,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,see ,transcrib]'s ,endnote = details ( ?is transcription4 ,scans ( ! orig9al pr9t$ book are available f https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/writ+illu m9a#jj;john4 ,,! ,,arti/ic ,,crafts ,,s]ies ,,( ,,te*nical ,,h&books ,,edit$ ,,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby ,,writ+ ,,illum9at+1 ,,& ,,lett]+ ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece4 ,a ,,scriptorium ,?is draw+ 7ab\t two-fif?s ( ! l9e> size ( ! orig9al7 is made f a photograph ( a m9iature pa9t$ 9 an old ,,ms4 7writt5 9 #adef at ! ,hague by ,jean ,mielot1 ,secret>y to ,philip ! ,good1 ,duke ( ,burgundy71 n[ 9 ! ,p>is ,national ,libr>y 7,,ms4 ,fonds franais #i1aih74 ,x depicts ,jean ,mielot himself1 writ+ 8 collection ( ,miracles ( ,our ,lady 9 ,fr5*4 ,8 p>*m5t appe>s to be held /eady by a weight & also by 78 ! knife or fill] 97 8 left h&--comp>e fig4 #da 9 ?is book4 ,above !re is a sort ( read+ desk1 hold+ ,,mss4 = copy+ or ref]5ce4 ,,writ+ ,,illum9- ,,at+1 ,,lett]+ ,,by ,,edw>d ,,john/on4 ,,) ,,diagrams ,,illu/rations ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,noel ,,rooke #h pp4 ,,examples ,,9 ,,r$,,black ,,& #bd pp4 ,,( ,,collotypes ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,john ,,hogg #ac ,,pat]no/] ,,r[ ,,london #aijf p-vii ,,editor',s ,,preface ,9 issu+ ^! volumes ( a s]ies ( ,h&books on ! ,arti/ic ,crafts1 x w be well to /ate :at are our g5]al aims4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we wi% to provide tru/wor?y text-books ( work%op practice1 f ! po9ts ( view ( exp]ts :o h critically exam9$ ! me?ods curr5t 9 ! %ops1 & putt+ aside va9 survivals1 are prep>$ to say :at is good workman%ip1 & to set up a /&>d ( quality 9 ! crafts :i* are m especially associat$ ) design4 ,secondly1 9 do+ ?is1 we hope to treat design itself z an ess5tial "p ( good workman%ip4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury mo/ ( ! arts1 save pa9t+ & sculpture ( an academic k9d1 7 little consid]$1 & !re 0 a t5d5cy to look on 8design0 z a m]e matt] ( appe>ance4 ,su* 8ornam5tation0 z !re 0 0 usually obta9$ by foll[+ 9 a me*anical way a draw+ provid$ by an arti/ :o (t5 knew little ( ! te*nical processes involv$ 9 production4 ,) ! critical att5tion giv5 to ! crafts by p-viii ,rusk9 & ,morris1 x came to be se5 t x 0 impossible to deta* design f craft 9 ?is way1 & t1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 true design is an insep>able elem5t ( good quality1 involv+ z x does ! selection ( good & suitable mat]ial1 contrivance = special purpose1 exp]t workman%ip1 prop] f9i%1 & s on1 f> m ?an m]e ornam5t1 & inde$1 t ornam5tation itself 0 r an exub]ance ( f9e workman%ip ?an a matt] ( m]ely ab/ract l9es4 ,workman%ip :5 sep>at$ by too wide a gulf f fre% ?\ght--t is1 f design--inevitably decays1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ornam5tation1 divorc$ f workman%ip1 is necess>ily unreal1 & quickly falls into affectation4 ,prop] ornam5tation may be def9$ z a language address$ to ! eye2 x is pleasant ?\ght express$ 9 ! spee* ( ! tool4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we w\ld h ?is s]ies put arti/ic craftsman%ip be=e p z furni%+ reasonable occupations = ^? :o w\ld ga9 a livelihood4 ,al?\gh )9 ! b\nds ( academic art1 ! competition1 ( its k9d1 is s acute t only a v few p] c5t4 c fairly hope to succe$ z pa9t]s & sculptors2 yet1 z arti/ic craftsm51 !re is e probability t ne>ly e "o :o w\ld pass ?r\gh a suffici5t p]iod ( appr5tice%ip to workman%ip & design w\ld rea* a measure ( success4 ,9 ! bl5d+ ( h&work & ?\ght 9 p-ix su* arts z we propose to deal )1 happy c>e]s may be f\nd z f> remov$ f ! dre>y r\t9e ( hack lab\r z f ! t]rible unc]ta9ty ( academic art4 ,x is desirable 9 e way t m5 ( good education %\ld be br\ght back into ! productive crafts3 !re are m ?an en\gh ( u 89 ! city10 & x is probable t m consid]ation w be giv5 9 ?is c5tury ?an 9 ! la/ to ,design & ,workman%ip4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( all ! ,arts1 writ+1 p]haps1 %[s mo/ cle>ly ! =mative =ce ( ! in/rum5ts us$4 ,9 ! analysis :i* ,mr4 ,john/on gives u 9 ?is volume1 ne>ly all seems to be expla9$ by ! two factors1 utility & ma/]ly use ( tools4 ,no "o has ev] inv5t$ a =m ( script1 & h]e9 lies ! wond]ful int]e/ ( ! subject2 ! =ms us$ h always =m$ !mselves by a cont9u\s process ( developm5t4 ,! curi\s assemblages ( w$ge-%ap$ ind5tations :i* make up ,assyrian writ+ are a direct outcome ( ! clay cake1 & ! /ylus us$ to impr9t little m>ks on x4 ,! =ms ( ,*9ese *>act]s1 x is evid5t1 7 made by quickly repres5t+ ) a bru% e>li] pictorial signs4 ,! ,roman *>act]s1 :i* are our lett]s to-day1 al?\gh _! e>li] =ms h only come d[n to u cut 9 /one1 mu/ h be5 =m$ by incessant practice ) a flat1 /iff p-x bru%1 or "s su* tool4 ,! disposition ( ! ?icks & ?9s1 & ! exact %ape ( ! curves1 mu/ h be5 settl$ by an in/rum5t us$ rapidly2 ,i suppose1 inde$1 t mo/ ( ! great monum5tal inscriptions 7 design$ 9 situ by a ma/] writ]1 & only cut 9 by ! mason1 ! cutt+ be+ m]ely a fix+1 z x 71 ( ! writ+1 & ! cut inscriptions mu/ always h be5 int5d$ to be complet$ by pa9t+4 ,! 8,ru/ic lett]s0 f\nd 9 /one inscriptions ( ! f\r? c5tury are /ill m obvi\sly cursive1 & 9 ! ,catacombs "s pa9t$ inscriptions ( ?is k9d rema9 :i* p]fectly %[ t !y 7 rapidly writt54 ,! ord9>y 8l[] case0 type ) :i* ?is page is pr9t$ is1 9 its turn1 a simplifi$ cursive =m ( ! ,capital lett]s4 ,! ,italic is a /ill m swiftly writt5 h&1 & comes ne> to ! /&>d = ord9>y h&writ+4 ,all f9e monum5tal inscriptions & types are b =ms ( writ+ modifi$ accord+ to ! mat]ials to :i* !y are appli$4 ,! ,italian type-f\nd]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury s\ght out f9e examples ( old writ+ z models1 & = _! capitals /udi$ ! monum5tal ,roman inscriptions4 ,roman lett]s 7 fir/ introduc$ into ,engli% inscriptions by ,italian arti/s4 ,torrigiano1 on ! tombs he made = p-xi ,h5ry ,,vii4 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey & = ,dr4 ,"y at ! ,rolls ,*apel1 design$ probably ! mo/ beautiful inscriptions ( ?is k9d to be f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,?is volume is rem>kable = ! way 9 :i* its subject seems to be develop$ inevitably4 ,!re is "h no collection ( all sorts ( lett]+1 "s s5sible & _m ecc5tric1 = u to *oose f1 b we are %[n ! ess5tials ( =m & spac+1 & ! way is op5$ out to all :o w devote practice to x to =m an individual /yle by imp]ceptible v>iations f a f9e /&>d4 ,writ+ is = u ! mo/ univ]sal ( ! ,arts1 & mo/ craftsm5 h to deal ) lett]+ ( a m =mal k9d4 ,x is a commonplace ( hi/orical criticism to po9t out h[ mu* ! ,italian arti/s ow$ to ! g5]al practice among/ !m ( goldsmi?'s "w1 a craft :i* requir$ accuracy & delicacy ( h&4 ,we _c g back to t1 b we d ne$ a basis ( tra9+ 9 a demon/rably useful art1 & ,i d\bt if any is s g5]ally fitt$ = ! purpose ( educat+ ! h&1 ! eye1 & ! m9d z ?is "o ( ,,writ+4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby4 ,octob] #aijf4 p-xii 8,we mu/ set up ! /rong pres5t t5se aga9/ all ! rum\rs ( wra?1 pa/ or to come4 ,s _m ?+s are unsettl$ :i* x is ( ! fir/ importance to settle1--&1 p5d+ _! settlem5t1 we w d z we d4 4 4 4 ,exp$i5cy ( lit]ature1 reason ( lit]ature1 lawfulness ( writ+ d[n a ?\ght1 is que/ion$2 mu* is to say on bo? sides1 &1 :ile ! fight waxes hot1 ?\1 de>e/ s*ol>1 /ick to ?y fooli% task1 add a l9e e h\r1 & betwe5 :iles add a l9e4 ,"r to hold l&1 "r ( prop]ty is disput$1 & ! conv5tions conv5e1 & be=e ! vote is tak51 dig away 9 y\r g>d51 & sp5d y\r e>n+s z a waif or gods5d to all s]5e & beautiful purposes4 ,life itself is a bubble & a scepticism1 & a sleep )9 a sleep4 ,grant x1 & z mu* m z !y w1--b ?\1 ,god's d>l+6 he$ ?y private dream3 ?\ wilt n be miss$ 9 ! scorn+ & scepticism3 !re are en\gh ( !m3 /ay !re 9 ?y closet1 & toil1 until ! re/ are agre$ :at to d ab\t x4 ,?y sickness1 !y say1 & ?y puny habit1 require t ?\ d ?is or avoid t1 b "k t ?y life is a flitt+ /ate1 a t5t = a night1 & d ?\1 sick or well1 f9i% t /9t4 ,?\ art sick1 b %all n be worse1 & ! univ]se1 :i* holds !e de>1 %all be ! bett]40 --,em]son4 8,i began to ?9k t if ,i %\ld discov] h[ to make enamels1 ,i c\ld make e>!n vessels & o!r ?+s v prettily1 because ,god _h gift$ me ) "s k ( draw+4 ,& !reaft]1 reg>dless ( ! fact t ,i _h no k ( drugs1 ,i began to seek = ! enamels z a man gropes 9 ! d>k40 --,palissy4 84 4 4 9 t communion only1 behold+ beauty ) ! eye ( ! m9d1 he w be enabl$ to br+ =?1 n images ( beauty1 b realities 7= he has hold n ( an image b ( a reality71 & br++ =? & n\ri%+ true virtue to become ! fri5d ( ,god & be immortal1 if mortal man may40 --,plato4 p-xiii ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,writ+ ,! arts ( ,,writ+1 ,,illum9at+1 ,,lett]+ (f] a wide field = ! +5i\s & c>eful craftsman & op5 ! way to a numb] ( delightful occupations4 ,beyond _! _m uses--"s ( :i* are ref]r$ to bel[--!y h a v great educational value4 ,?is has long be5 recogniz$ 9 ! tea*+ ( elem5t>y design1 & ! practice ( design+ ,alphabets & ,inscriptions is n[ common 9 mo/ ,s*ools ( ,art4 ,mu* w\ld be ga9$ by sub/itut+1 g5]ally1 ,,writ+ = design+1 because writ+ be+ ! m$ium by :i* ne>ly all our lett]s h be5 evolv$ f ! ,roman ,capital 7see p4 #ce71 ! use ( ! p5--ess5tially a lett]-mak+ tool--gives a practical insight into ! con/ruction ( lett]s atta9able 9 no o!r way4 ,! mo/ important use ( lett]s is 9 ! mak+ ( books1 & ! f\ndations ( typography & book decoration may be ma/]$--z !y 7 laid--by ! plann+1 writ+1 & illum9at+ ( ,,mss4 9 book =m4 ,( ?is a mod]n pr9t] 7see also p4 #cfh7 says3 8,9 ! mak+ ( ! ,writt5 ,book1 4 4 4 4 4 4 ! adju/m5t ( lett] to lett]1 ( ^w to ^w1 ( picture to text & ( text to picture1 & ( ! :ole to ! subject matt] & to ! page1 admits ( great nicety & p]fection4 ,! type is fluid1 & ! lett]s & words1 picture1 text1 & page are conceiv$ ( z "o & are all execut$ by "o h&1 or by sev]al h&s all work+ toge!r )\t int]m$iation on "o id5tical page & p-xiv ) a view to "o id5tical effect4 ,9 ! ,pr9t$ ,book ?is adju/m5t is m difficult4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,yet 9 ! mak+ ( ! pr9t$ book1 z 9 ! mak+ ( ! writt5 book1 ?is adju/m5t is ess5tial1 & %\ld be specially borne 9 m9d1 & ,calligraphy & imm$iate decoration by h& & ! unity :i* %\ld be insep>ably associat$ !re) w\ld s]ve z an admirable discipl9e to t end40 ,& ?\gh calligraphy is a means to _m ends1 a f9e ,,ms4 has a beauty ( its own t--if two arts may be comp>$--surpasses t ( ! f9e/ pr9t+4 ,?is 9 itself w\ld ju/ify ! transcrib+ & pres]vation ( mu* good lit]ature 9 ?is beautiful =m 7besides ! prep>ation ( 8,illum9at$ ,addresses10 ,s]vice ,books1 ,h]aldic & o!r ,,mss47 & make ! practice ( =mal writ+ desirable4 ,& fur!rmore z ! old-fa%ion$ notion t a legible h& is a m>k ( bad bre$+ dies out1 x may be t our curr5t h&writ+ w take legibility & beauty f su* practice4 ,& ev5 ! /rict utilit>ian c\ld n fail to value ! b5efits t might "s day come to m51 if *ildr5 le>nt to appreciate beauty ( =m 9 _! lett]s & 9 _! writ+ ! beauty ( c>efulness4 ,,illum9at+ ,( ! practice ( ,,illum9at+--prop]ly associat$ ) writ+--x may be obs]v$ t1 among v>i\s ways ( acquir+ a k ( ! elem5ts ( design decoration x is "o ( ! mo/ simple & complete4 ,moreov]1 a f9e illum9ation or m9iature has a beauty ( its own t may surpass ! f9e/ pr9t$ book-decoration4 ,& pictures 9 books may be z desirable z pictures on ! wall--ev5 ?\gh l ! beautiful h\sehold gods ( ! ,japanese !y are kept 9 safe hid+ & display$ only n[ & !n4 p-xv ,,lett]+ ,magnific5t z are ! dreams ( a f9e ,decoration bas$ on lett]+1 ! innum]able practical applications ( ,,lett]+ itself 7see ,*ap4 ,,xvi47 make ! /udy ( ,lett]-,craft n only desirable b imp]ative4 ,& p]haps ,i may "h be p]mitt$ to quote f ,! ,a!num ( ,feb4 #c1 #aijf1 :i* says ( 8! new s*ool ( scribes & design]s ( inscriptions0 8,^! h attack$ ! problem ( appli$ design 9 "o ( its simple/ & mo/ univ]sal applications1 & !y h already done a great deal to e/abli% a /&>d by :i* we %all be b\nd to revise all pr9t$ & writt5 lett]+4 ,if once ! pr9ciples !y h e/abli%$ c\ld ga9 curr5cy1 :at a load ( ugl9ess w\ld be lift$ f mod]n civilization6 ,if once ! names ( /reets & h\ses1 &1 let u hope1 ev5 ! ann\ncem5ts ( adv]tis]s1 7 execut$ 9 beautifully design$ & well-spac$ lett]s1 ! eye w\ld become s accu/om$ to good proportion 9 ^! simple & obvi\s ?+s t x w\ld insi/ on a simil> gratification 9 m complex & difficult matt]s40 ,yet ,ord9>y ,writ+ & ev5 scribbl+ has _h1 & /ill might h1 a good influ5ce on ! art ( ! ,lett] mak]1 & at lea/ ! common use ( p51 ink1 pap] makes x a simple matt] = any "o to essay a =mal or #8book' h&4 ,a broad nib cut to give clean ?ick & ?9 /rokes 7)\t appreciable v>iation ( pressure7 w tea* any "o :o c>es to le>n1 v cle>ly & c]ta9ly4 ,& ?\gh mu* practice goes to ! mak+ ( a p]fect ,,ms41 x is easi] ?an p suppose to make really beautiful ?+s by tak+ a little pa9s4 ,z 8copy book0 h&s simple1 primitive p5-=ms--su* z ! ,uncial ,half-,uncial 7pp4 #ch1 #gj7--;af=d ! be/ tra9+ & p]mit p-xvi ! cultivation ( ! fre$om :i* is ess5tial 9 writ+3 !y prep>e ! way = ! ma/]y ( ! mo/ practical *>act]s--! ,,roman ,,capital1 roman small-lett]1 ,italic--& ! ultimate developm5t ( a lively & p]sonal p5man%ip4 ,,mod]n ,,developm5t ,,( ,,writ+ ,,illum9at+ ,develop+1 or r re-develop+1 an art involves ! trac+ 9 "o's own exp]i5ce ( a process resembl+ its pa/ developm5t4 ,& x is by su* a c\rse t we1 :o wi% to revive ,writ+ ,illum9at+1 may r5ew !m1 evolv+ new me?ods & traditions = ourselves1 till at l5g? we atta9 a mod]n & beautiful te*nique4 ,& if we w\ld be m ?an amateurs1 we mu/ /udy & practise ! mak+ ( beautiful ,,?+s & !reby ga9 exp]i5ce ( ,tools1 ,mat]ials1 & ,me?ods4 ,= x is c]ta9 t we mu/ tea* ourselves h[ to make beautiful ?+s1 & mu/ h "s notion ( ! aim & b5t ( our "w1 ( :at we seek & :at we d4 ,e>ly illum9at$ ,,mss4 & pr9t$ books ) woodcuts 7or good facsimiles7 may be /udi$ ) advantage by ! w\ld-be ,illum9ator1 & he %\ld if possible le>n to draw f h$g][s & f c\ntry g>d5s4 ,9 8 practice he %\ld beg9 z a scribe mak+ ,,ms4 books & !n decorat+ !m ) simple p5 col\r "w4 ,we may pass mo/ naturally f writ+ to ! decoration ( writ+1 by ! mak+ & plac+ ( initial lett]s4 ,= 9 seek+ fir/ a f9e effectiv5ess we may put readabl5ess be=e 8looks0 &1 g5]ally1 make a text to read smoo?ly1 brok5 only by its natural division into p>agraphs1 *apt]s1 & ! l4 ,b ^! divisions1 sugge/+ t a pause 9 read+ is desirable1 sugge/ also t p-xvii a m>k is requir$--z 9 music--indicat+ ! 8re/03 ?is a l>ge capital does mo/ effectively4 ,a te*nical division ( illum9ation into ,col\r-"w1 ,p5-"w1 & ,draughtsman%ip is conv5i5t 7see ,*ap4 ,,xi474 ,?\gh ^! are prop]ly comb9$ 9 practice1 x is sugge/$ t1 at fir/1 x w be helpful to ?9k ( _! effects z di/9ct s t we may atta9 q def9itely "s ma/]y ( pure1 bright1 col\rs simple col\r effects1 ( p5 fl\ri%+ & ornam5t1 & ( draw+--:e!r pla9 or col\r$1 t w g decoratively ) writ+ or pr9t+4 ,?is di/9ction makes x easi] to devise def9ite s*emes ( illum9ation t w be )9 our p[] to c>ry out at any /age ( our developm5t4 ,& :ile ! p5man inevitably ga9s "s p[] ( p5 decoration x is well = him z an illum9ator to practise 9 bright col\rs & gold2 = illum9ation may be z brilliant & spl5did 9 its own way z /a9$ glass1 enamels1 & jewell]y are 9 !irs4#a ,at fir/1 at any rate1 hues t h ! lea/ suspicion ( be+ dull or weak are to be avoid$ z ?\gh !y 7 pla9ly 8muddy0 or 8wa%$-out40 ,! m def9ite we make our "w ! m def9itely w our mat]ials in/ruct u2 & su* s]vice mu/ prec$e ma/]y4 ,,mod]n ,,developm5t ,,( ,,lett]+ ,ref]r+ aga9 to good ,,lett]+3 ! second "p ( ?is book deals ) "s ( its ,qualities1 ,=ms--! ,roman ,capitals _! important p5-d]ivatives--& ,uses4 ,x is writt5 p-xviii l>gely f ! p5man's po9t ( view1#b b a *apt] on inscriptions 9 /one has be5 add$ & v>i\s types & modes ( lett] mak+ are discuss$4 ,! ess5tial qualities ( ,lett]+ are legibility1 beauty1 & "*1 & ^! are to be f\nd 9 numb]less inscriptions & writ+s ( ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,b s9ce ! traditions ( ! e>ly scribes & pr9t]s & c>v]s h decay$1 we h become s us$ to inf]ior =ms & arrangem5ts t we h>dly realize h[ poor ! bulk ( mod]n lett]+ really is4 ,9 ! rec5t 8revival0 ( pr9t+ & book decoration1 _m attempts h be5 made to design f9e alphabets & beautiful books--9 a numb] ( cases ) notable success4 ,b ! /udy ( ,palography & ,typography has hi!rto be5 conf9$ to a few speciali/s1 & ^! attempts to make 8decorative0 books (t5 %ew a vagu5ess ( int5tion1 :i* weak5s _! int]e/ & an ignorance ( ,lett]-craft :i* makes ! poore/1 ord9>y pr9t+ seem pleasant by comp>ison4 ,! developm5t ( ,lett]s 0 a purely natural process 9 ! c\rse ( :i* di/9ct & *>act]i/ic types 7 evolv$ & "s k ( h[ ^! came into be+ w help u 9 und]/&+ _! anatomy & di/+ui%+ good & bad =ms4 ,a comp>atively little /udy ( old manuscripts & inscriptions w make cle> mu* ( ! beauty & me?od ( ! e>ly "w4 ,& we may accu/om ourselves to good lett]+ by c>efully /udy+ su* examples z we c f9d1 & acquire a practical k p-xix ( x by copy+ f !m ) a p5 or *isel or o!r lett]-mak+ tool4 ,a consci5ti\s endeav\r to make our lett]+ readable1 & models#c & me?ods *os5 to t end1 w keep our "w /raight3 & aft] all ! problem be=e u is fairly simple--,to make good lett]s & to arrange !m well4 ,to make good lett]s is n necess>ily to 8design0 !m--!y h be5 design$ long ago--b x is to take ! be/ lett]s we c f9d1 & to acquire !m & make !m our own4 ,to arrange lett]s well requires no great art1 b x requires a practical k ( lett]-=ms & ( ! rational me?ods ( gr\p+ ^! =ms to suit e circum/ance4 ,,! ,,scope ,,( ,,?is ,,h&book ,g5]ally ?is book has be5 plann$ z a sort ( 8guide0 to models & me?ods = ,lett]-craftsm5 & ,/ud5ts--m p>ticul>ly = ^? :o _c see ! actual processes ( ,writ+1 ,illum9at+1 c4 c>ri$ out1 & :o may n h access to collections ( ,,mss4 ,mu* (1 if n all1 ! explanation is ( ! mo/ obvi\s1 b t1 ,i hope1 gives x m ne>ly ! value ( a practical demon/ration4 ,9 describ+ me?ods & processes ,i h g5]ally us$ ! pres5t t5se--say+ t !y 8are--03 ?is is to be tak5 z mean+ t !y are s 9 e>ly ,,mss4 & inscriptions1 & 9 ! practice ( ! mod]n s*ool ( scribes :o f\nd _! "w on !m4 ,reg>d+ ! copy+ ( e>ly "w 7see pp4 #aie1 #cbc1 c47 x is cont5d$ t to revive an art p-xx "o mu/ beg9 at ! beg9n+1 & t1 9 an hone/ attempt to a*ieve a simple end1 "o may lawfully foll[ a me?od#d )\t imitat+ a /yle4 ,we h an excell5t prec$5t 9 ! ,italian scribes :o w5t back #cjj ye>s = a model & gave u ! ,roman small-lett] z a result 7see p4 #dg74 ,! beg9n]s attitude is l>gely1 & necess>ily1 imitative1 & at ?is "t we %\ld h mu* to hope f a s*ool ( ,arti/-,beg9n]s :o w\ld make good con/ruction ! only novelty 9 _! "w4 ,we h almo/ z mu*--or z little--to be afraid ( 9 ,orig9ality z 9 imitation1 & our be/ attitude t[>ds ?is problem is t ( ! ,iri%man ) a difficulty--8to look x boldly 9 ! face & pass on0--mak+ an hone/ attempt to a*ieve a simple end4 ,p]haps we tr\ble too mu* ab\t :at we 8ought to d0 8d03 x is ( great] mom5t to "k :at we are do+ try+ to d4 ,9 s f> z tradition fails to b\nd or guide u we mu/ ?9k = ourselves & 9 practice make me?ods & rules = ourselves3 endeav\r+ t our "w %\ld be effective r ?an h 8a f9e effect0--or be1 r ?an appe>1 good--& foll[+ our craft r ?an mak+ x foll[ u4 ,= all ?+s--mat]ials1 tools1 me?ods--are wait+ to s]ve u & p-xxi we h only to f9d ! 8spell0 t w set ! :ole univ]se a-mak+ = u4 ,endeav\r+ to atta9 ?is fre$om we may make ,rules & ,me?ods s]ve u 7see p4 #bba71 kn[+ t ,rules are only ,guides & t ,me?ods are sugge/$ by ! "w itself3 f fir/ to la/ our necess>y equipm5t consi/s 9 good models1 good tools1 a good w4 ,)9 ! limits ( our craft we _c h too mu* fre$om2 = too mu* fitt+ plann+ makes ! "w lifeless1 & x is conceivable t 9 ! f9e/ "w ! ,rules are conceal$1 & t1 = example1 a ,,ms4 might be mo/ beautiful )\t rul$ l9es & me?odical arrangem5t 7see p4 #cdc74 ,b ! m cle>ly we realize our limitations ! m practical our "w4 ,& x is r z a /imulus to def9ite ?\ght--n z an embodim5t ( h>d & fa/ rules--t v>i\s me?odical plans tables ( comp>ison analysis are giv5 9 ?is book4 ,x is well to recognize at once1 ! fact t m]e tak+ to pieces1 or analys+1 foll[$ by 8putt+ toge!r10 is only a means ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! me*anism ( con/ruction1 & w n reproduce ! orig9al beauty ( a ?+3 x is an education = "w1 b all "w :i* is hone/ & /raight=w>d has a beauty & fre%ness ( its own4 ,! comm]cial prospects ( ! /ud5t ( ,writ+ ,illum9at+--or1 inde$1 ( any ,art or ,craft--are some:at problematical1 dep5d+ l>gely on 8 effici5cy opportunities4 ,!re is a fairly /eady dem& = ,illum9at$ ,addresses2 b ! indep5d5t craftsman w\ld h to e/abli% himself by useful practice1 & by seiz+ opportunities1 & by do+ 8 "w well4 ,only an attempt p-xxii to d practical "w w raise practical problems1 & !re=e useful practice is ! mak+ ( real or def9ite ?+s4 ,9 ! special conditions atta*+ to "w :i* ! craftsman is commission$ to d = ano!r p]son1 !re is a great advantage4 ,& ! beg9n] by sett+ himself specific tasks 7= example3 mak+ a ,,ms4 book = a specific purpose--see p4 #ajj7 %\ld give reality to 8 "w4 ,z a craftsman 9 ,lett]+ he might get "w 9 "s ( ! directions m5tion$ 9 pp4 #ccg-cda4 ,al?\gh ! dem& = good "w is at pres5t limit$1 ! production ( good "w w inevitably create a dem&2 &1 f9ally1 ! value ( ,quality is always recogniz$--soon] or lat]1 b inevitably--& :atev] 8practical0 reasons we may he> urg$ 9 fav\r ( ,quantity1 ! value ( ,quality is ga9+ recognition e day 9 comm]ce & ev5 9 art1 & !re or "h1 soon] or lat] we %all "k t we c af=d ! be/4 ,,edw>d ,,john/on4 ,octob] #aijf4 ,my ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,cobd5-,s&]son1 to ,mr4 ,em]y ,walk]1 & to ,mr4 ,george ,all5 = quotations3 to ,mr4 ,graily ,hewitt1 to ,mr4 ,d\glas ,cock]ell1 to ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,r4 ,gill1 to ,mr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,fir?1 & to ,mr4 ,g4 ,l\my]1 = special contributions on gild+1 b9d+1 & inscription-cutt+3 to ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,cock]ell = sev]al ( ! plates3 to ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,c[li%aw1 to ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,k4 ,abbott1 to ,dr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,k5yon ( ! ,new ,palographical ,society1 to ! ,vic> ( ,holy ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,ha/+s1 to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,s4 ,k5s+ton1 to ,mr4 ,h4 ,yates-,?ompson1 to ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,p[ell1 & to o!rs1 = p]mission to reproduce photographs1 c43 & to ,mr4 ,noel ,rooke & ,g4 ,j4 ,h4 = assi/ance ) ! illu/rations & _m o!r matt]s3 ,i %\ld l1 moreov]1 to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,le?aby & ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,cock]ell = enc\ragem5t & advice 9 ye>s pa/4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,footnotes ,,to ,,au?or',s ,,preface3 #a ,see ,*ap4 ,,xvi4 8,( ,col\r0 9 8,/a9$ ,glass ,"w0 by ,c4 ,w4 ,:all1 9 ?is ,s]ies1 & ! illum9ator might pr(it by ! sugge/ion 7ibid41 p4 #bcb7 ( play+ ) a home-made kaleidoscope4 #b ,deal+ ) ! practical & !oretical k ( lett]-mak+ & arrangem5t :i* may be ga9$ mo/ effectually by ! use ( ! p54 #c ,9 mak+ *oice ( a model we seek an ess5tially legible "*1 rememb]+ t our p]sonal view ( legibility is apt to fav\r cu/om & use unduly1 = a q bad1 famili> writ+ may seem to u m readable ?an "o t is f> cle>] 9 itself b unfamili>4 #d ,mu* rema9s to be f\nd out & done 9 ! matt] ( improv+ tools mat]ials processes1 & x w\ld be pref]able t ! r$iscov]y ( simple1 old me?ods %\ld prec$e new complex inv5tions4 ,we /ill f9d ! ,quill--= its sub/ance = %ap+ x & keep+ x %>p--is a bett] tool ?an a mod]n gold or metal p5 7see p4 #fj74 ,! old p>*m5t1 pap]1 ink1 gild+-size col\rs are all mu* bett] ?an ^? n[ obta9able 7see pp4 #ea1 #afg1 #agc1 #agh-agi74 ,i %\ld greatly appreciate any advice f illum9ators & lett]-craftsm5 z to mat]ials & me?ods1 & %\ld endeav\r to make su* in=mation available to o!rs4--,e4 ,j4 p-xxiii ,,add5da ,,corrig5da ,p4 #ea4 ,beg9n]s practis+ l>ge writ+ may m easily use a ?91 or dilut$1 ink3 9 small writ+ ?is does n %[ up ! faults ) suffici5t cle>ness4 ,p4 #ei4 ,quills (t5 h a sort ( sk9 7:i* t5ds to make a ragg$ nib71 ?is %\ld be scrap$ (f ! back4 ,p4 #fc4 ,until ! simple p5-/roke =ms are ma/]$1 ! p5 %\ld be us$ )\t appreciable pressure4 ,) practice "o ga9s sleight ( h& 7pp4 #he1 #caa71 & slightly *ang+ pressures quick movem5ts on to ! corn]s1 or po9ts1 ( ! nib are us$4 ,! =ms 9 ! be/ ,,mss4 %ew su* v>iations2 e4g4 ! ,uncials 9 fig4 #e appe> to h be5 made ) v>y+ pressure 7p]haps ) a s(t re$7 _! f9e f9i%+-/rokes ) ! nib-po9t 7comp4 =ms 9 fig4 #adf74 ,v]sals likewise %ew v>y+1 & sometimes unc]ta91 /ructures t sugge/ a =m consi/+ ( /rokes o!r ?an def9ite p5 /rokes4 p-xxv ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 a to n1 illu/rat+ ,add5da ,corrig5da4 ,p4 #fd4 ,a nib may be %>p5$ sev]al times1 be=e x is re-cut1 by p>+ x und]nea? 7fig4 a74 ,pp4 #gc #ha4 ,! ?9 f9i%+-/rokes ( j1 ,f1 ,g1 ,j1 ,n1 are made ) ! po9t ( ! nib--see note p4 #fc above4 ,p4 #ii4 ,! plan ( a pap] scale is %ewn 9 fig4 b4 ,p4 #aji4 ,! dots = l9es 7 (t5 prick$ ?r\gh ! edges ( ! book-%eets :i* 7 cut (f aft] rul+ 7fig4 c74 ,p4 #aah4 ,! spread or w$ge-%ap$ ?9 /roke1 sometimes v /rongly m>k$1 is common 9 e>ly =ms 7fig4 d74 ,p4 #add4 _/,v 3 bett] 7p57 =ms ( ^! are %ewn 9 fig4 e4 ,p4 #bjh4 ,ornam5tal ,lett] =ms may consi/ ( fl\ri%es1 patt]ns1 leaves1 fl[]s1 c4 7see fig4 f74 ,pp4 #bae-bag4 ,diap]+ g5]ally means ! v>iegation1 figur+1 or fl[]+1 ( a pla9 or patt]n$ surface1 ) a f9] patt]n 7see fig4 #aia;a74 ,"s diagrams ( simple patt]ns 7g-g#b f mod]n cantagalli w>e7 are %ewn 9 fig4 g4 ,note3 ! m solid p5work l9e-fill+s 9 figs4 #hg1 #abf1 make effective fram+ bord]s 7see fig4 h74 ,pp4 #bai-bbj4 ,note3 ! pr9ciple ( break+ /raight or long l9es1 m5tion$ 9 reg>d to backgr\nd edges 7p4 #aij71 & illu/rat$ 9 ! l9e-f9i%+s 7fig4 #abf7 & fl\ri%es 7fig4 #gi71 is relat$ to bran*+ out & is re-creative1 :]eas ! prolong$ l9e is tiresome 7see figs4 k1 k#a1 comp4 k#b74 ,p4 #bdi4 ,! ,b ,d %\ld be r\nd-%\ld]$--see note p4 #bhj bel[4 p-xxvi ,p4 #bfj4 ,x is sometimes bett] to make n>r[ =ms ?an to comb9e wide ones--example fig4 l4 ,pp4 #bgj-bge4 ,! l>ge types--8,old ,face0 ,pp4 #bhj-bhh4 7f\nd$ on ,caslon ,type7 & 8,old ,fr5*0 7mod]n7 respectively --are us$ 9 ^! pages z ref]5ce or index lett]s 7n z models74 ,p4 #bhj4 ,g5]ally r\nd-%\ld]$ lett]s h f9] & m /able =ms ?an squ>e-%\ld]$1 & g5]ally emphasis %\ld be laid on ! /rong1 ?ick /roke runn+ obliquely d[n f left to "r 771 :ile ! weak1 ?9 /roke 7_/7 is r to be avoid$ 7see fig4 m74 ,! writ+ us$ 9 ! diagrams 9 ?is book1 consid]$ z a =mal h&1 %ews a little too mu* ( ! ?9 /roke 7see p4 #dhe74 ,p4 #cbd4 ,commonly lett]s are made m sl5d] 9 proportion z !y are made l>g]1 & x is g5]ally n desirable 7or possible7 9 practical "w to h exactly simil> proportions 9 l>ge & small lett]+4 ,p4 #cbe4 g f fig4 #agc inaccurate--comp4 fig4 #agc see fig4 n4 ,p4 #cca4 ,ornam5tal lett]s--see note p4 #bjh above4 ,p4 #dha4 ,a small writ+ is (t5 ! mo/ practical--9 ! matt] ( spe$ 9 read+ & less bulk 9 ! ,,ms41 besides spe$ 9 ! writ+ ( x--b x is m difficult = ! beg9n] to write x well & x is apt to lose "s ( ! virtues ( =mal p5man%ip 7see ,f9e-p5 writ+ pp4 #ei1 #hf1 #caa1 #cbd1 #dhb74 ,p4 #dhe4 ,oblique ?9 /roke--see note p4 #bhj above4 p-xxvii ,,cont5ts ,editor's ,preface vii ,au?or's ,preface xiii ,add5da ,corrig5da xxiii ,,"p ,i ,,writ+ ,,illum9at+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,writ+ #ce ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,acquir+ ,a ,,=mal ,,h&3 7#a7 ,,tools ,acquir+ a ,=mal ,h&3 ,tools1 c4 -- ,! ,desk -- ,pap] ,ink -- ,p5s3 ,! ,re$3 ,! ,quill -- ,( ,quills g5]ally -- ,p5-knife1 ,cutt+-slab1 c4 #dh ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,acquir+ ,a ,,=mal ,,h&3 7#b7 ,,me?ods ,position ( ! ,desk -- ,! ,writ+ ,level -- ,use ( ! ,p5 -- ,hold+ ! ,p5 -- ,fill+ ! ,p51 c4 #fa ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,acquir+ ,a ,,=mal ,,h&3 7#c7 ,,models ,models -- ,notes on ,con/ruction3 ,script ,i4 -- ,c\pl+ ! ,lett]s -- ,spac+3 ,lett]s1 ,words1 ,l9es -- ,uncial ,capitals3 ,script ,,ii4 -- ,num]als ,punctuation ,m>ks -- ,( ,copy+ ,,mss4 ,g5]ally #gj ,,*apt] ,v ,,acquir+ ,a ,,=mal ,,h&3 7#d7 ,,practice ,practice -- ,scripts ,i4 ,,ii4 -- ,arrang+ ,rul+ a ,s+le ,%eet -- ,problem ,i4 7a ,%eet ( ,prose7 -- ,problem ,,ii4 7a ,%eet ( ,poetry7 -- ,spac+ ,plann+ ,manuscript #he ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,manuscript ,,books ,,ms4 ,books3 ,tools ,mat]ials -- ,me?ods ,proportions -- ,! ,size ,%ape ( ! ,book -- ,! ,wid?s ( ! ,m>g9s -- ,! ,size ( ! ,writ+1 c4 -- ,rul+ -- ,,ms4 ,books3 ,g5]al ,rem>ks #ih ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,v]sal ,,lett]s ,,col\r$ ,,capitals ,developm5t ( ,v]sals -- ,g5]al ,analysis ( ,v]sals -- ,notes on ,con/ruction ( ,v]sals -- ,spac+ ,arrangem5t ( ,v]sals #aab ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,black ,,r$ ,rubricat+ -- ,initial ,pages or ,title ,pages -- ,prefaces ,notes 9 ,col\r -- ,pages ) ,col\r$ ,head+s -- ,page or ,column ,head+ ,initial -- ,v]sals 9 ,column or ,m>g9al ,b&s -- ,/anzas or ,v]ses m>k$ by ,v]sals -- ,music ) ,r$ ,/aves -- ,tail-,pieces1 ,colophons1 c4 -- ,rubricat+3 ,g5]al ,rem>ks #abg ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,lay+ ,,burni%+ ,,gold ,tools ,mat]ials -- ,lay+ ! ,gr\nd -- ,lay+ ! ,gold-,leaf -- ,burni%+ ! ,gold -- ,rem$y+ ,faults 9 ,gild+ -- ,gold ,writ+ -- ,o!r ,me?ods ,recipes = ,gild+ -- ,app5dix on ,gild+ 7by ,graily ,hewitt7 #ade ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,gold ,,col\rs ,,9 ,,initial ,,lett]s ,,simple ,,illum9ation ,tools ,mat]ials = ,simple ,illum9ation -- ,p>*m5t1 8,vellum10 ,p\nce -- ,col\rs -- ,simple ,col\r ,effects -- ,matt ,gold -- ,burni%$ ,gold -- ,burni%$ ,gold ,=ms1 ,outl9es -- ,backgr\nd ,capitals -- ,apply+ ! ,backgr\nd -- ,ornam5t ( ,backgr\nds #agb ,,*apt] ,,xi ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,illum9ation ,illum9ation -- 8,b>b>ic1 or ,col\r-,"w1 ,illum9ation0 -- 8,filigree1 or ,p5-,"w1 ,illum9ation0 -- 8,natural1 or ,limn]'s1 ,illum9ation0 #aic ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,illum9ation ,! ,developm5t ( ,illum9ation -- ,l9e-,f9i%+s -- ,initial ,lett]s -- ,bord]s ,backgr\nds #bjd ,,*apt] ,,xiii 8,,design0 ,,9 ,,illum9ation 8,design0 -- ,elem5t>y ,patt]ns 9 ,decoration -- ,scale ,scope ( ,decoration -- ,( 8,design+0 ,manuscripts1 ,g5]ally #bad ,,"p ,,ii ,,lett]+ ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,good ,,lett]+ -- ,,"s ,,me?ods ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,arrangem5t ,good ,models -- ,! ,qualities ( ,good ,lett]+ -- ,simplicity -- ,di/9ctiv5ess -- ,proportion -- ,beauty ( ,=m -- ,beauty ( ,uni=mity -- ,"r ,arrangem5t -- ,sett+ ,out ,fitt+ ,9 -- 8,mass$ ,writ+0 8,f9e ,writ+0 -- ,ev5 ,spac+ -- ,!ory ,practice #bcg ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,roman ,,alphabet ,,its ,,d]ivatives ,! ,roman ,alphabet -- ,proportions ( ,lett]s3 ,wid?s -- ,upp] ,l[] ,p>ts -- ,ess5tial or ,/ructural ,=ms -- ,*>act]isation ( ,=ms -- ,built-,up ,=ms -- ,simple-,writt5 ,capitals -- ,uncials -- ,capitals ,small-,lett]s -- ,e>ly1 ,r\nd1 ,upright1 ,=mal ,h&s -- ,slant$-,p5 ,small-,lett]s -- ,roman ,small-,lett]s -- ,italics -- ,semi-,=mal ,h&s -- ,( ,=mal ,writ+ ,g5]ally -- ,decorative ,contra/s -- ,ornam5tal ,lett]s #bfh ,,app5dix ,a ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,special ,,subjects ,div]s ,uses ( ,lett]+ -- ,,ms4 ,books1 c4 -- ,b9d+ ,,mss 7) ,note by ,d\glas ,cock]ell7 -- ,broadsides1 ,wall ,inscriptions1 c4 -- ,illum9at$ ,addresses1 c4 -- ,monograms ,devices -- ,title ,pages -- ,lett]+ = ,reproduction -- ,pr9t+ -- ,inscriptions on ,metal1 ,/one1 ,wood1 c4 -- ,( ,inscriptions ,g5]ally -- ,bibliography1 c4 #ccg ,,app5dix ,b ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,inscriptions ,,9 ,,/one 7,by ,a4 ,e4 ,r4 ,gill7 ,treatm5t ,arrangem5t -- ,! ,?ree ,alphabets -- ,size ,spac+ -- ,! ,mat]ial -- ,sett+ ,out -- ,tools -- ,a ,"r ,use ( ! ,*isel -- ,incis$ ,lett]s ,lett]s 9 ,relief -- ,! ,sections ( ,lett]s -- ,work+ 9 situ #chi ,notes on ! ,collotype ,plates #djg ,! ,collotype ,plates #dca ,index #dhi ,,"p ,i ,,writ+ ,,illum9at+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 p#jce ,,"p ,i ,,writ+ ,,illum9at+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,writ+ ,ne>ly e type ( lett] ) :i* we are famili> is d]iv$ f ! ,roman ,capitals1 & has come to u ?r\gh ! m$ium1 or be5 modifi$ by ! influ5ce1 ( ! p54 ,&1 !re=e1 9 try+ to revive good ,lett]+1 we _c d bett] ?an make a practical /udy ( ! be/ p5-=ms1 & le>n at ! same "t to appreciate ! =ms ( _! magnific5t ar*etypes z pres]v$ 9 ! monum5tal ,roman inscriptions4 ,! developm5t & ! relations ( ! pr9cipal types ( lett]s are briefly set out 9 ! accompany+ 8family tree0--fig4 #a4 ,:5 ! /ud5t has le>nt to cut & h&le a p51 he c trace ?is developm5t practically by try+ to copy a few words f ea* example giv5 bel[4 p#jcf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,! ,,roman ,,alphabet4--,! ,alphabet1 z we "k x1 beg9s ) ! ,,roman ,,capitals#e 7see fig4 #b74 ,_! f9e monum5tal =ms 7 evolv$ by ! use ( ! *isel--probably "u ! influ5ce ( writ+--& _h rea*$ full developm5t ab\t #bjjj ye>s ago 7see ,plates ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,*apt] ,,xv474 ,,=mal ,,writ+--! 8book-h&0 or pr(essional writ+ ( ! scribes--comes ( ! c>eful writ+ ( ! ,roman ,capitals 7see also footnote1 p4 #ch1 on ! beg9n+s ( f9e p5man%ip74 ,x 0 !-- 8lit]>y h&1 us$ 9 ! production ( exactly writt5 ,,mss41 & !re=e a h& ( comp>atively limit$ use4 ,by its side1 & ( c\rse ( f> m ext5sive & g5]al use1 0 ! cursive h& ( ! "t0#f p#jcg ,9 e>ly cursive writ+--! runn+-h& or ord9>y writ+ ( ! p-- 8,! ,lett]s are no?+ m ?an ! old ,roman lett]s writt5 ) spe$1 & ?us und]go+ c]ta9 modifications 9 _! =ms1 :i* ev5tually develop$ into ! m9uscule h&40#g 7,see fig4 #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,"h x is suffici5t to trace ! hi/ory ( ! =mal ,lat9 8h&s10 b ! cont9ual1 modify+ influ5ce ex]t$ on !m by ! ord9>y cursive writ+ %\ld be borne 9 m9d4 ,notable results ( ?is influ5ce are se5 9 ,half-,uncials & ,italics4 ,,squ>e ,,capitals 7 =mal1 p5-made ,roman ,capitals1 ( ! monum5tal type3 !y 7 us$ 7p]haps f ! second7 till ab\t ! p#jch end ( ! fif? c5tury = important books 7see ,plate ,,iii474 ,,ru/ic ,,capitals 7 probably a v>iety ( ! 8,squ>e ,capitals10 & 7 9 use till ab\t ! end ( ! fif? c5tury 7fig4 #d2 see also p4 #big74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--neid1 on vellum1 ?ird or f\r? c5tury4 ,,roman ,,uncials 7 fully develop$ by ! f\r? c5tury1 & 7 us$ f ! fif? till ! eigh? c5tury = ! f9e/ books 7fig4 #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,psalt]1 fif? c5tury4 ,uncials are true p5-=ms#h--m quickly writt5 ?an ! 8,squ>e10 & cle>] ?an ! 8,ru/ic0 ,capitals--hav+ ! *>act]i/ic1 simple /rokes & beautiful1 r\nd$ %apes :i* fl[ f ! rightly h&l$ re$ or quill4 ,! p#jci typical ,uncial lett]s are ! r\nd ,d1 ,e1 ,h1 ,m1 ,u 7or ,v71 & ,a & ,q 7see p4 #cjj74 ,,roman ,,half-,,uncials--or ,semi-,uncials--7fig4 #f7 7 mix$ ,uncial & ,cursive =ms adopt$ by ! scribes = ease & quickness 9 writ+4 ,_! evolution m>ks ! =mal *ange f ,capitals to 8,small-,lett]s40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,s4 ,augu/9e3 probably ,fr5* six? c5tury4 ,!y 7 fir/ us$ z a book-h& = ! less important books ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury4 ,,iri% ,,half-,,uncials 7 f\nd$ on ! ,roman ,half-,uncials 7probably br\ght to ,irel& by ,roman mission>ies 9 ! six? c5tury74 ,z a beautiful writ+1 !y atta9$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury a degree ( p]fection s9ce unrivall$ 7see ,plate ,,vi474 ,!y develop$ 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies into a 8po9t$0 writ+1 :i* became ! ,iri% national h&4 ,,engli% ,,half-,,uncials 7fig4 #g7 7 modell$ on ! ,iri% ,half-,uncials 9 ! sev5? p#jda c5tury4 ,!y also develop$ 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies into a 8po9t$0 writ+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--8;,durham ,book03 ,l9disf>ne1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #gjj4 7,see also ,plate ,,vii47 ,,c>ol9e 7or ,,c>lov+ian7 ,,writ+4--,:ile ,engli% & ,iri% writ+ ?us came f ,roman ,half-,uncial1 ! ,cont95tal h&s 7 mu* influ5c$ by ! r\gh] ,roman ,cursive1 & 71 till ne> ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 comp>atively poor4 8,! p]iod ( ,*>lemagne is an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! h&writ+s ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,) ! revival ( le>n+ naturally came a re=m ( ! writ+ 9 :i* ! works ( lit]ature 7 to be made kn[n4 ,a decree ( ! ye> #ghi call$ = ! revision ( *ur* books2 & ?is "w naturally br\ght ) x a great activity 9 ! writ+ s*ools ( ! *ief mona/ic c5tres ( ,france4 ,& 9 none 0 !re great] activity ?an at ,t\rs1 :]e1 "u ! rule ( ,alcu9 ( ,york1 :o 0 abbot ( ,/4 ,m>t9's f #gif to #hjd1 0 specially develop$ ! exact h& :i* has receiv$ ! "n ( ! ,c>ol9e ,m9uscule40#i p#jdb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,briti% ,museum3 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #bgij4 ,c>ol9e ,,ms4 fir/ half ( #i? c5tury4 7,see also fig4 #aga p4 #cje47 p#jdc ,! influ5ce ( ! ,c>ol9e h&s 7see fig4 #h7 pres5tly spread ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! lett]s 9 our mod]n copy-books may be reg>d$ z _! direct1 ?\gh deg5]ate1 desc5dants4 ,,slant$-,,p5 or ,,tilt$ ,,writ+4--,! =ms ( ! lett]s 9 e>ly writ+ indicate an easily held p5--slant$ away f ! "r %\ld]4 ,! slant$ p5 naturally produc$ oblique ?ick /rokes & ?9 /rokes1 & ! lett]s 7 8tilt$0 7see fig4 #i74 ,9 ! highly f9i%$ h&s--us$ f ! six? to ! eigh? c5turies--su* z ! lat] ,uncials & ! ,roman1 ,iri%1 & ,engli% ,half-,uncials1 ! p5 0 manipulat$ or cut s t ! ?9 /rokes 7 approximately horizontal1 & ! ?ick /rokes v]tical 7fig4 #aj74 ,! e>li] & easi] practice came into fa%ion aga9 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies1 & ! r\nd ,iri% & ,engli% h&s became 8po9t$0 z a result ( slant+ ! p54 ,! alt]ation 9 wid?s & directions ( p5 /rokes1 due to ! use ( ! 8slant$ p510 _h ^! effects on ! half-uncial =ms 7see fig4 #aa73-- #a4 ,! ?9 /rokes tak+ an oblique 7upw>d7 direction 7a7 7giv+ a %>p angle ) ! v]ticals 7d1 a77 l$ to angul>ity & n>r[] =ms 7a#a71 & a m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ?ick & ?9 /rokes--due to ! abrupt *ange f "o to ! o!r 7a#b74 #b4 ,! ?ick /rokes becom+ oblique 7b7 caus$ a ?ick5+ ( ! curves bel[ on ! left 7b#a71 & above on ! "r 7b#b71 :i* gave heavy %\ld]s & feet4 #c4 ,! horizontal /rokes becom+ ?ick] 7c7 gave /rong] & less elegant =ms4 p#jdd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 p#jde #d4 ,! v]tical /rokes becom+ ?9n] 7d7 7) oblique or po9t$ ends--n squ>e end$7 increas$ ! t5d5cy to n>r[ lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,x is to be not$ t ! ,c>ol9e lett]s--?\gh writt5 ) a 8slant$ p50--kept ! op51 r\nd appe>ance ( ! e>li] =ms4 p#jdf ,,t5?1 ,,elev5?1 ,,& ,,twelf? ,,c5tury ,,writ+4--,! easy use ( ! slant$ p51 & ! lat]al compression ( ! lett]s :i* naturally foll[$1 result$ 9 a valuable economy ( "t & space 9 ! mak+ ( books4 ,?is lat]al compression is /rongly m>k$ 9 ! t5? c5tury 7see fig4 #ab71 & 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies x caus$ curves to give place to angles1 & writ+ to become 8,go?ic0 9 "* 7see ,plate ,,xi474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,psalt]3 ,engli% t5? c5tury4 7,see also ,plate ,,viii47 ,,?irte5?1 ,,f\rte5?1 ,,& ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,,writ+4--,! t5d5cy to compression cont9u$1 & a fur!r economy ( space 0 effect$ 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies by ! g5]al use ( mu* small] writ+ 7see fig4 #ac74 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury writ+ grew l>g] & tall] aga91 b ! lett]s _h /eadily become p#jdg n>r[]1 m angul>1 & /iff]1 till ! writt5 page consi/$ ( r[s ( p]p5dicul> ?ick /rokes ) heads & feet connect$ by oblique hair-l9es--:i* (t5 look z if !y _h be5 da%$ 9 aft] ) a f9e p5--all made ) an almo/ me*anical precision 7see ,plate ,,xvii474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,colophon ( ,engli% ,,ms41 dat$ #abed4 ,,italian ,,writ+4--,9 ,italy alone ! r\ndness ( ! e>li] h&s 0 pres]v$1 & ?\gh 9 c\rse ( "t ! lett]s 7 affect$ by ! 8,go?ic0 t5d5cy1 !y nev] lo/ ! curv$ =ms or acquir$ ! extreme angul>ity :i* is se5 9 ! writ+s ( ,nor!rn ,europe 7comp>e ,plates ,x4 & ,,xi474 ,at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance ! ,italian scribes remodell$ _! 8h&s0 on ! beautiful ,italian writ+ ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies 7see ,plates ,x4 & ,,xviii41 ,,xix41 ,,xx474 ,! e>ly ,italian pr9t]s foll[$ aft] ! scribes & modell$ _! types on ^! r\nd cle> lett]s4 ,& ?us ! fifte5? c5tury ,italian =mal writ+ became ! f\ndation ( ! 8,roman0 small lett]s1 :i* h sup]s$$ all o!rs = ! pr9t+ ( books4 p#jdh ,,italics4--,! ,roman ,lett]s1 toge!r ) ! cursive h& ( ! "t1 gave rise to 8,italic0 lett]s 7see fig4 #a1 pp4 #caa1 #caf1 #dhc74 ,,ornam5tal ,,lett]s orig9at$ 9 ! simple writt5 =ms1 :i* 7 develop$ = special purposes1 & 7 made l>g] or writt5 9 col\r 7see ,v]sals1 c41 figs4 #a1 #ahi74 ,_! fir/ object 0 to m>k important words1 or ! beg9n+s ( v]ses1 *apt]s1 or books4 ,z ,initial ,lett]s !y 7 mu* modifi$ & embelli%$1 & s gave rise to ! art ( ,illum9ation 7see pp4 #aac1 #aad74 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,acquir+ ,a ,,=mal ,,h&3 7#a7 ,,tools ,acquir+ a ,=mal ,h&3 ,tools1 c4 -- ,! ,desk -- ,pap] ,ink -- ,p5s3 ,! ,re$3 ,! ,quill -- ,( ,quills g5]ally -- ,p5-knife1 ,cutt+-slab1 c4 ,,acquir+ ,a ,,=mal ,,h&3 ,,tools1 ,c4 ,! simple/ way ( le>n+ h[ to make lett]s is to acquire a f9e =mal h&4 ,to ?is end a legible & beautiful writ+ 7see p4 #gj7 %\ld be *os51 & be c>efully copi$ ) a prop]ly cut p54 ,= le>n+ to write1 ! foll[+ tools & mat]ials are requir$3-- ,desk4 ,writ+-pap]4 ,ink & fill]4 ,p5s 7,re$ & ,quill7 ) 8spr+s40 p#jdi ,p5-knife1 %>p5+-/one1 & cutt+-slab4 ,magnify+ glass4 ,two-foot 7pref]ably ?ree-foot7 rule1 & p5cil4 ,l95 p5-wip]4 ,,! ,,desk ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,an ord9>y desk or draw+-bo>d c be us$1 b ! be/ desk is made by h++ a draw+-bo>d 78,imp]ial0 size7 to ! edge ( a table4 ,! bo>d may be rais$ & support$ at any desir$ angle by a h+$ support1 or by a r\nd t9 set "u x 7fig4 #ad74 ,= a m portable p#jej desk two draw+-bo>ds may be simil>ly h+$ toge!r & plac$ on a table 7fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,a tape or /r+ is tightly /ret*$--horizontally--across ! desk to hold ! writ+-pap] 7:i*1 z a rule1 is n p9n$ on74 ,! l[] "p ( ! writ+-pap] is held & protect$ by a piece ( /\t pap] or vellum fix$ tightly1 ) draw+-p9s1 across & ov] x 7fig4 #af74 ,"u ! writ+-pap] !re %\ld be a 8writ+-pad10 consi/+ ( "o or two p#jea %eets ( blott+-pap]1 or "s o!r suitable sub/ance4#aj ,x is a good plan to h ! l[]1 front edge ( ! desk bevell$ or r\nd$1 s t ! tail "p ( a deep %eet1 :i* may hang bel[ ! table1 does n become accid5tally creas$ by be+ press$ aga9/ x4 ,a curv$ piece ( c>dbo>d fix$ on ! edge w answ] ! same purpose4 ,,pap] ,,ink ,= 8practice0 any smoo?--n glaz$--pap] w d4 ,= c>eful "w a smoo? h&-made pap] is be/ 7pp4 #ajc1 #aaa74 ,a good1 prep>$1 liquid 7c>bon7 ink is be/4 ,x %\ld be z black z possible1 )\t be+ too ?ick4 ,a jet-black ink w te/ ! quality ( ! writ+ by 8%[+ up0 all ! faults2 8pale0 or 8t9t$0 inks r conceal ! faults1 & l5d a false appe>ance ( excell5ce 7p4 #cbb74 ,a ?9 ink greatly adds to ! ease ( writ+ 7see ,add5da1 p4 #bc74 ,wat]pro( inks1 z a rule1 are too ?ick or gummy1 & d n fl[ freely en\gh4 ,! ink-bottle is kept cork$ :5 n 9 use1 to keep ! ink clean & prev5t evaporation4 ,?ick or muddy ink %\ld be put away3 x is n wor? :ile try+ to use x4 ,a small bru% is us$ = fill+ ! p54 ,,p5s ,a ,re$ or ,cane p5 is be/ = v l>ge writ+--ov] half an in* 9 height--& !re=e p#jeb x is ( great use 9 /udy+ p5 /rokes & =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,a ,quill is be/ = small] writ+1 & is us$ = all ord9>y ,,ms4 "w 7pp4 #ed-fj74 ,! ,,re$#aa p5 %\ld be ab\t #h in*es long4 ,i4 ,"o end is cut (f obliquely 7fig4 #ag74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,ii4 ,! s(t inside "p is %av$ away by means ( a knife laid flat aga9/ x1 leav+ ! h>d out] %ell 7fig4 #ah74 ,,iii4 ,! nib is laid1 back up1 on ! slab 7p4 #fa71 &--! knife-blade be+ v]tical--! tip is cut (f at "r angles to ! %aft 7fig4 #ai74 ,,iv4 ,a %ort longitud9al slit 7a-b7 is made by p#jec ins]t+ ! knife-blade 9 ! middle ( ! tip 7fig4 #bj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,v4 ,a p5cil or bru%-h&le is held "u ! nib1 & is g5tly twit*$ upw>ds to l5g!n ! slit 7fig4 #ba74 ,an ord9>y re$ %\ld h a slit ab\t #c_/d in* long4 ,a v /iff p5 may h 9 addition a slit on ei!r side ( ! c5tre4 ,! left ?umb nail is press$ aga9/ ! back ( ! p5--ab\t #a in* f ! tip--to prev5t x splitt+ too f> up 7see also fig4 #bg74 ,,vi4 ,! nib is laid1 back up1 on ! slab1 &--! knife-blade be+ v]tical--! tip is cut (f at an angle ( ab\t #gj to ! %aft1 remov+ ! fir/ r\gh slit a-b 7fig4 #bb74 p#jed ,,vii4 ,a /rip ( ?9 metal 7v ?9 t91 or clock spr+ ) ! 8temp]0 tak5 out by heat+ & sl[ly cool+7 is cut ! wid? ( ! nib & ab\t #b in*es long4 ,?is is fold$ into a 8spr+0 7fig4 #bc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,,viii4 ,! spr+ is ins]t$ into ! p5 7fig4 #bd74 ,! loop a b c is 8sprung0 into place1 & holds ! spr+ 9 ! "r position4 ,! loop c d1 :i* %\ld be r flat1 holds ! ink 9 ! p54 ,! po9t d %\ld be ab\t #a_/h in* f ! end ( ! nib4 ,,! ,,quill4--,a ,turkey's ,quill is /rong1 & suitable = g5]al writ+4 ,z suppli$ by ! /ation]s x consi/s ( a complete w+-fea!r1 ab\t #ab in*es long1 hav+ ! quill "p cut = ord9>y use4 ,= c>eful writ+ x %\ld be re-made ?us3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,i4 ,! quill %\ld be cut d[n to #g or #h in*es 7fig4 #be72 ! long fea!r if left is apt to be 9 ! way4 ,,ii4 ,! 8b>bs0 or filam5ts ( ! fea!r are /ripp$ (f ! %aft 7fig4 #bf74 p#jee ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,,iii4 ,! nib already has a slit usually ab\t #a_/d in* long4 ,?is is suffici5t 9 a fairly pliant p52 9 a v /iff p5 7see p4 #fj7 ! slit may be l5g!n$ to #c_/h in*4 ,?is may be done ) c>e by hold+ a half-nib betwe5 ! =ef+] p#jef & ?umb ( ea* h&1 b ! safe/ way is to twit* ! slit op5 7fig4 #bg71 us+ ! end ( ano!r p5 7or a bru%-h&le7 z expla9$ "u ,re$1 ,v4 7see p4 #ec74 ,,iv4 ,! sides ( ! nib are p>$ till ! wid? across ! tip is r less ?an ! wid? desir$#ab 7fig4 #bh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,v4 ,! nib is laid1 back up1 on ! glass slab1 & ! extreme tip is cut (f obliquely to ! slit1 ! knife blade be+ slightly slop$1 & its edge =m+ an angle ( ab\t #gj ) ! l9e ( ! %aft 7fig4 #bi2 see also fig4 #cf74 p#jeg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,! %aft re/s lightly 9 ! left h& 7n gripp$ & n press$ d[n on slab at all71 & ! knife blade is ent]$ ) a /eady pressure4 ,if ! nib is !n n wide en\gh x may be cut aga92 if too wide1 ! sides may be p>$ d[n4 ,cut v little at a "t (f ! tip ( ! nib2 a heavy cut is apt to =ce ! p5 out ( %ape & spoil ! edge ( ! nib4 ,,vi4 ,! nib %\ld !n be exam9$ ) ! magnify+ glass4 ,hold ! p51 back d[n1 ov] a %eet ( :ite pap]1 & see t ! ends ( ! two half-nibs are 9 ! same /raight l9e a-b 7fig4 #cj74 ,! nib %\ld h an oblique *isel-%ap$ tip1 v %>ply cut 7fig4 #ca74 ,a magnify+ glass is necess>y = exam9+ a f9e p52 a co>se p5 may be held up aga9/ p#jeh ! light f a w9d[--a f+]-tip be+ held j ov] ! nib to direct ! eye 7fig4 #cb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,a nib 9 :i* ! slit does n q close may be b5t d[n to br+ ! two p>ts toge!r 7fig4 #cc74 p#jei ,unev5 or blunt nibs 7fig4 #cd7 mu/ be c>efully re-cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,,vii4 ,! ,spr+ 7see ,re$1 ,,vii47 7ab\t #c_/cb in* by #a-a_/b in*7 is plac$ s t ! po9t is ab\t #a_/af in* f ! end ( ! nib4 ,! long loop %\ld be made r flat to hold pl5ty ( ink 7,a1 fig4 #ce7--nei!r too mu* curv$ 7,b3 ?is holds only a drop71 nor q flat 7,c3 ?is draws ! ink up & away f ! nib74 ,,( ,,quills ,,g5]ally ,= ord9>y use ! nib may be cut ) a fairly /eep angle1 z %[n 7magnifi$7 at 7a7 7fig4 #cf74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,b x is bett] = f9e1 %>p writ+ t ! angle be made v %>p3 ! knife blade is laid back 7mu* flatt] ?an is %[n 9 fig4 #bi7 & ! quill is cut q ?92 ! knife blade is !n held v]tical & ! extreme tip ( ! nib is cut (f %>p & true 7b1 fig4 #cf74 ,= l>ge writ+1 ! curv$ inside ( ! quill is p>$ flat 7c1 d1 fig4 #cf7 p#jfj to give full /rokes4 ,if ! nib be left curv$ & holl[ und]nea? 7e71 x is apt to make holl[ /rokes4 ,! p5 may be made m pliant by scrap+ x till x is ?9n]1 or by cutt+ ! 8%\ld]0 7a-b1 fig4 #bi7 long]1 or /iff] by cutt+ ! nib back until ! 8%\ld]0 is %ort4 ,goose & ,cr[ ,quills 7see p4 #agb74 ,! ma9 advantages ( a quill ov] a metal p5 are1 t ! =m] may be %ap$ exactly z ! writ] desires1 & be re-cut :5 x becomes blunt4 ,a metal p5 may be %>p5$ on an oil/one1 b ! process takes s mu* long] t !re is no sav+ 9 "t3 x is n easily cut to ! exact %ape1 & x lacks ! pleasant ela/icity ( ! quill4 ,a gold p5 is probably ! be/ sub/itute = a quill1 & if x 7 possible to h a %>p1 8*isel-edg$0 iridium tip on ! gold nib1 x w\ld be an extremely conv5i5t =m ( p54 ,a 8f\nta9 p50 might be us$ ) ?9 ink4 ,,p5-,,knife1 ,,cutt+-,,slab1 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,,! ,,knife4--,quill mak]s use a special knife4 ,a surgical scalpel makes an excell5t p5-knife4 ,! blade %\ld be fairly /\t1 z ! edge ( a ?9 blade is easily damag$4 ,x %\ld be gr\nd almo/ entirely on ! "r side ( ! blade 7fig4 #cg7 & kept v %>p4 p#jfa ,,! ,,slab4--,a piece ( glass 7pref]ably :ite7 may be us$ = f9e quills2 h>d wood1 bone1 or celluloid = re$ & cane p5s4 ,,%>p5+ ,,/one4--,a 8,turkey0 7f9e7 or 8,wa%ita0 7f9e or co>se gra9$7 /one4 ,,magnify+ ,,glass4--,a magnify+ glass 7ab\t #a in* 9 diamet]7 is necess>y = exam9+ f9e p5 nibs to see if !y are 8true40 ,a 8pocket0 glass is ! mo/ suitable = g5]al use1 & = ! analysis ( small writ+1 c4 ,,rule4--,a #b1 or #c-;foot wood rule hav+ brass /rips let 9 to protect ! edges1 or a metal rule4 ,,l95 ,,p5-,,wip]4--,a piece ( an old l95 h&k]*ief may be us$ to keep ! p5 clean4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,acquir+ ,a ,,=mal ,,h&3 7#b7 ,,me?ods ,position ( ! ,desk -- ,! ,writ+ ,level -- ,use ( ! ,p5 -- ,hold+ ! ,p5 -- ,fill+ ! ,p51 c4 ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,desk ,always write at a slope4 ,?is enables y to sit up com=tably at y\r "w1 & to see ! ,,ms4 cle>ly z ?\gh x 7 on an easel--&1 by ! result+ horizontal position ( ! p51 ! ink is kept "u control4 ,x may be se5 f anci5t pictures t ?is 0 ! me?od ( ! scribes 7see ,frontispiece74 ,nev] write on a flat table2 x causes ! writ] to /oop1 ! ,,ms4 is se5 =e%ort5$1 & ! ink fl[s out ( ! p5 too rapidly4 p#jfb ,! slope ( ! desk may be ab\t1 or r less ?an1 #de to beg9 )3 z ! h& becomes accu/om$ to x1 x may be rais$ to ab\t #fj 7fig4 #ch74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! 8heel0 ( ! "r h& may be tir$ at fir/1 b x soon gr[s us$ to ! position4 ,a re/ = ! left arm1 if necess>y1 c be atta*$ to ! left side ( ! bo>d4 ,light+4 ,! desk is plac$ v ne> to a w9d[1 s t a /rong light falls on x f ! left4 ,direct sunlight may be cut (f by fix+ a %eet ( ?9 :ite pap] 9 ! w9d[4 ,c>eful "w %\ld be done by daylight4 ,"w done by artificial light always appe>s faulty & unsatisfactory :5 view$ by day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,,! ,,writ+ ,,level ,ea* p5man w f9d = himself ! writ+ level along :i* 8 p5 w move mo/ naturally & conv5i5tly 7see figs4 #ci & #af74 ,! pap] gu>d %\ld be p9n$ on ab\t #a in* bel[ ! p#jfc writ+ level3 ! tape is fix$ across ab\t #c in*es above ! gu>d4 ,9 ! case ( v l>ge writ+ ! space betwe5 ! tape & ! gu>d is great]1 & 9 ! case ( a v small ,,ms4 x is less4 ,! writ+ level is kept con/ant4 ,:5 "o l9e has be5 writt51 ! writ+ pap]--:i* is plac$ beh9d ! tape & ! gu>d--is pull$ up = ano!r l9e4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,p5 ,= ! practical /udy ( p5-=ms use a cane or a re$ p5--or a quill cut v broad--giv+ a broad1 firm1 ?ick /roke4 ,x is ! *isel edge 7p4 #eg7 ( ! nib :i* gives ! 8clean cut0 ?ick & ?9 /rokes & ! graduat$ curv$ /rokes *>act]i/ic ( good writ+ 7fig4 #dj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,!re=e1 let ! nib glide ab\t on ! surface ) ! lea/ possible pressure1 mak+ natural p5-/rokes ! ?ickness ( :i* is only v>i$ p#jfd by ! diff]5t directions 9 :i* ! nib moves 7see ,add5da1 p4 #bc74 ,x is v important t ! nib be cut 8%>p10 & z (t5 z its edge we>s blunt x mu/ be re%>p5$4 ,x is impossible to make 8clean cut0 /rokes ) a blunt p5 7see ,add5da1 p4 #be74 ,:5 ! nib is cut back1 ! 8%\ld]0 %\ld be cut back to pres]ve ! ela/icity ( ! p5 7p4 #fj74 ,,hold+ ,,! ,,p5 ,! h& holds ! p5 lightly & easily4 ,a good me?od is to loop ! ?umb & =ef+] ov]1 & slightly gripp+1 ! %aft ( ! p51 & support ! %aft f bel[ ) ! second f+]4 ,! ?ird & f\r? f+]s are tuck$1 out ( ! way1 into ! palm 7figs4 #da1 #de74 ,! p5 %\ld be s lightly held t ! act ( writ+ %\ld draw ! edge ( ! nib into p]fect contact ) ! pap]1 bo? ! half-nibs t\*+ ! surface4 7,to make sure t ! contact is p]fect1 make exp]im5tal ?ick /rokes on a scrap ( pap]--p9n$ at ! "r-h& side ( ! desk--& see t !y are 8true10 i4e4 t !y are ( ev5 wid?1 ) 8clean cut0 edges & ends47 ,! writ] %\ld be able to feel :at ! nib is do+4 ,if ! p5 be gripp$ /iffly ! edge ( ! nib _c be felt on ! pap]2 & x w inevitably be =c$ out ( %ape & prematurely blunt$4 ,a ?9 slip ( bone--a 8fold]0 or ! h&le ( ! p5-knife w d--is commonly held 9 ! left h& to keep ! pap] flat & /eady 7see fig4 #da74 p#jfe ,,! ,,cu/om>y ,,mann]4--,! anci5t scribe probably held 8 p5 9 ! mann] mo/ conv5i5t to himself2 & we1 9 ord] to write ) fre$om1 %\ld hold ! p5 9 ! way to :i*1 by long use1 we h be5 accu/om$2 provid$ t1 = writ+ an upright r\nd-h&1 ! p5 be s manipulat$ & cut z to make f9e horizontal ?9 /rokes & clean v]tical ?ick /rokes 7see fig4 #dj1 footnote1 p4 #cjd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,,slant$ ,,%aft1 c4--,mo/ p are accu/om$ to hold+ a p5 slant$ away f ! "r %\ld]4 ,! nib !re=e is cut at p#jff an oblique angle#ac to ! %aft1 s t1 :ile ! %aft is slant$1 ! edge ( ! nib is p>allel ) ! horizontal l9e ( ! pap]1 & w !re=e produce a horizontal ?9 /roke & a v]tical ?ick /roke4 ,= example3 if ! %aft is held slant$ at an angle ( #gj ) ! horizontal1 ! nib is cut at an angle ( #gj ) ! %aft 7fig4 #db74 ,! angle ( ! nib ) ! %aft may v>y f #ij 7at "r angles7 to ab\t #gj1 accord+ to ! slant at :i* ! %aft is held 7fig4 #dc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,if ! writ] pref]s an extremely slant$ %aft1 to cut ! nib correspond+ly obliquely w\ld weak5 x1 s x is bett] to c\nt]act ! slant by slightly tilt+ ! pap] 7fig4 #dd74 ,to produce ! horizontal ?9 /roke1 !re=e3 ,! slant at :i* ! %aft is held1 ,! angle at :i* ! nib is cut1 & ,! tilt :i* may be giv5 to ! pap]3 p#jfg mu/ be s adju/$1 "o to ano!r1 t ! *isel edge ( ! nib is p>allel to ! horizontal l9e ( ! pap]4 ,be=e writ+1 make trial /rokes on a scrap ( pap] to see t ?is is s3 ! v]tical ?ick /rokes %\ld be squ>e end$ & ! full wid? ( ! nib1 ! horizontal /rokes z f9e z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,,horizontal ,,%aft1 c4--,! p5 %aft is held approximately horizontal4 ,?is w be f\nd ! natural position = x :5 ! slope p#jfh ( ! desk is ab\t #ej or #fj4 ,x gives complete control ( ! ink 9 ! p51 :i* c be made to run fa/] or sl[] by slightly elevat+ or depress+ ! %aft 7fig4 #de74 ,! writ+-bo>d may be slightly l[]$ or rais$ ) ! object ( elevat+ or depress+ ! p5 %aft 7fig4 #df p4 #aah74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! p5 makes a consid]able angle ) ! writ+ surface1 s t ! ink1 :i* is held 9 ! holl[ ( ! nib1 comes 9 contact ) ! pap] at ! v extremity ( ! nib1 mak+ v f9e /rokes 7a1 fig4 #dg74 ,! spr+ is adju/$ c>efully1 ! tip be+ approximately #a_/af in* f ! tip ( ! nib4 ,! ne>] ! spr+ is to ! end ( ! nib1 ! fa/] ! ink fl[s4 ,! loop mu/ be kept flatti% 9 ord] to hold ! ink well 7see fig4 #ce74 p#jfi ,x is conv5i5t to /& ! ink1 c41 beside ! desk on ! left1 & = ?is purpose a little cup-%ap$ bracket or clip may be atta*$ to ! edge ( ! writ+-bo>d4 ,! fill+-bru% /&s 9 ! ink-bottle 7p4 #ea7 or pot ( col\r 7p4 #agf71 & is tak5 up 9 ! left h&2 ! p51 reta9$ 9 ! "r h&1 be+ br\ght ov] to ! left to be fill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! back ( ! nib is kept dry 7a1 fig4 #dh74 ,a v conv5i5t & p]fectly clean me?od1 :5 c>e is tak51 ( remov+ any ink on ! back ( ! p5 is to draw x across ! back ( ! left =e-f+]4 ,9 c>eful "w ! p5 %\ld be tri$1 on a p#jgj scrap ( pap]1 almo/ e "t x is fill$ 7to see t x is n too full & t ! ink is fl[+ rightly74 ,! nib is kept clean4 ,a c>bon ink 7p4 #ea71 ?r\gh gradual evaporation1 is apt to clog ! nib 7especially 9 hot wea!r72 !re=e e n[ & !n1 :ile ! nib is 9 use1 ! spr+ is tak5 out & ! :ole ?or\ghly clean$4 ,x is impossible to write well ) a dirty p54 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,acquir+ ,a ,,=mal ,,h&3 7#c7 ,,models ,models -- ,notes on ,con/ruction3 ,script ,i4 -- ,c\pl+ ! ,lett]s -- ,spac+3 ,lett]s1 ,words1 ,l9es -- ,uncial ,capitals3 ,script ,,ii4 -- ,num]als ,punctuation ,m>ks -- ,( ,copy+ ,,mss4 ,g5]ally4 ,,models ,! be/ tra9+ is f\nd 9 ! practice ( an upright r\nd-h& 7p4 #cjb74 ,hav+ ma/]$ su* a writ+1 ! p5man c acquire any o!r h&s--slop+ or angul>--) comp>ative ease 7p4 #cbc74 ,! ,engli% ,half-,uncial writ+ 9 ,plate ,,vii4 is an excell5t model4 ,^? :o h suffici5t "t to sp>e = ! c>eful /udy ( ?is1 or any o!r legible & beautiful r\nd-h&1 %\ld obta9 access to ! ,,mss4 9 a museum1 or procure good facsimiles 7see ,plates at end ( ,book1 p4 #chh74 ,^? :o h n suffici5t "t = a c>eful & ?or\gh /udy ( an e>ly ,,ms4 w f9d x p#jga easi] to beg9 ) a simplifi$ & mod]nis$ writ+1 su* z ,script ,i4 7fig4 #di74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,be=e copy+ a h& x is well to exam9e c>efully ! manuscript f :i* x is tak53 obs]ve its g5]al appe>ance3 note ! "* & mode ( ! rul+1 & ! sizes & relative proportions ( page1 text1 m>g9s1 & ornam5ts4 ,) reg>d to ! actual =ms ( ! lett]s & ! mode ( _! arrangem5t1 su* a me?od ( analysis z ! foll[+ w be f\nd useful1 z an aid to accuracy 9 copy+1 & def9it5ess 9 self-criticism4 p#jgb ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,analysis4 ,example3 ,analysis ( ,script ,i4 7z 9 fig4 #ej74 #a4 ,,! ,,writ+--g5]al "*3 ,mod]nis$ ,half-,uncial4 7,rul+7--,d\ble or s+le l9es1 ,d\ble l9es c4 7see pp4 #cjd1 #cje73 7see figs4 #ei1 #fe74 ,lett]s--r\nd or angul>3 r\nd4 upright or slop+3 upright4 c\pl$ or sep>ate3 c\pl$4 #b4 ,,?9 ,,/rokes3 horizontal or horizontal4 oblique 7see figs4 #aj1 #i73 #c4 ,,?ick ,,/rokes3 heavy1 m$ium1 m$ium4 or light 7see fig4 #ahc73 #d4 8,,heads0 8,,feet03 "* solid1 triangul>1 c4 7see fig4 #ade73 #e4 ,,/ems 7asc5d+ m$ium4 desc5d+73 %ort1 m$ium1 or long 7see fig4 #ahc73 #f4 ,,spac+ 7,lett]s1 ,words1 fairly close ,l9es73 close or wide 7see 7see figs4 #ed1 #ee74 fig4 #aed73 #g4 ,,arrangem5t3 9 mass 7( equal 9 mass ( equal l9es l9es71 or 9 column 7( 7see fig4 #ff74 unequal l9es7 7see fig4 #aed73 #h4 ,,measurem5ts 7 proportions see pp4 #cbd1 #cbg73 wid? ( ?ick /roke 7see p4 #hc73 l ab\t #c_/cb wide4 height ( o & d 7see pp4 o ab\t #c_/h high4 #hb1 #hd73 d ab\t #aa_/af high4 writ+ l9es1 di/ance ap>t ,l9es #a ap>t4 7see p4 #hb73 #i4 ,,compon5t ,,p>ts3 numb] & a has #c /rokes4 =ms 7see pp4 #ge1 #ha1 #hd73 b has #c /rokes4 c has #b /rokes4 & s on 7see fig4 #ea74 p#jgc ,! p5 g5]ally is held s z to give approximately horizontal ?9 /rokes 7see p4 #ff71 b 9 mak+ v 7w1 y7 & x1 p>ts ( z1 c41 x is 8slant$40 ,9 figs4 #ea & #eg ^! =ms are m>k$ ) a small diagonal cross 7see also p4 #be74 ,mo/ ( ! /rokes beg9 z d[n-/rokes1 b at ! end ( a d[n-/roke1 :5 ! ink is fl[+ freely1 ! /roke may be cont9u$ 9 an upw>d direction 7z 9 c\pl+-/rokes1 c41 ! feet ( lett]s1 ! ?9 /roke ( x1 &1 if pref]r$1 9 mak+ ! la/ /roke ( g1 s1 & y74 ,:ile ! ink is /ill wet 9 a d[n-/roke1 ! nib may be replac$ on x & be pu%$ upw>d & outw>d to =m ! r\nd ar* 9 b1 h1 m1 n1 p1 & r4 ,?is /roke1 rev]s$1 is also us$ = ! top ( t4 ,! mak+ ( ^! ,,up-/rokes is %[n diagrammatically 9 fig4 #ea4 ,note4--,! =ms o9 9 fig4 #ea conta9 all ! pr9cipal /rokes 9 ?is alphabet1 & are !re=e useful = e>ly practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,,c\pl+ ,,! ,,lett]s ,! lett]s are jo9$ toge!r by means ( _! c\pl+-/rokes1 :i* = ?is purpose may be slightly drawn out1 & =w>d1 f ! naturally r\nd =ms ( ! lett]s 7see c1 e1 c41 fig4 #eb fig4 #ei74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! c\pl+-/rokes are f9i%+ /rokes--& z su* are ak9 to s]ifs 7p4 #bdd7--;gr[+ out ( or add$ to su* /ems z ne$ 8f9i%+40 ,c\pl+ enables "o to write fa/] & ) p#jgf m fre$om1 ! conclud+ or 8c\pl+0 /roke n be+ sl[$ d[n1 b writt5 ) a da%1 :i* is cov]$ by ! fir/ /roke ( ! succe$+ p#jgg lett]4 ,x keeps ! individual words m di/9ct1 & !re=e p]mits clos] spac+ ( ! text4 ,c\pl+ is = conv5i5ce & legibility1 & :]e x t5ds to int]f]e ) legibility1 we mu/ be c>eful4 ,! fre] & m cursive ! h&1 ! great] is ! t5d5cy to jo9 & run lett]s toge!r1 z 9 ord9>y writ+4 ,x is pref]able to c\ple lett]s bel[1 if possible4 ,c\pl+s above are sometimes apt to confuse ! read+2 = example1 ! cross-b> ( t 7?\gh ! mo/ natural c\pl+ = ! scribe to use--see petatis1 ,plate ,,vii47 %\ld g5]ally be made to pass ov] or fall %ort ( ! succe$+ lett] 7see fig4 #eb74 ,,spac+3 ,,lett]s1 ,,words1 ,,l9es ,! lett]s ( a ^w are fitt$ toge!r s t !re is a g5]al effect ( ev5ness4 ,?is ev5ness is only to be atta9$ by practice3 x is *>act]i/ic ( rapid skilful writ+1 & _c be produc$ satisfactorily by any sy/em ( measurem5t :ile ! writ]'s h& is /ill sl[ & unc]ta94 ,x is wor? not+1 h[ev]1 t ! :ite int]spaces v>y slightly1 :ile ! actual di/ances betwe5 ! lett]s v>y consid]ably1 accord+ to :e!r ! adjac5t /rokes curve 7or slant7 away or are p]p5dicul> 7figs4 #ec1 #aeb74 ,x is suffici5t = ! beg9n] to take c>e t two curv$ lett]s are made v ne> ea* o!r1 & t two /raight /rokes are spac$ well ap>t4 ,if ! curves are too f> ap>t !re w be spots ( light1 & :]e sev]al heavy /ems are made too close toge!r1 8blots0 ( d>k1 m>r+ ! ev5ness ( ! page4 p#jgh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,words are kept z close z is compatible ) legibility4 ,! av]age space betwe5 two words is ! wid? ( ! lett] o 7fig4 #ed74 p#jgi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,! ,l9es 9 mass$ writ+ 7see p4 #bfb7 are kept z close toge!r z is compatible ) legibility4 ,! usual di/ance ap>t ( ! writ+-l9es is ab\t ?ree times ! height ( ! lett] o 7see also p4 #cbg74 ,! desc5d+ /rokes ( ! upp] l9e mu/ 8cle>0 ! asc5d+ /rokes ( ! l[] l9e4 ,int]lock+ ( ^! /rokes may be avoid$ by ! exp]im5tal plac+ ( p ov] d 7fig4 #ee74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,,uncial ,,capitals3 ,,script ,,ii4 ,^! mod]nis$ ,uncials 7see fig4 #ef1 p4 #cjj7 are int5d$ to g ) ,script ,i41 & _! analysis & mode ( con/ruction are almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ,script ,i4 7see pp4 #gb1 #gc74 p#jhb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,gr\p+3 ,uncials h no c\pl+-/rokes2 :5 sev]al are us$ toge!r1 !y are n jo9$1 b ev5ly gr\p$1 all[+ z be=e = curves & /raight /rokes 7see p4 #gg74 ,spac+3 7a7 ,:5 us$ ) ,script ,i41 ,uncials are writt5 on ! same l9es1 & h to foll[ ! same spac+ 79 spite ( _! long] /ems74 7b7 ,:5 ,uncials are us$ by !mselves1 _! spac+ may be wid] 7p4 #big74 ,note4--,! height ( ,uncial o is ab\t equal to ! height ( ! ,half-,uncial d4 ,,num]als ,,punctuation ,,m>ks 7,see fig4 #eg47 ,^! are be/ made ) a 8slant$0 p5 7fig4 #i74 ,:5 writ+ 8,arabic num]als10 #a & #j may be made on ! l9e1 #bdfh asc5d+1 & #cegi desc5d+4 ,,( ,,copy+ ,,mss4 ,,g5]ally ,:5 copy+ a ,,ms4 x is be/ to *oose a complete page--or "p ( a page--to be copi$ 9 facsimile4 ,two or ?ree l9es are copi$ to beg9 )2 !n ! composition ( ! individual lett]s & words is /udi$ by means ( a l>ge p52 & f9ally ! :ole page is copi$ 9 facsimile4 7,( practis+1 see pp4 #he1 #hf74 ,make a g5]al exam9ation & analysis z sugge/$ at p4 #ga4 ,accurate measurem5ts w be f\nd helpful4 ,take ! heights ( ! o & ! d1 & ! di/ance ap>t ( ! writ+-l9es ) divid]s p#jhc ,! wid? ( ! ?ick /roke is be/ f\nd by mak+ exp]im5tal ?ick /rokes--! full wid? ( ! p5 nib--on a scrap ( pap]3 cut ! pap] 9 half across ! ?ick /rokes1 & place ! cut edge on ! ?icke/ /rokes 9 ! orig9al ,,ms41 y w !n f9d :e!r ! p5 nib %\ld be cut wid] or n>r[]4 ,! direction ( ! ?icke/ /rokes is approximately at "r angles to ! direction ( ! ?9 /rokes2 :i* commonly approa*es ! horizontal 9 e>ly r\nd h&s1 & is oblique 9 o!r h&s 7see figs4 #i & #aj74 ,! positions bo? ( ^! /rokes 9 ! model1 & ( y\r p51 det]m9e ! angle ( ! nib4 ,!re=e1 cut ! nib across at su* an angle to ! %aft ( ! p5 t1 :5 y hold ! p5 naturally1 ! direction ( ! ?9 /rokes :i* x makes on ! writ+ pap] w co9cide ) ! direction ( ! ?9 /rokes 9 ! model2 b 7a7 ,! way 9 :i* ! %aft is held1 7b7 ,! angle at :i* ! nib is cut1 7c7 ,! position ( ! writ+ pap]1 may all be slightly v>i$1 s t ! direction ( ! ?9 /rokes c be foll[$ exactly 7see p4 #ff74 ,! writ+ pap] is cut & rul$ exactly 9 accordance ) ! model2 & ! heights ( ! lett]s & ! wid?s ( ! ?ick /rokes 9 ! copy agree z ne>ly z possible ) ^? 9 ! orig9al4 ,x is !re=e a good te/ = accuracy--:5 a few l9es ( writ+ h be5 copi$--to measure & comp>e _! l5g?s4 ,if !y correspond ) _! orig9als1 x goes f> to prove ! copy a good "o4 ,be=e copy+ m ( ! page1 ! con/ruction ( ! lett]s %\ld be c>efully /udi$4 ,! numb] & ! =ms ( p5-/rokes 9 ea* lett] p#jhd are f\nd by exam9ation--) a magnify+ glass if necess>y--& by ! exp]im5tal putt+ toge!r ( /rokes1 to =m a simil> lett]4 ,= ?is a l>ge p51 su* z a re$1 is useful1 & x is a good plan to write individual lett]s & words exactly two1 ?ree1 or f\r times _! height 9 ! model3 bo? ! p5 nib & ! individual lett]s are made correspond+ly two1 ?ree1 or f\r times z wide z 9 ! orig9al4 ,x is p>ticul>ly important1 9 copy+1 to pres]ve accurately ! proportion ( ! ?ick /roke to ! height & wid? ( a lett] 7see p4 #cbd74 ,^! are conv5i5tly measur$ by ! p5 nib itself1 or by ! e/imat$ wid? ( ! ?ick /roke2 ?us1 9 ! writ+ %[n 9 fig4 #ej1 ! wid? ( ! o is approximately five1 & ! height approximately f\r1 times ! wid? ( ! ?ick /roke4 ,n only mu/ ! copi] asc]ta9 :at ! =ms are l & :at are _! proportions1 b he mu/ try to f9d out h[ !y 7 made4 ,?is is ( ! greate/ importance1 = ! mann] ( mak+ a lett]1 or ev5 a s+le /roke1 affects its =m & "* ) a def9ite t5d5cy 7see p4 #daf fig4 #agb74 ,& ?is becomes m m>k$ ! fa/] ! writ+4 ,an app>5tly "r =m may yet be wrongly--if sl[ly--made2 b 9 rapid writ+1 a wrong mann] ( h&l+ ! p5 w inevitably produce wrong =ms4 ,z ! real virtue ( p5man%ip is atta9$ only :5 we c write quickly1 x is well wor? tra9+ ! h& f ! beg9n+ 9 ! prop] mann]4 ,pati5t & c>eful exam9ation %\ld be made ( ! *ang+ p5-/rokes1 & ( ! mode 9 :i* !y jo9--to =m lett]s--& beg9 & end--to =m 8heads0 & 8feet40 ,?is1 accompani$ p#jhe by practical exp]im5ts 9 cutt+ & h&l+ ! p51 w br+ out details ( ! utmo/ te*nical value4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( legitimate 8fak+0 7p4 #bdf71 play ( ! p51 & sleight ( h& 7p4 #caa71 may be f\nd1 b1 9 ! ma91 ! regul>1 natural1 ?ick & ?9 /rokes ( ! p51 & ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( ! writ+1 give to a manuscript its beauty & "*4 ,!n hav+ cut ! nib rightly1 y may1 9 a s5se1 let ! p5 d ! writ+1 :ile y m]ely foll[ ! /rokes ( ! model1 & y w1 9 c\rse ( "t1 h ! pleasure ( see+ ! same beautiful writ+--9 ! v mann] ( ! anci5t scribes--gr[+ "u y\r own h&4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,acquir+ ,a ,,=mal ,,h&3 7#d7 ,,practice ,practice -- ,scripts ,i4 ,,ii4 -- ,arrang+ ,rul+ a ,s+le ,%eet -- ,problem ,i4 7a ,%eet ( ,prose7 -- ,problem ,,ii4 7a ,%eet ( ,poetry7 -- ,spac+ ,plann+ ,manuscript4 ,,practice ,9 acquir+ a =mal writ+ ! p5man %\ld h two pap] books con/antly 9 h&3 "o = ! /udy ( ! =ms ( lett]s1 ! o!r = bo? ! lett]s & _! arrangem5t4 ,! fir/ %\ld conta9 l>ge & v c>efully made writ+--) p]haps only "o ^w to ! l9e2 ! second p#jhf %\ld h small] & quick] writ+1 neatly arrang$ on ! pages1 ) f\r or five words to ! l9e4 7,see ,,ms4 ,books1 ,*ap4 ,,vi47 ,a broad nib is us$ 9 pref]5ce to a n>r[ "o1 s t ! *>act]i/ics ( true p5-"w are br\ght out & ! faults made cle>4 ,a f9e1 light h&writ+ is (t5 v pretty1 b x is c]ta9 to mislead ! novice 9 p5man%ip 7see p4 #cbd74 ,hav+ acquir$ a =mal h& ! p5man may modify & alt] x1 tak+ c>e t ! *anges are compatible1 & t !y d n impair its legibility or beauty4 ,su* lett]s z are obsolete he replaces by legible =ms ak9 to !m 9 feel+1 &1 ! /yle ( ! select$ type becom+ v naturally & almo/ unconsci\sly modifi$ by p]sonal use1 he at l5g? atta9s an appropriate & mod]n ,=mal-,h&writ+4 ,! process ( 8=m+0 a h& requires "t & practice3 x resembles ! passage ( 8,copy-book0 into 8,runn+0 h&1 famili> to u all 7see p4 #cbc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,,scripts ,i4 ,,ii4 ,hav+ cut ! nib ( a re$ or l>ge quill to ! exact wid? requir$ = ! ?ick /roke1 copy ! compon5t /rokes ( ! lett] 7,script ,i471 & p#jhg imm$iately make ! complete lett]3 g ?r\gh ! :ole alphabet 9 ?is way sev]al times 7fig4 #eh74 ,next jo9 ! lett]s toge!r 7see p4 #gc7 p#jhh to =m words--writ+ always betwe5 rul$ l9es 7fig4 #ei p4 #dad74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,script ,,ii4 is simil>ly practis$3 ! lett]s are gr\p$ 7p4 #hb7 to =m words 7fig4 #fj74 ,next make a neat page ( l>ge writ+1 &1 if possible1 write su* a page e day4 ,! m def9ite & me?odical practice is1 ! bett]4 8,practis+0 anyh[1 on scraps ( pap]1 does m h>m ?an good4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,,arrang+ ,,rul+ ,a ,,s+le ,,%eet ,! size ( an inscription is commonly settl$ be=e ! arrangem5t ( ! text is plann$ out1 be+ det]m9$ by consid]ations ( its future position & (fice1 or by cu/om & use 7see pp4 #ajj-ajc #cea74 p#jhi ,! proportions ( ! writ+1 spac+1 & m>g9s w likewise prop]ly settle !mselves 7see pp4 #bfe1 #ajc1 #ajg71 b :]e ! size ( ! %eet only is fix$1 we h1 broadly speak+1 to decide betwe5 8l>ge0 writ+ ) 8small0 m>g9s 7fig4 #fa71 & 8small0 writ+ ) 8l>ge0 m>g9s 7fig4 #fb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,g5]ally a compromise is arriv$ at & ! proportions are m ev5ly balanc$ 7fig4 #fc74 ,rul+ 7see also pp4 #beh1 #ii74--,! mode ( rul+ m>g9al l9es & writ+ l9es is %[n 9 fig4 #fe4 ,! rul+ %\ld be light1 b firm & accurate4 ,a f9e p51 or h>d p5cil1 or a blunt po9t may be us$4 ,:]e ! writ+ l9es are d\ble 7z = r\nd h&s1 p4 #cjd71 x is be/ to h a d\ble rul+ po9t 7see fig4 #gg74 ,two h>d p5cils firmly p#jij la%$ toge!r make a conv5i5t tool = l>ge "w3 ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts is easily adju/$ by means ( a small w$ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,,problem ,i4 7,a ,,%eet ,,( ,,prose7 ,to write out ! ,pat] no/] 7#ej words7 9 a =mal r\nd-h& 7arrang$ 9 8mass0 ( equal l9es7 on a %eet ( 8foolscap0 7i4e4 #ag in*es high & #ac-a_/b in*es wide74 ,if ! size ( ! writ+ be consid]$ ( ! fir/ importance1 a few words are writt5 out 9 a script *os5 to suit ! subject1 ! space1 c41 & ^! are measur$ to f9d ! area :i* ! :ole text s writt5 w\ld occupy 7fig4 #fd74 ,! size ( ! script is !n modifi$1 if necess>y1 to suit ! available area4 p#jia ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 p#jid ,frequ5tly x is desirable fir/ to det]m9e ! sizes ( ! m>g9s4 ,^! dep5d on v>i\s consid]ations ( ! position & (fice ( ! ,,ms41 b m p>ticul>ly on ! size ( ! %eet & ! "* ( its future environm5t#ad 7see p4 #cea74 ,! top & side m>g9s may be ( equal wid?--or ! top may be a little less 7see a1 fig4 #gj74 ,ample space %\ld be all[$ = ! foot m>g91 :i* is g5]ally ab\t twice ! wid? ( ! top1 b may v>y 9 diff]5t cases1 accord+ z ! text falls %ort ( or encroa*es ^u x 7see pp4 #ceb1 #cdb74 ,= a pla9 foolscap %eet3 sides 7ea*7 #b-a_/b in*es1 top 7approx47 #b in*es1 & foot 7approx47 #d in*es1 may be tak5 z suitable m>g9s 7fig4 #fe74 ,! wid? ( ! %eet 7#ac-a_/b in*es7 less ! two side m>g9s 7#b-a_/b in*es ea*7 gives ! l5g? ( ! writ+ l9es 7#ac-a_/b - #e #h-a_/b in*es74 ,"o or two su* l9es are writt5 exp]im5tally 9 a suitable script 7say1 #e_/af in*71 & ! av]age numb] ( words p] l9e 7f\r7 is f\nd4 ,! numb] ( words 9 ! complete text 7fifty7 w det]m9e ! numb] ( l9es3 an extra l9e or s may be all[$ = safety 7#ej_/d #ab-a_/b1 say1 ?irte574 ,! spac+ ( ^! is calculat$-- #e_/af 94 writ+ requires ab\t #g_/h 94 7close7 spac+ 7p4 #gi73 ,?irte5 l9es at #g_/h 94 gives #aa-c_/h 94 dep? ( text3 #aa-c_/h 94 f #ag 94 leaves #e-e_/h 94#ae = head & foot m>g9s --& if ! space is n suffici5t1 ! writ+ is made a little small]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p#jie m>g9al dep? left ov] 7 excessive1 ! writ+ might be made a little l>g] 9 ord] to fill up ! space4 ,,problem ,,ii4 7,a ,,%eet ,,( ,,poetry7 ,to write out 8,he t is d[n1 ne$s fe> no fall10 9 a =mal r\nd-h& on a %eet ( foolscap 7i4e4 #ag in*es high #ac #a_/b in*es wide74 ,"h !re are ?ree v]ses ( f\r l9es ea*3 ^! ) two space l9es1 left betwe5 ! v]ses1 give a total ( f\rte5 l9es 7fig4 #fg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,a poem has a giv5 numb] ( l9es ( v>i\s l5g?s1 & only v /rong reason or necessity c ju/ify our alt]+ its prop] =m 7e4g4 by break+ up ! l9es7 9 ord] to make a mass ( equal l9es4 ,su* !oretical m>g9s z are possible 9 ! treatm5t ( prose c !re=e seldom be obs]v$ 9 writ+ out a poem1 &1 unless ! height or ! wid? ( ! %eet c be alt]$1 !re is apt to be an excess ( m>g9 9 "o or ! o!r direction4 ,:5 su* excess m>g9 is obvi\sly unavoidable1 no objection c be made to its appe>ance4 ,poetry may conv5i5tly be treat$ z 8f9e writ+0 7see p4 #bfc74 ,if ! size ( ! writ+ be consid]$ ( ! fir/ importance1 sev]al ( ! long] l9es 7e4g4 ! fir/ & ! elev5? 9 ! poem giv57 are writt5 on a piece ( pap] 9 ! size ( writ+ pref]r$ 7say1 #a_/d in*74 ,by lay+ ?is pap] on ! giv5 %eet1 x is se5 :e!r su* l9es w\ld all[ ( suffici5t side m>g9s4 7,if !y w\ld n1 ! writ+ may be made small]47 ,! height ( ! writ+ 7#a_/d in*7 mu/ all[ ( ! full numb] ( l9es 7f\rte57 be+ prop]ly p#jig spac$ on ! %eet 7#ag in*es7 ) suffici5t head & foot m>g9s4 ,?is is calculat$-- #a_/d 94 writ+ requires approximately #c_/d 94 spac+ 7p4 #gi73 ,f\rte5 l9es at #c_/d 94 gives #aj-a_/b 94 dep? ( text3 #aj-a_/b 94 f #ag 94 leaves #f-a_/b 94 = head & foot m>g9s --& if ! space 7 n suffici5t1 ! l9es might be made a little clos]1 or ! writ+ a little small] 7or1 if necess>y1 ! blank l9es might be left out betwe5 ! v]ses2 p4 #abc74 ,! ,sizes ( ! ,m>g9s4--,x w be se5 t ! above me?od is prim>ily = settl+ a l5g? ( l9e :i* w all[ ( suffici5t side m>g9s4 ,! process c be rev]s$2 if necess>y1 ! side m>g9s are made ( a giv5 wid?1 ?us det]m9+ ! exact l5g? ( ! l9e1 ! size ( writ+ :i* ?is l9e all[s be+ f\nd exp]im5tally4 ,note4--,! extra long l9es may slightly encroa* on ! "r-h& m>g93 ! effect ( ?is is balanc$ by ! fall+ %ort ( o!r l9es4 ,,spac+ ,,plann+ ,,manuscript ,9 p5man%ip great nicety ( spac+ & arrangem5t is possible4 ,! asc5d+ & desc5d+ /rokes may be %ort5$ or drawn out1 ! spaces betwe5 lett]s & words may be slightly increas$ or decreas$1 ! l9es may be writt5 ne> or f> ap>t1 & ! lett]s may be writt5 ) a broad] or n>r[] nib4 ,elaborate spac+ & plann+1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be attempt$ at fir/1 & /raight=w>d1 undesign$ "w is (t5 ! be/4 ,! /ud5t is apt to wa/e "t writ+ out an elaborate draft p#jih 9 ord] to asc]ta9 h[ to space ! matt]4 ,?is is a mi/ake1 because if writt5 well1 x is a wa/e ( good writ+ on a m]e draft2 if writt5 ill1 x is bad practice4 ,! brief] exp]im5ts & calculations are1 ! bett]1 ?\gh ! simple/ problem always requires = its solution a calculation or process ( guess & trial 7su* z sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ pages74 ,practice w make p v good guess]s1 & ! be/ "w ( all is done :5 ! work] guesses rightly1 & foll[s 8 guesses ) ! actual "w1 itself ! trial & pro( ( accuracy4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,manuscript ,,books#af ,,ms4 ,books3 ,tools ,mat]ials -- ,me?ods ,proportions -- ,! ,size ,%ape ( ! ,book -- ,! ,wid?s ( ! ,m>g9s -- ,! ,size ( ! ,writ+1 c4 -- ,rul+ -- ,,ms4 ,books3 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,,ms4 ,,books3 ,,tools ,,mat]ials ,! mak+ ( manuscript books1 bas$ on a /udy ( ! e>ly ,,mss41 (f]s ! be/ tra9+ to ! scribe & illum9ator 9 writ+1 lett]+1 rubricat+1 gild+1 illum9at+ initials & bord]s1 & m9iature pa9t+1 & is ! be/ means ( ma/]+ ! f\ndations ( ,book ,typography & ,decoration4 ,mat]ials1 c4 = ,,ms4 ,books2 ,pap] 7see pp4 #ea1 #ajc1 #aaa1 #cag72 ,vellum & ,p>*m5t & ,p\nce p#jii 7see pp4 #aaj1 #afg1 #agc-e74--;,cut a small %eet ! size ( a page ( ! book1 & clip ! long edge betwe5 two flat pieces ( wood 7hold+ x z x w\ld be if b\nd74 ,if ! page w b5d ov] & /ay d[n by its own weight1 x is ?9 en\gh 7,r fig4 #fh72 if x /&s up 7,w71 x is too /iff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,cutt+ ,%eets4--,a frame or template 7! size ( ! %eet desir$7 is us$ by p>*m5t mak]s4 ,x is useful = cutt+ out ! %eets = a common size ( p>*m5t book4 ,!y are cut on ! end-gra9 ( wood1 or on c>d or glass4 ,fold+4--,a ,fold]1 z us$ by bookb9d]s 7or a bone pap]-knife71 is useful1 & also a ,set or ,t-,squ>e = te/+ "r angles1 c4 ,! fold & ! top edge ( ea* book-%eet are commonly squ>$ by prop] fold+4 ,rul+1 c4 7see p4 #cdc74--;,= m>k+ di/ances ( l9es1 a c>efully prep>$ pap]#ag scale or patt]n 7p4 #be7 & an awl 7p4 #aji71 or a p#ajj 8/>-:eel0--hav+ regul> int]vals betwe5 ! spikes--may be us$4 ,or ! rul+--( ! writ+ l9es--may be simplifi$ by us+ a /\t c>d frame 7int]nally ! size ( ! text-column7 ) /rips glu$ across x3 = a common size ( book ?is might be made 9 /\t t9 or o!r metal4 ,! l9es are commonly rul$ ) a rul+ /ylus 7see figs4 #gb1 #gg71 or a sort ( 8rake0 may be made to rule six l9es at once4 ,writ+1 ,col\r+1 ,gild+1 ,b9d+ 7,*aps4 ,,ii41 ,x41 ,,ix41 ,,xvi474 ,,me?ods ,,proportions ,hav+ to make a manuscript book = a specific purpose1 ! scribe =mulates 9 8 m9d a g5]al plan ( ! "w1 & decides approximately ! respective sizes ( page & ( writ+ :i* seem mo/ suitable4 ,he endeav\rs to fa%ion ! book 9 accord ) its use1 & !re=e all[s ! 7mo/ suitable7 mat]ial1 ! subject-matt] & ! (fice ( ! book1 & ! way 9 :i* x w be read & h&l$1 to det]m9e z f> z is possible ! proportions ( its p>ts1 & its treatm5t z a :ole4 ,its mat]ial may be vellum1 p>*m5t1 or pap]1 on :i* a v>iety ( p5s1 bru%es1 & o!r tools1 ) inks1 col\rs1 & metal foils1 may be employ$4 ,its (fice may be 8useful0 or 8ornam5tal02 its cont5ts may be long or %ort1 weighty or light1 & ( great] or less wor?2 x may be = public or = private use2 & ! book may be int5d$ to be plac$ on a lect]n1 to be held 9 ! h&1 or to be c>ri$ 9 a coat pocket4 ,9 foll[+ out su* natural indications1 ! p#aja practis$ craftsman relies greatly on 8 work+ me?ods1 pref]r+ a direct mode ( treatm5t to "o :i* is too +5i\s or subtle4 ,9 decid+ a d\btful po9t1 a common-s5se ( proportion is a suffici5t guide1 & "o may g5]ally assume t great works are be/ 8writ l>ge10 & t l>ge lett]s look be/ on an ample page1 & vice v]s4 ,! ma9 proportions :i* h to be consid]$ are int]dep5d5t1 & foll[ "o ano!r 9 _! natural ord] 7see p4 #bef71 ?us-- #a4 ,! size & %ape ( ! book4 #b4 ,! wid?s ( ! m>g9s4 #c4 ,! size ( ! writ+1 c4 ,& ! me?odical scribe makes 8 books ( c]ta9 def9ite & regul> sizes1 ea* size hav+ correspond+ & regul> proportions ( m>g9s & writ+4 ,?\gh ^! may greatly dep5d on individual ta/e & exp]i5ce1 x is sugge/$ t--l all good designs--!y %\ld be all[$ z f> z possible to settle & arrange !mselves4 ,,! ,,size ,,%ape ,,( ,,! ,,book ,a book is ?\ght ( by ! scribe *iefly z an op5 book1 & ! wid? & height ( its pages are *os5 ) a view to its conv5i5t %ape & pleasant appe>ance :5 op54 ,! mo/ economical sizes into :i* a suitable %eet ( pap] c be fold$ 7or a sk9 ( p>*m5t c be cut7 may commonly be all[$ to decide ^! proportions4 ,:5 a pr9t] is ab\t to pr9t a book he *ooses a %eet ( pap] :i* w fold into a suitable %ape & size4 ,if ! %eet be fold$ p#ajb once to =m two leaves1 ! book is call$ a folio 7fig4 #fi72 fold$ aga9 to =m a 8section0 ( f\r leaves--a qu>to 7#dto72 or fold$ a ?ird "t to =m a section ( eight leaves--an octavo 7#hvo74#ah p#ajc ,! book is made up ( a numb] ( sections sewn on to /r+s or tapes 7see p4 #cdg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,! p5man w f9d t1 besides sav+ "t & lab\r1 x conduces to good "w if he keep to c]ta9 regul> sizes = 8l>ge10 8m$ium10 & 8small0 books2 &1 if ! ord9>y %eets ( pap] :i* he uses w fold 9 conv5i5t folio1 qu>to1 & octavo sizes1 x is well t he make ^! 8 /&>ds = pap] books4 ,pap] be+ made 9 %eets ( v>i\s dim5sions1 by fold+ a l>ge or a small %eet1 a 8l>ge0 or 8small0 folio--#dto1 #hvo--c be obta9$4 ,x may be not$ t ! l5g? & ! wid? ( %eets ( pap]#ai are v commonly ab\t z #i is to #g4 ,& !re=e1 :5 ! %eet is fold$ = folio or octavo1 ! proportions are r\ghly ab\t #g3 #d-a_/b1 :i* are v good proportions = a page ( a book4 ,x is obvi\s t a n>r[ 78upright07 book is easi] to h&le & m pleasant 9 appe>ance 7:5 op57 ?an an album or 8oblong0 %ape ( book 7b & c1 fig4 #gj74 ,,! ,,wid?s ,,( ,,! ,,m>g9s ,m>g9s are necess>y 9 ord] to isolate & frame a text3 ?us !y contribute to its legibility & beauty4 ,x is bett] t !y be wide r ?an n>r[ 7see p4 #ajf1 ,note1 p4 #bfe72 b excessively wide m>g9s are (t5 nei!r conv5i5t nor pleas+ 7see p4 #bbb74 ,! 8page0 or column ( text %\ld be 9 su* proportion to ! page ( ! book1 & be plac$ on x 9 su* a way z to leave adequate p#ajd m>g9s on e side4 ,a n>r[ column ( text is g5]ally be/1 = %ort l9es are easie/ to write & to read1 & d n tire ! h&1 or ! eye1 9 pass+ f "o l9e to ! next4 ,= ?is reason ! text is (t5 divid$ into two or m columns :5 ! page is wide1 or ! writ+ is v small 9 comp>ison4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,! exact proportion ( m>g9 to text 9 a giv5 page dep5ds on circum/ances1 & is l>gely a matt] ( ta/e 7ex4 fig4 #ga note #b1 b1 p4 #bef74 ,b j z x is advantage\s g5]ally to keep to c]ta9 p#ajf sizes ( pages1 x is well to keep to c]ta9--correspond+--sizes ( m>g9s = regul> use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--;,diagram %[+ ! rul+ ( a 7,recto7 page #d-c_/d in*es #g-a_/d in*es z = a manuscript book 7all[+ five or six words to ! ,writ+-l9e74 ,!re are fifte5 ,writ+-l9es1 ! ,l9e-space be+ #e_/af in*4 ,! proportions ( l>ge ,,capitals1 %[n above1 are set by ! ,l9e-space 7footnote1 p4 #bba74 ,! ,foot m>g9 is #a-g_/h in*4 ,! proportions ( ! m>g9s to ea* o!r foll[ a sort ( tradition 7see fig4 #gj71 ! foot m>g9 7#d7 usually be+ twice z wide z t at ! top 7#b71 ! side m>g9s g5]ally great] ?an ! top & less ?an ! foot4 ,! two pages ( an op5+ may be view$ z "o %eet hav+ two columns ( text2 & ! two inn] m>g9s1 :i* comb9e to =m an int]space1 are !re=e made n>r[ 7ab\t #a-a_/b ea*71 s t toge!r !y are ab\t equal to "o side m>g9 7fig4 #gj74 ,^! proportions 7#a-a_/b3 #b3 #c3 #d7 approximate to ! proportions common 9 e>ly ,,mss4 ,suffici5t & proportional m>g9s add greatly to ! usefulness & beauty ( a book4 ,t ! writ]s & illum9ators us$ !m :5 books 7 read & valu$ 9 a way we c sc>cely realise n[1 %[s t su* ?+s are n1 z "s might suppose1 a matt] ( affectation4 ,besides ! natural fitness ( ! common proportions comm5ds !m3 a deep foot m>g9 is a f\ndation to ! :ole1 & gives a sp>e piece = ! read] to hold1#bj & wide side m>g9s re/ ! eyes & keep ! text f 8runn+ (f ! page0 at ! end ( ea* l9e2 & 7! two7 n>r[ inn] m>g9s comb9e to sep>ate ! pages suffici5tly1 b n too f>1 s t !y =m two 8columns0 toge!r1 fram$ by ! out] m>g9s ( ! op5 book4 ,:5 books are meant to be b\nd1 f #a_/af in* to #a_/h in* extra m>g9 %\ld be all[$ all r\nd ! page = ! cutt+ d[n & b9d+4 ,! p#ajg b9d+ is apt to encroa* on ! inn] m>g9s1 especially 9 vellum books1 :i* d n op5 fully2 9 ord]1 !re=e1 t ! inn] m>g9s may keep _! prop] wid?1 an extra wid? ( #a_/h to #a_/d in* 7accord+ to ! /iffness ( ! mat]ial7 is all[$4 ,,! ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,writ+1 ,c4 ,! %ape1 size1 & m>g9s ( ! page 7already settl$7 toge!r det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! writ+-l9e 7see fig4 #ga72 & ! size ( ! writ+ %\ld be su* z w all[ a reasonable numb] ( words to t l9e4#ba ,eight or n9e words to ! l9e is a common proportion 9 ord9>y pr9t$ books1 & may be tak5 by ! scribe z 8 ord9>y maximum4 ,l9es hav+ v _m words are difficult to read4 ,on ! o!r h&1 l9es ( only two or ?ree words ea* are g5]ally tiresome1 ?\gh !y may be all[$ 9 special cases ( f9e writ+ 7see p4 #bfb71 :]e x is less necess>y to economise space or "t1 & ! effect ( an ev5 mass is n desir$4 ,b 9 any case :]e !re is an attempt to make ! "r-h& edge ( ! text approximately ev51 at lea/ f\r or five words to ! l9e are necess>y2 ! scribe may !re=e take f\r words p] l9e z 8 ord9>y m9imum4 ,we may say g5]ally1 !n1 t an ord9>y manuscript book %\ld conta9 betwe5 f\r & eight words 7or betwe5 #be & #ej lett]-spaces7 to ! l9e4 p#ajh ,! exact size ( ! writ+ all[$ 9 a giv5 case may be f\nd by a process ( guess & trial1 b ?is is seldom necess>y = ! practical scribe :o uses regul> sizes = regul> occasions4 ,! l9e spac+4--,! size ( ! lett] det]m9es approximately ! di/ance ap>t ( ! writ+-l9es 7see pp4 #gi1 #cbg74 ,mu* dep5ds on :e!r ! asc5d+ & desc5d+ lett]s are long or %ort 7see fig4 #aed74 ,! numb] ( writ+-l9es to ! page equals ! numb] ( times t ! l9e-space is conta9$ 9 ! text-column 7i4e4 ! height ( ! page less ! top & foot m>g9s7--all[+ = ! top l9e n requir+ a full space 7see fig4 #ga74 ,any fractional space left ov] may be add$ to ! foot m>g91 or1 if ne>ly equal to "o l9e-space1 a little may be tak5 f ! m>g9s to complete x4 ,! ,l>ge ,capitals are commonly "o1 two1 or m ( ! l9e-spaces 9 height 7fig4 #ga1 p4 #abh74 ,,rul+ ,hav+ fold$ & cut ! l>ge %eet ( pap] into small 7book7 %eets ( ! size det]m9$ on1 take "o ( ^! z a patt]n & rule x ?r\gh\t z if x 7 to be us$ 9 ! book4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,! rul+ /ylus has a blunt po9t1 :i* ind5ts ! pap]1 b does n scrat* x4 ,a /\t p9 b5t to a claw %ape & held 9 a piece ( wood does v well 7fig4 #gb74 p#aji ,"u ! writ+ pap] !re %\ld be a 8pad0 ( ord9>y pap] 7or blott+ pap]74 ,! m>g9al l9es are rul$ f head to foot ( ea* leaf 7a1 fig4 #gc74 ,besides be+ a guide = ! writ+1 !y give an appe>ance ( /raightness & /r5g? to ! writt5 page4#bb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,! writ+ l9es are rul$ across1 betwe5 ! m>g9al l9es1 _! places hav+ be5 indicat$ by equidi/ant dots 7b1 fig4 #gc74 ,a doz5 or m ( ! small %eets ( ! book are pil$ toge!r on a bo>d ) _! top edges exactly co9cid+1 & ! patt]n %eet is accurately plac$ on ! top ( ! pile4 ,! pile ( %eets may be fix$ by a n>r[ piece ( wood plac$ across & screw$ d[n 7fig4 #gd74 7,see ,add5da1 p4 #be47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,! writ+ l9e dots are p#aaj prick$ ?r\gh all ! %eets by means ( a f9e awl or ne$le set 9 a wood5 h&le 7fig4 #ge74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,! writ+ l9es are rul$ z 9 fig4 #gf 7sometimes across ! n>r[ inn] m>g9s74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,= d\ble writ+ l9es a d\ble-rul+ /ylus may be made ( two p9s fix$ 9 a wood5 h&le at ! exact wid? ( ! writ+ gauge 7fig4 #gg74 ,,ms4 ,,books--,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,sections 7p4 #ajb74--;,a section1 or 8ga!r+10 commonly consi/s ( f\r book-%eets1 fold$ 9 half into eight leaves 7i4e4 sixte5 pages71 b ?ree or ev5 two %eets are suffici5t :5 !y are extra ?ick1 & five or six may be us$ :5 extra ?94 ,p>*m5t %eets %\ld h _! smoo? sides s plac$ toge!r t ea* 8op5+0 ( ! book has bo? its pages r\gh or bo? smoo? & ! pages are p\nc$ aft] !y are rul$ 7see p4 #agd74 ,be=e ! writ+ is begun ! pages ( ! section are numb]$ on ! inn] m>g9al l9e1 p#aaa ab\t #a_/b in* or s bel[ ! footl9e4 ,?is w prev5t mi/akes4 ,fly-leaves4--,"o or m leaves ( ! fir/ & la/ sections 9 a book are left blank 7besides ! extra %eet or section 7p4 #cdf7 :i* is us$ 9 ! b9d+--atta*$ to ! cov]74 ,a book ( any size or importance ought to h at lea/ ?ree fly-leaves at ! beg9n+1 & ?ree or f\r at ! end4 ,^! extra leaves protect ! manuscript1 &1 9 a s5se1 con/itute m>g9s = ! :ole body ( ! text4 ,!y may also be us$ to make ?9 books ?ick]1 = ! sake ( ! b9d+4 ,at ! end ( ,s]vice books1 or o!r books likely to be ( p]man5t int]e/1 additional fly-leaves %\ld be provid$ = notes & annotations 7see pp4 #cdd1 #cdf74 ,r\gh or ,smoo? ,edges4--,! r\gh 8,deckle0 edges ( h&-made pap] are inconv5i5t 9 a book ( any ?ickness1 & %\ld be trimm$ (f aft] fold+1 ?\gh !y may be left 9 ! case ( v ?9 books4 ,! deckle edge %\ld n occur at ! top ( ! page1 z x w\ld !re be a trap = du/1 & because x is important t ! tops ( pages %\ld all be level4 ,! top edge or head ( a book is (t5 cut & gilt 9 ord] to keep out ! du/--?is is call$ 8,libr>y gilt40 ,x is m suitable1 h[ev]1 t all ! edges be gilt4 ,! ,top ,m>g9s ?r\gh\t ! book are kept q level4 ,any irregul>ity at ! top ( a page cat*es ! eye at once1 :ile slight diff]5ces at ! side1 or consid]able diff]5ces at ! foot1 may occur )\t spoil+ ! appe>ance ( ! m>g9s4 ,all measurem5ts = m>g9al & writ+ l9es1 c41 are !re=e made f ! p#aab fold ( ! book-%eet & f ! top edge1 :i* is cut at "r angles to ! fold4 ,regul> ,writ+4--,9 writ+ "o page x is a good plan to h its fell[ page1 or a simil>ly writt5 "o1 fix$ on ! desk beside x z a patt]n4 ,?is w save ! beg9n] f a v common error--writ+ l>g] or small] 7:i* ( c\rse spoils ! look ( ! pages74 ,initial ,page4--,! text ( a book commonly beg9s on a recto1 or "r h&1 page 7see p4 #cfe74 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,v]sal ,,lett]s ,,col\r$ ,,capitals ,developm5t ( ,v]sals -- ,g5]al ,analysis ( ,v]sals -- ,notes on ,con/ruction ( ,v]sals -- ,spac+ ,arrangem5t ( ,v]sals4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,v]sals ,! e>lie/ books consi/$ ( a numb] ( l9es ( cont9u\s writ+ 9 capital lett]s4 ,!re 7 seldom any divisions ( ! text--into p>agraphs1 *apt]s1 or ! l--or ev5 ( "o ^w f ano!r2 nor 7 important words di/+ui%$ by l>g] initials4 ,! fir/ division ( p>agraphs 0 made by a slight break 9 ! text & a m>k2 lat]1 ! fir/ lett] ( ! fir/ complete l9e ( ! new p>agraph 0 plac$ 9 ! m>g9 & writt5 l>g]4 ,:5 8small-lett]s0 7 evolv$1 capitals ceas$ to be us$ = ! body ( ! text1 & became di/+ui%+ lett]s = head+s & important words4 p#aac ,! capitals writt5 at ! beg9n+s ( books1 *apt]s1 & p>agraphs grew l>g] & m ornam5tal1 & at l5g? 7 made 9 col\r & decorat$ ) p5 fl\ri%es4 ,su* lett]s1 us$ to m>k ! beg9n+s ( v]ses1 p>agraphs1 c41 7 call$ 8,v]sals40#bc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,9 mod]n pr9t+ & ord9>y writ+ ! fir/ l9e ( a p>agraph is g5]ally ind5t$ 7a1 fig4 #gh71 b ! e>li] me?od ( employ+ a special m>k or lett] 7b or c7 is m effective1 & x might v well be us$1 ev5 9 mod]n pr9t$ books1 = f9e editions4 ,af=d+ a legitimate op5+ = illum9ation & book-ornam5t1 x 0 7& is7 ! natural me?od = ! p5man1 :o1 />t+ ) ^! useful capitals1 by fl\ri%+ !m--9 _! p#aad own col\r1 or by dott+1 outl9+1 or ornam5t+ !m1 ) a contra/+ col\r 7see fig4 #gi1 f an old ,,ms471 evolv$ ! ,illum9at$ ,initial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi 7#ac? c5tury74 ,types ( ,v]sal ,lett]s 7examples3 ,plates ,,ix41 ,x41 ,,xi41 ,,xii41 & figs4 #a1 #gh to #id1 #aej1 #afa1 #afe1 #aff1 #ahi74--,! e>li] ,v]sals _h v simple & beautiful p5 %apes1 & are ! be/ models = ! mod]n p5man to foll[4 ,aft] ! f\rte5? c5tury !y 7 (t5 fatt5$ & vulg>is$ & ov]done ) ornam5t4 ,9 ?is way !y n only lo/ _! typical =ms2 b _! 8ess5tial =ms0--z lett]s d]iv$ f ! ,roman ,alphabet--became mu* disguis$ & conf\nd$ 7see fig4 #abh74 p#aae ,,g5]al ,,analysis ,,( ,,v]sals #a4 ,,! ,,lett]s 7,p5-made71 ,built-up1 ,ornam5tal 7col\r$71 8,go?ic0 ,capitals 7,r\nd & ,squ>e =ms74 #b4 ,,horizontals-- ,,/raight3 ,m$ium--commonly ! wid? ( ! nib4 ,,curv$3 ,?9--! ?9 /roke ( ! p54 #c4 ,,p]p5dicul>s3 ,built-up1 slightly curv$ 9 on ei!r side4 #d4 ,,s]ifs3 ,long1 ?91 slightly curv$4 #e4 ,,long ,,/ems3 ,v>i\s 7see p4 #aai1 figs4 #hd1 #ij74 #f4 ,,spac+-- ,lett]s ,words3 ,v>i\s 7see figs4 #hi1 #ib1 #aff74 ,l9es3 ,usually "o or m ( ! l9e-spaces ap>t 7see pp4 #abf1 #abh74 #g4 ,,arrangem5t3 ,s+ly3 set 9 text or m>g91 or "p 9 bo? 7fig4 #hf74 ,gr\p$3 aft] l>ge initials 7fig4 #ib74 ,9 ,l9es3 wide or close1 (t5 "o ^w to ! l9e 7fig4 #hi74 #h4 ,,measurem5ts3 ,/em wid?3 commonly two or ?ree wid?s-(-nib across ?9ne/ "p 7fig4 #afe74 ,o height3 commonly "o1 two1 or m ( ! l9e-spaces4 #i4 ,,compon5t ,,p>ts3 ,a has approx4 #aj /rokes fill+4 ,b has approx4 #h /rokes fill+4 ,c has approx4 #g /rokes fill+4 & s on 7see fig4 #ha74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 p#aah ,,notes ,,on ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,v]sals 7,see figs4 #hj1 #ha1 #he1 #afe7 ,v]sal ,lett]s are prop]ly built-up 7p4 #bia7 ) true p5-/rokes 7b1 fig4 #ha74 ,drawn or pa9t$1 !y acquire a diff]5t "* 7p4 #bib74 ,_! (fice be+ to m>k important p>ts ( ! text1 !y are g5]ally di/+ui%$ by col\r & fre$om ( =m--t5d+ to curves & fl\ri%es4 ,! p5 has an extra long slit 7#a_/b in* to #c_/d in*71 & ! writ+-bo>d may be l[]$ 7see fig4 #df1 b7 to p]mit ( ! ?ick1 liquid col\r runn+ out freely4 ,! nib is ( ! ord9>y %ape 7b n too oblique71 & g5]ally r less 9 wid? ?an ! nib us$ = ! accompany+ text 7a1 fig4 #ha74 ,! outl9+ /rokes are quickly writt5 & imm$iately fill$ 91 ea* lett] be+ load$ well ) ! col\r1 :i* !reaft] dries ev5ly1 ) a slightly rais$ 8flat0 surface4 ,! liquid col\r %\ld be fairly ?ick 7see col\r1 p4 #agf74 8,go?ic lett]+0 is a t]m us$ = 8,black-lett]0 & relat$ types1 z di/+ui%$ f 8,roman0 types4 8,go?ic0 capitals t5d to r\ndness1 ! small-lett]s to angul>ity1 b 9 ea* ! abrupt *ange f ?ick to ?9 /rokes1 & ! result+ contra/ ( /roke1 are *>act]i/ics--! result ( p5 "w4#bd ,9 ,v]sals ?is contra/ is m>k$2 ! ends ( ! ?9n] /rokes spread 7see ,add5da1 p4 #be1 cross-b> ( ,a1 fig4 #ga71 & ! heavy p>ts are cross$ by ?9 s]ifs4 ,v]sals may reta9 _! p5 "* & yet approa* p#aai ! 8,roman ,lett]0 7p4 #bid71 or be *ang$ into ! ornate 8,lomb>dic0 7p4 #cd74 ,!y are capable ( great v>iety1 & ! 8r\nd0 or 8squ>e0 ,d1 ,e1 ,h1 ,m1 & ,w may be us$ at pleasure4 ,! ,/ems curve 9 slightly on ei!r side4 ,:5 !y are v tall ! mid "p may be q /raight1 imp]ceptibly curv+ out t[>ds ! ends 7b1 fig4 #hb74 ,?is gives an effect ( curvature ?r\gh\t ! l5g?1 :ile keep+ ! lett] graceful & /raight4 ,! head ( a /em 7especially ( an asc5d]7 %\ld be slightly wid] ?an ! foot 7fig4 #hc74 ,?is applies g5]ally to e sort ( built-up capitals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,! /em wid? may be ne>ly ! same 9 ,v]sals ( diff]5t heights 7a1 fig4 #hd73 g5]ally ! lett]s t5d to become m sl5d] 9 proportion z ! lett]s gr[ tall] 7b74 ,v l>ge ,v]sals 7or initials7 are (t5 made ) a holl[ /em to avoid a heavy appe>ance 7,l1 fig4 #hd74 p#abj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,! ,s]ifs are long & slightly curv$ 9 ornam5tal =ms 7fig4 #gi73 %ort]1 & ne>ly /raight 9 /iff] =ms 7fig4 #aff74 ,9 _m cases ! s]ifs appe> to h be5 writt5 fir/1 ! /ems be+ add$ betwe5 !m 7f1 fig4 #ha7--;9 old ,,mss4 ! /ems (t5 %[ ragg$ ends cross+ ! s]ifs4 ,sometimes ! s]if appe>s to h be5 add$ to ! /em 9 two pieces1 half on ei!r side spr++ f ! corn]s ( ! /em 7g74 ,! safe/ way seems to be ! complete f9i%+ /roke add$ to1 & =m+ %>p angles )1 ! /em 7h74 ,arms or ,bran*es4--,wid? ( nib at />t1 & built-up at free end4 7,p5 horizontal1 figs4 #ha1 #afe74 p#aba ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,! ,b[s or ,curves ( ,v]sals 7& ( built-up lett]s g5]ally7 are begun ) ! inside /roke--a r flat curve3 & f9i%$ ) ! out] /roke--a pron\nc$ curve 7a1 fig4 #he74 ,?is pres]ves p#abb ! cont9uity ( ! int]ior curve1 toge!r ) ! clean contra/ ( ! ?ick & ?9 /rokes 7see inside %apes1 p4 #bec74 ,! normal =m may be flatt5$ or curv$ a little 7b71 b exagg]ation 9 ei!r direction produces a degrad$ =m4 ,"p r\nd lett]s1 z ,d1 ,p1 & q1 may be begun ) a complete inn] oval1 or a ne>ly complet$ ,o 7to :i* ! /em is add$72 ?is pres]ves _! int]ior symmetry 7c74 ,! beauty & quality ( ,v]sal lett]s dep5ds v mu* on _! fre$om2 t\*+-up or trimm+ aft] !y are made is apt to spoil !m2 & :5 good lett]s are made ) a free h&1 m9ute r\ghnesses1 :i* are due to _! quick con/ruction1 may be reg>d$ z %ew+ a good r ?an a bad =m ( c>e-less workman%ip 7see 7c7 fig4 #afd74 ,,spac+ ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,v]sals 7,all[+ = ! special treatm5t ( ,v]sals call$ = by ! extreme fre$om & ela/icity ( _! p5 =ms1 ! foll[+ rem>ks apply g5]ally to ! spac+ & arrangem5t ( col\r$ capitals 9 writt5 pages7 ,v]sals accompany+ ,small ,text are g5]ally dropp$ bel[ ! writ+-l9e1 s t _! tops are level ) ! tops ( ! small lett]s 7fig4 #hf74 ,sizes ( ,v]sals4--,lett]s :i* are ( ! same importance--i4e4 s]ve ! same purpose--are usually ( l size & =m ?r\gh\t2 & ! m important a lett]1 ! m x t5ds to be elaborat$ & decorat$ 7see figs4 #ij1 #ib74 ,special words 9 ,text m>k$ by ,v]sals4--,:]e col\r$ capitals are us$ ?r\gh\t ! text 7fig4 #ib71 ! col\rs are usually v>i$ 7pp4 #acd1 #ahe74 p#abc ,l9e beg9n+s m>k$ by ,v]sals4--,:]e e l9e on a page beg9s ) a col\r$ capital1 ! majority ( ! =ms are kept r pla9 7see 7#e7 p4 #acf74 ,!y may be effectively treat$ z a b& ( simple or v>iegat$ col\r 7p4 #acf74 ,?is is a common treatm5t = a li/ ( names or a poem2 sometimes1 especially if !re are _m l9es1 simple-writt5 capitals 7p4 #big7 may be us$ in/ead ( ,v]sals4 ,v]ses or ,p>agraphs may be m>k$ by ,v]sals set 9 ! text 7a71 or "p 9 m>g91 "p 9 text 7b71 or :olly 9 ! m>g9 7c1 fig4 #hf74 ,! m>g9al capital is ! simple/1 & x has ! advantage ( leav+ ! page ( text entire2 x may1 h[ev]1 sometimes be desirable to break ! cont9uity by an inset capital1 especially 9 cases ( closely writt5 text1 or ( /anzas n spac$ ap>t 7see p4 #ach74 ,! fir/ ^w ( a p>agraph1 :i* is begun ) a ,v]sal1 is (t5 complet$ 9 simple-writt5 capitals ( ! same col\r z ! text 7a1 fig4 #hf74 ,v>i\s ways ( m>k+ ,p>agraphs4--7a7 ,! p>agraph m>ks 1 1 pref]ably col\r$1 may be us$ in/ead ( 7or ev5 )7 ,v]sals 7comp4 fig4 #ie72 7b7 by "o ^w or l9e 7or sev]al words or l9es7 ( simple-writt5 7or built-up7 capitals 9 black or col\r 7see fig4 #ic72 7c7 by "s suitable ornam5t 7see fig4 #hg72 7d7 9 _m cases x is well to h spaces betwe5 ! p>agraphs or v]ses 7see p4 #ach74 ,l9e-,f9i%+s at ! ends ( ,v]ses1 c4 7pp4 #bje1 #dbe71 may be made ) ! ,v]sal p5s & col\rs4 p#abd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 p#abe ,to m>k ,*apt]s 7or ev5 ,books71 extra l>ge ,v]sals 7fig4 #hh7 may be us$1 9 lieu ( m elaborate initials4 ,small] ,v]sals may be gr\p$ r\nd ab\t1 beside or inside initials 7p4 #bjh fig4 #ib74 ,head+s & ,pages 9 ,capitals 7see also pp4 #abh1 #acb74--;,ea* l9e ( capitals is g5]ally kept uni=m ?r\gh\t its l5g?1#be ?\gh diff]5t l9es v>y 9 size & col\r 7see fig4 #hi74 ,if x be possible x is well to keep ! individual ^w entire p#abf & to let ! head+ or page conta9 ! complete initial phrase or s5t5ce 7see fig4 #ia74 ,g5]ally ! great] ! numb] ( capitals ! pla9] _! =ms are kept1 & ! clos] _! spac+4 ,x is be/ to keep to ! regul> me?od ( spac+ ! l9es ( ,v]sals "o ( ! writ+-l9e spaces 7or m7 ap>t--?\gh 9 special cases ! ,v]sals may be indep5d5t ( ! writ+-l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,spac+ ,out4--,col\r$ lett]s & ornam5ts are usually put 9 aft] ! pla9 ,,ms4 has be5 writt54 ,a v little practice enables ! scribe accurately to guess ! am\nt ( space :i* he %\ld leave = ! ,v]sals1 c41 :e!r x is design$ to h sev]al l9es ( !m1 or a s+le lett] only on ! page4 ,a few p5cil m>ks may be us$ to settle a d\btful po9t1 b an elaborate sket*+ or sett+ out 9 p5cil spoils ! fre$om ( ! "w4 p#abg ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,black ,,r$ ,rubricat+ -- ,initial ,pages or ,title ,pages -- ,prefaces ,notes 9 ,col\r -- ,pages ) ,col\r$ ,head+s -- ,page or ,column ,head+ ,initial -- ,v]sals 9 ,column or ,m>g9al ,b&s -- ,/anzas or ,v]ses m>k$ by ,v]sals -- ,music ) ,r$ ,/aves -- ,tail-,pieces1 ,colophons1 c4 -- ,rubricat+3 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,,rubricat+ 8,r$1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( a pigm5t or fluid ink1 is ( v anci5t & common use4 ,x is se5 on ! e>ly ,egyptian papyri2 & x appe>s 9 ! e>lie/ extant vellum ,,mss41 ei!r 9 titles or ! fir/ l9es ( columns or *apt]s4 ,! ,greek t]m 0 2 ,lat9 m9ium1#bf rubrica40--7,?ompson's 8,g4 ,l4 ,palography10 p4 #ea47 ,rubricat+1 or ! add+ ( ,r$1 or o!r col\r$1 lett]s1 l9e-f9i%+s1 or signs1 to a ,,ms4 or ,book1 9 :i* ! ma9 body ( ! text is already complet$ 9 black1 con/itutes 9 itself a v useful & effective =m ( decoration4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a connect+ l9k betwe5 pla9 writ+ & illum9ation prop]2 & we may safely assume t ! arti/s :o made ! beautiful illum9ations ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 tra9$ z scribes & rubricators4 ,,initial ,,pages ,,or ,,title ,,pages ,fig4 #hi repres5ts an ,initial ,page 9 ,r$ ,capitals4 7,! same arrangem5t may ( c\rse be us$ p#abh ) a v>iety ( col\rs & ) gold3 see ,note 7#d7 bel[74 ,su* a page is1 z x 71 an 8illum9ation0 to all ! pages1 foll[+ x 9 black text4 ,title ,pages came into fa%ion aft] pr9t+ 0 introduc$4 ,e>ly ,,mss4 commonly began ) ! op5+ words writt5 9 l>ge1 decorat$ capitals1 ! title sometimes be+ writt5 q small1 ne> ! top ( ! page3 o!r details 7 commonly put 9 ! colophon 9 e>ly books 7see p4 #adb74 ,:5 ! title is m important1 9 a lit]>y s5se1 ?an ! op5+ s5t5ce1 x may be well to foll[ ! mod]n fa%ion4 ,b :5 !re is a f9ely word$ op5+ s5t5ce--p]haps ! key-note to ! re/ ( ! text--:ile ! title is m]ely = ref]5ce1 x seems reasonable to magnify & illum9ate ! actual beg9n+ ( ! book r ?an ! m]e "n ( x 7see p4 #cfe74 ,note 7#a74--;,9 fig4 #hi ! title--7,,jesu ,,*ri/i7 ,evangelium ,secundum ,joannem--is writt5 9 z a decoration ( ! initial ^w2 ! old =m 8,,ih,v ,,xp,i0 is us$ = 8,jesu ,*ri/i0 7^! lett]s1 x w be notic$1 are "h employ$ to light5 ! l>ge capitals1 see p4 #bjh74 7#b7 ,:]e ,,9 is an initial ^w1 to en=ce n>r[ initial ,i1 bo? lett]s may be magnifi$4 7#c7 ,! scale ( ! lett]+ corresponds ) t ( ! rul$ l9es 7^! d n %[ 9 ! figure73 ! lett]s & ! int]l9e> spaces are ea* "o l9e high2 ! initial ^w is f\r l9es high4 ,su* a mode ( spac+ is v simple & effective1 & w save ! rubricator mu* unnecess>y tr\ble & fruitless plann+ 7see footnote1 p4 #bba74 7#d7 ,o!r ,col\r ,s*emes4--,all ,burni%$ ,gold 7or ) ,title 9 r$72 or ,,9 gold1 ) small] capitals ,r$ 7or 9 ,blue & ,r$ l9es alt]nately--or ,blue1 ,r$1 ,gre51 ,r$3 see p4 #aha74 p#abi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 p#acj ,,prefaces ,,notes ,,9 ,,col\r ,fig4 #ij repres5ts a preface1 or note1 writt5 9 r$4 ,x 0 a frequ5t practice 9 old ,,mss41 :]e !re 7 prefaces1 or prologues1 or notes--n actually "p ( ! text--to keep ^! di/9ct by writ+ !m 9 r$4 ,a some:at simil> usage /ill exi/s 9 mod]n typography1 :]e su* p>ts are sometimes di/+ui%$ by ,italic type 7see p4 #cae74 ,! di/9ction ( a preface1 8rubric10 or note f ! ma9 body ( ! text makes a book m readable1 &1 z a page ( r$ 7or blue7 writ+ is v pleasant & effective1 we may c]ta9ly take advantage ( su* a reasonable excuse = introduc+ x4 ,entire books h be5 writt5 9 r$1 b ?is is a que/ionable mode1 z too mu* r$ text w\ld tire ! eye4 ,note 7#a74--,! writ+ is f\nd$ on ! t5?-c5tury ,engli% h& giv5 9 ,plate ,,viii4 7#b7 ,! fl\ri%es on s & e fill gaps at ! ends ( ! l9es1 & ! spread out ,a ,m ,e ,n fills ! la/ l9e4 7#c7 ,! ,headl9e is 9 simple writt5 capitals4 7#d7 ,! effect ( col\r contra/ ( ! built-up ,ps ) ! simple writ+3 ! solid ,ps 7?\gh really ! same col\r7 appe> to be a mu* deep] r$ ?an ! writ+1 :i* is light5$ by ! int]m+l$ :ite ( ! pap]4 7#e7 ,o!r ,col\r ,s*emes4--,! ,v]sals 7,pp7 9 burni%$ gold2 ! re/ 9 r$ or blue4 p#aca ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 p#acb ,,pages ,,) ,,col\r$ ,,head+s ,fig4 #ia repres5ts ! fir/ page ( a *apt] 7or a book7 ) a ,head+ 9 r$ capitals4 ,x is conv5i5t 9 practice cle>ly to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two modes ( beg9n+-- 7a7 ) an illum9at$ ,initial-,page 7see fig4 #hi71 or1 7b7 ) an illum9at$ ,head+ 7see fig4 #ia74 ,! =m] may be treat$ z ?\gh x 7 a decoration to ! :ole book4 ,! latt] is int5d$ m p>ticul>ly to decorate its own page4 ,! ,head+ %\ld !re=e be proportionate to ! body ( ! text bel[ x4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ,head+ & two-?irds text make a good proportion4 ,a 8,head+0 occupy+ half1 or m ?an half1 ( ! page is apt to look disproportionate1 & x w\ld be pref]able to ?is to h a complete1 or ne>ly complete1#bg ,page ( col\r$ capitals4 ,note 7#a74--,! full effect ( black & r$ is obta9$ by an arrangem5t ( ! two col\rs 9 m>k$ contra/4 7#b7 ,! l9es are us$ z a scale = ! ,head+1 ! r$ capitals & int]spaces ea* be+ "o l9e high4 ,if a ,head+ s spac$ appe> too close to ! fir/ l9e ( black writ+1 ano!r l9e space may be left4 7#c7 ,! r\nd ,es are us$ to fill out ! second l9e1 & ! squ>e1 n>r[ ,e to relieve ! cr[d$ ?ird l9e4 7#d7 ,o!r ,col\r ,s*emes4--,! entire head+1 or ! lett]s ,w1 ,h1 ,b1 ,o1 ,r1 9 burni%$ gold2 or ! :ole v>iegat$ 7see p4 #ahj74 p#acc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 p#acd ,,page ,,or ,,column ,,head+ ,,initial ,fig4 #ib repres5ts ! fir/ page ( a book or *apt] 9 two columns1 beg9n+ ) a r ornate ,head+1 9 :i* ! ,initial is made ! pr9cipal feature1 & hav+ col\r$ ,v]sals & l9e-f9i%+s ?r\gh\t ! text4 ,x is m difficult to get a good effect 9 ?is way ?an by means ( a m>k$ col\r contra/ 7see p4 #add71 or v>iegat$ col\r1 & gold 7see ,note #g74 ,note 7#a74--,! l9es b\nd+ ! text w\ld naturally be ind5t$1 or pale 7n black z 9 ! block71 & rul$ f head to foot ( ! page 7see ,note 7#b7 on ! next figure74 7#b7 ,! r$ ornam5tal l9e-f9i%+s 7see p4 #bje7 w\ld be m effective if v>iegat$4 7#c7 ,! ,v]sals 9 ! text are made ab\t a l9e high1 b are dropp$ bel[ ! l9e 7p4 #abb74 7#d7 ,! ,v]sals 9 ! ,head+ are made "o l9e high1 ) "o-l9e spac+--betwe5 ,o & ,d increas$ to two l9es 7p>tly fill$ by a fl\ri% f ! ,d71 9 ord] to fit ! ,u1 ,o1 & ,d 9 ev5ly beside ! ,initial4 7#e7 ,! ,initial ,q %\ld project slightly up & out--beyond ! b\nd+ l9es--to m>k ! top1 left corn] m /rongly 7see footnote1 p4 #baa74 7#f7 ,all ! rubricat+ on ?is page is done ) ! same p5 7see pp4 #bje1 #bah74 7#g7 ,o!r ,col\r ,s*emes4 8,quod fuit ab initio10 ! filigree ornam5t & ! ,v ,v 9 burni%$ gold 7or ! ,q & ,,vv 9 gold71 ! re/ ( ! ,v]sals & l9e-f9i%+s 9 ,r$ & ,blue1 or ,r$ & ,gre51 or ,r$1 ,blue1 & ,gre5 7see pp4 #aha1 #ahe74 p#ace ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 p#acf ,,v]sals ,,9 ,,column ,,or ,,m>g9al ,,b&s ,fig4 #ic repres5ts two columns ( black text1 consi/+ ( %ort v]ses1 c41 :i* are m>k$ by col\r$ capitals--=m+ b&s ( col\r--9 ! m>g9s4 ,note 7#a74--,! col\r$ capitals 9 ! figure are made r l>g] ?an usual1 to en=ce ! effect ( ! two l9es ( r$ & m>k _! contra/ ) ! columns ( black text4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 !y w\ld be bett] & m di/9ct if r small]4 7#b7 ,! l9es b\nd+ ! text w\ld naturally be fa9t1 or groov$ 7p4 #cdc72 b1 rul$ f head to foot ( ! page1 !y w\ld be suffici5tly app>5t to add mat]ially to ! g5]al effect ( ord]ly arrangem5t4 7,l9es are pr9t$ "h to %[ cle>ly ! way ! two columns are rul$ & to sugge/ ?is effect1 ?\gh ! process block necess>ily gives a false impression 9 mak+ !m appe> too %ort & too heavy74 7#c7 ,extra wid? betwe5 ! columns 7& also 9 ! m>g97 may be all[$ = ! col\r$ capitals 7comp>e fig4 #ib74 7#d7 ,words 9 simple writt5 capitals are us$ to m>k slight divisions1 or *anges ( s5se1 9 ! text4 7#e7 ,a /iff ,v]sal ( a r 8,roman0 type is us$1 p>tly because ( ! numb] ( ! capitals 7see p4 #abf74 7#f7 ,o!r ,col\r ,s*emes4--,! l>g] capitals might be 9 burni%$ gold1 ! re/ 9 r$ 7or 9 r$1 blue1 & gre572 or all might be 9 r$1 blue1 & gre54 p#acg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 p#ach ,,/anzas ,,or ,,v]ses ,,m>k$ ,,by ,,v]sals ,fig4 #id repres5ts a poem 9 two v]ses :i* are di/+ui%$ by int]spaces & by col\r$ capitals--a brief introductory l9e also be+ 9 col\r4 7,x is suppos$ t ! poem occurs 9 a book--ma9ly 9 prose--writt5 9 ,roman small-lett]s47 ,x is g5]ally be/ to di/+ui% ! v]ses ( poems by "o-l9e int]spaces4 ,:5 ?is is done1 col\r$ initials are n s necess>y1 & _! value become *iefly decorative 7see #abc74 ,note 7#a74--,! writ+ is f\nd$ on 8,italic0 7see ,plate ,,xxi471 & 7x is suppos$ t7 x w\ld be us$ "h :]ev] ! songs occurr$2 fir/ly1 to di/+ui% !m f ! re/ ( ! text1 & secondly1 to keep ! l9es ( ! poem entire--,italics occupy+ less room ?an ord9>y1 r\nd ,small-,lett]s 7see p4 #cae74 7#b7 ,! /ory op5s ) ! fir/ l9e1 :i* may 9 ?is case be reg>d$ ei!r z a ,title or z a prefatory note 9 r$4 7#c7 ,! two r$ capitals are made ( a r 8,roman0 type to mat* ! ,italic 7& ! small ,roman text ( ! book74 ,! diff]5ce 9 height made betwe5 ! ,w & ! ,s is int5d$ to balance ! diff]5ce 9 wid?1 & to give !m an appe>ance ( equal weight4 ,?is may be p]mitt$ :]e !re are only a few capitals2 :]e !re are _m1 _! heights are g5]ally kept m uni=m4 7#d7 ,ano!r ,col\r ,s*eme4--,w & ,s w\ld look bett] 9 burni%$ gold4 p#aci ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 p#adj ,,music ,,) ,,r$ ,,/aves ,fig4 #ie is a reproduction1 9 facsimile1 %[+ qu>t] ( a page ( a folio ,s]vice ,book 7probably ,fr5*1 e>ly sixte5? c5tury74 ,! page consi/s ( two columns ( t5 /aves ea*1 & is head$ ,9 vigi 7lia71 natiuitatis dn4 ,! book is pr9t$ on vellum 9 r$ & black2 ! columns ( music h fa9t r$ b\nd+ l9es rul$ by h& 7n %[n 9 ! figure74 ,! r$ /ave is v effective1 & x 0 commonly us$ 9 e>ly ,,mss4 & pr9t$ books4 ,!re appe>s to be "s d\bt1 h[ev]1 z to its practical value1 & ,i h be5 advis$ t x is n s legible z ! black l9e /ave1 & also t1 9 ,*ur* ,s]vice ,books 7see p4 #cde71 9 ord] to make an absolutely cle> di/9ction1 r$ %\ld be res]v$ entirely = ! rubrics4 ,! 8pla9-song0 *ant1 ) its f\r-l9e /ave1 has a simpl] & f9] appe>ance ?an ! m mod]n & elaborate five-l9$ /ave & tail$ notes4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 may yet be treat$ v effectively4 ,note #a4--,! m>k & ! capitals 1 & 7 blott$--x c sc>cely be call$ 8pa9t$0--) yell[4 ,yell[ or r$ 7 (t5 us$ 9 ?is way to m>k ! small black capitals 9 pr9t$ books 7p4 #dbh1 comp4 p4 #cjb74 ,x is a que/ionable me?od4 7,^! blots h be5 remov$ f ! figure--except1 by an ov]sight1 9 ! case ( 74 7#b7 ,o!r ,col\r ,s*emes4--7a7 ,! title1 or 7b7 ! text & ! notes1 might be 9 burni%$ gold 7! o!r p>ts 9 ei!r case rema9+ 9 r$ & black74 p#ada ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 p#adb ,,tail-,,pieces1 ,,colophons1 ,c4 ,fig4 #if repres5ts a col\r$ ,tail-piece or decorative f9i% at ! end ( a book 7or *apt]74 ,! ,colophon 7see p4 #abh figs4 #ac1 #aia71 g5]ally di/+ui%$ f ! text by a small] or diff]5t h&1 &--especially 9 e>ly pr9t$ books--by col\r or o!r decorative treatm5t1 occurs at ! end ( a book1 :]e x is ! traditional "r ( ! p5man & ! pr9t] to add a /atem5t or a symbolical device4 ,! ,"n 7( craftsman & assi/ants71 ,"t1 & ,place are commonly /at$--pref]ably q simply--e4g4 8,?is book1 writt5 out by me1 ,a4,b41 9 ,,london1 0 f9i%$ on ! #ca/ day ( ,,decemb] #aijj40 ,any reasonable matt] ( int]e/ conc]n+ ! text1 ! mat]ials1 me?ods1 lett]+1 or ornam5t1 & an acc\nt ( ! numb] ( leaves & _! size1 c41 may be add$4 ,b ! craftsman1 prop]ly & mode/ly keep+ 8 "n (f ! title-page1 is at lib]ty to ex]cise 8 "r1 m>k+ ! end (1 & sign+ 8 "w 9 any way he *ooses--ev5 9 a spee* or a s5tim5t--provid$ ! =m ( ! colophon be unobtrusive & its language natural4 ,pr9t]'s devices or book-m>ks1 consi/+ ( symbols1 monograms1 c4 7p4 #cfb71 7 likewise us$4 ,! opportunity g5]ally provid$ by ! f9al m>g91 & ! natural wi% to close ! book ) a fitt+ ornam5t1 also l$ to ! use ( col\r or capitals 9 ! conclud+ l9es2 & sometimes ! 8tail0 ( ! text 0 giv5 a triangul> =m1 ! l9es becom+ %ort] & %ort] till !y end$ 9 a s+le ^w1 or ev5 "o lett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 p#add ,,rubricat+3 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,contra/ ( ,r$ & ,black4--,! mo/ effective arrangem5t ( r$ lett]+ ) black text involves a %>p contra/1 &1 z a rule1 ! conc5tration ( ! r$ 9 a l9e or mass 7see figs4 #ia1 #ic1 & #if1 :]e ! r$ lett]+ is mass$ at ! head1 side1 & foot ( ! black74 ,too _m r$ capitals scatt]$ ?r\gh a page lose _! effect1 & appe> z ?\gh !y 7 br[n-r$ r ?an bright r$ 7see pp4 #acd1 #ahe74 ,pr9t$ title-pages1 c41 may be se5 ) promiscu\s l9es ( black & r$1 9 :i* ! f9e effects obta9able by ! use ( bright col\r is disp]s$ & lo/2 :ile ! same1 or ev5 a less1 am\nt ( r$1 mass$ 9 "o or two places 9 ! page1 w\ld %[ to great advantage4 ,notes 9 ,r$ 9 ,m>g9s4--,r$ lett]+1 & p>ticul>ly small r$ writ+1 may be us$ freely 9 ! m>g9s2 be+ mu* light] ?an black1 x appe>s !re z a m>g9al decoration1 n int]f]+ ) ! regul> look ( ! page4 ,inde$1 r$ may be us$ m freely1 & ,i ?9k its decorative effect is great]1 9 ! =m ( rubrics1 ?an 9 any o!r simple =m ( ornam5t 7see ,r$ 9 ,*ur* ,s]vice ,books 7pp4 #adj1 #cde7 & ,r$ sub/itut$ = ,italics 7p4 #cae774 ,p>agraph & o!r ,m>ks4--,v>i\s symbols1 num]als1 & m>ks 7su* z 99 _/,v --,add5da1 p4 #be7 may be made 9 r$4 ,r$ ,l9es4--,l9es made to divide1 or outl9e1 pages 78rules0 or 8rule bord]s07 %\ld be sp>+ly us$1 & !n r 9 black ?an 9 r$ 7see p4 #cfd74 ,if 9 r$1 p>ticul>ly betwe5 l9es ( writ+1 ^! %\ld be 8rul$ fe9t0 ) dilut$ col\r4 p#ade ,r$ = ,ornam5ts4--,r$ may be us$ pretty freely ) o!r col\rs 7blue1 gre51 & gold71 b by itself m sp>+ly4 ,,o!r ,,col\rs4--,! =ego+ rem>ks ref] ma9ly to contra/s ( black & r$1 b apply1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to black ) any bright col\r 7or gold7 7see 8,o!r ,col\r ,s*emes0 giv5 above1 & p4 #ahj74 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,lay+ ,,burni%+ ,,gold ,tools ,mat]ials -- ,lay+ ! ,gr\nd -- ,lay+ ! ,gold-,leaf -- ,burni%+ ! ,gold -- ,rem$y+ ,faults 9 ,gild+ -- ,gold ,writ+ -- ,o!r ,me?ods ,recipes = ,gild+ -- ,app5dix on ,gild+ 7by ,graily ,hewitt74 ,,tools ,,mat]ials ,^! %\ld be kept toge!r 9 a conv5i5t box1 z x is important t ! process %\ld n be int]rupt$ by a se>* = a miss+ tool4 ,tools & ,mat]ials4 ,summ>y ( ,process4 ,,h>d ,,lead ,,p5cil4 ,= draw+ =ms if necess>y4 ,,p\nce4 ,= prep>+ surface3 8p\nc+40 8,,size0 ,,or ,,rais+ ,,prep>ation4 ,= rais+ & back+ leaf4 ,,small ,,sauc]4 ,= mix+ size 94 ,,ne$le ,,set ,,9 ,,h&le4 ,= bur/+ bubbles1 c4 ,,quill ,,p54 ,= 8lay+0 ! size4 ,,knife4 ,= trimm+ size1 c4 ,,gold-,,leaf4 ,= gild+4 p#adf ,,scissors4 ,= cutt+ gold-leaf4 ,,burni%+-,,slab4 ,= back+ ! p>*m5t or pap] :ile "u pressure4 ,,brea?+-,,tube4 ,= damp+ size4 ,,rubb+-,,pap]4 ,= press+ leaf on to size4 ,,*alk ,,or ,,s(t ,,lead ,,p5cil4 ,= m>k+ =m on rubb+-pap]4 ,,burni%]1 ,,too? ,,%ape4 ,= 7#a7 press+ d[n1 & 7#b7 burni%+ gold-leaf4 ,,fea!r 7,bru%1 c474 ,= du/+ (f ! p\nce4 ,,bru%4 ,= bru%+ (f wa/e leaf4 7,,h>d ,,indi>ubb]47 7,= remov+ gold f p>*m5t47 7,,p[d] ,,gold ,,f9e ,,bru%47 7,= 8m5d+0 9 c]ta9 cases47 ,,lay+ ,,! ,,gr\nd ,draw+ ! ,=m4--,elaborate lett]s or ornam5ts may be drawn ) a h>d p5cil1 :i* w leave slight ind5tations 9 ! surface ( ! page :5 ! m>ks ( ! lead h be5 remov$ ) indi>ubb]4 ,9 ! case ( free lett]+ or gold writ+1 h[ev]1 ! =ms %\ld be made directly ) ! p5 7see pp4 #adh1 #afd74 ,prep>+ ! ,surface3 ,p\nc+4--,! surface is ?or\ghly clean$ & prep>$ ) p[d]$ pumice /one1 or o!r suitable 8p\nce0 7see pp4 #afg1 #agd74 ,?is be+ rubb$ well into ! actual "p :i* is to take ! size absorbs grease & slightly r\gh5s#bh ! surface4 ,! surr\nd+ p>ts are also p\nc$ to prev5t ! gold-leaf f /ick+ to !m lat]4 ,composition ( ! ,gr\nd or ,size4 ,! *ief p#adg sub/ance 9 a 8size0 or rais+ prep>ation is g5]ally "s k9d ( e>?y matt]1 to give x body4 ,o!r sub/ances1 hav+ t\ghness & /ick9ess1 are us$ to b9d ! e>?y matt] & prev5t its break+ :5 ! page is turn$ ov] or b5t1 & also to make ! size adh]e to ! page & ! gold-leaf /ick to ! size4 ,yell[ or r$ col\r+ matt] is (t5 add$4 ,a pres]vative1 su* z oil ( cloves--9 a m9ute quantity--may be pres5t3 ?is w p]mit ( ! size be+ kept 9 a semi-liquid condition1 9 a clos$ j>4 ,! foll[+ recipe 0 giv5 to me by ,mr4 ,g4 ,l\my]3-- 8,*alk 7,:it+74 ,oxide ( ,iron--#a_/b gra94 ,glue 7,c>p5t]'s7--#d gra9s4 ,gum ,arabic--#b gra9s4 ,wat]--#ej gra9s4 ,melt ! gum & ! glue toge!r 9 ! wat]1 !n add ! oxide ( iron1 & la/ly put 9 en\gh *alk to make ! :ole a r liquid pa/e4 ,apply to ! p>*m5t1 :i* y h previ\sly well rubb$ ) :it+1 &1 :5 dry1 apply ! gold-leaf ) alcohol40 ,mix+ ! ,size ) ,wat]4--,a little ( ! size1 tak5 f ! j> 7see above71 is put 9 ! sauc] ) a few drops ( wat] to soak = an h\r or two4 ,x is !n rubb$ d[n ) a f+]-tip1 c>e be+ tak5 to mix x v ?or\ghly & to avoid mak+ bubbles4 ,! "r consi/5cy is judg$ by exp]i5ce--x %\ld be ?ick r ?an ?94 ,x is ess5tial t all ! +r$i5ts be pres5t 9 _! "r proportions1 & ! mixture %\ld be /irr$ e n[ & !n4 ,o!rwise ! e>?y p#adh matt] settles d[n1 & ! /icky p>ts1 rema9+ 9 solution above1 are liable to be us$ up4 ,:at is left 9 ! sauc] aft] use is apt to be defici5t 9 its /icky p>ts1 & x is be/ ?r[n away4 ,take out ( ! j> only :at is requir$ at ! "t1 & mix a fre% lot ! next "t4 ,bubbles1 =m$ 9 ! mixture1 may be bur/ by a ne$le1 or by add+ a m9ute drop ( oil ( cloves4 ,me?ods ( ,lay+ ! ,size4--,! p>*m5t or pap] is laid flat on a table2 if on a slope1 ! size w\ld run d[n & lie unev5ly4 ,a quill p5 ) a f9ely cut nib & an extra long slit 7ab\t #e_/h in*7 is us$ = lay+ ! size4 ,x is fill$ pretty full by means ( a quill or a bru%2 if by ! latt]1 special c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid bubbles4 ,exp]im5ts %\ld be made 9 v>i\s me?ods4 ,i4 ,p]haps ! be/ way ( lay+ ! size1 s t x may set prop]ly & t ! burni% may reta9 its brilliance1 is to put on a ?9 coat ) a p5--9 ! direct mann] 9 :i* col\r$ ,v]sals are made 7q4v47--& aft]w>ds add two or ?ree ?9 coats1 all[+ ea* coat to dry ?or\ghly4 ,?is requires consid]able pati5ce & skill1 z x takes a long "t1 & !re is a dang]1 9 add+ sev]al coats1 ( spoil+ ! =m by go+ ov] ! edges4 ,,ii4 ,! simple/ me?od = ord9>y gold lett]s is to make !m ) "o extra ?ick coat#bi ( size1 exactly l col\r$ ,v]sals--fir/ a natural p5 outl9e1 & !n ! fill+ 9 7see fig4 #ha74 ,?is requires "s practice to d well1 z ! ?ick] size is m difficult to manage ?an ! p#adi col\r4#cj ,v n>r[ p>ts--su* z ! ?9 /rokes--are apt to be defici5t 9 size1 & !re=e1 :ile !y are /ill wet1 ! p5--held ne>ly v]tical ) ! nib 9 contact ) ! surface ( ! size--is mov$ sl[ly along x until ! /roke has receiv$ suffici5t size & is prop]ly fill$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,,iii4 ,a me?od t may be f\nd m conv5i5t = heavy =ms1 is to hold ! p5 across ! =m to be gild$ 7:i* has previ\sly be5 m>k$ on ! p>*m5t7 ) its nib re/+ on ! fur!r outl9e 7a1 fig4 #ig74 ,! nib be+ mov$ along t l9e1 by contact ) ! p>*m5t re/ra9s ! size f pass+ beyond x1 :ile all[+ x to fl[ out freely beh9d & bel[ 7a1 #b74 ,! opposite side is simil>ly treat$1 &1 if ! =m be n>r[1 ! size z x fl[s out bl5ds ) t already laid 7b74 ,! ends ( ! =m are f9i%$ 9 l mann] 7c74 p#aej ,! angle ( ! p5 ) ! p>*m5t is less = a wid] =m 7b1 fig4 #ih74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,z a g5]al rule ! size %\ld /& pretty high :5 wet2 x %r9ks 9 dry+1 &1 if x =ms too ?9 a coat1 x w nei!r hold ! gold-leaf fa/ nor burni% well4 ,:ile ! size is /ill wet x is easy to raise x to any height desir$ by runn+ m size into ! =m 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 n to raise ! size too high1 z burni%$ gold too mu* rais$ looks out ( place on a page & has a heavy & vulg> appe>ance 7p4 #ahd74 ,v high rais+ also does n dry s well1 & :5 dry x is m liable to *ip4 ,! "w ( lay+ ! size %\ld be c>ri$ out z quickly z possible4 ,if "o "p ( ! =m is left any appreciable "t be=e ! rema9+ p>ts are siz$1 ! fir/ "p w beg9 to settle & dry1 & ! diff]5t lay+s w n bl5d or lie ev5ly4 ,?\gh ! size is ?ick & awkw>d to use at fir/1 a little skill w coax x quickly & ev5ly out ( ! p51 & x w all bl5d & dry ) an ev5 surface4 ,:5 x is siz$1 put ! "w away to dry 9 a p#aea draw] or safe place :]e x _c be smudg$ or get du/y4 ,dry+ ! ,size4--,! av]age "t all[$ is tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b x v>ies ) ! wea!r & ! temp]ature2 damp wea!r may make a long] "t necess>y1 & dry wea!r or heat w %ort5 ! "t4 ,! ?ickness ( ! rais+ affects ! "t v mu*2 a v ?9 coat w dry 9 an h\r or two1 :ile an extra ?ick coat may take sev]al days4 ,size n dry en\gh is too /icky to burni%2 if too dry1 x is s absorb5t t x sucks up all ! moi/ure :i* is brea!d on x4 ,to ensure ! gold-leaf's /ick+ ?or\ghly1 x is saf] on ! :ole to gild ! size :ile x is /ill slightly damp1 & delay ! burni%+ till x is dri]4 ,! "t to all[ & ! "r condition ( ! size = gild+ c only be accurately judg$ by exp]i5ce4 ,,lay+ ,,! ,,gold-,,leaf ,note4--,9 illum9at$ ,,mss41 9 ord] to avoid risk ( injury to ! gold x may be laid la/ ( all 7see pp4 #agj-a74 ,! inexp]i5c$ illum9ator1 h[ev]1 may f9d x bett] to foll[ ! easi] me?od ( f9i%+ ! gold be=e apply+ ! col\rs4 ,! process ( gold-lay+ mu/ be c>ri$ out /eadily & quickly2 all ! necess>y tools1 c41 %\ld be ready to h& 7see p4 #ade74 ,! ,gold-,leaf4--,?is is sold 9 books ( tw5ty-five leaves4 ,! ord9>y leaf1 ab\t #c-a_/d in*es squ>e1 consi/+ ( gold & alloy1 is said to be beat5 out to less ?an #a_/bjj1jjj in* 9 ?ickness4 ,z gold /icks readily to gold1 especially :5 v ?9 & liable to wr9kle & fold ov]1 or to pap]1 r$ p#aeb bole or o*re is scatt]$ betwe5 ! leaves ( ! ord9>y book4 ,?is p[d] w come (f on ! "w & give x an ugly col\r1 :5 burni%+1 unless x is du/$ (f v c>efully4 ,x is bett] to get gold 8d\ble0 7or 8quadruple07 ! ord9>y ?ickness1 specially prep>$ = f9e "w su* z illum9at+1 q pure1 & put up 9 :ite books 7)\t bole74 ,cutt+ ! ,leaf4--,) ! scissors1 :i* mu/ be q clean & %>p 7or else ! gold w /ick to !m & te>71 cut a :ole or half leaf ( gold1 toge!r ) ! pap] leaf on :i* x lies1 out ( ! book4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,! gold is cut on "o pap] 7fig4 #ii7 7n betwe5 pap]s1 = !n x w\ld /ick & te>71 & ! cut edges ( ! pap] & ! gold /ick toge!r slightly4 ,if ! edge ( ! gold is any:]e loose & apt to flap ab\t1 x & ! correspond+ pap] edge c be nick$ toge!r ) ! scissors 7fig4 #ajj74 ,! gold-leaf be+ lightly held to ! pap] 9 ?is way is easily h&l$4 ,a piece ( gold1 ab\t #a_/h in* l>g] all r\nd ?an ! =m to be gild$1 is cut f ! leaf 9 ! mann] describ$ above 7a1 b1 fig4 #ajj74 ,except 9 ! case ( a v l>ge =m1 x is n wor? try+ p#aec to save gold by cutt+ x out 9 ! same %ape4 ,squ>e1 oblong1 & triangul> %ap$ pieces are suitable = ord9>y use2 ^! are laid 9 a conv5i5t place--! edge ( a book cov] w d v well 7fig4 #aja7--ready to be pick$ up at ! "r mom5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,! burni%+ slab 7a flat piece ( vulcanite1 celluloid1 or metal7 is plac$ "u ! page to give x a h>d1 firm back1 :i* w make ! pu%+ & rubb+ ( ! burni%] effective4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,prep>+ ! ,size4--,if ! size has dri$ r\gh1 x may be lightly scrap$ ) ! p5-knife--remov+ z little z possible ( ! surface1 9 :i* ! ess5tial /ick9ess frequ5tly seems to be conc5trat$4 p#aed ,ord9>ily a =m %\ld n require trimm+1 ?\gh if its edges h accid5tal r\ghnesses1 ^! may be trimm$ a little ) ! p5-knife4 ,damp+ ! ,size4--,! brea?+ tube is ab\t #a_/b in* 7or less7 9 diamet]1 & #f in*es or m 9 l5g?2 x may be made ( pap] or cane4 ,"o end ( ! tube be+ lightly held betwe5 ! lips1 ! o!r is mov$ ab\t ov] ! size1 :i* is g5tly brea!d ^u 7fig4 #ajb74 ,! brea? cond5s+ on ! surface ( ! size1 moi/5s x & r5d]s x /icky4 ,! am\nt ( moi/5+ requir$ dep5ds on ! condition ( ! size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,c>e has to be tak5 t ! brea? does n cond5se 9 ! tube & drop on to ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,lay+ ! ,gold-,leaf4--,imm$iately t ! size has be5 suffici5tly brea!d ^u1 ! piece ( pap] ) gold-leaf adh]+ 7held ready 9 ! "r p#aee h&7 is plac$ ^u x1 gold-leaf d[nw>ds1 c>e be+ tak5 to place x /eadily d[n1 & n drag x across ! size 7fig4 #ajc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,! ,rubb+ ,pap]--a conv5i5t piece ( ?9 b t\gh pap] 7held ready 9 ! left h&7--is imm$iately laid above ! gold-leaf pap]1 & is !n rubb$ ov] firmly ) ! f+]-tip1 9 ord] at once to atta* ! leaf to ! size 7fig4 #ajd74 ,x is !n quickly rubb$ ) ! s(t p5cil p#aef or *alk till ! rais$ =m und]nea? is indicat$ on ! surface ( ! pap] 7fig4 #aje74 ,^! two op]ations may be comb9$ by hav+ a little blue *alk ei!r on ! f+]-tip or on ! upp] surface ( ! rubb+ pap]4 ,r\nd ! outl9e ( ?is =m ! po9t ( ! burni%]#ca is work$1 press+ ! gold-leaf firmly--?r\gh bo? ! pap]s--aga9/ ! size1 9 ! angle =m$ by ! size & ! surface ( ! p>*m5t 7fig4 #ajf74 ,! =e "p ( ! burni%] is !n pass$ rapidly all ov] ! rubb+ pap] ) a firm pressure 7fig4 #ajg74 ,! rubb+ pap] & ! o!r pap] are pick$ (f1 & an exp]i5c$ eye c usually tell if ! gold is /ick+ prop]ly by a peculi>1 smoo? appe>ance :i* x !n has4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,sev]al ,lett]s or ,=ms :i* are close toge!r may be gild$ simultane\sly--) "o piece ( gold-leaf--z if !y 7 "o complex =m4 ,?is saves "t1 b if too _m =ms are gild$ toge!r1 "s ( !m are liable to be less ?or\ghly & effectually treat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,small ,scatt]$ ,=ms 7dots1 c474--,= ^! ! gold-leaf may be cut into a suffici5t numb] ( little pieces1 :i* are all[$ to fall 7gold side d[nw>ds7 on a %eet plac$ to receive !m4 p#aeg ,!y are pick$ up sep>ately by means ( a ne$le /uck into _! back+-pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,additional ,coats ( ,gold-,leaf4--,a second leaf ( gold may be laid on imm$iately on ! top ( ! fir/2 ?is w ensure ri*ness & facilitate burni%+4 ,additional leaves may be laid aft] burni%+1 b1 unless ! fir/ gild+ is absolutely clean1 !re is a risk ( ! second leaf peel+ (f :5 re-burni%$4 p#aeh ,,burni%+ ,,! ,,gold ,! ,burni%]4--,a too?-%ap$ agate burni%] 7fig4 #ajh7 is commonly us$4 ,! po9t is us$ = pu%+ ! leaf into angles & = burni%+ angles 7a74 ,! =e-"p = g5]al burni%+ 7b74 ,! b5d = cross-burni%+ & = angles 7c74 ,! side = v g5tle & light burni%+ 7d74 ,! burni%] is kept scrupul\sly clean1 & to ensure ?is x is frequ5tly rubb$ on a clo?4 ,du/+ (f ! ,p\nce4--,! edge ( ! p>*m5t may be tapp$ sm>tly on ! desk to %ake (f ! p\nce1 & a fea!r or a s(t h&k]*ief may be us$1 c>e be+ tak5 n to bru% ! p\nce ov] ! gold4 p#aei ,bru%+ (f ,wa/e ,leaf4--,! sup]flu\s gold r\nd ! edge ( ! gild$ =m may be lightly bru%$ (f ) ! tip ( ! bru%4 ,?is may be done aft] or be=e ! burni%+--pref]ably aft] 7see p4 #agj74 ,any gold :i* may h /uck to ! surr\nd+ p>*m5t1 9 spite ( ! p\nc+1 may be remov$ ) ! knife or ) ! h>d indi>ubb] po9t1 great c>e be+ tak5 n to t\* ! gild$ size4 ,burni%+ ! ,gold4--,! gold-leaf may be burni%$ imm$iately aft] lay+ :5 ! size is v dry1 b x is saf] to wait = a qu>t] ( an h\r--or long]1 if ! size is at all damp 7see ,dry+1 p4 #aea74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,! slab is aga9 put "u ! "w1 & ! burni%+ is begun v g5tly & cauti\sly3 %\ld ! burni%] /ick 9 ! v lea/1 x is in/antly /opp$ 7or else ! gold w be scrat*$ (f71 exam9$1 & clean$4 ,! fir/ /rokes ( ! burni%] are g5]ally c>ri$ all ov] ! "w1 v lightly & ) a p#afj circul> movem5t 7fig4 #aji71 till ! gold beg9s to feel smoo?1 & ! matt surface gives place to a dull poli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,z ! gold gets smoo!r a little m pressure is us$1 & ! burni%] is mov$ 9 /raight l9es 9 e direction across ! gold 7fig4 #aaj74 ,at ?is po9t ! gold %\ld h a peculi> & agreeable feel+ ( smoo?ness "u ! burni%]1 an unmi/akable sign t all is go+ well4 ,a rapid light poli% ) ! b5d ( ! burni%] across a gold /em w give a v good f9i% 7c1 fig4 #ajh74 ,prop]ly burni%$ gold 9 a "r light is at fir/ z bright z a mirror1 & 9 "s lights may look p#afa q d>k by reason ( its smoo?ness4 ,a piece ( :ite pap] may be held at su* an angle t ! :ite light f x is reflect$ by ! gold2 ?is w %[ ! quality ( ! burni%1 & also %[ up any br[n spots :i* ! leaf may h fail$ to cov]4 ,x is helpful1 moreov]1 dur+ ! actual process ( burni%+ to h a reflect+ pap] fold$ & /&+ beside ! "w 7fig4 #aaa74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,at fir/ ! size "u ! burni%$ gold is n ?or\ghly h>d5$1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 ( x 7n to brea! on nor f+] ! gold 9 any way1 nor all[ x to lie ab\t & get du/y74 ,x is be/ to put x away safely 9 a draw] = a week or two4 ,aft] a week or =tnight1 :5 ! size has set a little m1 x may be v g5tly re-burni%$1 & ?is may be done aga9 at ! end ( ano!r p#afb =tnight4 ,?is f9al burni%+1 :5 ! size is ne>ly h>d1 w give x a v la/+ poli%4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to take e c>e ( burni%$ gold1 & to secure x f risk ( damage z soon z may be4 ,illum9at$ m9iatures 7 (t5 protect$ by a piece ( silk betwe5 ! leaves--& ?is %\ld be done n[1 9 ! case ( f9e "w4 ,t a b\nd volume protects ! burni%$ gold )9 x is prov$ by ! l>ge numb] ( ,,mss4 9 :i* ! gold1 laid & burni%$ #ejj ye>s ago1 is 9 p]fect & brilliant pres]vation4 ,,rem$y+ ,,faults ,,9 ,,gild+ ,to lay & burni% gold satisfactorily requires consid]able exp]i5ce4 ,c>eful practice ) a good 8size0 w ov]come ! *ief difficulties3 ^!1 & _! probable causes1 are "h summ>is$3-- ,to make ! ,size /ick to ! ,probable ,causes ( ,size ,surface4 n /ick+ to ,p>*m5t or ,pap]4 ,clean & p\nce ?or\ghly3 ,dirty ,surface4 r\gh5 if necess>y 7pp4 ,greasy ,surface4 #adf1 #afg74 ,horny ,surface or ,non-por\s ,surface4 ,procure or make a prop] ,size n /icky en\gh composition1 mix ?or\ghly always1 & /ir frequ5tly ,size n t\gh en\gh 7& :5 9 use4 ,if composition is crumbl+ (f7 at fault1 add-- a4 ,/icky matt]4 bo? causes due to faulty b4 ,t\gh5+ matt] composition1 or mix+4 p#afc 7pp4 #adg1 #aff1 & ,app5dix74 ,to make ! ,gold-leaf /ick ,probable ,causes ( ,gold-leaf to ! ,size4 n /ick+ to ,size4 ,brea! on ?or\ghly & ,size n damp$ en\gh avoid delay 9 lay+ ! gold due to insuffici5t brea?+ 7p4 #aed74 on1 or too absorb5t nature or ,d n all[ size to dry too condition (1 size4 long 7p4 #aea74 ,m1 & m c>eful1 ,n suffici5t rubb+ & rubb+ & pressure press+ on ( gold4 7p4 #aef74 7,see above47 ,size n /icky en\gh4 ,raise ! size suffici5tly ,n en\gh size1 p>ticul>ly 7p4 #aej74 ,if n en\gh :5 9 ?9 l9es & edges4 dry1 r\gh5 surface & add ano!r coat4 ,try re-gild+ 7p4 #aeg71 or1 ,! gold may refuse to /ick if spots p]si/1 scrape !m 9 spots ) no app>5t g5tly & try aga93 fail+ reason1 b probably f "o t1 g5tly scrape (f all or o!r ( ! above causes4 ! gold & try :ite ( ,or ! size may h be5 egg 7dilute71 or a slight t\*$ accid5tally & h re-siz+ 7z above74 become greasy or dirty4 ,if ! spots are v small & !re is n "t to sp>e = re-gild+1 !y may be t\*$ ) p[d] gold & dilute :ite ( egg1 & burni%$ :5 dry4 ,to make ! ,gold-leaf smoo? ,probable ,causes ( ,gold-leaf's & bright4 n burni%+ prop]ly4 a4 ,all[ long] "t 7p4 #aea74 ,size too /icky4 b4 ,all[ long] "t 7p4 #aea74 ,due to-- c4 ,remove size & re-size ) a4 ,damp wea!r4 prop] composition4 b4 ,insuffici5t "t all[$ = dry+4 ,sometimes ?is difficulty may be c4 ,too mu* /icky matt] ov]come by us+ sev]al coats 9 size4 ( gold-leaf 7p4 #aeg74 ,scrape smoo? ) %>p knife4 ,size r\gh surfac$4 7,sometimes ! size itself is burni%$ be=e ! gold-leaf is laid47 ,clean burni%] frequ5tly4 ,burni%] becom+ dirty4 p#afd ,bo? pap] & p>*m5t :5 mu* wet ) size are apt to cockle4 ,g5]ally x is n possible1 or desirable 7see p4 #agd71 to gu>d aga9/ ?is by fir/ /ret*+ ! mat]ial1 b ! size may be us$ ) less wat]1 s t x w dry soon]4 ,9 cases :]e !re is a gold backgr\nd x may (t5 be divid$ into small p>ts 7to be siz$ at diff]5t times7 by ! patt]n 7see p4 #aia74 ,= l>ge unbrok5 pat*es ( gold sev]al ?9 coats may be put on1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,"s sizes h a t5d5cy to crack3 ?is is difficult to gu>d aga9/4 ,b1 if ! cracks are v m9ute--su* z may be se5 9 _m in/ances 9 ! be/ e>ly ,,mss4--!y d n con/itute a s]i\s blemi%4 ,burni%$ gold is (t5 damag$ by c>eless h&l+ or insuffici5t protection4 ,,gold ,,writ+ ,! page 7hav+ be5 rul$ z = ord9>y writ+7 is ?or\ghly p\nc$ all ov]4 ,! p5 has an extra long slit1 & ! size is made a little m fluid ?an usual to all[ ( its fl[+ freely & mak+ true p5-/rokes 7p4 #fc74 ,! desk is l[]$ 7fig4 #df1 b71 or flat1 s t ! size may fl[ freely4 ,! nib sometimes makes only a wet d[n-/roke on ! p>*m5t1 b1 by lightly pu%+ ! p5 up aga91 ! /roke w be fill$ by ! size :i* fl[s out f "u ! nib4 ,simple p5-/rokes 9 small writ+ hold b little1 & s ought to be fill$ z full ( size z possible 7pp4 #aej1 #ahd74 ,!y w be f\nd to dry mu* m p#afe quickly ?an l>g] =ms1 & may be gild$ )9 a few h\rs ( writ+4 ,half-a-doz5 or m lett]s are gild$ toge!r 7see p4 #aef74 ,,o!r ,,me?ods ,,recipes ,,= ,,gild+ ,gold-leaf may be cut ) a 8gild]'s knife0 on a 8gild]'s cu%ion10 & pick$ up ) a 8gild]'s tip40 ,wat]1 :ite ( egg1 or alcohol may be us$ to make ! gold-leaf adh]e to ! size4 8,transf] gold-leaf0 is conv5i5t1 b ! greas9ess ( ! transf] pap] is apt to dim ! gild+4 ,gold-leaf is made 9 _m %ades1 f 8r$0 7gold copp]7 to 8gre50 7gold silv]72 ?\gh ^! may be us$ v effectively1 !y are liable to t>ni%1 & x is be/ to beg9 ) pure gold 7see pp4 #aeb1 #afi74 ,silv]-leaf oxidises & turns black2 plat9um 7a good sub/itute7 co/s ab\t #bs4 #f;d41 & alum9ium 7n s good7 ab\t #f;d4 p] book4 8,gold ,ink0 has be5 made ) p[d]$ gold3 its effect is inf]ior to rais$ & burni%$ writ+4 ,! foll[+ is f 8,! ,book ( ! ,art ( ,c5n9o ,c5n9i0 7writt5 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? ,c5tury73 ,translat$ by ,*ri/iana ,j4 ,h]r+ham1 #ahii3-- 8,*ap4 #aeg4--;,h[ y mu/ d m9iature-pa9t+ & put gold on p>*m5t4 8,fir/1 if y w\ld pa9t m9iatures y mu/ draw ) a lead5 /yle figures1 foliage1 lett]s1 or :atev] y please1 on p>*m5t1 t is to say1 9 books3 !n ) a p5 y mu/ make ! delicate p]man5t p#aff outl9e ( :at y h design$4 ,!n y mu/ h a pa9t t is a sort ( gesso1 call$ asiso1 & x is made 9 ?is mann]2 namely1 a little gesso sottile see *ap4 #aaf1 bel[1 & a little biacca :itelead1 nev] m ( ?is ?an equals a ?ird "p ( ! gesso2 !n take a little c&y1 less ?an ! biacca2 gr9d ^! +r$i5ts v f9ely ) cle> wat]1 collect !m toge!r1 & let !m dry )\t sun4 ,:5 y wi% to use "s to put on gold1 cut (f a piece z l>ge z y h ne$ (1 & temp] x ) ! :ite ( an egg1 well beat51 z ,i h taught y4 ,! fro? is all[$ to /& = "o night to cle> itself4 ,temp] ?is mixture ) x2 let x dry2 !n take y\r gold1 & ei!r brea?+ on x or n1 z y please1 y c put x on2 & ! gold be+ laid on1 take ! too? or burni%+-/one & burni% x1 b hold "u ! p>*m5t a firm tablet ( good wood1 v smoo?4 ,& y mu/ "k t y may write lett]s ) a p5 & ?is asiso1 or lay a gr\nd ( x1 or :atev] y please--x is mo/ excell5t4 ,b be=e y lay ! gold on x1 see :e!r x is ne$ful to scrape or level x ) ! po9t ( a knife1 or clean x 9 any way1 = y\r bru% sometimes puts m on 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r4 ,always bew>e ( ?is40 8,*ap4 #aaf4--;,h[ to prep>e gesso sottile 7slak$ pla/] ( ,p>is7 = gr\nd+ panels4 8,y mu/ n[ prep>e a pla/] = f9e gr\nds1 call$ gesso sottile4 ,?is is made f ! same pla/] pla/] ( ,p>is z ! la/1 b x mu/ be well purifi$ 7purgata71 & kept moi/ 9 a l>ge tub = at lea/ a mon?2 r5ew ! wat] e day until x almo/ rots1 & is completely slak$1 & all fi]y heat goes out ( x1 & x becomes z s(t z silk4 ,?r[ away ! wat]1 make x into cakes1 & let x dry2 & ?is gesso is sold by ! druggi/s to our pa9t]s4 ,x is us$ = gr\nd+1 = gild+1 = work+ 9 relief1 & o!r f9e works40 p#afg ,,app5dix3 ,,on ,,gild+ 7,by ,graily ,hewitt7 ,success ) rais$ gild+ c only be expect$ :5 practice has r5d]$ att5tion to ! details ( ! process automatic & !re is no ne$ to pause & ?9k4 ,ev5 !n ! results mu/ be some:at unc]ta9 & exp]im5tal4 ,= our own prep>ations ( size are usually unsatisfactory1 & ! +r$i5ts ( ! be/ we c buy are unkn[n to u4 ,& our vellum is c]ta9ly n ( ! quality we f9d 9 ! old books4 ,"s "o is badly want$ to inve/igate ! *emi/ry ( ! "o & an appropriate prep>ation ( ! o!r4 ,b we c take z mu* c>e z our "t all[s1 pass+ no?+ z 8good en\gh0 :i* we h n well exam9$1 & br++ to ! bus9ess all ! pati5ce & deftness available4 ,vellum is too /iff1 or too dry1 or too greasy4 ,:5 /iff1 x is too ?ick = books2 :5 dry1 too apt to crack or cockle2 :5 too greasy1 exasp]at+4 ,& yet ! s(t & r greasy sort c be r5d]$ m agreeable ?an ! re/ ) lab\r4 ,x %\ld be rubb$ by ! flat ( ! h& ) p[d]$ pumice 7or ev5 f9e s&pap] on ! r\gh side7 & ,fr5* *alk1 especially on its split 7or r\gh]7 side1 until x is s]viceable4 ,a few trials w tea* h[ long to give to ?is4 ,five m9utes = "o side ( a lamb's sk9 w\ld n be too mu*4 ,x c !n be beat5 ) a silk h&k]*ief1 b n rubb$ ) ?is until ! size has be5 laid4 ,x may be rubb$ clean] betwe5 ! lay+ ( ! size & ! gild+4 ,especially mu/ ^? p>ts ( pages be ?or\ghly rubb$ clean :i* 9 ! book1 :5 made up1 w lie ^u & be press$ aga9/ gold lett]s on ! page opposite2 or ! pumice left beh9d w scrat* !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! vellum has n be5 ?or\ghly pumic$ on bo? pages1 ! greas9ess 9 p#afh x w dim ! gold 9 "t1 bo? f above & bel[2 or ev5 make ! size flake (f altoge!r4 ,! size is (t5 blam$ = faults ( ! vellum & its want ( prep>ation4 ,aga9 size1 or 8rais+ prep>ation10 is too /icky or too dry4 ,if ! =m]1 ! gold w n burni% well2 if ! latt]1 x w burni%1 b w n /ick at ! edges1 & w crack soon] or lat]4 ,& ?\gh ! ess5tial quality ( gild+ is brightness1 "o may be cont5t to fail ( ?is r ?an h lett]s ragg$ 9 outl9e or brok5 on ! surface4 ,! size 9 use %\ld be j liquid en\gh to fl[ ev5ly f ! p54 ,m wat] makes x dry too brittle1 & t5ds to cockle ! vellum also2 less t5ds to blobb9ess & unev5ness4 ,ev5 :5 x is put on fairly an uncom=table groove is apt to =m z x dries d[n ! c5tre ( lett]s2 b ?is c be ei!r fill$ up z soon z ! fir/ lay] is dryi%1 or ! sides ( ! groove c be scrap$ 7:5 ! lett] is q dry7 d[n to ! level ( ! groove itself ) a %>p knife4 ,! knife mu/ be %>p4 ,z ?is scrap+ does n affect ! extreme edges ! p[] ( ! size !re to hold ! leaf is n impair$ by x2 & c]ta9ly a well-scrap$ surface is extremely ev5 & pleasant to gild4 ,if ! surface1 h[ev]1 be burni%$ & n scrap$ be=e lay+ ! leaf1 x w n hold ! size well1 & rema9s lumpy also :]e lumps 7 !re orig9ally2 :ile scrap+ gets rid ( ^!4 ,dur+ use ! size %\ld be kept ?or\ghly mix$2 & a small sable bru% s]ves well = ?is purpose1 z soon z x c be us$ s c>efully z n to cause bubbles4 ,to "k ! exact "t to all[ betwe5 lay+ & gild+ "o _h ne$ to be a meteorologi/1 s mu* 8dep5ds on ! wea!r40 ,v dry & v wet wea!r are equally unk9d4 ,g5]ally an int]val ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs is "r2 b x is bett] to gild too soon ?an too late1 provid$ "o c be cont5t1 on te/+ ! nak$ surface ( ! gild$ lett] ) a p#afi burni%]1 & not+ t ! glitt] is reluctant to come1 to leave ! burni%+ = a :ile1 & only lay ! leaf1 press+ x well home to ! outl9e ( ! lett]s4 ,! burni%+ c !n be done 9 a few m h\rs4 ,b if ! size be too dry1 ! difficulty w be to make ! leaf /ick to x at all4 ,9 ?is case ! leaf adh]+ c be scrap$ (f1 ! size scrap$ d[n fur!r1 & ano!r ?9 coat add$ & gild$ aft] a %ort] int]val4 ,if ! lett] be s f\l$ t su* repairs are difficult1 x %\ld be entirely scrap$ away & ! size relaid altoge!r4 ,9 do+ ?is c>e is ne$$ t ! vellum be n injur$ r\nd ! lett]4 ,! be/ gold-leaf = ord9>y "w co/s ab\t #cs4 = tw5ty-five pages4 ,m exp5sive leaf1 be+ ?ick]1 does n /ick s well to ! edges2 *eap] is too ?9 to burni% well4 ,two k9ds may be us$ toge!r ) good results1 ! f9] leaf be+ put on next ! size1 & ! ?ick] at once on to ! top ( t4 ,! lett] is !n press$ & outl9$ z usual ?r\gh pap]1 & ! ?9 leaf w be f\nd ( consid]able assi/ance t[>ds ! mak+ ( a clean cut edge4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! pil+ on ( sev]al leaves is inadvisable1 z bits are liable to flake away z ! lett] goes on dry+1 leav+ dim specks :]e !y h be54 ,yet if1 aft] ! outl9+ ?r\gh ! pap]1 ! leaf is se5 to be v dull or speckl$ ) ! col\r ( ! size1 ?is means t ! size has be5 p>tly press$ ?r\gh ! leaf2 & ano!r laid imm$iately w h en\gh to /ick to1 & w burni% well4 ,! be/ result comes ( "o mod]ately ?ick leaf laid & burni%$ at ! "r "t z quickly z possible4 ,?ick] leaves ne$ only be us$ = l>ge surfaces1 :]e ! edge c be scrap$ ev5 & clean1 or :]e a black outl9e is to be add$4 ,z soon z ! leaf is laid1 & f t po9t onw>d1 ! brea? mu/ be kept f ! lett] ) a %ield 7( c>dbo>d or t97 held 9 ! left h& or o!rwise4 ,inatt5tion to ?is is responsible = _m failures4 ,n p#agj only %\ld ! actual lett]s "u op]ation be s protect$1 b :]e a quantity are siz$ ready = gild+ on ! page ^! %\ld be protect$ also1 z well z any p>ts already f9i%$2 = brea? n only moi/5s b w>ms1 & on w>m size moi/ure cond5ses less easily4 ,if ! "w to be done pres5tly is s w>m$1 x w be f\nd m difficult to deal ) :5 its "t comes4 ,! fir/ "w done 9 ! day is (t5 ! be/1 & = ?is reason1 t ! size = x is cool2 b 9 gild+ ?is portion "o almo/ necess>ily w>ms t to be done lat]4 ,two pages1 :]e possible1 %\ld !re=e be gild$ alt]nately1 "o cool+ :ile a portion ( ! o!r is gild$4 ,or ?9 plates ( metal1 or ev5 c>dbo>d1 may be plac$ ab\t z %ields to protect all surfaces n "u actual op]ation4 ,sup]flu\s gold is be/ remov$ by du/+ lightly ) an old & v clean & dry silk h&k]*ief4 ,indi>ubb] w c]ta9ly remove gold f ! vellum1 b x w z c]ta9ly dim any "p ( ! gild+ x t\*es4 ,if ! vellum 0 prop]ly p\nc$ to />t ) ! silk w easily remove all ! leaf un/uck1 except little odds & ends1 & ^! are safelie/ tak5 away ) ! po9t ( a knife4 ,z ! pressure ( burni%+ helps ! leaf to /ick1 x is be/ to wait till ! lett] has be5 burni%$ be=e ?is du/+4 ,su* spots z are visible ungild$ may be aft]w>ds treat$ ) a slight brea? & transf] gold-leaf1 or gold du/1 may be pa9t$ on !m4 ,9 ! latt] case ! spots mu/ be mo/ c>efully burni%$1 if burni%$ at all1 or _! surr\nd+s w be scrat*$4 ,:5 a gold lett] is to be set on a col\r$ backgr\nd1 or 9 ! neighb\rhood ( col\r1 x is be/ put on aft] ! col\r2 z may be obs]v$ 0 ! me?od occasionally ) ! old books4 ,if ! gold is put on fir/1 x w c]ta9ly be dimm$ by w>m? & brea? dur+ ! col\r+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x is put on la/1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! gold-leaf %all n /ick to ! col\r$ portions4 ,:]e possible1 a /5cil p#aga patt]n ( ! p>ts to be gild$ %\ld be cut out ( pap]4 ,?is is easily made f a p5cil rubb+ tak5 aft] ! size is laid1 ! rais$ patt]n be+ ( c\rse cut out c>efully a trifle l>g] ?an ! outl9e s obta9$4 ,! pap] is !n laid ov] all ! "w1 & ! siz$ portions %[+ ?r\gh ! cutt+s c be gild$ )\t injury to ! col\r4 ,all gild$ "w %\ld be reta9$1 if possible1 = a week or m1 & !n re-burni%$4 ,& 9 burni%+ g5]ally ! burni%] %\ld n be us$1 ev5 :5 ! size is h>d1 ) any great =ce or pressure at fir/4 ,= ! size 9 dry+ sets z if m\ld$1 & ?is m\ld _c be squeez$ ab\t or actually cru%$ )\t be+ loos5$ or crack$4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole process a g5tle & vigilant alacrity is requir$4 ,success w come easily if x means to come4 ,x _c be =c$ to come4 ,! b9d] ( a book ) gild+ 9 x %\ld be w>n$ to press ! %eets z little z possible1 & to use all 8 c>e 9 h&l+ x1 s z to keep moi/ure1 w>m?1 & f+]+ f ! gold4 ,! fold+ ( ! %eets1 :5 left to him1 %\ld also be done r diff]5tly f usual1 = all gild$ pages ne$ to be kept z flat z possible4 ,none ( ! sizes 9 use seem capable ( resi/+ b5d+ ( _! surfaces )\t crimp+ or crack+4 ,:]e !re is mu* gild+1 ! book w be ! bett] = be+ sewn ) a zigzag#cb ?r\gh ! sections1 z ?is helps to 8gu>d0 ! gild$ "w4 p#agb ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,gold ,,col\rs ,,9 ,,initial ,,lett]s ,,simple ,,illum9ation ,tools ,mat]ials = ,simple ,illum9ation -- ,p>*m5t1 8,vellum10 ,p\nce -- ,col\rs -- ,simple ,col\r ,effects -- ,matt ,gold -- ,burni%$ ,gold -- ,burni%$ ,gold ,=ms1 ,outl9es -- ,backgr\nd ,capitals -- ,apply+ ! ,backgr\nd -- ,ornam5t ( ,backgr\nds4 ,,tools ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,simple ,,illum9ation ,,tools1 c41 ,,= ,,gild+4--,see ,*apt] ,,ix4 7pp4 #ade-f74 ,,ivory ,,trac+ ,,po9t4--,?is is useful = v>i\s purposes1 & = ind5t+ patt]ns 9 burni%$ gold 7see p4 #aia74 ,,bru%es4--,r$ ,sables are v good4 ,a sep>ate bru% %\ld be kept = ea* col\r--or at lea/ "o bru% ea* = ,r$s1 ,blues1 ,gre5s1 ,:ite1 & gold 8pa9t0--& x is conv5i5t to h a m$ium & a f9e bru% = ea*4 ,,p5s ,,= ,,col\r4--,quill p5s are us$3 8,turkey0 or 8,goose40 ,! latt] is s(t]1 & is sometimes pref]r$ = col\r "w4 ,= v f9e "w 7real7 ,cr[ ,quills may be tri$4 ,a sep>ate p5 %\ld be us$ = ea* col\r4 ,,col\r$ ,,inks4--,br[n ink 7temp]$ ) black if desir$7 may be us$ = f9e outl9es3 if ! outl9$ =ms are to be col\r$ aft]w>ds1 x is conv5i5t if ! ink be wat]pro(4 p#agc ,col\r$ inks seldom h z good a col\r z ! be/ pa9t col\rs 7see ,col\rs = ,p5work1 p4 #agf74 ,,col\rs4--7p4 #age74 ,,matt ,,gold 7see p4 #ahc74 ,,pa9t-,,box4--,! little *e/s ( draw]s1 sold by /ation]s = #bs4 #f;d41 make v conv5i5t 8pa9t-boxes03 p5s1 c41 may be kept 9 "o draw]2 gild+1 tools1 c41 9 ano!r2 & col\rs & bru%es 9 ano!r4 ,,pap] 7see pp4 #ea1 #ih1 #ajc74--,,p>*m5t1 ,,vellum1 ,,p\nce 7see bel[74 ,,p>*m5t1 8,,vellum10 ,,p\nce 7,see also ,app5dix on ,gild+1 p4 #afg & pp4 #ih1 #cef7 ,! "n 8,vellum0 7/rictly applicable only to calf-sk97 is g5]ally giv5 to any mod]ately good sk9 prep>$ = writ+ or pr9t+ on4 ,all ! mod]n sk9s are apt to be too /iff & horny3 *emical action 7sub/itut$ = pati5t h&l+71 foll[$ by lib]al siz+ & 8dress+10 is p]haps responsible4 ,! old sk9s h mu* m life & "*1 & are commonly mu* s(t]4 ,_! surface is g5]ally v smoo?--n necess>ily glaz$--(t5 ) a delicate velvety nap1 :i* =ms a p]fect writ+ surface4 ,p>*m5t 7%eep-sk971 z suppli$ by law-/ation]s1 ?\gh r h>d1 /ill reta9s ! "* ( a sk91 & is 9 e way pref]able to ! ,vellum#cc :i* is specially prep>$ = illum9ators4 ,a piece ( p>*m5t ab\t #bf in*es by #bb in*es co/s ab\t #bs4 #f;d4 ,lambsk9 is /ill bett]4 8,roman ,vellum0 is a f9e quality ( %eep or p#agd 8lamb0 sk91 made 9 imitation ( ! ,vellum us$ 9 ! ,vatican4 ,! surface ( a mod]n sk9 may be greatly improv$ by 8p\nc+0 b !re seems to be a dang] ( its becom+ r\gh or por\s4 ,p\nce4--,f9e p[d]$ pumice 7z suppli$ by drysalt]s7 is v good4 ,x is rubb$ on ) ! h& 7p4 #afg71 or ) a pad or a piece ( rag4 ,law-/ation]s use a p\nce 9 :i* ! ma9 con/itu5ts are *alk 7or 8:it+07 & p[d]$ res94 ,! latt]1 :5 us$ be=e gild+1 is apt to make ! gold-leaf /ick to ! surr\nd+ p>*m5t4 7,be=e ,writ+1 see ,note #g1 p4 #cei47 ,*alk1 8,:it+0 8,fr5* ,*alk10 & ,p[d]$ ,cuttlefi% ,bone might be us$ z sub/itutes = pumice1 or z +r$i5ts 9 prep>+ a p\nce4 ,s&>a* 7a res97 rubb$ on an erasure appe>s to prev5t ink spread+ :5 ! surface is writt5 ov]4 ,a sk9 ( p>*m5t has a smoo? 7:it]7 side--! orig9al fle% side--& a r\gh]1 yell[] side--! orig9al hair side4 ,! p5man w f9d ! smoo? side pref]able = writ+ on 7?\gh1 ( c\rse1 bo? sides mu/ be us$ 9 a book3 see p4 #aaj74 ,?is side is m easily damag$1 & erasures h to be v c>efully made ) a %>p knife1 or by g5tle rubb+ ) indi>ubb]4 ,on ! r\gh side1 erasures cause little or no damage to ! surface4 ,a piece ( rubb]--or a pap] /ump--dipp$ 9 p\nce may be us$4 ,x is bett]--z x is m /raight=w>d--to avoid erasures if possible1 & to correct mi/akes frankly1 z 9 ord9>y writ+ 7see p4 #cdd74 ,= ord9>y purposes p>*m5t %\ld be cut to ! size desir$1 & be held on ! desk by ! p#age tape1 gu>d1 c4 7see p4 #ej74 ,x is g5]ally a mi/ake to p9 x d[n1 or to damp & /ret* x on ! draw+-bo>d 7see p4 #cef74 ,p>*m5t is /a9$ a f9e purple ) 8,brazil-wood03 ?is may be obta9$ f a 8/ore *emi/40 ,?ree teacups full ( ,brazil-wood are /ew$ 9 ab\t two p9ts ( wat]1 ) two teaspoonsful ( alum 7:i* acts z a mordant74 ,! col\r ( ?is liquid is br[ni%-r$1 & to make x purple1 c>bonate ( pota% is add$ 7v c>efully1 or x w become too blue74 ,! liquid is p\r$ into a tray1 & ! p>*m5t sk9 is plac$ 9 x = half a day or a c\ple ( days4 ,! col\r dries light]1 s x %\ld be prep>$ r d>k1 & dilut$ if necess>y3 /rips ( p>*m5t %\ld be us$ to te/ x2 !y are tak5 out & dri$ at ! fire4 ,! p>*m5t sk9 is /ret*$ on a frame1 ! edges be+ caught up ov] little buttons or pegs1 & ti$ at ^! po9ts ) /r+4 ,x is all[$ to dry sl[ly4 ,,col\rs ,,p[d] ,,col\rs are ! pure/3 !y may be mix$ ) gum arabic & wat]4 ,yolk ( egg & wat] is sometimes us$ z a m$ium 7or :ite ( egg7 7see pp4 #aff1 #agi74 ,x is m conv5i5t = ! beg9n] to use prep>$ col\rs1 :i* are ready & dep5dable4 ,,cake ,,col\rs rank next to p[d] col\rs = purity3 !y seem to ne$ temp]+ ) a little gum or honey or glyc]9e 7or egg--see above7 = use on ord9>y p>*m5t4#cd ,us$ p#agf pla9 ) wat]1 !y are apt to flake (f :5 dry4 ,,pan ,,col\rs are v safe = ord9>y use4 ,,tube ,,col\rs sometimes seem to h too mu* glyc]9e2 !y are1 h[ev]1 v conv5i5t = prep>+ mix$ col\rs 9 any quantity1 because ( _! semi-fluid condition1 & because ! am\nt ( ea* col\r 9 ! mixture may be judg$ ) consid]able accuracy by ! l5g? :i* is squeez$ out ( ! tube 7p4 #agh74 ,,col\rs ,,= ,,p5work1 c4--,= simple lett]s or decoration x is well to use a pure ,,r$--nei!r crimson nor orange t+$3 ,,blue--nei!r gre5i% nor purpli%3 ,,gre5--nei!r blui% nor 8mossy40 ,a little 8body col\r0 is g5]ally us$ ) blues & gre5s to keep !m 8flat0 7p4 #aah74 ,^! col\rs %\ld be mix$ z requir$1 & be dilut$ to ! "r consi/5cy ) wat] 7see p4 #aah74 ,col\r :i* has be5 mix$ & 9 use = "s "t--especially if x has be5 all[$ to dry--is be/ ?r[n away 7see mix+ size1 p4 #adh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,if !re is mu* rubricat+ to be done1 a quantity ( ea* col\r suffici5t to la/ sev]al days may be mix$1 & kept 9 a cov]$ pot4 ,a little pomatum pot is conv5i5t--! small] ! bett]1 z x keeps ! col\r toge!r1 & does n all[ x to dry s quickly4 ,! fill+-bru% 7a r\gh bru% kept = fill+ ! p57 may re/ 9 ! pot 7see fig4 #aab71 be+ giv5 a /ir r\nd e "t x is p#agg us$ to prev5t ! settl+ ( ! heavy p>ts ( ! col\r4 ,a drop ( wat] is add$ occasionally z ! liquid evaporates & becomes too ?ick4#ce ,,t9ts ,,few ,,& ,,con/ant4--,r$1 ,blue1 & ,gre5 7& p]haps purple7 ) ,gold1 ,:ite1 & ,black1 are suffici5t = ev]y?+ b ! mo/ advanc$ type ( ,illum9ation4 ,& x is 9 e way desirable t1 until he has become a ,ma/] ,limn]1 ! ,writ] & ,illum9ator %\ld /rictly limit ! numb] ( 8 col\rs 7see p4 #bae74 ,x is "o ( ! 8secrets0 ( good 8design0 to use a limit$ numb] ( elem5ts--=ms or col\rs or mat]ials--& to produce v>iety by skilful & *>m+ manipulation ( ^!4 ,x is well to foll[ ! e>ly ,illum9ators 9 ?is also3 t ^! few col\rs be kept con/ant4 ,:5 y h *os5 a ,r$1 a ,blue1 & a ,gre5--z pure & bright z y c make !m--keep ^? p>ticul> t9ts z fix$ col\rs to be us$ = ord9>y purposes4 ,= special purposes 7pp4 #ahb1 #bjb7 pal] t9ts may be made by add+ :ite1 & v>i$ t9ts may be mix$1 b ev5 :5 y\r "w has advanc$ s t y require a m complex 8palette10 y %\ld /ick to ! pr9ciple ( con/ant t9ts & modes ( treatm5t = regul> occasions3 ?is is ! secret ( me?od4 ,,r$4--,v]milion is prep>$ 9 ?ree =ms3 8,v]milion10 8,sc>let ,v]milion10 & 8,orange ,v]milion40 ,= ord9>y use 8,sc>let ,v]milion0 is ! be/ 7x may be temp]$ ) a m9ute quantity ( :ite74 8,v]milion0 is n q s bright1 & t5ds m to crimson1 b1 mix$ ) p#agh 8,orange ,v]milion0 x gives ! 8sc>let0 =m4 ,! pan col\r is g5]ally mo/ conv5i5t4 ,:]e sc>let is 9 juxtaposition ) gold1 _! effect may be h>monis$ by hav+ a l>ge proportion ( blue 9 ! neighb\rhood3 sometimes a m crimson col\r ?an v]milion may be us$4 ,*9ese ,v]milion is a f9e col\r1 b difficult to obta92 x is ev5 said t ! g5u9e pigm5t is res]v$ exclusively = ! ,*9ese ,emp]or 7^: edicts are writt5 ) 8,! ,v]milion ,p5cil074 ,,gre54--,v]digris is a v f9e col\r1 closely resembl+1 & possibly ! same pigm5t z1 ! gre5 9 e>ly ,,mss41 b ,i believe t x has n be5 r5d]$ p]man5t 9 mod]n use4 ,gre5 ,oxide ( ,*romium 7transp>5t7 7or 8,v]idian07 is a v good p]man5t gre54 ,x is r a ?9 col\r1 & requires body1 :i* may be giv5 ) lemon yell[1 or ) :ite & yell[ o*re2 be+ a r blui% gre51 x is ! bett] = a little yell[4 ,?is 7mix$7 gre5 is mo/ conv5i5tly prep>$ f tube col\rs4 ,,blue4--,ultram>9e ,a% 7:ole tube ab\t #ds47 is a v beautiful col\r4 ,x is r pale & transp>5t 7& a little 8slimy0 to "w7 :5 us$ alone4 ,a mixture 7pref]ably made ) tube col\rs7 consi/+ ( ,ultram>9e ,a% & ,*9ese ,:ite & 7a v little7 ,prussian ,blue makes an extremely f9e1 pure blue4 ,a simil> mixture ) cobalt z a base makes a v good blue4 ,ultram>9e or ,p[d]$ ,lapis ,lazuli 7un=tunately kn[n z 8,g5u9e ,ultram>9e0#cf7 is a f9e col\r2 x may h a slightly purpli% t9t & ne$ p#agi temp]+ ) gre5 to make a pure blue 7:ole cake ab\t #ahs474 ,! ,blue 9 common use 9 e>ly ,,mss4 7be=e ,ultram>9e came into use7 has a f9e1 pure col\r1 & consid]able body3 x is m rais$ ?an any o!r col\r2 x is (t5 se5 to be full ( little sp>kles1 z ?\gh !re 7 p[d]$ glass 9 x4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 prep>$ f a copp] ore4 ,! foll[+ note on ?is blue has be5 giv5 to me by ,mr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,fir?3-- 8,! blue is ,native ,c>bonate ( ,copp] f9ely p[d]$ & temp]$ ) :ite ( egg 7,v]milion is temp]$ ) ! ,yolk740 8,! ore is ( two k9ds1 a cry/all9e ( a m$ium h>dness f\nd 9 ,france at ,*essy1 & h5ce call$ ,*essylite1 & a s(t e>?y k9d :i* is obta9$ 9 ,hung>y1 & l>gely n[ f ,au/ralia4 ,! latt] is f its ease ( manipulation ! be/ = pa9t mak+4 ,x %\ld be gr\nd dry till x is no long] gritty & is ( a sky blue 7pale7 col\r40 8,! ,blue 9 ,,mss4 0 liable to wa% (f1 b ! oil 9 ! ,yolk prev5t$ a simil> result ) ! ,v]milion4 ,! ,blue is id5tical ) ! ,azzuro della magna 7= d'allemaigne7 ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! frequ5tly advanc$ hypo!sis t ! blue 0 due to a glass is bas$ on ! acc\nts ( 7,i47 ,! ,ve/orian blue copp] #8frit' = enamels probably2 7,,ii47 on ! acc\nts 9 sixte5? c5tury ( ! ,manufacture ( ,smalt1 :i* owes its col\r to a glass t9t$ ) ,cobalt4 ,?is ,azzuro is ! olde/ kn[n ,we/]n blue1 & 0 probably employ$ on ,egyptian walls1 :]e x has gone gre51 z also 9 ,italian ,frescoes40 8,! ,gre5 t9t ( ! *emical *ange 9 ! ,copp] is se5 9 initials 9 books too mu* expos$ to ! damp4 ,^! exhibit a bright gre5 t9t 9 places :]e ! col\r 0 ?9ly appli$40 p#ahj ,x appe>s t ,yolk1 besides be+ unsuit$ 9 col\r = temp]+ ?is blue1 *anges x to a gre5i% col\r 7! effect ( ! oil1 :i* =ms ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( ,yolk ( ,egg74 ,,:ite4--,! tube ,*9ese ,:ite#cg is ! mo/ conv5i5t to use :5 temp]+ col\rs4 8,:ite ,l9e or ,hair ,f9i%+0 7see p4 #ahc74 ,v>i\s tools h be5 recomm5d$ = ?is4 ,a sable p5cil ) ! out] hairs cut away1 8! smalle/ bru%0 made1 & ev5 a f9e /eel p54 ,i am incl9$ to believe t "s ( ! e>ly ,illum9ators us$ a f9e quill--su* z a cr[ quill1 or a goose quill scrap$ ?9 & %>ply po9t$4 ,,purple is seldom us$ 9 simple p5-"w1 lett]+1 c41 b l>gely & ) v f9e effect 9 complex illum9ation4 ,a r$di%-purple is to be pref]r$4 ,a good col\r c be made f ! purple /a9 describ$ on p4 #age1 or f ,ruby madd] & a little ,rose madd]1 ) a v little ,ultram>9e4 ,,simple ,,col\r ,,effects ,simple 8,rubrication0 7see p4 #abg74--,r$ lett]s 7 mo/ commonly contra/$ ) blue 7! 8w>me/0 & 8colde/0 col\rs71#ch 9 "s ,,mss4 ) gre5 alone1 b m commonly ! ?ree p#aha col\rs 7 us$ toge!r1 ! alt]ations be+ g5]ally-- ,red cap4 9 columns ,,r$ 9 l9es ( ,caps4 ,blue cap4 ( ,v]sal ,,blue ,red cap4 lett]s ,,r$ ,gre5 cap4 7see fig4 #ic7 ,,gre5 7see fig4 #hi74 c4 c4 ,repetition & ,limitation ( ,simple ,col\rs 7& ,=ms74--,! uni=m treatm5t ( a ,,ms4 necessitates t no col\r 7or =m7 9 x %\ld be q s+ul>1 or ev5 isolat$ if x c possibly be repeat$4 ,if1 = example1 !re be a ,r$ capital on ! 8,v]so0 page1 ! 8op5+0 is improv$ by "s ,r$--a capital1 a rubric1 or ev5 a l9e-f9i%+--on ! 8,recto0 page4 ,v (t5 ! "o piece ( col\r is v small1 &1 z x 71 an e*o ( ! o!r 7comp>e ,l9e-f9i%+s & ,initials1 pp4 #bje1 #aic74 ,:ile x is n always possible or desirable s to treat bo? pages ( an op5+1 yet1 9 ! book tak5 z a :ole1 e col\r us$ %\ld be repeat$ z (t5 z !re is a reasonable opportunity4 ,&1 !re=e1 :]e ! opportunities = col\r 9 a book are few & f> betwe51 x is well to limit ! 8col\rs0 us$ to two1 or ev5 "o4 ,?is necessity = repetition applies to simple r ?an to complex 8,illum9at$0 ,=ms--e4g4 a book ne$ n h m ?an "o ,illum9at$ ,initial--b )9 su* complex =ms !mselves p#ahb repetition is recognis$ z "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( 8decorative design0 7see p4 #bae74 ,proportions ( ,col\rs4--,9 ,h>moni\s ,illum9ation1 ,blue v commonly is ! pr$om9at+ col\r2 b no exact proportions c be laid d[n1 = ! comb9$ col\r effect dep5ds s mu* on ! arrangem5t ( ! col\rs4 ,effects ( ,neighb\r+ ,col\rs4#ci--,:5 blue & r$ are 9 juxtaposition1 ! blue appe>s blur & gre5]2 ! r$ appe>s bright] & m sc>let4 ,) ,r$ & ,gre51 ! ,r$ appe>s m crimson1 & ! gre51 gre5] & blur4 ,a gre5i% blue w appe> pla9 blue beside a pure gre52 a blue ) a purpli% t+e w appe> m purple4 ,exp]im5ts might pr(itably be made ) simple arrangem5ts ( ,r$1 ,blue1 ,gre51 ,black1 ,:ite1 & ,gold 9 comb9ations ( two or m4 ,temp]+ ,col\rs ) ,:ite4--,=ms su* z fl[] petals1 c41 may be pa9t$ 9 ,blue or ,r$1 pal$ ) ,:ite1 & !n be %ad$ ) ! pure col\r2 ?is gives consid]able ri*ness1 & ! effect may be height5$ by v c>eful :ite l9e "w 7q4v474 ,gre5 leaves1 c41 may be made v pale & !n t\*$ ) ,yell[--?is gives a brilliant effect4 ,black ,outl9es4--,! effect ( ^! is to make a bright col\r appe> bright] & ri*]1 to def9e1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 h>monise1 neighb\r+ col\rs & %apes1 & to keep ! design flat p#ahc 7see p4 #ahf74 ,= "o or m ( ^! reasons1 all col\r$ =ms--patt]ns1 *>ges1 c4--9 a comp\nd col\r s*eme h an outl9e--/rong or delicate1 accord+ to ! /r5g? or delicacy ( ! "w 7see pp4 #ahh1 #ahg1 #bjb1 #bba1 #afe74 ,:ite ,l9+4--,a black outl9e is (t5 sep>at$ f ! col\r by a f9e :ite l9e 7see fig4 #abi74 ,:ite l9es also are us$ to h>monise col\rs1 "o or m commonly be+ pa9t$ 7or 8p5n$07 ^u ! col\rs4 ,?is t5ds to make ! col\rs appe> pal] & light]--bright5+ !m if !y are d>k4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to ov]do ! :ite l9+1 or x w make ! col\rs *alky & cold4 ,:ite is also us$ 9 gr\ps ( dots1 & 9 f9e patt]ns on backgr\nds 7see pp4 #bac1 #dcj74 ,gold is ev5 m effective ?an :ite or black = h>monis+ col\rs4 ,x is commonly ,burni%$ 9 b>s or frames 7see p4 #dha71 & 9 spots 7pp4 #dha1 #ahg71 or 9 l>ge masses 7p4 #aia74 ,matt ,gold 7see bel[74 ,,matt ,,gold ,matt gold1 or gold 8pa9t0--! pure gold p[d] ) :ite ( egg is be/--is g5]ally pa9t$ ^u col\r4 ,x 0 mu* us$ 9 old m9iatures = 8hat*+0 & light+ l&scapes1 h\ses1 co/umes1 c42 & />s1 rays ( light1 & outl9es ( cl\ds 7 pa9t$ 9 delicate gold l9es ^u ! blue ( ! skies4 ,su* gold l9+ has a v mell[+ & pleasant effect ^u col\r1 b x c easily be ov]done4 ,matt gold may be us$ besides1 = lett]s1 ornam5t1 & patt]ns pa9t$ ^u col\r4 ,su* =ms h ei!r no outl9e1 or a v fa9t "o3 _! effect dep5ds ^u _! lightness1 & !y are n made to appe> solid4 p#ahd ,a v pretty effect may be obta9$ 9 a small & n v =mal manuscript by pa9t+ into ! spaces left = ! capitals little squ>es ( r$ & blue1 & pa9t+ ^u ^! ! lett]s & ornam5t--all 9 gold p[d]--v freely & quickly4 ,! k9d ( treatm5t is r crudely sugge/$ by fig4 #aac4 ,! pleasant appe>ance ( ! pages--z ?\gh !y 7 scatt]$ ov] ) t9y squ>es ( clo? ( gold & r$ & blue--is produc$ ) comp>ative ease1 :ile ! use ( leaf gold might entail an exp5diture ( m "t & pa9s ?an ! book 0 wor?4 ,9 ! f9e/ class ( manuscripts1 h[ev]1 ^! matt gold lett]s w\ld be some:at in=mal & out ( place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,,burni%$ ,,gold ,gold is always rais$ & burni%$ z bright z possible1 unless !re is a special reason = us+ matt gold4 ,! height to :i* x is rais$ v>ies1 accord+ to ! effect desir$1 f a consid]able ?ickness to ! ?9ne/ possible coat ( 8size40 ,extremely ?9 & extremely ?ick rais+ are bo? objectionable 7see p4 #aej73 r\ghly speak+1 a suitable height = any ord9>y purpose is betwe5 #a_/ajj & #a_/cb ( an in*4 ,! surface1 9 ! case ( l>ge =ms1 is g5]ally made z smoo? & p]fect z possible1 s t1 z ,c5n9o ,c5n9i says1 ! burni%$ gold 8w appe> almo/ d>k f its own brightness02 & its p#ahe brightness is only se5 :5 ! light falls on x at a p>ticul> angle4 ,! gild+ ( a manuscript1 h[ev]1 is slightly flexible1 & a l>ge gild$ surface is likely to be b5t1 s t "s "p ( x is sure to cat* ! light4 ,small surfaces highly burni%$ v (t5 d n %[ ! effect (1 or 8tell0 z1 gold1 unless !y cat* ! light by accid5t4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 :]e ! =ms are small to h sev]al on ! page1 s t "o or ano!r w always %9e out & expla9 ! re/4 ,& :ile ! prop] craftsman tries always to get ! be/ f9i% :i* he reasonably c1 ! natural1 slight unev5nesses or v>y+ planes ( small gild$ =ms may be ( advantage to ! :ole effect4 ,! pleasant effect ( su* natural v>iations may be se5 9 ?irte5?-c5tury ,initials1 :]e numb]s ( little gold pieces are fitt$ into ! backgr\nds1 & _! *ang+ surfaces cause ! :ole to be lit up ) little sp>kles ( light4 ,a p>allel to ?is may be f\nd 9 ! h&-tool+ ( a book-cov]1 :i* sp>kles ) gold1 because ! b9d] c\ld n press 9 ea* piece ( gold-leaf absolutely level4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! 8deadness0 ( a ma*9e-/amp$ cov] is l>gely due to ! dead level ( its gild+4 ,black & ,gold4--,"o ( ! f9e/ effects 9 calligraphy c be obta9$ by ! simple contra/ ( gold capitals ) black writ+ 7see p4 #bii74 ,:ile1 z 9 ! case ( black & r$1 ! /ronge/ effects are obta9$ by a m>k$ contra/1 gold may yet be v effectively us$ = small capitals ?r\gh\t ! black text4 ,x does n lose or bl5d its brilliance ) ! black ( ! writ+ z col\r is apt to d1 b lights up & illum9ates ! page4 ,= ?is reason gold w p#ahf 8help out0 & make agreeable a black & col\r effect :i*1 by itself1 w\ld h be5 a failure 7see p4 #acd74 ,,burni%$ ,,gold ,,=ms ,,outl9es ,pla9 gold lett]s1 symbols1 & o!r deta*$ =ms1 n hav+ backgr\nds1 are usually n outl9$4 ,an outl9e *eap5s _! effect1 mak+ !m d>k] & heavi]1 &1 if ! l9e be at all ?ick1 conceal+ ! true =m ( ! lett]1 & giv+ x a clumsy appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,x is an in/ructive exp]im5t to make a gold 7or pla9 :ite7 lett] ) a ?ick outl9e 7a1 fig4 #aad71 & !n pa9t a backgr\nd r\nd x4 ,! effect is q alt]$1 & greatly improv$ 7b1 fig4 #aad74 ,! outl9e no long] tells z ! out] l9e ( ! =m1 b p>takes m ( ! nature ( ! backgr\nd1 9 :i* x cuts out1 z "o might say1 a little ni*e = ! lett] to re/ 94 ,gold-leaf =ms on col\r$ backgr\nds are p#ahg outl9$--g5]ally 9 black--9 ord] t lett] & backgr\nd may toge!r =m a flat design1 /able & at re/ 9 ! page4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! use ( gold 8pa9t0 & ! treatm5t ( a leaf gold =m %\ld be c>efully obs]v$3 ! matt gold p[d] lies ^u col\r1 & may appe> to bl5d ) x 7p4 #ahc72 ! bright gold-leaf con/itutes a di/9ct =m1 :i* ei!r lies ^u ! surface ( a page1 or is1 z x 71 set 9 a backgr\nd4 ,gold 7leaf7 ,floral ,ornam5t1 c4--,if ! /alk & leaves are bo? gold3 !y are commonly n outl9$1 unless on a backgr\nd4 ,if !re be a ?9 /alk 9 black or col\r ) gold leaves3 ! leaves are outl9$ ) ! /alk-col\r 7!y 7 commonly furr$3 c1 fig4 #aae74 ,if !re be a ?ick col\r$ /alk ) gold leaves3 bo? /alk & leaves commonly h a black outl9e1 ! 8leaves0 (t5 be+ treat$ z spots ( gold 7bel[74 ,gold ,spots or ,dots are usually outl9$ & furr$ ) black 7fig4 #aae74 ,! effect produc$ is ( a bright gold =m on a grey backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,a simple 8leaf0 or deta*$ spot ( gold has a =mless look1 mu* z a small blot ( col\r or ink w\ld h4 ,! black outl9e & ! grey backgr\nd-effect seem 9 ?is case to give =m & int]e/ to ! spot2 at lea/ !y give x a place to re/ 9--a ne/ to hold ! small gold5 egg4 p#ahh ,ev5 a /alk & t5dril 7d1 fig4 #aae7 has ! same effect ( giv+ int5tion & mean+ to :at might o!rwise be a m]e blot4 ,:5 sev]al spots ( gold 7or col\r7 are arrang$ 9 a simple design1 toge!r !y con/itute a simple =m :i* does n require a backgr\nd4 ,?us ! l9e-f9i%+ 7a1 fig4 #abf7 has a =mal & int5tional arrangem5t 9 itself1 & !re=e ne$ n be outl9$4 ,,backgr\nd ,,capitals ,backgr\nd ,capitals or ,initials frequ5tly employ burni%$ gold1 ei!r = ! lett]s or ! gr\nd4 ,all ! p>ts 7includ+ 8solid0 patt]ns7 are g5]ally outl9$ 9 black1 or d>k col\r4 ,! commone/ col\rs = gr\nds are ,r$s & ,blues4 ,! gr\nds are frequ5tly c\nt]*>g$1 or made "o col\r inside & ano!r outside ! initial 7p4 #aij74 ,sometimes little or no gold is us$1 & _m f9e :ite l9es are employ$ to sep>ate & h>monise ! col\rs ( ! ,initial & ! gr\nd4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 = ! beg9n] to keep ! lett] & ! gr\nd di/9ct1 by obs]v+ ! ,h]ald's maxim1 & us+ 8,metal on col\r1 or col\r on metal40 ,! =ms ( ! lett]s v>y f ^? ( ord9>y capitals 9 be+ ?ick] 9 proportion to _! height1 & frequ5tly 9 hav+ no s]ifs4 ,a v ?9 l9e or s]if is apt to be lo/ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,a v good =m ( backgr\nd initial may be p#ahi made out ( ! ,,roman ,,capital 7a1 fig4 #aaf7 by ?ick5+ all its p>ts2 9 place ( ! s]ifs1 curv+ out & %ap+ ! ends ( ! /ems 7b1 d7 to a sort ( 8blund]buss0 patt]n 7g74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,,apply+ ,,! ,,backgr\nd ,x is well fir/ to make ! lett]1#dj & !n to apply ! backgr\nd to x 7z ?\gh x 7 a sort ( mosaic74 ,! backgr\nd is pack$ tightly r\nd ! lett]1 & ! lett] occupies ! backgr\nd1 p#aij s t !y appe> to be 9 ! same plane 7a1 fig4 #aag74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,su* 8flatness0 is secur$ ev5 m c]ta9ly & effectively by us+ two col\rs 7e4g4 r$ & blue7 9 ! backgr\nd--"o inside & "o outside ! lett] 7see ,plate ,,xii474 ,! curves ( ! gold lett] may ) advantage slightly project1 & s break ! h>d1 squ>e outl9e ( ! backgr\nd4 ,! lett] %\ld n h ! appe>ance ( be+ 8/uck on10 z x is apt to if ! backgr\nd is l>ge & empty1 or if ! ornam5t passes beh9d ! lett] 7b1 fig4 #aag74 ,9 ! case ( lett]s ) project+ /ems or tails3 ! tail may be outside ! backgr\nd 7a1 p#aia fig4 #aah71 or ! backgr\nd may be prolong$ on "o or bo? sides ( ! tail 7b & c71 or ! :ole 8field0 may be enl>g$ to take 9 ! complete lett] 7d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,!re is no limit to ! v>iety ( %apes :i* backgr\nds may take--symmetrical or asymmetrical1 regul> or irregul>--provid$ !y fit ! initial or ! ornam5t 7:i* may itself p>tially1 or entirely1 b\nd !m71 are prop]ly balanc$ 7see ,plate ,,xii41 & p4 #dai71 & take _! "r place on ! page4 ,,ornam5t ,,( ,,backgr\nds ,! ornam5t1 z a rule1 cov]s ! backgr\nd ev5ly1 & is closely pack$ or fitt$ into its place4 ,gold gr\nds are g5]ally pla91 sometimes be>+ patt]ns 9 dots4 ,^! are ind5t$ 9 ! surface by means ( a po9t 7p4 #agb7 :i* is n too %>p4 ,x presses ! gold-leaf into t9y pits1 b does n pi]ce x4 ,gold gr\nds may be brok5 up into small p>ts by col\r$ *equ]s 7p4 #bae7 or floral patt]ns4 p#aib ,col\r$ gr\nds are1 z a rule1 m or less ev5ly cov]$ ) "s =m ( decoration 9 ?9 :ite or matt gold l9es1 or 9 8solid0 patt]ns 9 v>i\s col\rs 7see pp4 #bjb1 #bab74 ,a simple & pretty diap] patt]n may be made by diagonal l9es ( matt gold1 cutt+ up ! col\r into small 8loz5ges10 ea* alt]nate loz5ge hav+ a fleur-de-lis or little cross1 or o!r simple ornam5t 7fig4 #aai74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,a bold] design1 9 a broad :ite or col\r$ l9e1 may be1 z x 71 wov5 ?r\gh c\nt]feit$ slits 9 ! lett] 7fig4 #abj74 ,?is helps to pres]ve ! g5]al flatness ( ! lett]1 p#aic backgr\nd1 & ornam5t1 & gives additional int]e/4 ,! mimic slits are made by black l9es drawn on ! burni%$ gold ( ! lett]4 ,:]e ! /em ( ! ornam5t comes ov] ! gold1 ! size is cut away ) a p5-knife2 ! "p holl[$ out is pa9t$ ) :ite to cov] any blemi%es1 & !n pa9t$ ) ! /em col\r1 & outl9$4 ,a pla9 or pale /em may h a fa9t or br[n outl9e1 & be 8%ad$0 at ! sides 7) greys1 br[ns1 or yell[s7 to give an effect ( solidity2 a /em t is pa9t$ 9 /rong col\r 7e4g4 r$ or blue7 may h a c5tral :ite l9e pa9t$ ^u x4 ,note t :]e ! initials h backgr\nds1 ! l9e-f9i%+s are commonly made ) backgr\nds to mat*1 ?\gh _! treatm5t is naturally mu* simpl] 7see ,plates ,,xv41 ,,xvii474 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,illum9ation ,illum9ation -- 8,b>b>ic1 or ,col\r-,"w1 ,illum9ation0 -- 8,filigree1 or ,p5-,"w1 ,illum9ation0 -- 8,natural1 or ,limn]'s1 ,illum9ation40 ,,illum9ation ,x is conv5i5t to give a wide mean+ to ! ^w :5 we speak ( an 8illum9at$ manuscript10 = ! scribe works ) a v free h&1 & :5 he wi%es to decorate 8 pages he c p#aid write ! words !mselves 9 r$1 gre51 or blue1 z easily z he c\ld h writt5 !m 9 black4 ,he c take a clean p5 & a new col\r & initial & 8fl\ri%0 any "p ( ! "w to 8 he>t's cont5t4 ,he may acquire ! art ( lay+ & burni%+ gold1 & no possible brilliance ( effect is d5i$ him--)9 ! limits ( 8 skill z an illum9ator 7see also pp4 #bih-bii74 ,a limit$ numb] ( specially prep>$ pr9t$ books c likewise be illum9at$4 ,b ! great] ! numb] ( copies1 ! less lab\r may be sp5t on ea* "o1 & ! m _! illum9ation t5ds to be simple 8rubrication0--add+ col\r$ capitals1 fl\ri%es1 & ! l 7see p4 #abg74 ,&1 if a l>ge edition is to be decorat$1 ! pr9t] mu/ be cont5t to use black1 or black & r$1 9 woodcut or 8process0 "w 7see pp4 #cfe1 #cgb74 ,illum9ation prop] may be def9$ z ! decoration by h&1 9 bright gold or col\rs1 ( writ+ or pr9t+4 ,!re are ?ree broad types ( illum9ation1 :i* = want ( bett] t]ms ,i di/+ui% z 8,b>b>ic0 7or col\r-"w71 8,filigree0 7or p5-"w71 & 8,natural0 7or limn]'s74 ,^! types run naturally "o into ano!r1 & !y may be bl5d$ or comb9$ 9 e possible way1 b x is conv5i5t to consid] !m & ! di/9ctive treatm5ts :i* !y involve sep>ately4 8,,b>b>ic1 ,,or ,,col\r-,,"w1 ,,illum9ation0 7,see also pp4 #bjc1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bae-ah1 #dad1 #dba1 #dbb7 ,?is is ma9ly a col\r treatm5t 9 :i* =ms seem to be reg>d$ *iefly z vehicles = p#aie col\r4 ,its effect appeals to ! s5ses1 r ?an to ! imag9ation2 & su* int]e/ z ! =ms h lies greatly 9 _! skilful disposal or intricate arrangem5t4 ,sometimes 9 _! fantasy--:]e organic =ms are introduc$--z ! 8great fi%0 9 ! act ( swall[+ ,jonah 79 ord] to make ! ,t ( ,,et71 ,plate ,,xii4 ,?is type ( illum9ation appe>s to h rea*$ its climax ( b>b>ic spl5d\r 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,?\gh its revival n[adays might seem a little out ( keep+ ) ! m s$ate & gr[n-up po9t ( view ( mod]n life1 we _c d\bt t x is /ill lawful to decorate our "w ) ! brilliance & spl5d\r ( gold & col\rs4 ,:e!r x is exp$i5t or n dep5ds ^u h[ x is done3 to ju/ify our "w1 x mu/ succe$2 x mu/ be bright & spl5did1 & really gladd5 our eyes4 ,& we mu/ really take pleasure 9 ! mak+ ( x1 = if we d n1 we c h>dly expect t x w give pleasure to o!rs4 ,simple & ,complex ,=ms4--,betwe5 simple =ms--:i* are 9 a s5se p]man5t--& complex =ms--:i* are always *ang+--x is necess>y to make a c>eful di/9ction4 ,an equilat]al triangle drawn by 8,euclid0 & "o drawn by a mod]n ,s5ior ,wrangl] are1 or ought to be1 practically ! same ?+4 ,if ! anci5ts made an ornam5tal b& ( geometrical =ms1 t is no b> to u2 we also are at lib]ty to make decorative b&s ( circles1 loz5ges1 or triangles4 ,! anci5t ,romans made a capital ,a--its ess5tial =m 7see fig4 #adb7 two /rokes slop$ toge!r & jo9$ by a cross-b> 7v l ! p#aif 8,pons ,as9orum071 x c\ld h>dly be simpl]--!y us$ *isels & p5s1 :i* gave x its m *>act]i/ic & f9i%$ =m4 ,if we use *isels & p5s prop]ly we %all get a simil> result--n absolutely ! same--= no two *isels or two h&s c be q ! same--b closely resembl+ x & belong+ to our own "t z mu* z to any o!r4 ,! ess5tial =m ( ! 8,roman0 ,a is a purely ab/ract =m1 ! common prop]ty ( e rational age & c\ntry1#da & its *>act]isation is ma9ly ! product ( tools & mat]ials n peculi> to ! anci5t ,romans4 ,b :5 !re is any real complexity ( =m & arrangem5t1 or s5tim5t1 we may reasonably suppose t x is peculi> to its "t1 & t ! life & virtue ( x _c be re/or$4 ,x 0 common en\gh 9 ! ,middle ,ages to make an initial ,a ( two dragons firmly lock$ toge!r by claws & tee?4 ,su* =ms fitt$ ! hum\r ( ! "t1 & 7 "p ( ! !n natural 8s*eme ( ?+s40 ,b we %\ld bew>e ( us+ su* antique fantasies & 8organisms02 = m$ieval hum\r1 toge!r ) its fauna & flora1 belong to ! pa/4 ,& our own "w is only hone/ :5 made 9 our own hum\r1 "t1 & place4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 an inf9ite v>iety ( simple ab/ract =ms & symbols1 su* z circles1 crosses1 squ>es1 loz5ges1 triangles1 & a numb] ( ,alphabets1 su* z ,squ>e & ,r\nd ,capitals1 p#aig ,small ,lett]s--upright & slop+--:i*--we$$ ( ar*aisms--we may use freely4 ,& all ^! =ms c be div]sifi$ by ! tools ) :i* !y are made1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! tools are us$1 & be glorifi$ by ! addition ( bright col\rs & silv] & gold4 ,v effective 8designs0 c be made ) 8*equ]s0 & diap] patt]ns1 & ) ! v lett]s !mselves4 ,& ,i h little d\bt t an excell5t mod]n /yle ( illum9ation is q feasible1 9 :i* ! greate/ possible ri*ness ( col\r effect is a*iev$ toge!r ) extreme simplicity ( =m4 8,,filigree1 ,,or ,,p5-,,"w1 ,,illum9ation0 7,see also pp4 #bje-bjh1 #bji1 #bah-bj1 #dbe1 #dbh-bi2 figs4 #gi1 #ib1 #abe-bf1 #aej1 #ahh-hi2 ,plates ,,xi41 ,,xiii41 ,,xiv41 ,,xvii47 ,?is is a type ( illum9ation :i* c safely be attempt$ by "o :o1 hav+ le>nt to write1 is desir\s ( illum9at+ 8 writ+2 = x is ! direct outcome ( p5man%ip 7see p4 #bjd71 & consi/s ma9ly ( p5 fl\ri%es1 or semi-=mal l9es & %apes :i* c be made ) a p51 suitably appli$ to ! "p to be decorat$4 ,its effect may be v *>m+ & re/ful3 no col\r /&+ out z 9 a positive col\r s*eme1 no individual =m cat*+ ! eye2 b ! :ole hav+ a ri*ness ( simple detail & smoo? col\r+ m or less intricate & agreeably bewild]+4 ,x may be comp>$ to ! tool+ ( a book-cov]1 bo? 9 ! me?od ( produc+ x1 & 9 its effect4 ,a book-b9d] has a numb] ( /amps :i* be> ! simple/ =ms & symbols1 su* z p#aih little circles & 8leaves0 & />s & curv$ l9es1 & ) ^! simple elem5ts he builds up a pleasant 8design10 :i* he tools1 usually 9 gold-leaf1 ^u ! cov]4 ,! scribe c v>y ! =ms :i* 8 p5 produces1 & ! col\rs :i* he gives !m1 ) a fre$om t ! set =m & ! me?od ( us+ ! b9d]'s tools d n all[4 ,b ! skill$ p5man w f9d t 8 p5 7or1 at any rate1 8 p5man%ip7 l>gely det]m9es ! =ms ( 8 free/ fl\ri%es & /rokes1 & t ! semi-=mal nature ( su* ornam5t dem&s a c]ta9 simplicity & repetition ( =m & col\r1 :i* d n unduly tax 8 skill z a craftsman4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! scribe wi%es to illum9ate ! bord] ( a page ( writ+4 ,he may *oose a limit$ numb] ( simple1 p5-made =ms = ! elem5ts ( 8 design2 say1 a circle1 a 8leaf10 & a 8t5dril10 & a few curv$ fl\ri%es & /rokes 7fig4 #aba71 & ) ^! cov] ! allott$ space ev5ly & agreeably4 p#aii ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,! ornam5t be+ treat$ z ?\gh x 7 a sort ( floral gr[?1 requires a />t+ po9t or 8root40 ,! initial lett] is ! natural orig9 ( ! bord] ornam5t1 ! /alk ( :i* g5]ally spr+s f ! side or f "o ( ! extremities ( ! lett]4 ,! ma9 /em & bran*es are fir/ made ) a v free p51 =m+ a skeleton patt]n 7fig4 #abb74 ,note4--,! numb]s 9 ! diagram indicate ! ord] 9 :i* ! /rokes 7 made4 ,! ma9 /em 7#aaa7 sweeps ov] & occupies mo/ ( ! gr\nd2 ! second>y /em 7#bbb7 occupies ! rema9d]2 ! ma9 bran*es 7#ccc1 c47 make ! occupation secure4 p#bjj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,next ! m9or bran*es are add$ to cov] ! space ev5ly1 & !n ! fl[]s1 fruit1 & buds--made up ( comb9ations ( ! 8leaves10 circles1 c4--are m or less ev5ly dispos$ 9 ! spaces =m$ by ! l>ge1 r\nd curves at ! ends ( ! bran*es 7fig4 #abc74 p#bja ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,! 8leaves0 are plac$ all ov]1 :]ev] !re is conv5i5t room = !m 7j z ! leaves ( a real plant are74 ,!n ! /alks ( ! leaves are add$1 &1 la/ly1 ! int]spaces are fill$ ) 8t5drils10 :i* greatly contribute to ! pleasant intricacy ( ! design 7fig4 #abd74 p#bjb ,col\r ,s*emes4--,! safe/ treatm5t ( su* a 8design0 is 9 black & gold 7see p4 #ahg74 ,! leaves1 :i* are kept r flat1 may be outl9$ aft] gild+4 ,! fl[]s1 c41 may be made up 9 r$ & blue 7temp]$ ) :ite3 see p4 #ahb74 ,?is is ! col\r treatm5t ( ! example1 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,if ! leaves are gre51 ! /em & outl9e may be m delicately drawn 9 pale or grey-br[n ink1 & ! gre5 may be a delicate pale olive or grey-gre54 7,a /rong1 black /em ) bright gre5 leaves is apt to look crude & h>d47 ,9 su* a delicate gre5 plant bord]1 delicate blue & r$ fl[]s1 & "o or two r flat gold 8b]ries0 7s+le1 or 9 ?rees7 may be plac$4 ,a v effective col\r decoration ( a mu* simpl] type may be made 9 r$ & gre5 7or blue7 p5-"w--us+ ! p5 & ! col\rs ) :i* ! ,v]sal lett]s & l9e-f9i%+s are made4 ,a r$ fl\ri%$ /em ) r$ leaves or t5drils1 & gre5 b]ries 7or leaves71 or a gre5 /em ) gre5 leaves & r$ b]ries4 ,a floral patt]n may also be made 9 pla9 burni%$ gold--bo? /em & leaves--n outl9$ 7p4 #ahg ,plate ,,xxii474 ,a m complex decoration resembl+ ! 8floral filigree0 has a 8solid0 /em 9 light or d>k col\r on a d>k or light gr\nd 7or on a gold gr\nd71 z sugge/$ 9 ! r\gh diagram1 fig4 #abj4 ,! examples ( ,italian fifte5?-c5tury "w 9 ,plates ,,xviii4 & ,,xix4 %[ a relat$ type ( illum9ation1 kn[n z ! 8:ite v9e patt]n40 ,v c>efully & beautifully drawn1 x /rongly sugge/s natural =m4 8,,natural1 ,,or ,,limn]',s1#db ,,illum9ation0 7,see also pp4 #bab1 #bai-ba1 #bbg1 #dbc-bd1 #dbf-bh1 #dhf2 figs4 #aca;a-#ada2 ,plates ,,xv41 ,,xvi41 ,,xxiii47 ,?is1 ! f9e/ type ( illum9ation1 has v great possibilities2 & x is to be hop$ t "s craftsm51 :o h ! necess>y skill1 w f9d an op5+ = _! "w 9 ?is direction4 p#bjc ,plate ,,xv4 is a ?irte5?-c5tury example ( ! transition f ! 8b>b>ic0 to ! 8natural40 ,! dragon-tail$ initial ) its wond]ful scroll-"w & 8ivy-leaf0 be+ ! p]fection ( b>b>ic =m1 c>ry+ brilliant col\r & s]v+ to support & frame ! delicate & beautiful draw+ :i* x conta9s4#dc ,b 9 ! draw+ itself ! skill ( a f9e illum9ator comb9es ) ! fancy ( a cunn+ draughtsman to satisfy an /hetic ta/e & appeal to ! imag9ation4 ,plate ,,xvi4 %[s a r>e1 & s+ul>ly beautiful1 treatm5t ( an ,italian f\rte5?-c5tury ,,ms4 decorat$ ) plant & insect =ms 7p4 #dbg74 ,plate ,,xxiii4 7mod]n7 %[ a bord] ( wild roses & climb+ plants3 ! col\r treatm5t 9 ! orig9al is v brilliant 7see p4 #dhf74 ,! 8natural0 type dep5ds v mu* on ! beauty & int]e/ ( its =m2 & a draughtsman be=e he _h become an illum9ator1 might be cont5t to decorate ,,mss4 & pr9t$ books ) p5 draw+s only fa9tly col\r$ or t9t$2 b :5 he _h ma/]$ ! limitations :i* ! craft w\ld impose on 8 draw+ = pure & bright col\r1 !re is no degree ( brilliance1 ev5 unto 8b>b>ic spl5d\r10 :i* he might n lay ^u 8 tra9$ & delicate =ms4 p#bjd ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,illum9ation#dd ,! ,developm5t ( ,illum9ation -- ,l9e-,f9i%+s -- ,initial ,lett]s -- ,bord]s ,backgr\nds4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,illum9ation ,an art or craft is s l>gely dep5d5t on ! tools & mat]ials :i* are us$ by ! craftsman1 t we may reasonably say t x beg9s ) ! tools & mat]ials1 ?r\gh :i* x has be5 produc$4 ,n[1 8illum9ation0 c be trac$ back /ep by /ep to simple p5man%ip4 ,& its true developm5t is mo/ graphically sket*$ by ,rusk9 78,lectures on ,art10 ,no4 ,v47 :5 he says-- 8,! p5 4 4 4 is n only ! great in/rum5t = ! f9e/ sket*+1 b its "r use is ! f\ndation ( ! art ( illum9ation4 4 4 4 ,p]fect illum9ation is only writ+ made lovely2 4 4 4 ,b to make writ+ itself beautiful--to make ! sweep ( ! p5 lovely--is ! true art ( illum9ation20 ,& also t ^? :o h acquir$ 8a habit ( delib]ate1 legible & lovely p5man%ip 9 _! daily use ( ! p51 4 4 4 may next discipl9e _! h&s into ! control ( l9es ( any l5g?1 &1 f9ally1 add ! beauty ( col\r & =m to ! fl[+ ( ^! p]fect l9es40 p#bje ,,l9e-,,f9i%+s ,l9e-f9i%+s are us$ to pres]ve ! ev5ness ( ! text :5 l9es ( writ+ fall %ort4 ,:5 ! space left is small1 or occurs 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce1 a quick /roke ( ! p5--(t5 a cont9uation ( ! la/ lett]1 or spr++ f x--is suffici5t 7fig4 #abe72 b :]e !re are _m & long gaps 7z1 = example1 9 a psalt] at ! ends ( ! v]ses71 !y may be fill$ 9 ) dots 7see ,plate ,,viii47 or fl\ri%es 7a1 b1 c1 fig4 #abf7 ei!r made 9 black ) ! script p51 or ) ano!r p51 9 col\r or gold4 ,l9e-f9i%+s commonly e*o ! treatm5t ( ! initials 7see p4 #aha74 ,9 twelf?-c5tury ,,mss4 long delicate fl\ri%es are commonly f\nd1 9 r$1 blue1 or gre5--mat*+ ! col\rs ( ! ,v]sals1 & probably made ) ! same p54 ,! latt] be+ r f9] ?an ! text p5 keeps ^! fl\ri%es f appe>+ too prom95t 7see e1 f1 fig4 #abf74 ,su* "w %\ld be simple & *>act]i/ic p5-"w1 %[+ ! ?icks & ?9s & crisp curves1 ! result ( ! position ( ! p51 :i* is usually 8slant$0 7see p4 #dc74 ,b&s ( p5-made 8geometrical0 patt]ns--us$ ) r close writ+--may be v simple & direct1 ?\gh appe>+ pleasantly elaborate 7see figs4 #hg & 7g7 #abf1 ,plate ,,xiv41 & pp4 #bae #be74 ,,initial ,,lett]s 7,see also pp4 #af1 #dh1 #aab-ad1 #abd1 #acd1 #aha1 #ahh-aic1 #aic-ii1 #baa-ae1 & ! ,collotype ,plates7 ,! developm5t ( ,illum9ation prop] 0--& /ill is--b\nd up ) ! gr[? & decoration ( ! ,initial ,lett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 p#bjh ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is developm5t is ! ma/]y ( ! p5-made ,v]sal lett]1 & ! "r treatm5t ( simple col\r$ capitals 7see *apt]s ,,vii41 ,,viii41 & ,x474 ,! next /ep is _! elaboration4 ,! simple/ ornam5tal treatm5t is f\nd 9 ! fl\ri%+ ( a t]m9al ( ! initial lett] 7fig4 #aej71 or ! arrangem5t ( ! rema9+ lett]s ( ! ^w inside or beside x4 ,p5 fl\ri%es may consi/ ( ! simple/ curv$ & zigzag /rokes 7sometimes spr++ f ! actual lett]3 see p4 #bea71 end+ ) a 8twirl0 ( ! p5 9 a loop or a 8bud0 7figs4 #aej1 #gi72 or !y may /rike out a sort ( =mal floral patt]n1 fill+ or surr\nd+ ! initial 7fig4 #ib71 & su* a patt]n 9 its turn may spr+ f ! lett] into ! m>g91 & gr[ into a complete 8illum9at$ bord]0 7see p4 #aii74 ,holl[ ,lett]s4--,a l>ge capital is (t5 made holl[1 prim>ily ) a view to light5+ its appe>ance1 :i* might be r heavy if ! lett] 7 made solid 7p4 #aai74 ,! holl[--:i* is commonly left pla9 7i4e4 ! col\r ( ! pap] or p>*m5t7--may be a m]e l9e1 /raight or curv$ or zigzag 7fig4 #ahi71 or a patt]n1 or lett]+ 7fig4 #hi74 ,sometimes x is made l>ge & fill$ 9 ) a contra/+ col\r1 leav+ a :ite l9e1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! two col\rs4 ,& sometimes half ! lett] is made 9 "o col\r1 & ! o!r half 7on ! opposite side ( ! holl[ c5tre7 is made 9 a contra/+ col\r4 ,a 8holl[0 lett] 7especially if v l>ge7 may be /r5g!n$ & improv$ by a fill+ ( col\r or ornam5t4 7,add5da1 p4 #be47 8,wov50 ,=ms4--,a simple =m ( ornam5t 7relat$ to 8,basket "w07 :i* effectually /r5g!ns ! con/ruction ( a holl[ lett]--)\t impair+ its lightness--consi/s 9 a cross+ p#bji & 8weav+0 or knott+ ( its actual p>ts 7fig4 #abg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,! elaborat$ 79 fig4 #abg7 is f a #aj? or #aa? c5tury ,,ms4 7,brit4 ,museum1 ,eg]ton1 #fjh74 ,! ,initial & its inwov5 ornam5t cut up ! backgr\nd into a numb] ( di/9ct p>ts 7di/9ctly col\r$74 ,note also t ! entire backgr\nd is conta9$ by ! ,initial4 ,! 8knot0 7fig4 #abg71 or a basket-"w ornam5t1 is sometimes us$ z an arbitr>y />t+-po9t = a filigree bord] 7see p4 #dbh7 :]e an initial is lack+4 ,v>iety 9 ,initials4--,! sizes & /yles ( ! initials :i* are us$ = ! same purpose ?r\gh\t ! book v>y v slightly or n at all4 ,g5]ally1 ! m important ! division :i* ! p#baj initial m>ks1 ! l>g] ! initial & ! m ornate 7p4 #bih74 ,a slight complexity 9 ! op5+ lett] or ^w ( a book does n s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! readabl5ess ( ! book z a :ole4 ,! g5]al rule is foll[$ t ! great] ! numb] ( 7decorative7 =ms ! pla9] !y are kept 7see p4 #abf71 & if a book conta9$ an 8initial0 on e page1 x w\ld be bo? an arti/ic & a work+ economy 7if !re 7 _m pages7 to make ! majority ( !m r pla94 ,b h[ev] simple ! treatm5t ( ! initials may be1 !re is /ill room = consid]able v>iety ( =m or ornam5t or type--z 8r\nd0 or 8squ>e0 lett]s 7see fig4 #hj1 & especially ,plate ,,xi474 ,su* v>iety is f\nd 9 ! be/ "w2 x adds a livel9ess & *>m :i* are q lack+ :]e !re is unnecess>y or me*anical repetition4 8,lomb>dic0 v]sus ,roman ,capitals4--,! r\nd1 fat lett]s :i* are kn[n z 8,lomb>dic0 7see fig4 #a1 & ,plates ,,xv41 ,,xvii47 h be5 g5]ally us$ = 8illum9at$ initials0 9 ,nor!rn ,europe s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,b--?\gh !y are capable ( v beautiful treatm5t--!y are r d\btful models = u to foll[4 ,! fact t su* lett]s w always pack neatly into a squ>e ni*e or backgr\nd--?\gh an obvi\s conv5i5ce--is n an unmix$ advantage4 ,& ! majority ( examples %[ a debas$ type ( ,lett]s--(t5 s unlike _! orig9als1 & s l "o ano!r1 z to be sc>cely readable4 ,= ! sake ( readabl5ess ! /ems %\ld be made long] 7fig4 #abh74 ,! m sl5d] 8,roman0 type ( initial1 commonly us$ 9 ,italy 7,plate ,,xviii471 is 9 e way a m legible lett]4 ,! ,roman ,alphabet /ill rema9s ! f9e/ p#baa model1 & x is bett] t f9e lett]+ %\ld be almo/ too sl5d] & delicate1 ?an t x %\ld be at all heavy or clumsy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,,bord]s ,,backgr\nds ,! illum9at$ bord] 0 orig9ally an ext5sion or bran*+ out ( ! initial decoration4 ,x commonly occupi$ ! great] "p ( ! left-h& m>g91 & f !nce x ext5d$ into ! head#de or foot m>g9 7or into bo?71 or completely surr\nd$ ! text1 & ev5 ! eight m>g9s ( a p#bac complete op5+ are sometimes cov]$ ) illum9ation4 ,9 late & mod]n usage ! bord] is frequ5tly sep>at$ f ! initial1 con/itut+ a 8fram+ bord]40#df ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,note4--,?is diagram sugge/s a simple treatm5t ( an initial ^w 9 col\rs & gold4 ,! graphic me?od employ$ by h]alds = indicat+ ^!--by l9es & dots--is "h disc>d$ = ! /rong] contra/s ( black1 :ite1 & 8grey40 ,! lett]s conta9$ inside ! initial ,p are kept di/9ct--7#a7 crimson 78grey0 9 diagram7 be+ us$ solely = ! pat*es ( gr\nd adjo9+ ! 7gold7 lett]s1 & = fill+ ! holl[ "p ( ! 7gold7 ,p1 ! :ole ^w /&s out 9 crimson & gold2 7#b7 ! floral patt]n is also 9 gold1 b x does n cov] or hide any "p ( ! ^w4 ,! rema9+ gr\nd is gre5 inside & blue outside ! ,p4 ,! dots are 9 r$ on ! gre5 gr\nd1 9 cream ) a r$ c5tre dot on ! blue4 ,! gold ?r\gh\t is outl9$ black1 & ! blue gr\nd has a black outl9e1 sep>at$ f x by a :ite l9e4 ,9 "s ,,mss4 !re are two side-bord]s on a page1 "o spr++ f ! ,initials on ! left1 ! o!r s5d+ bran*es into ! gaps on ! "r 7see ,plates ,,xvii41 ,,xvi474 ,9 "s cases ! two pages ( an op5+ are balanc$ by a side-bord] 9 ea* ( ! wide side m>g9s 7p4 #dbh74 ,backgr\nds ( ,initials 7see pp4 #ahh-aic1 #dba-bc7 & bord]s are treat$ v simil>ly4 ,x may be not$ t1 :]e a solid-/em patt]n cuts up ! gr\nd into small pieces1 ^! are (t5 pa9t$ 9 diff]5t col\rs--commonly r$1 & gre51 & blue 7see pp4 #bji1 #dcj74 ,& ! gr\ps ( dots 7fig4 #abi7--;9 :ite or o!r col\rs--may fill ! int]/ices ( a backgr\nd1 putt+ ! f9i%+ t\* to ! ev5 cov]+ & pleasant intricacy ( ! decoration 7comp4 p4 #bja74 ,or little fl[]s & leaves may be us$ in/ead--gr[+ f a ?9 7:ite7 /em :i* appe>s to tw9e ?r\gh\t ! ma9 patt]n--j z ! small] plants 9 a h$ge creep & tw9e among ! l>g] /ems4 ,!re is no bett] model 9 nature = ! illum9ator ?an a c\ntry h$g][4 p#bad ,,*apt] ,,xiii 8,,design0 ,,9 ,,illum9ation 8,design0 -- ,elem5t>y ,patt]ns 9 ,decoration -- ,scale ,scope ( ,decoration -- ,( 8,design+0 ,manuscripts1 ,g5]ally4 8,,design0 ,p]haps ! ne>e/ "r def9ition ( 8design0 is 8contrivance0--appli$ to ! actual do+ ( ! "w1 r ?an to ! "w :5 done3 8decoration0 7:5 t is ! s5se int5d$7 is a saf] ^w1#dg because x implies 8( some?+40 ,& g5]ally t 8some?+0 lies at ! root ( ! matt]4 ,= example3 8illum9at$ initials0 & 8illum9at$ bord]s10 s call$1 are really illum9at+3 !y are prop]ly a decoration ( manuscript or pr9t4 ,to consid] a 8piece-(-decoration0 z a ?+ exi/+ ap>t f t :i* x decorates1 z some?+ drawn or copi$1 &1 s to speak1 /uck on to ! f9i%$ "w1 is z unnatural z x w\ld be to contemplate ! flame-(-a-c&le z a ?+ ap>t f ! c&le4 p#bae ,! f9e/ decoration is really "p ( ! "w itself1 & may be describ$ z ! f9i%+ t\*es giv5 directly to ! "w by ! tools :i* are prop]ly employ$ on x4 ,! illum9ator has1 z a rule1 to decorate a giv5 manuscript ) p5 or bru% "w--x may be ) ! simple/ p5 fl\ri%es1 or ) ! mo/ elaborate figure 8design40 ,h[ to make t illum9ation "p ( ! "w1 he c le>n only by pati5t practice & by c>eful h&l+ ( 8 tools4 ,,elem5t>y ,,patt]ns ,,9 ,,decoration ,ne>ly all simple ,decoration consi/s ( a comp>atively limit$ numb] ( elem5ts--simple =ms & pure col\rs--:i* are built up into m complex =ms to occupy an allott$ space4 ,a primitive type ( su* built-up decoration is se5 9 ! dott$ patt]ns1 :i* are f\nd 9 e age--9 ! rema9s ( ! mo/ anci5t art1 & 9 ! %ell decorations :i* *ildr5 make on ! s&s at ! pres5t day4 ,examples ( dott$ 8backgr\nds0 9 ! 8,durham ,book0 are %[n 9 fig4 #acj 7a & b74 ,*equ]s & ,diap]s--9 :i* two or m elem5ts are employ$--are relat$ patt]ns4#dh 7,see also ,add5da1 p4 #be fig4 #aia;a47 ,a simple way ( fill+ a b& 7or long n>r[ p#baf space7 is to run a zigzag l9e along x 7c74 ,?is may be treat$ ei!r z a l9e or wavy /em1 :i* may s5d out buds1 leaves1 or fl[]s into ! spaces 7g71 or z two s]ies ( triangles :i* may be 8c\nt]*>g$0 7f74#di ,a second zigzag1 cutt+ ! fir/1 w\ld produce two s]ies ( triangles & a c5tral r[ ( loz5ges 7d74 ,& x is n a v great /ep f ?is to ! 8twi/0 :]e ! two l9es pass ov] & "u1 ! l9es be+ made 8solid0 9 :ite or gold on a col\r$ backgr\nd 7e1 fig4 #acj74 ,! ma9 diff]5ce appe>s to be t :ile ! "o is ( ! nature ( an ab/ract =m1 ! o!r sugge/s a concrete =m1 su* z might be made ) twi/$ cords or rods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,^! primitive patt]ns nev] become antiquat$2 !y are /ill ! root =ms ( 8design10 & ! pleasant ev5 cov]+ ( a giv5 space by simple elem5ts--:i* is _! mti]--acc\nts = mu* ( ! unconsci\s pleasure :i* we take 9 good bricklay+ or sew+ or writ+1 & 9 a ?\s& ?+s1 :]e 8_m littles make a mickle40 ,= _! decorative possibilities 9 ,illum9ation we c exp]im5t 9 ! mo/ delightful way--fram+ our writ+ ) b&s ( c\nt]*>g$ triangles 9 burni%$ gold1 & blue & :ite1 or ) gold5 zigzags on a blue gr\nd1 or *equ]+ backgr\nds ) sc>let & blue1 & try+ a hundr$ & "o o!r ways 7p4 #aig74 ,su* patt]ns h be5 made ! mo/ ( 9 ,h]aldry1 p#bah an art :i* 9 itself w\ld =m a f\ndation = a spl5did & complete s*eme ( ,illum9ation4 ,,scale ,,scope ,,( ,,decoration ,p5man%ip4--,_m ( ! mo/ beautiful ,,mss4 7 made 9 p5-"w ?r\gh\t4#ej ,& x is well t ! p5man %\ld /ick to 8 p5 z mu* z is possible4 ,n only does x tra9 8 h& to make p5 ornam5ts1 ! =ms ( :i* are 9 keep+ ) ! writ+1 b x helps to keep ! decoration proportionate 9 e way4 ,x is an excell5t plan = ! beg9n] to use ! writ+-p5 = pla9 black capitals or fl\ri%es1 & to make all o!r decoration ) simil> or slightly f9] p5s ?an ! "o us$ = ! writ+4 ,aga91 ! direct use ( ! p5 w prev5t mu* mis*iev\s 8sket*+40 ,sket*+ is "r 9 its prop] place1 &1 :]e y "k exactly :at y wi% to d1 x is useful to sket* 9 lightly ! ma9 p>ts ( a complex 8design0 s t ea* "p may receive a fair portion ( ! available space4 ,b d n spoil y\r ,,ms4 by exp]im5tal p5cill+ 9 try+ to f9d out :at y want to d4 ,exp]im5ts are be/ made r\ghly ) a p5 or bru% on a piece ( pap] laid on ! available space 9 ! ,,ms41 or by col\r+ a piece ( pap] & cutt+ x out to ! patt]n desir$ & lay+ x on4 ,su* means are also us$ to settle small d\bts :i* may arise 9 ! actual p#bai illum9at+--z to :e!r--& :]e--"s =m or "s col\r %\ld be plac$ on ! page4 ,filigree1 ,floral1 o!r ,decoration4--,! acquir$ skill ( ! p5man leads v naturally to a p5 fl\ri%+ & decoration ( 8 "w1 & ?is aga9 to _m diff]5t types ( filigree decoration m or less resembl+ floral gr[?s 7see figs4 #abe1 #abf2 pp4 #aig-bjb2 ,plates ,,xi41 ,,xvii474 ,n[ all "r decoration 9 a s5se arranges itself1 & we may comp>e ! "r action ( ! 8design]'s0 m9d to t necess>y vibration or 8directive0 motion :i* p]meates ! univ]se &1 be+ communicat$ to ! elem5ts1 enables ! v>i\s p>ticles to fall into _! "r places3 z :5 iron fil+s are %ak5 ne> a magnet !y arrange !mselves 9 ! natural curves ( ! magnetic field1 or z a cello b[1 drawn ov] ! edge ( a s&-spr9kl$ plate1 ga!rs ! s& into beautiful 8musical patt]ns40 ,& to mo/ natural gr[?s1 :e!r ( plants or ornam5t1 ?is pr9ciple ( self-arrangem5t seems common1 t !y spread out ev5ly & occupy to ! greate/ ext5t possible _! allott$ space4 ,bran*es & leaves mo/ naturally gr[ away f ! /em & f ea* o!r1 & oppose elb[s & po9ts 9 e direction4 ,9 ?is way ! gr[? fits its place1 look+ secure & at re/--:ile 9 disconnect$ p>allels1 or bran*es foll[+ _! /em1 !re is (t5 insecurity & unre/4#ea 7,see also ,add5da1 p4 #be47 ,= example3 a circul> space is fill$ m p#bbj decoratively by a cross 7a1 fig4 #aca7 ?an by a conta9$ circle2 a squ>e is bett] fill$ by a 8loz5ge0 or a circle 7b & c7 ?an by a small] squ>e set squ>e & p>allel 7comp>e ! diap]+ ( ! *equ]s 9 fig4 #aia a74 ,a circul> or squ>e space might be fill$ on ?is pr9ciple ) a filigree arrangem5t su* z is sugge/$ by 7d1 fig4 #aca74 ,note4--,9 ! case ( two curves 9 ! ornam5t t\*+ 7ei!r int]nally or ext]nally7 !y may be l9k$ at ?is po9t by a 7gold7 b& or circle or loz5ge 7e1 fig4 #aca1 see also ,plate ,,xvii474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,m9iatures & ,draw+4--,9 draw+ & pa9t+1 ! difficulty :i* is apt to beset ! illum9ator is h[ to /rike a balance betwe5 8,naturalism0 & 8,conv5tionalism10 s call$4 ,:ile ! only crit]ion is good ta/e1 we may be guid$ by c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples4 ,to limit ! numb] ( elem5ts 9 a 8design0--:e!r ( =m or col\r--is ne>ly always an p#bba advantage 7pp4 #agg1 #aha1 #aih74 ,& ! m9iaturi/1 :ile depict+ ! nature ( a plant1 usually limits ! numb] ( its bran*es & leaves & %ades ( col\r4 ,e "p ( a 8design0 %\ld be drawn cle>ly & di/9ctly1 & 9 proportion to ! :ole4 ,! m9iaturi/1 !re=e1 usually draws 9 c>eful outl9e e bran* & leaf1 mak+ ! :ole proportional ) ! ,,ms4 :i* x decorates4 ,9 fact1 ! qualities ( good illum9ation are ! same z ! qualities ( good writ+--,simplicity1 ,di/9ctiv5ess1 ,proportion1 c4 7see p4 #bci74 ,& ! 8conv5tion0 7"h lit]ally a com+ toge!r7 requir$ is only su* z w make ! draw+ & col\r+ ( ! illum9ation & ! =m & col\r ( ! writ+ g well toge!r4 ,note4--,figs4 #ace to #ada 7woodcuts--) "p ( ! text--f a ,h]bal pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #aega p4 #cfi7 & figs4 #acb1 #acc1 & #acd;a 7wood engrav+s by ,t4 ,bewick1 pr9t$ #agia7 are sugge/$ z examples ( draw+--( plants & animals--suitable = book-decoration 7see also figs4 #acd;b1 c1 d2 ,plates ,,xv41 ,,xvi41 ,,xxiii41 & notes on 8limn]'s illum9ation10 p4 #bjc74 ,,( 8,,design+0 ,,manuscripts ,,g5]ally ,cultivate ! simple/ & mo/ direct me?ods1 & make 8rules ( ?umb0#eb = "w-a-day use1 to c>ry y successfully ?r\gh all r\t9e or ord9>y difficulties1 s t y\r h& w be tra9$ & y\r m9d free & ready to deal ) ! h>d] problems :5 !y arise4 p#bbb ,use a limit$ numb] ( pure1 bright col\rs1 & keep y\r "w clean1 neat1 & def9ite4 ,g /raight ahead1 tru/+ to workman-l me?ods1 & n calculat+ ov]mu*4 ,d ! "w 9 a regul> ord]1 settl+1 fir/1 ! g5]al s*eme1 ! size ( ! book1 ! writ+1 & ! m>g9s2 !n :5 y are ready-- #a4 ,prep>e ! %eets 7see pp4 #ii1 #aaj1 #afg74 #b4 ,write ! text--leav+ spaces = decoration4 #c4 ,write 9-- 7a7 ,! col\r$ writ+4 7b7 ,! col\r$ capitals4 7c7 ,! l9e-f9i%+s4 #d4 ,illum9ate-- 7a7 ,! ,initials4 ,foll[+ a regul> 7b7 ,l9e-f9i%+s4 ord] 9 ! v>i\s 7c7 ,! ,bord]s4 processes involv$4 #e4 ,b9d ! book 7p4 #cdf71 or h x b\nd1 9 ord] to make a real & f9i%$ piece ( "w4 ,practise an arti/ic economy ( "t & space3 usually ! quick] y write ! ,,ms4 ! bett] x is4 ,all[ suffici5t m>g9s to make ! book readable & h&some1 b n s wide z to make x appe> fanciful4 ,all[ suffici5t ornam5t1 n ov]load+ ! book ) x4 ,let ! ornam5t be ( a type suit$ to ! book & to ! subject--n too pa9/ak+ or elaborate 9 an ord9>y ,,ms42 n too ha/y & slight 9 an important "w4 ,endeav\r to /rike a balance betwe5 :at may be call$ 8practical0 & 8ornam5tal0 consid]ations3 an illum9at$ ,,ms4 is n meant to be entirely 8practical10 b x is a great] failure if made entirely 8ornam5tal40 ,let ! text be readable 9 e s5se1 & let ! ornam5t beautify x3 !re %\ld be give & take1 z x 71 & t mo/ desirable quality--8sweet reasonabl5ess40 p#bbc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,"p ( ,fig4 #acc4 ,enl>g$ twice l9e>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd;b4 p#bbg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd;c4 7,?is & fig4 #acd d are copies f a ?irte5? c5tury ,,ms4 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,yates-,?ompson47 8,! intricacies ( a natural sc5e 7fig4 #acd a--aft] ,bewick7 may be simplifi$ :5 r5d]$ 9 su* a simple m$ium z ! p5 draw+s ( a ,,ms4 7comp4 fig4 #acd b74 ,figs4 #acd c d are old examples ( /rong1 simple draw+4 ,/ud5ts %\ld practise !mselves by translat+ figs4 #acb1 #acc into f9e1 ,quill-p5 draw+s40--7,n4 ,r47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd;d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4--,! ,re$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4--;,asp>agus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4--,! ,l5til4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4--,! ,v9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4--,! ,c>nation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4--,! ,peony4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4--,! ,pea*4 ,,footnotes ,,to ,,"p ,i3 #e 8,! alphabet :i* we use at ! pres5t day has be5 trac$ back1 9 all its ess5tial =ms1 to ! anci5t hi]atic writ+ ( ,egypt ( ab\t ! tw5ty-fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,x is directly d]iv$ f ! ,roman alphabet2 ! ,roman1 f a local =m ( ! ,greek2 ! ,greek1 f ! ,phnician2 ! ,phnician1 f ! ,egyptian hi]atic4 4 4 4 ,we may )\t exagg]ation 4 4 4 c>ry back ! inv5tion ( ,egyptian writ+ to six or sev5 ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/40--,sir ,edw>d ,maunde ,?ompson1 8,greek & ,lat9 ,palography10 pp4 #a-b4 #f ,ibid41 p4 #aif4 #g 8,g4 ,l4 ,palography10 p4 #bjd4 7,m9uscules 8small lett]s40 ,half-,uncials are sometimes di/+ui%$1 z 8r\nd m9uscules0--p4 #cjb47 #h ,x is possible t _! =ms 7 influ5c$ by ! use ( ! bru% 9 pa9t+ up public notices & ! l4 ,! introduction ( ! use ( vellum--a p]fect writ+ mat]ial--9 ! mak+ ( books1 l$ to su* a great advance 9 ! =mality & f9i% ( ! book-h&s 7especially ( ! ,uncial "*7 t1 practically1 x may be said to m>k ! beg9n+ ( p5man%ip z a 8f9e0 art4 ,?is *ange may be assign$ to any "t betwe5 ! fir/ & ! ?ird c5turies 7palographical dates be=e ! fif? c5tury mu/ g5]ally be reg>d$ z approximate74 #i 8,greek & ,lat9 ,palography10 p4 #bcc4 #aj ,"s ,ea/]n scribes use a 8pad0 ( fur4 ,?is1 or a piece ( spr+y clo?1 or o!r ela/ic sub/ance1 w\ld probably be helpful1 & exp]im5ts %\ld be made 9 ?is direction4 #aa ,! ord9>y 8,re$ p50 ( ! arti/s' col\rman is r s(t & weak = =mal writ+4 ,! re$s us$ by ! native scribes 9 ,india & ,egypt1 & "s ( ! h>d] ,engli% re$s1 are excell5t4 ,a f9e1 holl[ cane also makes a v good p54 #ab ,! wid? ( ! cut nib corresponds exactly ) ! wid? ( ! ?icke/ /roke :i* ! p5 w make 9 writ+4 #ac ,if ! edge ( ! nib 7 cut at "r angles to ! %aft1 obvi\sly ! horizontal /roke w\ld n be ?91 & ! true ?ick & ?9 /rokes w\ld be oblique 7see 8slant$ p50 writ+--figs4 #i #aa74 #ad ,= example1 a fram$ %eet does n require su* wide m>g9s z a simil> %eet unfram$4 #ae ,really ab\t #f in*es1 because ! top l9e ( writ+ w n occupy its full #g_/h in*1 ! unus$ "p ( :i* adds to ! top m>g9 7see fig4 #fe74 #af ,,ms4 ,books are fur!r consid]$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,xvi4 #ag ,! direct use ( a ?ick wood or metal scale may lead to inaccuracy4 #ah ,! two1 f\r1 eight 7or m7 pages are pr9t$ on bo? sides ( ! %eet be=e x is fold$4 ,two or m %eets are g5]ally fold$ & put toge!r to =m a folio 8section40 #ai ,su* z ,foolscap 7#ag x #ac-a_/b71 ,cr[n 7#bj x #ae71 ,demy 7#bb-a_/b x #ag-a_/b71 ,royal 7#be x #bj71 c4 #bj ,9 ,ori5tal books1 :i* are sometimes held by _! top m>g9s1 ! top is deepe/4 #ba ,if ! av]age numb] ( words be previ\sly fix$--z 9 a poem 7see p4 #ie7--t w practically det]m9e ! size ( ! writ+4 #bb ,!y are (t5 rul$ d\ble 7see p4 #cdc71 & sometimes ! top & foot l9es are rul$ f edge to edge ( ! %eet4 #bc ,?\gh ,v]sals may g5]ally be reg>d$ z p>agraph m>k+ lett]s1 x is conv5i5t to apply ! t]m to ! ,v]sal type ( lett]--e4g4 8a head+ 9 ,v]sal lett]s0 7see fig4 #ia74 #bd ,9 8,roman0 lett]s ! ?icks & ?9s are n necess>ily /rongly m>k$1 ?\gh _! p5-=ms h (t5 a natural 8,go?ic0 t5d5cy4 #be ,! m$ival scribes (t5 made ! fir/ l9e ( a *apt] or book 9 uni=m capitals 7except+ ! initial lett]74 ,! succe$+ l9e g5]ally 0 small]1 & ( a diff]5t col\r & type--ev5 :5 a divid$ ^w 0 c>ri$ ov] into x4 #bf ,m9ium r$-lead1 us$ 9 e>ly times = 8rubrics0 & draw+s1 h5ce is d]iv$ ! ^w 8,m9iature40 #bg ,an illum9at$ ,page w all[ ( a few l9es ( black text at ! foot 7an arrangem5t v common 9 ! elaborate ,initial ,pages ( ! fifte5? c5tury71 b ^! %\ld be q subord9ate to ! 8,illum9ation40 #bh ,! surface ( horny or greasy p>*m5t may be slightly r\gh5$ ) a p5-knife till little hairs are rais$ :i* w hold ! size1 c>e be+ tak5 t ?is r\gh5+ does n ext5d beyond ! actual p>ts :i* are to be cov]$ ) size4 7,oxgall3 see footnote1 p4 #age47 #bi ,z ?is is usually all[$ to dry = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 make sure1 be=e lay+ ! size1 t y w be able to lay ! gold-leaf on x at or ne> ! same "t on ! next day4 #cj ,%\ld a drop fall on ! page x c be remov$ quickly ) ! knife1 b x is saf] to all[ x to dry & !n to pick x (f c>efully4 ,size :i* has fl[$ beyond ! b\nds ( ! =m may be trimm$ away :5 x has set4 #ca ,a f9] metal or ivory po9t may also be us$4 #cb ,vide ,d4 ,cock]ell1 8,bookb9d+ & ! ,c>e ( ,books10 p4 #ha4 #cc ,! v co/ly1 specially prep>$ calf-sk9 is too highly 8f9i%$10 & has mu* ! appe>ance ( sup]ior c>dbo>d4 ,x is /iff & %9y1 & its surface is objectionable to "w on4 #cd ,,oxgall may be us$ = a greasy surface2 pa9t$ on x1 or mix$ ) ! col\r4 #ce ,& ! nib is clean$ out n[ & !n 7) ! fill+ bru%71 or wip$1 to prev5t ! col\r clogg+ x 7see p4 #gj74 #cf 8,fr5* ,ultram>9e0 is an artificial comp\nd1 & a poor col\r4 #cg ,= :ite l9+1 c4--if 9 con/ant use--! ,*9ese ,:ite 9 bottle is said to be ! be/2 a little ,spirits ( ,w9e %\ld be p\r$ into x1 to keep x moi/ & make x "w bett]4 ,x %\ld be /irr$ well1 & a suffici5t quantity = imm$iate use is tak5 out & mix$ 9 a small sauc]4 ,! bottle is kept tightly cork$4 #ch ,& s+le =ms 7 (t5 p>ti-col\r$1 z ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,blue1 ) r$ s]ifs1 or vice v]s 7see also pp4 #bjh1 #baf74 #ci ,9 8:ite light0 ?ree rays 7kn[n z ! 8,prim>y ,col\r-,s5sations07 h be5 di/+ui%$--,r$1 ,gre51 & ,blue2 any two ( ^! are complem5t>y to ! rema9+ col\r1 & appe> to be induc$ optically 9 its neighb\rhood4 7,yell[ light is comb9$ ( ,r$ & ,gre5 rays1 & ?is may p>tly expla9 ! p>ticul> fitness ( ,blue & ,gold ,illum9ation47 #dj ,9 ! case ( a burni%$ gold lett]1 ! gild+ may be def]r$ until ! adjac5t col\r$ p>ts are f9i%$ 7see p4 #agj74 #da ,x has ev5 be5 suppos$ t we might make ! inhabitants ( ,m>s aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( rational ,t]re/rials1 by exhibit+ a va/ illum9ation--9 lamp-light--consi/+ ( a some:at simil> =m--! fir/ ,proposition 9 ,euclid4 #db ,note4--,limn+ /rictly means ,illum9at+1 b has come to imply draw+ & pa9t+1 especially ( portraits & m9iatures4 ,"h1 all its s5ses are int5d$4 #dc ,! mod]n illum9ator1 hav+ no tradition = mak+ su* scroll-"w1 w\ld f9d t natural or organic =ms--z ( trees or plants 7see p4 #bba7--w\ld s]ve ! same end & h m 8sweet reasonabl5ess0 9 mod]n eyes4 ,excell5t scroll-"w1 moreov]1 might be =m$ out ( ornam5tal ,capitals--if suffici5t excuse c\ld be f\nd = introduc+ !m3 a l>ge fl\ri%$ ,l1 = example1 c\ld be made exactly on ! same l9es z ! p5dant & scroll 9 ,plate ,,xv4 ,n>r[ gold rods also may be us$ 9 a bord] to support a floral gr[?1 or z frames if necess>y 7comp>e rules1 p4 #cfd74 #dd ,! /eps 9 ! developm5t sket*$ v briefly 9 ?is *apt]1 ref] bo? to ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! art ( illum9ation & to its possible revival 7see ,au?or's preface1 p4 #af74 #de ,:]e x is possible x is desirable to m>k ! top left-h& corn] ( ! 8page0 7& also ! l[] corn]7 by a bran*1 fl\ri%1 bud1 or fl[] 7see ,plates ,,xix41 ,,xxii474 ,a top left-h& corn] appe>+ vacant or r\nd$ (f is apt to weak5 ! :ole effect 7see p4 #acd74 #df ,fram+ bord]s1 or bord]s :i* surr\nd ! text1 may be all[$ ne>ly to fill ! entire m>g9al space4 #dg 8,design0 has be5 associat$ s mu* ) bad clev]ness 9 ! arti/1 or clev] badness 9 ! natural man1 t if we use ! ^w 9 a good s5se x is apt to be misund]/ood4 ,decoration is d]iv$ f decus1 decor comel9ess or grace4 #dh ,*equ]s 9 col\rs & gold 7 l>gely us$ 9 ! f\rte5?-c5tury ,,mss4 = backgr\nds 9 m9iatures4 ,!re is an example ( v beautiful h]aldic diap]+ 79 enamel7 on ! %ield ( ,william de ,val5ce1 ,e>l ( ,pembroke1 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey 7,a4,d4 #abif74 ,on p4 #ccf ( ?is book !re is a diagram ( a v f9e %ield be>+ a diap]$ *equ]4 #di ,if ! triangles 7 c\nt]*>g$ 9 col\r & col\r--e4g4 r$ & blue--! zigzag w\ld be made :ite1 black1 or gold1 to sep>ate & h>monise ! col\rs 7see pp4 #ahb-hc74 #ej ,a mo/ beautiful twelf?-c5tury ,,ms41 kn[n z ! 8,gold5 ,psalt]10 has _m gold 7decorat$7 ,initials1 ,r$1 ,blue1 & ,gre5 7pla97 ,v]sals & ,l9e-,f9i%+s1 e "p be+ p5-made ?r\gh\t ! book4 #ea ,9 a spiral ! /em1 foll[+ itself1 may be ti$ by an int]lac+ spiral1 or ! turns ( ! spiral may be held at re/ by ! int]lock+ ( ! leaves 7see ,g1 ,plate ,,xxii474 #eb ,z an example ( a good 8rule ( ?umb10 use ! rul$ l9es ( a manuscript z a scale = o!r measurem5ts & proportions1 leav+ "o1 two1 ?ree1 or m ( ! l9e-spaces = capitals1 ornam5ts1 c43 y h ?is scale--z x 71 a 8ready reckon]0--pres5t on e page1 & foll[+ x enables y m easily to make ! decoration agree & h>monise ) ! writt5 text & ) ! book z a :ole 7see p4 #abh figs4 #hi1 #ia1 #ga74 p#bcg ,,"p ,,ii ,,lett]+ ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,good ,,lett]+----,,"s ,,me?ods ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,arrangem5t ,good ,models -- ,! ,qualities ( ,good ,lett]+ -- ,simplicity -- ,di/9ctiv5ess -- ,proportion -- ,beauty ( ,=m -- ,beauty ( ,uni=mity -- ,"r ,arrangem5t -- ,sett+ ,out ,fitt+ ,9 -- 8,mass$ ,writ+0 8,f9e ,writ+0 -- ,ev5 ,spac+ -- ,!ory ,practice4 ,,good ,,models ,if lett]+ is to be rightly con/ruct$ & arrang$1 ! /udy ( good models is ess5tial4 ,"s ( ! writ+ & lett]+ 9 ! old ,,mss41 & ! lett]s us$ on v>i\s old tomb/ones & brasses1 we$$ ( ar*aisms1 w be f\nd almo/ p]fect models4 ,yet to select "o ( ^! f ! _m :i* are 8m or less0 good1 requires mu* discrim9ation4 ,x is sugge/$ bel[ t ! ess5tial virtues ( good lett]+ are readabl5ess1 beauty1 & "*4 ,if1 !n1 we c discov] "s ( ! und]ly+ qualities :i* make = ^!1 our *oice w at lea/ be bett] consid]$1 & in/ead ( p#bch =m+ our 8/yle0 on ! fir/ type ( lett] t pleases1 we %all f\nd our "w on a good model1 full ( possibilities ( developm5t4 ,! ,roman ,capital 7,*ap4 ,,xv474--,! ance/or ( all our lett]s is 9 undisput$ possession ( ! fir/ place3 b x is op5 to comp>atively few to make a practical /udy ( its monum5tal =ms by means ( cutt+ inscriptions 9 /one ) a *isel4 ,! ,p5-=m$ lett]s are m easily practis$1 & ! ma/]y ( ! p5 acquir$ 9 ! practice ( a root =m--su* z ! half-uncial--is ! key to ! majority ( alphabets 7:i* are p5 develop$7 & to ^? pr9ciples und]ly+ ! "r con/ruction & arrangem5t ( lett]+1 :i* x is our bus9ess to discov]4 ,d\btless a 8s*ool0 ( lett]+ might be f\nd$ on any f9e type1 & a beautiful alphabet or f9e h& might be f\nd$ on any f9e inscription3 b ! practical /ud5t ( p5man%ip may be sure ( acquir+ a k ( lett]+ :i* w\ld be useful to any craftsman conc]n$ ) lett]s1 be he pr9t]1 book-illu/rator1 engrav]1 or ev5 inscription c>v]4 ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,good ,,lett]+ ,! fir/ g5]al virtue ( lett]+ is readabl5ess1 ! second1 fitness = a giv5 ,use4 ,& ! rational basis ( ! foll[+ summ>y is ! assumption t su* fitness is compris$ 9 beauty & "*1 & t a giv5 piece ( lett]+ hav+ readabl5ess1 beauty1 & "* has ! ess5tial virtues ( good lett]+4 ,! qualities on :i* ^! virtues seem *iefly to dep5d1 & _! special significations 9 ! case ( pla9 writ+1 may be set =? z foll[s3-- p#bci ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,good ,,writ+ ,,"r ,,=m ,,readabl5ess #a4 ,simplicity3 ,z hav+ no unnecess>y p>ts 7& z be+ simply arrang$3 see #f74 #b4 ,di/9ctiv5ess3 ,z hav+ ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ea* lett] /rongly m>k$ 7& ! words di/9ctly arrang$3 see #f74 #c4 ,proportion3 ,z hav+ no "p ( a lett] wrongly exagg]at$ or dw>f$ 7& z ! lett]+ be+ proportionally arrang$3 see #f74 ,,beauty #d4 ,beauty ( ,=m3 ,z hav+ beautiful %apes & con/ructions1 s t ea* lett] is an individual & liv+ :ole 7n a m]e collection ( p>ts7 fitt$ = ! position1 (fice1 & mat]ial ( ! object be>+ ! inscription4 #e4 ,beauty ( ,uni=mity3 ,z ! assimilation ( ! correspond+ p>ts--8bodies10 8limbs10 8heads0--& z ! 8family lik5ess0 ( ! diff]5t lett]s1 s t !y g well toge!r4 ,,"r ,,arrangem5t ,,beauty #f4 ,beauty ( ,arrangem5t3 ,z hav+ a g5]al fitness 9 ! plac+1 connect+1 & spac+ ( lett]s1 words1 & l9es1 9 ! disposal ( ! lett]+ 9 ! giv5 space1 & 9 ! proportion+ ( e "p ( ! lett]+ & its m>g9s4 ,,"r ,,expression ,,"* #g4 ,ess5tial qualities ( 7,h& & ,p57 "w3 ,z be+ g5u9e calligraphy1 ! direct outcome ( a rightly made & rightly h&l$ p54 7,see p4 #bgh47 #h4 ,fre$om3 ,z hav+ skill$ & unaffect$ boldness4 7,see pp4 #abb1 #cbg1 #cbc1 #cfi47 #i4 ,p]sonality3 ,z hav+ ! *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% "o p]son's h& f ano!r's4 7,see also pp4 #bgh1 #cbc47 p#bdj ,?is summ>y1 :ile n presum+ to def9e ! ,virtues1 or a*ieve ,beauty by a =mula1 does indicate "s guid+ pr9ciples = ! lett]-mak]1 & does sugge/ a def9ite mean+ :i* may be giv5 to ! t]ms 8,"r ,=m10 8,"r ,arrangem5t10 & 8,"r ,expression0 9 a p>ticul> craft4 ,x is true t 8,readabl5ess0 & 8,"*0 are compris$ 9 ,beauty1 9 ! wide/ s5se2 b x is useful "h to di/+ui% !m3 ,readabl5ess z ! only s\nd basis = a practical !ory ( lett]+1 & ,"* z ! product ( a p>ticul> h& tool at "w 9 a p>ticul> craft4 ,! above table1 !re=e1 may be us$ z a te/ ( ! qualities ( any piece ( lett]+--:e!r ,manuscript1 ,pr9t+1 or ,engrav+--provid$ t ! significations ( ^? qualities on :i* 8,"*0 dep5ds be modifi$ & adapt$ to ea* p>ticul> in/ance4 ,x is h[ev] a te/ = g5]al qualities only--su* z may help u 9 *oos+ a model3 = z to its p>ticul> virtue ea* "w /&s alone--judg$ by its m]its--9 spite ( all rules4 ,,simplicity 7,z hav+ no unnecess>y p>ts7 ,ess5tial ,=ms & _! ,*>act]isation4--,! 8,ess5tial ,=ms0 may be def9$ briefly z ! necess>y p>ts 7see p4 #bge74 ,!y con/itute ! skeleton or /ructural plan ( an alphabet2 & ,"o ( ! f9e/ ?+s ! lett]-craftsman c d1 is to make ! ,ess5tial ,=ms ( lett]s beautiful 9 !mselves1 giv+ !m ! "* & f9i% :i* come naturally f a rightly h&l$ tool4 p#bda ,if we take ! 8,roman0 types--! lett]s ) :i* we are mo/ famili>--& draw !m 9 s+le p5cil /rokes 7z a *ild does :5 x 8le>ns its lett]s071 we get a r\gh repres5tation ( _! ,ess5tial ,=ms 7see diagram1 fig4 #adb74 ,su* lett]s might be scrat*$ ) a po9t 9 wax or clay1 & if s us$ 9 practice w\ld give rise to fre% & *>act]i/ic developm5ts1#ec b if we take a 8squ>e cut0 p5 :i* w give a ?9 horizontal /roke & a ?ick v]tical /roke 7figs4 #aj & #dj71 x w give u ! 8/raight-p510 or simple writt51 ess5tial =ms ( ^! lett]s 7fig4 #adc74 ,^! ess5tial =ms ( /raight-p5 lett]s :5 comp>$ ) ! pla9 l9e =ms %[ a rem>kable degree ( int]e/1 br\ght ab\t by ! introduction ( ! ?9 & ?ick /rokes & gradat$ curves1 *>act]i/ic ( p5 "w4 ,c]ta9 lett]s 7,a1 ,k1 ,m1 ,n1 ,v1 ,w1 ,x1 ,y1 & k1 v1 w1 x1 y7 9 fig4 #adc be+ compos$ *iefly ( oblique /rokes1 appe> r heavy4 ,!y are light5$ by us+ a naturally 8slant$0 p5 :i* produces ?9 z well z ?ick oblique /rokes4 ,& ! v]ticals 9 ,m & ,n are made ?9 by fur!r slant+ ! p5 7fig4 #add74 ,to our eyes1 accu/om$ to a traditional f9i%1 all ^! =ms--9 figs4 #adc & #add1 b p>ticul>ly ! slant$ p5 =ms--look incomplete & unf9i%$2 & x is obvi\s t ! ?9 /rokes1 at lea/1 require m>k$ t]m9als or s]ifs4 p#bdb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 p#bdd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,f9i%+-,/rokes4--,! p5 naturally produces a v>iety ( f9i%+-/rokes--8heads10 8feet10 s]ifs1 c4--ea* type ( :i* /rongly *>act]ises ! alphabet 9 :i* x is employ$4 ,! ma9 types 7fig4 #ade7 are-- 7a7 ,hooks or beaks4 7b7 ,/raight 7or curv$7 /rokes1 ?ick or ?9 accord+ to ! direction ( ! p54 7c7 ,triangul> 8heads0 7& 8feet071 /raight or slant$1 & m or less curv$ & %>p5$4 7d7 ,?9 f9i%+-curves1 horizontal or oblique4 ,to give uni=mity to ! v>i\s lett]s ( an alphabet x is necess>y to treat simil> p>ts z consi/5tly z possible ?r\gh\t 7see ,no4 #e1 p4 #bci74 ,& ! rem>kable way 9 :i* 8heads0 imp>t a 8family lik5ess0 to lett]s closely resembles ! same ph5om5on among human be+s 7see pp4 #cbd1 #bed74 ,if we consid] ! f\r types ( s]if1 z applicable to /raight-p5 writ+1 we f9d-- p#bde 7a7 ,hooks or ,beaks ,suitable only = c]ta9 p>ts ( c]ta9 lett]s 7d7 ,?9 ,f9i%+-,curves 7& = in=mal writ+74 7b7 ,/raight 7or ,curv$7 ,,?9 ,in=mal 7or ,ornam5tal74 ,/rokes 7c7 ,triangul> 8,heads0 ,=mal & capable ( imp>t+ great elegance & f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,= a =mal1 /raight-p5 writ+1 !re=e1 we may assume t a =m ( triangul> head is1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ suitable1 :ile "s ( ! lett]s may be all[$ to end naturally 9 f9i%+ hooks & curves4 p#bdf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,heads are easily built up at ! ends ( ?ick /rokes1 b "s practice is requir$ to enable a p5man to make !m on ! ?9 /rokes prop]ly & skilfully4 ,on ! ?9 horizontals !y are made ) an almo/ cont9u\s movem5t ( ! po9t ( ! nib f ! ?9 /roke itself 7see 7a7 to 7h7 fig4 #adf7 closely resembl+ ! t]m9ation ( "s ( ! ?9 /rokes 9 ! ,iri% half-uncial 7,plate ,,vi474 ,on ! ?9 oblique or v]tical /ems a ?9 cross+ /roke is fir/ made1 & !n %ap$ p#bdg ) ! p5 po9t to meet ! /em 7see 7i7 & 7k7 fig4 #adf74 ,we may write out ! lett]s n[ ) _! suitable s]ifs1 & we see t ! ,p5 "* & f9i%1 giv5 to ! 8,ess5tial1 or ,skeleton1 ,=ms0 7fig4 #adb7 result 9 a v =mal & highly f9i%$ alphabet 7fig4 #adg74 ,slant$-p5 *>act]s & s]ifs 7see fig4 #ade7-- 7a7 ,hooks or ,beaks ,suitable = mo/ ( ! lett]s1 b t5d+ to 7d7 ,?9 ,f9i%+-,curves be in=mal4 7b7 ,/raight 7or ,curv$7 ,=mal & /rong4 ,,?ick ,/rokes 7c7 ,triangul> ,heads ,=mal & suitable = small-lett]s1 & free capitals 7see fig4 #afh74 ,! alphabets 7fig4 #adh71 produc$ f ! skeleton =ms 7fig4 #adb7 by ! slant$ p51 :ile n hav+ su* a consci\s air ( f9i% z ! /raight-p5 lett]s1 are mu* easi] to write1 & h 9 a great] degree ! virtues ( /rong1#ed legible1 natural p5man%ip4 ,!y are em95tly suitable = g5]al ,,ms4 "w 7see p4 #cje7 :5 ! beg9n] has ma/]$ an e>ly =m ( r\nd-h& 7see pp4 #gj1 #cjd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,,di/9ctiv5ess 7,z hav+ ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ea* lett] /rongly m>k$7 ,! 8,*>act]i/ic ,p>ts0 are ^? p>ts :i* mo/ p>ticul>ly s]ve to di/+ui% "o lett] f p#bej ano!r 7fig4 #adi74 ,we %\ld !re=e1 :5 con/ruct+ lett]s1 give special att5tion to _! pres]vation1 & sometimes !y may ev5 be acc5tuat$ ) advantage--always ) an eye to ! life-hi/ory1 or evolution1 ( ! lett] 9 "q1 & all[+ = ! influ5ce ( ! special tool ) :i* x is to be made 7see ,proportion1 bel[74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 p#bea ,,proportion 7,z hav+ no "p ( a lett] wrongly exagg]at$ or dw>f$--see pp4 #bgd1 #bgg-gh7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,! "r proportion+ ( lett]s entails ! pres]vation ( _! ,ess5tial ,=ms & _! ,*>act]i/ic ,p>ts1 &1 provid$ ^! are n p#beb s]i\sly int]f]$ )1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( exagg]ation 7& dw>f+7#ee is all[able 9 special cases2 p>ticul>ly 9 ornam5tal writ+s1 & ,p5-fl\ri%$ capitals or t]m9al lett]s 7see figs4 #gi & #abe74 ,rational exagg]ation usually am\nts to ! draw+ out or fl\ri%+ ( tails or free /ems1 or bran*es--v (t5 to ! magnify+ ( a *>act]i/ic "p 7see fig4 #aej1 pp4 #bej1 #cca74 ,x is a special =m ( decoration1 & v effective if us$ discrim9ately4 ,,beauty ,,( ,,=m 7,z hav+ beautiful %apes & con/ructions1 s t ea* lett] is an individual & liv+ :ole 7n a m]e collection ( p>ts7 fitt$ = ! position1 (fice1 & mat]ial ( ! object be>+ ! inscription7 ,to *oose or con/ruct beautiful =ms requires good ta/e1 & t 9 its turn requires cultivation1 :i* comes f ! obs]vation ( beautiful =ms4 ,^? :o are n accu/om$ to see+ beautiful ?+s are1 9 consequ5ce1 (t5 unc]ta9 :e!r !y ?9k a ?+ beautiful or n4 ,"s--p]haps all ( u--h an intuition = :at is beautiful2 b mo/ ( u h to a*ieve beauty by tak+ pa9s4 ,at ! lea/ we are apt to be misl$ if we label ab/ract =ms z ess5tially beautiful or ess5tially ugly--z by a mi/ak5 recipe = beauty4 ,= u z craftsm5 8a*iev+ beauty by tak+ pa9s10 means acquir+ skill 9 a special craft & p#bec adapt+ t skill to a special piece ( "w4 ,& p]haps ! sure/ way to le>n1 is to let our tools & mat]ials tea* u &1 z x 71 make beautiful %apes = u4 8,inside ,%apes40--,! beauty ( a lett] dep5ds v mu* on its inside %ape--i4e4 ! %ape ( ! space enclos$ by ! lett] =m4 ,z ?is is (t5 ov]look$1 x may be briefly ref]r$ to4 ,frequ5tly :5 x seems difficult to say :at is wrong ) a piece ( bad lett]+1 a glance at ! inside %apes w reveal ! fault4 ,9 simple writ+1 if ! p5 be prop]ly cut & prop]ly held1 ^! %apes w g5]ally take c>e ( !mselves1 & int]nal angles or asymmetrical l9es :i* occur are *>act]i/ic ( t p>ticul> =m ( p5man%ip1 & n accid5tal 7b1 fig4 #aea74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 p#bed ,9 mak+ ,built-up lett]s--:i* h bo? out] & inn] /rokes--! inn] /rokes %\ld g5]ally be made fir/ 7see p4 #aba74 ,pla9 & ,ornam5tal ,=ms4--,n only = ! sake ( readabl5ess1 b to promote a beautiful & dignifi$ effect1 ! =ms ( lett]s are kept simple :5 ! text is long4 ,&1 g5]ally1 ! less frequ5t ! type1 ! m ornam5tal may be its =m 7see pp4 #abf1 #baj1 #bih1 #ccj74 ,,beauty ,,( ,,uni=mity 7,z ! assimilation ( ! correspond+ p>ts--8bodies10 8limbs10 8heads0--& z ! 8family lik5ess10 ( ! diff]5t lett]s1 s t !y g well toge!r7 ,"r uni=mity makes = readabl5ess & beauty1 & is ! result ( good craftsman%ip4 ,readabl5ess4--,:]e ! text lett]s are uni=m1 ! read] is free to give 8 att5tion to ! s5se ( ! words1 :]eas ! v>iations 9 an irregul> or *ang+ text are di/ract+4#ef ,beauty4--,! ab/ract beauty-(-uni=mity may be said to lie 9 ?is1 t ! diff]5t lett]s1 or individual elem5ts1 8g well toge!r40 ,! beautiful effect ( uni=m lett]+ is ?us caus$ by ! unit$ =ces1 z x 71 ( all ! lett]s4 ,good ,craftsman%ip4--,a p51 or o!r lett]-mak+ tool1 be+ h&l$ freely & regul>ly1 ! uni=m movem5ts ( ! tool 9 simil> cases w produce uni=m /rokes1 c4 7,on ! o!r h&1 ! int]ruption & loss ( fre$om to ! p#bee writ] :o is irregul>1 or :o =ces an unnatural v>iety1#eg results 9 inf]ior "w47 ,,"r ,,arrangem5t ,,beauty ,,( ,,arrangem5t 7,z hav+ a g5]al fitness 9 ! plac+1 connect+1 & spac+ ( lett]s1 words1 & l9es1 9 ! disposal ( ! lett]+ 9 ! giv5 space1 & 9 ! proportion+ ( e "p ( ! lett]+ & its m>g9s7 ,! p>ticul> fitness ( a giv5 inscription dep5ds ^u consid]ations ( its p>ticul> (fice1 position1 mat]ial1 c4 7see pp4 #ajj1 #cea74 ,= g5]al use1 h[ev]1 ! craftsman has c]ta9 regul> modes ( dispos+ & spac+ ! lett]+1 & proportion+ ! :ole4 ,&1 z 9 con/ruct+ individual lett]s1 s 9 treat+ lett]+ z a :ole1 he endeav\rs to give 8 "w ! qualities t make = readabl5ess3 viz4 simplicity1 di/9ctiv5ess1 & proportion4 ,simplicity 9 ! ,disposal ( ! ,lett]+4--,= conv5i5ce ( con/ruction1 read+1 or h&l+1 ! simple1 traditional arrangem5t ( lett]+ is g5]ally foll[$ 9 deal+ ) flat surfaces 7pap]1 vellum1 c473#eh-- ,,! ,,text ,,=m+ ,a ,,rectangle1 ,,con- ,,si/+ ,,( ,a ,,num- ,,b] ,,( ,,equal ,,l9es p#bef ,di/9ctiv5ess 9 ! ,spac+ ( ! ,lett]+ necessitates suffici5t int]spaces3 ! foll[+ common spac+ ( ,lett]s1 ,words1 ,l9es1 c41 may be modifi$ to suit special circum/ances4 ,lett]s1 z a rule1 are n equidi/ant1 b _! int]spaces are approximately equal 7a1 fig4 #aeb74 ,words1 commonly "o lett]-space ap>t 7b & c74 ,l9es ( ,capitals1 frequ5tly half 7d7 or :ole 7e7 lett]-height ap>t4 ,l9es ( ,small-,lett]s1 commonly asc5d]s & desc5d]s j cle>+ 7f74 ,divisions ( ,text a cle> l9e ap>t1 or m>k$ by a diff]5ce 9 col\r or size 7see figs4 #id1 #if1 #ahf1 c474 ,proportion 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ! ,:ole ,inscription4--,! spac+-proportions ref]r$ to above apply to lett]+ g5]ally1 b ! proportions ( an inscription z a :ole involve ! consid]ation ( a special case4 ,example3-- ,! ,proportions to be ,consid]$ 9 ! ,case ( a ,manuscript ,book 7see pp4 #ajj-ajh1 #cda1 c474 7#a7 ,size & %ape ( ! ,book 7,set by cu/om1 use ( ,book1 & its page 7proportion ( size ( mat]ial1 c47 7see figs4 wid? to height7 7see p4 #fi1 #gj1 & pp4 #aja1 c474 #ajc74 7#b7 ,wid? ( ,m>g9s-- ,proportions-- 7a7 7,commonly ab\t #a-a_/b3b3c3d7 7a7 to ea* o!r4 7see fig4 #gj1 & pp4 #ajc-g74 7b7 to size ( page4 7b7 7,frequ5tly ab\t1 or m 7c7 to ! lett]+4 ?an1 half ! area ( ! page74 7#c7 ,size ( ,writ+-- 7,set by page1 & m>g91 & ,proportion ( height ( numb] ( words 9 ! l9e2 lett] to l5g? ( l9e4 usually m ?an f\r words to ! l9e7 7see pp4 #ajg-h74 7#d7 ,numb] ( l9es-- 7,set by page1 m>g91 & ,proportion ( text to page4 height-(-lett]1 & modifi$ by treatm5t ( spac+7 7see pp4 #ajh1 #bfb74 7#e7 ,size ( ,l>ge ,capitals1 7,set by ,small-,lett]2 commonly ,initials1 c4 "o1 two1 ?ree1 or m ( ! writ+-l9e-spaces high7 7see footnote1 p4 #bba74 7#f7 ,size ( ,decorative 7,set by page1 c42 usually su* ,divisions ( ! ,text ,division is relatively small 7m>k$ by diff]5t or l>ge--z a def9ite 8head+10 treatm5t1 col\r1 ornam5t1 or a :ole page7 7see p4 #acb74 c474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 p#beh ,,sett+ ,,out1 ,,fitt+ ,,9 ,rul+4--,! approximate sizes ( m>g9s & lett]s1 & ! numb] ( l9es ( text1 hav+ be5 e/imat$1 guid+ l9es are rul$ on ! surface 7see p4 #cdc7--;a "r & a left v]tical m>g9al l9e1 ) ! necess>y numb] ( horizontals betwe5 !m4 7,9 ! case ( a manuscript1 ^! l9es are rul$ fa9tly 7or groov$71 & are left to =m a feature ( ! page2 = inscriptions on o!r mat]ials ?an pap]1 p>*m5t1 c41 !y are g5]ally remov$ aft] sett+-out47 ,sett+-out4--,an inscription ( any size1 or "o requir+ complex or v nice arrangem5t1 is set-out 9 fa9t1 sket*y outl9e ( lead p5cil or *alk4 ,simple writ+ is n set-out1 b su* slight calculation or plann+ z is necess>y is c>ri$ out m5tally1 or on a scrap ( pap]4 ,by practice ! scribe1 l ! compositor1 c fit 8 lett]+ to ! giv5 space ) ease & accuracy4 ,= writ+ & 7to a l>ge ext5t7 pr9t+1 bo? comb9e sett+-out & ! act ( 8lett]+0 9 "o op]ation4 ,& ?is %[s h[ practice gives =ekn[l$ge ( ! 8me*anical0 "p ( ! "w1 leav+ ! m9d free to take pleasure 9 its p]=mance2 & also h[ slight--if necess>y at all--is ! exp]im5tal sett+-out ( simple =ms requir$ by ! practis$ workman4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,divid+ ,monosyllables4--,9 simple writ+--! beauty ( :i* dep5ds on fre$om r ?an on precision--,i ?9k t ev5 su* an awkw>d ^w z 8?r\gh0 %\ld n be brok54 ,if ! space at ! end ( a l9e is insuffici5t1 x %\ld be left blank1 or be fill$ 9 ) a da% ( ! p54 ,b 9 ! case ( words 9 ,,l>ge ,,capitals1 especially 9 title-pages & ! l1 :]e spac+ p#bei is m difficult1 & smoo? read+ less ess5tial1 any ^w may be divid$ at any po9t if ! necessity is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,b 7ev5 :5 ! division is syllabic7 break+ words1 z int]f]+ ) ! ease ( read+1 may (t5 be avoid$ ) advantage1 & divisions :i* give accid5tal words1 especially :5 !y are objectionable1 z p#bfj 8,,?-,,r\gh10 or 8,,neigh-,,b\r10 %\ld n be all[$4 ,among o!r ways ( deal+ ) small spaces1 )\t break+ words1 are ! foll[+3-- ,end+ ) ,small] ,lett]s4--,! scribe is always at lib]ty to compress 8 writ+ slightly1 provid$ he does n spoil its readabl5ess or beauty4 ,occasionally1 )\t h>m+ ei!r ( ^!1 a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 size ( lett] may be all[$2 "o or m words1 or a "p ( "o1 or a s+le lett]1 be+ made small] 7a1 b1 fig4 #aec2 see also ,plate ,v474 ,monogrammatic ,=ms1 c4--,9 any k9d ( lett]+1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( capitals1 :]e ! giv5 space is insuffici5t = ! giv5 capitals1 monogrammatic =ms resembl+ ! ord9>y diph?ong may be us$2 or ! /em ( "o lett] may be drawn out1 above or bel[1 & =m$ into ano!r 7c1 fig4 #aec74 ,l9k+4--,lett]s :i* are l>ge en\gh may be l9k$ or loop$ toge!r1 or "o lett] may be set inside ano!r1 or free-/em lett]s may be drawn up above ! l9e 7d1 fig4 #aec1 b see p4 #bf74 ,ty+ up4--,"o or m words at ! end ( a l9e ( writ+--p>ticul>ly 9 poetry 7see p4 #ie7--may be 8ti$ up10 i4e4 be writt5 above or bel[ ! l9e1 ) a p5 /roke to connect !m to x 7fig4 #fg74 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t none ( ^! me?ods lead to confusion 9 ! read+4 ,_! 8,qua9tness0--z x is sometimes call$--is only pleas+ :5 _! contrivance is obvi\sly made necess>y4 8,,mass$ ,,writ+0 8,,f9e ,,writ+0 ,we may di/+ui% two *>act]i/ic modes ( treat+ an inscription1 9 :i* ! treatm5t ( ! lett] is b\nd up ) ! treatm5t ( ! spac+ 7fig4 #aed74 p#bfb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 8,mass$ ,writ+0 7,close ,spac+74--,! writt5 or pr9t$ page is v commonly set close1 or 8mass$10 s t ! lett]s support & en=ce "o ano!r1 _! individual beauty be+ m]g$ 9 & giv+ beauty to ! :ole4 ,! clos5ess ( ! lett]s 9 ea* ^w keeps ! words di/9ct1 s t b little space is requir$ betwe5 !m1#ei & ! l9es ( writ+ are made close toge!r 7asc5d+ & desc5d+ /ems be+ %ort5$1 if necess>y1 = ?is purpose74 8,f9e ,writ+0 7,wide ,spac+74--,an inscription 9 8,f9e ,writ+0 may be spac$ widely to display ! f9i%$ beauty ( ! lett]s1 or to give free play to ! p5man 7or lett]-craftsman74 ,x consi/s g5]ally ( a numb] ( di/9ct l9es ( ,writ+ 7or o!r lett]+74 ,! two modes may be contra/$ broadly1 ?us-- ,,mass$ ,,writ+ 7,l9es ne> ,,f9e ,,writ+ 7,l9es spac$ toge!r47 & sep>at$47 ,has an effect ( ri*ness1 ,has an effect ( elegance1 dep5d+ dep5d+ on tone ( mass & on =m ( lett]s & di/9ct close1 ev5 spac+4 arrangem5t ( l9es4 ,simple me?od 7= ord9>y ,ref9$ me?od 7= special use72 use72 sav+ ( "t & lavi% ( space & "t1 space1 suit$ = long suit$ = l>ge spaces or %ort inscriptions or small spaces4 inscriptions4 ,l9es g5]ally ( equal ,l9es may be ( unequal l5g?1 l5g?1 or if "s fall giv+ irregul>1 "r-h& edge1 %ort1 end-fill+s may be z 9 poetry 7see p4 #bfc7--;gaps us$--gaps are avoid$ if all[$ on ei!r side4 p#bfc possible4 ,asc5d+ & desc5d+ ,/ems--m$ium or long3 long /ems /ems--m$ium or %ort3 (t5 a m>k$ feature1 end+ 9 s]ifs simple1 & n c>efully made heads & fe$1 /rongly m>k$4 or fl\ri%es4 ,suit$ = slant$-p5 =ms ,suit$ = /raight & slant$ ( 8go?ic0 t5d5cy1 & p5 =ms ( 8roman0 t5d5cy1 heavy1 black writ+ & sl5d]1 light writ+ 7example1 8black lett]07499 7example1 8,italic07499 ,requires g5]ally contra/s ,all[s v>iety 9 size ( ,lett]s ( col\r or weight 7p4 7see pp4 #bih1 #cbh73 its typical #ccj71 & w be> m treatm5t is z pla91 f9e & heavi] illum9ation lett]+--bett] )\t 7,l9e-fill+s1 ,initials1 heavy ,bord]s1 c4 7p4 #bii74 ,bord]s1 c474 99 ,note4--,bo? modes are suit$ = ,roman ,capitals & ,small-,lett]s4 ,^! two modes may n h be5 recognis$ by ! anci5t lett]-craftsm53 _! comp>ison "h is int5d$ *iefly z a /imulus to def9ite ?\ght1 n z a h>d-&-fa/ division ( two 8/yles02 = !re may be any numb] ( possible compromises betwe5 !m4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd conv5i5t to di/+ui% !m z two modes ( treat+ ,,l9es ,,( ,,writ+ :i* produce m>k$ly diff]5t effects1 ! "o1 z x 71 ( ,,col\r1 ! o!r ( ,,=m4 ,plates ,,xi41 ,,xiii41 ,,xiv41 ,,xv41 ,,xvii4 may be tak5 z examples ( 8,mass$ ,writ+10 ,plates ,,iv41 ,v41 ,,vi41 ,,vii41 ,,ix41 7,,xxi47 ( 8,f9e ,writ+02 ! o!r plates sugge/ compromises betwe5 ! two4 ,poetry 7see p4 #ie71 or any text consi/+ (1 or :i* is conv5i5tly brok5 up into unequal l9es1 may be treat$ z 8,f9e ,writ+40 ,!re is no objection to a /raight left-h& edge ) an irregul> "r-h& edge1#fj :]e ! cause ( ! irregul>ity p#bfd is natural & obvi\s1 & no fault ( ! scribe's4 ,su* an arrangem5t1 or r1 /raight=w>d writ+1 ( poetry is (t5 ! be/ by virtue ( its fre$om & simplicity 7see p4 #cga74 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 a m =mal & f9i%$ treatm5t ( an irregul> l9e text is to be pref]r$ 7especially 9 inscriptions on /one1 metal1 c471 & ! mo/ natural arrangem5t is !n an approximately symmetrical "o1 incl9+ to 8,f9e ,writ+0 9 treatm5t4 ,?is is easily obta9$ 9 inscriptions :i* are previ\sly set-out1 b a good plan--c]ta9ly ! be/ = ,,mss4--is to sort ! l9es ( ! text into longs & %orts 7& sometimes m$ium l9es71 & to set-9 or ind5t ! %ort l9es two1 ?ree1 or m lett]s4 ,! ind5tations on ! left balance ! accid5tal irregul>ities on ! "r 7fig4 #aed1 & ,plate ,,iv471 & give an appe>ance ( symmetry to ! page 7see ,phras+1 p4 #chd74 ,ei!r mode ( spac+ 7close or wide7 may be c>ri$ to an unwise or ridicul\s extreme4 8,lead+0 ! l9es ( type 0 mu* 9 vogue a hundr$ ye>s ago1 9 :at 0 !n reg>d$ z 8high-class0 pr9t+4 ,too (t5 ! wide-spac$ l9e & 8gr&0 mann] ( ! eighte5?-c5tury pr9t] 0 pret5ti\s r ?an effective3 ?is 0 p>tly due to ! degrad$ type :i* he us$1 b =m1 arrangem5t1 & expression all t5d$ to be artificial4 ,( late ye>s a ri*1 closely mass$ page has aga9 become fa%ionable4 ,d\btless !re has be5 a reaction 9 ?is f ! eighte5? c5tury to an e>li] & bett] mann]1 b ! effect is sometimes ov]done1 & ! real ease & com=t ( ! read] has be5 sacrific$ to 8 r imag9>y /heticism4 ,by atta*+ supreme importance to readabl5ess1 p#bfe ! lett]-craftsman ga9s at lea/ a rational basis = 8 "w1 & is sav$ f ! sn>es :i* lurk 9 all1 ev5 9 ! be/1 modes & fa%ions4 ,,ev5 ,,spac+ ,9 ! spac+ ( a giv5 inscription on a limit$ surface1 :]e a comp>atively l>ge size ( lett] is requir$1 :at little space !re is to sp>e %\ld g5]ally be di/ribut$ ev5ly & consi/5tly 7a1 fig4 #aee74 ,lavi% exp5diture ( space on ! m>g9s w\ld necessitate an undue cr[d+#fa ( ! lett]+ 7b71 & wide int]spac+#fb w\ld all[ insuffici5t m>g9s 7c7--ei!r arrangem5t sugge/+ inconsi/5cy 7b see p4 #ceb74 ,note4--,a giv5 m>g9 looks l>g] ! heavi] ! mass ( ! text1#fc & small] ! light] ! mass ( ! text4 ,&1 !re=e1 if lett]+ be spread out1 z 9 8,f9e ,writ+10 ! m>g9s %\ld be extra wide to h _! true comp>ative value4 ,! space available = a giv5 inscription may 9 ?is way l>gely det]m9e ! arrangem5t ( ! lett]+1 comp>atively small & l>ge spaces sugge/+ respectively 8,mass$ ,writ+0 & 8,f9e ,writ+0 7see p4 #bfb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,9 c]ta9 decorative inscriptions1 :]e lett]s are m]ely treat$ z decorative =ms--readabl5ess p#bfg be+ a matt] ( little or no mom5t--! treatm5t ( ! spac+ is adapt$ to a p>ticul> surface2 &1 = example3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,,!ory ,,practice ,! above discussion ( !ories & 8rules0 = ! con/ruction & arrangem5t ( good lett]+ is int5d$ to sugge/ "s useful me?ods--n to provoke excessive fitt+ or plann+1 b r to avoid x4 ,/raight=w>dness is p]haps ! greate/ virtue 9 a craft1 & :atev] 8rules0 x may break ?r\gh1 x is refre%+ & *>m+4 ,an excell5t example = ! scribe or inscription mak] is ! me?od ( an e>ly pr9t]1 :o _h only f\r or five sorts ( type--say1 8,small-,lett]s0 & 8,capitals0 7,roman & ,italic7 & 8,l>ge ,capitals10 & :o1 )\t any elaborate 8design10 simply put 8 types into _! prop] p#bfh places1 & !n pull$ (f 8 pleasant %eets ( 8commonplace0 pr9t+4 ,! scribe %\ld *oose ! be/ & simple/ =ms & arrangem5ts1 & ma/] !m be=e go+ fur!r2 he %\ld h a few def9ite types 8at 8 f+] tips10 &1 = ev]yday use1 a matt]-(-c\rse way ( putt+ !m d[n on pap]4 ,ambiguity is "o ( ! greate/ faults 9 a craft4 ,x comes (t5 f vague ambitions4 ,"o may be inspir$ by good ambitions1 b ! imm$iate conc]n ( ! craftsman is to "k :at he is capable ( do+ at ! pres5t1 & to d x4 ,let ! mean+ ( y\r "w be obvi\s unless x is design$ purely = y\r own amusem5t4 ,a good craftsman seeks out ! commonplace & tries to ma/] x1 kn[+ t 8orig9ality0 comes ( necessity1 & n ( se>*+4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,roman ,,alphabet ,,its ,,d]ivatives ,! ,roman ,alphabet -- ,proportions ( ,lett]s3 ,wid?s -- ,upp] ,l[] ,p>ts--,ess5tial or ,/ructural ,=ms -- ,*>act]isation ( ,=ms -- ,built-,up ,=ms -- ,simple-,writt5 ,capitals -- ,uncials -- ,capitals ,small-,lett]s -- ,e>ly1 ,r\nd1 ,upright1 ,=mal ,h&s -- ,slant$-,p5 ,small-,lett]s -- ,roman ,small-,lett]s -- ,italics -- ,semi-,=mal ,h&s -- ,( ,=mal ,writ+ ,g5]ally -- ,decorative ,contra/s -- ,ornam5tal ,lett]s4 ,! ,roman ,alphabet ,! ,roman ,alphabet is ! f\ndation ( all our alphabets 7see ,*apt] ,i474 ,& s9ce ! full p#bfi developm5t ( _! monum5tal =ms ab\t #bjjj ye>s ago1 ! ,roman ,capitals h held ! supreme place among lett]s = readabl5ess & beauty4 ,!y are ! be/ =ms = ! gr&e/ & mo/ important inscriptions1 &1 9 reg>d to lett]+ g5]ally1 a v good rule to foll[ is3 ,:5 9 d\bt1 use ,roman ,capitals4 ,! p5man may ) advantage devote "s /udy to a f9e monum5tal type ( ,roman ,capital 7su* z t ( ! ,trajan ,column ,inscription3 ,plates ,i4 & ,,ii471 & endeav\r to embody its virtues 9 a built-up p5 =m = use 9 ,,mss4 7p4 #bid74 ,,proportions ,,( ,,lett]s3 ,,wid?s ,! m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! 8,squ>e0 & ! 8,r\nd0 =ms1 & ! v>y+ wid?s ( ! lett]s--z se5 9 ! e>ly inscriptions1#fd are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,roman ,alphabet4 ,we may broadly di/+ui% ,wide & ,n>r[ lett]s ?us-- ,,wide ,o ,q ,c ,g ,d 8,r\nd40 ,,wide ,m ,w 8,squ>e40 ,,wide ,h 7,u7 ,a ,n ,v ,t 7,z7 8,squ>e40 ,,n>r[ ,b ,e ,f ,r ,s ,y 7,x7 ,,n>r[ ,i ,j ,,n>r[ ,k ,l ,p p#bgj ,! 8,r\nd0 ,wide ,lett]s--,o1 ,q1 ,c1 ,g1 ,d4-- ,o may be reg>d$ z ! ,key lett] ( an alphabet4 ,giv5 an ,o & an ,i ( any alphabet1 we c make a v good guess at ! =ms ( ! o!r lett]s4 ,9 f9e ,inscriptions ! ext]nal l9e ( ,o is commonly an almo/ p]fect circle 7see ,plate ,,ii47--i4e4 its height & wid? are equal4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z ! ideal %ape1 ?\gh a slight wid5+ or n>r[+ ( ! lett] 7fig4 #aeg7 is q p]missible4#fe ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,q1 ,c1 ,g1 & ,d foll[ ! proportions ( ,o p#bga v ne>ly1 &1 ?\gh ,c1 ,g1 ,d are a little n>r[]1 !y h ! same effect ( r\ndness & wid?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,! 8,squ>e0 ,wide ,lett]s--,m1 ,w1 & ,h1 7,u71 ,a1 ,n1 ,v1 ,t1 7,z7-- ,m ,w ,_! mean wid? is prop]ly ab\t equal to _! height4 ,h ,wid? equal to1 or a little less ?an1 height 7fig4 #aeh71 b if made too n>r[ x w\ld look heavy1 be+ d\ble-/emm$4 ,u 7see pp4 #bhg1 #bhd7 resembles ,h4 ,a1 ,n1 ,v are d\ble-/emm$1 & h int]nal angles1 moreov]1 :i* w\ld become too %>p--& t5d to close p#bgb up--if !y 7 made too n>r[ 7fig4 #aeh74 ,t ,! cross-b>--! *>act]i/ic "p ( ,t--projects a fair way on ei!r side ( ! /em4 ,z ,ei!r wide or 7mod]ately7 n>r[ 7fig4 #aeh74 ,! ,n>r[ ,lett]s1 ,b1 ,e1 ,f1 ,r1 ,s1 ,y 7,x7 7see fig4 #aei74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,!re is a po9t ( division 9 ^! lett]s ab\t ! middle ( ! /em or a little above 7see p4 #bgc71 & we may argue t ea* be+ compos$1 z x 71 ( two little lett]s--:i* are half-height1 !y are proportionately half-wid?3 & ?is w be f\nd approximately correct4 ,b may be said to consi/ ( "o little ,d on ! top ( ano!r1 av]ag+ respectively half ! height & wid? ( a full-siz$ ,d4 ,e1 ,f1 ,r foll[ ! proportions ( ,b 7see also ,e1 #d1 p4 #bhb74 p#bgc ,s may be made ( "o little tilt$ ,o on ! top ( ano!r--jo9$ toge!r & hav+ ! sup]flu\s p>ts remov$4 ,y is l a little ,v ^u a little ,i4 ,x ,ei!r n>r[ or wide 7fig4 #aei74 ,! ,n>r[ lett]s1 ,k1 ,l1 & ,p-- ,^! =ms are relat$ to ! ,b1 ,e =ms1 b x is p]missible to make !m a little wid] to give cle>ance to ! angles ( ! ,k & =ce to ! s+le arm & loop--! *>act]i/ic p>ts 7see fig4 #adi7--( ,l & ,p4 ,,upp] ,,l[] ,,p>ts ,9 ! lett]s ,b1 ,e1 ,h1 ,k1 ,x 7,a71 ,f1 ,r1 ,p 7,s71 ,y !re is g5]ally a t5d5cy to enl>ge ! l[] "p1 ! cross-b>--or division--be+ set above mid-height4 ,?is t5d5cy may reasonably be acc\nt$ = z foll[s3-- ,! natural division ( ,b1 ,e1 ,h1 ,k1 ,x1 reg>d$ z ab/ract =ms1 w\ld be symmetrical--i4e4 at ! c5tre ( ! /em4#ff ,9 ord] t its app>5t position may be c5tral1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y1 = optical reasons1 to make p#bgd its actual position above ! c5tre4#fg ,& fur!r1 by a reasonable enl>gem5t ( ! l[] "p1 ^! lett]s acquire a great] appe>ance ( /ability4 ,x w\ld be well1 ,i ?9k1 = ! lett]-craftsman to beg9 by mak+ su* divisions at ! app>5t c5tre 7i4e4 v slightly above mid-height2 see ,e1 ,f1 ,x1 ,plate ,,ii471 s keep+ mo/ ne>ly to ! ess5tial =ms 7see p4 #bge74 ,lat] he might consid] ! "q ( /ability 7see ,b1 ,plate ,,ii474 ,! exagg]at$ rais+ 7or l[]+7 ( ! division associat$ ) 8,art ,lett]+0 is illegible & ridicul\s4 ,a ,! l[] "p is ess5tially bigg]1 & ! cross-b> is n rais$1 z t w\ld make ! top "p disproportionately small4 ,f usually foll[s ,e1 b be+ asymmetrical & op5 bel[ x may1 if desir$1 be made ) ! b> at--or ev5 slightly bel[--! actual c5tre4 ,r ,9 e>ly =ms ! b[ 0 frequ5tly r l>ge 7see ,plate ,,ii471 b x is saf] to make ! tail--! *>act]i/ic "p--m pron\nc$ 7see ,plates ,,iii41 ,,xxiv474 ,p ,! *>act]i/ic "p ( ,p is ! b[1 :i* may !re=e be a little l>g] ?an ! b[ ( ,r 7see ,plate ,,iii474 ,s ,9 ! be/ types ( ?is lett] ! upp] & l[] p>ts are approximately equal2 !re is a t5d5cy slightly to enl>ge ! l[] p#bge "p4 7,9 ,uncial & e>ly r\nd-h&s ! top "p 0 l>g]3 see ,plates ,,iv4 to ,,vii47 ,y v>ies3 ! upp] "p may be less ?an t ( ,x1 or some:at l>g]4 ,,ess5tial ,,or ,,/ructural ,,=ms ,! ess5tial or /ructural =ms 7see p4 #bdj7 are ! simple/ =ms :i* pres]ve ! *>act]i/ic /ructure1 di/9ctiv5ess1 & proportions ( ea* individual lett]4 ,! lett]-craftsman mu/ h a cle> idea ( ! skeletons ( 8 lett]s4 ,:ile 9 e case ! precise =m :i* comm5ds itself to him is matt] = 8 individual *oice1 x is sugge/$ 9 ! foll[+ discussion ( a typical =m--! ,roman ,b--t ! rationale ( 8 selection 7:e!r consci\s or unconsci\s7 is 9 brief to det]m9e :at is ,,absolutely ess5tial to a =m1 & !n h[ f> ?is may be amplifi$ 9 ! direction ( ! ,,practically ess5tial4 ,! lett] ,b r$uc$ to its simple/ 7curv$-b[7 =m--i4e4 to ! b>e necessity ( its di/9ctive /ructure--comprises a p]p5dicul> /em spann$ by two equal1 circul> b[s 7a1 fig4 #afj74 ,9 amplify+ su* a =m = practical or /hetic reasons1 x is well z a rule n to exce$ "o's object--9 ?is case to det]m9e a reasonable 7?\gh arbitr>y7 /&>d ess5tial =m ( ,b1 hav+ a di/9ctive & proportionate 7f7 /ructure4 ,we may increase ! arcs ( ! b[s till _! wid? is ne>ly equal to _! height 7b71 make _! out] ends meet ! ends ( ! /em 7c71 & _! inn] ends co9cide 7d74 ,rais+ ! division till its app>5t position is at or ab\t ! middle ( ! /em entails a proportionate increase ( wid? 9 ! l[] "p1 & a correspond+ decrease 9 ! upp] "p 7e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,! v idea ( an ess5tial =m excludes ! unnecess>y1 & its fur!r amplification is apt to take f its di/9ctiv5ess & legibility4 ,:]e no limits are set1 modification is apt to become p#bgf exagg]ation4 ,&1 ?\gh special =ms & ornam5tal lett]s may be produc$ by 8reasonable exagg]ation0 7k1 l1 m1 fig4 #afa71 if ! tool be kept p#bgh "u prop] control1 yet1 g5]ally1 su* /ructural *anges d n improve ! appe>ance ( ! pla9 lett] =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,we may te/ our 8,/&>d0 7a1 fig4 #afa7 by consid]+ ! effects ( fur!r amplification4 7#a7 ,rais+ ! division#fh slightly is p]missible 7b1 fig #afa7--too mu* makes ! top "p disproportionately small 7c74 7#b7 ,wid5+ bo? b[s1 or sep>at+ _! junction f ! /em1 t5ds to dissociate ! b[s f ! /em1 mak+ ! lett] less di/9ctive 7g & i1 fig4 #afa74 ,wid5+ & n>r[+ are bo? all[able & occasionally desirable1 b assum+ t a /&>d or ideal wid? c be approximately det]m9$1 x is well to keep to x = common & ord9>y use4 ,,*>act]isation ,,( ,,=ms 7,see also ,built-,up ,=ms1 pp4 #bia-f1 & pp4 #bdj1 #bec7 ,t ! tool#fi gives "* & f9i% to ! ,ess5tial ,=ms ( lett]s1 c easily be prov$ by a little practical exp]i5ce ( ! natural action ( a prop]ly cut p5 7see figs4 #adb to #adh1 & #afb74 ,& ! p5man--or inde$ any o!r lett]-mak]--is advis$ to all[ ! p5 to tra9 8 h& to p#bhj make ! prop] /rokes automatically3 !n he may beg9 to ma/] & control ! p51 mak+ x con=m to 8 h& & s produce ,lett]s :i* h e possible virtue ( p5man%ip & are z mu* 8 own z 8 common h&writ+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,mo/ ( ! lett]s 9 a good alphabet h specially int]e/+ or *>act]i/ic p>ts 7p4 #bej71 or !y exhibit "s g5]al pr9ciples 9 lett] mak+1 :i* are wor? not+1 ) a view to mak+ good lett]s1 & 9 ord] to und]/& bett] ! mann] 9 :i* ! tool--:e!r p51 *isel1 or bru%--%\ld be us$4 ,! *>act]isation ( ! ,roman ,capital ,=m4 ,note4--,! l>ge types bel[ are indices--n models4 ,a #a4 ,a po9t$ =m ( ,a1 ,m1 & ,n 7see ,plate ,,ii47 may be suitable = inscriptions 9 /one1 c41 b 9 p5 "w ! top is pref]ably hook$ 7fig4 #afg71 beak$ 7fig4 #adg71 or brok5 7fig4 #aeh71 or specially m>k$ 9 "s way1 z ?is "p 7bo? 9 ,capital ,a & small a7 has g5]ally be5 7fig4 #ahi74 #b4 ,! oblique /rokes 9 ,a1 ,k1 ,m1 ,n1 ,r1 ,v1 ,w1 ,x1 ,y1 :e!r ?ick or ?91 are naturally f9i%$ ) a %ort po9t inside ! lett] & a long1 %>p po9t1 or beak1 outside 7see s]ifs ( oblique /rokes1 p4 #bhi74 #c4 ,! ?9 /em may be drawn out bel[ = an occasional =m 7see ,f1 #c74 ,b #a4 ,b1 ,d1 ,r1 & ,p are g5]ally be/ made r\nd-%\ld]$ 7fig4 #afb ,add5da1 p4 #bf74 #b4 ,b1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,p1 ,r 7& ,t7 h g5]ally an angle betwe5 ! /em & ! top horizontal1 :ile p#bha #c4 bel[ 9 ,b1 ,d1 ,e 7& ,l7 ! /em curves or bl5ds ) ! horizontal4 #d4 ,see ,o1 #b4 ,c #a4 ,c1 ,g1 & ,s2 ! top horizontals or #8arms' may be /raight] ?an ! l[] arms1 or vice v]s 7see figs4 #afg & #bjf74 #b4 ,c1 ,g1 & ,s2 ! inside curve is be/ cont9u\s--f ! #8b[' to ! ends ( ! #8arms'--n be+ brok5 by ! s]ifs1 & #c4 x is be/ to pres]ve an unbrok5 inside curve at ! t]m9ation ( all free arms & /ems 9 built-up ,roman ,capitals4 ,9 ,c1 ,g1 ,s1 ,e1 ,f1 ,l1 ,t1 & ,z ! upp] & l[] arms are curv$ on ! inside1 & squ>$ or slightly po9t$ outside 7! v]tical /ems curve on ei!r side7 7fig4 #afc74 #d4 #8,arms' are be/ %ap$ & curv$ r gradually out to ! t]m9al or s]if1 :i* !n is an actual "p ( ! lett]1 n an add$ lump 7p4 #bhi74 #e4 ,see ,o1 #b4 ,d #a4 ,see ,b1 #a4 #b4 ,see ,b1 #b & #c4 #c4 ,! curve may be consid]$ z spr++ f ! foot ( ! /em1 & may !re=e = an occasional =m be sep>at$ f ! /em at ! top 7,d1 fig4 #agg74 #d4 ,see ,o1 #b4 ,e #a4 ,see ,b1 #b & #c4 #b4 ,see ,c1 #c & #d4 #c4 ,! l[] limb 9 ,e1 ,l 7& ,z7 is (t5 drawn out3 ^!1 h[ev]1 are prop]ly to be reg>d$ z occasional or special p#bhb =ms3 ! l[] s]if ( ?is type commonly po9ts out 7see figs4 #bjf1 #ahh74 #d4 ,e's ?ree arms 7 ,f's two7 are approximately equal 9 l5g? 9 ! be/ e>ly =ms 7,plate ,,ii41 c474 ,f #a4 ,see ,b1 #b4 #b4 ,see ,c1 #c & #d 7& ,e1 #d above74 #c4 ,"o or m 7! developm5t ( ! lett] & tradition may decide :i*7 ( ! free /ems ( ,a1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 ,j1 ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n1 ,p1 ,r1 ,t1 ,v1 ,w1 ,x1 ,y may be drawn out = occasional =ms 7see fig4 #ahh74 #d4 ,! elongat$ /ems ( ,f1 ,i1 ,j1 ,p1 ,t1 ,y may hang bel[ ! l9e1 or !y may 7occasionally7 /& on ! l9e & ov]top ! o!r lett]s4 ,g #a4 ,see ,c1 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d4 #b4 ,! /em may be drawn out bel[ ! l9e 7,f1 #c74 #c4 ,! /em sometimes =ms an angle ) ! l[] #8arm' 7?is is safe/3 see fig4 #adh71 sometimes !y bl5d 7fig4 #adg74 #d4 ,! po9t ( ! l[] #8arm' may project a v little beyond ! /em to m>k ! out] angle4 #e4 ,! :olly curv$ 8go?ic0 7& also ! o!r r\nd lett]s3 see p4 #aai7 may be introduc$ occasionally among ,roman ,capitals4 #f4 ,see ,o1 #b4 ,h #a4 ,! left-h& /em is occasionally drawn out above 7,f1 #c comp4 fig4 #c71 & #b4 ?is =m is sometimes associat$ ) an ornam5tal cross-b> 7fig4 #ahi74 #c4 ,h & ,n may slightly wid5 out above4 p#bhc ,i #a4 ,! /em may be drawn out above or bel[ 7,f1 #c & #d74 #b4 ,see ,j1 #b4 ,j #a4 ,! /em or tail may be drawn out 7,f1 #c & #d74 #b4 ,note4--,) reg>d to ! use ( ,i = ,j 7& ,v = ,u73 ?is is associat$ s mu* ) ! ,lat9 usage1 t x is p]haps p]missible /ill 9 ,lat94#gj ,b = mod]n ,engli%1 9 :i* ^! lett]s are /rongly diff]5tiat$1 ! tail$ ,j & ! r\nd ,u are to be pref]r$4 ,besides ! suspicion ( affectation atta*+ to ! o!r mode1 its /rang5ess gives an appe>ance ( awkw>dness--almo/ am\nt+ to illegibility--to common words1 su* z 8,a ,,qva9t ,,ivg0 or 8,,iam ,,i>40 ,&1 at ! lea/1 v c>eful p#bhd discrim9ation is desirable3 8,,ivbilate0 may pass1 b 8,,ivivbe0 is n really readable4 #c4 ,! tail ( ! ,j may be slight1 provid$ x be di/9ct1 & ! second /em ( ! ,u may mat* ! fir/ 7fig4 #aeh72 ! ugly ,j & ,u 9 common use ne$ n be copi$4 #d4 ,see also ,tails1 pp4 #bhi-bia4 ,k #a4 ,! /em is sometimes drawn out above 7,f1 #c74 #b4 ,bo? arms are occasionally l5g!n$1 & ! wid? ( ! lett] increas$1 by jo9+ ! ?9 arm to ! /em l[] d[n2 ! ?ick arm1 or tail1 !n spr+s f ! side ( ! ?9 arm 7comp>e ,r74 ,?is t5ds away f ! ess5tial1 & is !re=e a less safe =m4 #c4 ,! tail may be curv$ or drawn out occasionally 7see ,tails1 pp4 #bhi-bia74 #d4 ,s]ifs on arms4 ,see ,a1 #b4 ,l #a4 ,see ,b1 #c4 #b4 ,see ,c1 #c & #d4 #c4 ,see ,e1 #c4 #d4 ,see ,f1 #c4 ,m #a4 ,! /ems are commonly slightly spread out to give great] cle>ance = ! inn] angles4 ,an occasional =m is mu* spread out 4 #b4 ,note4--,!re are inscriptional =ms ( ,m p#bhe & ,n )\t ! top s]if 7,plate ,,ii474 ,b ! p5 =ms & o!rs h top s]ifs1 & ^! commonly ext5d outw>d--t5d+ to beaks 7see ,a1 #a & #b7--r ?an 94 7,v1 ,w1 ,x1 ,y 7& ,n7 %[ a simil> t5d5cy--see p4 #bhi47 #c4 ,! ?9 /em ( ,m is occasionally drawn out 7,f1 #c74 ,n #a4 ,sec ,c1 #c & #d4 #b4 ,see ,h1 #c4 #c4 ,see ,m1 #b1 & ,a1 #a & #b4 #d4 ,! fir/ /em is drawn out bel[ ! l9e = an occasional =m 7mo/ suitable = an ,initial ,lett]73 ! "r-h& /em is v occasionally rais$ 7:5 a f9al lett]7 7,f1 #c74 #e4 ,note4--,! /ems ( ,n 7! only v]tical ?9s--n c\nt+ ,m's--9 ! ,roman ,capitals7 t5d sometimes to be ?ick]3 see ,plate ,,ii4 ,o #a4 ,o is ! key lett] ( ! curv$ =ms &1 9 a s5se1 ( ! :ole alphabet 7p4 #bgj74 ,! upright =m--,o--may be reg>d$ z ! ideal simple lett]4 #b4 ,v commonly1 h[ev]1 ,o is tilt$----7see fig4 #afc71 & :5 ?is is ! case1 all ! curv$ lett]s--,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,g1 ,p1 ,q1 ,r1 ,s1 ,u--are correspond+ly tilt$ 7see ,plate ,,ii474 ,! tilt$ =m is m easily made1 b bo? are good =ms4 ,p #a4 ,see ,b1 #a & #b4 #b4 ,see ,o1 #b4 #c4 7,p ) /em bel[ l9e 7see ,plate ,,iv47 mu/ n be all[$ to confuse ) ,d7 7see ,f1 #c & #d74 p#bhf #d4 ,! b[ ( ,p appe>s to be atta*$ 7to ! /em7 above3 9 c]ta9 =ms x is slightly sep>at$ f ! /em bel[3 see ,plate ,,ii4 ,q #a4 ,q resembles ,o ) a tail3 see ,o4 #b4 ,!re are _m *>act]i/ic v>ieties ( ! tail3 see ,tails 7pp4 #bhi-bia74 #c4 ,note4--,q be+ always foll[$ by ,u1 x is conv5i5t (t5 to deal ) ! two lett]s toge!r4 7,see ,plate ,,ii47 ,r #a4 ,see ,b1 #a & #b4 #b4 ,see ,o1 #b4 #c4 ,9 ! =m ne>e/ ! ess5tial1 ! junction ( ! ,b[ & ! ,tail t\*es ! /em4 ,if ! tail spr+s f ! curve ( ! b[ 7,plate ,,ii47 great] c>e 9 con/ruction is necess>y 7comp>e ,k74 ,! treatm5t ( ! tail is v important4 ,x may end 9 a s]if 7see ,a1 #b71 or x may be curv$ & po9t$ 7see ,tails1 pp4 #bhi-bia74 ,x may be drawn out 7see fig4 #ej74 #d4 ,see ,f1 #c 7 comp4 fig4 #afi74 ,s #a4 ,see ,c1 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d4 #b4 ,see ,o1 #b 7& p4 #bgc74 #c4 ,s v (t5 leans slightly =w>d4 ,t #a4 ,see ,b1 #b4 #b4 ,see ,c1 #c & #d4 #c4 ,draw+ out ( /em3 see ,f1 #c & #d4 #d4 ,note4--,! "r arm is occasionally ext5d$--to fill a l9e--:5 ,t is a t]m9al lett] 79 ?is case x is g5]ally made light]1 & ! left arm heavi]--some:at z 9 ! ,uncial ,t1 figs4 #ef #ahh74 p#bhg ,u #a4 ,note4--,! curve--if x be modell$ on ! common tilt$ ,o 7see ,o1 #b7--;is ?9 :]e x meets ! second /em4 #b4 7,v = ,u74 ,see ,j1 #b1 #c1 & footnote4 #c4 ,! foot ( ! second /em projects on ! "r only1 & gives cle>ance to ! angle ( ! curve on ! left4 ,sometimes ! second /em ends 9 a hook or beak1 :i* 7v occasionally7 is drawn out bel[4 ,v #a4 ,see ,m1 #b1 & ,a1 #b4 #b4 ,! ?ick /em may be drawn up 7,f1 #c71 9 :i* case ! ?9 commonly curves ov] = /r5g? 7see figs4 #hi1 #ie74 #c4 7,see note on ,v = ,u1 "u ,j47 ,w #a4 ,see ,m1 #b1 & ,a1 #b4 #b4 ,! be/ =m is ( two ,v's cross$1 4 #c4 ,! fir/ or bo? ! ?ick /ems may be drawn up & ! ?9s curv$ ov] 7see ,v1 #b74 ,x #a4 ,see ,m1 #b1 & ,a1 #b4 #b4 ,!re is sometimes a slight curv+ 9 ( ! /ems1 especially ! ?9 /em 7see fig4 #hj74 #c4 ,! ?9 /em is sometimes drawn out bel[ 7,f1 #c71 & commonly curv$4 ,y #a4 ,see ,m1 #b1 & ,a1 #b4 #b4 ,see ,f1 #c & #d4 7,y ) /em bel[ l9e 7see ,plate ,v47 mu/ n be all[$ to confuse ) ,v47 #c4 ,an occasional r int]e/+ =m p#bhh ( ,y has ! arms curv+ out & end+ 9 po9ts 7see fig4 #afg74 ,z #a4 ,see ,c1 #c & #d4 #b4 ,! l[] arm ( ,z is sometimes drawn out 7see ,e1 #c73 x may be curv$ & po9t$ 7or fl\ri%$74 99 99 99 99 99 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! *>act]isation ( ! ,roman ,capitals & relat$ =ms 7see fig4 #afc74ga ,,v]tical ,,/ems4--7a1 fig4 #afc7 ,?ick 7except+ 9 ! ?9 /emm$ ,n 7& ,m774 7b7 ,slightly curv$ 9 on ei!r side 7see fig4 #aaf71 or appe>+ s because ( ! outw>d curve ( ! s]ifs 7see figs4 #bjd1 #bjf74 7c7 ,a f9e effect is obta9$ :5 ! /em is made wid] above ?an bel[ 7see p4 #aai74 7d7 ,free /ems occasionally are drawn out 7see above1 ,f1 #c & #d1 & pp4 #bea1 #bfj1 #ccb74 ,,oblique ,,/rokes or ,,/ems4--,?ick1 to ! left 1 ?91 to ! "r 7see ,a1 ,k1 c471 o!rwise l v]tical /ems 7above7--7see also ,,s]ifs 7e7 bel[74 ,,horizontals1 ,,arms1 ,,bran*es1 or ,,b>s4--,?93 free ends sometimes drawn out & fl\ri%$ 7see figs4 #abe1 #ahh74 ,,b[s & ,,curves4--,gradat$1 & foll[+ ! ,o 7see pp4 #dd1 #aba1 #bgj1 #bhe74 ,,s]ifs or ,,f9i%+ ,,/rokes4--7a7 ,note4--,s]ifs ( "s sort are practically ess5tial to ! prop] *>act]isation ( an alphabet 7see figs4 #adg1 #adh1 #afb71 & %\ld g5]ally h a c]ta9 uni=mity 7p4 #cbd74 p#bhi 7b7 ,! s]ifs1 c41 ( simple-writt5 =ms are treat$ at p4 #bdd 7see fig4 #ade74 7c7 ,9 ,v]sals & c]ta9 o!r =ms ! mode ( mak+ requires ! s]if to be a di/9ct addition to ! lett] 7see figs4 #aaf1 #aff74 7d1 fig4 #afc7 ,9 ! f9e/ built-up ,a ,b ,cs s]ifs are treat$ z ! actual f9i%+ & %ap+ ( ! ends ( ! /ems & bran*es1 r ?an z add$ p>ts 7see ,c1 #c #d1 p4 #bha & p4 #bdj74 ,?is p>ticul>ly affects ! con/ruction ( ! ?9 /rokes 7see figs4 #afe1 #afg74 7e7 ,! s]ifs ( ! oblique /rokes 9 ,a1 ,k1 ,m1 ,n1 ,r1 ,v1 ,w1 ,x1 ,y are commonly n plac$ c5trally1 b project+ 9 ! direction ( ! /roke 7i4e4 away f ! lett]1 ?us3 71 bran*+ out f ! p>5t /em 7see tails1 bel[71 & avoid+ an acute angle 7z 74 ,?is has t5d$ to produce hooks & beaks 7see fig4 #afc71 :i* are (t5 us$ = ! oblique /rokes1 p>ticul>ly ( ,a & ,n 7see figs4 #ahi1 #aeh71 & ! tails ( ,k & ,r 7see bel[74 7f7 ,!re is a simil> natural t5d5cy to hook or fl\ri% ! t]m9als ( v]tical /ems on ! left1 p>ticul>ly ( ,b1 ,d1 ,i1 ,j1 ,k1 ,l1 ,p1 ,r2 less (t5 ( ,e1 ,f1 ,h4 ,a v int]e/+ & beautiful effect may be obta9$ by delicately curv+ d[n ! upp] s]ifs on ! left 7l ?9 beaks74 ,su* s]ifs are sometimes v slightly turn$ up on ! "r1 & x may be not$ t ?is t5d5cy ( ! 8horizontals0 to curve up & =w>d is natural & *>act]i/ic ( freely made1 vigor\s lett]+ 7see ,uncial ,t1 p5 da%es1 c41 figs4 #afi1 #abe1 c474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,,tails4--7a7 ,! tails ( ,k1 ,q1 ,r p#bia 7& ,j7--& ! /rokes 9 ,a1 ,f1 ,g1 ,i1 ,m1 ,n1 ,p1 ,y1 c41 :i* may be drawn out tail-wise--play an important "p 9 ! "r con/ruction1 & ! occasional decoration1 ( pla9 lett]+4 ,!y may end ei!r 9 s]ifs or 9 curves 7see ,,s]ifs 7e71 above1 & fig4 #ahh74 7b7 ,note4--,x is a *>act]i/ic ( vigor\s =ms t bran*es1 c41 /& out well f _! /ems 7pp4 #bai1 7e7 #bhi1 7,n7 #bga71 & a good tail %\ld /& out well f ! lett] 7,k1 ,q1 fig4 #afg74 7c7 ,an excell5t =m ( tail = ord9>y use1 comb9+ /r5g? & grace1 consi/s ( a 7/rong7 /raight /roke end+ m or less abruptly 9 a 7graceful7 f9i%+ curve4 7d7 ,an extraord9>ily long tail requires a slight d\ble curve to take (f its /iffness4 7e7 ,a good tail may be made by ! addition ( a d\ble curv$ /roke on ! "u side ( a /raight tail 7or ( a s+le curve above74 7f7 ,9 treat+ ! tail ( ,j1 or ! drawn-out /ems ( ,a1 ,f1 ,g1 ,i1 ,m1 ,n1 ,p1 ,y1 x is important to pres]ve ! ess5tial /raightness ( ! /ems4 ,!re=e1 if a f9i%+ curve be us$1 its size is relat$ to ! l5g? ( ! /raight /roke1 &1 unless ?is be extraord9>ily long1 ! curve is usually made r small & abrupt4 ,a curve :i* is too l>ge is apt to weak5 ! =m & 8pull x out ( ! /raight0 7g1 fig4 #afc74 ,,built-,,up ,,=ms ,built-up ,lett]s are compos$ ( comp\nd /rokes 7c1 d1 fig4 #afd72 ,simple-writt5 ,lett]s ( simple /rokes 7a1 b74 ,! ,p5 be+ an in/rum5t :i* produces p#bib def9ite ?ick & ?9 /rokes on a smoo? surface1 is p]fectly adapt$ to ! con/ruction ( ei!r simple or comp\nd =ms2 o!r tools1 su* z ! /ylus1 ne$le1 grav]1 c41 produce v>i\s scrat*es1 /it*es1 or cuts1 g5]ally ( ! nature ( r v>y+ ?9 /rokes1 & to produce ?ick /rokes a build+-up process is requir$4 ,9 mak+ built-up =ms ! control ex]t$ by ! tool is less obvi\s1 & m dep5ds ^u ! craftsman1 :o mu/ !re=e use great] c>e & judgm5t4 ,n only is x possible1 b1 occasionally1 x may be desirable to dep>t f ! m obvi\s tool-=ms2 ?\gh g5]ally ! m simply & naturally tool-made a =m is1 ! bett] x is4 ,! f9e e>ly inscriptions are suppos$ to h be5 fir/ drawn or pa9t$ 79 outl9e7 & !n cut into ! /one4 ,! *isel =ms 7 d\btless affect$ 9 ?is way by bru% 7& indirectly by p57 =ms1 b ^! 7 ( ! simple/--no?+ 0 sket*$ 9 t 0 unfitt$ = ! *isel to make into a natural & true *isel-=m4 ,! action ( ! bru% or 8p5cil0 to a c]ta9 ext5t resembles t ( ! p51 b _! effects are really di/9ct4 ,9 contra/+ p5-made & bru%-made lett]s1 we may obs]ve t a p5 =m t5ds to abrupt *anges f ?9 to ?ick3 a bru% =m to gradation 7fig4 #afd74 ,! p5 p>ticul>ly affects curv$ /rokes 7comp4 a b71 g5]ally mak+ !m m quick & abrupt 7or ev5 brok51 see 99 99 c71 ?an bru% curves4 ,! bru% w give m graceful & f9i%$ b less uni=m lett]s 7see p4 #cgf74 ,! "* ( a p5-lett] dep5ds greatly on ! nib-wid? 7p4 #cbd71 & n>r[1 m$ium1 or broad nibs are us$ accord+ to ! type ( lett] requir$4 p#bic ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,a n>r[ nib may be us$ = special 7built-up7 ,initials & ,capitals1 :i* are drawn r ?an writt5 7a1 fig4 #afe74 ,! horizontal arms 7made by ! p5 held horizontally7 are m>k$ly affect$1 & if a v f9e nib 7 us$1 ! necessity ( /r5g!n+ & ?ick5+ !m w\ld t5d fur!r to r$uce ! p5 "*4 ,a broad nib gives /rong1 uni=m p5-lett]s 7b74 ,= ord9>y use lett]s are p]haps be/ made ) a 8m$ium0 nib 7c74 ,! wid? ( ! ord9>y writ+-p51 or r n>r[]1 gives a good proportion = initials1 c4 7see pp4 #aah1 #bah74 ,9 ,,ms4 books ! e>ly built-up ,capitals 7 p#bid commonly ( a r sev]e type--approa*+ ! ,roman ,capital1 b hav+ ! %>p contra/ betwe5 ! ?icks & ! ?9s *>act]i/ic ( p5-lett]s 7fig4 #aff74 ,!y make v simple & effective 8,v]sals40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4--,p5-capitals f a t5?-c5tury ,,ms4 7writ+-l9es dott$ 9 fig4 to %[ spac+ me?od74 ,a m highly f9i%$ type ( p5-made ,roman ,capital may be made by bl5d+ ! s]ifs & /ems 7d1 p4 #bhi73 x is ne>] to ! inscriptional =m1 b x exhibits a m curv$ & supple p#bif outl9e1 :i* comes ( natural p5-/rokes 7fig4 #afg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,! rem>ks 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 on ! treatm5t ( ! m ela/ic 8,go?ic0 ,v]sal 7a free v>iety p#big ( ! ,roman7 may be tak5 z apply+ g5]ally to 7,col\r$7 ,built-up ,capitals--due all[ance be+ made = ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces ( ! v>i\s types4 ,,simple-,,writt5 ,,capitals 8,ru/ic ,capitals0 7fig4 #d7 may be ref]r$ to "h z typical1 simple-writt5 capitals4 ,?\gh n a v practical =m1#gb !y are full ( sugge/ions = a semi-ornam5tal lett]+ 9 :i* ! pron\nc$ treatm5t ( ! heads & feet might be a feature 7comp4 fig4 #bjc74 ,!y 7 us$ z ornam5tal lett]s = titles & ! l 7see ,plates ,,viii41 ,,ix41 c47 = c5turies aft] !y _h gone out ( ord9>y use4 ,simple-writt5 ,roman ,capitals4--7,examples3 ,plates ,,iii41 ,,xviii41 ,,xix41 ,,xxi41 figs4 #adg1 #adh1 #afh1 #age1 #agi4 ,see also pp4 #bdg1 #dbi47 ,uncials4--7,examples3 see p4 #cjj47 ,simple-writt5 ,capitals ord9>ily con=m to ! writ+ l9e--z set by ! small text 7p4 #hb74 ,?is applies ev5 :]e sev]al words 9 capitals h to be ins]t$ 9 ! small text1 ?\gh 9 special cases :]e ^! might look too cr[d$ su* capitals might be writt5 on alt]nate l9es4 ,us$ = ,initial ,words1 head+s1 :ole pages1 or books1 9 black or col\r1 !y are writt5 ) great] fre$om & accord$ m special treatm5t 7see pp4 #bih1 #bii74 ,simple-writt5 ,capitals are be/ compos$ ( %>p1 clean1 p5-/rokes3 !y may be q pla9 p#bih or m or less decorative 7fig4 #afh71 subject to ! g5]al rule t ! few] ! numb] ( lett]s or ! m ornam5tal _! (fice1 ! m elaborate & fanciful may be ! =ms employ$ 7see p4 #bid74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,a freely us$ p5 naturally produces occasional v>ieties = special or ornam5tal purposes3 ^! t5d to elegance & drawn out fl\ri%$ /rokes 7p4 #cca72 !y v>y *iefly 9 be+ extra l>ge4#gc p#bii ,sev]al ( ^! may be us$ ) f9e effect 9 a page ( pla9 ,capitals1 _! 8weight0 7& g5]ally _! col\r7 be+ ! same z t ( ! text 7see ,plate ,v41 & p4 #cbh74 ,:ole ,books or ,pages writt5 9 ,capitals4--,a v gr& effect may be produc$ by ^! at ! exp5se ( a little m "t & mat]ial ?an a ,small-lett] ,,ms4 entails4 ,! l9es ( writ+ are commonly made "o-lett]-height ap>t3 ?is requires ord9>y simple rul+--! capitals be+ writt5 betwe5 e alt]nate pair ( l9es 7see p4 #dab74 ,su* writ+ may conv5i5tly be treat$ z 8,f9e ,writ+0 7p4 #bfb74 ,x ju/ifies ! use ( wid] m>g9s4 ,x is g5]ally m difficult 7& less necess>y7 to keep ! "r-h& edge z /raight z a small text p]mits4 ,! irregul>ities ( ?is edge may be balanc$ by sett+ out 9 ! left m>g9 ! fir/ lett]s ( s5t5ces1 v]ses1 & ! l 7see p4 #bfd74 ,su* initials may be writt5 l>g] or m ornam5tally z sugge/$ above2 or1 if built-up ,lett]s are requir$1 pla91 r sl5d] ,roman ,capitals are ! mo/ suitable3 ^! look be/ 9 burni%$ gold4 ,p]haps ! f9e/ & mo/ beautiful "w :i* ! p5man c produce1 is a book writt5 entirely 9 gold#gd capitals#ge on purple vellum 7see pp4 #afd1 #age74 ,?is is only possible 9 special cases1 b a book rightly s made be+ illum9at$ f )91 has an incomp>able simplicity & gr&eur1 surpass+ t ( ! f9e/ po/-decorat$ & illum9at$ manuscripts4 p#cjj ,,uncials ,examples3 ,plates ,,iv41 ,v42 figs4 #e1 #afi 7enl>g$72 7modifi$1 fig4 #ef74 ,uncials are typical p5-capitals4#gf ,?\gh n ( su* practical use z ! simple-writt5 ,roman ,capitals1 _! great possibilities & _! beauty make !m wor? practis+4 7,see ,r\nd1 ,upright1 ,=mal ,h&s1 p4 #cjd47 ,_! use is limit$ by two consid]ations-- ,fir/3 t :ile ! r\nd 1 1 1 1 are ess5tially legible 7p4 #bci71 p g5]ally are n accu/om$ to !m1 & may f9d !m h>d to read2 & ,secondly3 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 h asc5d+ & desc5d+ /rokes :i* are apt to become too pron\nc$ & give an unpleasant appe>ance ( 8tail9ess0 to a page ( ,uncial ,writ+ 79 ,engli%1 see footnote1 p4 #cbf74 ,! fir/ difficulty may be met by keep+ ,uncials = special ,,mss4--= private use--& introduc+ !m sp>+ly or n at all 9 ,s]vice ,books1 ,plac>ds1 c41 :]e ease & quickness ( read+ are ess5tial4 ,! appe>ance ( 8tail9ess0 7n s obvi\s 9 ,lat97 may be avoid$ by mak+ ! tails %ort] & keep+ ! l9es ( writ+ well ap>t4 ,or freely made ,roman ,capitals )\t tails 7see ,d1 tail-less1 fig4 #eg7 may be sub/itut$ = "o or m ( ! *ief (f5d]s4 p#cjb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4--,"p ( ,plate ,v4 7q4v471 enl>g$ ?ree times l9e>4 ,uncials may be 8r\nd0 7see ,plate ,,iv41 fig4 #e1 & p4 #cjd71 or 8po9t$0 7see fig4 #afi1 & p4 #dac74 ,,capitals ,,small-,,lett]s ,dur+ ! developm5t ( ,small-,lett]s f ,capitals b little di/9ction 0 made 9 _! use1 & su* capital =ms z ,n & ,r 7 freely & promiscu\sly us$ 9 ! r\nd m9uscule writ+s1 toge!r ) ! small-lett]s n & r 7see ,plates ,,vi41 ,,vii474 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,small-,lett] =ms 7 frequ5tly writt5 l>g] & us$ z initials4 ,9 ,iri% & ,anglo-,iri% ,,mss4 ^! 7 fill$ inside ) gre51 yell[1 or r$1 & surr\nd$ outside ) r$ dots1 or o!rwise decorat$ ) col\r 7see fig4 #g1 & ,plate ,,vi474 ,9 e>ly ,,mss41 !re=e1 "o does n f9d an alphabet ( ,simple-,writt5 ,capitals1 :i* is peculi> to a giv5 small text4 ,b we may employ a k9dr$ capital--su* z ! r\nd ,uncial = ! r\nd ,half-,uncial4 ,& a fitt+ alphabet may always be con/ruct$1 f ! 8,roman0 or 8,uncial0 types ( ,capitals 7footnote1 p4 #cjj71 by tak+ ! same p5 ) :i* ! small-lett]s h be5 made & us+ x 9 a simil> mann]3 8/raight0 = 8/raight-p50 writ+1 & 8slant$0 = 8slant$-p50 writ+ 7see figs4 #adg1 #adh74 ,:5 9 d\bt z to ! type ( ,capital--= any purpose--use ,roman ,capitals4 ,,e>ly1 ,,r\nd1 ,,upright1 ,,=mal ,,h&s ,examples3 ,half-,uncials--fig4 #f 7,roman72 ,plate ,,vi4 7,iri%71 ,plate ,,vii4 7,engli%7 fig4 #agj lat]2 see also pp4 #dj1 #dd1 #dac-dae4 ,uncials 7,plate ,,iv4 & p4 #ch74 p#cjd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4--,"p ( an ,engli% eight-c5tury ,,ms4 7,briti% ,museum1 ,case ,c1 ,no4 #fh71 enl>g$ ?ree times l9e>4 ,! ma9 types are ! 8r\nd0 ,uncial & ,half-,uncial1 commonly writt5 ) an approximately 8/raight p540#gg ,!y are g5]ally treat$ z f9e writ+ 7p4 #bfb71 & writt5 betwe5 rul$ l9es3 ?is has a m>k$ effect 9 pres]v+ _! r\ndness 7see p4 #dad74 ,!y are v useful z copy-book h&s 7see p4 #gj71 = ?\gh ! smoo? gradation ( _! curves1 _! ?9 /rokes1 & _! g5]al elegance unfit !m = _m practical purposes1 yet _! ess5tial r\ndness1 uprightness1 & =mality af=d ! f9e/ tra9+ to ! p5man1 & prev5t him f fall+ into an angul>1 slant+1 or lax h&4 ,_! v great beauty1 moreov]1 makes !m well wor? practis+1 & ev5 ju/ifies _! use 79 a mod]nis$ =m7 = special ,,mss41 = ! m romantic books--su* z poetry & 8fairy tales0--& g5]ally :]e spe$ 9 writ+ or read+ is n ess5tial4 ,) an eye tra9$ & a h& discipl9$ by ! practice ( an ,iri% or ,engli% ,half-,uncial1 or a modifi$ type1 su* z is giv5 9 fig4 #ej1 ! p5man may easily acquire "s ( ! m practical lat] 8slant$-p50 types4 8,,slant$-,,p50 ,,small-,,lett]s ,typical ,examples3-- ,c>lov+ian n9?-c5tury ,,ms4--,fig4 #h 7enl>g$1 fig4 #aga73 p#cje ,engli% t5?-c5tury ,,ms4--,plate ,,viii4 7enl>g$1 fig4 #agb73 ,engli% elev5?-c5tury ,,ms4--,plate ,,ix4 7enl>g$1 fig4 #agc73 ,italian twelf?-c5tury ,,ms4--,plate ,x4 7enl>g$1 fig4 #agd74 ,! use ( ! 8slant$ p50 g5]ally produc$ /rong]1 n>r[]1 & /iff] lett]s4 ,its effects are detail$ 9 pp4 #dc-dg1 & fig4 #aa1 & may be/ be /udi$ 9 ! t5?-c5tury example 7fig4 #agb--! lett] =ms are describ$ on p4 #daf74 ,9 ! ,c>lov+ian ,,ms4--:i* does n %[ ^! effects 9 any m>k$ degree--we may note ! wide lett] =ms1 ! wide spac+1 ! long /ems 7?ick5$ above by additional /rokes71 ! slight slope ( ! lett]s1 & ! g5]al effect ( gracefulness & fre$om 7see fig4 #aga74 ,c>lov+ian ,,mss4 may be said to repres5t a sort ( m$ival copy-books1 & _! f>-rea*+ influ5ce on writ+ makes !m ( great int]e/ to ! mod]n p5man1 :o w\ld1 moreov]1 f9d "o ( ^! h&s an excell5t model = a free 8=mal h&40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4--,"p ( fig4 #h1 enl>g$ ?ree times l9e> 7see p4 #cje74 ,= practical purposes ! 8slant$-p50 lett] is g5]ally sup]ior to ! 8/raight-p50 lett]4 ,! 8slant$-p50 lett]s h great] /r5g? & legibility1 due ma9ly to ! pres5ce ( ! ?ick horizontals--(t5 equal 9 wid? to ! v]ticals4 ,_! use saves bo? space & "t1 z !y are n>r[]1 & m easily & freely writt5#gh ?an ! /raight-p5 =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4--;,fig4 #ab1 enl>g$ twice l9e> 7see p4 #cje ,plate ,,viii474 ,note3 top l9e is cut d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4--,"p ( ,plate ,,ix4 7,*>t] ( ,,cnut71 enl>g$ ?ree times l9e> 7see p4 #daf74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4--,"p ( ,plate ,x41 enl>g$ ?ree times l9e> 7see pp4 #dag-dai74 ,! real importance to u ( ^! e>ly types p#caj lies1 ,i ?9k1 9 _! relation to ! ,roman ,small-,lett] 7pp4 #dah-ai #dbi-hc71 & _! great possibilities ( developm5t into mod]n =mal h&s approa*+ ! 8,roman0 type4 ,,roman ,,small-,,lett]s ,ex43 7,italian7 ,plates ,,xix41 ,,xx4 7#ae? c5tury72 figs4 #age1 #agf 7#af? c5tury73 figs4 #adg1 #adh 7mod]n ,,ms474 ,! ,roman ,small-,lett] is ! univ]sally recognis$ type 9 :i* ! majority ( books & pap]s are pr9t$4 ,its =m has be5 9 use = ov] #djj ye>s 7)\t ess5tial alt]ation7 & z f> z we are conc]n$ x may be reg>d$ z p]man5t4 ,& x is ! object ( ! scribe or lett]-mak] gradually to atta9 a f9e1 p]sonal =mal h&1 assimilat+ to ! ,roman ,small-,lett]2 a h& aga9/ ! famili> & pres5t =m ( :i* no allegations ( unreadabl5ess c be rais$1 & a h& hav+ a beauty & "* n[ abs5t or unfamili>4 ,! relat$ ,italic w be ma/]$ = =mal ,,ms4 "w 7p4 #cae71 & ! ord9>y h&writ+ improv$ 7p4 #cbc74 ,^! ?ree h&s po9t ! advance ( ! practical1 mod]n scribe4 ,! ,roman ,small-,lett] is ess5tially a p5 =m 7& pref]ably a 8slant$-p50 =m2 p4 #cje71 & we w\ld d well to foll[ its natural developm5t f ! ,roman ,capital--?r\gh ,r\nd ,lett]s & ,slant$-,p5 =ms--s t we may arrive at a truly develop$ & *>act]i/ic type1 suitable = any =mal manuscript "w & full ( sugge/ions = pr9t]s & lett]-craftsm5 g5]ally4 ,a f9i%$ =m1 su* z t 9 ,plate ,,xx4--or ev5 t ( fig4 #age--w\ld pres5t _m p#caa difficulties to ! unpractis$ scribe1 & "o :o s began w\ld be apt to rema9 a m]e copyi/1 m or less unconsci\s ( ! vitality & "* ( ! lett]4 ,an e>li] type ( lett]--su* z t 9 ,plate ,,viii4--enables ! scribe to comb9e spe$ ) accuracy1 & fits him at l5g? to deal ) ! lett]s t repres5t ! late/ & mo/ =mal developm5t ( p5man%ip4 ,& 9 ?is connection1 bew>e ( practis+ ) a f9e nib1 :i* t5ds to inaccuracy & ! sub/itution ( prett9ess = "*4 ,/ick to def9ite p5 /rokes1 & pres]ve ! def9ite %apes & ! uni=mity ( ! s]ifs 7p4 #cbd73 if ^! be made clumsily1 !y become clumsy lumps4 ,x may be impossible always to asc]ta9 ! exact =ms--especially ( t]m9als & f9i%+ /rokes--= ! practis$ scribe has atta9$ a great uni=mity & "s sleight ( h& :i* _c be delib]ately copi$4 ,b--:atev] ! exact =ms--we may be sure t 9 ! be/ h&s !y are produc$ by uni=m & prop] p5 /rokes4 ,,italics ,ex43 ,plate ,,xxi41 & figs4 #id1 #agg1 #agh 7enl>g$74 ,italics#gi closely resemble ! ,roman ,small-,lett]s1 b are slightly n>r[$1 slightly slop$ to ! p#cad "r1 & v freely writt5 7commonly ) a 8slant$ p5074 ,! s]ifs g5]ally consi/ ( slight natural t]m9al hooks1 c4--?\gh 9 p & q a f9i%+ /roke is sometimes add$4 ,asc5d+ & desc5d+ /rokes 79 b1 d1 f1 h1 k1 l1 g1 j1 p1 q1 y7 are commonly r long1 & (t5 end 9 curves1 sometimes 9 fl\ri%es 7fig4 #agg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--;,italian ,pray] ,book3 #af? c5tury 7see opp4 p4 p4 #cde74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4--7;,f same ,,ms4 z fig4 #age1 enl>g$ ?ree times l9e>47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,! l9es ( writ+ are g5]ally widely spac$--all[+ = ! long /ems3 ! bodies ( ! lett]s be+ n>r[ are g5]ally r closely pack$1 & frequ5tly ! l9es ( writ+ appe> p#cae z almo/ cont9u\s light b compact writ+1 :ile ! asc5d]s & desc5d]s & p>ts ( ! ,capitals may be fl\ri%$ freely 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! l9es--sometimes fill+ !m ) ornam5tal p5 "w1 :i* contra/s /rongly ) ! extreme pla9ness & regul>ity ( ! bodies4 ,italic ,capitals are a v>iety ( ! ,roman ,capitals1 slightly slop$ 7frequ5tly less slop$ ?an ! accompany+ small-lett]s71 & sometimes mu* fl\ri%$ 7fig4 #agg74 ,! types modell$ on ! latt] 7 call$ by pr9t]s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 8,swa% ,lett]s40 ,use ( ,italics4--,9 pr9t+ !y s]v$ at fir/ to m>k su* portions ( ! text z-- ,introductions1 ,prefaces1 ,indexes1 ,notes1 & subsequ5tly 7 us$ = ,quotations1 ,emphasis+1 ,words n "p ( ! ,text 7e4g4 ,*apt] head+s 9 ! ,bible1 c474 ,9 ,,mss4 :5 x is n desirable to alt] ! "*1 ,r$ ,writ+ 7see p4 #acj7 may be sub/itut$ = italics4 ,italics--ei!r 9 black or r$--g be/ ) 8,roman0 *>act]s4 ,l ! ,roman ,small-,lett]1 ! ,italic is a g5]ally recognis$ & accept$ =m3 ?is & o!r consid]ations1 su* z ! peculi> elegance & *>m ( ! lett]s1 _! =mal relation to mod]n h&writ+1 _! compactness & economy ( space 9 ! l9e1 & ! fact t !y may be writt5 easily & ) extreme regul>ity--be+ inde$ ! mo/ rapid ( =mal h&s--are practical reasons = a c>eful /udy ( ! type1 & ju/ify ! writ+ ( c]ta9 ,,ms4 books entirely 9 ,italics4 p#cag ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4--,"p ( ,plate ,,xxi41 enl>g$1 7approx47 f\r times l9e> 7see p4 #dhc74 ,,semi-,,=mal ,,writ+ ,figs4 #agi1 #ahj1 & #aha are tak5 f a sixte5?-c5tury ,italian ,,ms4#hj writt5 9 a semi-=mal cursive h& 9 d>k br[n & r$-br[n inks 7probably orig9ally ne>] black & r$71 on #aej leaves ( f9e pap]4 ,! proportions ( ! ,book1#ha toge!r ) ! good writ+1 h a v agreeable effect1 & are int]e/+ z be+ us$ by a writ] ov] #cjj ye>s ago4 ,! extra wid? ( ! side m>g9s may h be5 all[$ = annotations--"s notes 7 writt5 9 by ! scribe himself4 ,page #aa-a_/h in*es high1 #h in*es wide4 ,m>g9s ,inn] 7#g_/h in* #c_/h in* all[$ = ,small ,capitals7 #a-a_/d in* 7approximate74 ,top #a-c_/h in* 7con/ant74 ,side #b-c_/d in* 7approximate74 ,foot #c in* 7approximate74 ,writ+-,l9e ,space ne>ly #e_/af in* high3 l5g? 7v>ies71 av]age #d in*es4 ,text ,column ne>ly #f-c_/d in*es high1 consi/+ ( #bb l9es ( ,,ms4 ,"* ( ! ,writ+4--,! good %apes ( ! lett]s1 _! great uni=mity1 & _! easy yet =mal arrangem5t1 m>k ?is ,,ms4 z ! "w ( a skilful p5man4 ,b1 :ile p5 "* ( a sort is v evid5t1 ! writ+ approa*es ! /ylographic 7app>5tly a r n>r[ blunt nib 0 us$71 & ! abs5ce ( def9ite ?icks & ?9s di/+ui%es x f all ! =mal h&s hi!rto discuss$3 x may conv5i5tly be t]m$ ,semi-=mal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 p#cba ,con/ruction4--,! rapidity & uni=mity ( ?is writ+ are l>gely due to an extremely easy zigzag movem5t ( ! p51 su* z is natural 9 writ+ m1 n1 & u--! f9al up/roke usually runn+ on into ! next lett]4 ,note p>ticul>ly t ! r\nd lett]s c1 d1 e1 g1 o1 q g5]ally beg9 ) a ne>ly /raight d[n /roke--l ! fir/ "p ( u--to :i* tops are add$ 7see fig4 #ahb74 ,9 ! case ( a1 ! fir/ /roke curves =w>d to meet ! second4 p#cbb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,9 ! /raight-/emm$ capitals ,b1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,h1 ,i1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n1 ,p1 ,r1 & ,t1 ! fir/ /roke is made r l an 7%[+ ! t5d5cy to a zigzag7 ! foot ( :i* is g5]ally cross$ horizontally by a second /roke mak+ a =m resembl+ --on ?is z a base1 ! re/ ( ! lett] is =m$ 7see fig4 #ahb74 ,?is t5ds to pres]ve ! uni=mity ( ! lett]s3 & gives a f9e con/ructive effect1 z1 = example1 9 ! lett] 4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,! semi-=mal nature ( su* a ,,ms4 w\ld seem to p]mit ( a good quill--n necess>ily %>p--be+ us$ ) ! utmo/ fre$om & all reasonable p]sonal sleight ( h&2 ( s(t t9t$ inks--su* z br[ns & br[n-r$s2 ( an un-rul$ page 7a patt]n page rul$ d>k1 be+ laid "u ! writ+ pap]1 w1 by %[+ ?r\gh1 keep ! writ+ suffici5tly /raight71 & ( a m9imum ( precision 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! text4 ,& 9 ?is fre$om & in=mality lie ! reasons = & aga9/ ! use ( su* a h&4 ,!re is a dang] ( its becom+ m in=mal & deg5]at+ because x lacks ! effect ( ! true p5 9 pres]v+ =m4#hb ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x comb9es great rapidity & fre$om ) beauty & legibility3 few pr9t$ books c\ld compete 9 *>m ) ?is old 8catalogue10 :i* took ! scribe b little long] to write ?an we might take 9 scribbl+ x4 ,_m uses = su* a h& w sugge/ !mselves4 ,semi-=mal docum5ts :i* require to p#cbc be neatly writt5 out1 & ,books & ,records ( :i* only "o or two copies are requir$1 & ev5 ,books :i* are wor?y to be--b nev] are--pr9t$1 might1 at a comp>atively l[ co/1 be pres]v$ 9 ?is legible & beautiful =m4 ,x sugge/s possibilities = an improvem5t 9 ! ord9>y pres5t-day h&writ+--a ?+ mu* to be desir$1 & "o ( ! mo/ practical b5efits ( ! /udy ( calligraphy4 ,! practical scribe1 at any rate1 w prove ! advantages ( be+ a good all-r\nd p5man4 ,,( ,,=mal ,,writ+ ,,g5]ally ,on ,copy+ a ,h&4--,our int5tions be+ "r 7viz4 to make our "w ess5tially readable7 & our actions be+ exp$i5t 7viz4 to select & copy ! simple =ms :i* h rema9$ ess5tially ! same1 leav+ ! complex =ms :i* h pass$ out ( use--see pp4 #aie-f71 we ne$ n vex ourselves ) ! "q ( 8lawfulness40#hc ,:]e beautiful "* is ! natural product ( a tool1 any p]son may at any "t give su* "* to a useful =m1 & z at ?is "t a prop]ly cut & h&l$ p5 w produce lett]s resembl+ ^? ( ! e>ly ,,mss41 we may take z models su* e>ly1 simple p5-=ms z h rema9$ ess5tially ! same1#hd & copy !m z closely z we c :ile keep+ !m exact & =mal4 ,f9ally1 p]sonal quality is ess5tial to p]fect workman%ip1 b t is ! natural & gradual--sometimes p#cbd sc>cely visible--dep>ture f a model1 t comes ( practice & "t4 ,=ms ( ,lett]s3 compon5t p5-/rokes4--,9 a good h& ! *ief compon5t /rokes--/ems1 b[s1 & s]ifs--are repeat$ aga9 & aga9 7see pp4 #bdd1 #bed7--?is is ess5tial to ! uni=m "* & ! quickness ( ! writ+4 ,:5 sub/itut+ a new = an old lett] a naturally us$ p5 w produce su* common p5-/rokes1 giv+ ! desir$ 8family lik5ess0 to ! new lett]#he 7b1 fig4 #ahc74 ,proportion#hf ( ,?ick ,/rokes4--,! broad] ! ?ick /roke is 9 proportion to ! height ( a lett]1 ! m ! =m ( ! lett] is controll$ & affect$ by ! p5 7c1 fig4 #ahc74 ,= tra9+ & practice1 !re=e1 ! wide nib is ! mo/ useful4 ,a n>r[] nib 7d or e7 all[s ( m fre$om & v>iety1 & !re is a great *>m 9 sl5d] lett]+--?is ! tra9$ scribe may essay 7see ,plate ,,xx41 & p4 #dhb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,proportion#hf ( ,/em ,height4--,! "* ( a writ+ dep5ds v mu* on :e!r ! /ems are %ort1 m$ium1 or long4 ,! /ems ( b & p may be z %ort z half ! height ( ! bodies 7f1 fig4 #ahc72 a m$ium /em = ord9>y use might be two-?irds (1 or equal to1 ! height ( ! body 7g74 ,/ems may be drawn out to almo/ any p#cbf l5g?1 & may con/itute a decorative feature ( ! writ+1 z 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon#hg ,,ms41 ,plate ,,ix4 7,see p4 #cca1 & fig4 #ahh47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,di/9ct ,l9es ( ,writ+4--,! l9e--especially 9 ,,ms4 books--is really a m important unit ?an p#cbg ! page2 & ! :ole "q ( ! arrangem5t ( ,lett]+ h+es on ! "r treatm5t ( ! l9es4 ,"o is p>ticul>ly /ruck by ! di/9ctness ( ! l9es ( writ+ 9 ! old ,,mss41 due ma9ly to-- 7a7 ,! b9d+ toge!r ( ! lett]s 9 ! l9e--commonly by /rong s]ifs or heavy 8%\ld]s0 & 8feet0 7see figs4 #aa1 #ahd1 & p4 #dad74 7b7 ,pack+ ! lett]s well toge!r 7see pp4 #gg1 #bfb74 7c7 ,spac+ ! l9es suffici5tly ap>t 7see pp4 #bfb-bfe74 ,x is a good rule 7especially :5 practis+7 to space ! l9es fairly widely4 ,really f9e writ+ %[s g5]ally to great] advantage if n too mu* cr[d$1 & !re is m dang] ( mak+ read+ h>d by cr[d+ ! l9es1 ?an by cr[d+ ! words 7see fig4 #aef74 ,:atev] mode ( treatm5t be foll[$1 ea* l9e %\ld be writt5 ) z mu* fre$om z possible1 ! simple/ /raight=w>d writ+ be+ pref]able to t :i* is ov]-arrang$4 ,,decorative ,,contra/s ,! decorative treatm5t ( lett]+ g5]ally involves contra/s ( size1 weight1 col\r1 or =m--t is1 ( l>ge & small1 heavy & light1 v>i\sly col\r$1 or v>i\sly %ap$ lett]s4 ,z a g5]al rule1 m>k$ contra/s are be/2 a slight contra/ may fail ( its effect & yet be suffici5tly noticeable to give an unpleasant appe>ance ( irregul>ity4 ,contra/s ( ,col\r 7see pp4 #add1 #ahj74--,note t1 :ile x is conv5i5t to di/+ui% 8col\r0--z r$1 blue1 gre51 c4--weight /rictly involves p#cbh col\r3 built-up or heavy lett]s 9 black %[ extra black beside light] writ+1 :ile ! latt] appe>s grey 9 comp>ison 7see figs4 #aig1 #ahf72 9 r$ writ+ ! heavy lett]s appe> r$1 ! light] lett]s1 p9k 7see fig4 #ij74 ,contra/ ( ,size4--,! simple/ decorative contra/ is t ( ,,l>ge#hh lett]s ) small] lett]s 7fig4 #ahe72 ! /rokes be+ ( equal1 or ne>ly equal1 weight1 !re is an h>moni\s ev5ness ( tone ?r\gh\t4 ,:]e ! l>ge lett]s are v mu* l>g]1 _! p>ts are made some:at heavi] to keep _! app>5t 8weight0 approximately equal 7see p4 #dhf74 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ effective treatm5ts = inscriptions g5]ally 7see p4 #bii1 & ,plates ,v4 & ,,xxiv474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,contra/s ( 8weight0 & size4--,9 simple writ+ ^! are obta9$ by us+ two sizes ( p5--! small1 light lett]s be+ us$ = ! bulk ( ! p#cbi text1 ! l>g] heavi] lett]s be+ us$ = occasional words or l9es 7or vice v]s74 ,?is is a v effective simple treatm5t = ,,mss4 7fig4 #ahf74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4--7,see also fig4 #aia47 ,! occasional lett]s may be m decoratively treat$ 7see ,responses & ,rubrics1 p4 #cde7 by introduc+ ! fur!r contra/s ( col\r 7p4 #add7 or =m 7p4 #ccf74 p#ccj ,contra/s ( =m1 8weight10 & size4--,^! are g5]ally obta9$ by ! use ( l>ge built-up ,capitals1 toge!r ) a simple-writt5 7or ord9>ily pr9t$7 text 7fig4 #ahg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,a m>k$ contra/ usually be+ desirable1 ! built-up capitals 7especially if black7 are kept q di/9ct f ! re/ ( ! text 7see fig4 #aig73 if !y are scatt]$ among ! o!r lett]s !y are apt to %[ l blots & give an appe>ance ( irregul>ity to ! :ole4 ,z a rule1 ! effect is improv$ by ! use ( r$ or ano!r col\r 7see figs4 #ia1 #ic74 ,contra/ ( =m--= decorative purposes--is usually comb9$ ) contra/ ( weight 7e4g4 8,go?ic10 heavi]1 p4 #ccf7 or size 7e4g4 ,capitals1 l>g]1 p4 #cga74 ,,ornam5tal ,,lett]s 7,see ,*aps4 ,,vii41 ,,viii41 ,x41 ,,xii41 pp4 #cd1 #bea1 #bf7 ,to give ornam5t its true value we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ord9>y occasions :5 simplicity & directness are requir$1 & special occasions :5 elaboration is desirable or necess>y4 ,! be/ way to make ornam5tal lett]s is to p#cca develop !m f ! simpl] =ms4 ,any pla9 type may be decoratively treat$ = special purposes--"s "p or p>ts ( ! lett]s usually be+ rationally 8exagg]at$0 7p4 #beb74 ,free /ems1 8bran*es10 tails1 c41 may be drawn out1 & t]m9als or s]ifs may be decorat$ or fl\ri%$ 7fig4 #bjc74 ,built-,up ,=ms4--,ev5 great] lic5se 7see fig4 #afa7 is all[$ 9 ,built-,up ,lett]s--z !y are less "u ! control ( ! tool 7p4 #bib7--;& _! natural decorative developm5t t5ds to produce a subord9ate simple l9e decoration beside or ^u _! ?ick] p>ts 7fig4 #ahi p4 #bf74 ,9 ,,mss4 ! typical built-up1 ornam5tal =m is ! 8,v]sal0 7see ,*ap4 ,,vii471 :i* develop$--or deg5]at$--into ! 8,lomb>dic0 7fig4 #a74 ,"h aga9 x is pref]able to keep to ! simpl] =m & to develop a natural decorative treatm5t ( x = ourselves4 8,black ,lett]0 or 8,go?ic10 /ill 9 use z an ornam5tal lett] 7fig4 #aij71 is desc5d$ f ! fifte5?-c5tury writ+ ( ,nor!rn ,europe 7,plate ,,xvii474 ,a bett] model may be f\nd 9 ! e>li] & m lively =ms ( twelf? & ?irte5? c5tury writ+ 7fig4 #aia74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4--7,see also figs4 #abe & #aej47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--7,see also ,plates ,,vi41 ,,xi41 ,,xxii41 figs4 #gi & #hd1 & p4 #dbj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4--,ord9>y ,mod]n 8,black ,lett]0 ,type 7see p4 #cca74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4--,,ms4 writt5 by an ,engli% ,scribe1 9 #abfi1 at ,mons1 9 ,ha9ault--,"p ( ,colophon 9 l>ge text4 7,b4 ,m4 ,eg]ton1 ,,ms4 #befi4 ,r$uc$ five-six?s ,scale47 ,rightly made1 & us$1 x is "o ( ! mo/ picturesque =ms ( lett]+--& !re=e ( ornam5t--& besides its ornam5tal value1 !re is /ill 9 ! popul> fancy a halo ( romance ab\t 8black lett]10 :i* may fairly be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,its comp>ative illegibility1 h[ev]1--due ma9ly to ! sub/itution ( /raight = curv$ /rokes--deb>s x f ord9>y use4#hi ,?\gh its p#ccf di/9ction 9 =m & col\r 7p4 #cbg7 f ord9>y small lett]+1 make x useful 9 arre/+ att5tion2 z 9 a legal docum5t1 :]e ! clauses are m>k$ by f:]eas_/f c4 ,its mo/ effective use1 h[ev]1 is z pure ornam5t--:5 x does n matt] :e!r ! words are easily read or n4 ,= mottoes1 c41 pa9t$ or c>v$ on walls or furniture1 & = ornam5tal bord]s r\nd tape/ry hang+s1 tombs1 book-cov]s1 b[ls1 flagons1 plates1 c41 b&s ( su* ornam5tal lett]+ are extremely decorative 7see footnote 7#b71 p4 #bee1 also p4 #cfd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia;a4--,%ield ( ,arms ( ,e>l de ,w>r5ne1 ,ca/le ,acre ,priory1 ,norfolk 7,gold & blue *equ]s1 diap]$--see p4 #bae73 reproduc$1 by p]mission1 f ,b\tell's 8,engli% ,h]aldry10 ,no4 #fh4 ,,footnotes ,,to ,,"p ,,ii3 #ec ,9 fact1 our 8small-lett]s0 are ! =malis$ result ( ! rapidly scrat*$ ,squ>e ,capitals ( ! ,roman era 7p4 #cg fig4 #c74 #ed ,_! great] /r5g? may n at fir/ be app>5t 9 fig4 #adh1 z ! nib us$ !re= is n>r[]1 9 proportion to ! height ( lett]1 ?an t us$ = fig4 #adg 7see also fig4 #aea74 #ee ,! exagg]ation ( "o "p may be said relatively to dw>f ! o!r p>ts ( a lett]2 b x is seldom advantage\s1 & (t5 n p]missible1 to dw>f "p ( a lett] absolutely4 #ef ,z :5 ! con/ruction ( a "p ( "s lett] is peculi> 7all ! y or g tails1 = example1 cat*+ ! eye1 & /&+ out on ! page71 or1 z :5 promiscu\s types are us$1 giv+ ! impression ( a confus$ cr[d ( lett]s4 #eg ,v>iety4--,!re is a v>iety bo? readable & beautiful 7see pp4 #baj1 #cfi71 b x is f\nd$ on uni=mity 7& s9c]ity74 #eh 8,b&s0 & symmetrical or asymmetrical gr\ps ( lett]+ adapt$ to ! available space are us$--usually z ornam5t--^u friezes1 furniture1 *e/s1 book cov]s1 flagons1 di%es1 & ! l 7see fig4 #aef p4 #ccf74 ,! special treatm5t ( su* ?+s is a matt] = ! craftsman :o makes !m4 #ei ,by clos+ up ! lett]s & ! words "o may g5]ally avoid 8riv]s10 or accid5tal spaces /raggl+ ?r\gh ! text4 ,! pres5ce ( 8riv]s0 is at once made evid5t by slant+ ! page & look+ along its surface1 across ! l9es4 ,note1 t :e!r ! l9es be close or wide1 ! int]spac+ ( ! ,small-,lett]s does n v>y v mu*4 #fj ,! gaps on ! "r may be fill$ ) l9e-f9i%+s to pres]ve a 8,mass$0 effect1 b = _m purposes ?is w\ld be apt to look too ornam5tal 7see pp4 #bje1 #dbc74 #fa ,9 7b7 fig4 #aee1 ! lett]s h be5 un9t5tionally n>r[$4 ,! natural t5d5cy to d ?is =ms ano!r objection to su* undue cr[d+4 #fb ,9 7c7 ! lett]s h be5 un9t5tionally wid5$4 #fc ,exp]im5t4--,cut out a piece ( d>k br[n pap] ! exact size ( ! body ( ! text 9 an entire page ( ?is ,h&book1 viz4 #e-a_/af in*es by #c in*es1 & lay x on ! text3 ! tone ( ! br[n pap] be+ mu* d>k] ?an t ( ! pr9t makes ! m>g9s appe> wid]4 #fd ,su* inscriptions contra/ fav\rably ) t ,n9ete5? ,c5tury /yle 9 :i* x 0 cu/om>y to make e lett] occupy ! same space & look z mu* l its neighb\r z possible4 #fe ,note4--,!re is less dang] ( spoil+ lett]s by n>r[+ !m ?an by wid5+1 because ! limits to ! possible n>r[+ ( a lett] are m obvi\s ?an ! limits to its possible wid5+4 ,fur!r1 :5 lett]s are wid5$ !re is a t5d5cy to ?ick5 _! p>ts & make !m heavy & vulg>4 #ff ,! primitive =ms ( ^! lett]s 7 v]tically symmetrical1 ,i believe4 #fg ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t ! eye seems to pref] look+ ^u ! tops ( ?+s1 & 9 read+1 is accu/om$ to run along ! tops ( ! lett]s--n d[n "o /roke & up ! next4 ,?is may sugge/ a fur!r reason = small] upp] p>ts1 viz4 ! conc5tration ( z mu* ( ! lett] z possible 9 ! upp] half4 #fh ,! extremely beautiful & f9i%$ ,b 9 ! 8,trajan ,alphabet0 7,plate ,,ii47 has ! division a little high]1 & a m>k$ enl>gem5t ( ! l[] "p2 until ! lett]-craftsman c approa* ! p]fection ( its execution he w f9d a simpl] =m m suitable = 8 8/&>d40 ,a curi\s =m1 9 :i* ! top lobe has ne>ly or q disappe>$ 7comp4 c1 fig4 #afa71 is f\nd 9 e>ly ,roman inscriptions4 ,?is =m 7:i* may h help$ to give u ! useful small b7 is n suitable = a mod]n ,capital1 & w\ld lack ! di/9ctiv5ess ( ,b4 #fi ,*isel-made ,roman ,capitals 7possibly influ5c$ by bru%1 c41 pp4 #bib1 #cia71 ,plates ,i41 ,,ii43 7mod]n71 ,,xxiv4 ,p5-made1 ,plates ,,iii41 ,,xviii43 7mod]n71 figs4 #adg1 #adh1 #afg1 #afh1 c4 #gj ,j4 ,c4 ,egb]t 9 an 8,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,lat9 ,inscriptions0 says1 8,j 0 n specialis$ z a lett] until ! #ae? ,c5tury40 ,x w\ld seem t 9 e>ly inscriptions a tall ,i 0 frequ5tly us$ = ,j betwe5 v[els1 & = ,i at ! beg9n+s ( words3 lat]1 :ile ! m$ial ,i rema9$ /raight1 ! initial =m 0 curv$ to ! left & us$ = bo? ,i & ,j2 ?is curv$ initial =m1 ,j1 at l5g? became id5tifi$ ) ! lett] ,j4 ,simil>ly1 x appe>s t ,v 0 us$ = an initial1 & ,u = a m$ial2 & lat]1 ! ,v =m became id5tifi$ ) ! consonant4 ,9 ! words f,9 vigi1 natiu_/f 9 fig4 #ie1 ! initial ,i is curv$ l a ,j1 :ile ! m$ial i's are /raight2 ! initial ,v has a v =m1 :ile ! m$ial ,v 9 nativ7itatis7 has a u =m4 #ga ,! m ornam5tal treatm5t ( ,/ems1 ,b[s1 ,s]ifs1 ,tails1 c41 is ref]r$ to at p4 #cca1 & 9 figs4 #ahh1 #ahi4 #gb ,_! ?9 /ems & heavy bran*es may t5d to weakness & illegibility--e4g4 su* lett]s z ,e1 ,f1 ,i1 ,l1 & ,t 7see fig4 #d7 are n always easily di/+ui%able4 #gc ,increas+ ! size ( lett] affects ! =m z ?\gh ! nib 7 n>r[$ 7see p4 #cbd74 #gd ,"s may be 9 8silv]0 7p4 #afe74 #ge ,9 a v %ort book ^! might ev5 be built-up capitals4 #gf ,palograph]s call !m 8majuscules0 7 8l>ge lett]s071 b di/+ui% !m f 8,capitals40 ,= ! purposes ( ! mod]n p5man1 h[ev]1 !y may be reg>d$ z ,r\nd ,capitals4 7,= _! treatm5t1 see pp4 #big-bii1 & #cjd47 #gg ,! writ+ 9 fig4 #agj %[s a slightly slant$ p54 ,to make q horizontal ?9s is difficult1 & 0 probably nev] done1 b x is wor? attempt+ !m ne>ly horizontal = ! sake ( tra9+ ! h&4 #gh ,note4--,s+le-l9e rul+ is commonly us$--! writ+ be+ on1 or a little above or bel[1 ! l9e3 ?is all[s ( great] fre$om ?an ! d\ble l9e 7see p4 #cjd74 #gi ,x is conv5i5t to use ! t]m 8,italics0 = bo? ! cursive =mal writ+ & ! pr9t+ resembl+ x4 ,italic type 0 fir/ us$ 9 a 8,virgil0 pr9t$ by ,aldus ,manutius ( ,v5ice 9 #aejj4 ,! type 0 !n call$ 8,v5etian0 or 8,ald9e40 ,x 0 c\nt]feit$ almo/ imm$iately 79 ,g]many & ,holl& x 0 call$ 8cursive072 ,wynk9 de ,worde us$ x 9 #aebd4 ,x seems to h be5 orig9ally int5d$ = pr9t+ entire ,classics1 b 0 aft]w>ds us$ to di/+ui% portions ( ! text 7see also p4 #cgc74 #hj ,! ,book is a catalogue ( e>ly ,roman inscriptions3 app>5tly a writt5 copy ( a pr9t$ book4 #ha ,) a %eet ( pap] #aa-a_/h in*es by #af in*es ! /ud5t might recon/ruct ^!4 #hb ,practis+ a m =mal h& z a corrective w\ld prev5t ?is4 #hc ,! ,law fulfils itself3 t :i* we mu/ n copy is t :i* we _c copy4 #hd ,e4g4 ! lett]s 9 ! t5?-c5tury ,engli% h&--,plate ,,viii43 except+ ! ar*aic long & r\nd 7b1 fig4 #ahc74 #he ,! propriety ( ! actual =m ( ! new lett] w l>gely dep5d on ! scribe's k ( ! developm5t ( t p>ticul> lett] & its compon5t p>ts 7comp4 ! int]e/+ developm5t ( g1 sket*$ 9 figs4 #c #ahc1 b note correction ( ,ex4 #agc 9 ,add5da1 p4 #bf74 #hf ,! proportions ( ! ?ick /rokes1 /em heights1 c41 9 a giv5 h& ne$ n be exactly foll[$1 b x %\ld be recognis$ t any alt]ation 9 ^! w inevitably alt] ! =ms & ! "* ( ! lett]s 7fig4 #ahc1 & pp4 #hd #bf74 #hg ,9 ,engli% s _m asc5d+ & desc5d+ lett]s are us$1 t x might be ! be/ & mo/ natural treatm5t ( ^! to make !m a m>k$ feature ( ! writ+ 7see also 8,f9e ,writ+10 pp4 #bfa-fc74 ,note1 9 ?is connection1 t our a b c has be5 develop$ z a ,lat9 alphabet1 & t ! ev5ness ( ,lat9 ,,ms4 is l>gely due to ! infrequ5ce ( tail$ lett]s4 #hh ,:]e !re is only a slight diff]5ce 9 size1 ! effect is improv$ by us+ a diff]5t =m or col\r 7see pp4 #acj1 #cde74 #hi ,comp>e fmonotone_/f & monotone4 ,= g5]al purposes1 !re=e1 & p>ticul>ly = =m+ a good h&1 ! e>li] scripts are to be pref]r$ 7or ! late ,italian73 ev5 twelf?-c5tury 8,go?ic0 writ+ is h>dly readable en\gh = 8practical0 purposes4 p#ccg ,,app5dix ,a ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,special ,,subjects ,div]s ,uses ( ,lett]+ -- ,,ms4 ,books1 c4 -- ,b9d+ ,,mss4 7) ,note by ,d\glas ,cock]ell7 -- ,broadsides1 ,wall ,inscriptions1 c4 -- ,illum9at$ ,addresses1 c4 -- ,monograms ,devices -- ,title ,pages -- ,lett]+ = ,reproduction -- ,pr9t+ -- ,inscriptions on ,metal1 ,/one1 ,wood1 c4 -- ,( ,inscriptions ,g5]ally -- ,bibliography1 c4 ,,div]s ,,uses ,,( ,,lett]+ ,! foll[+ li/ ( "s ( ! uses ( h&-made lett]+1 ?\gh necess>ily v brief1 w p]haps sugge/ possibilities bo? to ! /ud5t & ! craftsman3-- ,,ms4 ,,books1 c43 7see pp4 #ih1 #cda1 ,au?or's ,preface74 ,f9e ,lit]ature3 7#a7 ,pref]ably 8! be/40 7#b7 ,t :i* is wor?y ( calligraphy4 7#c7 ,t :i* is ! 8fav\rite0 ( ! own] ( ! book4 ,poetry is diff]5tly treat$ f prose 7see pp4 #ie1 #bfc1 #cga1 #ach71 & %\ld h extra wide side m>g9s :5 possible 7p4 #dhc74 ,s+le ,poems1 c43 ,poems1 c>ds1 hymns1 c4 7see pp4 #acg-aci1 ,poetry1 above71 pref]ably 9 ! =m ( small books4 ,tracts or ,treatises3 ,copies might be pres]v$ 7p4 #cbc7 9 good writ+ 7in/ead ( ,typewrit+74 ,*ur* ,s]vices3 ,pray]s1 ,communion1 ,m>riage1 c4 7pp4 #adj1 #add1 #cde74 ,gospels ,psalt]s3 ,note4--,! ,psalms1 c41 may be treat$ z poetry 7z 9 ! 8,revis$ ,v]sion07 or z prose 7z 9 ! 8,au?oris$ ,v]sion071 see ,f9e ,lit]ature above4 ,almanacks3 ,^! may be v v>i$2 conta9+ vacations1 t]ms1 sessions2 public1 *ur*1 or family fe/ivals1 p]sonal memor&a or topical quotations4 ,!y (f] great opportunities = h]aldic or symbolic ornam5t 7su* z coats-(-arms1 a/ronomical signs1 c474 ,d$ications1 c41 9 ,books3 7,lett]+ on ,ar*itects' ,plans3 see ,maps ,plans1 p4 #cci7 ,^! may be on a p>*m5t leaf ins]t$ & securely glu$ into ! beg9n+ 7pref]ably b\nd up ) book71 or be writt5 on a fly-leaf4 ,annotations1 extracts1 c41 may be writt5 9 col\r 9 pr9t$ books 7p4 #add74 8,copy-,books30 7see bel[74 ,,broadsides3 ,%eets pr9t$ 7or writt57 on "o side3 see p4 #cej4 ,notices3 7,po/]s1 ,plac>ds1 ,h&-bills1 c474 ,quotations3 7,texts1 ,mottoes1 c47 7see p4 #ccf74 ,*ur* ,texts1 c43 7,! ,cre$1 ,comm&m5ts1 c474 ,family ,trees ,p$igrees3 ,^! may be v decorative--9 pla9 black & r$1 or ) coats-(-arms or o!r ornam5t4 ,!y might also be made 9 book =m4 ,,wall ,,inscriptions3 ,c>v$ or pa9t$3 see pp4 #cej1 #cge-che1 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,public ,notices3 ,lett]+ 9 ,*ur*es1 c43 ,lett]+ 9 ^u public build+s3 ,note3 on walls1 pla/]$1 or unsuit$ = c>v+1 sgraffito might be us$ ) f9e effect4 ,lett]s may also be pa9t$ ^u cem5t$ into ! wall 7p4 #cgg74 7,,illum9at$7 ,,addresses1 c43 7,petitions1 c47 7see p4 #cec74 ,,monograms ,,devices3 7see p4 #cfa4 ,^! are frequ5tly design$ = /5cill+ or o!r me*anical reproduction74 ,,lett]+ ,,= ,,reproduction3 7see p4 #cfe74 ,see also ,,broadsides1 above4 ,pr9t]'s types & ,ornam5tal lett]s3 79 woodcut & metal3 pp4 #cfe1 #cfg74 ,title ,pages3 7see p4 #cfc74 ,pap] & o!r ,book cov]s3 7,magaz9es1 ,newspap]-,head+s1 ,music1 ,catalogues1 c474 ,maps ,plans3 good1 cle> lett]+ may be us$ 9 ^! ) f9e effect4 ,book ,plates3 7pref]ably simple1 ) ,arms1 ,cre/1 or ,symbol1 & suitable lett]+74 ,lett]-pap] ,head+s1 ,c>ds1 c43 7pref]ably 9 copp]-plate 8,roman0 & 8,italic074 ,bill ,heads1 ,receipt ,=ms1 c43 7pref]ably 9 copp]-plate or type3 see p4 #cfe74 ,c]tificates3 7,te/imonials1 c47 ,! pla9] ^! are made1 ! bett]4 ,programmes1 ,m5us1 ,c>ds1 c43 7,*ri/mas c>ds1 c474 ,almanacks3 7see above74 ,,ms4 ,books & 8copy-books03 ,possibly might be reproduc$ by copp]-plate if writt5 well en\gh 7p4 #cfg74 ,adv]tisem5ts1 c43 ,bett] lett]+ 9 ^! w\ld n only mitigate _m eyesores1 b w\ld probably attract by its novelty 7see p4 #ceb74 ,,engrav+1 c43 7see pp4 #cfd1 #cfe1 #cge74 ,brasses1 c43 78,brasses10 ,"n-plates1 ,door-plates1 c474 ,pun*es3 7= nam+1 numb]+1 c474 ,ut5sils3 7,b[ls1 flagons1 plates1 c474 ,ornam5ts3 7,jewell]y1 c474 ,die ,s9k+3 7= co9s1 m$als1 c41 & = emboss$ lett]-pap] head+s1 c474 ,,inscriptions ,,9 ,,/one ,,wood3 7see pp4 #cge-che1 ,*ap4 ,,xvii474 ,on ,monum5ts ,build+s3 ,also on mile-/ones1 b\nd>y /ones1 bridges1 c4 ,tomb/ones3 ,f\ndation ,/ones3 ,memorial ,tablets3 8,,sign ,,writ+03 7see pp4 #cej1 #cgf74 ,signs3 7= /ations1 inns1 %ops1 c474 ,%op ,fascias1 c43 ,names1 c43 7on doors on c>ts1 coa*es1 c474 ,notice ,bo>ds3 8,ticket ,writ+03 ,,embroid]y1 c43 see rem>ks on built-up =ms1 p4 #bib3 & ,*apt] ,,xii4 on ,lett]+1 c4 ( 8,embroid]y & ,tape/ry ,weav+10 by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,h4 ,*ri/ie1 9 ?is ,s]ies4 ,decoration = hang+s1 7p4 #ccf73 ,m>k+ clo!s1 c4 p#cda ,all ! arts employ lett]+ directly or indirectly1 9 f9e decoration or = simple s]vice4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( anci5t uses is int]e/+3#ij-- 8,i4 ,,tituli #a4 ,d$icatory & ,votive ,inscriptions 7,tituli ,sacri74 #b4 ,sepul*ral ,inscriptions 7,tituli ,sepul*rales74 #c4 ,honor>y ,inscriptions 7,tituli ,honor>ii74 #d4 ,inscriptions on ,public ,works 7,tituli ,op]um ,publicorum74 #e4 ,inscriptions on ,movable ,objects 7,in/rum5tum74 ,,ii4 ,,in/rum5ta #a4 ,laws 7,leges et ,plebi ,scita74 #b4 ,decrees ( ! ,s5ate 7,s5atus ,consulta74 #c4 ,imp]ial ,docum5ts 7,in/rum5ta ,imp]atorum74 #d4 ,decrees ( ,magi/rates 7,decreta ,magi/ratuum74 #e4 ,sacr$ & ,public ,docum5ts 7,acta ,sacra et ,publica74 #f4 ,private ,docum5ts 7,acta ,privata74 #g4 ,wall ,inscriptions 7,inscriptiones ,p>iet>iae74 #h4 ,consul> ,dipty*s 7,dipty*a ,consul>ia740 ,,ms4 ,,books1 ,c4 ,books 9 ! mak+--z comp>$ ) ord9>y inscriptions--are capable ( great compression or expansion1 & may be said to h a quality ( ela/icity4 ,ne>ly all o!r ord9>y inscriptions are set inscriptions 7p4 #cej71 requir+ a giv5 numb] ( words to be set out 9 a giv5 space4 ,b 9 books1 :ile x is conv5i5t t ! treatm5t ( ! text %\ld con=m g5]ally to a *os5 size ( page 7p4 #ajc71 ! cont5ts ( ! page may v>y accord+ to ! lett]-=m & ! spac+ 7pp4 #ajg1 #bfb71 & ! numb] ( ! pages is n def9itely limit$1 s t ano!r page1 or a p#cdb numb] ( additional pages1 may always be tak5 to complete ! text4 ,! size ( page1 m>g91 & writ+ hav+ be5 settl$ 7see ,*ap4 ,,vi47--& ! pages rul$--! p5man writes out ! text ) ! utmo/ fre$om1 n /opp+ to make f9e calculations1 b leav+ su* spaces & l9es1 = ,initials1 ,head+s1 c41 z 8 fancy & common-s5se dictate1 & lett+ ! text--or its divisions--smoo?ly fl[ on f page to page till a natural t]m9ation is rea*$4 ,& if ! t]m9al page has only "o or two l9es on x1 x is n necess>y to attempt a balance ) ! previ\s page--! book or *apt]#ia ends j !re1 = ! good reason t !re is no m ( x4 ,colophons1 ,tail-pieces1 c4 7see p4 #adb71 make a pleasant f9i%1 & may complete ! page or n z conv5i5t4 ,plann+3 ,sections & ,pages4--,calculations ( ! am\nt ( text1 ( ! numb] ( sections or pages requir$1 & s on1 are useful1 & plann+ ! pages may be conv5i5t--= example1 "o or m ( ! v]ses ( a poem1 or a giv5 numb] ( words1 may be allott$ to ! page--provid$ always t ! scribe pres]ves 8 fre$om1 & treats ea* case on its m]its4 ,if he ?9k x mo/ suitable to devote a complete page to ea* p>agraph1 he may d s 9 spite ( its result+ 9 ! pages all be+ ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,! "o g5]al limitation :i* x is prop] to p#cdc obs]ve is t ( ! ,writ+-l9e--its l5g?#ib & spac+--& to ?is may be add$ ! desirability ( beg9n+ ! text ( e page on ! fir/ or head l9e4#ic ,= mo/ ( u x is n practically possible to d )\t ! aid ( ! writ+-l9es--:i* really lead1 ?r\gh uni=mity1 to great] fre$om--?\gh a book writt5 )\t !m#id might be z beautiful z any rul$ manuscript4 ,m>g9al ,l9es4--,^!1 ! t]m9als ( ! writ+-l9es1 are frequ5tly made d\ble1 ) ab\t #a_/d in* betwe5 7see ,plates ,,xx4 & ,,xv474 ,on ! left ?is space is utilis$ = m>g9al capitals1 or is left blank2 on ! "r ! fir/ l9e acts z a w>n+ m>k & ! normal t]m9ation ( ! text1 ! second z a b>ri] beyond :i* ! writ+ %\ld n g4 ,! d\ble l9es1 9 be+ m obvi\s ?an s+le l9es1 are also m effective 9 8/raight5+0 ! page 7p4 #aji73 presumably = ?is reason ! two upp] & two l[] writ+-l9es 7 (t5 rul$ f edge to edge ( ! page 7see ,plate ,,xi474 ,rul+4--,m>g9al & writ+-l9es1 once rul$1 are to be left intact1 & may be reg>d$ z actual compon5t p>ts ( ! f9i%$ pages4 ,!y are be/ made ) a h>d blunt po9t 7p4 #ajh7--! furr[s s made give an int]e/+ "*1 almo/ a 8texture10 to ! smoo? surface ( ! page4 ,b !y may be rul$ ) a f9e lead p5cil1 or ) a f9e p5 & fa9t black or p#cdd col\r$ inks4 ,ink$ or col\r$ l9es1 h[ev]1 are n g5]ally writt5 ^u 7see footnote1 p4 #cje71 b betwe5 7see ,plates ,,xiii41 ,,xvii41 ,,xx41 c474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,correct+ ,mi/akes4--,a neatly made r small lett] above & a 8c>at0 bel[ 7z 9 ord9>y writ+7 may be us$ = an omission 7fig4 #aib74 ,a sup]flu\s lett] may be neatly /ruck out4 ,erasures are usually unsatisfactory1 & a simple1 uno/5tati\s correction1 besides dis>m+ criticism1 is 9 accordance ) ! prop] fre$om ( ! craft 7see p4 #agd74 ,annotations1 c41 pref]ably 9 small] col\r$ writ+1 are v decorative 9 ! broad] m>g9s 7pp4 #add1 #cae74 ,special ,books4--,a ,,ms4 book is necess>ily unique1 & "s special or p]sonal int]e/--ei!r ( ! craftsman 7see p4 #adb7 or 8 8cli5t0--inevitably atta*es to x4 ,?is may affect its size & =m1 ! treatm5t ( ! text1 & ! decoration & con/ruction g5]ally 7see p4 #ajj74 ,e legitimate opportunity ( add+ to its individual "* %\ld be tak5 by ! scribe & illum9ator4 p#cde ,fig4 #age & ,plate ,,xx4 are bo? tak5 f private pray] books or psalt]s2 9 ea* ! "n ( ! own] 7e4g4 8,euanzeli/a famulo tuo10 ,plate ,,xx47 is frequ5tly ins]t$4 ,plates ,,xv4 & ,,xxii4 are also tak5 f specially commission$ ,,mss41 & _m evid5ces ( _! own]%ip1 su* z portraits or coats-(-arms1 =m "p ( ! decoration ( su* books4 ,*ur* ,s]vices1 c4--7,= a special *ur* or p]son47 ,*ur* uses are s v>i$1 t x is mo/ important to asc]ta9 ! cu/om1 use1 or ta/e ( ! p]sons conc]n$--especially z to ! ord] (1 & ! introduction or omission (1 c]ta9 words1 p>agraphs1 or p>ts1 ! col\rs us$ 9 ! text1 ! notation ( ! music--& ! mann] 9 :i* ! book w be us$4 ,a s]vice book = ! use ( a prie/ gives prom95ce to ! p>ts 9 :i* he is conc]n$--! responses#ie may be small]1 & diff]5t 9 =m or col\r4 ,! rubrics--9 r$ 7see pp4 #adj1 #add7--;are kept q di/9ct1 & may =m a v decorative feature4 ,= a private p]son ! o!r p>ts--su* z are said by ! congregation--might be specially m>k$4 ,9 ei!r case a c]ta9 am\nt ( plann+--e4g4 complet+ pray]s1 c41 9 an op5+1 to avoid turn+ ov]--may be ju/ifi$ by its conv5i5ce to ! read]4 ,%\ld v c>eful plann+ ev] be requir$1 a patt]n-book may be made1 hav+ ! cont5ts ( ea* page r\ghly indicat$ 9 x4 ,w$d+ ,s]vice ,books1 c4--,! int]e/ & p#cdf value is enhanc$ if ! book is specially prep>$--conta9+ ! prop] names & dates1 & only ! special psalms1 hymns1 pray]s1 homilies1 c41 :i* w be us$4 ,dat$ pages may be provid$ at ! end ( ! book = ! signatures ( ! 8fri5ds & neighb\rs0 ( ! pr9cipals4 ,,b9d+ ,,mss4 ,,mss4 %\ld be b\nd )\t delay 9 ord] to complete & protect !m4 ,to b9d books 9 /iff bo>ds1 9 lea!r1 requires consid]able practice & skill1 b a v effective limp vellum cov] c be made by ! scribe himself1 :o1 9 b9d+ 8 own books1 w le>n to ?9k ( ! b9d+ z a "p ( ! book1 & to all[ = x 9 ! writ+ & plann+ 7see p4 #ajf74 ,! foll[+ note#if on cov]+ books 9 limp vellum is specially contribut$ by ,mr4 ,d\glas ,cock]ell3-- 8,h[ to cov] a book 9 a limp vellum cov] )\t us+ special appliances4 8,cut f\r /rips ( /iff vellum #c_/h in* wide & ab\t f\r in*es long4 ,on ^! slips y w sew ! sections ( y\r book4 8,add to y\r book a pla9 section at ei!r end2#ig vellum = a vellum book1 pap] = a pap] book4 ,knock up ! backs ( ! sections squ>ely1 keep+ ! heads level1 & across ! back m>k ) a s(t p5cil guid$ by a squ>e1 l9es to %[ ! position ( ! slips4 ,! positions ( ! f\r slips %\ld leave ! space betwe5 ! slips ! same z t betwe5 ! p#cdg top slip & ! head ( ! book2 ! space betwe5 ! bottom slip & ! tail %\ld be a little long] ?an ! spaces betwe5 ! slips4 ,at ab\t #a_/b in* f ei!r end make an additional l9e across ! back = ! 8kettle0 or cat* /it*4 ,^! l9es w %[ z dots on ! back ( s+le sections4 ,ea* individual section %\ld n[ h at ! back a dot at ei!r end = ! kettle /it*es1 & f\r pairs ( dots #c_/h in* ap>t to %[ ! position ( ! slips1 t5 dots 9 all4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 8,to sew ! book1 fold ! vellum slips ab\t #a-a_/b in* f "o end & b5d to a "r angle4 ,place y\r front end-pap] outside d[nw>ds1 ) ! back ev5 ) ! edge ( a table or bo>d1 & place y\r fold$ slips ) _! %ort] ends "u x4 ,!n ins]t y\r ne$le f ! outside1 at ! head 8kettle /it*0 m>k1 into ! c5tre ( ! section & br+ x out at ! fir/ b& m>k2 put ! slip 9 position & re9s]t y\r ne$le at ! m>k on ! o!r side ( ! slip1 & s on to ! end ( ! section1 com+ out at ! tail kettle /it*4 ,?is %\ld leave y\r section ) a ?read1#ih pass+ alt]nately along ! c5tre fold inside & across ! slips outside1 ) a loose end hang+ f ! kettle /it* m>k :]e y began1 & a ?read ) ! ne$le hang+ f ! o!r kettle /it* m>k 7fig4 #aic74 p#cdh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 8,lay on y\r next section & sew x 9 ! same way b 9 ! rev]se direction1 ty+ up ) ! fir/ loose end :5 y come to x4 ,sew ! :ole book 9 ! same way1 ty+ on a new ne$leful ( ?read z ea* is exhau/$1 mak+ practically a cont9u\s ?read go+ backw>ds & =w>ds inside ! sections & across ! slips f end to end ( ! book4 ,ea* succe$+ kettle /it* %\ld be caught up by a loop 7fig4 #aid71 & x is well to cat* toge!r ! loose ?reads cross+ ! slips4 8,:5 ! book is sewn1 ! back may be cov]$ ) ?9 glue & l9$ ) a piece ( lea!r1 b z ?is is a little difficult to manage neatly1 & z ! book w hold toge!r )\t x1 = a tempor>y b9d+ ! sections may be left )\t glue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 8,= ! cov] cut a piece ( cov]+ vellum#ii 7vellum ) a surface7 l>ge en\gh to cov] ! book & to leave a m>g9 ( #a-a_/b in*es all r\nd4 ,m>k ?is ) a fold] on ! und]side1 z %[n at ,a1 fig4 #aie4 ,spaces 7#a7 & 7#b7 are ! size ( ! sides ( ! book ) ! surr\nd+ 8squ>es10#ajj space 7#c7 is ! wid? ( ! back1 & space 7#d7 ! wid? = ! ov]laps on ! =$ge4#aja ,cut ! corn]s z %[n at 7#e71 & fold ! edges ov] z at ,b1 & !n fold ov] ! ov]laps p#cdi & back z at ,c4 ,be sure to make all folds %>p & true4 8,to avoid mi/akes x is well to make a cov] ( /iff p#cej pap] fir/1 & !n1 :5 t fits exactly1 to m>k up ! vellum f x4 8,on ! inside ( ! vellum cov]1 m>k fa9t l9es ab\t #c_/d in* f1 & p>allel to1 ! creases ( ! back1 & fur!r l9es ab\t #a_/d in* f ^!4 ,place y\r book 9 ! cov] & m>k ! places :]e ! slips cross ^! l9es4 ,make slits 9 ! cov] !re1 & lace ! slips ?r\gh !m 7fig4 #aif71 fir/ putt+ a piece ( loose1 ton$ pap] inside ! cov] to prev5t any m>ks on ! book f %[+ ?r\gh ! vellum4 ,!n lace pieces ( silk ribbon ( good quality#ajb ?r\gh ! cov] & end-pap]s1 leav+ ! ends long en\gh to tie40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,,broadsides1 ,,wall ,,inscriptions1 ,c4 ,set ,inscriptions4--,ord9>y inscriptions g5]ally consi/ ( a giv5 numb] ( words to be set out 9 p#cea a giv5 space4 ,c>eful plann+ may sometimes be requir$ to fit 9 ! words suitably1 or to adapt ! lett]+ to ! space4 ,b sett+-out 7p4 #beh7 becomes mu* simpl] aft] a little practice1 & ! good craftsman avoids ov]-plann+4 ,! ,place ( ! ,inscription4--,! actual space = a wall inscription is commonly sugge/$ by an ar*itectural feature--a /one1 a panel1 or a ni*e--( ! wall2 b 9 *oos+ a suitable space = a giv5 inscription1 or suitable lett]+ = a giv5 space1 we mu/ take into acc\nt-- #a4 ,! (fice ( ! inscription4 #b4 ,h[ x is to be read-- 7a7 8,at a glance10 or 7b7 by close inspection4 #c4 ,! di/ance f ! read]4 #d4 ,! light+ ( ! space4 #e4 ,! "* ( ! surr\nd+s4 #f4 ,any special features4 ,! ,size ( ! ,lett]s4--,! all-important "q ( readabl5ess may be settl$ ?us3 ! inscription hav+ be5 plann$ suitably to fill ! space1 "o or two words are writt5 or pa9t$ 7! exact size7 on pap]--smok$ or o!rwise col\r$ if necess>y to resemble ! backgr\nd4 ,?is is /uck ^u ! *os5 "p ( ! wall1 & !n view$ f ! ord9>y position ( a read]4 ,:5 ! inscription is high up1 ! ?9 p>ts--especially ! horizontals ( ! lett]s--mu/ be made extra ?ick to be se5 prop]ly f bel[4 ,m>g9s4--,wide m>g9s are only requir$ = comp>atively small lett]+ :i* dem&s ! close p#ceb att5tion ( ! read]1#ajc & g5]ally a set inscription looks be/ if ! lett]+ be comp>atively l>ge--cov]+ mo/ ( ! giv5 surface1 & leav+ comp>atively n>r[ m>g9s4 ,! frame or m\ld+1 or ! natural edge or environm5t ( ! circumscrib$ space1 is v (t5 suffici5t 8m>g90 7see ,plate ,,xxiv474 ,! m>g9s v>y1 h[ev]1 accord+ to circum/ances2 especially ! foot m>g91 :i* may be v n>r[ if all ! space is requir$ = ! lett]+ 7see fig4 #baa71 or v l>ge#ajd if !re is pl5ty ( space 7see fig4 #baj74 ,&1 z 9 special pages or t]m9al pages ( books1 s 9 s+le %eets1 panels1 c41 ! 8foot m>g90 may %[--z x really is--z ! space :i* did n require to be fill$1 & 0 !re=e 8left ov]40 ,numb] ( ,diff]5t ,types4--,:ile 9 a book ( _m pages consid]able div]sity is all[$1 x is ess5tial to ! /r5g? & dignity ( a s+le %eet or set inscription to limit ! numb] ( types employ$ 9 x4 ,?ree or f\r ord9>y types w g5]ally give suffici5t v>iety1 & if x be necess>y--z 9 notices & plac>ds--t ,important ,words be put 9 special types to cat* ! eye1 let two--or at mo/ ?ree--special types suffice1 & let ! rema9d] ( ! text be z quiet & res]v$ z possible4 8,display ,types0 commonly defeat _! object by be+ ov]done4 ,a simple contra/ is ! mo/ effective 7fig4 #aig74 p#cec ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,,illum9at$ ,,addresses1 ,c4 ,=ms ( ,addresses1 c4--,! writ] %\ld be prep>$ to advise 8 8cli5ts0 on ! =m :i* ! address may take1 on special features 9 its writ+ & illum9at+1 & on its g5]al treatm5t4 ,ord9>ily an ,illum9at$ ,address is prep>$ ei!r z a ,fram$ ,p>*m5t 7p4 #cef71 a ,p>*m5t ,scroll1 or %eet 7p4 #cef71 or a small b\nd ,,ms4 7i4e4 9 book =m3 p4 #ceg74aje ,! word+ commonly consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 ! ,head+ 7usually ! "n ( ! addressee71 ! ,text 7usually divid$ into p>agraphs71 ! ,signatures 7or a li/ ( names7 ( ! subscrib]s4 ,an address is commonly 9 ! #a/ or #crd p]son1 & 9 case ( any confusion ( ^!1 any slip ( ! p51 or o!r ov]sight 9 ! draft1 ! p5man p#ced %\ld1 if possible1 call att5tion to x be=e ! docum5t is put into p]man5t =m4 ,a v conv5i5t & agreeable /yle ( 8address0 is a =mal lett]1 beg9n+ 8,de> ,mr4 ,a-------- ,b--------10 & end+ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,?is is a =m :i* may be drawn up m simply1 & :i* reads m naturally1 ?an ! ord9>y #a/ or #crd p]sonal /atem5t4 ,an 8address0 is sometimes 9 ! =m ( a resolution pass$ by a public or private body or committee4 ,= municipal or o!r important corporations1 su* an extract f _! m9utes1 neatly & 8cl]kly0 writt5 out on p>*m5t1 & duly atte/$ by ! signatures ( _! 8head0 & _! secret>y1 & )\t ornam5t save _! seal--on a dep5d5t ribbon--or _! coat-(-arms1 or badge1 w\ld n only be ! mo/ natural1 b possibly ! mo/ dignifi$ & effective %ape :i* might be giv5 to ! =mal pres5tation ( _! complim5ts4 ,an 8address0 accompany+ a pres5t is frequ5tly little m ?an a li/ ( names ) a brief complim5t>y or explanatory /atem5t4 ,if possible su* an inscription %\ld be writt5 or engrav$ on ! article itself1 or be specially design$ to accompany x4 ,9 "s cases ?is is v simple3 :5 a volume1 or set ( volumes1 is giv51 ! inscription may be writt5 9 ! fir/ volume--or on a p>*m5t :i* may be ins]t$--or x may be prep>$ 9 book =m1 9 a b9d+ to mat*4 ,a silv] or o!r ornam5t sometimes has a little draw] provid$ to hold a n>r[ scroll ( names4 ,a portrait may h an inscription on ! frame--or ev5 9 a corn] ( ! picture--or be accompani$ by a simple1 fram$ p>*m5t4 p#cee ,signatures4--,a neatly writt5 out li/ ( subscrib]s--especially :5 _! numb] is l>ge--is v conv5i5t3 x does n require individual p]sonal appo9tm5ts1 nor involve risks ( damage to ! address4 ,! actual signatures ( subscrib]s1 h[ev]1 are ( great] int]e/ & s5tim5tal value1 & on su* gr\nds are pref]able to a m]e li/ ( names4 ,to avoid risks 7or ) a view to incorporat+ ! signatures 9 ! decorative s*eme7 ! decoration1 gild+1 c41 may sometimes be def]r$ until aft] ! sign+ ( ! address4 ,:5 ! exact numb] & ! names ( ! subscrib]s are kn[n be=eh&1 l9es may be provid$ = _! signatures1 m>k$ ) lett]s 9 alphabetical ord] 7! prop] numb] ( l9es "u ea*74 ,?is me?od solves any difficulty 9 reg>d to prec$5ce 9 sign+4 ,note4--,ord9>y signatures require ab\t #a_/b in* by #c in*es space ea*4 ,if !re are _m !y may be conv5i5tly arrang$ 9 two or m columns1 accord+ to ! space available4 ,directions = ,sign+#ajf-- ,edges ( p>*m5t n to project beyond desk or table1 le/ !y be creas$4 ,pap] to be provid$ to cov] ! address1 ) ,,flaps to raise :5 sign+4 ,:5 l9es = signatures are groov$ 7p4 #ajh71 signatories to face ! light 7?is makes ! l9es m evid5t74 ,ink ( "o col\r to be us$ if possible4 ,clean1 ,,ord9>y p5s to be provid$1 & pieces ( pap] = try+ !m on4 p#cef ,fram$ ,p>*m5ts4--,! p>*m5t may h--beyond ! top & foot m>g9s--sp>e pieces :i* 7aft] ! writ+ & illum9at+ is f9i%$7 are b5t ov] ! ends1 & glu$ to ! back1 ( a /\t1 :ite c>d1 or millbo>d--cov]$ ) :ite or light col\r$ pap]4 ,or--extra m>g9 be+ all[$ all r\nd--! edges ( ! p>*m5t are cut into tags or 8scallops10 & fold$ ov] an ord9>y canvas /ret*]1 & well tack$ at ! back ) small brads4 ,! w$ges are c>efully adju/$ till ! p>*m5t lies flat4 ,a p>*m5t glu$ to ! surface ( a millbo>d is m conv5i5t = fram+1 b has a less natural surface1 & is n s easily manag$ by ! p5man z ! pla91 flexible p>*m5t4 ,frames %\ld be gold1 black1 or :ite2 v pla91 & g5]ally )\t m\nts4 ,! p>*m5t1 h[ev]1 mu/ be fram$ s t !re is no dang] ( any "p ( x com+ into contact ) ! glass 7z t1 be+ damp1 w\ld lead to cockl+74 ,p>*m5t ,scroll4--,! foot edge ( ! p>*m5t may be fold$ ov] twice1#ajg a /rong1 silk ribbon 7see footnote1 p4 #cej7 is lac$ along ?r\gh slits 9 ! fold$ "p 7a1 fig4 #aih71 s t ! two ends come out aga9 at ! c5tre--:]e !y may be knott$ toge!r--& are ready to tie r\nd ! scroll :5 x is roll$ up 7b74 ,a r n>r[1 8upright0 p>*m5t is mo/ conv5i5t 7c74 ,an 8oblong0 p>*m5t may be v effectively arrang$ 9 long l9es ( writ+ 7d74 ,if a special casket or case is n provid$1 a neat p#ceg japann$ t9 case may be obta9$ = a few %ill+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,a small ,b\nd ,,ms4 is c]ta9ly ! mo/ easily h&l$ =m 9 :i* an address may be prep>$--its conv5i5ce to ! p5man1 ! signatories1 ! read]1 & ! addressee1 is /rongly 9 its fav\r4 ,a l5g?y address1 or a v l>ge numb] ( names1 may be conta9$ 9 a comp>atively small book4 ,me?od ( ,plann+ out ,addresses1 c4--,if 9 ! p#ceh book =m1 ! address is treat$ mu* z an ord9>y book 7see ,*ap4 ,,vi41 & ,b9d+1 p4 #cdf74 ,! fram$ or scroll address is plann$ simil>ly to a s+le %eet 7p4 #ij74 ,! foll[+ notes ( a work+ me?od 7 made dur+ ! plann+ out ( an address3-- 7#a7 ,decide approximately ! g5]al =m1 %ape1 & decorative treatm5t ( address4 7#b7 ,c\nt words 9 ,,text 7leav+ out ,,head+ & ,,signatures7 #acj ,c\nt p>agraphs #c 7,decide :e!r fir/ or la/ p>agraph is to be 9 a diff]5t =m or col\r47 ,decide approximate wid? #ab in*es4 ,decide approximate side m>g9s 7#b-a_/b in*es ea*7 #e 0 ,h5ce l5g? ( writ+-l9e #g 0 ,all[ #a_/b in* l9es1 & approximately eight words to ! l9e4 7#c7 #acj words ,,text1 approx4 #af l9es #h 94 deep4 ,all[ extra 7on acc\nt p>agraphs7 #a l9e #a_/b 0 0 7,r\ghly sket* out ,,head+ on l9es ea* #a_/b in* by #g in*es47 ,all[ = ,,head+ #f l9es #c 0 0 ,all[ = two ,,signatures1 c4 #c l9es #a-a_/b 0 0 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,total dep? ( ,writ+1 c4 #bf l9es #ac in*es4 ,all[ = ,top m>g9 #b 0 ,all[ = ,foot m>g9 #c 0 7,note4--,?is 0 a 8scroll10 & ! foot m>g9 0 fold$ up to )9 an in* ( ! ,,signatures4 ,a pla9 %eet w\ld h requir$ ab\t #d in*es foot m>g947 ---------------------- ,l5g? ( ,p>*m5t #ah in*es4 7#d7 ,cut a pap] patt]n1 #ab in*es by #ah in*es4 ,rule 79 p5cil7 ,side m>g9s 7#b-a_/b in*es & #b-a_/b in*es71 & ,top m>g9 7#b in*es71 & #bf 7#a_/b in*7 l9es4 ,on ?is write out ! address 9 ord9>y h&writ+1 us+ ord9>y black & r$ 7or col\r$7 inks3 make approximately eight words to ! l9e1 & write z fa/ z possible2 ?is helps to keep ! spac+ uni=m4 ,?is writt5 patt]n %\ld n take m ?an tw5ty m9utes = its entire prep>ation3 x is int5d$ to be us$ z a *eck on ! previ\s calculation 7n z an exact plan71 & z a copy1 x be+ easi] to copy f y\r own1 ?an f ano!r's1 h&writ+4 ,if ! orig9al draft is typewritt51 x is h>dly necess>y to make su* a patt]n4 7#e7 ,*eck ?is copy v c>efully ) ! orig9al to see t ! words1 c41 are correct4 7#f7 ,cut1 rule1 & p\nce ! p>*m5t 7pp4 #cdc1 #agd74 7#g7 ,on "s scraps ( p>*m5t1 rul$ ) a few simil> l9es1 & p\nc$1 try "o or two l9es ( writ+1 bo? 9 v]milion & black1 to see t all goes well4 ,?is enables y to get ! p5s & inks into work+ ord]1 & w v likely save ! c>efully prep>$ p>*m5t f be+ spoilt4 7#h7 ,write out ! address1 leav+ suitable gaps = gold or special lett]s4 7#i7 ,put 9 special lett]s1 decorative capitals1 & any o!r decoration4 7#aj7 ,*eck ! f9i%$ address v c>efully ) ! orig9al draft 7see 7#e7 above7 & look x ov] = mi/akes1 dott+ i's1 & putt+ 9 commas1 c41 if left out4 ,x is important t su* a =mal docum5t %\ld be accurate4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,! above simple mode ( plann+ out c be fur!r simplifi$ 9 cu/om & practice4 ,by ! p5man keep+ to regul> %apes1 proportions1#ajh & modes ( treatm5t = regul> p#cfj occasions1 ! addresses1 c41 w practically 8plan !mselves0 7p4 #aja71 & bett] workman%ip is ! natural result4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,g5]ally ! simpl] ! =m & ! treatm5t ( an ,illum9at$ ,address1 ! bett] ! effect4 ,! mo/ effective decoration is ! pla9 col\r$ or gold capital1 & ! f9e/ ornam5t is a coat-(-arms 7see 8,h]aldry10 bel[2 & = g5]al1 p#cfa simple ,illum9ation1 see ,*apt]s ,,vii4 to ,,xiii474 ,a symbolical m>k1 su* z a cre/1 badge1 monogram1 cyph]1 or o!r device 7p4 #cfb71 boldly & decoratively treat$1 may be us$ 9 place ( a coat-(-arms4 ,!re is too mu* 8,illum9ation0 9 ! conv5tional 8,address10 :i* looks l a 8piece ( decoration0 ) a little writ+4 ,a really reasonable & effective ,illum9at$ ,address is a piece ( writ+ suitably decorat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h]aldry4--,a reliable h&book mu/ be consult$1 = accurate 8blazon+0 is ess5tial4 ,e>ly examples %\ld be /udi$ 7see p4 #chg74 ,! diagram1 fig4 #aii1 is giv5 z an example ( h[ a *>ge 0 ev5ly arrang$ on ! %ield 7see balanc$ backgr\nd1 p4 #dai74 ,ano!r example--%[+ a diap]$ *equ]--is giv5 on p4 #ccf4 ,%ields 9 ,illum9at$ bord]s may be col\r$ be=e ! bord]1 le/ ! brilliant mass ( col\r ( ! %ield cla% ) ! bord]4 ,! %ield1 if l>ge1 may ) advantage set ! tone ( ! :ole col\r s*eme4 ,,monograms ,,devices ,a ,monogram consi/s ( two or m lett]s comb9$ 9 "o =m1 z ! diph?ong 1 & ! amp]z&#aji = 3 its legibility may be help$ by comp\nd col\r+4 ,a ,cyph] consi/s ( l9k$ or int]lac$ lett]s1 z 1 p#cfb & may be repeat$ & rev]s$ if desir$ 7see fig4 #bjj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,monograms & cyph]s may be v decoratively employ$ z ornam5ts1 & may be us$ to m>k a man's goods1 or z a signature on 8 "w3 some?+ easily recogniz$--ei!r v legible or *>act]i/ic--is !re=e desirable4 ,! two modes may be comb9$1 & !re is no limit to p#cfc ! effective devices & ornam5ts :i* may be compos$ ( lett]s4 ,simple & /raight=w>d devices1 h[ev]1 are g5]ally pref]able to v ornate or intricate designs4 ,*ronograms4--,a *ronogram consi/s ( a ^w or words 9 :i* ! num]ical lett]s indicate a date4 ,! foll[+ is f a v f9e memorial inscription at ,rye 7see fig4 #bjg73-- ,ioannes ,?ree,le ,me,,dio ,lt tat,is f,lore ob,,iit4 ,x expresses ! date ,i ,l ,m ,d ,i ,l ,i ,l ,i ,i 7or #a #ej #ajjj #ejj #a #ej #a #ej #a #a7 #afee4 ,z e lett] hav+ a num]ical value 7i4e4 ,c1 ,d1 ,i1 7,j71 ,l1 ,m1 7,u71 ,v1 7,w71 ,x7 may be c\nt$1 a prop] *ronogram is n easily compos$4 ,! lett]-craftsman w discov] _m ways ( 8play+0 ) lett]s1 & ( express+--or conceal+--names & numb]s 9 o!r words1 & he may take e lib]ty he *ooses 9 8 private pleasure1 provid$ x does n cla% ) public conv5i5ce4 ,,title ,,pages ,if l>ge capitals be us$1 ! ,"n ( ! ,book1 ! ,au?or1 c41 above2 ! ,"n ( ! ,publi%]1 ! ,date1 c41 bel[1#aaj may toge!r fill ! page4 ,ord9>y capitals 7z us$ 9 ! text7 leave a space 9 ! c5tre 7see ,title ,page ( ?is book73 (t5 pleasantly fill$ by a small woodcut--a symbolical device1 monogram1 or pr9t]'s m>k4 ,g5]ally1 ! few] & simpl] ! types1 ! bett]3 ?\gh contra/s ( size1 =m1 or col\r p#cfd 7see p4 #cbg7--su* z pr9t+ "o or two words 9 l>ge ,,capitals1 or 9 f,black ,lett]_/f 7p4 #cca71 or "p 9 r$--may sometimes be us$ ) good effect4 ,:5 ! types are r v>i$1 s+le or d\ble fram+ l9es 7call$ 8rules07 plac$ r\nd ! page h ! effect ( b9d+ ! :ole toge!r4 ,! page may also be divid$ into p>ts by transv]se 8rules0--^! fur!r solidify x4 ,black rules are pref]able to r$ 7p4 #add73 if !y are d\ble1 ! out] l9e may be ?ick] ?an ! inn]4#aaa ,relation ( ,title ,pages1 c41 to ! ,text4--,g5]ally ! practical "p ( ! book is to be consid]$ & settl$ be=e ! ornam5tal & ! decorat$ ,title page con=ms to ! treatm5t ( ! text pages1 & %\ld be cle>ly relat$ to !m by ! "* ( its lett]s or its ornam5ts4 ,its m>g9s 7especially ! top m>g97 %\ld be approximately ! same z ^? ( ! text pages1 ?\gh fram+ bord]s may occupy "p (1 or ne>ly all1 ! m>g9al space4 ,)\t d\bt ! artless1 ord9>ily pr9t$ title page is pref]able to ^? specially design$ 8title pages0 t h little or no relation to ! re/ ( ! book4 ,wood ,engrav+ 7see pp4 #cfe1 #cga74--,( all ! 8processes10 wood engrav+ agrees be/ ) pr9t+4 ,! spl5did effect ( ,title & ,initial pages engrav$ 9 wood may be se5 9 ! books ( ! ,kelmscott ,press4 ,9 e>ly pr9t+1 woodcut ornam5ts or bord]s 7 commonly us$ to p#cfe decorate ! pr9t$ title page4 ,an example ( ?is comb9$ me?od--( :i* un=tunately ! great] "p ( ! bord]s h to be left out--is %[n 9 fig4 #bja 7f a #af? c5tury book74#aab ,initial ,pages & ,op5+s4--,! claim ( ^! to decorative treatm5t %\ld be consid]$ 7p4 #abh74 ,we g5]ally look at ! outside ( a book = ! title--:i* %\ld be cle>ly /amp$ on ! cov]4 ,b inside ! book we look r = its actual beg9n+ ?an = its "n1 &1 :ile some?+ 9 ! nature ( ! 8sub-title0 might be us$1 x w\ld be q reasonable to revive ! anci5t fa%ion--especially 9 ! case ( ,,ms4 ,books--( mak+ ! actual beg9n+ ! mo/ decorative "p ( ! book4 ,or a v f9e effect may be obta9$ by ! decoration ( ! entire initial op5+--! title on ! v]so 7left page71 ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ *apt] on ! recto 7"r page74 ,,lett]+ ,,= ,,reproduction ,:]e x is possible1 x is g5]ally be/ to make use ( ord9>y typography4 ,a good f\nt ( type & a natural sett+-up or arrangem5t ( x1 are m effective ?an _m special designs 7see pp4 #cfd1 #bfg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja 7see footnote1 p4 #cfe7 ,wood & ,metal ,engrav+4--,if special =ms or arrangem5ts ( lett]s are requir$1 = :i* type is lack+ or unsuit$1 !y are be/ cut 9 wood or p#cfg metal4 ,! engrav] leaves ! m>k ( 8 tool & h& ^u1 & s gives "* to1 su* lett]+2 :ile1 if he has "s k ( lett]s1 he may give fre% beauty to _! =ms4 ,! ,z9cotype ,process reproduces1 ei!r 9 facsimile or on a r$uc$ scale1 ! 8design0 made by ! craftsman 9 8black & :ite40 ,?is x does m or less exactly accord+ to ! pa9s tak5 by ! z9cograph]1 ! quality ( ! pap] employ$1 c4 ,! lit]alness & facility ( ?is process1 h[ev]1 seem to h _h a prejudicial effect on ! "w ( ! design]4 ,unless he consci5ti\sly det]m9es t 8 design %all /& )\t 8t\*+-up10 ! k t he may blot out or trim a faulty l9e ) :ite1 t he may fill out or f9i% a defici5t /roke ) black1 t he may "w l>ge & z9cograph small1 is apt to result 9 c>elessness comb9$ ) ov]-f9i%+--or a sort ( p]fection )\t "*4 ,if z9cography be us$1 a /rong1 r type-l lett]1 or a built-up lett]--arrang$ to give a g5]al effect ( ri*ness ( mass1 w\ld appe> m natural ?an ! d\btful 8reproduction0 ( delicate writ+ or f9e p5-lett]+4#aac ,et*+4--,calligraphy might be reproduc$ ) v f9e effect1 reta9+ its natural delicacy & on a plane surface1 if a process ( et*+ writ+ 9 facsimile 7 possible4 ,,pr9t+ ,! g5]al "q ( f9e pr9t+ & its relation to calligraphy c only be briefly ref]r$ p#cfh to "h4 ,a prop] /udy ( ! art ( typography necessitates practice ) a pr9t+ press1 & probably ! help ( a tra9$ assi/ant4 ,to w\ld-be pr9t]s1 pr9t]s1 & all int]e/$ 9 typography1 ! easily acquir$ art ( writ+ may be comm5d$ z a practical introduction to a bett] k ( lett] =ms & _! decorative possibilities4 ,9 ?is connection ,i h quot$ 9 ! preface 7p4 #ac7 "s rem>ks on ,calligraphy by ,mr4 ,cobd5-,s&]son1 :o1 aga91 ref]r+ to typography1 says--#aad 8,! passage f ! ,writt5 ,book to ! ,pr9t$ ,book 0 sudd5 & complete4 ,nor is x wond]ful t ! e>lie/ productions ( ! pr9t+ press are ! mo/ beautiful1 & t ! hi/ory ( its subsequ5t c>e] is b ! hi/ory ( its decad5ce4 ,! ,pr9t] c>ri$ on into ,type ! tradition ( ! ,calligraph] & ( ! ,calligraph] at 8 be/4 ,z ?is tradition di$ out 9 ! di/ance1 ! craft ( ! ,pr9t] decl9$4 ,x is ! function ( ! ,calligraph] to revive & re/ore ! craft ( ! ,pr9t] to its orig9al purity ( int5tion & accompli%m5t4 ,! ,pr9t] mu/ at ! same "t be a ,calligraph]1 or 9 t\* ) him1 & !re mu/ be 9 association ) ! ,pr9t+ ,press a ,scriptorium :]e beautiful writ+ may be practis$ & ! art ( lett]-design+ kept alive4 ,& !re is ?is fur!r evid5ce ( ! dep5d5ce ( pr9t+ ^u writ+3 ! great revival 9 pr9t+ :i* is tak+ place "u our own eyes1 is ! "w ( a ,pr9t] :o be=e he 0 a ,pr9t] 0 a ,calligraph] & an ,illum9ator1 ,,william ,,morris4 8,! :ole duty ( ,typography1 z ( ,calligraphy1 is to communicate to ! imag9ation1 )\t loss by ! p#cfi way1 ! ?\ght or image int5d$ to be communicat$ by ! ,au?or4 ,& ! :ole duty ( beautiful typography is n to sub/itute = ! beauty or int]e/ ( ! ?+ ?\ght & int5d$ to be convey$ by ! symbol1 a beauty or int]e/ ( its own1 b1 on ! "o h&1 to w9 access = t communication by ! cle>ness & beauty ( ! vehicle1 & on ! o!r h&1 to take advantage ( e pause or /age 9 t communication to int]pose "s *>act]i/ic & re/ful beauty 9 its own art40 ,e>ly ,pr9t+ 0 9 "s po9ts inf]ior 9 te*nical excell5ce to ! be/ mod]n typography4 ,b ! be/ e>ly pr9t]s us$ f9] f\nts ( type & bett] proportions 9 ! arrangem5t & spac+ ( _! pr9t$ pages2 & x is n[ g5]ally agre$ t e>ly pr9t$ books are ! mo/ beautiful4 ,x w\ld repay a mod]n pr9t] to endeav\r to f9d out ! real gr\nds = ?is op9ion1 ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( ! e>ly "w1 &1 :]e possible1 to put !m into practice4 ,fre$om4--,! treatm5t or 8plann+0 ( e>ly pr9t+--& g5]ally ( all pieces ( lett]+ :i* are mo/ pleas+--is /rongly m>k$ by fre$om4 ,?is fre$om ( =m] times is frequ5tly ref]r$ to n[ z 8spontaneity0--sometimes x w\ld seem to be impli$ t !re 0 a lawless irresponsibility 9 ! e>ly craftsman1 incompatible ) mod]n conditions4 ,true spontaneity1 h[ev]1 seems to come f work+ by rule1 b n be+ b\nd by x4 ,= example1 ! old ,h]bal f :i* figs4 #ace to #ada are tak5 conta9s _m woodcuts ( plants1 c41 devot+ a complete page to ea*4 ,:5 a long explanation ( a cut is requir$1 a small] type is us$ 7comp4 figs4 #ace #ach72 :5 p#cgj ! explanation is v %ort1 x does n fill ! page4 ,?is is a free & natural treatm5t ( ! greate/ conv5i5ce to ! read]1 = illu/ration & text are always 9 juxtaposition4 ,& ?\gh ! size ( ! type & ! am\nt ( ! text are v>i$1 yet ! uni=m top m>g9s1 & ! uni=m treatm5t & arrangem5t ( ! woodcuts1 h>monise ! pages1 & give to ! :ole book an agreeable effect ( fre$om comb9$ ) me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,diagram %ew+ arrangem5t ( pages 7ab\t #a_/g size74 ,note3 ,inn] columns ( ,comm5t>y n>r[ 7,text cols equal7 ,an old way ( treat+ a text & its comm5t>y is indicat$ by ! diagram 7fig4 #bjb74 ,! text is pr9t$ 9 l>ge type1 ! comm5t>y1 9 small] type1 surr\nds x2 su* portion ( ! text be+ pr9t$ on ea* page z w all[ suffici5t surr\nd+ space = ! accompany+ p#cga comm5t>y on t portion4 ,! proportions & treatm5t ( e page are uni=m 7note1 p>ticul>ly1 ! uni=mity ( ! upp] p>ts ( ! pages1 five l9es ( comm5t>y be+ all[$ to enclose ! text1 or b\nd x above1 on e page7 ) ! exception t ! height ( ! text-column v>ies--"o page hav+ z few z ?ree l9es ( text to ! column1 ano!r hav+ fifty-n9e l9es4 ,?is free treatm5t ( ! text gives a *>m+ v>iety to ! pages4 ,poetry4--,a broad] & fre] treatm5t is desirable 9 ! pr9t+ ( poetry4 ,! orig9al l9es & ! arrangem5t ( ! v]ses %\ld be m g5]ally pres]v$4 ,& ?\gh ! op5+ l9es ( a poem may sometimes be magnifi$ by pr9t+ !m 9 capitals--:i* necessitate _! division--to sacrifice ! naturally v>y+ l9e to ! 8ev5 page0 is que/ionable1 & to de/roy ! =m ( a poem 9 ord] to compress x is a 8typographical imp]t95ce0 7see p4 #ie74 f,,decoration ,,( ,,pr9t ,,mu* ,,may ,,be ,,done ,,by ,,arrang+ ,,important ,,text ,,9 8,,its ,,own0 ,,capitals2 ,,or ,,by ,,! ,,occasional ,,use ,,( ,,extra ,,l>ge ,,capitals4_/f ,= special lett]s or ornam5ts1 woodcuts are be/ 7see p4 #cfd74 ,! e>ly pr9t]s g5]ally _h little1 simple blocks ( ornam5tal devices :i* might be us$ sep>ately1 or be built up into a frame bord] = a :ole page--a simple me?od & effective1 if us$ reasonably4 p#cgb ,! judici\s use ( col\r1 especially ( r$ 7see pp4 #abg1 #add71 is v effective4 ,! extra pr9t+s requir$ = additional col\rs may make x wor? :ile 79 ! case ( limit$ editions7 to put 9 simple initials1 p>agraph m>ks1 notes1 c41 by h& 7see pp4 #aid1 #aac74 ,! e>lie/ pr9t$ books1 be+ modell$ on ! ,,ms4 books1 employ$ su* rubrication freely1 9 spaces specially left 9 ! text or 9 ! m>g9s4 ,!re are /ill great possibilities 9 ! h& decoration ( pr9t$ books4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ note on pr9t+1 reproduc$ "h by ! p]mission ( ,mr4 ,em]y ,walk]1 appe>$ 9 ! ,introductory ,notes ( ! ,catalogue ( ! fir/ exhibition ( ,! ,arts & ,crafts ,exhibition ,society1 9 #ahhh4 8,,pr9t+ 8,pr9t+1 9 ! only s5se ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$1 diff]s f mo/ if n f all ! arts & crafts repres5t$ 9 ! ,exhibition 9 be+ comp>atively mod]n4 ,= al?\gh ! ,*9ese took impressions f wood blocks engrav$ 9 relief = c5turies be=e ! wood-cutt]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 by a simil> process1 produc$ ! block books1 :i* 7 ! imm$iate pr$ecessors ( ! true pr9t$ book1 ! inv5tion ( movable metal lett]s 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury may ju/ly be consid]$ z ! inv5tion ( ! art ( pr9t+4 ,& x is wor? m5tion 9 pass+ t1 z an example ( f9e typography1 ! e>lie/ dat$#aae book1 ! ,gut5b]g ,bible ( #adee1 has nev] p#cgc be5 surpass$4 ,pr9t+1 !n1 = our purpose1 may be consid]$ z ! art ( mak+ books by means ( movable types4 ,n[1 z all books n prim>ily int5d$ z picture-books consi/ pr9cipally ( types compos$ to =m lett]press1 x is ( ! fir/ importance t ! lett] us$ %\ld be f9e 9 =m2 especially1 z no m "t is occupi$1 or co/ incurr$1 9 ca/+1 sett+1 or pr9t+ beautiful lett]s1 ?an 9 ! same op]ations ) ugly ones4 ,s we f9d ! fifte5? & e>ly sixte5? c5tury pr9t]s1 :o 7 g5]ally _! own type-f\nd]s1 gave great att5tion to ! =ms ( _! types4 ,! design]s ( ! lett]s us$ 9 ! e>lie/ books 7 probably ! scribes ^: manuscripts ! fifte5?-c5tury pr9t$ books s mu* resemble4 ,aldus ( ,v5ice employ$ ,francesco ,francia ( ,bologna1 goldsmi? & pa9t]1 to cut ! pun*es = 8 celebrat$ italic lett]4 ,frob51 ! great ,basle pr9t]1 got ,holbe9 to design ornam5ts = 8 press1 & x is n unreasonable to suppose t ! pa9t] may h drawn ! models = ! noble ,roman types we f9d 9 ,frob5's books4 ,) ! decad5ce 9 h&writ+ :i* became m>k$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 a correspond+ *ange took place 9 ! types2 ! design]s1 no long] hav+ beautiful writ+ z a model & ref]5ce1 introduc$ v>iations arbitr>ily4 ,! types ( ! ,elzevirs are regul> & neat1 & 9 ?is respect mod]n1 b !y altoge!r lack ! _s & orig9ality t di/+ui% ! e>ly ,roman f\nts ( ,italy & ,g]many3 ,go?ic *>act]i/ics inh]it$ f _! m$ival pr$ecessors4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury type-f\nd+ began to be c>ri$ on z a craft ap>t f t ( ! pr9t]1 & al?\gh 9 ?is & ! succe$+ c5tury _m attempts 7 made to improve ! 8face0 7z ! pr9t+ surface ( type is call$71 su* examples z a rule reflect only too cle>ly ! gr[+ debasem5t ( ! crafts ( design4 ,notable among ^! attempts 7 ! f\nts cut by ,william ,caslon1 :o />t$ 9 bus9ess 9 ,london z a lett]-f\nd] 9 #agbj1 tak+ = 8 models ! ,elzevir p#cgd types4 ,f ?is "t until ! end ( ! c5tury he & 8 successors turn$ out _m f\nts relatively admirable4 ,b at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury a revolution 0 made1 & ! f\nd]s entirely ab&on$ ! traditional =ms ( _! pr$ecessors1 & evolv$ ! ta/eless lett]s ) :i* ne>ly all ! books publi%$ dur+ ! fir/ sixty ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury are pr9t$1 & :i* are /ill almo/ univ]sally us$ = newspap]s & = ,gov]nm5t publications4 ,p>ticul>ly objectionable =ms are 9 ev]yday use 9 all cont95tal c\ntries requir+ ,roman lett]4 7,! la/ two s5t5ces are set 9 a type ( ?is "*47 8,9 #ahdd ! ,*iswick ,press pr9t$ = ,messrs4 ,longmans #8,! ,di>y ( ,lady ,will\ghby1' & reviv$ = ?is purpose "o ( ,caslon's f\nts4 ,?is 0 an important /ep 9 ! "r direction1 & its success induc$ ,messrs4 ,mill] ,ri*>d ( ,ed9burgh to engrave a s]ies ( #8old /yle' f\nts1 ) "o ( :i* ?is catalogue is pr9t$4 ,mo/ o!r type-f\nd]s n[ ca/ simil> type1 & )\t d\bt if _! cu/om]s1 ! pr9t]s1 dem&$ x1 !y w\ld exp5d "s ( ! en]gy & tal5t :i* n[ goes 9 cutt+ ,japanese-,am]ican & %am sev5te5?-c5tury mon/rosities 9 endeav\r+ to produce once m ! re/ra9$ & beautiful =ms ( ! e>ly pr9t]s1 until ! day :5 ! curr5t h&writ+ may be elegant en\gh to be aga9 us$ z a model = ! type-pun* engrav]4 8,next 9 importance to ! type are ! ornam5ts1 initial lett]s1 & o!r decorations :i* c be pr9t$ along ) x4 ,^!1 x is obvi\s1 %\ld always be design$ & engrav$ s z to h>monise ) ! pr9t$ page reg>d$ z a :ole4 ,h5ce1 illu/rations drawn only ) ref]5ce to purely pictorial effects are entirely out ( place 9 a book1 t is1 if we desire s]i\sly to make x beautiful4 ,,em]y ,,walk]40 p#cge ,,inscriptions ,,on ,,metal1 ,,/one1 ,,wood1 ,c4 ,z ! mat]ial naturally modifies ! %apes ( ! lett]s cut or =m$ on its surface1 & z ! object be>+ ! inscription affects _! arrangem5t1 x is ess5tial t ! inscription cutt] make himself famili> ) v>i\s /ones1 metals1 woods1 c41 ) ! v>i\s *isels & grav]s :i* are prop]ly employ$ on !m1 & ) f9e inscriptions or examples ( good pieces ( lett]+ 7see pp4 #chh1 #bcg74 ,a k ( p5man%ip w be f\nd useful1 & ! p5 may be appeal$ to to decide que/ions ( ab/ract =m 9 reg>d to lett]s :i* h come f p5 =ms 7e4g4 ,roman ,small-,lett]s1 ,italics1 c474 ,& 9 ?is connection x may be not$ aga9 t ! 8slant$-p5 =ms0 7pp4 #cje1 #dc7 are g5]ally ! mo/ practical4 ,engrav+ on ,metal4--,lett]s incis$ 9 metal may mo/ ne>ly approa* p5 =ms1 z ! f9e gra9 ( ! metal & ! comp>atively small scale ( ! "w all[ ( f9e 8?9 /rokes40 ,! engrav]1 h[ev]1 :ile foll[+ g5]ally ! 8?icks0 & 8?9s0 ( ! p5man1 all[s ! metal & ! tool &1 to a l>ge ext5t1 8 own h&1 to decide & *>act]ise ! precise =ms & _! proportions4 ,inscriptions 9 ,/one 7see ,*ap4 ,,xvii41 ,plates ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,,xxiv41 & pp4 #bib1 #cf74--,! gra9 ( /one does n g5]ally all[ ( v f9e ?9 /rokes1 & ! 8?icks0 & 8?9s0 !re=e t5d to diff] mu* less ?an 9 p5-"w4 ,_! orig91 moreov]1 is mu* less easily trac$ to ! tool--i4e4 ! *isel--& ! diff]5ce 0 less 9 ! p#cgf e>ly inscriptions 7see ,plate ,,ii47 ?an we are n[ accu/om$ to 7see ,plate ,,xxiv473 p]haps x may be expla9$ z a fa%ion set by p5man%ip 7see p4 #bda74 ,inscriptions on ,wood are frequ5tly 9 relief 7see rais$ lett]s1 p4 #cgg71 mat*+ ! c>v$ ornam5t4 ,incis$ lett]s may be pa9t$ or gild$ to make !m %[ m cle>ly4 ,sign-,writ+ & ,bru%-,"w4--,inscriptions1 su* z %op signs1 notices1 c41 pa9t$ on wood or /one1 require--besides a practical k ( mat]ials--a consid]able facility ) ! bru% or 8p5cil40 ,directness & fre$om ( workman%ip are mo/ desirable4#aaf ,a suitable bru% w make lett]s closely resembl+ p5 lett]s4 ,b ! p5 automatically makes lett]s ) a uni=m precision1 :i* x is nei!r desirable nor possible = ! bru% to imitate3 & great] skill is requir$ to control ! bru%1 :i* 9 ! h& ( a good 8,writ]0 w be p]mitt$ to give its own di/9ct "* to ! lett]+ 7see also p4 #bib1 & fig4 #afd74 ,! bru% is prop]ly us$ = tempor>y inscriptions1 especially on ! surface ( pa9t$ wood or /one1 b1 = m important "w1 incis+ or c>v+ 7pa9t$ if desir$7 are to be pref]r$ z p#cgg be+ m p]man5t#aag & pres]v+ ! orig9al =m#aah ( ! lett]+4 ,,( ,,inscriptions ,,g5]ally 7,see also ,*apt] ,,xiv4 & pp4 #cej-cec7 ,alphabets4--,= practical purposes ! be/ lett]s are ! ,roman ,capitals1 ,roman ,small-,lett]s1 & ,italics4 ,^! are susceptible ( v decorative treatm5t )\t loss ( legibility4 ,& !re are _m v>ieties ( ! pure ,roman ,capital 7see figs4 #bjc-bjg71 besides ! 8,go?icis$0 ,roman & ! simple 8,go?ic0 ,capitals1 :i* are all ess5tially readable4 ,diff]5t ,sizes ( ,capitals 9 inscriptions 9 wood1 /one1 metal1 c41 are g5]ally kept approximately equal 9 8weight0 7see p4 #cbh74 ,note4--,a d[nw>d decrease 9 height ( ! lett]s is common 9 e>ly inscriptions 7p4 #daj74 ,incis+ is g5]ally ! mo/ simple1 & !re=e ! mo/ natural1 me?od = mak+ an ord9>y inscription4 ,! lett]s %\ld be l>ge r ?an small1 & be deeply cut4 ,note1 h[ev]1 an incis$ /amp or die produces an impression 9 relief on clay1 c4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! lett]+ on ,roman pott]y4 ,rais$ ,lett]s4--,f ! e>lie/ times lett]s 9 relief 7or litt] prom95tes7 h be5 us$ = special purposes4 ,!y are g5]ally r m legible ?an ! incis$ lett]s1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 8?icks0 & 8?9s0 t5ds to disappe>4 p#cgh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4--;,hbn]'s ,exempla1 ,no4 #ahg 7#a_/d scale ( inscription71 8,ru/ic ,capitals0 7see p4 #big7 betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ad-cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4--;,hbn]'s ,exempla1 ,no4 #chd 7"o-fif? scale ( inscription74 #a/ or #bnd ,c5tury1 ,a4,d4 ,illu/raton3 ,fig4 #bje4--;,hbn]'s ,exempla1 ,no4 #ajhd 7"o-f\r? scale ( inscription74 #bnd ,c5tury1 ,a4,d4 ,illlu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4--7,two portions7 ,f a ,rubb+ ( a ,flor5t9e m>ble dat$ ,,mcccclxvii41 slightly r$uc$ 7scale twelve-?irte5?s74 ,note ! int]l9e> spaces are #a-c_/d in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4--;,f a ,rubb+ ( a ,slate at ,rye1 dat$ #afee 7see p4 #cfc74 ,exact size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4--;,f a ,rubb+ ( a ,/one at ,ox=d 7by ,a4 ,e4 ,r4 ,gill1 #aije74 ,r$uc$1 two-?irds scale4 p#chd ,x is q possible to make a beautiful & *>act]i/ic alphabet ( equal-/roke lett]s1 on ! l9es ( ! s-call$ 8,block ,lett]0 b prop]ly proportion$ & f9i%$ 7su* lett]s may be ,rais$1 or ,incis$ or ,pa9t$3 see incis$ =m1 p4 #cia74 ,rais$ lett]s1 if expos$ to we> or damage1 may be protect$ by be+ on a sunk panel or hav+ a rais$ frame or ornam5t4 ,! backgr\nd also may be left 9 rais$ /rips flu% ) ! lett]s1 betwe5 ! l9es ( ! inscription4 ,punctuation4--,9 e>ly inscriptions ! words 7 sep>at$ by po9ts2 9 ! m anci5t !y are squ>e %ap$ 1 1 1 9 ! m elaborate1 triangul> 1 1 1 sometimes ) curv$-9 sides 7,plate ,i474 ,^! develop$ lat] into ! ivy leaf 1 or 8h$] di/+u5tes40 ,su* po9ts may be us$ occasionally 9 mod]n "w ) f9e effect1 b %\ld seldom be us$ betwe5 e ^w1 unless ! words are necess>ily s close t di/+ui%+ m>ks are requir$4 ,phras+ & ,arrangem5t4--,an inscription may be arrang$ 9 s5t5ces or phrases1 & occasionally1 by ! use ( l>g] lett]s1 great] prom95ce is giv5 to a ^w or phrase 7see figs4 #aig1 #bjd1 #baa74 ,?is me?od is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! nature ( a set inscription 7p4 #bfd71 & may help bo? its readabl5ess & its appe>ance1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t to lay /ress on any "o /atem5t or ^w may p]v]t its mean+ or attract too mu* att5tion to x4 ,any confusion ( s5se1 or accid5tal ^w 7p4 #bei7 or phrase1 appe>+ 9 ! sett+-out is p#che avoid$1 if possible1 by a slight re>rangem5t ( ! "p1 or1 if necess>y1 ( ! :ole inscription4 ,great c>e is tak5 t ! spell+ is accurate3 a pocket diction>y %\ld be c>ri$4 ,read+ is fur!r facilitat$ by avoid+1 :]e possible1 ! divid+ ( words at ! ends ( l9es4 ,x may be obs]v$ t 9 ! m anci5t inscriptions words 7 g5]ally kept entire4 ,ex]cises 9 lett] =m & arrangem5t1 m pr(itable ?an m]e pap] 8design+10 might be devis$ by ! craftsman4 ,inscriptions might be cut--on a small scale--9 gesso or *alk1 or inscriptions might be v>i\sly spac$ & arrang$ on a prop]ly col\r$ surface--su* z a draw+-bo>d cov]$ ) light or d>k clo?--9 lett]s cut out ( %eet-lead or c>d4 ,,bibliography1 ,c4 ,! few books & pamphlets giv5 bel[ are g5]ally1 ( rec5t date1 practical1 & inexp5sive4 ,! prices quot$ are1 ,i believe1 ^? at :i* ! books are g5]ally sold 7n necess>ily _! publi%$ prices74 ,!y are all illu/rat$1 except ,nos4 99#i1 #aj1 #aa1 & #ai4 ,,writ+1 c4 7,see also ,nos4 #h1 #ab1 #ad1 #ai1 #bh1 #bi1 & #ca47 #a4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,alphabet3 ,edw>d ,clodd1 #aijj4 #i;d4 #b4 ,greek & ,lat9 ,palography3 ,edw>d ,maunde ,?ompson4 #cs4 #i;d4 7,! extracts 9 ^! pp4 #cf1 #da1 #daf1 c41 are f ! #bnd edition1 #ahid47 #c4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,no4 #bgbf1 ,feb4 #ag1 #aije2 ,pap]s on p#chf ,calligraphy & ,illum9ation3 ,edw>d ,john/on & ,graily ,hewitt4 #f;d4 #d4 ,fac-simils de ,manuscrits ,grecs1 ,lat9s et ,franais du ,ve au ,,xive ,sicle exposs dans la ,gal]ie ,maz>9e3 ,biblio?que ,nationale ,dp>tem5t des ,manuscrits4 #es4 #e4 8,a ,guide to ! ,manuscripts0 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 #aijf 7#cj plates74 #f;d4 #f4 ,bible ,illu/rations3 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #ahif4 ,ab\t #bs4 ,,illum9ation1 c4 7,see also ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #ab1 #ad1 #bi1 & #ca47 #g4 ,illum9at$ ,lett]s & ,bord]s3 ,john ,w4 ,bradley1 #aija 7#ai plates74 7,price at ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum7 #as4 #h;d4 #h4 ,engli% ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts3 ,sir ,e4 ,m4 ,?ompson1 #ahie4 7,n[ out ( pr9t47 99#i4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,no4 #bcfh1 ,april #h1 #ahih2 a ,pap] on ,engli% ,art 9 ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts3 ,sir ,e4 ,m4 ,?ompson4 #f;d4 99#aj4 ,! ,book ( ! ,art ( ,c5n9o ,c5n9i 7a contempor>y practical treatise on #ad?-c5tury ,italian pa9t+73 ,translat$ by ,*ri/iana ,j4 ,h]r+ham1 #ahii4 #fs4 99#aa4 ,"s ,h9ts on ,patt]n ,design+3 7lecture1 #ahha71 ,william ,morris1 #ahii4 #bs4 #f;d4 7#aa;a4 8,books = ! ,bairns4--,no4 #ej10 conta9s #ee reproductions ( ,bewick's ,birds4 #a;d47 ,,books--,,manuscript ,,pr9t+4 7,see also ,nos4 #b to #i1 & #bi & #ca47 #ab4 ,books 9 ,manuscript3 ,falcon] ,madan1 #ahic4 #fs4 7,frontispiece drawn f ?is by p]mission47 #ac4 ,! ,/ory ( ,books3 ,g]trude ,bur=d ,rawl+s1 #aija4 #i;d4 p#chg #ad4 ,! ,old ,s]vice-,books ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*3 ,*ri/oph] ,wordswor? & ,h5ry ,littlehales1 #aijd4 #gs4 #f;d4 #ae4 ,e>ly ,illu/rat$ ,books3 ,alfr$ ,w4 ,poll>d1 #ahic4 #fs4 #af4 ,facsimiles 9 col\r f ,e>ly ,pr9t$ ,books 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 #ahig4 #gs4 #f;d4 #ag4 ,a ,guide to ! ,exhibition 9 ! ,k+'s ,libr>y 7illu/rat+ ! ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+1 ,music ,pr9t+1 & ,bookb9d+73 ,briti% ,museum1 #aija 7#cf illu/rations74 #f;d4 #ah4 8,arts & ,crafts ,essays by ,memb]s ( ! ,arts & ,crafts ,exhibition ,society0--,pr9t+3 ,william ,morris & ,em]y ,walk]--7#a/ pub4 #ahic71 #ahii4 #bs4 #f;d4 99#ai4 8,ecce ,mundus10 conta9+ ,! ,book ,beautiful3 ,t4 ,j4 ,cobd5-,s&]son1 #aijb4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bj4 ,pr9t+ 7a te*nological h&book73 ,*>les ,?omas ,jacobi1 #ahih4 #cs4 #i;d4 #ba4 ,bookb9d+ & ! ,c>e ( ,books 7,! ,arti/ic ,crafts ,s]ies ( ,te*nical ,h&books71 #aija3 ,d\glas ,cock]ell4 #es4 #bb4 ,a ,note on ,bookb9d+3 ,d\glas ,cock]ell1 #aijd4 #a;d4 ,,h]aldry1 ,,symbolism1 c4 7,see also ,nos4 #a1 #ab1 #ae1 #bi1 & #ca47 #bc4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,no4 #bcji1 ,feb4 #ai1 #ahig2 ,a ,pap] on ,! ,arti/ic ,treatm5t ( ,h]aldry3 by ,w4 ,h4 ,/4 ,john ,hope4 #f;d4 #bd4 ,engli% ,h]aldry3 ,*>les ,b\tell1 #ahfg4 #f? ed4 #ahii1 ab\t #cs4 #i;d4 #be4 ,! ,/all ,plates ( ! ,knights ( ! ,g>t]1 #acdh-adhe3 ,w4 ,h4 ,/4 ,john ,hope 7#ij col\r$ plates1 ,imp4 #hvo74 ,ab\t #c4 p#chh #bf4 ,didron's ,*ri/ian ,iconography 7or ! ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,art 9 ! ,middle ,ages73 #b vols4 #cs4 #i;d4 7ea*74 ,,lett]+1 c4 7,see also ,nos4 #a to #h1 & #ab to #bj47 #bg4 ,lett]+ 9 ,ornam5t3 ,lewis ,f4 ,day1 #aijb4 #es4 #bh4 ,alphabets3 ,edw>d ,f4 ,/range 7#a/ ed4 #ahie74 #d? ed41 #cs4 #i;d4 #bi4 ,! ,palographical ,society's ,publications 7out ( pr9t71 conta9+ hundr$s ( facsimiles 7*iefly ( ,,mss471 are ( great int]e/4 ,!y may ( c\rse be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,libr>y4 ,! ,new ,palographical ,society publi%es a selection ( facsimiles annually4 #cj4 ,hbn]'s ,exempla ,scripturae ,epigraphicae ,lat9ae a ,caes>is dictatoris morte ad aetatem ,ju/9iani 7,b]l91 #ahhe1 price #dfs47 conta9s _m f9e outl9e draw+s ( anci5t ,roman inscriptions 7see figs4 #bjc-e74 ,x is kept ) ! books ( ref]5ce 9 ! ,read+ ,room at ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ca4 ,photographs ( f9e pieces ( lett]+ may be obta9$ at ! ,book ,/all 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum 7see footnote1 p4 #dji74 ,orig9al ,,mss4 or ,inscriptions--f :i* we c le>n mu* m ?an f photographs or draw+s--may be f\nd 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & 9 ,london especially 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum 7see p4 #cia71 ! ,record ,(fice 7,rolls ,*apel1 see p4 #aa71 & ,we/m9/] ,abbey 7,,mss4 9 ! ,*apt]-,h\se74 ,,footnotes ,,to ,,app5dix ,a3 #ij p4 #bbd1 ,j4 ,c4 ,egb]t's 8,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,lat9 ,inscriptions10--#ahif4 #ia ,if !re is suffici5t room left on ! t]m9al page = a cle>ly m>k$ beg9n+ 7su* z a decorative initial71 ! next *apt] may beg9 !re1 & s fill ! page--b g5]ally !re is no objection to leav+ blank :at ! text has fail$ to fill4 #ib ,! l9e ne$ n always be fill$ by ! writ+ 7p4 #dbe74 #ic ,x w\ld n be necess>y = ! fir/ page ( a *apt] to h ! ord9>y dropp$ head & blank upp] space if a f9e initial or decorative head+ 7 us$ to m>k x4 #id ,"s ( ! books engrav$ by ,william ,blake sugge/ possibilities ( su* un-conv5tional treatm5t1 bo? ( writ+ & 8illum9ation0 7see also p4 #ba74 #ie ,! di/9ction 9 ! ,pray] ,book betwe5 8,am50 & 8,am50--us$ z a response--is be/ m>k$ by ! sign 7= ,responsum7 9 r$1 plac$ be=e ! latt]1 z3 ,am5 7see pp4 #add1 #be74 #if ,figs4 #aie & #aif are f ,mr4 ,cock]ell's 8,bookb9d+ & ! ,c>e ( ,books10 9 ?is ,s]ies4 #ig ,^! =m ! fly-leaves 7p4 #aaa74 #ih ,?read %\ld be unblea*$4 ,silk ( ! be/ quality is bett] ?an ?read4 #ii ,=rel may be us$ z a *eap sub/itute = vellum4 #ajj 8,squ>es0 8! portion ( ! bo>ds project+ beyond ! edges ( ! book40 #aja 8,=$ge0 87=e edge7 ! front edge ( ! leaves40 #ajb ,a good1 r d>k gre5 ribbon looks well--su* z t kn[n z 8,*ur* lace10 us$ = ! 8ty]s0 9 "s ( ! ,kelmscott books4 ,v good ribbons may be obta9$ f a bookb9d]1 at #f;d4 to #as4 #f;d4 a y>d4 #ajc ,e4g4 all ord9>y writt5 & pr9t$ matt] int5d$ to be read at a %ort di/ance 7see pp4 #ajc-ajf74 #ajd ,z mu* z two-?irds1 or m1 ( ! :ole space4 #aje ,! addressee's ta/e & conv5i5ce ought to be consid]$3 e4g4 to "o ! fram$ inscription might be an emb>rassm5t1 :ile by ano!r x might be pref]r$4 #ajf ,to be giv5 to ! p]son 9 *>ge ( ! address4 #ajg ,! orig9al int5tion ( ?is fold1 9 de$s1 0 to provide = ! atta*m5t ( ! seal1 &1 p]haps1 to prev5t any addition be+ made4 ,if ! fold$ "p be fairly wide1 say1 #c_/d to #a in*1 little or no foot m>g9 ne$ be all[$4 #ajh ,e4g4 to keep to #a_/b in* writ+-l9e spaces 7except = extra small addresses1 or small books74 ,?is be+ approximately ! "r space = ord9>y ,,signatures1 results 9 fur!r simplification ( rul+ & arrangem5t4 #aji ,9 ! common =m 1 ! lett]s 7see ,plate ,,vi47 are n[ b>ely traceable4 #aaj ,o!r p>ticul>s may be put 9 ! colophon 7p4 #adb74 #aaa ,! use ( 8rules10 ?\gh q legitimate1 w be f\nd mislead+ if x be dep5d$ on to 8doctor0 & 8pull toge!r0 any weak arrangem5t ( lett]+4 #aab ,m1 ,sir ,?omas3 8,utopia1 et ,mori et ,erasmi ,epigrammata03 #dto1 ,frob51 ,basle1 #aeah4 ,woodcut bord]s & ,title pages by ,holbe94 7,! reproduction is f ! title page to ! ,epigrams47 ,note4--,! exceptionally f9e type ( capitals 7see p4 #cgc7 "h %[n is us$ ?r\gh\t ! book = head+s1 c4 #aac ,d\btful1 because1 unless unusual c>e be tak51 its delicate quality may be lo/ 9 ! process1 & also because ( ! type-l impress ( ! block on ! pap]4 #aad 8,ecce ,mundus 7,! ,book ,beautiful710 #aijb4 #aae ,x 0 dat$ #adef by a rubricator1 n by ! pr9t]4--,e4,w4 #aaf ,?is is recognis$ 9 ! ,sign-writ+ pr(ession1 :]e1 ,i und]/&1 an applicant = "w is sometimes giv5 a blackbo>d or a piece ( ,am]ican clo?1 on :i* he writes out a %ort inscription 9 8%>p :ite40 ,x is n necess>y to wat* ! writ]2 good1 direct workman%ip %[s itself1 & also e hesitat+ /roke or fault1 e pat* or 8t\*+-up0 or 8go+ ov]10 is made evid5t4 #aag ,bru% lett]+ may be us$ v effectively on ,tiles & ,*9a1 c4 7see p4 #cci71 :5 x is ( c\rse r5d]$ p]man5t by bak+4 #aah ,! orig9al =m ( a pa9t$ inscription 7n c>v$7 is inevitably spoilt by re-pa9t+4 p#chi ,,app5dix ,b ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,inscriptions ,,9 ,,/one 7,by ,a4 ,e4 ,r4 ,gill7 ,treatm5t ,arrangem5t -- ,! ,?ree ,alphabets -- ,size ,spac+ -- ,! ,mat]ial -- ,sett+ ,out -- ,tools -- ,a ,"r ,use ( ! ,*isel -- ,incis$ ,lett]s ,lett]s 9 ,relief -- ,! ,sections ( ,lett]s -- ,work+ 9 situ4 ,,treatm5t ,,arrangem5t ,treatm5t4--,inscriptions are c>v$ 9 /one = _m uses3 = ,f\ndation ,/ones & ,public ,inscriptions1 = ,tomb/ones & ,memorial ,inscriptions1 = ,mottos & ,texts1 = ,names & ,adv]tisem5ts1 & ea* subject sugge/s its own treatm5t4 ,names & ,adv]tisem5ts %\ld be easily read1 & usually entirely unornam5tal4 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,texts1 ,memorial ,inscriptions1 ,f\ndation ,/ones1 c41 may1 accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! case or ! opportunities ( ! c>v]1 be ei!r simple or elaborate4 ,col\r & ,gold may be us$ bo? = ! beauty ( !m &1 9 places :]e !re is little light1 to increase legibility4 ,arrangem5t4--,!re are two me?ods ( arrang+ ,inscriptions3 ! 8,mass$0 & ! p#cij 8,symmetrical40 ,9 ! =m] ! l9es are v close toge!r1 & approximately equal 9 l5g?1 & =m a mass4 ,absolute equality is q unnecess>y4 ,:]e ! l9es are v long x is easy to make !m equal2 b ) l9es ( few words x is v difficult1 besides be+ d]ogatory to ! appe>ance ( ! ,inscription4 ,9 ! 8,symmetrical0 ,inscription ! l5g? ( ! l9es may v>y consid]ably1 & ea* l9e 7(t5 compris+ a di/9ct phrase or /atem5t7 is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,inscription space4 ,%ort ,inscriptions1su* z ^? usually on ,tomb/ones or ,f\ndation ,/ones1 may well be arrang$ 9 ! 8,symmetrical0 way1 b long ,inscriptions are bett] arrang$ 9 ! 8,mass$0 way1 ?\gh1 sometimes1 ! two me?ods may be comb9$ 9 ! same ,inscription4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,alphabets ,! ,roman ,alphabet1 ! alphabet *iefly 9 use to-day1 rea*$ its highe/ developm5t 9 ,inscriptions incis$ 9 /one 7see ,plate ,i471 & x became absolutely suit$ to ! mat]ial4 ,besides ,,roman ,,capitals1 x is necess>y t ! lett]-cutt] %\ld "k h[ to c>ve ,roman small-lett]s#aai 7or 8,l[] case07 & ,italics1 ei!r ( :i* may be m suitable ?an ,capitals = "s ,inscriptions4 ,:]e great magnific5ce comb9$ ) great legibility#abj is requir$1 use l>ge ,roman ,capitals1 p#cia ,incis$ or 9 ,relief1 ) pl5ty ( space betwe5 ! lett]s & ! l9es4 ,:]e great legibility b less magnific5ce is requir$1 use 8,roman ,small-,lett]s0 or 8,italics10 or ,roman ,capitals1 ei!r small1 or close toge!r1 or bo?4 ,all ?ree ,alphabets may be us$ toge!r1 z1 = in/ance1 on a ,tomb/one1 "o might c>ve ! ,"n 9 ,capitals & ! re/ ( ! ,inscription 9 ,small-,lett]s1 us+ ,italics = diff]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,beauty ( ,=m may safely be left to a "r use ( ! *isel1 comb9$ ) a well-advis$ /udy ( ! be/ examples ( ,inscriptions3 su* z t on ! ,trajan ,column 7see ,plates ,i41 ,,ii47 & o!r ,roman ,inscriptions 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton & ,briti% ,museums1 = ,roman ,,capitals2 & sixte5? & sev5te5? c5tury tomb/ones1 = ,roman small-lett]s & ,italics4#aba ,if ! simple p#cib elem5t>y =m ( ! lett] be cut firmly & directly1 x w be f\nd t ! *isel w sugge/ h[ t =m may be made beautiful4 ,?is may be %[n1 = example1 by an attempt to c>ve a q simple ,incis$ lett] ) no ,s]ifs & ) all ! /rokes equally ?ick4 ,9 mak+ ! ends ( ! /rokes nice & clean x w be f\nd t !re is a t5d5cy to spread !m into ,s]ifs1 & ! lett] is at once1 9 "s sort1 beautifi$ 7see fig4 #bji74 ,,size ,,spac+ ,draw+ out4--,take pap] & p5cil1 or :at y w1 & write out ! words ( ! ,inscription 9 ,capitals1 or small-lett]s 7or bo?71 )\t any reg>d to scale or ! %ape ( ! space ! ,inscription is to g 94 ,! c>v] w !n see easily ( :at lett]s & words 8 ,inscription is compos$4 ,next draw ! %ape ( ! ,inscription space 7say to #a in* or #a-a_/b in* scale71 & 9 t space set out ! ,inscription1 ei!r 8,mass$0 or 8,symmetrical10 z has be5 decid$4 ,! draw+ %\ld be nei!r scribbl$ nor elaborat$4 ,a good plan is to cut ! lead ( ! p5cil to a *isel %ape4 ,! natural ?icks & ?9s ( ! lett]s 7see p4 #dd7 may !n be produc$ easily & quickly4 ,! c>v] w ?us be able1 aft] a little exp]i5ce1 to calculate q easily :at size he w be able to c>ve 8 lett]s1 :at space he w be able to leave betwe5 ! l9es1 & :at m>g9s he c af=d4#abb p#cic ,! ,size ( ,lett]+ dep5ds on :]e x is to g 7i4e4 outdoors or indoors1 f> away or ne>71 ! mat]ial to be us$1 & ! space at ! c>v]'s disposal4 ,out ( ,doors lett]s %\ld n1 z a rule1 be less ?an #a-a_/d in* high1 m if possible4#abc ,indoors small] lett]+ may be c>v$1 b ev5 !n #a in* is q small en\gh1 & t only 9 m>ble1 slate1 or ! f9e/ /ones4 ,9 su* /ones z ,anca/] or ,ham-,hill x is n possible to c>ve good lett]s less ?an #c in*es high4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,m ?an "o size ( lett] may be us$ 9 ! same ,inscription to give emphasis to c]ta9 words1 ?us3 on a ,f\ndation ,/one ! ,date 7see fig4 #baj71 p#cid & on a ,tomb/one ! ,"n 7see fig4 #baa71 may be made l>g] ?an ! re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4 ,spac+4--,prop] spac+ is ess5tial to a good ,inscription4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ,roman lett]s %\ld n be cr[d$ toge!r4 ,space %\ld be left betwe5 ea*1 v>y+ accord+ to ! lett]s--a n>r[] space betwe5 two ,o's1 = example1 &1 g5]ally1 a wid] space betwe5 two /raight lett]s4 ,! l9es may be ab\t ! height ( ! lett]+ ap>t 7see ,plate ,i47 or pretty close toge!r 7see ,plate ,,xxiv474 ,m>g9s4--,if ! ,inscription is to be c>v$ 9 a panel1 ! surr\nd+ m\ld+s take ! place ( m>g9s1 & ! lett]+ may fill ! panel 7see fig4 #baa74 ,if any space be left1 let x come1 z x p#cie naturally w1 at ! bottom4 ,if ! lett]+ is n to be 9 a panel1 ! m>g9s dep5d prim>ily on :at ! c>v] c af=d1 & :]e ! ,inscription is to g4 ,e case mu/ be treat$ on its own m]its1 b z a g5]al rule "o may say t ! bottom m>g9 %\ld be ! wide/ & ! top m>g9 ! n>r[e/4 ,,! ,,mat]ial ,! be/ quality a /one c h1 f a lett]-cutt]'s po9t ( view1 is f95ess or clos5ess ( texture1 comb9$ ) fre$om f holes & fl9ts or occasional %ells1 & ! lett]-cutt] w d well to *oose ! /one himself1 if possible1 hav+ reg>d to ?is quality4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( a few ( ! be/ /ones = outdoor & indoor use3-- ,outdoors or ,indoors4 ,portl&4--,especially good = lett]+ on acc\nt ( its f95ess & its excell5t wea!r+ qualities1 = x n only h>d5s on ! surface1 b also becomes q :ite if expos$ to w9d & ra91 ?us %[+ v cle>ly any diff]5ces ( light & %ade4 ,hoptonwood ,slate ,f9e & h>d3 good wea!r+ qualities4 ,great delicacy may be atta9$ 9 ^!4 ,anca/] ,ham-,hill ,ketton ,only suitable = l>ge lett]+4 ,indoors only4 ,clun* ,*alk ,v f9e & delicate "w may be done 9 ^!4 ,ba?4--,a *eap /one1 & easily c>v$2 b unsuitable = small lett]+4 ,m>bles & ,alaba/]s4--,excell5t = ,inscriptions indoors1 b mu* col\r or ve9+ t5ds to confuse lett]+4 p#cif ,,sett+ ,,out ,! /one be+ ready = ! sett+ out1 i4e4 smoo!d & clean$1 l9es are rul$ on x = ! l9es ( lett]+ & m>g9s ) a p5cil or po9t4 ,if ! ,inscription is to be arrang$ 8,symmetrically10 a c5tre l9e is rul$ f top to bottom4 ,! c>v] %\ld rule & set out "o l9e & c>ve t be=e rul+ ano!r1 z p5cil m>ks are liable to be rubb$ (f by ! h& 9 c>v+4#abd ,9 8,sett+ ,out10 ! spac+ ( ! lett]s is ?\ght ( r ?an _! =ms4 ,& ?\gh ! beg9n] may f9d c>eful draw+ helpful1 ! =ms :i* may be/ be produc$ ) ! *isel are f\nd only by practice & exp]i5ce 7p4 #cii74 ,,tools ,! *isels ne$$ = simple "w are flat *isels ( ! foll[+ sizes3-- #a_/af in*1 #a_/d in*1 #c_/h in*1 #a_/b in*1 #a in*4 ,! %anks %\ld be ab\t #g in*es long4 ,x w be f\nd useful to keep a few 8,bull-nos$0 *isels 7see #g1 fig4 #bab7 = use 9 cutt+ curves1 & a few 8skew$0 *isels 7#h1 fig4 #bab7 = use 9 cutt+ ! backgr\nd ( ,rais$ lett]s1 z a *isel ( t %ape is m easily us$ 9 a corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,! *isels are ei!r ,hamm]-head$ or ,mallet-head$1 or !y may h wood5 h&les p#cig 7see fig4 #bab1 & pp4 #dja-b74 ,! ,hamm]-head$ are ! mo/ us$1 & a good numb] %\ld be procur$4 ,! be/ are made ) cupp$ ends1 to prev5t !m f slipp+ on ! hamm] 7see #e1 fig4 #bab74 p#cih ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,temp] & ,%>pness4--,above all ?+s ! *isels mu/ be ( ! "r temp]1 & %>p4#abe ,!y may be temp]$ by a smi? or tool-mak]--if ! craftsman c d x = himself1 s mu* ! p#cii bett]4 ,!y are %>p5$ on a piece ( ,grit-/one 7h>d ,york /one1 = in/ance7 ) wat]4 ,! ,temp] ( a *isel may be se5 by ! col\r 7blue %[s a s(t or l[-temp]1 /raw col\r a h>d or high temp]71 & felt by ! way x rubs on ! ,grit-/one 7a h>d tool w slide easily ov] ! /one1 :ile a s(t "o w seem to /ick or cl+74#abf ,mallets4--,a wood5 mallet or ,mell1 a ,z9c mallet or ,dummy1 & an iron or /eel hamm] are requir$ 7fig4 #bac74 ,! ,mell is made :olly ( wood1 & %\ld1 = lett] cutt+1 be ab\t #e-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! ,dummy has a head ( z9c & a wood5 h&le4 ,x %\ld be ab\t #b-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! hamm] %\ld be ab\t ! same size & weight z ! ,dummy4 ,a ,,"r ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,*isel ,! workman mu/ f9d out1 = himself1 h[ be/ to use 8 tools4 ,9 ! ord9>y way1 x is be/ to hold ! *isel at an angle ( ab\t #de ) ! surface ( ! /one--9 ! mann] %[n 9 fig4 #bad--;9 cutt+ bo? /raight /ems & curves4 ,! *isel is held firmly 7usually 9 ! left h&1 ) ! little f+] ab\t an in* f ! cutt+ end ( ! *isel7 & tapp$ r ?an bang$1 & lightly r ?an heavily4 ,! be/ way to cut a lett] is to />t at ! extreme left-h& po9t ( ! bottom ,s]if1 &1 work+ upw>ds1 to cut ! left side ( ! /roke fir/4 ,!n />t simil>ly at ! extreme "r-h& po9t ( ! bottom ,s]if1 & cut ! "r side ( ! /roke4 ,!n f9i% ! ,s]ifs4 p#djj ,:5 cutt+ a curve1 cut ! inside fir/ 7fig4 #bad71 & />t z ne> ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! curve z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,9 ,incis$ lett]s unnecess>y junctions ( ! p>ts may be avoid$ 7see fig4 #bae74 ,:]e !y are necess>y1 z 9 a capital ,e1 or 9 a small y1 cut p#dja away f ! junction or d[n on to x1 r ?an t[>ds x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,! ,mallet-head$ & wood5-h&l$ *isels are us$ ) ! ,mell = l>ge "w & = cutt+ surfaces4 p#djb ,! ,hamm]-head$ *isels are us$ ) ! hamm] = ord9>y "w1 & ) ! ,dummy = small & delicate "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,a ,mallet or ,dummy is n us$ 9 c>v+ *alk1 b ! *isel is pu%$2 ! "r h& do+ ! pu%+1 & ! left h& guid+ & /eady+ ! *isel 7see fig4 #baf74 ,if ! *isel p#djc 7 /ruck1 ! surface ( ! *alk w\ld flake (f4 ,9 cutt+ an ,incis$ ,inscription ) ! ord9>y 8,v0 section 7see fig4 #bag71 use "o size ( *isel ?r\gh\t4 ,! wid? ( ! *isel %\ld g5]ally be ab\t ! wid? ( ! lett] /em requir$4 ,m elaborate sections necessitate ! use ( sev]al sizes ( *isels4 ,,incis$ ,,lett]s ,,lett]s ,,9 ,,relief ,inscriptions may be ,incis$ or 9 ,relief1 t is1 sunk or rais$4#abg ,! modus op]&i & ! "t sp5t 9 c>v+ ! actual lett]s are ! same 9 ei!r case1 b :]eas :5 ! ,incis$ lett] is c>v$ !re is no?+ m to be done1 aft] ! c>v+ ( ! ,rais$ lett] !re is /ill ! /one surr\nd+ x 7i4e4 ! backgr\nd7 to be dealt )1 & ?is may simply be c>v$ smoo?1#abh or1 if our imag9ation be /rong en\gh1 & our h& h ! cunn+1 x may become "u ! tool a field ( roses & lilies 9 :i* ! lett]s are set4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x becomes a "q ( economy :i* =m ( lett]+ "o w c>ve1 z ! necessity ( deal+ ) ! backgr\nd ( a ,rais$ ,inscription1 :ile m ?an d\bl+ ! opportunities ( ! c>v]1 at lea/ d\bles ! "t sp5t 9 c>v+4 ,rais$ lett]+ w %[ out m cle>ly ?an ,incis$ lett]+ :]e !re is little light4 p#djd ,roman ,capitals are m adapt$ = c>v+ 9 ,relief ?an are ,roman small-lett]s or ,italics1 :i* are directly d]iv$ f ! p54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,rais$ lett]+ is m alli$ to ord9>y c>v+1 :ile ,incis$ lett]+ may be ?\ght ( z writ+ 9 /one4 p#dje ,,! ,,sections ,,( ,,lett]s ,= ,incis$ lett]s1 a 8,v0 section 7#a1 fig4 #bag7 ( ab\t #fj is be/ = regul> use2 deep] r ?an %all[]4 ,! lett]s may ) advantage be cut a little deep] t[>ds ! ,s]ifs 7see fig4 #bah74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,al?\gh ! simple 8,v0 section is ! mo/ useful1 o!r sections may be us$ = l>ge lett]s 7i4e4 lett]s m ?an #f in*es high71 or lett]s 9 a v f9e mat]ial 7#b #c1 fig4 #bag74 ,if ! lett]+ is to be gild$1 & ! /one w p]mit ( x1 ,section #d 7fig4 #bag7 is a good "o to use4 ,only ! curv$ "p is to be ,gild$1 & n ! small bevell$ sides4 ,= ,rais$ lett]s1 ! be/ & mo/ useful section is ,no4 #e2 ! slightly bevell$ sides tell z "p ( ! lett]4 ,exp]i5ce1 & ! wea!r+ conditions1 w sugge/ ! am\nt ( ,relief to be giv54 ,= lett]s #a-a_/b in* high1 out ( doors1 #c_/af in* ( relief is ample1 & if !re be good light #a_/h in* is en\gh4 ,excessive relief looks clumsy4 ,sections ,nos4 #f & #g are suitable only = l>ge lett]s2 & elaborate sections %\ld z a rule be us$ only = lett]s /&+ alone4 ,,work+ ,,9 ,,situ ,if possible ! c>v] %\ld "w 9 situ4 ,:5 t is impracticable1#abi he %\ld consid] mo/ c>efully :]e 8 ,inscription is to g4 p#djf ,9 an ,inscription :i* is mu* above ! eye level1 ! lett]s may be n>r[] 9 proportion to _! height1 & ! horizontal /rokes extra ?ick to all[ = =e%ort5+4 7,see also pp4 #cea1 #bgj47 ,! advantages ( work+ 9 situ are great1 = by s do+ ! c>v] sees 8 job z he works "u ! same conditions ( light & environm5t t x w f9ally be se5 "u1 & ! "w is m likely to become a "p ( ! place because x has gr[n !re4 ,& x is good to c>ve an ,inscription on ! actual wall ( a f9e build+1 & bett] /ill to "w 9 ! inspirit+ atmosph]e ( build+ 9 progress1 or to "w 9 ! op5 air :]e ! artificial notions ( work%op or /udio are dissipat$ & ! feel+ ( life & fre$om ga9$4 ,,footnotes ,,to ,,app5dix ,b3 #aai ,) :i* we may include ,arabic num]als4 #abj ,x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood t legibility by no means excludes ei!r beauty or ornam5t4 ,! ugly =m ( 8,block0 lett] s mu* 9 use is no m legible ?an ! beautiful ,roman lett]+ on ! ,trajan ,column 7see ,plates ,i41 ,,ii474 #aba ,roman small-lett]s & ,italics1 be+ orig9ally p5 lett]s1 are /ill bett] und]/ood if ! c>v] kn[s h[ to use a p51 or1 at lea/1 has /udi$ good examples ( manuscripts 9 :i* ^? lett]s are us$4 #abb ,"s advice f ! lett]-cutt] might be useful to ! cli5t z to ! numb] ( words & ! space !y w occupy 9 cases :]e x is possible to adapt ! "o to ! o!r4 #abc ,small lett]+ is less conv5i5t to read out ( doors1 & is apt to get fill$ ) dirt or moss4 #abd ,:5ev] x is possible ! c>v] %\ld n be b\nd to foll[ a draw+ /rictly1 b %\ld d 8 "w 9 ! /raight=w>d mann] describ$ above4 ,un=tunately he is (t5 oblig$ to set out ! :ole ,inscription exactly be=e c>v+ x1 & 9 su* a case x is usual to c>ve ! bottom l9e ( lett]s fir/ & to "w upw>ds1 cutt+ ! fir/ l9e la/4 #abe ,really %>p1 i4e4 %>p en\gh to cut a piece ( pap] )\t te>+ x4 #abf ,! h>d] ! /one to be c>v$1 ! m highly temp]$ w ! *isels ne$ to be4 #abg ,9 le>n+ to cut ,inscriptions "o w\ld naturally beg9 ) ,incis$ lett]s4 #abh ,:]e ! gr\nd betwe5 ! lett]s is left pla91 an absolute flatness & ev5ness is n necess>y4 ,! common me?od ( jabb+ or 8peck+0 ! backgr\nd is objectionable4 #abi ,e4g4 ,tomb/ones & ,memorial ,slabs are n usually fix$ until f9i%$4 p#dji ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,collotype ,,plates 7,note4--,9 ord] to make ! illu/rations :e!r ( facsimiles or enl>gem5ts z l>ge & z full z possible1 ,i h sacrific$ 8appe>ance0 to use & all[$ mo/ ( ! collotype plates1 & _m ( ! diagrams 9 ! book1 to encroa* on ! m>g9s4--,e4 ,j47 ,,g5]al ,,note4--,all ! plates are 9 facsimile z to size 7or ne>ly s1 all[+ = errors 9 reproduction7 except ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,xxii41 & ,,xxiv41 :i* _h to be r$uc$1 & !re=e only portions ( ! ,,mss4 c be %[n4 ,note4--,all ! ,,mss4 are on 8,vellum0 7see p4 #agc74 ,9 ord] to get a bett] impression ( ! size & g5]al proportion ( a ,,ms41 ! /ud5t might recon/ruct x--or at lea/ m>k (f ! m>g9s1 text1 c4--on pap]1 f ! measurem5ts giv54 ,or a %eet ( pap] might be cut to ! size ( ! giv5 page or op5+1 ) an ap]ture 79 its prop] place7 ?r\gh :i* ! plate might be view$4 ,! plates are arrang$ 9 *ronological ord] z ne>ly z possible4 ,!y are int5d$ briefly to illu/rate ! ,developm5t ( ! ,=mal ,book ,h&s f ! ,roman ,capital & ! ,g5]al ,developm5t ( ! ,illum9at$ ,,ms43 ,i hope1 moreov]1 t1 fragm5t>y z !y are1 !y w prove usefully sugge/ive 9 reg>d to ! ,arrangem5t ( ,text & ,lett]+ & ,ornam5t4 ,! wond]ful effect ( ! col\r+ _c be giv5 "h1 b1 9 any case1 ! illum9ator %\ld look at "s orig9al ,,mss4 ,sev]al ( ! ,,mss4 f :i* ! plates are tak5 are exhibit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,,plate ,i4--,portion ( ,inscription on base ( ,trajan ,column199 ,rome1 circa #aad ,a4,d4 ,scale approx4 #a_/i? l9e>4 ,,! ,,/one 7)9 ! int]nal l9e ( ! m\ld+73 #c feet #i in*es high1 & #i feet #c_/d in* long4 p#daj ,,! ,,bord]s4--,! lett]+ practically fills ! panel 7see p4 #ceb73 ! surr\nd+ m\ld+ is approx4 #d in*es wide4 ,,! ,,lett]s 7= _! =ms see next note74 ,approximate heights ,fir/ two l9es3 #d-a_/b in*es high4 ,second two l9es3 #d-c_/h 0 0 ,fif? l9e3 #d-a_/h 0 0 ,la/ l9e3 #c-g_/h 0 0 ,,! ,,spaces 7betwe5 ,l9es7 decrease f #c in*es to #b-c_/d in*es4 ,a decrease 9 ! height ( ! lett]s f ! top to ! foot l9e is common 9 e>ly inscriptions 7see figs4 #bjc-bje74 ,sev]al reasons = ?is sugge/ !mselves3 7a7 7,sometimes ! beg9n+ words1 be+ f>!r f ! read]1 may require to be l>g]74 7b7 ,! ar*itectural beauty ( a l>ge head+ 7comp4 /em heads1 p4 #bhh74 7c7 ,! importance ( beg9n+s g5]ally 7!re is v (t5 a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! upp] l9es conta9+ important words & ! re/ ( ! inscription3 comp4 figs4 #aig1 #ia74 ,note4--,! ,,words are sep>at$ by triangul> po9ts 7p4 #chd74 99 ,!re is a ca/ 7,no4 #ahfd-abh7 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :]e also ! photograph ( ! inscription is obta9able1 f portions ( :i* ,plates ,i4 & ,,ii4 are reproduc$4 ,,plate ,,ii4--,alphabet f ,trajan ,inscription4 7,circa #aad ,a4,d47 ,scale approx4 #a_/f? l9e>4 7,see note above47 ,,! 8,,trajan0 ,,alphabet4-- ,v f9e lett]s = inscriptions 9 /one3 possibly pa9t$ be=e incision 7see p4 #bib72 see also rem>ks on ,roman ,capitals1 pp4 #bfh-bif1 & note3-- ,,s]ifs4--,small & c>efully curv$4 ,,?9 ,,p>ts ab\t half ! wid? ( ! ?ick /ems 7pp4 #cge1 #bhe74 ,a 7,m & ,n71 po9t$ 7p4 #bhj74 ,b--a v beautiful =m1 ) l>ge l[] b[ 7p4 #bgh74 ,c1 ,g1 & 7,d7--,upp] p>ts r /raight 7p4 #bha74 ,e & ,f--mid arm slightly %ort] ?an upp] arm4 ,e & ,l--l[] s]if po9t$ out 7p4 #bhb74 p#daa ,,lo 7%[n sideways 9 collotype7 & ,,lt %[ ,l's arm project+ "u next lett]4 ,m--po9t$3 slightly spread 7p4 #bhd71 di/ance ap>t ( po9ts above equal to inside di/ance ( /ems bel[4 ,n--po9t$3 practically no diff]5ce 9 ?ickness ( v]tical & oblique p>ts 7p4 #bhe74 ,o--v beautiful3 wid? slightly less ?an height 7p4 #bgj72 slightly tilt$ 7z are all ! o!r curv$ lett]s3 see p4 #bhe74 ,p--,b[ n jo9$ to /em bel[ 7fir/ ,p r\nd] topp$74 ,q--tail c>ri$ "u ,v 7,u74 ,r--l>ge b[3 /raight tail1 ) f9i%+-curve 7p4 #bia74 ,s--leans =w>d slightly 7p4 #bhf74 ,proportions ( wid?s to heights 7comp4 ) pp4 #bfi-bgc7 ,,ocdgmnq wid? slightly less ?an height4 ,,artv wid? approx4 #a_/f? less ?an height4 ,,bx wid? r m ?an half height4 ,p wid? approx4 equal half height4 ,,ls wid? slightly less ?an half height4 ,,ef wid? approx4 #c_/g?s ( height4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,h1 7,j71 ,k1 7,u71 ,w1 ,y1 ,z are n pres5t 9 ! inscription4 ,a r\gh diagram 7fig4 #bai7 is giv5 bel[ %[+ approximately suitable =ms = ^! 7,re junction ( ,u 9 /one2 see p4 #djj1 fig4 #bae74 p#dab ,,plate ,,iii4--,writt5 ,roman ,capitals1 ,f\r? or ,fif? ,c5tury4 7,virgil's 8neid074 7,f a facsimile 9 ! ,palographical ,society's ,publications1 #a/ ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,pl4 #bjh1 ( a ,,ms4 9 ! libr>y ( ,s4 ,gall1 ,switz]l&4 ,see also 8,greek & ,lat9 ,palography10 p4 #ahe47 ,,lett]s4--,simple-writt5 7slant$-p57 ,roman 8,squ>e ,capitals40 ,,words 9 e>ly ,,mss4 7 n sep>at$ 7p4 #aab74 ,,l9es rul$ ) a h>d po9t 7p4 #cdc74 ,! lett]s appe> to h be5 writt5 betwe5 e alt]nate pair 7p4 #bii71 b slightly ov] ! l9e4 ,a v h&some writ+ :i* might /ill be us$ = special ,,mss4 7see pp4 #cjd1 #cjj1 #bii74 ,,plate ,,iv4--,uncial ,writ+1 probably ,italian ,six? or ,sev5? ,c5tury4 7,lat9 ,gospels74 ,brit4 ,museum1 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #agge4 7,%[n 9 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,,mss41 ,case ,g1 ,no4 #aa47 ,,! ,,volume conta9s #dfh leaves 7#g in*es by #d-c_/d in*es74 ,,m>g9s1 ,approx43 ,inn] #e_/h in*1 ,head #g_/h in*1 ,side #i_/h in*1 ,foot #h_/h in*4 7,!y may h be5 cut d[n by ! b9d]47 ,,writ+4--,a f9e r\nd ,uncial ,,ms4 7pp4 #ch1 #cjb71 arrang$ 9 long & %ort l9es4 ,note4--,on _m ( ! lett]s !re are f9e hair-l9e curv$ tails & fl\ri%es1 :i* are sc>cely visible 9 ! photograph4 7,^! tails 7 also us$ 9 ! e>li] ,uncial %[n 9 fig4 #e--see also ,add5da1 p4 #bc47 ,,sections4--,m>k$ by built-up lett]s ( an ,uncial type1 & numb]$1 m,r cxxiiii to m,r cxxvi 7) ref]5ces to 8,h>monies074 ,! passage is ,s4 ,m>k xi4 #ba-be4 p#dac ,,plate ,v4--,uncial ,writ+1 probably ,cont95tal ,sev5? ,c5tury4 7,gospel ( ,s4 ,john74 ,ex libris ,/onyhur/ ,college4 7,see also enl>gem5t1 fig4 #afi47 7,f a facsimile 9 ! ,palographical ,society's ,publications1 #a/ ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,pl4 #ag47 ,,! ,,volume conta9s #ij leaves1 approx4 #e-c_/h in*es by #c-e_/h in*es4 ,! ,inn] m>g9 is approximately #a_/b in* wide4 ,,writ+4--,a v beautiful po9t$ 7slant$-p57 ,uncial4 ,! 8po9t$0 "* ( ! lett]s1 :i* yet reta9 _! typical r\ndness1 give ?is writ+ a peculi> *>m4 ,note ! top ( ! ,p has a m>k$ angle1 & ! ,m & ,h1 & ev5 ! ,o1 h ?is slightly or /rongly4 ,,rul+4--,s+le l9es1 r wide 7p4 #cje74 ,,arrangem5t4--,c]ta9 ( ! l9es are ind5t$ "o lett] 7p4 #bfd74 ,,l>ge ,,lett]s4--,on v]so ,col m>k+ a 8,*apt]0 is built-up 9 r$1 on recto ! ?ree l>ge lett]s 7m>k+ sections7 are simply writt5 ) ! text p5 7p4 #bii74 7,! passage is ,s4 ,john xi4 #df-ef47 ,,plate ,,vi4--,half-,uncial 7,iri%71 ,sev5? ,c5tury4 8,book ( ,kells0 7,lat9 ,gospels74 ,ex libris ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 7,f a facsimile--"p ( ,pl4 ,,xlvii4--9 8,celtic ,ornam5ts f ! ,book ( ,kells10 by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,k4 ,abbott47 ,,! ,,leaves--:i* are cut d[n & mu* damag$--measure #ac in*es by #aj in*es4 ,,writ+4--,a beautiful & highly f9i%$ 7approx4 /raight p57 ,half-,uncial 7pp4 #dj1 #cjd71 t5d+ to ornam5tal & fanciful =ms :5ev] opportunity (f]$4 7,note ! treatm5t ( inde47 ,,arrangem5t4--,long & %ort l9es3 wide spac+4 p#dad ,,! ,,lett]s comb9e extreme gracefulness ) an unusual appe>ance ( /r5g?4 ,?is is ma9ly due to ! ends ( all ! /rokes be+ f9i%$2 ! ?ick /rokes h l>ge1 triangul> heads 7p4 #cbg7 on ! left1 & bases broad5$ by an additional /roke bel[ on ! "r 7?us 74 ,& ! horizontal ?9 /rokes are ei!r f9i%$ ) a triangul> t]m9al 7p4 #bdf71 or run on into ! next lett]--jo9+ ! lett]s toge!r4 ,! extreme r\ndness ( ! lett]s is contribut$ to by _! be+ writt5 betwe5 ,,d\ble ,,l9es 7pp4 #cjd1 #hh71 ! upp] l9e ( :i* t5ds to flatt5 ! tops4 ,! p5 n be+ q 8/raight0 7see footnote1 p4 #cjd71 toge!r ) a t5d5cy to pull ! left h& curves1 gives a *>act]i/ic %ape to ! lett]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,,! ,,illum9ation ?r\gh\t ! book is mo/ elaborate & beautiful4 ,ea* division has an entire ,initial page occupi$ ) ! fir/ few lett]s4 ,! ,,col\rs 7 8pal$ gre51 r$1 violet1 & yell[1 int5se black1 & :ite1 b no gold03 see description ( ,celtic ,,mss41 p4 #dj1 ,bradley's 8,illum9at$ ,lett]s & ,bord]s10 & also ! ,palographical ,society's #a/ ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,pl4 #ee-eh1 #hh1 #hi4 ,?is notable book may be tak5 z an example ( ! m>vell\s possibilities ( p5-"w & complex col\r-"w 7see p4 #baf74 ,9 consid]+ ! value ( ! writ+ z a model1 x may be not$ t its highly f9i%$ nature dem&s practis$ skill on ! "p ( ! copyi/1 & t ?\gh mod]n ,iri% writ+ 7= :i* x w\ld be an excell5t model7 /ill employs 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ^! lett]s w\ld be apt to look peculi> 9 ,engli%4 ,! ,kells ,,ms4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 h[ev]1 might be us$1 & a v beautiful ornam5tal h& 7p4 #cjd7 might be f\nd$ on ?is writ+4 p#dae ,,plate ,,vii4--,half-,uncial 7,engli%71 circa #gjj ,a4,d4 8,durham ,book0 7,lat9 ,gospels74 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,cotton ,,mss4 ,n]o ,d4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,volume conta9s #beh leaves 7#ac-a_/b in*es by #i-g_/h in*es74 ,,! ,,writ+ is an ,engli%--or r ,anglo-,iri%--,half-,uncial1 writt5 at ,l9disf>ne 7,holy ,i47 "u ,iri% influ5ce 7p4 #dj74 ,,arrangem5t--two columns ( #bd l9es--long & %ort--to ! page 7note h[ eis is got into ! fif? l9e73 wide spac+4 ,! writ+ be>s a /rong resemblance to t ( ! 8,book ( ,kells10 b is g5]ally mu* pla9]2 x is also less graceful1 be+ heavi] & wid] 9 proportion4 ,! 8,book ( ,kells0 ,o is a circle1 :ile ! 8,durham ,book0 ,o is consid]ably wid] ?an its height1 & all ! o!r lett]s are correspond+ly wide4 ,! ,,rul+ 9 bo? books consi/s ( d\ble l9es1 rul$ ) a h>d po9t on bo? sides ( ea* leaf4 ,,! ,,illum9ation also resembles t ( ! 8,book ( ,kells0 7see opposite71 b a small am\nt ( gold is employ$ 9 x4 7,see also ,palographical ,society's #a/ ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,pl4 #c-f1 #bb47 ,note4--,! 8,gloss10 or int]l9e> translation1 is 9 ! ,nor?umbrian dialect1 & 0 put 9 9 ! t5? c5tury1 m ?an #bjj ye>s aft] ! book 0 writt54 ,a h& f\nd$ to "s ext5t on ! 8,durham ,book0 h& is giv5 9 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 z an easy copy3 see figs4 #di1 #ej4 ,,plate ,,viii4--,engli% ,t5?-c5tury ,writ+4 7,psalt]74 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #bijd4 7,see enl>gem5t1 fig4 #agb74 7,%[n ,b4 ,m4 ,gr5ville ,lib4 ,case #b1 ,no4 #i47 ,,! ,,volume conta9s #bad leaves 7#ac-a_/d in*es by #aj in*es71 #ah l9es to ! page2 probably writt5 at ,w9*e/] 9 late t5? c5tury4 7,pl4 r$uc$ scale #h_/i?s47 ,,writ+4--,an extremely good1 =mal1 8slant$-p50 writ+1 hav+ great fre$om 7note ! v slight p#daf slope =w>d7 & simplicity4 ,?is type ( lett] may be reg>d$ z a l9k betwe5 ! ,half-,uncial & ! ,roman ,small-,lett] 7see p4 #caj74 ,,! ,,rul+3 s+le l9es 7see footnote1 p4 #cje74 ,,! ,,lett]s %[ v /rongly ! effects ( ! 8slant$ p50 7see pp4 #dc1 #cje74 ,note ! heavy %\ld]s & feet 9 n1 b1 c41 & ! ?ick horizontals 9 4 ,! curv$ tops or ar*es are flatti% & /rong3 ! ?ick /rokes end 9 po9ts & are hook$ bel[1 ?9 /rokes sc>cely appe> except z ! f9i%+ /rokes ( a1 c1 e1 l1 1 :ile d1 7h71 i1 m1 n1 u end 9 small heavy hooks4 ,note g5]ally ! t5d5cy to int]nal angles & ext]nal r\ndness 7examples1 & o74 ,note p>ticul>ly ! junctions & accid5tal cross+s ( ! /rokes 7se5 be/ 9 ! enl>gem5t1 fig4 #agb7 z be>+ on ! mode ( con/ruction ( ! lett]s 7see p4 #hd74 ,note ! f9e %ape ( ! amp]z& 73 #crd l9e74 ,,! ,,illum9ation 7see ,*>act]i/ics ( ,w9*e/] ,illum9ation1 or 8,opus ,anglicum10 pp4 #hb1 #hc1 ,bradley3 8,illum9at$ ,lett]s & ,bord]s074 ,all ! ,,capitals beg9n+ ! v]ses are 9 rais$1 burni%$ gold1 9 ! m>g94 ,! titles are 9 r$ 9 fancy 8,ru/ic ,capitals0 7p4 #big74 ,! ,l9e-,fill+s consi/ ( gr\ps ( r$ dots1 9 ?rees 7 74 ,?is extremely legible ,,ms4 w\ld =m an almo/ p]fect model = a mod]n =mal h& 7s be+ sub/itut$ = long 1 & ! /raight t = ! curv$ 7see fig4 #ahc73 ! removal ( ! e fl\ri% w\ld also help readabl5ess74 ,& ?\gh x is some:at l>ge & heavy = ord9>y use1 x is good = practis+1 & might be develop$ into a =m resembl+ any ( ! m difficult lat] =ms 7,plates ,,ix41 ,x41 ,,xx474 ,,plate ,,ix4--,engli% ,writ+1 dat$ #ajah4 ,two portions ( a ,*>t] ( ,,cnut4 ,brit4 ,museum4 7,see also enl>gem5t1 fig4 #agc47 ,pl4 r$uc$ scale #aa_/ab?s4 7,%[n 9 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,dep>tm5t ( ,,mss41 ,case ,v41 ,no4 #c47 ,,! ,,writ+ resembles t 9 ,plate ,,viii4 p#dag 7see above71 b is m sl5d] & r\nd]--! p5 be+ a little less slant$1 & ! ar*es m curv$1 & %[+ m ( ! ?9 /roke4 ,! asc5d]s & desc5d]s are long]1 ! heads are m m>k$1 & !re is a g5]al elegance & di/9ction1 due p]haps to ! ,,ms4 be+ a *>t]4 ,*>t]-h&s are g5]ally m %[y & less legible ?an ,book-h&s1 b 9 ?is h& !re is great legibility1 & a v few *anges 7simil> to ^? sugge/$ above7 w\ld make x q suitable = mod]n use4 ,its relation to ! ,roman ,small-,lett] is obvi\s4 ,notes4--,! 7black7 ,v & u 7 probably built-up ) ! writ+ p54 ,! =ms ( a1 e1 g1 7h71 r1 may be not$ z diff]+ consid]ably f ! t5?-c5tury h&4 ,! comb9$ ra 79 ! #d? l9e7 is curi\s2 & ! r 9 ,anglorum--?is r 7:i* repres5ts ! ,b[ & ,tail ( ,r7 commonly foll[s ! r\nd lett]s b1 o1 p1 9 8,go?ic0 writ+3 !re is ano!r curi\s =m 9 ! l9k$ rt 9 c>tula 7la/ l9e74 ,! ^w ,,cnut & sev]al o!r names are 9 ornam5tal 8,ru/ic0 ,capitals 7see p4 #big74 ,! two l9es ( ,engli% f ano!r "p ( ! *>t] h v long /ems & ornam5tal s]ifs1 giv+ a v decorative effect 7see footnote1 p4 #cbf74 ,,plate ,x4--,italian 7fir/ half (7 ,twelf?-c5tury ,writ+4 7,homilies & ,lessons74 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #gahc4 7,see also enl>gem5t1 fig4 #agd47 7,%[n 9 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,dep>tm5t ( ,,mss41 ,case ,c l[] "p1 ,no4 #aja47 ,,! ,,volume4--,homilies & ,lessons = ,sundays & ,fe/ivals f ,adv5t to ,ea/] ,eve--conta9s #cag leaves 7approximately #ba-a_/b in*es by #ae in*es72 two columns1 ea* ( #ej l9es1 to ! page4 ,! ,,m>g9s are1 approximately1 ,inn] #a-a_/d in*1 ,head p#dah #a-a_/d in*1 ,side #c-a_/d in*es1 ,foot #d-a_/d in*es 7betwe5 columns #a-a_/h in*3 see ,plate74 ,! portion ( a page1 %[n 9 ,plate ,x41 consi/s ( ! la/ elev5 l9es1 second column1 ( folio #gh4 ,,writ+4--,?is has all ! qualities ( good writ+ 7p4 #bci7 9 a m>k$ degree1 & ,i consid] x1 tak5 all r\nd1 ! mo/ p]fect & satisfactory p5man%ip :i* ,i h se54 ,its simplicity & di/9ctiv5ess are v m>k$1 s also are its "* & fre$om4 ,!re is an almo/ entire abs5ce ( artificial f9i%--! t]m9als are natural hooks1 beaks & 8feet0 made ) a f9e sleight ( h& 7p4 #caa7--;& its v great beauty ( =m is ! natural outcome ( good traditions & em95tly satisfactory craftsman%ip4 ,notes4--,! lett]s are v wide1 & ! inside %apes diff] consid]ably f ^? ( ! t5?-c5tury ,,ms4 7above7--) :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is a consid]able aff9ity 7see p4 #daf74 ,! f is long] ?an ! 1 ! g has a v f9e =m ) a clos$ loop1 ! r is %>p5$1 ! t /raight4 ,small 7,uncial7 ,,capitals um foll[ ! ,v]sal2 ! s]ifs on ! ,s & ,e are made ) dext]\s movem5ts ( ! nib 7p4 #bdf71 & resemble ^? on ! ,v]sal ,c4 ,v & ,u are bo? us$ = ! consonant 7,v74 ,!re are v few ,,v]sals 9 ?is book3 ! ,c %[n is 9 r$ 7:i* has be5 smudg$74 ,! l>ge 8,,illum9at$ ,,initials0 9 ! book are 9 yell[1 blue1 & r$1 & appe> to me to be comp>atively poor1 at lea/1 to fall %ort ( ! p]fection ( ! ,,ms4 ,( ?is writ+1 ,sir ,edw>d ,maunde ,?ompson 78,greek & ,lat9 ,palography10 pp4 #bga-b7 says3-- 8,! s5se ( grace ( =m :i* we p]ceive 9 ! ,lomb>dic writ+ ( ,italy is ma9ta9$ 9 t c\ntry 9 ! lat] writ+ ( ! new m9uscule type1 :i* assumes "u ! p5s ( ! mo/ exp]t ,italian scribes a v beautiful & r\nd ev5 /yle4 ,?is /yle1 ?\gh peculi>ly ,italian1 ext5d$ p#dai its influ5ce abroad1 especially to ! s\? ( ,france1 & became ! model ( ,spani% writ+ at a lat] "t4 ,we select a specim5 f a v h&some ,,ms4 ( ,homilies ( ! fir/ half ( ! #ab? c5tury 7,pal4 ,soc4 ii4 pl4 #ee71 writt5 9 bold lett]s ( ! be/ type1 to :i* we %all f9d ! scribes ( ! fifte5? c5tury rev]t+ 9 ord] to obta9 a model = _! ,,mss4 ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! exactness ) :i* ! writ+ is "h execut$ is truly m>vell\s1 & 0 only rivall$1 n surpass$1 by ! f9i%$ h&iwork ( its lat] imitators4 8,x w ( c\rse be und]/ood t ?is 0 n ! only /yle ( h& t prevail$ 9 ,italy4 ,o!rs ( a mu* r\gh] ca/ 7 also employ$4 ,b z a typical book-h&1 :i* 0 ! p>5t ( ! h&s 9 :i* ! great] proportion ( c>efully writt5 ,,mss4 ( succe$+ p]iods 7 writt5 9 ,italy1 x is to be specially notic$40 7,p4 #bhd7--8we give a specim5 ( a h& ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 a revival ( ! /yle ( ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury1 & a v successful imitation ( a ,,ms4 ( t p]iod4 ,x 0 ?is practice1 foll[$ by ! scribes ( ! ,r5aissance1 ( rev]t+ to t f9e p]iod ( ,italian writ+ 7see p4 #bgb7 to f9d models = ! exquisitely f9i%$ ,,mss4 :i* !y 7 compell$ to produce 9 ord] to satisfy ! ref9$ ta/e ( _! day1 t influ5c$ ! e>ly pr9t]s ( ,italy 9 ! *oice ( _! =m ( type4099 7,p4 #bhe7--8;9 ! comp>atively small numb] ( extant lit]>y ,,mss4 ( a lat] date ?an ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury x is noticeable t a l>ge proportion ( !m are writt5 9 ! /yle ( ! book-h& ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance--! /yle :i* ev5tually sup]s$$ all o!rs 9 ! pr9t+ press4 ,! scribes ( ^! late examples only foll[$ ! ta/e ( ! day 9 pref]r+ ^? cle> & simple *>act]s to ! r\gh lett]s ( ! native h&s40 99 ,! specim5 h& giv5 is ( date #adff4 ,plate ,,xviii4 may "h be tak5 z an example ( ! ,r5aissance revival2 ,plate ,,xx4 & fig4 #age z examples ( lat] ,,mss4 ,,plate ,,xi4--,engli% 7late7 ,twelf?-c5tury ,writ+1 ) fl\ri%$ ,capitals4 7,brevi>y74 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,royal ,,ms4 #b4 ,a4 x4 7,%[n 9 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,dep>tm5t ( ,,mss41 ,case ,d1 ,no4 #aaa47 ,,! ,,volume--sometimes call$ ! ,/4 ,albans or ,albanus ,psalt]--conta9s #bjj leaves 7#f-g_/h in*es by p#dbj #d-g_/h in*es72 tw5ty-sev5 l9es to ! page1 "s pages h two columns4 ,,m>g9s1 approximately1 ,inn] #e_/h in*1 ,head "u #a_/b in* 7see ,plate71 ,side #a-a_/d in* 7"p occupi$ by ,v]sals71 ,foot #a-a_/h in*4 ,,! ,,writ+ is fairly legible1 b approa*es ,black ,lett] 7p4 #cca7 too ne>ly to be ( use to u = ord9>y purposes4 ,note ! ornam5tal ,semi-,ru/ic ,capitals 9 text4 ,note ! ,,rul+ ( ! two head l9es & ( ! foot l9e is c>ri$ into ! m>g94 ,,! ,,v]sals4--,! ma9 int]e/ lies 9 ! v>i$ =ms ( ! ,v]sals1 :i* are mo/ beautifully made 9 r$ & gre5 alt]nately4 ,!re is "o elaborate gold initial 9 ! book1 & sev]al ,v]sals 9 blue & :ite 7holl[3 see p4 #bjh74 ,! five 's--& ! ,d 9 ! text--on ?is page 7folio #he;b7 by no means exhau/ ! v>ieties ( ,d alone1 & !re are v _m v>ieties ( ! =ms ( ! o!r lett]s4 ,on "s pages ea* l9e beg9s ) a small ,v]sal1 :ile ! m important ,initials are mu* l>g]1 v>y+ 9 size & ornam5t4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ( ! ,v]sals is unusually sl5d]1 curv$1 & gradat$4 ,a r f9e p5 seems to h be5 us$ 7p4 #bib71 & ?\gh ! lett]s are upright1 ! natural t5d5cy to slant ! p5 c be detect$ 9 ! ?ick5+ ( ! ?9 p>ts--above1 on ! "r1 & bel[1 on ! left--giv+ ! suspicion ( a tilt to ! ,o4 ,! ,o-"p ( ea* 0 made fir/1 & ! tail add$4 ,?is is v obvi\s 9 ! ,d 9 ! text1 :]e a /em 0 add$ to ,o to make ,d4 ,note ! dots inside ! ,v]sals1 "o above & "o bel[4 ,orig9ally ^! may h be5 int5d$ to effect--or hide--! junction ( ! ?9 /rokes1 by a twirl ( ! p5 at ! end ( ! fir/ /roke & ! beg9n+ ( ! second1 ?us 4 ,_! use is v common 9 ,v]sal =ms 7see fig4 #ahi71 & besides be+ decorative 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 !y may be said to p#dba /r5g!n ! ?9 p>ts 7mu* z ! weake/ "p ( ! loop 9 an old key 0 ?ick5$ = /r5g?74 99 99 99 99 99 ,note ! "r-h& ,b[s ( ! 's are made ?9n]1 z ?\gh ! ,rubricator _h be5 afraid ( runn+ into ! text 9 mak+ _! la/ curves--su* an exp]t1 h[ev]1 may well h _h a bett] reason = x4 ,,plate ,,xii4--,illum9at$ ,initial 9 a ,flemi% ,,ms4 ,a4,d4 #aadh4 7,lat9 ,bible74 ,brit4 ,museum1 ,addl4 ,,ms4 #adgij4 7,%[n 9 ,brit4 ,museum1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,,mss41 ,case ,c1 ,no4 #ia47 ,,! ,,volume--! ?ird1 & mo/ int]e/+1 ( ?is ,,ms4 ,bible 7,numb]$ #adghh-hi-ij7--;conta9s #bbc leaves 7#ag in*es by #aa-g_/h in*es74 ,,m>g9s1 approximately1 ,inn] #a-a_/h in*1 ,head 7cut7 #a in*1 ,side #b-c_/h in*es1 ,foot #c-a_/b in*es4 7,betwe5 columns #ae_/af in*47 ,,! ,,writ+ is a n v legible 8,go?ic40 ,! zigzag t5d5cy exhibit$1 especially by ! ^w n9iu5 7,n9iveh71 second l9e1 is unsuit$ = su* =mal writ+ 7see p4 #dhd74 ,! rapid plac+ ( ! ,heads ( ! lett]s is su* t !y appe> brok5 & p>tly deta*$ f ! /ems4 ,! ,,v]sals are ( a good type4 ,,! ,,initial is a monogrammatic ,,et4 ,! arms ( ! r\nd t]m9ate 9 leaves fold$ back1 its =m is holl[ & inwov5 7p4 #bjh71 & gives rise to foliage1 :i* fills ! int]ior--pass+ ov] ! fi% & beh9d ,jonah4 ,note also h[ ! jaws ( ! fi% are int]lac$1 & h[ compactly all ! p>ts are put toge!r4 ,! close application ( ! backgr\nd to ! curves adds to ! g5]al compactness1 & toge!r ) its spac+ f ! /raight front balances ! masses 7p4 #dbd73 x may be comp>$ to ! ev5 spac+ ( curv$ & /raight /rokes 7see fig4 #ec74 ,!re is an ext5sion ( ! backgr\nd to hold ! fi%'s tail4 p#dbb ,,! ,,col\rs-- ,initial1 ,foliage1 ,fi%3 r$3 outl9$ l9$2 ,p>*m5t left pla94 ,jonah3 black3 outl9$ l9$2 ,p>*m5t left pla94 ,b&s on ,initial1 gold1 outl9$ r$4 ,holl[s 9 ,initial1 gold1 outl9$ r$4 ,backs ( fold$ leaves3 gold1 outl9$ r$4 ,out] backgr\nd3 pal$ gre54 ,dots on out] gr\nd3 r$4 ,inn] backgr\nd3 pal$ blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,we may n1 ,i ?9k1 attempt to imitate ! complex #ab?-c5tury decoration ( ?is initial 7see p4 #aif71 b ! treatm5t ( ! elem5ts ( =m & col\r is v sugge/ive1 & ! :ole piece ( lett]+ is *>act]i/ic ( ! gr& /yle 9 :i* a book 0 at t "t begun4 ,! ,,arrangem5t ( ! lett]s !mselves is v simple1 & might be made good use ( 7fig4 #bbj74 p#dbc ,,plate ,,xiii4--,engli% 7#bnd half7 ,?irte5?-c5tury ,writ+ & ,illum9ation4 7,lat9 ,bible74 ,ex libris ,s4 ,c4 ,cock]ell4 ,,! ,,volume--probably writt5 at ,york--conta9s #dbg leaves 7#h in*es by #e-a_/b in*es73 two columns to ! page3 ,,m>g9s1 approx43 ,inn] #e_/h in*1 ,head #e_/h in*1 ,side #g_/h in*1 ,foot #a-g_/af in*4 7,betwe5 ! columns #c_/h in*47 ,! pages h be5 cut d[n4 ,,! ,,writ+ is v small1 & !re are _m contractions499 ,9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies ! :ole ,bible1 writt5 9 ?is fa%ion1 0 (t5 small en\gh to be c>ri$ 9 ! pocket4 ,note ! clos$ & ! #g =m ( 4 ,! page is ,,rul$ ) #ej l9es2 ! #di l9es ( writ+ lie betwe5 ^!1 s t 9 ea* case ! asc5d]s t\* ! l9e above1 & ! desc5d]s1 ! l9e bel[4 ,note ! d\ble l9es 9 ! ,foot m>g9 7see p4 #cdc74 ,,v]sals4--,a v n>r[ type is us$ 9 ! n>r[ m>g9s3 ! example %[n is 9 r$1 fl\ri%$ blue2 x beg9s ! second *apt] 7,et angelo ephesi1 c471 :i* is also m>k$ by col\r$ ,roman ,num]als at ! side 7,,ii74 ,! page head+ is 8,,apoca0 9 small r$ & blue ,v]sals4 ,,! ,,illum9at$ ,,initial is 8hi/oriat$0--i4e4 x conta9s a picture illu/rat+ ! text1 viz4 a repres5tation ( ,s4 ,john writ+ to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es--purely conv5tional =ms1 or r symbols1 = ! mo/ "p1 are us$ & beautifully fitt$ into ! available space4 ,! great] size & m c>eful draw+ ( ! human figure 7! c5tre ( int]e/7 is *>act]i/ic ( a f9e conv5tion4 ,! slope ( ! vellum page on :i* ,s4 ,john is writ+1 & ev5 ! mann] 9 :i* ! quill is held1 are su* z w\ld naturally be employ$ by a scribe 7see frontispiece1 p4 #fg74 p#dbd ,! capitals ( ! pill>s m>k ! position ( ! cross-b> ( ,a4 ,! top s]if is c>ri$ up & =ms a bud1 :i* gives rise to leaf-l fl\ri%es2 ! free ?9 /em runs d[n =m+ a grotesque1 :i* gives out a leaf-l tongue4 ,9 ei!r case ! object--9 e s5se recreative--is a r5ewal ( int]e/ 9 ! design$1 elongat$1 gr[? ( ! =ms4 ,note ! curv$ ?ick5+ ( ,a's left /em ends ne>ly level ) ! foot ( ! "r /em4 ,?is gives balance to ! lett] 7see ,r1 fig4 #ha ,a1 fig4 #ahi71 & pres]ves ! ess5tial =m1 :i* suff]s no di/ortion by ! ?9n] cont9uation bel[4 ,note ! balanc+ ( ! backgr\nd mass on ! /raight & curv$ sides ( ! ,initial 7z 9 ,plate ,,xii41 see above72 also ! ext5sion & %ape ( ! backgr\nd accompany+ ! drawn out p>ts ( ! lett]4 ,,col\rs ( ,initial-- ,"r /em3 r$ ) :ite l9es & patt]ns4 ,left /em & s]if3 blue ) :ite l9es & patt]ns4 ,l4 /em1 l[] half1 dragon3 pale 8lake40 ,! backgr\nd 7c\nt]- *>g$7 out]3 pale 8lake40 inn]3 blue4 l[] ext5sion3 blue4 f9al fl\ri%3 pale 8lake40 ,b& 7d>k7 d[n left side1 dragon's w+s1 #f 8b]ries10 halo1 seat1 tops ( pill> caps3 burni%$ gold4 ,leaves 7d>k7 pill> caps3 r$4 ,small /ems leaves3 gre54 ,"h aga9 no natural "w w\ld come ( a mod]n attempt to imitate s complex a 8design0--natural & ev5 inevitable #fjj ye>s ago4 ,b ! _s ( delicacy & fantasy1 ! +5i\s contrivance1 & ! balanc+ & disposal ( =m & col\r %[n by ! antique art1 may well be matt] = imitation by ! mod]n draughtsman-illum9ator1 & ev5 by ! m]e p5man4 99 ,! ,apocalypse "h beg9s 8,a,pocalipis iu xi0 7= ,i,u ,x,i1 d]iv$ f ! ,greek & us$ z a m$ival ,lat9 contraction = ,jesu ,*ri/i74 p#dbe ,,plate ,,xiv4--,?irte5?-c5tury ,l9e-f9i%+s3 ,p5-"w4 7,psalt]74 ,brit4 ,museum1 ,royal ,,ms4 #a4 ,d4 x4 ,,! ,,l9e-,,f9i%+s 7see p4 #bje71 ( :i* !re are v _m ?r\gh\t ! book1 all 9 r$ or blue p5-"w1 are v v>i$4 ,n9e k9ds are %[n 9 ! plate 7:i* repres5ts ab\t a qu>t] ( a page71 & ?ree o!rs f ! same ,,ms4 are giv5 9 figs4 #hg 7b7 & #abf 7f1 g74 ,! directions ( ! ?ick & ?9 /rokes indicate a p5 held at "r angles to its usual position 7almo/ 8upside d[n10 9 fact3 see fig4 #abf1 g71 & ! p5man%ip exhibits great spe$ & lightness ( h&--! rapidity & skill are inde$ q rem>kable 7e4g4 9 ! ,lion 9 ! eigh? l9e74 ,note t1 ?\gh ! writ+ occasionally runs into ! m>g91 ! l9e-f9i%+s /op at ! m>g9al-l9e4 ,! photograph %[s r$ d>k & blue light3 e4g4 ! ,bird is r$1 ! ,lion & ! ,fi% are blue4 ,! fif? ,l9e-f9i%+ is a r$ filigree ) blue 8b]ries0--x c h>dly be describ$ z a 8floral gr[?10 z ! 8bran*+0 is rev]s$3 ! rubricator ga9$ spe$ & uni=mity by ! simple repetition ( ! :orls all along ! l9e--! upp] bran*es 7 probably put 9 aft]w>ds1 & ! 8b]ries0 7 add$ lat] :5 he 0 mak+ ! blue ,l9e-f9i%+s4 ,! m complex decoration 7n %[n 9 ! plate7 9 ?is ,,ms4 is inf]ior to ! p5man%ip3 ! small backgr\nd ,capitals ) :i* ! v]ses beg9--presumably put 9 by a diff]5t h&--are m pret5ti\s1 & d n mat* ! ,l9e-f9i%+s4 ,g5]al ,note4--,:5 a space occurs at ! end ( a l9e ( writ+1 x is (t5 be/ to leave x1 & 9 a pla9 ,,ms41 if x be 8well & truly0 writt51 !re is no objection to v>y+ l5g?s ( l9e 7see pp4 #bfc1 #cga74 ,b a book1 su* z a ,psalt]1 divid$ into _m %ort v]ses--9 :i* ! la/ l9e usually falls %ort ( ! m>g9al p#dbf l9e--(f]s a fair field = su* simple & effective decoration4 7,see also pp4 #dbh1 #dhf1 fig4 #acj1 & ,plate ,,xxiii47 ,,plate ,,xv4--,engli% ,writ+ & ,illum9ation1 circa #abhd ,a4,d4 7,psalt]74 ,brit4 ,museum1 ,addl4 ,,ms4 #bdfhf4 ,,! ,,writ+ is a f9e1 freely =m$1 8,go?ic0 7p4 #cca74 ,note1 ! i's are 8dott$40 ,note ! d\ble ,,m>g9al ,,l9es 7p4 #cdc74 ,,! ,,small ,,initials are ( ! 8,lomb>dic0 type 7p4 #baj71 9 :i* ! ,s]ifs are mu* ?ick5$ & ornam5t$4 ,note ! tails ( ! ,q's are turn$ to ! left to cle> ! writ+4 ,! ,,l9e-,,fill+s mat* ! small initials 7p4 #aic74 ,,! ,,l>ge ,,initial1 c4--,! plate %[s ! end ( ! f\rte5? & beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? ,psalm 7om9e quis habitabit74 ,note 8,arabic0 num]als 7#ae7 9 m>g94 ,! tail ( ! ,initial is =m$ ( a dragon1 ! head ( :i* re/s on ! ,o-"p3 its w+s project into ! inn] m>g9 7& ^! 9 ! plate1 :i* %[s a fragm5t ( a v]so page1 run into ! fold betwe5 ! pages73 ! tail 7toge!r ) ! backgr\nd7 desc5ds till a conv5i5t po9t is rea*$ f :i* ! l[] scroll-"w spr+s4 ,! tail1 w+1 & claws above1 belong to a magpie :i* is p]*$ on ! initial4 ,,! ,,draw+3 see ref]5ce to ?is at p4 #bjc1 & bel[4 ,sir ,edw>d ,maunde ,?ompson 7p4 #ci1 8,engli% ,illum9at$ ,,mss407 says ( ?is-- 8--! ,additional ,,ms4 #bdfhf 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 kn[n z ! ,t5ison ,psalt]1 f its hav+ once =m$ "p ( ! libr>y ( ,ar*bi%op ,t5ison4 ,?is psalt] is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful illum9at$ ,engli% manuscripts ( its "t1 b un=tunately only 9 "p1 = x 0 n f9i%$ 9 ! p]fect p#dbg /yle 9 :i* x 0 begun 4 4 4 9 ! fir/ quire ( ! text ! ornam5tation is ( peculi> beauty4 4 4 4099 8--! progress ( ! art s9ce ! e>li] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 4 4 4 is 4 4 4 manife/4 ,!re is m fre$om 9 ! draw+1 ! /iffness ( ! e>li] examples is 9 great measure ov]come2 & ! p5dant has ?r[n out a bran* :i* has already put =? leaves4 ,a great v>iety ( col\rs1 blue1 rose1 v]milion1 lake1 gre51 br[n1 z well z burni%$ gold1 is employ$ 9 ! composition ( ! l>ge initial & its accompany+ p5dant & bord]1 & ! small initials are ( gold laid on a gr\nd ( blue or lake1 & fill$ ) lake or blue2 :ile ! ribbons :i* fill up ! spaces at ! ends ( ! v]ses are alt]nately ( ! same col\rs & are decorat$ ) patt]ns 9 silv] on ! blue & 9 gold on ! lake40 8,! gr\p ( ! dism\nt$ knight despat*+ a gryphon1 :i* has prov$ too mu* = ! horse1 ^u ^: dy+ body ! expectant rav5 has already p]*$1 is t9t$ 9 light] col\rs4 ,x is an in/ance ( ! use to :i* m>g9al space 0 put1 p>ticul>ly by ,engli% arti/s1 = ! introduction ( little sc5es1 su* z episodes 9 romances or /ories1 games1 grotesque combats1 social sc5es1 c41 (t5 drawn ) a light free h& & mo/ arti/ic t\*4 ,)\t ^! little sket*es1 mu* ( ! mann]s & cu/oms1 dress1 & daily life ( our ance/ors w\ld h rema9$ = ev] unkn[n to u40 99 ,x is suppos$ t ! book 0 at fir/ int5d$ z a m>riage gift = ,alphonso1 son ( ,edw>d ,i4 ,! *>act]i/ic ov] & "u arrangem5t ( ! gryphon's upp] & l[] bill1 makes ?is d\btful4 ,,plate ,,xvi4--,italian ,f\rte5?-c5tury ,,ms41 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,addl4 ,,ms4 #bhhda4 ,,! ,,volume3 "o ( two 7! o!r numb]$ #bgfie71 a ,lat9 treatise on ! ,virtues & ,vices 7,! m9iatures1 draw+s1 c41 probably by 8! ,monk ( ,hyres10 ,g5oa74 ,! vellum leaves h be5 sep>at$1 & are n[ pres]v$ 9 pap] books4 ,! leaf illu/rat$ %[s a m>g9 ( vellum ( less ?an #c_/af in* all r\nd 7! plate74 ,! decorative bord]s are mu* m naturali/ic 9 p#dbh =m & col\r+ ?an any o!r old illum9ation t ,i h se5 7see ref]5ce to ,plate ,,xvi41 p4 #bjc74 ,! foliage is a delicate gre51 ! b]ries are d>k purple1 ! s+le fruits pla9 & pale orange-r$2 ! two beetles 9 crimson & br[n are made d>k] & too prom95t 9 ! photograph4 ,! b&s ( small 8,lomb>dic0 ,capitals are 9 burni%$ gold4 ,note h[ skilfully & naturally ! upp] corn]s ( ! bord] are manag$1 & also ! beautiful way 9 :i* ! bran*es run into & among ! text 7see p4 #bac74 ,,plate ,,xvii4--,fr5* ,fifte5?-c5tury ,writ+1 ) ,illum9at$ ,bord]s4 ,ex libris ,e4 ,john/on4 ,,! ,,page #i-a_/b in*es by #f-a_/h in*es3 ,,m>g9s1 approx43 ,inn] #a-a_/h in*1 ,head #a-c_/h in*1 ,side #b-c_/h in*es1 ,foot #b-g_/h in*es 7! edges h be5 slightly cut d[n74 ,! m>g9al l9es 7f head to foot ( ! page7 & ! writ+ l9es are ,,rul$ 9 fa9t r$4 ,,! ,,writ+ is a late =mal 8,go?ic0--! ?9 /rokes h evid5tly be5 add$ 7p4 #dg74 ,! writt5 ,capitals are blott$ ) yell[ 7see p4 #adj74 ,! ,,illum9at$ ,,initial ,q is 9 blue1 :ite l9$1 on a gold gr\nd1 conta9s a blue fl[] & five ornam5ts 9 8lake40 ,! ,,l9e-,,fill+s are 9 blue & 8lake10 sep>at$ by a gold circle1 triangle1 or loz5ge4 ,,! ,,filigree ,,illum9ation spr+s f ! initial 9 ! n>r[ m>g91 & f a c5tre ornam5t 7see 8knot10 fig4 #abg7 9 ! wide side m>g94 ,! side m>g9s are treat$ simil>ly on ei!r page 7see p4 #bac72 ! inn] m>g9s are g5]ally pla94 ,?is repetition gives to ! pages a c]ta9 sam5ess--:i* is a *>act]i/ic r ?an a fault ( ! treatm5t4 ,! bord] on ! recto ( ! vellum leaf %[s ?r\gh on ! v]so or back ( ! leaf4 ,! ma9 l9es ( ! fir/ bord]1 h[ev]1 are freely trac$ & p#dbi foll[$ on ! v]so 7& s ne>ly hidd57 by ! second bord]4 ,?is is also sugge/ive ( ! m rapid me?ods ( book production 9 ! #ae? c5tury4 ,,col\rs-- ,/ems1 t5drils1 c43 black4 ,leaves ivy-%ap$ lanceolate3 burni%$ gold1 outl9$ black 7p4 #ahg74 pla94 furr$4 ,fl[]s1 buds1 c5tre ornam5ts1 c43 7,see p4 #ahb47 blue1 8lake10 or gre5 temp]$ ) :ite1 & %ad$ ) pure col\r2 :ite m>k+s2 ! =ms n outl9$4 ,?is type ( illum9ation is discuss$ 9 pp4 #aig-bjb4 ,its *ief po9ts are its simplicity & rapidity4 ,a p5man or a novice 9 illum9at+ c1 by tak+ a little pa9s1 beautify 8 ,,mss4 easily & quickly2 & he may p]haps pass on f ?is to 8high]0 types ( illum9ation4 ,,plate ,,xviii4--,italian ,fifte5?-c5tury ,writ+ & ,illum9ation4 7,p]otti's translation ( ,polybius74 ,ex libris ,h4 ,yates-,?ompson4 ,,! ,,volume consi/s ( #agd leaves 7#ac-a_/h in*es by #i in*es72 #ce l9es to ! page4 ,! plate %[s a portion ( ! upp] "p ( ! ,initial 7recto7 page4 ,,! ,,writ+4--,! ,capitals are simple-writt51 slant$-p5 8,roman0--slightly ornam5tal--=ms4 ,!y are freely copi$ on a l>ge scale 9 fig4 #afh3 see p4 #big4 ,! ,small-lett]s mat* ! ,capitals--!y are 8,roman0 =ms ) a slight 8,go?ic0 t5d5cy4 ,bo? ^! & ! ,capitals w\ld make v good models = free ,roman h&s4 ,,! ,,initial is a 8,roman0 ,a 9 burni%$ gold4 ,note ! exce$+ly graceful %ap+ ( ! limbs1 ! ornam5tal1 ,v-%ap$ cross-b>1 & ! abs5ce ( s]ifs 7see fig4 #aaf74 p#dcj ,! 8,:ite ,v9e ,patt]n0 7see p4 #bjb71 mo/ delicately & beautifully drawn1 int]laces ) ! lett] & itself1 & cov]s ! ,,backgr\nd v ev5ly4 ,! int]/ices ( ! backgr\nd are pa9t$ 9 blue1 r$1 & gre51 & its edge is adapt$ to ! slightly project+ fl[]s & leaves4 ,!re are gr\ps 7 & '''7 ( :ite dots on ! blue p>ts ( ! backgr\nd4 ,,! ,,bord] 7( :i* a small "p is %[n7 is approximately #a_/b in* wide 9 ! n>r[ m>g9 at ! side ( ! text--x is sep>ate f ! ,initial4 ,x ext5ds above & bel[ ! text1 :]e its dep? is great]1 mat*+ ! great] dep? ( ! m>g9s4 ,its treatm5t is simil> to1 ?\gh p]haps a little simpl] ?an1 t ( ! ,initial decoration4 ,,plate ,,xix4--,italian ,,ms41 dat$ #adha4 ,ex libris ,s4 ,c4 ,cock]ell4 8,"p ( a v]so page f a book conta9+ ! ,psalt] ( ,/4 ,j]ome & v>i\s ,pray]s1 writt5 & decorat$ by ,joa*9us de ,gigantibus ( ,rot5b]g 9 #adha = ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv4 ,joa*9us 0 employ$ at ,naples by ,f]d9& ,i41 & !re are o!r f9e examples ( 8 "w at ! ,briti% ,museum & ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 ,p>is4 ,9 ea* ( ^!1 z well z 9 ! pres5t book1 he /ates t he 0 bo? scribe & illum9ator40--,s4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,! ,,volume conta9s #ca leaves 7#f-a_/b in*es by #d-c_/d in*es73 ,,m>g9s1 approx43 ,inn] #g_/h in*1 ,head #g_/h in*1 ,side #a-a_/b in*1 ,foot #a-c_/d in*4 7,! head m>g91 toge!r ) ! edge ( ! book-cov]1 is %[n 9 ! plate47 ,,! ,,writ+4--,v cle>1 slightly slant$-p5 8,roman40 ,note ! bl5d+ ( b & p ) e & o 7see fig4 #gf1 p4 #gg74 ,! ,,capitals are q simple & pla91 made 79 7,a7,,nima ,,*ri/i & 9 text7 9 black ) ! text p54 ,note ! long1 wav$ s]ifs 7see p4 #bhi74 ,! la/ two l9es ( ! prec$+ pray] are made 9 burni%$ gold ) a l>g] p54 ,cont9u$ on p4 #dha p#dca ,,! ,,collotype ,,plates ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4--,portion ( ,inscription on base ( ,trajan ,column1 ,rome1 circa #aad ,a4,d4 ,scale approx4 #a_/i? l9e>4 7,see also ,plate ,,ii47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4--,alphabet f ,trajan ,inscription 7,circa #aad ,a4,d47 ,scale approx4 #a_/f l9e>4 7,see also ,plate ,i74 ,note4--,l & ,o are %[n sideways 9 ! #bnd l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4--,writt5 ,roman ,capitals1 ,f\r? or ,fif? ,c5tury4 7,virgil's 8neid074 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4--,uncial ,writ+1 probably ,italian ,six? or ,sev5? ,c5tury4 7,lat9 ,gospels74 ,brit4 ,museum1 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #agge4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4--,uncial ,writ+1 probably ,cont95tal ,sev5? ,c5tury 7,gospel ( ,s4 ,john74 ,ex ,libris ,/onyhur/ ,college4 7,see also enl>gem5t1 fig4 #afi47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4--,half ,uncial 7,iri%71 ,sev5? ,c5tury1 8,book ( ,kells0 7,lat9 ,gospels74 ,ex ,libris ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4--,half ,uncial 7,engli%71 circa #gjj ,a4,d4 8,durham ,book0 7,lat9 ,gospels74 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,cotton ,,mss4 ,n]o ,d4 ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4--,engli% ,t5?-c5tury ,writ+4 7,psalt]74 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #bijd4 7,see enl>gem5t fig4 #agb47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4--,engli% ,writ+1 dat$ #ajah4 ,two portions ( a ,*>t] ( ,,cnut4 ,brit4 ,museum4 7,see also enl>gem5t1 fig4 #agc47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4--,italian 7fir/ half (7 ,twelf?-c5tury ,writ+4 7,homilies & ,lessons74 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #gahc4 7,see also enl>gem5t1 fig4 #agd74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4--,engli% 7late7 ,twelf?-c5tury ,writ+1 ) fl\ri%$ ,capitals4 7,brevi>y74 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,royal ,,ms4 #b4 ,a4,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii4--,illum9at$ ,initial 9 a ,flemi% ,,ms4 ,a4,d4 #aadh 7,lat9 ,bible74 ,brit4 ,museum1 ,addl4 ,,ms4 #adgij4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii4--,engli% 7#bnd half7 ,?irte5?-c5tury ,writ+ & ,illum9ation 7,lat9 ,bible74 ,ex4 ,libris ,s4 ,c4 ,cock]ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiv4--,?irte5?-c5tury ,l9e-f9i%+s3 ,p5work4 7,psalt]74 ,brit4 ,museum1 ,royal ,,ms4 #a1 ,d4,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xv4--,engli% ,writ+ & ,illum9ation1 circa #abhd ,a4,d4 7,psalt]74 ,brit4 ,museum1 ,addl4 ,,ms4 #bdfhf4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi4--,italian ,f\rte5?-c5tury ,,ms41 ,brit4 ,mus41 ,addl4 ,,ms4 #bhhda4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii4--,fr5* ,fifte5?-c5tury ,writ+1 ) ,illum9at$ ,bord]s4 ,ex4 ,libris ,e4 ,john/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii4--,italian ,fifte5?-c5tury ,writ+ & ,illum9ation 7,p]otti's translation ( ,polybius74 ,ex libris ,h4 ,yates-,?ompson4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xix4--,italian ,,ms4 dat$ #adha4 ,ex libris ,s4 ,c4 ,cock]ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xx4--,"o page ( an ,italian 7late7 ,fifte5?-c5tury ,,ms4 ,ex4 libris ,s4 ,c4 ,cock]ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxi4--,italian 7e>ly7 ,sixte5?-c5tury 8cursive0 or 8,italic0 ,,ms4 ,ex4 libris ,s4 ,c4 ,cock]ell4 7,see enl>gem5t1 fig4 #agh47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxii4--8,communion ,s]vice0 writt5 & illum9at$ by ,e4 ,john/on1 #aijb ,a4,d4 78,(fice ,book10 ,holy ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,ha/+s74 ,r$uc$ 7ne>ly #c_/d scale74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiii4--,! /ory ( ,aucass9 & ,nicolette1 writt5 & illum9at$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,c[li%aw1 #ahih ,a4,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiv4--,inscription cut 9 ,/one by ,a4 ,e4 ,r4 ,gill1 #aijc ,a4,d4 ,r$uc$ 7#c_/af scale74 ,note4--,to view ^! incis$ lett]s h ! light on ! left ( ! plate 7or cov] ) ?9 tissue pap]74 p#dha ,,! ,,initial ,a1 its frame1 ! frame ( ! bord]1 & ! 8furr$0 b]ries 77 are all 9 burni%$ gold1 outl9$ black4 ,! 8:ite v9e patt]n0 is r simpl]1 & has a r ?ick] /alk 79 proportion7 ?an t 9 ! previ\s plate 7see above74 ,its treatm5t is v simil>1 b x may be not$ t ! bord] is 9 ?is case atta*$ to ! ,initial1 & ! patt]n has almo/ an appe>ance ( spr++ f ! ,initial4 ,! patt]n--save "o escap$ leaf--is /raitly conf9$1 by gold b>s1 ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! text1 b at ! ends x is bran*$ out & beautifully fl\ri%$ 9 ! free m>g9s above & bel[4 ,^! t]m9als ( ! patt]n hav+ a broad blue outl9e 7dott$ :ite7 may be said to c>ry _! backgr\nd ) !m4 ,! 7recto7 page opposite t %[n 9 ! plate has an initial ,d & a bord] simil>ly treat$1 & ea* "o ( ! ,psalms & ,pray]s ?r\gh\t ! book is begun 9 l mann]4 ,,plate ,,xx4--,"o page ( an ,italian 7late7 ,fifte5?-c5tury ,,ms4 ,ex libris ,s4 ,c4 ,cock]ell4 8,f a book conta9+ ! ,p5it5tial ,psalms 9 ,italian1 ! ,psalt] ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 & v>i\s pray]s4 ,writt5 ) great delicacy by ,m>k ( ,vic5za = "s "o nam$ ,evangeli/a see #aa? l9e 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,o!r works ( ?is accompli%$ scribe are kn[n40--,s4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,! ,,volume--( :i* a complete 7recto7 page is %[n--conta9s #fj leaves 7#e-a_/b in*es by #c-c_/d in*es73 ,,m>g9s1 approx43 ,inn] #a_/b in*1 ,head #g_/h in*1 ,side #a-c_/af in*1 ,foot #a-ac_/af in*4 ,?is v f9e ,,writ+ is typical ( ! practical /yle & beautiful workman%ip :i* %\ld be ! aim ( a mod]n scribe 7see pp4 #dg1 #caj74 ,x is writt5 ) a v n>r[ nib1 h5ce ! p5-=ms p#dhb are n s obvi\s z 9 "s e>ly =mal h&s2 & = ?is reason alone x w\ld be bett] to practise su* a h& z ! t5?-c5tury ,,ms4 7,plate ,,viii47 be=e s]i\sly attempt+ to model a h& on ! above 7see pp4 #daf1 #caa1 #cbd74 ,! use ( a f9e p5 is apt to flatt] ! unskill$ p5man1 & he f9ds x h>d to di/+ui% betwe5 delicate p5-"w :i* has mu* "*1 & t :i* has little or none4 ,& he w f9d1 aft] "s k ( p5man%ip ga9$ 9 practice ) a broad nib1 t ! copy+ ( ?is f9e ,italian writ+--:ile 9 reality made mu* m feasible--may ev5 appe> m difficult ?an be=e4 ,,con/ruction4--,! p5 has a mod]ate slant--see ?9 /roke 9 e4 ,! lett]s are v squ>e1 ! tops flat 7especially 9 m1 n1 & r71 & ! l[] p>ts flat 7z 9 u74 ,?is %[s ! same t5d5cy t !re is 9 ! t5? c5tury & o!r h&s to avoid ?9 or high ar*es 9 ! lett]s4 ,! feet 9 "s ( ! lett]s 79 i1 = example7 are 9 ! nature ( /roke-s]ifs1 b ! p5 probably made ^! ) an almo/ cont9u\s movem5t--f ! /em4 ,note--! f9e =m ( ! a2 t b & l h an angle :]e ! /em jo9s ! l[] "p2 t f 0 made some?+ l t1 & ! upp] "p 0 add$3 ?is 0 a common mode--see fig4 #ahj 7! f %[n 9 plate is un=tunately n a good specim572 t g--a v graceful lett]--lacks ! c\pl+ s]if2 t i1 p1 u h triangul> heads1 & m1 n1 r hooks2 t ! asc5d]s h triangul> heads1 & ! desc5d]s p & q1 /roke-s]ifs2 t ! asc5d+ & desc5d+ /ems are long] ?an ! bodies1 & ! writ+ is 9 consequ5ce fairly widely spac$4 p#dhc ,l mo/ ( ! f9e/ writ+s1 ?is be>s evid5ces ( consid]able spe$ 7see pp4 #hd1 #caa74 ,besides ! great uni=mity ( ! lett]s1 ! c\pl+ /rokes are occasionally c>ri$ ov] ! succe$+ /roke1 ! ar*es ( b1 h1 m1 n1 p1 r 7& ! heads ( ! asc5d]s7 frequ5tly are sep>at$ f ! /ems1 & ! o & b occasionally fail to jo9 bel[4 ,^! brok5 =ms are ! results ( spe$1 & are n to be imitat$ except z to t :i* is bo? a cause & a result--_! uni=mity 7p4 #bed74 ,! ,,rul+ is 9 fa9t ink3 !re are two v]tical m>g9al l9es on ! left & "o on ! "r ( e page4 ,! ,,decoration ( ! ,,ms4 is v simple4 ,! ,initial 7"h %[n7 is 9 gre5 & p[d]-gold1 on a lake gr\nd1 ) :ite patt]n3 !re is a v f9e br[ni% outl9e1 probably drawn fir/4 ,! two upp] l9es ( writ+ & or are 9 r$4 ,,plate ,,xxi4--,italian 7e>ly7 ,sixte5?-c5tury 8cursive0 or 8,italic0 ,,ms4 ,ex libris ,s4 ,c4 ,cock]ell4 7,see enl>gem5t1 fig4 #agh47 8,f ! ,poems ( ,c>d9al ,bembo1 a f9e example ( ! cursive writ+ p]fect$ 9 ,italy 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! book measures #h-a_/b by #e-a_/d in*es1 & conta9s #gi leaves40--,s4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,! ,,m>g9s ( ! page f :i* ! plate is tak5 are approximately3 ,inn] #e_/h in*1 ,head #c_/d in*1 ,side #b in*es1 ,foot #a-a_/b in*4 ,note4--,! l9es ( writ+ beg9 z usual at ! left m>g91 b d n ext5d to ! 7true7 m>g9 on ! "r1 h5ce ! latt] 7! side m>g9 on ! recto1 & ! inn] m>g9 on ! v]so7 w\ld appe> unnaturally wide1 b ! effect is c>ri$ (f by ! 7true7 side m>g9s be+ already exceptionally wide 7& by ! writ+ on ! backs ( ! leaves %[+ ?r\gh ! semi-transp>5t vellum & s m>k+ ! true m>g9s74 p#dhd ,?is mode is v suitable = a book ( poems1 9 :i* ! l5g?s ( ! l9es ( writ+ may v>y consid]ably1 because ! writ+-l9e be+ long] ?an ! ord9>y l9e ( writ+ all[s room = extraord9>ily long l9es1 & any appe>ance ( irregul>ity is c>ri$ (f by ! extra wide side m>g9s4 ,,! ,,writ+ is v beautiful1 cle>1 & rapid--made ) a 8slant$ p50 7see 8,italics10 p4 #caa1 & fig4 #agh74 ,note ! slightness ( ! slope ( ! lett]s 7especially ( ! ,capitals71 & ! l5g? ( ! /ems & ! wide spac+4 ,note1 also1 ! flatness ( ! curves 9 a c d e g o q & ! horizontal top /roke 9 a d g q1 oblique 9 e c 7giv+ angul> tops74 ,! bran*+ away f ! /em ( ! fir/ "p ( ! ar* 9 b h m n p r 7se5 also rev]s$ 9 a d g q u71 & ! po9t$1 almo/ angul>1 quality ( ! ar*4 ,?is1 :i* is apt to become a fault 9 a m =mal upright h& 7see note on ,plate ,,xxii47 is helpful 9 a m rapid runn+ h&1 & gives cle>ance to ! junctions ( ! /rokes 7 7--see fig4 #ahb4 ,! heads1 simple or built-up1 hooks t5d+ to become triangul>4 ,! lett]s 9 ?is ,,ms4 are r>ely c\pl$4 ,! v graceful g has a l>ge pe>-%ap$ l[] loop t\*+ ! upp] "p4 ,,plate ,,xxii4--8,communion ,s]vice0 writt5 & illum9at$ by ,e4 ,john/on1 #aijb ,a4,d4 78,(fice ,book10 ,holy ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,ha/+s74 ,r$uc$ 7ne>ly #c_/d scale74 ,! ,,ms4 on #afj leaves 7#ae in*es by #aj in*es7 ( f9e p>*m5t 78,roman ,vellum10 see p4 #agc71 conta9s ! ,communion ,s]vice & _m collects1 epi/les1 & gospels = special fe/ivals1 c4 ,,m>g9s3 ,inn] #a-a_/h in*1 ,head #a-c_/d in*1 ,side #b-c_/d in*es1 ,foot #c-c_/d in*es4 p#dhe ,,! ,,writ+--aft] t5? c5tury model 7see ,plate ,,viii47--has ! fault 7ref]r$ to at p4 #dba7 ( %[+ too mu* ?9 l9e 7runn+ up obliquely71 ! upp] & l[] p>ts ( ! lett]s are n flat en\gh4 ,! tail ( ! g is inadequate1 & ! l9es ( writ+ are too ne> toge!r4 ,! writ+ is readable1 h[ev]1 & fairly regul>4 ,! ,,capitals are ,uncials 7aft] ,plate ,v47 & occasional 8,romans40 ,! ,,rubric 78 ,!n %all be said or sung07 is 9 r$1 fitt$ 9 beside ! r\nd initial & m>k+ ! top left-h& corn] ( ! page 7see footnote1 p4 #baa74 ,! ^w 8,,glory0 7& decoration7--& also ! ,f & ,t1 %[+ 9 recto page--are 9 rais$ burni%$ gold1 :i*1 x w be se51 has crack$ consid]ably 9 ! ,g 7see p4 #afd74 ,! ,,/aves are 9 r$ 7p4 #adj71 ! notes above ,,glory 9 rais$ gold1 ^? 9 ! l[] /ave1 black4 ,! ,,book 0 ( a special nature 7see pp4 #cdd-e71 be+ int5d$ = use 9 a c]ta9 *ur* & on c]ta9 special fe/ivals3 h5ce a consid]able degree ( ornam5t & a g5]ally decorative treatm5t 0 p]mitt$ 7p4 #ccj74 ,! ,pray] ( ,consecration1 toge!r ) a m9iature1 occupi$ a complete op5+1 ! eight m>g9s ( :i* 7 fill$ ) solid1 fram+ bord]s 7p4 #bac7 9 r$1 blue1 gre51 & gold4 ,coats-(-arms & o!r special symbols & devices 7 introduc$ on ! ,title page & 9 o!r places4 ,,plate ,,xxiii4--,! ,/ory ( ,aucass9 & ,nicolette1 writt5 & illum9at$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,c[li%aw1 #ahih ,a4,d4 ,,! ,,volume consi/s ( #ej leaves ( 8,roman ,vellum0 7#g-a_/b in*es by #e-a_/b in*es74 ,,m>g9s1 approx43 ,inn] #c_/d in*1 ,head #ae_/af in*1 ,side #a-c_/h in*1 ,foot #b in*es4 ,,! ,,writ+1 v legible1 r 8,go?ic-,roman40 p#dhf ,,! ,,capitals are illum9at$ ?r\gh\t ! text 9 gold on blue & r$ gr\nds4 ,! backgr\nds are squ>e1 ) edges po9t$ or ind5t$1 outl9$ black1 & l9$ inside :ite4 ,! ,,initial n is 9 gold on blue3 ! moon & />s are 9 :ite & gold & :ite4 ,,! ,,l9e-,,f9i%+s1 mo/ly 9 black p5-"w1 consi/ ( little gr\ps 7sometimes ( sprays7 ( fl[]s1 c4 ,sprays f ! bord] sep>ate ! 8,song0 f ! 8,tale40 ,,! ,,music4--,/aves black2 ,clefs1 gold2 ,notes1 r$4 ,,! ,,bord]s 79 ! op5+ f :i* ! plate is tak57 frame ! text on bo? pages--ne>ly fill+ ! m>g9s 7see p4 #bac73 ! side & foot edges ( ! 7v]so7 page are %[n 9 ! plate4 ,! ma9 patt]n is a wild rose1 fl[]s & all1 outl9$ ) a r broad blue l9e3 ! /alks & leaves 7l9$ :ite7 are apple-gre51 ! fl[]s are pa9t$ :ite ) rais$ gold he>ts1 ! ?orns are r$4 ,?r\gh ! wild rose is tw9$ honeysuckle & woody night%ade3 /alks--7h7 r$1 7wn7 black2 & fl[]s--7h7 r$ ) yell[ spots1 7wn7 purpli% r$ ) gold c5tres4 ,! :ole effect is v brilliant & *>m+4 ,! fre$om & naturalness ( ! 8design0 rem9d "o ( a c\ntry h$g][ 7p4 #bac71 & %[ t vital beauty :i* is ! ess5ce ( true illum9ation4 ,,plate ,,xxiv4--,inscription cut 9 ,/one by ,a4 ,e4 ,r4 ,gill1 #aijc ,a4,d4 ,r$uc$ 7#c_/af scale74 ,note4--,to view ^! incis$ lett]s h light on ! left ( plate 7or cov] ) ?9 tissue-pap]74 ,! ,,/one--a slab ( 8,hopton ,wood0 7p4 #cie71 #cj in*es by #ah in*es by #b in*es1 is int5d$ to g ov] a l9tel4 ,x has a simple m\ld+4 ,note h[ ! ,,inscription occupies ! space 7pp4 #ceb1 #cid73 ! ,,lett]s h approximately ! same app>5t weight 7p4 #cbh7--! l>ge /ems are m ?an twice ! height ( ! small2 !y are only #a_/c wid]4 p#dhg ,note ! /rongly m>k$ & elegantly curv$ s]ifs2 ! /raight-tail$ ,r2 ! ,i drawn out 7m>k+ ! ^w ,,972 ! beak$ ,a1 ,m1 & ,n2 ! ,capital =m ( ,u4 ,! lett]s ,,deo w\ld be r wide = ord9>y use 7p4 #bgj71 b z special lett]s1 occupy+ a wide space199 are p]missible4 ,ev5 9 ! collotype1 ,i ?9k ?is inscription %[s to :at a high level mod]n inscription cutt+ might be rais$ by ! use ( good models & "r & simple me?ods4 99 ,lett]s 9 e>ly inscriptions sep>at$ z ^! are indicat$ ea* a ^w 7contract$71 z ,s4 ,p4 ,q4 ,r4 7,s5atus ,populus ,que ,romanus74 p#dij ,,index ,a1 #ahi1 #bga1 #bgd1 #bhj1 #daj-aa ,a1 ,anci5t ,mod]n1 #aie-aif ,abbott1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,k41 #dac ,accid5tal words1 #bei1 #chd ,acquir+ a ,=mal ,h&3 7#a7 ,tools1 #dh 7#b7 ,me?ods1 #fa 7#c7 ,models1 #gj 7#d7 ,practice1 #he ,add5da ,corrig5da1 #bc ,addresses1 ,illum9at$1 #cec ,adv]tisem5ts1 c41 #cdj1 #ceb1 #chi ,alaba/] ,m>bles1 #cie ,alcu9 ( ,york1 #da ,aldus1 #caa1 #cgc ,alphabet1 d]ivation ( !1 #cf ,alphabets1 useful k9ds (1 #bfg1 #cgg1 #cij ,alum9ium leaf1 #afe ,amp]z& 771 #cfa1 #daf 7,amp]z&2 ,examples4--,figs4 #ej1 #gi1 #adh1 #agb1 #agc1 #bjh ,plates7 ,analysis ( ,v]sals1 #aae ,analysis ( ,writ+1 #gb ,anca/] 7/one71 #cic1 #cie ,angles 9 ,writ+1 #dc1 #df1 #aah1 #bec1 #daf ,anglo-,saxon writ+1 #cbf ,annotations1 c41 #add1 #cae1 #cag1 #cdd 8,arabic ,num]als10 #hb1 #dbf ,arms or bran*es1 #abj 7v4 ,lett]s7 ,arrangem5t ( ,lett]+1 #hh1 #abb1 #bci1 #bee-bfh1 #chi 8,asc5d]s0 & ,asc5d+ /rokes1 #gi1 #ig1 #aai1 #cjj1 #cad ,asiso 7gesso71 #aff ,azzuro della magna1 #agi ,b1 #ahi1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bge-bgi1 #bhj1 #daj-aa ,backgr\nds1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahh-aic1 #baa-bac ,b&s ( lett]+1 #abc1 #acf1 #bfg 8,b>b>ic0 illum9ation1 #aid 8,basket "w10 #bjh1 #bji ,ba? 7/one71 #cie ,beauty1 #bcg-bdj1 7#ab7 ,beauty ( ,arrangem5t1 #bee ,beauty ( ,=m1 #beb ,beauty ( ,uni=mity1 #bed ,bibliography1 c41 #che ,b9d+ books1 #cdf1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aga1 #ahe1 #aig ,black & ,gold1 #ahe1 #bjb ,black & ,r$1 #abg1 #cbh 8,black lett]10 #aah1 #ada1 #bfc1 #cca1 #cfd ,black outl9es1 #ahb1 #ahh1 #bab ,blake1 ,william1 7footnote7 #cdc 8,block lett]10 #chd1 #cij ,blue1 #agf-ahj1 #aha1 #ahb ,book-h&s1 #cf ,book ,m>ks1 #adb ,books1 b9d+1 #cdf1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aga1 #ahe1 #aig ,books1 ,manuscript1 #ih1 #cda1 c4 ,books1 size & %ape (1 #ajj-aja ,books1 size ( writ+ 91 #aja1 #ajg ,book typography1 f\ndations (1 #ac1 #ih ,bord]s1 ,illum9at$1 #ih1 #aih-bjc1 #baa1 #bad1 #dbg-dcj ,bord]s1 p5work1 #be ,b[s ,curves1 #aba ,brasses1 #bcg1 #cdj1 #cge ,brazil-,wood1 #age ,briti% ,museum1 ,,mss4 91 #chf1 #dji1 c4 ,broadsides1 #cch1 #cej ,bru%es1 #agb ,bru%-made 7pa9t$7 lett]s1 #cgf1 #bhj1 7#aah71 #bib1 #chd ,bubbles1 9 size1 #adh 8,built-up0 lett]s1 #bia1 #aah-aai1 #bed1 #bhi1 #cca ,burni%$ gold1 #afj1 #ahd 7see also ,gold7 ,burni%]1 !1 #aeh1 #aff1 #aga ,burni%+ slab1 #adf1 #aec ,c1 #bgj1 #bha1 #daj-aa ,cake col\rs1 #age ,calligraphy1 #ad1 #cfh ,cane1 or ,re$ p5s1 #eb ,capitals 7see also ,lett]s7 ,capitals1 arrangem5t (1 #bef1 #beh2 79 ,l9es1 ,head+s ,pages7 #abe-abf1 #abh-acf1 #bii1 #dbb ,capitals1 col\r$1 #aac1 #aah1 #abb1 #abc1 #acd1 #ahe ,capitals ,small lett]s1 #dj1 #aab1 #abb1 #cjb ,capitals1 sev]e type (1 #bid ,capitals1 simple-writt51 #abc1 #big1 #cjb ,capitals1 sizes (1 #ajh1 #aai1 #abb ,c>bonate ( ,copp] 7blue71 #agi ,c>ol9e 7or ,c>lov+ian7 ,writ+1 #da-dc1 #de1 #cje ,caslon1 ,william1 #cgc1 7#bf7 ,c5n9o ,c5n9i1 #afe1 #ahd1 #chf ,*alk1 #cie1 #djb ,*apt]s1 beg9n+s (1 #abe1 7footnote #a7 #cdb1 7#b7 #cdc ,"*1 #bcg-bdj1 #cbc 8,*>act]i/ic ,p>ts10 #bdg1 #beb1 #bhj ,*>act]ization ( lett]s1 #bgh ,*>lemagne1 #da ,*>t] h&s1 #dag ,*equ]s1 #aia1 #aig1 #bae-bag ,*9ese pr9t+1 #cgb ,*9ese ,v]milion1 #agh ,*9ese ,:ite1 #ahj ,*isel-made lett]s1 #cf1 #aif1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bib1 #cge1 #cia1 #cif1 #daj ,*isel-%ape ( nib1 #eg1 #fc ,*iswick ,press1 !1 #cgd ,*ronograms1 #cfc ,*ur* ,s]vices1 c41 #adj1 #cde1 #chg1 #dhd ,close spac+1 #bfb-bfg ,,cnut1 *>t] (1 #daf ,cobd5-,s&]son1 ,t4 ,j41 7#ac71 #cfh1 #chg ,cock]ell1 ,d\glas1 #aga1 7on limp vellum b9d+s7 #cdf1 #chg ,cock]ell1 ,s4 ,c41 #dbc1 #dcj-dhc ,collotype plates1 !1 #djg1 #dca ,colophons1 #adb1 #cdb ,col\r$ 8,inks10 #agb1 #cbb ,col\r$ ,lett]s 7see ,capitals1 ,contra/s7 ,col\r1 cake p[d]1 #age ,col\r1 pan tube1 #agf ,col\r1 prep>ations1 #age-ahj ,col\r1 = ,p5work1 #agf ,col\r1 proportions (1 #ahb ,col\r1 ,repetition ,limitation (1 #aha ,col\rs1 ,t9ts few con/ant1 #agg ,col\rs1 ,use (1 #aie1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #baf1 #dbb1 #dbd1 7#chi7 ,col\r-"w ,illum9ation1 #ag1 #aid ,columns1 d\ble1 #ajd1 #acd1 #acf1 #cgj ,commonplace1 !1 #bfh ,complex & simple =ms1 #aie ,con/ruction ( writ+s1 #gc1 #hc-he1 #aah1 #bib1 #caa 7see also ! ,notes on ! ,collotypes7 ,cont95tal ,writ+1 #da1 #dac ,contra/s1 ,decorative1 #cbg1 #cfc ,contra/s1 ,decorative1 ( ,col\r1 #cbg1 #ccf ,contra/s1 ,decorative1 ( ,=m1 #ccj1 #ccf1 #ceb ,contra/s1 ,decorative1 ( ,r$ ,black1 #add 8,conv5tionalism10 #bbj 8,copy book0 h&s1 #cjd1 #cje ,copy+ a h&1 #ga1 #hb1 #caa1 #cbc ,copy+ e>ly "w1 #hc1 #aad1 #aie1 #cbc1 #dad-dag1 #dbb-dbd1 #dhb ,correct+ mi/akes1 #agd1 #cdd ,c\nt]*>g+1 #ahh1 #baf1 #dbd ,c\pl+-/rokes1 jo9+ lett]s1 #gc ,c[li%aw1 ,w4 ,h41 #dhe ,cursive ,writ+1 #cg1 #cag1 #dhc ,cutt+ %eets1 #ii ,cutt+-slab1 #fa ,cutt+ ! ,p51 #eb-fj 8,cyph]s0 ,monograms1 #cfa ,d1 #bgj1 #bha1 #daj-aa 8,deckle0 edge1 #aaa ,decoration ( ,pr9t1 #aid1 #cfd1 #cga1 #cgd ,decorative ,contra/s1 #cbg1 #cfc ,decorative use ( ,r$1 #add 8,desc5d]s10 & ,desc5d+ /rokes1 #gi1 #ig1 #cjj1 #cad 8,design10 ,decorative1 #agg1 7#ahc71 #bja1 #baj1 #bad-bbb 8,design0 9 illum9ation1 #bad ,design+ 9 type1 #cfe1 #cga ,desk1 !1 #di ,desk1 ,position (1 #fa ,desk1 ,writ+ level on1 #fb ,desk1 ,diff]5t slopes (1 #fh ,desk1 ,slope = col\r1 #aah ,developm5t ( g1 #cbe ,developm5t ( illum9ation1 #af1 #abg1 #bjd1 #dji ,developm5t ( illum9at$ initial1 #dh1 #aad1 #bje1 #dbc ,developm5t ( ,v]sals1 #aab ,developm5t ( ,writ+1 !1 #ce1 #dji1 ,au?or's ,preface ,devices 9 ,lett]s1 #cfb ,diap] patt]ns1 #aib1 #bae-bag 8,display types10 #ceb ,di/9ct l9es ( writ+1 #cbf ,di/9ctiv5ess1 #bba1 #bdg1 #bef ,divisions ( ! text1 #abc1 #ach1 #bef ,divid+ ,words1 #beh1 #che ,dots1 gr\ps (1 #ahh1 #bac ,draw+1 #afe1 #bjc1 #bbj1 #bbg ,draw+ lett]s1 #aah1 #abf1 #adf1 #bib1 #bic 8,durham ,book10 #da1 #ga1 #bae1 #dae ,e1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bha1 #daj-aa ,edges ( ,books1 r\gh1 or smoo? & gilt1 #aaa ,egg1 :ite (1 #afc1 #afe1 #aff1 #age1 #agi1 #ahc ,egg1 yolk (1 #age1 #agi1 #ahj ,egypt1 ,hi]atic writ+ (1 #cf ,elev5? ,c5tury ,writ+1 #df1 #dg1 #cje1 #daf ,elzevirs1 !1 #cgc ,engli% ,half-,uncials1 #dj ,engli%1 ,writ+1 #dj1 #df1 #dg1 #cjc1 #cje1 7#cce71 #dae-dag1 #dai1 #dbc1 #dbf ,engli%1 mod]n1 writ+ 91 #cjj1 #cbf1 #dhd1 #dhe ,engrav+1 ,metal1 #cfe1 #cge 8,ess5tial ,=ms10 #bdj1 #bge ,ev5 ,spac+1 #bfe1 #bai 8,expression10 #bdj ,f1 #bgb1 #bgd1 #bhb1 #daj-aa 8,face10 ( type1 #cgc1 7#bf7 ,fifte5? ,c5tury ,writ+1 #df1 #dg1 7#cbf71 #cca1 #dbh-dhc 8,filigree0 ,illum9ation1 #aig1 #dbh ,fill+ ! ,p51 #ea1 #fi 8,f9e ,writ+0 & 8,mass$ ,writ+10 #bfj1 #bfe1 #bii ,f9e ,p5 ,writ+1 #ei1 #hf1 #caa1 #cbd1 #dhb1 #bf ,fir?1 ,c4 ,m41 #agi ,flemi% ,,ms41 #dba ,floral ,ornam5ts ,decoration1 #ahb1 #ahg1 #aia1 #aib1 #aih-bjc1 #bai ,fly-leaves1 #aaa1 #cdf 8,fold]10 #fd1 #ii1 #cdh ,fold+ %eets = books1 #ii1 #aja-ajc1 #aaa ,folio1 #ajb ,foot m>g91 #ajf1 #ceb1 c4 ,=mal ,h&1 acquir+ a-- 7#a7 ,tools1 #dh 7#b7 ,me?ods1 #fa 7#c7 ,models1 #gj 7#d7 ,practice1 #he ,=mal ,writ+1 #cf1 #cag1 #cbc ,=mal ,writ+1 ,mod]n1 #ga1 #hf1 #aad1 #caj1 #cae1 #cbc1 #dad-dag1 #dha ,f\ndation ,/ones1 #cic ,f\rte5? ,c5tury ,writ+1 #df1 7#aad71 #dbc1 7#dbg7 ,fram$ p>*m5ts1 #cef ,fram+ bord]s1 #be1 #bac1 #cga ,fre$om1 #abb1 #abf1 #bci1 #beh1 #bfd1 #cbd1 #cbg1 #cdb1 #cfi1 #ba 8,fr5* *alk10 #afg1 #agd ,fr5* ,writ+1 #da1 #cje1 #dbh ,frob51 7footnote7 #cfe1 #cgc ,g1 #bgj1 #bhb1 #daj-aa g1 ,developm5t (1 #cbe 8,geometrical0 patt]ns1 #bje ,gesso ,sottile1 #aff ,gild+ 7see ,gold7 ,gill1 ,a4 ,e4 ,r41 #chc1 #dhf1 7on ,inscriptions 9 ,/one7 #chi ,gilt edges1 #aaa ,gold-leaf1 #aea1 #afe1 #afi ,gold-leaf1 ,lay+ ,burni%+1 #ade-aga1 #ahd 8,gold ,ink10 #afe ,gold lett]s1 #adh1 #aff1 #afh1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #bii1 #daf1 7#dje7 ,gold p[d]1 8pa9t10 or matt gold1 #afc1 #ahc1 #ahg ,gold1 spots1 b>s1 frames1 #ahc ,gold1 use (1 #ahc-aic 7see also ,o!r ,col\r ,s*emes1 #abg-ade7 ,gold ,writ+1 #afd1 #bii 8,gold5 ,psalt]10 !1 #bah 8,go?ic lett]+10 #df1 #aah1 #bhb1 #cca1 #ccf1 #cgc ,greek ,writ+1 #cf1 #cbj ,gre51 #agf-agh1 #aha1 #ahb1 7#bjb7 ,gum arabic1 #adg1 #age ,gut5b]g1 #cgb ,h1 #bga1 #bgc1 #bhb1 #daa ,half-,uncials1 #cg1 #dj1 #ga1 #bch1 #cjb1 #dac-dae ,ham-,hill 7/one71 #cic1 #cie ,h&-made pap]1 #aaa1 #ea ,h&writ+1 ord9>y1 #ad1 #ae1 #gg1 #bhj1 #cae1 #cbc1 #cgd ,head+s 9 ,capitals & ,col\r1 #abe1 #acb1 #acd1 #big1 7footnote #b7 #cdc1 #cec ,heads1 feet1 s]ifs1 #hd1 #bdd1 #caa1 #dad1 #daf1 #dah1 #dhb ,h]aldry1 #baf1 #cfj1 #cfa1 #ccf ,h]bal1 ,a1 #bba1 #cfi ,h]r+ham1 ,*ri/iana ,j41 #afe1 #chf ,hewitt1 ,graily1 #chf1 7,app5dix3 ,on ,gild+7 #afg ,hi/oriat$ ,initial1 #dbc ,hold+ ! ,p51 #fd-fh ,hold+ ! ,horizontal %aft1 #fa1 #fg ,holl[ lett]s1 #aai1 #bjh ,holy ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,ha/+s1 ,(fice ,book1 #dhd ,hooks1 or beaks1 #bdd1 #bhj1 #bhi ,hoptonwood 7,/one71 #cie1 #dhf ,horizontal ?9 /rokes1 #fe1 #ff1 #gb1 #gc1 7footnote7 #cjd ,hbn]'s ,exempla1 #cgh-chj1 #chh ,i1 #ahi1 #bhc ,i = ,j41 use (1 #bhc ,illum9at$ ,addresses1 #cec ,illum9at$ bord]s1 #aii1 #baa1 #bad ,illum9at$ ,initials1 #bad 7see ,initial1 also ,collotype ,notes7 ,illum9ation1 #ad1 #dhf1 #ih ,illum9ation1 a def9ition (1 #aic1 #aid ,illum9ation1 a !ory (1 #aic ,illum9ation1 heavy1 #bfc ,illum9ation1 orig9 developm5t (1 #dh1 #abg1 #bjd1 #dji1 #af ,illum9ation1 tools =1 #agb ,illu/rations 9 ,,ms4 books1 #ac1 #ad1 #bba1 7#cgd7 ,incis$ ,lett]s1 #cgg-chd1 #djc-dje1 #cib ,ind5t$ 7set 97 l9es1 #aac1 #bfd ,initial1 illum9at$1 developm5t (1 #dh1 #aad1 7#acd71 #bje1 #ccj1 #ccc1 #dbc ,initials1 r\nd or squ>e1 #baj ,initial ,pages1 c41 #aab1 #abh1 #cfe ,initial ^w 7,,971 #abh ,inks1 #ea1 #gj 7see also ,col\r$ 8inks0 & ,gold7 ,inn] m>g91 #ajf ,inscription1 mod]n1 #dhg ,inscriptions1 size arrangem5t (1 #hh1 #bfe1 #cea1 #cib ,inscriptions 9 /one1 #chi ,inscriptions on metal1 /one1 wood1 c41 #cge1 #cgg1 #bfd 8,inside ,%apes10 #bec1 #bha 7,c7 ,iri% ,half-,uncials1 #dj ,iri% ,writ+1 #cd1 #dj1 #cjb1 #dac-7dae7 ,italian ,writ+1 #dg1 #cje1 #cab1 #cag1 #dab1 #dag-dai1 #dbi-dhd ,italics1 #caa1 #dh1 #acj1 #bfc ,italic ,capitals1 #cae 8,italic0 ,writ+1 #ach1 #dhc ,j1 #bhc1 #daa ,joa*9us de ,gigantibus1 #dcj ,jonah fi%1 #aie1 #dba ,k1 #bgc1 #bhd1 #dja1 #daa ,ketton 7/one71 #cie ,kells1 ,book (1 #dac1 #dj ,kelmscott ,press1 !1 #cfd ,knife = p5 cutt+1 #fj ,l1 #bgc1 #bhd1 #daj-aa ,lamb's sk91 #afg1 #agc-gd ,lapis ,lazuli1 #agh ,le>n+ to ,write1 #dh ,legibility1 #hf1 #cij 7see ,readabl5ess7 ,lett]+1 arrangem5t (1 #hh1 #abb1 #bci1 #bee-bfh1 #chi ,lett]+1 con/ruction arrangem5t (1 #bcg1 #ag-ai ,lett]+1 contra/s ( size1 weight1 c41 #cbg-cbh1 #cec ,lett]+1 div]s uses (1 #ccg ,lett]+ = ,reproduction1 #cfe ,lett]s 9 ,b&s1 #abc1 #acf1 #bfg ,lett]s1 ,bru%-made1 7#aah71 #bib1 #cgf ,lett]s1 8,built-up10 #bia1 #bed1 #bhi1 #cca1 #aah-aai ,lett]s1 ,*>act]ization (1 #bgh ,lett]s1 ,*>act]ization (1 8,arms ,bran*es10 #bha 7,c71 #bhh1 #cca ,lett]s1 ,*>act]ization (1 ,/ems1 #bhh 7drawn out71 #bhb1 #cbd1 #cca ,lett]s1 ,*>act]ization (1 ,b[s ,curves1 #bhh ,lett]s1 ,*>act]ization (1 ,s]ifs1 #bhh ,lett]s1 ,*>act]ization (1 ,tails1 #bhi1 #bea1 #cca ,lett]s1 drawn1 #bib-ic1 #adf1 #aah ,lett]s1 gold 7see ,gold7 ,lett]s1 8,holl[10 #aai1 #bjh1 #ccc ,lett]s1 incis$ rais$1 #cgg-chd1 #djc ,lett]s 9 inscriptions1 size (1 #cea1 #cic ,lett]s1 8,lomb>dic10 #aai ,lett]s1 monogrammatic1 #bfj ,lett]s 9 outl9e1 7#bid71 #cgh-chj ,lett]s1 r\nd 7see ,r\nd or ,squ>e types7 ,lett]s1 ,upp] ,l[] ,p>ts1 #bgc ,lett]s1 ,v>i$ types (1 #aad1 #aai1 #bji1 #cgg2 7on "o page71 #ceb ,lett]s1 ,wide n>r[1 #bgj1 #bgh 8,libr>y gilt10 #aaa ,light+1 #fb ,limitation 9 decoration1 #agg1 #aha1 #aih1 #bae1 #bbj1 #ceb 8,limn]'s0 ,illum9ation1 #bjb ,l9e-,f9i%+s1 #bje1 #abc1 #acd1 #aic1 #bfc1 #dbe1 #dhf ,l9es ( ,writ+1 #bfb1 #cbf1 #cdc ,l9es1 r$1 #add ,l9e-spaces 9 text1 #abc1 #ach1 #bef ,l9k$ lett]s1 #bfj1 #cfa 8,lomb>dic0 ,capitals1 #aai1 #baj ,l\my]1 ,g41 #adg ,m1 #bga1 #bhd1 #daj-aa ,magnify+ glass1 use (1 #eg1 #fa1 #hd ,majuscules1 7footnote7 #cjj ,m>bles ,alaba/]s1 #cie ,m>g9al l9es1 #aji1 #aaa1 #acf1 #cdc ,m>g91 ! ,foot1 #ceb1 7#ajf7 ,m>g9s1 proportions (1 #bef1 #hi1 #id1 #ie1 #ig1 #ajc1 #bfe1 #cid ,m>g9s1 wide1 #hi1 #ajc1 #bac1 #bbb1 #bfe1 #bii1 #cag1 #cea1 #dhc 8,mass$ writ+10 #gi1 #bfj ,matt gold1 #ahc1 #ahg ,me?ods & ,proportions1 #ajj1 #bba1 #bef1 #bfg ,middle ,ages1 !1 #aif ,m9iatures1 #ih1 #abg1 #afe1 #bjc1 #bbj ,m9uscule1 #cg1 #cjb ,models ( lett]+1 #gj1 #aad1 #bcg ,mod]n ,h&writ+1 #cae-cbc 7see also ,=mal ,writ+ ,h&writ+1 ,ord9>y7 ,monograms ,devices1 #cfa1 #bfj ,morris1 ,william1 #cfh1 #chf-g ,,ms4 ,books1 #ih1 #bef1 #cda ,music ) r$ /aves1 #adj1 #cde ,n1 #bga1 #bhe1 #daj-aa ,n>r[ lett]s1 #bfi-bgc1 #bgh 8,natural0 illum9ation1 #bjb ,nib 7see ,p57 ,notes 9 r$1 c41 #acj1 #add ,numb]+ pages1 #aaj1 #adb1 #add1 #cdb ,num]als1 8,arabic10 #hb ,o1 #bgj1 #bhe1 #daa 8,oblong0 %ap$ book1 #ajc ,obsolete lett]s1 c41 #hf1 #cbc ,octavo1 #ajb ,op5+s1 #aja1 #ajf1 #bac1 #cfe 8,orig9ality10 #bfh1 #bj ,ornam5t ( backgr\nds1 #aia ,ornam5t ( backgr\nds1 use (1 #abc1 #bbb1 #bed1 #ccj ,ornam5t1 8wov510 #bjh ,ornam5ts 7see also ,design ,decoration7 ,ornam5tal ,lett]s1 #ccj1 #dh1 #aad1 #bjh1 #bgf1 #bih1 #cfd1 #be ,outl9es1 #ahf1 c4 ,outl9es1 9 black1 #ahb ,oxgall1 #age ,p1 #bgc-bgd1 #bhe1 #daa ,page1 proportions ( a1 #cag ,pages 9 ,capitals1 #abe1 #abh1 #acb1 #bii1 #cfc-cfe ,pages1 ?ickness (1 #ii ,pa9t$ 7bru%-made7 lett]s1 #cgf1 #bhj1 7#aah71 #bib1 #chd ,palographical ,society's ,publications1 ,!1 #chh1 #dab1 #dac ,pan col\rs1 #agf ,pap]1 h&-made1 #ea1 #aaa ,pap] ,%eets1 sizes (1 #ajc ,p>agraphs ,p>agraph m>ks1 #aab1 #aac1 #abc1 #ada1 #add ,p>*m5t 8,vellum10 #agc1 #ch1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #afg ,p>*m5t1 fram+ (1 #cef ,patt]ns1 elem5t>y1 #bae1 #bje ,patt]ns1 ind5t$ 9 gold1 #aia ,p5s1 = col\r1 #agb1 #ahj ,p5s1 metal1 #fj 7footnote1 #bj7 ,p5s1 ,quill1 #eb1 #ed1 #ei1 #agb1 #bj #bc ,p5s1 ,re$ or ,cane1 #ea1 #eb1 #fc1 #hd ,p51 cutt+ !1 #eb-fj ,p51 hold+ !1 #fd-fh ,p51 ,nibs %ape (1 #ef1 #aah ,p51 ,nibs1 wid? (1 #hd1 #aah1 #bib1 #cbd ,p51 ,pressure on1 #fc1 #bc ,p5-knife1 #fj ,p5-wip]1 #fa ,p5-"w illum9ation1 #aig ,p5man%ip 7or use ( ! p571 #ce-ch1 #hd-he1 #aah1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjd1 #bah1 #bch1 #bci1 #bda-bdg1 #bed1 #bfb1 #bgh1 #bia1 #caa1 #cag1 #cge1 #dad1 #dah1 ,au?or's ,preface ,p]sonality1 #bci1 #cbc ,phras+1 #chd 8,pla9 song10 #adj ,plann+ ,,ms41 ,spac+1 c41 #ig1 #ajj1 #ceh 7see also ,scribes' ,me?ods7 ,plann+ sections pages1 #cdb ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 #aff ,plat9um leaf1 #afe ,poetry1 long l9es 91 #ie1 #ig1 #ach1 #dhd ,poetry1 g5]al treatm5t (1 #ie1 #abc1 #ach1 #bfc1 #ccg1 #cch1 #cga 8,po9t$0 ,writ+1 #dj1 #da ,p\nce1 #ade1 #adf1 #afg1 #agd ,portl& ,/one1 #cie ,p[d] ,col\rs1 #age ,p[d] gold or 8gold pa9t10 #adf1 #afc1 #agj1 7see ,matt ,gold1 #ahc1 #ahg7 ,practice 79 ,lett]+71 #ba-bb1 #che ,practice1 acquir+ a =mal h&1 #he1 #cbg ,practice !ory1 #bfg ,pray] ,book1 #cde ,prefaces 9 col\r1 c41 #acj1 #cae 8,prim>y ,col\r ,s5sations10 #ahb ,pr9t$ books1 ,decoration (1 #aid1 #cfi-cgb1 #cgd ,pr9t]s' m>ks1 #adb ,pr9t]s' me?ods1 #aja1 #aac1 #beh1 #bfd1 #bfg1 #cfc-cgd ,pr9t+1 #cfg ,proportion1 #bba1 #bea ,proportions & ,me?ods1 #ajj1 #bba1 #bef1 #bfg1 #ceh ,pumice1 p[d]$1 #adf ,punctuation m>ks1 #hb1 #chd ,purple1 #age1 #agg1 #ahj ,purple ,vellum1 #bii ,q1 #bgj1 #bhf1 #daa ,qualities ( good ,writ+1 #bci ,qu>to1 #ajb ,quill p5s1 #eb1 #ed1 #ei1 #agb1 #bj1 #bc ,r1 #bgb1 #bgd1 #bhf1 #dja1 #daa ,rais$ ,lett]s 9 /one1 c41 #cgg1 #chd1 #djc ,rais+ prep>ation 7or 8,size071 #ade1 #adf1 #aff1 #afh ,readabl5ess1 #bcg-bdj1 #bed1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfd1 #bfe ,recto 7"r-h& page71 #aje1 #aab1 #aha1 #cfe ,r$ 7pa9t71 #agf-gh1 #aha1 #ahb ,r$ ,black1 #abg1 #cbh1 #cfd1 #cgb ,r$ l9es1 #add ,r$ writ+1 #acj1 #add1 #aid1 #cae1 #cbh1 #cde ,re$ or ,cane p5s1 #ea1 #eb1 #fc1 #hd ,r5aissance1 !1 & writ+1 #dg1 #dai ,repetition 9 decoration1 #aha1 #bae1 #ahe1 see ,limitation 8,riv]s10 7footnote7 #bfb ,roman ,alphabet1 !1 #cf1 #aad1 #bfh1 #cij ,roman ,capitals1 #ahi1 #baj1 #bch1 #bid1 #big1 #bii1 #cjb1 #cgg1 #cij-cia1 #dji-dab ,roman ,capitals1 ,writt51 #big1 #cjb 8,roman0 *>act]s1 #aah1 #bda1 #bfc1 #bgh ,roman ,small ,lett]s1 #caj1 #dg ,roman ,uncials1 #ch 8,roman ,vellum10 #agc ,roman ,writ+1 #cf-dj1 #big1 #dab ,rooke1 ,noel1 #bbg1 #e 8,r\nd0 & 8,squ>e0 lett]s1 #bfi ,r\nd or ,squ>e types ( ,d1 ,e1 ,h1 ,m1 ,u1 c41 #dj1 #aai1 #acb1 #baj1 #bhb1 #cjj ,r\nd1 ,upright1 ,=mal ,h&s1 #fe1 #cjb ,r\ndness 9 ,writ+1 #ch1 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #cjd1 #dad ,rubricat+1 #abg1 #ih1 #acj1 #add1 #ahj1 #aid1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cgb 8,rules10 #add1 #cfd ,rul+1 d\ble1 #hh1 #cjd1 #dad ,rul+ pages1 c41 #hi1 #ii1 #ajh1 #beh1 #bii1 #cdc ,rul+ /ylus1 #hi1 #ajj1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #cdc ,ru/ic ,capitals1 #ch1 #big ,ru/ic ,capital 9 ,/one1 #cgh ,rye1 ,slate at1 #cfc1 #chb ,s1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bhf1 #daa 8,/4 ,albans ,psalt]10 !1 #dai ,s&>a* 7res971 #agd ,scale = rul+1 #ii1 #be ,scalpel = p5-knife1 #fj ,scribes'1 me?ods1 #fe1 #hh1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aac1 #abh1 #acj1 #bba1 #beh1 #bfh ,scriptorium1 #d1 #cfh ,scroll "w1 #bjc 8,section10 8,ga!r+01 7or 8,quire071 #ajb1 #aaj1 #cdf ,sections ( ,lett]s 9 /one1 #dje1 #djc ,semi-=mal ,writ+1 #cag ,semi-,uncials1 see ,half-,uncials ,s]ifs1 #gc1 #hd1 #abj1 #bda1 #bdd-bdg1 #bhh1 #caa1 #cad1 #cib ,s]vice ,books1 #adj1 #cde1 #chg1 #dhd ,set ,inscriptions1 #cej ,sett+ out spac+1 #abf1 #abh1 #bba1 #beh1 #cea1 #chd-e1 #cif ,sgraffito1 lett]+ 91 #cci ,%>p5+ /ones1 #fa1 #cii ,%eets1 cutt+1 fold+ rul+1 #ii ,sign ,writ+ ,bru%-,"w1 #cgf ,silv] leaf1 #afe1 #bii ,simple & complex =ms1 #aie1 #cbc ,simple ,writt5 ,capitals1 #abc1 #big1 #cjb ,simple-,writt5 ,lett]s1 #bia ,simplicity1 #bdj1 #bee 8,size0 or ,rais+ prep>ation1 #ade1 #adf1 #aff1 #afh ,size arrangem5t ( inscriptions1 #hh1 #bfe1 #cea1 #cib ,size ,%ape ( book1 #ajj-aja ,sizes ( ,capitals1 #aai1 #abb1 #bef ,sizes ( pap] %eets1 #ajc ,skeleton =ms1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bge 8,sket*+10 #abf1 #bah1 #beh1 #bib 8,slant$-,p50 or ,tilt$ ,writ+1 #dc1 #gc1 #bda1 #bdg1 #cjd1 #caj1 #dae ,slate1 #chb1 #cie ,sleight ( h&1 #bc1 #he1 #caa1 #cbb ,small-lett]s & ,capitals1 #dj1 #aab1 #abb1 #cjb ,small or ,f9e-p5 ,writ+1 #ei1 #hf1 #caa1 #cbd1 #dhb1 #bf ,spac+ close1 #bfb-fg ,spac+ ev5ly1 #bfe1 #bai ,spac+ lett]s1 words l9es1 #gg1 #abh1 #bef1 #cid3 see also-- ,spac+ plann+ ,,ms41 #hi1 #ig ,spac+ sett+ out1 #abf1 #abh1 #bba-bb1 #beh1 #cea1 #che1 #cif ,spac+ wide1 #bfb-fg1 #cad1 #cbg ,special ,books1 #cjj1 #cjd1 #cdd-cdf1 #dab1 #dhe1 #bii ,special words & lett]s1 #abc1 #ceb ,spe$ 9 writ+1 #hd1 #cje1 #caa1 #cae1 #cbb1 #cbd1 #dhc ,spots1 9 8design10 #ahg-hh 8,spr+0 = p5s1 #ed1 #ei 8,squ>e ,capitals10 #cg1 #dab 8,squ>e & ,r\nd0 lett]s1 #bfi ,squ>e or r\nd types ( ,d1 ,e1 ,h1 ,m1 ,u1 c41 #dj1 #aai1 #acb1 #baj1 #bhb1 #cjj ,/anzas or ,v]ses1 #abc1 #ach 7see also ,poetry7 ,/ones1 be/ k9ds (1 = inscriptions1 #cie ,/ones1 ,f\ndation1 #cic ,/onyhur/ ,college1 ,gospel ( ,s4 ,john1 9 ,uncials1 #dac ,/raight=w>dness1 #ig1 #aja1 #bba-bb1 #beh1 #bfd1 #bfg1 #cbg1 #cdb1 #cdd1 #cea1 #cif 8,/raight p510 #dd1 #bda1 #cjd ,/ylographic writ+1 #cag 8,swa% ,lett]s10 #cae ,symbolical devices1 #adb 8,symmetrical0 arrangem5t1 #bfd1 #chi ,t1 #bgb1 #bhf1 #daa ,tail-pieces1 #adb1 #cdb 8,tail9ess10 #cjj ,t5ison ,psalt]1 !1 #dbf ,t5? ,c5tury ,writ+1 #df1 #acj1 #bie1 #cje1 #cbe1 7#cbf71 #dae1 #dhb1 #dhe ,!ory practice1 #bfg ,?icks ,?9s1 #dc1 #fc1 #hc-he1 #aah1 #bib1 #cag1 #cge1 #cgg1 #cib ,?9 /rokes1 horizontal1 #fe1 #ff1 #gb1 #cjd ,?irte5? ,c5tury ,illum9ation1 #ahe1 #aad1 #aie1 #bjc1 #baj1 #dbc-dbg ,?irte5? ,c5tury ,writ+1 #df1 #aad1 7#aaf71 #cca1 #dbc1 #dbe1 #dbf ,?ompson1 ,h4 ,yates-1 #bbg1 #dbi ,?ompson1 ,sir ,e4 ,m41 #che 7quotations f71 #cf1 #cg1 #da1 #abg1 #dah1 #dbf 8,tilt$0 lett]s 7,o1 c471 #bhe1 #dd1 #bij ,title pages1 #abh1 #adb1 #beh1 #cfc ,tomb/ones1 #bcg1 #cid ,tool-=ms1 #bgh1 #bib1 #cbc1 #cib ,tools & ,mat]ials = acquir+ a =mal h&1 #dh ,tools ,mat]ials = illum9ation1 #agb1 #bj ,tools ,mat]ials = lay+ burni%+ gold1 #ade ,tools = inscriptions 9 /one-- ,*isels1 #cif-djc ,mallets1 c41 #cii-djb ,top m>g9 7or ,head71 #ajf1 #aaa1 #cdc ,trajan ,column1 ,inscription on1 #dji-daa ,turkey's ,quill1 a1 #ed ,twelf? ,c5tury ,illum9ation1 #aie1 #bje1 #bah1 #dbj-dbb ,twelf? ,c5tury ,writ+1 #df1 #dg1 7#aaf71 #cje1 #cca1 #dag-dbb 8,ty+ up10 #bfj ,typography1 book1 f\ndations (1 #ac1 #ih ,u1 #bga1 #bhg1 #daa ,ultram>9e ,a%1 #agh ,uncials 7,examples1 c471 #cjj ,uncials1 ,roman1 #ch ,uncials1 ,script ,,ii41 #gi ,uni=mity1 #bdd1 #bed1 #caa1 #cbd1 #aha ,upright ,r\nd-h&1 #dd1 #fe1 #gj1 #cjb-cjd1 #dab1 #dac-dae 8,upright0 %ap$ book1 #ajc ,v1 #bga1 #bhg1 #daa ,v = ,u1 use (1 #bhc ,v>iety1 #agg1 #bee1 #ceb ,v>iety 9 initials1 #bji ,v>i$ types ( lett]s1 #aad1 #aai1 #bji1 #cgg2 7on "o page7 #ceb 8,vellum0 ,p>*m5t1 #agc1 #ch1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #afg3 fram+ (1 #cef ,vellum = b9d+s1 #cdh ,v]digris1 #agh ,v]milion1 #agg ,v]sal ,lett]s1 #cd1 #aab-abf1 #bje1 #bjh1 #bah1 #bid1 #bif1 #cca1 #dbj1 #dbc 7see also ,*apt] ,,viii47 ,v]sal ,lett]s1 ,examples (1 #aad 7& ,plates7 ,v]ses1 see ,v]sals1 ,p>agraphs1 ,/anzas1 c4 ,vic5za1 ,m>k (1 #dha ,w1 #bhg1 #daa ,walk]1 ,em]y1 #cgb1 #chg ,wall ,inscriptions1 #cej1 #djf ,wat]pro( ,ink1 #ea1 #agb 8,weight0 ( lett]+1 #cbg-cbh1 #cec1 #cgg ,:all1 ,c4 ,w41 #ag ,:ite1 ,*9ese1 #ahj ,:ite1 use (1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #bab 8,:it+10 #adg1 #agd ,:itelead 7biacca71 #aff ,:ite-(-egg1 #afc1 #afe1 #aff1 #age1 #agi1 #ahc 8,:ite v9e patt]n10 #bjb1 #dcj1 #dha ,wide ,m>g9s1 #hi1 #ajc1 #bac1 #bbb1 #bfe1 #bii1 #cag1 #cea1 #dhc ,wide spac+1 #bfb-fg1 #cad1 #cbg ,wood ,engrav+1 #cfd1 #cfe1 #cga1 7#bba7 ,words 9 ,capitals1 #abf1 #acf1 #big 7see also ,head+s ,spac+7 ,words to ! l9e1 numb] (1 #he1 #ajg ,work+ 9 situ1 #dje ,writ+1 #a/ to #e? c5tury1 #cf-ci1 #dab ,writ+1 #f? to #i? c5tury1 #dj-de1 #cjc1 #cje1 7#cbf71 #dab-dae ,writ+1 #aj? c5tury1 #df1 #acj1 7#bie71 #cje1 #cbe1 7#cbf71 #dae1 #dhb1 #dhe ,writ+1 #aa? c5tury1 #df1 #dg1 #cje1 #daf ,writ+1 #ab? c5tury1 #df1 #dg1 7#aaf71 #cje1 #cca1 #dag-dbb ,writ+1 #ac? c5tury1 #df1 #aad1 7#aaf71 #cca1 #dbc1 #dbe1 #dbf ,writ+1 #ad? c5tury1 #df1 7#aad71 #dbc1 7#dbg7 ,writ+1 #ae? c5tury1 #df1 #dg1 7#cbf71 #cca1 #dbh-dhc ,writ+1 #af? c5tury1 #caj-cbc1 7#cbf71 #dhc ,writ+1 ,analysis (1 #gb1 7#aae7 ,writ+1 ,anglo-,saxon1 #cbf ,writ+1 ,f9e ,mass$1 #bfj1 #bii ,writ+1 ord9>y ,h&1 #ad1 #ae1 #gg1 #bhj1 #cae1 #cbc1 #cgd ,writ+1 size (1 c41 #aja1 #ajg ,writ+1 ! ,developm5t (1 #ce1 #dji1 ,au?or's ,preface ,writ+s1 con/ruction (1 #gc1 #hc-he1 #aah1 #bib1 #caa 7see also ,collotype ,notes7 ,writ+-,level1 !1 #fb ,writ+-l9e1 l5g? (1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aji1 #bfb1 #cdc 8,writ+-,pad10 #ej1 7fur or clo? =7 #ea ,x1 #bgc1 #bhg1 #daa ,y1 #bgc1 #bge1 #bhg1 #daa ,yolk ( egg1 #age1 #agi1 #ahj ,z1 #bgb1 #bhh1 #daa ,z9cotype process1 !1 #cfg ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by ,ballantyne1 ,hanson ,co4 ,ed9burgh ,london ,,hopton-,,wood ,,/one ,is ! mo/ reliable ( all ,,engli% ,,m>bles ,x is h>d & ( su* f9e & compact texture t ! mo/ intricate designs c be work$ ) %>pness & reliability1 & x w take & reta9 a f9e poli% equal to any o!r ,m>ble on ! ,m>ket4 ,x is a good wea!r+ /one1 & has nev] be5 kn[n to det]iorate4 ,write = ,descriptive ,illu/rat$ ,bro*ure to-- ,! ,,hopton-,,wood ,,/one ,,firms1 ,ltd41 ,,wirkswor?1 ,,d]by%ire4 ,london ,ag5cy-- #acd ,*eapside1 ,e4,c4 ,,vellums ,a ,,speciality ,,arti/s' ,,vellum = ,illum9at$ ,addresses1 c4 ,,kelmscott ,,vellum 7n s heavy z ,arti/s'71 specially prep>$ = pr9t+ 7z us$ by ! late ,william ,morris 9 8 great "w 8,*auc]074 ,,roman ,,vellum1 a light] sub/ance1 & g5]ally us$ by craftsm5 & /ud5ts1 bo? = writ+ & illum9at+ z well z = pr9t+4 ,,ox=d ,,classic ,,& ,,d>k ,,cov]+ ,,vellums4 ,apply to-- ,h4 ,,b& ,co41 ,kelmscott ,h\se1 ,som]set ,road1 ,br5t=d4 ,,bookb9d+ ,writ+ & ,illum9at+4 ,f ,sangorski ,g ,sutcliffe4 #aa ,s\?ampton ,r[1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,h _h consid]able exp]i5ce 9 ! b9d+ ( vellum manuscripts4 ,! greate/ c>e is tak5 ( rais$ gold4 ,prices f #f_/f ,,gov]nm5t ,,contractors ,w4 ,m4 ,,:eatley ,,sons 7,e/abli%$ a ,c5tury7 ,,gold ,,& ,,silv] ,,beat]s ,,& ,,bronze ,,p[d] ,,manufactur]s #ch ,,devon%ire ,,/reet ,que5 ,squ>e ,,london1 ,w4 ,c4 ,gold ,leaf 9 all ,%ades4 ,specialty = ,bookb9d]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,regi/]$ ,trade ,m>k ,illu/ration ,e/4 #ahdj ,a4 ,,copley1 #ij & #ib ,oakley ,/reet1 ,london1 ,s4,e4 ,be/ & ,l>ge/ ,/ock ( ,/one & ,m>ble ,work+ ,tools 9 ,london4 ,,mak]s ,,to ,,! ,l4,c4,c4 ,catalogues ,free4 ,,gold ,,leaf ,illu/ration ,specially prep>$ = ,illum9ators 7gu>ante$ free f alloy7 9 ,d\ble1 ,treble1 & ,quadruple qualities4 ,gold ,p[d]1 ,plat9um1 c41 c4 ,g4 ,m4 ,,:iley1 #eh ,:itfield ,/41 ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road1 ,london1 ,w4 ,o4,w4 ,,pap]s--,,l95 ,,rag ,gu>ante$ ,pure4 ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,royal ,,society ( ,,pa9t]s ,,9 ,,wat] ,,col\rs4 ,recognis$ z suitable = ! f9e/ "w ( e description4 ,h&-,made & ,ma*9e-,made4 ,address-- ,o4,w4 ,p4 ,a4 ,co41 ,ltd41 #ajj ,gt4 ,russell ,/41 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,! ,,arti/ic ,,crafts ,,s]ies ,,s*ool ,,copies ,,& ,,examples4 ,select$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby & ,a4 ,h4 ,,*ri/ie4 ,twelve ,draw+-copies 7"o 9 col\rs71 #ae-c_/d #ab1 ) ,descriptive ,lett]-press1 9 a ,portfolio4 ,price #es4 net4 8,%\ld be a m>k$ success z a m$ium ( arti/ic education40 --,! ,booksell]4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,john ,,hogg #ac ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,! ,,arti/ic ,,crafts ,,s]ies ,,( ,,te*nical ,,h&books ,,edit$ ,,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby ,extract f ,editor's ,preface4 8,we w\ld h ?is s]ies put arti/ic craftsman%ip be=e p z furni%+ reasonable occupation = ^? :o w\ld ga9 a livelihood4444 ,9 ! bl5d+ ( h&work & ?\ght 9 su* arts z we propose to deal )1 happy c>e]s may be f\nd z f> remov$ f ! dre>y r\t9e ( hack lab\r z f ! t]rible unc]ta9ty ( academic art4 ,x is desirable 9 e way t m5 ( good education %\ld be br\ght back into ! productive crafts3 !re are m ?an en\gh ( u 89 ! ,city10 & x is probable t m consid]ation w be giv5 9 ?is c5tury ?an 9 ! la/ to ,design & ,workman%ip40 ,project$ z a ,/&>d ,s]ies ( ,h&books on ! ,arti/ic ,crafts1 suitable = ,s*ools1 ,work%ops1 ,libr>ies1 & all int]e/$ 9 ! ,arts4 ,ea* ,craft w be dealt ) by an ,exp]t1 qualifi$ to speak ) au?ority on ,design z well z on ,workman%ip4 ,see foll[+ pages4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,john ,,hogg #ac ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,bookb9d+1 ,,& ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,books4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,= ,,bookb9d]s ,,& ,,libr>ians4 ,,by ,,d\glas ,,cock]ell4 ,) #abb ,diagrams & ,illu/rations by ,noel ,rooke1 & #h ,pages ( ,collotype ,reproductions ( ,b9d+s4 #ceb ,pages4 ,price #es4 net ,,press ,,notices 8,an excell5t book op5s #8,! ,arti/ic ,crafts ,s]ies ( ,te*nical ,h&books4'0--,times4 8,x w\ld be h>d to f9d any te*nical book ( ?is k9d :i* gives m importance to consid]ations ( good ta/e ?an ?is4 4 4 4 ,x leaves no "p ( its subject unacc\nt$ =1 & is 9 its own pr9t+1 b9d+1 & illu/ration1 a fav\rable example ( good craftsman%ip4 ,valuable 9 itself1 x promises well = ! s]ies :i* x op5s40--,scotsman4 8,a special ^w ( praise mu/ be be/[$ ^u ! illu/rations40-- ,a!num4 8,! fir/ ( a new s]ies ( te*nical h&books1 & an admirable "w x is40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 8,9 a mann] lucid & practical ! :ole process ( bookb9d+ is set =?1 ! matt] be+ enhanc$ 9 usefulness by ! draw+s = :i* ,mr4 ,noel ,rooke is responsible4 ,altoge!r ! volume gives ! greate/ promise = ! success ( ! s]ies40--,newca/le ,daily ,j\rnal4 8,work]s ( all degrees w f9d ! book well wor? acquisition alike f its valuable mat]ial & z incit+ to a high /&>d ( workman%ip40--,! ,briti% ,pr9t]4 8,bookb9d]s & libr>ians w f9d mu* to int]e/ !m 9 ?is lucid1 well-illu/rat$1 & valuable little treatise40--,! ,/udio4 8,conta9s s mu* in=mation useful to e book-own] t x w be f\nd a v good inve/m5t ev5 by ! unpr(essional40--,! ,pilot4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,john ,,hogg #ac ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,silv]work ,,& ,,jewell]y4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,= ,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,work]s ,,9 ,,metal4 ,,by ,h4 ,,wilson4 ,) #ahb ,diagrams by ! ,au?or1 & #af ,pages ( ,collotype ,reproductions4 #cdh ,pages4 ,price #es4 net4 ,,press ,,notices 8,a lucid text-book = /ud5ts & work]s1 well illu/rat$1 be+ ! second volume 9 ! s]ies :i* made a successful op5+ ) ,mr4 ,d4 ,cock]ell's #8,bookb9d+4'0--,! ,times4 8,x tea*es n only processes & work%op practice1 b also good ta/e 9 ! mak+ ( objects 9 :i* 9 ^! days vulg>ity is none too seldom se54 ,admirably illu/rat$1 well writt51 & practically s]viceable1 ! book %\ld prove welcome alike to craftsm5 & to amateurs40--,! ,scotsman4 84 4 4 ,! book w h a fasc9ation = all craftsm51 & may be read ) advantage by e "o :o wi%es to und]/& ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( ! art crafts40--,! ,morn+ ,po/4 8,n only to appr5tices & le>n]s1 b also to exp]i5c$ craftsm51 ! book c be mo/ cordially comm5d$4 ,its value is enhanc$ by a full gloss>y & an index40--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 8,?is volume1 :i* belongs to ! admirable ,arti/ic ,crafts ,s]ies ( ,te*nical ,h&books1 gives practical in/ruction 9 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( man's h&icrafts40--,! ,newca/le ,*ronicle4 8,we _c imag9e a bett] aid & supplem5t to practical exp]i5ce 9 ! work%op ?an ?is h&book4 ,all necess>y processes1 f ! simple/ to ! mo/ complex1 are expla9$ 9 a me?odical & logical ord]1 ) ! aid ( illu/rations1 9 :i* ea* t\* is eloqu5t & fre% f ! ma/]'s h&40--,! ,a!num4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,john ,,hogg #ac ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,wood ,,c>v+3 ,,design ,,& ,,workman%ip4 ,,by ,,george ,,jack4 ,) #gh ,draw+s by ! ,au?or1 & #af ,pages ( ,collotype ,reproductions4 #cbj ,pages4 ,price #es4 net ,,press ,,notices 8,! /udy ( "s =m ( h&icraft has become an important matt] 9 ! tra9+ ( an art /ud5t1 & ^? :o practise wood-c>v+ w f9d 9 ?is admirably writt5 & illu/rat$ book a compreh5sive treatise on ! subject40--,morn+ ,po/4 8,9 ?is notable addition to ! ,h&books on ! ,arti/ic ,crafts1 ,mr4 ,jack deals ?or\ghly n only ) ! craftsman%ip ( wood-c>v+1 b also ) ! !ory ( design1 & ! subject-matt] :i* ! arti/ %\ld select to c>ve40--,newca/le ,daily ,j\rnal4 8,! illu/rations complete 9 a v appreciable way ! value ( "o ( ! s\nde/ text-books )9 ! rea* ( ! /ud5t ( wood-c>v+40--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 8,q up to ! level ( its pr$ecessors40--,/udio4 8,8 illu/rations f bo? anci5t examples & f 8 own "w are excell5tly *os5 & reproduc$1 & %[ t he has made himself ! ma/] & ! pupil ( ! be/ traditions ( 8 craft40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 8,cle> in/ruction1 pr(usely illu/rat$1 & admirably pres5t$ by ! publi%]40--,%effield ,daily ,telegraph4 8,mr4 ,jack's love ( 8 art is evid5c$ by e "o ( 8 *apt]s 4 4 4 ,to read 8 book is a pleasure1 & we c v he>tily comm5d x4 ,x is fully illu/rat$1 & conta9s a numb] ( f9e collotype plates & a good index4 ,x is exce$+ly *eap at ! publi%$ price ( #es40--,furniture ,record4 8,9 its affirmative aspect ! book is entirely admirable1 4 4 4 & its value is imm5sely enhanc$ by ! num]\s & excell5t illu/rations4 ,its lit]>y quality is greatly sup]ior to t ( ! av]age text-book40--,build]4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,john ,,hogg #ac ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,! ,,arti/ic ,,crafts ,,s]ies ,,( ,,te*nical ,,h&books ,,edit$ ,,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby ,,/a9$ ,,glass ,,"w4 ,a ,text-,book = ,/ud5ts & ,work]s 9 ,glass4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,:all4 ,) #gc ,diagrams by two ( 8 ,appr5tices1 & #af pages ( ,collotype ,reproductions4 ,n[ ready4 #cib pages4 ,price #es4 net4 8,no art /ud5t or art tea*] c\ld fail to d]ive b5efit f a /udy ( ! book2 & no connoisseur1 :atev] 8 special b5t1 c\ld read x )\t pr(it z well z pleasure40--,! ,ab]de5 ,daily ,j\rnal4 8,! highe/ praise possible = ?is h&book w\ld be to say t x is wor?y ( ! rem>kable s]ies to :i* x belongs1 & ?is1 )\t res]ve1 we c affirm to be ! case40--,arts & ,crafts4 8,! book is ?or\ghly practical1 describ+ 9 detail ! :ole process ( /a9$-glass manufacture1 ) illu/rations & a l>ge numb] ( diagrams40--,! ,newca/le ,daily ,j\rnal4 8,ap>t f ! craftsman1 also1 ?is book %\ld prove ( great s]vice to ^? int]e/$ 9 pa9t$ glass1 :e!r z cu/odians ( build+s conta9+ f9e old w9d[s or z ar*itects or cli5ts int5t on secur+ good mod]n "w40--,! ,glasg[ ,h]ald4 8,/ud5ts w appreciate ! excell5t mat]ial f\nd 9 ?is book & ! beautiful plates t accompany x40--,! ,educational ,review4 ,,embroid]y ,,& ,,tape/ry ,,weav+3 ,a ,practical ,text-,book ( ,design & ,workman%ip4 ,by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,h4 ,*ri/ie4 ,) #ahg ,illu/rations & ,diagrams by ! ,au?or1 & #af pp4 ( ,collotype ,plates4 #daf pp4 ,price #fs4 net4 ,,writ+ ,,illum9at+1 ,,& ,,lett]+4 ,by ,e4 ,john/on4 ,) #bbg ,illu/rations & ,diagrams by ! ,au?or & ,noel ,rooke4 #h pp4 ( ,examples 9 ,r$ & ,black1 & #bd pp4 ( ,collotypes4 #eab pp4 ,price #fs4 #f;d4 net4 ,to be foll[$ by o!rs 9 due c\rse4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,john ,,hogg #ac ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,illu/ration ,,by ,,special ,,appo9tm5t ,,newman ,manufactur+ ,arti/s' ,col\rman ,,e/abli%$ ,,ov] #ajj ,,ye>s4 ,mat]ials ( e description = ,illum9at+1 ,missal ,pa9t+1 c4 ,lum9\s ,body ,col\rs 9 ,tubes & ,screw-,capp$ ,bottles4 ,sable & o!r ,bru%es4 ,prep>$ ,vellum & ,h&-,made ,pap]s4 ,pure ,gold1 9 ,bottles1 ,cake1 ,%ells1 c4 ,agate ,burni%]s1 ,re$ ,p5s1 ,cr[ ,quills1 ,/eel ,nibs1 c4 ,pocket ,magnify+ ,glasses4 ,,catalogues--,,po/ ,,free4 #bd ,,soho ,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,w4 ,telephone #haii--8;,g]r>d40 ,,transcrib]',s ,,endnote4 ,orig9al spell+ & gramm> has be5 g5]ally reta9$1 ) "s exceptions not$ bel[4 ,illu/rations are mov$ f inside p>agraphs to betwe5 p>agraphs4 ,orig9al pr9t$ page numb]s are %[n l ^!3 p-xiv or p#jeb4 ,orig9al small caps ,,looks ,l ,?is4 ,italics look l ?is4 ,orig9al bold$ text ,looks l ?is4 ,! code fabc xyz_/f means t ! text abc xyz 0 pr9t$ 9 a special font or /yle n available 9 ?is edition4 ,! code d5otes a special symbol n available 9 ?is edition4 ,! html edition conta9s images or *>act]s = all ( ^!4 ,mo/ ( ! footnotes are r5umb]$ into a s+le sequ5ce & mov$ f ! ends ( pages to ! ends ( major sections1 :i* are3 ! ,au?or's ,preface1 ,"p ,i1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,app5dix ,a1 & ,app5dix ,b4 ,footnotes 9 ! section ,notes on ! ,collotype ,plates are n r5umb]$1 b are relocat$ to ! end ( ea* ,plate description4 ,ditto m>ks are g5]ally delet$1 & replac$ ) repeat$ text if necess>y4 ,l>ge curly brackets1 or 1 us$ to indicate comb9ation or gr\p+ ( in=mation on two or m l9es1 h be5 elim9at$ f ?is ebook4 ,su* in=mation has be5 reca/ if necess>y1 pref]r+ m9imal *anges1 to reta9 ! orig9al mean+4 ,! complex tables on page #gb & pages #afb-c are examples ( su* reca/+4 ,page viii3 ornam5tion 0 *ang$ to ornam5tation4 ,pages xxv1 #add1 etc43 ! symbol ,u,a#ge;,e ,,lat9 ,,capital ,,lett] ,v ,,) ,,diagonal ,,/roke is cod$ _/,v h]e94 ,else:]e1 a code l ?is3 ,v indicates a ,capital ,v ) ,macron4 ,page #bad3 illlum9at$ bord]s *ang$ to illum9at$ bord]s4 ,page #bbg3 ,! ,figure orig9ally m>k$ ,fig4 #acd;a on ?is page 0 *ang$ to ,fig4 #acd;d4 ,page #bci3 ,! complex table 0 reca/ z a ne/$ li/4 ,page #bga3 ,9 ! fif? p>agraph1 ! enl>g$ ,u has be5 r5d]$ h]e9 z a capital lett]1 al?\gh ! orig9al look$ m l an enl>g$ typical mod]n u4 ,page #bhd3 occasionly *ang$ to occasionally4 ,page #dcj4 ,! section ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,collotype ,,plates 0 brok5 (f 9 ! mid/ ( a p>agraph on page #dcj1 & cont9u$ on page #dha1 aft] ! section ,,! ,,collotype ,,plates4 ,h]e91 ?is /ructure 0 reta9$1 b ! brok5 p>agraph 0 clos$1 ) all ( x on page #dcj4 ,index1 ,black outl9es3 #hh *ang$ to #ahh4 ,index1 ,proportions & ,me?ods3 ?is entry 0 repeat$1 once betwe5 ,lett]s 9 ,b&s & ,lett]s1 ,bru%-made1 & once 9 its prop] alphabetical ord]4 ,! fir/ entry 0 delet$4