,,transcrib]',s ,,note oe ligatures h be5 exp&$4 ,! footnote 9 ,p>agraph #ce on page #fi 7! only "o 9 ! book7 0 mov$ to foll[ ! p>agraph f :i* x is ref]5c$4 ,eight pages ( adv]tisem5ts t prec$$ ! title page h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! book & plac$ be=e ! two pages ( adv]tisem5ts t clos$ ! book4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,m detail c be f\nd at ! end ( ! book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,horse',s ,,m\?1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,age ,,by ,,! ,,tee?4 ,,! ,,horse',s ,,m\?1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,age ,,by ,,! ,,tee?4 ,,conta9+ ,a ,,full ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,p]iods ,,:5 ,,! ,,tee? ,,are ,,cut2 ,,! ,,appe>ances ,,!y ,,pres5t2 ,,! ,,tricks ,,to ,,:i* ,,!y ,,are ,,expos$2 ,,! ,,ecc5tricities ,,to ,,:i* ,,!y ,,are ,,liable2 ,,& ,,! ,,diseases ,,to ,,:i* ,,!y ,,are ,,subject4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,mayhew1 ,m4 ,r4 ,c4 ,v4 ,s4 ,,d$icat$1 ,,by ,,p]mission1 ,,to ,,! ,,presid5t ,,& ,,c\ncil ,,( ,! ,royal ,college ( ,vet]9>y ,surgeons1 ,,& ,,embelli%$ ,,) ,,num]\s ,,col\r$ ,,engrav+s ,,f ,,draw+s ,,made ,,expressly ,,= ,,! ,,"w1 ,,& ,,tak5 ,,f ,,au!nticat$ ,,m\?s2 ,,) ,,?irty-,,two ,,wood-,,cuts1 ,,illu/rative ,,( ,,! ,,lett]-,,press4 ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,messrs4 ,,=es1 #da1 ,,piccadilly4 ,,to ,,! ,,presid5t ,,& ,,c\ncil ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,college ,,( ,,vet]9>y ,,surgeons1 ,,?is ,,"w ,,is 7,,by ,,p]mission7 ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$1 ,,by ,,_! ,,oblig$ ,,& ,,v ,,ob$i5t ,,s]vants1 ,,! ,,publi%]s4 #da1 ,piccadilly4 ,,illu/rations4 ,,col\r$ ,,engrav+s4 ,page4 ,frontispiece--,! ,head ( a ,horse ) ! tee? expos$ ,n9e mon?s old1 & #b ye>s old #gj ,?ree ye>s old1 & #c ye>s (f #hj ,ris+ #d ye>s1 & #d ye>s old #hb ,ris+ #e ye>s1 & #e ye>s old #id ,five ye>s (f1 & #f ye>s (f #if ,sev5 ye>s (f1 & #h ye>s (f #ajd ,twelve ye>s old1 & #bj ye>s old #aab ,sixte5 ye>s old1 & #cj ye>s old #abj ,,wood ,,cuts4 ,section ( an incisor too? #ba ,arrangem5t ( ! sub/ances compos+ a mol> too? #bf ,view ( a mol> too? #bi ,a p]man5t & tempor>y incisor too? #dh ,mol> too? ab\t to be %$ #fb ,mol> too? rec5tly cut #fb ,table ( ! #c ye> old incisor too? #gi ,table ( ! #c ye> (f incisor too? #gi ,tables ( ! incisor tee? at #d ye>s (f #he ,tables & arrangem5t ( ! incisor tee? ris+ #e ye>s #ib ,tables & arrangem5t ( ! incisor tee? at #e ye>s old #ie ,tables & arrangem5t ( ! incisor tee? at #f ye>s old #ii ,tables & arrangem5t ( ! incisor tee? at #g ye>s (f #ajc ,tables ( ! incisor tee? at #h ye>s (f #ajf ,tables ( ! incisor tee? at #i ye>s old #aji ,tables ( ! incisor tee? at #aj ye>s old #aaj ,tables ( ! incisor tee? at #ab ye>s old #aab ,tables ( ! incisor tee? at #ad ye>s old #aab ,tables ( ! incisor tee? at #af ye>s old #aae ,tables & arrangem5t ( ! incisor tee? at #bh ye>s old #aai ,tables & arrangem5t ( ! incisor tee? at #bi ye>s old #abj ,tables ( ! incisor tee? at #cj ye>s old #aba ,irregul>ity 9 ! gr[? ( ! corn] incisor too? #adj ,a p>rot m\? #adg ,*anges caus$ by a diseas$ too? #age ,mr4 ,g[+'s too? =ceps #ahc ,! lev] to ditto #ahd ,! =ceps1 fix$ #ahe ,mr4 ,g[+'s fram$ *isel #ahh ,mr4 ,g[+'s gu>d$ *isel #aij ,mr4 ,g[+'s repell] = ! gu>d$ *isel #aia ,mr4 ,g[+'s lat]al repell] = ! gu>d$ *isel #aic ,,cont5ts4 ,p>4 ,page4 #a4 ,t ! tee? ( ! horse d5ote ! age ( ! animal c4 #a #b4 ,9 e case ! evid5ce ( ! tee? is second>y to direct & sub/antiat$ te/imony2 c4 #c #c4 ,"s ( ! causes :i* induce c]ta9 p]sons to d\bt c4 #d #d4 ,! tee? m frequ5tly contradict an arbitr>y calculation ?an disagree ) fact4 #g #e4 ,= ! security ( ! pur*as] ( a horse1 n connect$ ) ! turf1 ! tee? are a suffici5t gu>d1 c4 #aj #f4 ,! description ( ! tee? c4 #ad #g4 ,! tee? are situat$ c4 #ae #h4 ,! tee? are organis$1 c4 #af #i4 ,! horse possesses =ty tee?1 c4 #af #aj4 ,?ree sub/ances ent] into ! composition ( ! horse's too?4 #ah #aa4 ,! cru/a petrosa c4 #ah #ab4 ,! enamel c4 #bj #ac4 ,! ivory c4 #bj #ad4 ,! uses ( ! ivory1 enamel1 & cru/a petrosa c4 #bb #ae4 ,! sep>ate uses ( ! ?ree compon5t /ructures1 c4 #bd #af4 ,! v>i\s p>ts & peculi>ities ( =m1 c4 #cb #ag4 ,!re are infundibula also 9 ! mol> tee?1 c4 #ce #ah4 ,to di/+ui% an upp] f a l[] mol> too? c4 #cf #ai4 ,! tee? ( ! horse are v firmly implant$ 9 ! jaws1 c4 #cg #bj4 ,! mol>s ( ! l[] jaw are ! active ag5ts ( ma/ication1 c4 #cg #ba4 ,provision has be5 made by ,nature to meet ! we> to :i* ! horse's tee? are subject$4 #ch #bb4 ,! cavity ( ! pulp c4 #db #bc4 ,nature provides ! horse ) two sets ( tee?4 #dc #bd4 ,to "k ! tempor>y f ! p]man5t tee?1 c4 #df #be4 ,to recognise a milk incisor too? c4 #df #bf4 ,! p]man5t incisors are indicat$ by _! great] size1 c4 #di #bg4 ,! tempor>y _c be well di/+ui%$ f ! p]man5t mol>s1 :ile ! horse is alive4 #ea #bh4 ,! v>i\s po9ts :i* d5ote y\? c4 #eb #bi4 ,! indications ( age c4 #ec #cj4 ,! incisor tee? 9 old age1 c4 #ed #ca4 ,"s judges dep5d ^u ! tu%es z indicative ( ! age1 c4 #eg #cb4 ,! wolf's tee? or eye tee? aid u 9 judg+ ( ! age2 c4 #ei #cc4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! horse cuts 8 tee? c4 #fj #cd4 ,! mann] ( exam9+ ! tee? c4 #fe #ce4 ,at bir? c4 #fi #cf4 ,at six weeks1 c4 #fi #cg4 ,at six mon?s1 c4 #fi #ch4 ,at n9e mon?s old1 ! corn] milk tee? are up1 b _! edges d n yet meet4 #gj #ci4 ,at "o ye>1 c4 #gj #dj4 ,at eighte5 mon?s1 c4 #ga #da4 ,at two ye>s old1 !re is a full m\? ( milk incisors1 all ( :i* %[ consid]able we>4 #ga #db4 ,at ?ree ye>s old1 ! c5tre horse tee? are well up1 & are di/+ui%$ by _! size1 %ape1 & col\r4 #gb #dc4 ,at ?ree ye>s (f1 ! lat]al milk tee? are %$1 & ! p]man5t tee? are com+ up4 #hj #dd4 ,:5 ris+ f\r ye>s old ! lat]al horse tee? are 9 ! m\?1 b _! edges d n fairly meet4 #ha #de4 ,at f\r ye>s1 f\r pair ( horse tee? are well up1 b ! corn] milk tee? are reta9$4 #hb #df4 ,:5 ris+ five ye>s old all ! horse tee? are 9 ! m\?1 b ! corn] tee? h yet to meet4 #ij #dg4 ,at five ye>s old !re is a full m\? ( horse incisors1 all ! edges ( :i* fairly meet4 #id #dh4 ,at five ye>s (f ! corn] tee? only %[ slight we>1 & ! po/]ior m>g9s are r\nd4 #ie #di4 ,at six ye>s ( age ! corn] tee? look m firmly set1 & _! edges beg9 to be unev52 c4 #ig #ej4 ,at sev5 ye>s (f1 ! corn] tee?1 )\t %[+ age1 exhibit fur!r evid5ce ( we>4 #ii #ea4 ,at eight ye>s (f1 ! gum ( ! l[] corn] too? has become squ>e1 & ! l[] tu% blunt4 #ajd #eb4 ,aft] ! eigh? ye>1 c4 #ajf #ec4 ,at twelve ye>s old1 !re may be t>t> on ! l[] tu%4 ,! tee? are long]1 n>r[]1 & ! enamel d>k]4 #aaj #ed4 ,at sixte5 ye>s old1 :5 ! tee? are view$ f ! side1 only two incisors c be se5 9 ! l[] jaw1 c4 #aab #ee4 ,at tw5ty ye>s old1 ! =m ( ! m\? has *ang$1 & ! l[] tee? are imp]fectly se5 f ! front4 #aae #ef4 ,at ?irty ye>s old1 ! jaws are contract$2 ! l[] are n se5 :5 ! upp] tee? are 9 view4 #aag #eg4 ,! tricks t are practis$ on ! tee?1 c4 #abc #eh4 ,! irregul>ities ( gr[? 9 ! horse's tee? c4 #ach #ei4 ,! diseases to :i* ! tee? ( ! horse are subject$1 c4 #adi #fj4 ,! ag5ts :i* are likely to injure ! tee?1 c4 #agg #fa4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ 9 connexion ) ! tee? ( ! horse c4 #aha ,,preface4 ,:5 submitt+ to ! read] ?is my fir/ "w on ,vet]9>y ,sci5ce1 ,i _c =be> f address+ to him a few rem>ks1 9 ! hope ( expla9+ "s ( ^? peculi>ities :i* x may appe> to pres5t4 ,at a p]iod ( life1 :5 _m m5 retire f active bus9ess1 ,i comm5c$ ! /udy ( a new pr(ession4 ,my m9d 0 n prep>$ to receive in/ruction ?r\gh ! ord9>y process1 & ,i 01 by necessity1 oblig$ to be1 9 a great measure1 my own tutor4 ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld le>n only ?r\gh obs]vation1 & ?is circum/ance l$ me into inquiries :i* (t5 left me 9 opposition ) e/abli%$ op9ions4 ,h5ce _m ( ! facts ann\nc$ 9 ! foll[+ pages are new1 & n v mu* conta9$ 9 !m is /rictly accordant ) ! ackn[l$g$ au?orities4 ,! latt] circum/ance ,i may regret1 b ,i h no apology to (f] = x4 ,my convictions are d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ,nature1 & are conclusions ga9$ f a high] s\rce ?an conjecture or op9ion sanction$ by "t or approv$ by pr(essors4 ,%ort z may h be5 my exp]i5ce1 no?+ h]e9 set d[n w be f\nd :i* is n ! result ( practice1 or ! consequ5ce ( reason+4 ,p]haps a long] pr(essional exi/5ce w\ld h giv5 m weight to t :i* is ei!r novel 9 its ann\ncem5t1 or may appe> to be bold 9 its assurance4 ,tru?1 h[ev]1 is spe$ily read by ^? :o are int5t on deciph]+ x1 & facts are n r5d]$ m cle> to ! m5tal vision by ye>s ( conv5tional dep5d5ce4 ,! tea*+ ( our ,engli% ,vet]9>y ,s*ool has1 = too long a p]iod1 be5 traditional2 :at "o _h said1 he :o succe$$ him repeat$1 & :5 ,i ent]$ z a pupil1 !re exi/$ no _s ( inquiry1 or ?\ght ( ext5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( k4 ,to :at a degree an evil sy/em _h be5 e/abli%$1 ,i may "h /ate z an in/ance1 t 9 ! fir/ horse :i* ,i dissect$1 ,i 0 able to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( f\r muscles t _h previ\sly be5 unnotic$ by my tea*]s4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 x is n surpris+ if a fre% intrud]1 on a comp>atively unexplor$ soil1 did turn up some?+ :i*1 ?\gh x laid ne> to ! surface1 _h n be=e be5 expos$4 ,on ! tee?1 my inve/igations began f ! beg9n+2 & ?\gh ,i _c b say ,i h be5 greatly assi/$ by ! in=mation d]iv$ f ! lab\rs ( previ\s writ]s1 yet ,i h1 9 e in/ance1 accept$ _! ass]tions only aft] ,i _h te/$ !m1 & f\nd !m to be correct4 ,to ! memb]s ( my pr(ession1 ,i am deeply indebt$4 ,:5 !y knew ! subject on :i* ,i 0 engag$1 ea* volunte]$ to aid me1 & g5]\sly gave me ! b5efit ( t exp]i5ce1 :i* p]sonally ,i 0 un=tunate 9 n possess+4 ,x 0 ackn[l$g$1 t ^u ! tee?1 "s "w :i* might be dep5d$ ^u1 0 sadly ne$$1 & to r5d] ! pres5t wor?y ( ! confid5ce ( ! public1 all to :om ,i appli$ *e]fully gave _! utmo/ help4 ,f _! cordial communications & dis9t]e/$ co-op]ation1 ,i le>nt mu*1 & ga9$ _m valuable ideas4 #af1 ,spr+ ,/reet1 ,we/b\rne ,t]race4 ,,! ,,horse',s ,,m\?1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,age ,,by ,,! ,,tee?4 #a4 ,t ! tee? ( ! horse d5ot$ ! age ( ! animal appe>s to h be5 a v anci5t belief1 :i* ! exp]i5ce ( c5turies seems 9 no degree to h weak5$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 appli$ )9 c]ta9 limitations1 ! impression is c]ta9ly well f\nd$2 = p]haps no developm5t is m regul> ?an ! tee? ( ! horse1 & no natural process s little expos$ to ! di/ortions ( artifice4 ,we are1 nev]!less1 n to expect t ! animal c>ries ab\t 9 its m\? a c]tificate ( bir?1 writt5 9 *>act]s s deep or legible t !y _c be oblit]at$ or mis9t]pret$4 ,! indications to be discov]$ by an inspection ( ! m\? ( ! horse1 h[ev]1 are s g5]ally true1 t 9 ^! dep5d5ce may be plac$2 al?\gh !y are n s arbitr>y or inv>iable1 t ^u !m 9 e in/ance an absolute op9ion c ha/ily be pron\nc$4 ,he :o w\ld judge ( ! age by ! tee?1 mu/ !re=e be cont5t to /udy & prep>$ to enc\nt] difficulties4 ,9 proportion z he has done ! "o1 & is =tifi$ !reby to ov]come ! o!r1 w be 8 success4 ,!re is no secret *>m :i* w enable man to unravel ,nature's my/]ies4 ,h] ways are regul>1 b !y are n uni=m--h] laws are fix$1 b h] acts _c be measur$ by a sy/em ( rule or compass4 ,! qualifi$ judge alone w read ! tee? correctly2 b 9 proportion z ! task is difficult1 w be ! c&\r & caution ( him :o fulfils x prop]ly4 ,he w make all[ance :]e c]ta9 m>ks are indi/9ct or abs5t--he w n feel himself degrad$ by a confession ( inability to speak ) c]ta9ty :5 ! signs are complex or confus$--& above all1 he w be cauti\s be=e he pron\nces a f9al op9ion1 & gives x =? z a decision1 aga9/ :i* !re ought to be no appeal4 ,! ,vet]9>y ,practition] kn[s f repeat$ trials1 te/$ by long exp]i5ce1 t ! tee? ( ! horse are wor?y ( att5tion2 he feels t _! indications1 sci5tifically int]pret$1 w seldom mislead2 b he does n reg>d !m ) a rev]5ce resembl+ t orig9at+ f an antiquat$ sup]/ition1 or look ^u !m z ! exemplifications ( a pr9ciple :i* admits ( no exceptions4 #b4 ,9 e case ! evid5ce ( ! tee? is second>y to direct & sub/antiat$ te/imony2 = z !re is no limit to possibility1 s no man c be prep>$ to say :at ,nature may or may n d4 ,9 ! abs5ce1 h[ev]1 ( positive & corroborat$ te/imony1 ! tee? become ! be/ evid5ce1 & t on :i* reliance %\ld be plac$4 ,:5 oppos$ to ! indications ( ! m\?1 ! oa? ( a s+le individual1 = obvi\s reasons1 w\ld be ( no weight4 ,a foal c h>dly be born )\t _m p>ties be+ cognizant ( ! fact--! colt _c *ange its ma/] )\t sev]al p]sons be+ made aw>e ( ! transaction--& horses1 = hone/ purposes1 are n g5]ally sold or b\ght 9 secret4 ,pro( ( ! age c g5]ally be adduc$1 if ! p>ties int]e/$ ?9k prop] to seek x2 or :5 x is n possible to adduce su* pro(1 ! tee? des]ve m confid5ce ?an an uncorroborat$ ass]tion4 ,an individual may be int]e/$ to mis-/ate1 or may be mi/ak5 9 8 belief2 :]eas ! tee?1 be+ natural gr[?s1 are remov$ f su* suspicions4 #c4 ,"s ( ! causes :i* induce c]ta9 p]sons to d\bt ! possibility ( ! horse's age be+ accurately told f ! tee?1 are n difficult to expla9 away4 ,! ,jockey ,club has se5 reason to decl>e1 t all ?or\gh-br$ animals %all be born on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 or if any %\ld make _! appe>ances at a lat] p]iod1 su* %all be e/eem$ "o ye> old :5 ! #ca/ ( ,decemb] has expir$4 ,all blood horses h b "o bir?-day1 nor d !y 9 t respect diff] f _! bre?r5 ( ! co>s] bre$s2 only ^? ( ! la/ description are suppos$ to beg9 _! exi/5ces ^u ! #a/ ( ,may4 ,if a rac] has se5 six ,janu>ies1 x is said to be six ye>s old2 & if a nag _h look$ ^u half a doz5 ,mays x w\ld be pron\nc$ to be ( a simil> age4 ,^! cu/oms are conv5i5t1 z af=d+ a po9t f :i* to date ! age ( an animal2 b "u su* regulations1 confusion w & does frequ5tly arise4 ,9 a long numb] ( ye>s1 a few mon?s may be ( little importance2 b at ! e>li] p]iod ! diff]5ce ( sev]al weeks may1 9 ! calculation ( ! age1 be a s]i\s matt]4 ,i w endeav\r to %[ h[ f>1 9 an extreme case1 confusion may be creat$ by ! op]ation ( ^! cu/oms1 & to prove1 t he :o %\ld read ! tee? correctly1 w\ld be unable to satisfactorily pron\nce ! accept$ age ( a colt4 ,accord+ to ! receiv$ laws1 a blood foal dropt on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]1 & a foal n ?or\gh-br$1 born on ! #cj? ( ,april1 w\ld ea*1 ! second day ( life1 complete ! fir/ ye> ( its exi/5ce4 ,let x be suppos$ t a blood m>e bore a foal 9 ! latt] end ( ,decemb]--! animal w\ld be ent]$ 9 ! /ud book accord+ to ! ye> ( its bir?1 b = obvi\s reasons c\ld nev] be put into tra9+2 x w\ld be kept until ano!r ,janu>y arriv$1 :51 al?\gh b "o ye> & a few days ( age1 x c\ld1 9 /rict accordance ) ! e/abli%$ cu/om1 be sold z a two-ye>-old2 & ! entry be+ 9 ! /ud book1 ( c\rse ! po9t w\ld n be disput$4 ,! colt is b\ght & tak5 into an ord9>y /able1 :]e all ! horses n be+ ?or\gh-br$ advance a ye> :5 ! #a/ ( ,may appe>s2 & :5 t day dawns1 ! blood colt1 n eighte5 mon?s ( age1 ris+ ) ! re/1 is call$ ?ree ye>s (f4 ,n[ 9 su* a case1 ! man :o judg$ by ! tee? w\ld be c]ta9 to be wrong2 & if x is possible "u any circum/ances = tru? to be discr$it$1 we may imag9e t _m app>5t mi/akes w\ld1 on inquiry1 be cle>$ up4 ,! age ( a horse is seldom correctly /at$ ev5 9 a c\rt ( law4 ,witnesses swe> by ! cu/oms ( m51 & x nev] seems to occur to !m t ,nature has n yet giv5 9 h] adh]5ce to ! codes by :i* _! consci5ces are n>cotiz$4 ,horses are born at all times & seasons4 ,! regul> bre$]1 x is true1 takes c>e t[>ds ! obs]vance ( ! regulations2 b all :o may ?9k prop] to h a foal out ( ! old m>e :5 %e's done up = "w1 are by no means nice 9 t p>ticul>4 ,/allions are p>ad$ = s]vice 9 ! autumn1 & !re are to be f\nd m5 :o w argue /\tly 9 fav\r ( a late get4 #d4 ,! tee? m frequ5tly contradict an arbitr>y calculation ?an disagree ) fact4 ,! m\? decl>es only ! positive age1 reckon$ f ! actual day ( bir?1 & ,i "k ( no evid5ce ( a simil> description :i* may be m confid5tly tru/$4 ,occasional exceptions are to be f\nd1 & ( ^! notice w be h]eaft] tak52 su* exceptions1 h[ev]1 are n suffici5tly frequ5t to upset ! rule1 & 7 ! te/imony ( ! tee? to be reject$1 ,i "k ( no o!r t c\ld be sub/itut$4 ,we are !re=e necessitat$ to reta9 ! te/1 & consequ5tly %\ld "k h[ to apply x4 ,almo/ e "o )9 or ab\t ! /able pret5ds to be able to d ?is1 b "s ev5 ( ^? :o h /udi$ ! subject are n capable ( do+ x correctly4 ,! evid5ce is (t5 true :5 ! judgm5t is false1 & 9 ?is circum/ance1 p]haps1 lies ! *ief dang] ( ! te/4 ,a k ( ! tee? is by no means univ]sal2 b :]e t k is pr(\nd1 ?\gh ! te/ may seldom disappo9t1 yet because x w occasionally d s1 ! indications ( ! m\? ought to be corroborat$4 ,to proce$ summ>ily 7z 9 ! case ( ! ,que5 ( ,cyprus7 ^u an inspection ( ! tee?1 is c]ta9ly n ju/ifiable1 s9ce ! m\? may possibly be ecc5tric1 or ! judgm5t pron\nc$ ^u x may be errone\s4 ,! tee? 9 e horse case are ( importance4 ,! sugge/ions to :i* !y give rise %\ld n be disreg>d$2 yet at ! same "t no op9ion ( a f9al k9d %\ld be bas$ ^u _! %[+4 ,! utmo/ t ! inspection ( ! tee? c\ld w>rant is a d\bt1 c]ta9ly a /rong "o1 z to ! report$ age ( ! animal4 ,t d\bt w\ld ju/ify inquiry1 & ! tee? c sub/antiate no m ?an ! "r to inquire4 ,"s may be dispos$ to ?9k t su* a "r w\ld n be wor? possess+2 b x mu/ be rememb]$1 t until ! inquiry 7 end$1 no decision z to ! qualification ( ! animal c\ld be arriv$ at4 ,a valid d\bt w\ld h be5 creat$4 ,let ! own] ( ! suspect$ horse dispel x1 or ! p>ty :o is int]e/$ to d s h "t to seek ! evid5ce :i* w\ld conv]t x into c]ta9ty4 ,! umpire1 on ! %[+ ( ! tee?1 w\ld be b\nd to )hold 8 judgm5t1 n call$ ^u to decide4 ,7 su* ! rule1 all fe> ( inju/ice w\ld be gu>d$ aga9/2 & z g5tlem5 connect$ ) ! turf _c endure suspicion1 & are n v pati5t ( delay1 ^? :o 7 ! own]s ( animals1 ! m\?s ( :i* pres5t$ any peculi>ities1 ought to notify ! fact "s days be=e ! horses />t$4 ,by =be>+ to d s1 g5tlem5 expose !mselves to accusation4 ,by exam9+ ! animal at ! mom5t ( />t+1 & f\nd+ a decision !reon1 no good c be done1 b inju/ice may be p]petrat$2 = suppos+ ! suspect$ horse is pron\nc$ to exhibit ! tok5s ( ! lawful age1 ! inspection ( its m\? by a /rang] may1 by excit+ its irritability1 lose ! race4 ,at ! same "t1 to p]mit an unqualifi$ animal to />t1 w\ld be unju/2 & !re=e ! great] necessity = su* a timely inspection z w\ld all[ ( a prelim9>y inve/igation ( ! pro(s t c\ld be br\ght =w>d 9 contradiction ( ! tee?4 ,^! sugge/ions are made ) ! less hesitation1 z ! writ] feels t 7 !y adopt$1 few cases w\ld spr+ out ( !m2 = ! m\?s ( rac]s are s regul> 9 _! developm5t1 t ! age ( ?is description ( animal c ) m c]ta9ty be pron\nc$ ?an t ( any o!r k9d ( horse4 #e4 ,= ! security ( ! pur*as] ( a horse n connect$ ) ! turf1 ! tee? are a suffici5t gu>d1 & _! indications1 :5 prop]ly und]/ood1 may be confid5tly act$ ^u4 ,?is op9ion is put =? aft] a matur$ consid]ation ( ! subject1 & probably !re is no deal] :o w\ld diss5t f ! decision at :i* ! au?or has arriv$4 ,! pur*as]s possibly may1 on reflection1 see less reason to be satisfi$1 because ! tee? w\ld1 p]haps1 9 _m in/ances1 seem to fav\r ! int]e/ oppos$ to !irs4 ,let ! matt]1 h[ev]1 be delib]ately weigh$1 & p]haps x may be f\nd t nei!r p>ty is likely to ga9 consid]ably1 or to be s]i\sly injur$4 ,9 ord9>y trade1 ! ^w ( ! sell] is n mu* reg>d$2 b 9 horse transactions1 ! ass]tion ( ! deal] is nev] receiv$4 ,"o s\rce ( evid5ce is !re=e disc>d$1 & "s o!r mu/ be s\ght4 ,n[1 :]e horses are conc]n$1 ev5 ! oa?s ( m5 appe> to be ( little =ce2 h>d swe>+ is expect$ 9 e bus9ess ( t nature1 & su* expectation almo/ disqualifies all ^? p]sons to ^: te/imony ! deal] c\ld appeal4 ,let x be rememb]$ t x is n ! deal] :o refuses to give evid5ce1 or to adduce x2 b ! pur*as]1 :o is prejudic$ aga9/ accept+ x4 ,?is act on ! pur*as]'s "p limits ! pro( he might dem&2 = z atte/ation is reject$ by him1 n d5i$ to him1 he is by 8 conduct left )\t cause ( compla9t1 & b\nd to seek ! evid5ce :i* he w accept4 ,su* evid5ce he looks = 9 ! m\? ( ! animal1 & is seldom deceiv$ :5 capable ( int]pret+ x4 ,! tee?1 9 fact1 are ! only te/imony t 8 caution leaves him to decide ^u2 & x w be h]eaft] %[n1 t ev5 :5 ! tee? are e>ly 9 _! developm5t1 ! pur*as] is n virtually wrong$4 ,all m51 h[ev]1 seek to arm !mselves by suspicion1 :5 deal+ 9 horse-fle%2 & ! tricks t are play$ ^u ! tee?1 rise imm$iately to ! m9d4 ,su* tricks c]ta9ly are play$1 b !y are assur$ly m talk$ ab\t ?an practis$4 ,!re is a sup]/iti\s idea afloat1 t bre$]s c make horses appe> ( any age !y please1 by tortur+ ! m\?s ( ! poor animals4 ,! folly ( su* a belief w be expos$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w2 x is suffici5t = ! pres5t to /ate1 t ! cr$ulity ( ! public 9 ?is matt] has no f\ndation4 ,a colt _c be made by any b>b>ity to look l a horse2 & an old horse _c be =c$ to exhibit ! m\? ( a colt4 ,t attempts are made to disguise ! tee?1 & t su* attempts occasionally impose ^u ! buy]1 is n d5i$2 b all ( su* practices are %all[ 9 ! extreme1 & s easily detect$1 t ! p]son deceiv$ by !m is n an object ( pity4 ,if p w presume to judge be=e !y h le>nt to recognize1 _! tem]ity is m to be blam$ ?an its consequ5ce is to be commis]at$4 ,no "o goes to buy a horse unw>n$ ( ! dang]s t w surr\nd him2 & if 9 8 conceit he r pref]s to haz>d ^! ?an to seek protection1 :at "r has he to murmur at a result :i* x ne$$ no conjur] to =etell8 ,is !re any m>ket 9 ! _w :]e ignorance is secure f imposition8 ,! _w is n yet s hone/ t ! affairs ( ! horse m>t are a subject wor?y ( its special wond]2 & x may be d\bt$ if ! pr9ciples :i* regulate ! conduct ( ! horse deal]1 are n ^? :i* influ5ce ! transactions ( ! mo/ hon\rable trad]s4 ,!re are m5 ( ! highe/ "* liv+ by ! sale ( horses2 & x is cr$itable to humanity1 t aft] all ( a c]ta9 class h be5 unscrupul\sly /igmatiz$ & op5ly reproa*$1 !re may /ill among its memb]s be f\nd1 be+s pres]v+ hon\r = ! sake ( itself alone4 ,! lib]al public1 h[ev]1 9 its wisdom1 has pron\nc$ ! "* ( ! horse deal]2 x has reject$ 8 atte/ations1 & refus$ to li/5 to ! te/imony ( ^? ) :om he has communication4 ,! age ( a horse is n tak5 f ! m\? ( its own]1 b look$ = 9 t ( ! animal4 ,?is mode ( proc$ure is conv5i5t--! record is at h&1 ! evid5ce brief1 & ! decision to :i* x leads is t to :i* ! pur*as] by *oice appeals4 ,! deal] /&s by & kn[s t 8 voice is to be re/ra9$4 ,! tee? d5ote ! age1 & :5 ! ^w ( ! own] is n to be accept$1 !re is no o!r evid5ce at h&4 ,7 additional pro( to be requir$1 9 "s in/ances x c\ld n be procur$1 & 9 ! majority its production w\ld be att5d$ ) an exp5se p]haps equal to ! price ( ! horse :i* x conc]n$4 ,! exp5ce1 ! sell] ( c\rse c\ld n be expect$ to be>1 & ! buy] equally w\ld resi/ its infliction4 ,no?+ is m high pric$ ?an absolute pro( ( any k9d2 & !re is always a fur!r difficulty 9 ! diff]5ce ( op9ion :i* prevails1 z to :at con/itutes absolute pro(4 ,a cursory glance at ! matt] is en\gh to conv9ce u1 t ! cu/om ( inspect+ ! tee? ( ! horse to asc]ta9 ! age ( ! animal1 is "o :i* has _h its orig9 9 necessity4 ,exp]i5ce has taught t ! m\? ( ! horse af=ds ! mo/ satisfactory evid5ce1 & ! au?or's inve/igations on ?is subject h conv9c$ him t ! public ne$ require no bett] or m conclusive te/imony4 ,! read]1 h[ev]1 be=e he v5tures to abide by 8 own int]pretation ( ! signs :i* ! horse's tee? exhibit1 mu/ be cont5t to /udy1 & prep>$ to f9d ! task some:at difficult4 ,all t c be done to r5d] ! subject pla9 & cle>1 ! au?or w attempt4 #f4 ,! description ( ! tee? _c be r5d]$ pleas+2 b z x is a necess>y "p ( ! subject1 ! read] mu/ ex]t 8 pati5ce1 :ile ! matt] is briefly discuss$4 ,tee? are anatomically class$ ) bones1 :i* 9 _m respects !y resemble4 ,a too? is divid$ into two p>ts1 or into cr[n & fang4 ,! cr[n is t portion :i* projects above ! gum into ! m\?2 !re=e s mu* z c be se5 :ile ! animal lives1 is ! cr[n ( ! too?4 ,! fang1 ! end ( :i* is call$ ! root1 is t "p ( ! too? :i* is hidd5 f view1 & is ins]t$ into ! jaw4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( description1 h[ev]1 o!r portions ( ! too? h receiv$ di/9ct names1 & ! neck & table are spok5 (4 ,! neck is t portion ( ! too? :i* is imm$iately surr\nd$ by ! gum4 ,! table is ! upp] surface1 or ! "p :i* t\*es ! correspond+ too? ( ! oppos+ jaw :5 ! m\? is clos$4 ,su* is ! division made1 & x w h]eaft] be f\nd to assi/ ! description ( ! v>i\s *anges :i* ! tee? und]go4 #g4 ,! tee? are situat$ 9 ! maxill>y bones1 9 :i* c]ta9 osse\s cups1 l ind5tations or holes1 call$ ! alveol> cavities1 are develop$ = _! reception4 ,ea* too? has its sep>ate cavity1 & h[ev] close ! cr[ns may appe>1 nev]!less ea* fang is divid$ f ^? be=e & beh9d by bony plates4 ,! alveol> cavity always corresponds to ! fang4 ,z ! fang alt]s 9 =m1 or dim9i%es 9 l5g?1 s does ! %ape ( ! cavity simultane\sly *ange2 & %\ld ! too? be remov$1 ! space1 no long] ne$$1 is fill$ up2 ! alveol> cavity be+ oblit]at$ by a gr[? ( bony matt]4 #h4 ,tee? are organis$1 t is1 !y possess n]ves1 art]ies1 ve9s1 & absorb5ts1 or are end[$ ) ^? vessels ne$$ to resi/ decay1 & to promote nutrition4 ,t a too? possesses n]ves1 no "o :o has submitt$ to h ^! memb]s fil$ by ! d5ti/1 or :o has endur$ ! too?-a*e1 c = an in/ant d\bt2 & t !y are ev51 9 "s degree1 susceptible ( ext]nal impressions1 ! s5sation produc$ by c]ta9 acids seems to r5d] probable4 ,! gr[? !y exhibit %[s !y are gift$ ) art]ies & ve9s2 & ^! vessels c be trac$ directly to & f1 ?\gh n unto1 _! sub/ance4 ,! exi/5ce ( absorb5ts "s h d\bt$2 b ! removal by nature ( ! fangs ( ! tempor>y tee?1 cle>ly te/ifies ! pres5ce ( ^! vessels4 #i4 ,! horse possesses =ty tee?1 viz41 twelve incisors1 f\r tu%es1 & tw5ty-f\r mol>s4 ,! incisors1 sometimes call$ nipp]s1 are ^? :i*1 situat$ 9 front ( ! m\?1 are se5 :5 ! lips are p>t$4 ,!y are ! in/rum5ts1 by means ( :i* ! animal bites its food1 & are plac$ six 9 ! upp]1 & six 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,!y are class$ z pairs1 be+ g5]ally cut or develop$ aft] t fa%ion4 ,! middle two1 9 bo? jaws1 are call$ ! c5tre incisors2 ! two mo/ backw>d1 on ei!r side ( ! m\?1 ! corn] incisors2 & ! tee?1 by :i* ! corn]s & c5tres are sep>at$1 ! lat]al incisors4 ,( ! tu%es1 ! two plac$ 9 ! l[] jaw are ! mo/ =w>d4 ,^! tee?1 :i* are sometimes t]m$ can9es1 & sometimes cuspidati1 7f cuspis1 a po9t17 are isolat$1 appe>+ 9 ! space :i* divides ! incisors f ! mol>s4 ,!y are only fully develop$ 9 ! male1 ! m>e (t5 be+ )\t any indication ( !m1 & nev] display+ !m 9 s prom95t a degree z ! horse4 ,_! use is n v app>5t1 b !y c]ta9ly w\ld be employ$ 9 ^? combats to :i* /allions seem naturally pr$ispos$1 & w\ld r5d] ! grasp1 & ! w\nd x c\ld inflict1 m sev]e4 ,because ! m>e is ( a m pacific temp]am5t1 ,nature seems to h d5i$ to h] a p]fect tu%1 by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( :i*1 ! sex is indicat$ by ! m\?1 & ^u :i* ca/ration appe>s to ex]cise no influ5ce1 s9ce ! geld+ has z well-=m$ a tu% z ! p]fect male4 ,! mol>s are rang$ 9 companies ( six1 "o company on ei!r side ( ! upp]1 & a l numb] simil>ly situat$ 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,! mol>s are ! in/rum5ts :i* enable ! horse to gr9d d[n ! fibr\s & h>d food ^u :i* x subsi/s1 & !y are di/+ui%$ by _! locality1 z fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 or six? mol> too? ( ! ne> or (f side 9 ! upp] or l[] jaw2 ! fir/ be+ t gr[+ 9 front1 or ne>e/ to ! incisors1 & ! six? t plac$ mo/ backw>d 9 ! cavity ( ! m\?4 #aj4 ,?ree sub/ances ent] into ! composition ( ! horse's too?4 ,ea* ( ^! sub/ances is di/9ct1 & c be di/+ui%$ f ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,! names giv5 to ! v>i\s p>ts are--#a1 cru/a petrosa1 or h>d cru/2 #b1 enamel2 & #c1 ivory4 #aa4 ,! cru/a petrosa is ! mo/ ext]nally situat$1 & :5 ! too? fir/ appe>s 9 ! m\?1 x is entirely coat$ by ?is sub/ance1 hav+ a some:at dull & d>k appe>ance1 :i* is only lo/ :5 ! h>d cru/ is remov$ by attrition1 & ! enamel !reby expos$4 ,9 am\nt1 ! cru/a petrosa is second to ! ivory1 be+ m 9 quantity ?an ! enamel4 ,9 composition1 x is *>act]iz$ by conta9+ a great am\nt ( animal sub/ance2 &1 9 /ructure1 x is peculi> = exhibit+1 "u ! microscope1 num]\s corpuscles or cells1 f :i* pores or m9ute tubes appe> to radiate4 ,)9 ! alveol> cavity1 ! cru/a petrosa1 :i* ar\nd ! fang becomes ( consid]able ?ickness1 is ( a yell[i% :ite col\r2 b :]e1 9 connexion ) ! cr[n ( ! too?1 x is expos$ to ! *emical action ( ! food & air1 x pres5ts a d>k] aspect & looks l an accumulation ( t>t>1 = :i* inde$ x has be5 mi/ak54 ,x fills up ! infundibula ( ! mol>s ( ! upp] jaw1 & l9es ^? ( ! incisors1 be+ pi]c$ by all ! vessels :i* n\ri% ! tee?4 ,if a too? be subject$ to ! action ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 ! enamel w be remov$1 & ! ivory & cru/a petrosa be r5d]$ sep>ate & di/9ct4 #ab4 ,! enamel ( ! horse's too? appe>s to be unorganiz$1 & to conta9 no animal matt]4 ,hydro*loric acid entirely dissolves x ) a slight eff]vesc5ce1 & ?\gh a few & a v few ?reads rema91 ^! r seem to be connexions betwe5 ! ivory & cru/a petrosa1 ?an compon5t p>ts ( ! enamel itself4 ,t ! enamel is an unorganiz$ sub/ance1 x may be ess5tial to /ate1 is ass]t$ only ( ?is body 9 ! too? ( ! horse2 = ! enamel ( ! c['s too? is ( a diff]5t nature1 s9ce hydro*loric acid does n dissolve x1 affect its :it5ess1 or de/roy its =m4 ,! enamel is ! lea/ ( ! ?ree compon5ts ( ! too?2 ( a :iti% semi-transp>5t %9+ aspect1 x =ms a ?9 cru/ to ! ivory1 ly+ imm$iately "u ! cru/a petrosa1 & ext5d+ ne>ly to ! root4 #ac4 ,! ivory =ms ! ma9 bulk ( ! too?1 & ?\gh blood vessels c be trac$ to1 b n )9 its sub/ance1 yet x pres5ts num]\s pores or m9ute canals1 radiat+ f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 :i* ! m9d naturally associates ) nutrition4 ,^! pores _c be trac$ to ! cells or corpuscles ( ! cru/a petrosa1 ?\gh 9 works ( high au?ority1 draw+s obvi\sly indicat+ su* a connexion1 are pres5t$2 !y are limit$ to ! ivory1 & t]m9ate )9 x4 ,:at _! exact use may be1 is n kn[n1 b t !y are ( s]vice1 _! pres5ce is suffici5t pro(4 ,l ! m9ute canals ( bone1 !y probably convey a s]\s or col\rless fluid1 = ! nutrition ( ! "p 9 :i* !y are develop$4 ,illu/ration ,! relative positions ( ! v>i\s /ructures t ent] into ! composition ( ! incisor too?1 w be bett] und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ wood-cut1 :i* repres5ts "o ( ^? memb]s divid$ d[n its c5tre3--a indicates ! cru/a petrosa1 :i* c be trac$ to enclose ! organ1 & to dip d[n ! infundibulum ,b4 ,! cru/a petrosa is %[n to be ?ick] at ! root ( ! fang1 & at ! base ( ! infundibulum1 ?an at o!r p>ts4 b d5otes ! ivory1 :i* =ms ! pr9cipal & c5tral portion ( ! too?1 9 ! middle ( :i* is ! d>k] space m>k$ by ! lett] d4 ,?is la/ is int5d$ to repres5t ! cavity ( ! pulp1 :i*1 9 ! "y incisor is1 z 9 ! diagram1 ( great l5g?4 ,betwe5 ! ivory b1 & ! cru/a petrosa a1 is a :ite l9e c1 :i* indicates ! position ( ! enamel1 & w be se5 to cov] ! upp] surface ( ! too? dipp+ into ! infundibulum1 b n to ext5d q to ! root4 #ad4 ,! uses ( ! ivory1 enamel1 & cru/a petrosa mu/ be n[ notic$4 ,! ivory is less d5se ?an ! enamel1 & h>d] ?an ! cru/a petrosa4 ,on ! ext]nal surface ( ! incisor tee?1 ! cru/a petrosa is1 by ! attrition to :i* ?is "p mu/ be subject$ dur+ ! ga!r+ ( ! food1 soon suffici5tly remov$ to expose a portion ( ! enamel3 z ! ye>s ( ! animal increase1 ! out] coat+ is almo/ worn away1 & n be+ reproduc$1 little ( ! cru/a petrosa w be f\nd on ! nipp]s ( v old horses4 ,! ivory1 h[ev]1 is always ne>ly on a level ) ! enamel1 not)/&+ ! great] attrition :i* ! sub/ance =m+ ! pr9cipal portion ( ! table ( ! too? mu/ necess>ily endure4 ,a suffici5t ind5tation ( ! ivory1 nev]!less1 c be obs]v$1 to r5d] prom95t ! ridge ( enamel1 & to indicate t ! la/-nam$ mat]ial is end[$ ) ! greate/ p[] ( resi/ance4 ,! enamel1 9 fact1 is z h>d z fl9t1 & by /rik+ x aga9/ a /eel1 fire c be drawn =?4 ,! ?ree /ructures1 !re=e1 v>y 9 h>dness1 & 9 an opposite direction !y contra/ to "o ano!r 9 t\ghness4 ,! ivory is sometimes fractur$1 b n frequ5tly4 ,i h nev] se5 ! cru/a petrosa ( a liv+ too? exhibit su* an injury2 b ! enamel is r>ely inspect$ )\t its be+ discov]$ to be m or less 9 a ragg$1 *ipp$1 & brok5 condition1 especially at ! ant]ior edge ( ! table ( ! incisors4 #ae4 ,! sep>ate uses ( ! ?ree compon5t /ructures1 h[ev]1 is n well %[n 9 ! incisors2 = z ! cru/a petrosa is by a natural process remov$1 & ! ivory is n ( ess5tial s]vice 9 cutt+ ! food1 x might be suppos$ t ! fir/ 0 no m ?an a tempor>y cov]+ to1 & ! la/ only a basem5t =1 ! enamel4 ,:5 ! m9d1 h[ev]1 is direct$ to ! obs]vation ( ! mol>s or d\ble tee?1 ! prop]ties & uses ( all become app>5t4 ,! s5se ( t\* 9 ! horse resides 9 ! lips2 ) ^? organs he ga!rs toge!r ! food be=e he grasps x ) ! incisors4 ,delicate1 h[ev]1 z ! animal's s5se ( t\* is1 ! selection ( ! food is fur!r aid$ by ! sight & smell4 ,! mo/ fragrant1 ! s(te/1 & ! cleane/ portions1 !re=e1 are select$2 b x w\ld be too mu* to suppose1 t no p>ticle ( dirt1 s&1 or grit1 0 ev] tak5 into ! m\?4 ,t mu* is necess>ily bitt51 ! incisors ( ^? horses :i* pa/ure on s&y soils1 af=d suffici5t pro(1 z su* animals g5]ally exhibit ! ant]ior edges ( ^? tee? consid]ably jagg$ or not*$4 ,9 ! be/ fields1 ! grass is nev] free f adh]5t impurities1 & ! mang]1 z well z ! rack1 is n always rem>kable 9 t respect4 ,all1 h[ev]1 t is ga!r$ by ! lips1 or grasp$ by ! incisors1 passes to ! mol>s to be comm9ut$ & mix$ ) ! saliva previ\s to be+ swall[$4 ,! mol>s1 9 fact1 are animal gr9d/ones1 & ! diff]5t degrees ( h>dness :i* ! ?ree compon5t sub/ances display1 by we>+ unev5ly1 always keep ! gr9d+ surfaces irregul> or %>p4 ,! inequality ( ! gr9d+ surfaces ( ! mol>s enables ! horse to r$uce ! t\ghe/ fibre to a pulpy mass2 b z _m sub/ances little less h>d ?an ! too? itself mu/ frequ5tly be gr\nd up ) ! food1 ! mol>s w\ld1 at fir/ sight1 appe> to be subject to injury1 especially z !y h t5 times ! "w ( ! incisors to p]=m1 & ! s5ses ( t\*1 smell1 & sight1 _c op]ate = _! protection4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 has provid$ aga9/ ! dang] to :i* !y appe> to be expos$2 = if1 not)/&+ ! gu>d+ ag5cy ( ! s5ses1 ! incisors are s (t5 injur$1 ! mol>s1 bl9dly employ$1 & us$ :5 ! full p[] ( ! horse's jaw is ex]t$1 c]ta9ly ne$$ "s provision aga9/ fracture4 ,! cru/a petrosa gives all ! security t c\ld be desir$2 x encircles ^! tee?1 dips into _! fissures1 & fills _! infundibula1 =m+ no small "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! mol>s4 ,! subjo9$ wood-cut w bett] expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! v>i\s sub/ances are arrang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,figure #a repres5ts ! table ( "o ( ! mol>s tak5 f ! upp] jaw4 ,figure #b ! table ( a mol> extract$ f ! l[] jaw4 ,! diff]5ce ( size betwe5 ! two organs is ?us well m>k$1 z also ! diff]5ce ( %ape4 ,! :ite l9e indicates ! enamel1 & ! v>iegat$ sub/ance :i* is encircl$ by x1 d5otes ! comp>ative quantity & position ( ! ivory4 ,! cru/a petrosa is repres5t$ by ! some:at d>k] %ade situat$ on ! ext]ior ( ! enamel4 ,9 figure #a1 h[ev]1 ! read] w obs]ve two pat*es enclos$ by :ite l9es4 ,^! are ! repres5tatives ( ! two infundibula :i* exi/ 9 all ( ! mol>s ( ! upp] jaw1 b :i* are n develop$ 9 ! l[] tee?4 ,! simil> direction ( ! l9es w enable ! read] to connect !m ) ! cru/a petrosa1 :i* sub/ance1 save 9 ! newly-cut too?1 g5]ally fills up ^! cavities1 al?\gh ! enamel l9+ ext5ds almo/ to ! root4 ,! intricacy ( ! arrangem5t is1 by ?is diagram1 made app>5t1 & ! purpose r5d]$ pla94 ,)\t su* a provision1 ! fir/ meal ( ! animal consum$ w\ld probably %att] ! in/rum5ts ( ma/ication into innum]able atoms2 b gird$ r\nd1 & b\nd up ) ! t\gh & resi/ant cru/a petrosa1 h[ev] h>d may be ! fibre ! animal *ews--h[ev] mu* ( grit or s& may be conta9$ 9 x--or h[ev] great may be ! =ce by :i* ! mol>s are press$ toge!r1 & made to pass at ! same "t f side to side--n a p>ticle ( ! brittle enamel is fractur$4 ,l a ?9 lay] ( glass1 gu>d$ betwe5 two pieces ( wood1 x p]=ms its (fice 9 security2 & z ! necessity = ! provision1 t[>ds :i* ,i h direct$ att5tion1 is obvi\s1 s is x ! m /range t ! ?ick coat+ ( ! cru/a petrosa ar\nd ! mol>s %\ld by au?ors h be5 mi/ak5 = an accumulation ( t>t>4 ,! mi/ake 0 c]ta9ly extraord9>y1 z ! cru/a petrosa 9 ! horse's too? is ( physiological importance1 & w pres5tly be %[n to m]it ! att5tion ( ! pa?ologi/4 ,i am aw>e1 :5 mak+ ?is /atem5t1 t contradiction is (f]$ to ! op9ions ( _m & des]v$ly e/eem$ au?orities2 & :ile ,i regret ! necessity ( diff]+ ) su* writ]s1 ,i also lam5t t my op9ion z to ! suppos$ use ( ! out] membrane ( ! newly-develop$ organ1 does n co9cide ) !irs4 ,! nature ( ?is treatise w n all[ me to ent] into ! subject ( ! developm5t ( ! tee?2 b ,i may "h say1 t ! out] membrane has be5 g5]ally /at$ to secrete ! enamel4 ,x is t membrane :i*1 ?ick5+ ) ! gr[? ( ! too?1 becomes ! cru/a petrosa2 b ) reg>d to its secretive p[]s1 ,i d n imag9e x is end[$ ) any function ( t description1 or t x is 9 any way conc]n$ 9 ! production ( ! enamel4 ,my reasons = mak+ su* & s bold an ass]tion are well consid]$1 n ha/ily advanc$4 ,i h be=e me ! left ant]ior mol>1 tak5 f ! jaw ( a colt :i* 0 ris+ f\r4 ,a repres5tation ( ! too? allud$ to is "h giv54 ,illu/ration a d5otes ! cru/a petrosa1 b ! out] surface ( ! enamel1 ! l9es repres5t+ ! plat$ or f9ely groov$ aspect1 :i* ?is "p exhibits on its ext]ior4 c1 :i* lett] w1 on inspection1 be discov]$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! d>k5$ space to ! "r ( ! l[] portion ( ! enamel1 indicates a spot :]e disease 0 exi/+1 & to :i* ref]5ce w be h]eaft] made4 d d5otes ! roots1 :i*1 z w be se51 are 7al?\gh ! too? _h be5 9 active employm5t = twelve mon?s7 /ill incomplete1 & n envelop$ by cru/a petrosa4 ,! above wood-cut1 ! accuracy ( :i* is n to be disput$1 %[s a comp>atively l>ge portion ( ! assum$ secretive membrane to be abs5t4 ,! defici5t "p ( ! out] cov]+1 ,i may "h /ate1 0 remov$ by a natural process1 z ,i myself extract$ ! too?4 ,nev]!less :]e ! cru/a petrosa is defici5t1 ! lam9at$ ext]nal surface ( ! enamel is expos$ 9 p]fect & normal condition4 ,?is evid5ce appe>s pretty conclusive1 = :]e ! secretive sub/ance is abs5t1 ! secretion w\ld h>dly appe>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! secretion ( ! enamel 7 ! special function ( ! cru/a petrosa1 !n :]ev] ! "o 0 f\nd1 ! o!r w\ld also be pres5t4 ,let ! read]1 h[ev]1 ref] to ! wood-cut ins]t$ at page #ba4 ,9 t diagram1 ! cru/a petrosa is fai?fully repres5t$ z ?icke/ at ! root2 b at ?is v po9t ! enamel is se5 to be entirely want+4 ,! conclusion t[>ds :i* su* facts po9t1 is almo/ decisive2 b1 nev]!less1 !re are _m inf]5ces :i* help to support x4 ,if a longitud9al section ( a too? be made1 a v ?9 :ite l9e may be pla9ly se51 indicat+1 probably betwe5 ! ivory & ! enamel1 ano!r s\rce = ! production ( ! sub/ance :i* ! cru/a petrosa has be5 said to secrete4 ,moreov]1 if a too? be boil$ = "s h\rs1 a v little =ce w enable any p]son to pull (f ! enamel f ! ivory2 & ?is exp]im5t likewise sugge/s ! int]v5tion ( "s gelat9\s membrane betwe5 ! two /ructures4 ,! microscope also confirms ! op9ion ,i advance1 & %[s t1 9 ! old too?1 ! membrane is absorb$1 = its rema9s c only be detect$ 9 isolat$ places4 ,i am fully aw>e t none ( ! argum5ts "h advanc$ are1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/1 at all conclusive4 ,appe>ances are deceptive1 & results consequ5t ^u artificial processes by no means to be tru/$4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 ! necessity = su* a secretive membrane is by no means imp]ative = ! production ( ! enamel4 ,our views on ^! po9ts may be too circumscrib$1 s9ce at ! extremities ( ! bones we see c>tilage & osse\s /ructure connect$1 )\t any su* int]position2 & no "o expects su* a matrix = ! vitre\s table ( ! cranial p>ietes4 ,! cru/a petrosa may h its uses ap>t f any conjectural function ( secretion2 &1 9 fur!r pro( t x does n secrete1 x c1 9 ! "y subject1 be=e ! too? has em]g$ f its prim>y cavity1 be sep>at$ ) ! greate/ facility f ! enamel4 ,x s]ves to protect ! enamel1 b x likewise answ]s ! end ( keep+ ! too? firm 9 ! jaw3 ar\nd ! neck ( ! mol>s x becomes ?ick5$ to a great ext5t2 & at ! roots1 especially ( old tee?1 x exhibits consid]able sub/ance4 ,! horse's mol>s are cont9ually be+ wr5*$ f side to side :ile ! food is be+ gr\nd1 & unless !y 7 v firmly mortis$1 ! vessels :i* nurture !m w\ld be cont9ually lac]at$3 ?is ! cru/a petrosa1 by entirely fill+ ! alveol> cavity1 prev5ts2 & z ! mol>s we> d[n ) age1 ! ?ick5+ ( ! membrane enables ! jaw to reta9 ) security ! late/ portion ( ! too?4 ,i h specim5s tak5 f v ag$ subjects1 :]e ! fang hav+ be5 worn away1 ! mol> consi/s m]ely ( ! roots ( tee? emb$d$ 9 a mass ( cru/a petrosa4 #af4 ,! v>i\s p>ts & peculi>ities ( =m1 n[ require consid]ation4 ,if ! table ( an incisor too? be obs]v$1 a cavity w be se5 9 ! c5tre ( x3 ?is cavity1 call$ ! infundibulum1 is ( v>iable dep?4 ,9 ! tempor>y or milk tee?1 x ext5ds only half way d[n ! cr[n2 9 ! p]man5t or horse incisors1 x is f ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* to an in* & a qu>t] deep1 be+ ( great] dep? 9 ! tee? ( ! upp] ?an 9 ^? ( ! l[] jaw1 & n ( ! same magnitude 9 all horses4 ,! infundibula are ind5tations 9 ! body ( ! ivory1 & !y possess two cov]+s1 an ext]nal "o ( cru/a petrosa1 & int]nal inve/m5t ( enamel3 ! enamel does n mat]ially v>y 9 ?ickness ^u ?is "p1 b ! cru/a petrosa ( ! infundibula is1 9 diff]5t subjects1 ( v unequal ext5t4 ,9 "s animals x becomes v ?ick1 & 9 su*1 ! infundibula seem soon to be oblit]at$1 ow+ to ! cru/a petrosa fill+ up ! cavity4 ,a good specim5 ( ! e>ly oblit]ation ( ! cavity1 by ! ?ickness ( its inve/+ membrane1 is %[n by ! tee? pres]v$ ) ! jaw ( ! horse ,le&]1 :i* is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,field4 ,t animal1 ?\gh b f\r ye>s old1 _h lo/ ! m>ks 9 ! c5tral incisors4 ,a :ite l9e1 h[ev]1 %[s t ! enamel dips deep into ! sub/ance ( ! ivory1 & indicates :at w\ld h be5 ! =m ( ! infundibula1 _h n ! cru/a petrosa fill$ up ! cavities4 ,! infundibula h receiv$ special att5tion f horsem51 & h be5 ?\ght to indicate correctly ! age ( ! horse2 _! l9+ membrane spe$ily becomes black5$ by ! *emical action ( ! food1 c41 con/itut+ :at are call$ ! m>ks ( ! m\?2 & z ! tee? und]go we>1 ^! m>ks are ultimately lo/4 ,! p]iod at :i* !y may disappe>1 & ! appe>ances :i* !y may put on1 are well %[n 9 a plate :i* ,mr4 ,=es has publi%$1 entitl$ ,! ,age ( ! ,horse1 & to t plate ,i !re=e ref] ! read]2 b1 :ile do+ s1 ,i mu/ caution him n to dep5d too mu* ^u a sign1 :i* is only true z a g5]al rule2 = z ! infundibula 9 all animals are n ( ! same dep?1 or suppos+ !m to be ( "o dep?1 ! cru/a petrosa is seldom ( ! l ?ickness 9 any two horses1 & ! tee? d n we> uni=mly 9 diff]5t subjects1 ( c\rse ! indications !y exhibit _c be absolutely reli$ ^u4 ,^? indications1 h[ev]1 ought to be kn[n1 & %\ld nev] be disreg>d$4 ,"s animals ( sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 & ev5 9 r>e in/ances ( tw5ty-eight ye>s old1 w reta9 ! m>ks 9 two or m ( ! incisors2 nev]!less1 z a g5]al rule1 ^! signs are wor?y ( att5tion1 &1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! illu/rations pres5t$ 9 ?is "w1 af=d all t c be obta9$ to confirm ! judgm5t4 #ag4 ,!re are infundibula also 9 ! mol> tee?1 b n 9 all ( !m4 ,^? ( ! l[] jaw h no infundibula1 b only grooves or fissures1 into :i* ! cru/a petrosa dips1 & :i* x fills up4 ,! mann] ( ! arrangem5t w be se5 9 ! table ( "o ( ^! tee? repres5t$ 9 figure #b1 page #bf4 ,9 ! same place1 ! wood-cut1 figure #a1 depicts ! gr9d+ surface ( "o ( ! sup]ior mol>s4 ,e too? ( ! la/ description1 possesses two infundibula1 :i* ext5d almo/ to ! root1 & are possess$ ( ! same cov]+s z ! l cavities 9 ! incisors4 ,! cru/a petrosa1 h[ev]1 :i* l9es ! infundibula ( ! sup]ior mol>s1 is mu* ?ick] ?an ! simil> membrane inv]t+ ! l p>ts 9 ! incisors2 consequ5tly1 absolute cavities1 answ]+ to ! m>ks ( ! nipp]s1 are ( comp>atively slight ext5t1 soon oblit]at$1 & n g5]ally f\nd 9 any ( ^! tee? aft] ! horse is six ye>s old2 inde$ all ! m>ks are (t5 oblit]at$ be=e ! fif? ye>4 #ah4 ,to di/+ui% an upp] f a l[] mol> too? is n difficult4 ,! pres5ce ( ! infundibula 9 ! fir/ w\ld alone enable x to be po9t$ out2 b !re are o!r indications t are wor?y ( a pass+ notice4 ,! table ( ! upp] mol>s is mu* broad]1 be+ comp>$ to ^? ( ! l[] jaw z n9e is to five4 ,!n ! =m ( ! table is diff]5t 9 ea*4 ,! table ( ! l[] too? is ind5t$ on ei!r side1 ! ind5tation ext5d+ d[nw>ds along ! fang4 ,! table ( ! upp] mol>s pres5t two n>r[ prom95ces1 & two broad grooves on ! out] side2 & also exhibits "o broad prom95ce ^u ! c5tre ( ! inn] side--all ( ^! developm5ts be+ likewise conta9$ along ! fang4 ,! slant ( ! tables also diff]s4 ,9 ! upp] jaw1 ! out] edge is ! l[e/4 ,9 ! l[] jaw1 ! tables incl9e 9 ! opposite direction4 #ai4 ,! tee? ( ! horse are v firmly implant$ 9 ! jaws4 ,! fangs are ( a l5g? :i* !y :o h only se5 ! tee? extract$ f ! m\? ( a human be+ w\ld h>dly imag9e4 ,! l5g? ( fang ( c\rse gives ! tee? "s security2 b ?is is n ! only provision made = t end4 ,! tee? radiate t[>ds a common c5tre1 be+ widely sep>at$ at _! roots1 b approximat+ at ! cr[ns4 ,!y also incl9e lat]ally f ! p]p5dicul>1 s t ! =ce appli$ to !m nev] acts 9 a direct l9e1 or is conc5trat$ ^u "o p>ticul> po9t4 #bj4 ,! mol>s ( ! l[] jaw are ! active ag5ts ( ma/ication1 = motion1 dur+ ?is process1 only takes place 9 t "p ( ! head 9 :i* ^? tee? are plac$4 ,! inf]ior mol>s are ! in/rum5ts t gr9d--! upp] mol>s are simply ! surfaces ^u :i* ! food is gr\nd4 ,! :ole ( ! mol>s1 h[ev]1 are nev] simultane\sly employ$4 ,! horse c *ew b on "o side at a "t1 = z ! inf]ior maxill>y bone is consid]ably n>r[] ?an ! sup]ior1 if ! tee? on "o side are br\ght into apposition1 ^? ( ! opposite side are necess>ily sep>at$4 ,any "o :o has obs]v$ a horse fe$+1 w h rem>k$ t ! animal1 dur+ ! act1 cont9ually abducts & adducts1 ! l[] jaw n caus+ x to describe a circle1 z does ! c[1 b urg+ x fir/ to "o side & !n to ! o!r4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! :ole =ce ( ^? /rong muscles1 :i* close ! m\? ( ! horse1 is employ$ on a portion ( ! jaw at ! same mom5t1 & ! p[] !n ex]t$ mu/ obvi\sly be v great4 ,recogniz+ ?is fact1 ! reason = all t has be5 po9t$ out--! %elv+ tables--! groov$ or ind5t$ sides--! d\ble incl9ation1 & ! great l5g? ( ! fangs is at once p]ceiv$1 = ! action is a wr5*+ "o2 & ! great] ext5t (1 & m unev51 surface pres5t$ by ! mol>s ( ! upp] jaw1 facilitates ! comm9ution1 )\t impos+ weight ^u ! muscul> activity4 ,_h ! l>g] tee? be5 implant$ 9 ! inf]ior maxill>y bone1 ! lab\r impos$ w\ld h be5 mu* augm5t$1 & ! end atta9$ h be5 9 no way exp$it$4 #ba4 ,provision has be5 made by ,nature to meet ! we> to :i* ! horse's tee? are subject$4 ,su* provision1 h[ev]1 ,i am ( op9ion1 has be5 some:at mis-/at$ by ! majority ( writ]s :o h treat$ ( ?is matt]4 ,_m ( ^! au?ors dwell greatly ^u ! gr[? ( ! tee? ( ! horse1 z ?\gh ?is function 7 9 con/ant activity dur+ ! life ( ! animal4 ,! argum5ts by :i* _! views are support$1 are prim>ily drawn f analogy r ?an d$uc$ f obs]vation4 ,because ! tee? ( c]ta9 animals1 especially ^? class$ by naturali/s z rod5tia1 & ( :i* ! rat & rabbit are famili> types--because ! tee? ( ^! creatures are kn[n to gr[1 & ^? ( ! elephant are also prov$ to increase--! same is assum$ ( ! horse4 ,! inf]5ce is c]ta9ly ( /r5g?1 b nev]!less x is f> %ort ( pro(2 a simil>ity betwe5 ! animals is n demon/rat$1 & a sam5ess _c be %[n4 ,moreov]1 9 ano!r direction1 an evid5ce is attempt$ to be made ( ! consequ5ce :i* ensues :5 "o ( ! mol> tee? loses its vitality2 ! too? t s suff]s is rapidly worn d[n1 & ! oppos+ too? becomes ( an unnatural l5g?1 project+ f> beyond its fell[s4 ,! increase ( l5g? 9 su* a case has be5 suppos$ to g on 9 ! s\nd organ at ! natural rate1 & ! gr[? ( ! diseas$ too? only has be5 ?\ght to be /opp$2 h5ce ! am\nt ( we> & ( gr[? is attempt$ to be measur$2 b on consid]ation x w be se51 t some?+ m ?an ! m]e cessation ( increase has to be calculat$4 ,! c>i\s too? _h ceas$ to be a "p ( ! liv+ body1 & ) its vitality ! organ lo/ its capability ( self-pres]vation4 ,! condition ( ! "p _h *ang$1 & ( ! /r5g? :i* vitality be/[s1 all p]sons mu/ be consci\s4 ,to argue f ! results produc$ ^u dead matt]1 & !n apply ! d$uctions to liv+ organs1 is a c\rse :i* no physiologi/ w sanction4 ,! too? t _h ceas$ to live1 might be quickly worn d[n1 = o!r reasons ?an t x _h ceas$ to gr[4 ,?is is s cle>1 & ! inf]5ce to :i* allusion 0 =m]ly made s obvi\sly unt5able1 t ,i %all n long] deta9 ! read] by dwell+ ^u ei!r1 b proce$ to /ate my own views ( ! subject4 ,i admit ! tee? ( ! horse d gr[1 & only d\bt if ! process has be5 prop]ly describ$4 ,:5 ! cr[n ( ! too? fir/ appe>s 9 ! m\?1 ! fang is n complet$1 & ! root has n ev5 be5 develop$4 ,! horse is sev5 ye>s old be=e all ! roots are p]fect$1 & :5 ^! are complet$1 ,i d\bt if ! aft] gr[? is mat]ial4 ,if ! jaw ( an old horse be exam9$1 ! alveol> cavities w be f\nd to be %all[1 %[+ t ! loss1 consequ5t ^u ! we>1 0 comp5sat$ by ! too? be+ project$ into ! m\?1 & n by any increase ( sub/ance4 ,aga91 ^? animals1 ! incisors ( :i* reta9 ! m>ks 9 extreme old age1 may %[ long tee?1 b n ( t excessive l5g? :i* gr[? w\ld suppose2 only su* z ! want ( we> w\ld occasion1 suppos+ ! increase to cease :5 ! root 0 p]fect$4 ,! fang1 9 fact1 is s mu* too? 9 res]ve1 & z su* answ]s ! purpose = :i* gr[? 0 suppos$ to be necessitat$4 ,i h by me1 specim5s ( old tee?1 b ! measurem5t ( none ( !m contradicts ! op9ion ,i h advanc$1 !re be+ b a mat]ial increase ( ! cru/a petrosa1 :i* at ! root bl5ds ) ! ivory1 & _c be cle>ly sep>at$ f x4 ,! ?ick5+ ( ! cru/a petrosa ar\nd ! root & neck1 probably nev] ceases dur+ ! heal? ( ! animal2 b to ?is sub/ance alone is conf9$ ! imag9>y gr[? ( ! horse's tee?4 ,:5 ! roots are p]fect$1 ! l5g? ( ! too? is complet$1 & ! only aft] process consi/s 9 a gradual deposition ( e>?y matt]1 )9 ! body ( ! memb]1 ! bulk ( :i* is def9$4 ,9 old tee?1 ! ivory becomes v d5se2 & he :o attempts to cut ?r\gh an old & "y too?1 w be made aw>e ( a contra/4 ,! pulp 9 ! tee?1 aft] ! =mation ( ! root1 gradually dim9i%es & ultimately disappe>s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ossific deposition4 ,9 fact1 :5 gr[? ceases1 consolidation has tak5 place1 & r5d]$ its cont9uance no long] necess>y4 #bb4 ,! cavity ( ! pulp has be5 always /at$ to exi/ 9 ! too? ( ! horse4 ,9 ! human too? x occupies ! extremity ( ! fang1 be+ situat$ )9 ! sub/ance ( ! ivory2 & ! d\ble tee? are kn[n to h z _m cavities ( ?is k9d z !re are roots to ! "p4 ,! same has be5 assum$ to be ! case also ) ! horse1 b ,i _c say t inve/igation enables me to corroborate ?is op9ion4 ,i f9d no cavity1 t is no empty space1 con/antly pres5t 9 ! fangs ( ! horse's tee?1 & no sep>ate or def9$ cavities at ! roots ( ! mol>s4 ,! bone or ivory may be defici5t1 m or less1 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! fang2 b ?is space1 n yet occupi$ by ! osse\s deposit1 is fill$ by a membrane\s sub/ance :i* is cont9u\s ) ! cru/a petrosa ( ! root1 & w ultimately be conv]t$ into bone4 ,i _c sep>ate ! tissues =m+ ! pulp1 f ! cru/a petrosa itself2 & ,i assume ! two to be cont9u\s4 ,! only diff]5ce ,i c obs]ve is1 t ! tissue ( ! pulp is ! f9e/2 b z ! vessels ( ! "o prim>ily pi]ce ?r\gh & ramify ^u ! o!r1 ,i _c p]ceive ! necessity = _! sep>ation4 ,x w be und]/ood1 t ,i am speak+ ( ^! p>ts 9 a fre% subject1 & n allud+ to a masc]at$ & dri$ specim51 ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ! la/ be+ calculat$ to mislead4 ,) age1 ! pulp dim9i%es2 & 9 a too? extract$ f a v old animal1 no positive rema9s ( x w be f\nd--osse\s matt] fill+ up ! space :i* ! pulp once occupi$4 #bc4 ,nature provides ! horse ) two sets ( tee?4 ,! fir/ are small1 or ( a size proportion$ to ! dim9utive /ature ( ! foal1 & are call$ milk tee?--colt's tee?--or tempor>y tee?--ei!r ( :i* t]ms equally well *>act]izes !m4 ,! tempor>y tee? are tw5ty-f\r 9 numb]--six incisors 9 ei!r jaw1 & ?ree mol>s on bo? sides ( ! upp] & also ( ! l[] jaw4 ,! incisors sometimes beg9 to appe> 9 ! m\? be=e bir?1 ?\gh g5]ally ! gums are unbrok5 :5 ! foal is dropp$2 !y comm5ce to be %$ :5 ! colt is two ye>s & a half old--none rema9+ 9 ! jaws aft] ! fif? ye>4 ,! mol>s1 :i* are ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird1 or ! ant]ior ?ree1 beg9 to be ca/ (f at two ye>s & a half1 be+ entirely remov$ betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? ye>4 ,x us$ to be ass]t$ t ! la/ tempor>y mol> 0 %$ betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? ye> ( ! animal's life2 b :ile ,i 0 connect$ ) ! ,vet]9>y ,college1 ,i inspect$ sev]al heads & f\nd none t corroborat$ ! doctr9e1 :i*1 = half a c5tury1 _h be5 inculcat$ at t ,in/itution4 ,my obs]vations 7 at fir/ viol5tly conte/$1 & opportunities 7 s\ght to uphold ! receiv$ & old mann] ( tea*+4 ,by sl[ degrees1 h[ev]1 ! tru? prevail$2 & ,i h n[ ! pleasure ( kn[+1 t :at ,i po9t$ out to ! pr(essors1 ^? g5tlem5 at pres5t communicate to _! pupils4 ,sev]al p>ties1 h[ev]1 h be5 mean en\gh to pret5d !y ei!r are ignorant ( :at ,i effect$1 or believe :at ,i accompli%$ 0 ! "w ( ano!r p]son2 :ile ,i am sorry to add1 t a pr(essor has ev5 gone s f> z to lay claim to a discov]y1 :i* at ! "t co/ me "s pa9s to fully make out1 & m to firmly e/abli%4 ,my obs]vations 71 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 made alone1 & ! only p]son :o ev5tually assi/$ me 0 ,mr4 ,i4 ,k4 ,"l1 ( ,tavi/ock4 ,t g5tleman did af=d me mu* help1 & to him ,i beg publicly to record my s5se ( obligation4 ,no o!r individual 0 9 any mann] conc]n$ 9 ! inve/igation1 & ,i regret t ,i %\ld be necessitat$ to make su* an ass]tion4 ,! po9t1 h[ev]1 is n[ fully e/abli%$2 & x w be se51 t x may be ( practical importance4 ,! mol>s1 z tru?fully z ! incisors1 d5ote ! age2 &1 z corroborators1 !y %\ld1 9 e d\btful case1 be inspect$4 #bd4 ,to "k ! tempor>y f ! p]man5t tee?1 or to be able to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r1 is v ess5tial2 b su* k is n s common z may be g5]ally imag9$4 ,deal]s h blund]$1 & _m a g5tleman hav+ pur*as$ a ye>l+ = a horse1 has aft]w>ds be5 surpris$ to discov] t ! animal 0 los+ "s ( its front tee?4 ,^! k9d ( mi/akes are mo/ly conf9$ to ! small] bre$s--) ponies ! incid5t is common en\gh1 b ev5 ) horses x has occurr$4 ,i may !re=e be excus$ if ,i ent] r m9utely into ^? po9ts ( diff]5ce :i* di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,! read] mu/ be cont5t to /udy well ?is portion ( ! treatise1 = ! age is be/ m>k$ by ! numb] ( milk tee? reta9$ 9 ! jaw1 & easie/ told dur+ ^? ye>s :5 ^! tee? are 9 ! c\rse ( be+ %$4 #be4 ,to recognize a milk incisor too? ! read] mu/ be> 9 m9d t x is ( a tempor>y nature1 & int5d$ only to exi/ dur+ ! few fir/ ye>s ( ! animal's life1 or dur+ its col?ood2 = :5 all ! p]man5t tee? are fairly up1 ! creature becomes a horse4 ,! recollection ( _! tempor>y "* w cause !m to be ! m easily di/+ui%$3 !y look less solid & less firm2 !y are small]1 m :ite1 & if ideas ( beauty & s5tim5t befit su* a subject1 h a pretti] & m innoc5t appe>ance4 ,?is is p]fectly true z a g5]al rule1 b nev]!less mu/ n be absolutely appli$2 = ,i h se5 r>e in/ances 9 :i* ! milk tee? 71 f con/itutional or o!r causes1 s discol\r$1 z altoge!r to lose _! infant9e & prepossess+ "*--! p]man5t incisors appe>+ cleanly by ! contra/4 ,on acc\nt ( s s+ul> a circum/ance occasionally happ5+1 if = no /rong] reason1 x is imp]ative !re=e1 ev5 at ! risk ( be+ t$i\s1 to ent] m9utely into ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,9 col\r ^! tee? are :ite1 because ! coat+ ( cru/a petrosa :i* orig9ally inve/s !m is p>ticul>ly ?91 & soon1 = ! mo/ "p1 disappe>s1 expos+ ! enamel2 _! cr[ns are %ort]1 & ! neck is well develop$1 because _! fangs are n>r[ & ( less l5g?4 ,9 ! annex$ wood-cut1 = ! purpose ( mak+ ! dissimil>ity ! m conspicu\s1 a tempor>y & a p]man5t incisor are contra/$4 ,figure #a is ! horse1 ,figure #b ! milk too?4 ,! fang ( ! milk too? is prop]ly repres5t$ ( consid]able less diamet] ?an ! cr[n2 & j :]e x arises w be obs]v$ a little %ad+1 :i* indicates a s9k+ 91 or nipp+ up1 at t p>ticul> spot3 ! place s n>r[$ is ! neck1 :i* 9 ! tempor>y tee? ( ! colt is n badly develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,h[ev]1 :ile ! milk too? is reta9$ 9 ! m\? ! neck is n p>ticul>ly well %[n1 because ! gum encircl+ ! cr[n 9 a great measure conceals t "p4 ,b ! =m ( ! out] surface ( ! cr[n c h>dly be mi/ak54 ,9 ! foal's too? x m or less approa*es to a semi-circle1 f :i* ! p]man5t tee? greatly diff]1 z w be se5 by comp>+ ! repres5tations ( ! two z giv5 9 ! plates4 ,! out] surface likewise is *>act]iz$ by peculi> ind5tations3 a numb] ( small *annels run along x1 tak+ a c\rse f ! neck t[>ds ! m>g9 ( ! table1 & giv+ an irregul> flut$ appe>ance to ! enamel4 ,!re w be se51 on ! cr[n ( ,figure #b1 l9es int5d$ to convey an idea ( ! situation & direction ( ^! little grooves4 ,! table is always oblong1 b ! infundibula are g5]ally abs5t aft] ! second ye>1 & :5 !y are pres5t1 ! cavities are n>r[1 & obvi\sly ( little dep?4 ,^! num]\s signs enable ! milk too? to be recogniz$ ) facility1 at a s+le glance1 = x is seldom t "o ( ! v>i\s indications is abs5t2 & aft] all h be5 impress$ by obs]vation1 ! milk too? c h>dly be mi/ak54 #bf4 ,! p]man5t incisors are indicat$ by _! great] size1 a circum/ance :i* ! =ego+ wood-cut does n exagg]ate4 ,! gum is mu* fur!r retract$1 & ?is gives to ^! organs an irregul> oblong figure1 :i* is v diff]5t f ! semi-circul> %ape ( ! milk tee?4 ,! incisors1 h[ev]1 are n ( equal l5g? 9 all horses1 & 9 "s ! gum may be s prom95t z to give ! p]man5t some:at ! appe>ance ( a tempor>y incisor2 o!r indications1 h[ev]1 ev5 !n1 enable ! diff]5t nature ( ea* to be ) c]ta9ty di/+ui%$4 ,! enamel is only p>tially expos$ 9 ! horse too?2 ! %ad$ portion ( ,figure #a1 9 ! prec$+ wood-cut1 d5otes ! ext5t to :i* x is g5]ally cov]$ dur+ ! p]iod ( d5tition2 & :5 ! tee? fir/ appe>1 ! enamel is :olly conceal$ by a cov]+ ( cru/a petrosa4 ,t cov]+ is nev] entirely remov$--a small portion ( x1 ev5 9 ! olde/ m\?s1 is se5 ne> to ! gums4 ,x looks l an accumulation ( t>t>1 & is mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! too? t has be5 newly cut4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ?is sub/ance1 !re=e1 %\ld be not$1 & moreov]1 ! enamel surface %\ld be fur!r inspect$4 ,! num]\s *annels t give s peculi> a flut$ appe>ance to ! milk too?1 are n to be se5 ^u t ( a p]man5t description2 b 9 ! /ead are to be detect$ only "o or two broad grooves1 :i* ext5d ! entire l5g? ( ! cr[n4 ,figure #a1 at page #dh1 indicates ! %ape & direction ( ! grooves ^u ! surface ( ! p]man5t too?1 ?\gh probably a bett] idea ( !m is to be d]iv$ f an inspection ( ! col\r$ engrav+s1 9 :i* !y are m prom95tly exhibit$4 ,by means ( su* guides1 ! op9ion is r5d]$ positive1 & ! inspection ( ! table is h>dly ne$$ to confirm x2 b ! table af=ds corroborative evid5ce1 :i* may be ( s]vice4 ,! table is broad]1 & ! infundibulum is deep]4 ,9 ?is latt] cavity1 food accumulates 9 ! p]man5t1 b r>ely 9 ! tempor>y incisor4 ,! gum may s contract z to give to ! too? "s appe>ance ( possess+ a neck1 b 9 reality no su* "p is develop$ 9 ! horse incisors1 z w be se5 by ref]r+ to ! previ\s cut1 :i* may1 ) pr(it1 be comp>$ ) ! col\r$ engrav+s1 :i* depict ^! memb]s z !y are exhibit$ 9 ! m\? ( ! liv+ animal4 #bg4 ,! tempor>y _c be well di/+ui%$ f ! p]man5t mol>s1 :ile ! horse is alive4 ,x is true t ! table ( ! fir/ is some:at n>r[] ?an1 ?\gh ( equal l5g?1 ) t ( ! la/2 b ! diff]5ce is n s m>k$ z to ju/ify an op9ion be+ pron\nc$ ^u ! imp]fect inspection :i*1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 c be made ( ^! organs4 ,! numb] ( ! mol>s may1 h[ev]1 be c\nt$1 & f ?is ! age ( ! animal d$uc$ ) correctness4 ,! op]ation c be at all times p]=m$1 & ! fact asc]ta9$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 remov$ f ! jaw1 ! "* ( ! mol> is easily recogniz$1 = ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? & %ape ( ! fang r5d]s x !n impossible to conf\nd ! tempor>y ) ! p]man5t too?4 #bh4 ,! v>i\s po9ts :i* d5ote y\? mu/ n[ be notic$4 ,! rem>ks on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 mu/ be conf9$ to ! m\?1 to :i* ?is treatise is devot$4 ,9 ! foal1 ! membrane ( ! m\? is ( a delicate p9k col\r1 sugge/ive ( its high vascul>ity4 ,! gums are prom95t1 = z ! p]man5t are cut po/]iorly to ! milk incisors1 & ! g]ms ( ! horse tee? are develop$ ev5 at ! "t ( bir?1 ! ant]ior "p ( ! jaw is pu%$ =w>d to make room = _! gr[?4 ,?is gives ! little animal some:at ! appe>ance ( be+ p>rot-m\!d1 z w be obs]v$ by ref]r+ to ! col\r$ plate ( n9e mon?s4 ,!n ! palate is l[ 9 its position1 & ! b>s appe> almo/ on a level ) ! tables ( ! upp] tee?1 & may ev5 desc5d beyond !m4 ,! l[] jaw1 also1 if felt1 w be f\nd to be q r\nd2 & ! face1 if obs]v$ at t "p "u :i* ! mol> tee? are situat$1 w seem full1 or ! *eek w look a little bl[n out4 ,^! la/ signs1 m or less1 rema9 till ! process ( d5tition is complet$4 #bi4 ,! indications ( age are no less des]v+ ( notice4 ,! edges ( ! l[] jaw become %>p1 & ultimately retract$2 ! *eeks gr[ flat2 ! membrane ( ! m\? loses its vascul>ity1 & puts on a dull yell[i% col\r2 ! gums look h>d1 & ! front ( ! jaw becomes n>r[]1 :ile at ! same "t x incl9es m backw>d1 caus+ ! tee? to project horizontally4 ,! incl9ation :i* age gives to ! tee?1 w be easily p]ceiv$ by comp>+ ! col\r$ engrav+s ) ea* o!r2 & ! peculi>ity ( ! upp] & l[] incisors n be+ p]ceptible at ! same "t 9 ! m\? ( a ?irty-ye>s old1 entirely spr+s f ! acut5ess ( ! angle :i* !y =m at t p]iod4 ,! b>s1 z ye>s accumulate1 also *ange _! positions1 be+ drawn upw>ds4 ,f ! space betwe5 ! corn] incisors & ! fir/ mol>s1 ! tongue on ei!r side protrudes1 z if ! n>r[$ cavity left n suffici5t room = ! organ to repose 94 ,! ext5t to :i* ! tongue w project may be conjectur$1 by reg>d+ ! repres5tation ( x giv5 9 ! col\r$ plate ( ! ?irty-ye> old m\?4 ,at t age1 ! protrusion is too /rongly m>k$ to escape ! obs]vation ( any "o ^: att5tion has once be5 direct$ to ! circum/ance4 ,accompany+ ! inability to reta9 ! tongue )9 ! jaws1 is a con/ant fl[ ( saliva1 :i* cont9ually falls f ! m\? ( ! old horse :5 ! lips be held ap>t4 ,! latt] fact1 ! au?or1 :5 he made ! draw+s = ! pres5t "w1 _h ample exp]i5ce (1 z 9 "s in/ances x occasion$ s]i\s delay4 #cj4 ,! incisor tee?1 9 old age1 h _! *>act]i/ic signs4 ,mo/ly !y appe> unnaturally long1 ?\gh 9 r>e in/ances !y are worn d[n almo/ to ! gums4 ,:5 long1 !y w g5]ally %[ int]/ices divid+ !m1 su* int]/ices1 h[ev]1 n be+ free1 b occupi$ by a compact mass ( =eign matt]1 d]iv$ f ! food1 & hav+ a black col\r4 ,! read] w1 by turn+ to ! col\r$ plates ( tw5ty & ?irty ye>s1 see ^! accumulations indicat$4 ,:5 ! incisors are v %ort1 !y are arrang$ 9 a diff]5t ord] to ^? ( ! "y animal4 ,! tables ( ! tee? ( ! "y horse1 =m almo/ a semi-circle2 9 ! adult animal1 !y gradually assume a cresc5tic ord]1 & z age progresses1 !y ultimately range1 m or less1 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! tee? also look n>r[] z ! fangs desc5d ) ! we> ( ! organs1 & 9 col\r !y slightly *ange4 ,! enamel loses mu* ( its semi-opaque & *>act]i/ic appe>ance1 assum+ a m dull aspect1 & a yell[i% t9t4 ,! cru/a petrosa is to be se5 only ne> to ! gums1 & )9 ! grooves1 :i* (t5 are deep & v well def9$1 & )9 :i* ! rema9s ( ! once-inve/+ membrane becomes almo/ black4 ,!n aga91 ! tables !mselves *ange _! %ape z ! ye>s increase4 ,at fir/1 ^! surfaces are ( an oblong & some:at oval figure2 by degrees1 h[ev]1 !y become angul>1 & ultimately m or less squ>e4 ,! cont95tal au?ors h be5 v m9ute1 & n a little pr(use ^u ! *anges ( =m :i* ! tables und]go1 & attribute ! alt]ation to ! gradual we> ( ! tee?4 ,! correctness ( ?is view !y endeav\r to e/abli% by saw+ a too? ?r\gh at v>i\s places1 & attempt+ to %[1 t ! =ms ( ! surfaces expos$ by ?is process correspond to ! %apes assum$ by ! table dur+ ! progress ( age4 ,_! d$uctions c1 9 ! /udy1 be made to appe> true1 b 9 ! /able w n be> ! absolute application to :i* ^! writ]s w\ld put !m4 ,by means ( ?is te/1 ,pess9a ass]t$ he w\ld tell ! age ( a horse1 accurately1 up to ! tw5ty-second ye>4 ,! ,gir>ds ackn[l$ge ! tables w n guide !m s f>1 b nev]!less are will+ to apply !m dur+ ! fir/ sev5te5 ye>s ( ! animal's life4 ,i leave ! read] to =m 8 own op9ion ( ! value ( su* speculations--= :ile ,i confess !y are ( "s wor? z guides to ! prim>y /udy1 & helps to ! prop] und]/&+ ( ! cause ( ^? *anges ( figure to be anticipat$--,i am n satisfi$ t any rule drawn f !m c be dep5d$ ^u4 ,= t reason ,i %all h]eaft] pres5t ! read] ) figures ( ! tables tak5 f au!nticat$ m\?s1 r ?an amuse him ) speculations1 :i*1 h[ev] impos+ !y may seem to ! ignorant1 practice soon discov]s to be no m ?an remote & plausible possibilities4 #ca4 ,"s judges dep5d ^u ! tu%es z indicative ( ! age1 & tak5 9 conjunction ) ! o!r p>ts !y af=d corroborative evid5ce2 s+ly1 h[ev]1 !y %\ld n be reli$ ^u1 nor %\ld too mu* weight at any "t be plac$ ^u _! appe>ance4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! tu%es are cut irregul>ly2 !y may appe> 9 ! m\? betwe5 ! second & ?ird1 & !y may n pi]ce ! gums s late ev5 z ! eigh? ye>2 ! p]iods nam$ be+ ( c\rse ! extremes4 ,z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 !y come up betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? ye>4 ,! cu/om1 h[ev]1 :i* ,nature s frequ5tly disreg>ds1 c af=d no positive guide to ! judgm5t1 & ! we> :i* may beg9 ?us e>ly or late1 %\ld n be too p>ticul>ly insi/$ ^u4 ,! tu%es :5 !y fir/ %[ are %ap$ some:at l a spe> head1 smoo? & r\nd$ on _! ext]nal surfaces1 b groov$ on ! side :i* t\*es ! tongue1 po9t$ at _! extremities1 & %>p at _! edges4 ,! incl9ation ( ! "y tu% is oblique1 /&+ =w>d1 & ! situation is comp>atively ne> to ! incisors4 ,z ! animal's age advances1 ! tu%es retract1 ! grooves on ! inn] surfaces we> out1 & ! space :i* sep>ates !m f ! incisors increases3 all obs]vations1 h[ev]1 conc]n+ ! tu%es1 mu/ be accept$ ) mu* all[ance1 = ^! tee? are v irregul>4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! l[] tu% becomes blunt1 or r\nd$ at its po9t & edges1 & also ( consid]able l5g?1 :ile ! upp] is (t5 s dim9i%$ z to be worn almo/ to ! level ( ! gum4 ,9 /allions1 kept only = s]vice1 ! l[] tu%1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly atta9s a great l5g?1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance depict$ 9 ! col\r$ engrav+s ( ! m\?s at twelve & sixte5 ye>s4 ,9 ^? plates1 ! read] w obs]ve ! tu%es no long] po9t 9 a =w>d direction1 b h a decid$ incl9ation outw>d1 & some:at backw>d also4 ,ano!r indication ( extreme age is also wor?y ( notice1 al?\gh1 if too absolutely reli$ ^u1 x may occasionally mislead4 ,t>t>1 n g5]ally f\nd 9 any quantity ^u ! o!r tee? 9 ! horse1 accumulates ar\nd ! tu%1 & 9 v old animals almo/ conceals x4 ,?is excessive deposit ,i h r>ely obs]v$ 9 horses ( mod]ate age4 #cb4 ,! wolf's tee? or eye tee? aid u 9 judg+ ( ! age2 ?\gh we are b\nd to /ate ( ^! t !y c be receiv$ only z presumptive evid5ce4 ,! wolf's tee? h n be5 be=e allud$ to1 because !y are n conc]n$ 9 ma/ication1 & are no m ?an ! repres5tatives ( ^? organs :i* =m ! cont9u\s *a9 9 ! m\?s ( "s o!r animals4 ,^! tee? appe> to be ( no use to ! horse4 ,!y are little nodules ( too?-l /ructure1 hav+ m9ute fangs1 :i* are ins]t$ imm$iately ant]ior to ! fir/ mol>s ( ! upp]1 be+ r>ely se5 9 ! l[] jaw1 & :5 pres5t !re1 always be+ ev5 yet m dim9utive4 ,^! wolf's tee? are g5]ally %$ ) ! fir/ tempor>y mol>s1 & !re=e if !y c be se51 x may be assum$ t ! p]man5t mol>s h n begun to appe>4 ,! assumption1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be conv]t$ into an ass]tion2 = 9 "s in/ances ! wolf's tee? are reta9$1 &1 9 a few heads1 w rema9 aft] ! horse has rea*$ an age f> beyond t ( col?ood3 _! pres5ce1 !re=e1 r leads our expectations ?an confirms our judgm5t4 #cc4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! horse cuts 8 tee? rema9s to be po9t$ out4 ,x is g5]ally said1 t ! too?1 orig9ally gr[+ 9 its circumscrib$ cavity1 pu%es its way ?r\gh ! p>ts :i* oppose its entrance into ! m\?4 ,s me*anical an idea is *>act]iz$ by a small am\nt ( physiological k1 & x is "t ! notions :i* attribut$ developm5t to m]e =ce 7 disc>d$4 ,! too? is fir/ a pulpy mass1 v s(t & highly vascul>2 ! sup]ior "p1 or t "p :i* prim>ily %[s itself above ! gum1 is ! fir/ to become consolidat$4 ,enamel & ivory are !re simultane\sly deposit$1 & gradually ^! ext5d t[>ds ! fang4 ,:5 a portion ( ! fang is complet$1 & ! "t has arriv$ = ! too? to be cut1 ^? /ructures :i* oppose ! egress ( ! too? are absorb$2 ! absorption tak+ place1 n only on ! int]nal surface1 aga9/ :i* ! "y too? has be5 suppos$ to ex]t its =ce1 b also ^u ! ext]nal p>ts1 ^u :i* x c\ld h no effect4 ,by absorption ! b>ri] is remov$ & ! too? !n comes =w>d4 ,! process is v beautiful1 & no less wor?y ( admiration is ! mann] 9 :i* ! milk tee? are %$4 ,! incisors lose _! fangs1 & j :5 ! p]man5t tee? appe>1 ! cr[n ( ! tempor>y ones is remov$ f ! m\?4 ,! removal ( ! fangs ( ! milk incisors is ! result also ( absorption1 & ! same process effects ! removal ( ! tempor>y mol>s1 only its op]ation is n precisely simil>2 = 9 ^! la/1 n only ! fang b ! great] portion ( ! cr[n is tak5 away1 & little m ?an ! table is ca/ (f :5 ! remnant ( :at once 0 a too? is at l5g? %$4 ,! process ( cutt+ ! mol> tee? w be m cle>ly compreh5d$ by ref]r+ to ! annex$ wood-cut1 9 :i* ! d>k5$ spots indicat$ by ! l9e runn+ f a d5otes ! p]man5t too? already ?r\gh ! gum & 9 ! m\?1 ?\gh /ill cov]$ & p>tially conceal$ by ! reta9$ table ( ! tempor>y gr9d] c4 ,! appe>ance ( ! table ( ! tempor>y mol> :5 ca/ (f is %[n 9 ! figure imm$iately und]nea?1 to :i* ! lett] c is also affix$1 & ! project+ portions asc5d+ f its edges exhibit ! la/ remnants ( :at orig9ally 0 ! fang3 b b are mol>s1 well up & worn to a level4 ,illu/ration ,! next wood-cut exhibits ! mol> a1 imm$iately aft] x has lo/ its cov]+4 ,at ?is "t ! table is v unev51 pres5t+ po9ts :i* ! f+] w\ld readily recognize1 b 9 a %ort "t ^! we> (f1 & an ev5 surface is obta9$1 r5d]+ x level ) ! o!r tee?1 b b4 ,illu/ration ,z is "h se51 :5 ! cr[n has be5 remov$1 ! p]man5t mol> is well up1 al?\gh x occupies ! same place1 & fills ! same alveol> cavity :i* ! tempor>y mol> orig9ally held4 ,! horse incisors d n occupy ! same cavities 9 :i* ! milk incisors 7 plac$1 b are develop$ 9 cells =m$ especially = _! reception1 & come up r beh9d ?an absolutely "u ! prim>y tee?4 ,! =m ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! jaw 9 ! foal admits ( su* an arrangem5t1 & its great] comp>ative bulk gives all ! space t 0 requir$4 ,! space1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! bran*es ( ! l[] jaw :]e ! mol>s are develop$1 is fill$ by important muscles2 & :ile any ?ick5+ ext]nally w\ld det]iorate f ! symmetry ( ! head1 any int]nal enl>gem5t w\ld h int]f]$ ) ! free motion ( ! tongue & hyoideal app5dages1 ! movem5ts ( bo? be+ z ess5tial to p]fect ma/ication z ! pres5ce ( ! tee? !mselves4 ,h5ce ! gr9d]s are 9 _! developm5t regulat$ by a diff]5t law to ! incisors2 nor is ! ord9ization :i* decl>$ ! fir/ %\ld be well up1 & ! la/ sc>cely to be se5 :5 ! p]iod = ca/+ (f ! tempor>y tee? arriv$1 to be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,! mol>s are m important to ! welf>e ( ! animal ?an ! incisors c be suppos$ to be4 ,if ! front tee? are irregul>1 ! horse1 nev]!less1 c manage to fe$2 & if "s are ev5 want+1 ! animal c subsi/4 ,a few w\ld s]ve to grasp a suffici5cy ( food1 especially su* food z ! /ate ( ! m\?1 dur+ ! p]iod ( d5tition1 w\ld dispose ! colt to p>take (4 ,! animal is !n 9 an inflammatory condition--! sy/em is excit$--& x is a wise provision :i* leaves ! creature incl9$ only1 at su* a "t1 to consume a s(t & laxative h]bage1 n 9 too great a quantity4 ,! mol>s1 on ! contr>y1 if irregul> 9 _! gr[?1 or unev5 ^u _! surfaces = any l5g!n$ p]iod1 w\ld produce great local pa91 & mu* con/itutional di/urbance4 ,! food1 9 consequ5ce ( ! rugg$ condition ( ^! tee?1 w\ld be imp]fectly ma/icat$1 ! organs ( dige/ion w\ld become impair$1 & ! :ole frame w\ld suff]4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! mol>s are fully cut be=e ! tempor>y tables are ca/ (f1 nor d bo? ! tables leave ! m\? at ! same "t4 ,! "o on ! upp] jaw is fir/ %$1 & x is n until ?is has1 by attrition1 be5 r5d]$ some:at flat1 s z to pres5t a surface ^u1 or aga9/ :i* ! food c be gr\nd t ! p]man5t mol> ( ! l[] jaw is uncov]$4 ,! unev5ness ( ! gr9d+ ag5t becomes n[ ( less mom5t1 s9ce ! "p ov] :i* x is to be mov$ has be5 r5d]$ fit = its uses1 & s9ce !re are o!r tee? t pres5t all _! surfaces1 suit$ = ! purposes ( ma/ication4 #cd4 ,! mann] ( exam9+ ! tee? is simple en\gh1 & yet a few rem>ks may z well be made ^u ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,to see ! incisors1 all t is necess>y is to "p ! lips2 b _m horses are naturally %y :5 _! m\?s are t\*$1 & m are r5d]$ s by unnecess>y sev]ity 9 ! adm9i/ration ( m$ic9e1 or by ! tricks to :i* !y may h be5 subject$4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( caution is always ne$$ :5 an animal is /range to ! exam9]4 ,:]e ! horse %[s a disposition to resi/1 ! groom :o att5ds ^u x1 if pres5t1 %\ld be all[$ to h&le ! m\?1 ! judge be+ cont5t to look & =m 8 op9ion f :at he sees4 ,if ! groom be n 9 ! way & ! horse seems n]v\s1 let ! neck be patt$1 ! face bel[ ! eye g5tly rubb$1 !n ! nose c>ess$2 & :5 ! timid animal is assur$ t no h>m is int5d$1 ! lips may be freely drawn asund]3 b %\ld ! head be snat*$ away1 :5 ! fir/ attempt to see ! tee? is made1 let ! h& imm$iately release ! m\?1 r ?an endeav\r to reta9 ! hold4 ,x is f> bett] to beg9 aga9 ?an ju/ify ! fe>s ( ! horse1 by a ne$less & worse ?an useless /ruggle1 :i* 9 ! end w probably be ( no avail4 ,aft] ! horse has by =be>ance be5 r5d]$ quiet1 :ile ! lips are held asund]1 ! %ape1 col\r1 l5g?1 & obliquity ( ! tee? are not$1 & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( milk tee? obs]v$4 ,:5 ?is is done )\t viol5ce1 ! animal w n (t5 (f] any opposition to ! f+] be+ introduc$ to feel ! tu%es1 or to ! sides ( ! m\? be+ sep>at$ s z to obta9 a fair view ( !m4 ,! exam9] n[ places himself 9 front ( ! horse1 & by introduc+ "o f+] beh9d ! incisors & gett+ x "u ! tongue1 w cause ! animal to op5 its m\?1 or ! tongue may be seiz$ & drawn out ( ! m\?2 & if confid5ce is e/abli%$1 no opposition w be (f]$ to ! jaws be+ kept = a %ort "t ap>t4 ,( ?is1 advantage is tak5 to obs]ve ! arrangem5t ( ! tee?1 to inspect ! tables1 & to note ! %ape or dep? ( ! infundibula4 ,:5 all ?is has be5 accompli%$1 9 less "t p]haps ?an x takes to read a description ( ! process1 ! bus9ess is g5]ally f9i%$1 & a conclusion has be5 arriv$ at t am\nts to positive conviction4 ,on c]ta9 occasions1 h[ev]1 x may be desirable to inspect ! mol>s2 & to d ?is prop]ly requires a little tact4 ,"s p]sons ca/ ! horse = ?is slight op]ation3 inde$1 !re are p :o ?r[ horses z ?\gh !y imag9$ no?+ c\ld be done )\t ! hobbles4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally no occasion = su* a proce$+2 ! twit* 9 ! great majority ( cases is all t is ne$$1 &1 ) a little pati5ce1 ev5 t in/rum5t ( torture may be disp5s$ )4 ,a /ool1 or if no?+ bett] is at h&1 ! /able pail is fet*$ = ! op]ator to /& ^u1 s z to look ) ease into ! m\? ( ! elevat$ head4 ,! animal is l$ into a good light1 ! ball+ iron plac$ betwe5 its jaws to keep !m asund]1 ! tongue be+ drawn out to ! side1 remov$ f t :i* x is desir$ to inspect4 ,:ile ! m\? is ?us di/5d$1 ! p]son :o is to judge1 m\nts ! /ool or pail1 & looks into x till he is satisfi$4 ,%\ld ! op]ator be desir\s ( feel+ ! tee?1 he desc5ds f 8 ro/rum1 & hav+ pull$ (f 8 coat & b>$ 8 arm1 introduces x into ! m\?1 :ile ! tongue is drawn to "o side by ! assi/ant :o holds ! iron2 always1 h[ev]1 tak+ c>e if possible1 to h a ball+ iron :i* is op5 on "o side1 ! arm be+ s introduc$ t ! elb[ is t[>ds ! free space4 ,%\ld ?is precaution be neglect$1 if ! horse prove sudd5ly re/ive1 an accid5t may ensue4 ,! l[] jaw be+ easie/ felt1 & ! tee? !re9 situat$ be+ mo/ readily c\nt$1 t is ! "p g5]ally manipulat$4 ,?is is n difficult unless made s1 & (t5 r5d]$ dang]\s by ! intemp]ance ( ! p>ty :o und]takes to accompli% x4 ,hav+ describ$ x1 ! au?or w n[ proce$ to /ate ! times at :i* ! diff]5t tee? appe>1 & ! signs :i* !y exhibit4 #ce4 ,at bir? ! foal has usually ?ree mol> tee? on ei!r side ( ea* jaw199 & p]haps two front incisors1 :i* la/ are !n lat]al 9 situation1 & appe> to be v l>ge 9 proportion to ! age ( ! animal4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 usually a =tnight or ?ree weeks aft] bir? be=e ! incisors appe>4 ,i h to ackn[l$ge ! greate/ obligations to ! ,messrs4 ,tatt]sall1 = ! valuable opportunities af=d$ me ( inspect+ blood /ock1 at _! l>ge & admirably-conduct$ e/abli%m5t at ,willesd5 ,paddocks4 ,footnote 993 ,! wolf's tee? at ! ant]ior ( ! two r[s ( upp] mol>s are g5]ally pres5t or indicat$ at bir?2 b z !y are n inv>iably f\nd1 & are by no means to be dep5d$ ^u z significant ( ! age1 no direct notice ne$ be tak5 ( _! exi/5ce4 #cf4 ,at six weeks1 two m incisors are g5]ally cut 9 ei!r jaw1 & ^? :i* orig9ally seem$ to gr[ f ! sides1 h1 by ?is "t1 tak5 a position m directly 9 ! front ( ! m\?4 #cg4 ,at six mon?s1 ! incisors h mov$ almo/ into ! situation !y w h]eaft] occupy1 & ! jaw appe>s some:at elongat$2 b1 if ! gums be obs]v$1 x w be se5 t nature is prep>+ to cut ! corn] milk tee?1 :i* may ev5 be ?r\gh ! gum4 #ch4 ,at n9e mon?s old1 ! corn] milk tee? are up1 b _! edges d n yet meet4 ,! col\r$ engrav+ w %[ ! appe>ance !y pres5t1 & likewise exhibit ! protrud$ /ate ( ! gums at ?is age4 ,! draw+ 0 made f a head 9 ! au?or's possession4 ,x has be5 te/$ sev]al times1 & its correctness fully asc]ta9$4 ,! la/ occasion1 :5 x 0 au!nticat$1 0 by ! m\? ( a bay colt1 by ,muley ,molo*1 out ( ,canaletti's dam1 ) :i* x p]fectly agre$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,n9e ,,mon?s ,,old4 ,! ,corn] ,milk-tee? up1 b _! edges d n yet meet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,ye>s ,,old4 ,a full ,m\? ( ,milk ,incisors1 all ( :i* %[ consid]able we>4 #ci4 ,at "o ye>1 all ! tempor>y tee? are up & 9 apposition2 b by ?is "t two pairs ( p]man5t tee?1 :i* are ! f\r? mol>s1 h made _! appe>ance1 & ! ye>l+ !re=e has sixte5 mol>s & twelve incisors1 or tw5ty-eight tee?4 ,! l>ge numb] ( ye>l+s annually br\ght into ! m>ket af=d su* frequ5t opportunities ( exam9+ ! m\? at ?is age1 t ,i ne$ n /ate "h ! means by :i* ! draw+ has be5 au!nticat$4 ,x w\ld be a task ( sup]]rogation to allude fur!r to a fact :i* is s well kn[n & ?or\ghly e/abli%$4 #dj4 ,at eighte5 mon?s1 ! incisors %[ "s we>1 ! infundibula look z if !y w\ld soon be oblit]at$2 inde$ "s ( !m may be lo/4 ,at or ab\t ?is "t also f\r m p]man5t mol>s1 "o on ea* side ( ei!r jaw1 be+ ! fif? 9 situation1 protrude into ! m\?4 #da4 ,at two ye>s old1 !re is a full m\? ( milk incisors1 all ( :i* %[ consid]able we>4 ,! col\r$ engrav+ ( ! two-ye> old m\?1 w convey an accurate idea ( ! features :i* x pres5ts at t age4 ,! orig9al draw+ 0 made = ! ,jockey ,club 9 anticipation ( ! celebrat$ ,runn+ ,re9 trial4 ,accept$ by su* au?ority1 x p]haps h>dly requires fur!r pro( ( its correctness1 b x has s9ce be5 repeat$ly te/$4 ,on ! la/ occasion x 0 comp>$ ) ! m\? ( a *esnut filly1 by ,calmuck out ( ,miss ,greatrex1 & 0 f\nd to agree ) ! indication !re9 pres5t$4 ,at two ye>s1 ! infundibula are lo/ 9 ! tempor>y incisors1 & ! fif? mol>s are 9 p]fect apposition2 inde$ ! smoo? surfaces ( ^! la/ are ! be/ evid5ce t ! animal is two ye>s old1 = he _c !n be f> bel[ t age4 ,! incisors hav+ be5 = "s "t employ$1 b /ill be+ to be reta9$ = "s mon?s1 h an aspect ( we> & /r5g? conjo9$4 ,! two-ye> old m\?1 !re=e1 by ^? :o _c di/+ui% ! milk f ! horse tee?1 7none ( ! latt] be+ pres5t to help ! judgm5t by ! contra/ !y exhibit7 is likely to be mi/ak5 = t ( a five-ye> old2 especially if ! colt *ances to be some:at fully develop$4 ,a regul> horseman1 h[ev]1 w\ld n require ! aid ( ! m\? to discov] ! animal 0 /ill 9 its col?ood4 #db4 ,at ?ree ye>s old1 ! c5tre horse tee? are well up1 & are di/+ui%$ by _! size1 %ape1 & col\r4 ,! appe>ance :i* ! m\? w exhibit1 ! col\r$ engrav+ repres5ts4 ,! orig9al draw+ is 9 ! possession ( ! ,jockey ,club1 = :om x 0 made4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 repeat$ly te/$1 9 ord] to place its correctness beyond d\bt4 ,bo? colts & fillies h be5 inspect$ = ?is purpose1 & equally h ! diff]5t bre$s be5 consult$4 ,z ! public1 h[ev]1 place ! great] confid5ce 9 blood /ock1 x may "h be m5tion$ t ! appe>ances p]fectly co9cid$ ) ^? exhibit$ by a br[n colt by ,muley ,molo* out ( ,miss ,greatrex1 & ,roxey1 a br[n filly1 by ,lan]co/1 out ( ,ell5 ,p]cy1 besides v>i\s o!rs :i* x w\ld be bo? ne$less & t$i\s to recapitulate4 ,! m\?1 at ?is p]iod1 inde$ is s m>k$1 & 9 g5]al s regul>1 t x is ! m readily recogniz$4 ,! new horse incisors1 by _! size1 contra/ ) ! milk tee? :i* are /ill reta9$4 ,! comp>ative l5g? & squ>5ess ( _! figure _c fail to attract att5tion1 & _! deep] col\r c h>dly be unobs]v$2 t col\r is caus$ by mu* ( ! primitive coat+ ( cru/a petrosa be+ reta9$1 or only remov$ f ! edges :]e ! enamel is bright4 ,b z a va/ numb] ( horses are sold at ?is age1 & _m are />t$ = heavy /akes1 x w be imp]ative n[ to proce$ m cauti\sly 9 ! description4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! t]ms ris+ ?ree1 or com+ ?ree1 or ?ree next bir?-day1 are made use (1 z well z ?ree (f--! fir/ phrases indicat+ t ! colt is yet betwe5 its second & ?ird ye>1 or w 9 a mon? or m be ?ree ye>s old1 & ! la/ t]m mean+ t ! animal has atta9$ its ?ird ye>1 & has rec5tly ent]$ ! f\r? ye> ( its exi/5ce4 ,! season "h mat]ially aids ! judgm5t2 = if a blood horse %[s a fair ?ree-ye> old m\? 9 ,decemb]1 x is unhesitat+ly pron\nc$ to be com+ ?ree2 & if x exhibits ! same appe>ance 9 ,janu>y ! animal is decl>$ to be ?ree (f4 ,! same holds good ) ! co>s] bre$s1 only1 z be=e /at$1 ! mon? ( ,april w\ld !n be e/imat$ z t ( ,decemb] 9 ! =m] case1 & ,may w\ld answ] to ,janu>y4 ,com+ ?ree1 h[ev]1 c1 ) a little /ret*+ ( ! t]m1 be appli$ to any foal2 & is commonly us$ :5 ! colt is /rictly b two (f2 = ! t]ms are some:at loosely us$1 ?\gh 9 _! /r+5t s5se a horse is only ris+ ?ree1 f\r1 or five1 aft] ! m\? has began to assume ! =m :i* *>act]izes ! respective ages4 ,:5 ! colt is two (f1 t is two ye>s & ?ree mon?s old1 ! milk tee? are all reta9$1 & to a casual obs]v]1 ! m\? w\ld /ill say two4 ,a little clos] obs]vation w1 h[ev]1 correct ! judgm5t1 = look+ att5tively1 p]haps a slight1 & only a slight diff]5ce 9 ! col\r ( ! c5tral incisors may be rem>k$4 ,! t9t+ ( ! enamel may be a ?\ght d>k]1 & yet ! contra/ s delicate1 t ! diff]5ce c only be se5 9 a c]ta9 light4 ,!n aga9 ca/+ ! eye to ! gums ( ! upp] c5tral incisors :i* are fir/ %$1 t "p ( !m imm$iately cov]+ ! neck ( "o ( ^! tee? may %[ a little r$ness1 & ! o!r exhibit no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! r$ness indicates t nature is mak+ ready = ! appe>ance ( ! p]man5t incisors1 & on evid5ce no heavi] ?an ?is1 ! animal is pron\nc$ to be two (f4 ,! r$ness1 x may be said1 c be artificially produc$--s x may be1 b ! natural "* c h>dly be imitat$4 ,! col\r 9 ! normal m\? is n deep or angry2 x is n caus$ by inflammation1 b is only increas$ vascul>ity ( ! "p1 & x is at fir/ limit$ to ! edge ( ! gum4 ,! colt %[s no symptoms ( t5d]ness 9 ! r$d5$ gum1 b /&s q z /ill1 & ev5 m quiet :5 x is press$1 ?an :5 ! opposite "o is h&l$4 ,if ! "p _h be5 tamp]$ )1 ! animal w\ld probably tell tales :5 ! f+] t\*$ x1 & ! r$ness w\ld be m int5se on ! prom95t or bulg+ portion ( ! gum ?an :]e ! m>g9 encircles ! neck ( ! too?2 :ile x is t5 to "o inflammation _h be5 produc$ r ?an vascul>ity excit$4 ,little occasion1 !re=e1 is !re to fe> imposition1 & little room = ^? :o w\ld practise x to hope = success4 ,! next indication ( advanc+ age is giv5 by ! gums gr[+ m vascul>1 ev5 n[ look+ inflam$1 :ile a yell[ deposit 7! nature ( :i* is n well und]/ood7 may be se5 ^u ! neck ( ! too?1 & ! c5tral incisors ( ! upp] jaw1 if felt1 may probably be f\nd loose4 ,9 ano!r or ab\t ! six? mon?1 "o ( ! c5tral incisors is remov$4 ,x does n fall out1 z is g5]ally /at$1 b :ile ! animal is fe$+1 ! too? is1 z by accid5t1 wr5*$ (f4 ,! gum ble$s1 & be+ slightly lac]at$1 looks sore & angry = "s "t4 ,! %>p edge ( ! new br[n-coat$ p]man5t incisor is n[ se5 protrud+4 ,9 a week or two ! rema9+ milk c5tral incisor ( ! upp] jaw is1 by a seem+ accid5t1 =c$ out2 & ! m\? n[ has an irregul> appe>ance1 ! edges ( ! upp] c5tral incisors n be+ level ) ! tables ( ! lat]al milk tee?4 ,! l[] c5tral incisors1 :5 ! upp] milk tee? are lo/1 g5]ally are loose1 & _! gums inflam$2 b a mon? or sometimes six weeks may elapse be=e ^! are gone3 by t "t ! upp] p]man5t tee? h gr[n consid]ably4 ,:5 ! c5tral milk incisors h disappe>$1 ! mol>s beg9 to *ange1 & ^? ( ! upp] jaw are ! fir/ uncov]$2 n 9 any regul> ord]1 or ! two tee? on ! same day1 b g5]ally ! fir/ mol> be=e ! second1 ! wolf's tee? mo/ly dep>t+ at ! same "t4 ,a week or two subsequ5t1 ! fir/ two p]man5t mol>s ( ! l[] jaw are laid b>e1 s t at or ab\t ! n9? mon?1 ! horse has all ^? tee?1 :i* d5ote ! animal to be ?ree ye>s old1 fairly 9 ! m\?2 t is1 he has betwe5 ! second & ?ird ye> cut f\r horse incisors & eight p]man5t mol>s4 ,le/ ! description %\ld n be p]fectly cle>1 or su* z to enable ! read] to readily und]/& :i* tee? by ?is "t are %$1 a draw+ ( ! head ( an adult animal1 :i* =ms ! frontispiece ( ?is "w1 0 design$4 ,x w enable ! read] to =m "s notion ( ! ext5t ( ! horse's m\? & likewise ( ! positions ( ! tee?4 ,ne> to ! tee? w be se5 figures :i* d n d5ote ! p]iods :5 ^! organs fir/ appe>1 b ! "t at :i* !y are fairly up1 or to "s ext5t exhibit we>4 ,9 t engrav+ no fur!r notice is tak5 ( ! milk tee? ?an is convey$ by ! small /> associat$ ) su* ( ! figures z indicate ! places f :i* !y h be5 displac$3 ?us ! figures #a1 #b1 & ! la/ #d1 hav+ no />1 indicate t ^? mol>s are develop$ only z p]man5t tee?4 ,! figures #c991 #c991 #c991 hav+ />s1 d5ote t milk tee? orig9ally occupi$ ! situations :]e ^! tee? are %[n3 ^? figures w be se5 above & bel[ ! c5tral incisors & ! fir/ two mol>s ( ei!r jaw2 & z b "o side ( ! face c\ld be display$1 ( c\rse ! numb] has to be d\bl$1 ! colt gett+ twelve additional p]man5t tee? by ! "t x completes ! ?ird ye>4 ,at ?ree ye>s1 !re=e1 ! c5tral p]man5t nipp]s are 9 apposition1 & %[ we>1 ?\gh to only a limit$ ext5t4 ,! infundibulum is broad1 z depict$ 9 ! accompany+ cut4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! above repres5tation ( ! table ( a ?ree ye> old too?1 x w be rem>k$ t ! infundibulum appe>s 9 ! outw>d direction to ext5d q across ! surface4 ,?is aspect is produc$ by an ind5tation at t "p1 :i*1 by ! completion ( ! ?ird ye>1 is 9 mo/ in/ances n worn out1 b aft] ! ?ird ye> is atta9$1 x spe$ily disappe>s2 s ! table ( ! ?ree ye> (f has become some:at broad]1 & ! infundibulum circumscrib$1 or well def9$1 z x is %[n 9 ! subjo9$ wood-cut4 ,illu/ration ,9 fact1 ! %ape ( ! table is "h ! be/ guide1 & %\ld be c>efully /udi$1 z o!rwise ! judgm5t c nev] be assur$4 ,at ?is age1 "o tu% may be peep+ ?r\gh4 ,i h nev] se5 m ?an "o pres5t at ?ree ye>s1 & !n ^! tee? h always be5 slightly develop$1 r indicat+ :at 0 to gr[ ?an exhibit+ t :i* _h actually gr[n4 ,! tu%es1 h[ev]1 n[ 9 almo/ e case1 may be felt "u ! membrane ?r\gh :i* !y are ultimately to protrude1 & c mo/ readily be felt 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,nev]!less1 ! tu%es ( ! l[] jaw always make _! appe>ance fir/1 because ! membrane cov]+ ^! is less loose1 & !re=e m easily p5etrat$2 & also because ! l[] jaw be+ ! active ag5t ( ma/ication1 z well z ! re/+ place = ! bit1 x is naturally subject$ to great] we>1 !reby assi/+ ! egress ( ! tu%es4 ,9 ! upp] jaw !y are (t5 conceal$ by ! loose membrane long aft] !y are fully develop$4 ,! tu%es1 at ?is age1 h[ev]1 are no guides4 ,! ?ree ye> old colt1 = g5]al purposes1 is easily recogniz$1 :5 ! lips only are sep>at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,ye>s ,,old4 ,! ,c5tre ,horse ,tee? well up & di/+ui%$ by size1 %ape1 & ,col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,ye>s ,,(f4 ,"o ( ! lat]al ,milk-tee? %$1 & ! p]man5t ,too? com+ up4 #dc4 ,at ?ree ye>s (f1 ! lat]al milk tee? are %$1 & ! p]man5t tee? are com+ up4 ,! col\r$ engrav+1 ! orig9al ( :i* is also ! prop]ty ( ! ,jockey ,club1 = :om x 0 execut$1 0 made f ! m\? ( a bay geld+1 by ,almack1 out ( a m>e by ,rub5s1 ,jun41 belong+ to--,gor+1 ,esq4 ,! /ate ( ! m\? !re9 exhibit$ is s peculi> to ! age1 & s decid$ 9 its indications1 t x c h>dly be mi/ak54 ,"o ( ! lat]al milk tee? f ! l[] jaw has be5 rec5tly lo/4 ,! gum is sore1 & ! top ( ! p]man5t incisor is se5 ris+ up4 ,by comp>+ ! tempor>y incisor1 :i* is spe$ily to fall f ! upp] jaw1 ) ^? repres5tations ( ! same tee? giv5 9 ! previ\s plates1 ! gum w be obs]v$ to h consid]ably retract$4 ,prep>ation is evid5tly be+ made = ! *ange :i* w 9 a few weeks take place4 ,! milk tee? beg9 to be %$ ab\t ! sev5? or eigh? mon? aft] ! completion ( ! ?ird ye>1 ^? 9 ! l[] jaw be+ ! fir/ to quit ! m\?2 & all t 0 obs]v$ on ! subject 9 ! =m] p>agraph1 may be appli$ to ! pres5t1 only mak+ all[ance = ! diff]5ces ( position 9 ! tee?4 #dd4 ,:5 ris+ f\r ye>s old ! lat]al horse tee? are 9 ! m\?1 b _! edges d n fairly meet4 ,! col\r$ engrav+ ( ?is age w d5ote ! alt]$ aspect ( ! m\?1 consequ5t ^u ! developm5t ( a few mon?s1 :5 ! colt may want only a doz5 weeks = ! completion ( its f\r? ye>4 ,! orig9al sket* = ?is plate 0 tak5 f ! m\? ( a horse call$ ! ,g5]al1 ! prop]ty ( ,sir ,samuel ,spry4 ,to te/ x1 h[ev]1 x has be5 l>gely appli$1 & 9 e case x has be5 confirm$4 ,if ! m5tion ( names is "h requir$1 ,i may repeat ^? ( ,blackbird1 ,m>quiss ( ,conyngham1 & a ho/ ( o!rs4 ,! plate1 !re=e1 may be reg>d$ z fully e/abli%$1 & ! read]1 )\t fe>1 may dep5d ^u its correctness4 ,z is %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ! lat]al incisors1 at ?is age1 t\*1 b nev]!less d n meet s z to be ( any s]vice 9 nipp+ ! food4 ,x is ( "s importance to att5d to ?is peculi>ity1 inasmu* z 7 ! pres5ce ( ! indicative tee? alone rem>k$1 an animal want+ "s mon?s to be f\r ye>s old might be pur*as$ = "o t 0 ris+ five4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ris+ ,,f\r ,,ye>s4 ,! lat]al ,horse ,tee? 9 ! ,m\?1 b _! edges n fairly meet+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\r ,,ye>s ,,old4 ,f\r pairs ( ,horse ,tee? well up1 b ! ,corn] ,milk tee? reta9$4 #de4 ,at f\r ye>s1 f\r pairs ( horse tee? are well up1 b ! corn] milk tee? are reta9$4 ,su* a /ate ( ! m\? is v *>act]i/ic ( ! age1 & n likely to be mi/ak54 ,! appe>ance :i* ! tee? pres5t1 if view$ f ! front :5 ! lips are sep>at$1 is %[n 9 ! col\r$ engrav+1 & x is su* z no p]son c well mi/ake4 ,! orig9al draw+ 9 ?is case 0 also made = ! ,jockey ,club1 & 0 produc$ ^u ! fam\s trial4 ,on all occasions t pres5t$ !mselves1 :i* h inde$ be5 num]\s1 x has be5 comp>$ ) ! m\?s ( liv+ animals1 & 9 no s+le in/ance has x be5 f\nd to be contradict$4 ,?is has n only be5 done ) colts1 b also ) fillies1 among :i* la/ ,i may m5tion ,lup9e1 ,mora1 ,nightcap1 ,*amois1 & ,jew ,girl4 ,to ! plate1 !re=e1 ! read] %\ld ref]2 & suppos+ him to h done s1 ! o!r indications :i* ! m\? pres5ts betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? ye> w n[ be enl>g$ ^u4 ,! /ate ( ! mol>s at ?is p]iod may be reg>d$ z demon/rative ( ! age ( ! animal4 ,! read] w rememb]1 t accord+ to :at has be5 po9t$ out1 ! colt at ?ree ye>s old has five mol> tee? on ei!r side ( bo? jaws1 & t ( ^! tee?1 "o only1 ! ?ird 9 situation1 m>k$ ?us1 #d99 9 ! frontispiece1 is ( a tempor>y nature4 ,%ortly aft] ! upp] lat]al milk incisors h be5 ca/ (f1 & sometimes previ\s to t occurr5ce1 ! po9t ( ! six? mol> p5etrates ?r\gh ! gum1 & be=e x is fully up ! cov]+ ( ! ?ird p]man5t mol> is remov$4 ,?is effect$1 ! colt has six mol>s on ei!r side ( bo? jaws1 & :5ev] t numb] is f\nd !y may be assum$ to be all ( a p]man5t "*2 s at f\r ye>s old ! tables ( ! c5tral incisors exhibit "s consid]able we>1 ! infundibula no long] ext5d entirely across1 b h become circumscrib$ & well def9$4 ,! tables ( ! lat]al incisors1 on ! contr>y1 are only beg9n+ to be =m$1 & v (t5 ! "p po/]ior to ! infundibulum has n receiv$ any attrition4 ,! infundibula 9 ^! la/ ext5d ! entire bread? ( ! table1 & 9 consequ5ce ( an ind5tation on t side :i* t\*es ! corn] milk tee?1 ! space is !re free4 ,! read] w compreh5d ?is p>ticul> =mation1 by ref]r+ to ! wood-cut ( ! table ( ! too? pres5t$ at page #gi1 ! appe>ance be+ s mu* alike z n to necessitate a repetition to en=ce x4 ,:5 ! f\r? ye>1 h[ev]1 has be5 = a mon? or two p]fect$1 ! tables !n assume ! =m repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ wood-cut1 :i* exhibits ! *ange t has tak5 place 9 ! c5tral incisor1 & also ! appe>ance ( ! m rec5t lat]al too? :5 ! colt is fairly f\r ye>s (f4 ,illu/ration ,"o or m ( ! tu%es may also be well up3 ! :ole may h made _! appe>ance2 b m frequ5tly only ! two orig9at+ f ! l[] jaw are ?r\gh ! gum4 ,no dep5d5ce1 h[ev]1 c be plac$ on ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! tu%es1 :i* repeat$ pro( has %[n to be irregul> 9 _! developm5t3 nor is ! /ate ( ! m\? dur+ ! f\r? ye> su* z ju/ifies an (f-h& op9ion be+ pron\nc$2 = ?\gh dur+ t p]iod ! gr[? ( ! tee? is g5]ally well m>k$1 nev]!less exceptions m frequ5tly happ5 ?an betwe5 ! second & ?ird ye>s4 ,an in/ance illu/rative ( ?is fact occurr$ at ! ,vet]9>y ,college1 at ,/4 ,pancras1 dur+ ,novemb]1 #ahdd4 ,to t ,in/itution 0 br\ght a dun colt1 :i* ! pr(essors1 "o & all1 pron\nc$ to be ris+ ?ree4 ,mr4 ,robb1 a g5tleman ( great tal5t1 & !n a pupil at ! s*ool1 hav+ look$ at ! animal's m\?1 pron\nc$ x to be ?ree (f1 or ris+ f\r4 ,"h 0 a diff]5ce ( op9ion to ! ext5t ( a :ole ye>2 & ( c\rse ! pupil 0 sne]$ at = 8 ignorance & presumption4 ,mr4 ,robb1 h[ev]1 _h reasons = 8 conviction2 he w\ld n give up ! po9t1 b wrote to ! bre$]1 & obta9$ a reply :i* %[$ ! tea*]s _h yet to le>n4 ,be+ an acute obs]v]1 ,mr4 ,robb _h att5d$ to ! we> ( ! tables2 _h se5 ! infundibula _h become def9$1 & ! surr\nd+ surface broad4 ,he _h also rem>k$ ! gums1 & se5 t ^? ( ! l[] jaw 7 slightly r$2 &1 tak+ ^! tok5s 9 conjunction ) ! appe>ance ( ! colt1 arriv$ at a conclusion :i* ! result prov$ to be correct1 & :i* did n %[ ! m\? defici5t 9 its symbols4 ,mr4 ,goodw91 vet]9>y surgeon to ! ,que51 has ca/s ( m\?s tak5 f horses ( kn[n ages4 ,no g5tleman connect$ ) ! vet]9>y pr(ession1 p]haps1 has enjoy$ su* peculi> opportunities z ,mr4 ,goodw91 & no "o c\ld be *>act]iz$ by a great] incl9ation to take advantage ( !m4 ,) a natural tal5t = obs]vation1 & an innate love = sci5tific inquiry1 comb9$ ) en?usiasm 9 ! cause ( tru?1 ,mr4 ,goodw9 has1 9 ! mid/ ( ill heal?1 pursu$ 8 rese>*es1 & spite ( an opposition1 :i* did n /op %ort ( calumny1 fe>lessly advanc$ 8 op9ions4 ,^? op9ions1 ,mr4 ,goodw9's position1 & 8 ackn[l$g$ ability %\ld h claim$ consid]ation =4 ,! conclusions :i* _h n be5 ha/ily arriv$ at1 ought to h be5 delib]ately weigh$4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w is pr\d to ackn[l$ge ! obligation "u :i* ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,goodw9 has plac$ him1 & ) pleasure confesses t he has1 9 t g5tleman's society1 le>n$ mu* ^u a subject :i* he _h previ\sly dilig5tly /udi$ to become ! ma/] (4 ,! facts :i* ,mr4 ,goodw9 br+s =w>d 9 support ( 8 convictions1 are /range & />tl+4 ,! c&\r ) :i* he c\rts inve/igation1 en=ces belief4 ,he is c]ta9ly "r 9 8 own sph]e2 s f> z 8 obs]vations h ext5d$1 8 conclusion _c be ov]?r[n4 ,to ! in=mation he has g5]\sly af=d$ ! au?or1 allusion w repeat$ly be made 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w2 b at pres5t ! rem>ks mu/ be conf9$ to ! models 9 ,mr4 ,goodw9's possession4 ,"o ( ^! exhibits ! m\? ( a colt call$ ,julius1 7:i* 0 ridd5 by ,h] ,maje/y7 reta9+ ! lat]al milk incisors1 :5 b a few days 7 want+ = ! completion ( ! f\r? ye>4 ,! tee? t %\ld h be5 %$1 h[ev]1 are evid5tly on ! eve ( leav+ ! jaw1 & !re=e ?\gh an exception1 x is n s mu* s z to grossly mislead ! judgm5t beyond a few mon?s4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! mol>s ( ?is horse 7 n exam9$1 & to ! tables ( ! incisors1 z %[n 9 ! model1 ,i make no allusion1 because ^! p>ts evid5tly h n receiv$ ! p>ticul> att5tion ( ! arti/1 & consequ5tly _c be argu$ ^u4 ,! same g5tleman has also fav\r$ me ) ! inspection ( a model ( ! tee? ( a horse kn[n to h want$ ?ree mon?s ( ! ?ird ye>3 nev]!less ! m\? is t ( a colt :i* w\ld be pron\nc$ to be ris+ f\r4 ,! lat]al incisors on bo? sides1 & 9 bo? jaws are fully up1 & !y possess tables1 :i*1 if correctly depict$1 indicate t = "s "t !y h be5 9 apposition4 ,a lusus natur ( ?is sort is beyond ! pale ( reason4 ,connect$ ) x !re is no record ( ! developm5t ( ! mol>s2 & on ! /ate ( ! tables z %[n 9 ! ca/1 ,i am1 = ! causes be=e /at$1 n incl9$ to place any great reliance4 ,! gr[? ( ! incisors %[s ! colt to be ris+ f\r2 ! evid5ce decl>es x only to be com+ ?ree4 ,"h is an exception to a g5]al rule3 "o :i* ,i believe is unique2 at all ev5ts ,i am aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( no simil> specim52 & x is to be lam5t$ t ! gr[? ( ! incisors1 f ! e>lie/ p]iod1 _h n 9 ?is horse be5 obs]v$4 ,z a unique specim5 x is curi\s1 b z a premature & extraord9>y developm5t1 x _c be oppos$ to a g5]al rule4 ,*ildr5 h be5 born ) ?ree legs1 or jo9$ toge!r at v>i\s p>ts2 b ! race ( m5 are nev]!less describ$ z hav+ two inf]ior extremities1 & z be+ indep5d5t 9 _! exi/5ce4 ,a solit>y in/ance is no m ?an a curiosity1 &1 until x is prov$ to be ! exemplification ( a g5]al rule1 mu/ n be made ! basis ( a g5]al d$uction4 ,su* occurr5ces1 h[ev] r>e1 nev]!less des]ve consid]ation2 & _h ! animal la/ allud$ to be5 tra9$1 !re is no d\bt any qualifi$ judge w\ld h pron\nc$ x beyond ! actual age4 ,!re=e1 g5tlem5 possess$ ( rac+ /uds1 %\ld1 f "t to "t1 h ! m\?s ( _! horses exam9$ by approv$ memb]s ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,vet]9>y ,surgeons1 t any irregul>ity ( developm5t may be kn[n & /at$4 ,to neglect s simple & reasonable a precaution1 is to incur a ne$less haz>d4 ,by adopt+ x1 ! proprietor w\ld be prep>$ to meet objection2 & ! idle reports t e ye> get into circulation w\ld be qua%$ at _! bir?4 ,a firm] basis = ! au!nticity ( ! age w\ld be e/abli%$ ?an ! reputation ( ! own]2 & g5tlem5 w\ld n annually be subject$ to hav+ _! *>act]s que/ion$ by a ho/ ( int]e/$ ignoramuses4 ,! turf is b\nd to adopt "s measure ( ?is k9d = its own def5ce1 especially z ! hon\r ( its memb]s is1 on e occasion1 call$ into "q1 & a s+le in/ance ( suspicion1 seems1 9 ! public eye1 to w>rant a g5]al asp]sion4 #df4 ,:5 ris+ five ye>s old all ! horse tee? are 9 ! m\?1 b ! corn] tee? h yet to meet4 ,! peculi> sign ( ?is p>ticul> age is ! loss ( ! corn] tempor>y incisors4 ,x is sc>cely possible to mi/ake ! la/ milk too? ( ! f\r ye> old1 = ! horse incisor :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! fif? ye>2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is s great1 t no p]son ought to conf\nd "o ) ! o!r4 ,! corn] milk too? is (t5 by ! ?ird ye> worn almo/ to a /ump2 its table be+ some:at triangul>1 or occasionally r\nd4 ,by ! f\r? ye> x g5]ally becomes a m]e /ump1 or s *ang$ 9 appe>ance t x contra/s 9 size ) ! o!r nipp]s1 & seems incapable ( p]=m+ any active function4 ,at fir/1 ! p]man5t too? :5 x makes its appe>ance1 /rikes u by its great] bread?1 ! gum n !n hav+ suffici5tly retract$1 or ! too? suffici5tly gr[n to all[ its aft] l5g? be+ e/imat$4 ,:5 ! corn] tee? are 9 ! m\?1 "s "t w elapse be=e !y t\*1 b ! incisors are !n arrang$ s z to repres5t almo/ a semi-circle4 ,! annex$ wood-cut w convey an idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are plac$1 & also ( ! %ape ( ! tables ( ! c5tral & lat]al nipp]s1 at ! "t :5 ! corn] tee? d n approximate1 al?\gh !y are ?r\gh ! gums4 ,illu/ration ,! p]iods :5 ! tee? :i* *>act]ize ! fif? ye> make _! appe>ance1 mu/ n[ be describ$4 ,:5 ! animal is f\r ye>s & ?ree mon?s ( age1 ! gums ( ! upp] corn] tee? beg9 to r$d51 & be=e x is ?ree mon?s old]1 "o ( ! corn] milk tee? may h be5 remov$4 ,! opposite milk too? spe$ily foll[s1 & !n ! corn] horse incisors gr[ d[n1 & seem almo/ to be fully develop$ be=e ! corn] milk tee? ( ! l[] jaw are %$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 all ! milk tee? are lo/1 ! corn] incisors w n t\* = "s "t2 & by ! completion ( ! fif? ye>1 ?\gh ! tee? approximate1 _! tables are n =m$1 nor d _! edges d5ote any am\nt ( attrition4 ,! corn] too? at five ye>s old1 looks "y1 & is pr9cipally cov]$ by ! membrane\s cru/a petrosa1 :i* give to x a d>k aspect1 z ?\gh x 7 encru/$ ) t>t>1 little ( ! enamel be+ to be se51 :ile ! %ape ( ! gum is also *>act]i/ic4 ,! five ye> old m\?1 !re=e1 is easy ( recognition1 ! %elly "* ( ! corn] tee? be+ v m>k$ & n subject to mu* ecc5tricity 9 its figure4 ,z five h[ev]1 is ! age :51 = g5]al purposes1 ! majority ( high pric$ horses are br\ght into ! m>ket1 ! *anges :i* take place be=e & aft] ?is p]iod h be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! col\r$ engrav+s4 ,:5 ! animal is ne> to or ris+ five1 ! corn] tee? are d>k col\r$1 & ?\gh !y t\*1 nev]!less _! edges are n fairly toge!r4 ,! sup]ior surfaces exhibit no tables1 & ! g5]al aspect is su* z is depict$ 9 ! engrav+2 ! orig9al ( :i* 0 made f recollection ( ! appe>ances pres5t$ by ! m\? ( ,mr4 ,payne's ,rebel1 :i* horse 0 se5 at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,! draw+ 0 m rec5tly corroborat$ & correct$ by ! m\? ( a f9e "y black hunt]1 ! prop]ty ,e4 ,c4 ,cr[ley1 ,esq4 ,! peculi>ities ( ?is age1 z d5ot$ by ! corn] tee? n clos+1 %\ld be rem>k$4 ,x is n altoge!r unimportant to obs]ve ?is circum/ance1 z animals are e/eem$ suitable = p>ticul> uses1 only aft] ! fif? ye> has be5 complet$1 & c]ta9ly all are less liable to disease :5 ! m\? has be5 p]fect$4 ,! di/9ction1 !re=e1 is ( "s mom5t2 & ! bett] to en=ce x1 ! read] w rememb]1 t n until ! accompli%m5t ( ! fif? ye> d ! tables ( ! corn] tee? beg9 to %[3 ev5 at t "t1 h[ev]1 !y are v imp]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,five ,,ye>s ,,old4 ,a full ,m\? ( ,horse ,incisors1 all ! edges ( :i* fairly meet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ris+ ,,five ,,ye>s4 ,all ! ,horse ,tee? 9 ! ,m\?1 b ! ,corn] ,tee? h yet to meet4 #dg4 ,at five ye>s old !re is a full m\? ( horse incisors1 all ! edges ( :i* fairly meet4 ,! col\r$ engrav+--:i* has be5 amply prov$1 by comp>+ x ) ! m\?s ( horses ( v>i\s bre$1 among :i* ^? ( blood h n be5 =gott51 s9ce x 0 la/ te/$ by ! aspect pres5t$ by ! tee? ( ! well-kn[n horse1 ,! ,b>on1--w in/ruct ! read] 9 ! alt]$ "* :i* ! m\? n[ assumes4 ,x looks m huge1 & f> m p[]ful ?an x did at ! f\r? ye>4 ,! tee? fairly close1 b on inspection !re c be detect$ slight signs ( we>4 ,! tables are n yet =m$4 ,! ant]ior edges alone are r5d]$ level2 all po/]ior to ! infundibulum be+ z yet unt\*$4 ,! tables !n pres5t ! appe>ance indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ wood-cut1 :i* also repres5ts ! semi-circul> ord] 9 :i* !y are arrang$4 ,illu/ration #dh4 ,at five ye>s (f ! corn] tee? only %[ slight we>1 & ! po/]ior m>g9s are r\nd4 ,mu* ( ! orig9al coat+ ( ! cru/a petrosa is reta9$1 b 9 col\r x may n at ?is "t be d>k4 ,at ^? places :]e x has be5 rec5tly worn d[n1 x is (t5 ( a yell[ t9t1 :i* is b a little deep] ?an ! enamel1 :i* la/1 h[ev]1 is nev]!less easily di/+ui%$ by its great] transp>5cy & m pe>ly appe>ance4 ,?is peculi>ity 9 ! cru/a petrosa n unseldom gives to ! six ye> old m\? a d>k] aspect ?an is pres5t$ by ! tee? ( ! y\ng] animal2 & ! au?or1 to convey to ! read] "s idea ( ?is fact1 has purposely r5d]$ ! incisors ( ! next repres5tation ( ! m\?1 z !y frequ5tly are se54 ,su* a circum/ance1 h[ev]1 w n confuse ! judgm5t4 ,! corn] nipp]s /ill look "y to him :o is acqua9t$ ) ^? signs :i* d5ote y\? 9 ! horse's tee?1 & ! col\r$ engrav+ w convey a fair idea ( ! aspect !y n[ put on4 ,! corn] nipp]1 9 fact1 aft] ! f\r? ye>1 leads1 9 a great measure1 if x does n entirely sway1 ! judgm5t4 ,?is too? is sometimes call$ ! %ell too?1 on acc\nt ( its infundibulum be+1 = ! mo/ "p1 bett] exhibit$ & long] reta9$ ?an 9 ! o!r incisors4 ,! tables1 h[ev]1 ( ! o!r tee? %\ld also receive "s att5tion3 ^? ( ! c5tre nipp]s may exhibit ! infundibula %all[1 or1 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 :5 ! cru/a petrosa :i* l9es ^! cavities is v ?ick1 no infundibula may be di/+ui%able3 ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 on close inspection1 ! =m ( ! cavity w be discov]$1 m>k$ out by a l9e ( enamel1 & ! space t is usually vacant fill$ up ) a sub/ance1 :i* 9 appe>ance diff]s little f ! ivory4 ,! tables ( ! lat]al incisors w be fully =m$1 & ! infundibulum is r>ely oblit]at$1 :ile its m>g9 is always circumscrib$ & well def9$1 z ! previ\s wood-cuts w indicate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,five ,,ye>s ,,(f4 ,! ,corn] ,tee? only %[ slight we>1 & ! po/]ior ,m>g9s are r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,six ,,ye>s ,,(f4 ,! ,corn] ,tee? look m firmly set1 & _! edges beg9 to be unev54 #di4 ,at six ye>s ( age1 ! corn] tee? look m firmly set1 & _! edges beg9 to be unev52 !y h become m squ>e 9 ! figure ( ! ext]nal surface2 ! edges ( ! tee?1 :5 ! m\? is clos$1 fairly meet2 ! r\nd appe>ance ( ! po/]ior bord] is ne>ly lo/1 & ! tee? are altoge!r ( a mo/ prom95t "*4 ,! table ( ! corn] tee?1 nev]!less1 is /ill conf9$ to ! "p ant]ior to ! infundibulum1 :i* cavity is n yet fairly circumscrib$ or surr\nd$ by a level m>g94 ,! infundibula may be lo/ 9 ! c5tral incisors1 & ^? ( ! lat]al tee? may beg9 to look %all[2 b m g5]ally ^! cavities are reta9$ at six ye>s old4 ,! tables1 likewise1 h some:at *ang$ _! positions1 & ! semi-circle :i* !y =m$ at ! fif? ye>1 n[ is h>dly s p]fect1 ?\gh /ill well m>k$4 ,! above description w be ! bett] und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! col\r$ engrav+1 :i* has be5 comp>$ ) ! m\?s ( num]\s animals1 viz41 ,skeleton ,sorella1 & a br[n horse1 ! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,br[n1 c41 c4 ,! read]1 h[ev]1 w at once recognise ! g5]al tru? ( ! draw+1 ! purpose ( :i* ! accompany+ wood-cut w s]ve to expla94 ,! alt]ation 9 ! semi-circul> arrangem5t w be bett] p]ceiv$ by contra/+ ! pres5t diagram ) ! "o :i* prec$$ x1 & ?\gh ! *ange may n seem v great1 nev]!less1 suffici5t is indicat$ to in/ruct ! eye accu/om$ to obs]ve x4 ,! corn] tee? h n[ acquir$ a degree ( surface :i* w fairly repres5t a table1 ?\gh x is /ill imp]fect4 ,! m d>kly %ad$ portion ( ! sep>at$ table d5otes ! "p :i* has yet receiv$ no attrition1 b not)/&+ x is readily disc]n$ t ! nipp] has come into active use4 ,illu/ration #ej4 ,at sev5 ye>s (f1 ! corn] tee?1 )\t %[+ age1 exhibit fur!r evid5ce ( we>4 ,! col\r$ engrav+ to :i* ! read] mu/ ref]1 exhibits ^? alt]ations :i* h n[ tak5 place4 ,! orig9al sket* 0 made f ! m\? ( a horse 9 ! possession ( ! au?or's fa!r1 & hav+ be5 corroborat$ by ! inspection ( num]\s o!rs1 x is confid5tly put =w>d z *>act]i/ic ( ! age4 ,i _c "h =be> f ackn[l$g+ ! p]sonal k9dness & pr(essional att5tion be/[$ ^u me by ,mr4 ,p]cival1 :o1 on be+ made aw>e t ,i 0 engag$ ^u a "w illu/rative ( ! horse's tee?1 n only all[$ me to inspect ! m\?s ( ! animals "u 8 *>ge1 b hon\r$ me by accompany+ me & assi/$ my endeav\rs to arrive at a j conclusion by 8 rem>ks4 ,i h also to express my ?anks to ,mr4 ,braby = ! lib]ty to inspect ! l>ge /ud ( heavy dray horses 9 ! /ables ( ,messrs4 ,b>clay & ,p]k9s1 ! em95t brew]s4 ,! advantages ,i d]iv$ f comp>+ s _m m\?s ( ! same age at ! same "t1 & ! facilities :i* 7 giv5 ( m9utely exam9+ ea*1 enable me ) m c]ta9ty to speak ^u a subject :i* o!rwise x w\ld h be5 prud5t to m5tion only 9 ! mo/ qualifi$ t]ms4 ,h[ev]1 aft] su* ample inve/igation1 ,i c1 ) confid5ce1 ref] to ! plate depict+ ! m\? at sev5 ye>s (f4 ,look+ at x1 ! read] w see ! tee? h become m :ite1 9 consequ5ce ( ! cru/a petrosa hav+1 by ! natural we>1 be5 to a great] ext5t remov$4 ,! tu%es are exhibit$ z fully up1 9 :i* condition !y are g5]ally se54 ,:]e ! corn] tee? meet1 !y close 9 su* a mann] z d5otes consid]able use4 ,! way 9 :i* ! gums encircle ! necks ( ! %ell tee? has also *ang$4 ,by ref]r+ back to ! engrav+ ( ! five-ye> (f m\?1 ! diff]5ce w be m readily und]/ood1 ! r\nd arrangem5t ( ! gums at ! e>li] age be+ v significant4 ,! tables ( ! tee?1 h[ev]1 at ?is p]iod ought nev] to be ov]look$2 !y af=d1 p]haps1 ! be/ indications on :i* ! judgm5t c be bas$4 ,! infundibula may or may n be gone 9 ! lat]al tee?2 b ^? ( ! corn] tee? h at ?is age become def9$4 ,:]e ! corn] tee? meet1 9 consequ5ce ( ^? ( ! l[] jaw be+1 9 _m horses1 a little ! mo/ =w>d1 ! upp] %ell tee? may pres5t po/]iorly a small projection1 :i* is seldom se5 prior to ! sev5? ye>4 ,:5 ?is is pres5t1 x is s obvi\s z n to escape obs]vation1 !re=e1 x has n be5 depict$ 9 ! col\r$ engrav+1 :i* has purposely be5 made to repres5t ! less m>k$ indication t is m difficult to judge by4 ,! read] w see ! projection allud$ to slightly indicat$ 9 ! previ\s col\r$ engrav+1 portray+ ! m\? at six ye>s (f4 ,:]e ! two %ell tee? meet1 he w obs]ve t ! mo/ backw>d portion ( ! upp]1 n be+ oppos$ by ! l[] too?1 & consequ5tly suff]+ no we>1 bulges slightly d[nw>ds4 ,x is ?is p>ticul> "p1 :i* (t5 at ! sev5? ye>1 by ! we>+ d[n ( ! upp] too?1 becomes s app>5t z to be significant ( ! age4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n con/antly pres5t1 & ! tables consequ5tly become ( ! great] importance1 z !y are always to be f\nd4 ,^? ( ! lat]al incisors beg9 to dep>t f _! oval figure1 & ^? ( ! c5tral nipp]s are gr[+ decid$ly angul>3 ! tu%es may h ! edges slightly r\nd$1 & ! semi-circle :i* ! tables ( ! incisors =m$ :5 ! animal 0 five ye>s old1 may exhibit "s incl9ation to *ange 9 fav\r ( ! l9eal arrangem5t t is 9 _m horses s prom95tly m>k$ 9 old age4 ,?is semi-circul> arrangem5t ( ! incisors is mo/ conspicu\s :5 ! colt is ris+ five2 & f t p]iod gradually alt]s1 till 9 v old subjects ! tables w occasionally be rang$ almo/ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! alt]ation :i* takes place 9 ?is respect is1 h[ev]1 by no means uni=m1 & ?\gh1 consequ5tly1 no rule c be absolutely laid d[n conc]n+ x1 yet1 f ! kn[n incl9ation ( ! tee? to assume a c]ta9 figure1 an inf]5ce c be drawn :i*1 connect$ ) o!r signs1 enables a pretty close op9ion to be =m$4 ,at ! sev5? ye>1 h[ev]1 ! corn] tee?1 _! ext]nal figure1 & ! =m ( _! tables1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! we> exhibit$ by ! c5tral & lat]al incisors1 & consid]$ ) ! n>r[$ b n yet %>p edge ( ! l[] jaw1 enable ! judge to arrive1 ) tol]able c]ta9ty1 at a conclusion4 ,! foll[+ repres5tation ( ! tables1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! col\r$ engrav+ ( ! sev5-ye> old m\?1 w convey an idea ( its appe>ance at t age4 ,! read] w rem>k ! infundibulum ( ! corn] too? has become circumscrib$1 be+ n[ encircl$ by a flatt5$ surface1 :i* po/]iorly is ( "s wid?4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,sev5 ,,ye>s ,,(f4 ,! ,corn] ,tee? )\t %[+ age1 exhibit fur!r evid5ce ( we>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eight ,,ye>s ,,(f4 ,! ,gum ( ! l[] ,corn] ,tee? has become ,squ>e1 & ! l[] ,tu% blunt4 #ea4 ,at eight ye>s (f1 ! gum ( ! l[] corn] too? has become squ>e1 & ! l[] tu% blunt4 ,! orig9al draw+ 0 made f ! tee? ( t not$ horse1 ,oakley2 & 9 ord] to r5d] x z p]fect z possible1 ! m\?s ( m>es 7,meal1 ,edgwor?1 ,bess1 c47 h be5 comp>$4 ,! dep>ture f ! circul> =m ( ! gum1 z depict$ 9 ! col\r$ engrav+1 is ev5 m m>k$ ?an x 0 at ! sev5? ye>4 ,add$ to ?is *ange ( figure1 ! gums appe> m h>d & less delicate2 ! m\? looks m firm1 & seems to h atta9$ ! p]fection ( its /r5g?4 ,! m>g9 ( ! l[] jaw is n[ comp>atively %>p1 & ! *eeks are flat4 ,! cru/a petrosa on ! upp] tee? is 9 a great degree remov$2 ! enamel n yet1 h[ev]1 hav+ a m>k$ yell[ t+e4 ,on ! l[] corn] incisors ! cru/a petrosa may /ill cont9ue1 b x no long] has a dull br[n aspect3 x is nev] prom95t at ?is age1 b r speckl$ ov] ! out] surface1 ?an regul>ly envelop+ any portion ( x4 ,x has a some:at r\gh & worm-eat5 aspect1 & 9 col\r is ne>] to a dirty yell[ ?an a dull br[n4 ,if ! po/]ior angle ( ! upp] corn] incisor is p5dant1 or exhibits t species ( not*1 :i* 0 allud$ to 9 ! previ\s p>agraph1 x is at ! eigh? ye> well %[n1 & ! table has und]gone consid]able alt]ation4 ,!re is n[ on ! %ell too?1 a full table1 ! infundibulum ( :i*1 if n oblit]at$1 is always ( less5$ size1 well m>k$ out1 & on all sides surr\nd$ by a broad & a flatt5$ surface4 ,! o!r tee? h also *ang$ _! figures4 ,! tables ( ! c5tre nipp]s h tak5 on a decid$ angul> %ape1 & ^? ( ! lat]al display no dubi\s t5d5cy to assume t =m4 ,! infundibula may be oblit]at$1 b m g5]ally ^? 9 ! lat]al & corn] tee? are reta9$1 or if n[ abs5t1 ! circle ( enamel w1 on inspection1 %[ t ! cavity is only fill$ up by cru/a petrosa1 n absolutely worn out4 ,! foll[+ wood-cuts exhibit ! *anges :i* ! tables und]go2 & z ! eigh? ye> is an important "o1 inasmu* z ! horse :i* has atta9$ x is call$ ag$1 a d\ble set is "h introduc$1 to %[ ! diff]5ce ( figure :i* ^! p>ts may pres5t4 ,9 ^? tables1 x w be se5 ! infundibulum has gone f a c5tral nipp] only2 b ev5 9 t in/ance1 a :ite m>k indicates t ! cavity is m]ely fill$ up by cru/a petrosa1 ! enamell$ l9+ n be+ yet worn out4 ,! alt]ation 9 ! =m & magnitude ( ! infundibula _c1 if ! accompany+ wood-cut be comp>$ ) ^? :i* h prec$$ x1 fail to /rike ! read]2 inde$ ^! *anges1 aid$ by ! worn appe>ance ( tables ( ! %ell tee?1 are n[ ! pr9cipal guides :5 judg+ ( ! age by ! m\?4 ,illu/ration #eb4 ,aft] ! eigh? ye>1 !re is no c]ta9ty 9 any op9ion drawn f ! tee?4 ,a guess may be haz>d$1 & v (t5 t guess w prove correct1 b at ! same "t x %\ld be receiv$ only z a conjecture4 ,! *ance ( nam+ ! age decreases z ! numb] ( ye>s increase4 ,aft] ! twelf?1 ! probability ( hitt+ ! exact ye> is v small4 ,aft] ! sixte5? ye>1 all is confusion1 & !re rema9s no sign :i* c\ld w>rant any p]son 9 pret5d+ he c\ld pron\nce ! age by ! tee?4 ,x is true t c]ta9 tok5s may induce a conviction t an animal is mu* old] ?an sixte51 & ?is conviction may be s ju/ifi$ z to am\nt almo/ to a c]ta9ty2 b no man1 ,i imag9e1 c\ld =m any op9ion ) reg>d to ! numb] ( ye>s by :i* a horse exce$$ sixte51 or pron\nce a decision t %\ld h any appe>ance ( exactitude4 ,!y :o pret5d to an ability ( ?is k9d1 may1 9 a few solit>y in/ances1 /rike ! po9t2 b repeat$ failures w %[ t !re is no positive pr9ciple 9 op]ation to guide ! judgm5t4 ,inde$ ! age is mo/ correctly told dur+ ! p]iods ( d5tition1 & up to ! six? ye>4 ,aft] ! six? ye>1 ! c]ta9ty is n s great1 b a v fair1 if n a positive judgm5t c be pron\nc$ until ! eigh? ye> is accompli%$4 ,aft] ! eigh? ye>1 no man %\ld give an unqualifi$ op9ion conc]n+ ! age ( a horse4 ,aft] ! twelf?1 :atev] may be pron\nc$ %\ld be (f]$ only z a conjecture2 &1 aft] ! sixte5?1 ! practition] _h bett] be sil5t4 ,:5 /at+ ?is ! au?or mu/ be und]/ood z express+ ! conviction at :i* almo/ exclusive att5tion to ! subject1 & mu* necess>y consid]ation1 has enabl$ him to arrive4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ?\ght t he is arrogat+ a p[] ( measur+ ! capabilities ( g5ius2 8 wi% is only to decl>e ! tru? z he p]ceives x4 ,! int5tion to publi% a "w ^u ! tee? has n be5 conceal$2 op9ions h be5 solicit$ & in=mation s\ght2 ! au?or has _m obligations to ackn[l$ge2 all to :om he has made application h be5 lib]al 9 _! communications2 b f no "o has he be5 able to obta9 any?+ oppos$ to ! conclusions he has "h promulgat$4 ,x may be t h]eaft] ! p[] ( judg+ ( ! age %all be ext5d$4 ,pess9a & ! ,gir>ds ?\ght x c\ld be done ) exactitude up to an extreme po9t1 & saw a pr9ciple 9 ! late/ *anges :i* ! tee? und]go4 ,! g5]al exp]i5ce 9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 seems to h decid$ t1 aft] ! eigh? ye>1 !re is no c]ta9ty4 ,) t decision ! au?or is reluctantly oblig$ to acquiesce1 & ev5 to add t c]ta9ty is n to be obta9$ aft] ! six? ye>4 ,?is limitation1 c\pl$ z x is ) a confession ( inability1 may seem to be a backw>d movem5t2 b tru? _c retrograde4 ,by asc]ta9+ h[ f> our pres5t k leads u1 a motive is giv5 to g5ius by ! opportunity creat$ = its ex]cise4 ,no pa9s h be5 sp>$ to inve/igate ! hypo!ses :i* h be5 made kn[n2 !y h be5 c&idly put to ! te/1 & on ! pro( ( _! ineffici5cy disc>d$4 ,t ! read] may judge = himself1 ! tables ( tee?1 & m\?s ( v>i\s ages are pres5t$4 ,! alt]$ aspect ( ! tables at ! n9? ye> is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ wood-cut1 :i* exhibits ^! surfaces z ga9+ dep? & n>r[+ f side to side4 ,?is appe>ance !y g5]ally assume1 & at ! same "t ! infundibula are ei!r lo/ or mu* contract$4 ,illu/ration ,! next wood-cut1 :i* depicts ! =m ( ! tables at ! t5? ye>1 ?\gh true 9 its g5]al "*1 w s]ve to %[ h[ f> dep5d5ce may be plac$ 9 ord9>y signs1 s9ce ! infundibulum ( ! lat]al nipp] %[s a well-m>k$ cavity1 :ile f ! o!r tee? x seems to be ^u ! eve ( disappe>+4 ,on inspection1 h[ev]1 x w be se5 t 9 figures ! tables approa* m t[>ds ! squ>e1 :i* is ! la/ =m ^! surfaces assume4 ,illu/ration #ec4 ,at twelve ye>s old1 !re may be t>t> on ! l[] tu%4 ,! tee? are long]1 n>r[]1 & ! enamel d>k]4 ,! col\r$ engrav+1 :i* 01 on ! la/ occasion ju/ifi$ by a comp>ison ) ! m\? ( t fam\s horse1 ,*>les ! ,twelf?1 w convey a g5]al idea ( ! prevail+ *>act]i/ics ( ?is age4 ,! tee? h lo/ ! :ite & firm set aspect !y bore at ! eigh? ye>4 ,(t51 at ?is p]iod1 !y h1 by we>1 become irregul> g5]ally1 z exhibit$ 9 ! plate2 ! grooves1 ext5d+ d[n ! l5g? ( ! upp] incisors1 conta9 ! remnants ( ! cru/a petrosa1 :i* is almo/ black4 ,! upp] tu% is usually mu* dim9i%$1 :ile ! l[] is long1 especially 9 /allions kept = s]vice4 ,! tee? project m outw>d & beg9 to arrange !mselves m 9 a l9e1 no long] %[+ ! cresc5tic ord] :i* !y assum$ at five ye>s old4 ,also1 by ! twelf? ye>1 ! tongue1 :5 ! jaws are clos$1 protrudes f ! op5 space betwe5 ! incisors & mol>s4 ,! degree 9 :i* ^! alt]ations h tak5 place1 toge!r ) ! protrusion ( ! incisors1 is all t is pres5t to guide ! judgm5t2 & practical exp]i5ce is ne$$1 to give him1 :o attempts to decide ^u su* weak evid5ce1 any *ance ( success4 ,z 9 cases ( ?is description e ?+ t c help ! judgm5t is eag]ly seiz$ ^u1 ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! animal is always to be consid]$2 & t may w>n ! practition] to modify 8 op9ion4 ,! l[] jaw is %>p1 ! *eeks flat1 & ar\nd ! tu%es !re may be an accumulation ( t>t>4 ,x is true ! tables1 consequ5t on ! we> ( ! tee?1 w h und]gone "s *ange1 b t alt]ation is n[ s slightly m>k$ z n to en=ce itself ^u ! obs]vation4 ,x is easily ov]look$1 & by no means easily recognis$4 ,! annex$ wood-cut w sugge/ ! nature ( ! *ange4 ,9 x w be se5 a fur!r remove f ! oval =m ( ^! p>ts 9 ! "y m\?4 ,! surfaces h become squ>e or angul>1 & ! corn]s are only suffici5tly r\nd$ to indicate :at once 0 ! %ape :i* !y exhibit$4 ,illu/ration ,! foll[+ wood-cut depicts ! tables at ! completion ( ! f\rte5? ye>1 & only by c>eful comp>ison c\ld ! increase ( age :i* !y d5ote be detect$4 ,on inspection1 h[ev]1 x w be se5 t ! irregul>ities ( outl9e are less prom95t ev5 ?an at ! twelf? ye>4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,twelve ,,ye>s ,,old4 ,t>t> on ! l[] ,tu%4 ,! tee? long]1 n>r[]1 & ! enamel d>k]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tw5ty ,,ye>s ,,old4 ,! ,=m ( ! ,m\? *ang$1 & ! l[] ,tee? imp]fectly se5 f ! front4 #ed4 ,at sixte5 ye>s old1 :5 ! tee? are view$ f ! side1 only two incisors c be se5 9 ! l[] jaw1 z depict$ 9 ! col\r$ engrav+1 :i* 0 la/ au!nticat$ by ! m\? ( ,muley ,molo*1 :i* fav\rite /allion ,i 01 by ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,!obald1 p]mitt$ to exam9e at 8 well-kn[n e/abli%m5t1 :]e ,i also saw _m o!r horses ( ! pure/ blood & highe/ promise4 ,( ! excell5ce ( ! arrangem5ts & ! value ( ! animals1 :i* give "* to t g5tleman's e/abli%m5t1 x w\ld be presumption ( me to speak4 ,i h only to express my admiration ( :at ,i beheld1 & t5d] my ?anks = ! att5tion ,i receiv$4 ,! engrav+1 h[ev]1 0 =tunately corroborat$1 & its g5]al indications may !re=e be accept$4 ,! enamel has entirely lo/ its :ite & pe>ly tone4 ,! tu%es1 p]haps1 load$ ) t>t> 9 bo? jaws1 are blunt1 & g5]ally ei!r v %ort or long1 incl9+ some:at outw>d4 ,! ext5sion ( ! cresc5tic arrangem5t ( ! l[] tee? enables only two to be se5 :5 ! p>ts are view$ f ! side4 ,! tongue protrudes to an obvi\s degree1 & ! saliva runs f ! m\? :5 ! jaws are sep>at$4 ,! edge ( ! l[] jaw is v %>p & some:at retract$1 :ile ! incisors h tak5 a horizontal direction4 ,no sign1 h[ev]1 save ! protrusion ( ! tongue1 is positive4 ,! g5]al "* is t ( advanc$ age1 & ?is g5]al "*1 at once recognis$ by ! eye ( exp]i5ce1 is m to be dep5d$ ^u ?an ! tee? !mselves4 ,! tee? h n[ assum$ ! p]man5t "* ( old age2 & 9 ! figure ( ! tables w und]go no fur!r alt]ation ^u :i* any dep5d5ce c be plac$4 ,up to ! sixte5? ye>1 h[ev]1 ! tables des]ve to be consult$4 ,bel[ is exhibit$ su* evid5ce z !y pres5t1 :i* ! read] w p]ceive is s nice & delicately m>k$ z to be easily mis9t]pret$4 ,9 ! tables :i* belong$ to ! f\rte5? ye>1 x w be se5 ! infundibula are almo/ gone1 a speck alone d5otes _! late/ trace2 nev]!less1 ! next wood-cut1 :i* exhibits ! tables at ! sixte5? ye>1 w %[ t ! abs5ce ( ! infundibula is n to be reli$ ^u4 ,/ill ! advance 9 age is1 ?\gh feebly1 indicat$4 ,! c5tral incisor has assum$ a =m :i* is peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( age 9 ! horse4 ,x is seldom t at sixte5 ye>s all ! tables take s m>k$ a %ape1 b "s ( !m1 & g5]ally ^? 9 ! c5tre1 w1 at ?is p]iod1 be symbolical ( ! tru?4 ,illu/ration ,_h x n be5 = ! v conspicu\s indication ( ! c5tral tables1 ! o!rs 9 ! =m] wood-cut might h be5 reasonably decid$ to be m juv5ile 9 _! aspect4 #ee4 ,at tw5ty ye>s old1 ! =m ( ! m\? has *ang$1 & ! l[] tee? are imp]fectly se5 f ! front4 ,?is circum/ance spr+s f ! m horizontal direction :i* ! tee? h n[ assum$1 & ! acut5ess ( ! angle :i* !y consequ5tly =m :5 clos$4 ,! engrav+ also depicts t alt]ation 9 position :i* disables a p]son1 /&+ 9 front1 f well see+ bo? r[s ( incisors :5 ! lips are sep>at$4 ,:5 ! upp] incisors are fairly pres5t$ to ! sight1 a p>tial view only ( ! l[] tee? is obta9$1 & z ! age advances ev5 t is lo/4 ,fur!r inspection also %[s additional *anges 9 position1 %ape1 & t9t4 ,! grooves are broad1 deep1 & well m>k$ by _! d>k col\r4 ,betwe5 ! upp] incisors !re are int]spaces 9 :i* ! food has accumulat$ & become black1 giv+ to ! m\? ! appe>ance repres5t$ 9 ! col\r$ plate4 ,! upp] tu%1 :i* is n[ ( a br[ni% hue1 may be worn to ! gum1 & ! l[] cont9ue long & surr\nd$ by t>t>1 or bo? may be r$uc$ to m]e /umps4 ,! tongue protrudes greatly2 ! membrane ( ! m\? seems h>d2 & no long] vascul>1 x is ?r[n into wr9kles4 ,! edge ( ! l[] jaw is s5sibly retract$1 & its sides are flatt5$ or n>r[$4 ,! g5]al appe>ance indicates ! decay ( nature4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 no?+ is positive1 save ! yell[ness ( ! tee? & ! protrusion ( ! tongue4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! animal is ( m value ?an ! indications ( ! m\?2 &1 p]sons famili> ) horses c1 sometimes by ?is1 guess ! age ( an animal ) ! same approa* to accuracy1 :i* mo/ p exhibit1 :5 pron\nc+ ! ext5t ( an individual's life1 by simply look+ at a man's face4 ,9 nei!r in/ance1 p]haps1 c\ld ! basis ( ! op9ion1 :i* possibly %all approa* v close to correctness1 be accurately /at$4 ,pro(1 z to ! evid5ce ^u :i* a conclusion is 9 su* cases bas$1 _c be anticipat$1 & to ! inquiry h[ !y 7 able to tell ! age1 ea* w\ld probably answ]1 by ! looks1 b nei!r w\ld be capable ( precisely def9+ 9 :at ^! looks consi/$4 #ef4 ,at ?irty ye>s old1 ! jaws are contract$2 ! l[] are n se5 :5 ! upp] tee? are 9 view4 ,! col\r$ engrav+1 :i* at fir/ sight seems to sugge/ t ! animal possess$ only a s+le jaw1 exhibits ! m\? z x appe>s at ! ?irtie? ye>4 ,! animal1 ! m\? ( :i* is "h depict$1 _h a l[] jaw ) excell5t tee? consid]+ its age1 b )\t elevat+ its head ^! c\ld n1 :ile ! m\? 0 clos$1 be se51 or :5 se51 ! view ( ^? 9 ! upp] jaw 0 lo/4 ,?is peculi>ity arises f ! tee? hav+ tak5 a /ill m horizontal incl9ation2 !y are n[ cr[d$ toge!r2 &1 f ! irregul>ity ( _! we>1 may assume ! po9t$ figure indicat$ 9 ! plate4 ,! *ange ( col\r also has become m decid$1 & ! g5]al indications1 :i* h be5 be=e allud$ to1 are m m>k$4 ,aft] :at has be5 s frequ5tly repeat$ conc]n+ ! deceptive "* ( ! tables 9 extreme age1 little1 p]haps1 ne$ be add$ to t subject4 ,nev]!less1 to convey an idea ( ! appe>ances :i* ^! surfaces may assume1 subjo9$ are wood-cuts tak5 f au!nticat$ m\?s1 = ! inspection ( :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! lib]ality ( ,mr4 ,ernes1 ( ,dockhead1 :o has paid great att5tion to ! *anges ( ! tee?4 ,to ! hon\r ( t g5tleman1 ,i may1 :ile confess+ ! heavy obligations "u :i* 8 g5]osity has plac$ me1 "h m5tion1 t no memb] ( ! vet]9>y pr(ession _h1 to my k1 "u 8 c>e s great a numb] ( animals work+ at a p]iod ( life :5 ! horse is usually suppos$ to be wor?less4 ,! majority ( ^! 7 9 good condition1 active1 & capable ( do+ e k9d ( ord9>y s]vice4 ,!y pres5t$ a pleas+ spectacle1 m ?an cr$itable to ! tal5t ( him "u ^: *>ge !y _h reta9$ heal? & vig\r4 ,! aspects :i* ! tables ( ! tee? exhibit$1 h[ev]1 7 su* z set judgm5t at defiance1 & = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! read] to =m 8 own op9ion on ! matt]1 engrav+s ( a few ( !m are "h introduc$4 ,illu/ration ,! above wood-cut exhibits ! tables & arrangem5t ( ! incisors z !y 7 se5 9 ! m\? ( an animal :i* 0 prov$ to be no less ?an tw5ty-eight ye>s old4 ,any "o1 :o %\ld base 8 op9ion solely on ! m>ks1 mu/ h pron\nc$ ! creature to h be5 no m ?an five1 s9ce none ( ! infundibula are lo/4 ,! semi-circul> arrangem5t also _h suff]$ no v mat]ial *ange1 & altoge!r ! contra/ ) ! next repres5tation ( ! same p>ts1 z !y appe>$ 9 ! m\? ( a horse :i* 0 b "o ye> old]1 is v /rik+4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! above engrav+ ! tee? are se5 to be rang$ almo/ 9 a l9e1 :i* is ! =m !y h a disposition to take at ?is great age4 ,! appe>ance1 "h del9eat$1 is m true ?an ! =ego+ 9 its g5]al "*1 ! infundibula be+ entirely worn out2 = ! specks 9 ! c5tre ( ! tables %[1 n ! rema9s ( ! la/ portion ( ! m>ks1 b ! exposure ( ! upp] extremity ( :at once 0 ! cavity ( ! pulp4 ,9 ! next wood-cut1 h[ev]1 :i* depicts ! tables ( ! tee? :i* 7 9 ! jaw ( a horse1 t _h rea*$ its ?irtie? ye>1 & f :i* ! draw+ = ! col\r$ engrav+ 0 made1 displays a portion ( ! infundibulum /ill reta9$ 9 ! corn] incisor4 ,! true "* ( age nev]!less is conspicu\s 9 ! =m ( ! tables4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?irty ,,ye>s ,,old4 ,! jaw contract$4 ,! l[] tee? n se5 :5 ! upp] are 9 view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sixte5 ,,ye>s ,,old4 ,view$ f ! side1 only two ,incisors c be se5 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,illu/ration ,su* contradictory indications admit ( be+ to a c]ta9 degree reconcil$4 ,! repres5tations ( ! tables are correctly giv51 b1 9 ! liv+ m\?s1 ^! 7 correct$ by ! appe>ances ( ! tee? !mselves4 ,! incisors ( ! horse :i* 0 tw5ty-eight ye>s old _h suff]$ b little we>4 ,an unusual degree ( h>dness1 or an extraord9>y p[] ( self-pres]vation1 contribut$ to keep !m1 s f> z ! tables 7 conc]n$1 9 appe>ance1 "y1 long aft] ! season ( y\? _h pass$4 ,almo/ f ! fif? ye> ! tables w\ld seem to h suff]$ b a v gradual *ange2 = ev5 :5 tw5ty-eight1 ^! p>ts d n indicate ! horse to be m ?an ag$4 ,! abs5ce ( we> may1 9 "s measure1 be attribut$ to ! k9d ( food :i* ! animal _h consum$1 x hav+ be5 *iefly f$ f ! mang]2 & also to its be+ ( a quiet disposition1 or n incl9$ to bite & snap :5 ! groom 0 dress+ x4 ,! want ( we>1 h[ev]1 did n necessitate ! cessation ( gr[?1 :i* w5t on at ! natural rate2 !re=e1 ?\gh ! tables _h a v y\?ful look1 ! tee? 71 nev]!less1 unusually long1 & gave to ! m\? a decid$ appe>ance ( age4 ,_! col\r1 & ! removal ( almo/ e ve/ige ( ! cru/a petrosa1 toge!r ) ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! horse1 0 suffici5t to awak5 ^? suspicions :i* w\ld w>n ! practition]4 ,! ecc5tricities1 h[ev]1 :i* p>ticul> p>ts c exhibit1 w tea* ! /ud5t1 t a conclusion %\ld only be drawn f obs]vation & comp>ison ( all ! v>i\s signs :i* ! tee? pres5t4 ,no sign c be s+ly reli$ on2 b1 by weigh+ ! evid5ce1 & plac+ ! contradictory indications 9 opposition1 some?+ approa*+ to tru? may1 ev5 9 extreme age1 be d$uc$2 ?\gh su* d$uctions1 = obvi\s reasons1 ought to be express$ ) caution1 & nev]1 "u any circum/ances1 positively advanc$4 ,mr4 ,h5d]son1 ! respect$ vet]9>y surgeon to ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 ,d[ag]1 possesses 9 8 museum _m int]e/+ specim5s ( ! tee?4 ,among ! re/1 he has ! jaw ( an animal :i* 0 asc]ta9$ to h rea*$ ! ?irty-eigh? ye>4 ,?is prep>ation1 h[ev]1 exhibits no sign t c\ld *>act]ize ! extreme age :i* ! horse _h atta9$1 & ,i allude to x1 only z a confirmation ( ! op9ion ,i h express$1 t1 z ! p]iod ( life advances1 ! m\? ( ! horse becomes m & m difficult ( int]pretation4 #eg4 ,! tricks1 t are practis$ on ! tee?1 are s mu* talk$ ab\t & s g5]ally fe>$1 t ! subject dem&s a few words 9 explanation4 ,! bre$]s are kn[n to extract ! milk tee?1 hop+ !reby to ha/5 ! gr[? ( ! p]man5t incisors1 & to increase ! app>5t age ( ! colt4 ,! gums !y are likewise kn[n to t\* ) ! hot iron1 or to freely lance = ! same purpose4 ,all ( ^! practices are common en\gh2 b t !y accompli% ! design ( ! p]sons :o employ !m is n at all c]ta94 ,by ei!r ( ^! practices ! animal is pa9$1 & pa9 does n fav\r developm5t1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ret>ds x4 ,! suff]+1 h[ev]1 may be brief1 yet ! effect does n /op !re4 ,if ! milk too? is firm 9 ! m\?1 :5 ! attempt is made to extract x1 9 n9ete5 cases out ( tw5ty1 x w be brok5 & ! fang left 9 ! jaw4 ,:5 ! extraction ( ! milk tee? has be5 g5]al1 ,i h se5 numb]s ( horses1 ) ! brok5 fangs 9 _! m\?s1 palpable evid5ces t ! animals h be5 tamp]$ )4 ,b1 suppos+ all ( ! too? to be remov$1 no?+ w\ld be !reby ga9$4 ,! p]man5t too? does n pu% out ! tempor>y2 nor does ! tempor>y1 s directly ob/ruct ! com+ up ( ! p]man5t1 z to r5d] its pres5ce or abs5ce ( mu* consequ5ce4 ,if ! fang be remov$1 !re may be no?+ to absorb1 b on t acc\nt x does n foll[ t !re w be any?+ m deposit$4 ,! body ( a man does n gr[ l>g] because "o or m ( 8 limbs h be5 amputat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! %ock occasion$ to ! sy/em by ! op]ation1 & ! consequ5ce ensu+ on ! loss ( blood1 may cause an imm$iate dim9ution ( ! frame4 ,s1 if a horse's too? be drawn1 ! animal is al>m$1 tortur$--&1 if ! creature recov]s f ^! effects v spe$ily1 s t no loss ( gr[? c\ld be e/imat$1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances w\ld n all[ u to imag9e any /imulus to developm5t _h be5 creat$4 ,!re w be "s loss ( blood1 & ?is1 h[ev] slight x may be1 nev]!less be+ tak5 f ! imm$iate "p1 mu/ act z a local depletion4 ,n[ to deplete is to *eck gr[? by ab/ract+ ! v s\rce ( nutrim5t4 ,! hemorrhage1 h[ev] small1 mu/ be injuri\s2 & ! m\? be+ made m or less sore1 ! incl9ation to fe$1 z a natural consequ5ce1 is dim9i%$1 !reby fur!r *eck+ ! developm5t4 ,i _c see 9 :at mann] ! extraction ( ! milk tee? is to ha/5 ! gr[? ( ! p]man5t incisors2 b ,i c p]ceive t ! op]ation may h ! opposite effect2 & ,i h kn[n ! practice to h be5 foll[$ by ! non-appe>ance ( ! v too?1 ! protrusion ( :i* ?r\gh ! gum1 x 0 employ$ to quick54 ,! too?1 :i* previ\sly seem$ to be on ! eve ( pi]c+ ! gum1 aft] ! extraction ( ! milk incisor nev] came up1--nor w any p]son :o has ?\ght = an in/ant1 wond] if ! viol5ce1 necess>ily us$1 does occasionally injure or rupture ! delicate vessels & gelat9\s tissues ( ! pulp4 ,m (t5 ! bre$]'s impati5t int]f]5ce breaks ! too? (f at ! neck & leaves ! fang 9 ! jaw4 ,?is he has n ! skill to extract1 & z x is n aft]w>ds absorb$ b spe$ily assumes a d>k col\r1 x rema9s a tell-tale & an eye-sore dur+ ! life ( ! animal4 ,_h ! colt be5 left alone1 ! fang 9 a few mon?s w\ld1 by ! natural process1 h be5 absorb$3 b ! =ce :i* broke ! too?1 ?\gh incapable ( extract+ x1 probably ruptur$ ! delicate tubes ( ! absorb5t vessels4 ,! brok5 memb] is left 9 ! m\?1 ei!r to act z a =eign body1 or to become unit$ by an*ylosis to ! jaw1 & cont9ue = life a de=mity4 ,! folly ( ! practice w surely on reflection be evid5t to all2 & ! o!r means employ$ = ! same end are 9 a l degree injuri\s4 ,! bre$] w consult 8 own int]e/ be/ by /udy+ ! feel+s ( 8 animals4 ,= ! sake ( pr(it1 if n = ! love ( humanity1 he _h bett] cease to torture ! poor bea/s by :i* he hopes to ga94 ,suff]+ w nei!r eng5d] _s1 gr[?1 or fat1 & ! m>ket pays price = ea* ( ^!4 ,! m\? ( ! horse is too important t[>ds ! value ( ! animal to be ignorantly mutilat$4 ,let ! m9d reflect1 be=e ! h& is p]mitt$ ev5 to use ! lancet4 ,to lance ! gums ( ! human infant 0 once a fav\rite practice2 nor has ! cu/om at ! pres5t "t fall5 q into disuse1 b x is g5]ally resort$ to only dur+ ! cutt+ ( ! prim>y tee?1 & n commonly adopt$ to facilitate ! appe>ance ( ^? tee? :i* ! horse-deal] employs x to quick54 ,9 ! latt] case1 on man ! gum lancet is n employ$2 &1 if f\nd useless on "o animal1 a /rong inf]5ce is creat$ z to ! inutility ( con/antly exp]im5taliz+ ) ! in/rum5t ^u ano!r4 ,by incis+ ! gums a w\nd is creat$1 ! "p is ?ick5$1 & a cicatrix induc$2 ! effects ( :i* are to cause an imp$im5t to ! gr[+ too?2 & ?is be+ se5 & corroborat$ by practical obs]vation1 ! be/ d5ti/s & surgeons ( ! pres5t day are n v en?usia/ic 9 ! use ( ! gum lancet1 :i* !y h 9 a great measure ca/ aside1 & :i* is b5eficial only 9 sci5tific h&s4 ,! loss ( blood likewise is to be consid]$1 & t c]ta9ly aids 9 ret>d+ ! gr[?1 :i* ! adoption ( ! o!r means1 g5]al ) ! bre$]s ( horses1 c\ld n accel]ate4 ,! employm5t ( ! caut]y1 to exp$ite ! appe>ance ( ! tee?1 is s /range a resort1 t ,i c only acc\nt = ! use ( t ag5t by imag9+ c]ta9 p]sons to be totally ignorant ( its action4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x de/roys ! "p ) :i* x comes 9 contact2 inflammation foll[s & suppuration ensues2 a quantity ( blood is div]t$ to ! surface1 & ( c\rse drawn f ! pulp ( ! new too?1 :i* orig9ally x fl[$ to & nurtur$4 ,a sl\gh mu/ take place1 & ! m\? rema9 sore till ! esc> is ?r[n (f & ! expos$ granulat+ surface cicatriz$4 ,b :]ev] ! hot iron is appli$ ! imm$iate "p is ?ick5$1 r5d]$ m h>d & t5se4 ,:i* ( ^! effects is x ! horse-deal] reg>ds z likely to promote 8 wi%es8 ,a little k w\ld in=m any "o1 t ! caut]y mu/ act 9 ! opposite direction to t1 :i* x is suppos$1 by ignorant p1 to fav\r4 ,inde$1 ,i d n ?9k1 t horse-deal]s or o!rs h yet obta9$ s great a ma/]y ov] nature1 t ! dame c be made to hurry at _! bidd+1 h[ev] cruelly _! ord]s may be en=c$4 ,a ,york%ire five may s\nd well1 b !re is no m possibility ( mak+ a f\r-ye> old colt1 by b>b>ity1 %[ ! developm5t ( a five-ye> old horse1 ?an !re is1 by wr5*+1 cutt+1 & burn+1 ( mak+ a boy ( fifte5 look l a man ( tw5ty4 ,nature obeys h] own laws1 & is n yet subject$ to human practices4 ,c>eful re>+1 nutriti\s food1 suffici5t ex]cise1 & no "w does promote developm5t1 & ( ! gr[? !reby eng5d]$1 ! pur*as] has no reason to be 9 fe>2 = if "o "p %[s maturity1 he may be assur$1 t ! o!r p>ts are also equally matur$4 ,! "t ! animal has liv$ is n ( half ! consequ5ce1 t ! use :i* has be5 made ( its life is1 to ! future possessor4 ,! horse t has a m\? indicat+ five1 & t c be prov$ to be five1 if x has be5 work$ f its e>lie/ ye> & /9t$ 9 its food1 has less en]gy & life ?an a y\ng] creature =w>d$ by ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! bre$]4 ,! two animals are n to be comp>$4 ,suppos+ ! "o to be no m ?an f\r1 x possesses ! vig\r & developm5t ( five2 :ile ! o!r1 :i* is five1 may h ! decrepitude & con/itutional infirmity ( tw5ty4 ,let n ! buy] fe> ! deceit ( ! bre$]1 b )\t dread accept ! m\? z pro( ( ! age2 if ! animal is n 9 ye>s1 he is 9 developm5t1 t :i* ! tee? decl>e4 ,to ?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 "s w oppose _! op9ions4 ,! animal1 !y w argue1 has be5 /imulat$ to exhibit an unnatural maturity1 & ! se$s ( future disease h !reby be5 plant$ 9 ! sy/em2 !re=e1 x w be urg$1 ! wor? is depreciat$4 ,! /atem5t looks well1 b x is ( no value1 = a little inquiry w prove x to be bas$ on false pr9ciples4 ,excessive /imulus *ecks ! gr[?1 or causes e>ly disease1 sacrific+ ei!r ! heal? or life ( ! be+4 ,! fe$] kn[s1 f exp]i5ce1 t ! quantity ( nutrim5t mu/ be measur$ by ! p[]s ( ! creature t consumes x2 & t ov]-fe$+1 by impair+ ! dige/ion1 de/roys or weak5s r ?an nurtures ! body4 ,! /imulus1 pu%$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 w\ld keep ! horse 9 ! infirm>y1 & nev] fit x = ! m>ket4 ,e deal] kn[s ?is1 & ?\gh su* p]sons are1 by ! prejudice ( ! public1 oblig$ to keep _! animals load$ ) fat1 or 9 :at is call$ bloomy condition1 !y nev]!less fe> to ma9ta9 ?is /ate ( body = too long a p]iod2 & :ile x la/s1 con/antly resort to drugs1 to c\nt]act t t5d5cy to disease :i* x eng5d]s4 ,!y treat _! /ock1 almo/ z a physician w\ld treat s _m city ald]m52 & give d9n] or dige/ive pills almo/ z regul>ly4 ,a fatt$ bea/ is always diseas$1 b an animal lib]ally f$ is !reby r5d]$ ! m heal?y4 ,9 fact1 ! dread ( ^? results :i* ensue f com=t is1 ) reg>d to ! horse1 q z unf\nd$ z ! fe>1 t mank9d once _h1 ( ! mis]ies ( ! ri*1 & ! envy1 poets taught !m to indulge1 t[>ds ! />vation ( ! poor4 ,su* idle fancies may be dismiss$ ) pr(it to ! p]son :o disc>ds !m2 b at ! same "t !re are "s practices ! read] ne$s to be caution$ aga9/4 ,to give ! face ( ! horse a y\?ful appe>ance1 "s ( ! class ( deal]s :o frequ5t public m>kets1 l[ auctions1 & c\ntry fairs1 puncture ! sk9 at t "p :]e ! fall+ or depression is se5 above ! eyes 9 old animals4 ,hav+ ins]t$ into ! orifice a small quill1 !y !n bl[ into ! "p1 !reby inflat+ ! subjac5t tissue1 & conceal+ ! cavity4 ,?is notable artifice1 :i* is call$ puff+ ! glym ought to impose ^u no "o4 ,%\ld ! trick be suspect$1 let ! h& be c>elessly rais$ to pat ! neck & *eek ( ! animal1 :5 x c1 "u pret5ce ( likewise /rok+ ! face1 be pass$ ov] ! "p :i* is suppos$ to h be5 tamp]$ )2 & 9 ! act a little pressure may be made ^u ! suspici\s region3 !n1 if ! swell+ has be5 induc$ 9 ! mann] /at$1 ! passage ( ! h& is suffici5t to squeeze out ! air1 & ! contra/ :i* ! two sides ( ! face w aft]w>ds pres5t1 gives to ! c\nt5ance ( ! poor horse1 a v kn[+ & peculi> expression4 ,let ! p]son1 h[ev]1 :o ?us und]takes to expose rogu]y1 be assur$ ( 8 ability to protect himself 9 ! (fice he has assum$2 = ! g5tlem5 :o display _! +5uity on horses1 are n av]se to occasionally mutilat+ ! human frame4 ,to lay b>e & detect su* l[1 mean1 & obvi\s *eat]y1 z ! above1 prop]ly belongs to ! police2 & ! lea/ acute ( ! =ce1 ought to be equal to ! detection ( s gross an imposition4 ,! swell+1 :5 caus$ by inflation1 always has an unnatural aspect1 su* z a s*ool-boy w\ld f9d no difficulty 9 recognis+1 aft] 8 att5tion has be5 direct$ to ! po9t4 ,x looks puff$1 & :5 ! jaw moves1 ! "p does n play freely ) ! motion4 ,^! circum/ances1 at a glance1 decl>e ! *eat :i* ! pressure ( ! h& c1 9 an in/ant1 prove to h be5 practis$4 ,! artifice1 h[ev]1 :5 adopt$1 ought to be ( no avail4 ,"y horses (t5 exhibit ! depression above ! eye1 ( great dep?2 nor is x unusual to see old animals1 9 :i* ! cavity is naturally %all[4 ,! qualifi$ judge1 !re=e1 glances at1 b nev] p]mits ! /ate (1 ! "p1 to influ5ce 8 decision2 & ! trick1 :5 resort$ to1 c impose only on ^? :o are too va9 to ackn[l$ge _! ignorance1 or too mean to pay = protection4 ,o!r indications are ( great] wor?1 & to ^!1 obs]vation is direct$4 ,! r\ndness or flatness ( ! *eek1 ! %>pness or fulness ( ! l[] jaw1 no art c imitate3 ^!1 consequ5tly1 receive m att5tion4 ,! eye is direct$ to ! m\?2 & /ill suppos+ ! read] to be pres5t at su* places z ! p>ties :o practise tricks ) horse fle% mo/ly frequ5t1 let him be ?\ght desir\s ( pur*as+ ! animal1 & !re=e proce$ ) an exam9ation3 x w n be long be=e ! tee? w be inspect$4 ,:5 ! lips are sep>at$1 ! incisors may be long & horizontal 9 _! incl9ation2 &1 by ! "t ?is is not$1 ! sell] probably has volunte]$ ! in=mation1 t ! horse he is mo/ reluctantly oblig$ to "p f1 0 six ye>s old la/ grass4 ,! expression ( surprise su* a /atem5t elicits1 is answ]$ by oa?s z to ! fact1 & direct accusations ( ignorance aga9/ any "o :o w\ld ass]t ! animal to be a day old]4 ,! jaws are pull$ asund]1 & all ! m>ks are se54 ,"h is pro(2 no man :o kn[s any?+ ( horses1 he is told1 w\ld reject su* evid5ce2 & a ho/ ( ready bye-/&]s />e at ! m\?1 & only d\bt if ! creature is full six yet4 ,! judge also looks at ! m>ks1 & !n walks away3 he has =m$ 8 op9ion1 & ! sight ( ! m>ks confirms him 9 ! conclusion he _h arriv$ at4 ,! abs5ce ( ! police may caution him n to expose himself by notic+ ! %\t ( defiance1 & bell[$ taunts1 t signalize 8 retreat2 b he has se5 ! animal is a bi%op4 ,n[ :at promot$ ! poor brute to ecclesia/ical dignity8 ,! t]m 9 horse slang1 simply means t ! m>ks are n natural1 b h be5 made4 ,!re are two means by :i* t c be done4 ,:5 "t presses1 & tools or skill are want$1 ! tables ( ! tee? are t\*$ only ) a r$ hot wire1 :i* leaves a black m>k :]ev] x is appli$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a co>se exp$i5t1 & ! m usual practice is1 to dig out ! cavities ) a k9d ( engrav]'s tool1 & !n to black5 ! spaces ?us creat$4 ,! infundibula are imitat$ ) mu* nicity2 b ! resemblance1 h[ev] close x may be1 nev] = a mom5t imposes on ! qualifi$ judge4 ,! %ape ( ! table1 *>act]i/ic ( ! old too?1 _c be alt]$1 nor c ! edge ( enamel1 :i* %\ld gird ! infundibulum1 be artificially produc$4 ,moreov]1 _m ( ! p :o bi%op horses1 are cont5t to p]=m ! op]ation only on ! l[] jaw1 leav+ ! upp] tee? unt\*$1 because ^! are n g5]ally inspect$4 ,%\ld su* be ! case1 ( c\rse ! m>ks w be m or less fad$1 :]e naturally !y w\ld be mo/ fre%2 = ! infundibula ( ! l[] jaw are lo/ "s ye>s prior to ^? ( ! upp] disappe>+4 ,! attempt$ deception1 !re=e1 is nev] successful1 save :5 ! cop]s are =tunate en\gh to meet ) a flat1 :o has j k en\gh to be v wise 9 8 own conceit4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$1 t ! l[] class ( deal]s are n limit$ 9 _! transactions1 & (t5 dispose ( animals to p]sons ( respectability2 !re=e1 x is n unusual to f9d horses /&+ = sale at commission /ables1 ) m\?s ( a mo/ conspicu\s "*4 ,! own]s ( su* horses may be g5tlem5 ( ! highe/ probity1 & 9 ignorance ! age may be mis-/at$4 ,= ?is reason1 no man %\ld pur*ase a horse ( any individual1 )\t hav+ ! animal previ\sly exam9$ by a c]tificat$ memb] ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,vet]9>y ,surgeons4 ,! money s sp5t1 is ! smalle/ item 9 ! acc\nt2 & ! sum sav$ by foll[+ ?is rule is (t5 disproportion$ to ! exp5diture1--to make no e/imate ( ! disappo9tm5t & vexation :i* may be prev5t$4 ,respectable deal]s w n kn[+ly all[ ! "* ( _! /ables to be injur$ by ! pres5ce ( a bi%op$ animal4 ,?is class ( p]sons are v scrupul\s 9 t respect1 b !y are n always able to detect ! tru?--_! education is (t5 limit$1 & ?\gh good ord9>y judges1 !y _c1 "u e circum/ance1 decide correctly--!y unconsci\sly deceive1 be+ !mselves deceiv$2 & consequ5tly e pur*as] %\ld take ! precaution po9t$ out1 no matt] :5ce1 or f :om1 he may be buy+ a horse4 ,7 all to act 9 ! way indicat$1 mu* law w\ld be sp>$1 & a great deal ( ang] all[$ to slumb]4 ,! deal]s are n ! rogues ! enlight5$ public are fond ( believ+--_m among !m are z hon\rable z all m5 %\ld be--"s ( ! class1 h[ev]1 nev] let a horse escape out ( _! h&s unmutilat$4 ,! tee? inv>iably receive ! prim>y att5tion3 if long1 !y are1 by ! application ( a file1 r$uc$ to ! l5g? :i* ! self-taught equ9e d5ti/ supposes prop] to y\?4 ,an acid is also appli$ to ! enamell$ surface1 9 ord] to r5d] x :ite4 ,no va/ good is effect$1 b if ! means 7 n design$ to impose1 no great h>m w\ld p]haps be done4 ,! acid is n all[$ to corrode ! too?1 & ! dim9ution ( ! l5g? may possibly 9 "s degree b5efit ! animal4 ,! welf>e ( ! creature1 h[ev]1 is n ! object s\ght--! hope is to *eat2 b no p]son :o ought to be tru/$1 or ev5 to tru/ himself to pur*ase a horse1 %\ld be s impos$ ^u4 ,:it5ess is no sign ( y\? 9 ! too? ( a horse1 & ! file _c make ! tables assume ! juv5ile figure4 ,horses t %[ su* m\?s1 may be easily recognis$--p]haps !y are quiet :ile _! legs are h&l$1 b %y :5 ! head is t\*$--!y are n vici\s1 b timid1 & ! tee? tell ! reason ( _! fe>4 ,x is well to pass !m by1 & dang]\s to accept !m at any price4 ,if ! tee? h be5 tamp]$ )1 :at tricks may n h be5 practis$ to conceal o!r defects8 #eh4 ,irregul>ity ( gr[? 9 ! horse's tee?1 %\ld1 9 all cases1 be e>ly notic$1 & spe$ily att5d$ to1 = s mu* ( ! wor? ( ! horse dep5ds on ! animal's ability to fe$1 t x may be said1 no tee? no horse4 ,! milk tee? are s regul> 9 _! gr[?1 t ,i h n be5 able to he> (1 or meet ) a specim51 9 :i* !y 7 ecc5tric4 ,! p]man5t tee?1 h[ev]1 are n unusually irregul>2 ! mo/ common irregul>ity :i* !y exhibit1 is t ( ret5tion ( "o or m ( ! milk incisors1 & ?is m frequ5tly is to be se5 9 ! l[] ?an 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,mr4 ,ernes1 ( :om ,i h be=e spok5 z an excell5t judge ( ! tee?1 & a mo/ able practition]1 0 k9d en\gh to %[ me ! m\? ( a c>t horse :i* 0 "u 8 c>e2 ! l[] jaw _h elev5 incisors1 b ( ^! five 7 milk tee?4 ,! appe>ance :i* ! m\? pres5t$ 0 r t ( "s =eign animal ?an ( an ord9>y horse4 ,! bone _h become de=m$1 & ! gums 7 9 sev]al places 9 an inflammatory condition4 ,mr4 ,h5d]son possesses a mo/ curi\s prep>ation ( ! l[] jaw ( a horse1 9 :i* !re is exhibit$ elev5 p]man5t tee?4 ,! appe>ance :i* ?is specim5 pres5ts is extraord9>y1 & ! exi/5ce ( su* a mon/rosity1 %[+ ! ext5t to :i* nature may violate h] own laws1 des]ves special att5tion4 ,! possibility ( s great a v>iation be+ enc\nt]$1 w prep>e ! m9d to expect & to consid] ! less m>k$ de=mities1 :i* 9 practice are n unusually met )4 ,x is n unusual to f9d horses ) eight tee? 9 "o jaw1 two ( :i* are g5]ally1 on inspection1 f\nd to be reta9$ milk incisors4 ,! milk tee?1 if all[$ to rema9 aft] ! horse incisors are fairly up1 (t5 give to ^! la/ a v /range appe>ance4 ,! foll[+ wood-cut depicts ! m\? ( a m>e1 to :i* my notice 0 direct$ by ,mr4 ,h5d]son1 ! g5tleman to ^: g5]osity ,i h be=e _h occasion to confess my obligations4 ,illu/ration ,! corn] milk too? "h n hav+ be5 extract$ aft] nature _h fail$ to remove x by ! process ( absorption1 has caus$ ! la/ p]man5t incisor to take an unnatural situation1 :]e1 be+ remov$ f attrition1 x has become ( extraord9>y l5g?1 & looks z mu* l a curi\s tu% z ! ?+ x really is4 ,su* a /ate ( ! m\? is f> f r>e1 & because ( its frequ5cy1 be+ ! m likely to be met ) 9 practice1 x 0 *os5 = illu/ration4 ,! mol> tee? are less subject to di/ortion1 b1 nev]!less1 are sometimes irregul>1 & f ! same causes4 ,i h se5 ! palate pi]c$ by a too? :i* grew 9 an unnatural direction4 ,! treatm5t1 9 bo? cases1 w\ld be alike4 ,! milk tee? %\ld nev] be all[$ to rema9 9 ! m\? aft] ! correspond+ p]man5t tee? are fairly up4 ,if removal prior to ?is p]iod does no good1 n[ ! op]ation is sugge/$ by its accordance ) ! natural process1 & ! soon] x is und]tak5 ! bett]3 any delay w only create difficulty1 & r5d] ! re/oration ( ! displac$ too?1 m problematical4 ,! unabsorb+ fang1 w1 9 "t1 become unit$ to ! bone2 & if its extraction is !n attempt$1 fracture ( ! jaw may be ! consequ5ce4 ,9 no in/ance %\ld ! /able keep] be told to pull out ! tee?3 he has n ! prop] in/rum5ts = ! purpose1 & mu/ use unnecess>y viol5ce ev5 if he does no great] injury4 ,! animal1 besides1 is r5d]$ %y ( him1 9 :om x is ess5tial x %\ld be educat$ to repose confid5ce2 & _m a horse1 by ! bungl+ ef=ts ( su* p1 pret5d+ to op]ate1 is ultimately r5d]$ dang]\s 9 ! /able4 ,moreov]1 ! horse own] _c be too s]i\sly caution$1 aga9/ giv+ p]mission to ^? :o att5d on 8 animals1 to ov]/ep _! lawful limits4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance he may1 p]haps1 congratulate himself ^u ! result1 b spe$y exp]i5ce w conv9ce him1 to 8 co/1 ( ! dang] ( ! sy/em4 ,if ! op]ation %\ld h be5 delay$ s long1 z to all[ ! tee? to h become ( unequal l5g?s1 !n1 aft] ! milk incisors are extract$1 ! p]man5t tee? mu/ be r5d]$ level2 &1 h[ev] f> ap>t !y may at fir/ be1 9 "t !y w approximate4 ,! op]ation1 :i* is recomm5d$1 any ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,vet]9>y ,surgeons w execute2 &1 z 9 skilful h&s1 x is nev] dang]\s1 s x %\ld1 on no acc\nt1 be entru/$ to quacks or pret5d]s4 ,= "s irregul>ities1 h[ev]1 !re is no help2 = in/ance1 :5 ! l[] jaw exhibits only f\r p]man5t incisors1 :i* is by no means unusual1 & :i*1 9 ! majority ( cases1 c\ld be trac$ to ! ef=ts made to extract ! corn] milk tee?1 be=e ! "t _h arriv$ = _! removal4 ,an animal ) su* a m\? is obvi\sly det]iorat$4 ,! less5$ numb] ( its tee? may be ( little consequ5ce :ile x is "y & kept 9 ! /able4 ,dur+ ! e>li] ye>s1 ! corn] nipp]s1 :i* are ^? mo/ frequ5tly want+1 are n 9 p]fect apposition1 nor are ! incisors ( s great importance1 :5 ! food is to be pull$ f ! rack or ga!r$ f ! mang]4 ,b at grass1 especially 9 old age1 :5 horses are mo/ frequ5tly turn$ out1 & :5 ! spread+ ( ! semi-circle br+s all ! tee? into play1 none c be sp>$4 ,! abs5ce ( "o-?ird ( ! nipp]s 9 ! active jaw1 w\ld !n cause ! animal m "w = its livelihood1 & probably c\nt]act all ! b5efit :i* ! run 0 int5d$ to produce1 ev5 if m s]i\s evils did n ensue4 ,! ecc5tricities ( ! tee? %\ld always be reg>d$1 to conjecture h[ f> !y may ret>d ! welf>e ( ! horse4 ,! pres5ce ( an additional mol> 9 ea* jaw is sometimes se51 & is h>dly to be c\nt$ a defect3 su* sup]num]>y tee? are g5]ally po/]iorly situat$1 & ( small size2 !y may cause no inconv5i5ce1 & _! exi/5ce n be suspect$ dur+ ! life ( ! animal4 ,! rev]se1 h[ev]1 is ! case :5 an extra too? is f\nd only 9 "o jaw4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,duns=d1 a g5tleman :o pays m ?an usual att5tion to e case entru/$ to 8 c>e1 = a f9e specim5 ( ! evil :i* may result f an abnormal mol>4 ,9 ! l[] jaw1 on ! ne> side1 are se5 sev5 mol> tee?2 & ! la/ has1 f ! abs5ce ( attrition1 gr[n to a l5g? :i* caus$ x to d s]i\s injury to ! m\?4 ,! tee? are plac$ "o beh9d ! o!r 9 a p]fect r[2 h5ce1 z well z f _! all be+ ( ! full size1 "o1 ! la/ 9 position1 0 occasion$ to project1 =c+ itself ?r\gh ! gum1 ev5 into ! sub/ance ( ! sup]ior maxill>y bone4 ,! horse 0 de/roy$1 hav+ become useless1 9 consequ5ce ( its inability to ma/icate its food4 ,ano!r defect 9 ! mol>s is obs]v$1 9 ^! tee? sometimes be+ plac$ ap>t f "o ano!r1 leav+ int]spaces betwe5 !m1 9 :i* ! food accumulates1 & inflam+ ! gums1 causes ! animal mu* pa9 :5ev] x attempts to fe$4 ,= ?is1 no?+ c be done1 beyond giv+ ! poor bea/ its meat artificially prep>$2 b ) all c>e ! un=tunate animal becomes emaciat$1 & is spe$ily consign$ to ! knack]4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! mol>s are n (t5 irregul> 9 _! gr[?4 ,9 fact1 mo/ irregul>ities ( ! tee? mu/ be c>efully s\ght =1 b "o =m :i* is n r>e by any means ought to be always obs]v$4 ,9 c]ta9 animals ! l[] jaw is s %ort1 t ! creatures _c place ! incisors toge!r or 9 apposition3 ! consequ5ce is1 t ! l[] incisors be+ active in/rum5ts1 h to p]=m _! functions at consid]able disadvantage2 b1 nev]!less1 !y act & receive we>4 ,! upp] incisors1 h[ev]1 are1 9 su* m\?s1 subject$ to little attrition2 ! corn]1 & a portion ( ! lat]al nipp]s alone1 meet+ ea* o!r2 h5ce ! c5tral nipp]s1 :i* gr[ m =w>d ?an !y ought1 at l5g? project d[nw>ds1 & ov]hang ^? ( ! l[] jaw4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! incisors con/itutes :at is call$ a p>rot m\?1 because ( ! resemblance :i* ! tee? be> to ! bill ( ! bird4 ,mo/ old horses are m or less p>rot-m\!d2 b "y horses also occasionally exhibit m\?s ( ?is description1 & 9 ^! la/ x is c]ta9ly a defect1 = 9 a /ate ( nature1 or at grass1 ! animal w\ld be necessitat$ to te> r ?an bite its food4 ,! proprietor ( su* a bea/1 !re=e1 c or ought nev] to turn ! creature out1 b keep x con/antly 9 ! /able1 & "u _m circum/ances ?is w\ld entail inconv5i5ce & exp5se4 ,!re is no?+ to be done = su* a mal=mation1 b an all[ance %\ld be made = x 9 ! price4 ,t ! read] may be able to recognise x1 a copy ( a m\?1 9 :i* ! de=mity 0 well m>k$1 is "h pres5t$4 ,! animal1 :i* 0 introduc$ to my notice by my tal5t$ fri5d1 ,mr4 ,broad1 ( ,padd+ton1 0 tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age2 & ?\gh m conspicu\s cases ( ! k9d are sometimes se51 ! "o ,i h *os5 = illu/ration %[s a r great] mal=mation ?an is usually met )2 b1 nev]!less1 x well illu/rates ! po9t ^u :i* ,i h be5 dwell+4 ,illu/ration ,! mol>s sometimes we> unev5ly1 _! edges becom+ z %>p z knives1 & _! tables slant+ 9 an unnatural degree4 ,! slant+ tables _c p]fectly comm9ute ! food1 s t :i* is swall[$1 n be+ prop]ly prep>$1 af=ds little su/5ance2 :ile ! %>p edges cutt+ ! inside ( ! m\?1 & caus+ x to ulc]ate1 r5d] ! animal1 f ! pa91 dis9cl9$ to eat4 ,! contraction ( ! bones ( ! l[] jaw1 9 "s old horses1 by disabl+ !m f br++ ! tables ( ! mol>s 9 p]fect apposition1 is ! cause ( ^! tee? assum+ su* a %ape2 = 9 "y animals ?is species ( di/ortion is nev] witness$1 save z ! consequ5ce ( disease4 ,! horse n fe$+1 attracts ! att5tion ( ! groom1 & r>ely does 8 intellig5ce detect ! cause4 ,any memb] ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,vet]9>y ,surgeons1 h[ev]1 w soon discov] ! seat ( mis*ief2 by r$uc+ ! cutt+ edges ( ! mol>s1 & invigorat+ ! con/itution1 :ile ! ulc]at$ m\? is prop]ly treat$1 & ! food c>efully att5d$ to1 he w soon re/ore ! horse once m to heal? & activity4 ,! proprietor1 h[ev]1 mu/ ev] aft] h ! horse1 f "t to "t1 att5d$ to1 z ! symptoms d5ote a relapse2 & ) su* precaution ! animal may cont9ue 9 full "w = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,n a few horses %[ ! edges ( ! incisor tee? p]fectly r\nd$1 s t :5 ! m\? is clos$ ! tables no long] t\* 9 e "p2 inde$ ! =m ( ! tables is de/roy$1 & ! age ( ! animal c by !m h>dly be conjectur$4 ,^! r\nd$ tee? h be5 suppos$ to d5ote crib-bit+1 & g5tlem5 h = fifty ye>s be5 told1 to set d[n e horse pres5t+ su* a m\?1 z a confirm$ cribb]4 ,! notion1 h[ev]1 is n support$ by fact1 = cribb]s g5]ally exhibit ev5 m\?s2 & ,i h n yet be5 able to discov] an in/ance 9 :i* ?is habit _h caus$ ! tabulat$ surfaces ( ! tee? to be convex4 ,! r\nd =m ( ! tables results f ! horse bit+ :5 be+ groom$1 & g5]ally is se5 9 ^? :i* are ( an excitable nature4 ,^! animals are usually good s]vants1 b ?is %ape ( tee? unfits !m = be+ turn$ out to grass1 z ! cutt+ edges ( ! nipp]s are de/roy$4 #ei4 ,! diseases to :i* ! tee? ( ! horse are subject$1 are1 =tunately1 n v common2 ?\gh ?is ass]tion mu/ n induce any p]son to imag9e t 8 animals may n be afflict$ 9 ?is respect4 ,e own] %\ld be p>ticul>ly wat*ful on su* a po9t2 = s important are ! tee? to ! welf>e ( ! animal1 & s difficult ( cure are neglect$ cases ( ?is description1 t numb]s ( valuable horses h be5 & w be slaught]$1 simply on _! acc\nt4 ,no animal is exempt f ?is species ( affliction4 ,"o man may dur+ 8 life possess _m horses1 & die )\t kn[+ h[ fatal are ! diseases ( ! tee?4 ,ano!r p]son1 ^: /able %all conta9 b a s+le nag1 may1 9 a few mon?s1 be taught h[ dreadful are ! ravages :i* ?is affection c induce4 ,all !re=e %\ld1 = ! security ( _! prop]ty1 be aw>e ( ! fir/ indication ( ?is species ( disease4 ,?\gh ! tee? are n vital organs1 & ! c\rse ( ! malady is g5]ally sl[1 nev]!less1 ! consequ5ces to :i* x gives rise are su* z 9 e case1 det]iorate ! value ( ! animal2 &1 9 _m1 nay1 p]haps ! majority ( in/ances1 r5d] x alike prud5t & humane to deprive ! poor bea/ ( exi/5ce4 ,probably ,i d n ass]t too mu* :5 ,i add t1 9 ! ord9>y exam9ation ( horses1 little att5tion is paid to ! condition ( ! tee?4 ,! incisors are inspect$ to asc]ta9 ! age1 & any peculi>ity 9 ^! is p>ticul>ly not$2 b = ! mo/ "p ! mol>s are pass$ ov] )\t comm5t4 ,"h ! r>ity ( disease may %ield ! neglig5ce ( ! practition]1 :o1 nev]!less1 is 9 e case expos$ to blame ?r\gh 8 inatt5tion4 ,su* a man may pass ?r\gh a long practice1 & escape reproa*2 b1 nev]!less1 ! fir/ horse on :i* he pron\nc$ an op9ion1 might h blight$ 8 reputation1 by exhibit+ ! disease he _h tak5 no pa9s to detect4 ,e animal pur*as$ ( a p>ty ^: w>ranty might be at all suspici\s1 ought to be se5 to fe$ be=e a conclusion z to s\ndness is pron\nc$4 ,if !n ! mol>s are affect$1 ! tru? w\ld be made obvi\s2 & !re is no?+ c r5d] a horse m uns\nd ?an disease ( ^! tee?4 ,! animal s afflict$1 may1 = a "t1 be equal to its "w3 yet to r5d] x capable ( ex]tion x requires cont9ual c>e1 & 9 ! end1 spite ( all precaution1 x may become wor?less4 ,"s means %\ld !re=e be adopt$ to asc]ta9 t ! gr9d]s are free f disease1 & a little corn w enable ! fact to be conjectur$4 ,%\ld any suspicion be creat$1 a fur!r exam9ation w discov] ! tru?4 ,! mol>s1 9 ! judgm5t ( e "o :o has ?\ght ^u ! matt]1 are ! tee? :i*1 especially 9 ag$ animals1 require att5tion4 ,! incisors indicate ! age1 b !y are n usually liable to disease4 ,i h n met ) a s+le case 9 :i* ! incisors 7 affect$1 nor 9 :i* ! tu%es 7 diseas$4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 in=m$ by ,mr4 ,field1 ^: high reputation & ext5sive practice give weight to 8 ass]tion1 t he has _h to treat horses = disease ( ! incisor tee?1 & has ev5 be5 oblig$ to remove a portion ( ! l[] jaw 9 ord] to procure relief4 ,o!r practition]s1 ( :om inquiry has be5 made1 h n kn[n su* a =m ( disease1 nei!r h ,i witness$ x3 in/ances ( ?is k9d1 !re=e1 are r>e1 & hi!rto h n attract$ att5tion4 ,! hon\r ( mak+ kn[n ! possibility ( _! exi/5ce1 belongs to a g5tleman ^: "n is pr\dly associat$ ) ! sci5ce :i* x has s long adorn$4 ,! incisors ( ! colt are n1 h[ev]1 liable to be s]i\sly affect$3 :5 ^? tee? decay1 age mu/ h advanc$4 ,dur+ col?ood1 nev]!less1 ! tee?1 if exempt f disease1 may be ! causes ( great con/itutional di/urbance4 ,mr4 ,p]cival1 ! g5tleman :o1 z editor ( ! ,vet]9>ian1 & au?or ( ! be/ & mo/ elaborate works on ! diseases ( ! horse t h yet appe>$ 9 ! ,engli% language1 atta*es mu* importance to ^? ailm5ts incid5tal to d5tition4 ,( ! consequ5ces t may ensue f ! cutt+ ( ! tu%es1 he adduces positive pro(1 & f 8 admirable "w on ,hippopa?ology1 page #agb1 vol4 #b1 ,i _c =be> extract+ ! foll[+ mo/ valuable case3-- ,i 0 reque/$ to give my op9ion conc]n+ a horse1 !n 9 8 fif? ye>1 :o _h f$ s sp>+ly = ! la/ =tnight1 & s rapidly decl9$ 9 condition 9 consequ5ce1 t 8 own]1 a vet]9>y surgeon1 0 "u no light appreh5sions ab\t 8 life4 ,he _h himself exam9$ 8 m\?1 )\t hav+ discov]$ any defect or disease2 ?\gh ano!r vet]9>y surgeon 0 ( op9ion1 t ! av]s5ess or inability manife/$ 9 ma/ication1 & ! consequ5t cudd+1 arose f pret]natural bluntness ( ! surfaces ( ! mol> tee?1 :i* 71 9 consequ5ce1 fil$2 b )\t b5eficial result4 ,x 0 aft] ?is t ,i saw ! horse2 & ,i confess ,i 01 at my fir/ exam9ation1 q z mu* at a loss to (f] any ?+ satisfactory z o!rs _h be54 ,:ile m$itat+1 h[ev]1 aft] my inspection1 on ! app>5tly extraord9>y nature ( ! case1 x /ruck me t ,i _h n se5 ! tusks4 ,i w5t back1 & discov]$ two little tum\rs1 r$ & h>d1 9 ! situation ( ! inf]ior tusks1 :i*1 :5 press$1 gave ! animal insuff]able pa94 ,i in/antly took a pocket-knife1 & made crucial incisions ?r\gh !m1 d[n to ! com+ tee?1 f :i* mom5t ! horse recov]$ 8 appetite1 & by degrees 8 wont$ condition4 ,! fact "h record$ has c]ta9ly be5 g5]ally ov]look$2 & ,mr4 ,p]cival des]ves ! gratitude ( 8 pr(essional bre?r5 = direct+ _! obs]vation to ! po9t4 ,e practition]1 h[ev]1 has met ) in/ances 9 :i* ! mol>s 7 implicat$4 ,!re are two =ms ( disease to :i* ^! tee? are liable2 c>ies1 or decay1 & a loss ( vitality1 or dea?4 ,! dea? ( a too? has n hi!rto be5 obs]v$ ^u by vet]9>y au?ors1 b x is n r>e4 ,! causes :i* may give rise to x _c be accurately /at$1 ?\gh !y may be conjectur$4 ,! vessels t nurture ! fang & ramify ?r\gh ! pulp1 are small & delicate2 ! alveol> cavities are ?91 "s ( !m 9 ! upp] jaw be+ n ?ick] 9 p>ts ( _! walls ?an br[n pap]4 ,! =ce ( ! ma/icatory muscles is v great1 & if any h>d sub/ance be tak5 betwe5 ! tee?1 x is easy to imag9e t ! m9ute art]ies ( ! fang %\ld !reby be ruptur$4 ,! effect produc$ ^u ! pulp1 & ! transi5t agony occasion$ by bit+ a piece ( h>d cru/1 are famili> to e human be+2 nor c we suppose t ! horse's tee?1 especially :5 ! great] /r5g? ( its muscles is duly consid]$1 are n liable to simil> & proportionably great] injury4 ,!re may be no hi/ory to su* a case1 no record ( ! date :5 ! occurr5ce took place2 = ! horse is n always wat*$ dur+ ! "t ( its fe$+1 nor 7 x wat*$1 is x possible t ! groom w\ld attribute ! sudd5 exhibition ( pa9 to ! "r cause4 ,! prim>y effect is !re=e mis9t]pret$ or unnotic$2 b aft] a "t x is rem>k$ t ! creature is long] ?an its companions empty+ ! mang]2 !n x beg9s to quid its hay1--t is1 ! hay is tak5 into ! m\? p>tially ma/icat$ & =m$ into a pellet or r\nd mass2 b in/ead ( be+ swall[$1 ! prep>$ morsel is all[$ to fall f ! m\?4 ,%\ld no advice be tak51 ! horse becomes bad 9 its coat1 & loses fle%4 ,no am\nt ( corn1 or extra groom+1 w re/ore x to condition2 m$ic9es may be adm9i/]$ ) no bett] effect4 ,! disease is /rictly local 9 its nature1 & ! con/itutional symptoms are only sympa!tic4 ,%\ld ! affection /ill be suff]$ to proce$ un*eck$1 ! animal is cont9ually mov+ its lips2 ei!r x is re/less 9 ! /able1 or leans ! head aga9/ ! mang]1 & neglect+ ! food :i* is be=e x1 rema9s dull & quiet1 ! eyes half clos$1 & ! brea?+ quick5$4 ,a dose ( m$ic9e seems to d x "s tempor>y good1 b ! purgation has h>dly ceas$ be=e ! symptoms reappe>2 saliva runs f ! m\?1 & ! food 9 ! mang] is r5d]$ sloppy1 almo/ l to a ma%1 be=e x is eat52 ! bones ( ! face at la/ swell2 ! brea? becomes fetid2 & a ?ick (f5sive purul5t dis*>ge issues f "o ( ! no/rils4 ,t dis*>ge is n cont9u\s2 sometimes x w cease = days1 & ! proprietor congratulates himself t ! horse is gett+ well2 ! fetor1 h[ev]1 rema9s1 & aft] a "t x breaks =? aga9 ) r$\bl$ vig\r4 ,! animal becomes daily worse1 & w\ld l+] on1 b ! pati5ce ( ! own] is exhau/$2 ! knack] is employ$ to cut %ort ! hopeless tr\ble & exp5se1 & !n a ha/y exam9ation is made = ! cause ( all ?is mis*ief4 ,su* is a cond5s$ description ( ! cu/om>y incid5ts1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y ensue2 b ( c\rse ! intellig5t read] is aw>e t ! symptoms ( disease _c be mapp$ d[n1 z ?\gh !y 7 results obta9$ f inorganic matt]4 ,su* symptoms always m or less v>y1 ?\gh ^u ! :ole !y pres5t suffici5t simil>ity to enable !m1 9 e case1 to be int]pret$2 & h5ce ! value ( practical exp]i5ce1 :i* enables ! p>ty possess+ x to recognise a fact1 :5 n fully decl>$4 ,! writ] _c1 to ! l ext5t1 communicate in/ruction2 he mu/ cond5se 8 rem>ks1 & be cont5t to speak a g5]al tru?2 = if he desc5ds to p>ticul>s he becomes t$i\s1 & t :i* he w\ld tea* is disreg>d$4 ,( c\rse ! symptoms v>y3 all may n be pres5t1 yet "o or m w lead ! practis$ m9d to ! seat ( injury4 ,! hi/ory1 h[ev]1 :i* has be5 record$1 supposes ! dead too? to be locat$ 9 ! upp] jaw3 %\ld x be situat$ 9 ! l[] jaw1 "s diff]5ce w be pres5t$ 9 ! effect2 = !n ! injury is n s s]i\s4 ,! dis*>ge f ! no/rils does n ensue1 b ! inf]ior maxill>y bone enl>ges1 & ! brea? becomes (f5sive4 ,! swell+ ( ! bone takes place imm$iately "u ! too? :i* has ceas$ to be a "p ( ! liv+ frame2 & at ?is po9t also an abscess =ms2 ?is bur/s1 & dis*>ges an unheal?y matt]3 unlike ord9>y abscesses1 h[ev]1 :i*1 :5 !y h ?r[n out _! cont5ts1 close1 ?is1 not)/&+ t ! orifice is dep5d5t1 exhibits no disposition to heal up3 a ?9 /9k+ liquid cont9u\sly issues f ! op5+1 :i* becomes h>d ar\nd its edges1 & ! hair ab\t :i* /icks out1 look+ co>se & ragg$4 ,su* outw>d & visible signs are h>dly to be misund]/ood2 & att5tion be+ direct$ to ! m\?1 ! exam9ation ( ! tee? w confirm !m4 ,f "o jaw w be felt a mol> project+ f> above ! level ( ! re/1 & 9 a l degree w ! oppos+ too? 9 ! o!r jaw be f\nd depress$--worn d[n actually to ! gum4 ,all is n[ cle>2 & ! "q is1 :at %all be done8 ,9 ! fir/ place ! condition ( ! m\? has c]ta9ly d]ang$ ! dige/ive organs1 &1 :]e !re is room = *oice1 no op]ation1 h[ev] simple or app>5tly safe1 %\ld be und]tak5 :ile ! /oma* is out ( ord]4 ,! seat ( ! disease is kn[n1 b ! g5]al heal? is fir/ att5d$ to2 & :5 t has be5 9 "s measure re-e/abli%$1 ! great object ( ! surgeon is fit to be accompli%$4 ,! "q is1 :i* ( ! tee? are to be int]f]$ )8 ,"o is diseas$ or dead1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! diseas$ too? %\ld be remov$4 ,t :i* is unnaturally long1 obvi\sly indicates t its p[] ( gr[? is reta9$2 & ?\gh hyp]trophy is an abnormal action1 tee? are n p>ts liable to t species ( affection4 ,! "o :i* by its gr[? indicates vitality1 !re=e displays no symptom ( disease2 b ! too? t is r$uc$ to ! level ( ! gums1 tells u t its p[] ( self-pres]vation has ceas$1 & t its vitality is gone4 ,if t too? be felt1 x w1 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 be f\nd loose1 & !re=e x c be easily extract$3 ! op]ation1 h[ev]1 is n !n end$4 ,%\ld ! affect$ organ h occupi$ ! upp] jaw1 a quantity ( pus may fl[ freely into ! m\? on its extraction1 b m frequ5tly su* w n be ! case3 nev]!less1 ! dis*>ge f ! no/ril1 7%\ld ! case h be5 ( long /&+17 toge!r ) ! s(t5$ & swoll5 condition ( ! facial bones1 may conv9ce ! att5dant t matt] is lock$ up 9 ! maxill>y s9uses4 ,"s writ]s speak ( ! antrum z ! "p mo/ s]i\sly affect$2 b ,i _c f9d any ?+ correspond+ to ! antrum 9 ! horse's head4 ,t animal has no developm5t ( ?is description1 & !re=e x only %[s ignorance to op]ate ) a special view to op5+ an imag9>y cavity4 ,! maxill>y s9uses are spaci\s cells1 & freely communicate ) ! frontal s9uses1 :i* are also l>ge4 ,^! facial s9uses h b a limit$ & k9d ( valvul> op5+ into ! nasal *amb]s1 & if pus is all[$ to rema9 )9 !m !re is little hope ( cure3 !re=e a means mu/ be f\nd = its escape4 ,to ?is end ! f+] is employ$ to probe ! alveol> cavity1 :5ce ! too? 0 tak51 & x w probably prove to be ( no great dep?4 ,an in/rum5t con/ruct$ = ! purpose is n[ us$1 & ) x a hole is made ?r\gh ! walls ( ! alveol>1 directly into ! maxill>y s9us--8 k ( anatomy tea*+ ! op]ator s to direct 8 h& t none ( ! important n]ves & vessels1 :i* ramify ?r\gh ! p>ts he is p5etrat+ into1 may be injur$4 ,on ! )drawal ( ! in/rum5t1 pus w mo/ly foll[1 b n gu% =? z f an ord9>y abscess4 ,a dep5d5t orifice has n[ be5 e/abli%$1 & if ! case is n a sev]e "o1 t may be suffici5t3 if1 h[ev]1 ! disease is aggravat$1 x w be necess>y to trepl9e ! frontal & p]haps ! maxill>y bone1 leav+ 9 ea* a free space1 f :i* a circul> piece has be5 remov$4 ,?r\gh ! sup]ior op5+1 w>m wat] is inject$2 b if ! /5* be v (f5sive1 a weak solution ( *loride ( lime or ( creosote may be employ$1 & mu/ be daily repeat$4 ,none ( ! co>se applications :i* "s ignorant p]sons recomm5d1 ought to be us$4 ,a /rong solution ( ! sulphate ( copp] or ( z9c1 by com+ 9 contact ) a l>ge surface ( granulat+ muc\s membrane1 c h>dly be expect$ to allay its irritability1 or dispose x to take on a heal?y action2 & a seton1 =c$ b>b>\sly ?r\gh ! orifices made ) ! treph9e1 c only exi/ z a =eign ag5t1 keep+ up ! action :i* ! surgeon is desir\s %\ld t]m9ate4 ,g5tle means are1 9 e s5se1 ! ones to be adopt$4 ,mild tepid injections are to be employ$1 ) ! int5tion to wa% out ! accumulat$ pus1 allay ! inflammation t caus$ x to be secret$1 & correct ! diseas$ t5d5cy ( ! "p4 ,all /rong] ag5ts are b>b>\s2 & ,i h witness$ animals r5d]$ dang]\sly vici\s by _! employm5t4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! acute /age has pa/2 :5 ! inflam$ & secret+ surface has lo/ its activity1 n unfrequ5tly succe$s a dull1 le?>gic /ate1 :i* ! mild treatm5t1 hi!rto advis$1 w n t\*3 n[ x is t /imulat+ injections are b5eficial2 & h[ev] mu* reason !re 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance to d5\nce _! employm5t1 !y are n[ indicat$ by ! s\nde/ pr9ciples ( sci5tific practice4 ,ev5 at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 !y mu/ n be pu%$ too f>4 ,! con/itution %\ld be /imulat$1 t _! effect may be aid$1 & _! cont9uance necessitat$ = ! %orte/ possible p]iod4 ,! sulphate ( copp] or ( z9c2 ! acetate ( copp] or ( z9c2 ! *loride ( z9c or ( lime2 ! nitrate ( silv] or ( m]cury2 ! black or yell[ wa%1 9 /r5g? proportion$ to ! symptoms1 may "h be ( s]vice4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to rememb] t ^! ag5ts soon lose ! efficacy1 & ! greate/ b5efit1 !re=e1 is obta9$ :5 !y are occasionally *ang$ on ! fir/ sign ( _! pot5cy decreas+4 ,/ill injections alone _c be expect$ to effect a re/oration1 &1 !re=e1 topical measures mu/ be comb9$ ) con/itutional treatm5t4 ,a c\rse ( m]cury may be tri$1 or "s ( ! _m ag5ts1 :i*1 l balsams1 pepp]s1 & ess5tial oils1 act on ! muc\s sy/em1 c be adm9i/]$1--nev]1 h[ev]1 rely+ ^u any "o m$ic9e = too long a p]iod2 b1 z 9 ! previ\s case ( injections1 *ang+ x :]ev] ! drug appe>s ei!r to h no effect1 or to h lo/ its p[] ov] ! sy/em4 ,by su* treatm5t1 actively employ$ & comb9$ ) a prop] att5tion to ex]cise & diet1 ! case mu/ be aggravat$ inde$ :i* is beyond relief4 ,! cure1 h[ev]1 we mu/ n expect to be quick2 b x w g5]ally 9 ! end be realiz$4 ,p]sev]ance may be requir$1 b b>b>ity w n ha/5 success4 ,i object to _m ( ! practices :i* ! vet]9>y pr(essors ( ! ,london ,college inculcate to _! pupils2 because ^? practices1 9 my op9ion1 be+ bas$ on false pr9ciples1 are ne$lessly sev]e4 ,( ! pot5t solutions habitually employ$ at ! ,/4 ,pancras ,s*ool1 ,i h spok52 b !re is ano!r practice to :i* ,i h n allud$3 corks are =cibly ?ru/ into ! holes made by ! treph9e1 "u ! notion t by su* means ! op5+ c be kept free1 & ! w\nd uncork$ & cork$ up l ! m\? ( a bottle4 ,mr4 ,p]cival has sp>$ me ! tr\ble ( expos+ ! folly ( ! idea1 & ! inutility ( ! practice4 ,t g5tleman tri$ ! notable exp]im5t1 & f\nd t ! cork 9 no degree delay$ ! consequ5ce x 0 employ$ to ret>d4 ,! pres5ce ( a =eign body ?ru/ into imm$iate connexion ) a diseas$ surface1 & viol5tly !re reta9$1 mu/ cause excruciat+ agony--promote s]i\s irritation--& might lead to ! wor/ possible results4 ,! ignorance %\ld inde$ be gross1 :i* c\ld conjecture su* a vulg> resort 0 capable ( induc+ ! slighte/ b5efit4 ,equally objectionable is ! cu/om recomm5d$ by ! vet]9>y pr(essors1 ( %utt+ an animal up 9 a close /able1 & caus+ x to inhale ! fumes ( *lor9e gas4 ,*lor9e is an irritant to muc\s membranes4 ,if ! nasal cavities 7 ! seat ( ! disease1 ! passage ( ! air be+ rapid ?r\gh ^! *annels1 & reta9$ = a comp>atively long p]iod 9 ! bron*ia1 ! suppos$ rem$y w\ld be f> m likely to affect ! lungs1 ?an to act imm$iately on ! "p :i* x 0 int5d$ to b5efit4 ,9 respiration1 h[ev]1 x is n probable t ev5 dur+ heal?1 any l>ge quantity ( air ent]s ! s9uses1 :i*1 9 ^! cases1 are ! seats ( ! disease2 & :5 ^? cavities are block$ up by an abnormal secretion1 none c\ld possibly ga9 admittance to !m4 ,*lor9e1 !re=e1 obvi\sly is inop]ative 9 ! direction :]e its rem$ial ag5cy is desir$ to act2 & x does "s injury4 ,x viol5tly affects ! animal :i* requires to be soo!d2 causes x to endure mu* inconv5i5ce & ev5 suff]+2 produces quick5$ respiration ) viol5t c\gh1 & may be reasonably suppos$ to lay ! f\ndation ( subsequ5t disease4 ,! advantages ( its employm5t h n be5 demon/rat$1 b ! results ( practice r %[ x to be injuri\s4 ,by ! memb]s ( ! vet]9>y pr(ession x is n g5]ally us$3 g5tl] measures are ( great] importance1 & ^! ought1 only "u v peculi> circum/ances1 to be ab&on$4 ,!re1 h[ev]1 yet rema9s to be describ$1 ! mode ( proce$+ :5 ! diseas$ too? is seat$ 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,9 t case1 a s9us or canal1 dis*>g+ an unheal?y matt]1 is pres5t4 ,no treatm5t w cause t s9us to close1 :ile ! diseas$ too? is reta9$2 & until its removal is effect$1 all applications design$ = t end are ?r[n away4 ,aft] ! too? has be5 extract$1 a solution ( sulphate ( z9c may1 ) advantage1 be daily inject$1 & con/itutional measures at ! same "t adopt$1 till an alt]$ action has be5 call$ =?1 :5 ! annoyance w quickly cease4 ,! enl>g$ bone w1 h[ev]1 rema92 &1 9 ! majority ( cases1 x may be be/ no fur!r to int]f]e ) x1 ?an by ! ext]nal application ( su* ag5ts z are likely to promote absorption4 ,9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 no means are v spe$ily b5eficial1 & "t mu/ be giv5 = _! op]ation3 b %\ld ! de=mity be great1 ! fir+ iron may be employ$ to cause exfoliation ( ! "p4 ,yet z 9 ! removal ( "o blemi%1 x is n ju/ifiable to create ano!r1 ! viol5t ag5t mu/ be appli$ aft] a p>ticul> mann]4 ,! integum5t %\ld be fir/ divid$1 & ! edges ( ! incision drawn asund]1 s z to expose ! bone1 :i* alone %\ld be t\*$ ) ! caut]y4 ,by ?is simple exp$i5t ! osse\s /ructure w be de/roy$2 & z su* /ructure is n highly s5sitive1 ! suff]+ ( ! animal w be slight1 :ile aft] exfoliation has tak5 place1 ! trivial cicatrix w be conceal$ by ! hair4 ,:5 c>ies is pres5t1 ! symptoms d n mat]ially diff] f ^? describ$ z indicat+ ! dea? ( a too?4 ,! disease may comm5ce at any "p ( ! fang or cr[n2 b ! /ructure :i* x g5]ally fir/ involves 9 ! horse1 is ! cru/a petrosa3 = h[ev] f> ! c>ies _h proce$$1 ,i h usually recognis$ x work+ f ?is sub/ance into ! ivory4 ,! cru/a petrosa is ! lea/ osse\s1 & mo/ vascul> ( all ! /ructures t ent] ! composition ( ! too?4 ,9 proportion to ! vascul>ity1 may be e/imat$ ! disposition to assume disease2 & :5 x is fur!r rememb]$ t ! cru/a petrosa be+ ! ext]nal1 is ! mo/ expos$ portion ( ! too?1 & t any wr5*+ action1 or o!r viol5ce1 w\ld fir/ affect ?is "p1 ! dulle/ compreh5sion w p]ceive :y ! cru/a petrosa is likely to be ! prim>y seat ( c>ies4 ,enamel is n subject to c>ies1 nor is x o!rwise involv$ ?an by be+ depriv$ ( its supports1 & *emically act$ ^u by ! decompos$ matt]s ) :i* x is 9 contact4 ,! ivory1 h[ev]1 may1 9 exceptionable cases1 be ! orig9al seat ( ! affection2 & :5 decay has comm5c$1 ?is "p ( ! too? is spe$ily diseas$4 ,:5 c>ies beg9s1 !re is only p>tial dea? ( ! too?2 b ! portions :i* reta9 _! vitality & are becom+ affect$1 cause excruciat+ fits ( agony4 ,be=e any?+ c be p]ceiv$ by manipulat+ ! mol>s1 ! animal may exhibit frequ5t slight fits ( illness1 be+ occasionally dull--(f its fe$--sluggi% at its "w--soon fatigu$--re/+ ! head on ! mang]1 & display+ symptoms ( transi5t attacks ( fev]4 ,on o!r days ! animal is lively2 eats well1 looks well1 & works well1 & is all ! own] c\ld desire4 ,some?+ is evid5tly wrong1 b z yet all is d\bt3 !n ! hay is quidd$ & ano!r exam9ation ( ! mol>s is made1 :5 !re may be detect$ a little r\ghness on "s "p ( "o ( ^? tee?1 & ! my/]y is expla9$4 ,!re may be no1 or a v slight increas$ gr[? ( ! mol>1 :i*1 9 ! oppos+ jaw1 corresponds to t :i* is evid5tly c>i\s4 ,! c>i\s too? may be firmly implant$2 & yet1 not)/&+ ! firm mann] 9 :i* x is fix$ 9 ! jaw1 no "t ought to be lo/ 9 its removal4 ,! op]ation may occupy "s "t1 & %\ld be conduct$ ) prop] caution if ! horse be "y2 & ,i h by me a mol> tak5 f ! jaw ( a colt t 0 ris+ f\r1 9 :i* ! cru/a petrosa 0 diseas$4 ,a wood-cut repres5t+ t too?1 is ins]t$ at page #bi2 & ! d>k] spot indicates ! place :]e decay _h comm5c$4 ,dur+ y\? ! fangs ( ! mol>s are ( great l5g?1 consequ5tly1 any viol5ce w\ld be likely to d injury to ! ?9 plates ( ! alveol> cavity4 ,9 old animals ! fangs be+ %ort]1 great] spe$ may be all[able2 b 9 e in/ance :]e ! too? is firm1 judgm5t mu/ be ex]cis$4 ,suppos+ ! horse to be "y1 ! foll[+ me?od w be f\nd to answ]3--,! precise position ( ! too? hav+ be5 asc]ta9$1 & ! animal ca/1 traction1 ) a prop] in/rum5t1 is made 9 ! "r direction4 ,9 ! fir/ attempt ! =ce is n design$ to extract ! too?2 if x c be p]ceptibly mov$ or rais$ upw>d1 s t ! n]ves & art]ies ( ! pulp may be brok5 or ruptur$1 a great po9t has be5 ga9$1 & ! mol> %\ld be no fur!r drawn 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,! in/rum5t %\ld be !n loos5$1 & ano!r hold hav+ be5 tak51 a r5ew$ ef=t %\ld be made1 :5 a little additional way may be ga9$4 ,aft] ?is1 a fur!r hold %\ld be tak51 & ?us adapt+ ! grasp ( ! in/rum5t to ea* pull1 & proce$+ gradually1 ! mol> may be extract$4 ,! op]ator1 h[ev]1 mu/ n1 9 e in/ance1 anticipate t he w be ?us successful4 ,! too? may be p]ceptibly mov$1 b aft] ?is x may resi/ all subsequ5t attempts4 ,! surgeon w become aw>e t only great =ce c\ld accompli% 8 wi%es1 & he w !re=e reflect :e!r ! employm5t ( ! necess>y viol5ce might n fracture ! jaw z well z extract ! too?4 ,some?+ has be5 ga9$ by ruptur+ ! art]ies & n]ves4 ,! pa9 & c\rse ( ! disease has1 9 a degree1 be5 *eck$4 ,! mol> is no long] a "p ( ! body1 b a =eign sub/ance2 & ,nature1 if left alone1 w proce$ 9 h] own way to eject x4 ,! c\rse1 h[ev]1 t ,nature1 if unaid$1 w\ld pursue1 might be too sl[ to prev5t evil consequ5ces4 ,! op]ator1 !re=e1 discont9ues 8 attempts = ! pres5t2 & ?\gh "s fooli% p]sons w ?9k slightly ( him1 = n at once do+ ! ?+ he desir$ to accompli%1 he ord]s ! animal to be let up1 & l$ back into ! /able4 ,_m a proprietor has be5 s displeas$ by ?is1 t he has !reupon s\ght o!r advice2 & ! next op]ator has pleas+ly surpris$ him1 by extract+1 ) ease1 ! too? :i* ! fir/ wisely =bore to wr5* out ( ! jaw4 ,! fact is1 t ! "t :i* int]v5$ _h made a mat]ial *ange2 ! mol> _h become loose1 & he :o prop]ly refus$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to drag x =?1 w\ld n[1 _h he be5 p]mitt$1 h tak5 x out )\t difficulty4 ,inde$ 9 e case :]e ! op]ator is made consci\s ( great opposition f natural causes1 x is bett] to cease all attempts = ! pres5t--to wait = a week or two1 & !n r5ew ! trial2 & ev5 make a ?ird ef=t1 aft] a l pause1 r ?an by unju/ifiable viol5ce haz>d an accid5t1 p]haps m fatal 9 its consequ5ces ?an ! evil :i* x 0 desir$ %\ld be remov$4 ,! c\rse ( ! malady all[s ! surgeon to ex]cise 8 pati5ce1 )\t ef=t2 & ev5 if dang] ?reat5$1 8 pr9ciples tea* him t =ce is nev] ju/ifiable4 ,g5tle1 resolute1 & collect$1 mu/ su* a p]son be at all times3 ! viol5ce he seems to employ is b ! prop] application ( 8 art1 & ! spe$ he appe>s to make is b ! graceful use ( ! "t & means at 8 comm&4 ,(t5 does he to ! ignorant appe> to be idle1 :5 he is only anxi\sly wait+ = ! prop] "t to comm5ce 8 op]ations2 & frequ5tly is he accus$ ( precipitation1 :5 he kn[s t activity alone c cr[n 8 ef=ts ) success4 ,let !re !n be no au?ority ex]cis$ ov] him ^: pa9ful duty x is to deal ) disease4 ,! means at 8 comm& are confess$ly small1 ! end to be accompli%$ is ackn[l$g$ to be great4 ,! lab\r is h>rass+1 ! result is dubi\s1 & any int]f]5ce c b det]iorate f ! success ( ! issue4 ,a wise p]son w !re=e see (t51 obs]ve mu*1 & ?9k long1 be=e he presumes to sugge/ any?+ to a m$ical practition]1 & nev] w a comm& issue f 8 m\?4 ,all1 h[ev]1 )9 & ab\t ! /able1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 _! own conceits1 qualifi$ to cure ! horse2 & curi\s are ! sugge/ions obtrusively volunte]$1 & ! judgm5ts pron\nc$ dur+ e op]ation4 ,frequ5tly1 inde$1 is ! animal sacrific$ by ! ignorance ( its anxi\s att5dants1 :o1 9 _! zeal1 w (t51 out ( _! scanty wages1 pur*ase injuri\s no/rums1 not)/&+ a memb] ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,vet]9>y ,surgeons may be 9 regul> att5dance4 ,happily = ! tee?1 no specifics are yet decl>$1 & ! groom is !re=e unwill+ly oblig$ to be idle4 ,! own] %\ld also be passive1 see+ t :i* is ord]$ is adm9i/]$1 & tak+ c>e t no *>ms are employ$4 ,:5 ! too? t 0 c>i\s is 9 ! e>ly /age extract$1 ! animal is by a little con/itutional treatm5t1 aft]w>ds quickly re/or$1 b f "t to "t w require att5tion2 = ! tee? t h once be5 op]at$ on1 w1 at int]vals1 ev] aft] dur+ ! life ( ! horse1 ne$ ! h& ( ! surgeon4 ,if c>ies1 h[ev]1 is neglect$1 & proce$s to ! la/ /age1 cure is all b hopeless4 ,dur+ ! dea? ( a too?1 ! symptoms are cont9u\s4 ,9 c>ies1 !re are int]missions1 seasons ( unc]ta9 duration1 dur+ :i* ! horse appe>s to be free f suff]+2 b ! effects1 if n s rapid 9 _! developm5t1 are m frequ5tly fatal 9 _! t]m9ation4 ,:5 a too? has lo/ its vitality1 x becomes a =eign body1 :i* ,nature1 9 "t1 w ca/ out4 ,! ret5tion irritates ! surr\nd+ /ructures1 b ! irritation may 9 "p be reg>d$ z a re/orative process4 ,:5 c>ies takes place1 a portion only dies1 b t portion has all ! injuri\s effect :i* c\ld be attribut$ to ! =m] case1 & ev5 m1 = ! rema9+ vitality 9 ! unaffect$ "p ( ! too?1 prev5ts ,nature f resort+ to t process by :i* %e w\ld o!rwise ca/ (f ! dead matt]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 a =eign sub/ance is reta9$ = a long] p]iod1 & at ! same "t disease is progress+4 ,"h1 !re=e1 is an additional cause at "w1 & h5ce ! excess ( effect4 ,! art]ies :i* n\ri% ! pulp1 & ! cru/a petrosa1 proce$ f ! vessels :i* nurture ! bone1 & supply ! muc\s membrane ( ! s9uses ) ! means ( secretion4 ,! same1 likewise1 may be /at$ ( ! n]ves go+ to ! too?1 & ?\gh ?r\gh ^! la/ ! con/itution is affect$1 x is ma9ly ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! blood vessels1 t ! s9uses become diseas$4 ,h5ce ! necessity = decision1 & ! ne$ ( judgm5t1 9 ! application ( ! rem$y4 ,to en=ce ! =ego+ rem>ks1 & convey to ! read] a slight idea ( ! consequ5ces :i* ensue f a c>i\s too?1 ! accompany+ wood-cut is introduc$4 ,! specim5 select$ = illu/ration1 does n exhibit a r>e or extraord9>y pro( ( ! results ( ?is species ( disease4 ,illu/ration ,! head ( a horse has be5 divid$ bel[ ! orbits1 & a back view ( ! facial portion is "h %[n1 ! spectator be+ suppos$ to look into ! cavities1 :i* h be5 !reby expos$4 a indicates ! mol> tee? on t side :i* 0 n ! seat ( disease1 & !y are ( ! natural l5g? & obliquity4 b d5otes ! tee? on t side :]e ! disease 0 seat$1 & %[s !m to be n only unusually slant+ on _! gr9d+ surfaces or tables1 b also ( consid]able l5g?4 ,x 0 ! la/ too? on ?is side :i* 0 c>i\s1 & ! %ape ( ! mol>s has be5 occasion$ by ! animal dur+ its life1 be+ unable1 because ( pa91 to freely use ^! organs 9 *ew+ its food4 ,! ef=t to avoid any /ress ^u ! diseas$ too?1 has caus$ ^? on ! same side to suff] only p>tial attrition2 h5ce !y h become long & slant+1 pres5t+ %>p po9t$ edges1 :i* lac]at$ ! l9+ membrane ( ! m\?4 ,! incisors1 a di/ant view ( :i* is giv51 likewise display ! consequ5ce ( ! animal's mode ( fe$+4 ,turn+ f ! tee? to ! expos$ cavities above !m1 x w be se5 t ^! are n symmetrical1 or ( equal dim5sions1 :i* 9 ! head ( a heal?y subject1 !y und\bt$ly ought to be4 ,^? on ! diseas$ side are n only ! l>ge/1 b diff]5tly =m$4 ,! alt]ation has result$ f ! inflammation & accumulation ( pus )9 !m4 ,some?+ besides pus1 h[ev]1 has be5 ?r[n out4 e repres5ts ! heal?y maxill>y s9us z an empty space3 d is ! l "p1 b x is "h fill$ by a f9e cellul> /ructure compos$ ( bone1 :i* has be5 produc$ by ! action ( disease4 ,! plates :i* =m ! cells are delicately ?91 & beautifully arrang$3 ! little cavities 7 once full ( a ?ick & sangu9e\s matt]1 & ! l>g] spaces above !m conta9$ a v fetid b almo/ solid sub/ance1 :i* 0 pus1 t1 by be+ p5t up1 _h become ( a *eesy consi/5cy4 c indicates ! nasal division1 or c>tilag9\s wall1 :i* sep>ates ! two *amb]s ( ! nose4 ,z w be obs]v$1 x has be5 =c$ on "o side by ! enl>gem5t ( ! affect$ p>ts4 #fj4 ,! ag5ts :i* are likely to injure ! tee?1 h be51 p]haps1 too little reg>d$1 especially :5 ! importance ( ^! organs to ! horse is consid]$4 ,"s grooms1 to increase ! appetites ( ! animals "u _! c>e1 spr9kle vitriol1 or sulphuric acid ^u ! food2 & ! horse w ultimately become fond ( ?is k9d ( season+ to 8 corn4 ,"s vet]9>y surgeons1 ev5 ( high /&+1 w adm9i/] mon/r\s doses ( ! sulphates 9 solution2 & o!rs w m+le1 = a l5g!n$ p]iod1 l>ge quantities ( ! acids 9 ! animal's wat]4 ,no suspicion seems hi!rto to h be5 ent]ta9$ ( ! ill effects likely to ensue ^u a mode ( treatm5t1 :i* is (t5 prolong$ = mon?s4 ,! human physician1 h[ev]1 has rem>k$1 t mo/ acids h a t5d5cy to affect ! tee?1 & t sulphuric acid1 :e!r 9 ! dilut$ /ate1 or 9 comb9ation ) sub/ances ( l[ aff9ity1 is p>ticul>ly de/ructive 9 ?is respect4 ,! pati5t :o n[ takes ! soluble prep>ations ( iron1 is provid$ ) an in/rum5t to convey ! liquid into ! ph>ynx1 & prev5t any portion ( x f com+ 9 contact ) ! tee?4 ,^? :o swall[ su* a =m ( m$ic9e1 )\t employ+ ! tube1 soon exhibit ! consequ5ce 9 ! g5]al discol\rization & decay ( ! m\?4 ,! man1 h[ev]1 gulps 8 physic1 & c r9se out 8 m\? if ! ta/e be reta9$2 ! horse1 :5 x takes a dr5*1 holds ! liquid = a consid]able "t be=e x swall[s1 & ! adm9i/ration ( ! fluid is n v quickly accompli%$4 ,n[1 9 proportion to ! duration ( contact w\ld be ! effect2 & if ! ha/y deglutition ( ! "o be+ _c save ! tee? f ! ravage ( ! sulphate1 is ! prolong$ ret5tion ( ! sub/ance likely to be )\t effect ^u ! same organs 9 ! o!r8 ,! horse1 h[ev]1 takes ! sulphates ( a /r5g? :i* ! human be+ w\ld n survive--:]e ! "o = a dose swall[s a gra91 ! o!r may imbibe a dra*m4 ,! consequ5ces mu/ be> "s proportion to ! quantity1 nor w ! composition ( ! horse's too? all[ u to suppose t x is less affect$ by *emical ag5ts4 ,! enamel ( ! horse is m spe$ily act$ ^u ?an t ( any o!r animal ,i am acqua9t$ )2 & ! sub/ance be+ unorganiz$1 ! results obta9$ by exp]im5ts tri$ on x :5 remov$ f ! body1 are z conclusive z any effects produc$ dur+ ! life ( ! animal4 ,! sulphates are pot5t & valuable m$ic9es2 ! ,vet]9>y ,ph>macopoeia c\ld n af=d to disc>d !m2 b !y c be adm9i/]$ 9 sub/ance1 & %\ld ) caution be exhibit$ 9 a liquid =m4 ,i am positive :5 promulgat+ ?is op9ion1 & nev]!less ,i h no in/ance ( _! injuri\s effects to adduce4 ,i h n be5 able to trace c>ies 9 ! horse to ! use ( ! sulphates or ( acids1 b ! m9d (t5 recognises :at ! s5ses fail to p]ceive2 & ! fact is s cle> to reason1 t x is n disprov$1 because x hi!rto has n be5 r5d]$ pla9 to ! vision4 ,nei!r does x invalidate my conclusion to adduce in/ances :]e ! horse _h be5 obs]v$ to exhibit no affection subsequ5t to ! use ( ^! m$ic9es4 ,! negative c e/abli% no?+4 ,! cause has n be5 suspect$1 & ! effect1 ( c\rse1 has n yet be5 obs]v$2 b we abuse our reason1 if we refuse to li/5 to its tea*+s4 ,i am n likely to h met ) ! pro( x may be desirable ,i %\ld adduce2 = p]ceiv+ ! evil ,i e>ly =bore1 to r5d] possible any evid5ce ( its t5d5cy 9 my own practice4 ,h]e9 lies my excuse2 & ?\gh x may n be satisfactory to all1 ! argum5ts ,i h advanc$1 ,i ?9k1 mu/ be pla9 to ev]ybody4 ,! sulphates1 9 sub/ance1 are z efficaci\s z :5 giv5 9 solution2 & if s l>ge doses _c be adm9i/]$ 9 ! =m] mann]1 ! necessity = su* prodigi\s quantities has nev] be5 demon/rat$4 ,let x1 !re=e1 only be admitt$1 t !re is room = suspicion1 & p]sev]ance 9 ! old practice is no long] ju/ifiable4 ,! numb] ( horses t exhibit diseas$ tee?1 tea*es u to look = "s cause4 ,i _c attribute e case to d]angem5t ( ! dige/ive organs1 or to idiosyncracy4 ,! latt] t]m r avoids ! "q ?an elucidates x2 & ! =m] effect is z likely to be produc$ by imp]fect ma/ication1 consequ5t ^u *emical injury to ! tee?1 z to be ! prim>y cause ( ! disease ( ! ma/icatory organs4 #fa4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ 9 connexion ) ! tee? ( ! horse are n v num]\s4 ,! gum lancet1 %ap$ l t us$ by ! human surgeon1 & employ$ aft] ! same mann]1 is seldom requir$1 save = ! tu%es1 :5 any knife w be f\nd equally if n ev5 m conv5i5t4 ,! rasp or file1 = x is ei!r1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! surgeon1 ?\gh mo/ commonly ! =m]1 consi/s ( ! necess>y "p t gives ! "n to ! in/rum5t atta*$ to a long lev]1 :i* is ins]t$ into a h&le4 ,its employm5t is r labori\s ?an difficult1 & dem&s m endurance ?an skill on ! "p ( ! practition]4 ,sev]al ( diff]5t degrees ( co>s5ess %\ld be us$1 & dur+ ! op]ation1 a pail ( wat] ought to be at h&1 s t ! r\gh5$ surface may be con/antly wa%$ & moi/5$1 to increase its cutt+ p[]1 & prev5t x becom+ clogg$4 ,! rasp1 h[ev]1 ?\gh fitt$ to r$uce any slight inequality1 or take d[n ! %>p edges ( ! tee?1 is n suffici5tly op]ative to level ! long projections t are (t5 f\nd 9 ! horse's m\?4 ,= t purpose a gu>d$ *isel has be5 employ$2 b ! bl[ ( ! hamm] or mallet v (t5 fractures ! alveol> cavities1 & ! cutt+ edge1 despite ! gu>d1 g5]ally w\nds ! m\?4 ,! rasp may be t$i\s1 b ! *isel is dang]\s2 & nei!r "o or ! o!r are prop] = ! purpose1 ?\gh till lately1 ^! rude tools 7 ! only d5tal in/rum5ts ! vet]9>y surgeon c\ld boa/ (4 ,a want ( "s m surgical & appropriate means ( %ort5+ ! project+ mol>s has long be5 s]i\sly felt2 & t want ! +5uity ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,g[+1 ! e/eem$ practition] ( ,camd5 ,t[n1 to ^: inv5tive g5ius ! memb]s ( ! vet]9>y pr(ession are s l>gely indebt$1 has at l5g? suppli$4 ,! in/rum5ts he has con/ruct$ h two gr& recomm5dations3 !y are equally simple & effective4 ,see+ h[ little complexity !y exhibit1 x seems /range t no "o %\ld h previ\sly ?\ght ( !m2 b ! same ?+ is g5]ally said ( e inv5tion ( real utility4 ,! only difficulty 9 ^! matt]s is to cat* ! idea1 & ?is ,mr4 ,g[+ has mo/ happily accompli%$4 ,he has produc$ a complete set ( vet]9>y d5tal in/rum5ts2 disc>d+ all ( ^? :i* h hi!rto be5 employ$1 ) ! exception ( ! m\? rasp1 :i* he leaves unt\*$4 ,in/ead ( ! old too? key :i* 0 s =midable to look at1 b s difficult & (t5 impossible to use1 he employs a pair ( =ceps1 ( :i* ! foll[+ wood-cut w give ! read] "s idea4 ,illu/ration ,!y are ab\t tw5ty-two in*es long1 9 ord] t !y may be appli$1 if requir$1 to ! mo/ backw>d ( ! gr9d]s1 & ( su* sub/ance1 z r5d]s impossible any spr+y action :i* might cause ! bite to be lo/ :5 ! =ce 0 appli$4 ,z w be imag9$1 =ceps ( su* dim5sions are n to be us$ by ! unassi/$ h&4 ,! read]1 by look+ at ! end ( ! h&les1 w obs]ve t "o is comp>atively l>ge3 ! small] ( ! two conta9s )9 x a female screw1 & ! o!r is only a pla9 eye4 ,to act on ^!1 a cross h&le or lev] is add$1 & ( ?is ! foll[+ is an outl9e4 ,illu/ration ,?is1 z is %[n 9 ! wood-cut1 consi/s ( two pieces1 ! small] ( :i* works freely 9 a hole made = its reception1 & be+ curv$ at "o end1 c be ei!r ext5d$ 9 ! mann] repres5t$ above1 or laid close to ! lev] 9 ! way depict$ 9 ! next view ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x is :at is te*nically call$ a tommy1 & its use is to ga9 dispat* & p[] 9 ! employm5t ( ! =ceps4 ,! ma9 "p consi/s ( a rod ( /eel1 hav+ 9 ! c5tre a screw1 :i* at ! end t[>ds ! tommy exhibits an enl>gem5t or %\ld]4 ,su* are ! v>i\s p>ts1 & :5 us+ !m1 ! op]ator hav+ fix$ ! claws ( ! =ceps ^u ! too? he wi%es to extract1 gives ! =ceps to an assi/ant1 :om he ord]s to hold !m firmly 9 _! situation4 ,he !n takes ! h&le1 & introduc+ x ?r\gh ! op5 eye ) ! tommy z rapidly z possible1 w9ds x r\nd until he feels ! grasp is secure4 ,any am\nt ( p[] c be ?us obta9$2 = z ! screw ?reads ?r\gh "o h&le1 ! %\ld] presses aga9/ ! o!r1 & ?us =c+ ! claws toge!r1 fixes !m ^u ! sub/ance :i* may be plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! op]ator closes or folds up ! free lev]1 & us+ bo? h&s1 has at 8 comm& a p[] :i* w n necessitate employm5t ( 8 utmo/ /r5g?4 ,illu/ration ,! above wood-cut depicts ! =ceps z !y appe> :5 put toge!r2 & to r5d] _! mode ( action m cle>1 a body indicative ( ! situation :i* ! too? w\ld occupy1 has be5 introduc$4 ,! advantages :i* ^! =ceps h ov] ! too?-key 9 common use1 are s obvi\s1 t ! read] w n require !y %\ld be po9t$ out4 ,! b5efits :i* ?is in/rum5t conf]s1 are inde$ great2 nei!r c x be suppos$ t ! pr9ciple c be *ang$1 or its adaptation improv$ ^u4 ,= its purpose1 ! ?+ appe>s p]fect2 & ,i c speak confid5tly z to ! admirable mann] 9 :i* x acts4 ,"o caution1 h[ev]1 may n be unnecess>y4 ,all surgical in/rum5ts are capable ( be+ abus$1 & 9 exact proportion to _! utility is _! liability to abuse4 ,) ,mr4 ,g[+'s =ceps a horse's jaw c\ld be easily brok51 or he :o did n "k ! p[] ( ! screw1 w\ld1 if he kept on w9d+ ! h&le1 cru% ! too? x 0 8 int5tion to secure4 ,s mu* /r5g? is ga9$ t ! judgm5t mu/ be employ$ to regulate x4 ,huge z ! in/rum5t looks1 x requires delicacy 9 ! h& :i* uses x4 ,) su* a tool at 8 comm&1 a *ild is 9 p[] equal to a giant2 & ! man !re=e mu/ ex]cise 8 m9d r ?an /ra9 8 muscles1 :5 he has to op]ate ) x4 ,9 cauti\s h&s x gives e facility t c\ld be desir$1 & is bo? m c]ta9 9 its action1 & m exp$iti\s 9 its results ?an any?+ ( ! k9d :i* we at pres5t possess1 besides hav+ ! fur!r advantage ( n requir+ ^? adju/m5ts & unsatisfactory *anges :i* ! common in/rum5ts necessitate to be made4 ,= extraction1 no?+ beyond ^! =ceps is want$3 !y answ] e purpose2 b ! vet]9>y surgeon is less frequ5tly call$ ^u to extract1 ?an to %ort5 ! horse's tee?4 ,to ?is subject ,mr4 ,g[+ has likewise giv5 8 att5tion1 & x is pleasant to /ate he has equally succe$$4 ,! ord9>y *isel 0 alike ineffici5t & dang]\s4 ,! gu>d 0 n suffici5t to prev5t ! edge f s]i\sly w\nd+ ! m\?1 & ! *isel c\ld remove b a small portion at a "t4 ,! %ock1 moreov]1 0 su/a9$ by ! too? itself1 :i*1 transf]r+ ! =ce to ! alveol> cavity1 0 too (t5 ! cause ( fracture4 ,:5 cauti\sly conduct$1 ! op]ation 0 t$i\s1 & ! /ruggles ( ! horse 7 n devoid ( dang]4 ,we 7 possess$ ( no?+ :i*1 at a s+le bl[1 c\ld remove ! entire bulk ( a project+ too?4 ,to supply ?is desid]atum 0 ,mr4 ,g[+'s object1 & ! annex$ wood-cut w1 at a glance1 conv9ce ! read] t ! requirem5t has be5 satisfactorily compli$ )4 ,illu/ration ,a long cyl9drical tube1 ( suffici5t /\tness to af=d ! requisite /r5g?1 =ms ! h&le ( ?is in/rum5t1 & be+ holl[1 p]mits a *isel to "w freely )9 x4 ,inde$ ! *isel w\ld "w too freely if "s means 7 n employ$ to /eady x1 !re=e a l>ge bulb1 :i* is fill$ ) pack+ & con/itutes a /uff+ box1 is fix$ at "o end1 & by press+ aga9/ ! %aft ( ! *isel prev5ts x f be+ too readily displac$2 ?\gh at ! same "t x all[s ( ! cutt+ ag5t be+ propell$1 ) all ! =ce t c\ld be desir$4 ,! bulb likewise s]ves ano!r purpose1 z x gives ! op]ator a firm grasp1 & prev5ts ! dang] ( ! hold be+ lo/ :5 ! in/rum5t is /ruck4 ,at ! opposite end ( ! h&le !re is a frame1 ! fur!r "p or base ( :i* is %>p ^u ! inn] side2 )9 ?is frame ! *isel plays1 & by x !re=e is securely gu>d$4 ,:5 ! in/rum5t is us$1 ! *isel is drawn back to ab\t ! ext5t repres5t$ 9 ! =ego+ wood-cut1 & into ! space ?us creat$ is introduc$ ! project+ too?1 :i* consequ5tly is encircl$ on e side1 & bo? be=e & beh9d is betwe5 two cutt+ edges4 ,! op]ator !n firmly grasps ! h&le1 & applies to x su* =ce z he calculates w be suffici5t to c\nt]act ! effect ( t bl[ :i* he is ab\t to deliv]4 ,) a hamm] ( adequate weight he n[ /rikes ! head ( ! *isel1 & ! too? flies (f4 ,! op]ation is in/antane\s1 & s f> x is an advantage2 b beyond ?is is ! safety :i* accompanies x4 ,! s(t] p>ts _c be w\nd$1 = ! action is /rictly circumscrib$ 9 e direction1 b ! ma9 pr9ciple ( ! inv5tion rema9s to be po9t$ out4 ,h[ev] great may be ! =ce employ$1 no s5sible j> is communicat$ to ! jaw4 ,! writ] has held betwe5 8 f+]s a too? :i* has be5 divid$ ) ?is in/rum5t at a s+le bl[1 & ! %ock 0 s trivial z to be unwor?y ( any notice4 ,! concussion is receiv$ ^u ! gu>d re/+ aga9/ ! h9d "p ( ! too?1 & beyond t annoyance :i* ! accompany+ s\nd may excite1 ! horse suff]s no inconv5i5ce4 ,fracture ( ! alveol> processes is r5d]$ impossible1 & ! ease ) :i* ! in/rum5t is appli$1 consid]ably enhances its value4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ( s]vice only :5 ! too? 0 l>ge1 & ! entire body project$ above ! level ( ! o!r mol>s4 ,x is n unfrequ5t = portions ( ! gr9d]s1 worn into v>i\s angles1 to pres5t !mselves1 & to occasion v s]i\s effects ^u ! heal? ( ! horse4 ,to remove ^! is ( no less importance ?an to cut (f ! m regul> & l>g] sub/ance2 & ,mr4 ,g[+ has produc$ in/rum5ts capable ( fulfill+ ^! int5tions4 ,9 ! fir/ place he has improv$ ^u ! old gu>d$ *isel1 conc]n+ ! dang] & ineffici5cy ( :i*1 rem>ks h be5 already made4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! old tool ! cutt+ surface 0 small1 be+ r>ely m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* broad1 & ! blunt sides af=d$ r a %[ ( protection ?an any positive security4 ,mr4 ,g[+ has increas$ ! bread? ne$$ to make ! *isel useful1 & he has also add$ two fall+ sides1 t1 dropp+ ov] ! lat]al surfaces ( ! mol>s1 guide ! in/rum5t1 :i* works z 9 a groove4 ,m /ead9ess is ?us obta9$1 & ! op]ator1 consequ5tly1 c act ) decision4 ,! new *isel1 h[ev]1 is n int5d$ to be us$ alone2 if s+ly employ$1 x might d "s damage1 & fracture almo/ z readily be induc$ z =m]ly4 ,to prev5t su* an accid5t o!r aids 7 imp]ative1 & p]ceiv+ ?is1 ! in/rum5t1 :i* ! foll[+ wood-cut repres5ts1 0 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,g[+4 ,illu/ration ,x is c>v$1 s z to be suit$ to ! %ape ( ! horse's m\?1 & at "o end has a h&le1 :ile at ! o!r is a cutt+ edge1 betwe5 two circul> gu>ds1 :i* prev5t any injury be+ done to ! s(t] p>ts4 ,:5 a %elv+ projection ( too? is to be remov$1 ?is in/rum5t is introduc$ into ! m\?1 & ! %>p edge is lodg$ aga9/ ! back ( ! too?1 :5 x is giv5 to an assi/ant to hold1 :ile ! op]ator1 tak+ ! *isel1 proce$s to employ x 9 ! way be=e m5tion$4 ,! object "h is two-fold4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! *isel is re/ra9$ or prev5t$ f be+ urg$ aga9/ ! po/]ior ( ! m\? by ! /roke ( ! hamm]2 & 9 ! next place1 ! concussion is receiv$ ^u ! in/rum5t1 & tak5 f ! jaw4 ,sometimes :5 a too? is loose1 b n ei!r ( suffici5t size1 or fitt+ %ape1 = ! application ( ! =ceps1 ! %>p edge c be got to a c]ta9 degree beh9d1 & "u x1 :5 by a wr5*+ action x c be ei!r elevat$ or =c$ out4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 cases 9 :i* none ( ! in/rum5ts hi!rto describ$ answ] s well z might be wi%$4 ,frequ5tly little pieces or %>p corn]s ( tee? project1 & to remove ^!1 dem&s m v>iety ( position on ! "p ( ! op]ator1 ?an ! previ\s in/rum5ts w admit (4 ,to meet ?is difficulty1 ,mr4 ,g[+1 :o to ! surg]y ( ! tee? has devot$ m /udy ?an any p]son has hi!rto be/[$ ^u ! subject1 inv5t$ ! in/rum5t repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ wood-cut4 ,illu/ration ,9 pr9ciple x is simil> to ! "o :i* prec$$ x1 b ! h&le be+ at ! side in/ead ( above1 x c be adapt$ to ^? irregul>ities :i* ! =m] w\ld n readily cat*4 ,! op]ator c move x ab\t at 8 pleasure1 & :]e nicety is requir$1 he c1 ) x1 take (f p>ticles1 su* z ! previ\s in/rum5ts w\ld n enable him to t\*4 ,x consi/s ( a cutt+ edge1 gu>d$ on "o side by ! h&le1 & on ! o!r by a r\nd$ projection4 ,9 ! mann] ( its application1 x is simil> to ! la/1 & l t is held by an assi/ant :5 us$ 9 op]ation4 ,= _m po9ts ?is is ( mu* s]vice1 b 9 ord] to be prep>$ = e difficulty1 a pair ( !m suit$ to ! opposite sides are requir$4 ,possess$ ( ^! ! vet]9>y surgeon has1 = ! fir/ "t1 :at may be reg>d$ z a complete set ( d5tal in/rum5ts1 ) :i* he c op]ate1 ) ease to himself1 & )\t haz>d to 8 pati5t4 ,! m\? rasp is all t he requires1 9 addition to :at has be5 depict$2 & ?us arm$1 he c ov]come ob/acles :i* once bid defiance to 8 skill4 ,,f9is4 ,g4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,wilson1 ,pr9t]s1 ,george ,c\rt1 ,piccadilly4 ,,=es',s ,,sport+ ,,engrav+s1 ,,accurately ,,col\r$ ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,pictures4 ,,=es',s ,,national ,,sports4 ,,fox ,,hunt+4 ,f ! ,orig9al ,pictures by ,,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,h]r+1 ,s54 ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,f\r ,,admirably ,,col\r$ ,,engrav+s4 ,price to ,subscrib]s1 #aj #ajs4--,size1 ) m>g9 = ,fram+1 #de in*es long by #bf high4 ,! ,set comprises-- ,plate ,i4--,,! ,,meet4 ,delightful sc5e6 ,:]e all ar\nd is gay--m51 horses1 dogs1 ,& 9 ea* smil+ c\nt5ance appe>s ,fre% bloom+ heal? & univ]sal joy4 ,!n to ! copse1 ,?ick ) entangl+ grass or prickly furze1 ,) sil5ce lead ?y _m-col\r$ h\nds ,9 all _! beauty's pride4--,,som]vile4 ,plate ,,ii4--,,! ,,f9d4 ,h>k6 :at l\d %\ts ,re-e*o ?ro' ! groves3 he breaks away2 ,%rill horns proclaim 8 flight2 ea* /raggl+ h\nd ,/ra9s o'er ! lawn to rea* ! di/ant pack4 ',tis triumph all & joy4 ,h>k6 on ! drag ,i he> ,_! d\btful notes prelud+ to a cry2 ,m nobly full1 & swell'd ) e m\?4--,,som]vile4 ,plate ,,iii4--,,! ,,run4 ,! rid]s b5d ,o'er _! ar*'d necks2 ) /eady h&s1 by turns ,indulge _! spe$1 or mod]ate _! rage4 ,happy ! man :o ) unrivall'd spe$ ,c pass 8 fell[s1 & ) pleasure view ,! /ruggl+ pack4--,,som]vile4 ,plate ,,iv4--,,! ,,kill4 ,! pack inquisitive1 ) clam\r l\d1 ,drag out _! trembl+ prize2 & on 8 blood ,) gre$y transport fea/4 ,a *os5 few ,alone ! sport enjoy1 nor droop b5ea? ,_! pleas+ toils4--,,som]vile4 ,correspond+ 9 ,size & ,/yle ) ,,=es',s ,,national ,,sports-- ,plate ,i4--,! ,,/>t ,,= ,,! ,,d]by4 ,plate ,,ii4--,,/eeple-,,*ase ,,cracks4 ,price #c #cs4 #j;d4 ea*4 ,col\r$ 9 close imitation ( ! ,orig9al ,pictures by ,,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,h]r+1 ,,s54 ,,london3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,=es1 #da1 ,,piccadilly1 7,,corn] ,,( ,,sackville ,,/reet47 ,,=es',s ,,hunt+ ,,sc5es1 ,price #abs4 ea*1 ,col\r$1 f ,pictures by ,h4 ,,alk54 ,plate #a4 ,! ,fir/ introduction to ,h\nds4 ,a /r+ ( "y horses1 cross$ by a pack ( h\nds 9 full cry1 put on _! mettle = ! *ase1 prov+ ,:at's br$ 9 ! bone w %[ 9 ! fle%4 ,plate #b4 ,r5ewal ( ,acqua9tance ) ,h\nds4 ,! "y bloods repres5t$ 9 ,plate #a41 hav+ _h _! day1 n[ =m a team1 & be+ br\ght out = ! *ange1 are />tl$ by ! well-kn[n music ( h\nds giv+ tongue1 & da% aft] !m 9 true hunt+ /yle1 z !y 7 wont to d4 ,,=es',s ,,hunt+ ,,accompli%m5ts1 ,,indisp5sable ,,) ,,h\nds4 ,six ,plates1 price #a #es41 ,col\r$1 f ,orig9al ,draw+s by ,h4 ,,alk54 #a4 ,,go+ ,,along ,a ,,slapp+ ,,pace4 #b4 ,,topp+ ,a ,,flight ,,( ,,rails1 ,,& ,,com+ ,,well ,,into ,,! ,,next ,,field4 #c4 ,,swi%+ ,a ,,rasp]4 #d4 ,,9 ,,& ,,out ,,clev]4 #e4 ,,*>g+ ,,an ,,ox ,,f5ce4 #f4 ,,fac+ ,a ,,brook4 ,,=es',s ,,hunt+ ,,casualties1 ,,t ,,may ,,occur ,,) ,,h\nds4 ,six ,plates1 price #a #es41 ,col\r$1 f ,orig9al ,draw+s by ,h4 ,,alk54 #a4 ,a ,,turn ,,( ,,spe$ ,,ov] ,,! ,,flat4 ,! result ( be+ broke 9 a graz+ c\ntry4 #b4 ,a ,,/range ,,c\ntry4 ,only give him 8 head1 & he'll br+ y 9 at ! dea?4 #c4 ,,despat*$ ,,to ,,head ,,qu>t]s4 ,tak+ x ) a ,milit>y ,seat4 #d4 ,,up ,,to ,,sixte5 ,,/one4 ,ma/] ( my weight1 b w\ld r my weight 0 ma/] ( him4 #e4 ,a ,,r>e ,,sort ,,= ,,! ,,d[ns4 ,!y told me he'd leave ev]y?+ beh9d him4 #f4 ,a ,,mutual ,,det]m9ation4 ,if he goes on at ?is rate ,i'm afraid ,i mu/ "p ) him4 ,,left ,,at ,,home1 ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,picture ,,by ,,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,davis4 ,,pro(s 444 #b #b #j ,,pr9ts1 ,,col\r$ #a #aa #f ,repres5ts a f9e /amp ( ,hunt]1 & ,h\nds ( p]fect =m1 excit$ by ! s\nd ( ! huntsman's horn4--,a subject full ( life1 & possess+ inexpressible *>ms = ! eye ( a sportsman4 ,price #es41 po/ free1 #es4 #f;d4 ,=es's ,hunt+ ,di>y1 ,to record ! sport ( ! season ) ,fox ,h\nds1 ,/ag ,h\nds1 & ,h>ri]s4 ,col\r$1 price #ajs41 ,=es's ,hunt+ ,rack1 ,a ,receptacle = ! ,appo9tm5t ,c>ds4 ,appo9tm5t ,c>ds = ,ditto1 #es4 ,arrang$ = ! ,meets ( ,?ree ,packs4 ,pocket ,hunt+ ,maps1 price #cs4 #f;d4 & #es4 ea*4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,=es1 #da1 ,,piccadilly1 7,,corn] ,,( ,,sackville ,,/reet47 ,,=es',s ,,contra/s1 ,,f ,,orig9al ,,pictures ,,by ,,mr4 ,h4 ,,alk54 ,price #ajs4 ea* ,plate1 ,col\r$1 ,illu/rative ( ! ,road1 ! ,rail1 c4 ,i4--,,! ,,driv] 7,coa*man7 ( #ahcb--,,! ,,driv] 7,eng9e]7 ( #aheb4 ,,ii4--,,! ,,gu>d 7,coa*7 ( #ahcb--,,! ,,gu>d 7locomotive7 ( #aheb4 ,,iii4--,,! ,,driv] ( ! ,,mail ( #ahcb--,,! ,,driv] ( ! ,,mail ( #aheb4 ,,iv4--,,/4 ,,george',s--,,/4 ,,giles',s4 ,,=es',s ,,s]ies ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,/ud4 ,,portraits ,,( ,,celebrat$ ,,/allions ,,& ,,m>es ,^: ,p]=mances & ,produce are well kn[n on ! ,turf1 ,price #a #as4 ea*1 col\r$1 f ! ,orig9al ,pictures by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,h]r+1 s54 #a4 ,sir ,h]cules & ,beesw+4 #b4 ,t\*/one & ,emma4 #c4 ,pantaloon & ,langui%4 #d4 ,camel & ,bant]4 #e4 ,muley ,molo* & ,rebecca4 #f4 ,lan]co/ & ,crucifix4 #g4 ,bay ,middleton & ,b>belle4 7,! ,sire & ,dam ( ,,! ,,fly+ ,,dut*man47 ,,=es',s ,,rac+ ,,sc5es4 ,price #bas4 ea*1 col\r$1 f ,pictures pa9t$ expressly by ,,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,h]r+1 s54 ,plate #a4 ,,ascot4 ,,! ,,emp]or1 ,,faugh ,a ,,ballagh1 & ,,alice ,,haw?orn1 ,,runn+ ,,= ,,! ,,emp]or',s ,,plate1 ,,value #ejj ,,sovs4 ,plate #b4 ,,york4 ,,! ,,fly+ ,,dut*man ,,& ,,voltigeur ,,runn+ ,,! ,,great ,,mat* ,,= #ajjj ,,sovs4 ,a ,,side4 ,,=es',s ,,celebrat$ ,,w9n]s4 ,price #bas4 ea*1 col\r$1 f ,pictures by ,,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,h]r+1 s541 & o!rs4 #a4 ,,! ,,h]o1 ,,) ,,john ,,day1 ,,s541 ,,& ,,alfr$ ,,day4 #b4 ,,! ,,fly+ ,,dut*man1 ,,) ,j4 ,,fob]t ,,& ,c4 ,,m>l[4 #c4 ,,t$d+ton1 ,,) ,a4 ,,taylor ,,& ,,job ,,m>son4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,=es1 #da1 ,,piccadilly1 7,,corn] ,,( ,,sackville ,,/reet74 ,,=es',s ,,/able ,,sc5es4 ,,engrav$ ,,f ,,pa9t+s ,,by ,,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,h]r+1 ,,s54 ,price #d #ds4 ! set ( ,f\r1 highly col\r$4 #a4 ,,! ,,mail ,,*ange4 #b4 ,,! ,,hunt+ ,,/ud4 #c4 ,,?or\gh-,,br$s4 #d4 ,,! ,,team4 ,,=es',s ,,coa*+ ,,recollections4 ,,engrav$ ,,f ,,pa9t+s ,,by ,,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,h5d]son4 ,price #e #es4 ! set ( ,five1 highly col\r$4 #a4 ,,*ang+ ,,horses4 #b4 ,,all ,,"r4 #c4 ,,pull+ ,,up ,,to ,,unskid4 #d4 ,,wak+ ,,up4 #e4 ,,! ,,old5 ,,"t4 ,,=es',s ,,coa*+ ,,incid5ts4 ,,engrav$ ,,f ,,pa9t+s ,,by ,,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,h5d]son3 ,price #d #ajs4 ! set ( ,six1 highly col\r$4 #a4 ,,knee ,,deep4 #b4 ,,/uck ,,fa/4 #c4 ,,flood$4 #d4 ,,! ,,road v4 ,,! ,,rail4 #e4 ,,9 ,,"t ,,= ,,! ,,coa*4 #f4 ,,late ,,= ,,! ,,mail4 ,,=es',s ,,sport+ ,,traps4 ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,pictures ,,by ,,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,h5d]son4 ,price #bas4 ea*1 col\r$1 ,,to ,,range ,,) ,,! ,,/able ,,sc5es ,,& ,,coa*+ ,,recollections4 #a4 ,,go+ ,,to ,,! ,,moors4 #b4 ,,go+ ,,to ,,cov]4 ,,=es',s ,,road ,,sc5es4 ,,go+ ,,to ,a ,,fair4 ,,pa9t$ ,,by ,,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,h5d]son4 ,price #aes4 ea*1 col\r$4 #a4 ,,hunt]s ,,& ,,hacks4 #b4 ,,c>t ,,horses4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,=es1 ,,at ,,_! ,sport+ & ,f9e ,engrav+ ,repository & ,frame ,manufactory1 #da1 ,,piccadilly1 7,,corn] ,,( ,,sackville ,,/reet47 ,=es's ,m>9e ,sket*es4 ,price #ajs4 ea*1 col\r$2 t9t$1 #es4 ea*4 ,! ,cutt] ,ya*t ,,m>ia1 #agj ,tons4 ,! ,s*oon] ,ya*t ,,am]ica1 #ahj ,tons4 ,! ,s*oon] ,ya*t ,,al>m1 #bdh ,tons4 ,! ,cutt] ,ya*t ,,volante1 #di ,tons4 ,! ,emp]or ( ,russia's ,iron ,/eam ,ya*t ,,alex&ria4 ,! ,cutt] ,ya*t ,,cyn?ia1 #ej ,tons4 ,! ,s*oon] ,ya*t ,,nancy ,,dawson1 #afj ,tons4 ,! ,s*oon] ,ya*t ,,wyv]n1 #bje ,tons4 ,a ,pair4 ,! ,s*oon] ,ya*t ,,l$a1 #abj ,tons4 ,a ,pair4 ,,ya*t+--,,sc5e ,,(f ,,c[es1 ,,isle ,,( ,,wight4 ,! ,,royal ,,navy--,! ,,victory ,,salut+ ,,h] ,,maje/y4 ,price #bas4 ea*1 col\r$2 #ajs4 #f;d4 pla94 ,! ,,ke/rel1 ,r4,y4,s4 ,! ,,dolph91 ,r4,t4,y4,c4 ,a ,,collection ,,( ,,m>9e ,,pictures ,,& ,,draw+s ,,by ,,sup]ior ,,arti/s4 ,,=es',s ,,sport+ ,,scraps1 ,price #gs4 p] %eet1 col\r$2 or #bs4 ea* m\nt$ z ,draw+s4 #a4 ,,/eeple*as+4 ,,! ,,/>t4 ,,! ,,wall4 ,,! ,,brook4 ,,! ,,f9i%4 #b4 ,,hunt+4 ,,go+ ,,to ,,! ,,meet4 ,,! ,,meet4 ,,cov] ,,side4 ,,draw+ ,,cov]4 #c4 ,,hunt+4 ,,tally ,,ho6 ,,! ,,bur/4 ,a ,,*eck4 ,,full ,,cry4 #d4 ,,hunt+4 ,,run ,,to ,,e>?4 ,,bolt+ ,,! ,,fox4 ,,:oop4 ,,! ,,return ,,home4 #e4 ,,rac+4 ,,saddl+4 ,,ready ,,= ,a ,,cant]4 ,,! ,,/>t4 ,,! ,,/ruggle4 #f4 ,,c\rs+4 ,,go+ ,,out4 ,,soho6 ,,! ,,c\rse4 ,,! ,,dea?4 #g4 ,,boat+4 ,,f\r-,,o>',d ,,outrigg]4 ,,pair-,,o>',d ,,outrigg]4 ,a ,,funny ,,scull]',s ,,outrigg]4 ,,=es',s ,,/eeple*ase ,,sc5es4 ,six ,plates1 col\r$1 price #b #abs4 #f;d41 f ,orig9al ,draw+s by ,,mr4 ,h4 ,,alk54 #a4 ,,! ,,/>t+ ,,field4 ,a pick$ lot1 possess$ ( judgm5t & confid5ce4 #b4 ,,wattle ,,f5ce ,,) ,a ,,deep ,,drop4 ,skill & n]ve br\ght into play4 #c4 ,,9 ,,& ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,lane4 ,sci5ce & a firm seat put to ! te/4 #d4 ,,! ,,w>r5 ,,wall4 ,a quick eye & /eady h& (t5 save a fall4 #e4 ,,! ,,brook4 ,! pace & pluck cle> x gallantly4 #f4 ,,! ,,run ,,94 ,a good f9i%]1 back$ by luck1 l&s him a w9n]4 ,,=es',s ,,anatomical ,,plates ,,( ,,! ,,horse4 ,price #fs41 m\nt$ on ,clo? to fold up l a ,map1 ,! ,age ,exhibit$ by ! ,%ape ( ! ,tee?4 ,price #es4 ea*1 m\nt$ on ,clo? to fold up l a ,map4 ,! ,age ,exhibit$ by ! ,tables ( ! ,tee?4 ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,foot cle>ly def9$4 ,! ,muscles & ,t5dons accurately del9eat$4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,=es1 #da1 ,,piccadilly1 7,,corn] ,,( ,,sackville ,,/reet47 ,,f9e ,,engrav+s1 ,,publi%$ ,,or ,,9 ,,progress4 ,,! ,,arctic ,,c\ncil4 ,pa9t$ by ,s4 ,,pe>ce1 ,esq4 ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,,scott4 ,arti/s' ,pro(s1 #f #fs42 ,pr9ts1 #b #bs4 ,,!re',s ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,old ,,dog ,,yet4 ,,pa9t$ ,,by ,,sir ,e4 ,,l&se]4 ,,engrav$ ,,by ,h4 ,t4 ,,ryall1 ,,esq4 ,arti/s' ,pro(s1 #ab #abs4 ,pr9ts1 #c #cs4 ,,weigh+ ,,! ,,/ag4 ,pa9t$ by ,f4 ,,tayl]1 ,esq4 ,engrav$ by ,t4 ,l4 ,,atk9son1 ,esq4 ,arti/s' ,pro(s1 #ab #abs4 ,pr9ts #d #ds4 ,,sir ,,ri*>d ,,sutton',s ,,h\nds4 ,pa9t$ by ,f4 ,,grant1 ,esq4 ,engrav$ by ,f4 ,,bromley1 ,esq4 ,pro(s be=e ,lett]s1 #f #fs4 ,pr9ts1 #c #cs4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,run ,,( ,,! ,,season4 ,pa9t$ by ,,sir ,e4 ,,l&se]4 ,engrav$ by ,t4 ,,l&se]1 ,esq4 ,arti/s' ,pro(s1 #h #hs4 ,pr9ts1 #b #bs4 ,,! ,,mon>* ,,( ,,! ,,gl54 ,,pa9t$ ,,by ,,sir ,e4 ,,l&se]4 ,,engrav$ ,,by ,t4 ,,l&se]1 ,,esq4 ,arti/s' ,pro(s1 #aj #ajs4 ,pr9ts1 #c #cs4 ,,napoleon ,,cross+ ,,! ,,alps4 ,,pa9t$ ,,by ,m4 ,,paul ,,del>o*e4 ,,engrav$ ,,by ,m4 ,,francois4 ,arti/s' ,pro(s1 #ab #abs4 ,pr9ts1 #b #abs4 #f;d4 ,,sympa?y4 ,pa9t$ by ,,frank ,,/one1 ,esq4 ,engrav$ by ,t4 ,l4 ,,atk9son1 ,esq4 ,arti/s' ,pro(s1 #d #ds4 ,pr9ts1 #a #as4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,"l ,,william ,,b]es=d4 ,,pa9t$ ,,by ,r4 ,,?orburn1 ,,esq4 ,,engrav$ ,,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,edw>ds1 ,,esq4 ,pro(s1 #b #bs4 ,pr9ts1 #a #as4 ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,cambridge4 ,,pa9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,,cr[ley1 ,esq4 ,,engrav$ ,,by ,t4 ,l4 ,,atk9son1 ,esq4 ,arti/s' ,pro(s1 #e #es4 ,pr9ts1 #a #aas4 #f;d4 ,a ,,dialogue ,,at ,,wat]loo4 ,pa9t$ by ,,sir ,e4 ,,l&se]4 ,engrav$ by ,t4 ,l4 ,,atk9son1 ,esq4 ,arti/s' ,pro(s1 #ae #aes4 ,pr9ts1 #g #gs4 ,,! ,,rubb] ,,at ,,:i/4 ,pa9t$ by ,t4 ,,web/]1 ,esq4 ,engrav$ by ,l4 ,,/ocks1 ,esq4 ,arti/s' ,pro(s1 #h #hs4 ,pr9ts1 #b #bs4 ,,! ,,=e/]',s ,,family4 ,,pa9t$ ,,by ,,sir ,e4 ,,l&se]4 ,,engrav$ ,,by ,t4 ,l4 ,,atk9son1 ,,esq4 ,arti/s' ,pro(s1 #aj #ajs4 ,pr9ts1 #d #ds4 ,,messrs4 ,,=es',s ,,repository ,,( ,,works ,,( ,,art1 #da1 ,,piccadilly 7,corn] ( ,sackville ,/reet7 ,,london4 ,,sport+ ,,& ,,vet]9>y ,,works4 4s4 d4 ,,*amois ,,hunt+ by ,bon] #j #ah #j ,,bre$+ ,,& ,,tra9+ ,,greyh\nds ,/oneh5ge ,,ya*t ,,li/ ,hunt #j #d #j ,,ya*t ,,signals ,ack]s #a #j #j ,,section ,,( ,a ,,l9e ,,( ,,battle ,,%ip #aca ,,guns1 ,,9 ,a ,,case ,pick]+ #a #e #j ,,seaman',s ,,manual ,dana #j #e #j ,,naval ,,ar*itecture ,"l ,r4 ,montagu #j #f #j ,,mr4 ,,sponge',s ,,sport+ ,,t\r #j #ad #j ,,managem5t ,,( ,,h\nds ,scrutator #j #ae #j ,,! ,,life ,,( ,a ,,sportsman ,nimrod #b #b #j ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,john ,,mytton1 ,,esq4 ,ditto #a #e #j ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,hunt]s ,ditto #j #ae #j ,,hunt+ ,,t\rs ,ditto #j #ae #j ,,! ,,*ase1 ,,turf1 ,,& ,,road ,ditto #j #f #j ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,hunt+ ,,field #a #aa #f ,,jorrock',s ,,jaunts ,,& ,,jollities #a #e #j ,,! ,,road/]',s ,,album #a #aa #f ,,hunt+ ,,rem9isc5ces ,wildrake #j #af #j ,,pictorial ,,gall]y ,,( ,,engli% ,,race ,,horses ,geo4 ,tatt]sall #a #aj #j ,,sport+ ,,ar*itecture ,ditto #a #a #j ,,/able ,,talk ,,& ,,table ,,talk1 #b ,,vols ,h>ry ,hieov] #a #d #j ,,! ,,pocket ,,& ,,! ,,/ud ,ditto #j #e #j ,,! ,,/ud ,,= ,,practical ,,purposes ,ditto #j #e #j ,,practical ,,horseman%ip ,ditto #j #e #j ,,! ,,hunt+ ,,field ,ditto #j #e #j ,,! ,,prop] ,,condition ,,= ,,all ,,horses ,ditto #j #e #j ,,sport+ ,,facts ,,& ,,sport+ ,,fancies ,ditto #j #ab #j ,,di>y ,,( ,a ,,huntsman ,t4 ,smi? #j #e #f ,,! ,,life ,,( ,a ,,fox ,ditto #j #c #j ,,! ,,life ,,( ,a ,,fox ,,h\nd ,j4 ,mills #j #aj #f ,,! ,,noble ,,sci5ce ,d4 ,radcliffe #j #ad #j ,,=es',s ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,h\nds ,,( ,,engl& ,gl]t #j #e #j ,,=es',s ,,hunt+ ,,rack #j #aj #j ,,appo9tm5t ,,c>ds ,,= ,,d4 #j #e #j ,,=es',s ,,hunt+ ,,di>y #j #e #j ,,=es',s ,,game ,,book #j #b #f ,,! ,,/ud ,,f>m ,cecil #j #e #j ,,/able ,,practice ,ditto #j #e #j ,,hunt+ ,,atlas ,hobson #d #d #j ,,turf ,,reckon] ,,or ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,odds ,gre5 #j #b #j ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,horse ,,rac+ ,capt4 ,r\s #j #c #f ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,race ,,horse1 #b ,,vols4 ,d>vill #a #aj #j ,,de] ,,/alk+ ,w4 ,scrope #a #j #j ,,salmon ,,fi%+ ,ditto #b #b #j ,,h& ,,book ,,( ,,angl+ ,ephem]a #j #i #j ,,briti% ,,angl]',s ,,manual ,h(l& #a #a #j ,,angl]',s ,,companion ,/odd>t #j #aj #f ,,wild ,,sports ,,( ,,! ,,highl&s ,/4 ,john #j #f #j ,,! ,,bat ,felix #j #ab #j ,,! ,,cricket ,,field #j #e #j ,,dog ,,break+ ,hut*9son #j #g #f ,,! ,,mod]n ,,%oot] ,lacy #a #a #j ,,gamekeep]',s ,,directory ,johnson #j #e #j ,,encyclop,,dia ,,( ,,rural ,,sports ,bla9e #b #aj #j ,,vet]9>y ,,art ,ditto #a #a #j ,,can9e ,,pa?ology ,ditto #j #i #j ,,:ite',s ,,f>ri]y ,spoon] #j #ad #j ,,f>ri]y ,br[n #j #ac #f ,,! ,,horse ,y\att #j #aj #j ,,! ,,dog ,ditto #j #f #j ,,! ,,horse',s ,,m\? ,mayhew #j #aj #f ,,! ,,horse',s ,,foot ,spoon] #j #g #f ,,! ,,horse',s ,,foot ,miles #j #aj #f ,,two ,,ca/s ,,( ,,ditto ,ditto #j #f #j ,,! ,,ages ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,,9 ,,case #j #e #j ,,! ,,muscles ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,,ditto #j #e #j ,,! ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,horse',s ,,foot ,,ditto #j #e #j ,,/able ,,economy ,/ew>t #j #f #f ,,advice ,,to ,,pur*as]s ,,( ,,horses ,ditto #j #b #f ,,nature ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,rop] #j #c #j ,,! ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,p]civall #a #j #j ,,hippopa?ology1 #e ,,vols4 ,ditto #c #ag #f ,,=m ,,& ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,p]civall #j #ab #j ,,vet]9>y ,,ph>macy ,morton #j #aj #j ,,notitia ,,v5atica ,vyn] #j #ae #j ,,! ,,rac+ ,,cal5d>4 ,,/eeple-,,*ase ,,cal5d>4 ,,/ud ,,book1 ,,& ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,turf4 ,,london1 ,,messrs4 ,,=es1 #da1 ,,piccadilly1 7,,corn] ,,( ,,sackville ,,/reet47 ,may & ,decemb]1 ,,f ,,! ,,admirable ,,picture ,,by ,,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,brodie1 ,,exhibit$ ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,academy1 ,engrav$ 9 ,mezzot9t1 highly f9i%$1 ,,by ,,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,simmons4 ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,engrav+1 ,,) ,,m>g9 ,,= ,,fram+1 #cj ,,by #be ,,in*es4 ,arti/s' ,pro(s #c #c #j ,pro(s ,be=e ,lett]s #b #b #j ,pr9ts #a #a #j ,pr9ts1 ,col\r$ f ! ,orig9al ,picture #b #b #j ,,may ,,& ,,decemb]4 ,engrav$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,simmons1 f a ,pa9t+ by ,j4 ,lamont ,brodie4--,=es ,co4 ,! visitors to ! ,royal ,academy ,exhibition ( ! pa/ ye>1 su* at lea/ ( !m z h an eye = ! pleas+1 ! m]ry1 & ! bright--! admir]s ( ,allegro1 r ?an h] m solemn si/]-nymph ,p5s]oso--mu/ h notic$1 & hav+ notic$1 be5 attract$1 by ! clev] pa9t+ ( ,mr4 ,brodie1 be>+ ! title ( ,may & ,decemb]4 ,! orig9al picture1 :i* c ?r[ sun%9e b on "o ap>tm5t1 is n[ multipli$2 & num]\s *e]ful rays may beam f ! walls ( humbl] p]sons ( ta/e1 less =tunate ?an ! possessor ( ! arti/'s fir/ conception4 ,mr4 ,simmons has well p]=m$ 8 task ( transf]r+ f ! canvas to ! plate1 ! _s1 ! m9d1 ! vis comica ( ! orig9al1 :ile ! dep? ( ! middle-t9t+ & ! *alklike s(tness ( ! fle% are evid5ces ( 8 skilful c>e 9 ! me*anical details4 ,! subject1 we may obs]ve1 = ! in=mation ( ^? :o did n visit ! ,exhibition1 is a f9e ripe laugh+ lass1 a long way 9 h] te5s1 if n j com+ out ( !m2 h] face1 :i* smiles all ov]1 is turn$ full t[>ds ! spectator1 & h] half-delight$1 half-mis*iev\s eyes1 are glitt]+ ) a mixture ( gratifi$ vanity1 & a s5se ( ! ludicr\s absurdity ( ! situation ( h]self & h] ag$ innamorato4 ,! latt] is inde$ ,decemb] p]sonifi$4 ,imag9e a beetle-br[$1 heavy-featur$ sexag5>ian1 or p]*ance approximat+ ! ?ree-score-&-t5 ( man's pilgrimage1 b5d+1 ) ! devotion ( an idol-wor%ipp]1 ov] "o ( ! plump h&s ( 8 e>?ly div9ity1 :i* he holds 9 8 gn>l$ & knott$ f+]s1 & presses to 8 s5sual lips1 expos+ ov] 8 arti/ically =e%ort5$ face a poli%$ cranium1 d5ud$ ( its hirsute cov]+1 except at ! sides1 :]e two fi]cely bru%$ tufts ( :ite hair /ill /& upright 9 admirable agreem5t ) ! organic developm5t ( ob/9acy 9 its g5]al bony cont\r4 ,! accessories ( ! picture are also sugge/ive3 on ! left1 :]e ! mis*iev\s maid5 is seat$1 are a mod]n fl[]-vase1 a guit>1 c41 & 9 ! *imney glass is reflect$ ! portrait ( a m\/a*$ militaire 7d\btless a suitor = ! fair h& "h 9 ! cold grasp ( w9t]71 :i* looks d[n on ! gr\p ) an expression ( appeal+ regret4 ,on ! "r ( ! old man is a tank>d ( elegant *as+1 a p51 & ink/&1 & ! l emblems4 ,z a composition ! picture is excell5t1 & z a piece ( g5re pa9t+1 & highly-f9i%$ engrav+1 ,may & ,decemb] is a mo/ agreeable & tal5t$ "w4--,morn+ ,adv]tis]4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,=es1 #da1 ,,piccadilly4 7,,corn] ,,( ,,sackville ,,/reet47 ,london3 ,pr9t$ by ,,h>rison ,,& ,,sons1 #de1 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,lane4 ,,=es',s ,,sport+ ,,engrav+s4 ,=es's ,/eeple-,*ase ,sc5es4 ,f ,orig9al ,draw+s1 by ,h4 ,,alk51 ,s54 #a4 ,,! ,,/>t+ ,,field4 #b4 ,,wattle ,,f5ce ,,) ,,deep ,,drop4 #c4 ,,9 ,,& ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,lane4 #d4 ,,! ,,w>r5 ,,wall4 #e4 ,,! ,,brook4 #f4 ,,! ,,run ,,94 ,price #b4 #abs4 #f;d4 ! ,set1 color$4 ,=es's ,national ,sports--,plates #a #b4 ,,! ,,/>t ,,= ,,! ,,memorable ,,d]by4 ,,/eeple-,,*ase ,,cracks1 7,,go+ ,,at ,a ,,wall ,,full ,,tilt17 ,f ,pictures by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,h]r+1 ,s54 ,size ( ! ,engrav+s1 #db 94 by #ba4 ,price #c4 #cs4 ea*1 color$ 9 close imitation ( ! ,orig9al ,pictures4 ,=es's ,coa*+ ,recollections4 ,! ,set ( ,five1 color$1 price #e4 #es4 ,by ,c4 ,c4 ,,h5d]son1 ,esq4 #a4 ,,*ang+ ,,horses4 #b4 ,,all ,,"r4 #c4 ,,pull+ ,,up ,,to ,,unskid4 #d4 ,,wak+ ,,up4 #e4 ,,! ,,old5 ,,"t4 ,=es's ,/able ,sc5es4 ,! ,set ( ,f\r1 color$1 price #d4 #ds4 ,by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,h]r+1 ,s54 #a4 ,,! ,,mail ,,*ange4 #b4 ,,! ,,hunt+ ,,/ud4 #c4 ,,?or\gh ,,br$s4 #d4 ,,! ,,team4 ,=es's ,sport+ ,traps4 ,f ! ,orig9al ,pictures1 by ,c4 ,c4 ,,h5d]son1 ,esq4 ,price #bas4 ea*1 color$4 ,to range ) ! ,/able ,sc5es & ,coa*+ ,recollections4 ,plate #a4 ,,go+ ,,to ,,! ,,moors4 ,plate #b4 ,,go+ ,,to ,,cov]4 ,=es's ,s]ies ( ! ,briti% ,/ud4 ,compris+ ,portraits ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ,?or\gh-br$ ,/allions & ,m>es4 #a4 ,,sir ,,h]cules ,,& ,,beesw+4 #b4 ,,t\*/one ,,& ,,emma4 #c4 ,,pantaloon ,,& ,,langui%4 #d4 ,,camel ,,& ,,bant]4 #e4 ,,muley ,,molo* ,,& ,,rebecca4 #f4 ,,lan]co/ ,,& ,,crucifix4 ,price #a4 #as4 ea* plate1 color$ 9 close imitation ( ! ,orig9al ,pictures1 pa9t$ expressly1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,h]r+1 ,s541 = ?is ,"w4 ,=es's ,coa*+ ,incid5ts4 ,plate #a4 ,,knee ,,deep4 #b4 ,,/uck ,,fa/4 #c4 ,,flood$4 #d4 ,,! ,,road ,,v]sus ,,rail4 #e4 ,,9 ,,"t ,,= ,,! ,,coa*4 #f4 ,,late ,,= ,,! ,,mail4 ,price #aes4 ea*1 color$ f ! ,orig9al ,pictures1 by ,c4 ,c4 ,,h5d]son1 ,esq4 ,=es's ,celebrat$ ,w9n]s4 ,! ,,h]o4 ,) ,portraits ( ,,john ,,day1 ,s541 & ,,alfr$ ,,day4 ,price #bas41 color$ f ! ,orig9al ,picture4 ,pa9t$ expressly at ,danebury4 ,=es's ,/eeple-,*ase ,w9n]s4 ,,brunette4 ,an admirable ,portrait ( ?is extraord9>y ,animal4 ,pa9t$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,h]r+1 ,s54 ,price #bas4 color$4 ,=es's ,rac+ ,sc5es4 ,plate #a4 ,,ascot4 ,,! ,,emp]or1 ,ridd5 by ,:iteh\se4 ,,faugh ,a ,,ballagh1 ,bell4 ,,alice ,,haw?orn1 ,rob9son4 ,runn+ = ! ,emp]or's ,cup1 value #ejj4 ,price #bas41 color$ f ! ,orig9al ,picture1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,h]r+1 ,s54 ,=es's ,road ,sc5es4 ,price #a4 #ajs4 ! ,pair1 color$ f ! ,orig9al ,pictures1 by ,c4 ,c4 ,,h5d]son1 ,esq4 ,,horses ,,go+ ,,to ,a ,,fair4 #a4 ,,hunt]s ,,& ,,hacks4 #b4 ,,c>t ,,horses4 ,=es's ,in/ructive ,anatomical ,plates ( ! ,horse4 ,! ,age exhibit$ by ! ,tables ( ! ,tee?--! ,/ructure ( ! ,foot cle>ly def9$--! ,muscles & ,t5dons accurately del9eat$4 ,price #ds4 ea* ,plate color$1 #es4 ea* 9 a case pocket size1 or #es4 #f;d4 po/age free4 ,,london3 ,publi%$ by ,,messrs4 ,,=es1 at _! ,sport+ ,f9e ,pr9t ,repository & ,frame ,manufactory1 #da1 ,piccadilly1 corn] ( ,sackville ,/reet4 ,,sport+ ,,vet]9>y ,,works4 4s4 d4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,a ,,sportsman by ,nimrod #b #b #j ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,john ,,mytton1 ,,esq4 ,ditto #a #e #j ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,hunt]s ,ditto #j #ae #j ,,! ,,horse ,,& ,,! ,,h\nd ,ditto #j #ab #j ,,! ,,*ase1 ,,turf1 ,,& ,,road ,ditto #j #i #f ,,hunt+ ,,t\rs ,ditto #j #ae #j ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,hunt+ ,,field #a #aa #f ,,! ,,road/]',s ,,album #b #ab #f ,,hunt+ ,,rem9isc5ces ,wildrake #j #af #j ,,pictorial ,,gall]y ,,( ,,engli% ,,race ,,horses ,ditto #j #ah #j ,,=es',s ,,turf ,,companion1 ,,conta9+ #dj ,,portraits #a #aa #f ,,( ,,celebrat$ ,,old ,,race ,,horses ,,/able ,,talk ,,& ,,table ,,talk1 #b vols4 ,h>ry ,hieov] #a #d #j ,,! ,,pocket ,,& ,,! ,,/ud ,ditto #j #e #j ,,! ,,life ,,( ,a ,,fox ,t4 ,smi? #j #h #f ,,di>y ,,( ,a ,,huntsman ,ditto #j #aj #f ,,! ,,life ,,( ,a ,,fox ,,h\nd ,j4 ,mills #j #aj #f ,,! ,,noble ,,sci5ce ,d4 ,radcliffe #j #ad #j ,,de] ,,/alk+ ,w4 ,scrope #a #j #j ,,salmon ,,fi%+ ,ditto #b #b #j ,,wild ,,sports ,,( ,,! ,,highl&s ,/4 ,john #j #f #j ,,! ,,bat ,felix #j #ab #j ,,h& ,,book ,,( ,,angl+ ,ephem]a #j #i #j ,,dog ,,break+ ,hut*9son #j #f #j ,,! ,,mod]n ,,%oot] ,lacy #a #a #j ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,race ,,horse1 #b vols4 ,d>vill #a #aj #j ,,! ,,horse',s ,,m\? ,mayhew #j #aj #f ,,:ite',s ,,f>ri]y ,spoon] #j #af #j ,,:ite ,,on ,,cattle ,,m$ic9e ,ditto #j #i #j ,,! ,,horse ,y\att #j #aj #j ,,! ,,dog ,ditto #j #f #j ,,can9e ,,pa?ology ,bla9e #j #i #j ,,encyclop,,dia ,,( ,,rural ,,sports ,ditto #b #aj #j ,,! ,,horse',s ,,foot ,miles #j #i #j ,,set ,,( ,,f\r ,,ca/s ,,( ,,ditto ,ditto #j #aj #f ,,/able ,,economy ,/ew>t #j #f #f ,,advice ,,to ,,pur*as]s ,,( ,,horses ,ditto #j #b #f ,,! ,,horse ,,9 ,,heal? ,,& ,,disease ,w9t] #j #aj #f ,,nature ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,rop] #j #c #j ,,! ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,p]civall #a #j #j ,,hippopa?ology1 #c vols4 ,ditto #a #ah #f ,,vet]9>y ,,ph>macy ,morton #j #aj #j ,,vet]9>y ,,art ,bla9e #a #a #j ,,adv5tures ,,( ,a ,,g5tleman ,,9 ,,se>* ,,( ,a ,sir ,geo4 ,/eph5 #j #g #f ,,horse ,,! ,,horse 7,libr>y ,useful ,k7 #j #f #f ,,cattle 7,libr>y ,useful ,k7 #j #aj #f ,,briti% ,,husb&ry 7,libr>y ,useful ,k7 #j #aj #f ,,gamekeep]',s ,,directory ,johnson #j #e #f ,,notitia ,,v5atica ,vyn] #j #ae #j ,,! ,,complete ,,grazi] #j #ag #j ,,g>d5+ ,l\don #b #aj #j ,,agriculture ,ditto #b #aj #j ,,cottage1 ,,f>m1 ,,& ,,villa ,,agriculture ,ditto #c #c #j ,,! ,,gun ,gre5] #j #ae #j ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,h\nds ,,( ,,engl& ,gl]t #j #f #f ,,! ,,p\ltry ,,y>d ,boswell #j #b #f ,,! ,,moor ,,& ,,! ,,lock ,colquh\n #j #i #f ,,! ,,rod ,,& ,,gun ,wilson ,oakleigh#j #aj #f ,,briti% ,,angl]',s ,,manual ,h(l& #a #a #j ,,fly ,,fi%+ ,oliv] #j #h #j ,,complete ,,angl] ,j4 ,major #j #ah #j ,,dome/icat$ ,,animals ,l[ #a #e #j ,,f>ri]y ,br[n #j #ac #f ,,e ,,man ,,8 ,,own ,,f>ri] ,clat] #j #f #j ,,e ,,man ,,8 ,,own ,,cattle ,,doctor ,ditto #j #f #j ,,sportsman',s ,,directory ,may] #j #e #j ,,! ,,rac+ ,,cal5d>4 ,,/eeple-,,*ase ,,cal5d>4 ,,/ud ,,book ,,ruff',s ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,turf4 ,! ,turf ,ready ,reckon]4 ,hunt+ ,maps & ,game ,books4 ,,london3 ,,messrs4 ,,=es1 #da1 ,,piccadilly4 ,corn] ( ,sackville ,/reet4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,! footnote 9 ,p>agraph #ce on page #fi 7! only "o 9 ! book7 0 mov$ to foll[ ! p>agraph f :i* x is ref]5c$4 ,eight pages ( adv]tisem5ts t prec$$ ! title page h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! book & plac$ be=e ! two pages ( adv]tisem5ts t clos$ ! book4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 misspell+ by ! au?or1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 has be5 reta9$4 ,= example1 ,milk tee?1 ,milk-tee?2 ,/eeple*ase1 ,/eeple-,*ase2 ,?or\gh ,br$s1 ,?or\gh-,br$s4 ,page ,error #i 'unqalifi$' *ang$ to 'unqualifi$' #ab '=etel8' *ang$ to '=etell8' #cf 'developm5t' *ang$ to 'developm5ts' #dd 'temporay' *ang$ to 'tempor>y' #ei 'h n began' *ang$ to 'h n begun' #fd 'imflammatory' *ang$ to 'inflammatory' #gf 'lasc]at$' *ang$ to 'lac]at$' #ig 'infundibula is' *ang$ to 'infundibulum is' #aje 'infundibula ( :i*' *ang$ to 'infundibulum ( :i*' #ajh 'exteme' *ang$ to 'extreme' #aaj 'dep5dance' *ang$ to 'dep5d5ce' #aad 'dep5dance' *ang$ to 'dep5d5ce' #abb 've/age' *ang$ to 've/ige' #abb 'exc5tricities1' *ang$ to 'ecc5tricities1' #ach 'is to se5' *ang$ to 'is to be se5' #add 'obnormal' *ang$ to 'abnormal' #aff 's5sative' *ang$ to 's5sitive' #afg 'transci5t' *ang$ to 'transi5t' #afi 'p]ceptably' *ang$ to 'p]ceptibly' #agh 'r9ce' *ang$ to 'r9se' #ahg '/uggles' *ang$ to '/ruggles'