,,papers ,,and ,,proceedings ,,of ,,the ,,thirty-,,fifth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,library ,,association ,,held ,,at ,,kaaterskill1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,june #bc-bh1 #aiac ,,american ,,library ,,association #gh ,e4 ,,washington ,,street ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 #aiac ,,contents ,general sessions3 ,president's address3 ,the world of books and the world's work ,henry ,e4 ,legler #gc ,as others see us #hc ,secretary's report ,george ,b4 ,utley #ii ,treasurer's report ,c4 ,b4 ,roden #ajc ,reports of boards and committees3 ,finance committee ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews #ajd ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board ,henry ,e4 ,legler #aje ,carnegie and endowment fund ,w4 ,w4 ,appleton #aaa ,bookbinding ,a4 ,l4 ,bailey #aac ,bookbuying ,w4 ,l4 ,brown #aad ,co-operation with the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,m4 ,e4 ,ahern #abe ,federal and state relations ,b4 ,c4 ,steiner #abf ,library administration ,a4 ,e4 ,bostwick #abf ,library training ,a4 ,s4 ,root #acd ,library work with the blind ,emma ,n4 ,delfino #acf ,library work in ,great ,britain ,l4 ,s4 ,jast #aci ,the immigrant in the library ,mary ,antin #ade ,immigrants as contributors to library progress ,adelaide ,b4 ,maltby #aej ,the man in the yards ,charles ,e4 ,rush #aed ,what of the black and yellow races8 ,w4 ,f4 ,yust #aei ,the working library for the artisan and the craftsman ,e4 ,f4 ,stevens #agj ,the woman on the farm ,lutie ,e4 ,stearns #agc ,book influences for defectives and dependents ,julia ,a4 ,robinson #agg ,changing conditions of child life ,faith ,e4 ,smith #ahd ,how the library is meeting the changing conditions ,gertrude ,e4 ,andrus #ahh ,normal schools and their relation to librarianship ,w4 ,h4 ,kerr #aic ,the present status of legislative reference work ,c4 ,b4 ,lester #aii ,state wide influence of the state library ,d4 ,c4 ,brown #bjb ,the law that stands the test ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon #bjf ,making a library useful to business men ,s4 ,h4 ,ranck #baj ,libraries in business organizations ,louise ,b4 ,krause #bae ,the municipal reference library as an aid in city administration ,george ,mc,aneny #bai ,the friendly book ,g4 ,m4 ,walton #bbd ,how to discourage reading ,e4 ,l4 ,pearson #bcj ,report of tellers of election #bcf ,executive board #bcg ,council #bdb ,sections3 ,agricultural libraries #beh ,catalog #bei ,work with children #bge ,college and reference #cjj ,professional training #cdc ,public documents round table #ceb ,affiliated organizations3 ,american association of law libraries #cfb ,league of library commissions #cfd ,special libraries association #chb ,post-conference trip #chf ,attendance summaries #cib ,attendance register #cic ,index #dji ,,kaaterskill ,,conference ,,june #bc-bh1 #aiac ,,first ,,general ,,session 7,monday evening1 ,june #bc7 ,the ,,president3 ,the ,thirty-fifth ,annual ,conference of the ,american ,library ,association begins this evening4 ,custom has decreed that the presiding officer shall deliver a message1 and the present presiding officer has not sufficient independence of mind to depart from that long-established custom4 ,,president',s ,,address ,the ,world of ,print and the ,world's ,work ,i ,turning for a text to ,victor ,hugo's stirring epic of ,paris1 these words may be found in the section for ,may1 and in the third chapter thereof3 ,a ,library implies an act of faith ,which generations still in darkness hid ,sign in their night1 in witness of the dawn4 ,when ,johann ,gutenberg in his secret workshop poured the molten metal into the rough matrices he had cut for separate types1 the instrument for the spread of ,democracy was created4 ,when early ,cavaliers and ,puritans planted the crude beginnings of free public schools1 the forces of ,democracy were multiplied4 ,when half a century ago the first meager beginnings of the public library movement were evolved1 ,democracy was for all time assured4 ,thus have three great stages1 separated each by a span of two hundred years from that preceding1 marked that world development whose ultimate meaning is not equality of station or possession1 but equality of opportunity4 ,not without stress and strife have these yet fragmentary results been achieved4 ,not without travail and difficulties will universal acceptance be accorded in the days to come4 ,but no one may doubt the final outcome which shall crown the struggle of the centuries4 ,the world was old when typography was invented4 ,less than five centuries have passed since then1 and in this interval--but a brief period in the long history of human endeavor--there has been more enlargement of opportunity for the average man and woman than in all the time that went before4 ,without the instrumentality of the printed page1 without the reproductive processes that give to all the world in myriad tongues the thought of all the centuries1 slavery1 serfdom and feudalism would still shackle the millions not so fortunate as to be born to purple and ermine1 and fine linen4 ,,ii ,the evolution of the book is therefore the history of the unfoldment of human rights4 ,the chained tome in its medieval prison cell has been supplanted by the handy volume freely sent from the hospitable public library to the homes of the common people4 ,the humblest citizen1 today1 has at his command books in number and in kind which royal treasuries could not have purchased five hundred years ago4 ,in the sixteenth century1 it took a flock of sheep to furnish the vellum for one edition of a book1 and the product was for the very few2 in the twentieth1 a forest is felled to supply the paper for an edition1 and the output goes to many hundred thousand readers4 ,as books have multiplied1 learning has been more widely disseminated4 ,as more people have become educated1 the demand for books has increased enormously4 ,the multiplication of books has stimulated the writing of them1 and the inevitable result has been a deterioration of quality proportioned to the increase in quantity4 ,in the ,english language alone1 since #ahhj1 #bjf1ije titles of books printed in the ,united ,states1 have been listed1 and #bbf1cfe in ,great ,britain since #ahhb4 ,of these #dcc1bgj titles1 #hd1gbb represent novels--#cf1fjg issued in the ,united ,states and #dh1aae in ,great ,britain4 ,despite the inclusion of the trivial and the unsound in this vast mass of printed stuff1 no one can doubt the magnitude of the service performed in the advancement of human kind4 ,the universities have felt the touch of popular demand1 and in this country at least some of them have attempted to respond4 ,through correspondence courses1 short courses1 university week conferences1 summer schools1 local forums1 traveling instructors1 and other media of extension1 many institutions of higher learning have given recognition to the appeal of the masses4 ,logically with this enlargement of educational opportunity1 the amplification of library facilities has kept pace4 ,the libraries have become in a real sense the laboratory of learning4 ,intended primarily as great storehouses for the accumulation and preservation rather than the use of manuscripts and books1 their doors have been opened wide to all farers in search of truth or mental stimulus4 ,in a report to the ,english ,king1 ,sir ,william ,berkeley wrote as governor of ,virginia in #afdb3 ,i thank ,god there are no free schools nor printing1 and ,i hope we shall not have them these hundred years2 for learning has brought disobedience into the world1 and printing has divulged them1 and libels against the best government4 ,god keep us from both4 ,governor ,berkeley's sentiments1 expressed by him in turgid rhetoric1 were held in his day by most men in authority1 but that did not prevent the planting of little schoolhouses here and there1 and men of much vision and little property bequeathed their possessions for maintaining them4 ,many a school had its origin in a bequest comprising a few milch kine1 a horse or two1 or a crop of tobacco2 in some instances1 slaves4 ,from such beginnings1 with such endowments1 was evolved three hundred years ago the public system of education which today prodigally promises1 though it but niggardly realizes1 sixteen years of schooling for every boy and girl in the land4 ,if the span of years needed for the development of the free library system has been much shorter1 the hostile attitude of influential men and the privations that attended pioneer efforts were no less marked4 ,as recently as #ahhi the writer of an article in the ,north ,american ,review labeled his attack3 ,are public libraries public blessings8 and answered his own question in no uncertain negative4 ,not only have the public libraries1 as a whole1 failed to reach their proper aim of giving the means of education to the people1 he protested1 but they have gone aside from their true path to furnish amusement and that in part of a pernicious character1 chiefly to the young4 ,and he added3 ,i might have mentioned other possible dangers1 such as the power of the directors of any library to make it a propaganda of any delusive ism or doctrine subversive of morality1 society or government2 but ,i prefer to rest my case here4 ,and it was somewhat later than this that the pages of the ,century gave space to correspondence in opposition to the establishment of a public library system for the city of ,new ,york4 ,these were but echoes of earlier antagonisms4 ,,iii ,for the documentary material dealing with the beginnings of the public library movement1 the searcher must delve within the thousand pages of a portly folio volume issued by the ,british government sixty years ago4 ,if one possesses patience sufficient to read the immense mass of dry evidence compiled by a parliamentary commission and presented to both houses of parliament by command of ,her ,majesty1 some interesting facts in library history will be found4 ,a young man of twenty-three1 then an underling in the service of the ,british ,museum1 afterwards an eminent librarian1 was one of the principal witnesses4 ,edward ,edwards had the gift of vision4 ,half a century before public libraries became the people's universities1 as they are today1 his prophetic tongue gave utterance to what has since become the keynote of library aims and policies4 ,badgered by hostile inquisitors1 ridiculed by press and politicians1 he undeviatingly clung to his views1 and he lived to see his prophecy realized4 ,great libraries there had been before his day2 remarkable as a storehouse of knowledge in printed form was1 and is in our own day1 the institution with which he was associated4 ,but in these rich reference collections intended for the student of research1 the element of popular use was lacking4 ,to have suggested the loan of a single book for use outside the four walls of the library would have startled and benumbed everyone in authority--and without authority--from the members of the governing board to librarian1 sub-librarians1 and messenger boys4 ,this stripling faced the members of parliament1 and without hesitation proclaimed his thesis4 ,it is not merely to open the library to persons who1 from the engrossing nature of their engagements of business1 are at present utterly excluded from it1 but it is also that the library may be made a direct agent in some degree in the work of national education4 ,let not anyone be alarmed lest something very theoretical or very revolutionary should be proposed4 ,i merely suggest that the library should be opened to a class of men quite shut out from it by its present regulations4 ,then he added3 ,in such a country as this there should be one great national storehouse4 ,but in addition to this1 there should be libraries in different quarters on a humbler scale1 very freely accessible4 ,one of the ablest members of parliament1 ,william ,ewart1 of ,liverpool1 became intensely interested in the views expressed by young ,edwards1 and from that day was counted the consistent champion of library privileges for the common people4 ,largely through his instrumentality1 aided by such men as ,richard ,cobden1 ,john ,bright and ,joseph ,brotherton1 parliament passed an act for the encouragement of museums4 ,out of this measure grew the later public libraries' act4 ,this notable step was not accomplished without bitter opposition4 ,the next thing we will be asked to do1 said one indignant member on the floor of the ,house1 is to furnish people with quoits and peg-tops and footballs at the expense of taxpayers4 ,soon we will be thinking of introducing the performances of ,punch for the amusement of the people4 ,events in ,england influenced similar movements in the ,united ,states4 ,in a letter to ,edward ,everett1 in #ahea1 ,mr4 ,george ,ticknor gave the first impetus to the establishment of a free public library in ,boston--the first in the new world to be maintained permanently by the people for the people4 ,i would establish a library which differs from all free libraries yet attempted1 he wrote4 ,i mean one in which any popular books1 tending to moral and intellectual improvement1 shall be furnished in such numbers of copies that many persons can be reading the same book at the same time2 in short1 that not only the best books of all sorts1 but the pleasant literature of the day1 shall be made accessible to the whole people when they most care for it2 that is1 when it is new and fresh4 ,sixty years after the date of ,mr4 ,ticknor's letter1 and chiefly within the last two decades of the period1 the public library movement has assumed a place in public education1 which1 relatively1 the public school movement attained only after three hundred years of effort4 ,when ,thomas ,bodley died1 in #afac1 in all ,europe there were but three libraries accessible to the public--the ,bodleian1 the ,angelo ,rocca at ,rome and the ,ambrosian at ,milan4 ,in #ahda the ,penny ,cyclopedia devoted about four inches of a narrow column to the subject of libraries1 ancient and modern1 and limited its reference to ,american libraries to one sentence1 obtained at second hand from an older contemporary3 ,in the ,united ,states of ,america1 according to the ,encyclopedia ,americana1 the principal libraries are1 or were in #ahca1 that of ,harvard ,college1 containing #cf1jjj volumes2 the ,philadelphia ,library1 containing #bg1jjj2 that of the ,boston ,athenaeum1 containing #bf1jjj2 that of ,congress1 containing #af1jjj1 and that of ,charleston1 containing #ac1jjj4 ,it is only since #ahfg that the federal government has deemed it worth while to compile library statistics1 and the first comprehensive figures were gathered in #ahge4 ,it is worth noting that then they embraced all libraries comprising #cjj volumes1 and that in #ahic no mention is made of collections containing less than a thousand volumes1 while the most recent official enumeration makes #e1jjj volumes the unit of consideration4 ,from these official figures may be gleaned something of the extraordinary growth of libraries1 both numerically and in size4 ,in #ahge1 including school libraries there were #b1jci containing a thousand volumes1 ten years later there were #d1jbf1 ten years after that #h1jjj1 and at this date there are in this class not less than #ab1jjj1 while the recorded number comprising three hundred volumes or more reaches the substantial total of #ae1fcd1 and #b1bih of these catalog in excess of #e1jjj volumes each4 ,,iv ,these figures show phenomenal growth1 but even more impressive are the facts that give their full meaning in detail4 ,from a striking compilation issued in ,germany by ,die ,brcke a few weeks ago1 together with figures extracted by means of a questionnaire1 supplemented by statistical material gathered by the ,bureau of ,education1 the facts which follow have been deduced3 ,counting the great libraries of the world1 the six continents abutting the seven seas possess #cbd libraries whose book collections number in excess of #ajj1jjj volumes each1 and of these #gi--or approximately one-fourth--are located in the ,americas4 ,of the #gi ,american libraries #gb are in the ,united ,states1 including university1 public1 governmental and miscellaneous institutions1 with a combined collection of #ai1bie1jjj volumes4 ,if this statistical inquiry is pursued further1 a reason becomes apparent why millions are starved for want of books while other millions seemingly have a surfeit of them4 ,the rural regions1 save in a handful of commonwealths whose library commissions or state libraries actively administer traveling libraries1 the book supply is practically negligible4 ,even the hundreds of itinerating libraries but meagerly meet the want4 ,all the traveling libraries in all the ,united ,states have a total issue annually less than that of any one of twenty municipal systems that can be named4 ,the public library facilities in at least six thousand of the smaller towns are pitifully insufficient and in hundreds of them wholly absent4 ,the movement to supply books to the people was first launched in the rural regions seventy years ago4 ,indeed the movement for popular education known as the ,american ,lyceum1 which forecast the activities of the modern public library just as the mechanics' institutes of ,great ,britain prepared the soil for them in that country1 flourished chiefly in the less thickly settled centers of population4 ,the early district school libraries melted away in ,new ,york state and ,wisconsin and other states1 and the devastated shelves have never been amply renewed4 ,the library commissions are valiantly and energetically endeavoring to supply the want1 but their efforts are all too feebly supported by their respective states4 ,in this particular1 the policy is that which unfortunately obtains as to all educational effort4 ,more than #ee per cent of the young people from #f to #bj years old--about #ag1jjj1jjj of them--live in the country or in towns of less than two thousand inhabitants4 ,according to an official report from which this statement is extracted1 there are #e1jjj country schools still taught in primitive log houses1 uncomfortable1 unsuitable1 unventilated1 unsanitary1 illy equipped1 poorly lighted1 imperfectly heated--boys and girls in all stages of advancement receiving instruction from one teacher of very low grade4 ,it is plain why1 in the summing up of this report1 illiteracy in rural territory is twice as great as in urban territory1 notwithstanding that thousands of illiterate immigrants are crowded in the great manufacturing and industrial centers4 ,the illiteracy among native-born children of native parentage is more than three times as great as among native children of foreign parentage1 largely on account of the lack of opportunities for education in rural ,america4 ,in ,indian legend ,nokomis1 the earth1 symbolizes the strength of motherhood2 it may yet chance that the classic myth of the hero who gained his strength because he kissed the earth may be fully understood in ,america only when the people learn that they will remain strong1 as ,mr4 ,mnsterberg has put it1 only by returning with every generation to the soil4 ,if the states have proved recreant to duty in this particular1 the municipalities have shown an increasing conception of educational values4 ,the figures make an imposing statistical array4 ,in the ,united ,states there are #a1bbb incorporated places of #e1jjj or more inhabitants1 and their libraries house #ij1jjj1jjj volumes1 with a total yearly use aggregating #aaj1jjj1jjj issues4 ,four million volumes a year are added to their shelves1 and collectively they derive an income of #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,their permanent endowments1 which it must be regretfully said but #fjj of them share1 now aggregate #dj1jjj1jjj4 ,nearly all of these libraries occupy buildings of their own1 ,mr4 ,andrew ,carnegie having supplied approximately #db1bbf1cch for the purpose in the ,united ,states1 and the balance of the #ajj1jjj1jjj represented in buildings having been donated by local benefactors or raised by taxation4 ,the population of these #a1bbb places is #ch1geh1ehd1 considerably less than half that of the entire ,united ,states4 ,their book possessions1 on the other hand1 are nine times as great as those in the rest of the country2 the circulation of the books nearly twelve times in volume4 ,closer analysis of these figures enforces still more strongly the actual concentration of the available book supply4 ,the hundred largest cities of the ,united ,states1 varying in size from a minimum of #ec1fhd to a maximum of #d1gff1hhc1 possess in the aggregate more books than all the rest of the country together1 and represent the bulk of the trained professional service rendered4 ,the great majority of the #c1jjj graduates whom the library schools have sent into service since the first class was organized in #ahhg1 are in these libraries and in the university libraries4 ,forty per cent of the books circulated are issued to the dwellers in these one hundred cities1 and in fifteen of them the stupendous total of #cj1jjj1hcd issues for home reading was recorded last year4 ,without such analysis as this1 the statistical totals would be misleading4 ,the concentration of resources and of trained service in large centers of population1 comparatively few in number1 makes evident the underlying cause for the modern trend of library development4 ,a further study of conditions in these human hives justifies the specialized forms of service which have become a marked factor in library extension within a decade4 ,with increased resources1 with vastly improved internal machinery1 with enlarged conception of opportunity for useful service1 have come greater liberality of rules and ever widening circles of activity1 until today no individual and no group of individuals1 remains outside the radius of library influence4 ,if this awakened zeal has spurred to efforts that seem outside the legitimate sphere of library work1 no undue concern need be felt4 ,neither the genius or enthusiasm of the individual nor the enterprise of a group of individuals will ever be permitted to go too rapidly or too far3 the world's natural conservatism and inherited unbelief stand ever ready to retard or prevent4 ,v ,specialization has been incorporated into library administration chiefly to give expeditious and thorough aid to seekers of information touching a wide variety of interests--business men1 legislators1 craftsmen1 special investigators and students of every sort4 ,this added duty has not diminished its initial function to make available the literature of all time1 nor to satisfy those who go to books for the pure joy of reading4 ,the recreative service of the library is as important as the educative1 or the informative4 ,for the great mass of people1 the problem has been the problem of toil long and uninterrupted4 ,the successful struggle of the unions to restrict the hours of labor has developed another problem almost as serious--the problem of leisure4 ,interwoven with this acute problem is another which subdivision of labor has introduced into modern industrial occupations--the terrible fatigue which results from a monotonous repetition of the same process hour after hour1 day after day1 week after week4 ,such blind concentration in the making of but one piece of a machine1 or a garment1 or a watch1 or any other article of merchandise1 without knowledge of its relationship to the rest1 soon wears the human worker out4 ,there must be an outlet of play1 of fun1 or recreation4 ,the librarian need not feel apologetic to the public because perchance his circulation statistics show that #gj per cent of it is classed as fiction4 ,if he wishes to reduce this percentage to #fi or #fh or #fa1 let him do it not by discouraging the reading of novels1 but by stimulating the use of books in other classes of literature4 ,but well does he merit his own sense of humiliation and the condemnation of the critics if he needs must feel ashamed of the kind of novels that he puts upon his shelves4 ,to quote a fellow librarian who expresses admirably the value of such literature1 ,a good story has created many an oasis in many an otherwise arid life4 ,many-sidedness of interest makes for good morals1 and millions of our fellows step through the pages of a story book into a broader world than their nature and their circumstances ever permit them to visit4 ,if anything is to stay the narrowing and hardening process which specialization of learning1 specialization of inquiry and of industry and swift accumulation of wealth are setting up among us1 it is a return to romance1 poetry1 imagination1 fancy1 and the general culture we are now taught to despise4 ,of all these the novel is a part2 rather1 in the novel are all of these4 ,but a race may surely find springing up in itself a fresh love of romance1 in the high sense of that word1 which can keep it active1 hopeful1 ardent1 progressive4 ,perhaps the novel is to be1 in the next decades1 part of the outward manifestation of a new birth of this love of breadth and happiness4 ,,vi ,many of the factory workers are young men and young women1 whose starved imaginations seek an outlet that will not be denied4 ,in lieu of wholesome recreation and material1 they will find clues to life's perplexities in salacious plays1 in cheap vaudeville performances1 in the suggestive pages of railway literature1 in other ways that make for a lowering of moral tone4 ,the reaction that craves amusement of any sort is manifest in the nightly crowded stalls of the cheap theaters4 ,eight million spectators view every moving picture film that is manufactured4 ,it is estimated that one-sixth of the entire population of ,new ,york ,city and of ,chicago attends the theaters on any ,sunday of the year4 ,one ,sunday evening1 at the instance of ,miss ,jane ,addams1 an investigation was made of #dff theaters in the latter city1 and it was discovered that in the majority of them the leading theme was revenge2 the lover following his rival2 the outraged husband seeking his wife's betrayer2 or the wiping out by death of a blot on a hitherto unstained honor4 ,and of course these influences extend to the children who are always the most ardent and responsive of audiences4 ,there is grave danger that the race will develop a ragtime disposition1 a moving picture habit and a comic supplement mind4 ,,vii ,it is perhaps too early to point to the specialized attention which libraries have given to the needs of young people as a distinct contribution to society4 ,another generation must come before material evidence for good or ill becomes apparent4 ,that the work is well worth the thought bestowed1 whether present methods survive or are modified1 may not be gainsaid4 ,the derelicts of humanity are the wrecks who knew no guiding light4 ,the reformatories and the workhouses1 the penal institutions generally and the charitable ones principally1 are not merely a burden upon society1 but a reproach for duty unperformed4 ,society is at last beginning to realize that it is better to perfect machinery of production than to mend the imperfect product2 that to dispense charity may ameliorate individual suffering1 but does not prevent recurrence4 ,and so more attention is being given prevention than cure4 ,i gave a beggar from my little store ,of well-earned gold4 ,he spent the shining ore ,and came again1 and yet again1 still cold ,and hungry as before4 ,i gave a thought1 and through that thought of mine1 ,he found himself a man1 supreme1 divine1 ,bold1 clothed1 and crowned with blessings manifold1 ,and now he begs no more4 ,,viii ,if numbers and social and industrial importance warrant special library facilities for children1 certainly the same reasons underlie the special library work with foreigners which has within recent years been carried on extensively in the larger cities4 ,last month the census bureau issued an abstract of startling import to those who view in the coming of vast numbers from across the waters a menace to the institutions of this democracy4 ,according to this official enumeration1 in but fourteen of fifty cities having over #ajj1jjj inhabitants in #aiaj did native whites of native parentage contribute as much as one-half the total population4 ,the proportion exceeded three-fifths in only four cities4 ,on the other hand1 in twenty-two cities of this class1 of which fifteen are in ,new ,england and the ,middle ,atlantic divisions1 less than one-third of the population were native whites of native parentage1 over two-thirds in all but one of these cities consisting of foreign-born whites and their children4 ,in his ,ode delivered at ,harvard1 ,lowell eloquently referred to ,the pith and marrow of a ,nation ,drawing force from all her men1 ,highest1 humblest1 weakest1 all1 ,for her time of need1 and then ,pulsing it again through them1 ,she that lifts up the manhood of the poor1 ,she of the open soul and open door1 ,with room about her hearth for all mankind6 ,this was written in #ahfe4 ,since then the rim of the ,mediterranean has sent its enormous contribution of unskilled and unlettered human beings to the ,new ,world4 ,there have been three great tides of migration from over-seas4 ,the first came to secure liberty of conscience2 the second sought liberty of political thought and action2 the third came in quest of bread4 ,and of the three1 incomparably the greater problem of assimilation is that presented by the last comers4 ,inextricably interwoven are all the complexities which face the great and growing municipalities1 politically and industrially and socially4 ,these are the awful problems of congestion and festering slums1 of corruption in public life1 of the exploitation of womanhood1 of terrible struggle with wretchedness and poverty4 ,rightly directed1 the native qualities and strength of these peoples will bring a splendid contribution in the making of a virile citizenship4 ,wrongly shaped1 their course in the life of the city may readily become of sinister import4 ,frequently they are misunderstood1 and they easily misunderstand4 ,the problem is one of education1 but it is that most difficult problem1 of education for grown-ups4 ,here perhaps the library may render the most distinct service1 in that it can bring to them in their own tongues the ideals and the underlying principles of life and custom in their adopted country2 and through their children1 as they swarm into the children's rooms1 is established a point of contact which no other agency could so effectually provide4 ,under the repressive measures of old-world governments1 the racial culture and national spirit of ,poles1 ,lithuanians1 ,finns1 ,balkan ,slavs1 and ,russian ,jews have been stunted4 ,here both are warmed into life and renewed vigor1 and in generous measure are given back to the land of their adoption4 ,such racial contribution must prove of enormous value1 whether1 as many sociologists believe1 this country is to prove a great melting pot for the fusing of many races1 or whether as ,dr4 ,zhitlowsky contends1 there is to be one country1 one set of laws1 one speech1 but a vast variety of national cultures1 contributing each its due share to the enrichment of the common stock4 ,,ix ,great changes have come about in the methods that obtain for the exercise of popular government4 ,in a ,democracy whose chief strength is derived from an intelligent public opinion1 the sharpening of such intelligence and enlargement of general knowledge concerning affairs of common concern are of paramount importance4 ,statute books are heavily cumbered with laws that are unenforced because public opinion goes counter to them4 ,nonenforcement breeds disrespect for law1 and unscientific making of laws leads to their disregard4 ,so the earliest attempts to find a remedy contemplated merely the legislator and the official1 bringing together for their use through the combined services of trained economists and of expert reference librarians the principles and foundation for contemplated legislation and the data as to similar attempts elsewhere4 ,fruitful as this service has proved within the limitation of state and municipal officialdom1 a broadened conception of possibilities now enlarges the scope of the work to include citizen organizations interested in the study of public questions1 students of sociology1 economics and political science1 business men keenly alive to the intimate association--in a legitimate sense--of business and politics1 and that new and powerful element in public affairs which has added three million voters to the poll lists in ten states1 and will soon add eleven million voters more in the remaining thirty-eight4 ,the new library service centering in state and municipal legislative reference libraries1 and in ,civics departments of large public libraries1 forecasts the era1 now rapidly approaching1 when aldermen and state representatives will still enact laws and state and city officials will enforce them1 but their making will be determined strictly by public opinion4 ,the local government of the future will be by quasi-public citizen organizations directing aldermen and state legislators accurately to register their will4 ,when representative government becomes misrepresentative1 in the words of a modern humorist1 ,democracy will ask the ,powers that ,be whether they are the ,powers that ,ought to ,be4 ,to intelligently determine the answer1 public opinion must not ignorantly ask4 ,x ,this has been called the age of utilitarianism4 ,such it unquestionably is1 but its practicality is not disassociated from idealism4 ,the resources of numberless commercial enterprises are each in this day reckoned in millions1 and their products are figured in terms of many millions more1 as once thousands represented the spread of even the greatest of industries4 ,but more and more1 business men are coming to realize that business organization as it affects for weal or woe thousands who contribute to their success1 must be conducted as a trust for the common good1 and not merely for selfish exploitation1 or for oppression4 ,as the trade guilds of old wielded their vast power for common ends1 so all the workers gave the best at their command to make their articles of merchandise the most perfect that human skill and care could produce4 ,men of business whose executive skill determines the destiny of thousands in their employ1 are growing more and more to an appreciation of the trusteeship that is theirs4 ,a humane spirit is entering the relationship between employer and employed4 ,great commercial organizations are conducting elaborate investigations into conditions of housing1 sanitation1 prolongation of school life1 social insurance and similar subjects of betterment for the toilers2 but a brief span ago they were concerned chiefly with trade extension and lowering of wages1 all unconcerned about the living conditions of their dependents4 ,they too are now exemplifying the possession of that constructive imagination which builds large and beyond the present4 ,for results that grow out of experience and of experiment they also are in part dependent upon the sifted facts that are found in print4 ,the business house library is a recent development1 and in ministering in different ways to both employer and employed1 gives promise of widespread usefulness4 ,,xi ,with the tremendous recent growth of industrialism and the rapid multiplication of invention1 the manifest need for making available the vast sum of gathered knowledge concerning the discoveries of modern science has evolved the great special libraries devoted to the varied subdivisions of the subject4 ,munificently endowed as many of them are1 highly organized for ready access to material1 administered to encourage use and to give expert aid as well1 their great importance cannot be overestimated4 ,what they accomplish is not wholly reducible to statistics1 nor can their influence be readily traced1 perhaps1 to the great undertakings of today which overshadow the seven wonders of antiquity4 ,but there can be no question that without the opportunities that here lie for study and research1 and--no less important--without the skilled assistance freely rendered by librarian and bibliographer1 special talent would often remain dormant and its possessor unsatisfied4 ,greater here would be the loss to society than to the individual4 ,,xii ,thus the libraries are endeavoring to make themselves useful in every field of human enterprise or interest2 with books of facts for the information they possess2 with books of inspiration for the stimulus they give and the power they generate4 ,conjointly these yield the equipment which develops the constructive imagination1 without which the world would seem but a sorry and a shriveled spot to dwell upon4 ,the poet and the dreamer conceive the great things which are wrought2 the scientist and the craftsman achieve them2 the scholar and the artist interpret them4 ,thus associated1 they make their finest contribution to the common life4 ,the builders construct the great monuments of iron and of concrete which are the expression of this age1 as the great cathedrals and abbeys were of generations that have passed4 ,adapted as they are to the needs of this day1 our artists and our writers have shown us the beauty and the art which the modern handiwork of man possesses4 ,with etcher's tool one man of keen insight has shown us the art that inheres in the lofty structures which line the great thoroughfares of our chief cities1 the beauty of the skylines they trace with roof and pediment4 ,with burning words another has given voice to machinery and to the vehicles of modern industry1 and we thrill to the eloquence and glow of his poetic fervor4 ,great works of art are useful works greatly done1 declares ,dr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,cobden-,sanderson1 and rightly viewed the most prosaic achievements of this age1 whether they be great canals or clusters of workmen's homes worthily built1 or maybe more humble projects1 have a greatness of meaning that carries with it the sense of beauty and of art4 ,in medieval days1 the heralds of civilization were the warrior1 the missionary1 the explorer and the troubadour2 in modern times1 civilization is carried forward by the chemist1 the engineer1 the captain of industry1 and the interpreter of life--whether the medium utilized be pen or brush or voice4 ,without vision1 civilization would wither and perish1 and so it may well be that the printed page shall serve as symbol of its supreme vision4 ,within the compass of the book sincerely written1 rightly chosen1 and well used are contained the three chief elements which justify the library of the people--information1 education1 recreation4 ,the urge of the world makes these demands2 ours is the high privilege to respond4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,president3 ,we have a very interesting ending to tonight's program in that we have secured from eminent men and women in the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain brief expressions touching our own work4 ,a circular letter was sent to a number of these eminent ladies and gentlemen represented in professional and business life1 to the following effect3 ,librarians realize that they can profit from seeing themselves 'as others see them4' ,at the coming annual conference of the ,american ,library ,association to be held in ,kaaterskill1 ,n4 ,y41 it is planned to present to the assembled librarians of the ,united ,states and ,canada brief messages from leading thinkers and recognized authorities in the arts1 sciences and letters1 and in public life1 commenting upon such library activities as are related particularly with their own special interests4 ,each message may take the form either of criticism or suggestion4 ,we shall esteem it a privilege if you will consent to contribute to this symposium4 ,while we shall be glad to hear from you on any phase of library work which most appeals to you1 we venture to suggest the following topic for your comment3 7,here was inserted a specific topic suggested for individual discussion47 ,sincerely yours1 ,,henry ,e4 ,,legler1 ,president4 ,most of these questions will be apparent as the answers are read4 ,we have distributed these responses among a few of our own members who will serve as proxies for the most distinguished contributors to a program which the ,american ,library ,association1 ,i believe1 has ever had4 ,selections from these letters were then read by ,dr4 ,reuben ,g4 ,thwaites1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,roden1 ,miss ,mary ,eileen ,ahern and ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,cutter4 7,the following is a list of the questions which were asked in these letters and the replies received follow47 ,are our public libraries succeeding in their effort to bring to men and women the life more abundant8 ,what can the library do to encourage the study of ,american history8 ,should our public expect the library to supply all the best sellers hot from the press8 ,are our public libraries making returns in service adequate to funds appropriated8 ,how could our tax supported public libraries be of greater usefulness to business men8 ,is the negro being helped by our public libraries8 ,does the public library do as much as it might to encourage the reading of the classics8 ,is the public library helping to improve dramatic taste8 ,is co-operation between the public school and the public library developing in the right direction8 ,is the fiction circulated by our public libraries helping to enlighten the people on social and economic problems8 ,is the public library a factor in the recent development of a public conscience8 ,should the public library exercise censorship over the books it circulates8 ,what is a dead book8 ,what rank should the library have in the scale of the community's social assets8 ,what is your conception of the ideal librarian8 ,is it wicked for our libraries to amuse people8 ,are the art departments of our public libraries quickening the love for the beautiful8 ,are our libraries helping to make better citizens of those from over-seas8 ,is the modern city library engaging in activities outside its proper sphere1 e4 g41 lectures1 storytelling1 art exhibits1 victrola concerts1 loan of pianola rolls1 etc48 ,is the library doing as much as it might to be a true university to the people8 ,what do you consider the most valuable accomplishment of the public library movement in the past decade8 ,need librarians apologize for circulating a large percentage of contemporary fiction8 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,york1 ,april #g1 #aiac4 ,dear ,mr4 ,president3 ,you ask what do you consider the most valuable accomplishment of the public library movement in the past decade8 99 99 99 99 99 ,answer-- ,the spread of the truth that the public library1 free to all the people1 gives nothing for nothing2 that the reader must himself climb the ladder and in climbing gain knowledge how to live this life well4 ,,andrew ,,carnegie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my father#a has asked me to write to you in reply to your letter concerning the conference of the ,american ,library ,association to be held in ,kaaterskill1 ,n4 ,y4 ,neither my father nor ,i have any chance to see in any detail what our public libraries are doing to make life more abundant4 ,one little incident1 however1 has come within my experience4 ,the ,new ,york ,public ,library sends its discarded books to various hospitals and camps instead of destroying them4 ,i have been able to get some of these discarded books for use in a ,boys' ,club here in ,cornwall4 ,they were well chosen for what ,i wanted and the boys have been responsive and interested in taking them out4 ,this is simply one of the things that the public libraries are doing with the books they are through with and can use no more4 #a ,lyman ,abbott4 ,yours very truly1 ,,beatrice ,,vail ,,abbott4 99 99 99 99 99 ,london1 ,england1 ,april #ae1 #aiac4 ,in reply to your letter of ,april #ast1 written on behalf of the ,american ,library ,association1 ,i do consider that to a certain extent the fiction circulated in the public libraries of the ,united ,states does help to enlighten the people on social and economic problems4 ,but ,i am bound to say that ,i think that we novelists might do a very great deal more in this direction if we would avoid sentimentalizing the truth in order to make it seem more palatable1 and also if we would adopt the habit of describing more completely the general social background against which our leading figures live and move4 ,believe me1 ,yours faithfully1 ,,arnold ,,bennett4 99 99 99 99 99 ,drama ,league of ,america1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,in the last three years the ,american people as a whole have begun to awaken to a realization of the vast importance of our amusements in the nation's life4 ,we are realizing that we are far behind the other civilized countries in the development of our dramatic taste1 and we are beginning to be uneasy over the danger of being too careless in regard to our recreation4 ,the people at large are commencing to take a genuine interest in the problems presented by our theater1 and the character of the plays they give4 ,we have arrived at a period of prosperity when we have time1 at last1 to pay attention to the arts1 and especially the last to be developed1 the dramatic art4 ,we are uneasy over the conditions in our theaters today4 ,vaguely the people as a whole are feeling around for one means or another to correct these conditions1 to create a great national art and to restore drama to her proper place among the arts4 ,one movement after another has aimed to meet these conditions--new theaters--municipal theaters1 censorship laws1--every sort of reform4 ,it has remained for the ,drama ,league of ,america to place its finger upon the really vital issue4 ,for the actual fault of the present situation lies with the easy going ,american public4 ,you cannot create a ,new ,theater without a public to support it2 you cannot force art on an unwilling public no matter how large an ,a you use in spelling it4 ,in fact1 your reforms must begin the other side of the footlights2 and if we are to have better plays upon our stage1 if we are to do away with the meretricious plays now too frequently there1 we must work with this great pleasure-loving good-natured public1 and cultivate in it a taste for better drama4 ,we must create a demand for good drama and the supply will follow--the dramatist1 actor and manager are only too willing to fall into line1 if the public can be induced to refuse the worthless play and support better drama4 ,the really vital and necessary thing is to secure a public which will enjoy and support good plays4 ,hence1 it has become an important and basic matter to improve the dramatic tastes of the country4 ,in fact1 in the opinion of many1 this is one of the great problems we have before us as a nation today4 ,organized with this very object1 the ,drama ,league of ,america has worked for three years on the problem4 ,in those three years it has discovered many things4 ,one of these is1 that there is a real and genuine response to the appeal of the written drama2 that the message of the play need not be restricted to the city with a theater1 but that through the printed play every community may be reached4 ,another point worked out by the league is the absolute assurance that the best and in fact the only way to improve the dramatic taste of the country is to inculcate a thorough knowledge of good drama--an intimate acquaintance with the best plays written4 ,as many of these plays are rarely acted now1 or if acted are confined to the big cities1 the third point easily follows1 that by means of the printed play we can gradually so inoculate the entire nation with a knowledge of good drama and what it really is that it will turn instinctively from the cheap and worthless play and demand better things4 ,consequently the first and most important matter is to make good drama accessible to every one4 ,by spreading knowledge of the best plays of the past and present1 all over the country1 we are improving the dramatic taste of the nation and paving the way for better conditions in the theaters4 ,in this effort to increase the reading of plays the ,drama ,league not unnaturally turned early in its career to the libraries1 feeling itself largely dependent upon them for the full development of its work4 ,the keenest response has come in return4 ,over #gc libraries are represented in our membership and keep on file the league literature4 ,the testimony from these libraries is most encouraging4 ,on every side we find the libraries eager to help in this development of public dramatic taste4 ,since the only way to improve dramatic taste is by acquiring a thorough knowledge of plays1 it is palpably apparent that the libraries can be the greatest possible help in this new movement4 ,to illustrate concretely--,the ,drama ,league enters a medium sized town with one public library1 inducing the two or three women's clubs to take up each a course in modern drama1 interesting the teachers in the high school in the league's high school course1 even persuading the grade school to do drama work with the younger pupils4 ,usually there are formed also several little reading circles4 ,of course1 the first demand is for the published plays4 ,the students flock to the libraries to get the desired dramas4 ,in ,chicago the testimony has come many times that since the organization of ,the ,drama ,league public interest has been so keen that the demand for dramas has been phenomenal4 ,is the library content merely to recognize this condition8 ,by no means4 ,the ,drama ,department has had to quadruple its supply1 and even then is frequently obliged to hold the books in for reference only in order to meet the demand4 ,but see what this has meant to the league to have that quadruple supply of the dramas demanded by its members4 ,from ,washington comes the testimony that the organization of the league has increased the demand for drama books2 from ,los ,angeles came a large order for special dramas and reference books needed by our members4 ,the ,massachusetts ,state ,library has offered to meet any demands made upon it4 ,librarians in various communities are officers and directors in this new movement4 ,may ,i suggest a few ways in which the libraries can help us8 ,in the first place1 it will be a real benefit to any community if its library will become a member of ,the ,drama ,league and keep its literature on file4 ,in this way the community is kept informed through the ,drama ,league bulletins of the best current plays by its critical analysis2 it has access also to the study courses and bibliographies on drama prepared by the league's experts4 ,secondly1 it would be an inestimable help in this task of improving dramatic taste of the community if the library would be sure to have on hand all the dramas listed in our study and reading courses4 ,thirdly1 if the libraries would arrange a handy shelf of worthy drama where he who runs may read1 where the passerby would be attracted by a drama and pick it up to read it1 it might induce a taste for better plays1 a knowledge of good drama in a previously heedless theater goer4 ,in ,evanston1 ,illinois1 for three years this shelf has been maintained in the library by the ,drama ,club4 ,every few weeks a new selection of dramas is placed on this little book rack which stands near the main call desk4 ,it is much used and very popular4 ,the library could also helpfully publish a separate list of its books on drama and dramas1 or better yet arrange them in a separate section4 ,such a list is published yearly by the ,evanston ,library and several other libraries have recently adopted this plan--notably the ,newberry ,library1 ,chicago1 and the ,kansas ,city ,library4 ,another way in which the libraries can co-operate in raising dramatic taste1 is by making it easy for the playgoer to read the dramas which have been published and are to be presented in his city4 ,by co-operation with the ,drama ,league the library might receive word in advance when a published worthy play is to be given in town4 ,it could then see to it either that its copy of that play is withdrawn from circulation and held for reference only1 or it could secure extra copies of the play to meet the extra demand4 ,if it could be thoroughly understood that the library was doing this1 interest in reading the play could be stimulated4 ,for instance1 the library could post a notice stating the coming of the play to town1 side by side with the league bulletin or criticism of the play1 and the announcement that it could be secured at the book shelf4 ,with this active help of the libraries we might go far toward securing a trained dramatic taste on the part of our theater goers4 ,there are several magazines of special value to the student of drama4 ,it would be a very great help if the libraries made a special point of including these among their subscriptions and of listing them under the ,drama ,department--as for instance1 the ,drama ,quarterly1 and ,poet ,lore print in each issue a play which has never been printed in translation before1 and which cannot be secured elsewhere4 ,these are extremely valuable to the drama student4 ,the ,drama ,quarterly1 moreover1 is especially adapted to the needs of the student of drama1 and should be accessible to him4 ,it aims to criticise the various books on drama and dramas of special excellence1 also publishing notices of the most recent drama movements in this country and abroad4 ,it is not used for league propaganda1 but was taken over by ,the ,drama ,league merely because it was in danger of being abandoned4 ,moreover1 in ,current ,opinion and ,hearst's ,magazine are frequently printed very valuable portions of unpublished new plays4 ,with every issue of ,l',illustration is published a new ,french drama in ,french4 ,it would be an excellent thing if the larger or better equipped libraries could excerpt the plays from these magazines and have them sewed up simply1 each complete by itself1 and kept with the other dramas4 ,in this way the library could make an excellent modern drama department readily accessible to the league members1 obtainable in no other way1 and at very slight cost to the library4 ,a very important way in which the ,library ,association might help is one which may not be practical1 but which your convention might be able to work out for us4 ,it is in the nature of loan libraries4 ,as we introduce our study courses into the small towns we frequently find no library facilities along our lines4 ,one of our workers made an investigation of the ,drama ,department in libraries in small towns of five to ten thousand inhabitants in the ,middle ,west1 and found that without exception all of those she visited1 had only ,shakespeare and ,faust1 with occasionally a volume of ,l',aiglon4 ,it is easy to see how difficult it will be for clubs and individuals to take up a study of drama under such conditions4 ,is there any way in which the large state libraries can prepare a loan library at very slight cost1 made up of books desired for this special work1 which could be borrowed by the local library for the use of its clubs8 ,of course1 in some states1 as in ,wisconsin and ,new ,york1 and probably many others1 this is covered by the traveling libraries2 but there are very many where this is not so4 ,cannot the libraries go even farther in their effort to improve dramatic taste and meet the demand for dramas and books on dramas1 a demand which the ,drama ,league is attempting to create8 ,several libraries in various cities1 as notably ,chicago and ,washington1 have opened their rooms for ,drama ,league meetings4 ,cannot this be done in other cities8 ,surely any way in which you1 as public institutions1 can increase the interest in good drama1 is a part of your proper function4 ,the league work must go hand in hand with the libraries4 ,without you and your resources1 your wisdom and your co-operation1 we would be much crippled and sadly curtailed in our possibilities of achievements4 ,on the other hand1 now that the development of a national taste for better drama is becoming recognized as a necessity in order to effect any improvement in the conditions of our stage today1 now that we fully recognize that the best way to create a better dramatic taste is by familiarity with the best in drama1 now that we are working to make the reading of plays popular and wide spread1 does it not become a very important branch of the library's activity to take every step possible to increase the reading of plays and the thorough knowledge of dramatic literature on the part of young and old8 ,the real opportunity is with the children4 ,here we can create a fine dramatic taste for the future1 and here1 too1 the library can help4 ,in your junior corner1 can you not have the plays recommended on our junior list1 as suitable for children in order that they may have them for their play acting8 ,can you not start a ,junior ,league ,drama ,circle to read and act little children's plays1 just as you have your story hour8 ,in this way the library is helping us prepare the audiences of the future which shall not only support better drama1 but being thoroughly inoculated with an instinctive dramatic taste1 will positively demand worthy drama4 ,so will the libraries and ,the ,drama ,league1 representing the universities1 schools1 clubs and individuals in general have aroused the public conscience to a realization of its responsibilities for the amusements of the people4 ,,marjorie ,a4 ,,best 7,,mrs4 ,a4 ,,starr ,,best7 ,president1 ,drama ,league of ,america4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 ,may #e1 #aiac4 ,in reply to your esteemed letter of ,may #bnd ,i may say that the matter which seems to me to be of the greatest interest to publishers1 and possibly also to librarians1 at the present time is the dissemination among the public at large of that correct information in regard to the ever increasing tide of new books which will enable the public to learn of really meritorious works which are published1 and avoid the trash which is now being so freely distributed4 ,almost the only way at the present time of reaching large numbers of book readers is through the libraries1 and this seems sufficient excuse for bringing this1 which seems to me to be the most important matter1 to your notice and of begging that it may be given publicity among your fellow librarians in order that we may have suggestions for the solution of the difficulty4 ,yours very truly1 ,,george ,p4 ,,brett1 ,president4 99 99 99 99 99 ,brown ,university1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 ,april #bi1 #aiac4 ,in reply to your letter of ,april #ba ,i can only say that ,i am not familiar enough with the conduct of ,american libraries to make any new suggestions on the question you propose4 ,i think the plan followed by the ,providence ,public ,library is the best one to encourage the reading of the standard works of literature4 ,it has1 as you of course know1 a pleasant room1 easily accessible1 in which attractive editions of the best authors can be read4 ,would it be feasible to supplement this plan by publishing1 from time to time1 interesting1 short descriptions of standard books1 giving prospective readers some notion of the subject and peculiar attraction of each--somewhat after the manner of publishers' alluring 7or would-be alluring7 notices of new books8 ,yours sincerely1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,bronson4 ,northampton1 ,mass41 ,may #af1 #aiac4 ,your letter of the fourteenth1 inviting me to contribute to a symposium of thought concerning library work in ,america and suggesting the topic1 ,what is your conception of the ideal librarian1 does me great honor4 ,but it brings to my mind very clearly my inability to offer a definition which ,i could possibly hope would be enlightening or stimulating to a convention of librarians4 ,the library work of our present day has expanded into such liberal bounds and taken on such a missionary1 and at the same time scientific1 spirit that one who is merely its beneficiary cannot give himself the hardihood to offer words of criticism or of counsel4 ,i know no work which shows such splendid contrasts to what it was when ,i began life as does the profession of the public librarian and the professional conception of the library's mission to the world4 ,it has been my great joy and honor to bring up a large family whose members are now separated and busy in the world's work and it gives me great pleasure to say of them1 as of myself1 that the modern management of public libraries has made life worth incalculably more than it could have been under the limitations of forty years ago4 ,with every good wish ,i beg to remain ever ,yours truly1 ,,george ,w4 ,,cable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,santa ,barbara1 ,cal41 ,may #e1 #aiac4 ,it gives me great pleasure to attempt a brief answer to the question you suggest--,is the fiction circulated by our public libraries helping to enlighten the people on social and economic problems8 ,i should be inclined to answer the question decidedly in the affirmative4 ,in addition to the letters ,i receive from persons whose only access to modern fiction is through the public library1 concerning my own work1 ,i have1 in the course of political campaigns1 and in places in various parts of the country where ,i have made another sort of address1 held many conversations with men and women in the audiences4 ,these have interested me greatly4 ,my own experience corroborates a fact to which ,i have heard several librarians attest 7and it is to me the most hopeful phenomenon in our ,american life71 that the ,american public--mainly through the libraries--is reading more widely and more intelligently than those who do not come into direct contact with a large portion of it guess4 ,four or five months ago ,i received a letter from a poor woman who lives on a farm near one of the larger towns of ,massachusetts giving me a list of the books she had got from the library during the past year4 ,she had read them all2 and they included1 in addition to two good biographies and ,royce's ,loyalty1 several of the best recent novels1 both ,english and ,american1 dealing seriously with the problems of modern life4 ,and finally1 the other day when ,i was in ,san ,francisco1 ,i had a long conversation with an ex-burglar who had served a term in the penitentiary1 and who has reformed and has been for the last eight years making an honest living1 on the subject of such novels as you mention4 ,his comments on them were not only interesting but often valuable4 ,his source was1 of course1 the public library4 ,hence1 ,i am glad of this opportunity to pay my tribute to the librarian1 and to express1 as an ,american citizen1 my appreciation of the work he is doing4 ,sincerely yours1 ,,winston ,,churchill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bureau of ,education1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,april #bi1 #aiac4 ,the public libraries have no better opportunity for effective service than that offered through generous and intelligent co-operation with the public schools and especially with the high schools and the highest grades of the grammar schools4 ,ideas and ideals gained through reading in childhood and youth effect the character more fundamentally and more permanently1 and determine moral conduct for a longer time than ideas and ideals gained later4 ,it should also be remembered that children have more time to read than men and women immersed in the strong current of adult life4 ,the public library in every city and town should be open on the freest terms to all school children and they should feel that they have the heartiest welcome to it4 ,not only should the teacher encourage children to use the library2 librarians should invite them to do so and make all possible preparations to serve them4 ,there should be in the libraries a sufficient number of reading rooms to accommodate children of different grades4 ,in these should be assistant librarians who know the very best in literature for children and youth and who know also how to deal with children and how to make the rooms attractive4 ,it is all important that the reading rooms and those in charge be attractive1 respected1 liked1 and loved4 ,it is especially important that children be led to read those things that have permanent and eternal value4 ,no one should be permitted to direct the reading of children who thinks it necessary to have books written down to them or who does not know that the greatest books are the simplest and the most wholesome4 ,the children's librarians should also be whole minded and whole hearted people with a broad and interesting knowledge of the world and life4 ,it will be fatal if they are narrow1 prejudiced1 sectarian1 or over-provincial4 ,the public library should have the services of one or more good story tellers who know the best stories of the world and can tell them in an interesting way4 ,as often as once a week at least there should be a separate hour for all the children4 ,the children should1 of course1 come in sections--primary1 grammar grades1 and high school4 ,in addition to the services rendered as here suggested at the library1 all the children in school or out should have library cards and for the convenience of the children every school building should be made a branch library for the use of children at least4 ,i see no reason why it should not also serve as a branch library for the older people4 ,it would not cost much to have some one or more teachers at each school serve as librarians under the direction of the librarian of the central library4 ,through the branch library at the school many parents and other older members of the family could be reached who never can be reached through the ordinary central and branch library buildings4 ,attractive statements about books1 especially new books should be sent to the parents by the children and books might be ordered and returned through the children4 ,it would not be difficult to induce pupils and teachers to arrange reading circles and clubs among the adult members of families living near the school1 the books used by the reading circles to be ordered from and returned to the school branch library4 ,teachers and principals would also be willing to arrange for weekly meetings for the members of these reading circles and clubs1 the meetings to be held at the school4 ,certificates and diplomas might be given for the reading of certain groups of books4 ,the library should own in sets books helpful to teachers and children in their studies and should1 at the request of superintendents and principals1 place sets of these in the several schools for use in school1 but not to be taken out except over night or over ,saturdays and ,sundays and holidays4 ,libraries should also own large collections of illustrative pictures and lantern slides4 ,these should be cataloged as books are and lists of them should be in the hands of school superintendents1 supervisors1 principals1 and teachers4 ,the pictures and slides should be loaned the schools freely upon their request4 ,school officers and teachers should be asked to assist in selecting these and all other collections for the use of children4 ,the library should serve in this way not only the schools of the city1 but also the country and village schools in the counties in which they are located4 ,through the country schools more good can be accomplished1 frequently1 than through the city schools4 ,country boys and girls are more eager to read than city boys and girls4 ,they have more time for it and will read better books4 ,the library should have a direct relation with every school and every teacher in the county4 ,of course1 the county should pay for this service1 but it should have it whether it pays for it or not4 ,the city cannot afford to withhold it4 ,the city depends on the country for its prosperity and life4 ,the children now in the country will make up a large part of the population of the city twenty or twenty-five years from now4 ,in many places the public libraries are doing all these things to some extent2 in no place to as great an extent as is possible4 ,by using to the best advantage the opportunities here suggested1 public libraries may double their usefulness4 ,yours sincerely1 ,p4 ,p4 ,,claxton1 ,commissioner4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,york ,city1 ,april #d1 #aiac4 ,the ,negro ,american is being helped greatly by public libraries wherever he is given reasonable encouragement to enter them4 ,often in the ,north1 he is not made to feel welcome in these libraries and in most of the public and private libraries of the ,south1 he is rigorously excluded4 ,it would seem that a statement from the ,american ,library ,association to the effect that the color line in literature is silly1 is much needed at present4 ,very sincerely yours1 ,w4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,du ,,bois4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mayor's ,office1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,of course1 the financial return for money expended to maintain a public library cannot be definitely stated1 as may be done in connection with municipal activities which deal solely with material things4 ,it is impossible to trace along commercial lines the influence upon the community of an institution whose prime purpose is not profit1 is not even a product that can be expressed in terms of dollars1 but is the enlargement of the individual life1 and the promotion of higher standards of citizenship4 ,on the lowest and most sordid plane however1 an institution like the ,boston public library is worth many times its cost to the city merely on account of the number of persons from abroad who are attracted to the building as an example of monumental architecture1 or because it contains exceptional works of art in its mural decorations1 or who visit it as a museum of rare and interesting books4 ,these visitors number thousands yearly2 many of them stay in the city for several days1 and their entertainment and their expenditure of money while they remain1 add to the commercial prosperity of the city4 ,in somewhat the same way1 but on a much higher plane1 directly within the scope of the library function1 numbers of students are yearly drawn to the city by the advantages the library offers for intellectual research4 ,and the library enhances the importance and value of the various schools and colleges within our borders1 by enlarging their intellectual resources4 ,in other directions the value of the library to the community is evident4 ,the fact that it is here adds something to the value of every estate in the city4 ,persons seeking a desirable place of residence prefer a city or town which has good schools and a well-equipped and adequately supported library to a place without these institutions1 even if no direct use is made by such persons of either4 ,the influence of a good library on the general conditions in a community is therefore a profitable asset4 ,in assimilating the different elements of a mixed and rapidly growing population1 the work of the library is obvious1 and its results far outweigh their cost4 ,and the increased efficiency of individuals1 which the library promotes1 has its effect in inestimable public benefits4 ,for example1 to take a single possible case out of many1 here is a young man without money or influence but who has talent which1 if properly fostered may become the source of power4 ,through the opportunities for study given by the public library he perfects an invention1 or writes a poem1 or enters a useful profession by means of which he ministers to the comfort and enjoyment of his fellow-men and confers honor upon this city4 ,how can one over-estimate the social value of such lives1 or the part which the library has played in their development8 ,such instances are by no means few1 and unquestionably they supply an affirmative answer to the question as to whether or not the library is making an adequate return for its cost4 ,,john ,f4 ,,fitzgerald4 99 99 99 99 99 ,chicago1 ,illinois1 ,may #aj1 #aiac4 ,your question1 ,is the fiction circulated by our public library helping to enlighten people on social and economic problems8 is one which ,i can answer promptly and affirmatively4 ,looking at fiction in the mass1 it is without doubt an enormous educational influence4 ,leaving out of view for the moment the historical novel1 or the sociologic novel1 and taking merely the local novel1 the novel which vividly portrays the life of a special village1 or country1 or nation1 we find it of the greatest service in teaching the people of one country1 or class1 how the people of other countries and other classes live4 ,such books bring the ends of the earth together4 ,they unite the north and the south1 the east and the west1 in common sympathy and understanding4 ,they contribute very largely to the higher patriotism1 as well as to the profounder social brotherhood4 ,it would be easy to criticise fiction for other and less valuable content1 but speaking generally1 ,i believe it to be second only to the stage in its power to affect the young student of life and manners4 ,very sincerely yours1 ,,hamlin ,,garland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,may #af1 #aiac4 ,you ask for comment--as related particularly with their own special interests and at the risk of being charged with talking shop1 ,i have been brutally frank4 ,yet ,i hope it will cheer these splendid workers for civilization4 ,the library is not doing as much as it might to be a true ,university to the ,people4 ,books alone will not attract the insensitive or indifferent1 nor will handsome buildings4 ,equal to other necessity of the library to be a true university to the people1 is that of arousing interest1 awakening curiosity and alluring into path ways that lead to books and reading4 ,i know of nothing better than to have cheap1 popular1 illustrated lecture courses that constantly refer to books and the special theme4 ,does the local librarian or do active directors1 attempt seriously to tap the knowledge of the local specialist1 professional man1 or public spirited speaker8 ,do the library people emphasize the necessity of close1 personal contact1 as far as possible1 with the individuals and with the people8 ,libraries must be more human4 ,no machinery1 or salaried personnel1 however costly or efficient1 within chosen lines of activity1 can do without that same human sympathy1 which in other professions1 is known to outweigh in value1 all edifices1 or the paid professional corps2 yes1 even in religion or philanthropy4 ,not all1 but most libraries--and ,i have looked in1 and at1 and around many--are too self-centered4 ,yet with this criticism1 honestly called for and as honestly given1 none can appreciate the librarian more than ,i4 ,to guide youthful reading1 warning as well as advising and alluring them to high flights1 is to make the librarian's calling second to none in our complex civilization4 ,with all good wishes to the librarians of the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,sincerely yours1 ,,william ,,eliot ,,griffis4 ,p4 ,s4 ,every library should have a lecture hall and not be afraid even of the fit audience though few4 99 99 99 99 99 ,clark ,university1 ,worcester1 ,mass41 ,may #ag1 #aiac4 ,my experience is a long one with university libraries1 but ,i have had far less to do with public libraries4 ,the greatest need of the specialist and expert is help in finding all1 and especially the latest1 often very scattered1 literature on the special point on which he is conducting his research1 and ,i believe that in the future every academic library will have a few specialists with a good knowledge of languages1 of ,ph4 ,d4 rank1 who can do just this4 ,we have one such here1 to whom my work owes more than to anybody else4 ,if ,i ask her to find me1 e4 g41 all the recent references on a topic1 be it ever so special1 including perhaps a score of archives and special journals1 back for three or five years as ,i may specify1 up to the latest arrival1 ,i get this list1 which always includes many things our library does not have1 then take it to the librarian1 who can generally get about everything by borrowing far and near4 ,these1 together with the resources here1 are placed upon a table in an alcove where ,i can work or take the books home4 ,this makes a perfectly ideal condition1 and it is at the same time indispensable for advanced special work1 and everything in a university library should be plastic to this end4 ,a public librarian1 it seems to me1 should study all the changing interests in a community or in special parts of it1 and be able to print in the daily press whenever any topic is prominent a little article telling in a few lines the point of a few books or articles2 e4 g4 a manual training high school is opened4 ,the daily paper should state that the library has a good collection of literature up to date on that subject 7if it has71 and give a few points from a few of the best books1 naming them4 ,a few titles are not enough4 ,another point that interests me greatly is the library story telling4 ,i think more should be done1 not less1 in this line for children1 and that books illustrating topics in geography1 history1 etc41 should be not only laid before teachers but that the classes should meet there and have the things shown to them4 ,why does not the public library go into some of the wonderful illustrative material in the above and other topics1 which is so characteristic of ,german schools1 and of which ,american schools know almost nothing8 ,our educational ,museum here has lately spent thousands of dollars and collected thousands of these illustrations all the way from wall pictures to bound pictures1 illustrating material from primary grades up into college1 which we loan as we do books to teachers1 parents and others4 ,there is a very great new departure possible here4 ,why does not your ,association look into this8 ,it has been a great find for us4 ,and about everything in our large collection and its use1 to my mind1 might be done by public libraries although none of them that ,i know of has done much of anything along that line4 ,i am ,very truly yours1 ,g4 ,,stanley ,,hall4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,university of ,chicago1 ,chicago1 ,may #af1 #aiac4 ,while ,i am not at all a specialist in library science and art1 ,i am daily a debtor to your profession4 ,in answer to the question--,what rank should the library have in the scale of the community's social assets8--,i should indicate the following hints of an argument3 ,the income of every family is increased by the possession and use of a public library4 ,this item is never found set down in the accounts of a family as a part of their income1 and the students of budgets are too apt to overlook it2 but all communal property1 as lake fronts1 parks1 playgrounds1 public schools1 public free libraries and reading rooms1 are so much addition to the enjoyments of all who have the taste and inclination to use them4 ,as the library contains the very best thoughts of the greatest men and women of all time1 ,i should say that the public free library is among the very highest possessions of the people4 ,when we consider the dangers of idleness or of a depraved use of leisure1 and when we consider the splendid opportunity of spiritual growth which comes from intelligent and systematic daily use of the library1 we must place this institution among the highest agencies of social amelioration and progress4 ,every year sees improvement in the administration of this noble trust by the professional custodians and administrators4 ,there is manifest everywhere a spirit of courtesy1 patience and enterprise1 which does honor to this branch of the profession of educators4 ,the librarian and his assistants are colleagues of instructors in all institutions of every grade1 and those of us who are teaching feel ourselves to be under profound obligations to our companions in service4 ,sincerely yours1 ,,charles ,,richmond ,,henderson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,chicago1 ,april #g1 #aiac4 ,i have your letter of ,april #bnd in which you are good enough to ask me to write a few lines on the topic3 ,should the public library exercise censorship over the books it circulates8 ,i suppose there is no question that the good public library should have somewhere in its shelves all books of serious intent1 and should circulate in a restricted and properly guarded way any book no matter what its subject matter4 ,so the question comes down to the propriety of circulating generally without restriction all sorts of books4 ,i should hesitate to say that a public library should exercise no supervision over its circulation1 although ,i myself have suffered from what ,i consider unjust and unmerited notoriety--due to the prescient sensibilities of certain librarians1 as you know4 ,but when you will admit the principle of censorship1 the matter is a delicate one1 of course4 ,it would seem to me1 for example1 unwise to circulate freely books of medicine4 ,as to fiction--or what publishers call the general list of books1 ,i think an intelligent librarian should hesitate a long time before putting on his or her index expurgatorius any publications vouched for by the imprint of a reputable publishing firm4 ,for such books have actually passed a severe censorship before being put out4 ,i realize it is all a personal matter1 for what to me is good red meat may be poison to my brother4 ,i think1 for instance1 that such a novel as ,the ,rosary is infinitely more pernicious than the ,kreutzer ,sonata1 ,la ,terre1 or ,germinal1 but the average librarian wouldn't4 ,so ,i am afraid the matter will have to stand just where it is today--a book will be censored as unfit or unclean according to the whim of the individual librarian4 ,presumably the public librarian is at least abreast of1 if not superior in culture and idealism to his community1 and as our communities improve our librarians will become persons of wider intelligence and culture than they are now in some cases and exercise their censorial powers with more real discrimination4 ,apropos of this matter you may be interested to know that a few months ago the ,new ,york ,post in an editorial protest against certain young ,american realists and their treatment of sex--instanced ,mr4 ,howells and myself as examples of clean ,american reticent realism6 ,this1 after all the roar over ,together is an amusing illustration of growth in critical opinion4 ,mr4 ,howells sent me the editorial but ,i haven't it with me4 ,truthfully1 ,,robert ,,herrick4 ,p4 ,s4 ,my own views on the proper treatment of sex in fiction will be briefly touched upon in an article on ,american fiction to be printed in the ,yale ,review before long4 99 99 99 99 99 ,chicago1 ,may #ag1 #aiac4 ,you ask me is the fiction circulated by our public libraries helping to enlighten the people on social and economic problems8 ,that is a question which a librarian can answer better than any author4 ,in general1 it seems to me1 magazine fiction is doing more in that line than book fiction4 ,some of the greatest circulations ever attained by periodicals have been built upon a shrewd knowledge of the ,american materialism4 ,one editor voices it3--,americans are interested about two-thirds in business1 and one-third in love4 ,that editorial policy has won in this country4 ,as to social and economic problems1 more properly considered1 ,i don't think fiction is doing much for the people4 ,this really is the fault of the people1 or of human nature1 or rather of ,american human nature4 ,i think we are one of the most neurotic and hysterical people in the world1 which means that presently we shall be one of the most swiftly decadent people in the world4 ,for this reason1 we have sudden fashions in fiction4 ,just now we like to read about action of heroic sort--precisely as we pay to see baseball games instead of playing baseball ourselves4 ,also1 we are for the time given over to a wave of erotic fiction1 just this side of indecent4 ,at one time we were crazy over historical fiction1 before that1 over dialect fiction1 before that over analytical fiction4 ,therefore1 ,i should say that our book fiction does not and cannot do much in the way of handling social and economic problems at the present day4 ,once in a while1 we have a political novel1 machine-made1 and like all other political novels4 ,sometimes1 we get a business novel1 in turn like all other business novels4 ,we don't have really very many thoughtful novels good enough to be called big4 ,i fancy it would not pay authors to write them1 or public libraries to buy them4 ,we are having a period of business and political sack cloth and ashes1 but1 drunk or sober1 broke or prosperous1 the ,american character seems to me annually to grow more hectic and hysterical1 and less inclined to care for big things and good stuff4 ,part of this is the fault of our newspapers1 but most of it is our own fault4 ,we care for making money and for little else1 and we spend money whether we have it or not4 ,the public libraries would be the natural agency for correcting some of these things1 but frankly ,i don't know how they could do it4 ,yours very truly1 ,,emerson ,,hough4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,york ,city4 ,why should not the libraries amplify the work they are already doing by the promotion of the public schools as well as libraries as social and civic centers8 ,schoolhouses should be constructed with all equipments for branch libraries1 just as they are now equipped with gymnasiums and baths4 ,the library should not be an accident in the public school2 it should be an integral part of it4 ,the schoolhouse is the natural place for the library4 ,to it the children come daily--little messengers who would secure books from printed slips for their parents1 too tired or too distant from the library to serve themselves4 ,the library should be the school rest and reading room4 ,it would relieve the tedium of regular school work4 ,it would lend variety to education2 it would enrich it and beautify it4 ,in addition1 great economy would be effected by converting the school into a library2 there would be a saving in construction1 in maintenance1 in operation4 ,the fine social sense of the modern librarian would have a reaction on education and would lead to other activities being introduced into the schools4 ,the ,american library is the model of the world in many ways4 ,it has led the movement for the widening of public services to old and young4 ,it is one of the most inspirational achievements of the ,american city1 and it could do a substantial service by promoting the social center idea1 which is so actively engaging the minds of people all over the country4 7,signed7 ,,frederic ,c4 ,,howe4 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,april #cj1 #aiac4 ,in response to your kind invitation to send a brief message on the subject--,can public libraries legitimately attempt amusement as well as instruction of the people8 ,i would reply to the affirmative4 ,if literature is an art1 and if libraries are to be as they should be--reservoirs of literature--they surely cannot be complete without giving an important place to arts' most human appeal1 amusement4 ,the novel1 invented to amuse1 stands today as the vital force in literature4 ,of course1 by amusement ,i do not mean a vaudeville4 ,shakespeare wrote to amuse2 and if he does not offer a popular line today it is because modern writers are better chosen to amuse our century4 ,indeed1 if you remove the fiction department--the amusement section--from your library you reduce it to the plans of a machine--an admirable machine1 perhaps--but without a human soul to drive it4 ,sincerely yours1 ,,wallace ,,irwin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,carnegie ,institution of ,washington1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,june #e1 #aiac4 ,the specific question which you propound1 ,what can the library do to encourage the study of ,american history8 is one which ,i suppose must have very different answers for different sorts of libraries4 ,in the case of libraries of moderate size in small cities1 it has sometimes appeared to me that the money used in the purchase of books on ,american history was too exclusively used in buying the less expensive sort of books1 those in one or two or three volumes1 of which it is perfectly easy to get a considerable number out of each year's appropriations2 while on the other hand1 the purchase of certain books of value in expensive sets was never made1 because it could not easily be made in any one given year4 ,if the purchasing policy were given a somewhat longer range1 extending over several years1 one might plan to redress this inequality4 ,to avoid speaking as if ,i were recommending any one long set of ,americana for purchase1 let me adduce as an instance a library of forty or fifty thousand volumes with which ,i am familiar which has in the past twenty years bought a great many books of ,english history1 without ever yet having afforded the purchase of the ,dictionary of ,national ,biography1 obviously because it was too large a morsel for any one year's budget4 ,if ,i were to proceed to make any suggestion for the larger libraries1 ,i might select for comment the relative lack of co-operation among such libraries in respect to the pursuit of the more expensive specialties4 ,it is plain that the interest of students are1 in respect to restricted specialties of this class better served on the whole by their being able to find relatively complete collections in one place1 rather than scattered fragments of such collections in various places4 ,the ambition of libraries for possession might well be tempered by some closer approach to systematic organization of these things1 whereby certain ones should be recognized as belonging plainly in the field of a certain library without competition on the part of the others4 ,i am speaking1 of course1 of things which only a few students are seeking1 and which they must expect to seek by travel1 and not of those things for which there is a separate effective demand in every large city4 ,may ,i also suggest the question whether it is not a legitimate use of the funds of a public library to pay recognized experts1 resident in its city or summoned from elsewhere1 to go over the shelves relating to a particular subject and carefully signalize those gaps which are almost certain to occur2 to name1 in other words1 any important books which have been omitted but which are necessary to make the collection a well-rounded one for the needs of the particular locality as the librarian sees them4 ,i think also that university and college libraries are particularly in need of such periodical redress1 because professors are so prone to request books needed for the immediate purposes of their classes1 and to exhaust their appropriations by such requests1 forgetting the need of building up rounded collections for general purposes2 and the librarian1 on his part1 feels a certain delicacy about suggesting books for which the professor has evinced no desire1 though often he will agree they were desirable1 if their absence were called to his attention4 ,believe me ,very truly yours1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jameson4 ,hadley1 ,mass41 ,may #bj1 #aiac4 ,i have your recent letter asking for some brief comment on such phase of library work as most appeals to me4 ,at present1 in accord with the trend of current thought in other matters1 ,i am inclined to lay stress on efficiency2 and under that head ,i would urge that librarians1 especially in the smaller places1 do much strenuous and persistent weeding among the books that find their way to the shelves4 ,feed the furnace with the books that are no longer useful in your particular library1 or in some other way absolutely dispose of them4 ,much of the fiction1 both for grown-ups and young people1 should go1 after the first interest in it has waned4 ,many also of the information books decline in value with the passing years and should not remain a permanent incubus4 ,very few of the government publications are of practical use in the average library4 ,we have altogether too much veneration for printed matter4 ,library housecleanings to discard the literary rubbish and misfits are a real need4 ,quality is decidedly more important than quantity1 if you would have charm and the widest usefulness4 ,yours very truly1 ,,clifton ,,johnson4 ,april #aa1 #aiac4 ,in response to your kind letter of ,april #eth1 and after refreshing my mind by consultation with librarian friends1 with your kind permission ,i may say a word on the theme1 ,that librarians should sometimes take account of stock1 that they should consider the reasons for their existence and find out how nearly their present day activities coincide with the purposes for which they are established4 ,with one or two notable exceptions public libraries in the ,united ,states are a development of the last quarter of the #aith ,century4 ,until about #ahie1 or possibly #aijj the efforts of librarians were directed toward perfecting methods of administration1 cataloging1 etc4 ,then having arrived at mutual agreement as to forms of procedure they devoted themselves more and more to library extension4 ,they realized that only fractions of their respective communities were in touch with the libraries4 ,in a city of #djj1jjj inhabitants perhaps #dj1jjj or #aj per cent would make use of library privileges1 and the circulation of a million volumes per year meant the use of only #b-a_/b books per year for each inhabitant4 ,then commenced the era of branch libraries1 deposit stations1 libraries in schools1 libraries in factories1 in fire-houses2 a resort to every possible means to extend usefulness of the library throughout the whole community4 ,not satisfied with these expedients other forms of extension are being adopted4 ,i am told that one library publishes a weekly paper heralding the advantages of its city4 ,it has established a business man's information branch1 compiled an index to the products manufactured within the city1 and holds itself ready to give information as to where the best tennis balls1 suit cases and everything else can be purchased4 ,undoubtedly this is a public convenience1 but it seems to be getting a little away from original library purposes4 ,there is a tendency for libraries to so scatter their energies that they lose sight of the main objects of their being4 ,they exhibit the same tendency which can be seen in the curricula of many colleges which offer courses upon every conceivable subject1 the lasting value of which to those who pursue them is certainly questionable4 ,libraries are not exempt from the prevalent tendency of municipal1 state and federal agencies to extend their activities and increase the burden of taxes4 ,it is safe to say that in many public libraries the budgets have been more than doubled in the last #ae years4 ,it is a question whether the real service to the community has gained in proportion4 ,it is not necessary to make hourly deliveries to downtown delivery stations of the latest thing in fiction1 but it is essential that the libraries should do their utmost to maintain ideals4 ,the library which has set apart in a separate room a collection of standard literature has performed a notable service for its community and furnished an example worthy of imitation4 ,it is a part of the best work of the library to assist in perpetuating only that which is worthy of survival4 ,very truly yours1 ,,david ,,starr ,,jordan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,french ,embassy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,may #h1 #aiac4 ,on the question you put me3 ,are our libraries helping to make better citizens of those from over-seas8 ,i must decline to give an answer4 ,it would be somewhat bold on the part of one who is not himself a citizen of this country and whose opportunities have been scant1 for studying such a problem1 to express an opinion4 ,concerning librarians1 as such1 ,i may say that my experience with them1 under many climes and skies1 has ever been of the pleasantest4 ,their keeping company with the thinkers and writers of all times1 spending their days in those temples where the wisdom1 the folly1 the dreams1 the beauty of ages is stored for the contemplation or warning of succeeding generations1 gives them1 of whatever nationality they be1 a philosophical turn of mind1 a benevolent desire to help1 a friendliness to the untutored who want to know more4 ,for me they are the typical men of good will for whom there will be peace4 ,believe me1 ,very truly yours1 ,,jusserand4 99 99 99 99 99 ,chicago1 ,may #e4 ,can public libraries legitimately attempt amusement as well as instruction of the people8 ,since you ask me the question1 ,i feel obliged to answer it in all seriousness4 ,in my opinion the public library ought not to be turned into a place of amusement4 ,let us have this one institution left as a refuge from amusement4 ,the general desire of the public to be amused has caused it to become almost impossible for one to go anywhere or see anything without becoming conscious of the fact that the first and generally the sole purpose of everything is to amuse4 ,the preachers make their sermons amusing1 the poets make their poems amusing1 the artists make their pictures amusing1 the merchants make their shops amusing2 one cannot eat in a public place without being amused4 ,steamships and railway trains are operated for the amusement of passengers2 every vacant storeroom will by tomorrow have become a place of amusement and plans are already being made to convert funerals into amusing affairs4 ,spare to us the one place in which we may hope to escape from amusement4 ,let the public library remain grand1 gloomy and peculiar4 ,sincerely yours1 ,s4 ,e4 ,,kiser4 ,chicago1 ,april #i1 #aiac4 ,in reply to your letter of ,april #e1 #aiac1 would say--,the modern city library is covering a most desirable field in meeting the needs of a large element of the public1 which looks to it almost exclusively for information along library and allied lines4 ,a popular library should be able to supply information on all subjects of a general character and should not proceed along lines of reference facilities except in a general way4 ,this ground is covered by private gifts and educational institutions4 ,the city library should1 it seems to me1 be constituted along liberal lines1 adapted to entertain as well as instruct4 ,any means adapted to stimulate the public desire for the use of its privileges properly guarded1 cannot fail to be of general benefit4 ,thus lectures1 story telling1 art exhibits1 and even victrola concerts1 loan of pianola rolls1 etc41 may serve to induct the mind into the wealth of knowledge embraced within its wonderful collection of books4 ,the portals of the city library should be made insidiously alluring1 with the expectation that once within them1 the reader will go farther4 ,very truly yours1 ,c4 ,c4 ,,kohlsaat4 ,northampton1 ,mass41 ,june #ab1 #aiac4 ,to ,my ,fellow ,workers in ,libraries1 ,greetings3 ,i always feel a little bashful when ,i go into a strange library as ,i sometimes do and happen on a librarian who confronts me with things ,i say about librarians in the ,lost ,art of ,reading4 ,usually ,i speak up quite quickly and say to a librarian1 ,oh1 but you know ,i do not mean ,,you6 ,but in speaking as ,i am now to all the librarians there are in the ,united ,states and ,canada this seems to be inconvenient4 ,i am afraid that if there were any nice thoughtful benignant way of taking each librarian in this great mass meeting1 of all the librarians there are1 one side and whispering to him quietly1 ,oh1 but you know ,i do not mean ,,you1 ,i would probably do it6 ,but being driven to it and being faced out this way as ,i am today1 two or three thousand to one1 there seems to be nothing for it but to face the music and to look you in the eye a minute and say once for all1 ,i ,,do mean you1 ,i mean each of you and all of you1 and ,i accuse you of not taking immediate1 powerful and conclusive steps to convince donors of libraries and the public of the rights of librarians1 of your right to perform your duties under decent1 spiritual conditions as members of a high and spirited calling1 as professional men and women1 as artists and as fellow human beings and not as overworked1 under-assisted1 weary servants of books4 ,the charges against the library donors and managers that ,i brought out in my new book ,crowds1 more particularly the chapters1 ,mr4 ,carnegie speaks up1 and ,mr4 ,carnegie tries to make people read1 are charges that are going to be answered most successfully by people who admit that they are largely true and who will then proceed tomorrow1 before everybody1 to turn them into lies4 ,the sooner the librarians and trustees and public men of this country proceed to make what ,i am saying today about public libraries hopelessly ridiculous and out-of-date1 the sooner ,i will be happy4 ,if ,i were to move into a strange community and wanted to be a valuable citizen in it1 the first thing ,i would do would be to go to the public library and ask the librarians and their assistants this question1 ,who are the interesting boys in this town8 ,if the librarians could tell me ,i would linger around1 and in one way or another1 get acquainted with those boys1 follow them up and see what ,i could do to connect them with the men with the books1 and ideas and ambitions and opportunities that belong to them4 ,if the librarians could not give me a list of such boys ,i would ask them why4 ,if they told me that they had not time to attend to such things ,i would ask the trustees why4 ,if the trustees had not selected librarians naturally interested in boys and books and had not provided such librarians with the necessary assistants so they would have time and spirit to do such things ,i would turn to the people and ,i would challenge the people to elect trustees for their library who knew what a library was for4 ,i sometimes think of the librarian in a town as the ,mayor ,of ,what ,people ,think1 and if he does not have time to read books and to love ideas and inventions in himself and in other people and does not take time to like boys and get the ideas and boys together1 he cannot be in a town where he lives1 a good ,mayor ,of ,what ,people ,think4 ,we shall never have great libraries in the ,united ,states until the typical librarian exalts his calling and takes his place in our modern life seriously--as the ruler of our civilization1 the creator of the environment of a nation and as the dictator of the motives and ideals of cities1 the discoverer of great men and the champion of the souls of the people4 ,i candidly ask you all3 ,what is there that can be done in ,america in the way of letting librarians keep on being folks8 ,one almost wishes that all the members of the library association of ,america would write to ,andrew ,carnegie1 snow him under with letters from the nation1 asking him to try the experiment of having at least one of his libraries in the ,united ,states fitted up as elaborately and as elegantly with librarians as it is with dumb waiters1 marble pillars1 book racks and umbrella stands4 ,when we go into a library--some of us--we want to feel our minds being gently exposed to cross-fertilization4 ,we may not want librarians to throw themselves at us--come down plump into our minds the minute we enter whether or no1 but we do want when we come into a library to be able to find 7if we steal around a little71 eager1 contagious1 alluring librarians who can make people read books and from whom people cannot get away without reading books4 ,every library ought to be supplied with at least one librarian in each department1 stuck all over with books1 like burrs1 so that nobody can touch him or be near him without carrying away a book on him that he's got to read and that he will long to read and will read until somebody drives him to bed6 ,faithfully yours1 ,,gerald ,,stanley ,,lee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,northampton1 ,mass4 ,greetings and good wishes to the men and women who hold the keys3 ,i saw in ,england1 last year1 a very old library where the books are chained to the shelves4 ,they have always been chained there2 at first because they were valuable and human nature was weak1 and now to preserve the tradition4 ,but in general1 either because the value of books is less or because human nature is less weak1 we trust our public with its books unchained4 ,the shelves of most libraries1 ,i understand1 are open freely and the loss of books is small--small enough to be disregarded1 you tell me1 in relation to the general good4 ,and not only is the public freely admitted4 ,in ,northampton ,i have seen1 many times1 the books put on wheels and traveling out to the public2 they are in a kind of clothes-basket set on a truck with tiny wheels2 and the janitor trundles the truck to the trolley1 and the trolley carries the books to ,leeds or ,florence or ,williamsburg1 it may be--,i do not know their destination4 ,i only see them traveling away on wheels4 ,this is only ,a-,b-,c to all of you4 ,most of you could tell me much more interesting things that libraries are doing4 ,some of you have already seen that it is not enough to put the books on wheels and trundle them out to the public1 but that the public itself must be followed and captured4 ,you tell me that in the future the library that would be really up-to-date must catch its readers where it can and chain books to them4 ,presently we shall need wings to follow life and bring it back to its books4 ,for life moves swiftly2 and you who hold the keys and who are putting books on wheels and sending them out will not stop till the life in books and the life of the world are come together again4 ,presently we shall all work for this4 ,you have freed the books1 you have sent them out1 you have reached out to give them to us freely4 ,presently you will unlock the books themselves and open the pages2 and the time when a child studied only a few books will belong to the past2 the living use of books will be a part of the life of every child that is born into the world4 ,presently we shall all work together for this--with you who hold the keys4 ,,jennette ,,lee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 ,april #crd1 #aiac4 ,i'd like to do as you request--but ,i have no facts to contribute4 ,i feel sure that the public library is doing much to improve dramatic taste--but ,i can't adduce any evidence4 ,yours truly1 ,,brander ,,matthews4 99 99 99 99 99 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,the librarian's constant difficulty is now1 what shall a library try to collect1 what shall it keep8 ,this has become a grave question4 ,being myself book greedy1 a gourmand of print1 ,i am a poor judge of what to reject4 ,soon or late the average man1 who is presumed to represent common sense1 will ask1 ,what is the use of these accumulations of books8 ,this average man can never consider a library with comment of imagination4 ,a book is for him a book1 whereas for you or me a book is a saint1 a hero1 a martyr1 a fool1 a seraph of light bearing science4 ,let us drop him with a word of scorn4 ,we shall not ever understand one another4 ,nor would he have the faith in books of that ,samonicus who1 for the cure of a tertian fever in the ,emperor ,gordian1 ordered the fourth book of the ,iliad to be applied to the head of the patient4 ,that has long puzzled me--why the fourth8 ,but ,mr4 ,average awaits a quotation4 ,a voice out of the splendid day of ,elizabeth shall say it3 ,sir1 he hath not fed of the dainties that are bred of a book2 he hath not eat paper1 as it were2 he hath not drunk ink4 ,s4 ,,weir ,,mitchell4 ,the ,nation1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,may #eth1 #aiac4 ,i fear you must be charging me with discourtesy for delaying so long my reply to your letter of ,april #aith4 ,i have in fact had the intention of writing to you rather fully on the subject of public libraries and best sellers1 for use in your conference in ,kaaterskill4 ,one obligation after another1 however1 has kept me from doing this and now ,i can only express to you briefly my conviction that the public library ought by no means to undertake to supply all the best sellers hot from the press4 ,it has always seemed to me that the office of any institution such as the library is as much to direct and restrain public taste as it is to supply what is demanded4 ,with regret that ,i cannot reply at greater length to your flattering request for my opinion1 ,i am ,very truly yours1 ,,paul ,e4 ,,more1 ,editor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,may #ag1 #aiac4 ,when your letter came ,i was1 ,i believe1 away from home4 ,at least ,i never had an opportunity to answer it until just now1 having been absent a good deal since its date4 ,although you do not set the time of the coming conference1 ,i assume that it is not too late to answer your question and ,i am writing now simply to acknowledge receipt of your letter4 ,i will1 however1 say that ,i believe that the circulation of fiction by our public libraries does help to enlighten the people on all problems whatsoever1 for1 in the first place1 fiction contains many of the standard novels which certainly have a tendency for good2 and secondly1 however trashy novels are1 in the main they have an educating effect4 ,yours very truly1 ,,thomas ,,nelson ,,page4 99 99 99 99 99 #d ,newbury ,street1 ,boston1 ,mass41 ,april #bi1 #aiac4 ,i cannot better comply with your request 7made on behalf of the ,american ,library ,association7 than by giving you a leaf from my own experience of twenty-five years1 as ,president or managing director of a rural library1 which serves the public in a mountain town where ,i chiefly reside1 and yet is a private institution1 receiving no aid whatever from town or state4 ,and my message is to libraries of small means and resources1 so situated that trained librarians or assistants are not to be had4 ,we have by this time about #e1jjj volumes1 all obtained through gift or purchase1 of which less than half are works of fiction2 and the list1 on the whole1 includes most standard works4 ,from one benefactor we have a good stone building1 erected last year upon a lot of our own2 and by the time the testamentary provision of another benefactor takes effect hereafter we shall have an endowment fund ample enough to place our institution upon a permanent footing of liberal expenditure4 ,hitherto our annual income has been small and met by life memberships1 special entertainments and personal gifts1 in which summer visitors and the townspeople combine4 ,in order that our books should be classified but without too much effort ,i introduced1 some years ago1 the following scheme3 ,a1 denotes works of fiction2 ,b1 biography1 history1 travels1 etc42 ,c1 poetry1 essays and miscellaneous2 ,p1 periodicals and pamphlets 7by bound volumes or in cases72 ,r1 books of reference4 ,juvenile books under these respective heads are marked by an added ,j4 ,we have no card catalog and find our patrons served more to their liking1 and perhaps more economically1 by issuing printed lists1 frequently1 which give the author and the title simply2 the number1 and letter1 as printed1 indicating the subject4 ,about #aije a pamphlet catalog was brought out which gave our list complete to that date4 ,since that time1 supplement lists have been printed at convenience2 while the latest books are always posted in the library on written sheets4 ,when the supplements become sufficiently numerous we expect to issue a second full pamphlet catalog2 and so on4 ,we cannot pay for expert assistance to keep up a card catalog properly1 with our present means2 and what our patrons most want is to have individual printed lists that they can readily consult4 ,about #ij per cent of our circulation consists of ,a or ,,aj books1 but we try to increase the demand for the ,b and ,c books4 ,so1 too1 the books most eagerly sought are those last added1 but we encourage the reading of standard authors wherever we may4 ,yours very truly1 ,,james ,,schouler4 99 99 99 99 99 ,indianapolis1 ,ind41 ,april #bd1 #aiac4 ,is the fiction circulated by our public libraries helping to enlighten the people on social and economic problems8 ,george ,meredith1 in a letter written in #ahhd1 said3 ,i think that all right use of life1 and the one secret of life1 is to pave ways for the firmer footing of those who succeed us4444 ,close knowledge of our fellows1 discernment of the laws of existence1 these lead to great civilization4 ,i have supposed that the novel1 exposing and illustrating the natural history of man1 may help us to such sustaining roadside gifts4 ,merely entertaining fiction is comparable to vaudeville or to tight-rope walking2 its use may be to amuse the tired laborer of all sorts2 its overuse1 however1 tends to become a habit and produce flaccid minds4 ,save for this1 all fiction which depends on plot--always a hash of used meats--or on farcical or melodramatic situation1 is almost negligible4 ,but on the whole1 and because of this flaccidity1 ,i believe1 it would be a good thing if all merely entertaining fiction could be destroyed4 ,a very small portion of that fiction which is produced by artists seeking to know and reveal life1 deals with economic problems4 ,except for the work of a few writers 7,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 for instance1--he includes economic discussions7 it concerns itself with social relations and the natural history of man4 ,its circulation must certainly help to enlighten people upon social problems4 ,here ,i must fail you1 for ,i do not know what type of fiction has the circulation you mean2 the most general circulation1 ,i take it4 ,a novel is helpful as it is a revelation of truth2 it is always harmful when it is written from a false or assumed point-of-view2 it is very likely to be harmful when it is founded upon shallow observation or a cocksure philosophy4 ,most of the fiction produced in our country today is founded upon nothing except the desire to circulate2 therefore it shouldn't6 ,very sincerely yours1 ,,booth ,,tarkington4 99 99 99 99 99 ,elizabeth1 ,n4 ,j41 ,may #af1 #aiac4 ,the question you ask is not debatable4 ,the public library is among the foremost aids the ,american boy has today4 ,as great a help as the library is the librarian4 ,much depends upon his personal interest1 enthusiasm1 judgment1 appreciation of the book and the boy4 ,the man behind the book1 provides the power4 ,librarians undoubtedly are a help not only to the boy1 but to the writer of boy's books4 ,but like all other classes there are librarians and librarians4 ,some are efficient1 some too theoretical1 some visionary1 some without the capacity to understand the normal boy1 and a few are deficient4 ,as far as ,i have observed1 the limitations of the librarians are not so much in their knowledge of books as in their understanding of boys4 ,every profession has its special peril4 ,the minister may become dogmatic1 the judge autocratic4 ,the peril of the purely bookish man is that of becoming a prig4 ,the pre-conceived opinion of what a boy ought to be sometimes prevents the discovery of what he really is4 ,among some there is a tendency to magnify the unusual boy at the expense of the normal boy4 ,such librarians would confer a benefit if they would discover what has become of the prodigies of our boyhood4 ,it is sometimes forgotten that boys must be led into better reading1 not forcibly transplanted4 ,there are steps and stages in this journey as in every other4 ,a taste for good reading is something to be cultivated1 not forced4 ,a healthy boy has about the same appetite for observing the ready-made opinions of his superiors that he has for donning the made-over garments of his ancestors4 ,many librarians understand the boy as well as the book4 ,the combination is fruitful1 and divorce here has its own penalty as well as elsewhere4 ,if the ,american boy 7as in many places he is7 can be made to feel that the librarian as well as the library are for his benefit1 a double good will result4 ,cordially1 ,,everett ,t4 ,,tomlinson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,arlington1 ,mass41 ,may #bi1 #aiac4 ,in reply to the question proposed to me by your ,association1 ,is the public library helping the boy to become a useful man8 ,i reply emphatically in the affirmative4 ,of course1 the degree of helpfulness must depend largely upon the library1 and still more upon the character of the boy4 ,to one of low tastes1 with no ambition beyond the hour's indulgence1 the finest library will have little meaning2 but to one having a thirst for knowledge1 and aspirations for self-improvement1 access to any fairly well chosen collection of books cannot but prove of inestimable service in stimulating and developing his nobler qualities4 ,my own early experience convinces me of this4 ,in my recollections of a backwoods boyhood 7,my ,own ,story1 pages #dd-df7 ,i have told something of my indebtedness of a small subscription library1 in which were found the works of a few great writers1 among those ,byron1 ,shakespeare1 ,plutarch1 ,cooper1 and ,scott1 and a ,history of ,england1 which was the first book ,i turned to after reading ,ivanhoe4 ,the world was transformed for me by the poets and romancers that smiled on me from those obscure shelves4 ,i repeat here what ,i once wrote of that golden opportunity of my boyhood4 ,the town has a vastly more attractive and comprehensive library today2 but the value of such an institution depends1 after all1 upon what we ourselves bring to it4 ,the few books that nourish vitally the eager mind are better than richly furnished alcoves amid which we browse languidly and loiter with indifference4 ,this is true alike of the boy and the man4 ,,john ,,townsend ,,trowbridge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,toledo1 ,ohio1 ,may #ad1 #aiac4 ,you ask1 ,is the public library a factor in the recent development of a public conscience8 ,i suppose that by the term public conscience you mean that undoubted quickening of the public sense1 shall we say public decency8--which ,america has felt in the last ten years1 though as yet it has undertaken no fundamental reforms1 and is too apt to degenerate into a mere hue and cry after some individual whom it would make a scape-goat for the sins of the people4 ,now1 in the development of this feeling1 or of this public conscience1 it is doubtful whether the public library has been much of a factor4 ,it depends altogether upon the librarian4 ,there are a few instances1 no doubt1 in which the public library has had this effect1 and there are many librarians in the country who1 as wise and intelligent men like yourself1 are interested in vital subjects1 and therefore able to interest others in them4 ,by a judicious exposure of books these subjects are made so inviting and so attractive that the patrons of the library are led on and on in an ever widening exploration of the subject4 ,the library does offer to any one who wishes to make inquiry the opportunity of gratifying his desires1 and in this way it no doubt exercises a considerable influence4 ,there is a profound and tremendous influence1 silent and indirect1 from its mere existence1 its mere presence1 which must do good in a city1 just as in a home in which there are many books1 even though they were never read1 there is the atmosphere of culture4 ,the librarian1 however1 should be a sort of teacher1 helping the public mind1 assisting in the development of the public conscience1 for ,i fear that the public1 if left to themselves1 would rather read the six best sellers1 and in the realm of general ideas engage1 to recall a phrase of ,henry ,james in the exercise of skipping4 ,yours sincerely1 ,,brand ,,whitlock4 ,,second ,,general ,,session 7,tuesday morning1 ,june #bd1 #aiac7 ,the ,,president3 ,we are to start this morning with the committee reports4 ,unless1 however1 undue objections are made we shall read these by title and1 like the members of ,congress1 ask leave to print4 ,a number of them indeed are in printed form and have been distributed and you have doubtless found them on the chairs as you entered the hall4 ,i may say that some of these reports are unusually strong in that they represent the work of a year of very careful thought and investigation by their members4 ,if you will take the time1 either at this conference or after you get home1 to read these reports1 you will greatly profit from the labors of these respective committees4 ,the printed reports comprise those of the secretary1 the treasurer1 the trustees of the endowment fund1 the publishing board1 the committee on bookbinding1 the committee on bookbuying1 the committee on federal and state relations2 and reports have also been received in manuscript1 by the secretary1 from the committees on co-operation with the ,national ,education ,association1 library administration1 library training and work with the blind4 ,unless it is requested that any particular one of these reports be read at this time we shall pass them over and commit them to the secretary for inclusion in the printed conference proceedings4 ,the above mentioned reports are here printed in full4 ,,secretary',s ,,report ,the third report of the present secretary and the fourth since the establishment of a headquarters office is here submitted to the association4 ,the material conditions of headquarters are practically identical with those reported a year ago2 we are still the recipients of the generosity of the board of directors of the ,chicago public library1 the large room furnished free by them being more and more appreciated as we compare our commodious quarters with those greatly inferior where a rent is charged which would be prohibitive to the funds of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,for the continued courtesy and unfailing kindness of the librarian of the ,chicago public library and his able staff ,i cannot find adequate words4 ,it is unquestionably a decided advantage for the executive office of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 to be in close proximity to a large reference collection and to a competent corps of library experts4 ,in these respects we are fortunate not only in the ,chicago public library1 but also in the ,john ,crerar and ,newberry libraries which so admirably supplement each other in forming reference facilities of a high order4 ,the routine work of the year has much of it so closely resembled in kind that of last year that the secretary feels it unnecessary to rehearse it again in detail1 but respectfully refers inquiry on this point to his report at the ,ottawa conference4 ,in quantity it is rapidly increasing2 there are more letters to write2 there is more proof to read2 more personal calls from librarians and others as the establishment of the office becomes known2 there are more arrangements to be made for the many-sided interests of the ,association4 ,the ,publishing ,board's work is likewise increasing1 and with the removal of the ,booklist office from ,madison to ,chicago headquarters1 which will be made in the near future1 additional duties will devolve on the general office1 even though that periodical has its own special staff4 ,these things1 however1 are as we desire they should be and we are pleased to see indications that the funds of the ,association are going to permit the enlargement of the work as this is found advisable4 ,the ,office as an ,information ,bureau--,in no way is this growth quite so noticeable as in the increased correspondence through which the executive office is used as an information bureau on library economy4 ,for a time after the establishment of the office this correspondence was naturally almost entirely with librarians4 ,the letters of the past year1 however1 have shown that our existence is becoming known to others4 ,we are being told the problems of the library committees of women's clubs2 of manufacturers who wish to get their workmen interested in a business library2 of business men who are thinking of establishing such a library2 of young men and women who are considering librarianship as a vocation and do not know the proper steps to take to get the necessary training and experience2 and of publishers and of booksellers who are referring various matters to our office4 ,these things in addition to the steady daily stream of correspondence with librarians in every state of the union4 ,last year we recorded that our actual correspondence averaged #fg letters a day for a period covering several months4 ,it has been considerably greater the past year4 ,this includes1 of course1 all correspondence relative to publications1 membership matters1 and business routine4 ,several months ago the secretary printed #aj1jjj little leaflets mentioning some of the ways in which the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 can assist in library informational lines4 ,about half of these have been distributed1 mainly in channels outside of regular library work and among those who perhaps had not previously learned of headquarters and of our publications4 ,membership--,last year it was the privilege of the secretary to report that the membership was larger than ever before in the history of the ,association4 ,we are now glad to be able to say that there is a substantial increase in membership over last year4 ,in ,january1 the secretary mailed with the annual membership bills an appeal to members to help again this year as they did last in securing new members4 ,this appeal has been very effectual2 many have been instrumental in securing one or more new members and the secretary desires here to thank all those who have so kindly assisted in this campaign4 ,during the late winter and early spring many personal letters were written to librarians and library boards asking them to have their libraries become institutional members of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 and many have responded favorably4 ,several hundred personal letters were also addressed to those who had recently1 according to the news columns in the library periodicals1 changed their positions1 presumably for the better financially4 ,when the last handbook was printed1 in ,october1 #aiab1 there were #b1cfe members of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,since then to ,june #ast1 #aiac1 #aib new individual members and #dj new institutional members have joined1 a total of #bcb4 ,on the other hand1 the association has lost #aa members by death1 #ce have resigned1 and judging by the experience of previous years about #afj members will probably fail this year to renew their membership and will consequently be dropped from the rolls4 ,it is likely that enough new members will join at the ,kaaterskill ,conference to offset in numbers those whose membership lapses and that the net membership in the #aiac handbook will probably be about #b1eej or a gain of about #ahe over #aiab4 ,the income from membership dues is in consequence steadily increasing4 ,for the calendar year #aiaa the total amount from this source was #e1cbe4df 7including exchange on checks72 in #aiab1 #f1bcf4ah2 and for #aiac we hope the total amount will not be far short of #g1jjj4 ,publicity--,the usual methods to secure as much publicity as possible have been followed4 ,the library periodicals have1 of course1 been kept informed of what the office was doing that would interest the library public4 ,we have sent news notes from time to time to the ,dial1 ,nation1 ,new ,york ,times ,review of ,books1 ,bookman1 ,education ,review1 ,american ,city1 and other magazines1 and to about #ahj of the prominent newspapers of the country4 ,several articles regarding the conference were given to the ,associated ,press1 and to news syndicates4 ,before the ,ottawa ,conference1 the ,associated ,press sent to all their subscribers a multi-graphed portion of the president's address4 ,the ,association needs more money for this publicity work and more time should be spent on it than the secretary has been able to spend4 ,its results at present are far from satisfactory and we hope that with growth of income a more systematic publicity department can be organized1 perhaps modelled somewhat after the excellent methods employed by ,prof4 ,j4 ,w4 ,searson1 who conducts the publicity work of the ,national ,education ,association4 ,registration for library position--,the executive office has from its inception been something of a free employment bureau for librarians and library assistants1 who for proper and sufficient reasons desire to change their positions4 ,this year the work has been somewhat more systematized by the use of a printed registration blank1 which is sent on request to any member of the association4 ,the questions asked on this blank are as follows3 ,date of this registration4 ,name in full4 ,address 7permanent74 ,address 7temporary1 or until 44474 ,state fully all schools 7above grammar grade7 and colleges or universities you have attended1 with period of attendance at each4 ,degrees1 when and where obtained4 ,have you traveled abroad8 ,when8 ,where8 ,how long8 ,languages you read easily4 ,languages you read with assistance of a dictionary4 ,library training and experience4 ,positions held1 with approximate dates2 and salary received4 ,nature of appointment desired4 ,salary expected4 ,part of country preferred4 ,physical condition4 ,references4 ,forty-two librarians have thus far registered on these blanks and five or six of these have been helped to new positions4 ,the secretary has helped in the filling of some fifteen library positions aside from those using the registration blank4 ,if1 however1 the service to those seeking positions1 and to those seeking capable librarians and assistants is to be as important and far-reaching as we wish to make it1 the office must have knowledge of vacancies as well as of persons wanting positions4 ,library boards and librarians are cordially invited to correspond with the secretary when in need of library workers4 ,library ,plans--,during the year a number of valuable additions have been made to our collection of architects' plans of library buildings4 ,we want more1 particularly good plans of buildings costing from #be1jjj to #ge1jjj1 as these are most in demand4 ,will librarians and boards who have recently acquired new buildings bear our needs in mind8 ,these plans have from the beginning proved useful1 and if a fair number of the latest type of plans could be added the collection would be increasingly useful and used4 ,library ,pension ,systems--,during the year the secretary has been making efforts to collect information about pension systems in operation in libraries or plans being made for pensions4 ,no great progress has been made1 due perhaps to the fact that not many libraries are as yet contemplating a pension system4 ,the secretary will be glad to receive information from any librarian or board who has not yet written him on this subject4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,representatives at ,state ,meetings--,president ,legler was the official representative at the ,ohio meeting1 ,newark1 ,october #ba-bd2 at the ,illinois-,missouri joint meeting1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,october #bd-bf2 and ,south ,dakota conference1 ,mitchell1 ,november #be-bg4 ,he also addressed the ,long ,island ,library ,club on the work of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 on ,october #agth4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,koch1 member of the ,executive ,board1 was the official representative to the ,indiana state meeting1 ,terre ,haute1 ,october #ag-ai4 ,dr4 ,arthur ,e4 ,bostwick1 ex-president of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 represented the ,association at the ,north ,dakota conference1 ,mayville1 ,october #a-b2 ,minnesota meeting1 ,faribault1 ,october #b-d2 and ,iowa meeting at ,nevada1 ,october #h-aj4 ,secretary ,utley represented the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 at the ,illinois-,missouri meeting1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,october #bd-bf2 ,oklahoma meeting1 ,muskogee1 ,may #ad-ae2 and was present unofficially at ,niagara ,falls1 ,new ,york library week1 ,september #bc-bh4 ,the secretary has also lectured before the ,new ,york state library school1 the ,training school for children's librarians of the ,pittsburgh ,carnegie library1 and the ,university of ,illinois library school4 ,necrology4 ,the ,association has lost by death eleven members since the conference of a year ago4 ,the list includes an ex-president of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 and one of the most prominent librarians of the country2 a business man who had for years taken a deep interest in library progress2 an eminent churchman who has for many years maintained his connection with the national association2 the librarian of a large university2 the librarian of a well known public library2 and several others who at their several posts have faithfully performed their duties and rendered their contributions to the work in which they were engaged4 ,the list follows3 ,clarence ,w4 ,ayer1 librarian of the ,cambridge 7,mass47 public library1 died ,april #ab1 #aiac4 ,he was previously connected with ,western ,reserve ,university1 but had been engaged in library work in ,massachusetts for a number of years4 ,he had been a member of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 since #aijj 7,no4 #aihd7 and had attended four conferences4 ,dr4 ,john ,shaw ,billings1 director of the ,new ,york public library1 died ,march #aa1 #aiac4 ,successful as an army surgeon during the war between the states1 he later assumed charge of the ,surgeon-,general's library and brought it to recognition as one of the most celebrated medical libraries in the world1 and compiled an index catalog that has taken a place among the permanent monuments of bibliography4 ,coming to ,new ,york in #ahie1 he began the stupendous work of bringing the various libraries of that city under one great system1 releasing funds tied by legal complications1 and superintending the erection of a central building costing nearly ten millions of dollars4 ,these tasks he lived to accomplish and they remain as his lasting monument4 ,he was president of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 for the year #aija-jb1 and presided at its ,magnolia conference4 ,he joined the association in #ahha 7,no4 #djd7 and attended six of its conferences4 ,see ,public ,libraries1 #ah3 #adh-i2 ,library ,journal1 #ch1 #bab-ad4 ,bertha ,coit1 assistant in the ,new ,york public library1 died ,july #bb1 #aiab4 ,she joined the ,association in #aijd 7,no4 #cafg71 and attended the conferences of #aijd and #aijg4 ,right ,rev4 ,william ,croswell ,doane1 ,bishop of ,albany1 and for many years vice-chancellor of the ,university of the ,state of ,new ,york1 died ,may #af1 #aiac4 ,he joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #ahic 7,no4 #aabe7 and although he attended none of the conferences had steadily maintained his interest in library work and retained his membership in the ,association4 ,jennie ,s4 ,irwin1 first assistant in the ,mt4 ,vernon 7,n4 ,y47 public library1 died ,nov4 #h1 #aiab4 ,she joined the ,association in #aijb 7,no4 #bdcg7 and attended the conferences of #aijf and #aijh4 ,walter ,kendall ,jewett1 librarian of the ,university of ,nebraska1 since #aijf1 died ,march #c1 #aiac4 ,he was previously librarian of the medical department of the ,john ,crerar library1 and had been notably successful in his library work4 ,he joined the ,association in #aijd 7,no4 #caji7 and attended four conferences4 ,charles ,a4 ,larson1 editor of publications of the ,chicago public library1 died ,august #ai1 #aiab4 ,he had been connected with the ,chicago library for many years and was highly valued4 ,his able work in the reference department will be long remembered4 ,he joined the ,association in #aija 7,no4 #bcgc7 and after lapsing membership rejoined in #aiaj4 ,he attended the ,mackinac conference4 ,rev4 ,william ,ladd ,ropes1 librarian-emeritus of the ,andover ,theological ,seminary1 at ,andover1 ,massachusetts1 died ,december #bd1 #aiab4 ,he was well known to the librarians of an earlier generation4 ,he joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #ahgg 7,no4 #ajf7 and attended three ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 conferences1 and the ,london international conference of #ahgg4 ,charles ,carroll ,soule1 of ,boston1 long identified with the book publishing business and interested in library work1 died ,jan4 #g1 #aiac4 ,he was trustee of the ,brookline 7,mass47 public library from #ahhi-ahii1 member of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board from #ahij-aijh1 second vice-president of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #ahij2 and a member of the ,council #ahic-if and #aijj-je4 ,mr4 ,soule was an expert on library planning1 having written a book1 and numerous articles on this subject4 ,a pamphlet on ,library rooms and buildings was issued by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board as one of its tracts4 ,he joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #ahgi 7,no4 #baf7 and had attended #ah conferences4 ,no librarian was better known to librarians than this interested layman4 ,see ,library ,journal1 #ch3hi2 ,public ,libraries1 #ah3eg4 ,nelson ,taylor1 bookseller of ,new ,york1 of the firm of ,baker ,taylor1 died ,june #bf1 #aiab4 ,he had been a member of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 since #aijf 7,no4 #ceca74 ,bertha ,s4 ,wildman1 secretary to the librarian of the ,carnegie library of ,pittsburgh and a member of the faculty of the ,training school for children's librarians1 died ,february #ai1 #aiac4 ,she was a graduate of ,pratt ,institute library school and previous to her connection with the ,pittsburgh library had been the organizer and first librarian of the ,madison 7,n4 ,j47 public library4 ,she joined the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 in #aijj 7,no4 #aide7 and attended four conferences4 ,,george ,b4 ,,utley1 ,secretary4 ,,american ,,library ,,association ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,treasurer1 ,january #a--,may #ca1 #aiac ,receipts ,balance1 ,union ,trust ,company1 ,chicago1 ,jan4 #a1 #aiac #c1cie4bi ,g4 ,b4 ,utley1 ,secretary1 ,headquarters collections #d1eee4da ,trustees ,endowment ,fund1 interest #cej4jj ,trustees ,carnegie ,fund1 interest #b1eji4ij ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board1 ,installment on ,hdqrs4 expense #a1jjj4jj ,estate of ,j4 ,l4 ,whitney #ajd4cd ,interest1 ,january--,may1 #aiac #bh4ib #aa1idc4hf -------- ---------- ,expenditures ,checks ,no4 #dj-dd 7,vouchers ,no4 #fae-fij incl47 #c1cgi4gd ,distributed as follows3 ,bulletin #bdf4jf ,conference #bj4gj ,committees #bc4ej ,headquarters3 ,salaries #b1abe4jj ,additional services #bac4cj ,supplies #agg4ia ,miscellaneous #aee4de ,postage #gh4dh ,travel #he4jj ,trustees ,endowment ,fund 7,life ,mem47 #aej4jj ,c4 ,b4 ,roden1 ,treas4 7,j4 ,l4 ,whitney ,fund7 #ajd4cd ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board1 ,carnegie ,fund interest #b1eji4ij #e1hhi4fd -------- -------- ,balance ,union ,trust ,co #f1jed4bb ,g4 ,b4 ,utley1 ,balance1 ,national ,bank of ,republic #bej4jj --------- #f1cjd4bb ,james ,l4 ,whitney ,fund ,feb4 #d1 #aiac1 ,principal 7,union ,trust ,co4 of ,chicago1 savings acct47 #ajd4cd ,respectfully submitted1 ,c4 ,b4 ,,roden1 ,treasurer4 ,chicago1 ,june #a1 #aiac4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,finance ,,committee ,to the ,american ,library ,association3 ,ladies and ,gentlemen3-- ,in accordance with the provisions of the constitution1 the ,finance ,committee submit the following report3-- ,they have duly considered the probable income of the ,association for the current year and have estimated it at #ba1iae4jj1 and have approved appropriations made by the ,executive ,board to that amount4 ,the details of the estimated income and of the appropriations are given in the ,january number of the ,bulletin4 ,the committee have also approved the appropriation to the use of the ,publishing ,board of any excess of sales over the amount estimated4 ,on behalf of the committee1 the chairman has audited the accounts of the treasurer and of the secretary as assistant treasurer4 ,he has found that the receipts as stated by the treasurer agree with the transfer checks from the assistant treasurer1 and with the cash accounts of the latter4 ,the expenditures as stated are accounted for by properly approved vouchers4 ,the bank balance and petty cash1 as stated1 agree with the bank books and petty cash balances4 ,the accounts of the assistant treasurer have been found correct as cash accounts4 ,on behalf of the committee1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,anderson has checked the securities now in the custody of the trustees1 and certifies that their figures in regard to the securities on hand are correct4 ,he finds that at par value the bonds and other securities amount to #ajb1ejj4jj for the ,carnegie fund1 and #g1jjj4jj for the principal account4 ,he certifies that to the best of his knowledge and belief the accounts submitted are correct4 ,all of which is respectively submitted for the committee4 ,,clement ,w4 ,,andrews1 ,chairman4 ,with the completion of the ninth volume of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist ,miss ,elva ,l4 ,bascom severs her connection as editor and as head of the editorial department of the ,publishing ,board4 ,for five years ,miss ,bascom has carried on this work with signal ability and with devoted industry1 and it is with sincere regret that the members of the ,board have accepted her resignation4 ,during this period of editorial activity ,miss ,bascom has maintained the excellent standards established by her predecessors1 ,miss ,caroline ,garland and ,mrs4 ,katharine ,mac,donald ,jones1 and has given to the publication a standard of judgment in selection and critical appreciation that has made the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist invaluable to thousands of librarians and as many library trustees in the selection of current books for their respective institutions4 ,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist is everywhere recognized as a publication wholly untrammeled by commercial consideration in the listing of books and the recommendation which these are given4 ,miss ,may ,massee has been elected as ,miss ,bascom's successor and will enter upon the work early in ,august4 ,her experience as a member of the staff of the ,buffalo public library and her training prior thereto commends her for the position4 ,concerning the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist there are no new facts to report1 comments noted in previous reports being applicable as well at this time4 ,while renewed representations have come to the members of the ,board1 suggesting a change of size1 form1 and character1 and the arguments in behalf thereof have been given due weight1 it has not seemed wise to alter the policy which has been continued for a period of nine years4 ,with the beginning of the new volume the place of publication and therewith the editorial headquarters will be transferred from ,madison1 ,wis41 to ,chicago4 ,by consolidating the editorial headquarters of the ,publishing ,board with the headquarters of the ,american ,library ,association both will be materially strengthened and some financial economies can be affected4 ,periodical ,cards--,the ,board received word last fall from the ,library ,bureau that they would have to advance prices for the printing of the analytical periodical cards4 ,the matter was placed in the hands of a committee1 and after some negotiation1 unexpectedly prolonged by the illness of the representative of the ,library ,bureau1 a rearrangement of the work was made which will enable the ,board to continue the service to the present subscribers without change in prices4 ,this has been accomplished by giving an order for sixty-five copies of all titles and thirty-five additional titles of the periodicals most in demand4 ,hereafter1 subscriptions must be made either to the full set of approximately #bejj titles1 or to the limited set of #bjj4 ,a revision of the list is now in progress4 ,concerning the periodicals issued during the past year ,mr4 ,william ,stetson ,merrill has submitted the following report as editor3 ,the sixteen shipments of ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 periodical cards prepared and sent out during the year ending ,may #ca1 #aiac have comprised those numbered #bhd to #bii1 which were received by subscribers ,june #ah1 #aiab to ,may #ad1 #aiac4 ,these shipments have included #cdei new titles and #acf reprints1 making a total of #ceie titles4 ,the time of preparation has been reduced from thirteen to ten and a half weeks4#b #b ,by time of preparation is here meant the interval between the receipt of copy1 and receipt of cards by the subscribers4 ,in ,february of the present year the editor took occasion to check up the work currently done1 with the titles of periodicals given in the printed list as indexed by the ,publishing ,board4 ,it was then discovered that in the case of thirty-five periodicals no titles had been indexed during intervals ranging from two to five years to date4 ,these facts were brought to the attention of the collaborating libraries1 which later reported upon these arrears as follows3 ,periodicals for which no issues later than those indexed had been received by the library1 #ab2 discontinued1 #c2 now indexed by the ,library of ,congress1 #b2 overlooked or indexing postponed by the library1 #aj2 dropped1 #b2 record card wrong1 #a2 no indexer1 #e4 ,the collaborating libraries at once took up the work of bringing their indexing up to date and at the time of writing only three current periodicals are not indexed to date1 with the exception of those for which there is at present no indexer4 ,the preparation of the distribution and charges sheets has been in the hands of ,mrs4 ,s4 ,l4 ,hitz and ,miss ,jane ,burt under the supervision of the editor1 who has also attended to all the correspondence connected with the card work4 ,new ,publications--,new publications since the last report was submitted include the following3 ,aids in library work with foreigners1 compiled by ,marguerite ,reid and ,john ,g4 ,moulton4 7#bjjj copies74 ,how to choose editions1 by ,william ,e4 ,foster4 7,handbook #h7 7#bejj copies74 ,buying list of books for small libraries1 compiled by ,zaidee ,brown1--new edition revised by ,caroline ,webster4 7#ajjj copies74 ,list of economical editions1 by ,le ,roy ,jeffers4 7#bnd edition74 ,revised4 7#ajjj copies74 ,periodicals for the small library1 by ,frank ,k4 ,walter4 7#cjjj copies74 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,manual of library economy1 #e new chapters4 ,chap4 ,v4 ,proprietary and subscription libraries1 by ,charles ,knowles ,bolton4 7#ajjj copies74 ,chap4 ,x4 ,the library building1 by ,w4 ,r4 ,eastman4 7#bjjj copies74 ,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,training for librarianship1 by ,mary ,w4 ,plummer4 7#bjjj copies74 ,chap4 ,,xxvii4 ,commissions1 state aid and state agencies1 by ,asa ,wynkoop4 7,in press74 ,chap4 ,,xxxii4 ,library printing1 by ,frank ,k4 ,walter4 7#aejj copies74 ,a normal library budget and its items of expense1 by ,o4 ,r4 ,howard ,thomson4 7,handbook #h47 7#aejj copies74 ,index to library reports1 by ,katharine ,t4 ,moody4 7#ajjj copies74 ,list of ,polish books1 compiled by ,mrs4 ,jozefa ,kudlicka4 7,foreign ,booklist #f74 7#ajjj copies74 ,forthcoming ,publications--,how to start a public library1 by ,g4 ,e4 ,wire1 ,m4 ,d4 ,second and revised edition4 7,tract #b74 ,graded list of stories for reading aloud1 by ,harriot ,e4 ,hassler2 revised by ,carrie ,e4 ,scott4 ,reprints--,during the past year the following publications have been reprinted3 ,guide to reference books1 by ,alice ,b4 ,kroeger4 7#ajjj copies74 ,cutter's ,notes from the art section of a library4 7,tract #e74 7#ajjj copies74 ,catalog rules1 compiled by committees of the ,american ,library ,association and the ,library ,association 7of the ,united ,kingdom74 #aijh edition 7#ajjj copies74 ,essentials in library administration1 compiled by ,miss ,l4 ,e4 ,stearns4 7#bnd edition74 7,handbook #a74 7#bjjj copies74 ,revised4 ,mending and repair of books1 by ,margaret ,w4 ,brown4 7,handbook #f74 7#ajjj copies74 ,u4 ,s4 ,government documents in small libraries1 by ,j4 ,i4 ,wyer1 ,jr4 7#crd edition74 7,handbook #g74 7#ajjj copies74 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog--,the success of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog1 #aijd-aa1 has been greater in point of sales than the most sanguine of us had expected1 #cdga copies having been sold since its publication a year ago4 ,there is still a reasonably steady demand1 #cba copies having been sold during the first five months of #aiac4 ,the book has been more extensively advertised than any of the ,board's other recent publications1 special efforts having been made to make it known to high schools1 college professors and book lovers generally1 but the sales have1 nevertheless1 been largely confined to libraries1 library commissions and library schools4 ,manual of ,library ,economy--,fourteen chapters of the ,manual have thus far been printed1 each as a separate pamphlet1 and one is now in press4 ,the list is as follows3 #a4 ,american library history1 by ,c4 ,k4 ,bolton4 #b4 ,the ,library of ,congress1 by ,w4 ,w4 ,bishop4 #d4 ,the college and university library1 by ,j4 ,i4 ,wyer1 ,jr4 #e4 ,proprietary and subscription libraries1 by ,c4 ,k4 ,bolton4 #i4 ,library legislation1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,yust4 #aj4 ,the library building1 by ,w4 ,r4 ,eastman4 #ab4 ,administration of a public library1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,bostwick4 #ac4 ,training for librarianship1 by ,mary ,w4 ,plummer4 #ae4 ,branch libraries and other distributing agencies1 by ,linda ,a4 ,eastman4 #ag4 ,order and accession department1 by ,f4 ,f4 ,hopper4 #bj4 ,shelf department1 by ,josephine ,a4 ,rathbone4 #bb4 ,reference department1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,richardson4 #bf4 ,bookbinding1 by ,a4 ,l4 ,bailey4 #bg4 ,commissions1 state aid and state agencies1 by ,asa ,wynkoop4 ,in press4 #cb4 ,library printing1 by ,f4 ,k4 ,walter4 ,the chairman of the ,committee the manual1 ,j4 ,i4 ,wyer1 ,jr41 reports that seven other chapters are known to be in an advanced state and may be expected soon4 ,advertising--,the ,board's publications have as usual been advertised in ,library ,journal and ,public ,libraries and in one or two special numbers of the ,dial4 ,review copies of publications are sent to library periodicals and a number of other papers and magazines1 such as the ,bookman1 ,american ,city1 ,nation1 ,dial1 ,new ,york ,times ,review1 ,chicago ,post 7,friday review71 ,springfield ,republican1 ,boston ,transcript1 etc4 ,our best returns1 however1 continue to come from direct circularization of libraries1 library commissions and library schools1 about #aa1jjj pieces of mail advertising our publications having been sent out since the last conference4 ,no new large publication has appeared since the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog1 #aijd-aa1 was published a year ago4 ,although thirteen new publications have been printed and two more are forthcoming they are all1 with one exception1 small in size and with price ranging from ten to twenty-five cents a copy4 ,consequently the amounts from sales are but small in the aggregate4 ,would it not be well for the ,board to endeavor to put forth at least one publication each year which shall be of sufficient size1 usefulness and importance to make it rank as the opus major of the year8 ,there are surely subjects enough within our scope that can be handled to the advantage of the libraries and the profit of the ,board4 ,foreign lists--,the ,board has not felt greatly encouraged to undertake the publication of lists of foreign books because of the unfortunate financial experience with those already issued1 only one of the five having paid for itself4 ,this spring1 however1 when the manuscript of the long-expected ,polish list was received a new policy was adopted4 ,the secretary circularized those libraries whom he thought would be interested in this list1 stating that the publication of the list depended upon the receipt of a sufficient number of subscriptions1 requesting those libraries who were able and disposed to do so1 to subscribe for at least four copies at #be cents each4 ,by this means enough subscriptions were readily secured and the ,polish list has been printed4 ,if libraries are willing to subsidize the publication of these lists1 or putting it another way1 to pay for several copies more than they perhaps need1 other lists can be undertaken1 and the ,board will welcome suggestions as to what languages should be taken up4 ,it has been suggested that a ,yiddish list would be useful1 also ,italian1 ,lithuanian1 ,finnish and ,spanish lists4 ,,henry ,e4 ,,legler1 ,chairman4 ,,financial ,,report ,cash ,receipts ,june #a1 #aiab1 to ,may #ca1 #aiac4 ,balance1 ,june #a1 #aiab #a1afh4df ,interest on ,carnegie ,fund #f1jhd4ij ,receipts from publications3 ,cash sales #c1ced4fh ,payments on account #i1icf4he #ac1bia4ec ,interest on bank deposits #ag4cf ,sundries #a4ef #bj1efc4ha --------- ---------- ,payments1 ,june #a1 #aiab1 to ,may #ca1 #aiac4 ,cost of publications3 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist #a1fga4dj ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,bulletin reprints #eb4eg ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog1 #aijd-aa #c1fac4dc ,aids in library work with foreigners #ch4ej ,buying list of books for a small library #dj4jj ,catalog rules #aic4ai ,essentials in library administration #bdb4ii ,government documents in small libraries #be4ej ,how to choose editions 4444 #gj4jj ,list of economical editions #aaa4hj ,manual of library economy1 ,chaps4 #e1 #aj1 #ac #adh4fj ,mending and repair of books #bb4ej ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,reprint 7,bostwick's article7 #ad4ej ,periodicals for the small library #ic4hj ,periodical cards #b1jch4dd #h1cgg4bb ,addressograph supplies #ba4dg ,typewriter #cg4ej ,advertising #agg4dj ,postage and express #a1jhi4ja ,rent1 ,madison office #cjj4jj ,travel #ahi4gb ,salaries #b1feh4gg ,elva ,l4 ,bascom1 editing ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog1 #aijd-aa #cjj4jj ,katharine ,t4 ,moody1 editing ,index to ,library reports #cjj4jj ,expense1 headquarters 7#aiab--b1jjj2 #aiac--;a_/c #a1jjj7 #c1jjj4jj ,supplies and incidentals #a1jji4fa ,printing #ae4be ,royalty on ,guide to reference books #bgi4gh ,contingencies #dj4ha ,balance on hand1 ,may #ca1 #aiac #b1gfg4bg #bj1efc4ha ,,sales ,,of ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,publishing ,,board ,,publications4 ,april #a1 #aiab1 to ,march #ca1 #aiac4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist1 regular subscriptions #ache #a1che4jj ,additional subs4 at reduced rate of #ej;c #ahg #ic4ej ,bulk subscriptions #hec4bj ,extra copies #aaaj #aei4aj #b1dij4hj ,handbook #a1 ,essentials in library administration #fag #abd4dg ,handbook #b1 ,cataloging for small libraries #fjb #aje4jd ,handbook #c1 ,management of traveling libraries #db #f4ac ,handbook #d1 ,aids in book selection 7out of print7 ,handbook #e1 ,binding for small libraries #bgi #ci4dj ,handbook #f1 ,mending and repair of books #cie #fa4jb ,handbook #g1 ,government documents in small libraries #ebh #gb4ce ,handbook #h1 ,how to choose editions #aefa #ig4ci #eje4hj ,tract #b1 ,how to start a library #ch #a4ij ,tract #c1 ,traveling libraries 7out of print7 ,tract #e1 ,notes from the art section of a library #cei #ag4ic ,tract #h1 ,a village library #hi #d4db ,tract #i1 ,library school training #hg #d4cb ,tract #aj1 ,why do we need a public library #bde #aj4ga #ci4bh ,foreign ,lists1 ,french #ed #ac4cb ,foreign ,lists1 ,french fiction #ch #a4ij ,foreign ,lists1 ,german #de #bb4jj ,foreign ,lists1 ,hungarian #ag #b4dh ,foreign ,lists1 ,norwegian and ,danish #bi #g4aa ,foreign ,lists1 ,swedish #ce #h4fa #ee4db ,reprints1 ,arbor day list #bd #a4bj ,reprints1 ,bird books #aj 4#ii ,reprints1 ,bostwick1 ,public library and public school #bj #a4jj ,reprints1 ,cataloging in legislative reference work #ed #b4hi ,reprints1 ,christmas ,bulletin #ad 4#gj ,reprints1 ,efficiency of ,l4 ,staff and scientific management #abg #a4hj ,reprints1 ,national library problem of today #ac 4#fe ,reprints1 ,rational library work with children #gc #c4fj ,reprints1 ,relation of ,p4 ,l4 to municipality #aahc #be4ij ,reprints1 ,traveling libraries as a first step #bf #a4cj #dj4jc ,periodical cards1 ,subscriptions #a1hfh4fc ,periodical cards1 ,old ,south ,leaflets v4 #ad #f4cj ,periodical cards1 ,reed's ,modern ,eloquence sets #e #ab4ej #a1hhg4dc ,league ,publications3 ,aids in library work with foreigners #fcj #dd4gc ,directions for librarian of a small library #gab #bb4je ,graded list of stories for reading aloud #hg #h4db ,library and social movement #agb #f4ei ,buying list of books for small library #che #bh4dg #aaj4bf ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,manual of library economy3 ,chap4 ,i4 ,american library history #bbh #af4af ,chap4 ,,ii4 ,library of ,congress #afb #ab4ei ,chap4 ,,iv4 ,college and university library #agh #ad4ai ,chap4 ,v4 ,proprietary and subscription libraries #bfd #bc4fb ,chap4 ,,ix4 ,library legislation #aih #ae4hf ,chap4 ,x4 ,the library building #cha #ca4jb ,chap4 ,,xii4 ,administration of a public library #bjb #af4cd ,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,training for librarianship #bdf #bc4he ,chap4 ,,xv4 ,branch libraries #bbe #ae4hb ,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,order and accession department #cdf #bg4hd ,chap4 ,,xx4 ,shelf department #bhe #ba4gj ,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,reference department #bbi #ai4bc ,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,bookbinding #cdb #bg4cf #bfe4eh ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,catalog1 #aijd-aa #cdga #d1ajg4be ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,index to general literature #be #adc4dj ,catalog rules #edg #bih4cb ,girls and women and their clubs #cd #b4fe ,guide to reference books #efe #ggd4hc ,guide to reference books1 ,supplement #ebh #abd4fc ,hints to small libraries #acj #hd4ie ,index to library reports 7advance orders7 #da #ch4gj ,library buildings #agb #af4eg ,list of editions selected for economy in bookbuying #id #bb4dc ,list of economical editions1 7#bnd edition7 #afd #ch4da ,list of music and books about music #ej #ab4bd ,list of subject headings1 7#crd edition7 #hai #a1ijb4ee ,list of #eej children's books #aii #bi4dd ,literature of ,american history #be #ace4jj ,literature of ,american history1 ,supplements #ga #i4fi ,periodicals for the small library #ih #i4dj ,plans for small library buildings #ig #aaf4gb ,reading for the young #aa #h4aa ,reading for the young1 ,supplement #ae #c4ga ,subject ,index to ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist #afb #bc4ja ,subject ,index to ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist1 ,supplement #bbd #ab4dj ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,bulletin #bga #hd4jj ,library statistics--,bulletin reprint #be #a4ah #h1jbi4ei ---- --------- --------- ,total sale of publications #ac1dbd4ai ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,trustees ,,of ,,the ,,carnegie ,,and ,,endowment ,,funds ,to the ,president and ,members of the ,american ,library ,association3 ,the ,trustees of the ,endowment ,fund of the ,american ,library ,association beg leave to submit the following statement of the accounts of their trust--the ,carnegie and ,general ,funds--for the fiscal year ending ,january #ae1 #aiac4 ,there has been no change in the investments1 and all interest has been promptly paid4 ,the ,trustees are pleased to call attention to the credit to the ,general ,endowment ,fund of nine life memberships1 and would recommend that more of such memberships be taken as they are about the only source of addition to that ,fund4 ,on ,january #ca1 #aiac1 the usual audit of the investments and accounts of the trust was made by ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,anderson1 of the ,new ,york public library at the request of the chairman of the ,finance committee of the ,association4 ,as evidence of the audit1 ,mr4 ,anderson furnished the ,trustees with the following copy of his report made to the ,finance committee3 ,feb4 #a1 #aiac4 ,my dear ,mr4 ,andrews3 ,yesterday1 ,january #cast1 ,i went to the vaults of the ,union ,trust ,company at ,fifth avenue and ,thirty-eighth street1 this city1 and with ,mr4 ,appleton and ,mr4 ,kimball1 trustees of the endowment fund of the ,american ,library ,association1 checked up the bonds now in their custody4 ,i enclose herewith their typewritten statement concerning the funds in their hands1 and ,i certify to the correctness of the figures as to the bonds on hand4 ,these ,i have checked in black ink after a personal count of them at the vaults aforesaid4 ,at their par value they amount to #ajb1ejj for the ,carnegie ,fund1 and #g1jjj for the general endowment fund4 ,i have not examined the bank book of the trustees nor the vouchers for the amounts transmitted to ,mr4 ,roden1 the treasurer4 ,mr4 ,roden's records should verify the amounts transmitted to the treasurer4 ,if you think it worth while ,i can examine the bank book of the trustees1 but personally ,i do not think it necessary4 ,if you feel that it should be done1 however1 return the enclosed typewritten statement for comparison with the bank book4 ,mr4 ,roden will also be able to check the receipts for life members4 ,i think ,mr4 ,appleton said that two more had been received since ,january #aeth4 ,i hereby certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief all of the accounts on the typewritten sheets enclosed herewith are correct4 ,very sincerely yours1 7,signed7 ,e4 ,h4 ,,anderson4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,w4 ,w4 ,,appleton1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,kimball1 ,w4 ,t4 ,,porter1 ,trustees ,endowment ,fund ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,may #a1 #aiac4 ,,carnegie ,,fund1 ,,principal ,,account ,cash donated by ,mr4 ,andrew ,carnegie #ajj1jjj4jj ,invested as follows3 ,june #a1 #aijh #e1jjj #d ,amer4 ,tel4 ,tel4 #if-a_/b #d1hbe4jj ,bonds ,june #a1 #aijh #aj1jjj #d ,amer4 ,tel4 ,tel4 #id-c_/h #i1dcg4ej ,bonds ,june #a1 #aijh #ae1jjj #d ,cleveland ,terminal #ajj #ae1jjj4jj ,june #a1 #aijh #aj1jjj #d ,seaboard ,air ,line #ie-a_/b #i1eej4jj ,june #a1 #aijh #ae1jjj #e ,western ,un4 ,tel4 #ajh-a_/b #ae1jjj4jj ,june #a1 #aijh #ae1jjj #c-a_/b ,n4 ,y4 ,cen4 7,lake ,shore ,col47 #ij #ac1ejj4jj ,june #a1 #aijh #ae1jjj #e ,mo4 ,pacific #ajd-g_/h #ae1jjj4jj ,may #c1 #aiji #ae1jjj #e ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #ajd #ae1jjj4jj ,aug4 #f1 #aiji #a1ejj ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #ajf-g_/h #a1ejj4jj ,july #bg1 #aiaj #a1jjj ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #ajb-a_/b #a1jjj4jj ------- -------- #ajb1ejj #ii1hab4ej ,jan4 #ae1 #aiac ,union ,trust ,co4 on deposit #ahg4ej ----------- #ajj1jjj4jj ,in addition to the above we have on hand at the ,union ,trust ,company #aej profit on the sale of the ,missouri ,pacific ,bonds1 which we have carried to a special surplus account4 ,,carnegie ,,fund1 ,,income ,,account #aiab ,january #ae1 ,balance #a1ebd4cc ,february #f1 ,int4 ,n4 ,y4 ,central #bfb4ej ,may #a1 ,int4 ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #dcg4ej ,may #aj1 ,int4 ,cleveland ,terminal #cjj4jj ,may #ca1 ,int4 ,mo4 ,pacific #cge4jj ,may #ca1 ,int4 ,seaboard ,air ,line #bjj4jj ,july #b1 ,int4 ,amer4 ,tel4 ,tel4 #cjj4jj ,july #b1 ,int4 ,western ,un4 ,tel4 #cge4jj ,august #h1 ,int4 ,n4 ,y4 ,central #bfb4ej ,september #c1 ,int4 ,seaboard ,air ,line #bjj4jj ,september #c1 ,int4 ,mo4 ,pacific #cge4jj ,november #a1 ,int4 ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #dcg4ej ,november #a1 ,int4 ,cleveland ,terminal #cjj4jj ,december #ca1 ,int4 ,union ,trust #ci4ij #aiac ,january #b1 ,int4 ,western ,un4 ,tel4 #cge4jj ,january #ae1 #aiac ,cash on hand #icd4ij #f1jfd4bc ------- --------- ,disbursements3 #aiab ,january #bd1 ,carl ,b4 ,roden1 ,treas4 #a1ebd4cc ,june #d1 ,carl ,b4 ,roden1 ,treas4 #a1ege4jj ,september #ah1 ,carl ,b4 ,roden1 ,treas4 #ejj4jj ,october #bh1 ,rent ,safe ,deposit ,co4 #cj4jj ,november #ah1 ,carl ,b4 ,roden1 ,treas4 #a1ejj4jj ,january #ae1 #aiac1 ,cash on hand #icd4ij #f1jfd4bc --------- --------- ,,endowment ,,fund1 ,,principal ,,account #aiab ,january #ae1 ,on hand1 ,bonds and ,cash #g1bhf4hd ,february #bh1 ,life membership1 ,c4 ,n4 ,baxter #be4jj ,march #bh1 ,life membership1 ,l4 ,a4 ,mc,neil #be4jj ,march #bh1 ,life membership1 ,a4 ,b4 ,smith #be4jj ,may #d1 ,life membership1 ,h4 ,l4 ,leupp #be4jj ,may #bh1 ,life membership1 ,w4 ,m4 ,smith #be4jj ,may #bh1 ,life membership1 ,l4 ,e4 ,taylor #be4jj ,july #b1 ,life membership1 ,e4 ,p4 ,sohier #be4jj ,september #ah1 ,life membership1 ,m4 ,r4 ,cochran #be4jj ,november #a1 ,life membership1 ,s4 ,c4 ,fairchild #be4jj #g1eaa4hd ------ --------- ,invested as follows3 #aijh ,june #a1 #b ,u4 ,s4 ,steel ,bonds #ih-a_/b #a1igj4jj ,october #ai1 #b ,u4 ,s4 ,steel ,bonds #ajb-e_/h #b1jjj4jj ,november #e1 #a-a_/b ,u4 ,s4 ,steel ,bonds #aja #a1ejj4jj #aiaj ,july #bg1 #a-a_/b ,u4 ,s4 ,steel ,bonds #ajb-a_/b #a1ejj4jj ,january #ae1 #aiac ,cash on hand1 #eda4hd #g1eaa4hd ,union ,trust ,co4 --------- --------- ,,endowment ,,fund1 ,,income ,,account #aiab ,january #ae1 ,cash on hand #age4jj ,may #a1 ,int4 ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #age4jj ,november #a1 ,int4 ,u4 ,s4 ,steel #age4jj #ebe4jj ------- ------- ,disbursements3 #aiab ,january #bd1 ,carl ,b4 ,roden1 ,treas4 #age4jj ,june #d1 ,carl ,b4 ,roden1 ,treas4 #age4jj ,january #ae1 #aiac ,cash on hand #age4jj #ebe4jj ------- -------- ,,bookbinding ,,committee ,in last year's report it was stated that a special collection1 showing the kind of work done by library binders1 had been started by this committee4 ,during the past year this collection has been materially increased by samples submitted by different binders2 it now includes work from #cd binders covering the entire country from the ,atlantic ocean to the ,pacific4 ,the collection was formed so that when librarians write to ask about the work of specific binders1 the work itself can be examined and intelligent answers given4 ,notices of the collection were printed in the various library periodicals and a certain numbers of requests for information have been received2 a smaller number than the committee hoped for1 but sufficient to warrant keeping the collection up-to-date4 ,in view of certain criticisms of this collection1 it may be well to state that it is not the purpose to print criticisms of the work of different binders1 or to grade them in any way4 ,when asked for information the committee will not compare the work of one binder with another1 neither will librarians be advised to desert one binder and employ another4 ,all that will be done will be to send suggestions as to ways in which the work of the binder in question can be improved4 ,in order to do this the work of the binder must be available for examination4 ,the committee fails to see how any binder can take offense at this method1 or claim that other binders are being officially recognized by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,the announcement of the publishers of the ,encyclopaedia ,britannica that they were about to issue a ,yearbook which would be printed only on ,india paper called forth a protest from this committee against the use of thin paper--a protest which had no effect whatever until letters protesting against its use had been sent to the publishers by #ej librarians of the larger libraries4 ,even then the sole concession that the publishers made was to agree to bind #gej copies on ordinary paper1 provided that we could guarantee a sale of that number4 ,for this reason the committee asks that those who wish to purchase a thick paper edition of the ,yearbook register their orders with the committee4 ,if the total number by ,july #ast amounts to #gej copies1 the publishers will be notified to that effect4 ,many librarians have refused to buy the ,india paper edition1 and it is evident that if all librarians would refuse to get it1 the publishers would realize that the demands of librarians in this respect should be heeded4 ,there have been comparatively few reference books published or announced during the year which the committee felt would need to be bound especially for library use4 ,it was thought advisable1 however1 to submit our specifications for binding the new editions of the ,standard ,dictionary and ,appleton's ,cyclopaedia of ,american ,biography4 ,the publishers of the ,standard ,dictionary adopted practically all of the specifications and the publishers of the ,cyclopaedia of ,american ,biography now have them under consideration4 ,in this connection it is worthy of notice that the publishers of reference books are not only giving studied attention to binding processes1 but they also realize more fully than they did a few years ago the necessity of using leather which is free-from-acid4 ,until within the last two or three years it has been difficult to get leathers tanned according to the specifications of the ,society of ,arts4 ,recently1 however1 several firms in this country have begun to specialize in leathers free-from-acid2 and in addition to this1 the ,government ,printing ,office insists on having a certain amount of such leather and calls for it in its proposals for bids4 ,these are encouraging signs that in the future we may hope to get leather which will not disintegrate so rapidly as that which we have been obliged to use for many years past4 ,with assured standards of book cloths and leathers1 which manufacturers1 publishers1 binders and librarians each year are recognizing more and more as vital to the proper construction of a serviceable book1 there remains only paper to be carefully standardized4 ,some efforts are being made by private companies and by the government to discover which papers are best for certain uses1 but at present the librarian at least knows little of the subject and is practically at the mercy of the publisher4 ,,arthur ,l4 ,,bailey1 ,,rose ,g4 ,,murray1 ,j4 ,,ritchie ,,patterson4 ,,committee ,,on ,,bookbuying ,at the ,ottawa meeting of the ,american ,library ,association this committee reported simply progress1 without giving details of its work during the past year1 but it had submitted the following report to the ,executive ,board1 which we now submit to the ,association at large1 and follow it up with a further report of the action of your committee during the past year4 ,to the ,executive ,board of the ,american ,library ,association4 ,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,committee on bookbuying met with a committee from the ,american ,booksellers' ,association in ,cleveland on ,may #ac1 #aiab for the purpose of discussing book prices and discounts to libraries4 ,as it was found impossible to come to any satisfactory understanding before the annual meeting of the associations1 it was decided to make only a report of progress4 ,it was1 however1 further agreed that a more detailed report should be made to the ,executive ,boards of the associations to ascertain if the ,executive ,boards deemed it wise that the discussion should be continued4 ,the ,booksellers' ,association at its annual convention held in ,new ,york in ,may has accepted the report of progress1 and has reappointed its committee4 ,during the year #aiaj-aa your committee had much correspondence with the officers of the ,american ,booksellers' ,association1 with the librarians and with the booksellers throughout the country on questions of the upward tendency of book prices and the efforts which were being made to decrease the discounts to libraries4 ,at a meeting of the ,american ,booksellers' ,association held in ,may1 #aiaa1 a committee on ,relations with libraries was appointed to take up the matter with the committee of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,shortly after this committee was appointed1 your committee asked that a time be set for a meeting4 ,as the chairman of the ,booksellers' committee was abroad1 the matter was postponed until ,september4 ,in ,september the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 committee was asked to prepare a statement and submit it to the committee of the ,american ,booksellers' ,association1 to which they agreed to make a reply1 the two papers to form the basis for a discussion at a meeting to be held as soon as the ,booksellers' reply had been prepared4 ,we submitted the statement requested in ,october1 #aiaa4 ,although repeated requests for a reply were made1 we did not succeed in getting a copy until ,march1 #aiab1 and notwithstanding repeated requests for a meeting to discuss the matter1 none was held until ,may #ac1 #aiab1 on the eve of the annual conference of the ,american ,booksellers' ,association4 ,we attach a copy of the statement made by your committee and the reply by the committee of the ,american ,booksellers' ,association4 ,the attitude of the members of the committee of the ,booksellers' ,association at the meeting referred to did not differ from that taken in the reply excepting that they were willing to modify the expressions in the reply to a considerable degree4 ,it urged that special attention should be given to the tables of business loss and profit1 which had been prepared in the book store of ,brentano's4 ,in connection with these figures the net books should be most considered so far as the new books are concerned4 ,at the present rate of increase of books so issued it will be but a short time before all books are so published4 ,your committee was asked to admit that it was morally wrong to demand that the booksellers should do business at any such profits1 or loss1 shown by these figures4 ,your committee did not feel that it was justified in taking that position1 nor would it be even if it were more certain of the accuracy and fairness of the figures4 ,without doubt there is much that is wrongfully asked or required of the booksellers by some of the library people1 which must of necessity add materially to the cost of doing business1 but this1 we believe1 should be paid for by those asking the special favors1 and should not be covered by a regular charge upon all library business4 ,there was much to be said in favor of the booksellers' increase of prices if it needs to cover such expenses4 ,on the other hand1 it is thought that the bookseller is not justified in all of the increases which have been made in the prices of books to libraries2 as1 for example1 the discounts now allowed to libraries from prices of the net fiction and net juveniles4 ,it is believed that1 with the right spirit of coperation1 there are certain changes that might be made which would help the bookseller1 as well as the librarian4 ,if what we understand to be the present attitude of the booksellers remains unchanged1 if they are unable to give as well as to take1 your committee feels as though the discussion might as well come to an end4 ,we believe that there exists considerable difference of opinion among booksellers as to the justice of the terms now being offered to libraries as large buyers of books4 ,it will be a matter of great regret if there cannot be established most cordial relations between the libraries and the ,booksellers' ,association4 ,at the same time1 we do not think that the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 should establish such relations upon terms made wholly for the benefit of the booksellers4 ,we think that the ,executive ,board should know the present condition of the negotiations1 so that it might1 if it sees fit1 instruct its future committee4 7,signed7 ,,walter ,l4 ,,brown1 ,,carl ,b4 ,,roden1 ,,charles ,h4 ,,brown4 ,committee on ,bookbuying4 ,statement ,made by the ,committee on ,bookbuying of the ,american ,library ,association to the ,committee on ,relations with ,libraries of the ,american ,booksellers' ,association4 ,october1 #aiaa4 ,to the ,committee on ,relations with ,libraries1 ,american ,booksellers' ,association4 ,gentlemen3 ,we send you herewith a brief statement of the position of the ,book ,buying ,committee of the ,american ,library ,association in relation to the subject which we hope to discuss with you4 ,the relations between libraries and the book trade should be placed upon a business basis1 and the discussion of them upon any other ground is not asked for by the libraries4 ,there is no question as to the desirability and the necessity of improving the conditions of the book trade1 and we are in sympathy with the apparently successful efforts now being made toward that end4 ,the libraries ask that at this time of reorganization and radical changes a careful and just consideration should be given to their claims as large buyers of a special character4 ,this has always been recognized in the past1 and is the reason for the special discounts allowed them by the booksellers4 ,the library trade as a factor in the book business is of increasing importance4 ,while it may not be considered as ,wholesale business if1 as it is claimed1 that term implies the purchase in quantities of single titles and involves a business risk in such purchases1 yet it differs so much more from the character of the retail trade that in the new adjustment of discounts there would seem to be little justice in charging against it the expenses of retail trade4 ,we believe that the amount of library trade1 and its peculiar character warrant your association in having appointed a committee to consider its claims4 ,in dealing with libraries many of the largest items of the expense involved in the conduct of the retail business are wholly unnecessary4 ,it can be conducted as well by dealers on back streets or in lofts as it can be by those who have the most luxurious and expensive stores to attract the retail trade1 it does not call for the advertising of their wares by the dealers2 all skill of salesmanship is eliminated1 and no accounts have to be charged off because of failure4 ,it is claimed that there are other expenses as great1 perhaps1 as those mentioned1 which are peculiar to the library trade1 but in reality are not called for in the business of many libraries1 and while1 perhaps1 they are customary1 they are really necessary in but few cases1 if any4 ,these expenses would seem to be rather the result of bookselling methods than because of any peculiar demands of the business4 ,these bad features1 as they were called in your recent convention1 were pointed out as being 7a7 ,very slow pay1 7b7 ,its approval feature1 7c7 ,the practice of asking for competitive bids with the lack of ability to judge squarely of such bids4 ,we cannot see that any of these features are of vital importance to the library4 ,to many libraries1 as we have said1 they do not apply at all1 and probably others would be better off if they were not allowed by the trade4 ,the approval feature which was made much of by one of your officers1 is1 we believe1 quite as much the fault of the dealers who wish to urge the sale of their stock as it is the fault of libraries who wish to examine the books before purchasing4 ,many books are sent out to libraries on approval which have already been passed upon1 or are entirely outside the range of their purchase1 and involve an expense of time to the library1 which is forced upon it by the bookseller4 ,we agree that no library should ask for competitive bids on itemized lists1 for the gain to the libraries who do this is much smaller than the expense involved4 ,it is probable that such lists would show a lack of bibliographical detail and would require much time in wasted effort on the part of the bookseller4 ,library authorities purchasing books in this manner might1 perhaps1 be expected to show a lack of ability to judge squarely of such bids4 ,we believe that the bibliographical work of the bookseller in searching for the best 7or more often the cheapest7 edition to quote on such a list is the most expensive work the bookseller would have in this trade4 ,such work is wholly unnecessary1 as the selected lists of recommended books published by the ,american ,library ,association1 as well as those published by the state and local associations and the large libraries1 are in the habit of stating the edition1 the publisher's name and the price4 ,it is safe to say that all libraries are supplied with such bibliographical aid to the extent of their needs and purchases4 ,this question1 however1 has little to do with the trade of the libraries conducted according to modern methods4 ,the best libraries do not send out for competitive bids on itemized orders1 and they do place the necessary bibliographical detail on their orders1 and we might add that their officers are fully capable of judging squarely the editions supplied and the price quoted4 ,we should like to see the book trade classify the library business as peculiar to itself4 ,taking the best library trade as a standard1 it might suggest some requirements which should be asked for in return for obtaining the library discount4 ,if the business is free from these faults with which it is more or less justly charged1 it should be profitable to the bookseller4 ,we believe that libraries have a right to protest against the increasing charges made to them for the passing of the books of the publishers through the hands of the booksellers1 and that some concessions should be made in the discounts now granted4 ,we believe that there is ample room for increasing the booksellers' profits by the reformation of its methods1 or perhaps we should say the library methods1 which are now accepted by them4 ,the general increase and the tendency toward further increases in the charges for the handling of books for libraries by the rules of your association we believe to be unjust1 and that we are fully justified in asking that a careful consideration be given to this question with a view toward making more liberal discounts to this trade4 ,we do not believe that the last move of your association in making the same discount on net fiction as upon other net books is warranted1 for we think it would be only fair to grant the libraries a proportion of the larger profit which the bookseller receives by reason of the extra discount allowed by the publishers on net fiction4 ,if no other concession is made1 we believe that a better price should be offered to libraries on their purchases of net fiction4 ,we should regret to have the booksellers take action which would give the libraries the impression that their trade was a burden to the booksellers2 that the members of your association required a larger profit from them than what is amply satisfactory to the jobbing trade and many dealers4 ,it is to the interests of the library to foster friendly relations with the local booksellers4 ,we believe that together they can be of more service than when working against each other2 it is good for the community2 we believe that it is also to the interests of the booksellers to keep the library trade1 not only because of sentimental reasons1 but because it pays4 ,not only are the library accounts practically guaranteed and the requirements of display1 advertising and salesmanship minimized1 as we have already stated1 but the library is often the only buyer of many books which are received by the booksellers4 ,no other one customer keeps the stock moving to such an extent as the library4 ,none other wears out books and calls for so many duplications after the period of popular demand1 taking from the bookseller's shelves books which he need not re-stock4 ,much of this kind of trade prevents actual loss which the bookseller would have without the library customer4 ,we are not at all convinced that the booksellers are losers in the library trade1 nor do we wish to be placed in the position of receiving special favors4 ,the libraries like to feel that the booksellers are giving them fair prices so they will not be constantly shown by out-of-town dealers how much cheaper they might have bought their new books by waiting a brief time after publication4 ,wide margins of profit always lead to the cutting of prices unless the trade is absolutely controlled1 which is not the condition in the book trade at this time4 ,we wish to be in a position to urge all libraries to buy of the regular dealers in their localities1 and trust that your committee may be able to see some way of recommending further concessions to the library trade4 ,answer to the ,foregoing ,statement ,answer to the library ,committee on ,relation with ,booksellers1 as proposed by ,charles ,e4 ,butler1 ,brentano's1 ,new ,york4 #a4 ,we agree that the relations between librarians and booksellers should be on a business basis1 and that there is no question as to the desirability of improving the condition of the book trade4 #b4 ,we are in hearty sympathy with the desire of the libraries1 that a careful and just consideration should be given to their claims for better discount as large buyers collectively of a special character4 #c4 ,it is the most earnest desire of the book trade to be absolutely fair and just toward the libraries4 ,we fully and most sincerely believe that the libraries would not for a moment desire or expect that their purchases should be made at the sacrifice of a trade1 whose very existence depends on what reasonable profit can be made by them in their business transactions4 #d4 ,the libraries believe that the booksellers can make better discounts than they do now1 if they carry on their business along the lines indicated by them1 while the booksellers claim that the present condition of buying and selling prohibits them from making a profit1 but is actually productive of loss1 and that the method proposed by the libraries is not possible4 #e4 ,the booksellers are of necessity the agent of the publisher4 ,if his business is not self-sustaining1 he must fail4 ,the reduction of real booksellers1 by a most liberal construction of what constitutes a bookseller1 from about #c1jjj when our population was #dj millions to about #b1jjj with our population at #ij millions1 is evidence of the truth of this assertion4 ,the booksellers are entitled to sell to everyone who buys books1 libraries or others4 #f4 ,the libraries are not booksellers1 therefore they are not entitled to booksellers' discounts1 which they are now getting from certain sources4 ,thus1 booksellers are deprived of the library business4 #g4 ,the bookseller is an important factor in any community in which he is placed4 ,he is taxed by city and state4 ,his educational influence cannot be estimated4 ,his capital1 his brains and physical effort are all invested in making his business a success4 ,to do so1 he needs reasonable profits1 and it is business folly to do any part of his business that results in a loss4 #h4 ,a great majority of the libraries are created and supported by direct taxation1 by charitable contribution1 endowment1 legacies and the like4 ,it is true1 the libraries have to be conducted in a careful1 businesslike way simply keeping within their means4 ,doing this1 they are free from the booksellers' anxieties and difficulties as a merchant4 #i4 ,the unique position enjoyed by libraries in the community as to their capital and freedom from commercial risk1 and exemption from taxation and rent1 has raised the question3 ,why should they receive discounts on books8 ,do they1 as libraries1 get special discounts on their building1 their shelving1 light1 heat1 electricity and supplies1 etc41 etc48 #aj4 ,the libraries state that in booksellers dealing with libraries many of the largest items of the expense involved in the conduct of the retail business are wholly unnecessary4 ,it can be conducted as well by dealers on back streets or in lofts as it can be done by those who have the most luxurious stores to attract the retail trade2 it does not call for the advertising of their wares by the dealer2 all skill of salesmanship is eliminated and no accounts have to be charged off because of failure4 #aa4 ,the bookseller establishes himself in every community1 in such locations as will attract trade--generally the best--limited only by his capacity to pay rent and expenses4 ,this is vital to his success4 ,a bookseller locating himself on a back street for the purpose of doing business to enable him to give the library a large portion of his small earnings would speedily end his career4 ,he could not get enough library business to exist on and his chances of doing a general retail business1 on a back street1 would be very small indeed4 ,he would become solely a #be per cent or #cj per cent buyer1 #aj per cent which he gives to the libraries1 with a possible #bh1 #be or #bj per cent expense account4 ,we do not believe that the libraries would knowingly ask anyone to do business under such circumstances for their benefit4 ,will the libraries figure this out8 #ab4 ,presuming1 for the sake of argument1 a bookseller does locate himself on a back street for the purpose of doing library business3 ,he must be a bookseller to get a wholesale rate4 ,a mere agent not carrying stock1 but simply buying on orders1 would not be supported or supplied by the publishers1 as he does not carry stock or assume the risk of the business4 #ac4 ,he would therefore have to carry a reasonable amount of stock to be considered a bookseller4 ,the libraries may not know that the discount given the bookseller is qualified by the quantity purchased of each item4 ,thus1 the average trade discount now prevailing on net books and net fiction is #cj per cent in small quantities4 ,if he purchases #aj to #be copies of a title1 he gets an extra #e per cent4 ,if he purchases #ej to #bej of a title 7according to the publisher and the book offered7 he gets an extra #aj per cent4 ,the libraries familiar with this discount1 and being misguided as to the results1 argue that a better discount than they now get should be given them by the bookseller4 ,we have not included here the great number of books published at such discounts as #be per cent1 #bj per cent1 #ae per cent1 and even #aj per cent1 to which must be added transportation and other charges4 ,more of such books are bought by libraries than by the retail buyer1 such as educational books1 scientific books1 medical books1 law books1 subscription books1 etc4 #ad4 ,now this is what really happens to the man on the back street1 as well as to the bookseller on the principal thoroughfare4 ,it is safe to say that out of the purchase of #ajj new books of any one house1 say for a period of a year1 about #ij per cent would have to be bought in small quantities at a discount of #cj per cent1 about #e per cent at the extra #e per cent discounts1 and #e per cent at the extra #aj per cent discounts4 ,thus1 buying #ij per cent of his stock at #cj per cent and selling to libraries at a discount of #aj per cent leaves #bj per cent to do business1 with an average expense cost to the bookseller of #bh per cent on every dollar of sale4 ,the #aj per cent at better rate would improve matters very little1 as can readily be seen4 ,it does not seem as if the bookseller could make better discount than he does to the libraries and it really is a question whether he is justified in giving as much as he does now1 if able to give any at all1 except at a loss to him4 #ae4 ,the theory has been advanced by the libraries that all their business should be considered by booksellers as an independent element in the business and not chargeable with the #bh per cent cost per dollar of sale1 but that the library business should be charged with a much less ratio of expense1 thus enabling the bookseller to gratify the desire of the libraries for a further discount4 ,they base this proposition on the following claims3 #a4 ,it does not call for the advertising of their wares by the dealer4 #b4 ,all skill of salesmanship is eliminated4 #c4 ,no accounts have to be charged off because of failure4 ,the facts are that the smaller libraries1 and to some extent the larger libraries1 are constantly supplied by publisher and bookseller with circular matter regarding new and forthcoming publications1 letters and personal visits as to special publications1 as well as sending the new books1 as issued1 on approval1 at considerable cost and trouble1 and some loss of sale1 because books are not available for display to possible buyers who visit the dealer's place of business4 ,the proper handling of library orders to any reasonable extent requires skilled clerks with good knowledge of books1 the use of catalogs and the ability to work out titles correctly that are incorrectly given1 and which is so often done4 ,it is true that no accounts have to be charged off1 but library accounts require much care and trouble in making duplicate and triplicate vouchers1 many have to be sworn to before notaries1 in some cases depositing money as security that goods will be supplied at prices quoted1 and generally a long wait before the bills are paid1 and many minor troubles annoying to both libraries and dealers4 #af4 ,as a business proposition1 the making of a library department a separate one from the business1 and determining its exact cost of maintenance1 and basing the library discount thereon is not feasible1 for the reason that the bulk of its operations are so interwoven with the business1 requiring the assistance of the entire force at many stages that it would be impossible to pick out and determine what each operation costs4 ,again1 the profits and loss of a business can only be finally determined at the end of the fiscal year1 when the stock is taken1 and the books closed--a very anxious moment indeed for the bookseller4 ,he then knows1 to his joy or sorrow1 how much it has cost him to make one dollar of sale1 and what profit or loss he has made on each dollar of sale1 on every class of merchandise he has sold1 the library trade included4 ,this percentage of sale is his guide for the following year1 and as a good business man1 he must eliminate every class of merchandise he sells that does not produce some profit4 ,no business can work successfully otherwise4 #ag4 ,the following table will show the various ramifications of a special library department in the business1 if carried out as proposed4 ,what suggestions would the libraries make in a case like this8 ,work of the library clerk4 ,clerks4 ,writing to libraries for trade4 ,sending circulars and book information to libraries4 ,certain reference catalogs4 ,receiving order for estimate and price4 ,looking up same and selecting editions and pricing4 ,writing to publishers about special books to be priced4 ,correcting librarian's errors4 ,store ,assistance4 ,correspondence in general4 ,typewriters1 machine1 paper1 etc4 ,advertising for out-of-print books and general advertising4 ,assistance of other clerks4 ,order department and laying out order and getting shorts4 ,receiving department4 ,bookkeeping department4 ,packing and shipping department4 ,catalog--reference4 ,freight and express on goods bought4 ,returns and credits4 ,postage4 ,loss on bad accounts4 ,theft4 ,depreciation of stock4 ,rent4 ,heat4 ,light4 ,care and keep of store4 ,salaries and wages4 ,interest4 ,store supplies4 ,insurance and taxes4 ,auditing4 ,cost of books on approval--going and coming4 ,good will and reputation4 #ah4 ,the libraries state that ,they have a right to protest against the increasing charges made to them for passing of the books of the publishers through the hands of the booksellers1 and that some concession should be made in the discounts now granted4 #ai4 ,in this1 the libraries should consider they are not a trade organization1 who1 like the booksellers1 depend on their trade for a living4 ,publisher and bookseller are one in interest--producer and distributor1 and it is economically proper that the publisher's product should pass through the hands of the bookseller1 and to whom8--to their clientele1 the public4 ,what relation does the library have to the bookseller1 other than as a buyer1 the same as the rest of the community8 ,it is claimed that libraries are large buyers collectively1 but the general public are larger buyers collectively1 by many millions of dollars4 ,if the library theory holds good1 would not the same theory hold good if the citizens of each community were to combine in their purchasing and demand discounts accordingly8 ,would this not result in the booksellers' sudden and complete annihilation1 instead of a gradual one1 as it has been8 #bj4 ,as to the increasing charges1 there is no more increase to the libraries than to the general public4 ,what brought about these increasing charges8 ,the necessity of self-preservation of both publisher and bookseller4 ,till the beginning of the net system and for some years thereafter books were published at the traditional prices of more than fifty years ago 7and later a period of ruinous competition to the bookseller7 the discounts to the trade remaining about the same1 and this in spite of the fact that the cost of everything pertaining to book-making and its selling had greatly increased1 and had not advanced in price1 while almost every other article of merchandise1 labor1 material and the necessities of life1 has greatly increased in cost1 and increased in selling price4 #ba4 ,the libraries state3 ,we should regret to have the booksellers take action which would give the libraries the impression that their trade was a burden to the bookseller1 that your members required a larger profit from them than what is amply satisfactory to the jobbing trade and many dealers4 #bb4 ,the booksellers do not feel that the libraries are a burden to them4 ,they are anxious to have trading relations with them1 but on a mutually satisfactory basis4 ,the library does not need profit for its existence1 supported as it is1 but the bookseller needs it for his very existence4 ,were the libraries aware of the actual facts of the case1 they would undoubtedly learn to their surprise that the trade done by the jobbing trade and many dealers was anything but satisfactory1 and were their dealings with the libraries closely analyzed they would find they had made small profit1 if not loss1 on the total of the books sold to them4 ,the dealers have only shown existing conditions1 and have asked for relief4 #bc4 ,the libraries are not sole buyers of net books4 ,a very large proportion of their purchases are of non-net books1 which are sold to them at little or no margin of profit1 and at the same discount as the booksellers get4 ,this is ruinous competition4 #bd4 ,why then do the trade desire library business under existing conditions8 ,they do not seek this business for its profit-making on general publications1 regular and net1 for that is almost nil1 but for such stock as can be bought at much better discount than the regular trade rates1 such as jobs and the like1 that they can sell the libraries1 and also for the real value of the libraries to the bookseller that their orders often enable him to dispose of certain stock--even at cost--which might take a long time to dispose of4 ,finally1 there is a certain amount of pride--surprising as it may seem--that the bookseller has4 ,he wants to sell the library in his own community1 he wants to do all the business of his community1 and he feels it keenly that his library is the only one with whom he cannot do business1 except at a very small profit or loss2 and which trade goes to some other town or state4 #be4 ,we trust we have made clear to the libraries the exact business situation as it relates to the bookseller1 jobber1 and the like4 ,to some extent1 what is stated here is no new story4 ,the general assertion has been made by the bookseller that the library business is unprofitable1 while the libraries state they believe otherwise is or should be the case1 and suggest their ideas as to a remedy4 #bf4 ,it can be proved1 we think1 to the entire satisfaction of the libraries1 that in spite of the net system and corresponding maintenance of price1 the bookseller1 jobber and the like1 will be happy indeed if he can show the smallest margin of net profit as a result of a year's work in selling regular and net books to the libraries and the public as well4 #bg4 ,the booksellers1 jobbers and the like desire the library business4 ,they believe that it rightly belongs to them in their own locality1 and to no one else1 be they large or small4 #bh4 ,they believe the discount given to libraries by booksellers1 jobbers and the like1 should be uniform the country over1 and leave a small margin of profit to the seller4 #bi4 ,they believe that competitive bidding by the libraries has been detrimental to booksellers1 jobbers and the like1 as well as to the libraries in many ways1 direct and indirect4 #cj4 ,they believe that the libraries desire to be fair in this matter and not ask for unreasonable terms1 and that a knowledge of the real facts of the case of the condition of the booksellers1 jobbers and the like1 will convince them that the booksellers1 jobbers and others are doing all1 if not more than they can1 in giving the libraries a discount of #cc #a-c per cent on regular books1 and #aj per cent on net books1 as at present4 #ca4 ,booksellers1 jobbers and the like fully believe that they can be of great assistance to the libraries and the libraries to them1 and it is their earnest hope that close and harmonious relations may be brought about1 and that they will do all in their power towards it4 ,the booksellers most heartily endorse the great and good work the libraries perform to the community1 and from a selfish point of view1 the bookseller freely admits the great assistance derived by them from the influence of the libraries in creating a desire for reading and the possession of books1 and the general educating and elevating of the community1 and the bookseller also feels that his presence in any community is likewise educating and elevating and that his interests should be reasonably conserved4 #cb4 ,the booksellers complain that when libraries become publishers1 as many of them do1 they make their prices net but give the trade little or no discount therefrom4 ,such books sold by the bookseller1 cost him considerable in addition to the published price4 #cc4 ,they cordially invite the librarians to go into any facts and figures they may desire to be informed about1 as to the cost of booksellers doing business and as to the conditions affecting the relationship of both1 with a view that all difficulties may be removed1 to our mutual satisfaction4 #cd4 ,we are pleased to learn that the libraries believe--- #a4 ,the approval feature can be dropped4 #b4 ,that no library should ask for competitive bids on itemized lists4 #c4 ,the bibliographical work is entirely unnecessary by the bookseller and can be dispensed with4 #d4 ,that the relations between libraries and the book trade should be placed upon a business basis4 #e4 ,that there is no question as to the desirability and the necessity of improving the condition of the book trade1 and that they are in sympathy with the apparently successful efforts now being made toward that end4 ,,booksellers ,,selling ,,to ,,libraries ,,and ,,the ,,result1 ,,in ,,profit ,,and ,,loss ,,to ,,the ,,bookseller4 ,the following tabulation is compiled1 from actual purchases made from four prominent publishers1 by a large bookseller1 during a period of one year4 ,these purchases included books in all classes of literature1 fiction1 biography1 science1 travel1 etc41 etc41 which would fairly represent the book purchases of a number of libraries for the period of one year4 ,these books were bought at varying discounts1 viz43--#b_/e1 #b_/e-e1 #b_/e-aj1 #a_/d1 #a_/d-e1 #a_/d-aj1 #c_/aj1 #c_/aj-e1 #c_/aj-aj1 #a_/c1 #a_/c-e1 #a_/c-aj4 ,every advantage was taken where possible1 to obtain by quantity buying1 the extra #e and #aj per cent1 given by the publishers4 ,the amount bought of these four publishers at published price was about #cg1jce4hg1 which cost the bookseller about #bd1jjj4jj1 and included both regular1 net and special books4 ,let us assume that this bookseller sold these books from his stock to the libraries1 at a discount from the published prices1 on regular books1 of #a_/c and a discount of #aj from the published prices of net books4 ,it is here shown1 what the result of the operation would be to the bookseller1 as to profit or loss4 ,the cost point of doing business by booksellers the country over1 has been fairly well determined to be on the same average1 #bh per dollar of sale4 ,this may fluctuate according to circumstances and location1 between #cj and #be4 ,in order1 however1 to clearly and fully cover all possibilities in the matter1 the expense per dollar of sale has been calculated at #bh1 #bj1 #ae1 #aj and #e per dollar of sale4 ,in all these calculations per dollar of sale1 no allowance is made for depreciation of stock1 fixtures1 bad accounts1 etc41 etc4 ,it is hoped that a careful analysis of this table will help solve the library problem4 ,,table ,,no4 #a4 ,published ,discount ,sold to ,cost to ,cost per ,price to ,libraries ,booksellers ,dollar ,libraries at of ,sale ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #bh4 ,non ,net #ae1ice4he #a_/c #aj1fbc4ic #i1ade4ef #b1igd4gj ,net #ba1jii4ih #a_/aj #ah1ihi4ii #ad1hed4dd #e1cag4ai ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #bj4 ,non ,net #ae1ice4he #a_/c #aj1fbc4ic #i1ade4ef #b1abd4gh ,net #ba1jii4ih #a_/aj #ah1ihi4ii #ad1hed4dd #c1gig4ii ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #ae4 ,non ,net #ae1ice4he #a_/c #aj1fbc4ic #i1ade4ef #a1eic4ei ,net #ba1jii4ih #a_/aj #ah1ihi4ii #ad1hed4dd #b1hdh4di ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #aj4 ,non ,net #ae1ice4he #a_/c #aj1fbc4ic #i1ade4ef #a1jfb4ci ,net #ba1jii4ih #a_/aj #ah1ihi4ii #ad1hed4dd #a1hih4ii ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #e4 ,non ,net #ae1ice4he #a_/c #aj1fbc4ic #i1ade4ef #eca4ai ,net #ba1jii4ih #a_/aj #ah1ihi4ii #ad1hed4dd #idi4di ,total ,cost ,loss ,gain ,total ,loss ,total ,gain ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #bh4 ,non ,net #ab1abj4bf #a1dif4cc -- -- -- ,net #bj1aga4fc #a1aha4fd -- #b1fgg4ig -- ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #bj4 ,non ,net #aa1bgj4jd #fdf4aa -- #cjh4ee -- ,net #ah1feb4dc -- #ccg4ef -- -- ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #ae4 ,non ,net #aj1gci4ae #aae4bb -- -- -- ,net #ag1gjb4ic -- #a1bhg4jf -- #a1aga4hd ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #aj4 ,non ,net #aj1bjg4ie -- #dae4ih -- -- ,net #af1gec4dc -- #b1bcf4ef -- #b1feb4ed ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #e4 ,non ,net #i1fgf4ge -- #idg4ah -- ,net #ae1hjc4ic -- #c1ahf4jf -- #d1acc4bd ,,table ,,no4 #b4 ,the following tabulation is compiled on the same basis as ,table ,no4 #a1 but showing the result to the bookseller1 as to profit and loss1 if the bookseller increased the discount to the libraries1 on regular books1 from #a_/c to #b_/e1 and on net books from #a_/aj to #a_/e4 ,published ,discount to ,sold to ,cost to ,cost per ,price ,libraries ,libraries at ,booksellers ,dollar of ,sale ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #bh4 ,non ,net #ae1ice4he #b_/e #i1efa4ec #i1ade4ef #b1fgg4bb ,net #ba1jii4ih #a_/e #af1hgi4ii #ad1hed4dd #d1gbf4ci ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #ae4 ,non ,net #ae1ice4he #b_/e #i1efa4ec #i1ade4ff #a1dcd4bb ,net #ba1jii4ih #a_/e #af1hgi4ii #ad1hed4dd #b1eca4ii ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #aj4 ,non ,net #ae1ice4he #b_/e #i1efa4ec #i1ade4ef #ief4ae ,net #ba1jii4ih #a_/e #af1hgi4ii #ad1hed4dd #a1fhg4ii ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #e4 ,non ,net #ae1ice4he #b_/e #i1efa4ec #i1ade4ef #dgh4jg ,net #ba1jii4ih #a_/e #af1hgi4ii #ad1hed4dd #hdc4ii ,total ,cost ,loss ,gain ,total ,loss ,total ,gain ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #bh4 ,non ,net #aa1hbb4gh #b1bfa4be ,net #ai1ehj4ec #b1gjj4ed #d1ifa4gi ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #ae4 ,non ,net #aj1egi4gh #a1jah4be ,net #ag1chf4ac #ejf4ad #a1ebd4ci ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #aj4 ,non ,net #aj1aja4ga #edj4ah ,net #af1edb4dc #ccg4ef #bjb4fb ,cost per ,dollar of ,sale #e4 ,non ,net #i1fbc4fb #fb4aj ,net #ae1fih4dc #a1aha4ef ,june1 #aiac ,report of the ,bookbuying ,committee of the ,american ,library ,association1 #aiab-ac ,in ,november1 #aiab1 your committee was notified by the secretary that the executive board asked it to continue its negotiations with the committee on libraries of the ,american ,booksellers' ,convention4 ,a meeting with the latter committee was immediately arranged for1 and such meeting was held in ,new ,york ,city on ,november #beth1 which was attended by two representatives of the ,booksellers' ,association and by two members of the committee on ,book ,buying of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,a discussion lasting over three hours1 when all the details and conditions were gone over1 resulted in a definite agreement1 the ratification of which the committee of the ,american ,booksellers' ,association promised to recommend to that ,association4 ,this agreement was in the nature of a small concession on the part of the ,booksellers' ,committee4 ,while the concession was small1 it was accepted as at least showing a disposition on the part of the ,booksellers to co-operate with the libraries in the promotion of a better feeling between them4 ,the ,booksellers' ,committee agreed to allow the libraries a discount of #ae from the net price on new fiction1 instead of #aj1 which is now allowed4 ,the #ae discount was to be given during the calendar year in which the novel was published1 as given on the title page4 ,a few days after this agreement was made1 the acting chairman of the ,american ,booksellers' ,association committee announced that he could not carry it out1 because of his finding that the booksellers could not afford to do what he had promised to recommend1 and at that time submitted figures which he thought proved his contention4 ,these figures differed in no particular from those which were formerly submitted1 and which are a part of this report1 and which1 we believe are on a false basis of an exaggerated cost of doing library business1 and of misleading statements as to discounts allowed by the publishers to booksellers on new fiction4 ,at the annual meeting of the ,american ,booksellers' ,association1 which was held in ,may of this year1 a statement was made by its committee on ,relations with libraries1 but this statement does not form a part of the published report of the proceedings of the convention1 and your committee has not been able to obtain a copy of the stenographer's notes4 ,the acting chairman of the ,booksellers' ,committee informs us that he made no report1 but that he submitted and supplemented the foregoing statements of the committees1 with quotations from the correspondence of the two committees4 ,it1 therefore1 probably differed but little from the original statements made by the two committees4 ,we would1 therefore1 call your attention to the reasons given in the ,booksellers' ,statement for holding the uniform higher prices which the libraries are paying for books because of the short discounts allowed by the ,booksellers' ,association4 ,as the position taken by the ,booksellers' ,association is not agreed to by all of the individual booksellers1 such action may or may not be looked upon as a restraint of trade4 ,the estimate of the cost of doing business by retail booksellers is #bh1 and the contention is that no profit is made from any item which does not net them a sum greater than #bh above cost4 ,this would mean that they wish to force the libraries into becoming retail customers because library business as a wholesale trade is regarded by the retail booksellers as too costly1 and the ,booksellers' ,committee believes that it should not be welcomed by them4 ,all booksellers do not take this view any more than they would wish to endorse that expressed in paragraph #h of the answer of their committee1 which reads as follows3 ,a great majority of the libraries are created and supported by direct taxation1 by charitable contributions1 endowments1 legacies and the like4 ,it is true that libraries have to be conducted in a careful1 businesslike way1 simply keeping within their means4 ,doing this1 they are free from the booksellers' anxieties and difficulties as a merchant4 ,your committee believes that there is no question as to the desire of all libraries to encourage good feeling between the booksellers and themselves1 nor is there any question as to the desirability of having a bookstore in every community4 ,we believe that the local booksellers should be encouraged1 but not at the expense of the taxpayers through the library4 ,the libraries1 as wholesale buyers1 should1 we believe1 be allowed greater discounts on the net books4 ,as the retail booksellers seem not included to make any compromise1 we believe that your committee on ,book ,buying might1 in the immediate future1 be of service to the libraries by calling their attention to the advantages of buying many replace books from booksellers who are desirous of obtaining and keeping the library business and to those who deal in remainders and second-hand books1 both here and abroad4 ,inasmuch as the ,booksellers' ,committee on ,relations with libraries did not keep its verbal promise1 and has reassumed its former position which allows no concession whatsoever1 although asking and expecting co-operation from the libraries1 we believe that there is nothing to be gained by further negotiations with the ,booksellers' ,association ,committee on ,relations with ,libraries as it is now constituted4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,walter ,l4 ,,brown1 ,,carl ,b4 ,,roden1 ,,charles ,h4 ,,brown1 ,committee on ,bookbuying4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,co-,,operation ,,with ,,the ,,national ,,education ,,association ,the committee of the ,american ,library ,association on co-operation with the ,national ,education ,association1 while having no special accomplishment to present1 still seems justified in reporting the year as being one decidedly of progress4 ,never before in the experience of the committee has there been a more friendly expression of a desire to co-operate on the part of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 than has been the case this year4 ,president ,fairchild sent an invitation unsolicited for a representative of the ,american ,library ,association to take a place on the general program of the meetings of the ,national ,education ,association in ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,the committee has not been able to find a proper representative to accept the invitation1 owing to the great distance from library centers of the place of meeting4 ,there has been an increased amount of discussion by correspondence of the members of the committee as to the work that could be done more thoroughly to create a sympathetic attitude toward the work of the public library as an integral part of public education4 ,an increasing number of schools are turning to the libraries for help1 and one association of college librarians has strongly emphasized the need of instruction in library methods for the students of high schools4 ,the committee has been active in its efforts to co-operate with the library department of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 and has received a written expression of thanks for its work this year from the officers of the department4 ,m4 ,e4 ,,ahern1 ,chairman4 ,,committee ,,on ,,federal ,,and ,,state ,,relations ,the committee reports that its chief activity throughout the year1 has been the endeavor to secure a cheaper postal rate upon books1 in which effort it has been unsuccessful4 ,attempts were made to have books included in the parcel post bill of #aiab1 and also to have the rate on books made the same as the second class rate on magazines when sent by individuals4 ,at the regular and extra sessions of ,congress1 the ,chairman of the ,committees of ,congress on ,post ,offices and ,post ,roads1 were interviewed1 and the ,postmaster-,general was urged to give the favorable influence of his department toward the end desired4 ,there seems to be no probability of an immediate alteration in the rate upon books1 unless a complete revision of the parcel post section of the postal laws be made1 and there is some question as to whether it is desirable for books to be included in the parcel post1 with the present zone system1 inasmuch as under it1 the postage upon books within certain zones would be actually greater than under the existing law4 ,the activity of those desiring a one cent postage upon letters1 also causes members of ,congress to hesitate in making any reduction such as we desire4 ,when the new tariff bill was introduced in the ,house of ,representatives1 the ,committee addressed a communication to the ,committee on ,ways and ,means1 so as to secure the retention of the privilege of free entry for books imported by public libraries4 ,the ,treasury ,department on ,april #ai decided that small importations through the mails for colleges or other institutions entitled to import books free of duty under ,par4 #eai of the ,tariff ,act will be passed without requiring an affidavit in each instance1 provided such institutions will file with the ,collector of ,customs a copy of its charter or article of association showing it to be entitled to pass such importations free of duty4 ,libraries desiring to avail themselves of this privilege should forward this information promptly to the ,collector of ,customs at the port where they receive books4 ,,bernard ,c4 ,,steiner1 ,chairman4 ,,committee ,,on ,,library ,,administration ,part of your ,committee's report is simply supplementary to that of last year1 constituting with it a survey of methods used in certain libraries in carrying out two common operations--accessioning and the charging of issue4 ,last year the selected libraries were asked simply to describe these operations closely1 being urged to leave out no detail1 no matter how trivial and unimportant4 ,it was thought that no set of questions1 however minute1 would provide for all such details1 and that a questionnaire might result in many omissions and make the operations1 as performed by the contributing libraries1 appear to be more uniform than is really the case4 ,the event proved1 however1 the necessity of some sort of a questionnaire1 and after a study of last year's results the following was prepared by ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,bowerman1 of this committee1 and sent out by the chairman both to the libraries named in the last report and to certain others4 ,data have been received from the following institutions3 ,public or ,circulating ,libraries ,butte1 ,montana ,atlanta ,pittsburgh ,east ,orange ,forbes ,library ,jacksonville1 ,florida ,lincoln ,library1 ,springfield ,los ,angeles ,new ,york ,pratt ,institute ,st4 ,louis ,salt ,lake ,city ,seattle ,washington ,college or ,university ,wesleyan ,university1 ,middletown1 ,conn4 ,westminster ,college1 ,fulton1 ,mo4 ,harvard ,kansas ,syracuse ,tulane ,state ,libraries ,indiana ,iowa ,new ,york ,virginia ,special ,library ,john ,crerar1 ,chicago ,society ,libraries ,medical ,society of the ,county of ,kings ,new ,york ,society ,new ,york ,bar ,association 7accession only7 ,we give below the questions sent out with a summary of the various answers by numbers4 ,the original blanks are on file at ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 headquarters1 showing answers in greater detail1 together with the names of the answering libraries4 ,summary of ,reports on ,accession ,routine ,harvard ,university library did not answer each question in detail1 as it keeps no accession record in the usual sense4 ,a record is kept each day of the number of volumes and pamphlets received by gift and by purchase1 from which statistics are made up at the end of the year4 ,a file of continuation cards for annual reports and similar continued publications and a record of gifts from individuals are useful supplements to the daily record4 ,bills for books are filed alphabetically under dealer's name each year1 and order slips1 giving agent1 date of order and date of receipt1 are preserved4 7#a7 ,when do you accession1 before or after cataloging8 ,before cataloging--#ad4 7#b7 ,are all books that are cataloged accessioned8 ,affirmative1 #bd 7exception1 #aa74 7#c7 ,what method of keeping your accession record do you use8 ,all use accession book except ,los ,angeles and ,forbes ,library1 which use bill method1 and ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 which uses order cards as accession record4 ,east ,orange does not believe accession book essential4 ,pittsburgh1 which accessions only adult books1 is inclined to believe book unnecessary4 ,their method of treating juveniles is especially interesting4 ,seattle notes that their book has fewer items than the ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 and says the use of order cards as accession record is an excellent method4 7#d7 ,which of the following items do you enter in your accession record8 ,the number following the item indicates the number of libraries reporting its use3--,author1 #ai2 title1 #ah2 publisher1 #ag2 place of publication1 #ac2 date of publication1 #ah2 size1 #aj2 edition1 #ac2 number of volumes1 #bc2 binding1 #aa2 publisher's price1 #h2 cost1 #ah2 source1 #bj2 date of bill1 #aj2 date of entry1 #ad4 7#e7 ,do you enter facts about re-binding in the accession record8 ,affirmative1 #c2 negative1 #bj4 7#f7 a4 ,do you use your accession record to obtain statistics of additions8 ,affirmative1 #ai2 negative1 #e4 b4 ,what items do you include8 ,some of these questions were not answered1 so it is inferred that the statistics obtained are for total additions only4 ,following items were reported on3--,class1 #g2 source1 #h2 branch1 #b2 language1 #b2 circulating or reference1 #b2 adult and juvenile1 #b4 7#g7 ,do you maintain a numerical record of accessions according to classification8 ,department or branches8 ,does it cover expenditures for each main class8 ,department or branches8 ,negative1 #ad2 record according to classification1 #f2 branch or department1 #c2 separate record of expenditures1 #d4 7#h7 ,where do you place accession number8 ,page after title page1 #f2 title page1 #c2 title page and first page1 #a2 title page and page #aja1 #a2 book plate and page after title page1 #a4 7#i7 ,do you write price and date of bill as well as accession number in the book4 ,do you write cost of a set in the first volume8 ,affirmative1 #f2 negative1 #ac 7both questions72 cost1 #a2 date1 affirmative1 #c2 negative1 #a2 cost in volume #a of set1 #f4 7#aj7 ,how do you indicate the branch or department to which a book is assigned8 ,not indicated1 or there is no branch1 #ad2 stamped or indicated in accession book1 #e2 books stamped or marked1 #e2 separate accession book for each branch1 #c2 order card and book stamped1 #b4 7#aa7 ,in case of replacements do you keep a record of the accession number which has been replaced or do you regard replacement as if it were an added entry or duplicate1 disregarding old number entirely8 ,replacement is regarded as an added entry or duplicate1 and no record kept of the old number1 #af2 ,new number given to replacement but make note of the number replaced1 #f2 ,old number used1 #c4 ,butte1 ,mont41 reports3 ,we enter each new copy in the shelf list as copy #b-c1 etc41 keeping a record of each book4 ,new ,york ,city ,bar ,association reports3 ,do not use numbers1 but dates4 ,a book added to replace is not counted for the annual statistics4 7#ab7 ,do you note in the accession record when a book is withdrawn1 or do you keep a withdrawal book8 ,note in accession record1 #i2 note on shelf list1 #d2 note in accession book and keep withdrawal book1 #c2 have withdrawal book1 #b2 have no withdrawals1 #b2 files book cards1 #a2 keeps record on cards1 #a2 keeps cards withdrawn from public catalog1 #a2 not noted at all1 #b4 ,new ,york ,city ,bar ,association reports3 ,we keep all books except in very rare cases4 ,the only notes made are in catalogs and in statistical record4 ,summary of ,reports on ,charging ,systems #a4 ,what charging system do you use8 ,newark system1 #ab2 ,brown system1 #b2 ,borrower's record1 #b2 ,single file--,book file under date or class1 #d2 ,double file--,borrower's file and book file1 #f4 #b4 ,the process of charging4 a4#a4 ,do you issue books on borrowers' cards8 #ah4 a4#b4 ,do you charge by means of call slips8 #d4 a4#c4 ,permanent or temporary book cards8 #e4 b4 ,how many cards are issued to one borrower8 ,one card1 #aj2 two cards1 #d2 three cards1 #a2 temporary borrower's cards1 #b2 temporary book cards and no borrower's cards1 #i2 borrower's pocket instead of borrower's card1 #a4 c4 ,if a borrower presents his own cards and those of others also1 do you issue books on all cards presented8 ,affirmative1 #ac2 negative1 #a 7cards1 slips or pocket held at the library1 #ab74 d4 ,do you issue privilege or teachers' cards8 ,affirmative1 #i2 negative1 #g4 e4 ,how many #b-week books of fiction are charged on one card8 e4#a4 ,one book of fiction on a card for #b weeks--#aj4 ,two books of fiction on a card for #b weeks--#b4 ,three books of fiction on a card for #b weeks--#a4 ,tulane ,university--,faculty can withdraw any number at one time2 students1 only #c4 ,no discrimination between fiction and non-fiction--#c4 ,no limit--,virginia ,state4 ,no exact time limit--#b4 e4#b4 ,one #g-;day book on one card1 #aa2 three #g-;day books on one card1 #b2 unlimited 7,east ,orange71 #a2 no #g-;day books1 #b4 e4#c4 ,one #d-week book of fiction on one card1 #e2 two #d-week books of fiction on one card1 #b2 three #d-week books of fiction on one card1 #b2 unlimited 7,east ,orange71 #a2 none issued for #d weeks1 #f4 f4 ,how many pay duplicate books may one borrower draw at a time8 ,number unlimited1 #h2 three at one time1 #a2 five at one time1 #a2 as many as cards presented1 #a4 7,libraries having no pay collection1 #af47 g4 ,do you issue books and magazines on the same card8 ,affirmative1 #ad2 negative1 #d2 no circulation of magazines1 #d4 h4 ,how many books are issued on privilege or teachers' cards8 ,unlimited1 except for fiction1 #e2 #ab books1 #a2 #aj books1 #b2 #e books1 #c2 no special cards issued1 #af4 i4 ,are books stamped on the date of issue--#h4 ,are books stamped on the date of return--#aj4 j4 ,do you use different colored pads for charging and discharging8 ,affirmative1 #e2 negative1 #ah4 k4 ,do you use different colored pencils for different dates8 ,affirmative1 #e2 negative1 #ai4 l4 ,do you use different sized type for different dates8 ,affirmative1 #a2 negative1 #bd4 m4 ,is the assistant at the charging desk required to use a mark or initial of identification on the book card8 ,affirmative1 #aa2 negative1 #ae4 n4 n4#a4 ,do you stamp fiction and non-fiction on the same card8 ,affirmative1 #ab2 negative1 #e2 no distinction made1 #a4 n4#b4 ,do you stamp fiction and non-fiction on different parts of the same card8 ,affirmative1 #e4 n4#c4 ,in combination8 #c4 n4#d4 ,do you use the same colored ink for fiction and non-fiction8 ,affirmative1 #i2 negative1 #b4 o4 ,are the class numbers of non-fiction written on a teacher's or privilege card8 ,affirmative1 #e2 negative1 #d4 p4 ,how many places do you stamp--,book card8 ,borrower's card8 ,date flap8 ,book entry8 ,call slip8 #c stampings1 book card1 borrower's card1 date flap--#ab4 #b stampings1 book card1 borrower's card--#b4 #b stampings1 book card1 date flap--#c4 #b stampings1 call slip1 date flap--#c4 #a stamping1 call slip--#d4 #a stamping1 temporary book card--#a4 #a stamping1 borrower's pocket--#a4 q4 ,do you renew books more than once8 ,affirmative1 #aa2 negative1 #ad4 r4 ,do you renew books issued for #g days8 ,affirmative1 #c2 negative1 #ae4 s4 ,do you renew books issued for two weeks8 ,affirmative1 #ai2 negative1 #b4 t4 ,do you renew books issued for four weeks8 ,affirmative1 #ab2 negative1 #c4 u4 ,is the process of renewal like original charge8 ,affirmative1 #ai2 negative1 #b4 #c4 ,counting of ,circulation4 a4 ,do you verify your count by having it checked by a second person8 ,affirmative1 #c2 negative1 #ba2 no count kept1 #b4 b4 ,do you verify your filing in the same way8 ,affirmative1 #d2 negative1 #bj4 c4 ,are records kept in different departments combined daily in a single statistics record8 ,affirmative1 #aj2 negative1 #g2 daily and monthly1 #d2 yearly count1 #a4 d4 ,do you send collections of books for home circulation to places outside the library8 ,affirmative1 #af2 negative1 #aa4 e4#a4 ,do the custodians of these places furnish circulation figures8 ,affirmative1 #ad2 negative1 #c4 e4#b4 ,how often8 ,monthly1 #f2 bi-monthly1 #a2 yearly1 #c2 weekly1 #a4 f4 ,is any record kept of the reading 7not home circulation7 of these collections8 ,affirmative1 #b2 negative1 #ad4 g4 ,if no circulation figures are obtainable1 do you count the original collections sent as books issued8 ,affirmative1 #ac2 negative1 #d4 h4 is omitted4 i4 ,for what periods are such collections sent on deposit8 ,varied1 #af2 two months1 #b2 two weeks1 #a4 #d4 ,filing of cards4 a4#a4 ,are fiction and non-fiction cards separated under the day's issue8 ,affirmative1 #ab4 a4#b4 ,or are all cards filed in alphabetical order according to author or otherwise4 ,accession number1 #a2 author1 #b2 author and accession number1 #a2 borrower's name1 #b2 call number on slips1 #b2 class number1 #f2 title1 #a4 b4 ,do you use different colored book cards8 ,affirmative1 #ac2 negative1 #ad4 c4 ,do you have separate files for #g-;day cards1 or do you file them daily with #b-week books issued one week previously--also #d-week books issued #c weeks previously8 ,separate files1 #d2 no separate files1 #e2 filed daily with #b-week books issued one week previously1 #h4 d4 ,do you have separate files for cards issued to teachers8 ,for renewed books8 ,foreign books8 ,teachers--,affirmative1 #f2 negative1 #ag2 renewed books--,affirmative1 #a2 negative1 #bb2 foreign books--,none4 e4 ,do you use guide cards to separate the classes of non-fiction or do different classes have different book cards8 ,guide cards1 #b2 guide cards and colored book-cards1 #a2 colored book cards1 #d2 neither1 #ae4 f4 ,have you separate files for books loaned to staff members1 trustees1 etc48 ,affirmative1 #h2 negative1 #ai4 g4 ,are special records kept of books in quarantined houses8 ,affirmative1 #ad2 negative1 #ab4 h4 ,do you keep your file of collections loaned as deposits separate from ordinary circulation8 ,affirmative1 #ah2 negative1 #d4 #e4 ,discharging of books4 a4 ,do you stamp on borrower's card or slip the date book is returned8 ,affirmative1 #ae2 negative1 #b4 b4 ,do you keep on file at the library all cards of borrowers when in use8 ,affirmative1 #ad2 negative1 #ac4 ,when not in use8 ,affirmative1 #af2 negative1 #e4 c4 ,do you retain at the library a borrower's card on which there is a fine8 ,affirmative1 #af2 negative1 #a4 d4 ,do you issue receipts for books without cards8 ,affirmative1 #e2 negative1 #ag4 e4 ,do you give the receipt to the borrower to be returned with card for cancellation of date or do you keep file of such receipts at the library8 ,receipt file kept at library1 #d4 f4 ,do you discharge books before stamping off borrowers' cards8 ,affirmative1 #e2 negative1 #aj4 ,discharging and stamping off done at the same time1 #i4 g4 ,if not do you look up book cards overdue before you stamp off borrower's card8 ,affirmative1 #h2 negative1 #c4 h4 ,do you inspect book while borrower waits8 ,affirmative1 #ae2 negative1 #aa4 i4 ,are books discharged near your return desk or away from it8 ,near or at desk1 #bh4 j4 ,do you inspect carefully all books returned8 ,affirmative1 #ah2 negative1 #h4 k4 ,is this inspection made when books are discharged or when shelved8 ,when discharged1 #h2 before shelved1 #h2 at both times1 #c4 ,the most interesting thing brought out by this investigation is the fact that it has taken your committee two years to ascertain and tabulate the simple facts regarding methods of procedure1 in a very limited number of institutions1 in the performance of only two of the many operations that go to make up their current work4 ,from this it may be imagined how long and difficult a task it would be to carry out a really comprehensive survey of all the work of all kinds of libraries as currently performed4 ,and yet such a survey would appear to be a necessary preliminary to a study of the subject whose aims should be definite suggestions toward the improvement of this work in the direction of greater efficiency4 ,it would seem1 at present1 a task beyond this committee's powers1 although we may be prepared to take general advisory charge of such a work if others can be induced to undertake the details4 ,possibly some of the library schools may regard this as profitable employment for their students4 ,in the next place we are struck with the complete negative that our results place upon the general impression that the various details of modern library work are becoming--possibly even have already become--thoroughly standardized4 ,no one thinks1 of course1 that everyone does everything alike2 but we are apt to believe that there are now a few generally approved ways of doing each thing1 and that each library selects from these the one that suits its own conditions and limitations4 ,on the contrary1 we seem to be in an era of free experiment4 ,nothing in the two sets of operations that we have studied--not even the existence and value of the operations themselves--would appear to be regarded as sacred4 ,everyone has his own methods and is apparently satisfied1 either with them1 or with his own ways of departing from them and groping after something better4 ,we cannot regard this as altogether desirable4 ,doubtless no one most efficient way of doing any of these things can be settled upon1 so long as conditions differ1 but we cannot believe that differences so fundamental and complexities so varied as those revealed in this report are due merely to differing conditions1 and that each is the best in the place where it is practised4 ,we must conclude1 therefore1 that many of our libraries are doing these particular things1 and by inference others also1 in wasteful1 inefficient ways4 ,having made a survey of the facts1 the next step would be to inquire concerning all variations from a method selected as the simplest in each case--possibly accessioning as practised at ,pratt ,institute ,free ,library or the ,public ,library of the ,district of ,columbia and the charging system at ,pittsburgh or at ,east ,orange1 ,new ,jersey4 ,the cost of these variations in time and money and the skill necessary in carrying them out1 should be ascertained and the practical value of each1 if it has any1 should be found4 ,it may then be possible to select1 for a library of a given type1 a standard method of procedure1 which will be1 all things considered1 the most efficient for it4 ,in regard to cost1 the report of the sectional committee on the cost of cataloging1 to be made at this conference1 will doubtless throw some interesting light on the problem4 ,questionnaires ,the use of the questionnaire by this committee may require some justification in the light of the growing feeling among librarians that the multiplicity of such demands upon their time is becoming a nuisance2 and possibly some general recommendations on the use of library questionnaires may be in order4 ,we feel that the value of the questionnaire1 and the way in which it should be received1 regarded and disposed of1 depend primarily on the purpose for which it is intended and also largely on the skill and tact of the questioner4 ,we distinguish three main classes of library questionnaires3 7#a7 ,those intended to gather data for the information of librarians in general2 7#b7 those intended for the use of single libraries2 7#c7 those intended for the information of individuals4 ,those of the first class1 it seems to us1 it is the duty of all librarians to answer1 as far as possible4 ,they include questions sent out by ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 or state association committees and those put by individual libraries or librarians with a promise to publish the results or to put them into shape that will make them available to the public1 provided1 of course1 the information sought appears likely to be of value when tabulated4 ,questionnaires of the second class will generally be answered1 not so much as a matter of public duty as of personal courtesy4 ,they include requests from one librarian to another about details of administration for guidance in making improvements or alterations in method4 ,a librarian feels usually that it is good policy1 if nothing more1 to comply with such requests so far as his rules permit1 for he may at any time desire to make a similar request on his own part4 ,it is suggested1 however1 that whenever possible such data as these should be asked in a way1 and from a sufficient number of libraries1 to warrant throwing the results into a form that will make them generally available4 ,the third category includes most of the questionnaires that excite the ire of librarians and cause a feeling that questions of all kinds are nuisances demanding abatement4 ,they come from students writing theses1 from assistants preparing papers for local clubs1 from individuals obsessed with curiosity1 from reporters1 from persons of various degrees of irresponsibility4 ,there is no reason why any attention at all should be paid to these and we recommend librarians to return to them merely a stereotyped form of polite acknowledgement and refusal4 ,it is hoped that the ,headquarters of the ,association may become more and more the clearing house for systematized information of this kind1 saving thereby much wasteful duplication of material and effort4 ,we recommend that the originators of legitimate questionnaires send to ,headquarters before making up their list of questions1 to see how many can be answered in this way4 ,much of the feeling against questionnaires is due to lack of good judgment on the part of the framers4 ,it is obviously unfair to ask another librarian to answer questions that could be answered from the resources of the questioning library1 even if the latter would require a little more time and trouble4 ,a large proportion of the items in questionnaires of all three grades specified above are of this character4 ,if it is desired that all the answers shall appear in the same form on one sheet1 answers obtainable in the questioning library may be written in before sending out the list1 and the attention of the correspondent may be called to this fact4 ,in any case a statement should accompany the questionnaire that the information asked cannot be obtained by any other means at the asker's disposal4 ,in some cases questions are asked that require the collection of unusual data regarding the current work of the library4 ,the answers to such questions can evidently not be given1 even if the library is willing and anxious to undertake at once the additional work of collection1 until the expiration of the period for which the figures are asked--generally one year4 ,the usual method seems to be to send out such questions to a large number of libraries in the hope that a few will be able to answer them at once4 ,a better way would be to send out to a large number of libraries a statement of the desired data1 asking those willing to undertake their collection to notify the asker4 ,at the expiration of the period of collection the sender of the questions would then have accurate data and he would not expect them before the end of this period--whether one year or less4 ,it would seem to be unnecessary to remind those who receive and answer questionnaires that returned blanks should bear the name of the library to which they refer1 were it not for the fact that this is so often omitted4 ,in one recent case the name was given simply as ,carnegie library1 with no address4 ,briefly set forth1 the recommendations of this committee1 regarding the use of library questionnaires1 are1 then1 as follows3 7#a7 ,that questionnaires should always be for the information of librarians in general1 or for improving the service of one library in particular1 preferably the former4 7#b7 ,that no questions should be included that can be answered in the questioning library or at ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,headquarters4 7#c7 ,that questions requiring the collection of current data over a specified period of time be asked proportionately in advance of the report desired1 in cases where the data are not such as are usually recorded4 7#d7 ,that those who answer questionnaires be careful to include the name and address of their library4 ,labor ,saving ,devices ,it is a commonplace of library history that librarianship has contributed the card catalog idea to commercial life4 ,the library in turn is indebted to commercial life for many labor-saving devices4 ,very likely a few of the largest libraries utilize all available labor-saving devices to the utmost4 ,your committee is1 however1 of the opinion that the medium size and smaller libraries might reduce the cost of administration through the more general use of mechanical appliances4 ,we recommend that at a coming meeting of the ,association there be held an exhibition of all available competing labor-saving devices adapted to library use4 ,the assembled demonstration of such devices should prove most instructive to the members of the association and would itself be a time-saving device4 ,such an exhibition could probably not be advantageously assembled except in a large city4 ,your committee therefore recommends that either it or a special committee be authorized to arrange for such an exhibition and demonstration4 ,all of which is respectfully submitted4 ,committee on ,administration4 ,,committee ,,on ,,library ,,training ,at the beginning of the year the committee began the consideration of an outline1 prepared by the chairman1 of possible points considered in the proposed examination of library schools4 ,this outline was submitted to the members of the committee individually and valuable suggestions obtained and was afterwards discussed by such members of the committee as were present at the ,january meetings in ,chicago4 ,this outline which is appended to the present report is not to be considered as necessarily final1 for the committee invites criticisms and suggestions from other members of the profession4 ,what the committee desires if library schools are to be examined1 is that the schools should be examined from the point of view of the needs of the profession1 not simply from the point of view of the interests of the library schools4 ,the real vital questions lying at the foundation of the examination of library schools are these3 ,does this method of obtaining recruits for the profession give the best results which can be secured by such a method8 ,do the library school trained workers prove in actual experience that their training has been of the right sort8 ,these questions cannot be answered from an examination of the records of any one or even any half dozen library school graduates1 but only from the examination of many such records4 ,as was before said1 criticisms on the outline are invited from members of the profession and from any of the library schools1 as the desire of the committee is to make an absolutely thorough1 and impartial study of the whole library school problem4 ,at the ,january meeting in ,chicago the members of the committee were rejoiced to learn that the executive board had re-appropriated the appropriation for #aiab with a like amount for the work of #aiac4 ,with these financial limitations in mind the committee considered the question of an examiner1 and one having been agreed upon1 made the proposition with great confidence1 only after considerable delay to have it declined4 ,further search through the field discovered another person who seemed equally suitable and she was approached only to decline4 ,the real difficulty evidently lies in the fact that we are asking the examiner to undertake a large piece of professional work and practically offering only expenses and the cost of a substitute for the regular work during such times as it is necessary to leave it4 ,naturally enough1 it is not easy to find anyone willing to take this additional burden4 ,the committee now have in consideration other names and hope1 if reappointed1 to be able to announce an examiner before the beginning of the next library school year to such schools as indicate their readiness to receive an examination4 ,for the ,committee4 ,,azariah ,s4 ,,root1 ,chairman4 ,appendix ,scheme of ,efficiency ,tests for a ,library ,school 7,note4--,in its general outline this scheme is indebted to the admirable ,test of ,college ,efficiency prepared by ,dean ,charles ,n4 ,cole of ,oberlin ,college47 ,i4 ,,the ,,process ,,of ,,education ,a4 ,government and control of the school3 #a4 ,trustees3 7a7 ,how chosen4 ,fitness to direct library training2 7b7 ,tenure of office2 7c7 ,meetings1 how often2 7d7 ,ad interim power vested where2 7e7 ,determination of policy3 does it lie with trustees1 president1 director or faculty4 ,b4 ,equipment of the school3 #a4 ,connection with other educational work3 7a7 ,with college or university2 7b7 ,with other institutions2 #b4 ,connection with a library3 7a7 ,of what type2 7b7 ,what constituency and to what extent used2 7c7 ,how far equipped with modern library methods2 7d7 ,actual practice work in library by students2 #c4 ,bibliographical apparatus3 7a7 ,general reference books2 7b7 ,trade ,bibliographies2 7c7 ,special ,bibliographies2 7d7 ,library economy2 7e7 ,samples of library blanks and supplies2 #d4 ,housing3 7a7 ,recitation rooms2 7b7 ,study or work rooms2 7c7 ,rest and social rooms2 7d7 ,library facilities4 ,c4 ,administration of the school3 #a4 ,officers3 7a7 ,how many2 7b7 ,how obtained2 7c7 ,qualifications2 7d7 ,tenure of office2 7e7 ,estimate of work2 7f7 ,compensation2 7g7 ,vacation2 #b4 ,faculty3 7a7 ,do new teachers have a voice in determination of educational questions2 7b7 ,faculty meetings1 how often2 7c7 ,committees1 how many2 what duties4 ,d4 ,instruction in the school3 #a4 ,faculty3 7a7 ,how obtained2 7b7 ,qualifications2 7c7 ,tenure of office2 7d7 ,estimate and adjustment of work2 7e7 ,requirements of teachers2 7f7 ,number of hours of instruction given by each teacher in a school year2 7g7 ,compensation2 7h7 ,vacation2 7i7 ,what supervision of teachers' work2 #b4 ,students3 7a7 ,how admitted1 examination1 certificates1 etc42 7b7 ,how far does actual practice differ from catalog statements2 7c7 ,requirements for admission2 7d7 ,requirements for admission of students to advanced standing 7in two year courses72 #c4 ,supervision of student work3 7a7 ,regulation of amount of work2 7b7 ,guidance in choice of studies2 7c7 ,requirements for passing grade2 7d7 ,what is done about conditions and failures2 7e7 ,what methods for enforcing the regularity of work2 7f7 ,what provision for the individual help of weak students2 7g7 ,graduation2 7h7 ,records1 how kept1 etc42 #d4 ,curriculum3 7a7 ,arrangement and order of studies2 7b7 ,length of time devoted to each subject2 7c7 ,system of required studies2 7d7 ,system of electives2 7e7 ,what training for special fields of library work1 e4 g41 children's librarians1 legislative reference librarians1 etc4 #e4 ,class ,room ,work3 7a7 ,size of classes2 7b7 ,what part of the course is class room work2 7c7 ,method of conducting class room work2 #f4 ,practice ,work3 7a7 ,what part of course is practice work2 7b7 ,how revised and supervised2 7c7 ,what is the purpose in practice work2 7d7 ,is this purpose realized2 #g4 ,informal ,instruction3 7a7 ,lectures1 etc42 7b7 ,opportunities to see work of libraries2 7c7 ,actual experience in libraries other than that connected with the school4 ,e4 ,student ,life and ,work3 #a4 ,number of students3 #b4 ,work of students3 7a7 ,what seem to be the scholastic ideals of the students2 7b7 ,to what extent do the students seem to have professional enthusiasm2 7c7 ,what studies do they elect when there is an option2 7d7 ,outside activities of students2 7e7 ,social life and cultural development of students2 7f7 ,environment particularly with reference to breadth of culture2 7g7 ,room and board2 are students housed under sanitary and elevating conditions2 7h7 ,health2 7i7 ,social conditions and standing of students2 7j7 ,previous educational advantages2 7k7 ,literary1 musical and artistic opportunities during library school course2 7l7 ,opportunities to form personal relationships with members of the faculty4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,testing ,,of ,,school ,,work ,,in ,,practical ,,activity #a4 ,what has been the professional success of the graduates3 7a7 ,to what extent have they taken prominent places in the library world2 7b7 ,omitting as far as possible personal qualities1 is there any general characteristic stamping the students of the school2 7c7 ,do the interests of the graduates seem to be broadly professional1 or narrowly confined to a particular type of work which they have entered2 #b4 ,what has been the general intellectual standing of the graduates3 7a7 ,have they shown themselves equal to cope with their opportunities2 7b7 ,have they shown a range of interest which has enabled them to connect their work with that of philanthropic1 charitable1 sociological2 7c7 ,have they taken influential places in the towns in which they work4 ,,committee ,,on ,,work ,,with ,,the ,,blind ,the libraries which circulate embossed books have continued their services throughout the year with ever increasing results1 the largest circulation having been attained by the ,new ,york public library1 which circulated #ba1ich books and pamphlets4 ,the ,free library of ,philadelphia sent out #ag1gjf volumes2 the ,carnegie library of ,pittsburgh1 #c1bah2 the ,perkins ,institution1 #f1jjj2 ,wilmington1 ,delaware1 #efg4 ,library of ,congress4 ,the most important event in the history of the ,reading ,room for the ,blind during the year was the appointment of ,mrs4 ,gertrude ,t4 ,rider as ,assistant in charge4 ,perkins ,institution4 ,the school is now in its new home where the library is housed in commodious quarters1 and is in charge of a trained librarian from ,albany1 ,miss ,laura ,m4 ,sawyer1 and a trained assistant from ,simmons1 ,miss ,louise ,p4 ,hunt1 who devote their time to the care of the valuable special collection in ink print about the blind as well as to the circulation of embossed books4 ,new ,york ,state ,library4 ,eight new titles in ,new ,york point were embossed for the ,new ,york state library in #aiab and an additional list of well chosen titles is now in press for #aiac4 ,saginaw1 ,w4 ,s41 ,michigan4 ,the ,free lending library for the blind has asked the legislature for #b1jjj to replenish the collection with new books4 ,of #bjb borrowers the librarian reports that #aag persons have drawn no reading matter during the latter half of the year4 ,california ,state ,library4 ,mr4 ,charles ,s4 ,greene1 of the committee1 sends the following report of the work of the ,state library and the ,san ,francisco reading room3 ,the ,california state library for the blind wishes to report progress during the last year4 ,although we have had very little money to buy books1 accessions have increased from #b1cji1 ,april #a1 #aiab1 to #b1fei ,april #a1 #aiac1 mainly through gifts and the regular receipt of magazines4 ,borrowers have increased from #dge to #eej4 ,the most satisfactory advance1 however1 has been in the increased use the blind borrowers are making of the library in borrowing all kinds of writing appliances and games to try before buying and in asking information on all subjects of interest to them4 ,such questions as what occupations are followed by the blind1 and where different articles for their use can be purchased1 are constantly being asked4 ,with an increase in the ,state library fund1 which the present legislature will probably grant1 it is hoped to buy all the new publications as fast as possible1 as well as to complete our collection of appliances for the blind4 ,the ,san ,francisco reading room and library for the blind has about #djj volumes4 ,it conducts an emporium for the sale of articles made by the blind and teaches ,braille reading and writing1 ,braille stenography1 weaving1 basketry and broom making4 ,pennsylvania4 ,all borrowers residing in the western part of the state are now supplied with books from the ,carnegie library of ,pittsburgh2 those residing in the eastern part of the state have the use of books deposited with the ,free library of ,philadelphia by the ,pennsylvania home teaching society4 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,miss ,smith1 of the committee1 sends the following report3 ,there seems to be nothing new here in the library work for the blind4 ,the ,clovernook ,home1 which is to be opened ,may #cj1 has absorbed the attention largely of ,miss ,trader and her sister and this spring the flood interfered somewhat with the meetings at the library4 ,minnesota4 ,miss ,carey1 of the committee1 writes as follows of the work in ,minnesota3 ,as far as ,i know the entire work of providing books for the blind in this state is done through the ,school for the ,blind at ,faribault4 ,the library there is in excellent condition1 being on a wholly modern basis as to classification and details of management4 ,it is open throughout the year and circulates to outside readers on an average #be books a month4 ,there are #hj regular readers outside the institution and about #ij in residence this year4 ,as the school is small this is a large number4 ,the librarian in charge is one of the teachers and for years in this school it has been considered something of an honor to hold this position1 although it is by no means a sinecure4444 ,the library work is always stimulated by the annual summer school for adult blind which brings in new readers each year4 ,at the close of the session the pupils1 many of them1 become patrons of the library 'for good4' ,new ,publications4 ,since the first embossed book was issued in ,philadelphia in #ahcc1 the publishing of literature in raised print has been increased until there are now #af presses in active use in this country4 ,the record of new publications for #aiab is as follows3 ,american ,braille1 #ef titles in ,english2 #b titles in ,german4 ,new ,york point1 #ad titles1 of which #h were embossed by the ,new ,york state library4 ,in ,european ,braille new titles have been issued in ,england and ,scotland2 in ,moon type #aa titles have been added and #aj other titles are in press4 ,the ,catholic ,review1 monthly1 published by the ,xavier free publication society for the blind1 #hbd ,oakdale ,avenue1 ,chicago1 ,ill41 in ,american ,braille4 ,the ,illuminator1 a quarterly ,braille magazine1 published by the ,holmes-,schenley literary society of the ,western ,pennsylvania ,institution for the ,blind1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,society for the ,promotion of ,church ,work ,among the ,blind4 ,volumes #c and #d of the music of the ,hutchins' ,hymnal have been finished and copies distributed to a number of the leading circulating libraries where the volumes will be available to those who may not wish to purchase them4 ,bible ,training ,school1 ,south ,lancaster1 ,mass4 ,some friends of the blind1 in looking over the catalogs of books in different libraries for the blind1 were impressed with the small amount of ,christian literature that had been placed in the embossed type1 especially in ,new ,york point and ,american ,braille1 so the plan was conceived of creating a fund and printing one book after another as the funds would accumulate1 placing them in the circulating libraries throughout the ,united ,states4 ,to obtain the volumes in ,new ,york point and ,american ,braille1 free of charge1 address ,mrs4 ,s4 ,n4 ,haskell1 ,south ,lancaster1 ,mass4 ,gould ,free ,library for the ,blind1 #eee ,east #fth ,street1 ,south ,boston1 ,mass4 ,the library is working under the auspices of the ,international ,bible ,students' ,association headquarters1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 which supplies financial aid in the main1 while donations have been accepted from outsiders4 ,our books are all ,bible studies1 very helpful and appreciated by the blind4 ,we circulated #c1dgd books and pamphlets last year in the three point systems and a few books in ,line type and ,moon type4 ,free ,theosophical ,circulating ,library for the ,blind1 #cb ,waverly ,street1 ,everett1 ,mass41 has issued three titles in ,american ,braille2 also a monthly paper of #g or #h pages4 ,new postal law4 ,under an act of ,congress of ,august #bd1 #aiab1 magazines1 periodicals and other regularly issued publications in raised letters for the blind1 which contain no advertisements and for which no subscription fee is charged1 shall be transmitted in the ,u4 ,s4 mails free of postage and under such regulations as the ,postmaster ,general may prescribe4 ,the ,twelfth ,convention of ,workers for the ,blind will be held in ,jacksonville1 ,illinois1 ,june #bd-bg1 #aiac1 and among those who will attend the conference are several representatives from public libraries interested in the circulation of embossed literature4 ,miss ,l4 ,a4 ,goldthwaite1 of the ,new ,york public library1 has been asked to conduct a round table4 ,in the general discussion of the subject of catalogs for the blind it is hoped to obtain the best opinion of those in attendance upon the most convenient form for such catalogs or finding lists for use by those who read by touch4 ,the ,library of ,congress1 the ,new ,york public library1 the ,brooklyn public library1 the ,new ,york state library1 the ,free library of ,philadelphia1 as well as institutions for the blind1 will be represented by the assistants in charge of the circulation of embossed books4 ,at this conference there will be given the report of the ,uniform ,type ,committee appointed at the ,overbrook conference in #aiaa4 ,the two agents of that committee1 who made an extended tour of this country from ,may1 #aiab1 until ,february1 #aiac1 visited many schools and other institutions for the blind and tested over #ijj readers in one or more of the three systems--,new ,york point1 ,american ,braille and ,british ,braille4 ,scientific tests to determine the best size of type1 spacing1 etc41 have been made to establish a standard or uniform system of writing and printing4 ,the recommendations of the committee have been reserved until the meeting of the ,american ,association of ,workers for the ,blind at ,jacksonville2 they are awaited with interest by all4 ,,emma ,r4 ,n4 ,,delfino1 ,chairman4 ,the ,,president3 ,as you will see from your printed programs we are privileged this morning to receive an accredited delegate from the ,library ,association of the ,united ,kingdom1 and it is our especial pleasure to greet as this accredited delegate an old friend of ,american librarians4 ,he was with us at the ,conference of #aijd1 and we have since that time watched with a great deal of interest the strong1 splendid work which is manifest in the library over which he presides4 ,i have the honor of introducing to you this morning the ,honorary ,secretary of the ,library ,association of the ,united ,kingdom and the accredited delegate from that organization1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,,stanley ,,jast1 chief librarian of the ,croydon ,public ,libraries4 ,mr4 ,,bowker3 ,and1 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i move that we receive our welcome guest from the ,l4 ,a4 ,u4 ,k4 by a rising vote of welcome4 ,mr4 ,jast spoke as follows3 ,,present ,,conditions ,,and ,,tendencies ,,of ,,library ,,work ,,in ,,great ,,britain ,mr4 ,president1 ladies and gentlemen3 ,i should like first of all to express the peculiar personal pleasure ,i feel at being privileged for the second time to attend a conference of the ,american ,library ,association4 ,as you have said1 sir1 it was my pleasure in #aijd to attend a meeting of your body1 then as now the accredited delegate of my ,association1 but that meeting of #aijd was1 as you know1 an international meeting1 and an international meeting anywhere is apt to take on general rather than special characteristics1 and ,i have long wished to be present at an ordinary meeting of the ,american ,library ,association1 so that ,i might see for myself how you conduct your work and hear you discussing your own problems in your own way4 ,so that ,i trust1 ,mr4 ,president and ladies and gentlemen1 that you will kindly forget that ,a chiel's amang ye takin' notes4 ,iam authorized by the ,council of the ,library ,association to extend to you1 sir1 and the members present their very heartiest greetings and to express on their behalf their high appreciation not only of the special invitation which you sent to them to send a delegate but for the extremely generous offer of hospitality which was attached thereto4 ,my ,council felt that to such an invitation only one response is possible and that was to accept4 ,we were in hope that ,mr4 ,henry ,r4 ,tedder1 who is the chairman of the ,council of the ,library ,association and its honorary treasurer and an ex-president1--and otherwise the secretary of the ,athenaeum ,club1--would have come as our delegate1 because ,mr4 ,tedder's importance is intrinsic and not like mine purely adventitious and depending wholly upon the office which ,i at the moment have the privilege to hold2 but it was impossible for ,mr4 ,tedder to come on this occasion and1 ladies and gentlemen1 ,i am the best that we can do for you at this time4 ,but ,i am happy to say that it is the general feeling of the ,council that in future we should not let many meetings of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4--at all events in the eastern states--go by without sending one or more members of our ,association to be present at them4 ,i do not think that there is anything from which our ,association is likely to get a more valuable return than by the visits of some of its more prominent members to ,america in order that they may see for themselves and not merely read about what you are doing1 and how you are doing it and get some knowledge of the conditions under which you are working1 of your achievements and of your difficulties1 and so bring to library work in ,great ,britain that added power which must inevitably come from a wider knowledge4 ,so that ,i trust that the imperfections of the present delegate will be overlooked1 in the hope not only of more but of better to come4 ,i am also requested by my ,council to extend a very hearty invitation to the members of the ,american ,library ,association to attend the annual meeting of the ,library ,association to be held in #aiad4 ,that meeting will almost certainly be held at ,oxford1 by invitation of the ,university and of the city4 ,i need not of course point out the extreme suitability of the city of ,oxford for a meeting of librarians1 nor the attractions which ,oxford must possess for everyone who likes an atmosphere of ancient learning and who revels in the architectural glories of a bygone day4 ,so we hope that as many of you as possible will come over there for that meeting in order that we may make of it a sort of ,americo-,anglican conference4 ,observe the order1 please1 in which ,i mention those words4 ,i draw special attention to that because ,i believe ,i have somewhat of a reputation for an absence of tact on these occasions--at any rate among our own members4 ,when ,i informed ,mr4 ,utley that ,i was coming he was good enough to write me a letter1 which ,i received just before ,i sailed1 and he asked--not knowing me very well of course1 or he might not have been so liberal in his invitation--that ,i should talk to you on any subject ,i liked4 ,i thought that it would be best perhaps if ,i should say something about the present conditions of library work in ,great ,britain4 ,of course it is impossible1 in an address lasting only a few minutes1 to cover anything like the whole field1 and if ,i did attempt it ,i should only bore you4 ,but you may be interested in one or two of the outstanding features of our recent work1 because they throw light upon conditions which are in many respects very different from yours4 ,first of all1 there are two features in what ,i may perhaps call the domestic situation1 which to us are of considerable significance4 ,the most important step which the ,library ,association as an association has ever taken has been the recent reorganization of its membership along the lines of the professional qualifications of the members4 ,in our old grouping we took no account whatever of whether a member of the ,association was a professional librarian or merely a member of a library committee or just a person interested in library work4 ,the honorary fellows of the ,association and the fellows were any persons1 whether librarians or not1 whose names would add dignity and importance to the ,association1 or who had distinguished themselves by some special service rendered to the ,association or the movement as a whole4 ,then in addition ,mr4 ,tedder himself had a small group of what he called very honorary fellows who were the honorary fellows who insisted on paying their annual dues4 ,that was an entirely private group of ,mr4 ,tedder's4 ,now we have changed all that4 ,fellows and members of the ,association are now professional librarians only1 and non-professional librarians are known as associate members4 ,the privileges of membership including the power to vote and to serve on the ,council are shared equally by all members of the ,association4 ,the fellows consist in the main of librarians only1 but there is a small sprinkling of deputy and sub-librarians4 ,the by-law referring to fellows who do not hold chief positions states that they must be librarians of approved status1 but we interpret that phrase approved status in the widest possible way4 ,the members consist of assistant librarians--all those assistant librarians who are not in the small group of fellows2 they must be twenty-five years of age and have had six years' experience4 ,that is so at the moment4 ,but after the #cast day of ,december1 #aiad1 only librarians who possess the diploma of the ,association will be entitled to fellowship1 and in order to receive the diploma you must have taken in addition to possessing practical experience in an approved library1 the six examinations held by the ,association1 have obtained the six certificates1 have gone through if necessary a vive voce examination and have submitted a thesis4 ,then professional librarians who possess four out of the six certificates will be entitled to membership4 ,a good deal of criticism has been leveled at the scheme owing to the fact that the librarian of some pettifogging little library1 with perhaps a total rate income of a couple of hundred a year or even less1 because he is a chief in a small way1 is entitled to fellowship1 while an assistant in a big library system1 who may have infinitely more responsibility1 is only entitled to membership4 ,but we had to begin somewhere and we had to draw the line somewhere and we drew the line at the sub-librarian1 because when we got below the sub-librarian we should not know where on earth we were1 because there is no accepted nomenclature of library positions in our country4 ,i do not know whether there is in yours4 ,sub-librarian does not always mean the same thing4 ,the term chief assistant is used in a very different way in different libraries4 ,moreover1 the ,privy ,council would not have approved these by-laws unless we had opened the door as widely as possible to the holders of all existing chief positions4 ,there is one weak point so far which we have discovered in our scheme4 ,we have no provision for non-professional members corresponding to professional fellowship among the professional members1 but we have a new by-law now before the ,privy ,council creating a group of associate fellows and the associate fellowship will be conferred upon chairmen of library committees and upon non-professional members of the ,association who have served the ,association in some definite capacity as members of the ,council or in some other way4 ,that1 ,i think1 then is the most important domestic thing that we have ever done because we have now made the beginnings at all events of a definite organization of the profession4 ,the other important thing will not have the same interest for you1 but ,i mention it because it throws light upon our own conditions4 ,we have settled1 by a new by-law1 the relations of branch associations to the parent body4 ,until recently we had a by-law which merely provided that branches in any particular district may be formed but it did not state what the powers of the branches were1 and owing to that absence of definition we have suffered for a great many years past from a considerable amount of trouble4 ,one or two of the branches grew considerably in recent years1 in numbers and in importance2 and they began to resent the fact1 the inevitable fact of course1 that for the most part the actual work of running the ,association fell upon the members of the ,council who were resident in ,london or near it4 ,it may seem absurd to you to speak of the distance of ,london from the great provincial centers in ,great ,britain1 but it is not absurd1 because every country measures distance on its own scale1 and to all intents and purposes ,manchester is just as far from ,london as ,chicago is from ,new ,york--because we think it is4 ,as ,hamlet says1 you will remember--anticipating ,mrs4 ,eddy by several centuries-- ,there is nothing either good or bad1 but thinking makes it so4 ,and as an illustration of the result of this friction ,i may mention that in ,london1 at the library school--which is hardly a library school because it has not the organization that your schools have1 so ,i ought not to use that term really1 but a department of library lectures at the ,london ,school of ,economics and ,political ,science1 which is a department of the ,university of ,london2 at these lectures all persons are admissible whether they are librarians or not1 but at similar lectures in the provinces everybody was excluded who was not already engaged in library work4 ,so that you had the absurd situation that while the parent body was running one policy at headquarters you had branch associations running an entirely different policy in their own centers4 ,the question of the open door1 as it was termed1 was a very hotly debated one at one time in our ,association4 ,well1 the general effect of the stress between the branches and the ,council was of course bad1 each branch being a more or less permanent storm center4 ,while no absolute harm was done perhaps1 and while the fireworks let off at the annual meetings were of a more or less harmless character1 at the same time we had a general condition of irritation which affected injuriously the work of the ,association as a whole4 ,now we have done away with that1 very largely at all events1 at least1 we hope1 by a new by-law1 the main points of which are these3 ,first of all1 membership of a branch association includes membership of the parent body2 the parent body receiving the subscription to the branch association returns to the branch association a rebate of so much a head for the expenses of the branch and1 most important of all1 the constitution and by-laws of a branch must be approved by the headquarters council and must in no case conflict with the by-laws and constitution of the parent body4 ,the ,council meets monthly1 ,i may say1 and one of the quarterly meetings is held on the occasion of the annual meeting4 ,so that means that the expenses of the provincial members are paid to three of the quarterly meetings held during the year2 and all the important business--especially contentious business--is relegated to those quarterly meetings4 ,leaving the domestic question and coming to the library situation as a whole in ,great ,britain1 ,i think that the phrase marking time fairly describes it4 ,the public libraries in the ,united ,kingdom have accomplished1 ,i think1 great things with extremely limited means4 ,but though the first library act was passed in #ahej1 though the libraries have since then justified themselves many times over1 though the demands made upon the libraries have gone on increasing time after time1 yet the libraries are still strangled by the statutory limitation of one-penny-in-the-pound on the tax leviable for library purposes which was imposed not by the ,ewart ,act of #ahej1 which limited the rate to a halfpenny1 but by the amending act of #ahee4 ,it is quite true that about forty of the large towns of the country have promoted special parliamentary bills giving them power to levy a rate of two-pence or even more in the pound1 but in very few cases is two-pence actually levied1 and of course it is the smaller towns1 which can not face the expense of promoting special legislation1 which really need greater rating powers even more than the larger boroughs4 ,as the incidence of a library tax in ,great ,britain is quite different from yours ,i may perhaps give you some general idea of what it means by taking the case of my own town1 simply because ,i happen to remember the facts more clearly4 ,croydon is a town in the outer ,london ring1 with a population of #agd1beg people4 ,its income from the penny rate is a little over #d1jjj sterling4 ,it circulates about #eee1jjj volumes per annum and its fiction percentage is about fifty4 ,whether that is something to be apologized for or not ,i am not quite clear1 after the president's address of last evening4 ,then one has to remember that the ratable value of a place like ,croydon is a good deal higher than the ratable value of most of the provincial towns4 ,but those figures will give you a general idea of the yield of the penny-in-the-pound rate4 ,a rate of that kind results1 you will easily see1 in the case of the smaller towns1 in a condition of genteel poverty1 and in the case of many small towns of absolute hopeless starvation4 ,and this unfortunate position has been accentuated by the tremendous growth of branches in recent years4 ,of the three b's which constitute a library--building1 brains and books1--the ordinary ,british rate-payer thinks mainly of buildings4 ,the building usually does not cost him anything1 because he gets it from ,mr4 ,carnegie1 and it is something to look at and something we've got for our ward1 don't you know1 books will drop from the sky1 and anyhow you don't require brains to hand books over a counter4 ,hence1 from this you have a town1 which will perhaps support1 in passable efficiency1 one central building and two branches1 endeavoring to support one central building perhaps and six branches1 and so on4 ,hence the limited book funds which we have in our libraries and hence on the whole the poorly remunerated library staffs4 ,and that brings me to a point which it was suggested to me by one of your members ,i should say something about1 and that is the position of women in ,english public libraries4 ,i am not going to express any opinion on the subject of women in libraries4 ,after all1 as ,george ,bernard ,shaw says somewhere1 opinions are really only serious when you act on them1 and my capacity for courage has never been equal to the task of acting upon many of my opinions4 ,but as things are at present1 a number of libraries employ women assistants4 ,there are very few places where women are chief librarians2 there are a few in the quite small towns4 ,there are very few libraries which have women sub-librarians or deputy-librarians4 ,these are almost invariably men4 ,but the number of women employed in secondary and tertiary positions in ,english public libraries is considerable and is very definitely increasing4 ,and whether that be a good thing or a bad thing1 ,i am quite clear about this1 that it is increasing for the wrong reason4 ,women are employed in ,english public libraries not because they are better1 but because they are cheaper--with the unfortunate result that the increase of women in the library staffs tends necessarily to lower the already low average of salaries paid4 ,the ,library ,association have long recognized of course that the root of all our present difficulties lies in the limitation on the library income1 and in order to do away with that they have been promoting for the last three or four years or more a library bill1 the main clause of which permits a town to levy a rate1 not exceeding two-pence-in-the-pound1 that is exactly double the present amount4 ,when we originally drafted the bill we did away with the limitation altogether1 but we have now put a limitation in order to placate possible opposition4 ,that bill has been already read once before the present parliament--but the first reading of course is a purely formal matter2 it is the second reading which is the crucial one2 and owing to the exasperating nature of the orders of the ,house of ,commons any one member has only to rise in his seat and say1 ,i object1 to a private member's bill for that bill to be labeled contentious business and for its second reading to be deferred to the ,greek kalends1 owing of course to the enormous number of private members' bills and to the growing inefficiency of the ,house of ,commons as a legislating machine4 ,it is choked with bills and it can not adequately attend to the thousand-and-one matters which call for its attention4 ,the best chance for the bill would be for the government to grant facilities for it4 ,if they would do that ,i have not the slightest doubt that the bill would pass because so far as we can see there is little or no serious opposition to it2 but we can not get it discussed4 ,the unfortunate fact seems to be that the government will not worry about anything which does not sway votes4 ,nobody is going to get excited about a library bill4 ,if it is true that there is no particular opposition to it1 it is also true that there is no crowd of electors passionately demanding it4 ,then we suffer to a considerable extent in ,great ,britain from the attitude of the superior people to the public library4 ,in ,america all the superior people are sympathetic with the public library--apparently so anyhow4 ,in ,england usually they sneer at it4 ,why1 ,heaven knows6 ,only the other day a cabinet minister who was considered to be a friend of ours1 whose name before he reached cabinet rank was actually a backer to a bill on similar lines to the present one1 in a meeting which he addressed referred to the country as being drenched with public libraries4 ,i think his point was the far greater importance of public wash-houses or something of that sort4 ,and1 as ,i say1 he used the extremely unpleasant1 and peculiarly unappropriate adjective drenched4 ,now of course no one objects to a cabinet minister talking nonsense4 ,after all1 what else can you talk to a popular audience in politics but nonsense8 ,but this particular variety is pernicious nonsense4 ,the press1 of course1 with their usual avidity for seizing on anything silly1 print that sort of thing ad nauseam and a good deal of real harm is done and difficulty created4 ,i think the minister in question has stated somewhere that he owes a great part of his own education to the public library4 ,mr4 ,carnegie has said the same thing4 ,behold how differently men requite the benefits they have received6 ,well1 ,mr4 ,president and ladies and gentlemen1 ,i have perhaps given you the idea that ,i take a rather pessimistic view of library conditions at the present moment in ,great ,britain1 but that is not so at all--most emphatically not so4 ,i am absolutely convinced that the future of the public library in ,great ,britain is as certain as it is with you1 and though the next step forward may be delayed1 the longer it is delayed the bigger that step will be when it is taken4 ,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,honorary ,secretary and our ,guest3 ,i would that the gift of speech had been given me that ,i might adequately express to you the sense of appreciation that we all feel for your coming1 for your gracious words of greeting in behalf of your ,association and for the view that you have given us of not only the conditions that obtain in ,great ,britain but also what the future holds forth for the libraries of your country4 ,in our ,american assemblages it is customary1 when some procedure is taken that no one is particularly interested in1 to pass it by2 but when something transpires that requires further and more careful thought it is our parliamentary custom to refer this to a committee4 ,in this particular case ,i am sure that ,i am meeting the wish of the ,association as well as my own personal desire when ,i refer your splendid message to a committee of the whole1 consisting of all the librarians present1 all the members who have unavoidably been kept at home and that other1 smaller group who come within the classification of ,mr4 ,dewey's private collections4 ,what you have said to us1 sir1 has emphasized to us particularly that not only is there in the relationship between your libraries in ,great ,britain and ours in this country a kinship of interest1 brought about through identical language1 and a kinship of literature1 but also there are common aims and aspirations4 ,just as the language is subject to local variations1 due to the customs of geographical centers1 so there are differences in method perhaps4 ,but1 after all1 we are each1 in our own way1 attempting to do the same things and to achieve a common purpose4 ,i trust1 sir1 that you will convey to your associates in ,great ,britain our gratitude for the kindly expressions which you have brought to us from them1 and we venture the hope that we shall be enabled to carry forward the splendid precedent which has been set in your coming4 ,as you glance at the names of those who are to participate at this session1 you will note that this is practically ,new ,york ,day2 the one1 sole participant who is credited to another part of the country is after all perhaps merely loaned to ,missouri1 because he is a graduate of the ,new ,york library school4 ,i shall ask the ,first ,vice-,president1 ,mr4 ,anderson1 to preside over the rest of this meeting4 ,the ,,first ,,vice-,,president3 ,ladies and gentlemen1 ,i can take that kind of punishment with great composure4 ,the subject for the regular program this morning1 as you all know1 is work with foreigners and with the colored races4 ,i have the honor to be a neighbor of the first speaker and ,i may say to you confidentially that she has recently moved a mile or two farther away from me without adequate explanation4 ,the author of ,the ,promised ,land needs no introduction to this audience4 ,all of you have read with enthusiasm and appreciation the chapter of her book in which she testifies to the value of the service of the ,boston public library to her4 ,it gives me very great pleasure to introduce to you ,,mary ,,antin1 who will talk to you on ,,the ,,immigrant ,,in ,,the ,,library ,it is very difficult to be interesting or impressive while telling people things that they already know4 ,i won't try to do that4 ,any one of you sitting in this audience could tell me a great deal more about the immigrant in the library than ,i can possibly tell you4 ,what ,i am going to do is to ask you to have in mind what you know about the immigrant1 to call up the figure of the immigrant in your libraries as you have seen him daily1 and test by your knowledge what ,i have to say4 ,you know better than ,i do in what numbers the immigrants come to your libraries1 how much of their time they spend there1 what books they seek there4 ,what ,i want to ask you is to share your knowledge of these things with as many people as possible2 tell your neighbors every time you have a chance what the immigrant does in the library4 ,every little while we begin anew the discussion of the immigrant--to let him in1 or not to let him in--and all sorts of arguments are presented on both sides4 ,representatives of various organizations--capitalistic1 unionistic or what-not--hurry their advocates to ,congress to speak for or against1 on this side and on that side4 ,i want to ask you to see to it that the knowledge that you have of the immigrant is also widely spread on such occasions4 ,the caricaturist is always ready with his pencil to give us pictures of the immigrant in various amusing poses--more or less true1 more or less false2 the interesting author of the comic paragraph is always there2 the artist of the vaudeville stage1 and enthusiasts of one sort and another--enemies or friends of the immigrant--are ready to speak up whenever the question comes up4 ,you have a fund of knowledge on the subject which is very special1 very different4 ,bring it out on every occasion6 ,when the gentlemen in ,congress want to pass a law to hold up the immigrant at the gate because he cannot read fifty lines of our ,constitution1 say to them1 ,hold6 ,wait and see what the immigrant's boys and girls will read when they are let loose in a public library4 ,remind them that the ability to read is not in itself a test of intellectuality4 ,you know scores1 hundreds of boys and girls of educated1 cultured ,american families who do not take such an interest in your libraries as the boys and girls of these illiterate immigrants4 ,you know what you know4 ,please tell it so loudly that every one may hear4 ,talk about the five-foot shelf of classics6 ,is it not true that the boys and girls of the immigrants swallow it whole and make no boast about it8 ,why1 they are saturated with the classics the minute they get a chance4 ,the mere ability to read--what does that amount to8 ,you know what book the immigrant calls for4 ,every little while ,i read a short paragraph in the ,new ,york papers telling that the ,east ,side branches of the public library have the greatest circulation of the classics4 ,i would like to see those little paragraphs enlarged1 printed big and spread where everybody can see them4 ,we need to know these things4 ,please let me speak today as an ,american1 and not as an immigrant4 ,i wish ,i could efface from your memory this once the knowledge of my origin4 ,don't make allowances for what ,i say because of what ,i was4 ,i am not speaking as an immigrant making an appeal for the immigrants4 ,i am speaking to you as an ,american4 ,my credentials are these3 ,i have been with you nearly twenty years4 ,my father was an ,americanized citizen before ,i got here and ,i married a native ,american4 ,please accept me as an ,american today4 ,let me speak as one of yourselves4 ,we are so ready to classify people by externals--by their habits1 their customs1 by the way they dress1 by their gestures4 ,why1 a better test of a man than the way in which he makes a living is the way in which he spends his leisure2 and to that you can testify in the case of the immigrant4 ,to gain our bread and butter we are forced to do this1 that1 and the other thing4 ,but nobody drives us into the public library if the saloon is across the way4 ,speak up and tell to which door the immigrant turns in his leisure hours4 ,people of dainty habits are disgusted with the personal habits of the poor foreigners4 ,they have noticed a smell of herring and onions in the ,east ,side of ,new ,york4 ,the smell of onions1 my friends1 can be driven out1 but a mean habit of mind is harder to eradicate4 ,many gentlemen who feast daintily on caviar content themselves with the sensational newspaper or the trashy novel4 ,are they superior to the hired laborers who feast on boiled potatoes and herring and onions and have a volume of the classics propped up before them while they eat8 ,there are people who object to the uncouth manners of the alien4 ,it would do us good to make a study of the natural history of the personal habits of the immigrants4 ,there is a reason for the shrug of the shoulders1 for the gestures that are so easily caricatured4 ,they have a history1 way back1 that it would do us good to realize4 ,you workers in the libraries1 you see the immigrant in hundreds1 you see him off guard2 for a man in his hours of relaxation is not posing2 you see the alien as he is at least on one side of his nature4 ,let your neighbors know what you know about the immigrant4 ,whenever testimony is being taken on the subject1 let your voice be as loud as any4 ,almost every day you will read in your favorite paper letters to the editor1 about the immigrant peril2 how the foreigners lower our standard of life1 demoralize our habits1 spoil the manners of our children in the public schools4 ,some of these things are true1 to a certain extent4 ,but you1 under whose observation the immigrant comes1 and the immigrant's children1 ought to be ready with an explanation of many of these things1 and you ought to be ready to suggest a remedy4 ,you know what kind of homes these immigrant children come from1 and that explains a great deal4 ,you sit there and agree with me1 ,i can see by your faces4 ,you nod and you smile and you turn to one another1 as much as to say1 ,that is so4 ,don't tell it to me6 ,i know it66 ,tell it to those who do not know it4 ,a few days ago ,i received a delegation of boys and girls from the nearest village high school4 ,they represented the debating clubs of their school4 ,they were preparing a debate on the subject of immigration1 and who could help them except ,i8 ,we talked very earnestly for about an hour at my fireside about this perennial question1 and these young people took me at my word and were very much in earnest about what ,i had to say and in the way in which they received what ,i had to say4 ,that is all right4 ,as a subject for discussion in the high schools that question may be made immortal1 but as a subject for national agitation it ought to be laid at rest4 ,why is it that certain questions have been settled once and for all and others are always being reopened8 ,those questions are settled finally which are considered in relation to their underlying principles4 ,let us not confine ourselves to the superficial aspect of the immigration question4 ,every once in a while1 when we come to moralize about these immigrants--there are too many of them1 they come from the wrong quarters of the globe1 and what not--let us ask ourselves1 ,is that the real thing that concerns us1 or is there something at the bottom of this agitation that ought to receive attention first8 ,are we really afraid that the immigrant is going to take the bread from our mouths8 ,if so1 let us stop and think about it4 ,it is the law of nature that the best man shall come out ahead4 ,are we going to stop the immigrant by temporarily locking the door1 while we have possession of the key8 ,it will not be for long4 ,right to the end it is going to be a struggle between the better and the worse1 and the better will get ahead4 ,we need not be afraid that the immigrants will take the bread from our mouths if we see to it that we are equally able or better able than they to earn our bread4 ,it is said they are taking the earth from under our feet4 ,not if we are strong enough to stand and hold our ground4 ,if they are getting the better of us1 it is because they are better than we1 or else1 if that is not so1 then they can not be getting the better of us1 and we need not be afraid of them4 ,we will never settle this question until we are willing to consider it along fundamental lines4 ,did our forefathers1 when they launched the declaration that all men were created free and equal1 refer to the few hundreds or few thousands of people who were then in this country8 ,why1 in that case1 many of you are here only as guests6 ,was there any thought in their minds that of all the people in the world1 those who happened to get in here before they set to work to compose the ,declaration of ,independence were the ones who were born free and equal1 and with equal opportunities1 and all the rest of mankind with limitations8 ,you heartily approve the sentiments expressed in our ,constitution and our ,declaration of ,independence4 ,how then can you limit the application of their principles8 ,when did the day dawn when it was time to shut the gate8 ,when did the hour arrive when we could say that all those of free and equal origin were already here and the rest could stay outside8 ,i don't know at what moment immigrants begin to be immigrants and not pilgrims and voyagers for spiritual freedom4 ,people were surprised at a phrase ,i used not long ago1 and quoted it right and left1 as if ,i had made a great discovery1 when ,i said that every ship that brings over the immigrants is another ,mayflower4 ,why1 ,i can not think of it in any other terms4 ,ships are now made to run with steam instead of with sails1 and our forefathers did not come in the steerage because the ,mayflower wasn't built that way4 ,you see ,i am not sticking to my text--a proof of an inexperienced speaker4 ,but ,i am not a speaker4 ,i am a witness on the witness stand4 ,i have been called from the ranks to testify4 ,now each of you is in the same position4 ,it would have been an impertinence on my part to get up before a body of scholars without a finished address1 if ,i had any idea that ,i was going to make an intellectual contribution4 ,i simply answer to my name as a witness1 and each of you can do no less3 testify to what you know4 ,now remember ,i am not asking this for the sake of the immigrant4 ,if this were the proper time and place ,i would tell you just how1 in what order1 my interest in the immigrant on the one hand and in ,america on the other developed4 ,with me it was ,america first1 and it still is so4 ,i was not conscious of the immigrant as a special class of our citizenship until ,i became conscious of certain ,american problems4 ,it is with me the immigrant for the sake of ,america1 not ,america for the sake of the immigrant1 and ,i beg you to believe me4 ,and why do ,i insist that all the truth you know about the immigrant shall be brought out8 ,i am not speaking--,i can not repeat it emphatically enough--because ,i am an immigrant1 not even because ,i represent that specially large group of immigrants1 the ,jews4 ,if ,america should go back on its ancient traditions and close its hospitable doors1 the ,jews would suffer bitterly4 ,but what is one more disappointment in the history of the ,jews8 ,they have known how to lift up their hearts and thank ,god for disappointments before4 ,they would simply adopt another dream4 ,it is not for them that ,i speak4 ,nor is it because ,i am a great lover of justice4 ,i want to see that justice is done to the stranger1 to be sure2 let us know all sides of the immigrant that no injustice may be done4 ,but the thing that makes me speak to you more than any other is my love for ,america1 for the ideals that ,i was taught to cherish in the public school4 ,i took everything in my school books literally2 when ,i read that this is the land of freedom2 that the door is open to all worthy men and women1 and that all shall have an equal opportunity4 ,i want to hold you to that1 to a literal interpretation of those terms4 ,i went back to ,russia two years ago1 to ,polotzk on the ,dvina1 the city in the ,pale where ,i was born1 and again ,i felt as ,i felt in the beginning1 when ,i first came here1 after seeing how those people over there regard us4 ,they still take us at our word4 ,when we turn them away at the gate1 for this and that petty excuse at the bottom of which is some selfish motive that we do not dare to acknowledge1 they are bitterly disappointed4 ,and yet they are not the worst sufferers4 ,it is we who suffer1 we as ,americans1 for in turning them away we abandon our ideals1 and lose the consciousness that we are still conserving the ideals of our forefathers4 ,it always seems to me that in our attitude towards the immigrant1 more than in any other branch of our national policy1 we make manifest our true ideals4 ,in our formal dealings with foreign governments we may make blunders1 we may betray weaknesses1 but on the whole these matters remain a secret with the foreign ambassador4 ,the people at large do not follow very closely these dignified negotiations about treaties and tariff and what-not2 but as we meet these individual men and women at the gate1 here we give ourselves away4 ,there1 at the gate of entrance1 we1 the people of ,america1 deal directly with the people of the world4 ,the immigrant with his million eyes is looking at us1 and he will tell whether or not we still believe in the things for which we honor our forefathers on all our patriotic anniversaries4 ,there was a young ,jewish girl working in my household as a cook1 who had been through very unhappy experiences in this country1 experiences which1 unfortunately1 have been multiplied in the lives of many other girls who come here unprotected4 ,she told me her story once1 and ,i saw that what hurt her more than her own misfortunes1 more than the agony she had been through1 more than the disgrace she had suffered1 was her disappointment in ,america4 ,she found that in ,america1 in this instance that she knew of in her own life1 a man may do a gross wrong and there is no way to get hold of him and punish him4 ,she had times of discouragement when she would talk to me and complain of that thing4 ,oh1 it shook me to find that in the mind of this ignorant1 illiterate child of seventeen1 we1 the ,american people1 had lost something of our prestige4 ,i talked to her--perhaps the need inspired me--and explained to her that our laws1 like the laws of civilization at large1 are not yet perfect2 that law and civilization are things of gradual growth2 and showed her that although we are still to blame for many things that here exist1 we have done far better than other people in some respects4 ,i made it my business to try to prove to this ignorant ,russian girl1 my cook1 who waited on me every day1 that ,america was still ,america1 despite some mistakes and some failings1 and that1 on the whole1 we have gone further in the quest of justice than other nations4 ,it mattered to me that this one girl should think we were still ,americans1 and surely it matters to you just as much4 ,do not let these millions that come to our gates get the wrong impression of us4 ,do not let people with selfish interests to serve1 who send representatives to ,congress1 speak louder than you do when this question comes to be discussed4 ,let the truth out every time4 ,for the sake of our country ,i am asking it1 not for the sake of the unfortunate foreigners4 ,we owe them something1 as a people of charitable heart1 to be sure1 but we owe more to ourselves and to our traditions4 ,this same girl of whom ,i speak also afforded an illustration of some of the nobler traits of many of our immigrants that you are aware of1 and that you ought to testify to4 ,i mean the reverence for learning that is found among the ignorant1 the illiterate1 of many of our immigrants4 ,this girl who could not read or write a word in any language until she came to me 7when gradually1 by means of the cook-book1 she made some progress71 had a genuine reverence for learning1 which is in itself half of the material for making a scholar4 ,i kept her pretty busy in my household1 as ,i usually do keep our maids1 and sometimes1 when there would be a rush of more work than ,i could do1 ,i would put her to extra trouble1 to bring my luncheon upstairs1 perhaps1 when ,i could not stop for meals4 ,oh1 ,miss ,antin1 she used to say1 it is wonderful that ,i can wait on somebody who can write books6 ,a respect for letters such as this is not one of our prominent characteristics as ,americans4 ,i ought to have the courage of our foreign visitor1 who told the truth about his people4 ,i can do no less4 ,we can not boast of too much reverence for learning4 ,is it not a great asset these foreigners bring with them1 this reverence for learning8 ,the man behind the pushcart can't read fifty lines of the ,constitution1 but his heart bows in reverence before the man who can1 and that is worth more than the ability to read the ,constitution and forget it4 ,there are so many ways of classifying the immigrants--as laborers1 as a peril1 as a help1 according to one's point of view4 ,but ,i always think of them as a cloud of witnesses in the tribunal of the nations4 ,they go back and forth1 in person or through letters2 their experience is reported all over the world1 and they tell the truth about us4 ,the immigrant is the only visitor1 you know1 who comes to stay and finds us out4 ,the tourists1 the critics1 the honorable guests of various honorable institutions1 who are taken around in carriages and shown our best front1 what do they know about us8 ,the letters home that go out from the ,east ,side1 shiploads of letters1 some of them written at dictation1 sent by persons who cannot write themselves--7,i used to write letters for my cook2 ,i have never forgotten some of them7--those are the documents that go all over the world4 ,they are forming their opinion of us in the far corners of the earth4 ,what shall they say of us8 ,if you see that justice is done in the case of the immigrant1 they will have no evil to say of us4 ,our traditions of liberty1 of hospitality to the oppressed1 will be realized in the eyes of the world4 ,now it does not matter that the immigrants today may not be running away from religious oppression1 or may not be victims of political martyrdom4 ,martyrdom of the worst kind is martyrdom of the spirit1 and immigrants who have suffered such martyrdom are still coming to us by the shipload4 ,it is accurate to say1 in a certain way1 that the immigrants in the beginning came in search of liberty1 and today they come in search of bread4 ,that may all be1 but with most of our present-day immigrants1 if you give them bread and nothing else1 they are not satisfied4 ,you know it4 ,and ,i know what the people said in ,polotzk only two years ago4 ,if any of you thought1 from reading my story1 that ,i had put down the reminiscences of my early childhood1 with the haze of the past over all1 that ,i had idealized everything in my enthusiasm1 ,i can assure you that while my story was in manuscript ,i went back to ,polotzk1 to find out if ,i had told the truth1 and ,i found that ,i had4 ,i found there my old rabbi1 my teacher who taught me my ,hebrew letters4 ,i talked with various of the old scholars1 who were very old when ,i got back after seventeen years' absence--these old men who spend their time over the ,talmud in the corridors of the synagogues--and ,i found among them just that attitude toward ,america which ,i remembered to have existed when ,i came away nearly twenty years ago4 ,they look on us today as on the upholders of justice and true liberty4 ,they still believe in us4 ,do not let them lose that faith6 ,it is more to us than it is to them that they shall be satisfied in their high longings4 ,that is all ,i ask of you4 ,you know the immigrant as he is in the library2 you have a view of him that most people have not4 ,you send your little paragraphs to the ,new ,york papers4 ,they are not printed big enough4 ,nobody sees them4 ,speak up and tell what you know about the immigrant1 that justice may be done1 that we may remain sound-headed and true-hearted in our national life1 true to our traditions2 and the immigrant will hear with a million ears and see with a million eyes and run with a million feet to the far corners of the earth1 to cry that ,america is still ,america4 ,the ,,first ,,vice-,,president3 ,i shall ask you to rise as an expression of thanks and appreciation of ,miss ,antin's address4 7,the audience remained standing for a moment47 ,the next speaker will discuss the subject of immigrants as contributors to library progress4 ,it gives me very great pleasure to introduce to you ,mrs4 ,,adelaide ,b4 ,,maltby1 who is in charge of the ,tompkins ,square branch1 on the lower ,east ,side1 of the ,new ,york public library4 ,,immigrants ,,as ,,contributors ,,to ,,library ,,progress ,i should prefer to let ,miss ,antin's personality and accomplishments bear home to you the point ,i had hoped to make2 and silently let what she has said to us possess our imaginations to the end that our interest and will-to-do will be vigorously stirred4 ,fortunately1 this will happen in spite of my words4 ,a little girl with a fairy book in her hand gleefully remarked3 ,i can tell what kind of stories are in the book by the continents4 ,would that we could so tell the stories of our peoples6 ,yet the story of immigrants in this country is not unlike that of the ,ugly ,duckling2 and ,miss ,antin is living proof of the swan-like qualities4 ,we1 as a nation1 have persisted in hatching the odd egg2 have been apparently proud of the duckling's ability to swim untaught1 like other ducks2 and were duly troubled1 when because of his unlikeness1 he was not acceptable to closer acquaintance with cock and gander in the barn-yard4 ,we have witnessed1 with but feeble protest1 his struggle to feel at home1 his association with wild ducks and all it entailed4 ,it seems as if the winter of his agony is enduring4 ,he's had a stirring within as of something better to come6 ,the question is will we make greater effort to recognize the swan-like qualities and to give freedom for their development8 ,in this direction lies progress4 ,as contributors1 ,i shall not single out great personalities from among our foreigners4 ,they will belong to history4 ,nor do ,i mean only the well educated groups4 ,they are generally accorded recognition4 ,but ,i do name the masses who earn just consideration slowly4 ,first of all1 immigrants have kept us alive in every generation4 ,shall we say on the qui vive in some localities8 ,all agree that living is no minor art1 so to stimulate life is a contribution4 ,frank ,warne in his book1 the ,immigrant ,invasion1 tells how the distribution of immigrants previous to our civil war practically determined the outcome of that struggle1 by giving to the ,north balance of power in ,congress because of larger population1 which was made up of able-bodied men who replaced ,federal soldiers and kept shops and farms going to furnish supplies to the army4 ,it is interesting to note that ,mr4 ,warne ascribes the trend of immigration to the north and west very largely to what was read in the old countries about life in different parts of ,america1 mentioning ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin as the one product of literature most influencing distribution4 ,cold statistics tell us that ,new ,york1 ,massachusetts1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,illinois and ,california have the greatest number of foreign born4 ,with this as a basic fact we naturally suppose that in these states1 at least1 public libraries will be found catering to and helping to ,americanize and to educate these citizens-to-be2 because1 if for no other reason1 we proudly call ourselves the university of the people4 ,if the truth were told through questionnaire1 or otherwise1 about twenty-five out of one hundred libraries throughout ,new ,york state are sufficiently alive to the problem to supply books to attract and interest foreigners4 ,yet for twenty years1 at least1 the task of assimilating the almost overwhelming influx of immigrants has been acute in the states named and in many localities elsewhere4 ,a gentleman working for the education of foreigners in ,american ways has said that he thought libraries seemed most indifferent to their opportunities4 ,while another1 a foreigner1 devoting himself and two fortunes to bettering conditions for immigrants1 thinks that public libraries1 when they do work sympathetically--,i mean that in the broadest sense--with the foreign born are the only organizations which accomplish with real altruism the implanting of ,american ideals and the developing of better citizens4 ,this1 he believes1 is done when we appreciate and build on the natural endowment of the individual or race4 ,since the national government has been facing this stupendous problem1 commissions and organizations galore1 official and philanthropic1 have sprung into existence as aids4 ,so many are there in ,new ,york ,city alone1 a possible list would bewilder one6 ,yet in how many reports of such work when educational assets of communities are being cited1 is there mention made of libraries as a force in educating the immigrant8 ,through libraries1 however1 more than through most educational agencies may self-expression and development of natural gifts be realized by individuals of all ages and nationalities4 ,where does the trouble lie8 ,have we been open-minded or eager enough to discover the excellent contributions foreigners bring to the end that we respond to live issues1 thus building progressively8 ,old habits can be changed to new compunctions4 ,there is no standardized method of discovering or of spiritualizing men1 of holding intercourse with aliens or of receiving what they bring2 but we can develop sympathy and understanding1 by knowing the people as individuals1 their countries1 literatures1 languages1 arts1 great national characters--in a word1 their histories1 even to economic conditions4 ,thereby do we come to an understanding of reasons for immigration of the present day and of aspirations for life here4 ,thus equipped mentally for further sympathetic appreciation1 first hand observation of conditions will help2 or if that is not possible1 an imaginative putting ourselves in the immigrants' places from the time they leave their old world homes with all their worldly goods in their hands and1 in spite of homesickness and fears1 with courage and hope in their hearts--with them as they exist in their steerage quarters and with them when they pass through the portals and mazes of ,ellis ,island1 in the main uncomprehendingly but always trustfully4 ,i can not attempt here to draw the detailed picture2 but if you cannot see it for yourself1 ,mr4 ,edward ,steiner gives it graphically and faithfully in his ,on the ,trail of the ,immigrant4 ,at last1 the ,federal government accessions the immigrant4 ,he is passed on1 properly numbered1 to be shelf-listed by states1 cities and towns1 coming finally to libraries and other institutions to be cataloged4 ,it remains to us then to decide for our own work whether there shall be one entry under the word alien or whether his various assets shall be made available by analytical entries4 ,somewhat of all this we must know to appreciate what the immigrant can contribute to life here1 and to library progress1 if we are wise enough to call it forth or make opportunity for its expression4 ,it is vain to hope for the assimilation of the alien as a result of conscious benevolent effort4 ,we too often forget that each of the hundreds of thousands is a human being6 ,with a sense of the finest they can bring with them1 we should have an increasing knowledge of how they live here1 what they think and how these elements can be influenced by books and personal contact4 ,the pressure of a congested neighborhood goads to thoughtful search for remedies4 ,no one will go far along these paths without realizing how avid libraries must be to reap the benefits of such diverse gifts1 rather than to suffer from the dregs4 ,we must correlate books and people as never before to attain progress4 ,if we once admit the human1 dynamic character of progress1 then it is easy to understand why the crowded city quarters become focal points of that progress4 ,as an earnest of what is being done in many libraries elsewhere1 may ,i tell of our work in ,new ,york1 of that only because ,i know it best4 ,what has been done in one place and more1 can be done in another through interest1 desire and adaptation4 ,the necessity of having the library near the people for whom its use is intended is1 of course1 recognized4 ,this is more especially true when the people are foreigners4 ,the ,new ,york public library has forty-one branches and all that are located in districts where foreigners live have1 beside ,english books1 collections of books in languages native to the residents4 ,by so doing we believe that we convince of our friendship those adults who do not and even those who may never read ,english4 ,this is a fundamental necessity1 opening up various possibilities for imparting ,american ideas and ideals4 ,the less ,english the grown people read the more they need knowledge of true ,american ideas to help keep them in touch with their children1 who rapidly take on ways and manners strange to their parents1 many of whom are uncomprehending1 reticent and often sad4 ,we go still further4 ,we have assistants of the nationalities represented in the neighborhood1 whose special duty it is to make known to their peoples the library privileges1 also to know their people individually as far as possible and1 of course1 the books4 ,right here may ,i say that a foreign born assistant imbued with respect for her own countrymen and with true ,american ideals can in her enthusiasm do more to make real citizens than many ,americans4 ,this cannot be accomplished if1 as happens with so many young foreigners1 their own people as we see them in this country1 are held in contempt4 ,it were pity to scorn the strong qualities they possess1 these ,greenies1 as they call themselves4 ,they live daily too close to the vital facts of existence to develop self-consciousness or artificialities to any great extent4 ,we talk of simplicity4 ,they have it4 ,courage1 singleness of purpose1 happiness in modest circumstances and astonishing capacity for work are elements of everyday life unconsciously developed4 ,their wealth of imagination1 fostered by their own folk-lore and early traditions1 could not be more wonderfully illustrated than it has been just recently in ,new ,york4 ,the majority of us think of ,new ,york and other large cities as vast factories with the machine-like and vicious qualities of human nature uppermost1 so it is most refreshing to contemplate ,old ,home ,week in ,greenwich ,village and the ,henry ,street ,pageant4 ,old ,home ,week successfully recalled ,greenwich ,village history in a dramatic way to its residents--,american1 ,irish and ,italian--and aroused a new sense of fellowship in sharing the district's activities4 ,to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the ,henry ,street ,settlement1 a pictorial representation of the history of the neighborhood from the days of the ,indians to the present time was given by its residents--men1 women and children--before an assemblage of spectators from all parts of the city and representative of all its activities--civic and social4 ,the last living picture1 or episode1 was of all the nationalities that have lived in the last fifty years in ,henry ,street1 once the center of ,manhattan's fashionable life4 ,the ,irish1 the ,scotch1 the ,germans1 the ,italians and the ,russians appeared4 ,they sang the songs and danced the dances that contribute so much poetry to the life of the city1 while onlookers marveled at the temperamental qualities which made it possible for foreigners to reproduce with unconscious realism historical scenes of a city and a country not their own6 ,such neighborhood pageants as this and the celebration in ,greenwich ,village1 exert a wholesome and a permanent influence in our municipal life4 ,in both these events the libraries of the neighborhoods took part4 ,the library aimed to show that folk-songs and folk-dances are kept alive by folk-stories4 ,the contrast between old ,new ,york and the present time was shown by the use of historical scenes--lantern slides--and a story2 in the one case reminiscent of early ,dutch settlers and in the other a poetic interpreting of the spirit of service in municipal life4 ,those planning the pageant felt that this was a direct help in making atmosphere or in inducing an interpretive mood in participants4 ,festival occasions like these bind together by national ties the people and institutions of a neighborhood and are rich with possibilities for the library4 ,to a delightful degree they broaden our understanding of the folk-spirit4 ,so it seems natural to have stories in the library told by foreigners in their native tongues4 ,from time to time we have groups of ,bohemians1 ,germans1 ,hungarians1 ,italians listening to old world traditions and tales4 ,knowing the original and the translation enhances the value of the story in ,english for narrator and listeners4 ,through these story hours we are reminding the foreigner of his unique contribution to life here1 and are showing our respect for his best4 ,for a simple example1 our picture books and book illustration in general do not express life as vividly or realistically as ,russian1 ,bohemian or ,swedish artists do4 ,having some of these in our juvenile collections has been a distinct contribution to establishing sympathetic relations with foreigners4 ,yes1 it is true that the ,italian laborer loves ,dante and ,italian classics4 ,it is relatively true of other nationalities4 ,if we take for granted that we should know and libraries should have1 ,french and ,german standard writers--and this largely because their literature is older1 more translated or their languages better known--may we not also take for granted that literary history is still in the making8 ,should we not bestir ourselves to know latter-day masterpieces1 if such there be1 and the older literature which has helped mould or inspire writers of them1 in ,swedish1 ,finnish1 ,bohemian1 ,polish1 ,hungarian or any other language spoken by the people surrounding us8 ,perhaps the need of realizing what these literary contributions may mean can be emphasized by the fact that in one week1 ,june #b to ,june #i1 #aiac1 thirty thousand souls1 nearly five thousand daily1 passed the man at the ,eastern gateway4 ,eighty per cent or thereabouts are going beyond ,new ,york ,city these days4 ,is the ,hungarian's enjoyment of ,jokai or their patriot poets for ,hungarians alone8 ,one can better appreciate how to sustain effort and enthusiasm in a person or a group of this nationality if one knows that much of their best poetry came almost from the cannon's mouth on the field of battle2 and if one has seen the glistening eyes and heard the voices of kerchief-capped girls and boys in trousers to shoe tops as they sang in ringing tones ,esksznk6 and then heard their national song in ,english for the first time4 ,at home they may not celebrate their ,independence ,day1 ,march #ae2 but when they are invited to1 here1 in the library1 they do it with much genuine feeling and true sentiment1 which ,i believe leads them to appreciate and adopt as their own our ,independence ,day4 ,through such as they1 perhaps1 patriotic sentiment and feeling may once more be evident in our ,fourth of ,july celebrations4 ,if we try to think of a library without the contributions of writers of other nationalities1 we must face almost empty shelves in some classes of knowledge4 ,this makes us realize more clearly that immigrants have rich possessions by right of inheritance while these are ours only by adoption4 ,some of the newcomers to our shores may have lost their heritage temporarily2 but they will warmly cherish as a friend the library that restores to them this valuable possession and for us that friendship is preeminently a contribution4 ,there are other special ways in which the library seems happily successful in forming such friendships4 ,with adults it comes through our co-operation with neighborhood associations1 or organizations working for the benefit of foreigners1 such as the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 and ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a4 who conduct in our lecture rooms classes to teach ,english to foreigners4 ,in these instances it is our pleasure to supplement with books the copies treated4 ,the book work is1 perhaps1 most marked in connection with the ,english classes where we have opportunity to watch progress and needs of the individual more carefully from the time when an eager pupil may ask1 as one did1 for a book called a ,woman's ,tongue wanting ,arnold's ,mother ,tongue to his reading of ,hale's ,man without a country1 perhaps1 or ,andrews' ,the perfect tribute4 ,there are also many semi-social1 semi-educational clubs1 or associations1 which hold their meetings in the libraries4 ,the ,slavia is a ,bohemian club1 which has as its only meeting place the ,bohemian department of one of our branches4 ,its members have done much to help form a splendid ,bohemian library4 ,several ,hungarian associations work in co-operation with three branches1 where are collections of ,hungarian books4 ,a large ,polish society gives its educational lectures twice a month in one branch and its advice in the selection of books2 but perhaps the ,german ,association for ,culture best illustrates my point4 ,they state3 ,we are working for culture1 and we aim to give the ,germans in ,america and the ,americans a better understanding of our contemporary ,german literature and art4 ,we are bending our efforts more particularly for our members who as artists1 poets1 writers1 etc41 are producing valuable works4 ,and we want to help as much as possible those talented artists1 poets1 etc41 who are not yet known4 ,their distinction is that they succeed6 ,even in the et ceteras6 ,as concrete instances of other possible contributions by foreigners to library progress1 ,i want to tell of the discussion of one ,city ,history ,club chapter and the action of a settlement organization4 ,the membership in both is composed of foreign-born young men from sixteen to twenty years of age1 and both groups interest themselves in present day civic welfare4 ,the ,settlement ,club wrote to the mayor1 comptroller1 library trustees and several daily papers a dignified plea for increase in library appropriation and in salaries4 ,the year's closing meeting of a certain ,city ,history ,club was a discussion of the city budget1 the club members representing ,new ,york's mayor1 aldermen and comptroller4 ,the main contention of the majority was that cutting the appropriation of the public library meant seriously handicapping one of the city's most efficient servants and they ended with a warm appreciation of service rendered by library assistants and a vigorous plea for better salaries4 ,this was later reproduced for an audience of representative citizens by the ,city ,history ,club as a token typical of their work4 ,both these happenings came as complete surprises to librarians4 ,it seems as if in their eagerness to get on young foreigners1 especially1 seek and use every possible public means for advancement4 ,they soon appreciate what good service means and how to get it4 ,they make us feel toward what ends they are tending and suggest definitely our part in the building for civic betterment4 ,to sum up1 immigrants do bring very rich contributions in arts and literature4 ,they bring many capabilities1 that of acquiring intellectual cultivation being not the least among them4 ,i am not blind to the seriousness of the problems they create1 having worked among them about ten years2 but the conviction strengthens that knowing and understanding their racial and social inheritance and first hand contact with groups of individuals stimulate to broader thought and living4 ,it is not an argument6 ,it is a suggestive statement6 ,immigrants can contribute to library progress4 ,the ,,first ,,vice-,,president3 ,we will now have a paper from ,mr4 ,,charles ,e4 ,,rush1 the librarian of the ,st4 ,joseph public library1 on ,,the ,,man ,,in ,,the ,,yards ,this great country of ours has become within the last century a huge melting pot for all the nations of the world4 ,foreign and ,english speaking tongues from the four corners of the earth have sought our shores as a haven of relief and opportunity4 ,no other nation has experienced a like growth and none other has ever gained the changing cosmopolitan characteristics which have come to us from such widely differing component parts4 ,those of us who call ourselves ,americans owe our life1 liberty and happiness to the conditions which brought about this great growth and upon us devolves the great burden of relieving many of the unfortunate conditions which naturally result from the continued and increasing wave of humanity still seeking better things in our so-called land of freedom and equality4 ,during the past ninety years nearly thirty millions of people have entered our immigration gates1 adding to our numbers more inhabitants than the total population of the ,united ,states three score years ago1 and almost one-third of our present total figure4 ,at the close of the year of #aiab the total and combined population of five states of the ,union did not equal the number of immigrants admitted during the preceding twelve months4 ,eighty per cent of these thirty millions arrived during the last fifty years4 ,eighty-seven per cent of them were more than fourteen years of age1 while only thirteen per cent were under fourteen4 ,these figures easily demonstrate that the problem is a growing one and that the large proportion of new arrivals are destined to become citizens and parents of future citizens in a short time4 ,our past policy of devoting our greatest efforts to the thirteen per cent while largely neglecting the eighty-seven per cent seems very similar to the losing method of mending a leaking boat by removing the water with a sponge rather than by repairing the hole4 ,economists tell us that the rise and fall of the immigration waves are very closely connected with the phenomenon of prosperity in this country1 and that the general causes of westward expansion lie in the presence of foreign political and religious persecutions1 low wages1 bad economic conditions1 ease of transportation1 inflated rumors of great opportunities in ,america1 and the appeal of separated friends and relatives4 ,the early immigrants1 being largely of ,teutonic and ,keltic origin1 were thrifty and self-reliant by nature and entered our ,american life as skilled workmen in agriculture and in the trades4 ,in the last quarter of a century the source of the tide has changed from the northern to the southern countries1 resulting in a far different type of foreigner who is generally unskilled1 lacking independence and initiative1 and blindly submissive to authority4 ,many come from nations with a per cent4 of illiteracy rising as high as seventy1 and notwithstanding the fifty per cent decrease in the total percentage of illiteracy in this country during the past thirty years we must face the fact that some twenty-eight out of every one hundred of the new arrivals over fourteen years of age are annually classed as illiterates4 ,in the future we may expect to receive an increasing flood of immigration from ,china1 ,japan and ,india1 with problems and conditions even more perplexing4 ,some say that the incoming foreigner directly affects the entire laboring class native to ,america in that he adds materially to the supply of wage earners1 lowers the scale of wages due to lower standards of living1 changes working conditions through the subdivision of labor1 modifies labor organizations1 influences local and national politics and increases social difficulties4 ,it has been said that low standards of living on the part of unskilled workers menace the higher standards of the skilled workers4 ,the man of skill is recognizing this fact and he is frequently found joining hands with the unskilled to right the grievances of the latter4 ,in the cotton mills1 in the meat packing industry1 in the coal mines1 in the clothing industry and elsewhere1 one nationality has been displaced by another satisfied with a lower standard of living4 ,in turn the second has been displaced by a third1 and so on4 ,wave after wave of immigrants may be traced in the history of one of these industries4 ,as rapidly as a race rises in the scale of living1 and through organization begins to demand higher wages and to resist the pressure of long hours and over-exertion1 the employers substitute another race and the process is repeated4 ,each race comes from a country lower in the scale than that of the preceding until finally the ends of the earth have been ransacked in the search for low standards of living combined with patient industriousness4 7,carlton74 ,our civilization cannot remain unaffected by these changing characteristics and the threatening1 industrial conditions confronting us4 ,with the army of the unemployed rapidly growing larger and larger1 it behooves the ,american nation to encourage immediate consideration of ways and means to prevent unfortunate results in our industrial1 political and social life4 ,the national government1 being concerned chiefly with the admission or rejection of the immigrant1 quickly places him under the care of state and local governments1 who are duty-bound to assume the entire responsibility of developing him into an efficient worker and a good citizen4 ,the regulation of private employment agencies1 protection of the foreigner in transit1 adoption of standard employment laws1 creation of municipal unemployment commissions1 etc41 indicate that state and city governments are beginning to respond to this duty of offering more sympathetic understanding1 more adequate care and better protection to the newly arrived1 confused1 unemployed and homeless immigrant4 ,these governments are slowly realizing that their obligations have been sorely neglected in the past when such problems were wholly consigned to the well meaning but quite inadequate field of private philanthropy4 ,public libraries1 as departments of city governments1 concerned with the dissemination of knowledge of the masses1 must soon realize their large responsibility in the naturalization1 education and socialization of our foreign born population4 ,it is very gratifying to announce that the state of ,massachusetts has very recently taken the lead in this particular field of service by the passage of an act authorizing the appointment by the ,board of library commissioners of a field worker to direct the educational work of libraries among the aliens of the state4 ,libraries1 like human beings1 can reach a high point of efficiency and service in a particular line only when that line is encouraged and promoted4 ,the development of libraries favoring certain classes of citizens has been quite general and extremely successful4 ,much has been said but comparatively little has been done for the foreigner among our laboring men4 ,the man in the yards1 the unskilled foreign wage-earner1 being taxed1 while needing more and receiving less from society than others1 has done much of the rough and hard work of recent decades4 ,he has built the roadbeds of our railways1 mined our coal and iron1 unloaded our vessels1 and cleaned our streets4 ,the recent immigrant has performed the crude manual labor necessary for the upbuilding of big industrial plants and huge transportation systems4 ,his services in developing the resources of the nation have been extremely important4 ,many industries would be almost depleted if divested of all wage-earners of foreign birth and those born on ,american soil but of foreign born parents4 ,if the foreign born and the native born of foreign parents were removed from our large cities1 the latter would shrink to approximately one-third of their recent size4 7,carlton47 ,this man in the yards with whom intimate contact removes prejudice1 inspires appreciation and kindles self-respect1 displays an astounding amount of seriousness and earnestness in his desire to learn and to improve himself when once informed of the possibilities in our libraries4 ,very often he finds his chief delight in the best of books1 like a child calling for good instead of new books1 and many times he is not as dull and as ignorant as generally supposed1 being more appreciative of better things than our average native laboring man4 ,the opportunity is a great one to be of practical and inspirational help to an eager reader seeking to increase his earning power and joy in life1 and to learn of the higher ideals of citizenship and the coming brotherhood of all4 ,in order to devise worth-while methods of approaching him and securing his interest1 place yourself in imagination in similar surroundings and conditions on a foreign shore4 ,only through direct appeals touching your personal needs1 pleasure and occupation would you be attracted in like circumstances by strangers4 ,the same is true with our new ,americans4 ,foreigners who speak the same language largely settle in the same locality and move from place to place in groups4 ,a thorough educational survey of these groups in the community tributary to the library or branch is of first importance to determine the characteristics1 conditions and needs of each group4 ,whenever it is possible an experienced library and social worker should be employed4 ,the advice and assistance of factory managers1 labor leaders and social workers cannot be valued too highly4 ,following these steps branch and deposit stations administered by local assistants may well be located in favorable shops1 yards1 factories1 settlements1 centers1 and labor headquarters1 without arousing undue suspicion among the men1 even more extensively than in many of our progressive library systems today4 ,the formation of the recently named ,creative or ,extension departments and the appointment of one or more trained assistants to create interest and regularly visit and supervise the library work in each district1 group and institution will soon become a customary feature in the large cities4 ,i firmly believe that it will not be many years until our large manufacturing institutions employing much labor will construct recreational centers in their plants equipped with social1 reading and gymnastic departments sufficient to meet the needs of their employees4 ,furthermore1 ,i see little to discourage the establishment of traveling library collections on wheels1 visiting certain districts on scheduled time1 after the manner of the now famous ,maryland wagon and automobile4 ,in libraries near foreign centers special departments are needed to supply practical and simple information in different languages on requirements for naturalization1 instruction1 employment1 investments1 ,american customs1 travel and history1 demands of law and order1 ,american money and banks1 and friendly advice on many things of fifty-seven or more varieties4 ,the development of our present line of tactics1 including the presentation of lectures emphasizing the possibility of increased wages through practical reading1 the formation of classes in the study of ,english1 the promotion of special foreign entertainment programs and exhibitions1 the extension of the library habit to adults through publicity directed to their children1 the publication of daily news for workers by means of special library papers and the general press1 the creation of more effectively printed library advertising done in many languages1 the co-operation with individuals and societies promoting educational1 social and recreation centers1 etc41 will open a new era in library service for foreign laboring men4 ,a great number of specialized and technical industrial books may not often be found necessary in library collections1 since the great need among this class of readers is a large supply of trade journals and more elementary mechanical books for the unskilled workman1 the student mechanic and the future tradesman4 ,on the other hand life as well as livelihood must be considered and met4 ,all men must live while they are earning a living and in these days they must be trained for vacation as well as vocation4 ,the tendency today is to place too much emphasis on the daily struggle for livelihood and to neglect the hours of life during leisure time4 ,in defense of the man in the yards the crying answer returns1 but what of the man whose soul-deadening toil leaves little or no time for leisure or whose daily labor kills all mental and physical desire for leisure1 rest and improvement4 ,this cry will return again and again until all labor shall be so equalized that all men will have more of what life offers and less of what it demands4 ,those who work on specialized labor done under intense strain and through long hours are destined to become weakened1 brutalized and almost incapable of showing intelligent interest in social-betterment4 ,even family life1 the first school of morals1 is a closed book against the man who comes home dead-tired late at night4 ,consider some of the perils through which the working boy must pass from year to year1 such as economic waste in un-educational trades1 stinted physical development1 early maturity1 suppression of the spirit of boyhood1 indifference towards knowledge and efficiency1 personal weakness1 and delinquency4 ,the dire results due to these perils are well illustrated by the following replies made by a number of ,chicago factory children when asked why they quit school3 ,because it's easier to work in a factory than it is to learn at school4 ,you never understand what they tell you in school and you can learn right off to do things in a factory4 ,they don't call you a ,dago4 ,you can buy shoes for the baby4 ,our boss he never went to school4 ,school ain't no good4 ,the ,holy ,father he can send ye to hell1 and the boss he can take yer job away er raise yer pay4 ,but the teacher1 she can't do nothing4 ,is it not true that greed1 selfishness1 privilege1 injustice and neglect are five of the great sins of civilization8 ,these obstructions to progress are largely due to ignorance and indifference1 two causes which are in themselves as great evils as their results4 ,in order to attain the best of social conditions1 positive cures must be found for these devastating evils--cures that will replace greed by liberality1 selfishness by the brotherhood of man1 privilege by equality1 injustice by justice and neglect by service--cures that will transform ignorance and indifference into clear-eyed knowledge and active responsibility4 ,laws and revolutions have failed more miserably than we enjoy admitting and only through the far reaching1 beneficent influences of education and religion may we expect to touch the roots of these great evils4 ,is it possible that many of our public libraries1 who reach the individual and his family long before and for many years following the efforts of our public schools1 can consider themselves excused from a large part of their responsibility in the educational movements now striving to improve the physical1 mental and moral conditions of these men who suffer for want of better things8 ,how can it be that some librarians stand by indifferently and heed not the cry of need from these weaker members of society1 who1 with their distinctive and curable social difficulties1 have been left alone to carve their own destinies1 unappreciated and unaided8 ,the time is near at hand when everyone shall recognize that it is the common right of all men to share in the culture1 prosperity and progress of society1 and that the conservation of life by raising it to its highest value is to be the cry of our new era of heightened individuality4 ,in his inaugural address ,president ,wilson uttered these accusing heart searching words3 ,we have been proud of our industrial achievements1 but we have not hitherto stopped thoughtfully enough to count the human cost1 the cost of lives snuffed out1 of energies overtaxed and broken1 the fearful physical and spiritual cost to the men and women and children upon whom the dead weight and burden of it all has fallen without mercy the years through4 ,the groans and agony of it all1 the solemn moving undertone of our life1 coming up out of the mines and factories and out of every home where the struggle has had its intimate and familiar seat1 have not yet reached our ears4 ,the vision of the open gates of opportunity for all must first be seen by those who lead before they who follow can dream dreams and go forth to realize them4 ,the ,,first ,,vice-,,president3 ,the next speaker1 who is now the librarian of the ,rochester public library1 was for many years librarian of one of the most important libraries south of what ,mr4 ,o4 ,henry was accustomed to call ,mason ,hamlin's ,line4 ,i have the pleasure of introducing ,mr4 ,,william ,f4 ,,yust1 who will speak to us on ,,what ,,of ,,the ,,black ,,and ,,yellow ,,races8 ,the form in which this subject is expressed is first a question asking for information which has never before been collected4 ,possibly there is in it also a mild challenge to library authorities calling for a declaration of purpose and policy4 ,so far there is no indication of a yellow race problem in public libraries4 ,when foreigners enter a field which is already occupied they do not produce a real race problem so long as they are so few in number that they are chiefly objects of curiosity4 ,it is difficult to understand how the ,japanese can be a serious race problem in ,california where they constitute only two and one-half per cent of the population and own and lease only twelve one-hundredths of one per cent of the land4 ,and yet it sounds as if there is trouble there4 ,whatever may be its nature and its causes1 the difficulty has not extended to public libraries4 ,the ,chinese on the ,pacific coast1 as elsewhere1 are seldom seen in a library4 ,they live in their own quarter and hardly ever penetrate other sections of the city except for purposes of trade4 ,the ,japanese who frequent the libraries are not numerous4 ,they belong almost entirely to the student class and the books they take are used in connection with their school work4 ,in some places they appear to be more resourceful1 more polite and more intelligent than the average high school student with whom the libraries come in contact4 ,as a class of patrons they are not only inoffensive but desirable4 ,while the yellow man is clearly not a problem in libraries1 it is equally certain that the black man is a problem4 ,this is especially true in the ,south4 ,in northern libraries it is the rule to admit him without distinction4 ,throughout the ,south1 with very few exceptions1 the segregation maintained in all social1 educational and religious institutions is enforced in libraries4 ,this paper will deal primarily with the public library question4 ,but account should also be taken of the institutional libraries to which negroes have access4 ,institutional ,libraries ,the report of the ,u4 ,s4 ,commissioner of ,education for #aiaj contains a list of #ahi secondary and higher schools for the colored race in #af states and the ,district of ,columbia4 ,of these #afj report libraries aggregating #cfh1fhd volumes with an estimated value of #bie1ghh4 ,following is a summary of the institutions and their libraries arranged by states4 ,of these libraries #hd have less than #a1jjj volumes2 #ef have #a1jjj to #e1jjj volumes2 #aa have between #e1jjj and #aj1jjj volumes2 #f have between #aj1jjj and #bj1jjj4 ,two have #bf1fjg and #bg1jjj respectively4 ,schools ,volumes ,estimated ,reporting4 in ,value4 ,library4 ,alabama #ad #di1ebb #bf1ebe ,arkansas #f #i1dej #e1aej ,delaware #b #a1ijj #hjj ,district of ,columbia #b #bg1bec #dc1efi ,florida #g #h1bfg #g1abj ,georgia #ad #di1jbe #cb1aha ,kentucky #f #c1iej #b1cej ,louisiana #aj #ad1cec #af1jea ,maryland #e #g1bej #e1gce ,mississippi #aa #ah1dcb #ad1ibj ,missouri #c #d1iej #e1ejj ,new ,jersey #a #ce #be ,north ,carolina #bj #af1efj #ac1jig ,ohio #a #f1ejj #b1ejj ,oklahoma #a #ige #a1dej ,pennsylvania #b #ai1ejj #bj1ejj ,south ,carolina #af #bg1fjj #ba1jjj ,tennessee #aa #cj1jbe #ag1ice ,texas #h #ac1eej #ag1hcj ,virginia #ah #eb1jcj #ce1iej ,west ,virginia #b #g1eeg #e1fjj --- ------- -------- ,total #afj #cfh1fhd #bie1ghh ,many of these collections except in the larger institutions1 have been characterized as so unsuitable as to be almost worthless 444 the discarded refuse of garrets and overcrowded store rooms1 which should have gone to the paper mill1 but was sent to these poor children through mistaken kindness4 ,these libraries are primarily for the use of the students1 but they are usually open to the townspeople for reading and reference4 ,while the people thus have access to a collection of books for consultation1 it can not be said that they have the equivalent of a public library1 even where the selection is good4 ,it is a common occurrence1 however1 throughout the country for institutional libraries to operate against the establishment of a public library without acting as a satisfactory substitute4 ,general ,attitude ,the prevailing attitude toward libraries for negroes is one of indifference among the masses of both races4 ,but the same conditions existed for many years and still exist in other parts of the country4 ,the library must follow the school1 it can not precede it4 ,when it is remembered that the educational awakening of the ,south is of comparatively recent date and that anything like general education of the negro is still more recent1 the small number of public libraries for negroes will not appear so strange4 ,in a few places a vigorous demand has arisen4 ,in a few places the authorities have not only supplied the demand but have endeavored to stimulate and enlarge it4 ,it may be said1 however1 that there are still people who think that the negro is incapable of education and that it actually unfits him for usefulness4 ,uncle ,remus has a saying1 ,when you put a book into a negro's hand you spoil a good plow hand4 ,this notion still lurks in the minds of a surprisingly large number of people1 who cite the wretched condition and dense ignorance of millions of negroes after fifty years of freedom4 ,in #aiaj thirty per cent of them were still illiterate4 ,libraries can not flourish in illiteracy as trees can not grow in a desert4 ,there are1 however1 oases in the desert1 bright and shining examples of individuals1 schools and whole communities1 which have demonstrated the negro's capacity for the highest education and development4 ,there is a growing disposition to afford him full opportunity for making the most of himself4 ,while some librarians are urging action1 others shrink from it as from a disagreeable task4 ,one is endeavoring to look at the subject of a negro library from the missionary standpoint and is trying to convince the trustees that such an innovation would be desirable1 but finds it very hard to arouse any interest and enthusiasm4 ,another proposes to let the question alone till forced to take action4 ,another reports that the city is on the verge of the question4 ,another is having difficulty to find a central location for a colored library where white people do not object4 ,one city with a branch library in a negro high school considers it an easy way out of a difficult situation4 ,the authorities realize that the time is coming when these facilities will no longer be adequate4 ,at present their funds are needed so much in other directions that they hope to be able to postpone this added expense for some time to come4 ,one library having a special room for negroes never pushes this part of its work1 but does only what it is compelled to do by city ordinance4 ,another where there is no race distinction tells how the library is overrun at times with negroes and what a drawback this is to the work4 ,some lend books to negroes but do not allow them to sit in the reading room4 ,this practice is not established by rule and regulation but rests on the disposition of the librarians to be helpful to all4 ,public sentiment will tolerate it in this form while it would rebel at an attempt to guarantee the same service in formal rules4 ,table of ,leading ,cities ,following is a table of some of the chief southern cities showing their status with respect to negro libraries4 ,the letter x denotes a negro educational institution having a library of #a1jjj volumes or more4 ,negro ,population #aiaj ,public ,remarks ,city ,total ,negro ,lib4 ,alabama ,birmingham #acb1fhe #eb1cje ,no ,mobile #ea1eba #bb1gfc ,no ,montgomery #ch1acf #ai1cbb ,no ,delaware ,wilmington #hg1daa #i1jha ,yes ,admitted to ,wilmington ,lib4 without distinction4 ,district of ,columbia ,washington #cca1jfi #id1ddf ,yes ,admitted to ,pub4 ,lib4 without distinction4 #b x4 ,florida ,jacksonville #ha1fdj #dj1jbj ,yes ,sep4 room sep4 books in ,carnegie lib4 ,georgia ,atlanta #aed1hci #ea1ijb ,no #d x4 ,macon #dj1ffe #ah1aej ,no ,savannah #fe1jfd #cc1bdf ,yes ,small sep4 lib4 of little consequence4 ,kentucky ,covington #ec1bgj #b1hii ,no ,lexington #ce1jii #aa1jaa ,yes ,draw bks4 at same desk with whites2 sep reading room2 little used4 ,louisville #bbc1ibh #dj1ebb ,yes #cj1jjj ,carnegie branch of pub4 lib42 #bnd branch #bb1ejj being built4 ,louisiana ,new ,orleans #cci1jge #hi1bfb ,no #be1jjj ,carnegie branch to be built4 #d x4 ,maryland ,baltimore #eeh1dhe #hd1gdi ,yes ,pratt free lib4 admits without distinction4 #b x4 ,missouri ,kansas ,city #bdh1cha #bc1eff ,yes ,pub4 lib4 admits without distinction4 ,st4 ,louis #fhg1jbi #dc1ifj ,yes ,pub4 lib4 admits without distinction4 ,st4 ,joseph #gg1djc #d1bdi ,yes ,pub4 lib4 admits without distinction4 ,north ,carolina ,raleigh #ai1bah ,yes ,sep4 bldg4 erected by city4 ,poorly supported4 ,oklahoma ,oklahoma ,city #fd1bje #f1edf ,yes ,pub4 lib4 admits without distinction4 ,tennessee ,chattanooga #dd1fjd #ag1idb #cad vols4 placed in col4 high schools as a beginning4 ,memphis #aca1aje #eb1dca ,yes ,cossitt ,lib4 supplies books thru ,le,moyne ,inst4 #a x4 ,nashville #aaj1cfd #cf1ebc ,no #be1jjj ,carnegie ,branch to be built4 #b x4 ,texas ,dallas #ib1ajd #ah1jbd ,no ,galveston #cf1iha #h1jcf ,yes ,branch of ,rosenberg lib4 in col4 high sch'l4 ,houston #gh1hjj #bc1ibd ,yes #ae1jjj ,carnegie bldg4 under negro board4 ,san ,antonio #if1fad #aj1gaf 8 ,virginia ,norfolk #fg1deb #be1jci ,no ,richmond #abg1fah #df1gcc ,no ,this city has no pub4 library4 ,cities ,having ,colored ,libraries ,charlotte1 ,n4 ,c41 is the first and only city to build a library for negroes with its own funds4 ,after erecting a #be1jjj ,carnegie building it spent #e1jjj on a site and a separate building for negroes which was opened in #aijf4 ,but its only income for maintenance is #djj a year from the city4 ,most of the books have been donated4 ,in #aiaa the librarian of the white library enlisted the interest of a ,pittsburgh woman who collected about #fjj volumes for it in the ,north4 ,the librarian at ,wilkes-,barr1 ,pa41 sends it the best of her discarded books4 ,from these facts one may infer what kind of standard is maintained4 ,the white library was incorporated by the legislature in a special act1 which at the same time created a separate negro board4 ,several ineffectual efforts have been made to have the act changed to place the colored library under control of the white board and the supervision of the white librarian4 ,this would undoubtedly result in greater efficiency1 as now everybody including the colored board seems to be inactive and indifferent toward it4 ,its failure however can hardly be ascribed to the negro board alone because it is manifestly impossible with such resources under such conditions to conduct a library which would command the respect and the interest of either race4 ,savannah1 ,ga41 also has a small library for negroes4 ,it was organized in #aijg and is housed in rented quarters1 but very few persons seem to know of its existence4 ,the city appropriates #cfj a year for it4 ,in #aiaa it had #b1faa volumes and #a1bdd were drawn for home use4 ,its total receipts were #cge4gg4 ,at the end of the year #ce was due the librarian for salary and there was a deficit of #cc4ic4 ,in #aiaj ,mr4 ,carnegie offered #ab1jjj for a colored branch building and the city has promised an increased appropriation on the completion of the building4 ,for a time the negroes tried to raise the money for a site by subscription1 but so far they have not succeeded4 ,jacksonville1 ,fla41 has in its ,carnegie building a separate room and books in charge of a colored attendant4 ,of its #ha1jjj population half are colored1 but the negro registration is only five per cent and the circulation six per cent of the whole4 ,no effort is being made to extend it4 ,the opinion prevails that the arrangement is a mistake and that a branch library in the negro quarter would bring out a much larger use4 ,galveston1 ,texas1 has had a branch of the ,rosenberg library in the colored high school since #aijd4 ,it contains #b1gde volumes4 ,with a colored population less than one-fifth as large as ,jacksonville it has twice as many borrowers but circulates only one-fourth as many books1 #b1dcc last year4 ,this seems a very small number and does not bear out the theory that a separate branch enlarges its use4 ,in ,memphis1 ,tenn41 the ,cossitt library in #aijc entered into an agreement with the ,le,moyne ,institute1 a colored normal school1 which furnishes the room1 and the ,cossitt library furnishes the librarian and the books1 which number about four thousand added to a like number belonging to the school4 ,while these are used mainly by pupils and teachers of the school1 it serves as the book supply for all interested negroes in the city and surrounding district4 ,the facilities thus furnished seem to meet the present demands pretty fully4 ,much depends on the librarian's attitude1 which is helpful and encouraging4 ,the circulation last year was #ac1idg vols4 ,the institute is erecting a new school building1 which will provide better library accommodations4 ,louisville1 ,ky41 was the first to establish a full-fledged branch on a broad basis and to erect a separate branch library building for negroes4 ,the original plan for ten ,carnegie branch libraries1 of which seven have been built1 included two for negroes4 ,the first of these was opened in rented quarters the same year as the main library in #aije4 ,three years later it was moved into the new #cj1jjj building4 ,in its administration the colored branch is a part of the general library system and is under the supervision of the main library4 ,the branch librarian1 who is a graduate of ,hampton ,institute1 and the two assistants are colored4 ,the branch serves as the reference library for the colored high schools and other educational institutions4 ,it is in close co-operation with the grade schools through the collections of books which it sends to the classrooms to be drawn by the pupils for home use4 ,it has an assembly room which is used for lectures1 entertainments and numerous other public meetings1 and two classrooms for smaller gatherings4 ,there is a story hour for children and several reading and debating clubs for boys and girls and adults4 ,through its various activities the library not only circulates books and furnishes facts but it is an educational and social center from which radiate many influences for general betterment4 ,fine work is being done with children1 who draw #fh per cent of the books circulated4 ,an interesting account of it is given in the ,library ,journal for ,april1 #aiaj1 #be3afj-fa1 by ,mrs4 ,rachel ,d4 ,harris1 a former teacher in the colored schools1 who is in charge of this department4 ,when the branch was started eight years ago it was somewhat of an experiment and there was doubt and apprehensiveness all around with regard to the outcome of the undertaking4 ,but it has been a pronounced success from the beginning4 ,it has grown steadily until last year #gc1dfb vols4 were drawn from it for home use4 ,it has become so popular that the second branch is now under construction in the eastern colored section of the city4 ,the colored people are proud of this library and its achievements4 ,its opening marked an epoch in the development of the race which is second in importance only to the opening of the first colored free schools there in #ahgj4 ,houston1 ,texas1 also has a separate branch building opened last ,april4 ,for the past four years it was maintained in a small way in the colored high school4 ,the new building is distinctively a product of negro enterprise4 ,booker ,t4 ,washington's secretary called on ,andrew ,carnegie personally and secured the promise of #ae1jjj on condition that the city of ,houston would agree to provide not less than #a1ejj annually for its maintenance4 ,the #a1ejj for the site was raised by colored citizens entirely among their own people4 ,the plans for the building were drawn by a colored architect and its erection supervised by a committee of a separate board of trustees1 which consisted of nine colored men4 ,the librarian is a colored girl who is responsible only to the colored trustees4 ,although she and the trustees consult freely with the librarian and trustees of the public library1 the latter act only in an advisory capacity to them4 ,they are therefore justly proud of the library as their own achievement4 ,it contains #e1jjj volumes4 ,from a colored population of #cj1jjj the registered borrowers were only #a1bfa last year and the books drawn #e1aag4 ,these numbers seem very small1 but no doubt there will be a large increase in the new building4 ,while the ,houston method of management may contribute to the negro's self-respect and minister somewhat to the pride and independence of a few of their number1 the wisdom of the plan may well be questioned4 ,the results are bound to be inferior unless experience counts for nothing4 ,it is unfortunate that so many cities in their first venture proceed with such disregard of the experience of other places4 ,but the limit is reached when the same city repeats the process with a second board after one board has learned its lesson4 ,this applies not only to the details of planning1 erecting and furnishing a building but equally if not more to its operation1 the selection1 purchase and cataloging of books1 the appointment of assistants and the transacting of its daily business4 ,the white public library boards of ,nashville and ,new ,orleans both have plans under way for the erection of ,carnegie colored branch buildings1 each to cost #be1jjj4 ,in ,nashville the negroes are raising #a1jjj and the city is paying #e1jjj toward the site4 ,in ,new ,orleans the city will purchase the site4 ,in neither of these places is there any public provision at present for supplying books to negroes4 ,in ,atlanta1 ,ga41 the leading educational center of the ,south for negroes1 they are still without public library facilities1 although agitation on the subject began over ten years ago4 ,on the day of the opening of the beautiful #abe1jjj ,carnegie building a committee of colored men called on the library board4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,e4 ,b4 ,du,bois of ,atlanta ,university acting as spokesman said3 ,gentlemen1 we are a committee come to ask you to do justice to the black people of ,atlanta by giving them the same free library privileges that you propose giving to whites4 ,every argument which can be adduced to show the need of libraries for whites applies with redoubled force to the negroes4 ,more than any other part of our population they need instruction1 inspiration and proper diversion2 they need to be lured from temptation of the streets and saved from evil influences1 and they need a growing acquaintance with what the best of the world's souls have thought and done and said4 ,it seems hardly necessary in the twentieth century to argue before men like you the necessity and propriety of placing the best means of human uplifting into the hands of the poorest and lowest and blackest4 ,the spirit of this great gift to the city has not the spirit of caste or exclusion but rather the catholic spirit which recognizes no artificial differences of rank or birth or race1 but seeks to give all men equal opportunity to make the most of themselves4 ,it is our sincere hope that this city will prove itself broad enough and just enough to administer this trust in the true spirit in which it was given4 ,the chairman asked1 ,do you not think that allowing whites and negroes to use this library would be fatal to its usefulness8 ,another member of the committee replied that they did not ask to use this library nor even ask equal privileges but only some privileges somewhere4 ,the chairman then made these points clear3 7#a7 ,that negroes would not be permitted to use the ,carnegie ,library in ,atlanta2 7#b7 ,that some library facilities would be provided for them in the future2 7#c7 ,that the city council would be asked to appropriate a sum proportionate to the amount of taxes paid by negroes of the city2 7#d7 ,that efforts would be made to induce northern philanthropists to aid such a library4 ,later ,mr4 ,carnegie offered to give the money necessary for the erection of a branch library for negroes4 ,when the details of its administration came up for consideration the negroes demanded representation on the library board4 ,this was positively refused and the proceedings were so completely blocked that the negroes of ,atlanta are still without any public library advantages4 ,methods of ,management ,from the cases cited it appears that there are four distinct methods of dealing with this question in the ,south3 7#a7 ,to admit the negro to the same building on equal terms with others as is done in ,baltimore1 ,wilmington1 ,washington and some of the ,missouri libraries4 ,this method is not satisfactory to the whites4 ,as one report says1 ,there are white people who are deterred from using the library because in so doing they must touch elbows with colored folks4444 ,we could do better service to both races if there could be a separation1 for we must take the people with their prejudices1 especially in the use of the library1 which is a purely voluntary matter4 7#b7 ,to admit him to the same building but to a separate room1 which is not satisfactory to the negro4 ,one library which has this plan reports1 ,many of the educated and cultured negroes 7for there are some even in the ,south7 will not come unless they can do so on the same social equality and use the same apartments as the white patrons4 7#c7 ,to have a separate library under control of members of their own race4 ,this is almost certain to produce inferior results on account of their inexperience and lack of knowledge regarding every phase of the work4 7#d7 ,to have a separate branch in charge of colored assistants who are under the direction and supervision of one board and one librarian1 who have control over the entire library including all branches and other agencies4 ,this plan assures the greatest economy and efficiency and will probably be adopted by all the libraries whose funds will permit it4 ,a separate colored board is as unnecessary and unbusinesslike as would be a separate board for each white branch4 ,on the advantages of a separate branch library one colored man writes3 ,in the ,south the separation is not only necessary for the peace and cordial relations desirable to be maintained but the colored branches are desirable because the colored people would use them so a hundred times more than they would otherwise4 ,the feeling of perfect welcome1 ownership and unqualified privilege are all necessary to patrons who are to get the best possible from libraries among them4 ,these things in the ,south can only be had in separate branches as much as it is regrettable that there should be a mind and spirit demanding separate libraries4 ,traveling ,libraries ,delaware and ,kentucky are the only state library commissions reporting special traveling libraries for negroes4 ,last year seven traveling libraries of #cj to #ej volumes each were arranged for the use of the colored schools in ,delaware1 and the entire charge and care of these libraries was given over to the ,state ,college for ,colored ,students near ,dover4 ,the ,kentucky commission has two libraries of #ej volumes each in circulation and is planning to send more4 ,hampton ,institute also sends out traveling collections of books4 ,another system of traveling libraries is that established in #aiaj by ,james ,h4 ,gregory of ,marblehead1 ,mass41 for distribution through ,atlanta ,university among the negroes of the ,south4 ,there are about #fj libraries of #dh volumes each4 ,they are sent to any community1 school1 church or other organization for one year and then exchanged for a different set4 ,two interesting articles on these libraries and their founder were published by ,g4 ,s4 ,dickerman in the ,southern ,workman1 ,august and ,september1 #aiaj4 ,what the ,negro ,reads ,what the negro reads is in itself a large and interesting subject4 ,a brief article on it dealing equally with what the negro does not read1 appeared in the ,critic1 ,july #aijf1 from ,mr4 ,george ,b4 ,utley1 then librarian of the ,jacksonville public library4 ,the first book drawn from the ,louisville library was ,washington's ,up from slavery4 ,the most striking feature of the circulation in general is the comparatively small percentage of fiction read4 ,of the #beh1dch volumes drawn from the ,louisville library during its first six years only #df per cent was fiction4 ,this may be due to the fact that the so-called leisure class1 who are supposed to read most of the fiction1 is smaller among the colored people2 or that the novel does not appeal so strongly to the negro mind2 or that the library is used more largely by pupils1 teachers1 ministers and other professional people1 who come to it for more serious purposes4 ,a book entitled ,tuskegee and its people1 edited by ,booker ,t4 ,washington1 contains biographical sketches of many negroes who have gone out from that school to work for the elevation of their race4 ,these sketches give a remarkable picture of the conditions that environ the masses of the negro people1 as well as their struggles for improvement4 ,one of them describing the country school which he attended writes1 ,when ,i reached the point where the teacher ordered me to get a ,united ,states history1 the book store did not have one1 but sold me a biography of ,martin ,luther instead1 which ,i studied for some time thinking that ,i was learning something about the ,u4 ,s4 ,years later ,i betook me to the woods1 where ,i read everything ,i could get4 ,it was during this time that accidentally1 ,i may say providentially1 ,i got hold of a book containing the life of ,ignacius ,sancho2 and ,i have never read anything that has given me more inspiration4 ,i wish every negro boy in the land might read it4 ,another ,tuskegee graduate1 a woman whose mother as a slave had been taught to read by her master's daughter1 writes3 ,sundays1 with my sisters gathered about her knees1 we would sit for hours listening as mother would read church hymns for us4 ,the articles by ,mr4 ,dickerman above referred to give the results of some investigations on their choice of books4 ,he received answers from #ce leading negro schools in response to a request for a list of such books as had been found in the experience of their schools to be the most popular and the best and which they would recommend4 ,the ,life of ,lincoln appeared on #ae of these lists2 ,little women #ae2 ,robinson ,crusoe #ad2 ,paul ,dunbar #aa2 ,uncle ,tom's cabin #aj2 ,ivanhoe #i2 ,souls of black folk #i2 ,ramona #h2 ,life of ,douglass #h2 ,uncle ,remus #g4 ,six lists included ,alice in wonderland1 ,grimm's ,fairy tales1 ,john ,halifax1 ,last days of ,pompeii1 and ,swiss family ,robinson4 ,these lists all came from schools and therefore bear the earmarks of the schoolmaster4 ,but the largest part of the reading by negroes is done by the pupils and teachers in connection with their school work4 ,this would account for the preponderance of the literature and history classes4 ,miss ,sarah ,b4 ,askew observes that among the general readers in a public library the colored people's tastes are for quick action1 strong emotion1 vivid coloring1 and simplicity of narration4 ,books by and about their own people are in constant demand4 ,the colored magazines1 those devoted especially to their interests and those published by colored men are always popular4 ,there is also a growing demand for books useful to the mechanic in his daily work4 ,chauffeurs avail themselves of technical books on automobiles4 ,an early experience in the ,louisville library was with a woman who made a business of raising chickens4 ,she called at the library for medical help because many of them were dying4 ,strangely enough this subject had been overlooked in selecting the books and the librarian was unable to prescribe for sick chickens4 ,but a book on poultry was ordered for her immediately4 ,conclusions ,following are some conclusions regarding libraries for negroes3 7#a7 ,that books and reading are of the utmost value in the education1 development and progress of the race4 7#b7 ,that in northern public libraries they are admitted to all privileges without distinction4 7#c7 ,that in southern libraries the segregation of the races prevails1 as it does1 in all educational1 religious and other social institutions4 7#d7 ,that in many places institutional libraries are supplying the book wants of the few negroes who really have need of libraries4 7#e7 ,that among the masses of the colored race there is as yet very little demand for libraries4 7#f7 ,that where a genuine demand has manifested itself and up-to-date facilities have been provided negroes have been quick to use them and have made commendable progress4 7#g7 ,that in some of the large cities containing a great many negroes who are intelligent and who pay taxes the provision made for them is sadly inadequate or is entirely lacking4 7#h7 ,that southern librarians generally are kindly and helpfully disposed toward them and that the majority of the white people favor a fair deal for them1 including the best training and the fullest enlightenment4 7#i7 ,that in the ,south any arrangement which aims to serve the two races in the same room or in the same building is detrimental to the greatest good of both4 ,complete segregation is essential to the best work for all4 7#aj7 ,that many libraries are not financially able to conduct separate departments and so the negro loses out4 7#aa7 ,that a few cities have splendid facilities for them1 a few others are now establishing branches1 a considerable number are discussing the question seriously and another considerable number which should be at work are doing nothing4 7#ab7 ,that the best solution of the problem is the separate branch in charge of colored assistants under the supervision and control of the white authorities4 7#ac7 ,that even in northern cities which have large segregated colored districts such separate branches would result in reaching a larger number of negroes and doing better work for both races4 7#ad7 ,that the ,south is entitled to the sympathy and help of the ,north on this question1 which is only a part of the larger question of negro education4 ,that sympathy will come with fuller information and will increase as the size and seriousness of the problem is more fully understood4 ,adjourned4 ,,third ,,general ,,session 7,wednesday morning1 ,june #be1 #aiac7 ,the ,,president3 ,there is a matter of business to come up this morning4 ,at the last conference the ,association adopted an amendment to the ,constitution which1 to become effective1 must be ratified at this meeting4 ,it may be added that the requisite notice required by the ,constitution1 of thirty days1 has been given by the ,secretary1 through publication in the ,bulletin1 where you have doubtless seen the proposed amendment together with the by-law which is dependent1 of course1 upon the adoption of the amendment itself4 ,the ,secretary will please read the proposed amendment as adopted at the ,ottawa conference4 ,the ,,secretary3 ,i will also read that portion of ,section #ad of the ,constitution to which the amendment would apply3 ,council4 ,membership4 ,the ,council shall consist of the executive board1 all ex-presidents of the ,association who continue as members thereof1 all presidents of affiliated societies who are members of the ,association1 twenty-five members elected by the ,association at large1 and twenty-five elected by the ,council itself1-- ,and the proposed amendment consists of the following words to be inserted at that place3 --and one member from each state1 provincial and territorial library association or any association covering two or more such geographical divisions which complies with the conditions for such representation set forth in the by-laws4 ,the ,,president3 ,the amendment is before you for consideration4 ,what is your pleasure8 ,are you ready for the question8 7,the question being called for and put1 the amendment was adopted47 ,the ,,president3 ,dependent upon the adoption of the amendment to the ,constitution there is now before you for consideration a proposed amendment to the by-laws4 ,the ,secretary will please read the suggested amendment which carries into effect now the ,constitutional amendment which you have just adopted and which becomes effective1 in that it has now been adopted by two successive conferences4 ,the ,secretary then read the proposed amendment ,section #c;a1 which is as follows3 ,sec4 #c;a4 ,each state1 territorial and provincial library association 7or any association covering two or more such geographical divisions7 having a membership of not less than fifteen members1 may be represented in the ,council by the president of such association1 or by an alternate elected at the annual meeting of the association4 ,the annual dues shall be #e4jj for each association having a membership of fifty or less1 and ten cents per additional capita where membership is above that number4 ,the privileges and advantages of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 conferences shall be available only to those holding personal membership or representing institutional membership in the ,association4 ,the ,president then put the question and the above amendment to the by-laws was duly adopted4 ,dr4 ,,andrews3 ,i move the addition of the words or to members of other affiliated societies1 in order not to bar these members from attendance at our meetings4 ,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,andrews' amendment is to include the words or to members of other affiliated societies4 ,mr4 ,,ranck3 ,i think1 as a member of the ,committee that had something to do with the drafting of the proposed by-law1 that ,i can say that the purpose of that provision was that there should be some advantage to persons holding membership in these organizations1 to get the railroad rates1 hotel rates1 etc42 in other words1 to have some pecuniary advantage in their becoming members and not to be able to come and get those advantages without holding any kind of a membership4 ,if ,i may be permitted1 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i should like to give a few figures with reference to the distribution of the members of the ,council as it now exists1 as given in the last handbook4 ,there were #gb members of the ,council1 counting the one or two who have died1 representing #dh states1 the ,district of ,columbia and ,canada4 ,however1 in the ,council only #bj ,states in the ,union have representation4 ,in other words1 there are #bh states in the ,union that are not represented in the ,council4 ,the population of these #bh states is nearly thirty-three millions and their area is nearly two million square miles1 whereas the area of the states that are represented is a little over a million square miles4 ,the point is1 ,mr4 ,president1 the purpose of the amendment to the ,constitution and these amendments is to give a wider geographical distribution of representation in the ,council2 in other words1 that more than half of the area of the ,united ,states may be brought in1 on account of this geographical representation1 and that the thirty-three millions of people who live in those states may be able to get a representation which it seems at the present time they do not have4 ,the ,,president3 ,the question before the conference is on the proposed amendment of the by-law as offered by ,dr4 ,andrews4 7,the ,president put the question and the amendment was duly adopted47 ,the ,,president3 ,the question now is upon the amendment to the by-laws as amended4 7,the ,president put the question and the amendment to the by-laws was duly adopted47 ,the ,,president3 ,the ,association during the past year suffered grievous loss in the passing of two of its notable members1 members who had long been identified with the ,association and its work1 and ,i may add the loss of a friend of librarians everywhere1 that splendid gentleman1 ,mr4 ,francis ,fisher ,browne1 of ,the ,dial1--a man gentle of soul1 keen of intellect and fine of fiber4 ,while perhaps we are not called upon to take official notice of his passing it seems to me very well that we should group him with those whose loss we mourn at this time4 ,by request of the ,executive ,board and of the ,council a committee consisting of ,dr4 ,putnam1 ,mr4 ,bowker and ,mr4 ,wellman have been asked to draft memorial resolutions on the passing of ,dr4 ,billings and ,mr4 ,soule and ,i would ask ,dr4 ,putnam to report at this time4 ,dr4 ,,putnam3 ,with your permission ,i will ask ,mr4 ,wellman to read the suggested minute with reference to ,mr4 ,soule4 ,and the ,committee would suggest that if the expression in these minutes appears to you just1 that they be adopted by a rising vote4 ,mr4 ,wellman then read the following resolution which was unanimously adopted by a rising vote4 ,,charles ,,carroll ,,soule ,with profound sorrow1 we record the death of ,charles ,c4 ,soule1 whose services and relation to the ,american ,library ,association were in many ways unique4 ,though himself not a librarian1 yet in the early days of the public library he was one of those who foresaw the great force which it might be made to exert in our democratic civilization2 and to promote the wise realization of this vision1 he labored unceasingly as a member of this ,association for more than thirty years and was a constant attendant at the meetings4 ,he served as vice-president in #ahij1 as member of the ,institute for six years1 as member of the ,council for eight years1 as trustee of the endowment fund for twelve years1 and as a member of the ,publishing ,board for eighteen years4 ,but his distinctive contribution was in efforts towards the improvement of library architecture2 and here by his study and writings1 as well as by creating the office of advisory expert in building1 he did more than any other man to further the planning of library buildings for library work4 ,in reciting the tale of his accomplishment1 it is impossible to forget the man4 ,unselfish and high-minded1 a good counsellor and a consistent friend1 he ever showed eager and affectionate interest in the work of his fellow members1 and especially in the success of those beginning their careers4 ,above all1 he possessed a generous faith in his associates and an unfailing good will4 ,these were but a few of the qualities which enabled him to achieve so much for the public library1 and which endeared him to hosts of librarians throughout the land4 ,dr4 ,,putnam3 ,mr4 ,president1 this is proposed as a minute for the records of the ,association4 ,it is therefore headed ,john ,shaw ,billings4 ,the resolution was unanimously adopted by a rising vote4 ,,john ,,shaw ,,billings ,april #ab1 #ahch--,march #ah1 #aiac ,a member of the ,american ,library ,association #ahha-aiac--;,its ,president1 #aija-jb ,it is seldom that the death of an individual removes from two professions a unit of singular power in each4 ,but such was the loss in the recent death of ,john ,shaw ,billings2 a scientist in a department of science intensive and exacting1 a librarian rigorously scientific in a profession broadly humane4 ,to the former he made original contributions which constituted him an authority within special fields2 but also in his great ,index-,catalog of ,medical ,literature1 one which assured certainty and promoted advance in every field--and left the entire medical profession his debtor4 ,as a librarian1 having first brought to preeminence the professional library entrusted to him1 he was called to the organization into a single system of isolated funds and institutions1 achieved that organization1 and lived to see it1 under his charge develop into the largest general library system in the world1 with a possible influence upon our greatest metropolis of incalculable importance to it1 and through it1 to the welfare of our entire country4 ,the qualities which enabled him to accomplish all this included not merely certain native abilities--among them1 penetration1 concentration1 vigor1 tenacity of purpose and directness of method1 but others developed by self-denial1 self-discipline1 and a complete dedication to the work in hand4 ,it was through these that he earned his education and his scientific training2 and they hardened into habits which attended him to the end of his days1 when he concluded in toil that shirked no detail a life begun in toil and devoted to detail4 ,such habits1 a keen faculty of analysis1 and a scientific training kept him aloof alike from hasty generalizations and from the impulses of mere emotion2 while his military training induced in him three characteristics which marked alike his treatment of measures and his dealings with men2 incisiveness1 a distaste for the superfluous and the redundant1 and an insistence upon the suitable subordination of the part to the whole4 ,in this combination1 and in the knowledge of1 and power over1 men which accompanied it1 he was unique among librarians2 in his complete lack of ostentation he was unusual among men4 ,his mind was ever on the substance1 indifferent to the form4 ,a power in two professions1 to have termed him the ornament of either would have affronted him2 for he was consistently impatient of the merely ornamental4 ,any personal ostentation was actually repugnant to him2 and he avoided it as completely in what he suffered as in what he achieved2 bearing1 with a reticence that asked no allowances1 physical anguish in which most men would have found ample excuse from every care4 ,if such a combination of traits assured his remarkable efficiency1 it might not have seemed calculated to promote warm personal or social attachments4 ,yet there was in him also a singular capacity for friendship2 not indeed for impulsive and indiscriminate intimacies1 but for those selective1 deep1 steady and lasting friendships which are proof of the fundamental natures of men4 ,and however terse1 austere1 and even abrupt1 his manner in casual relations1 where a really human interest was at stake he might be relied upon for sympathies both warm and considerate1 and the more effective because consistently just and inevitably sincere4 ,the testimonies to these qualities in his character1 to these powers1 and to his varied achievements1 have already been many and impressive4 ,the ,american ,library ,association wishes to add its own1 with a special recognition not merely of the value to the community of the things which he accomplished1 but of the value to individuals in the example of a character and abilities so resolutely developed and so resolutely applied to the service of science and the service of men4 ,the ,,president3 ,to offer a telegram as a substitute for a long and pleasurably anticipated paper is cause for regret1 but such must be the case this morning as ,miss ,arnold finds it impossible to be with us4 ,the telegram reads as follows3 ,emergency meeting of ,simmons ,college ,corporation has been appointed for ,wednesday and prevents me from attending library meeting4 ,extreme regrets4 ,,sarah ,,louise ,,arnold4 ,the general theme of this morning's session is ,library influence in the home1 in the shop1 on the farm1 and among defectives and dependents4 ,we shall begin the morning's program with a paper on ,the working library for the artisan and the craftsman1 by ,,edward ,f4 ,,stevens1 librarian ,pratt ,institute free library1 and director of the school of library science1 ,brooklyn4 ,,the ,,working ,,library ,,for ,,the ,,artisan ,,and ,,the ,,craftsman ,it is not my privilege to speak to you at this time of the professional1 technical1 or practical aspects of that recent phase of library work wherein is attempted the reconciliation of shopmen with bookmen4 ,in the very few moments placed at my disposal ,i may mention only that human relationship which enters so largely into a librarian's dealings with men who are concerned with and about their work4 ,the straightforward1 sympathetic intercourse of man with man may adorn to the point of making almost beautiful a department of librarianship which is extremely matter-of-fact in its essential character and might easily become commonplace in its practicality4 ,the business of a technology department in a public library may best be expressed in terms of the statement of the policy of the ,franklin ,union established in recent years in ,philadelphia--the further education of men already employed4 ,such a working library is strictly a library of work4 ,it is almost oppressively utilitarian4 ,yet to a librarian who has had the privilege of making books known to artisans and craftsmen1 and who is now denied that privilege1 the sense of the loss of the fellowships1 not to say friendships1 that formerly were a part of his daily occupation proves that the sympathetic was after all the potential element in his experience4 ,i may say with ,lowell1 ,i like folks who like an honest piece of steel4444 ,there is always more than the average human nature in a man who has a hearty sympathy with iron4 ,theodore ,roosevelt has given us a maxim that deserves to be written as a rule of life--,that which one does which all can do but won't do is the greatest of greatness4 ,therein is the greatness of work with practical men--the discernment of the simplest facts of life1 the performance of the simplest acts of life in working out the complex things of life1 recognizing1 to begin with1 that a man's difficulty is at once less a difficulty when it becomes the friendly concern of a fellow-man4 ,my own first experience as a seeker after help in a public library in matters technical that were then of great importance to me1 met the rebuff and disappointment that have given me a point of view which amounts to a conviction4 ,in the present day1 the library assumes considerable confidence in inviting the workingman into its constituency1 and the workingman must come to it with no less confidence if the library expects its justification4 ,the mechanic1 as formerly the scholar1 must approach the library with a calculated expectation4 ,the librarian must understand him1 believe in him1 and in turn make himself understood by him4 ,in a recent issue of the ,american ,machinist1 a writer deplores the general lack of sympathy and interest in the affairs of the unheralded mechanic4 ,that the life he lives has no place in men's thoughts nor in literature4 ,this is the closing statement3 ,as it is1 if left to themselves1 mechanics will by their silence continue to let those outside the shop think of them as nothing but men tied to a whistle4 ,leigh ,hunt 7himself very much an outsider7 in a familiar essay makes this friendly observation3 ,a business of screws and iron wheels is1 or appears to be1 a very commonplace matter2 but not so the will of the hand that sets them in motion2 not so the operations of the mind that directs them what to utter4 ,but this mechanic that now nears the public library is coming neither as a pathetic figure in distress1 nor as a mysterious or heroic figure beyond our comprehension4 ,he comes as an unpretending man dignified by earnestness of purpose not to discredit an honorable vocation4 ,the best of mutual understanding and feeling1 however1 will not secure the chief ends of librarianship except so far as they splendidly prepare the way4 ,the recognition of books as tools comes only as the books stand the same practical test that the workman applies to his instruments4 ,the librarian must furnish books shaped to the man's hand1 books that he can use to perform work1 that he can depend upon as true1 accurate1 precise1 simple1 efficient1 economical1 reliable in the same sense that his tools must be all these4 ,and so1 the selection of books for a working library of technology becomes not unlike the testing of instruments of precision4 ,care in selection is of supreme importance in fitting up a tool-shop of books4 ,wisdom in application is scarcely second to intelligence in choice4 ,a practical man does not often come to a library for this or that particular book1 for the work of a specified author1 or for a title that he has in mind4 ,if he does1 he cannot always be depended upon to know his own wishes in the matter4 ,what this man wants is information about a topic that concerns him4 ,he leaves it to the library to tell him in what printed form that information can be had--and it's risky1 for the library1 to trifle with him or to play him false4 ,hesitation1 indecision1 irresolution are fatal4 ,if the library exhibits lack of faith in itself1 who1 indeed1 shall have faith in it8 ,the workingman will be sure to entertain the same contempt for the librarian's doubtful application of even the best books as he himself would of the misuse of good tools in his own trade4 ,this necessity for books that will answer to needs is the incentive in the erection of a working library to which men may resort4 ,at home we have a permanent and constantly revised selection of the most useful technical books registered on cards of varying colors showing the differing characteristics of the books included4 ,this is our ,works ,library4 ,and within it1 on blue cards1 are listed the simplest and most direct texts for the man with the least preparation for books4 ,this is our ,dinner-,pail ,library4 ,and starting with these1 we may go on with a degree of confidence in teaching men the use of tools the handling of which we ourselves understand4 ,preparedness in attitude1 preparedness in equipment1 await the arrival of the man the most skeptical of the library's guests4 ,does he come and go away again confirmed in his skepticism8 ,if he does1 it's the library's fault1 not his4 ,does he come1 and remain1 to come again8 ,then he is ready to pay the tribute of his allegiance that becomes the librarian's great reward4 ,we have heard the ,american ,machinist complain that the mechanic found no voice to sing his praises4 ,not less is the genus librarian unwept1 unhonored1 and unsung4 ,he expects praise as little as he desires it1 and1 perhaps1 ,i may say1 deserves it4 ,but the ready word of appreciation1 the acknowledgment of the library's help in overcoming difficulties that drove a man there as a last resort1 the confession of awakening to the new knowledge of the library's wider purpose and power1 is expressed often with a frankness and fervor that surprise and gratify the fortunate librarian who has been instrumental in bringing things to pass4 ,i recall how men of few words and little sentiment have spontaneously related to me their experiences of misfortune1 perplexity1 disappointment1 or other embarrassment that caused them to turn to the public library for a possible helping hand1 and then1 how the library did not fail them in their extremity4 ,at such times1 ,i knew that the free library was doing what it undertook to do4 ,of this sort are the few1 the impressive instances that illustrate how1 on occasions1 a working library can meet very exceptional requirements4 ,there are also the very many--the students1 apprentices1 shopmen1 machinists1 inventors1 chemists1 engineers1 manufacturers--all artisans and craftsmen in their various ways1 who are coming to learn that in their usual daily processes they may expect from the public library the ordinary1 indispensable service that the library has always performed for those who know the value of books4 ,it is this complete idea of a library that still fails of development in the minds of these men1 an idea that the library is a live thing1 a public utility of which they will naturally and inevitably avail themselves as they do of the street-cars to take them both to and away from their work4 ,nothing is needed to convince men that a utility is a utility save the satisfying use of it4 ,when they have found that the library speeds them on in the direction of the day's occupation1 then it becomes easy enough for them to learn that the library can also get them far removed from it4 ,and when the workingman fully comprehends the working library1 and by means of it is introduced to the diverting library1 he becomes a man with the greatest capacity for usefulness1 and the library's conquest of the community is finished and triumphant4 ,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,stevens has very forcefully brought out the factor that a book may be in bringing into life dormant faculties that might otherwise go to waste and recalls to us the remark of ,prof4 ,dewey1 that the loss of the unearned increment is as nothing compared with the loss of the undiscovered resource4 ,of course you know as well as the members of the program committee that they had nothing to do with the selection of the next speaker2 the topic chose her4 ,how could anyone else be asked to present the subject of ,the woman on the farm1 than ,miss ,,lutie ,e4 ,,stearns1 of the ,wisconsin free library commission8 ,,the ,,woman ,,on ,,the ,,farm ,modern programs of library extension through public libraries as distinguished from traveling library systems are practically confined to an arbitrary line drawn tightly around the city's limits4 ,charters1 laws1 or ordinances under which many libraries operate are usually interpreted to restrict the use of such institutions to a narrow area and no great attempt has been made through legislation1 save in ,california and a few isolated examples elsewhere1 to extend library privileges to adjacent communities4 ,it is a happy omen for the future that the president of the ,american ,library ,association1 the custodian of a library catering to two-million city dwellers with a circulation second in rank to ,greater ,new ,york1 should have seen fit on his own initiative to place among the topics of this meeting the needs of the woman on the farm1 the real founder of the city's citizenship4 ,who's the greatest woman in history8 was the query debated by ,kansas school teachers recently4 ,they considered ,joan of ,arc1 ,queen ,elizabeth1 ,semiramis1 ,cleopatra1 ,cornelia1 ,catherine of ,russia1 ,maria ,theresa1 ,grace ,darling1 ,florence ,nightingale1 ,susan ,b4 ,anthony1 and half a hundred others4 ,when they came to deciding1 all the names known to fame were ruled out4 ,and to whom do you suppose the judges awarded the palm8 ,here is the answer3 ,the wife of the farmer of moderate means who does her own cooking1 washing1 ironing and sewing1 brings up a family of boys and girls to be useful members of society and finds time for intellectual improvement4 ,these teachers knew that woman1 they knew the drudgery she faced at four or five o'clock every morning the year 'round4 ,there are twenty millions of her in this country of ours1 she makes up nearly one-fourth of the population of the country1 and while we are dealing with these most vital statistics1 we may include the tragic fact that sixty-six per cent of those committed to insane hospitals are from rural districts1 the farm women constituting the great majority thereof4 ,and yet the needs of this great1 deserving class of humans with minds and hearts even more receptive to ideas than are city women--the needs of such as these are as yet almost wholly unrealized by librarians aside from ,commission workers4 ,no committee of the ,american ,library ,association has ever had the joy of working out a program of library extension from the great city systems to rural readers4 ,the question put by the then ,president ,roosevelt to his ,country ,life ,commission1 ,how can the life of the farm family be made less solitary1 fuller of opportunity1 freer from drudgery1 more comfortable1 happier1 and more attractive8 still awaits solution from the library standpoint4 ,though agriculture is our oldest and by far our largest and most important industry1 it has only recently occurred to us in the ,united ,states that we had a rural problem4 ,it is only within the last decade or so that we have awakened to the fact that there is a rural as well as an urban problem1 and the library world is too prone to keep from recognizing it4 ,we are not concerned in this connection with the problem of the retired farmer who moves into a town to spend his last days which are1 seemingly1 all he is willing to spend2 nor shall we discuss those restless flat dwellers in our cities who1 tempted by such alluring and wholly immoral titles as ,the ,fat of the ,land1 ,the ,earth ,bountiful1 ,a ,self-,supporting ,home1 ,three ,acres and a ,cow1 or ,three ,acres and ,liberty--for those to whom the idea of liberty is more inspiring than that of the cow--attempt to start ginseng1 guinea pig1 pheasant1 and peacock farms1 and who return to the city as shorn of guineas as the pigs they leave behind them4 ,in the serious solution of this problem1 we may1 in truth1 differ as to the sort of farmers we would benefit4 ,as ,sir ,horace ,plunkett has said in his ,rural problem in ,america1 ,the ,new ,york ,city idea is probably that of a ,long ,island home where one might see on ,sunday1 weather permitting1 the horny-handed son of weekday toil in ,wall ,street1 rustically attired1 inspecting his ,jersey cows and aristocratic fowls4 ,these supply a select circle in ,new ,york ,city with butter and eggs at a price which leaves nothing to be desired unless it be some information as to cost of production4 ,full justice is done to the new country life when the ,farmers' ,club of ,new ,york fulfills its chief function--the annual dinner at ,delmonico's4 ,then ,agriculture is extolled in fine ,virgilian style1 the ,hudson villa and the ,newport cottage being permitted to divide the honors of the rural revival with the ,long ,island home4 ,but to my bucolic intelligence1 concludes ,sir ,horace1 it would seem that against the back-to-the-land movement of ,saturday afternoon1 the captious critic might set the rural exodus of ,monday morning4 ,to the ,new ,england librarian there probably comes the picture of rugged1 bean-clad hills with electrics in every valley eager to take the intellectual rustics to the ,lowell lectures or the ,boston ,symphony ,orchestra4 ,that books are appreciated in the rural districts even in a state that boasts a library in every town is shown by a letter from one who had received the volumes sent out by the ,massachusetts ,society to ,encourage ,studies at ,home4 ,i do not know where ,i should stop if ,i tried to tell how much these library books have helped me in my isolated life--,i have craved so much and there seemed no access possible to anything ,i wanted4 ,i have lived always with a longing for something different2 life was a burden to be carried cheerfully1 yet ,i never quite conquered the feeling that the burden was heavy4 ,books have taken away that feeling and before ,i was aware1 the load was gone4 ,i have written thus of myself1 not because my individual experience is of importance enough to interest anyone1 but because ,i believe the world is full of people with the same wants that ,i have and it may be some satisfaction to know how fully you are supplying them4 ,to the librarian of ,new ,jersey1 the isolated dwellers of the salt marshes would come to mind4 ,maryland suggests to some librarian epicures the oyster farm1 with its succulent product1 but to others comes the vision of the real thing supplied as in ,washington ,county with the ideal arrangement of central library1 branches1 deposit stations1 traveling libraries1 and automobile delivery to the very doors of the ,maryland farm homes--the most ideal arrangement of rural extension that exists in ,america today4 ,to the ,georgian1 the cracker presents itself with its ,uneeda book appeal4 ,the mountain-white of ,kentucky1 who comes to ,berea in his seventeenth year to learn his letters1 would surely appreciate an opportunity to go on with them when he gets back home4 ,in the north middle west1 where farms are still surrounded by a fringe of pine and an infinite destiny1 a farmer's wife writes as follows3 ,for many years ,i have lived on a farm on the cleared land of ,northern ,wisconsin1 and ,i have made an earnest study of the conditions that surround the lives of the average isolated farmer and his family4 ,i have seen all of the loneliness and desolation of their lives1 ,i have witnessed all the dreariness and poverty of their homes4 ,i have been with them when our nearest railroad station meant a twenty-eight mile trip through bottomless mud or over shaking corduroy2 where our nearest post-office was eighteen miles away1 over the same impassable roads and where we were often without mail for weeks at a time2 when the nearest public library was sixty miles away2 when the only element of culture or progress we possessed was the little backwoods school1 housed in a tumble-down log shack and presided over by careless or incompetent teachers4 ,i have watched civilization come to us step by step1--the railroad1 the rural mail delivery1 the country telephone1 and other modern rural conveniences4 ,but1 before any of these1 right into the midst of our lonely backwoods life1 came the traveling library1 for it is characteristic of the traveling library that it is not dependent on modern conveniences for its appearance4 ,i can recall the thrill of joy with which we received our first case of books4 ,i read their titles over and over1 handled and caressed them in a perfectly absurd manner4 ,almost all of the books were old friends of mine2 but1 to our little neighborhood of foreigners1 they were brand new and the enthusiasm over that library knew no bounds4 ,we had a regular literary revival that winter4 ,we talked books in season and out of season2 and from talking about the books in the little library we fell to talking of other books2 of books we had read in our younger1 happier days4 ,it mattered little if in the course of these conversations books and authors were hopelessly mixed4 ,i cannot say that we derived any great amount of knowledge from our first library1 but ,i do know that it brought into our little backwoods settlement1 that which we needed much more--hope and courage and an interest in life4 ,that was my first introduction to the traveling library1 but during the years that have gone since then1 ,i have seen much of the work of these little cases of books4 ,while it is true that the traveling library does not always meet with as enthusiastic a reception as our little settlement gave it that winter1 yet it always comes to our rural communities as a help and inspiration4 ,my appreciation of the worth of the traveling library has grown with the years4 ,once a library meant nothing but rows of books and its influence was confined to narrow limits4 ,however with the establishment of the traveling library1 these books have become veritable missionaries penetrating to all sorts of dreary1 isolated places1 carrying with them a culture and a pleasure that will aid in illuminating the long1 dreary path of existence with the color of happiness4 ,as one farmer's wife has it in another locality1 ,good books drive away neighborhood discussion of the four deadly ,d's--,diseases1 ,dress1 ,descendants and ,domestics4 ,olive ,schreiner in her wonderful and heart searching study of ,woman and ,labor1 has pointed out that at first woman hunted with the man1 and later when the race settled in one spot1 the woman was the tiller of the soil and the man the hunter and warrior4 ,then when man no longer needed to hunt or fight1 the woman moved within the house and the man tilled the fields4 ,the woman became the isolated one4 ,isolation is the menace of farm life just as congestion is of city life4 ,this isolation has a depressing effect upon the intellectual life of those who require the stimulus of contact with others to keep their minds active4 ,the woman on the farm1 as ,mr4 ,bailey has pointed out1 is apt to become a fatalist4 ,floods1 drought1 storms1 tornadoes1 untimely frosts1 backward seasons1 blight1 predatory beasts1 animal and plant diseases render a season's great labor of no avail1 or destroy the fruits of it within the hour4 ,along with these perennial discouragements comes the interminable round of getting up before sunrise and cooking1 baking1 dishwashing1 sewing1 mending1 washing and ironing clothes from day to day1 week to week1 month to month1 and year to year1 with additional work peculiar to the seasons1 such as at planting times1 threshing and harvesting1 fruit gathering and preserving1 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,the work of the farm is carried on in direct connection with the home1 thus differing from nearly all the large industries1 such as manufacturing and the like4 ,the fact that agriculture is still a family industry where the work and home life are not separated1 differentiates it from life in the city with its lack of a common business interest among all the members of the family4 ,this condition tends to make rural life stable4 ,the whole family stay at home evenings and one book is read aloud to the entire family circle4 ,we still find the big family in the country where bridge whist and race-suicide--cause and effect--are as yet unknown4 ,but the big family puts cares and responsibilities upon the mother on the farm and when one sees the bent form1 the tired carriage1 the warped fingers and the thin1 wrinkled features of so many farmer's wives1 one does not at first see anything but cruelty to animals in urging recreation and reading upon such overburdened women4 ,but a brighter1 industrial day is at hand4 ,from perpetual motion to hours of reasonable industrial requirements the daily working period of the farmer is coming to be reduced by labor saving machinery4 ,the modern gasoline engine1 to my mind the most important contribution to civilization and culture in recent times1 now pumps the water1 saws and cuts the wood1 runs the lighting plant1 the washing machine1 the milking machine1 the cream separator1 the churn1 the sewing machine1 the bread-mixer1 the vacuum cleaner1 the lawn mower1 the coffee grinder1 the ice cream freezer and even the egg-beater4 ,these1 with the fireless cooker1 have relieved the housewife and made time for reading and other recreation4 ,good roads1 rural free delivery1 the interurban trolley car1 the automobile and the rural telephone are removing the old-time isolation and are making possible enjoyment and a culture and refinement equal to that of the business and professional classes of the cities4 ,one thing only is still withheld from distinctly rural communities--the opportunity to get good books4 ,it has been said so often it has become a truism that the rural districts are the seed bed from which the cities are stocked with people4 ,upon the character of this stock more than upon anything else does the greatness of a nation and the quality of its civilization ultimately depend4 ,the importance of doing something with and for these people is paramount for the farms furnish the cities not alone with material products but with men and women4 ,census returns indicate that cities are gaining on the country all the time4 ,we who wish to stop the rural exodus must co-operate with other agencies to make farm life more attractive and this we can do by opening our doors to farmers and their wives1 the makers of men4 ,it is our city's self-protection that there should come from the farms strong1 well-educated minds1 and we each should contribute our share to this end4 ,a ,chinese philosopher has said1 ,the well-being of a people is like a tree2 agriculture is its root1 manufacturing and commerce are its branches and its life2 if the root is injured1 the leaves fall1 the branches break away and the tree dies4 ,state universities and other free educational agencies are recognizing the fact that not the few but all1 farm and city-bred alike1 must be educated for life and through life4 ,commencement day is no longer the educational day of judgment for the individual4 ,rural consolidated high schools are being built to supplement the little red schoolhouse4 ,libraries1 through extension of their service1 must aid in the great agrarian movement of the day4 ,we cannot all1 perhaps1 have the ideal arrangement as worked out in ,maryland by ,miss ,titcomb4 ,it may not be possible to cover other states with book wagons as ,delaware proposes to do4 ,we may not accomplish the ,california ideal of the county as the unit4 ,we may not be able to send traveling libraries on their beneficent mission1 but we each may try to let down the bars at our own reservoirs so that whosoever is athirst may come and drink of the waters of life freely4 ,the ,,president3 ,whenever ,i become rash enough to venture a comment upon any paper of ,miss ,stearns ,i always take the precaution to do it before she presents it2 afterwards it is entirely superfluous4 ,yet ,i venture to express a thought which ,i am sure has occurred to you likewise2 that there is a very strong relationship between the two papers which have been presented this morning2 that there is cause and coming effect in that the one activity of the library1 as represented by the first paper1 is making possible the multiplication of these various devices which shall make for the woman on the farm the new day of which ,miss ,stearns has prophesied4 ,during the last few years the library has entered another new field1 an unsuspected field4 ,those of us who have had an opportunity to go about to the various institutions where the defectives and the dependents and other unfortunates are incarcerated have marvelled at the--shall we say ignorance1 which has been at the bottom of the book work with these people4 ,but scientific methods have been introduced and during the last few conferences we have had something of the promise which has now grown into fuller realization4 ,i shall ask ,miss ,,julia ,a4 ,,robinson1 who has done strong1 splendid work in ,iowa in this connection1 to present the next paper1 on ,,book ,,influences ,,for ,,defectives ,,and ,,dependents3 ,,helping ,,those ,,who ,,cannot ,,help ,,themselves ,needy humanity divides itself into three classes1 those whom it is said the ,lord helps1 those who will not and those who cannot help themselves4 ,in no form of need1 however1 are we interested today save that of the book1 nor with the willfully book needy4 ,for are not they served by the public libraries which go even into the highways and byways and wellnigh compel the uninterested to come to the feast freely offered to them8 ,and though there are still rural districts not yet supplied with public or traveling libraries1 many of them have the ability to provide themselves with books had they the desire4 ,but there are those1 not always removed by space but far removed by condition from such privileges1 because crime1 weakness or misfortune has deprived them of their freedom and for the safety of society1 their own restoration to health or their care and education they are detained behind closed doors4 ,these are the morally1 mentally and physically defective and the dependent upon the bounty of the state4 ,with this class of helpless are we concerned1 with their needs and with what is being done to bring to them the influence of books4 ,of their needs let me speak briefly while ,i define and locate the different classes1 giving a few figures which perhaps may not be amiss in helping us to realize their numbers4 ,of the moral defectives #aac1egi have heard the grated doors of prison1 penitentiary or reformatory close behind them1 for some never to open4 ,for others in a few years perhaps these doors will swing outward to freedom4 ,shall it be to useful citizenship1 or to become a greater menace to society and again to be put behind the bars8 ,most of these are men who are employed during long working hours4 ,there is much time for idle thoughts during those hours1 in addition to evenings and ,sundays spent alone in locked cells4 ,large is the opportunity here for the book in its threefold mission of recreation1 instruction and inspiration to lives barren of pleasure and interest4 ,but these are not all4 ,we must add #bb1ijj juvenile delinquents found in the state industrial and training schools of the ,united ,states1 boys and girls whose steps have early found the downward path1 in most cases1 ,i believe1 because of the influences into which life ushered them4 ,but many of these are yet within the years of susceptibility and to the other upward influences with which it is now sought to surround them should be added the society of books which will bring wholesome pleasure while they present high standards and make right living attractive4 ,these numbers are exceeded by the mentally defective of whom #ahg1ded1 disturbed or confused1 dazed or depressed1 look through grated windows or sit in shadowed corners of the insane hospitals4 ,to take their thoughts from themselves and direct them into healthful channels may mean a step toward mental healing and adjustment4 ,this books will often do and to fail to furnish them may mean to omit a remedial influence in their treatment4 ,of the feebleminded1 there are #bj1aii in the institutions for that class of defectives4 ,with them the task is not so encouraging1 but a right to the pleasure of books is theirs and should not be withheld4 ,there are #fa1dbc to whom the printed page must speak for they hear no other voice1 and #dd1caj to whose touch the raised letters bring their message4 ,shut out from so much which others enjoy shall these be denied this means of recreation and instruction8 ,the charitable institutions shelter #bfh1fef dependents which include the old1 the sick and the children in the state public schools1 orphanages and homes4 ,the former need books to cheer them in their fight for health and strength1 or to while away the hours of waiting for their final summons4 ,the children need them not only for the enjoyment which comes from childhood reading1 but as a means of development of mind and character4 ,i would lay especial emphasis on the importance of libraries in these and in the industrial and training schools4 ,useful as books are in the other institutions1 there the help which they bring is but to the readers themselves4 ,here we have citizens in the making and the state has not only the opportunity of laying the foundations of character1 but by laying them deep and broad and strong of receiving returns for their efforts in intelligent and useful citizens4 ,to librarians ,i need not speak of the value of books in giving the education which makes for intelligence and the ideals which make for usefulness4 ,to meet these needs what do the institutional libraries offer8 ,i shall not give you figures which at best would be inaccurate and incomplete1 but such information as could be obtained showing the efforts which are being made to provide books and reading for defectives and dependents1 the adequacy and suitability of the libraries and their use of modern library methods4 ,the list of states is incomplete1 some failing to respond1 others giving vague information1 and an omission may not mean that nothing is being done along this line4 ,what is given will serve to show the general trend of interest in the work4 ,california plans to serve the institutions through the county system of libraries1 but just how this is to be done or whether any institutions have libraries or have received assistance was not stated4 ,colorado reports libraries in all the state institutions1 the best being that at the state penitentiary where the visitors' fees yield a considerable income which is used for books4 ,in ,georgia two institutions only have libraries1 which are reported to be neither well selected1 kept up to date nor administered according to modern methods4 ,the only information received from ,idaho was that traveling libraries are sent to the industrial school4 ,in ,illinois libraries are reported in the eighteen charitable and three penal institutions of the state1 though not all are adequate or suitable in selection4 ,in ,indiana several institutions receive annual library appropriations ranging from #a1jjj down to #bjj4 ,no institution is without a library though not all are organized or well selected or large enough for the needs of the institution4 ,the library commission lends an organizer to assist in this work and in some cases the book selection and the affairs of the library are put into the hands of the commission4 ,the librarian from the ,school for ,feeble ,minded ,youth will attend the summer school4 ,in ,iowa libraries exist in all of the fourteen state institutions2 all are classified1 organized and administered according to approved library methods4 ,all except the penitentiaries have appropriations of #cjj to #ejj each for the purchase of books4 ,in the penitentiaries the fund received from visitors' fees is used for this purpose4 ,reports are made each month to the ,board of ,control showing the reading done by classes in each institution4 ,a trained librarian appointed by the ,board of ,control gives all her time to the institutional libraries1 superintending the work1 doing the book selection1 supplying the technical knowledge1 instructing the librarians and stimulating the reading4 ,in ,kentucky the prisons and hospitals are under separate boards1 neither of which has done much for the libraries in the institutions under their charge1 but both have the matter under consideration and better things are looked for in the future4 ,the prison libraries are represented as inadequate and unsuitable4 ,one only has a fund for the purchase of books and that only #ej4 ,the only books in the ,houses of ,reform are the traveling libraries loaned by the library commission4 ,two state hospitals have very small libraries and no fund4 ,one has about #hjj volumes and an annual fund of #bej4 ,the chairman of the ,board of ,control of ,state ,institutions in ,kansas writes that considerable interest is taken in providing suitable reading for the dependents and defectives of that state and that the institutions are urged to systematic work1 but does not state whether all have libraries4 ,the ,maine ,insane ,hospital has an endowment which yields an income of about #fjj annually which is expended for books for the general library1 periodicals and medical books4 ,according to the chaplain of the ,maine state prison additions are made to that library from three sources1 a few volumes by purchase1 some by gifts from individuals1 but mostly by gifts from the state library of books no longer useful in the traveling libraries4 ,the ,massachusetts prison commission reports libraries in substantially all the prisons4 ,the larger ones are classified4 ,michigan has a state appropriation for books4 ,all the institutions have libraries of some kind1 but none are classified or organized according to modern methods4 ,the selections are made by the state librarian4 ,minnesota has also an appropriation for books in the state institutions4 ,the public library organizer from the ,library ,commission pays regular visits to the institutions1 selects the books and supervises the work4 ,not all are classified and several need new books4 ,the two asylums for incurable insane and the hospital for inebriates have only traveling libraries4 ,in ,missouri five institutions have no libraries4 ,traveling libraries are sent to the insane hospitals4 ,in the boys' training school the library is managed without system4 ,if a boy wants a book the superintendent takes what may be at hand and gives it to him4 ,nebraska has a state appropriation of #b1jjj made directly to the ,library ,commission to be expended by them for the thirteen institutional libraries4 ,this is used for books1 supplies and periodicals except in two institutions which supply their own magazines4 ,the institutions are asked to furnish cases only and some one to loan the books4 ,books are selected by the commission and prepared for circulation in the commission office4 ,in ,new ,hampshire the legislature makes an appropriation for the libraries in the state prisons and state hospitals4 ,the ,february number of ,new ,york ,libraries was made an institutional number and among other things contained reports from the institutional libraries of the state showing libraries in all but two or three institutions which are supplied by traveling libraries4 ,the following editorial comment is made on these libraries3 ,of the thirty-six institutions from whose libraries detailed reports are herewith presented1 there are not more than two or three whose library conditions would be regarded as up to the standard commonly expected and demanded for public libraries4 ,for not one of them does the state provide a sufficient appropriation for the attainment of such a standard4 ,the committee appointed by the ,state ,library ,association on libraries in the penal institutions in the state of ,new ,york in making their report recommend a change of title for the committee to include the charitable as well as the penal and reformatory institutions and a request that the legislature pass an act authorizing the appointment of a supervising librarian for the state institutions4 ,the libraries in many of the state institutions of ,north ,carolina are reported so small and poorly cared for that they are practically useless4 ,the ,school for the ,blind has a separate library building called the ,laura ,bridgman ,library and there is a good library in the ,school for the ,deaf classified by the teachers4 ,the value of this work is appreciated by the ,board of ,charities but there is a lack of funds4 ,the ,north ,dakota ,library ,commission has recently been asked to assist in selecting books and organizing a library for the state penitentiary where a thousand dollars is to be expended4 ,no libraries exist in the other state institutions4 ,the ,oregon ,library ,commission reports libraries in all the state institutions except one just opened4 ,all the institutions are located at ,salem and receive direct assistance from the commission in organization and book selection and management of their libraries4 ,purchases are made from a general fund4 ,all are reported adequate except one to be made so4 ,three are classified and the rest are to be4 ,pennsylvania has libraries in all the state institutions but none are organized1 classified or administered according to accepted library methods4 ,the ,library ,commission takes the position 7wisely it seems to me7 that their part lies in stirring up the boards in charge of the institutions to active interest in these libraries1 rather than themselves mixing in the affairs of another organization1 though as yet little has been accomplished in that direction4 ,tennessee has a library in the ,school for the ,blind1 the ,school for the ,deaf and the state prison1 but none in the insane hospitals4 ,these are organized and classified to a limited extent only4 ,from the biennial report of the ,texas ,library ,commission ,i quote the following3 ,only a few of the institutions have libraries and as a rule these are small and without reference to the purpose they are to serve4 ,some have nominal librarians1 but none trained and a library without a trained librarian is like a piano without a pianist1 valuable1 even expensive1 but of little use or pleasure4 ,in ,vermont an appropriation of #ejj was made in #aiaj and #bjj is now appropriated annually4 ,this is divided between the libraries in the ,state ,prison1 ,house of ,correction1 ,state ,industrial ,school and ,insane ,hospital and is under the control of the ,free ,public ,library ,commission which purchases the books and oversees the cataloging4 ,a card catalog of each institution is kept at the commission office4 ,the ,state ,prison also has a printed catalog4 ,washington has a library of some kind in all its institutions1 but in none is it a real factor4 ,none are classified4 ,in ,wisconsin no institution is wholly without a library4 ,they are organized and classified in a limited way only4 ,the commission assists to some extent in book selection4 ,from these reports we may draw the following conclusions3 7#a7 ,libraries of some kind exist in many state institutions4 7#b7 ,probably most of these libraries are only partially adequate1 if not wholly inadequate and unsuitable4 7#c7 ,few are organized or administered according to the best methods1 have proper rooms or a librarian in charge to render even their present collection useful4 7#d7 ,in a few states only is there trained supervision or systematic library work undertaken in the institutions4 7#e7 ,where appropriations are made they are seldom sufficient to properly maintain the libraries4 ,the responsibility for this work lies 7#a7 with the governing bodies1 the ,boards of ,control and other boards to whom is committed the care and welfare of the defectives and dependents of the state and the superintendents of the various institutions who are directly responsible for this care1 and 7#b7 with the librarians entrusted with library extension and the carrying of books to those who would otherwise be bookless1 the state library commissions4 ,that the superintendents partially appreciate the value of the book is evidenced by library beginnings in many institutions and their readiness to co-operate in movements toward the improvement and increased usefulness of the libraries4 ,but they are busy men with many departments on heart and mind and the boards are charged with many interests4 ,it is not surprising1 therefore1 that it is the librarians who have recognized the importance of these libraries and the fact that if they are to become a real force in the institutions the work must be given to some one whose business it shall be1 who is trained for it1 and who has the time to give it proper attention4 ,as few institutions are yet in a position to individually employ a trained librarian1 the solution of the problem has seemed to be a joint or supervising librarian for all the institutions of a state or of a kind in a state4 ,iowa through the influence of ,miss ,tyler and ,mr4 ,brigham was the first to undertake this work and is still the only state in which institutional library work is done by a librarian working under the ,board of ,control and giving all her time to the institutions4 ,the other states having institutional supervision are ,indiana1 ,minnesota1 where an officer from the commission gives part and ,nebraska the whole of her time to the institutional libraries1 and ,oregon1 ,michigan and ,vermont where the work seems to be done directly by the secretary4 ,if the ,board of ,control and the institutional heads are not affected by party changes the advantage1 it seems to me1 lies with the librarian employed by them1 who goes into the institutions with authority from the board to do what needs to be done and not as a guest1 who is sometimes unwelcome4 ,the book selection can thus be better guarded and ,i believe books purchased with institution funds will be better cared for by both officers and inmates than those received by donation4 ,appropriations are also likely to be larger if made directly to each institution than if made in a lump sum to the commission4 ,the initiative1 however1 will undoubtedly lie with the library commission and the importance of institutional library work is such that should the boards fail to use their opportunity it may become the part of the library commission to at least inaugurate the work1 which having begun they will probably be allowed to continue4 ,before closing may ,i emphasize very briefly three important points in connection with institutional library work4 ,i wish ,i might elaborate both these and the other points which ,i have touched so hurriedly1 but time forbids4 #a4 ,if the libraries are to become a real factor for good in institutional work1 the book selection must be differentiated to meet the needs of the different classes of readers1 and great care used to exclude the harmful and include helpful books only4 #b4 ,to make these libraries most useful there should be suitable rooms1 not only for the proper shelving of the books1 but for use as reading rooms where the atmosphere of book lined walls may yield its helpful influence and prepare the way for public library use by the boys and girls at least when the opportunity shall come to them4 #c4 ,though there may be a supervising librarian in the field1 there should be a competent institutional librarian who shall not only do the routine work1 but have sufficient knowledge of books and readers to be able to fit them together and sufficient time to do the work properly4 ,thus shall these libraries1 not only bring brightness and cheer to lives otherwise dull and colorless1 for ,this books can do2--nor this alone2 they give ,new views to life1 and teach us how to live2 ,they sooth the grieved1 the stubborn they chastise1 ,fools they admonish1 and confirm the wise2 ,their aid they yield to all3 ,they never shun ,the man of sorrows1 nor the wretch undone2 ,unlike the hard1 the selfish and the proud1 ,they fly not sullen from the suppliant crowd2 ,nor tell to various people various things4 ,but show to subjects what they show to kings4 ,the ,,president3 ,i am very glad to be able to announce that ,miss ,rathbone has kindly consented to exhibit some extremely interesting charts which have been prepared and exhibited in connection with the work of the library school at ,pratt and ,i am sure that all of you will miss something if you do not avail yourselves of the opportunity which is here presented to see them and to hear the explanation concerning them4 ,miss ,,rathbone3 ,i am very glad indeed to tell you a little about our exhibition because we found it an interesting thing to do and the people who saw it were interested in it4 ,the genesis of the matter was this3 ,when ,miss ,alice ,tyler was at the school this spring we were speaking about budget and other exhibitions and she said1 ,i do wish librarians could find some way of graphically presenting library work so that people could understand it as the child welfare work has been presented4 ,that remark of hers1 coupled with the fact the library school has never taken part in the exhibition that ,pratt ,institute has held for a great many years1 at the end of the third term1 suggested to me the idea of putting the problem to the class of devising an exhibition that should be a visual presentation of the school course and also of library work in general in a form that would be interesting and intelligible to the general public4 ,after a visit to the ,bureau of ,municipal ,research1 where ,dr4 ,allen gave them a talk on the value of graphic presentation of facts1 ,i told the students that they were to have the entire responsibility of the planning and execution of this exhibition as a problem in the library administration seminar4 ,it was1 of course1 an experiment but ,i was sufficiently convinced of its success after the class made their first and only report of progress1 to invite the staffs of the neighboring public libraries to the exhibition4 ,when the material was assembled and installed it created a good deal of interest both in the ,institute among the librarians who saw it1 and1 best of all1 on the part of the public at large4 ,we had about five hundred visitors in the four days it was open and it seemed to awaken in the minds of the people who saw it some conception of what library work means4 ,we heard many comments of this kind1 ,well1 now that ,i understand the work the library does1 ,i am going to use it more intelligently4 ,one high school boy said1 ,gee6 ,i've had an awful time trying to use this library before1 but ,i think ,i know what it is about now4 ,that sort of a thing made me realize that the exhibition might be of value to some of you as showing one way by which people could be interested in the actual work done in a library1 so ,i wrote to see if space could be had to install it here4 ,it was too late1 however1 so ,i simply brought up a few of the charts as examples4 ,the exhibition began with the technical work of the library--the progress of a book through the various steps was illustrated by a ladder the rungs of which were labeled1 ,book ,selection1 ,ordering1 ,receiving1 ,accessioning1 ,classification1 etc4 ,books were shown running toward this ,library ,ladder1 nimbly climbing the rungs1 while at the top they acquire wings and fly off to the public4 ,this chart hung over a table on which the successive operations were shown in detail the same book being used as an illustration throughout4 ,the successive steps were numbered to correspond to the rungs of the ladder4 ,for example1 ,book ,selection was shown by a group including the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist1 the ,book ,review ,digest and two or three of the reviews4 ,the descriptive card read ,no4 #a4 ,these are a few of the aids in book selection4 ,following that was a chart 7exhibiting it7 to illustrate the utility of classification1 on which was presented a group of ten scientific books unclassified1 followed by the same ten in ,d4 ,c4 order1 with the question1 ,in which group would it be easier to find the books on insects4 ,that was followed by another exhibit to prove the utility of subject cataloging4 ,two copies of the same book were obtained1 one new and the other quite worn1 the book being ,gleason ,white's ,practical designing1 which is made up of a number of papers on minor arts1 by different authorities4 ,the new book with a single author card lay on the table surrounded by radiating interrogation points1 questions unanswered1 and over the book hung this inscription3 ,this book looks new4 ,why8 ,because nobody knows what is in it4 ,it is poorly cataloged4 ,the worn copy lay on the next table and radiating from that were a number of questions with the catalog cards that answer them attached4 ,over that was the screed3 ,this book shows wear4 ,why8 ,because it can be reached from twenty-four sources4 ,it is well cataloged4 ,people who had not known before what a catalog meant studied that thing out and the change of expression which came to their faces when they saw the new book and the worn book side by side and understood what it signified was delightful4 ,it struck home4 ,the work of the reference department was tellingly illustrated by an arch in which the reference library was the keystone1 all intellectual activities depending on it4 7,miss ,rathbone then exhibited various other charts and described them in detail47 ,in addition to this1 children's work1 the field work1 the courses in binding and printing1 the making of reading lists1 the course in fiction were represented4 ,altogether we felt that graphic illustration of library work was not only possible but distinctly worth while and that the exhibition had done a good work in educating the library's public1 as well as the class1 and we expect to make it a permanent feature of the year's work4 ,adjourned4 ,,fourth ,,general ,,session 7,thursday morning1 ,june #bf1 #aiac7 ,the ,,president3 ,we begin this morning the fourth session of this ,thirty-fifth ,annual ,conference and ,i shall ask the chairman of the ,committee on ,library ,administration to submit at this time his report4 7,dr4 ,bostwick here read the report47 ,the ,,president3 ,you have heard the report of the ,committee on ,administration4 ,this report embodies some recommendations which it seems to the ,chair should be acted upon4 ,therefore the recommendation which suggests the appointment of a committee to undertake certain work will be referred to the ,executive ,board for their attention1 as1 in accordance with the terms of the ,constitution1 it devolves upon the ,executive ,board to name the committees4 ,the report will be printed in the proceedings4 7,this report is printed with other committee reports4 ,see page #abf47 ,mr4 ,,ranck3 ,mr4 ,president1 there is just one item1 about questionnaires1 if ,i may have a moment to state it1 that ,i think the committee has not referred to4 ,it is a matter of some importance to us at our library4 ,i think we answer1 in the form of questions of one kind or other1 not all from libraries however1 about a thousand a year4 ,i should like to insist on the importance1 when a blank is sent out on which spaces are left for writing in the answers1 that a duplicate be sent so that a library can keep a copy of the answers sent4 ,again and again we have to copy them because we feel it very important that we should know just exactly what we are sending out in that way4 ,and if possible1 in the printing of that report ,i should like to see the committee include that1 if they are willing to accept the suggestion4 ,the ,,president3 ,the suggestion is a very good one4 ,the ,,president3 ,i feel like congratulating you this morning upon the program for this fourth session1 the general theme being3 ,children and young people2 their conditions at home1 in the school and in the library4 ,no matter how splendid a structure may be reared nor how beautiful it may be1 without an adequate foundation it is most insecure4 ,we have learned to realize in library work that we must begin at the beginning if our work is to have any perpetuity or any permanent result4 ,we feel that1 splendid and admirable in every way as the work with the adults is1 that that alone is not enough4 ,that work invites1 as it deserves1 our respect and admiration1 but in the work with children is centered our affection4 ,and when ,i say this ,i do not mean to intimate for one moment that that work is enveloped in sentiment4 ,i believe most firmly that the work with children is constructive work of the very highest order4 ,if there are any in this audience who doubt that ,i am sure that after we shall have heard the papers of this morning the doubts will be dispelled4 ,we shall have this work in three volumes this morning1 the first volume comprising two chapters4 ,the title of the first volume is ,the ,education of ,children and the ,conservation of their ,interests1 and ,chapter ,one will be contributed by ,miss ,,faith ,e4 ,,smith1 of the ,chicago public library1 on ,i4 ,,changing ,,conditions ,,of ,,child ,,life ,it is now twenty-eight years since some one first recognized the fact that children needed to have special libraries or special collections of books in libraries1 and thereupon opened a children's reading room in ,new ,york ,city4 ,some of the conditions affecting child life today existed then1 but we know more about them now than we did then4 ,we have many specialists in sociological fields who are making investigations1 compiling statistics1 drawing conclusions1 and telling other people how to make the world a better place4 ,our rapid industrial development is producing many problems concerning child welfare1 some of which are of vital interest to us as library workers2 others we may well leave to playground associations1 juvenile courts1 health bureaus1 social settlements1 child labor committees1 schools and churches4 ,it is not ours to change housing conditions or to do away with child labor1 but it is ours to meet these conditions1 to be god-parents to those whose natural parents are not inclined or not able to guide their reading1 to present to the children's minds other worlds than the tenement or street1 and to give to children worn with daily labor such books as will be within their grasp1 and will help them to permanent happiness4 ,in #ahhe when a children's library was opened by ,miss ,hanaway in ,new ,york ,city1 there were fewer means of recreation than there are now4 ,there were no motion-picture shows1 no children's theaters1 no municipal recreation parks with free gymnasiums1 swimming pools and baths4 ,child labor had only begun to be exploited by large manufacturing establishments 7#ahgi74 ,then there were more homes1 permanent abiding places1 where there was room for children both to work and to play4 ,there was more family life1 where father and mother and children gathered about the evening lamp1 and father read aloud while mother sewed and the children listened1 or where each member of the family had his own book in which to lose himself4 ,there were daily duties for each of the children1 the performance of which gave them training in habits of responsibility4 ,today such conditions may be found only rarely1 except in small cities and villages4 ,congestion in large cities has led even well-to-do families to live in apartment houses4 ,in ,chicago this sort of life began only thirty-four years ago1 and today one-third of all that city live in residences having six families per main entrance4 7,chicago ,city ,club-,housing exhibit47 ,this tendency to apartment life means the loss of the joy of ownership1 the feeling of not-at-homeness and consequent restlessness1 due to frequent change of environment4 ,book agents say that they cannot sell books to families in apartment houses1 because they have no room for books4 ,scott ,nearing in his ,woman and social progress regrets the woeful lack of provision for the needs of the child in the construction of the modern city home4 ,huge real estate signs advertise the bathroom1 bedrooms1 the dining room and kitchen1 the library1 and reception hall4 ,but where is the children's room8 ,owners do not care to rent houses to people having children4 ,many of the apartment houses exclude children as they exclude dogs or other objectionable animals4 ,yet we say1 and rightly1 that this is the century of the child4 ,the complexity of modern life1 the tendency to materialism1 the multiplicity of interests1 have deterred many parents from being actively concerned in the growth of the minds and the souls of their children4 ,this part of their development is being left to teachers1 church workers1 leaders of boys' and girls' clubs1 etc4 ,there is not time for reading aloud to children at home1 and little concern is manifested by many intelligent parents1 regarding their children's choice of books4 ,the poor1 neglected children of the rich are not allowed to use the public library books1 because there may be germs hidden among the leaves4 ,they may have their own books1 but they are denied the joy of reading a book that some other boy or girl has read and pronounced swell4 ,because of this lack of concern on the part of parents in children's reading1 are we not justified in our hitherto condemned paternalism8 ,home life among the very poor in the congested districts of our large cities is often such as is not worth the name4 ,the practice of taking lodgers which prevails among some foreign elements of the population1 means the undermining of family life1 and often the breaking down of domestic standards4 7,veiler1 ,housing reform1 p4 #cc47 ,thousands of children in ,chicago alone are being exposed to the demoralizing influences of overcrowded rooms1 of inadequate sanitary provisions1 and of unavoidable contact with immoral persons4 ,bad housing is associated with the worst conditions in politics1 poverty1 population density1 tuberculosis1 and retardation in the schools4 ,it is directly related to many cases of delinquency of boys and girls1 who have been brought before the juvenile court4 7,breckenridge and ,abbott1 ,the delinquent child and the home47 ,furthermore wrong home conditions result in driving children to the street4 ,the child who finds no room at home to do the things that he wishes to do1 not even room to study his school lessons1 is inevitably forced into the street1 not only in the day time1 but as common observation shows1 until late at night1 not only in good weather but in foul4 ,here he grows up1 and is educated with fatal precision4 ,the saloon and its victims1 the hoboes and their stories1 criminals dodging the police1 lurid signboards1 a world of money-getting1 all become only too familiar to him4 ,sin loses its sinfulness1 and gains in interest and excitement4 ,are we placing our attractive children's rooms1 clean and orderly1 adorned with flowers and fine pictures1 where they may be readily seen from the street1 where picture books placed in the windows may vie in alluring powers with the nickel-novel window displays8 ,the boy of the street may be a member of a boys' gang1 and if so1 this becomes one of the great influences acting upon his life1 either for good or for ill4 ,mr4 ,puffer makes the statement that three-fourths of all boys are members of gangs4 7,puffer1 ,the boy and his gang1 p4 #i47 ,those boys are fortunate whose gang is an organized body efficiently directed1 such as the ,boys' ,scout ,patrol4 ,this1 ,mr4 ,puffer says1 is simply a boys' gang1 systematized1 overseen1 affiliated with other like bodies1 made efficient and interesting1 as boys alone could never make it1 and yet everywhere1 from top to bottom a gang4 ,here lies an opportunity for co-operation on the part of the library1 and many are the interests awakened by the ,boy ,scout movement which may be encouraged by the library4 ,another influence constantly appealing to children of the street as well as to others1 is the glaring advertisement of the moving-picture show4 ,moving pictures are now the most important form of cheap amusement in this country2 they reach the young1 immigrants1 family groups1 the formative and impressionable section of our cities1 as no other form of amusement1 and can not but be vital influences for good or ill4 ,in #aiaj it was estimated that more than half a million children attended motion pictures daily4 7,juvenile ,protective ,assn4 of ,chicago1 ,five and ten-cent theaters--pamphlet47 ,is it not possible for the library to make permanent whatever good1 though fleeting1 impression may be made by educational pictures or pictures from great books1 by co-operating with the picture shows1 and being ready to supply to the children copies of the stories1 nature books1 or histories to which the children may have been attracted by the motion pictures8 ,during the meetings this week our interest in the adult immigrants and their relation to the library has been aroused and augmented1 and it has been proven conclusively that the solution of the immigrant problem must of necessity rest with the children4 ,the change in the type of immigration in recent years from a large percentage of ,english-speaking and ,scandinavian races having a low percentage of illiteracy1 to a leadership among races of eastern and southern ,europe1 with a very high percentage of illiteracy1 has had a decided influence on standards of living4 ,these people of other lands do not adapt themselves to ,american ways as readily as their children4 ,many do not know the ,english language1 they do not stir far from home or from work1 and have few new experiences4 ,many things which are familiar to the child in the facts of daily intercourse1 in the street or in the school1 remain unintelligible to the father and mother4 ,it has become a commonplace that this cheap wisdom on the part of the boy or girl leads to a reversal of the relationship between parent and child4 ,the child who knows ,english is the interpreter who makes the necessary explanations for the mother to the landlord1 the grocer1 the sanitary inspector1 the charity visitor1 and the teacher or truant officer4 ,it is the child again who often interviews the boss1 finds the father a job1 and sees him through the onerous task of 'joining the union4' ,the father and mother grow accustomed to trusting to the child's version of what 'they all do in ,america1' and gradually find themselves at a disadvantage in trying to maintain parental control4 ,the child develops a sense of superiority towards the parent and a resulting disregard of those parental warnings which1 although they are not based on ,american experience1 rest on common notions of right and wrong1 and would1 if heeded1 guard the child4 7,breckenridge and ,abbott1 ,the delinquent child and the home47 ,can books not teach children to honor their father and mother1 and that the head and the hoof of the ,law1 and the haunch and the hump is obey8 ,we are told that one of the causes of crime among the children of foreigners is transmitted ambition4 ,the father left the homeland because he was not satisfied4444 ,he worked hard and saved money1 that the dream of better things might be realized4444 ,the son manifests this innate tendency by a desire to excel1 by the longings to rise and be masterful1 the ambition to beat the other fellow--these are the motives which impel him to an intensive life that carries him to excess and transgression4 7,roberts1 ,the new immigration1 p4 #cbe47 ,it is for us to interest this ambition and turn it into right channels4 ,we may also discover what special interests are uppermost in the minds of those of different nationalities1 things they wish their children to love1 traditions they have cherished1 and which we may help the children to cherish4 ,driven by necessity or by the spirit of the age1 the immigrant quickly develops a strong ambition for acquiring money1 supposing that he landed on our shores without that impelling force4 ,one of the consequences is that he withdraws his children from school as soon as they are old enough to secure their working papers4 ,to the ,italian peasant1 who1 as a gloriously street laborer begins to cherish a vision of prosperity1 it matters little whether his girls go to school or not4 ,it is1 on the contrary1 of great importance that a proper dower be accumulated to get them good husbands2 and to take them from school to put them to work is1 therefore1 only an attempt to help them accomplish this desirable end4 7,breckenridge and ,abbott47 ,in #aiaa the ,national ,child ,labor ,committee conducted an investigation of tenement house work in ,new ,york ,city4 ,among #afc families visited having #bac children1 #aif children ranging in ages from #c-a_/b to #ad years were working on nuts1 brushes1 dolls' clothes1 or flowers4 ,these are truly not the good old-fashioned domestic industries in which children received a good part of their education4 ,those working in factories and tenement sweat shops1 where labor is specialized and subdivided into innumerable operations1 do not get the variety of employment that cultivates resourcefulness1 alertness1 endurance and skill4 7,child labor bulletin1 ,nov41 #aiab47 ,we cannot expect these children1 with bodies retarded in development by overwork1 and without proper nourishment1 to be able to take the same mental food that is pleasing to other children of the same age1 who have had all necessary physical care4 ,the hours when working children1 those engaged in gainful occupations1 and those who are helping in the homes1 are free for recreation1 are in the evening and on ,sunday4 ,are we placing our most skilled workers on duty at these times1 and are we opening our story hours and reading clubs on ,sunday afternoons1 when the minds of these children are most receptive of good things1 when the children are dressed in their good clothes1 their self-respect is high1 and they are free from responsibility8 ,it is a well-known fact that the need of money is not the only cause of the exodus from school that occurs in the grades4 ,an investigation made by the ,commissioner of ,labor in #aiaj 7,condition of woman and child wage-earners in the ,u4 ,s41 vol4 #g71 examining the conditions of white children under #af1 in five representative cities1 showed that of those children interviewed1 #afi left school because earnings were necessary1 and #afe because dissatisfied with school4 ,the ,chicago ,tribune 7,nov4 #aa1 #aiab7 stated that in #aiab there were in ,chicago over #bc1jjj children between #ad and #af years of age1 who were not in school4 ,over half of these were unemployed1 and the remainder had employment half the time at ill-paid jobs1 teaching little and leading nowhere4 ,in #aiab there were #cd1jjj children of ,philadelphia not in school1 and only #ac1jjj were employed4 7,philadelphia ,city ,club ,bulletin1 ,dec4 #bg1 #aiab47 ,the curriculum of our public schools is in a transitional stage4 ,the complaint of parents who take their children from school before they have completed the high school course1 is that it does not teach them to earn a living4 ,the desire of commercial men is to have such courses introduced as will lessen the need of apprentice training in their establishments4 ,these changes may help boys and girls to earn a living1 but those courses which teach them how to live may be sacrificed4 ,man does not live by bread alone4 ,mrs4 ,ella ,flagg ,young says1 ,the training must also implant in the mind a desire to become something--,i mean by that an ideal4444 ,it must make the boys and girls able to know that they have possibilities of greater development along many lines4 ,this sort of training is within the sphere of the library as well as within that of the schools4 ,the children in the rural districts 7which the #aiaj census interprets as meaning people of towns of less than #b1ejj inhabitants1 and people of the country7 are the library's great opportunity4 ,in these districts may be found the old-fashioned home life1 where parents are glad to be aided in the direction of their children's reading4 ,there are fewer distractions in the way of amusements4 ,books are not seen by the thousands1 until they have become so confusing that one knows not what to read or where to begin4 ,homes are owned1 instead of rented1 and a library worker is not liable to lose her group of children each first of ,may4 ,the pleasures of city life have been made easily accessible to children and grown people by means of trolley lines1 good roads1 telephones1 etc41 and the music of grand opera has been carried to the country homes by means of talking machines4 ,still the distractions of modern life have not absorbed a large part of the everyday life of the children1 so that their minds may be appealed to along the line of their natural interests4 ,as ,miss ,stearns told us yesterday1 there is less of drudgery in farm life today than there was thirty years ago1 and children have more time for study and reading2 but they need direction and assistance4 ,the consensus of opinion among writers on rural sociology is that the great need of the people of the country is more education2 education that will make farming more scientific and efficient1 and less fatiguing1 education that will help boys and girls to find amusement in the life about them2 education that will guide that passion for nature which every normal child possesses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,because children today have many more opportunities for recreation than they had thirty years ago2 because many leave school long before they have acquired the education that will teach them how to live1 as well as how to earn a living2 because in many homes mothers and fathers cannot train their children in ,american ideals of citizenship1 which they themselves do not understand2 because in other homes the physical needs of children are held to be of most importance1 while mental and moral needs are left to the care of teachers and social workers1 the time seems ripe for the library to place emphasis upon the educational side of its work1 rather than upon the recreative4 ,let the recreative be truly recreative1 giving relaxation1 new visions1 higher standards of living1 and increased belief in one's self1 but let the educational work meet the children's needs1 increase their efficiency1 teach them how to live1 and to be of service in the world's work4 ,mr4 ,bostwick1 in the ,children's section1 mentioned three eras in library work with children2 first1 the era of children's books in libraries2 second1 era of children's room2 third1 era of children's department4 ,these concerned books and organization1 the machinery of getting the books to the children4 ,we think we have learned something about children's books1 and we know approved methods of administration4 ,possibly we are now on the verge of the fourth era1 when we shall know children4 ,not the child with a capital ,c1 a laboratory specimen1 but living children1 with hearts and souls4 ,do we know the conditions under which the children of our own neighborhood live8 ,do we understand their interests1 and are we sanely sympathetic8 ,the ,,president3 ,we are glad to get ,chapter ,two3 ,how the ,library is ,meeting these ,conditions1 by ,miss ,,gertrude ,e4 ,,andrus1 of the ,seattle public library4 ,,ii--,,how ,,the ,,library ,,is ,,meeting ,,the ,,changing ,,conditions ,,of ,,child ,,life ,every month1 if the mails are regular1 we receive assurance that the public library is an integral part of public education1 and the complacence with which we accept this assurance gives ample opportunity to our critics for those slings and arrows with which they are so ready4 ,ideas and ideals of education are rapidly changing and it behooves the librarian1 and more particularly the children's librarian1 to see that she keeps pace with the forward movement and that the ridicule of her censors is really undeserved4 ,the old idea of education was to abolish illiteracy1 to develop the ability1 improve the habits1 form the character of the individual1 so that he might prosper in his life's activities and conform to certain social standards of conduct4 ,the new idea of education is that of social service1 to train children to be not mere recipients1 but distributors1 not merely to increase their ability to care for themselves1 but also their ability to care for others and for the state4 ,this perhaps sounds a note of the millennium1 but we have been told to hitch our wagon to a star and although the star proves a restive steed and often lands us in the ditch1 we travel further while the connection holds than we should in a long1 continuous journey harnessed to a dependable but slow-going snail4 ,it may seem a far cry from these comments on education to the topic of my paper3 ,how the library meets the changing conditions of child-life1 but in reality it is only a step1 for just as in philanthropy the emphasis is placed more and more upon prevention rather than remedy1 so in education the task is coming to be the training of the good citizen rather than the correction of the bad citizen4 ,and if the library is1 as we are anxious to claim1 an integral part of public education1 it must have a share1 however small1 in the preventive policy of modern educators1 which will in time effect a change in present social evils4 ,unless the library1 as it meets these constantly changing conditions1 can do something to improve them and to make the improvement stable1 it has small claim to be included in the educational scheme of things4 ,in the conditions of child life which ,miss ,smith has outlined1 the breaking up of the home is the most serious handicap which the children have to face4 ,it is on this account that all social agencies working with children endeavor1 so far as each is able1 to supply an illusory home and to give1 each in its own capacity1 the training in various lines which ought in a normal home to come under the direction of the mother and father4 ,there is a spreading belief in the value of reading but there is a woeful lack of knowledge as to what should be read1 and the children's library therefore fills a double rle2 it provides books which it would be impossible for many of the children to get otherwise1 and it selects these books with thoughtful care of the special place each one has to fill1 so that it becomes a counselor1 not only to the children but to those parents who are anxious to assume their just responsibility in the guidance of their children's reading1 and yet feel their inability to breast unaided the yearly torrent of children's books4 ,the stimulation of this feeling of responsibility on the part of parents is one of the most effective means at the library's disposal of striking a blow at the root of the whole matter1 for it is on the indifference of the parents that the blame for many juvenile transgressions should rest1 which is now piled high upon the shoulders of the children4 ,in this connection mention should be made of the home library1 the most social of all the library's activities4 ,this small case of books1 located in a home in the poorer quarters of a city and placed in charge of a paid or volunteer library assistant has been proved to be a potent force in the life of the neighborhood1 for the friendly visitor1 if she be of the proper stuff1 is not merely a circulator of books1 she is an all-round good neighbor to whom come both children and mothers for help in their big and little problems1 so that the results have proved to be better family standards1 greater individual intelligence1 and more satisfactory neighborhood conditions4 ,but even granting that the mothers and fathers show a deep concern in what their children read1 the connection between books and children is often left of necessity to the children's librarian who is selected with special reference to her adaptability to this particular kind of work4 ,now1 no matter how strong a personality this young woman may possess1 no matter how high her literary standards1 nor how far-reaching her moral influence1 it is obviously impossible for her to come in contact with more than a few of the children in her community4 ,and in order to provide that intimacy with books from which we wish no child to be debarred1 she must depend not alone upon her children's room1 beautiful and homelike though that may be1 but she must place her resources at the disposal of other educational agencies1 all of which are working toward a common end4 ,of these the most powerful is the school1 and through the lessons in the use of the public library1 through the collections of books placed in the schoolrooms1 and most of all through the influence of the teacher1 the public library will touch the lives of thousands of children who might otherwise be in ignorance of its resources1 and who through this contact will receive a vivid impression of their share as citizens in a great public institution4 ,in this correlation of school and library care must be taken to place an equal emphasis upon the library as a place for recreation as well as a place for study4 ,contrary to the teachings of our ,puritan forefathers1 we are growing more keenly alive to the imperative need of healthful recreation as a means of combating existing social conditions1 and our great cities and our little villages are gradually making provision for the gratification of the desire of the people to play4 ,nowhere does the library find an alliance more satisfactory than with these play-centers1 for it is in the union of the physical and mental development that education comes to its fullest fruition and the striving to instill imagination in recreation can find no better field than in these places where not only muscles but minds may be exercised4 ,these are the well-worn channels through which the children's library pours its stream of books into a thirsty land1 channels into which run the tributary streams of deposit stations1 churches1 settlements1 telegraph offices1 newsboys' homes1 and all the rest which it would only weary you to repeat4 ,we are constantly engaged in deepening and broadening these channels because we believe in the power of books to develop character and to broaden the vision of that inward eye which is the bliss of solitude4 ,now the book that does this most effectively is the book behind which lies some personality4 ,we all know the popularity of the book ,teacher says is good4 ,but the problem of the children's librarian is not limited as is the teacher's to two or three dozen children4 ,she must lay her plans to reach hundreds of children and she can do this only by dealing with the children in groups3 in other words1 in clubs1 reading circles1 and story-tellings4 ,the natural group of child life is the boys' gang or the girls' clique which offer unlimited opportunities for good or ill4 ,the tendency of a neglected group is to develop strongly a regard for the interests of the individual group and make it antagonistic1 if not actually dangerous1 to the larger group of society4 ,the possibility of touching children's interests1 enlarging their horizon1 and influencing their ideals through these groups has been utilized in the club work of many libraries4 ,although all library clubs lead eventually to books1 the way may be a circuitous one and baseball1 basketry1 and dramatics may be met on the way4 ,but aside from the book interest1 without which no library club can be considered legitimate1 there is the opportunity of guiding the activities of the group by means of debate work or similar interests so that their attention may be directed outside of their immediate environment and made to include the greater possibilities of the larger social group4 ,very often in girls' clubs the charitable impulse is strong and may be so led as to instill a very thoughtful sympathy for others4 ,it is for the things we know best that we have the most sympathy and the truest devotion1 and we may expect real patriotism and an active civic conscience only when we have taught the children to know thoroughly their country and the city in which they live4 ,this is some of the most valuable work that is being done by libraries1 and it may be well passed on1 as has been done in ,newark1 to become a part of the school curriculum4 ,indifference to the fatherland is not the best foundation on which to build the superstructure of ,american patriotism1 and the confused and homesick foreigner welcomes with gratitude the books in his own tongue provided by the library1 the opportunity to use the library's auditorium for the meetings of his clubs with unpronounceable names1 the respect with which his especial predilections and prejudices are considered by the library in his immediate neighborhood1 the display of his national flag and the special stories told the children on the fete day of his country4 ,a people without traditions is not a people1 and if we expect these strangers to respect our institutions1 we must show them an equal courtesy4 ,this regard shown by the library and other institutions for the national characteristics of the parents reacts upon the children and they grow to understand that though their elders may have been outstripped in the effort to become ,americanized they have behind them an historical background which is respected by the very ,americans whose customs the children ape so carefully4 ,the reading circle and the story hour are similar in their purpose for they are both intended to call the attention of the children to special books and to open up the delights of a new world to imaginations often starved in squalor and poverty4 ,both the reading aloud and the storytelling have their rightful place in the home and are merely grafted on the library in its attempt to supply its share of the illusory home for which we are striving4 ,if the ,sunday story-tellings and clubs meet the neighborhood needs more efficiently as ,miss ,smith has suggested1 the library schedule should be so arranged as to accommodate them4 ,the time of childhood is a time of unbounded curiosities4 ,everything is new and wonderful and open to investigation1 and that library may count itself blessed of the gods which can command the co-operation of a good museum4 ,given an exhibit case containing a few interesting specimens1 a placard bearing a brief description of the specimens1 and the titles of a few books on the subject obtainable at the library1 and we can all of us picture a rosy dream of budding scientists1 nature-lovers1 and historians4 ,this child-like interest is the secret of the popularity of the moving-picture show4 ,here we see unfolded the processes of nature1 the opening of a flower1 the life of a bee1 we ride in a runaway train and in an aeroplane1 and we see enacted the daily human drama of love and hate4 ,here is an opportunity which many libraries have grasped1 and slides are furnished the picture theaters announcing the location of the library and bearing some such legend as this3 ,your ,free ,public ,library has arranged with this management to select interesting books and magazine articles upon the historical1 literary1 and industrial subjects treated in these pictures4 ,it is a bright idea to see something good and then learn more about it4 ,mr4 ,percy ,mackaye in his recent book on the ,civic ,theater1 comments on this as follows3 ,a brighter idea--may we not add8--if the founders of the library had recognized the dynamic appeal of a moving-picture house1 and endowed it to the higher uses of civic art6 ,truly1 a spectacle1 humorous but pathetic3 ,philanthropy in raiment of marble1 humbly beseeching patronage from the tattered ,muse of the people6 ,so far as the writer knows1 but one library has as yet made moving pictures a permanent addition to its activities1 although a small town in ,washington ,state has intimated that it would do so1 provided the ,carnegie ,trust ,fund would give it money4 ,it is a sign of the times1 and one of which note must be taken1 for it gives the library a chance to deepen the benefit of such good pictures as there are and to raise the standard of the others4 ,unfortunately the interest of many boys and girls is forced prematurely to the subject of how they may aid in the family support4 ,they leave school untrained and unfitted for the life they have to live1 and go into shops1 factories1 department stores1 and other service4 ,whether they leave because of economic pressure or because of a lack of interest in their school work the fact remains that #cb per cent of the children entering school drop out before they reach the sixth grade1 and only #h per cent finish the fourth year of high school4 ,manual training and vocational guidance are taking a hand in the matter and the part of the library is evident1 not only in its supply of books on these topics but in the personal interest of the library assistants and in their suggestions and advice to the young folks who are struggling to find themselves4 ,this is of course but a drop in the bucket but it is an effort in the right direction4 ,so many of these young people leaving school prematurely are shut up at the crucial age of adolescence in huge factories and stores1 creeping home at night too tired to move unnecessarily1 or letting the individuality which has been so sternly repressed all day burst forth in excesses and indiscretions4 ,only a few will come to the library1 so to make sure the library must go to them4 ,one of the most notable examples of this kind of work is in the main plant of ,sears1 ,roebuck ,co4 in ,chicago4 ,the company furnishes room1 heat1 light1 and librarian's salary and the public library provides the books4 ,this type of library may combine the intimate personal relationships of the small branch1 the club1 the story hour1 and the vocational bureau4 ,it may1 as the ,sears1 ,roebuck library has done1 publish lists of books covering certain grades of a school course in grammar1 rhetoric1 history of literature1 and study of the classics1 and through the personal influence of the librarian it may make these courses really used1 for always in work of this kind it is the personal equation that counts4 ,some commercial houses have independent libraries of their own1 sometimes in connection with their service department1 as does the ,joseph ,feiss ,co4 of ,cleveland1 in which case the direction of the library comes under the charge of a person whose duty it is to use every means to deepen1 strengthen1 and broaden the capacity of every employe so that he may remain an individual and not become a machine4 ,this is an age of industrialism which has early placed upon the boys and girls the responsibilities of life1 and the love of books is one of the most important of the influences which will keep the pendulum from swinging too far upon the side of materialism and purely commercial ambition4 ,these are some of the ways in which the library is trying to meet the changing conditions of child life in the city through the children's rooms1 the homes1 the schools1 the playgrounds1 the factories1 and other institutions which have to do with the employment1 amusement1 or education of children4 ,from many of these problems the life of the country child is mercifully free1 but in place of them there is the isolation of farm life and the idleness on the part of the children so often found in country villages4 ,as more than half of our population is in the country1 it is but logical that libraries should long ago have made some attempt to reach a class of readers who1 as ,mr4 ,dewey says1 have a larger margin of leisure1 fewer distractions1 and fewer opportunities to get the best reading4 ,they read more slowly and carefully and get more good from books than their high-pressure city cousins whose crowded lives leave little time for intellectual digestion4 ,long before the formation of the ,country ,life ,commission1 librarians were sending traveling libraries to farm-houses and rural communities1 and library commissions are now scattering broadcast the opportunities for reading which will do so much to effectualize rural society4 ,when we think of books and the country1 we think also of ,hagerstown and the book wagon1 an institution which in its influence on country life may well be added to the famous trilogy of rural free delivery1 rural telephones1 and ,butterick patterns4 ,greater attention is being paid in these days to conditions of country life1 both on farms and in villages1 and the work of the country librarian is as broad and as interesting as that of her city co-worker4 ,but whether the work is done in the city or the country1 in a crowded tenement district or on a thousand-acre ranch1 it has as its foundation the same underlying principle3 that of co-operation with all other available agencies to the end that the boys and girls may have a fuller opportunity to become good citizens4 ,we cannot be progressive if we are not plastic1 and in the adaptation of our work to the changing conditions of child life lies the secret of the value of the children's library4 ,the ,,president3 ,we give a sigh of satisfaction and one of regret3 satisfaction over the pleasure we have had in listening to these fine1 moving chapters2 regret that they have been so brief4 ,we are reconciled only by the fact that there are two fine companion volumes still to come4 ,mr4 ,,willis ,h4 ,,kerr1 of the ,kansas ,state ,normal ,school1 will give us the first one1 the subject being3 ,,normal ,,schools ,,and ,,their ,,relation ,,to ,,librarianship ,that there is a close relation between librarianship and the forces of education is implied both in the special topic of this paper and in the general theme of the morning3 ,children and young people2 their conditions at home1 in the school1 and in the library4 ,indeed librarian and teacher have more in common than we yet think4 ,for real library work is teaching1 and real teaching is guidance in living1 and to live well for thy neighbor and thyself is--real library work4 ,the burden of this discussion will be1 not whether the library is an integral part of education1 but rather what modern education1 as an art1 science1 and practice1 has to say about the attitude and method and practice of library work4 ,with open mind and modest1 may we attempt a statement of library pedagogy to parallel current educational practice8 ,how may we librarians knit our work more effectively into the educational fabric8 ,how best correlate people and books8 ,if such a statement of library pedagogy is possible1 even though tentative1 it is worth our while4 ,from college days there rings in my ears the topic of an address by ,dr4 ,samuel ,b4 ,mc,cormick1 now ,president of the ,university of ,pittsburgh3 ,we can achieve that which we can intelligently conceive and adequately express4 ,we must see our whole job through and through if we are to cope with our friends who do not yet see what we are at4 ,the good brother1 a ,ph4 ,d4 of one of our best universities1 a successful city school superintendent1 now a fellow professor1 who said1 ,i can see how instruction of our normal school students in library methods will help them in their work here1 but how will it help them as teachers8 ,anyone can find a book in a school library4 ,the superintendent who complained that all his pupils got at the public library was sore eyes and ruined minds from reading trashy fiction2 the library trustee who likened library work and salary to dry-goods counter service and wage2 the typewriter salesman who objected to open shelves and book wagons and story hours1 because they cost--,i won't say how much he said2 what infinite patience1 what skillful teaching power must we librarians have1 to turn this tide and use it8 ,lest we paint the picture too darkly1 let it be said with all thankfulness and cheer that multitudes of teachers1 superintendents1 boys1 girls1 men and women1 do understand4 ,there is ,superintendent ,condon1 formerly of ,providence1 now of ,cincinnati1 of whom ,mr4 ,foster says in the last 7#aiab7 ,providence report3 ,mr4 ,condon's co-operation with the library was constant1 intelligent1 and effective4 ,there is ,mary ,antin and her brothers and sisters1 ,americans all1 to whom one of the richest gifts of the ,promised ,land is the public library4 ,there is ,state ,superintendent ,alderman1 of ,oregon1 and ,mrs4 ,alderman4 ,there is the ,united ,states ,commissioner of ,education1 ,mr4 ,claxton1 and ,mrs4 ,claxton4 ,in every state are men like a western ,kansas superintendent 7way out next to ,colorado1 on the prairies71 who found his community destitute of books2 even school books and tablets had to be ordered by the drug store from a distant city2 no community interest1 no debating societies1 no class plays1 no school athletic teams4 ,he made school vital to the boys and girls4 ,then because to his thinking education does not end with school days1 and because he had the library vision1 before he was there a year he passed the subscription paper1 organized the library association1 got the books and magazines1 and opened the public library4 ,he gave that town something to live for4 ,and every state has librarians like the little ,kansas lady in a country community who does reference work and draws patrons from sixteen surrounding school districts by the use of the rural telephone4 ,what have the normal schools to do with all this8 ,before answering this question1 it may be well to note that the term normal school has not always the same significance4 ,in the ,united ,states there are #aid public normal schools4 ,scholastic standards are of three general types3 ,first1 the old-time normal school1 whose graduates have little more than completed a high school course including some required pedagogy4 ,second1 the largest division1 the two-year normal school1 which requires two years of college cultural and professional work1 high school graduation being required for entrance4 ,third1 the normal college or state teachers' college1 which grants the bachelor's degree for the completion of four years of college cultural and professional work4 ,as a rule the graduates of the high school normal course go into the rural or the small-town schools2 the graduates of the two-year college course1 into elementary schools and special subjects2 and the graduates of the four-year college course1 into high school subjects1 principalships1 and superintendencies4 ,the four-year state teachers' colleges of the ,united ,states can be counted on the ten fingers1 and their ultimate sphere of influence is being debated4 ,it would seem1 however1 that the adequate teacher-training institution must be as broad in its facilities and standards as are the conditions of modern life with which teachers must cope4 ,in the normal schools of these three types1 student attendance varies from #ajj to nearly #c1jjj1 the average being about #fjj4 ,faculties vary from #h or #aj members to #abe4 ,equipment varies correspondingly1 the better schools having very complete facilities4 ,for example1 the ,eastern ,illinois ,state ,normal ,school1 at ,charleston1 which is said to have a faculty ranking in scholarship with the universities1 has #a1bjj students1 #ca members of faculty1 offers two college years of teacher-training1 has three buildings1 a library of #af1jjj volumes1 and like many other normal schools of its type has an assured future and a fine field of influence4 ,you will pardon another example1 ,i hope1 cited because ,i can be still more definite in describing it3 ,the ,kansas ,state ,normal ,school1 at ,emporia1 is a type of the four-year normal college4 ,it was established in #ahfe4 ,last year it had #b1gej students1 #cej in the training school 7comprising kindergarten and grades one to eight71 #a1ajj in the normal high school1 and #a1cjj in the college4 ,it had a faculty of #ajj1 nearly half of these being men1 many of the best universities being represented4 ,it has #aa buildings1 including an enormous gymnasium1 a library1 a hospital1 a training school1 science building1 etc4 ,it has a department of library science1 in charge of a professor giving full time to that department1 and on the same plane as other departments of instruction4 ,of this same general type1 in equipment1 numbers1 and standards1 are the schools at ,ypsilanti1 ,michigan2 ,cedar ,falls1 ,iowa2 ,kirksville1 ,missouri2 ,greeley1 ,colorado2 ,terre ,haute1 ,indiana2--,i do not mean to slight other worthy examples4 ,aside from these three types of public normal schools1 another important type of teacher-training organization is the department of education and psychology in our best colleges and universities1 exemplified notably by the ,school of ,education of the ,university of ,chicago1 and ,teachers' ,college of ,columbia ,university1 the last-named being perhaps the most efficient teachers' college in the world4 ,i hasten to add mention of the conspicuously helpful work in educational psychology1 pure and applied1 which is being done at ,clark ,university1 ,massachusetts1 under the inspiring leadership of ,dr4 ,g4 ,stanley ,hall4 ,now1 using the term normal schools to include all of these types of institutions and as representing their practices and ideals1 may we ask the question we left a moment ago1 ,what have the normal schools to do with librarianship8 ,this3 ,the normal schools have now consciously taken up the task of preparing teachers who understand the life that now is and can teach boys and girls to live that life and to be useful members of society here and hereafter4 ,these organized institutions of teacher-training take themselves seriously1 they accept the responsibility of their task1 and they are measurably succeeding2 despite the declarations of popular magazines and investigating committees that our schools are a colossal failure4 ,which they are not1 for didn't they train ,mary ,antin1 and ,miss ,stearns1 and you and me8 ,if librarianship is educational work1 and it is1 the normal schools may therefore have some suggestion of educational practice worthy the consideration of librarians4 ,what is the educational world thinking and doing8 ,examine the program of the ,national ,education ,association1 to meet week after next at ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,i group some of the topics from the general sessions3 ,first1 ,what is education82 ,education for freedom2 ,the personal element in our educational problems2 ,teaching1 and testing the teaching of essentials2 ,measuring results4 ,second1 ,what shall we do with the single-room school82 ,the rural school2 ,fundamental reorganizations demanded by the rural life problem2 ,rural betterments2 ,the schoolhouse evening center4 ,third1 moral values in pupil self-government1 ,the high school period as a testing time1 ,public schools and public health4 ,relate these groups of topics with this definition of education from the late ,andrew ,s4 ,draper1 of honored memory3 ,education that has life and enters into life2 education that makes a living and makes life worth living2 education that can use ,english to express itself2 education that does not assume that a doctor must be an educated man and that a mechanic or a farmer cannot be2 education that appeals to the masses1 that makes better citizens and a greater state2 education that supports the imperial position of the ,state and inspires education in all of the ,states--that is the education that concerns ,new ,york4 ,mingle with educational men and women1 search the educational periodicals and programs1 scan the educational books1 visit the normal colleges2 and ,i think you will discover that something like this is happening in the educational world3 ,the content of education is being adapted to meet the needs of all the classes and the masses4 ,the method of education is being adapted to the individual4 ,the result is that education is being universalized1 socialized1 democratized4 ,in this adaptation of educational material and method1 all eyes are upon the individual child4 ,we are studying this child1 working for him4 ,we are playing for the batter1 tackling the man with the ball4 ,we believe it is more important to develop the undiscovered resource than to run all boys and all girls through the same hopper4 ,a phrase used in the ,school ,arts ,magazine for ,may1 #aiac1 in describing a notable ,boston exhibit of art illustration1 breathes this spirit3 ,instruction in illustration1 should be creative and individual from the outset4 ,models are posed to help in expressing more truthfully the conception of the illustrator rather than as a discipline in abstract drawing4 ,the true teacher never gives up a boy or a girl4 ,but mind you1 we are saving the individual1 making a man out of him1 not that he may be a self-centered unsocial phenomenon1 but that he may be a fellow among men1 a useful social unit4 ,we want strong individuality willing and able to live in society4 ,perhaps the biggest word in current education is motivation4 ,that word motivation covers a multitude of sins and a multitude of virtues4 ,motivation does not mean coddling4 ,it does not mean allowing the child to do as he pleases4 ,on the other hand1 motivation does not mean forcing an unnatural process or situation upon a helpless child or a helpless public4 ,it does not mean that we are to give something to the child4 ,motivation is not didactic in attitude4 ,the spring of action in all of us is impulse4 ,there is no time here to go into the psychology of instinct1 impulse1 emotion1 motive1 action1 and all that4 ,suffice it for example that through the play instinct and impulse the wise teacher leads the child to a respect for fair-play1 order1 law1 justice4 ,the child never knows where he got it1 but he has what he needed1 and he has it indelibly4 ,this process assumes a ,god-given wisdom on the part of the teacher3 to know how that little mind is working1 what it needs1 how it may be brought to feel the need1 and then to lead1 draw out1 educate that mind--,o1 miracle of miracles6 ,a step further in the consideration of the educational process3 ,perhaps there have been committed more atrocities1 more crimes in the name of education1 in the high school than in any other period of school life4 ,more fairly stated1 the crimes have been in the upper six years of the usual twelve1--in that period which is called adolescence4 ,why do so many boys and girls drop out of the upper grades8 ,why do so many youths never complete high school8 ,the vocational training people have one answer1 and it consists in letting the boy work at something of which he feels the need4 ,they motivate his work4 ,the boy from the farm can't read ,tennyson's ,princess2 set him at the ,breeder's ,gazette or the testing of seed-corn2 you can teach him ,english as readily through one task as the other4 ,only that boy never would learn ,english from ,the ,princess1--and ,i love ,tennyson4 ,as an example of skillful motivation in teaching may ,i describe a case which is also an object-lesson to librarians in correlating people and books8 ,it is a third-year high school class in argumentation4 ,after some preliminary study1 one day the teacher remarks rather inconsequentially1 ,do you know ,i believe the ',boston tea party' was an unjustifiable destruction of property1 and that unprejudiced historians now admit it8 ,now that won't go in ,kansas any easier than it will in ,massachusetts4 ,teacher is immediately challenged1 and she replies1 ,well1 ,i'll debate it with you2 and ,i'll be fair and square with you and tell you of some material on your side4 ,but there is one man whose authority ,i would not want to dispute2 you'll surely treat me fairly1 won't you8 ,a young lady member of the class at once puts a motion to the class that it will not be considered fair to use the writings of ,edmund ,burke against teacher4 ,does that class depend upon bluffing its way through that debate with teacher8 ,no1 it keeps us busy at the library to get material out fast enough1 even though we had been previously informed by the teacher that the material would be wanted4 ,even ,dr4 ,johnson's ,taxation no tyranny is read with eagerness4 ,teacher finally agrees to debate even against ,burke4 ,is ,burke a bore to that class8 ,why1 the library has to buy additional copies4 ,of course1 the end desired by the teacher all the time was ,burke4 ,more and more1 in the instruction of adolescent and adult1 the teacher's effort is being directed toward arousing a problem to be solved4 ,whether by a class lecture1 by a class discussion1 or by a personal conference1 the pupil is brought to feel that it is important for him to find the answer4 ,is it not important1 then1 for the librarian to be skilled in drawing out a statement of the problem1 or1 changing the figure1 to recognize accurately the symptoms and to prescribe unerringly8 ,i think librarians having to do with high school and college students should rather frequently visit classes and attend lectures4 ,if this were done1 the pupil would less often be ground between upper and nether millstone1 and the millstones would think more of each other4 ,thus far1 educational ideals and practices4 ,now will they help us any in attempting to formulate a library pedagogy8 ,i believe they will4 ,i believe that the teaching attitude1 the study of the individual1 the putting of the individual's needs far and away before the observance of inflexible rule and practice1 and the determination to correlate people and books and life to the very ends of the earth1--these four stones at least will be in the foundation of library pedagogy4 ,i am not sure that all educational people will agree entirely with the foregoing statement of educational principles and methods4 ,i am quite sure that ,i may as well gracefully hand my head now to some of you because of the following library corollaries of the preceding educational doctrines4 ,some of these are my own beliefs1 some are beliefs of educational men regarding libraries3 ,in the training of librarians1 would it be more in accord with modern pedagogy to have less lecturing1 less practice work done in the this-is-the-only-way-to-do-it attitude1 and to have more of the come-on-and-let's-find-out1 the learn-by-doing laboratory spirit8 ,educational administration is being remodeled1 centralized4 ,if library work is to be more and more educational1 school men have said to me1 why not make the public library an integral part of the city school system1 and the state library and state library commission an arm of the state department of education8 ,it is a terrible thought1 but it will not drown by denying it4 ,when library work becomes educational through and through1 and all library assistants are experts in psychology and human nature1 the fines system will be a thing of the past4 ,conservation of the individual means that it is better to have a book in use than to have it lying peacefully on the shelf entirely surrounded by unbroken rules4 ,conservation of society means that it is better to have the library open on holidays and ,sundays1 when the working man isn't dead tired1 than to report an increased circulation of fiction4 ,the ,,president3 ,for an object lesson as to the strenuous life we go to ,oyster ,bay4 ,for library buildings we go to ,east ,ninety-first street1 ,new ,york1 or when he is in ,europe we go to ,skibo ,castle4 ,for information as to the latest inventions we go to the laboratory of ,mr4 ,edison4 ,for full information as to the best in high school work we go to the ,girls' ,high ,school in ,brooklyn4 ,miss ,,mary ,e4 ,,hall4 ,miss ,hall spoke extemporaneously upon the enlarging scope of library work in high schools4 ,some of the points discussed were treated by her in a paper before the section on ,library ,work with ,children at the ,ottawa conference1 #aiab4 ,see ,ottawa ,proceedings in ,bulletin of the ,american ,library ,association1 v4 #f1 p4 #bfj-fh4 ,the ,,president3 ,as my eye roves over this audience ,i see it is thickly sprinkled with punctuation marks4 ,it has been suggested that some of our papers ought to be discussed from the floor4 ,we shall be glad to hear from any librarians who are in this audience1 either in the form of experiences or comment4 ,mr4 ,,olin ,s4 ,,davis3 ,while ,i approve fully all that the last speaker has said1 ,i feel very strongly that the college or high school library should not be too complete and that the student should be encouraged to use the public library4 ,work should be given to the students in high schools and girls' schools that would require their coming to the public library1 because if the children in the grades and high schools do not learn to use the public library in those years they will not be apt to use the library in later years when they have left school4 ,miss ,,hall3 ,i would like to say that the first thing we do with pupils is to take a census of the entering class to find out how many do not have cards in the public library2 interview them to see why they have not2 even to write letters to the parents and urge them to allow their children to have cards2 and to see before the end of the first term that every student in the entering class has a card in the public library1 has a note of introduction from the school librarian to the branch librarian of the public library1 and to see that the branch librarian of our big cities and the high school librarian work together four years with that student4 ,we have the very closest co-operation4 ,miss ,,ahern3 ,most of you reading library literature lately have seen considerable criticism of the fact that when students go out from college they do not know how to use the library4 ,that is sometimes the student's fault1 but most often it is the fault of the college curriculum4 ,that is a topic we need not discuss here4 ,but ,i believe librarians will do a great service to those who are going into college activities if they emphasize and elaborate that idea of putting into the requirements for college entrance1 a knowledge of how to use library machinery4 ,there are a good many things that are necessary for students to know before they are able to take up the work in colleges1 particularly in literature and language4 ,i am not saying that these should be any less4 ,but here is something that ,i wonder no one has ever thought of before4 ,it means a good deal more to a student to know how to use the various reference books in the college library on1 say1 the works of ,john ,milton1 than to have read some of the things which are included in the entrance examination4 ,i think the idea of requiring a knowledge of how to use the library for college entrance is the best thing ,i have heard at a library meeting for a long time1 and ,i hope the librarians who are present will impress that idea on their superintendents of schools1 on their high school principals1 and on the college authorities1 as far as they can4 ,it is a good thing4 ,if we should not get anything else out of this #aiac meeting but to impress on the school people that a knowledge of how to use the library is a necessary requirement for a college course1 we shall have gained a great point4 ,mr4 ,,ranck3 ,i should like to ask ,miss ,hall about her experience with reference to the use of the library on the teaching of ,english and literature in the high school4 ,miss ,,hall3 ,i have been very much interested in this4 ,our school has been so large it has been very difficult to do all we would like to do4 ,we have not been able to do what has been done in the ,detroit or ,grand ,rapids high school in the way of instruction4 ,but ,i have been interested in seeing what it has done for the ,english and the history departments4 ,in the first place1 our teachers are coming with their classes for instruction and the teachers are learning a great many things which they are putting in practice4 ,for the last year we have done more with the ,reader's ,guide in history than ever before4 ,teachers are assigned to help me in my work4 ,after they heard the talk on the ,reader's ,guide they said1 ,we can do this3 we will go through the ,reader's ,guide and we will bring out everything that is really interesting on the history of ,france1 ,germany1 ,china1 ,russia and the ,balkan ,war2 we will look over those articles and make a card of the best things4 ,they are using the ,reader's ,guide in ,english more than ever before2 they are using reference books more4 ,after the talk on the ,statesmen's ,yearbook and on the almanacs and some of the yearbooks1 such as the ,new ,international ,yearbook1 they are using them almost as textbooks4 ,the ,statesmen's ,yearbook is in use nearly all the time1 as is the ,new ,international ,yearbook1 since that talk4 ,they are using the ,reader's ,guide for new material--essays that they want on special subjects1 and are using it for debate work1 informal debates on all sorts of interesting current problems for ,english work1 training the students to do oral debating without any notes1 and talks on the topics of the day4 ,they are using encyclopedias more wisely than they used to4 ,teachers used to send scholars to encyclopedias for everything4 ,and when we talked about the real use of encyclopedias and bibliographies1 how the encyclopedia simply gave you a certain amount of definite information and often led to more important things1 they began using those bibliographies4 ,miss ,,hobart3 ,i do not know that any librarian has been trying to work out the problem which ,i have of reaching the public school pupils and teachers4 ,some of the best things that ,i have found in that way are these3 ,i made myself familiar1 as early in the term as possible1 with the teachers and the conditions of their home life4 ,i found that some had very poor places to room1 as they are apt to have in small communities1 and to those ,i offered the use of the library rooms for evening use and for time out of school when they wished to correct papers4 ,our library is warm and light in the winter and cool and light in the summer4 ,and the teachers were extremely glad to have a place where they could come and be quiet and comfortable and do their own work4 ,i think that last year the teachers in our small village practically lived in the library4 ,even those who had homes there used to make it their abiding place most of their waking hours4 ,for the high school pupils1 at the time of their graduating essays1 we laid books aside in different places in the library4 ,many of those children had no proper places at home where they could write4 ,they came to the library and did their work2 almost all the work on their graduating essays was done evenings4 ,for six weeks we gave the use of our catalog rooms to two girls who had their books sent there4 ,there were several out-of-town children2 to those we gave a room in the basement4 ,they came from school as quickly as possible at noon1 ate their luncheon in a very short time and spent the rest of the intermission in the library doing reference work4 ,the expressions of appreciation we have received and the consciousness of the help given to those children in the use of the library has been a great source of satisfaction4 ,adjourned4 ,,fifth ,,general ,,session 7,friday morning1 ,june #bg1 #aiac47 ,the ,,president3 ,we begin this morning the fifth session of this conference and the theme covering the papers is1 ,the library's service to business and legislation4 ,ten years ago it would not have occurred to anyone perhaps that it would be possible to have a series of papers upon this subject1 and the surprising expansion of the service in these directions is evidenced by the fact that we have1 in order at all to attempt to cover this subject adequately1 a larger number of papers on this morning's program than we have on the program for any other of the subjects which have been scheduled4 ,i will ask ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,lester to start the program with his paper upon ,,the ,,present ,,status ,,of ,,legislative ,,reference ,,work ,it is now more than twenty years since the need of specialization in the library's work on subjects of legislation was recognized in ,new ,york in the creation of a special staff for such work1 and it is just about ten years since the successful combination in ,wisconsin of such special reference work with the formulation of bills aroused most of the states to the possibilities of usefulness in this field4 ,it would therefore seem worth while to examine the work so far done to discover if possible such principles and tendencies as may be subject to generalization4 ,it is at once obvious that any such generalization in a broad sense must be difficult1 for this present year shows in legislation both east and west that we have not yet come to rest on such fundamental principles as to method even though there may be substantial unanimity as to policy4 ,the new laws in ,vermont 7and ,i think in ,new ,hampshire7 in the east--in ,ohio1 ,indiana1 and ,illinois in the middle west--and in ,california on the ,pacific coast show such differences that it is evident that local conditions must still be very largely controlling4 ,and to go back a full year or more would bring to notice the new work organized in several states through university bureaus but without special legislation1 and the proposals before the ,congress4 ,comparatively little examination shows that the conception of the work to be done differs widely4 ,mr4 ,kaiser of the ,university of ,illinois1 who is preparing a detailed study of the subject1 writes me3 ,i find that in practically thirty-two states it is attempted in some form or other--the state library as a whole1 a division of the state library created within the library1 a division created by law1 a separate bureau1 library commission bureaus1 state university bureaus1 etc4 ,obviously this must include practically all states where the state library is other than a law library only or a historical collection only1 and must credit with doing legislative reference work those states where general reference work is done on subjects of legislation4 ,but there is a more exact use of the term which takes account of the fundamental principle well suggested in the statement of the ,librarian of ,congress in his communication to ,congress in #aiaa4 ,a legislative reference bureau goes further than the ,division of ,bibliography4 ,it undertakes not merely to classify and to catalog1 but to draw off from a general collection the literature1 that is the data1 bearing upon a particular legislative project4 ,it indexes1 extracts1 compiles4 ,it breaks up existing forms in which information is contained and classifies the resulting parts1 and often adds to printed literature written memoranda as to facts and even opinions as to merit4 ,such work as the legislative reference staff should be qualified to do is distinctly informational rather than educational in its reference to the patron4 ,it does the work of research1 of gathering1 sorting and uniting the scattered fact material wanted and presents the results ready for use4 ,and to be fully effective this work must in some way be co-ordinated with the formulation of legislation1 so that the product offered by the legislator may be both firmly founded and properly constructed4 ,this work is so evidently necessary that it will be done in an increasing number of states whether the state library or some other agency undertakes it and protects its efficiency by the impartial1 non-political and permanent organization of it which can be there best provided4 ,practically all legislation specifically providing for such work has been passed in the years beginning #aijg and it is significant that most of this emphasizes research and drafting4 ,the laws specially providing for such work are as follows3 ,alabama1 #aijg1 no4 #bee4 ,california1 #aiac4 ,illinois1 #aiac4 ,indiana1 #aiac1 ch4 #bee 7#aijg1 ch4 #adg74 ,michigan1 #aijg1 ch4 #cjf 7#aiac1 ch4 #add74 ,missouri1 ,stat41 #aiji1 ,sec4 #hagg4 ,montana1 #aiji1 ch4 #fe4 ,nebraska1 #aiaa1 ch4 #gb4 ,north ,dakota1 #aiji1 ch4 #aeg 7#aijg1 ch4 #bdc74 ,ohio1 #aiac 7#aiaj1 no4 #chd74 ,pennsylvania1 #aiji1 no4 #adc 7#aiac74 ,rhode ,island1 #aijg1 ch4 #adga4 ,south ,dakota1 #aijg1 ch4 #ahe4 ,texas1 #aiji1 ch4 #gj4 ,vermont1 #aiab1 ch4 #ad 7#aiaj1 ch4 #i74 ,wisconsin1 ,stat4 ,sec4 #cgc f4 ,an analysis of the work done1 whether provided for by legislation or by administrative practice1 shows certain other facts4 ,the number of the staff in any state is often variable1 temporary or part time assistance is often used1 and this is true where this work is not a part of the work of a state library or other wider organization4 ,furthermore1 the cost in money is almost impossible to estimate accurately in many places1 because of this co-operation with other work4 ,in starting a new work this difficulty in answering the question of what it costs elsewhere must be faced4 ,the best way to meet it seems to be to make the comparison on the basis of the work wanted1 definitely planning what is to be done1 and asking for a lump sum to cover its estimated cost4 ,the drafting proposition is a most important element4 ,some three or four states already have official bill-drafting agencies1 other than legislative reference departments1 and a number of others definitely depend upon the attorney-general's office for this work4 ,in some states there is opposition to putting this in the hands of a non-legislative agency1 and in others the libraries1 while ready to handle a specialized reference work1 are not ready to undertake drafting4 ,obviously this work requires highly specialized training1 and equally1 ,i believe1 it will be agreed that this service should be rendered and that it must be in the closest co-operation with the reference work4 ,there is no doubt in my own mind that the best condition is that of a single agency to perform this dual work1 where the establishment of such is possible1 and the usual organization seems to include both the expert draftsmen and the special clerical and stenographic assistance4 ,this service in the primary formulation of bills must inevitably lead to a similar assistance as bills progress toward final enactment4 ,this care as to form through the processes of amendment and revision will ultimately be complete if the enacted statute law is what it should be to stand the test4 ,this leads me to certain suggestions of other fields of service in the legislative process which should all tend to better the whole legislative product4 ,of course1 in much of this service the emphasis is placed upon form and make-up of the final product1 the discretion as to subject matter resting elsewhere1 but that discretionary judgment is to be based upon the most complete information it is possible to furnish4 ,most of these services are now performed by the libraries or other non-legislative agencies in some states1 but of course not all1 or indeed many1 in any one state4 ,they include editing1 foot-noting1 side-noting1 indexing of session laws1 and the preparation of tables of amendments1 repeals and similar matter2 the proper filing and care of original bills1 journals1 committee records1 and similar matter1 after the work of the session is completed2 the editing and indexing of the printed journal2 editorial work of various forms upon the legislative documents4 ,these are all services needed by our states1 useful to the legislative bodies1 and only properly handled through some permanent agency4 ,is the state library that agency8 ,i leave the question for your consideration1 and suggest that some uncertainty at present as to just what may be most desirable is evident particularly in the new legislation in ,vermont1 ,ohio1 ,indiana and ,california4 ,it has already been brought out in prepared paper and in discussion at this conference that the state library should not be a central public library in its content or its method4 ,it is rather possible to express the field of its activities as that of a collection of special libraries4 ,into that field would come quite naturally the varied services to the legislative branch of the government which have been suggested4 ,as already stated some of them are now supplied in some states4 ,what we shall ultimately work toward in our states is a complete organization of these allied branches of work1 all of which focus about the work of the legislature4 ,some of these services are at once recognized as within the field of the library--about others there is a decided difference of opinion4 ,but they all have many common elements1 many points of contact4 ,they are most effectively to be handled as a group4 ,the tendency will surely be toward a concentration rather than a scattering of these parts of one general work4 ,plans for such a concentration1 adapted to a particular set of conditions1 to be sure1 have already been put into concrete bill form in ,new ,york and the bill was before the legislature this year4 ,the question presents many new features1 but is not something to be answered perhaps in the distant future2 it is rather1 ,i believe1 worthy of a very real consideration in the present4 ,the ,,president3 ,the second paper this morning1 which follows very logically after the one which we have just heard1 will be by ,mr4 ,,demarchus ,c4 ,,brown1 state librarian of ,indiana1 on ,,state-,,wide ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,library ,the writer of this paper would be more than ,protan if he could say anything new on this topic4 ,all our associations1 at least the half dozen ,i belong to1 meet so often that repetition is forced upon us4 ,in the interim very few experiences or ideas worth recording come to us4 ,biennial or triennial sessions would lead to better results and save money4 ,the personality and attainments of the librarian 7and his staff7 are of prime importance in making the state library a dominating influence in the commonwealth4 ,he is the man behind the gun4 ,i put him first4 ,from the negative side1--his position should not be subject to partisan or personal influence4 ,that is a blight to start with and will ruin any institution4 ,we are still afflicted with that curse in places1 not only in the state libraries but in official positions generally4 ,affirmatively1 the head of the state library ought to be a person of scholarly acquirements or at least in deep and appreciative sympathy with scholarship and knowledge4 ,if he is a scholar in a limited field he should be in accord with all who are trained in other departments4 ,he should be able to represent the state in its educational and scientific undertakings1 by papers and addresses1 whenever called upon4 ,it goes without saying that he should be a trained man in educational or library or literary work and of course an executive officer4 ,his library is a laboratory of all for all in the state and he must be in touch with the work of that laboratory4 ,his library is the distributer of blessings to a great commonwealth1 and according to the motto of the ,library ,company of ,philadelphia1 that is divine 7,communiter bona profundere deum est74 ,i'll not quote the ,latin--it would be classic1 and to be classic is against the regulations of the ,zeitgeist4 ,i want him to be an inspirer for all to love art and poetry1 and study and history and politics 7real72 and not merely skilled in the knowledge of card indexes and catalog rules4 ,a certain famous general in the ,confederate ,army spent so much of his time on details of drill and quartermaster's regulations that he forgot how to fight his army4 ,i have put the librarian first in this broadening influence of the state library4 ,all the volumes and equipment and staff will be comparatively a failure without this scholarly1 well-trained1 wide-awake executive officer4 ,as to the various ways in which the state library can extend its influence and make itself useful1 permit me to suggest a few4 ,this institution can well be the bibliographical center of the state4 ,every club1 school1 library1 society1 and all citizens can be made to know that here information can be obtained about books4 ,our own demand is quite large and ought to be larger4 ,there are libraries with meagre equipment1 schools with none1 people with none1 colleges with little--all these may be taught to turn to the central institution for bibliographical information4 ,i consider this a source of wide-spreading influence1 valuable and helpful to the whole state4 ,i have placed it second more because ,i deem it important1 not because ,i think all of these points can be listed accurately as to their relative positions4 ,our states heretofore have been very slow in preserving their history1 both of the commonwealth and municipalities4 ,this has led1 perchance1 to the unspeakable commercial county histories with their unspeakable portraits and unspeakable cost1 which we are compelled to purchase in order to have something4 ,the state library's influence should extend over the entire state in an attempt to teach the preservation of history4 ,the library is the natural place for the collection and organization of the history of the state4 ,the archives may well be kept here for reference and use1 though some states have a separate archives and history department4 ,i wish we knew how to preserve history4 ,we don't keep or build memorials1 we tear down and throw away4 ,what we want is the new1 the fresh1 the raw4 ,the old1 the seasoned1 the ripe1 we think is effete 7how we like that word in referring to the old advanced civilization of ,europe74 ,the state library has a great1 unploughed field to cultivate4 ,personally1 ,i find people ready to burn up newspapers or manuscripts1 or sell volumes for junk rather than give them to an institution where they may be preserved4 ,i am trying to teach them otherwise1 but succeeding very slowly indeed4 ,i trust some of you are doing better4 ,the women's clubs are a source of help in extending the influence of the library4 ,they are asking for information of all kinds at all times4 ,we laugh at them1 ,i know4 ,they have papers on ,shakespeare1 ,goethe or ,homer at one sitting and dispose of them all4 ,but what shall we do8 ,they are the conservers of culture and reading4 ,men don't want them1 i4 e4 culture and reading4 ,they are bourgeois1 practical1 7 bas with that word and up with refinement and culture which is just as meaningful in books as in a field where we know culture is everything74 ,i know many prosperous country towns without a men's reading organization or club in them1 but many women's4 ,if the state library in its state-wide influence1 could convert men to reading1 it would do a great work4 ,send your bulletin to the clubs1 suggest topics for discussion1 and thus distribute the leaven4 ,so much of our reading and study is done through periodicals of every description that it is made necessary for one central institution to be well supplied with these publications4 ,the periodicals not taken in the average library1 college or club1 the foreign1 like ,revue de ,deux ,mondes1 and ,dublin ,review1 for example1 and particularly the learned periodicals used only occasionally1 should be found in the state library4 ,the state library can become a source of information1 widespread over the state1 by this process4 ,demands come sometimes from remote corners1 from a teacher or some ambitious student1 and he should never be neglected4 ,this department1 ,i fear1 has been in a measure overlooked4 ,we have about a hundred from foreign countries secured through exchange for the ,indiana ,academy of ,science4 ,they are not commonly called for but they form a tie between the library and the scientific men and students over the state4 ,by no means limit this list to scientific periodicals4 ,make the selection as broad as human interest1 if funds and space permit4 ,it is commonplace to say that the state library is the document depository of the commonwealth4 ,you know that now4 ,many people do not realize it1 however4 ,every official publication of the state1 counties and municipalities1 if preserved here1 will be a source for historical research in the future4 ,nothing of the kind should be thrown away4 ,many state libraries were founded with this particular purpose in view4 ,the state library is the logical place for the preservation of all documents of the state4 ,from it the municipal authorities1 students of state history and political science1 teachers1 legislators and citizens gather the information needed on the documentary history of the state4 ,all the states have institutions of various kinds--colleges1 hospitals for insane1 the epileptic1 the tubercular1 reformatories1 etc41 etc4 ,why should the state library not at least supplement the small or large collections in these institutions8 ,their purpose is not to purchase books1 though some are needed4 ,the state library's influence and assistance should enter here1 also4 ,much can be done to enlarge the views and inform the heads of these institutions and to make happy many of the inmates4 ,no demand by a superintendent of a state institution for books to be purchased for and referred to by him would be overlooked in the ,indiana state library4 ,the institutions are scattered over the state and the library's influence would be spread in gathering material for the people connected with these institutions4 ,the libraries of the state universities can be supplemented to great advantage1 as has been done at least in our own state and in yours1 ,i have no doubt4 ,the newspapers of the state are not kept with any regularity in the different localities4 ,they are a valuable fund of information for the historian1 who must sift rigidly of course4 ,our attempt is to preserve the papers from each county4 ,we have many instances already of the value of our collection4 ,we believe that a state-wide service is done in this way4 ,i know the newspaper is not what we think it ought to be1 but certain conditions of politics1 business and social customs are pictures which will otherwise be lost4 ,the librarian in the state library has imposed upon him here an important duty to the commonwealth1 and the possibility of rendering great service4 ,the high schools are fond of debating4 ,the boys are more easily aroused to reading by the discussion of a public or social problem4 ,the local library is usually meagre4 ,if the school principal is kept in close touch with the central library he will know where to send for material4 ,a bulletin on ,debates with bibliographical lists is of great service to the school men4 ,the state library extends its work to educational centers by this method4 ,the ,indiana state library for several years has followed this system and as a result has almost been swamped with requests for debate material4 ,as many as forty high schools in one week tried to overwhelm us1 but our staff stood the test womanfully and won4 ,there are state-wide associations of all kinds in every state4 ,many of them publish reports or proceedings4 ,the state librarian may well keep his institution in touch with all of these4 ,the library may even be a member of some of them1 especially educational1 social1 literary or artistic4 ,the presence of a member of its staff at their meetings or correspondence may lead to the use of the library by these organizations in a way that will show that the library is the thing to be used--a tool for every man4 ,common as it may be to say it1 the assistance to the blind of the state by the central library must not be passed by4 ,it is a great joy for any one to note the pleasure these unfortunate people obtain from the collections from which they draw daily4 ,very few1 if any1 are able to purchase their own books4 ,the number assisted is small1 but the benefit and happiness are great and lasting4 ,as the state library is the document and the political science center1 it follows that legislative and official information are to be secured here4 ,the officials and members of the ,assembly ought to be made to know that the state library is1 as it were1 the fountain head from which to draw4 ,if the library is worth anything or its head and staff worth anything1 they should be consulted frequently by these persons in their work of lawmaking4 ,the library has gathered and organized the material and by means of its use by the legislator1 the library exerts a state-wide service4 ,it is the province of the traveling libraries department to lend collections of books to groups of citizens in localities apart from libraries4 ,this does not hinder the state library from doing much for the farmer individually and in farmers' institutes4 ,addresses may be delivered1 bibliographical lists on agricultural subjects sent and books loaned if the law permits it1 and ,i think it should4 ,in our own library we have letters and requests from farmers2 we preserve the records of their institutes and granges4 ,one who had only half an hour a day to read asked for a volume of ,jefferson1 ,shakespeare1 or a good book on chiggers4 ,if he could find out how to get rid of the chiggers1 ,i would prefer that book to ,jefferson1 whose apotheosis is sadly overworked4 ,that farmer's request was not so fascinating as that of a teacher who wanted a book on the history of the human people4 ,this is a sample of ,indiana readers4 ,indiana1 the home of authors6 7,i want to express my opinion in parenthesis here1 that this ,indiana literature talk is also sadly overworked47 ,all this concerns special classes of people and books4 ,but the general reader must be looked after4 ,if democratization of books and reading is our keynote1 and ,i think it is1 then the citizen who wants to read on history1 poetry1 art1 sociology1 religion1 must not be neglected4 ,state-wide means much4 ,it means an open mind for all the demos4 ,our central library shall not be a trade shop1 not for the bourgeoisie1 but a mentor1 a guide1 a place of refinement and culture4 ,not for the practical man only--he usually does not know anything and does not want to2 he has no breadth of view4 ,looking up a trade item or a report or some figures is good and useful2 so is loving a poet because it is at the foundation of character and education4 ,we have recently been informed--no1 we have been told--that to talk about reading1 culture1 the love of knowledge1 is flapdoodle4 ,a citizen may be benefited by knowing how many miles of railroad are in his county1 or what amount of money his city spends1 but he will be just as much benefited by reading a lofty poem of ,andr ,chnier1 ,le ,jeu de ,paume for example1 or a stanza of ,william ,dwight ,moody's1 not that he will make money1 but something far better4 ,what ,i want to say is that the state library shall extend the love of learning1 of literature1 or art and all their kin to the furthest boundaries of the state in order that all may know that here is a fountain whence all may receive instruction and refreshment4 ,why should the business man not read something besides the newspaper1 the statements of which are denied the next day8 ,yet most men read nothing else4 ,if his own town library is small let him call upon the state library and let the state library be ready to help4 ,i believe that lending books must still be granted to the state library4 ,we have calls from lovers of reading from every corner of ,indiana1 from men who love culture1 knowledge and literature4 ,these we propose to accommodate as long as the law permits4 ,this observation is made because it has been said repeatedly that the state library shall deal in documents1 reports and reference books4 ,we have many foreigners in ,indiana4 ,when these cannot secure what is wanted at their local library ,i want them to come to us1 as recently happened when the ,roumanians wanted the text of their native poets and something about their provincial capital ,nagygebin4 ,i trust that we may all have one great library for reference with a minimum of popular fiction--a library that is a guide to scholarship and knowledge1 a library where every man who loves to read may turn himself out to grass and browse1 browse deeply4 ,herein will we have state-wide influence4 ,may ,i group these influences as a summary3--the personality1 fitness and scholarship of the ,state ,librarian2 the bibliographical center may well be the state library2 the legislative reference for the ,assembly and officials2 the gathering and preserving of the history and archives of the state along with the encouragement among the people to preserve local historical material2 the collecting of newspapers representing the entire commonwealth2 the creation of a periodical center in the state library2 close connection with schools1 colleges and all kinds of organizations1 social1 literary1 commercial1 etc42 assistance for all the state institutions1 educational1 charitable1 and correctional2 close relation with the women's clubs2 assistance to the farmer and the foreigner in isolated localities2 the center for general culture and love of knowledge where every citizen may continue to go to school4 ,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,lester in his paper referred to the bill-drafting department of a legislative reference bureau and ,mr4 ,brown has just referred to the man behind the counter4 ,we may perhaps feel that modern conditions require two men behind the counter in government3 the one who prepares the ammunition and the one who fires it2 and perhaps the more important is the one who prepares the ammunition2 the one who draws up the law1 leaving to the legislature the more perfunctory service of applying the match4 ,mr4 ,,matthew ,s4 ,,dudgeon has served in the capacity of director of the bill drafting department of the ,wisconsin legislative bureau and ,i believe that since he has assumed the duties of the executive officer of the ,wisconsin ,library ,commission he has continued to perform that service4 ,we shall be glad to hear from him this morning as to ,,the ,,law ,,that ,,stands ,,the ,,test ,in an address before the ,new ,york ,bar ,association the ,honorable ,joseph ,e4 ,choate says that we in ,america are suffering seriously from plethora of legislation4 ,he suggests that this whole mass of legislation pabulum that is made up and offered to the people from year to year1 ought to be more thoroughly ',fletcherized1' more completely masticated1 before it is poured into the body politic for digestion4 ,if that were done1 ,i am sure1 he says1 that we could get along with half the quantity and it would do us just as much good4 ,the volume of legislation now being considered is1 in fact1 appalling4 ,the legislature of one ,eastern state had before it at its last biennial session four thousand and eighty-one distinct bills4 ,a ,western state this year has asked its legislature to consider three thousand1 seven hundred and thirty-eight measures4 ,a ,southern state actually passed at its latest session one thousand1 four hundred and sixty different enactments4 ,unlike the hookworm1 however1 this disease is neither new nor newly discovered1 nor is it like the chills and fever1 indigenous to our newly settled ,american continent4 ,over three hundred years ago ,montaigne discovered a superabundance of legislation in ,france4 ,we have more laws in ,france1 he says1 than in all the rest of the world4 ,and going back still further to the first century ,a4 ,d4 we find ,tacitus complaining that there are too many laws in ,rome4 ,so that as formerly we suffered from wickedness1 he says in his ,annals1 so now we suffer from too many laws4 ,we may safely conclude then that the enactment of many laws which are not so fully ,fletcherized as they should be1 is a complaint which long ago became chronic among bodies politic generally and that it is high time that some cure be found for the ailment4 ,how can the quantity of laws be diminished and the quality improved8 ,how can our legislative acts be masticated so that one-half as many may do us as much good8 ,the problem of thus improving legislation and producing the law that stands the test is indeed a most serious one4 ,requirements4 ,let us suggest the proposition that a law that stands the test must first be one which violates no provision of the constitution2 second1 it must be founded upon a sound economic basis2 third1 it should be capable of efficient administration3 that is1 it should be a practical1 workable1 usable thing2 fourth1 it must fit into its surroundings both legal and social4 ,it must1 as ,blackstone has suggested1 fit the situation as a suit of clothes fits the man4 ,some laws which are perfectly sound in good old occidental ,england have been found to be entirely impossible in oriental ,india4 ,a measure which suits the ,anglo-,saxon ,yankee in ,connecticut may be entirely out of place among the mixed peoples of the ,philippines4 ,the law that stands the test must have all these qualities and this is the law which all the ,american states are striving to produce4 ,such a law may1 of course1 possess these characteristics and yet not be in every sense satisfactory4 ,it may not accomplish all that was hoped for it2 it may contain errors2 it may need amendments1 and still it may be a law which1 in a proper sense1 stands the test4 ,to give a method by which a law may be created which will stand the test will not therefore be to suggest that a method has been discovered which will produce perfect legislation4 ,nature of subjects considered4 ,it should be remembered also that the difficulties of legislation arise not only from the multitude of subjects presented1 but because many of the subjects are in themselves most difficult of comprehension4 ,the ,right ,honorable ,james ,bryce has said that the task of legislation becomes more and more difficult and that many of the problems which legislators now face are too hard not only for the ordinary members but even for the abler members of legislative bodies because they cannot be understood and mastered without special knowledge4 ,to illustrate3 ,the legislature of a middle western state has had before it at a single session laws upon the following subjects3 ,a comprehensive code of court procedure1 initiative and referendum1 recall of all officers except judges1 home rule in cities1 excess1 condemnation1 woman's suffrage1 workmen's compensation1 regulation of industrial accidents by commission1 income tax1 state aid to public highways1 conservation and control of water power1 forest reserve1 system of industrial education1 system of state life insurance1 the formation of farmers' co-operative associations1 limitation of the hours of labor for women1 child labor1 public school buildings as civic centers1 and teachers' pension4 ,there does not exist in any learned society nor in any university in the land a single man who can do more than converse intelligently upon all of these subjects2 yet this state expected its absolutely untrained legislators to understand these matters thoroughly1 to express a wise judgment upon them1 and to record their judgment in such form as to force it upon an entire state4 ,lack of training on the part of the legislators4 ,of the one hundred members of the lower house of the legislature which voted upon all these measures sixty-five had never had any previous legislative experience4 ,only thirty had had the advantage of any college education4 ,while nineteen of the one hundred were lawyers1 they were for the most part young1 inexperienced men1 whose contact with public questions had been limited4 ,thirty of the one hundred were farmers1 thirty-one were in business1 six were doctors or dentists1 eight were mechanics1 three were school teachers4 ,yet these men1 without experience1 or training1 or special fitness were forced to vote upon all these difficult economic and industrial problems1 and also upon about two thousand other more or less important measures4 ,necessity for unbiased information4 ,it is of course evident that what the legislator must have is a source from which he can obtain complete information upon all sides of a controverted question4 ,a court which purports to administer justice after hearing the contention of only one party to a transaction would open itself to ridicule4 ,yet this is precisely the method pursued in legislation4 ,the legislator begins without any independent knowledge of the subject4 ,such knowledge as he obtains is brought to him ordinarily by a lobbyist4 ,he receives many private suggestions whose source he hardly knows4 ,he attends a committee hearing on a bill seeking to increase the taxes levied upon railroad property1 for example4 ,here the best data and legal arguments that money can buy is ably and forcibly presented by the railroad attorneys4 ,they give figures to show that the railroads are already taxed more than other forms of property4 ,they quote economists to the effect that the proposed taxation is unsound and unscientific4 ,they cite court decisions demonstrating to a certainty that the proposed measure is unconstitutional4 ,they argue1 wheedle1 misstate1 and finally convince the legislator that the measure is absurd4 ,no similarly exhaustive arguments in behalf of the bill can be presented1 for no talent comparable to that of the railroad attorneys1 and in fact no talent at all is retained by the people in behalf of public interests4 ,this is the legislative librarian's opportunity4 ,as the ,right ,honorable ,james ,bryce has said3 ,no country has ever been able to fill its legislatures with its wisest men2 but every country may at least enable them to apply the best methods and provide them with the amplest material4 ,legislation elsewhere4 ,it is to be remarked that the legislative questions before all civilized communities are essentially similar4 ,everywhere are problems growing out of crime and pauperism2 problems relating to hours of labor1 child labor1 and wages2 employer's liability2 compulsory insurance2 workman's compensation2 problems arising out of inheritance1 income taxation1 and the regulation of public service corporations4 ,nothing is so new1 however1 but that some other legislature has worked upon the problem or is working upon it4 ,take1 for example1 such a question as employer's liability or workman's compensation4 ,fifty legislative bodies are working upon or have worked upon this single question4 ,in at least three foreign countries and in one ,american state it has been adequately solved4 ,the other forty-six have failed in part or altogether1 either because of uneconomic and unscientific approach or because of constitutional limitations4 ,formerly and up to within the last ten years no effort had been made to profit by the experience of these fifty other legislative bodies4 ,the typical ,american way is to let the legislators stumble along1 ignorant of the results of similar experimentations elsewhere1 trying out expensive1 independent experiments1 which inevitably end in ineffectual enactments4 ,what the legislator most needs to know1 then1 is what efforts other communities are making to solve the problem before him and how they are succeeding1 to the end that good measures which have succeeded elsewhere may be adopted and their failures not repeated4 ,where successful legislative work is done the first effort is always to get copies of every law on every subject which is likely to be legislated upon at the current session4 ,all data bearing upon the success or failure of this legislation in other states and countries must be collected1 digested1 tabulated and placed in such form as to be readily available to the legislator4 ,if a measure has failed or been repealed the reasons for the failure or repeal are sought4 ,if it has been successful its provisions are carefully studied and analyzed with a view to adaptability to local needs4 ,experience shows that in some cases it is necessary to prepare a translation of good foreign legislation which has never before been translated into ,english4 ,but no law from another jurisdiction can be safely transplanted without careful consideration4 ,the local constitution must be studied4 ,in such a case as the workman's compensation act referred to1 it was necessary for a commission to make a close1 scientific study of the causes and character of the industrial accidents within the state1 to investigate the rates of the casualty insurance companies in the different industries1 to discover what co-operation for the prevention of accidents could be secured from employers and employees4 ,hearings were held at various industrial centers within and without the state2 scores of witnesses were examined2 manufacturers1 labor unions1 engineering experts and economists were called upon4 ,in short1 the problem was treated in a thoroughly scientific manner4 ,contrary to the usual practice1 the case was prepared and presented to the legislature with the same thoroughness and care as is usual when an important case is prepared and presented to the court4 ,as a result the law1 although not perfect1 stands the test4 ,drafting4 ,when the legislature has discovered what measures have proved successful elsewhere and what local conditions demand1 it is still helpless because the members know nothing of legislative forms and cannot use with sufficient accuracy the language expressive of its conclusion4 ,assistance in bill drafting is necessary4 ,experience has shown that the man who does this must be either a trained lawyer who is also a practical political scientist or a practical political scientist who is something of a lawyer4 ,it is often found too that in its original form a measure is unconstitutional and a lawyer's knowledge is necessary in order to devise some means of whipping the constitutional devil around the judicial stump4 ,for example1 the workman's compensation law of ,england1 enacted too literally in its original form1 is clearly unconstitutional in ,america and has been so declared by the courts of our state4 ,in another state1 however1 the legislative lawyers who were engaged in drafting the bill1 seeing clearly the judicial stump and the constitutional devil1 by a simple but clever device passed what was in effect the ,english law1 but in such form that when it came before the ,supreme ,court it was not only declared constitutional but was commended4 ,fault not with legislators but with the system4 ,if legislation be bad the fault is1 then1 not with the legislator4 ,the average legislator is a keen1 bright1 honest man1 who has been successful in at least a small way in his business or profession4 ,he is ignorant of legislative subjects not because he is an ignorant man1 but because his knowledge is of other things4 ,the fault is not with him4 ,it is inherent in our unscientific system of legislating4 ,we put a group of farmers1 grocers1 and mechanics at work upon some great sociological problem4 ,they can have no adequate knowledge of the subject4 ,we do not give them compensation enough to pay their living expenses while they work4 ,we allot them only a few hours to consider a given question4 ,we provide for them no information4 ,we furnish them with no legal counsel4 ,assuming1 however1 as is often true1 that these men are men of integrity and humanity and common sense and that their ideas are sound1 they enact a good law that forbids1 for example1 the employment of children in hazardous and immoral surroundings4 ,in this they have accomplished an important and intelligent constructive work4 ,then we hire the best trained minds in the state and put them in our courts4 ,we pay them higher salaries than any other public servants4 ,we give them large libraries in which is found the accumulated legal lore of the past4 ,we grant them1 for the questions before them1 all the time they can use1--weeks1 months1 often literally years4 ,these talented1 high-minded gentlemen1 by dint of industrious delving and assisted by highly paid and highly trained attorneys1 discover at last in the depths of their moth-eaten law books some mummified eighteenth century idea which has become petrified into a constitutional provision4 ,they shake their heads and decide that the splendid1 humane1 up-to-date1 common sense legislation is unconstitutional and void because of some minor constitutional objection4 ,they cannot be1 and should not be1 criticised1 for they are clearly performing a duty4 ,neither can these judges substitute anything in place of the law which they destroy1 for the work for which we pay them so well in money and honor and position is only critical1--and their function is in this case destructive4 ,the law making function as important as the judicial4 ,now1 creative work the world over has always been recognized as requiring greater intelligence1 better training1 keener initiative than the purely critical4 ,yet1 in legal matters this principle has been entirely ignored4 ,in every way we exalt the interpretive1 critical1 even destructive1 judicial process4 ,we neglect and belittle the constructive creative process of law making4 ,the conclusion of the whole matter is that the making of the law is in principle as important1--in fact1 more important1 than the interpretation of it4 ,the legislative function must be as carefully performed as is the judicial4 ,men should be prepared for law making as are men for the judicial bench4 ,they must be men of the same calibre1 of good ability1 of high intelligence1 of absolute integrity1 of broad sympathies1 and of big vision4 ,not until we have an agency of this type assisting in law making1 not until the making of laws is recognized as a distinct and important governmental function1 co-ordinate with1 if not superior to the judicial function1 not until each state has a bureau which will1 as the ,honorable ,james ,bryce says1 supply the legislators with the amplest material and enable them to apply the best methods1 can we hope to have laws which in the highest sense stand the test4 ,the ,,president3 ,we go now from the legislature to the business man1 the man who makes the wheels turn around4 ,those of you who had the opportunity to hear the striking address1 at a meeting of the ,special ,libraries ,association the other day1 from a business man of ,boston need not be reminded of the tremendous possibilities that lie in this extension of the library service4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,ranck1 of the ,grand ,rapids public library1 will discuss ,,making ,a ,,library ,,useful ,,to ,,business ,,men ,on first giving consideration to this paper ,i was inclined to believe that the story of the personal use of the library 7the public library7 by business men would be almost as brief as the traditional story of snakes in ,ireland4 ,few librarians have the means of knowing how many business men use their institutions1 but where statistics of registration indicate the occupation of card holders it would appear that the library gets almost as many bartenders as bankers4 ,to get some definite data on this subject ,i had the library records investigated of the #aih officers and committees of the ,grand ,rapids ,association of ,commerce1 the leading business organization of our city1 with a membership of #a1cjj4 ,these #aih men 7and a few women7 represent our most active business concerns1 as well as a few professions4 ,of this number only #ec1 or #bg per cent1 have live library cards4 ,in looking over the names ,i recognized #ch of those without cards as persons who either individually or through their employees in the interest of the house1 have used the library more or less for reference purposes4 ,there are of course others who use the library in this way without my knowledge4 ,these figures indicate that the library is serving directly only about #ej per cent of the livest business men of the town4 ,the specific questions ,i propose to discuss are1 ,why do business men use the library relatively little8 ,what can the library do to get business men to use it more8 ,progressive business men use the library because they recognize the enormous value of new ideas and of new knowledge to their business1 no matter where they get them4 ,the trouble is that public libraries can't always furnish them the knowledge they need4 ,and furthermore not all business men are progressive4 ,there are standpatters in the business1 as well as in the political world4 ,however1 there is no class of men who have a better idea of the potential power of print1 rightly used1 than the business men who advertise4 ,such men are always ready to meet the library more than half way4 ,in discussing this question ,i should have preferred to use the term business men in a liberal sense4 ,we are all more or less business people at times1 but for this occasion ,i am directed by our president to limit it to that one of its #bd different meanings which applies to employer rather than employee in the occupations of conducting trade or monetary transactions and in employments requiring knowledge of accounts and financial methods4 ,before proceeding further permit me to state my conviction that the greatest service the library is doing for business men is not to business men personally1 but rather for them through their employees1--in supplying knowledge and in promoting the general intelligence and the social welfare of the community4 ,these things are of the greatest importance to every employer1 for they are the foundations on which all efficiency is built4 ,the social welfare work of the ,panama ,canal1 much of it the kind libraries are doing1 is a conspicuous example of the immense financial value of such work4 ,the male portion of adult society we may roughly divide1 so far as occupations are concerned1 into manual workers 7laborers and mechanics71 professional men1 business men1 and drones 7the idle class7 who1 like the lilies of the field1 neither toil nor spin1 but who frequently outshine ,solomon in the gorgeousness and variety of their array4 ,they live a parasitic life on the productive labor of their fellow men1 giving no adequate return4 ,in the administration of our public libraries most consideration has been given to the idle class and to the professional classes4 ,real service for the manual workers and business men has been largely neglected until within recent years4 ,there are several reasons for this neglect4 ,among these may be mentioned the following3 ,working men and business men are expressing themselves in deeds and in things rather than in words and books2 and therefore until recently there has been relatively little worth-while material available for the libraries to put on their shelves for the men directly engaged in industrial or commercial pursuits4 ,furthermore there has been a long standing prejudice on the part of these men 7those who are rule-of-thumb men7 against the reliability and the utility of things in print for their everyday work4 ,and in certain quarters this prejudice still exists to a very considerable extent4 ,they are inclined to look upon the writers and users of books as theoretical and impractical4 ,a further handicap in the use of libraries by business men1 is the fact that so few of us in library work know the contents of books and things in print that might be useful to them in their daily work2 and oftener we know still less of the problems business men must deal with4 ,therefore we cannot relate the inside of books with their work4 ,much of the work of the public library is a kind of salesmanship1 even though there is no direct exchange of the coin of the country4 ,salesmanship in its best sense is service1 and service is what a city is buying for all its people when it puts into its annual budget a more or less 7usually less7 adequate sum of money for its library4 ,as things are today ,i fear that in too many cases the public instead of drawing a plum from the library pie is not infrequently handed a lemon4 ,recently ,i had the pleasure of dining with the vice-president of a department store that employs over #b1ejj people to sell nothing but clothes--wearing apparel4 ,he told me that the great secret of the success of his institution1 through whose doors there enter from #cj1jjj to #dj1jjj people every day 7and remember that nearly all these people enter with the expectation of parting with some of their good money71 is the fact that every employee has instilled into him or her the fact that the salesmanship that brings success is service and that it is founded on knowledge2 for1 said he1 ,no one can sell goods satisfactorily unless he knows all about them1--where they are made1 how they are made1 what they are1 their history1 etc4 ,and these things everyone in this store is systematically taught4 ,incidentally1 ,i may add that this department store starts its people at a minimum wage higher than the minimum in many libraries1 and the maximum for women in this store is double the maximum of the highest paid women in library work in this country4 ,this store uses the public library of its city and has a library of its own whose librarian is at this convention at the expense of the store4 ,when a department store finds such a policy a wise one the business men responsible for its management will be the first in the community to support a policy of library service based on knowledge4 ,but business men must be shown that the library is delivering the goods4 ,the business man places his establishment so far as possible where it will best serve the purposes of his business1 and he spends loads of good money in the first place1 and annually in the form of taxation1 to get his building at the right place4 ,besides getting his establishment at the right place he also spends more loads of good money to arrange it for the economic and expeditious handling of his affairs in it4 ,so far as libraries relate to serving the business man1 as well as nine-tenths of the other people in the community1 ,i am convinced that #ie per cent of the library buildings of the country are badly located1 and furthermore that the large proportion of these buildings are badly arranged for the work they have1 or ought1 to do4 ,the place to serve the people is where the people daily congregate and pass by in the largest numbers4 ,this is never on a side street or in the best residence section of the city4 ,your average best citizen today gets more satisfaction out of his public library in showing his visitor from out of town the ,greek temple set back in a beautiful grove or garden as he whirls by in his six cylinder1 #fj horse-power1 seven-passenger touring car than in using the books and periodicals inside4 ,such a building in such a setting has a value as a work of art1 but not as a library for service4 ,incidentally1 it is only fair to say that business men in most of our cities are largely responsible that we have library buildings for show rather than for use4 ,every block that separates the library from the principal lines of the movement of the people1 every foot that people must walk from the sidewalk to the entrance of the building and then to its books1 every step that must be climbed above the level of the sidewalk to reach the first floor1 are all so many hurdles1 barriers1 which the people are obliged to overcome before they can get to their own books1 whether it be to use them for business or pleasure1 for education or recreation4 ,the bad location and arrangement of library buildings in the ,united ,states are keeping hundreds of thousands of potential users and supporters of libraries away from them and out of them every day of the year4 ,and there is no class of persons in the community more affected by such things than business men1 for they recognize 7consciously or unconsciously7 better than any other class the commercial value of time and convenience4 ,let me put this a little more concretely4 ,the library building in which ,i work is better located and arranged than the average library building of the country4 ,and yet the total distance walked to and from the sidewalk by all those who enter that building daily is nearly #ce miles to the point where the library begins to serve them4 ,furthermore each one of the thousand and more persons who daily enter this building1 in addition to the energy he uses in walking #ahj feet to and from the sidewalk must lift his own weight and the weight of the books he carries seven feet above the level of the sidewalk4 ,in other words the location and arrangement of this building with reference to the sidewalk requires the people who use it daily to take an extra walk of almost the distance from ,baltimore to ,washington and at the same time carry a weight equal to that of a ton of coal #cej feet to the top of a skyscraper and down again4 ,and all this is in addition to the walk of #dej feet from the nearest car line1 which few people use1 #hjj feet from the car lines which are generally used1 and over #djj feet from the nearest thoroughfare4 ,the library to be a friend to man1 and to serve him1 must live in a house by the side of the road where the race of men go by4 ,the business man who studies usually buys his own printed matter that deals directly with his work1 and in this respect he is usually far ahead of the library both in knowledge and in material at hand2 and the bigger his business the more is this likely to be the case4 ,the librarian will almost invariably find such a man a most helpful person in the selection of things to be purchased and in the relative value of both authors and books4 ,it should be the business of every librarian to know intimately1 as far as possible1 all such men in the community4 ,our public libraries must largely increase on their shelves the number of things in print that are of real service to the business man in his work4 ,first of all we must know what these things are1 and next we need to have the nerve to spend money for them much more freely than we have ever done before4 ,this is expensive and most such expenditures will not show in the statistics of circulation4 ,as an illustration of this let me refer again to the institution ,i have the honor to serve4 ,for a number of years we have been spending #djj a year for books in only one line of business4 ,besides the books1 we take some two dozen current periodicals on the same subject4 ,all are used to a considerable extent and the use made of them by only a dozen men is of the greatest commercial and financial importance to our city4 ,and yet so far as the figures of circulation are concerned the expenditure of #dej of our annual book fund for this one business is practically nothing4 ,we must get away from the idea of measuring the usefulness or the efficiency of the library by the number of books issued for home use4 ,so long as this idea dominates our public library work we can never do our best for the community1 and especially the business part of it4 ,we need of course many books for the business man in our circulating departments1 but these by no means meet the need4 ,many of these books are out of date in a few years at the best4 ,to keep up to date there is necessary a liberal purchase of yearbooks1 transactions and publications of industrial1 technical and commercial associations which bring down to date annually1 and in convenient form1 the latest knowledge in their respective fields4 ,for progressive business men such works are vastly more important than encyclopedias1 important as encyclopedias of all kinds are4 ,then too we must pay greater respect to the material published in pamphlet form4 ,on a multitude of subjects some of the latest and best things have appeared in this form4 ,most of us do not handle this material properly1 if at all4 ,in many libraries pamphlets are regarded and cared for with about the same degree of disrespect as were public documents in most libraries twenty years ago1 and ,i regret to say1 in many libraries today4 ,and as for the public use made of pamphlets1 it is practically nothing4 ,but more important for the wide-awake business man than books1 documents and pamphlets1 is a large collection of current periodicals relating to every kind of business activity in your city1 with clipping files on many subjects1 for it is only through these that it is possible to keep up with the latest information or for the library to supply the thing that is most needed at the minute4 ,as an illustration of such use ,i recall several recent instances of business men getting up briefs in connection with the proposed ,underwood tariff bill4 ,the latest information1 even when compiled sometimes by government authorities1 was secured from technical or trade journals before it could be received from the ,government ,printing ,office4 ,in short the best work the library can do for the business men personally is in the building itself1 supplemented by extensive use of the telephone and the mails 7reference or information work if you please71 and not by issuing to them for home use books whose information at the best is rarely less than a year old1 but in reality is more likely to be five1 ten1 or even twenty years old4 ,the circulating book has a most important place and ,i would not for one moment take from it the importance that is its due4 ,my plea is that we recognize more fully for our business man1 and especially the so-called small business man--the man of small business1 or the young man who hopes to establish a business of his own1 the great importance of library assistants who know the contents and the relative value of books1 pamphlets and periodicals1 and who understand the art of library salesmanship whereby the business man gets the things he really needs4 ,and then when we have done all this--have librarians who know1 and the things in print the business man needs1 this one thing more we must do1 we must let the business man know what we have for his particular problem and how we can serve him4 ,the library must advertise the utility of ideas and of knowledge in the every day work of the world as well as advertise its resources and its service4 ,the best advertising is that which comes from a well served patron4 ,but our libraries have thrown away one of the best means of publicity by locating their buildings where people must go out of their way to find them and by so arranging them that the passerby sees nothing but stone1 brick and glass--things that suggest nothing of the joy and usefulness of books4 ,seeing great crowds enjoying and using books1 as well as seeing attractive things in print through properly arranged show windows1 would appeal to the average library user in a way that would simply compel his interest and attention in the things we have for him4 ,the architecture of the average library building suggests a tomb--a place for dead ones--rather than a place chock-full of the things that appeal with tremendous force to the soul that is alive with the throbbing impulses of this wonderful time in which we live4 ,since our buildings deny us this great means of publicity which the show window enables every merchant to use to such great advantage1 we must use as best we may such means as we find available4 ,in a general way ,i may state my conviction that we should make a much larger use of the specific personal appeal as over against general publicity1 though the latter is also necessary4 ,when a man has a definite task assigned him put the resources and service of your library directly up to him for his particular problem1 especially if the problem is one a little outside the circle of his regular business4 ,it will come to him at the psychological moment and he is most likely to act on your suggestion2 whereas had it come to him as a general statement before he was personally interested most likely it would have been promptly forgotten4 ,as a part of our regular routine letters from the library go to all such persons1 as we see their names in the newspapers1 on programs1 etc4 ,at the meeting of the ,associated ,advertising ,clubs of ,america early this month in ,baltimore ,i had the pleasure of getting next to some of the livest business men in the country4 ,the thing that impressed me most was not the interesting exhibitions there shown or the various stunts that were pulled off1 but the new note that some of the men were striking4 ,it was this3 ,business and business efficiency for service rather than for profit4 ,this is a high ideal1 worthy of any profession1 and ,i venture the prediction that it will be men of this type who will more and more dominate the business world of the future4 ,such men will appreciate and support the public library more than business men have ever done before2 but they will also require more4 ,to get their support we as librarians must think less of measuring our efficiency in terms of circulation statistics1 a kind of impersonal1 bookkeeping standard1 but more of measuring it in terms of human service--human service not only for the business man1 but for every man1 every woman and every child in all this vast continent of ,america4 ,the ,,president3 ,great as is the opportunity of the public library to serve the business man1 it can't do it all1 for so highly specialized are some of the departments of interest of the various business houses that no public library without a treasury like that of our millionaire concerns could hope to undertake a work of that character4 ,therefore1 each large business concern necessarily must supplement the resources of the public library by means of library facilities of its own4 ,we shall hear something of this form of work this morning in the paper which is to be presented by one of the most successful of the libraries of this type1 that of ,h4 ,m4 ,byllesby ,co4 of ,chicago1 whose librarian1 ,miss ,,louise ,b4 ,,krause1 will give us the paper4 ,,libraries ,,in ,,business ,,organizations3 ,,their ,,expanding ,,function ,the service which books render mankind may in general be designated as falling into two classes2 namely1 books for inspiration and books for information4 ,dismissing the use of books as a means of inspiration1 because the subject does not fall within the scope of this paper1 let us consider the most important use to which printed information can be put1 in the service of mankind4 ,at first thought it might seem that the use of the printed page for purposes of information reached its highest service in the function of education1 but granted that it does not play an important part in education1 we know education to be something vastly larger than a mere knowledge of facts1 and we also know that many men and women who are repositories of information derived from the printed page do not always put it into operation for the best welfare of their fellows2 for1 as ,james ,russell ,lowell has said1 ,there is nothing less profitable than scholarship for the mere sake of scholarship2 and truly scholarship without the ultimate purpose of practical service is one of the most selfish possessions in the world4 ,let us therefore exclude the use of printed information in the service of education as its highest form of usefulness and consider the following statement4 ,the use of print in furnishing information performs its most important service in the function which it exercises in modern business1 because it is business which lays hold of abstract science and knowledge and puts them into practical operation for the greatest benefit to mankind2 for the commercial age in which we live is not a sordid age1 but an age which is distinctly marked by the development and conservation of resources for the supplying of man's needs1 by means of the extension of applied science into the field of business4 ,now lest this statement should be too abstract1 and the speaker be accused in the words of ,leonard ,merrick of voicing the sentiments of the unthinking in stately language1 let us consider this proposition for a moment in the concrete4 ,it is business enterprise that has brought about1 through the perfection of the steam engine1 the swiftness and convenience which we enjoy in twentieth century travel by railroad4 ,it is business that has brought the service of the telephone and telegraph to their highest perfection4 ,it is business that has developed artificial lighting by gas and electricity and emancipated us from candles and kerosene lamps4 ,it is business that is transforming raw and waste materials by the application of pure science1 into products of service and value for the needs of innumerable homes1 in addition to perfecting agricultural machinery1 and producing fertilizers to enrich the land1 thereby making possible the production of better crops4 ,thus we might continue to multiply illustrations of how business enterprise has equipped us with the means of meeting great needs which at various times have seriously threatened the welfare of human life4 ,this fact of the application of abstract science to the world's practical needs1 through the medium of business enterprise1 has become permanently recognized by institutions of learning1 as seen in the establishment of technical schools1 schools of commerce and finance1 and instruction in business administration1 for1 as a recent writer in the ,journal of ,political ,economy has said1 ,the methods of ,american industry are rapidly being intellectualized4 ,a variety of professional work of which engineering and chemistry are noteworthy examples are also carried on by large business organizations1 and we find professional men of the highest rank as prime movers in large commercial enterprises4 7,in this connection it might not be amiss to state that out of an experience as university librarian and business librarian the speaker is inclined to think that the professional business man keeps more adequately informed and up to date on his specialties than does the average university professor47 ,an additional fact which bears directly on the general subject under discussion is1 that the age in which we live is not only a business age1 but that it is an age marked by the magnitude of its business organizations2 an age of big business1 as some one has called it2 and because of the economic conditions of our advancing civilization1 business will undoubtedly continue to be big business even though subjected to federal and state regulation4 ,now correlating these two facts1 namely1 that modern business is conducted by means of large organizations and that its success is based upon the intelligent application of scientific knowledge to practical needs1 we have cleared the way for an appreciation of the function of printed information as embodied in the work of libraries in business organizations4 ,the business organization builds up its own library1 first1 on account of the convenience of having close at hand the information constantly needed by its workers1 and subject to no borrowing restrictions1 which would be inevitable even if the facilities of outside libraries were available2 and second1 on account of the necessity for careful selection of material particularly adapted to its individual needs4 ,business organizations have for many years collected information in a desultory manner1 but it has been only in the last few years that some of them have awakened to the fact that more was needed than mere collection of printed information1 and for the same reason that they were availing themselves of all modern devices for the quick and adequate handling of their various products and were systematizing their methods to obtain more efficient results1 so they must lay hold of modern library methods under experienced supervision if they were to keep up with the steadily growing and important mass of printed information4 ,therefore we find business organizations securing the services of professional library workers1 trained to use books in the broadest and most practical manner4 ,some hesitation was at first expressed in various quarters as to whether so-called professional library methods used in public and university libraries were suited to business library needs1 and as to whether library workers educated for general library work would adequately meet the business library situation4 ,in fact it was intimated that the business librarian was a worker of a different brand than the ordinary librarian and therefore he had both knowledge and needs which set him apart from his library fellows1 in a special class by himself4 ,out of four years' experience as a business librarian the speaker takes pleasure in stating that practical experience has proved the fallacy of both of these conceptions4 ,it is true that business librarians are called upon to exercise certain functions which the librarians of public and university libraries are not1 but which any efficient head of a public or university library would be quite capable of exercising if the occasion demanded it4 ,in fact the recent rise of library interest in business men and their needs can be directly traced to the heads of some of our public libraries and the work they have inaugurated in making their libraries as helpful as possible to all classes of citizens4 ,the characterization of the function of libraries in business organizations by the word expanding in the title assigned to this paper by the ,president of the ,american ,library ,association1 is most apt1 and indicative of the real status of the case4 ,the business library is in a process of evolution1 and just what the final result will be1 it is a little too early in its development to state4 ,the elemental idea of the function of a business library that was held by the officers of the business organization with which the speaker is most familiar1 was to have the books and data which were the property of the company1 classified and cataloged so that material could be found quickly1 and a librarian was employed solely on the basis of this need4 ,with the acquisition of a librarian the library situation soon changed from the inquiry for certain definite books and periodicals1 to the inquiry as to whether the company had any specific information on a given subject1 and if not as to whether printed information on the subject was available elsewhere and how quickly it could be obtained4 ,the evolution in the function of a library from that of furnishing a definite book asked for1 to furnishing all the information obtainable on a given subject as quickly as possible is decidedly expensive1 and the what1 how and where of the case would furnish ample material for a separate paper4 ,the evolution in the function of the library did not stop at this point2 for it was soon expected that the librarian would understand the specific interests of the members of the organization1 and to a certain degree think for them in keeping up with the field of print and in bringing to their attention1 without a request on their part1 certain facts of which they would like to be cognizant4 ,to this duty was added the forecasting of possible future needs1 and the collection of information in advance of rush demands4 ,the magnitude of the work of modern business organizations requires the division of labor into a number of departments1 and the workers in any one department may not always be acquainted with the information which may be available in another department4 ,the library1 by keeping in touch with individuals in all departments1 becomes a central bureau of information in being able to refer the members of one department to those in another who possess the particular information desired4 ,the business library also assembles and files the manuscript data of original research conducted by members of the organization1 materials which constitute one of its valuable assets4 ,research data in the possession of business corporations is often a worthy contribution to scholarship4 ,an illustration of this fact was recently brought to the attention of the speaker1 by the statement of a university student1 who said that in making a study of the drinking waters of a certain state the only analyses of waters on record were those which a railroad had made primarily for the purpose of ascertaining the suitability of the waters for boiler use on locomotives4 ,in addition to these briefly outlined functions1 which are more or less technical1 attention should be directed to several others1 lest a mistaken impression be given that business library work is entirely technical in its nature4 ,business men are often called upon to serve the public as good citizens in various capacities1 and also to serve as officers or on committees of national business organizations1 and thus have interests outside of their regular company work4 ,their librarian is expected to assist in any need which arises by reason of these outside interests1 and not only may be called upon to furnish information but also to do editorial work in preparing material for publication4 ,the welfare and education of employees has also become a prominent feature in the work of many large business corporations1 and the library is expected to be a prominent factor in this work1 as it is the logical educational center of the organization4 ,some of our business libraries have recently been drawn rather deeply into welfare work with the result that certain phases of practical library service are being neglected4 ,it does not seem advisable1 however1 that the business librarian should annex any line of welfare work which does not legitimately center in the library2 for the librarian is best fitted to serve the interests of the organization by maintaining high standards of efficient library service rather than by annexing other kinds of work belonging solely to the sphere of a social worker4 ,this is particularly important at the present stage of business library development1 as the business world in many sections has not yet learned what professional library service really is1 and how to utilize it most effectively4 ,in view of the fact that the business world except for comparatively few organizations is not utilizing the undoubtedly valuable service which professional librarians are able to render1 and that the ,american ,library ,association has always endeavored to extend the use of books and their widest application1 it might not be amiss to suggest that it would be legitimate work for the ,american ,library ,association with its library prestige and well known motives of personal disinterestedness1 to undertake a campaign of education to bring before business men the subject of what library work really is1 and the character of service it is prepared to render2 for in these days of the over-emphasized and often superficial cry for more efficiency1 there is no line of work that is more genuinely efficient than that of the trained librarian4 ,the information1 to be put before business men1 should be free from library technicalities and details1 and its arguments should be framed1 not to enlighten librarians1 but to convince busy men of affairs possessed of shrewd judgment and large foresight1 as to the practical worth of the matter as a business proposition4 ,for library work in business organizations is no longer a theory or a tentative experiment1 but has proved itself in the firms adopting it to be an integral part of the successful work of the corporation4 ,this fact is well illustrated by a bulletin recently issued by a large business firm1 in which it endeavored to put before the public1 in a pamphlet entitled ,why it is qualified the value of the consulting services of one of its departments1 and among the prominent reasons given under ,why it is qualified is the fact of the commercial library maintained by the company1 with the library's particular resources under competent supervision4 ,because printed information has proved to be an integral factor in the successful prosecution of business and because it can be most effectively utilized by means of professional library methods1 therefore1 the business library hopes to take its place in the ranks of the ,american ,library ,association as one in purpose with all libraries in the realization of a common ideal1 namely1 the largest possible use of books in the practical service of mankind4 ,the ,,president3 ,i have just received a message that ,mr4 ,mc,aneny will be here in a very short time4 ,in the few moments intervening it might be well perhaps to discuss some of the trenchant papers which we have had this morning4 ,miss ,,ahern3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i would like to take exception to one thing ,mr4 ,ranck said in his paper4 ,i do not believe that the idea that the contents of books are useful to men in the business world is of recent date4 ,i think1 perhaps1 the second statement that these things have only come recently into the arrangement of resources of the library is the truer one4 ,we certainly have had knowledge of chemistry and of geology and technical knowledge in manufacture for many1 many years1 only many librarians have been more interested in the purely educational or inspirational part of the library and have neglected that large field of usefulness and that large company of people who contribute to the welfare of work and of the world1 as ,miss ,krause has pointed out4 ,the best chemists in the country are being sought by the business houses2 the best knowledge of soils1 of minerals1 of woods1 of lumber1 of stone has long been sought by the men who are making a commercial use of these things4 ,and their information is not held in reserve3 it is all in printed form and only the scope of the librarian's knowledge of where things may be obtained in the world of print places the limit on this material for the library shelves4 ,and so ,i hope that librarians will not say that books on these subjects1 that material on these subjects is a recent product4 ,it is our knowledge of them1 a knowledge that this is a part of the province of library work1 that makes for recent activity4 ,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,ranck is here to answer for himself4 ,the statement has been challenged and he can answer it4 ,mr4 ,,ranck3 ,i think there is not so much difference between the view ,i take and the view taken by ,miss ,ahern4 ,i do not know that ,i followed my manuscript very closely at that point1 but what ,i had in mind was the business man rather than the professional1 technical man4 ,i fully grant what ,miss ,ahern says with reference to technical subjects1 scientific subjects1 and so on4 ,as ,i said1 ,i think there is no radical disagreement between ,miss ,ahern's and my position4 ,there may be a misunderstanding4 ,miss ,,ahern3 ,i was not questioning what ,mr4 ,ranck had said1 but1 rather1 removing any excuse that the library folk may put to themselves for a lack of interest or a lack of activity along this line by saying that the material was scant or hard to command4 ,dr4 ,,andrews3 ,there is the other side1 that ,miss ,krause's paper emphasized and which ,miss ,ahern seems to neglect4 ,miss ,krause's paper states that ,american industry is becoming intellectualized1 and that this is a great factor in the development of business life4 ,it ought also to be an extra incentive to the public library to meet the demands4 ,i think that much of this development in the technical side of library work has come from the increasing study by business men of their own world and that we ought to remember that while the public libraries have neglected in the past to furnish business men with what they wanted1 yet the latter did not want it then as much as they do now4 ,the ,,president3 ,those of us--and ,i assume that that means every librarian--who read the ,june number of the ,world's ,work were impressed by one strong article therein concerning the growing magnitude of municipal administration and the great problems that confront those who are charged with such administration4 ,without repeating to you the very striking comparisons which the author made with some of the governmental functions of states and even some of the kingdoms of ,europe1 showing the tremendous problems confronting the municipal officials1 problems of tremendous budgets1 of great public works1 and so on1 it will be sufficient for me to say that it is a happy omen that we are now getting into the public service men of high civic ideals and constructive ability and who are replacing men whose self-seeking interests or vanity led them to seek the votes of their fellow citizens4 ,i am glad that we have with us today a man of this high type4 ,i need not say further concerning him because we took advantage of his absence to get from ,mr4 ,bowker a pretty good who's-who bearing upon himself1 and ,i shall simply introduce to you at this time to speak to us upon the subject of ,the municipal reference library as an aid in city administration1 the ,honorable ,,george ,mc,a,n,e,n,y1 president of the borough of ,manhattan1 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,municipal ,,reference ,,library ,,as ,,an ,,aid ,,in ,,city ,,administration ,it is a very real pleasure to meet with the ,american ,library ,association1 and to convey in behalf of my colleagues in the administration of the ,city of ,new ,york1 and in behalf of other colleagues in public business throughout the country1 our hearty congratulations and possibly a friendly warning and a word of appeal4 ,congratulations are due you for having established on so high a plane and in so short a time the profession of librarian4 ,especially are you to be congratulated for having welcomed the new profession of municipal reference librarian2 for your adaptability in the constant extension of the reference work1 and for the resiliency which is showing again in another field that real ,father ,williams never grow old4 ,could ,benjamin ,franklin look upon this gathering1 and hear your reports of social service1 through circulating1 home1 reference and municipal reference libraries1 ,i am sure that no fruit of his patriotism would seem to him more promising than the recent application of the circulating library idea to government affairs4 ,my friendly warning has to do with your requests to fiscal bodies for appropriations4 ,in many parts of the country1 there is the feeling that the less the library has to do with public officials the better it is for the library1 consequently1 as a short cut1 we find compulsory minimum appropriations--so many mills or so many parts of mills for library development4 ,we also find that too many towns are satisfied with this compulsory minimum tax1 and that the only time their fiscal representatives hear about libraries is just before the budget appropriations are voted4 ,you must be indulgent with those who vote the money1 if the outcome of this habit suggests the man who was exasperated by his wife1 who he said just nagged and nagged him for money1 when he came1 when he left1 on ,sunday1 always4 ,finally1 when a neighbor summoned the courage to ask1 ,what in the world does she do with all the money8 he1 perforce1 must answer2 ,well1 ,i don't know2 you see ,i haven't given her any yet4 ,councils and ,mayors will understand your library problem best if you will help them understand at those quieter seasons of the year when they are not harassed1 as they are at budget time1 by appeals from every other city department and for every other thing4 ,when presenting your budget1 give the fiscal officer credit for wanting to know the whole truth1 and for wanting reasons for giving you the money you request4 ,seldom will it help to ask for a great deal more than you need4 ,always1 it will help not to present in a single total items that do not belong together4 ,classify your budget4 ,state your program clearly4 ,if all the money you want is not voted this year1 stick clearly to the plan that has been voted1 and show both the fiscal authorities and the town where your service has been crippled1 if at all1 for want of funds4 ,it will be well to begin your budget campaign so that the first idea which the public and the fiscal officers get is that of the service you wish to render1 rather than the money you wish to get4 ,most library budgets1 like most other budgets of the ,united ,states1 are apt to be put in without the explanatory matter which alone will make the dollar-and-cent facts show social reasons for library support4 ,now for my appeal4 ,in asking you to consider certain needs of public business1 ,i want to speak quite frankly1 as a city official who1 like thousands of other city and county officials1 must step into other people's business1 with no time for getting acquainted with detail1 and with a public to deal with that not only expects us on the first day we take office to use all the machinery of our predecessor and to get better results1 but also really expects us to fail4 ,we inherit a stack of mail4 ,we are flooded with suggestions and complaints2 many of them in confidence and most of them confusing4 ,we are urged to attend club and church meetings1 and dinners1 and graduating exercises4 ,we are expected1 without any change in subordinate personnel1 while giving our attention to large community problems and to the political aspects of public works1 to get an efficient product out of our employees1 no matter who they are or what they have been4 ,in most places1 we find no disinterested adviser1 either on the inside or on the outside4 ,such a situation would not necessarily be serious if we stepped into a thoroughly efficient organization where every employee and supervisor had his place1 and where the institution as such had its continuing memory4 ,when ,mr4 ,rea succeeded ,mr4 ,mc,crea as president of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 he inherited a splendid organization1 every part related to another part2 a system under which experts had tabulated within a moment's reach the successes and the failures of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 and the costs of its various contracts1 the difference between estimates and final costs1 and an efficiency ranking both of its various employees and its stations4 ,when the present administration in ,new ,york ,city stepped into office1 we inherited an aggregation of departments and divisions then spending--if we count in installments and interest paid on the city debt--more than #afj1jjj1jjj for the expenses of a single year4 ,there were ninety thousand employees4 ,side by side with one another were clerks paid one #fjj and another #a1hjj for the same kind of work2 in another grade were clerks paid #a1fjj and others paid #b1djj for the same kind of work4 ,when salaries had been increased1 and why1 was not a matter of record4 ,supplies were contracted for by no standard form4 ,specifications1 either for supplies or for construction work1 were worded differently at different times1 according to the individual wish or whim of the department officer preparing them4 ,the public was but poorly protected at any point4 ,plans were made for new buildings1 for new roads1 and for other vast improvements1 often without estimates of cost2 often with assurances of only slight cost1 where1 too frequently1 cost had been estimated as an entering wedge only4 ,thus a great city would stumble into an experiment or public improvement demanding millions of dollars1 without ever reckoning the ultimate amount of its obligation4 ,for example it may be fair in this presence to recall that the first bill for the ,new ,york public library carried with it an appropriation of #b1ejj1jjj4 ,the city decided to spend this #b1ejj1jjj and actually it spent #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,the ,new ,york public library is worth every dollar it cost1 ten times over2 ,i am merely emphasizing that the public should have had its eyes open and1 in this case as in every other1 should have known what it was doing4 ,although this same gap occurred over and over again--between estimate and actual cost--no steps were taken to recall the fact when each new amount was under consideration4 ,ignorant as we have been of our own experience1 still less informed have we been regarding the experience of neighbor cities4 ,some years ago1 ,denver1 in operating its street railway1 found it expedient to substitute electric motor power for the old cables4 ,after ,denver had discarded these cables1 ,baltimore adopted the cable4 ,rochester has recently adopted a device to attach drinking fountains to its ordinary fire hydrants4 ,the idea is a new one1 and may prove valuable4 ,i say it merely by way of instance2 but if it is a good idea1 ,new ,york ,city and your city should adopt it4 ,each successive experiment of the sort should1 at least1 be brought promptly to the attention of public officials4 ,again1 ,new ,york ,city has worked out an improved system of accounting and budget making4 ,the village of ,dobb's ,ferry1 the cities of ,duluth and ,cincinnati have used an improvement upon ,new ,york's budget exhibits--recently called a new kind of confidence game--that is1 taking the public into official confidence about the public's own business4 ,instead of waiting a generation for cities to adopt these new methods1 their officials should promptly be given the facts they need4 ,is it not criminal waste and error for one city to introduce a system of sewer disposal1 or of milk regulation1 which another city has found endangering the lives of its citizens8 ,if a measure has proved bad and dangerous for one city1 modern science in the hands of a librarian should make it unnecessary for every other city to go through the same experience4 ,to help us in ending all this waste1 and to help us1 in short1 in putting city government upon a thorough scientific and efficient basis1 the municipal reference library is beginning to take its highly important place4 ,without a municipal reference library1 it will in future be difficult for any administrative officer to do his best4 ,i will not attempt to review the laborious steps of my colleagues in the present board of estimate and apportionment--our governing municipal body--to incorporate into standard specifications1 standard salaries and standard contracts the memory of our past failures1 so that we may hold the gains that we have made and avoid the weaknesses and the errors of our experience4 ,but ,i venture some suggestions as to a reference library that1 although general in their application1 will indicate our reasons for establishing such a library in ,new ,york4 ,our reasons for placing the library in our new ,municipal ,building--as we propose to do--apply everywhere4 ,it must be made easy for officials to get information1 and for the librarian to get the information promptly and directly to the officials4 ,it is not enough to know that it may be had4 ,to have important information an hour away from the office is almost as bad as to have it a thousand miles away4 ,it must be easier for the busy official to get the information he wants than to endure the thought of going without it4 ,in putting the library where the users are1 instead of where they are not1 we are following the simple rule of trade that meters city property by the foot instead of by the acre4 ,the municipal library is a place not for everything1 but for particular needed things4 ,if it were true that ,mark ,hopkins on one end of a log and a student on the other constituted a college1 it is even more true that a librarian in a bare room1 anxious to serve the public via the public official and knowing where the material is1 constitutes an infinitely better municipal reference library than a place perfectly equipped which suggests erudition rather than immediate help4 ,there is great danger that our municipal reference libraries will become junk shops1 as interesting and as helpful1 as out of date or as unrelated to today's problems as an encyclopedia or a compendium of useful knowledge4 ,a municipal reference library should suggest answers to today's questions2 not answers either to yesterday's questions or to next year's4 ,will you1 the librarians1 consider the importance and the advisability of keeping these libraries workshops1 as they ought to be1 and of using your general reference libraries as the place for the storage of materials4 ,the ordinary city official hasn't the time to plough through a mass of pamphlets looking for what he wants4 ,he wants the facts collated and marshalled1 ready for use--and he wants what he wants when he wants it4 ,some time ago ,i was interested in drawing an ordinance to license all vehicles using the ,new ,york streets1 and to regulate the weight1 the width and size of tires1 etc41 of our great trucks that have been tearing up our pavements4 ,i wanted to know about the policy of other cities in this matter1 and to devise1 if possible1 a way of making those vehicles that destroy the streets help pay for their maintenance4 ,similarly1 today1 as ,chairman of the committee on the height1 size and arrangement of buildings within the city limits1 ,i am interested in the adoption of some reasonable basis for regulating our modern skyscraper in order to keep the city1 literally1 from choking itself to death4 ,again1 we have had to restore to the public many miles of city sidewalks that had been preempted by stoops1 and other encroachments4 ,we have wanted to plan our public buildings and related matters with a view to the future1 and to the grouping of building sites in a ,civic ,center4 ,so1 in dealing with our transit problem2 in investigating the health department1 and in improving the type and quality of street pavements1 ,i have wanted not all the information there was to be had--not books or formal reports--but concrete answers to immediately pressing questions4 ,i wanted to be referred to the latest article or report which would make it unnecessary to go through twenty or a hundred other articles1 books or reports4 ,it is enough to know that in a great central library are all the working materials for scientific research4 ,frankly1 ,i feel that the actual use that will be made of the municipal reference library will be in inverse ratio to the number of books that are in evidence1 and that require the time of the librarian4 ,i would go so far as to say that anything that a public official has not just called for1 or that the librarian is not about to call to the attention of a public official for departmental study or report1 or for the drawing of ordinances1 should be kept in the general library1 and out of the municipal reference library4 ,comptroller ,prendergast and ,librarian ,anderson are even planning to have ,new ,york's official correspondence clear through the municipal reference library--so far as the writing and answering of letters calling for special information goes4 ,i am told that when ,portland recently started its municipal reference library the mayor promptly availed himself of its facilities for answering innumerable sets of questions and special questions that came from outside the city1 and advised his heads of departments to follow his example4 ,i wish the ,carnegie ,institution for ,scientific ,research or some other great foundation interested in the conservation of national resources and human energy would investigate what it is now costing this country to fill out the innumerable blanks from college boys wishing help on their commission government debate2 college students writing theses2 national organizations compiling reports1 etc4 ,niagara unharnessed was wasting much less power than are we officials1 school superintendents1 mayors1 and engineers who are answering such questionnaires4 ,it would be lamentable enough if we always answered right2 but most of us answer quite inadequately1 and many of us answer wrong4 ,last year1 a certain national society wrote me1 asking certain questions about civil service reform4 ,i had had more or less to do for some years with that line of public service4 ,my instinct was to take time from pressing duties to answer these questions2 but a neighbor who had received a similar set of questions was thoughtful enough to write to this national body and suggest that before he answered he would like to know how many other ,new ,york officials and private agencies had received the same set of questions4 ,it appeared then that twenty different people1 including a dozen officials1 had been asked to fill out that blank4 ,whereupon it was suggested that instead of drawing upon twenty people who did not possess the facts1 the investigator might turn directly to the ,civil ,service ,commission that did possess the facts1 and there1 no doubt1 he readily found what he wanted4 ,now1 if a municipal reference library could have served as a clearing house1 it would have been brought to light at once that one answer would have served the purpose of twenty1 or that one answer1 at least1 would have served the purpose of the dozen official answers4 ,moreover1 just as the official reports give fresher material than published books1 such correspondence1 manuscript reports of investigating committees1 etc41 give fresher material than published reports4 ,such data should be kept properly classified1 available upon call or when the librarian sees its time for usefulness4 ,another practical suggestion ,i make from my experience as an official4 ,while it seems to apply especially to administrative departments or to private agencies specializing in certain fields1 ,i really do not see much prospect of getting it unless from a municipal reference library or from the municipal reference activity of a general library4 ,i refer to an up-to-date ,poole's or cumulative index of the passing subject matter of city government4 ,you get1 the library gets1 once a month a list of all the articles in the principal books4 ,why should we not have a list of the advance steps taken in public affairs8 ,just as soon as a few librarians call for such information1 it will become commercially possible to reduce it4 ,the individual library can then add to the material the particular points that are of interest to its own community4 ,similarly1 it would be of the greatest assistance to every city official if the matters under his jurisdiction were listed and material grouped under proper heads4 ,for example1 the president of the ,borough of ,manhattan has jurisdiction over the streets and sidewalks2 encroachments and encumbrances2 street vaults and street signs2 the sewer system2 the public buildings2 the baths and markets2 and the control of private buildings through the enforcement of the buildings laws4 ,if information in regard to what other cities were doing in all these matters were listed1 plus suggestions and advance steps taken in these same matters at home1 the reference librarian would be of incalculable help to that office4 ,finally1 just a word about the expense of the municipal reference library4 ,the amount which it is justified in demanding will depend naturally upon the service it renders4 ,the merit of our new segregated and classified budget is that it calls for the work needing to be done1 as well as the cost of not having the work done1 and that it shifts attention from the personality that requests the budget allowance4 ,a circumscribed program means circumscribed budget4 ,frankly1 ,i believe that extension of program should and must precede extension of budget4 ,but this new kind of social work which serves a community at those points where it is now least equipped to serve itself1 will not want for financial support when it talks about the work that should be done--and not about itself4 ,no municipal activity will1 in my judgment1 find it easier in the next twenty-five years to secure adequate financial support than the municipal reference library which is not a compendium of knowledge but a forecaster of service needed and an ever-present help in time of trouble4 ,the ,,president3 ,may ,i express to you1 ,mr4 ,mc,aneny1 the thanks of the ,american ,library ,association for your coming and the assurance that we have profited greatly from it4 ,adjourned4 ,,sixth ,,general ,,session 7,saturday morning1 ,june #bh1 #aiac47 ,,the ,,president3 ,during the other sessions of the ,conference we have been considering people--and books4 ,at this concluding session the topics on the program have special reference to books--and people4 ,the first paper invites our interest by its suggestion of the flavor which old books bring4 ,miss ,g4 ,m4 ,,walton1 of the ,michigan ,state ,normal ,college1 will present this paper4 ,,the ,,friendly ,,book ,it was ,mr4 ,lowell who reminded me the other day1 by quoting ,ecclesiasticus in one of his essays1 that we owe the ideal of the man of leisure to a book of the ,apocrypha wherein we read1 ,the wisdom of a learned man cometh by opportunity of leisure4 ,our profession standing as a guarantor of our wisdom and our learning1 ,i am here today to bespeak a portion of our large opportunity of leisure for--,the ,friendly ,book4 ,there is small fear that we librarians forget the books of power and the books of knowledge which ,de,quincey 7the ofttimes quoted7 presses upon all men4 ,and most of us undoubtedly possess that ardent zeal for knowledge which filled the soul of the literal-minded librarian who read quite seriously 7and found therein a working category for her own improvement7 ,lamb's letter to an old gentleman whose early education had been neglected1 where1 among the qualifications of a preceptor1 the following will serve to refresh your memories3 ,he must be a thorough master of vernacular orthography1 with an insight into the accentualities and punctualities of modern ,saxon4 ,he must be competently instructed in the tetralogy1 or first four rules4 ,he must have a genius capable in some degree of soaring to the upper element1 to deduce from thence the not much dissimilar computation of the cardinal points4 ,he must instruct you in numeric and harmonious responses1 and he must be capable of embracing all history1 so as from the countless myriads of individual men1 who have peopled this globe of earth--for it is a globe--by comparison of their respective births1 lives1 deaths1 fortunes1 conduct1 prowess1 etc41 to pronounce1 and teach you to pronounce1 dogmatically and catechetically1 who was the richest1 who was the strongest1 who was the wisest1 who was the meekest man that ever lived2 to the facilitation of which solution1 you will readily conceive1 a smattering of biography would in no inconsiderable degree conduce4 ,i sometimes question if professions are not tinged with the culture epoch epidemic4 ,it is not so very long since we were half hesitatingly taking a place among the other learned professions1 almost with the apologetic air of the young boy making his first appearance in long trousers1 and wondering if his fellow-men appreciate his coming into their midst--but the youth soon assumes the aggressive attitude which compels attention--and one symptom of this attitude which ,i feel among ourselves is the large and learned talk about new books--the self-satisfied air and monumental confidence in our sometimes sophomoric knowledge and understanding of all things in the heavens above1 the earth beneath1 and the waters under the earth1 until ,i wonder if the pleasant counsel about reading books at least a year old1 that we like1 and that are great books must be relegated with the rest of our ,emersonian philosophy to the lumber room of our many youthful joys and dreamings4 ,i believe we all love best to mark the passing years by the friends they bring us1 and it were a barren year that brings not one more friend1 and so with our friendly books1 which like all friendships fill our lives with genial warmth and gratitude4 ,neither is really a matter of choice1 for a book like a person yields its intimate charm only to the sympathizing heart4 ,we have no care to answer why1 other than1 because--,we love them because we must love them4 ,a new book friend comes to us now and then1 and we cling to the old ones4 ,sometimes we lose the personal touch1 but we see their kindly faces and after a separation from them we arrange them on the shelves1 and we rearrange them1 and1 as ,mr4 ,arnold ,bennett says1 ,the way we walk up and down in front of those volumes1 whose faces we have half forgotten1 is perfectly infantile4 ,i remember once in ,rome a friend1 selecting photographs1 said1 ,i must take a good ,cicero to my son ,frank1 who used to say he felt as well acquainted with ,cicero as he did with ,bishop ,huntington1 and dear old ,dean ,hook1 when a lad at ,oxford expresses this same intimate feeling in one of his lively inimitable letters1 ,i have got into a very dissolute set of men1 but they are so pleasant that they make me very often idle4 ,it consists of one ,tuft1 ,h4 ,r4 ,h41 ,henry ,prince of ,wales1 and a gentleman ,commoner named ,sir ,john ,falstaff1 and several others4 ,i breakfast with them1 drink tea1 and sometimes wine with them1 and1 again1 on hearing the good news of the recovery of his grandfather1 he writes1 ,the minute ,i opened the letter and saw the news1 ,i pulled down my ,shakespeare and had a very merry hour with ,sir ,john ,falstaff4 ,i was determined to laugh heartily all that day4 ,i asked ,sir ,john to wine with me4 ,i decanted a bottle of my beloved grandfather's best port and ,sir ,john and ,i drank his health right merrily4 ,perhaps you will want to know how my old friend ,sir ,john drank my grandfather's health4 ,why ,i took care to find out the place where he drank ,justice ,shallow's health4 ,and so when ,i said1 ',here's to ,sir ,walter1' ,i looked on the book and the ,knight said1 ',health and long life to him4' ,among the oldest and dearest of my friendly books is the ,life and ,letters of ,lord ,macaulay1 of which ,i became the happy owner1 when it was fresh off the press1 during a sojourn in the west1 far away from my home library4 ,the dates along the margins 7one of ,macaulay's habits which ,i adopted as ,i read7 bring pleasant thoughts of a journey from ,colorado to the western coast1 and long before ,i knew ,dean ,hook 7whom ,i first met here as the ,vicar of ,leeds7 ,i was pulling ,macaulay down from the shelf1 not indeed to drink with ,sir ,john1 but to refer to some particular talk of men or of books--always to read on and on with equal delight whether he were breakfasting with a party of old ,trinity ,college friends1 reading in his study1 or acting as a guide and escort on a half holiday of sight-seeing with his nieces and nephews1 with whom he was always the prince of playfellows4 ,it was on one of these excursions to the zoological gardens that ,thackeray overheard someone say1 ,never mind the hippopotamus6 ,never mind the hippopotamus6 ,there's ,mr4 ,macaulay6 ,when absent he exchanged long and frequent letters with the children1 sealing those to his nephew at ,harrow with an amorphous mass of red wax1 which1 in defiance of all postal regulations1 usually covered a piece of gold4 ,a scrap from one of his letters to a little niece will serve also as an example of the poetry1 which he usually attributed to the ,judicious poet1 for whose collected works the children vainly searched the library4 ,michaelmas will1 ,i hope1 find us all at ,clapham over a noble goose4 ,do you remember the beautiful ,puseyette hymn on ,michaelmas day8 ,it is a great favorite with all the ,tractarians4 ,you and ,alice should learn it4 ,it begins3 ',though ,quakers scowl and ,baptists howl1 ,though ,plymouth ,brethren rage1 ,we churchmen gay will wallow today ,in apple sauce1 onions and sage4 ,ply knife and fork1 and draw the cork1 ,and have the bottle handy2 ,for each slice of goose we'll introduce ,a thimbleful of brandy4' ,is it not good8 ,i wonder who the author can be8 ,not ,newman1 ,i think4 ,it is above him4 ,perhaps it is ,bishop ,wilberforce4 ,the ,macaulays and the ,wilberforces living at ,clapham ,common are very real people to me1 and my firm allegiance to ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 has never wavered since ,macaulay's undergraduate days1 not even when ,samuel ,wilberforce1 the future bishop1 went up to ,oriel ,college1 ,oxford4 ,and how doubly precious is a book-friendship1 whose introduction claims a personal touch2 as when1 with the same friend who bought the photograph in ,rome1 ,i afterwards visited ,winchester ,cathedral and standing beside the chantry tomb of ,bishop ,wilberforce she said1 ,when you go home1 read his life4 ,he was a great and good man1 and ,i have continued reading it for nearly thirty years4 ,wilberforce was undoubtedly for twenty-five years the greatest figure in the ,english ,church4 ,his great sorrows made him tender and tolerant1 and many who saw only the brilliant man little dreamed of the causes and depth of his power4 ,he was made ,bishop of ,oxford in the troublous times of the ,tractarian ,movement1 and so great was the work he accomplished and so devoted to him were his clergy that when translated to ,winchester1 ,bishop ,stubbs1 who succeeded him1 coming from quiet ,chester1 where his history was his chief occupation1 ruefully asked1 ,why am ,i like the ,witch of ,endor8 ,because ,i am tormented by the spirit of ,samuel4 ,his quickness and humor flashed an unexpected light on many a question1 as when asked why he was called ,soapy ,sam he answered it was probably because he was always in hot water and always came out with hands clean4 ,and his whimsical reply to ,who are the greatest preachers in ,england8--is one of those comical self-evaluations which it is generally most hard to give--,i must refer you to an article on a lady's dress--,hook and ,i4 ,his absolute freedom from personal animosity shows itself in the story ,i like best of all4 ,during a stormy committee meeting in which he and the ,bishop of ,london were violently opposed to each other1 he threw a note across the table4 ,supposing it to be some point on the business in hand1 the ,bishop of ,london read1 ,my dear ,bishop3 ,you really should not wear such boots4 ,your life is too precious and valuable to us all to allow such carelessness4 ,nothing could more touchingly express the devoted and loving esteem in which he was held than these words written at the time of his death3 ,with others who loved him1 kneeling reverently beside the body1 was ,mr4 ,gladstone1 whose sobs attested how deeply his feelings were moved by the sudden loss of his long-tried friend4 ,the last time ,i was in ,england ,i made a ,sussex pilgrimage to his old home at ,lavington4 ,it was in ,june1 and my companion smiled as ,i exclaimed with enthusiasm1 ,st4 ,barnabas day1 the eleventh of ,june--the ,bishop's wedding day6 ,we saw the trees he had planted and loved1 the spot whence he would turn for a last homeward look1 saying he was as proud of being a ,sussex squire as a bishop2 and best of all the great clumps of rhododendron which he planted with his own hands4 ,since so many librarians are gardening as a favorite recreation1 why not have a friendly corner in the garden1 where we may ,consider the lilies of the field1 as we are bidden in that dearest of all books1 and where each mood1 whether gay or somber1 would find echo from the eternal passion of the poets--,rosemary for remembrance1 or pray you love1 remember there's pansies1 they're for thoughts4 ,growing next to these in my own garden is the fragrant ,carolina allspice1 because it was the best loved of flowers by ,henry ,bradshaw4 ,i sometimes question if a book is truly a friendly book unless ,i possess it1 and yet this in a way would cut off both ,thackeray and the friend whom he loved best of all1 dear old ,fitz1 for ,i gave away my ,fitzgerald's ,letters to a friend with whom ,i exchange many friendly books4 ,a man of leisure and literary tastes1 and in easy circumstances1 ,fitzgerald avoided fame as earnestly as most men seek it4 ,living in a country cottage with a garden1 books1 pictures and music1 he cherished his many lifelong friendships1 which he says were more like loves1 by writing letters which have a touch of gentle humor and of tender and unaffected charm1 as in a letter to ,frederick ,tennyson3 ,i have been through three influenzas2 but this is no wonder1 for ,i live in a hut with walls as thin as a sixpence1 windows that don't shut1 a clay soil safe beneath my feet and a thatch perforated by lascivious sparrows over my head4 ,here ,i sit1 read1 smoke and become wise1 and am already quite beyond earthly things4 ,i must say to you as ,basil ,montague once said in perfect charity to his friends3 ',you see my dear fellows1 ,i like you very much1 but ,i continue to advance1 and you remain where you are1 you see1 and so ,i am obliged to leave you behind4 ,it is no fault of mine4' ,you must begin to read ,seneca1 whose letters ,i have been reading1 else you will be no companion to a man who despises wealth1 death1 etc4 ,i wish you were here to smoke a pipe with me4 ,i play of evenings some of ,handel's grand choruses which are the bravest music after all4 ,and again1 to ,william ,bodham ,donne1 when puzzled over his ,agamemnon and the line of signal fires from ,troy to ,mycen1 he writes1 ,i am ignorant of geography1 modern and ancient1 and do not know the points of the ,beacons1 and ,lemprire1 the only classic at hand1 doesn't help me4 ,pray turn to the passage and tell me 7quotes three lines of ,greek7 what1 where and why4 ,the rest ,i know or can find in dictionary or map1 but for these3 ,lemprire ,is no-where3 ,liddell and ,scott ,don't help me a jot1 ,when ,i'm off1 ,donnegan ,don't help me on again4 ,so ,i'm obliged to resort to old ,donne again4 ,a postscript in a letter to ,charles ,eliot ,norton reads--,only a word1 to add that yesterday came ,squire ,carlyle from you1 and a kind long letter from ,mr4 ,lowell2 and the first nightingale1 who sang in my garden the same song as in ,shakespeare's days4 ,and finally1 to ,lawrence the portrait painter3 ,have we exchanged a word about ,thackeray since his death8 ,i am quite surprised to see how ,i sit moping about him1 so little have ,i seen him the last ten years1 and not once for the last five4 ,to be sure ,i keep reading his ',newcomes' of nights and now ,i have got hold of ',pendennis4' ,i keep hearing him say so much of it2 ,i really think ,i shall hear his step coming up the stairs to this lodging1 and about to come 7singing7 into my room as in old ,charlotte ,street thirty years ago4 ,and ten years later he writes1 ,a night or two ago ,i was reading old ,thackeray's ',roundabouts1' and 7a sign of a good book7 heard him talking to me4 ,i am sorry that so many people know ,fitzgerald only because of the ,rubaiyat4 ,i confess myself to be rather like-minded with ,that certain old person of ,ham1 ,who grew weary of ,omar ,khayyam1 ,fitzgerald1 said he1 ,is as right as can be1 ,but this cult1 and these versions1 ,o1 ,damn6 ,and ,thackeray1 there is no one book which stands for him1 save1 perhaps1 the dear little old brown volume of letters to the ,brookfields4 ,it is here that we learn much of ,pendennis4 ,in one letter he writes1 ,i am going to kill ,mrs4 ,pendennis presently1 and have her ill in this number4 ,minnie says1 ',o ,papa1 do make her well again6 ,she can have a regular doctor and be almost dead1 and there will come a nice homeopathic physician who will make her well again4' ,we who truly know and love him find him ever in his own pages as he smiles kindly at us through his spectacles1 or we feel the difficulty with which he is keeping his spectacles dry1 and we too say1 ,dear old ,thackeray1 as in the lines at the end of the ,white ,squall1 where with pages of nonsense1 he writes how the ,captain ,beat the storm to laughter ,for well he knew his vessel ,with that wind would wrestle2 ,and when a wreck we thought her1 ,and doomed ourselves to slaughter1 ,how gaily he fought her1 ,and through the hubbub brought her1 ,and when the tempest caught her1 ,cried1 ,george some brandy and water4 ,and when its force expended1 ,the harmless storm was ended1 ,and as the sunrise splendid ,came blushing o'er the sea1 ,i thought1 as day was breaking1 ,my little girls were waking1 ,and smiling and making ,a prayer at home for me4 ,one of these little girls1 ,minnie ,thackeray1 became the wife of ,leslie ,stephen1 of whom ,mr4 ,lowell speaks as that most lovable of men1 whose ,life and ,letters1 so full of rich and wondrous friendships1 and of deep and subtle charm1 is always a midnight companion if taken up in the evening4 ,while our serious-minded librarian may find its chief value in the chapter on ,the ,struggle with the ,dictionary1 where as editor1 ,i presume many of us first met with ,stephen1 7and which would prove invaluable to ,lamb's old gentleman7 she will find there only a small part of the ,real ,leslie ,stephen1 who wrote one day to ,edmund ,gosse1 ,no1 ,r4 ,l4 ,s4 is not the ,real ,leslie ,stephen1 but a young ,scotchman whom ,colvin has found--,robert ,louis ,stevenson4 ,it is a temptation to linger over ,stephen's letters to ,john ,morley and ,charles ,eliot ,norton 7perhaps his closest lifelong friends71 and to the rich list of literary men whom he knew so well through his long years of literary and editorial work4 ,like those of ,lowell and ,stevenson1 his letters lead one constantly to the reading of his books1 wherein again one always finds himself4 ,it were difficult to imagine more felicitous titles of self-revelation than ,hours in a library1 ,the amateur emigrant1 and ,my study window4 ,i cannot leave ,stephen without a word from the ,letters to ,john ,richard ,green 7little ,johnny ,green7 which he edited4 ,as ,macaulay used to love to prove the goods he praised by samples of quotation1 ,i will content myself with ,green's questioning ,freeman1 in a long letter full of ,early ,english history3 ,by the way1 have you seen ,stubb's ,hymn on ,froude and ,kingsley8 ',froude informs the ,scottish youth ,that parsons do not care for truth4 ,the ,reverend ,canon ,kingsley cries3 ,history is a pack of lies4 ,what cause for judgments so malign8 ,a brief reflection solves the mystery1 ,froude believes ,kingsley's a divine1 ,and ,kingsley goes to ,froude for history4' ,long years ago my eye caught the title1 ,from ,shakespeare to ,pope1 ,gosse1 and as ,i took down the book1 ,i asked1 ,well1 what was there from ,shakespeare to ,pope8--a question which the book answered so delightfully that ,i read it straight through twice1 while the ,critical ,kit ,kats is my particular joy in introducing to friendly books my young student readers1 whom ,i send off armed with it1 together with a volume of ,fitzgerald1 or ,stevenson1 or the ,browning sonnets4 ,mr4 ,gosse has such a comfortable and intimate way of saying things that makes one feel it is one's own expression of one's own thoughts4 ,i suppose most of us own to a pocket copy of ,shakespeare's sonnets1 wherein we have marked many a line1 and then ,mr4 ,gosse writes for us1 as he sends the sonnets to a friend3 ,this is the holy missal ,shakespeare wrote1 ,then1 on sad evenings when you think of me1 ,or when the morn seems blyth1 yet ,i not near1 ,open this book1 and read1 and ,i shall be ,the meter murmuring at your bended ear2 ,i cannot write my love with ,shakespeare's art1 ,but the same burden weighs upon my heart4 ,do your friendly books ever find each other out upon the shelves8 ,after reading in ,mary ,cowden ,clarke's ,my long life1 of her childish1 reverent awe towards ,keats and ,shelley1 who were often guests in her father's house1 the book found its place next to those poets1 and was it ,keats who was sitting on the sofa when the same little girl crept up behind and kissed his hand just because she had heard he was a poet8 ,gilbert ,white's ,natural history of ,selborne1 much in the same way stands beside ,lowell1 in whose ,garden acquaintance1 ,i first learned its delightful charm of absolute leisure1 and here too1 when it leaves my study table1 stands that dear big book which still claims my leisure hours1 ,charles ,eliot1 landscape architect1 one of those rare books with a subtle and unconscious autobiographic touch1 when one chances upon the fact that the writer was ,harvard's president1 telling the story as the brief fore-note says1 ,for the dear son1 ,who died in the bright prime-- ,from the father4 ,but this is all very personal and my only hope is that while ,i am reading1 you are following the example of my sometime youthful nephew1 who1 on being asked about the sermon one ,sunday after church1 answered1 ,why really1 ,mamma1 ,i don't know what it was about4 ,i got tired listening1 and withdrew my attention and went fishing4 ,finally1 although we are admonished not to put new wine into old bottles1 there fortunately is no admonition against old wine in new bottles1 and friendliness is certainly the richest of wine both in men and in books4 ,nor am ,i at all certain that in the last analysis it is not the supreme grace which makes possible that joy in life1 without which we are of necessity cast into a limbo of outer darkness1 and so ,i commend to you the best of old wine which ever lingers in ,the ,friendly ,book4 ,,the ,,president3 ,our good old friend1 ,dr4 ,canfield1 once told a story about a critic who after a life devoted to the gentle art of making enemies was gathered to his fathers4 ,those who had known him1 and who had for the most part been recipients of his buffetings gathered about his bier1 and compared notes and estimates of the special qualities which the late departed had possessed4 ,yes1 said one1 he loved us so well that he chastised us frequently4 ,true1 said another1 he could never catch sight of one of us without administering a vigorous kick4 ,at this the eyelids of the deceased were seen to flutter a bit1 and he sat bolt upright and his sepulchral voice made this response3 ,yes1 but ,i always kicked towards the goal4 ,now perhaps this introduction may not seem to be a very happy preliminary to the paper about to be announced1 and in some respects its application may not be evident1 for certainly the speaker who is about to talk to us1 on ,how to discourage reading is by no means a dead one4 ,he has1 however1 been somewhat active in the kicking process--though always towards the goal4 ,i present to you ,mr4 ,,edmund ,l4 ,,pearson1 of the ,boston ,transcript4 ,mr4 ,,pearson3 ,the president has very kindly referred to the fact that while ,i do not practice the profession of librarian1 ,i tell other people how they ought to do it4 ,he might have made use of a quotation or a sentence or two at the beginning of ,mark ,twain's ,puddin'head ,wilson1 only ,i fear that ,mr4 ,legler was too courteous to use it4 ,i have no hesitation in speaking of it myself4 ,mark ,twain says of the ,puddin'head ,wilson maxims3 ,these maxims are for the instruction and moral elevation of youth4 ,to be good is noble1 but to tell others how to be good is nobler and much less trouble4 ,mr4 ,pearson read the following paper3 ,,how ,,to ,,discourage ,,reading ,when the ,five ,foot ,shelf of books were published1 three of my friends bought the set4 ,one of them did so without any pretence that he was going to read them4 ,he is a somewhat nave young man1 able to indulge his whims1 and he said he thought that buying the books would help out ,president ,eliot4 ,that is a very meritorious sentiment to hold toward the compilers or authors of books--,i wish that there were more persons who felt that way4 ,i have no fault to find with him1 at all4 ,nor have ,i any complaint to make against the other two men4 ,blame is not what they deserve1 but commiseration4 ,like the girl in the song1 they are more to be pitied than censured4 ,the price was a consideration with them1 and they gave up their money for the sake of being forever cut off from all those tremendous classics4 ,for that is what it amounted to4 ,one of these men has a very pretty office1 with some nice bookshelves1 painted white4 ,he added to the books of his profession and some other works of general literature1 this ,five ,foot ,shelf--which occupies1 ,i believe1 about eighteen feet of shelf room4 ,he tried to read one of the books--,i know he did that1 because he admitted it--and he confided to me that he thought it was silly4 ,the third man bought the ,five ,foot ,shelf1 and announced his determination to read the whole thing right through4 ,he did this with set teeth1 as if he might have said3 ,i'll read 'em if they kill me6 ,well1 he started one of them4 ,he read a little in ,franklin's ,autobiography4 ,i know he did1 because he told me about it4 ,he and ,i belong to that irritating class of persons who get up early and take long walks before breakfast1 and then take care to mention it later in the day1 as if to cast discredit on other people4 ,we have to go early1 too1 because we intersperse the walks with runs1 and he has dignity to maintain1 and it wouldn't do for him to dash about the streets after other people are up4 ,while we walked1 or dog-trotted1 about the country roads he told me about the ,autobiography4 ,but ,i have noticed that he has left the ,five ,foot ,shelf4 ,i doubt if he even finished that first one of its volumes which he attempted4 ,when he talks about books now1 it is about the ,history of the ,american people4 ,he is a ,democrat1 and like many ,democrats he has discovered that our history has been truly written only according to ,mr4 ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,will any one of those three men ever read two whole volumes from that set8 ,it is doubtful--very doubtful4 ,and their cases are1 ,i believe1 typical of thousands of others4 ,and what is true of the ,five ,foot ,shelf is true of a score of other collections--the ,hundred ,best ,books1 the ,greatest ,books of the ,universe1 the ,most ,ponderous ,volumes of the ,ages1 the ,selected and ,highly ,recommended ,classics of ,all ,nations4 ,there are dozens of them--you all know them--these standard sets and collections1 in which learned and well-intentioned men have innocently conspired with publishers to discourage reading4 ,the ,five ,foot ,shelf is not picked out for especial disapprobation4 ,as a matter of fact1 ,i suppose it is far better1 far more human in its selections1 far more readable in some of its titles than most of these sets of great books4 ,but there is something about every one of these collections of classics that acts like a palsy upon the reading faculty4 ,it is a little mysterious1 rather hard to define1 but that it exists ,i have no manner of doubt4 ,it would be impossible to doubt1 after seeing it demonstrated so many times4 ,take1 at random1 the titles of five famous books--books which are apt to turn up in these sets or collections4 ,plato's ,republic1 the ,odyssey1 the ,morte ,d',arthur1 the ,anatomy of melancholy1 and ,don ,quixote4 ,take the average man1 the man usually known as the business man4 ,suppose that he has not read any of these books in his school days--that he has reached the age of forty without reading them4 ,now1 the chances are at least a hundred to one that he never reads them4 ,but let him buy one of the sets of thirty or forty volumes1 in which these five books are included1 and the chances against his reading any one of the five1 instead of being diminished1 are enormously increased4 ,it is now certainly three hundred to one that he never reads any of the five books4 ,there is something benumbing1 something deadening1 something stupefying1 to the average man to take into his house six yards of solid culture4 ,and this ,i believe to be true as a general statement1 in spite of instances which may be adduced here and there4 ,but1 mind you1 if this same man happens to have his attention called to one of the books--especially to either of the last two1 as they are a little nearer the temper of our time--and if he gets one of them1 by itself1 there is now a fair probability that he may read at least part of it4 ,he may even finish it4 ,if he really wishes to read the so-called great books let him forever beware of acquiring one of those overwhelming lumps of literature--the publisher's delight and the book-agent's darling--known by some such name as the ,colossal ,classics of the ,world4 ,they breed hypocrites and foster humbugs4 ,he buys them and thinks he is going to read them4 ,they look ponderous and weighty and erudite upon his shelves--to the innocent4 ,people exclaim3 ,my6 ,what fine books you have6 ,he tries to smile a wise smile--to give the impression that they are the companions of his solitude1 the consolation of his wakeful hours4 ,he knows that these people won't ask if he has ever read any of them4 ,they are afraid he might come back at them with3 ,oh1 yes1 of course4 ,now1 how do you like ,milton's ',areopagitica'8 ,after a time he begins to think he has read them--because he has looked at the backs1 and started to cut one or two of them4 ,then it is all up with him4 ,he never even tries to read them again4 ,they just stand there and occasionally make him a little uncomfortable4 ,making friends with books1 and especially with those famous books which require some concentration1 is like making friends with people4 ,you can not do it in a wholesale1 yardstick manner4 ,if they come into our lives at all1 they come subtly1 slowly1 one at a time4 ,if a man should walk into this room saying3 ,all my life ,i have been without friends1 ,i have decided that ,i wish to have friends--,i am going to adopt all of you1 every one of you1 as a friend1 here and now6--you know how an experiment like that would succeed4 ,it is the same with books4 ,in the competition for the best method to discourage reading1 the second prize should be awarded to that pestilential invention--the ,complete ,works of an author4 ,there was a publisher--he still lives--who told one of his agents3 ,books are not made to read2 they are made to sell4 ,he was probably the inventor of that discourager of reading1 the ,complete ,works4 ,if one of you wishes to keep a friend in total ignorance of any writer1 there is an almost certain method--give him one of the sets of the ,complete ,works of that writer4 ,it is a sure method to kill interest4 ,as in the case of the collections of classics1 there is something wholesale and overpowering about such a set4 ,it is thrown at your head1 so to speak1 in a chunk1 and you never get over the blow4 ,imagine the case of a man who had never read ,dickens4 ,if he is wise1 he goes at him one book at a time1 he tests and he tries1 and at the end of a few years he owns eight or ten books--well-thumbed books1 that have been read1 and that represent pleasure4 ,but if he listens to the book-agent he contracts for a yard and a half of ,dickens1 and when it comes he gazes in despair at that rigid row of books--as unassailable as a regiment of ,prussian grenadiers4 ,that is the end of all intercourse between him and ,charles ,dickens4 ,oh1 you might as well have them all1 says the agent1 you needn't read the ones you don't like4 ,that is what the waiter told the man when he brought him a breakfast-cup full of coffee1 after dinner1 instead of a demi-tasse3 ,you ain't got to drink all of it4 ,miles upon miles of these sets of ,complete ,works are sold every year1 and from one end of the land to the other1 heads of families are sinking back comfortably upon their ,morris chairs1 and gazing in fatuous self-satisfaction at their bookcases1 which they have just filled1 at one swoop1 with nine yards of the ,complete ,works of ,scott1 ,cooper1 ,dumas1 ,dickens1 and ,thackeray4 ,look1 ,mother1 we've got the bookcase filled up at last6 ,well1 ,i am glad to see it6 ,it was distressin' to see all those shelves so empty like4 ,will they ever look at them8 ,never a look6 ,it is even odds they do not cut the pages4 ,now that the noble art of pressing autumn leaves has gone out--you know how it was done1 with wax and a hot flatiron1 and then you put them between the pages of a book--now that pastime is forgotten1 there isn't one remaining cause why those pages should ever be opened4 ,the insides of those books will be the most secret place in that house henceforth4 ,talk about sliding panels and secret drawers in old writing-desks--they are open and conspicuous in comparison4 ,they will be great for hiding places--,i think ,i will write a melodrama and have the missing will turn up in the fifth act1 sixty years later1 hidden between page #a and page #b of one of the volumes in somebody's ,complete ,works4 ,for the third place in the list of best methods to discourage reading there are two competitors4 ,they are so nearly tied that it is hard to choose between them4 ,i am inclined to think that the honor should be awarded to the custom of setting up counsels of perfection in the matter of recommending the so-called classics to possible readers1 of saying by word of mouth1 or by printed page3 ,these are the great classics1 the great books of the world and adding1 by implication1 ,if you don't like them1 after making heroic attempts1 then you have been weighed in the balance and found wanting4 ,this word classics covers a multitude of nuisances and perplexities4 ,the classics include books which are still alive with humanity1 which are delightful today to any person who is at all bookish1 and they include books which are so utterly alien1 so far removed from our time1 place and habit of mind1 that it is absolutely absurd to pretend that anyone in this year and land1 except a few1 a very few1 specialists1 can read them with any pleasure1 or can read them at all1 in fact1 except under compulsion4 ,these lists of the great classics are too frequently compiled with a cowardly obedience to tradition4 ,it matters a little what some great person of a hundred or a thousand years ago thought about a book--but it does not matter much4 ,recently1 ,i saw in a book a list of great persons who had been influenced by this or that book4 ,some book or other influenced ,madame de ,maintenon--what of it8 ,doubtless other books1 far less desirable1 influenced her1 too1 so what does it prove8 ,the value of books1 as a recent writer has pointed out1 shifts and changes with the changing years4 ,what may have been truly a great book a thousand years ago is not necessarily great today--no matter how many famous personages have embalmed it in their praise1 and no matter how many other personages have praised it1 not because they enjoyed it themselves1 but because the earlier ones did4 ,such a book is interesting--to specialists--as a milestone in the history of literature1 but it is not to be forced1 however gently1 upon the general reader as a book he ought to read4 ,museums of art1 like the ,louvre1 contain paintings which ignoramuses like myself look upon with astonishment4 ,medival pictures of the most hideous description--how came they in the same building with these other beautiful works of art8 ,is it possible that anyone is so silly as to pretend to admire them8 ,and then the explanation dawns upon the ignoramus3 they are here to illustrate the development of the art of painting4 ,this is a museum1 as well as a collection of beautiful things4 ,no one who is honest pretends to enjoy their beauty4 ,it is thus with books4 ,a great collection of books may well contain those writings which seemed full of meaning to people two thousand years ago1 but they are not to be held up--not all of them1 at any rate--as books which anybody ought to read today4 ,the significance of any work of literature1 however noble1 is a thing to ebb and flow1 and finally to vanish altogether4 ,professor ,barrett ,wendell reminded me once that ,shakespeare's plays and my daily themes would alike1 one day1 be dust and atoms in the void of the centuries--but ,i do not think that he meant unduly to compliment ,shakespeare by this association4 ,since it is always better to come down to tacks in speaking of books1 ,i will mention some of the classics which have little significance today4 ,it is always dangerous to do this--somebody is sure to hold up his hand and exclaim3 ,why1 ,i like them1 very much1 or ,i know an old gentleman who reads that1 every night before going to bed4 ,but ,i will take the risk1 and say that the ,greek and ,french dramas of the classic periods are works of literature almost certain to appear on most of these lists of ,best ,books1 and that it is almost sheer humbug to put them there4 ,so few people can read them1 there is so little reason--especially in the case of the ,french plays--why anyone should read them1 today1 that their inclusion is a pitiful example of lack of courage4 ,in the matter of the ,french drama ,i speak especially of ,racine and ,corneille--names almost certain to appear on these lists of the classics4 ,someone will relate the story about ,napoleon saying that if ,racine 7or was it ,corneille87 had lived in his time1 he would have made him a marshal4 ,then some of his plays are smugly entered upon the list4 ,with their stiff1 set speeches1 their ridiculous unbosomings of the leading characters of their confidantes1 they are as out of place in our life as were their ,caesars1 ,alexanders1 and ,pompeys1 teetering about the stage in high-heeled shoes1 ruffles1 wigs1 and all the rest of the costume of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,it is good to recommend the classics1 but it must not be forgotten that there are classics1 and classics4 ,there should be independence1 and an ability to look things in the face1 to realize that a change has come1 when it is already here4 ,why should the people who deal with books let the politicians get ahead of them8 ,there is a bright1 clean air blowing through the nation1 and those who worship fusty precedent are correspondingly unhappy4 ,we have a president who cares not a rap for mouldy and senseless traditions--he has learned well the lesson taught him by one of his predecessors4 ,if ,president ,wilson has the courage to point out that the final authority on matters of factory legislation and mine inspection in the year #aiac is not necessarily ,thomas ,jefferson1 is it not possible for the critics and choosers of books to understand that ,dr4 ,johnson and ,madame de ,maintenon have not uttered the last word about literature8 ,there might and should be a new freedom of literary criticism--not yesterday1 nor today1 nor tomorrow1 but all the time4 ,here is another way to discourage reading4 ,you can do it by giving a man one of these over-annotated editions of a book4 ,i mean a book which has so many footnotes that the text is crowded right out of bed2 a book in which the editor is so pleased with himself for discovering that the father of ,lady ,hester ,somebody 7who is mentioned in the text7 was born in #agah and died in #aghi that he simply has not the decent manners to keep his useless knowledge to himself4 ,no2 he must tell it to you1 even though he elbows the author--a better man than himself--out of the way to do it4 ,one of the best books of its kind--,i speak under correction--is ,george ,birkbeck ,hill's edition of ,boswell's ,johnson4 ,it is1 ,i believe1 correct1 and scholarly2 it certainly represents a vast amount of labor1 and it is very valuable for reference4 ,also it is admirably arranged for driving a reader away from ,boswell forever4 ,it is positively exasperating to see page after page on which ,boswell occupies two lines at the top1 and ,dr4 ,hill takes up all the rest of the room4 ,sometimes he takes up the whole page6 ,yet that edition is recommended to readers by persons who ought to know better4 ,other excellent examples--,i am speaking only of much-praised books--are found in the ,furness ,variorum editions of ,shakespeare4 ,when one of these volumes appears it is usually greeted by a chorus of ,oh's6 and ,ah's6 as when a particularly gorgeous skyrocket goes up on ,fourth of ,july night4 ,such scholarship6 ,such a boon to earnest ,shakespeareans6 ,such labor6 ,such erudition6 ,well1 a great deal of that praise is deserved--each volume is certainly a tour de force4 ,but ,i wish to read you from a review of the latest of them--a review written for the ,boston ,herald1 by ,mr4 ,john ,macy1 the author of that vigorous and sensible book1 ,the spirit of ,american literature4 ,it deals with ,the tragedie of ,julius ,caesar edited by ,horace ,howard ,furness1 ,jr4 ,this1 writes ,mr4 ,macy1 is the latest volume in ',a ,new ,variorum ,edition of ,shakespeare1' and is the first under the sole editorship of the late ,dr4 ,furness' son4 ,from an enormous mass of commentary1 criticism1 word-worrying1 text-marring and learned guesswork1 ,mr4 ,furness has chosen what seem to him the best notes4 ,the sanity of his introduction and the good sense of some of his own notes lead one to suppose that he has selected with discrimination from the notes of others4 ,his work is a model of patience1 industry and judgment4 ,he plays well in this game of scholarship4 ,but what is the game worth8 ,what is the result8 ,here is a volume of nearly #ejj large pages4 ,the text is a literal reprint of the folio4 ,the clear stream of poetry runs along the tops of the pages4 ,under that is a deposit of textual emendations full of clam-shells and lost anchors and tin cans4 ,under that is a mud bottom two centuries deep4 ,it consists of 7a7 what scholars said ,shakespeare said2 7b7 what scholars said ,shakespeare meant2 7c7 what scholars said about what other scholars said2 7d7 what scholars said about the morality and character of the personages1 as 7#a7 they are in ,shakespeare's play1 and as 7#b7 they are in other historical and fictitious writings2 7e7 what scholars said about how other people used the words that ,shakespeare used2 7f7 what scholars said could be done to ,shakespeare's text to make him a better poet4 ,i have not read all those notes and ,i never shall read them4 ,life is too short and too interesting4 ,all the time that ,i was trying to read the notes1 so that ,i could know enough about them to write this article1 my mind kept swimming up out of the mud into that clear river of text4 ,it is a perfectly clear river4 ,some of the obscurities that scholars say are there are simply not obscure1 except as poetry ought to have a kind of obscurity in some turbulent passages4 ,some of the obscurities the scholars put there in their innocence and stupidity1 and those obscurities you can eliminate by blandly ignoring them4 ,these learned and over-annotated editions--they are not intended1 you say1 for the casual reader4 ,yet they get into his hand--they are1 sometimes recommended to him4 ,and1 as ,mr4 ,macy asks1 are they worth the labor they have cost--are they worth it to anybody8 ,looking at them reminds me of the ideal ascetic of the ,middle ,ages1 ,st4 ,simeon ,stylites4 ,st4 ,simeon was considered the most religious man of his time because for twenty years he lived upon a pillar that numbered forty cubits from the soil1 and because he would ',tween the spring and downfall of the light1 ,bow down one thousand and two hundred times1 ,to ,christ1 the ,virgin ,mother1 and the ,saints4 ,in spite of that1 ,st4 ,simeon is not the ideal religious man today4 ,will these fact-collectors be the ideal scholars a century hence8 ,are we sometimes acclaiming as great scholars men who are really doing nothing but a tremendous amount of grubbing8 ,are some of the so-called scholarly editions really scholarly1 or are they simply gigantic stunts8 ,whatever may be their value for reference1 and that is vastly over-rated1 they discourage reading4 ,it is also possible to drive people away from books1 or make it difficult for them to get near books1 by printing confusing things about them4 ,it is possible to catalog a book--according to the best rules--in such a fashion as to make it an exceedingly unattractive1 not to say repellant object4 ,this is bad enough when it is done in the formal catalog1 but when it is done in little leaflets1 and book-lists--things which ought to be informal and inviting--the case is very sad4 ,the other day ,i saw an entry in a book-list which read like this3 ,dickens4 ,whipple1 ,e4 ,p4 ,charles ,dickens4 ,the expert is in no doubt2 the uninitiated may well be confused to know which is the author and which the subject4 ,when someone defends such practices by saying3 ,but the rules6 someone else1 whose voice is a voice of authority ought to say3 ,fudge6 ,and also ,fiddle-de-dee6 ,the general subject today is the ,world of ,books4 ,it is a delightful world--one so different from that into which we emerge every morning that it seems hard1 sometimes1 to realize that the one exists inside the other4 ,it is a place of entertainment within the reach of any of us4 ,there are a few obstructions around the entrance--some of which ,i have tried to describe4 ,people have built up walls of impossible classics2 publishers have tried to string a barbed-wire fence of ,complete ,works around it4 ,pedants stand outside1 calling upon you to swallow a couple of gallons of facts before you go into the great tent4 ,you can walk by them all4 ,inside1 everything is pleasant4 ,over in one corner are the folk who like to play with first editions1 unique copies1 unopened copies1 and all the rest of those expensive toys4 ,some of these gentlemen have about as much to do with the world of books as have the collectors of four-post beds and old blue china1 but many of them are very good fellows4 ,most of them do not belong in here at all1 but1 like boys who have crawled in under the tent1 now they are inside they think they have as much right as anybody4 ,some of them1 indeed1 are quite uppish and superior1 and inclined to look down on the rest of us who have a vulgar notion that books are made to read4 ,here is all you require--a comfortable chair1 and a pipe4 ,and the company6 ,well1 look around3 ,dear ,lamb and excellent ,montaigne1 ,sterne and the credible ,defoe1 ,borrow1 ,de,quincey1 the great ,dean1 ,the sturdy leisurist ,thoreau2 ,the furtive soul whose dark romance1 ,by ghostly door and haunted stair1 ,explored the dusty human heart1 ,and the forgotten garrets there2 ,the moralist it could not spoil1 ,to hold an empire in his hands2 ,sir ,walter1 and the brood who sprang1 ,from ,homer through a hundred lands1 ,singers of songs on all men's lips1 ,tellers of tales in all men's ears1 ,movers of hearts that still must beat1 ,to sorrows feigned and fabled tears4 ,at the conclusion of ,mr4 ,pearson's paper a book symposium was conducted in which the following members of the ,association briefly discussed the respective books here indicated3 ,hine4 ,modern organization4 ,reviewed by ,paul ,blackwelder4 ,crispi's ,memoirs and the recent literature of the ,risorgimento4 ,reviewed by ,bernard ,c4 ,steiner4 ,goldmark4 ,fatigue and efficiency4 ,reviewed by ,katherine ,t4 ,wootten4 ,tarbell4 ,the business of being a woman4 ,reviewed by ,pearl ,i4 ,field4 ,antin4 ,the promised land4 ,reviewed by ,althea ,h4 ,warren4 ,brieux4 ,la femme seule4 ,reviewed by ,corinne ,bacon4 ,the great analysis4 ,reviewed by ,josephine ,a4 ,rathbone4 ,weyl4 ,the great democracy4 ,reviewed by ,frank ,k4 ,walter4 ,the ,,president3 ,before inducting into office the president-elect ,i shall ask the secretary whether there are any announcements to be made or if any new business is to come up at this time8 ,is there any business for the ,council to consider8 ,dr4 ,,andrews3 ,there are some resolutions from the ,documents ,round ,table to come before the ,council and perhaps other routine work4 ,the ,,president3 ,they will be referred to the ,council4 ,we will receive the report of the tellers concerning the election4 ,the ,,secretary3 ,the report of the tellers states that you have elected as your officers for the coming year the following persons3 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,tellers ,,of ,,election ,no4 of ,votes ,president ,e4 ,h4 ,anderson1 ,director ,new ,york ,public ,library #add ,first ,vice-,president ,h4 ,c4 ,wellman1 ,librarian ,city ,library1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 #ada ,second ,vice-,president ,gratia ,a4 ,countryman1 ,librarian ,minneapolis ,public ,library #add ,members of ,executive ,board 7for #c years7 ,herbert ,putnam1 ,librarian of ,congress1 ,washington #adf ,harrison ,w4 ,craver1 ,librarian ,carnegie ,library1 ,pittsburgh #acg ,members of ,council 7for #e years7 ,mary ,eileen ,ahern1 ,editor ,public ,libraries1 ,chicago #adj ,cornelia ,marvin1 ,librarian ,oregon ,state ,library #ade ,alice ,s4 ,tyler1 ,director ,western ,reserve ,library ,school #adf ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker1 ,editor ,library ,journal1 ,new ,york #add ,a4 ,l4 ,bailey1 ,librarian ,wilmington 7,del47 ,institute ,free ,library #adb ,trustee of ,endowment ,fund 7for #c years7 ,e4 ,w4 ,sheldon1 ,president ,u4 ,s4 ,trust ,co41 ,new ,york #adc ,,forrest ,b4 ,,spaulding1 ,,john ,f4 ,,phelan1 ,tellers of ,election4 ,the ,,president3 ,you have heard the result of the election4 ,i shall ask ,mr4 ,gardner ,m4 ,jones and ,mr4 ,harrison ,w4 ,craver to show the president-elect the way to the platform4 7,the committee escorted ,mr4 ,anderson to the platform47 ,mr4 ,president-elect1 it is with special personal satisfaction that ,i have announced to you the result unanimously made by this conference in choosing you to the honorable position of president4 ,i am personally gratified in that you represent1 ,i think1 so splendidly many of the elements which have been talked about during this meeting4 ,you are yourself a graduate of a library school1 yet you have sympathy with those who have not attained to that distinction4 ,you have been associated with a great scientific library1 you have been in charge of a medium-sized library and are now at the head of the largest public library in the world2 and yet many of us have had evidences that you have the deepest and warmest sympathy for the small and struggling library1 no matter where it may be4 ,mr4 ,president-elect1 the retiring board of officers received this gavel not as an emblem of authority1 but as a symbol of service4 ,as such we commit it to your care for the next year4 ,for the retiring board of officers ,i may say1 in the words of ,wynken ,de,worde in one of his colophons1 ,and now we make an end4 ,if we have done well1 we have done that which we would have desired2 and if but meanly and slenderly1 we yet have done that which we could attain unto4 ,the wish goes from the ex-president to the president that the most successful administration in the history of the ,association may be the one which is about to begin4 7,mr4 ,legler then handed the gavel to ,mr4 ,anderson and retired from the platform47 ,,president ,,anderson3 ,ladies and gentlemen1 fellow members of the ,association3 ,in the first place1 ,i want to express my heartfelt thanks for the gracious things the retiring president has just been pleased to say concerning my humble self4 ,furthermore1 ,i have to thank him for giving me an opportunity to correct a mistake which has been current in this ,association for some twenty years1 namely1 that ,i am the graduate of a library school4 ,i was at the ,albany library school--more years ago than ,i care to tell--between seven and eight months4 ,my money ran out and ,i had to get a job4 ,i did not even complete the first year4 ,that is a reflection on me1 not upon the library school4 ,the exigencies of trains and luncheons would make it unfair if not cruel for me to detain you here this morning with a speech and ,i shall make none4 ,but ,i want to beg you on this occasion to forget and forgive the disagreeable things said or done by the officers-elect in the heat of a bitter partisan campaign4 7,laughter--,there was no opposition ticket47 ,seriously1 ,i want to express to you all1 not merely for myself but for every member of the incoming executive board and the incoming members of the ,council1 our appreciation of the honor you have conferred upon us and of the responsibilities you have placed upon our shoulders4 ,we can only hope to maintain--and it will require a struggle and great and arduous work on our part to maintain--the high standard set by our predecessors4 ,i thank you4 ,if there is nothing further to come before us the ,conference will stand adjourned4 ,,adjourned ,,sine ,,die4 ,,executive ,,board ,meeting of ,june #bc1 #aiac ,meeting called to order by ,president ,legler4 ,other members present were ,miss ,eastman1 ,messrs4 ,anderson1 ,andrews1 ,putnam and ,wellman4 ,several matters of routine business were transacted1 including the reception and adoption of the report of the ,committee on ,nominations4 ,upon motion of ,mr4 ,anderson1 seconded by ,dr4 ,putnam1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,l4 ,elmendorf was elected member of the ,publishing ,board to succeed herself for a term of three years4 ,in behalf of the ,committee on ,international ,relations1 ,dr4 ,putnam reported that with such information as it had been able to gather the committee felt unable to make any affirmative recommendation as to participation by the ,american ,library ,association in the proposed ,exposition of the ,book and ,graphic ,arts at ,leipzig in #aiad4 ,adjourned4 ,meeting of ,june #bhth ,present3 ,president ,anderson1 ,miss ,eastman1 ,messrs4 ,andrews1 ,wellman and ,craver4 ,mr4 ,wellman presented his resignation as non-official member in view of his election to the office of first vice-president1 which1 upon motion of ,dr4 ,andrews1 was accepted4 ,upon motion of ,mr4 ,craver1 it was unanimously voted that ,w4 ,n4 ,c4 ,carlton be elected to the ,executive ,board to fill the unexpired term of ,mr4 ,wellman4 ,mr4 ,carlton was called to the meeting and took his place as a member of the ,board4 ,a meeting place for #aiad was next considered4 ,miss ,edith ,a4 ,phelps1 librarian of the ,carnegie library of ,oklahoma ,city1 appeared before the board and invited the ,association to meet in ,oklahoma ,city1 her invitation being seconded by the ,oklahoma ,library ,association and other organizations of the ,state4 ,invitations were received also by letter from the convention bureaus of ,new ,orleans1 ,nashville1 ,wilmington1 ,del41 ,milwaukee1 and other places4 ,after informal discussion it was voted that the ,secretary be instructed to investigate facilities for holding the conference at ,madison1 ,wis41 and if1 in the opinion of the president and secretary1 conditions at ,madison are not favorable for a meeting1 that ,mackinac and ,ottawa ,beach be investigated in the order here named4 ,invitations from the authorities of the ,panama-,pacific ,exposition to hold the conference at ,san ,francisco in #aiae were read and from the ,california ,library ,association to the same effect1 ,mr4 ,everett ,r4 ,perry1 of ,los ,angeles1 bearing the invitation from the latter association4 ,invitations were also received from the library authorities of ,seattle1 seconded by the business organizations of that city and by the convention bureaus of other cities of the ,pacific ,northwest4 ,it was voted to refer this information to the next ,executive ,board4 ,mr4 ,william ,stetson ,merrill presented the following report in behalf of the ,committee on code for classifiers1 which1 upon motion1 was accepted as a report of progress1 and the request for an appropriation of #bj referred to the meeting of the ,executive ,board in ,january4 ,the ,committee on code for classifiers begs to present a report of progress4 ,during the past year no general meeting of the ,committee has been held1 but the chairman has been in correspondence with several members of the ,committee and considerable data have been collected for the proposed ,manual for classifiers4 ,messrs4 ,bay and ,merrill are more immediately concerned with this section of the work and over three hundred points have been assembled for future consideration4 ,an appropriation of twenty dollars 7#bj4jj7 to cover typewriting1 postage and stationery is requested4 ,respectfully submitted1 7,signed7 ,,wm4 ,,stetson ,,merrill1 ,chairman4 ,at the request of the secretary a transfer of funds was authorized as follows3 ,from the contingency fund to conference fund1 #ge1 and to miscellaneous fund #ge1 leaving a balance in the contingency fund of #ie4 ,upon motion of ,dr4 ,andrews1 it was voted that members joining the ,association after the annual conference shall only be required to pay one-half year's dues together with the usual initiation fee of #a4 ,consideration of the question of issuing the annual handbook in biographical section form was postponed until the next meeting of the ,executive ,board4 ,a letter was read from ,dr4 ,frank ,p4 ,hill1 suggesting that a special committee be appointed to consider the matter of participating in the proposed ,leipzig ,exposition and to ascertain the cost of such participation as well as the possibility of securing a creditable exhibit from ,american libraries4 ,it was voted that a special committee of three on this subject be appointed by the president1 which committee shall make the report to the ,committee on international relations4 ,the president appointed as this committee ,dr4 ,hill with power to add the other two members4 ,it was unanimously voted that an appropriation of #cj from the contingency fund be made to each of the three members of the ,travel ,committee as partial compensation for expenses incurred in the performance of association duties1 and that the thanks of the ,executive ,board be expressed with regret that the finances of the ,association did not permit a complete reimbursement of expenses4 ,a report was submitted from the ,committee on cost and method of cataloging1 but owing to the lack of time for proper consideration the secretary was instructed to have the report typewritten and copies sent to the respective members of the ,executive ,board4 ,at the request of the ,committee that two other members be added to the ,committee1 one of them to be located in ,chicago1 the other to be the head cataloger of one of the public libraries taking part in the investigation1 the president appointed the following persons3 ,j4 ,c4 ,m4 ,hanson and ,margaret ,mann4 ,the request of the ,committee for an appropriation of not to exceed #ej was referred to the ,january meeting of the ,executive ,board4 ,the report is as follows3 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,cost ,,and ,,method ,,of ,,cataloging ,the present report is preliminary only4 ,before a final report can be made a more detailed inquiry must be undertaken of the way in which the work is handled in libraries of various types4 ,the methods used in the libraries that have taken part in the present investigation vary to a considerable degree1 and do not always seem to lend themselves to an accurate classification by character or size of library2 in some cases this is possible1 for instance when we find that the receipt of much duplicate material in the large public libraries having extensive systems of branch libraries has developed a method of handling these that is almost uniform for all4 ,one element which disturbs the cataloging work in these libraries is that the withdrawal and cancellation of the records of lost and worn-out books is done by the cataloging departments4 ,five of the twenty libraries do not at present readily lend themselves to comparison in all respects with the others1 the ,library of ,congress and the ,new ,york public library on account of their size and complicated organization1 the libraries of ,harvard ,university and the ,university of ,chicago because of the disturbances caused by present work of reorganization and recataloging1 and the ,new ,york state library on account of its rapid growth since the fire two years ago4 ,in other libraries recataloging goes on simultaneously with the current work1 but it does not cause the same disturbances as in the cases mentioned4 ,while most libraries count classification and shelf-listing as parts of the cataloging1 only four include accessioning1 and three do not include either of the four processes mentioned under point #b in the questionnaire sent out by the committee4 ,three libraries state expressly that the assignment of subject headings is done by the cataloging force1 but this is probably also the case with some who do not mention the fact4 ,in one case the reference and cataloging work are combined in one department2 in general1 reference work seems to be the catalogers' favorite side line4 ,in some libraries the determination of headings and the form of entry is determined by the heads of the department1 in others all the original work is done by the assistants and afterwards revised1 while in at least one case such work as classification and the assignment of subject headings is done by specialists1 each handling his particular subject4 ,two or three libraries employ a special assistant for the cataloging of serial publications4 ,two libraries have all statistical recording done by a special assistant or clerk4 ,whether a library prints its cards or has them written or typewritten in several copies1 does not seem to influence the method of work except at the final point1 but the growing use of cards printed by some other library has introduced an element that did not exist when any of the libraries taking part in the investigation were organized4 ,the cost of cataloging can not be determined until a definite unit has been agreed upon4 ,the way to reach such agreement might be in line with the method employed by the ,boston public library1 where a considerable number of volumes were set aside for this investigation and the time and money spent on each work carefully computed4 ,by employing a similar way of investigating not only the cost1 but also the routine gone through with a book in a number of libraries on its way from the unpacking room to the shelves1 some definite unit might be found4 ,the work of the committee has only begun2 it should be planned to go much more into details than the present questionnaire indicates4 ,the purpose of the committee should be twofold2 to find out whether a method of handling the routine with a minimum expenditure of time could be worked out that could be recommended as standard1 and to study how the work might be so arranged as to be made in some degree less mechanical to those who are capable of more or less independent handling of literary material for the purpose of preparing it for use by readers in libraries4 ,,aksel ,g4 ,s4 ,,josephson1 ,,emma ,v4 ,,baldwin1 ,,agnes ,,van ,,valkenburgh4 ,questionnaire #a4 ,give a short sketch of your catalog department indicating the processes into which the work is divided4 #b4 ,how many of the following items do you include as part of cataloging83 7a7 ,accessioning4 7b7 ,classification4 7c7 ,shelf-listing4 7d7 ,preparation for the shelves4 #c4 ,of how many persons does your cataloging force consist and how is it graded8 #d4 ,what are the minimum and maximum salaries in each grade and division of your cataloging force8 #e4 ,what was the total amount expended for salaries for the catalog department in #aiab8 #f4 a4 ,how many of the assistants in the catalog department spend full time on the cataloging work8 b4 ,what other work are these engaged in in other departments of the library8 #g4 a4 ,how many volumes did you add to your library during #aiab8 b4 ,how many of these were added as new titles to your catalog8 c4 ,how many of these were on printed cards from the ,library of ,congress or from other libraries8 #h4 ,what do you estimate that it cost your library in #aiab to catalog a book1 including accessioning1 classification1 shelf-listing and preparation for the shelves8 #i4 ,give any special information about your library that will enable the committee to understand particular phases of your cataloging work4 ,libraries ,included in the ,investigation ,university and ,reference ,libraries ,columbia ,university ,library4 ,harvard ,university ,library4 ,princeton ,university ,library4 ,university of ,chicago ,library4 ,yale ,university ,library4 ,john ,crerar ,library4 ,library of ,congress4 ,new ,york ,public ,library1 ,reference ,department4 ,new ,york ,state ,library4 ,newberry ,library4 ,public ,libraries ,boston ,public ,library4 ,brooklyn ,public ,library4 ,buffalo ,public ,library4 ,carnegie ,library1 ,pittsburgh4 ,chicago ,public ,library4 ,cincinnati ,public ,library4 ,cleveland ,public ,library4 ,philadelphia ,free ,library4 ,st4 ,louis ,public ,library4 ,toronto ,public ,library4 ,a request was read from the catalog section1 first1 that the ,executive ,board be asked to appoint a permanent cataloging committee to which the questions in cataloging may be referred for recommendations2 second1 that the ,executive ,board be asked to send a request to the ,librarian of ,congress for the publication of the code of alphabeting used in the ,library of ,congress4 ,voted1 on motion by ,dr4 ,andrews that the president and secretary be instructed to appoint a committee for this year to whom questions of cataloging may be referred1 and that the chairman of the catalog section be consulted as to the proper form of a by-law providing for a permanent committee4 ,upon motion by ,dr4 ,andrews1 voted that the secretary be instructed to ask the opinion of the ,committee on code for classifiers as to the desirability of a permanent committee to consider specific questions of classification and as to the proper form of a by-law to provide for such committee4 ,the appointment of members to the various standing committees was next considered1 and as a result of consideration at this meeting and of later correspondence between the members of the ,executive ,board and consultation with the chairmen of the various committees1 the standing committees for the year #aiac-ad are announced as follows3 ,,committees1 #aiac-ad ,finance ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews1 ,the ,john ,crerar ,library1 ,chicago4 ,f4 ,f4 ,dawley1 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,ia4 ,f4 ,o4 ,poole1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,public ,documents ,g4 ,s4 ,godard1 ,state ,library1 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,a4 ,j4 ,small1 ,state ,library1 ,des ,moines1 ,ia4 ,ernest ,bruncken1 ,library of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,john ,a4 ,lapp1 ,state ,library1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon1 ,wisconsin ,free ,library ,commission1 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,t4 ,m4 ,owen1 ,department of ,archives and ,history1 ,montgomery1 ,ala4 ,s4 ,h4 ,ranck1 ,public ,library1 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,adelaide ,r4 ,hasse1 ,public ,library1 ,new ,york4 ,c4 ,f4 ,d4 ,belden1 ,state ,library1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,co-operation with the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,mary ,eileen ,ahern1 ,public ,libraries1 ,chicago4 ,mary ,a4 ,newberry1 ,public ,library1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,irene ,warren1 ,school of ,education1 ,chicago4 ,george ,h4 ,locke1 ,public ,library1 ,toronto1 ,canada4 ,harriet ,a4 ,wood1 ,library ,association1 ,portland1 ,ore4 ,library ,administration ,a4 ,e4 ,bostwick1 ,public ,library1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,george ,f4 ,bowerman1 ,public ,library1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,john ,s4 ,cleavinger1 ,public ,library1 ,jackson1 ,mich4 ,library ,training ,a4 ,s4 ,root1 ,oberlin ,college ,library1 ,oberlin1 ,oh4 ,faith ,e4 ,smith1 ,public ,library1 ,chicago4 ,alice ,s4 ,tyler1 ,western ,reserve ,university ,library ,school1 ,cleveland4 ,adam ,strohm1 ,public ,library1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,a4 ,l4 ,bailey1 ,wilmington ,institute ,free ,library1 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,chalmers ,hadley1 ,public ,library1 ,denver4 ,cornelia ,marvin1 ,oregon ,state ,library1 ,salem1 ,ore4 ,george ,o4 ,carpenter1 trustee1 ,public ,library1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,international ,relations ,herbert ,putnam1 ,library of ,congress1 ,washington4 ,e4 ,c4 ,richardson1 ,princeton ,university ,library1 ,princeton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,frank ,p4 ,hill1 ,public ,library1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,lane1 ,harvard ,university ,library1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker1 ,library ,journal1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,bookbuying ,the committee has not yet been appointed4 ,bookbinding ,a4 ,l4 ,bailey1 ,wilmington ,institute ,free ,library1 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,rose ,g4 ,murray1 ,public ,library1 ,new ,york4 ,j4 ,r4 ,patterson1 ,public ,library1 ,chicago4 ,federal and ,state ,relations ,b4 ,c4 ,steiner1 ,enoch ,pratt ,free ,library1 ,baltimore4 ,t4 ,l4 ,montgomery1 ,state ,library1 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,demarchus ,c4 ,brown1 ,state ,library1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,paul ,blackwelder1 ,public ,library1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,c4 ,f4 ,belden1 ,state ,library1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,thomas ,m4 ,owen1 ,department of ,archives and ,history1 ,montgomery1 ,ala4 ,w4 ,p4 ,cutter1 ,library of ,engineering ,societies1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,travel ,f4 ,w4 ,faxon1 ,boston ,book ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,c4 ,h4 ,brown1 ,public ,library1 ,brooklyn4 ,j4 ,f4 ,phelan1 ,public library1 ,chicago4 ,co-ordination ,c4 ,h4 ,gould1 ,mc,gill ,university ,library1 ,montreal4 ,j4 ,l4 ,gillis1 ,state ,library1 ,sacramento1 ,cal4 ,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hodges1 ,public ,library1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,w4 ,c4 ,lane1 ,harvard ,university ,library1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,herbert ,putnam1 ,library of ,congress1 ,washington4 ,t4 ,w4 ,koch1 ,university of ,michigan ,library1 ,ann ,arbor4 ,j4 ,c4 ,schwab1 ,yale ,university ,library1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,work with the ,blind ,laura ,m4 ,sawyer1 ,perkins ,institution1 ,watertown1 ,mass4 ,lucile ,goldthwaite1 ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,mrs4 ,emma ,n4 ,delfino1 ,free ,library1 ,philadelphia4 ,mrs4 ,gertrude ,t4 ,rider1 ,library of ,congress1 ,washington4 ,julia ,a4 ,robinson1 ,secretary ,iowa ,library ,commission1 ,des ,moines4 ,miriam ,e4 ,carey1 ,supervisor of ,institution ,libraries of ,board of ,control1 ,st4 ,paul4 ,program ,e4 ,h4 ,anderson1 ,public ,library1 ,new ,york4 ,h4 ,c4 ,wellman1 ,city ,library1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,george ,b4 ,utley1 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,executive ,office1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,council ,meeting of ,june #bdth ,the meeting was called to order by ,president ,legler with #de members present4 ,the ,chair announced the death since the last meeting of the ,council of ,dr4 ,john ,shaw ,billings and ,mr4 ,charles ,carroll ,soule1 and by unanimous vote of the ,council the ,chair appointed ,dr4 ,herbert ,putnam1 ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker and ,h4 ,c4 ,wellman a committee to draft resolutions to be presented to the ,association at large4 ,dr4 ,bostwick as chairman presented the following3 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,relations ,,between ,,the ,,library ,,and ,,the ,,municipality ,in presenting this final report1 your ,committee finds it necessary to consider and to give expression to two points of view1 both of which are represented in its membership and neither of which can be neglected--one that believes that1 owing to diversity of local conditions and of constitutional and other requirements in different parts of the ,union1 it is impossible to frame definitely a model library law or a model library section of a city charter1 and the other1 that without some such expression as can be given only in the form of a definite body of law of this kind1 the recommendations of the ,committee will necessarily be vague and will largely fail of effect4 ,your committee has therefore thought it best in the first place to make a statement of the things that a library law or charter section should1 in its opinion1 aim to do1 giving reasons where necessary2 and in the second place to present a definite example of the way in which these things may be done1 accompanied by a warning that before adopting it as a model in any specific instance1 it should be carefully studied by some competent person and modified to suit the necessities of the case4 ,your committee realizes also that every state library law should contain provisions1 such as those regulating the ,state ,library and ,library ,commission1 which do not fall within the duties assigned to this committee and hence are not touched upon in this report4 ,and first1 regarding the aims of a library law3 7a7 ,we reiterate our statement of last year that the library is an educational institution and that education is a matter of state rather than of local concern4 ,if a state already has a good library law which has worked and is working well and satisfactorily to all concerned1 local libraries should be left in operation under the provisions of the law1 precisely as the schools should be and generally are left1 no matter what changes in the form of municipal government are contemplated or have been carried into effect4 ,if the state law is not entirely satisfactory1 it is better to amend it than to try to better matters through the local charter4 ,the charter may well contain1 to avoid the possibility of conflict1 some such special disclaimer as the following3 ,nothing in this charter shall be so construed as to interfere with the operation of the public library under the library laws of the state4 ,if the library law contains provisions seemingly in conflict with new charter provisions1 some additional definition may be necessary4 7b7 ,possibly we are not yet ready for compulsory library establishment throughout a state1 but at all events it should be made simple and easy for any public taxing or governing body to establish a free public library and to tax itself for the support of that library1 accepting gifts where necessary and obligating itself to fulfill the conditions under which these gifts are made4 ,this would include municipalities1 counties1 townships1 school districts1 boards of education1 etc4 ,the library should be assured of reasonable and sufficient financial support1 either through the operation of a special-tax provision or by the requirement of a minimum appropriation by the authorities4 ,in no case should the existence or value of the library be placed in jeopardy by making possible a capricious withdrawal or lessening of support by the local authorities4 7c7 ,the library should be administered by an independent board of trustees1 not by a single commissioner1 and1 in particular1 not by a commissioner who has other matters on his hands4 ,in case such grouping appears necessary1 the library should be placed with other educational agencies and in no case treated as a group of buildings or a mere agency of recreation4 ,the board should be a body corporate1 distinct from other municipal organizations and departments1 with powers of succession1 power to sue and be sued1 to acquire and hold property1 etc4 ,the terms of its members should not expire all at once1 so that reasonable continuity in policy will be insured4 ,it should have power to take over and manage other city libraries1 school libraries and1 by contract1 libraries in other municipalities or communities4 7d7 ,the funds of the library1 including those derived from taxation1 bequest1 gift1 and library fines and desk receipts1 should be at the board's free disposal for library purposes1 including the purchase of land and the erection of buildings4 ,they should be received and held by the municipal authorities1 and disbursed on voucher1 with the same safeguards and under the same auspices as those required for other public funds4 7e7 ,the library should be operated on the merit system1 in the same way that the schools are so operated--not by placing the selection and promotion of library employees in the hands of the same board that selects clerks and mechanics for the city departments1 but by requiring that the library board establish and carry out an efficient system of service satisfactory to the proper authorities4 ,the board should have entire control of its own working force and should initiate its own policies1 including selection of sites and planning of buildings1 its librarian being regarded both as its executive officer and as its expert adviser1 to whom the choice of methods and the management of details are naturally left4 ,he should be present at meetings of the board and may serve as its secretary4 ,we regard as satisfactory any body of law that will accomplish the results aimed at in the following sections1 which your committee does not regard as couched in legal phraseology4 ,before being used in any state its provisions should be worded by a competent person experienced in drafting bills for the legislature of that state4 ,section #a ,any taxing body shall have authority to levy a tax1 not less than ---- mills on the dollar1 for the support of a free public library within its jurisdiction1 and such tax shall be levied if so ordered by a majority vote of all voters at a general election1 on petition signed by ---- voters4 ,any governing or taxing body shall have power to provide1 by annual appropriation1 for the support of a free public library1 whether or not a tax is levied as above provided1 or to enter into a contract for library service with another governing or taxing body or with a private corporation already maintaining such a library4 ,section #b ,any library supported as specified in ,section #a shall be governed by a board of not less than five or more than nine trustees 7appointed as the legislature may provide71 which board shall have the powers of a public corporation and shall perform all acts necessary and convenient for the maintenance and operation of the library4 ,the board may receive gifts and bequests1 acquire and transfer property1 real and personal1 sue and be sued4 ,it shall manage all libraries owned by the city and may contract with other public bodies within and without the city1 to render library service1 adding to its number1 if mutually so agreed1 one or more representatives of such public body4 ,the terms of the members shall not expire coincidently4 ,any member may be removed by the appointing or elective power for stated cause4 ,section #c ,all moneys collected for the use of the library1 whether by taxation or otherwise1 shall be in custody of the city treasurer and shall be paid out by him on vouchers duly attested by the board and audited by the proper city authority4 ,section #d ,all employees of the library shall be appointed and promoted for merit only1 and the board shall adopt such measures as will in its judgment conduce to this end4 ,section #e ,if a gift is offered to the library on conditions involving the performance of certain acts annually1 the municipality may obligate itself to perform such acts1 by ordinance which shall not be repealed4 ,section #f ,the ,board shall submit an annual report of its work in detail1 with its receipts and expenditures1 to the tax-levying body4 ,upon motion by ,mr4 ,wellman it was voted that the above report be printed as a tentative report in the ,bulletin4 ,upon motion of ,dr4 ,bostwick it was unanimously voted that the session of the ,council on ,thursday evening1 ,june #bfth1 at which the topic1 ,the ,quality of ,fiction is to be discussed1 be thrown open to the members of the ,association at large4 ,the ,chairman called attention to the vote of the ,council which was passed at the ,asheville meeting in #aijg1 providing that privilege be given to members of the ,council to reserve hotel rooms at the annual conferences in advance of the membership at large and stated that a number of members of the ,association considered this action as undemocratic and as undesirable for the ,council to continue4 ,upon the motion of ,mr4 ,thomson it was unanimously voted that this ruling be rescinded4 ,the following persons were appointed by the ,chair as a ,committee on nominations to nominate five members for the ,council to be elected by the ,council for a term of five years each3 ,h4 ,g4 ,wadlin1 ,josephine ,a4 ,rathbone1 ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon1 ,edith ,tobitt1 ,w4 ,o4 ,carson4 ,mr4 ,ranck presented a report of progress in behalf of the ,committee on ventilation and lighting of library buildings and recommended that the ,committee be continued1 which recommendation1 upon motion of ,dr4 ,putnam1 was adopted4 ,the report here follows3 ,report of ,committee on ,ventilation and ,lighting ,june1 #aiac4 ,to the ,council of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a43 ,your special committee on ventilation and lighting can submit at this time only another report of progress4 ,after the meeting at ,ottawa the matter of having laboratory and other tests made in connection with the technical and scientific problems was taken up with certain industrial organizations with a view to the possibility of having them1 in the interest of scientific knowledge1 make the necessary tests for us1 at no expense to the ,association4 ,objection developed against this line of procedure1 inasmuch as it was feared that less confidence could be placed in such tests when the organization making them 7or if the persons making them were in the service of such an organization7 had a commercial interest in the results of the tests4 ,accordingly the effort was made to have the tests made by the ,carnegie ,institution of ,washington1 and also by the ,russell ,sage ,foundation1 both of which efforts failed4 ,the matter was then taken up with the ,department of ,commerce1 and we are hopeful that we may be successful in getting the national government to make these tests for us through the ,bureau of ,standards4 ,in the meantime the committee is continuing its investigations and experiments so far as the limited resources at its command will permit4 ,in this further study the committee is strengthened in its belief reported a year ago to the effect that most of the ventilating apparatus now in use will have to be discarded as junk and that the whole art and practice of artificial ventilation will have to be entirely remodeled on a correct physiological basis1 inasmuch as the present basis appears to be entirely incorrect4 ,we therefore recommend that the committee be continued for another year4 ,if deemed advisable the committee could prepare a preliminary report of its findings for publication in the ,bulletin of the ,association4 ,such a report might be of immediate service to librarians4 ,as an indication of the committee's difficulties in this matter we may cite the experience of ,prof4 ,brooks of the ,university of ,illinois who1 after years of study and experience in illumination1 feels less willing today to prescribe a lighting scheme than a few years ago4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,samuel ,h4 ,,ranck1 ,c4 ,w4 ,,andrews1 ,w4 ,h4 ,,brett1 ,e4 ,h4 ,,anderson1 ,,ernest ,d4 ,,burton1 ,committee4 ,mr4 ,ranck made an informal statement regarding the irregular and unsatisfactory fire insurance rates which he had found many libraries of the ,united ,states were securing and recommended that this subject be investigated by the ,council4 ,it was voted upon motion by ,mr4 ,thomson that a committee of three be appointed by the chair to investigate the subject of fire insurance for libraries4 ,the chair appointed as this committee ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon1 ,chalmers ,hadley and ,s4 ,h4 ,ranck4 ,there being no further business the ,council adjourned4 ,meeting of ,june #bfth ,this session of the ,council was conducted as an open meeting and was attended by many of the members of the ,association at large4 ,the president presided4 ,the nominating committee presented the names of ,willis ,h4 ,kerr1 ,mary ,w4 ,plummer1 ,mary ,e4 ,robbins1 ,john ,thomson and ,samuel ,h4 ,ranck for members of the ,council for a term of five years each4 ,upon motion by ,dr4 ,bostwick it was voted that the secretary cast a ballot for the election of these members1 which was accordingly done4 ,the remainder of the session was devoted to a discussion of ,the ,quality of fiction1 discussion being led by ,dr4 ,horace ,g4 ,wadlin and ,dr4 ,arthur ,e4 ,bostwick4 ,dr4 ,wadlin spoke as follows3 ,the ,quality of ,fiction--,i4 ,the question set for our discussion is not new4 ,it seems to be always with us4 ,by itself1 ,i do not think it of much importance4 ,it only becomes so as related to the much larger question of the general purpose of the public library--what it is supposed to stand for in the community4 ,all details of library policy revert to that1 and the fiction question is1 after all1 a detail4 ,the quality of fiction--if ,i may paraphrase the words of a celebrated writer of it whose works still compete with the latest best seller-- ,the quality of fiction is not strained4 ,it droppeth like the gentle rain from ,heaven4 ,it is1 perhaps1 thrice blessed2 ,it blesseth him that writes1 and him that prints and sometimes him that reads4 ',tis mightiest in the mighty and-- ,but ,i refrain from going farther4 ,beyond that point we reach debatable ground and ,i shall add nothing to the sum of human knowledge in that direction4 ,when your ,president asked me to open this discussion1 he was kind enough to imply that the time had arrived when representatives of the larger libraries1 at least1 might speak with conviction on this question4 ,and ,i suppose ,i was selected for the reason that the library for which ,i am responsible has1 through circumstances not entirely within its control1 acquired a reputation for ultra-conservatism in respect to purchases of fiction2 a reputation for which it is entitled to little praise1 if the result be thought meritorious and for which it should not be blamed if the results are condemned4 ,for it is well1 always1 to choose the good rather than evil in any line of action2 to choose it1 that is1 because you love it4 ,but1 if you don't love it1 it is fortunate that in the general plan of nature the good so surrounds us and hems us in1 to say nothing of the consequences which follow the choice of evil1 that1 in any case1 we can scarcely escape the choice of good4 ,with us in ,boston1 and ,i take it the conditions are not dissimilar elsewhere1 the practical considerations of providing shelf-room for new accessions1 of keeping the catalog within reasonable limits1 the adequate provision for new books in other departments of literature1 the constant increase in our fixed charges due to the expansion of our work--these enforce the restriction of purchases of fiction within limits that may be deemed conservative1 whether we particularly favor conservatism or not4 ,therefore ,i speak with no pride of opinion based upon the policy of my own library1 nor in criticism of the policy of others1 nor with any hope of establishing a hard and fast rule4 ,criticism is frequently caustic and bitter4 ,i would fain be persuasive and kindly4 ,it is indeed my conviction that no invariable rule is possible on this matter or on other points of library policy4 ,certain principles hold1 but the application of them must vary in different libraries1 and must proceed in harmony with local environment4 ,any other course would result in a system1 hard and mechanical1 where it ought to be flexible1 sympathetic and humane4 ,it is said that in some places it is necessary to placate public opinion by liberal purchases of light and harmless trifles1 bright and snappy stories1 big heart-gripping tales of the moment in order that the fountain whereon the library depends for its continued life may not run dry4 ,if that be so1 who am ,i that ,i should sit in the seat of the scornful1 or pronounce judgment on my neighbor8 ,any librarian whose hand is thus forced has trouble enough without my adding to it with wild and whirling words4 ,after all1 such action is not without precedent--nay1 we may go farther and say not without justification4 ,old ,isaac ,walton was not the first who angled successfully with a concealed hook1 and he has his disciples in other than green pastures or beside still waters4 ,but1 speaking seriously1 such bids for the popular approval that may result in enlarged appropriations have nothing to do with the quality of fiction1 and carry no lesson for those in more fortunate circumstances1 who are able to exercise a sane and untrammelled judgment4 ,let us admit freely1 that fiction as a branch of literature1 is today important1 not merely as a means of relaxation and amusement but of inspiration and instruction4 ,whether or not that admission implies that a public library ought to provide an undue quantity of it is a question of logic1 and to be logical when sentiment will more effectively carry your point is today fatal in the discussion of more weighty matters than the one we are now considering4 ,there is1 indeed1 a form of printed matter even more frequently used than the novel for relaxation and amusement4 ,i allude to that required in the great game of ,auction ,bridge1 and one may gain instruction1 perhaps inspiration from that1 but public libraries so far ignore it4 ,although it has been suggested that a moving-picture annex1 freely used by some millions to the same ends1 might be profitably taken on1 and unquestionably the suggestion has much to recommend it4 ,at all events1 that time may not be wasted in profitless controversy1 ,i grant1 at the outset1 all that the most ardent advocates of fiction claim in its behalf4 ,and since it is asserted that many persons will read nothing but fiction1 and that such reading is especially adapted to put new life into the tired shop-girl1 to illuminate the social gloom that shrouds the proletariat1 by taking him into worlds as unlike his real world as it is possible to make them1 and to put a little more vitality into the merchant overwrought by too strenuous pursuit of the elusive dollar1 why question its importance as at once a tonic and a sedative1 a general promoter of bright days and peaceful dreams8 ,of course1 though many think otherwise1 it is not undeniably the business of a public library to act as a pharmaceutical dispensatory and to make persons read who might much better get a required physical stimulus in some other way4 ,mr4 ,dana some months ago put the reading of the classics into the limbo of out-worn tradition--put them perpetually on the blink1 if ,i may use language similar to that employed in fiction by ,sewall ,ford's popular hero--and ,miss ,corinne ,bacon1 in a brilliant paper which1 if you have not read it1 ,i commend to your attention1 keenly reminds ,mr4 ,dana that it is not really necessary for any of us to read at all4 ,if1 however1 we dispute the unqualified benefits of fiction reading1 it is the works of the masters which are used to overwhelm us--the recognized standard novels1 quite modern some of them1 for the production of good fiction did not stop with the death of ,scott or ,thackeray or ,dickens--as if anybody questioned their influence or their power6 ,if ,i wished1 on the other hand1 to assume the rle of ,mrs4 ,partington1 and seek to beat back the on-rushing tide of printed matter1 all of which claims to be imaginative and romantic1 ,i should need no better broom with which to attempt that forlorn and hopeless task than one made from the strands which ,mr4 ,booth ,tarkington1 and others actively engaged in the production of fiction1 supplied in the letters read from this platform ,monday evening4 ,there is a trinity of things1 frequently asserted1 which ,i do not believe1 that is1 ,i do not believe them in my present state of mental development1 though ,i trust ,i am still open to conviction4 ,first1 ,i do not believe that everybody is entitled to receive at our hands the books they want1 when they want them6 ,i hear it put this way3 ,the ,state or the municipality ought to provide any citizen who wants a book with the book he wants when he wants it4--,a moment's candid examination will1 ,i think1 show that this is impossible1 and it being impossible1 we need not spend time in disputing the theory4 ,second1 ,i do not believe that we should buy the book of the day1 and all the books of the day1 irrespective of merit2 or1 as a critical journal once put it1 ,buy the books the world is talking about--merit or demerit cast entirely aside4 ,the talk of the people1 about the books of the day is1 #ii per cent of it1 if we may apply a quantitive measure to that which is immeasurable1 pure gossip1 fostered by more or less interested1 or paid notices in the newspapers1 and the reading of books which for the moment are made the subjects of such gossip is of about as much real value to the average man or woman as was ,mrs4 ,a's inquiry after the health of ,mrs4 ,b's old man4 ,not that she cared anything about his health but the inquiry helped conversation4 ,and when the book of the day rises above the plane of mere gossip its interest or value is frequently momentary4 ,two years ago1 the cheerful idlers on summer hotel verandas were lightening the burden of persistent application to what1 for want of a better term1 is called fancy work by reading ,the rosary4 ,last year1 their affections were centered on ,the harvester4 ,this year--well1 ,i refrain from advertising what is likely to be found there4 ,but surely most public libraries in these days of expanding opportunity1 find it difficult enough to supply things which have higher civic promise in them1 even in fiction1 without stocking up extensively with that which is as evanescent as the foam on the wave4 ,third1 ,i do not believe--as some do--that the indiscriminate reading of fiction1 even poor fiction1 leads finally to the selection of better books4 ,once ,i thought so1 and ,i know that my distinguished predecessor1 ,dr4 ,winsor1 held that opinion4 ,but1 after some thirty years' intimate knowledge of a library 7outside of ,boston71 not too large to permit the study of the peculiarities of individual readers1 this seems to me delusive4 ,if ,i wanted to promote good reading1 ,i would not treat it as a pill to be sugar-coated4 ,good wine needs no bush4 ,passing from the triad of things ,i do not believe ,i make one positive affirmation4 ,every public library should establish a standard4 ,as a matter of fact1 this is done now4 ,for example1 the works of ,mr4 ,charles ,garvice are seldom found on our catalogs nor those of ,rev4 ,silas ,k4 ,hocking4 ,these two among the most popular ,english novelists of our day1 may be found on the shelves of the circulating libraries1 and with several others almost equally well-known1 appear among the miscellaneous attractions of the railway news counters2 but not with us4 ,why8 ,they are clean1 highly moral1 in the accepted use of that word1 and not without a certain literary merit4 ,the answer to my query implies selection1 in accordance with a standard4 ,i said some years ago on this subject1 and have seen no reason to change my opinion1 that while there are those who resent what they call censorship on the part of public libraries1 nevertheless1 simply because we are public institutions1 we have responsibilities to the public1 toward children1 at least1 and toward those of unformed literary taste4 ,personally1 ,i am not much afraid of the baleful effect of certain books usually condemned by moralists4 ,not every one who reads ,the pirate's own book will take to piracy on the high seas2 and a quiet elderly lady of my acquaintance who reads rather more erotic ,french fiction than some would approve1 still preserves1 so far as ,i can see1 modesty of demeanor1 and1 unless skilfully dissembled1 an exemplary private life4 ,i was myself1 in my young days a persistent reader of ,beadle's dime novels1 which were of size to be readily concealed between ,euclid and ,andrews and ,stoddard's ,latin ,grammar1 well out of view of the censor4 ,oliver ,optic was permitted to corrupt my young mind1 and since ,i had an eclectic taste1 ,i absorbed liberal doses of ,sylvanus ,cobb1 ,jr41 ,emerson ,bennett1 and ,mrs4 ,southworth1 writers almost unknown to the present generation4 ,so far1 ,i have escaped the penitentiary and the home for feebleminded4 ,but that does not justify the exposure of ,burton's ,arabian nights on open shelves1 for which lapse of judgment we were once criticised by a reputable ,boston paper1 or prove that since life is short and art is long and one can not read everything1 and some books are1 from any point of view1 better than others1 judicious selection may not prevent lamentable waste of time4 ,before selection is attempted1 the amount available for expenditure should be fixed1 and this should be determined by the income of the library and the proper relation which1 within that income1 purchases of fiction should bear to other necessary expenses4 ,the percentage will vary1 ,i should suppose1 with different libraries4 ,speaking for my own1 it has by experience been determined at from #bj to #be per cent of all expenditures for books4 ,in a recent lean year1 it dropped as low as #ab per cent1 but in the last four years has ranged from #bc in #aiab to #be in #aiji4 ,i include expenditures for replacements as well as for new fiction4 ,all theory apart1 no more could have been spent without impairing the up-keep of other departments4 ,as ,i have intimated1 we are always confronted1 to use ,mr4 ,cleveland's phrase1 by conditions rather than theories4 ,i need not enlarge upon the character of those other departments4 ,they are not for the use of the dilettante or the connoisseur4 ,contrary to an opinion that seems to prevail in certain quarters1 we do not buy extensively1 as one critical commentator put it1 either musty parchments or rare first editions in which not one person in #ej has the slightest interest or concern4 ,no4 ,these departments provide for the scholarly use of a library which is at the center of a group of educational institutions accommodating probably #aj1jjj students4 ,it is unthinkable to suppose that this work of education1 of so much importance to our city1 could go on without the aid derived from the library4 ,and ,i need only mention the various special collections which have grown up from the beginning1 which are drawn upon each year by students who come to us from abroad1 and from which1 on the interlibrary loan plan1 we lend annually to other libraries in the proportion of #a1bjj to the #ej which we receive from them in return4 ,these phases of our work must be taken into account1 just as similar considerations must be influential in any library1 if a proper balance is to be kept of expenditures for fiction4 ,and bear in mind that every dollar spent for fiction beyond the proper limit as set by a candid consideration of conditions and resources1 no matter how insistent the demand--and it is well known that the demand may be so insistent as to require1 without satisfying it1 all the money at your command--every dollar beyond this limit is a dollar drawn from students1 from readers in courses1 from work with the immigrant1 if you have that problem1 from work with children1 from the artisan or mechanic who comes to you for the books that will add to his industrial efficiency1 from your business men's branch1 if one exists4 ,the library cannot be made a mere depository for fiction4 ,this should go without saying4 ,it does not propose to include all good fiction in its purchases4 ,the sum set apart can not all be used for new fiction1 but must cover replacements4 ,the library must also buy fiction in other languages than ,english4 ,as to the work of selection1 ,i pass in rapid review our own methods1 concerning which much nonsense has been written4 ,we examine with care substantially every book in ,english that comes from the press1 which any public library is likely to buy4 ,last year1 which is perhaps typical1 #hij different books in fiction were considered1 including fiction for young readers4 ,and every book was not merely examined by title1 but was read and commented upon in our interest by at least #c persons on the average4 ,of course1 no such thorough examination could be made by the library staff alone1 and we have the services of a volunteer committee of readers not officially connected with the library4 ,the committee does not supersede the critical opinion of the librarian or his selected staff officers4 ,it does not even control4 ,it merely aids by an analysis of the books and by such opinions1 expressed on blank forms provided for the purpose1 as show an outline of plot and treatment1 and merits or defects as they appear1 not to trained literary critics1 but to average readers of some cultivation in different walks of life or on different social planes4 ,this committee was one of the excellent inventions of my predecessor1 ,dr4 ,putnam1 and1 shortly after its establishment1 it received wide attention from the press1 for the most part based on complete misconception of its purpose and character4 ,this resulted in creating an impression as different as possible from the actual1 but which still persists1 as the mother-in-law joke persists1 or the young lady who plays the piano in the parlor while mother washes in the kitchen1 or the stage ,irishman and ,yankee--stock material of the pseudo-humorists4 ,the genial ,librarian of the ,boston ,transcript1 who on ,saturday is to tell you how to discourage reading1 still has periodic visions of the ,censors of the ,boston public library1 just as more timid souls have created bogies out of ,col4 ,roosevelt or other historic characters4 ,but the committee has no power to censor anything1 and the ,boston public library has no black list nor has it in my time ever had to become a censor4 ,it has to choose1 and so far as possible within the exercise of fallible human judgment to choose wisely4 ,it finds itself unable to buy some hundreds of as good books1 perhaps better books1 than it buys1 but it censors nothing1 being fortunately relieved of a duty from which ,i would myself not shrink in exigency1 by the limitations surrounding its choice4 ,it is one of the curiosities of journalism1 this rise of the legend of the ,boston fiction committee4 ,it started from a half jocose article wholly inconsequential1 one would have thought1 in a western paper from the pen of a little-known ,boston space writer4 ,numerous excellent books not purchased were said to have been tabooed1 and the list went over the country like wild fire4 ,none of them had been tabooed1 unless inability to buy is a taboo4 ,big head lines with ,swinburnian fervor spoke of the books banned in ,boston4 ,from the little daily papers1 the matter spread to the big ones4 ,the ,times ,saturday ,review pointed out1 after scanning some of the titles1 that in some ,new ,england minds exquisite pleasure was akin to wickedness1 because of the supposed censorship of books not bought4 ,the committee was irreverently alluded to as the body of spinster censors who since they were themselves virtuous had determined there should be no more cakes and ale4 ,a critical literary journal feared that the committee desired to form ,boston's literary taste on too precious a model1 and that since the majority of the readers were women1 the sense of power may have led them into arbitrary decisions4 ,a ,new ,york paper1 not unwilling to have a shy at ,boston1 said3 ,the committee takes an attitude untenable1 ,pharasaic1 and what the enemies of ,boston call ,bostonese4 ,harper's ,weekly1 a journal of civilization1 expressed curiosity about the committee3 ,that the majority of them are young1 we know1 because they are not married4 ,but are they red1 white1 or blue stockings8 ,do they approve of straight fronts8 ,do hoops still gallop in the ,east wind8 ,drastic comments were received and appeared in print from other librarians4 ,mr4 ,legler's predecessor1 entirely in good faith1 fell with the rest4 ,he said he had been told that in ,boston they sent new novels to club women and received their opinions on slips of paper4 ,he imagined that a good dinner would have something to do with such reports4 ,the ,st4 ,louis ,globe ,democrat had a word of commendation1 although equally misled as to the grounds of praise4 ,it said3 ,the literary lines are drawn as sharply and perhaps as arbitrarily as the social ones4 ,yet this ,new ,england trait of severe selection is a blessing to the country1 and has leavened its crudeness from ocean to ocean4 ,puritanism has been more or less a critic of the rest of us1 but the criticism has done good4 99 99 99 ,there is doubtless good reason for the rejections made4 ,but the ,new ,york ,sun which still shines for all1 said3 ,the city was so terribly agitated over the wicked censorship of fiction at the library that the reading committee is doomed to become an extinct institution4 ,all of this is ancient history1 and ,i only recall it as showing1 in little1 the growth of a popular myth4 ,the committee as an institution still lives4 ,it has always been representative4 ,as the ,bookman once said of its lists of best sellers1 so1 in dealing with the reports1 we are not under the impression that we are pointing solemnly to stupendous critical opinions4 ,we do not even claim that every individual report is actually accurate and unbiased4 ,but we do believe that collected and weighed1 they are unbiased and accurate in the bulk4 ,the committee in its membership is subject to frequent changes4 ,it is1 as ,i have said1 free from library influence4 ,its members are appointed by the committee itself and we neither approve nor cancel appointments4 ,at present there are #bg members1 men and women1 married and unmarried1 7#aj unmarried ladies comprise the spinster element71 ,protestants and ,catholics1 ,french1 ,german1 ,spanish1 as well as those to whom ,english is the mother tongue4 ,they are all fairly intelligent1 not illiterate of course1 but not offensively scholarly4 ,they include artists and teachers1 several literary persons1 at least two authors of repute1 a business man or two1 two physicians1 and so on4 ,this analysis shows the representative character of the committee2 that it is made up with breadth of selection4 ,its verdict is not conclusive1 and aims to reflect only the opinion which readers of intelligence would form after careful reading4 ,other factors are always taken into account in determining whether or not a book shall be bought4 ,necessarily1 many current novels approved by the committee are not bought4 ,frequently novels are bought which the committee did not approve4 ,but the experience of several years has shown that nearly all which for various reasons we have found it impossible to buy have failed to demonstrate their right to live for even a few brief months4 ,the demand for some of them was insistent for a short time4 ,now1 their very names are forgotten4 ,if we had purchased a considerable number of them1 the money1 so far as present demand is concerned1 would have been wasted4 ,it may be fairly said1 however1 that we have bought meantime1 so far as our resources permitted1 a fair representation of the best fiction1 that which is likely to remain in constant request4 ,our supply of standard ,english fiction is large1 perhaps #ej1jjj volumes1 and is constantly replaced as the books wear out4 ,we are liberal in providing good fiction for the young4 ,were our funds enlarged1 we could undoubtedly use a larger number of copies1 especially in branch and deposit work1 but1 as ,i have made clear1 we cannot expend a larger amount of our money in this way without impairing the growth of the library in other important directions4 ,whether or not you approve the method that we find helpful1 some plan of selection must be adopted since choice is imperative4 ,of course1 it would be possible to buy two copies of #ejj different books1 or1 as at present1 perhaps #aj copies of #ajj books2 the expense would be the same in either case4 ,but in the first instance the chances of a borrower getting a copy of any book selected would be much reduced in comparison with his chance of getting one under the more limited range of titles4 ,of course1 also1 under the first plan1 the library would be free from the impression that many novels had been banned1 but the public advantage is greater under the present system4 ,i have already taken too long4 ,if you find anything in our plan helpful1 ,i shall be glad4 ,at any rate1 ,i hope ,i have done something to lay the ghost of unreasonable censorship which some of you may imagine hovers over the ,boston public library4 ,we have our faults in ,boston1 but not that4 ,let me take a moment in summing up4 ,every librarian must determine for himself how much money he ought to spend for fiction1 under his own local conditions1 within his own resources4 ,he should try to keep a proper proportion in this expenditure1 not as measured in ,boston or elsewhere but in that little corner of the earth where his own library is placed4 ,this is a personal matter1 not one of invariable mathematical relations4 ,having done that1 he should establish a standard and select with reference to it4 ,not my standard--it may not fit the case--but his own4 ,and this too1 like most library functions1 is a personal matter4 ,it will depend largely on what the librarian is trying to do with his library4 ,for a library should not be a dead thing4 ,it should have a vital relation to the particular community in which it is placed1 and fit it as the glove fits the hand4 ,through the books we circulate we are directly influencing the men and women we reach2 not for their personal benefit or enjoyment only1 or to satisfy only their individual tastes or desires2 but that they may become better fitted for their civic duties1 may become happier1 more intelligent1 more hopeful in their human relationships4 ,it is not the book that you give ,john ,smith for the benefit of ,john ,smith only1 that counts1 but the book that makes ,john ,smith of greater benefit to the community4 ,that sentence1 which ,i quote in spirit if not in exact words from our colleague1 ,dr4 ,richardson1 expresses the reason for being of the public library1 the only justification for the maintenance of such libraries by general taxation4 ,whatever books contribute to that end are the books that should be bought4 ,there is nothing in the book itself as it lies on the shelf4 ,it is neither moral nor immoral nor of any other intrinsic merit or demerit4 ,three weeks1 #ab copies of which a commercial circulating library in a small city near my home kept in constant circulation for a year1 is as good as another in that inert position4 ,but books in contact with the soul of humanity are no longer dead things4 ,they have something of that vital quality which gave them birth1 as ,milton long ago said4 ,it is sometimes as much our duty to restrain readers as to stimulate them1 and a large circulation per capita without regard to the character of the books circulated1 is as apt to be a sign of the inefficiency of a library1 as it is a thing to be emulated4 ,this is not a recital of platitudes nor does the subject call for beautiful phrases about the ideals of the librarian's profession4 ,on the contrary1 it concerns practical results in return for the taxpayers' money1 which comes hard enough at best4 ,it is no heart-breaking matter whether you buy and circulate #ej1 #fj or #gj per cent of fiction4 ,if you bring your percentage down from #gj to #ej1 that of itself may not mean improvement4 ,but it is heart-breaking if you fail to get the books best adapted to secure the results ,i assume you are trying to obtain and which you ought to obtain in your own community4 ,it may be that what ,mr4 ,dana once facetiously called the latest tale of broken hearthstones is just the thing to give a fillip to the dormant sensibilities of your patrons--to make them sit up and take notice lest cracked hearthstones become fashionable in your vicinity4 ,i do not know4 ,but this ,i know4 ,you should settle that point with your own conscience1 and when you have settled it1 go on1 and do not apologize4 ,in the long run your sins whether of omission or commission1 will find you out4 ,on the other hand1 believe me1 virtue in this field as in others1 will bring its own reward1 and the reward of virtue is about the only one any librarian can reasonably expect4 ,dr4 ,bostwick was called upon to continue the discussion and spoke as follows3 ,the ,quality of ,fiction--,,ii4 ,the two things that it is necessary to take into account in selecting literature are its form and its content4 ,the former largely determines the literary value of a composition2 the latter its practical usefulness4 ,poetry and prose are the two great basic forms into which all literature is divided4 ,narrative may be cast in either form and when that narrative is untrue we call it fiction4 ,in the usage of most of us the word is restricted to prose4 ,fiction1 therefore1 is not so much a matter of form as of content1 or rather of the quality of content4 ,of two books telling of the lives of the same kind of persons in the same way the mere fact that one is true and the other not would class one as biography and the other as fiction4 ,of what importance is the fact that of two bits of narrative1 one is true and the other is untrue8 ,that depends on the purpose for which the narrative is to be used4 ,if we desire an accurate and orderly statement of facts1 the true narrative is the only one of value4 ,on the other hand1 the facts1 not of the narrative but incidental to it1 may be true in the fiction and false in the biography4 ,from the standpoint of the seeker of recreation1 the fiction is generally1 although not always1 more interesting4 ,the writer has the advantage of being able to create the elements of his tale and control their grouping1 as well as regulate their form2 and in addition he knows that he must be interesting to secure readers4 ,unfortunately1 historians1 biographers and travellers have generally too high an opinion of their functions as purveyors of truth to stoop to make it interesting4 ,as regards literary value1 of course the mere truth or falsity of the narrative can have little to do with this2 yet ,i believe1 as a matter of fact1 that fictitious narrative has literary value oftener than true narrative2 for the reason offered above1 that writers of truth consider it beneath their dignity to garnish it1 like those fatuous dieticians who believe that so long as we take so much proteid and so much carbohydrate we need not worry over forms and flavors4 ,now ,i am supposed to be telling you about fiction and about the propriety or impropriety of including much of it in libraries1 but ,i think you see that ,i am sidling toward the statement that ,i think we need not consider fiction at all1 as fiction1 in this connection4 ,the reasons for rejecting fiction1 when they exist1 have nothing whatever to do with its being fiction1 and would apply to non-fiction as well4 ,if a biography purporting to relate the events in the life of ,oliver ,cromwell is full of errors1 that is a reason why it should not stand on your library shelves4 ,if a novel1 purporting to give a correct idea of life in ,chicago1 succeeds only in leaving the impression that the city is peopled with silly and immoral persons1 that is equally a reason for rejection4 ,if a history of the ,italian ,renaissance is filled with unsavory details1 these might exclude it1 just as they might exclude a novel whose scene was laid in the same period4 ,the story of a criminal's life1 if so written as to make wrong appear right1 might be rejected for this reason whether the criminal really existed or not4 ,a poor1 trashy book of travel should no more be placed on the shelves than a novel of the same grade4 ,and if our book funds are limited we can no more buy all the biography or travel or books on chemistry or philosophy than we can buy all the novels that fall from the press4 ,i do not deny1 of course1 that any or all the reasons for rejection that have been adduced might be overbalanced by others in favor of purchase1 and they might be so overbalanced in the case of fiction as well as in that of non-fiction4 ,in other words ,i should not buy a book because it is fiction1 or turn it down for the same reason1 any more than ,i would buy or fail to buy a book because it is biography or travel4 ,i say ,i should not do this any more in one case than in another2 ,i might want to do it occasionally in both4 ,but ,i believe that the more we forget the mere issue of fiction versus non-fiction and try instead to draw the line between useful books and harmful ones1 wise books and silly ones1 books that help and books that hinder1 books that exalt and those that depress1 books that excite high emotions and books that stir up low ones--the sooner we shall be good librarians4 ,following ,dr4 ,bostwick's remarks the subject was thrown open to discussion by members at large4 ,the chairman said that at his request some very interesting facts had been extracted from the annual published statements in ,publishers' ,weekly1 respecting so-called best books of the year4 ,these statements showed that many of the books which were leading books of particular years1 ten1 fifteen and eighteen years ago1 had absolutely disappeared from the list of books which are now in current favor4 ,some of these books were found to be unknown to those who are now engaged in book selection4 ,replying to the question as to the percentage of fiction of books bought by public libraries in ,canada1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,carson of ,london1 ,ont41 stated that in his library the percentage of fiction ran from twenty to twenty-five per cent and he thought that was a fair average for other ,canadian libraries4 ,mr4 ,carson said that the ,ontario government bases the government grant on the amount of money expended on books and they give no grant on fiction if it exceed more than forty-five per cent of the amount expended on other books1 so in the majority of the small libraries1 they do not expend more than thirty per cent on fiction for fear of losing a government grant on anything that exceeds that amount4 ,replacements are included in this percentage4 ,dr4 ,steiner said that a number of years ago ,mr4 ,ranck and he prepared a paper on replacements and their attention was called to the very large proportion of expenditure for replacements which had to be used for fiction and that this was particularly noticeable in a library of some age1 as in the case of the ,enoch ,pratt ,free library of ,baltimore4 ,the speaker thought it should be borne in mind in connection with the purchase1 whether the amount expended was mostly for current fiction1 mostly for replacements1 whether a new branch was being stocked or whether a library was being stocked which had not been sufficiently provided previously with standard works4 ,the exact proportion of fiction in any one year should be governed by these three factors1 if not by others4 ,dr4 ,steiner said that their library last year wore out in round numbers about #g1jjj books1 of which at a rough guess at least six-sevenths were fiction4 ,they replaced about #e1jjj books including most of the non-fiction books1 leaving from #a1ejj to #b1jjj volumes in fiction which were allowed to expire by limitation4 ,in every case where a book wears out1 the circulation department reports whether that book is regarded by them as being worthy of replacement and if the book be not a duplicate but is an original copy the recommendation is always brought to the librarian1 who occasionally overrules the decision of the circulation department in the case of original copies1 but so far as duplicates are concerned1 the opinion of the circulation department is absolutely accepted4 ,dr4 ,andrews said he had found it very useful in the work of selection to discriminate between those books the library does not intend to buy at present and those which it will not accept even as a gift1 and that in fiction it might be especially valuable to have some line of exclusion4 ,he asked whether the chairman or ,miss ,bascom could recall what is the proportion of comparison between the recommendation of the ,boston book committee as read by ,mr4 ,wadlin and that of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist4 ,miss ,bascom replied that as she recalled it for #aiab of about #a1jjj novels published about #adj were included in the ,booklist1 adding that she supposed that the greater number of the entire output were read4 ,the chairman said that from figures which he had caused to be compiled1 it was found that in this country and ,great ,britain something like #hj1jjj titles belonging to the classification of fiction had been printed since #ahhb in this country and #ahhj in ,great ,britain4 ,mr4 ,wadlin said that the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist contained titles of fiction which the ,boston public library had not bought simply because they could not1 having bought other things instead4 ,local conditions govern their book selection to a considerable extent4 ,the question being raised whether librarians experienced any considerable pressure brought to bear upon them to purchase certain books1 the opinion was expressed by ,mr4 ,ranck1 ,mr4 ,wadlin and others that this pressure was not nearly so great as one might think would be the case1 that those demanding the purchase of a certain book were reminded that the library had a limited income and that the question of selection always had to be very carefully considered and that books not purchased were not necessarily excluded for any other reason than lack of funds4 ,representatives of the library schools being asked to what extent the lectures given in library schools were intended to exert an influence either for or against the wide purchase of fiction1 ,miss ,hazeltine of the ,university of ,wisconsin library school1 said it was their effort to teach the students to buy the best books with the money at their disposal--those of the best literary value--and to buy many duplicates of the best fiction4 ,dr4 ,bostwick said that those libraries that have pay collections of duplicates ought to state whether their reports include the pay collections of duplicates or not and what relation this collection bears to the original copies4 ,in ,st4 ,louis it is the tendency to buy rather a small number of copies of each work of fiction for regular use and put these books as far as possible into duplicate collections4 ,the pay collection of duplicates in ,st4 ,louis varies very much4 ,in three of the branches it has not even been begun1 the librarians of these branches reporting that there is no demand for it4 ,in two branches it is very popular and in the central library fairly so4 ,dr4 ,hill thought it was not wise to give a smaller number of copies to the public for free use than to the department where pay is requested4 ,it seemed to him that the public should have just as many copies of a book as those who can afford to pay one or two cents a day4 ,in ,brooklyn they give the same number of copies to the free circulating department as to the duplicate pay department4 ,dr4 ,hill said the ,brooklyn public library last year spent for replacement1 juvenile and adult1 #ej1jjj out of the #hj1jjj which was spent for books1 or something like #fj per cent for fiction both new and replacements4 ,the chairman said he was much interested in a statement printed in ,collier's about two or three years ago in which was enumerated the result of the publishing activities of the father of the present publisher1 who started the line of inexpensive editions of ,dickens1 ,scott and others of a similar character4 ,it was noted in that summary that the firm had sold in this country seven million copies of the works of ,charles ,dickens and four or five million copies of ,scott's works1 not individual titles1 but the complete works of those authors4 ,this means of course that a surprisingly large number of the best novels by these writers must be in the homes of the people who use the public libraries and that these people use the libraries to supplement their own private collections4 ,consequently1 no particular conclusions can be drawn as to the actual character of the reading done by these people from the fact that books they get from the public libraries are mostly the quality of fiction which is put out at the present time4 ,mrs4 ,sneed said there was one rule for the selection of fiction which she generally gave to her library school class every year4 ,this was the rule of ,henry van ,dyke3 ,a book of fiction is really worthy to be bought if it has not given an untrue picture of life1 if it has not made vice attractive or separated an act from its consequences4 ,the speaker thought that if this rule was applied in reading one would not go so very far astray4 ,mr4 ,bishop said he had been greatly interested in the last five years in the selections made by the public itself4 ,the ,library of ,congress receives1 of course1 all the copyrighted fiction and places one copy at least of practically every book of permanent value upon its shelves4 ,after the temporary agitation of the immediate advertising is over the public itself goes back to lines that are surprisingly good in every way4 ,mr4 ,gould said that ,mr4 ,dutton1 the publisher of ,everyman's ,library1 recently told him that he had now sold over one and a half million copies of the books in ,everyman's ,library1 which was a good indication of the market found for standard works4 ,mr4 ,jast1 the ,english delegate1 being called upon by the chair1 contributed also to the general discussion1 after which the session adjourned4 ,meeting of ,june #bhth ,a meeting of the ,council was called to order by ,president ,anderson immediately after adjournment of the conference4 ,the following resolutions were received from the ,government ,documents ,round ,table and were read and adopted by unanimous vote4 ,the following resolutions were passed unanimously at the adjourned meeting of the ,documents ,round ,table1 ,friday1 #ab3ae p4 m41 when the ,special ,committee on ,resolutions1 consisting of ,miss ,e4 ,e4 ,clarke of ,syracuse ,university1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,carr of ,scranton1 and ,mr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,brigham of ,rhode ,island1 appointed at the regular meeting on ,thursday1 reported as follows3 ,,whereas1 ,the ,american ,library ,association desires to express the appreciation of its members respecting the efficient work that has been and is being done for libraries by the office of the ,superintendent of ,documents1 nevertheless it recognizes the many hampering features that still control the issue and distribution of public documents4 ,believing that these features can be materially lessened1 therefore ,,be ,,it ,,resolved1 ,that this ,association approve and urge the early enactment of ,senate ,bill #hbe entitled1 ,an ,act to amend1 revise1 and codify the laws relating to the public printing and binding and distribution of ,government ,publications1 now pending before the ,sixty-third ,congress2 strongly recommending1 however1 that the parenthetical exception now included in the first proviso of ,section #de of said bill be stricken out so that the annual reports of departments shall not be treated as ,congressional ,documents4 ,,be ,,it ,,also ,,resolved1 ,that this ,association repeat its former recommendation urging that the text of all public bills upon which committee reports are made1 shall be printed with the report thereon4 ,,geo4 ,s4 ,,godard1 ,chairman ,documents ,committee4 ,the following report was made to the ,council by ,dr4 ,andrews in behalf of the ,committee on affiliation with other than local1 state and provincial library associations4 ,your ,committee on affiliated societies respectfully report that they have proceeded in the way proposed and approved by the ,council at its meeting in ,january4 ,they regret that circumstances have prevented them from presenting a final report but they believe that substantial progress has been made4 ,in ,may the ,committee sent to the presidents of the four affiliated societies the following letter3 ,the ,council of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 has appointed a committee to formulate the relations which should exist between the ,association and affiliated associations other than state1 provincial1 etc41 in return for the privileges accorded them4 ,the committee understand that this action was taken largely because one or two of the societies had expressed a desire to contribute toward the expenses of the ,association4 ,this desire was duly appreciated by the council1 who felt that it would be well to take definite and formal action4 ,the committee propose that hereafter these privileges shall not be extended to other than affiliated societies without formal vote of the council1 except that the program committee will be authorized to do so for the first meeting of any newly-formed society4 ,they propose to recommend1 also1 that the present provision shall be continued1--namely1 that each affiliated society shall meet with the ,association at least once every three years4 ,they also expect to recommend that some contribution towards expenses be required1 but wish that the manner and the amount of the assessment be determined after consultation with the societies1 and have asked that ,i secure an expression of your opinion on these points4 ,they would consider the amount suggested by one of the societies1--namely #be4jj1 as a maximum4 ,the grounds for such a contribution are evident1 but it may be well to state them as follows3 #a4 ,participation in the special railway accommodations4 #b4 ,provision for rooms and meals at reduced rates4 #c4 ,provision of rooms and time for meetings4 #d4 ,participation in the activities of the meeting4 #e4 ,printing programs1 announcements in the ,bulletin1 and assignment of #ae pages in the ,proceedings4 ,the cost of preparing for and holding a convention is about #ejj4jj1 that of the ,bulletin and ,proceedings1 including editing and distributing1 about #a1ejj4jj4 ,provision of hotel rooms and travel facilities is not a matter of money1 but frequently involves disappointment to individual members who apply too late4 ,as stated already1 the committee have not agreed on any amount or method4 ,they have considered a flat amount of #ae4jj to #be4jj1 one dependent on the number of members in the society1 who are not members of the ,association1 and one dependent on the number of such members who attend4 ,personally1 ,i think the logical method would be a combination of the first and third1 and suggest that there be an initial amount of #aj4jj or #ae4jj and an additional charge of #ej cents or #be cents for each member attending who is not a member of the ,association4 ,of course1 this additional charge will not be asked for official delegates of libraries who are members4 ,kindly let me have an expression of your opinion on this subject at your earliest convenience and oblige4 ,yours truly1 7,signed7 ,c4 ,w4 ,,andrews4 ,they have just now received replies from all and formal action has been taken by two4 ,all1 though perhaps with varying degrees of cordiality and readiness1 recognize the justice of the proposed arrangement4 ,there is quite naturally some variance in their suggestions as to the proper amount of the contribution to be made and the method by which it is to be computed4 ,the committee desire to consider carefully these suggestions and to reconcile their variations as nearly as possible4 ,they would like to discuss them in a personal meeting of the whole committee1 as well as by correspondence1 and hope that the winter meeting of the council will afford them an opportunity to do so1 and to formulate a by-law for the consideration of council4 ,they therefore submit the foregoing as a report of progress4 ,for the ,committee1 ,c4 ,w4 ,,andrews4 ,it was voted that this report be received as a report of progress and further consideration be referred to the mid-winter meeting in ,january1 #aiad4 ,adjourned4 ,,agricultural ,,libraries ,,section 7,round ,table1 ,june #bg1 #aiac1 #b3cj p4 m47 ,mr4 ,charles ,r4 ,green1 librarian of the ,massachusetts ,agricultural ,college1 was acting chairman of the meeting1 which was an informal one without a regular program4 ,miss ,emma ,b4 ,hawks1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture library1 acted as secretary4 ,the subjects for discussion were 7#a7 ,catalog cards for agricultural experiment station publications and 7#b7 ,the indexing of agricultural periodicals4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hastings first spoke briefly in regard to the printing of cards by the ,library of ,congress for the publications of the state agricultural experiment stations4 ,cards have already been issued for the ,illinois and ,indiana station bulletins1 the copy being supplied by the university libraries4 ,before going on with the work for the other stations1 he thought it desirable to consult with the ,office of ,experiment ,stations in regard to a plan of co-operation by which the same card might be used both for the ,library of ,congress cards and for the ,card index to experiment station literature issued by the office4 ,it would be much more economical to have only the one card printed1 if possible4 ,miss ,e4 ,b4 ,hawks expressed doubt as to whether such an arrangement could be made1 inasmuch as the form and purpose of the ,office of ,experiment ,stations card index differ so widely from those of a dictionary catalog4 ,mr4 ,hastings thought that it would do no harm to make the attempt and said that he would consult with the librarian of the ,department of ,agriculture and the director of the ,office of ,experiment ,stations in regard to it4 ,if such an arrangement can not be made he thought the ,library of ,congress would be willing to print separate cards1 having the copy supplied by the station or college libraries1 if they are willing and able to do the cataloging4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson then spoke in regard to the publication of an index to agricultural periodicals4 ,he stated that he has had a good many demands for such an index and has delayed adding any agricultural titles to the ,industrial ,arts ,index1 because it may be better to have a separate one4 ,those who have written to him about it have almost always expressed a preference for a separate index4 ,miss ,hawks asked whether some titles might not be included in the ,industrial ,arts ,index now1 and then removed if a separate agricultural one were begun4 ,mr4 ,wilson replied that there was some likelihood of the ,agricultural ,index being begun next year1 in which case it would hardly pay to do anything with the agricultural literature before this4 ,there was some discussion as to the scope of the index4 ,mr4 ,wilson said they would wish to include only journals of national standing4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,green thought that there were not more than about six of these4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,severance thought there would be many more than this1 including papers devoted to special phases1 as poultry1 bee keeping and stock raising4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews doubted whether the farm papers were worth indexing4 ,he thought that the matter was rarely original1 but that the articles of value are worked up from ,station and ,department of ,agriculture publications4 ,mr4 ,wilson said he had had more demands for an ,agricultural ,index lately than for an index of any other subject4 ,inquiry was made as to how many subscriptions would be needed to justify the starting of a separate index4 ,mr4 ,wilson could not say definitely4 ,there might be two plans--one1 the division of subscriptions among subscribers4 ,the basis for the ,industrial ,arts ,index was #bj cents a title--#dj cents for a weekly4 ,the other plan is a sliding scale of charges by which a library having a great many of the periodicals indexed pays a higher price1 thus enabling the smaller ones to pay something but not a higher price than they can afford for the service rendered4 ,mr4 ,wilson stated that he was willing to go to the expense of a referendum to find out the wishes of libraries on this subject1 with a view either to the starting of a separate index or the incorporation of some agricultural journals in the ,industrial ,arts ,index4 ,if the idea of a separate index is abandoned1 he would almost certainly add some titles to the ,industrial ,arts ,index4 ,mr4 ,green thought that he might count on active support of the ,department of ,agriculture library and all the agricultural experiment stations4 ,he was not sure what further support there would be4 ,mr4 ,wilson thought the demand would probably be an increasing one4 ,meeting adjourned4 ,,catalog ,,section ,,first ,,session ,the first session of the ,catalog ,section was held ,wednesday afternoon1 ,june #beth1 the chairman1 ,miss ,harriet ,b4 ,gooch1 of the ,pratt ,institute school of library science1 presiding4 ,as the minutes of the last meeting had been published1 their reading was omitted4 ,the report of the committee on the cost and method of cataloging was called for1 in response to which ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,s4 ,josephson1 ,chairman of the committee1 stated the present report was but a preliminary one1 to be followed by a final report next year4 ,the ,catalog ,section took no action on the report since the committee was appointed by the ,executive ,board of the ,association1 not by the section4#c #c ,the report and questionnaire is printed in connection with the minutes of the ,executive ,board4 ,miss ,gooch then stated that the discussion for the afternoon was the administration of the catalog department considered first in its relation to the other departments of the library1 and second as to its management of its own affairs looking toward simple1 inexpensive and rapid methods of work4 ,she explained that the discussion was concerned with library systems consisting of a central library with a number of branch libraries1 and was to be treated both from the librarian's and from the cataloger's point of view4 ,the discussion was opened by ,mr4 ,f4 ,f4 ,,hopper1 of the ,tacoma public library4 ,,administration ,,of ,,the ,,catalog ,,department ,,from ,a ,,librarian',s ,,point ,,of ,,view ,in the reorganization of our libraries1 in the adoption of modern progressive and simplified methods1 in the effort to develop and improve service to the public1 the catalog department has tended to be drawn out of relation to the other departments1 to become in a way isolated1 and as a result its efficiency has been impaired4 ,the attention of librarians has been given to other phases of library activities and therefore they know less about the catalog department than any other4 ,undoubtedly the technicalities of the cataloging process make it most difficult for librarians to grapple with1 but all the more carefully should we consider ways and means of increasing the efficiency of the process1 relating the work more closely to changes in other departments1 and studying methods of possible simplification of the routine mechanical work that seems to have largely increased of late4 ,in one of ,mr4 ,carlton's reports to his board of trustees1 he uses these words3 ,it has often seemed to me that in library administration the catalog department was much like the police department in municipal administration4 ,it is frequently under investigation2 it is constantly being reformed2 its defects are felt in many other departments2 and its heads are always changing as one after another breaks down or fails to achieve impossible results4 ,surely such an unsatisfactory and unwholesome condition is not without remedy4 ,if ,i can not presume to submit a definite plan of reformation1 perhaps ,i may at least attempt to suggest possible lines of investigation for each librarian to pursue4 #a4 ,the catalog room4 ,in the modern organization of work1 the first care is to provide work-rooms in which the highest efficiency may be maintained4 ,scientific investigation shows the extravagance of conditions which retard speed and multiply unnecessary motions1 which do not provide adequate light and air and proper colors to conserve strength1 arrest fatigue and support the energies4 ,in planning buildings we properly endeavor to bring the catalog department into the closest possible relation with the order department1 the book stack and the reference department1 to save steps which mean time and money4 ,my observation is that frequently there is not the same care exercised in planning the room itself as there is in locating it4 ,often it is too small1 so that work clogs up1 books must be shifted too often 7an expensive process71 too many corners must be turned in getting about the room and the assistants impede one another's progress4 ,on the other hand1 a room may be so large that time is wasted in getting about it4 ,to be sure this is a rare fault4 ,i have seen cataloging rooms admirably placed for convenience of access to stack1 reference room and order department1 and really adequate in size1 but so devoid of light and air that even a hardened devotee of our reading rooms would fear to enter such a place4 ,plenty of windows1 if possible on two sides of a room1 and ample indirect artificial lighting are just as important for the efficiency of the catalog department as like facilities for the public reading rooms4 #b4 ,relation of catalog department to other departments4 ,when friction develops between two departments 7of course it never does2 this is merely a hypothetical case71 my observation is that the catalog department is pretty likely to be a party to the affair4 ,why8 ,simply because as organization within libraries has developed1 the catalog department has been left more and more to its own devices4 ,in the departments working with the public1 the tendency has been to complexity of organization1 perhaps1 but still to elimination of detail1 simplification of method1 the sacrifice of theory to practicality that the public may have the feeling of freedom and ease and be given the quickest and best service with the least red tape4 ,during this process the catalog department has continued to develop theory unchecked by daily strenuous contact with the busy borrower1 to increase routine and mechanical work1 still opaque to the searchlight of scientific investigation from outside the department4 ,you need publicity1 but all you ever get is pages and pages of blasts against the poor old battle-scarred1 but more-or-less-still-in-the-ring accession book1 which in nine cases out of ten belongs to another department anyway4 ,the illuminating power of publicity for the devious ways of cataloging and the development of a better spirit of co-operation1 are to be obtained perhaps best of all by the establishment of entirely feasible definite relations between the departments4 ,as ,miss ,winser will develop this topic1 ,i will leave it here1 simply remarking that in my experience the opinions of one department about the organization and detail of another department are frequently of the utmost value1 but rarely the opinions of other departments about the catalog department1 whose problems are not understood4 #c4 ,organization of the department4 7#a7 ,general type of organization4 ,the development of the modern elaborate systems of scientific management in the various forms of industry has for the most part superseded the best type of ordinary management known as the initiative and incentive system4 ,under the old system success depends almost entirely upon the initiative of the workmen1 whereas1 under scientific management1 or task management1 a complete science for all the operations is developed1 and the managers assume new burdens1 new duties and responsibilities4 ,having developed the science1 they scientifically select and then train1 teach and develop the workmen4 ,the managers co-operate with the men to insure all the work being done in accordance with the principles of the science which has been developed4 ,the work and responsibility are almost equally divided between the management and the workmen4 ,the combination of the initiative of the workmen and the new types of work done by the management makes scientific management so much more efficient than the old way4 ,all the planning which under the old system was done by the workman1 as a result of his personal experience1 must of necessity under the new system be done by the management in accordance with the laws of the science4#d ,one type of man is needed to plan ahead and an entirely different type to execute the work4 ,perhaps the most prominent single element in modern scientific management is the task idea4 ,the work of each workman is fully planned in advance by the management and the man receives complete written instructions1 describing in detail the task he is to accomplish1 as well as the means to be used in doing the work4 ,and the work planned in advance in this way constitutes a task which is to be solved by the joint effort of the workman and the management4 ,this task specifies not only what is to be done1 but how it is to be done and the exact time allowed for doing it4 #d ,f4 ,w4 ,taylor1 ,principles of scientific management4 ,it is said that the most important object of both the workmen and the management should be the training and development of each individual in the establishment1 so that he can do 7at his fastest pace and with the maximum of efficiency7 the highest class of work for which his natural abilities fit him1 but it is nevertheless true that to some extent scientific management contemplates the selection of the workman best fitted for one particular task and keeping him at that task because he can do that better than any other4 ,within the narrow domain of his special work1 he is given every encouragement to suggest improvements both in methods and in implements4 ,in the past the man has been first2 under modern methods the system is first4 ,i have attempted to summarize some of the principles of so-called scientific management1 because in the organization of our cataloging work definite principles of any kind of management have rarely been evident throughout1 and if we are to observe accurately the system of this department1 and study it with a view to possible improvement1 we must test its work by some existing scientific standards4 ,the science of cataloging has been pretty fully developed1 and at least its technique is taught in our professional schools4 ,therefore it may be assumed that we are now reasonably conforming to the first ideals of scientific management when we select with due care for the headship of our catalog departments and for the more important positions1 those trained in the principles of the science4 ,i personally believe that the principles of scientific management should be actively employed by the head cataloger in the definite planning of the work of the individual1 in the testing of the speed and accuracy of the individual for a special task1 and in the insistence that speed for each task shall definitely conform to careful but easily made tests of the amount of time that should be consumed in performing the task4 ,there are plenty of results of experiments in other lines of work which show that the output is increased1 the cost lessened1 by the constant planning and supervision and co-operation of the head of the department1 and consequent abandonment by him of a corresponding amount of special detail work of his own that he heretofore may have done4 ,but now ,i must register an emphatic exception to the application of the exact principles of scientific management to a catalog department4 ,i believe the principles of scientific management as developed for the organization of industry and business1 should undergo a distinct change or be abandoned entirely in their application to one most important phase of the organization of a catalog department4 ,scientific management does consider the health and comfort and freedom from fatigue and efficiency of the individual1 but always with a view to the effect upon a particular task and upon increased output at reduced cost4 ,in other words the emphasis is placed on the task1 not at all on the broad development of the individual4 ,in library work1 human sympathy1 a broad point of view1 the fullest possible development of personality are of the utmost importance2 esprit de corps1 the spirit of loyalty and co-operation are of more importance than a particular task4 ,i assume that needs no argument4 ,scientific management1 fully applied1 would1 it seems to me1 defeat this vital purpose of library organization1 and would more effectually differentiate and isolate the catalog department than is already the case in many libraries4 ,this leads to some illustrations of my meaning by 7#b7 ,some practical considerations of the organization4 ,i do entirely believe in a distinct and complete organization of a catalog department1 not in the system some libraries use in having a department head1 but without assistants definitely and wholly assigned to the one department4 ,it is my observation that to insure quick1 accurate1 consecutive and thoroughly efficient work1 not only must the department head devote practically her whole time to the one job1 but at least enough assistants also1 to insure continuity of work4 ,i am not in favor of the head of the department being part of the time assistant in the children's room or even in the reference room4 ,such a plan is altogether too extravagant4 ,the manager of a department needs to give undivided attention to the supervision of the work of the department4 ,the head of the department is constantly brought directly in touch with the general administration of the library and with other department heads1 and a possible tendency to narrowed point of view is thus checked to some extent4 ,there are also some assistants who are naturally fitted to the work of the catalog department and not at all to meeting the public4 ,if we secure an assistant evidently suited for catalog work1 but for no other1 we should bend all our energies to making her the most efficient possible cataloger1 and not deprive the catalog department of her constant services in order to make a vain attempt to develop other sides of her personality and give the public poor service in the process4 ,in my judgment1 in a library cataloging from #be1jjj to #ce1jjj volumes a year1 a head cataloger1 a first assistant1 and probably at least two other assistants should give their whole time to the department and so form the backbone of the organization4 ,to this part of it the principles of scientific management may be thoroughly applied4 ,my idea of the necessity for divergence from those principles comes when we consider the need for the development of some members of the cataloging staff by other sides of library experience1 and also when we consider the importance of mutual understanding and co-operation between the departments4 ,all librarians experience difficulty in obtaining assistant catalogers because a candidate is very often reluctant to devote herself wholly to the routine operations of the catalog department4 ,in many such cases1 it would be possible to secure an excellent part-time assistant for the catalog department1 if we would offer work for part of the day in a department dealing with the public4 ,in this way we would achieve a double purpose4 ,the experience of all librarians1 ,i am confident1 will indicate the inestimable advantage to the point of view of the catalog department and to the catalog itself if some one of considerable importance in the department gives a part of each day to reference work1 and another assistant a part of each day to the loan department4 ,i think it is not so important that a cataloger devote some time to work with children1 and it is also true that such an arrangement is rarely of value to the children's department1 where special qualities and training are all-important4 ,on the other hand1 it is desirable that someone with the training and experience of a children's librarian1 give to the catalog department time for the assignment of subject headings for the children's catalog4 ,the work of the catalog and order departments is most closely related and yet it is my experience that misunderstanding between those departments is not infrequent4 ,an assistant whose time is divided between the two should and does work to the advantage of both departments4 ,with the exception of the one representative from the children's department1 ,i do not believe that the possible advantage gained by having assistants from the departments which deal with the public give part time to cataloging1 by any means equals the loss of efficiency attending the change from one manager to another or the loss in the work itself1 for it is unusual that one assistant should do equally high-class work in two such distinct fields4 ,i know that some say that the majority of really good desk assistants possess the education1 the clear and discriminating mind1 the accuracy and resourcefulness of the good cataloger and are of value in the catalog department4 ,also it is true that the suitability of each assistant for each department would of course be considered when interchanges are arranged4 ,nevertheless it is my observation that excellent desk assistants ordinarily can do well only the merest clerical work in a catalog department1 and usually they do not appreciate the accuracy and minute care required in cataloging work4 ,certainly it is extravagant to use a part of the time of a presumably fairly-well-paid1 good desk or reference assistant for merely mechanical work in the catalog department1 which otherwise would be done by a cheaper grade of service than the better grade of catalog assistants4 ,also the special care and extra time wasted by head catalogers in revising the work of such assistants is an expense worth consideration4 #d4 ,cost of cataloging4 ,many complaints are heard from librarians of the seemingly excessive cost of cataloging4 ,few practical suggestions seem to have been made for reducing costs1 except in the elimination of some details1 such as accession books4 ,since ,i understand a committee is investigating this whole question1 ,i have not attempted to obtain any statistical information4 ,in the few fairly large libraries whose estimates of the cost of the process have come to my attention1 the estimated cost of purchasing1 accessioning1 and cataloging a book1 including labelling1 gilding1 card filing1 and everything necessary to secure a book and prepare it for use1 ranges from #cj cents to about #fe cents4 ,these cost estimates vary1 not only because of differences in the elaboration or simplicity of the processes1 but also because of the difference in the character of the books added1 large numbers of duplicates for schools1 branches1 etc41 being more easily and cheaply handled than separate new titles4 ,there can be little question that scientific management1 properly used1 will reduce the costs of cataloging work4 ,adequate planning and supervision of all processes by the head cataloger1 the classifier and others in charge of divisions of the work1 can make for speed4 ,i am convinced that we do not really know the maximum length of time which an assistant should be allowed to keep at one certain task4 ,an assistant typewriting shelf-list cards should do rapid work for perhaps three hours4 ,after that a measure of fatigue makes change of occupation advisable for the individual1 and economical for the department4 ,slight fatigue from typewriting will not1 however1 impair efficiency in a different sort of work4 ,a point worth considering here is1 that the change in the occupation of a higher-grade assistant in order not to impair efficiency1 should not mean time given to a lower or more mechanical grade of work4 ,that is extravagance4 ,impending mental fatigue does not mean that mental processes are to be abandoned4 ,just as much rest is obtained1 and efficiency is really increased1 by simple change of the mental groove4 ,here the advocate of the general exchange of assistants between departments might say that the advisable thing to do is to send the assistant to another department4 ,in most cases ,i believe that such a change is a mistake1 because a change from one department to another means too great a break in the continuity of management in two departments4 ,one manager can plan more effectively for the entire working time of an individual than two managers can plan for the two halves4 ,the development of library schemes of service1 branches1 stations1 children's rooms1 work with schools1 has all added enormously to the routine and mechanical processes of cataloging4 ,more shelf-lists1 more catalogs1 and all sorts of differentiation in the processes suitable to the special need have multiplied details faster than most librarians realize4 ,it is this tremendous complexity which has worn out head catalogers1 increased costs1 and made administrators clamor for the elimination of unnecessary detail1 without having a real understanding of what the detail is and is for4 ,deterioration in the cataloging process will injure other departments1 but undoubtedly most libraries have superfluous refinements that could well be omitted with economy in cataloging1 and no loss to the chief end of all our work4 ,it is a temptation to consider carefully the methods which might save expenses in the cataloging process1 but ,i can take time only to make brief reference to some of them1 most of these having been frequently discussed at length before4 7a7 ,careful planning of catalog room for convenience1 to save all unnecessary motions4 7b7 ,scientific supervision of tasks to produce greatest speed without undue fatigue4 7c7 ,stopping the publication of many monthly bulletins4 ,some bulletins of the larger and certain particular libraries are of inestimable value to other libraries4 ,most of these bulletins are printed from the linotype slugs used in printing their own catalog cards1 and consequently the labor is minimized4 ,the bulletins of most libraries1 ,i firmly believe1 are of no possible use to other libraries1 and the material in them would be much more read by the public if published in the newspapers1 as it should be in any case1 and if the special lists1 which are the most useful part of many bulletins1 were printed on a multigraph1 instead of being buried in forbidding bulletins that no able-bodied ordinary man in his senses could be driven to read4 7d7 ,use of ,library of ,congress cards4 ,some people say they do not save time4 ,i recommend those people to recatalog a library without them1 also to attempt to get along without them for a while for current additions4 ,to the best of my knowledge they do save money1 and ,i know they save wear and tear on typewriter machines and ribbons1 and they save temper1 which is nervous energy and worth while saving4 ,if you don't believe that last read ,goldmark on ,fatigue and efficiency and then you will4 ,besides1 ,library of ,congress cards look better than typewritten cards and have more durability1 since typewritten cards rub and fade and have to be rewritten too frequently4 7e7 ,what real objection can there be to simplifying the cards you write yourselves8 ,it does not matter if they are not consistent with ,library of ,congress cards4 ,no living borrower would know whether they were consistent or not1 and no dead one would matter4 ,besides if variety is the spice of life1 consistency is the vice of it4 ,nobody but a librarian ever worried about being consistent4 ,i regret ,i can't even except the clergy4 7f7 ,omitting book numbers for fiction saves a vast amount of time and sacrifices little4 ,they do not add beauty1 and they cause endless trouble and expense without due compensation4 7g7 ,as to the accession book3 ,i mention this because everyone does1 and therefore1 lack the courage to pass it without remark4 ,some library reports say that they save the time of one assistant by doing away with it4 ,the fact that practically all of them say it1 no matter what size the library in question is1 makes one suspicious4 ,i think they are just copying each other's reports1 which is not fair4 ,if1 however1 the accession book is abandoned1 and the bill-date1 source and cost for each copy of a book are added to a shelf-list card which contains author1 title1 publisher and perhaps date of publication1 much writing is saved and all necessary information is preserved4 ,in the ,minneapolis public library1 which makes the closest estimate ,i have seen1 four hours per #aej books are said to be saved by such a method4 ,no small matter6 ,it is my personal opinion that the accession book is superfluous in a library which is completely cataloged and shelf-listed4 7h7 ,an interesting change due to the study of motions is recommended in the procedure for shelf-listing by the ,minneapolis public library3 ,formerly one person marked the call number on the back of the title page1 and assigned the copy letter1 then the book was taken by another assistant who marked the book slip1 the pocket and the label4 ,this meant two people handling the book1 the second doing only the mechanical work of copying2 hence the work must be revised by someone else1 or many mistakes occurred in the work of even our best markers4 ,now1 the shelf-lister1 who knows the meaning of the number and has it already in her mind1 marks all books as she lists them1 and the work goes through faster and more accurately4 7i7 ,trying to save money by omitting the yearly inventory1 particularly for open shelves1 is a mistake1 ,i believe4 ,one does not save money by gaining discredit for failing to keep track of his wares4 7j7 ,it is doubtless superfluous to recommend throwing away antiques1 like withdrawal books4 7k7 ,the use of the multigraph for writing catalog and shelf-list cards is certainly economy if the number of catalogs is large enough to require pretty large duplication4 ,the shifting of much mechanical work to a less highly-paid class of assistant and the saving in revision of all but the first copy of a card1 are distinct gains4 7l7 ,there are doubtless many mechanical devices which will be adopted to advantage in cataloging in the next few years4 ,many machines of different sorts have greatly changed bookkeeping methods1 making the bookkeeper an initiative force in administration of business houses1 and certainly similar economy systems will be developed for the cataloger4 #e4 ,efficiency of the individual in the department4 ,the routine work of cataloging brings fatigue sooner than an occupation involving more variety1 although the effects of this form of fatigue may not cumulate so rapidly4 ,it is consequently of special importance that the executive pay particular attention to the application of the principles of scientific management to the efficiency of the individual4 ,the utmost care must be taken that energy shall be carefully directed and not be over-expended4 ,unduly prolonged attention to a particular kind of work resulting in the long run in nervous exhaustion is a familiar phenomenon of cataloging4 ,dr4 ,richardson says that for correction and verification work1 two hours a day is the maximum for highest efficiency4 ,my observation is that continuous work at the typewriter should not exceed three hours4 ,although filing is largely mechanical work1 it is also very wearying because of the decided monotony of it1 and there is a marked tendency to tire quickly4 ,since errors rapidly increase with fatigue1 the service is directly injured1 as well as indirectly through the ultimate effect on the health of the individual4 ,in general the carefully trained assistant not only knows how to go about his work with more dispatch1 with less need for supervision1 with more real efficiency1 but also with less wear and tear on his nervous energy4 ,an added argument for the economy of paying higher salaries to obtain adequately trained assistants6 ,i have had excellent opportunity to observe the effect of the graded salary on the efficiency of a cataloging staff4 ,the increased interest1 the new energy1 and the altered spirit are marked when a graded service is installed1 particularly when it is realized that efficiency1 as well as length of service1 is considered4 ,it is not necessary to discuss recreation in the library1 as the subject relates to the catalog department no differently than it does to the others4 ,the same may be said about vacations1 but in passing ,i should like to say that ,i agree entirely with ,dr4 ,bostwick's idea of them as assignments to special work4 ,it seems to me that assistants should be required to obtain the approval of the executive to the plans for their vacations4 ,i have taken vacations myself which were certain to do me no good1 and consequently do my work harm1 and it does seem that ,i ought not to expect pay for such a misuse of the library's time4 ,the change in the hours of service in the circulation department of the ,new ,york public library from #db-a_/b hours a week to #dj hours has caused widespread approval4 ,i wonder if anyone has called attention to the fact that slight changes in climate affect the ability of the individual to work a certain number of hours4 ,for instance1 ,i know from experience that it is possible to work longer without discomfort in an even climate1 not subject to extremes of either heat or cold1 than it is in the climate of ,new ,york4 ,there are certain parts of the country where it takes less energy to work #db hours per week throughout the year than it does to work #dj hours correspondingly in ,new ,york4 ,with more attention to light1 air1 attractive appearance and convenient arrangement of room1 avoidance of fatigue in spite of rapid work or monotony1 sensible hours1 some degree of variety in work1 sane vacations1 some outdoor exercise during each day1 decent pay on a graded basis1 the efficiency record of the cataloging staff in many a library should be raised1 their organization held intact1 and their humor and good-humor have some chance to appear4 ,the subject was continued by ,dr4 ,,arthur ,e4 ,,bostwick1 of the ,st4 ,louis public library1 who spoke as follows3 ,from the administrative standpoint the library life of a book is divided very distinctly into two periods1 that before it is placed on the shelves and that after it is so placed4 ,the first period1 embracing selection1 order1 receipt1 classification1 cataloging and mechanical preparation1 is strictly preliminary to the second and would have no reason for being except for the second4 ,the public recognizes the second chiefly and knows of the first vaguely and inadequately4 ,to the library1 and especially to that part of the staff engaged in the operations proper to it1 it bulks large4 ,the librarian of a large library often finds himself obliged to act1 in a measure1 as the public's representative1 taking the point of view of the thousands of readers1 rather than of those who operate the machinery directly under his own control4 ,to one who is actually handling the levers and pulleys1 the machine often seems to be the thing4 ,the general administrator1 somewhat removed from this direct contact1 is better able to see it as it is--a means to an end4 ,hence to the chief librarian1 this period of preparation must always be a cause of anxiety4 ,its cost and its duration especially worry him4 ,while his training and experience do not permit him to minimize its importance1 he would like to make it as cheap and as short as possible4 ,the reader wants his book1 and he wants it now--as soon as he sees the notice of it in the paper4 ,the departments of the library that have to do with its preparation are anxious only that this preparation shall be thorough1 realizing that on it depends the usefulness of the book in the second1 or public1 period of its life4 ,the impatient reader sees no reason for any delay4 ,the co-operating departments see every reason4 ,the librarian sees the reasons1 too1 but it is his business1 to a certain extent1 to take the reader's part1 and insist that the book's preparation shall not be so thorough that by the time of its completion two-thirds of the necessity for any preparation at all shall have passed1 never to return4 ,it therefore becomes an important part of his duty to hurry up the work of preparation1 and it is my experience that this duty becomes difficult of performance1 wellnigh impossible1 when the work and responsibility of preparation devolves upon two or more departments4 ,it has sometimes seemed to me that a majority of my working hours were occupied in settling disputes between the order and catalog departments1 in futile endeavors to fit the responsibility for delays upon one or the other and to decide which of them1 and when1 was telling the truth about the other4 ,it was thus with a feeling of relief1 although somewhat of surprise1 that ,i found myself four years ago at the head of a library where the preparatory stage of the book's life is entirely in charge of one department1 a plan involving of course the consolidation of the order and catalog work4 ,my four years' experience has convinced me that in many cases this plan may be the solution of some of the librarian's problems4 ,it does not do away with delay3 it does not make the library staff assume the reader's point of view1 or even the librarian's2 but it does reduce the number of department heads with whom the librarian has to deal in his hurry-up campaign1 and it does unify a responsibility whose division continually causes him trouble and vexation4 ,that we so seldom see the combination of this work arises from the fact that the various stages of the book's preparation are rarely looked upon as parts of a whole4 ,the ordering of books is regarded as a business in itself1 requiring its own kind of expert knowledge and completed when the book has been delivered and the bills checked off4 ,the cataloger1 again1 is proud of the degree of technical perfection to which he has brought the multiplicity of detail in his work4 ,he has a high sense of its necessity in the library's scheme4 ,few see that both these processes1 together with mechanical operations of pasting1 labelling and lettering on which everyone looks down1 are simply stages in the work of preparation1 through which a book must pass before it becomes an integral part of a modern library4 ,these are not separate departments of work1 one completed before the next is begun2 they are interwoven and interdependent in all sorts of ways4 ,books can not be ordered properly without a catalog4 ,books can not be cataloged properly without information necessary in the operation of ordering4 ,it becomes a question of library policy1 then1 whether these operations may not be combined1 and the considerations adduced above form at least a strong argument for such combination4 ,i have purposely dwelt on this matter from the standpoint of a general administrator and have therefore not gone into details1 which it will be easy for you to obtain if you desire them4 ,in closing1 let me say that ,i believe catalogers to have in a high degree that devotion to their task and that skill and interest in working out its details1 that have made the ,american public library what it is4 ,what they need to guard against is the aloofness arising from the separate and technical character of that work4 ,many of them realize1 and all of them should do so1 the fact that the catalog is made for the reader2 not the reader for the catalog4 ,we may try to train our readers to use our catalogs1 but to the end of time we shall still have to deal with the unintelligent1 the careless and the captious1 and we must try to adapt our catalogs more or less to them4 ,the cataloger may have to break cherished rules1 to throw tradition overboard1 to act in many ways that will scandalize his profession4 ,contact with as many other departments of the library as possible--realization of his position as a cog wheel in contact with other cogs1 will help on the good work4 ,the following paper written by ,miss ,,beatrice ,,winser1 of the ,newark free public library1 was read in her absence by ,miss ,agnes ,van ,valkenburgh1 of the library school of the ,new ,york public library3 ,,the ,,relation ,,of ,,the ,,catalog ,,department ,,to ,,other ,,departments ,,in ,,the ,,library ,the subject assigned to me is the relation of the catalog department to other departments in a library4 ,there is a feeling abroad that it is the tendency of librarians to consider their catalog departments as things apart1 the details of whose management1 long ago settled by experts1 should be modified only as those experts may suggest4 ,probably chief librarians do not have the habit of refraining from giving frequent and careful examinations in the catalog departments1 or have less interest in the improvement of those departments than in others2 but1 because it has been possible for experts to formulate rules1 as it has not been possible for anyone to do for other branches of the work1 the chief librarians have quite naturally allowed themselves to pay less and less attention to the details of these departments1 which have thus lost the stimulus which the chief librarians give to the departments with which they largely concern themselves4 ,this1 naturally1 as ,i have already said1 tends to make of the cataloging department a thing apart and much efficiency is lost to the library as a whole because of it4 ,for the purposes of this paper ,i propose to include in the scope of the cataloging department much of the work on books from their selection to their placing on the shelf4 ,it must be borne in mind that ,i am speaking of public libraries and not of college1 historical1 scientific or special libraries of any kind1 and that ,i am making suggestions only4 ,book ,selection ,the selection of books instead of being a difficult and complicated matter calling for hours of study and conference1 is really quite simple4 ,every librarian should expect his more intelligent assistants to make suggestions and help to keep his or her own collection up to date1 but final decisions as to purchase should rest in the hands of two or three only4 ,an attempt to let a dozen or more people discuss at meetings the value of any book or books and the propriety of adding this or that to the library costs enormously in time and money1 and serves no useful purpose4 ,it improves the quality of the books selected but little1 it tends to develop undue caution and to make the choice too literary and1 if it helps to educate the assistants1 it does so at too great a cost4 ,the desire is often expressed that a library should contain a well-rounded1 well-balanced collection of books4 ,this phrase sounds well and perhaps impresses the trustees or the town1 but what does it really mean8 ,were we to follow it to its logical conclusion we would all buy in certain fixed proportions1 all kinds of books and while we might then lay claim that we had a well-balanced collection1 we would be far from filling well the special needs of any special community in which we might be placed4 ,in point of fact every library buys what it thinks it needs most1 in most cases it will be found that the books selected are the best books for that library4 ,most books buy themselves1 others cry out to be selected4 ,the clientele is waiting for them4 ,the small remnant of specially chosen books call for no elaborate conferences4 ,why have any system of recording the fact that you did not buy certain books at this time1 since next month or next year the book not bought has been displaced by another8 ,besides1 you can always discover from your bibliographical aids the books you have been compelled to miss1 so why duplicate the work already done for you8 ,now let us look at the purely clerical side of book ordering4 ,do we fill out an elaborate order slip with all sorts of bibliographical data needed for comparatively few books only8 ,all that is really needed by bookseller and library is the author1 title and publisher of a book1 and the latter even could be omitted in most cases4 ,do we economize time and labor by writing our orders so that with the aid of carbon paper1 we have an order slip to file1 one to send to the bookdealer and another to the ,library of ,congress for the purchase of cards8 ,when a consignment of books arrives do we have some elaborate system of checking it off the bill8 ,do we use cabalistic signs in our books so that the public may not by any chance discover the price of them8 ,or do we simply write in plain sight the price1 source and date of the bill in each book1 check the book on the bill and pass it on8 ,have we ever tried the experiment with say the ,fiction ,class of not giving either price1 source and date of bill in the books8 ,suppose we buy all our novels from one bookseller1 as most libraries do1 and announce to the staff generally and also drop a card into the official catalog and the shelf-list to the effect1 that after such or such a date1 neither the source nor price will be found in any novel1 as everyone knows that all novels are bought from ,john ,smith and cost #a4jj4 ,think of the time saved6 ,i am willing to wager that no library could report any ill effects from this change4 ,as to the few novels which sell at net prices1 the money lost in charging the usual rate of #a4jj is negligible compared with the time saved in making these unnecessary entries4 ,to comfort the super-conscientious librarian the loss would actually be covered in many cases1 because the reprints of novels often cost less than #a4jj4 ,accession ,record ,now let us go on to the accession book and ask how many use the regular or the condensed book and why8 ,do you cling to the theory that it is the one complete record of every book in your library and would be most useful in case of adjustment of fire losses8 ,i can't deny that it is a complete record of every book1 but of what use is that to the library8 ,as to the adjustment of fire losses1 are the books in your library arranged in accession order so that in case of fire you could show the insurance adjusters which books were burned by referring to your accession books8 ,do you claim that the accession number is still necessary so that you may know the number of books added and to help distinguish one copy of a book from another8 ,why not use the ,bates numbering stamp as an automatically accurate recording device1 and save time and money8 ,do you use the accession book for securing each month the number of books added in any one class1 which of course the ,bates numbering stamp can not give8 ,to get this one record we employ the time of a person in making other useless records1 when all we need is a blank book in which we enter in a few minutes all books under date and class number4 ,in the same book we enter in another place the books subdivided under heads of purchase1 binding1 periodicals and gifts4 ,thus at tremendous saving we can answer at once the question of how many books are added during any month and in what class4 ,do you perhaps keep an accession book1 so that you may secure the price and source of a book reported lost by a borrower8 ,how much lost motion1 to say nothing of time and money1 is expended annually in libraries where assistants turn from their shelf-list to their accession book for these facts which should be given on the shelf-list card6 ,classification ,have you ever thought how much it costs your library to have it classified by a college and library school bred person8 ,i am using these terms as synonymous with an educated person4 ,have you ever noticed how much time she spends in getting a book into what to her is the exact class and place8 ,now ,i am not arguing for less educated people in our public libraries1 far from it1 but ,i wish to call your attention to the amount of time and money expended by you in too minute and particular classification4 ,have you ever thought that quite a coarse classification is just as good for your library as the rather particular one which causes your head cataloger to spend half an hour over a book which might just as well be made ready in five minutes8 ,often1 after much time has been spent in debating this point or that1 about some special feature of a book1 and it has at last been placed in a certain division1 it will be found more useful with its fellows in a coarser or broader division4 ,i am only suggesting that time could be saved here without impairing the usefulness of the library4 ,cataloging ,this is that division of library work which one must approach as the holy of holies1 leaving one's shoes on the mat outside4 ,please do not assume that ,i do not appreciate what it has meant to the public library to have experts formulate a set of rules which any library can use4 ,i am not objecting to the rules1 but to the application of the rules4 ,we spend hours1 days1 months1 and years in giving paging1 illustrations1 size1 publishers and place of publication on our catalog cards and all for what purpose pray8 ,what does the average user of a public library want to know8 ,he wants to know whether you have a book by a certain author1 by a certain title or on a certain subject4 ,ninety-five per cent of the borrowers of books want nothing more than that1 and ,i am excluding fiction entirely4 ,consequently for the possible five per cent1 and that is a high percentage1 you spend much time in giving gratuitous information4 ,the man who knows his subject goes to the bibliographies of the subject and does not depend upon your card catalog for bibliographical information4 ,let us look into these valuable items1 aside from the very necessary author and title1 supplied on catalog cards4 ,paging4 ,did your reference people ever report any need of it in serving the public8 ,i never heard of such need4 ,place of publication and publisher4 ,both these items are occasionally asked for1 but why spend time in putting them on all your cards for the sake of the few who wish to know1 since you can immediately refer to ,books in ,print for current books and for all others to the many aids published for the librarian4 ,the date4 ,well1 ,i might grant that it serves a better purpose than the other items1 but ,i doubt its great usefulness4 ,do you in addition to the very necessary shelf-list for all the books in the library1 have a special shelf-list for ,branches8 ,have you ever thought of the time given to keep the record of all the books at your ,branches8 ,what purpose does it serve1 since your ,branches have their own record of the books they have8 ,i know of one library which kept such a record and finally decided to give it up1 since it cost a great deal of money1 and seemed after careful consideration to be of little value4 ,not the least harm has resulted from the change and the cataloging department has almost forgotten that it was ever done4 ,does the head cataloger work at least one day a week in the lending or reference department for the sake of getting away from her own point of view and to imbibe something of the real needs of public and assistants8 ,try it1 even if you think you can't afford it and ,i venture to prognosticate that your cataloging department from being the seat of the learned and superior will become a really valuable aid to all the other departments4 ,within the limits of my paper ,i have been able to cite only a few examples of the changes which might be made in the method of putting books on the shelf in most of our public libraries1 but ,i hope that the very obvious things ,i have said may serve to help in simplifying the work of a profession already much overburdened with technique4 ,the fourth paper in the discussion by ,miss ,,laura ,,smith1 of the ,cincinnati public library1 was entitled3 ,,administration ,,of ,a ,,catalog ,,department ,,from ,a ,,cataloger',s ,,point ,,of ,,view ,the ideal of the modern library is service to the community1 but the tendency has been to estimate this service by statistics as printed in library reports4 ,columns of figures1 showing the number of books cataloged and the cards made1 represent but a small part of what can be done and should not be taken as a measure of value of the cataloging department to the library patrons4 ,the old idea of the library was the omniscient librarian who served all the readers from his store of knowledge1 but the development of the modern library movement1 bringing an increased patronage1 made it necessary to delegate some of this work1 and libraries were set off into departments4 ,gradually mechanical appliances were introduced and personal aid was limited to the favored few while the average reader was helpless in the face of machinery whose workings were a mystery to him4 ,it reminds one of the story of the fine hospital donated by a philanthropic citizen to a thriving town of the middle west4 ,the building was a model of hospital architecture1 the furnishings were the most modern obtainable and the institution was ideal in every respect1 adjudged by experts the latest thing in hospitals4 ,a poor citizen1 foreign by birth1 took his wife to this hospital for treatment4 ,the next day he went to inquire for her and was told that she was too ill to see him1 but the attendant offered to take him through the building and show him all the modern improvements4 ,the man was interested and followed his guide through the various wards1 listening attentively to his lecture on the advantages of the latest improvements in hospital service4 ,the second day he returned to learn the progress of his wife's case1 but she was still too ill to see him1 so the attendant showed him some more improvements1 which he had not seen the day before4 ,the man was greatly impressed4 ,the third day he returned and was told that his wife had died4 ,when asked by a friend what disease had ended her life1 he replied1 ,i don't know1 unless it was the improvements4 ,so the library has adopted progressive methods and among other improvements it has walled a room with the latest model of catalog trays filled with cards as silent guides to the collection of books4 ,printed signs1 which no one reads1 give intricate directions as to the use of this monster2 a human assistant is rarely in sight4 ,has the library the right to expect the public to know how to use a catalog8 ,a trained assistant should be stationed here1 and who are better qualified for this service than the members of the cataloging staff8 ,at this point is one of the opportunities for the cataloger's most efficient service to the community4 ,the chief requisite of a well-organized catalog department is a corps of intelligent1 educated1 trained assistants who have had several years' experience4 ,the raw recruit from the library school is an expense to the service because library school graduates find difficulty in adapting themselves to the existing methods of most libraries4 ,this fault is sometimes individual but more often it is due to the different methods of cataloging taught in the various schools4 ,there should be uniformity of method on this point1 full cataloging should be taught in all the schools because it is far easier for the cataloger to learn omissions than to acquire a knowledge of full cataloging when the short form only has been taught in the school4 ,subject-heading work can be taught only in a general way4 ,years of experience are needed before an assistant is competent to assign subject headings1 therefore a constantly changing staff is an item of expense worthy of serious consideration4 ,subject headings might be in the hands of a few assistants but there is advantage in having the views of many minds under the supervision of one reviser4 ,an understanding of the community and of existing conditions within the library1 added to a thoroughly assimilated knowledge of cataloging methods1 increases the value of an assistant4 ,changes are usually due to small salaries1 and to better financial conditions elsewhere1 but adding a reasonable amount to the salary of a competent assistant is a good investment4 ,to be sure1 it foots up on the pay roll as a larger outlay than the substitution of a less experienced assistant at the same or a smaller salary4 ,what the pay roll tells1 however1 is not borne out by the facts because on it there is no financial accounting for the time of the administrator of the department which is consumed in breaking in a new cataloger while the more important things wait1 or go by default4 ,positions in the cataloging department should yield a financial return sufficient to make their incumbency more or less permanent for it is possible to accomplish more with a smaller staff of experienced assistants than with a larger number of those new to the business4 ,when the library has gathered together the best staff of catalogers it can afford it should not put them1 like a collection of expensive bric-a-brac1 behind closed doors with only the regulation catalogers' tools as guides1 and expect them to yield the best return on the investment4 ,the best cataloger needs the stimulus of personal contact with the public as an aid to the most intelligent work4 ,when the cataloging department has a sufficient number of well-trained1 experienced assistants1 a schedule of work which permits direct contact with the public for at least one-third of the time and a system of co-operation between departments with freedom from unnecessary interruptions to the routine as planned1 the catalog is a labor saving tool reducing the net cost of production by the time saved to the circulating and reference departments4 ,the cataloging for a large library system should be done at the central library for several reasons4 ,the main cataloging offices are there with the collection of reference books and the official files showing what headings and entries have been used4 ,the expert catalogers and revisers are better fitted for the responsibility of the cataloging than the assistants at the branches1 distracted by other work4 ,the enormous number of cards necessary for the various catalogs are more economically duplicated by writer press1 or multigraph1 than by hand or typewriter because time is saved in this way in the actual making of the cards1 in numbering and putting titles on printed cards and in proof reading1 or revising1 for in revising typewritten cards1 each card must be carefully scrutinized1 while from the writer press only the first copy needs revision4 ,when copies of the same title are to be purchased for several branches1 the cost of cataloging is greatly reduced if all the copies reach the cataloging department together as time is thus saved in all the processes of preparing the books for circulation1 from the accessioning to the pasting of the labels4 ,in the case of fiction this is always possible but with other classes1 while it is not always expedient to purchase for the main library and the branches simultaneously1 the branch librarians and order department can simplify the process by prompt decision as to the number of branches to which titles are to be added1 so that all cards may be ordered or made at the same time4 ,by this means one order for printed cards and one setting up of copy for writer press or multigraph is sufficient4 ,when books come to the catalog department singly and at odd times the labor of verifying author entries and subject headings is the same as for new titles1 and the making of cards becomes a mechanical process only when they are to be made in large quantities4 ,every branch added to the library system increases the work of the cataloging department1 a fact often lost sight of by the chief administrators of a library4 ,there seems to be a popular delusion that each new addition to the library family means only a duplication of cards while the fact remains that most of the processes in the routine practically consume as much time and thought as if the title in hand were new in the library4 ,in the case of shelf-listing it is obviously easier and takes less time to make a brand new shelf-list card for a book than it does to withdraw the card from the shelf-list1 make an addition to it and refile the card4 ,if the main building is so arranged that one card catalog can be used conveniently by all departments much expense will be saved4 ,but if there must be department catalogs1 author and subject entries should be uniform so that the individual catalogs may be simply duplicates of certain divisions of the general catalog4 ,subject headings in the public library should be simple enough to be within the comprehension of the average reader4 ,to simplify headings for children is a useless expense and an insult to the child who is often more intelligent than many adult readers4 ,the public library being an integral part of public education should not be guilty of senseless simplification even though the kindergartners may accuse us of taking away the joy of childhood4 ,if the so-called simplified headings are used they can not be filed with other headings1 therefore two separate catalogs in each branch must be maintained at extra expense4 ,all non-essentials should be eliminated from the mechanical processes of preparing books for the shelves4 ,the time of high-priced service should be used for the scholarly work1 duplication of cards and routine clerical work do not require a college education nor library school training4 ,printed cards should be purchased whenever possible4 ,it is not necessary to become hysterical over the superfluity of information on some of the ,library of ,congress cards because the average user of a catalog in a public library does not read beyond the first line of the title1 and therefore is not confused by bibliographical details4 ,on the other hand1 this same detail is valuable to the few readers who need it4 ,another groundless objection to the use of these cards is the statement that books must be held until the cards are received4 ,if there is co-operation between the order and the cataloging departments1 books and cards may be ordered and will come to the cataloger about the same time4 ,when they do not the books should be sent through on temporary slips4 ,this adds slightly to the cost of handling1 but saves the reputation of the library in the circulating department4 ,the printed card should be accepted when it agrees with the title page1 but when the card requires changes which mar its appearance it should be rejected4 ,when the cards must be made by the individual library the extra bibliographical detail should be omitted for purposes of economy1 and the catalogs would still be uniform and accurate in essentials4 ,entries must be accurate1 uniform and as consistent as possible that the catalog may save the time of the reference librarians1 since effective reference work can be done only when the library is well classified and cataloged and quick service is possible only under these conditions4 ,the plan to combine the catalog and reference departments1 the assistants working one-third of their time in reference work1 brings excellent results4 ,in the first place the assistants come in direct contact with the public for part of every day4 ,the knowledge of books gained by examination for full cataloging can be made directly useful to the public4 ,on the other hand1 the demands of the reader1 his peculiarities of expression and his general attitude toward the library give inspiration to the work in the cataloging department as to subject headings and analyticals to be made4 ,the change of work is restful and enables the assistants to accomplish much in a day without becoming weary of either line of work4 ,the efficiency of the assistants depends upon their ability to bring the book and the reader together and as the cataloger has the advantage of studying the books she should therefore bring this knowledge to the public through personal contact4 ,emphasis is put on the increased usefulness of the staff by reason of the ability to appreciate the relation between the library and the public and to bring into the daily life of the community the increased knowledge of books4 ,what has been said is not intended as a criticism of any method of administering a cataloging department1 but is an effort rather to present a plan which from practical experience has proved successful4 ,the discussion was then thrown open to the floor1 with the suggestion from the chairman that it take the following lines3 #a4 ,is the catalog department too confined in its organization and too distinctly separated from other departments8 #b4 ,how much mechanical work should be done by expert catalogers8 ,who should do the mechanical work and where should it be done8 #c4 ,what should be the relations between the catalog and the shipping departments8 ,mr4 ,hodges1 of the ,cincinnati public library1 said that each library had to use a system suited to its individual needs1 that in ,cincinnati there was no head of the order department1 that he considered the use of catalogers in the reference department during rush hours a good plan as they were usually well fitted for the work1 that in his library there was a single head of the catalog and reference departments4 ,miss ,hitchler1 superintendent of cataloging of the ,brooklyn public library1 said that co-operation could be effected between departments without interchange of assistants4 ,mr4 ,hopper said that the obstacle to combining the heads of the catalog and order departments in one person was that a knowledge of cataloging and a knowledge of the book trade were seldom combined in one person4 ,during the discussion of the second point--that of scientific management within the department--,miss ,van ,valkenburgh raised a laugh by inquiring where we are to draw the line in keeping track of our efficiency4 ,mr4 ,martel1 of the ,library of ,congress1 in answer to the charge made against catalogers of over-elaboration1 as for example in the matter of periodical records1 said that under-elaboration often proved quite as expensive as over-elaboration4 ,,second ,,session ,friday1 ,june #bi4 ,the second session of the ,catalog ,section was held on ,friday afternoon1 ,june #bi1 ,miss ,gooch presiding4 ,miss ,van ,valkenburgh1 ,miss ,hiss1 and ,miss ,dame1 were appointed as nominating committee by the ,chairman4 ,the session took the form of an informal discussion on simplified forms of typewritten catalog cards1 and was held at the desire of the committee of the ,professional ,training ,section on uniformity of forms of catalog cards4 ,this committee was appointed in ,january1 #aiab1 and consists of ,helen ,turvill1 ,chairman1 ,agnes ,van ,valkenburgh1 ,harriet ,b4 ,gooch4 ,the ,chairman directed the discussion by taking up point by point the form of card recommended by the committee for the practice work of the library schools4 ,typewritten cards for a public library of about #ej1jjj volumes1 to be filed with ,l4 ,c4 cards1 were taken as a basis of discussion4 ,among the details considered were the following1 with the decisions which seemed most generally favored by those present3 ,brackets4 ,omit brackets for material inserted in heading but use in title and imprint4 ,initial article4 ,use initial article1 unless including it would entail repeating author's name in the title4 ,initial possessive4 ,omit author's name in the possessive case at the beginning of a title1 and cancel it when used on ,l4 ,c4 cards4 ,editor1 etc4 ,in the title use the name of the editor1 translator1 etc41 in the form given on the title page4 ,imprint4 ,include place1 publisher and date of publication together with inclusive copyright dates if they differ from the date of publication4 ,collation4 ,give main paging1 illus41 ports41 maps4 ,give size only if unusual4 ,position of items4 ,begin collation on a new line and indent4 ,secondary cards4 ,give author and title only on secondary cards4 7,main subject cards are not considered secondary cards47 ,other details discussed were use of points of omission1 form of series note1 tracing cards1 headings in joint-author entries1 the place for paging in an analytical note1 entry under pseudonym versus real name1 entry for adapter4 ,at the close of the foregoing discussion1 the matter of having a permanent ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 committee on cataloging was brought forward1 and upon ,miss ,van ,valkenburgh's motion1 it was determined to request the ,executive ,board of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 to appoint a permanent catalog committee to which questions in cataloging may be referred for recommendation4 ,miss ,sutliff then suggested that an ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 code of alphabetizing would also be welcome4 ,mr4 ,martel1 in response to a question by the ,chairman1 said that the ,library of ,congress followed the ,cutter ,rules1 but had working notes that might be helpful4 ,a motion put by ,mr4 ,keogh was then passed that the ,executive ,board of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 be asked to send a request to the ,librarian of ,congress to furnish the code of alphabetizing used in the ,library of ,congress for publication4 ,an amendment to the foregoing to include the words with changes for small libraries failed of passage4 ,the nominating committee then submitted its ticket3 ,chairman1 ,charles ,martel1 ,chief of the ,catalog ,division1 ,library of ,congress2 ,secretary1 ,edith ,p4 ,bucknam1 ,chief of the ,cataloging ,department1 ,queens ,borough public library4 ,after the election1 the meeting adjourned4 ,,section ,,on ,,library ,,work ,,with ,,children ,,first ,,session ,the first session of the ,section on ,library ,work with ,children was held in the ballroom of the ,hotel ,kaaterskill1 at #b3cj p4 m41 ,june #bdth1 with the ,chairman1 ,miss ,power1 in the chair4 ,in the absence of ,miss ,lawrence1 ,miss ,ida ,duff acted as secretary4 ,two papers on the subject of ,values in library work with children were read2 the first by ,miss ,,clara ,w4 ,,hunt1 superintendent of the children's department1 ,brooklyn public library4 ,,values ,,in ,,library ,,work ,,with ,,children--,i ,you are probably familiar with the story of the man who1 being asked by his host which part of the chicken he liked best replied that he'd never had a chance to find out2 that when he was a boy it was the fashion to give the grown people first choice1 and by the time he'd grown up the children had the pick1 so he'd never tasted anything but the drumstick4 ,it will doubtless be looked upon as heresy for a children's librarian to own that she has a deal of sympathy for the down-trodden adult of the present2 that there have been moments when she has even gone so far as to say an amen--under her breath--to the librarian who1 after a day of vexations at the hands of the exasperating young person represented in our current social writings as a much-sinned-against innocent1 wrathfully exploded1 ,children ought to be put in a barrel and fed through the bung till they are twenty-one years old6 ,during the scant quarter century which has seen the birth and marvelous growth of modern library work with children1 the new education has been putting its stamp upon the youth of ,america and upon the ideas of their parents regarding the upbringing of children4 ,and it has come to pass that one must be very bold to venture to brush off the dust of disuse from certain old saws and educational truisms1 such as ,all play and no work make ,jack a mere toy1 ,no gains without pains1 ,we learn to do by doing1 ,train up a child in the way he should go1 and so on4 ,our kindergartens1 our playground agitators1 our juvenile courts1 our child welfare exhibits are so persistently--and rightly--showing the wrongdoing child as the helpless victim of heredity and environment that hasty thinkers are jumping to the conclusion that1 since a child is not to blame for his thieving tendencies1 it is our duty1 rather than punish1 to let him go on stealing2 since it is a natural instinct for a boy to like the sound of crashing glass and the exercise of skill needed to hit a mark1 we must not reprove him for throwing stones at windows2 because a child does not like to work1 we should let him play--play all the time4 ,the painless methods of the new education1 which tend to make life too soft for children1 and to lead parents to believe that everything a child craves he must have1 these tendencies have had their effect upon the production and distribution of juvenile books1 and have added to the librarian's task the necessity not only of fighting against the worst reading1 but against the third rate lest it crowd out the best4 ,it is the importance of this latter warfare which ,i wish mainly to discuss4 ,we children's librarians1 in the past fifteen or twenty years1 have had to take a good many knocks1 more or less facetious1 from spectators of the sterner sex who are worried about the feminization of the library1 and who declare that no woman1 certainly no spinster1 can possibly understand the nature of the boy4 ,perhaps sometimes we are inclined to droop apologetic heads1 because we know that some women are sentimental1 that they don't all look at things in the large1 as men invariably do4 ,in view1 however1 of the record of this youthful movement of ours1 we have a right rather to swagger than to apologize4 ,the influence of the children's libraries upon the ideals1 the tastes1 the occupations1 the amusements1 the language1 the manners1 the home standards1 the choice of careers1 upon the whole life1 in fact1 of thousands upon thousands of boys and girls has been beyond all count as a civic force in ,america4 ,and yet1 while teachers tell us that the opening of every new library witnesses a substitution of wholesome books for yellow novels in pupils' hands2 while men in their prime remark their infrequent sight of the sensational periodicals left on every doorstep twenty years ago2 while publishers of children's books are trying to give us a clean1 safe juvenile literature1 and while some nickel novel publishers are even admitting a decline in the sale of their wares2 in spite of these evidences of success1 a warfare is still on1 though its character is changing4 ,every librarian who has examined children's books for a few years back knows exactly what to expect when she tackles the juveniles of #aiac4 ,there will be a generous number of books so fine in point of matter and make-up that we shall lament having been born too late to read these in our childhood4 ,the information and the taste acquired by children who have read the best juvenile publications of the past ten years is perfectly amazing1 and those extremists who decry the buying of any books especially written for children are nearly as nonsensical as the ones who would buy everything the child wishes4 ,but when one has selected with satisfaction perhaps a hundred and fifty titles1 one begins to get into the potboiler class--the written-to-order information book which may be guaranteed to kill all future interest in a subject treated in style so wooden and lifeless2 the retold classic in which every semblance to the spirit of the original is lost1 and the reading of which will give to the child that familiarity which will breed contempt for the work itself2 the atrocious picture book modeled after the comic supplement and telling in hideous daubs of color and caricature of line the tale of the practical joker who torments animals1 mocks at physical deformities1 plays tricks on parents1 teases the newly-wed1 ridicules good manners1 whose whole aim1 in short1 is to provoke guffaws of laughter at the expense of someone's hurt body or spirit4 ,there will be collections of folk and fairy tales1 raked together without discrimination from the literature of people among whom trickery and cunning are the most admired qualities2 there will be school stories in which the masters and studious boys grovel at the feet of the football hero2 in greater number than the above will be the stories written in series on thoroughly up-to-date subjects4 ,i shall be much surprised if we do not learn this fall that the world has been deceived in supposing that to ,amundsen and ,scott belong the honor of finding the ,south ,pole1 or to ,gen4 ,goethals the credit of engineering the ,panama ,canal4 ,if we do not discover that some young ,frank or ,jack or ,bill was the brains behind these achievements1 ,i shall wonder what has become of the ingenuity of the plotter of the series stories--the plotter ,i say advisedly1 for it is a known fact that many of these stories are first outlined by a writer whose name makes books sell1 the outlines then being filled in by a company of underlings who literally write to order4 ,when we learn1 also1 that an author who writes admirable stories1 in which special emphasis is laid upon fair play and a sense of honor1 is at the same time writing under another name books he is ashamed to acknowledge1 we are not surprised at the low grade of the resulting stories4 ,with the above extremes of good and poor there will be quantities on the border line1 books not distinctly harmful from one standpoint--in fact1 they will busily preach honesty and pluck and refinement1 etc41 but they will be so lacking in imagination and power1 in the positive qualities that go to make a fine book1 that they cannot be called wholly harmless1 since that which crowds out a better thing is harmful1 at least to the extent that it usurps the room of the good4 ,these books we will be urged to buy in large duplicate1 and when we1 holding to the ideal of the library as an educational force1 refuse to supply this intellectual pap1 well-to-do parents may be counted upon to present the same in quantities sufficient to weaken the mental digestion of their offspring beyond cure by teachers the most gifted4 ,there are two principal arguments--so-called--hurled at every librarian who tries to maintain a high standard of book selection4 ,one is the ,i read them when ,i was a child and they did me no harm claim2 the other1 based upon the doggedly clung-to notion that our ideal of manhood is a grown-up ,fauntleroy1 infers that every book rejected was offensive to the children's librarian because of qualities dangerously likely to encourage the boy in a taste for bloodshed and dirty hands4 ,now1 in this day when parents are frantically protecting their children from the deadly house fly1 the mosquito1 the common drinking cup and towel2 when milk must be sterilized and water boiled and adenoids removed2 when the young father solemnly bows to the dictum that he mustn't rock nor trot his own baby--isn't it really matter for the joke column to hear the did me no harm idea advanced as an argument8 ,and yet it is so offered by the same individual who1 though he has survived a boyhood of mosquito bites and school drinking cups1 refuses to allow his child to risk what he now knows to be a possible carrier of disease4 ,the what was good enough for me is good enough for my children idea1 if soberly treated as an argument in other matters of life1 would mean death to all progress1 and it is no more to be treated seriously as a reason for buying poor juvenile books than a contention for the fetich doctor versus the modern surgeon1 or for the return to the foot messenger in place of electrical communication4 ,it would be tactless1 if not positively dangerous1 if we children's librarians openly expressed our views when certain people point boastfully to themselves as shining products of mediocre story book childhoods4 ,so ,i would hastily suppress this thought1 and instead remind these people that1 as a vigorous child is immune from disease germs which attack a delicate one1 so unquestionably have thousands of mental and moral weaklings been retarded from their best development by books that left no mark on healthy children4 ,in spite of the probability that there are today alive many able-bodied men who cut their first teeth on pickles and pork chops1 we do not question society's duty to disseminate proper ideas on the care and feeding of children4 ,isn't it about time that we nailed down the lid of the coffin on the did me no harm argument and buried the same in the depths of the sea8 ,another notion that dies hard is one assuming that1 since the children's librarian is a woman1 prone to turn white about the gills at the sight of blood--or a mouse--she can not possibly enter into the feelings of the ancestral barbarian surviving in the young human breast1 but must try to hasten the child's development to twentieth century civilization by eliminating the elemental and savage from his story books4 ,if those who grow hoarse shouting the above would take the trouble to examine the lists of an up-to-date library they might blush for their shallowness1 that they have been basing their opinions on their memory of library lists at least twenty-five years old4 ,we do not believe that womanly women and manly men are most successfully made by way of silly1 shoddy1 sorry-for-themselves girlhoods1 or lying1 swaggering1 loafing boyhoods2 and it is the empty1 the vulgar1 the cheap1 smart1 trust-to-luck story1 rather than the gory one1 that we dislike4 ,i am coming to the statement of what ,i believe to be the problem most demanding our study today4 ,it is1 briefly1 the problem of the mediocre book1 its enormous and ever-increasing volume4 ,more fully stated it is the problem of the negatively as the enemy of the positively good2 of the cultivation of brain laziness by thoughts-made-easy reading4 ,it is a republic's1 a public school problem1 viz43 ,how is it possible to raise to a higher average the lowest1 without reducing to a dead level of mediocrity the citizens of superior possibilities8 ,our relation to publisher and parent1 to the library's adult open shelves of current fiction enter into the problem4 ,the children's over-reading1 and their reluctance to graduate from juvenile books1 these and many other perplexing questions grow out of the main one4 ,i said awhile ago that the new education has had a tendency to make life too soft for children1 and to give to their parents the belief that natural instincts alone are safe guides to follow in rearing a child4 ,i hope ,i shall not seem to be a good old times croaker1 sighing for the days when school gardens and folk dancing and glee clubs and dramatization of lessons and beautiful textbooks and fascinating handicraft and a hundred other delightful things were undreamed-of ways of making pleasant the paths of learning4 ,heaven forbid that ,i should join the ranks of those who carp at a body of citizens who1 at an average wage in ,america less than that of the coal miner and the factory worker1 have produced in their schools results little short of the miraculous4 ,to visit1 as ,i have1 classrooms of children born in slums across the sea1 transplanted to tenements in ,new ,york1 and to see what our public school teachers are making of these children--the backward1 the underfed1 the incorrigible1 the blind1 the anmic--well1 all ,i can say is1 ,i do not recommend these visits to ,americans of the stripe of that boastful citizen who1 being shown the crater of ,vesuvius with a ,there1 you haven't anything like that in ,america6 disdainfully replied1 ,naw1 but we've got ,niagara1 and that'd put the whole blame thing out6 ,for myself ,i never feel quite so disposed to brag of my ,americanism as when ,i visit some of our ,new ,york schools4 ,and yet1 watching the bored shrug of the bright1 well-born high school child when one suggests that ,the prince and the pauper is quite as interesting a story as the seventh volume of her latest series1 a librarian has some feelings about the lines-of-least-resistance method of educating our youth1 which she is glad to find voiced by some of our ablest thinkers4 ,here is what ,j4 ,p4 ,munroe says3 ,many of the new methods 444 methods of gentle cooing toward the child's inclinations1 of timidly placing a chair for him before a disordered banquet of heterogeneous studies1 may produce ladylike persons1 but they will not produce men4 ,and when these modern methods go as far as to compel the teacher to divide this intellectual cake and pudding into convenient morsels and to spoon-feed them to the child1 partly in obedience to his schoolboy cravings1 partly in conformity to a pedagogical psychology1 then the result is sure to be mental and moral dyspepsia in a race of milksops4 ,how aptly spoon-fed pudding characterizes whole cartloads of our current juveniles6 ,listen to ,president ,wilson's opinion3 ,to be carried along by somebody's suggestions from the time you begin until the time when you are thrust groping and helpless into the world1 is the very negation of education4 ,by the nursing process1 by the coddling process you are sapping a race2 and only loss can possibly result except upon the part of individuals here and there who are so intrinsically strong that you cannot spoil them4 ,hugo ,mnsterberg is a keen observer of the product of ,american schools1 and contrasting their methods with those of his boyhood he says3 ,my school work was not adjusted to botany at nine years because ,i played with an herbarium1 and at twelve to physics because ,i indulged in noises with home-made electric bells1 and at fifteen to ,arabic1 an elective which ,i miss still in several high schools1 even in ,brookline and ,roxbury4 ,the more my friends and ,i wandered afield with our little superficial interests and talents and passions1 the more was the straightforward earnestness of the school our blessing2 and all that beautified and enriched our youth1 and gave to it freshness and liveliness1 would have turned out to be our ruin1 if our elders had taken it seriously1 and had formed a life's program out of petty caprices and boyish inclinations4 ,and ,prof4 ,mnsterberg thrusts his finger into what ,i believe to be the weakest joint in our educational armor when he says3 444 as there is indeed a difference whether ,i ask what may best suit the taste and liking of ,peter1 the darling1 or whether ,i ask what ,peter1 the man1 will need for the battle of life in which nobody asks what he likes1 but where the question is how he is liked1 and how he suits the taste of his neighbors4 ,what would become of our civilization if we were to follow merely the instincts and natural desires8 ,yet is there not in ,america a tremendous tendency to the notion1 that except in matters of physical welfare1 the child's lead is to be followed to extreme limits8 ,don't we librarians feel it in the pressure brought to bear upon us by those who fail to find certain stories1 wanted by the children1 on our shelves8 ,why1 that's a good book1 the parent will say1 ,the hero is honest and kind1 the book won't hurt him any--in fact it will give the child some good ideas4 ,ideas4 ,yes1 perhaps4 ,there is another educator ,i should like to quote1 ,j4 ,h4 ,baker in his ,education and life3 ,whatever you would wish the child to do and become1 that let him practice4 ,we learn to do1 not by knowing1 but by knowing and then doing4 ,ethical teaching1 tales of heroic deeds1 soul-stirring fiction that awakens sympathetic emotions may accomplish but little unless in the child's early life 444 the ideas and feelings find expression in action and so become a part of the child's power and tendency4444 ,now we believe with ,g4 ,stanley ,hall that1 ,the chief enemy of active virtue in the world is not vice but laziness1 languor and apathy of will2 that mind work is infinitely harder than physical toil2 that 7as another says7 all that does not rouse1 does not set him to work1 rusts and taints him 444 the disease of laziness 444 destroys the whole man4 ,and when children of good heritage1 good homes1 sound bodies1 bright minds1 spend hours every week curled up among cushions1 allowing a stream of cambric-tea literature gently to trickle over their brain surfaces1 we know that though the heroes and heroines of these stories be represented as prodigies of industry and vigor1 our young swallowers of the same are being reduced to a pulp of brain and will laziness that will not only make them incapable of struggling with a page of ,quentin ,durward1 for example1 but will affect their moral stamina1 since fighting fiber is the price of virtue4 ,ours is1 as ,i have said1 a public education1 a republic's problem4 ,to quote ,president ,wilson again3 ,our present plans for teaching everybody involve certain unpleasant things quite inevitably4 ,it is obvious that you cannot have universal education without restricting your teaching to such things as can be universally understood4 ,it is plain that you cannot impart 'university methods' to thousands1 or create 'investigators' by the score1 unless you confine your university education to matters which dull men can investigate1 your laboratory training to tasks which mere plodding diligence and submissive patience can compass4 ,yet1 if you do so limit and constrain what you teach1 you thrust taste and insight and delicacy of perception out of the schools1 exalt the obvious and merely useful things above the things which are only imaginatively or spiritually conceived1 make education an affair of tasting and handling and smelling1 and so create ,philistia1 that country in which they speak of 'mere literature4' ,in our zeal to serve the little alien1 descendant of generations of poverty and ignorance1 let us not lose sight of the importance to our country of the child more fortunate in birth and brains4 ,so strong is my feeling on the value of leaders that ,i hold we should give at least as much study to the training of the accelerate child as we give to that of the defective4 ,though ,i boast the land of ,abraham ,lincoln and ,booker ,washington ,i do not give up one iota of my belief that the child who is born into a happy environment1 of parents strong in body and mind1 holds the best possibilities of making a valuable citizen2 and so ,i am concerned that this child be not spoiled in the making by a training or lack of training that fails to recognize his possibilities4 ,it is encouraging to find growing attention in the ,proceedings of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 and other educational bodies to the problem of the bright child who has suffered by the lock-step system which has molded all into conformity with the capabilities of the average child4 ,the librarian's difficulty is perhaps greater than that of the teacher1 because open shelves and freedom of choice are so essential a part of our program4 ,we must provide easy reading for thousands of children4 ,milk and water stories may have an actual value to children whose unfavorable heritage and environment have retarded their mental development4 ,but the deplorable thing is to see young people1 mercifully saved from the above handicaps1 making a bee line for the current diluted literature for grown-ups1 7as accessible as ,scott on our open shelves7 and to realize that this taste1 which is getting a life set1 is the inevitable outcome of the habit of reading mediocre juveniles4 ,we must not rail at publishers for trying to meet the demands of purchasers4 ,our job is to influence that demand far more than we have done as yet4 ,large book jobbers tell us that millions and millions of poor juveniles are sold in ,america to thousands of the sort we librarians recommend4 ,i have seen purchase lists of boys' club directors and ,sunday ,school library committees calling for just the weak and empty stuff we would destroy4 ,i have unwittingly been an eavesdropper at ,christmas book counters and have heard the orders given by parents and the suggestions made by clerks4 ,and ,i feel that the public library has but skirmished along the outposts while the great field of influencing the reading of ,american children remains unconquered4 ,until we affect production to the extent that the book stores circulate as good books as the best libraries we cannot be too complacent about our position as a force in citizen making4 ,an impossible ideal1 of course1 but far from intimidating1 the largeness of the task makes us all the more determined4 ,this paper attempts no suggestion of new methods of attacking the problem4 ,it is rather a restatement of an old perplexity4 ,i harp once more on a worn theme because ,i think that unless we frequently lift our eyes from the day's absorbing duties for a look over the whole field1 and unless we once and again make searching inventory of our convictions1 our purposes1 our methods1 our attainments1 we are in danger of letting ourselves slip along the groove of the taken-for-granted and our work loses in power as we allow ourselves to become leaners instead of leaders4 ,may we not1 as if it were a new idea1 rouse to the seriousness of the mediocre habit indulged in by young people capable of better things8 ,should not our work with children reach out more to work with adults1 to those who buy and sell and make books for the young8 ,is it not time for the successful teller of stories to children to use her gifts in audiences of grown people1 persuading these molders of the children's future of the reasonableness of our objection to the third rate since it is the enemy of the best8 ,may it not be politic1 at least1 for the librarian to descend from her disdainful height and make friends with the trade1 with bookseller and publisher who1 after all1 have as good a right to their bread and butter as the librarian paid out of the city's taxes8 ,and then--is it not possible that we might be better librarians if we refused to be librarians every hour in the day and half the night as well8 ,what if we were to have the courage to refuse to indulge in nervous breakdowns1 because we deliberately plan to play1 and to eat1 and to sleep1 to keep serene and sane and human1 believing that ,god in ,his ,heaven gives ,his children a world of beauty to enjoy as well as a work to do with zeal4 ,if we lived a little longer and not quite so wide1 the gain to our chosen work in calm nerves and breadth of interest and sympathy would even up for dropping work on schedule time for a symphony concert or a country walk or a visit with a friend--might even justify saving the cost of several ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 conferences toward a trip to ,italy6 ,this hurling at librarians advice to play more and work less reminds me of a story told by a southern friend4 ,years ago1 in a sleepy little ,virginia village1 there lived two characters familiar to the townspeople1 whose greatest daily excitement was a stroll down to the railroad station to watch the noon express rush through to distant southern cities4 ,one of these personages was the station keeper1 of dry humor and sententious habit1 whom we will call ,hen ,waters2 the other was the station goat1 named1 of course1 ,billy4 ,year after year had ,billy peacefully cropped the grass along the railroad tracks1 turning an indifferent ear to the roar of the daily express1 when suddenly one day the notion seemed to strike his goatish mind that this racket had been quietly endured long enough4 ,with the warning whistle of the approaching engine1 ,billy1 lowering his head1 darted furiously up the track1 intending to butt the offending thunderer into ,kingdom ,come4 ,when1 a few seconds later1 the amazed spectators were gazing after the diminishing train1 ,hen ,waters1 addressing the spot where the redoubtable goat had last been seen1 drawled out3 ,billy1 ,i admire your pluck--but darn your discretion6 ,the parallel between the ambitions and the futility of the goat1 and the present speaker's late advice is so obvious that only the illogicalness of woman can account for my cherishing a hope that ,i may be spared the fate of the indiscreet ,billy4 ,miss ,,caroline ,,burnite1 director of children's work1 ,cleveland public library1 delivered the second paper on this subject1 presenting the topic from another viewpoint4 ,,values ,,in ,,library ,,work ,,with ,,children--,,ii ,to elucidate principles of value1 ,i shall use1 by way of illustration1 the experience and structure of a certain children's department where the problem of children's reading and the means of bringing books to them has been more intensively studied in the last nine years than was possible there before that time4 ,at the time we took our last survey of the department it was found that probably about six out of ten of the children of the city read library books in their homes during the calendar year1 and that each child had read about twenty books on the average4 ,four of the six procured library books from a library center2 two of the six procured them from collections1 either in their schoolrooms or in homes in their neighborhood4 ,in all1 fifty-four thousand children read a million books1 which reached them through forty-three librarians assigned for special work with these children1 through three hundred teachers and about one hundred volunteers4 ,now1 we know that six out of ten children is not an ideal proportion and that fifty-four thousand may endanger the quality of book influence for each child1 but both of these statements indicate conditions to be adjusted so that the experience of each reading child may contribute to the whole and experience with numbers may benefit the individual4 ,to accomplish this end1 work with the children was given departmental organization4 ,my concern in this paper is with departmental organization as it benefits the reading child1 and with the principles and policies which have been developed through departmental unity4 ,we think ordinarily that one who loves books has three general hallmarks--his reading is fairly continuous1 there is permanency of book interest1 and this interest maintained on a plane of merit4 ,these three results always justify the reader and those who have influenced him1 and if the consequent book interests of the library child were entirely such1 they would prove to all laymen1 without argument1 that the principles are basic4 ,but in the child's contact with the library there are many evidences of modifications of normal book interests2 for1 instead of continuity of reading1 the children's rooms are overcrowded in winter and have comparatively small book use in summer2 instead of permanency of book interests extending over the difficult intermediate period1 we know that large numbers of those children who leave school before they reach high school have little or no library contact during their first working years and we sometimes feel that the interesting experiences with reading working children1 which librarians are prone to emphasize1 give us an impression of a larger number than careful investigation would show4 ,as for quality of reading of the individual working child we cannot maintain that it is always on a high plane4 ,all these conditions we know to be largely the result of environmental influences4 ,deprived for twelve hours a day1 twelve months in a year1 of opportunity for normal youthful activities1 the child's entire physical and mental schedule is thrown out of balance and his tendency is to turn to reading1 a recreation possible at any time1 only when there is no opportunity to follow other avenues of interest4 ,the strain upon the ear and eye1 and back and brain1 is even greater in the shop than in the school1 and in the consequent intense physical fatigue the tendency is toward recreations in which the book may have no place4 ,the power of the nickel library over the child can be broken by the presence of the public library1 but no intermediate gets away from the suggestion1 by voice and print1 of the modern novel1 with its present-day social interests4 ,consequently the whole judgment of the results of library work with children can not rest upon these general tests of normal book interests4 ,rather such variations from the normal are themselves conditions which influence the structure of the work and especially the principles of book presentation4 ,if children are living in an environment which is not the best one for them1 all the forces with which they come in contact should tend to correct the abnormal and give them the things their moral nature craves--freer and fuller thoughts1 better and freer living1 truth of expression1 beauty of feeling4 ,we must recognize that books also must be a force in reconstructing or normalizing the influences of their environment4 ,children with social needs must have books with social values to meet those needs--right social contacts1 true social perspective1 traditions of family and race1 loveliness of nature1 companionship of living things1 right group association and group interests4 ,but while the pedagogical and moral values of books1 that is the benefits of right reading for children of normal life1 were fully analyzed1 the children's department of which ,i speak had almost no written principle to aid in the enormous task of determining the influence of books on children with social needs4 ,appreciations of the social relationships and the interdependence of characters in books which have proven themselves moving forces in the lives of children1 gained through the testimony of men and women who know their indebtedness to them--such books as ,little women1 ,tom ,brown1 ,heidi1 ,otto of the silver hand--gave a fundamental principle upon which to work4 ,books should construct a larger social ideal for the reader instead of confirming his present one4 ,then arose this question3 ,should we have books with weak social values in the library as a concession to certain children1 or by having them do we harm most those very children to whom we have conceded them8 ,the gradual solution of this problem seems to me to be one of the greatest services which a library can render its children4 ,so long as this question is in process of solution we may accept the following as a tentative reply3 ,no books weak in social ideals should be furnished1 provided we do not lose reading children by their elimination4 ,if such books are the best a child will read and we take them away1 causing loss of library reading interest1 we permit him to sink further into his environment4 ,with the last principle as a basis1 the evaluation of books was accomplished in the evolution of the department4 ,the cumulative experience of librarians working with children showed that many books which lead only to others of their kind were weak in social viewpoint1 and that such books were the ones read largely by those children most occasional and spasmodic in their reading4 ,here was a determining point in the establishment of standards of reading1 for it brought us face to face with the question1 ,shall we consider this situation our fault since we supply such books to children who need something better vastly more than do others1 or shall we merely justify our selection by maintaining that those children will under no circumstances read a higher grade of books8 ,however1 it was proven at the same time that other books were read also by children with social limitations1 which1 although apparently no better on first evaluation1 lead to a better type of reading and this gave us a fresh impulse to consider the evaluation of books as a constantly moving process1 and prompted the policy of the removal of those types of books which were least influential in developing a good reading taste4 ,this was done1 however1 with the definite intention that an increasingly better standard of reading must mean that no reading children be sacrificed1 an end only possible by a fuller knowledge of the value of the individual book to the individual child4 ,now let us see what changes have been evolved in the book collections in the department under consideration in the past seven or eight years4 ,in the first study of the collection and before any final study of books from the social viewpoint had been reached1 the proportion of books of the doubtful class to those which were standard was considered1 and it was seen that this proportion should be decreased in order that a child's chances for eventually reading the best might be improved4 ,it was obvious that the reading of the young children should be most carefully safeguarded1 and this was the first point of attack4 ,as a result1 these two types of books were eliminated3 #a4 ,all series for young children1 such as the ,dotty ,dimples and the ,little ,colonels4 #b4 ,books for young children dealing with animal life which have neither humane nor scientific value1 such as the ,pierson and ,wesselhoeft4 ,at about the same time stories of child life for young children were restricted to those which were most natural and possible1 and stories read by older girls in which adults were made the beneficiaries of a surprisingly wise child hero1 such as the ,plympton books1 were eliminated4 ,the successful elimination of these books1 together with the study of the children's reading as a whole1 suggested within the next two or three years that other books could be eliminated or restricted without shock to the readers4 ,on the pedagogical basis1 certain types of books for young children were judged2 on the social basis1 certain types of books for older children1 with results as follows3 #a4 ,the elimination of word books for little children1 and the basing of their reading upon their inherent love for folk lore and verse4 #b4 ,the elimination of interpreted folk lore1 such as many of the modern kindergarten versions4 #c4 ,the elimination of the modern fairy tale1 except as it has vitality and individual charm1 as have those of ,george ,mac,donald4 #d4 ,the elimination of travel trivial in treatment and in series form1 such as the ,little ,cousins4 #e4 ,the restriction of an old and recognized series to its original number of titles1 such as the ,pepper series4 ,the disapproval of all new books obviously the first in a series4 #f4 ,lessening the number of titles by authors who are unduly popular1 such as restricting the use of ,tomlinson to one series only4 #g4 ,the elimination of those stories in which the child character is not within a normal sphere2 for instance1 the child novel1 such as ,mrs4 ,jamison's stories4 #h4 ,the restriction of the story of the successful poor boy to those within the range of possibility1 as are the ,otis books1 largely4 ,without analyzing the weaknesses of all these types1 ,i wish to say a word about the series form for story and classed books4 ,the series must be judged not only by content1 but it must be recognized that by the admission of such a form of literature the tendency of the child toward independence of book judgment and book selection is lessened and the way paved for the weakest form of adult literature4 ,the last policies regarding book selection developed on the same principles within the past three years have been these3 #a4 ,the elimination of periodical literature for young children1 such as the ,children's ,magazine and ,little ,folks1 since their reading can be varied more wholesomely without it4 #b4 ,the elimination1 or use in small numbers1 of a type of history and biography which lacks scholarly1 or even serious treatment1 such as the ,pratt histories4 #c4 ,lessening the number of titles of miscellaneous collections of folk lore in which there are objectionable individual tales2 as1 for instance1 buying only the ,blue1 ,red1 ,green and ,yellow fairy books4 #d4 ,recognizing blind alleys in children's fiction1 such as the boarding school story and the covert love story1 and buying no new titles of those types4 ,reports of reading sequences from each children's room have furnished the basis for further study of children's reading for the past seven months4 ,these have been discussed and compared by the workers1 and are now in shape for a working outline of reading sequences to be made and reported back to each room1 to be used1 amplified and reported on again in the spring4 ,while those books which are no longer used may have been at one time necessary to hold a child from reading something poorer1 we did not lose children through raising the standard1 and the duplication of doubtful books in the children's room is less heavy now than it was a few years ago4 ,also there are more than twice as many children who are reading1 and almost three times as many books being read as there were nine years ago1 while the number of children of the city has increased but #gb per cent4 ,furthermore1 the proportion of children of environmental limitations has by no means diminished1 and the foreign population is much the same--more than #ge per cent4 ,of course1 the elimination of some books was accomplished because there were better books on these subjects1 but the general result was largely brought about because in the establishment of these higher standards we did not exceed the standards of those who were working with the children4 ,the standards which they brought to the work1 and which they deduced themselves from their experience1 were strengthened through ,round ,table discussion1 where each worker measured her results by those of the others and thereby recognized the need of constant1 but careful experimentation4 ,a children's department can not reach standards of reading which in the judgment of the librarians working with the children are beyond the possibility of attainment1 for with them rests entirely the delicate task of the adjustment of the book to the child4 ,a staff of children's librarians of good academic education1 the best library training1 a true vision of the social principles1 a broad knowledge of children's literature1 is the greatest asset for any library maintaining children's work4 ,but it is true inversely that in raising the standards of the children the standards of the workers were raised4 ,by this1 ,i mean that there were methods of book presentation in use whereby the worker saw farther and deeper into the mentality of the child and understood his social instincts better4 ,this has been evidenced in the larger duplication of the better books4 ,the methods are those which recognize group interest and group association as a social need of childhood4 ,through unifying and intensifying the thoughts and sympathies of the children by giving them1 when in association with their own playmates1 a common experience of living in great and universal thought in the story hour1 the mediocre was bridged and both the child and the worker reached a higher plane of experience4 ,by giving children a chance for group expression of something which has fundamental group interest1 not only the children recognized that books may be cornerstones for social intercourse and that there is connection between social conduct as expressed in books and social obligation1 but1 what is also vastly important1 the worker learned that when children are at the age of group activity and expression they can often be more permanently influenced through their group relations than as individuals4 ,through the recognition of the principle that there are standards of book use with individual children and other standards of book appeal for groups of children1 it was shown that the organization of the work as a whole must be such that all avenues of presentation of literature could be fully developed4 ,it was seen that far less than with the individual child could we afford to give a group of children a false experience or impotent interest1 and that material for group presentation1 methods of group presentation and the social elements which are evinced in groups of children should receive an amount of attention and study which would lead to the surest and soundest results4 ,this could be fully accomplished only by recognizing such methods as distinct functions of the department1 to be maintained on sound pedagogical and social bases4 ,in other words1 that there should not only be divisions of work with children according to problems of book distribution1 such as by schools and home libraries1 but there must be of necessity divisions by problems of reading4 ,whereas1 in a smaller department all divisions would center in the head1 the volume of work in the library above alluded to rendered necessary the appointment of an instructor in storytelling and a supervisor of reading clubs1 which has resulted in a higher specialization and a greater impetus for these phases of work than one person could have accomplished4 ,here we have an instance of the benefit that a large volume of work may confer upon the individual child4 ,with the attainment of better reading results and higher standards for the workers1 it was obvious that the reading experiences of the children and the standards of the workers must be conserved1 that the organization should protect the children1 as far as possible1 from the shock of change of workers in individual centers4 ,within the past two years considerable study has been given to this1 and yearly written reports on the reading of children in each children's room are made1 in which variations of the children's reading in that library from accepted standards1 with individual instances1 are usually discussed4 ,however1 the children's librarian is entirely free to report the subject from whatever angle it has impressed her most4 ,also a written report is made of the story hour1 the program1 general and special reading results1 and intensity of group interest in certain types of stories4 ,this report is supplementary to a weekly report in a prescribed form of the stories told1 sources used and results4 ,all programs used with clubs are reported and a semi-annual report made of the club work as a whole4 ,a yearly tabulation is made of registration from public and parochial schools1 giving registration in all libraries1 class rooms and home libraries4 ,by discussion and reports back to individual centers1 these become bases for a wider vision of work and a wiser direction of energy with less experimentation4 ,the connection between work with children and the problem of the reading of intermediates1 referred to in the beginning1 should not be dismissed in a paragraph4 ,however1 it is only possible to give a short statement of it4 ,recognizing that the reading of adult books should begin in the children's room1 a serious study of adult books possible for children's reading was made by the children's librarians for two summers1 the reports discussed and books added to the department as the result4 ,a second report of adult titles which children and intermediates might and do read was called for recently and from that a tentative list has been furnished both adult and children's workers for further study4 ,the increasing number of workers in the children's department who have had general training1 and in the adult work who have had special training for work with children will make such reports of much value4 ,it may be interesting to know that fifteen of the children's librarians have had general training and six adult workers in important positions have had special training for children's work4 ,four years ago there were only three in children's work who had had general training and none in adult work with the special training4 ,in order to follow the standards of children's work1 there is one principle which is obvious1 namely1 a book disapproved as below grade for juvenile should not be accepted for general intermediate work4 ,this is especially true of books of adventure which a boy of any age between #ab and #ah would read4 ,it has been possible to raise the standard of books for adults in the school libraries above that of the larger libraries4 ,this will furnish eventually another angle for the study of the problem of intermediate reading4 ,in conclusion1 the chief influences in the establishment of right reading for children are an intensive study of the reading of children in relation to its social1 moral and pedagogical worth to them1 the right basis of education and training for such study on the part of the workers1 the direction of such study in a way that brings about a higher and more practical standard on the part of the worker1 and the conservation of her experience4 ,these are the great services which the library should render children1 and they can be most fully accomplished through departmental organization4 ,these papers were followed by a discussion1 led by ,miss ,stearns and ,mr4 ,rush1 in which advice was given to those selecting children's books to eliminate1 in buying new books1 those which would be eliminated later1 and the suggestion was made that children's librarians should enter the field of writing children's books4 ,dr4 ,bostwick of ,st4 ,louis then gave a report on ,,volume ,,of ,,children',s ,,work ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,we may divide the history of work with children into three epochs4 ,during the first1 our libraries were realizing with increasing clearness the necessity of doing something for children that they were not doing for adults4 ,during the second this conviction had taken the practical form of segregation1 physical and mental1 and its details were worked out with definiteness4 ,in the third1 in which we still are1 the whole administrative work of the library for children is being systematized and co-ordinated4 ,these three stages may be roughly styled the era of work with children1 the era of the children's room and the era of the children's department4 ,the first began1 in any particular library1 when that library began to do anything whatever for children that it was not doing for adults2 the second1 when it opened its first children's room2 the third1 when it co-ordinated all its children's work under one administrative head4 ,in most libraries the first period was relatively short2 the second relatively long4 ,some libraries began their work by establishing children's rooms1 reducing the first period to zero4 ,some large libraries are still in the second period1 never having co-ordinated their children's work4 ,here are the approximate dates for a few libraries3 #a #b #c ,cleveland #ahid #ahih #aijc ,new ,york #ahie #ahih #aijb ,pittsburgh #ahih #ahih #ahih ,st4 ,louis #ahic #ahig #aiji ,milwaukee #ahif #ahih 4444 ,chicago #aijd #aijd 4444 ,brooklyn #ahii #ahii #aija ,boston #ahie #ahie 4444 ,i lay no stress on the accuracy of these dates1 particularly in the first column1 where in some cases they are matters of opinion4 ,pittsburgh appears as a unique example of a library that stepped full-fledged into all three stages at once1 starting off1 as soon as it began to do children's work at all1 not only with a children's room1 but with a definitely organized department to conduct the work4 ,with the idea of presenting comprehensively some idea of the volume and importance of children's work in the ,united ,states at the present time1 a questionnaire was sent out to libraries 7#gh in all7 whose total home use was #ajj1jjj volumes or more4 ,of these #ea responded4 ,these have been divided into five groups1 five very large libraries1 circulating more than #b1jjj1jjj2 eight large ones1 between one and two million2 seven medium1 between half a million and a million2 thirteen small1 between quarter and half a million1 and eighteen very small1 from #ajj1jjj to #bej1jjj4 ,the results for each of these groups have been stated separately--averaged where possible4 ,first1 regarding the total volume of work4 ,the answers to the questions show that in #ea of the #gh largest public libraries in the country1 graded by circulation--libraries containing altogether nearly #i1jjj1jjj books and circulating a total of over #cj millions--there are now #a1adg1jjj volumes intended especially for children4 ,children drew out during the last year #aa1bjj1jjj volumes for home use4 ,volumes for children added during the year numbered #bhj1jjj4 ,these libraries have #bca rooms devoted entirely to children and #ahj used by them in part1 with a combined seating capacity of #ae1ijj4 ,classroom libraries are furnished for the children in the schools1 by #ca libraries reporting1 to the number of #e1jjj4 ,children in #df libraries reporting hold altogether #dac1jjj library cards4 ,there are #db supervisors of children's work1 with numerous clerical assistants and staffs of #dgc persons1 of whom at least #agg are qualified children's librarians1 #ajh are graduates of library schools1 and #ed have had partial courses4 ,the general conclusion deducible from the statistics gathered seems to be that in some ways library work with children has become standardized while in others it has not4 ,standards1 whether permanent or not1 we can not tell1 have been reached or approximated in the number of books devoted to children's use and1 in general1 in the proportion of the library's resources1 time and energy that is given to this branch of the work4 ,but when we come to the specific number of assistants assigned to it1 their supervision1 their pay and the grade of experience and training required of them1 then we all part company4 ,not only is there no general agreement here1 but some of the discrepancies are so large that we can ascribe them only to the fact that we are still in the experimental stage4 ,for instance1 to take first the fairly uniform or standardized conditions1 the fraction of the stock of books allotted to children is about one-fifth in the larger libraries and decreases slightly in the smaller2 in the very small it is about one-eighth4 ,the proportion of juvenile books added yearly is much larger2 it varies from nearly one-half in the very large libraries down to one-fourth in the very small4 ,this would seem to be a result of the increasing stress laid on children's work4 ,if this proportion is maintained in the annual purchases1 that in the total stock may approximate to it in time1 although we can not be sure of this without knowing the ratio of the life of a children's book to that of an adult book4 ,the children's books are doubtless shorter-lived1 and this would tend to keep the proportion down in the permanent stock4 ,the circulation is still more nearly uniform1 being about one-third to children in all the classes of libraries4 ,the proportion of money spent for children is also uniform1 being about one-fourth in libraries of all sizes4 ,the same is true of the number of children's rooms1 which throughout all classes of libraries1 both large and small1 are in the proportion of one to every #fj1jjj to #gj1jjj of circulation1 and of their seating capacity1 which is #fj to #gj per room4 ,looking on the other side of the shield we find the greatest variation in the proportion of children's cards in use1 which runs from less than one-half up to nearly all4 ,from one to five supervisors are employed in each library but some of the very large libraries use only one and some of the small ones as many as three4 ,the same is true of clerical assistants1 of which some of the very small libraries report as many as three1 while some of the very large get along with as few as two4 ,salaries are fairly uniform1 although apparently smaller than the work would warrant4 ,whereas the children's circulation is about one-third the total1 the salaries in the juvenile department are from one-seventh to one-eighth the total throughout4 ,in the small libraries they are only one-eleventh of the total4 ,the distribution of library-school graduates is very irregular4 ,some libraries in all classes have none at all4 ,in the three lower classes no library has a larger number than three4 ,in some of the larger libraries there may be as many as #bj or #cj4 ,i am aware that some of this irregularity1 which ,i have called a lack of standardization1 may be due to differences in nomenclature4 ,assistants1 for instance1 having precisely the same duties may be described as supervisors in one library and not in another4 ,this will not explain everything1 however1 and the conclusion is inevitable that in the respects just noted no uniformity has yet been reached by libraries4 ,it seems to me that this lack of standardization has made its appearance in precisely the place where it might have been expected--namely in the third of the three periods already mentioned1 that of co-ordination and systematization4 ,this is the latest period2 some libraries have not yet entered upon it and most of them are young in it4 ,in other words1 children's work is much older than the systematic administration of a children's department1 or a system of children's rooms4 ,hence1 children's work in general--the selection and purchase of books for children1 the planning of children's rooms and their administration as units--has existed long enough to become standardized4 ,we know what we want1 having passed through the stage of experimentation4 ,this is not true of the administration of a children's department--the grading of assistants1 the organization of a compact body of workers with its expert supervision1 the settling of questions of disputed jurisdiction that necessarily arise in cases of this kind4 ,it is on this part of their work that children's librarians need to focus their attention for the next few years4 ,it is time1 not perhaps to withdraw our eyes from the older questions but to transfer our gaze in part to the newer4 ,we need to talk less about the size of our juvenile collection1 methods of selection of children's books1 the salaries of our assistants1 ways of increasing our circulation1 sizes and plans of children's rooms1 and so on1 and more about the organization and administration of the children's department as a whole--the duties of the supervisor and her assistants2 her relations with the heads of other departments and with branch librarians1 the measure of control shared by her with heads of branches in case of children's librarians of branches1 the existence of separate grades1 corresponding to separate duties or variation of qualifications1 among the children's librarians2 insistence on training adapted to these different grades4 ,time forbids me to go into details1 and ,i can but suggest these points for your consideration4 ,into one point1 however1 ,i feel like going a little more fully3 ,we need more special training for children's work4 ,it is the one kind of specialization that we have attempted in our schools1 and we must have more of it and more kinds of it4 ,this of course is but a single case in the more varied program of special training that ,i am convinced we shall have to take up before long4 ,in the course of an interesting debate on this subject in the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,council last ,january it developed that most of the librarians present looked upon specialization as impractical4 ,in particular they believed it impossible for a student to look forward so definitely to special work that he could decide on the special courses that would benefit him4 ,the man that had taken the college-library course might become a superintendent of branches2 the qualified municipal reference librarian would go1 perhaps1 into an applied science room4 ,this may be so now but it cannot long remain the case4 ,even now we can not carry this line of argument much further without making of it a reductio ad absurdum4 ,why go to a library school at all when1 after all1 you may accept the headship of a grammar-school on graduation1 or even decide to travel for a hardware house8 ,why should we attempt to train one man for a lawyer and another for a physician when both may prefer farming8 ,we are getting away fast from the old idea1 born of pioneer conditions1 that anybody can do anything if he tries4 ,we shall have to travel further enough from it to satisfy ourselves that an expert university librarian will have to be trained for his post and not for that of head of the supply department in a public library4 ,we have learned that a children's librarian does her work better for special training2 may it not be that we shall have to make some difference in the future between training1 let us say1 for supervisory work1 for the charge of a branch children's room1 and for the duties of an assistant of lower grade8 ,in closing1 let me say again that we need to focus our attention at present on the organization and administration of a children's department1 especially on the places where it interlocks with that of other departments4 ,the study of this matter should not be entrusted to children's libraries alone1 for the standardization of work involving more than one department should not be ex parte4 ,the matter should be in charge of a committee including in its membership both chief librarians and the heads of children's departments--possibly also the children's librarian of a large branch library and a branch librarian4 ,the volume of the work is now remarkable2 its organization has gone beyond that of some other departments in attention to detail2 the question of its co-ordination and of interdepartmental relations should now be taken up systematically4 ,libraries ,very ,large ,libraries ,large ,averaged ,over ,averaged #a1jjj1jjj- #b1jjj1jjj #b1jjj1jjj ,av4 number volumes in library #e #feh1daf #h #bhf1fdc ,av4 juvenile volumes in library #c #acf1jhj #g #eg1cdh ,av4 cost of juvenile volumes ,not given #b #bb1jjj ,av4 volumes added during year #e #gc1jih #h #cj1agb ,av4 cost of volumes added during year #e #gj1igf4hh #g #bg1bdd4be ,av4 juvenile volumes added during year #d #cb1ajj #f #ab1chc ,av4 cost of juvenile volumes added #c #ah1ibh4ib #c #g1hja4hf ,av4 circulation for year #e #c1igc1aej #h #a1bad1jfh ,av4 juvenile circulation for year #e #a1dea1efi #f #eja1chi ,av4 number children's rooms in system #e #bc #h #f ,av4 number rooms used in part by children #e #g #g #g ,av4 seating capacity of children's rooms #e #a1ejb #h #dfg ,av4 classroom libraries #b #cad #g #cja ,av4 home libraries for children #a #ef #c #bf ,av4 deposit or delivery stations not included in above #d #eb #g #bb ,av4 volumes on shelves open to children #c #abi1dac #g #eb1jfg ,av4 juvenile cardholders #b #cd1idb #g #bh1eja ,av4 age limit of juvenile cardholders #b #ae #g #ae ,av4 estimate of juvenile cards in use #b #edf1ccb #e #bj1hde ,av4 supervisors of children's work #d #a to #e #g #j to #e ,av4 salary paid supervisors #a #b1jjj #f #a1agd ,av4 clerical assistants in children's work #a #b #e #b ,av4 salary paid clerical assistants #a #gje #d #ebd ,av4 children's librarians #d #bj #g #a to #aa ,av4 salary paid children's librarians #d #ghf4hb #g #hif ,av4 additional assistants giving full time to children's work #c #d to #hc #d #b to #bg ,av4 salary of such assistants #c #efj4cc #d #gad ,av4 assistants giving part time to children's work #a #b #b #aj ,av4 salary paid such assistants #a #egf #b #fed ,number library school graduates #d #a to #ba #h #j to #bi ,number assistants having had partial library school courses #d #c to #aa #e #j to #h ,number trained in local library #d #d to #ef #g #j to #ae ,number trained in other libraries #d #c to #aj #g #j to #a ,pages giving full time to children's work #c #j to #aa #f #a to #h ,av4 yearly salaries for entire staff 7not including janitors7 #d #agj1dec4hb #h #gd1ejc4ij ,av4 yearly salaries children's department #b #bj1jhj4jj #h #aa1jcb4cc ,libraries ,medium ,libraries ,small ,averaged #ejj1jjj- ,averaged #bej1jjj- #a1jjj1jjj #ejj1jjj ,av4 number volumes in library #g #aej1bjj #ac #ib1bcf ,av4 juvenile volumes in library #f #bf1gej #ab #af1bdd ,av4 cost of juvenile volumes #e #ba1caf #b #i1gej ,av4 volumes added during year #g #ae1fed #ac #h1hih ,av4 cost of volumes added during year #g #ae1jja4ge #aj #h1hea4ha ,av4 juvenile volumes added during year #f #e1hge #ac #b1ffa ,av4 cost of juvenile volumes added #f #d1dbh4aj #c #b1hgf4jj ,av4 circulation for year #g #gad1ghd #ac #cci1jei ,av4 juvenile circulation for year #g #bbg1fig #ac #abb1gci ,av4 number children's rooms in system #g #c #ac #b ,av4 number rooms used in part by children #f #c #i #d ,av4 seating capacity of children's rooms #g #bcc #aa #aej ,av4 classroom libraries #g #bja #h #hc ,av4 home libraries for children #a #be #c #c ,av4 deposit or delivery stations not included in above #g #ab #i #ab ,av4 volumes on shelves open to children #f #dj1cbf #aj #ac1gba ,av4 juvenile cardholders #d #ad1dgj #aa #g1jef ,av4 age limit of juvenile cardholders #c #ad #h #ae ,av4 estimate of juvenile cards in use #d #i1dcf #g #f1agb ,av4 supervisors of children's work #e #a to #b #g #a to #c ,av4 salary paid supervisors #e #a1jgj #g #gfj ,av4 clerical assistants in children's work #d #a to #c #e #a to #c ,av4 salary paid clerical assistants #d #fjj #e #eaf ,av4 children's librarians #e #a to #i #ab #a to #c ,av4 salary paid children's librarians #e #fdh4ej #ab #hbi4af ,av4 additional assistants giving full time to children's work #b #b #d #a to #c ,av4 salary of such assistants #b #fij #d #ebd ,av4 assistants giving part time to children's work 444 444 #b #a ,av4 salary paid such assistants 444 444 #b #bhh ,number library school graduates #g #j to #b #aa #j to #c ,number assistants having had partial library school courses #f #j to #e #aa #j to #a ,number trained in local library #g #a to #i #aj #j to #c ,number trained in other libraries #g #j to #a #i #j to #b ,pages giving full time to children's work #g #j to #b #ab #j to #b ,av4 yearly salaries for entire staff 7not including janitors7 #f #cj1hdd4ij #ab #ai1ihd4ha ,av4 yearly salaries children's department #f #d1add4ge #ab #a1gbf4cc ,libraries ,very ,small ,averaged ,under #bej1jjj ,av4 number volumes in library #ah #eh1cee ,av4 juvenile volumes in library #af #g1dif ,av4 cost of juvenile volumes #b #c1hdc4di ,av4 volumes added during year #ah #d1dje ,av4 cost of volumes added during year #ag #d1dfg4bb ,av4 juvenile volumes added during year #ag #a1bdg ,av4 cost of juvenile volumes added #i #a1bjg4ja ,av4 circulation for year #ah #age1ibh ,av4 juvenile circulation for year #ag #ef1dge ,av4 number children's rooms in system #ah #a ,av4 number rooms used in part by children #ac #c ,av4 seating capacity of children's rooms #ag #gi ,av4 classroom libraries #g #ca ,av4 home libraries for children #a #f ,av4 deposit or delivery stations not included in above #ab #d ,av4 volumes on shelves open to children #ac #e1ejd ,av4 juvenile cardholders #ad #e1bcj ,av4 age limit of juvenile cardholders #ad #ad ,av4 estimate of juvenile cards in use #aa #b1gjd ,av4 supervisors of children's work #c #a ,av4 salary paid supervisors #c #hdf4ff ,av4 clerical assistants in children's work #b #a to #c ,av4 salary paid clerical assistants #a #dbj ,av4 children's librarians #ag #a ,av4 salary paid children's librarians #ag #hja ,av4 additional assistants giving full time to children's work #i #a to #d ,av4 salary of such assistants #i #eab4bb #fjjfg ,av4 assistants giving part time to children's work #d #b to #g ,av4 salary paid such assistants #d #eia ,number library school graduates #af #j to #c ,number assistants having had partial library school courses #ac #j to #b ,number trained in local library #af #j to #d ,number trained in other libraries #ab #j to #a ,pages giving full time to children's work #ae #j to #b ,av4 yearly salaries for entire staff 7not including janitors7 #ag #aj1aei4bb ,av4 yearly salaries children's department #ad #a1cjf4ja #e ,not the same libraries as are represented two lines above4 #f ,maximum4 #g ,for first year4 ,,second ,,session ,the second session of the section was held ,june #bgth1 at #b3cj p4 m41 in the ballroom4 ,miss ,,martha ,,wilson1 supervisor of school libraries1 state department of education1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota1 read a paper entitled ,,possibilities ,,of ,,the ,,rural ,,school ,,library ,on the outermost fringe of library influence they wait--the country children4 ,to fulfill to them the mission of the library1 to make books necessary and accessible1 we must take account of the agency which touches the life of even the most remote group--the country school4 ,relationships between libraries and schools have long afforded discussion and the librarian is rare who does not feel a sense of her share in the educational work of the town and her responsibility in making her library serve as an adjunct to the school1 supplementing or supplanting its library resources4 ,the country school and its library has in the main been outside this friendly concern or ministration on the part of the town library and but little account taken of it as a part of the library resources or possibilities of a county or state4 ,the present revival of rural interest has quickened every phase of country life1 social1 economic and educational4 ,the country school has shared in the enlargement of interest and is undergoing many radical changes in its spirit1 its teaching1 its relationships to the neighborhood and the world outside4 ,while in former times the country child went to school only when not needed at home and received through the year an intermittent schooling1 amounting in all to but few weeks a year1 compulsory education laws in the majority of states have prolonged the period which he now actually spends in school1 and subsidies in state aid for longer terms have lengthened the season through which the school is in operation4 ,the new emphasis on country life is a transforming effect on the country school1 the ragged beggar sunning is being replaced by a modern building planned according to state regulations1 with regard to comfort and convenience1 seats and lighting are seriously considered and the individual drinking cup adds the last touch of modernity4 ,it is changing its teaching as carefully4 ,the leaders in country school work are striving to give a standing to country service1 to reshape it to new country conditions and connect its work very definitely with the neighborhood in which it is placed4 ,in ,minnesota there are three types of rural schools4 ,the first of these is the one-room1 one-teacher school in an isolated community where every grade is represented and all subjects taught4 ,the second type is the associated school where several districts have connected themselves with a town school1 where the pupils of high school age are received on the same term as their town cousins1 and the one-room schools continue the work with the lower grades in the country but under the supervision of the central school4 ,the third is the consolidated school where a number of districts have combined and established in a town1 village or open country a modern school for the grades and high school1 transporting to it all the children within the radius of five miles4 ,in all of these schools1 the old course of study is adapted to include health instruction1 nature study or agriculture1 some manual training1 sewing and cooking4 ,the high school training departments and the normal schools are making all haste to prepare teachers to fulfill the new requirements while the teachers already at work must bring themselves up to grade at the summer schools4 ,the practical subjects make a strong appeal4 ,a country teacher at the summer school was heard to remark that the rope-tying lessons were awfully interesting and the course in agriculture was just grand4 ,as a help in the new order of things a strong school library is needed more than ever4 ,even in the smallest school there is indeed a collection of books known as the school library1 the heritage of the years4 ,these show no design in selection further than meeting the state aid requirement of the expenditure of a certain amount of money every year for library books4 ,the trail of the book agent is over them all3 witness the sets2 ,motley--,history of the ,united ,netherlands1 ,grote--,history of ,greece1 ,gibbon--,rome1 and such subscription books as ,lights and shadows of a missionary's life and ,the ,johnstown flood4 ,the erstwhile teachers and their interests have left an impress2 the correspondence courses which they pursued while teaching are reflected in such books as ,hamerton--,intellectual life2 ,the literature of the age of ,elizabeth2 and all the ,epochs1 and ,eras and ,periods in which they delved for credits2 their faith bears witness in the ,life of ,luther found in every school library in one western county and their hopes in ,how to be happy tho' married1 common in another4 ,the average number of volumes in each school is impressive in reports1 but inspection of the libraries too often shows that the majority of the books are entirely useless in connection with the school work and quite beyond the grasp and interest of the pupils who may be typified by little moon-faced ,celestia who trudges two miles through the pine forest to the little log schoolhouse and to whom an illustrated book is a revelation of worlds unknown2 ,anna1 eleven years old1 who at the time of our visit was doing the work of the household and caring for her mother and the new baby brother before she came to school1 for in this county the size of the state of ,connecticut there are but five doctors and fewer nurses2 ,mary1 aged #ac1 who keeps house for an older brother and his logging crew of four grown men2 and little ,irven1 #g years old1 who reads so fast the words can hardly come and who is willing and eager to aver in round childish scribble that his favorite books are ,seven little sisters1 ,eskimo stories and ,fairy stories and fables4 ,however hard to realize1 the needs are simple to state2 better books and direction in their use4 ,in many of the newer libraries there are many good and suitable books and the more progressive county superintendents are paying more attention to their libraries1 making use of the suggestive lists furnished them and selecting all the books for the schools in their counties4 ,one proudly reports the purchase in his county in the last year of #badd real children's books4 ,the standardization of the state school list has helped in later years1 and as they are obliged to buy from this list there is a pleasing lack of ,motor boys and ,aeroplane girls4 ,some few of the teachers have the notion of the purpose of the school library and are eager to extend its influence4 ,one teacher1 combining school work with homesteading1 asked for help in getting illustrated books and pictures1 explaining that he found it difficult to give images to the words in their texts as the children in his school had never seen a locomotive1 a train of cars1 a bridge1 a tower1 a brick or stone building1 and the nearest approach to the palace of which they read in their stories was the two-story square frame building in the adjoining settlement4 ,the teacher of ,anna and ,mary realizing that they would not be allowed to stay in school longer than the law required1 having now had more schooling than their father or mother1 was trying to give them some simple instruction in household work and was glad to know of ,when ,mother lets us cook and the simple books of sewing2 and the town girl teaching her first term in the country school tells of her experience in using books of drawing to tame the young ,jack-pine savage who had been the bully of the school4 ,the country teacher1 as a type1 is hardly more than a child herself1 born1 or transplanted at an early age1 into pioneer conditions of work and living with the energies and thought of the family concentrated on getting a start in life in the new land4 ,in these homes books have not been plentiful1 in some the catalog of the mail order house is often the only printed matter in evidence1 having apparently displaced the family ,bible from its time-honored place on the center table4 ,in the early schooling and life of the country teacher only the textbooks have left an impress and when she is asked at a country teachers' meeting or in the beginning of her normal school course to name favorite children's books1 she puts down the texts she studied in the country schools1 the ,baldwins1 the ,carpenters1 the ,wheelers and the rest4 ,the stage of poverty and extreme hardship is fast passing4 ,with increased prosperity comes the opportunity for better things1 usually desired by the children1 not always by the parents4 ,the school inspector was urging a new schoolhouse4 ,the farmer thought this one good enough4 ,after dinner they went out to see the fine stock and seeing the splendid barns for the stock the inspector said3 ,you provide such good buildings for your stock you ought to be willing to do something for your children4 ,the farmer still demurred and the inspector pressed the matter4 ,do you care more for your stock than for your children8 ,the farmer became indignant and said3 ,i want you to know that stock is thoroughbred4 ,if the parents have lost or never had the power to enjoy books1 the school and the library must see to it that this asset is given the child in the country1 who tomorrow must deal with the problems of the new country life more complex than his fathers have known2 the farmer's wife to become emancipated must learn to use the books which will help her1 and there must be foundations for the larger citizenship for in spite of all efforts to keep the boy on the farm he will continue to join the ranks of the financiers1 the doctors1 the judges1 the governors and the like4 ,the newer idea of the use of books and reading in the country schools is taking hold if sometimes vaguely4 ,i tell them to read library books1 she said when asked what use she made of the school library4 ,oh no1 ,i have never read any of them myself1 and ,little women and ,captains courageous and many other live children's books stood in perfect condition on the shelf1 though there were a number of children in the school old enough to enjoy them1 and only such books had been used as the more adventurous spirits in the school had tasted1 found good and passed on to their fellows4 ,few children have books of their own--one-third--one-fourth--one in ten being the answer which comes from the teachers to this query4 ,generally speaking1 they read the books in the school library or none at all unless there is a traveling library at hand4 ,teachers' training departments in the high schools are doing much to help the country school4 ,in the year's work the students get much of the spirit as well as methods of country school teaching for the training teacher is usually eager to give them all she has of enthusiasm and efficiency and reaches out for all help in her work4 ,in one teacher's outlines1 familiar looking notes on book selection and lists of children's books were discovered4 ,she had patiently copied them from the summer school notes of the librarian in her home town and was using them with her students4 ,in addition to her regular work she looks after the school library which is open to the public and also gives help to schools in the country in the arrangement of their school libraries4 ,in most of these departments some work is attempted on the rural school library with required reading of children's books4 ,the town librarians find these classes an opportunity to extend their influence by talks in the schools and showing the resources and use of the library4 ,acquaintance and work with country teachers helped one librarian to put through a long-cherished1 long-fought scheme of county extension4 ,as the teachers understand more fully the help they can get from the library the more eagerly they consult the librarian about their work4 ,the inclusion of talks on children's books1 reading and school libraries on the programs of the county teachers' and school officers' meetings1 talks and exhibits at district and state educational gatherings and the ,university weeks have helped to give school libraries new importance in the estimation of the teachers4 ,the country school library to become useful must be reduced to a collection of books suited to the ages of the pupils as well as to the work in the school4 ,as elsewhere1 the best way to get the country child to read the best books is to have no other kind4 ,recent library legislation makes it possible for any country or town school library in ,minnesota to combine with a public library for service4 ,they may turn over their books not needed in the school and what is more valuable to the library1 the fund which they are annually required to spend for library books4 ,in return the library must furnish the school with traveling libraries of books selected from the state school list1 suited to the pupils in the school1 and the school may also be a distributing point for books for the neighborhood1 a real branch4 ,in some of the associated school districts the central library sends to the associated schools traveling libraries purchased by the district or borrowed from the library commission4 ,in others1 the country pupils act as a circulating medium for the central school library4 ,in one town the school and town jointly maintain a good library with a competent librarian in the schoolhouse and it successfully serves the town1 the pupils for their reference work and the country 'round about through the country boys and girls who come in every day to school4 ,the village or open country consolidated school presents yet another opportunity4 ,these schools are the direct outgrowth of the new spirit of country life and are planned to minister to the social as well as the educational needs of the combined districts2 and serve as a social center4 ,the library is an important part of the equipment for this work4 ,state plans for these buildings include a good-sized assembly room1 and a room for a library is required4 ,the principal of the school must be shown how the library may help him in his work and he must be assisted in the selection of books not only for the school work but also for the boys' and girls' club1 the potato and corn growing contests1 the farmers' club1 the women's club1 the debating societies1 literary evenings1 and social gatherings which he plans to make features of his school4 ,such are some of the possibilities4 ,to make them realities1 the teachers must be trained in an understanding of the purpose of a library and a knowledge of children's books1 and every library agency in every county and state must be quickened toward the most remote of all of the children of all of the people4 ,in the discussion by ,mr4 ,kerr1 ,miss ,burnite1 ,miss ,brown1 ,miss ,allin1 ,miss ,zachert and ,miss ,hobart1 which followed1 the following points were made3 ,that the time to accomplish the work in question is when the teachers are in the normal schools1 that such work should be based upon the teachers' intensive knowledge of children's books1 and that influence may be gained by approaching the superintendents and by using as advertising mediums the school papers to which the teachers subscribe4 ,miss ,power then gave the chair to ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,hall1 librarian ,girls' high school1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,miss ,hall introduced ,miss ,,maude ,mc,c,l,e,l,l,a,n,d1 who told of her work in charge of the library in a high school in ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j41 pronounced by ,miss ,hall to be a model of its kind4 ,miss ,mc,clelland made a very happy comparison of the old time school boy and the school boy of today and discussed modern high school methods of helping children to meet actual problems in life4 ,miss ,mc,clelland said in part3 ,,the ,,work ,,of ,a ,,high ,,school ,,branch ,in the preface to a volume of essays entitled ,literature and life1 ,william ,dean ,howells defends the doctrine that the tree of knowledge1 so familiar to all of us1 is in reality but a branch of the tree of life4 ,literature1 instead of having a separate existence of its own1 is1 as a matter of fact1 but a part of life1 and all that is necessary to make it a vital force in the lives of human beings is to establish its identity with life4 ,now the emphasizing of this unity of literature and life has become the self-appointed task of the modern public library--a task which it is approaching from a number of different angles1 such as work with children1 work with clubs1 work with foreigners1 and work with schools4 ,something of what the library is doing along one of these lines--that of work with schools--may be learned by studying the methods in use in the high school branch of a public library4 ,perhaps these methods may best be illustrated by contrasting the school days of two brothers1 ,adam and ,theodore4 ,now ,adam went to school in the good old days when there were no high school libraries1 and indeed very few libraries of any kind4 ,at #i o'clock every morning the active interests of life ceased for him4 ,he then entered the schoolhouse and began the study of a set of lessons1 which far removed from real life in themselves1 could not be made intensely vital even by the best of teachers1 because there was no library in the building upon which the teachers could draw for books and other materials to illustrate the connection between the classics and real life4 ,the first subject upon his program was ancient history4 ,this he learned with the aid of a textbook1 condensed in form1 and attenuated in spirit4 ,to him the book was a collection of disagreeable facts to be learned by heart and then forgotten as quickly as possible after examinations were over4 ,now1 when ,adam's brother ,theodore entered the school1 matters had changed4 ,a branch of the public library had been installed1 and the history teacher was no longer handicapped in her work4 ,the members of ,theodore's class had all been given special topics for investigation1 so when the class in ancient history was called1 one pupil drew upon the board the plan of a ,greek house1 which he had copied from ,harper's classical dictionary1 while another pupil1 who had been to the library and interviewed ,gulick's ,life of the ancient ,greeks1 described the furniture and cooking utensils of the ,greeks1 and told about the kind of things they had to eat4 ,and ,theodore began to realize that after all1 those ancient ,greeks were real people1 just like other real people4 ,so from that history lesson he carried away inspiration from the life of the past toward the living of his own life of the present and future4 ,the next lesson on the schedule for the day was ,english4 ,now1 when ,adam went to school1 he had been rather fond of reading--but that there could be any connection between reading and the ,english work given him at school never entered his head for a moment4 ,true1 they did some reading in the ,english class1 but it was reading in which he wasn't very much interested1 though he supposed that in some vague way it probably did him a great deal of good4 ,the real reading1 which he did surreptitiously at home was of an entirely different kind4 ,far from imagining that he derived any benefit from it1 he at times even feared that he was endangering his immortal soul4 ,but he felt that the pleasure was worth it4 ,the two kinds of reading1 if tabulated1 would be about as follows1 the comparative amount done being in about the ratio of #af to #a in favor of the kind he liked--if he had luck in borrowing books from the boys3 ,school ,reading ,rhetoric and composition4 ,evangeline4 ,pilgrim's progress4 ,selections from ,milton4 ,lady of the lake4 ,home ,reading ,the downward path or ,a debt of vengeance4 ,helping himself4 ,a leap in the dark4 ,trapped in his own net4 ,the school reading was unexceptionable as to literary character1 but1 at least for the growing boy of average intelligence1 it seemed to lack attractiveness4 ,when ,theodore entered the ,english class in high school1 times had changed4 ,the first thing the teacher did was to give him a list of books for home reading4 ,at the top of the list was written1 ,these books may be borrowed either from the high school branch or from any other branch of the public library4 ,on the list were such books as ,huckleberry ,finn1 ,tom ,sawyer1 ,the jungle books1 ,story of a bad boy1 ,the wonder book and tanglewood tales1 ,treasure island and ,the man without a country4 ,now1 these books have literary character2 they are attractive2 furthermore1 they were written by authors who at all times observe with proper respect and deference the laws of the ,english language4 ,so1 once more1 through the aid of the library1 we find the connection between literature and the joy of life established4 ,in the old days1 not much had been said about vocations1 or working for a living4 ,indeed1 the only ambition considered really worth while was that of going to college and becoming educated4 ,to leave school before graduation was rather a disgrace1 and if any boy was1 like ,lady ,macbeth's guests1 by force of circumstances1 compelled to go1 and stay not upon the order of his going1 his method of departure can best be described by the expression1 slinking out4 ,but now1 ,theodore found the school ready and willing to help all those who had to leave school to go to work2 and again1 the connection between real life and school was established4 ,and if ,theodore found that the library was not lacking in books that would help in the practical issues of life1 neither did he find a dearth of the books that are needed for companionship--the books that we are inclined to group under the heading ,cultural reading4 ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes1 in one of his essays1 says1 speaking of libraries1 that he has the same easy feeling when among books that a stableboy has among horses4 ,and it is perhaps along this line--that of inculcating a real love for books--that the greatest work of the high school library lies4 ,in an article on ,children's reading in ,harper's ,weekly for ,may #ca there are some valuable suggestions for the librarian1 not least among them that contained in the last paragraph1 which ,i shall quote3 ,an excellent suggestion is that in all public schools there should be1 as well as the supervisor of drawing1 and the supervisor of music1 and the supervisor of manual training1 a supervisor of the art of reading4 ,for is not reading1 after all1 an art1 and an uplifting1 consoling and educative art8 ,mr4 ,,samuel ,h4 ,,ranck1 librarian of the ,grand ,rapids public library1 read a full and interesting paper on ,,the ,,library',s ,,opportunities ,,in ,,vocational ,,guidance ,in ,october1 #aiaa1 the ,grand ,rapids public library published in its monthly bulletin an outline of the ,central high school course in vocational guidance1 with a selected list of the library's books on this subject for teachers and pupils4 ,five thousand copies were printed1 and no number of the bulletin we have ever published has received so much attention4 ,requests for it have come from all over the world1 and a number of institutions have purchased as many as #ej copies4 ,this bulletin is now out of print4 ,in the near future1 on the basis of our experience of the last few years1 we expect to publish a revised edition of the vocational guidance list1 which will include much new material purchased on this subject in the last two years4 ,although this list has received so much attention outside of the city its greatest success has been in the city itself4 ,it has brought to the library a great number of young people for the books for circulation and to the reference department for the preparation of all sorts of themes on vocational subjects as a part of their high school work in ,english4 ,it is not an uncommon thing to find from #bj to #ej high school students at one time working on this subject in our reference department4 ,incidentally this work at the library has been a splendid training for the boys and girls in the use of the reference books1 and regardless of any direct effect it might have on their choice of a career it is certain that the consideration of a number of subjects in connection with the possibility of their being followed as a vocation tends to broaden the life of any young person4 ,at first this work was regarded somewhat as a joke by some of the pupils but there has been less and less of this as time goes on4 ,no work that the library has ever done in the way of making certain classes of books known to its readers has met with anything like the response as has this work of co-operation with the ,central high school4 ,all through this work the thought of the library has been that it is a co-operating agent rather than an institution working independently1 and it seems to me that in all work of this kind the teacher and the school through their intimate personal knowledge of the child are in a much better position to guide the boys and girls than is the library4 ,the library's place is simply that of being fully alive and sympathetic with the whole situation1 and in putting forth every effort to gather all available data and to supply the needs of those who can use printed material on this subject4 ,it does not of course neglect opportunities for personal influence1 but it seems to me that the library can not take the initiative in the same way nor on the same scale as does the school4 ,through the reading rooms the library has special opportunities to direct the misfit who comes to the library for a clue to a better occupation4 ,along with the list in our bulletin of ,october1 #aiaa1 which by the way includes only things in the circulating department of the library1 we published an outline of work in vocational guidance in the ,central high school by ,principal ,davis4 ,the following is his statement and the outline1 as then in use1 since modified somewhat on the basis of practical experience4 ,outline of ,work in ,vocational ,guidance in the ,central ,high ,school ,by ,jesse ,b4 ,davis1 ,principal ,vocational guidance aims to direct the thought and growth of the pupil throughout the high school course along the line of preparation for life's work4 ,the plan is intended to give the pupil an opportunity to study the elements of character that give success in life1 and by a careful self analysis to compare his own abilities and opportunities with successful men and women of the past4 ,by broadening his vision of the world's work1 and applying his own aptitudes and tastes to the field of endeavor that he may best be able to serve1 it is attempted to stir the student's ambition and to give a purpose to all his future efforts4 ,having chosen even a tentative goal his progress has direction4 ,in the later study of moral and social ethics he has a viewpoint that makes the result both practical and effective4 ,in order to reach all the pupils in the high school this work is carried on through the department of ,english1 which subject all pupils must take4 ,brief themes and discussions form the basis of the work4 ,pupils are directed in their reading along vocational and ethical lines and are advised by teachers who have made a special study of vocational guidance4 ,the following outline is but suggestive of the types of themes and discussions to be used4 ,each teacher is given opportunity to use her own individuality in working out the details of the scheme4 ,outline ,first ,year #ast ,semester--,elements of success in life4 #a4 ,every day problems4 7a7 ,the school4 7b7 ,the home4 7c7 ,the athletic field4 7d7 ,the social group4 #b4 ,elements of character4 7a7 ,purpose of life4 7b7 ,habit4 7c7 ,happiness4 7d7 ,self-control4 7e7 ,work4 7f7 ,health4 #bnd ,semester--,biography of successful men and women4 #a4 ,character sketches4 #b4 ,comparison of opportunities of 444 with self4 #c4 ,comparison of qualities of 444 with self4 ,second ,year #ast ,semester--,the world's work4 #a4 ,vocations3 ,professions1 occupations4 #b4 ,vocations of men4 #c4 ,vocations of women4 #bnd ,semester--,choosing a vocation4 #a4 ,making use of my ability4 #b4 ,making use of my opportunity4 #c4 ,why ,i should like to be4444 #d4 ,the law of service4 ,third ,year #ast ,semester--,preparation for life's work4 #a4 ,should ,i go to college8 #b4 ,how shall ,i prepare for my vocation8 #c4 ,vocational schools4 #d4 ,how shall ,i get into business8 #bnd ,semester--,business ethics4 #a4 ,business courtesy4 #b4 ,morals in modern business methods4 #c4 ,employer and employee4 #d4 ,integrity an asset in business4 ,fourth ,year #ast ,semester--,social ethics3 ,the individual and society--from the point of view of my vocation4 #a4 ,why should ,i be interested in 7a7 ,public schools8 7b7 ,the slums8 7c7 ,social settlements8 7d7 ,public charities8 7e7 ,the church8 7f7 ,social service8 #b4 ,the ,social relation of the business man4 #bnd ,semester--,social ethics3 ,the individual and the state--from the point of view of my vocation4 #a4 ,the rights of the individual4 #b4 ,protection of the individual from the state4 #c4 ,the obligations of citizenship4 #d4 ,the rights of property4 #e4 ,the responsibility of power4 ,the books in the bulletin were arranged in accordance with the foregoing outline1 which takes the pupil through the whole four years of high school work4 ,principal ,davis' statement of the aims and methods of vocational guidance as it is being carried on in ,grand ,rapids is sufficiently clear ,i think1 and does not require any additional explanation4 ,it should be clearly understood1 however1 that vocational guidance is altogether different from vocational education and from industrial education1 subjects with which it is sometimes confused4 ,to meet the many demands which come to ,mr4 ,davis for information regarding vocational guidance he is now at work on a book which will discuss the whole matter fully4 ,this book will probably be ready in the fall4 ,it will contain a revised list of our books on this subject4 ,at a recent meeting of the ,board of ,education this work was organized and systematized for the whole city1 for all the pupils in the seventh grade and upwards1 with ,principal ,davis as director of the work4 ,in the light of our experience we believe that the library1 in addition to printing a list of books such as given in accordance with this outline1 needs a supplementary list arranged according to vocations4 ,on account of the growing interest in vocational education and industrial education there have been many useful books published within the last few years4 ,when this work was first begun there was a dearth of suitable material on a good many subjects1 and it was necessary for the library to depend largely on magazine articles1 pamphlets1 etc41 in the reference department1 the best of which we have indexed according to subject1 along with our indexing of other material such as college catalogs1 to show the institutions where courses are given on particular subjects1 etc4 ,the following are a few of the subjects called for recently1 as they were noted in the reference department3 ,nursing1 ,teaching1 ,drafting1 ,social settlement work1 ,dressmaking1 ,library work1 ,dentistry1 ,music1 ,mining engineering1 ,electrical engineering1 ,farming1 ,physical training1 ,agriculture1 ,education of defectives1 ,forestry1 ,playground work1 ,stenography1 ,art1 ,mechanics1 ,magazine illustrating1 ,domestic science1 ,landscape gardening1 ,designing dresses1 ,housekeeping1 ,social secretary work1 ,private secretary work1 ,decorative painting1 ,baseball managership1 ,surveying1 ,civil service1 ,kindergarten work1 ,scientific farming1 ,physical culture4 ,the purpose in all this work is to endeavor to aid boys and girls to find a work in life that will command their best energies1 their intelligent interest1 and is adapted to their capacities1 thus avoiding so far as possible the bane of young people drifting into the first thing that comes along1 whether they are fitted for it or not4 ,this work puts before them the widest possible range of choice of vocation1 enlarges their horizon1 and then endeavors to ground them in those fundamental moral qualities which are the basis of every successful life4 ,by putting the right sort of books into their hands in this way the library has a tremendous opportunity for influencing their lives at the most formative period1 and at the same time developing in them a more or less serious attitude toward life and its work4 ,the study of the lives of successful men and women and the study of the work and requirements of different vocations can not help but impress upon boys and girls the importance of preparation and conscientious effort as prime requisites for success in any line of work4 ,we of the library in ,grand ,rapids are of the opinion that the library alone in such work could do very little4 ,as already stated we believe that the initiative should come from the school4 ,on the other hand1 we are firmly convinced that the school alone without the co-operation of the library would be very seriously handicapped4 ,in the first place the school would be required to duplicate unnecessarily a large number of the books which are in our public libraries1 and this of course would be an economic waste4 ,in the second place the school would be denying the children one of the best opportunities to come in contact with an institution which aids them in the continuation of their education all through life after they leave school4 ,it is of immense value to the child to get training in the use of the library in connection with the thinking he is giving to his work in after life4 ,a better introduction of the child to the value of books and a public library1 the library itself could hardly ask4 ,but the library's greatest opportunity in vocational guidance is in the fact that all this work is really constructive manhood and womanhood1 or if you please1 constructive citizenship4 ,and this is not only the greatest work the library can do1 but the greatest work any institution can do4 ,this subject proved a timely one and aroused considerable discussion4 ,many questions were asked concerning the co-operation of the public library in ,grand ,rapids with this department of work in the high school4 ,mr4 ,ranck announced that ,mr4 ,davis1 principal of the ,central high school1 expects to bring out a book in the fall which shall include outlines and the list of books which has been in such great demand and which is now out of print4 ,the discussion seemed to show that vocational guidance is a legitimate field not adequately covered by libraries4 ,miss ,power now took the chair4 ,miss ,burnite made a motion to adopt the following resolution3 ,whereas1 the members of the ,american ,library ,association who are engaged in work with children feel the great bond of affection for all those who have rendered that service to child life which the achievement of efficient library service for children signifies2 ,and whereas1 the ,dayton public library has suffered the destruction of its children's department and thereby the children of the city are without the influence of good books at the time they need them most2 ,be it resolved3 that we express to the ,board of ,trustees1 the librarian1 ,miss ,clatworthy1 the head of the children's department1 ,miss ,ely1 our deep sympathy and the hope that their work may be rehabilitated upon a greater plane of service4 ,be it resolved also1 that these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of this meeting and the secretary be empowered to forward them to the library officials mentioned with the request that the resolutions be forwarded to the ,women's ,clubs of the city and especially to the ,mothers' ,clubs as an expression of sympathy for them also1 in the loss of the department of the library which has furthered their own efforts in bettering child life4 ,the motion was carried and the session adjourned4 ,,business ,,meetings ,at the business meetings of the section held ,june #beth at #b3cj p4 m4 and after the session1 ,friday1 ,june #bgth1 the chairman appointed three new members of the advisory board1 as follows3 ,for one year1 ,mr4 ,henry ,e4 ,legler1 and1 for three years1 ,miss ,linda ,eastman and ,miss ,lutie ,e4 ,stearns4 ,miss ,annie ,c4 ,moore1 ,miss ,clara ,w4 ,hunt and ,miss ,caroline ,burnite were appointed members of the nominating committee and upon their recommendation the following officers for the ensuing year were unanimously elected3 ,miss ,agnes ,cowing1 chairman2 ,miss ,mary ,ely1 vice chairman2 ,miss ,ethel ,underhill1 secretary4 ,miss ,adah ,whitcomb and ,miss ,faith ,smith were appointed by the chair to investigate the subject of simplified headings in several different libraries1 to confer with the ,catalog ,section and ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board1 and to report to the ,section4 ,,college ,,and ,,reference ,,section ,,main ,,session ,the main session of the ,college and ,reference ,section was held on ,tuesday afternoon1 ,june #bdth1 at the ,hotel ,kaaterskill4 ,mr4 ,andrew ,keogh1 reference librarian of ,yale ,university1 presided2 ,miss ,amy ,l4 ,reed1 librarian of ,vassar ,college1 acted as secretary4 ,the chairman asked for a motion to fill the vacancy on the committee of arrangements which would be caused by his own retirement4 ,it was voted that the ,chair appoint a nominating committee2 ,mr4 ,l4 ,l4 ,dickerson1 librarian of ,grinnell ,college1 and ,miss ,laura ,gibbs1 cataloger of ,brown ,university1 were asked to serve as such a committee4 ,the session then proceeded to the program for the day1 which was the work of ,miss ,sarah ,b4 ,askew1 ,new ,jersey public library commission1 and of ,mr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,goodrich1 librarian of ,dartmouth ,college4 ,in order to secure pointed discussion ,mr4 ,goodrich had caused brief summaries of the papers to be printed and distributed to members of the section two weeks before the meeting4 ,miss ,,lucy ,m4 ,,salmon1 professor of history at ,vassar ,college1 read the first paper1 entitled ,,instruction ,,in ,,the ,,use ,,of ,a ,,college ,,library ,students who enter college are in an altogether hopeless state1 if we are to believe the lamentations poured out in educational reviews and in library journals4 ,in familiar phrase1 they have left undone those things which they ought to have done1 and they have done those things which they ought not to have done1 and there is no health in them4 ,but it is not given either a college librarian or a college instructor to remain long hopeless1 either for himself or for others1--the very nature of his calling demands that somebody do something4 ,discouragement over ignorant and untrained freshmen dissolves into the bewildering questions of who is to do what1 and when1 and where1 and how4 ,and so the college year begins4 ,it is undoubtedly true that a very large majority of college freshmen are not familiar with a large library such as they meet in college1 that they have never used a card catalog1 and that they would not even recognize it if they saw one4 ,but is it reasonable to expect such knowledge8 ,the majority come from small places where such opportunities are not found1 the work of the secondary schools does not demand extensive use of a library1 and the mental immaturity of pupils of the secondary school age does not augur well either for an understanding of the intricacies of the card catalog1 or for any special interest in the cataloging of books1 or in general library history and administration4 ,if the entering student had a knowledge of these things1 one reason for going to college would be lacking1--he goes to college to learn what he cannot reasonably be expected to know before that time4 ,cheerfully accepting then this condition of ignorance of all library procedure on the part of the rank and file of college freshmen everywhere1 and unanimously agreeing that the college student must in some way learn how to use a library1 diversity of opinion is found in regard to these two questions3--,is this instruction given better as an independent course to the entering students1 or is it better to give it in connection with regular college work8 ,should the instruction be given by members of the library staff1 or by college instructors8 ,the very fact that this question has been broached is helpful1 since it is significant of the great changes that are coming both in library administration and in educational theory and practice4 ,it suggests the increasing specialization in library work1 the growing co-operation between the library force and those engaged in the more technical side of education1 newer and1 we believe1 higher ideals of the object and therefore of the process of education1 and the reflection of these changes in the development in the student body of independence1 self-reliance1 and the desire to do creative work4 ,assuming therefore that we are all interested in securing for the college student fullness of knowledge at the earliest hour possible1 ,i venture personally to differ somewhat from the report of the majority of the committee of the ,new ,england college librarians and to say that from the angle of the college instructor1 it seems clear to me that the knowledge is better acquired in connection with regular college courses and that it can best be given by college instructors4 ,it is with most of us a favorite occupation to see how many birds we can bring down with one stone1 and this desire is in a sense gratified if we can incorporate knowledge of how to use a library with the subject matter included in a particular course1--it seems a saving of time for student1 instructor and librarian4 ,everything is clear gain that can be picked up by the way4 ,but quite apart from this general desire to telescope several subjects1 there are specific advantages gained by the student when the instruction is given by the instructor of a regular college class4 ,the knowledge acquired falls naturally into its place in connection with definite1 concrete work4 ,abstract theory has little place in the mental equipment of the fresh man1 he seeks out relationships1 adds new knowledge to what he already has1 and quite reasonably is impatient1 even intolerant in spirit when new ideas and facts are presented to him that he cannot immediately assimilate4 ,to use a homely illustration1 an article of food1 like butter1 that is essential for our physical diet serves its purpose much better when distributed through other articles of food than if taken independently and by itself4 ,all new ideas in regard to library organization1 cataloging1 bibliography1 searching for material1 the handling of books1 if gained through the usual channels of college work1 are quickly and easily assimilated by the college student4 ,if1 however1 these same ideas are presented to him unrelated to other work they are in danger of remaining unassimilated and of becoming a hindrance rather than a help4 ,on the other hand1 the advantages in having the instruction given by a regular college instructor are that he deals with small sections of students1 not with numbers which are appallingly large2 that he knows the individual student2 that he is able to relate the bibliographical work with the individual student on the one hand1 and on the other hand with the special subject with which the student is working4 ,personally1 ,i can but feel that the assumption made by the committee of the ,new ,england college librarians1 by the librarian of the ,newark public library1 by the dean of the collegiate department of the ,university of ,illinois1 and by others in the library field that college instructors are not interested in this matter and would oppose instruction in it is not really warranted by the condition that exists4 ,may ,i venture to describe somewhat in detail what is done in one college in showing students how to use books1 how to become acquainted with the opportunities of a large library1 and how to avail themselves of these opportunities in a direct personal way4 ,in giving this account of what is done in ,vassar ,college1 may ,i emphasize the statement that the work done is by no means peculiar to one college1--other institutions all over the country are doing much that in principle is precisely the same1 although the details may vary4 ,the first aid in knowledge of the library building1 of its equipment1 and of how to use its collections is given the ,vassar ,college student literally during her first hours on the college campus4 ,she is met by a member of the senior or the junior class and taken about the campus1 and it is the duty of these student guides to give every entering student a copy of the ,students' ,handbook4 ,in this she is urged to become acquainted with the library as soon as possible4 ,the reference librarian1 the ,handbook tells her1 expects every new student to come to the reference desk to be shown about the arrangement of the library and the use of the catalog and to receive a copy of the library ,handbook4 ,the guides point out the library and they are instructed to urge the new students to seek out the reference librarian at once and to make the library trip immediately4 ,the new student goes to the residence hall where she is to live and she finds on the bulletin board in this hall an invitation to take the library trip4 ,the records kept by the reference librarian show that a very large percentage of the entering students almost immediately avail themselves of this invitation extended by guides and reiterated by ,handbook and by bulletin boards4 ,when the new student first enters the library she is given a plan of the building showing the arrangement of the different sections and a handbook explaining in full the library privileges4 ,armed with this1 she is met by the reference librarian and then joining a group of three others she is taken through the library where she makes connections between the plan in her hand1 the books on the shelves1 the inanimate reference librarian--the card catalog-- and the animate reference librarian in whom she finds a guide1 counselor and friend4 ,this library trip can be1 and is intended to be only general in character4 ,the student gains from it first of all the consciousness of having found in the reference librarian a friend to whom she can always go for help and advice2 second1 her interest is aroused to become better acquainted with the card catalog and with the general facilities for work afforded by the library2 and third she gains a determination to follow the injunction of the ,students' ,handbook1 do your part to make the library an ideal place in which to work4 ,it is at this stage1 after this general instruction given by the reference librarian1 that the majority of the entering students meet the officers of the department of history4 ,we give them collectively during the first week1 usually the second day1 an illustrated lecture on the library4 ,this includes slides showing the catalog cards of a few of the books they will use most in their history work1 the cards of the most important reference works1 periodicals1 and atlases1 slides showing the difference between a see card and a see also card1 slides that explain incomplete series1 continuation cards1 and every variation that concerns their immediate work4 ,every slide concerns a work on history that is to be used almost immediately1 and the form used in cataloging1 the notation and the annotation1 the hieroglyphics of the printed card1 and the bibliographical features of the card are fully explained from the screen4 ,the students then meet their individual instructors1 each one having previously provided herself with a pamphlet called ,suggestions for the ,year's ,study1 ,history ,i4 ,this pamphlet1 besides giving detailed instructions for the preparation of the work1 includes a plan of the library2 suggestions in regard to its history1 as also the description and the meaning of its exterior and interior2 a facsimile and explanation of the catalog card of the text book used in the course2 hints concerning the general card catalog2 an analysis of the general form and different parts of a book2 special directions for preparing the bibliographical slips or cards that must accompany every topic presented1 together with an illustration of a model card2 a full classification1 with illustrations under each1 of all the works of references the class will presumably use1 including general works of reference1 dictionaries1 encyclopaedias1 periodicals1 year books1 atlases1 autobiographical material1 including the various forms of ,who's ,who8 together with biographical1 ecclesiastical and various miscellaneous dictionaries and encyclopaedias2 an elaborate chart devised to show the authoritativeness as history of the text book used in the course1 accompanied by a full explanation of it2 suggestions in regard to the purchase of histories for a personal library2 and finally1 a recommendation to make use of another pamphlet called ,suggestive ,lists for ,reading in ,history4 ,the main points in the pamphlet ,suggestions for the ,year's ,study are talked over between instructor and students1 and constant reference is made to it throughout the year4 ,the next step in the history work is to assign each student one or more questions written on a slip and drawn by lot4 ,these questions are intended to test her assimilation of the bibliographical help already given1 and her ability to apply to a concrete case what she has gained4 ,as soon and as often as possible the students in the different sections of this class in history go to the library with the instructor for such additional and special help as they may need4 ,from time to time the students in ,history ,i prepare special topics on limited questions4 ,a bibliography must always preface these topics and if it is in any way at fault1 either as regards form or material1 it must be presented a second time or as many times as is necessary to correct the defects4 ,this course in ,history ,i is required of every student in college4 ,those students who elect other courses based on this become acquainted with still other features of the library and acquire added facility in bibliographical work4 ,every student1 for example1 who elects the course in ,american history has a pamphlet called ,suggestions for the ,year's ,study1 ,history ,a1 ,,aa4 ,this pamphlet includes a chart that shows the location in the library of all the sections of ,american history1 each accompanied by the ,dewey notation for each section1 and also the notation for the sections in political science1 law and government1 ,american literature1 ,english literature1 and ,english history4 ,it also considers at length the place in the course of the textbook1 secondary works1 collections of sources1 almanacs1 works on government1 guides to literature1 state histories1 biographies1 travels1 and illustrative material4 ,for the latter the students are again referred to ,suggestive ,lists for ,reading in ,history4 ,another section of the pamphlet considers specific classes of books which the student uses4 ,it calls attention to the various kinds of bibliographies1 as complete1 selected1 classified1 and annotated2 to library catalogs arranged on the dictionary1 author1 subject1 and title plan1 as also to trade catalogs2 to documents classified by form and by contents2 to official publications1 and the publications of historical societies2 to every form of personal record2 to descriptions by travelers2 and to general and special histories4 ,it also takes up periodicals2 manuscripts2 special facsimiles1 like the ,b4 ,f4 ,stevens2 geographical material2 monumental records2 inscriptions1 and pictorial material4 ,elaborate directions are given for preparing exhaustive bibliographies of the material in the college library on special subjects and suggestions for expanding these in the future as other opportunities for further library work are presented4 ,in addition1 tin trays of cards are provided in the ,american history sections4 ,these are bibliographical cards that supplement but do not duplicate the catalog cards of the general library catalog4 ,during the year about twenty special topics are prepared by this class1 each prefaced by a bibliography of the subject4 ,at the end of the year1 one special bibliographical topic is presented4 ,this represents what each student can do in the time given to three classroom hours4 ,at the end of the first semester of this course the examination given is not a test of what the students have remembered but rather a test of what they are able to do under definite conditions4 ,the class is sent to the library1 each member of it usually receives by lot an individual question1 and she then shows what facility she has gained in the use of books by answering the question with full range of the library4 ,other pamphlets of ,suggestions have occasionally been prepared for the most advanced courses4 ,at the end of the senior year the students in my own courses are frequently given an examination that calls for the freest use of the library in the planning of history outlines for club work1 in arranging for a public library selected lists of histories suitable for all sorts and conditions of men1 and similar tests that show how far they are able to apply present bibliographical knowledge to probable future experiences4 ,all this instruction and opportunity for practice in bibliography is not left to the chance instruction of enthusiastic instructors or to the insistence of department heads to quote ,mr4 ,kendric ,c4 ,babcock4#h ,it is definitely planned1 it is systematically carried out1 there is definite progression from year to year in the kind of bibliographical work required1 and it is directly related to the specific and individual work of every student4 ,from time to time conferences are held by the members of the library staff and the instructors in history and these conferences enable each department to supplement and complement the work of the other and thus avoid repetition and duplication4 #h ,library ,journal1 ,march1 #aiac1 p4 #ace4 ,this division of labor enables the reference librarian to play the part of hostess1 to make the students feel at home1 to secure their good will and co-operation1 to develop a sense of personal responsibility towards the library and its treasures4 ,her work as regards the library is largely general and descriptive2 as regards the students it is that of a friend and counselor2 as regards the other officers of the college it is that of an ally and co-operator4 ,it is necessary to emphasize at this point the wide divergence between the work of the reference librarian in the college or the university and that of the reference librarian in the public library however large or small it may be4 ,in the public library the demand made upon the reference librarian is for definite information for immediate use2 the library patron wishes1 not training in acquiring information by and for himself1 but the information itself2 no substitution of deferred dividends will satisfy his insistent demand for immediate cash payment2 he cares not at all for method but he cares very particularly for instant results4 ,moreover1 no one intervenes between the reference librarian and the library patron1--he alone is responsible for giving the information desired4 ,and again1 the reference librarian has to deal with an irregular1 constantly fluctuating clientele4 ,the man who wants to know who first thought the world was round and whether he was a vegetarian or perchance a cannibal may never visit the library again1 but the effort must be made to satisfy his curiosity4 ,the reference librarian of the public library must always be more or less of a purveyor of miscellaneous information to an irregular fluctuating public4 ,but the functions of the college reference librarian are altogether different4 ,it is often his duty not to give1 but temporarily to withhold information2 not to answer but to ask questions2 to answer one question by asking another2 to help a student answer his own question for himself1 work out his own problems1 and find a way out of his difficulties2 to show him how to find for himself the material desired2 to give training rather than specific information2 to be himself a teacher and to co-operate with other instructors in training the students who seek his help4 ,all this is possible for him for he deals with a regular constituency and he can build up each year on the foundations of the previous year4 ,but while progression comes for the students1 there is always the solid permanency of subject with which the reference librarian deals4 ,with the regularity of the passing calendar there come the questions of the feudal system and of the frontier1 of the renaissance and of how to follow a bill through congress4 ,the personnel of the student body changes1 but there is always an unchanging residuum of subject matter4 ,on the side of the regular college work there is therefore practically no demand whatever made on the college reference librarian for the miscellaneous information demanded of the public reference librarian1--he is not the one who writes for the daily papers the description in verse of the daily life of the reference librarian4#i ,just what his work is in the college1 from the students' point of view is indicated by a recent experience4 #i ,library ,journal1 ,oct41 #aiab4 ,public ,libraries1 ,june1 #aiac4 ,a class of seventy in ,american history was recently asked to what extent the members of it had availed themselves of the services of the reference librarian in that particular course and the replies seem to show that their inquiries had chiefly related to the use of government publications1 early periodical literature1 material not suggested by the titles of books1 out-of-the-way material1 source material1 and current newspaper material not available through indexes4 ,the many tributes to the help received from the ,vassar ,college reference librarian are perhaps best summed up1 so it seems to the teacher1 in the statement of one student she shows you how to go about finding a book better the next time4 ,if then it must be evident that the work of the college reference librarian differs widely from that of the public reference librarian1 it remains to consider specifically what division of the field should be made between the college reference librarian and the college instructor4 ,here a clear line of demarcation seems evident4 ,the college instructor must know the student personally and intellectually1 as he must know the conditions from which he has come and the conditions to which he presumably is to go4 ,he must help the student relate all the various parts of his college work and help him relate his college work to the general conditions in which he is placed4 ,hence he cannot separate for the student the bibliography of a subject from the subject itself4 ,nor can he turn over to the librarian the instruction in bibliographical work4 ,the reference librarian is the only member of the library staff who in the capacity of a teacher comes into direct personal relationship with the student1 but his work1 as has been seen1 is entirely different4 ,in this division of the field that leaves to the college instructor the actual instruction of students in the use of books1 a large unoccupied territory is claimed by the reference librarian as peculiarly his own4 ,this concerns the extra-collegiate activities and includes help on material needed in inter-class debates1 dramatics1 pageants1 college publications1 ,bible classes1 mission classes1 commencement essays1 and all the miscellaneous activities in which the student1 not the instructor1 takes the initiative4 ,this work corresponds somewhat closely to that of the general reference librarian in a public library and it demands about one-half of the time of the librarian4 ,instruction in the use of the library is facilitated by unrestricted access to the shelves and here the students are able to put their knowledge to the test and to work out their own independent methods4 ,what are the advantages and the disadvantages of unrestricted access to the library shelves8 ,the question was recently asked a class of seventy students and their replies show an almost unanimous opinion that the advantages are overwhelmingly in favor of the open shelves4 ,among the educational advantages enumerated are that this fosters independence and self-reliance1 through encouraging personal investigation2 that it enables students to see books in relation to other books1 to make comparisons1 and therefore to select those that are the best to use2 that it shows the library resources and1 to a certain extent1 the breadth of the investigation that has been done in specific lines4 ,the open shelf is an instructor1 a great indispensable helper1 an education in itself1 writes one student1 while another states1 ,it gives an opportunity to form a closer acquaintance with books already known by name1 and for casual acquaintance with books one has not time to draw out and read at length4 ,on the more personal side the students have found the advantages to be the pleasure found in handling books2 the appeal made by titles and bindings2 the inspiration that comes from the feeling of kinship with books2 the opportunity given for wide acquaintance with books and authors2 more extensive reading2 the saving of time2 the satisfaction of being able to find what is wanted1 freedom from the limitations of specific references4 ,we become interested in subjects and in books we should not otherwise have known at all1 writes one1 while another asked a friend who replied1 ,well1 ,i don't know exactly what it means1 but ,i guess it means that ,i for one use books ,i never otherwise would have used4 ,on the side of the library as a whole1 many have found advantages in the opportunity it gives of doing general and special bibliographical work and in the knowledge afforded of the general plan of arrangement1 classification1 and cataloging4 ,if we had to stay in a reading room1 how much idea of library organization should we have8 is the clinching question of one enthusiastic student4 ,the moral advantages are found to be the feeling of responsibility towards books and the training given in not abusing the privilege4 ,but it is in the failure of some persons to avail themselves of these opportunities for moral training that students find the disadvantages of the open shelf4 ,there are the periodic complaints that books are lost1 misplaced1 hidden1 and monopolized2 that the privilege is abused2 and that the social conscience is lacking4 ,the open shelf is the ideal system but it is designed for an ideal society1 feelingly writes one1 while another1 more philosophical1 finds that the open shelf has its annoyances1 but no disadvantages1 and that these are probably to be charged up to human nature1 not to the system4 ,only an occasional one sees any other disadvantages4 ,one student finds herself bewildered and lost in irrelevant material1 while another brought up in the atmosphere of ,harvard1 thinks that the closed stack encourages greater precision and carefulness1 for if you have to put in a slip and wait for a book you are more careful about your choice than you are when you can easily drop one found to be unsatisfactory and lay your hands immediately upon another one4 ,it may be1 adds a third1 that we do not get all we might from a book when it is so easy to get others4 ,i find myself often putting aside a book when ,i do not immediately find what ,i want4 ,with an occasional plaint about the increased noise and that the open shelf really takes more time since it is easier to ask for an authority on a specified subject than it is to look it up for one's self1 the case for and against the open shelf1 from the side of the student1 seems closed1 with the verdict overwhelmingly in favor of unrestricted access to the library shelves4 ,i cannot forbear suggesting two directions in which it seems to me the library work could be extended to the advantage of both library and academic force4 ,the first is the desirability of having connected with every college library an instructor in the department of history who gives instruction in one or more courses in history and who is at the same time definitely responsible for the development of the bibliographical side of the history work4 ,the work of the history librarian on the library side would be to serve as a consulting expert on all questions that arise in cataloging books that are on the border lines between history and other subjects4 ,such perplexing questions are constantly arising and valuable aid might be given in such cases by an expert in history4 ,another part of the work of the history librarian from the side of the library would be to keep the librarian and the history department constantly informed of opportunities to purchase at advantage works on history that are available only through the second-hand dealers4 ,it now usually devolves on some member of the library staff to study the catalogs of second-hand books and report finds to some officer of the history department4 ,could facilities be provided for making it possible to have the initiative come from the history side it would seem a distinct gain4 ,the work of the history librarian would also include the responsibility for the classification1 arrangement and care of the mass of apparently miscellaneous material that accumulates in every library but does not slip naturally into a predestined place4 ,all is grist that comes to the history mill1 yet it is difficult to know how it can best be cared for4 ,miss ,hasse in her well-remembered article ,on the ,classification of ,numismatics#aj has shown that the utmost diversity has prevailed in regard to the classification of coins and the literary material dealing with them4 ,this is but one illustration of the uncertainty1 confusion1 and diversity that prevails in classifying much of the material that seems miscellaneous in character1 and that yet should be classified as historical material4 #aj ,library ,journal1 ,september1 #aijd4 ,the work of the history librarian on the side of the students would be concerned during the first semester particularly with the freshmen and the sophomores4 ,the bibliographical and reference work now done could be greatly enlarged and extended4 ,it would be possible to explain still more fully the possibilities of assistance from the card catalog2 to help students locate the more special histories that might seem to be luxuries rather than the necessities of their work2 to make them acquainted with histories as histories1 rather than with histories as furnishing specific material2 to develop their critical appreciation of books and their judgment in regard to the varying degrees of authoritativeness of well known old and recent histories4 ,encouragement would be given the students to begin historical libraries for themselves1 advice could be given in making reasonable selections of books1 and help in starting a catalog4 ,interest in suitable book-plates for historical collections might be roused as well as interest in suitable bindings1 and thus through these luxurious accessories the student be led on to friendship with the books themselves and with their author4 ,during the second semester the work of the history librarian would be largely with the seniors and would be more constructive in its nature4 ,the seniors are looking forward to taking an active part in the life of their home communities and they will be interested in the public schools1 in the public library1 in social work1 in church work1 in history and literary clubs1 in historical pageants1 ftes and excursions1 in historical museums1 in the celebration of historic days1 and in innumerable other civic activities1 many of which are intimately connected with the subject of history4 ,the history librarian would be able to give invaluable aid to the seniors in preparing lists of histories suitable for public libraries in communities where suggestions may prove welcome2 in suggesting histories adapted to all these demands made by personal1 co-operative1 and civic activities4 ,this constructive work of the history librarian would be capable of infinite extension and variation and its good results would be far-reaching and of growing momentum4 ,may ,i suggest one further possible direction in which the activities of the library staff would lend interest to the general work of the college4 ,every institution needs luxuries and the members of the library staff have it in their power to offer courses of lectures open to all members of the college and also to citizens of the community who are interested in educational questions4 ,such courses would include lectures on the history of libraries2 on the great libraries of ,europe and ,america2 on the great libraries of the world2 on great editors like ,benjamin ,f4 ,stevens2 on rare books2 on books famous for the number of copies sold1 of editions1 of translations1 of migrations through auction rooms2 on the famous manuscripts of the world4 ,the possibilities of such courses are limitless4 ,there are also the courses of lectures that we are all eager to hear on the plain necessities that are of even greater interest than are those that deal with the luxuries4 ,the college wants to hear about the administration of a library and its general problems2 about the special questions of cataloging1 interlibrary loans1 the special collections of the library as well as its general resources4 ,from the standpoint of special departments1 lectures might be given by representatives of these departments on the treasures of the library as they concern their special fields4 ,joint department meetings of the members of the library staff and the officers of the departments of ,english and of history for the discussion of questions of mutual interest have at ,vassar ,college proved stimulating and contributed much to a mutual understanding of each other's ideals and to a sympathetic appreciation of the difficulties attending their realization4 ,why cannot all this work with and about books be explained by the librarians1-- college authorities sometimes ask4 ,that is their business2 it is the business of the teacher to teach4 ,the answer is simple4 ,the good teacher must individualize the student1 the good librarian must individualize the book2 and both teacher and librarian must co-operate in helping the college student get the utmost possible from his college course in order that in his turn he may help the community in which he lives in its efforts to realize its ideals4 ,the endless chain extends to the farthermost confines of heaven6 ,discussion of the paper was led by ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,gerould1 librarian of the ,university of ,minnesota4 ,he believed that most college teachers had neither the knowledge nor the enthusiasm necessary to give systematic bibliographic instruction4 ,training in the use of the library should1 he thought be given by a member of the library staff1 from a general point of view1 introducing the student to reference books not simply in one field1 but in all4 ,the time had come for the university libraries to define their position as a distinct educational integer1 not a mere adjunct to the academic departments4 ,of course1 to take such a position1 the library staff must be thoroughly equipped1 and must include trained bibliographers in adequate number4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,richardson1 librarian of ,princeton ,university1 called attention to the fact that the principle of unrestricted access to the shelves required hearty co-operation between the college public and the library staff4 ,it should be recognized that the librarian is not responsible for the correct placing of every book on an open shelf4 ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,wolcott1 librarian of the ,bureau of ,education1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 spoke of the questionnaire on the subject under discussion sent out in ,october1 #aiab1 by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 to two hundred colleges and universities4 ,a summary of the results were included in the chapter entitled ,recent aspects of library development by ,john ,d4 ,wolcott1 which forms a part of the ,report of the ,u4 ,s4 ,commissioner of ,education for the year ended ,june #cj1 #aiab4 ,reprints may be obtained from the ,commissioner4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,prince1 librarian of the ,maine state library1 called attention to the courses in legal bibliography which were being given at various law schools4 ,those at the ,university of ,chicago1 though without credit1 were eagerly attended by law students4 ,mr4 ,goodrich reiterated his belief that the libraries should take a definite stand in insisting that college students must be taught how to use library resources to the full4 ,they must learn the many tricks of the trade1 which in his opinion1 were better known at present to the librarian than to the teacher4 ,miss ,salmon replied that she thought it less a question of learning the tricks of the trade than of adapting the desired knowledge to the individual need and capacity of the student2 hence her belief in the teacher as the proper medium of instruction4 ,the discussion could not be pursued for lack of time4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,bliss1 librarian of the ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york1 read a paper on ,,some ,,practical ,,considerations ,,regarding ,,classification ,,for ,,libraries ,i ,the letter inviting me to take part in this conference echoes to me now across the busy field of the past month with notes something like this3 ,come1 if you will1 and talk to us and with us1 but please be practical4 ,perhaps ,i have elsewhere in-adroitly given the impression that ,i believe classification for libraries should be a matter of science or of philosophy4 ,i did indeed say in print1 some months ago1 that ,to be practical today and tomorrow1 man must be scientific4 ,upon science1 that is verified and organized knowledge1 practical common sense is becoming more and more dependent4 ,to be practical without knowledge is in most matters to be ineffectively practical4 ,how practical should we be in classification for libraries1 and how should we be practical effectually8 ,those who have had to do with classification only in small collections of books for popular use may regard it as a comparatively simple and unimportant thing4 ,they do not see why there should be so much trouble and fuss about it4 ,this we may term the nave view1 to borrow a phrase from recent philosophical literature4 ,but some of those who have undertaken to maintain a classification for a large university or reference library know that it is one of the most difficult and complicated of our problems4 ,they apprehend furthermore that it has not yet been solved satisfactorily4 ,this may be termed the critical view4 ,it may vary from moderation to extremes optimistic or pessimistic4 ,not a toy librarians want but a tool1 as we say4 ,the mechanism of a library1 however1 is not operated by merely mechanical hands4 ,there should be somewhat in library service beyond mere statistical and technical economies4 ,our arrangement of books should not be inconsistent with the organization of knowledge1 lest we fail in an inestimable service to the seekers and disseminators of knowledge4 ,,ii ,is it feasible economically to adapt this instrument1 classification1 to that higher service8 ,there are three answers to this question4 ,there is the pessimistic negative4 ,books are wanted in all possible and impossible arrangements4 ,you cannot make a classification that1 even with the customary transfers of charging-systems1 will serve all these ever-varying needs4 ,this argument leads to the virtual negation of the very principle of classification4 ,if this were wholly true1 it were futile to provide a place for bacteriology1 for the books would be wanted now under botany1 now under pathology1 or sanitation1 and again perhaps under agricultural science4 ,shall we separate such branches or not8 ,the pessimist says3 ,whichever you do1 classification fails4 ,the optimist answers3 ,good classification serves the average or prevailing demand4 ,to more special subjects the pessimist then turns1 such as crystallography1 eugenics1 child-psychology4 ,these he says are claimed in their entirety by two or three different sciences4 ,these arguments1 launched against so-called scientific classifications1 are no less hostile to the worthy undertaking of a practical system in such conformity to the consensus of modern science as the conditions permit4 ,but most librarians have not accepted this pessimistic negative4 ,they continue to classify books for average demands1 and the interest in the problem increases4 ,contrasted is the more prevalent optimistic view4 ,we have good classification4 ,the ,decimal ,classification is an admirable1 successful1 at least serviceable system2 it is the established1 the familiar1 the most practical4 ,with all its faults1 we love it still4 ,is not that nave8 ,then1 a consistent1 scientific system is an impossibility4 ,the relations and interests in science are ever changing1 always complex4 ,the thing would not continue for a decade to be satisfactory4 ,another outcome of the nave optimistic view1 as realizing the complexity of scientific specialization1 is the doctrine that a simple1 practical system may be kept abreast of scientific progress by the addition of new details4 ,this elaboration of schedules is compatible with what we term expansion4 ,expansibility is essential to the very life of a notation1 but it may be overworked4 ,certain systems have1 ,i fear1 expanded beyond the capacity of their safety valves to save them from explosion4 ,thousands of the details of those inflated schedules are practically useless even in the largest library4 ,such abnormal distension of the bibliographical body1 or hypertrophy of its special parts1 is not now for the first time called a disease of the bibliothecal system4 ,that the subjects and topics are innumerable and of intricate complexity has led to the misconception that a classification for libraries should embody an infinity of captions in infinite complication4 ,an alphabetical subject-index is believed to be all that is requisite to operate this maze of entangled details4 ,this view may be termed the subject-index illusion4 ,classification for libraries is to be distinguished on the one hand from notation and on the other hand from an arrangement of bibliographical subjects indexed4 ,notation and index are but correlative to classification1 and1 however requisite to a practical system1 are in truth of minor importance4 ,they are the fingers and the feet of the body and brain that organize the materials of knowledge4 ,yet it is these fingers and feet that have chiefly occupied the attention of most classifiers4 ,in the theory of classification subjects are to be distinguished from classes as contents from containers4 ,the subject is that which is denoted by its definition2 the class is the aggregate of particular things--books1 or other things--that are comprised by the definition4 ,a class may be comprehensive of many subjects or aspects of subjects4 ,such need not appear in the schedules of the classification1 but they should be in its subject-index4 ,thus1 ,botany is a subject1 to which ,botanical ,books is the corresponding class2 ,plant ,physiology1 a less general subject1 has a less comprehensive class of books4 ,geotropism is a specific subject in the physiology of plants4 ,the question arises1 is there a class of books and pamphlets treating especially of this subject1 the tendency of plants to respond to gravitation1 as a stimulus8 ,have you in your library1 ,i might ask individually of the majority1 have you an aggregation of books on this subject8 ,the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,list comes nearest in the sub-headings under ,plants1 where with ,movements appears ,heliotropism1 a kindred subject4 ,this caption ,movements is for a veritable class of subjects1 and it might indeed comprise ,geotropism4 ,that is just what the ,library of ,congress schedule does1 subordinating under ,,qk #gga ,movements1 ,irritability in plants1 7general71 the caption of #ggf1 ,miscellaneous induced movements3 ,geotropism1 ,heliotropism1 etc4 ,in my own classification1 the mark ,,gcm goes with the caption1 ,movements1 ,heliotropism1 ,geotropism1 etc4 ,it seems well thus to provide for a future group of monographs4 ,if ,i criticise the ,library of ,congress classification today1 or elsewhere1 be it remembered that ,i recognize its correct treatment of this and thousands of other subjects4 ,but is the ,e4 ,c4 justified in reaching into the dim future for subdivisions of specialization such as its ,,nesgd1 ,diatropism1 and ,,nesgl1 ,lateral ,geotropism8 ,that is where we must open the safety valve or burst4 ,the body of the ,d4 ,c4 is congested with thousands of names of persons1 places1 and events which may be subjects1 but hardly for classes of books4 ,systematic schedules might provide for most of these1 reduce the bulk of the system1 and make for economy and convenience4 ,the ,l4 ,c4 schedules suffer from similar but more astounding expansion4 ,class ,h1 ,sociology and ,economics1 is needlessly immense1 having #eea p41 of which but #ea are index4 ,according to the principle laid down a moment ago1 the number of subjects in the index should by much exceed those in the schedules4 ,the ,expansive ,seventh expansion expanded so much with its own specialistic tissue that it could afford to omit such bulk of proper and place names4 ,for instance ,aves 7,birds71 covers #h pages of fine print2 there are all the taxonomic terms1 for example1 ,,pgslpi is for ,phalacrocoracid1 some family related to the pelicans2 but there appears besides only the single subject ,oology 7eggs71 at the end as ,,pgz4 ,no place under ,birds for their structure1 their habits1 for the popular bird-books1 and for such interesting subjects as their migration1 flight1 etc41 about which there are books6 ,however much there is to interest1 to commend1 and to admire in this great undertaking1 it must be admitted that this is not practical classification for libraries4 ,it is the province of the subject-catalog to bring together topics and titles which are too special for classification to bring into collocation4 ,but let us return to the main question of the feasibility of better classification4 ,there are three answers1 ,i said4 ,two we have considered1 the nave1 and the pessimistic1 also their offspring1 the subject-index illusion1 but we have not yet completely answered the pessimistic4 ,this we may now proceed to do in connection with the third answer1 which is optimistic and constructive1 while at the same time critical4 ,this affirms that better classification is feasible1 that it may be sufficiently flexible and durable1 that changes and adjustments may be provided for in alternative and reserved locations1 that the notation may be quite simple1 and that the index may be as full and specific as comports with convenience4 ,the purpose of library classification is to group books and to collocate groups for the convenience of readers and students in their average wants4 ,it is not so much for those who want a book1 whose author and subject are known1 or any good book on a particular subject2 for such1 the author and subject-catalogs may suffice4 ,but classification is for those who want books1 in the plural1 directly1 without preliminary handling of cards4 ,three types of such wants are to be distinguished4 7#a7 ,to all libraries come 7the prevalent type7 those who wish a few good books on the subject1 or a few facts to be found in the standard books4 ,they do not care to fuss over the card-catalog4 ,the reference librarian1 the selective lists1 may serve such wants1 but close classification usually does so most economically and most satisfactorily4 ,for very specific subjects1 however1 the subject-catalog in the large library may often best serve this type and may make it less dependent upon free access and close classification4 7#b7 ,the second type wants all the good books treating of the subject especially4 ,from these the user himself is to make selection according to his purpose or point of view4 ,free access and classification are here requisite4 ,a bibliography1 if there be one1 would be most likely an embarras de richesse4 7#c7 ,the third type is that of exhaustive research3 all the available literature is wanted1 not only the books and pamphlets treating especially of the subject1 but also those on related subjects and those of broader scope4 ,subject-catalogs and bibliographies are needed preliminaries1 but access1 continued access to the books1 is the desideratum4 ,it is for this type that the most carefully guarded libraries give access to their precious collections4 ,classification1 not merely any old kind of subject1 or close classification1 but good1 scientific1 close classification1 based upon good1 consistent1 broad classification1 is here of paramount importance4 ,the test comes when the student turns from the special to the more general and the related subjects1 which are mostly in related branches of science4 ,the tendency to organization in science is rapidly and surely growing4 ,the more consistent with the consensus1 to which studies on the average are adapted1 however original and divergent their aim1 the more convenient will be the classification4 ,it is in subordination of the specific to the broader subject or class and in collocation of related subjects and subdivisions of classes that most systems fail2 and here that most classifiers fail to understand either the fault or the remedy4 ,the difficulties emphasized by the pessimist1 the overlapping of studies and the rival claims1 arise chiefly from improper subordination4 ,the material is common to the several sciences because these are portions differentiated from larger fields4 ,child-psychology is part of ,psychology4 ,the science and art of education are mainly concerned with the mental4 ,they are related to ,physiology and to ,sociology as ,psychology is related4 ,but to place ,education under ,sociology1 as is done by the ,d4 ,c4 and the ,e4 ,c4 is to answer the relation of second1 not of first dependence1 and is as false as it were to put psychology under sociology1 to put the cart before the horse4 ,education and ,psychology are working together1 and their books should be contiguous4 ,how shall we arrange these practically8 ,well1 scientifically1 in the order of generality1 thus3 ,i ,anthropology4 ,,id to ,,ig ,human physiology4 ,j ,psychology4 ,,jn ,social psychology4 ,,jo ,child-psychology4 ,,jp ,education4 ,,jq ,educational psychology4 ,k ,sociology and ,ethnology4 ,,ka ,sociology4 ,,ke ,ethnology4 ,l ,history4 ,the principles of consistent subordination and practical collocation should guide the maker of a system1 and his notes should guide the classifier of books4 ,here indeed should be a code for classifiers more intimately articulated than in a separate book4 ,but herein lies the practical art of classification1 so to dispose classes1 divisions1 and subdivisions1 that they shall produce a relative minimum of inconvenience under the average conditions of demand and a relative maximum of collocation not only of special classes but of general1 as well as a degree of consistency as high as practical conditions permit1 and ultimately1 as an ideal1 a consistency not only with the pedagogic but with the philosophic organization of knowledge4 ,this ideal1 ,i believe1 is not beyond approximate realization4 ,this critical but optimistic view ascribes the failure of library classifications to the dispersion of related material under subject1 or close classification1 without proper subordination and collocation4 ,the subject-index1 however useful to classifiers1 is of little value to students4 ,i approve close classification1 but find it the more unsatisfactory and baffling as it is the less consistently adapted to good broad classification1 with good articulation of related subjects according to predominating interests1 and with alternative locations for flexibility to changes and for durability in the progress of science4 ,,iii ,having answered the main question of feasibility1 we may now take up some minor practical questions1 first ,notation4 ,it is not likely that reason shall soon remove all traces of prejudice and controversy in this matter4 ,a few propositions1 however1 are so reasonable that ,i think they will be accepted4 ,notation should be brief and simple4 ,its simplicity depends upon its brevity1 though also upon the familiarity and homogeneity of its elements4 ,letters give brevity4 ,the capacity of three-letter notation1 allowing for omission of all objectionable combinations1 is about #ae1jjj4 ,using letters and figures together increases this capacity to about #be1jjj1 omitting confusing mixtures such as ,k#g;,g and #h;,b#d4 ,since somewhat more than #aj1jjj subdivisions seem requisite1 the question reduces to this form3 ,which is simpler1 notation of three letters1 or of five figures8 ,but figures1 it is argued1 are more familiar4 ,they may be so to bookkeepers1 but to the keepers of books6 ,familiar here means familiar with the numbers of the ,d4 ,c4 ,then1 are unmeaning combinations like ,,dal or ,,gwk really more meaningless than numbers like #achei8 ,on the other hand1 isn't ,,rag easier to see and to remember8 ,but the argument1 so far as it is not merely prejudiced1 is childish4 ,such combinations as ,a#a1 #c;,b1 ,c#db1 and ,,cf#f1 are hardly objectionable1 and may prove convenient and economical in class-notation as they do in the author numbers1 with which librarians are so friendly4 ,since they are come to stay1 what is the use of arguing for homogeneous notation8 ,notation is the more systematic and economical where it reduces in part to schedules applicable to the subdivision of many classes or divisions4 ,this feature appeared to a minor extent in the form signs of the ,d4 ,c41 but was carried out extensively and complexly in the ,e4 ,c4 ,it is apparent also in the ,l4 ,c41 but there is more conspicuous by its absence through hundreds of pages of names of countries1 places1 and persons4 ,time does not permit me to describe here the six schedules that economize the system ,i have worked out3 ,schedule #a1 ,mnemonic numerals1 constant throughout2 ,schedule #b1 for subdivision by countries1 applicable under subjects1 where-ever desired2 ,schedule #c1 for subdivisions under countries and localities2 ,schedule #d1 for subjects under any language1 except the chief literary languages2 ,schedule #e1 for the chief literary languages2 and ,schedule #f1 for arranging the material under any prominent author4 ,some who admit the feasibility of better classification object that a classification modern for the present will be out of date in a generation4 ,this in new guise is the familiar argument that it is useless to clean the house today1 for it will need again to be cleaned next week--which all good housewives say is an unreasonable argument4 ,it would be a pity to have fair librarianship called a slouch4 ,is it conceivable that your books shall remain forever classified as they are at present8 ,are there to be no changes1 merely additions of new captions8 ,conservatism is not strange1 considering the cost of changing notation2 but that cost is small compared with the cost of new building or new collections1 and is justified by the service to be rendered4 ,the longer postponed1 the larger the cost1 the larger the burden4 ,some libraries are changing now--to what8 ,that change may indeed have to be changed again in a decade or two4 ,but how long1 then1 should a classification endure--or rather1 be endurable8 ,one who would not prophesy may nevertheless give an opinion4 ,i believe that a good classification should last a century--with some minor alterations4 ,i believe that a good library should be willing to reclassify1 if necessary1 at least some of its collections two or three times in a century4 ,i think that library economy should have been developed with better regard to this problem4 ,it is not practical to arrange books inconsistently with the scientific and pedagogic organization of knowledge4 ,organization based on consensus is one of the marked tendencies of modern thought and purpose1 and is not likely to be overcome by dissenting or disintegrating philosophical counter-tendencies4 ,this organization is more stable than the theories on which it rests1 and these are more stable than the popular press would lead us to suppose4 ,new theories1 new statements1 are assimilated to the established body of knowledge without much dislocation of members4 ,durability in a system would depend not only upon present consistency with the organization of knowledge1 but upon flexibility through reserved and alternative locations1 judiciously chosen with regard to tendencies in science4 ,there might be flaws and errors1 but all practice1 in whatever profession is thus imperfect and tentative4 ,that the ,d4 ,c4 is antiquated is not because of any change in science1 but because it did not conform to the science of its generation4 ,the welcome accorded to it in the pioneer days was in keeping with the earlier view that classification is a simple thing1 as it indeed was for the small popular libraries4 ,that acceptance has mellowed now into an affectionate companionship with a familiar and comfortable conveyance that has proved serviceable so far4 ,now the thing is said to need repair4 ,but that it cannot economically be reconstructed has been recently demonstrated4 ,it evidently must go on till its thousand pieces fall in a heap together1 like the wonderful one-hoss shay4 ,loading it with more and more scientific luggage may for a time increase its service1 but the rattling of its parts grows all the more distressing to those who ride4 ,i reserve my opinion of the ,expansive ,classification and of that of the ,library of ,congress4 ,it is to the point to say1 however1 that they are as unsatisfactory in the major principles of practical and scientific classification for libraries as they are valuable and admirable in the details which they have elaborated4 ,they should help to solve the ultimate problem2 but1 if consistency with science and economy with convenience are feasible and requisite1 neither of these systems is fit1 nor is either1 ,i think1 likely to endure in general use in the future4 ,the simpler1 the more systematic1 and the more consistent with the organization of knowledge a classification and notation is1 the more economical and the less vexatious will be the operation of classifying books4 ,the subject1 scope1 treatment1 purpose of the book--if that could be stated beforehand--and why not8--by author and publisher1 and confirmed by the copyright office or the national library1 then the class-notation could in most cases be quickly found through subject-index4 ,that information might be printed in the book and more readily found there than through centralized cataloging and service of cards4 ,centralized or co-operative classifying however1 or assigning of subjects and of the class-marks of an elaborately classified central or national library1 would be a service of high value and of very considerable economy4 ,but it should be distinguished from standardized classification4 ,as libraries differ and differentiate1 so should their classifications4 ,at best a system may serve for libraries of a type1 but not for all types4 ,a university need not adopt an unfit classification as more than one has done of recent years4 ,it may translate the centrally assigned subjects and class-marks into its own system1 through its own index4 ,some general conformity1 or conformity in special parts1 may indeed prove economical and convenient1 but standardization of an elaborate system is progress in the wrong direction4 ,this outline of a large1 complex1 and unsolved problem of paramount importance is very inadequate4 ,i would propose that a committee be constituted1 to articulate with the present committee on a code for classifying1 to set to work upon a fuller investigation of this great question of the feasibility of better and more economical classification and notation4 ,if librarians do not provide better classification for libraries1 then the users of libraries will very likely in the not remote future provide for better librarians4 ,in the subsequent discussion1 opened by ,dr4 ,richardson and by a paper written by ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,merrill1 chief classifier of the ,newberry library1 ,chicago1 exception was taken to many of ,mr4 ,bliss' criticisms of present classifications4 ,it was pointed out that the ,d4 ,c41 with all its faults1 was yet eminently practical1 as evidenced by its widespread use4 ,mr4 ,cutter stated that the ,e4 ,c4 classification for zoology1 which ,mr4 ,bliss had specially criticised1 had been made in just the way ,mr4 ,bliss himself regarded as the soundest1 i4 e41 it had been condensed from material furnished by an eminent scientist2 as to its being over minute1 it was expanded only half as much as the scientist had proposed4 ,mr4 ,charles ,martel1 chief of the catalog division in the ,library of ,congress1 ,dr4 ,andrews1 librarian of the ,john ,crerar library1 ,chicago1 and others also expressed their belief in close classification as a safeguard against confusion and unscientific grouping4 ,only a few minutes remained for a paper on ,art in the college library1 by ,mr4 ,,frank ,,weitenkampf1 chief of the art department1 ,new ,york public library4 ,,art ,,in ,,the ,,college ,,library ,the problem of art in schools has been frequently discussed4 ,the matter of art in colleges1 apparently1 has not been so much considered4 ,the cases1 however1 seem to be dissimilar only in degree1 not in kind4 ,in fact1 not a little of the material that has been suggested for schoolroom decoration would be equally in place in the college4 ,for instance1 names such as those of ,gozzoli or ,luca della ,robbia1 on the ,craftsman's list for schools could just as well be suggested for the college4 ,also1 the average student is probably first to be reached best by recognition of the fact that there are other interests beside the purely aesthetic4 ,in other words1 good use can be made of the subject picture1 the best possible being chosen4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,johnston1 librarian of ,columbia ,university1 where exhibitions have always been an important auxiliary of lectures and have included exhibitions of graphic arts1 states that these last are selected and displayed less with a view to artistic than pictorial value4 ,but he adds that more and more attention is given to artistic value1 and that in his belief the most valuable exhibits of an artistic nature are those displayed permanently on the walls of halls1 seminar rooms and lecture rooms4 ,on the other hand1 those which are exhibited temporarily should1 if well selected1 and well announced1 do much to broaden taste4 ,the permanent display of pictures which illustrate with distinction certain broad principles of taste1 is of undoubted necessity4 ,but the use of the temporary show must not be lost sight of4 ,the oft seen easily becomes the oft unheeded2 familiarity breeds contempt4 ,periodical changes therefore seem advisable1 as evidence that there is something doing4 ,loans of good prints from private sources1 if advisable1 might be utilized to excellent effect4 ,for instance1 if the library happens to own1 or can borrow1 a copy of such a publication of color reproductions as the ,medici prints1 or ,meister der ,farbe or ,alte ,meister 7the latter two issued by ,seemann of ,leipzig71 a number of plates from the same might be placed on exhibition for1 say1 three months4 ,this might be followed by a six-weeks' black-and-white show of good etchings from a private collection1 or from the stock of the nearest museum or print dealer4 ,after that1 perhaps1 a show of ,greek art4 ,the guiding principles should be3 ,keep the exhibit within reasonable bounds as to numbers1 make selection with as much discrimination as circumstances will permit1 and see that what you offer is made palatable4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,richardson of the ,princeton ,university library tells me that there a large collection of art photographs is drawn upon for permanent exhibition1 the latter rearranged every now and then in order to exhibit fresh material1 and that there have been a number of special exhibitions4 7,incidentally1 this university has a great variety of undergraduate courses in art47 ,the matter of proper presentation is important4 ,not what is seen1 but what is digested1 counts4 ,good labels are a necessity2 summary1 with as little dryness as possible1 informative1 so that the student may see at a glance why a given picture was shown1 and what are its good points4 ,if relation to studies can be brought out in these exhibits1 all the better4 ,that naturally suggests the possibility of an occasional display of pictures illustrating a given period or personality in a given country4 ,in the recently-printed little volume1 ,art museums and schools1 containing four lectures by ,stockton ,oxson1 ,kenyon ,cox1 ,stanley ,hall and ,oliver ,s4 ,tonks1 the significance of the museum to teachers of ,english1 art1 history and the classics is considered1 and the documentary value of art is properly emphasized4 ,in order to teach the classics1 says ,prof4 ,tonks1 you must know more of ancient life than is to be gleaned from the literature by itself4 ,viewed in this light1 the old ,greek vases and other art objects take on a new significance4 ,but the ultimate object of all this must not be lost to sight1 the cultural influence sought1 the promotion of interest in art as a matter not apart from1 but a part of1 our daily life1 a contribution to general culture4 ,it is well to make it clear that a certain amount of appreciation of art can become as much a matter of course as certain elementary rules of good breeding4 ,art1 says ,croly1 in his ,promise of ,american life1--art cannot become a power in a community unless many of its members are possessed of a native and innocent love of beautiful things4 ,these considerations1 again1 suggest the occasional exhibiting of plates illustrating decorative and applied art1 say color plates such as those in ,wenzel's ,modern decorative art1 or ,dekorative ,vorbilder1 or similar books1 if procurable1 or black-and-white plates from books or art magazines4 ,a judicious use of the library's books is advisable1 not through lengthy lists in which the bibliographical instincts of the librarian might find vent4 ,reference to two or three books on a subject--whetting the appetite by displaying them at the same time as the plates exhibited--may lead to an occasional reading at spare moments4 ,it may help also to show the fallacy of the ,i don't know anything of art1 but ,i know just what ,i like attitude4 ,you can not understand anything worth understanding without some trouble1 any more than you can play football or bridge without some practice4 ,the matter of hanging must depend1 naturally1 on local conditions3 amount and distribution and shape and location of available wall space or other space1 financial resources1 character of student body1 etc4 ,the simplest method is1 of course1 to suspend the pictures by clips from horizontal wires1 but it is not under all circumstances the safest4 ,pictures may be fastened to a wooden background 7usually covered with burlap or other textile7 on the wall4 ,in that case1 care must of course be taken that thumb-tacks do not pass through the print4 ,the shank of the tack passes close to the picture upon the outermost margin of which its head will then press4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,smith of the ,avery library at ,columbia ,university1 lays strips of bristol board over the spaces between the pictures1 and overlapping the margins of the same2 the tacks pass through these strips4 ,pictures fastened to the wall may be covered by sheets of glass held in place by strong tacks1 or perhaps the brass-headed upholsterers' nails4 ,where prints are shown unprotected it may prove well to mount them1 unless they are printed on thick and strong paper4 7,at the ,newark library they use mounting board bound at the edge with buckram and further strengthened by pigskin corners2 this is for prints which circulate among teachers47 ,where frames are used with the intention of periodical or occasional change of exhibits1 the back can be held by the familiar button device which can be easily swung aside so as to admit of changing the picture without extracting nails4 ,mr4 ,paul ,brockett of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 tells me that there the glass doors of bookcases have been used for exhibiting pictures4 ,at the same place1 wing frames--that space-saving device of a dozen frames with glass centered on a standard1 and having a certain swing in either direction--have been used4 ,moreover1 these frames were units which could be hung on the standard or placed against the wall4 ,in some of the ,new ,york public library's branches1 such frames radiate directly from the wall1 to save space4 ,a similar device is seen in a certain type of display fixtures1 in which the swinging frames reach to the floor1 and which may be seen in operation in the lithographic exhibition of ,fuchs ,lang1 ,warren ,st41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,there is no protecting glass here1 however1 and ,i presume that the use of this contrivance would be safe only in exceptional cases4 ,hints to exhibitors may be found in articles such as the one on ,mounting1 framing and hanging pictures1 by ,miss ,mabel ,j4 ,chase1 assistant supervisor of drawing1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 in the ,school ,arts ,magazine for ,december1 #aiab1 or in one on ,planning and mounting an exhibit in the number for ,march1 #aiac1 by ,george ,w4 ,eggers1 who lays stress on the fact that ,every exhibit should definitely tell something4 ,still continuing the examination of this magazine1 one notes in the issue of ,april1 #aiac1 an article on the ,decoration of an assembly hall in ,r4 ,c4 ,ingraham ,grammar school1 ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4 ,that relates to a permanent exhibit1 and describes the distribution of pictures and other objects in such a manner as to make a harmonious arrangement of the whole room4 ,but there are other periodicals1 and there are readers' guides and other indexes and bibliographical aids1 and this is not the place for lists4 ,now1 as to the material to be used for the exhibition4 ,outside of the resources offered by the library's own collection and the loan possibilities indicated1 there are various dealers and other agencies to be taken into account4 ,in the state of ,new ,york for instance1 the division of ,visual ,instruction of the ,education department has a circulating collection of pictures furnishing ample material for educational extension lectures and for study clubs4 ,this consists of ,braun1 ,elson1 ,hanfstngel and ,hegger carbons1 ,copley prints and bromides and ,berlin photogravures4 ,these wall-pictures are lent to schools and libraries1 framed without glass1 for a fee of #ej cents each per year4 ,in other states1 ,i presume state library commissions could give advice4 ,there are the artistic lithographic drawings in color issued by ,b4 ,g4 ,teubner of ,leipzig at five and six marks apiece1 the plates of ,seemann's ,meister der ,farbe can be purchased separately1 and dealers such as the ,berlin ,photographic ,co41 ,george ,busse1 the ,detroit ,publishing ,co41 ,braun ,clement ,co4 and others could no doubt give lists and advice4 ,importing book-dealers1 ,french and ,german1 must be considered4 ,not all of the material furnished by these concerns is equally cheap1 but a certain amount of the higher-priced sort will serve for permanent exhibit4 ,part #f1 devoted to the art department1 in ,john ,cotton ,dana's ,modern ,american library economy1 is a very useful guide1 not only in its record of accomplishment at ,newark1 but also in its hints as to sources1 its list of addresses4 ,miss ,ethelred ,abbot's ,list of photograph dealers 7,massachusetts ,library ,club1 #aijg7 is properly emphasized for its usefulness1 as is also the ,bibliotheca pdagogica4 ,for permanent exhibits the reproductions of certain examples in architecture1 painting and sculpture which have become classical1 are of obvious value4 ,and here1 too1 the reason for inclusion may well be emphasized to the student1 not only by proper labels but also by reference at the proper time in the classroom and lecture hall4 ,such classics in art will not infrequently be found reproduced better in black-and-white than in color4 ,should the library decide to procure color work by modern artists1 such as the ,teubner prints referred to1 or the similar ones issued by ,voigtlnder or by the ,knstlerbund of ,karlsruhe1 care must be taken to select such as are of general1 and not merely local1 interest4 ,say for example1 the well known ,field of grain by ,volkmann4 ,such modern work also has the advantage of emphasizing the fact that there is work worth while being done today4 ,it likewise shows the healthy tendency to enlarge acquaintance with home production1 home scenery1 home customs4 ,we find that1 for instance1 in ,germany1 in ,sweden1 to a certain extent in ,england1 and elsewhere4 ,much of the foreign endeavor in this direction has found its use in schools1 but it involves some big principles in point of view which make a certain amount of its results of use in the college as well4 ,but we should similarly pay attention to the best ,american work4 ,noteworthy attempts by ,american artists to interpret ,american life and the beauties of our scenery deserve support4 ,one notes with interest the attempt made by the ,american ,federation of ,arts' ,committee on ,art in the ,public ,schools to call attention to ,american examples in the fine arts by calling for an expression of opinion as to the best works produced by our artists4 ,t4 ,w4 ,stevens reported that the ,chicago ,institution1 furthering the utilization of students' work in the decoration of public school walls1 encouraged the adoption of subject pictures for decoration2 especially subjects in ,american history4 ,the help of the art department1 where the college has one1 may well be enlisted4 7,parenthetically let me state that ,e4 ,baldwin ,smith in his recent report on ,the study of the history of art in the colleges and universities of the ,united ,states1 ,princeton1 #aiaa1 summarizes his statistics in the statement that of #a1jjj1jjj students1 #afc1jjj have any art courses at all offered them47 ,not only have we such rich collections as those of the ,avery ,architectural library at ,columbia1 the ,fogg ,museum at ,harvard1 or ,yale ,university1 but collections of casts1 photographs and books will be found at the disposal of the art departments of a number of other colleges4 ,such resources might be drawn upon so that some modicum1 at least1 of art influence may be extended to the rest of the institution4 ,if the direct co-operation of the art department is secured it must necessarily be adapted to the needs of the case with a clear understanding of the fact that general students1 and not art students1 are to be served4 ,the statement of ,dr4 ,leigh ,h4 ,hunt1 associate professor of art at the ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york is of interest here4 ,his #f1jjj boys1 says he1 would like to begin with the human face4 ,they do not necessarily lean to the saccharine1 but perceive human interest shown without the aid of the direct anecdote4 ,they stand ,memling and ,ghirlandajo4 ,the boys love color1 he continues1 and are easily led to love refined color4 ,they admire the early ,english water colorists--,cox1 ,de,wint2 also1 ,japanese prints4 ,after becoming interested in such refined color1 they get a liking for monochromes--delft blue landscapes1 sanguines and sepia drawings4 ,efforts such as those ,i have indicated seem particularly called for where the college is away from art influences4 ,but they should not be put aside even where the college is located in a larger center with an art life4 ,rather should the resources near at hand be turned to advantage4 ,i have seen the statement that over #cj per cent of our museums are connected with educational institutions4 ,also1 in a large city1 there are numerous art exhibitions1 most varied in character4 ,but the very extent of all these opportunities may serve to keep away the student who has so many other duties and attractions4 ,and1 as ,prof4 ,hunt points out1 boys living at one end of a large city not only whirl past all such possibilities on their way to college1 but in ,new ,york1 using the subway1 they pass under it and not through it4 ,what is wanted is the direct1 unavoidable presentation of art to those who are not yet sufficiently interested to seek art for themselves4 ,in the whole matter the ever-necessary exercise of common sense is commendable4 ,enthusiasm for the cause must be moderated and adapted to the point of view of the student4 ,the didactic element should be unobtrusive4 ,the student should be interested rather than admonished4 ,above all he should be led to see that a certain love and appreciation of art is not a highbrow affair but a proper1 necessary and pleasure-giving part of the equipment of the cultured man4 ,as proper and a matter of course as the avoidance of a necktie of shrieking colors1 or as the use of the table knife for cutting only4 ,farther discussion of this subject1 as well as decision as to the practicability of the ideas advanced1 must be left to those who have a more intimate acquaintance with the problems1 conditions and difficulties involved than can be had by one who has to deal with the readers in a large public library4 ,mr4 ,goodrich called attention to the library of the ,university of ,michigan as one place where ideas like those of the paper had been carried out1 made a plea for color prints as against the everlasting black and brown1 and suggested the possibilities of pottery and textiles in the way of giving life and cheer to the delivery hall4 ,he referred by way of example to the beautiful drapery curtains in the ,john ,hay library reading room--a vast relief from the ordinary roller shade and just as effectual4 ,at the end of the session1 the nominating committee brought in the name of ,mr4 ,w4 ,n4 ,c4 ,carlton1 librarian of the ,newberry library1 to succeed ,mr4 ,keogh on the committee on arrangements2 ,mr4 ,carlton was unanimously elected4 ,his term will be three years2 the other members of the committee1 ,miss ,askew and ,mr4 ,goodrich1 remain the same as this year4 ,the session then adjourned until ,friday night4 ,,college ,,librarians' ,,round ,,table ,the round table for college librarians was held on ,friday evening1 ,june #bgth4 ,f4 ,c4 ,hicks1 of ,columbia university1 presiding4 ,miss ,,josephine ,a4 ,,rathbone1 of the ,pratt ,institute school of library science gave a talk on ,,what ,,college ,,librarians ,,can ,,do ,,for ,,library ,,schools ,in a recent lecture on administrative problems of the college library given to the students of the ,pratt ,institute library school the lecturer pictured the ideal college library of the future1 with a staff consisting of specialists1 each with a knowledge of his subject equal to that of instructors or professors plus a library school training1 whose recompense should be on the same scale as that for the teaching of those subjects4 ,i remarked afterward that before that vision could come to pass the college librarians should have to act as feeders for the library schools1 turning toward librarianship promising material from which the library schools could make the college library specialist of tomorrow4 ,hence this paper4 ,there has been a good deal of discussion in the ,professional ,training section about specialization in library schools--the desirability of having special courses to prepare librarians for technical libraries1 for professional libraries1 for legislative reference libraries1 etc41 etc41 but ,i am convinced--and my conviction deepens with my increasing experience--that the time for specialization is before the library school course and not during it4 ,theoretically it does not seem possible that the same library course should be able to fit students for such different lines as children's work1 municipal reference work1 cataloging1 branch library work1 the scientific department of a university library1 a botanical garden library1 and the librarianship of a town library1 but actually that is just what happens2 recent graduates of our school are filling just such positions and each one found that her library training plus her previous education1 experience and temperament enabled her to fill the special position satisfactorily4 ,now what the college librarian can do for the library school and hence for the library profession1 is1 it seems to me1 to make it known among college students that there are opportunities for the specialist in library work--to disabuse the mind of the man or woman who wants to pursue economics or sociology or some branch of science of the idea--almost a fixed idea it would seem--that a specialist in order to continue in his specialty must necessarily teach it1 that teaching offers the only pied a terre1 the only means of support for the student4 ,students of sociology and government are beginning to find their way into organized welfare work1 it is true1 but library work should be presented to them as a means of social service1 of at least equal importance with settlement work or organized charity4 ,that it could be so presented ,i am confident1 and by whom if not by or through the agency of the college librarian8 ,schools and colleges are devoting an increasing amount of attention to vocational guidance4 ,will not college librarians make a point of seeing that the possibilities and diversified opportunities of librarianship are presented to the students each year8 ,if they do not care to do this themselves1 librarians or members of library school faculties might be found in the vicinity who would be glad to do it4 ,once the subject of librarianship is presented to the student and the desirability of entering upon the work through the gateway of library school training is pointed out 7,i assume that no time need be spent arguing this point--but if ,i am wrong ,i shall be glad to discuss the matter with any dissenters later71 the college librarian can further the cause by being prepared to advise students as to their choice of a library school4 ,the college librarian should supply himself with the circulars of the several schools and should inform himself concerning the reputation1 advantages1 requirements1 and specialties of the different schools4 ,we all agree that there is no one best library school 7except our own71 but that each of them offer special opportunities that make them adapted to the particular needs of different students4 ,to direct the inquirer to that school that will best fit him for the particular kind of work he inclines toward would be to serve the profession1 the schools1 the colleges1 and the individual student4 ,will not the college librarian take this function upon himself and enrich the profession not only with the quiet bookish student who will develop into the old-fashioned librarian for whom there is still room1 but with the specialist1 the executive1 the vigorous and enthusiastic altruist who wants to serve the world by positive1 constructive1 social work8 ,the following paper1 prepared by ,mr4 ,,robert ,s4 ,,fletcher1 librarian of ,amherst ,college1 was read by ,mr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,goodrich1 of ,dartmouth3 ,,the ,,college ,,library ,,and ,,research ,,work ,there was published in #aiab a ,union ,list of ,collections on ,european ,history in ,american ,libraries1 compiled for the ,committee on ,bibliography of the ,american ,historical ,association by ,e4 ,c4 ,richardson1 ,chairman4 ,in the preface to this exceedingly valuable work occurs the following extract from the ,report of the ,committee1 ,december1 #aiaa3 ,it is clear from this situation that no library is self-sufficient--even ,harvard lacking #icj sets1 and all but #ab lacking on the average of #b1aec out of #b1aig works4 ,even as good colleges as ,amherst and ,williams1 having but #bf and #ag respectively1 lack #b1aga and #b1ahj respectively out of #b1aig1 while probably #gjj of the #ghf institutions doing work of college grade in the ,united ,states are worse off than these4 ,i need hardly say that this is merely a statement of fact and in no sense a criticism or arraignment of any library mentioned or implied4 ,furthermore1 it is undoubtedly true that analysis and reflection will render this statement much less startling than it appears at first glance4 ,whether we can explain and account for it to our entire satisfaction is a question which seems to me rather doubtful4 ,let me quote a little more from this same source3 ,the most significant fact of the statistics of last year remains1 however1 substantially unchanged--the fact that only ten or a dozen libraries have as many as #aj per cent of the collections1 and that out of #ghf institutions which profess to do work of college grade1 only about fifty libraries have as much as #a per cent4 ,the actual situation is even much worse than appears from the figures1 since two or three inexpensive volumes of illustrative source books for classroom use are in the list through inadvertence1 and undoubtedly swell the record of the minor institutions4 ,it is safe to say that a majority even of the institutions included in the ,babcock list have less than one-tenth of #a per cent of these sets1 and yet these are titles which have been gathered from actual references and are the books which are liable to meet any men engaged in historical research at every turn4 ,if we assume that research work belongs only to the university--that it has no place in the college--we may dismiss these figures as possessing no significance for us1 save as they throw some light on the inferior quality of the collections built up by most of our ,american libraries4 ,if on the other hand we believe that the smaller institution should encourage its teachers to do research work1 and should1 so far as its resources allow1 provide the facilities for such work1 then ,i believe that a study of the conditions responsible for the situation set forth in the ,committee's report cannot fail to be of some value4 ,and while ,i hold no brief for the research worker ,i am strongly of the opinion that the college which does encourage original research can not but gain a higher quality of teaching1 and at the same time acquire a collection of books which1 if not notable1 shall be at least thoroughly good4 ,it may be claimed1 and in that case must be granted1 that such a question as this is practically an academic one1 and so pretty largely outside of the librarian's province4 ,that is true1 however1 only so long as you leave the question unanswered--or answer it in the negative4 ,an affirmative answer would bring the matter home directly to every college librarian in the country4 ,the college which believes in research and encourages its faculty to do it1 must have a librarian not only in sympathy with the movement1 but one skillful in finding ways and means to make it a success1 since in most cases the funds at our disposal for the purchase of books would seem to preclude the possibility of such a thing4 ,before going further into the discussion of this phase of the question1 let me return for a moment to the report from which ,i quoted4 ,one or two conclusions may justly be drawn from the figures therein presented4 ,in the first place ,i think we may safely infer that the situation as regards ,history1 so strikingly set forth1 is repeated1 and probably in an even worse form1 in all the other departments of knowledge4 ,certainly we should not expect a library which was so weak in the research material of ,history1 to be any stronger in ,philology or the ,sciences1 or in ,philosophy and ,economics4 ,the second conclusion follows naturally from this1 that the average college library--for it is with the college library that this paper concerns itself--has built up its collection with practically no emphasis on the acquisition of such material4 ,to say that this general condition exists solely because of the lack of funds is to my mind neither a real explanation1 nor a real excuse4 ,it exists primarily because there has never been any pressure from members of the faculty to bring about a different condition4 ,if we seek a reason for it we shall find it in the fact that research work has by tacit consent been left almost entirely to the university4 ,its place there--its vital importance in the university scheme of work--has never been questioned4 ,making all allowance for the difference in conditions ,i still cannot see why a thing that is confessedly of so much benefit to the university should not also be of help to the college4 ,at the risk of getting a little off the track1 and for the sake of making what ,i mean as plain as possible1 it seems necessary to devote some space to a definition of the term research work4 ,i am writing1 of course1 from the standpoint of an outsider1 who expresses a purely personal opinion on a subject which interests him4 ,there can be no hard and fast definition of such a term as this--at least not from a librarian4 ,i shall suppose then1 that research work is of two kinds1 both important1 but one of them much more important than the other4 ,the first and most common kind is that ordinarily done by the graduate student in the university4 ,it is the gathering of material--the collection of information on some particular phase of some particular subject--and is not only of value in itself1 but when taken together with the work done by other students along related lines becomes part of the structure on which scholarship is built4 ,we may call it analytical research work4 ,the other kind is that done by the man of clear vision and wide outlook1 mature enough to see that the analytical work is merely material for a bigger thing--call it what you will--the man who can take the information others have collected and impart it in the form of culture4 ,this is synthetic research work4 ,now the university has much of the former1 some of the latter4 ,the college has need only of the synthetic4 ,if its place in the educational world is to be permanent1 its contribution to education must be cultural4 ,the type of teacher it needs1 and ,i believe must have1 is the man who has done1 or is capable of doing1 synthetic research work4 ,in his hands teaching takes on a vitality1 a spontaneity1 a genuineness that no one else can give it4 ,that the book collection of the average college would be sufficient for the needs of men like this is out of the question4 ,there would inevitably arise a demand for the purchase of works of an entirely different kind--a demand that would have to be at least partially met4 ,this demand would be for research material1 by which ,i mean the results of research work1 and the problem of such a college library would become a problem in discrimination--the decision as to what of this material it should try to obtain4 ,it ought not to be difficult to draw a clear distinction between analytical and synthetic research material4 ,illustrations of the first will readily occur to you1 one as good as any being the usual thesis submitted for the doctor's degree4 ,all source material is necessarily analytical--is the result of a careful1 painstaking1 often laborious search for information3 information that may illuminate some dark corner of the field of knowledge4 ,but it is never itself illumined by the spark of genius1 nor wrought by the loving hand of the artist4 ,it is merely the wood and the stone out of which a complete structure may some day arise4 ,now how does the synthetic conception of research apply to ,history8 ,a modern ,german writer has compressed the whole significance of it into a sentence3 ,the writing of ,history1 he says1 is just as truly a will toward a picture as it is a knowledge of sources4 ,in other words synthesis of the kind referred to is always the work of the artist1 and in the nature of things becomes thereby a contribution to culture4 ,gibbon's ,decline and fall of the ,roman empire1 ,lamprecht's ,history of ,germany1 ,rhodes' ,history of the ,united ,states--these are all synthetic3 each one existed first as a picture in the mind of the artist1 not merely as an array of sources from which the facts of history might be drawn4 ,but1 you say1 all libraries buy these books and others like them as a matter of course4 ,yes1 we do1 but ,i think the trouble is that we do not make books of this sort our standard1 if indeed we have any standard beyond a favorable review or a request from a patron4 ,it is no more true that the result of all synthetic research is cultural than that the result of all artistic endeavor is beautiful4 ,results here are just as uneven as anywhere else1 with much that is good and perhaps even more that is bad1 and it is when we come to discriminate that we are apt to go astray4 ,now a teacher such as ,i have in mind would keep abreast through the better periodicals of all that was being done in his particular line1 and if facilities were furnished1 would buy what he knew he needed--monographs1 bibliographies1 biographies1 and some larger works--things that would not only give his teaching a vitality and freshness otherwise lacking1 but would help to hasten the day when his own contribution to the world's culture should see the light4 ,assuming1 then1 that a college accepts this view1 and proposes to encourage its faculty to do research work1 what are the practical ways in which the library can not only co-operate1 but further such an undertaking8 ,for ,i believe there are several4 ,a preliminary statement as to the functions of the college library would seem to be essential4 ,these have often been set forth for us in detail1 and ,i shall only enumerate them here4 ,the first and most important function is1 of course1 to meet the needs of the students and teachers as they arise in the regular college work4 ,along with this is the supplying of books for general reading1 outside of the curriculum4 ,most of these books are bought for members of the faculty1 who are thereby enabled to keep in touch with the latest developments in their own and other fields1 and to avoid the possibility of mental stagnation from too close association with a particular subject4 ,i believe much more might--and should--be done in the way of developing a taste for general reading on the part of the students1 but that is another story4 ,apart from these what are the functions of the college library8 ,to be1 so far as it can the centre of culture for the community in which it is located3 to aid the local public library in its work with woman's clubs1 and high school pupils3 to lend books freely to other libraries4 ,and in our own case there is the added opportunity of being of some assistance to another institution in the same town4 ,now these things are all important1 and the librarian who does not realize it1 who fails to utilize to the utmost the possibilities they contain for intellectual and social betterment1 is not worthy of his hire4 ,but the point of view ,i take in this article compels me to consider them as secondary4 ,the college library exists first of all to supply the book needs of its own students and faculty1 and for nothing else4 ,the expenditure of its funds1 always insufficient1 must be limited to this chief function4 ,it is probable that all these other things ,i have enumerated can be done without any financial loss to the library1 but where any of them means a diversion of library funds it becomes unjustifiable4 ,i said above that there are several practical ways in which a library--more properly1 perhaps1 a librarian--can not only co-operate1 but further a movement to encourage research work on the part of members of the faculty4 ,my remarks are of necessity limited to my observation of conditions in the institution with which ,i am connected1 and are not to be considered general in their application4 ,at the same time1 ,i am inclined to think that these conditions are reproduced1 at least to a certain extent1 in most college libraries4 ,the assistance which the library can render must1 of course1 be very largely financial4 ,only by releasing funds from present uses1 or by increasing these funds1 can we hope to buy material of the kind referred to4 ,i am convinced1 in the first place1 that we can save money in the purchase of books1 and this not through better discounts1 or any choice of agents1 but through more care in the selection of the books themselves4 ,in other words1 submit all lists of proposed purchases to a more rigid scrutiny4 ,make all titles answer such questions as ,is this book going to be of real value to this library8 ,is its usefulness to be more or less permanent1 or merely temporary8 ,could not our need for it be met by borrowing from another library8 ,in our own case1 at least1 ,i fear a number of books are recommended by professors or others1 and bought by the library1 which could not survive any such test4 ,this naturally applies not so much to department books as to those of a general nature1 for in the last analysis the teacher must be the judge of what he needs to help him in his work4 ,secondly1 we ought to save money--,i think a considerable sum--on our periodicals4 ,and here the saving effected by dropping some from the list is a double one2 not only the subscription price1 but the cost of binding4 ,i realize that ,i am treading on dangerous ground in this matter1 and that most professors would say to drop all the books if necessary1 but none of the periodicals4 ,and ,i could wish for enough space to elaborate my side of the question at some length1 instead of touching on it only briefly4 ,for ,i believe it to be of real importance--a thing that every college library must face and decide at some time or other4 ,here at ,amherst we spent last year over #dj per cent of the income from our book funds on periodicals and their binding--a proportion which ,i cannot believe to be justified4 ,is there not such a thing as a periodical habit1 into which all of us1 librarians and professors alike1 are apt to fall8 ,we keep periodicals on our lists because they have always been there--were there before we came--although on reflection we are sure that no one ever uses them--not even the professor at whose instance they were ordered4 ,in the first place1 of course1 he expects to use them1 sometime if not now4 ,or he is sure that he ought to--that they would give him just the impetus he needs in his work4 ,or perhaps 7and ,i should whisper this7 he likes to have it known that the department is taking these things couldn't get along without them4 ,now the periodical that cannot prove its right--in terms of usefulness--to be on the shelves of a college library has no place there4 ,and the significance of this for us is the fact that in being there it is keeping something else out6 ,what we spend for it1 and for others like it1 would enable us to make at least a beginning on the acquisition of our synthetic research material4 ,these are two of the ways in which it seems to me a librarian in sympathy with this movement could further it4 ,another1 possibly worth mentioning1 is to refrain from binding miscellaneous pamphlets and other unbound material1 mostly presented to the library1 and which we are apt to think may some day serve a purpose4 ,part of it may--most of it can well be thrown away and the binding money saved4 ,but1 you say1 even in the aggregate these things do not mean very much2 perhaps one or two hundred dollars at the outside--one or two or three research collections a year for your library4 ,no1 they do not mean very much1 by themselves1 or in the purchasing power of money they are instrumental in saving4 ,but they stand for something definite and logical2 they are indicative of a determination on the part of an institution to get men of a certain type for its faculty1 and to provide them with facilities for doing the broadest and biggest work possible4 ,i may be mistaken1 but ,i am inclined to think such an institution could find more money as it needed more4 ,and the librarian skillful in discovering ways and means would not be contented with his yearly appropriations1 but would succeed in interesting trustees and friends of the college to a point where interest would be translated into deeds4 ,now there is1 of course1 another side to all this1 and we should be short-sighted indeed not to recognize it4 ,the college library which spent any considerable share of its funds for research material which really belongs only in the university library would have no means whatever of justifying itself--would be worse off than an institution which had no research material whatever4 ,how may we guard against this danger8 ,i must take it for granted that the sort of teacher ,i have been considering would choose his research material wisely and with the right perspective4 ,in case he failed to do this ,i should expect the librarian to tell him so4 ,and back of the librarian should be a real library committee2 so constituted as to represent the different departments as fairly as possible2 having charge of the allotment of book funds2 advising and helping the librarian in the shaping of the library's policy2 the court of last resort when an expensive and somewhat doubtful set was being considered--,i can conceive of such a committee as being one of the greatest factors in the success of this whole undertaking4 ,let at least two types of teachers be selected for it4 ,the one a man whose chief interest centers in the personal and human side of his students2 who puts them first to the extent that his work is with them rather than with books or scholarly endeavor4 ,the other the man ,i have defined as the synthetic research worker1 broad in his sympathies toward his students1 but a man who realizes both the need of the age for culture1 and his own ability to contribute to it something worth while4 ,by a fusion of such types as these the rights of all would be conserved--the needs of all met so far as possible4 ,just a word more by way of summary and ,i shall be through4 ,i believe the book collection of the average college library is much below what it might be in point of quality4 ,a possible way of changing this situation for the better is to encourage members of the faculty to do research work4 ,this would also result in a higher standard of teaching--or so at least all the teachers with whom ,i have talked assure me4 ,it is not necessary to assume that research is essential to scholarship1 but merely that it adds something to a man's efficiency and power that can be gotten in no other way4 ,the college librarian1 if he cares to1 can play an important part in bringing these things about4 ,you will doubtless find this scheme--represented here only in outline--rather idealistic1 but so1 ,i take it1 are all educational schemes4 ,i can only hope that you will find also some soundness in its theory--some small addition to the constructive criticism of a condition which ,i believe to be fundamentally wrong4 ,miss ,,minnie ,e4 ,,sears1 head cataloger of the ,university of ,minnesota library1 presented a paper on ,,cataloging ,,for ,,department ,,libraries ,before beginning the discussion of cataloging for department libraries1 let me say that as it is a subject which is still in the experimental stage and not yet capable of generalization1 the statements made in this paper are based1 partly upon information collected from certain university libraries in which this problem is now being worked out1 and partly on my own experience in organizing the department catalogs of the ,university of ,minnesota4 ,the other libraries quoted are those of the ,university of ,chicago1 ,columbia1 ,illinois1 ,johns ,hopkins1 ,michigan1 ,missouri and ,wisconsin4 ,in considering the problem of cataloging for department libraries1 we may start with a definition and an assumption4 ,for the purpose of this discussion it may be said that a department library is not a mere handful of reference books on a subject1 but a more or less comprehensive collection of books on the subject shelved and used separately from the collections of the main library2 and it may be assumed that the necessity for a separate catalog of such a collection is admitted by all4 ,assuming this1 the first question that presents itself is that of the form of the department catalog4 ,shall it be an author1 a classed or a dictionary catalog1 or1 since in most cases the department library is a small open-shelf collection1 will it suffice to have a shelf-list only1 serving also as a classed catalog8 ,the shelf-list would offer the simplest and cheapest solution of the difficulty1 but the day when it was accepted as a solution of the entire problem has passed4 ,not one of the libraries consulted suggests the shelf-list alone as a possible arrangement4 ,an author catalog1 at least1 is needed in addition1 and the majority of these libraries report dictionary catalogs in some of the department libraries1 if not in all4 ,chicago ,university is to provide for the department libraries outside of ,harper building an author catalog and a shelf-list1 where printed cards are available1 and an author catalog only for the department libraries within ,harper building4 ,columbia1 ,michigan1 ,illinois and ,minnesota have dictionary catalogs for all department libraries4 ,missouri has dictionary catalogs in #c1 and ,wisconsin in #b department libraries1 while ,johns ,hopkins is to have dictionary catalogs in all department libraries which are outside its main building4 ,a more difficult question is that of the scope of the catalog4 ,how exhaustive is it possible1 or even desirable1 to make it8 ,it must1 of course1 include all books in the department library itself1 but shall it also record all books dealing with the same subject to be found elsewhere in the university8 ,such completeness of record would be the ideal arrangement1 and would1 undoubtedly1 meet with the hearty approval of the university departments4 ,but will not the cost be prohibitive to many libraries1 even in this day of printed cards and multigraph8 ,to be of value1 such elaborate cataloging should be done thoroughly and systematically and above all1 once undertaken1 should never be allowed to lapse1 or confusion will be the result4 ,the fuller information about related materials in other parts of the library can always be obtained from the main library catalog1 if that record is a union catalog of department libraries as well2 and if the department librarian is in telephone communication with the reference librarian at the main library1 the information can be obtained almost as quickly as if it were included in the department catalog4 ,we may1 therefore1 conclude that the department catalog complete for its own library but not including related material in other libraries1 is the most practicable form under present conditions1 although the ideal form is the more complete catalog which expense at present generally prohibits4 ,the third point which our problem raises is that of variations in cataloging from the rules followed in the general library catalog4 ,the first important variation which suggests itself as possible is in the treatment of analytics4 ,shall analytics be included in the department catalog1 and if so1 shall they be the same as those in the general catalog8 ,on this point the practice of our eight libraries varies somewhat4 ,chicago ,university is not planning to include any analytics in its department catalogs1 and ,johns ,hopkins includes only a few4 ,illinois1 ,michigan and ,minnesota1 in the main1 duplicate for their department catalogs the analytics made for their main catalogs and1 as a rule1 include no additional analytics4 ,the ,columbia practice is more ambitious1 as that library includes in its department catalog analytics 7mainly articles in periodicals7 which are not included in its general catalog4 ,an article in the ,columbia ,university ,quarterly for ,march1 #aiaa1 states that the department catalogs have analytics for all important serials that bear upon the work of the departments whether shelved there or in the general library1 that is1 the department library catalog attempts to serve both as catalog and index4 ,these cards are intended for temporary use only1 to be removed when the demand for them ceases4 ,in most university libraries it would be impossible to keep up systematically such elaborate catalogs1 and it is not clear that such indexing--for it is indexing rather than cataloging--would be desirable in all places4 ,a catalog can never be made to take the place of a reference librarian1 or of an intelligent use of the important annual and other subject indexes to the literature of a subject1 such as ,psychological ,index1 the various ,jahresberichte1 etc4 ,moreover1 every reference or department librarian naturally does more or less in the way of keeping up card indexes or bibliographies1 which are frequently revised and the old material discarded as new and better material takes its place4 ,such reference indexes are simpler and more practical than serial analytics in a department catalog1 since they do not call for expert revision and absolute uniformity of subject headings4 ,on the whole1 the tendency of present opinion and practice seems to be that important analytics which are useful in the general catalog are useful in the department catalog also1 but that beyond that it is better to encourage the use of the printed indexes and the keeping of an informal reference index for material not yet included in the printed aids4 ,a more important possibility of variation1 where the department catalog is dictionary in form1 is found in subject headings4 ,will the same headings that are found satisfactory in the main library catalog serve equally well in the department catalog as used by specialists8 ,too much emphasis can not be laid upon the fact that any variation of this kind greatly increases the cost of the cataloging1 as the assigning and revision of two sets of subject headings1 one for the general and one for the department catalog1 will mean that that part of the work is greatly increased1 though not doubled4 ,the correct assignment of subject headings presents enough difficulties under any circumstances1 and the catalog supervisor should hesitate to multiply these unless there is strong reason for doing so4 ,in libraries which have adopted the ,library of ,congress subject headings1 those headings1 with minor variations1 will1 for most subjects1 be found satisfactory in the department as well as in the general catalog4 ,law will at once occur to all as a subject for which it may be desirable to run two sets of headings4 ,we have done this at the ,university of ,minnesota1 using the special ,library of ,congress law headings in the department catalog1 and the regular ,library of ,congress headings in the general catalog4 ,a point to be carefully considered in adopting more than one set of subject headings1 moreover1 is the possible confusion of mind that may be produced in the student1 the exigencies of whose work require him to use more than one of the library catalogs4 ,such records are certainly much easier to use when there is uniformity of subject entries1 and the adoption of several different sets of subject headings will certainly cause confusion1 even to members of the library staff1 much more to students4 ,after the questions of form1 scope1 and contents of the department catalog1 comes the practical question of how best to get the work done4 ,it can be done in either of two ways1 by the regular cataloging force of the university or by the department librarians4 ,in most university libraries the cataloging staff is small in comparison with the amount always to be done1 and the work of keeping the general catalog up to date taxes all its powers1 and leaves no time for extra records such as department catalogs4 ,on the other hand1 does not the department librarian have more or less time which1 when properly arranged1 could be given to cataloging under the direction of the head cataloger8 ,we have found this to be the case at the ,university of ,minnesota4 ,until three years ago our department libraries were all under the supervision of the various departments1 and hence in a more or less chaotic state4 ,some of these have not yet emerged from chaos4 ,in these three years1 however1 we have evolved a system by which this work is done by the department librarians1 or1 in one case1 by an assistant in the department library4 ,it has so far proved a perfectly workable system for our given conditions4 ,all the department librarians so far appointed have been either library school graduates or people with equivalent library training1 and in addition to that1 in some cases1 with special knowledge of the subjects of the departments4 ,one of the first duties of the department librarian1 on taking charge of his library1 has been to organize it1 classifying and cataloging it under the supervision of the head of the catalog department1 but doing the work in the department library4 ,the question has been raised as to how the department librarian could do the reference work and other work of his library1 and at the same time catalog the department books for both the department and general catalog4 ,of course the cataloging will be intermittent and more or less interrupted1 as our rule is that the work for the public must be done first4 ,until1 however1 the books of a department library are in order and properly listed1 no satisfactory reference work can be done with them4 ,our own experience has certainly been that the reference work of our department librarians has been strengthened by their work of cataloging4 ,the general library gains also from this work of the department librarian1 as the latter does the cataloging of his books for the general catalog at the same time as that for the department catalog1 and so the growth of the general library catalog is greatly promoted1 without a corresponding tax upon the resources of the catalog department4 ,in as far as possible the work is revised by the head cataloger or a reviser1 in the department library1 but in some cases of difficult revision it has been found necessary to transfer the books to the catalog department for revision there4 ,at present1 whenever printed cards can not be obtained1 all cards are actually made by the department librarian1 but as soon as we are able to adopt the multigraph1 rough copy only will be supplied by that assistant4 ,after the department library has been thoroughly organized and cataloged1 the department librarian goes on with the lighter task of cataloging the current accessions of his library for both the department and the general catalog4 ,some of the advantages of thus having the work done by the trained department librarians are3 #a4 ,it adds several workers to the cataloging force of the library1 and thus makes it possible to do much more in the way of providing needed departmental catalogs4 ,this fact has been of great importance with us at the ,university of ,minnesota1 where1 with the present cataloging force alone1 it would have been impossible to provide these catalogs4 ,besides1 there is the advantage to the general library of getting the cataloging of these same books done for the general catalog4 #b4 ,the department librarian should have1 and generally does have1 special knowledge of his subject1 which is of assistance in cataloging1 especially in classification and the assignment of subject headings4 #c4 ,as the work is done in the department it is easy for the department librarian to consult the professors whenever necessary or desirable4 #d4 ,there is a real advantage to the department librarian in the added familiarity with the department books which he has gained in cataloging them4 ,this is particularly true in the case of the librarian who1 in the beginning1 is not a specialist in his subject1 but even the specialist may gain some knowledge from this handling of the material which will help him in the service of his readers4 ,moreover1 if he has actually made the catalog1 he can use it more intelligently himself and instruct his students better in the use of it4 ,our scheme has certain disadvantages as well as advantages4 ,some of these are3 #a4 ,there is danger that not enough cataloging research work will be done when the cataloging is done in the department library1 because many of the important catalog and bibliographical aids are not accessible outside the catalog department--for example1 the depository or union catalog of printed cards4 #b4 ,there is danger that the existing records will not be consulted enough1 because the general catalog is not easily accessible and can only be consulted on special trips to the main library4 #c4 ,when the work is thus decentralized1 there is much greater difficulty in obtaining from the various assistants work which is even fairly uniform4 ,no one who has had experience in trying to manage such work will minimize this difficulty4 ,for this reason1 the revision is more difficult1 and must be done with the greatest care1 especially in the matter of subject headings4 #d4 ,it is sometimes more difficult to get good cataloging from those whose first interest does not lie in this branch of the work1 and who are not closely associated with the regular catalogers1 and familiar with the many traditions of a catalog department4 ,for this reason we have found at ,minnesota1 that it is an advantage to have a newly appointed department librarian work in the catalog department for a time before taking up the work in his library4 ,we have found1 however1 that with us the advantages outweigh the disadvantages1 particularly the one great advantage that it has been a practical way of accomplishing work which could not have been done by our present cataloging department4 ,summary ,a tabulated summary of the replies received from the libraries circularized has been prepared1 but as it is too detailed for reading here1 ,i will omit it1 and present1 instead1 a few conclusions which may fairly be drawn from this summary4 ,while practice is not uniform on any one point of department cataloging1 certain tendencies toward uniformity are clearly evident4 #a4 ,in the matter of department librarians there is clearly a tendency towards the appointment of trained workers having1 whenever possible1 some special knowledge of the subject of their departments as well4 ,this1 of course1 is important1 if the cataloging is to be done in the department libraries4 ,all these libraries feel1 also1 the need for some kind of department catalogs1 although the number of such catalogs already established varies from three at the ,university of ,wisconsin to twenty-three at ,columbia4 #b4 ,there is a pretty general agreement that the dictionary catalog is the most desirable for department libraries4 ,columbia1 ,illinois1 ,michigan1 and ,minnesota report dictionary catalogs in all organized department libraries1 and ,johns ,hopkins in all department libraries outside the main building4 ,wisconsin and ,missouri report dictionary catalogs in certain department libraries1 and ,chicago reports author catalogs and shelf-lists4 ,all the libraries using dictionary catalogs report the use1 in the main1 of the same kind of subject headings in department as in general catalogs1 except for certain special subjects1 such as law1 or for certain highly specialized collections1 such as the ,avery ,architectural library at ,columbia4 #c4 ,there is a somewhat greater variation in the scope of material to be included4 ,so far1 only two libraries1 ,columbia and ,michigan1 report any department catalogs covering more than the material in the department libraries1 but ,missouri and ,minnesota report that they intend1 eventually1 to have their department catalogs include all books on the subject in the university4 ,in the matter of analytics the majority practice is to include the same analytics in both general and department catalogs1 although ,chicago uses no analytics at all in department catalogs1 while ,columbia1 at the other extreme1 includes more analytics in department catalogs than in the general catalog4 #d4 ,present opinion seems to be pretty evenly divided on the subject of whether the actual work of cataloging should be done by the department librarians or by the regular cataloging force1 although there is perhaps a tendency to have this work done by the department librarians wherever there are trained workers in charge of the department libraries4 ,universities in which the work for department catalogs is done by the department librarians1 report that the department librarians catalog these same books for the general catalog as well4 ,in conclusion1 let me repeat that if the cataloging is done by the department librarians1 too much emphasis can not be laid upon the fact that it is absolutely essential to have all this work done under the supervision of the head cataloger1 with the most careful revision4 ,otherwise there will be as many varieties of cataloging as there are department librarians4 ,in behalf of ,dr4 ,w4 ,dawson ,johnston1 of ,columbia1 ,miss ,isadore ,g4 ,mudge read the following ,,proposal ,,for ,a ,,catalog ,,of ,,university ,,serial ,,publications ,one of the desiderata of our exchange departments1 as well as of our reference departments1 is a catalog of ,american university serial publications4 ,this should give in addition to the general title1 a full table of contents1 and an index of the same4 ,it may be prepared by one library1 or cooperatively by the library of each institution issuing such series1 and published by a central institution1 as the bibliography of ,american historical societies was published by the ,smithsonian ,institution1 or published as the trade list annual is1 each institution printing its own catalog and forwarding it to a publisher to be indexed1 bound with the catalogs of publications of other institutions1 and so published4 ,the desirability of such a catalog as a record of ,american university publications was presented to the ,executive ,committee of the ,association of ,american ,universities at its last meeting4 ,the ,committee voted to recommend to the ,association the passage of the following resolution3 ,resolved1 ,that the ,association of ,american ,universities recommends to each of its constituent universities the preparation of a catalog of its serial publications and the printing of the catalog in a form which will permit the publication of the several catalogs as a collected work1 so arranged and indexed as to make it a useful work of reference4 ,if the members of the ,college ,section are similarly interested in such a catalog1 similar action on the part of the section may be desirable4 ,i present this suggestion with some diffidence because although the catalog will save librarians much labor in the long run the preparation of it would involve a large amount of extra labor in the immediate future4 ,in spite of this1 however1 ,i hope that it will receive your favorable consideration4 ,after some discussion it was voted that the proposal be referred to the executive committee of the ,college and ,reference ,section for consideration4 ,the meeting then adjourned4 ,,reference ,,librarians' ,,round ,,table ,the meeting of the ,public ,library ,division of the ,college and ,reference ,section was held on the evening of ,june #bg4 ,it was called to order by ,edwin ,h4 ,anderson1 who turned it over to ,miss ,sarah ,b4 ,askew of the ,new ,jersey public library commission1 who acted as chairman for the evening4 ,the first speaker was ,miss ,,marilla ,,waite ,,freeman1 librarian of the ,goodwyn ,institute library of ,memphis1 who spoke on ,,scientific ,,management1 ,,and ,,the ,,reference ,,department ,,as ,a ,,bureau ,,of ,,information ,what we call reference work has been a little in disrepute of late1 and there has been some discussion as to the amount of time which may legitimately be spent in helping the curious inquirer to learn how many of the ,louis's died a natural death1 or whether ,helen of ,troy wore locks of ,titian red4 ,but it is only in the large library that there can be any limitation of what we call the reference department to the handling of such academic quibbles4 ,it is true that in the large library the technical department1 the business branch1 the art department may limit and thin the quality of work left to the reference librarian1 till she 7or he7 may feel that only the dry bones of the day's research are hers 7or his74 ,but in the small library there is no such limitation1 and the reference librarian1 who may also be the head librarian and the chief cataloger1 may come in touch each day with every sort of human interest1 from the eager desire of the office clerk to get back to the soil by the road of raising rice in ,arkansas or apples in ,idaho1 to the yearning for economic independence and artistic expression in the soul of the girl who comes to pore over books on design4 ,to one who is fully awake to the human side of things1 there can never be any dull monotony in the life of the reference librarian4 ,i have often wished ,i had time--and genius--to write the ,romance of a ,reference ,library4 ,it would cover as many pages1 and be almost as thrilling as the ,thousand-and-,one-,nights4 ,i wish ,i had time to tell you1 the ,molly-,make-,believe ,episode of ,goodwyn ,institute library1 or the ,tale of the ,telegram from the ,nicaragua ,revolution4 ,now in the small library where one reference assistant must be so many things to so many people in the course of one day1 there is special need of scientific management of time1 labor1 methods1 resources4 ,fortunately1 the reference assistant has few statistics to trouble with4 ,the only record that seems essential is that of questions asked and topics looked up4 ,a pad of paper1 dated1 kept at one's elbow1 and questions jotted down almost as they are being asked--this gives an interesting basis for monthly and yearly reports1 and makes something to show for the day's work much more interesting than mere figures1 and does furnish certain figures1 especially if we add1 after each topic1 approximate number of books1 pamphlets and magazines used in getting information or material desired4 ,from these daily sheets interesting deductions can be made1 classifications of different kinds and sources of questions asked1 what classes of people are users and which are non-users of the library1 on what lines the library needs to build up its resources1 in what directions it needs to advertise better4 ,red pencil checks may be placed against more significant topics1 for quick summarization at the end of the month4 ,if the question is for school or club work1 or likely to recur again1 take a pencil and small pad1 write ,panama canal tolls or labor laws affecting women1 or whatever the subject may be1 at the top of the pad1 and make rapid note of magazine articles1 books1 etc41 looked up4 ,much time is lost in looking up the same things over and over again1 sometimes by one assistant1 and sometimes by another4 ,lists jotted roughly down while material is being looked up1 or directly after1 may be copied by typewriter on catalog cards and filed alphabetically in a special tray of the catalog case1 where they will be quickly available for the next call4 ,for debates1 the material listed on cards should be grouped roughly under general1 affirmative and negative4 ,it saves time1 also1 in collecting books on the reserve shelf for a debate1 to mark the places by clipping to the page a slip labelled affirmative or negative4 ,of course1 for debate work the first aid to scientific management is the use1 so far as possible1 of the work done by others in such invaluable little manuals as the ,debaters' ,hand-,book series1 and the debate pamphlets of the ,universities of ,wisconsin1 ,texas1 ,iowa and others1 supplemented by the latest magazine articles in the ,readers' ,guide4#aa #aa ,a brief list1 entitled ,debaters' ,aids1 was distributed in connection with this paper4 ,the same economic principle applies1 of course1 to every other class of subjects looked up4 ,make use of work done by others1 whether in the form of bibliographies1 indexes1 reports and publications of special organizations1 or what not4 ,two small indexes which save much time in the small library are the ,pittsburgh ,library ,debate ,index and their ,contemporary ,biography4 ,though the latter is now ten years old it is still extremely useful to those libraries which are so fortunate as to own copies4 ,another economy of time and money is the using of book-lists printed by other libraries or organizations1 checking on them the titles in one's own library1 putting the library stamp upon them1 and distributing them to the class of users interested4 ,goodwyn ,institute library has recently done this with the booklet entitled3 ,what to read on business efficiency1 issued by the ,business ,book ,bureau of ,new ,york4 ,an important psychological point is always to get one good piece of material before each researcher promptly1 then other material may be gathered more deliberately4 ,if several people are waiting at once1 give each one reference to start on rather than serve one in detail while all others wait their turn4 ,perhaps this is a small and obvious trifle to dwell upon1 but it is a bromidium that trifles make success1 in reference work as in anything else4 ,returning to the wisdom of using others' work1 ,i must emphasize the importance of collecting the material put out by all sorts of special organizations4 ,we know that every subject now has its literature1 from votes for women to the extermination of the house fly or the loan shark4 ,and much of this matter1 often in pamphlet or leaflet form1 is obtainable free or at small cost4 ,frequently such literature is the latest and most authoritative word upon any subject4 ,in our scheme of scientific management1 therefore1 the small library1 perhaps even more than the large1 can not afford to do without collecting such literature4 ,the pamphlet collection is indispensable4 ,it means work1 but in the end by its live usefulness it saves time4 ,by scientific management and intensive use a small library with a good pamphlet collection can get better results than one three times as large whose resources are not up-to-date and thoroughly made use of4 ,first1 a word as to the filing of such material2 second1 as to sources for securing it4 ,i cannot attempt to offer any new solution to the vexed problem of pamphlet disposal4 ,i will merely state briefly how ,goodwyn ,institute library handles its pamphlets4 ,we have found the system of filing in pamphlet boxes most convenient and practicable4 ,a box is lettered with ,d4 ,c4 number or inclusive numbers1 and with subject or subjects included1 as #ccd4f ,agricultural credit4 ,pamphlets are counted as received1 but not accessioned4 ,if important1 catalog card is made under subject1 or author1 rarely under both4 ,if of slight or only temporary value1 they are merely marked with class number1 and placed in box without cataloging4 ,sometimes merely a general catalog card is made to show that the library receives all the publications of an organization1 as with the ,national ,american ,woman ,suffrage ,association1 or with the ,american ,national ,child ,labor ,committee4 ,in these cases there would be both author and subject card4 ,any specially important publication of the association would be brought out by separate card4 ,a check on the pamphlet would indicate whether or not it had been cataloged4 ,for the small library which has not time to catalog individual pamphlets1 it would be sufficient to make one general card for each group1 giving class number and subject heading1 as3 #cbe ,immigration2 for material 7or for additional material7 on this subject1 see pamphlet collection1 or merely1 ,see also pamphlets4 ,goodwyn ,institute clips also the local newspapers and a few others for matters of local or special interest1 mounts the more valuable clippings on manila sheets1 #hx#aj in size1 numbers them1 occasionally catalogs an important one1 and files them with pamphlets on the same subjects4 ,to keep the collection from becoming obsolete1 or occupying too much space1 it should be gone over once a year1 and old pamphlets and clippings and their cards withdrawn and destroyed4 ,with many constantly changing subjects in agriculture1 engineering1 current problems1 etc41 it becomes instinctive with the reference assistant to bring forth first to the would-be investigator the pamphlet box or boxes on that subject1 then the more recent magazine articles1 and only last the books4 ,in ,goodwyn ,institute library the pamphlet collection is supplemented by a vertical file1 arranged alphabetically under the same headings as the pamphlets4 ,in this file are placed letters1 circulars1 typewritten lists1 and the like1 not advisable to be placed in the pamphlet boxes4 ,a practical plan for indexing this material is a general card on each subject included1 to be filed at end of regular cards in cataloging3 e4 g4 ,levees2 for additional material1 see vertical file4 ,for the very small library the vertical file is perhaps the most convenient arrangement for disposing of pamphlets and all unbound material in one place4 ,some of the larger libraries bind in inexpensive form all pamphlets which are considered worthy of preservation1 but for the small library this seems necessary only in the case of pamphlets of unusual value or size4 ,now as to some of the sources of the pamphlet and ephemeral literature which is so valuable4 ,i can not do better than to remind you again of two lists with which you are probably already familiar4 ,the first is ,social questions of today1 selected sources of information1 compiled by the ,free ,public ,library1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 #aiaa4 ,it may be obtained from the ,editor of ,special ,libraries1 ,state ,library1 ,indianapolis1 for ten cents4 ,it includes the names and addresses of organizations interested in social questions1 such as the ,american ,civic ,association1 the ,russell ,sage ,foundation1 the ,vocation ,bureau of ,boston1 and an index of subjects covered by the publications of these organizations1 such as the cost of living1 prison reform1 sex hygiene1 vacation schools4 ,the second list is entitled ,the library and social movements2 a list of material obtainable free or at small expense4 ,it may be had from the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board for five cents4 ,this list includes material on all sorts of sociological questions1 from co-operative stores to workingmen's compensation4 ,from these two lists a good working collection of up-to-date1 inexpensive pamphlet material on social problems may be obtained4 ,among recent organizations1 born since these lists were published in #aiaa1 are the ,drama ,league of ,america1 the ,american ,commission on ,agricultural ,co-operation1 the ,southern ,sociological ,congress4 ,all these put out valuable and inexpensive reports and publications4 ,it would be a boon to small1 and even large libraries1 if the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board would father a new list including and enlarging the material of the two #aiaa lists1 and adding the most important new organizations and publications which have since come into being4 ,the recently published index to ,special ,libraries1 ,vol4 #a-c1 makes available1 in that indispensable little journal much valuable material on current questions1 and sources of information4 ,for all subjects1 technical1 scientific1 historical1 sociological1 covered by the ,u4 ,s4 ,government publications1 and these subjects are innumerable1 a convenient guide to selection is offered by the brief classified price-lists furnished by the ,superintendent of ,documents4 ,the suggestions in the little weekly ,government ,publications1 published by ,m4 ,e4 ,greathouse at #eaj #abth ,st41 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington1 at fifty cents a year1 are also helpful1 as are the notes in the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist1 which now lists many government documents4 ,the ,interesting ,things in ,print column in ,public ,libraries should be carefully scanned1 as should the ,periodical and other literature department of the ,library ,journal4 ,to get upon the regular mailing list of as many organizations as possible saves much time spent in writing for individual publications4 ,and even where there is a membership fee1 as of #b4jj per year to the ,drama ,league of ,america1 for example1 it will bring far more valuable returns in twelve months than the same amount expended in books4 ,the first labor of writing for and handling a collection of pamphlet literature seems considerable1 but when properly organized its daily up-keep is not difficult and its presence in a library goes far to make possible the scientific management of the queries and problems which come each day to the reference desk4 ,may ,i rather say the information desk4 ,we librarians are so at home with our own terminology1 have talked so long and familiarly of reference desks1 reference work1 the reference library1 that ,i doubt if we ever realize the foreignness of our language to the shy visitor within our gates4 ,ask in the reference room means worse than nothing to him1 but the simple legend ,information desk will draw him like the kindly and familiar face of a friend4 ,the idea that a modern library is1 or should be1 a central ,bureau of ,information for its town or city is one that we first have to get thoroughly into our own heads1 and then impress upon our public4 ,in the effort to find the simplest and most effective way to present this idea to our ,memphis public1 we tried running the following card in the street cars3 ,what do ,you want to ,know8 ,you have #ab1jjj ,books1 ,trade ,journals1 ,magazines on all subjects1 and an ,information ,bureau for ,your use absolutely ,free in ,goodwyn ,institute ,library4 ,we were able to make specially advantageous terms with the street car advertising company1 whose representative had himself made use of the resources of the library1 and we have been running this card1 or similarly worded ones1 for over a year4 ,the results1 sometimes direct1 sometimes indirect1 have been very interesting4 ,the card has brought us many business men1 and other street car users1 who1 seeing our invitation daily1 recall it from the depths of their subconsciousness when they do want to know4 ,the card is often taken quite literally1 as in the case of the young ,russian from ,odessa1 later from ,st4 ,louis1 who read the sign in the street car which brought him from the railway station4 ,he came straight to the library and to the information desk1 told his story briefly and succinctly1 and asked how he could find a position as house boy1 for which he was qualified4 ,the ,jewish ,rabbi happened to be in the library at the moment4 ,he called up the head of the ,jewish ,charities1 who on hearing that the lad was from ,odessa1 said3 ,why1 that is my native place6 ,send him along and ,i will surely find him something4 ,and he did4 ,another bright-eyed youth1 who worked with a moving-picture corporation in the daytime1 but had his evenings free1 came in to ask if we had d',espuy's ,architecture antique4 ,he was overjoyed when he saw it and other folios on the subject1 said he was wanting to go on with the study of architecture at night1 and had seen our street car card4 ,that card's a fine stunt1 he added4 ,then there was the case of the two young men who had come down the river by boat from ,iowa1 looking for work as extra ,christmas clerks4 ,they were sent up to us by a policeman1 from whom they asked information4 ,we sent them to the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,department of ,employment1 and one of them afterward came back to tell us they had both gotten a job4 ,we do not at all mind being teased a bit about our ,employment ,bureau1 so glad are we that the policeman and the man-on-the-street should instantly think of ,goodwyn ,institute library when asked for any information which he cannot give4 ,we desire to be regarded as a sort of central clearing house for general information1 even when the question is of so primitive and vital a nature as how a man shall earn his next meal1 and to this end we take as our motto ,nothing human is alien to us4 ,we think it is within our legitimate field to tell the man not that he has come to the wrong place1 but to tell him the address of the right place1 and sometimes even to give him a note or do a moment's telephoning that will connect him with the right place1 and will make him feel that the library's ,what do you want to know8 means him4 ,the point ,i wish to emphasize is3 ,never let a man go away without either the information for which he has come1 or the knowledge as to where he may find it4 ,this does not mean that we must spend precious time in looking up irrelevant questions1 or in attempting to handle matters which some other library or organization could deal with more efficiently4 ,it does mean that it is our business as a ,bureau of ,information to know just where that question can be most effectively handled1 and then to direct the inquirer there4 ,thus if a man desires a certain address in ,los ,angeles1 we send him to the ,cotton ,exchange1 one block away1 which has a full line of directories1 open to the public2 if a certain government monograph which we do not possess1 we refer him to the ,cossitt library1 which as a government depository has a full collection of public documents2 if other than a very simple legal reference1 we refer him to the law library1 mentioning its hours and restrictions4 ,if the information desired may be secured by letter1 we often give a reader the necessary address and let him write himself4 ,we ought1 of course1 to save the library's time in this way whenever possible4 ,yet frequently the information or material to be secured would have a future value to the library itself1 or to the city1 and whenever this is the case1 this advantage1 together with the reader's grateful appreciation of the library for getting him what he wants when he wants it1 surely justifies us in writing the letter ourselves4 ,thus1 ,goodwyn ,institute library has recently secured much information and literature on smoke abatement experience of other cities1 for engineers suddenly forced to apply modern methods by a stringent city ordinance4 ,assistance has been given in the same way to the ,mississippi ,valley ,levee ,association2 to a committee appointed to present a county insanity commission bill to the state legislature2 to the city engineer1 on the practice of different cities as to grade-crossings and railroad track elevation2 again to an individual reader who wished to learn what diseases are native to ,south ,carolina in distinction from those supposed to be cured by residence there2 to a local manufacturer on the process of making paper from cotton stalks2 to a student on the death rate and prevalence of tuberculosis among negroes2 to another on the best methods of alfalfa raising in ,west ,tennessee4 ,the use of the telephone is encouraged for information needed quickly4 ,if a busy business man wishes to know the name and address of the ,u4 ,s4 ,consul in ,peru1 the #aiaj population of ,guthrie1 ,oklahoma1 the meaning of a troublesome phrase in a ,spanish letter1 he appreciates knowing that he can get a prompt reply by calling up the library4 ,the ,st4 ,joseph library makes this feature of its information service effectively known by attractive blotters and leaflets sent to business men4 ,we are all familiar with the insistent demands of club members and of school children1 set sometimes1 the former by the club system1 and the latter by the school system1 to subjects beyond their grasp4 ,of the vexed problem of distributing our crowded hours judiciously among all these demands1 ,miss ,bacon has written most lucidly in her delightful paper on ,what the public wants1 in the ,may 7#aiac7 ,library ,journal4 ,certainly we do have to learn to discriminate as to the time and attention we give to each demand upon us4 ,yet each is important to the man1 woman or child1 who makes it1 and however briefly and expeditiously we may dispose of it1 let us make the questioner feel that he did well to come to us1 that we are for the moment concentrating upon his problem1 and that we are giving him the best assistance in our power1 even if it be only an address1 or a telephone number1 or the name of the book in which his question will be answered4 ,let me repeat that it is all largely a matter of making our library a clearing house of information1 of connecting the man with the answer to his question1 rather than of necessarily answering it ourselves4 ,and to this end1 and by these means1 may the small library be as useful as the large4 ,the next speaker was ,miss ,,sarah ,b4 ,,ball1 librarian of the business branch of the ,newark free public library1 who spoke on ,,what ,,any ,,library ,,can ,,do ,,for ,,the ,,business ,,interests ,,of ,,the ,,town ,have you ever felt discouraged over the purely potential value of your reference books1 because they seem to remain forever potential8 ,have you ever turned the pages of the ,world ,almanac and sighed over perfectly good answers which you could give to questions that nobody asks you8 ,every reference librarian present knows what ,i mean4 ,when is wheat harvested in ,burmah8 ,who is the secretary of sanitation in ,cuba8 ,how long does it take a letter to go from ,new ,york to ,melbourne1 via ,vancouver8 ,are grapes more nutritious than plums8 ,what are the dues in the ,knickerbocker ,club8 ,what three nations have dominions on which the sun never sets8 ,how many shipwrecks last year on the ,u4 ,s4 coasts8 ,these questions are being asked by somebody and being answered in a fashion by somebody4 ,very often that somebody is the editor of the query column in the newspaper4 ,the newspapers of the country have educated the people to turn to them with their questions4 ,how many of those questions could be answered just as well or better by the public library8 ,how often the newspaper itself turns to the public library for the answers8 ,here is truly an unnecessary duplication of work and a loss of time4 ,here is also a high-road to popularity and an opportunity for usefulness to a community clearly seen by newspapers and worth cultivating by public libraries4 ,while we are making laws1 librarians might conspire to put through a city ordinance to compel all questioning people to call on the public library as the first source of information4 ,as that is manifestly impossible1 something must be done to attract the business and trade interests of a town to the public library as a bureau of information4 ,why8 ,because the citizens pay taxes to support an institution--the public library--that they may be1 by that institution1 helped to become not simply better1 but also wiser2 not simply wiser1 but also better informed2 not simply better informed in general1 but also better informed in city affairs2 not simply in city affairs1 but also in the affairs of each industrial unit4 ,in a word1 the city supports a library that the library may help it to become more harmonious1 better governed and more productive4 ,as the institution is supported for specific purposes1 it should not only be prepared to fulfill these purposes2 it should also let it be known to all that it is thus prepared4 ,it should let those who support it know that it can not only help one who seeks general culture2 but can also help one who seeks knowledge of city management in any of its countless aspects1 or knowledge of methods of productive or distributive processes in any of their countless forms4 ,possibly the first thing to do in thus letting its practical powers be known is to introduce into its vocabulary the phrase business department or information department4 ,a wider range of questions comes to a library that uses the words information or business department instead of reference department4 ,the words public library do not convey to the mind of the average person a suggestion of a tenth of the resources for information that are locked up in the collections of printed things which our cities now maintain4 ,an inquiring ,newarker once said to me ,why should a public library advertise itself8 ,surely everyone knows where it is and that it contains books4 ,yes1 said ,i1 but1 do you yourself know what those books contain8 ,would you go to the library to learn the elevation above sea level of the street corner on which you live1 or for the width of the street8 ,would you go there to plan your next business trip by using the maps of the cities you will visit1 so that time will not be lost in going from one factory to another8 ,if you are trying to sell a patented ticket punch1 do you go to the library for the names of purchasing agents of railroads8 ,if you have lost the address of a business correspondent do you telephone to the library or do you set the whole office force on edge hunting for the lost letter8 ,would you turn to the library for the date of ,wilson's ,chicago address1 or the launching of a new battleship8 ,he went away wiser2 and left me quite pleased with myself4 ,many public libraries have undertaken the task of collecting manufacturers' catalogs from all parts of the ,united ,states4 ,our experience indicates that this is a heavy expense with comparatively slight return4 ,would it not be better to spend the same amount of time and money compiling information about the industries of one's own town8 ,it is a hopeless task to represent adequately the manufacturers of the ,united ,states4 ,it is not a hopeless task to compile information about local manufacturers that will prove of great value4 ,no business directory gives the specific information that is a daily need among the business men of a community4 ,the directory gives1 for example1 a list of paper-box manufacturers1 but does not indicate those who make egg boxes1 hat boxes1 jewelry boxes1 etc4 ,it lists the jewelry manufacturers1 but is useless if you want the names of those who make #bb-karat wedding rings4 ,many manufacturers and dealers are sending to distant cities1 through habit1 for articles made equally well and at the same cost within their own city1 for no other reason than that they lack detailed information of the products of their own city4 ,in some places the ,board of ,trade is the natural clearing house for this information4 ,this is as it should be4 ,but what about the towns that are without ,boards of ,trade or whose ,boards of ,trade are not equipped to give this information8 ,it is safe to say that there are not ten cities in the ,united ,states where one can find on file for the use of the public complete and specific information about the industries of that city4 ,to secure this information is not an easy task4 ,it requires circular letters1 follow-up letters and possibly personal calls2 but the value of thus creating an interest in the public library among those citizens who are paying the heaviest taxes1 coupled with the real importance of the information itself1 makes it an undertaking of peculiar value to a tax-supported public library4 ,fortunately the smaller the city the fewer the manufacturers and the easier the task1 so that here indeed is a piece of work that may well be undertaken by libraries of many towns and cities4 ,we have grown in ,newark1 from being the conventional and rather academic library1 to one that has quite large sources of civic and manufacturing and commercial and financial information4 ,the question now is1 how shall we get the people to realize the change8 ,we are somewhat in the position of a dry goods store which has transformed itself into a department store1 but is visited largely by those who seek only dry goods4 ,we need to advertise our groceries1 hardware1 furniture and china4 ,if library architecture would only permit of show windows1 as do all our ,newark branches1 the task would be greatly simplified4 ,what a show window has meant to the business branch can be seen any day4 ,a passerby is first attracted by the bright color of a map showing the ,london subway system4 ,he pauses to read the old familiar words3 ,trafalgar ,square1 ,tottenham ,court ,road and ,ludgate ,circus4 ,beside it is a new directory of the clothing trade1 or a book on insurance1 a pamphlet on civil service1 or a new trolley guide4 ,finally1 his curiosity aroused over the kind of a business house that can have such diversified interests1 he looks up at the gold-lettered sign on the window and reads with puzzled expression1 ,business ,branch and ,reading ,room of the ,free ,public ,library4 ,often he peers curiously in to see what kind of people are inside1 and1 seeing a room full of men1 comes boldly in and asks for--a directory of ,spuyten ,duyvil1 or some other obscure place4 ,the window display has broadened his idea of the resources of the public library1 which he had hitherto thought of as having nothing to interest him4 ,where a library can afford it there are many advantages in establishing a business department4 ,it keeps together closely related subjects1 it is very helpful to business men1 and it helps in advertising4 ,if a permanent business department is impossible1 there is much to be gained by a temporary showing of all that can be gathered relating to business4 ,all libraries have more of this material than we perhaps realize1 surely more than the public realize4 ,by bringing it together and displaying well-printed signs concerning it we are following sound advertising principles4 ,the man who sees a sign in the library1 ,our business is answering questions1 will not be so absurdly apologetic over bothering you with his wants1 and will use the resources of the library to better advantage than the man who thinks it is only for lending books4 ,other signs that may be used with good effect are these3 ,have you an idea8 ,patent it4 ,the library will tell you how4 ,you support this library4 ,do you use it8 ,why guess about things8 ,your ,public ,library can give you the facts4 ,telephone or write4 ,a valuable export trade is yours if you follow the consular reports in the ,public ,library4 ,follow the work of the ,legislature4 ,the bills are on file at the ,public ,library4 ,framed signs of the library as ,bureau of ,information1 placed in public places1 are good permanent advertisements4 ,personal visits to the places where questions are being asked--the post office1 the railroad1 telegraph1 newspaper and express offices1 and the suggestion that those in charge send to the public library all inquiries they do not wish to be troubled with or can not satisfy1 will turn many people toward the library4 ,if it is the item of expense that stands in the way of business work in your library1 have you considered possible economies in other lines8 ,why not discontinue a certain fashion magazine and add a financial one8 ,turn down an order for a history of the court of ,queen ,anne and buy a good history of ,wall ,street4 ,get along without that valuable but expensive book on the ancient civilization of the ,egyptians and buy a directory of the manufacturers of the world4 ,deny your worthy scholars the latest commentary on ,plato and get your business men the latest book on accountancy4 ,sacrifice an historical or classical atlas and secure the best maps of your own locality4 ,decide against the ,portuguese dictionary and buy a cable code4 ,cancel the order for so-and-so's travels in ,british ,guiana and subscribe for the ,official ,railway ,guide4 ,here are suggestions for a few resources to be used in meeting business inquiries of a general order1 such as come to a library that advertises itself as a ,bureau of ,information1 and some things we have found useful in business work3 #a4 ,the latest edition of the city directory1 directories of local towns1 of the capitol of the state1 and of the largest cities of the ,united ,states4 ,an exchange of directories one year old with other public libraries has proved quite satisfactory4 ,it increases your resources1 and the fact that you ask for year-old directories from local business houses for the purpose of exchange is a good advertisement of the library's business side4 ,the cost of sending a #e-lb4 directory to any part of the ,united ,states by book-rate express is about fifty cents4 ,if you cannot afford directories1 get telephone books from the ,american ,telephone and ,telegraph ,co41 ,new ,york ,city1 at prices ranging from #ce to #ej cents4 ,many of these contain classified sections4 ,a classified telephone directory of ,new ,york may be obtained free by writing to ,mr4 ,reuben ,j4 ,donnelly1 #cg ,fulton ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 #b4 ,the very best local maps4 ,to spend #cj on a real estate atlas may seem extravagant2 but such atlases are usually issued at intervals of #f to #aj years1 and will prove one of the most useful sources of local information4 #c4 ,the ,official ,railway ,guide4 ,if the library cannot afford to pay #h4jj a year for it1 get a month-old copy from the local railway office4 ,it contains the most complete list of ,u4 ,s4 towns in print and is of value as a gazetteer and in many other ways4 #d4 ,the ,western ,union ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 and ,lieber ,cable ,codes are the only general codes in use4 ,they cost about #cb4jj4 #e4 ,a table for displaying catalogs of business book publishers4 ,this will increase the use of business books and lead to many good recommendations by visitors4 #f4 ,a monthly magazine1 ,business ,news1 of the ,business ,book ,bureau of ,new ,york4 ,it indexes articles in the principal business magazines and lists the important new business books4 #g4 ,a typewriter for the free use of visitors4 ,the local office of a typewriter company may place one in the library as an advertisement4 #h4 ,reports of transactions on the ,new ,york stock exchange or of transactions in local securities4 ,local brokers' offices will consider it a good advertisement to place these on file4 #i4 ,trolley guides4 ,fifty cents spent on these each year will fortify the library against all attacks in that line4 #aj4 ,thomas's ,register of ,american ,manufacturers1 price #ae4jj4 ,with this in hand you can say that1 ,the ,public ,library can give you names of pill-box manufacturers in all parts of the ,u4 ,s41 the name of the man who makes office furniture in ,marietta1 ,ohio1 or the place where ,rubberset products are manufactured4 #aa4 ,kelly's ,directory of ,merchants1 ,manufacturers and ,shippers of the ,world4 ,price #cjs4 ,this enables you to say1 ,the ,public ,library can give you the name of ,german manufacturers of mirrors1 the dealers in lacquered ware in ,tokio1 the name of a bank in ,warsaw1 a forwarding agent in ,sydney or the express facilities of ,coburg4 ,with a simple and inexpensive equipment1 somewhat like that included in these eleven items1 backed by wide advertising in the local press1 a public library can attract the business men of a town to use the institution they support1 an institution which should be turned to by everyone in the municipality as the very first source of information4 ,miss ,,edith ,,kammerling1 head of the ,civics ,room of the ,chicago public library1 presented most ably the work which could be done by any library in the civics line1 under the title ,a ,,civics ,,room ,,in ,a ,,medium-,,sized ,,town ,perhaps the best method of indicating the scope and material of a civics room in a medium-sized library is to describe what are the essentials of a civics room in a large city1 permitting the adaptation of such features of the latter to the former as the locality and conditions may suggest4 ,a year ago last month a room was opened in the ,chicago public library which is known as the civics room4 ,the legend on the door announces ,sociology1 ,municipal ,affairs1 ,business1 ,economics1 ,political ,science1 and ,education4 ,at first people were very curious to see what the civics room was like1 and many there were of the idle curious who came to see what we had1 but as the subjects dealt with were not what are generally considered as sources of amusement and entertainment1 this patronage gradually ceased until now we have only the earnest1 studious class4 ,the work required in assembling and taking care of the material is such as to demand the most concentrated efforts and the most specialized training upon the part of the librarian4 ,she must be familiar with the great issues of the day and must be able to look ahead and assemble material where she sees that a topic is engaging the attention of public-spirited men4 ,the material which is stored in the civics room1 therefore1 is less in the form of books than in the way of pamphlets1 magazine articles1 and newspaper clippings--that which is usually regarded as ephemera4 ,the latest material is not to be found in books1 for by the time a subject has been before the public1 has been talked about1 assimilated1 and finally published in book form it is practically an old subject4 ,one of the first considerations for the librarian is where to obtain this material4 ,our civics room has a card index of institutions and societies that are interested in the subjects that we cover in our work1 and since we are on the mailing list of most of the associations we are pretty well supplied with their publications4 ,the ,national ,municipal ,review1 published quarterly by the ,national ,municipal ,league1 has a section devoted to new pamphlet material and is a great help in learning of new publications4 ,other journals of particular value are3 ,the ,survey1 with its ,information ,desk1 ,the ,municipal ,engineer1 ,the ,american ,city1 and ,the ,american ,political ,science ,review4 ,for magazine articles1 of course we have the ,readers' ,guide1 but most of our magazine material is in the form of separates4 ,the branches of our library return innumerable magazines to the main library and these are immediately dismembered and the articles of value and interest to us are taken out and treated as if they were pamphlets4 ,our newspaper clippings are obtained from #aej foreign and domestic newspapers which our reading room receives daily4 ,representative material is obtained in this way from all sections of the country4 ,the pamphlets1 magazine separates1 and newspaper clippings1 together with a small1 well-selected collection of books and a goodly supply of current magazines upon economic and sociological subjects constitute the material of the room4 ,if you were to visit our civics room you would see one entire side of the room lined with pamphlet boxes4 ,each box represents a subject4 ,collected in one box are pamphlets1 magazine separates1 and newspaper clippings4 ,the patron is not compelled to read antiquated books in studying his subject1 nor is he compelled to go through the ,readers' ,guide and wait for his magazines to be brought to him4 ,here1 all gathered together1 is the latest material to be had4 ,each pamphlet is classified2 each magazine separate is made into permanent form by being stapled in a manila folder with source1 title1 date1 and class number on the cover2 each newspaper clipping is classified with source and date and placed in a large manila envelope4 ,we use the ,wisconsin ,legislative ,reference ,bureau's expansion of the #cjj's of the ,dewey ,classification for classifying our material4 ,selections from the contents of a typical box will show what kind of material is to be had4 ,the subject is ,the recall3 ,address of ,pres4 ,taft at the banquet of the ,swedish-,american ,republican ,league4 #fb;d ,cong4 #b;d4 sess4 ,sen4 doc4 #edb4 ,mar4 #i1 #aiab4 ,address on the recall of judges and the recall of judicial decisions at the session of the annual meeting of the ,ill4 ,state ,bar ,assoc4 ,apr4 #bf1 #aiab4 ,election and recall of federal judges2 speech of ,hon4 ,robt4 ,l4 ,owen4 #fb;d ,cong4 #ast ,sess4 ,sen4 doc4 #ii4 ,july #ca1 #aiaa4 ,federal recall and referendum4 ,springfield ,republican4 ,dec4 #e1 #aiab4 ,how the recall of decisions would protect the weak from injustice4 ,chicago ,tribune4 ,apr4 #g1 #aiab4 ,if recall ever comes1 judges will cause it4 ,dallas ,news4 ,june #h1 #aiab4 ,importance of an independent judiciary4 ,ind4 ,apr4 #d1 #aiab4 ,judicial decisions and public feeling2 address by ,elihu ,root4 #fb;d ,cong4 #b;d sess4 ,sen4 doc4 #bga4 ,jan4 #ai1 #aiab4 ,a judicial oligarchy4 ,century mag4 ,oct41 #aiaa4 ,the judicial recall4 ,century mag4 ,may1 #aiab4 ,the judicial recall a fallacy of constitutional government2 speech by ,rome ,g4 ,brown4 #fb;d ,cong4 #b;d sess4 ,sen4 doc4 #hib4 ,aug4 #c1 #aiab4 ,judicial recall is turned down4 ,baltimore ,american4 ,july #d1 #aiab4 ,judicial tyranny and the remedy2 speech by ,isaac ,r4 ,sherwood4 ,may #b1 #aiab4 ,life terms and the judicial recall4 ,chicago ,american4 ,july #af1 #aiab4 ,nullifying the law by judicial interpretation4 ,atlantic4 ,apr41 #aiaa4 ,oakland defeated recall nearly #b to #a4 ,san ,francisco ,chronicle4 ,apr4 #f1 #aiab4 ,recall for all but judges urged4 ,new ,york ,sun4 ,jan4 #f1 #aiac4 ,recall in ,oregon4 ,washington ,post4 ,sept4 #b1 #aiab4 ,recall in ,seattle4 ,mc,clure's4 ,oct41 #aiaa4 ,recall of judges4 ,ind4 ,aug4 #ag1 #aiaa4 ,recall of judges4 ,editorial ,rev4 ,nov41 #aiaa4 ,recall of judges2 address by ,james ,manahan4 ,july #ai1 #aiaa4 ,recall of judges2 arguments in opposition by ,mr4 ,rome ,g4 ,brown4 ,july #ai1 #aiaa4 ,recall of judges a rash experiment4 ,century4 ,august1 #aiaa4 ,recall of judges and judicial decisions2 speech by ,hon4 ,augustus ,gardner4 ,apr4 #d1 #aiab4 ,recall of public servants2 speech by ,hon4 ,jonathan ,bourne4 ,aug4 #e1 #aiaa4 ,restricting the judiciary4 ,chicago ,daily ,news4 ,june #af1 #aiac4 ,right of the people to rule2 address of ,theodore ,roosevelt4 ,mar4 #bj1 #aiab4 ,seeks substitute for judicial recall4 ,indianapolis ,star4 ,aug4 #cj1 #aiab4 ,study on the recall of presidents4 ,chicago ,tribune4 ,sept4 #bc1 #aiab4 ,where the recall is justified4 ,international4 ,dec41 #aiab4 ,wisconsin ,assembly ,bill2 the interpellation or recall of commissions and other state officers4 ,jan4 #bi1 #aiac4 ,wilson explains recall4 ,springfield ,republican4 ,sept4 #bf1 #aiab4 ,we keep the public informed of what is taking place in the ,illinois legislature by having a complete file of the house and senate bills and joint resolutions4 ,these are carefully indexed so that if a patron asks for the bills relating to non-partisan elections1 by turning to our index and looking under ,municipalities--,non-partisan elections1 the bills are easily found4 ,likewise the ordinances that are passed by the city council are treated in the same way4 ,we have found from our experience covering a year's work that the subjects that have been most used are as follows3 ,initiative and referendum ,recall ,woman suffrage ,immigration ,direct election of ,u4 ,s4 senators ,minimum wages ,child labor ,woman and labor ,employers' liability ,housing ,unemployment ,labor unions ,syndicalism ,central banking system ,rural credit ,socialism ,single tax ,income tax ,high cost of living ,international arbitration ,public morals ,moving pictures ,civil service ,commission form of government ,smoke nuisance ,playgrounds and parks ,city planning ,garden cities ,six-year term for president ,child welfare ,juvenile courts ,industrial education ,parcel post ,business ,industrial efficiency ,advertising ,public utilities ,noise ,billboards ,non-partisan elections ,some of the questions selected at random1 show the demands made upon the room4 ,a committee of the ,city ,council is appointed to investigate the question of public service corporation commissions1 and the library receives a call for material upon the question ,whether it is better to have public utilities regulated by state public service commissions1 or to have them regulated by the ,city ,council4 ,when the investigation of the telephone rates is to be made the history of the telephone investigations carried on by previous councils is looked up4 ,upon investigating the advisability of electrifying the railway terminals1 statistics are demanded showing the amount of damage that is done by the smoke of the railroads in the city limits4 ,only the live1 up-to-date material can be of any value to these city officials1 and a knowledge of what other cities have done relative to these questions is necessary4 ,newspaper men who are doing such excellent work in keeping the people informed about what improvements are being made to better the conditions in the city1 demand a great deal of a civics room4 ,for example3 ,a newspaper man writing a series of articles upon how to improve ,chicago1 wishing to write an article on housing1 sends in a call for information regarding ,schmidlapp houses1 and it is our business to get him the material4 ,again he wishes to show how to reduce the cost of living1 and sends in a request for information concerning the conveyance of produce from the farmer to the consumer by means of the interurban cars4 ,or again he wishes to inspire the public with the desire to beautify the city with window boxes and flowers and he wishes to know what ,european cities are doing along this line4 ,civic associations and women's clubs are constantly making demands upon our resources4 ,such questions as3 ,what material have you from the budget exhibits of other cities8 ,statistics showing the death rate in garden cities as compared with the death rate in cities where the population is congested4 ,the provision of giving the wages of prisoners to the support of the family4 ,public comfort stations4 ,city planning and garden cities4 ,the question of working women's wages in its relation to the social evil was studied1 during the recent investigation of the ,illinois ,vice ,commission1 by students and women's clubs4 ,students find our room a boon4 ,they are able to get material there which they are not able to find anywhere else4 ,this spring students at the ,university of ,chicago were working upon a debate on ,panama ,canal tolls1 and they were so eager to use our material that they would stay all day1 leaving in relays to eat while a few were left behind to guard the material4 ,a civics room in a medium-sized town may be made one of the most important assets of the library if it can be arranged that the person in charge does not have to divide her attention with the main work of the other departments of the library4 ,if the staff is limited it would be better to have the civics room situated in a centralized locality1 such as the state library1 with easy communication with the smaller libraries4 ,these could have an index of what the state library has1 and when the need would arise the librarian could communicate her wants to the state librarian and the material could be sent as a package library upon short notice4 ,and so we find that we can be of assistance to the members of the ,city ,council1 women's clubs1 civic organizations1 newspaper men and students4 ,the future of the work is very bright2 new lines of work open up2 new opportunities for service present themselves4 ,it is in this work that one can be alive2 he can feel that he is a part of the great movement toward the betterment of his city and its people4 ,dr4 ,william ,h4 ,allen1 director of the ,bureau of ,municipal ,research1 of ,new ,york1 made the closing talk of the evening1 taking as his subject1 ,what a city should expect and receive from a library4 ,he made a plea that librarians as individuals should stand for something in the community1 should take their place as persons in the affairs of the day as well as see to it that their institutions performed the work to be expected of a library4 ,he also laid emphasis on the fact that the general public did not know of the work being done by libraries and the possibilities of further service and urged that discussions of such work should be given place in the general magazines and newspapers as well as library magazines4 ,he strongly advocated individual thinking1 the doing of that which the individual librarian felt to be the best for a given community whether it be in line with general library thought or not1 claiming that individuality of action and thought made for a stronger and better administration even if such individuality led to criticism upon occasion4 ,,professional ,,training ,,section ,the meeting was called to order ,wednesday evening1 ,june #be1 by the chairman1 ,mr4 ,frank ,k4 ,walter4 ,the first paper was presented by ,miss ,,mary ,w4 ,,plummer on ,,specialization ,,and ,,grading ,,in ,,library ,,schools ,although it is twenty-five years since library schools began1 one may say that in a sense they are still in the experimental stage4 ,and to say this is really praise1 for when schools cease to experiment they are running along safely in ruts and have lost much of their vitality4 ,the same period has been one of great expansion in library affairs1--not only has the country been covered with library buildings where before1 to use a ,western expression1 there was nothing but sagebrush1 but forms of library work and extension have sprung up that were undreamed of twenty-five years ago1 new methods have had to be found to meet emergencies and new conditions1 social1 industrial1 and educational1 and the library or library commission without several new ideas and aspirations per month is not thought to be doing its full duty4 ,add to all this progress the reactions that are going on1 in library practice1 in library architecture1 etc41 each a faithful reflection of some new light or of some old light looked at a second time1 and the scene is one of activity paralleled1 so far as the present writer knows1 in no other field of endeavor1 unless it be that of general education4 ,several of the schools carry on an exercise called survey of the field1 merely to keep their classes in sight of this movement1 and once a fortnight is not too often for such a class to meet--there is always fresh material for discussion4 ,a school1 however1 must experiment within reason and along its own lines4 ,because some small libraries and new branches are taking down their partitions or building without them is not sufficient cause for the advocacy of the practice in the schools2 the much mooted question of the use of the accessions-book must remain for some time a mooted question in the schools--as long1 in fact1 as the conservative and radical libraries so evenly balance each other on the subject4 ,it is not for the schools to practice or to teach library innovations--their business is to watch innovations and their results and report to their students4 ,it is open to the school1 however1 not only to watch but to forecast1 to some extent4 ,by dint of observing and listening1 one who is not in the actual game often sees what is really happening or going to happen before some1 at least1 of the participants are entirely aware of it4 ,an instance lies at hand in the subject of cataloging4 ,up to the present1 this has been one of the backbone courses in every school-schedule1 though the schools report regularly to their students the progress making in co-operative cataloging and the use of printed cards4 ,as this use extends1 it becomes more and more evident that cataloging is to be concentrated in a few expert hands and that most librarians are not going to have to be catalogers any more than the head of a commercial concern has to know by heart the price of every article in his stock1 or than a manufacturer has to be able to do at a moment's notice what his expert subordinates are doing4 ,for the present1 libraries still exist which make their own cards1 and they still call on the schools regularly for librarians who can catalog1 and hope rather than expect to get them4 ,for1 in spite of the fact that the schools still teach every student to catalog1 as far as the student material will admit1 students of their own volition seldom choose to be catalogers4 ,whether they too have sensed the fact that a change is coming and that the librarianship of the future will have more to do with the inside of the book and its application to the individual1 with the handling rather than the making of tools1 or whether they simply do not like what seems to them the probable monotony of cataloging1 ,i do not know2 but ,i think the schools will bear me out in the statement that cataloging as a specialty is not the first choice of many students4 ,in view of these facts1 ,i am ready to hazard the prediction that within ten years cataloging will be given in the schools as an elective2 and that instead of making catalogs the majority of students will be led to consider the few main principles of cataloging and then taught better how to use and how to criticise catalogs4 ,every instructor in cataloging knows that there are students whom it is a waste of time and vitality to try to make into catalogers1 and every year good people go out from the schools who should never be engaged as catalogers and whom the schools recommend only for their qualifications for other work4 ,suppose we concentrated our teaching ability in this line on the students who would make good catalogers and who would elect the study--we should be working with the grain and not across it1 the cataloging of the whole country would be uniformly well done instead of open to well-founded criticism in places1 as it is now1 and the time and strength of the instructor would be saved as well as those of the student whose forte lies in another direction4 ,another result would probably follow very quickly--more men would go into the library schools4 ,i am told that the detail of cataloging seems to a man too much like making tatting1 and one can easily understand that a person competent and eager to handle large matters or to fill an active administrative post would fret over anything involving as much minuti as the making of catalog cards4 ,however1 while libraries in general are making their own cards1 and while the smaller libraries have to have librarians who can turn their hands to anything1 cataloging as well as the rest1 it is unsafe for the schools to send out students without this part of the training4 ,it is only as library conditions point overwhelmingly toward cataloging as a specializing study that the schools can change4 ,librarians can help very greatly in the matter of specialization by encouraging it and employing specialists for special work wherever possible4 ,without depreciating in the least the value of an attractive face and an agreeable manner and of taste in dress1 in library work as elsewhere1 ,i may perhaps be allowed to put forward the opinion that the librarian who is choosing a cataloger should not be unduly swayed by these to the exclusion of the other requirements4 ,accuracy1 legibility1 knowledge of books1 ability in research and a taste for it1 all go to the making of a good cataloger1 and it is discouraging for a school to see the graduate who possesses these qualifications passed over in favor of one who may have a pleasanter address but who can not do the work half so well4 ,and women librarians are swayed by these considerations almost as much as men4 ,the school can hardly be said to blame in such cases--it can only sorrowfully shake its head1 knowing that if there is any discredit to be cast upon any one later1 a great part of it will probably fall upon the school4 ,setting aside cataloging as a specialty in the days to come1 to what shall we devote the large place it has occupied in all the general curricula8 ,it is easy to see that with printed cards and expert service1 catalog cards can be fuller in information1 can be critically annotated1 perhaps1 can be made more often for analyticals1 subject and author1 and that the use of the catalog by the library assistant can be much more constant and more discriminating4 ,some time can be given in the curriculum to selecting from the catalog1 securing from the shelves1 examining and comparing the books on a given subject1 with the result that the student can get a more thorough knowledge of its literature1 greater facility in the use of a valuable tool1 and may become more generally intelligent for the purpose of the selection and buying of books1 and for recommending or the contrary4 ,classification and the study of subject-headings are in themselves so broadening1 furnish so good an exercise of the reasoning powers1 and afford such fine views of the inter-relations of fields of knowledge1 that ,i doubt if they can ever or ought ever to be set aside as special studies4 ,the study of works of reference1 however1 offers so large and comprehensive a field that it seems to need division2 and this brings me to the other subject of my title1 that of grading in the schools4 ,probably no one thing has made teaching more difficult1 than the wide range of age and experience among the students4 ,in the same class may occur and do occur continually the girl of twenty without much reading beyond high school and college requirements and the summer novel 7unless she has fortunately grown up in a cultivated family with the habit of good reading and of discussing books71 and the man or woman of from thirty to forty with a knowledge of books1 an experience of life and society1 and of thoughtful mind1 who may have been successful in teaching or in some other profession2 and in between range students of all degrees of cultivation1 varieties of experience1 and types of education4 ,the training fitted for the first class wastes much of the time of the student at the other extreme1 and if it be adapted to that extreme may be too strong or too complicated a mixture for the youngest student4 ,grading would be expensive1 for it would mean more teachers or more specialized teachers4 ,in some of the schools the classes are not large enough to admit of so costly a proceeding2 yet without grading1 under the conditions described1 the school belongs where the ungraded school belongs in the scheme of general education--it is delivering a scattering fire that may or may not hit its object4 ,the entrance examination has been the device employed for unifying student-material in some schools1 and it is much better than any other means1 it seems to me2 but though it may show what is the greatest common divisor of the candidates in the way of education and offer a definite point of departure for instruction1 those who examine the papers see such differences1 quite apart from the mere answers to the questions1 as warn them that they are about to deal with a very varied assortment of intellects1 a wide range of cultivation1 and with necessities ranging from those of the steady1 plodding follower who will never go further than an average assistantship to those of the born administrator or scholar4 ,there is1 to be sure1 in such a class great benefit for the younger and less experienced students from contact with the others1 from discussions that are a little over their heads1 but1 all the same1 teaching addressed to the maturer intellect leaves the other with gaps unfilled1 while teaching brought down to the level required by youth and inexperience gets the older student nowhere for the time being4 ,the process is a sort of hitching along that should not be necessary in professional or vocational schools4 ,suppose that grading be practicable so far as money and teachers are concerned4 ,where should lines be drawn8 ,often the younger person has the more flexible as well as more open mind and the older student may be a little set and may have ceased to take in readily new ideas4 ,how to distinguish the students who can receive and assimilate readily the best and most that can be given8 ,i should say that perhaps a month might have to be spent in making the division by actual testing of the students in class together4 ,with this secured1 two curricula might be offered1 one prepared for the needs of each class with appropriate methods of teaching1 and offering varied proportions of the same subjects4 ,and here ,i revert to the teaching of reference work4 ,for the higher grade it would be more inclusive1 more difficult1 dealing more with books in foreign languages1 with books on unusual and recondite subjects1 such as would be found in large reference or college libraries1 while the lower grade might be adapted to the more elementary work to be done in small libraries or in branches4 ,the moral of this plan lies largely in the application of it4 ,if the large reference or college library could be deflected from its main object1 the securing of a competent reference assistant1 by a sunny smile on the part of a lower grade student1 the school's work in preparing the better student would go for naught so far as that library was concerned1 and if this happened several times it would result in a confusion of values in the minds of the students4 ,a a sunny smile - a knowledge of the books would seem to be more than equal to ,b a thorough reference equipment - a sunny smile4 ,we may paraphrase here a well-known saying by asserting that1 taking all things together1 a librarian who can make his own choice of assistants gets the assistants he deserves1 with the further assertion that the word personality1 as often used now1 does not get its full meaning2 we forget that it consists not only of what one looks like and sounds like and apparently feels like but of all that one has made one's own out of the realm of knowledge1 and all that one has assimilated and made profitable from one's experience4 ,the charge that the one year's general course is too full would probably become less true if or when grading was adopted4 ,only those subjects would need be given to a grade and those amounts of a subject which the students were capable of profiting by and the time saved could be used in more effective ways4 ,there is a very general desire to study administration among both older and younger students4 ,so far as this means covering the whole routine of a library1 with lectures on library relationships1 management1 etc41 a course can easily be given2 the difficulty arises when students wish to go out as administrators on the strength of such preparation alone2 and when library boards send to the schools for students to fill administrative positions and expect the training to ensure administrative ability which1 under the circumstances1 can not be guaranteed4 ,no matter how friendly may be the attitude of the library connected with a school1 it is hardly willing to turn over any of its administrative work to students1 nor could it be expected to do so4 ,the ideal thing1 of course1 would be for the school itself to own a small library as a laboratory in which students could be tested for administrative ability under supervision4 ,but this1 too1 would take money4 ,when one sees the splendid endowment of a ,school of ,journalism1 a ,school of ,technology1 etc41 one cannot help hoping that some day a ,school of ,librarianship may be endowed which may employ the best of teachers and plenty of them1 have its own ample collections1 adapted to its needs1 and establish its own library as a laboratory in which it may try experiments4 ,i have not yet touched upon the kind of specialization of which we have heard most in late years--the kind to fit students to be librarians of special libraries4 ,i do not believe that the most energetic critic of the library schools would require them to teach engineering1 commercial methods1 law and medicine4 ,a demand there certainly is from business houses and manufactories for librarians1 but that is not enough for the schools4 ,there must be a corresponding demand from persons wishing to be trained for such places4 ,this1 so far as ,i can learn1 has not made itself felt4 ,when applicants begin to come to the schools saying1 ,i intend to go into an applied science library 7or an insurance library7 and ,i want to be trained for that work and that only1 then the schools will have to provide such training or declare definitely that that is not a part of their field4 ,until such a demand arises from would-be students1 it would be foolish for a school which has plenty of demand for general training and certain well-defined extensions of it to go outside this province4 ,a committee of the ,special ,libraries ,association1 ,i learn1 is investigating the matter of preparation for special library positions1 and it is to be hoped that there may be a very thorough inquiry1 and that the committee will state definitely just what the association wants and what it believes to be proper training for such positions4 ,then the existing schools can decide whether or not they can give such preparation4 ,meantime1 a suggestion that institutes of technology might take up this special technical work and commercial schools the business library courses1 etc41 may be worth considering4 ,it has been suggested that the schools specialize among themselves1 and to some extent that has come about naturally2 for the school with especially good resources and unusual facilities for teaching a given subject1 such as legislative reference or work with children1 if it makes known its advantages1 is very likely to attract the student who wishes to follow that line of work4 ,other reasons1 however1 often weigh more heavily--the location of a school1 the personnel of the faculty1 a smaller tuition fee1 the general reputation and advancement of its graduates1 etc42 so that any school may be called upon to give some special work of which perhaps it is not the best exponent4 ,it cannot send the student elsewhere willy-nilly1 and it does its best to give him what is wanted4 ,as schools increase in number1 a classification of them according to curricula is likely to follow1 and this difficulty may be lessened4 ,even so1 there is always the danger to be guarded against that students trained along one line may1 through force of circumstances1 take positions requiring a kind of training which they have not had4 ,it would be impossible for a mining engineer to do the work of a mechanical engineer and vice versa1 but in the work of an average library the cataloger and reference assistant and children's librarian must often change places1 and any one of them1 rather than be without a position1 would as a rule try to do the work of the others4 ,if all have had general training1 this would not matter so much1 but without that there would be considerable loss of efficiency4 ,in bringing this heterogeneous paper to an end--a paper which claims to be nothing more than a sort of thinking aloud on some of the problems confronting the schools1 ,i wish to state some conclusions that ,i feel myself coming to3 #a4 ,that we need more good schools4 #b4 ,that they need to send out a larger number of trained people4 #c4 ,that we need longer1 more thorough1 and more systematic courses4 #d4 ,that with the larger schools some effort at grading is desirable4 #e4 ,that the schools would do well to get together and make a comparative study of their curricula1 and their resources and facilities for special subjects1 and map out tentatively a division of the field4 ,this1 while not binding upon any school1 might serve for guidance1 but no school should monopolize any one subject unless it is the only school having proper facilities for giving it4 ,miss ,,corinne ,,bacon read a paper entitled ,,co-,,operation ,,of ,,libraries ,,with ,,library ,,schools ,before beginning to talk of the ways in which libraries might co-operate to better advantage with library schools1 it is but fair to acknowledge gratefully that many libraries are already co-operating with us in a way that often must tax severely their time and patience4 ,in behalf of the ,drexel ,institute library school1 ,i thank most heartily those libraries that1 regardless of the inconvenience to themselves1 allow our students to go to them for the practice work that is so valuable to half-fledged librarians4 ,and in voicing the gratitude of ,drexel1 ,i feel that ,i am giving utterance to the feelings of every other school that sends out its students in the same way4 ,we can give our students but two weeks practice work outside of ,philadelphia1 because our school year is so short4 ,perhaps it would be well to lengthen the year by two weeks1 in order that the term of work might be lengthened4 ,there are three things that it seems to me the schools may properly ask of the libraries3 advance practice work2 direct criticism2 a living wage for assistants4 7#a7 ,advance practice work--,i mean by this work done in libraries prior to any study of library science4 ,as a rule1 the student with a little practical experience gets far more from a library course than one not so equipped4 ,directors of schools often advise work in advance1 but1 as far as ,i know1 few schools require it4 ,pratt ,institute begins with practical work in the ,pratt library4 ,the difficulties in the way of requiring this work are many4 ,it would bear heavily upon the libraries2 it would be an added expense to students living at a distance from good libraries2 it would not necessarily prove the applicant's fitness or unfitness for library work1 as she might fail at the kind of work she was set to do1 and yet be capable of success on some other line4 ,yet1 on the whole1 this would be a better test of fitness than all the questions we directors hurl at kindly and well-meaning friends or former instructors of our would-be students4 ,don't we ask too many questions as to personality from those whose answers often carry little weight8 ,why should we not accept all who measure up to a certain physical and mental standard1 without troubling our heads so much as to whether they are ideally fit for library work8 ,it would bring us more in line with the professional schools4 ,moreover1 there are almost as many kinds of library work as there are of people6 ,the chance to work in a real library before beginning the course of study would often clarify the student's ideas about library work1 even more than it would clarify the director's ideas about the would-be student4 ,we would have1 perhaps1 fewer applicants who are not very strong but who love books4 ,sometimes ,i have wondered whether it would not be well to abandon entrance examinations and require instead a health certificate from a physician1 a certificate that six months' satisfactory work had been done in his library from a librarian1 and a statement that the applicant had read the ,english ,bible through at least three times 7this last for its influence on ,english prose style674 7#b7 ,direct criticism4 ,indirect criticism was perhaps the toughest thing in the advanced cataloging course in my honored ,alma ,mater1 and indirect criticism is one of the most trying things that we teachers of library science have to undergo4 ,librarians can help us by giving us their criticism of our methods and of our students at first-hand4 ,we have had more or less direct criticism--we would like more4 ,we have been told 7a7 ,that our graduates are not so valuable to certain libraries as their own apprentices4 ,of course they are not1 at first1 but they should be more valuable later4 7b7 ,that they are wedded to library school methods4 ,i believe there is less justice in this criticism than there was some years ago4 7c7 ,that our schools are not laid out and conducted in accordance with recommendations from experts in pedagogy4 ,we plead guilty4 7d7 ,that the schools almost inevitably tend to exalt technique and routine4 ,i do not think that we mean to do this4 ,we know that culture and gumption are more important than any amount of knowledge of technique and routine1 but we expect our students to finish their cultural studies 7so far as such studies can be finished7 before coming to us1 and we can not teach gumption4 ,it is heaven-born4 ,we exist largely for the purpose of teaching technique and routine but never for one moment do we mean to exalt them over the weightier matters of the law4 ,i have gone a little out of the way to answer these few direct criticisms4 ,some of us have profited by them4 ,give us more4 ,we would like direct rather than indirect criticism of our graduates4 ,unfavorable comments on training in general1 or on the training of a particular school1 do not take the place of direct criticism of individuals4 ,librarians would be doing a kindness by writing to the school from which they had a trained assistant who was lacking in ways that reflected on her training and stating plainly what the defects were1 so that the school might profit by the knowledge4 ,then1 too1 librarians would often save themselves trouble by co-operating with the schools to the extent of writing for the record of a graduate whom they think of engaging4 ,many do this1 but not all4 ,a librarian or trustee may select an assistant at a conference on account of her good looks and pleasant manners1 and when he finds out 7it is usually a he who makes this error of judgment7 that she is not all his fancy painted her1 he blames the school that trained her4 ,the school could have told him perhaps1 if asked1 wherein she was lacking4 7#c7 ,a living wage4 ,this is the most important of the three points in which we wish for co-operation4 ,it is getting to be a serious question as to whether women of ability can afford to go into library work4 ,we do not expect luxuries1 but to do good work we must keep fit4 ,we need rooms that admit plenty of fresh air and we need nourishing food4 ,we are obliged to dress fairly well4 ,we ought to go to library meetings1 and trustees do not usually pay the way of the assistants with the smaller salaries4 ,recreation is a necessity if we are to keep sane4 ,but how can we afford to travel1 or even to see a play or to buy a book1 on the salaries many of us get8 ,i was asked a few weeks ago to supply a college library with a cataloger who must be a library school graduate knowing ,french and ,german and the salary offered was #dj a month4 ,if a woman ate poor food1 she might be able to save enough out of #dj to pay for her washing--only she couldn't afford to buy any clothes to be washed4 ,she could never see a play1 hear an orchestra1 or buy a book4 ,a good cook1 on the other hand1 would have no difficulty in getting #cj or #ce a month and maintenance1 which would be equivalent to a salary of at least #ej or #ee a month4 ,moreover1 the cook would not be expected to dress as well as the cataloger 7though1 as a matter of fact1 her ,sunday clothes would probably be more costly7 or to attend conventions4 ,the case ,i have mentioned is by no means an isolated one4 ,a good-looking girl with pleasant manners1 who could understand ,french1 ,german1 ,spanish and ,italian over the telephone1 was asked for by a large city library that proposed to pay about #de a month4 ,another college library recently wanted a college and library school graduate with experience and various other qualifications for #gbj a year4 ,now if an experienced woman with such an education can't get more than #gbj a year in library work1 the sooner she leaves it for something else the better4 ,a special library belonging to a leading institution in a large city was looking for a woman to reclassify and catalog its collection1 but seemed unwilling to pay even #ej a month4 ,this is not intended as a diatribe against the librarian employer4 ,the trustees and the taxpayers need education along the line of library salaries4 ,libraries need larger appropriations for salaries4 ,we have passed through a period where method was exalted1 we seem to be passing through a period where a fine building is the prime necessity4 ,but after all1 a library means primarily plenty of books that are worth while and assistants that know enough to get them into the hands of the right people4 ,and we can not cultivate efficient assistants on less than a living wage4 ,do not misunderstand me4 ,i do not mean to imply that a green library school graduate should leap at once into a high-salaried position4 ,yet the comparison sometimes made with the doctor or lawyer1 who are so long in gaining a foot-hold1 seems to me unfair4 ,lawyers and doctors who are good for much1 make big money after a while4 ,it is the exceptional librarian who ever gets a large salary4 ,therefore it is not fair to expect her to spend so many years earning little or nothing as does the doctor or lawyer4 ,i have spoken particularly of salaries for women4 ,salaries for men in library work are usually too low1 but ,i have dwelt on the women's salaries because women are discriminated against1 not alone in libraries1 but in most kinds of work done by women4 ,the working-woman of today asks no favor because she is a woman4 ,she does ask equal pay with men for equally good work4 ,i do not mean to over-emphasize the money side of library work1 even though ,i think the missionary side of it has been over-emphasized4 ,why is a shelf-lister any more of a missionary than a bookkeeper in ,john ,wanamaker's store8 ,why is any librarian any more of a missionary than the editor of a great daily1 or than a busy surgeon1 or many other folks that might be mentioned8 ,we librarians serve those who know more than we1 who are better than we--we are just folks like all the rest1 equally worthy1 if we give good measure in our work1 of a living wage4 ,we of the schools ask of the libraries we try to serve that they send us criticisms of our graduates1 that they try them out1 and that they pay them1 if found efficient1 that living wage without which the best work is impossible4 ,discussion of both papers followed1 after which was read the ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,methods ,,of ,,publicity ,,for ,,library ,,schools ,the ,committee on ,methods of ,publicity respectfully reports to the ,professional ,training ,section as follows3 ,at the time of the mid-winter meeting at ,chicago the members of this ,committee met and after consultation with the ,secretary of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 determined upon a procedure which was carried out as follows3 ,it was deemed wise to make an effort to reach the students in the colleges and universities through the publication of an article in each of the periodicals published in the various colleges4 ,one form of letter was framed for co-educational institutions1 one form for use at men's colleges and one form for use at women's colleges4 ,these were mimeographed and ,mr4 ,utley1 who had already prepared a list of college publications1 mailed the letter to over #ahj publications4 ,the letter was in no sense an advertisement of library schools2 it was rather an attempt to set forth facts relative to the opportunities within the library profession4 ,it called attention to the existence of the various library schools and referred the interested student to the college librarian or to the ,secretary of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,although the ,committee flattered itself it had produced a helpful and interesting letter1 it cannot learn that it was reprinted to any considerable extent nor that it resulted in interesting many students in the profession4 ,the ,committee is informed that in many1 if not in most1 of the educational institutions of the country there are groups of persons interested in vocational training4 ,it is therefore recommended that this publicity work be continued1 but that the approach for the publication of the article and for the local use of it be made through the persons or groups in each institution which are particularly interested in vocational training4 ,in most cases these persons have an established channel of publicity and can reach the students and the publications better than they can be reached through the direct attack heretofore employed4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,carl ,h4 ,,milam1 ,m4 ,s4 ,,dudgeon1 ,,josephine ,a4 ,,rathbone1 ,committee on ,methods of ,publicity4 ,june #be1 #aiac4 ,the following ,account of the work of the library school round table for #aiab and #aiac1 by ,mr4 ,p4 ,l4 ,,windsor1 was read by ,miss ,frances ,simpson4 ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,winter ,,meetings ,,of ,,library ,,school ,,instructors ,in ,january1 #aiaa1 #aiab and #aiac1 there were held in ,chicago1 meetings of library school directors and instructors for the discussion of topics connected with library school work4 ,while at first thought it might seem that such discussions should form a part of the programs of this1 the ,professional ,training ,section1 nevertheless1 the meetings have evidently justified themselves and are likely to continue4 ,members of the faculties of only the generally recognized library schools have attended these meetings2 that is1 the plans of the meetings do not contemplate the attendance of instructors in summer library schools or instructors in training classes conducted by public libraries4 ,this limitation on the number of people taking part in these meetings was desired1 first1 because we who arranged the meetings wished to discuss problems belonging primarily to our own special work and not to attempt the larger field which properly belongs to the ,professional ,training ,section2 and second1 because we wished the meetings to be sufficiently small in numbers and the participants to be sufficiently specialized in interest to insure informal and frank discussion4 ,minutes of these meetings of library school faculties have included copies of reports presented and in some cases have included abstracts of discussions4 ,copies have been sent to each school4 ,some of the topics discussed would be of no general interest to even the ,professional ,training ,section1 as they pertain so closely to school work4 ,others are of such a nature that we ourselves would not1 with any freedom1 discuss them before as large a meeting as a section meeting4 ,our frank1 informal discussions have been characteristic4 ,among the questions proposed for discussion and sent to the various faculties in advance of the meeting1 are such as these3 #a4 ,is it desirable1 and if desirable1 is it practicable to make the work of the first year of the two-year schools and the work of the one-year schools more nearly alike8 ,many junior students in a two-year school enter library work without taking the senior year's work2 if the courses in one-year schools are better preparation for library work than the first year's work of the two-year schools1 then these juniors are at a disadvantage as compared with students from a one-year school4 ,some students in the one-year schools may wish to go to a two-year school and take a second year of training2 as the courses are at present arranged1 this second year's work is almost impossible1 because it does not fit on to the work that the student has had4 #b4 ,do we use the most approved pedagogical methods in our class room work8 ,do we lecture too much1 and give too few quizzes1 conferences and reviews8 ,do we depend too much on the student's taking full notes1 when the proper use of printed outlines1 or carefully selected required readings supplemented by a few notes would yield better results8 ,shall the course in cataloging be put at the beginning of the course1 or later8 ,how much do we use the stereopticon8 #c4 ,would it be practicable for several schools to secure a lecturer on some special subject in library economy who should give the regular work in that subject in each of these schools8 ,an example of a beginning in this direction is ,edna ,lyman ,scott's work in several schools4 #d4 ,would it be possible for the several schools to combine in securing a lecturer each year to give a short series of lectures on some one subject1 these lectures to be seriously worked up1 and to be published after being delivered8 ,the final publication of the lectures1 and the combined remuneration from several schools1 might be a sufficient incentive to capable persons to do their best work4 #e4 ,are the subjects now in our curricula properly balanced8 ,is too much time given to learning cataloging and other routine1 and consequently too little to a consideration of methods of extending the use of the library by the public8 #f4 ,is it as easy to secure transfer of credit from one school to another as it should be8 ,information on the following subjects connected with library school work has been collected1 reported on and discussed in our meetings4 #a4 ,the cost of library schools and a rough analysis of their expenditures4 #b4 ,specialization among library schools4 #c4 ,book selection as a course in library schools4 #d4 ,the method of revising students' work4 #e4 ,efficiency of administration in library schools4 #f4 ,non-essentials in our library school courses4 #g4 ,certain pedagogical problems connected with our library school instruction4 ,the following officers were elected for the coming year3 ,chairman1 ,corinne ,bacon2 ,secretary1 ,julia ,a4 ,hopkins2 ,program committee1 ,mary ,w4 ,plummer1 ,alice ,s4 ,tyler1 ,frank ,k4 ,walter4 ,,public ,,documents ,,round ,,table ,the government documents round table was called together at #h3ae p4 m41 ,june #bfth1 by ,george ,s4 ,godard1 state librarian of ,connecticut1 chairman of the committee on public documents4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,schenk1 law librarian of the ,university of ,chicago1 was asked to serve as secretary4 ,the chairman1 after brief introductory remarks relating to the progress which had been made in the matter of printing1 binding1 labeling and distributing public documents1 both national and state1 introduced ,miss ,mary ,a4 ,hartwell1 assistant chief cataloger in the office of the superintendent of documents1 ,washington1 who read a paper prepared by ,superintendent of ,documents ,frank ,c4 ,wallace1 stating his position upon the many questions and resolutions suggested at previous conferences of the ,american ,library ,association relative to the distribution1 indexing1 assignment of volume numbers1 and publication of daily bulletins by the document office4 ,mr4 ,wallace's paper follows3 ,,paper ,,by ,,the ,,superintendent ,,of ,,documents ,i regret the necessity of being compelled to adopt this means of addressing your ,association1 as ,i feel a better understanding could be had of what we are trying to do for the libraries if it were possible for this office to be represented at your conference4 ,i have read with much interest the proceedings of your last conference1 and a part of my paper will endeavor to explain some of the questions which were discussed and made the subject of resolutions4 ,distribution of ,bills and ,other ,publications ,now ,withheld ,from ,distribution to the ,libraries4 ,there is no doubt but that some libraries1 even under the present liberal distribution of government publications1 fail to receive everything they should1 and ,i am thoroughly in accord with the opinion expressed during your discussion that means should be provided to enable the libraries to receive those publications of a public character that are now withheld from distribution4 ,it is gratifying to note that in ,senator ,smoot's printing bill1 which has been reintroduced in the present ,congress1 there are provisions intended to supply remedies for certain existing conditions4 ,section #fe1 paragraph #a1 to which ,i refer1 provides that a sufficient number of copies of those publications of ,congress which do not bear a congressional number1 including the committee publications now withheld from distribution to depositories and those printed elsewhere than at the government printing office1 shall be supplied to the libraries4 ,it is also worded so as to prevent the departments from withholding some of their publications from the depositories4 ,the printing committee no doubt had in mind when this provision was framed that1 under the provisions of the existing law1 too much discretion is given the departments1 with the result that1 contrary to the spirit of the printing law1 libraries are being deprived of certain classes of publications that are really of a public character4 ,the question as to the best method to be employed in the distribution of bills is not so easy of solution4 ,it would not be practicable for this office to attempt to carry even a limited supply1 as the work involved in storing them in an accessible manner would involve an expenditure that ,i do not believe could be justified by the results4 ,during the #fb;d ,congress there were introduced #bh1hgj ,house bills and #h1ehi ,senate bills1 and you can readily see that to handle an adequate stock of all those bills would be considerable of an undertaking4 ,at the present time the only distributing agencies for copies of bills are the ,house and ,senate document rooms at the capitol1 but1 although they sometimes furnish bills on request1 the copies they receive are not intended for general public distribution4 ,it seems to me that the solution supplied in your suggestion1 that the text of all public bills upon which committee reports are made should be printed with the reports1 is the most logical one that has ever been presented1 but it would not be practicable to include also the testimony taken at hearings held by the committees1 for in many cases the testimony would fill several large volumes4 ,besides1 section #fe1 already referred to1 provides that the libraries shall receive such hearings4 ,of course this section is not yet law1 but we are permitted to hope that it may become so4 ,this is desirable from more than one point of view4 ,it is often the case that committee reports refer to sections of the bill under consideration by number without quoting the language4 ,in such cases the report may be unintelligible to any reader who has not a copy of the bill before him4 ,in fact1 nearly all committee reports not accompanied by the bills to which they relate may properly be classed as incomplete and imperfect publications4 ,the question of cost involved in printing the text of bills as appendixes to the committee reports upon them is not serious4 ,while the number of bills introduced in ,congress and receiving a first print is prodigious1 and the cost of printing them in #ad-point type with as many white lines as type lines is tremendous1 it must be remembered that only a very small percentage of the bills introduced ever get so far as a committee report1 and of these a considerable number are already printed with the reports by order of the committees1 and the cost of printing the remainder in solid #h-point is so very much less than the cost of printing them in the extended bill form that it is almost negligible4 ,i do not think it is too late for the ,association to submit to the joint committee on printing an amendment providing for the printing of the text of bills and resolutions as appendixes to the committee reports upon them4 ,the pending bill may not pass1 or may be extensively amended before passage1 or may not be acted upon at the present special session1 but ,i consider it probable that a general printing law of some kind will be enacted at a comparatively early day1 and that the ,american ,library ,association may1 by proper effort1 secure the incorporation in it of the desired provision for the printing of the text of bills with the committee reports4 ,reasons ,why ,catalogs and ,indexes ,cannot ,be ,issued ,more ,promptly ,the need for the prompt issue of the catalogs is thoroughly appreciated1 as we understand they are the only means of information the general public have for knowing what the ,united ,states government is publishing4 ,the ,monthly ,catalog is required to show what documents have been published during a month4 ,evidently1 therefore1 its compilation cannot be completed until after the close of the month4 ,the compilation1 however1 is always completed within three or four days after the month closes4 ,sometimes the printing does not follow as quickly as one would like4 ,this may seem strange to libraries1 to whom the ,monthly ,catalog is perhaps the most important of all the public documents4 ,if1 however1 they were in ,washington they would soon realize that there are several other government concerns1 some of them larger and more exacting than the public documents office4 ,there is one known as the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 which calls for thousands of pages of printing where the documents office calls for one1 and which1 when it calls for the right of way in the government printing office 7or anywhere else71 is able to get it4 ,the printing of the document office receives every consideration in the government printing office which it is possible to give1 but it cannot command the right of way over ,congress1 the ,white ,house1 or the cabinet4 ,it has been a long time since the ,monthly ,catalog has failed to be mailed during the month following its date1 often by the middle of the month4 ,it is to be noted1 also1 that its information is quite different from that of press notices4 ,it enters only documents that have been actually received1 and its descriptions are minute and accurate4 ,in its preliminary pages it gives such advance information of forthcoming documents as can be officially secured and vouched for4 ,there is a habit in some government offices of giving the newspaper reporters information of proposed publications before the copy is ready for the printer1 and sometimes before pen has been put to paper4 ,plans thus prematurely announced are subject to change and the advance notice may thus mislead the reader4 ,readers of the ,monthly ,catalog are not thus misled4 ,the superintendent of documents is confident that those librarians who keep well informed recognize his purpose to do everything for the great library interests of the country that the limitations of the law and the executive pressure upon his and other administrative offices for economy make possible4 ,the main cause for delay in the preparation of the copy for the document catalogs and indexes is that publications are ordered printed as documents that do not materialize until long after the close of the ,congress to which they have been assigned1 thus making it necessary to delay publication of the catalog and indexes until sufficient information can be obtained for making the entry4 ,it is hardly necessary to explain why the document catalog is being issued in one volume to cover the entire ,congress instead of at the close of each regular session1 as provided by law1 because a very complete and detailed explanation has been given in several of the annual reports4 ,it is evident our explanation has been considered satisfactory by the printing committee1 as the new printing bill provides for the document catalog to cover a whole ,congress4 ,i will also refrain from a long discourse as to why the work on the catalogs has been behind1 as ,i know the librarians are only interested as to the promptness in the printing of these bibliographical aids in the future4 ,the copy for the #fast ,congress catalog will be ready for the printer sometime during the coming summer and that for the #fb;d ,congress before the adjournment of the #fc;d ,congress1 which will be as near as it will be possible to issue this catalog after the period covered4 ,this leaves it to the ,monthly ,catalog and the ,document ,index to bridge the gap and supply the current information from one ,document ,catalog to another1 which1 although not as complete and as comprehensive as the ,document ,catalog1 serve as excellent substitutes during the interim4 ,assignment of ,volume ,numbers to the ,congressional ,series ,there is probably no question concerning public documents to which this office has given more consideration than the devising of a plan by which it would be possible to assign the volume numbers to the congressional series as soon as the documents are printed4 ,there are two very material advantages to be gained1 were it possible to solve this question2 one that of eliminating the necessity for the public printer to supply storage room for these documents and reports prior to the preparation of the schedule2 and the other that the work of the librarians in cataloging these documents and reports would be greatly facilitated by having all of the necessary information at the time the publication was cataloged4 ,the greatest handicap to a solution of this problem is the lack of information concerning the publications which have not been printed and to which document numbers have been assigned4 ,even now1 after the session is closed1 we are compelled to hold up the schedule for weeks and sometimes months to learn the title1 paging1 and other necessary information regarding certain publications to which numbers have been assigned1 but which are not printed4 ,at the present time in preparing the schedule1 we endeavor to maintain a numerical arrangement in binding the ,senate and ,house ,reports after having classified them as public or private in accordance with the provisions of the printing law4 ,the ,senate documents are brought together first by subject and then by number1 but1 with the ,house documents1 on account of the introduction in this series of all the annual and serial publications1 an effort is made to preserve1 as far as possible1 a departmental and subject arrangement4 ,it might be well to explain at this point that1 although the only volumes distributed to the libraries now as numbered congressional publications are those of which ,congress is the author1 and of these there are consequently no other editions1 the schedules and index must of necessity1 on account of the wording of the law at the present time1 be made to cover a complete numbered set still provided for the exclusive use of ,congress4 ,there is about only one way to accomplish the numbering of the volumes as soon as printed under the present law1 and that is by disregarding entirely any sort of an arrangement and assigning the next open volume number as the documents and reports appear4 ,of course1 the index would furnish the key to these miscellaneous volumes4 ,such a plan is now being considered by us1 and it is hoped that before ,july #a some plan can be devised which will permit of a more prompt shipment of the documents and reports to the libraries4 ,publication of a ,daily ,bulletin ,the resolution of the ,association passed at ,pasadena1 ,may1 #aiaa1 favoring the publication of a daily or weekly bulletin of the document issues by the superintendent of documents1 has not been forgotten or overlooked1 but up to the present time the project appears no more feasible than it did at the beginning4 ,the documents office has not the authority of initiative except to a very limited extent4 ,its activities are all prescribed and defined by law4 ,it is from the law that the superintendent of documents derives his authority to compile and publish the ,monthly ,catalog1 the ,document ,index1 the ,document ,catalog1 and the series of price lists4 ,it would hardly be proper or prudent for him to begin the issue of another periodical without first asking the permissive or directory action of ,congress4 ,asking does not always mean getting4 ,legislation concerning the document service has been found heretofore somewhat slow and difficult in the securing4 ,i do not feel that ,i could predict with any confidence that legislation authorizing a daily or weekly bulletin could be secured at all4 ,if it could1 an appropriation to make it operative would be needed1 because it is not practicable for the members of the present cataloging force to undertake any new work4 ,they are working under high pressure to bring the ,document ,catalog up to date and to keep the ,document ,index and the ,monthly ,catalog there4 ,the embarrassment caused librarians by calls for documents which have been noticed in the newspapers but not yet announced in the ,monthly ,catalog is not so much due to delay of the ,monthly ,catalog as to premature announcement in the newspapers4 ,it is the practice of various government bureaus to pass along to the newspaper men information of new publications as soon as they are sent to press or even sooner4 ,of course readers of the newspapers assume that the documents noticed are already available for sale or distribution1 whereas the fact is that various causes may tie up the documents in press for months or even years4 ,the most prolific cause of such delays is changes--changes in copy1 changes in proof1 changes even to the substitution of entirely new matter after a first draft has been put in type4 ,the number and extent of such changes in printing the public documents are almost unbelievable1 and they are of course highly embarrassing to the libraries and to the public when premature announcement of the forthcoming issue of the delayed document has been made4 ,if the publishing bureaus could be induced to withhold information of new documents until such documents had been actually printed1 bound1 and delivered1 the embarrassment experienced by librarians would be obviated4 ,it is hardly practicable1 however1 for the superintendent of documents to make any suggestion in the matter to the publishing offices4 ,some of them at least would be likely to resent such a suggestion from him as being meddlesome and out of his sphere4 ,as to whether such suggestion from the ,american ,library ,association would be welcomed or heeded1 ,i do not venture to express an opinion4 ,premature announcements are not always accurate4 ,the announced publications are often changed in the making1 and sometimes are not published at all4 ,of course1 the ,monthly ,catalog1 being an official document and an accurate one1 cannot take any chances on premature announcements4 ,all of its entries stand for documents actually received1 carefully examined1 and their origin fully inquired into4 ,this is not work to be hastily done4 ,sometimes a surprising amount of time and trouble are expended in finding out whether a document belongs in some series1 whether it is the beginning or ending of that series2 if the latter1 then whether the same subject or subjects are to be pursued in some other series1 and the variety of similar details which libraries and collectors should have1 and for which they look to the documents office1 because in too many cases such particulars cannot be ascertained by examination of the document itself4 ,a month is the shortest time in which such matters can be sifted out and brought into orderly catalog form4 ,lists issued at any shorter intervals must necessarily be memoranda rather than catalogs1 and the work done on them must be performed again in a more orderly manner for the official monthly1 annual1 and biennial catalogs4 ,explanation of ,section #h of the ,legislative ,appropriation ,act ,centralizing the ,distribution in the ,office of the ,superintendent of ,documents ,the long cherished hope for a central distributing office has been realized nominally1 but the provisions of law creating it1 ,i am sorry to say1 correct only the evils that existed from a mechanical standpoint1 in that they prevent the double hauling and wrapping that were necessary prior to the change4 ,there remain as many distributing agencies as before1 as the authority to distribute the publications consigned to this office continues with the issuing office4 ,the libraries have been afforded no relief1 because now1 as before1 if a dozen selected pamphlets are wanted1 it may mean the writing to about as many different places4 ,this is a rather difficult proceeding1 as most persons are unfamiliar with the machinery of the government and are frequently in doubt whom to address to secure the desired publications4 ,the departments have always been rather reluctant to relinquish control of the distribution of their documents1 and the new printing bill1 should it be enacted as it now reads1 would give back to them even the mailing of the daily miscellaneous requests4 ,instead of providing for such a step backward1 it is the opinion of this office that a provision should be inserted that would discontinue entirely the free distribution by the departments 7except to collaborators and sufficient copies for official use71 and would permit the superintendent of documents to supply free copies to public libraries and sell copies to the public at a nominal cost4 ,at the present time the departments have only a limited supply1 which results in a few applicants obtaining free what others have to pay for4 ,there is probably not a librarian who hasn't experienced the inconvenience of the present arrangement1 as it is a daily occurrence for us to have to refer their requests to the issuing office or quote the prices4 ,need for ,co-,operation on the ,part of the ,librarians to ,improve the ,publication and ,distribution ,methods of ,government ,publications ,the most striking example of the need for co-operation is that we are today fighting for certain reforms in the methods of publication that were asked for sixteen years ago4 ,the first superintendent of documents had hardly entered upon the duties of the office before he recognized the faulty methods of publication and distribution which he well knew served only to prevent the public document from occupying the position its general standard of efficiency warranted4 ,it is hard to understand why the untiring efforts of those interested in promoting the use of the public document have been practically ignored when you stop to think of the annual cost in compilation1 printing1 and distribution4 ,we all know that every conceivable subject is treated in the public documents1 and when we think of their value to the historian1 student1 and public in general1 it is hard to understand why any obstacles should be put in the way of making them readily accessible and encouraging the librarians to give them the proper place on their shelves4 ,now1 as to the faulty methods which obtain in the publication of the public documents1 very little has been accomplished in the way of reform4 ,that the present methods cause needless expense in mechanical production and needless difficulties in their use1 there is no question4 ,chief of these faulty methods is that of reprinting the same book several times under different numbers and titles4 ,i do not mention this as a new discovery1 because every superintendent of documents has endeavored to have the law changed to eliminate from the congressional series those publications of which a departmental edition is printed4 ,one edition for one book is the only logical manner of issuing government publications1 and the ,smoot bill which has again been introduced goes a long way towards correcting the present evil4 ,section #de provides that all publications of which there is a department edition printed1 except the annual reports of the executive departments1 shall not be numbered in the congressional series1 and section #fe provides that all copies additional to the original order of the department should be identical with those ordered by the department4 ,we are seriously opposed to the exception of the annual reports1 and with the hopes of eliminating any exceptions we have just written the ,senate committee on printing as follows3 ,no reason is known to this office why the annual reports of the executive departments and independent offices should be excepted from the operation of the salutary provision that departmental publications shall not be printed a second time with changes to indicate 7erroneously7 that they are documents emanating from ,congress4 ,the reasons which have induced the prohibition of second and varying prints of department publications generally1 apply with at least equal force to the annual reports1 which are the most distinctively and obviously departmental of all departmental issues4 ,they are so distinctive that it is safe to say they are always known and called for by their departmental designations1 never by their congressional numbers4 ,everybody knows at once what is meant by ,war ,department ,report1 #aiab1 but nobody knows offhand what is meant by ,house ,document #ibi1 #fb;d ,congress1 #c;d session4 ,there is nothing whatever to indicate that these two designations mean the same publication1 which is really not a ,house document at all1 but a publication of the executive and not of the legislative branch of the government4 ,and1 of course1 the same is true of the annual reports of all the executive officials4 ,the addition of congressional document numbers to executive reports adds nothing to their value or to their accessibility4 ,the second set of designations is merely confusing and troublesome4 ,to spend money on such a second print is to spend it only to buy harm instead of good4 ,the numerous and conclusive considerations which have been sufficient to place in the bill the prohibition of the second and superfluous editions of other departmental publications apply with at least equal if not even greater force to annual reports1 and to except them from the general prohibition seems therefore illogical and contradictory and a long step toward defeating the proposed reform and the economies which it is intended to promote4 ,if it is not desirable to protect the annual reports from the waste and confusion of double editions1 then it is hard to see why any publications should be so protected4 ,the annual reports1 so numerous1 so important1 so certain to be continuously issued for all time to come1 are 'the very head and front of the offending' in the double printing abuse1 and with them the reform should begin4 ,to except the annual reports seems to amount to discrediting if not to virtually abandoning the whole reform--the most vital of all reforms in connection with the public printing1 that of permitting but one edition for each publication1 by which it may always be known and identified and kept free from confusion with others4 ,there is no question that the librarians are in sympathy with what we are trying to do1 so now is the time to join forces and make every effort to have this bill embody the necessary provisions to correct all existing evils4 ,the librarians must give the movement impetus1 and we believe if sufficient organized effort is directed in the proper channels good results will be bound to follow4 ,mr4 ,wallace's paper was received with enthusiasm because it showed his close and intimate knowledge of matters pertaining to the publication and distribution of documents4 ,a spirited discussion followed the reading of the paper1 all through which expressions of appreciation were made concerning the service which had been rendered by the document office in recent years towards prompt and efficient distribution of publications delivered to that office4 ,miss ,hartwell1 informally representing the superintendent of documents1 answered many questions relative to the serial numbers on government documents and urged if consistent with the policy of the ,american ,library ,association that action be taken suggesting to ,congress that annual reports now listed in the congressional set of documents be omitted inasmuch as they are not now in the depository set and such omission would facilitate the publication of the ,documentary ,index4 ,the discussion also brought out the consensus of opinion that the libraries would be more satisfactorily served if all publications were sent out under the direction of the superintendent of documents4 ,henry ,j4 ,carr1 librarian of the ,scranton public library2 ,miss ,edith ,e4 ,clarke of ,syracuse ,university1 and ,herbert ,o4 ,brigham1 state librarian of ,rhode ,island1 were appointed a special committee to prepare a suitable resolution of thanks to ,mr4 ,wallace for his excellent paper and to draft suitable resolutions to be submitted to the ,council for its approval1 urging that the recommendations in ,mr4 ,wallace's paper relative to publication and distribution of documents be approved by the ,american ,library ,association1 this committee to report at an adjourned meeting of the session to be held at #ab3ae p4 m4 on ,friday4 ,the second paper of the evening1 prepared by ,mr4 ,,francis ,a4 ,,crandall of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 on certain phases of the public document question1 in his absence was read by ,charles ,f4 ,d4 ,belden1 state librarian of ,massachusetts4 ,mr4 ,crandall's paper 7in part7 here follows3 ,,proposing ,,an ,,executive ,,gazette ,the committee on department methods1 known to the public as the ,keep commission1 was the agency through which1 about seven years ago1 ,president ,roosevelt hoped to reorganize and energize the government service in ,washington4 ,the ,keep commission organized for helpers twelve so-called assistant committees1 their total membership being about seventy1 all supposed to be experts in the several branches of inquiry assigned to them4 ,on one of these assistant committees1 the one on ,the organization of editorial work and an official gazette1 the writer had the honor to serve4 ,we held more than one hundred meetings1 and examined as witnesses almost if not quite every man and woman who had any official relation with the work of preparing manuscripts for printing4 ,we learned after a while that the ,president wanted an official gazette1 and expected us to devise the means of creating it4 ,i think that nearly all the members from the start deemed the scheme impracticable and chimerical4 ,it became clear that it would be a costly enterprise1 and we could not find any department that had the money for it4 ,soon after this ,mr4 ,keep left ,washington1 and the ,keep commission1 though nominally still living1 dwindled rapidly1 and brought forth little if any more fruit4 ,the members of the assistant committees were left stranded1 with desks full of unprinted manuscripts as the only results of their prolonged labors4 ,from one of these desks ,i have withdrawn the report of a subcommittee of the assistant committee on the organization of editorial work and an official gazette4 ,though it was written half a dozen years ago1 it seems that an element of interest yet remains in its proposal for the publication1 as an alternative to the impracticable official gazette1 of an executive gazette4 ,this proposal has not had any exploitation whatever4 ,in the hope that it may in this way be brought to the general notice of persons interested in the methods of publication and preservation of the historical records of the government it is now offered for the consideration of the ,american ,library ,association4 ,the ,london ,gazette1 which is the model most generally thought of when the term official gazette is used1 was begun in #affe1 and may be looked upon as a survival of the pre-newspaper age1 for though there were newspapers before the ,gazette1 they bore little resemblance to what we now know by that name1 and the daily press--the significant part of the press of our day--was not born till a generation later4 ,we may assume that when the ,gazette was begun its semi-weekly issues were sufficient to carry all the official information that the government of that day wished to offer to its subjects4 ,but this long since ceased to be true4 ,the ,english government now has a host of publications which do not appear in either of the three ,gazettes--,london1 ,edinburgh1 and ,dublin--of the ,united ,kingdom1 nor in any of the multitude of gazettes which are issued in the various ,british dependencies1 from ,canada and ,australia to ,borneo and the ,andaman ,islands4 ,the country has outgrown the ,london ,gazette1 and by its growth has been forced into that specialization and subdivision of its official publications which we see even more notably in our own country4 ,no doubt for the ,andaman ,islands a monthly gazette covers the whole ground1 everything being printed in it and no occasion being found for any other official publication whatever4 ,this may be true of many small countries1 but it is not conceivable for a great and growing country like ours4 ,the specialization of official publications seems to be an inevitable result of the growth of public interests and the public service4 ,by recent methods documents are printed relating to special branches of the public service and sent only to those employed in such branches4 ,economy of both time and labor as well as economy in printing are thus promoted4 ,this subdivision is carried out with much minuteness4 ,the ,daily ,bulletin of the ,railway ,mail ,service1 relating solely to the affairs which its title indicates1 is printed in ,washington in an edition of #a1ejj copies and supplied to all offices in the department and sent out to the different division superintendents throughout the country4 ,these superintendents extract from it the matters which affect their divisions and redistribute these parts to their subordinates in general orders4 ,thus everybody in the postal service gets that information and those orders which he needs and he does not get and consequently does not waste any time upon that information and those orders which he does not need4 ,the hydrographic office's weekly1 ,notice to ,mariners1 containing only the latest information as to aids and hindrances to navigation1 would seem to be a sufficiently specialized publication to be supplied to sailors without further ado4 ,part of the edition is issued in the complete form1 but economy and efficiency are further promoted by additional subdivision4 ,the weekly publication1 not a large one to begin with1 is split into many parts1 often a dozen or a score1 and one of these leaflets is supplied to the mariner who needs information as to those waters only into which his own voyage will carry him4 ,the ,yearbook of ,agriculture1 the ,annual ,reports of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 the ,national ,museum1 the ,american ,historical ,association1 the ,chief of ,engineers1 the ,chief of ,ordnance1 the ,bureau of ,education1 and other publications which are made up of distinct papers or chapters that permit of separate publication1 are split up and each chapter or paper printed in a pamphlet by itself1 so that the authors and others who ask for copies of special papers may have these alone and the cost of supplying them with whole volumes thus be saved4 ,even pamphlets of moderate size1 like the bulletins of the ,department of ,agriculture which report the proceedings of the conventions of official agricultural chemists1 economic entomologists1 and other bodies of government specialists1 are split into fascicules with which the popular demand for information on special parts of the work of these scientific bodies may be met at least cost4 ,any publication1 by whatever name or in whatever form1 which undertook to include all of these and the other and almost innumerable specialized publications of the government1 and to have itself supplied to all who now receive the existing publications1 would of necessity be of enormous bulk and be printed in an enormous edition1 and it seems to your committee that it must break down of its own weight4 ,we think it absolutely essential to the success of an official gazette that all of these specialized class publications should be most rigorously excluded from its pages4 ,specialization seems to be a natural and proper development of the public printing1 and it would hardly be practicable1 or wise if practicable1 to arrest it4 ,for these reasons1 your committee1 in casting about for material which might properly and usefully be carried in an official gazette1 should one be issued1 has endeavored to choose that only which is of interest to all classes and not alone to any one class1 whether in or out of the public service4 ,the list which represents the judgment of the committee in this respect is still very long4 ,we have not suggested the discontinuance of any publication on account of its inclusion in a gazette1 because in all the letters we have received from public officials1 and all the questions we have asked them1 we have not yet found one who is of opinion that any publication now existing can be superseded by publication in a gazette without injury to the public service4 ,opinion among officials as to a gazette is radically divided1 the number for and against appearing to be about equal1 though the adverse argument appears to be the stronger4 ,opinion in the committee is also widely divided1 and we are unable to make a unanimous recommendation on the desirability or feasibility of issuing a gazette on the model of the ,london ,gazette or of any other official gazette known to us4 ,your committee1 however1 thinks it a duty to submit for consideration an alternative plan1 based on a suggestion offered in one of the official letters received in reply to its inquiries4 ,this alternative is an executive gazette1 to contain all of the official papers and messages of the ,president and such other occasional matters of special and immediate importance as the ,president may think it advisable to have officially published4 ,such matter might perhaps at times be drawn from the diplomatic correspondence with other governments or from reports made by ,american ambassadors1 ministers1 or consuls1 or from the findings or rulings of commissions or other official bodies or other sources for which no special method of official publication is now provided4 ,the weight of this suggestion lies in the fact that every word officially put forth by the chief executive is of universal interest and of historical import1 and no official vehicle for its complete and authentic publication is now provided4 ,it is printed in the ,congressional ,record1 in the newspapers1 on separate sheets1 in the collected volumes of statutes1 and sometimes not at all4 ,these publications are so scattered and each different kind so incomplete that the most industrious librarian or other collector can never be sure that he has all4 ,when the congressional compilation of the messages and papers of the ,presidents from ,washington to ,mc,kinley was made the originals were gathered from all sorts of public documents and old newspaper files and miscellaneous sources4 ,when it chanced that some of the old papers were preserved in public offices the compilers--especially at first--did not know where to look for them4 ,that compilation as finally made is commendable1 but nobody can say that it is complete4 ,it served1 however1 to demonstrate--what indeed all students knew before--that there is no place where all the official utterances of the head of the government may certainly be found4 ,if they were all to be printed in one publication--if the faith of all ,presidents were pledged that all official papers should be given publicity in one known publication1 and if that publication were so published by volume and number that any historical student or collector might know to a certainty when he had secured all of these publications1 then it seems to your committee that something of real moment would have been accomplished4 ,it is true that the publication of presidential messages in an executive gazette would contradict the unanimous opinion of the committee that any sort of an official gazette should be wholly colorless from a partisan point of view4 ,still1 it seems of high state importance that all of the official utterances of the chief executive1 without exception1 should be collected and published in some known and accessible place4 ,whether this consideration is of more or less importance than that of keeping a gazette free from partisanship the committee does not undertake to decide4 ,it submits the suggestion without expression of opinion on its own part4 ,the adjourned session of the government documents round table was called to order by ,chairman ,godard at #ab3ae p4 m4 on ,friday1 ,june #bgth4 ,mr4 ,carr1 reporting for the special committee1 reported certain resolutions1 which were unanimously adopted and referred to the ,council with the request that they be officially adopted by the ,association and copies of the same be transmitted in official form to the joint committee on printing1 the public printer1 and the superintendent of documents4#ab #ab ,for text of these resolutions see minutes of the ,council1 page #bef4 ,,american ,,association ,,of ,,law ,,libraries ,,first ,,session 7,june #bd1 #aiac1 at #h3cj p4 m41 at the ,hotel ,kaaterskill47 ,the meeting was called to order by ,president ,poole1 twenty-eight members being present4 ,the address of welcome1 which was to have been delivered by ,mr4 ,frank ,b4 ,gilbert1 of the ,department of ,education of ,new ,york ,state1 was given in the form of a telegram from him1 as he was unavoidably prevented from attending4 ,president ,poole addressed the association as follows3 ,this is the eighth annual meeting of this ,association4 ,we had hoped to have with us ,mr4 ,frank ,b4 ,gilbert1 who is one of the charter members1 formerly of the ,new ,york ,state ,law library1 but this morning ,i received the following telegram3 ,unable to be present tomorrow night4 ,unexpected official business requires attention tomorrow afternoon4 ,hope your meeting will be successful4 ,i think we will have to take the welcome from the last six words4 ,the next item on the program is the ,president's address4 ,i am not going to make any address because you would not be edified4 ,i would call your attention1 however1 to a few things which have appealed to me during the past year1 and which1 with suggestions which will come from the members present1 will make perhaps a basis for our work during the coming year4 ,in my library1 and ,i have no doubt in a good many of the libraries represented here1 there have been calls for practice and form books1 and perhaps for other local books of states outside of one's own state1 and you have all probably experienced difficulty in getting proper information regarding such material4 ,this need is coincident with the possibility of developing our ,law ,library ,journal4 ,it occurs to me that we might organize a committee to publish in our ,law ,library ,journal1 once a year1 a list of local practice and form books1 giving the title1 author1 number of the edition1 date of publication1 cost and publisher--the idea being to include in the list1 not all the books1 but the best books1 and to place the choosing of that list in the hands of parties familiar with such books4 ,if a list could be published every year it would be of considerable advantage4 ,another suggestion has come to me--,i think from ,mr4 ,hewitt--that we put in the ,law ,library ,journal1 in some such way as described above1 references to the court rules of the highest courts of the several states and any important local courts that are represented in the published reports4 ,i do not refer to the text of the rules and the many amendments1 but where they can be found1 date of adoption1 etc4 ,there is another matter which will come up at one of the sessions1 viz41 the movement for uniformity in the publication of session laws4 ,you will hear more about that later1 but it is worth our consideration4 ,you all know the rather baffling way in which session laws are published2 hardly any two states are alike1 and the states change their methods from year to year1 causing a great deal of confusion and difficulty in finding material4 ,you are perfectly familiar with the chief work which this ,association has accomplished1 viz41 the publication of the ,index to ,legal ,periodicals and ,law ,library ,journal4 ,we can congratulate ourselves1 ,i think1 on a fairly successful year4 ,the editorial work has been done very well1 and the promptness of publication has shown some improvement4 ,mechanically1 we have it on a better basis than ever before1 and there is no reason why the publication should not continue and become actually self-supporting4 ,now1 as you know1 it only partially pays for itself4 ,the ,association pays a certain amount of the costs4 ,we hope to increase the subscriptions among practicing lawyers1 and plans have already been made for doing this4 ,we should1 ,i think1 take more pains with the ,law ,journal portion4 ,we have not done with that all that is possible4 ,personally ,i think that the editor1 working as he does at present--,i mean by that1 under his present contract and with the time at his disposal--can hardly be expected to do very much more2 but we can make a good deal more out of the publication if we improve the ,law ,journal--make it more readable1 so that people will subscribe for the ,journal alone4 ,i do not think you can say that anyone would pay #e a year for what is in the ,law ,journal now4 ,i wish that matter could be taken up later and discussed1 and that steps might be taken to bring about an improvement in that respect4 ,the report of the ,treasurer was read by ,mr4 ,redstone of the ,social ,law library in ,boston4 ,under the head of the ,report of the ,executive ,committee1 the letter from ,chairman ,c4 ,w4 ,andrews1 of the special committee on the relations between the ,american ,library ,association and affiliated societies1 was considered4 ,reports of the special committees were made by ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,small1 of the ,iowa ,state ,law library1 chairman of the committee on legal bibliography2 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,wire1 of the ,worcester ,county 7,mass47 law library1 chairman of the committee on reprinting session laws2 by ,mr4 ,o4 ,j4 ,field1 of the ,department of ,justice1 chairman of the committee on ,latin-,american laws4 ,the first ,round ,table was held on ,wednesday1 ,june #be1 #aiac1 at #i3cj a4 m4 ,the report of the committee to confer with the ,library of ,congress on subject headings was given by ,mr4 ,hewitt of ,philadelphia1 and a discussion ensued4 ,this was followed by a symposium on architectural plans and furnishings for law libraries1 participated in by ,mr4 ,frederick ,d4 ,colson1 of the ,new ,york ,state law library1 ,mr4 ,godard1 ,mr4 ,poole1 ,mr4 ,hicks1 ,mr4 ,schenk and ,mr4 ,hewitt4 ,at the second session1 ,wednesday1 ,june #beth1 at #b3cj p4 m41 ,mr4 ,colson gave an account of the destruction and rebuilding of the ,new ,york ,state library4 ,mr4 ,frederick ,c4 ,hicks1 of the ,columbia ,university library1 read a paper on ,law libraries and the public1 which was followed by a statement by ,dr4 ,wire on the ,massachusetts system of county law libraries4 ,a paper on the work in the ,university of ,minnesota law library1 by ,mr4 ,arthur ,c4 ,pulling1 librarian1 will be printed in a future issue of the ,journal1 ,mr4 ,pulling being unable to attend4 ,the nominating and auditing committees were appointed by ,president ,poole1 as follows3 ,nominating ,committee3 ,george ,s4 ,godard1 chairman2 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,c4 ,klingelsmith1 ,e4 ,j4 ,lien4 ,auditing ,committee3 ,o4 ,j4 ,field1 chairman2 ,william ,r4 ,reinick1 ,mary ,v4 ,fisk4 ,the vouchers1 etc41 sent by ,mr4 ,whitney1 not having arrived owing to the delay of the express company1 the auditing committee were instructed to report to the executive committee as soon as the material could be examined4 ,the committee on resolutions1 consisting of ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,small1 ,mrs4 ,klingelsmith and ,mrs4 ,hoover1 reported the following resolution on the death of ,charles ,j4 ,babbitt1 which was ordered spread upon the minutes3 ,,whereas1 after a long and untiring service in his life work our friend and fellow member ,charles ,j4 ,babbitt has this year completed his work and become a graduate member of our fellowship1 and through his death this ,association has lost an active member1 a kind friend and valued associate1 who has left behind him an enduring memorial in the good work which while living he accomplished3 ,,be ,,it ,,resolved1 that this ,association has met with an irreparable loss1 and that we extend our sympathy to the bereaved family1 and that this resolution shall become a part of the record4 ,then followed the report of the committee on shelf classification of law textbooks1 consisting of ,miss ,gertrude ,e4 ,woodard1 ,george ,n4 ,cheney1 ,e4 ,a4 ,feazel4 ,remarks on cataloging and classifying law textbooks in the ,library of ,congress were made by ,mr4 ,martel of the ,library of ,congress4 ,messrs4 ,schenk and ,butler spoke on the matter of increasing the efficiency of the ,index to ,legal ,periodicals and ,law ,library ,journal4 ,additional features of the ,journal were considered1 and ,mr4 ,schenk was authorized to include in the ,journal during the coming year3 ,list of ,reports as currently issued4 ,list of textbooks dealing with local forms1 practice1 etc4 ,references showing where to find the court rules of the local courts1 the decisions of which appear in the published ,reports4 ,the following officers were elected for the year #aiac-ad3 ,president--,franklin ,o4 ,poole1 ,association of the ,bar of the ,city of ,new ,york2 ,first ,vice-,president--,frederick ,w4 ,schenk1 ,law ,library1 ,university of ,chicago2 ,second ,vice-,president--,o4 ,j4 ,field1 ,department of ,justice1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c42 ,secretary--,miss ,gertrude ,e4 ,woodard1 ,law ,library1 ,university of ,michigan1 ,ann ,arbor2 ,treasurer--,e4 ,lee ,whitney1 ,vermont ,state ,library1 ,montpelier2 ,executive ,committee--,president1 ex-officio1 ,first ,vice-,president1 ex-officio1 ,second ,vice-,president1 ex-officio1 ,secretary1 ex-officio1 ,treasurer1 ex-officio1 ,e4 ,o4 ,s4 ,scholefield1 ,british ,columbia ,legislative ,library1 ,victoria2 ,a4 ,j4 ,small1 ,state ,law ,library1 ,des ,moines1 ,iowa2 ,c4 ,will ,schaffer1 ,washington ,state ,law ,library4 ,the meeting adjourned with a resolution by ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,small thanking each officer and member of the association who had contributed to its work2 and with a final word from ,mr4 ,butler urging all to work for the success of the ,index during the coming year4 ,,league ,,of ,,library ,,commissions ,tenth annual meeting at ,kaaterskill1 ,n4 ,y41 ,june #be-bg1 #aiac ,,first ,,session 7,wednesday1 ,june #be1 #b3cj p4 m47 ,round ,table on ,organizing ,small ,libraries ,the meeting was called to order by the ,president1 ,mr4 ,milam4 ,a roll-call by states showed that sixteen were represented3 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,kentucky1 ,maryland1 ,massachusetts1 ,maine1 ,michigan1 ,minnesota1 ,missouri1 ,new ,jersey1 ,new ,york1 ,north ,dakota1 ,rhode ,island1 ,south ,dakota1 ,vermont and ,wisconsin4 ,the ,president then introduced the leader of the discussion1 ,miss ,zaidee ,brown1 of ,massachusetts4 ,the outline of the discussion1 as printed on the program1 was as follows3 #a4 ,methods suggested by the state organizer for ,accessioning ,classification ,shelf-listing ,cataloging ,should it be attempted8 ,should ,l4 ,c4 cards be used8 ,loan system ,mechanical preparation of books #b4 ,average time required for above processes1 and average cost per #a1jjj volumes #c4 ,help from local sources ,volunteers1 paid workers1 trustees ,help from neighboring librarians #d4 ,kinds of supplies and cost #e4 ,how the organizer may interest the people of the town in the library #f4 ,board meeting3 ,budget and other administrative problems ,it was stated that for this discussion small library meant any library with less than #e1jjj volumes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as to the accession book1 the general opinion seemed to be that there was more reason for keeping it in a library without trained service than in a larger one1 and that the trustees usually liked to have it kept4 ,a very simple entry was recommended4 ,miss ,brown suggested that where1 in reorganizing1 it was necessary to accession the books already in the library1 the quickest way was to number them when the first1 or shelf-list1 card was written4 ,these cards might be kept in numerical order1 and the accession book written from them1 thus saving one handling of the books4 ,she said one reason for keeping an accession book in a small library is that the accession number may be used for charging2 this led to a discussion of the use of ,cutter numbers in a small library2 ,miss ,wright1 of ,vermont1 uses them and has found no trouble4 ,miss ,brown thinks they add considerably to the labor and expense of reorganizing1 and she has found them likely to fall into confusion with untrained librarians4 ,no conclusion was reached4 ,as to classification1 the preference was for a simplified form of the ,d4 ,c41 using only three figures in most cases1 and combining some classes4 ,the leader then asked how many organizers favored a dictionary catalog1 with an untrained librarian4 ,miss ,hazeltine1 of ,wisconsin1 said that in that state they start only a shelf-list1 to be used as a classed catalog1 until the librarian can attend summer school1 and then a dictionary catalog is made4 ,miss ,askew stated that in ,new ,jersey a dictionary catalog is made even for a small library1 if the librarian and trustees wish it4 ,in ,vermont1 also1 the organizer starts a dictionary catalog4 ,miss ,frances ,hobart1 librarian at ,vergennes1 ,vt41 reported that when she classified she placed a slip in the book giving the class and book number1 and the subject headings to be used1 for the guidance of the cataloger4 ,these slips are kept1 to form a rough shelf-list1 and serve the purpose in assigning ,cutter numbers4 ,a number of those present said that they thought it not necessary to make a shelf-list simply for taking an inventory1 as many libraries do not take inventory1 and it is not worth the labor of the shelf-list4 ,mr4 ,olin ,davis1 librarian at ,laconia1 ,n4 ,h41 described a method of taking inventory from the accession book1 thus making a shelf-list for that purpose unnecessary4 ,the discussion showed that in some states the custom of the state organizer is to start a dictionary catalog1 and to make a shelf-list only if ,cutter numbers are used1 or if the additional labor can be easily afforded4 ,miss ,brown1 of ,massachusetts1 said that she preferred1 with an untrained librarian1 to make an author and title catalog1 and to use the shelf-list for a subject catalog4 ,she makes an alphabetic index to the shelf-list1 which also serves as a guide for classification1 and includes in this index analyticals and secondary subject cards4 ,she feels that this method reduces to a minimum the difficulty of assigning subject headings1 and the danger of scattering material through doing this poorly4 ,the objection to her method was made that such a catalog is not so easy for the public to use2 she admitted this1 but said that in a small library the catalog is mainly a tool for the librarian4 ,mrs4 ,budlong1 of ,north ,dakota1 recommended using the order card for the shelf-list4 ,the discussion showed that in ,new ,jersey and ,vermont the organizer usually starts a dictionary catalog2 and in ,minnesota1 ,indiana1 ,wisconsin and ,massachusetts the shelf-list is used as a subject catalog unless the librarian has at least summer school training4 ,as to the use of ,library of ,congress cards1 the general testimony seemed to be that the labor of ordering them1 and adding numbers and headings1 is about equal to that of making simple cards1 with a typewriter4 ,miss ,brown stated that the added expense for cards per #a1jjj volumes is about #ce1 if the order is by author and title4 ,miss ,farr1 of ,maryland1 said that she could catalog about #a1jjj volumes a month1 making a dictionary catalog1 if she made her own cards1 and about #a1ajj if she used ,library of ,congress cards--showing that the labor is nearly the same4 ,it was not possible to give definite estimates of the cost of reorganization or the time required1 as conditions vary so greatly2 but some general averages were obtained4 ,mr4 ,milam1 of ,indiana1 stated that the cost of supplies and labor1 including the time and expenses of the state organizer1 was about #ej to #fj per #a1jjj volumes4 ,one organizer said that a cataloger should average #dj volumes a day1 assigning ,cutter numbers and making a dictionary catalog4 ,miss ,askew1 of ,new ,jersey1 thought this number too small1 and said she expected one person to make a dictionary catalog for #a1jjj volumes in two weeks4 ,miss ,brown1 of ,massachusetts1 said that the number of volumes done in a week varied from #ejj to #a1jjj volumes1 according to the amount of local help received4 ,she finds it possible to get volunteer workers for a good deal of the work1 including writing the cards1 and doing the mechanical work involved by a new charging system4 ,this estimate is not for a dictionary catalog1 but for an author and title list1 and a shelf-list for non-fiction with subject index--no imprint being given on most of the cards4 ,to show the cost of reorganization where there was practically no volunteer labor1 ,miss ,brown gave the figures for a library at ,west ,bridgewater1 ,mass41 which contained about #f1ejj volumes4 ,the state library commission gave about a week of ,miss ,brown's time1 which is not included in the estimate1 a cataloger was engaged at #ge a month1 and an assistant at #ej4 ,local workers were paid about twelve cents an hour4 ,the books were accessioned1 classified1 an author and title catalog made1 and a shelf-list for non-fiction with subject index4 ,book-pockets and book-cards were placed in the books4 ,copy for a printed catalog was made4 ,this catalog was later printed1 at a cost of about #abe4 ,the entire cost of the work1 including printing the catalog1 was between #fjj and #gjj1 or about ten cents per volume4 ,the time required was about seven weeks4 ,as to the question of how the organizer might interest the people of the town1 there was a discussion on whether the organizer did better work if she stayed at the hotel1 or was entertained in a private family4 ,she can1 of course1 become better acquainted if in a family1 but ,mr4 ,milam said that he thought the hotel preferable because there would be no drain on her vitality outside library hours4 ,it developed during the discussion that in several states the commission pays the living expenses of the organizer in the town4 ,in ,massachusetts1 the library is expected to meet this expense1 but the state sometimes helps buy the supplies4 ,as to the meeting of the ,board1 ,mr4 ,milam said that he thought the organizer should always meet the ,board1 and if possible leave with them a suggested budget for a library of that size4 ,miss ,brown said that she carried with her sample copies of a number of selected lists and library aids1 and showed them to the ,board of ,trustees4 ,a number of organizers spoke of addressing clubs1 schools1 and other bodies in connection with the work4 ,after the ,round ,table1 ,mr4 ,milam appointed the following nominating committee3 ,miss ,clara ,baldwin1 chairman2 ,mrs4 ,percival ,sneed1 ,miss ,zaidee ,brown4 ,the meeting then adjourned4 ,,second ,,session 7,wednesday1 ,june #beth1 #h3cj p4 m47 ,the topic of the second session was libraries in state institutions and in federal prisons4 ,mr4 ,milam1 the president1 called the meeting to order4 ,miss ,julia ,a4 ,robinson1 supervising librarian of the state institutions of ,iowa1 opened the discussion4 ,mr4 ,jenkins1 of ,new ,york1 who was announced on the program1 was unable to be present4 ,miss ,robinson spoke first of the need of providing good reading matter in state institutions2 and pointed out that such libraries have the advantage of those in the outside world1 in that they need not compete with so many conflicting interests in their patrons4 ,of the two possible kinds of supervision2 by an outside authority1 such as a state library commission1 or by an official of the board controlling the state institutions1 the latter is preferable if the appointment of such an official is not dominated by politics4 ,an official appointed by the ,board of ,control has greater authority1 can maintain a closer supervision of the books admitted1 and can obtain more help from the inmates of the institutions4 ,as to methods employed1 the book selection should be carefully made to suit the various classes in the different institutions2 and the organization should be as simple as possible4 ,in ,iowa1 they use an accession book1 the decimal classification1 and a simple form of shelf-list4 ,in all the institutions1 reading rooms for the use of the inmates under proper supervision add to the usefulness of the libraries4 ,the librarian is usually an officer or employee of the institution1 but should possess a knowledge of the books in her own library1 and a sympathetic acquaintance with the inmates which will enable her to assist them in selecting the books which will be most helpful to them4 ,she should also have sufficient time to give proper attention to the library4 ,inmates often make good assistants1 but should work under close supervision and should not be allowed to select the books4 ,in the prisons1 where the readers do not have access to the shelves1 printed finding lists are necessary4 ,miss ,florence ,r4 ,curtis1 of the ,university of ,illinois ,library ,school1 next spoke on libraries in prisons4 ,she called attention to the fact that nearly eighty per cent of those in prisons will be out of prison in from one to ten years4 ,they should be regarded as citizens in the making1 to be helped in every way possible4 ,of those who enter1 about ninety per cent are literate2 and over seventy-five per cent have attended school beyond the sixth grade4 ,about fifty per cent of those sent to prison are so-called accidental criminals1 that is1 they have yielded to an impulse1 but are not habitually criminal4 ,before they leave prison1 however1 they have received an education of a sort in crime4 ,they know the criminal class1 its leading men1 etc41 they know the methods of crime1 and they have learned to regard the law as more favorable to the rich than to the poor1 and how best to evade it4 ,besides this1 they have become acquainted with unclean literature1 circulated secretly2 and with vice and dissipation4 ,guards in the prison often peddle drink and drugs to the prisoners4 ,as to what they have learned that is good1 she enumerated the following3 ,the prisoner may have learned a trade1 but the trades taught often do not help in earning a living outside4 ,the prisoner may have attended a school4 ,usually the school is held for four months1 is taught by a volunteer prisoner1 and aims only to teach the elementary subjects4 ,the prisoner has attended the church service4 ,last1 the prisoner may have had the use of the prison library4 ,miss ,curtis examined the catalogs of thirty prisons4 ,perhaps three-fourths of the books might be regarded as deadwood4 ,often the libraries contain vicious books1 which give wrong ideas of the relations of men and women1 and of the family2 create a false idea of life2 and make dissipation attractive4 ,the works of ,chambers1 ,elinor ,glyn1 ,phillips1 ,mrs4 ,southworth1 and others of similar grade1 are found in large numbers in the prison libraries4 ,the prisoner has so much time to think over what he reads1 that especial care should be taken that his reading should be wholesome4 ,books dealing with shady business methods1 religious unrest1 race prejudice1 the detection of crime1 etc41 are all bad4 ,all fiction added to the library should first be read by a person of good judgment1 with respect to its effect on the prisoners4 ,the selection of suitable books does not represent the whole duty toward the prisoner4 ,personal guidance in the choice of books is most desirable4 ,the chaplain is not always the best person to give such guidance as he may not be familiar with modern fiction and he has other duties4 ,the superintendent is not always interested in the reading of the prisoners4 ,the superintendent of a reform school stated flatly that the physical care of the girls was the main duty and interest of the institution4 ,a librarian appointed by the ,board of ,control will make the most careful selection of the books4 ,the librarian should also visit the institutions and give as much personal guidance to the reading as possible4 ,it should be noted1 however1 that this is not a place for an immature person1 nor a sentimental one4 ,miss ,curtis said that the duty of the state library commission1 as to prison libraries1 was to try to rouse the superintendents1 and bring about a better condition4 ,miss ,stearns1 of ,wisconsin1 asked about the use of magazines in prisons4 ,she had visited a prison1 with the chaplain acting as librarian1 where they took dozens of magazines1 and had given up buying books because the magazines were so popular4 ,among those especially in demand were ,world's ,work1 ,current ,events1 and ,cosmopolitan4 ,miss ,robinson1 of ,iowa1 said that they took magazines for the prisons1 but in no case were magazines bought to the exclusion of all books4 ,where it is regarded as necessary1 the magazines are expurgated by clipping out certain articles4 ,miss ,curtis said that in ,illinois prisons many magazines are taken1 and are very popular4 ,the men are allowed to form magazine clubs1 and to take any magazine not positively disreputable2 and many of the cheaper lower-grade magazines are taken4 ,miss ,clarke1 librarian of the public library at ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y41 where there is a state prison1 said that she had investigated prison libraries in ,new ,york state1 especially in ,auburn1 in connection with the work of a committee of the ,new ,york ,state ,library ,association4 ,she regards conditions in ,new ,york state as discouraging4 ,in ,auburn1 the selection is not so bad1 but the men are allowed little if any selection4 ,a convict assistant chooses fifty volumes for fifty cells4 ,these are passed out1 and each one is kept a week4 ,it is then passed on to the next cell4 ,an educated ex-convict in a letter printed by ,richard ,harding ,davis in the ,new ,york ,sun1 stated that he was unable for a year to get a book he wanted1 though nobody else wanted it4 ,they have no printed catalogs or lists4 ,in the women's prison1 in ,auburn1 the prisoners are allowed to select books1 and one of the teachers had done some work with reading clubs4 ,miss ,clarke stated that in ,new ,york state prisons1 the teacher of the prison school is not a convict4 ,the prison school is allowed #ej worth of books a year4 ,the hope for improvement in ,new ,york state1 in library conditions in the prisons1 is through the appointment of a librarian in each prison1 or a library supervisor of all state penal institutions4 ,mr4 ,wellman1 of ,springfield1 ,mass41 asked how to rouse interest in prison libraries in a state where there is no interest4 ,miss ,curtis said that one should avoid rousing general public criticism1 as this would antagonize the prison authorities2 that it was better to use the slow method of getting the heads of the institutions and the board controlling the prisons interested4 ,the state library commission should do this4 ,a general article in the press on the value of good prison libraries might be desirable1 but one should by all means avoid anything approaching a sensational story about special cases4 ,as an example of how to rouse interest1 ,mr4 ,wynkoop spoke of the number of ,new ,york ,libraries1 published in ,february1 #aiac1 which was devoted largely to libraries in state institutions4 ,copies of this were sent to all trustees of state institutions in ,new ,york state1 to members of legislative committees dealing with charitable and reformatory institutions1 to members of sociological societies1 to mayors and sheriffs1 to most of the leading newspapers of the state1 and to others of influence4 ,about #gjj copies were sent out in this way4 ,there have been some evident results4 ,in ,syracuse1 ,rochester1 ,bath1 ,jamestown1 and some other places1 the papers have had notices about the need of better libraries in prisons and jails1 and the authorities have in some cases taken steps to improve conditions4 ,in answer to questions1 ,mr4 ,wynkoop said that he did not make direct criticism of the present library conditions in prisons1 but spoke of the poor economy of spending so little on them4 ,the maximum amount spent on the library of any institution in ,new ,york state is #ejj1 though expenditures for other purposes may run into the millions4 ,it was suggested that public libraries should supply local jails with reading matter4 ,miss ,clarke stated that in the state prison at ,auburn1 magazines are taken for the officials1 but are not loaned to the prisoners4 ,an offer of discarded but usable books from the public library to the jail was refused1 because the prisoners would cut out the pictures and put them on the wall4 ,miss ,charlotte ,templeton1 secretary of the ,nebraska public library commission1 next spoke on libraries in reformatories4 ,this is a somewhat more hopeful group than the prisons4 ,the inmates are often below the average physically1 somewhat bitter1 and frightened1 and sobered by their first contact with the law4 ,the reformatory must build them up2 physically1 mentally1 and in the power of self-support4 ,in this the library is a valuable adjunct4 ,it should contain simple books on civics1 books to help the foreigner learn ,english1 and books on the technical subjects taught in the prison4 ,there is also a use for books as a means of recreation4 ,these may put the inmate in a better attitude toward life1 and may be the entering wedge for more serious reading4 ,they should1 therefore1 be the first line of attack4 ,again1 a prisoner may accept moral training from a book that he would not from a person4 ,the books on conduct are much read4 ,jordan's ,self-control1 ,grenfell's ,men's helpers1 and some of the new thought books are much read4 ,one prisoner said1 ,if ,i had had that book three years ago ,i should not be here now4 ,magazines are generally taken1 but as a supplement to the collection of books4 ,they include many on current events and on technical work1 and some that are taken mainly for their pictures4 ,country ,life and ,baseball are very popular4 ,in conclusion1 ,miss ,templeton said that the reformatory library is much like a public library1 and should be administered in a similar way4 ,in this way1 the inmates would become familiar with the use of such a library1 would form the library habit1 and be more likely to feel at home in the public library on their release4 ,miss ,,edith ,,kathleen ,,jones1 librarian at ,mc,lean ,hospital1 ,waverley1 ,mass41 then read the following paper3 ,,some ,,problems ,,of ,,the ,,institution ,,library ,,organizer ,,in ,,the ,,state ,,hospitals ,last year ,i had the pleasure of telling you something of library work in one of the large private hospitals for the insane2 this year ,i want to speak of some of the problems the institution organizer will meet when she undertakes to set in order the libraries of the state hospitals4 ,in the first place1 unless she is fortunate enough to be appointed by the ,state ,board of ,control or ,state ,board of ,insanity or their equivalent1 she may at times feel that she is looked upon a little bit as an outsider by the hospital staff1 as one who does not understand hospital conditions and who belongs to an entirely different order of things4 ,she may even meet what seems to her indifference or actual antagonism on the part of a few superintendents4 ,the fact is1 the library to librarians is of supreme importance1 but the library to the average hospital superintendent is merely one method of providing entertainment or employment for his patients4 ,he is much more interested in the new social service movement and the study of eugenics and heredity than he is in the general library1 which1 to his mind1 is simply a part of the therapeutic system and even as such ranks far below useful employment and arts and crafts work4 ,this indifference or antagonism does not arise from any personal feeling nor is it confined to the library4 ,it is the natural outcome of the peculiar organization demanded in a hospital for the insane1 a general distrust of any outside interference in any department1 and a thorough conviction that each hospital is entirely competent to manage its own affairs4 ,in one state the state board refused the offer of the state library committee to organize its institution libraries for these very reasons4 ,in another state1 where the possibility of the state board appointing an institution librarian of its own is under discussion1 one superintendent remarked that he could only say this2 if it must come he was thankful it was coming from the inside1 through the board and from one who knew hospital conditions4 ,another reason for this seeming indifference on the part of the superintendents is that1 in the ,east at any rate1 a state hospital is always poor4 ,it is poor and it is crowded1 and its superintendent is harrassed with having his requests for better accommodations for his patients1 a new power house1 larger kitchens and laundries1 or quarters for his married men nurses turned down2 with trying to get larger appropriations from the state legislature2 with endeavoring to feed and clothe and house #a1bjj patients on an appropriation and in quarters designed for #a1jjj at the most4 ,he probably has cut down his expenses in every conceivable direction1 and he can not see the use of spending money for books which the majority of his patients will not read4 ,and there is this to be said for his point of view1 that while there are many educated and cultivated persons in all the state hospitals1 the majority of them are foreigners and illiterates from the mill and factory-hand classes and from the slums of the cities4 ,in ,new ,york state alone1 in #aijf1 forty-six per cent of the whole number of patients admitted to the ,new ,york hospitals were of foreign birth4 ,and ,i might add1 to show the menace of the class of people we are letting into our country1 that forty-six per cent of the insane were aliens1 while only twenty-six per cent of the whole population of the state were of foreign birth4 ,add to these the outcasts from the slums and you have a good idea of the make-up of the state hospitals and asylums1 and you will not wonder that many superintendents shake their heads when libraries are mentioned4 ,it would1 therefore1 seem to be one of the duties of the organizer to prove to the superintendent that even if three-fifths of his patients are illiterate1 reading should be provided for the educated two-fifths2 that she1 from her knowledge of books and editions1 can provide a thoroughly readable library which will meet the requirements of all classes1 from college professors to the dregs of humanity1 for a much less sum than he can do it1 and from her experience she can interest the patients in books4 ,for after you have the library1 you still have a set of people to deal with who lack initiative and must be aroused to interest in anything4 ,she must also impress upon him that shelf-and-book or even accession numbers mean nothing1 and that when1 as in one library ,i know1 all the books are covered and there is no hint of author or title on the back1 the library is converted into a sort of literary grab-bag which is funny to the librarian but exasperating to the patient4 ,she must convince him that an unclassified library represents a tremendous waste1 especially when it is not supplemented by a subject catalog4 ,she must be able to prove to him from the experience of other hospitals that the old-fashioned method of letting a library run itself is not conducive to growth and that there must be some one whose chief duties are to the library4 ,she can assure him from figures that he is not getting out of his library what he should1 if out of #a1jjj patients only #fj use the library during the year and #ej books a week is a large circulation4 ,she can tell him of one hospital of #bbj patients which has from #ge to #ajj regular readers1 not counting nurses and employees1 and averages #be books a day1 or #h1ijj a year2 of another of about the same size which often gives out #ej books a day2 of a third1 which1 with a population of #b1jjj gave out last year #ae1hfb volumes to #cdd persons4 ,she can guarantee him that if he will let her weed out obsolete stuff and fill in with the sort of books the patients want and train some patient1 nurse or stenographer to act as librarian in her absence at other hospitals1 his library circulation will be doubled or trebled the first year4 ,having convinced the superintendent of the utility of the organized1 central library1 the institution librarian is now free to turn her attention to the patients1 getting acquainted with them1 learning their tastes in books1 interesting them in reading and in pictures4 ,and just here ,i would say that in the state hospitals the doctors are always glad to have anything new suggested in the way of employment1 and that if the organizer can manage it so that the patients can help her in the care of the charging-system1 mending and cataloging1 her efforts will be much appreciated by all concerned4 ,the institution organizer will soon find that each hospital differs from every other in construction1 management1 and especially in the character of illness4 ,the asylums for the chronic insane present the most hopeless feature1 yet even here there are enough who read to make it worth while to furnish libraries4 ,moreover1 in the asylums1 the nurses have to be taken into account4 ,their work is so hopeless and uninteresting compared with that in hospitals for acute and recoverable cases that more must be done for them in order to get and keep even ordinarily good attendants4 ,and where1 as in many cases1 the chronic insane are being transferred to farm colonies way out in the country1 far from any city or even large town1 the library can1 if it will1 help very decidedly by offering means of study and education to the nurses and staff as well as diversion to the patients4 ,therefore1 one can venture to buy for an asylum a much better selection of books from the point of view of general culture than for the ordinary hospital4 ,i have said so often that a hospital library must be formed for entertainment1 not for education1 that it must be simple in organization and carried along on unconventional lines1 that ,i speak of these points again only to emphasize them4 ,if one looks upon institutional work from the point of view of educative influence it is discouraging work2 but if one thinks of it as an adjunct to the therapeutic service of the hospital1 as a means of bringing some pleasure or at least forgetfulness of self for a time to an afflicted class and employment for hours which otherwise would be passed in complete idleness and utter dejection1 it is inspiring work4 ,but in the selection of books this point of view must be kept always in mind4 ,yet this is just what those unaccustomed to hospital conditions fail to grasp4 ,not three months ago a hospital in a far-off western city sent a representative to see our library and get all the information he could in regard to the sort of books they should put into their beautiful and expensive new buildings4 ,i showed him a list of some #a1bjj of our most popular books selected as a basis for the little catalog ,miss ,carey1 ,miss ,robinson1 ,miss ,waugh and ,i have made out and annotated1 and which is now being printed by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board4 ,the first thing he noticed was the omissions4 ,why1 said he1 looking at ,science1 you have nothing by ,spencer1 or ,darwin or ,huxley on this list4 ,aren't they the standard thing8 ,oughtn't ,i to get them for our library8 ,not if you want a library which will be read1 was my prompt reply1 and ,i showed him the records of our sets of these scientists1 taken out at the most three or four times in the history of the library4 ,a year or so ago ,i attempted to find out from our cards just what was the most popular sort of fiction in our library4 ,of course the book of the moment is the one read at the moment1 so it would be manifestly unfair to include these and ,i took only those books published prior to #aija4 ,it may interest you to know in their order the #be most read books1 that is1 of the old favorites4 ,the date unfortunately excludes ,mr4 ,pratt1 the ,virginian1 ,kim1 ,rex ,beach and ,oppenheim4 ,they are1 ,the ,choir ,invisible1 ,janice ,meredith1 ,saracinesca1 ,sant' ,ilario1 ,don ,orsino1 ,vanity ,fair1 ,the ,lilac ,sunbonnet1 ,old ,chester ,tales1 ,dr4 ,lavender's ,people1 ,when ,knighthood was in ,flower1 ,the ,sowers--taken out #bj times in the last three years2 ,the ,seats of the ,mighty1 ,the ,battle of the ,strong1 ,adventures of ,sherlock ,holmes1 ,memoirs of ,sherlock ,holmes1 ,treasure ,island1 ,cape ,cod ,folks and ,the ,right of ,way1 #bb times2 ,a ,little ,moorland ,princess1 ,dorothy ,vernon1 ,kidnapped and ,the ,cardinal's ,snuff ,box #be times2 ,richard ,carvel #bi times2 ,the ,old ,ma'amselle's ,secret #dj times and ,the ,second ,wife by ,miss ,marlitt #dc times4 ,this shows pretty conclusively that even our people1 all of whom belong to the cultivated and educated class1 want light1 interesting stories of romance and adventure1 and the average state hospital reader wants something even lighter than these4 ,i have been asked again and again if the right reading really cures4 ,one dare not affirm this2 its influence is negative rather than positive4 ,but ,i can say this3 ,i have known of many cases outside as well as in the hospital where persons have been positively harmed by morbid or hysterically sentimental books4 ,our people are inclined to be pretty emotional anyway1 and whatever appeals to that side is to be deplored4 ,to sum up the qualities which determine the suitability of books for a hospital library1 ,i can do no better than quote from the ,foreword of the catalog mentioned above3 ,in making this list the editors have endeavored to keep in mind the following points3 #a4 ,books in a hospital are for recreation1 not for instruction1 and therefore should consist principally of fiction1 picture books1 travel1 biography1 light and popular science and outdoor books4 #b4 ,they must be wholesome--not morbid1 or gruesome1 or depressing4 ,good detective stories and tales of adventure1 however thrilling1 if not horrible1 and if they do not make vice attractive1 are to be recommended1 as they1 more than almost anything else1 hold the attention4 #c4 ,illustrated books and books of pictures are invaluable1 as a patient often will look at pictures when he is too ill to read4 #d4 ,the newest fiction is called for and read1 yet the old favorites remain much in demand4 ,with so much ephemeral stuff among the best sellers1 it is a delicate task to select the really good novels which will last1 and there is a great temptation to fall back on the old and tried books to the exclusion of the more modern4 ,the editors have tried to combine the two in just proportion1 and also to give a few titles of the better class of the second rate which have proved popular4 #e4 ,it is not enough to provide books for those who wish to read4 ,there are always many patients who are unable to take any initiative towards selecting any form of entertainment or employment for themselves1 and for these should be provided light and simple stories which will not tax the brain or require any concentration of attention1 but which will serve to stimulate their interest in things outside themselves4 ,these are not necessarily children's books1 but often the simple language and quiet wholesomeness of certain books for young people will bridge a patient over this period of mental inadequacy and pave the way towards a real enjoyment of maturer reading4 ,in addition to these five simple rules for selecting the reading for a hospital library1 the editors would emphasize another very important point3 ,many of the readers will be elderly persons with failing eyesight1 who demand large1 clear type4 ,this is hard to procure in cheap editions of standard authors and old favorites1 but it is suggested that it is well worth while to take a little pains in selection and even to pay a higher price1 in order to get an edition of convenient size1 shape and weight1 in serviceable binding1 with large1 clear type4 ,such an edition will last longer and will invite1 not repel the reader4 ,complete sets of the works of standard authors1 with the exception of ,shakespeare1 ,scott1 ,dickens1 and possibly ,george ,eliot1 are not recommended for hospitals4 ,only a few of the more popular stories of each will be read4 ,i want to say just a word in regard to the housing of hospital libraries4 ,of course the ideal arrangement is a separate building which is open all the time1 but ,i know of only three or four such in the country4 ,in most state hospitals the library was an afterthought and the books are crowded into one or two more or less inaccessible rooms to which the patients can come only once or twice a week and which can not possibly be made attractive4 ,often there is absolutely no other room to be had in the hospital and the librarian must make the most of it and do her utmost to beautify it with rugs and baskets made by the patients and flowers from the hospital greenhouses4 ,but sometimes a little ingenuity will solve the problem in some such unique way as in the ,state ,infirmary at ,tewksbury1 ,mass41 where the superintendent conceived the idea of moving their very good little library 7classified and cataloged too7 from its one small dark1 inaccessible room in the administration house to the large1 light chapel which hitherto stood idle six days in the week4 ,here low shelves have been built in between the windows on the wide side aisles and stacks fitted into the alcove rooms each side the chancel4 ,long narrow tables with plenty of books and magazines have been placed in these aisles and the library is now open practically all the time4 ,the ,hospital for ,epileptics at ,monson1 ,mass41 has met its problem somewhat differently4 ,the superintendent here is having two large sunny rooms fitted up with bookshelves1 one for the men where they can smoke and one for the women where they can sew4 ,these shelves will be kept filled with books from the central library 7in an office in the administration house which it shares with the medical library7 administered by the stenographer-librarian1 but under the direct supervision of a patient for each room4 ,the patients themselves are very enthusiastic over the proposed change and have made out lists of books they want4 ,in ,massachusetts1 the ideal so far as use of the library goes1 is found at the ,foxborough ,hospital for ,inebriates1 where only men patients are admitted4 ,here they have a separate building containing one large room with low bookcases all around it and two tables covered with periodicals and newspapers in the center4 ,here the men can come when their day's work is over or at the noon hour and read and smoke4 ,i wish ,i had time to speak of the importance of interesting the nurses in the library and getting their co-operation1 and of the possibility of holding classes on books and reading for them4 ,i know of no hospital where they have time for such classes at present1 but there is a movement on foot towards requiring better education as a condition for entering the training schools for the general hospitals1 and some day some hospital will inaugurate classes in literature4 ,miss ,jones agreed with ,miss ,robinson's statement that the libraries in state institutions should be administered by an official appointed by the ,board of ,control4 ,miss ,flexner1 of the ,louisville free public library1 then spoke of an experience in placing books in a county jail4 ,within the last six months1 the public library offered to place a deposit in the county jail1 and found that the jailer was willing4 ,permission was also obtained from the ,fiscal ,court4 ,in ,november1 about #ajj volumes1 all fiction1 were sent1 to be retained four months4 ,on their return1 it was found that over #a1hjj issues had been made--a heavy circulation4 ,in the next lot1 was placed about #ae per cent of non-fiction1 carefully selected4 ,on their return1 it was found that books by ,marden and ,grenfell had been popular4 ,mrs4 ,sangster's ,sweetest story ever told1 a life of ,christ1 had been well used1 while ,mrs4 ,wharton's ,house of mirth had been read but twice4 ,rebecca of ,sunnybrook ,farm1 ,kim1 and ,mrs4 ,whitney's ,ascutney street were each read #bf times in #f weeks4 ,books on useful arts were so much in demand that they were renewed4 ,the books are charged by the chaplain4 ,when a suspicious looking gathering of the men was investigated by the jailor1 it was found that one who could read was reading aloud to those who could not4 ,in the discussion1 it was stated that a list of books for use in insane hospitals is to be published soon and that copies are to be on sale by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board4 ,several speakers mentioned a union catalog for prison libraries1 with annotations to guide the prisoners in the selection of books4 ,the committee on libraries in federal prisons made a report1 in which they stated that an earnest attempt had been made to secure an appropriation of at least #b1ejj for the establishment of a library in the penitentiary at ,atlanta and a like amount for ,leavenworth1 and #ejj for books for ,mc,neil ,island1 but that the effort had been unsuccessful4 ,the attempt will be renewed this coming year4 ,the committee was continued4 ,,third ,,session 7,friday1 ,june #bg1 #aiac2 #h3cj p4 m47 ,a third adjourned session of the ,league was held for the transaction of remaining business4 ,the meeting was called to order by the ,president4 ,miss ,martha ,wilson1 supervisor of school libraries in ,minnesota1 spoke on co-operation between library commissions and state boards of education4 ,miss ,mendenhall then gave a summary of the work done by the library committee of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 on library instruction in normal schools4 ,she stated that a questionnaire was sent to #bjj normal schools1 and the results show that most of the normal school libraries need reorganization4 ,in the #bjj1 about #ej have trained librarians4 ,these are mainly in the far ,west4 ,the ,committee makes the following recommendations3 #a1 that library organizations try to have the subject of library training in normal schools presented at educational meetings2 #b1 that trained librarians be appointed in all normal schools1 with the faculty and salary rank of heads of departments2 #c1 the publication of a manual for normal school librarians by the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,education2 #d1 the publication in educational periodicals of articles on the greater use of libraries by schools1 and on related topics4 ,it was suggested that the library commissions might help in carrying out the last recommendation4 ,miss ,mendenhall was asked whether she favored putting the school libraries under the state library commissions1 or under the state boards of education4 ,she said that she believed the function of the school library to be distinct from that of the public library2 that the two should co-operate but not combine4 ,miss ,stearns of ,wisconsin said that the question of the relation of the state library commission to the state board of education should be discussed and more clearly defined2 that there is a decided tendency to place the library commission under the state board of education1 or to merge it with it1 as has already been done in one state4 ,there was not time for adequate discussion of this subject1 and the suggestion was made that it be taken up at a future ,league meeting4 ,mrs4 ,minnie ,clarke ,budlong1 director of the ,north ,dakota public library commission1 read the following report of the committee on the establishment of new commissions3 ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,establishment ,,of ,,new ,,commissions ,this committee has been requested to report on two topics--a plan for the ,league to follow in giving aid in the organization of commissions in states now without them1 and also a draft of tentative provisions for a model library law to be used with the model commission law4 ,an ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 committee of which ,dr4 ,arthur ,e4 ,bostwick is chairman1 has made a valuable report on points to be covered by a model law relating library to municipality1 printed in the #aiab proceedings4 ,the same committee has under consideration the drafting of the points covered into a model charter1 and the ,league committee decided that action on its own part was unnecessary at present4 ,the other topic assigned this committee cannot be disposed of in so brief a manner4 ,it is a question of theory and of insight1 of sympathetic understanding and action4 ,there are eleven states without library commissions3 ,west ,virginia1 ,south ,carolina1 ,florida1 ,mississippi1 ,louisiana1 ,oklahoma1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 ,nevada1 ,montana and ,wyoming4 ,these states contain one-eighth of the population of the country1 and have only one-twentieth of the libraries4 ,the first step toward aid is to learn how library commissions have been established in other states4 ,letters sent to #cf states elicited #bb replies4 ,perhaps a distinction should be made between library commissions and state libraries1 or boards of education1 such as ,new ,york1 ,california and ,oregon4 ,but there have been included in this report all states doing extension work1 regardless of name or title of organization4 ,the questions asked were3 #a4 ,how did the demand for a commission arise8 ,the answers received are practically unanimous4 ,there was a need felt and provided for by a few far-sighted library workers4 ,eight give the credit of the initiative to library workers or associations4 ,seven give it to women's clubs or the state federation4 ,five say librarians and women's clubs were co-partners in the work1 and three1 ,maryland1 ,wisconsin and ,nebraska1 include teachers in this partnership4 #b4 ,who drew the law8 ,the law has usually been drawn by or under the supervision of a few interested workers1 such as president of state library association1 superintendent of public instruction1 president of university1 or legislative committee of state federation4 ,in ,kentucky use was made of the model commission law4 #c4 ,what was done to secure its passage8 ,one would expect a wider range in replies than this question elicited4 ,a friendly legislator took it in charge sums up the story in most states4 ,personal letters and interviews of library workers and club women with members of the legislature1 and particularly with members of committees1 seem the usual methods4 ,in some states the measure was defeated one or more times before influence enough was brought to bear to secure its passage4 ,in ,nebraska1 the measure failed twice until pushed by the federation and teachers4 ,even if no general demand is formulated1 there must be a desire expressed by organizations strong enough to impress legislators4 #d4 ,what literature was used8 ,at first1 there was no literature available and the majority report none used or nothing special4 ,idaho1 ,minnesota and ,kentucky mention the ,wisconsin publications particularly1 also some from ,iowa4 ,five speak of special leaflets prepared or statistics used from traveling library reports or from the ,league ,handbook4 #e4 ,how long did it take8 ,the time required varies from a few weeks to fourteen years4 ,nine secured the desired legislation in one session4 ,six used two to four years4 ,nebraska required five years2 ,minnesota1 six years2 ,tennessee1 eight years1 and ,illinois1 fourteen4 #f4 ,when was your law passed8 ,massachusetts passed the first library commission law in #ahij4 ,since then similar laws have been enacted in #cf states1 concluding with ,south ,dakota and ,arkansas in #aiac4 #g4 ,has it been amended--if so1 when and how8 ,it is interesting to note how few amendments except increase in appropriation have been made in library laws4 ,this emphasizes the importance of careful framing of the law in the beginning4 ,a study of the chief points of the law in other states with such changes as will adapt them to the conditions in the new state should always be made4 ,five states report no amendment4 ,two report increase in membership of commission4 ,ten report increase in appropriation1 or minor changes4 ,missouri and ,north ,dakota have had their annual appropriation repealed on the theory that it is not constitutional to bind succeeding legislatures4 ,oregon has made the most radical amendment1 changing this year from library commission to state library4 ,the conclusion of the matter seems to be that the initiative is with a few interested people1 working through library associations1 women's clubs and teachers1 on the legislators1 and that it may often be accomplished in one session after public opinion is sufficiently formed to bring the necessary pressure to bear4 ,these summaries lead to the following suggestions for aid3 #a4 ,a collection of material should be made which would include all pamphlets and articles on the practical establishment of library commissions4 ,effort should be made to include the special leaflets prepared in each state during its campaign4 ,some states1 notably ,kentucky1 have prepared maps for circulation to arouse interest4 ,a collection of all such special material kept for loan would be found suggestive and helpful in other states4 #b4 ,if possible some one should be sent by the ,league as an organizer to assist for a short time in the establishment of new commissions4 ,this organizer should understand conditions in that section of the country1 and should be able to advise wisely1 talk with legislators persuasively1 and address library meetings and state federations enthusiastically4 ,something may be accomplished by correspondence and by leaflets1 but much more is possible to the trained observer on the field4 ,conditions even in neighboring states differ widely1 and require study on the field for helpful understanding4 #c4 ,special training for library commission workers4 ,there is need of electives in the lines in which commission work differs from public library work4 #d4 ,discussion of practical questions at ,league meetings4 ,this is already being done and should be continued so long as there is need of a place where workers may discuss their individual problems4 #e4 ,it is suggested a committee be appointed to look after the needs of new commissions after their organization1 as well as before the law is passed4 ,there are many problems arising at home and abroad in which new workers would be glad of assistance1 were there some particular committee to which they could apply4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,minnie ,c4 ,,budlong1 ,chairman1 ,,elizabeth ,b4 ,,wales1 ,,asa ,,wynkoop1 ,,william ,,frederick ,,yust4 ,june #bc1 #aiac4 ,the report was accepted and the committee continued4 ,miss ,elizabeth ,b4 ,wales1 secretary of the ,missouri library commission1 read the following report of the committee on charter provisions3 ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,charter ,,provisions ,since the meeting at ,ottawa your committee has somewhat awaited the action of the council committee1 which had been working on the library law of the state from the standpoint of its relation to the free will and initiative of the municipality4 ,it was thought that the work of these committees might duplicate each other4 ,as the report of this committee covering statute law does not seem to meet the point at issue1 namely1 safeguarding the interests of the library under the adoption of a new form of municipal government1 your committee would make two suggestions concerning such safeguard3 #ast4 ,that it may be done by interesting the legislation of the charter bill in a definite provision establishing the public library as a city department4 #bnd4 ,that it may be done by inserting phrases in such bill1 practically accepting the existing state law4 ,in the first case the essential points to be covered are3 the provision of a proper fund1 the appointment of a competent board4 ,if all the duties of said board are settled and all its powers defined1 the section will be a long and involved one4 ,your committee therefore recommends safeguarding the state library law as the better plan4 ,to do this1 care must be taken to insert the proper phrases under sections which 7a7 define the general duties of commissioners wherever inclusive terms are used4 ,for instance1 and have power to administer and control all other departments or activities of said city1 the clause except such as are already provided for in the statutes would guard the library law existing2 7b7 under the rulings on civil service1 the same clause would be effective in protecting library service1 except officers whose appointment is already otherwise provided for in the statutes2 7c7 under the section concerning establishment and care of public institutions and buildings the exception must be more definite1 e4 g41 except that nothing in this law shall be construed to affect the existing state library law4 ,the chairman of your committee was not successful in securing these amendments to the commission government bill in ,missouri1 but found the fathers of the bill willing to consider them1 and entirely ignorant of any possible disturbance of the existing library law under the new charter provisions4 ,moreover1 good lawyers claim that a partially excepting phrase under the general definition of powers in this case makes it probable that no such disturbance need result4 ,this opinion can not be confirmed1 however1 until a test case gives us a ,supreme ,court decision4 ,briefly1 then1 your committee recommends protection on the charter law of existing statutory provisions for libraries1 rather than a special charter provision4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,elizabeth ,b4 ,,wales1 ,chairman1 ,a4 ,l4 ,,bailey1 ,a4 ,e4 ,,bostwick1 ,committee on charter provisions4 ,june #bg1 #aiac4 ,in the absence of the ,chairman1 the ,secretary read the following ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,library ,,post ,the committee appointed by the ,league to assist in obtaining favorable postal rates for library books reports as follows3 ,as the members of the ,league are aware1 the provisions of the general parcel post law were so changed immediately before its enactment that printed matter was excluded from the privileges of the parcel post rates4 ,consequently the long-distance lobbying which the committee and the profession indulged in1 favoring the parcel post law1 went for naught4 ,since that time the committee has been in correspondence with a number of members of ,congress favorable to the admission of library books to parcel post rates4 ,during the winter the committee communicated with all of the library commissions and with many state and city libraries asking their co-operation in interesting their representatives in so changing the law as to admit books4 ,while reports indicate that this co-operation was furnished1 and several ,congressmen stand ready to favor a change1 the results have been nil4 ,this failure to get any results whatsoever is partly due to the fact that special legislation had entirely engaged the attention of ,congress4 ,the committee desires to call the attention of the ,league to the fact that it is not at all certain that to be included in this original parcel post law would be a great assistance to the libraries in circulating books4 ,for practical library use the changed rates would be of little or no advantage1 except for points within the fifty mile zone4 ,take1 for example1 a book weighing a trifle over one pound 7and this is a very ordinary-sized book74 ,it can be sent anywhere within the postal union for nine cents under the present third class rates4 ,by parcel post rate it would cost six cents to send this book to a point in the city or along any rural route centering in the city4 ,it will cost eight cents to send this book anywhere within the fifty mile zone4 ,above the fifty mile zone the parcel post rate will exceed the third class rate as indicated below4 #aej mile zone--ten cents--#a cent excess over existing #crd class4 #cjj mile zone--twelve cents--#c cents excess over existing #crd class4 #fjj mile zone--fourteen cents--#e cents excess over existing #crd class4 #a1jjj mile zone--sixteen cents--#g cents excess over existing #crd class4 and so on1 until it will cost twenty-four cents to send the book more than #a1hjj miles by parcel post as against the nine cents under existing third class rates--an excess of #ae cents4 ,these facts are the occasion for1 and justify the opposition which some publishing houses and other commercial houses sending out books or catalogs exhibited to including printed matter within the parcel post law4 ,in some ways it would be unfortunate at this time to admit books to the parcel post rates1 since accepting these unsatisfactory rates might prevent further re-adjustments for some time to come4 ,it might be wiser to make an effort to get better rates4 ,it is the committee's judgment that there is much in common between the library authorities and some of the commercial forces which opposed admitting printed matter to the parcel post1 that we have all much in common4 ,it is therefore recommended that the committee be directed to use every effort to get into communication with the forces which have opposed the admission of printed matter to the parcel post rates in order that these forces may be united with library authorities in an effort so to adjust rates as to be more advantageous to all than the present parcel post rates would be4 ,in conclusion1 the committee reports that it seems unlikely that any further legislation will be immediately enacted4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,m4 ,s4 ,,dudgeon1 ,chairman1 ,,zaidee ,,brown1 ,,mary ,e4 ,,downey4 ,june #be1 #aiac4 ,the report was accepted1 and the committee continued and directed to carry out the recommendation contained in the report4 ,the following reports of the publication committee and the committee on study outlines were read3 ,,report ,,of ,,publication ,,committee ,the publication committee of the ,league respectfully reports3 ,that they have had under consideration during the past year two publications1 neither of which the committee has found necessary to publish1 but both of which are to be published elsewhere4 ,application was made to the committee for a new edition of ,mrs4 ,mc,donald-,jones' ,magazines for the small library4 ,at about the time this request was received it was learned that ,mr4 ,f4 ,k4 ,walter had prepared a manuscript for publication which was substantially such a revision4 ,the committee held a meeting at the mid-winter meeting of the ,western ,section of the ,league and recommended to the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board that this be published4 ,we are informed that the ,publishing ,board has issued this and that it is now obtainable4 ,the committee has also had under consideration during the year the publication of a ,reading list for the insane prepared with great care by ,miss ,miriam ,e4 ,carey of the ,minnesota public library commission4 ,the committee hesitated to recommend the publication of this since it seemed that the demand for it would be so limited that it would be difficult to obtain returns for the money expended4 ,the committee is informed1 however1 that the list will be printed by the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board and that suitable arrangements for its distribution to libraries will be made4 ,the committee reports that the committee on study outlines1 which was originally a subcommittee of the publication committee1 has1 as shown by their report submitted herewith1 arrived at a satisfactory form of study-club outline4 ,it is therefore recommended that immediate steps be taken to secure the preparation of study outlines to be printed at once4 ,if no other procedure can be found the committee suggests that after a list of the most desirable subjects to be covered is made up1 a limited number of subjects be assigned to each active commission1 with agreement on their part to prepare at as early a date as possible suitable outlines on these subjects1 conforming each as nearly as may be to the form adopted by the ,league2 that all these outlines be submitted to some one person to be edited in order to secure substantial uniformity of form and to insure that the outline will be useful in other states and that the committee be authorized to secure the immediate printing of these if this can be done on a basis which is financially sound4 ,informal discussion of this plan with several of the commissions indicates that the work can be done in this way4 ,it is strongly urged that this work should be inaugurated at once4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,matthew ,s4 ,,dudgeon1 ,chairman1 ,,fannie ,,rawson1 ,,caroline ,,webster1 ,,carl ,h4 ,,milam4 ,june #be1 #aiac4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,study ,,outline ,,committee ,those who were in attendance at the meeting of the ,league of ,library ,commissions in ,chicago in ,january1 #aiaa1 will recall the general discussion of the need of study outlines to be used in traveling library work in connection with study clubs1 and that the publication committee was asked to investigate and report as to the feasibility of the ,league's undertaking the preparation of such outlines1 to be utilized by the various traveling libraries4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,s4 ,dudgeon1 as ,chairman1 reported progress at the ,pasadena meeting in ,may1 #aiaa1 and submitted suggestions toward a uniform plan4 ,later ,miss ,margaret ,w4 ,brown of ,iowa1 who had been active in club work in her own state1 as ,chairman of the ,literature and ,library ,extension ,committee of the ,state ,federation of ,women's ,clubs1 was made ,chairman of the special committee on study outlines4 ,in view of the possibility of the various library commissions contributing one or more study outlines for ,league use1 it seemed important that a general scheme for preparing these should be agreed upon1 and ,miss ,brown presented such a scheme for discussion at the ,chicago mid-winter ,league meeting in ,january1 #aiab1 relating to the basis and form for preparing these outlines1 based on a single text with a small group of collateral references4 ,this was worked out very carefully1 and tested by preparing a few outlines according to the proposed scheme1 which had proved very acceptable2 and it was suggested that the various commissions use the plan in preparing outlines1 with the thought of securing uniformity in preparation and printing4 ,the ,chairman conferred with such thorough students of literature as ,mrs4 ,francis ,squire ,potter and ,mrs4 ,h4 ,a4 ,davidson1 both having practical experience in study club work1 the former being ,chairman of the ,literature and ,library ,extension ,committee of the ,general ,federation of ,woman's ,clubs1 and the latter well known as the editor of the ,study ,guide series4 ,at the annual meeting of the ,league at ,ottawa in ,june1 #aiab1 definite recommendations were made to the ,league conforming to the plan presented at the ,chicago meeting the ,january preceding1 and the ,league voted to authorize an expenditure not exceeding #ajj for the preparation and printing of a few outlines4 ,the scheme commended itself to certain publishers to such an extent that the ,league was assured that there would be no financial risk in having these printed1 as it seemed reasonably sure there would be a demand for them not only on the part of traveling library systems1 but public libraries generally1 and the ,general ,federation of ,women's ,clubs and the various state federations4 ,these plans would doubtless have been consummated before this1 had not the ,chairman1 ,miss ,brown1 found it necessary to give up her work on account of the condition of her health1 thus making it impossible to pursue the matter further1 involving as it did many details and careful editorial supervision of the material to be put in print4 ,your present ,acting ,chairman consented to carry on the work until the time of this annual meeting1 hoping to carry out ,miss ,brown's plans as to printing a few outlines1 as a visible result of the long period of investigation by the committee2 she regrets that many things have conspired to make this impossible4 ,hence1 this report is made chiefly with the desire of keeping history straight up to this point1 and transmitting to your next committee a statement of progress up to this time4 ,this report is made with the firm belief that no more important project is under consideration by the ,league than this1 and that if it is kept clearly in mind that these outlines are to meet a real need of a large class of intelligent1 ambitious women of this country who have not college preparation1 but are eager students1 the outlines will be utilized in a very resultful way4 ,before the ,chicago meeting in ,january1 #aiac1 a request was made by this committee for a list of subjects for which study outlines were most in demand by the various state traveling libraries1 and a summary of the answers received showed an increasing demand for aids in the study of public questions rather than literary or cultural subjects4 ,definite statements were made by several library commissions as to the need of outlines on civic improvement for small towns1 civics1 conservation1 household economics1 municipal housekeeping1 etc4 ,the plan submitted by ,miss ,brown as ,chairman of this committee as a part of her report at the ,ottawa meeting is attached hereto4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,alice ,s4 ,,tyler1 ,acting ,chairman1 ,m4 ,s4 ,,dudgeon1 ,,carl ,h4 ,,milam4 ,plan for ,preparation of ,study ,outlines ,basis ,a4 ,one book selected as foundation for ,outline4 ,if a single book suitable for text can not be found1 outline to be based on fewest number of books necessary for the purpose4 ,text selected to be authoritative1 reasonable in price1 readable and stimulating4 ,b4 ,five to ten books as collateral reference4 ,selected to cover subject matter in study outline and amplify the text4 ,publisher and price given for all books included1 for use in purchase4 ,note3 ,a more extended list of books can easily be prepared by any library where additional material is available4 ,lessons ,should ,be ,outlined ,by3 ,c4 ,question method4 ,five to ten definite questions on each lesson4 ,d4 ,or1 ,topical method4 ,topics assigned under each lesson should be those which present special phases of the general subject4 ,the two methods may sometimes be satisfactorily combined4 ,written papers1 if included under either question or topical form of study outline1 should be assigned only for subjects which require some degree of original thought2 all information to be derived from textbooks and encyclopedias should be covered by the regular lesson for oral discussion4 ,note3--,number of meetings of study clubs vary4 ,probably not less than sixteen or more than twenty-six lessons4 ,many average two meetings per month1 ,october to ,may4 ,explanatory ,notes on the ,plan of ,preparation of ,study ,outlines ,a4 ,the use of a few designated books 7or a single book7 as a basis for common study of the same subject1 or closely related topics1 provides the means by which the unity and co-ordination is secured1 which is essential for effective and satisfactory results4 ,each member may1 if she so desires1 provide herself at nominal cost1 with the source references necessary to cover the essential points contained in the outline4 ,b4 ,the books for collateral reading should be carefully evaluated and selection based upon their real value in supplementing text1 from the standpoint of reliability1 readableness and stimulative quality1 also that the price shall not be prohibitive of purchase by clubs1 local public libraries and duplication by traveling libraries of large number of copies for use in supplying many different clubs4 ,any local or traveling library may easily provide additional books for collateral reading whenever the collection permits4 ,it is not1 however1 deemed advisable to have such extended lists incorporated in the outlines2 as a demand would thus be created which could not be supplied by the small library1 and therefore would become a handicap and embarrassment4 ,c4 ,in outlining lessons by the ,question method the questions should be so formulated as to stimulate discussion1 not simply to be answered in the affirmative or negative4 ,the ,question method permits a free expression of individual opinions based on personal reading4 ,such discussion awakens the keenest interest through the activity of different minds upon the same fact or idea1 as each member is expected to prepare herself to answer all questions4 ,the ,question method is indorsed by many educational experts as a desirable method for the conduct of study classes1 and has been found to be practical and satisfactory by many study clubs4 ,d4 ,in outlining lessons by ,topical method1 care should be taken to include no more topics than can be thoroughly discussed1 and such phases of the subject assigned as topics as will amplify the general subject which has been studied in common by all members from text upon which the outline is based4 ,the reports were accepted1 and it was voted that the publication committee be instructed to secure the preparation of study outlines1 as suggested in their report4 ,the ,secretary then read her report on the year's work1 noting the publication of the #aiab ,yearbook of the ,league1 and the preparation by the ,president of an exhibit for the meeting of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,following is the financial statement for the year4 ,balance on hand1 ,aug4 #a1 #aiab #ahj4jh ,received from dues #aae4jj ,received from sale of ,handbook and ,yearbook #bh4ej ------- ,total #cbc4eh ,expenditures4 ,printing ,yearbook and programs #age4be ,stationery and postage #cf4dc ,clerical help and multigraphs #bf4ee ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 exhibit1 supplies and clerical help #ca4jj ,miscellaneous #e4bf ------- ,total #bgd4di ,balance on hand1 ,june #cj1 #aiac #di4ji ,miss ,baldwin of ,minnesota1 suggested that the ,league send to ,miss ,tyler1 of ,iowa1 a telegram expressing regret for her withdrawal from active commission work1 and appreciation of her services to the ,league4 ,it was voted that ,miss ,baldwin be directed to send such a telegram4 ,the following telegram was sent3 ,congratulations and best wishes from the ,league of library commissions1 with sincere regret that you were absent from this meeting1 and the hope that you will consider yourself a life member of the ,league1 to which you have rendered such valuable service4 ,the meeting then adjourned4 ,,special ,,libraries ,,association ,,first ,,session ,the first session of the ,fifth annual conference of the ,special ,libraries ,association was opened in the parlor of the ,hotel ,kaaterskill1 on ,tuesday afternoon1 ,june #be1 #aiac1 with the president in the chair4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,w4 ,von ,hohoff of ,new ,york1 opened the meeting with a paper entitled1 ,municipal reference work in ,new ,york ,city4 ,she spoke of the necessity out of which this collection had grown and the lack of ease with which information of this character had been previously obtained4 ,in the short space of time during which this new library has been established over #a1jjj people have consulted it1 mostly employees of the city4 ,it is serving especially those employees who are studying for civil service examination leading to advancement in the city's work2 newspaper men1 lawyers and real estate dealers have also found it of value4 ,a short resume of the kind of literature on its shelves was given4 ,this library aims to keep ,new ,york ,city in close touch with the activities and movements of other cities4#ac #ac ,for full paper see ,special ,libraries1 #aiac4 ,the second paper on the program was by ,mr4 ,n4 ,c4 ,kingsbury1 ,vice-,president of the ,american ,tel4 ,tel4 ,company1 upon ,the library--,a necessity of modern business4#ad #ad ,for full paper see ,library ,journal1 ,aug41 #aiac4 ,few people realize1 who have had any connection with the library movement1 that specialization has come to mean what it has4 ,almost no one would have supposed that even a large public service corporation was maintaining five distinct library collections1 two at least of which are in charge of trained librarians4 ,this paper1 suggestive as it was of the increased activity along library lines in the business world1 led to interesting questions4 ,it was followed by a paper by ,mr4 ,andrew ,l4 ,bostwick1 municipal reference librarian of ,st4 ,louis1 entitled ,relations between the municipal library and legislators4 ,he emphasized the necessity for bridging the gap between the average librarian and the average city assemblyman1 also the potency of personality which should bring about a close and cordial relationship between the library and its readers4 ,he spoke of the light manner in which municipal libraries were often created and the subsequent selection of the librarian4 ,the different kind of legislators as existing in the average city were aptly held before the audience in no unmistakable terms2 and finally1 the choice of a proper librarian with his necessary qualifications was presented1 together with the manner in which the data accumulated within the library should be put into the hands of the legislator4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,dawson ,johnston1 librarian of ,columbia ,university1 presented the next paper entitled1 ,the relation between special and general libraries4#ae ,the rise of the special library is undoubtedly due to the limitations of the general library4 ,these have been limitations of location as well as limitations of service4 ,a general library can not in the nature of things be everywhere and even when it is located so as to serve excellently the needs of a special institution1 it can not render the service of a collection selected for a specific purpose4 ,there must then be special libraries for special institutions1 societies1 clubs1 and offices4 #ae ,for full report see ,special ,libraries1 #aiac4 ,the special library1 however1 has its limitations also4 ,it is in danger of having the disadvantages of a private library without the advantages of a public library4 ,this is so true as to remind one of ,charles ,lamb's description of pamphlets as books which are no books4 ,in similar manner we are sometimes compelled to look upon special libraries as libraries which are no libraries at all1 especially where they are so small and so little used as not to require the services of a librarian4 ,there are too many special libraries which are not to be distinguished from general libraries except by their location1 too many that are simply inferior general libraries1 too many that may simply be described as general libraries gone wrong4 ,he discussed the policy in the elimination of books in each type of library1 the matter of the conditions of transfer from a special library to a general one1 the relations between the two in respect to bibliographic service1 and in conclusion said3 ,the special library forms an important auxiliary to the general library and especially to the university library1 and more important as subjects of research become more practical in character4 ,the general library1 because of its comprehensiveness and size must in the nature of things be more useful and must in the aggregate be more used4 ,but if a special library is well selected1 that is1 if only the best and latest books are admitted to its shelves1 it must be proportionately more used than the general library and with better results4 ,some time may be wasted in finding a special library and in gaining admission to it1 but little is wasted in it1 while in the general library the time wasted in getting books and in reading books which were better left unread is simply appalling4 ,following this very interesting discourse1 a paper entitled1 ,the library of the ,school of ,architecture at ,harvard ,university--,the treatment of collections relating to landscape architecture1 including city planning1 by ,miss ,theodora ,kimball1 librarian of this library1 was read by title in the absence of the author4#af #af ,a reprint can be obtained from the ,secretary of the ,spec4 ,lib4 ,assn4 7#a7 ,see forthcoming issue of ,special ,libraries4 ,miss ,helen ,r4 ,hosmer1 of the ,general ,electric ,company1 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y41 presented the last paper of the afternoon1 entitled ,the library of the research laboratory1 ,general ,electric ,company4 ,research expects rebuffs1 expects to accept a small advance instead of a revolution1 expects to make mistakes1 and frequently to fail1 but intends to let no lesson go unheeded1 and to learn from every stumble4 ,inasmuch as every special library comes into very close contact with those it serves1 it is not strange the research library partakes of the same nature that pervades the research laboratory4 ,it too is1 in this case particularly1 a field for experiment4 ,the object in view is of course to render as readily available as possible all the information contained in the library on subjects of present or possible future interest to the laboratory staff4 ,the main sources of this information are two3 first1 the scientific and technical literature1 consisting of books1 periodicals1 pamphlets and special publications1 clippings1 and abstracts from the technical literature1 compiled by the publication department of the company1 and second the reports from the various laboratories of the company4 ,the handling of the different classes of material in this library is minutely described and covers several unique features1 both in the kinds of material handled and in the methods used4 ,in concluding1 she said3 ,we are attempting to build up a system requiring the minimum amount of work for maintenance1 sufficiently simple to appeal to the most hurried research mind1 flexible enough to admit of continued improvement without demolishment1 and yet adequate to the varied needs of practical scientific investigation4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker1 of the ,library ,journal1 added some very interesting thoughts along the general trend of the meeting drawn from his many years of experience in library and commercial fields1 which were much appreciated by all those present4 ,,second ,,session ,the second session of the ,association was called to order in the ,ladies' ,parlor at #c p4 m41 ,june #bfth1 by the president4 ,a few general introductory remarks were made by the president regarding the purpose of this session which hinged chiefly about the question of handling clippings4 ,honorable ,robert ,luce in a very carefully prepared address then discussed1 under the title1 ,the clipping bureau and the library1 the internal working of the clipping bureau which bears his name4 ,probably few librarians have realized the enormous volume of detail handled by the large clipping bureau in the course of a day's work4 ,mr4 ,luce in his paper has carefully brought home that fact and urged that many users of material from clipping bureaus1 and among them librarians1 had never learned how to correctly judge results of clipping-bureau service4 ,this judgment should be used upon the mass result rather than upon detail4 ,an interesting description of the method of caring for a collection of #bj1jjj or more articles of his own proved an important part of the paper4 ,a discussion of the scrap book and its function in the library was also handled4 ,an earnest plea was made for co-operation on the part of the librarians ordering material from the clipping bureau4 ,the employment of the clipping bureau is a step in the line of efficiency4 ,no man accustomed to business methods can fail to be struck with the waste therein due to the employment of high-grade minds on low-grade work4 ,when some part of the working time of a public servant possessing intellectual acumen is put into manual labor that can be as well performed by a youth without special training1 there is economic loss4 ,when your subordinates handle the scissors and the paste-brush1 you are paying them for work that can more quickly and much more cheaply be done in our cutting rooms4 ,a significant question by ,mr4 ,bowker brought out the following facts3 ,after the reader marks the newspaper it goes to the cutter4 ,there is very seldom any loss there4 ,occasionally an item is slashed or overlooked1 and when the clippings have been cut and pasted they go to the sorter1 whose duty it is to sort them by groups4 ,we have the clippings divided into #abh classifications4 ,we allow each customer one of those classifications4 ,mr4 ,luce answered many other questions raised by different speakers4#ag #ag ,see full discussion in ,special ,libraries4 ,following ,mr4 ,luce's paper1 ,mr4 ,jesse ,cunningham1 librarian of the ,school of ,mines and ,metallurgy1 ,rolla1 ,missouri1 reported as the ,chairman of the clipping committee his investigation of the use and methods of handling and filing newspaper clippings4 ,a very careful digest of a questionnaire sent to over thirty selected libraries1 discussed the matters of obtaining clippings by these various libraries1 the arrangement of the material for clipping1 the service rendered by the clipping bureaus1 classification and methods of filing1 as well as the indexing and eliminating of dead material1 closing the report with a discussion of the use and value of clippings1 their disadvantages1 the purchasing of clippings on special subjects and the several conclusions arrived at by the committee4 ,a most excellent report was rendered4 ,the committee was continued and requested to extend its inquiries along the lines indicated4 ,in the absence of ,dr4 ,j4 ,franklin ,crowell of the ,wall ,street ,journal1 his paper upon the ,clipping methods of the ,wall ,street ,journal library was read by title4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson of ,minneapolis1 followed with a paper entitled1 ,problems of printed indexes in special fields4 ,the need for printed indexes in special fields has been made manifest by the thousands of fugitive scraps of indexes that libraries here and there spend their time and energy in producing for temporary use4 ,first steps toward printed indexes are both fragmentary and inadequate4 ,it seems to be time to take the next step in the development of index-making1 a step which involves concentration of scattered ideas--a step which should be successful because it means comprehensiveness1 thoroughness1 uniformity1 economy and efficiency4 ,the special fields of literature in which printed indexes are most likely to succeed are thought to be as follows1 in about the order mentioned3 ,industrial arts1 agriculture1 education1 social problems4 ,it will scarcely be necessary to defend here the alphabetical index as opposed to the classified arrangement4 ,while a classified list of articles has its value in informing specialists what has been published in their respective fields in one particular month1 or year1 it is almost useless as a book of ready reference in a library--useless even to the technically trained1 exasperating to the layman4 ,in a classed list the responsibility for finding an article rests with the searcher4 ,the great difficulty caused by unsatisfactory nomenclature especially in rapid-growing new technical fields1 was dwelt upon at some length4 ,in conclusion1 he said1 ,at least one new field should be opened up each year4 ,in the general discussion which followed1 the questions of paper for clipping mounts1 adhesives1 and preservatives1 were touched upon4 ,,third ,,session ,the third session of the ,association was held on ,thursday evening1 ,june #bg1 #aiac1 opening with the president in the chair and about thirty persons present4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,h4 ,ranck of ,grand ,rapids1 reported as ,chairman of the municipal yearbook committee4#ah #ah ,report on file with ,sec'y of ,s4 ,l4 ,a4 ,in the absence of ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,b4 ,meyer1 his paper entitled1 ,the division of bibliography of the ,library of ,congress as a clearing house for bibliographical information1 was read by ,mr4 ,bruncken of the same library4 ,i am planning1 in the interval before the next meetings of the state legislature1 to prepare a list of the subjects which have been investigated by the several state libraries or state legislative reference bureaus4 ,this will enable the division of bibliography to inform an inquiring librarian what states have taken up any question his own state legislature might be interested in4 ,several fixed forms of cards for doing this work in order to eliminate extensive correspondence are shown4#ai #ai ,for paper in full see forthcoming ,special ,libraries4 ,miss ,marie ,f4 ,lindholm presented a paper entitled ,a review of the chief sources of special library collections4#bj #bj ,for special reprint address ,public ,service ,commission ,library of ,new ,york1 or the ,secretary's office4 ,while the author has been for some time connected with a prominent public service commission1 the very careful and painstaking enumeration of sources of material can but prove of unusual value to almost any special library in the country4 ,under thirteen main headings the paper treated of a general reference foundation1 reference sources of particular value to public service commission or corporation libraries1 chief reference sources for a financial library1 those for a municipal reference library1 current books and special reports1 periodicals1 government and state reports1 society publications1 company and trade publications1 legislation1 legal decisions and briefs1 manuscripts1 original records1 blueprints1 maps1 etc41 and finally co-operation in special library work4 ,should one about to form a library of almost any character have before him this paper he would without serious effort gather about himself1 without other help1 a splendid foundation upon which to build his immediate specialty4 ,much complementary discussion followed4 ,following this the report of the ,secretary-,treasurer discussed the widening aspects of the ,association1 the growth of its membership1 both in numbers and in distribution1 the financial condition of the society1 the large number of inquiries which had been received by the secretary's office1 indicating the spread of the special library idea1 the methods for advertising the ,association and its activities which are of interest to the members1 the results obtained in the past year through the ,responsibility ,districts established at the beginning of ,mr4 ,handy's administration1 the value and possibilities of the employment exchange operated through the secretary's office1 and the contemplated brochure advocated by the ,executive ,board for placing before interested parties the important facts1 such as the ,association's growth1 scope1 purpose1 constitution1 membership1 committees1 printed literature available1 etc4 ,after receiving the report of the ,executive ,board and accepting the same in toto and transacting such other business matters as remained1 electing new officers1 etc41 the meeting adjourned sine die4 ,,guy ,e4 ,,marion1 ,secretary4 ,,post-,,conference ,,trip ,saturday noon1 ,june #bh1 the post conference party left ,hotel ,kaaterskill with feelings of mingled pleasure and regret4 ,the conference week with its happy reunion of old friends was past1 and the prospect of a week of travel with its unknown possibilities of sight seeing and impromptu library conferences banished the depression that follows the breaking up of a happy party4 ,vexing details1 as paying unusually large hotel bills1 arguing with the drivers about double payment of bus fares and exorbitant tipping of porters to insure prompt delivery of trunks at the station1 were soon forgotten4 ,for a week we were to be care-free1 shifting all responsibility and planning to our genial conductors1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,faxon and ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,brown4 ,even trunks were forgotten1 not only by the party1 but by the railroad people until the casual inquiry of one of the party brought them to light and started them again on their journey4 ,the rapid descent by the ,otis ,elevating ,railway with the accompanying ringing sensations in the ears made us realize the great height at which we had lived the past week4 ,we soon found ourselves in the heavier1 warmer air of the sea level speeding towards ,albany through the fertile farms of the ,hudson ,valley4 ,we caught occasional glimpses of the ,hudson1 bearing on its sluggish tide the graceful1 white-sailed1 pleasure crafts and the clumsy1 but vitally freighted1 canal barges4 ,comfortable quarters in ,albany were found at the ,hotel ,ten ,eyck1 and the party spent the evening at the new ,education ,building visiting the new ,state library and library school4 ,the building is considered one of the most beautiful in the world4 ,it is certainly very beautiful when considered alone1 but it is a pity that it could not have had a larger site and more advantageous setting4 ,the general plan of the building with its magnificent distances gives a corridor appearance to all the library rooms except the reference room1 which is superb in its general effect and equipment4 ,the lighting scheme of this room1 which is both direct and indirect1 is very effective4 ,the absence of mural decoration is a marked feature1 and the room in all its appointments is obviously set apart for serious study and work4 ,the individual desks1 which were planned by the librarian1 attract immediate attention1 as they are admirably arranged to give good light1 convenience1 and privacy to the student4 ,the new library school with its splendid outfit was of great interest to former students in the party who remembered the cramped and migratory quarters in the old school4 ,every feature that experience had suggested and foresight could devise seemed to be there to aid and inspire the student4 ,the older students noticed with pleasure the portraits of ,mr4 ,dewey and ,mrs4 ,fairchild which adorned the walls of the main class room4 ,miss ,woodworth had prepared a temporary exhibition of class photographs which aroused pleasing memories4 ,the interest was divided between gratification at the growth in strength of character and success of the earlier classes and mirth at their costumes4 ,a permanent exhibition which is the special pride of ,miss ,woodworth is the collection of work by the school alumni4 ,this contains library reports1 bulletins1 and lists prepared in whole or in part by former students4 ,there are also many books along historical and literary lines1 photographs of libraries planned or remodeled by library school graduates1 and photographs of the former students4 ,this collection was most interesting in its tangible evidence of the success of the students4 ,miss ,woodworth wants to make this collection as nearly complete as possible and a credit to the school4 ,all former students are urged to send her a set of all their work1 either printed or typewritten1 and photographs of their libraries and of themselves1 both when they were students and as they are now4 ,all material sent to the school before the fire was burned4 ,on the next day1 ,sunday1 all departments of the library were open to the visiting librarians and all went a second time to see by daylight the splendid rooms1 so admirably equipped and planned to give quick and efficient service to the reader4 ,all left the library with a feeling of admiration for the knowledge1 skill1 and executive ability of those who had created from nothing in less than two years one of the great world libraries4 ,on ,monday morning at an early hour we were hurried to the train to secure seats in the dining-car4 ,our ,english friend was aghast at this ,american custom of first come1 first served so early in the morning1 and we had to admit that in this case a previous booking of seats would have been more comfortable4 ,we had the unexpected comfort1 however1 in this case1 of early breakfast in a stationary dining-car4 ,our route that morning was through the ,mohawk ,valley along the ,erie ,canal with its placid mode of travel4 ,glimpses of the foothills of the ,adirondacks broke up the monotony of the journey through this level country and gave us hints of the mountain scenery to come4 ,the name ,adirondacks suggested the rough1 mountain wilderness and we were eager to reach it4 ,at ,utica we turned north and soon began to climb4 ,the country became wilder and occasional log houses suggested pioneering4 ,at ,fulton ,chain station we left the main line of the ,adirondack division of the ,new ,york ,central and in a short time our special car1 which was now rather hot and dusty1 was deserted at ,old ,forge for the little steamer on the ,first ,lake of the ,fulton ,chain4 ,we were in the wilderness at last and enjoyed to the utmost the few hours' ride through this chain of beautiful lakes4 ,hills and mountains were on all sides clothed with the forests in all their glory of early summer greenery4 ,there were few signs of civilization and we felt as remote from our daily tasks of doing good to others as the most reprobate could desire4 ,early in the afternoon we reached ,eagle ,bay ,hotel at the head of ,fourth ,lake1 our headquarters for several days4 ,our long delayed dinner was most welcome1 as glorious air and scenery somehow fail to satisfy all physical needs4 ,that afternoon1 while exploring the shore of the lake1 we made our acquaintance with the ,adirondack open camp1 or lean-to1 lined with balsam boughs on which to sit or lie in the evening and spin yarns while the campfire blazes in front4 ,we all wanted to try the game and those who had cameras took appropriate pictures4 ,we must have come at the wrong time of the year1 however1 for1 alas for the romance of an ,adirondack lodge1 no one seemed to care to brave the attacks of the mosquitos and flies which filled the woods about sundown4 ,all sought the refuge of the hotel piazza enveloped in a stifling smudge from burning green hay or retired early to well screened bedrooms to catch up on the lost sleep question4 ,tuesday morning we started for ,blue ,mountain ,lake over the ,raquette ,lake ,railroad4 ,until within a few years this country was an almost unbroken wilderness and the road even now runs through the heavy woods in a clearing so narrow that the trees shade the train and the full effect of the forest can be enjoyed4 ,the trip through ,raquette ,lake1 the queen of the ,adirondacks which owes it name to its very irregular outline1 gave many opportunities for those with cameras to get fine pictures4 ,from ,raquette ,lake there was a short trip along ,marion ,river winding through a stretch of forest famed for deer hunting4 ,then came a portage to ,utowana ,lake of about a mile by a primitive train of discarded ,brooklyn open horse-cars drawn by a diminutive locomotive over a creaking railroad4 ,our ,english friend was much interested in the fauna of the ,adirondacks and we hoped at this point we could show him at least one bear4 ,perhaps the ,adirondack bears like those in the ,yellowstone are shy early in the summer visitor season1 for we did not get a glimpse of one of them4 ,the only fauna we saw aside from the birds were chipmunks1 red squirrels1 one woodchuck1 and two rabbits4 ,in ,eagle ,lake we passed the famous old eagle's nest and some of the ladies were in raptures over the herons which they thought were eagles4 ,we passed beavers' houses1 which we admired on faith1 since no one had ever seen beavers working on them4 ,on ,blue ,mountain ,lake even the most self-contained became enthusiastic over its beauties4 ,from its charm of outline1 its wooded and rocky islands1 its purity and loveliness1 it well deserves its claim as the pearl of all the wilderness waters4 ,it claims with ,lake ,placid to be the loveliest lake in the eastern states4 ,across the lake is ,blue ,mountain with its blue dome rising to a height of #d1jjj feet4 ,its forest clad side slopes directly to the water's edge inviting the mountain climbers to try their mettle4 ,we left the steamer here and were carried by automobile about a mile up one of the hills to the ,blue ,mountain ,house where we had a glorious view of the lake4 ,it seemed a pity to waste time on dinner1 but we did and found it most delectable4 ,although the thermometer stood in the nineties1 four of the men1 our ,english friend among them1 climbed ,blue ,mountain4 ,the less strenuous rested and enjoyed the view and the beauties of a wonderful garden nearby in the woods4 ,the return trip to ,eagle ,bay made in the cool of afternoon and evening was enjoyed perhaps even more than the morning trip4 ,we were beguiled on this excursion as on others by frequent comparisons between ,english and ,american customs and scenery4 ,this added much to our enjoyment and knowledge because we could look at things from two points of view4 ,one observation which struck us as novel was that the ,english mountains were better than the ,american because they were usually treeless4 ,aside from the economic axiom according to which this is a fault1 we considered this position untenable1 as we thought the barren1 dead1 ,english mountains we had seen would be much more beautiful if clothed with living green4 ,however1 when we were told that it was more enjoyable climbing ,english mountains because there were no underbrush and trees to impede one and shut out the view and the breeze1 we agreed it all depended on the point of view and the weather4 ,the next morning1 ,wednesday1 after a swim in the lake1 some climbed ,eagle ,mountain just back of the hotel4 ,this was an easy climb and from the shelter at the top there was a fine view of the lake4 ,this beautiful lake region is still wild and primitive1 there are few pretentious camps or hotels and it is not generally known4 ,more should visit this country to enjoy its beauty before it becomes the resort of wealth and fashion4 ,at noon we left this beautiful spot and1 with many regrets1 parted with ,mr4 ,brown1 our efficient guide to this region4 ,we went on by train by way of ,carter and ,saranac ,inn ,station to the ,lake ,placid ,club1 our headquarters for the next four days4 ,a delay in train connections at ,saranac gave us a chance to ride about this famous resort where ,stevenson once spent a winter in search of health4 ,one of the interesting sights was an imitation ,alaskan camp with log huts and ,esquimaux dogs for the use of a moving picture making company1 when showing scenes in the wild northwest4 ,the imitation of the northwest was so good that it took considerable mental effort to realize we were still in the ,empire ,state with civilized life all about us4 ,so many good things had been planned for us at ,lake ,placid1 that we were often at a loss what to choose4 ,we usually tried to do everything4 ,the first evening ,mr4 ,dewey welcomed us and the other librarians1 who had gone directly to the ,lake ,placid ,club from the ,catskills1 with a good supper in a special dining room where we could all eat together4 ,he then outlined the plan of entertainment during our stay1 delegating his son1 ,godfrey1 to carry out details and attend to our comfort and well-being4 ,to these three1 ,mr4 ,melvil ,dewey1 ,miss ,katharine ,l4 ,sharp1 and ,mr4 ,godfrey ,dewey1 the party is most grateful for the welcome they received and the good time they enjoyed4 ,the ,lake ,placid holiday will be long remembered with delight by those fortunate enough to enjoy it4 ,the entertainment included automobile tours on several days to the famous places in the ,adirondacks1 covering a territory that would take several weeks to explore in the ordinary way4 ,when we left ,lake ,placid we felt we ought to suffer from a case of ,adirondack travel indigestion4 ,thursday morning two parties were ready to start at #f3cj in the ,stanley steamers driven by ,mr4 ,godfrey ,dewey and ,mr4 ,hubert ,stevens for an all day trip of about #aaj miles4 ,it was a glorious day and the early morning ride in the cool1 bracing air made us forget every care and worry4 ,we followed the ,west ,branch of the ,ausable ,river1 with the road crossing it many times and often winding beside it on narrow ledges with the mountains towering above us where we could get the proper thrills of danger4 ,we all felt confidence in our chauffeurs and enjoyed equally the swift runs on the level state roads1 the racing up the steep mountain roads and the swift plunges into the valleys4 ,we stopped for a moment at the beautiful ,wilmington ,high ,falls and then sped on to ,ausable ,chasm4 ,we explored the ,chasm and made the trip by boat through the gorge4 ,this seemed a bit perilous and1 although assured there had never been an accident1 we took our places in the boat with an uneasy feeling4 ,the ride on the swift1 deep river in this wonderful cleft in the mountain was1 however1 all too short4 ,we would have lingered to enjoy the wonders and beauty of the gorge festooned with vines and banked with ferns which found a congenial home in its limestone walls1 but there was a long journey ahead4 ,we climbed the walls of the ,chasm to our waiting automobiles and were soon speeding south1 with ,lake ,champlain on our left and the ,bouquet ,river for company along our road4 ,occasional stops were made to take on water1 sometimes from the hose at a friendly hotel1 sometimes from a brook1 and once from the stock drinking-trough at a farm house where the agitated farmer's wife was fearful that our great machine was going to pump the trough dry4 ,at ,westport ,inn we joined the other party1 and had a rest on the cool piazza and a good dinner4 ,in the afternoon we ran west through ,elizabethtown to the mountains again1 stopping for a moment to cheer our friends in the other car who had punctured a tire4 ,our turn to stop for repairs came soon1 when our friends extended their advice and sympathetic aid and passed on4 ,in a few miles more we began to climb a narrow mountain road which seemed impassable in places1 and were enjoying the wild scenery when another tire puncture held us up in a lonely place1 remote from the telephone4 ,a family touring party in another automobile stopped to offer aid1 but they could not help us4 ,the women in that party inquired if there were wild animals thereabouts and1 when assured that there were lynxes1 bears and other fearsome beasts in the woods1 they besought their men folks to hasten on before the dark should overtake them4 ,for a number of miles we crept along in a crippled condition to ,st4 ,hubert's ,inn1 where we waited several hours till a new tire could be sent from home4 ,the rest of the trip was largely after dark over rough1 narrow1 precipitous roads along the ,cascade ,lakes where we had our fill of the spice of danger of mountain night travel4 ,we reached home too late to attend the council fire at ,iroquois ,lodge4 ,friday1 ,july ,fourth1 was celebrated by the absence of fire-crackers and fireworks and other nerve racking and dangerous devices4 ,instead1 a competitive prize fire drill by the ,club fire department was held4 ,guests could thus see how secure against harm from fire life and property are at the ,club4 ,under ,miss ,sharp's guidance1 a tour of the ,club property was made in the afternoon1 and we saw how the comfort and well-being of the guests were cared for in the various departments1 such as the laundry and the kitchens4 ,informal tea was served at ,miss ,sharp's cottage1 ,the ,larches1 where ,mrs4 ,frederick ,m4 ,crunden assisted ,miss ,sharp in dispensing good cheer4 ,that evening the party enjoyed an informal banquet1 with ,mr4 ,dewey1 ,miss ,sharp1 and other resident members of the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 present4 ,just as the dinner closed1 the bonfire on the lake was started and the beautiful and unusual spectacle was enjoyed of viewing the fire through a curtain of water from one of the powerful fire hydrants4 ,on ,saturday several short automobile rides were taken in the morning1 including one to the home and grave of ,john ,brown1 of ,ossawatomie1 now the property of the ,state4 ,in the afternoon the party was taken by launch to ,moose ,island in ,lake ,placid and had a picnic lunch before a camp fire in a typical ,adirondack shelter fragrant with fir balsam boughs4 ,on the ride home mist and rain lent mystery to the beauties of the lake1 and just before the trip ended double rainbows proclaimed the end of the storm and a fair day for the morrow4 ,that night a delightful dinner was given the party at ,iroquois ,lodge which was graced by the presence of ,mrs4 ,dewey4 ,a charming feature of the dinner was the arrangement of lighting wholly by candles in rustic candlesticks of white birch1 some of which were used to light our way home through the woods1 and treasured afterwards as souvenirs4 ,after dinner the company assembled in the council chamber and listened to a graphic story by ,mr4 ,dewey of the origin and growth of the ,lake ,placid ,club4 ,originally planned to afford an inexpensive1 sane1 healthful vacation for educational and literary workers1 including librarians1 it had surpassed all expectations in its success and growth4 ,before the party broke up the thanks and appreciation of all for the good time enjoyed at ,lake ,placid as ,mr4 ,dewey's guests were voiced by ,mr4 ,hill1 ,mr4 ,thwaites1 and ,miss ,ahern4 ,mr4 ,jast brought a message of appreciation from over seas where1 he said1 ,dewey is a household word in the library world4 ,all spoke in a reminiscent vein and expressed the hope that ,mr4 ,dewey might again take active part in library work4 ,a small party climbed ,whiteface that day and had a rather rough experience1 particularly on the descent owing to the heavy rain4 ,on ,sunday automobiles carried the party through ,saranac to beautiful ,loon ,lake1 one of the famous1 old-time ,adirondack resorts1 where we stopped for a few minutes1 and then went on to ,paul ,smith's on lower ,st4 ,regis ,lake1 perhaps the oldest and best known ,adirondack hotel4 ,here1 as at the ,westport ,inn1 we were guests of the proprietor at a fine dinner4 ,the hotel also arranged a boat trip for us through the ,lower ,st4 ,regis1 ,spitfire1 and ,upper ,st4 ,regis ,lakes where we saw some of the finest of the ,adirondack camps4 ,on our way home we visited two famous sanitariums for the cure of tuberculosis1 the state institution at ,ray ,brook and ,trudeau's ,sanitarium1 a private1 endowed hospital4 ,on this trip no breakdowns marred the pleasure1 and1 aside from a little delay in starting owing to the agitation of a timid lady from ,chicago who found herself alone on a rear seat with two mild men1 all events came off as scheduled4 ,it might be noted in passing that on all the automobile trips there were at least two and sometimes three men in each car1 a marked advance as compared with the famous ,white ,mountain coaching trip with one man to a coach4 ,this day1 which was perfect in its sunshine and cool1 bracing air1 was the climax of the trip4 ,with keen regret we gathered to bid good-bye to our hosts at ,mrs4 ,dewey's afternoon tea4 ,this ,post ,conference will long be remembered as one of the best of them all4 ,the party broke up that night4 ,a few stayed on for a rest at ,lake ,placid and the others took their ways homeward4 ,some journeyed down ,lake ,champlain and ,lake ,george1 and one stopped at ,saratoga to be lost in wonder at the huge hotels where all the ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 might easily be housed in comfort and elegance should that body ever meet there4 ,,john ,g4 ,,moulton4 ,,attendance ,,summaries ,by ,position and ,sex ,men ,women ,total ,trustees #d #d #h ,library ,commissions representatives and organizers #h #ae #bc ,chief librarians #aji #afj #bfi ,assistants #fe #caj #cge ,library schools instructors #b #ba #bc ,editors #c #d #g ,commercial ,agents #bg #a #bh ,others #be #acd #aei --- --- --- ,total #bdc #fdi #hib ,by ,geographical ,sections #f of the #f ,new ,england ,states sent #aej #e #e ,north ,atlantic ,states and ,district of ,columbia sent #dfb #e #f ,south-eastern ,states #ad #g #h ,north ,central ,states #bjh #c #f ,south ,central ,states #ad #i #ad ,western ,states #ag #c #c ,pacific ,states #ac ,canadian ,provinces #aa ,england #a ,germany #a ,norway #a --- ,total #hib ,by ,states ,alabama #a ,arizona #a ,california #d ,colorado #a ,connecticut #cc ,delaware #a ,dist4 of ,columbia #bf ,florida #a ,georgia #aj ,idaho #a ,illinois #fg ,indiana #aa ,iowa #ac ,kansas #a ,kentucky #ab ,maine #d ,maryland #aj ,massachusetts #hb ,michigan #ca ,minnesota #aa ,missouri #ah ,nebraska #c ,new ,hampshire #g ,new ,jersey #dg ,new ,york #caf ,north ,carolina #a ,north ,dakota #a ,ohio #da ,oklahoma #b ,oregon #b ,pennsylvania #ei ,rhode ,island #ac ,south ,dakota #a ,tennessee #a ,texas #f ,vermont #aa ,virginia #b ,washington #g ,wisconsin #af ,foreign ,countries ,canada #ad ,england #a ,germany #a ,norway #a --- ,total #hib ,by ,libraries ,libraries having five or more representatives3 ,brooklyn ,public ,l4 #bg ,chicago ,public ,l4 #bf ,cincinnati ,public ,l4 #e ,cleveland ,public ,l4 #ac ,detroit ,public ,l4 #e ,grand ,rapids ,public ,l4 #g ,library of ,congress #i ,louisville ,free ,public ,l4 #h ,new ,york ,public ,l4 #di ,new ,york ,state ,l4 #ai ,new ,york ,state ,l4 ,school #be ,newark ,free ,public ,l4 #g ,queens ,borough ,public ,l4 #e ,philadelphia ,free ,l4 #aj ,pittsburgh ,carnegie ,l4 #e ,st4 ,louis ,public ,l4 #e ,yale ,university ,l4 #h ,note3 ,those who participated in post-conference trip only are not counted in above statistics4 ,,attendance ,,register 99,prefixed to a name indicates participation in post-conference trip in the ,adirondacks4 9999,prefixed to a name indicates that the person went directly from the ,catskills to ,lake ,placid4 ,indicates went as far as ,eagle ,bay only4 ,abbreviations3 ,f41 ,free2 ,p41 ,public2 ,l41 ,library2 ln41 ,librarian2 asst41 ,assistant2 trus41 ,trustee2 ref41 ,reference2 catlgr41 ,cataloger2 ,br41 ,branch2 sch41 ,school4 ,abbott1 ,alvaretta ,p41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,abbott1 ,mabel ,l41 asst4 ,wellesley ,coll4 ,l41 ,wellesley1 ,mass4 ,acker1 ,margaret1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,ossining1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ackerly1 ,belle1 ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,adams1 ,benjamin1 chief circ4 dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,adams1 ,leta ,e41 head catlgr4 ,p4 ,l41 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 9999,ahern1 ,mary ,e41 editor ,public ,libraries1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,allen1 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,h41 director ,bureau ,municipal ,research1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,allin1 ,eugenia1 organizer ,ill4 ,l4 ,ext4 ,com41 ,decatur1 ,ill4 ,anderson1 ,adah ,m41 asst4 ln4 ,humboldt ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,anderson1 ,e4 ,h41 director ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,anderson1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,h41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,anderson1 ,john ,r41 bookseller1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,andrew1 ,mrs4 ,kate ,d41 ln4 ,steele ,memorial ,l41 ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y4 99,andrews1 ,c4 ,w41 ln4 ,the ,john ,crerar ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,andrus1 ,gertrude ,e41 supt4 child4 dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,annis1 ,mrs4 ,newton1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,appleton1 ,helena ,d41 secretary ,p4 ,l41 ,east ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 ,armstrong1 ,mary ,e41 asst4 catlgr4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,arnold1 ,lillian ,b41 ln4 ,carnegie ,stout ,p4 ,l41 ,dubuque1 ,ia4 ,askew1 ,sarah ,b41 organizer ,n4 ,j4 ,p4 ,l4 ,com41 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,avery1 ,john ,m41 ref4 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,montpelier1 ,vt4 ,ayer1 ,t4 ,p41 supervisor of binding ,columbia ,univ4 ,l41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,babbitt1 ,grace ,e41 ref4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,bacon1 ,corinne1 ln4 ,drexel ,inst4 ,l41 and dir4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,baer1 ,harriet ,i41 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,bailey1 ,a4 ,l41 ln4 ,wilmington ,inst4 ,f4 ,l41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,bailey1 ,c4 ,h41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bailey1 ,l4 ,j41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,gary1 ,ind4 ,bailey1 ,t4 ,d41 ,library ,bureau1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,bailey1 ,mrs4 ,t4 ,d41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,baker1 ,julia ,a41 ln4 ,austin ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,baldwin1 ,bessie ,l41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,baldwin1 ,clara ,f41 sec'y ,minn4 ,p4 ,l4 ,com41 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,baldwin1 ,e4 ,l41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,baldwin1 ,emma ,v41 sec'y to ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ball1 ,fanny ,d41 ln4 ,central ,high ,sch4 ,l41 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,ball1 ,sarah ,b41 ln4 ,business ,br41 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,banks1 ,mary1 ln4 ,p4 ,service ,l4 of ,n4 ,j41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,barber1 ,clara ,v41 asst4 ,l4 of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,barickman1 ,mrs4 ,rena ,m41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,joliet1 ,ill4 ,barker1 ,e4 ,elizabeth1 ln4 ,y4 ,m4 ,a4 ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,barker1 ,tommie ,d41 head ref4 dept4 ,carnegie ,l41 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,bartlett1 ,s4 ,r41 ln4 ,lockwood1 ,green ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 9999,bascom1 ,elva ,l41 ,wis4 ,f4 ,l4 ,com41 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,bastin1 ,dorothy1 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,bates1 ,helen ,c41 chief order dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,bayer1 ,bertha1 #beeh ,fulton ,st41 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,becker1 ,emily ,f41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,catskill1 ,n4 ,y4 ,belden1 ,c4 ,f4 ,d41 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,belding1 ,mrs4 ,ellinor ,f41 child4 ln4 ,adriance ,mem4 ,l41 ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bell1 ,bernice1 head child4 dept4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,bell1 ,madelene ,m41 senior asst4 child4 dept4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,bell1 ,mary ,b41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,benham1 ,mrs4 ,margaret ,e41 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,niagara ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bennett1 ,c4 ,w41 ,bigelow ,binder ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,bennett1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,m41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,betteridge1 ,grace ,l41 head ,trav4 ,l4 ,sect4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bigelow1 ,f4 ,b41 ln4 ,n4 ,y4 ,society ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,bishop1 ,w4 ,w41 supt4 of ,reading ,room1 ,l4 of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,blackford1 ,benjamin1 supt4 of supplies ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,blackwelder1 ,paul1 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,blair1 ,mellicent ,f41 asst4 catlgr4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,blake1 ,mrs4 ,elveretta ,s41 ,lagrange1 ,me4 ,blakely1 ,bertha ,e41 ln4 ,mt4 ,holyoke ,coll4 ,l41 ,so4 ,hadley1 ,mass4 ,blanchard1 ,alice1 ,montpelier1 ,vt4 ,bliss1 ,h4 ,e41 ln4 ,coll4 of ,city of ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,bliss1 ,l4 ,e41 ,jr4 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,blumberg1 ,theresa1 br4 ln4 ,tremont ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 99,blunt1 ,florence ,t41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,haverhill1 ,mass4 ,bogle1 ,sarah ,c4 ,n41 director ,training ,sch4 for ,child4 ,lns41 ,carnegie ,l41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,booth1 ,mary ,j41 ln4 ,eastern ,ill4 ,state ,normal ,sch41 ,charleston1 ,ill4 ,borden1 ,fanny1 ref4 ln4 ,vassar ,coll4 ,l41 ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bostwick1 ,a4 ,e41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,bostwick1 ,a4 ,l41 municipal ref4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,bowen1 ,mrs4 ,enrica ,h41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,p4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,bowerman1 ,george ,f41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,bowker1 ,r4 ,r41 editor ,library ,journal1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,bowker1 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,r41 ,glendale1 ,stockbridge1 ,mass4 ,bowman1 ,ethel ,m41 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,bowman1 ,florence ,m41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,bowne1 ,carolyn ,a41 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,perth ,amboy1 ,n4 ,j4 ,brainerd1 ,jessie ,f41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,rochelle1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bredin1 ,edith1 asst4 ln4 ,hiram ,kelly ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,brett1 ,clara ,a41 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brockton1 ,mass4 ,brewitt1 ,mrs4 ,theodora ,r41 ln4 ,state ,normal ,sch4 ,l41 ,lewiston1 ,idaho4 ,brigham1 ,gwendolyn1 asst4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,headquarters ,office1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,brigham1 ,herbert ,o41 ln4 ,r4 ,i4 ,state ,l41 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,brigham1 ,johnson1 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,des ,moines1 ,ia4 ,brigham1 ,mrs4 ,johnson1 ,des ,moines1 ,ia4 ,brigham1 ,miss1 ,des ,moines1 ,ia4 ,britton1 ,jasmine1 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,spokane1 ,wash4 9999,brooks1 ,maud ,d41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,olean1 ,n4 ,y4 ,brown1 ,charles ,h41 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,brown1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,h41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,brown1 ,d4 ,c41 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,brown1 ,gwendolen1 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,brown1 ,helen ,dawes1 #dh ,elm ,st41 ,montclair1 ,n4 ,j4 ,brown1 ,walter ,l41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,brown1 ,zaidee ,m41 agent ,f4 ,p4 ,l4 ,com41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,browning1 ,eliza ,g41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,bruncken1 ,ernest1 asst4 reg4 of copyrights ,l4 of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,brundage1 ,nellie ,m41 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bucher1 ,mrs4 ,paul 7,ethel ,a4 ,sherwood71 order asst4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bucknam1 ,edith ,p41 chief cat4 dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,jamaica1 ,l4 ,i4 ,budlong1 ,mrs4 ,minnie ,c41 sec'y ,n4 ,d4 ,p4 ,l4 ,com41 ,bismarck1 ,n4 ,d4 ,burnett1 ,marguerite1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,burnham1 ,adele1 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,burnite1 ,caroline1 director child4 work ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,burns1 ,anna1 ln4 in charge central circulation ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,burritt1 ,e4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,burwell1 ,ethel ,i41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,butler1 ,h4 ,l41 ,american ,law ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,butler1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,l41 #g ,glenada ,pl41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,cady1 ,lora1 ,sag ,harbor1 ,l4 ,i4 ,camp1 ,david ,n41 pres4 and chairman ,l4 ,com41 ,new ,britain ,inst41 ,new ,britain1 ,conn4 ,campbell1 ,mrs4 ,jennie1 asst4 ,yale ,univ4 ,l41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,cargill1 ,j4 ,v41 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,cargill1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,v41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,carlton1 ,w4 ,n4 ,c41 ln4 ,newberry ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,carr1 ,henry ,j41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,carr1 ,mrs4 ,henry ,j41 ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,carroll1 ,may ,i41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,carson1 ,w4 ,o41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,london1 ,ont4 ,carter1 ,julia1 ln4 child4 br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,carter1 ,s4 ,j41 ref4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,caswell1 ,edward ,a41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,chamberlain1 ,c4 ,a41 ,edison ,electric ,co4 ,l41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,chamberlayne1 ,ellen ,f41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,binghamton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,chamberlin1 ,edith ,j41 ,bradford1 ,vt4 ,chase1 ,jessie ,c41 supt4 ,br4 ,libs4 ,p4 ,l41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,chase1 ,kate ,b41 br4 ln4 ,cornell ,square ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,chase1 ,mrs4 ,mildred ,h41 br4 ln4 ,f4 ,l41 ,newton1 ,mass4 ,cheney1 ,lucy1 ln4 ,f4 ,l41 ,rutland1 ,vt4 ,chivers1 ,cedric1 bookbinder1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,christiansen1 ,bolette1 ,kongsvinger1 ,norway4 ,christman1 ,jennie ,l41 catlgr4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,christopher1 ,katharine ,m41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,p4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,clark1 ,elizabeth ,v41 ln4 ,carnegie ,f4 ,l41 ,connellsville1 ,pa4 ,clark1 ,mrs4 ,george ,e41 ,skaneateles1 ,n4 ,y4 ,clark1 ,mabel1 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,clark1 ,s4 ,m41 asst4 ,richards ,l41 ,warrensburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,clarke1 ,edith ,e41 instr4 ,syracuse ,univ4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,clarke1 ,elizabeth ,p41 ln4 ,seymour ,l41 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,clatworthy1 ,linda ,m41 ln4 ,p4 ,l4 and ,museum1 ,dayton1 ,o4 ,clement1 ,edith ,m41 asst4 ,trav4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,cloud1 ,josephine ,p41 supt4 of circ4 ,p4 ,l41 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,coe1 ,mrs4 ,frances ,r41 reviser of catalog1 ,p4 ,l41 ,somerville1 ,mass4 ,colcord1 ,mabel1 ln4 ,bureau of ,entomology1 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,colcord1 ,maude ,b41 ln4 ,loring ,reading ,room1 ,plymouth1 ,mass4 ,colson1 ,f4 ,d41 law ln4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,congdon1 ,mrs4 ,william ,m4 7,anne ,w471 ,l4 visitor and director of ,trav4 ,libs41 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,cook1 ,o4 ,s41 trus4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4 ,cooper1 ,isabella ,m41 instr4 ,simmons ,coll4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,copeland1 ,lora ,a41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brockton1 ,mass4 ,corliss1 ,mary1 asst4 ,adriance ,mem4 ,l41 ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,cornew1 ,elsie ,m41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,cornew1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,k41 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,coughlin1 ,joseph ,d41 ,hampton1 ,va4 ,cowley1 ,amy1 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,cowper1 ,virginia ,s41 ,l4 ,dept4 ,john ,wanamaker1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,crain1 ,lucy ,b41 supt4 of child4 work ,p4 ,l41 ,somerville1 ,mass4 ,crandle1 ,inez1 ln4 ,dimmick ,mem4 ,l41 ,mauch ,chunk1 ,pa4 ,craver1 ,h4 ,w41 ln4 ,carnegie ,l41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,craver1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,w41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,crissey1 ,jane ,h41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 ,crosby1 ,caroline ,r41 ,milford1 ,n4 ,h4 ,cunningham1 ,jesse1 ln4 ,mo4 ,sch4 of ,mines1 ,rolla1 ,mo4 ,curtis1 ,florence ,r41 instr4 ,univ4 of ,ill4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,custer1 ,florence ,b41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,cutter1 ,william ,p41 ln4 ,engineering ,societies ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,cutter1 ,mrs4 ,william ,p41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,dame1 ,katharine1 catlgr4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,daniells1 ,w4 ,n41 stud41 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,darby1 ,m4 ,claire1 ln4 ,accountancy ,ref4 ,l41 ,ernst ,ernst1 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,darrow1 ,helen ,w41 asst4 ln4 ,skidmore ,sch41 ,saratoga ,springs1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dauchy1 ,c4 ,a41 asst4 ln4 ,adriance ,mem4 ,l41 ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,davis1 ,georgia ,s41 statistician ,p4 ,l41 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,davis1 ,mary ,g41 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,davis1 ,mary ,l41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 ,davis1 ,o4 ,s41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,laconia1 ,n4 ,h4 ,davis1 ,mrs4 ,o4 ,s41 ,laconia1 ,n4 ,h4 ,dayton1 ,hazel ,i41 asst4 ,osterhout ,f4 ,l41 ,wilkes-,barr1 ,pa4 ,dean1 ,florence ,m41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dean1 ,mathew1 #aahj ,dean ,st41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dean1 ,mrs4 ,mathew1 #aahj ,dean ,st41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,decker1 ,cora ,m41 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,decker1 ,c4 ,v4 ,a41 ,kingston1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dice1 ,j4 ,h41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dick1 ,margaret ,s41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dickerson1 ,l4 ,l41 ln4 ,grinnell ,coll4 ,l41 ,grinnell1 ,ia4 99,dickey1 ,helene ,l41 ln4 ,chicago ,teachers' ,coll4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,dickinson1 ,asa ,don1 editorial dept4 ,doubleday1 ,page ,co41 ,garden ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dickinson1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,d41 ,garden ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,diephuis1 ,albert1 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,dilks1 ,a4 ,irene1 ,bureau of ,municipal ,research1 ,dayton1 ,o4 ,dingman1 ,annie ,p41 ,yale ,univ4 ,l41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,dixon1 ,vera ,m41 ln4 ,applied ,science ,l41 ,columbia ,univ41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,donnelly1 ,june ,r41 teacher ,l4 ,economy ,washington ,irving ,high ,sch41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,doren1 ,electra ,c1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #ac1 ,dayton1 ,o4 ,dougan1 ,alice ,m41 asst4 catalog dept4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 99,dougherty1 ,anna ,r41 chief art dept4 ,f4 ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 99,dougherty1 ,h4 ,t41 ln4 ,sayles ,p4 ,l41 ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i4 99,dougherty1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,t41 ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i4 ,drake1 ,jeannette ,m41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,sioux ,city1 ,ia4 ,drake1 ,ruth ,b41 asst4 catlgr4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,draper1 ,anne ,e41 ln4 ,bureau of ,chemistry1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,draper1 ,miriam ,s41 ln4 ,child4 ,museum ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,du ,bois1 ,isabel1 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,fort ,wayne1 ,ind4 ,du ,bois1 ,mrs4 ,lanetta ,e41 ,new ,paltz1 ,n4 ,y4 9999,dudgeon1 ,m4 ,s41 sec'y ,wis4 ,f4 ,l4 ,com41 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,duff1 ,ida ,j41 child4 ln4 ,bushwick ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,duncan1 ,anne ,s41 ,port ,huron1 ,mich4 ,dutcher1 ,marion ,f41 catlgr4 ,adriance ,mem4 ,l41 ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dwyer1 ,winifred ,g41 asst4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,bayonne1 ,n4 ,j4 ,earhart1 ,frances ,e41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,duluth1 ,minn4 ,eastman1 ,edith ,l41 asst4 ln4 ,wesleyan ,univ4 ,l41 ,middletown1 ,conn4 ,eastman1 ,linda ,a41 vice-ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,eastman1 ,william ,r41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,eastwood1 ,mary ,e41 asst4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,eaton1 ,alice ,l41 ln4 ,norman ,williams ,p4 ,l41 ,woodstock1 ,vt4 ,ehle1 ,mary ,e41 ln4 ,potter ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,elder1 ,vera1 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,elliot1 ,mrs4 ,portia ,w41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ellis1 ,ruth ,m41 catlgr4 ,hamilton ,coll4 ,l41 ,clinton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,elston1 ,catharine1 ln4 ,univ4 of ,pittsburgh ,l41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,engle1 ,emma ,r41 chief child4 dept4 ,f4 ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,entler1 ,marguerite ,h41 asst4 ,l4 ,assn41 ,portland1 ,ore4 ,evans1 ,adelaide ,f41 head catlgr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,evans1 ,alice ,g41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,decatur1 ,ill4 ,evans1 ,g4 ,h41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,woburn1 ,mass4 ,evans1 ,margaret ,h41 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,everhart1 ,ethel1 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l4 ,br41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,ewing1 ,ariel ,m41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,fairbanks1 ,ellen ,a41 ,woodstock1 ,vt4 ,farquhar1 ,alice ,m41 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,farr1 ,mary ,p41 ,l4 organizer1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,farrell1 ,winnifred1 ln4 ,merrick ,p4 ,l41 ,brookfield1 ,mass4 ,farrington1 ,chas4 ,e41 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,fauteux1 ,aegidius1 ln4 ,bibliotheque ,st4 ,sulpice1 ,montreal1 ,canada4 99,faxon1 ,f4 ,w41 mgr4 ,l4 dept4 ,boston ,book ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 99,faxon1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,w41 ,boston1 ,mass4 99,faxon1 ,mrs4 ,marcus1 #hf ,huntington ,ave41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,feazel1 ,e4 ,a41 ln4 ,law ,l4 ,assn41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,feipel1 ,l4 ,n41 catlgr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,academy ,l41 ,annapolis1 ,md4 ,feipel1 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,n41 ,annapolis1 ,md4 ,field1 ,o4 ,j41 chief clk4 ,dept4 of ,justice1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,field1 ,pearl ,i41 supervisor of special deposits ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,finney1 ,byron ,a41 ref4 ln4 ,univ4 of ,mich4 ,l41 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich4 ,finney1 ,mrs4 ,b4 ,a41 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich4 ,fisher1 ,mary ,c41 ,ossining1 ,n4 ,y4 ,fisk1 ,mary ,v41 ln4 ,toledo ,law ,assn41 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,fison1 ,h4 ,w41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,malden1 ,mass4 ,flagg1 ,c4 ,a41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,bangor1 ,me4 ,fletcher1 ,fanny ,b41 trus4 ,fletcher ,mem4 ,l4 of ,ludlow1 ,proctorsville1 ,vt4 ,flexner1 ,jennie ,m41 head of circulation dept4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,foote1 ,elizabeth ,l41 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,ford1 ,eva ,m41 asst4 sec'y ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,fossler1 ,anna1 supervisor serial dept4 ,columbia ,univ4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,foye1 ,charlotte ,h41 senior asst4 ,john ,crerar ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,francis1 ,gertrude1 ,east ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 ,franke1 ,helena ,c1 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,bound ,brook1 ,n4 ,j4 ,freeman1 ,abigail ,a41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,freeman1 ,alice ,m41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,freeman1 ,marilla ,w41 ln4 ,goodwyn ,inst4 ,l41 ,memphis1 ,tenn4 ,freidus1 ,abraham ,s41 chief ,jewish division ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,frost1 ,elizabeth ,r41 ref4 ln4 ,silas ,bronson ,l41 ,waterbury1 ,conn4 ,frost1 ,sarah ,l41 ln4 ,phillips ,academy1 ,andover1 ,mass4 ,fuller1 ,g4 ,w41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,spokane1 ,wash4 ,fuller1 ,h4 de ,w41 asst4 editor ,n4 ,y4 ,nation1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,fuller1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,d41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,fullerton1 ,caroline ,q41 ref4 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,fulton1 ,edith1 br4 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,gamble1 ,william ,burt1 chief4 ,tech4 ,div4 ,n4 ,y4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,gardner1 ,anna ,m4 ,d41 ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 ,gardner1 ,mrs4 ,i4 ,j41 ,n4 ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 ,garland1 ,caroline ,h41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,dover1 ,n4 ,h4 ,garvin1 ,ethel1 custodian special libs41 ,p4 ,l41 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,gaston1 ,ethelwyn1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,gates1 ,edith ,m44 senior asst4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l44 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,gates1 ,marguerite ,l41 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,gault1 ,bertha ,h41 catlgr4 ,mt4 ,holyoke ,coll4 ,l41 ,south ,hadley1 ,mass4 ,gaylord1 ,h4 ,j41 bookseller1 ,syracuse4 ,n4 ,y4 ,gaylord1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,j41 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,geddes1 ,helen ,c1 head catlgr4 ,bryn ,mawr ,coll4 ,l41 ,bryn ,mawr1 ,pa4 ,george1 ,c4 ,a41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,elizabeth1 ,n4 ,j4 ,george1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a41 ,elizabeth1 ,n4 ,j4 ,george1 ,miss1 ,elizabeth1 ,n4 ,j4 ,gerber1 ,may ,m41 child4 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,gerould1 ,j4 ,t41 ln4 ,univ4 of ,minn4 ,l41 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,gibbs1 ,charlotte ,m41 ,wareham1 ,mass4 ,gibbs1 ,laura ,r41 catalog reviser ,columbia ,univ4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,gilkey1 ,malina ,a41 asst4 catalog div4 ,l4 of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,glenn1 ,m4 ,r41 ln4 ,american ,bankers' ,assn41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,godard1 ,g4 ,s41 ln4 ,conn4 ,state ,l41 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,goddard1 ,w4 ,d41 ln4 ,naval ,war ,coll4 ,l41 ,newport1 ,r4 ,i4 ,goding1 ,sarah ,e41 #ast asst4 ,f4 ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,goeks1 ,h4 ,m41 ln4 ,mott ,haven ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,goeppinger1 ,eva ,c1 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,so4 ,norwalk1 ,conn4 ,goldberg1 ,bessie1 head catlgr4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,gooch1 ,harriet ,b41 instructor ,pratt ,inst41 ,sch4 of ,l4 ,science1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,goodell1 ,frederick1 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,goodrich1 ,n4 ,l41 ln4 ,dartmouth ,coll4 ,l41 ,hanover1 ,n4 ,h4 ,goodwin1 ,j4 ,e41 ln4 ,univ4 of ,texas1 ,austin1 ,tex4 ,gould1 ,c4 ,h41 ln4 ,mc,gill ,univ4 ,l41 ,montreal1 ,canada4 ,goulding1 ,p4 ,s41 catalog ln4 ,univ4 of ,ill4 ,l41 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,goulding1 ,mrs4 ,p4 ,s41 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,grabau1 ,mrs4 ,mary ,antin1 ,scarsdale1 ,n4 ,y4 ,graf1 ,w4 ,h41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,grant1 ,agnes ,m41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,grasty1 ,katharine ,g41 ln4 ,eastern ,high ,sch4 ,l41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,graves1 ,eva ,w41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,gray1 ,elizabeth ,p41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,gray1 ,florence ,b41 asst4 leg4 ref4 dept4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,green1 ,c4 ,r41 ln4 ,mass4 ,agricultural ,coll4 ,l44 ,amherst1 ,mass4 ,green1 ,janet ,m41 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,green1 ,lola ,m4 ,b41 catlgr4 legal dept4 ,am4 ,tel4 ,tel4 ,accounting ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,greene1 ,l4 ,e41 ,haines ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,gunter1 ,lillian1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,gainesville1 ,tex4 ,guntermann1 ,bertha1 #ast asst4 order and accession dept4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,gwyn1 ,julia ,r41 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hackett1 ,ann1 asst4 ,carnegie-,stout ,l41 ,dubuque1 ,ia4 ,hackett1 ,irene ,a41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,englewood1 ,n4 ,j4 ,hadley1 ,anna1 ln4 ,gilbert ,sch4 ,l41 ,winsted1 ,conn4 ,hafner1 ,alfred1 bookseller1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,hagey1 ,e4 ,joanna1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,ia4 ,hagey1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,m41 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,ia4 ,haines1 ,mabel ,r41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,summit1 ,n4 ,j4 ,hall1 ,drew ,b41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,somerville1 ,mass4 ,hall1 ,mrs4 ,d4 ,b41 ,somerville1 ,mass4 ,hall1 ,mary ,e41 ln4 ,girls' ,high ,sch41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,halliday1 ,sara ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,halpert1 ,freda1 asst4 ,carnegie ,l41 ,duquesne1 ,pa4 ,halsey1 ,francis ,w41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,halsey1 ,levantia1 ,umadilla1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hammond1 ,marie ,a41 catlgr4 ,miami ,univ4 ,l41 ,oxford1 ,o4 ,handy1 ,d4 ,n41 ln4 ,insurance ,l4 ,assn4 of ,boston1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,handy1 ,mrs4 ,d4 ,n41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,hardy1 ,a4 ,marie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,p4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,hardy1 ,mary ,t41 asst4 ref4 dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,hardy1 ,sue1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,haring1 ,freda1 ,richland ,l4 ,co41 ,quakertown1 ,pa4 ,harris1 ,miss ,f4 ,s41 ,roxborough ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,harrison1 ,j4 ,l41 ln4 ,forbes ,l41 ,northampton1 ,mass4 ,harron1 ,mrs4 ,julia ,s41 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,harrsen1 ,meta ,p41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,hartwell1 ,mary ,a41 catlgr4 ,pub4 ,doc4 ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,hastings1 ,c4 ,h41 chief of card section ,l4 of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,hatfield1 ,addie ,e41 prin4 and ln4 ,state ,normal ,sch41 ,oneonta1 ,n4 ,y4 ,haupt1 ,lura ,p41 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,hawkins1 ,eleanor ,e41 head catlgr4 ,p4 ,l41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,hawkins1 ,enid ,m41 ln4 ,stevens ,inst4 of ,technology1 ,hoboken1 ,n4 ,j4 ,hawkins1 ,jean1 instructor ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hawkins1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,m41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hawks1 ,emma ,b41 asst4 ln4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture ,l41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,hawley1 ,josephine1 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,hayes1 ,edith ,p41 ,p4 ,l41 ,somerville1 ,mass4 ,hayes1 ,ethel ,m41 acting ln4 ,tufts ,coll4 ,l41 ,tufts ,college1 ,mass4 ,haynes1 ,emily ,m41 ln4 ,worcester ,polytechnic ,inst41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 99,haynes1 ,frances ,e41 asst4 ln4 ,mt4 ,holyoke ,coll4 ,l41 ,so4 ,hadley1 ,mass4 ,haynes1 ,susan ,l41 ln4 ,joshua ,hyde ,p4 ,l41 ,sturbridge1 ,mass4 ,hazeltine1 ,mary ,e41 preceptor ,univ4 of ,l4 ,sch41 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,hedrick1 ,ellen ,a41 catalog reviser ,yale ,univ4 ,l41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,heitkamp1 ,aline ,a41 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hemans1 ,ida ,m41 ln4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,normal ,sch4 ,l41 ,geneseo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hendrick1 ,ellen ,a41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,hennessy1 ,edith ,m41 ,hotel ,belmont1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,herber1 ,elizabeth ,r41 chief child4 and bindery depts4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,bayonne1 ,n4 ,j4 ,herman1 ,mary ,l41 sec'y ,town ,room1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,hewitt1 ,l4 ,e41 ln4 ,law ,assn4 of ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,hicks1 ,f4 ,c41 asst4 ln4 ,columbia ,univ4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,hicks1 ,mary ,l41 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,evansville1 ,ind4 ,hiersemann1 ,a41 bookseller and publisher1 ,knigstr4 #bi1 ,leipzig1 ,germany4 ,higgins1 ,alice ,g41 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 9999,hill1 ,frank ,p41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hill1 ,galen ,w41 ln4 ,millicent ,l41 ,fairhaven1 ,mass4 ,hill1 ,helen1 ln4 ,william ,penn ,high ,sch4 ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,hinsdale1 ,louise ,g41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,east ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 ,hiss1 ,sophie ,k41 head catlgr4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,hitchler1 ,theresa1 supt4 catalog dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hobart1 ,frances1 ln4 ,bixby ,mem4 ,f4 ,l41 ,vergennes1 ,vt4 ,hodges1 ,n4 ,d4 ,c41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,hoff1 ,mary ,c41 ,stamford1 ,conn4 ,hoff1 ,susan ,h41 ,stamford1 ,conn4 ,holliday1 ,sara ,l41 ,lederle ,laboratories1 #ci ,w4 #chth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,holmes1 ,dagmar ,o41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,c41 asst4 tech4 ln4 ,carnegie ,l41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,hopkins1 ,jessica1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,paducah1 ,ky4 ,hopkins1 ,julia ,a41 instructor ,pratt ,inst41 ,sch4 of ,l4 ,science1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hopkins1 ,ruth ,g41 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l4 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hopper1 ,f4 ,f41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,tacoma1 ,wash4 ,horne1 ,lulu1 ln4 ,city ,l41 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 9999,horton1 ,mabel ,p41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hosmer1 ,helen ,r41 ln4 ,general ,electric ,co41 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hough1 ,r4 ,b41 author and publisher1 ,lowville1 ,n4 ,y4 99,howe1 ,harriet ,e41 head catlgr4 ,p4 ,l41 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,hubbard1 ,mrs4 ,georgia ,m41 head ,hist4 ,r4 and ,binding1 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,hubbell1 ,jane ,p41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,rockford1 ,ill4 ,hughes1 ,h4 ,l41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,hulburd1 ,anna ,a41 asst4 ,univ4 of ,ill4 ,l41 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,hull1 ,fanny1 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hunt1 ,clara ,w41 supt4 child4 dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hunt1 ,marietta ,l41 asst4 ln4 ,l4 ,assn41 ,portland1 ,ore4 ,huntting1 ,h4 ,r41 bookseller1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,huston1 ,caroline ,b41 director of ,haines ,falls ,f4 ,l41 ,haines ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hutchenrider1 ,rose1 #ast asst4 ,waco ,p4 ,l41 ,waco1 ,tex4 ,hutchinson1 ,mary ,d41 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,hutchinson1 ,susan ,a41 ln4 ,museum ,l41 ,brooklyn ,inst41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hyde1 ,sara ,g41 reviser ,yale ,univ4 ,l41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,ibbotson1 ,j4 ,d41 ,jr41 ln4 ,hamilton ,coll4 ,l41 ,clinton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,imhoff1 ,ono ,m41 ln4 ,national ,progressive ,league1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,ingalls1 ,florence ,l41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,jameson1 ,mary ,e41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,p4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 99,jast1 ,l4 ,stanley1 honorary sec'y ,l4 ,assn4 of ,great ,britain and ln4 ,croydon ,p4 ,libs41 ,london1 ,eng4 ,jeffers1 ,le,roy1 asst4 ln4 and chief book order dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,jennings1 ,j4 ,t41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,jessup1 ,maud ,m41 ,p4 ,l41 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,joeckel1 ,carleton ,b41 supt4 circulation dept4 ,cal4 ,univ4 ,l41 ,berkeley1 ,cal4 ,johnson1 ,florence ,a41 ln4 ,town ,room1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,johnson1 ,josephine ,m41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,johnson1 ,sally ,w41 ,mt4 ,airy1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,johnston1 ,r4 ,h41 ln4 ,bureau of ,railway ,economics ,l41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,johnston1 ,w4 ,dawson1 ln4 ,columbia ,univ4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,johnstone1 ,ursula ,k41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,jones1 ,e4 ,kathleen1 ln4 ,mc,lean ,hospital1 ,waverley1 ,mass4 ,jones1 ,gardner ,m41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,jones1 ,marion ,e41 asst4 ,harlem ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,jones1 ,mary ,l41 ln4 ,bryn ,mawr ,coll4 ,l41 ,bryn ,mawr1 ,pa4 ,jones1 ,mildred ,k41 asst4 ,utica ,p4 ,l41 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,jordan1 ,alice ,m41 custodian child4 dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,josephson1 ,a4 ,g4 ,s41 catlgr4 ,john ,crerar ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,josselyn1 ,l4 ,w41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,jacksonville1 ,fla4 ,kammerling1 ,edith1 asst4 in charge civics dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,keator1 ,alfred ,d41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,kelley1 ,grace1 asst4 ,john ,crerar ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,kellogg1 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,c41 trus4 ,richards ,l41 ,warrensburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,kelso1 ,tessa ,l41 ,baker ,taylor ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,kendall1 ,alice ,g41 ,library ,journal1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,keogh1 ,andrew1 ref4 ln4 ,yale ,univ4 ,l41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,kerr1 ,w4 ,h41 ln4 ,state ,normal ,sch4 ,l41 ,emporia1 ,kan4 ,kessel1 ,martha ,c41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,kiennicutt1 ,mrs41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,kikelhan1 ,r41 ,haines ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,kilbourne1 ,f4 ,w41 editor of ,publications1 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,kilbourne1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,w41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,kimball1 ,florence ,b41 catlgr4 ,sayles ,p4 ,l41 ,pawtucket1 ,r4 ,i4 ,kimball1 ,w4 ,c41 chairman ,n4 ,j4 ,p4 ,l4 ,com4 and trus4 ,p4 ,l41 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,kimball1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,c41 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,king1 ,elizabeth ,mc,b41 catlgr4 legal dept4 ,am4 ,tel4 ,tel4 ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,king1 ,ellen1 br4 ln4 ,f4 ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,kingsbury1 ,n4 ,c41 vice-pres4 ,am4 ,tel4 ,tel4 ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,kinney1 ,grace ,e41 card section ,l4 of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,klingelsmith1 ,mrs4 ,margaret ,c41 ln4 ,biddle ,law ,l41 ,univ4 of ,pa41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,knodel1 ,emma1 ln4 ,guiteau ,p4 ,l41 ,irvington-on-,hudson1 ,n4 ,y4 ,knowles1 ,leah ,m41 ,p4 ,l41 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,koehl1 ,stephen1 ,tablet and ,ticket ,co41 ,woodhaven1 ,l4 ,i4 ,kostomlatsky1 ,zulema1 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,krause1 ,louise ,b41 ln4 ,h4 ,m4 ,byllesby ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,krouse1 ,edna ,l41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,scottdale1 ,pa4 ,lange1 ,alma ,g41 child4 ln4 ,withers ,p4 ,l41 ,bloomington1 ,ill4 ,lansing1 ,pauline ,d41 order clerk ,p4 ,l41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,lapp1 ,j4 ,a41 director ,ind4 ,legislative ,bu41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,laskey1 ,julia1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,latham1 ,calhoun1 ln4 and supt4 ,p4 ,l4 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,latimer1 ,louise ,p41 supervisor of work with ,schs41 ,p4 ,l41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,la ,tourette1 ,alexandrine1 ln4 ,carnegie ,p4 ,l41 ,iron ,mountain1 ,mich4 ,lauder1 ,e4 ,louise1 asst4 catlgr4 ,p4 ,l41 ,binghamton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,leach1 ,howard ,s41 asst4 to ln4 ,princeton ,univ4 ,l41 ,princeton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,lease1 ,evelyn ,s41 ln4 ,kellogg-,hubbard ,l41 ,montpelier1 ,vt4 ,leavitt1 ,miss ,m4 ,v41 charge ref4 gifts ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,lee1 ,g4 ,w41 ln4 ,stone ,webster1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,leeper1 ,rosa ,m41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,dallas1 ,tex4 ,legler1 ,henry ,e41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,legler1 ,mrs4 ,henry ,e41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,lemcke1 ,ernst1 pub4 and bookseller1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,leonard1 ,grace ,f41 ln4 ,providence ,athenaeum1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,leonard1 ,mary1 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,leonard1 ,miriam ,l41 #ast4 asst4 catlgr4 ,p4 ,l41 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,lesch1 ,r41 ,detroit ,pub4 ,co41 #ae ,w4 #chth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,lester1 ,c4 ,b41 leg4 ref4 ln4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,lewinson1 ,leah1 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,lewis1 ,cecilia1 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,lewis1 ,w4 ,p41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,libby1 ,marie ,c41 ,summit1 ,n4 ,j4 ,lichtenstein1 ,walter1 ln4 ,northwestern ,univ4 ,l41 ,evanston1 ,ill4 ,lien1 ,e4 ,j41 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,light1 ,matilda ,m41 ,dayton1 ,o4 ,lindgren1 ,elin1 ,pratt ,inst4 ,f4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,lindholm1 ,marie ,f41 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,ser4 ,com4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,linton1 ,gussie ,w41 asst4 ln41 ,johnstown1 ,pa4 ,little1 ,george ,t41 ln4 ,bowdoin ,coll4 ,l41 ,brunswick1 ,me4 ,lockwood1 ,m4 ,e41 ,haines ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,loring1 ,nano ,g41 asst4 ln4 ,coburn ,f4 ,l41 ,owego1 ,n4 ,y4 ,lowenstein1 ,nina ,h41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mc,aneny1 ,george1 pres4 ,borough of ,manhattan1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,mc,alarney1 ,kathrine ,h41 asst4 child4 dept4 ,f4 ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,mc,cambridge1 ,maria ,m41 br4 ln41 ,youngstown1 ,o4 ,mc,carty1 ,harriet ,d41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,sewickley1 ,pa4 ,mc,clelland1 ,a4 ,f41 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,mc,clelland1 ,maude1 ln4 ,girls' ,high ,sch41 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,mc,combs1 ,charles ,f41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mc,cormick1 ,ada ,m41 indus4 and civics dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,fort ,wayne1 ,ind4 ,mc,donagh1 ,m4 ,p41 trus4 ,p4 ,l41 ,london1 ,ont4 ,mac,donell1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,f41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,bay ,city1 ,mich4 ,mc,donell1 ,mrs41 ,bay ,city1 ,mich4 ,mc,guiness1 ,c4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,mc,kibben1 ,mrs4 ,florence1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,mt4 ,pleasant1 ,ia4 ,mc,knight1 ,elizabeth ,b41 ln4 ,barringer ,high ,sch4 ,br4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,mc,neil1 ,laila ,a41 catlgr4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brookline1 ,mass4 ,mc,vety1 ,margaret ,a41 chief of ,lending ,dept4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,madden1 ,j4 ,h41 ln4 ,american ,brass ,co41 ,waterbury1 ,conn4 ,malone1 ,marcella1 br4 ln4 ,queens ,borough ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,maltby1 ,mrs4 ,adelaide ,b41 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 99,mann1 ,b4 ,pickman1 bibliographer1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 99,mann1 ,mrs4 ,b4 ,p41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mann1 ,laura1 ln4 ,central ,high ,sch4 ,l41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,marion1 ,g4 ,e41 ln4 ,arthur ,d4 ,little1 ,inc41 ,l41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,markowitz1 ,augusta1 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,martel1 ,charles1 chief catalog div4 ,l4 of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,martin1 ,lena1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,gadsden1 ,ala4 ,martwick1 ,mr41 mgr4 ,tablet ,ticket ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,marx1 ,h4 ,f41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,easton1 ,pa4 ,massee1 ,may1 editor ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,massey1 ,orpha ,z41 ln4 ,retail ,credit ,co41 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,masters1 ,lydia ,w41 asst4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,watertown1 ,mass4 ,masterson1 ,f4 ,adele1 ln4 ,l4 and ,hist4 ,soc41 ,goshen1 ,n4 ,y4 ,matthews1 ,etta ,l41 ln4 ,jacob ,tome ,inst4 ,l41 ,port ,deposit1 ,md4 ,matthews1 ,harriet ,l41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,matthews1 ,nan1 ward principal1 ,chestertown1 ,md4 ,maurice1 ,nathalie ,a41 ln4 ,madison ,square ,church ,house ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,mayo1 ,lillian ,l41 #ast asst4 ,south ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,medlicott1 ,mary1 ref4 ln4 ,city ,l41 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,mendlowitch1 ,pauline1 filer ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,merrill1 ,julia ,w41 chief br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,mettee1 ,a4 ,h41 ln4 ,l4 ,co4 of ,baltimore ,bar1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,milam1 ,c4 ,h41 sec'y and state organizer ,p4 ,l4 ,com4 of ,ind41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,miller1 ,clara1 ln4 ,mc,clymonds ,p4 ,l41 ,massillon1 ,o4 ,miller1 ,louise ,v41 ln4 ,f4 ,l41 ,dobbs ,ferry1 ,n4 ,y4 ,miller1 ,ruth ,t41 child ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,miller1 ,mrs4 ,warwick1 br4 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,mix1 ,faith1 asst4 ,br4 ,dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,monrad1 ,anna ,m41 reviser ,yale ,univ4 ,l41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,montgomery1 ,thomas ,l41 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,montgomery1 ,mrs4 ,t4 ,l41 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,moore1 ,annie ,c41 supervisor ,child4 ,rooms1 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,morgan1 ,margaret1 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,morley1 ,linda ,h41 br4 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 9999,morris1 ,louise ,r41 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,summit1 ,n4 ,j4 ,morrison1 ,bird1 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,morrow1 ,j4 ,f41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,morse1 ,anna ,l41 ln4 ,reuben ,mc,millan ,f4 ,l41 ,youngstown1 ,o4 ,morton1 ,f4 ,n41 ln4 ,united ,gas ,improvement ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,morton1 ,mary ,e41 catlgr4 ,p4 ,l41 ,london1 ,ont4 99,moulton1 ,j4 ,g41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,haverhill1 ,mass4 ,mudge1 ,isadore ,g41 ref4 ln4 ,columbia ,univ4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,mueser1 ,emilie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,mulford1 ,anna1 trus4 ,john ,jermain ,l41 ,sag ,harbor1 ,n4 ,y4 99,munroe1 ,e41 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,murray1 ,margaret ,e41 ln4 ,filene ,ref4 ,l41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,muzzy1 ,a4 ,florence1 asst4 ,n4 ,y4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,myers1 ,frances ,e41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,nason1 ,sabra ,l41 acting ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,waterloo1 ,ia4 ,nelson1 ,peter1 asst4 archivist1 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,newberry1 ,marie ,a41 ref4 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,newhard1 ,mabel1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,virginia1 ,minn4 ,newman1 ,frances1 stud4 ,carnegie ,l4 ,training ,sch41 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,newman1 ,magdalen ,r41 catlgr4 ,nat'l ,museum ,l41 ,smithsonian ,inst41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,nissley1 ,mabel ,h41 ,leg4 ,ref4 ,bu41 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,nodek1 ,mathilda ,s41 ln4 ,hebrew ,inst4 ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,nolan1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,j41 ln4 ,academy of ,nat4 ,sci4 ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,norman1 ,carl1 mgr4 ,albert ,bonnier's ,pub4 ,house1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,norris1 ,loraine1 br4 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,norton1 ,dorothea ,g41 child ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,yonkers1 ,n4 ,y4 ,noyes1 ,charlotte ,g41 ln4 ,general ,electric ,co4 ,l41 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,nunns1 ,annie ,a41 sec'y to supt4 ,state ,hist4 ,soc41 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,o',connor1 ,alice ,k41 stud4 ,p4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 99,ogden1 ,e4 ,jane1 asst4 ,art ,dept4 ,f4 ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,oko1 ,a4 ,s41 ln4 ,hebrew ,union ,coll4 ,l41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,olcott1 ,a4 ,v4 ,s41 #ch ,w4 #cith ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,oliphant1 ,c4 ,j41 ,longmans ,green ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 99,osborn1 ,l4 ,p41 ln4 ,peabody ,inst4 ,l41 ,peabody1 ,mass4 99,osborn1 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,p41 ln4 ,peabody ,hist4 ,soc41 ,peabody1 ,mass4 ,otter1 ,alice1 ,wayne1 ,pa4 ,overton1 ,clara ,s41 asst4 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,overton1 ,florence1 ln4 ,yorkville ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,overton1 ,miss ,j4 ,m41 child4 ln4 ,n4 ,y4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,page1 ,benjamin1 ,meriden1 ,conn4 ,palmer1 ,mary ,b41 ln4 ,carnegie ,l41 ,charlotte1 ,n4 ,c4 ,palmer1 ,maud1 ,wareham1 ,mass4 ,paltsits1 ,v4 ,h41 chrm4 ,p4 ,archives ,com4 of ,am4 ,hist4 ,assn41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,parker1 ,glen1 ,baker ,taylor ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,parker1 ,john1 ln4 ,peabody ,inst41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,parsons1 ,mary ,p41 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,partch1 ,isa ,l41 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,patterson1 ,edith1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,bloomsburg1 ,pa4 ,peacock1 ,j4 ,l41 ln4 ,memorial ,p4 ,l41 ,westerly1 ,r4 ,i4 ,pearson1 ,edmund ,l41 ,the ,librarian1 ,boston ,transcript1 ,newburyport1 ,mass4 ,pearson1 ,mary ,k41 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,pendry1 ,eliza ,r41 child4 ln4 ,hiram ,kelly ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,peoples1 ,w4 ,t41 ln4 ,mercantile ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,peoples1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,t41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,perry1 ,everett ,r41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 ,perry1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,r41 ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 9999,peters1 ,mary ,g41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,bayonne1 ,n4 ,j4 ,peterson1 ,m4 ,leona1 ln4 ,p4 ,sch4 ,l41 ,kane1 ,pa4 ,phelan1 ,j4 ,f41 chief of ,branches1 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,phelps1 ,anna ,r41 ,l4 organizer ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,phelps1 ,edith ,a41 ln4 ,carnegie ,l41 ,oklahoma ,city1 ,okla4 ,phillips1 ,mary ,e41 ex-ln41 ,oneonta1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pidgeon1 ,marie ,k41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pierce1 ,frances ,m41 ln4 ,fletcher ,mem4 ,l41 ,ludlow1 ,vt4 ,pinneo1 ,dotha ,s41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,norwalk1 ,conn4 ,plummer1 ,mary ,w41 prin4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,poole1 ,f4 ,o41 ln4 ,assoc4 of the ,bar ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,porter1 ,w4 ,t41 trus4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,power1 ,effie ,l41 supervisor child4 work1 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,powers1 ,w4 ,h41 ln4 ,so4 ,dak4 ,agric4 ,coll4 ,l41 ,brookings1 ,s4 ,d4 ,pratt1 ,anne ,s41 catlgr4 ,yale ,univ4 ,l41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,pratt1 ,edna ,b41 organizer ,n4 ,j4 ,p4 ,l4 ,com41 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,preston1 ,nina ,k41 ln4 ,hall-,fowler ,mem4 ,l41 ,ionia1 ,mich4 ,prevost1 ,marie ,l41 asst4 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,elizabeth1 ,n4 ,j4 ,price1 ,f4 ,h41 asst4 ,f4 ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,prince1 ,h4 ,c41 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,augusta1 ,me4 ,pritchard1 ,martha ,c1 organizer41 ,scarsdale1 ,n4 ,y4 ,proudfoot1 ,helen1 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,prouty1 ,louise1 ln4 ,lorain ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,pugsley1 ,maud ,m41 br4 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,putman1 ,herbert1 ln4 ,l4 of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,radford1 ,mary ,r41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,muskogee1 ,okla4 ,ranck1 ,s4 ,h41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,randel1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,h41 ,tablet ,ticket ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,raney1 ,m4 ,l41 ln4 ,johns ,hopkins ,univ4 ,l41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,rankin1 ,g4 ,w41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,fall ,river1 ,mass4 ,rathbone1 ,josephine ,a41 vice-dir4 ,sch4 of ,l4 ,sci41 ,pratt ,inst41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,rawson1 ,fannie ,c41 sec'y ,ky4 ,l4 ,com41 ,frankfort1 ,ky4 ,ray1 ,frances ,k41 ,medical ln4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,redstone1 ,e4 ,n41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,reed1 ,amy ,l41 ln4 ,vassar ,coll4 ,l41 ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,reeves1 ,frances ,e41 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,reich1 ,pauline1 #ast asst4 ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,reid1 ,adelia1 asst4 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,lansing1 ,mich4 ,reinick1 ,w4 ,r41 chief ,p4 ,doc4 ,dept41 ,f4 ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,reque1 ,anna ,c41 classifier1 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,reynolds1 ,margaret1 ln4 ,milwaukee-,downer ,coll41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,rhoades1 ,rachel1 ref4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,superior1 ,wis4 ,rhodes1 ,isabella ,k41 asst4 ,ref4 ,dept4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,rice1 ,p4 ,n41 asst4 ref4 ln4 ,ohio ,state ,univ4 ,l41 ,columbus1 ,o4 ,richards1 ,miss ,c41 trus4 ,richards ,l41 ,warrensburgh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,richardson1 ,e4 ,c41 ln4 ,princeton ,univ4 ,l41 ,princeton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,richardson1 ,margaret1 ,waterloo1 ,ia4 ,robbins1 ,mary ,e41 ln4 chrm4 ,l4 faculty1 ,simmons ,coll4 ,l41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,roberts1 ,effie ,i41 asst4 ln4 ,carnegie ,l41 ,wabash1 ,ind4 ,roberts1 ,mary ,h41 asst4 ref4 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,robinson1 ,helen ,f41 dean's sec'y and head of ,r4 ,r4 ,harvard ,divinity ,sch41 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,robinson1 ,julia ,a41 supervising ln4 ,state ,institutions of ,ia41 ,des ,moines1 ,ia4 ,robinson1 ,rev4 ,l4 ,m41 ln4 ,phila4 ,divinity ,sch41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 9999,robinson1 ,sylvia1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,rockwell1 ,anna ,g41 ln4 ,new ,britain ,inst41 ,new ,britain1 ,conn4 ,roden1 ,c4 ,b41 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,rogers1 ,katharine ,b41 head catlgr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,rogers1 ,mary ,e41 ,new ,britain1 ,conn4 ,rolland1 ,anna ,p41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,dedham1 ,mass4 ,root1 ,mrs4 ,mary ,e4 ,s41 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,roper1 ,eleanor1 br4 ln4 ,queens ,borough ,p4 ,l41 ,flushing1 ,n4 ,y4 ,rosenthal1 ,herman1 in charge ,slavonic ,div41 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,rowell1 ,w4 ,c41 ,eastern rep4 ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,royall1 ,rebecca1 ln4 ,carnegie ,l41 ,cleburne1 ,tex4 ,ruckteshler1 ,n4 ,louise1 ln4 ,guernsey ,mem4 ,l4 ,follett ,mem4 ,supreme ,ct4 ,law ,l41 ,norwich1 ,n4 ,y4 ,rupp1 ,alice1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,rush1 ,c4 ,e41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,joseph1 ,mo4 ,rush1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,e41 ,st4 ,joseph1 ,mo4 ,russell1 ,florence1 ref4 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,ryan1 ,m4 ,lillian1 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,sackett1 ,josephine ,t41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sanborn1 ,h4 ,n41 ln4 ,univ4 ,club1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,sanborn1 ,w4 ,f41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cadillac1 ,mich4 ,sanborn1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,f41 ,cadillac1 ,mich4 ,sanderson1 ,edna ,m41 registrar ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sargent1 ,abby ,l41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,medford1 ,mass4 ,savage1 ,etta ,v41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sawyer1 ,mrs4 ,harriet ,p41 chief ,instruc4 ,dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,saxe1 ,mary ,p41 ln4 ,westmount ,l41 ,montreal1 ,can4 ,schaanning1 ,maja1 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,schenk1 ,f4 ,w41 law ln4 ,univ4 of ,chicago1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,schenk1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,w41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,scholefield1 ,e4 ,o4 ,s41 ln4 ,provincial ,l41 ,victoria1 ,b4 ,c4 ,schooley1 ,altie1 br4 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,schwab1 ,j4 ,c41 ln4 ,yale ,univ4 ,l41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,sears1 ,minnie ,e41 head catlgr41 ,minnesota ,univ4 ,l41 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,secombe1 ,annabell ,c41 ln4 ,f4 ,l41 ,milford1 ,n4 ,h4 ,see1 ,alice1 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,settle1 ,george ,t41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,settle1 ,mrs4 ,george ,t41 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,severance1 ,h4 ,o41 ln4 ,univ4 of ,mo4 ,l41 ,columbia1 ,mo4 ,sewall1 ,w4 ,f41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,sewall1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,f41 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,seward1 ,w4 ,f41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,binghamton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,shaver1 ,mary ,m41 classifier catlgr4 ,vassar ,coll4 ,l41 ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,shearer1 ,a4 ,h41 ,newberry ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,shelly1 ,adah1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,sault ,st4 ,marie1 ,mich4 ,sherwood1 ,grace1 dir4 ,legis4 ,ref4 ,bu41 ,state ,l41 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,shivers1 ,anne ,o41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,perth ,amboy1 ,n4 ,j4 ,shoemaker1 ,katharine ,h41 ln4 ,stephens ,mem4 ,l4 of ,manaynuk1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,sibley1 ,jessie ,g41 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,sibley1 ,mrs4 ,mary ,j41 acting ln4 ,syracuse ,univ4 ,l41 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,simpson1 ,frances1 asst4 dir4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,univ4 of ,illinois1 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,slomann1 ,p4 ,f4 ,v41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,small1 ,a4 ,j41 law ln4 ,iowa ,state ,l41 ,des ,moines1 ,ia4 ,smith1 ,bessie ,sargeant1 supervisor ,smaller ,branches ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,smith1 ,elizabeth1 inst4 ,syracuse ,univ4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,smith1 ,elizabeth ,m41 head ,order ,div4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,smith1 ,ellen ,g41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,walla ,walla1 ,wash4 ,smith1 ,faith ,e41 dir4 ,training ,class1 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,smith1 ,florence ,s41 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,smith1 ,irene1 asst4 ,open ,shelf ,room1 ,p4 ,l41 ,denver1 ,colo4 ,smith1 ,laura1 chief ,catalog ,ref4 ,depts41 ,p4 ,l41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,smith1 ,mary ,a41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,la ,crosse1 ,wis4 ,smith1 ,mary ,a41 ln4 ,f4 ,l41 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,smith1 ,miriam ,g41 ,new ,rochelle1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sneed1 ,mrs4 ,percival1 princ4 ,carnegie ,l4 ,training ,sch41 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,snyder1 ,mary ,b41 br4 ln4 ,queens ,borough ,p4 ,l41 ,l4 ,i4 ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sornborger1 ,harriet ,b41 ln4 ,bancroft ,mem4 ,l41 ,hopedale1 ,mass4 ,spaulding1 ,f4 ,b41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,speck1 ,mrs4 ,laura1 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,sperry1 ,earl ,e41 ln4 dir4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,syracuse ,univ4 ,l41 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,spofford1 ,edith ,c41 #cdj ,w4 #heth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,spofford1 ,mrs4 ,edith ,f41 ln4 ,bu4 of ,mines ,l41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,spofford1 ,mrs4 ,lucinda ,f41 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,somerville1 ,mass4 ,stearns1 ,lutie ,e41 chief ,trav4 ,l4 ,dept41 ,wis4 ,f4 ,l4 ,com41 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,stebbins1 ,h4 ,l41 asst4 ln4 ,assoc4 of the ,bar ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,stebbins1 ,mary ,f41 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,stechert1 ,f4 ,c41 pres4 ,f4 ,c4 ,stechert ,co41 ,inc41 booksellers1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,stechert1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,c41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,steele1 ,edith ,mc,h41 #ast4 asst4 ,silas ,bronson ,l41 ,waterbury1 ,conn4 ,steele1 ,elizabeth ,k41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,lorain1 ,o4 ,steele1 ,ruby ,e41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,ansonia1 ,conn4 ,steiner1 ,bernard ,c41 ln4 ,enoch ,pratt ,f4 ,l41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,stetson1 ,willis ,k41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,stevens1 ,edward ,f41 ln4 ,pratt ,inst4 ,f4 ,l41 dir4 ,sch4 of ,l4 ,sci41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,stevens1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,f41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 99,stevenson1 ,luella ,m41 #ast4 asst4 ,carnegie ,f4 ,l41 ,braddock1 ,pa4 ,stewart1 ,edna ,s41 ,williamsport1 ,pa4 ,stewart1 ,rose ,g41 chief catlgr4 ,f4 ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,stollberg1 ,luella ,e41 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,stonehouse1 ,m4 ,e41 asst4 ,l41 ,y4 ,m4 ,a41 ,central ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,strohm1 ,adam1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,strong1 ,george ,f41 ln4 ,adelbert ,coll4 ,l41 ,western ,reserve ,univ41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,strong1 ,mason1 #g ,wall ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,studwell1 ,florence1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,sturgis1 ,sarah ,l41 ,fort ,wayne1 ,ind4 ,subers1 ,helen ,d41 ,l4 organizer1 ,ashbourne1 ,pa4 ,suter1 ,martha ,w41 asst4 in ,book ,selection ,annotation1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sutherland1 ,miss1 ,westmount ,l41 ,montreal1 ,can4 ,sutherland1 ,elizabeth ,m41 ,internat4 ,joint ,com41 ,ottawa1 ,canada4 ,sutliff1 ,mary ,l41 instr4 ,n4 ,y4 ,p4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,swartout1 ,jessamine ,e41 ln4 ,heermance ,mem4 ,l41 ,coxsackie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,tarr1 ,anna ,m41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,clinton1 ,ia4 ,taylor1 ,grace ,a41 sr4 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,taylor1 ,w4 ,b4 ,a41 chief ,ref4 ,accessions ,div41 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,taylor1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,b4 ,a41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,templeton1 ,charlotte1 sec'y ,neb4 ,p4 ,l4 ,com41 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 ,thain1 ,mabel ,a41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,oak ,park1 ,ill4 ,thayer1 ,maude1 ln4 ,state ,l41 ,springfield1 ,ill4 ,thompson1 ,dorothy ,h41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,thompson1 ,grace1 asst4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,thompson1 ,laura ,e41 supt4 of ,branches ,p4 ,l41 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,thompson1 ,mary1 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,thomson1 ,john1 ln4 ,f4 ,l41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,thornton1 ,ella ,m41 ,state ,l41 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 9999,thwaites1 ,r4 ,g41 supt4 ,wis4 ,state ,his4 ,soc41 ,madison1 ,wis4 9999,thwaites1 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,g41 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,tiefenthaler1 ,leo1 ln4 ,municipal ,ref4 ,br41 ,p4 ,l41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,tilton1 ,edward ,l41 architect1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,tobias1 ,ella ,f41 asst4 in charge ,engineering ,l4 ,univ4 of ,mich41 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich4 ,tobitt1 ,edith1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,omaha1 ,neb4 ,todd1 ,mary ,e41 head of ,periodical ,dept41 ,p4 ,l41 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 99,tolman1 ,mary ,m41 ,manchester1 ,n4 ,h4 ,townsend1 ,eliza ,e41 supt4 of ,br4 ,work1 ,p4 ,l41 ,spokane1 ,wash4 ,townsend1 ,ruth ,h41 br4 ln4 ,queens ,borough ,p4 ,l41 ,far ,rockaway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,towsley1 ,lena ,g41 asst4 child4 ln4 ,pratt ,inst4 ,f4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,travers1 ,rebecca ,b41 child4 room1 #ehth ,st4 ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,tripp1 ,geo4 ,h41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4 ,tripp1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,h41 ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4 ,turvill1 ,helen1 instr4 ,univ4 of ,wis4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,underhill1 ,adelaide1 assoc4 ln4 ,vassar ,coll4 ,l41 ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,underhill1 ,caroline ,m41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,underhill1 ,ethel ,p41 child4 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,utley1 ,george ,b41 sec'y ,american ,library ,assoc41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,utley1 ,mrs4 ,george ,b41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,utterwick1 ,katharine ,a41 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,vail1 ,alice ,i41 stud4 ,l4 ,sch4 ,pratt ,inst41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,vaile1 ,lucretia1 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,s4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,valentine1 ,amy1 #ast4 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,van ,valkenburgh1 ,agnes1 inst4 ,l4 ,sch4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,vasbinder1 ,lida ,c41 ,leg4 ,ref4 ,sec41 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,voge1 ,a4 ,l41 #ast asst4 ,card ,sec4 ,l4 of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,von ,hohoff1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,w41 ln4 ,munic4 ,ref4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,vrooman1 ,mrs4 ,kate ,b41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wadlin1 ,horace ,g41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,wait1 ,marie ,f41 ln4 ,peddie ,inst41 ,hightstown1 ,n4 ,j4 ,wait1 ,maud ,a41 #ast4 asst4 ,central ,circ4 ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,wales1 ,elizabeth ,b41 sec'y ,mo4 ,l4 ,com41 ,jefferson ,city1 ,mo4 ,walker1 ,catherine1 stud4 ,carnegie ,l4 ,train4 ,sch41 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,walkley1 ,r4 ,l41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,walter1 ,frank ,k41 vice-dir4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,walton1 ,miss ,g4 ,m41 ln4 ,state ,nor4 ,coll41 ,ypsilanti1 ,mich4 ,wandell1 ,caroline1 instr4 ,syracuse ,univ4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ward1 ,helen ,m41 supt4 of circulation1 ,p4 ,l41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,ward1 ,ruth ,l41 sr4 asst4 ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,warner1 ,cassandra1 ref4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,warner1 ,philip ,w41 bookseller1 ,leary1 ,stuart ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,warren1 ,althea ,h41 ln4 ,sears1 ,roebuck ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,waters1 ,alice ,g41 ln4 ,essex ,inst41 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,waters1 ,caroline ,e41 ln4 ,college for ,women1 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,watson1 ,w4 ,r41 chief ,div4 of ,educ4 ,extension1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,webb1 ,k4 ,louise1 asst4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,webb1 ,nelle ,f41 catlgr4 ,withers ,p4 ,l41 ,bloomington1 ,ill4 ,weber1 ,mrs4 ,jessie ,p41 ln4 ,ill4 ,state ,hist4 ,soc41 ,springfield1 ,ill4 ,weitenkampf1 ,frank1 chief ,art ,dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,wellman1 ,h4 ,c41 ln4 ,city ,l41 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,wells1 ,marion ,h41 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wetzell1 ,bertha ,s41 catlgr4 ,l4 ,co4 of ,phila41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,wheeler1 ,h4 ,l41 stud4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l4 ,sch41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wheelock1 ,mary ,e41 chief ,binding ,dept4 ,p4 ,l41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,whipple1 ,nellie ,m41 asst4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,somerville1 ,mass4 ,whitaker1 ,amelia1 stud4 ,carnegie ,l4 ,training ,sch41 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,whitcomb1 ,adah ,f41 ln4 ,hiram ,kelley ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,white1 ,ella1 child4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,white1 ,gertrude ,f41 child4 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,white1 ,h4 ,elizabeth1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,white1 ,mabel ,g41 #ast4 asst4 br4 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,whiteman1 ,edna ,a41 supervisor ,story ,telling1 ,carnegie ,l41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,whitmore1 ,frank ,h41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brockton1 ,mass4 ,whitney1 ,esther1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,whittemore1 ,gertrude1 ln4 ,narragansett ,l4 ,assoc41 ,peace ,dale1 ,r4 ,i4 ,whittemore1 ,grace ,m4 7,mrs4 ,everard71 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,hudson1 ,mass4 ,wigley1 ,laura ,m41 asst4 ,queens ,borough ,p4 ,l41 ,l4 ,i4 ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wilcox1 ,b4 ,c41 #cag ,e4 #ahth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,wilken1 ,harriet ,e41 ln4 ,f4 ,l41 ,fayetteville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,willets1 ,lora ,a41 asst4 ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,williams1 ,carrie ,l41 asst4 ,f4 ,l41 ,newton1 ,mass4 ,williams1 ,jennie ,c41 instr4 ,margaret ,morrison ,carnegie ,sch41 ,c4 ,i4 ,t41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,williams1 ,ora1 asst4 ,l4 organizer ,p4 ,l4 ,com41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,williams1 ,sophie1 asst4 catlgr4 ,hamilton ,coll4 ,l41 ,clinton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,williamson1 ,susan ,m41 ,elizabeth1 ,n4 ,j4 ,willigerod1 ,alice1 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,hazelton1 ,pa4 ,willigerod1 ,mrs4 ,oscar1 ,east ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 ,wilsey1 ,della ,m41 ,pomona1 ,cal4 ,wilson1 ,h4 ,g41 sec'y ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,wilson1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,g41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 99,wilson1 ,h4 ,w41 pres4 ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,co41 publishers1 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 99,wilson1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,w41 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,wilson1 ,margaret ,s41 asst4 ln4 ,norwalk ,l41 ,norwalk1 ,conn4 ,wilson1 ,martha1 state supervisor of ,sch4 ,lbs41 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,wilson1 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,h41 bookseller1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,wing1 ,c4 ,f41 ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4 ,wing1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,f41 ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4 ,winnett1 ,w4 ,h41 trus4 ,p4 ,l41 ,london1 ,ont4 ,wire1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,e41 deputy ln4 ,worcester ,co4 ,law ,l4 dir4 ,p4 ,l41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,wolcott1 ,j4 ,d41 ln4 ,bu4 of ,educ41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,wolter1 ,peter1 mgr4 ,l4 ,dept41 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,wood1 ,frances ,e41 sr4 asst4 ,p4 ,l4 ,br41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wood1 ,grace ,i41 #ast4 asst4 ,carnegie ,l41 ,cleburne1 ,tex4 ,wood1 ,mary ,w41 ln4 ,blackstone ,br4 ,p4 ,l41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,woodard1 ,gertrude ,e41 ,law ,l4 ,univ4 of ,mich41 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich4 ,woodcock1 ,mabel ,e41 purchase asst4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wooding1 ,c4 ,l41 ln4 ,f4 ,p4 ,l41 ,bristol1 ,conn4 ,wooding1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,l41 ,bristol1 ,conn4 ,woodruff1 ,eleanor ,b41 ref4 ln4 ,pratt ,inst4 ,f4 ,l41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wootten1 ,katharine ,h41 ln4 and dir4 ,l4 ,train4 ,sch4 ,carnegie ,l41 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,wright1 ,c4 ,e41 ln4 ,carnegie ,f4 ,l41 ,duquesne1 ,pa4 ,wright1 ,ethel ,c41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,wright1 ,purd ,b41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,wright1 ,rebecca ,w41 sec'y ,bd4 of ,l4 ,com41 ,state ,house1 ,montpelier1 ,vt4 ,wright1 ,ruth ,m41 ln4 ,state ,nor4 ,sch41 ,tempe1 ,ariz4 ,wyche1 ,benjamin1 ,n4 ,y4 ,life ,ins4 ,co41 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,wyer1 ,james ,i41 ,jr41 dir4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wyer1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,i41 ,jr41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wyer1 ,william1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wynkoop1 ,asa1 inspector ,p4 ,lib's1 ,state ,l41 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,young1 ,gladys1 stud4 ,p4 ,l4 ,sch41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,young1 ,mrs4 ,olive ,p41 ,john ,jermain ,l41 ,sag ,harbor1 ,n4 ,y4 ,yust1 ,william ,f41 ln4 ,p4 ,l41 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,zachert1 ,adeline ,b41 direc4 of child4 work1 ,p4 ,l41 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,index ,abbott1 ,lyman1 letter from1 #hc4 ,accessioning 7of books71 rpt4 of com4 on library administration1 #abf-h4 ,affiliation of state library associations with ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 amendment to constitution and by-law affecting1 #afg-h4 ,affiliation with other than local1 state and provincial library associations1 rpt4 of com4 on1 #bef-g4 ,agricultural libraries section1 round table1 #beh-i4 ,ahern1 ,mary ,eileen1 reads letters at symposium1 #hb2 discusses work with college students1 #aih2 discusses library in relation to business1 #bah-i2 member of council1 #bcf2 chrm4 com4 on co-operation with ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 #bda4 ,allen1 ,william ,h41 addresses ,reference librarians' round table1 #cdb4 ,american ,association of law libraries1 proceedings1 #cfb-d4 ,american ,library ,association1 president's address1 #gc-hb2 secretary's report1 #ii-ajc2 treasurer's report1 #ajc2 rpt4 of trustees of ,carnegie and endowment funds1 #aaa-c2 rpt4 of executive board1 #bcg-db2 rpt4 of ,council1 #bdb-eg2 election of officers1 #bcf2 attendance summaries and register1 #cib-djh4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,booklist1 #aje4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 committees on blind4 ,see ,blind4 bookbinding4 ,see ,bookbinding4 bookbuying4 ,see ,bookbuying4 co-operation with ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,see ,national ,education ,association4 co-ordination4 ,see ,co-ordination4 federal and state relations4 ,see ,federal and state relations4 finance4 ,see ,finance4 international relations4 ,see ,international relations4 library administration4 ,see ,library administration4 library training4 ,see ,library training4 program4 ,see ,program4 public documents4 ,see ,public documents4 travel4 ,see ,travel4 ---- constitution1 amendment to1 #afg2 by-law to1 adopted1 #afh4 ---- ,council1 amendment to constitution and by-law relative to election of members to1 #afg-h4 ---- ,executive board1 #bcg-db4 ---- membership 7rpt4 of secretary71 #ajj4 ---- necrology 7rpt4 of secretary71 #ajb-c4 ---- publicity 7rpt4 of secretary71 #ajj-a4 ---- ,publishing board1 rpt4 of 7,legler71 #aje-aj2 periodical cards1 #aje2 ,booklist1 #aje2 new publications1 #ajf2 reprints1 #ajf2 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 catalog1 #ajf-g2 ,manual of library economy1 #ajg2 advertising1 #ajg2 foreign lists1 #ajg2 financial report1 #ajh2 sales of publications1 #aji-aj4 ---- registration for library position 7rpt4 of secretary71 #aja4 ---- representatives at other conferences1 #aja-b4 ,anderson1 ,e4 ,h41 rpt4 as member of finance com41 #aaa2 presides second session1 #add-;ff2 president of ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 #bcf-g2 chrm4 program com41 #bdb4 ,antin1 ,mary1 ,the immigrant in the library1 #ade-i4 ,andrus1 ,gertrude ,e41 ,how the library is meeting the changing conditions of child life1 #ahh-ic4 ,andrews1 ,c4 ,w41 rpt4 as chrm4 com4 on finance1 #ajd2 moves amendment to by-law1 #afh2 discusses library in relation to business1 #bai2 chrm4 finance com41 #bda2 participates in fiction discussion1 #bee2 rpt4 as chrm4 of affiliation com41 #bef-g4 ,arnold1 ,sarah ,louise1 telegram from1 #agj4 ,art in the college library 7,weitenkampf71 #cae-i4 ,as others see us1 symposium1 #hb-ih4 ,attendance summaries and register4 ,see ,american ,library ,association4 ,ayer1 ,c4 ,w41 obituary1 #ajb4 ,babbitt1 ,c4 ,j41 memorial on1 #cfd4 ,bacon1 ,corinne1 ,co-operation of libraries with library schools1 #cdg-ej2 chrm4 ,professional training sect41 #ceb4 ,bacon1 ,corinne1 reviews ,brieux1 ,la femme seule1 #bcf4 ,bailey1 ,a4 ,l41 member of council1 #bcf2 mem4 com4 on library training1 #bda2 chrm4 com4 on bookbinding1 #bdb4 ,ball1 ,sarah ,b41 ,what any library can do for the business interests of the town1 #ccf-i4 ,bascom1 ,elva ,l41 resignation as editor ,booklist1 #aje4 ,belden1 ,c4 ,f4 ,d41 mem4 public documents com41 #bda2 mem4 com4 on federal and state relations1 #bdb4 ,bennett1 ,arnold1 letter from1 #hc4 ,best1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,s41 letter from1 #hc-f4 ,bill drafting1 ,law that stands the test 7,dudgeon71 #bjf-aj4 ,billings1 ,j4 ,s41 obituary1 #ajb2 memorial resolution on1 #afi-gj4 ,bishop1 ,w4 ,w41 participates in fiction discussion1 #bef4 ,blackwelder1 ,paul1 reviews ,hine ,modern organization1 #bcf2 mem4 com4 on federal and state relations1 #bdb4 ,bliss1 ,h4 ,e41 ,some practical considerations regarding classification for libraries1 #cji-ae4 ,blind1 rpt4 of com4 on work with1 #acf-i2 com4 on1 #bdb4 ,book1 evolution of the4 ,world of print and the world's work3 president's address 7,legler71 #gc-hb4 ,bookbinding1 rpt4 of com4 on1 #aac-d2 com4 on1 #bdb4 ,bookbuying1 rpt4 of com4 on1 #aad-be4 ,books and reading4 ,the friendly book 7,walton71 #bbd-i2 ,how to discourage reading 7,pearson71 #bcj-f4 ,bostwick1 ,andrew ,l41 presents paper on relations between the municipal library and legislators1 #chb4 ,bostwick1 ,arthur ,e41 represents ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 at ,north ,dakota1 ,minnesota and ,iowa meetings1 #aja2 chrm4 com4 on administration1 #bda2 ,the quality of fiction1 #bec-d2 ,administration of a catalog dep't1 #bff-g2 ,volume of children's work in the ,u4 ,s41 #bhg-ia4 ,bowerman1 ,g4 ,f41 mem4 com4 on administration1 #bda4 ,bowker1 ,r4 ,r41 member of ,council1 #bcf2 mem4 com4 on international relations1 #bdb2 discussion1 #chd4 ,brett1 ,george ,p41 letter from1 #hf4 ,bronson1 ,w4 ,c41 letter from1 #hf4 ,brown1 ,c4 ,h41 mem4 travel com41 #bdb4 ,brown1 ,d4 ,c41 ,state-wide influence of the state library1 #bjb-f2 mem4 com4 on federal and state relations1 #bdb4 ,brown1 ,zaidee1 leads discussion1 #cfd4 ,browne1 ,francis ,fisher1 tribute to1 #afh4 ,bruncken1 ,ernest1 mem4 public documents com41 #bda4 ,bucknam1 ,edith ,p41 sec'y of ,catalog section1 #bge4 ,budlong1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,c41 presents rpt4 of com4 on establishment of new commissions1 #cgd-f4 ,burnite1 ,c41 ,values in library work with children1 #bhb-g4 ,business branches4 ,what any library can do for the business interests of the town 7,ball71 #ccf-i4 ,business men1 making the library useful to 7,ranck71 #baj-d4 ,business organizations1 libraries in 7,krause71 #bae-h4 ,cable1 ,george ,w41 letter from1 #hf4 ,carey1 ,miriam ,e41 mem4 com4 on work with the blind1 #bdb4 ,carlton1 ,w4 ,n4 ,c41 member of executive board1 #bch2 mem4 com4 on arrangements ,college and reference section1 #cai4 ,carnegie1 ,andrew1 letter from1 #hc4 ,carpenter1 ,george ,o41 mem4 com4 on library training1 #bda4 ,carr1 ,henry ,j41 chrm4 resolutions com4 public doc4 round table1 #cei1 #cfb4 ,carson1 ,w4 ,o41 participates in discussion1 #bed4 ,catalog cards1 simplified forms of1 #bgd-e4 ,catalog dep't1 administration of a1 from a cataloger's point of view 7,smith71 #bga-d4 ,catalog dep't1 administration of the1 from a librarian's point of view 7,hopper71 #bei-ff2 same 7,bostwick71 #bff-g4 ,catalog dep't1 relation of the1 to other dept's 7,winser71 #bfh-gj4 ,cataloging1 rpt4 of com4 on cost and method of1 #bci-da4 ,cataloging1 request for permanent com4 on1 #bda4 ,catalog section1 proceedings1 #bei-ge4 ,cataloging for department libraries 7,sears71 #cbe-cj4 ,charging systems and methods1 rpt4 of com4 on library administration1 #abh-ca4 ,charitable institutions4 ,see ,institutions4 ,charter provisions1 rpt4 of com4 on relations between the library and the municipality1 #bdc-e4 ,charter provisions1 rpt4 of ,league com4 on1 #cgf-g4 ,child life1 changing conditions of 7,smith71 #ahd-h2 how the library is meeting the 7,andrus71 #ahh-ic4 ,children1 section on library work with1 proceedings1 #bge-cjj4 ,children1 values in library work with 7,hunt71 #bge-hb2 ditto 7,burnite71 #bhb-g4 ,children's work in the ,u4 ,s41 volume of 7,bostwick71 #bhg-ia4 ,churchill1 ,winston1 letter from1 #hf-g4 ,civics room in a medium-sized town 7,kammerling71 #cci-db4 ,clarke1 ,elizabeth ,p41 discusses prison libraries1 #cfh4 ,classification1 some practical considerations regarding1 for libraries 7,bliss71 #cji-ae4 ,classifiers1 com4 on code for1 rpt4 of1 #bch4 ,claxton1 ,p4 ,p41 letter from1 #hg-h4 ,cleavinger1 ,j4 ,s41 mem4 com4 on administration1 #bda4 ,coit1 ,bertha1 obituary1 #ajb4 ,college and reference section1 proceedings1 #cjj-db4 ,college librarians1 what c4 l4 can do for library schools 7,rathbone71 #cai-bj4 ,college library and research work 7,fletcher71 #cba-e4 ,college library1 art in the 7,weitenkampf71 #cae-i4 ,college library1 instruction in the use of a 7,salmon71 #cja-i4 ,constitution4 ,see ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 constitution4 ,co-operation of libraries with library schools 7,bacon71 #cdg-ej4 ,co-ordination1 com4 on1 #bdb4 ,countryman1 ,gratia ,a41 second vice-president of ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 #bcf4 ,cowing1 ,agnes1 chrm4 sect4 on work with children4 #cjj4 ,crandall1 ,f4 ,a41 ,proposing an executive gazette1 #cei-fa4 ,craver1 ,h4 ,w41 member of executive board1 #bcf4 ,crowell1 ,j4 ,f41 paper read by title1 #che4 ,cunningham1 ,jesse1 rpt4 as chrm4 of com4 on clippings1 #chd4 ,curtis1 ,florence ,r41 discusses prison libraries1 #cfg4 ,cutter1 ,w4 ,p41 mem4 com4 on federal and state relations1 #bdb2 discussion1 #cae4 ,cutter1 ,w4 ,p41 reads letters at symposium1 #hb4 ,davis1 ,jesse ,b41 ,outline of work in vocational guidance 7quoted7 in paper by ,ranck1 #big-h4 ,davis1 ,olin ,s41 discusses library work with schools1 #aih2 discussion1 #cfe4 ,dawley1 ,f4 ,f41 member finance com41 #bda4 ,dayton public library1 resolution of sympathy for1 #cjj4 ,defectives and dependents1 book influences for 7,robinson71 #agg-hb4 ,delfino1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,n41 mem4 com4 on work with the blind1 #bdb4 ,department libraries1 cataloging for 7,sears71 #cbe-cj4 ,doane1 ,w4 ,c41 obituary1 #ajb4 ,dramatic taste1 development of1 #hc-f4 ,du ,bois1 ,w4 ,e4 ,b41 letter from1 #hh4 ,dudgeon1 ,m4 ,s41 ,law that stands the test1 #bjf-aj2 mem4 public documents com41 #bda2 chrm4 com4 to investigate insurance rates1 #bdf4 ,duff1 ,ida1 acts as sec'y of sect4 on work with children1 #bge4 ,election of officers4 ,see ,american ,library ,association4 ,elmendorf1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,l41 re-elected member of publishing board1 #bcg4 ,ely1 ,mary1 vice-chrm4 of sect4 on library work with children1 #cjj4 ,endowment funds1 rpt4 of trustees1 #aaa-c4 ,executive board4 ,see ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,executive board4 ,executive gazette1 proposing an 7,crandall71 #cei-fa4 ,exhibits1 library school1 #ahb-c4 ,faxon1 ,f4 ,w41 chrm4 travel com41 #bdb4 ,federal and state relations1 rpt4 of com4 on1 #abf2 com4 on1 #bdb4 ,federal prisons1 libraries in1 #cff-h4 ,fiction1 quality of1--symposium1 #bdf-;ff4 ,field1 ,o4 ,j41 second v4p41 ,am4 ,assn4 of law lib41 #cfd4 ,field1 ,pearl ,i41 reviews ,tarbell ,the business of being a woman1 #bcf4 ,finance1 rpt4 of com4 on 7,andrews71 #ajd2 com4 on1 #bda4 ,fitzgerald1 ,j4 ,f41 letter from1 #hh-i4 ,fletcher1 ,r4 ,s41 ,the college library and research work1 #cba-e4 ,flexner1 ,jennie ,m41 discusses libraries in jails1 #cgc-d4 ,foreigners1 library work among 7,antin1 ,maltby1 ,rush71 #ade-eh4 ,foreigners4 ,see also ,immigrants4 ,freeman1 ,marilla ,w41 ,scientific management1 and the reference department as a bureau of information1 #cca-f4 ,friendly book 7,walton71 #bbd-i4 ,garland1 ,hamlin1 letter from1 #hi4 ,gillis1 ,j4 ,l41 mem4 com4 on co-ordination1 #bdb4 ,godard1 ,g4 ,s41 chrm4 public documents com41 #bda2 presides ,public documents round table1 #ceb4 ,goldthwaite1 ,lucile1 mem4 com4 on work with the blind1 #bdb4 ,gooch1 ,harriet ,b41 presides ,catalog section1 #bei4 ,goodrich1 ,n4 ,d41 discussion1 #cji2 reads paper by ,fletcher1 #cbj4 ,gould1 ,c4 ,h41 chrm4 com4 on co-ordination1 #bdb2 participates in fiction discussion1 #bef4 ,grading1 specialization and1 in library schools 7,plummer71 #cdc-g4 ,great ,britain1 present conditions and tendencies of library work in 7,jast71 #aci-dd4 ,green1 ,c4 ,r41 presides ,agricultural lib4 sect41 #beh4 ,griffis1 ,w4 ,e41 letter from1 #hi4 ,hadley1 ,chalmers1 mem4 com4 on library training1 #bda2 mem4 com4 to investigate insurance rates1 #bdf4 ,hall1 ,g4 ,stanley1 letter from1 #hi-ij4 ,hall1 ,mary ,e41 addresses assn4 on enlarging scope of library work in high schools1 #aig2 participates in general discussion on subject1 #aih-i4 ,hartwell1 ,mary ,a41 reads paper by ,sup't of ,doc41 #ceb2 discussion1 #ceh4 ,hasse1 ,adelaide ,r41 mem4 public documents com41 #bda4 ,hawks1 ,emma ,b41 acts as sec'y ,agricultural lib4 sect41 #beh4 ,henderson1 ,c4 ,r41 letter from1 #ij4 ,herrick1 ,robert1 letter from1 #ij-a4 ,hicks1 ,f4 ,c41 presides ,college librarians round table1 #cai4 ,hill1 ,frank ,p41 letter from1 regarding participation in ,leipzig exposition1 #bch2 mem4 com4 on international relations1 #bdb2 participates in fiction discussion1 #bee4 ,history1 what can the library do to encourage the study of ,american81 #ib-c4 ,hobart1 ,frances1 discusses work with schools1 #aii2 discussion1 #cfe4 ,hodges1 ,n4 ,d4 ,c41 mem4 com4 on co-ordination1 #bdb4 ,hohoff1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,w41 presents paper on municipal reference work in ,n4 ,y41 #chb4 ,hopkins1 ,julia ,a41 sec'y ,professional training sect41 #ceb4 ,hopper1 ,f4 ,f41 ,administration of the catalog dep't from a librarian's point of view1 #bei-ff4 ,hosmer1 ,helen ,r41 paper on the library of the research laboratory1 ,general ,electric ,co41 #chc4 ,hospitals4 ,some problems of the institution library organizer in the state hospitals 7,jones71 #cfi-gc4 ,hough1 ,emerson1 letter from1 #ia4 ,howe1 ,frederic ,c41 letter from1 #ia-b4 ,hunt1 ,clara ,w41 ,values in library work with children1 #bge-hb4 ,instruction in the use of a college library 7,salmon71 #cja-i2 questionnaire sent out by ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 #cji4 ,institutions1 library work in charitable and penal4 ,book influences for defectives and dependents 7,robinson71 #agg-hb2 ,some problems of the institution library organizer in the state hospitals 7,jones71 #cfi-gc4 ,insurance rates for libraries1 com4 to investigate1 #bdf4 ,international relations1 com4 on1 #bdb4 ,immigrants as contributors to library progress 7,maltby71 #aej-d4 ,immigrant in the library 7,antin71 #ade-i4 ,irwin1 ,jennie ,s41 obituary1 #ajb4 ,irwin1 ,wallace1 letter from1 #ib4 ,jameson1 ,j4 ,f41 letter from1 #ib-c4 ,jast1 ,l4 ,stanley1 ,present conditions and tendencies of library work in ,great ,britain1 #aci-dd2 participates in fiction discussion1 #bef4 ,jewett1 ,w4 ,k41 obituary1 #ajb4 ,johnson1 ,clifton1 letter from1 #ic4 ,johnston1 ,w4 ,d41 ,proposal for a catalog of university serial publications1 #ccj2 paper on relation between special and general libraries1 #chc4 ,jones1 ,edith ,k41 ,some problems of the institution library organizer in the state hospitals1 #cfi-gc4 ,jordan1 ,david ,starr1 letter from1 #ic4 ,jusserand1 ,j4 ,j41 letter from1 #ic-d4 ,kerr1 ,willis ,h41 ,normal schools and their relation to librarianship1 #aic-g2 mem4 of council1 #bdf4 ,keogh1 ,andrew1 presides ,college and reference section1 #cjj4 ,kingsbury1 ,n4 ,c41 presents paper on the library as a modern necessity1 #chb4 ,kimball1 ,theodora1 paper read by title1 #chc4 ,kammerling1 ,edith1 ,a civics room in a medium sized town1 #cci-db4 ,kiser1 ,s4 ,e41 letter from1 #id4 ,koch1 ,t4 ,w41 represents ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 at ,indiana meeting1 #aja2 mem4 com4 on co-ordination1 #bdb4 ,kohlsaat1 ,c4 ,c41 letter from1 #id4 ,krause1 ,louise ,b41 ,libraries in business organizations2 their expanding function1 #bae-h4 ,labor saving devices1 #acc4 ,lane1 ,w4 ,c41 mem4 com4 on international relations1 #bdb2 mem4 com4 on co-ordination1 #bdb4 ,lapp1 ,j4 ,a41 mem4 public documents com41 #bda4 ,larson1 ,c4 ,a41 obituary1 #ajb4 ,league of library commissions1 proceedings1 #cfd-hb4 ,lee1 ,gerald ,stanley1 letter from1 #id-e4 ,lee1 ,jennette1 letter from1 #ie-f4 ,legislative reference work1 present status of 7,lester71 #aii-bjb2 ,the law that stands the test 7,dudgeon71 #bjf-aj4 ,legislative reference work4 ,see also ,municipal reference library4 ,legler1 ,henry ,e41 president of ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 presides at sessions1 passim2 president's address1 #gc-hb2 represents ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 at ,ohio1 ,illinois-,missouri and ,south ,dakota meetings1 #aja4 ,leipzig exposition1 rpt4 of com4 on international relations respecting participation in1 #bcg-h2 special com4 on1 appointed1 #bch-i4 ,lester1 ,c4 ,b41 ,present status of legislative reference work1 #aii-bjb4 ,librarianship1 ideal of1 #ie4 ,libraries1 rpt4 of com4 on relations between1 and the municipality1 #bdc-e4 ,library administration1 rpt4 of com4 on1 #abf-cc2 com4 on1 #bda4 ,library commissions1 rpt4 of com4 on establishment of new 7,budlong1 chrm471 #cgd-f4 ,library1 instruction in the use of a college 7,salmon71 #cja-i4 ,library plans 7rpt4 of secretary71 #aja4 ,library post1 rpt4 of com4 on1 #cgg-h4 ,library post4 ,see also ,parcel post4 ,library schools1 co-operation of libraries with 7,bacon71 #cdg-ej4 ,library school instructors1 account of the winter meetings of1 #cea-b4 ,library schools1 proposed examination of1 #acd-f4 ,library schools1 rpt4 of the com4 on methods of publicity for1 #cej4 ,library schools1 specialization and grading in 7,plummer71 #cdc-g4 ,library schools1 what college librarians can do for 7,rathbone71 #cai-bj4 ,library training1 rpt4 of com4 on1 #acd-f2 com4 on1 #bda4 ,lighting1 rpt4 of com4 on ventilation and1 of library buildings1 #bde-f4 ,lindholm1 ,marie ,f41 presents paper at ,special ,lib4 assn41 #che4 ,locke1 ,g4 ,h41 mem4 com4 on co-operation with ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 #bda4 ,luce1 ,robert1 addresses ,special libraries assn41 #chd4 ,mc,aneny1 ,george1 ,the municipal reference library as an aid in city administration1 #bai-bd4 ,mc,clelland1 ,maude1 ,work of a high school branch1 #bie-f4 ,maltby1 ,adelaide ,b41 ,immigrants as contributors to library progress1 #aej-d4 ,man in the yards 7,rush71 #aed-h4 ,martel1 ,charles1 chrm4 of ,catalog section1 #bge4 ,marvin1 ,cornelia1 member of council1 #bcf2 mem4 com4 on library training1 #bda4 ,massee1 ,may1 elected editor ,booklist1 #aje4 ,matthews1 ,brander1 letter from1 #if4 ,mendenhall1 ,ida ,m41 library instruction in normal schools1 #cgd4 ,merrill1 ,w4 ,s41 presents rpt4 for com4 on code for classifiers1 #bch2 discussion1 #cae4 ,meyer1 ,h4 ,h4 ,b41 presents paper at ,special libraries assn41 #che4 ,milam1 ,c4 ,h41 presides at ,league of lib4 com41 #cfd4 ,mitchell1 ,s4 ,weir1 letter from1 #if4 ,montgomery1 ,t4 ,l41 mem4 com4 on federal and state relations1 #bdb4 ,more1 ,p4 ,e41 letter from1 #if4 ,moulton1 ,j4 ,g41 ,post-conference trip1 #chf-ia4 ,municipal reference library as an aid in city administration 7,mc,aneny71 #bai-bd4 ,municipal reference library4 ,see also ,legislative reference library4 ,municipal reference work4 ,a civics room in a medium-sized town1 #cci-db4 ,municipal yearbook1 rpt4 on 7,ranck71 #che4 ,municipality1 rpt4 of com4 on relations between library and1 #bdc-e4 ,murray1 ,rose ,g41 mem4 com4 on bookbinding1 #bdb4 ,national ,education ,association1 rpt4 of com4 on co-operation with1 #abe-f2 com4 on1 #bda4 ,necrology4 ,see ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 necrology4 ,negro4 ,what of the black and yellow races8 7,yust71 #aei-fg4 ,newberry1 ,marie ,a41 mem4 com4 on co-operation with ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 #bda4 ,normal schools and their relation to librarianship 7,kerr71 #aic-g4 ,oklahoma ,city1 extends invitation for #aiad meeting1 #bch4 ,organizing small libraries1 round table on1 #cfd-f4 ,owen1 ,t4 ,m41 mem4 public documents com41 #bda2 mem4 com4 on federal and state relations1 #bdb4 ,page1 ,t4 ,n41 letter from1 #if4 ,parcel post for books1 rpt4 of com4 on federal and state relations1 #abf4 ,parcel post4 ,see also library post4 ,patterson1 ,j4 ,r41 mem4 com4 on bookbinding1 #bdb4 ,pearson1 ,e4 ,l41 ,how to discourage reading1 #bcj-f4 ,pension systems 7rpt4 of secretary71 #aja4 ,phelan1 ,j4 ,f41 mem4 travel com41 #bdb4 ,plummer1 ,mary ,w41 mem4 of council1 #bdf2 ,specialization and grading in library schools1 #cdc-g4 ,poole1 ,f4 ,o41 mem4 finance com41 #bda2 presides ,am4 assn4 of law lib41 #cfb2 addresses same1 #cfb-c2 president same1 #cfd4 ,post-conference trip 7,moulton71 #chf-ia4 ,power1 ,effie ,l41 presides at section on library work with children1 #bge4 ,pratt ,institute1 library exhibit at1 #ahb-c4 ,prince1 ,h4 ,c41 discussion1 #cji4 ,prisons1 libraries in1 #cff-i4 ,professional training section1 proceedings1 #cdc-eb4 ,program com41 #bdb4 ,public documents1 com4 on1 #bda4 ,public documents1 resolutions concerning printing and distribution of1 #bef4 ,public documents round table1 #ceb-fb4 ,publication committee1 rpt4 of1 #cgh-i4 ,publicity1 rpt4 of the com4 on methods of1 for library schools1 #cej4 ,publishing ,board4 ,see ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publishing ,board4 ,putnam1 ,herbert1 presents minute on ,j4 ,s4 ,billings1 #afi2 member of executive board1 #bcf2 chrm4 com4 on international relations1 #bdb2 mem4 com4 on co-ordination1 #bdb4 ,quality of fiction--symposium1 #bdf-;ff4 ,questionnaires1 #acb-c4 ,ranck1 ,s4 ,h41 discusses proposed by-law to constitution1 #afh2 discusses questionnaires1 #ahc-d2 ,making a library useful to business men1 #baj-d2 mem4 public documents com41 #bda2 mem4 com4 to investigate insurance rates1 #bdf2 mem4 of ,council1 #bdf2 ,the library's opportunities in vocational guidance1 #bif-i4 ,rathbone1 ,josephine ,a41 describes exhibit at ,pratt ,institute1 #ahb-c2 reviews ,the great analysis1 #bcf2 ,what college librarians can do for library schools1 #cai-bj4 ,reed1 ,amy ,l41 acts as sec'y ,college and reference section1 #cjj4 ,reference librarians' round table1 #ccj-db4 ,reference work4 ,scientific management1 and the reference department as a bureau of information 7,freeman71 #cca-f4 ,research work1 college library and 7,fletcher71 #cba-e4 ,richardson1 ,e4 ,c41 mem4 com4 on international relations1 #bdb2 discussion1 #cji1 #cae4 ,rider1 ,mrs4 ,gertrude ,t41 mem4 com4 on work with the blind1 #bdb4 ,robbins1 ,mary ,e41 mem4 of council1 #bdf4 ,robinson1 ,julia ,a41 ,book influences for defectives and dependents4 #agg-hb2 mem4 com4 on work with the blind1 #bdb2 discusses prison libraries1 #cff-g4 ,roden1 ,c4 ,b41 reads letters at symposium1 #hb2 rpt4 as treasurer1 #ajc4 ,root1 ,a4 ,s41 chrm4 com4 on library training1 #bda4 ,ropes1 ,w4 ,l41 obituary1 #ajb4 ,rural communities1 library work in4 ,the woman on the farm 7,stearns71 #agc-f4 ,rural school library1 possibilities of the 7,wilson71 #bia-d4 ,rush1 ,charles ,e41 ,the man in the yards1 #aed-h4 ,salmon1 ,lucy ,m41 ,instruction in the use of a college library1 #cja-i4 ,sawyer1 ,laura ,m41 chrm4 com4 on work with the blind1 #bdb4 ,schaffer1 ,c4 ,w41 mem4 exec4 com4 ,am4 ,assn4 of law lib41 #cfd4 ,schwab1 ,j4 ,c41 mem4 com4 on co-ordination1 #bdb4 ,schenk1 ,f4 ,w41 serves as sec'y ,public documents round table1 #ceb2 first v4p4 ,am4 assn4 of law lib41 #cfd4 ,scholefield1 ,e4 ,o4 ,s41 exec4 com4 ,am4 assn4 of law lib41 #cfd4 ,schouler1 ,james1 letter from1 #if-g4 ,schools and libraries1 co-operation between1 #hg-h2 as civic centers1 #ia-b4 ,schools1 library work with1 #aic-;ff4 ,schools4 ,possibilities of the rural school library 7,wilson71 #bia-d4 ,schools4 ,work of a high school branch 7,mc,clelland71 #bie-f4 ,scientific management1 and the reference department as a bureau of information 7,freeman71 #cca-f4 ,secretary's report 7,utley71 #ii-ajc4 ,sears1 ,minnie ,e41 ,cataloging for department libraries1 #cbe-cj4 ,serial publications1 proposal for a catalog of university 7,johnston71 #ccj4 ,sheldon1 ,e4 ,w41 trustee of endowment fund1 #bcf4 ,small1 ,a4 ,j41 mem4 public documents com41 #bda2 mem4 exec4 com4 ,am4 assn4 of law lib41 #cfd4 ,smith1 ,faith ,e41 ,changing conditions of child life1 #ahd-h2 mem4 com4 on library training1 #bda4 ,smith1 ,laura1 ,administration of a catalog dep't from a cataloger's point of view1 #bga-d4 ,sneed1 ,mrs4 ,percival1 participates in fiction discussion1 #bef4 ,soule1 ,c4 ,c41 obituary1 #ajc2 memorial resolution on1 #afi4 ,special libraries association1 proceedings1 #chb-f4 ,specialization and grading in library schools 7,plummer71 #cdc-g4 ,state library1 state-wide influence of the 7,brown71 #bjb-f4 ,stearns1 ,lutie ,e41 ,the woman on the farm1 #agc-f2 discusses prison libraries1 #cfh4 ,steiner1 ,b4 ,c41 reviews ,crispi's ,memoirs1 #bcf2 chrm4 com4 on federal and state relations1 #bdb2 participates in fiction discussion1 #bed4 ,stevens1 ,e4 ,f41 ,working library for the artisan and the craftsman1 #agf-b4 ,strohm1 ,adam1 mem4 com4 on administration1 #bda4 ,study outline com41 rpt4 of1 #cgi-ha4 ,tarkington1 ,booth1 letter from1 #ig4 ,taylor1 ,nelson1 obituary1 #ajc4 ,technology4 ,the working library for the artisan and the craftsman 7,stevens71 #agj-b4 ,templeton1 ,charlotte1 discusses prison libraries1 #cfi4 ,thomson1 ,john1 mem4 of council1 #bdf4 ,thwaites1 ,r4 ,g41 reads letters at symposium1 #hb4 ,tomlinson1 ,e4 ,t41 letter from1 #ig-h4 ,travel committee1 appropriation for expenses voted to1 #bci2 membership of1 #bdb4 ,treasurer's report 7,roden71 #ajc4 ,trowbridge1 ,j4 ,t41 letter from1 #ih4 ,tyler1 ,alice ,s41 member of council1 #bcf2 mem4 com4 on library training1 #bda2 congratulatory message to1 #chb4 ,underhill1 ,ethel1 sec'y sect4 on library work with children1 #cjj4 ,use of a college library1 instruction in the 7,salmon71 #cja-i4 ,utley1 ,george ,b41 rpt4 of sec'y1 #ii-ajc2 represents ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 at ,illinois-,missouri and ,oklahoma meetings1 #aja2 lectures before library schools1 #ajb2 mem4 of program com41 #bdb4 ,ventilation and lighting of library buildings1 rpt4 of com4 on1 #bde-f4 ,vocational guidance1 the library's opportunities in 7,ranck71 #bif-i4 ,wadlin1 ,h4 ,g41 ,the quality of fiction1 #bdf-ec4 ,wallace1 ,f4 ,c41 paper by1 #ceb-h4 ,wales1 ,elizabeth ,b41 presents rpt4 of com4 on charter provisions1 #cgf-g4 ,walter1 ,f4 ,k41 reviews ,weyl1 ,the great democracy1 #bcf2 presides ,professional training sect1 #cdc4 ,walton1 ,g4 ,m41 ,the friendly book1 #bbd-i4 ,warren1 ,althea ,h41 reviews ,antin1 ,the promised land1 #bcf4 ,warren1 ,irene1 mem4 com4 on co-operation with ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 #bda4 ,weitenkampf1 ,frank1 ,art in the college library1 #cae-i4 ,wellman1 ,h4 ,c41 presents minute on ,c4 ,c4 ,soule1 #afi2 first vice-president of ,a4 ,l4 ,a41 #bcf2 resigns as non-official member of executive board1 #bch2 mem4 of program com41 #bdb4 ,whitlock1 ,brand1 letter from1 #ih4 ,whitney1 ,e4 ,l41 treas4 ,am4 assn4 of law lib41 #cfd4 ,wildman1 ,bertha ,s41 obituary1 #ajc4 ,wilson1 ,h4 ,w41 paper on problems of printed indexes in special fields1 #che4 ,wilson1 ,martha1 ,possibilities of the rural school library1 #bia-d2 speaks on co-operation between library commissions and state boards of education1 #cgd4 ,windsor1 ,p4 ,l41 ,account of the winter meetings of library school instructors1 #cea-b4 ,winser1 ,beatrice1 ,relation of the catalog dep't to other dep'ts1 #bfh-gj4 ,wolcott1 ,j4 ,d41 discussion1 #cji4 ,woman on the farm 7,stearns71 #agc-f4 ,woodard1 ,gertrude ,e41 sec'y ,am4 assn4 of law lib41 #cfd4 ,wood1 ,harriet ,a41 mem4 com4 on co-operation with ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 #bda4 ,wootten1 ,katharine ,t41 reviews ,goldmark ,fatigue and efficiency1 #bcf4 ,working library for the artisan and the craftsman 7,stevens71 #agj-b4 ,world of print and the world's work2 president's address 7,legler71 #gc-hb4 ,wynkoop1 ,asa1 discusses prison libraries1 #cfh-i4 ,yust1 ,w4 ,f41 ,what of the black and yellow races8 #aei-fg4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,simple spelling1 grammar1 and typographical errors were corrected4 ,punctuation normalized4 ,anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed4 ,italics markup is enclosed in underscores4 ,bold markup is enclosed in equals4 ,sans serif font markup is enclosed in tildes4 ,assigned missing anchors for the second and third footnotes at the end of the table on p4 #bia4