go+ on 9 ,cavite1    
:ile at ,cavite x 0  ref]r$ to ,manila1 
& mess5g]s 7 s5t f "o place to !  o!r to
 make inquiries1 & a simil> impression  
prevail$ 9 all !  isl&s1 cities1 &      

villages 9 a circuit ( n9e hundr$       
leagues1  )9 :i* ! noise 0 he>d4        
,malacca 0 tak5 by ! ,dut* on  ! #ac? ( 
,janu>y1 & 0 already h>d press$ on !    
#d?1 & _m  pi\s ,spani>ds believ$1 aft] 
! news _h come ( ! capture ( !  place1 t
 ,heav5 _h tak5 ?is volcanic means (    
w>n+ !m ( !  great injury :i* w\ld      
result to ! ar*ipelago f ! loss ( s     
important a city4    ,! mission>ies 9   
,co*9 ,*9a gave ,janu>y #e? z ! date ( !
  outbreak1 in/ead ( ! #d?1 !re be+ "o  
day's diff]5ce betwe5  ! reckon+ ( !    
,portuguese1 :o sail$ f we/ to ea/1 &  t
 ( ! ,spani>ds1 :o sail$ f ea/ to we/1  
to _! ,ea/]n  possessions4    ,! volcano
 ( ,mayon1 or ,albay1 9 ! prov9ce (     
,cam>9es1 has be5  9 frequ5t eruption f 
#afaf d[n to )9 ?irty ye>s4 ,"s (  !    
eruptions 7 v de/ructive to life &      
prop]ty4 ,aft] an  activity 9 ,july1    
#agff1 ( six days' duration1 accompani$ 
by a great  fl[ ( lava1 on ,octob] #bc1 
#agff1 dur+ a viol5t /orm1 :i* began  at
 ab\t #g ,p4 ,m4 f nor?-nor?we/ & at #c 

,a4 ,m4 sudd5ly ve]$ to  ! s\? & blew   
d[n all ! h\ses ( "o ( ! villages 9 !   
neighborhood1 ! volcano eject$ su* a va/
 quantity ( wat] t  sev]al torr5ts (    
?irty v>as 7n9ety feet7 wide ran d[n to 
!  sea betwe5 ! villages ,tibog &       
,albay4 ,betwe5 ,bacacay & ,mal9ao  !   
floods 7 ov] eighty v>as 7two hundr$ &  
=ty feet7 wide1  & ! highways 7         
oblit]at$4 ,"o village 0 entirely       
de/roy$1  ne>ly all ! h\ses ( ! region 7
 swept away1 & ! fields  7 cov]$ ) s&2  
ano!r village 0 p>tly de/roy$1 its      
rema9d] =m+ an isl&1 or r a hill1       
surr\nd$ by deep1  broad rav9es1 ?r\gh  
:i* ! /ream ( s& & wat] ran4 ,9  ano!r  
place palms & o!r trees 7 buri$ 9 s& to 
_! tops4  ,"s fifty p]sons lo/ _! lives4
 ,z f> z c\ld be judg$1 !  acc\nt       
decl>es1 ?is cold8 wat] came f ! int]ior
 ( !  volcano1 :ile we %\ld be incl9$ to
 reg>d x z a cl\dbur/4 ,!  outbreak (   
,febru>y #a1 #ahad1 h[ev]1 0 ! mo/      
de/ructive ( all4  ,an eyewitness writes
 t at ab\t #h ,a4 ,m4 ! m\nta9 sudd5ly  

?rew  out a ?ick column ( /ones1 s&1 &  
a%es1 :i* quickly rose to  ! highe/     
lay]s ( ! air4 ,! sides ( ! volcano     
became veil$  & disappe>$ f ! view ( !  
spectators1 :ile a /ream (  fire ran d[n
 ! m\nta9 & ?reat5$ to annihilate !m4 ,e
  "o fl$ to ! highe/ atta9able po9t =   
safety1 :ile ! ro> (  ! volcano /ruck   
t]ror into all4 ,! d>kness increas$1 &  
_m  ( ! flee+ ones 7 /ruck d[n by !     
fall+ /ones4 ,h\ses  af=d$ no           
protection1 because ! r$-hot /ones set  
!m on fire1  & ! mo/ fl\ri%+ villages ( 
! ,cam>9es 7 ?us laid 9  a%es4 ,t[>d #aj
 ,a4 ,m4 ! ra9 ( /ones ceas$1 & 0       
replac$ by  "o ( s&1 & at ab\t #b ,p4   
,m4 ! noise _h less5$ & ! sky  began to 
cle>4 ,twelve ?\s& p]sons 7 kill$ & _m  
w\nd$  by ?is eruption4 ,aft] ! m\nta9  
_h become quiet x pres5t$ a  frightful  
appe>ance1 its =m] picturesque1 highly  
cultivat$ slopes  be+ cov]$ ) b>r5 s&1  
:i* envelop$ ! cocoanut trees to  _!    
tops1 & "s "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet ( its 
summit _h be5  c>ri$ away dur+ !        

eruption4 ,an enorm\s op5+ _h be5 =m$   
on its s\!rn side1 ne> :i* ?ree o!r m\?s
 appe>$1 :i*  cont9u$ to emit a%es &    
smoke4 ,! f9e/ villages ( ! ,cam>9es  7 
de/roy$1 & ! be/ "p ( ! prov9ce 0       
conv]t$ into a  s&y wa/e4    ,?is m\nta9
 has be5 active at %ort int]vals d[n to 
! pres5t  "t4 ,sometimes its activity   
has be5 cont9u\s = a ye> or m4  ,its    
eruptions 7 frequ5tly accompani$ by     
e>?quakes & /orms4  ,! next outbreak    
aft] t describ$ above 0 9 #ahbg4 ,9     
#ahcd  & #ahce ! m\nta9 0 active ne>ly  
all ! "t4 ,!re 0 no  eruption ( a%es1 b 
e night a /ream ( molt5 lava c\ld be    
se5 runn+ into ! high] rav9es4 ,9 #ahde 
!re 0 an eruption  ( a%es :i* la/$      
sev]al days2 a viol5t eruption occurr$ 9
  #ahdf1 two unimportant ones 9 #ahea1 &
 ano!r viol5t a% & /one  eruption       
occurr$ on ,july #bg1 #ahec1 dur+ :i*   
?irty-"o p]sons  7 kill$4 ,o!rs occurr$ 
9 #ahee1 #aheg1 #aheh1 #ahei1 #ahfj1    
#ahfe1 &  #ahga4 ,! heights ( !         
,philipp9e volcanoes v>y f t5 ?\s&  &   

n9e ?\s& feet 7,albay or ,mayon7 d[n to 
,taal1 only sev5  hundr$ & eighty feet  
high4 ,?is curi\s volcano is ^u an islet
 9  ! middle ( ,lake ,bombon1 s\? (     
,manila4 ,lake ,bombon 0 orig9ally      
probably a va/ crat]4 ,x is sep>at$ f ! 
,*9a ,sea by a n>r[  i/hmus4 ,taal      
conta9s second>y crat]s1 crevasses      
emitt+ vapors1  & lakelets ( acid wat]4 
,x is ! pr9cipal 8%[0 volcano ( !       
isl&s1 & 0 9 action 9 #ahhe1 :5 all !   
vegetation ^u !  isl& 0 burn$ up4 ,lake 
,bombon 0 d\btless =m]ly connect$ )  !  
sea1 ! int]v5+ b>ri] be+ =m$ ( eruptive 
scori4 ,its  wat] is /ill sal9e1 & its  
m>9e fauna has adapt$ itself to its     
modifi$ environm5t4    ,on ! small isl& 
,camigu91 on ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,m9danao1 
is  ! ext9ct volcano ,cat>man1 ) a crat]
 lake ^u its summit ^:  level has be5   
subject to great fluctuations4          
,sometimes ! lake  dri$ up1 & aga9 x has
 ov]fl[$ & inundat$ ! l[ l&s 9  !       
neighborhood1 z 9 #ahbg & #ahfb4 ,(t5   
its wat] has be5 set  boil+ by escap+   

gases4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at v>y+
  pressure caus$ ! *anges 9 ! level (   
?is lake on ! top (  ,m\nt ,cat>man4    
,a fur!r idea ( ! volcanic activity (   
?is region may be ga9$  f ! circum/ance 
t a volcanic isl& em]g$ f ! sea on  !   
nor? coa/ ( ,luzon 9 #ahef1 :i* grew to 
sev5 hundr$ feet 9  height by #ahfj1 &  
is n[ ab\t eight hundr$ feet high4 ,e "o
  has se5 photographs ( ! /reets (      
,manila aft] an e>?quake1  :i* =m (     
subt]ranean activity is s common t x is 
tak5 into  acc\nt 9 build+4          ,,!
 ,,scav5g]s ,,( ,,! ,,body4    ,,by ,m4 
,a4 ,,da/re4      ,! labors ( ,m4       
,met*nik(f h made kn[n "o ( ! mo/ curi\s
  me*anisms--p]haps ! mo/ effective--:i*
 ,nature employs to protect  ! organism 
aga9/ ! invasion & ravages ( microbes4  
,we are only  beg9n+ to le>n ! means :i*
 are provid$ = our def5se aga9/  !      
c\ntless sw>ms ( enemies ( ?is class1 "s
 ( !m exce$+ly  dang]\s1 among :i* we h 
to live & move4 ,9 ! fir/ rank (  ^!    
def5ses is phagocytosis4 ,! /ruggle ( ! 

organism aga9/  its m9ute assailants is 
an image ( human w>s4 ,! cutane\s or    
muc\s integum5t1 cont9u\s ov] ! :ole    
body1 con/itutes a k9d  ( =tifi$        
inclosure :i* ! microbe c n p5etrate1   
except  :]e "s brea* has be5 made4 ,on  
"o side ( t wall1 9 !  liv+ city1 !     
phagocytes or leucocytes 7:ite cells7 =m
 an imm5se  def5sive army 9 a /ate (    
cont9ual mobilization1 or1 z ,m4        
,duclaux  w\ld say1 an innum]able &     
vigilant police4    ,^! phagocytes or   
leucocytes are ! nomadic elem5ts ( our  
economy4  ,! animal body may be comp>$  
to an organiz$ city 9 :i* all !  liv+   
corpuscles1 all ! cellul> elem5ts1 are  
s$5t>y1 ea*  hav+ its place & /ay+ !re4 
,h5ce ! comp>ison1 (t5 made1  ) ! /ones 
( a build+1 :i* is n exact1 h[ev]1      
because  ^! vital elem5ts gr[ &         
increase1 enl>g+ ! /ructure  )\t *ange (
 arrangem5t1 :ile ! /ones d n4 ,! gr[? &
  nutrition ( ^! anatomical elem5ts1 x  
%\ld be add$1 are c>ri$  on exclusively 
at ! exp5se ( liquid matt]s4 ,no?+ solid

 c  ent] !m or come out f !m4    ,an    
exception to ^! two fundam5tal rules is 
f\nd 9 ! s+le case  ( ! leucocytes or   
:ite globules ( ! blood4 ,!y h no fix$  
or det]m9$ place 9 ! organism4 ,besides 
be+ c>ri$ passively  by ! fl[ ( ! blood 
9 a p]petual circulation along ) ! r$   
corpuscles1 !y possess a motion ( _!    
own4 ,!y c swim 9 !  curr5t t c>ries !m1
 fix !mselves to ! walls1 & travel 9 a  
sort ( creep+ way1 :i* has be5 call$ !  
amboid motion4    ,!y are also          
exceptions to ! second law1 accord+ to  
:i* liv+  cells c dispose only (        
liquefi$ matt]s4 ,all solid bodies t    
pass  )9 rea* ( ! leucocytes are seiz$ &
 incorporat$ by !m1  provid$ !y are     
small or in]t en\gh to be envelop$4 ,!  
nature (  ! body is ( little import4    
,:atev] x may be1 x is swall[$ &        
quickly inclos$ )9 ! mass ( ! leucocyte 
& submitt$ to !  dissolv+ action ( its  
juices--or1 9 a way1 eat54 ,h5ce ! names
  8phagocyte10 or dev\r+ cell1 giv5 to !
 envelop+ :ite globule1  &              

8phagocytosis0 to ! process4 ,no o!r    
elem5t ( ! organism1  or h>dly any o!r1 
possesses ?is s+ul> faculty ( seizure & 
swall[+ 7+lobem5t74    ,all ! o!r       
*>act]i/ics ( ! :ite globules fl[ f ^!  
two ( mobility & phagocytism1 !         
significance ( :i* has be5  set 9 a cle>
 light by ,m4 ,met*nik(f4 ,^!           
*>act]i/ics are !  attributes ( ! mo/   
primitive types ( animal life4 ,!y      
app]ta9  to cells n yet diff]5tiat$1 to 
! unicellul> organisms :i*  occupy !    
fir/ /ages ( life4 ,!y translate ! vital
 en]gy (  elem5ts /ill indep5d5t &      
isolat$1 )\t def9ite place 9  ! social  
organization & z yet )\t special high   
function1  b = t v reason bett] adapt$  
to ! ne$s ( ! simple/  animality4 ,_!   
voracity is useful = ! pres]vation ( !  
social  organism4 ,by elim9at+ old1     
exhau/$1 diseas$ cells !y rejuv5ate  !  
/ructure & prep>e ! way = new g5]ations4
 ,& :5 !  fecundity ( ^! is exhau/$ !   
leucocytes come 9 to occupy !  vacat$   
situations1 & conduct ! organism ?us    

pat*$ up ?r\gh a  s5ile deg5]acy to     
natural dea?4    ,! leucocytes1 :ite    
globules1 or phagocytes1 by virtue ( _! 
mobility1 are f\nd ev]y:]e--9 ! blood1 9
 all ! organs1  & 9 all p>ts ( ! body--b
 are p]haps mo/ abundant 9 !  blood4 ,! 
/udy ( !m proce$s sl[ly1 & we are /ill  
engag$ 9  di/+ui%+ ! v>ieties among !m4 
,! mo/ abundant & be/  kn[n ( !m--^? :i*
 answ] mo/ closely ! description we h   
giv5--are ^? call$ ! polynucle>1        
neutrophil\s leucocytes4 ,!y  are color$
 ) neutral hues1 & h a nucleus l a      
roll$-up  scroll 9 /ructure4 ,o!r       
v>ieties--! eos9ophiles1 lymphocytes1   
etc4--are less mobile & h /ill less m>k$
 phagocytic prop]ties4    ,! roll-call (
 ! phagocytic army w\ld be a long task4 
,!  phagocytes are num]\s 9 ! sangu9e\s 
fluid1 b are /ill six  hundr$ & fifty   
times less s ?an ! r$ corpuscles4 ,!y   
are  almo/ z num]\s 9 ! lymph & !       
conjunctival tissue1 :]e1  besides      
occurr+ 9 _! normal condition1 !y sport 
into a v>iety  :i* appe>s to h ab&on$   

its migratory habit1 = a "t at  lea/1 & 
into a giant v>iety "o hundr$ times l>g]
 ?an !  ord9>y leucocytes1 :i* ,m4      
,ranvi] calls clasmatocytes4 ,!y are    
fur!r f\nd 9 su* tissues z ! sk9 & !    
muc\s membrane1  :]e1 not)/&+ ! cells   
are s cr[d$1 !y make _! way  into !     
inte/9e1 &1 by a sort ( diap$esis       
7passage ?r\gh !  pores or int]/ices7   
call$ ! ph5om5on ( ,/oehr1 t[>d all !   
free surfaces1 :i!r ext]ior soluble     
sub/ances invite !m4 ,z !y  g !y de/roy 
! microbes :i*1 advanc+ 9 an inv]se     
direction1  w\ld invade ! organism &    
provoke an infection ( inte/9al orig94  
,! fact t ?is imm5se army ( phagocytes  
is always 9 motion 0  fir/ cle>ly       
recogniz$ by ,cohnheim1 9 #ahfg4 ,he    
saw1 9 inflam$  regions1 :]e ! vessels  
are gorg$ & di/5d$1 ! :ite globules     
?ru/+ out a prolongation :i* seem$ to   
pi]ce ! wall1 b 9  reality simply       
ins9uat$ itself betwe5 its elem5ts1 &   
elongat+  itself1 drew its entire body1 
z x 71 ?r\gh ! n>r[ *annel4  ,?is       

emigration1 :i* is produc$ )\t mak+ a   
break1 ?r\gh  ! pores & int]/ices ( !   
vascul> wall1 has be5 designat$         
diap$esis4 ,x is ord9>ily provok$ by "s 
=eign body1 a  pa?og5ic microbe1 =      
in/ance1 :i* has introduc$ itself into  
! place & spread its irritat+ secretion 
or cause ( infection  !re4 ,!           
phagocytes1 attract$ f ! int]ior ( !    
vessel1 come  up & dev\r ! invad]4 ,b if
 !y are incapable ( dissolv+ x  !y be> x
 away to "w _! own ru92 !y deg5]ate 9 _!
  turn1 become trans=m$ into globules ( 
pus1 & ! inflammation  results 9        
purul5ce4 ,! /udy ( ! me*anism by means 
( :i* !  leucocytes trav]se ! tissues is
 v int]e/+4    ,^! rem>kable w&]+       
elem5ts are f\nd 9 all classes (        
animals1 & 9 all pres5t ! same ess5tial 
*>act]i/ics4 ,!y  are m l free exi/5ces 
?an ! o!r cells liv+ 9 society  :i*     
compose ! bodies ( animals1 & _! hi/ory 
is sub/antially  l t ( ! nak$ "o-cell$  
organisms4 ,_! v>i\s functions  &       
prop]ties are ( ! highe/ int]e/ 9 all   

dep>tm5ts (  physiology4 ,x has be5     
demon/rat$1 9 p>ticul>1 t ! :ite        
globules ( ! blood give rise to ! mo/   
en]getic & mo/ special  ag5cies ( liv+  
*emi/ry1 to ! f]m5ts :i* det]m9e !      
coagulation ( ! blood :5 drawn f !      
vessels 7coagulat+  f]m5t1 or ?rombosis7
 & ! consumption ( sug> 7glycolytic     
f]m5t71 & to num]\s dia/ases4 ,! pres5ce
 ( nucle9 9 _!  bodies involves         
consequ5ces :i* we are only beg9n+ to   
p]ceive4    ,behav+ l indep5d5t be+s1 ! 
leucocytes or phagocytes  p]=m simil>   
functions ) ^? ( ! highe/ animals1 fe$+1
  respir+1 & reproduc+ !mselves2 !y move
 & feel--t is1  are impress$ by int]nal 
excitants4 ,^! op]ations1 h[ev]1 assume 
) !m a "* ( extreme simplicity4 ,!y seem
 to be ! direct  result ( ! physical &  
*emical prop]ties ( ! protoplasm t      
composes !m1 s t ! my/]i\s side ( ^?    
vital functions  ne>ly vani%es :5 we    
scan !m 9 ^! _! v beg9n+s4 ,_!          
respiration is ! effect ( a sort (      
aff9ity betwe5 _! sub/ance  & ! vital   

gas--a *imiotactism direct+ !m t[>d     
oxyg54 ,?is  may be illu/rat$ by =m+ a  
microscopic prep>ation ( fre% lymph1    
imprison+ a few bubbles ( air1 & seal+ x
 h]metically )  p>aff94 ,aft] two or    
?ree h\rs we c see ! leucocytes gr\p$   
ar\nd ! bubbles4 ,:5 ! provision ( air  
is exhau/$1 sev]al  h\rs aft]w>d1 !     
leucocytes w cease to move & become     
in]t4 ,on  ins]t+ a ne$le1 ! contact ( !
 air revives !m4    ,! faculty possess$ 
by ! leucocytes ( seiz+ solid corpuscles
  com+ 9 contact ) !m1 +lob+ !m1 &      
absorb+ !m1 or1 z  ,m4 ,met*nik(f calls 
x1 intracellul> dige/ion or             
phagocytosis1 is  easily obs]v$4 ,if we 
mix f9e granulations ( c>m9e or c9nab>1 
m+l$ ) slightly salt$ wat]1 ) a drop (  
lymph1 we c see  ! color+ matt] p5etrat+
 ! leucocyt>y protoplasmic mass1  :i* is
 soon /uff$ ) x4 ,! anatomo-pa?ologi/s  
_h already  obs]v$1 9 tattoo$ subjects1 
:ite globules *>g$ ) gra9s (  *>coal or 
v]milion4 ,x is legitimate to conclude t
 "s p>ts (  ! color+ matt] t _h be5     

introduc$ "u ! epid]mis _h  be5 tak5 up 
by ! :ite globules4 ,?is proce$+ has be5
 obs]v$  9 ! v act by ,m4 ,met*nik(f4   
,a classic exp]im5t illu/rat+ ?is       
op]ation is n[ common 9 our             
laboratories1 & ! fact ( phagocytosis   
has come to be reg>d$ z  inconte/able4  
,! g5]ality ( ! ph5om5on results f !    
leucocyte pres]v+  its phagocytic       
faculty 9 all its p]egr9ations1 & ^!    
p]egr9ations are unlimit$4 ,! t5d5cy ( !
 nomadic elem5ts  to pu% on & ins9uate  
!mselves into ! f9e/ int]/ices &  !     
n>r[e/ passages is a rudim5t ( a tactile
 s5se1 to ?is  ext5t simply a physical  
ph5om5on1 :i* ,,mm4 ,masc>t & ,bordet h 
cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,z soon z a leucocyte  
t\*es a resi/+ body  x reacts to !      
contact by apply+ ! l>ge/ possible      
surface to  x4 ,x spreads out1 becomes  
?91 /ret*es itself along1 & ceases      
de=m+ itself only aft] x has obta9$ !   
maximum ( contact4  ,by su* me*anism x  
p5etrates objects t (f] x any brea* &   
ov]comes !m4 ,:5 ! =eign body has be5   

disaggregat$ into  fragm5ts1 into small 
en\gh gra9s1 phagocytosis int]v5es &    
disposes ( ! rema9s4 ,9 ?is way !       
organism sometimes rids itself  (       
spl9t]s ( bone t rema9 9 ! tissues aft] 
a fracture4 ,s1  too1 ! leucocytes1 :5  
occasion arises1 repair ! blund]s (     
surgeons by extract+ & absorb+ =gott5   
objects left 9 w\nds1  :ile at o!r times
 !y act z auxili>ies by de/roy+ ?+s t  h
 be5 volunt>ily ab&on$ 9 !m1 l ?reads ( 
catgut 9  buri$ sutures & dra9s (       
decalcifi$ bone4    ,!re are two        
conditions1 "u normal circum/ances1 9   
:i*  phagocytosis plays a m>k$ "p4 ,!   
fir/ is ! case :]e vital  action br+s on
 ! de/ruction ( ! organs or ! tissues1  
or1  to use exact language1 _!          
dis9tegration 9 a solid =m4 ,!  wa/es ( 
organic activity are usually 9 liquid   
=m1 &1 turn$  into ! blood1 !y are      
elim9at$ 9 t /ate ?r\gh ! natural       
emunctories4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1         
dis9tegration results 9 solid  wa/es1 & 
! phagocytes d ! "w ( c>ry+ !m away4    

,?is is  ! case ) ! r$ globules ( !     
blood1 :i*1 aft] a long] or  %ort] c>e]1
 are deposit$ 9 ! sple5 & break up into 
dbris1  "s ( ! p>ts ( :i* are insoluble 
9 ! int]/itial liquids4  ,! leucocytes  
collect ar\nd ^! residues s ?ickly z    
sometimes  to fuse !mselves into a solid
 mass1 a sort ( plasmodium or giant     
cell :i* dige/s ! dbris4 ,at o!r times1 
& m r>ely !  isolat$ leucocytes are n   
able to absorb ! incorporat$ matt]s4    
,!y !n conduct !m to ! surface ( !      
inte/9e & dis*>ge  !m !re4 ,a l ph5om5on
 occurs 9 ! liv]4 ,! color+ matt]  ( !  
blood frequ5tly gives rise to insoluble 
f]rug9\s deposits  :i* ! leucocytes h to
 convey to ! dige/ive tube4 ,?is occurs 
:5 a w\nd provokes an effusion ( blood &
 a mortification ( !  r$ globules or ( !
 neighbor+ anatomical elem5ts4 ,all ( ! 
wa/e t c n take ! liquid =m & pass 9 t  
condition into  ! circulatory passages  
is incorporat$ )9 ! phagocytes4 ,!      
me*anism ( resorption ( bone does n seem
 diff]5t4    ,! phagocytes p]=m a simil>

 function 9 ano!r process :i*  v        
frequ5tly takes place 9 v>i\s animals t 
pass ?r\gh  metamorphoses1 z 9 insects  
^: organs are trans=m$ 9 *ang+  f "o    
/age ( _! exi/5ce to ano!r1 & 9 tadpoles
 :i*  lose _! tails 9 becom+ frogs2 !   
old p>ts t disappe> are  dev\r$ by      
phagocytes4    ,especially 9 ! case (   
infecti\s diseases has ! protective "p  
p]=m$ by ! leucocyt>y phagocytes be5    
br\ght into full view  by ,m4           
,met*nik(f4 ,he has %[n t ! :ite        
globules ru% to meet  ! bact]ides (     
inflammation t are introduc$ ?r\gh any  
w\nd1  absorb !m1 & r5d] !m p[]less to d
 h>m4 ,9 ! lymphatic  organs--! sple51 !
 lymphatic ganglions1 & ! m>r[--! :ite  
globules are normally accumulat$1 & !re 
is :]e ! /ruggle is  mo/ active betwe5 !
 bact]ides ( inflammation :i* are sw>m+ 
9 ! blood & ! def5sive ag5ts ( !        
organism4 ,! same  takes place ) !      
spirilla ( recurr5t typhus & ! microbe (
  erysipelas4    ,! leucocytes are      
capable ( adapt+ !mselves to conditions 

diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* !y usually live1     
provid$ ! *ange  is n too abrupt4 ,x may
 sometimes occur t ! poison secret$  by 
a microbe w p>alyze & kill ! leucocyte1 
unless c>e  has be5 tak51 by            
inoculations ( virus1 at fir/ att5uat$ &
  aft]w>d gradually increas+ 9 virul5ce1
 to create an immunity  9 ! phagocyte1  
to make x refractory to ! poison &      
capable (  swall[+ ! toxic bact]ium )\t 
suff]+ f x4 ,explanations  h be5 s\ght 9
 ?is prop]ty = ! virtue ( vacc9ation & !
  immunity t results f x1 b !y are      
evid5tly only fragm5t>y1  & !re are o!r 
!ories ( immunity4    ,! leucocytes are 
n always victori\s ov] ! microbes1 & :5 
^! excel 9 numb]s or =ce x sometimes    
comes to pass t  !y are ov]come &       
succumb4 ,poison$ by ! sub/ance !y h    
incorporat$1 !y und]go a fatty          
deg5]ation & become globules (  pus4    
,pus is !re=e =m$ ( ! cadav]s ( conqu]$ 
leucocytes4  ,al?\gh t humor ought1 = ! 
good ( ! sy/em1 to be reject$1  l e o!r 
mortifi$ "p1 x is nev]!less true t !    

production ( x is a b5efic5t ef=t1 & a  
salut>y reaction (  ,nature aga9/ !     
morbid ag5t4    ,x w be an endur+ honor 
to ! "n ( ,m4 ,met*nik(f t he has       
reveal$ ! importance ( ! function (     
phagocytes1 & has enri*$  sci5ce ) a    
l>ge numb] ( new tru?s4 ,a "p ( ?is     
honor w be  reflect$ ^u ! ,pa/eur       
,in/itute1 :i* has welcom$ ! em95t      
biologi/ = _m ye>s1 & has intru/$ !     
direction ( "o (  its s]vices to him4 ,!
 le>n$ ,russian1 9 creat+ ! /udy (      
phagocytism1 ) its causes1 me*anism1 &  
consequ5ces1 has op5$ a  v ext5sive     
field ( rese>* to :i* we h giv5 only a  
di/ant  & cursory glance4--,translat$ = 
! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly f  ! ,revue   
des ,deux ,mondes4          ,editor's   
,table4      ,,lib]al ,,education ,,&   
,,democracy4    ,9 a mo/ ?\ghtful       
article1 9 ! ,mod]n ,education ,s]ies ( 
,!  ,cosmopolitan1 ,presid5t ,hadley1 ( 
,yale1 rem>ks t ! conception (  a lib]al
 education *anges z =ms ( gov]nm5t      
*ange4 8,x takes  "o %ape10 he proce$s  

to say1 89 a milit>y /ate1 & q ano!r    
%ape 9 a /ate rul$ by public op9ion4 ,9 
! =m] case x w  tea* ! /]n] virtues (   
c\rage & pride4 ,9 ! latt] case x  w    
tea* respect = law1 progressiv5ess1 &   
human sympa?y4 ,b  9 ei!r case a lib]al 
education is an education = citiz5%ip2 a
  developm5t ( ^? di/+ui%+ qualities    
moral1 intellectual1 &  physical by :i* 
! p are to be rul$40    ,x is a happy   
def9ition ( 8a lib]al education0 to say 
t x is  8an education = citiz5%ip40 ,f  
?is po9t ( view ! mo/  lib]ally educat$ 
man w be he :o is educat$ to be a citiz5
 (  ! _w & to feel 8 relation n only to 
! pres5t b to  ! pa/1 & ! future z well4
 ,comte _h mu* ! same idea :5  he taught
 t ! moral & social education ( !       
individual 0  accompli%$ fir/ by !      
family1 !n by ! /ate1 & f9ally by !     
race4 ,9 o!r words1 ! egoism ( !        
individual is fir/ tam$ by  family life1
 !n broad5$ by political life1 &1 la/ly1
 humaniz$  9 ! full s5se by consci\s    
p>ticipation 9 ! age-long progress  (   

mank9d4 ,presid5t ,hadley has well *os5 
! qualities :i* he  says a lib]al       
education "u a democracy %\ld aim at    
develop+1  b we ?9k he might ) mu*      
advantage h add$ ano!r4 ,he w  rememb] t
 :5 ! poet ,horace w\ld describe ! "* ( 
a  high-pr9cipl$ citiz51 a man j & firm 
( purpose1 he says t  8 m9d is %ak5     
nei!r by ! l[]+ c\nt5ance ( a tyrant nor
  by ! fr5zy ( ! populace comm&+ vici\s 
c\rses ( policy4 ,9  our l& & "t !      
vultus in/antis tyranni is no long]1 if 
x  ev] 01 an object ( t]ror1 b ! civium 
ardor prava jub5tium  is a dang]1 we    
fe>1 :i* has yet to be reckon$ )4    ,9 
a /ate1 !re=e1 :i* is rul$ by public    
op9ion "o ( !  qualities :i* a lib]al   
education %\ld mo/ di/9ctly aim to      
imp>t is firmness to resi/ popul>       
pressure :5 ex]t$ 9 a wrong  direction4 
,9 l mann]1 "u an ari/ocracy a truly    
lib]al  education w\ld n be "o t w\ld   
t5d to p]petuate 9 !  ris+ g5]ation !   
faults ( ! prec$+ "o1 or to %ut out all 
criticism ( ! e/abli%$ rgime2 on !      

contr>y1 its t5d5cy  %\ld be to temp]   
:atev] 0 extreme or "o-sid$ 9 ! views ( 
! rul+ class4 ,! lib]ality ( an         
education comes 9 j "h1  9 op5+ out wid]
 views ?an w\ld probably be acquir$ 9   
actual  contact ) private bus9ess or    
public affairs4 ,:5 ,william ,pitt1     
:ile ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,engl&1 betook     
himself to ! /udy ( ,adam  ,smi?'s      
rec5tly publi%$ ,weal? ( ,nations1 &    
began to consid]  h[ he c\ld apply !    
enlight5$ & philosophical views conta9$ 
!re9 to ! fiscal policy ( ! ,briti%     
,empire1 he 0 conv]t+  8 old-fa%ion$    
lib]al education into a lib]al education
 ( !  be/ k9d4    ,a lib]al education1  
let x be ?or\ghly und]/ood1 is n "o :i* 
deliv]s ov] an individual to ! dom9ant  
influ5ces ( 8 place &  "t1 :atev] !y may
 be1 b "o :i* enables him to react1 :5  
necess>y1 aga9/ su* influ5ces "u !      
guidance ( wid] views  & deep]          
pr9ciples4 ,x is an illib]al education1 
let x embrace  :at x may1 :i* simply    
equips a man = exploit+ = 8 own  b5efit 

! conditions & t5d5cies :i* he f9ds     
prevail+ 9 !  society ar\nd him2 & too  
mu* ( :at passes = lib]al education     
has1 we fe>1 _h no bett] result4 ,9 a   
c\ntry l ours1 liable to  be swept by   
gu/s ( popul> excitem5t1 n to say       
passion1 ! aim (  all high] education   
%\ld be to create a class ( citiz5s     
tra9$  = social influ5ce1 & yet able to 
/& on _! gu>d aga9/  s5sational         
politics1 to di/+ui% betwe5 true & false
 patriotism1  & to uphold ! claims (    
ju/ice & honor :5 ?reat5$ by  popul>    
infatuation & tumult4 ,we read 9        
,?ucydides t ,cleon1 !  typical         
demagogue ( anci5t ,a!ns1 did n hesitate
 to tell 8  fell[-citiz5s t republics 7 
n adapt$ = hold+ di/ant  t]ritories 9   
subjection4 ,if ,cleon 0 a demagogue1   
:at are we to  ?9k ( ! highly educat$ m5
 :o 9 our c\ntry e*o ! popul>  cry = an 
imp]ial policy1 & say t millions ( p    
beyond sea  :o ask only = lib]ty %\ld be
 compell$ by =ce ( arms to be  our      
subjects8 ,let our colleges &           

univ]sities see to x t !y  und]/& 8a    
lib]al education0 9 ! "r s5se4          
,,ext]nal ,,& ,,int]nal ,,aggression4   
,mu* surprise has be5 express$ at !     
unusual preval5ce ( viol5ce  ( all k9ds 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,x has
 seem$  q extraord9>y t 9 a nation      
devot$1 z ! ,am]ican nation  is1 to va/ 
s*emes ( philan?ropy at home & abroad1  
su* atroci\s  crimes z ! mutilation &   
burn+ ( negroes & ! explosion (         
dynamite "u /reet c>s %\ld be committ$4 
,f ! sympa!tic  & self-sacrific+ _s     
manife/$ 9 ! en?usia/ic response to  !  
appeal to arms to free ,cuba & ,pu]to   
,rico f ,spani% cruelty  & despotism1 & 
! repression ( ! insurrection 9 !       
,philipp9e  ,isl&s = ! purpose (        
introduc+ ord] & civilization1  some?+ q
 diff]5t 0 expect$4 ,!re %\ld h be5 a   
deep]  int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( ! negro & a  
great] ef=t to protect  him 9 ! enjoym5t
 ( 8 rights4 ,!re %\ld h be5 creat$ a   
tie betwe5 capital & labor t no         
diff]5ces ab\t wages or h\rs  ( toil    

c\ld h ruptur$ ) murd]\s animosities4 ,9
 a ^w1  !re %\ld h be5 a manife/ation ( 
frat]nal feel+ among  all classes & 9   
all sections t w\ld h advanc$ ! ,unit$  
,/ates a long /ep t[>d ! goal (         
civilization4 ,s g5]al has  be5 !       
anticipation ( ^! fruits f ! w> ) ,spa9 
t "o  ( ! mo/ famili> argum5ts 9 favor (
 x has be5 ! subjective  reg5]ation t   
w\ld foll[ ! attempt at objective       
reg5]ation4  ,t is to say1 ! ,am]ican p 
7 to f9d a cure = _! own  moral disord]s
 9 _! cure ( ! moral disord]s ( _!      
neighbors4    ,to a /ud5t ( ! social    
philosophy ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] x w  be no   
surprise nor disappo9tm5t t ?is         
expectation1 s wor?y  ( a g5]\s &       
self-sacrific+ p1 has n be5 & is n      
likely to be realiz$4 ,no tru? set =? 9 
8 works is m firmly  e/abli%$ ?an 8     
pr(\nd induction t ext]nal aggression   
always  begets int]nal aggression--t    
assaults ^u ! rights ( o!rs  abroad     
leads to assaults ^u ! rights ( o!rs at 
home4 8,z x is  incr$ible10 he says1 8t 

m5 %\ld be c\rage\s 9 ! face (  foes &  
c[>dly 9 ! face ( fri5ds1 s x is        
incr$ible t  o!r feel+s fo/]$ by        
p]petual conflicts abroad %\ld n come   
into play at home4 ,we h j se510 he     
adds1 allud+ to ! pro(s  ( ?is tru? t he
 has giv51 8t ) ! pursuit ( v5geance    
outside ! society !re goes ! pursuit (  
v5geance inside !  society1 & :atev] o!r
 habits ( ?\ght & action con/ant w>     
necessitates mu/ %[ _! effects on social
 life at l>ge40 ,!  facts 9 support (   
,mr4 ,sp5c]'s g5]alization are to be    
f\nd 9  ! hi/ory ( e militant p4 ,he    
m5tions himself ! ,fijian's  sacrifice (
 _! own p at _! cannibal fe/ivals1 & !  
preval5ce ( assass9ation among ! ,turks 
f ! e>lie/ times  d[n to ! pres5t4 ,he  
m5tions also ! hide\s acts ( cruelty t  
are to be f\nd 9 ! records ( ,greek &   
,roman civilization4 ,to  ^! examples   
may be add$ ! atrocities committ$ by    
,italians ^u  ,italians dur+ ! la/ days 
( ! m$ival republics1 & ^?  committ$ by 
,fr5*m5 ^u ,fr5*m5 dur+ ! ,fr5*         

,revolution4  8,! victories ( !         
,plantag5ets 9 ,france10 said ,goldw9   
,smi?1  po9t+ out n long ago ! futility 
( w> z a cure = national  facti\sness1  
87 foll[$ by insurrections & civil w>s  
at home1  l>gely ow+ to ! _s ( viol5ce t
 ! raids 9 ,france  excit$4 ,! victories
 ( ,*a?am 7 foll[$ by disgraceful sc5es 
( cabal & faction1 z well z corruption1 
t]m9at+ 9 !  pro/ration ( patriotism & !
 dom9ation ( ,george ,,iii & ,nor?40    
,x is impossible to hope t ! ,unit$     
,/ates c be an exception  to ! social   
law ?us e/abli%$4 ,h[ev] pure ! motive t
  may lie at ! bottom ( a w> (          
aggression1 x c n annul !  law4 ,! %$d+ 
( blood & ! seizure ( t]ritory produce a
  call\sness ( feel+ & a p]v]t$ view ( !
 rights ( o!rs  t are c]ta9 to turn !   
h&s /rik+ a =eign foe to ! "w  ( dome/ic
 /rife4 ,already we h se5 ) :at         
bitt]ness su*  m5 z ,pr(4 ,*>les ,eliot 
,norton & ,mr4 ,edw>d ,atk9son h be5    
assail$4 ,we h se51 too1 h[ attempts h  
be5 made to discr$it  ! pr9ciples ( !   

,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & to %[ t  ! 
,con/itution mu/ n be p]mitt$ to /& 9 ! 
way ( :at  has be5 politely call$ !     
fulfillm5t ( ! de/9y ( ! ,unit$  ,/ates4
 ,we h se51 f9ally1 h[ proposals = !    
disfran*isem5t  ( ,am]ican citiz5s h be5
 li/5$ to 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry  ) a    
tol]ation t mu/ cause ! old abolitioni/s
 to turn 9  _! graves4 ,b ! _s ?us      
manife/$ has n1 we may be sure1  fail$  
to contribute to ! p]petration ( !      
outrages t h  %ock$ e "r-m9d$ obs]v] (  
curr5t ev5ts4 ,x is n a  diff]5ce ( k9d 
b only "o ( degree t sep>ates ! slaught]
  ( ,spani>ds 9 ,cuba & ,tagals 9 ,luzon
 f ! slaught] ( negroes  9 ! ,s\? & !   
explosion ( dynamite "u /reet c>s 9 !   
,nor?4 ,! inhuman in/9cts t impel to !  
"o impel to ! o!r4          ,fragm5ts ( 
,sci5ce4      ,zola's ,an?ropological   
,traits4--,mr4 ,ar?ur ,mac,donald has   
publi%$1  orig9ally 9 ! ,op5 ,c\rt1 a   
m9ute an?ropological /udy ( !           
p]sonality ( mile ,zola4 ,pass+ all !   
physical po9ts not$1 we  select a few   

only ( ! mo/ peculi> m5tal traits       
m5tion$ by !  au?or4 ,fe> is spok5 ( z  
,zola's pr9cipal emotion1 connect$ 9    
him ) ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,he  
is n mu* afraid (  ! bicycle1 b %r9ks f 
a ride ?r\gh a =e/ at night4 ,he has  no
 fe> ( be+ buri$ alive1 yet sometimes :5
 9 a tunnel on a  railroad tra9 he has  
be5 beset ) ! idea ( ! two ends ( !     
tunnel fall+ 9 & bury+ him4 ,"s morbid  
ideas h develop$ 9  him1 b !y d n cause 
him pa9 :5 n satisfi$4 ,he lets !m  run 
into _! 8manias10 & is !n cont5t$4 ,!   
idea ( d\bt is  "o4 ,he is always 9 fe> 
( n be+ able to d 8 daily task1 or  (   
be+ incapable ( complet+ a book4 ,he    
nev] r]eads 8 novels1  = fe> ( mak+ bad 
discov]ies4 ,he has an ari?metical      
mania1  & :5 9 ! /reet he c\nts ! gas   
jets1 ! numb] ( doors1  & especially !  
numb] ( hacks4 ,9 8 home he c\nts ! /eps
  ( ! /aircases1 ! diff]5t ?+s on 8     
bureau4 ,he mu/ t\*  ! same pieces (    
furniture a c]ta9 numb] ( times be=e he 
goes to sleep4 ,"s numb]s h a bad       

influ5ce = him1 & !re  are good numb]s4 
,9 ! night he op5s 8 eyes sev5 times1 to
  prove t he is n go+ to die4 ,he is    
reg>d$ by ! au?or z a  neuropa?1 or a   
man ^: n]v\s sy/em is pa9ful b does n   
seem  to affect ! s\ndness ( 8 m9d4 8,9 
brief1 ! qualities ( ,zola  are f95ess &
 exactitude ( p]ception1 cle>ness (     
conception1  p[] ( att5tion1 sur5ess 9  
judgm5t1 s5se ( ord]1 p[] (             
co-ord9ation1 extraord9>y t5acity (     
ef=t1 &1 above all1 a  great practical  
utilit>ian s5se40           99       99 
99       99       99    ,! ,simplon     
,tunnel4--,! foll[+ facts are tak5 f a  
brief  acc\nt ( ?is great eng9e]+ feat 9
 ! ,eng9e]+ ,magaz9e3  ,!re is at pres5t
 no direct rail connection betwe5 we/]n 
,switz]l& & ,italy1 & to rea* ,milan x  
has be5 necess>y to  g ar\nd to ,luc]ne 
& s on ?r\gh by ! ,/4 ,go?>d r\te4  ,!  
di/ance by rail f ,milan to ,calais by !
 ,mont ,c5is is #ffe  miles1 & by ! ,/4 
,go?>d #fhj miles4 ,! di/ance by way ( !
  ,simplon ,tunnel w be only #ehe miles4

 ,! ,jura-,simplon ,railway f  ,g5eva   
ar\nd ! lake & up ! ,rhone ,valley      
asc5ds to ,brieg at an  altitude ( ab\t 
#b1cjj feet1 :ile on ! ,italian side !  
railway  f ,milan /ops at ,domodossola1 
at an altitude ( #ijj feet4 ,betwe5  !  
two1 :i* are #da miles ap>t & ov] an    
elevation ( #f1eij feet1  lies ! fam\s  
,simplon ,pass4 ,connection is n[ made  
by dilig5ce1  ! trip occupy+ a :ole day4
 ,! plan ( ! new railway includes  !    
prolongation ( ! pres5t l9e on !        
,italian side to ,iselle1  at an        
altitude ( ab\t #b1ajj feet1 :]e !      
,italian entrance to !  tunnel 0 begun 9
 ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,on ! ,swiss side !     
entrance is at  ,brieg1 & ! tunnel w    
connect ^! two t[ns1 be+ #ab4bf miles   
long4 ,?is is ne>ly ?ree miles long] ?an
 ! ,/4 ,go?>d1 b !  altitude is only    
#b1cjj feet above ! sea1 in/ead ( #c1hjj
 feet1 z at  ! ,/4 ,go?>d4 ,! tunnel is 
to be /raight lat]ally1 b high] 9  !    
middle ?an at ei!r end1 ! grade be+ #a 9
 #adc on ! ,italian  & #a 9 #ejj on !   

,swiss side4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5
 !  ,simplon ,tunnel & ^? previ\sly     
pi]c$ ?r\gh ! ,alps is t1  in/ead ( "o  
s+le tunnel1 two sep>ate tunnels1       
fifty-five feet  ap>t1 are to be        
con/ruct$1 connect$ by lat]al           
passageways e  #fej feet4 ,at fir/ b "o 
( ^! is to be complet$ to ! full        
dim5sions1 ! o!r be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh at only
 ab\t a qu>t] (  ! ultimate             
cross-section1 & n enl>g$ & put into use
 until  ! traffic dem&s x4 ,bo? tunnels 
are n[ be+ bor$ by ! use (  ! ,br&t     
hydraulic rot>y drills1 wat] be+ suppli$
 at a pressure  ( #gj to #ajj           
atmosph]es4 ,! bor+s are ?r\gh gneiss1  
lime/one1  & slate4 ,holes two in*es &  
?ree qu>t]s 9 diamet] & f\r or  five    
feet deep are bor$ & ! rock dislodg$ by 
means ( dynamite4  ,a n>r[-gauge railway
 is us$ to remove ! dbris4 ,x is expect$
  t ! tunnel w be complet$ 9 five ye>s &
 a half4 ,at !  close ( #ahih1 #cjj feet
 _h be5 p5etrat$ on ! s\? side & #a1cjj 
on ! nor?4 ,! e/imat$ co/ ( ! complete  

d\ble-track tunnels  is #fi1jjj1jjj     
francs4 ,?is does n include !           
con/ruction ( !  p]man5t way4 ,! ,mont  
,c5is ,tunnel co/ #ge1jjj1jjj francs1 & 
!  ,/4 ,go?>d #ei1gej1jjj francs4 ,! "w 
is practically controll$ by  !          
,jura-,simplon ,railway4           99   
99       99       99       99    ,grant 
,all54--,! dea? ( our contributor1 ,mr4 
,grant ,all51 0  m5tion$ 9 ! la/ numb] (
 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly4 ,mr4 ,all5  
0 born 9 ,febru>y1 #ahdh1 ! son ( !     
,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,all51 ( ,wolfe  ,isl&1   
,canada4 ,he att5d$ s*ools 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 9 ,france1  & 9 ,birm+ham1      
,engl&1 & ent]$ ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d1 
:5ce  he took 8 degree ( ,b4 ,a4 9      
#ahgj4 ,he aft]w>d sp5t a few ye>s  9   
,jamaica z pr9cipal ( a college = !     
high] education ( !  negro1 :i* _h only 
a brief c>e]4 ,he return$ to ,engl& &   
settl$ d[n 9 ,london = lit]>y "w1 writ+ 
r on social &  sci5tific ?an political  
subjects1 = v>i\s j\rnals4 ,:ile he     
lov$ & appreciat$ sci5tific tru?1 he r  

reg>d$ 8 subject  f ! /hetic side1 & ?is
 gave a peculi> *>m to 8 articles4  ,he 
publi%$ books on ,physiological /hetics 
& ,! ,color ,s5se1  :i* did n prove     
pr(itable4 ,f9d+ x h>d to ga9 a         
livelihood  f 8 sci5tific "w1 he turn$  
to fiction1 & soon f\nd1 z  ! ,london   
,times has x1 8t 8 wor/ fiction 0 m     
pr(itable  ?an 8 be/ sci5ce40 ,8 love ( 
sci5ce1 h[ev]1 8approa*$  en?usiasm10 & 
he contribut$ frequ5t popul> sci5tific  
articles to  ! magaz9es1 s t 8= ye>s pa/
 h>dly "o ( ^? publications  has be5    
reckon$ complete0 )\t contribution ( ?is
 "* f  him4 ,he remov$ f ,london to     
,dork+1 & aft]w>d w5t to s\!rn  ,france 
& ,italy = 8 heal?4 ,!n1 hav+ s f>      
recov]$ t he  c\ld sp5d 8 w9t]s 9       
,engl&1 he made himself a home at       
,h9dhead1  ,surrey4 ,"h he di$1 ,octob] 
#be?1 aft] sev]al weeks' suff]+ f  a    
pa9ful int]nal malady4 ,among 8         
sci5tific works1 8 books on             
,physiological /hetics1 ,! ,color ,s5se1
 & ! ,evolution ( ! ,idea  ( ,god des]ve

 special m5tion4           99       99  
99       99       99    ,japanese       
,pap]4--,! peculi> qualities ( ,japanese
 pap]1 mo/ (  !m excell5t ones1 & !     
great v>iety ( uses to :i* x is  appli$1
 are kn[n ev]y:]e4 ,x is a wood or b>k  
pap]1 & d]ives  its prop]ties f !       
sub/ances ( :i* x is made & ! me?od  (  
its manufacture4 ,sev]al plants are     
cultivat$ = ! manufacture1  :i*1 9 !    
abs5ce ( ,engli% names1 mu/ be call$ by 
_!  ,japanese or sci5tific ones1 ( :i* !
 pr9cipal are 8mitsumata0  7,edgewor?ia 
papyrif]a71 ! 8sozo0 7,brossonia        
papyrif]a71 &  ! 8gampiju0              
7,wiek/roannia canec5sis74 ,bamboo b>k  
also furni%es  a good pap]1 b is n mu*  
us$4 ,! mitsumata ramifies into ?ree    
bran*es1 & is cultivat$ 9 plantations1  
be+ propagat$ f  se$s & by cutt+s4 ,x is
 fit = use 9 ! second ye> if !  soil is 
good4 ,its cultivation & exportation h  
rea*$ an enorm\s  importance1 l>gely    
because ! ,imp]ial ,pr9t+ ,(fice uses x 
=  bank notes & (ficial docum5ts4 ,!    

sozo is propagat$ by se$s1  & some:at   
resembles ! mulb]ry4 ,! gampiju is a    
small %rub  :i* is cut 9 its ?ird ye>4  
,to make pap]1 ! b>k is /eep$  9 a      
kettle ) buck:eat a%es to extract ! res9
 9 x4 ,:5  x is r$uc$ to a pulp1 a      
sieve-bottom$ frame ) silk or hemp5     
?reads is plung$ )91 v mu* z 9 ,we/]n   
pap]-mak+4 ,?is1  lett+ out ! wat]1     
holds ! pulp1 :i*1 felt+1 is to =m !    
future %eet ( pap]4 ,?is is press$1 to  
squeeze all ! wat] out1  & is left to   
dry4 ,! uses made ( pap] 9 ,japan are   
innum]able1  p>ticul>ly 9 old ,japan1   
:i* treasures up its pa/4 ,! pap]s1     
?\gh all made 9 a simil> way1 are call$ 
by diff]5t names1  accord+ to ! uses to 
:i* !y are appli$ & _! orig94  ,w9d[    
lights are made ( pap]1 & p>titions     
betwe5 rooms1 :5 x  is /ret*$ on frames1
 :i* "w z slid+ doors4 ,! celebrat$     
lant]ns1 call$ gifu1 are made ( x at    
,tokio & ,osaka4 ,"u !  "n ( %ibuganni x
 is appli$ to ! cov]+ ( umbrellas :i*   
are sold 9 ,*9a & ,korea4 ,z z$ogawa %i 

bank notes are pr9t$  on x4 ,oil$ x is  
kappa1 imp]meable & suitable = cov]+    
packages & = mak+ wat]pro( g>m5ts4      
,h&k]*iefs are made  f x1 cords by      
twi/+4 ,= light1 solid articles x is    
mix$ &  compress$ v mu* z our papi]-ma*4
 ,cov]$ ) ?ick pa/e &  p\nd$1 x =ms     
tape/ries4 ,imitations ( ,cordova lea!r 
are made  ( x by spread+ x & press+ x ) 
h>d bru%es ^u bo>ds 9  :i* suitable     
designs h be5 cut4 ,x is !n cov]$ ) oil 
&  v>ni%4 ,japan produc$ ne>ly five     
million doll>s' wor? ( pap]  9 #ahib4   
,un=tunately1 ,european me?ods (        
manufacture h be5  introduc$1 & !re is  
dang] ( ! pap] los+ its di/9ctive       
qualities4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,! ,deeps ( !   
,ocean4--,9 8 geographical address at ! 
,briti%  ,association1 ,sir ,john       
,murray %[$ t ! deep oceanic s\nd+s  are
 scatt]$ ov] ! diff]5t ocean bas9s 9    
v>y+ proportions1  t !y are n[ mo/      
num]\s 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic & ,s\?we/    
,pacific1 & 9 ^! two regions ! cont\r   

l9es ( dep? may be  drawn ) great]      
confid5ce ?an 9 ! o!r divisions ( !     
great  ocean bas9s4 ,on ! :ole1 x may be
 said t ! g5]al t5d5cy  ( rec5t s\nd+s  
is to ext5d ! area ) dep?s great] ?an   
"o ?\s& fa?oms1 & to %[ t num]\s        
volcanic cones rise  f ! g5]al level ( !
 floor ( ! ocean bas9s up to v>i\s      
levels b5ea? ! sea surface4 ,consid]ably
 m ?an half ( !  sea floor lies at a    
dep? exce$+ two ?\s& fa?oms1 or m  ?an  
two geographical miles4 ,on ! ,*all5g]  
*>ts all areas :]e  ! dep? exce$s ?ree  
?\s& fa?oms h be5 call$ 8deeps10  &     
di/9ctive names h be5 conf]r$ ^u !m4    
,=ty-two su*  depressions are n[        
kn[n--tw5ty-f\r 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1    
?ree  9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 fifte5 9 !    
,atlantic ,ocean1 & "o 9 !  ,s\!rn &    
,ant>ctic ,oceans4 ,! area occupi$ by ^!
 deeps is  e/imat$ at #g1aeb1jjj        
geographical squ>e miles1 or ab\t sev5  
p]  c5t ( ! total wat] surface ( !      
globe4 ,)9 ^! deeps  m ?an #bej s\nd+s h
 be5 record$1 ( :i* tw5ty-f\r  exce$    

#b1jjj fa?oms1 includ+ ?ree exce$+      
#e1jjj fa?oms4 ,dep?s  exce$+ #d1jjj    
fa?oms1 or f\r geographical miles1 h be5
 record$  9 eight ( ! deeps4 ,dep?s     
exce$+ #e1jjj fa?oms h be5  hi!rto      
record$ only )9 ! ,aldri* ,deep ( ! ,s\?
 ,pacific1  to ! ea/ ( ! ,k]madecs &    
,fri5dly ,isl&s1 :]e ! greate/  dep? is 
#e1aee fa?oms1 or #ecj feet m ?an five  
geographical miles4  ,?is is ab\t #b1jjj
 feet m bel[ ! level ( ! sea ?an !      
summit ( ,m\nt ,ev]e/1 9 ! ,himalayas1  
is above x4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,dea? ( ,sir    
,william ,dawson4--,by ! dea? ( ,sir ,j4
 ,william  ,dawson1 at ,montreal1       
,novemb] #ai?1 ,am]ica loses "o ( its   
mo/  highly di/+ui%$ geologi/s4 ,sir    
,william 0 born at ,pict\1 ,nova        
,scotia1 9 ,octob]1 #ahbj1 & 0 deeply   
int]e/$ 9 ! /udy (  ,nature f 8 e>ly    
college days1 :5 he made ext5sive       
collections  ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,:5 he 0     
tw5ty-two ye>s old a happy =tune  br\ght
 him 9 contact ) ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 !n 

visit+ ,am]ica1  & he 0 t em95t         
geologi/'s travel+ companion dur+ 8     
sci5tific t\r ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,he /udi$
 *emi/ry at ! ,univ]sity  ( ,ed9burgh4  
,return+ to ,nova ,scotia 9 #ahej1 he   
engag$ 9 tea*+1  & 0 associat$ ) ! fir/ 
normal s*ool 9 ! prov9ce4 ,he  0 aft]w>d
 connect$ ) ! new ,univ]sity ( ,new     
,brunswick1 &  f #ahee to #ahic 0       
,pr9cipal ( ,mc,gill ,college &         
,univ]sity4  ,al?\gh 8 duties 9 !       
college 7 v exact+1 ,pr(essor  ,dawson's
 indu/ry 9 sci5tific rese>* 0 nev]      
relax$1 & he  0 ! au?or ( contributions 
( v great value to ! geology  &         
paleontology ( ,canada4 ,among ^! 7 !   
discov]ies ( !  ,d5drepeton acadianum--!
 fir/ reptile f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican  coal   
=mations--& ! ,pupa vetu/a--! fir/-kn[n 
,paleozoic  l& %ell4 ,8 discov]y &      
exposition ( ! ,eozoon canad5se         
attract$ great att5tion1 & 0 mu*        
discuss$1 b 8 views (  its importance d 
n seem to h be5 ju/ifi$1 = "s d\bts n[  
exi/ among geologi/s :e!r x repres5ts   

any organic /ructure4  ,he 0 ! fir/     
,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada1
 :i* 0  organiz$ 9 #ahhb2 0 "o ( !      
sectional presid5ts ( ! ,briti%         
,association at its ,montreal meet+     
7#ahhd71 & 0 presid5t ( t  body at its  
,birm+ham meet+1 #ahhf4 ,among 8 publi%$
 works are !  ,description ( ! ,devonian
 & ,c>bonif]\s ,flora ( ,ea/]n ,nor?    
,am]ica1 con/itut+ two volumes ( !      
,reports ( ! ,geological  ,survey (     
,canada2 ,air-,brea!rs ( ! ,coal        
,=mation2 ,acadian ,geology2  ,! ,/ory (
 ! ,e>? & ,man2 ,orig9 ( ,animal ,life2 
,fossil ,m52  ! ,canadian ,ice ,age2 !  
,meet+ ,place ( ,geology & ,hi/ory2 !   
,geological ,hi/ory ( ,plants 79 !      
,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies72       
,relics ( ,primeval ,life 7,l[ell       
,lectures72 ,! ,*a9 ( ,life 9           
,geological ,times2 ,mod]n ,sci5ce 9    
,bible ,l&s2 ! ,dawn ( ,life2  ,mod]n   
,ideas ( ,evolution2 a book ( travels 9 
,egypt & ,syria2 &  _m contributions to 
sci5tific p]iodicals4 ,he receiv$ num]\s

  degrees & honors f le>n$ bodies &     
in/itutions1 among !m  ! ,lyell m$al ( !
 ,geological ,society ( ,london1 9      
#ahhb4 ,a sket*  ( ,pr9cipal ,dawson1 z 
he 0 !n call$1 0 publi%$1 ) a  portrait1
 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,decemb]1
 #ahge 7vol4 viii1  p4 #acb74           
99       99       99       99       99  
,glacial ,lakes 9 ,new ,york4--,a       
glacial lake is def9$ by ,h4 ,p4        
,fair*ild1 9 8 pap] on ,glacial ,wat]s 9
 ! ,f+] ,lake ,region (  ,new ,york     
7,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1        
,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y471 z a body  ( /atic    
wat] exi/+ by virtue ( a b>ri] ( ice4   
,su* imp\nd$  wat]s may exi/ :]e a      
glaci] blocks a /ream1 or :]e ! g5]al   
l& surface incl9es t[>d ! glaci] foot4  
,! lakes describ$ 9  ,mr4 ,fair*ild's   
pap] belongs to ! second class1 & 7 =m$ 
9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,ont>io bas91 :]e ! l& 
slopes  nor?w>d f a plateau ( two ?\s&  
feet elevation d[n to ,lake  ,ont>io1   
two hundr$ & =ty-six feet4 ,! high      
plateau 0 deeply  ga%$ by ! preglacial  

/ream erosion1 & 9 ^! tr5*es along  !   
nor!rn bord] ( ! plateau lie ! pres5t   
8,f+] ,lakes40  ,! topography 0         
peculi>ly favorable to ! production     
aga9/ !  bold ice front ( a s]ies (     
di/9ct valley lakes1 9 _m respects      
unequal$ else:]e4 ,betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty 
( ^! lakes are  describ$ 9 ,pr(essor    
,fair*ild's pap]1 :i* occupi$ sites n[  
p>tly repres5t$ by n9ete5 /reams &      
lakes1 beg9n+ )  ,tonaw&a ,creek on !   
we/ & ext5d+ to ,butt]nut ,creek        
7,jamesburg  & ,apulia7 on ! ea/4 ,!    
local lakes 7 n ( long duration1 &  _!  
surface level 0 un/able1 *ang+ ) !      
d[n-cutt+ ( !  outlets & ) ! greatly    
increas$ volume ( ! summ] melt+  ( ! ice
 %eet4 ,consequ5tly1 true bea*es are    
usually want+4  ,! conspicu\s evid5ces  
are ! deltas ( l& /reams1 ) _!  t]races1
 embankm5ts1 b>s & spits1 & ! outlet    
*annels4 ,!  records ( ^! ext9ct wat]s  
are ! v late/ ph5om5a connect$  ) ! ice 
invasion1 & are ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! 
glacial  condition & ! pres5t           

hydrography4 ,!y are ( lively int]e/1   
p]haps1 to only a few p]sons1 b !       
details are necess>y to !  m g5]al /udy 
( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,no economic or         
practical result  f ! k is =ese51 8b z  
pure sci5ce ! /udy (  ^! wat]less lakes1
 waveless %ores1 & /reamless *annels has
 a  fasc9ation & romance40           99 
99       99       99       99    ,!     
,environm5t ,9 ,education4--8,two       
consid]ations ( equal &  fundam5tal     
importance10 says ,mr4 ,wilbur ,s4      
,jackman1 8are includ$  9 tea*+--! *oice
 ( ! subject-matt] & its pres5tation1  &
 ! reaction ( ! pupil z ! result ( !    
pres5tation4 ,no  pres5tation ev] rea*es
 consci\sness )\t a reaction1 h[ev]     
feeble1 f :i* results an imm$iate &     
inevitable correspond+  m5tal           
con/ruction4 ,c]ta9 in/9cts call$       
primitive1 x may be  g5]ally agre$1 exi/
 9 *ildr51 &1 by tak+ intellig5t        
advantage ( ^!1 def9ite educative       
pres5tation may be begun at  a mu* e>li]
 age ?an 0 once suppos$4 ,"u ! !ory t  !

 *ild repeats ! racial hi/ory 9 its     
gr[?1 a practice has  aris5 ( meet+ !   
e>ly in/9cts ( *ildhood ) pres5tations  
f ! adult lives ( primitive peoples4    
,pres5tations are made to  /imulate !   
idea ( hunt+ & fi%+1 ( build+ wigwams & 
!  l40 ,b x is a fundam5tal error1 ,mr4 
,jackman believes1 to suppose  t :ile ! 
*ild may be ,indianlike 9 8 in/9cts he  
is to be  consid]$ or treat$ z an       
,indian4 ,ano!r factor ( :i* evolution  
makes a great deal--! nature ( !        
environm5t--mu/ be consid]$1  & x is v  
p[]ful4 ,! mat]ial = satisfy+ ! crav+s (
  ! e>ly in/9cts %\ld !re=e be *os5 f ! 
imm$iate  environm5t1 to :i* ! pupil's  
reaction is at once positive &  def9ite4
 8,x is sc>cely possible to ov]magnify !
 b5efits (  an education t seeks fir/ to
 make ! mo/ out ( ! imm$iate  ?+s (     
life4 ,its results & its ideals are ab\t
 u ev]y:]e4 ,!  ability to use 9 ! mo/  
intellig5t & skillful way ! mat]ials  ( 
our environm5t is ! necess>y condition =
 ! highe/ purposes  & ! mo/ glorifi$    

ideals4 ,"o mu/ h a pr(\nd respect = !  
education t proposes to give u clean    
cities & hygi5ic homes40           99   
99       99       99       99    ,an    
,a?abascan ,indian ,lodge4--,! c>ib\-sk9
 lodge ( ! nor!rn  ,a?abascan ,indians  
is describ$ by ,mr4 ,frank ,russell1 9 8
  ,explorations 9 ! ,f> ,nor?1 z        
support$ by a framework ( f  twelve to  
?irty poles4 ,9 pit*+ camp 9 w9t]1 /icks
 are ?ru/  ?r\gh ! sn[ 9 ord] to f9d    
solid e>? = a floor4 ,if ! /ick  ent]s  
s(t moss ! place is avoid$1 z ! camp    
fire w\ld spread  & und]m9e ! lodge4 ,:5
 a suitable site is f\nd1 ! m5 cle>     
away ! sn[ ) _! sn[%oes1 & p]haps assi/ 
! wom5 9  cutt+ & c>ry+ ! lodge poles4  
,x is ! wom5's duty to c>ry  bundles (  
spruce b\ghs ) :i* to cov] ! floor ( !  
lodge4  ,! bru% is c>efully laid1 bran* 
by bran*1 s t ! /ems are  "u ! tops &   
po9t away f ! c5t]4 ,?is floor is r5ew$ 
e ,saturday aft]noon4 ,! fireplace is   
surr\nd$ by a pole (  gre5 wood1 ?ree or
 f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 cut s z to be b5t 

9  ! =m ( a polygon4 ,above ! doorway a 
pole eight feet long is  la%$ to !      
lodge-poles 9 a horizontal position1 six
 feet f !  gr\nd2 ?is1 & a simil> pole  
on ! opposite side1 support f  six to   
twelve poles1 cross+ above ! fire1 mak+ 
a /age on :i*  to ?aw & dry meat4 ,ea*  
hunt]'s p[d]-horn & %ot-p\* are  susp5d$
 f a lodge-pole or 8 back1 :ile 8 gun   
/&s 9 its  cov] aga9/ a pole or lies on 
a /age outside4 ,ne> ! door flap  are   
sev]al hungry & wat*ful dogs1 :i*1 by   
con/antly runn+ 9  & out1 make an op5+ =
 ! cold w9d to ent]4 ,! dogs are ti$  at
 night4 ,! side ( ! fire next to !      
entrance is allott$ to !  *ildr5 &      
visit+ wom54 ,on ei!r side sit ! wives1 
= !re  are usually two families 9 "o    
lodge4 ,beh9d !m are muskimoots  & an   
inextricable confusion ( rags1 blankets1
 bones1 meat1 etc4 ,if  a crook$ knife1 
a tea bag1 or any?+ t is 9 ! heap is    
ne$$1  ev]y?+ is tumbl$ ab\t until x is 
f\nd4 ,! sl$-wrapp] is  ext5d$ beh9d !  
lodge-poles & s]ves z a cat*-all = /ores

  ( meat1 bones to be p\nd$ & boil$ to  
extract ! grease1 &  odds & ends n 9    
con/ant use4 ,! next space is occupi$ by
 !  m5 ( ! h\se2 t f>!/ f ! door is     
res]v$ = !  "y m5 & ! m5 gue/s4 ,at     
night ea* adult rolls up 9 a s+le       
?ree-po9t blanket or a c>ib\-sk9 robe1 &
 sleeps on an undress$  c>ib\ sk94 ,a   
piece ( an old blanket g5]ally cov]s !  
small  *ildr5 9 a bun*4           99    
99       99       99       99    ,! ,s& 
,gr\se4--,pallas's s& gr\se is a native 
( ! ,kirghiz  /eppes ( c5tral ,asia1 &  
occasionally1 driv5 by "s pressure (    
circum/ances ( :i* we c only conjecture 
! nature1 makes visits  to ,engl&4 ,its 
pres5ce 9 t c\ntry has nev] be5 record$ 
till  ?is c5tury--m1 p]haps1 = lack (   
obs]v]s ?an ( migrat+  birds--b x has   
appe>$ 9 #ahfc1 #ahgb1 #ahgc1 #ahhh1    
#ahhi1 & #ahii4  ,! pr9cipal migration 9
 rec5t ye>s 0 9 #ahhh1 :5 _m examples  7
 se5 & %ot 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9
 ! same ye>  x 0 se5 8f> & wide0 9 we/]n
 ,europe1 & z f> nor? z  ,trondhjem1 9  

we/]n ,norway4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,saturday   
,review rem>ks  on ! resemblance ( ?is  
s& gr\se1 z describ$ by ,prjevalski 9   
c5tral ,asia1 to ! v>i\s s& gr\se he has
 se5 9 ,s\? ,africa4  ,at ! dr9k+ places
 !y circle r\nd ! wat]4 ,pres5tly !y    
alight &1 ,prjevalski says1 8ha/ily dr9k
 & rise aga91 &1 9  cases :]e ! flocks  
are l>ge1 ! birds 9 front get up be=e   
^? at ! back h "t to alight4 ,!y "k _!  
dr9k+ places  v well1 & v (t5 g to !m f 
di/ances ( t5s ( miles1  especially 9 ! 
morn+s1 betwe5 n9e & t5 o'clock1 b aft] 
twelve at noon !y seldom visit ^!       
spots40 ,9 ! ,kalah>i c\ntry1  at !     
scant des]t wat]s1 ! ,saturday ,review  
writ] says1 ?ree  k9ds ( s& gr\se 8are  
to be se5 flock+ 9 f all p>ts ( !       
c\ntry f eight to t5 o'clock ,a4 ,m4 =  
_! day's dr9k4 ,circl+  swiftly r\nd !  
pool ) %>p cries1 !y sudd5ly /oop toge!r
  t[>d ! wat]4 ,! noisy ru/le ( _! w+s z
 !y alight &  asc5d is mo/ rem>kable4   
,we notic$ t ! birds ne>e/ ! wat]  drank
 quickly & mov$ (f1 all[+ ^? 9 ! re> to 

take _!  places & slake _! ?ir/1 ! :ole 
process be+ accompli%$  ) unfail+ ord] &
 regul>ity4444 ,! spectacle ( ^!        
punctual  creatures1 /ream+ 9 f all     
po9ts ( ! compass ) unfail+  regul>ity  
betwe5 eight & t5 o'clock 0 always mo/  
fasc9at+4  ,aft] dr9k+ !y circl$ once or
 twice r\nd ! wat] pool1 &  !n flew (f )
 amaz+ swiftness = _! day ( fe$+ 9 !    
dry1 sun-scor*$ des]t4 ,! se$s ( grass &
 o!r des]t plants  seem to con/itute _! 
pr9cipal food4 ,! s& gr\se has "s       
*>act]i/ics ( ! pigeon & "s ( ! gr\se1  
:i* sugge/ a  #8s+ul> bl5d+' ( ! two    
ord]s40           99       99       99  
99       99    ,plantations = ,rural    
,s*ool ,gr\nds4--,a pap] on ! ,lay+ out 
&  ,adornm5t ( ,rural ,s*ool ,gr\nds1 by
 ,pr(4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey1 publi%$  z a    
,bullet9 ( ,cornell ,univ]sity ,exp]im5t
 ,/ation1 lays d[n  z a g5]al pr9ciple 9
 plantation t x %\ld be 9 ! ma9  =      
foliage effects4 8,select ^? trees &    
%rubs :i* are !  commone/1 because !y   
are ! *eape/1 h>die/1 & likelie/ to     

gr[4 ,!re is no di/rict s poor & b>e t  
en\gh plants c n  be secur$ )\t money = 
! s*ool y>d4 ,y w f9d !m 9 !  woods1 9  
old y>ds1 along ! f5ces4444 ,scatt] 9 a 
few trees along  ! f5ces & ab\t !       
build+s4 ,maples1 basswood1 elms1 a%es1 
buttonwood1 pepp]idge1 oaks1 bee*es1    
bir*es1 hickories1 popl>s1 a  few trees 
( p9e or spruce or hemlock--any ( ^! are
 excell5t4  ,if ! c\ntry is bleak1 a r  
heavy plant+ ( ev]gre5s ab\t  ! bord]1 9
 ! place ( s mu* %rubb]y1 is v good4 ,= 
%rubs1 use ! common ?+s to be f\nd 9 !  
woods & swales1  toge!r ) ! roots :i* c 
be f\nd 9 e old y>d4 ,will[s1  osi]s1   
wit*-hazel1 dogwood1 wild roses1 ?orn   
apples1 haws1 eld]s1  sumac1 wild       
honeysuckles--^! & o!rs c be f\nd 9 e   
s*ool di/rict4 ,f ! f>my>ds c be secur$ 
sn[balls1 spireas1  lilacs1 =sy?ias1    
mock-oranges1 roses1 sn[b]ries1         
b>b]ries1  fl[]+ currants1 honeysuckles1
 & ! l4 ,v9es c be us$ to  excell5t     
purpose on ! outbuild+s or on !         
s*oolh\se itself4  ,! common wild       

,virg9ia creep] is ! mo/ s]viceable on  
brick or  /one s*oolh\ses4 ,! ,bo/on ivy
 or ! ,japanese ampelopsis may be  us$1 
unless ! location is v bleak4           
,honeysuckle1 clematis1 &  bitt]sweet   
are also attractive40 ,fl[]s may be us$ 
= decorations4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,de/ruction ( ! 
,birds4--,a circul> s5t u by ! ,new     
,york  ,zological ,society op5s ) !     
decl>ation :i* is only a mod]ate        
expression ( ! tru?1 t 8! annihilation (
 ! f9e/ birds  & quadrup$s ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates is a crime aga9/ civilization    
:i* %\ld call =? ! disapproval ( e      
intellig5t ,am]ican40  ,! second annual 
report ( ! society 7= #ahig7 conta9s an 
article on ?is subject by ,mr4 ,william 
,t4 ,hornaday1 :i* sets =?  "s rem>kable
 facts conc]n+ ! rate at :i* !          
de/ruction  ( ,nature's fair creatures  
is proce$+4 ,x is n cr$itable to        
,am]ican sci5ce or ,am]ican manhood t   
mo/ ( ! measures t  h be5 adopt$ = !    
protection ( animal life 9 ?is c\ntry  h

 be5 tak5 9 ! int]e/ & at ! urg5cy (    
sportsm52 or1  to prev5t kill+ ! poor   
creatures 9 an irregul> way1 9 ord]  t  
!y may be m conv5i5tly kill$ 9 ! regul> 
way4 ,mr4  ,hornaday has a fairly       
satisfactory numb] ( reports 9 answ] to 
8  inquiries conc]n+ ! rate at :i* birds
 are disappe>+ f  ?irty-six ,/ates4 ,f  
^! he has compil$ a graphic table =     
?irty ,/ates1 tak+ c>e to keep )9 !     
cons]vative limit 9  e p>ticul>1 :i* %[s
 t =ty-six p] c5t ( ! birds (  ! c\ntry 
h be5 de/roy$ )9 ! la/ fifte5 ye>s--!   
,/ate av]ages rang+ f t5 p] c5t 9       
,nebraska & tw5ty-sev5  p] c5t 9        
,massa*usetts to sev5ty-five p] c5t 9   
,connecticut1  ,indian ,t]ritory1 &     
,montana1 & sev5ty-sev5 p] c5t 9        
,florida4  ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,oregon1 & 
,cali=nia ! balance ( bird life  has be5
 ma9ta9$2 & 9 ,kansas1 ,wyom+1 ,wa%+ton1
 & ,utah x  has increas$--,kansas1 ) its
 law absolutely =bidd+ traffic 9  c]ta9 
birds1 be+ ! 8bann] ,/ate40 8,! we/]n "p
 ( ! ,/ate  ( ,wa%+ton reveals !        

uncommon p>adox ( a locality be+ fill$  
up ) bird =ms because ( ! cle>+ away ( !
 timb]40 ,!  ag5cies br++ ab\t !        
de/ruction ( our animal life are _m  &  
v>i\s4 ,!re are ! 8sportsm510 ( :om ,mr4
 ,hornaday regi/]s  five k9ds1 all eag] 
to 8kill some?+10 hunt+ = "o hundr$  &  
fifty-f\r species ( 8game birds10 & :5  
^! fail1 tak+  ! song birds 9 _! place4 
,if ! reports are true1 ! boys (        
,am]ica are ! *ief de/roy]s ( our       
pass]9e birds & o!r small  non-edible   
birds g5]ally4 8,! majority ( !m %oot ! 
birds1 a  great _m devote _! en]gies to 
ga!r+ eggs1 & "s d bo?40  ,!n !re are ! 
wom5 we>+ birds or fea!rs 9 _! hats4    
,egg  collect+1 :i* 0 fo/]$ at "o "t z  
enc\rag+ int]e/ 9  natural hi/ory1 has  
increas$ till x has become an abuse z   
dang]\s  & de/ructive z any ( ! o!rs1 & 
ev5 g5u9e sci5tific  collectors are     
advis$ to call a halt4 ,mr4 ,hornaday   
concludes t  8"u pres5t conditions1 &   
except+ 9 a few localities1 !  practical
 annihilation ( all our birds1 except ! 

smalle/ species1  & )9 a comp>atively   
%ort p]iod1 may be reg>d$ z absolutely  
c]ta9 to occur40           99       99  
99       99       99    ,annual         
,fl[]s4--,9 a ,cornell ,univ]sity       
,agricultural ,exp]im5t  bullet9 on     
,annual ,fl[]s ! au?ors1 ,g4 ,n4 ,lauman
 & ,pr(4 ,l4 ,h4  ,bailey1 tea* t ! ma9 
plant+ ( any place %\ld be trees &      
%rubs4 ,! fl[]s may !n be us$ z         
decorations4 ,!y may be ?r[n  9 freely  
ab\t ! bord]s ( ! place1 b n 9 b$s 9 !  
c5t]  ( ! lawn4 ,!y %[ (f bett] :5 se5  
aga9/ a backgr\nd1 :i*  may be foliage1 
a build+1 a rock1 or a f5ce4 ,:]e to    
plant fl[]s  is really m important ?an  
:at to plant4 8,9 front ( bu%es1 9  !   
corn] ( ! /eps1 aga9/ ! f\ndation ( !   
resid5ce or  ou?\se1 along a f5ce or a  
walk--^! are places = fl[]s4 ,a  s+le   
petunia plant aga9/ a backgr\nd (       
foliage is wor? a doz5  simil> plants 9 
! c5t] ( ! lawn4444 ,! op5-c5t]$ y>d    
may be a picture2 ! promiscu\sly plant$ 
y>d may be a nurs]y or a  =e/4 ,a little

 color scatt]$ "h & !re puts ! f9i% to !
  picture40 ,if ! p]son wants a fl[]    
g>d51 ! prim>y "q is  "o n ( decoration 
( ! y>d1 b ( gr[+ fl[]s = fl[]s'  sake4 
,! fl[] g>d51 !re=e1 %\ld be at "o side 
( !  resid5ce or at ! re>1 = x is n     
all[able to spoil a good lawn  ev5 )    
fl[]s4 ,a good small g>d5 is mu* m      
satisfactory ?an a  poor l>ge g>d54 ,_m 
annual plants make effective scre5s &   
cov]s  = unsightly places4 ,wild        
cucumb]1 coba1 & sweet peas may be us$  
to decorate ! t5nis scre5 or ! *ick5-y>d
 f5ce4 ,effici5t  scre5s c be made ( _m 
/rong-gr[+ & l>ge-leav$ plants1  su* z  
cannas1 ca/or-beans1 sunfl[]s1 or       
tobacco4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,a ,?irte5?-,c5tury      
,miracle4--,! leg5d ( ,/4 ,prokopy      
relates t  on ! #be? ( ,june1 #abij1 !  
city ( ,wilikij ,u/jug1 gov]nm5t (      
,vologda1 s\!rn ,russia1 0 imm95tly     
?reat5$ by a viol5t /orm4  ,! populace  
appeal$ to ! sa9t1 &1 by virtue ( 8     
pray]s1 !  /orm *ang$ its direction1 &1 

pass+ on "o side ( ! city1  sp5t its    
fury ^u a des]t spot ab\t fifte5 miles  
away1 :]e  x left1 ) hail1 a mass (     
fire-m>k$ /ones1 ! fall ( :i*  wr\ght   
great havoc ) ! und]gr[?4 ,! incid5t    
made a deep  impression ^u ! m9ds ( ! p1
 s t ! /ory is /ill  curr5t & alive aft]
 ! lapse ( six hundr$ ye>s4 ,a te/imony 
to :at ! p believe is its tru? may be   
f\nd by visit+ !  spot1 :]e a surface   
ext5d+ along ab\t f\r miles is cov]$ )  
blocks ( /one1 assum$ to be meteorites4 
,a *ur* d$icat$ to ,/4  ,prokopy has be5
 built 9 ! neighbor+ village ( ,lob(f or
 ,catoval1  & ne> x /&s a curi\s little 
wood5 *apel ( great antiquity1  !       
f\ndation ( :i* 0 made ( ! /ones t fell4
 ,! *ur* is  decorat$ ) pictures ( ,/4  
,prokopy & ( incid5ts ( ! meteoric      
/orm1 & "o ( ! /ones t fell has be5     
m\nt$ on a p$e/al  9 ! ca!dral ( ,u/jug1
 :]e x is an object ( devotion4 ,mr4    
,melnik(f1 ,cons]vator ( ! ,m9]alogical 
,collections ( ! ,m9+  ,in/itute ( ,/4  
,pet]sburg1 has exam9$ ! place & !      

/ones1  & f9ds t !y are n meteoric &    
heav5ly at all1 b simply  e>?ly granite 
& s&/one4 ,yet ,m4 ,/anislas ,meuni]    
sugge/s1 9  ,la ,nature1 t ! /ory1 s    
c>efully treasur$ up = six hundr$  ye>s1
 may h a f\ndation4 ,t su* /ones z lie  
on ! gr\nd  at ,catoval may h be5 tak5  
up & transplant$ by a tornado (  extreme
 viol5ce he reg>ds z )9 ! possibilities4
 ,m4 ,meuni]  has himself inve/igat$ a  
ph5om5on ( ! k9d 9 ,france1 :]e  ! gr\nd
 0 8mitraill$0 ) /ones measur+ "o1 two1 
& ?ree  cubic c5timetres1 :i* _h be5    
br\ght a di/ance ( "o hundr$  & fifty   
kilometres4 ,ano!r possible explanation 
is t ! /ones  7 already !re1 s conceal$ 
by ! d5se gr[? z n to attract  p>ticul> 
att5tion1 b became m pla9ly obvi\s :5 ! 
gr\nd  _h be5 cle>$ by ! tornado4       
,,m9or ,,p>agraphs4      ,:ile x        
recognizes ! desirability ( agree+ ^u "s
 language z  a g5]al m$ium (            
communication betwe5 nations1 ! ,london 
,spectator  pres5ts c]ta9 =cible reasons
 = n seek+ to in/itute "o  univ]sal     

language4 8,mank9d10 x says1 8w nev]    
adopt a univ]sal  language1 nor is x to 
be desir$ t x %\ld4 ,! in/rum5t =       
express+ ?\ght mu/ v>y ) ! "*1 hi/ory1 &
 m5tal  range ( ^? :o h ?\ghts to       
express1 & if all m5 spoke  alike1      
n9ety-n9e p] c5t ( !m w\ld be speak+    
/iffly--n  us+1 t is1 a natural &       
self-develop$ vehicle ( expression4     
,arabic c\ld n h gr[n up among          
,engli%m51 or ,engli% among  ,arabs4 ,! 
seclusion ( nations1 too1 f "o ano!r by 
! want (  a common tongue is by no means
 all loss1 & we may d\bt ) reason  :y ! 
high] races w\ld n be degrad$ if !y     
und]/ood )\t  ef=t all t ! l[] races say
 to "o ano!r4 ,!y w\ld be br$1  z x 71 9
 ! s]vants' hall1 n to _! advantage40   
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 a rec5t address on ,! ,*emi/ry ( !   
,inf9itely ,little1 ,m4  ,grimaux ref]r$
 to ! fact1 ) :i* all :o h ?\ght ab\t x 
h be5 /ruck1 t pa?og5ic microbes be+    
diffus$ all ?r\gh  ! atmosph]e1 ev]ybody
 mu/ brea! & absorb all sorts ( !m1     

includ+ g]ms ( typhoid fev]1 sc>let     
fev]1 diph!ria1 etc41 &  yet we are n   
all attack$ ) ^? diseases4 ,:y8 ,because
 ea*  p]son has a peculi> temp]am5t1 &  
cells adapt$1 to a great]  or less      
ext5t1 to resi/ ! microbe1 to de/roy x  
:5 x ent]s  ! organism1 & ?us           
con/itutes1 z ! case may be1 a good or a
  bad cultural m$ium4 ,e "o1 we might   
say1 is immune aga9/ "s  or o!r ( !     
pa?og5ic microbes4 ,l immunity belongs  
also to  c]ta9 animal species1 & if a   
microbe pa?og5ic to man or to "s  o!r   
species is inject$ into !m !y w resi/ x4
 ,! blood (  refractory animals probably
 conta9s pr9ciples n yet kn[n :i*       
oppose ! developm5t ( ! infecti\s       
microbe4 ,f ?is fact !  idea has be5    
sugge/$ ( inject+ ! blood ( refractory  
animals  & communicat+ an artificial    
immunity to ! individual to :om !       
injection is appli$4           99       
99       99       99       99    ,m4 ,j4
 ,,cr,,p91 ( ,p>is1 8an en?usia/ conc]n+
 ! goat10 z ,m4  de ,p>ville calls him 9

 ,la ,nature1 has e/abli%$ a model goat 
dairy1 & is endeavor+ to diffuse a ta/e 
= goat's milk & its  products4 ,z a     
means to ?is end1 he has s\ght to       
procure an improv$  bre$ ( goats1 & has 
obta9$ a /ock ( v satisfactory quality  
by cross+ ! be/ native goats ) ! ,nubian
 buck4 ,! latt]  animal is r awkw>d 9 =m
 & movem5t1 b ,m4 ,crp9 hopes to  bre$ t
 out4 ,o!rwise ! ,nubian is well        
acclimat$1 vigor\s1 &  indiff]5t to     
cold1 hornless1 & a mo/ excell5t milk]4 
,goat's milk  g5]ally is ri*] 9 case9e  
?an c['s milk1 & owes "s ( its  special 
qualities to ?is fact1 & to ! fur!r     
circum/ance t  ! flecks ( goat-milk     
*eese are small]1 s(t]1 & m easily      
brok5 up--consequ5tly m dige/ible--?an  
^? ( c['s milk4  ,fur!r1 goat's milk is 
m ne>ly ?an any o!r common milk l 9     
composition to human "m's milk2 & x has 
! v great advantage  t1 ! goat be+ less 
subject to attacks ( tub]culosis & o!r  
dang]\s disord]s1 x is comp>atively free
 f ! liability to  convey infection4 ,a 

s+le objection to ! g5]al use ( goat's  
milk  is ! odor :i* is suppos$ to be    
*>act]i/ic ( x1 b ,m4 ,crp9  affirms t  
?is is n app>5t :5 ! goats are prop]ly  
br$ &  kept4 ,m4 ,crp9 is exp]im5t+ )   
butt] f goat's milk1 &  repres5ts t he  
f9ds x v nice4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,! fundam5tal   
pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! new =m ( telemet]1 
or  in/rum5t = e/imat+ ! di/ance (      
visible objects )\t  actual measurem5t1 
inv5t$ by ,h]r ,zeiss1 ( ,j5a1 is t (  !
 /]eoscopic effect :i* appe>s 9 natural 
vision1 :]e !  incl9ation ( ! eyes 9    
conc5trat+ on ! object gives ! s5se  (  
di/ance4 ,! base l9e betwe5 ! eyes is   
increas$ 9 ! ,zeiss  in/rum5t by means (
 a sy/em ( prisms s z to give a wid5$   
base  ( b9ocul> vision1 & ( mirrors :i* 
give magnify+ p[]4 ,d\ble  images are   
=m$1 ! di/ance betwe5 :i* v>ies 9       
proportion  to ! di/ance f ! obs]v]1 &  
appliances are provid$  = measur+ h[ f> 
ap>t !y are4 ,! arrangem5t is fairly    
satisfactory = mod]ate di/ances--say (  

#c1jjj metres1 or ab\t  #aj1jjj feet4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,m4 ,moissan believes t he has f\nd a   
solution ( ! problem (  ! manufacture ( 
ammonia f ! atmosph]e1 & consequ5tly  ( 
r5d]+ atmosph]ic nitrog5 available 9    
agriculture1 by !  artificial production
 ( calcium nitride4 ,:ile calcium       
und]goes no  *ange 9 contact ) nitrog5  
at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 x is  affect$ by
 x "u ! op]ation ( heat1 & f9ally burns 
9 x1  absorb+ x rapidly & giv+ rise to a
 bronze-color$ nitride4  ,?r[n into     
wat]1 ?is sub/ance decomposes )         
eff]vesc5ce1  produc+ ammonia & calcium 
hydrate4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,pr(4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dolbe>1 ( 
,tufts ,college1 ,massa*usetts1 pat5t$  
an  inv5tion = telegraph+ )\t wires 9   
#ahhf1 :i* he claims  cov]s all t       
,m>coni is do+4 ,he has s5t messages ) x
 = z  long di/ances z five miles4       
,accord+ to 8 acc\nt he inv5t$ !  sy/em 
& made successful exp]im5ts ) x z f>    
back z #ahhb4  ,he made an application =

 a pat5t1 :i* 0 reject$ by ! ,pat5t     
,(fice ) ! /atem5t t x 0 contr>y to     
sci5ce & w\ld  n "w4 8,b z x did "w1 !  
claim 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ! (fice1  & f\r ye>s  
lat]1 9 #ahhf1 a pat5t = x 0 issu$40    
,pr(essor  ,dolbe> does n wi% x to be   
und]/ood t 8 pat5t is on !  8art (      
wireless telegraphy10 b t x cov]s ev]y?+
 t has  be5 s f> done 9 ! art4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,on ! occasion ( ! visit ( ! ,fr5*      
,association to ! ,briti%  ,association1
 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson gave an          
exposition ( ! l9es (  rese>* by :i* x  
has be5 conclud$ t ! atom is n !        
smalle/ exi/+ quantity ( matt]4         
,electro-*emical ph5om5a  tea* u to     
associate a def9ite am\nt ( electricity 
) ea* atom  ( matt]2 b ^! rec5t rese>*es
 indicate t "u c]ta9  circum/ances a mu*
 l>g] quantity ( negative electricity   
may be  convey$ by ! atom1 or else t !  
negative electrical *>ge  resides on a  
small deta*able portion ( ! 8atom10 :i* 
alone  is conc]n$ 9 ! exp]im5ts4 ,!     

positive *>ge seems to be  di/ribut$ ov]
 ! :ole mass ( ! atom4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,!     
m]its ( two me?ods ( cl>ify+ sewage--by 
dilution & by  bact]ial action--are     
discuss$ by ,mr4 ,rudolph ,h]+ 9        
articles 9  ! ,eng9e]+ ,magaz9e4        
,disposal by dilution 9 l>ge /reams (   
wat] is reg>d$ z satisfactory 9 _m      
places--:]e ! wat] (  ! /ream is n to be
 us$ = dr9k+ or cook+--provid$ !  fl[ ( 
! /ream is always copi\s en\gh to dilute
 & disp]se !  sewage s widely z to      
prev5t putrefaction & sub/itute         
oxidation4  ,= purification by bact]ial 
action no s+le me?od is f\nd adapt$  to 
all conditions4 ,! me?od by filtration &
 aration is decl>$  practicable only 9  
localities :]e a suffici5t area ( por\s 
l&  is available1 ^u :i* ! crude sewage 
c be spread 9 suffici5t  quantity1 into 
:i* x c filt] ) ! prop] velocity1 &  f  
:i* x c em]ge z a ?or\ghly purifi$ wat]4
 ,:]e ^!  conditions are abs5t1 o!r     
me?ods mu/ be adopt$1 ( :i* !  exp]im5ts

 9 artificial filtration by tanks1 z    
practic$ at  ,exet] & ,sutton1 ,engl&1  
are describ$4 ,^! exp]im5ts promise  to 
improve ! pres5t me?od1 b p]haps n z    
greatly z is  anticipat$ by ! promot]s4 
,! au?or reg>ds a prior sep>ation (  !  
susp5d$ or dissolv$ organic matt] z     
ess5tial to p]man5t  success :5 ! am\nt 
( l& is limit$4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,by us+ !       
tub]cul9 te/ ! faculty ( ! ,ohio        
,agricultural  ,exp]im5t ,/ation h le>n$
 t 9 cattle ! tub]cle bacillus  usually 
fir/ obta9s its foo?old 9 "s ( ! m9or   
gl&s1 t  x may exi/ !re = mon?s & ye>s  
be=e any o!r organs are  affect$1 & t x 
is only 9 advanc$ cases t ! lungs become
  diseas$4 ,:ile ! gr[? ( ! organism is 
limit$ to ^! m9or  gl&s ! heal? ( !     
animal usually %[s no sign ( impairm5t4 
,dur+ ?is p]iod !re is no evid5ce t any 
un:olesome effect  is be+ produc$ ^u !  
fle%1 & s long z ! infection is         
localiz$ 9 ?is way 9 "o or two organs ! 
,gov]nm5t inspectors  pass ! meat z     

s\nd4 ,tub]culosis1 !re=e1 is a v       
diff]5t  compla9t f su* diseases z      
pleuropneumonia or ,texas fev]1 9  :i* !
 :ole sy/em is saturat$ f ! fir/ in/ant 
) !  febrile symptoms4      ,,notes4    
,mr4 ,james ,weir tells ( a spid] :i*   
/ret*$ its web 9 !  division betwe5 two 
p>ts ( a sawmill1 :]e ! l[] fa/5+s (  ! 
/ructure 7 frequ5tly brok5 by ! repeat$ 
pass+ ( lumb]  ?r\gh4 ,discov]+ !       
situation1 ! insect gave up ! use ( guy 
?reads1 &1 f9d+ a nail1 wove x into !   
l[] edge ( its web1  s t x %\ld op]ate z
 a s9k] to keep ! web /ret*$4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,n4 ,g4 ,johnson1 ( ! ,m>yl&            
,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 tell+  
! ,society = ! ,promotion (             
,agricultural ,sci5ce ! /ory (  8 fight 
) ! pea l\se1 repres5t$ t ! pea rais]s 9
 8  ,/ate _h lo/ ?is ye> m ?an ?ree     
million doll>s by ! ravages  ( ?is      
insect4 ,a p>asite _h be5 discov]$ :i*  
practically  annihilat$ ! pe/1 b !      
discov]y 0 n made 9 "t to save  ! crops 

9 "s p>ts ( ! ,/ate f de/ruction4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,! ,am]ican ,society = ! ,promotion (   
,agricultural ,sci5ce1  aft] he>+ !     
acc\nt ( ! "w ( ! ,gypsy ,mo?           
,commission  ( ,massa*usetts1 :i* has   
sp5t m ?an a million & a half (  doll>s 
9 try+ to ext]m9ate ! mis*iev\s insect1 
approv$ !  action ( ! ,massa*usetts     
,legislature 9 ma9ta9+ ! commission1  & 
reque/$ t ! "w be kept up = a %ort "t   
long]4 ,?is  0 because x 0 repres5t$ t !
 mo? 0 n[ conf9$ to a  limit$ area1 &   
c\ld be easily ext]m9at$ by ! exp5diture
 ( a  small am\nt m ( money4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,! hi/ory ( sci5ce has su/a9$ a great   
loss by ! burn+ (  mo/ ( ! relics :i* _h
 be5 collect$ = ! ,volta ,c5t5>y        
,exhibition at ,como1 ,italy4 ,only a   
few ?+s 7 sav$1 compris+ a  sword       
pres5t$ by ,napoleon ,bonap>te to       
,volta1 a ca/ ( ! skull (  ! great      
electrician1 8 wat*1 & a few p]sonal    
relics4 ,on !  o!r h&1 8 books &        

manuscripts1 8 collection ( batt]ies1  !
 only au!ntic portrait ( him1 & 8 w1 7  
de/roy$4  ,nev]!less1 ! celebration 0 n 
/opp$4 ,! fire 0 attribut$  to ! fus+ ( 
"s electric wires4           99       99
       99       99       99    ,an      
example ( pati5t indu/ry is ! sort+ (   
hogs' bri/les z  x is c>ri$ on at       
,ti5ts91 ,*9a4 ,ea* "o ( ! hairs ( !    
six hundr$ ?\s& kilogrammes export$ f t 
place 9 #ahig  _h to be pick$ out1      
measur$1 & plac$ 9 ! bundle ( hairs (   
correspond+ l5g?2 & ! diff]5t l5g?s by  
:i* ! hairs are  sort$ are v num]\s4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,x is /at$ by ,m4 ,lon ,vaillant t !    
late ,m4 ,a4 d',abbadie _h  & us$ an    
effective rem$y aga9/ ! bites ( insects 
& !  infections !y br+ by fumigat+ !    
entire body ) sulphur4 ,=  ?is purpose  
he cov]$ ! unclo!d body ) a suitable    
envelope1  "u :i* ! sulphur 0 burn$4 ,! 
rem$y 0 communicat$ to ,m4  d',abbadie  
by a hippopotamus hunt] :o _h1 by us+ x1
 escap$ all  ! diseases incid5t to !    

swamps to :i* he _h to resort4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,! ,gregorian ,cal5d> is to be adopt$ by
 ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t on  ,janu>y #a1   
#aija1 or at ! beg9n+ ( ! new c5tury4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,! foll[+ figures1 f ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+  
,j\rnal1 are (  int]e/ z %[+ ! enorm\s  
quantity ( iron & /eel :i* 0            
manufactur$ 9 #ahih1 & ! lead+ position 
:i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates  has already assum$ 
9 ! indu/ry3    ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel       
,,production1 ,,9 ,,metric ,,tons4,c    
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,,pig ,,iron4                  ,,/eel4  
,,c\ntries4                             
----------------------------------------
--------                        #ahig4  
#ahih4       #ahig4       #ahih4        
----------------------------------------
------------------------    ,unit$      
,/ates     #i1hjg1abc  #aa1ifb1hag      
#g1bhi1cjj    #i1jde1hae    ,unit$      
,k+dom    #h1ihj1jhh   #h1gfi1bdi       

#d1eei1gcf    #d1fci1jdb    ,g]many     
#f1hhi1jhg   #g1djb1gag   #e1jia1bid    
#e1ghd1hjg                              
----------------------------------------
--------        ,total                  
#be1fbf1bif  #bh1acd1chc  #af1idj1ccj   
#ai1dah1ffd                             
,au/ria-,hung>y   #a1bje1jjj            
#a1bej1jjj     #eec1jjj      #fje1ejj   
,belgium           #a1jbd1fff           
#ihb1gdh     #faf1fjd      #feh1acj     
,canada               #da1ejj           
#df1hhj       --           --    ,france
            #b1dgb1adc   #b1ehd1dbg     
#a1bha1eie    #a1dda1fch    ,italy      
#ab1ejj      #ab1hej      #eg1bej       
#eh1gej    ,russia            #a1heg1jjj
   #b1bbh1hej     #hca1jjj    #a1jie1jjj
    ,spa9               #bhb1aga        
#bfa1gii     #aba1hjj      #aab1fje     
,sw$5              #ecc1hjj     #egj1eej
     #bfh1cjj      #bhi1gej    ,all o!r 
#dej1jjj     #ede1jjj     #caj1jjj      
#cee1jjj                                
----------------------------------------

--------      ,gr& total    #cc1ejf1jgf 
#cf1ejg1dhg  #bj1igi1agi   #bd1jcj1jcb  
----------------------------------------
------------------------        ,c ,a   
metric ton is ab\t #b1bjj p\nds4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,al?\gh few] casual memb]s or memb]s = !
 ye> ?an usual 7  pres5t at ! rec5t     
meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,dov]1
 !  att5dance ( di/+ui%$ m5 ( sci5ce & (
 active sci5tific  work]s1 accord+ to ! 
,london ,times1 seem$ to be great]4 ,& s
  f> z ! prop] "w ( ! association is    
conc]n$1 ! meet+  %\ld take a high rank4
 ,excell5t & s]i\s "w 0 done 9 all !    
sections4           99       99       99
       99       99    ,a pap] has be5   
publi%$ by ,pl9y ,t4 ,sexton1 (         
,palmyra1 ,n4 ,y41  sett+ =? reasons =  
favor+ ! unification ( ! :ole           
educational sy/em ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york
 "u ! jurisdiction (  a s+le bo>d--t ( !
 ,reg5ts ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! reasons  are
 pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( v>i\s newspap]        
articles :i* 7  publi%$ la/ ye> aga9/ a 

proposition ( an opposite "*--to  aboli%
 ! pres5t ,dep>tm5t ( ,public           
,in/ruction & create a ,/ate            
,commission ( ,education1 ! affiliations
 ( :i* w\ld be political4  ,mr4 ,sexton 
has fur!r (f]$ two prizes ( "o hundr$   
doll>s ea*  = articles or essays by wom5
 & simil> productions by m5 9  support (
 ! propos$ unification4           99    
99       99       99       99    ,m4    
,hildeb]t ,ri*>d1 ( ,avignon1 ,france1  
relates t he exp]im5t$  ^u two adult    
g]anium plants1 bo? heal?y & ( vigor\s  
gr[?1  "u l conditions ( exposure1 wat]+
 "o 7,a7 ) well wat] &  ! o!r 7,b7 )    
wat] conta9+ a measur$ proportion (     
butylic  alcohol daily4 ,a kept on ) its
 heal?y gr[?4 ,b1 aft] f\r days (       
alcoholization1 %[$ an enfeebl$ gr[?1 ) 
symptoms ( jaundice1  dr[s9ess1 &       
intoxication2 a special odor p]ceptible 
9 all p>ts  ( ! plant1 p>tially burn$   
spots1 & melanosis & geotropism 9  !    
leaves4           99       99       99  
99       99    ,9 8 pap]s on ,! ,art &  

,cu/oms ( ,b591 ,mr4 ,l+ ,ro? concludes 
t ! art ( t savage l& consi/s ( mix$    
elem5ts1 p>tly  ,european =ms :i* !     
native m9d 0 prone to copy1 p>tly       
introduc$ f o!r p>ts ( ,africa4 ,x is   
*>act]iz$ by boldness1  fre$om1 cle>ness
 9 execution1 orig9ality1 & v>iety4     
,among  ! cu/oms he m5tions are !       
practice ( human sacrifice & !  spr9kl+ 
( ! blood ( ! animals kill$ at !        
p]iodical  sacrifices on ! ivories & on 
! ca/-iron or bronze figure-heads  plac$
 on ! alt>s4 ,:5 !re 0 too mu* ra91 a   
woman _h a  message salut+ ! ra9 god put
 into h] m\?4 ,%e 0 !n kill$  & set up 9
 ! execution tree1 s t ! ra9 might see4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,our sci5tific obitu>y li/ ( ! mon?     
includes ! names ( ,sir  ,william       
,dawson1 ! di/+ui%$ ,canadian geologi/1 
( :om a full]  notice is giv5 9 ano!r   
place2 ,dr4 ,lu!r ,dana ,woodbridge1    
,pr(essor  ( ,anatomy & ,physiology 9   
,williams ,college1 at ,william/[n1     
,mass41 ( he>t disease1 ,novemb] #c;d1  

ag$ =ty-n9e ye>s2 ,dr4  ,osc> ,baumann1 
,african explor]1 geograph] to !        
,au/rian ,congo  ,exp$ition ( #ahhe1 :o 
made /udies = ! project$ railroad f     
,tanga to ,k>og2 ,dr4 ,f4 ,kuhla1       
botanical explor]1 at ,manos1 ,brazil2  
,p]cy ,b4 ,pil*]1 inv5tor ( fly+ ma*9es1
 f an accid5t :ile  exp]im5t+1 ,septemb]
 #b;d2 ,pr(essor ,hayduck1 ,privat      
,doc5t 9  ,*emi/ry 9 ,b]l92 ,m4 ,a4     
,sn[1 ,in/ructor 9 ,entomology 9 ,lel&  
,/an=d ,junior ,univ]sity1 dr[n$ ,octob]
 #aj? 9 ,san ,francisco  ,h>bor2 he _h  
also be5 ,in/ructor 9 ,entomology 9 !   
,univ]sities  ( ,kansas & ( ,ill9ois1 & 
0 ! au?or ( sev]al sy/ematic  pap]s on  
,dipt]a2 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>noy1 ( !      
,ca?olic ,univ]sity  ( ,l\va91 au?or (  
,biologie ,cellulaire & ( pap]s on !    
developm5t ( sexual elem5ts1 & f\nd] ( !
 j\rnal ,la  ,cellule1 at ,s*uls1       
,switz]l&1 ,septemb] #f?2 ,dr4 ,a ,ern/1
 ,director  ( ! ,national ,museum1      
,c>acas1 ,v5ezuela2 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,petri1 
,pr(essor  ( ,geography & ,an?ropology 9

 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ag$     
=ty-five ye>s2 ,dr4 ,ottm> ,m]g5?al]1   
inv5tor ( ! l9otype  type ma*9e1 9      
,baltimore1 ,md41 ,octob] #bh?2 & ,dr4  
,h5ry ,hicks1  an ,engli% geologi/ &    
,lyell m$ali/1 at ,h5don1 ,engl&1       
,novemb]  #ah?1 ag$ sixty-two ye>s4     
,,publications ,,receiv$4               
,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations4       
,bullet9s & ,reports4 ,delaw>e          
,college3 ,no4 #de4 ,! ,prun+ ( ,"y     
,fruit ,trees4 ,by ,g4 ,h>old ,p[ell4   
,pp4 #af4--,new ,j]sey3 ,no4 #acg4      
,dairy ,exp]im5ts1 etc4 ,pp4 #bd2 ,no4  
#ach4 ,crude ,petroleum z an            
,insecticide4 ,pp4 #bb2 ,no4 #aci4      
,f]tiliz]  ,analyses4 ,pp4 #fj4--,ohio3 
,press ,bullet9 ,no4 #aii4 ,plums       
7,comp>ison  ( ,v>ieties74 ,pp4 #b2 ,no4
 #bjj4 ,fall ,treatm5t ( ,insect ,pe/s4 
,pp4  #b4--,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t (    
,agriculture3 ,results ( a ,biological  
,survey ( ,m\nt ,%a/a1 ,cali=nia4 ,by   
,c4 ,h>t ,m]riam4 ,wilt ,disease (      
,cotton1 ,wat]melon1 & ,c[pea4 ,by ,erw9

 ,f4 ,smi?4 ,pp4 #ed1 ) plates4         
,association ,review1 ,!4 ,frank ,w4    
,boo?1 editor4 ,bimon?ly4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4
  #a4 ,an ,educational ,magaz9e4        
,publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,association to  
promote ! ,tea*+ ( ,spee* to ! ,deaf4   
,m\nt ,airy1 ,philadelphia4  ,pp4 #abh4 
#b4ej a ye>4    ,bull>d1 ,frank ,d4 ,!  
,ari/ophilon4 ,a ,nemesis ( ,fai?       
7,poem74 ,*icago3  ,r4 ,r4 ,donnelly    
,sons ,company4 ,pp4 #aji4    ,bullet9s1
 ,reports1 & ,proce$+s4 ,alabama        
,geological ,survey3  ,map ( ! ,w>rior  
,coal ,bas94 ,by ,h5ry ,mc,calley1      
,assi/ant ,/ate  ,geologi/4--,bo/on     
,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory3 ,!         
,blood-,vessels (  ! ,he>t 9 ,c>*>is1   
,baja1 & ,amia4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,p>k] &     
,fr$]ick  ,k4 ,davis4 ,pp4 #af1 )       
plates2 ,m>9e ,mollusca ( ,cold ,spr+   
,h>bor1  ,long ,isl&4 ,by ,f4 ,n4 ,bal*4
 ,pp4 #cj1 ) plates2 ,! ,developm5t  (  
,p]silia ,s*mack]i1 ,ri*>d4 ,by ,m4 ,t4 
,sudl]4 ,pp4 #bj4--;,colorado  ,college 
,/udies4 ,?ree ,pap]s4 ,pp4             

#dh4--;,buit5zorg ,botanical ,in/itute3 
,bullet91 ,no4 #a4 ,pp4 #dj2 ,unit$     
,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor2 ,no4 #bd4    
,/ati/ics ( ,cities4 ,pp4 #adj4--;,i[a1 
,/ate ,univ]sity (3 ,report on  !       
,ophiuroidea collect$ by ! ,bahama      
,exp$ition 9 #ahic4 ,by ,pr(4  ,a4 ,e4  
,v>rill4 ,pp4 #hf1 ) plates4--,l9nan    
,society ( ,new ,york3 ,!  ,turtles &   
,liz>ds ( ! ,vic9ity ( ,new ,york ,city4
 ,pp4 #cf--,wagn]  ,free ,in/itute (    
,sci5ce1 ,philadelphia3 ,! ,sal5odont   
,artiodactyles  ( ! ,u9ta ,eoc5e4 ,by   
,w4 ,b4 ,scott4 ,pp4 #aba1 ) plates4    
,con/ant91 ,j4 ,la ,nature ,tropicale4  
7,tropical ,nature47 ,p>is3 ,flix       
,alcan4 7,biblio?que ,sci5tifique       
,int]nationale47 ,pp4 #cae4    ,demoor1 
,jean1 ,mass>t1 ,jean1 & ,v&]velde1     
,emile4 ,evolution by  ,atrophy4 ,new   
,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4        
7,int]national ,sci5tific  ,s]ies47 ,pp4
 #cbb4 #a4ej4    ,fiske1 ,john4 ,a      
,c5tury ( ,sci5ce1 & o!r ,essays4 ,bo/on
 & ,new  ,york3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9  ,co4 

,pp4 #dgg4 #b4    ,g]mania4 ,a ,mon?ly  
,magaz9e = ! ,/udy ( ! ,g]man ,language 
&  ,lit]ature4 ,a4 ,w4 ,spanho(d & ,p4  
,e4 ,kunz]1 editors4 ,bo/on3 ,new       
,engl& ,college ( ,languages4 ,pp4 #bg4 
#ae c5ts4 #a a ye>4    ,gilman1 ,ni*olas
 ,pa9e4 ,a ,divid5d to ,labor4 ,a ,/udy 
( ,employ]s'  ,welf>e ,in/itutions4     
,bo/on & ,new ,york3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9  
,co4 ,pp4  #djj4 #a4ej4    ,hill1 ,rob]t
 ,t4 ,! ,geology & ,physical ,geography 
( ,jamaica4 ,a ,/udy  ( a ,type (       
,antillean ,developm5t4 ,) an ,app5dix  
on ,corals by ,t4  ,w4 ,vaughan4        
,cambridge1 ,mass43 ,museum (           
,comp>ative ,zology ( ,h>v>d  ,college4 
,pp4 #bej1 ) plates4    ,hold51 ,edw>d  
,s4 ,! ,family ( ! ,sun4 ,conv]sations )
 a ,*ild4  7,appletons' ,home-,read+    
,books47 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton &    
,company4 ,pp4  #beb4 #ej c5ts4         
,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission4 ,elev5? 
,annual ,report on !  ,/ati/ics (       
,railways 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,ye>    
end+ ,june  #cj1 #ahih4 ,wa%+ton4 ,pp4  

#fib4    ,jordan1 ,david ,/>r4 ,! ,/ory 
( ,knight & ,b>b>a4 ,be+ a ,s]ies (     
,/ories ,told to ,*ildr54 ,new ,york3   
,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #bfe4    
#a4ej4    ,jordan1 ,david ,/>r1         
,/ejneg]1 ,leonh>d1 ,lucas1 ,f4 ,a41 &  
o!r  (ficial associates4 ,! ,fur ,seals 
& ,fur-,seal ,isl&s ( ! ,nor?  ,pacific 
,ocean4 ,wa%+ton3 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+      
,(fice4 ,pp4 #fbi4    ,mac,corkle1 ,w4  
,a4 ,"s ,phases ( ! ,race ,"q4          
,c9c9nati3 ,!  ,rob]t ,cl>ke ,company4  
,pp4 #di4    ,mac,gregor1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,g4 
,on ! ,utility ( ,k-mak+ z a ,means (   
,lib]al ,tra9+4 ,halifax1 ,n4 ,s4 ,pp4  
#bd4    ,mac,millan1 ,conway4 ,m9nesota 
,plant ,life4 ,/4 ,paul3 ,/ate          
,botanical  ,survey4 ,pp4 #efh4         
,newman1 ,george4 ,bact]ia1 especially z
 !y are relat$ to ! ,economy  ( ,nature1
 to ,indu/rial ,processes1 & to !       
,public ,heal?4 ,new ,york3  ,g4 ,p4    
,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #cdh4    ,repr9ts4
 ,*esmit1 ,v4 ,k4 ,prelim9>y ,catalogue 
( ,plants ,poison\s to  ,/ock4 ,pp4     

#cf4--;,f]n[1 ,b4 ,g4 ,=e/ ,policies &  
,=e/ ,managem5t  9 ,g]many & ,briti%    
,india4 ,pp4 #fd2 ,=e/ry 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates  ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,pp4  
#dd2 ,brief ,hi/ory ( ! ,=e/ry  ,movem5t
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pp4 #dd4--;,g]h>d1 
,william ,paul4 ,!  ,safety ( ,!atre    
,audi5ces & ( ! ,/age ,p]sonnel aga9/   
,dang]  f ,fire & ,panic4 ,pp4          
#cj4--;,girsdansky1 ,max4 ,du/ 9 !      
,etiology  ( ,tub]culosis4 ,pp4         
#aj4--;,hay1 ,o4 ,p4 ,on ,"s ,*anges 9 !
 ,names1  ,g5]ic & ,specific1 ( ,c]ta9  
,fossil ,fi%es4 ,pp4 #aj2 ,two new      
,species ( ,tortoises f ! ,t]ti>y ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pp4  #bd1 )             
plates4--,h[>d1 ,w4 ,l4 ,physiologic    
,rhy?ms4 ,! ,practical  ,value ( _!     
,recognition 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ,functional
 ,neuroses4  ,pp4 #g4--,langmuir1 ,a4   
,c41 & ,bask]ville1 ,*>les4 ,index to ! 
,lit]ature ( ,zirconium4 7,smi?sonian   
,miscellane\s ,collections47 ,pp4       
#cb4--,pross]1 ,*>les ,s4 ,correlation (
 ,c>bonif]\s ,rocks ( ,nebraska  ) ^? ( 

,kansas4--,ro?1 ,filib]t4 ,rsum (       
,inve/igations c>ri$  on 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates ,division ( ,=e/ry1 #ahhi to     
#ahih4 ,pp4 #fd4    ,s*immell  ,co4     
7,fritzs*e ,bro!rs47 ,leipsic & ,new    
,york4 ,semi-annual  ,report1 ,octob]1  
#ahii4 7,ess5tial ,oils1 etc47 ,pp4 #ge4
    ,/eel ,portl& ,cem5t4 ,*icago3      
,ill9ois ,/eel ,company4 ,pp4 #if4      
,/ew>t1 ,s>a ,elizabe?1 & ,day1 ,r4 ,e4 
,two ,prize ,essays on ,educational     
,unification 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4    
,palmyra1 ,n4 ,y43 ,! ,unification      
,prize ,committee4 ,pp4 #ai4    ,swift1 
,morrison ,i4 ,imp]ialism & ,lib]ty4    
,los ,angeles1 ,cal43 ,!  ,ronbroke     
,press4 ,pp4 #dia4    ,unit$ ,/ates     
,commission ( ,fi% & ,fi%]ies4 ,bullet9 
,no4 #dji4 ,li/  ( ,fi%es kn[n to       
inhabit ! ,wat]s ( ! ,di/rict (         
,columbia &  ,vic9ity4 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,smi?
 & ,b4 ,a4 ,bean ,pp4 #hj2 ,no4 #daj4   
,notes on a  ,collection ( ,tide-,pool  
,fi%es f ,kadiak ,isl&1 ,alaska4 ,by ,c4
 ,m4  ,rutt]4 ,pp4 #d2 ,no4 #daa4 ,!    

,s\!rn ,spr+ ,mack]el ,fi%]y ( !  ,unit$
 ,/ates4 ,by ,hugh ,m4 ,smi?4 ,pp4 #hj2 
,no4 #dab4 ,notice ( ,filefi%  ,new to !
 ,fauna ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,h4 ,m4  
,smi?4 ,pp4 #h2 ,no4  #dac4 ,! ,pe>ly   
,fre%-,wat] ,mussels ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 
,by ,*>les  ,t4 ,simpson4 ,pp4 #aj2 ,no4
 #dad4 ,! ,mussel ,fi%]y & ,pe>l-,button
  ,indu/ry ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,by  
,h4 ,m4 ,smi?4 ,pp4 #bd2 ,no4 #dae4 ,!  
,p]iph]al ,n]v\s ,sy/em ( ! ,bony       
,fi%es4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,h]rick4 ,pp4 #f2   
,no4 #daf4 ,! ,reappe>ance ( ! ,tilefi%4
 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,bumpus4 ,pp4 #ab2 ,no4    
#dbc4 ,a ,review ( ! ,fi%]ies 9 !       
,contigu\s ,wat]s ( ! ,/ate  ( ,wa%+ton 
& ,briti% ,columbia4 ,by ,ri*>d ,ra?bun4
 ,pp4 #if1 )  plates4    ,unit$ ,/ates  
,geological ,survey4 ,n9ete5? ,annual   
,report4 ,"p  ,,ii4 ,pap]s1 *iefly ( a  
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