,frontispiece3 ,s*op5hau] ,,s*op5hau] ,,by ,,m>grieta ,,be]1 ,m4,a4 ,,london3 ,t4 ,c4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,jack #fg ,,long ,,acre1 ,w4,c41 ,,& ,,ed9burgh ,,new ,,york3 ,,dodge ,,publi%+ ,,co4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,introduction ,i4 ,,s*op5hau]',s ,,life ,,ii4 ,,pessimism ,,iii4 ,,art ,,iv4 ,,virtue ,,bibliography ,,index #g ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau] ,,introduction ,s*op5hau] diff]s f mo/ o!r philosoph]s 9 t he has influ5c$ n only ! developm5t ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 ! c\rse along :i* mod]n philosophy has proce$$1 b 9 t 8 views h be5 welcom$ z an inspiration1 accept$ almo/ 9 ! _s ( a religi\s fai? by work]s 9 q o!r dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,no philosoph] has s directly t\*$ & influ5c$ ! great art movem5ts ( mod]n times4 ,x is n[ ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! publication ( 8 greate/ "w1 & 8 philosophy is a m pot5t & vitalis+ =ce to-day ?an 9 8 own lifetime4 ,x has be5 a s\rce ( inspiration to arti/s & has directly /imulat$ _! creative activity1 probably m ?an any o!r ab/ract sy/em has ev] done4 ,poetry has always be5 influ5c$ subtly by philosophy4 ,sp5s] & ,%elley are imbu$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ! doctr9es ( ,plato4 ,goe! wrote "s ( 8 f9e/ "w "u ! spell ( ,sp9oza1 & "s ( ,wordswor?'s deepe/ exp]i5ces 7 int]pret$ to him ?r\gh ! ideas ( ,kant4 ,x is to all arti/s1 b especially to musicians1 t ,s*op5hau] makes 8 mo/ intimate appeal4 ,= 9 8 sy/em music plays a /rangely important "p1 above & ap>t #h f all ! o!r arts4 ,9 analys+ its spiritual "*1 he end[s x ) my/ic significance4 ,"o fam\s in/ance ( ?is influ5ce is t ( ,wagn]4 ,8 acqua9tance ) ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy m>k$ a turn+-po9t 9 8 arti/ic life4 ,x gave a trem5d\s /imulus to 8 musical productivity1 & :ile "u its influ5ce he compos$ 8 greate/ works4 ,s*op5hau]'s sy/em expresses1 accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 only a s+le ?\ght1 view$ 9 diff]5t aspects4 ,he consid]s x f ! metaphysical1 /hetic1 & e?ical po9ts ( view4 ,?is fundam5tal ?\ght1 :i* lies at ! root ( 8 entire philosophy1 is conc]n$ ) ! significance ( ! w4 ,! w alone gives ! key to ! und]/&+ ( man's exi/5ce4 ,e =ce 9 nature is to be reg>d$ z w1 & ! inn] reality ( ! univ]se is to be f\nd only 9 w4 ,:ile x is especially to ^? :o are conc]n$ ) ! problems aris+ out ( ! function & significance ( art t ,s*op5hau] (f]s su* fruitful & fasc9at+ sugge/ions1 ! o!r aspects ( 8 sy/em (f] solutions 9 ! sph]e ( e?ics & metaphysics ( almo/ equally vital importance4 ,8 insi/5ce on ! significance ( in/9ct & intuition 9 all ! l[] & high] =ms ( life is ( great importance 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,x is an aspect ( ! subject :i* until lat] times _h be5 /rangely neglect$4 ,?is prom95ce :i* is giv5 to in/9ct & intuition1 is connect$ directly ) 8 philosophy ( ! w4 ,s*op5hau]1 unlike mo/ philosoph]s1 has always be5 read & appreciat$ by ! g5]al read] & /ud5t ( life1 z di/+ui%$ f ! specialis$ #i /ud5t ( philosophy4 ,8 fundam5tal attitude t[>ds philosophy expla9s ?is to a great ext5t4 ,not)/&+ 8 m>k$ lean+ t[>ds my/icism1 he br\ght philosophy d[n to e>?1 & into relation )1 ! actual facts ( life4 ,he ex*ang$ ab/ractions = realities4 ,philosophy _h always be5 f> too mu* conc]n$1 he ma9ta9$1 ) ab/ract conceptions1 & ! philosoph] _h t5d$ too exclusively to be a m]e man ( books & le>n+4 ,! true philosoph]1 on ! contr>y1 %\ld be a guide to f9e liv+ z well z to high ?9k+4 ,philosophy %\ld express ! real life ( ?+s4 ,b ! deepe/ ?+s 9 life are n kn[n by way ( ! intellect1 b are liv$ & felt4 ,! pr(\nde/ tru?s ( life we "k intuitively & directly1 ) a deep] c]ta9ty ?an ! und]/&+ c give4 ,t ,s*op5hau] has a wid] public ?an h mo/ philosoph]s is due p>tly to 8 /yle4 ,he writes 9 language s s+ul>ly cle> & lucid1 t x c be foll[$ easily by ! g5]al read]1 n specially tra9$ 9 a te*nical philosophical vocabul>y4 ,( all ,g]man philosoph]s he is ! greate/ f a lit]>y po9t ( view4 ,! true philosoph]1 he writes1 w always seek aft] light & cle>ness1 & w endeav\r to resemble a ,swiss lake1 :i* ?r\gh its peacefulness is able to unite great dep? ) great cle>ness1 ! dep? reveal+ itself precisely by ! cle>ness1 r ?an a turbid1 impetu\s m\nta9 torr5t4 ,philosoph]s h n always giv5 mu* he$ to ?is c\nsel ( p]fection4 ,obscurity ( expression is m]ely ! cloak 9 :i* m5 seek to hide _! pov]ty ( ?\ght & trit5ess ( m9d4 ,ev]yone1 says ,s*op5hau]1 :o possesses a beautiful & ri* m9d w always express himself 9 ! mo/ #aj natural1 direct1 & simple way1 conc]n$ to communicate 8 ?\ghts to o!rs & ?us relieve ! lonel9ess t he mu/ feel 9 su* a _w z ?is4 ,s*op5hau] is a temp]am5tal pessimi/4 ,9 words ( gl[+ & passionate eloqu5ce he sets out to prove t all life is ess5tially sorr[4 ,f 8 e>lie/ days he _h be5 abnormally s5sitive to ! mis]y t lies b5ea? ! surface ( life4 ,pa9 is ess5tial to life & _c be evad$4 ,if x c f9d entrance 9 no o!r =m1 !n x comes 9 ! sad1 grey g>m5ts ( t$ium & ennui4 ,! pure/ joy 9 life is t :i* lifts u out ( our daily exi/5ce1 & trans=ms u into dis9t]e/$ spectators ( x4 ,?is div9e release f ! common ways ( m5 c only be f\nd ?r\gh art4 ,b ev5 ?is release1 :i* is accessible only to ! few1 increases ! capacity = suff]+4 ,! f9al & only p]man5t solution ( life is to be f\nd 9 ! life ( ! sa9t4 ,true morality passes ?r\gh virtue1 :i* is root$ 9 sympa?y1 into asceticism4 ,art gives a m>vell\s consolation 9 life1 b r5unciation & self-surr5d] (f] a complete release f ! t]rors & evils ( exi/5ce4 ,! veil ( ,my--! web ( illusion--is lift$ f man's eyes4 ,he n[ %udd]s at ! pleasures :i* recognise ! ass]tion ( life1 & atta9s to ! /ate ( volunt>y r5unciation1 resignation1 & true indiff]5ce4 ,buddhism1 ,s*op5hau] ma9ta9$1 comes ne>e/ ( all religions to express+ ?is tru?4 ,x is "h t he %[s h[ pr(\ndly ,indian philosophy & religion _h influ5c$ him4 ,?r\gh\t 8 life ,s*op5hau] 0 aggressively ho/ile t[>ds all contempor>y philosoph]s4 ,to "s ext5t1 no d\bt1 8 own failure to obta9 academic #aa recognition embitt]$ him4 ,b p>tly 8 attitude may be expla9$ by ! complete diff]5ce ( me?od betwe5 !m4 ,s*op5hau] c>es no?+ at all ab\t me?od4 ,to ,hegel & 8 contempor>ies me?od 0 all-important4 ,! hi/orical me?od 0 ! pa?way :i* 0 foll[$ ) mo/ en?usiasm at ! "t4 ,x is especially = ! hi/orical me?od t ,s*op5hau] has ! franke/ contempt4 ,hegel & o!rs 7 attempt+ to int]pret pres5t reality ?r\gh hi/ory1 seek+ to %[ t ?r\gh ! sl[ process ( hi/ory1 unfold+ itself 9 "t1 are reveal$ ! organic pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! :ole ( life4 ,s*op5hau] atta*es practically no value to hi/ory z a highroad = philosophical inquiry4 ,?is way1 he says1 lie m]ely ! dry bones ( ar*ology & antiqu>ianism4 ,to exam9e ?+s hi/orically is to look along a horizontal l9e4 ,to ?9k philosophically is to look along a v]tical l9e4 ,! latt] is ! rational & ! m pr(\nd po9t ( view4 ,:at hi/ory n>rates is 9 fact only ! long1 heavy1 & confus$ dream ( humanity4 ,x is our inmo/ consci\sness :i* is ! real conc]n ( ! philosoph]4 ,! true philosophy ( hi/ory1 he says1 consi/s 9 ! insight into ! causes ( all ^! endless *anges & _! confusion4 ,we h always be=e u ! same ev51 un*ang+ nature1 :i* to-day acts 9 ! same way z ye/]day4 ,?us x ought to recognise ! id5tical 9 all ev5ts1 9 anci5t z 9 mod]n times1 9 ! ,ea/ z 9 ! ,we/1 & 9 spite ( all diff]5ce 9 special circum/ances1 ( co/ume & ( cu/om1 to see ev]y:]e ! same humanity4 ,if "o has read ,h]odotus1 !n 9 a philosophical reg>d "o has read en\gh hi/ory4 ,= ev]y?+ is already !re t makes up ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! _w4 #ab ,t :i* is significant 9 itself1 n 9 its relations1 is to be f\nd f> m pr(\ndly & di/9ctly 9 poetry ?an 9 hi/ory4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 f> m real1 inn] tru? 9 poetry ?an 9 hi/ory4 ,ari/otle held ! same view1 ma9ta9+ t poetry reveals a high] tru? ?an hi/ory1 = x /rives to express ! univ]sal4 ,poetry1 he says1 is a m philosophical1 & a high] ?+ ?an hi/ory4 ,9 ,s*op5hau]'s view1 ! true philosoph] is ! g5ius4 ,8 p5etrative imag9ation w see f>!r & deep] ?an ! le>n+ ( ! m]e s*ol>4 ,! g5ius is a cle> mirror ( ! inn] nature ( ! univ]se4 ,to him k is ! sun :i* reveals ! _w4 ,8 "w may be reg>d$ z an inspiration1 z an int]pretation ( ! _s ( beauty 9 art4 ,he has be5 end[$ by nature ) a special faculty ( inn] vision1 & uses 8 p[] to op5 ! eyes ( ord9>y m54 ,x is ! g5ius :o kn[s ! inn] nature ( ?+s1 j z 9 ,plato true philosoph]s are def9$ z ! lov]s ( ! vision ( tru?1 :o are able to di/+ui% ! idea f ! objects :i* p>ticipate 9 ! idea1 & ^: eyes are ev] direct$ t[>ds fix$ & immutable pr9ciples4 ,x is ! g5ius1 says ,s*op5hau]1 :o int]prets 8 vision to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,he enables u to see ! _w ?r\gh 8 eyes4 ,!re 0 a wide diff]5ce1 too1 betwe5 ,s*op5hau] & o!r contempor>y philosoph]s1 9 _! attitude t[>ds religion4 ,s*op5hau]'s fre$om f academic fett]s enabl$ him to /e] an indep5d5t way4 ,! ,g]man univ]sity pr(essor 0 almo/ always dom9at$ by ! ne$ = reconcil+ 8 philosophical !ories ) a !ological cre$4 ,at times to squ>e acc\nts betwe5 ! two involv$ #ac consid]able +5uity1 z 9 ! case ( ,kant4 ,to ,s*op5hau]1 to :om or?odox religion _h always be5 a m]e =m1 su* attempts sav\r$ ( hypocrisy4 ,h5ce he always speaks slight+ly ( philosophy-pr(essors1 & ?r\gh\t 8 writ+s he makes bitt] attacks ^u !m4 ,hegel's "w is describ$ z ?ree-f\r?s utt] absurdity1 & "o qu>t] z p>adox1 & he himself allud$ to z t intellectual ,caliban4 ,plato's contempt = ! sophi/s /&s on v mu* ! same plane ( ?\ght4 ,9 spite ( ?is attitude !re is mu* 9 ,s*op5hau]'s sy/em1 :i* is closely ak9 to ,*ri/ianity on its my/ical side4 ,9 8 e?ical !ory he %[s extraord9>y po9ts ( agreem5t ) ! m$ival my/ics4 ,mat]ialism 0 utt]ly ali5 to 8 _s4 ,mat]iali/s1 he said1 possess nei!r humanities nor culture1 & _! po9t ( view fill$ him ) ! ,olympian laught] ( ! gods4 ,he always ma9ta9$ t 8 !ory ( pessimism 0 m truly ,*ri/ian1 & m closely 9 accord ) ! _s ( primitive ,*ri/ianity ?an ! %all[ optimism :i* crept into ! lat] developm5ts ( t sy/em4 ,its ascetic _s he consid]$ ! k]nel ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,prote/antism repres5t$ = him a fall+ away f ! e>li] & pur] =m1 & a transition to %all[ rationalism4 ,8 ?\ght 0 mu* influ5c$ by anci5t ,indian philosophy1 & especially by ,buddhism4 ,! ,upani%ads _h be5 publi%$ 9 ,g]many 9 #ahja 9 a ,lat9 translation f a ,p]sian v]sion ( ! ,sanscrit orig9al4 ,9 ^! treatises are set =? ! g5]al sy/em ( my/ical pan!ism1 :i* grew out ( ! m !osophic elem5ts ( ! ,v$as4 ,9 read+ !m ,s*op5hau] imm$iately ackn[l$g$ a k9dr$ _s4 ,9 speak+ ( ?is "w he says1 ,h[ #ad does ev]yone :o by dilig5t read+ has famili>is$ himself ) ?is incomp>able book1 feel himself /irr$ to ! inn]mo/ by t _s4 ,! m9d is "h wa%$ clean ( all its e>ly +raft$ sup]/ition1 & all philosophy s]vile to t sup]/ition4 ,x is ! mo/ pr(itable & ! mo/ elevat+ read+ :i* is possible 9 ! _w4 ,x has be5 ! consolation ( my life1 & w be ! consolation ( my dea?4 #ae ,,*apt] ,i ,,s*op5hau]',s ,,life ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau] l$ ! outw>dly unev5tful life ( a s*ol> & a ?9k]1 tak+ no "p 9 public affairs4 ,! great movem5ts 9 ,european hi/ory1 ?r\gh :i* he liv$1 left him untr\bl$ & unmov$ 9 8 s*ol>'s seclusion4 ,!re is little !re=e to *ronicle ) reg>d to ! out] hi/ory ( 8 life4 ,x is ! m easy to escape ! criticism ( ,s*op5hau] himself1 :o says t ^? :o1 in/ead ( /udy+ ! ?\ghts ( a philosoph]1 make !mselves acqua9t$ ) 8 life & hi/ory1 are l p :o in/ead ( occupy+ !mselves ) a picture1 are r occupi$ ) its frame1 reflect+ on ! ta/e ( its c>v+ & ! nature ( its gild+4 ,! little t !re is to tell is1 h[ev]1 ( great significance ) reg>d to ! developm5t ( 8 ?\ght4 ,= ( no philosoph] c x be m truly said ?an ( ,s*op5hau]1 t 8 ?\ght is ! expression ( 8 "*4 ,s*op5hau] 0 born at ,dantzig on ,febru>y #bb1 #aghh4 ,he trac$ 8 desc5t ?r\gh bo? p>5ts to ,dut* ance/ors4 ,! family _h settl$ at ,dantzig 9 ! c\rse ( comm]ce4 ,= sev]al g5]ations ! head ( ! family _h comb9$ ! c>e] ( a m]*ant ) l&$ pursuits4 ,s*op5hau]'s great-gr&fa!r1 ,&reas ,s*op5hau]1 leas$ "o ( ! #af l>ge f>ms belong+ to ! municipality1 :ile foll[+ ! bus9ess ( a m]*ant4 ,8 son ,&reas acquir$ prop]ty ne> ,dantzig1 & !re ! fa!r ( ! philosoph]1 ,he9ri* ,floris ,s*op5hau]1 0 born4 ,"s m5tal weakness seems to h be5 inh]it$4 ,! elde/ son ( ,&reas 0 an imbecile f 8 y\?1 & ! o!r *ildr51 ) ! exception ( ,s*op5hau]'s fa!r1 all _h "s curi\s m5tal or moral twi/4 ,he9ri* ,floris ,s*op5hau]1 h[ev]1 0 a man ( /rong intellig5ce & "*4 ,he foll[$ a m]*ant's c>e] ) great success1 rais+ 8 firm to ! fir/ position 9 ! t[n4 ,he 0 a disciple ( ! s*ool ( ,voltaire1 read ,fr5* & ,engli% lit]ature1 & _h a ke5 admiration = ,engli% life & in/itutions4 ,8 wife1 ,johanna1 belong$1 too1 to "o ( ! lead+ families ( ,dantzig4 ,%e _h be5 educat$ on broad] l9es ?an 0 usual = girls at ! "t1 & _h a love = art & lett]s :i* ext5d$ h] int]e/s beyond ! dome/ic conc]ns ( h] home4 ,lat] on1 dur+ h] wid[hood1 ^! 7 to f9d a wid] field & opportunity1 & %e became a well-kn[n au?oress 9 ! ,g]many ( h] day4 ,%e m>ri$ 9 #aghe1 at ! age ( eighte51 be+ tw5ty ye>s y\ng] ?an h] husb&4 ,! m>riage 0 an unhappy "o1 ow+ to diff]5ces ( temp]am5t4 ,!re 7 two *ildr5 ( ! m>riage4 ,!y suff]$ = ! incompatibilities ( _! p>5ts4 ,bo? 7 burd5$ ) abnormally /rong desires = ! pleasures ( life1 toge!r ) an extraord9>y capacity = suff]+4 ,ar?ur1 ! future philosoph]1 0 ! fir/ *ild ( ! m>riage4 ,he 0 giv5 ! "n ( ,ar?ur to satisfy ! cosmopolitanism ( 8 fa!r1 ! "n be+ spelt alike 9 sev]al languages4 ,8 e>lie/ #ag ye>s 7 sp5t at ! c\ntry h\se ne> ,dantzig1 or at ! f>m1 betwe5 ! sea & ! p9e-woods1 :i* _h be5 r5t$ _m ye>s be=e by 8 great-gr&fa!r4 ,9 #agic1 :5 ,s*op5hau] 0 five ye>s old1 ! family migrat$ to ,hamburg4 ,! free city ( ,dantzig1 :i* _h a con/itution ( its own1 0 annex$ by ,prussia 9 #agic1 at ! second p>tition ( ,pol&1 & ,he9ri* ,s*op5hau] 0 too /]n a republican to adapt himself to ! new rule4 ,he c>ri$ on 8 bus9ess 9 ,hamburg = ! next twelve ye>s1 b nev] became a naturalis$ citiz54 ,he _h resolv$ t 8 son %\ld foll[ ! family c>e] ( a m]*ant1 & 8 education 0 plann$ accord+ly on ^? l9es4 ,he 0 tak5 to ,france 9 #agig1 & left at ,havre = two ye>s4 ,= ! next ?ree ye>s he att5d$ a private s*ool at ,hamburg4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 discont5t ) 8 fa!r's plans = 8 future 0 gradually rip5+ )9 him4 ,to reconcile him1 he 0 promis$ a trip to ,france & ,engl&1 on ! condition t he promis$ to give up 8 own desires & ambitions1 & to be loyal to 8 fa!r's wi%es4 ,! prospect ( ! j\rney 0 too allur+1 & he gave ! requir$ promise4 ,aft] six weeks _h be5 sp5t 9 ,london1 8 p>5ts left him at a bo>d+-s*ool at ,wimbl$on4 ,9 lett]s to 8 "m1 he compla9s ( ! me*anical in/ruction1 ! dre>y ,sunday s]vices1 & ! t$i\s r\t9e ( ! s*ool4 ,%e1 9 reply1 w>ns him n to give way to bomba/ & empty pa?os4 ,he became pr(ici5t 9 ,engli%1 & always held ,engli% "* & intellig5ce 9 admiration1 al?\gh he 0 impress$ by ! preval5t hypocrisy & ! oppressive pietism ( ! "t4 ,he 0 busy #ah already record+ 8 impressions1 describ+ *>act]i/ically ! feel+s & ideas awak5$ 9 him r ?an ! actual facts & ev5ts4 ,! travell]s return$ ?r\gh ,france1 f ,g5eva to ,vi5na1 & !nce to ,b]l94 ,= ab\t f\r mon?s ,s*op5hau] n[ work$ 9 a ,dantzig (fice1 try+ to acquire ! rudim5ts ( a bus9ess tra9+4 ,:5 almo/ sev5te51 he ent]$ ! employm5t ( a firm 9 ,hamburg4 ,he himself has record$ t !re nev] 0 a worse cl]k 9 a m]*ant's (fice4 ,9 8 leisure1 & dur+ (fice h\rs :5ev] possible1 he 0 read+ voraci\sly4 ,9 #ahje 8 fa!r di$1 :e!r by accid5t or by 8 own h& rema9s unc]ta94 ,= two ye>s long] ,s*op5hau] /uck to 8 hat$ task1 out ( loyalty to 8 fa!r1 & ! promise made him "s ye>s e>li]4 ,b at la/ he c\ld /ifle 8 ambitions & ye>n+s t[>ds a purely intellectual life no long]1 & he obta9$ 8 "m's cons5t to leave 8 (fice1 & to beg9 prep>ation = a le>n$ c>e]4 ,8 "m mean:ile1 ) h] daught] ,adle1 _h left ,hamburg & settl$ at ,weim>1 at t "t ! intellectual c5tre ( ,g]many4 ,goe! 0 "h ! sun r\nd :i* ! less] lights ( ! arti/ic & intellectual _w revolv$4 ,at ! age ( =ty1 ,johanna ,s*op5hau] _h ent]$ on a new life1 & 0 f9d+ scope & free developm5t = untri$ capabilities4 ,%e play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! social life ( ! place1 & h] receptions 7 rem>kable = ! circle %e ga!r$ r\nd h]4 ,goe! himself 0 a frequ5t visitor !re4 ,%e also took "p 9 ! !atrical p]=mances1 :i* 7 s conspicu\s a feature ( ! life at ,weim>4 ,) help & enc\ragem5t f ,f]n[1 a di/+ui%$ s*ol> & #ai art critic1 %e began to write1 & publi%$ ) consid]able popul> success travel sket*es1 art biographies1 & novels4 ,h] daught]1 9 describ+ _! life at ,weim>1 tells h[ h] "m exp]i5c$ ev] fre% delight 9 int]c\rse ) ! fam\s m5 liv+ !re4 ,%e 0 lik$1 h] society 0 agreeable4 ,h] pleas+ mann]s made h] h\se a c5tre ( intellectual activity1 :]e ev]yone felt at home1 & freely contribut$ ! be/ he _h to br+4 ,besides ,goe!1 ,s*legel1 ,grimm1 ,wiel& & o!rs 7 frequ5t gue/s "u h] ro(4 ,fre$ f 8 hat$ bondage1 ,s*op5hau] n[ left ,hamburg & ent]$ ! gymnasium1 or gramm> s*ool1 at ,go?a1 b a lampoon on "o ( ! ma/]s 0 s res5t$ t he 0 oblig$ to leave4 ,he !n came to ,weim>1 at 8 "m's sugge/ion1 & work$ at classics 9 ! h\se ( a well-kn[n s*ol>1 :o _h a real en?usiasm = all ?+s ,greek4 ,some?+ ( 8 _s he communicat$ to 8 pupil1 & ! passion = ,greek art & ?\ght grew into a m\ld+ pr9ciple 9 ,s*op5hau]'s views ( life & religion4 ,at ! same "t t he 0 ent]+ into ! _s ( classical lit]ature1 he 0 cultivat+ 8 musical ability1 & ?us feel+ 8 way t[>ds a full & int5se und]/&+ ( ! art1 :i* ent]$ lat] ) su* significance into ! developm5t ( 8 philosophy4 ,he 0 /riv+ to realise an ideal ( ! fulle/ & mo/ complete culture1 9 :i* n only ! life ( ?\ght1 b also ! life ( art %\ld f9d consummate satisfaction4 ,! e/rangem5t betwe5 8 "m & himself began to wid5 n[ t !y 7 ?r[n con/antly toge!r4 ,by arrangem5t1 he d9$ daily ) h]1 & came to h] receptions4 ,b ,s*op5hau] 0 #bj too uncontroll$ 9 8 temp]1 & too uncompromis+ 9 8 egoism to make an agreeable companion4 ,8 "m1 driv5 to write to him1 ass]ts t 8 con/ant grumbl+1 gloomy looks1 & intol]ant dogmatism depress h]4 ,x is necess>y to h] happ9ess to "k t he is happy1 b n necess>y t %e %\ld be a witness to x4 ,!re=e1 if !y are to agree !y mu/ cons5t to live ap>t4 ,bo? "m & son 7 b5t on self-developm5t1 & 9 "* 7 too dissimil> to und]/& ea* o!r4 ,s*op5hau] 0 jeal\s1 uncontroll$ 9 8 moods1 & boori% 9 8 mann]s4 ,t all-consum+ egoism1 :i* all 8 life spoil$ 8 relations ) ev]yone ) :om he came 9 contact1 made a cong5ial family life impossible4 ,he res5t$ 8 "m's fre$om & indep5d5ce1 & insult$ h] fri5ds4 ,9 a way t is v *>act]i/ic ( him1 he g5]alises f 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & 9 8 views on wom5 we f9d reflect$ all ! bitt]ness :i* _h gr[n r\nd ! relations betwe5 himself & 8 "m4 ,9 #ahji he atta9$ 8 majority1 & receiv$ 8 %>e ( 8 fa!r's =tune1 am\nt+ to ab\t #aej a ye>4 ,he 0 n[ indep5d5t1 & c\ld pursue ! c>e] he _h m>k$ out = himself4 ,he valu$ all 8 life ! lib]ty :i* ?is compet5cy secur$ him4 ,a draft d$ication1 int5d$ = ! second edition ( ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 0 address$ to ! manes ( my fa!r4 ,noble1 b5efic5t _s6 to :om ,i owe ev]y?+ t ,i am4444 ,z ?\ did/ br+ into ! _w a son su* z ,i am1 ?\ did/ also make provision t 9 a _w l ?is1 su* a son %\ld be able to subsi/ & to develop himself4444 ,9 my m9d ! t5d5cy to its only prop] vocation 0 too decid$ly implant$ to let me #ba d viol5ce to my nature1 & s to subjugate x t1 reck+ n\ght ( exi/5ce 9 g5]al1 & active only = my p]sonal exi/5ce1 x %\ld f9d its sole task 9 procur+ daily bread4444 ,?\ seeme/ to h =ese5 t ?y son1 ?\ pr\d republican1 c\ld n possess ! tal5t to compete 9 cr++ be=e m9i/]s & c\ncillors1 ,mc5ases1 & _! advis]s1 basely to beg = ! h>d-e>n$ piece ( bread1 or to flatt] self-conceit$ commonplac5ess1 & humbly jo9 himself to ! eulogi/ic ret9ue ( bungl+ *>latans4444 ,t ,i c\ld exp& ! =ces nature gave me & apply !m to _! de/9$ purpose1 t ,i c\ld foll[ my natural in/9ct & ?9k & "w = be+s )\t numb]1 :ile no "o does any?+ = me1 = t ,i ?ank !e1 my fa!r1 ?ank ?y activity1 prud5ce1 ?rift1 & provision = ! future4 ,9 #ahji he ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+5 z a /ud5t ( m$ic9e4 ,9 8 second ye> he *ang$ 8 c\rse to philosophy4 ,wiel&1 ! poet1 on ! occasion ( a visit f ,s*op5hau]1 tri$ to dissuade him f philosophy z a c>e]4 ,! reply 01 ,life is a tickli% bus9ess4 ,i h decid$ to sp5d x 9 reflect+ on x4 ,9 #ahaa ,s*op5hau] left ,gtt+51 & ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,"h1 too1 he gave special att5tion to natural sci5ce4 ,?r\gh\t 8 notebooks are scatt]$ critical rem>ks on 8 tea*]s & _! lectures4 ,fi*te especially 0 a butt = 8 s>casms4 ,aga9/ a /atem5t ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s1 t ,no man c be a philosoph] )\t be+ religi\s1 he writes1 ,no man :o is religi\s takes to philosophy3 he does n ne$ x4 ,! ,napoleonic w>s 7 at ?is "t disorganis+ #bb ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,b]l9 0 9 ! h&s ( a ,fr5* g>rison4 ,b aft] ! disa/r\s campaign ( ,napoleon 9 ,russia1 ! entire nation rose aga9/ ! invad]4 ,univ]sity classes 7 brok5 up4 ,fi*te /ay$ beh9d to nurse ! w\nd$1 & di$ next ye> at 8 po/4 ,s*op5hau]1 a prey to fe>s1 :i* torm5t$ him all 8 life1 fl$ = safety to ,dresd54 ,he settl$ f9ally at ,rudol/adt1 & wrote !re an essay1 to qualify = ! degree ( doctor ( philosophy at ,j5a4 ,?is he obta9$1 & 8 essay 0 publi%$ z ,a ,philosophical ,treatise on ! ,f\r-fold ,root ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason4 ,?is "w he describes 9 8 lat] books z a prelim9>y "p ( 8 sy/em1 :i* mu/ be /udi$ if ! rema9d] is to be und]/ood4 ,x is writt5 entirely "u ! influ5ce ( ,kant4 ,! title ref]s to ! f\r bran*es ( k3 physical sci5ce1 ma!matics1 logic1 & e?ics4 ,aft] ! publication ( 8 book1 ,s*op5hau] return$ to ,weim>1 & /ay$ = a few mon?s ) 8 "m4 ,! exp]im5t result$ 9 complete e/rangem5t4 ,he 0 ov]be>+ & dogmatic1 insult+ 8 "m's fri5ds1 & c5sori\s t[>ds h]self4 ,%e wrote to him aga91 to avoid an unpleasant p]sonal int]view1 & compla9$ ( 8 contemptu\s be>+ & p]emptory mann]4 ,he left ,weim> & nev] saw 8 "m aga91 al?\gh %e liv$ = tw5ty-f\r ye>s aft] _! sep>ation4 ,x is a curi\s comm5t>y on 8 relations to 8 p>5ts1 t 8 highe/ praise ( 8 fa!r lay 9 ! fact t he _h1 by 8 ?rift1 left 8 son an adequate income2 & t 8 ma9 c5sure on 8 "m is t %e sp5ds h] money too neglig5tly4 ,8 visits to 8 "m at ,weim> 7 ( consid]able #bc importance 9 ! subsequ5t developm5t ( 8 ?\ght1 = x 0 !re t he made ! acqua9tance1 n only ( ,goe!1 :o influ5c$ him pr(\ndly = a "t1 b also ( ,f4 ,may]1 ! ori5tali/1 :o direct$ 8 att5tion to ! philosophical lit]ature ( anci5t ,india4 ,?is lit]ature left a p]man5t m>k ^u 8 m9d4 ,= ! next f\r ye>s he liv$ at ,dresd54 ,9 #ahaf he publi%$ an essay ,on ,vision & ,col\rs1 :i* has ref]5ce to ! controv]sy :i* ,goe! 0 wag+ on ! !ory ( light4 ,s*op5hau]'s !ory is fanta/ic4 ,x is n submitt$ to exp]im5tal evid5ce1 & re/s1 z he admits1 on intuitive c]ta9ty4 ,?is e>ly "w is h>dly 9 ! direct l9e ( ! developm5t ( ,s*op5hau]'s ?\ght4 ,x is really a deviation1 = :i* ,goe!'s all-compell+ influ5ce is responsible4 ,goe! 0 at fir/ incl9$ to reg>d ,s*op5hau] z an oppon5t1 = ! essay is r a trans=mation ( ,goe!'s !ory ?an an expansion ( x4 ,8 resid5ce at ,dresd5 0 ! be/ he c\ld h *os5 f ! po9t ( view ( 8 own sy/em ( philosophy4 ,"h he c\ld /udy bett] ?an 9 almo/ any o!r t[n ( ,europe ! works ( art1 9 :i* he 0 to see a revelation ( ! mean+ ( life4 ,! art collections ( ! t[n are among ! mo/ fam\s 9 ,europe1 & ! music1 bo? op]atic & or*e/ral1 0 !n1 z n[1 ( ! highe/ quality4 ,9 ?is home ( art1 ,s*op5hau]'s great sy/em 0 n[ tak+ %ape4 ,dur+ 8 daily walks along ! banks ( ! ,elbe1 he 0 ?9k+ out 8 !ories1 mak+ notes occasionally 9 a note-book1 & !n /rid+ on aga9 #bd ) ! rapid pace by :i* he 0 recognis$ ev5 z an old man4 ,m & m /rongly x 0 borne 9 ^u him t inw>d discord is ! v law ( human nature4 ,all 8 life 8 ?\ghts _h /ruck ! note ( g5u9e pessimism4 ,he 0 always 9 revolt aga9/ ! pa9 & mis]y t lie hidd5 b5ea? ! surface ( life4 ,t ?is pessimi/ic bias 0 fundam5tally "o ( temp]am5t1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,9 lett]s to him f 8 "m1 we f9d h] con/antly urg+ him1 ev5 z a *ild1 to look ^u ! bright] side ( ?+s4 ,9 a lett] writt5 to him 9 #ahjf1 %e writes1 ,i c\ld tell y ?+s t w\ld make y\r hair /& on end1 b ,i refra91 = ,i "k h[ y love to brood ov] human mis]y 9 any case4 ,ev5 9 happ9ess & success he recognis$ illusion4 ,ev]y:]e 9 nature we see /rife & conflict4 ,"o species preys ^u ano!r4 ,! w to live necess>ily expresses itself z a /ruggle4 ,hegel at ?is "t reign$ supreme 9 ! k+dom ( philosophy4 ,x 0 h>dly possible to escape 8 influ5ce4 ,s*op5hau]1 9 /riv+ to give expression to a sy/em :i* w\ld lay b>e ! real inn] nature ( our life & de/9y1 0 at ! same "t prote/+ passionately aga9/ ! ,hegelian view4 ,x 0 z a prote/ aga9/ ! all-p[]ful idealism ( ?is philosophy t 8 sy/em 0 direct$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,he repres5ts a reaction aga9/ ! absorption ( ev]y?+ 9 reason4 ,z oppos$ to ?is view1 ,s*op5hau] urg$ ! priority ( ! w & ! feel+s z ! fundam5tal factors 9 det]m9+ ! m5tal life4 ,! w is ! reality beh9d all life4 ,! intellect is m]ely a tool 9 ! s]vice ( ! w4 ,x is #be impossible to f9d 9 reason a complete k ( ! ess5ce ( ! _w4 ,a m]ely intellectual philosophy ( life is b\nd to be ?9 & holl[1 & we %\ld aim r at a cle> & direct insight into life4 ,n[ ! w1 into :i* e =m ( life c be resolv$1 is ! s\rce ( all human mis]y & unhapp9ess4 ,! only way 9 :i* m5 c free !mselves f ! bondage ( ! w1 & ?r[ (f its yoke1 is by look+ ^u beauty4 ,x is 9 art t et]nal tru? is reveal$ ) a directness & c]ta9ty to :i* sci5ce nev] atta9s4 ,?is !ory is connect$ ) ! ,platonic !ory ( ,ideas4 ,! real inn] nature ( ?+s1 ! ,ideas 9 ! ,platonic s5se1 are reveal$ 9 creative & imag9ative art4 ,! faculty ( vision1 :i* enables m5 to div9e ?is reality beh9d appe>ances1 & to int]pret x to o!rs1 is ! gift ( ! arti/ic g5ius4 ,he und]/&s ! half-utt]$ spee* ( nature1 & articulates cle>ly :at %e only /amm]$ =?4 ,! man ( g5ius produces works ( art by intuitive insight4 ,he sees ?r\gh ! out] %ell to ! inn] significance t lies at ! he>t ( ?+s4 ,g5ius is ! faculty ( r5\nc+ entirely "o's own p]sonality = ! "t be+1 s z to become cle> vision ( ! _w1 free ( subjectivity4 ,! g5ius mu/ h imag9ation1 above all ?+s1 9 ord] to see 9 ?+s n t :i* nature has actually made1 b t :i* %e endeav\r$ to make1 b c\ld n4 ,art1 h[ev]1 does n deliv] u p]man5tly f life1 b only = mom5ts4 ,x is !re=e n a pa? out ( life1 b only an occasional consolation 9 life4 ,x is ! sa9t1 :o ?r\gh ! surr5d] ( all will+1 ?r\gh ! int5tional mortification ( 8 own desires1 atta9s to true resignation4 ,happ9ess #bf & unhapp9ess become !n a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & ! spell ( ! illusion1 :i* held u *a9$ 9 ! bonds ( ?is _w1 is brok5 = ev]4 ,^! 7 ! views :i* f\nd expression 9 ,s*op5hau]'s great "w1 ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 :i* 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahah4 ,he f\nd a publi%] 9 ,brockhaus ( ,leipsic4 ,:ile ! "w 0 go+ ?r\gh ! press1 he attack$ 8 publi%] ) su* viol5t rud5ess1 t ,brockhaus wrote decl9+ all fur!r correspond5ce ) "o ^: lett]s 9 _! supreme co>s5ess & ru/icity sav\r m ( ! cabman ?an ( ! philosoph]4 ,! "w appe>$ :5 ,s*op5hau] 0 ?irty ye>s ( age1 an extraord9>ily e>ly date at :i* to produce s complete & elaborate a sy/em ( philosophy4 ,9 ?is "w ! outl9es ( 8 :ole sy/em are p]man5tly fix$4 ,! :ole conta9s1 he says1 b a s+le ?\ght4 ,t ?\ght exhibits itself z metaphysics1 /hetics1 & e?ics4 ,he wrote lat] _m essays & supplem5ts1 b ^! all g t[>ds confirmation & expansion ( 8 e>li] "w4 ,= ! re/ ( 8 life he 0 repeat+ 8 orig9al !ories1 ) inf9ite v>iation 9 expression4 ,?is is entirely 9 accord ) 8 own !ory ( age4 ,at ?irty1 he ma9ta9$1 ! intellectual & moral end[m5t has rea*$ its highe/ developm5t4 ,all t is done lat] is to v>y & exp& ! ma9 pr9ciples already laid d[n4 ,8 book fell /ill-born f ! press4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] he succe$$ 9 gett+ 8 publi%]s to und]take a second edition1 b ?is too receiv$ b scant recognition4 ,s*op5hau] _h built great hopes on 8 "w1 & 8 disappo9tm5t 0 bitt] :5 no ^w ( notice greet$ its appe>ance4 ,i dread sil5ce #bg ab\t my sy/em1 z a burnt *ild dreads ! fire1 he wrote on "o occasion4 ,:5 br++ 8 manuscript to ! notice ( ! publi%]1 he _h writt5 t ! "w w\ld h]eaft] be ! s\rce ( a hundr$ o!r books4 ,he confid$ to a disciple t ^u complet+ ! "w1 he _h felt s conv9c$ t he _h solv$ ! enigma ( ! _w1 t he _h ?\ght ( hav+ 8 signet-r+ c>v$ ) ! image ( ! sph9x ?r[+ h]self d[n ! abyss4 ,my philosophy1 he wrote1 is ! real solution ( ! enigma ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is s5se x may be call$ a revelation4 ,be=e ! book appe>$1 ,s*op5hau] travell$ to ,italy4 ,he fir/ sp5t "s weeks 9 ,v5ice1 :]e ,byron 0 liv+ at ! "t4 ,! two1 h[ev]1 did n meet4 ,he !n set out = ,rome1 by way ( ,bologna & ,flor5ce1 & !re he sp5t ! w9t]4 ,8 "t 0 sp5t mo/ly 9 ! art collections1 & 9 ! /udy ( ,italian4 ,he kept1 z he always did 9 travell+1 a di>y1 record+ n s mu* 8 obs]vations on ?+s se51 z 8 moods & moralis+s on !m4 ,9 ,may ( ! foll[+ ye>1 z he 0 return+ home1 he receiv$ ! news ( ! bankruptcy ( ! ,dantzig h\se 9 :i* almo/ ! entire means ( 8 "m & 8 si/] 7 inve/$4 ,he himself _h a f> small] am\nt at /ake4 ,! bus9ess arrangem5ts connect$ ) ! w9d+-up ( ! firm1 :i* 8 "m accept$1 7 n to ,s*op5hau]'s ta/e1 & ! e/rangem5t betwe5 himself & 8 relatives n[ became p]man5t4 ,he %[$ 8 usual promptness to suspect evil1 & 8 angry accusations 7 s bitt]1 t a sil5ce ( elev5 ye>s fell betwe5 himself & 8 "m & si/]4 ,8 /ruggle ) ! firm 9 "q la/$ = two ye>s4 ,s*op5hau] came #bh (f triumphant f9ancially1 8 capital ) int]e/ be+ paid 9 full1 :]eas ! o!r cr$itors obta9$ only ?irty p] c5t4 ,8 great "w hav+ n[ be5 laun*$ 9 ! philosophical _w1 ,s*op5hau] turn$ 8 ?\ghts to ! *ances ( an academic appo9tm5t4 ,aft] _m inquiries he decid$ f9ally on ,b]l91 & made an application4 ,specim5 copies ( 8 publi%$ works 7 s5t 91 & a private trial lecture deliv]$4 ,"h 9 #ahbj he began 8 c>e] z assi/ant lectur]1 & a c\rse ( lectures 0 ann\nc$1 ( six h\rs a week1 on philosophy 9 g5]al4 ,he *ose z 8 lecture h\r ! v "t at :i* ,hegel deliv]$ 8 pr9cipal c\rse1 ?9k+ to ent] into direct competition ) him1 & c>ry (f 8 /ud5ts4 ,8 hopes1 h[ev]1 misl$ him4 ,! /ud5ts 7 n to be beguil$ away f ! omnipot5t ,hegel1 & ,s*op5hau]'s c\rse 0 a complete failure4 ,he 0 n a good lectur]1 & ! c\rse fell ?r\gh be=e ! end ( ! t]m4 ,! lectures 7 nev] aga9 deliv]$4 ,! six ye>s he sp5t 9 ,b]l9 7 n 9 o!r respects happy ones4 ,he 0 on bad t]ms ) all 8 colleagues1 & ev5 9 8 private life he contriv$ to br+ worry & legal tr\ble ^u himself4 ,9 a small entrance hall1 common gr\nd to himself & ano!r lodg]1 he1 "o day1 f\nd ?ree wom5 engag$ 9 conv]sation4 ,he dem&$ _! )drawal4 ,two compli$1 b "o1 a semp/ress lodg+ 9 ! same h\se1 refus$4 ,!reupon ,s*op5hau]1 /ick 9 h&1 ?rew h] =cibly twice out ( ! h\se4 ,%e fell1 & on ! foll[+ day br\ght h] case be=e ! c\rt4 ,aft] six mon?s1 ! v]dict w5t 9 ,s*op5hau]'s fav\r1 b an appeal 0 lodg$1 &1 9 8 abs5ce1 ! c\rt inflict$ a f9e ( tw5ty ?al]s1 #bi z comp5sation = injuries inflict$4 ,"s mon?s lat] ! semp/ress br\ght a fur!r action4 ,%e claim$ t h] injuries 7 m s]i\s ?an _h fir/ appe>$1 & t %e 0 n[ p]man5tly incapacitat$ = "w4 ,s*op5hau] 0 condemn$ to pay h] sixty ?al]s a ye> z alim5t1 & five-six?s ( ! co/s ( ! case4 ,?is sum he paid until ! "t ( h] dea?1 tw5ty ye>s lat]4 ,on h] dea? c]tificate he wrote1 obit anus1 abit onus4 ,! episode ?r[s light on ! "* ( ! philosoph]1 ) its m>k$ /ra9 ( co>s5ess & ill-controll$ passion4 ,mean:ile1 ,s*op5hau] cont9u$ to philosophise1 /ill hop+ aga9/ hope = ! univ]sity pr(essor%ip1 :i* nev] came1 b su/a9$ by imm5se self-confid5ce 9 ! importance ( 8 message4 ,he liv$ at ,b]l9 9 absolute seclusion4 ,social life _h no attractions = him4 ,he 0 a con/ant visitor to ! !atre1 ! op]a-h\se1 & ! conc]t-room1 & at home 8 flute 0 a con/ant div]sion4 ,^! 7 8 *ief di/ractions4 ,f "t to "t ! ?\ght ( m>riage _h ent]$ into 8 plans1 b 8 habits ( solitude 7 gr[+ /rong]1 & 8 cynical views on wom5 7 obta9+ an ev] firm] hold on 8 m9d4 ,8 nature 0 /rongly s5sual1 & int]mitt5t amor\s exp]i5ce is n ! be/ s*ool 9 :i* to fo/] ! gr[? ( f9e feel+ or noble ?\ghts on ! relations ( ! sexes4 ,x is n surpris+ to f9d1 !re=e1 9 8 views on wom5 ! unmi/akable /amp ( 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce1 a fatal bl9dness to all b ! physical side ( sex4 ,! subject is n "o t he passes ov] ) indiff]5ce1 = x am\nts almo/ to an obsession ) him4 ,he left beh9d him notes on #cj love & m>riage1 :i* 7 held by 8 lit]>y executor to be unfit = publication1 & ^! 7 burn$ accord+ly4 ,x 0 dur+ ^! ye>s at ,b]l91 embitt]$ by ! lack ( recognition ( 8 philosophical "w1 & by 8 failure 9 ! academic _w1 t 8 attacks on univ]sity pr(essors grew s virul5t4 ,he attribut$ 8 failure 9 bo? respects to conspiracy on ! "p ( ^? 9 p[]4 ,8 attacks on ,hegel grew ev] fi]c]4 ,9 #ahbi he 0 anxi\s to und]take a translation into ,engli% ( ,kant's *ief works4 ,he wrote to ! publi%]s1 urg+ 8 claims1 say+ a c5tury may pass be=e !re %all aga9 meet 9 ! same head s mu* ,kantian philosophy ) s mu* ,engli%1 z happ5 to dwell toge!r 9 m9e4 ,! proposal came to no?+1 & ,kant's ,critique _h to wait = ne>ly t5 ye>s long] be=e x appe>$ 9 an ,engli% =m4 ,9 #ahca ! *ol]a broke out 9 ,b]l91 & ,s*op5hau] imm$iately took to flight4 ,hegel 0 "o ( ! victims ( ?is outbreak4 ,9 "o ( 8 lat] works1 ,s*op5hau] describes h[ he _h be5 mov$ to leave ,b]l91 on ! entry ( ! *ol]a1 by means ( a dream4 ,he _h dream$ ( a little s*oolfell[ & playmate1 :o di$ 9 *ildhood1 ,x may h be51 he says1 ( hypo!tical tru?1 a w>n+ 9 %ort1 t if ,i _h rema9$1 ,i %\ld h di$ ( ! *ol]a4 ,imm$iately aft] my arrival 9 ,frankfurt1 ,i 0 ! subject ( a p]fectly di/9ct app>ition1 z ,i believe1 ( my p>5ts1 & signify+ t ,i %\ld survive my "m1 :o 0 /ill alive2 my fa!r1 already deceas$1 c>ri$ a light 9 8 h&4 ,?is is significant1 z %[+ ,s*op5hau]'s belief 9 ! sup]natural1 & 9 my/ical influ5ces4 ,aft] leav+ ,b]l91 ,s*op5hau] settl$ at ,frankfurt1 #ca & ) ! exception ( "o ye>1 :i* 0 sp5t at ,mannheim1 he liv$ !re until 8 dea? tw5ty-sev5 ye>s lat]4 ,= tw5ty ye>s aft] com+ to ,frankfurt he liv$ 9 entire isolation4 ,n[ & aga91 at r>e int]vals1 an article f 8 p5 appe>$1 b ?is is ! only sign ( life4 ,we he> no?+ ( 8 p]sonal life dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,fri5ds he seems to h _h none1 & all p]sonal int]c\rse ) acqua9tances inv>iably came to an abrupt end1 ow+ to 8 intol]ant attitude t[>ds ^? :o d>$ to disagree ) any ( 8 views4 ,only :5 he rea*es ! v]ge ( old age d we once aga9 h "s record ( him4 ,?is latt] "p ( 8 life 0 sp5t ) unv>i$ regul>ity4 ,8 *ief occupation & solace is philosophy4 ,8 daily r\t9e 0 mapp$ out1 accord+ to a regul> plan1 :i* h>dly v>i$ f day to day4 ,he work$ dur+ ! =5oon = ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,at noon he enjoy$ half an h\r's relaxation on ! flute4 ,he d9$ daily at a hotel4 ,aft] an h\r's re/1 ! aft]noon 0 giv5 up to light] lit]ature4 ,8 fav\rite au?ors1 among poets1 7 ,petr>*1 ,%akespe>e1 & ,cald]on4 ,! /udy ( ! great classical writ]s 0 all 8 life 8 greate/ delight4 ,! degradation 9 /yle ( contempor>y lit]ature1 :i* he con/antly bemoan$1 he held to be due l>gely to ! neglect ( classical lit]ature4 ,)\t ,lat91 he wrote1 a man mu/ be cont5t to be c\nt$ among/ ! vulg>4 ,he regrett$ ! disuse ( ! ,lat9 language z a means ( communication betwe5 s*ol>s4 ,ap>t altoge!r f ! educational value ( ! classics1 he ?\ght no o!r lit]ature af=d$ ! same refre%m5t & enjoym5t = ! m9d4 ,to take "o ( ! classics 9 "o's h&1 ev5 = half #cb an h\r1 is to feel refre%$1 purifi$1 elevat$1 & /r5g!n$1 exactly z if "o _h drunk f a fre% rock spr+4 ,9 ! aft]noon1 :atev] ! wea!r1 ,s*op5hau] took 8 daily walk1 toge!r ) 8 dog1 8 inv>iable companion4 ,! two 7 well-kn[n figures 9 ,frankfurt1 z !y took _! cu/om>y ex]cise toge!r4 ,s*op5hau]'s devotion to 8 dog 0 b\ndless4 ,= ! animal _w altoge!r he _h a special t5d]ness1 pity+ animals z ! tortur$ s\ls ( ! e>?1 & hold+ t 9 all ess5tials !y are ! same z man4 ,he condemn$ vivisection1 on ! gr\nd t animals h rights4 ,= two h\rs he took 8 cu/om>y walk1 at a rapid pace1 9 accordance ) 8 !ory t quick movem5t is ess5tial to heal?4 ,!n he visit$ ! read+-room ( ! t[n1 nev] omitt+ to look ?r\gh ! ,times4 ,! ev5+ 0 sp5t frequ5tly at ! !atre1 or 9 ! conc]t-room4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s1 8 gr[+ deafness robb$ him ( mu* ( ! pleasure :i* he _h always won f music4 ,on return+ home1 he read = an h\r1 & !n retir$ to re/4 ,all 8 life he 0 afraid ( robb]s1 & took extraord9>y precautions aga9/ !m4 ,he slept inv>iably ) load$ weapons by 8 b$side1 & 8 valuables 7 hidd5 away ) great +5uity 9 v>i\s corn]s ( 8 rooms4 ,he believ$ t a ?9k] ne$$ m ?an ! ord9>y am\nt ( sleep to recup]ate aft] ! day's lab\rs4 ,8 rule ( life 0 modell$ on t ( ,kant1 b ( ,kant's e>ly ris+ he /rongly disapprov$1 believ+ x to be a reckless wa/e ( vital en]gy4 ,?us ! latt] "p ( 8 life is occupi$ ) c>eful rules = ! pres]vation ( 8 heal?1 :i* 0 #cc naturally robu/4 ,! contradiction is at once obvi\s betwe5 8 actual mode ( life & 8 own moral ideal1 z set =? 9 8 works4 ,"s ( 8 mo/ eloqu5t writ+ is on ! subject ( hol9ess1 atta9$ ?r\gh r5unciation & self-d5ial4 ,pov]ty1 *a/ity1 & con/ant mortification ( ! w are ! ways along :i* man mu/ travel to ga9 ! highe/ moral solution ( life4 ,s*op5hau] 0 p]fectly consci\s ( ?is contradiction betwe5 8 ideals & 8 own way ( life4 ,b1 he says1 x is j z little ne$ful t a sa9t %\ld be a philosoph]1 z t a philosoph] %\ld be a sa9t4 ,9 ! same way1 x is n necess>y t a p]fectly beautiful man %\ld be a great sculptor1 or t a great sculptor %\ld himself be a beautiful man4 ,x is a /range dem&1 t a morali/ %\ld tea* no o!r virtue ?an t :i* he himself possesses4 ,aft] #ahah1 :5 ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea appe>$1 he publi%$ no?+ fur!r until #ahcf4 ,9 t ye>1 a small book call$ ,on ! ,w 9 ,nature appe>$4 ,x 0 describ$ on ! title-page z a discussion ( ! corroborations :i* ! philosophy ( ! au?or has1 s9ce its fir/ appe>ance1 receiv$ at ! h&s ( empirical sci5ce4 ,dur+ ^! eighte5 ye>s1 9 :i* no new "w ( 8 0 publi%$1 he _h be5 collect+ f all t he read1 or saw1 or he>d1 ev]y?+ t c\ld 9 any way be br\ght to be> z evid5ce t[>ds ! pro( ( 8 ma9 !ories & pr9ciples4 ,especially _h he be5 on ! al]t ) reg>d to sci5tific inve/igation1 believ+ t 8 own sceptical g5]ation w\ld be mo/ /rongly influ5c$ by any?+ t sci5ce c\ld br+ =w>d z confirmation ( 8 metaphysical pr9ciples4 ,physics1 he ?\ght1 _h arriv$ at ! po9t :]e x t\*es #cd metaphysics4 ,he 0 n[ confid5t t ! "t = 8 philosophy 0 rip5+4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is confid5ce1 ! book met ) no m recognition ?an _h 8 previ\s works4 ,9 #ahch he compet$ successfully = a prize (f]$ by ! ,sci5tific ,society ( ,dron!im1 9 ,norway1 = ! be/ essay on ! "q :e!r free-w c\ld be prov$ f ! evid5ce ( consci\sness4 ,! subject c\ld n h be5 m happily *os5 to suit him4 ,8 essay won ! prize1 & he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,society4 ,he obta9$ p]mission f ! ,society to publi% 8 essay 9 ,g]many4 ,mean:ile he 0 compet+ = ano!r prize1 (f]$ by ! ,royal ,dani% ,academy ( ! ,sci5ces1 at ,cop5hag51 on ! subject ( ! s\rces or ! basis ( morality4 ,he 0 confid5t ( success1 & wrote to ! ,academy ask+ t ! aw>d might be spe$ily made public1 z he propos$ to publi% 8 essay along ) ! "o :i* _h be5 successful 9 ,norway4 ,8 confid5ce 0 premature1 = :5 ! ,dani% ,academy made kn[n its decision1 x ann\nc$ t ,s*op5hau]'s essay 0 ! only "o s5t 91 b t x 0 unwor?y ( ! prize on sev]al gr\nds1 "o ( :i* 01 t sev]al ( ! *ief philosoph]s _h be5 treat$ ) contempt4 ,f ?is "t 8 rage aga9/ ! ?ree philosoph]s1 ,hegel1 ,fi*te1 & ,s*ell+1 kn[s no b\nds4 ,he attribut$ 8 failure to w9 recognition to a conspiracy among !m & _! foll[]s4 ,8 writ+s ab\nd 9 viol5t invective aga9/ !m4 ,9 sev]al ways !re are po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! sy/em ( ,s*op5hau] & t ( ,hegel1 b ,s*op5hau] refus$ to admit any k9%ip betwe5 !m4 ,8 two treatises 7 publi%$ toge!r1 z he _h #ce int5d$4 ,!y appe>$ 9 #ahda z ,! ,two ,fundam5tal ,problems ( ,e?ics4 ,^! two problems are ! fre$om ( ! w & ! basis ( morality4 ,! treatm5t is little m ?an an expansion ( ! !ories set =? 9 8 *ief "w4 ,he f9ds ! roots ( morality 9 sympa?y4 ,! s5se ( bro!rhood1 :i* b9ds toge!r individual & individual1 & welds !m into an organic :ole1 is ! f\ndation on :i* all ! moral s5tim5ts are built4 ,all goodness1 love1 virtue1 & nobility ( "* spr+ f ! same s\rce1 f sympa?y1 :i* is ! same 9 its nature z pure love4 ,beyond ! egoism1 :i* is fo/]$ by ! _w ar\nd u1 !re exi/s also ! pr9ciple ( altruism1 impell+ m5 to self-sacrifice1 unselfi%ness1 & devotion4 ,! second edition ( ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahdd1 seem$ at fir/ z likely to fail ( atta9+ recognition z ! e>li] "o4 ,b a *ange 0 n[ at h&4 ,! reign ( optimi/ic pan!ism 0 approa*+ its end 9 ,g]many4 ,! l(ty idealism1 :i* 0 ! /r5g? ( ! dom9ant s*ool ( ?\ght1 & :i* f\nd political expression 9 ! revolution>y movem5ts ( #ahdh1 0 n[ foll[$ by a wave ( reaction4 ,! democratic movem5t1 aft] obta9+ "s tempor>y triumphs1 0 *eck$ completely = ! "t1 & a wave ( we>9ess & disc\ragem5t pass$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,s*op5hau] look$ on1 :ile ,frankfurt 0 torn viol5tly asund] 9 ! ?roes ( its revolution4 ,8 s5tim5ts 7 aga9/ ! democratic p>ty1 & he seems to h fe>$1 above all else1 ! possibility ( los+ 8 private means4 ,9 lett]s writt5 at ?is "t to 8 fri5ds1 ,s*op5hau] expresses 8 dislike & disapproval ( ! great national movem5t ( #ahdh4 ,he #cf 0 a ?or\gh-go+ individuali/1 & ! movem5t1 :i* /irr$ to ! dep?s ! f9e/ natures ( ! "t1 f\nd no response 9 ,s*op5hau]'s he>t4 ,8 room 0 us$ by ,au/rian soldi]s1 :o %ot f ! w9d[s ^u ! democrats bel[4 ,8 political views are express$ aga9 9 8 w1 made 9 #aheb1 9 :i* ,s*op5hau] left ! great] "p ( 8 e/ate to be sp5t = ! b5efit ( ! soldi]s :o _h be5 w\nd$ at ,b]l91 9 #ahah1 9 def5ce ( ! royal p>ty aga9/ ! democratic revolution>ies4 ,9 8 view1 ! ,/ate exi/s only to secure safety ( p]sons & prop]ty4 ,x is a /range error1 he says1 to attribute to ! ,/ate any moral function4 ,x is to be reg>d$ m]ely z ! night-wat*man1 :o protects u f ?ieves & robb]s4 ,! ,g]man ,p>liam5t1 :i* sat at ,frankfurt1 _h b a %ort-liv$ exi/5ce4 ,9 ! reaction :i* foll[$1 ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy f\nd an op5 door4 ,disciples atta*$ !mselves gradually to ! philosoph]1 & by degrees 8 sy/em ga9$ gr\nd at home & abroad4 ,! "w :i* won = him m popul>ity ?an any o!r1 0 ,p>]ga & ,p>alipom5a 7,*ips & ,scraps71 publi%$ 9 #ahea4 ,! "w _h be5 decl9$ by ?ree publi%]s be=e a ,b]l9 firm agre$ to publi%1 )\t any paym5t to ! au?or4 ,! book consi/s ( essays ( a v het]og5e\s k9d1 & ( v>y+ l5g?4 ,mo/ ( ! *ief problems discuss$ 9 8 l>g] works are treat$ aga9 9 ! essays4 ,religion1 education1 ar*ology1 ,sanscrit1 /yle1 noise1 gho/s1 & immortality are a few ( ! subjects dealt )4 ,s*op5hau]'s read+ 0 wide4 ,8 quotations range freely ov] ori5tal1 classical1 & mod]n lit]ature4 ,! success :i* foll[$ ! publication ( ?is #cg book 0 reflect$ on ! e>li] works1 & x 0 n[ possible to br+ out fur!r editions4 ,s*op5hau]'s delight at ?is t>dy recognition 0 unb\nd$4 ,e scrap ( applause 0 ga!r$ & absorb$ ) eag]ness4 ,9 8 lett]s dur+ ?is p]iod1 ev]yone :o diff]s f him is d5\nc$ z a *>latan & a w9dbag4 ,ev]yone :o says any?+ at all simil> is attack$ z a plagi>i/4 ,e adv]s>y is mov$ by ! meane/ motives4 ,s virul5t is 8 abuse1 & s co>se 8 language1 t words 9 8 lett]s h sometimes to be *ang$ = an initial4 ,no?+ %ort ( adulation1 c\ld satisfy 8 hungry vanity4 ,ev5 :5 ! univ]sities at la/ ackn[l$g$ him1 & (f]$ a prize = ! be/ exposition & criticism ( 8 sy/em1 he 0 enrag$ at ! aw>d ( ! prize to a /ud5t :o treat$ him z ( m importance 9 a lit]>y ?an 9 a philosophical capacity4 ,praise ( any o!r philosophy ?an 8 own fill$ him ) bitt]ness4 ,8 correspond5ce ) ,frau5/adt1 ,l9dn]1 & ,a%] is full ( su* weakness4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r any great man ev] left beh9d him lett]s ( s trifl+ a nature1 s /eep$ 9 vanity & s res5tful ( any brea? ( criticism4 ,he 0 active to ! end ( 8 life1 ?\gh ! fir/ f9e rapture ( 8 passionate love = all t is be/ 9 art 0 dimm$ inevitably ) ! pass+ ye>s4 ,!re is a pa!tic ref]5ce 9 a lett] to ?is dull+ ( 8 p[] ( vision4 ,9 ! "t1 he writes1 :5 my _s 0 at its z5i?1 :atev] object my eye re/$ ^u made revelations to me4 ,n[ t ,i am old1 x may happ5 t ,i /& 9 front ( ,raphael's ,madonna1 & %e says no?+ to me4 ,he di$ sudd5ly1 9 #ahfj1 at ! age ( sev5ty-two4 ,! /one :i* m>ks 8 grave be>s z inscription ! sole words ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]4 #ch ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,pessimism ,s*op5hau]'s sy/em is set =? 9 all its fulness 9 8 great "w1 ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea4 ,all t he wrote aft] ! appe>ance ( ?is book 0 confirmation & expansion ( ! !ories already laid d[n4 ,x diff]s f 8 e>li] books 9 me?od4 ,he no long] foll[s academic l9es4 ,he looks ^u ! "w z a revelation ( ! mean+ ( life1 bas$ on a cle> & direct intuition into life1 & ! /yle %apes itself accord+ly4 ,metaphor frequ5tly takes ! place ( argum5t1 & 8 !ories are develop$ 9 a fl[ ( passionate eloqu5ce1 contra/+ rem>kably ) ! sev]] me?ods ( ! ord9>y metaphysician4 ,s*op5hau] takes z 8 />t+-po9t c]ta9 !ories f ! philosophies ( ,plato & ,kant4 ,?+s1 z we "k !m 9 exp]i5ce1 said ,kant1 are made up p>tly ( =ms or m\lds1 :i* are 9 ! m9d1 & p>tly ( some?+ outside ! m9d4 ,t :i* we "k1 our actual exp]i5ce1 is a comb9ation ( ! two elem5ts1 ! subjective & ! objective elem5t4 ,t "p ( exp]i5ce :i* lies outside ! m9d1 ! reality1 ! ?+-9-itself or ! n\m5on 9 philosophical language1 we c nev] "k4 ,= 9 ord] to be kn[n by u1 x has to run into ! =ms or m\lds suppli$ by ! m9d1 & 9 ?is transition its nature has be5 *ang$4 ,to "k x z x is1 be=e x ent]s into contact ) our m9ds1 is impossible4 ,t we #ci appe> to h objective k is !re=e a deception & an illusion4 ,s*op5hau] accepts ,kant's analysis ( exp]i5ce1 b d5ies t ! ?+-9-itself is unkn[able4 ,= t :i* is real 9 our exp]i5ce is n outside u altoge!r1 z 9 ,kant's !ory4 ,x lies )9 ourselves2 x is ! only real & ess5tial "p ( our nature1 & we h a direct k ( x4 ,?is reality ,s*op5hau] f9ds 9 ! w4 ,n[ ! w is fully kn[n to u ?r\gh int]nal p]ception1 ?r\gh intuition4 ,x is ! real1 inn] nature ( ev]y?+ 9 ! _w4 ,x af=ds ! key to ! k ( ! inmo/ be+ ( ! :ole ( nature4 ,x is ! k]nel ( e individual ?+1 & also ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,x is important to note1 t ,s*op5hau]'s use ( ! ^w w is f> wid] ?an t ( common usage4 ,x includes n only consci\s desire1 b also unconsci\s in/9ct1 & ! =ces ( inorganic nature4 ,he recognises w n only 9 ! exi/5ces :i* resemble our own1 9 m5 & animals1 b also 9 ! =ce :i* g]m9ates & vegetates 9 ! plant1 ! =ce ?r\gh :i* ! cry/al is =m$1 t by :i* ! magnet turns to ! nor? pole1 ! =ce :i* appe>s 9 ! elective aff9ities ( matt] z repulsion & attraction1 decomposition & comb9ation1 & la/ly ev5 z gravitation1 :i* draws ! /one to ! e>? & ! e>? to ! sun4 ,all ^! 9 _! inn] nature are id5tical4 ,x is ! same =ce 9 e manife/ation ( nature1 z 9 ea* preconsid]$ action ( man4 ,! diff]5ce is m]ely "o ( degree4 ,! body is ! mo/ real ?+ = ev]yone4 ,if we analyse ! reality ( ?is body1 we f9d no?+ b ! w4 ,) ?is its reality is exhau/$4 ,! ^w #dj w1 l a magic spell1 he says1 reveals ! inmo/ be+ ( all nature4 ,sp9oza says1 t if a /one1 :i* has be5 project$ ?r\gh ! air1 _h consci\sness1 x w\ld believe t x 0 mov+ ( its own w4 ,s*op5hau] adds t ! /one w\ld be "r4 ,! impulse giv5 x1 is = ! /one :at ! motive is = u4 ,all bl9dly impell+ =ce1 all =ces :i* act 9 nature 9 accordance ) univ]sal laws1 are equally 9 _! inn] nature to be recognis$ z w4 ,x is ev]y:]e "o & ! same1 j z ! fir/ dim light ( dawn mu/ %>e ! "n ( sunlight ) ! rays ( ! full midday4 ,n[ ! w expresses itself necess>ily z a /ruggle4 ,ev]y:]e 9 nature we see /rife1 conflict1 & alt]nation ( victory4 ,e grade ( w fights = ! matt]1 ! space1 & ! "t ( ! o!rs4 ,= ea* desires to express its own inmo/ nature4 ,nature exi/s only ?r\gh su* /ruggle4 ,?is univ]sal conflict is mo/ di/9ctly visible 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,= animals h ! :ole ( ! vegetable k+dom = _! food1 & ev5 )9 ! animal k+dom e bea/ is ! prey & ! food ( ano!r4 ,ea* animal c ma9ta9 its exi/5ce only by ! con/ant de/ruction ( "s o!r life4 ,?is is ! w to live :i* ev]y:]e preys ^u itself1 until f9ally ! human race reg>ds nature z a manufactory = its own use4 ,?is /rife manife/s itself j z *>act]i/ically 9 ! l[] grades ( w1 e4g4 ! ivy :i* encircles ! oak until ! tree )]s z if *ok$1 ! p>asite :i* fa/5s itself on ! animal & kills x4 ,ev5 crude matt] has its exi/5ce only 9 ! /rife ( conflict+ =ces4 ,man has ne$ ( ! bea/s = 8 support1 ! bea/s 9 _! turn h ne$ ( ea* o!r z well z plants1 #da :i* 9 _! turn require ! gr\nd1 wat]1 & *emical elem5ts & _! comb9ations4 ,?us 9 nature ev]y?+ preys on "s o!r =m ( life4 ,= ! w mu/ live on itself2 !re exi/s no?+ beside x1 & x is a hungry w4 ,?is !ory ( ! w is connect$ by ,s*op5hau] ) pessimism4 ,et]nal becom+1 endless flux *>act]ises ! inn] nature ( ! w4 ,9 ! human race ?is "* ( ! w is mo/ cle>ly m>k$4 ,all our endeav\rs & desires delude u by pres5t+ _! satisfaction z ! f9al end ( w4 ,b z soon z we atta9 our desires1 !y no long] appe> ! same4 ,!y soon gr[ /ale & are =gott51 & !n are ?r[n aside z useless illusions4 ,! en*antm5t ( di/ance %[s u p>adises1 :i* vani% l optical delusions1 z soon z we h all[$ ourselves to be mock$ by !m4 ,we are =tunate if !re /ill rema9s some?+ to wi% = & to /rive aft]1 t ! game may be kept up ( con/ant transition f desire to satisfaction1 & f satisfaction to a new desire4 ,happ9ess1 !re=e1 always lies 9 ! future1 or else 9 ! pa/4 ,! pres5t1 ,s*op5hau] comp>es to a small d>k cl\d1 :i* ! w9d drives ov] ! sunny pla94 ,be=e & beh9d x all is bright1 b ! cl\d itself always ca/s a %ad[4 ,! pres5t is always insuffici5t1 ! future is unc]ta91 & ! pa/ irrevocable4 ,! w /rives always1 = /riv+ is its real nature4 ,no atta9m5t ( ! goal c put an end to ?is con/ant /riv+4 ,x is n susceptible1 !re=e1 ( any f9al satisfaction1 = 9 itself x goes on = ev]4 ,z 9 ! life ( ! plant1 s 9 ! life ( all m54 ,!re is ! same re/less1 unsatisfi$ /riv+1 a ceaseless #db movem5t ?r\gh ev]-asc5d+ =ms1 until f9ally ! se$ becomes a new />t+-po9t4 ,?is is repeat$ ad inf9itum1 n[h]e an end1 n[h]e a f9al satisfaction1 n[h]e a re/+-place4 ,no possible satisfaction 9 ! _w c suffice to /ill ! crav+s ( ! w1 to set a goal to its inf9ite aspirations1 & to fill ! bottomless abyss ( its he>t4 ,! h9drance ( ?is /riv+1 ?r\gh an ob/acle1 we call suff]+2 ! atta9m5t ( its tempor>y end is well-be+ or happ9ess4 ,b z !re is no f9al end ( /riv+1 !re is no measure & end ( suff]+4 ,9 proportion z k atta9s to di/9ctness1 z consci\sness asc5ds 9 ! scale ( organic life1 pa9 increases also4 ,x rea*es its highe/ capacity1 !re=e1 9 man4 ,! m intellig5ce a man has1 ! great] 8 capacity = suff]+2 ! man :o is gift$ ) g5ius suff]s mo/ ( all4 ,suff]+ is 9 ! v nature ( all life1 & ! ceaseless ef=ts :i* we make to bani% x succe$ only 9 mak+ x *ange its =m4 ,yet we pursue our lives1 absorb$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! mom5t1 j z we bl[ out a soap bubble z l>ge z possible1 al?\gh we "k p]fectly well t x w bur/4 ,will+ or /riv+ may be comp>$ to an unqu5*able ?ir/4 ,e act ( will+ presupposes a want4 ,! basis ( all will+ is ne$ or defici5cy4 ,! nature ( man1 !re=e1 is subject to pa9 orig9ally & ?r\gh its v nature4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 man lacks objects ( desire1 be+ depriv$ ( !m by too easy satisfaction1 !n a t]rible empt9ess & s5se ( bor$om1 comes ov] him4 ,8 v exi/5ce becomes an unbe>able burd5 to him4 ,?us life sw+s l a p5dulum backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 pa9 & bor$om4 ,m5 h #dc express$ ?is tru? oddly1 says ,s*op5hau]1 9 transf]r+ all pa9 & torm5ts to hell1 & 9 leav+ :at rema9s1 t is1 bor$om1 = heav54 ,man is ( all animals ! mo/ full ( wants & ne$s4 ,he is a concretion ( a ?\s& necessities4 ,driv5 by ^!1 he w&]s ?r\gh life1 unc]ta9 ab\t ev]y?+ except 8 own ne$ & mis]y4 ,! c>e = ! ma9t5ance ( 8 exi/5ce occupies1 z a rule1 ! :ole ( human life4 ,a second claim1 t ( ! reproduction ( ! species1 is relat$ directly to ?is4 ,at ! same "t1 he is ?reat5$ f all sides by diff]5t k9ds ( dang]s1 f :i* x requires con/ant wat*fulness to escape4 ,) cauti\s /eps & ca/+ anxi\s glances r\nd him1 he pursues 8 pa?1 = a ?\s& accid5ts & a ?\s& enemies lie 9 wait = him4 ,?us he w5t :ile yet a savage1 ?us he goes 9 civilis$ life4 ,!re is no security = him4 ,! majority ( m5 wage a con/ant battle = _! v exi/5ce1 ) no?+ be=e !m b ! c]ta9ty ( los+ x at la/4 ,man's greate/ c>e 9 avoid+ ! rocks & :irlpools ( life1 only br+ him ne>] at e /ep to ! greate/1 inevitable1 & irrem$iable %ipwreck ( dea?4 ,?is is ! f9al goal ( ! labori\s voyage4 ,:atev] nature & =tune may h done1 :oev] a man be1 & :atev] he may possess1 ! pa9 ( life _c be ca/ (f4 ,excessive joy & excessive suff]+ always occur 9 ! same p]son1 = !y condition ea* o!r reciprocally1 & are condition$ by great activity ( ! m9d4 ,error & delusion lie at ! f\ndation ( ke5 joy or grief4 ,joy re/s on ! delusion t la/+ satisfaction has be5 f\nd = ! desires4 ,! inevitable result is t :5 ! #dd delusion vani%es1 we pay = x ) pa9 z bitt] z ! joy 0 ke54 ,! great] ! height f :i* we drop1 ! m sev]e ! fall4 ,= ! mo/ "p we close our m9ds to ! k t happ9ess is a delusion4 ,we /rive unwe>i$ly f wi% to wi%1 & f desire to desire4 ,x is incr$ible h[ mean+less :5 view$ f )\t1 h[ dull & un5light5$ by intellect :5 felt f )91 is ! c\rse ( life ( ! great mass ( m54 ,x is a we>y long+ & compla9+1 a dreamlike /agg]+ ?r\gh ! f\r ages ( life to dea?1 accompani$ only by trivial ?\ghts4 ,su* m5 g l clockwork1 )\t kn[+ ! reason :y4 ,! life ( e individual1 if we survey x z a :ole1 is always a trag$y1 b look$ at 9 detail1 x has all ! "* ( a com$y4 ,ev]yone :o has awak5$ f ! fir/ dream ( y\?1 :o has reflect$ on 8 own exp]i5ce & on t ( o!rs1 mu/ conclude inevitably t ?is human _w is ! k+dom ( *ance & error1 :i* rule )\t m]cy 9 great ?+s & 9 small4 ,ev]y?+ bett] /ruggles ?r\gh only ) difficulty4 ,t :i* is noble & wise seldom atta9s to expression4 ,! absurd & ! p]v]se 9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght1 ! dull & ta/eless 9 ! sph]e ( art1 ! wick$ & deceitful 9 ! sph]e ( action1 ass]t a supremacy :i* is r>ely di/urb$4 ,no?+ ext]nal has p[] to deliv] man f ?is dom9ion ( woe4 ,9 va9 does he make to himself gods1 9 ord] to get f !m by pray]s & flatt]y :at c be accompli%$ only by 8 own w-p[]4 ,! mo/ beautiful "p ( life1 its pure/ joy1 is pure k4 ,x is remov$ f all will+1 & lifts u out ( real exi/5ce4 ,?is relief1 h[ev]1 is grant$ #de only to a few1 because x dem&s r>e tal5ts & r>e opportunities4 ,ev5 ! few1 to :om x comes only z a pass+ dream1 are made susceptible ( f> great] suff]+ ?an dull] m9ds c ev] feel4 ,!y are plac$ 9 lonely isolation by _! nature1 :i* is diff]5t f t ( o!rs4 ,to ! great mass ( m51 purely intellectual pleasures are n accessible4 ,!y are almo/ incapable ( ! joys :i* lie 9 pure k4 ,_! lives are giv5 up to will+4 ,if we c\ld br+ cle>ly to a man's sight ! t]rible suff]+s & mis]ies to :i* 8 life is expos$1 he w\ld be seiz$ ) horror4 ,! brevity ( life may be ! be/ quality x possesses4 ,all happ9ess is negative 9 "*1 & nev] positive4 ,only pa9 & want c be felt positively4 ,happ9ess is m]ely ! abs5ce ( pa91 = x foll[s ^u ! satisfaction ( a wi%4 ,"s want or ne$ is ! condition :i* prec$es e pleasure4 ,b ) ! satisfaction1 ! wi%1 & !re=e ! pleasure1 cease4 ,! satisfaction c nev] be m ?an deliv]ance f a pa9 or want4 ,we obs]ve t ! days ( our life 7 happy aft] !y h giv5 place to unhappy ones4 ,9 proportion z pleasures increase1 ! capacity = !m decreases4 ,:at is cu/om>y is no long] felt z a pleasure4 ,a*ievem5t is difficult1 b :5 atta9$ x is no?+ b deliv]ance f "s sorr[ or want4 ,!re=e we value our bless+s & advantages only :5 we h lo/ !m1 = ! deprivation1 ! ne$1 is ! positive factor4 ,man's real exi/5ce is only 9 ! pres5t1 & ! pres5t is slipp+ ev] into ! pa/4 ,!re is ?us a con/ant transition into dea?4 ,! future is q unc]ta91 & always %ort4 ,our exi/5ce1 !re=e1 is a con/ant hurry+ ( ! pres5t1 into ! dead pa/1 #df a con/ant dy+4 ,on ! physical side1 ! life ( ! body is b an ev]-po/pon$ dea?4 ,9 ! end dea? mu/ conqu]1 & he only plays = a little ) 8 prey be=e he swall[s x up4 ,) su* int5sity did ,s*op5hau] feel t pessimism 0 ! only possible conclusion1 t he ma9ta9$ t optimism 0 n only absurd1 b really a wick$ way ( ?\ght4 ,= optimism is a bitt] mock]y ( ! unspeakable suff]+ ( humanity4 ,he revolt$ aga9/ ! !ory ( ,leibnitz1 :o ma9ta9$ t ?is is ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 he decl>$1 ! wor/ ( all possible worlds4 ,optimism is at bottom ! unm]it$ self-praise ( ! w to live1 ! real orig9ator ( ! _w1 :i* views itself complac5tly 9 its works4 ,x is n only a false1 b also a p]nici\s doctr9e4 ,= x pres5ts life to u z a desirable condition1 & happ9ess z its end4 ,ev]yone believes t he has a j claim to happ9ess & pleasure1 & if ^! d n fall to 8 lot1 he believes t he is wrong$4 ,x is f> m correct to reg>d mis]y & suff]+1 cr[n$ by dea?1 z ! end ( our life1 = x is ^! :i* lead to ! d5ial ( ! w to live4 ,x is difficult to conceive h[ m5 c deceive !mselves & be p]suad$ t life is !re to be ?ankfully enjoy$1 & t man exi/s 9 ord] to be happy4 ,! con/ant illusion & disillusion seem int5d$ to awak5 ! conviction1 t no?+ at all is wor? our /riv+1 our ef=ts1 or our /ruggles1 & t all good ?+s are b empty vanity4 ,! tru? is1 he says1 we ought to be wret*$ & we are4 ,! _w is a hell1 :i* surpasses t ( ,dante4 ,"o ne$ look only at man's treatm5t ( 8 fell[-m54 ,s*op5hau] po9ts to ! *ildr51 :o are s5t #dg into factories to "w !re daily = long h\rs1 p]=m+ day aft] day ! same me*anical task4 ,?is1 he adds1 is to pur*ase de>ly ! satisfaction ( draw+ brea?4 ,ev]yone w\ld h decl9$ ! gift ( life1 if he c\ld h se5 x & te/$ x be=eh&4 ,b life has nev] be5 *os5 freely4 ,ev]yone w\ld retire f ! /ruggle gladly1 b want & bor$om are ! :ips :i* keep ! top sp9n+4 ,e individual be>s ! /amp ( a =c$ condition4 ,inw>dly we>y1 he longs = re/1 b yet he mu/ press =w>d4 ,all movem5t is =c$1 & m5 are pu%$ f beh9d4 ,x is n life t tempts !m on1 b necessity t drives !m =w>d4 ,suicide is no solution ( ! problem ( life4 ,x is n to be reg>d$ z a crime1 z 9 ! code ( mod]n society4 ,b !re is a valid moral reason aga9/ x1 9 t x sub/itutes = ! real emancipation f ! _w ( suff]+1 a m]ely app>5t "o4 ,s f> f be+ a d5ial ( ! w1 suicide is inde$ a /rong ass]tion ( ! w4 ,! suicide de/roys m]ely ! individual manife/ation ( life4 ,! wilful de/ruction ( ! s+le exi/5ce is a va9 & fooli% act4 ,! suicide gives up liv+1 because he _c give up will+4 ,he d5ies ! individual only1 n ! species4 ,!re is a m adequate way ( conqu]+ life ?an by de/roy+ x1 :i* ,s*op5hau] exp\nds :5 he deals ) ! e?ical aspect ( 8 philosophy4 ,8 analysis ( ! wor? ( human life1 z repres5t$ 9 ?is !ory ( pessimism1 is ! mo/ passionate & t]rible indictm5t ( exi/5ce :i* has ev] f\nd expression4 ,8 s5se ( dis5*antm5t is felt ) su* int5sity1 t x col\rs & di/orts ! :ole fabric ( 8 vision ( life4 ,!re is mu* aff9ity betwe5 ! "* & #dh "w ( ,s*op5hau] & t ( ,leop>di4 ,9 bo? are display$ p5etrat+ pr(undity ( ?\ght1 extraord9>y beauty ( expression1 & deep insight into ! work+s ( ! human m9d1 :ile ! same passionate revolt aga9/ ! mis]y ( life col\rs ! outlook & a*ievem5t ( philosoph] & poet alike4 ,s*op5hau] 0 acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ,leop>di1 & _h great admiration = 8 "w4 ,8 subject1 he says1 is always ! mock]y & wret*$ness ( exi/5ce1 & he pres5ts x ) su* weal? ( imag]y1 su* multiplicity ( =ms & applications1 t he nev] we>ies u1 b is always ent]ta9+ & excit+4 ,?is e/imate ( ! "w ( ,leop>di might ) equal ju/ice be appli$ to ,s*op5hau] himself4 ,z 8 philosophy ga9$ gr\nd gradually1 & became kn[n1 he won _m disciples & en?usia/ic foll[]s1 & = a "t 8 !ories ( pessimism became fa%ionable4 ,c]ta9 lit]>y gr\ps adopt$ !m ) en?usiasm1 b 9 t direction 8 influ5ce 0 n p]man5t4 ,x is n 9 ,s*op5hau]'s !ory ( pessimism t 8 true importance & real significance lie4 ,9 philosophy ?is influ5ce has b fa9tly %[n itself4 ,s*op5hau]'s direct successor on ^! l9es ( ?\ght is ,edu>d von ,h>tmann4 ,he rejects ,s*op5hau]'s doctr9e t all pleasure is m]ely relief f pa91 b admits t ! great] numb] ( pleasures are ( ?is k9d4 ,satisfaction1 he ass]ts1 is always brief1 :ile dissatisfaction is endur+ z life itself4 ,! pa9 9 ! univ]se greatly prepond]ates ov] ! pleasure1 ev5 = ^? :o are reg>d$ z ! =tunate ones 9 ! eyes ( ! _w4 ,! future1 moreov]1 seems likely to br+ u only increas$ mis]y4 ,h>tmann's practical conclusion is t we %\ld aim at ! negation ( ! w to live1 n ea* = himself1 z ,s*op5hau] #di taught1 b univ]sally1 by work+ t[>ds ! annihilation ( all exi/5ce4 ,s*op5hau]'s influ5ce is "h1 obvi\sly1 v /rongly m>k$4 ,ano!r disciple1 & a f> m fam\s "o1 is ,nietzs*e4 ,he came "u ,s*op5hau]'s influ5ce :ile a /ud5t at ! univ]sity1 & ?rew himself ) passionate en?usiasm "u ! spell ( 8 philosophy4 ,al?\gh 9 8 lat] developm5t he react$ /rongly 9 an opposite direction1 yet all 8 "w be>s ! m>k ( ! deep impress :i* ,s*op5hau] _h made ^u 8 m9d4 ,8 outlook on life _h be5 *ang$ pr(\ndly by t wond]ful he>t-/irr+ philosophy1 z he calls x4 ,"o ( 8 e>lie/ works 0 an essay on ,s*op5hau] z ,educator1 9 :i* he bases ! greatness ( ,s*op5hau] on 8 p[] to see ! picture ( life z a unity1 & to express x z su*4 ,he is held up z ! ideal philosoph]1 & z "o ( ?ree models = future man1 ! o!r two be+ ,goe! & ,r\sseau4 ,s*op5hau]'s insi/5ce on action z ! prop] sph]e ( man1 z contra/$ ) ! m]e life ( ?\ght1 made a /rong appeal to ,nietzs*e4 ,a philosoph]1 says ,nietzs*e1 mu/ be n only a great ?9k]1 b a liv+ man4 ,s*op5hau] _h n be5 spoilt1 z 0 ,kant1 by 8 education4 ,he _h se5 life z well z /udi$ books1 & s 0 able to see h[ ! free1 /rong man c\ld be evolv$4 ,_m ( ,nietzs*e's mo/ *>act]i/ic doctr9es are sugge/$ 9 ?is e>ly essay1 & are read p>tially into ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy4 ,x is m especially ,s*op5hau]'s !ories ( art :i* influ5c$ ,nietzs*e's ?\ght1 & left ! deepe/ & mo/ p]man5t m>k on 8 "w4 ,he adopt$ 9 8 e>ly days ! pessimism along ) ! re/ ( ,s*op5hau]'s sy/em4 ,b ?is conception #ej ( life 0 n really native to 8 m9d1 & x 0 aga9/ ?is aspect ( ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy t he react$ mo/ viol5tly 9 lat] life4 ,nietzs*e /&s1 above all else1 = ! affirmation ( life1 ,s*op5hau] = ! negation ( life4 ,9 8 prote/ aga9/ pessimism1 ,nietzs*e reaffirms ) passionate int5sity ! wor? ( life & ! spl5d\r ( human de/9y4 ,he told m5 to believe 9 ! glory ( ?+s1 & bade !m %\t = ! joy ( liv+4 ,all t's joyful %all be true1 he says 9 "o ( 8 poems4 ,9 ano!r passage he insi/s t x is necess>y to rema9 bravely at ! surface1 to wor%ip appe>ance1 to believe 9 =ms1 9 tones1 9 words1 9 ! :ole ,olympus ( appe>ance4 ,x is cle> t by ?is "t no?+ ( ! pessimi/ic outlook on life _h be5 left 9 ,nietzs*e's philosophy4 ,pessimism w always f9d an e*o 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o by temp]am5t t5d to see only ! d>k] col\rs ( ! picture ( life4 ,too mu* que/ion+ & too little responsibility lead d[n to ! abyss1 z ,william ,james po9ts out4 ,pessimism1 he says1 is ess5tially a religi\s disease4 ,x consi/s 9 no?+ b a religi\s dem&1 to :i* !re comes no normal religi\s reply4 ,to ! great mass ( mank9d !re is some?+ ali5 & repell5t 9 ?is grim & bitt] outlook ( hopelessness4 ,x f9ds little or no response 9 ! he>t ( ! normal human be+1 ev5 ?\gh at times ! nightm>e view may =ce itself ^u him4 ,deliv]ance1 says ! ,indian poet ,tagore1 is n = me 9 r5unciation4 ,i feel ! embrace ( fre$om 9 a ?\s& bonds ( delight4 ,all my illusions w burn into illum9ation ( joy & all my desires rip5 into fruits ( love4 #ea ,= ,s*op5hau] ! way ( escape lay 9 two directions4 ,9 consid]+ 8 /hetic !ories1 we %all see h[ he f\nd 9 art a tempor>y release f ! bondage ( life1 & 9 8 e?ical sy/em he po9ts ! way to a p]man5t deliv]ance4 ,x is 9 ^! /atem5ts1 ! /hetic & ! e?ical aspects ( 8 sy/em1 t we f9d ! mo/ significant "p ( ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy4 ,8 pessimism left little p]man5t m>k on ! c\rse ( philosophic ?\ght4 ,x is to ! o!r side ( 8 "w t we mu/ look = a fruitful issue1 to 8 /atem5t ( ! function ( art & its mean+ = life2 8 insi/5ce on ! w1 ! active elem5t1 z t :i* has mo/ reality & significance 9 life2 to ! "p :i* ! feel+s1 in/9ct1 & impulse play 9 8 sy/em4 ,9 all ^! directions1 ,s*op5hau]'s influ5ce has be5 p[]ful & f>-rea*+4 ,to-day he is a /rong] =ce ?an any o!r ( ! great ?9k]s ( 8 "t1 ov]%ad[$ ?\gh he 0 by !m dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,9 ,g]many especially1 8 influ5ce is felt z a p[]ful factor 9 ! ?\ght ( ! pres5t day4 #eb ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,art ,s*op5hau]'s !ory ( ! beautiful is ! side ( 8 philosophy :i* has always made s pot5t an appeal to arti/s1 & to all ^? lov]s ( ! beautiful1 = :om art repres5ts ! supreme significance ( life4 ,! pres5t = ,s*op5hau] is only an inf9itesimal mom5t betwe5 two et]nities1 ! pa/ & ! future4 ,x is a fla% ( light betwe5 two d>knesses4 ,n[ h[ is man to make ! be/ ( ?is brief mom5t1 "u ! h>d conditions ( 8 de/9y8 ,! answ] to ?is "q ,s*op5hau] f9ds 9 8 !ory ( ! function ( art4 ,he l9ks up into intimate relation 8 !ory ( /hetic ) 8 philosophical pessimism1 b 8 pessimism is modifi$ consid]ably 9 ! process4 ,!re are c]ta9 m51 he ma9ta9s1 :o c free !mselves f ! bondage ( ! w4 ,!y c ?r[ (f its yoke1 &1 releas$ f all ! aims ( desire1 !y c become dis9t]e/$ spectators ( ! real1 ess5tial nature ( ! _w4 ,! inn] mean+ ( _! cle>1 deep vision !y c int]pret to o!rs4 ,su* m5 are arti/s1 & ! int]pretation ( _! vision is ! "w ( art4 ,9 art are reveal$ ! et]nal tru?s ( ! nature ( man & ! univ]se1 reveal$ ) a p[] & directness to :i* sci5ce c nev] atta94 ,arti/s1 !n1 are ! se]s1 ! vision>ies1 :o p5etrate into ! hidd51 vital pr9ciples ( ?+s4 ,!y alone h p[] to int]pret #ec ! half-utt]$ spee* ( nature1 & dis5tangle t :i* is real & ess5tial1 ! inn] tru?1 f t :i* is accid5tal & transitory4 ,! road to philosophy1 !n1 leads ?r\gh ! gateway ( art4 ,9 ?is !ory ,s*op5hau] />ts f ,plato's doctr9e ( ! ,ideas4 ,! p>ticul> objects ( s5se1 :i* we "k1 are m]e appe>ances4 ,!y h no reality 9 !mselves4 ,!y arise & pass away1 !y always become & nev] are4 ,b !re exi/ also ! types & et]nal =ms ( ?+s1 :i* d n ent] into "t & space1 & :i* rema9 fix$1 subject to no *ange4 ,^! con/itute ! sole reality4 ,plato call$ !m ! ,ideas1 & ,s*op5hau] adopts ?is t]m f ! ,platonic philosophy4 ,! ,ideas = ,s*op5hau] repres5t ! diff]5t grades ( ! objectification ( ! w1 :i* are manife/$ 9 ! individuals4 ,^! are ! et]nal =ms or prototypes ( individual ?+s4 ,our k ( ! ord9>y ?+s ( s5se-exp]i5ce is indirect1 x is ga9$ by way ( ! intellect4 ,our k ( ! ,ideas1 on ! o!r h&1 is direct & imm$iate1 x is ga9$ ?r\gh intuition4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,ideas1 or ! real1 ess5tial nature ( ?+s1 ,s*op5hau] is tread+ already ! pa? ( my/icism1 along :i* he works out 8 !ories ( e?ics4 ,n[ ! :ole function ( art is to reproduce ! et]nal ideas1 to seize on t :i* is ess5tial & abid+ 9 all ! ph5om5a ( ! _w4 ,! "o & only s\rce ( art is ! k ( true reality1 ( ! ,ideas4 ,! "o aim ( art is ! communication ( ?is k4 ,accord+ to ! mat]ial 9 :i* ?is vision ( true reality is reproduc$1 x is ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 poetry1 or music4 #ed ,sci5ce c only foll[ ! unre/+ & incon/ant /ream ( appe>ances4 ,x c nev] rea* a f9al goal nor atta9 complete satisfaction1 any m ?an by runn+ we c rea* ! place :]e ! cl\ds t\* ! horizon4 ,b art1 on ! o!r h&1 is ev]y:]e at its goal4 ,x plucks ! object ( its contemplation out ( ! /ream ( ?+s z !y seem1 & holds x isolat$ be=e its vision4 ,& ?is p>ticul> ?+1 :i* 9 ! /ream ( ! _w's c\rse 0 a small p]i%+ "p1 becomes to art ! repres5tative ( ! :ole1 ! type ( ! endless multitude 9 space & "t4 ,art1 !re=e1 pauses be=e ?is reality1 :i* x p]ceives 9 ! p>ticul> ?+4 ,! c\rse ( "t /&s /ill2 relations vani% be=e x2 only ! ess5tial1 ! ,idea1 rema9s z ! object ( ! arti/'s vision4 ,9 ! multitud9\s & manifold =ms ( human life1 & 9 ! unceas+ *ange ( ev5ts1 ! arti/ looks only on ! ,idea1 kn[+ x z ! abid+ & ! ess5tial1 z t :i* is kn[n ) equal tru? = all "t4 ,art1 !re=e1 is ! bridge betwe5 two worlds4 ,x leads u f ?+s z !y seem to ?+s z !y really are4 ,x is ! g5ius :o possesses ?is p[] ( vision1 & ^: magic works c unfold be=e ! eyes ( ord9>y mortals ! _s ( beauty z %e has reveal$ h]self to him4 ,entirely 9 ?is _s does ,blake express 8 s5se ( ! poet's mission3 ,i re/ n f my great task ,to op5 ! et]nal worlds1 to op5 ! immortal eyes ,( man inw>ds2 into ! worlds ( ?\ght2 into ,et]nity ,ev] exp&+ 9 ! bosom ( ,god1 ! human ,imag9ation4 ,! me?od ( g5ius is always arti/ic1 z oppos$ to sci5tific4 ,! nature ( g5ius consi/s 9 a surpass+ capacity = ! pure contemplation ( ,ideas4 #ee ,x is ! faculty ( cont9u+ 9 ! /ate ( pure p]ception1 ( los+ ! p]sonality 9 p]ception1 & ( enli/+ 9 ?is s]vice ! k :i* exi/$ orig9ally only = ! s]vice ( ! w4 ,g5ius1 !n1 is ! p[] ( leav+ "o's own int]e/s1 wi%es1 & aims entirely out ( sight1 ( r5\nc+ entirely "o's own p]sonality = a "t1 s z to rema9 pure kn[+ subject1 cle> vision ( ! _w4 ,?is /ate mu/ be a*iev$1 n m]ely at mom5ts1 b = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 & ) suffici5t consci\sness1 to enable ! arti/ to reproduce by delib]ate art :at has ?us be5 seiz$ by 8 inn] vision4 ,he mu/ fix 9 la/+ ?\ghts ! wav]+ images t float be=e ! m9d3 ,b f ^! create he c ,=ms m real ?an liv+ man1 ,nursl+s ( immortality4 ,x is z if1 says ,s*op5hau]1 :5 g5ius appe>s 9 an individual1 a f> great] measure ( ! p[] ( k falls to 8 lot ?an is necess>y = ord9>y m54 ,?is excess ( k1 be+ free1 n[ becomes subject purifi$ f w1 a cle> mirror ( ! inn] nature ( ! _w4 ,imag9ation is an ess5tial elem5t 9 g5ius1 & x is a necess>y condition t x %\ld be possess$ 9 an extraord9>y degree4 ,imag9ation ext5ds ! horizon f> beyond ! limits ( actual p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & s enables ! arti/ to con/ruct ! :ole dream1 ! complete vision1 out ( ! little t comes into 8 own actual app]ception4 ,! actual objects are almo/ always b imp]fect copies ( ! ideas express$ 9 !m4 ,!re=e ! arti/ requires imag9ation 9 ord] to see 9 ?+s1 n t :i* nature has actually made1 b t :i* #ef %e endeav\r$ to make1 b c\ld n1 because ( ! nev]-ceas+ conflict betwe5 ! v>i\s =ms ( w4 ,?r\gh ! p5etrat+ vision ( ?is imag9ation1 ! arti/ recognises ! ,idea4 ,he und]/&s ! half-utt]$ spee* ( nature1 & is able to articulate cle>ly :at %e only /amm]$ =?4 ,! common mortal1 he says1 t manufacture ( nature1 :i* %e produces by ! ?\s& e day1 is n capable ( obs]vation t is :olly dis9t]e/$ 9 e s5se4 ,he c turn 8 att5tion to ?+s only s f> z !y h "s relation to 8 w1 h[ev] indirect x may be4 ,?is is :y he is s soon done ) ev]y?+1 ) works ( art1 objects ( natural beauty1 & ev]y:]e ) all t is truly significant 9 ! v>i\s sc5es ( life4 ,he does n l+] 9 ! pursuit ( beauty1 b seeks only to ga9 8 own way 9 life4 ,on ! consid]ation ( ! significance ( life z a :ole1 he wa/es no "t4 ,! arti/1 on ! o!r h&1 /rives to und]/& ! inn] nature ( ev]y?+4 ,8 faculty ( vision is to him ! sum :i* reveals ! _w4 ,9 spite ( 8 contempt = ! majority ( m51 ,s*op5hau] has to admit t ! faculty ( p]ceiv+ ! ,idea1 ! inn] reality1 mu/ exi/ 9 ne>ly all m51 9 a small] & diff]5t degree1 o!rwise !y w\ld be j z incapable ( enjoy+ works ( art z ( produc+ !m4 ,!y w\ld h no susceptibility to beauty1 nor to sublimity4 ,all m51 !re=e1 :o are capable ( /hetic pleasure at all1 mu/ be capable to "s ext5t ( kn[+ ! ,idea 9 ?+s1 & 9 respond+ to ! call ( beauty1 ( transc5d+ _! p]sonality = ! mom5t4 /hetic pleasure is ! same :e!r x is evok$ by a "w ( art or by ! contemplation ( nature1 = #eg ! ,idea rema9s un*ang$ & ! same4 ,! "w ( art is only a means ( mak+ p]man5t ! vision 9 :i* ?is pleasure consi/s4 ,! arti/ does n add ! gleam1 ! light t nev] 0 on sea or l&1 b 8 vision is m f9ely attun$ to ! reality ?an t ( ord9>y m54 ,he makes p]man5t 9 ! v>i\s m$ia ( art ! consecration & ! poet's dream4 ,8 "w acts z a communicat+ sp>k f m9d to m9d4 ,9 "o ( ,c>lyle's mo/ sugge/ive passages1 he insi/s on ! spiritual & symbolic nature ( ! "w ( art1 9 words t e*o curi\sly ! ?\ght ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,9 all true works ( art1 he says1 ?\ wilt disc]n et]nity look+ ?r\gh "t1 ! godlike r5d]$ visible 444 a hi]>* !re=e1 & pontiff ( ! _w w we call him1 ! poet & inspir$ mak]1 :o ,prome!us-l c %ape new symbols1 & br+ new fire f heav5 to fix x !re4 ,t ! ,idea1 ! true reality beh9d appe>ance1 is reveal$ ) s mu* m =ce & cle>ness 9 ! productions ( art ?an directly 9 nature is due to ! p[] ( ! arti/ to ab/ract ! pure ,idea1 ! reality1 f ! actual & ! accid5tal1 omitt+ all di/urb+1 non-ess5tial qualities4 ,he dis5tangles t :i* is real & ess5tial f ! confus$ mass pres5t$ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! arti/ lets u see ! real _w ?r\gh 8 eyes4 ,t he has ^! eyes1 t he kn[s ! inn] nature ( ?+s1 ap>t f all _! relations1 is ! gift ( g5ius4 ,?is gift is inborn1 & _c be acquir$4 ,b t ! arti/ is able to l5d u ?is gift1 & let u see ?r\gh 8 eyes1 is acquir$4 ,?is is ! te*nical side ( 8 art4 ,prim>ily1 !n1 ! g5ius is ! arti/4 ,sci5tific #eh g5ius f9ds no place 9 ,s*op5hau]'s s*eme4 ,/atesm5 are ( v diff]5t fibre4 ,_! intellect reta9s a practical t5d5cy1 & is conc]n$ ) ! *oice ( ! be/ means to practical ends1 rema9+ !re=e 9 ! s]vice ( ! w4 ,! em95t man1 :o is fitt$ = great a*ievem5t 9 ! practical sph]e ( life1 is s because objects r\se 8 w 9 a /rong degree1 & spur him on to ! inve/igation ( _! relations4 ,8 intellect1 !re=e1 has gr[n up 9 close connection ) 8 w4 ,tal5t is limit$ to detect+ ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 individual ph5om5a1 :]eas g5ius rises to a vision ( ! univ]sal 9 ! individual4 ,! g5ius has a vision ( ano!r & a deep] _w1 because he sees m pr(\ndly into ! _w :i* lies be=e him4 ,to comp>e useful p ) m5 ( g5ius is l comp>+ build+ /one ) diamonds4 ,m]e m5 ( tal5t come always at ! "r "t1 = !y are call$ =? by ! ne$s ( _! own age4 ,! g5ius1 on ! o!r h&1 comes into 8 age l a comet1 ^: ecc5tric c\rse is =eign to its well-regulat$ ord]4 ,g5ius appe>s only z a p]fectly isolat$ exception4 ,s*op5hau] nev] /ates def9itely t a philosoph] may be a g5ius1 b he always seems to assume t he himself belongs to ! heav5ly company4 ,he gives a detail$ description ( ! g5ius1 ev5 to 8 physical appe>ance4 ,) 8 usual habit ( g5]alis+ f 8 own p>ticul> case1 he end[s ! g5ius ) _m ( 8 own p]sonal *>act]i/ics1 ev5 to 8 dislike ( ma!matics4 ,! ,platonic !ory ( ,ideas 0 ! basis on :i* ,s*op5hau] built 8 philosophy ( art4 ,b ,plato's own !ory ( ! function ( art diff]$ fundam5tally #ei f t ( ,s*op5hau]1 & x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! two views4 ,to ,plato x seem$ t art 0 conc]n$ ) ! imitation ( ?+s z !y seem1 n z !y really are2 ) ! objects ( s5se p]ception & n ) ! ,ideas4 ,! arti/ mutates ! illusory appe>ances ( concrete ?+s4 ,consequ5tly ! "w ( art is /ill fur!r remov$ f true reality1 f ! ,idea1 ?an is ! ?+ ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is a copy ( a copy4 ,?is l$ him to ! /atem5t t works ( art are ?rice remov$ f ! tru?4 ,!y c be produc$ easily )\t any k ( ! tru?1 = !y are conc]n$ only ) appe>ances1 & n ) ! reality t lies beh9d appe>ances4 ,h5ce ,plato's rejection ( art4 ,9 8 sy/em x is n art1 b philosophy t gives a direct revelation ( tru?4 ,s*op5hau]1 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta9s t x is n ! concrete object ( exp]i5ce1 b ! reality itself :i* lies beh9d t object1 ) :i* ! arti/ is supremely conc]n$4 ,! arti/ alone among m5 has ! capacity ( vision to see & grasp ! tru? ( ?is reality4 ,su* capacity ( vision is res]v$ by ,plato = philosoph]s1 ^? :om he calls lov]s ( ! vision ( tru?4 ,9 8 e>li] works1 ,plato approximates f> m closely to ,s*op5hau]'s !ory4 ,he speaks !re ( ! poet z a light & w+$ & holy ?+4 ,!re is no inv5tion 9 him until he has be5 inspir$4444 ,beautiful poems are n human or ! "w ( man1 b div9e & ! "w ( ,god4 ,! poets are only ! int]pret]s ( ! gods1 by :om !y are sev]ally possess$4 ,! value ( art = ,s*op5hau] lies ma9ly 9 its p[] to deliv] u f ! slav]y ( ! w4 ,9 ! quiet contemplation ( beauty reveal$ 9 art1 we are #fj deliv]$ f ! mis]y ( life4 ,will+1 he ma9ta9s1 arises f want1 & !re=e f suff]+4 ,! satisfaction ( a wi% ends x1 b e satisfi$ wi% at once makes room = a new "o1 & bo? are illusions4 ,no atta9$ object ( desire c give la/+ satisfaction1 b m]ely a fleet+ gratification4 ,x is l ! alms ?r[n to ! begg>1 t keeps him alive today1 t 8 mis]y may be prolong$ till ! morr[4 ,)\t peace no true well-be+ is possible4 ,b :5 "s ext]nal cause or inw>d disposition lifts u sudd5ly out ( ! endless /ream ( will+1 & k is deliv]$ f ! slav]y ( ! w1 we h a vision ( ?+s free f ?is relation ( ! w4 ,we c obs]ve !m )\t p]sonal int]e/1 )\t subjectivity4 ,!n1 all at once1 ! peace :i* we are always seek+1 b :i* always fl$ f u on ! pa? ( ! desires1 comes to u ( its own accord1 & x is well ) u4 ,?is is ! pa9less /ate1 :i* ,epicurus priz$ z ! highe/ good1 & z ! /ate ( ! gods4 ,we are !n set free f ! mis]able /riv+ ( ! w4 ,x is ?is deliv]ance t art effects = u1 & :i* is accompli%$ only by ! inn] p[] ( ! arti/ic nature4 ,art frees u f all subjectivity1 f ! bondage ( ! w4 ,?is free+ ( k lifts u out ( all ! mis]y ( endless desire1 z :olly & entirely z d sleep & dreams4 ,happ9ess & unhapp9ess h disappe>$4 ,we are no long] individuals4 ,we are only t "o eye ( ! _w1 :i* looks out f all kn[+ creatures1 b :i* c become p]fectly free f ! s]vice ( ! w 9 man alone4 ,art provides u ) a sph]e1 9 :i* we c escape f all our mis]y1 & c atta9 to a /ate ( tempor>y peace & pa9lessness4 #fa ,!re is a curi\s aff9ity betwe5 ! /hetic !ories ( "o ( ! m$ival my/ics & ^? ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ! greate/ ( ! s*oolm51 exp\nd$ views 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ak9 9 _m respects to ^? set =? by ,s*op5hau] at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,beauty1 he held1 is ! revelation ( reason 9 s5su\s %ape1 & he proce$s fur!r to say t 9 ! realisation ( beauty desire is quiet$4 ,art is ! mo/ joy-giv+ & ! only innoc5t side ( life4 ,x is1 says ,s*op5hau]1 9 ! full significance ( ! ^w1 ! fl[] ( life4 ,! pleasure :i* we receive f all beauty1 ! consolation :i* art af=ds1 enables u to =get ! c>es ( life4 ,?is pleasure consi/s 9 ! contemplation ( ! ,ideas1 9 ! contemplation ( ! inn] tru? ( life1 :i* reveals to u a drama full ( significance4 ,9 ent]+ into ! /ate ( pure contemplation1 our happ9ess lies 9 ! s5se ( be+ lift$1 = ! "t be+1 above all will+1 beyond all wi%es & desires4 ,we become fre$ f ourselves4 ,^! mom5ts :51 sunk 9 contemplation & enjoym5t ( ! "w ( art1 we are deliv]$ f ! ard5t /riv+ ( ! w1 :5 we seem to rise out ( ! heavy atmosph]e ( e>?1 ^! mom5ts are ! happie/ :i* we ev] "k4 ,! arts !mselves ,s*op5hau] arranges accord+ to _! subject-matt] r ?an accord+ to _! m$ium4 ,he places !m 9 v mu* ! same ord] z t 9 :i* ,hegel puts !m4 ,ar*itecture1 pa9t+ & sculpture1 poetry & music are ea* discuss$ 9 turn4 ,music4--,music is ! apex ( 8 :ole sy/em ( /hetics4 ,x is plac$ by itself1 outside & above all ! o!r arts4 ,= x is n1 l ! o!r arts1 a copy #fb ( ! ,ideas1 b x is ! copy ( ! w itself4 ,9 ! ma9 ,s*op5hau]'s treatm5t ( music is my/ical4 ,hegel too gave to music ! supreme position among ! arts4 ,x 0 ! c5tral romantic art 9 8 sy/em1 & ! my/]i\s magical en*antm5t ( music is pa9t$ by him ) gl[+ eloqu5ce4 ,! effect ( music1 says ,s*op5hau]1 on ! inmo/ nature ( man1 is p[]ful beyond t ( any ( ! o!r arts4 ,= t great & exce$+ly noble art /&s alone1 q ap>t f ! o!r arts4 ,9 x !re is no copy or repetition ( any ,idea ( exi/5ce 9 ! _w4 ,x is und]/ood by man 9 8 inmo/ consci\sness z a univ]sal language1 ! di/9ctness ( :i* surpasses t ( ! visible _w itself4 ,! basis ( mod]n music lies 9 ! num]ical relations :i* und]lie s\nds4 ,ari?metical proportions ent] into & h "s "p 9 ! pleasure :i* we d]ive f music1 z ,leibnitz po9ts out1 b ?is does n acc\nt = t passionate delight ) :i* we he> ! deepe/ recesses ( our nature f9d expression 9 s\nd4 ,if we take ! /hetic effect z a crit]ion1 we mu/ attribute to music a f> deep] & m vital significance ?an t :i* lies at ! basis ( ! o!r arts4 ,?is is connect$ ) ! inmo/ nature ( man & ! _w4 ,its repres5tative relation to ! _w mu/ be v deep1 absolutely true1 & extraord9>ily accurate1 because x is und]/ood imm$iately by ev]yone4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( a c]ta9 infallibility1 because its =m may be r$uc$ to q def9ite rules1 express$ 9 numb]s1 f :i* x _c free itself )\t ceas+ to be music4 ,! obscure relation ( music to ! _w has nev] be5 made cle>4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is relation1 ,s*op5hau] says #fc he gave 8 m9d entirely to ! impression ( music 9 all its aspects1 & !n return$ to apply 8 reflections to 8 sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,we "k t he _h invaluable opportunities ( /udy+ music1 9 its v>i\s =ms1 dur+ ! "t t he 0 work+ out 8 sy/em at ,dresd54 ,he himself practis$ daily ! use ( a musical in/rum5t4 ,! result ( 8 inve/igation is an explanation1 :i* he admits is impossible ( pro(1 because x reg>ds music z ! copy ( an orig9al1 :i* c nev] itself be pres5t$ directly z idea4 ,b he ma9ta9s t 9 ord] to ass5t ) full conviction to 8 !ory ( ! significance ( ?is art1 x is only necess>y to li/5 frequ5tly to music1 te/+ ! !ory at ! "t1 & reflect+ con/antly ^u x4 ,! o!r arts repres5t ! ,ideas 9 ! p>ticul> ?+s1 ! realities t lie beh9d ! visible _w1 b music is indep5d5t altoge!r ( ! _w ( concrete ?+s4 ,x ignores completely ?is aspect ( life4 ,x c\ld to a c]ta9 ext5t exi/ ev5 if !re 0 no _w at all4 ,music1 !n1 is n ! copy ( ! ,ideas1 b ! copy ( ! ,w itself4 ,t is :y ! effect ( music is s mu* m p[]ful & p5etrat+ ?an t ( ! o!r arts1 = !y speak only ( %ad[s1 b x speaks ( ! ?+ itself4 ,br[n+ relates music to ! w 9 "o ( 8 be/-kn[n poems1 :5 he makes ,abt ,vogl] say3 ,b "h is ! f+] ( ,god1 a fla% ( ! w t c1 ,exi/5t beh9d all laws1 t made !m1 & lo1 !y are6 ,& ,i "k n if1 save 9 ?is1 su* gift be all[$ to man1 ,t out ( ?ree s\nds he frame1 n a f\r? s\nd1 b a />4 ,s*op5hau]1 9 work+ out ! details ( 8 !ory1 tries to e/abli% an analogy betwe5 music & #fd ! ,ideas ( ! visible _w1 connect+ ! l[] tones ) ! l[e/ grades ( ! objectification ( ! w1 ^? ( inorganic nature1 & lead+ up gradually ?r\gh ! int]m$iate grades until ! high] tones are rea*$1 repres5t+ ! o!r end ( ! scale1 ! highe/ organic =ms ( life4 ,! melody1 ! high s++ "p1 repres5ts ! intellig5t life & ef=t ( man1 & progresses ) unre/ra9$ fre$om1 :ile x dom9ates ! :ole4 ,?is repres5ts ! unbrok51 significant connection ( "o cont9u\s ?\ght4 ,! melody1 !re=e1 has significant int5tional connection f beg9n+ to end4 ,x records ! hi/ory ( ! w enlight5$ by intellect4 ,9 ! _w ( exp]i5ce ! w expresses itself 9 action4 ,b melody does m1 x expresses ! inn] side ( ! action1 draw+ out f ! deeps its secret hi/ory1 its motives & ef=ts1 its passionate ye>n+ & inn] excitem5ts1 all t :i* ! reason includes 9 ! concept ( feel+4 ,= ?is reason music has be5 call$ ! language ( feel+ & passion1 z words are ! language ( ! reason4 ,9 melody !re is a con/ant deviation f ! keynote 9 a ?\s& ways1 yet !re always foll[s a con/ant return to ! keynote4 ,9 all ^! digressions & deviations melody expresses ! manifold ef=ts ( ! w4 ,its satisfaction is also express$ by ! f9al return to a h>moni\s int]val1 & to ! keynote4 ,9 melody1 !re=e1 ! compos] reveals all ! deepe/ secrets ( human will+ & feel+4 ,8 "w lies f> f all reflection & consci\s int5tion1 & fl[s directly f inspiration4 ,! ab/ract conception is "h1 z ev]y:]e 9 art1 unfruitful4 ,! compos] reveals ! inn] nature ( ! _w1 & expresses ! deepe/ wisdom 9 a language #fe :i* 8 reason does n und]/&4 ,9 ! same way1 a p]son "u ! influ5ce ( mesm]ism tells ?+s ( :i* he has no conception :5 he wakes4 ,9 ! compos]1 m ?an 9 any o!r arti/1 ! man is entirely sep>ate & di/9ct f ! arti/4 ,z quick transition f wi% to satisfaction is well-be+1 s quick melodies are *e]ful4 ,sl[ melodies are analog\s to ! delay$ & h>dly-won satisfaction1 & are sad4 ,quick dance music seems to speak only ( easily atta9$ & common pleasure4 ,adagio movem5ts speak ( ! pa9 ( a great & noble /riv+1 :i* despises all trivial happ9ess4 ,! effect ( ! major & ! m9or key is equally m>k$4 ,9 g5]al1 music consi/s ( a con/ant succession ( m or less disquiet+ *ords1 *ords :i* excite immortal long+s1 & also ( m or less quiet+ & satisfy+ *ords1 j z ! life ( ! he>t is a con/ant succession ( feel+s ( disquietude & ( peace1 foll[+ desire & satisfaction4 ,j z !re are two g5]al fundam5tal moods ( ! feel+s1 s]5ity & sadness1 s music has two keys1 :i* correspond to ^!1 ! major & ! m9or4 ,s9ce music is f\nd$ deeply 9 ! nature ( man1 ! dom9ant national mood is reproduc$ inv>iably 9 a c\ntry's music4 ,we f9d accord+ly t ! m9or key prevails 9 ,russian music1 :ile allegro 9 ! m9or is *>act]i/ic ( ,fr5* music1 z if "o danc$ :ile "o's %oe p9*$4 ,b 9 all ^! analogies music has no direct1 b only an indirect relation to !m4 ,x does n express p>ticul> & def9ite joys1 sorr[s1 pa9s1 or horrors1 b joy1 sorr[1 pa91 or horror itself1 ! real1 inn] nature ( ea* emotion4 ,x is ! ess5tial "* ( ^! emotions t is repres5t$1 )\t di/urb+ #ff accessories4 ,music expresses only ! qu9tess5ce ( life & its ev5ts1 nev] ! ev5ts !mselves4 ,?is inn] mean+ ( life1 ! et]nal tru? ( ?+s1 is felt & und]/ood imm$iately :5 we li/5 to great music4 ,all ?+s et]nal1 wrote ,wagn]1 c be express$ ) unmi/akable c]ta9ty 9 music4 ,& 9 ano!r passage1 he says1 ,music c nev] & 9 no possible alliance cease to be ! highe/1 ! r$eem+ art4 ,x is ( h] nature1 t :at all ! o!r arts b h9t at1 ?r\gh h] & 9 h] becomes ! mo/ indubitable ( c]ta9ties1 ! mo/ direct & def9ite ( tru?s4 ,x is = ?is reason t our imag9ation is excit$ s easily by music1 & t we seek to give x =m by clo?+ x ) words4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( op]a & songs4 ,wagn] built up a :ole !ory ( music1 bas$ on ! philosophy ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,b 9 _! views on op]a !y diff]$ fundam5tally4 ,! text ( op]a1 says ,s*op5hau]1 %\ld nev] =sake a subord9ate position4 ,! music %\ld nev] become a m]e means ( express+ ! words4 ,t is a great misconception ( ! function ( music1 = music %\ld always be univ]sal4 ,x is j its univ]sality1 :i* belongs exclusively to x1 t gives music its high wor? z ! panacea = all our woes4 ,if music is too closely unit$ to ! words1 & tries to express itself accord+ to outw>d ev5ts1 x is /riv+ to speak a language :i* is n its own4 ,s*op5hau] m5tions ,ross9i z ! compos] :o is mo/ free f ?is mi/ake4 ,8 music speaks s cle>ly t x requires no words to expla9 x4 ,nature & music1 !n1 are m]ely two diff]5t expressions ( ! same ?+4 ,music is a univ]sal #fg language1 express+ ! inn] nature ( ! _w4 ,x resembles geometrical figures & numb]s4 ,!y are ! univ]sal =ms ( all possible objects ( exp]i5ce1 & yet are n ab/ract1 b concrete & det]m9$4 ,all t goes on 9 ! he>t ( man1 & t is includ$ 9 ! concept ( feel+1 may be express$ by an inf9ite numb] ( possible melodies1 b always univ]sally4 ,music repres5ts ! inmo/ s\l ( ! ev5t1 )\t ! body4 ,we might !re=e j z well call ! _w embodi$ music z embodi$ w4 ,= ?is reason music makes e sc5e ( real life1 & ( ! _w1 m pr(\ndly significant4 ,x lays b>e ! inmo/ k]nel :i* lies hidd5 9 ! he>t ( all ?+s4 ,x p5etrates to ! v he>t ( nature4 ,! ineffable joy :i* we d]ive f music1 :i* haunts our consci\sness z ! vision ( a di/ant p>adise1 re/ores to u all ! emotions ( our inmo/ nature1 b dive/$ entirely ( ! /+ ( actuality1 & f> remov$ f its pa94 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! view ( ,s*op5hau]1 t music is a copy ( ! w itself1 ) ! !ory ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 :i* ma9ta9$ t music is a direct reflection ( "*4 ,! mod]n art ( music 0 n develop$ 9 _! day1 & yet bo? ^! philosoph]s seem to h _h prophetic insight 9 und]/&+ ! nature ( ! m>vell\s spell & p[] ( s\nd4 ,music to !m 0 an imitation1 a copy ( "*1 & z su* ( pr(\nd importance 9 education4 ,music reflects "*1 & !re=e m\lds & influ5ces x4 ,! f\ndations ( "*1 says ,plato1 are laid 9 music1 :i* *>ms ! s\ls ( ! "y into ! pa? ( virtue4 ,rhy?m & h>mony f9d _! way into ! secret places ( ! s\l1 mak+ ! s\l h>moni\s & graceful4 #fh ,if our y\? are to d _! "w 9 life1 !y mu/ make h>mony _! p]petual aim1 & ! s\l c only be rea*$ & educat$ 9 ?is way ?r\gh music4 ,x is ,s*op5hau]'s !ory ( music :i* has influ5c$ mo/ directly ! _w ( art4 ,x 0 hail$ by ,wagn] z a revelation1 & x det]m9$ 8 musical developm5t & all 8 /hetic !ories4 ,?r\gh ,wagn] x may be said to h revolutionis$ mu* ( mod]n music4 ,aft] read+ ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 ,wagn] wrote1 ,i mu/ confess to hav+ arriv$ at a cle> und]/&+ ( my own works ( art ?r\gh ! help ( ano!r1 :o has provid$ me ) ! reason$ conceptions correspond+ to my intuitive pr9ciples4 ,?is philosophy conta9$1 he said1 ! intellectual demon/ration ( ! conflict ( human =ces1 :i* he himself _h demon/rat$ arti/ically4 ,ar*itecture4--,9 ,s*op5hau]'s arrangem5t ( ! arts1 music1 z we h se51 occupies ! supreme place1 be+ ! highe/ expression 9 art :i* man c a*ieve4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale /&s ar*itecture4 ,its aim is to br+ to great] di/9ctness "s ( ! ideas :i* repres5t ! l[e/ grades ( ! w1 su* z gravity1 cohesion1 rigidity1 & h>dness4 ,^! are ! univ]sal qualities ( /one1 & ! simple/1 mo/ in>ticulate manife/ations ( w4 ,!y may be call$ ! bass notes ( nature4 ,! conflict betwe5 gravity & rigidity is ! sole /hetic mat]ial ( ar*itecture4 ,its problem is to make ?is conflict appe> di/9ctly 9 a multitude ( diff]5t ways4 ,! beauty ( a build+ lies 9 ! obvi\s adaptation ( e "p to ! /ability ( ! :ole4 ,! position1 size1 & =m ( e "p mu/ be s #fi relat$ to ! :ole1 t x =ms a necess>y & inevitable "p ( an organic unity4 ,ea* ar*1 column1 & capital mu/ be det]m9$ by its relation to ! :ole build+4 ,x is ! function ( ar*itecture to reveal also ! nature ( light4 ,= ! light is int]cept$1 conf9$1 & reflect$ by ! mass ( ! build+4 ,x is ?r[n into high relief by ! rec$+ =ms1 :i* supply ! contra/+ dep?s ( %ade4 ,x ?us unfolds its nature & qualities 9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ def9ite way4 ,x is n m]ely =m & symmetry :i* appeal to u 9 ar*itecture1 b prim>ily ! fundam5tal =ces ( nature1 ! simple/ qualities ( matt]4 ,! quality ( ! mat]ial1 !re=e1 is ( great importance4 ,! fundam5tal law ( ar*itecture is t no burd5 %all be )\t suffici5t support1 & no support )\t a suitable burd54 ,! pure/ example ( ?is pr9ciple is ! column & entablature4 ,9 sep>at+ completely ! support & burd5 9 ! column & entablature1 ! reciprocal action ( ! two & _! relation to ea* o!r become p]fectly cle>4 ,= ?is reason ! simple/ build+ 9 ,italy gives /hetic pleasure1 due to ! flatness ( ! ro(4 ,a high ro( is nei!r support nor burd51 = its two halves support ea* o!r4 ,x s]ves m]ely a useful end1 pres5t+ to ! eye an ext5d$ mass1 :i* is :olly ali5 to ! /hetic s5se4 ,ar*itecture requires l>ge masses1 9 ord] to be felt adequately1 & x mu/ "w out its own "* "u ! law ( ! mo/ p]fect cle>ness to ! eye4 ,x exi/s 9 space-p]ception1 & mu/ make a direct & inevitable appeal to ! /hetic s5se4 ,?is dem&s symmetry1 :i* is necess>y to m>k out ! "w z a :ole4 ,x is only ?r\gh symmetry t a "w ( ar*itecture reveals itself z #gj an organic unity & z ! developm5t ( a c5tral ?\ght4 ,ar*itecture ought n to imitate ! =ms ( nature1 & yet x %\ld "w 9 ! _s ( nature4 ,x %\ld reveal ! end 9 view q op5ly1 & %\ld avoid ev]y?+ :i* is m]ely aimless4 ,?us x a*ieves ! grace :i* is ! result ( ease1 & ! subord9ation ( e detail to its purpose4 ,x foll[s f ,s*op5hau]'s treatm5t ( ar*itecture t he held ,greek "w ( ! be/ p]iod to be ! highe/ type ( build+ :i* x is possible to atta94 ,9 its be/ examples t /yle is p]fect & complete1 & is n susceptible ( any important improvem5t4 ,! mod]n ar*itect1 he held1 _c dep>t1 to any great ext5t1 f ! rules & models ( ! ,greeks1 )\t desc5d+ ! pa? ( det]ioration4 ,!re rema9s no?+ = him to d b to apply ! art transmitt$ to him1 & to c>ry out ! rules laid d[n1 s f> z he is able "u ! limitations ( climate1 age1 & c\ntry4 ,s*op5hau]1 !re=e1 _h no appreciation ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,! simple rationality ( ! ,greek temple delights him1 b ! ,go?ic ca!dral leaves him cold & unmov$4 ,he makes ! nave admission1 t approval ( ,go?ic ar*itecture w\ld upset all 8 !ories ( ! /hetic significance ( ar*itecture4 ,to comp>e ! two is1 he says1 a b>b>\s presumption1 al?\gh he all[s1 some:at grudg+ly1 t a c]ta9 beauty ( its own _c be d5i$ to ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,our pleasure 9 x1 h[ev]1 is to be trac$ ma9ly to ! association ( ideas1 & to hi/orical memories4 ,t pure rationality by :i* e "p admits in/antly ( /rict acc\nt 9 its subord9ation to ! plan z a :ole1 is n to be f\nd 9 ,go?ic "w4 ,greek ar*itecture is conceiv$ 9 a #ga purely objective _s1 :]eas ,go?ic is r subjective 9 _s4 ,b ,s*op5hau] _c reason away entirely ! impression creat$ by ! ,go?ic int]ior4 ,t1 he admits1 is ! f9e/ "p ( ! :ole1 & x is "h t ! m9d is impress$ by ! effect ( ! gro9$ vault+1 borne by sl5d]1 aspir+ pill>s1 so>+ upw>ds4 ,all burd5 seems to h disappe>$1 promis+ et]nal security4 ,mo/ ( ! faults1 h[ev]1 appe> ^u ! ext]ior1 :]eas 9 ,greek build+s ! ext]ior is ! f9]2 9 ! int]ior ! flat ro( reta9s some?+ depress+ & prosaic4 ,( ! ideals & aspirations :i* ! great build]s ( ! ,middle ,ages s wond]fully transmut$ into /one1 ,s*op5hau] has no?+ to tell u4 ,! m5 :o sang _! s\ls 9 /one 7 = him pre-em95tly ! build]s ( ,greek temples4 ,9 8 insi/5ce on ! op5 display ( ! relation betwe5 burd5 & support1 & also on ! importance ( br++ out ! qualities ( ! mat]ial1 ,s*op5hau]'s treatm5t ( ar*itecture recalls _m passages 9 ,rusk91 9 :i* he insi/s repeat$ly1 t bo? tru? & feel+ require t ! conditions ( support %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood1 & t ! quality ( ! mat]ial mu/ f9d expression4 ,! analogy ( ar*itecture to music is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & sugge/ive portions ( ,s*op5hau]'s /hetic4 ,he emphasises ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two arts1 po9t+ out t accord+ to _! inn] nature1 9 _! pot5cy1 ext5t1 & significance !y are inde$ true antipodes4 ,ar*itecture exi/s 9 space1 unrelat$ to "t1 :]eas music is 9 "t alone1 hav+ no relation to space4 ,b ! pr9ciple :i* gives coh]5cy to ar*itecture is symmetry1 t :i* gives coh]5cy to music is rhy?m4 ,! #gb close relation%ip betwe5 ^! two pr9ciples is obvi\s4 ,x is ?is resemblance :i* has l$ to ! say+ t ar*itecture is froz5 music1 :i* ,s*op5hau] quotes f ,goe!4 ,?is relation betwe5 ! two arts1 h[ev]1 ext5ds only to ! outw>d =m4 ,9 _! inn] nature !y are entirely diff]5t4 ,9 ess5tial qualities1 ,s*op5hau] ma9ta9s1 ar*itecture is ! mo/ limit$ & ! weake/ ( all ! arts1 :]eas music is ! mo/ f>-rea*+1 & possesses ! deepe/ significance4 ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture4--,fill+ an int]m$iate position betwe5 ar*itecture & music come pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,^! arts repres5t m complex grades ( ! w ?an ar*itecture1 & !re=e convey ! tru? ( life ) deep] insight4 ,!y too are conc]n$ ) ! ,ideas1 & symbolise ! inn] reality ( outw>d ?+s & ev5ts4 ,l[e/ 9 ! scale ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( pa9t+ come ! pa9t+ ( l&scape & ( /ill life1 9 :i* ! subjective side ( /hetic pleasure is pr$om9ant4 ,our satisfaction consi/s less 9 ! vision & compreh5sion ( ! ,ideas ?an 9 ! /ate ( m9d ar\s$4 ,we receive a reflect$ s5se ( ! deep spiritual peace & absolute sil5ce ( ! w1 :i* are necess>y 9 ord] to ent] s completely into ! "* ( ^! lifeless objects4 ,x w\ld be impossible to br+ ! mod]n art ( l&scape pa9t+1 ) its revolt aga9/ a purely objective repres5tation ( nature1 into l9e ) ?is analysis ( ,s*op5hau]'s4 ,next 9 ! scale comes ! pa9t+ & sculpture ( animals1 & !n foll[s ! pla/ic repres5tation ( ! human =m4 ,! arti/ expresses 9 m>ble or pa9t t beauty ( =m :i* nature has fail$ to complete1 & :i* has to be dis5tangl$ f ! #gc obscur+ cl\d ( trivial & accid5tal details4 ,9 virtue ( ?is anticipation ?r\gh art1 x is possible = u to recognise beauty :5 nature by a r>e *ance does a*ieve a ma/]piece4 ,human beauty is ! fulle/ objectification ( ! w at ! highe/ grade :i* is kn[n4 ,x is express$ ?r\gh =m4 ,9 sculpture1 beauty & grace are ! pr9cipal qualities4 ,! special "* ( ! m9d1 repres5t$ by expression1 is ! peculi> sph]e ( pa9t+4 ,hi/orical pa9t+ aims at beauty1 grace1 & "*4 ,! inw>d significance ( an action1 :i* is ! dep? ( insight into ! ,idea :i* x reveals1 mu/ be br\ght to light4 ,only ! inw>d significance conc]ns art1 ! outw>d belongs to hi/ory4 ,! c\ntless sc5es & ev5ts :i* make up ! life ( m5 are important en\gh to be ! object ( art1 = by _! ri* v>iety !y unfold ! _m-sid$ ,idea ( humanity4 ,no ev5t ( human life is exclud$ f pa9t+4 ,! pa9t]s ( ! ,dut* s*ool1 = example1 are great arti/s1 n only 9 virtue ( _! te*nical skill1 b because !y h seiz$ ! inn] significance ( ! ?+s & actions !y h depict$4 ,!y h real dep? ( insight into reality4 ,:at is peculi>ly significant is n ! individual1 nor ! p>ticul> ev5t1 b t :i* is univ]sal 9 ! individual4 ,s*op5hau] held t ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( ! art ( pa9t+ 7 rea*$ by ! ,italian pa9t]s ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance1 especially by ,raphael & ,correggio4 ,we see 9 !m1 says ,s*op5hau]1 a complete grasp ( ! ,ideas1 & ?us ! :ole nature ( life & ! _w4 ,9 !m we f9d ! _s ( complete resignation1 :i* is ! inmo/ _s ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 z well z ( ,indian philosophy4 ,!re #gd are portray$ ! surr5d] ( all volition1 ! suppression ( ! w4 ,9 ?is way ^! great arti/s express$ ! highe/ wisdom1 :i* is ! summit ( all art4 ,poetry4--,poetry too repres5ts ! ideal 9 individual creations4 ,its aim1 l ! o!r arts1 is ! revelation ( ! ,ideas4 ,! poet mu/ und]/& h[ to draw ! ab/ract & univ]sal out ( ! concrete & individual1 by ! mann] 9 :i* he comb9es !m4 ,! univ]sality ( e concept mu/ be n>r[$ m & m1 until we rea* ! concrete image1 = ! poet mu/ express ! univ]sal 9 concrete =m4 ,! :ole ( nature c be repres5t$ 9 ! m$ium ( poetry4 ,! ext5t ( its prov9ce is b\ndless4 ,?\ghts & emotions1 h[ev]1 are its peculi> prov9ce1 & "h no o!r art c compete ) x4 ,t :i* has significance 9 itself1 & n 9 its relations1 ! real unfold+ ( ! ,idea1 is f\nd def9itely & di/9ctly 9 poetry4 ,m g5u9e inn] tru? is to be f\nd 9 poetry ?an 9 hi/ory4 ,! poet's k is intuitive1 & by its means he %[s u 9 ! mirror ( 8 m9d ! ,idea1 pure & di/9ct1 br++ to ! consci\sness ( o!rs t :i* !y feel & d4 ,9 ! epic1 ! poem ( romance1 & ! trag$y1 select$ *>act]s are plac$ 9 ^? circum/ances 9 :i* all _! special qualities unfold !mselves1 & ! dep?s ( ! human he>t are reveal$1 & become visible 9 significant actions4 ,trag$y is ! summit ( poetic art4 ,"h ! unspeakable pa91 ! wail ( humanity1 ! triumph ( evil1 ! ma/]y ( *ance is unfold$ be=e u4 ,x is "o & ! same w t appe>s ?r\gh\t4 ,k rea*es ! po9t at :i* x is no long] deceiv$ by ! veil ( ,my1 ! web ( illusion4 ,?us ! noble/ m51 aft] long conflict & suff]+1 at la/ r5\nce = ev] ! ends !y h s eag]ly pursu$4 #ge ,! h]oes & h]o9es ( trag$y die1 purifi$ by suff]+1 aft] ! w to live is dead4 ,! true import ( trag$y is t ! h]o expiates1 n 8 own individual s9s1 b ! crime ( exi/5ce itself4 ,trag$y1 !n1 pres5ts ! highe/ grade ( ! objectification ( ! w1 9 conflict ) itself1 on a scale ( gr&eur & awful impressiv5ess4 ,! greate/ poetry is symbolic 9 ?is deepe/ s5se4 ,goe! may be consid]$ "o ( ! greate/ symboli/s among poets4 ,e ev5t 9 life 0 symbolic = him4 ,x express$ some?+ m univ]sal1 m ext5sive1 m pr(\nd4 ,! concrete image1 ! :ole full-blood$ individual 0 always cle>ly be=e 8 m9d1 b beyond t he saw & realis$ some?+ m univ]sal1 f :i* x necess>ily & inevitably spr+s4 ,he saw t ! tru? ( nature does n lie on ! surface1 b 9 a deep] unity1 :i* ! p5etrative insight ( ! arti/ alone c grasp4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,s*op5hau]1 !n1 art acquires almo/ ! "* ( a religion4 ,x becomes ! means by :i* ! ultimate ess5ce1 ! s\l ( :atev] exi/s1 is dis5gag$ f ! _w ( matt]4 ,& 9 ?is dutiful wait+ ^u e symbol1 by :i* ! s\l ( ?+s c be made visible1 art at la/ atta9s lib]ty4 ,9 speak+ to u s intimately1 s solemnly1 z only religion _h hi!rto spok5 to u1 x becomes itself a k9d ( religion1 ) all ! duties & responsibilities ( ! sacr$ ritual4 ,!re is a deep significance 9 ! hi/orical fact1 t ! bir? ( religion is int]wov5 inv>iably ) t ( ! orig9 ( art4 ,ari/otle connects closely ! rise ( v>i\s =ms ( poetry ) religi\s celebrations4 ,art & religion 7 born simultane\sly1 & h always be5 closely relat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 #gf ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,virtue ,art1 :i* ,s*op5hau] calls ! fl[] ( life1 enables u to =get ! c>es & suff]+s ( life4 ,! consolation :i* we d]ive f beauty repays u = ! mis]ies & t]rors ( exi/5ce4 ,! contemplation ( beauty br+s u deliv]ance f ! deceptions & illusions ( life1 & gives u a pure1 true1 & deep k ( ! inn] nature ( ! _w4 ,x acts z a quiet] ( ! w1 & su* quiet contemplation ( beauty is ! ne>e/ approa* to pure satisfaction t we c a*ieve4 ,?is deliv]ance1 h[ev]1 is n a pa? out ( life1 b only a consolation 9 life4 ,we mu/ seek ! highe/ solution 9 proce$+ f>!r 9 ! same direction4 ,9 8 !ories on e?ics & religion1 ,s*op5hau] po9ts ! way to a p]man5t escape f life4 ,true morality is summ$ up 9 self-surr5d]1 9 ! d5ial ( ! w to live4 ,!re are two /ages 9 ?is progress ( morality4 ,! fir/ & l[] is t atta9$ 9 ! p]fect+ ( ! good disposition4 ,?is is ord9>y virtue1 :i* is root$ 9 love & sympa?y1 & :i* re/s on ! recognition ( ! real id5tity ( any "o individual ) all o!r individuals4 ,! second & high] /age is t ( hol9ess1 & is atta9$ only ?r\gh asceticism1 ?r\gh ! complete self-surr5d] :i* turns away f all ! pleasures #gg ( life1 & represses ev5 ! natural in/9cts4 ,man lays hold on t :i* is real ?r\gh complete resignation & surr5d] ( ! w4 ,only !n is ! veil ( ,my1 ! illusion ( life1 torn asund]1 & is x possible = man to be told ! vision ( tru?4 ,?is is ! way ( virtue4 ,x _c be taught any m ?an g5ius c be taught4 ,sy/ems ( e?ics c produce virtu\s & holy m5 no m ?an /hetics c produce great poets or musicians4 ,9 work+ out 8 e?ical sy/em1 ,s*op5hau] 0 deeply influ5c$ by anci5t ,indian philosophy4 ,! complete release f ! slav]y ( ! w is only to be f\nd1 9 8 view1 9 ! asceticism :i* is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,buddhism & ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,! disposition ( m9d1 :i* alone leads to true hol9ess & to deliv]ance f ! _w ( desire1 f9ds expression 9 r5unciation4 ,s*op5hau] exp&s 8 philosophy ( art at f> great] l5g? ?an he does 8 e?ical sy/em1 & seems at times to atta* m significance to x4 ,b 9 8 f9al view x is only ?r\gh virtue & hol9ess t man atta9s to ! gate ( heav54 ,x foll[s f 8 philosophy ( ! w t human action has a significance f> transc5d+ all ! possibilities ( exp]i5ce4 ,human action exce$s 9 importance all o!r ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,! sane/ philosoph]s1 he held1 h be5 ^? :o h play$ an active "p 9 life1 & :o h n devot$ !mselves m]ely to ab/ract ?\ght4 ,x is n ! highe/ function ( man to ?9k & to und]/&1 b to feel & to live4 ,9 %ort1 und]/&+ itself is atta9$ only ?r\gh life4 ,= reality is great] ?an our k ( x4 ,k itself is a poor ?+ at be/1 an indirect way ( seiz+ hold ( reality4 ,we mu/ #gh und]/& ?+s by a deep] k ?an t ( ! intellect4 ,we mu/ ex*ange head k = he>t k4 ,= head k is conc]n$ only ) t "p ( reality :i* rises above ! ?re%old ( consci\sness4 ,our total s5se ( reality is broad] & deep] ?an a m]ely intellectual k4 ,x includes ! subconsci\s dep?s ( our p]sonality1 mak+ up a :ole :i* is f> ri*] 9 cont5t ?an t m]e surface life :i* we "k 9 consci\sness4 ,?is insi/5ce on ! importance ( intuitive k is closely connect$ ) ,s*op5hau]'s treatm5t ( in/9ct4 ,he is supremely int]e/$ 9 in/9ct1 f9d+ 9 x a positive quality1 :i* plays frequ5tly a m important "p ?an ! k ( ! und]/&+ or ! reason4 ,! "o k9d ( k is set con/antly aga9/ ! o!r 9 8 sy/em4 ,8 treatm5t ( ! :ole subject is ( deep significance 9 8 philosophy4 ,! typical case 9 :i* in/9ct is mo/ highly develop$ is t ( animals4 ,!y /rive def9itely t[>ds an end1 ?\gh ?is end is unkn[n to !m4 ,9 all ! in/9ctive actions ( animals1 ! w is cle>ly z op]ative z 9 _! o!r actions1 b x is 9 bl9d activity4 ,9 inorganic & vegetable nature ! w acts z bl9d impulse1 & s ) infallible c]ta9ty4 ,animals are expos$ already to illusion & deception1 b 9 _! case in/9ct comes to _! assi/ance4 ,?\gh guid$ by no motive or k1 !y yet h ! appe>ance ( p]=m+ _! "w f rational motives4 ,!y "w ) ! greate/ precision & def9it5ess t[>ds an end :i* !y d n "k4 ,9 man also ! w is 9 _m ways only bl9dly active4 ,?\gh a t5d5cy ( ! w1 in/9ct #gi does n act entirely f )94 ,x waits = "s ext]nal circum/ance = its action4 ,in/9ct gives ! univ]sal1 ! rule2 intellect gives ! p>ticul>1 ! application4 ,in/9ct seems always to be 9 accordance ) ! conception ( an end1 & yet is entirely )\t su* an end4 ,s*op5hau] also connects in/9ct ) clairvoyance & dreams4 ,9 8 own life he atta*$ especial importance to dreams1 & on sev]al critical occasions regulat$ 8 actions 9 accordance ) !m4 ,) 8 treatm5t ( in/9ct is b\nd up also 8 !ory ( sexual love4 ,! lov] is delud$ 9 ?9k+ t he aims at 8 own happ9ess4 ,! w to live is =c+ him1 = nature's own purposes1 to aim at a c]ta9 typical beauty1 :i* has its end 9 ! p]fection ( ! (fspr+4 ,! m p]fectly two individuals are adapt$ to ea* o!r1 ! /rong] w be _! mutual passion4 ,nature is /riv+ = a bett] realisation ( ! type1 & to atta9 its ends mu/ implant a c]ta9 illusion 9 ! individual4 ,t :i* is good only = ! species appe>s to him z good = himself4 ,he s]ves ! species 9 imag9+ t he is s]v+ himself4 ,?is illusion is in/9ct4 ,! individual is b a helpless tool c>ry+ out bl9dly ! designs ( nature4 ,an in/9ctive "* belongs also to ! highe/ functions ( human life1 z 9 art & virtue4 ,wisdom prop]1 says ,s*op5hau]1 is some?+ intuitive1 & n some?+ p]ta9+ to ! intellect4 ,x does n consi/ 9 pr9ciples & ?\ghts1 :i* are c>ri$ ab\t ready 9 ! m9d1 z ! result ( rese>*1 b x is ! :ole mann] 9 :i* ! _w pres5ts itself intuitively to ! m9d4 ,9 real life ! s*ol> is f> surpass$ by ! man ( ! _w1 = ! /r5g? ( ! latt] consi/s 9 p]fect intuitive k4 ,! #hj true view ( life proce$s f ! way 9 :i* ! _w is kn[n & und]/ood1 n f ab/ract k4 ,! he>t ( all k is intuition4 ,^u ?is dep5ds ! inf9ite sup]iority ( g5ius to le>n+ & s*ol>%ip4 ,!y /& to ea* o!r z ! text ( a classic to its comm5t>y4 ,x 0 ?is emphasis1 :i* ,s*op5hau] laid on ! in/9ctive & impulsive side 9 man1 r ?an on ! consci\s & delib]ate1 :i* l$ him to ! view t man is a creature controll$ & dom9at$ by 8 in/9cts1 & !re=e a m]e puppet 9 ! h&s ( nature4 ,?is aspect ( ,s*op5hau]'s sy/em acquires a special importance1 :5 comp>$ ) mu* ( ! mo/ mod]n philosophy4 ,!re are int]e/+ po9ts ( contact ) ! views ( ,m4 ,b]gson1 :o ma9ta9s t 9 ! intuition ( life we see reality z x is4 ,! intellect is m]ely a tool 9 ! s]vice ( ! w4 ,s9ce philosophy mu/ express ! real nature ( life1 we are driv5 to seek reality ?r\gh t :i* is felt4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,socrates1 ,s*op5hau] ma9ta9$1 philosophy has made a sy/ematic misuse ( g5]al conceptions4 ,we h an imm$iate exp]i5ce ( ! w1 & !re=e we may be said to h an imm$iate k ( ! nature ( reality4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable contributions :i* ,s*op5hau] made to ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 0 8 insi/5ce on ! view t philosophy mu/ be br\ght back to ! recognition ( ! ri*ness ( an imm$iate & direct k ( reality4 ,x mu/ le>n t ! mean+ ( ?+s is to be realis$ m by liv+ ?an by ?9k+4 ,! philosoph]1 !re=e1 mu/ be be=e all ?+s a real man1 a guide to f9e liv+4 ,s*op5hau] br\ght philosophy into relation ) life1 he drew x d[n f ! icy heights1 :]e #ha ab/ract conceptions alone c fl\ri%1 to ! sunny pla9s bel[1 :]e art1 ) a sp>k ( ! div9e fire1 w>ms & light5s ! ways ( man4 ,! intuitive insight ( ! g5ius1 :i* div9es ! tru? ?r\gh art1 is a f> high] =m ( k ?an t ( ! ab/ract ?9k]4 ,x is sugge/ive to comp>e ) ?is ! view ( ,pat]1 t philosophy s]ves culture1 n by ! fanci$ gift ( absolute or transc5d5tal k1 b by sugge/+ que/ions :i* help "o to detect ! passion1 & /rang5ess1 & dramatic contra/s ( life4 ,!re is mu* significance 9 ,s*op5hau]'s exaltation ( intuition ov] reason4 ,philosophy has always t5d$ to make too mu* ( reason4 ,& 9 spite ( _m crudities 9 8 psy*ology1 ,s*op5hau]'s treatm5t ( ! subject conta9s mu* ( ! greate/ value4 ,9 emphasis+ ! "p play$ 9 ! m5tal life by in/9ct1 habit1 & impulse1 he anticipat$ mu* t has s9ce be5 confirm$ 9 ! mod]n sci5ce ( psy*ology4 ,kant ma9ta9$ t ! only absolutely good ?+ 9 ! _w is ! good w1 & ,s*op5hau] practically accepts ?is dictum4 ,"r action spr+s f ! w1 & n f ! intellect1 = ! true nature ( man lies 9 8 w4 ,! problem ( e?ics = ,s*op5hau] is h[ ! w is to be made good4 ,8 treatm5t ( ! problem leads him beyond a sy/em ( e?ics to a philosophy ( religion4 ,virtue to ,socrates 0 a k ( ! good2 b no am\nt ( m]e k ( ! good c make ! w good1 & !re=e ,s*op5hau] ma9ta9$ t ,socrates _h done next to no?+ 9 e?ics4 ,! real solution ( ! problem ( moral obligation #hb lies 9 sympa?y4 ,x is ?r\gh sympa?y t man is able to atta9 virtue4 ,goodness ( disposition %[s itself z pure dis9t]e/$ love t[>ds o!rs4 ,& :5 su* love becomes p]fect x places ! fate ( o!r individuals on a level ) itself & its own fate4 ,! "* :i* has ?us atta9$ ! highe/ goodness & nobility w sacrifice its own int]e/s1 & ev5 its life1 = ! well-be+ ( o!rs4 ,great h]oes 9 all ages h laid d[n _! lives = _! c\ntry or _! fri5ds4 ,o!rs h submitt$ volunt>ily to dea? or torture = ! sake ( tru?s or pr9ciples :i* !y held de>4 ,socrates & ,giordano ,bruno1 & _m ano!r h]o1 h suff]$ dea? r ?an d5y :at !y held to be true4 ,su* heights are rea*$ only by r>e natures among m54 ,b all ! int]m$iate /ages ( goodness spr+ f ! same root ( sympa?y4 ,pure love is 9 its nature sympa?y4 ,s*op5hau] is "h 9 direct contradiction to ,kant1 :o recognis$ goodness & virtue only :5 !y spr+ f ab/ract reflection1 f ! conception ( duty1 & :o expla9$ sympa?y z weakness4 ,on ! contr>y1 says ,s*op5hau]1 ! m]e concept is z unfruitful = virtue z x is = art4 ,all true & pure love is sympa?y1 & all love :i* is n sympa?y is selfi%ness4 ,_m ( our s5tim5ts are a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,fri5d%ip is always1 he says1 a mixture ( selfi%ness & sympa?y4 ,! selfi%ness lies 9 ! pleasure :i* we exp]i5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( a fri5d1 ! sympa?y 9 ! p>ticipation 9 8 joy or grief1 & ! sacrifices we make = 8 sake4 ,g5u9e virtue spr+s f ! k1 :i* we h ?r\gh intuition1 t o!r individuals are #hc ( ! same nature z ourselves4 ,! s\rce ( morality is ?is inw>d pr9ciple ( solid>ity betwe5 individual & individual4 ,?is s5se ( bro!rhood1 :i* p]vades ! :ole ( humanity1 is ! real & vital fact :i* makes ! :ole _w k94 ,transc5d+ ! _s ( egoism1 :i* is fo/]$ by ! actual conditions ( life1 !re spr+s ! _s ( altruism1 :i* /rives to subord9ate ! good ( ! individual to ! good ( ! :ole community1 & prompts ! individual to self-d5ial & unselfi%ness4 ,9 deal+ ) m51 we %\ld nev]1 he says1 take into consid]ation _! int]e/$ motives1 _! limit$ intellectual capacity1 nor _! wrong-head$ness1 b we %\ld ?9k only ( _! suff]+s1 _! ne$s1 _! anxieties & _! mis]y4 ,only 9 ?is way c we feel ourselves ak91 & s ent] into sympa?y ) o!rs1 t we exp]i5ce a fell[-feel+ & a desire to help !m 9 _! ne$4 ,! two fundam5tal attitudes ( m9d1 9 :i* ! virtues & vices ( m5 are root$1 are envy & sympa?y4 ,ea* man be>s )9 himself ^! two diametrically opposite *>act]i/ics4 ,"o or ! o!r quality becomes ! fundam5tal attitude ( m9d & ! basis ( action accord+ to ! "* ( ! individual4 ,envy builds up a /rong1 impregnable wall betwe5 ea* man & 8 neighb\r1 isolat+ ! individual 9 8 cru/ ( misan?ropy1 :i* gr[s daily h>d] & d5s]4 ,sympa?y1 on ! o!r h&1 breaks d[n ! b>ri]s betwe5 man & man4 ,! s5se ( division gr[s ?9 & transp>5t1 until ! individual feels himself a "p ( an organic :ole1 d]iv+ 8 sole usefulness & ju/ification only 9 s f> z he subord9ates 8 own p]sonal ends to ! common good4 ,s*op5hau]'s use ( ! factor ( sympa?y 9 #hd expla9+ morality1 diff]s consid]ably f t ( ! ,engli% philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 ^: sy/ems ( e?ics sympa?y play$ a l>ge "p4 ,! sympa?y1 :i* ,hume presupposes z a pr9ciple 9 human nature1 beyond :i* we _c hope to f9d any pr9ciple m g5]al1 is sympa?y ) ! pleasure result+ f ! effects ( virtu\s action4 ,adam ,smi?1 :o also reg>d$ sympa?y z ! ultimate elem5t into :i* moral s5tim5ts may be analys$1 approa*$ m ne>ly to ! position ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,morality arises 9 its simple/ =m f direct sympa?y or fell[-feel+ ) ! passions ( o!rs1 :i* a spectator feels f imag9+ himself 9 _! situation4 ,x is ( two k9ds1 & moves ! spectator to ent] into ! s5tim5ts ( ! p]son conc]n$1 & also moves ! p]son conc]n$ to br+ d[n 8 emotions to :at ! spectator c g along )4 ,x is a p[] :i* enables u to take a dis9t]e/$ view ( our own conduct by putt+ ourselves 9 ano!r's position4 ,9 ,s*op5hau]'s view sympa?y is a positive pr9ciple ( conduct4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! recognition ( ! id5tity ( all liv+ be+s4 ,x alone makes moral conduct possible1 & moves u to feel & act t[>ds o!rs z to ourselves4 ,s f> ,s*op5hau] has describ$ ! fir/ /age 9 ! progress ( morality1 t :i* is atta9$ 9 ord9>y virtue4 ,! high] /age1 t :i* he calls hol9ess1 is atta9$ ?r\gh asceticism1 ! d5ial ( ! w to live4 ,on ! pa? ( virtue man has le>n$ to make no di/9ction betwe5 8 own p]son & t ( o!rs1 to take z mu* int]e/ 9 ! suff]+s ( o!rs z 9 8 own4 ,he is ev5 ready to sacrifice 8 own individuality1 :5ev] su* sacrifice w #he b5efit humanity4 ,x is no long] ! *ang+ joy & sorr[ ( 8 own p]sonality :i* conc]ns him1 b ! joy & sorr[ ( all4 ,he atta9s to a vision ( ! real nature ( life1 & realises ! va9 /riv+1 ! inw>d conflict1 & incessant suff]+ 9 :i* x consi/s4 ,& ) ?is k he f9ds x impossible to ass]t ! egoi/ic desires ( 8 own nature4 ,8 w turns away f life4 ,he %udd]s at ! pleasures :i* recognise ! ass]tion ( life4 ,he atta9s to ! /ate ( volunt>y r5unciation1 resignation1 & indiff]5ce4 ,! atta9m5t ( ?is goal is ! h>de/ end ( all to a*ieve4 ,only ! sa9t1 ! p]fect man1 ev] atta9s x completely & f9ally4 ,weak] & less p]fect natures are ev] drawn back to life by ! /+ ( ! desires1 = ! veil ( ,my1 ! mi/ ( illusion1 /ill cl+s ab\t _! feet4 ,! vanity & bitt]ness ( life /ill holds !m1 al?\gh ! entrance to all suff]+ /&s op5 :ile !y are n yet purifi$ by complete & f9al r5unciation4 ,!y _c te> !mselves free f ! illusions ( life1 f ! allurem5ts ( hope1 & ! sweetness ( pleasure4 ,^? :o see ?r\gh ! deceptions ( life1 & recognise ! real nature ( ! _w1 are already on ! way to consolation4 ,!y )draw f ! /ruggle ( life1 & no long] wi% to ass]t _! own individuality4 ,! l(tie/ goodness means refra9+ f all will+4 ,?is is ! transition f virtue to asceticism4 ,a man :o has rea*$ s f> ceases to w any?+1 he gu>ds himself aga9/ desire1 & /rives to atta9 complete indiff]5ce to ev]y?+4 ,he gives ! lie to 8 own body1 & no long] desires any gratification4 ,volunt>y & complete *a/ity & pov]ty are #hf necess>y /eps 9 ?is asceticism4 ,man is at once ! prie/ & ! sacrifice4 ,e k9d ( volition is suppress$ int5tionally4 ,! body is n\ri%$ sp>+ly1 le/ its vig\r & well-be+ %\ld ar\se ! w4 ,e /ep is tak5 to break & de/roy ! w1 :i* is recognis$ z ! s\rce ( all suff]+4 ,dea? :5 x comes at la/ is welcom$ z a long$-= deliv]ance1 & hail$ ) gladness4 ,9 ?is picture ( ! life ( hol9ess & asceticism ,s*op5hau] %[s ! /rong influ5ce :i* ,indian philosophy _h ex]cis$ ^u 8 ?\ght4 ,?is is ! ideal life1 ! life ( ! sa9t1 z portray$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian my/ics1 & 9 ! ,indian religi\s books4 ,virtue & hol9ess proce$ f inw>d1 direct & intuitive k1 & n f ab/ract k1 z s _m e>li] philosoph]s ass]t$4 ,! *asm betwe5 ! two k9ds ( k c be bridg$ only by philosophy4 ,ev]yone is consci\s intuitively ( philosophical tru?s1 b philosophy is necess>y to br+ !m to ab/ract k & reflection4 ,h5ce ,s*op5hau] is at enmity ) all rational religion4 ,= religion has to d prim>ily n ) ! intellect1 b ) ! w & ! feel+s4 ,he felt ?is s deeply t he left ! rational elem5t almo/ entirely out ( 8 def9ition ( virtue4 ,we le>n ! mean+ ( virtue1 9 8 view1 ?r\gh ! sympa?y1 :i* makes u feel intuitively ! und]ly+ id5tity 9 ! lives ( o!r be+s ) our own life4 ,x is possible to express ab/ractly ! inn] nature ( hol9ess & asceticism z ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 b ?is ab/ract !ory has be5 kn[n directly1 & c>ri$ into practice by c\ntless sa9ts & ascetics1 :o all possess$ ! same inw>d k1 ?\gh !y us$ v diff]5t language ) reg>d to x1 #hg accord+ to _! dogmas4 ,:e!r a sa9t is mov$ by ! grosse/ sup]/ition1 or :e!r he be a philosoph]1 makes no diff]5ce4 ,8 conduct te/ifies to 8 sa9tl9ess1 & ?is proce$s f an intuitive & direct realisation ( ! nature ( ! _w4 ,! dogmas he holds are m]ely = ! satisfaction ( 8 intellect4 ,x is !re=e n necess>y t a sa9t %\ld be a philosoph]1 j z x is n necess>y t a great sculptor %\ld be himself a beautiful man4 ,! use ( philosophy is to ga!r up ! :ole nature ( ! _w 9 concepts1 ab/ractly & univ]sally1 & ?us to /ore up a reflect$ image ( x 9 p]man5t concepts always at ! comm& ( reason4 ,intuitive k1 on ! o!r h&1 is express$ mo/ p]fectly 9 de$s & conduct1 n 9 ab/ract conceptions4 ,to und]/& x fully1 !re=e1 we mu/ "k examples 9 exp]i5ce & actual life4 ,a m]e description ( a beautiful s\l is cold & ab/ract4 ,s*op5hau] ref]s z models to ! biographies ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian & ( ! ,buddhi/ sa9ts1 & 9 lat] times to ! biography ( ,sp9oza4 ,he holds up ) especial admiration ! life ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi4 ,^! records ( ! lives ( simple1 self-d5y+ m51 mix$ z !y are ) sup]/ition1 are = ! philosoph] f> m significant & important ?an ! lives ( ! great fight]s & conqu]ors ( ! _w4 ,! life ( ,/4 ,francis is ( great] import ?an t ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,x is ! e?ical aspect ( action :i* is important1 & !re=e ! mo/ significant life :i* ! _w c %[ is n ! conqu]or ( ! _w1 b he :o has 9 himself subdu$ ! _w4 ,x is ! quiet1 unobs]v$ life ( ! man :o has le>n$ to d5y ! w to live t is mo/ pr(\ndly in/ructive4 #hh ,?is e?ical tea*+ is no new ?+4 ,x is only ! philosophical expression ( x :i* is new4 ,z ,*ri/ianity develop$1 ! se$ ( asceticism unfold$ into full fl[] 9 ! writ+s ( ! sa9ts & my/ics4 ,ev5 m fully develop$ & m vividly express$ is ?is tea*+ 9 ! anci5t ,indian writ+s4 ,9 ! ,indian sacr$ books1 9 _! poems1 my?s1 & leg5ds1 & 9 ! lives ( _! sa9ts1 ! love ( "o's neighb\r is taught1 & ! complete surr5d] ( self enjo9$4 ,su* love is n conf9$ to humanity1 b includes all liv+ creatures4 ,! pa? ( asceticism is m>k$ z ! ideal way = all :o /rive aft] true hol9ess4 ,!re is wond]ful h>mony betwe5 ! life ( a ,*ri/ian my/ic & t ( a ,h9du sa9t4 ,9 ea* case ! inw>d life & ef=t is ! same4 ,! rule ( life enjo9$ on bo? %[s /rik+ resemblances4 ,! r5unciation ( all possessions1 ! *oice ( deep1 unbrok5 solitude1 :i* is sp5t 9 sil5t contemplation1 p]fect *a/ity1 & volunt>y p5ance1 is ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ian & ,h9du alike4 ,9 su* r>e simil>ity ( tea*+1 foll[$ by races diff]+ s radically 9 outw>d circum/ances1 ,s*op5hau] f9ds pro( t ?is manife/ation has its root 9 ! nature ( man1 & appeals to an ess5tial side ( human1 nature4 ,9 8 treatm5t ( art1 ,s*op5hau] po9ts out h[ happ9ess is a*iev$ 9 ! contemplation ( beauty4 ,9 8 treatm5t ( e?ics he %[s h[ p]man5t happ9ess may be atta9$4 ,x is ! man alone :o foll[s ! pa? ( r5unciation1 & :o succe$s 9 d5y+ ! w to live1 :o atta9s p]fect happ9ess4 ,he is fill$ ) inw>d joy & peace4 ,?is joy is 9 no way ak9 to ! passionate delight exp]i5c$ by ^? :o love life4 ,t is a fleet+ emotion1 :i* has ke5 suff]+ z its correlative4 ,b x is a #hi peace t _c be %ak51 a deep re/ & inw>d s]5ity1 a /ate :i* we _c contemplate )\t ! greate/ long+1 :5 x is br\ght be=e our imag9ation1 because we at once recognise x z t :i* inf9itely surpasses any?+ else4 ,!n we feel t e gratification won f ! _w is m]ely l ! alms :i* ! begg> receives f life to-day1 t he may hung] aga9 on ! morr[4 ,resignation1 on ! o!r h&1 is l an inh]it$ e/ate1 x frees ! own] = ev] f all c>e4 ,he :o c ent] into ! _s ( ! beautiful1 z reveal$ 9 art1 sil5ces 8 w = ! mom5t1 b ! sa9t :o atta9s hol9ess is altoge!r bless$1 = he sil5ces 8 w1 n only = ! mom5t1 b = ev]4 ,8 w is :olly ext+ui%$1 save = ! la/ glimm]+ sp>k1 :i* reta9s 8 body 9 life1 & :i* w be ext+ui%$ only ) 8 dea?4 ,su* a man has endur$ bitt] /ruggles ) 8 own nature1 b has em]g$ triumphant4 ,no?+ c tr\ble him m1 no?+ c move him1 = he has cut all ! ?\s& cords ( w :i* hold u b\nd to ! _w1 & z desire1 fe>1 envy1 & ang] drag u hi!r & ?i!r 9 con/ant pa94 ,he n[ looks back smil+ & at re/ on ! delusions ( ! _w1 :i* once 7 able to agonise 8 _s1 b :i* n[ are z indiff]5t to him z ! *essm5 :5 ! game is end$4 ,life passes be=e him z a fleet+ illusion1 z a light morn+ dream be=e half-wak+ eyes1 ! real _w already %9+ ?r\gh x4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ,s*op5hau]'s ideal ( ! highe/ =m ( human life ) t ( ,ari/otle4 ,= ,ari/otle too ! highe/ end ( man 0 ! life ( pure contemplation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 a m purely intellectual /ate ?an ,s*op5hau] _h 9 m9d1 b #ij /ill an exi/5ce )drawn f ! c>es & /ruggles ( life1 wrapp$ securely 9 quiet contemplation4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t :5 ?is self-surr5d] has be5 won1 t x nev] wav]s or hesitates4 ,we c nev] re/ ^u x z an assur$ possession4 ,x mu/ ev] be atta9$ anew by a con/ant battle4 ,= s long z ! body lives1 ! :ole w to live exi/s pot5tially1 /riv+ to realise itself & to burn aga9 ) its old int5sity4 ,! peace & bless$ness :i* is atta9$ 9 ! lives ( holy m5 is f\nd only z ! fl[] :i* blossoms aft] victory 9 ! con/ant battle ) ! w to live4 ,9 ! hi/ories ( ! sa9ts we f9d _! inn] lives full ( conflicts & temptations1 ! end :i* gives ! deepe/ peace & op5s ! door ( fre$om con/antly elud+ !m4 ,! suff]+ :i* is exp]i5c$ p]sonally is t :i* mo/ frequ5tly produces ! fulle/ resignation4 ,! illusions ( life are a con/ant h9drance to ! fulle/ self-surr5d]4 ,! w mu/ fir/ be brok5 by great p]sonal suff]+ be=e complete self-conque/ is rea*$4 ,!n1 hav+ pass$ ?r\gh increas+ /ages ( affliction1 & be+ br\ght f9ally to ! v]ge ( despair1 a man kn[s himself & ! _w1 & rises above himself & all suff]+4 ,he r5\nces will+ly ev]y?+ he desir$ =m]ly1 & faces dea? joyfully4 ,?is is ! ref9$ gold1 :i* is drawn out ( ! purify+ flame ( suff]+4 ,goe! has giv5 an incomp>able picture ( an unfold+ ( "* to su* ends1 9 8 draw+ ( ,gret*5 9 ,fau/4 ,! ext5t to :i* man is free to make himself good raises ! p]5nial "q ( ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,s*op5hau] held t ! answ] dep5ds entirely on ! /atem5t ( ! problem4 ,9 s f> z ! real nature ( man is w1 & man himself is only a #ia ph5om5on ( ?is w1 a p>ticul> action foll[s inevitably on a giv5 motive 9 a giv5 "*4 ,x is j z absurd1 he says1 to d\bt su* inevitabl5ess z to d\bt t ! ?ree angles ( any triangle are toge!r equal to two "r angles4 ,if ! "* & ! motives 7 giv5 completely1 x w\ld be possible to calculate ! future conduct ( a man z exactly z we c calculate an eclipse ( ! sun or moon4 ,"* is z consi/5t z nature4 ,!re is no indep5d5ce ( ! law ( causality1 ! necessity ( :i* ext5ds to man z to all else 9 nature4 ,b 9 ! metaphysical _w1 ,s*op5hau]1 foll[+ ,kant1 ma9ta9s t ! w is free4 ,9 s f> z ! w repres5ts ! only reality1 x transc5ds exp]i5ce4 ,x is outside "t1 outside e =m ( ! m9d :i* limits or m\lds our exp]i5ce4 ,x is above & beyond ! =ms ( causality1 & !re=e free transc5d5tally4 ,9 t dim region :]e "* is =m$ we are our own creators4 ,action :i* is se5 empirically to foll[ inevitably f a "* already =m$ is se5 f ano!r po9t ( view to be b a =m ( self-realisation1 ( self-expression4 ,my/icism is /rong 9 ,s*op5hau]4 ,n[ & aga9 x breaks ?r\gh ! ev5 fl[ ( ,european ?\ght1 usually1 z ) ,s*op5hau]1 draw+ its ma9 inspiration f ! ,ea/4 ,!re is a recurr+ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 :5 ! sci5tific po9t ( view does n make its accu/om$ appeal1 :5 x is felt int5sely t sci5ce c give b a p>tial & limit$ view4 ,academic culture & sci5ce are felt to be inadequate1 are felt ev5 to be lead+ away f ! real he>t ( ! matt]1 & putt+ u outside ! deepe/ curr5t ( exi/5ce4 ,intuitive & direct k is giv5 !n an importance #ib d5i$ to ! k ( ! reason4 ,man retires into himself1 in/ead ( se>*+ outside himself = objective k4 ,he seeks ! secret ( ! univ]se 9 ! dep?s ( 8 own he>t & w1 & /rives to pluck out ! he>t ( life's my/]y 9 wait+ on ! sil5t twilight ( inn] feel+4 ,! eyes are %ut on ! out] _w1 9 ord] t "o may see ! m inw>dly4 ,!n only does man exp]i5ce ! s5se ( solid>ity & k9%ip :i* runs ?r\gh all ?+s1 & feel himself "o ) ! univ]se4 ,^! recurr+ waves ( my/icism seem always to appe> 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght at ! end ( a specially brilliant intellectual p]iod4 ,x is z ?\gh ! human m9d1 hav+ /riv5 to ! top ( its capacity on ! l9es ( ! intellect & ! reason1 impati5t at its own limitations1 & we>y+ ( ! discrepancy betwe5 its endeav\rs & its a*ievem5ts1 turns eag]ly 9 ! opposite direction1 & directs its gaze inw>d4 ,! great s*ool ( ,neo-,platoni/s1 = example1 foll[$ imm$iately ! mo/ brilliant age ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,& ! same is true ( ! /rong tr5d 9 ! direction ( my/icism1 :i* is s m>k$ t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5turies 9 ,g]many1 a t5d5cy :i* %[s itself 9 ,s*op5hau] m /rongly ?an 9 any o!r philosoph]4 ,!re is a /rong appeal 9 ?is ideal ( human life1 :i* ,s*op5hau] depicts 9 words ( gl[+ eloqu5ce4 ,bas$ on ! pessimism :i* claims t all life is wor?less1 x aims at conqu]+ life by )draw+ altoge!r f x4 ,?is is a negative solution ( ! problem ( life4 ,x is possible to oppose to ?is philosophy a robu/] view1 :i* w\ld come to grips ) ! mis]y & evil ( exi/5ce on ano!r plane4 #ic ,william ,james po9ts to ! spiritual ga9 t comes ( fight+ ills4 ,to wage w> ob/9ately aga9/ ! odds ( life fills u ) c\rage & resolution1 & !re is possibly a deep] satisfaction to be won f ! det]m9$ fac+ ( ! battle ( life ?an 9 ! attitude ( pessimism1 :i* bids u draw back & take no "p 9 ! fray4 ,!re is a f9e c\rage 9 ! attitude ( m9d1 :i* admits ! delici\sness ( insanities & realities1 /riv+s & deadnesses1 hopes & fe>s1 agonies & exultations1 b :i* claims t we :o are born = ! conflict1 ! %ift+ /ruggle ( ! sunbeam 9 ! gloom1 mu/ accept x all z a vital "p ( ! :ole4 ,:5 ! heal?y love ( life is on "o1 & all its =ms & its appetites seem s unutt]ably real2 :5 ! mo/ brutal & ! mo/ spiritual ?+s are lit by ! same sun1 & ea* is an integral "p ( ! total ri*ness1 x seems a grudg+ & sickly way ( meet+ s robu/ a univ]se to %r9k away f any ( its facts & wi% !m n to be4 ,r take ! /rictly dramatic po9t ( view1 & treat ! :ole ?+ z a great un5d+ romance :i* ! _s ( ! univ]se1 /riv+ to realise its own cont5t1 is et]nally ?9k+ out & repres5t+ to itself4 #id ,,bibliography ,a4 ,,engli% ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea4 ,translat$ by ,r4 ,b4 ,haldane & ,j4 ,kemp4 #c vols4 #ahhc-f4 ,london3 ,! ,engli% & ,=eign ,philosophical ,libr>y4 ,two ,essays4 ,i4 ,on ! ,f\rfold ,root ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,w 9 ,nature4 ,bonn's ,philosophical ,libr>y4 #ahhi4 ,select$ ,essays ( ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,bel=t ,bax4 ,london3 ,bohn4 ,religion3 ,a ,dialogue2 & o!r ,essays4 ,translat$ by ,t4 ,bailey ,saund]s4 #ahia4 ,london3 ,swan ,sonn5s*e94 ,pp4 #adj4 ,! ,wisdom ( ,life4 ,essays translat$ by ,t4 ,b4 ,saund]s4 #ahij4 ,london3 ,swan ,sonn5s*e94 & ,co4 ,pp4 xxvi1 #ace4 ,c\nsels & ,maxims4 ,translat$ by ,t4 ,b4 ,saund]s4 #ahie4 ,london3 ,swan ,sonn5s*e94 ,pp4 #afb4 ,! ,art ( ,lit]ature4 ,essays translat$ by ,t4 ,b4 ,saund]s4 #ahia4 ,london3 ,swan ,sonn5s*e9 ,pp4 xiv1 #adi4 ,/udies 9 ,pessimism4 ,essays translat$ by ,t4 ,b4 ,saund]s4 #ahia4 ,london3 ,swan ,sonn5s*e94 ,pp4 #adb4 ,on ,human ,nature4 ,essays translat$ by ,t4 ,b4 ,saund]s4 #aijb4 ,london3 ,swan ,sonn5s*e9 & ,co4 ,pp4 #acb4 #ie ,life ( ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]4 ,w4 ,wallace4 #ahij4 ,london3 ,scott4 ,pp4 #bag4 ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]1 ,8 ,life & ,8 ,philosophy4 ,hel5 ,zimm]n4 #ahgf4 ,london3 ,longmans4 ,pp4 #bdi4 ,s*op5hau]'s ,sy/em 9 its ,philosophical ,significance4 ,caldwell4 #ahif4 ,ed9burgh3 ,blackwood4 ,pp4 xviii1 #ech4 ,b4 ,,=eign ,s*op5hau]'s ,smmtli*e ,w]ke4 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,j4 ,frau5/dt4 #f ,bde4 ,leipzig4 #ahgc-d4 ,s*op5hau] ,lexikon4 ,be>beitet von ,j4 ,frau5/dt4 #b ,bde4 ,leipzig4 #ahga4 ,la ,philosophie de ,s*op5hau]4 ,t4 ,bibot4 #bnd edit4 #ahhe4 ,s*op5hau]'s ,leb54 ,w4 von ,gw9n]4 #aiaj4 ,leipzig4 ,pp4 xv1 #dci4 ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]4 ,j4 ,volkelt4 #aijg4 ,/uttg>t1 ,pp4 xvi1 #dei4 ,s*op5hau] und ,nietzs*e4 ,g4 ,simmel4 #aijg4 ,leipzig4 ,pp4 #bfc4 #if ,,index ,ar*itecture1 #fh ,ari/otle1 #ab1 #fg1 #hi ,art1 #aj1 #bc1 #be1 #eb ,asceticism1 #be1 #gf1 #gg1 #hd1 #hh ,b]gson1 #hj ,blake1 #ed ,br[n+1 #fc ,buddhism1 #aj1 #ac1 #gg1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh ,dreams1 #cj1 #gi ,epicurus1 #fj ,/4 ,francis1 #hg ,g5ius1 #ab1 #be1 #ed ,goe!1 #g1 #ai1 #bc1 #ge1 #ij ,h>tmann1 ,e4 von1 #dh ,hegel1 #aa1 #ac1 #bd1 #bh1 #cj1 #fa1 #fb ,hi/ory1 #aa ,hume1 #hd ,in/9ct1 #h1 #ci1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj ,james1 ,william1 #ej1 #ic ,kant1 #g1 #ac1 #bb1 #cj1 #cb1 #ch1 #ha1 #hb1 #ia ,leop>di1 #dh ,music1 #g1 #ai1 #fa ,my/icism1 #ac1 #ec1 #ia ,nietzs*e1 #di ,op]a1 #ff ,pa9t+1 #gb ,p>]ga und ,p>alipom5a1 #cf ,pat]1 #ha ,pessimism1 #aj1 #ac1 #bd1 #ch ,plato1 #g1 #ab1 #ac1 #be1 #ch1 #ec1 #eh1 #fg ,poetry1 #gd ,religion1 #ab1 #ge ,rusk91 #ga ,s*op5hau]1 ,he9ri* ,f41 #af ,s*op5hau]1 ,johanna1 #af1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb ,sculpture1 #gb ,%elley1 #g ,smi?1 ,adam1 #hd ,socrates1 #ha ,sp5s]1 #g ,sp9oza1 #g1 #dj1 #hg ,/yle1 #i ,suicide1 #dg ,symbolism1 #ge ,sympa?y1 #aj1 #gf1 #hb1 #hd ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 #fa ,trag$y1 #gd ,virtue1 #gj ,wagn]1 #h1 #ff1 #fh ,w1 #h1 #bd1 #hj1 #ij ,wom51 views on1 #bj1 #bi ,wordswor?1 #g ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 #bj1 #bf1 #cc1 #ce1 #ch1 #fh ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,co4 at ,paul's ,"w1 ,ed9burgh 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,p',s ,,books ,g5]al ,editor--,h4 ,c4 ,o',,neill ,) ! ',p's ,books' 9 h& !re %\ld be nobody ( av]age intellig5ce unable to secure self-education4--,sunday ,times4 ,,n[ ,,ready 7,febru>y #aiad7 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,n9ety-,,six ,,volumes #a4 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,sci5ce 4 4 4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,d4 ,:e?am1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 #b4 ,embryology--,! ,beg9n+s ( ,life 4 4 4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g]ald ,leighton1 ,m4,d4 #c4 ,biology 4 4 4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,d4 ,h5d]son1 ,m4,a4 #d4 ,zoology3 ,! ,/udy ( ,animal ,life 4 4 4 ,by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,w4 ,mac,bride1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 #e4 ,botany2 ,! ,mod]n ,/udy ( ,plants 4 4 4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,/opes1 ,d4,sc41 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,l4,s4 #g4 ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,e>? 4 4 4 ,by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney1 ,f4,r4,s4 #h4 ,evolution 4 4 4 ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,goodri*1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 #aj4 ,h]$ity 4 4 4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,b4,sc4 #aa4 ,inorganic ,*emi/ry 4 4 4 ,by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,c4 ,c4 ,baly1 ,f4,r4,s4 #ab4 ,organic ,*emi/ry 4 4 4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b4 ,coh51 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 #ac4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,electricity 4 4 4 ,by ,norman ,k4 ,campbell1 ,m4,a4 #ad4 ,radiation 4 4 4 ,by ,p4 ,phillips1 ,d4,sc4 #ae4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ! ,/>s 4 4 4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,maund]1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 #af4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,light 4 4 4 ,by ,p4 ,phillips1 ,d4,sc4 #ag4 ,wea!r ,sci5ce 4 4 4 ,by ,r4 ,g4 ,k4 ,lempf]t1 ,m4,a4 #ah4 ,hypnotism & ,self-,education 4 4 4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,hut*ison1 ,m4,d4 #ai4 ,! ,baby3 ,a ,"m's ,book 4 4 4 ,by a ,univ]sity ,woman4 #bj4 ,y\? & ,sex--,dang]s & ,safegu>ds = ,boys & ,girls 4 4 4 ,by ,m>y ,s*>lieb1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,s41 & ,f4 ,ar?ur ,sibly1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 #ba4 ,m>riage & ,mo!rhood 4 4 4 ,by ,h4 ,s4 ,davidson1 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4,e4 #bb4 ,"l ,kelv9 4 4 4 ,by ,a4 ,russell1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,m4,i4,e4,e4 #bc4 ,huxley 4 4 4 ,by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,leighton1 ,m4,d4 #bd4 ,sir ,william ,hugg9s & ,spectroscopic ,a/ronomy 4 4 4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,maund]1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 #bf4 ,h5ri ,b]gson 4 4 4 ,by ,h4 ,wildon ,c>r1 ,litt4,d4 #bg4 ,psy*ology 4 4 4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,watt1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,phil4 #bh4 ,e?ics 4 4 4 ,by ,canon ,ra%dall1 ,d4,litt41 ,f4,b4,a4 #bi4 ,kant's ,philosophy 4 4 4 ,by ,a4 ,d4 ,l9dsay1 ,m4,a41 ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 #cb4 ,roman ,ca?olicism 4 4 4 ,by ,h4 ,b4 ,coxon4 ,preface1 ,mgr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,b5son4 #cc4 ,! ,ox=d ,movem5t 4 4 4 ,by ,wilfrid ,w>d4 #cd4 ,! ,bible & ,criticism 4 4 4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,b5nett1 ,d4,d41 ,litt4,p41 & ,w4 ,f4 ,ad5ey1 ,d4,d4 #cf4 ,! ,gr[? 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