,a ,,treatise ,,( ,,human ,,nature ,by ,david ,hume ,,cont5ts ,,volume ,i ,,introduction ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,book ,i ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+ ,,"p ,i ,,( ,,ideas1 ,,_! ,,orig91 ,,composition1 ,,connexion1 ,,ab/raction1 ,,etc4 ,,sect4 ,i ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,our ,,ideas4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,subject4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,memory ,,& ,,imag9ation4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,connection ,,or ,,association ,,( ,,ideas4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,,( ,,relations4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,,( ,,modes ,,& ,,sub/ances ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,ideas4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,inf9ite ,,divisibility ,,( ,,our ,,ideas ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,inf9ite ,,divisibility ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,qualities ,,( ,,our ,,idea ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,objections ,,answ]$4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,exi/5ce1 ,,& ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,exi/5ce4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,k ,,& ,,probability4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,,( ,,k4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,probability1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,cause ,,& ,,effect4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,,:y ,a ,,cause ,,is ,,always ,,necess>y4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,compon5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,our ,,reason+s ,,conc]n+ ,,cause ,,& ,,effect4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,impressions ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses ,,& ,,memory4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,inf]5ce ,,f ,,! ,,impression ,,to ,,! ,,idea4 ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,or ,,belief4 ,,sect4 ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,belief4 ,,sect4 ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,o!r ,,relations ,,& ,,o!r ,,habits4 ,,sect4 ,x4 ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,belief4 ,,sect4 ,,xi4 ,,( ,,! ,,probability ,,( ,,*ances4 ,,sect4 ,,xii4 ,,( ,,! ,,probability ,,( ,,causes4 ,,sect4 ,,xiii4 ,,( ,,unphilosophical ,,probability4 ,,sect4 ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,necess>y ,,connection4 ,,sect4 ,,xv4 ,,rules ,,by ,,:i* ,,to ,,judge ,,( ,,causes ,,& ,,effects4 ,,sect4 ,,xvi ,,( ,,! ,,reason ,,( ,,animals ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,sceptical ,,& ,,o!r ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,,( ,,scepticism ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,reason4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,scepticism ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,s5ses4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,anti5t ,,philosophy4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,philosophy4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,immat]iality ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,id5tity ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,,conclusion ,,( ,,?is ,,book4 ,,volume ,,ii ,,book ,,ii ,,( ,,! ,,passions ,,"p ,i ,,( ,,pride ,,& ,,humility ,,sect4 ,i ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,sect4 ,,ii ,,( ,,pride ,,& ,,humility1 ,,_! ,,objects ,,& ,,causes ,,sect4 ,,iii ,,:5ce ,,^! ,,objects ,,& ,,causes ,,are ,,d]iv$ ,,sect4 ,,iv ,,( ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,impressions ,,& ,,ideas ,,sect4 ,v ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,^! ,,relations ,,on ,,pride ,,& ,,humility ,,sect4 ,,vi ,,limitations ,,( ,,?is ,,sy/em ,,sect4 ,,vii ,,( ,,vice ,,& ,,virtue ,,sect4 ,,viii ,,( ,,beauty ,,& ,,de=mity ,,sect4 ,,ix ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,advantages ,,& ,,disadvantages ,,sect4 ,x ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,& ,,ri*es ,,sect4 ,,xi ,,( ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,fame ,,sect4 ,,xii ,,( ,,! ,,pride ,,& ,,humility ,,( ,,animals ,,"p ,,ii ,,( ,,love ,,& ,,hatr$ ,,sect4 ,i ,,( ,,! ,,object ,,& ,,causes ,,( ,,love ,,& ,,hatr$ ,,sect4 ,,ii ,,exp]im5ts ,,to ,,confirm ,,?is ,,sy/em ,,sect4 ,,iii ,,difficulties ,,solv$ ,,sect4 ,,iv ,,( ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,relations ,,sect4 ,v ,,( ,,our ,,e/eem ,,= ,,! ,,ri* ,,& ,,p[]ful ,,sect4 ,,vi ,,( ,,b5evol5ce ,,& ,,ang] ,,sect4 ,,vii ,,( ,,compassion ,,sect4 ,,viii ,,( ,,malice ,,& ,,envy ,,sect4 ,,ix ,,( ,,! ,,mixture ,,( ,,b5evol5ce ,,& ,,ang] ,,) ,,compassion ,,& ,,malice ,,sect4 ,x ,,( ,,respect ,,& ,,contempt ,,sect4 ,,xi ,,( ,,! ,,amor\s ,,passion1 ,,or ,,love ,,betwixt ,,! ,,sexes ,,sect4 ,,xii ,,( ,,! ,,love ,,& ,,hatr$ ,,( ,,animals ,,"p ,,iii ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,& ,,direct ,,passions ,,sect4 ,i ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,necessity ,,sect4 ,,ii ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ ,,sect4 ,,iii ,,( ,,! ,,influ5c+ ,,motives ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,sect4 ,,iv ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,viol5t ,,passions ,,sect4 ,v ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,cu/om ,,sect4 ,,vi ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,imag9ation ,,on ,,! ,,passions ,,sect4 ,,vii ,,( ,,contiguity ,,& ,,di/ance ,,9 ,,space ,,& ,,"t ,,sect4 ,,viii ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ ,,sect4 ,,ix ,,( ,,! ,,direct ,,passions ,,sect4 ,x ,,( ,,curiosity1 ,,or ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,tru? ,,book ,,iii ,,( ,,morals ,,"p ,i ,,( ,,virtue ,,& ,,vice ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,sect4 ,i ,,moral ,,di/9ctions ,,n ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,reason ,,sect4 ,,ii ,,moral ,,di/9ctions ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,a ,,moral ,,s5se ,,"p ,,ii ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,inju/ice ,,sect4 ,i ,,ju/ice1 ,,:e!r ,a ,,natural ,,or ,,artificial ,,virtue8 ,,sect4 ,,ii ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,prop]ty ,,sect4 ,,iii ,,( ,,! ,,rules ,,:i* ,,det]m9e ,,prop]ty ,,sect4 ,,iv ,,( ,,! ,,transf]5ce ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,by ,,cons5t ,,sect4 ,v ,,( ,,! ,,obligation ,,( ,,promises ,,sect4 ,,vi ,,"s ,,f>!r ,,reflections ,,conc]n+ ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,inju/ice ,,sect4 ,,vii ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,sect4 ,,viii ,,( ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,allegiance ,,sect4 ,,ix ,,( ,,! ,,measures ,,( ,,allegiance ,,sect4 ,x ,,( ,,! ,,objects ,,( ,,allegiance ,,sect4 ,,xi ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,nations ,,sect4 ,,xii ,,( ,,*a/ity ,,& ,,mode/y ,,"p ,,iii ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,virtues ,,& ,,vices ,,sect4 ,i ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,virtues ,,& ,,vices ,,sect4 ,,ii ,,( ,,greatness ,,( ,,m9d ,,sect4 ,,iii ,,( ,,goodness ,,& ,,b5evol5ce ,,sect4 ,,iv ,,( ,,natural ,,abilities ,,sect4 ,v ,,"s ,,f>!r ,,reflections ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,natural ,,virtues ,,sect4 ,,vi ,,conclusion ,,( ,,?is ,,book ,,app5dix ,,to ,,! ,,treatise ,,( ,,human ,,nature 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vol4 ,i ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+4 ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,my design 9 ! pres5t "w is suffici5tly expla9$ 9 ! ,introduction4 ,! read] mu/ only obs]ve1 t all ! subjects ,i h !re plann$ out to myself1 are n treat$ ( 9 ^! two volumes4 ,! subjects ( ! ,und]/&+ & ,passions make a compleat *a9 ( reason+ by !mselves2 & ,i 0 will+ to take advantage ( ?is natural division1 9 ord] to try ! ta/e ( ! public4 ,if ,i h ! good =tune to meet ) success1 ,i %all proce$ to ! exam9ation ( ,morals1 ,politics1 & ,criticism2 :i* w compleat ?is ,treatise ( ,human ,nature4 ,! approbation ( ! public ,i consid] z ! greate/ rew>d ( my lab\rs2 b am det]m9$ to reg>d its judgm5t1 :atev] x be1 z my be/ in/ruction4 ,,introduction4 ,no?+ is m usual & m natural = ^?1 :o pret5d to discov] any?+ new to ! _w 9 philosophy & ! sci5ces1 ?an to ins9uate ! praises ( _! own sy/ems1 by decry+ all ^?1 :i* h be5 advanc$ be=e !m4 ,& inde$ 7 !y cont5t ) lam5t+ t ignorance1 :i* we /ill lie "u 9 ! mo/ important que/ions1 t c come be=e ! tribunal ( human reason1 !re are few1 :o h an acqua9tance ) ! sci5ces1 t w\ld n readily agree ) !m4 ,x is easy = "o ( judgm5t & le>n+1 to p]ceive ! weak f\ndation ev5 ( ^? sy/ems1 :i* h obta9$ ! greate/ cr$it1 & h c>ri$ _! pret5sions highe/ to accurate & pr(\nd reason+4 ,pr9ciples tak5 ^u tru/1 consequ5ces lamely d$uc$ f !m1 want ( coh]5ce 9 ! p>ts1 & ( evid5ce 9 ! :ole1 ^! are e :]e to be met ) 9 ! sy/ems ( ! mo/ em95t philosoph]s1 & seem to h drawn disgrace ^u philosophy itself4 ,nor is !re requir$ su* pr(\nd k to discov] ! pres5t imp]fect condition ( ! sci5ces1 b ev5 ! rabble )\t doors may1 judge f ! noise & clam\r1 :i* !y he>1 t all goes n well )94 ,!re is no?+ :i* is n ! subject ( debate1 & 9 :i* m5 ( le>n+ are n ( contr>y op9ions4 ,! mo/ trivial "q escapes n our controv]sy1 & 9 ! mo/ mom5t\s we are n able to give any c]ta9 decision4 ,disputes are multipli$1 z if e ?+ 0 unc]ta92 & ^! disputes are manag$ ) ! greate/ w>m?1 z if e ?+ 0 c]ta94 ,amid/ all ?is bu/le x is n reason1 :i* c>ries ! prize1 b eloqu5ce2 & no man ne$s ev] despair ( ga9+ proselytes to ! mo/ extravagant hypo!sis1 :o has art en\gh to repres5t x 9 any fav\rable col\rs4 ,! victory is n ga9$ by ! m5 at arms1 :o manage ! pike & ! sword2 b by ! trumpet]s1 drumm]s1 & musicians ( ! army4 ,f h5ce 9 my op9ion arises t common prejudice aga9/ metaphysical reason+s ( all k9ds1 ev5 among/ ^?1 :o pr(ess !mselves s*ol>s1 & h a j value = e o!r "p ( lit]ature4 ,by metaphysical reason+s1 !y d n und]/& ^? on any p>ticul> bran* ( sci5ce1 b e k9d ( argum5t1 :i* is any way ab/ruse1 & requires "s att5tion to be compreh5d$4 ,we h s (t5 lo/ our lab\r 9 su* rese>*es1 t we commonly reject !m )\t hesitation1 & resolve1 if we mu/ = ev] be a prey to errors & delusions1 t !y %all at lea/ be natural & ent]ta9+4 ,& inde$ no?+ b ! mo/ det]m9$ scepticism1 along ) a great degree ( indol5ce1 c ju/ify ?is av]sion to metaphysics4 ,= if tru? be at all )9 ! rea* ( human capacity1 x is c]ta9 x mu/ lie v deep & ab/ruse3 & to hope we %all arrive at x )\t pa9s1 :ile ! greate/ g5iuses h fail$ ) ! utmo/ pa9s1 mu/ c]ta9ly be e/eem$ suffici5tly va9 & presumptu\s4 ,i pret5d to no su* advantage 9 ! philosophy ,i am go+ to unfold1 & w\ld e/eem x a /rong presumption aga9/ x1 7 x s v easy & obvi\s4 ,x is evid5t1 t all ! sci5ces h a relation1 great] or less1 to human nature3 & t h[ev] wide any ( !m may seem to run f x1 !y /ill return back by "o passage or ano!r4 ,ev54 ,ma!matics1 ,natural ,philosophy1 & ,natural ,religion1 are 9 "s measure dep5d5t on ! sci5ce ( ,,man2 s9ce !y lie "u ! cognizance ( m51 & are judg$ ( by _! p[]s & faculties4 ,x is impossible to tell :at *anges & improvem5ts we might make 9 ^! sci5ces 7 we ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! ext5t & =ce ( human und]/&+1 & c\ld expla9 ! nature ( ! ideas we employ1 & ( ! op]ations we p]=m 9 our reason+s4 ,& ^! improvem5ts are ! m to be hop$ = 9 natural religion1 z x is n cont5t ) in/ruct+ u 9 ! nature ( sup]ior p[]s1 b c>ries its views f>!r1 to _! disposition t[>ds u1 & our duties t[>ds !m2 & consequ5tly we ourselves are n only ! be+s1 t reason1 b also "o ( ! objects1 conc]n+ :i* we reason4 ,if !re=e ! sci5ces ( ,ma!matics1 ,natural ,philosophy1 & ,natural ,religion1 h su* a dep5d5ce on ! k ( man1 :at may be expect$ 9 ! o!r sci5ces1 ^: connexion ) human nature is m close & intimate8 ,! sole end ( logic is to expla9 ! pr9ciples & op]ations ( our reason+ faculty1 & ! nature ( our ideas3 morals & criticism reg>d our ta/es & s5tim5ts3 & politics consid] m5 z unit$ 9 society1 & dep5d5t on ea* o!r4 ,9 ^! f\r sci5ces ( ,logic1 ,morals1 ,criticism1 & ,politics1 is compreh5d$ almo/ ev]y?+1 :i* x c any way import u to be acqua9t$ )1 or :i* c t5d ei!r to ! improvem5t or ornam5t ( ! human m9d4 ,"h !n is ! only exp$i5t1 f :i* we c hope = success 9 our philosophical rese>*es1 to leave ! t$i\s l+]+ me?od1 :i* we h hi!rto foll[$1 & in/ead ( tak+ n[ & !n a ca/le or village on ! fronti]1 to m>* up directly to ! capital or c5t] ( ^! sci5ces1 to human nature itself2 :i* be+ once ma/]s (1 we may e :]e else hope = an easy victory4 ,f ?is /ation we may ext5d our conque/s ov] all ^? sci5ces1 :i* m intimately conc]n human life1 & may aft]w>ds proce$ at leisure to discov] m fully ^?1 :i* are ! objects ( pore curiosity4 ,!re is no "q ( importance1 ^: decision is n compris$ 9 ! sci5ce ( man2 & !re is none1 :i* c be decid$ ) any c]ta9ty1 be=e we become acqua9t$ ) t sci5ce4 ,9 pret5d+1 !re=e1 to expla9 ! pr9ciples ( human nature1 we 9 effect propose a compleat sy/em ( ! sci5ces1 built on a f\ndation almo/ entirely new1 & ! only "o ^u :i* !y c /& ) any security4 ,& z ! sci5ce ( man is !-only solid f\ndation = ! o!r sci5ces1 s ! only solid f\ndation we c give to ?is sci5ce itself mu/ be laid on exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,x is no a/oni%+ reflection to consid]1 t ! application ( exp]im5tal philosophy to moral subjects %\ld come aft] t to natural at ! di/ance ( above a :ole c5tury2 s9ce we f9d 9 fact1 t !re 0 ab\t ! same int]val betwixt ! orig9s ( ^! sci5ces2 & t reckon+ f ,,?ales to ,,socrates1 ! space ( "t is ne>ly equal to t betwixt1 my ,"l ,bacon & "s late philosoph]s 9 ,engl&1#a :o h begun to put ! sci5ce ( man on a new foot+1 & h engag$ ! att5tion1 & excit$ ! curiosity ( ! public4 ,s true x is1 t h[ev] o!r nations may rival u 9 poetry1 & excel u 9 "s o!r agreeable arts1 ! improvem5ts 9 reason & philosophy c only be ow+ to a l& ( tol]ation & ( lib]ty4 #a ,mr4 ,locke1 my ,"l ,%aftesbury1 ,dr4 ,m&eville1 ,mr4 ,hut*9son1 ,dr4 ,butl]1 etc4 ,nor ought we to ?9k1 t ?is latt] improvem5t 9 ! sci5ce ( man w d less hon\r to our native c\ntry ?an ! =m] 9 natural philosophy1 b ought r to e/eem x a great] glory1 ^u acc\nt ( ! great] importance ( t sci5ce1 z well z ! necessity x lay "u ( su* a re=mation4 ,= to me x seems evid5t1 t ! ess5ce ( ! m9d be+ equally unkn[n to u ) t ( ext]nal bodies1 x mu/ be equally impossible to =m any notion ( its p[]s & qualities o!rwise ?an f c>eful & exact exp]im5ts1 & ! obs]vation ( ^? p>ticul> effects1 :i* result f its diff]5t circum/ances & situations4 ,& ?\gh we mu/ endeav\r to r5d] all our pr9ciples z univ]sal z possible1 by trac+ up our exp]im5ts to ! utmo/1 & expla9+ all effects f ! simple/ & fewe/ causes1 x is /ill c]ta9 we _c g beyond exp]i5ce2 & any hypo!sis1 t pret5ds to discov] ! ultimate orig9al qualities ( human nature1 ought at fir/ to be reject$ z presumptu\s & *im]ical4 ,i d n ?9k a philosoph]1 :o w\ld apply himself s e>ne/ly to ! expla9+ ! ultimate pr9ciples ( ! s\l1 w\ld %[ himself a great ma/] 9 t v sci5ce ( human nature1 :i* he pret5ds to expla91 or v kn[+ 9 :at is naturally satisfactory to ! m9d ( man4 ,= no?+ is m c]ta91 ?an t despair has almo/ ! same effect ^u u ) enjoym5t1 & t we are no soon] acqua9t$ ) ! impossibility ( satisfy+ any desire1 ?an ! desire itself vani%es4 ,:5 we see1 t we h arriv$ at ! utmo/ ext5t ( human reason1 we sit d[n cont5t$1 ?\gh we be p]fectly satisfi$ 9 ! ma9 ( our ignorance1 & p]ceive t we c give no reason = our mo/ g5]al & mo/ ref9$ pr9ciples1 beside our exp]i5ce ( _! reality2 :i* is ! reason ( ! m]e vulg>1 & :at x requir$ no /udy at fir/ to h discov]$ = ! mo/ p>ticul> & mo/ extraord9>y phnom5on4 ,& z ?is impossibility ( mak+ any f>!r progress is en\gh to satisfy ! read]1 s ! writ] may d]ive a m delicate satisfaction f ! free confession ( 8 ignorance1 & f 8 prud5ce 9 avoid+ t error1 into :i* s _m h fall51 ( impos+ _! conjectures & hypo!ses on ! _w = ! mo/ c]ta9 pr9ciples4 ,:5 ?is mutual cont5tm5t & satisfaction c be obta9$ betwixt ! ma/] & s*ol>1 ,i "k n :at m we c require ( our philosophy4 ,b if ?is impossibility ( expla9+ ultimate pr9ciples %\ld be e/eem$ a defect 9 ! sci5ce ( man1 ,i w v5ture to affirm1 t x is a defect common to x ) all ! sci5ces1 & all ! arts1 9 :i* we c employ ourselves1 :e!r !y be su* z are cultivat$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! philosoph]s1 or practis$ 9 ! %ops ( ! meane/ artizans4 ,none ( !m c g beyond exp]i5ce1 or e/abli% any pr9ciples :i* are n f\nd$ on t au?ority4 ,moral philosophy has1 inde$1 ?is peculi> disadvantage1 :i* is n f\nd 9 natural1 t 9 collect+ its exp]im5ts1 x _c make !m purposely1 ) prem$itation1 & aft] su* a mann] z to satisfy itself conc]n+ e p>ticul> difficulty :i* may be4 ,:5 ,i am at a loss to "k ! effects ( "o body ^u ano!r 9 any situation1 ,i ne$ only put !m 9 t situation1 & obs]ve :at results f x4 ,b %\ld ,i endeav\r to cle> up aft] ! same mann] any d\bt 9 moral philosophy1 by plac+ myself 9 ! same case ) t :i* ,i consid]1 x is evid5t ?is reflection & prem$itation w\ld s di/urb ! op]ation ( my natural pr9ciples1 z mu/ r5d] x impossible to =m any j conclusion f ! ph5om5on4 ,we mu/ !re=e glean up our exp]im5ts 9 ?is sci5ce f a cauti\s obs]vation ( human life1 & take !m z !y appe> 9 ! common c\rse ( ! _w1 by m5's behavi\r 9 company1 9 affairs1 & 9 _! pleasures4 ,:]e exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d are judici\sly collect$ & comp>$1 we may hope to e/abli% on !m a sci5ce :i* w n be inf]ior 9 c]ta9ty1 & w be mu* sup]ior 9 utility to any o!r ( human compreh5sion4 ,,book ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+ ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,ideas1 ,,_! ,,orig91 ,,composition1 ,,connexion1 ,,ab/raction1 ,,etc4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,our ,,ideas4 ,all ! p]ceptions ( ! human m9d resolve !mselves into two di/9ct k9ds1 :i* ,i %all call ,,impressions & ,,ideas4 ,! diff]5ce betwixt ^! consi/s 9 ! degrees ( =ce & livel9ess1 ) :i* !y /rike ^u ! m9d1 & make _! way into our ?\ght or consci\sness4 ,^? p]ceptions1 :i* ent] ) mo/ =ce & viol5ce1 we may "n impressions3 & "u ?is "n ,i compreh5d all our s5sations1 passions & emotions1 z !y make _! fir/ appe>ance 9 ! s\l4 ,by ideas ,i mean ! fa9t images ( ^! 9 ?9k+ & reason+2 su* z1 = in/ance1 are all ! p]ceptions excit$ by ! pres5t disc\rse1 except+ only ^? :i* arise f ! sight & t\*1 & except+ ! imm$iate pleasure or uneas9ess x may occasion4 ,i believe x w n be v necess>y to employ _m words 9 expla9+ ?is di/9ction4 ,e "o ( himself w readily p]ceive ! diff]5ce betwixt feel+ & ?9k+4 ,! common degrees ( ^! are easily di/+ui%$2 ?\gh x is n impossible b 9 p>ticul> in/ances !y may v ne>ly approa* to ea* o!r4 ,?us 9 sleep1 9 a fev]1 9 madness1 or 9 any v viol5t emotions ( s\l1 our ideas may approa* to our impressions1 ,z on ! o!r h& x sometimes happ5s1 t our impressions are s fa9t & l[1 t we _c di/+ui% !m f our ideas4 ,b not)/&+ ?is ne> resemblance 9 a few in/ances1 !y are 9 g5]al s v diff]5t1 t no-"o c make a scruple to rank !m "u di/9ct heads1 & assign to ea* a peculi> "n to m>k ! diff]5ce4#a #a ,i "h make use ( ^! t]ms1 impression & idea1 9 a s5se diff]5t f :at is usual1 & ,i hope ?is lib]ty w be all[$ me4 ,p]haps ,i r re/ore ! ^w1 idea1 to its orig9al s5se1 f :i* ,mr ,locke _h p]v]t$ x1 9 mak+ x /& = all our p]ceptions4 ,by ! t]ms ( impression ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to express ! mann]1 9 :i* our lively p]ceptions are produc$ 9 ! s\l1 b m]ely ! p]ceptions !mselves2 = :i* !re is no p>ticul> "n ei!r 9 ! ,engli% or any o!r language1 t ,i "k (4 ,!re is ano!r division ( our p]ceptions1 :i* x w be conv5i5t to obs]ve1 & :i* ext5ds itself bo? to our impressions & ideas4 ,?is division is into ,,simple & ,,complex4 ,simple p]ceptions or impressions & ideas are su* z admit ( no di/9ction nor sep>ation4 ,! complex are ! contr>y to ^!1 & may be di/+ui%$ into p>ts4 ,?\gh a p>ticul> col\r1 ta/e1 & smell1 are qualities all unit$ toge!r 9 ?is apple1 x is easy to p]ceive !y are n ! same1 b are at lea/ di/+ui%able f ea* o!r4 ,hav+ by ^! divisions giv5 an ord] & arrangem5t to our objects1 we may n[ apply ourselves to consid] ) ! m accuracy _! qualities & relations4 ,! fir/ circum/ance1 t /rikes my eye1 is ! great resemblance betwixt our impressions & ideas 9 e o!r p>ticul>1 except _! degree ( =ce & vivacity4 ,! "o seem to be 9 a mann] ! reflexion ( ! o!r2 s t all ! p]ceptions ( ! m9d are d\ble1 & appe> bo? z impressions & ideas4 ,:5 ,i %ut my eyes & ?9k ( my *amb]1 ! ideas ,i =m are exact repres5tations ( ! impressions ,i felt2 nor is !re any circum/ance ( ! "o1 :i* is n to be f\nd 9 ! o!r4 ,9 runn+ ov] my o!r p]ceptions1 ,i f9d /ill ! same resemblance & repres5tation4 ,ideas & impressions appe> always to correspond to ea* o!r4 ,?is circum/ance seems to me rem>kable1 & engages my att5tion = a mom5t4 ,^u a m accurate survey ,i f9d ,i h be5 c>ri$ away too f> by ! fir/ appe>ance1 & t ,i mu/ make use ( ! di/9ction ( p]ceptions into simple & complex1 to limit ?is g5]al decision1 t all our ideas & impressions are resembl+4 ,i obs]ve1 t _m ( our complex ideas nev] _h impressions1 t correspond$ to !m1 & t _m ( our complex impressions nev] are exactly copi$ 9 ideas4 ,i c imag9e to myself su* a city z ! ,new ,j]usalem1 ^: pavem5t is gold & walls are rubies1 ?\gh ,i nev] saw any su*4 ,i h se5 ,p>is2 b %all ,i affirm ,i c =m su* an idea ( t city1 z w p]fectly repres5t all its /reets & h\ses 9 _! real & j proportions8 ,i p]ceive1 !re=e1 t ?\gh !re is 9 g5]al a great1 resemblance betwixt our complex impressions & ideas1 yet ! rule is n univ]sally true1 t !y are exact copies ( ea* o!r4 ,we may next consid] h[ ! case /&s ) our simple1 p]ceptions4 ,aft] ! mo/ accurate exam9ation1 ( :i* ,i am capable1 ,i v5ture to affirm1 t ! rule "h holds )\t any exception1 & t e simple idea has a simple impression1 :i* resembles x1 & e simple impression a correspond5t idea4 ,t idea ( r$1 :i* we =m 9 ! d>k1 & t impression :i* /rikes our eyes 9 sun-%9e1 diff] only 9 degree1 n 9 nature4 ,t ! case is ! same ) all our simple impressions & ideas1 x is impossible to prove by a p>ticul> enum]ation ( !m4 ,e "o may satisfy himself 9 ?is po9t by runn+ ov] z _m z he pleases4 ,b if any "o %\ld d5y ?is univ]sal resemblance1 ,i "k no way ( conv9c+ him1 b by desir+ him to %ew a simple impression1 t has n a correspond5t idea1 or a simple idea1 t has n a correspond5t impression4 ,if he does n answ] ?is *all5ge1 z x is c]ta9 he _c1 we may f 8 sil5ce & our own obs]vation e/abli% our conclusion4 ,?us we f9d1 t all simple ideas & impressions resemble ea* o!r2 & z ! complex are =m$ f !m1 we may affirm 9 g5]al1 t ^! two species ( p]ception are exactly correspond5t4 ,hav+ discov]$ ?is relation1 :i* requires no f>!r exam9ation1 ,i am curi\s to f9d "s o!r ( _! qualities4 ,let u consid] h[ !y /& ) reg>d to _! exi/5ce1 & :i* ( ! impressions & ideas are causes1 & :i* effects4 ,! full exam9ation ( ?is "q is ! subject ( ! pres5t treatise2 & !re=e we %all "h cont5t ourselves ) e/abli%+ "o g5]al proposition1 ,,t ,,all ,,our ,,simple ,,ideas ,,9 ,,_! ,,fir/ ,,appe>ance ,,are ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,simple ,,impressions1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,correspond5t ,,to ,,!m1 ,,& ,,:i* ,,!y ,,exactly ,,repres5t4 ,9 seek+ = ph5om5a to prove ?is proposition1 ,i f9d only ^? ( two k9ds2 b 9 ea* k9d ! ph5om5a are obvi\s1 num]\s1 & conclusive4 ,i fir/ make myself c]ta91 by a new1 review1 ( :at ,i h already ass]t$1 t e simple impression is att5d$ ) a correspond5t idea1 & e simple idea ) a correspond5t impression4 ,f ?is con/ant conjunction ( resembl+ p]ceptions ,i imm$iately conclude1 t !re is a great connexion betwixt our correspond5t impressions & ideas1 & t ! exi/5ce ( ! "o has a consid]able influ5ce ^u t ( ! o!r4 ,su* a con/ant conjunction1 9 su* an inf9ite numb] ( in/ances1 c nev] arise f *ance2 b cle>ly proves a dep5d5ce ( ! impressions on ! ideas1 or ( ! ideas on ! impressions4 ,t ,i may "k on :i* side ?is dep5d5ce lies1 ,i consid] ! ord] ( _! fir/ appe>ance2 & f9d by con/ant exp]i5ce1 t ! simple impressions always take ! prec$5ce ( _! correspond5t ideas1 b nev] appe> 9 ! contr>y ord]4 ,to give a *ild an idea ( sc>let or orange1 ( sweet or bitt]1 ,i pres5t ! objects1 or 9 o!r words1 convey to him ^! impressions2 b proce$ n s absurdly1 z to endeav\r to produce ! impressions by excit+ ! ideas4 ,our ideas ^u _! appe>ance produce n _! correspond5t impressions1 nor d we p]ceive any col\r1 or feel any s5sation m]ely ^u ?9k+ ( !m4 ,on ! o!r h& we f9d1 t any impression ei!r ( ! m9d or body is con/antly foll[$ by an idea1 :i* resembles x1 & is only diff]5t 9 ! degrees ( =ce & livel9ess4 ,! con/ant conjunction ( our resembl+ p]ceptions1 is a conv9c+ pro(1 t ! "o are ! causes ( ! o!r2 & ?is priority ( ! impressions is an equal pro(1 t our impressions are ! causes ( our ideas1 n our ideas ( our impressions4 ,to confirm ?is ,i consid] ,ano!r pla9 & conv9c+ phnom5on2 :i* is1 t1 :]e-ev] by any accid5t ! faculties1 :i* give rise to any impressions1 are ob/ruct$ 9 _! op]ations1 z :5 "o is born bl9d or deaf2 n only ! impressions are lo/1 b also _! correspond5t ideas2 s t !re nev] appe> 9 ! m9d ! lea/ traces ( ei!r ( !m4 ,nor is ?is only true1 :]e ! organs ( s5sation are entirely de/roy$1 b likewise :]e !y h nev] be5 put 9 action to produce a p>ticul> impression4 ,we _c =m to ourselves a j idea ( ! ta/e ( a p9e apple1 )\t hav+ actually ta/$ x4 ,!re is h[ev] "o contradictory phnom5on1 :i* may prove1 t x is n absolutely impossible = ideas to g be=e _! correspond5t impressions4 ,i believe x w readily be all[$ t ! sev]al di/9ct ideas ( col\rs1 :i* ent] by ! eyes1 or ^? ( s\nds1 :i* are convey$ by ! he>+1 are really diff]5t f ea* o!r1 ?\gh at ! same "t resembl+4 ,n[ if ?is be true ( diff]5t col\rs1 x mu/ be no less s ( ! diff]5t %ades ( ! same col\r1 t ea* ( !m produces a di/9ct idea1 indep5d5t ( ! re/4 ,= if ?is %\ld be d5i$1 x is possible1 by ! cont9ual gradation ( %ades1 to run a col\r ins5sibly into :at is mo/ remote f x2 & if y w n all[ any ( ! means to be diff]5t1 y _c )\t absurdity d5y ! extremes to be ! same4 ,suppose !re=e a p]son to h enjoy$ 8 sight = ?irty ye>s1 & to h become p]fectly well acqua9t$ ) col\rs ( all k9ds1 except+ "o p>ticul> %ade ( blue1 = in/ance1 :i* x nev] has be5 8 =tune to meet )4 ,let all ! diff]5t %ades ( t col\r1 except t s+le "o1 be plac$ be=e him1 desc5d+ gradually f ! deepe/ to ! lighte/2 x is pla91 t he w p]ceive a blank1 :]e t %ade is want+1 said w be s5sible1 t !re is a great] di/ance 9 t place betwixt ! contigu\s col\rs1 ?an 9 any o!r4 ,n[ ,i ask1 :e!r x is possible = him1 f 8 own imag9ation1 to supply ?is defici5cy1 & raise up to himself ! idea ( t p>ticul> %ade1 ?\gh x _h nev] be5 convey$ to him by 8 s5ses8 ,i believe !re are few b w be ( op9ion t he c2 & ?is may s]ve z a pro(1 t ! simple ideas are n always d]iv$ f ! correspond5t impressions2 ?\gh ! in/ance is s p>ticul> & s+ul>1 t x is sc>ce wor? our obs]v+1 & does n m]it t = x alone we %\ld alt] our g5]al maxim4 ,b besides ?is exception1 x may n be amiss to rem>k on ?is head1 t ! pr9ciple ( ! priority ( impressions to ideas mu/ be und]/ood ) ano!r limitation1 viz41 t z our ideas are images ( our impressions1 s we c =m second>y ideas1 :i* are images ( ! prim>y2 z appe>s f ?is v reason+ conc]n+ !m4 ,?is is n1 prop]ly speak+1 an exception to ! rule s mu* z an explanation ( x4 ,ideas produce ! images ( !mselves 9 new ideas2 b z ! fir/ ideas are suppos$ to be d]iv$ f impressions1 x /ill rema9s true1 t all our simple ideas proce$ ei!r m$iately or imm$iately1 f _! correspond5t impressions4 ,?is !n is ! fir/ pr9ciple ,i e/abli% 9 ! sci5ce ( human nature2 nor ought we to despise x because ( ! simplicity ( its appe>ance4 ,= x is rem>kable1 t ! pres5t "q conc]n+ ! prec$5cy ( our impressions or ideas1 is ! same ) :at has made s mu* noise 9 o!r t]ms1 :5 x has be5 disput$ :e!r !re be any ,,innate ,,ideas1 or :e!r all ideas be d]iv$ f s5sation & reflexion4 ,we may obs]ve1 t 9 ord] to prove ! ideas ( ext5sion & col\r n to be innate1 philosoph]s d no?+ b %ew t !y are convey$ by our s5ses4 ,to prove ! ideas ( passion & desire n to be innate1 !y obs]ve t we h a prec$+ exp]i5ce ( ^! emotions 9 ourselves4 ,n[ if we c>efully exam9e ^! argum5ts1 we %all f9d t !y prove no?+ b t ideas are prec$$ by o!r m lively p]ceptions1 f :i* ! are d]iv$1 & :i* !y repres5t4 ,i hope ?is cle> /at+ ( ! "q w remove all disputes conc]n+ x1 & w9 r5d] ?is pr9ciple ( m use 9 our reason+s1 ?an x seems hi!rto to h be54 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,subject4 ,s9ce x appe>s1 t our simple impressions are prior to _! correspond5t ideas1 & t ! exceptions are v r>e1 me?od seems to require we %\ld exam9e our impressions1 be=e we consid] our ideas4 ,impressions may be divid$ into two k9ds1 ^? ,( ,,s5sation & ^? ( ,,reflexion4 ,! fir/ k9d arises 9 ! s\l orig9ally1 f unkn[n causes4 ,! second is d]iv$ 9 a great measure f our ideas1 & t 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 ,an impression fir/ /rikes ^u ! s5ses1 & makes u p]ceive heat or cold1 ?ir/ or hung]1 pleasure or pa9 ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,( ?is impression !re is a copy tak5 by ! m9d1 :i* rema9s aft] ! impression ceases2 & ?is we call an idea4 ,?is idea ( pleasure or pa91 :5 x returns ^u ! s\l1 produces ! new impressions ( desire & av]sion1 hope & fe>1 :i* may prop]ly be call$ impressions ( reflexion1 because d]iv$ f x4 ,^! aga9 are copi$ by ! memory & imag9ation1 & become ideas2 :i* p]haps 9 _! turn give rise to o!r impressions & ideas4 ,s t ! impressions ( reflexion are only antec$5t to _! correspond5t ideas2 b po/]ior to ^? ( s5sation1 & d]iv$ f !m4 ,! exam9ation ( our s5sations belongs m to anatomi/s & natural philosoph]s ?an to moral2 & !re=e %all n at pres5t be ent]$ ^u4 ,& z ! impressions ( reflexion1 viz4 passions1 desires1 & emotions1 :i* pr9cipally des]ve our att5tion1 arise mo/ly f ideas1 x w be necess>y to rev]se t me?od1 :i* at fir/ sight seems mo/ natural2 & 9 ord] to expla9 ! nature & pr9ciples ( ! human m9d1 give a p>ticul> acc\nt ( ideas1 be=e we proce$ to impressions4 ,= ?is reason ,i h "h *os5 to beg9 ) ideas4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,memory ,,& ,,imag9ation4 ,we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t :5 any impression has be5 pres5t ) ! m9d1 x aga9 makes its appe>ance !re z an idea2 & ?is x may d aft] two diff]5t ways3 ei!r :5 9 its new appe>ance x reta9s a consid]able degree ( its fir/ vivacity1 & is some:at int]m$iate betwixt an impression & an idea3 or :5 x entirely loses t vivacity1 & is a p]fect idea4 ,! faculty1 by :i* we repeat our impressions 9 ! fir/ mann]1 is call$ ! ,,memory1 & ! o!r ! ,,imag9ation4 ,x is evid5t at fir/ sight1 t ! ideas ( ! memory are mu* m lively & /rong ?an ^? ( ! imag9ation1 & t ! =m] faculty pa9ts its objects 9 m di/9ct col\rs1 ?an any :i* are employ$ by ! latt]4 ,:5 we rememb] any pa/ ev5t1 ! idea ( x fl[s 9 ^u ! m9d 9 a =cible mann]2 :]eas 9 ! imag9ation ! p]ception is fa9t & languid1 & _c )\t difficulty be pres]v$ by ! m9d /$dy & uni=m = any consid]able "t4 ,"h !n is a s5sible diff]5ce betwixt "o species ( ideas & ano!r4 ,b ( ?is m fully h]eaft]4#b #b ,"p ,,iii1 ,sect4 #e4 ,!re is ano!r diff]5ce betwixt ^! two k9ds ( ideas1 :i* is no less evid5t1 namely t ?\gh nei!r ! ideas1 ( ! memory nor imag9ation1 nei!r ! lively nor fa9t ideas c make _! appe>ance 9 ! m9d1 unless _! correspond5t impressions h gone be=e to prep>e ! way = !m1 yet ! imag9ation is n re/ra9$ to ! same ord] & =m ) ! orig9al impressions2 :ile ! memory is 9 a mann] ti$ d[n 9 t respect1 )\t any p[] ( v>iation4 ,x is evid5t1 t ! memory pres]ves ! orig9al =m1 9 :i* its objects 7 pres5t$1 & t :]e-ev] we dep>t f x 9 recollect+ any ?+1 x proce$s f "s defect or imp]fection 9 t faculty4 ,an hi/orian may1 p]haps1 = ! m conv5i5t ,c>ry+ on ( 8 n>ration1 relate an ev5t be=e ano!r1 to :i* x 0 9 fact po/]ior2 b !n he takes notice ( ?is disord]1 if he be exact2 & by t means replaces ! idea 9 its due position4 ,x is ! same case 9 our recollection ( ^? places & p]sons1 ) :i* we 7 =m]ly acqua9t$4 ,! *ief ex]cise ( ! memory is n to pres]ve ! simple ideas1 b _! ord] & position4 ,9 %ort1 ?is pr9ciple is support$ by su* a numb] ( common & vulg> pha5om5a1 t we may sp>e ourselves ! tr\ble ( insi/+ on x any f>!r4 ,! same evid5ce foll[s u 9 our second pr9ciple1 ,,( ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,! ,,imag9ation ,,to ,,transpose ,,& ,,*ange ,,its ,,ideas4 ,! fables we meet ) 9 poems & romances put ?is entirely out ( ! "q4 ,nature !re is totally conf\nd$1 & no?+ m5tion$ b w+$ horses1 fi]y dragons1 & mon/r\s giants4 ,nor w ?is lib]ty ( ! fancy appe> /range1 :5 we consid]1 t all our ideas are copy$ f our impressions1 & t !re are n any two impressions :i* are p]fectly insep>able4 ,n to m5tion1 t ?is is an evid5t consequ5ce ( ! division ( ideas into simple & complex4 ,:]e-ev] ! imag9ation p]ceives a diff]5ce among ideas1 x c easily produce a sep>ation4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,connexion ,,or ,,association ,,( ,,ideas4 ,z all simple ideas may be sep>at$ by ! imag9ation1 & may be unit$ aga9 9 :at =m x pleases1 no?+ w\ld be m unacc\ntable ?an ! op]ations ( t faculty1 7 x n guid$ by "s univ]sal pr9ciples1 :i* r5d] x1 9 "s measure1 uni=m ) itself 9 all times & places4 ,7 ideas entirely loose & unconnect$1 *ance alone w\ld jo9 !m2 & x is impossible ! same simple ideas %\ld fall regul>ly into complex ones 7z !y ,commonly d7 )\t "s bond ( union among !m1 "s associat+ quality1 by :i* "o idea naturally introduces ano!r4 ,?is unit+ pr9ciple among ideas is n to be consid]$ z an insep>able connexion2 = t has be5 already exclud$ f ! imag9ation3 ,nor yet are we to conclude1 t )\t x ! m9d _c jo9 two ideas2 = no?+ is m free ?an t faculty3 b we are only to reg>d x z a g5tle =ce1 :i* commonly prevails1 & is ! cause :y1 among o!r ?+s1 languages s ne>ly correspond to ea* o!r2 nature 9 a mann] po9t+ out to e "o ^? simple ideas1 :i* are mo/ prop] to be unit$ 9 a complex "o4 ,! qualities1 f :i* ?is association arises1 & by :i* ! m9d is aft] ?is mann] convey$ f "o idea to ano!r1 are ?ree1 viz4 ,,resemblance1 ,,contiguity 9 "t or place1 & ,,cause & ,,effect4 ,i believe x w n be v necess>y to prove1 t ^! qualities produce an association among ideas1 & ^u ! appe>ance ( "o idea naturally introduce ano!r4 ,x is pla91 t 9 ! c\rse ( our ?9k+1 & 9 ! con/ant revolution ( our ideas1 our imag9ation runs easily f "o idea to any o!r t resembles x1 & t ?is quality alone is to ! fancy a suffici5t bond & association4 ,x is likewise evid5t t z ! s5ses1 9 *ang+ _! objects1 are necessitat$ to *ange !m regul>ly1 & take !m z !y lie ,,contigu\s to ea* o!r1 ! imag9ation mu/ by long cu/om acquire ! same me?od ( ?9k+1 & run along ! p>ts ( space & "t 9 conceiv+ its objects4 ,z to ! connexion1 t is made by ! relation ( cause & effect1 we %all h occasion aft]w>ds to exam9e x to ! bottom1 & !re=e %all n at pres5t insi/ ^u x4 ,x is suffici5t to obs]ve1 t !re is no relation1 :i* produces a /rong] connexion 9 ! fancy1 & makes "o idea m readily recall ano!r1 ?an ! relation ( cause & effect betwixt _! objects4 ,t we may und]/& ! full ext5t ( ^! relations1 we mu/ consid]1 t two objects are connect$ toge!r 9 ! imag9ation1 n only :5 ! "o is imm$iately resembl+1 contigu\s to1 or ! cause ( ! o!r1 b also :5 !re is int]pos$ betwixt !m a ?ird object1 :i* be>s to bo? ( !m any ( ^! relations4 ,?is may be c>ri$ on to a great l5g?2 ?\gh at ! same "t we may obs]ve1 t ea* remove consid]ably weak5s ! relation4 ,c\s9s 9 ! f\r? degree are connect$ by causation1 if ,i may be all[$ to use t t]m2 b n s closely z bro!rs1 mu* less z *ild & p>5t4 ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve1 t all ! relations ( blood dep5d ^u cause & effect1 & are e/eem$ ne> or remote1 accord+ to ! numb] ( connect+ causes int]pos$ betwixt ! p]sons4 ,( ! ?ree relations above-m5tion$ ?is ( causation is ! mo/ ext5sive4 ,two objects may be consid]$ z plac$ 9 ?is relation1 z well :5 "o is ! cause ( any ( ! actions or motions ( ! o!r1 z :5 ! =m] is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ! latt]4 ,= z t action or motion is no?+ b ! object itself1 consid]$ 9 a c]ta9 light1 & z ! object cont9ues ! same 9 all its diff]5t situations1 x is easy to imag9e h[ su* an influ5ce ( objects ^u "o ano!r may connect !m 9 ! imag9ation4 ,we may c>ry ?is f>!r1 & rem>k1 n only t two objects are connect$ by ! relation ( cause & effect1 :5 ! "o produces a motion or any action 9 ! o!r1 b also :5 x has a p[] ( produc+ x4 ,& ?is we may obs]ve to be ! s\rce ( all ! relation1 ( int]e/ & duty1 by :i* m5 influ5ce ea* o!r 9 society1 & are plac$ 9 ! ties ( gov]nm5t & subord9ation4 ,a ma/] is su*-a-"o z by 8 situation1 aris+ ei!r f =ce or agreem5t1 has a p[] ( direct+ 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s ! actions ( ano!r1 :om we call s]vant4 ,a judge is "o1 :o 9 all disput$ cases c fix by 8 op9ion ! possession or prop]ty ( any ?+ betwixt any memb]s ( ! society4 ,:5 a p]son is possess$ ( any p[]1 !re is no m requir$ to conv]t x into action1 b ! ex]tion ( ! w2 & t 9 e case is consid]$ z possible1 & 9 _m z probable2 especially 9 ! case ( au?ority1 :]e ! ob$i5ce ( ! subject is a pleasure & advantage to ! sup]ior4 ,^! are !re=e ! pr9ciples ( union or cohesion among our simple ideas1 & 9 ! imag9ation supply ! place ( t insep>able connexion1 by :i* !y are unit$ 9 our memory4 ,"h is a k9d ( ,,attraction1 :i* 9 ! m5tal _w w be f\nd to h z extraord9>y effects z 9 ! natural1 & to %ew itself 9 z _m & z v>i\s =ms4 ,its effects are e :]e conspicu\s2 b z to its causes1 !y are mo/ly unkn[n1 & mu/ be resolv$ into orig9al qualities ( human nature1 :i* ,i pret5d n to expla94 ,no?+ is m requisite = a true philosoph]1 ?an to re/ra9 ! intemp]ate desire ( se>*+ into causes1 & hav+ e/abli%$ any doctr9e ^u a suffici5t numb] ( exp]im5ts1 re/ cont5t$ ) t1 :5 he sees a f>!r exam9ation w\ld lead him into obscure & unc]ta9 speculations4 ,9 t case 8 enquiry w\ld be mu* bett] employ$ 9 exam9+ ! effects ?an ! causes ( 8 pr9ciple4 ,among/ ! effects ( ?is union or association ( ideas1 !re are none m rem>kable1 ?an ^? complex ideas1 :i* are ! common subjects ( our ?\ghts & reason+1 & g5]ally arise f "s pr9ciple ( union among our simple ideas4 ,^! complex ideas may be divid$ into ,relations1 ,modes1 & ,sub/ances4 ,we %all briefly exam9e ea* ( ^! 9 ord]1 & %all subjo9 "s consid]ations conc]n+ our g5]al & p>ticul> ideas1 be=e we leave ! pres5t subject1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! elem5ts ( ?is philosophy4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,,( ,,relations4 ,! ^w ,,relation is commonly us$ 9 two s5ses consid]ably diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,ei!r = t quality1 by :i* two ideas are connect$ toge!r 9 ! imag9ation1 & ! "o naturally introduces ! o!r1 aft] ! mann] above-expla9$3 or = t p>ticul> circum/ance1 9 :i*1 ev5 ^u ! arbitr>y union ( two ideas 9 ! fancy1 we may ?9k prop] to comp>e !m4 ,9 common language ! =m] is always ! s5se1 9 :i* we use ! ^w1 relation2 & x is only 9 philosophy1 t we ext5d x to mean any p>ticul> subject ( comp>ison1 )\t a connect+ pr9ciple4 ,?us di/ance w be all[$ by philosoph]s to be a true relation1 because we acquire an idea ( x by ! comp>+ ( objects3 ,b 9 a common way we say1 ,,t ,,no?+ ,,c ,,be ,,m ,,di/ant ,,?an ,,su* ,,or ,,su* ,,?+s ,,f ,,ea* ,,o!r1 ,,no?+ ,,c ,,h ,,less ,,relation3 z if di/ance & relation 7 incompatible4 ,x may p]haps be e/eem$ an endless task to enum]ate all ^? qualities1 :i* make objects admit ( comp>ison1 & by :i* ! ideas ( philosophical relation are produc$4 ,b if we dilig5tly consid] !m1 we %all f9d t )\t difficulty !y may be compris$ "u sev5 g5]al heads1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! s\rces ( all philosophical relation4 7#a7 ,! fir/ is ,,resemblance3 ,& ?is is a relation1 )\t :i* no philosophical relation c exi/2 s9ce no objects w admit ( comp>ison1 b :at h "s degree ( resemblance4 ,b ?\gh resemblance be necess>y to all philosophical relation1 x does n foll[1 t x always produces a connexion or association ( ideas4 ,:5 a quality becomes v g5]al1 & is common to a great _m individuals1 x leads n ! m9d directly to any "o ( !m2 b by pres5t+ at once too great a *oice1 does !reby prev5t ! imag9ation f fix+ on any s+le object4 7#b7 ,,id5tity may be e/eem$ a second species ( relation4 ,?is relation ,i "h consid] z appli$ 9 its /ricte/ s5se to con/ant & un*angeable objects2 )\t exam9+ ! nature & f\ndation ( p]sonal id5tity1 :i* %all f9d its place aft]w>ds4 ,( all relations ! mo/ univ]sal is t ( id5tity1 be+ common to e be+ ^: exi/5ce has any duration4 7#c7 ,aft] id5tity ! mo/ univ]sal & compreh5sive relations are ^? ( ,,space & ,,"t1 :i* are ! s\rces ( an inf9ite numb] ( comp>isons1 su* z di/ant1 contigu\s1 above1 bel[1 be=e1 aft]1 etc4 7#d7 ,all ^? objects1 :i* admit ( ,,quantity1 or ,,numb]1 may be comp>$ 9 t p>ticul>2 :i* is ano!r v f]tile s\rce ( relation4 7#e7 ,:5 any two objects possess ! same ,,quality 9 common1 ! ,,degrees1 9 :i* !y possess x1 =m a fif? species ( relation4 ,?us ( two objects1 :i* are bo? heavy1 ! "o may be ei!r ( great]1 or less weight ?an ! o!r4 ,two col\rs1 t are ( ! same k9d1 may yet be ( diff]5t %ades1 & 9 t respect admit ( comp>ison4 7#f7 ,! relation ( ,,contr>iety may at fir/ sight be reg>d$ z an exception to ! rule1 ,,t ,,no ,,relation ,,( ,,any ,,k9d ,,c ,,subsi/ ,,)\t ,,"s ,,degree ,,( ,,resemblance4 ,b let u consid]1 t no two ideas are 9 !mselves contr>y1 except ^? ( exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 :i* are pla9ly resembl+1 z imply+ bo? ( !m an idea ( ! object2 ?\gh ! latt] excludes ! object f all times & places1 9 :i* x is suppos$ n to exi/4 7#g7 ,all o!r objects1 su* z fire & wat]1 heat & cold1 are only f\nd to be contr>y f exp]i5ce1 & f ! contr>iety ( _! causes or effects2 :i* relation ( cause & effect is a sev5? philosophical relation1 z well z a natural "o4 ,! resemblance impli$ 9 ?is relation1 %all be expla9$ aft]w>ds4 ,x might naturally be expect$1 t ,i %\ld jo9 ,,diff]5ce to ! o!r relations4 ,b t ,i consid] r z a negation ( relation1 ?an z any?+ real or positive4 ,diff]5ce is ( two k9ds z oppos$ ei!r to id5tity or resemblance4 ,! fir/ is call$ a diff]5ce ( numb]2 ! o!r ( ,,k9d4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,,( ,,modes ,,& ,,sub/ances ,i w\ld fa9 ask ^? philosoph]s1 :o f\nd s mu* ( _! reason+s on ! di/9ction ( sub/ance & accid5t1 & imag9e we h cle> ideas ( ea*1 :e!r ! idea ( sub/ance be d]iv$ f ! impressions ( s5sation or ( reflection8 ,if x be convey$ to u by our s5ses1 ,i ask1 :i* ( !m2 & aft] :at mann]8 ,if x be p]ceiv$ by ! eyes1 x mu/ be a col\r2 if by ! e>s1 a s\nd2 if by ! palate1 a ta/e2 & s ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,b ,i believe none w ass]t1 t sub/ance is ei!r a col\r1 or s\nd1 or a ta/e4 ,! idea1 ( sub/ance mu/ !re=e be d]iv$ f an impression ( reflection1 if x really exi/4 ,b ! impressions ( reflection resolve !mselves into our passions & emotions3 none ( :i* c possibly repres5t a sub/ance4 ,we h !re=e no idea ( sub/ance1 di/9ct f t ( a collection ( p>ticul> qualities1 nor h we any o!r mean+ :5 we ei!r talk or reason conc]n+ x4 ,! idea ( a sub/ance z well z t ( a mode1 is no?+ b a collection ( ,simple ideas1 t are unit$ by ! imag9ation1 & h a p>ticul> "n assign$ !m1 by :i* we are able to recall1 ei!r to ourselves or o!rs1 t collection4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwixt ^! ideas consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! p>ticul> qualities1 :i* =m a sub/ance1 are commonly ref]r$ to an unkn[n some?+1 9 :i* !y are suppos$ to inh]e2 or grant+ ?is fiction %\ld n take place1 are at lea/ suppos$ to be closely & insep>ably connect$ by ! relations ( contiguity & causation4 ,! effect ( ?is is1 t :atev] new simple quality we discov] to h ! same connexion ) ! re/1 we imm$iately compreh5d x among !m1 ev5 ?\gh x did n ent] into ! fir/ conception ( ! sub/ance4 ,?us our idea ( gold may at fir/ be a yell[ col\r1 weight1 malleabl5ess1 fusibility2 b ^u ! discov]y ( its dissolubility 9 aqua regia1 we jo9 t to ! o!r qualities1 & suppose x to belong to ! sub/ance z mu* z if its idea _h f ! beg9n+ made a "p ( ! comp\nd "o4 ,! pr9cipal ( union be+ reg>d$ z ! *ief "p ( ! complex idea1 gives entrance to :atev] quality aft]w>ds occurs1 & is equally compreh5d$ by x1 z are ! o!rs1 :i* fir/ pres5t$ !mselves4 ,t ?is _c take place 9 modes1 is evid5t f consid]+ _! nature4 ,! simple ideas ( :i* modes are =m$1 ei!r repres5t qualities1 :i* are n unit$ by contiguity & causation1 b are disp]s$ 9 diff]5t subjects2 or if !y be all unit$ toge!r1 ! unit+ pr9ciple is n reg>d$ z ! f\ndation ( ! complex idea4 ,! idea ( a dance is an in/ance ( ! fir/ k9d ( modes2 t ( beauty ( ! second4 ,! reason is obvi\s1 :y su* complex ideas _c receive any new idea1 )\t *ang+ ! "n1 :i* di/+ui%es ! mode4 ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,ideas4 ,a v mat]ial "q has be5 />t$ conc]n+ ,,ab/ract or ,,g5]al ideas1 ,,:e!r ,,!y ,,be ,,g5]al ,,or ,,p>ticul> ,,9 ,,! ,,m9d',s ,,conception ,,( ,,!m4 ,a great philosoph] #c has disput$ ! receiv$ op9ion 9 ?is p>ticul>1 & has ass]t$1 t all g5]al ideas are no?+ b p>ticul> ones1 annex$ to a c]ta9 t]m1 :i* gives !m a m ext5sive signification1 & makes !m recall ^u occasion o!r individuals1 :i* are simil> to !m4 ,z ,i look ^u ?is to be "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ valuable discov]ies t has be5 made ( late ye>s 9 ! republic ( lett]s1 ,i %all "h endeav\r to confirm x by "s argum5ts1 :i* ,i hope w put x beyond all d\bt & controv]sy4 #c ,dr4 ,b]keley4 ,introd43 to #8,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1' secs4 #ah c4 ,cf4 also ,introd4 to ?is volume p>agraphs #ahc & ff4--,ed4 ,x is evid5t1 t 9 =m+ mo/ ( our g5]al ideas1 if n all ( !m1 we ab/ract f e p>ticul> degree ( quantity & quality1 & t an object ceases n to be ( any p>ticul> species on acc\nt ( e small alt]ation 9 its ext5sion1 duration & o!r prop]ties4 ,x may !re=e be ?\ght1 t "h is a pla9 dilemma1 t decides conc]n+ ! nature ( ^? ab/ract ideas1 :i* h af=d$ s mu* speculation to philosoph]s4 ,! ab/ract idea ( a man repres5ts m5 ( all sizes & all qualities2 :i* x is conclud$ x _c d1 b ei!r by repres5t+ at once all possible sizes & all possible qualities1 or by1 repres5t+ no p>ticul> "o at all4 ,n[ x hav+ be5 e/eem$ absurd to def5d ! =m] proposition1 z imply+ an inf9ite capacity 9 ! m9d1 x has be5 commonly inf]r$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt]3 & our ab/ract ideas h be5 suppos$ to repres5t no p>ticul> degree ei!r ( quantity or quality4 ,b t ?is inf]5ce is errone\s1 ,i %all endeav\r to make appe>1 fir/1 by prov+1 t x is utt]ly impossible to conceive any quantity or quality1 )\t =m+ a precise notion ( its degrees3 ,& secondly by %[+1 t ?\gh ! capacity ( ! m9d be n inf9ite1 yet we c at once =m a notion ( all possible degrees ( quantity & quality1 9 su* a mann] at lea/1 z1 h[ev] imp]fect1 may s]ve all ! purposes ( reflection & conv]sation4 ,to beg9 ) ! fir/ proposition1 ,,t ,,! ,,m9d ,,_c ,,=m ,,any ,,notion ,,( ,,quantity ,,or ,,quality ,,)\t ,,=m+ ,a ,,precise ,,notion ,,( ,,degrees ,,( ,,ea*2 we may prove ?is by ! ?ree foll[+ argum5ts4 ,fir/1 ,we h obs]v$1 t :atev] objects are diff]5t are di/+ui%able1 & t :atev] objects are di/+ui%able are sep>able by ! ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,& we may "h add1 t ^! propositions are equally true 9 ! inv]se1 & t :atev] objects are sep>able are also di/+ui%able1 & t :atev] objects are di/+ui%able1 are also diff]5t4 ,= h[ is x possible we c sep>ate :at is n di/+ui%able1 or di/+ui% :at is n diff]5t8 ,9 ord] !re=e to "k1 :e!r ab/raction implies a sep>ation1 we ne$ only consid] x 9 ?is view1 & exam9e1 :e!r all ! circum/ances1 :i* we ab/ract f 9 our g5]al ideas1 be su* z are di/+ui%able & diff]5t f ^?1 :i* we reta9 z ess5tial p>ts ( !m4 ,b x is evid5t at fir/ sight1 t ! precise l5g? ( a l9e is n diff]5t nor di/+ui%able f ! l9e itself nor ! precise degree ( any quality f ! quality4 ,^! ideas1 !re=e1 admit no m ( sep>ation ?an !y d ( di/9ction & diff]5ce4 ,!y are consequ5tly conjo9$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! conception2 & ! g5]al idea ( a l9e1 not)/&+ all our ab/ractions & ref9em5ts1 has 9 its appe>ance 9 ! m9d a precise degree ( quantity & quality2 h[ev] x may be made to repres5t o!rs1 :i* h diff]5t degrees ( bo?4 ,secondly1 x is conte/1 t no object c appe> to ! s5ses2 or 9 o!r words1 t no impression c become pres5t to ! m9d1 )\t be+ det]m9$ 9 its degrees bo? ( quantity & quality4 ,! confusion1 9 :i* impressions are sometimes involv$1 proce$s only f _! fa9tness & un/ead9ess1 n f any capacity 9 ! m9d to receive any impression1 :i* 9 its real exi/5ce has no p>ticul> degree nor proportion4 ,t is a contradiction 9 t]ms2 & ev5 implies ! flatte/ ( all contradictions1 viz4 t x is possible = ! same ?+ bo? to be & n to be4 ,n[ s9ce all ideas are d]iv$ f impressions1 & are no?+ b copies & repres5tations ( !m1 :atev] is true ( ! "o mu/ be ackn[l$g$ conc]n+ ! o!r4 ,impressions & ideas diff] only 9 _! /r5g? & vivacity4 ,! =ego+ conclusion is n f\nd$ on any p>ticul> degree ( vivacity4 ,x _c !re=e be affect$ by any v>iation 9 t p>ticul>4 ,an idea is a weak] impression2 & z a /rong impression mu/ necess>ily h a det]m9ate quantity & quality1 ! case mu/ be ! same ) its copy or repres5tative4 ,?irdly1 x is a pr9ciple g5]ally receiv$ 9 philosophy t ev]y?+ 9 nature is individual1 & t x is utt]ly absurd to suppose a triangle really exi/5t1 :i* has no precise proportion ( sides & angles4 ,if ?is !re=e be absurd 9 fact & reality1 x mu/ also be absurd 9 idea2 s9ce no?+ ( :i* we c =m a cle> & di/9ct idea is absurd & impossible4 ,b to =m ! idea ( an object1 & to =m an idea simply1 is ! same ?+2 ! ref]5ce ( ! idea to an object be+ an extrane\s d5om9ation1 ( :i* 9 itself x be>s no m>k or "*4 ,n[ z x is impossible to =m an idea ( an object1 t is posse/ ( quantity & quality1 & yet is posse/ ( no precise degree ( ei!r2 x foll[s t !re is an equal impossibility ( =m+ an idea1 t is n limit$ & conf9$ 9 bo? ^! p>ticul>s4 ,ab/ract ideas are !re=e 9 !mselves individual1 h[ev] !y may become g5]al 9 _! repres5tation4 ,! image 9 ! m9d is only t ( a p>ticul> object1 ?\gh ! application ( x 9 our reason+ be ! same1 z if x 7 univ]sal4 ,?is application ( ideas beyond _! nature proce$s f our collect+ all _! possible degrees ( quantity & quality 9 su* an imp]fect mann] z may s]ve ! purposes ( life1 :i* is ! second proposition ,i propos$ to expla94 ,:5 we h f\nd a resemblance#d among sev]al objects1 t (t5 occur to u1 we apply ! same "n to all ( !m1 :atev] diff]5ces we may obs]ve 9 ! degrees ( _! quantity & quality1 & :atev] o!r diff]5ces may appe> among !m4 ,aft] we h acquir$ a cu/om ( ?is k9d1 ! he>+ ( t "n revives ! idea ( "o ( ^! objects1 & makes ! imag9ation conceive x ) all its p>ticul> circum/ances & proportions4 ,b z ! same ^w is suppos$ to h be5 frequ5tly appli$ to o!r individuals1 t are diff]5t 9 _m respects f t idea1 :i* is imm$iately pres5t to ! m9d2 ! ^w n be+ able to revive ! idea ( all ^! individuals1 b only t\*es ! s\l1 if ,i may be all[$ s to speak1 & revives t cu/om1 :i* we h acquir$ by survey+ !m4 ,!y are n really & 9 fact pres5t to ! m9d1 b only 9 p[]2 nor d we draw !m all out di/9ctly 9 ! imag9ation1 b keep ourselves 9 a read9ess to survey any ( !m1 z we may be prompt$ by a pres5t design or necessity4 ,! ^w raises up an individual idea1 along ) a c]ta9 cu/om2 & t cu/om produces any o!r individual "o1 = :i* we may h occasion4 ,b z ! production ( all ! ideas1 to :i* ! "n may be appli$1 is 9 mo/ eases impossible1 we abridge t "w by a m p>tial consid]ation1 & f9d b few inconv5i5ces to arise 9 our reason+ f t abridgm5t4 #d ,x is evid5t1 t ev5 diff]5t simple ideas may h a simil>ity or resemblance to ea* o!r2 nor is x necess>y1 t ! po9t or circum/ance ( resemblance %\d be di/9ct or sep>able f t 9 :i* !y diff]4 ,,blue & ,,gre5 are diff]5t simple ideas1 b are m resembl+ ?an ,,blue & ,,sc>let2 ?o _! p]fect simplicity excludes all possibility ( sep>ation or di/9ction4 ,x is ! same case ) p>ticul> s\nds1 & ta/es & smells4 ,^! admit ( inf9ite resemblances ^u ! g5]al appe>ance & comp>ison1 )\t hav+ any common circum/ance ! same4 ,& ( ?is we may be c]ta91 ev5 f ! v ab/ract t]ms ,,simple ,,idea4 ,!y compreh5d all simple ideas "u !m4 ,^! resemble ea* o!r 9 _! simplicity4 ,& yet f _! v nature1 :i* excludes all composition1 ?is circum/ance1 ,9 :i* !y resemble1 ,is n di/+ui%able nor sep>able f ! re/4 ,x is ! same case ) all ! degrees ,9 any quality4 ,!y are all resembl+ & yet ! quality1 ,9 any individual1 ,is n di/9ct f ! degree4 ,= ?is is "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y circum/ances 9 ! pres5t affair1 t aft] ! m9d has produc$ an individual idea1 ^u :i* we reason1 ! att5dant cu/om1 reviv$ by ! g5]al or ab/ract t]m1 readily sugge/s any o!r individual1 if by *ance we =m any reason+1 t agrees n ) x4 ,?us %\ld we m5tion ! ^w triangle1 & =m ! idea ( a p>ticul> equilat]al "o to correspond to x1 & %\ld we aft]w>ds ass]t1 t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to ea* o!r1 ! o!r individuals ( a scal5um & isosceles1 :i* we ov]look$ at fir/1 imm$iately cr[d 9 ^u u1 & make u p]ceive ! fal%ood ( ?is proposition1 ?\gh x be true ) relation to t idea1 :i* we _h =m$4 ,if ! m9d sugge/s n always ^! ideas ^u occasion1 x proce$s f "s imp]fection 9 its faculties2 & su* a "o z is (t5 ! s\rce ( false reason+ & sophi/ry4 ,b ?is is pr9cipally ! case ) ^? ideas :i* are ab/ruse & comp\nd$4 ,on o!r occasions ! cu/om is m entire1 & x is seldom we run into su* errors4 ,nay s entire is ! cu/om1 t ! v same idea may be annext to sev]al diff]5t words1 & may be employ$ 9 diff]5t reason+s1 )\t any dang] ( mi/ake4 ,?us ! idea ( an equilat]al triangle ( an in* p]p5dicul> may s]ve u 9 talk+ ( a figure1 ( a rectil9e> figure1 ( a regul> figure1 ( a triangle1 & ( an equilat]al triangle4 ,all ^! t]ms1 !re=e1 are 9 ?is case att5d$ ) ! same idea2 b z !y are wont to be appli$ 9 a great] or less] compass1 !y excite _! p>ticul> habits1 & !reby keep ! m9d 9 a read9ess to obs]ve1 t no conclusion be =m$ contr>y to any ideas1 :i* are usually compriz$ "u !m4 ,be=e ^? habits h become entirely p]fect1 p]haps ! m9d may n be cont5t ) =m+ ! idea ( only "o individual1 b may run ov] sev]al1 9 ord] to make itself compreh5d its own mean+1 & ! compass ( t collection1 :i* x int5ds to express by ! g5]al t]m4 ,t we may fix ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 figure1 we may revolve 9 our m9d ! ideas ( circles1 squ>es1 p>allelograms1 triangles ( diff]5t sizes & proportions1 & may n re/ on "o image or idea4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t we =m ! idea ( individuals1 :5ev] we use any g5]al t]m2 t we seldom or nev] c exhau/ ^! individuals2 & t ^?1 :i* rema91 are only repres5t$ by means ( t habit1 by :i* we recall !m1 :5ev] any pres5t occasion requires x4 ,?is !n is ! nature ( our ab/ract ideas & g5]al t]ms2 & x is aft] ?is mann] we acc\nt = ! =ego+ p>adox1 ,,t ,,"s ,,ideas ,,are ,,p>ticul> ,,9 ,,_! ,,nature1 ,,b ,,g5]al ,,9 ,,_! ,,repres5tation4 ,a p>ticul> idea becomes g5]al by be+ annex$ to a g5]al t]m2 t is1 to a t]m1 :i* f a cu/om>y conjunction has a relation to _m o!r p>ticul> ideas1 & readily recalls !m 9 ! imag9ation4 ,! only difficulty1 t c rema9 on ?is subject1 mu/ be ) reg>d to t cu/om1 :i* s readily recalls e p>ticul> idea1 = :i* we may h occasion1 & is excit$ by any ^w or s\nd1 to :i* we commonly annex x4 ,! mo/ prop] me?od1 9 my op9ion1 ( giv+ a satisfactory explication ( ?is act ( ! m9d1 is by produc+ o!r in/ances1 :i* are analog\s to x1 & o!r pr9ciples1 :i* facilitate its op]ation4 ,to expla9 ! ultimate causes ( our m5tal actions is impossible4 ,x is suffici5t1 if we c give any satisfactory acc\nt ( !m f exp]i5ce & analogy4 ,fir/ !n ,i obs]ve1 t :5 we m5tion any great numb]1 su* z a ?\s&1 ! m9d has g5]ally no adequate idea ( x1 b only a p[] ( produc+ su* an idea1 by its adequate idea ( ! decimals1 "u :i* ! numb] is compreh5d$4 ,?is imp]fection1 h[ev]1 9 our ideas1 is nev] felt 9 our reason+s2 :i* seems to be an in/ance p>allel to ! pres5t "o ( univ]sal ideas4 ,secondly1 we h sev]al in/ances ( habits1 :i* may be reviv$ by "o s+le ^w2 z :5 a p]son1 :o has by rote any p]iods ( a disc\rse1 or any numb] ( v]ses1 w be put 9 remembrance ( ! :ole1 :i* he is at a loss to recollect1 by t s+le ^w or expression1 ) :i* !y beg94 ,?irdly1 ,i believe e "o1 :o exam9es ! situation ( 8 m9d 9 reason+ w agree ) me1 t we d n annex di/9ct & compleat ideas to e t]m we make use (1 & t 9 talk+ ( gov]nm5t1 *ur*1 negotiation1 conque/1 we seldom spread out 9 our m9ds all ! simple ideas1 ( :i* ^! complex ones are compos$4 ,x is h[ev] obs]vable1 t not)/&+ ?is imp]fection we may avoid talk+ nons5se on ^! subjects1 & may p]ceive any repugnance among ! ideas1 z well z if we _h a fall compreh5sion ( !m4 ,?us if in/ead ( say+1 t 9 w> ! weak] h always rec\rse to negotiation1 we %\ld say1 t !y h always rec\rse to conque/1 ! cu/om1 :i* we h acquir$ ( attribut+ c]ta9 relations to ideas1 /ill foll[s ! words1 & makes u imm$iately p]ceive ! absurdity ( t proposition2 9 ! same mann] z "o p>ticul> idea may s]ve u 9 reason+ conc]n+ o!r ideas1 h[ev] diff]5t f x 9 sev]al circum/ances4 ,f\r?ly1 ,z ! individuals are collect$ toge!r1 said plac$ "u a g5]al t]m ) a view to t resemblance1 :i* !y be> to ea* o!r1 ?is relation mu/ facilitate _! entrance 9 ! imag9ation1 & make !m be sugge/$ m readily ^u occasion4 ,& inde$ if we consid] ! common progress ( ! ?\ght1 ei!r 9 reflection or conv]sation1 we %all f9d great reason to be satisfy$ 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,no?+ is m admirable1 ?an ! read9ess1 ) :i* ! imag9ation sugge/s its ideas1 & pres5ts !m at ! v in/ant1 9 :i* !y become necess>y or useful4 ,! fancy runs f "o end ( ! univ]se to ! o!r 9 collect+ ^? ideas1 :i* belong to any subject4 ,"o w\ld ?9k ! :ole intellectual _w ( ideas 0 at once subject$ to our view1 & t we did no?+ b pick out su* z 7 mo/ prop] = our purpose4 ,!re may n1 h[ev]1 be any pres5t1 beside ^? v ideas1 t are ?us collect$ by a k9d ( magical faculty 9 ! s\l1 :i*1 ?\gh x be always mo/ p]fect 9 ! greate/ g5iuses1 & is prop]ly :at we call a g5ius1 is h[ev] inexplicable by ! utmo/ ef=ts ( human und]/&+4 ,p]haps ^! f\r reflections may help to remove an difficulties to ! hypo!sis ,i h propos$ conc]n+ ab/ract ideas1 s contr>y to t1 :i* has hi!rto prevail$ 9 philosophy1 ,b1 to tell ! tru? ,i place my *ief confid5ce 9 :at ,i h already prov$ conc]n+ ! impossibility ( g5]al ideas1 accord+ to ! common me?od ( expla9+ !m4 ,we mu/ c]ta9ly seek "s new sy/em on ?is head1 & !re pla9ly is none beside :at ,i h propos$4 ,if ideas be p>ticul> 9 _! nature1 & at ! same "t f9ite 9 _! numb]1 x is only by cu/om !y c become g5]al 9 _! repres5tation1 & conta9 an inf9ite numb] ( o!r ideas "u !m4 ,be=e ,i leave ?is subject ,i %all employ ! same pr9ciples to expla9 t di/9ction ( reason1 :i* is s mu* talk$ (1 & is s little und]/ood1 9 ! s*ools4 ,( ?is k9d is ! di/9ction betwixt figure & ! body figur$2 motion & ! body mov$4 ,! difficulty ( expla9+ ?is di/9ction arises f ! pr9ciple above expla9$1 t all ideas1 :i* are diff]5t1 are sep>able4 ,= x foll[s f !nce1 t if ! figure be diff]5t f ! body1 _! ideas mu/ be sep>able z well z di/+ui%able3 if !y be n diff]5t1 _! ideas c nei!r be sep>able nor di/+ui%able4 ,:at !n is meant by a di/9ction ( reason1 s9ce x implies nei!r a diff]5ce nor sep>ation4 ,to remove ?is difficulty we mu/ h rec\rse to ! =ego+ explication ( ab/ract ideas4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! m9d w\ld nev] h dream$ ( di/+ui%+ a figure f ! body figur$1 z be+ 9 reality nei!r di/+ui%able1 nor diff]5t1 nor sep>able2 did x n obs]ve1 t ev5 9 ?is simplicity !re might be conta9$ _m diff]5t resemblances & relations4 ,?us :5 a globe ( :ite m>ble is pres5t$1 we receive only ! impression ( a :ite col\r dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 =m1 nor are we able to sep>ate & di/+ui% ! col\r f ! =m4 ,b obs]v+ aft]w>ds a globe ( black m>ble & a cube ( :ite1 & comp>+ !m ) our =m] object1 we f9d two sep>ate resemblances1 9 :at =m]ly seem$1 & really is1 p]fectly insep>able4 ,aft] a little m practice ( ?is k9d1 we beg9 to di/+ui% ! figure f ! col\r by a di/9ction ( reason2 t is1 we consid] ! figure & col\r toge!r1 s9ce !y are 9 effect ! same & undi/+ui%able2 b /ill view !m 9 diff]5t aspects1 accord+ to ! resemblances1 ( :i* !y are susceptible4 ,:5 we w\ld consid] only ! figure ( ! globe ( :ite m>ble1 we =m 9 reality an idea bo? ( ! figure & col\r1 b tacitly c>ry our eye to its resemblance ) ! globe ( black m>ble3 ,& 9 ! same mann]1 :5 we w\ld consid] its col\r only1 we turn our view to its resemblance ) ! cube ( :ite m>ble4 ,by ?is means we accompany our ideas ) a k9d ( reflection1 ( :i* cu/om r5d]s u1 9 a great measure1 ins5sible4 ,a p]son1 :o desires u to consid] ! figure ( a globe ( :ite m>ble )\t ?9k+ on its col\r1 desires an impossibility b 8 mean+ is1 t we %\ld consid] ! figure & col\r toge!r1 b /ill keep 9 our eye ! resemblance to ! globe ( black m>ble1 or t to any o!r globe ( :atev] col\r or sub/ance4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,inf9ite ,,divisibility ,,( ,,our ,,ideas ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,:atev] has ! air ( a p>adox1 & is contr>y to ! fir/ & mo/ unprejudic$ notions ( mank9d1 is (t5 gre$ily embrac$ by philosoph]s1 z %ew+ ! sup]iority ( _! sci5ce1 :i* c\ld discov] op9ions s remote f vulg> conception4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any?+ propos$ to u1 :i* causes surprize & admiration1 gives su* a satisfaction to ! m9d1 t x indulges itself 9 ^? agreeable emotions1 & w nev] be p]suad$ t its pleasure is entirely )\t f\ndation4 ,f ^! dispositions 9 philosoph]s & _! disciples arises t mutual complaisance betwixt !m2 :ile ! =m] furni% su* pl5ty ( /range & unacc\ntable op9ions1 & ! latt] s readily believe !m4 ,( ?is mutual complaisance ,i _c give a m evid5t in/ance ?an 9 ! doctr9e ( inf9ite divisibility1 ) ! exam9ation ( :i* ,i %all beg9 ?is subject ( ! ideas ( space & "t4 ,x is univ]sally all[$1 t ! capacity ( ! m9d is limit$1 & c nev] atta9 a full & adequate conception ( inf9ity3 ,& ?\gh x 7 n all[$1 x w\ld be suffici5tly evid5t f ! pla9e/ obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,x is also obvi\s1 t :atev] is capable ( be+ divid$ 9 inf9itum1 mu/ consi/ ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 & t x is impossible to set any b\nds to ! numb] ( p>ts1 )\t sett+ b\nds at ! same "t to ! division4 ,x requires sc>ce any1 induction to conclude f h5ce1 t ! idea1 :i* we =m ( any f9ite quality1 is n inf9itely divisible1 b t by prop] di/9ctions & sep>ations we may run up ?is idea to inf]ior ones1 :i* w be p]fectly simple & indivisible4 ,9 reject+ ! inf9ite capacity ( ! m9d1 we suppose x may arrive at an end 9 ! division ( its ideas2 nor are !re any possible means ( evad+ ! evid5ce ( ?is conclusion4 ,x is !re=e c]ta91 t ! imag9ation rea*es a m9imum1 & may raise up to itself an idea1 ( :i* x _c conceive any sub-division1 & :i* _c be dim9i%$ )\t a total annihilation4 ,:5 y tell me ( ! ?\s&? & t5 ?\s&? "p ( a gra9 ( s&1 ,i h a di/9ct idea ( ^! numb]s & ( _! diff]5t proportions2 b ! images1 :i* ,i =m 9 my m9d to repres5t ! ?+s !mselves1 are no?+ diff]5t f ea* o!r1 nor inf]ior to t image1 by :i* ,i repres5t ! gra9 ( s& itself1 :i* is suppos$ s va/ly to exce$ !m4 ,:at consi/s ( p>ts is di/+ui%able into !m1 & :at is di/+ui%able is sep>able4 ,b :atev] we may imag9e ( ! ?+1 ! idea ( a gra9 ( s& is n di/+ui%able1 nor sep>able into tw5ty1 mu* less into a ?\s&1 t5 ?\s&1 or an inf9ite numb] ( diff]5t ideas4 ,x is ! same case ) ! impressions ( ! s5ses z ) ! ideas ( ! imag9ation4 ,put a spot ( ink ^u pap]1 fix y\r eye ^u t spot1 & retire to su* a di/ance1 t1 at la/ y lose sight ( x2 x is pla91 t ! mom5t be=e x vani%$ ! image or impression 0 p]fectly indivisible4 ,x is n = want ( rays ( light /rik+ on our eyes1 t ! m9ute p>ts ( di/ant bodies convey n any s5sible impression2 b because !y are remov$ beyond t di/ance1 at :i* _! impressions 7 r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & 7 incapable ( any f>!r dim9ution4 ,a microscope or telescope1 :i* r5d]s !m visible1 produces n any new rays ( light1 b only spreads ^?1 :i* always fl[$ f !m2 & by t means bo? gives p>ts to impressions1 :i* to ! nak$ eye appe> simple & uncomp\nd$1 & advances to a m9imum1 :at 0 =m]ly imp]ceptible4 ,we may h5ce discov] ! error ( ! common op9ion1 t ! capacity ( ! m9d is limit$ on bo? sides1 & t x is impossible = ! imag9ation to =m an adequate idea1 ( :at goes beyond a c]ta9 degree ( m9ut5ess z well z ( greatness4 ,no?+ c be m m9ute1 ?an "s ideas1 :i* we =m 9 ! fancy2 & images1 :i* appe> to ! s5ses2 s9ce !re are ideas & images p]fectly simple & indivisible4 ,! only defect ( our s5ses is1 t !y give u disproportion$ images ( ?+s1 & repres5t z m9ute & uncomp\nd$ :at is really great & compos$ ( a va/ numb] ( p>ts4 ,?is mi/ake we are n s5sible (3 b tak+ ! impressions ( ^? m9ute objects1 :i* appe> to ! s5ses1 to be equal or ne>ly equal to ! objects1 & f9d+ by reason1 t !re are o!r objects va/ly m m9ute1 we too ha/ily conclude1 t ^! are inf]ior to any idea ( our imag9ation or impression ( our s5ses4 ,?is h[ev] is c]ta91 t we c =m ideas1 :i* %all be no great] ?an ! smalle/ atom ( ! animal spirits ( an insect a ?\s& times less ?an a mite3 ,& we ought r to conclude1 t ! difficulty lies 9 enl>g+ our conceptions s mu* z to =m a j notion ( a mite1 or ev5 ( an insect a ?\s& times less ?an a mite4 ,= 9 ord] to =m a j notion ( ^! animals1 we mu/ h a di/9ct idea repres5t+ e "p ( !m1 :i*1 accord+ to ! sy/em ( inf9ite divisibility1 is utt]ly impossible1 &1 record+ to t ( indivisible p>ts or atoms1 is extremely difficult1 by reason ( ! va/ numb] & multiplicity ( ^! p>ts4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,inf9ite ,,divisibility ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,:]ev] ideas are adequate repres5tations ( objects1 ! relations1 contradictions & agreem5ts ( ! ideas are all applicable to ! objects2 & ?is we may 9 g5]al obs]ve to be ! f\ndation ( all human k4 ,b our ideas are adequate repres5tations ( ! mo/ m9ute p>ts ( ext5sion2 & ?r\gh :atev] divisions & subdivisions we may suppose ^! p>ts to be arriv$ at1 !y c nev] become inf]ior to "s ideas1 :i* we =m4 ,! pla9 consequ5ce is1 t :atev] appe>s impossible & contradictory ^u ! comp>ison ( ^! ideas1 mu/ be really impossible & contradictory1 )\t any f>!r excuse or evasion4 ,e ?+ capable ( be+ inf9itely divid$ conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts2 o!rwise ! division w\ld be /opt %ort by ! indivisible p>ts1 :i* we %\ld imm$iately arrive at4 ,if !re=e any f9ite ext5sion be inf9itely divisible1 x c be no contradiction to suppose1 t a f9ite ext5sion conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts3 ,& vice v]sa1 if x be a contradiction to suppose1 t a f9ite ext5sion conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 no f9ite ext5sion c be inf9itely divisible4 ,b t ?is latt] supposition is absurd1 ,i easily conv9ce myself by ! consid]ation ( my cle> ideas4 ,i fir/ take ! lea/ idea ,i c =m ( a "p ( ext5sion1 & be+ c]ta9 t !re is no?+ m m9ute ?an ?is idea1 ,i conclude1 t :atev] ,i discov] by its means mu/ be a real quality ( ext5sion4 ,i !n repeat ?is idea once1 twice1 ?rice1 c41 & f9d ! comp\nd idea ( ext5sion1 aris+ f its repetition1 always to augm5t1 & become d\ble1 triple1 quadruple1 c41 till at la/ x swells up to a consid]able bulk1 great] or small]1 9 proportion z ,i repeat m or less ! same idea4 ,:5 ,i /op 9 ! addition ( p>ts1 ! idea ( ext5sion ceases to augm5t2 & 7 ,i to c>ry on ! addition 9 inf9itum1 ,i cle>ly p]ceive1 t ! idea ( ext5sion mu/ also become inf9ite4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i conclude1 t ! idea ( all inf9ite numb] ( p>ts is individually ! same idea ) t ( an inf9ite ext5sion2 t no f9ite ext5sion is capable ( conta9+ an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts2 & consequ5tly t no f9ite ext5sion is inf9itely divisible4#a #a ,x has be5 object$ to me1 t inf9ite divisibility supposes only an inf9ite numb] ( ,,proportional n ( ,,aliqiot p>ts1 & t an inf9ite numb] ( proportional p>ts does n =m an inf9ite ext5sion4 ,b ?is di/9ction is entirely frivol\s4 ,:e!r ^! p>ts be calld ,,aliquot or ,,proportional1 !y _c be inf]ior to ^? m9ute p>ts we conceive2 & !re=e _c =m a less ext5sion by _! conjunction4 ,i may subjo9 ano!r argum5t propos$ by a not$ au?or1#b :i* seems to me v /rong & beautiful4 ,x is evid5t1 t exi/5ce 9 itself belongs only to unity1 & is nev] applicable to numb]1 b on acc\nt ( ! unites1 ( :i* ! numb] is compos$4 ,tw5ty m5 may be said to exi/2 b x is only because "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 c4 are exi/5t1 & if y d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! latt]1 t ( ! =m] falls ( c\rse4 ,x is !re=e utt]ly absurd to suppose any numb] to exi/1 & yet d5y ! exi/5ce ( unites2 & z ext5sion is always a numb]1 accord+ to ! common s5tim5t ( metaphysicians1 & nev] resolves itself into any unite or indivisible quantity1 x foll[s1 t ext5sion c nev] at all exi/4 ,x is 9 va9 to reply1 t any det]m9ate quantity ( ext5sion is an unite2 b su*-a-"o z admits ( an inf9ite numb] ( fractions1 & is inexhau/ible 9 its sub-divisions4 ,= by ! same rule ^! tw5ty m5 may be consid]$ z a unit4 ,! :ole globe ( ! e>?1 nay ! :ole univ]se1 may be consid]$ z a unit4 ,t t]m ( unity is m]ely a fictiti\s d5om9ation1 :i* ! m9d may apply to any quantity ( objects x collects toge!r2 nor c su* an unity any m exi/ alone ?an numb] c1 z be+ 9 reality a true numb]4 ,b ! unity1 :i* c exi/ alone1 & ^: exi/5ce is necess>y to t ( all numb]1 is ( ano!r k9d1 & mu/ be p]fectly indivisible1 & incapable ( be+ resolv$ into any less] unity4 #b ,mons4 ,,malezieu ,all ?is reason+ takes place ) reg>d to "t2 along ) an additional argum5t1 :i* x may be prop] to take notice (4 ,x is a prop]ty insep>able f "t1 & :i* 9 a mann] con/itutes its ess5ce1 t ea* ( its p>ts succe$s ano!r1 & t none ( !m1 h[ev] contigu\s1 c ev] be co-exi/5t4 ,= ! same reason1 t ! ye> #agcg _c concur ) ! pres5t ye> #agch e mom5t mu/ be di/9ct f1 & po/]ior or antec$5t to ano!r4 ,x is c]ta9 !n1 t "t1 z x exi/s1 mu/ be compos$ ( indivisible mom5ts4 ,= if 9 "t we c\ld nev] arrive at an end ( division1 & if ea* mom5t1 z x succe$s ano!r1 7 n p]fectly s+le & indivisible1 !re w\ld be an inf9ite numb] ( co-exi/5t mom5ts1 or p>ts ( "t2 :i* ,i believe w be all[$ to be an arrant contradiction4 ,! inf9ite divisibility ( space implies t ( "t1 z is evid5t f ! nature ( motion4 ,if ! latt]1 !re=e1 be impossible1 ! =m] mu/ be equally s4 ,i d\bt n b1 x w readily be all[$ by ! mo/ ob/9ate def5d] ( ! doctr9e ( inf9ite divisibility1 t ^! argum5ts are difficulties1 & t x is impossible to give any answ] to !m :i* w be p]fectly cle> & satisfactory4 ,b "h we may obs]ve1 t no?+ c be m absurd1 ?an ?is cu/om ( call+ a difficulty :at pret5ds to be a demon/ration1 & endeav\r+ by t means to elude its =ce & evid5ce4 ,x is n 9 demon/rations z 9 probabilities1 t difficulties c take place1 & "o argum5t c\nt]-ballance ano!r1 & dim9i% its au?ority4 ,a demon/ration1 if j1 admits ( no opposite difficulty2 & if n j1 x is a m]e sophism1 & consequ5tly c nev] be a difficulty4 ,x is ei!r irresi/ible1 or has no mann] ( =ce4 ,to talk !re=e ( objections & replies1 & ballanc+ ( argum5ts 9 su* a "q z ?is1 is to confess1 ei!r t human reason is no?+ b a play ( words1 or t ! p]son himself1 :o talks s1 has n a ,capacity equal to su* subjects4 ,demon/rations may be difficult to be compreh5d$1 because ( ab/ract$ness ( ! subject2 b c nev] h su* difficulties z w weak5 _! au?ority1 :5 once !y are compreh5d$4 ,x is true1 ma!maticians are wont to say1 t !re are "h equally /rong argum5ts on ! o!r side ( ! "q1 & t ! doctr9e ( indivisible po9ts is also liable to unansw]able objections4 ,be=e ,i exam9e ^! argum5ts & objections 9 detail1 ,i w "h take !m 9 a body1 & endeav\r by a %ort & decisive reason to prove at once1 t x is utt]ly impossible !y c h any j f\ndation4 ,x is an e/abli%$ maxim 9 metaphysics1 ,t :atev] ! m9d cle>ly conceives1 includes ! idea ( possible exi/5ce1 or 9 o!r words1 t no?+ we imag9e is absolutely impossible4 ,we c =m ! idea ( a gold5 m\nta91 & f !nce conclude t su* a m\nta9 may actually exi/4 ,we c =m no idea ( a m\nta9 )\t a valley1 & !re=e reg>d x z impossible4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 we h an idea ( ext5sion2 = o!rwise :y d we talk & reason conc]n+ x8 ,x is likewise c]ta9 t ?is idea1 z conceiv$ by ! imag9ation1 ?\gh divisible into p>ts or inf]ior ideas1 is n inf9itely divisible1 nor consi/s ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts3 ,= t exce$s ! compreh5sion ( our limit$ capacities4 ,"h !n is an idea ( ext5sion1 :i* consi/s ( p>ts or inf]ior ideas1 t are p]fectly1 indivisible3 consequ5tly ?is idea implies no contradiction3 consequ5tly x is possible = ext5sion really to exi/ con=mable to x3 & consequ5tly all ! argum5ts employ$ aga9/ ! possibility ( ma!matical po9ts are m]e s*ola/ick quibbles1 & unwor?y ( our att5tion4 ,^! consequ5ces we may c>ry "o /ep f>!r1 & conclude t all ! pret5d$ demon/rations = ! inf9ite divisibility ( ext5sion are equally sophi/ical2 s9ce x is c]ta9 ^! demon/rations _c be j )\t prov+ ! impossibility ( ma!matical po9ts2 :i* x is an evid5t absurdity to pret5d to4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,qualities ,,( ,,our ,,idea ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,no discov]y c\ld h be5 made m happily = decid+ all controv]sies conc]n+ ideas1 ?an t abovem5tion$1 t impressions always take ! prec$5cy ( !m1 & t e idea1 ) :i* ! imag9ation is furni%$1 fir/ makes its appe>ance 9 a correspond5t impression4 ,^! latt] p]ceptions are all s cle> & evid5t1 t !y admit ( no controv]sy2 ?\gh _m ( our ideas are s obscure1 t x is almo/ impossible ev5 = ! m9d1 :i* =ms !m1 to tell exactly _! nature & composition4 ,let u apply ?is pr9ciple1 9 ord] to discov] f>!r ! nature ( our ideas ( space & "t4 ,^u op5+ my eyes1 & turn+ !m to ! surr\nd+ objects1 ,i p]ceive _m visible bodies2 & ^u %utt+ !m aga91 & consid]+ ! di/ance betwixt ^! bodies1 ,i acquire ! idea ( ext5sion4 ,z e idea is d]iv$ f "s impression1 :i* is exactly simil> to x1 ! impressions simil> to ?is idea ( ext5sion1 mu/ ei!r be "s s5sations d]iv$ f ! sight1 or "s int]nal impressions aris+ f ^! s5sations4 ,our int]nal impressions are our passions1 emotions1 desires & av]sions2 none ( :i*1 ,i believe1 w ev] be ass]t$ to be ! model1 f :i* ! idea ( space is d]iv$4 ,!re rema9s !re=e no?+ b ! s5ses1 :i* c convey to u ?is orig9al impression4 ,n[ :at impression d o> s5ses "h convey to u8 ,?is is ! pr9cipal "q1 & decides )\t appeal conc]n+ ! nature ( ! idea4 ,! table be=e me is alone suffici5t by its view to give me ! idea ( ext5sion4 ,?is idea1 !n1 is borr[$ f1 & repres5ts "s impression1 :i* ?is mom5t appe>s to ! s5ses4 ,b my s5ses convey to me only ! impressions ( col\r$ po9ts1 dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,if ! eye is s5sible ( any ?+ f>!r1 ,i desire x may be po9t$ out to me4 ,b if x be impossible to %ew any ?+ f>!r1 we may conclude ) c]ta9ty1 t ! idea ( ext5sion is no?+ b a copy ( ^! col\r$ po9ts1 & ( ! mann] ( _! appe>ance4 ,suppose t 9 ! ext5d$ object1 or composition ( col\r$ po9ts1 f :i* we fir/ receiv$ ! idea ( ext5sion1 ! po9ts 7 ( a purple col\r2 x foll[s1 t 9 e repetition ( t idea we w\ld n only place ! po9ts 9 ! same ord] ) respect to ea* o!r1 b also be/[ on !m t precise col\r1 ) :i* alone we are acqua9t$4 ,b aft]w>ds hav+ exp]i5ce ( ! o!r col\rs ( violet1 gre51 r$1 :ite1 black1 & ( all ! diff]5t compositions ( ^!1 & f9d+ a resemblance 9 ! disposition ( col\r$ po9ts1 ( :i* !y are compos$1 we omit ! peculi>ities ( col\r1 z f> z possible1 & f\nd an ab/ract idea m]ely on t disposition ( po9ts1 or mann] ( appe>ance1 9 :i* !y agree4 ,nay ev5 :5 ! resemblance is c>ry$ beyond ! objects ( "o s5se1 & ! impressions ( t\* are f\nd to be ,simil> to ^? ( sight 9 ! disposition ( _! p>ts2 ?is does n h9d] ! ab/ract idea f repres5t+ bo?1 ^u acc\nt ( _! resemblance4 ,all ab/ract ideas are really no?+ b p>ticul> ones1 consid]$ 9 a c]ta9 light2 b be+ annex$ to g5]al t]ms1 !y are able to repres5t a va/ v>iety1 & to compreh5d objects1 :i*1 z !y are alike 9 "s p>ticul>s1 are 9 o!rs va/ly wide ( ea* o!r4 ,! idea ( "t1 be+ d]iv$ f ! succession ( our p]ceptions ( e k9d1 ideas z well z impressions1 & impressions ( reflection z well z ( s5sations w af=d u an in/ance ( an ab/ract idea1 :i* compreh5ds a /ill great] v>iety ?an t ( space1 & yet is repres5t$ 9 ! fancy by "s p>ticul> individual idea ( a det]m9ate quantity & quality4 ,z x is f ! disposition ( visible & tangible objects we receive ! idea ( space1 s f ! succession ( ideas & impressions we =m ! idea ( "t1 nor is x possible = "t alone ev] to make its appe>ance1 or be tak5 notice ( by ! m9d4 ,a man 9 a s\nd sleep1 or /rongly occupy$ ) "o ?\ght1 is ins5sible ( "t2 & accord+ z 8 p]ceptions succe$ ea* o!r ) great] or less rapidity1 ! same duration appe>s long] or %ort] to 8 imag9ation4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by a great philosoph]1 t our p]ceptions h c]ta9 b\nds 9 ?is p>ticul>1 :i* are fix$ by ! orig9al nature & con/itution ( ! m9d1 & beyond :i* no influ5ce ( ext]nal objects on ! s5ses is ev] able to ha/5 or ret>d our ?\ght4 ,if y :eel ab\t a burn+ coal ) rapidity1 x w pres5t to ! s5ses an image ( a circle ( fire2 nor w !re seem to be any int]val ( "t betwixt its revolutions2 me]ly because x is impossible = our p]ceptions to succe$ ea* o!r ) ! same rapidity1 t motion may be communicat$ to ext]nal objects4 ,:]ev] we h no successive p]ceptions1 we h no notion ( "t1 ev5 ?\gh !re be a real succession 9 ! objects4 ,f ^! ph5om5a1 z well z f _m o!rs1 we may conclude1 t "t _c make its appe>ance to ! m9d1 ei!r alone1 or att5d$ ) a /eady un*angeable object1 b is always discov]$ "s ,,p]ceivable succession ( *angeable objects4 ,to confirm ?is we may add ! foll[+ argum5t1 :i* to me seems p]fectly decisive & conv9c+4 ,x is evid5t1 t "t or duration consi/s ( diff]5t p>ts3 ,= o!rwise we c\ld n conceive a long] or %ort] duration4 ,x is also evid5t1 t ^! p>ts are n co-exi/5t3 ,= t quality ( ! co-exi/5ce ( p>ts belongs to ext5sion1 & is :at di/+ui%es x f duration4 ,n[ z "t is compos$ ( p>ts1 t are n coexi/5t3 an un*angeable object1 s9ce x produces none b coexi/5t impressions1 produces none t c give u ! idea ( "t2 & consequ5tly t idea mu/ be d]iv$ f a succession ( *angeable objects1 & "t 9 its fir/ appe>ance c nev] be sev]$ f su* a succession4 ,hav+ !re=e f\nd1 t "t 9 its fir/ appe>ance to ! m9d is always conjo9$ ) a succession ( *angeable objects1 & t o!rwise x c nev] fall "u our notice1 we mu/ n[ exam9e :e!r x c be conceiv$ )\t our conceiv+ any succession ( objects1 & :e!r x c alone =m a di/9ct idea 9 ! imag9ation4 ,9 ord] to "k :e!r any objects1 :i* are jo9$ 9 impression1 be insep>able 9 idea1 we ne$ only consid]1 if !y be diff]5t f ea* o!r2 9 :i* case1 x is pla9 !y may be conceiv$ ap>t4 ,e ?+1 t is diff]5t is di/+ui%able3 & ev]y?+1 t is di/+ui%able1 may be sep>at$1 accord+ to ! maxims above-expla9$4 ,if on ! contr>y !y be n diff]5t1 !y are n di/+ui%able3 & if !y be n di/+ui%able1 !y _c be sep>at$4 ,b ?is is precisely ! case ) respect to "t1 comp>$ ) our successive p]ceptions4 ,! idea ( "t is n d]iv$ f a p>ticul> impression mix$ up ) o!rs1 & pla9ly di/+ui%able f !m2 b arises altoge!r f ! mann]1 9 :i* impressions appe> to ! m9d1 )\t mak+ "o ( ! numb]4 ,five notes play$ on a flute give u ! impression & idea ( "t2 ?\gh "t be n a six? impression1 :i* pres5ts itself to ! he>+ or any o!r ( ! s5ses4 ,nor is x a six? impression1 :i* ! m9d by reflection f9ds 9 itself4 ,^! five s\nds mak+ _! appe>ance 9 ?is p>ticul> mann]1 excite no emotion 9 ! m9d1 nor produce an affection ( any k9d1 :i* be+ obs]v$ by x c give rise to a new idea4 ,= t is necess>y to produce a new idea ( reflection1 nor c ! m9d1 by revolv+ ov] a ?\s& times all its ideas ( s5sation1 ev] extract f !m any new orig9al idea1 unless nature has s fram$ its faculties1 t x feels "s new orig9al impression arise f su* a contemplation4 ,b "h x only takes notice ( ! mann]1 9 :i* ! diff]5t s\nds make _! appe>ance2 & t x may aft]w>ds consid] )\t consid]+ ^! p>ticul> s\nds1 b may conjo9 x ) any o!r objects4 ,! ideas ( "s objects x c]ta9ly mu/ h1 nor is x possible = x )\t ^! ideas ev] to arrive at any conception ( "t2 :i* s9ce x1 appe>s n z any prim>y di/9ct impression1 c pla9ly be no?+ b diff]5t ideas1 or impressions1 or objects dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 t is1 succe$+ ea* o!r4 ,i "k !re are "s :o pret5d1 t ! idea ( duration is applicable 9 a prop] s5se to objects1 :i* are p]fectly un*angeable2 & ?is ,i take to be ! common op9ion ( philosoph]s z well z ( ! vulg>4 ,b to be conv9c$ ( its falsehood we ne$ b reflect on ! =ego+ conclusion1 t ! idea ( duration is always d]iv$ f a succession ( *angeable objects1 & c nev] be convey$ to ! m9d by any ?+ /$fa/ & un*angeable4 ,= x inevitably foll[s f !nce1 t s9ce ! idea ( duration _c be d]iv$ f su* an object1 x c nev]-9 any propriety or exactness be appli$ to x1 nor c any ?+ un*angeable be ev] said to h duration4 ,ideas always repres5t ! ,objects or impressions1 f :i* !y are d]iv$1 & c nev] )\t a fiction repres5t or be appli$ to any o!r4 ,by :at fiction we apply ! idea ( "t1 ev5 to :at is un*angeable1 & suppose1 z is common1 t duration is a measure ( re/ z well z ( motion1 we %all consid] aft]w>ds4#c #c ,sect #e4 ,!re is ano!r v decisive argum5t1 :i* e/abli%es ! pres5t doctr9e conc]n+ our ideas ( space & "t1 & is f\nd$ only on t simple pr9ciple1 t our ideas ( !m are comp\nd$ ( p>ts1 :i* are indivisible4 ,?is argum5t may be wor? ! exam9+4 ,e idea1 t is di/+ui%able1 be+ also sep>able1 let u take "o ( ^? simple indivisible ideas1 ( :i* ! comp\nd "o ( ext5sion is =m$1 & sep>at+ x f all o!rs1 & consid]+ x ap>t1 let u =m a judgm5t ( its nature & qualities4 ,x is pla9 x is n ! idea ( ext5sion4 ,= ! idea ( ext5sion consi/s ( p>ts2 & ?is idea1 accord+ to ! supposition1 is p]fectly simple & indivisible4 ,is x !re=e no?+8 ,t is absolutely impossible4 ,= z ! comp\nd idea ( ext5sion1 :i* is real1 is compos$ ( su* ideas2 7 ^! s _m non-entities1 !re w\ld be a real exi/5ce compos$ ( non-entities2 :i* is absurd4 ,"h !re=e ,i mu/ ask1 ,:at is our idea ( a simple & indivisible po9t8 ,no wond] if my answ] appe> some:at new1 s9ce ! "q itself has sc>ce ev] yet be5 ?\ght (4 ,we are wont to dispute conc]n+ ! nature ( ma!matical po9ts1 b seldom conc]n+ ! nature ( _! ideas4 ,! idea ( space is convey$ to ! m9d by two s5ses1 ! sight & t\*2 nor does any?+ ev] appe> ext5d$1 t is n ei!r visible or tangible4 ,t comp\nd impression1 :i* repres5ts ext5sion1 consi/s ( sev]al less] impressions1 t are indivisible to ! eye or feel+1 & may be call$ impressions ( atoms or corpuscles end[$ ) col\r & solidity4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,x is n only requisite1 t ^! atoms %\ld be col\r$ or tangible1 9 ord] to discov] !mselves to our s5ses2 x is also necess>y we %\ld pres]ve ! idea ( _! col\r or tangibility 9 ord] to compreh5d !m by our imag9ation4 ,!re is no?+ b ! idea ( _! col\r or tangibility1 :i* c r5d] !m conceivable by ! m9d4 ,^u ! removal ( ! ideas ( ^! s5sible qualities1 !y are utt]ly annihilat$ to ! ?\ght or imag9ation4 ,n[ su* z ! p>ts are1 su* is ! :ole4 ,if a po9t be n consid]$ z col\r$ or tangible1 x c convey to u no idea2 & consequ5tly ! idea ( ext5sion1 :i* is compos$ ( ! ideas ( ^! po9ts1 c nev] possibly exi/4 ,b if ! idea ( ext5sion really c exi/1 z we are consci\s x does1 its p>ts mu/ also exi/2 & 9 ord] to t1 mu/ be consid]$ z col\r$ or tangible4 ,we h !re=e no idea ( space or ext5sion1 b :5 we reg>d x z an object ei!r ( our sight or feel+4 ,! same reason+ w prove1 t ! indivisible mom5ts ( "t mu/ be fill$ ) "s real object or exi/5ce1 ^: succession =ms ! duration1 & makes x be conceivable by ! m9d4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,objections ,,answ]$4 ,our sy/em conc]n+ space & "t consi/s ( two p>ts1 :i* are intimately connect$ toge!r4 ,! fir/ dep5ds on ?is *a9 ( reason+4 ,! capacity ( ! m9d is n inf9ite2 consequ5tly no idea ( ext5sion or duration consi/s ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts or inf]ior ideas1 b ( a f9ite numb]1 & ^! simple & indivisible3 ,x is !re=e possible = space & "t to exi/ con=mable to ?is idea3 ,& if x be possible1 x is c]ta9 !y actually d exi/ con=mable to x2 s9ce _! inf9ite divisibility is utt]ly impossible & contradictory4 ,! o!r "p ( our sy/em is a consequ5ce ( ?is4 ,! p>ts1 into :i* ! ideas ( space & "t resolve !mselves1 become at la/ indivisible2 & ^! indivisible p>ts1 be+ no?+ 9 !mselves1 are inconceivable :5 n fill$ ) some?+ real & exi/5t4 ,! ideas ( space & "t are !re=e no sep>ate or di/9ct ideas1 b m]ely ^? ( ! mann] or ord]1 9 :i* objects exi/3 ,or 9 o!r words1 x is impossible to conceive ei!r a vacuum & ext5sion )\t matt]1 or a "t1 :5 !re 0 no succession or *ange 9 any real exi/5ce4 ,! intimate connexion betwixt ^! p>ts ( our sy/em is ! reason :y we %all exam9e toge!r ! objections1 :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ bo? ( !m1 beg9n+ ) ^? aga9/ ! f9ite divisibility ( ext5sion4 ,i4 ,! fir/ ( ^! objections1 :i* ,i %all take notice (1 is m prop] to prove ?is connexion & dep5d5ce ( ! "o "p ^u ! o!r1 ?an to de/roy ei!r ( !m4 ,x has (t5 be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ! s*ools1 t ext5sion mu/ be divisible1 9 inf9itum1 because ! sy/em ( ma!matical po9ts is absurd2 & t sy/em is absurd1 because a ma!matical po9t is a non-entity1 & consequ5tly c nev] by its conjunction ) o!rs =m a real exi/5ce4 ,?is w\ld be p]fectly decisive1 7 !re no m$ium betwixt ! inf9ite divisibility ( matt]1 & ! non-entity ( ma!matical po9ts4 ,b !re is evid5tly a m$ium1 viz4 ! be/[+ a col\r or solidity on ^! po9ts2 & ! absurdity ( bo? ! extremes is a demon/ration ( ! tru? & reality ( ?is m$ium4 ,! sy/em ( physical po9ts1 :i* is ano!r m$ium1 is too absurd to ne$ a refutation4 ,a real ext5sion1 su* z a physical po9t is suppos$ to be1 c nev] exi/ )\t p>ts1 diff]5t f ea* o!r2 & :]ev] objects are diff]5t1 !y are di/+ui%able & sep>able by ! imag9ation4 ,,ii4 ,! second objection is d]iv$ f ! necessity !re w\ld be ( ,,p5etration1 if ext5sion consi/$ ( ma!matical po9ts4 ,a simple & indivisible atom1 t t\*es ano!r1 mu/ necess>ily p5etrate x2 = x is impossible x c t\* x by its ext]nal p>ts1 f ! v supposition ( its p]fect simplicity1 :i* excludes all p>ts4 ,x mu/ !re=e t\* x intimately1 & 9 its :ole ess5ce1 ,,secundum ,,se1 ,,tota1 ,,et ,,totalit]2 :i* is ! v def9ition ( p5etration4 ,b p5etration is impossible3 ,ma!matical po9ts are ( consequ5ce equally impossible4 ,i answ] ?is objection by sub/itut+ a ju/] idea ( p5etration4 ,suppose two bodies conta9+ no void )9 _! circumf]5ce1 to approa* ea* o!r1 & to unite 9 su* a mann] t ! body1 :i* results f _! union1 is no m ext5d$ ?an ei!r ( !m2 x is ?is we mu/ mean :5 we talk ( p5etration4 ,b x is evid5t ?is p5etration is no?+ b ! annihilation ( "o ( ^! bodies1 & ! pres]vation ( ! o!r1 )\t our be+ able to di/+ui% p>ticul>ly :i* is pres]v$ & :i* annihilat$4 ,be=e ! approa* we h ! idea ( two bodies4 ,aft] x we h ! idea only ( "o4 ,x is impossible = ! m9d to pres]ve any notion ( diff]5ce betwixt two bodies ( ! same nature exi/+ 9 ! same place at ! same "t4 ,tak+ !n p5etration 9 ?is s5se1 = ! annihilation ( "o body ^u its approa* to ano!r1 ,i ask any "o1 if he sees a necessity1 t a col\r$ or tangible po9t %\ld be annihilat$ ^u ! approa* ( ano!r col\r$ or tangible po9t8 ,on ! contr>y1 does he n evid5tly p]ceive1 t f ! union ( ^! po9ts !re results an object1 :i* is comp\nd$ & divisible1 & may be di/+ui%$ into two p>ts1 ( :i* ea* pres]ves its exi/5ce di/9ct & sep>ate1 not)/&+ its contiguity to ! o!r8 ,let him aid 8 fancy by conceiv+ ^! po9ts to be ( diff]5t col\rs1 ! bett] to prev5t _! coalition & confusion4 ,a blue & a r$ po9t may surely lie contigu\s )\t any p5etration or annihilation4 ,= if !y _c1 :at possibly c become ( !m8 ,:e!r %all ! r$ or ! blue be annihilat$8 ,or if ^! col\rs unite into "o1 :at new col\r w !y produce by _! union8 ,:at *iefly gives rise to ^! objections1 & at ! same "t r5d]s x s difficult to give a satisfactory answ] to !m1 is ! natural infirmity & un/ead9ess bo? ( our imag9ation & s5ses1 :5 employ$ on su* m9ute objects4 ,put a spot ( ink ^u pap]1 & retire to su* a di/ance1 t ! spot becomes altoge!r invisible2 y w f9d1 t ^u y\r return & ne>] approa* ! spot fir/ becomes visible by %ort int]vals2 & aft]w>ds becomes always visible2 & aft]w>ds acquires only a new =ce 9 its col\r+ )\t augm5t+ its bulk2 & aft]w>ds1 :5 x has encreas$ to su* a degree z to be really ext5d$1 x is /ill difficult = ! imag9ation to break x into its compon5t p>ts1 because ( ! uneas9ess x f9ds 9 ! conception ( su* a m9ute object z a s+le po9t4 ,?is infirmity affects mo/ ( our reason+s on ! pres5t subject1 & makes x almo/ impossible to answ] 9 an intelligible mann]1 & 9 prop] expressions1 _m que/ions :i* may arise conc]n+ x4 ,,iii4 ,!re h be5 _m objections drawn f ! ma!matics aga9/ ! indivisibility ( ! p>ts ( ext5sion3 ?\gh at fir/ sight t sci5ce seems r fav\rable to ! pres5t doctr9e2 & if x be contr>y 9 its ,,demon/rations1 x is p]fectly con=mable 9 its def9itions4 ,my pres5t bus9ess !n mu/ be to def5d ! def9itions1 & refute ! demon/rations4 ,a surface is ,d,e,f,i,ned to be l5g? & bread? )\t dep?3 ,a l9e to be l5g? )\t bread? or dep?3 ,a po9t to be :at has nei!r l5g?1 bread? nor dep?4 ,x is evid5t t all ?is is p]fectly un9telligible ^u any o!r supposition ?an t ( ! composition ( ext5sion by indivisible po9ts or atoms4 ,h[ else c\ld any ?+ exi/ )\t l5g?1 )\t bread?1 or )\t dep?8 ,two diff]5t answ]s1 ,i f9d1 h be5 made to ?is argum5t2 nei!r ( :i* is 9 my op9ion satisfactory4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! objects ( geometry1 ^? surfaces1 l9es & po9ts1 ^: proportions & positions x exam9es1 are m]e ideas 9 ! m9d2 & n only nev] did1 b nev] c exi/ 9 nature4 ,!y nev] did exi/2 = no "o w pret5d to draw a l9e or make a surface entirely con=mable to ! def9ition3 ,!y nev] c exi/2 = we may produce demon/rations f ^! v ideas to prove1 t !y are impossible4 ,b c any?+ be imag9$ m absurd & contradictory ?an ?is reason+8 ,:atev] c be conceiv$ by a cle> & di/9ct idea necess>ily implies ! possibility ( exi/5ce2 & he :o pret5ds to prove ! impossibility ( its exi/5ce by any argum5t d]iv$ f ! cle> idea1 9 reality ass]ts1 t we h no cle> idea ( x1 because we h a cle> idea4 ,x is 9 va9 to se>* = a contradiction 9 any ?+ t is di/9ctly conceiv$ by ! m9d4 ,did x imply any contradiction1 x is impossible x c\ld ev] be conceiv$4 ,!re is !re=e no m$ium betwixt all[+ at lea/ ! possibility ( indivisible po9ts1 & d5y+ _! idea2 & x is on ?is latt] pr9ciple1 t ! second answ] to ! =ego+ argum5t is f\nd$4 ,x has be5#d pret5d$1 t ?\gh x be impossible to conceive a l5g? )\t any bread?1 yet by an ab/raction )\t a sep>ation1 we c consid] ! "o )\t reg>d+ ! o!r2 9 ! same mann] z we may ?9k ( ! l5g? ( ! way betwixt two t[ns1 & ov]look its bread?4 ,! l5g? is insep>able f ! bread? bo? 9 nature & 9 our m9ds2 b ?is excludes n a p>tial consid]ation1 & a di/9ction ( reason1 aft] ! mann] above expla9$4 #d ,l',art de p5s]4 ,9 refut+ ?is answ] ,i %all n insi/ on ! argum5t1 :i* ,i h already suffici5tly expla9$1 t if x be impossible = ! m9d to arrive at a m9imum 9 its ideas1 its capacity mu/ be inf9ite1 9 ord] to compreh5d ! inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 ( :i* its idea ( any ext5sion w\ld be compos$4 ,i %all "h endeav\r to f9d "s new absurdities 9 ?is reason+4 ,a surface t]m9ates a solid2 a l9e t]m9ates a surface2 a po9t t]m9ates a l9e2 b ,i ass]t1 t if ! ideas ( a po9t1 l9e or surface 7 n indivisible1 x is impossible we %\ld ev] conceive ^! t]m9ations3 ,= let ^! ideas be suppos$ inf9itely divisible2 & !n let ! fancy endeav\r to fix itself on ! idea ( ! la/ surface1 l9e or po9t2 x imm$iately f9ds ?is idea to break into p>ts2 & ^u its seiz+ ! la/ ( ^! p>ts1 x loses its hold by a new division1 & s on 9 inf9itum1 )\t any possibility ( its arriv+ at a conclud+ idea4 ,! numb] ( fractions br+ x no ne>] ! la/ division1 ?an ! fir/ idea x =m$4 ,e p>ticle eludes ! grasp by a new fraction2 l quicksilv]1 :5 we endeav\r to seize x4 ,b z 9 fact !re mu/ be some?+1 :i* t]m9ates ! idea ( e f9ite quantity2 & z ?is t]m9at+ idea _c itself consi/ ( p>ts or inf]ior ideas2 o!rwise x w\ld be ! la/ ( its p>ts1 :i* f9i%$ ! idea1 & s on2 ?is is a cle> pro(1 t ! ideas ( surfaces1 l9es & po9ts admit n ( any division2 ^? ( surfaces 9 dep?2 ( l9es 9 bread? & dep?2 & ( po9ts 9 any dim5sion4 ,! s*ool 7 s s5sible ( ! =ce ( ?is argum5t1 t "s ( !m ma9ta9$1 t nature has mix$ among ^? p>ticles ( matt]1 :i* are divisible 9 inf9itum1 a numb] ( ma!matical po9ts1 9 ord] to give a t]m9ation to bodies2 & o!rs elud$ ! =ce ( ?is reason+ by a heap ( un9telligible cavils & di/9ctions4 ,bo? ^! adv]s>ies equally yield ! victory4 ,a man :o hides himself1 confesses z evid5tly ! sup]iority ( 8 enemy1 z ano!r1 :o fairly deliv]s 8 arms4 ,?us x appe>s1 t ! def9itions ( ma!matics de/roy ! pret5d$ demon/rations2 & t if we h ! idea ( indivisible po9ts1 l9es & surfaces con=mable to ! def9ition1 _! exi/5ce is c]ta9ly possible3 b if we h no su* idea1 x is impossible we c ev] conceive ! t]m9ation ( any figure2 )\t :i* conception !re c be no geometrical demon/ration4 ,b ,i g f>!r1 & ma9ta91 t none ( ^! demon/rations c h suffici5t weight to e/abli% su* a pr9ciple1 z ?is ( inf9ite divisibility2 & t because ) reg>d to su* m9ute objects1 !y are n prop]ly demon/rations1 be+ built on ideas1 :i* are n exact1 & maxims1 :i* are n precisely true4 ,:5 geometry decides any?+ conc]n+ ! proportions ( quantity1 we ought n to look = ! utmo/ precision & exactness4 ,none ( its pro(s ext5d s f>4 ,x takes ! dim5sions & proportions ( figures ju/ly2 b r\ghly1 & ) "s lib]ty4 ,its errors are nev] consid]able2 nor w\ld x err at all1 did x n aspire to su* an absolute p]fection4 ,i fir/ ask ma!maticians1 :at !y mean :5 !y say "o l9e or surface is ,,equal to1 or ,,great] or ,,less ?an ano!r8 ,let any ( !m give an answ]1 to :atev] sect he belongs1 & :e!r he ma9ta9s ! composition ( ext5sion by indivisible po9ts1 or by quantities divisible 9 inf9itum4 ,?is "q w emb>rass bo? ( !m4 ,!re are few or no ma!maticians1 :o def5d ! hypo!sis ( indivisible po9ts2 & yet ^! h ! readie/ & ju/e/ answ] to ! pres5t "q4 ,!y ne$ only reply1 t l9es or surfaces are equal1 :5 ! numb]s ( po9ts 9 ea* are equal2 & t z ! proportion ( ! numb]s v>ies1 ! proportion ( ! l9es & surfaces is also v>y$4 ,b ?\gh ?is answ] be j1 z well z obvi\s2 yet ,i may affirm1 t ?is /&>d ( equality is entirely useless1 & t x nev] is f su* a comp>ison we det]m9e objects to be equal or unequal ) respect to ea* o!r4 ,= z ! po9ts1 :i* ent] into ! composition ( any l9e or surface1 :e!r p]ceiv$ by ! sight or t\*1 are s m9ute & s conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r1 t x is utt]ly impossible = ! m9d to compute _! numb]1 su* a computation w ,nev] af=d u a /&>d by :i* we may judge ( proportions4 ,no "o w ev] be able to det]m9e by an exact num]ation1 t an in* has few] po9ts ?an a foot1 or a foot few] ?an an ell or any great] measure3 = :i* reason we seldom or nev] consid] ?is z ! /&>d ( equality or inequality4 ,z to ^?1 :o imag9e1 t ext5sion is divisible 9 inf9itum1 x is impossible !y c make use ( ?is answ]1 or fix ! equality ( any l9e or surface by a num]ation ( its compon5t p>ts4 ,= s9ce1 accord+ to _! hypo!sis1 ! lea/ z well z greate/ figures conta9 an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts2 & s9ce inf9ite numb]s1 prop]ly speak+1 c nei!r be equal nor unequal ) respect to ea* o!r2 ! equality or inequality ( any portions ( space c nev] dep5d on any proportion 9 ! numb] ( _! p>ts4 ,x is true1 x may be said1 t ! inequality ( an ell & a y>d consi/s 9 ! diff]5t numb]s ( ! feet1 ( :i* !y are compos$2 & t ( a foot & a y>d 9 ! numb] ( ! in*es4 ,b z t quantity we call an in* 9 ! "o is suppos$ equal to :at we call an in* 9 ! o!r1 & z x is impossible = ! m9d to f9d ?is equality by proce$+ 9 inf9itum ) ^! ref]5ces to inf]ior quantities3 x is evid5t1 t at la/ we mu/ fix "s /&>d ( equality diff]5t f an enum]ation ( ! p>ts4 ,!re are "s#e1 :o pret5d1 t equality is be/ def9$ by congruity1 & t any two figures are equal1 :5 ^u ! plac+ ( "o ^u ! o!r1 all _! p>ts correspond to & t\* ea* o!r4 ,9 ord] to judge ( ?is def9ition let u consid]1 t s9ce equality is a relation1 x is n1 /rictly speak+1 a prop]ty 9 ! figures !mselves1 b arises m]ely f ! comp>ison1 :i* ! m9d makes betwixt !m4 ,if x consi/s1 !re=e1 9 ?is imag9>y application & mutual contact ( p>ts1 we mu/ at lea/ h a di/9ct notion ( ^! p>ts1 & mu/ conceive _! contact4 ,n[ x is pla91 t 9 ?is conception we w\ld run up ^! p>ts to ! greate/ m9ut5ess1 :i* c possibly be conceiv$2 s9ce ! contact ( l>ge p>ts w\ld nev] r5d] ! figures equal4 ,b ! m9ute/ p>ts we c conceive are ma!matical po9ts2 & consequ5tly ?is /&>d ( equality is ! same ) t d]iv$ f ! equality ( ! numb] ( po9ts2 :i* we h already det]m9$ to be a j b an useless /&>d4 ,we mu/ !re=e look to "s o!r qu>t] = a solution ( ! pres5t difficulty4 #e ,see ,dr4 ,b>r['s ma!matical lectures4 ,!re are _m philosoph]s1 :o refuse to assign any /&>d ( equality1 b ass]t1 t x is suffici5t to pres5t two objects1 t are equal1 9 ord] to give u a j notion ( ?is proportion4 ,all def9itions1 say !y1 are fruitless1 )\t ! p]ception ( su* objects2 & :]e we p]ceive su* objects1 we no long] /& 9 ne$ ( any def9ition4 ,to ?is reason+1 ,i entirely agree2 & ass]t1 t ! only useful notion ( equality1 or inequality1 is d]iv$ f ! :ole unit$ appe>ance & ! comp>ison ( p>ticul> objects4 ,x is evid5t1 t ! eye1 or r ! m9d is (t5 able at "o view to det]m9e ! proportions ( bodies1 & pron\nce !m equal to1 or great] or less ?an ea* o!r1 )\t exam9+ or comp>+ ! numb] ( _! m9ute p>ts4 ,su* judgm5ts are n only common1 b 9 _m cases c]ta9 & infallible4 ,:5 ! measure ( a y>d & t ( a foot are pres5t$1 ! m9d c no m "q1 t ! fir/ is long] ?an ! second1 ?an x c d\bt ( ^? pr9ciples1 :i* are ! mo/ cle> & self-evid5t4 ,!re are !re=e ?ree proportions1 :i* ! m9d di/+ui%es 9 ! g5]al appe>ance ( its objects1 & calls by ! names ( great]1 less & equal4 ,b ?\gh its decisions conc]n+ ^! proportions be sometimes infallible1 !y are n always s2 nor are our judgm5ts ( ?is k9d m exempt f d\bt & error ?an ^? on any o!r subject4 ,we frequ5tly correct our fir/ op9ion by a review & reflection2 & pron\nce ^? objects to be equal1 :i* at fir/ we e/eem$ unequal2 & reg>d an object z less1 ?\gh be=e x appe>$ great] ?an ano!r4 ,nor is ?is ! only correction1 :i* ^! judgm5ts ( our s5ses und]go2 b we (t5 discov] our error by a juxtaposition ( ! objects2 or :]e t is impracticable1 by ! use ( "s common & inv>iable measure1 :i* be+ successively appli$ to ea*1 in=ms u ( _! diff]5t proportions4 ,& ev5 ?is correction is susceptible ( a new correction1 & ( diff]5t degrees ( exactness1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! in/rum5t1 by :i* we measure ! bodies1 & ! c>e :i* we employ 9 ! comp>ison4 ,:5 !re=e ! m9d is accu/om$ to ^! judgm5ts & _! corrections1 & f9ds t ! same proportion :i* makes two figures h 9 ! eye t appe>ance1 :i* we call equality1 makes !m also correspond to ea* o!r1 & to any common measure1 ) :i* !y are comp>$1 we =m a mix$ notion ( equality d]iv$ bo? f ! loos] & /rict] me?ods ( comp>ison4 ,b we are n cont5t ) ?is4 ,= z s\nd reason conv9ces u t !re are bodies va/ly m m9ute ?an ^?1 :i* appe> to ! s5ses2 & z a false reason w\ld p]swade u1 t !re are bodies inf9itely m m9ute2 we cle>ly p]ceive1 t we are n possess$ ( any in/rum5t or art ( measur+1 :i* c secure u f ill error & unc]ta9ty4 ,we are s5sible1 t ! addition or removal ( "o ( ^! m9ute p>ts1 is n disc]nible ei!r 9 ! appe>ance or measur+2 & z we imag9e1 t two figures1 :i* 7 equal be=e1 _c be equal aft] ?is removal or addition1 we !re=e suppose "s imag9>y /&>d ( equality1 by :i* ! appe>ances & measur+ are exactly correct$1 & ! figures r$uc$ entirely to t proportion4 ,?is /&>d is pla9ly imag9>y4 ,= z ! v idea ( equality is t ( su* a p>ticul> appe>ance correct$ by juxtaposition or a common measure4 ,! notion ( any correction beyond :at we h in/rum5ts & art to make1 is a m]e fiction ( ! m9d1 & useless z well z incompreh5sible4 ,b ?\gh ?is /&>d be only imag9>y1 ! fiction h[ev] is v natural2 nor is any?+ m usual1 ?an = ! m9d to proce$ aft] ?is mann] ) any action1 ev5 aft] ! reason has ceas$1 :i* fir/ det]m9$ x to beg94 ,?is appe>s v conspicu\sly ) reg>d to "t2 :]e ?\gh x is evid5t we h no exact me?od ( det]m9+ ! proportions ( p>ts1 n ev5 s exact z 9 ext5sion1 yet ! v>i\s corrections ( our measures1 & _! diff]5t degrees ( exactness1 h giv5 z an obscure & implicit notion ( a p]fect & entire equality4 ,! case is ! same 9 _m o!r subjects4 ,a musician f9d+ 8 e> becom+ e day m delicate1 & correct+ himself by reflection & att5tion1 proce$s ) ! same act ( ! m9d1 ev5 :5 ! subject fails him1 & ent]ta9s a notion ( a compleat ,,ti]ce or ,,octave1 )\t be+ able to tell :5ce he d]ives 8 /&>d4 ,a pa9t] =ms ! same fiction ) reg>d to col\rs4 ,a me*anic ) reg>d to motion4 ,to ! "o light & %ade2 to ! o!r swift & sl[ are imag9$ to be capable ( an exact comp>ison & equality beyond ! judgm5ts ( ! s5ses4 ,we may apply ! same reason+ to ,,curve & ,,"r l9es4 ,no?+ is m app>5t to ! s5ses1 ?an ! di/9ction betwixt a curve & a "r l9e2 nor are !re any ideas we m easily =m ?an ! ideas ( ^! objects4 ,b h[ev] easily we may =m ^! ideas1 x is impossible to produce any def9ition ( !m1 :i* w fix ! precise b\nd>ies betwixt !m4 ,:5 we draw l9es ^u pap]1 or any cont9u$ surface1 !re is a c]ta9 ord]1 by :i* ! l9es run along f "o po9t to ano!r1 t !y may produce ! entire impression ( a curve or "r l9e2 b ?is ord] is p]fectly unkn[n1 & no?+ is obs]v$ b ! unit$ appe>ance4 ,?us ev5 ^u ! sy/em ( indivisible po9ts1 we c only =m a di/ant notion ( "s unkn[n /&>d to ^! objects4 ,^u t ( inf9ite divisibility we _c g ev5 ?is l5g?2 b are r$uc$ me]ly to ! g5]al appe>ance1 z ! rule by :i* we det]m9e l9es to be ei!r curve or "r ones4 ,b ?\gh we c give no p]fect def9ition ( ^! l9es1 nor produce any v exact me?od ( di/+ui%+ ! "o f ! o!r2 yet ?is h9d]s u n f correct+ ! fir/ appe>ance by a m accurate consid]ation1 & by a comp>ison ) "s rule1 ( ^: rectitude f repeat$ trials we h a great] assurance4 ,& x is f ^! corrections1 & by c>ry+ on ! same action ( ! m9d1 ev5 :5 its reason fails u1 t we =m ! loose idea ( a p]fect /&>d to ^! figures1 )\t be+ able to expla9 or compreh5d x4 ,x is true1 ma!maticians pret5d !y give an exact def9ition ( a "r l9e1 :5 !y say1 x is ! %orte/ way betwixt two po9ts4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place ,i obs]ve1 t ?is is m prop]ly ! discov]y ( "o ( ! prop]ties ( a "r l9e1 ?an a j deflation ( x4 ,= ,i ask any "o1 if ^u m5tion ( a "r l9e he ?9ks n imm$iately on su* a p>ticul> appe>ance1 & if x is n by accid5t only t he consid]s ?is prop]ty8 ,a "r l9e c be compreh5d$ alone2 b ?is def9ition is un9telligible )\t a comp>ison ) o!r l9es1 :i* we conceive to be m ext5d$4 ,9 common life x is e/abli%$ z a maxim1 t ! /raighte/ way is always ! %orte/2 :i* w\ld be z absurd z to say1 ! %orte/ way is always ! %orte/1 if our idea ( a "r l9e 0 n diff]5t f t ( ! %orte/ way betwixt two po9ts4 ,secondly1 ,i repeat :at ,i h already e/abli%$1 t we h no precise idea ( equality & inequality1 %ort] & long]1 m ?an ( a "r l9e or a curve2 & consequ5tly t ! "o c nev] af=d u a p]fect /&>d = ! o!r4 ,an exact idea c nev] be built on su* z are loose & undet]m9$4 ,! idea ( a pla9 surface is z little susceptible ( a precise /&>d z t ( a "r l9e2 nor h we any o!r means ( di/+ui%+ su* a surface1 ?an its g5]al appe>ance4 ,x is 9 va91 t ma!maticians repres5t a pla9 surface z produc$ by ! fl[+ ( a "r l9e4 ,x w imm$iately be object$1 t our idea ( a surface is z indep5d5t ( ?is me?od ( =m+ a surface1 z our idea ( an ellipse is ( t ( a cone2 t ! idea ( a "r l9e is no m precise ?an t ( a pla9 surface2 t a "r l9e may fl[ irregul>ly1 & by t means =m a figure q diff]5t f a plane2 & t !re=e we mu/ suppose x to fl[ along two "r l9es1 p>allel to ea* o!r1 & on ! same plane2 :i* is a description1 t expla9s a ?+ by itself1 & returns 9 a circle4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! ideas :i* are mo/ ess5tial to geometry1 viz4 ^? ( equality & inequality1 ( a "r l9e & a pla9 surface1 are f> f be+ exact & det]m9ate1 accord+ to our common me?od ( conceiv+ !m4 ,n only we are incapable ( tell+1 if ! case be 9 any degree d\btful1 :5 su* p>ticul> figures are equal2 :5 su* a l9e is a "r "o1 & su* a surface a pla9 "o2 b we c =m no idea ( t proportion1 or ( ^! figures1 :i* is firm & inv>iable4 ,our appeal is /ill to ! weak & fallible judgm5t1 :i* we make f ! appe>ance ( ! objects1 & correct by a compass or common measure2 & if we jo9 ! supposition ( any f>!r correction1 x is ( su*-a-"o z is ei!r useless or imag9>y4 ,9 va9 %\ld we h rec\rse to ! common topic1 & employ ! supposition ( a deity1 ^: omnipot5ce may enable him to =m a p]fect geometrical figure1 & describe a "r l9e )\t any curve or inflexion4 ,z ! ultimate /&>d ( ^! figures is d]iv$ f no?+ b ! s5ses & imag9ation1 x is absurd to talk ( any p]fection beyond :at ^! faculties c judge (2 s9ce ! true p]fection ( any ?+ consi/s 9 its con=mity to its /&>d4 ,n[ s9ce ^! ideas are s loose & unc]ta91 ,i w\ld fa9 ask any ma!matician :at infallible assurance he has1 n only ( ! m intricate1 & obscure propositions ( 8 sci5ce1 b ( ! mo/ vulg> & obvi\s pr9ciples8 ,h[ c he prove to me1 = in/ance1 t two "r l9es _c h "o common segm5t8 ,or t x is impossible to draw m ?an "o "r l9e betwixt any two po9ts8 %\ld he tell me1 t ^! op9ions are obvi\sly absurd1 & repugnant to our cle> ideas2 ,i w\ld answ]1 t ,i d n d5y1 :]e two "r l9es incl9e ^u ea* o!r ) a s5sible angle1 b x is absurd to imag9e !m to h a common segm5t4 ,b suppos+ ^! two l9es to approa* at ! rate ( an in* 9 tw5ty leagues1 ,i p]ceive no absurdity 9 ass]t+1 t ^u _! contact !y become "o4 ,=1 ,i besee* y1 by :at rule or /&>d d y judge1 :5 y ass]t1 t ! l9e1 9 :i* ,i h suppos$ !m to concur1 _c make ! same "r l9e ) ^? two1 t =m s small an angle betwixt !m8 ,y mu/ surely h "s idea ( a "r l9e1 to :i* ?is l9e does n agree4 ,d y !re=e mean t x takes n ! po9ts 9 ! same ord] & by ! same rule1 z is peculi> & ess5tial to a "r l9e8 ,if s1 ,i mu/ in=m y1 t besides t 9 judg+ aft] ?is mann] y all[1 t ext5sion is compos$ ( indivisible po9ts 7:i*1 p]haps1 is m ?an y int5d7 besides ?is1 ,i say1 ,i mu/ in=m y1 t nei!r is ?is ! /&>d f :i* we =m ! idea ( a "r l9e2 nor1 if x 71 is !re any su* firmness 9 our s5ses or imag9ation1 z to det]m9e :5 su* an ord] is violat$ or pres]v$4 ,! orig9al /&>d ( a "r l9e is 9 reality no?+ b a c]ta9 g5]al appe>ance2 & x is evid5t "r l9es may be made to concur ) ea* o!r1 & yet correspond to ?is /&>d1 ?\gh correct$ by all ! means ei!r practicable or imag9able4 ,to :atev] side ma!maticians turn1 ?is dilemma /ill meets !m4 ,if !y judge ( equality1 or any o!r proportion1 by ! accurate & exact /&>d1 viz4 ! enum]ation ( ! m9ute indivisible p>ts1 !y bo? employ a /&>d1 :i* is useless 9 practice1 & actually e/abli% ! indivisibility ( ext5sion1 :i* !y endeav\r to explode4 ,or if !y employ1 z is usual1 ! inaccurate /&>d1 d]iv$ f a comp>ison ( objects1 ^u _! g5]al appe>ance1 correct$ by measur+ & juxtaposition2 _! fir/ pr9ciples1 ?\gh c]ta9 & infallible1 are too co>se to af=d any su* subtile inf]5ces z !y commonly draw f !m4 ,! fir/ pr9ciples are f\nd$ on ! imag9ation & s5ses3 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 c nev] g beyond1 mu* less contradict ^! faculties4 ,?is may op5 our eyes a little1 & let u see1 t no geometrical demon/ration = ! inf9ite divisibility ( ext5sion c h s mu* =ce z :at we naturally attribute to e argum5t1 :i* is support$ by su* magnific5t pret5sions4 ,at ! same "t we may le>n ! reason1 :y geometry falls ( evid5ce 9 ?is s+le po9t1 :ile all its o!r reason+s comm& our fulle/ ass5t & approbation4 ,& inde$ x seems m requisite to give ! reason ( ?is exception1 ?an to %ew1 t we really mu/ make su* an exception1 & reg>d all ! ma!matical argum5ts = inf9ite divisibility z utt]ly sophi/ical4 ,= x is evid5t1 t z no idea ( quantity is inf9itely divisible1 !re _c be imag9$ a m gl>+ absurdity1 ?an to endeav\r to prove1 t quantity itself admits ( su* a division2 & to prove ?is by means ( ideas1 :i* are directly opposite 9 t p>ticul>4 ,& z ?is absurdity is v gl>+ 9 itself1 s !re is no argum5t f\nd$ on x :i* is n att5d$ ) a new absurdity1 & involves n an evid5t contradiction4 ,i might give z in/ances ^? argum5ts = inf9ite divisibility1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! po9t ( contact4 ,i "k !re is no ma!matician1 :o w n refuse to be judg$ by ! diagrams he describes ^u pap]1 ^! be+ loose draughts1 z he w tell u1 & s]v+ only to convey ) great] facility c]ta9 ideas1 :i* are ! true f\ndation ( all our reason+4 ,?is ,i am satisfy$ )1 & am will+ to re/ ! controv]sy m]ely ^u ^! ideas4 ,i desire !re=e our ma!matician to =m1 z accurately z possible1 ! ideas ( a circle & a "r l9e2 & ,i !n ask1 if ^u ! conception ( _! contact he c conceive !m z t\*+ 9 a ma!matical po9t1 or if he mu/ necess>ily imag9e !m to concur = "s space4 ,:i*ev] side he *uses1 he runs himself into equal difficulties4 ,if he affirms1 t 9 trac+ ^! figures 9 8 imag9ation1 he c imag9e !m to t\* only 9 a po9t1 he all[s ! possibility ( t idea1 & consequ5tly ( ! ?+4 ,if he says1 t 9 8 conception ( ! contact ( ^? l9es he mu/ make !m concur1 he !reby ackn[l$ges ! fallacy ( geometrical demon/rations1 :5 c>ry$ beyond a c]ta9 degree ( m9ut5ess2 s9ce x is c]ta9 he has su* demon/rations aga9/ ! concurr5ce ( a circle & a "r l9e2 t is1 9 o!r words1 he c prove an idea1 viz4 t ( concurr5ce1 to be ,,incompatible ) two o!r ideas1 ^? ( a circle & "r l9e2 ?\gh at ! same "t he ackn[l$ges ^! ideas to be insep>able4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$4 ,if ! second "p ( my sy/em be true1 t ! idea ( space or ext5sion is no?+ b ! idea ( visible or tangible po9ts di/ribut$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]2 x foll[s1 t we c =m no idea ( a vacuum1 or space1 :]e !re is no?+ visible or tangible4 ,?is gives rise to ?ree objections1 :i* ,i %all exam9e toge!r1 because ! answ] ,i %all give to "o is a consequ5ce ( t :i* ,i %all make use ( = ! o!rs4 ,fir/1 ,x may be said1 t m5 h disput$ = _m ages conc]n+ a vacuum & a pl5um1 )\t be+ able to br+ ! affair to a f9al decision2 & philosoph]s1 ev5 at ?is day1 ?9k !mselves at lib]ty to take "p on ei!r side1 z _! fancy leads !m4 ,b :atev] f\ndation !re may be = a controv]sy conc]n+ ! ?+s !mselves1 x may be pret5d$1 t ! v dispute is decisive conc]n+ ! idea1 & t x is impossible m5 c\ld s long reason ab\t a vacuum1 & ei!r refute or def5d x1 )\t hav+ a notion ( :at !y refut$ or def5d$4 ,secondly1 ,if ?is argum5t %\ld be conte/$1 ! reality or at lea/ ! possibility ( ! idea ( a vacuum may be prov$ by ! foll[+ reason+4 ,e idea is possible1 :i* is a necess>y & infallible consequ5ce ( su* z are possible4 ,n[ ?\gh we all[ ! _w to be at pres5t a pl5um1 we may easily conceive x to be depriv$ ( motion2 & ?is idea w c]ta9ly be all[$ possible4 ,x mu/ also be all[$ possible1 to conceive ! annihilation ( any "p ( matt] by ! omnipot5ce ( ! deity1 :ile ! o!r p>ts rema9 at re/4 ,= z e idea1 t is di/+ui%able1 is sep>able by ! imag9ation2 & z e idea1 t is sep>able by ! imag9ation1 may be conceiv$ to be sep>ately exi/5t2 x is evid5t1 t ! exi/5ce ( "o p>ticle ( matt]1 no m implies ! exi/5ce ( ano!r1 ?an a squ>e figure 9 "o body implies a squ>e figure 9 e "o4 ,?is be+ grant$1 ,i n[ dem& :at results f ! concurr5ce ( ^! two possible ideas ( re/ & annihilation1 & :at mu/ we conceive to foll[ ^u ! annihilation ( all ! air & subtile matt] 9 ! *amb]1 suppos+ ! walls to rema9 ! same1 )\t any motion or alt]ation8 ,!re are "s metaphysicians1 :o answ]1 t s9ce matt] & ext5sion are ! same1 ! annihilation ( "o necess>ily implies t ( ! o!r2 & !re be+ n[ no di/ance betwixt ! walls ( ! *amb]1 !y t\* ea* o!r2 9 ! same mann] z my h& t\*es ! pap]1 :i* is imm$iately be=e me4 ,b ?\gh ?is answ] be v common1 ,i defy ^! metaphysicians to conceive ! matt] accord+ to _! hypo!sis1 or imag9e ! floor & ro(1 ) all ! opposite sides ( ! *amb]1 to t\* ea* o!r1 :ile !y cont9ue 9 re/1 & pres]ve ! same position4 ,= h[ c ! two walls1 t run f s\? to nor?1 t\* ea* o!r1 :ile !y t\* ! opposite ends ( two walls1 t run f ea/ to we/8 ,& h[ c ! floor & ro( ev] meet1 :ile !y are sep>at$ by ! f\r walls1 t lie 9 a contr>y position8 ,if y *ange _! position1 y suppose a motion4 ,if y conceive any ?+ betwixt !m1 y suppose a new creation4 ,b keep+ /rictly to ! two ideas ( re/ & annihilation1 x is evid5t1 t ! idea1 :i* results f !m1 is n t ( a contact ( p>ts1 b some?+ else2 :i* is conclud$ to be ! idea ( a vacuum4 ,! ?ird objection c>ries ! matt] /ill f>!r1 & n only ass]ts1 t ! idea ( a vacuum is real & possible1 b also necess>y & unavoidable4 ,?is ass]tion is f\nd$ on ! motion we obs]ve 9 bodies1 :i*1 x is ma9ta9$1 w\ld be impossible & inconceivable )\t a vacuum1 into :i* "o body mu/ move 9 ord] to make way = ano!r44 ,i %all n enl>ge ^u ?is objection1 because x pr9cipally belongs to natural philosophy1 :i* lies )\t our pres5t sph]e4 ,9 ord] to answ] ^! objections1 we mu/ take ! matt] pretty deep1 & consid] ! nature & orig9 ( sev]al ideas1 le/ we dispute )\t und]/&+ p]fectly ! subject ( ! controv]sy4 ,x is evid5t ! idea ( d>kness is no positive idea1 b m]ely ! negation ( light1 or m prop]ly speak+1 ( col\r$ & visible objects4 ,a man1 :o enjoys 8 sight1 receives no o!r p]ception f turn+ 8 eyes on e side1 :5 entirely depriv$ ( light1 ?an :at is common to him ) "o born bl9d2 & x is c]ta9 su*-a-"o has no idea ei!r ( light or d>kness4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t x is n f ! m]e removal ( visible objects we receive ! impression ( ext5sion )\t matt]2 & t ! idea ( utt] d>kness c nev] be ! same ) t ( vacuum4 ,suppose aga9 a man to be support$ 9 ! air1 & to be s(tly convey$ along by "s invisible p[]2 x is evid5t he is s5sible ( no?+1 & nev] receives ! idea ( ext5sion1 nor inde$ any idea1 f ?is inv>iable motion4 ,ev5 suppos+ he moves 8 limbs to & fro1 ?is _c convey to him t idea4 ,he feels 9 t case a c]ta9 s5sation or impression1 ! p>ts ( :i* are successive to ea* o!r1 & may give him ! idea ( "t3 ,b c]ta9ly are n dispos$ 9 su* a mann]1 z is necess>y to convey ! idea ( space or ! idea ( space or ext5sion4 ,s9ce !n x appe>s1 t d>kness & motion1 ) ! utt] removal ( e ?+ visible & tangible1 c nev] give u ! idea ( ext5sion )\t matt]1 or ( a vacuum2 ! next "q is1 :e!r !y c convey ?is idea1 :5 mix$ ) some?+ visible & tangible8 ,x is commonly all[$ by philosoph]s1 t all bodies1 :i* discov] !mselves to ! eye1 appe> z if pa9t$ on a pla9 surface1 & t _! diff]5t degrees ( remot5ess f ourselves are discov]$ m by reason ?an by ! s5ses4 ,:5 ,i hold up my h& be=e me1 & spread my f+]s1 !y are sep>at$ z p]fectly by ! blue col\r ( ! firmam5t1 z !y c\ld be by any visible object1 :i* ,i c\ld place betwixt !m4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to "k :e!r ! sight c convey ! impression & idea ( a vacuum1 we mu/ suppose1 t amid/ an entire d>kness1 !re are lum9\s bodies pres5t$ to u1 ^: light discov]s only ^! bodies !mselves1 )\t giv+ u any impression ( ! surr\nd+ objects4 ,we mu/ =m a p>allel supposition conc]n+ ! objects ( our feel+4 ,x is n prop] to suppose a p]fect removal ( all tangible objects3 we mu/ all[ some?+ to be p]ceiv$ by ! feel+2 & aft] an int]val & motion ( ! h& or o!r organ ( s5sation1 ano!r object ( ! t\* to be met )2 & ^u leav+ t1 ano!r2 & s on1 z (t5 z we please4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ^! int]vals d n af=d u ! idea ( ext5sion )\t body8 ,to beg9 ) ! fir/ case2 x is evid5t1 t :5 only two lum9\s bodies appe> to ! eye1 we c p]ceive1 :e!r !y be conjo9$ or sep>ate3 :e!r !y be sep>at$ by a great or small di/ance2 & if ?is di/ance v>ies1 we c p]ceive its increase or dim9ution1 ) ! motion ( ! bodies4 ,b z ! di/ance is n 9 ?is case any ?+ col\r$ or visible1 x may be ?\ght t !re is "h a vacuum or pure ext5sion1 n only intelligible to ! m9d1 b obvi\s to ! v s5ses4 ,?is is our natural & mo/ famili> way ( ?9k+2 b :i* we %all le>n to correct by a little reflection4 ,we may obs]ve1 t :5 two bodies pres5t !mselves1 :]e !re 0 =m]ly an entire d>kness1 ! only *ange1 t is discov]able1 is 9 ! appe>ance ( ^! two objects1 & t all ! re/ cont9ues to be z be=e1 a p]fect negation ( light1 & ( e col\r$ or visible object4 ,?is is n only true ( :at may be said to be remote f ^! bodies1 b also ( ! v di/ance2 :i* is int]pos$ betwixt !m2 t be+ no?+ b d>kness1 or ! negation ( light2 )\t p>ts1 )\t composition1 inv>iable & indivisible4 ,n[ s9ce ?is di/ance causes no p]ception diff]5t f :at a bl9d man receives f 8 eyes1 or :at is convey$ to u 9 ! d>ke/ night1 x mu/ p>take ( ! same prop]ties3 ,& z bl9dness & d>kness af=d u no ideas ( ext5sion1 x is impossible t ! d>k & undi/+ui%able di/ance betwixt two bodies c ev] produce t idea4 ,! sole diff]5ce betwixt an absolute d>kness & ! appe>ance ( two or m visible lum9\s objects consi/s1 z ,i said1 9 ! objects !mselves1 & 9 ! mann] !y affect our s5ses4 ,! angles1 :i* ! rays ( light fl[+ f !m1 =m ) ea* o!r2 ! motion t is requir$ 9 ! eye1 9 its passage f "o to ! o!r2 & ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! organs1 :i* are affect$ by !m2 ^! produce ! only p]ceptions1 f :i* we c judge ( ! di/ance4 ,b z ^! p]ceptions are ea* ( !m simple & indivisible1 !y c nev] give u ! idea ( ext5sion4 ,we may illu/rate ?is by consid]+ ! s5se ( feel+1 & ! imag9>y di/ance or int]val int]pos$ betwixt tangible or solid objects4 ,i suppose two cases1 viz4 t ( a man support$ 9 ! air1 & mov+ 8 limbs to & fro1 )\t meet+ any ?+ tangible2 & t ( a man1 :o feel+ some?+ tangible1 leaves x1 & aft] a motion1 ( :i* he is s5sible1 p]ceives ano!r tangible object2 & ,i !n ask1 :]e9 consi/s ! diff]5ce betwixt ^! two cases8 ,no "o w make any scruple to affirm1 t x consi/s me]ly 9 ! p]ceiv+ ^? objects1 & t ! s5sation1 :i* arises f ! motion1 is 9 bo? cases ! same3 ,& z t s5sation is n capable ( convey+ to u an idea ( ext5sion1 :5 unaccompany$ ) "s o!r p]ception1 x c no m give u t idea1 :5 mix$ ) ! impressions ( tangible objects2 s9ce t mixture produces no alt]ation ^u x4 ,b ?\gh motion & d>kness1 ei!r alone1 or att5d$ ) tangible & visible objects1 convey no idea ( a vacuum or ext5sion )\t matt]1 yet !y are ! causes :y we falsly imag9e we c =m su* an idea4 ,= !re is a close relation betwixt t motion & d>kness1 & a real ext5sion1 or composition ( visible & tangible objects4 ,fir/1 ,we may obs]ve1 t two visible objects appe>+ 9 ! mid/ ( utt] d>kness1 affect ! s5ses 9 ! same mann]1 & =m ! same angle by ! rays1 :i* fl[ f !m1 & meet 9 ! eye1 z if ! di/ance betwixt !m 7 f9d ) visible objects1 t give u a true idea ( ext5sion4 ,! s5sation ( motion is likewise ! same1 :5 !re is no?+ tangible int]pos$ betwixt two bodies1 z :5 we feel a comp\nd$ body1 ^: diff]5t p>ts are plac$ beyond ea* o!r4 ,secondly1 ,we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t two bodies1 :i* are s plac$ z to affect ! s5ses 9 ! same mann] ) two o!rs1 t h a c]ta9 ext5t ( visible objects int]pos$ betwixt !m1 are capable ( receiv+ ! same ext5t1 )\t any s5sible impulse or p5etration1 & )\t any *ange on t angle1 "u :i* !y appe> to ! s5ses4 ,9 l mann]1 :]e !re is "o object1 :i* we _c feel aft] ano!r )\t an int]val1 & ! p]ceiv+ ( t s5sation we call motion 9 our h& or organ ( s5sation2 exp]i5ce %ews u1 t x is possible ! same object may be felt ) ! same s5sation ( motion1 along ) ! int]pos$ impression ( solid & tangible objects1 att5d+ ! s5sation4 ,t is1 9 o!r words1 an invisible & intangible di/ance may be conv]t$ into a visible & tangible "o1 )\t any *ange on ! di/ant objects4 ,?irdly1 ,we may obs]ve1 z ano!r relation betwixt ^! two k9ds ( di/ance1 t !y h ne>ly ! same effects on e natural phnom5on4 ,= z all qualities1 su* z heat1 cold1 light1 attraction1 c4 dim9i% 9 proportion to ! di/ance2 !re is b little diff]5ce obs]v$1 :e!r ?is di/ance be m>l$ out by comp\nd$ & s5sible objects1 or be kn[n only by ! mann]1 9 :i* ! di/ant objects affect ! s5ses4 ,"h !n are ?ree relations betwixt t di/ance1 :i* conveys ! idea ( ext5sion1 & t o!r1 :i* is n fill$ ) any col\r$ or solid object4 ,! di/ant objects affect ! s5ses 9 ! same mann]1 :e!r sep>at$ by ! "o di/ance or ! o!r2 ! second species ( di/ance is f\nd capable ( receiv+ ! fir/2 & !y bo? equally dim9i% ! =ce ( e quality4 ,^! relations betwixt ! two k9ds ( di/ance w af=d u an easy reason1 :y ! "o has s (t5 be5 tak5 = ! o!r1 & :y we imag9e we h an idea ( ext5sion )\t ! idea ( any object ei!r ( ! sight or feel+4 ,= we may e/abli% x z a g5]al maxim 9 ?is sci5ce ( human nature1 t :]ev] !re is a close relation betwixt two ideas1 ! m9d is v apt to mi/ake !m1 & 9 all its disc\rses & reason+s to use ! "o = ! o!r4 ,?is phnom5on occurs on s _m occasions1 & is ( su* consequ5ce1 t ,i _c =be> /opp+ a mom5t to exam9e its causes4 ,i %all only premise1 t we mu/ di/+ui% exactly betwixt ! phnom5on itself1 & ! causes1 :i* ,i %all assign = x2 & mu/ n imag9e f any unc]ta9ty 9 ! latt]1 t ! =m] is also unc]ta94 ,! phnom5on may be real1 ?\gh my explication be *im]ical4 ,! fal%ood ( ! "o is no consequ5ce ( t ( ! o!r2 ?\gh at ! same "t we may obs]ve1 t x is v natural = u to draw su* a consequ5ce2 :i* is an evid5t in/ance ( t v pr9ciple1 :i* ,i endeav\r to expla94 ,:5 ,i receiv$ ! relations ( resemblance1 contiguity & causation1 z pr9ciples ( union among ideas1 )\t exam9+ into _! causes1 x 0 m 9 prosecution ( my fir/ maxim1 t we mu/ 9 ! end re/ cont5t$ ) exp]i5ce1 ?an = want ( some?+ speci\s & plausible1 :i* ,i might h display$ on t subject4 ,x w\ld h be5 easy to h made an imag9>y dissection ( ! bra91 & h %ewn1 :y ^u our conception ( any idea1 ! animal spirits run into all ! contigu\s traces1 & r\ze up ! o!r ideas1 t are relat$ to x4 ,b ?\gh ,i h neglect$ any advantage1 :i* ,i might h drawn f ?is topic 9 expla9+ ! relations ( ideas1 ,i am afraid ,i mu/ "h h rec\rse to x1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! mi/akes t arise f ^! relations4 ,i %all !re=e obs]ve1 t z ! m9d is end[$ ) a p[] ( excit+ any idea x pleases2 :5ev] x dispat*es ! spirits into t region ( ! bra91 9 :i* ! idea is plac$2 ^! spirits always excite ! idea1 :5 !y run precisely into ! prop] traces1 & rummage t cell1 :i* belongs to ! idea4 ,b z _! motion is seldom direct1 & naturally turns a little to ! "o side or ! o!r2 = ?is reason ! animal spirits1 fall+ into ! contigu\s traces1 pres5t o!r relat$ ideas 9 lieu ( t1 :i* ! m9d desir$ at fir/ to survey4 ,?is *ange we are n always s5sible (2 b cont9u+ /ill ! same tra9 ( ?\ght1 make use ( ! relat$ idea1 :i* is pres5t$ to u1 & employ x 9 our reason+1 z if x 7 ! same ) :at we dem&$4 ,?is is ! cause ( _m mi/akes & sophisms 9 philosophy2 z w naturally be imag9$1 & z x w\ld be easy to %[1 if !re 0 occasion4 ,( ! ?ree relations above-m5tion$ t ( resemblance is ! mo/ f]tile s\rce ( error2 & inde$ !re are few mi/akes 9 reason+1 :i* d n borr[ l>gely f t orig94 ,resembl+ ideas are n only relat$ toge!r1 b ! actions ( ! m9d1 :i* we employ 9 consid]+ !m1 are s little diff]5t1 t we are n able to di/+ui% !m4 ,?is la/ circum/ance is ( great consequ5ce1 & we may 9 g5]al obs]ve1 t :]ev] ! actions ( ! m9d 9 =m+ any two ideas are ! same or resembl+1 we are v apt to conf\nd ^! ideas1 & take ! "o = ! o!r4 ,( ?is we %all see _m in/ances 9 ! progress ( ?is treatise4 ,b ?\gh resemblance be ! relation1 :i* mo/ readily produces a mi/ake 9 ideas1 yet ! o!rs ( causation & contiguity may also concur 9 ! same influ5ce4 ,we might produce ! figures ( poets & orators1 z suffici5t pro(s ( ?is1 7 x z usual1 z x is reasonable1 9 metaphysical subjects to draw our argum5ts f t qu>t]4 ,b le/ metaphysicians %\ld e/eem ?is bel[ _! dignity1 ,i %all borr[ a pro( f an obs]vation1 :i* may be made on mo/ ( _! own disc\rses1 viz4 t x is usual = m5 to use words = ideas1 & to talk in/ead ( ?9k+ 9 _! reason+s4 ,we use words = ideas1 because !y are commonly s closely connect$ t ! m9d easily mi/akes !m4 ,& ?is likewise is ! reason1 :y we sub/itute ! idea ( a di/ance1 :i* is n consid]$ ei!r z visible or tangible1 9 ! room ( ext5sion1 :i* is no?+ b a composition ( visible or tangible po9ts dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,9 caus+ ?is mi/ake !re concur bo? ! relations ( causation & resemblance4 ,z ! fir/ species ( di/ance is f\nd to be conv]tible into ! second1 x is 9 ?is respect a k9d ( cause2 & ! simil>ity ( _! mann] ( affect+ ! s5ses1 & dim9i%+ e quality1 =ms ! relation ( resemblance4 ,aft] ?is *a9 ( reason+ & explication ( my pr9ciples1 ,i am n[ prep>$ to answ] all ! objections t h be5 (f]$1 :e!r d]iv$ f metaphysics or me*anics4 ,! frequ5t disputes conc]n+ a vacuum1 or ext5sion )\t matt] prove n ! reality ( ! idea1 ^u :i* ! dispute turns2 !re be+ no?+ m common1 ?an to see m5 deceive !mselves 9 ?is p>ticul>2 especially :5 by means ( any close relation1 !re is ano!r idea pres5t$1 :i* may be ! occasion ( _! mi/ake4 ,we may make almo/ ! same answ] to ! second objection1 d]iv$ f ! conjunction ( ! ideas ( re/ & annihilation4 ,:5 e ?+ is annihilat$ 9 ! *amb]1 & ! walls cont9ue immoveable1 ! *amb] mu/ be conceiv$ mu* 9 ! same mann] z at pres5t1 :5 ! air t fills x1 is n an object ( ! s5ses4 ,?is annihilation leaves to ! eye1 t fictiti\s di/ance1 :i* is discov]$ by ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! organ1 t are affect$1 & by ! degrees ( light & %ade2--& to ! feel+1 t :i* consi/s 9 a s5sation ( motion 9 ! h&1 or o!r memb] ( ! body4 ,9 va9 %\ld we4 se>* any f>!r4 ,on :i*ev] side we turn ?is subject1 we %all f9d t ^! are ! only impressions su* an object c produce aft] ! suppos$ annihilation2 & x has already be5 rem>k$1 t impressions c give rise to no ideas1 b to su* z resemble !m4 ,s9ce a body int]pos$ betwixt two o!rs may be suppos$ to be annihilat$1 )\t produc+ any *ange ^u su* z lie on ea* h& ( x1 x is easily conceiv$1 h[ x may be creat$ anew1 & yet produce z little alt]ation4 ,n[ ! motion ( a body has mu* ! same effect z its creation4 ,! di/ant bodies are no m affect$ 9 ! "o case1 ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,?is suffices to satisfy ! imag9ation1 & proves !re is no repugnance 9 su* a motion4 ,aft]w>ds exp]i5ce comes 9 play to p]suade u t two bodies1 situat$ 9 ! mann] above-describ$1 h really su* a capacity ( receiv+ body betwixt !m1 & t !re is no ob/acle to ! conv]sion ( ! invisible & intangible di/ance into "o t is visible & tangible4 ,h[ev] natural t conv]sion may seem1 we _c be sure x is practicable1 be=e we h _h exp]i5ce ( x4 ,?us ,i seem to h answ]$ ! ?ree objections above-m5tion$2 ?\gh at ! same "t ,i am s5sible1 t few w be satisfy$ ) ^! answ]s1 b w imm$iately propose new objections & difficulties4 ,x w probably be said1 t my reason+ makes no?+ to ! matt] 9 h&s & t ,i expla9 only ! mann] 9 :i* objects affect ! s5ses1 )\t endeav\r+ to acc\nt = _! real nature & op]ations4 ,?\gh !re be no?+ visible or tangible int]pos$ betwixt two bodies1 yet we f9d ,,by ,,exp]i5ce1 t ! bodies may be plac$ 9 ! same mann]1 ) reg>d to ! eye1 & require ! same motion ( ! h& 9 pass+ f "o to ! o!r1 z if divid$ by some?+ visible & tangible4 ,?is invisible & intangible di/ance is also f\nd by exp]i5ce to conta9 a capacity ( receiv+ body1 or ( becom+ visible & tangible4 ,"h is ! :ole ( my sy/em2 & 9 no "p ( x h ,i endeav\r$ to expla9 ! cause1 :i* sep>ates bodies aft] ?is mann]1 & gives !m a capacity ( receiv+ o!rs betwixt !m1 )\t any impulse or p5etration4 ,i answ] ?is objection1 by plead+ guilty1 & by confess+ t my int5tion nev] 0 to p5etrate into ! nature ( bodies1 or expla9 ! secret causes ( _! op]ations4 ,= besides t ?is belongs n to my pres5t purpose1 ,i am afraid1 t su* an ent]prise is beyond ! rea* ( human und]/&+1 & t we c nev] pret5d to "k body o!rwise ?an by ^? ext]nal prop]ties1 :i* discov] !mselves to ! s5ses4 ,z to ^? :o attempt any ?+ f>!r1 ,i _c approve ( _! ambition1 till ,i see1 9 "s "o in/ance at lea/1 t !y h met ) success4 ,b at pres5t ,i cont5t myself ) kn[+ p]fectly ! mann] 9 :i* objects affect my s5ses1 & _! connections ) ea* o!r1 z f> z exp]i5ce in=ms me ( !m4 ,?is suffices = ! conduct ( life2 & ?is also suffices = my philosophy1 :i* pret5ds only to expla9 ! nature & causes ( our p]ceptions1 or impressions & ideas4#f #f ,z long z we conf9e our speculations to ! appe>ances ( objects to our s5ses1 )\t ent]+ into disquisitions conc]n+ _! real nature & op]ations1 we are safe f all difficulties1 & c nev] be emb>rass$ by any "q4 ,?us1 if x be ask$1 if ! invisible & intangible di/ance1 int]pos$ betwixt two objects1 be some?+ or no?+3 ,x is easy to answ]1 t x is ,,some?+1 ,,viz4 a prop]ty ( ! objects1 :i* affect ! ,,s5ses aft] su* a p>ticul> mann]4 ,if x be ask$ :e!r two objects1 hav+ su* a di/ance betwixt !m1 t\* or n3 x may be answ]$1 t ?is dep5ds ^u ! def9ition ( ! ^w1 ,,t\*4 ,if objects be said to t\*1 :5 !re is no?+ ,,s5sible int]pos$ betwixt !m1 ^! objects t\*3 x objects be said to t\*1 :5 _! ,,images /rike contigu\s p>ts ( ! eye1 & :5 ! h& ,,feels bo? objects successively1 )\t any int]pos$ motion1 ^! objects d n t\*4 ,! appe>ances ( objects to our s5ses are all consi/5t2 & no difficulties c ev] arise1 b f ! obscurity ( ! t]ms we make use (4 ,if we c>ry our enquiry beyond ! appe>ances ( objects to ! s5ses1 ,i am afraid1 t mo/ ( our conclusions w be full ( scepticism & unc]ta9ty4 ,?us if x be ask$1 :e!r or n ! invisible & intangible di/ance be always full ( body1 or ( some?+ t by an improvem5t ( our organs might become visible or tangible1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge1 t ,i f9d no v decisive argum5ts on ei!r side2 ?\gh ,i am incl9$ to ! contr>y op9ion1 z be+ m suitable to vulg> & popul> notions4 ,if ,,! ,,newtonian philosophy be rightly und]/ood1 x w be f\nd to mean no m4 ,a vacuum is ass]t$3 ,t is1 bodies are said to be plac$ aft] su* a mann]1 is to receive bodies betwixt !m1 )\t impulsion or p5etration4 ,! real nature ( ?is position ( bodies is unkn[n4 ,we are only acqua9t$ ) its effects on ! s5ses1 & its p[] ( receiv+ body4 ,no?+ is m suitable to t philosophy1 ?an a mode/ scepticism to a c]ta9 degree1 & a fair confession ( ignorance 9 subjects1 t exce$ all human capacity4 ,i %all conclude ?is subject ( ext5sion ) a p>adox1 :i* w easily be expla9$ f ! =ego+ reason+4 ,?is p>adox is1 t if y are pleas$ to give to ! 9-visible & intangible di/ance1 or 9 o!r words1 to ! capacity ( becom+ a visible & tangible di/ance1 ! "n ( a vacuum1 ext5sion & matt] are ! same1 & yet !re is a vacuum4 ,if y w n give x t "n1 motion is possible 9 a pl5um1 )\t any impulse 9 inf9itum1 )\t return+ 9 a circle1 & )\t p5etration4 ,b h[ev] we may express ourselves1 we mu/ always confess1 t we h no idea ( any real ext5sion )\t fill+ x ) s5sible objects1 & conceiv+ its p>ts z visible or tangible4 ,z to ! doctr9e1 t "t is no?+ b ! mann]1 9 :i* "s real objects exi/2 we may obs]ve1 t x is liable to ! same objections z ! simil> doctr9e ) reg>d to ext5sion4 ,if x be a suffici5t pro(1 t we h ! idea ( a vacuum1 because we dispute & reason conc]n+ x2 we mu/ = ! same reason h ! idea ( "t )\t any *angeable exi/5ce2 s9ce !re is no subject ( dispute m frequ5t & common4 ,b t we really h no su* idea1 is c]ta94 ,= :5ce %\ld x be d]iv$8 ,does x arise f an impression ( s5sation or ( reflection8 ,po9t x out di/9ctly to u1 t we may "k its nature & qualities4 ,b if y _c po9t out any su* impression1 y may be c]ta9 y are mi/ak51 :5 y imag9e y h any su* idea4 ,b ?\gh x be impossible to %ew ! impression1 f :i* ! idea ( "t )\t a *angeable exi/5ce is d]iv$2 yet we c easily po9t out ^? appe>ances1 :i* make u fancy we h t idea4 ,= we may obs]ve1 t !re is a cont9ual succession ( p]ceptions 9 our m9d2 s t ! idea ( "t be+ = ev] pres5t ) u2 :5 we consid] a /$fa/ object at five-a-clock1 & reg>d ! same at six2 we are apt to apply to x t idea 9 ! same mann] z if e mom5t 7 di/+ui%$ by a diff]5t position1 or an alt]ation ( ! object4 ,! fir/ & second appe>ances ( ! object1 be+ comp>$ ) ! succession ( our p]ceptions1 seem equally remov$ z if ! object _h really *ang$4 ,to :i* we may add1 :at exp]i5ce %ews u1 t ! object 0 susceptible ( su* a numb] ( *anges betwixt ^! appe>ances2 z also t ! un*angeable or r fictiti\s duration has ! same effect ^u e quality1 by encreas+ or dim9i%+ x1 z t succession1 :i* is obvi\s to ! s5ses4 ,f ^! ?ree relations we are apt to conf\nd our ideas1 & imag9e we c =m ! idea ( a "t & duration1 )\t any *ange or succession4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,exi/5ce1 ,,& ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,exi/5ce4 ,x may n be amiss1 be=e we leave ?is subject1 to expla9 ! ideas ( exi/5ce & ( ext]nal exi/5ce2 :i* h _! difficulties1 z well z ! ideas ( space & "t4 ,by ?is means we %all be ! bett] prep>$ = ! exam9ation ( k & probability1 :5 we und]/& p]fectly all ^? p>ticul> ideas1 :i* may ent] into our reason+4 ,!re is no impression nor idea ( any k9d1 ( :i* we h any consci\sness or memory1 t is n conceiv$ z exi/5t2 & x is evid5t1 t f ?is consci\sness ! mo/ p]fect idea & assurance ( be+ is d]iv$4 ,f h5ce we may =m a dilemma1 ! mo/ cle> & conclusive t c be imag9$1 viz4 t s9ce we nev] rememb] any idea or impression )\t attribut+ exi/5ce to x1 ! idea ( exi/5ce mu/ ei!r be d]iv$ f a di/9ct impression1 conjo9$ ) e p]ception or object ( our ?\ght1 or mu/ be ! v same ) ! idea ( ! p]ception or object4 ,z ?is dilemma is an evid5t consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciple1 t e idea arises f a simil> impression1 s our decision betwixt ! propositions ( ! dilemma is no m d\btful4 ,s f> f !re be+ any di/9ct impression1 att5d+ e impression & e idea1 t ,i d n ?9k !re are any two di/9ct impressions1 :i* are insep>ably conjo9$4 ,?\gh c]ta9 s5sations may at "o "t be unit$1 we quickly f9d !y admit ( a sep>ation1 & may be pres5t$ ap>t4 ,& ?us1 ?\gh e impression & idea we rememb] be consid]$ z exi/5t1 ! idea ( exi/5ce is n d]iv$ f any p>ticul> impression4 ,! idea ( exi/5ce1 !n1 is ! v same ) ! idea ( :at we conceive to be exi/5t4 ,to reflect on any ?+ simply1 & to reflect on x z exi/5t1 are no?+ diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,t idea1 :5 conjo9$ ) ! idea ( any object1 makes no addition to x4 ,:atev] we conceive1 we conceive to be exi/5t4 ,any idea we please to =m is ! idea ( a be+2 & ! idea ( a be+ is any idea we please to =m4 ,:oev] opposes ?is1 mu/ necess>ily po9t out t di/9ct impression1 f :i* ! idea ( entity is d]iv$1 & mu/ prove1 t ?is impression is insep>able f e p]ception we believe to be exi/5t4 ,?is we may )\t hesitation conclude to be impossible4 ,our =ego+ reason+#g conc]n+ ! di/9ction ( ideas )\t any real diff]5ce w n "h s]ve u 9 any /ead4 ,t k9d ( di/9ction is f\nd$ on ! diff]5t resemblances1 :i* ! same simple idea may h to sev]al diff]5t ideas4 ,b no object c be pres5t$ resembl+ "s object ) respect to its exi/5ce1 & diff]5t f o!rs 9 ! same p>ticul>2 s9ce e object1 t is pres5t$1 mu/ necess>ily be exi/5t4 #g ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 #g4 ,a l reason+ w acc\nt = ! idea ( ext]nal exi/5ce4 ,we may obs]ve1 t x is univ]sally all[$ by philosoph]s1 & is besides pretty obvi\s ( itself1 t no?+ is ev] really pres5t ) ! m9d b its p]ceptions or impressions & ideas1 & t ext]nal objects become kn[n to u only by ^? p]ceptions !y occasion4 ,to hate1 to love1 to ?9k1 to feel1 to see2 all ?is is no?+ b to p]ceive4 ,n[ s9ce no?+ is ev] pres5t to ! m9d b p]ceptions1 & s9ce all ideas are d]iv$ f some?+ antec$5tly pres5t to ! m9d2 x foll[s1 t x is impossible = u s mu* z to conceive or =m an idea ( any ?+ specifically diff]5t f ideas & impressions4 ,let u fix our att5tion out ( ourselves z mu* z possible3 ,let u *ase our imag9ation to ! heav5s1 or to ! utmo/ limits ( ! univ]se2 we nev] really advance a /ep beyond ourselves1 nor c conceive any k9d ( exi/5ce1 b ^? p]ceptions1 :i* h appe>$ 9 t n>r[ compass4 ,?is is ! univ]se ( ! imag9ation1 nor h we any idea b :at is !re produc$4 ,! f>!/ we c g t[>ds a conception ( ext]nal objects1 :5 suppos$ ,,specifically diff]5t f our p]ceptions1 is to =m a relative idea ( !m1 )\t pret5d+ to compreh5d ! relat$ objects4 ,g5]ally speak+ we d n suppose !m specifically diff]5t2 b only attribute to !m diff]5t relations1 connections & durations4 ,b ( ?is m fully h]eaft]4#h #h ,"p ,,iv1 ,sect4 #b4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,k ,,& ,,probability4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,,( ,,k4 ,!re are sev5#a diff]5t k9ds ( philosophical relation1 viz4 ,,resemblance1 ,,id5tity1 ,,relations ,,( ,,"t ,,& ,,place1 ,,proportion ,,9 ,,quantity ,,or ,,numb]1 ,,degrees ,,9 ,,any ,,quality1 ,,contr>iety & ,,causation4 ,^! relations may be divid$ into two classes2 into su* z dep5d entirely on ! ideas1 :i* we comp>e toge!r1 & su* z may be *ang$ )\t any *ange 9 ! ideas4 ,x is f ! idea ( a triangle1 t we discov] ! relation ( equality1 :i* its ?ree angles be> to two "r ones2 & ?is relation is inv>iable1 z long z our idea rema9s ! same4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! relations ( contiguity & di/ance betwixt two objects may be *ang$ m]ely by an alt]ation ( _! place1 )\t any *ange on ! objects !mselves or on _! ideas2 & ! place dep5ds on a hundr$ diff]5t accid5ts1 :i* _c be =ese5 by ! m9d4 ,x is ! same case ) id5tity & causation4 ,two objects1 ?\gh p]fectly resembl+ ea* o!r1 & ev5 appe>+ 9 ! same place at diff]5t times1 may be num]ically diff]5t3 ,& z ! p[]1 by :i* "o object produces ano!r1 is nev] discov]able m]ely f _! idea1 x is evid5t cause & effect are relations1 ( :i* we receive in=mation f exp]i5ce1 & n f any ab/ract reason+ or reflection4 ,!re is no s+le phnom5on1 ev5 ! mo/ simple1 :i* c be acc\nt$ = f ! qualities ( ! objects1 z !y appe> to u2 or :i* we c\ld =esee )\t ! help ( our memory & exp]i5ce4 #a ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 #e4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ( ^! sev5 philosophical relations1 !re rema9 only f\r1 :i* dep5d+ solely ^u ideas1 c be ! objects ( k & c]ta9ty4 ,^! f\r are ,,resemblance1 ,,contr>iety1 ,,degrees ,,9 ,,quality1 & ,,proportions ,,9 ,,quantity ,,or ,,numb]4 ,?ree ( ^! relations are discov]able at fir/ sight1 & fall m prop]ly "u ! prov9ce ( intuition ?an demon/ration4 ,:5 any objects resemble ea* o!r1 ! resemblance w at fir/ /rike ! eye1 or r ! m9d2 & seldom requires a second exam9ation4 ,! case is ! same ) contr>iety1 & ) ! degrees ( any quality4 ,no "o c once d\bt b exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce de/roy ea* o!r1 & are p]fectly incompatible & contr>y4 ,& ?\gh x be impossible to judge exactly ( ! degrees ( any quality1 su* z col\r1 ta/e1 heat1 cold1 :5 ! diff]5ce betwixt !m is v small3 yet x is easy to decide1 t any ( !m is sup]ior or inf]ior to ano!r1 :5 _! diff]5ce is consid]able4 ,& ?is decision we always pron\nce at fir/ sight1 )\t any enquiry or reason+4 ,we might proce$1 aft] ! same mann]1 9 fix+ ! proportions ( quantity or numb]1 & might at "o view obs]ve a sup]iority or inf]iority betwixt any numb]s1 or figures2 especially :]e ! diff]5ce is v great & rem>kable4 ,z to equality or any exact proportion1 we c only guess at x f a s+le consid]ation2 except 9 v %ort numb]s1 or v limit$ portions ( ext5sion2 :i* are compreh5d$ 9 an in/ant1 & :]e we p]ceive an impossibility ( fall+ into any consid]able error4 ,9 all o!r cases we mu/ settle ! proportions ) "s lib]ty1 or proce$ 9 a m artificial mann]4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t geometry1 or ! art1 by :i* we fix ! proportions ( figures2 ?\gh x mu* excels bo? 9 univ]sality & exactness1 ! loose judgm5ts ( ! s5ses & imag9ation2 yet nev] atta9s a p]fect precision & exactness4 ,x's fir/ pr9ciples are /ill drawn f ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! objects2 & t appe>ance c nev] af=d u any security1 :5 we exam9e1 ! prodigi\s m9ut5ess ( :i* nature is susceptible4 ,our ideas seem to give a p]fect assurance1 t no two "r l9es c h a common segm5t2 b if we consid] ^! ideas1 we %all f9d1 t !y always suppose a s5sible incl9ation ( ! two l9es1 & t :]e ! angle !y =m is extremely small1 we h no /&>d ( a ,i "r l9e s precise z to assure u ( ! tru? ( ?is proposition4 ,x is ! same case ) mo/ ( ! prim>y decisions ( ! ma!matics4 ,!re rema91 !re=e1 algebra & ari?metic z ! only sci5ces1 9 :i* we c c>ry on a *a9 ( reason+ to any degree ( intricacy1 & yet pres]ve a p]fect exactness & c]ta9ty4 ,we are posse/ ( a precise /&>d1 by :i* we c judge ( ! equality & proportion ( numb]s2 & accord+ z !y correspond or n to t /&>d1 we det]m9e _! relations1 )\t any possibility ( error4 ,:5 two numb]s are s comb9$1 z t ! "o has always an unite answ]+ to e unite ( ! o!r1 we pron\nce !m equal2 & x is = want ( su* a /&>d ( equality 9 ext5sion1 t geometry c sc>ce be e/eem$ a p]fect & infallible sci5ce4 ,b "h x may n be amiss to obviate a difficulty1 :i* may arise f my ass]t+1 t ?\gh geometry falls %ort ( t p]fect precision & c]ta9ty1 :i* are peculi> to ari?metic & algebra1 yet x excels ! imp]fect judgm5ts ( our s5ses & imag9ation4 ,! reason :y ,i impute any defect to geometry1 is1 because its orig9al & fundam5tal pr9ciples are d]iv$ m]ely f appe>ances2 & x may p]haps be imag9$1 t ?is defect mu/ always att5d x1 & keep x f ev] rea*+ a great] exactness 9 ! comp>ison ( objects or ideas1 ?an :at our eye or imag9ation alone is able to atta94 ,i own t ?is defect s f> att5ds x1 z to keep x f ev] aspir+ to a full c]ta9ty3 ,b s9ce ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples dep5d on ! easie/ & lea/ deceitful appe>ances1 !y be/[ on _! consequ5ces a degree ( exactness1 ( :i* ^! consequ5ces are s+ly incapable4 ,x is impossible = ! eye to det]m9e ! angles ( a *iliagon to be equal to #aiif "r angles1 or make any conjecture1 t approa*es ?is proportion2 b :5 x det]m9es1 t "r l9es _c concur2 t we _c draw m ?an "o "r l9e betwe5 two giv5 po9ts2 x's mi/akes c nev] be ( any consequ5ce4 ,& ?is is ! nature & use ( geometry1 to run u up to su* appe>ances1 z1 by reason ( _! simplicity1 _c lead u into any consid]able error4 ,i %all "h take occasion to propose a second obs]vation conc]n+ our demon/rative reason+s1 :i* is sugge/$ by ! same subject ( ! ma!matics4 ,x is usual ) ma!maticians1 to pret5d1 t ^? ideas1 :i* are _! objects1 are ( s ref9$ & spiritual a nature1 t !y fall n "u ! conception ( ! fancy1 b mu/ be compreh5d$ by a pure & intellectual view1 ( :i* ! sup]ior faculties ( ! s\l are alone capable4 ,! same notion runs ?r\gh mo/ p>ts ( philosophy1 & is pr9cipally made use ( to expla9 o> ab/ract ideas1 & to %ew h[ we c =m an idea ( a triangle1 = in/ance1 :i* %all nei!r be an isoceles nor scal5um1 nor be conf9$ to any p>ticul> l5g? & proportion ( sides4 ,x is easy to see1 :y philosoph]s are s fond ( ?is notion ( "s spiritual & ref9$ p]ceptions2 s9ce by t means !y cov] _m ( _! absurdities1 & may refuse to submit to ! decisions ( cle> ideas1 by appeal+ to su* z are obscure & unc]ta94 ,b to de/roy ?is artifice1 we ne$ b reflect on t pr9ciple s (t insi/$ on1 t all our ideas are copy$ f our impressions4 ,= f !nce we may imm$iately conclude1 t s9ce all impressions are cle> & precise1 ! ideas1 :i* are copy$ f !m1 mu/ be ( ! same nature1 & c nev]1 b f our fault1 conta9 any ?+ s d>k & intricate4 ,an idea is by its v nature weak] & fa9t] ?an an impression2 b be+ 9 e o!r respect ! same1 _c imply any v great my/]y4 ,if its weakness r5d] x obscure1 x is our bus9ess to rem$y t defect1 z mu* z possible1 by keep+ ! idea /eady & precise2 & till we h done s1 x is 9 va9 to pret5d to reason+ & philosophy4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,probability1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,cause ,,& ,,effect4 ,?is is all ,i ?9k necess>y to obs]ve conc]n+ ^? f\r relations1 :i* are ! f\ndation ( sci5ce2 b z to ! o!r ?ree1 :i* dep5d n ^u ! idea1 & may be abs5t or pres5t ev5 :ile t rema9s ! same1 x w be prop] to expla9 !m m p>ticul>ly4 ,^! ?ree relations are id5tity1 ! situations 9 "t & place1 & causation4 ,all k9ds ( reason+ consi/ 9 no?+ b a comp>ison1 & a discov]y ( ^? relations1 ei!r con/ant or incon/ant1 :i* two or m objects be> to ea* o!r4 ,?is comp>ison we may make1 ei!r :5 bo? ! objects are pres5t to ! s5ses1 or :5 nei!r ( !m is pres5t1 or :5 only "o4 ,:5 bo? ! objects are pres5t to ! s5ses along ) ! relation1 we call ?is p]ception r ?an reason+2 nor is !re 9 ?is case any ex]cise ( ! ?\ght1 or any action1 prop]ly speak+1 b a m]e passive admission ( ! impressions ?r\gh ! organs ( s5sation4 ,accord+ to ?is way ( ?9k+1 we ought n to receive z reason+ any ( ! obs]vations we may make conc]n+ id5tity1 & ! relations ( "t & place2 s9ce 9 none ( !m ! m9d c g beyond :at is imm$iately pres5t to ! s5ses1 ei!r to discov] ! real exi/5ce or ! relations ( objects4 ,x is only causation1 :i* produces su* a connexion1 z to give u assurance f ! exi/5ce or action ( "o object1 t x 0 foll[$ or prec$$ by any o!r exi/5ce or action2 nor c ! o!r two relations be ev] made use ( 9 reason+1 except s f> z !y ei!r affect or are affect$ by x4 ,!re is no?+ 9 any objects to p]swade u1 t !y are ei!r always remote or always contigu\s2 & :5 f exp]i5ce & obs]vation we discov]1 t _! relation 9 ?is p>ticul> is inv>iable1 we1 always conclude !re is "s secret cause1 :i* sep>ates or unites !m4 ,! same reason+ ext5ds to id5tity4 ,we readily suppose an object may cont9ue individually ! same1 ?\gh sev]al times abs5t f & pres5t to ! s5ses2 & ascribe to x an id5tity1 not)/&+ ! int]ruption ( ! p]ception1 :5ev] we conclude1 t if we _h kept our eye or h& con/antly ^u x1 x w\ld h convey$ an inv>iable & un9t]rupt$ p]ception4 ,b ?is conclusion beyond ! impressions ( our s5ses c be f\nd$ only on ! connexion ( cause & effect2 nor c we o!rwise h any security1 t ! object is n *ang$ ^u u1 h[ev] mu* ! new object may resemble t :i* 0 =m]ly pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,:5ev] we discov] su* a p]fect resemblance1 we consid]1 :e!r x be common 9 t species ( objects2 :e!r possibly or probably any cause c\ld op]ate 9 produc+ ! *ange & resemblance2 & accord+ z we det]m9e conc]n+ ^! causes & effects1 we =m our judgm5t conc]n+ ! id5tity ( ! object4 ,"h !n x appe>s1 t ( ^? ?ree relations1 :i* dep5d n ^u ! m]e ideas1 ! only "o1 t c be trac$ beyond our s5ses & in=ms u ( exi/5ces & objects1 :i* we d n see or feel1 is causation4 ,?is relation1 !re=e1 we %all endeav\r to expla9 fully be=e we leave ! subject ( ! und]/&+4 ,to beg9 regul>ly1 we mu/ consid] ! idea ( causation1 & see f :at orig9 x is d]iv$4 ,x is impossible to reason ju/ly1 )\t und]/&+ p]fectly ! idea conc]n+ :i* we reason2 & x is impossible p]fectly to und]/& any idea1 )\t trac+ x up to its orig91 & exam9+ t prim>y impression1 f :i* x arises4 ,! exam9ation ( ! impression be/[s a cle>ness on ! idea2 & ! exam9ation ( ! idea be/[s a l cle>ness on all our reason+4 ,let u !re=e ca/ our eye on any two objects1 :i* we call cause & effect1 & turn !m on all sides1 9 ord] to f9d t impression1 :i* produces an idea1 ( su* prodigi\s consequ5ce4 ,at fir/ sight ,i p]ceive1 t ,i mu/ n se>* = x 9 any ( ! p>ticul> qualities ( ! objects2 s9ce :i*-ev] ( ^! qualities ,i pit* on1 ,i f9d "s object1 t is n possess$ ( x1 & yet falls "u ! d5om9ation ( cause or effect4 ,& inde$ !re is no?+ exi/5t1 ei!r ext]nally or int]nally1 :i* is n to be consid]$ ei!r z a cause or an effect2 ?\gh x is pla9 !re is no "o quality1 :i* univ]sally belongs to all be+s1 & gives !m a title to t d5om9ation4 ,! idea1 !n1 ( causation mu/ be d]iv$ f "s relation among objects2 & t relation we mu/ n[ endeav\r to discov]4 ,i f9d 9 ! fir/ place1 t :atev] objects are consid]$ z causes or effects1 are contigu\s2 & t no?+ c op]ate 9 a "t or place1 :i* is ev] s little remov$ f ^? ( its exi/5ce4 ,?\gh di/ant objects may sometimes seem productive ( ea* o!r1 !y are commonly f\nd ^u exam9ation to be l9k$ by a *a9 ( causes1 :i* are contigu\s among !mselves1 & to ! di/ant objects2 & :5 9 any p>ticul> in/ance we _c discov] ?is connexion1 we /ill presume x to exi/4 ,we may !re=e consid] ! relation ( ,,contiguity z ess5tial to t ( causation2 at lea/ may suppose x su*1 accord+ to ! g5]al op9ion1 till we c f9d a m#b prop] occasion to cle> up ?is matt]1 by exam9+ :at objects are or are n susceptible ( juxtaposition & conjunction4 #b ,"p ,,iv4 ,sect4 #e4 ,! second relation ,i %all obs]ve z ess5tial to causes & effects1 is n s univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 b is liable to "s controv]sy4 ,x is t ( ,,priority ,( "t 9 ! cause be=e ! effect4 ,"s pret5d t x is n absolutely necess>y a cause %\ld prec$e its effect2 b t any object or action1 9 ! v fir/ mom5t ( its exi/5ce1 may ex]t its productive quality1 & give rise to ano!r object or action1 p]fectly co-tempor>y ) itself4 ,b beside t exp]i5ce 9 mo/ in/ances seems to contradict ?is op9ion1 we may e/abli% ! relation ( priority by a k9d ( inf]5ce or reason+4 ,x is an e/abli%$ maxim bo? 9 natural & moral philosophy1 t an object1 :i* exi/s = any "t 9 its full p]fection )\t produc+ ano!r1 is n its sole cause2 b is assi/$ by "s o!r pr9ciple1 :i* pu%es x f its /ate ( inactivity1 & makes x ex]t t en]gy1 ( :i* x 0 secretly posse/4 ,n[ if any cause may be p]fectly co-tempor>y ) its effect1 x is c]ta91 accord+ to ?is maxim1 t !y mu/ all ( !m be s2 s9ce any "o ( !m1 :i* ret>ds its op]ation = a s+le mom5t1 ex]ts n itself at t v individual "t1 9 :i* x might h op]at$2 & !re=e is no prop] cause4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is w\ld be no less ?an ! de/ruction ( t succession ( causes1 :i* we obs]ve 9 ! _w2 & inde$1 ! utt] annihilation ( "t4 ,= if "o cause 7 co-tempor>y ) its effect1 & ?is effect ) its effect1 & s on1 x is pla9 !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z succession1 & all objects mu/ be co-exi/5t4 ,if ?is argum5t appe> satisfactory1 x is well4 ,if n1 ,i beg ! read] to all[ me ! same lib]ty1 :i* ,i h us$ 9 ! prec$+ case1 ( suppos+ x su*4 ,= he %all f9d1 t ! affair is ( no great importance4 ,hav+ ?us discov]$ or suppos$ ! two relations ( contiguity & succession to be ess5tial to causes & effects1 ,i f9d ,i am /opt %ort1 & c proce$ no f>!r 9 consid]+ any s+le in/ance ( cause & effect4 ,motion 9 "o body is reg>d$ ^u impulse z ! cause ( motion 9 ano!r4 ,:5 we consid] ^! objects ) utmo/ att5tion1 we f9d only t ! "o body approa*es ! o!r2 & t ! motion ( x prec$es t ( ! o!r1 b )\t any1 s5sible int]val4 ,x is 9 va9 to rack ourselves ) f>!r ?\ght & reflection ^u ?is subject4 ,we c g no f>!r 9 consid]+ ?is p>ticul> in/ance4 ,%\ld any "o leave ?is in/ance1 & pret5d to def9e a cause1 by say+ x is some?+ productive ( ano!r1 x is evid5t he w\ld say no?+4 ,= :at does he mean by production8 ,c he give any def9ition ( x1 t w n be ! same ) t ( causation8 ,if he c2 ,i desire x may be produc$4 ,if he _c2 he "h runs 9 a circle1 & gives a synonim\s t]m in/ead ( a def9ition4 ,%all we !n re/ cont5t$ ) ^! two relations ( contiguity & succession1 z af=d+ a complete idea ( causation8 ,by1 no means4 ,an object may be contigu\s & prior to ano!r1 )\t be+ consid]$ z its cause4 ,!re is a ,,necess>y ,,connexion to be tak5 into consid]ation2 & t relation is ( mu* great] importance1 ?an any ( ! o!r two above-m5tion$4 ,"h aga9 ,i turn ! object on all sides1 9 ord] to discov] ! nature ( ?is necess>y connexion1 & f9d ! impression1 or impressions1 f :i* its idea may be d]iv$4 ,:5 ,i ca/ my eye on ! kn[n ,qualities ( objects1 ,i imm$iately discov] t ! relation ( cause & effect dep5ds n 9 ! lea/ on !m4 ,:5 ,i consid] _! relations1 ,i c f9d none b ^? ( contiguity & succession2 :i* ,i h already reg>d$ z imp]fect & unsatisfactory4 ,%all ! despair ( success make me ass]t1 t ,i am "h posse/ ( an idea1 :i* is n prec$$ by any simil> impression8 ,?is w\ld be too /rong a pro( ( levity & incon/ancy2 s9ce ! contr>y pr9ciple has be5 already s firmly e/abli%$1 z to admit ( no f>!r d\bt2 at lea/1 till we h m fully exam9$ ! pres5t difficulty4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 proce$ l ^?1 :o be+ 9 se>* ( any ?+1 t lies conceal$ f !m1 & n f9d+ x 9 ! place !y expect$1 beat ab\t all ! neighb\r+ fields1 )\t any c]ta9 view or design1 9 hopes _! good =tune w at la/ guide !m to :at !y se>* =4 ,x is necess>y = u to leave ! direct survey ( ?is "q conc]n+ ! nature ( t necess>y connexion1 :i* ent]s into our idea ( cause & effect2 & endeav\r to f9d "s o!r que/ions1 ! exam9ation ( :i* w p]haps af=d a h9t1 t may s]ve to cle> up ! pres5t difficulty4 ,( ^! que/ions !re occur two1 :i* ,i %all proce$ to exam9e1 viz4 ,fir/1 ,= :at reason we pron\nce x necess>y1 t e ?+ ^: exi/5ce has a beg9n+1 %\ld also h a cause4 ,secondly1 ,:y we conclude1 t su* p>ticul> causes mu/ necess>ily h su* p>ticul> effects2 & :at is ! nature ( t inf]5ce we draw f ! "o to ! o!r1 & ( ! belief we repose 9 x8 ,i %all only obs]ve be=e ,i proce$ any f>!r1 t ?\gh ! ideas ( cause & effect be d]iv$ f ! impressions ( reflection z well z f ^? ( s5sation1 yet = brevity's sake1 ,i commonly m5tion only ! latt] z ! orig9 ( ^! ideas2 ?\gh ,i desire t :atev] ,i say ( !m may also ext5d to ! =m]4 ,passions are connect$ ) _! objects & ) "o ano!r2 no less ?an ext]nal bodies are connect$ toge!r4 ,! same relation1 !n1 ( cause & effect1 :i* belongs to "o1 mu/ be common to all ( !m4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,,:y ,a ,,cause ,,is ,,always ,,necess>y4 ,to beg9 ) ! fir/ "q conc]n+ ! necessity ( a cause3 ,x is a g5]al maxim 9 philosophy1 t :atev] beg9s to exi/1 mu/ h a cause ( exi/5ce4 ,?is is commonly tak5 = grant$ 9 all reason+s1 )\t any pro( giv5 or dem&$4 ,x is suppos$ to be f\nd$ on intuition1 & to be "o ( ^? maxims1 :i* ?\gh !y may be d5y$ ) ! lips1 x is impossible = m5 9 _! he>ts really to d\bt (4 ,b if we exam9e ?is maxim by ! idea ( k above-expla9$1 we %all discov] 9 x no m>k ( any su* intuitive c]ta9ty2 b on ! contr>y %all f9d1 t x is ( a nature q =eign to t species ( conviction4 ,all c]ta9ty arises f ! comp>ison ( ideas1 & f ! discov]y ( su* relations z are unalt]able1 s long z ! ideas cont9ue ! same4 ,^! relations are ,,resemblance1 ,,proportions ,,9 ,,quantity ,,& ,,numb]1 ,,degrees ,,( ,,any ,,quality1 & ,,contr>iety2 none ( :i* are imply$ 9 ?is proposition1 ,:atev] has a beg9n+ has also a cause ( exi/5ce4 ,t proposition !re=e is n intuitively c]ta94 ,at lea/ any "o1 :o w\ld ass]t x to be intuitively c]ta91 mu/ d5y ^! to be ! only infallible relations1 & mu/ f9d "s o!r relation ( t k9d to be imply$ 9 x2 :i* x w !n be "t en\gh to exam9e4 ,b "h is an argum5t1 :i* proves at once1 t ! =ego+ proposition is nei!r intuitively nor demon/rably c]ta94 ,we c nev] demon/rate ! necessity ( a cause to e new exi/5ce1 or new modification ( exi/5ce1 )\t %ew+ at ! same "t ! impossibility !re is1 t any ?+ c ev] beg9 to exi/ )\t "s productive pr9ciple2 & :]e ! latt] proposition _c be prov$1 we mu/ despair ( ev] be+ able to prove ! =m]4 ,n[ t ! latt] proposition is utt]ly incapable ( a demon/rative pro(1 we may satisfy ourselves by consid]+ t z all di/9ct ideas are sep>able f ea* o!r1 & z ! ideas ( cause & effect are evid5tly di/9ct1 x w be easy = u to conceive any object to be non-exi/5t ?is mom5t1 & exi/5t ! next1 )\t conjo9+ to x ! di/9ct idea ( a cause or productive pr9ciple4 ,! sep>ation1 !re=e1 ( ! idea ( a cause f t ( a beg9n+ ( exi/5ce1 is pla9ly possible = ! imag9ation2 & consequ5tly ! actual sep>ation ( ^! objects is s f> possible1 t x implies no contradiction nor absurdity2 & is !re=e incapable ( be+ refut$ by any reason+ f m]e ideas2 )\t :i* x is impossible to demon/rate ! necessity ( a cause4 ,accord+ly we %all f9d ^u exam9ation1 t e demon/ration1 :i* has be5 produc$ = ! necessity ( a cause1 is fallaci\s & sophi/ical4 ,all ! po9ts ( "t & place1 say "s philosoph]s1#c 9 :i* we c suppose any object to beg9 to exi/1 are 9 !mselves equal2 & unless !re be "s cause1 :i* is peculi> to "o "t & to "o place1 & :i* by t means det]m9es & fixes ! exi/5ce1 x mu/ rema9 9 et]nal susp5ce2 & ! object c nev] beg9 to be1 = want ( some?+ to fix its beg9n+4 ,b ,i ask2 ,is !re any m difficulty 9 suppos+ ! "t & place to be fix$ )\t a cause1 ?an to suppose ! exi/5ce to be det]m9$ 9 t mann]8 ,! fir/ "q t occurs on ?is subject is always1 :e!r ! object %all exi/ or n3 ,! next1 :5 & :]e x %all beg9 to exi/4 ,if ! removal ( a cause be intuitively absurd 9 ! "o case1 x mu/ be s 9 ! o!r3 ,& if t absurdity be n cle> )\t a pro( 9 ! "o case1 x w equally require "o 9 ! o!r4 ,! absurdity1 !n1 ( ! "o supposition c nev] be a pro( ( t ( ! o!r2 s9ce !y are bo? ^u ! same foot+1 & mu/ /& or fall by ! same reason+4 #c ,mr4 ,hobbes4 ,! second argum5t1#d :i* ,i f9d us$ on ?is head1 lab\rs "u an equal difficulty4 ,e ?+1 x is said1 mu/ h a cause2 = if any ?+ want$ a cause1 x w\ld produce ,,itself2 t is1 exi/ be=e x exi/$2 :i* is impossible4 ,b ?is reason+ is pla9ly unconclusive2 because x supposes1 t 9 our d5ial ( a cause we /ill grant :at we expressly d5y1 viz4 t !re mu/ be a cause2 :i* !re=e is tak5 to be ! object itself2 & t1 no d\bt1 is an evid5t contradiction4 ,b to say t any ?+ is produc$1 or to express myself m prop]ly1 comes into exi/5ce1 )\t a cause1 is n to affirm1 t x is itself its own cause2 b on ! contr>y 9 exclud+ all ext]nal causes1 excludes a =tiori ! ?+ itself1 :i* is creat$4 ,an object1 t exi/s absolutely )\t any cause1 c]ta9ly is n its own cause2 & :5 y ass]t1 t ! "o foll[s f ! o!r1 y suppose ! v po9t 9 que/ions & take x = grant$1 t x is utt]ly impossible any ?+ c ev] beg9 to exi/ )\t a cause1 b t1 ^u ! exclusion ( "o productive pr9ciple1 we mu/ /ill h rec\rse to ano!r4 #d ,dr4 ,cl>ke & o!rs4 ,x is exactly ! same case ) ! ?ird argum5t1#e :i* has be5 employ$ to demon/rate ! necessity ( a cause4 ,:atev] is produc$ )\t any cause1 is produc$ by no?+2 or 9 o!r words1 has no?+ = its cause4 ,b no?+ c nev] be a cause1 no m ?an x c be some?+1 or equal to two "r angles4 ,by ! same intuition1 t we p]ceive no?+ n to be equal to two "r angles1 or n to be some?+1 we p]ceive1 t x c nev] be a cause2 & consequ5tly mu/ p]ceive1 t e object has a real cause ( its exi/5ce4 #e ,mr4 ,locke4 ,i believe x w n be necess>y to employ _m words 9 %ew+ ! weakness ( ?is argum5t1 aft] :at ,i h said ( ! =ego+4 ,!y are all ( !m f\nd$ on ! same fallacy1 & are d]iv$ f ! same turn ( ?\ght4 ,x is suffici5t only to obs]ve1 t :5 we exclude all causes we really d exclude !m1 & nei!r suppose no?+ nor ! object itself to be ! causes ( ! exi/5ce2 & consequ5tly c draw no argum5t f ! absurdity ( ^! suppositions to prove ! absurdity ( t exclusion4 ,if e ?+ mu/ h a cause1 x foll[s1 t ^u ! exclusion ( o!r causes we mu/ accept ( ! object itself or ( no?+ z causes4 ,b x is ! v po9t 9 "q1 :e!r e ?+ mu/ h a cause or n2 & !re=e1 accord+ to all j reason+1 x ought nev] to be tak5 = grant$4 ,!y are /ill m frivol\s1 :o say1 t e effect mu/ h a cause1 because x is imply$ 9 ! v idea ( effect4 ,e effect necess>ily pre-supposes a cause2 effect be+ a relative t]m1 ( :i* cause is ! correlative4 ,b ?is does n prove1 t e be+ mu/ be prec$$ by a cause2 no m ?an x foll[s1 because e husb& mu/ h a wife1 t !re=e e man mu/ be m>ry$4 ,! true /ate ( ! "q is1 :e!r e object1 :i* beg9s to exi/1 mu/ owe its exi/5ce to a cause3 & ?is ,i ass]t nei!r to be intuitively nor demon/ratively c]ta91 & hope to h prov$ x suffici5tly by ! =ego+ argum5ts4 ,s9ce x is n f k or any sci5tific reason+1 t we d]ive ! op9ion ( ! necessity ( a cause to e new production1 t op9ion mu/ necess>ily arise f obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,! next "q1 !n1 %\ld naturally be1 h[ exp]i5ce gives rise to su* a pr9ciple8 ,b z ,i f9d x w be m conv5i5t to s9k ?is "q 9 ! foll[+1 ,:y we conclude1 t su* p>ticul> causes mu/ necess>ily h su* p>ticul> erects1 & :y we =m an inf]5ce f "o to ano!r8 we %all make t ! subject ( our future enquiry4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be f\nd 9 ! end1 t ! same answ] w s]ve = bo? que/ions4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,compon5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,our ,,reason+s ,,conc]n+ ,,cause ,,& ,,effect4 ,?\gh ! m9d 9 its reason+s f causes or effects c>ries its view beyond ^? objects1 :i* x sees or rememb]s1 x mu/ nev] lose sight ( !m entirely1 nor reason m]ely ^u its own ideas1 )\t "s mixture ( impressions1 or at lea/ ( ideas ( ! memory1 :i* are equival5t to impressions4 ,:5 we inf] effects f causes1 we mu/ e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ^! causes2 :i* we h only two ways ( do+1 ei!r by an imm$iate p]ception ( our memory or s5ses1 or by an inf]5ce f o!r causes2 :i* causes aga9 we mu/ asc]ta9 9 ! same mann]1 ei!r by a pres5t impression1 or by an inf]5ce f _! causes1 & s on1 till we arrive at "s object1 :i* we see or rememb]4 ,x is impossible = u to c>ry on our inf]5ces ,,9 ,,inf9itum2 & ! only ?+1 t c /op !m1 is an impression ( ! memory or s5ses1 beyond :i* !re is no room = d\bt or enquiry4 ,to give an in/ance ( ?is1 we may *use any po9t ( hi/ory1 & consid] = :at reason we ei!r believe or reject x4 ,?us we believe t ,caes> 0 kill$ 9 ! s5ate-h\se on ! ides ( ,m>*2 & t because ?is fact is e/abli%$ on ! unanim\s te/imony ( hi/orians1 :o agree to assign ?is precise "t & place to t ev5t4 ,"h are c]ta9 *>act]s & lett]s pres5t ei!r to our memory or s5ses2 :i* *>act]s we likewise rememb] to h be5 us$ z ! signs ( c]ta9 ideas2 & ^! ideas 7 ei!r 9 ! m9ds ( su* z 7 imm$iately pres5t at t action1 & receiv$ ! ideas directly f its exi/5ce2 or !y 7 d]iv$ f ! te/imony ( o!rs1 & t aga9 f ano!r te/imony1 by a visible gradation1 x w we arrive at ^? :o 7 eyewitnesses & spectators ( ! ev5t4 ,x is obvi\s all ?is *a9 ( argum5t or connexion ( causes & effects1 is at fir/ f\nd$ on ^? *>act]s or lett]s1 :i* are se5 or rememb]$1 & t )\t ! au?ority ei!r ( ! memory or s5ses our :ole reason+ w\ld be *im]ical & )\t f\ndation4 ,e l9k ( ! *a9 w\ld 9 t case hang ^u ano!r2 b !re w\ld n be any ?+ fix$ to "o end ( x1 capable ( su/a9+ ! :ole2 & consequ5tly !re w\ld be no belief nor evid5ce4 ,& ?is actually is ! case ) all hypo!tical argum5ts1 or reason+s ^u a supposition2 !re be+ 9 !m1 nei!r any pres5t impression1 nor belief ( a real exi/5ce4 ,i ne$ n obs]ve1 t x is no j objection to ! pres5t doctr9e1 t we c reason ^u our pa/ conclusions or pr9ciples1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ^? impressions1 f :i* !y fir/ arose4 ,= ev5 suppos+ ^! impressions %\ld be entirely effac$ f ! memory1 ! conviction !y produc$ may /ill rema92 & x is equally true1 t all reason+s conc]n+ causes & effects are orig9ally d]iv$ f "s impression2 9 ! same mann]1 z ! assurance ( a demon/ration proce$s always f a comp>ison ( ideas1 ?\gh x may cont9ue aft] ! comp>ison is =got4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,impressions ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses ,,& ,,memory4 ,9 ?is k9d ( reason+1 !n1 f causation1 we employ mat]ials1 :i* are ( a mix$ & het]og5e\s nature1 & :i*1 h[ev] connect$1 are yet ess5tially diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,all our argum5ts conc]n+ causes & effects consi/ bo? ( an impression ( ! memory or1 s5ses1 & ( ! idea ( t exi/5ce1 :i* produces ! object ( ! impression1 or is produc$ by x4 ,"h !re=e we h ?ree ?+s to expla91 viz4 ,fir/1 ,! orig9al impression4 ,secondly1 ,! transition to ! idea ( ! connect$ cause or effect4 ,?irdly1 ,! nature & qualities ( t idea4 ,z to ^? impressions1 :i* arise f ! s5ses1 _! ultimate cause is1 9 my op9ion1 p]fectly inexplicable by human reason1 & x w always be impossible to decide ) c]ta9ty1 :e!r !y arise imm$iately f ! object1 or are produc$ by ! creative p[] ( ! m9d1 or are d]iv$ f ! au?or ( our be+4 ,nor is su* a "q any way mat]ial to our pres5t purpose4 ,we may draw inf]5ces f ! coh]5ce ( our p]ceptions1 :e!r !y be true or false2 :e!r !y repres5t nature ju/ly1 or be m]e illusions ( ! s5ses4 ,:5 we se>* = ! *>act]i/ic1 :i* di/+ui%es ! memory f ! imag9ation1 we mu/ imm$iately p]ceive1 t x _c lie 9 ! simple ideas x pres5ts to u2 s9ce bo? ^! faculties borr[ _! simple ideas f ! impressions1 & c nev] g beyond ^! orig9al p]ceptions4 ,^! faculties are z little di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! arrangem5t ( _! complex ideas4 ,= ?\gh x be a peculi> prop]ty ( ! memory to pres]ve ! orig9al ord] & position ( its ideas1 :ile ! imag9ation transposes & *anges !m1 z x pleases2 yet ?is diff]5ce is n suffici5t to di/+ui% !m 9 _! op]ation1 or make u "k ! "o f ! o!r2 x be+ impossible to recal ! pa/ impressions1 9 ord] to comp>e !m ) our pres5t ideas1 & see :e!r _! arrangem5t be exactly simil>4 ,s9ce !re=e ! memory1 is kn[n1 nei!r by ! ord] ( its complex ideas1 nor ! nature ( its simple ones2 x foll[s1 t ! diff]5ce betwixt x & ! imag9ation lies 9 its sup]ior =ce & vivacity4 ,a man may indulge 8 fancy 9 feign+ any pa/ sc5e ( adv5tures2 nor w\ld !re be any possibility ( di/+ui%+ ?is f a remembrance ( a l k9d1 7 n ! ideas ( ! imag9ation fa9t] & m obscure4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 t :5 two m5 h be5 engag$ 9 any sc5e ( action1 ! "o %all rememb] x mu* bett] ?an ! o!r1 & %all h all ! difficulty 9 ! _w to make 8 companion recollect x4 ,he runs ov] sev]al circum/ances 9 va92 m5tions ! "t1 ! place1 ! company1 :at 0 said1 :at 0 done on all sides2 till at la/ he hits on "s lucky circum/ance1 t revives ! :ole1 & gives 8 fri5d a p]fect memory ( e ?+4 ,"h ! p]son t =gets receives at fir/ all ! ideas f ! disc\rse ( ! o!r1 ) ! same circum/ances ( "t & place2 ?\gh he consid]s !m z m]e fictions ( ! imag9ation4 ,b z soon z ! circum/ance is m5tion$1 t t\*es ! memory1 ! v same ideas n[ appe> 9 a new light1 & h1 9 a mann]1 a diff]5t feel+ f :at !y _h be=e4 ,)\t any o!r alt]ation1 beside t ( ! feel+1 !y become imm$iately ideas ( ! memory1 & are ass5t$ to4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! imag9ation c repres5t all ! same objects t ! memory c (f] to u1 & s9ce ^? faculties are only di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5t feel+ ( ! ideas !y pres5t1 x may be prop] to consid] :at is ! nature ( t feel+4 ,& "h ,i believe e "o w readily agree ) me1 t ! ideas ( ! memory are m /rong & lively ?an ^? ( ! fancy4 ,a pa9t]1 :o int5d$ to repres5t a passion or emotion ( any k9d1 w\ld endeav\r to get a sight ( a p]son actuat$ by a l emotion1 9 ord] to enliv5 8 ideas1 & give !m a =ce & vivacity sup]ior to :at is f\nd 9 ^?1 :i* are m]e fictions ( ! imag9ation4 ,! m rec5t ?is memory is1 ! cle>] is ! idea2 & :5 aft] a long int]val he w\ld return to ! contemplation ( 8 object1 he always f9ds its idea to be mu* decay$1 if n :olly oblit]at$4 ,we are frequ5tly 9 d\bt conc]n+ ! ideas ( ! memory1 z !y become v weak & feeble2 & are at a loss to det]m9e :e!r any image proce$s f ! fancy or ! memory1 :5 x is n drawn 9 su* lively col\rs z di/+ui% t latt] faculty4 ,i ?9k1 ,i rememb] su* an ev5t1 says "o2 b am n sure4 ,a long tract ( "t has almo/ worn x out ( my memory1 & leaves me unc]ta9 :e!r or n x be ! pure (fspr+ ( my fancy4 ,& z an idea ( ! memory1 by los+ its =ce & vivacity1 may deg5]ate to su* a degree1 z to be tak5 = an idea ( ! imag9ation2 s on ! o!r h& an idea ( ! imag9ation may acquire su* a =ce & vivacity1 z to pass = an idea ( ! memory1 & c\nt]feit its effects on ! belief & judgm5t4 ,?is is not$ 9 ! case ( li>s2 :o by ! frequ5t repetition ( _! lies1 come at la/ to believe & rememb] !m1 z realities2 cu/om & habit hav+ 9 ?is case1 z 9 _m o!rs1 ! same influ5ce on ! m9d z nature1 & infix+ ! idea ) equal =ce & vig\r4 ,?us x appe>s1 t ! belief or ass5t1 :i* always att5ds ! memory & s5ses1 is no?+ b ! vivacity ( ^? p]ceptions !y pres5t2 & t ?is alone di/+ui%es !m f ! imag9ation4 ,to believe is 9 ?is case to feel an imm$iate impression ( ! s5ses1 or a repetition ( t impression 9 ! memory4 ,x is m]ely ! =ce & livel9ess ( ! p]ception1 :i* con/itutes ! fir/ act ( ! judgm5t1 & lays ! f\ndation ( t reason+1 :i* we build ^u x1 :5 we trace ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,inf]5ce ,,f ,,! ,,impression ,,to ,,! ,,idea4 ,x is easy to obs]ve1 t 9 trac+ ?is relation1 ! inf]5ce we draw f cause to effect1 is n d]iv$ m]ely f a survey ( ^! p>ticul> objects1 & f su* a p5etration into _! ess5ces z may discov] ! dep5dance ( ! "o ^u ! o!r4 ,!re is no object1 :i* implies ! exi/5ce ( any o!r if we consid] ^! objects 9 !mselves1 & nev] look beyond ! ideas :i* we =m ( !m4 ,su* an inf]5ce w\ld am\nt to k1 & w\ld imply ! absolute contradiction & impossibility ( conceiv+ any ?+ diff]5t4 ,b z all di/9ct ideas are sep>able1 x is evid5t !re c be no impossibility ( t k9d4 ,:5 we pass f a pres5t impression to ! idea ( any object1 we might possibly h sep>at$ ! idea f ! impression1 & h sub/itut$ any o!r idea 9 its room4 ,x is !re=e by ,,exp]i5ce only1 t we c inf] ! exi/5ce ( "o object f t ( ano!r4 ,! nature ( exp]i5ce is ?is4 ,we rememb] to h _h frequ5t in/ances ( ! exi/5ce ( "o species ( objects2 & also rememb]1 t ! individuals ( ano!r species ( objects h always att5d$ !m1 & h exi/$ 9 a regul> ord] ( contiguity & succession ) reg>d to !m4 ,?us we rememb]1 to h se5 t species ( object we call flame1 & to h felt t species ( s5sation we call heat4 ,we likewise call to m9d _! con/ant conjunction 9 all pa/ in/ances4 ,)\t any f>!r c]emony1 we call ! "o cause & ! o!r effect1 & inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! "o f t ( ! o!r4 ,9 all ^? in/ances1 f :i* we le>n ! conjunction ( p>ticul> causes & effects1 bo? ! causes & effects h be5 p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 & are rememb]$4 ,b 9 all cases1 :]e9 we reason conc]n+ !m1 !re is only "o p]ceiv$ or rememb]$1 & ! o!r is supply$ 9 con=mity to our pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,?us 9 advanc+ we h ins5sibly discov]$ a new relation betwixt cause & effect1 :5 we lea/ expect$ x1 & 7 entirely employ$ ^u ano!r subject4 ,?is relation is _! ,,con/ant ,,conjunction4 ,contiguity & succession are n suffici5t to make u pron\nce any two objects to be cause & effect1 unless we p]ceive1 t ^! two relations are pres]v$ 9 sev]al in/ances4 ,we may n[ see ! advantage ( quitt+ ! direct survey ( ?is relation1 9 ord] to discov] ! nature ( t necess>y connexion1 :i* makes s ess5tial a "p ( x4 ,!re are hopes1 t by ?is means we may at la/ arrive at our propos$ end2 ?\gh to tell ! tru?1 ?is new-discov]$ relation ( a con/ant conjunction seems to advance u b v little 9 our way4 ,= x implies no m ?an ?is1 t l objects h always be5 plac$ 9 l relations ( contiguity & succession2 & x seems evid5t1 at lea/ at fir/ sight1 t by ?is means we c nev] discov] any new idea1 & c only multiply1 b n enl>ge ! objects ( our m9d4 ,x may be ?\ght1 t :at we le>n n f "o object1 we c nev] le>n f a hundr$1 :i* are all ( ! same k9d1 & are p]fectly resembl+ 9 e circum/ance4 ,z our s5ses %ew u 9 "o in/ance two bodies1 or motions1 or qualities 9 c]ta9 relations ( success & contiguity2 s our memory pres5ts u only ) a multitude ( in/ances1 :]e9 we always f9d l bodies1 motions1 or qualities 9 l relations4 ,f ! m]e repetition ( any pa/ impression1 ev5 to inf9ity1 !re nev] w arise any new orig9al idea1 su* z t ( a necess>y connexion2 & ! numb] ( impressions has 9 ?is case no m effect ?an if we conf9$ ourselves to "o only4 ,b ?\gh ?is reason+ seems j & obvi\s2 yet z x w\ld be folly to despair too soon1 we %all cont9ue ! ?read ( our disc\rse2 & hav+ f\nd1 t aft] ! discov]y ( ! con/ant conjunction ( any objects1 we always draw an inf]5ce f "o object to ano!r1 we %all n[ exam9e ! nature ( t inf]5ce1 & ( ! transition f ! impression to ! idea4 ,p]haps x w appe> 9 ! end1 t ! necess>y connexion dep5ds on ! inf]5ce1 in/ead ( ! inf]5ce's dep5d+ on ! necess>y connexion4 ,s9ce x appe>s1 t ! transition f an impression pres5t to ! memory or s5ses to ! idea ( an object1 :i* we call cause or effect1 is f\nd$ on pa/ exp]i5ce1 & on our remembrance ( _! con/ant conjunction1 ! next "q is1 ,:e!r exp]i5ce produces ! idea by means ( ! und]/&+ or imag9ation2 :e!r we are det]m9$ by reason to make ! transition1 or by a c]ta9 association & relation ( p]ceptions4 ,if reason det]m9$ u1 x w\ld proce$ ^u t pr9ciple1 t in/ances1 ( :i* we h _h no exp]i5ce1 mu/ resemble ^?1 ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce1 & t ! c\rse ( nature cont9ues always uni=mly ! same4 ,9 ord] !re=e to cle> up ?is matt]1 let u consid] all ! argum5ts1 ^u :i* su* a proposition may be suppos$ to be f\nd$2 & z ^! mu/ be d]iv$ ei!r f k or probability1 let u ca/ our eye on ea* ( ^! degrees ( evid5ce1 & see :e!r !y af=d any j conclusion ( ?is nature4 ,our =ego+ me?od ( reason+ w easily conv9ce u1 t !re c be no demon/rative argum5ts to prove1 t ^? in/ances1 ( :i* we h1 _h no exp]i5ce1 resemble ^?1 ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce4 ,we c at lea/ conceive a *ange 9 ! c\rse ( nature2 :i* suffici5tly proves1 t su* a *ange is n absolutely impossible4 ,to =m a cle> idea ( any ?+1 is an und5iable argum5t = its possibility1 & is alone a refutation ( any pret5d$ demon/ration aga9/ x4 ,probability1 z x discov]s n ! relations ( ideas1 consid]$ z su*1 b only ^? ( objects1 mu/ 9 "s respects be f\nd$ on ! impressions ( our memory & s5ses1 & 9 "s respects on our ideas4 ,7 !re no mixture ( any impression 9 our probable reason+s1 ! conclusion w\ld be entirely *im]ical3 ,& 7 !re no mixture ( ideas1 ! action ( ! m9d1 9 obs]v+ ! relation1 w\ld1 prop]ly speak+1 be s5sation1 n reason+4 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 t 9 all probable reason+s !re be some?+ pres5t to ! m9d1 ei!r se5 or rememb]$2 & t f ?is we inf] some?+ connect$ ) x1 :i* is n se5 nor rememb]$4 ,! only connexion or relation ( objects1 :i* c lead u beyond ! imm$iate impressions ( our memory & s5ses1 is t ( cause & effect2 & t because x is ! only "o1 on :i* we c f\nd a j inf]5ce f "o object to ano!r4 ,! idea ( cause & effect is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 :i* in=ms u1 t su* p>ticul> objects1 9 all pa/ in/ances1 h be5 con/antly conjo9$ ) ea* o!r3 ,& z an object simil> to "o ( ^! is suppos$ to be imm$iately pres5t 9 its impression1 we !nce presume on ! exi/5ce ( "o simil> to its usual att5dant4 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt ( ?+s1 :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 9 e po9t unque/ionable1 probability is f\nd$ on ! presumption ( a resemblance betwixt ^? objects1 ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce1 & ^?1 ( :i* we h _h none2 & !re=e x is impossible ?is presumption c arise f probability4 ,! same pr9ciple _c be bo? ! cause & effect ( ano!r2 & ?is is1 p]haps1 ! only proposition conc]n+ t relation1 :i* is ei!r intuitively or demon/ratively c]ta94 ,%\ld any "o ?9k to elude ?is argum5t2 & )\t det]m9+ :e!r our reason+ on ?is subject be d]iv$ f demon/ration or probability1 pret5d t all conclusions f causes & effects are built on solid reason+3 ,i c only desire1 t ?is reason+ may be produc$1 9 ord] to be expos$ to our exam9ation4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be said1 t aft] exp]i5ce ( ! con/ant conjunction ( c]ta9 objects1 we reason 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,su* an object is always f\nd to produce ano!r4 ,x is impossible x c\ld h ?is effect1 if x 0 n end[$ ) a p[] ( production4 ,! p[] necess>ily implies ! effect2 & !re=e !re is a j f\ndation = draw+ a conclusion f ! exi/5ce ( "o object to t ( its usual att5dant4 ,! pa/ production implies a p[]3 ,! p[] implies a new production3 ,& ! new production is :at we inf] f ! p[] & ! pa/ production4 ,x 7 easy = me to %ew ! weakness ( ?is reason+1 7 ,i will+ to make use ( ^? obs]vations1 ,i h already made1 t ! idea ( production is ! same ) t ( causation1 & t no exi/5ce c]ta9ly & demon/ratively implies a p[] 9 any o!r object2 or 7 x prop] to anticipate :at ,i %all h occasion to rem>k aft]w>ds conc]n+ ! idea we =m ( p[] & efficacy4 ,b z su* a me?od ( proce$+ may seem ei!r to weak5 my sy/em1 by re/+ "o "p ( x on ano!r1 or to bre$ a confusion 9 my reason+1 ,i %all endeav\r to ma9ta9 my pres5t ass]tion )\t any su* assi/ance4 ,x %all !re=e be all[$ = a mom5t1 t ! production ( "o object by ano!r 9 any "o in/ance implies a p[]2 & t ?is p[] is connect$ ) its effect4 ,b x hav+ be5 already prov$1 t ! p[] lies n 9 ! s5sible qualities ( ! cause2 & !re be+ no?+ b ! s5sible qualities pres5t to u2 ,i ask1 :y 9 o!r in/ances y presume t ! same p[] /ill exi/s1 m]ely ^u ! appe>ance ( ^! qualities8 ,y\r appeal to pa/ exp]i5ce decides no?+ 9 ! pres5t case2 & at ! utmo/ c only prove1 t t v object1 :i* produc$ any o!r1 0 at t v in/ant end[$ ) su* a p[]2 b c nev] prove1 t ! same p[] mu/ cont9ue 9 ! same object or collection ( s5sible qualities2 mu* less1 t a l p[] is always conjo9$ ) l s5sible qualities1 %\ld x be said1 t we h exp]i5ce1 t ! same p[] cont9ues unit$ ) ! same object1 & t l objects are end[$ ) l p[]s1 ,i w\ld r5ew my "q1 :y f ?is exp]i5ce we =m any conclusion beyond ^? pa/ in/ances1 ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce4 ,if y answ] ?is "q 91 ! same mann] z ! prec$+1 y\r answ] gives /ill occasion to a new "q ( ! same k9d1 ev5 9 inf9itum2 :i* cle>ly proves1 t ! =ego+ reason+ _h no j f\ndation4 ,?us n only our reason fails u 9 ! discov]y ( ! ultimate connexion ( causes & effects1 b ev5 aft] exp]i5ce has in=m$ u ( _! con/ant conjunction1 x is impossible = u to satisfy ourselves by our reason1 :y we %\ld ext5d t exp]i5ce beyond ^? p>ticul> in/ances1 :i* h fall5 "u our obs]vation4 ,we suppose1 b are nev] able to prove1 t !re mu/ be a resemblance betwixt ^? objects1 ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce1 & ^? :i* lie beyond ! rea* ( our discov]y4 ,we h already tak5 notice ( c]ta9 relations1 :i* make u pass f "o object to ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no reason to det]m9e u to t transition2 & ?is we may e/abli% = a g5]al rule1 t :]ev] ! m9d con/antly & uni=mly makes a transition )\t any reason1 x is influ5c$ by ^! relations4 ,n[ ?is is exactly ! pres5t case4 ,reason c nev] %ew u ! connexion ( "o object ) ano!r1 ?\gh aid$ by exp]i5ce1 & ! obs]vation ( _! con/ant conjunction 9 all pa/ in/ances4 ,:5 ! m9d1 !re=e1 passes f ! idea or impression ( "o object to ! idea or belief ( ano!r1 x is n det]m9$ by reason1 b by c]ta9 pr9ciples1 :i* associate toge!r ! ideas ( ^! objects1 & unite !m 9 ! imag9ation4 ,_h ideas no m union 9 ! fancy ?an objects seem to h to ! und]/&+1 we c\ld nev] draw any inf]5ce f causes to effects1 nor repose belief 9 any matt] ( fact4 ,! inf]5ce1 !re=e1 dep5ds solely on ! union ( ideas4 ,! pr9ciples ( union among ideas1 ,i h r$uc$ to ?ree g5]al ones1 & h ass]t$1 t ! idea or impression ( any object naturally introduces ! idea ( any o!r object1 t is resembl+1 contigu\s to1 or connect$ ) x4 ,^! pr9ciples ,i all[ to be nei!r ! infallible nor ! sole causes ( an union among ideas4 ,!y are n ! infallible causes4 ,= "o may fix 8 att5tion dur+ ,sometime on any "o object )\t look+ f>!r4 ,!y are n ! sole causes4 ,= ! ?\ght has evid5tly a v irregul> motion 9 runn+ along its objects1 & may leap f ! heav5s to ! e>?1 f "o end ( ! creation to ! o!r1 )\t any c]ta9 me?od or ord]4 ,b ?\gh ,i all[ ?is weakness 9 ^! ?ree relations1 & ?is irregul>ity 9 ! imag9ation2 yet ,i ass]t t ! only g5]al pr9ciples1 :i* associate ideas1 are resemblance1 contiguity & causation4 ,!re is inde$ a pr9ciple ( union among ideas1 :i* at fir/ sight may be e/eem$ diff]5t f any ( ^!1 b w be f\nd at ! bottom to dep5d on ! same orig94 ,:5 e individual ( any species ( objects is f\nd by exp]i5ce to be con/antly unit$ ) an individual ( ano!r species1 ! appe>ance ( any new individual ( ei!r species naturally conveys ! ?\ght to its usual att5dant4 ,?us because su* a p>ticul> idea is commonly annex$ to su* a p>ticul> ^w1 no?+ is requir$ b ! he>+ ( t ^w to produce ! correspond5t idea2 & x w sc>ce be possible = ! m9d1 by its utmo/ ef=ts1 to prev5t t transition4 ,9 ?is case x is n absolutely necess>y1 t ^u he>+ su* a p>ticul> s\nd we %\ld reflect on any pa/ exp]i5ce1 & consid] :at idea has be5 usually connect$ ) ! s\nd4 ,! imag9ation ( itself supplies ! place ( ?is reflection1 & is s accu/om$ to pass f ! ^w to ! idea1 t x int]poses n a mom5t's delay betwixt ! he>+ ( ! "o1 & ! conception ( ! o!r4 ,b ?\gh ,i ackn[l$ge ?is to be a true pr9ciple ( association among ideas1 ,i ass]t x to be ! v same ) t betwixt ! ideas ( cause & effects & to be an ess5tial "p 9 all our reason+s f t relation4 ,we h no o!r notion ( cause & effect1 b t ( c]ta9 objects1 :i* h be5 always conjo9$ toge!r1 & :i* 9 all pa/ in/ances h be5 f\nd insep>able4 ,we _c p5etrate into ! reason ( ! conjunction4 ,we only obs]ve ! ?+ itself1 & always f9d t f ! con/ant conjunction ! objects acquire an union 9 ! imag9ation4 ,:5 ! impression ( "o becomes pres5t to u1 we imm$iately =m an idea ( its usual att5dant2 & consequ5tly we may e/abli% ?is z "o "p ( ! def9ition ( an op9ion or belief1 t x is an idea relat$ to or associat$ ) a pres5t impression4 ,?us ?\gh causation be a philosophical relation1 z imply+ contiguity1 succession1 & con/ant conjunction1 yet x is only s f> z x is a natural relation1 & produces an union among our ideas1 t we are able to reason ^u x1 or draw any inf]5ce f x4 ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,or ,,belief4 ,! idea ( an object is an ess5tial "p ( ! belief ( x1 b n ! :ole4 ,we conceive _m ?+s1 :i* we d n believe4 ,9 ord] !n to discov] m fully ! nature ( belief1 or ! qualities ( ^? ideas we ass5t to1 let u weigh ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,x is evid5t1 t all reason+s f causes or effects t]m9ate 9 conclusions1 conc]n+ matt] ( fact2 t is1 conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( objects or ( _! qualities4 ,x is also evid5t1 t ! idea1 ( exi/5ce is no?+ diff]5t f ! idea ( any object1 & t :5 aft] ! simple conception ( any ?+ we w\ld conceive x z exi/5t1 we 9 reality make no addition to or alt]ation on our fir/ idea4 ,?us :5 we affirm1 t ,god is exi/5t1 we simply =m ! idea ( su* a be+1 z he is repres5t$ to u2 nor is ! exi/5ce1 :i* we attribute to him1 conceiv$ by a p>ticul> idea1 :i* we jo9 to ! idea ( 8 o!r qualities1 & c aga9 sep>ate & di/+ui% f !m4 ,b ,i g f>!r2 & n cont5t ) ass]t+1 t ! conception ( ! exi/5ce ( any object is no addition to ! simple conception ( x1 ,i likewise ma9ta91 t ! belief ( ! exi/5ce jo9s no new ideas to ^? :i* compose ! idea ( ! object4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ,god1 :5 ,i ?9k ( him z exi/5t1 & :5 ,i believe him to be exi/5t1 my idea ( him nei!r encreases nor dim9i%es4 ,b z x is c]ta9 !re is a great diff]5ce betwixt ! simple conception ( ! exi/5ce ( an object1 & ! belief ( x1 & z ?is diff]5ce lies n 9 ! p>ts or composition ( ! idea1 :i* we conceive2 x foll[s1 t x mu/ lie 9 ! mann]1 9 :i* we conceive x4 ,suppose a p]son pres5t ) me1 :o advances propositions1 to :i* ,i d n ass5t1 t ,caes> dy$ 9 8 b$1 t silv] is m fusible1 ?an lead1 or m]cury heavi] ?an gold2 x is evid5t1 t not)/&+ my incr$ulity1 ,i cle>ly und]/& 8 mean+1 & =m all ! same ideas1 :i* he =ms4 ,my imag9ation is end[$ ) ! same p[]s z 82 nor is x possible = him to conceive any idea1 :i* ,i _c conceive2 nor conjo9 any1 :i* ,i _c conjo94 ,i !re=e ask1 ,:]e9 consi/s ! diff]5ce betwixt believ+ & disbeliev+ any proposition8 ,! answ] is easy ) reg>d to propositions1 t are prov$ by intuition or demon/ration4 ,9 t case1 ! p]son1 :o ass5ts1 n only conceives ! ideas accord+ to ! proposition1 b is necess>ily det]m9$ to conceive !m 9 t p>ticul> mann]1 ei!r imm$iately or by ! int]position ( o!r ideas4 ,:atev] is absurd is un9telligible2 nor is x possible = ! imag9ation to conceive any ?+ contr>y to a demon/ration4 ,b z 9 reason+s f causation1 & conc]n+ matt]s ( fact1 ?is absolute necessity _c take place1 & ! imag9ation is free to conceive bo? sides ( ! "q1 ,i /ill ask1 ,:]e9 consi/s ! def]5ce betwixt incr$ulity & belief8 s9ce 9 bo? cases ! conception ( ! idea is equally possible & requisite4 ,x w n be a satisfactory answ] to say1 t a p]son1 :o does n ass5t to a proposition y advance2 aft] hav+ conceiv$ ! object 9 ! same mann] ) y2 imm$iately conceives x 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & has diff]5t ideas ( x4 ,?is answ] is unsatisfactory2 n because x conta9s any fal%ood1 b because x discov]s n all ! tru?4 ,x is conte/1 t 9 all cases1 :]e9 we diss5t f any p]son1 we conceive bo? sides ( ! "q2 b z we c believe only "o1 x evid5tly foll[s1 t ! belief mu/ make "s diff]5ce betwixt t conception to :i* we ass5t1 & t f :i* we diss5t4 ,we may m+le1 & unite1 & sep>ate1 & conf\nd1 & v>y our ideas 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways2 b until !re appe>s "s pr9ciple1 :i* fixes "o ( ^! diff]5t situations1 we h 9 reality no op9ion3 ,& ?is pr9ciple1 z x pla9ly makes no addition to our prec$5t ideas1 c only *ange ! mann] ( our conceiv+ !m4 ,all ! p]ceptions ( ! m9d are ( two k9ds1 viz4 impressions & ideas1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r only 9 _! diff]5t degrees ( =ce & vivacity4 ,our ideas are copy$ f our impressions1 & repres5t !m 9 all _! p>ts4 ,:5 y w\ld any way v>y ! idea ( a p>ticul> object1 y c only encrease or dim9i% its =ce & vivacity4 ,if y make any o!r *ange on x1 x repres5ts a diff]5t object or impression4 ,! case is ! same z 9 col\rs4 ,a p>ticul> %ade ( any col\r may acquire a new degree ( livel9ess or brightness )\t any o!r v>iation4 ,b :5 y produce any o!r v>iation1 x is no long] ! same %ade or col\r4 ,s t z belief does no?+ b v>y ! mann]1 9 :i* we conceive any object1 x c only be/[ on our ideas an additional =ce & vivacity4 ,an op9ion1 !re=e1 or belief may be mo/ accurately def9$1 a lively idea relat$ to or associat$ ) a pres5t impression4#f #f ,we may "h take occasion to obs]ve a v rem>kable error1 :i* be+ frequ5tly inculcat$ 9 ! s*ools1 has become a k9d ( e/abli%d maxim1 & is univ]sally receiv$ by all logicians4 ,?is error consi/s 9 ! vulg> division ( ! acts ( ! und]/&+1 into ,,conception1 ,,judgm5t & ,,reason+1 & 9 ! def9itions we give ( !m4 ,conception is def9d to be ! simple survey ( "o or m ideas3 ,judgm5t to be ! sep>at+ or unit+ ( diff]5t ideas3 ,reason+ to be ! sep>at+ or unit+ ( diff]5t ideas by ! int]position ( o!rs1 :i* %[ ! relation !y be> to ea* o!r4 ,b ^! di/9ctions & def9itions are faulty 9 v consid]able articles4 ,= ,,fir/1 x is f> f be+ true1 t 9 e judgm5t1 :i* we =m1 we unite two diff]5t ideas2 s9ce 9 t proposition1 ,,god ,,is1 or inde$ any o!r1 :i* reg>ds exi/5ce1 ! idea ( exi/5ce is no di/9ct idea1 :i* we unite ) t ( ! object1 & :i* is capable ( =m+ a comp\nd idea by ! union4 ,,secondly1 ,z we c ?us =m a proposition1 :i* conta9s only "o idea1 s we may ex]t our reason )\t employ+ m ?an two ideas1 & )\t hav+ rec\rse to a ?ird to s]ve z a m$ium betwixt !m4 ,we inf] a cause imm$iately f its effect2 & ?is inf]5ce is n only a true species ( reason+1 b ! /ronge/ ( all o!rs1 & m conv9c+ ?an :5 we int]pose ano!r idea to connect ! two extremes4 ,:at we may 9 g5]al affirm conc]n+ ^! ?ree acts ( ! und]/&+ is1 t tak+ !m 9 a prop] light1 !y all resolve !mselves into ! fir/1 & are no?+ b p>ticul> ways ( conceiv+ our objects4 ,:e!r we consid] a s+le object1 or sev]al2 :e!r we dwell on ^! objects1 or run f !m to o!rs2 & 9 :atev] =m or ord] we survey !m1 ! act ( ! m9d exce$s n a simple conception2 & ! only rem>kable diff]5ce1 :i* occurs on ?is occasion1 is1 :5 we jo9 belief to ! conception1 & are p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( :at we conceive4 ,?is act ( ! m9d has nev] yet be5 expla9'd by any philosoph]2 & !re=e ,i am at lib]ty to propose my hypo!sis conc]n+ x2 :i* is1 t x is only a /rong & /eady conception ( any idea1 & su* z approa*es 9 "s measure to an imm$iate impression4 ,"h are ! heads ( ^? argum5ts1 :i* lead u to ?is conclusion4 ,:5 we inf] ! exi/5ce ( an object f t ( o!rs1 "s object mu/ always be pres5t ei!r to ! memory or s5ses1 9 ord] to be ! f\ndation ( our reason+2 s9ce ! m9d _c run up ) its inf]5ces ,,9 ,,inf9itum4 ,reason c nev] satisfy u t ! exi/5ce ( any "o object does ev] imply t ( ano!r2 s t :5 we pass f ! impression ( "o to ! idea or belief ( ano!r1 we are n det]m9$ by reason1 b by cu/om or a pr9ciple ( association4 ,b belief is some:at m ?an a simple idea4 ,x is a p>ticul> mann] ( =m+ an idea3 ,& z ! same idea c only be v>y$ by a v>iation ( its degrees ( =ce & vivacity2 x foll[s ^u ! :ole1 t belief is a lively idea produc$ by a relation to a pres5t impression1 accord+ to ! =ego+ def9ition4 ,?is op]ation ( ! m9d1 :i* =ms ! belief ( any matt] ( fact1 seems hi!rto to h be5 "o ( ! greate/ my/]ies ( philosophy2 ?\gh no "o has s mu* z suspect$1 t !re 0 any difficulty 9 expla9+ x4 ,= my "p ,i mu/ own1 t ,i f9d a consid]able difficulty 9 ! case2 & t ev5 :5 ,i ?9k ,i und]/& ! subject p]fectly1 ,i am at a loss = t]ms to express my mean+4 ,i conclude1 by an induction :i* seems to me v evid5t1 t an op9ion or belief is no?+ b an idea1 t is diff]5t f a fiction1 n 9 ! nature or ! ord] ( its p>ts1 b 9 ! mann] ( its be+ conceiv$4 ,b :5 ,i w\ld expla9 ?is mann]1 ,i sc>ce f9d any ^w t fully answ]s ! case1 b am oblig$ to h rec\rse to e "o's feel+1 9 ord] to give him a p]fect notion ( ?is op]ation ( ! m9d4 ,an idea ass5t$ to ,,feels diff]5t f a fictiti\s idea1 t ! fancy alone pres5ts to u3 ,& ?is diff]5t feel+ ,i endeav\r to expla9 by call+ x a sup]ior =ce1 or vivacity1 or solidity1 or ,,firmness1 or /ead9ess4 ,?is v>iety ( t]ms1 :i* may seem s unphilosophical1 is int5d$ only to express t act ( ! m9d1 :i* r5d]s realities m pres5t to u ?an fictions1 causes !m to weigh m 9 ! ?\ght1 & gives !m a sup]ior influ5ce on ! passions & imag9ation4 ,provid$ we agree ab\t ! ?+1 x is ne$less to dispute ab\t ! t]ms4 ,! imag9ation has ! comm& ov] all its ideas1 & c jo91 & mix1 & v>y !m 9 all ! ways possible4 ,x may conceive objects ) all ! circum/ances ( place & "t4 ,x may set !m1 9 a mann]1 be=e our eyes 9 _! true col\rs1 j z !y might h exi/$4 ,b z x is impossible1 t t faculty c ev]1 ( itself1 rea* belief1 x is evid5t1 t belief consi/s n 9 ! nature & ord] ( our ideas1 b 9 ! mann] ( _! conception1 & 9 _! feel+ to ! m9d4 ,to confess1 t x is impossible to expla9 p]fectly ?is feel+ or mann] ( conception4 ,we may make use ( words1 t express some?+ ne> x4 ,b its true & prop] "n is belief1 :i* is a t]m t e "o suffici5tly und]/&s 9 common life4 ,& 9 philosophy we c g no f>!r1 ?an ass]t1 t x is some?+ felt by ! m9d1 :i* di/+ui%es ! ideas ( ! judgm5t f ! fictions ( ! imag9ation4 ,x gives !m m =ce & influ5ce2 makes !m appe> ( great] importance2 infixes !m 9 ! m9d2 & r5d]s !m ! gov]n+ pr9ciples ( all our actions4 ,?is def9ition w also be f\nd to be entirely con=mable to e "o's feel+ & exp]i5ce4 ,no?+ is m evid5t1 ?an t ^? ideas1 to :i* we ass5t1 are m /rong1 firm & vivid1 ?an ! loose rev]ies ( a ca/le-build]4 ,if "o p]son sits d[n to read a book z a romance1 & ano!r z a true hi/ory1 !y pla9ly receive ! same ideas1 & 9 ! same ord]2 nor does ! incr$ulity ( ! "o1 & ! belief ( ! o!r h9d] !m f putt+ ! v same s5se ^u _! au?or4 ,8 words produce ! same ideas 9 bo?2 ?\gh 8 te/imony has n ! same influ5ce on !m4 ,! latt] has a m lively conception ( all ! incid5ts4 ,he ent]s deep] into ! conc]ns ( ! p]sons3 repres5ts to himself _! actions1 & *>act]s1 & fri5d%ips1 & enmities3 ,he ev5 goes s f> z to =m a notion ( _! features1 & air1 & p]son4 ,:ile ! =m]1 :o gives no cr$it to ! te/imony ( ! au?or1 has a m fa9t & languid conception ( all ^! p>ticul>s2 & except on acc\nt ( ! /yle & +5uity ( ! composition1 c receive little ent]ta9m5t f x4 ,,sect4 ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,belief4 ,hav+ ?us expla9$ ! nature ( belief1 & %ewn t x consi/s 9 a lively idea relat$ to a pres5t impression2 let u n[ proce$ to exam9e f :at pr9ciples x is d]iv$1 & :at be/[s ! vivacity on ! idea4 ,i w\ld will+ly e/abli% x z a g5]al maxim 9 ! sci5ce ( human nature1 t :5 any impression becomes pres5t to u1 x n only transports ! m9d to su* ideas z are relat$ to x1 b likewise communicates to !m a %>e ( its =ce & vivacity4 ,all ! op]ations ( ! m9d dep5d 9 a great measure on its disposition1 :5 x p]=ms !m2 & accord+ z ! spirits are m or less elevat$1 & ! att5tion m or less fix$1 ! action w always h m or less vig\r & vivacity4 ,:5 !re=e any object is pres5t$1 :i* elevates & enliv5s ! ?\ght1 e action1 to :i* ! m9d applies itself1 w be m /rong & vivid1 z ,tong z t disposition cont9ues1 ,n[ x is evid5t ! cont9uance ( ! disposition dep5ds entirely on ! objects1 ab\t :i* ! m9d is employ$2 & t any new object naturally gives a new direction to ! spirits1 & *anges ! disposition2 z on ! contr>y1 :5 ! m9d fixes con/antly on ! same object1 or passes easily & ins5sibly along relat$ objects1 ! disposition has a mu* long] duration4 ,h5ce x happ5s1 t :5 ! m9d is once inliv5$ by a pres5t impression1 x proce$s to =m a m lively idea ( ! relat$ objects1 by a natural transition ( ! disposition f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! *ange ( ! objects is s easy1 t ! m9d is sc>ce s5sible ( x1 b applies itself to ! conception ( ! relat$ idea ) all ! =ce & vivacity x acquir$ f ! pres5t impression4 ,if 9 consid]+ ! nature ( relation1 & t facility ( transition1 :i* is ess5tial to x1 we c satisfy ourselves conc]n+ ! reality ( ?is phnom5on1 x is well3 ,b ,i mu/ confess ,i place my *ief confid5ce 9 exp]i5ce to prove s mat]ial a pr9ciple4 ,we may1 !re=e1 obs]ve1 z ! fir/ exp]im5t to our pres5t purpose1 t ^u ! appe>ance ( ! picture ( an abs5t fri5d1 our idea ( him is evid5tly inliv5$ by ! resemblance1 & t e passion1 :i* t idea occasions1 :e!r ( joy or sorr[1 acquires new =ce & vig\r4 ,9 produc+ ?is effect !re concur bo? a relation & a pres5t impression4 ,:]e ! picture be>s him no resemblance1 or at lea/ 0 n int5d$ = him1 x nev] s mu* z conveys our ?\ght to him3 ,& :]e x is abs5t1 z well z ! p]son2 ?\gh ! m9d may pass f ! ?\ght ( ! "o to t ( ! o!r2 x feels its idea to be r week5d ?an inliv5$ by t transition4 ,we take a pleasure 9 view+ ! picture ( a fri5d1 :5 x is set be=e u2 b :5 x is remov$1 r *oose to consid] him directly1 ?an by reflexion 9 an image1 :i* is equally di/9ct & obscure4 ,! c]emonies ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion may be consid]$ z exp]im5ts ( ! same nature4 ,! devotees ( t /range sup]/ition usually plead 9 excuse ( ! mumm]ies1 ) :i* !y are upbraid$1 t !y feel ! good effect ( ^? ext]nal motions1 & po/ures1 & actions1 9 enliv5+ _! devotion1 & quick5+ _! f]v\r1 :i* o!rwise w\ld decay away1 if direct$ entirely to di/ant & immat]ial objects4 ,we %ad[ out ! objects ( our fai?1 say !y1 9 s5sible types & images1 & r5d] !m m pres5t to u by ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ^! types1 ?an x is possible = u to d1 m]ely by an intellectual view & contemplation4 ,s5sible objects h always a great] influ5ce on ! fancy ?an any o!r2 & ?is influ5ce !y readily convey to ^? ideas1 to :i* !y are relat$1 & :i* !y ,resemble4 ,i %all only inf] f ^! practices1 & ?is reason+1 t ! effect ( resemblance 9 inliv5+ ! idea is v common2 & z 9 e case a resemblance & a pres5t impression mu/ concur1 we are abundantly supply$ ) exp]im5ts to prove ! reality ( ! =ego+ pr9ciple4 ,we may add =ce to ^! exp]im5ts by o!rs ( a diff]5t k9d1 9 consid]+ ! effects ( contiguity1 z well z ( resemblance4 ,x is c]ta91 t di/ance dim9i%es ! =ce ( e idea1 & t ^u our approa* to any object2 ?\gh x does n discov] itself to our s5ses2 x op]ates ^u ! m9d ) an influ5ce t imitates an imm$iate impression4 ,! ?9k+ on any object readily transports ! m9d to :at is contigu\s2 b x is only ! actual pres5ce ( an object1 t transports x ) a sup]ior vivacity4 ,:5 ,i am a few miles f home1 :atev] relates to x t\*es me m ne>ly ?an :5 ,i am two hundr$ leagues di/ant2 ?\gh ev5 at t di/ance ! reflect+ on any ?+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( my fri5ds & family naturally produces an idea ( !m4 ,b z 9 ?is latt] case1 bo? ! objects ( ! m9d are ideas2 not)/&+ !re is an easy transition betwixt !m2 t transition alone is n able to give a sup]ior vivacity to any ( ! ideas1 = want ( "s imm$iate impression4#g #g ,,naturane ,,nobis1 ,,9 ,,quit1 ,,datum ,,dicam1 ,,an ,,errore ,,quodam1 ,,ut1 ,,cum ,,ea ,,loca ,,videamus1 ,,9 ,,quibus ,,memoria ,,dignos ,,viros ,,accep]imus ,,multurn ,,esse ,,v]satos1 ,,magis ,,moveamur1 ,,quam ,,siqu&o ,,eorum ,,ipsorum ,,aut ,,jacta ,,audiamus1 ,,aut ,,scriptum ,,aliquod ,,legamus8 ,,velut ,,ego ,,nunc ,,moveor4 ,,v5it ,,enim ,,mihi ,,platonis ,,9 ,,m5tem3 ,,quem ,,accipimus ,,primurn ,,hic ,,disput>e ,,solitum3 ,,cujus ,,etiam ,,illi ,,hortuli ,,prop9qui ,,non ,,memoriam ,,solum ,,mihi ,,aff]unt1 ,,s$ ,,ipsum ,,vid5tur ,,9 ,,conspectu ,,meo ,,hic ,,pon]e4 ,,hic ,,speusippus1 ,,hic ,,x5ocrates1 ,,hic ,,ejus ,,auditor ,,polemo2 ,,cujus ,,ipsa ,,illa ,,sessio ,,fuit1 ,,quam ,,videamus4 ,,equidem ,,etiam ,,curiam ,,no/ram1 ,,ho/iliam ,,dico1 ,,non ,,hanc ,,novam1 ,,quae ,,mihi ,,m9or ,,esse ,,videtur ,,po/ ,,quam ,,e/ ,,major1 ,,sole ,,b>n ,,intu5s ,,scipionem1 ,,catonem1 ,,laclium1 ,,no/rum ,,v]o ,,9 ,,primis ,,avum ,,cogit>e4 ,,tanta ,,vis ,,admonitionis ,,ine/ ,,9 ,,locis2 ,,ut ,,non ,,s9e ,,causa ,,ex ,,8 ,,memoriae ,,ducta ,,sit ,,discipl9a4 ,cic]o de ,f9ibus1 lib4 #e4 ,%\ld ,i1 he said1 attribute to in/9ct or to "s k9d ( illusion ! fact t :5 we see ^? places 9 :i* we are told notable m5 sp5t mu* ( _! "t1 we are m p[]fully affect$ ?an :5 we he> ( ! exploits ( ! m5 !mselves or read some?+ writt58 ,?is is j :at is happ5+ to me n[2 = ,i am rem9d$ ( ,plato :o1 we are told1 0 ! fir/ to make a practice ( hold+ discussions "h4 ,^? g>d5s ( 8 ne> by d n m]ely put me 9 m9d ( him2 !y seem to set ! man himself be=e my v eyes4 ,speusippus 0 "h2 s 0 ,x5ocrates2 s 0 8 pupil1 ,polemo1 & t v seat :i* we may view 0 84 ,!n aga91 :5 ,i look$ at our ,s5ate-h\se 7,i mean ! old build+ ( ,ho/ilius1 n ?is new "o2 :5 x 0 enl>g$1 x dim9i%$ 9 my e/imation71 ,i us$ to ?9k ( ,scipio1 ,cato1 ,laelius & 9 p>ticul> ( my own gr&fa!r4 ,su* is ! p[] ( places to evoke associations2 s x is ) good reason t !y are us$ z a basis = memory tra9+4 ,no "o c d\bt b causation has ! same influ5ce z ! o!r two relations2 ( resemblance & contiguity4 ,sup]/iti\s p are fond ( ! relicks ( sa9ts & holy m51 = ! same reason t !y seek aft] types & images1 9 ord] to enliv5 _! devotion1 & give !m a m intimate & /rong conception ( ^? exempl>y lives1 :i* !y desire to imitate4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 "o ( ! be/ relicks a devotee c\ld procure1 w\ld be ! h&ywork ( a sa9t2 & if 8 cloa?s & furniture are ev] to be consid]$ 9 ?is light1 x is because !y 7 once at 8 disposal1 & 7 mov$ & affect$ by him2 9 :i* respect !y are to be consid]$ z imp]fect effects1 & z connect$ ) him by a %ort] *a9 ( consequ5ces ?an any ( ^?1 f :i* we le>n ! reality ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,?is phnom5on cle>ly proves1 t a pres5t impression ) a relation ( causation may1 inliv5 any idea1 & consequ5tly produce belief or ass5t1 accord+ to ! prec$5t def9ition ( x4 ,b :y ne$ we seek = o!r argum5ts to prove1 t a pres5t impression ) a relation or transition ( ! fancy may inliv5 any idea1 :5 ?is v in/ance ( our reason+s f cause & effect w alone suffice to t purpose8 ,x is c]ta9 we mu/ h an idea ( e matt] ( fact1 :i* we believe4 ,x is c]ta91 t ?is idea arises only f a relation to a pres5t impression4 ,x is c]ta91 t ! belief sup]-adds no?+ to ! idea1 b only *anges our mann] ( conceiv+ x1 & r5d]s x m /rong & lively4 ,! pres5t conclusion conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( relation is ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( all ^! /eps2 & e /ep appe>s to me sure end infallible4 ,!re ent]s no?+ into ?is op]ation ( ! m9d b a pres5t impression1 a lively idea1 & a relation or association 9 ! fancy betwixt ! impression & idea2 s t !re c be no suspicion ( mi/ake4 ,9 ord] to put ?is :ole affair 9 a full] light1 let u consid] x z a "q 9 natural philosophy1 :i* we mu/ det]m9e by exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,i suppose !re is an object pres5t$1 f :i* ,i draw a c]ta9 conclusion1 & =m to myself ideas1 :i* ,i am said to believe or ass5t to4 ,"h x is evid5t1 t h[ev] t object1 :i* is pres5t to my s5ses1 & t o!r1 ^: exi/5ce ,i inf] by reason+1 may be ?\ght to influ5ce ea* o!r by _! p>ticul> p[]s or qualities2 yet z ! ph5om5on ( belief1 :i* we at pres5t exam9e1 is m]ely int]nal1 ^! p[]s & qualities1 be+ entirely unkn[n1 c h no h& 9 produc+ x4 ,x is ! pres5t impression1 :i* is to be consid]$ z ! true & real cause ( ! idea1 & ( ! belief :i* att5ds x4 ,we mu/ !re=e endeav\r to discov] by exp]im5ts ! p>ticul> qualities1 by :i* x is enabl$ to produce s extraord9>y an effect4 ,fir/ !n ,i obs]ve1 t ! pres5t impression has n ?is effect by its own prop] p[] & efficacy1 & :5 consid]$ alone1 z a s+le p]ception1 limit$ to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,i f9d1 t an impression1 f :i*1 on its fir/ appe>ance1 ,i c draw no conclusion1 may aft]w>ds become ! f\ndation ( belief1 :5 ,i h _h exp]i5ce ( its usual consequ5ces4 ,we mu/ 9 e case h obs]v$ ! same impression 9 pa/ in/ances1 & h f\nd x to be con/antly conjo9$ ) "s o!r impression4 ,?is is confirm$ by su* a multitude ( exp]im5ts1 t x admits n ( ! smalle/ d\bt4 ,f a second obs]vation ,i conclude1 t ! belief1 :i* att5ds ! pres5t impression1 & is produc$ by a numb] ( pa/ impressions & conjunctions2 t ?is belief1 ,i say1 arises imm$iately1 )\t any new op]ation ( ! reason or imag9ation4 ,( ?is ,i c be c]ta91 because ,i nev] am consci\s ( any su* op]ation1 & f9d no?+ 9 ! subject1 on :i* x c be f\nd$4 ,n[ z we call e ?+ ,,cu/om1 :i* proce$s f a pa/ repetition1 )\t any new reason+ or conclusion1 we-may e/abli% x z a c]ta9 tru?1 t all ! belief1 :i* foll[s ^u any pres5t impression1 is d]iv$ solely f t orig94 ,:5 we are accu/om$ to see two impressions conjo9$ toge!r1 ! appe>ance or idea ( ! "o imm$iately c>ries u to ! idea ( ! o!r4 ,be+ fully satisfy$ on ?is head1 ,i make a ?ird set ( exp]im5ts1 9 ord] to "k1 :e!r any ?+ be requisite1 beside ! cu/om>y transition1 t[>ds ! production ( ?is phnom5on ( belief4 ,i !re=e *ange ! fir/ impression into an idea2 & obs]ve1 t ?\gh ! cu/om>y transition to ! correlative idea /ill rema9s1 yet !re is 9 reality no belief nor p]swasion4 ,a pres5t impression1 !n1 is absolutely requisite to ?is :ole op]ation2 & :5 aft] ?is ,i comp>e an impression ) an idea1 & f9d t _! only diff]5ce consi/s 9 _! diff]5t degrees ( =ce & vivacity1 ,i conclude ^u ! :ole1 t belief is a m vivid & int5se conception ( an idea1 proce$+ f its relation to a pres5t impression4 ,?us all probable reason+ is no?+ b a species ( s5sation4 ,x is n solely 9 poetry & music1 we mu/ foll[ our ta/e & s5tim5t1 b likewise 9 philosophy4 ,:5 ,i am conv9c$ ( any pr9ciple1 x is only an idea1 :i* /rikes m /rongly ^u me4 ,:5 ,i give ! pref]5ce to "o set ( argum5ts above ano!r1 ,i d no?+ b decide f my feel+ conc]n+ ! sup]iority ( _! influ5ce4 ,objects h no discov]able connexion toge!r2 nor is x f any o!r pr9ciple b cu/om op]at+ ^u ! imag9ation1 t we c draw any inf]5ce f ! appe>ance ( "o to ! exi/5ce ( ano!r4 ,x w "h be wor? our obs]vation1 t ! pa/ exp]i5ce1 on :i* all our judgm5ts conc]n+ cause & effect dep5d1 may op]ate on our m9d 9 su* an ins5sible mann] z nev] to be tak5 notice (1 & may ev5 9 "s measure be unkn[n to u4 ,a p]son1 :o /ops %ort 9 8 j\rney ^u meet+ a riv] 9 8 way1 =esees ! consequ5ces ( 8 proce$+ =w>d2 & 8 k ( ^! consequ5ces is convey$ to him by pa/ exp]i5ce1 :i* in=ms him ( su* c]ta9 conjunctions ( causes & effects4 ,b c we ?9k1 t on ?is occasion he reflects on any pa/ exp]i5ce1 & calls to remembrance in/ances1 t he has se5 or he>d (1 9 ord] to discov] ! effects ( wat] on animal bodies8 ,no surely2 ?is is n ! me?od1 9 :i* he proce$s 9 8 reason+4 ,! idea ( s9k+ is s closely connect$ ) t ( wat]1 & ! idea ( suffocat+ ) t ( s9k+1 t ! m9d makes ! transition )\t ! assi/ance ( ! memory4 ,! cu/om op]ates be=e we h "t = reflection4 ,! objects seem s insep>able1 t we int]pose n a mom5t's delay 9 pass+ f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,b z ?is transition proce$s f exp]i5ce1 & n f any prim>y connexion betwixt ! ideas1 we mu/ necess>ily ackn[l$ge1 t exp]i5ce may produce a belief & a judgm5t ( causes & effects by a secret op]ation1 & )\t be+ once ?\ght (4 ,?is removes all pretext1 if !re yet rema9s any1 = ass]t+ t ! m9d is conv9c$ by reason+ ( t pr9ciple1 t in/ances ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 mu/ necess>ily resemble ^?1 ( :i* we h4 ,= we "h f9d1 t ! und]/&+ or imag9ation c draw inf]5ces f pa/ exp]i5ce1 )\t reflect+ on x2 mu* m )\t =m+ any pr9ciple conc]n+ x1 or reason+ ^u t pr9ciple4 ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve1 t 9 all ! mo/ e/abli%$ & uni=m conjunctions ( causes & effects1 su* z ^? ( gravity1 impulse1 solidity1 c4 ! m9d nev] c>ries its view expressly to consid] any pa/ exp]i5ce3 ,?\gh 9 o!r associations ( objects1 :i* are m r>e & unusual1 x may assi/ ! cu/om & transition ( ideas by ?is reflection4 ,nay we f9d 9 "s cases1 t ! reflection produces ! belief )\t ! cu/om2 or m prop]ly speak+1 t ! reflection produces ! cu/om 9 an oblique & artificial mann]4 ,i expla9 myself4 ,x is c]ta91 t n only 9 philosophy1 b ev5 9 common life1 we may atta9 ! k ( a p>ticul> cause m]ely by "o exp]im5t1 provid$ x be made ) judgm5t1 & aft] a c>eful removal ( all =eign & sup]flu\s circum/ances4 ,n[ z aft] "o exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 ! m9d1 ^u ! appe>ance ei!r ( ! cause or ! effect1 c draw an inf]5ce conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( its correlative2 & z a habit c nev] be acquir$ m]ely by "o in/ance2 x may be ?\ght1 t belief _c 9 ?is case be e/eem$ ! effect ( cu/om4 ,b ?is difficulty w vani%1 if we consid]1 t ?\gh we are "h suppos$ to h _h only "o exp]im5t ( a p>ticul> effect1 yet we h _m millions to conv9ce u ( ?is pr9ciple2 t l objects plac$ 9 l circum/ances1 w always produce l effects2 & z ?is pr9ciple has e/abli%$ itself by a suffici5t cu/om1 x be/[s an evid5ce & firmness on any op9ion1 to :i* x c be appli$4 ,! connexion ( ! ideas is n habitual aft] "o exp]im5t3 b ?is connexion is compreh5d$ "u ano!r pr9ciple1 t is habitual2 :i* br+s u back to our hypo!sis4 ,9 all cases we transf] our exp]i5ce to in/ances1 ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 ei!r expressly or tacitly1 ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,i mu/ n conclude ?is subject )\t obs]v+1 t x is v difficult to talk ( ! op]ations ( ! m9d ) p]fect propriety & exactness2 because common language has seldom made any v nice di/9ctions among !m1 b has g5]ally call$ by ! same t]m all su* z ne>ly resemble ea* o!r4 ,& z ?is is a s\rce almo/ inevitable ( obscurity & confusion 9 ! au?or2 s x may frequ5tly give rise to d\bts & objections 9 ! read]1 :i* o!rwise he w\ld nev] h dream$ (4 ,?us my g5]al position1 t an op9ion or belief is no?+ b a /rong & lively idea d]iv$ f a pres5t impression relat$ to x1 maybe liable to ! foll[+ objection1 by reason ( a little ambiguity 9 ^? words /rong & lively4 ,x may be said1 t n only an impression may give rise to reason+1 b t an idea may also h ! same influ5ce2 especially ^u my pr9ciple1 t all our ideas are d]iv$ f correspond5t impressions4 ,= suppose ,i =m at pres5t an idea1 ( :i* ,i h =got ! correspond5t impression1 ,i am able to conclude f ?is idea1 t su* an impression did once exi/2 & z ?is conclusion is att5d$ ) belief1 x may be ask$1 f :5ce are ! qualities ( =ce & vivacity d]iv$1 :i* con/itute ?is belief8 ,& to ?is ,i answ] v readily1 f ! pres5t idea4 ,= z ?is idea is n "h consid]$1 z ! repres5tation ( any abs5t object1 b z a real p]ception 9 ! m9d1 ( :i* we are intimately consci\s1 x mu/ be able to be/[ on :atev] is relat$ to x ! same quality1 call x firmness1 or solidity1 or =ce1 or vivacity1 ) :i* ! m9d reflects ^u x1 & is assur$ ( its pres5t exi/5ce4 ,! idea "h supplies ! place ( an impression1 & is entirely ! same1 s f> z reg>ds our pres5t purpose4 ,^u ! same pr9ciples we ne$ n be surpriz$ to he> ( ! remembrance ( an idea3 t is1 ( ! idea ( an idea1 & ( its =ce & vivacity sup]ior to ! loose conceptions ( ! imag9ation4 ,9 ?9k+ ( our pa/ ?\ghts we n only del9eate out ! objects1 ( :i* we 7 ?9k+1 b also conceive ! action ( ! m9d 9 ! m$itation1 t c]ta9 ,,je-,,ne-,s,,ai-,,quoi1 ( :i* x is impossible to give any def9ition or description1 b :i* e "o suffici5tly und]/&s4 ,:5 ! memory (f]s an idea ( ?is1 & repres5ts x z pa/1 x is easily conceiv$ h[ t idea may h m vig\r & firmness1 ?an :5 we ?9k ( a pa/ ?\ght1 ( :i* we h no remembrance4 ,aft] ?is any "o w und]/& h[ we may =m ! idea ( an impression & ( an idea1 & h[ we way believe ! exi/5ce ( an impression & ( an idea4 ,,sect4 ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,o!r ,,relations ,,& ,,o!r ,,habits4 ,h[ev] conv9c+ ! =ego+ argum5ts may appe>1 we mu/ n re/ cont5t$ ) !m1 b mu/ turn ! subject on e side1 9 ord] to f9d "s new po9ts ( view1 f :i* we may illu/rate & confirm su* extraord9>y1 & su* fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,a scrupul\s hesitation to receive any new hypo!sis is s laudable a disposition 9 philosoph]s1 & s necess>y to ! exam9ation ( tru?1 t x des]ves to be comply$ )1 & requires t e argum5t be produc$1 :i* may t5d to _! satisfaction1 & e objection remov$1 :i* may /op !m 9 _! reason+4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$1 t1 beside cause & effect1 ! two relations ( resemblance & contiguity1 are to be consid]$ z associat+ pr9ciples ( ?\ght1 & z capable ( convey+ ! imag9ation f "o idea to ano!r4 ,i h also obs]v$1 t :5 ( two objects connect$ to-e!r by any ( ^! relations1 "o is imm$iately pres5t to ! memory or s5ses1 n only ! m9d is convey$ to its co-relative by means ( ! associat+ pr9ciple2 b likewise conceives x ) an additional =ce & vig\r1 by ! unit$ op]ation ( t pr9ciple1 & ( ! pres5t impression4 ,all ?is ,i h obs]v$1 9 ord] to confirm by analogy1 my explication ( our judgm5ts conc]n+ cause & effect4 ,b ?is v argum5t may1 p]haps1 be turn$ aga9/ me1 & in/ead ( a confirmation ( my hypo!sis1 may become an objection to x4 ,= x may be said1 t if all ! p>ts ( t hypo!sis be true1 viz4 t ^! ?ree species ( relation are d]iv$ f ! same pr9ciples2 t _! effects 9 in=m+ & enliv5+ our ideas are ! same2 & t belief is no?+ b a m =cible & vivid conception ( an idea2 x %\ld foll[1 t t action ( ! m9d may n only be d]iv$ f ! relation ( cause & effect1 b also f ^? ( contiguity & resemblance4 ,b z we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t belief arises only f causation1 & t we c draw no inf]5ce f "o object to ano!r1 except !y be connect$ by ?is relation1 we may conclude1 t !re is "s error 9 t reason+1 :i* leads u into su* difficulties4 ,?is is ! objection2 let u n[ consid] its solution4 ,x is evid5t1 t :atev] is pres5t to ! memory1 /rik+ ^u ! m9d ) a vivacity1 :i* resembles an imm$iate impression1 mu/ become ( consid]able mom5t 9 all ! op]ations ( ! m9d1 & mu/ easily di/+ui% itself above ! m]e fictions ( ! imag9ation4 ,( ^! impressions or ideas ( ! memory we =m a k9d ( sy/em1 compreh5d+ :atev] we rememb] to h be5 pres5t1 ei!r to our int]nal p]ception or s5ses2 & e p>ticul> ( t sy/em1 jo9$ to ! pres5t impressions1 we are pleas$ to call a reality4 ,b ! m9d /ops n "h4 ,= f9d+1 t ) ?is sy/em ( p]ceptions1 !re is ano!r connect$ by cu/om1 or if y w1 by ! relation ( cause or effect1 x proce$s to ! consid]ation ( _! ideas2 & z x feels t x is 9 a mann] necess>ily det]m9$ to view ^! p>ticul> ideas1 & t ! cu/om or relation1 by :i* x is det]m9$1 admits n ( ! lea/ *ange1 x =ms !m into a new sy/em1 :i* x likewise dignifies ) ! title ( realities4 ,! fir/ ( ^! sy/ems is ! object ( ! memory & s5ses2 ! second ( ! judgm5t4 ,x is ?is latt] pr9ciple1 :i* peoples ! _w1 & br+s u acqua9t$ ) su* exi/5ces1 z by _! removal 9 "t & place1 lie beyond ! rea* ( ! s5ses & memory4 ,by means ( x ,i pa9t ! univ]se 9 my imag9ation1 & fix my att5tion on any "p ( x ,i please4 ,i =m an idea ( ,,rome1 :i* ,i nei!r see nor rememb]2 b :i* is connect$ ) su* impressions z ,i rememb] to h receiv$ f ! conv]sation & books ( travell]s & hi/orians4 ,?is idea ( ,rome ,i place 9 a c]ta9 situation on ! idea ( an object1 :i* ,i call ! globe4 ,i jo9 to x ! conception ( a p>ticul> gov]nm5t1 & religion1 & mann]s4 ,i look backw>d & consid] its fir/ f\ndation2 its sev]al revolutions1 successes1 & mis=tunes4 ,all ?is1 & ev]y?+ else1 :i* ,i believe1 are no?+ b ideas2 ?\gh by _! =ce & settl$ ord]1 aris+ f cu/om & ! relation ( cause & effect1 !y di/+ui% !mselves f ! o!r ideas1 :i* are m]ely ! (fspr+ ( ! imag9ation4 ,z to ! influ5ce ( contiguity & resemblance1 we may obs]ve1 t if ! contigu\s & resembl+ object be compreh5d$ 9 ?is sy/em ( realities1 !re is no d\bt b ^! two relations w assi/ t ( cause & effect1 & infix ! relat$ idea ) m =ce 9 ! imag9ation4 ,?is ,i %all enl>ge ^u pres5tly4 ,mean :ile ,i %all c>ry my obs]vation a /ep f>!r1 & ass]t1 t ev5 :]e ! relat$ object is b feign$1 ! relation w s]ve to enliv5 ! idea1 & encrease its influ5ce4 ,a poet1 no d\bt1 w be ! bett] able to =m a /rong description ( ! ,elysian fields1 t he prompts 8 imag9ation by ! view ( a beautiful mead[ or g>d52 z at ano!r "t he may by 8 fancy place himself 9 ! mid/ ( ^! fabul\s regions1 t by ! feign$ contiguity he may enliv5 8 imag9ation4 ,b ?\gh ,i _c altoge!r exclude ! relations ( resemblance & contiguity f op]at+ on ! fancy 9 ?is mann]1 x is obs]vable t1 :5 s+le1 _! influ5ce is v feeble & unc]ta94 ,z ! relation ( cause & effect is requisite to p]suade u ( any real exi/5ce1 s is ?is p]suasion requisite to give =ce to ^! o!r relations4 ,= :]e ^u ! appe>ance ( an impression we n only feign ano!r object1 b likewise arbitr>ily1 & ( our m]e good-w & pleasure give x a p>ticul> relation to ! impression1 ?is c h b a small effect ^u ! m9d2 nor is !re any reason1 :y1 ^u ! return ( ! same impression1 we %\ld be det]m9$ to place ! same object 9 ! same relation to x4 ,!re is no mann] ( necessity = ! m9d to feign any resembl+ & contigu\s objects2 & if x feigns su*1 !re is z little necessity = x always to conf9e itself to ! same1 )\t any diff]5ce or v>iation4 ,& inde$ su* a fiction is f\nd$ on s little reason1 t no?+ b pure caprice c det]m9e ! m9d to =m x2 & t pr9ciple be+ fluctuat+ & unc]ta91 x is impossible x c ev] op]ate ) any consid]able degree ( =ce & con/ancy4 ,! m9d =sees & anticipates ! *ange2 & ev5 f ! v fir/ in/ant feels ! loos5ess ( its actions1 & ! weak hold x has ( its objects4 ,& z ?is imp]fection is v s5sible 9 e s+le in/ance1 x /ill encreases by exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 :5 we comp>e ! sev]al in/ances we may rememb]1 & =m a g5]al rule aga9/ ! repos+ any assurance 9 ^? mom5t>y glimpses ( light1 :i* arise 9 ! imag9ation f a feign$ resemblance & contiguity4 ,! relation ( cause & effect has all ! opposite advantages4 ,! objects x pres5ts are fixt & unalt]able4 ,! impressions ( ! memory nev] *ange 9 any consid]able degree2 & ea* impression draws along ) x a precise idea1 :i* takes its place 9 ! imag9ation z some?+ solid & real1 c]ta9 & inv>iable4 ,! ?\ght is always det]m9$ to pass f ! impression to ! idea1 & f t p>ticul> impression to t p>ticul> idea1 )\t any *oice or hesitation4 ,b n cont5t ) remov+ ?is objection1 ,i %all endeav\r to extract f x a pro( ( ! pres5t doctr9e4 ,contiguity & resemblance h an effect mu* inf]ior to causation2 b /ill h "s effect1 & augm5t ! conviction ( any op9ion1 & ! vivacity ( any conception4 ,if ?is c be prov$ 9 sev]al new in/ances1 beside :at we h already obs]v$1 x w be all[$ no inconsid]able argum5t1 t belief is no?+ b a lively idea relat$ to a pres5t impression4 ,to beg9 ) contiguity2 x has be5 rem>k$ among ! ,mahometans z well z ,*ri/ians1 t ^? pilgrims1 :o h se5 ,,mecca or ! ,,holy ,,l&1 are ev] aft] m fai?ful & zeal\s believ]s1 ?an ^? :o h n _h t advantage4 ,a man1 ^: memory pres5ts him ) a lively image ( ! ,r$-,sea1 & ! ,des]t1 & ,j]usalem1 & ,galilee1 c nev] d\bt ( any miracul\s ev5ts1 :i* are relat$ ei!r by ,moses or ! ,evangeli/s4 ,! lively idea ( ! places passes by an easy transition to ! facts1 :i* are suppos$ to h be5 relat$ to !m by contiguity1 & encreases ! belief by encreas+ ! vivacity ( ! conception4 ,! remembrance ( ^! fields & riv]s has ! same influ5ce on ! vulg> z a new argum5t2 & f ! same causes4 ,we may =m a l obs]vation conc]n+ resemblance4 ,we h rem>k$1 t ! conclusion1 :i* we draw f a pres5t object to its abs5t cause or effect1 is nev] f\nd$ on any qualities1 :i* we obs]ve 9 t object1 consid]$ 9 itself1 or1 9 o!r words1 t x is impossible to det]m9e1 o!rwise ?an by exp]i5ce1 :at w result f any ph5om5on1 or :at has prec$$ x4 ,b ?\gh ?is be s evid5t 9 itself1 t x seem$ n to require any1 pro(2 yet "s philosoph]s h imag9$ t !re is an app>5t cause = ! communication ( motion1 & t a reasonable man might imm$iately inf] ! motion ( "o body f ! impulse ( ano!r1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to any pa/ obs]vation4 ,t ?is op9ion is false w admit ( an easy pro(4 ,= if su* an inf]5ce may be drawn m]ely f ! ideas ( body1 ( motion1 & ( impulse1 x mu/ am\nt to a demon/ration1 & mu/ imply ! absolute impossibility ( any contr>y supposition4 ,e effect1 !n1 beside ! communication ( motion1 implies a =mal contradiction2 & x is impossible n only t x c exi/1 b also t x c be conceiv$4 ,b we may soon satisfy ourselves ( ! contr>y1 by =m+ a cle> & consi/5t idea ( "o body's mov+ ^u ano!r1 & ( its re/ imm$iately ^u ! contact1 or ( its return+ back 9 ! same l9e 9 :i* x came2 or ( its annihilation2 or circul> or elliptical motion3 & 9 %ort1 ( an inf9ite numb] ( o!r *anges1 :i* we may suppose x to und]go4 ,^! suppositions are all consi/5t & natural2 & ! reason1 ,:y we imag9e ! communication ( motion to be m consi/5t & natural n only ?an ^? suppositions1 b also ?an any o!r natural effect1 is f\nd$ on ! relation ( resemblance betwixt ! cause & effect1 :i* is "h unit$ to exp]i5ce1 & b9ds ! objects 9 ! close/ & mo/ intimate mann] to ea* o!r1 s z to make u imag9e !m to be absolutely insep>able4 ,resemblance1 !n1 has ! same or a p>allel influ5ce ) exp]i5ce2 & z ! only imm$iate effect ( exp]i5ce is to associate our ideas toge!r1 x foll[s1 t all belief arises f ! association ( ideas1 accord+ to my hypo!sis4 ,x is univ]sally all[$ by ! writ]s on optics1 t ! eye at all times sees an equal numb] ( physical po9ts1 & t a man on ! top ( a m\nta9 has no l>g] an image pres5t$ to 8 s5ses1 ?an :5 he is coop$ up 9 ! n>r[e/ c\rt or *amb]4 ,x is only by exp]i5ce t he inf]s ! greatness ( ! object f "s peculi> qualities ( ! image2 & ?is inf]5ce ( ! judgm5t he conf\nds ) s5sation1 z is common on o!r occasions4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 t ! inf]5ce ( ! judgm5t is "h mu* m lively ?an :at is usual 9 our common reason+s1 & t a man has a m vivid conception ( ! va/ ext5t ( ! ocean f ! image he receives by ! eye1 :5 he /&s on ! top ( ! high promontory1 ?an m]ely f he>+ ! ro>+ ( ! wat]s4 ,he feels a m s5sible pleasure f its magnific5ce2 :i* is a pro( ( a m lively idea3 ,& he conf\nds 8 judgm5t ) s5sation1 :i* is ano!r pro( ( x4 ,b z ! inf]5ce is equally c]ta9 & imm$iate 9 bo? cases1 ?is sup]ior vivacity ( our conception 9 "o case c proce$ f no?+ b ?is1 t 9 draw+ an inf]5ce f ! sight1 beside ! cu/om>y conjunction1 !re is also a resemblance betwixt ! image & ! object we inf]2 :i* /r5g!ns ! relation1 & conveys ! vivacity ( ! impression to ! relat$ idea ) an easi] & m natural movem5t4 ,no weakness ( human nature is m univ]sal & conspicu\s ?an :at we commonly call ,,cr$ulity1 or a too easy fai? 9 ! te/imony ( o!rs2 & ?is weakness is also v naturally acc\nt$ = f ! influ5ce ( resemblance4 ,:5 we receive any matt] ( fact ^u human te/imony1 our fai? arises f ! v same orig9 z our inf]5ces f causes to effects1 & f effects to causes2 nor is !re any?+ b our exp]i5ce ( ! gov]n+ pr9ciples ( human nature1 :i* c give u any assurance ( ! v]acity ( m54 ,b ?\gh exp]i5ce be ! true /&>d ( ?is1 z well z ( all o!r judgm5ts1 we seldom regulate ourselves entirely by x2 b h a rem>kable prop5sity to believe :atev] is report$1 ev5 conc]n+ app>itions1 en*antm5ts1 & prodigies1 h[ev] contr>y to daily exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,! words or disc\rses ( o!rs h an intimate connexion ) c]ta9 ideas 9 _! m9d2 & ^! ideas h also a connexion ) ! facts or objects1 :i* !y repres5t4 ,?is latt] connexion is g5]ally mu* ov]-rat$1 & comm&s our ass5t beyond :at exp]i5ce w ju/ify2 :i* c proce$ f no?+ beside ! resemblance betwixt ! ideas & ! facts4 ,o!r effects only po9t out _! causes 9 an oblique mann]2 b ! te/imony ( m5 does x directly1 & is to be consid]$ z an image z well z an effect4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 we are s ra% 9 draw+ our inf]5ces f x1 & are less guid$ by exp]i5ce 9 our judgm5ts conc]n+ x1 ?an 9 ^? ^u any o!r subject4 ,z resemblance1 :5 conjo9$ ) causation1 =tifies our reason+s2 s ! want ( x 9 any v great degree is able almo/ entirely to de/roy !m4 ,( ?is !re is a rem>kable in/ance 9 ! univ]sal c>elessness & /upidity ( m5 ) reg>d to a future /ate1 :]e !y %[ z ob/9ate an incr$ulity1 z !y d a bl9d cr$ulity on o!r occasions4 ,!re is n inde$ a m ample matt] ( wond] to ! /udi\s1 & ( regret to ! pi\s man1 ?an to obs]ve ! neglig5ce ( ! bulk ( mank9d conc]n+ _! approa*+ condition2 & x is ) reason1 t _m em95t !ologians h n scrupl$ to affirm1 t ?\gh ! vulg> h no =mal pr9ciples ( infidelity1 yet !y are really infidels 9 _! he>ts1 & h no?+ l :at we c call a belief ( ! et]nal duration ( _! s\ls4 ,= let u consid] on ! "o h& :at div9es h display$ ) su* eloqu5ce conc]n+ ! importance ( et]nity2 & at ! same "t reflect1 t ?\gh 9 matt]s ( rhetoric we ought to lay our acc\nt ) "s exagg]ation1 we mu/ 9 ?is case all[1 t ! /ronge/ figures are inf9itely inf]ior to ! subject3 ,& aft] ?is let u view on ! o!r h&1 ! prodigi\s security ( m5 9 ?is p>ticul>3 ,i ask1 if ^! p really believe :at is inculcat$ on !m1 & :at !y pret5d to affirm2 & ! answ] is obvi\sly 9 ! negative4 ,z belief is an act ( ! m9d aris+ f cu/om1 x is n /range ! want ( resemblance %\ld ov]?r[ :at cu/om has e/abli%$1 & dim9i% ! =ce ( ! idea1 z mu* z t latt] pr9ciple encreases x4 ,a future /ate is s f> remov$ f our compreh5sion1 & we h s obscure an idea ( ! mann]1 9 :i* we %all exi/ aft] ! dissolution ( ! body1 t all ! reasons we c inv5t1 h[ev] /rong 9 !mselves1 & h[ev] mu* assi/$ by education1 are nev] able ) sl[ imag9ations to surm\nt ?is difficulty1 or be/[ a suffici5t au?ority & =ce on ! idea4 ,i r *oose to ascribe ?is incr$ulity to ! fa9t idea we =m ( our future condition1 d]iv$ f its want ( resemblance to ! pres5t life1 ?an to t d]iv$ f its remot5ess4 ,= ,i obs]ve1 t m5 are ev]y:]e conc]n$ ab\t :at may happ5 aft] _! dea?1 provid$ x reg>d ?is _w2 & t !re are few to :om _! "n1 _! family1 _! fri5ds1 & _! c\ntry are 9 any p]iod ( "t entirely indiff]5t4 ,& inde$ ! want ( resemblance 9 ?is case s entirely de/roys belief1 t except ^? few1 :o ^u cool reflection on ! importance ( ! subject1 h tak5 c>e by repeat$ m$itation to impr9t 9 _! m9ds ! argum5ts = a future /ate1 !re sc>ce are any1 :o believe ! immortality ( ! s\l ) a true & e/abli%$ judgm5t2 su* z is d]iv$ f ! te/imony ( travell]s & hi/orians4 ,?is appe>s v conspicu\sly :]ev] m5 h occasion to comp>e ! pleasures & pa9s1 ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( ?is life ) ^? ( a future2 ev5 ?\gh ! case does n conc]n !mselves1 & !re is no viol5t passion to di/urb _! judgm5t4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olicks are c]ta9ly ! mo/ zeal\s ( any sect 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w2 & yet y'll f9d few among ! m s5sible p ( t communion :o d n blame ! ,gunp[d]-treason1 & ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 z cruel & b>b>\s1 ?\gh project$ or execut$ aga9/ ^? v p1 :om )\t any scruple !y condemn to et]nal & inf9ite puni%m5ts4 ,all we c say 9 excuse = ?is inconsi/5cy is1 t !y really d n believe :at !y affirm conc]n+ a future /ate2 nor is !re any bett] pro( ( x ?an ! v inconsi/5cy4 ,we may add to ?is a rem>k2 t 9 matt]s ( religion m5 take a pleasure 9 be+ t]rify$1 & t no prea*]s are s popul>1 z ^? :o excite ! mo/ dismal & gloomy passions4 ,9 ! common affairs ( life1 :]e we feel & are p5etrat$ ) ! solidity ( ! subject1 no?+ c be m disagreeable ?an fe> & t]ror2 & x is only 9 dramatic p]=mances & 9 religi\s disc\rses1 t !y ev] give pleasure4 ,9 ^! latt] cases ! imag9ation reposes itself indol5tly on ! idea2 & ! passion1 be+ s(t5$ by ! want ( belief 9 ! subject1 has no m ?an ! agreeable effect ( enliv5+ ! m9d1 & fix+ ! att5tion4 ,! pres5t hypo!sis w receive additional confirmation1 if we exam9e ! effects ( o!r k9ds ( cu/om1 z well z ( o!r relations4 ,to und]/& ?is we mu/ consid]1 t cu/om1 to :i* ,i attribute all belief & reason+1 may op]ate ^u ! m9d 9 invigorat+ an idea aft] two sev]al ways4 ,= suppos+ t 9 all pa/ exp]i5ce we h f\nd two objects to h be5 always conjo9$ toge!r1 x is evid5t1 t ^u ! appe>ance ( "o ( ^! objects 9 an impression1 we mu/ f cu/om make an easy transition to ! idea ( t object1 :i* usually att5ds x2 & by means ( ! pres5t impression & easy transition mu/ conceive t idea 9 a /rong] & m lively mann]1 ?an we d any loose float+ image ( ! fancy4 ,b let u next suppose1 t a m]e idea alone1 )\t any ( ?is curi\s & almo/ artificial prep>ation1 %\ld frequ5tly make its appe>ance 9 ! m9d1 ?is idea mu/ by degrees acquire a facility & =ce2 & bo? by its firm hold & easy introduction di/+ui% itself f any new & unusual idea4 ,?is is ! only p>ticul>1 9 :i* ^! two k9ds ( cu/om agree2 & if x appe>1 t _! effects on ! judgm5t1 are simil> & proportionable1 we may c]ta9ly conclude1 t ! =ego+ explication ( t faculty is satisfactory4 ,b c we d\bt ( ?is agreem5t 9 _! influ5ce on ! judgm5t1 :5 we consid] ! nature & effects ,( ,,education8 ,all ^? op9ions & notions ( ?+s1 to :i* we h be5 accu/om$ f our infancy1 take su* deep root1 t x is impossible = u1 by all ! p[]s ( reason & exp]i5ce1 to eradicate !m2 & ?is habit n only approa*es 9 its influ5ce1 b ev5 on _m occasions prevails ov] t :i* a-rises f ! con/ant & insep>able union ( causes & effects4 ,"h we mo/ n be cont5t$ ) say+1 t ! vividness ( ! idea produces ! belief3 ,we mu/ ma9ta9 t !y are individually ! same4 ,! frequ5t repetition ( any idea infixes x 9 ! imag9ation2 b c\ld nev] possibly ( itself produce belief1 if t act ( ! m9d 01 by ! orig9al con/itution ( our natures1 annex$ only to a reason+ & comp>ison ( ideas4 ,cu/om may lead u into "s false comp>ison ( ideas4 ,?is is ! utmo/ effect we c conceive ( x4 ,b x is c]ta9 x c\ld nev] supply ! place ( t comp>ison1 nor produce any act ( ! m9d1 :i* naturally belong$ to t pr9ciple4 ,a p]son1 t has lo/ a leg or an arm by amputation1 endeav\rs = a long "t aft]w>ds to s]ve himself ) !m4 ,aft] ! dea? ( any "o1 x is a common rem>k ( ! :ole family1 b especially ( ! s]vants1 t !y c sc>ce believe him to be dead1 b /ill imag9e him to be 9 8 *amb] or 9 any o!r place1 :]e !y 7 accu/om$ to f9d him4 ,i h (t5 he>d 9 conv]sation1 aft] talk+ ( a p]son1 t is any way celebrat$1 t "o1 :o has no acqua9tance ) him1 w say1 ,i h nev] se5 su*-a-"o1 b almo/ fancy ,i h2 s (t5 h ,i he>d talk ( him4 ,all ^! are p>allel in/ances4 ,if we consid] ?is argum5t f ,,education 9 a prop] light1 x w appe> v conv9c+2 & ! m s1 t x is f\nd$ on "o ( ! mo/ common pha5om5a1 t is any :]e to be met )4 ,i am p]suad$1 t ^u exam9ation we %all f9d m ?an "o half ( ^? op9ions1 t prevail among mank9d1 to be ow+ to education1 & t ! pr9ciples1 :i* are ?us implicitely embrac$1 ov]ballance ^?1 :i* are ow+ ei!r to ab/ract reason+ or exp]i5ce4 ,z li>s1 by ! frequ5t repetition ( _! lies1 come at la/ to rememb] !m2 s ! judgm5t1 or r ! imag9ation1 by ! l means1 may h ideas s /rongly impr9t$ on x1 & conceive !m 9 s full a light1 t !y may op]ate ^u ! m9d 9 ! same mann] ) ^?1 :i* ! s5ses1 memory or reason pres5t to u4 ,b z education is an artificial & n a natural cause1 & z its maxims are frequ5tly contr>y to reason1 & ev5 to !mselves 9 diff]5t times & places1 x is nev] ^u t acc\nt recogniz$ by philosoph]s2 ?\gh 9 reality x be built almo/ on ! same f\ndation ( cu/om & repetition z our reason+s f causes & effects4#h #h ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve1 t z our ass5t to all probable reason+s is f\nd$ on ! vivacity ( ideas1 ,x resembles _m ( ^? :imsies & prejudices1 :i* are reject$ "u ! opprobri\s "* ( be+ ! (fspr+ ( ! imag9ation4 ,by ?is expression x appe>s t ! ^w1 imag9ation1 is commonly usd 9 two diff]5t s5ses2 & ?o no?+ be m contr>y to true philosophy1 ?an ?is inaccuracy1 yet 9 ! foll[+ reason+s ,i h (t5 be5 obligd to fall into x4 ,:5 ,i oppose ! ,imag9ation to ! memory1 ,i mean ! faculty1 by :i* we =m our fa9t] ideas4 ,:5 ,i oppose x to reason1 ,i mean ! same faculty1 exclud+ only our demon/rative & probable reason+s4 ,:5 ,i oppose x to nei!r1 x is indiff]5t :e!r x be tak5 9 ! l>g] or m limit$ s5se1 or at lea/ ! context w suffici5tly expla9 ! mean+4 ,,sect4 ,x4 ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,belief4 ,b ?\gh education be disclaim$ by philosophy1 z a fallaci\s gr\nd ( ass5t to any op9ion1 x prevails nev]!less 9 ! _w1 & is ! cause :y all sy/ems are apt to be reject$ at fir/ z new & unusual4 ,?is p]haps w be ! fate ( :at ,i h "h advanc$ conc]n+ belief1 & ?\gh ! pro(s ,i h produc$ appe> to me p]fectly conclusive1 ,i expect n to make _m proselytes to my op9ion4 ,m5 w sc>ce ev] be p]suad$1 t effects ( su* consequ5ce c fl[ f pr9ciples1 :i* are seem+ly s inconsid]able1 & t ! f> greate/ "p ( our reason+s ) all our actions & passions1 c be d]iv$ f no?+ b cu/om & habit4 ,to obviate ?is objection1 ,i %all "h anticipate a little :at w\ld m prop]ly fall "u our consid]ation aft]w>ds1 :5 we come to treat ( ! passions & ! s5se ( beauty4 ,!re is implant$ 9 ! human m9d a p]ception ( pa9 & pleasure1 z ! *ief spr+ & mov+ pr9ciple ( all its actions4 ,b pa9 & pleasure h two ways ( mak+ _! appe>ance 9 ! m9d2 ( :i* ! "o has effects v diff]5t f ! o!r4 ,!y may ei!r appe> 9 impression to ! actual feel+1 or only 9 idea1 z at pres5t :5 ,i m5tion !m4 ,x is evid5t ! influ5ce ( ^! ^u our actions is f> f be+ equal4 ,impressions always actuate ! s\l1 & t 9 ! highe/ degree2 b x is n e idea :i* has ! same effect4 ,nature has proce$$ ) caution 9 ?is came1 & seems to h c>efully avoid$ ! inconv5i5ces ( two extremes4 ,did impressions alone influ5ce ! w1 we %\ld e mom5t ( our lives be subject to ! greate/ calamities2 because1 ?\gh we =esaw _! approa*1 we %\ld n be provid$ by nature ) any pr9ciple ( action1 :i* might impel u to avoid !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 did e idea influ5ce our actions1 our condition w\ld n be mu* m5d$4 ,= su* is ! un/ead9ess & activity ( ?\ght1 t ! images ( e ?+1 especially ( goods & evils1 are always w&]+ 9 ! m9d2 & 7 x mov$ by e idle conception ( ?is k9d1 x w\ld nev] enjoy a mom5t's peace & tranquillity4 ,nature has1 !re=e1 *os5 a m$ium1 & has nei!r be/[$ on e idea ( good & evil ! p[] ( actuat+ ! w1 nor yet has entirely exclud$ !m f ?is influ5ce4 ,?\gh an idle fiction has no efficacy1 yet we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t ! ideas ( ^? objects1 :i* we believe ei!r are or w be exi/5t1 produce 9 a less] degree ! same effect ) ^? impressions1 :i* are imm$iately pres5t to ! s5ses & p]ception4 ,! effect1 !n1 ( belief is to raise up a simple idea to an equality ) our impressions1 & be/[ on x a l influ5ce on ! passions4 ,?is effect x c only h by mak+ an idea approa* an impression 9 =ce & vivacity4 ,= z ! diff]5t degrees ( =ce make all ! orig9al diff]5ce betwixt an impression & an idea1 !y mu/ ( consequ5ce be ! s\rce ( all ! diff]5ces 9 ! effects ( ^! p]ceptions1 & _! removal1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ! cause ( e new resemblance !y acquire4 ,:]ev] we c make an idea approa* ! impressions 9 =ce & vivacity1 x w likewise imitate !m 9 its influ5ce on ! m9d2 & vice v]sa1 :]e x imitates !m 9 t influ5ce1 z 9 ! pres5t case1 ?is mu/ proce$ f its approa*+ !m 9 =ce & vivacity4 ,belief1 !re=e1 s9ce x causes an idea to imitate ! effects ( ! impressions1 mu/ make x resemble !m 9 ^! qualities1 & is no?+ b ,a ,,m ,,vivid ,,& ,,int5se ,,conception ,,( ,,any ,,idea4 ,?is1 !n1 may bo? s]ve z an additional argum5t = ! pres5t sy/em1 & may give u a notion aft] :at mann] our reason+s f causation are able to op]ate on ! w & passions4 ,z belief is almo/ absolutely requisite to ! excit+ our passions1 s ! passions 9 _! turn are v fav\rable to belief2 & n only su* facts z convey agreeable emotions1 b v (t5 su* z give pa91 d ^u t acc\nt become m readily ! objects ( fai? & op9ion4 ,a c[>d1 ^: fe>s are easily awak5$1 readily ass5ts to e acc\nt ( dang] he meets )2 z a p]son ( a sorr[ful & melan*oly disposition is v cr$ul\s ( e ?+1 t n\ri%es 8 prevail+ passion4 ,:5 any affect+ object is pres5t$1 x gives ! al>m1 & excites imm$iately a degree ( its prop] passion2 especially 9 p]sons :o are naturally incl9$ to t passion4 ,?is emotion passes by an easy transition to ! imag9ation2 & diffus+ itself ov] our idea ( ! affect+ object1 makes u =m t idea ) great] =ce & vivacity1 & consequ5tly ass5t to x1 accord+ to ! prec$5t sy/em4 ,admiration & surprize h ! same effect z ! o!r passions2 & accord+ly we may obs]ve1 t among ! vulg>1 quacks & projectors meet ) a m easy fai? ^u acc\nt ( _! magnific5t pret5sions1 ?an if !y kept !mselves )9 ! b\nds ( mod]ation4 ,! fir/ a/oni%m5t1 :i* naturally att5ds _! miracul\s relations1 spreads itself ov] ! :ole s\l1 & s vivifies & enliv5s ! idea1 t x resembles ! inf]5ces we draw f exp]i5ce4 ,?is is a my/]y1 ) :i* we may be already a little acqua9t$1 & :i* we %all h f>!r occasion to be let into 9 ! progress ( ?is treatise4 ,aft] ?is acc\nt ( ! influ5ce ( belief on ! passions1 we %all f9d less difficulty 9 expla9+ its effects on ! imag9ation1 h[ev] extraord9>y !y may appe>4 ,x is c]ta9 we _c take pleasure 9 any disc\rse1 :]e our judgm5t gives no ass5t to ^? images :i* are pres5t$ to our fancy4 ,! conv]sation ( ^? :o h acquir$ a habit ( ly+1 ?\gh 9 affairs ( no mom5t1 nev] gives any satisfaction2 & t because ^? ideas !y pres5t to u1 n be+ att5d$ ) belief1 make no impression ^u ! m9d4 ,poets !mselves1 ?\gh li>s by pr(ession1 always endeav\r to give an air ( tru? to _! fictions2 & :]e t is totally neglect$1 _! p]=mances1 h[ev] +5i\s1 w nev] be able to af=d mu* pleasure4 ,9 %ort1 we may obs]ve1 t ev5 :5 ideas h no mann] ( influ5ce on ! w & passions1 tru? & reality are /ill requisite1 9 ord] to make !m ent]ta9+ to ! imag9ation4 ,b if we comp>e toge!r all ! ph5om5a t occur on ?is head1 we %all f9d1 t tru?1 h[ev] necess>y x may seem 9 all works ( g5ius1 has no o!r effect ?an to procure an easy reception = ! ideas1 & to make ! m9d acquiesce 9 !m ) satisfaction1 or at lea/ )\t reluctance4 ,b z ?is is an effect1 :i* may easily be suppos$ to fl[ f t solidity & =ce1 :i*1 accord+ to my sy/em1 att5d ^? ideas t are e/abli%$ by reason+s f causation2 x foll[s1 t all ! influ5ce ( belief ^u ! fancy may be expla9$ f t sy/em4 ,accord+ly we may obs]ve1 t :]ev] t influ5ce arises f any o!r pr9ciples beside tru? or reality1 !y supply its place1 & give an equal ent]ta9m5t to ! imag9ation4 ,poets h =m$ :at !y call a poetical sy/em ( ?+s1 :i* ?\gh x be believ$ nei!r by !mselves nor read]s1 is commonly e/eem$ a suffici5t f\ndation = any fiction4 ,we h be5 s mu* accu/om$ to ! names ( ,,m>s1 ,,jupit]1 ,,v5us1 t 9 ! same mann] z education infixes any op9ion1 ! con/ant repetition ( ^! ideas makes !m ent] into ! m9d ) facility1 & prevail ^u ! fancy1 )\t influ5c+ ! judgm5t4 ,9 l mann] trag$ians always borr[ _! fable1 or at lea/ ! names ( _! pr9cipal actors1 f "s kn[n passage 9 hi/ory2 & t n 9 ord] to deceive ! spectators2 = !y w frankly confess1 t tru? is n 9 any circum/ance inviolably obs]v$3 b 9 ord] to procure a m easy reception into ! imag9ation = ^? extraord9>y ev5ts1 :i* !y repres5t4 ,b ?is is a precaution1 :i* is n requir$ ( comic poets1 ^: p]sonages & incid5ts1 be+ ( a m famili> k9d1 ent] easily into ! conception1 & are receiv$ )\t any su* =mality1 ev5 ?\gh at fir/ night !y be kn[n to be fictiti\s1 & ! pure (fspr+ ( ! fancy4 ,?is mixture ( tru? & fal%ood 9 ! fables ( tragic poets n only s]ves our pres5t purpose1 by %ew+1 t ! imag9ation c be satisfy$ )\t any absolute belief or assurance2 b may 9 ano!r view be reg>d$ z a v /rong confirmation ( ?is sy/em4 ,x is evid5t1 t poets make use ( ?is artifice ( borr[+ ! names ( _! p]sons1 & ! *ief ev5ts ( _! poems1 f hi/ory1 9 ord] to procure a m easy reception = ! :ole1 & cause x to make a deep] impression on ! fancy & affections4 ,! sev]al incid5ts ( ! piece acquire a k9d ( relation by be+ unit$ into "o poem or repres5tation2 & if any ( ^! incid5ts be an object ( belief1 x be/[s a =ce & vivacity on ! o!rs1 :i* are relat$ to x4 ,! vividness ( ! fir/ conception diffuses itself along ! relations1 & is convey$1 z by s _m pipes or canals1 to e idea t has any communication ) ! prim>y "o4 ,?is1 inde$1 c nev] am\nt to a p]fect assurance2 & t because ! union among ! ideas is1 9 a mann]1 accid5tal3 ,b /ill x approa*es s ne>1 9 its influ5ce1 z may conv9ce u1 t !y are d]iv$ f ! same orig94 ,belief mu/ please ! imag9ation by means ( ! =ce & vivacity :i* att5ds x2 s9ce e idea1 :i* has =ce & vivacity1 is f\nd to be agreeable to t faculty4 ,to confirm ?is we may obs]ve1 t ! assi/ance is mutual betwixt ! judgm5t & fancy1 z well z betwixt ! judgm5t & passion2 & t belief n only gives vig\r to ! imag9ation1 b t a vigor\s & /rong imag9ation is ( all tal5ts ! mo/ prop] to procure belief & au?ority4 ,x is difficult = u to )hold our ass5t f :at is pa9t$ out to u 9 all ! col\rs ( eloqu5ce2 & ! vivacity produc$ by ! fancy is 9 _m cases great] ?an t :i* arises f cu/om & exp]i5ce4 ,we are hurri$ away by ! lively imag9ation ( our au?or or companion2 & ev5 he himself is (t5 a victim to 8 own fire & g5ius4 ,nor w x be amiss to rem>k1 t z a lively imag9ation v (t5 deg5]ates into madness or folly1 & be>s x a great resemblance 9 its op]ations2 s !y influ5ce ! judgm5t aft] ! same mann]1 & produce belief f ! v same pr9ciples4 ,:5 ! imag9ation1 f any extraord9>y f]m5t ( ! blood & spirits1 acquires su* a vivacity z disord]s all its p[]s & faculties1 !re is no means ( di/+ui%+ betwixt tru? & fal%ood2 b e loose fiction or idea1 hav+ ! same influ5ce z ! impressions ( ! memory1 or ! conclusions ( ! judgm5t1 is receiv$ on ! same foot+1 & op]ates ) equal =ce on ! passions4 ,a pres5t impression & a cu/om>y transition are n[ no long] necess>y to enliv5 our ideas4 ,e *im]a ( ! bra9 is z vivid & int5se z any ( ^? inf]5ces1 :i* we =m]ly dignify$ ) ! "n ( conclusions conc]n+ matt]s ( fact1 & sometimes z ! pres5t impressions ( ! s5ses4 ,we may obs]ve ! same effect ( poetry 9 a less] degree2 & ?is is common bo? to poetry & madness1 t ! vivacity !y be/[ on ! ideas is n d]iv$ f ! p>ticul> situations or connexions ( ! objects ( ^! ideas1 b f ! pres5t temp] & disposition ( ! p]son4 ,b h[ great soev] ! pit* may be1 to :i* ?is vivacity rises1 x is evid5t1 t 9 poetry x nev] has ! same feel+ ) t :i* arises 9 ! m9d1 :5 we reason1 ?\gh ev5 ^u ! l[e/ species ( probability4 ,! m9d c easily di/+ui% betwixt ! "o & ! o!r2 & :atev] emotion ! poetical en?usiasm may give to ! spirits1 x is /ill ! m]e phantom ( belief or p]suasion4 ,! case is ! same ) ! idea1 z ) ! passion x occasions4 ,!re is no passion ( ! human m9d b :at may arise f poetry2 ?\gh at ! same "t ! feel+s ( ! passions are v diff]5t :5 excit$ by poetical fictions1 f :at !y are :5 !y are f belief & reality4 ,a passion1 :i* is disagreeable 9 real life1 may af=d ! highe/ ent]ta9m5t 9 a trag$y1 or epic poem4 ,9 ! latt] case1 x lies n ) t weight ^u u3 ,x feels less firm & solid3 ,& has no o!r ?an ! agreeable effect ( excit+ ! spirits1 & r\z+ ! att5tion4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! passions is a cle> pro( ( a l diff]5ce 9 ^? ideas1 f :i* ! passions are d]iv$4 ,:]e ! vivacity arises f a cu/om>y conjunction ) a pres5t impression2 ?\gh ! imag9ation may n1 9 appe>ance1 be s mu* mov$2 yet !re is always some?+ m =cible & real 9 its actions1 ?an 9 ! f]vors ( poetry & eloqu5ce4 ,! =ce ( our m5tal actions 9 ?is case1 no m ?an 9 any o!r1 is n to be measur$ by ! app>5t agitation ( ! m9d4 ,a poetical description may h a m s5sible effect on ! fancy1 ?an an hi/orical n>ration4 ,x may collect m ( ^? circum/ances1 t =m a compleat image or picture4 ,x may seem to set ! object be=e u 9 m lively col\rs4 ,b /ill ! ideas x pres5ts are diff]5t to ! feel+ f ^?1 :i* arise f ! memory & ! judgm5t4 ,!re is some?+ weak & imp]fect amid/ all t seem+ vehem5ce ( ?\ght & s5tim5t1 :i* att5ds ! fictions ( poetry4 ,we %all aft]w>ds h occasion to rem>k bo? ! resemblance & diff]5ces betwixt a poetical en?usiasm1 & a s]i\s conviction4 ,9 ! mean "t ,i _c =be> obs]v+1 t ! great diff]5ce 9 _! feel+ proce$s 9 "s measure f reflection & ,,g5]al ,,rules4 ,we obs]ve1 t ! vig\r ( conception1 :i* fictions receive f poetry & eloqu5ce1 is a circum/ance m]ely accid5tal1 ( :i* e idea is equally susceptible2 & t su* fictions are connect$ ) no?+ t is real4 ,?is obs]vation makes u only l5d ourselves1 s to speak1 to ! fiction3 ,b causes ! idea to feel v diff]5t f ! et]nal e/abli%$ p]suasions f\nd$ on memory & cu/om4 ,!y are some:at ( ! same k9d3 ,b ! "o is mu* inf]ior to ! o!r1 bo? 9 its causes & effects4 ,a l reflection on g5]al rules keeps u f augm5t+ our belief ^u e encrease ( ! =ce & vivacity ( our ideas4 ,:]e an op9ion admits ( no d\bt1 or opposite probability1 we attribute to x a full conviction3 ?\gh ! want ( resemblance1 or contiguity1 may r5d] its =ce inf]ior to t ( o!r op9ions4 ,x is ?us ! und]/&+ corrects ! appe>ances ( ! s5ses1 & makes u imag9e1 t an object at tw5ty foot di/ance seems ev5 to ! eye z l>ge z "o ( ! same dim5sions at t54 ,we may obs]ve ! same effect ( poetry 9 a less] degree2 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! lea/ reflection dissipates ! illusions ( poetry1 & ,places ! objects 9 _! prop] light4 ,x is h[ev] c]ta91 t 9 ! w>m? ( a poetical en?usiasm1 a poet has a c\nt]feit belief1 & ev5 a k9d ( vision ( 8 objects3 ,& if !re be any %ad[ ( argum5t to support ?is belief1 no?+ contributes m to 8 full conviction ?an a blaze ( poetical figures & images1 :i* h _! effect ^u ! poet himself1 z well z ^u 8 read]s4 ,,sect4 ,,xi4 ,,( ,,! ,,probability ,,( ,,*ances4 ,b 9 ord] to be/[ on ?is sy/em its full =ce & evid5ce1 we mu/ c>ry our eye f x a mom5t to consid] its consequ5ces1 & expla9 f ! same pr9ciples "s o!r species ( reason+1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! same orig94 ,^? philosoph]s1 :o h divid$ human reason into k & probability1 & h def9$ ! fir/ to be t evid5ce1 :i* arises f ! comp>ison ( ideas1 are oblig$ to compreh5d all our argum5ts f causes or effects "u ! g5]al t]m ( probability4 ,b ?\gh e "o be free to use 8 t]ms 9 :at s5se he pleases2 & accord+ly 9 ! prec$5t "p ( ?is disc\rse1 ,i h foll[$ ?is me?od ( expression2 x is h[ev] c]ta91 t 9 common disc\rse we readily affirm1 t _m argum5ts f causation exce$ probability1 & may be receiv$ z a sup]ior k9d ( evid5ce4 ,"o w\ld appe> ridicul\s1 :o w\ld say1 t x is only probable ! sun w rise to-morr[1 or t all m5 mu/ dye2 ?\gh x is pla9 we h no fur!r assurance ( ^! facts1 ?an :at exp]i5ce af=ds u4 ,= ?is reason1 x w\ld p]haps be m conv5i5t1 9 ord] at once to pres]ve ! common signification ( words1 & m>k ! sev]al degrees ( evid5ce1 to di/+ui% human reason into ?ree k9ds1 viz4 ,,t ,,f ,,k1 ,,f ,,pro(s1 ,,& ,,f ,,probabilities4 ,by k1 ,i mean ! assurance aris+ f ! comp>ison ( ideas4 ,by pro(s1 ^? argum5ts1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! relation ( cause & effect1 & :i* are entirely free f d\bt & unc]ta9ty4 ,by probability1 t evid5ce1 :i* is /ill att5d$ ) unc]ta9ty4 ,x is ?is la/ species ( reason+1 ,i proce$ to exam9e4 ,probability or reason+ f conjecture may be divid$ into two k9ds1 viz4 t :i* is f\nd$ on *ance1 & t :i* arises f causes4 ,we %all consid] ea* ( ^! 9 ord]4 ,! idea ( cause & effect is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 :i* pres5t+ u ) c]ta9 objects con/antly conjo9$ ) ea* o!r1 produces su* a habit ( survey+ !m 9 t relation1 t we _c )\t a s5sible viol5ce survey !m iii any o!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z *ance is no?+ real 9 itself1 &1 prop]ly speak+1 is m]ely ! negation ( a cause1 its influ5ce on ! m9d is contr>y to t ( causation2 & x is ess5tial to x1 to leave ! imag9ation p]fectly indiff]5t1 ei!r to consid] ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( t object1 :i* is reg>d$ z cont+5t4 ,a cause traces ! way to our ?\ght1 & 9 a mann] =ces u to survey su* c]ta9 objects1 9 su* c]ta9 relations4 ,*ance c only de/roy ?is det]m9ation ( ! ?\ght1 & leave ! m9d 9 its native situation ( indiff]5ce2 9 :i*1 ^u ! abs5ce ( a cause1 x is in/antly re-in/at$4 ,s9ce !re=e an entire indiff]5ce is ess5tial to *ance1 no "o *ance c possibly be sup]ior to ano!r1 o!rwise ?an z x is compos$ ( a sup]ior numb] ( equal *ances4 ,= if we affirm t "o *ance c1 aft] any o!r mann]1 be sup]ior to ano!r1 we mu/ at ! same "t affirm1 t !re is some?+1 :i* gives x ! sup]iority1 & det]m9es ! ev5t r to t side ?an ! o!r3 ,t is1 9 o!r words1 we mu/ all[ ( a cause1 & de/roy ! supposition ( *ance2 :i* we _h be=e e/abli%$4 ,a p]fect & total indiff]5ce is ess5tial to *ance1 & "o total indiff]5ce c nev] 9 itself be ei!r sup]ior or inf]ior to ano!r4 ,?is tru? is n peculi> to my sy/em1 b is ackn[l$g$ by e "o1 t =ms calculations conc]n+ *ances4 ,& "h x is rem>kable1 t ?\gh *ance & causation be directly contr>y1 yet x is impossible = u to conceive ?is comb9ation ( *ances1 :i* is requisite to r5d] "o haz>d sup]ior to ano!r1 )\t suppos+ a mixture ( causes among ! *ances1 & a conjunction ( necessity 9 "s p>ticul>s1 ) a total indiff]5ce 9 o!rs4 ,:]e no?+ limits ! *ances1 e notion1 t ! mo/ extravagant fancy c =m1 is ^u a foot+ ( equality2 nor c !re be any circum/ance to give "o ! advantage above ano!r4 ,?us unless we all[1 t !re are "s causes to make ! dice fall1 & pres]ve _! =m 9 _! fall1 & lie ^u "s "o ( _! sides1 we c =m no calculation conc]n+ ! laws ( haz>d4 ,b suppos+ ^! causes to op]ate1 & suppos+ likewise all ! re/ to be indiff]5t & to be det]m9$ by *ance1 x is easy to arrive at a notion ( a sup]ior comb9ation ( *ances4 ,a dye t has f\r sides m>k$ ) a c]ta9 numb] ( spots1 & only two ) ano!r1 af=ds u an obvi\s & easy in/ance ( ?is sup]iority4 ,! m9d is "h limit$ by ! causes to su* a precise numb] & quality ( ! ev5ts2 & at ! same "t is undet]m9$ 9 its *oice ( any p>ticul> ev5t4 ,proce$+ !n 9 t reason+1 :]e9 we h advanc$ ?ree /eps2 t *ance is m]ely ! negation ( a cause1 & produces a total indiff]5ce 9 ! m9d2 t "o negation ( a cause & "o total indiff]5ce c nev] be sup]ior or inf]ior to ano!r2 & t !re mu/ always be a mixture ( causes among ! *ances1 9 ord] to be ! f\ndation ( any reason+3 ,we are next to consid] :at effect a sup]ior comb9ation ( *ances c h ^u ! m9d1 & aft] :at mann] x influ5ces our judgm5t & op9ion4 ,"h we may repeat all ! same argum5ts we employ$ 9 exam9+ t belief1 :i* arises f causes2 & may prove1 aft] ! same mann]1 t a sup]ior numb] ( *ances produces our ass5t nei!r by demon/ration nor probability4 ,x is inde$ evid5t t we c nev] by ! comp>ison ( m]e ideas make any discov]y1 :i* c be ( consequ5ce 9 ?is affairs & t x is impossible to prove ) c]ta9ty1 t any ev5t mu/ fall on t side :]e !re is a sup]ior numb] ( *ances4 ,to1 suppose 9 ?is case any c]ta9ty1 7 to ov]?r[ :at we h e/abli%$ conc]n+ ! opposition ( *ances1 & _! p]fect equality & indiff]5ce4 ,%\ld x be said1 t ?\gh 9 an opposition ( *ances x is impossible to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty1 on :i* side ! ev5t w fall1 yet we c pron\nce ) c]ta9ty1 t x is m likely & probable1 x w be on t side :]e !re is a sup]ior numb] ( *ances1 ?an :]e !re is an inf]ior3 %\ld ?is be said1 ,i w\ld ask1 :at is "h meant by likelihood & probability8 ,! likelihood & probability ( *ances is a sup]ior numb] ( equal *ances2 & consequ5tly :5 we say x is likely ! ev5t w9 fall on ! side1 :i* is sup]ior1 r ?an on ! inf]ior1 we d no m ?an affirm1 t :]e !re is a sup]ior numb] ( *ances !re is actually a sup]ior1 & :]e !re is an inf]ior !re is an inf]ior2 :i* are id5tical propositions1 & ( no consequ5ce4 ,! "q is1 by :at means a sup]ior numb] ( equal *ances op]ates ^u ! m9d1 & produces belief or ass5t2 s9ce x appe>s1 t x is nei!r by argum5ts d]iv$ f demon/ration1 nor f probability4 ,9 ord] to cle> up ?is difficulty1 we %all suppose a p]son to take a dye1 =m$ aft] su* a mann] z t f\r ( its sides are m>k$ ) "o figure1 or "o numb] ( spots1 & two ) ano!r2 & to put ?is dye into ! box ) an int5tion ( ?r[+ x3 ,x is pla91 he mu/ conclude ! "o figure to be m probable ?an ! o!r1 & give ! pref]5ce to t :i* is inscrib$ on ! greate/ numb] ( sides4 ,he 9 a mann] believes1 t ?is w lie upp]mo/2 ?\gh /ill ) hesitation & d\bt1 9 proportion to ! numb] ( *ances1 :i* are contr>y3 ,& accord+ z ^! contr>y *ances dim9i%1 & ! sup]iority encreases on ! o!r side1 8 belief acquires new degrees ( /ability & assurance4 ,?is belief arises f an op]ation ( ! m9d ^u ! simple & limit$ object be=e u2 & !re=e its nature w be ! m easily discov]$ & expla9$4 ,we h no?+ b "o s+le dye to contemplate1 9 ord] to compreh5d "o ( ! mo/ curi\s op]ations ( ! und]/&+4 ,?is dye1 =m$ z above1 conta9s ?ree circum/ances wor?y ( our att5tion4 ,fir/1 ,c]ta9 causes1 su* z gravity1 solidity1 a cubical figure1 c4 :i* det]m9e x to fall1 to pres]ve its =m 9 its fall1 & to turn up "o ( its sides4 ,secondly1 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( sides1 :i* are suppos$ indiff]5t4 ,?irdly1 ,a c]ta9 figure inscrib$ on ea* side4 ,^! ?ree p>ticul>s =m ! :ole nature ( ! dye1 s f> z relates to our pres5t purpose2 & consequ5tly are ! only circum/ances reg>d$ by ! m9d 9 its =m+ a judgm5t conc]n+ ! result ( su* a ?r[4 ,let u1 !re=e1 consid] gradually & c>efully :at mu/ be ! influ5ce ( ^! circum/ances on ! ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,fir/1 ,we h already obs]v$1 t ! m9d is det]m9$ by cu/om to pass f any cause to its effect1 & t ^u ! appe>ance ( ! "o1 x is almo/ impossible = x n to =m an idea ( ! o!r4 ,_! con/ant conjunction 9 pa/ in/ances has produc$ su* a habit 9 ! m9d1 t x always conjo9s !m 9 its ?\ght1 & inf]s ! exi/5ce ( ! "o f t ( its usual att5dant4 ,:5 x consid]s ! dye z no long] support$ by ! box1 x c n )\t viol5ce reg>d x z susp5d$ 9 ! air2 b naturally places x on ! table1 & views x z turn+ up "o ( its sides4 ,?is is ! effect ( ! int]m+l$ causes1 :i* are requisite to our =m+ any calculation conc]n+ *ances4 ,secondly1 ,x is suppos$1 t ?\gh ! dye be necess>ily det]m9$ to fall1 & turn up "o ( its sides1 yet !re is no?+ to fix ! p>ticul> side1 b t ?is is det]m9$ entirely by *ance4 ,! v nature & ess5ce ( *ance is a negation ( causes1 & ! leav+ ! m9d 9 a p]fect indiff]5ce among ^? ev5ts1 :i* are suppos$ cont+5t4 ,:5 !re=e ! ?\ght is det]m9$ by ! causes to consid] ! dye z fall+ & turn+ up "o ( its sides1 ! *ances pres5t all ^! sides z equal1 & make u consid] e "o ( !m1 "o aft] ano!r1 z alike probable & possible4 ,! imag9ation passes f ! cause1 viz4 ! ?r[+ ( ! dye1 to ! effect1 viz4 ! turn+ up "o ( ! six sides2 & feels a k9d ( impossibility bo? ( /opp+ %ort 9 ! way1 & ( =m+ any o!r idea4 ,b z all ^! six sides are incompatible1 & ! dye _c turn up above "o at once1 ?is pr9ciple directs u n to consid] all ( !m at once z ly+ upp]mo/2 :i* we look ^u z impossible3 ,nei!r does x direct u ) its entire =ce to any p>ticul> side2 = 9 t case ?is side w\ld be consid]$ z c]ta9 & inevitable2 b x directs u to ! :ole six sides aft] su* a mann] z to divide its =ce equally among !m4 ,we conclude 9 g5]al1 t "s "o ( !m mu/ result f ! ?r[3 ,we run all ( !m ov] 9 our m9ds3 ,! det]m9ation ( ! ?\ght is common to all2 b no m ( its =ce falls to ! %>e ( any "o1 ?an :at is suitable to its proportion ) ! re/4 ,x is aft] ?is mann] ! orig9al impulse1 & consequ5tly ! vivacity ( ?\ght1 aris+ f ! causes1 is divid$ & split 9 pieces by ! int]m+l$ *ances4 ,we h already se5 ! influ5ce ( ! two fir/ qualities ( ! dye1 viz4 ! causes1 & ! numb] & indiff]5ce ( ! sides1 & h le>n$ h[ !y give an impulse to ! ?\ght1 & divide t impulse into z _m p>ts z !re are unites 9 ! numb] ( sides4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! effects ( ! ?ird p>ticul>1 viz4 ! figures inscrib$ on ea* side4 ,x is evid5t t :]e sev]al sides h ! same figure inscribe on !m1 !y mu/ concur 9 _! influ5ce on ! m9d1 & mu/ unite ^u "o image or idea ( a figure all ^? divid$ impulses1 t 7 disp]s$ ov] ! sev]al sides1 ^u :i* t figure is inscrib$4 ,7 ! "q only :at side w be turn$ up1 ^! are all p]fectly equal1 & no "o c\ld ev] h any advantage above ano!r4 ,b z ! "q is conc]n+ ! figure1 & z ! same figure is pres5t$ by m ?an "o side3 x is evid5t1 t ! impulses belong+ to all ^! sides mu/ re-unite 9 t "o figure1 & become /rong] & m =cible by ! union4 ,f\r sides are suppos$ 9 ! pres5t case to h ! same figure inscrib$ on !m1 & two to h ano!r figure4 ,! impulses ( ! =m] are1 !re=e1 sup]ior to ^? ( ! latt]4 ,b z ! ev5ts are contr>y1 & x is impossible bo? ^! figures c be turn$ up2 ! impulses likewise become contr>y1 & ! inf]ior de/roys ! sup]ior1 z f> z its /r5g? goes4 ,! vivacity ( ! idea is always proportionable to ! degrees ( ! impulse or t5d5cy to ! transition2 & belief is ! same ) ! vivacity ( ! idea1 accord+ to ! prec$5t doctr9e4 ,,sect4 ,,xii4 ,,( ,,! ,,probability ,,( ,,causes4 ,:at ,i h said conc]n+ ! probability ( *ances c s]ve to no o!r purpose1 ?an to assi/ u 9 expla9+ ! probability ( causes2 s9ce x is commonly all[$ by philosoph]s1 t :at ! vulg> call *ance is no?+ b a secret & conceal$ cause4 ,t species ( probability1 !re=e1 is :at we mu/ *iefly exam9e4 ,! probabilities ( causes are ( sev]al k9ds2 b are all d]iv$ f ! same orig91 viz4 ,,! ,,association ,,( ,,ideas ,,to ,a ,,pres5t ,,impression4 ,z ! habit1 :i* produces ! association1 arises f ! frequ5t conjunction ( objects1 x mu/ arrive at its p]fection by degrees1 & mu/ acquire new =ce f ea* in/ance1 t falls "u our obs]vation4 ,! fir/ in/ance has little or no =ce3 ,! second makes "s addition to x3 ,! ?ird becomes /ill m s5sible2 & x is by ^! sl[ /eps1 t our judgm5t arrives at a full assurance4 ,b be=e x atta9s ?is pit* ( p]fection1 x passes ?r\gh sev]al inf]ior degrees1 & 9 all ( !m is only to be e/eem$ a presumption or probability4 ,! gradation1 !re=e1 f probabilities to pro(s is 9 _m cases ins5sible2 & ! diff]5ce betwixt ^! k9ds ( evid5ce is m easily p]ceiv$ 9 ! remote degrees1 ?an 9 ! ne> & contigu\s4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k on ?is occasion1 t ?\gh ! species ( probability "h expla9$ be ! fir/ 9 ord]1 & naturally takes place be=e any entire pro( c exi/1 yet no "o1 :o is arriv$ at ! age ( maturity1 c any long] be acqua9t$ ) x4 ,x is true1 no?+ is m common ?an = p ( ! mo/ advanc$ k to h atta9$ only an imp]fect exp]i5ce ( _m p>ticul> ev5ts2 :i* naturally produces only an imp]fect habit & transition3 ,b !n we mu/ consid]1 t ! m9d1 hav+ =m$ ano!r obs]vation conc]n+ ! connexion ( causes & effects1 gives new =ce to its reason+ f t obs]vation2 & by means ( x c build an argum5t on "o s+le exp]im5t1 :5 duly prep>$ & exam9$4 ,:at we h f\nd once to foll[ f any object1 we conclude w = ev] foll[ f x2 & if ?is maxim be n always built ^u z c]ta91 x is n = want ( a suffici5t numb] ( exp]im5ts1 b because we frequ5tly meet ) in/ances to ! contr>y2 :i* leads u to ! second species ( probability1 :]e !re is a contr>iety 9 our exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,x w\ld be v happy = m5 9 ! conduct ( _! lives & actions1 7 ! same objects always conjo9$ toge!r1 &1 we _h no?+ to fe> b ! mi/akes ( our own judgm5t1 )\t hav+ any reason to appreh5d ! unc]ta9ty ( nature4 ,b z x is frequ5tly f\nd1 t "o obs]vation is contr>y to ano!r1 & t causes & effects foll[ n 9 ! same ord]1 ( :i* we h ,i _h exp]i5ce1 we are oblig$ to v>y our reason+ on1 acc\nt ( ?is unc]ta9ty1 & take into consid]ation ! contr>iety ( ev5ts4 ,! fir/ "q1 t occurs on ?is head1 is conc]n+ ! nature & causes ( ! contr>iety4 ,! vulg>1 :o take ?+s accord+ to _! fir/ appe>ance1 attribute ! unc]ta9ty ( ev5ts to su* an unc]ta9ty 9 ! causes1 z makes !m (t5 fail ( _! usual influ5ce1 ?\gh !y meet ) no ob/acle nor imp$im5t 9 _! op]ation4 ,b philosoph]s obs]v+1 t almo/ 9 e "p ( nature !re is conta9$ a va/ v>iety ( spr+s & pr9ciples1 :i* are hid1 by reason ( _! m9ut5ess or remot5ess1 f9d t x is at lea/ possible ! contr>iety ( ev5ts may n proce$ f any cont+5cy 9 ! cause1 b f ! secret op]ation ( contr>y causes4 ,?is possibility is conv]t$ into c]ta9ty by f>!r obs]vation1 :5 !y rem>k1 t ^u an exact scrut9y1 a contr>iety ( effects always betrays a contr>iety ( causes1 & proce$s f _! mutual h9drance & opposition4 ,a peasant c give no bett] reason = ! /opp+ ( any clock or wat* ?an to say1 t commonly x does n g "r3 ,b an artizan easily p]ceives1 t ! same =ce 9 ! spr+ or p5dulum has always ! same influ5ce on ! :eels2 b fails ( its usual effect1 p]haps by reason ( a gra9 ( du/1 :i* puts a /op to ! :ole movem5t4 ,f ! obs]vation ( sev]al p>allel in/ances1 philosoph]s =m a maxim1 t ! connexion betwixt all causes & effects is equally necess>y1 & t its seem+ unc]ta9ty 9 "s in/ances proce$s f ! secret opposition ( contr>y causes4 ,b h[ev] philosoph]s & ! vulg> may diff] 9 _! explication ( ! contr>iety ( ev5ts1 _! inf]5ces f x are always ( ! same k9d1 & f\nd$ on ! same pr9ciples4 ,a contr>iety ( ev5ts 9 ! pa/ may give u a k9d ( hesitat+ belief = ! future aft] two sev]al ways4 ,fir/1 ,by produc+ an imp]fect habit & transition f ! pres5t impression to ! relat$ idea4 ,:5 ! conjunction ( any two objects is frequ5t1 )\t be+ entirely con/ant1 ! m9d is det]m9$ to pass f "o object to ! o!r2 b n ) s entire a habit1 z :5 ! union is un9t]rupt$1 & all ! in/ances we h ev] met ) are uni=m & ( a piece-44 ,we f9d f common exp]i5ce1 9 our actions z well z reason+s1 t a con/ant p]sev]ance 9 any c\rse ( life produces a /rong incl9ation & t5d5cy to cont9ue = ! future2 ?\gh !re are habits ( inf]ior degrees ( =ce1 proportion$ to ! inf]ior degrees ( /ead9ess & uni=mity 9 our conduct4 ,!re is no d\bt b ?is pr9ciple sometimes takes place1 & produces ^? inf]5ces we draw f contr>y pha5om5a3 ?\gh ,i am p]swad$1 t ^u exam9ation we %all n f9d x to be ! pr9ciple1 t mo/ commonly influ5ces ! m9d 9 ?is species ( reason+4 ,:5 we foll[ only ! habitual det]m9ation ( ! m9d1 we make ! transition )\t any reflection1 & int]pose n a mom5t's delay betwixt ! view ( "o object & ! belief ( t1 :i* is (t5 f\nd to att5d x4 ,z ! cu/om dep5ds n ^u any delib]ation1 x op]ates imm$iately1 )\t all[+ any "t = reflection4 ,b ?is me?od ( proce$+ we h b few in/ances ( 9 our probable reason+s2 & ev5 few] ?an 9 ^?1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! un9t]rupt$ conjunction ( objects4 ,9 ! =m] species ( reason+ we commonly take kn[+ly into consid]ation ! contr>iety ( pa/ ev5ts2 we comp>e ! diff]5t sides ( ! contr>iety1 & c>efully weigh ! exp]im5ts1 :i* we h on ea* side3 ,:5ce we may conclude1 t our reason+s ( ?is k9d arise n directly f ! habit1 b 9 an oblique mann]2 :i* we mu/ n[ endeav\r to expla94 ,x is evid5t1 t :5 an object is att5d$ ) contr>y effects1 we judge ( !m only by our pa/ exp]i5ce1 & always consid] ^? z possible1 :i* we h obs]v$ to foll[ f x4 ,& z pa/ exp]i5ce regulates our judgm5t conc]n+ ! possibility ( ^! effects1 s x does t conc]n+ _! probability2 & t effect1 :i* has be5 ! mo/ common1 we always e/eem ! mo/ likely4 ,"h !n are two ?+s to be consid]$1 viz4 ! reasons :i* det]m9e u to make ! pa/ a /&>d = ! future1 & ! mann] h[ we extract a s+le judgm5t f a contr>iety ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,fir/ we may obs]ve1 t ! supposition1 t ! future resembles ! pa/1 is n f\nd$ on argum5ts ( any k9d1 b is d]iv$ entirely f habit1 by :i* we are det]m9$ to expect = ! future ! same tra9 ( objects1 to :i* we h be5 accu/om$4 ,?is habit or det]m9ation to transf] ! pa/ to ! future is full & p]fect2 & consequ5tly ! fir/ impulse ( ! imag9ation 9 ?is species ( reason+ is end[$ ) ! same qualities4 ,b1 secondly1 :5 9 consid]+ pa/ exp]im5ts we f9d !m ( a contr>y nature1 ?is det]m9ation1 ?\gh full & p]fect 9 itself1 pres5ts u ) no /eady object1 b (f]s u a numb] ( disagree+ images 9 a c]ta9 ord] & proportion4 ,! fir/ impulse1 !re=e1 is "h broke into pieces1 & diffuses itself ov] all ^? images1 ( :i* ea* p>takes an equal %>e ( t =ce & vivacity1 t is d]iv$ f ! impulse4 ,any ( ^! pa/ ev5ts may aga9 happ52 & we judge1 t :5 !y d happ51 !y w be mix$ 9 ! same proportion z 9 ! pa/4 ,if our int5tion1 !re=e1 be to consid] ! proportions ( contr>y ev5ts 9 a great numb] ( in/ances1 ! images pres5t$ by our pa/ exp]i5ce mu/ rema9 9 _! ,,fir/ ,,=m1 & pres]ve _! fir/ proportions4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ,i h f\nd by long obs]vation1 t ( tw5ty %ips1 :i* g to sea1 only n9ete5 return4 ,suppose ,i see at pres5t tw5ty %ips t leave ! port3 ,i transf] my pa/ exp]i5ce to ! future1 & repres5t to myself n9ete5 ( ^! %ips z return+ 9 safety1 & "o z p]i%+4 ,conc]n+ ?is !re c be no difficulty4 ,b z we frequ5tly run ov] ^? sev]al ideas ( pa/ ev5ts1 9 ord] to =m a judgm5t conc]n+ "o s+le ev5t1 :i* appe>s unc]ta92 ?is consid]ation mu/ *ange ! ,,fir/ ,,=m ( our ideas1 & draw toge!r ! divid$ images pres5t$ by exp]i5ce2 s9ce x is to x we ref] ! det]m9ation ( t p>ticul> ev5t1 ^u :i* we reason4 ,_m ( ^! images are suppos$ to concur1 & a sup]ior numb] to concur on "o side4 ,^! agree+ images unite toge!r1 & r5d] ! idea m /rong & lively1 n only ?an a m]e fiction ( ! imag9ation1 b also ?an any idea1 :i* is support$ by a less] numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,ea* new exp]im5t is z a new /roke ( ! p5cil1 :i* be/[s an additional vivacity on ! col\rs )\t ei!r multiply+ or enl>g+ ! figure4 ,?is op]ation ( ! m9d has be5 s fully expla9$ 9 treat+ ( ! probability ( *ance1 t ,i ne$ n "h endeav\r to r5d] x m intelligible4 ,e pa/ exp]im5t may be consid]$ z a k9d ( *ance2 ,i x be+ unc]ta9 to u1 :e!r ! object w exi/ con=mable to "o exp]im5t or ano!r4 ,& = ?is reason e ?+ t has be5 said on ! "o subject is applicable to bo?4 ,?us ^u ! :ole1 contr>y exp]im5ts produce an imp]fect belief1 ei!r by weak5+ ! habit1 or by divid+ & aft]w>ds jo9+ 9 diff]5t p>ts1 t p]fect habit1 :i* makes u conclude 9 g5]al1 t in/ances1 ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 mu/ necess>ily resemble ^? ( :i* we h4 ,to ju/ify /ill f>!r ?is acc\nt ( ! second species ( probability1 :]e we reason ) k & reflection f a contr>iety ( pa/ exp]im5ts1 ,i %all propose ! foll[+ consid]ations1 )\t fe>+ to give (f5ce by t air ( subtilty1 :i* att5ds !m4 ,j reason+ ought /ill1 p]haps1 to reta9 its =ce1 h[ev] subtile2 9 ! same mann] z matt] pres]ves its solidity 9 ! air1 & fire1 & animal spirits1 z well z 9 ! gross] & m s5sible =ms4 ,fir/1 ,we may obs]ve1 t !re is no probability s great z n to all[ ( a contr>y possibility2 because o!rwise x w\ld cease to be a probability1 & w\ld become a c]ta9ty4 ,t probability ( causes1 :i* is mo/ ext5sive1 & :i* we at pres5t exam9e1 dep5ds on a contr>iety ( exp]im5ts3 & x is evid5t an exp]im5t 9 ! pa/ proves at lea/ a possibility = ! future4 ,secondly1 ,! compon5t p>ts ( ?is possibility & probability are ( ! same nature1 & diff] 9 numb] only1 b n 9 k9d4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 t all s+le *ances are entirely equal1 & t ! only circum/ance1 :i* c give any ev5t1 t is cont+5t1 a sup]iority ov] ano!r is a sup]ior numb] ( *ances4 ,9 l mann]1 z ! unc]ta9ty ( causes is discov]y by exp]i5ce1 :i* pres5ts u ) a view ( contr>y ev5ts1 x is pla91 t :5 we transf] ! pa/ to ! future1 ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 e pa/ exp]im5t has ! same weight1 & t x is only a sup]ior numb] ( !m1 :i* c ?r[ ! ballance on any side4 ,! possibility1 !re=e1 :i* ent]s into e reason+ ( ?is k9d1 is compos$ ( p>ts1 :i* are ( ! same nature bo? among !mselves1 & ) ^?1 t compose ! opposite probability4 ,?irdly1 ,we may e/abli% x z a c]ta9 maxim1 t 9 all moral z well z natural pha5om5a1 :]ev] any cause consi/s ( a numb] ( p>ts1 & ! effect encreases or dim9i%es1 accord+ to ! v>iation ( t numb]1 ! effects prop]ly speak+1 is a comp\nd$ "o1 & arises f ! union ( ! sev]al effects1 t proce$ f ea* "p ( ! cause4 ,?us1 because ! gravity ( a body encreases or dim9i%es by ! encrease or dim9ution ( its p>ts1 we conclude t ea* "p conta9s ?is quality & contributes to ! gravity ( ! :ole4 ,! abs5ce or pres5ce ( a "p ( ! cause is att5d$ ) t ( a proportionable "p ( ! effect4 ,?is connexion or con/ant conjunction suffici5tly proves ! "o "p to be ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,z ! belief :i* we h ( any ev5t1 encreases or dim9i%es accord+ to ! numb] ( *ances or pa/ exp]im5ts1 x is to be consid]$ z a comp\nd$ effect1 ( :i* ea* "p arises f a proportionable numb] ( *ances or exp]im5ts4 ,let u n[ jo9 ^! ?ree obs]vations1 & see :at conclusion we c draw f !m4 ,to e probability !re is an opposite possibility4 ,?is possibility is compos$ ( p>ts1 t are entirely ( ! same nature ) ^? ( ! probability2 & consequ5tly h ! same influ5ce on ! m9d & und]/&+4 ,! belief1 :i* att5ds ! probability1 is a comp\nd$ effect1 & is =m$ by ! concurr5ce ( ! sev]al effects1 :i* proce$ f ea* "p ( ! probability4 ,s9ce !re=e ea* "p ( ! probability contributes to ! production ( ! belief1 ea* "p ( ! possibility mu/ h ! same influ5ce on ! opposite side2 ! nature ( ^! p>ts be+ entirely ! same4 ,! contr>y belief1 att5d+ ! possibility1 implies a view ( a c]ta9 object1 z well z ! probability does an opposite view4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> bo? ^! degrees ( belief are alike4 ,! only mann] !n1 9 :i* ! sup]ior numb] ( simil> compon5t p>ts 9 ! "o c ex]t its influ5ce1 & prevail above ! inf]ior 9 ! o!r1 is by produc+ a /rong] & m lively view ( its object4 ,ea* "p pres5ts a p>ticul> view2 & all ^! views unit+ toge!r produce "o g5]al view1 :i* is full] & m di/9ct by ! great] numb] ( causes or pr9ciples1 f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( ! probability & possibility1 be+ alike 9 _! nature1 mu/ produce l effects2 & ! lik5ess ( _! effects consi/s 9 ?is1 t ea* ( !m pres5ts a view ( a p>ticul> object4 ,b ?\gh ^! p>ts be alike 9 _! nature1 !y are v diff]5t 9 _! quantity & numb]2 & ?is diff]5ce mu/ appe> 9 ! effect z well z ! simil>ity4 ,n[ z ! view !y pres5t is 9 bo? cases full & entire1 & compreh5ds ! object 9 all its p>ts1 x is impossible t 9 ?is p>ticul> !re c be any diff]5ce2 nor is !re any ?+ b a sup]ior vivacity 9 ! probability1 aris+ f ! concurr5ce ( a sup]ior numb] ( views1 :i* c di/+ui% ^! effects4 ,"h is almo/ ! same argum5t 9 a diff]5t light4 ,all our reason+s conc]n+ ! probability ( causes are f\nd$ on ! transf]r+ ( pa/ to future4 ,! transf]r+ ( any pa/ exp]im5t to ! future is suffici5t to give u a view ( ! object2 :e!r t exp]im5t be s+le or comb9$ ) o!rs ( ! same k9d2 :e!r x be entire1 or oppos$ by o!rs ( a contr>y k9d4 ,suppose1 !n1 x acquires bo? ^! qualities ( comb9ation & opposition1 x loses n ^u t acc\nt its =m] p[] ( pres5t+ a view ( ! object1 b only concurs ) & opposes o!r exp]im5ts1 t h a l influ5ce4 ,a "q1 !re=e1 may arise conc]n+ ! mann] bo? ( ! concurr5ce & opposition4 ,z to ! concurr5ce1 !re is only ! *oice left betwixt ^! two hypo!ses4 ,fir/1 ,t ! view ( ! object1 occasion$ by ! transf]5ce ( ea* pa/ exp]im5t1 pres]ves itself entire1 & only multiplies ! numb] ( views4 ,or1 ,,secondly1 ,t x runs into ! o!r simil> & correspond5t views1 & gives !m a sup]ior degree ( =ce & vivacity4 ,b t ! fir/ hypo!sis is errone\s1 is evid5t f exp]i5ce1 :i* in=ms u1 t ! belief1 att5d+ any reason+1 consi/s 9 "o conclusion1 n 9 a multitude ( simil> ones1 :i* w\ld only di/ract ! m9d1 & 9 _m cases w\ld be too num]\s to be compreh5d$ di/9ctly by any f9ite capacity4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 z ! only reasonable op9ion1 t ^! simil> views run into ea* o!r1 & unite _! =ces2 s z to produce a /rong] & cle>] view1 ?an :at arises f any "o alone4 ,?is is ! mann]1 9 :i* pa/ exp]im5ts concur1 :5 !y are transf]$ to any future ev5t4 ,z to ! mann] ( _! opposition1 x is evid5t1 t z ! contr>y views are incompatible ) ea* o!r1 & x is impossible ! object c at once exi/ con=mable to bo? ( !m1 _! influ5ce becomes mutually de/ructive1 & ! m9d is det]m9$ to ! sup]ior only ) t =ce1 :i* rema9s1 aft] subtract+ ! inf]ior4 ,i am s5sible h[ ab/ruse all ?is reason+ mu/ appe> to ! g5]ality ( read]s1 :o n be+ accu/om$ to su* pr(\nd reflections on ! intellectual faculties ( ! m9d1 w be apt to reject z *im]ical :atev] /rikes n 9 ) ! common receiv$ notions1 & ) ! easie/ & mo/ obvi\s pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,& no d\bt !re are "s pa9s requir$ to ent] into ^! argum5ts2 ?\gh p]haps v little are necess>y to p]ceive ! imp]fection ( e vulg> hypo!sis on ?is subject1 & ! little light1 :i* philosophy c yet af=d u 9 su* sublime & su* curi\s speculations4 ,let m5 be once fully p]swad$ ( ^! two pr9ciples1 ,,t ,,!re1 ,,is ,,no?+ ,,9 ,,any ,,object1 ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,itself1 ,,:i* ,,c ,,af=d ,,u ,a ,,reason ,,= ,,draw+ ,a ,,conclusion ,,beyond x2 &1 ,,t ,,ev5 ,,aft] ,,! ,,obs]vation ,,( ,,! ,,frequ5t ,,or ,,con/ant ,,conjunction ,,( ,,objects1 ,,we ,,h ,,no ,,reason ,,to ,,draw ,,any ,,inf]5ce ,,conc]n+ ,,any ,,object ,,beyond ,,^? ,,( ,,:i* ,,we ,,h ,,_h ,,exp]i5ce2 ,i say1 let m5 be once fully conv9c$ ( ^! two pr9ciples1 & ?is w ?r[ !m s loose f all common sy/ems1 t !y w make no difficulty ( receiv+ any1 :i* may appe> ! mo/ extraord9>y4 ,^! pr9ciples we h f\nd to be suffici5tly conv9c+1 ev5 ) reg>d to our mo/ c]ta9 reason+s f causation3 ,b ,i %all v5ture to affirm1 t ) reg>d to ^! conjectural or probable reason+s !y /ill acquire a new degree ( evid5ce4 ,fir/1 ,x is obvi\s1 t 9 reason+s ( ?is k9d1 x is n ! object pres5t$ to u1 :i*1 consid]$ 9 itself1 af=ds u any reason to draw a conclusion conc]n+ any o!r object or ev5t4 ,= z ?is latt] object is suppos$ unc]ta91 & z ! unc]ta9ty is d]iv$ f a conceal$ contr>iety ( causes 9 ! =m]1 7 any ( ! causes plac$ 9 ! kn[n qualities ( t object1 !y w\ld no long] be conceal$1 nor w\ld our conclusion be unc]ta94 ,b1 secondly1 x is equally obvi\s 9 ?is species ( reason+1 t if ! transf]5ce ( ! pa/ to ! future 7 f\nd$ m]ely on a conclusion ( ! und]/&+1 x c\ld nev] occasion any belief or assurance4 ,:5 we transf] contr>y exp]im5ts to ! future1 we c only repeat ^! contr>y exp]im5ts ) _! p>ticul> proportions2 :i* c\ld n produce assurance 9 any s+le ev5t1 ^u :i* we reason1 unless ! fancy melt$ toge!r all ^? images t concur1 & extract$ f !m "o s+le idea or image1 :i* is int5se & lively 9 proportion to ! numb] ( exp]im5ts f :i* x is d]iv$1 & _! sup]iority above _! antagoni/s4 ,our pa/ exp]i5ce pres5ts no det]m9ate object2 & z our belief1 h[ev] fa9t1 fixes itself on a det]m9ate object1 x is evid5t t ! belief arises n m]ely f ! transf]5ce ( pa/ to future1 b f "s op]ation ( ! fancy conjo9$ ) x4 ,?is may lead u to conceive ! mann]1 9 :i* t faculty ent]s into all our reason+s4 ,i %all conclude ?is subject ) two reflections1 :i* may des]ve our att5tion4 ,! ,,fir/ may be expla9$ aft] ?is mann]4 ,:5 ! m9d =ms a reason+ conc]n+ any matt] ( fact1 :i* is only probable1 x ca/s its eye backw>d ^u pa/ exp]i5ce1 & transf]r+ x to ! future1 is pres5t$ ) s _m contr>y views ( its object1 ( :i* ^? t are ( ! same k9d unit+ toge!r1 & runn+ into "o act ( ! m9d1 s]ve to =tify & inliv5 x4 ,b suppose t ?is multitude ( views or glimpses ( an object proce$s n f exp]i5ce1 b f a volunt>y act ( ! imag9ation2 ?is effect does n foll[1 or at lea/1 foll[s n 9 ! same degree4 ,= ?\gh cu/om & education produce belief by su* a repetition1 z is n d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 yet ?is requires a long tract ( "t1 along ) a v frequ5t & undesign$ repetition4 ,9 g5]al we may pron\nce1 t a p]son :o w\ld volunt>ily repeat any idea 9 8 m9d1 ?\gh support$ by "o pa/ exp]i5ce1 w\ld be no m incl9$ to believe ! exi/5ce ( its object1 ?an if he _h cont5t$ himself ) "o survey ( x4 ,beside ! effect ( design2 ea* act ( ! m9d1 be+ sep>ate & indep5d5t1 has a sep>ate influ5ce1 & jo9s n its =ce ) t ( its fell[s4 ,n be+ unit$ by any common object1 produc+ !m1 !y h no relation to ea* o!r2 & consequ5tly make no transition or union ( =ces4 ,?is phnom5on we %all und]/& bett] aft]w>ds4 ,my second reflection is f\nd$ on ^? l>ge probabilities1 :i* ! m9d c judge (1 & ! m9ute diff]5ces x c obs]ve betwixt !m4 ,:5 ! *ances or exp]im5ts on "o side am\nt to t5 ?\s&1 & on ! o!r to t5 ?\s& & "o1 ! judgm5t gives ! pref]5ce to ! latt]1 ^u acc\nt ( t sup]iority2 ?\gh x is pla9ly impossible = ! m9d to run ov] e p>ticul> view1 & di/+ui% ! sup]ior vivacity ( ! image aris+ f ! sup]ior numb]1 :]e ! diff]5ce is s inconsid]able4 ,we h a p>allel in/ance 9 ! affections4 ,x is evid5t1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples above-m5tion$1 t :5 an object produces any passion 9 u1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! diff]5t quantity ( ! object2 ,i say1 x is evid5t1 t ! passion1 prop]ly speak+1 is n a simple emotion1 b a comp\nd$ "o1 ( a great numb] ( weak] passions1 d]iv$ f a view ( ea* "p ( ! object4 ,= o!rwise x 7 impossible ! passion %\ld encrease by ! encrease ( ^! p>ts4 ,?us a man1 :o desires a ?\s& p\nd1 has 9 reality a ?\s& or m desires :i* unit+ toge!r1 seem to make only "o passion2 ?\gh ! composition evid5tly betrays itself ^u e alt]ation ( ! object1 by ! pref]5ce he gives to ! l>g] numb]1 if sup]ior only by an unite4 ,yet no?+ c be m c]ta91 ?an t s small a diff]5ce w\ld n be disc]nible 9 ! passions1 nor c\ld r5d] !m di/+ui%able f ea* o!r4 ,! diff]5ce1 !re=e1 ( our conduct 9 pref]r+ ! great] numb] dep5ds n ^u our passions1 b ^u cu/om1 & g5]al rules4 ,we h f\nd 9 a multitude ( in/ances1 t ! augm5t+ ! numb]s ( any sum augm5ts ! passion1 :]e ! numb]s are precise & ! diff]5ce s5sible4 ,! m9d c p]ceive f its imm$iate feel+1 t ?ree gu9eas produce a great] passion ?an two2 & ?is x transf]s to l>g] numb]s1 because ( ! resemblance2 & by a g5]al rule assigns to a ?\s& gu9eas1 a /rong] passion ?an to n9e hundr$ & n9ety n9e4 ,^! g5]al rules we %all expla9 pres5tly4 ,b beside ^! two species ( probability1 :i* are d]iv$ f an imp]fect exp]i5ce & f contr>y causes1 !re is a ?ird aris+ f ,,analogy1 :i* diff]s f !m 9 "s mat]ial circum/ances4 ,accord+ to ! hypo!sis above expla9$ all k9ds ( reason+ f causes or effects are f\nd$ on two p>ticul>s1 viz41 ! con/ant conjunction ( any two objects 9 all pa/ exp]i5ce1 & ! resemblance ( a pres5t object to any "o ( !m4 ,! effect ( ^! two p>ticul>s is1 t ! pres5t object invigorates & inliv5s ! imag9ation2 & ! resemblance1 along ) ! con/ant union1 conveys ?is =ce & vivacity to ! relat$ idea2 :i* we are !re=e said to believe1 or ass5t to4 ,if y weak5 ei!r ! union or resemblance1 y weak5 ! pr9ciple ( transition1 & ( consequ5ce t belief1 :i* arises f x4 ,! vivacity ( ! fir/ impression _c be fully convey$ to ! relat$ idea1 ei!r :]e ! conjunction ( _! objects is n con/ant1 or :]e ! pres5t impression does n p]fectly resemble any ( ^?1 ^: union we are accu/om$ to obs]ve4 ,9 ^? probabilities ( *ance & causes above-expla9$1 x is ! con/ancy ( ! union1 :i* is dim9i%$2 & 9 ! probability d]iv$ f analogy1 x is ! resemblance only1 :i* is affect$4 ,)\t "s degree ( resemblance1 z well z union1 x is impossible !re c be any reason+3 b z ?is resemblance admits ( _m diff]5t degrees1 ! reason+ becomes proportionably m or less firm & c]ta94 ,an exp]im5t loses ( its =ce1 :5 transf]r$ to in/ances1 :i* are n exactly resembl+2 ?\gh x is evid5t x may /ill reta9 z mu* z may be ! f\ndation ( probability1 z long z !re is any resemblance rema9+4 ,,sect4 ,,xiii4 ,,( ,,unphilosophical ,,probability4 ,all ^! k9ds ( probability are receiv$ by philosoph]s1 & all[$ to be reasonable f\ndations ( belief & op9ion4 ,b !re are o!rs1 t are d]iv$ f ! same pr9ciples1 ?\gh !y h n _h ! good =tune to obta9 ! same sanction4 ,! fir/ probability ( ?is k9d may be acc\nt$ = ?us4 ,! dim9ution ( ! union1 & ( ! resemblance1 z above expla9$1 dim9i%es ! facility ( ! transition1 & by t means weak5s ! evid5ce2 & we may f>!r obs]ve1 t ! same dim9ution ( ! evid5ce w foll[ f a dim9ution ( ! impression1 & f ! %ad+ ( ^? col\rs1 "u :i* x appe>s to ! memory or s5ses4 ,! argum5t1 :i* we f\nd on any matt] ( fact we rememb]1 is m or less conv9c+ accord+ z ! fact is rec5t or remote2 & ?\gh ! diff]5ce 9 ^! degrees ( evid5ce be n receiv$ by philosophy z solid & legitimate2 because 9 t case an argum5t mu/ h a diff]5t =ce to day1 f :at x %all h a mon? h5ce2 yet not)/&+ ! opposition ( philosophy1 x is c]ta91 ?is circum/ance has a consid]able influ5ce on ! und]/&+1 & secretly *anges ! au?ority ( ! same argum5t1 accord+ to ! diff]5t times1 9 :i* x is propos$ to u4 ,a great] =ce & vivacity 9 ! impression naturally conveys a great] to ! relat$ idea2 & x is on ! degrees ( =ce & vivacity1 t ! belief dep5ds1 accord+ to ! =ego+ sy/em4 ,!re is a second diff]5ce1 :i* we may frequ5tly obs]ve 9 our degrees ( belief & assurance1 & :i* nev] fails to take place1 ?\gh disclaim$ by philosoph]s4 ,an exp]im5t1 t is rec5t & fre% 9 ! memory1 affects u m ?an "o t is 9 "s measure oblit]at$2 & has a sup]ior influ5ce on ! judgm5t1 z well z on ! passions4 ,a lively impression produces m assurance ?an a fa9t "o2 because x has m orig9al =ce to communicate to ! relat$ idea1 :i* !reby acquires a great] =ce & vivacity4 ,a rec5t obs]vation has a l effect2 because ! cu/om & transition is !re m entire1 & pres]ves bett] ! orig9al =ce 9 ! communication4 ,?us a drunk>d1 :o has se5 8 companion die ( a debau*1 is /ruck ) t in/ance = "s "t1 & dreads a l accid5t = himself3 ,b z ! memory ( x decays away by degrees1 8 =m] security returns1 & ! dang] seems less c]ta9 & real4 ,i add1 z a ?ird in/ance ( ?is k9d1 t ?\gh our reason+s f pro(s & f probabilities be consid]ably diff]5t f ea* o!r1 yet ! =m] species ( reason+ (t5 deg5]ates ins5sibly into ! latt]1 by no?+ b ! multitude ( connect$ argum5ts4 ,x is c]ta91 t :5 an inf]5ce is drawn imm$iately f an object1 )\t any int]m$iate cause or effect1 ! conviction is mu* /rong]1 & ! p]suasion m lively1 ?an :5 ! imag9ation is c>ry$ ?r\gh a long *a9 ( connect$ argum5ts1 h[ev] infallible ! connexion ( ea* l9k may be e/eem$4 ,x is f ! orig9al impression1 t ! vivacity ( all ! ideas is d]iv$1 by means ( ! cu/om>y transition ( ! imag9ation2 & x is evid5t ?is vivacity mu/ gradually decay 9 proportion to ! di/ance1 & mu/ lose some:at 9 ea* transition4 ,sometimes ?is di/ance has a great] influ5ce ?an ev5 contr>y exp]im5ts w\ld h2 & a man may receive a m lively conviction f a probable reason+1 :i* is close & imm$iate1 ?an f a long *a9 ( consequ5ces1 ?\gh j & conclusive 9 ea* "p4 ,nay x is seldom su* reason+s produce any conviction2 & "o mu/ h a v /rong & firm imag9ation to pres]ve ! evid5ce to ! end1 :]e x passes ?r\gh s _m1 /ages4 ,b "h x may n be amiss to rem>k a v curi\s phnom5on1 :i* ! pres5t subject sugge/s to u4 ,x is evid5t !re is no po9t ( anci5t hi/ory1 ( :i* we c h any assurance1 b by pass+ ?r\gh _m millions ( causes & effects1 & ?r\gh a *a9 ( argum5ts ( almo/ an immeasurable l5g?4 ,be=e ! k ( ! fact c\ld come to ! fir/ hi/orian1 x mu/ be convey$ ?r\gh _m m\?s2 & aft] x is committ$ to writ+1 ea* new copy is a new object1 ( :i* ! connexion ) ! =ego+ is kn[n only by exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,p]haps1 !re=e1 x may be conclud$ f ! prec$5t reason+1 t ! evid5ce ( all anci5t hi/ory mu/ n[ be lo/2 or at lea/1 w be lo/ 9 "t1 z ! *a9 ( causes encreases1 & runs on to a great] l5g?4 ,b z x seems contr>y to common s5se to ?9k1 t if ! republic ( lett]s1 & ! art ( pr9t+ cont9ue on ! same foot+ z at pres5t1 our po/]ity1 ev5 aft] a ?\s& ages1 c ev] d\bt if !re has be5 su* a man z ,,julius ,,caes>2 ?is may be consid]$ z an objection to ! pres5t sy/em4 ,if belief consi/$ only 9 a c]ta9 vivacity1 convey$ f an orig9al impression1 x w\ld decay by ! l5g? ( ! transition1 & mu/ at la/ be utt]ly ext+ui%$3 ,& vice v]sa1 if belief on "s occasions be n capable ( su* an ext9ction2 x mu/ be some?+ diff]5t f t vivacity4 ,be=e ,i answ] ?is objection ,i %all obs]ve1 t f ?is topic !re has be5 borr[$ a v celebrat$ argum5t aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian ,religion2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! connexion betwixt ea* l9k ( ! *a9 9 human te/imony has be5 !re suppos$ n to g beyond probability1 & to be liable to a degree ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty4 ,& inde$ x mu/ be confe/1 t 9 ?is mann] ( consid]+ ! subject1 7:i* h[ev] is n a true "o7 !re is no hi/ory or tradition1 b :at mu/ 9 ! end lose all its =ce & evid5ce4 ,e new probability dim9i%es ! orig9al conviction2 & h[ev] great t conviction may be suppos$1 x is impossible x c subsi/ "u su* re-it]at$ dim9utions4 ,?is is true 9 g5]al2 ?\gh we %all f9d aft]w>ds1#i t !re is "o v memorable exception1 :i* is ( va/ consequ5ce 9 ! pres5t subject ( ! und]/&+4 #i ,"p ,,iv4 ,sect4 #a4 ,mean :ile to give a solution ( ! prec$+ objection ^u ! supposition1 t hi/orical evid5ce am\nts at fir/ to an entire pro(2 let u consid]1 t ?\gh ! l9ks are innum]able1 t connect any orig9al fact ) ! pres5t impression1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( belief2 yet !y are all ( ! same k9d1 & dep5d on ! fidelity ( ,pr9t]s & ,copyi/s4 ,"o edition passes into ano!r1 & t into a ?ird1 & s on1 till we come to t volume we p]use at pres5t4 ,!re is no v>iation 9 ! /eps4 ,aft] we "k "o we "k all ( !m2 & aft] we h made "o1 we c h no scruple z to ! re/4 ,?is circum/ance alone pres]ves ! evid5ce ( hi/ory1 & w p]petuate ! memory ( ! pres5t age to ! late/ po/]ity4 ,if all ! long *a9 ( causes & effects1 :i* connect any pa/ ev5t ) any volume ( hi/ory1 7 compos$ ( p>ts diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & :i* x 7 necess>y = ! m9d di/9ctly to conceive1 x is impossible we %\ld pres]ve to ! end any belief or evid5ce4 ,b z mo/ ( ^! pro(s are p]fectly resembl+1 ! m9d runs easily along !m1 jumps f "o "p to ano!r ) facility1 & =ms b a confus$ & g5]al notion ( ea* l9k4 ,by ?is means a long *a9 ( argum5t1 has z little effect 9 dim9i%+ ! orig9al vivacity1 z a mu* %ort] w\ld h1 if compos$ ( p>ts1 :i* 7 diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & ( :i* ea* requir$ a di/9ct consid]ation4 ,a f\r? unphilosophical species ( probability is t d]iv$ f g5]al rules1 :i* we ra%ly =m to ourselves1 & :i* are ! s\rce ( :at we prop]ly call ,,prejudice4 ,an ,,iri%man _c h wit1 & a ,fr5*man _c h solidity2 = :i* reason1 ?\gh ! conv]sation ( ! =m] 9 any in/ance be visibly v agreeable1 & ( ! latt] v judici\s1 we h ent]ta9$ su* a prejudice aga9/ !m1 t !y mu/ be dunces or fops 9 spite ( s5se & reason4 ,human nature is v subject to errors ( ?is k9d2 & p]haps ?is nation z mu* z any o!r4 ,%\ld x be dem&$ :y m5 =m g5]al rules1 & all[ !m to influ5ce _! judgm5t1 ev5 contr>y to pres5t obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 ,i %\ld reply1 t 9 my op9ion x proce$s f ^? v pr9ciples1 on :i* all judgm5ts conc]n+ causes & effects dep5d4 ,our judgm5ts conc]n+ cause & effect are d]iv$ f habit & exp]i5ce2 & :5 we h be5 accu/om$ to see "o object unit$ to ano!r1 our imag9ation passes f ! fir/ to ! second1 by a natural transition1 :i* prec$es reflection1 & :i* _c be prev5t$ by x4 ,n[ x is ! nature ( cu/om n only to op]ate ) its full =ce1 :5 objects are pres5t$1 t are exactly ! same ) ^? to :i* we h be5 accu/om$2 b also to op]ate 9 an inf]ior degree1 :5 we discov] su* z are simil>2 & ?\gh ! habit loses some:at ( its =ce by e diff]5ce1 yet x is seldom entirely de/roy$1 :]e any consid]able circum/ances rema9 ! same4 ,a man1 :o has contract$ a cu/om ( eat+ fruit by ! use ( pe>s or pea*es1 w satisfy himself ) melons1 :]e he _c f9d 8 fav\rite fruit2 z "o1 :o has become a drunk>d by ! use ( r$ w9es1 w be c>ri$ almo/ ) ! same viol5ce to :ite1 if pres5t$ to him4 ,f ?is pr9ciple ,i h acc\nt$ = t species ( probability1 d]iv$ f analogy1 :]e we transf] our exp]i5ce 9 pa/ in/ances to objects :i* are resembl+1 b are n exactly ! same ) ^? conc]n+ :i* we h _h exp]i5ce4 ,9 proportion z ! resemblance decays1 ! probability dim9i%es2 b /ill has "s =ce z long z !re rema9 any traces ( ! resemblance4 ,?is obs]vation we may c>ry f>!r2 & may rem>k1 t ?\gh cu/om be ! f\ndation ( all our judgm5ts1 yet sometimes x has an effect on ! imag9ation 9 opposition to ! judgm5t1 & produces a contr>iety 9 our s5tim5ts conc]n+ ! same object4 ,i expla9 myself4 ,9 almo/ all k9ds ( causes !re is a complication ( circum/ances1 ( :i* "s are ess5tial1 & o!rs sup]flu\s2 "s are absolutely requisite to ! production ( ! effect1 & o!rs are only conjo9$ by accid5t4 ,n[ we may obs]ve1 t :5 ^! sup]flu\s circum/ances are num]\s1 & rem>kable1 & frequ5tly conjo9$ ) ! ess5tial1 !y h su* an influ5ce on ! imag9ation1 t ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! latt] !y c>ry u on to ! conception ( ! usual effect1 & give to t conception a =ce & vivacity1 :i* make x sup]ior to ! m]e fictions ( ! fancy4 ,we may correct ?is prop5sity by a reflection on ! nature ( ^? circum/ances3 b x is /ill c]ta91 t cu/om takes ! />t1 & gives a biass to ! imag9ation4 ,to illu/rate ?is by a famili> in/ance1 let u consid] ! case ( a man1 :o1 be+ hung out f a high t[] 9 a cage ( iron _c =be> trembl+1 :5 he surveys ! precipice bel[ him1 ?\gh he kn[s himself to be p]fectly secure f fall+1 by 8 exp]i5ce ( ! solidity ( ! iron1 :i* supports him2 & ?\gh ! ideas ( fall & desc5t1 & h>m & dea?1 be d]iv$ solely f cu/om & exp]i5ce4 ,! same cu/om goes beyond ! in/ances1 f :i* x is d]iv$1 & to :i* x p]fectly corresponds2 & influ5ces 8 ideas ( su* objects z are 9 "s respect resembl+1 b fall n precisely "u ! same rule4 ,! circum/ances ( dep? & desc5t /rike s /rongly ^u him1 t _! influ5ce c-n be de/roy$ by ! contr>y circum/ances ( support & solidity1 :i* ought to give him a p]fect security4 ,8 imag9ation runs away ) its object1 & excites a passion proportion$ to x4 ,t passion returns back ^u ! imag9ation & inliv5s ! idea2 :i* lively idea has a new influ5ce on ! passion1 & 9 its turn augm5ts its =ce & viol5ce2 & bo? 8 fancy & affections1 ?us mutually support+ ea* o!r1 cause ! :ole to h a v great influ5ce ^u him4 ,b :y ne$ we seek = o!r in/ances1 :ile ! pres5t subject ( philosophical probabilities (f]s u s obvi\s an "o1 9 ! opposition betwixt ! judgm5t & imag9ation aris+ f ^! effects ( cu/om8 ,accord+ to my sy/em1 all reason+s are no?+ b ! effects ( cu/om2 & cu/om has no influ5ce1 b by inliv5+ ! imag9ation1 & giv+ u a /rong conception ( any object4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be conclud$1 t our judgm5t & imag9ation c nev] be contr>y1 & t cu/om _c op]ate on ! latt] faculty aft] su* a mann]1 z to r5d] x opposite to ! =m]4 ,?is difficulty we c remove aft] no o!r mann]1 ?an by suppos+ ! influ5ce ( g5]al rules4 ,we %all aft]w>ds take#aj notice ( "s g5]al rules1 by :i* we ought to regulate our judgm5t conc]n+ causes & effects2 & ^! rules are =m$ on ! nature ( our und]/&+1 & on our exp]i5ce ( its op]ations 9 ! judgm5ts we =m conc]n+ objects4 ,by !m we le>n to di/+ui% ! accid5tal circum/ances f ! efficaci\s causes2 & :5 we f9d t an effect c be produc$ )\t ! concurr5ce ( any p>ticul> circum/ance1 we conclude t t circum/ance makes n a "p ( ! efficaci\s cause1 h[ev] frequ5tly conjo9$ ) x4 ,b z ?is frequ5t conjunction necessity makes x h "s effect on ! imag9ation1 9 spite ( ! opposite conclusion f g5]al rules1 ! opposition ( ^! two pr9ciples produces a contr>iety 9 our ?\ghts1 & causes u to ascribe ! "o inf]5ce to our judgm5t1 & ! o!r to our imag9ation4 ,! g5]al rule is attribut$ to our judgm5t2 z be+ m ext5sive & con/ant4 ,! exception to ! imag9ation1 z be+ m caprici\s & unc]ta94 #aj ,sect4 #ae4 ,?us our g5]al rules are 9 a mann] set 9 opposition to ea* o!r4 ,:5 an object appe>s1 t resembles any cause 9 v consid]able circum/ances1 ! imag9ation naturally c>ries u to a lively conception ( ! usual effect1 ,?\gh ! object be diff]5t 9 ! mo/ mat]ial & mo/ efficaci\s circum/ances f t cause4 ,"h is ! fir/ influ5ce ( g5]al rules4 ,b :5 we take a review ( ?is act ( ! m9d1 & comp>e x ) ! m g5]al & au!ntic op]ations ( ! und]/&+1 we f9d x to be ( an irregul> nature1 & de/ructive ( all ! mo/ e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( reason+s2 :i* is ! cause ( our reject+ x4 ,?is is a second influ5ce ( g5]al rules1 & implies ! condemnation ( ! =m]4 ,sometimes ! "o1 sometimes ! o!r prevails1 accord+ to ! disposition & "* ( ! p]son4 ,! vulg> are commonly guid$ by ! fir/1 & wise m5 by ! second4 ,mean :ile ! sceptics may "h h ! pleasure ( obs]v+ a new & signal contradiction 9 our reason1 & ( see+ all philosophy ready to be subv]t$ by a pr9ciple ( human nature1 & aga9 sav$ by a new direction ( ! v same pr9ciple4 ,! foll[+ ( g5]al rules is a v unphilosophical species ( probability2 & yet x is only by foll[+ !m t we c correct ?is1 & all o!r unphilosophical probabilities4 ,s9ce we h in/ances1 :]e g5]al rules op]ate on ! imag9ation ev5 contr>y to ! judgm5t1 we ne$ n be surpriz$ to see _! effects encrease1 :5 conjo9$ ) t latt] faculty1 & to obs]ve t !y be/[ on ! ideas !y pres5t to u a =ce sup]ior to :at att5ds any o!r4 ,e "o kn[s1 !re is an indirect mann] ( ins9uat+ praise or blame1 :i* is mu* less %ock+ ?an ! op5 flatt]y or c5sure ( any p]son4 ,h[ev] he may communicate 8 s5tim5ts by su* secret ins9uations1 & make !m kn[n ) equal c]ta9ty z by ! op5 discov]y ( !m1 x is c]ta9 t _! influ5ce is n equally /rong & p[]ful4 ,"o :o la%es me ) conceal$ /rokes ( satire1 moves n my indignation to su* a degree1 z if he flatly told me ,i 0 a fool & coxcomb2 ?\gh ,i equally und]/& 8 mean+1 z if he did4 ,?is diff]5ce is to be attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( g5]al rules4 ,:e!r a p]son op5ly1 abuses me1 or slyly intimates 8 contempt1 9 nei!r case d ,i imm$iately p]ceive 8 s5tim5t or op9ion2 & x is only by signs1 t is1 by its effects1 ,i become s5sible ( x4 ,! only diff]5ce1 !n1 betwixt ^! two cases consi/s 9 ?is1 t 9 ! op5 discov]y ( 8 s5tim5ts he makes use ( signs1 :i* are g5]al & univ]sal2 & 9 ! secret intimation employs su* z are m s+ul> & uncommon4 ,! effect ( ?is circum/ance is1 t ! imag9ation1 9 runn+ f ! pres5t impression to ! abs5t idea1 makes ! transition ) great] facility1 & consequ5tly conceives ! object ) great] =ce1 :]e ! connexion is common & univ]sal1 ?an :]e x is m r>e & p>ticul>4 ,accord+ly we may obs]ve1 t ! op5 decl>ation ( our s5tim5ts is call$ ! tak+ (f ! mask1 z ! secret intimation ( our op9ions is said to be ! veil+ ( !m4 ,! diff]5ce betwixt an idea produc$ by a g5]al connexion1 & t aris+ f a p>ticul> "o is "h comp>$ to ! diff]5ce betwixt an impression & an idea4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! imag9ation has a suitable effect on ! passions2 & ?is effect is augm5t$ by ano!r circum/ance4 ,a secret intimation ( ang] or contempt %ews t we /ill h "s consid]ation = ! p]son1 & avoid ! directly abus+ him4 ,?is makes a conceal$ satire less disagreeable2 b /ill ?is dep5ds on ! same pr9ciple4 ,= if an idea 7 n m feeble1 :5 only intimat$1 x w\ld nev] be e/eem$ a m>k ( great] respect to proce$ 9 ?is me?od ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,sometimes scurrility is less displeas+ ?an delicate satire1 because x rev5ges u 9 a mann] = ! injury at ! v "t x is committ$1 by af=d+ u a j reason to blame & contemn ! p]son1 :o injures u4 ,b ?is phnom5on likewise dep5ds ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,= :y d we blame all gross & injuri\s language1 unless x be1 because we e/eem x contr>y to good bre$+ & humanity8 ,& :y is x contr>y1 unless x be m %ock+ ?an any delicate satire8 ,! rules ( good bre$+ condemn :atev] is op5ly disoblig+1 & gives a s5sible pa9 & confusion to ^?1 ) :om we conv]se4 ,aft] ?is is once e/abli%$1 abusive language is univ]sally blam$1 & gives less pa9 ^u acc\nt ( its co>s5ess & incivility1 :i* r5d] ! p]son despicable1 t employs x4 ,x becomes less disagreeable1 m]ely because orig9ally x is m s2 & x is m disagreeable1 because x af=ds an inf]5ce by g5]al & common rules1 t are palpable & und5iable4 ,to ?is explication ( ! diff]5t influ5ce ( op5 & conceal$ flatt]y or satire1 ,i %all add ! consid]ation ( ano!r ph5om5on1 :i* is analog\s to x4 ,!re are _m p>ticul>s 9 ! po9t ( hon\r bo? ( m5 & wom51 ^: violations1 :5 op5 & av[$1 ! _w nev] excuses1 b :i* x is m apt to ov]look1 :5 ! appe>ances are sav$1 & ! transgression is secret & conceal$4 ,ev5 ^?1 :o "k ) equal c]ta9ty1 t ! fault is committ$1 p>don x m easily1 :5 ! pro(s seem 9 "s measure oblique & equivocal1 ?an :5 !y are direct & und5iable4 ,! same idea is pres5t$ 9 bo? cases1 &1 prop]ly speak+1 is equally ass5t$ to by ! judgm5t2 & yet its influ5ce is diff]5t1 because ( ! diff]5t mann]1 9 :i* x is pres5t$4 ,n[ if we comp>e ^! two cases1 ( ! op5 & conceal$ violations ( ! laws ( hon\r1 we %all f9d1 t ! diff]5ce betwixt !m consi/s 9 ?is1 t 9 ! fir/ ease ! sign1 f :i* we inf] ! blameable action1 is s+le1 & suffices alone to be ! f\ndation ( our reason+ & judgm5t2 :]eas 9 ! latt] ! signs are num]\s1 & decide little or no?+ :5 alone & unaccompany$ ) _m m9ute circum/ances1 :i* are almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,b x is c]ta9ly true1 t any reason+ is always ! m conv9c+1 ! m s+le & unit$ x is to ! eye1 & ! less ex]cise x gives to ! imag9ation to collect all its p>ts1 & run f !m to ! correlative idea1 :i* =ms ! conclusion4 ,! lab\r ( ! ?\ght di/urbs ! regul> progress ( ! s5tim5ts1 z we %all obs]ve pres5tly4#aa ,! idea /rikes n on u ) ou* vivacity2 & consequ5tly has no su* influ5ce on ! passion & imag9ation4 #aa ,"p ,,iv4 ,sect4 #a4 ,f ! same pr9ciples we may acc\nt = ^? obs]vations ( ! ,,c>d9al ,,de ,,retz1 t !re are _m ?+s1 9 :i* ! _w wi%es to be deceiv$2 & t x m easily excuses a p]son 9 act+ ?an 9 talk+ contr>y to ! decorum ( 8 pr(ession & "*4 ,a fault 9 words is commonly m op5 & di/9ct ?an "o 9 actions1 :i* admit ( _m palliat+ excuses1 & decide n s cle>ly conc]n+ ! int5tion & views ( ! actor4 ,?us x appe>s ^u ! :ole1 t e k9d ( op9ion or judgm5t1 :i* am\nts n to k1 is d]iv$ entirely f ! =ce & vivacity ( ! p]ception1 & t ^! qualities con/itute 9 ! m9d1 :at we call ! ,,belief ,( ! exi/5ce ( any object4 ,?is =ce & ?is vivacity are mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! memory2 & !re=e our confid5ce 9 ! v]acity ( t faculty is ! greate/ imag9able1 & equals 9 _m respects ! assurance ( a demon/ration4 ,! next degree ( ^! qualities is t d]iv$ f ! relation ( cause & effect2 & ?is too is v great1 especially :5 ! conjunction is f\nd by exp]i5ce to be p]fectly con/ant1 & :5 ! object1 :i* is pres5t to u1 exactly resembles ^?1 ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce4 ,b bel[ ?is degree ( evid5ce !re are _m o!rs1 :i* h an influ5ce on ! passions & imag9ation1 proportion$ to t degree ( =ce & vivacity1 :i* !y communicate to ! ideas4 ,x is by habit we make ! transition f cause to effect2 & x is f "s pres5t impression we borr[ t vivacity1 :i* we diffuse ov] ! correlative idea4 ,b :5 we h n obs]v$ a suffici5t numb] ( in/ances1 to produce a /rong habit2 or :5 ^! in/ances are contr>y to ea* o!r2 or :5 ! resemblance is n exact2 or ! pres5t impression is fa9t & obscure2 or ! exp]i5ce 9 "s measure oblit]at$ f ! memory2 or ! connexion dep5d5t on a long *a9 ( objects2 or ! inf]5ce d]iv$ f g5]al rules1 & yet n con=mable to !m3 ,9 all ^! cases ! evid5ce dim9i%es by ! dim9ution ( ! =ce & int5s5ess ( ! idea4 ,?is !re=e is ! nature ( ! judgm5t & probability4 ,:at pr9cipally gives au?ority to ?is sy/em is1 beside ! und\bt$ argum5ts1 ^u :i* ea* "p is f\nd$1 ! agreem5t ( ^! p>ts1 & ! necessity ( "o to expla9 ano!r4 ,! belief1 :i* att5ds our memory1 is ( ! same nature ) t1 :i* is d]iv$ f our judgm5ts3 ,nor is !re any diff]5ce betwixt t judgm5t1 :i* is d]iv$ f a con/ant & uni=m connexion ( causes & effects1 & t :i* dep5ds ^u an int]rupt$ & unc]ta94 ,x is inde$ evid5t1 t 9 all det]m9ations1 :]e ! m9d decides f contr>y exp]im5ts1 x is fir/ divid$ )9 itself1 & has an incl9ation to ei!r side 9 proportion to ! numb] ( exp]im5ts we h se5 & rememb]4 ,?is conte/ is at la/ det]m9$ to ! advantage ( t side1 :]e we obs]ve a sup]ior numb] ( ^! exp]im5ts2 b /ill ) a dim9ution ( =ce 9 ! evid5ce correspond5t to ! numb] ( ! opposite exp]im5ts4 ,ea* possibility1 ( :i* ! probability is compos$1 op]ates sep>ately ^u ! imag9ation2 & x is ! l>g] collection ( possibilities1 :i* at la/ prevails1 & t ) a =ce proportionable to its sup]iority4 ,all ^! ph5om5a lead directly to ! prec$5t sy/em2 nor w x ev] be possible ^u any o!r pr9ciples to give a satisfactory & consi/5t explication ( !m4 ,)\t consid]+ ^! judgm5ts z ! effects ( cu/om on ! imag9ation1 we %all lose ourselves 9 p]petual contradiction & absurdity4 ,,sect4 ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,necess>y ,,connexion4 ,hav+ ?us expla9$ ! mann]1 9 :i* we reason beyond our imm$iate impressions1 & conclude t su* p>ticul> causes mu/ h su* p>ticul> effects2 we mu/ n[ return ^u our foot/eps to exam9e t "q1 :i*#ab fir/ occur$ to u1 & :i* we dropt 9 our way1 viz4 ,:at is our idea ( necessity1 :5 we say t two objects are necess>ily connect$ toge!r4 ,^u ?is head ,i repeat :at ,i h (t5 _h occasion to obs]ve1 t z we h no idea1 t is n d]iv$ f an impression1 we mu/ f9d "s impression1 t gives rise to ?is idea ( necessity1 if we ass]t we h really su* an idea4 ,9 ord] to ?is ,i consid]1 9 :at objects necessity is commonly suppos$ to lie2 & f9d+ t x is always ascrib$ to causes & effects1 ,i turn my eye to two objects suppos$ to be plac$ 9 t relation2 & exam9e !m 9 all ! situations1 ( :i* !y are susceptible4 ,i imm$iately p]ceive1 t !y are contigu\s 9 "t & place1 & t ! object we call cause prec$es ! o!r we call effect4 ,9 no "o in/ance c ,i g any f>!r1 nor is x possible = me to discov] any ?ird relation betwixt ^! objects4 ,i !re=e enl>ge my view to compreh5d sev]al in/ances2 :]e ,i f9d l objects always exi/+ 9 l relations ( contiguity & succession4 ,at fir/ sight ?is seems to s]ve b little to my purpose4 ,! reflection on sev]al in/ances only repeats ! same objects2 & !re=e c nev] give rise to a new idea4 ,b ^u f>!r enquiry ,i f9d1 t ! repetition is n 9 e p>ticul> ! same1 b produces a new impression1 & by t means ! idea1 :i* ,i at pres5t exam9e4 ,= aft] a frequ5t repetition1 ,i f9d1 t ^u ! appe>ance ( "o ( ! objects1 ! m9d is det]m9$ by cu/om to consid] its usual att5dant1 & to consid] x 9 a /rong] light ^u acc\nt ( its relation to ! fir/ object4 ,x is ?is impression1 !n1 or det]m9ation1 :i* af=ds me ! idea ( necessity4 #ab ,sect4 #b4 ,i d\bt n b ^! consequ5ces w at fir/ sight be receiv$ )\t difficulty1 z be+ evid5t d$uctions f pr9ciples1 :i* we h already e/abli%$1 & :i* we h (t5 employ$ 9 our reason+s4 ,?is evid5ce bo? 9 ! fir/ pr9ciples1 & 9 ! d$uctions1 may s$uce u unw>ily into ! conclusion1 & make u imag9e x conta9s no?+ extraord9>y1 nor wor?y ( our curiosity4 ,b ?\gh su* an inadv]t5ce may facilitate ! reception ( ?is reason+1 x w make x be ! m easily =got2 = :i* reason ,i ?9k x prop] to give w>n+1 t ,i h j n[ exam9$ "o ( ! mo/ sublime que/ions 9 philosophy1 viz4 t conc]n+ ! p[] & efficacy ( causes2 :]e all ! sci5ces seem s mu* int]e/$4 ,su* a w>n+ w naturally r\ze up ! att5tion ( ! read]1 & make him desire a m full acc\nt ( my doctr9e1 z well z ( ! argum5ts1 on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,?is reque/ is s reasonable1 t ,i _c refuse comply+ ) x2 especially z ,i am hopeful t ^! pr9ciples1 ! m !y are exam9$1 w acquire ! m =ce & evid5ce4 ,!re is no "q1 :i* on acc\nt ( its importance1 z well z difficulty1 has caus$ m disputes bo? among anti5t & mod]n philosoph]s1 ?an ?is conc]n+ ! efficacy ( causes1 or t quality :i* makes !m be foll[$ by _! effects4 ,b be=e !y ent]$ ^u ^! disputes1 me?9ks x w\ld n h be5 improp] to h exam9$ :at idea we h ( t efficacy1 :i* is ! subject ( ! controv]sy4 ,?is is :at ,i f9d pr9cipally want+ 9 _! reason+s1 & :at ,i %all "h endeav\r to supply4 ,i beg9 ) obs]v+ t ! t]ms ( ,,efficacy1 ,,ag5cy1 ,,p[]1 ,,=ce1 ,,en]gy1 ,,necessity1 ,,connexion1 & ,,productive ,,quality1 are all ne>ly synonym\s2 & !re=e x is an absurdity to employ any ( !m 9 def9+ ! re/4 ,by ?is obs]vation we reject at once all ! vulg> def9itions1 :i* philosoph]s h giv5 ( p[] & efficacy2 & in/ead ( se>*+ = ! idea 9 ^! def9itions1 mu/ look = x 9 ! impressions1 f :i* x is orig9ally d]iv$4 ,if x be a comp\nd idea1 x mu/ arise f comp\nd impressions4 ,if simple1 f simple impressions4 ,i believe ! mo/ g5]al & mo/ popul> explication ( ?is matt]1 is to say1#ac t f9d+ f exp]i5ce1 t !re are sev]al new productions 9 matt]1 su* z ! motions & v>iations ( body1 & conclud+ t !re mu/ some:]e be a p[] capable ( produc+ !m1 we arrive at la/ by ?is reason+ at ! idea ( p[] & efficacy4 ,b to be conv9c$ t ?is explication is m popul> ?an philosophical1 we ne$ b reflect on two v obvi\s pr9ciples4 ,fir/1 t reason alone c nev] give rise to any orig9al idea1 & secondly1 t reason1 z di/+ui%$ f exp]i5ce1 c nev] make u conclude1 t a cause or productive quality is absolutely requisite to e beg9n+ ( exi/5ce4 ,bo? ^! consid]ations h be5 suffici5tly expla9$3 & !re=e %all n at pres5t be any f>!r insi/$ on4 #ac ,see ,mr4 ,locke1 *apt] ( p[]4 ,i %all only inf] f !m1 t s9ce reason c nev] give rise to ! idea ( efficacy1 t idea mu/ be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 & f "s p>ticul> in/ances ( ?is efficacy1 :i* make _! passage into ! m9d by ! common *annels ( s5sation or reflection4 ,ideas always repres5t _! objects or impressions2 & vice v]sa1 !re are "s objects necess>y to give rise to e idea4 ,if we pret5d1 !re=e1 to h any j idea ( ?is efficacy1 we mu/ produce "s in/ance1 :]e9 ! efficacy is pla9ly discov]able to ! m9d1 & its op]ations obvi\s to our consci\sness or s5sation4 ,by ! refusal ( ?is1 we ackn[l$ge1 t ! idea is impossible & imag9>y1 s9ce ! pr9ciple ( innate ideas1 :i* alone c save u f ?is dilemma1 has be5 already refut$1 & is n[ almo/ univ]sally reject$ 9 ! le>n$ _w4 ,our pres5t bus9ess1 !n1 mu/ be to f9d "s natural production1 :]e ! op]ation & efficacy ( a cause c be cle>ly conceiv$ & compreh5d$ by ! m9d1 )\t any dang] ( obscurity or mi/ake4 ,9 ?is rese>* we meet ) v little enc\ragem5t f t prodigi\s div]sity1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! op9ions ( ^? philosoph]s1 :o h pret5d$ to expla9 ! secret =ce & en]gy ( causes4#ad ,!re are "s1 :o ma9ta91 t bodies op]ate by _! sub/antial =m2 o!rs1 by _! accid5ts or qualities2 sev]al1 by _! matt] & =m2 "s1 by _! =m & accid5ts2 o!rs1 by c]ta9 virtues & faculties di/9ct f all ?is4 ,all ^! s5tim5ts aga9 are mix$ & v>y$ 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways2 & =m a /rong presumption1 t none ( !m h any solidity or evid5ce1 & t ! supposition ( an efficacy 9 any ( ! kn[n qualities ( matt] is entirely )\t f\ndation4 ,?is presumption mu/ encrease ^u u1 :5 we consid]1 t ^! pr9ciples ( sub/antial =ms1 & accid5ts1 & faculties1 are n 9 reality any ( ! kn[n prop]ties ( bodies1 b are p]fectly un9telligible & inexplicable4 ,= x is evid5t philosoph]s w\ld nev] h _h rec\rse to su* obscure & unc]ta9 pr9ciples1 _h !y met ) any satisfaction 9 su* z are cle> & intelligible2 especially 9 su* an affair z ?is1 :i* mu/ be an object ( ! simple/ und]/&+1 if n ( ! s5ses4 ,^u ! :ole1 we may conclude1 t x is impossible 9 any "o in/ance to %ew ! pr9ciple1 9 :i* ! =ce & ag5cy ( a cause is plac$2 & t ! mo/ ref9$ & mo/ vulg> und]/&+s are equally at a loss 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,if any "o ?9k prop] to refute ?is ass]tion1 he ne$ n put himself to ! tr\ble ( inv5t+ any long reason+s3 b may at once %ew u an in/ance ( a cause1 :]e we discov] ! p[] or op]at+ pr9ciple4 ,?is defiance we are oblig$ frequ5tly to make use (1 z be+ almo/ ! only means ( prov+ a negative 9 philosophy4 #ad ,see ,fa!r ,malbran*e1 ,book vi4 ,"p #b1 *ap4 #c4 ,& ! illu/rations ^u x4 ,! small success1 :i* has be5 met ) 9 all ! attempts to fix ?is p[]1 has at la/ oblig$ philosoph]s to conclude1 t ! ultimate =ce & efficacy ( nature is p]fectly unkn[n to u1 & t x is 9 va9 we se>* = x 9 all ! kn[n qualities ( matt]4 ,9 ?is op9ion !y are almo/ unanim\s2 & x is only 9 ! inf]5ce !y draw f x1 t !y discov] any diff]5ce 9 _! s5tim5ts4 ,= "s ( !m1 z ! ,,c>tesians 9 p>ticul>1 hav+ e/abli%$ x z a pr9ciple1 t we are p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! ess5ce ( matt]1 h v naturally inf]r$1 t x is end[$ ) no efficacy1 & t x is impossible = x ( itself to communicate motion1 or produce any ( ^? effects1 :i* we ascribe to x4 ,z ! ess5ce ( matt] consi/s 9 ext5sion1 & z ext5sion implies n actual motion1 b only mobility2 !y conclude1 t ! en]gy1 :i* produces ! motion1 _c lie 9 ! ext5sion4 ,?is conclusion leads !m into ano!r1 :i* !y reg>d z p]fectly unavoidable4 ,matt]1 say !y1 is 9 itself entirely unactive1 & depriv$ ( any p[]1 by :i* x may produce1 or cont9ue1 or communicate motion3 ,b s9ce ^! effects are evid5t to our s5ses1 & s9ce ! p[]1 t produces !m1 mu/ be plac$ some:]e1 x mu/ lie 9 ! ,,deity1 or t div9e be+1 :o conta9s 9 8 nature all excell5cy & p]fection4 ,x is ! deity1 !re=e1 :o is ! prime mov] ( ! univ]se1 & :o n only fir/ creat$ matt]1 & gave x x's orig9al impulse1 b likewise by a cont9u$ ex]tion ( omnipot5ce1 supports its exi/5ce1 & successively be/[s on x all ^? motions1 & configurations1 & qualities1 ) :i* x is end[$4 ,?is op9ion is c]ta9ly v curi\s1 & well wor? our att5tion2 b x w appe> sup]flu\s to exam9e x 9 ?is place1 if we reflect a mom5t on our pres5t purpose 9 tak+ notice ( x4 ,we h e/abli%$ x z a pr9ciple1 t z all ideas are d]iv$ f impressions1 or "s prec$5t p]ceptions1 x is impossible we c h any idea ( p[] & efficacy1 unless "s in/ances c be produc$1 :]e9 ?is p[] is p]ceiv$ to ex]t itself4 ,n[1 z ^! in/ances c nev] be discov]$ 9 body1 ! ,c>tesians1 proce$+ ^u _! pr9ciple ( innate ideas1 h _h rec\rse to a supreme _s or deity1 :om !y consid] z ! only active be+ 9 ! univ]se1 & z ! imm$iate cause ( e alt]ation 9 matt]4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( innate ideas be+ all[$ to be false1 x foll[s1 t ! supposition ( a deity c s]ve u 9 no /ead1 9 acc\nt+ = t idea ( ag5cy1 :i* we se>* = 9 va9 9 all ! objects1 :i* are pres5t$ to our s5ses1 or :i* we are int]nally consci\s ( 9 our own m9ds4 ,= if e idea be d]iv$ f an impression1 ! idea ( a deity proce$s f ! same orig92 & if no impression1 ei!r ( s5sation or reflection1 implies any =ce or efficacy1 x is equally impossible to discov] or ev5 imag9e any su* active pr9ciple 9 ! deity4 ,s9ce ^! philosoph]s1 !re=e1 h conclud$1 t matt] _c be end[$ ) any efficaci\s pr9ciple1 because x is impossible to discov] 9 x su* a pr9ciple2 ! same c\rse ( reason+ %\ld det]m9e !m to exclude x f ! supreme be+4 ,or if !y e/eem t op9ion absurd & impi\s1 z x really is1 ,i %all tell !m h[ !y may avoid x2 & t is1 by conclud+ f ! v fir/1 t !y h no adequate idea ( p[] or efficacy 9 any object2 s9ce nei!r 9 body nor _s1 nei!r 9 sup]ior nor inf]ior natures1 are !y able to discov] "o s+le in/ance ( x4 ,! same conclusion is unavoidable ^u ! hypo!sis ( ^?1 :o ma9ta9 ! efficacy ( second causes1 & attribute a d]ivative1 b a real p[] & en]gy to matt]4 ,= z !y confess1 t ?is en]gy lies n 9 any ( ! kn[n qualities ( matt]1 ! difficulty /ill rema9s conc]n+ ! orig9 ( its idea4 ,if we h really an idea ( p[]1 we may attribute p[] to an unkn[n quality3 ,b z x is impossible1 t t idea c be d]iv$ f su* a quality1 & z !re is no?+ 9 kn[n qualities1 :i* c produce x2 x foll[s t we deceive ourselves1 :5 we imag9e we are posse/ ( any idea ( ?is k9d1 aft] ! mann] we commonly und]/& x4 ,all ideas are d]iv$ f1 & repres5t impressions4 ,we nev] h any impression1 t conta9s any p[] or efficacy4 ,we nev] !re=e h any idea ( p[]4 ,"s h ass]t$1 t we feel an en]gy1 or p[]1 9 our own m9d2 & t hav+ 9 ?is mann] acquir$ ! idea ( p[]1 we transf] t quality to matt]1 :]e we are n able imm$iately to discov] x4 ,! motions ( our body1 & ! ?\ghts & s5tim5ts ( our m9d1 7say !y7 obey ! w2 nor d we seek any f>!r to acquire a j notion ( =ce or p[]4 ,b to conv9ce u h[ fallaci\s ?is reason+ is1 we ne$ only consid]1 t ! w be+ "h consid]$ z a cause1 has no m a discov]able connexion ) its effects1 ?an any mat]ial cause has ) its prop] effect4 ,s f> f p]ceiv+ ! connexion betwixt an act ( volition1 & a motion ( ! body2 x is all[$ t no effect is m inexplicable f ! p[]s & ess5ce ( ?\ght & matt]4 ,nor is ! empire ( ! w ov] our m9d m intelligible4 ,! effect is !re di/+ui%able & sep>able f ! cause1 & c\ld n be =ese5 )\t ! exp]i5ce ( _! con/ant conjunction4 ,we h comm& ov] our m9d to a c]ta9 degree1 b beyond t1 lose all empire ov] x3 ,& x is evid5tly impossible to fix any precise b\nds to our au?ority1 :]e we consult n exp]i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ! actions ( ! m9d are1 9 ?is respect1 ! same ) ^? ( matt]4 ,we p]ceive only _! con/ant conjunction2 nor c we ev] reason beyond x4 ,no int]nal impression has an app>5t en]gy1 m ?an ext]nal objects h4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 matt] is confess$ by philosoph]s to op]ate by an unkn[n =ce1 we %\ld 9 va9 hope to atta9 an idea ( =ce by consult+ our own m9ds4#ae #ae ,! same imp]fection att5ds our ideas ( ! ,deity2 b ?is c h no effect ei!r on religion or morals4 ,! ord] ( ! univ]se proves an omnipot5t m9d2 t is1 a m9d ^: w is ,,con/antly ,,att5d$ ) ! ob$i5ce ( e creature & be+4 ,no?+ m is requisite to give a f\ndation to all ! articles ( religion1 nor is ,x necess>y we %\d =m a di/9ct idea ( ! =ce & en]gy ( ! supreme ,be+4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ z a c]ta9 pr9ciple1 t g5]al or ab/ract ideas are no?+ b individual ones tak5 9 a c]ta9 light1 & t1 9 reflect+ on any object1 x is z impossible to exclude f our ?\ght all p>ticul> degrees ( quantity & quality z f ! real nature ( ?+s4 ,if we be posse/1 !re=e1 ( any idea ( p[] 9 g5]al1 we mu/ also be able to conceive "s p>ticul> species ( x2 & z p[] _c subsi/ alone1 b is always reg>d$ z an attribute ( "s be+ or exi/5ce1 we mu/ be able to place ?is p[] 9 "s p>ticul> be+1 & conceive t be+ z end[$ ) a real =ce & en]gy1 by :i* su* a p>ticul> effect necess>ily results f its op]ation4 ,we mu/ di/9ctly & p>ticul>ly conceive ! connexion betwixt ! cause & effect1 & be able to pron\nce1 f a simple view ( ! "o1 t x mu/ be foll[$ or prec$$ by ! o!r4 ,?is is ! true mann] ( conceiv+ a p>ticul> p[] 9 a p>ticul> body3 & a g5]al idea be+ impossible )\t an individual2 :]e ! latt] is impossible1 x is c]ta9 ! =m] c nev] exi/4 ,n[ no?+ is m evid5t1 ?an t ! human m9d _c =m su* an idea ( two objects1 z to conceive any connexion betwixt !m1 or compreh5d di/9ctly t p[] or efficacy1 by :i* !y are unit$4 ,su* a connexion w\ld am\nt to a demon/ration1 & w\ld imply ! absolute impossibility = ! "o object n to foll[1 or to be conceiv$ n to foll[ ^u ! o!r3 ,:i* k9d ( connexion has already be5 reject$ 9 all cases4 ,if any "o is ( a contr>y op9ion1 & ?9ks he has atta9$ a notion ( p[] 9 any p>ticul> object1 ,i desire he may po9t out to me t object4 ,b till ,i meet ) su*-a-"o1 :i* ,i despair (1 ,i _c =be> conclud+1 t s9ce we c nev] di/9ctly conceive h[ any p>ticul> p[] c possibly reside 9 any p>ticul> object1 we deceive ourselves 9 imag9+ we c =m any su* g5]al idea4 ,?us ^u ! :ole we may inf]1 t :5 we talk ( any be+1 :e!r ( a sup]ior or inf]ior nature1 z end[$ ) a p[] or =ce1 proportion$ to any effect2 :5 we speak ( a necess>y connexion betwixt objects1 & suppose1 t ?is connexion dep5ds ^u an efficacy or en]gy1 ) :i* any ( ^! objects are end[$2 9 all ^! expressions1 s appli$1 we h really no di/9ct mean+1 & make use only ( common words1 )\t any cle> & det]m9ate ideas4 ,b z x is m probable1 t ^! expressions d "h lose _! true mean+ by be+ wrong appli$1 ?an t !y nev] h any mean+2 x w be prop] to be/[ ano!r consid]ation on ?is subject1 to see if possibly we c discov] ! nature & orig9 ( ^? ideas1 we annex to !m4 ,suppose two objects to be pres5t$ to u1 ( :i* ! "o is ! cause & ! o!r ! effect2 x is pla91 t f ! simple consid]ation ( "o1 or bo? ^! objects we nev] %all p]ceive ! tie by :i* !y are unit$1 or be able c]ta9ly to pron\nce1 t !re is a connexion betwixt !m4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 f any "o in/ance1 t we arrive at ! idea ( cause & effect1 ( a necess>y connexion ( p[]1 ( =ce1 ( en]gy1 & ( efficacy4 ,did we nev] see any b p>ticul> conjunctions ( objects1 entirely diff]5t f ea* o!r1 we %\ld nev] be able to =m any su* ideas4 ,b aga92 suppose we obs]ve sev]al in/ances1 9 :i* ! same objects are always conjo9$ toge!r1 we imm$iately conceive a connexion betwixt !m1 & beg9 to draw an inf]5ce f "o to ano!r4 ,?is multiplicity ( resembl+ in/ances1 !re=e1 con/itutes ! v ess5ce ( p[] or connexion1 & is ! s\rce f :i* ! idea ( x arises4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to und]/& ! idea ( p[]1 we mu/ consid] t multiplicity2 nor d ,i ask m to give a solution ( t difficulty1 :i* has s long p]plex$ u4 ,= ?us ,i reason4 ,! repetition ( p]fectly simil> in/ances c nev] alone give rise to an orig9al idea1 diff]5t f :at is to be f\nd 9 any p>ticul> in/ance1 z has be5 obs]v$1 & z evid5tly foll[s f our fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t all ideas are copy$ f impressions4 ,s9ce !re=e ! idea ( p[] is a new orig9al idea1 n to be f\nd 9 any "o in/ance1 & :i* yet arises f ! repetition ( sev]al in/ances1 x foll[s1 t ! repetition alone has n t effect1 b mu/ ei!r discov] or produce some?+ new1 :i* is ! s\rce ( t idea4 ,did ! repetition nei!r discov] nor produce any?+ new1 our ideas might be multiply$ by x1 b w\ld n be enl>g$ above :at !y are ^u ! obs]vation ( "o s+le in/ance4 ,e enl>gem5t1 !re=e1 7su* z ! idea ( p[] or connexion7 :i* arises f ! multiplicity ( simil> in/ances1 is copy$ f "s effects ( ! multiplicity1 & w be p]fectly und]/ood by und]/&+ ^! effects4 ,:]ev] we f9d any?+ new to be discov]$ or produc$ by ! repetition1 !re we mu/ place ! p[]1 & mu/ nev] look = x 9 any o!r object4 ,b x is evid5t1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! repetition ( l objects 9 l relations ( succession & contiguity discov]s no?+ new 9 any "o ( !m3 s9ce we c draw no inf]5ce f x1 nor make x a subject ei!r ( our demon/rative or probable reason+s2#af z has be5 already prov$4 ,nay suppose we c\ld draw an inf]5ce1 x w\ld be ( no consequ5ce 9 ! pres5t case2 s9ce no k9d ( reason+ c give rise to a new idea1 su* z ?is ( p[] is2 b :]ev] we reason1 we mu/ antec$5tly be posse/ ( cle> ideas1 :i* may be ! objects ( our reason+4 ,! conception always prec$es ! und]/&+2 & :]e ! "o is obscure1 ! o!r is unc]ta92 :]e ! "o fails1 ! o!r mu/ fail also4 #af ,sect4 #f4 ,secondly1 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is repetition ( simil> objects 9 simil> situations produces no?+ new ei!r 9 ^! objects1 or 9 any ext]nal body4 ,= x w readily be all[$1 t ! sev]al in/ances we h ( ! conjunction ( resembl+ causes & effects are 9 !mselves entirely indep5d5t1 & t ! communication ( motion1 :i* ,i see result at pres5t f ! %ock ( two billi>d-balls1 is totally di/9ct f t :i* ,i saw result f su* an impulse a twelve-mon? ago4 ,^! impulses h no influ5ce on ea* o!r4 ,!y are entirely divid$ by "t & place2 & ! "o might h exi/$ & communicat$ motion1 ?\gh ! o!r nev] _h be5 9 be+4 ,!re is1 !n1 no?+ new ei!r discov]$ or produc$ 9 any objects by _! con/ant conjunction1 & by ! un9t]rupt$ resemblance ( _! relations ( succession & contiguity4 ,b x is f ?is resemblance1 t ! ideas ( necessity1 ( p[]1 & ( efficacy1 are d]iv$4 ,^! ideas1 !re=e1 repres5t n any?+1 t does or c belong to ! objects1 :i* are con/antly conjo9$4 ,?is is an argum5t1 :i*1 9 e view we c exam9e x1 w be f\nd p]fectly unansw]able4 ,simil> in/ances are /ill ! fir/ s\rce ( our idea ( p[] or necessity2 at ! same "t t !y h no influ5ce by _! simil>ity ei!r on ea* o!r1 or on any ext]nal object4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 turn ourselves to "s o!r qu>t] to seek ! orig9 ( t idea4 ,?\gh ! sev]al resembl+ in/ances1 :i* give rise to ! idea ( p[]1 h no influ5ce on ea* o!r1 & c nev] produce any new quality 9 ! object1 :i* c be ! model ( t idea1 yet ! obs]vation ( ?is resemblance produces a new impression 9 ! m9d1 :i* is its real model4 ,= aft] we h obs]v$ ! resemblance 9 a suffici5t numb] ( in/ances1 we imm$iately feel a det]m9ation ( ! m9d to pass f "o object to its usual att5dant1 & to conceive x 9 a /rong] light ^u acc\nt ( t relation4 ,?is det]m9ation is ! only effect ( ! resemblance2 & !re=e mu/ be ! same ) p[] or efficacy1 ^: idea is d]iv$ f ! resemblance4 ,! sev]al in/ances ( resembl+ conjunctions lead u into ! notion ( p[] & necessity4 ,^! in/ances are 9 !mselves totally di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & h no union b 9 ! m9d1 :i* obs]ves !m1 & collects _! ideas4 ,necessity1 !n1 is ! effect ( ?is obs]vation1 & is no?+ b an int]nal impression ( ! m9d1 or a det]m9ation to c>ry our ?\ghts f "o object to ano!r4 ,)\t consid]+ x 9 ?is view1 we c nev] arrive at ! mo/ di/ant notion ( x1 or be able to attribute x ei!r to ext]nal or int]nal objects1 to _s or body1 to causes or effects4 ,! necess>y connexion betwixt causes & effects is ! f\ndation ( our inf]5ce f "o to ! o!r4 ,! f\ndation ( our inf]5ce is ! transition aris+ f ! accu/om$ union4 ,^! are1 !re=e1 ! same4 ,! idea ( necessity arises f "s impression4 ,!re is no impression convey$ by our s5ses1 :i* c give rise to t idea4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be d]iv$ f "s int]nal impression1 or impression ( reflection4 ,!re is no int]nal impression1 :i* has any relation to ! pres5t bus9ess1 b t prop5sity1 :i* cu/om produces1 to pass f an object to ! idea ( its usual att5dant4 ,?is !re=e is ! ess5ce ( necessity4 ,^u ! :ole1 necessity is some?+1 t exi/s 9 ! m9d1 n 9 objects2 nor is x possible = u ev] to =m ! mo/ di/ant idea ( x1 consid]$ z a quality 9 bodies4 ,ei!r we h no idea ( necessity1 or necessity is no?+ b t det]m9ation ( ! ?\ght to pass f causes to effects1 & f effects to causes1 accord+ to _! exp]i5c$ union4 ,?us z ! necessity1 :i* makes two times two equal to f\r1 or ?ree angles ( a triangle equal to two "r ones1 lies only 9 ! act ( ! und]/&+1 by :i* we consid] & comp>e ^! ideas2 9 l mann] ! necessity or p[]1 :i* unites causes & effects1 lies 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! m9d to pass f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! efficacy or en]gy ( causes is nei!r plac$ 9 ! causes !mselves1 nor 9 ! deity1 nor 9 ! concurr5ce ( ^! two pr9ciples2 b belongs entirely to ! s\l1 :i* consid]s ! union ( two or m objects 9 all pa/ in/ances4 ,x is "h t ! real p[] ( causes is plac$ along ) _! connexion & necessity4 ,i am s5sible1 t ( all ! p>adoxes1 :i* ,i1 h _h1 or %all h]eaft] h occasion to advance 9 ! c\rse ( ?is treatise1 ! pres5t "o is ! mo/ viol5t1 & t x is m]ely by d9t ( solid pro( & reason+ ,i c ev] hope x w h admission1 & ov]come ! invet]ate prejudices ( mank9d4 ,be=e we are reconcil$ to ?is doctr9e1 h[ (t5 mu/ we repeat to ourselves1 t ! simple view ( any two objects or actions1 h[ev] relat$1 c nev] give u any idea1 ( p[]1 or ( a connexion betwixt !m3 t ?is idea arises f ! repetition ( _! union3 t ! repetition nei!r discov]s nor causes any ?+ 9 ! objects1 b has an influ5ce only on ! m9d1 by t cu/om>y transition x produces3 t ?is cu/om>y transition is1 !re=e1 ! same ) ! p[] & necessity2 :i* are consequ5tly qualities ( p]ceptions1 n ( objects1 & are int]nally felt by ! s\l1 & n p]ceivd ext]nally 9 bodies8 ,!re is commonly an a/oni%m5t att5d+ e ?+ extraord9>y2 & ?is a/oni%m5t *anges imm$iately into ! highe/ degree ( e/eem or contempt1 accord+ z we approve or disapprove ( ! subject4 ,i am mu* afraid1 t ?\gh ! =ego+ reason+ appe>s to me ! %orte/ & mo/ decisive imag9able2 yet ) ! g5]ality ( read]s ! biass ( ! m9d w prevail1 & give !m a prejudice aga9/ ! pres5t doctr9e4 ,?is contr>y biass is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,x is a common obs]vation1 t ! m9d has a great prop5sity to spread itself on ext]nal objects1 & to conjo9 ) !m any int]nal impressions1 :i* !y occasion1 & :i* always make _! appe>ance at ! same "t t ^! objects discov] !mselves to ! s5ses4 ,?us z c]ta9 s\nds & smells are always f\nd to att5d c]ta9 visible objects1 we naturally imag9e a conjunction1 ev5 9 place1 betwixt ! objects & qualities1 ?\gh ! qualities be ( su* a nature z to admit ( no su* conjunction1 & really exi/ no :]e4 ,b ( ?is m fully h]eaft]4#ag ,mean :ile x is suffici5t to obs]ve1 t ! same prop5sity is ! reason1 :y we suppose necessity & p[] to lie 9 ! objects we consid]1 n 9 our m9d t consid]s !m2 not)/&+ x is n possible = u to =m ! mo/ di/ant idea ( t quality1 :5 x is n tak5 = ! det]m9ation ( ! m9d1 to pass f ! idea ( an object to t ( its usual att5dant4 #ag ,"p ,,iv1 ,sect4 #e4 ,b ?\gh ?is be ! only reasonable acc\nt we c give ( necessity1 ! contr>y notion if2 s rivet$ 9 ! m9d f ! pr9ciples above-m5tion$1 t ,i d\bt n b my s5tim5ts w be treat$ by _m z extravagant & ridicul\s4 ,:at6 ! efficacy ( causes lie 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! m9d6 ,z if causes did n op]ate entirely indep5d5t ( ! m9d1 & w\ld n cont9ue _! op]ation1 ev5 ?\gh !re 0 no m9d exi/5t to contemplate !m1 or reason conc]n+ !m4 ,?\ght may well dep5d on causes = its op]ation1 b n causes on ?\ght4 ,?is is to rev]se ! ord] ( nature1 & make t second>y1 :i* is really prim>y1 ,to e op]ation !re is a p[] proportion$2 & ?is p[] mu/ be plac$ on ! body1 t op]ates4 ,if we remove ! p[] f "o cause1 we mu/ ascribe x to ano!r3 ,b to remove x f all causes1 & be/[ x on a be+1 t is no ways relat$ to ! cause or effect1 b by p]ceiv+ !m1 is a gross absurdity1 & contr>y to ! mo/ c]ta9 pr9ciples ( human reason4 ,i c only reply to all ^! argum5ts1 t ! case is "h mu* ! same1 z if a bl9d man %\ld pret5d to f9d a great _m absurdities 9 ! supposition1 t ! col\r ( sc>let is n ! same ) ! s\nd ( a trumpet1 nor light ! same ) solidity4 ,if we h really no idea ( a p[] or efficacy 9 any object1 or ( any real connexion betwixt causes & effects1 x w be to little purpose to prove1 t an efficacy is necess>y 9 all op]ations4 ,we d n und]/& our own mean+ 9 talk+ s1 b ignorantly conf\nd ideas1 :i* are entirely di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,i am1 inde$1 ready to all[1 t !re may be sev]al qualities bo? 9 mat]ial & immat]ial objects1 ) :i* we are utt]ly unacqua9t$2 & if we please to call ^! ,,p[] or ,,efficacy1 x w be ( little consequ5ce to ! _w4 ,b :51 in/ead ( mean+ ^! unkn[n qualities1 we make ! t]ms ( p[] & efficacy signify some?+1 ( :i* we h a cle> idea1 & :i* is incompatible ) ^? objects1 to :i* we apply x1 obscurity & error beg9 !n to take place1 & we are l$ a/ray by a false philosophy4 ,?is is ! case1 :5 we transf] ! det]m9ation ( ! ?\ght to ext]nal objects1 & suppose any real intelligible connexion betwixt !m2 t be+ a quality1 :i* c only belong to ! m9d t consid]s !m4 ,z to :at may be said1 t ! op]ations ( nature are indep5d5t ( our ?\ght & reason+1 ,i all[ x2 & accord+ly h obs]v$1 t objects be> to ea* o!r ! relations ( contiguity & succession3 t l objects may be obs]v$ 9 sev]al in/ances to h l relations2 & t all ?is is indep5d5t (1 & antec$5t to ! op]ations ( ! und]/&+4 ,b if we g any f>!r1 & ascribe a p[] or necess>y connexion to ^! objects2 ?is is :at we c nev] obs]ve 9 !m1 b mu/ draw ! idea ( x f :at we feel int]nally 9 contemplat+ !m4 ,& ?is ,i c>ry s f>1 t ,i am ready to conv]t my pres5t reason+ into an in/ance ( x1 by a subtility1 :i* x w n be difficult to compreh5d4 ,:5 any object is pres5t$ to u1 x imm$iately conveys to ! m9d a lively idea ( t object1 :i* is usually f\nd to att5d x2 & ?is det]m9ation ( ! m9d =ms ! necess>y connexion ( ^! objects4 ,b :5 we *ange ! po9t ( view1 f ! objects to ! p]ceptions2 9 t case ! impression is to be consid]$ z ! cause1 & ! lively idea z ! effect2 & _! necess>y connexion is t new det]m9ation1 :i* we feel to pass f ! idea ( ! "o to t ( ! o!r4 ,! unit+ pr9ciple among our int]nal p]ceptions is z un9telligible z t among ext]nal objects1 & is n kn[n to u any o!r way ?an by exp]i5ce4 ,n[ ! nature & effects ( exp]i5ce h be5 already suffici5tly exam9$ & expla9$4 ,x nev] gives u any insight into ! int]nal /ructure or op]at+ pr9ciple ( objects1 b only accu/oms ! m9d to pass f "o to ano!r4 ,x is n[ "t to collect all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is reason+1 & by jo9+ !m toge!r =m an exact def9ition ( ! relation ( cause & effect1 :i* makes ! subject ( ! pres5t enquiry4 ,?is ord] w\ld n h be5 excusable1 ( fir/ exam9+ our inf]5ce f ! relation be=e we _h expla9$ ! relation itself1 _h x be5 possible to proce$ 9 a diff]5t me?od4 ,b z ! nature ( ! relation dep5ds s mu* on t ( ! inf]5ce1 we h be5 oblig$ to advance 9 ?is seem+ly prepo/]\s mann]1 & make use ( t]ms be=e we 7 able exactly to def9e !m1 or fix _! mean+4 ,we %all n[ correct ?is fault by giv+ a precise def9ition ( cause & effect4 ,!re may two def9itions be giv5 ( ?is relation1 :i* are only diff]5t1 by _! pres5t+ a diff]5t view ( ! same object1 & mak+ u consid] x ei!r z a philosophical or z a natural relation2 ei!r z a comp>ison ( two ideas1 or z an association betwixt !m4 ,we may def9e a ,,cause to be ,an object prec$5t & contigu\s to ano!r1 & :]e all ! objects resembl+ ! =m] are plac$ 9 l relations ( prec$5cy & contiguity to ^? objects t resemble ! latt]4 ,i ,if ?is def9ition be e/eem$ defective1 because drawn f objects =eign to ! cause1 we may sub/itute ?is o!r def9ition 9 its place1 viz4 ,a ,,cause is an object prec$5t & contigu\s to ano!r1 & s unit$ ) x1 t ! idea1 ( ! "o det]m9es ! m9d to =m ! idea ( ! o!r1 & ! impression ( ! "o to =m a m lively idea ( ! o!r4 #b %\ld ?is def9ition also be reject$ = ! same reason1 ,i "k no o!r rem$y1 ?an t ! p]sons1 :o express ?is delicacy1 %\ld sub/itute a ju/] def9ition 9 its place4 ,b = my "p ,i mu/ own my incapacity = su* an und]tak+4 ,:5 ,i exam9e ) ! utmo/ accuracy ^? objects1 :i* are commonly d5om9at$ causes & effects1 ,i f9d1 9 consid]+ a s+le in/ance1 t ! "o object is prec$5t & contigu\s to ! o!r2 & 9 inl>g+ my view to consid] sev]al in/ances1 ,i f9d only1 t l objects are con/antly plac$ 9 l relations ( succession & contiguity4 ,aga91 :5 ,i consid] ! influ5ce ( ?is con/ant conjunction1 ,i p]ceive1 t su* a relation c nev] be an object ( reason+1 & c nev] op]ate ^u ! m9d1 b by means ( cu/om1 :i* det]m9es ! imag9ation to make a transition f ! idea ( "o object to t ( its usual att5dant1 & f ! impression ( "o to a m lively idea ( ! o!r4 ,h[ev] extraord9>y ^! s5tim5ts may appe>1 ,i ?9k x fruitless to tr\ble myself ) any f>!r enquiry or reason+ ^u ! subject1 b %all repose myself on !m z on e/abli%$ maxims4 ,x w only be prop]1 be=e we leave ?is subject1 to draw "s corroll>ies f x1 by :i* we may remove sev]al prejudices & popul> errors1 t h v mu* prevail$ 9 philosophy4 ,fir/1 ,we may le>n f ! =ego+1 doctr9e1 t all causes are ( ! same k9d1 & t 9 p>ticul> !re is no f\ndation = t di/9ction1 :i* we sometimes make betwixt effici5t causes & causes s9e qua non2 or betwixt effici5t causes1 & =mal1 & mat]ial1 & exempl>y1 & f9al causes4 ,= z our idea ( effici5cy is d]iv$ f ! con/ant conjunction ( two objects1 :]ev] ?is is obs]v$1 ! cause is effici5t2 & :]e x is n1 !re c nev] be a cause ( any k9d4 ,= ! same reason we mu/ reject ! di/9ction betwixt cause & occasion1 :5 suppos$ to signify any ?+ ess5tially diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,if con/ant conjunction be imply$ 9 :at we call occasion1 x is a real cause4 ,if n1 x is no relation at all1 & _c give rise to any argum5t or reason+4 ,secondly1 ,! same c\rse ( reason+ w make u conclude1 t !re is b "o k9d ( necessity1 z !re is b "o k9d ( cause1 & t ! common di/9ction betwixt moral & physical necessity is )\t any f\ndation 9 nature4 ,?is cle>ly appe>s f ! prec$5t explication ( necessity4 ,x is ! con/ant conjunction ( objects1 along ) ! det]m9ation ( ! m9d1 :i* con/itutes a physical necessity3 ,& ! removal ( ^! is ! same ?+ ) *ance4 ,z objects mu/ ei!r be conjo9$ or n1 & z ! m9d mu/ ei!r be det]m9$ or n to pass f "o object to ano!r1 x is impossible to admit ( any m$ium betwixt *ance & an absolute necessity4 ,9 weak5+ ?is conjunction & det]m9ation y d n *ange ! nature ( ! necessity2 s9ce ev5 9 ! op]ation ( bodies1 ^! h diff]5t degrees ( con/ancy & =ce1 )\t produc+ a diff]5t species ( t relation4 ,! di/9ction1 :i* we (t5 make betwixt ,,p[] & ! ,,ex]cise ( x1 is equally )\t f\ndation4 ,?irdly1 ,we may n[ be able fully to ov]come all t repugnance1 :i* x is s natural = u to ent]ta9 aga9/ ! =ego+ reason+1 by :i* we endeav\r$ to prove1 t ! necessity ( a cause to e beg9n+ ( exi/5ce is n f\nd$ on any argum5ts ei!r demon/rative or intuitive4 ,su* an op9ion w n appe> /range aft] ! =ego+ def9itions4 ,if we def9e a cause to be an object prec$5t & contigu\s to ano!r1 & :]e all ! objects resembl+ ! f>m] are plac$ 9 a l relation ( priority & contiguity to ^? objects1 t resemble ! latt]2 we may easily conceive1 t !re is no absolute nor metaphysical necessity1 t e beg9n+ ( exi/5ce %\ld be att5d$ ) su* an object4 ,if we def9e a cause to be1 ,,an ,,object ,,prec$5t ,,& ,,contigu\s ,,to ,,ano!r1 ,,& ,,s ,,unit$ ,,) ,,x ,,9 ,,! ,,imag9ation1 ,,t ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,"o ,,det]m9es ,,! ,,m9d ,,to ,,=m ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,o!r1 ,,& ,,! ,,impression ,,( ,,! ,,"o ,,to ,,=m ,a ,,m ,,lively ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,o!r2 we %all make /ill less difficulty ( ass5t+ to ?is op9ion4 ,su* an influ5ce on ! m9d is 9 itself p]fectly extraord9>y & incompreh5sible2 nor c we be c]ta9 ( its reality1 b f exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,i %all add z a f\r? corroll>y t we c nev] h reason to believe t any object exi/s1 ( :i* we _c =m an idea4 ,= z all our reason+s conc]n+ exi/5ce are d]iv$ f causation1 & z all our reason+s conc]n+ causation are d]iv$ f ! exp]i5c$ conjunction ( objects1 n f any reason+ or reflection1 ! same exp]i5ce mu/ give u a notion ( ^! objects1 & mu/ remove all my/]y f our conclusions4 ,?is is s evid5t1 t x w\ld sc>ce h m]it$ our att5tion1 7 x n to obviate c]ta9 objections ( ?is k9d1 :i* might arise aga9/ ! foll[+ reason+s conc]n+ matt] & sub/ance4 ,i ne$ n obs]ve1 t a full k ( ! object is n requisite1 b only ( ^? qualities ( x1 :i* we believe to exi/4 ,,sect4 ,,xv4 ,,rules ,,by ,,:i* ,,to ,,judge ,,( ,,causes ,,& ,,effects4 ,accord+ to ! prec$5t doctr9e1 !re are no objects :i* by ! m]e survey1 )\t consult+ exp]i5ce1 we c det]m9e to be ! causes ( any o!r2 & no objects1 :i* we c c]ta9ly det]m9e 9 ! same mann] n to be ! causes4 ,any ?+ may produce any ?+4 ,creation1 annihilation1 motion1 reason1 volition2 all ^! may arise f "o ano!r1 or f any o!r object we c imag9e4 ,nor w ?is appe> /range1 if we comp>e two pr9ciples expla9$ above1 ,,t ,,! ,,con/ant ,,conjunction ,,( ,,objects ,,det]m9es ,,_! ,,causation1 ,,&#ah ,,t1 ,,prop]ty ,,speak+1 ,,no ,,objects ,,are ,,contr>y ,,to ,,ea* ,,o!r ,,b ,,exi/5ce ,,& ,,non-,,exi/5ce4 ,:]e objects are n contr>y1 no?+ h9d]s !m f hav+ t con/ant conjunction1 on :i* ! relation ( cause & effect totally dep5ds4 #ah ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 #e4 ,s9ce !re=e x is possible = all objects to become causes or effects to ea* o!r1 x may be prop] to fix "s g5]al rules1 by :i* we may "k :5 !y really are s4 7#a7 ,! cause & effect mu/ be contigu\s 9 space & "t4 7#b7 ,! cause mu/ be prior to ! effect4 7#c7 ,!re mu/ be a con/ant union betwixt ! cause & effect4 ,x is *iefly ?is quality1 t con/itutes ! relation4 7#d7 ,! same cause always produces ! same effect1 & ! same effect nev] arises b f ! same cause4 ,?is pr9ciple we d]ive f exp]i5ce1 & is ! s\rce ( mo/ ( our philosophical reason+s4 ,= :5 by any cle> exp]im5t we h discov]$ ! causes or effects ( any phnom5on1 we imm$iately ext5d our obs]vation to e ph5om5on ( ! same k9d1 )\t wait+ = t con/ant repetition1 f :i* ! fir/ idea ( ?is relation is d]iv$4 7#e7 ,!re is ano!r pr9ciple1 :i* hangs ^u ?is1 viz4 t :]e sev]al diff]5t objects produce ! same effect1 x mu/ be by means ( "s quality1 :i* we discov] to be common among/ !m4 ,= z l effects imply l causes1 we mu/ always ascribe ! causation to ! circum/ance1 :]e9 we discov] ! resemblance4 7#f7 ,! foll[+ pr9ciple is f\nd$ on ! same reason4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! effects ( two resembl+ objects mu/ proce$ f t p>ticul>1 9 :i* !y diff]4 ,= z l causes always produce l effects1 :5 9 any in/ance we f9d our expectation to be disappo9t$1 we mu/ conclude t ?is irregul>ity proce$s f "s diff]5ce 9 ! causes4 7#g7 ,:5 any object encreases or dim9i%es ) ! encrease or dim9ution ( its cause1 x is to be reg>d$ z a comp\nd$ effect1 d]iv$ f ! union ( ! sev]al diff]5t effects1 :i* arise f ! sev]al diff]5t p>ts ( ! cause4 ,! abs5ce or pres5ce ( "o "p ( ! cause is "h suppos$ to be always att5d$ ) ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( a proportionable "p ( ! effect4 ,?is con/ant conjunction suffici5tly proves1 t ! "o "p is ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 bew>e n to draw su* a conclusion f a few exp]im5ts4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( heat gives pleasure2 if y dim9i% t heat1 ! pleasure dim9i%es2 b x does n foll[1 t if y augm5t x beyond a c]ta9 degree1 ! pleasure w likewise augm5t2 = we f9d t x deg5]ates into pa94 7#h7 ,! eigh? & la/ rule ,i %all take notice ( is1 t an object1 :i* exi/s = any "t 9 its full p]fection )\t any effect1 is n ! sole cause ( t effect1 b requires to be assi/$ by "s o!r pr9ciple1 :i* may =w>d its influ5ce & op]ation4 ,= z l effects necess>ily foll[ f l causes1 & 9 a contigu\s "t & place1 _! sep>ation = a mom5t %ews1 t ^! causes are n compleat ones4 ,"h is all ! ,,logic ,i ?9k prop] to employ 9 my reason+2 & p]haps ev5 ?is 0 n v necess>y1 b might h be5 supplyd by ! natural pr9ciples ( our und]/&+4 ,our s*ola/ic head-pieces & logicians %ew no su* sup]iority above ! m]e vulg> 9 _! reason & ability1 z to give u any incl9ation to imitate !m 9 deliv]+ a long sy/em ( rules & precepts to direct our judgm5t1 9 philosophy4 ,all ! rules ( ?is nature are v easy 9 _! inv5tion1 b extremely difficult 9 _! application2 & ev5 exp]im5tal philosophy1 :i* seems ! mo/ natural & simple ( any1 requires ! utmo/ /ret* ( human judgm5t4 ,!re is no phnom5on 9 nature1 b :at is comp\nd$ & modifyd by s _m diff]5t circum/ances1 t 9 ord] to arrive at ! decisive po9t1 we mu/ c>efully sep>ate :atev] is sup]flu\s1 & enquire by new exp]im5ts1 if e p>ticul> circum/ance ( ! fir/ exp]im5t 0 ess5tial to x4 ,^! new exp]im5ts are liable to a discussion ( ! same k9d2 s t ! utmo/ con/ancy is requird to make u p]sev]e 9 our enquiry1 & ! utmo/ sagacity to *oose ! "r way among s _m t pres5t !mselves4 ,if ?is be ! case ev5 9 natural philosophy1 h[ mu* m 9 moral1 :]e !re is a mu* great] complication ( circum/ances1 & :]e ^? views & s5tim5ts1 :i* are ess5tial to any action ( ! m9d1 are s implicit & obscure1 t !y (t5 escape our /ricte/ att5tion1 & are n only unacc\ntable 9 _! causes1 b ev5 unkn[n 9 _! exi/5ce8 ,i am mu* afraid le/ ! small success ,i meet ) 9 my enquiries w make ?is obs]vation be> ! air ( an apology r ?an ( boa/+4 ,if any ?+ c give me security 9 ?is p>ticul>1 x w be ! enl>g+ ( ! sph]e ( my exp]im5ts z mu* z possible2 = :i* reason x may be prop] 9 ?is place to exam9e ! reason+ faculty ( brutes1 z well z t ( human creatures4 ,,sect4 ,,xvi ,,( ,,! ,,reason ,,( ,,animals ,next to ! ridicule ( d5y+ an evid5t tru?1 is t ( tak+ mu* pa9s to def5d x2 & no tru? appe>s to me m evid5t1 ?an t bea/s are end[d ) ?\ght & reason z well z m54 ,! argum5ts are 9 ?is case s obvi\s1 t !y nev] escape ! mo/ /upid & ignorant4 ,we are consci\s1 t we ourselves1 9 adapt+ means to ends1 are guid$ by reason & design1 & t x is n ignorantly nor casually we p]=m ^? actions1 :i* t5d to self-pres]vation1 to ! obta9+ pleasure1 & avoid+ pa94 ,:5 !re=e we see o!r creatures1 9 millions ( in/ances1 p]=m l actions1 & direct !m to ! ends1 all our pr9ciples ( reason & probability c>ry u ) an inv9cible =ce to believe ! exi/5ce ( a l cause4 ,x is ne$less 9 my op9ion to illu/rate ?is argum5t by ! enum]ation ( p>ticul>s4 ,! smalle/ att5tion w supply u ) m ?an are requisite4 ,! resemblance betwixt ! actions ( animals & ^? ( m5 is s entire 9 ?is respect1 t ! v fir/ action ( ! fir/ animal we %all please to pit* on1 w af=d u an inconte/able argum5t = ! pres5t doctr9e4 ,?is doctr9e is z useful z x is obvi\s1 & furni%es u ) a k9d ( t\*/one1 by :i* we may try e sy/em 9 ?is species ( philosophy4 ,x is f ! resemblance ( ! ext]nal actions ( animals to ^? we ourselves p]=m1 t we judge _! int]nal likewise to resemble ours2 & ! same pr9ciple ( reason+1 c>ryd "o /ep f>!r1 w make u conclude t s9ce our int]nal actions resemble ea* o!r1 ! causes1 f :i* !y are d]ivd1 mu/ also be resembl+4 ,:5 any hypo!sis1 !re=e1 is advancd to expla9 a m5tal op]ation1 :i* is common to m5 & bea/s1 we mu/ apply ! same hypo!sis to bo?2 & z e true hypo!sis w abide ?is trial1 s ,i may v5ture to affirm1 t no false "o w ev] be able to endure x4 ,! common defect ( ^? sy/ems1 :i* philosoph]s h employd to acc\nt = ! actions ( ! m9d1 is1 t !y suppose su* a subtility & ref9em5t ( ?\ght1 z n only exce$s ! capacity ( m]e animals1 b ev5 ( *ildr5 & ! common p 9 our own species2 :o are not)/&+ susceptible ( ! same emotions & affections z p]sons ( ! mo/ accompli%d g5ius & und]/&+4 ,su* a subtility is a de> pro( ( ! fal%ood1 z ! contr>y simplicity ( ! tru?1 ( any sy/em4 ,let u !re=e put our pres5t sy/em conc]n+ ! nature ( ! und]/&+ to ?is decisive trial1 & see :e!r x w equally acc\nt = ! reason+s ( bea/s z = ^! ( ! human species4 ,"h we mu/ make a di/9ction betwixt ^? actions ( animals1 :i* are ( a vulg> nature1 & seem to be on a level ) _! common capacities1 & ^? m extraord9>y in/ances ( sagacity1 :i* !y sometimes discov] = _! own pres]vation1 & ! propagation ( _! species4 ,a dog1 t avoids fire & precipices1 t %uns /rang]s1 & c>esses 8 ma/]1 af=ds u an in/ance ( ! fir/ k9d4 ,a bird1 t *ooses ) su* c>e & nicety ! place & mat]ials ( h] ne/1 & sits ^u h] eggs = a due "t1 & 9 suitable season1 ) all ! precaution t a *ymi/ is capable ( 9 ! mo/ delicate projection1 furni%es u ) a lively in/ance ( ! second4 ,z to ! =m] actions1 ,i ass]t !y proce$ f a reason+1 t is n 9 itself diff]5t1 nor f\nd$ on diff]5t pr9ciples1 f t :i* appe>s 9 human nature4 ,x is necess>y 9 ! fir/ place1 t !re be "s impression imm$iately pres5t to _! memory or s5ses1 9 ord] to be ! f\ndation ( _! judgm5t4 ,f ! tone ( voice ! dog inf]s 8 ma/]s ang]1 & =esees 8 own puni%m5t4 ,f a c]ta9 s5sation affect+ 8 smell1 he judges 8 game n to be f> di/ant f him4 ,secondly1 ,! inf]5ce he draws f ! pres5t impression is built on exp]i5ce1 & on 8 obs]vation ( ! conjunction ( objects 9 pa/ in/ances4 ,z y v>y ?is exp]i5ce1 he v>ies 8 reason+4 ,make a beat+ foll[ ^u "o sign or motion = "s "t1 & aft]w>ds ^u ano!r2 & he w successively draw diff]5t conclusions1 accord+ to 8 mo/ rec5t exp]i5ce4 ,n[ let any philosoph] make a trial1 & endeav\r to expla9 t act ( ! m9d1 :i* we call ,,belief1 & give an acc\nt ( ! pr9ciples1 f :i* x is d]ivd1 indep5d5t ( ! influ5ce ( cu/om on ! imag9ation1 & let 8 hypo!sis be equally applicable to bea/s z to ! human species2 & aft] he has done ?is1 ,i promise to embrace 8 op9ion4 ,b at ! same "t ,i dem& z an equitable condition1 t if my sy/em be ! only "o1 :i* c answ] to all ^! t]ms1 x may be receivd z entirely satisfactory & conv9c+4 ,& t x is ! only "o1 is evid5t almo/ )\t any reason+4 ,bea/s c]ta9ly nev] p]ceive any real connexion among objects4 ,x is !re=e by exp]i5ce !y inf] "o f ano!r4 ,!y c nev] by any argum5ts =m a g5]al conclusion1 t ^? objects1 ( :i* !y h _h no exp]i5ce1 resemble ^? ( :i* !y h4 ,x is !re=e by means ( cu/om alone1 t exp]i5ce op]ates ^u !m4 ,all ?is 0 suffici5tly evid5t ) respect to man4 ,b ) respect to bea/s !re _c be ! lea/ suspicion ( mi/ake2 :i* mu/ be ownd to be a /rong confirmation1 or r an inv9cible pro( ( my sy/em4 ,no?+ %ews m ! =ce ( habit 9 reconcil+ u to any pha5om5\n1 ?an ?is1 t m5 are n a/oni%$ at ! op]ations ( _! own reason1 at ! same "t1 t !y admire ! in/9ct ( animals1 & f9d a difficulty 9 expla9+ x1 m]ely because x _c be r$uc$ to ! v same pr9ciples4 ,to consid] ! matt] aright1 reason is no?+ b a wond]ful & un9telligible in/9ct 9 our s\ls1 :i* c>ries u along a c]ta9 tra9 ( ideas1 & end[s !m ) p>ticul> qualities1 accord+ to _! p>ticul> situations & relations4 ,?is in/9ct1 x is true1 arises f pa/ obs]vation & exp]i5ce2 b c any "o give ! ultimate reason1 :y pa/ exp]i5ce & obs]vation produces su* an effect1 any m ?an :y nature alone %\d produce x8 ,nature may c]ta9ly produce :atev] c arise f habit3 ,nay1 habit is no?+ b "o ( ! pr9ciples ( nature1 & d]ives all its =ce f t orig94 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,sceptical ,,& ,,o!r ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,,( ,,scepticism ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,reason4 ,9 all demon/rative sci5ces ! rules are c]ta9 & infallible2 b :5 we apply !m1 our fallible said unc]ta9 faculties are v apt to dep>t f !m1 & fall into error4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 9 e reason+ =m a new judgm5t1 z a *eck or contr\l on our fir/ judgm5t or belief2 & mu/ enl>ge our view to compreh5d a k9d ( hi/ory ( all ! in/ances1 :]e9 our und]/&+ has deceiv$ u1 comp>$ ) ^?1 :]e9 its te/imony 0 j & true4 ,our reason mu/ be consid]$ z a k9d ( cause1 ( :i* tru? is ! natural effect2 b su*-a-"o z by ! irruption ( o!r causes1 & by ! incon/ancy ( our m5tal p[]s1 may frequ5tly be prev5t$4 ,by ?is means all k deg5]ates into probability2 & ?is probability is great] or less1 accord+ to our exp]i5ce ( ! v]acity or deceitfulness ( our und]/&+1 & accord+ to ! simplicity or intricacy ( ! "q4 ,!re is no ,algebrai/ nor ,ma!matician s exp]t 9 8 sci5ce1 z to place entire confid5ce 9 any tru? imm$iately ^u 8 discov]y ( x1 or reg>d x z any ?+1 b a m]e probability4 ,e "t he runs ov] 8 pro(s1 8 confid5ce encreases2 b /ill m by ! approbation ( 8 fri5ds2 & is rais$ to its utmo/ p]fection by ! univ]sal ass5t & applauses ( ! le>n$ _w4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 t ?is gradual encrease ( assurance is no?+ b ! addition ( new probabilities1 & is d]iv$ f ! con/ant union ( causes & effects1 accord+ to pa/ exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,9 accompts ( any l5g? or importance1 ,m]*ants seldom tru/ to ! infallible c]ta9ty ( numb]s = _! security2 b by ! artificial /ructure ( ! accompts1 produce a probability beyond :at is d]iv$ f ! skill & exp]i5ce ( ! accomptant4 ,= t is pla9ly ( itself "s degree ( probability2 ?\gh unc]ta9 & v>iable1 accord+ to ! degrees ( 8 exp]i5ce & l5g? ( ! accompt4 ,n[ z none w ma9ta91 t our assurance 9 a long num]ation exce$s probability1 ,i may safely affirm1 t !re sc>ce is any proposition conc]n+ numb]s1 ( :i* we c h a full] security4 ,= x is easily possible1 by gradually dim9i%+ ! numb]s1 to r$uce ! longe/ s]ies ( addition to ! mo/ simple "q1 :i* c be =m$1 to an addition ( two s+le numb]s2 & ^u ?is supposition we %all f9d x impracticable to %ew ! precise limits ( k & ( probability1 or discov] t p>ticul> numb]1 at :i* ! "o ends & ! o!r beg9s4 ,b k & probability are ( su* contr>y & disagree+ natures1 t !y _c well run ins5sibly into ea* o!r1 & t because !y w n divide1 b mu/ be ei!r entirely pres5t1 or entirely abs5t4 ,besides1 if any s+le addition 7 c]ta91 e "o w\ld be s1 & consequ5tly ! :ole or total sum2 unless ! :ole c be diff]5t f all its p>ts4 ,i _h almo/ said1 t ?is 0 c]ta92 b ,i reflect t x mu/ r$uce itself1 z well z e o!r reason+1 & f k deg5]ate into probability4 ,s9ce !re=e all k resolves itself into probability1 & becomes at la/ ( ! same nature ) t evid5ce1 :i* we employ 9 common life1 we mu/ n[ exam9e ?is latt] species ( reason+1 & see on :at f\ndation x /&s4 ,9 e judgm5t1 :i* we c =m conc]n+ probability1 z well z conc]n+ k1 we ought always to correct ! fir/ judgm5t1 d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! object1 by ano!r judgm5t1 d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! und]/&+4 ,x is c]ta9 a man ( solid s5se & long exp]i5ce ought to h1 & usually has1 a great] assurance 9 8 op9ions1 ?an "o t is fooli% & ignorant1 & t our s5tim5ts h diff]5t degrees ( au?ority1 ev5 ) ourselves1 9 proportion to ! degrees ( our reason & exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! man ( ! be/ s5se & longe/ exp]i5ce1 ?is au?ority is nev] entire2 s9ce ev5 su*-a-"o mu/ be consci\s ( _m errors 9 ! pa/1 & mu/ /ill dread ! l = ! future4 ,"h !n arises a new species ( probability to correct & regulate ! fir/1 & fix its j /&>d & proportion4 ,z demon/ration is subject to ! contr\l ( probability1 s is probability liable to a new correction by a reflex act ( ! m9d1 :]e9 ! nature ( our und]/&+1 & our reason+ f ! fir/ probability become our objects4 ,hav+ ?us f\nd 9 e probability1 beside ! orig9al unc]ta9ty inh]5t 9 ! subject1 a new unc]ta9ty d]iv$ f ! weakness ( t faculty1 :i* judges1 & hav+ adju/$ ^! two toge!r1 we are oblig$ by our reason to add a new d\bt d]iv$ f ! possibility ( error 9 ! e/imation we make ( ! tru? & fidelity ( our faculties4 ,?is is a d\bt1 :i* imm$iately occurs to u1 & ( :i*1 if we w\ld closely pursue our reason1 we _c avoid giv+ a decision4 ,b ?is decision1 ?\gh x %\ld be fav\rable to our prec$+ judgm5t1 be+ f\nd$ only on probability1 mu/ weak5 /ill fur!r our fir/ evid5ce1 & mu/ itself be weak5$ by a f\r? d\bt ( ! same k9d1 & s on 9 inf9itum3 till at la/ !re rema9 no?+ ( ! orig9al probability1 h[ev] great we may suppose x to h be51 & h[ev] small ! dim9ution by e new unc]ta9ty4 ,no f9ite object c subsi/ "u a decrease repeat$ ,,9 ,,inf9itum2 & ev5 ! va/e/ quantity1 :i* c ent] into human imag9ation1 mu/ 9 ?is mann] be r$uc$ to no?+4 ,let our fir/ belief be nev] s /rong1 x mu/ infallibly p]i% by pass+ ?r\gh s _m new exam9ations1 ( :i* ea* dim9i%es some:at ( its =ce & vig\r4 ,:5 ,i reflect on ! natural fallibility ( my judgm5t1 ,i h less confid5ce 9 my op9ions1 ?an :5 ,i only consid] ! objects conc]n+ :i* ,i reason2 & :5 ,i proce$ /ill f>!r1 to turn ! scrut9y aga9/ e successive e/imation ,i make ( my faculties1 all ! rules ( logic require a cont9ual dim9ution1 & at la/ a total ext9ction ( belief & evid5ce4 ,%\ld x "h be ask$ me1 :e!r ,i s9c]ely ass5t to ?is argum5t1 :i* ,i seem to take su* pa9s to inculcate1 & :e!r ,i be really "o ( ^? sceptics1 :o hold t all is unc]ta91 & t our judgm5t is n 9 any ?+ posse/ ( any measures ( tru? & fal%ood2 ,i %\ld reply1 t ?is "q is entirely sup]flu\s1 & t nei!r ,i1 nor any o!r p]son 0 ev] s9c]ely & con/antly ( t op9ion4 ,nature1 by an absolute & uncontr\lable necessity has det]m9$ u to judge z well z to brea! & feel2 nor c we any m =be> view+ c]ta9 objects 9 a /rong] & full] light1 ^u acc\nt ( _! cu/om>y connexion ) a pres5t impression1 ?an we c h9d] ourselves f ?9k+ z long1 z we are awake1 or see+ ! surr\nd+ bodies1 :5 we turn our eyes t[>ds !m 9 broad sun%9e4 ,:oev] has tak5 ! pa9s to refute ! cavils ( ?is total scepticism1 has really disput$ )\t an antagoni/1 & endeav\r$ by argum5ts to e/abli% a faculty1 :i* nature has antec$5tly implant$ 9 ! m9d1 & r5d]$ unavoidable4 ,my int5tion !n 9 display+ s c>efully ! argum5ts ( t fanta/ic sect1 is only to make ! read] s5sible ( ! tru? ( my hypo!sis1 t all our reason+s conc]n+ causes & effects are d]iv$ f no?+ b cu/om2 & t belief is m prop]ly an act ( ! s5sitive1 ?an ( ! cogitative "p ( our natures4 ,i h "h prov$1 t ! v same pr9ciples1 :i* make u =m a decision ^u any subject1 & correct t decision by ! consid]ation ( our g5ius & capacity1 & ( ! situation ( our m9d1 :5 we exam9$ t subject2 ,i say1 ,i h prov$1 t ^! same pr9ciples1 :5 c>ry$ f>!r1 & appli$ to e new reflex judgm5t1 mu/1 by cont9ually dim9i%+ ! orig9al evid5ce1 at la/ r$uce x to no?+1 & utt]ly subv]t all belief & op9ion4 ,if belief1 !re=e1 7 a simple act ( ! ?\ght1 )\t any peculi> mann] ( conception1 or ! addition ( a =ce & vivacity1 x mu/ infallibly de/roy itself1 & 9 e case t]m9ate 9 a total susp5se ( judgm5t4 ,b z exp]i5ce w suffici5tly conv9ce any "o1 :o ?9ks x wor? :ile to try1 t ?\gh he c f9d no error 9 ! =ego+ argum5ts1 yet he /ill cont9ues to believe1 & ?9k1 & reason z usual1 he may safely conclude1 t 8 reason+ & belief is "s s5sation or peculi> mann] ( conception1 :i* x is impossible = m]e ideas & reflections to de/roy4 ,b "h1 p]haps1 x may be dem&$1 h[ x happ5s1 ev5 ^u my hypo!sis1 t ^! argum5ts above-expla9$ produce n a total susp5se ( judgm5t1 & aft] :at mann] ! m9d ev] reta9s a degree ( assurance 9 any subject8 ,= z ^! new probabilities1 :i* by _! repetition p]petually dim9i% ! orig9al evid5ce1 are f\nd$ on ! v same pr9ciples1 :e!r ( ?\ght or s5sation1 z ! prim>y judgm5t1 x may seem unavoidable1 t 9 ei!r case !y mu/ equally subv]t x1 & by ! opposition1 ei!r ( contr>y ?\ghts or s5sations1 r$uce ! m9d to a total unc]ta9ty4 ,i suppose1 !re is "s "q propos$ to me1 & t aft] revolv+ ov] ! impressions ( my memory & s5ses1 & c>ry+ my ?\ghts f !m to su* objects1 z are commonly conjo9$ ) !m1 ,i feel a /rong] & m =cible conception on ! "o side1 ?an on ! o!r4 ,?is /rong conception =ms my fir/ decision4 ,i suppose1 t aft]w>ds ,i exam9e my judgm5t itself1 & obs]v+ f exp]i5ce1 t x is sometimes j & sometimes errone\s1 ,i consid] x z regulat$ by contr>y pr9ciples or causes1 ( :i* "s lead to tru?1 & "s to error2 & 9 ballanc+ ^! contr>y causes1 ,i dim9i% by a new probability ! assurance ( my fir/ decision4 ,?is new probability is liable to ! same dim9ution z ! =ego+1 & s on1 ,,9 ,,inf9itum4 ,x is !re=e dem&$1 h[ x happ5s1 t ev5 aft] all we reta9 a degree ( belief1 :i* is suffici5t = our purpose1 ei!r 9 philosophy or common life4 ,i answ]1 t aft] ! fir/ & second decision2 z ! action ( ! m9d becomes =c$ & unnatural1 & ! ideas fa9t & obscure2 ?\gh ! pr9ciples ( judgm5t1 & ! ballanc+ ( opposite causes be ! same z at ! v beg9n+2 yet _! influ5ce on ! imag9ation1 & ! vig\r !y add to1 or dim9i% f ! ?\ght1 is by no means equal4 ,:]e ! m9d rea*es n its objects ) eas9ess & facility1 ! same pr9ciples h n ! same effect z 9 a m natural conception ( ! ideas2 nor does ! imag9ation feel a s5sation1 :i* holds any proportion ) t :i* arises f its common judgm5ts & op9ions4 ,! att5tion is on ! /ret*3 ,! po/ure ( ! m9d is uneasy2 & ! spirits be+ div]t$ f _! natural c\rse1 are n gov]n$ 9 _! movem5ts by ! same laws1 at lea/ n to ! same degree1 z :5 !y fl[ 9 _! usual *annel4 ,if we desire simil> in/ances1 x w n be v difficult to f9d !m4 ,! pres5t subject ( metaphysics w supply u abundantly4 ,! same argum5t1 :i* w\ld h be5 e/eem$ conv9c+ 9 a reason+ conc]n+ hi/ory or politics1 has little or no influ5ce 9 ^! ab/rus] subjects1 ev5 ?\gh x be p]fectly compreh5d$2 & t because !re is requir$ a /udy & an ef=t ( ?\ght1 9 ord] to its be+ compreh5d$3 ,& ?is ef=t ( ?\ght di/urbs ! op]ation ( our s5tim5ts1 on :i* ! belief dep5ds4 ,! case is ! same 9 o!r subjects4 ,! /ra9+ ( ! imag9ation always h9d]s ! regul> fl[+ ( ! passions & s5tim5ts4 ,a tragic poet1 t w\ld repres5t 8 h]oes z v +5i\s & witty 9 _! mis=tunes1 w\ld nev] t\* ! passions4 ,z ! emotions ( ! s\l prev5t any subtile reason+ & reflection1 s ^! latt] actions ( ! m9d are equally prejudicial to ! =m]4 ,! m9d1 z well z ! body1 seems to be end[$ ) a c]ta9 precise degree ( =ce & activity1 :i* x nev] employs 9 "o action1 b at ! exp5se ( all ! re/4 ,?is is m evid5tly true1 :]e ! actions are ( q diff]5t natures2 s9ce 9 t case ! =ce ( ! m9d is n only div]t$1 b ev5 ! disposition *ang$1 s z to r5d] u incapable ( a sudd5 transition f "o action to ! o!r1 & /ill m ( p]=m+ bo? at once4 ,no wond]1 !n1 ! conviction1 :i* arises f a subtile reason+1 dim9i%es 9 proportion to ! ef=ts1 :i* ! imag9ation makes to ent] into ! reason+1 & to conceive x 9 all its p>ts4 ,belief1 be+ a lively conception1 c nev] be entire1 :]e x is n f\nd$ on some?+ natural & easy4 ,?is ,i take to be ! true /ate ( ! "q1 & _c approve ( t exp$iti\s way1 :i* "s take ) ! sceptics1 to reject at once all _! argum5ts )\t enquiry or exam9ation4 ,if ! sceptical reason+s be /rong1 say !y1 x is a pro(1 t reason may h "s =ce & au?ority3 if weak1 !y c nev] be suffici5t to invalidate all ! conclusions ( our und]/&+4 ,?is argum5t is n j2 because ! sceptical reason+s1 7 x possible = !m to exi/1 & 7 !y n de/roy$ by _! subtility1 w\ld be successively bo? /rong & weak1 accord+ to ! successive dispositions ( ! m9d4 ,reason fir/ appe>s 9 possession ( ! ?rone1 prescrib+ laws1 & impos+ maxims1 ) an absolute sway & au?ority4 ,h] enemy1 !re=e1 is oblig$ to take %elt] "u h] protection1 & by mak+ use ( rational argum5ts to prove ! fallaci\sness & imbecility ( reason1 produces1 9 a mann]1 a pat5t "u h] h& & seal4 ,?is pat5t has at fir/ an au?ority1 proportion$ to ! pres5t & imm$iate au?ority ( reason1 f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,b z x is suppos$ to be contradictory to reason1 x gradually dim9i%es ! =ce ( t gov]n+ p[] & its own at ! same "t2 till at la/ !y bo? vani% away into no?+1 by a regulax & j dim9ution4 ,! sceptical & dogmatical reasons are ( ! same k9d1 ?\gh contr>y 9 _! op]ation & t5d5cy2 s t :]e ! latt] is /rong1 x has an enemy ( equal =ce 9 ! =m] to enc\nt]2 & z _! =ces 7 at fir/ equal1 !y /ill cont9ue s1 z long z ei!r ( !m subsi/s2 nor does "o ( !m lose any =ce 9 ! conte/1 )\t tak+ z mu* f its antagoni/4 ,x is happy1 !re=e1 t nature breaks ! =ce ( all sceptical argum5ts 9 "t1 & keeps !m f hav+ any consid]able influ5ce on ! und]/&+4 ,7 we to tru/ entirely to _! self-de/ruction1 t c nev] take place1 until !y h fir/ subv]t$ all conviction1 & h totally de/roy$ human reason4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,scepticism ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,s5ses4 ,?us ! sceptic /ill cont9ues to reason & believe1 ev5 ?\gh he ass]ts1 t he _c def5d 8 reason by reason2 & by ! same rule he mu/ ass5t to ! pr9ciple conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( body1 ?\gh he _c pret5d by any argum5ts ( philosophy to ma9ta9 its v]acity4 ,nature has n left ?is to 8 *oice1 & has d\btless1 e/eem$ x an affair ( too great importance to be tru/$ to our unc]ta9 reason+s & speculations4 ,we may well ask1 ,:at causes induce u to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( body8 b x is 9 va9 to ask1 ,:e!r !re be body or n8 ,t is a po9t1 :i* we mu/ take = grant$ 9 all our reason+s4 ,! subject1 !n1 ( our pres5t enquiry is conc]n+ ! causes :i* induce u to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( body3 ,& my reason+s on ?is head ,i %all beg9 ) a di/9ction1 :i* at fir/ sight may seem sup]flu\s1 b :i* w contribute v mu* to ! p]fect und]/&+ ( :at foll[s4 ,we ought to exam9e ap>t ^? two que/ions1 :i* are commonly conf\nd$ toge!r1 viz4 ,:y we attribute a cont9u$ exi/5ce to objects1 ev5 :5 !y are n pres5t to ! s5ses2 & :y we suppose !m to h an exi/5ce ,,di/9ct f ! m9d & p]ception4 ,"u ?is la/ head ,i compreh5d _! situation z well z relations1 _! ext]nal position z well z ! indep5d5ce ( _! exi/5ce & op]ation4 ,^! two que/ions conc]n+ ! cont9u$ & di/9ct exi/5ce ( body are intimately connect$ toge!r4 ,= if ! objects ( our s5ses cont9ue to exi/1 ev5 :5 !y are n p]ceiv$1 _! exi/5ce is ( c\rse indep5d5t ( & di/9ct f ! p]ception3 & vice v]sa1 if _! exi/5ce be indep5d5t ( ! p]ception & di/9ct f x1 !y mu/ cont9ue to exi/1 ev5 ?\gh !y be n p]ceiv$4 ,b ?\gh ! decision ( ! "o "q decides ! o!r2 yet t we may ! m easily discov] ! pr9ciples ( human nature1 f :5ce ! decision arises1 we %all c>ry along ) u ?is di/9ction1 & %all consid]1 :e!r x be ! s5ses1 reason1 or ! imag9ation1 t produces ! op9ion ( a cont9u$ or ( a di/9ct exi/5ce4 ,^! are ! only que/ions1 t are intelligible on ! pres5t subject4 ,= z to ! notion ( ext]nal exi/5ce1 :5 tak5 = some?+ specially diff]5t f our p]ceptions1#a we h already %ewn its absurdity4 #a ,"p4 ,,ii4 ,sect4 #f4 ,to beg9 ) ! ,,s5ses1 x is evid5t ^! faculties are incapable ( giv+ rise to ! notion ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( _! objects1 aft] !y no long] appe> to ! s5ses4 ,= t is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 & suppose t ! s5ses cont9ue to op]ate1 ev5 aft] !y h ceas$ all mann] ( op]ation4 ,^! faculties1 !re=e1 if !y h any influ5ce 9 ! pres5t case1 mu/ produce ! op9ion ( a di/9ct1 n ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce2 & 9 ord] to t1 mu/ pres5t _! impressions ei!r z images & repres5tations1 or z ^! v di/9ct & ext]nal exi/5ces4 ,t our s5ses (f] n _! impressions z ! images ( some?+ di/9ct1 or indep5d5t1 & ext]nal1 is evid5t2 because !y convey to u no?+ b a s+le p]ception1 & nev] give u ! lea/ intimation ( any ?+ beyond4 ,a s+le p]ception c nev] produce ! idea ( a d\ble exi/5ce1 b by "s inf]5ce ei!r ( ! reason or imag9ation4 ,:5 ! m9d looks f>!r ?an :at imm$iately appe>s to x1 its conclusions c nev] be put to ! acc\nt ( ! s5ses2 & x c]ta9ly looks f>!r1 :5 f a s+le p]ception x inf]s a d\ble exi/5ce1 & supposes ! relations ( resemblance & causation betwixt !m4 ,if our s5ses1 !re=e1 sugge/ any idea ( di/9ct exi/5ces1 !y mu/ convey ! impressions z ^? v exi/5ces1 by a k9d ( fallacy & illusion4 ,^u ?is bead we may obs]ve1 t all s5sations are felt by ! m9d1 su* z !y really are1 & t :5 we d\bt1 :e!r !y pres5t !mselves z di/9ct objects1 or z m]e impressions1 ! difficulty is n conc]n+ _! nature1 b conc]n+ _! relations & situation4 ,n[ if ! s5ses pres5t$ our impressions z ext]nal to1 & indep5d5t ( ourselves1 bo? ! objects & ourselves mu/ be obvi\s to our s5ses1 o!rwise !y c\ld n be comp>$ by ^! faculties4 ,! difficulty1 !n1 is h[ fax we are ourselves ! objects ( our s5ses4 ,x is c]ta9 !re is no "q 9 philosophy m ab/ruse ?an t conc]n+ id5tity1 & ! nature ( ! unit+ pr9ciple1 :i* con/itutes a p]son4 ,s f> f be+ able by our s5ses m]ely to det]m9e ?is "q1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ! mo/ pr(\nd metaphysics to give a satisfactory answ] to x2 & 9 common life x is evid5t ^! ideas ( self & p]son are nev] v fix$ nor det]m9ate4 ,x is absurd1 !re=e1 to imag9e ! s5ses c ev] di/+ui% betwixt ourselves & ext]nal objects4 ,add to ?is1 t e impression1 ext]nal & int]nal1 passions1 affections1 s5sations1 pa9s & pleasures1 are orig9ally on ! same foot+2 & t :atev] o!r diff]5ces we may obs]ve among !m1 !y appe>1 all ( !m1 9 _! true col\rs1 z impressions or p]ceptions4 ,& inde$1 if we consid] ! matt] aright1 x is sc>ce possible x %\ld be o!rwise1 nor is x conceivable t our s5ses %\ld be m capable ( deceiv+ u 9 ! situation & relations1 ?an 9 ! nature ( our impressions4 ,= s9ce all actions & s5sations ( ! m9d are kn[n to u by consci\sness1 !y mu/ necess>ily appe> 9 e p>ticul> :at !y are1 & be :at !y appe>4 ,e ?+ t ent]s ! m9d1 be+ 9 reality a p]ception1 x is impossible any ?+ %\ld to feel+ appe> diff]5t4 ,?is 7 to suppose1 t ev5 :]e we are mo/ intimately consci\s1 we might be mi/ak54 ,b n to lose "t 9 exam9+1 :e!r x is possible = our s5ses to deceive u1 & repres5t our p]ceptions z di/9ct f ourselves1 t is z ext]nal to & indep5d5t ( u2 let u consid] :e!r !y really d s1 & :e!r ?is error proce$s f an imm$iate s5sation1 or f "s o!r causes4 ,to beg9 ) ! "q conc]n+ ,,ext]nal exi/5ce1 x may p]haps be said1 t sett+ aside ! metaphysical "q ( ! id5tity ( a ?9k+ sub/ance1 our own body evid5tly belongs to u2 & z sev]al impressions appe> ext]ior to ! body1 we suppose !m also ext]ior to ourselves4 ,! pap]1 on :i* ,i write at pres5t1 is beyond my h&4 ,! table is beyond ! pap]4 ,! walls ( ! *amb] beyond ! table4 ,& 9 ca/+ my eye t[>ds ! w9d[1 ,i p]ceive a great ext5t ( fields & build+s beyond my *amb]4 ,f all ?is x may be inf]$1 t no o!r faculty is requir$1 beside ! s5ses1 to conv9ce u ( ! ext]nal exi/5ce ( body4 ,b to prev5t ?is inf]5ce1 we ne$ only weigh ! ?ree foll[+ consid]ations4 ,fir/1 ,t1 prop]ly speak+1 x is n our body we p]ceive1 :5 we reg>d our limbs & memb]s1 b c]ta9 impressions1 :i* ent] by ! s5ses2 s t ! ascrib+ a real & corporeal exi/5ce to ^! impressions1 or to _! objects1 is an act ( ! m9d z difficult to expla91 z t :i* we exam9e at pres5t4 ,secondly1 ,s\nds1 & ta/es1 & smelts1 ?\gh commonly reg>d$ by ! m9d z cont9u$ indep5d5t qualities1 appe> n to h any exi/5ce 9 ext5sion1 & consequ5tly _c appe> to ! s5ses z situat$ ext]nally to ! body4 ,! reason1 :y we ascribe a place to !m1 %all be3 consid]$ aft]w>ds4 ,?irdly1 ,ev5 our sight in=ms u n ( di/ance or outness 7s to speak7 imm$iately & )\t a c]ta9 reason+ & exp]i5ce1 z is ackn[l$g$ by ! mo/ rational philosoph]s4 ,z to ! indep5d5cy ( our p]ceptions on ourselves1 ?is c nev] be an object ( ! s5ses2 b any op9ion we =m conc]n+ x1 mu/ be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce & obs]vation3 ,& we %all see aft]w>ds1 t our conclusions f exp]i5ce are f> f be+ fav\rable to ! doctr9e ( ! indep5d5cy ( our p]ceptions4 ,mean :ile we may obs]ve t :5 we talk ( real di/9ct exi/5ces1 we h commonly m 9 our eye _! indep5d5cy ?an ext]nal situation 9 place1 & ?9k an object has a suffici5t reality1 :5 its ,be+ is un9t]rupt$1 & indep5d5t ( ! incessant revolutions1 :i* we are consci\s ( 9 ourselves4 ,?us to resume :at ,i h said conc]n+ ! s5ses2 !y give u no notion ( cont9u$ exi/5ce1 because !y _c op]ate beyond ! ext5t1 9 :i* !y really op]ate4 ,!y z little produce ! op9ion ( a di/9ct exi/5ce1 because !y nei!r c (f] x to ! m9d z repres5t$1 nor z orig9al4 ,to (f] x z repres5t$1 !y mu/ pres5t bo? an object & an image4 ,to make x appe> z orig9al1 !y mu/ convey a fal%ood2 & ?is fal%ood mu/ lie 9 ! relations & situation3 ,9 ord] to :i* !y mu/ be able to comp>e ! object ) ourselves2 & ev5 9 t case !y d n1 nor is x possible !y %\ld1 deceive u4 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude ) c]ta9ty1 t ! op9ion ( a cont9u$ & ( a di/9ct exi/5ce nev] arises f ! s5ses4 ,to confirm ?is we may obs]ve1 t !re are ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( impressions convey$ by ! s5ses4 ,! fir/ are ^? ( ! figure1 bulk1 motion & solidity ( bodies4 ,! second ^? ( col\rs1 ta/es1 smells1 s\nds1 heat & cold4 ,! ?ird are ! pa9s & pleasures1 t arise f ! application ( objects to our bodies1 z by ! cutt+ ( our fle% ) /eel1 & su* l4 ,bo? philosoph]s & ! vulg> suppose ! fir/ ( ^! to h a di/9ct cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,! vulg> only reg>d ! second z on ! same foot+4 ,bo? philosoph]s & ! vulg>1 aga91 e/eem ! ?ird to be m]ely p]ceptions & consequ5tly int]rupt$ & dep5d5t be+s4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 t1 :atev] may be our philosophical op9ion1 col\rs1 ,s\nds1 heat & cold1 z f> z appe>s to ! s5ses1 exi/ aft] ! same mann] ) motion & solidity1 & t ! diff]5ce we make betwixt !m 9 ?is respect1 arises n f ! m]e p]ception4 ,s /rong ! prejudice = ! di/9ct cont9u$ exi/5ce ,( ! =m] qualities1 t :5 ! contr>y op9ion is advanc$ by mod]n philosoph]s1 p imag9e !y c almo/ refute x f _! feel+ & exp]i5ce1 & t _! v s5ses contradict ?is philosophy4 ,x is also evid5t1 t col\rs1 s\nds1 c4 are orig9ally on ! same foot+ ) ! pa9 t arises f /eel1 & pleasure t proce$s f a fire2 & t ! diff]5ce betwixt !m is f\nd$ nei!r on p]ception nor reason1 b on ! imag9ation4 ,= z !y are confe/ to be1 bo? ( !m1 no?+ b p]ceptions aris+ f ! p>ticul> configurations & motions ( ! p>ts ( body1 :]e9 possibly c _! diff]5ce consi/8 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 we may conclude1 t z f> z ! s5ses are judges1 all p]ceptions are ! same 9 ! mann] ( _! exi/5ce4 ,we may also obs]ve 9 ?is in/ance ( s\nds & col\rs1 t we c attribute a di/9ct cont9u$ exi/5ce to objects )\t ev] consult+ ,,reason1 or weigh+ our op9ions by any philosophical pr9ciples4 ,& inde$1 :atev] conv9c+ argum5ts philosoph]s may fancy !y c produce to e/abli% ! belief ( objects indep5d5t ( ! m9d1 x is obvi\s ^! argum5ts are kn[n b to v few1 & t x is n by !m1 t *ildr51 peasants1 & ! greate/ "p ( mank9d are induc$ to attribute objects to "s impressions1 & d5y !m to o!rs4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t all ! conclusions1 :i* ! vulg> =m on ?is head1 are directly contr>y to ^?1 :i* are confirm$ by philosophy4 ,= philosophy in=ms u1 t e ?+1 :i* appe>s to ! m9d1 is no?+ b a p]ception1 & is int]rupt$1 & dep5d5t on ! m9d3 :]eas ! vulg> conf\nd p]ceptions & objects1 & attribute a di/9ct cont9u$ exi/5ce to ! v ?+s !y feel or see4 ,?is s5tim5t1 !n1 z x is entirely unreasonable1 mu/ proce$ f "s o!r faculty ?an ! und]/&+4 ,to :i* we may add1 t z long z we take our p]ceptions & objects to be ! same1 we c nev] inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! "o f t ( ! o!r1 nor =m any argum5t f ! relation ( cause & effect2 :i* is ! only "o t e>l assure u ( matt] ( fact4 ,ev5 aft] we di/+ui% our p]ceptions f our objects1 x w appe> pres5tly1 t we are /ill incapable ( reason+ f ! exi/5ce ( "o to t ( ! o!r3 ,s t ^u ! :ole our reason nei!r does1 nor is x possible x ev] %\ld1 ^u any supposition1 give u an assurance ( ! cont9u$ & di/9ct exi/5ce ( body4 ,t op9ion mu/ be entirely ow+ to ! ,,imag9ation3 :i* mu/ n[ be ! subject ( our enquiry4 ,s9ce all impressions are int]nal & p]i%+ exi/5ces1 & appe> z su*1 ! notion ( _! di/9ct & cont9u$ exi/5ce mu/ arise f a concurr5ce ( "s ( _! qualities ) ! qualities ( ! imag9ation1 & s9ce ?is notion does n ext5d to all ( !m1 x mu/ arise f c]ta9 qualities peculi> to "s impressions4 ,x w !re=e be easy = u to discov] ^! qualities by a comp>ison ( ! impressions1 to :i* we attribute a di/9ct & cont9u$ exi/5ce1 ) ^?1 :i* we reg>d z int]nal & p]i%+4 ,we may obs]ve1 !n1 t x is nei!r ^u acc\nt ( ! involunt>9ess ( c]ta9 impressions1 z is commonly suppos$1 nor ( _! sup]ior =ce & viol5ce1 t we attribute to !m a reality1 & cont9u$ exi/5ce1 :i* we refuse to o!rs1 t are volunt>y or feeble4 ,= x is evid5t our pa9s & pleasures1 our passions & affections1 :i* we nev] suppose to h any exi/5ce beyond our p]ception1 op]ate ) great] viol5ce1 & are equally involunt>y1 z ! impressions ( figure & ext5sion1 col\r & s\nd1 :i* we suppose to be p]man5t be+s4 ,! heat ( a fire1 :5 mod]ate1 is suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! fire2 b ! pa91 :i* x causes ^u a ne> approa*1 is n tak5 to h any be+1 except 9 ! p]ception4 ,^! vulg> op9ions1 !n1 be+ reject$1 we mu/ se>* = "s o!r hypo!sis1 by :i* we may discov] ^? peculi> qualities 9 our impressions1 :i* makes u attribute to !m a di/9ct & cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,aft] a little exam9ation1 we %all f9d1 t all ^? objects1 to :i* we attribute a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 h a peculi> con/ancy1 :i* di/+ui%es !m f ! impressions1 ^: exi/5ce dep5ds ^u our p]ception4 ,^? m\nta9s1 & h\ses1 & trees1 :i* lie at pres5t "u my eye1 h always appe>$ to me 9 ! same ord]2 & :5 ,i lose sight ( !m by %utt+ my eyes or turn+ my head1 ,i soon aft] f9d !m return ^u me )\t ! lea/ alt]ation4 ,my b$ & table1 my books & pap]s1 pres5t !mselves 9 ! same uni=m mann]1 & *ange n ^u acc\nt ( any int]ruption 9 my see+ or p]ceivilng !m4 ,?is is ! case ) all ! impressions1 ^: objects are suppos$ to h an ext]nal exi/5ce2 & is ! case ) no o!r impressions1 :e!r g5tle or viol5t1 volunt>y or involunt>y4 ,?is con/ancy1 h[ev]1 is n s p]fect z n to admit ( v consid]able exceptions4 ,bodies (t5 *ange _! position & qualities1 & aft] a little abs5ce or int]ruption may become h>dly kn[able4 ,b "h x is obs]vable1 t ev5 9 ^! *anges !y pres]ve a coh]5ce1 & h a regul> dep5d5ce on ea* o!r2 :i* is ! f\ndation ( a k9d ( reason+ f causation1 & produces ! op9ion ( _! cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,:5 ,i return to my *amb] aft] an h\r's abs5ce1 ,i f9d n my fire 9 ! same situation1 9 :i* ,i left x3 ,b !n ,i am accu/om$ 9 o!r in/ances to see a l alt]ation produc$ 9 a l "t1 :e!r ,i am pres5t or abs5t1 ne> or remote4 ,?is coh]5ce1 !re=e1 9 _! *anges is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ext]nal objects1 z well z _! con/ancy4 ,hav+ f\nd t ! op9ion ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( body dep5ds on ! ,,coh]5ce1 & ,,con/ancy ( c]ta9 impressions1 ,i n[ proce$ to exam9e aft] :at mann] ^! qualities give rise to s extraord9>y an op9ion4 ,to beg9 ) ! coh]5ce2 we may obs]ve1 t ?\gh ^? int]nal impressions1 :i* we reg>d z fleet+ & p]i%+1 h also a c]ta9 coh]5ce or regul>ity 9 _! appe>ances1 yet x is ( some:at a diff]5t nature1 f t :i* we discov] 9 bodies4 ,our passions are f\nd by exp]i5ce to h a mutual connexion ) & dep5d5ce on ea* o!r2 b on no occasion is x necess>y to suppose1 t !y h exi/$ & op]at$1 :5 !y 7 n p]ceiv$1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! same dep5d5ce & connexion1 ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce4 ,! case is n ! same ) relation to ext]nal objects4 ,^? require a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 or o!rwise lose1 9 a great measure1 ! regul>ity ( _! op]ation4 ,i am "h seat$ 9 my *amb] ) my face to ! fire2 & all ! objects1 t /rike my s5ses1 are conta9$ 9 a few y>ds ar\nd me4 ,my memory1 inde$1 in=ms me ( ! exi/5ce ( _m objects2 b !n ?is in=mation ext5ds n beyond _! pa/ exi/5ce1 nor d ei!r my s5ses or memory give any te/imony to ! cont9uance ( _! be+4 ,:5 !re=e ,i am ?us seat$1 & revolve ov] ^! ?\ghts1 ,i he> on a sudd5 a noise z ( a door turn+ ^u its h+es2 & a little aft] see a port]1 :o advances t[>ds me4 ,?is gives occasion to _m new reflections & reason+s4 ,fir/1 ,i nev] h obs]v$1 t ?is noise c\ld proce$ f any ?+ b ! motion ( a door2 & !re=e conclude1 t ! pres5t phnom5on is a contradiction to all pa/ exp]i5ce1 unless ! door1 :i* ,i rememb] on ! o!r side ! *amb]1 be /ill 9 be+4 ,aga91 ,i h always f\nd1 t a human body 0 posse/ ( a quality1 :i* ,i call gravity1 & :i* h9d]s x f m\nt+ 9 ! air1 z ?is port] mu/ h done to arrive at my *amb]1 unless ! /airs ,i rememb] be n annihilat$ by my abs5ce4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,i receive a lett]1 :i* ^u1 op5+ x ,i p]ceive by ! h&-writ+ & subscription to h come f a fri5d1 :o says he is two hundr$ leagues di/ant4 ,x is evid5t ,i c nev] acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on1 con=mable to my exp]i5ce 9 o!r in/ances1 )\t spread+ out 9 my m9d ! :ole sea & cont95t betwe5 u1 & suppos+ ! effects & cont9u$ exi/5ce ( po/s & f]ries1 accord+ to my ,memory & obs]vation4 ,to consid] ^! pha5om5a ( ! port] & lett] 9 a c]ta9 light1 !y are contradictions to common exp]i5ce1 & may be reg>d$ z objections to ^? maxims1 :i* we =m conc]n+ ! connexions ( causes & effects4 ,i am accu/om$ to he> su* a s\nd1 & see su* an object 9 motion at ! same "t4 ,i h n receiv$ 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance bo? ^! p]ceptions4 ,^! obs]vations are contr>y1 unless ,i suppose t ! door /ill rema9s1 & t x 0 op5$ )\t my p]ceiv+ x3 ,& ?is supposition1 :i* 0 at fir/ entirely arbitr>y & hypo!tical1 acquires a =ce & evid5ce by its be+ ! only "o1 ^u :i* ,i c reconcile ^! contradictions4 ,!re is sc>ce a mom5t ( my life1 :]e9 !re is n a simil> in/ance pres5t$ to me1 & ,i h n occasion to suppose ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( objects1 9 ord] to connect _! pa/ & pres5t appe>ances1 & give !m su* an union ) ea* o!r1 z ,i h f\nd by exp]i5ce to be suitable to _! p>ticul> natures & circum/ances4 ,"h !n ,i am naturally l$ to reg>d ! _w1 z some?+ real & durable1 & z pres]v+ its exi/5ce1 ev5 :5 x is no long] pres5t to my p]ception4 ,b ?\gh ?is conclusion f ! coh]5ce ( appe>ances may seem to be ( ! same nature ) our reason+s conc]n+ causes & effects2 z be+ d]iv$ f cu/om1 & regulat$ by pa/ exp]i5ce2 we %all f9d ^u exam9ation1 t !y are at ! bottom consid]ably diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & t ?is inf]5ce arises f ! und]/&+1 & f cu/om 9 an indirect & oblique mann]4 ,= x w readily be all[$1 t s9ce no?+ is ev] really pres5t to ! m9d1 besides its own p]ceptions1 x is n only impossible1 t any habit %\ld ev] be acquir$ o!rwise ?an by ! regul> succession ( ^! p]ceptions1 b also t any habit %\ld ev] exce$ t degree ( regul>ity4 ,any degree1 !re=e1 ( regul>ity 9 our p]ceptions1 c nev] be a f\ndation = u to inf] a great] degree ( regul>ity 9 "s objects1 :i* are n p]ceiv$2 s9ce ?is supposes a contradiction1 viz4 a habit acquir$ by :at 0 nev] pres5t to ! m9d4 ,b x is evid5t1 t :5ev] we inf] ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! objects ( s5se f _! coh]5ce1 & ! frequ5cy ( _! union1 x is 9 ord] to be/[ on ! objects a great] regul>ity ?an :at is obs]v$ 9 our m]e p]ceptions4 ,we rem>k a connexion betwixt two k9ds ( objects 9 _! pa/ appe>ance to ! s5ses1 b are n able to obs]ve ?is connexion to be p]fectly con/ant1 s9ce ! turn+ ab\t ( our head or ! %utt+ ( our eyes is able to break x4 ,:at !n d we suppose 9 ?is case1 b t ^! objects /ill cont9ue _! usual connexion1 not)/&+ _! app>5t int]ruption1 & t ! irregul> appe>ances are jo9$ by some?+1 ( :i* we are ins5sible8 ,b z all reason+ conc]n+ matt]s ( fact arises only f cu/om1 & cu/om c only be ! effect ( repeat$ p]ceptions1 ! ext5d+ ( cu/om & reason+ beyond ! p]ceptions c nev] be ! direct & natural effect ( ! con/ant repetition & connexion1 b mu/ arise f ! co-op]ation ( "s o!r pr9ciples4 ,i h already obs]v$1#b 9 exam9+ ! f\ndation ( ma!matics1 t ! imag9ation1 :5 set into any tra9 ( ?9k+1 is apt to cont9ue1 ev5 :5 its object fails x1 & l a galley put 9 motion by ! o>s1 c>ries on its c\rse )\t any new impulse4 ,?is ,i h assign$ = ! reason1 :y1 aft] consid]+ sev]al loose /&>ds ( equality1 & correct+ !m by ea* o!r1 we proce$ to imag9e s correct & exact a /&>d ( t relation1 z is n liable to ! lea/ error or v>iation4 ,! same pr9ciple makes u easily ent]ta9 ?is op9ion ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( body4 ,objects h a c]ta9 coh]5ce ev5 z !y appe> to our s5ses2 b ?is coh]5ce is mu* great] & m uni=m1 if we suppose ! object4 to h a cont9u$ exi/5ce2 & z ! m9d is once 9 ! tra9 ( obs]v+ an uni=mity among objects1 x naturally cont9ues1 till x r5d]s ! uni=mity z compleat z possible4 ,! simple supposition ( _! cont9u$ exi/5ce suffices = ?is purpose1 & gives u a notion ( a mu* great] regul>ity among objects1 ?an :at !y h :5 we look no f>!r ?an our s5ses4 #b ,"p ,,ii1 ,sect4 #d4 ,b :atev] =ce we may ascribe to ?is pr9ciple1 ,i am afraid x is too weak to support alone s va/ an edifice1 z is t ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( all ext]nal bodies2 & t we mu/ jo9 ! con/ancy ( _! appe>ance to ! coh]5ce1 9 ord] to give a satisfactory acc\nt ( t op9ion4 ,z ! explication ( ?is w lead me into a consid]able compass ( v pr(\nd reason+2 ,i ?9k x prop]1 9 ord] to avoid confusion1 to give a %ort sket* or abridgm5t ( my sy/em1 & aft]w>ds draw out all its p>ts 9 _! full compass4 ,?is inf]5ce f ! con/ancy ( our p]ceptions1 l ! prec$5t f _! coh]5ce1 gives rise to ! op9ion ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( body1 :i* is prior to t ( its di/9ct exi/5ce1 & produces t latt] pr9ciple4 ,:5 we h be5 accu/om$ to obs]ve a con/ancy 9 c]ta9 impressions1 & h f\nd1 t ! p]ception ( ! sun or ocean1 = in/ance1 returns ^u u aft] an abs5ce or annihilation ) l p>ts & 9 a l ord]1 z at its fir/ appe>ance1 we are n apt to reg>d ^! int]rupt$ p]ceptions z diff]5t1 7:i* !y really are7 b on ! contr>y consid] !m z individually ! same1 ^u acc\nt ( _! resemblance4 ,b z ?is int]ruption ( _! exi/5ce is contr>y to _! p]fect id5tity1 & makes u reg>d ! fir/ impression z annihilat$1 & ! second z newly creat$1 we f9d ourselves some:at at a loss1 & are involv$ 9 a k9d ( contradiction4 ,9 ord] to free ourselves f ?is difficulty1 we disguise1 z mu* z possible1 ! int]ruption1 or r remove x entirely1 by suppos+ t ^! int]rupt$ p]ceptions are connect$ by a real exi/5ce1 ( :i* we are ins5sible4 ,?is supposition1 or idea ( cont9u$ exi/5ce1 acquires a =ce & vivacity f ! memory ( ^! brok5 impressions1 & f t prop5sity1 :i* !y give u1 to suppose !m ! same2 & accord+ to ! prec$5t reason+1 ! v ess5ce ( belief consi/s 9 ! =ce & vivacity ( ! conception4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify ?is sy/em1 !re are f\r ?+s requisite4 ,fir/1 ,to expla9 ! ,,pr9cipium ,,individuationis1 or pr9ciple ( id5tity4 ,secondly1 ,give a reason1 :y ! resemblance ( our brok5 & int]rupt$ p]ceptions induces u to attribute an id5tity to !m4 ,?irdly1 ,acc\nt = t prop5sity1 :i* ?is illusion gives1 to unite ^! brok5 appe>ances by a cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,f\r?ly & la/ly1 ,expla9 t =ce & vivacity ( conception1 :i* arises f ! prop5sity4 ,fir/1 ,z to ! pr9ciple ( individuation2 we may obs]ve1 t ! view ( any "o object is n suffici5t to convey ! idea ( id5tity4 ,= 9 t proposition1 an object is ! same ) itself1 if ! idea express$ by ! ^w1 object1 7 no ways di/+ui%$ f t meant by itself2 we really %\ld mean no?+1 nor w\ld ! proposition conta9 a pr$icate & a subject1 :i* h[ev] are imply$ 9 ?is affirmation4 ,"o s+le object conveys ! idea ( unity1 n t ( id5tity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a multiplicity ( objects c nev] convey ?is idea1 h[ev] resembl+ !y may be suppos$4 ,! m9d always pron\nces ! "o n to be ! o!r1 & consid]s !m z =m+ two1 ?ree1 or any det]m9ate numb] ( objects1 ^: exi/5ces are entirely di/9ct & indep5d5t4 ,s9ce !n bo? numb] & unity are incompatible ) ! relation ( id5tity1 x mu/ lie 9 some?+ t is nei!r ( !m4 ,b to tell ! tru?1 at fir/ sight ?is seems utt]ly impossible4 ,betwixt unity & numb] !re c be no m$ium2 no m ?an betwixt exi/5ce & nonexi/5ce4 ,aft] "o object is suppos$ to exi/1 we mu/ ei!r suppose ano!r also to exi/2 9 :i* case we h ! idea ( numb]3 ,or we mu/ suppose x n to exi/2 9 :i* case ! fir/ object rema9s at unity4 ,to remove ?is difficulty1 let u h rec\rse to ! idea ( "t or duration4 ,i h already obs]v'd1#c t "t1 9 a /rict s5se1 implies succession1 & t :5 we apply its idea to any un*angeable object1 x is only by a fiction ( ! imag9ation1 by :i* ! un*angeable object is supposd to p>ticipate ( ! *anges ( ! co-exi/5t objects1 & 9 p>ticul> ( t ( our p]ceptions4 ,?is fiction ( ! imag9ation almo/ univ]sally takes place2 & x is by means ( x1 t a s+le object1 placd be=e u1 & surveyd = any "t )\t our discov]+ 9 x any int]ruption or v>iation1 is able to give u a notion ( id5tity4 ,= :5 we consid] any two po9ts ( ?is "t1 we may place !m 9 diff]5t lights3 ,we may ei!r survey !m at ! v same in/ant2 9 :i* case !y give u ! idea ( numb]1 bo? by !mselves & by ! object2 :i* mu/ be multiplyd1 9 ord] to be conceivd at once1 z exi/5t 9 ^! two diff]5t po9ts ( "t3 ,or on ! o!r h&1 we may trace ! succession ( "t by a l succession ( ideas1 & conceiv+ fir/ "o mom5t1 along ) ! object !n exi/5t1 imag9e aft]w>ds a *ange 9 ! "t )\t any ,,v>iation or ,,int]ruption 9 ! object2 9 :i* case x gives u ! idea ( unity4 ,"h !n is an idea1 :i* is a m$ium betwixt unity & numb]2 or m prop]ly speak+1 is ei!r ( !m1 accord+ to ! view1 9 :i* we take x3 ,& ?is idea we call t ( id5tity4 ,we _c1 9 any propriety ( spee*1 say1 t an object is ! same ) itself1 unless we mean1 t ! object exi/5t at "o "t is ! same ) itself exi/5t at ano!r4 ,by ?is means we make a diff]5ce1 betwixt ! idea meant by ! ^w1 ,,object1 & t meant by ,,itself1 )\t go+ ! l5g? ( numb]1 & at ! same "t )\t re/ra9+ ourselves to a /rict & absolute unity4 #c ,"p ,,ii1 ,sect4 #e4 ,?us ! pr9ciple ( individuation is no?+ b ! ,,inv>iabl5ess & ,,un9t]rupt$ness ( any object1 ?ro a supposd v>iation ( "t1 by :i* ! m9d c trace x 9 ! diff]5t p]iods ( its exi/5ce1 )\t any break ( ! view1 & )\t be+ obligd to =m ! idea ( multiplicity or numb]4 ,i n[ proce$ to expla9 ! ,,second "p ( my sy/em1 & %ew :y ! con/ancy ( our p]ceptions makes u ascribe to !m a p]fect num]ical id5tity1 ?o !re be v long int]vals betwixt _! appe>ance1 & !y h only "o ( ! ess5tial qualities ( id5tity1 ,,viz1 ,,inv>iabl5ess4 ,t ,i may avoid all ambiguity & confusion on ?is head1 ,i %all obs]ve1 t ,i "h acc\nt = ! op9ions & belief ( ! vulg> ) reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( body2 & !re=e mu/ entirely con=m myself to _! mann] ( ?9k+ & ( express+ !mselves4 ,n[ we h already obs]v'd1 t h[ev] philosoph]s may di/+ui% betwixt ! objects & p]ceptions ( ! s5ses2 :i* !y suppose co-exi/5t & resembl+2 yet ?is is a di/9ction1 :i* is n compreh5d$ by ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 :o z !y p]ceive only "o be+1 c nev] ass5t to ! op9ion ( a d\ble exi/5ce & repres5tation4 ,^? v s5sations1 :i* ent] by ! eye or e>1 are ) !m ! true objects1 nor c !y readily conceive t ?is p5 or pap]1 :i* is imm$iately p]ceivd1 repres5ts ano!r1 :i* is diff]5t f1 b resembl+ x4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to accommodate myself to _! notions1 ,i %all at fir/ suppose2 t !re is only a s+le exi/5ce1 :i* ,i %all call indiff]5tly ,,object or ,,p]ception1 accord+ z x %all seem be/ to suit my purpose1 und]/&+ by bo? ( !m :at any common man means by a hat1 or %oe1 or /one1 or any o!r impression1 conveyd to him by 8 s5ses4 ,i %all be sure to give w>n+1 :5 ,i return to a m philosophical way ( speak+ & ?9k+4 ,to ent]1 !re=e1 ^u ! "q conc]n+ ! s\rce ( ! error & deception ) reg>d to id5tity1 :5 we attribute x to our resembl+ p]ceptions1 not)/&+ _! int]ruption2 ,i mu/ "h recal an obs]vation1 :i* ,i h already prov'd & expla9'd4#d ,no?+ is m apt to make u mi/ake "o idea = ano!r1 ?an any relation betwixt !m1 :i* associates !m toge!r 9 ! imag9ation1 & makes x pass ) facility f "o to ! o!r4 ,( all relations1 t ( resemblance is 9 ?is respect ! mo/ efficaci\s2 & t because x n only causes an association ( ideas1 b also ( dispositions1 & makes u conceive ! "o idea by an act or op]ation ( ! m9d1 simil> to t by :i* we conceive ! o!r4 ,?is circum/ance ,i h obs]v'd to be ( great mom5t2 & we may e/abli% x = a g5]al rule1 t :atev] ideas place ! m9d 9 ! same disposition or 9 simil> ones1 are v apt to be conf\nd$4 ,! m9d readily passes f "o to ! o!r1 & p]ceives n ! *ange )\t a /rict att5tion1 ( :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 x is :olly incapable4 #d ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 #e4 ,9 ord] to apply ?is g5]al maxim1 we mu/ fir/ exam9e ! disposition ( ! m9d 9 view+ any object :i* pres]ves a p]fect id5tity1 & !n f9d "s o!r object1 t is conf\nd$ ) x1 by caus+ a simil> disposition4 ,:5 we fix our ?\ght on any object1 & suppose x to cont9ue ! same = "s "t2 x is evid5t we suppose ! *ange to lie only 9 ! "t1 & nev] ex]t ourselves to produce any new image or idea ( ! object4 ,! faculties ( ! m9d repose !mselves 9 a mann]1 & take no m ex]cise1 ?an :at is necess>y to cont9ue t idea1 ( :i* we 7 =m]ly posse/1 & :i* subsi/s )\t v>iation or int]ruption4 ,! passage f "o mom5t to ano!r is sc>ce felt1 & di/+ui%es n itself by a diff]5t p]ception or idea1 :i* may require a diff]5t direction ( ! spirits1 9 ord] to its conception4 ,n[ :at o!r objects1 beside id5tical ones1 are capable ( plac+ ! m9d 9 ! same disposition1 :5 x consid]s !m1 & ( caus+ ! same un9t]rupt$ passage ( ! imag9ation f "o idea to ano!r8 ,?is "q is ( ! la/ importance4 ,= if we c f9d any su* objects1 we may c]ta9ly conclude1 f ! =ego+ pr9ciple1 t !y are v naturally conf\nd$ ) id5tical ones1 & are tak5 = !m 9 mo/ ( our reason+s4 ,b ?\gh ?is "q be v important1 x is n v difficult nor d\btful4 ,= ,i imm$iately reply1 t a succession ( relat$ objects places ! m9d 9 ?is disposition1 & is consid]$ ) ! same smoo? & un9t]rupt$ progress ( ! imag9ation1 z att5ds ! view ( ! same inv>iable object4 ,! v nature & ess5ce ( relation is to connect our ideas ) ea* o!r1 & ^u ! appe>ance ( "o1 to facilitate ! transition to its correlative4 ,! passage betwixt relat$ ideas is1 !re=e1 s smoo? & easy1 t x produces little alt]ation on ! m9d1 & seems l ! cont9uation ( ! same action2 & z ! cont9uation ( ! same action is an effect ( ! cont9u$ view ( ! same object1 x is = ?is reason we attribute sam5ess to e succession ( relat$ objects4 ,! ?\ght slides along ! succession ) equal facility1 z if x consid]$ only "o object2 & !re=e conf\nds ! succession ) ! id5tity4 ,we %all aft]w>ds see _m in/ances ( ?is t5d5cy ( relation to make u ascribe an id5tity to diff]5t objects2 b %all "h conf9e ourselves to ! pres5t subject4 ,we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t !re is su* a con/ancy 9 almo/ all ! impressions ( ! s5ses1 t _! int]ruption produces no alt]ation on !m1 & h9d]s !m n f return+ ! same 9 appe>ance & 9 situation z at _! fir/ exi/5ce4 ,i survey ! furniture ( my *amb]2 ,i %ut my eyes1 & aft]w>ds op5 !m2 & f9d ! new p]ceptions to resemble p]fectly ^?1 :i* =m]ly /ruck my s5ses4 ,?is resemblance is obs]v$ 9 a ?\s& in/ances1 & naturally connects toge!r our ideas ( ^! int]rupt$ p]ceptions by ! /ronge/ relation1 & conveys ! m9d ) an easy transition f "o to ano!r4 ,an easy transition or passage ( ! imag9ation1 along ! ideas ( ^! diff]5t & int]rupt$ p]ceptions1 is almo/ ! same disposition ( m9d ) t 9 :i* we consid] "o con/ant & un9t]rupt$ p]ception4 ,x is !re=e v natural = u to mi/ake ! "o = ! o!r4#e ,?is reason+1 x mu/ be confe/1 is some:at ab/ruse1 & difficult to be compreh5d$2 b x is rem>kable1 t ?is v difficulty may be conv]t$ into a pro( ( ! reason+4 ,we may obs]ve1 t !re are two relations1 & bo? ( !m resemblances1 :i* contribute to our mi/ak+ ! succession ( our int]rupt$ p]ceptions = an id5tical object4 ,! fir/ is1 ! resemblance ( ! p]ceptions3 ,! second is ! resemblance1 :i* ! act ( ! m9d 9 survey+ a succession ( resembl+ objects be>s to t 9 survey+ an id5tical object4 ,n[ ^! resemblances we are apt to conf\nd ) ea* o!r2 & x is natural we %\d1 accord+ to ?is v reason+4 ,b let u keep !m di/9ct1 & we %all f9d no difficulty 9 conceiv+ ! prec$5t argum5t4 ,! p]sons1 :o ent]ta9 ?is op9ion conc]n+ ! id5tity ( our resembl+ p]ceptions1 are 9 g5]al an ! un?9k+ & unphilosophical "p ( mank9d1 7t is1 all ( u1 at "o "t or o!r7 & consequ5tly su* z suppose _! p]ceptions to be _! only objects1 & nev] ?9k ( a d\ble exi/5ce int]nal & ext]nal1 repres5t+ & repres5t$4 ,! v image1 :i* is pres5t to ! s5ses1 is ) u ! real body2 & x is to ^! int]rupt$ images we ascribe a p]fect id5tity4 ,b z ! int]ruption ( ! appe>ance seems contr>y to ! id5tity1 & naturally leads u to reg>d ^! resembl+ p]ceptions z diff]5t f ea* o!r1 we "h f9d ourselves at a loss h[ to reconcile su* opposite op9ions4 ,! smoo? passage ( ! imag9ation along ! ideas ( ! resembl+ p]ceptions makes u ascribe to !m a p]fect id5tity4 ,! int]rupt$ mann] ( _! appe>ance makes u consid] !m z s _m resembl+1 b /ill di/9ct be+s1 :i* appe> aft] c]ta9 int]vals4 ,! p]plexity aris+ f ?is contradiction produces a prop5sion to unite ^! brok5 appe>ances by ! fiction ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 :i* is ! ?ird "p ( t hypo!sis ,i propos$ to expla94 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 f exp]i5ce1 ?an t any contradiction ei!r to ! s5tim5ts or passions gives a s5sible uneas9ess1 :e!r x proce$s f )\t or f )92 f ! opposition ( ext]nal objects1 or f ! combat ( int]nal pr9ciples4 ,on ! contr>y1 :atev] /rikes 9 ) ! natural prop5sities1 & ei!r ext]nally =w>ds _! satisfaction1 or int]nally concurs ) _! movem5ts1 is sure to give a s5sible pleasure4 ,n[ !re be+ "h an opposition betwixt ! notion ( ! id5tity ( resembl+ p]ceptions1 & ! int]ruption ( _! appe>ance1 ! m9d mu/ be uneasy 9 t situation1 & w naturally seek relief f ! uneas9ess4 ,s9ce ! uneas9ess arises f ! opposition ( two contr>y pr9ciples1 x mu/ look = relief by sacrific+ ! "o to ! o!r4 ,b z ! smoo? passage ( our ?\ght along our resembl+ p]ceptions makes u ascribe to !m an id5tity1 we c nev] )\t reluctance yield up t op9ion4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 turn to ! o!r side1 & suppose t our p]ceptions are no long] int]rupt$1 b pres]ve a cont9u$ z well z an inv>iable exi/5ce1 & are by t means entirely ! same4 ,b "h ! int]ruptions 9 ! appe>ance ( ^! p]ceptions are s long & frequ5t1 t x is impossible to ov]look !m2 & z ! appe>ance ( a p]ception 9 ! m9d & its exi/5ce seem at fir/ sight entirely ! same1 x may be d\bt$1 :e!r we c ev] ass5t to s palpable a contradiction1 & suppose a p]ception to exi/ )\t be+ pres5t to ! m9d4 ,9 ord] to cle> up ?is matt]1 & le>n h[ ! int]ruption 9 ! appe>ance ( a p]ception implies n necess>ily an int]ruption 9 its exi/5ce1 x w be prop] to t\* ^u "s pr9ciples1 :i* we %all h occasion to expla9 m fully aft]w>ds4#f #f ,sect4 #f4 ,we may beg9 ) obs]v+1 t ! difficulty 9 ! pres5t case is n conc]n+ ! matt] ( fact1 or :e!r ! m9d =ms su* a conclusion conc]n+ ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( its p]ceptions1 b only conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! conclusion is =m$1 & pr9ciples f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,x is c]ta91 t almo/ all mank9d1 & ev5 philosoph]s !mselves1 = ! greate/ "p ( _! lives1 take _! p]ceptions to be _! only objects1 & suppose1 t ! v be+1 :i* is intimately pres5t to ! m9d1 is ! real body or mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,x is also c]ta91 t ?is v p]ception or object is suppos$ to h a cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ be+1 & nei!r to be annihilat$ by our abs5ce1 nor to be br\ght into exi/5ce by our pres5ce4 ,:5 we are abs5t f x1 we say x /ill exi/s1 b t we d n feel1 we d n see x4 ,:5 we are pres5t1 we say we feel1 or see x4 ,"h !n may arise two que/ions2 ,fir/1 ,h[ we c satisfy ourselves 9 suppos+ a p]ception to be abs5t f ! m9d )\t be+ annihilat$4 ,secondly1 ,aft] :at mann] we conceive an object to become pres5t to ! m9d1 )\t "s new creation ( a p]ception or image2 & :at we mean by ?is see+1 & feel+1 & p]ceiv+4 ,z to ! fir/ "q2 we may obs]ve1 t :at we call a m9d1 is no?+ b a heap or collection ( diff]5t p]ceptions1 unit$ toge!r by c]ta9 relations1 & suppos$1 ?\gh falsely1 to be end[$ ) a p]fect simplicity & id5tity4 ,n[ z e p]ception is di/+ui%able f ano!r1 & may be consid]$ z sep>ately exi/5t2 x evid5tly foll[s1 t !re is no absurdity 9 sep>at+ any p>ticul> p]ception f ! m9d2 t is1 9 break+ (f all its relations1 ) t connect$ mass ( p]ceptions1 :i* con/itute a ?9k+ be+4 ,! same reason+ af=ds u an answ] to ! second "q4 ,if ! "n ( p]ception r5d]s n ?is sep>ation f a m9d absurd & contradictory1 ! "n ( object1 /&+ = ! v same ?+1 c nev] r5d] _! conjunction impossible4 ,ext]nal objects are se51 & felt1 & become pres5t to ! m9d2 t is1 !y acquire su* a relation to a connect$ heap ( p]ceptions1 z to influ5ce !m v consid]ably 9 augm5t+ _! numb] by pres5t reflections & passions1 & 9 /or+ ! memory ) ideas4 ,! same cont9u$ & un9t]rupt$ ,be+ may1 !re=e1 be sometimes pres5t to ! m9d1 & sometimes abs5t f x1 )\t any real or ess5tial *ange 9 ! ,be+ itself4 ,an int]rupt$ appe>ance to ! s5ses implies n necess>ily an int]ruption 9 ! exi/5ce4 ,! supposition ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( s5sible objects or p]ceptions involves no contradiction4 ,we may easily indulge our incl9ation to t supposition4 ,:5 ! exact resemblance ( our p]ceptions makes u ascribe to !m an id5tity1 we may remove ! seem+ int]ruption by feign+ a cont9u$ be+1 :i* may fill ^? int]vals1 & pres]ve a p]fect & entire id5tity to our p]ceptions4 ,b z we "h n only feign b believe ?is cont9u$ exi/5ce1 ! "q is1 f :5ce arises su* a belief2 & ?is "q leads u to ! f\r? memb] ( ?is sy/em4 ,x has be5 prov$ already1 t belief 9 g5]al consi/s 9 no?+1 b ! vivacity ( an idea2 & t an idea may acquire ?is vivacity by its relation to "s pres5t impression4 ,impressions are naturally ! mo/ vivid p]ceptions ( ! m9d2 & ?is quality is 9 "p convey$ by ! relation to e connect$ idea4 ,! relation causes a smoo? passage f ! impression to ! idea1 & ev5 gives a prop5sity to t passage4 ,! m9d falls s easily f ! "o p]ception to ! o!r1 t x sc>ce p]ceives ! *ange1 b reta9s 9 ! second a consid]able %>e ( ! vivacity ( ! fir/4 ,x is excit$ by ! lively impression2 & ?is vivacity is convey$ to ! relat$ idea1 )\t any great dim9ution 9 ! passage1 by reason ( ! smoo? transition & ! prop5sity ( ! imag9ation4 ,b suppose1 t ?is prop5sity arises f "s o!r pr9ciple1 besides t ( relation2 x is evid5t x mu/ /ill h ! same effect1 & convey ! vivacity f ! impression to ! idea4 ,n[ ?is is exactly ! pres5t case4 ,our memory pres5ts u ) a va/ numb] ( in/ances ( p]ceptions p]fectly resembl+ ea* o!r1 t return at diff]5t di/ances ( "t1 & aft] consid]able int]ruptions4 ,?is resemblance gives u a prop5sion to consid] ^! int]rupt$ p]ceptions z ! same2 & also a prop5sion to connect !m by a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 9 ord] to ju/ify ?is id5tity1 & avoid ! contradiction1 9 :i* ! int]rupt$ appe>ance ( ^! p]ceptions seems necess>ily to involve u4 ,"h !n we h a prop5sity to feign ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( all s5sible objects2 & z ?is prop5sity arises f "s lively impressions ( ! memory1 x be/[s a vivacity on t fiction3 or 9 o!r words1 makes u believe ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( body4 ,if sometimes we ascribe a cont9u$ exi/5ce to objects1 :i* are p]fectly new to u1 & ( ^: con/ancy & coh]5ce we h no exp]i5ce1 x is because ! mann]1 9 :i* !y pres5t !mselves to our s5ses1 resembles t ( con/ant & coh]5t objects2 & ?is resemblance is a s\rce ( reason+ & analogy1 & leads u to attribute ! same qualities to simil> objects4 ,i believe an intellig5t read] w f9d less difficulty to ass5t to ?is sy/em1 ?an to compreh5d x fully & di/9ctly1 & w all[1 aft] a little reflection1 t e "p c>ries its own pro( along ) x4 ,x is inde$ evid5t1 t z ! vulg> suppose _! p]ceptions to be _! only objects1 & at ! same "t believe ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( matt]1 we mu/ acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! belief ^u t supposition4 ,n[ ^u t supposition1 x is a false op9ion t any ( our objects1 or p]ceptions1 are id5tically ! same aft] an int]ruption2 & consequ5tly ! op9ion ( _! id5tity c nev] arise f reason1 b mu/ arise f ! imag9ation4 ,! imag9ation is s$uc$ into su* an op9ion only by means ( ! resemblance ( c]ta9 p]ceptions2 s9ce we f9d !y are only our resembl+ p]ceptions1 :i* we h a prop5sion to suppose ! same4 ,?is prop5sion to be/[ an id5tity on our resembl+ p]ceptions1 produces ! fiction ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce2 s9ce t fiction1 z well z ! id5tity1 is really false1 z is ackn[l$g$ by all philosoph]s1 & has no o!r effect ?an to rem$y ! int]ruption ( our p]ceptions1 :i* is ! only circum/ance t is contr>y to _! id5tity4 ,9 ! la/ place ?is prop5sion causes belief by means ( ! pres5t impressions ( ! memory2 s9ce )\t ! remembrance ( =m] s5sations1 x is pla9 we nev] %\ld h any belief ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( body4 ,?us 9 exam9+ all ^! p>ts1 we f9d t ea* ( !m is support$ by ! /ronge/ pro(s3 & t all ( !m toge!r =m a consi/5t sy/em1 :i* is p]fectly conv9c+4 ,a /rong prop5sity or incl9ation alone1 )\t any pres5t impression1 w sometimes cause a belief or op9ion4 ,h[ mu* m :5 aid$ by t circum/ance8 ,b ?\gh we are l$ aft] ?is mann]1 by ! natural prop5sity ( ! imag9ation1 to ascribe a cont9u$ exi/5ce to ^? s5sible objects or p]ceptions1 :i* we f9d to resemble ea* o!r 9 _! int]rupt$ appe>ance2 yet a v little reflection & philosophy is suffici5t to make u p]ceive ! fallacy ( t op9ion4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t !re is an intimate connexion betwixt ^? two pr9ciples1 ( a cont9u$ & ( a di/9ct or indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & t we no soon] e/abli% ! "o ?an ! o!r foll[s1 z a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,x is ! op9ion ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 :i* fir/ takes place1 & )\t mu* /udy or reflection draws ! o!r along ) x1 :]ev] ! m9d foll[s its fir/ & mo/ natural t5d5cy4 ,b :5 we comp>e exp]im5ts1 & reason a little ^u !m1 we quickly p]ceive1 t ! doctr9e ( ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( our s5sible p]ceptions is contr>y to ! pla9e/ exp]i5ce4 ,?is leads u backw>d ^u our foot/eps to p]ceive our error 9 attribut+ a cont9u$ exi/5ce to our p]ceptions1 & is ! orig9 ( _m v curi\s op9ions1 :i* we %all "h endeav\r to acc\nt =4 ,x w fir/ be prop] to obs]ve a few ( ^? exp]im5ts1 :i* conv9ce u1 t our p]ceptions are n posse/ ( any indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,:5 we press "o eye ) a f+]1 we imm$iately p]ceive all ! objects to become d\ble1 & "o half ( !m to be remov$ f _! common & natural position4 ,b z we d n attribute to cont9u$ exi/5ce to bo? ^! p]ceptions1 & z !y are bo? ( ! same nature1 we cle>ly p]ceive1 t all our p]ceptions are dep5d5t on our organs1 & ! disposition ( our n]ves & animal spirits4 ,?is op9ion is confirm$ by ! seem+ encrease & dim9ution ( objects1 accord+ to _! di/ance2 by ! app>5t alt]ations 9 _! figure2 by ! *anges 9 _! col\r & o!r qualities f our sickness & di/emp]s3 & by an inf9ite numb] ( o!r exp]im5ts ( ! same k9d2 f all :i* we le>n1 t our s5sible p]ceptions are n posse/ ( any di/9ct or indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( ?is reason+ %\ld be1 t our p]ceptions h no m a cont9u$ ?an an indep5d5t exi/5ce2 & inde$ philosoph]s h s f> run into ?is op9ion1 t !y *ange _! sy/em1 & di/+ui%1 7z we %all d = ! future7 betwixt p]ceptions & objects1 ( :i* ! =m] are suppos$ to be int]rupt$1 & p]i%+1 & diff]5t at e diff]5t return2 ! latt] to be un9t]rupt$1 & to pres]ve a cont9u$ exi/5ce & id5tity4 ,b h[ev] philosophical ?is new sy/em may be e/eem$1 ,i ass]t t x is only a palliative rem$y1 & t x conta9s all ! difficulties ( ! vulg> sy/em1 ) "s o!rs1 t are peculi> to itself4 ,!re are no pr9ciples ei!r ( ! und]/&+ or fancy1 :i* lead u directly to embrace ?is op9ion ( ! d\ble exi/5ce ( p]ceptions & objects1 nor c we arrive at x b by pass+ ?r\gh ! common hypo!sis ( ! id5tity & cont9uance ( our int]rupt$ p]ceptions4 ,7 we n fir/ p]swad$1 t our p]ceptions are our only objects1 & cont9ue to exi/ ev5 :5 !y no long] make _! appe>ance to ! s5ses1 we %\ld nev] be l$ to ?9k1 t our p]ceptions & objects are diff]5t1 & t our objects alone pres]ve a cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,! latt] hypo!sis has no prim>y recomm5dation ei!r to reason or ! imag9ation1 b acquires all its influ5ce on ! imag9ation f ! =m]4 ,?is proposition conta9s two p>ts1 :i* we %all endeav\r to prove z di/9ctly & cle>ly1 z su* ab/ruse subjects w p]mit4 ,z to ! fir/ "p ( ! proposition1 t ?is philosophical hypo!sis has no prim>y recomm5dation1 ei!r to reason1 or ! imag9ation1 we may soon satisfy ourselves ) reg>d to reason by ! foll[+ reflections4 ,! only exi/5ces1 ( :i* we are c]ta91 are p]ceptions1 :i* be+ imm$iately pres5t to u by consci\sness1 comm& our /ronge/ ass5t1 & are ! fir/ f\ndation ( all our conclusions4 ,! only conclusion we c draw f ! exi/5ce ( "o ?+ to t ( ano!r1 is by means ( ! relation ( cause & effect1 :i* %ews1 t !re is a connexion betwixt !m1 & t ! exi/5ce ( "o is dep5d5t on t ( ! o!r4 ,! idea ( ?is relation is d]iv$ f pa/ exp]i5ce1 by :i* we f9d1 t two be+s are con/antly conjo9$ toge!r1 & are always pres5t at once to ! m9d4 ,b z no be+s are ev] pres5t to ! m9d b p]ceptions2 x foll[s t we may obs]ve a conjunction or a relation ( cause & effect betwe5 diff]5t p]ceptions1 b c nev] obs]ve x betwe5 p]ceptions & objects4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 t f ! exi/5ce or any ( ! qualities ( ! =m]1 we c ev] =m any conclusion conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( ! latt]1 or ev] satisfy our reason 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,x is no less c]ta91 t ?is philosophical sy/em has no prim>y recomm5dation to ! imag9ation1 & t t faculty w\ld nev]1 ( itself1 & by its orig9al t5d5cy1 h fall5 ^u su* a pr9ciple4 ,i confess x w be some:at difficult to prove ?is to ! fall satisfaction ( ! read]2 because x implies a negative1 :i* 9 _m cases w n admit ( any positive pro(4 ,if any "o w\ld take ! pa9s to exam9e ?is "q1 & w\ld inv5t a sy/em1 to acc\nt = ! direct orig9 ( ?is op9ion f ! imag9ation1 we %\ld be able1 by ! exam9ation ( t sy/em1 to pron\nce a c]ta9 judgm5t 9 ! pres5t subject4 ,let x be tak5 = grant$1 t our p]ceptions are brok51 & int]rupt$1 & h[ev] l1 are /ill diff]5t f ea* o!r2 & let any "o ^u ?is supposition %ew :y ! fancy1 directly & imm$iately1 proce$s to ! belief ( ano!r exi/5ce1 resembl+ ^! p]ceptions 9 _! nature1 b yet cont9u$1 & un9t]rupt$1 & id5tical2 & aft] he has done ?is to my satisfaction1 ,i promise to r5\nce my pres5t op9ion4 ,mean :ile ,i _c =be> conclud+1 f ! v ab/ract$ness & difficulty ( ! fir/ supposition1 t x is an improp] subject = ! fancy to "w ^u4 ,:oev] w\ld expla9 ! orig9 ( ! common op9ion conc]n+ ! cont9u$ & di/9ct exi/5ce ( body1 mu/ take ! m9d 9 its common situation1 & mu/ proce$ ^u ! supposition1 t our p]ceptions are our only objects1 & cont9ue to exi/ ev5 :5 !y are n p]ceiv$4 ,?\gh ?is op9ion be false1 x is ! mo/ natural ( any1 & has alone any prim>y recomm5dation to ! fancy4 ,z to ! second "p ( ! proposition1 t ! philosophical sy/em acquires all its influ5ce on ! imag9ation f ! vulg> "o2 we may obs]ve1 t ?is is a natural & unavoidable consequ5ce ( ! =ego+ conclusion1 t x has no prim>y recomm5dation to reason or ! imag9ation4 ,= z ! philosophical sy/em is f\nd by exp]i5ce to take hold ( _m m9ds1 & 9 p>ticul> ( all ^?1 :o reflect ev] s little on ?is subject1 x mu/ d]ive all its au?ority f ! vulg> sy/em2 s9ce x has no orig9al au?ority ( its own4 ,! mann]1 9 :i* ^! two sy/ems1 ?\gh directly contr>y1 are connect$ toge!r1 may be expla9s1 z foll[s4 ,! imag9ation naturally runs on 9 ?is tra9 ( ?9k+4 ,our p]ceptions are our only objects3 ,resembl+ p]ceptions are ! same1 h[ev] brok5 or un9t]rupt$ 9 _! appe>ance3 ,?is appeal+ int]ruption is contr>y to ! id5tity3 ,! int]ruption consequ5tly ext5ds n beyond ! appe>ance1 & ! p]ception or object really cont9ues to exi/1 ev5 :5 abs5t f u3 ,our s5sible p]ceptionz h1 !re=e1 a cont9u$ & un9t]rupt$ exi/5ce4 ,b z a little reflection de/roys ?is conclusion1 t our p]ceptions h a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 by %ew+ t !y h a dep5d5t "o1 x w\ld naturally be expect$1 t we mu/ altoge!r reject ! op9ion1 t !re is su* a ?+ 9 nature z a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 :i* is pres]v$ ev5 :5 x no long] appe>s to ! s5ses4 ,! case1 h[ev]1 is o!rwise4 ,philosoph]s are s f> f reject+ ! op9ion ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce ^u reject+ t ( ! indep5d5ce & cont9uance ( our s5sible p]ceptions1 t ?\gh all sects agree 9 ! latt] s5tim5t1 ! =m]1 :i* is1 9 a mann]1 its necess>y consequ5ce1 has be5 peculi> to a few extravagant sceptics2 :o aft] all ma9ta9$ t op9ion 9 words only1 & 7 nev] able to br+ !mselves s9c]ely to believe x4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwixt su* op9ions z we =m aft] a calm & pr(\nd reflection1 & su* z we embrace by a k9d ( in/9ct or natural impulse1 on acc\nt ( _! suitabl5ess & con=mity to ! m9d4 ,if ^! op9ions become contr>y1 x is n difficult to =esee :i* ( !m w h ! advantage4 ,z long z our att5tion is b5t ^u ! subject1 ! philosophical & /udy$ pr9ciple may prevail2 b ! mom5t we relax our ?\ghts1 nature w display h]self1 & draw u back to our =m] op9ion4 ,nay %e has sometimes su* an influ5ce1 t %e c /op our progress1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( our mo/ pr(\nd reflections1 & keep u f runn+ on ) all ! consequ5ces ( any philosophical op9ion4 ,?us ?\gh we cle>ly p]ceive ! dep5d5ce & int]ruption ( our p]ceptions1 we /op %ort 9 our c>e]1 & nev] ^u t acc\nt reject ! notion ( an indep5d5t & cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,t op9ion has tak5 su* deep root 9 ! imag9ation1 t x is impossible ev] to eradicate x1 nor w any /ra9$ metaphysical conviction ( ! dep5d5ce ( our p]ceptions be suffici5t = t purpose4 ,b ?\gh our natural & obvi\s pr9ciples "h prevail above our /udi$ reflections1 x is c]ta9 !re mu/ be sonic /ruggle & opposition 9 ! case3 at lea/ s long z ^! rejections reta9 any =ce or vivacity4 ,9 ord] to set ourselves at ease 9 ?is p>ticul>1 we contrive a new hypo!sis1 :i* seems to compreh5d bo? ^! pr9ciples ( reason & imag9ation4 ,?is hypo!sis is ! philosophical1 "o ( ! d\ble exi/5ce ( p]ceptions & objects2 :i* pleases our reason1 9 all[+1 t our dep5d5t p]ceptions are int]rupt$ & diff]5t2 & at ! same "t is agreeable to ! imag9ation1 9 attribut+ a cont9u$ exi/5ce to some?+ else1 :i* we call objects4 ,?is philosophical sy/em1 !re=e1 is ! mon/r\s (fspr+ ( two pr9ciples1 :i* are contr>y to ea* o!r1 :i* are bo? at once embrac$ by ! m9d1 & :i* are unable mutually to de/roy ea* o!r4 ,! imag9ation tells u1 t our resembl+ p]ceptions h a cont9u$ & un9t]rupt$ exi/5ce1 & are n annihilat$ by _! abs5ce4 ,reflection tells u1 t ev5 our resembl+ p]ceptions are int]rupt$ 9 _! exi/5ce1 & diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,! contradiction betwixt ^! op9ions we elude by a new fiction1 :i* is con=mable to ! hypo!ses bo? ( reflection & fancy1 by ascrib+ ^! contr>y qualities to diff]5t exi/5ces2 ! int]ruption to p]ceptions1 & ! cont9uance to objects4 ,nature is ob/9ate1 & w n quit ! field1 h[ev] /rongly attack$ by reason2 & at ! same "t reason is s cle> 9 ! po9t1 t !re is no possibility ( disguis+ h]4 ,n be+ able to reconcile ^! two enemies1 we endeav\r to set ourselves at ease z mu* z possible1 by successively grant+ to ea* :atev] x dem&s1 & by feign+ a d\ble exi/5ce1 :]e ea* may f9d some?+1 t has all ! conditions x desires4 ,7 we fully conv9c$1 t our resembl+ p]ceptions are cont9u$1 & id5tical1 & indep5d5t1 we %\ld nev] run into ?is op9ion ( a d\ble exi/5ce1 s9ce we %\ld f9d satisfaction 9 our fir/ supposition1 & w\ld n look beyond4 ,aga91 7 we fully conv9c$1 t our p]ceptions are dep5d5t1 & int]rupt$1 & diff]5t1 we %\ld be z little incl9$ to embrace ! op9ion ( a d\ble exi/5ce2 s9ce 9 t case we %\ld cle>ly p]ceive ! error ( our fir/ supposition ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 & w\ld nev] reg>d x any f>!r4 ,x is !re=e f ! int]m$iate situation ( ! m9d1 t ?is op9ion arises1 & f su* an adh]5ce to ^! two contr>y pr9ciples1 z makes u seek "s pretext to ju/ify our receiv+ bo?2 :i* happily at la/ is f\nd 9 ! sy/em ( a d\ble exi/5ce4 ,ano!r advantage ( ?is philosophical sy/em is its simil>ity to ! vulg> "o2 by :i* means we c hum\r our reason = a mom5t1 :5 x becomes tr\blesome & sollicit\s2 & yet ^u its lea/ neglig5ce or inatt5tion1 c easily return to our vulg> & natural notions4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t philosoph]s neglect n ?is advantage2 b imm$iately ^u leav+ _! closets1 m+le ) ! re/ ( mank9d 9 ^? explod$ op9ions1 t our p]ceptions are our only objects1 & cont9ue id5tically & un9t]rupt$ly ! same 9 all _! int]rupt$ appe>ances4 ,!re are o!r p>ticul>s ( ?is sy/em1 :]e9 we may rem>k its dep5d5ce on ! fancy1 9 a v conspicu\s mann]4 ,( ^!1 ,i %all obs]ve ! two foll[+4 ,fir/1 ,we suppose ext]nal objects to resemble int]nal p]ceptions4 ,i h already %ewn1 t ! relation ( cause & effect c nev] af=d u any j conclusion f ! exi/5ce or qualities ( our p]ceptions to ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal cont9u$ objects3 ,& ,i %all f>!r add1 t ev5 ?\gh !y c\ld af=d su* a conclusion1 we %\ld nev] h any reason to inf]1 t our objects resemble our p]ceptions4 ,t op9ion1 !re=e1 is d]iv$ f no?+ b ! quality ( ! fancy above-expla9$1 t x borr[s all its ideas f "s prec$5t p]ception4 ,we nev] c conceive any ?+ b p]ceptions1 & !re=e mu/ make e ?+ resemble !m4 ,secondly1 ,z we suppose our objects 9 g5]al to resemble our p]ceptions1 s we take x = grant$1 t e p>ticul> object resembles t p]ception1 :i* x causes4 ,! relation ( cause & effect det]m9es u to jo9 ! o!r ( resemblance2 & ! ideas ( ^! exi/5ces be+ already unit$ toge!r 9 ! fancy by ! =m] relation1 we naturally add ! latt] to compleat ! union4 ,we h a /rong prop5sity to compleat e union by jo9+ new relations to ^? :i* we h be=e obs]v$ betwixt any ideas1 z we %all h occasion to obs]ve pres5tly4#g #g ,sect4 #e4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 an acc\nt ( all ! sy/ems bo? popul> & philosophical1 ) reg>d to ext]nal exi/5ces1 ,i _c =be> giv+ v5t to a c]ta9 s5tim5t1 :i* arises ^u review+ ^? sy/ems4 ,i begun ?is subject ) premis+1 t we ought to h an implicit fai? 9 our s5ses1 & t ?is w\ld be ! conclusion1 ,i %\ld draw f ! :ole ( my reason+4 ,b to be +5u\s1 ,i feel myself at pres5t ( a q contr>y s5tim5t1 & am m incl9$ to repose no fai? at all 9 my s5ses1 or r imag9ation1 ?an to place 9 x su* an implicit confid5ce4 ,i _c conceive h[ su* trivial qualities ( ! fancy1 conduct$ by su* false suppositions1 c ev] lead to any solid & rational sy/em4 ,!y are ! coh]5ce & con/ancy ( our p]ceptions1 :i* produce ! op9ion ( _! cont9u$ exi/5ce2 ?\gh ^! qualities ( p]ceptions h no p]ceivable connexion ) su* an exi/5ce4 ,! con/ancy ( our p]ceptions has ! mo/ consid]able effect1 & yet is att5d$ ) ! greate/ difficulties4 ,x is a gross illusion to suppose1 t our resembl+ p]ceptions are num]ically ! same2 & x is ?is illusion1 :i* leads u into ! op9ion1 t ^! p]ceptions are un9t]rupt$1 & are /ill exi/5t1 ev5 :5 !y are n pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,?is is ! case ) our popul> sy/em4 ,& z to our philosophical "o1 x is liable to ! same difficulties2 & is ov]-&-above load$ ) ?is absurdity1 t x at once d5ies & e/abli%es ! vulg> supposition4 ,philosoph]s d5y our resembl+ p]ceptions to be id5tically ! same1 & un9t]rupt$2 & yet h s great a prop5sity to believe !m su*1 t !y arbitr>ily inv5t a new set ( p]ceptions1 to :i* !y attribute ^! qualities4 ,i say1 a new set ( p]ceptions3 ,= we may well suppose 9 g5]al1 b x is impossible = u di/9ctly to conceive1 objects to be 9 _! nature any ?+ b exactly ! same ) p]ceptions4 ,:at !n c we look = f ?is confusion ( gr\ndless & extraord9>y op9ions b error & fal%ood8 ,& h[ c we ju/ify to ourselves any belief we repose 9 !m8 ,?is sceptical d\bt1 bo? ) respect to reason & ! s5ses1 is a malady1 :i* c nev] be radically cur$1 b mu/ return ^u u e mom5t1 h[ev] we may *ace x away1 & sometimes may seem entirely free f x4 ,x is impossible ^u any sy/em to def5d ei!r our und]/&+ or s5ses2 & we b expose !m f>!r :5 we endeav\r to ju/ify !m 9 t mann]4 ,z ! sceptical d\bt arises naturally f a pr(\nd & int5se reflection on ^? subjects1 x always encreases1 ! f>!r we c>ry our reflections1 :e!r 9 opposition or con=mity to x4 ,c>elessness & 9-att5tion alone c af=d u any rem$y4 ,= ?is reason ,i rely entirely ^u !m2 & take x = grant$1 :atev] may be ! read]'s op9ion at ?is pres5t mom5t1 t an h\r h5ce he w be p]suad$ !re is bo? an ext]nal & int]nal _w2 & go+ ^u t supposition1 ,i int5d to exam9e "s g5]al sy/ems bo? anci5t & mod]n1 :i* h be5 propos$ ( bo?1 be=e ,i proce$ to a m p>ticul> enquiry conc]n+ our impressions4 ,?is w n1 p]haps1 9 ! end be f\nd =eign to our pres5t purpose4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,anti5t ,,philosophy4 ,sev]al morali/s h recomm5d$ x z an excell5t me?od ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) our own he>ts1 & kn[+ our progress 9 virtue1 to recollect our dreams 9 a morn+1 & exam9e !m ) ! same rig\r1 t we w\ld our mo/ s]i\s & mo/ delib]ate actions4 ,our "* is ! same ?r\gh\t1 say !y1 & appe>s be/ :]e artifice1 fe>1 & policy h no place1 & m5 c nei!r be hypocrites ) !mselves nor o!rs4 ,! g5]osity1 or bas5ess ( our temp]1 our meekness or cruelty1 our c\rage or pusilanimity1 influ5ce ! fictions ( ! imag9ation ) ! mo/ unb\nd$ lib]ty1 & discov] !mselves 9 ! mo/ gl>+ col\rs4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i am p]suad$1 !re might be sev]al useful discov]ies made f a criticism ( ! fictions ( ! anti5t philosophy1 conc]n+ sub/ances1 & sub/antial =m1 & accid5ts1 & occult qualities2 :i*1 h[ev] unreasonable & caprici\s1 h a v intimate connexion ) ! pr9ciples ( human nature4 ,x is confe/ by ! mo/ judici\s philosoph]s1 t our ideas ( bodies are no?+ b collections =m$ by ! m9d ( ! ideas ( ! sev]al di/9ct s5sible qualities1 ( :i* objects are compos$1 & :i* we f9d to h a con/ant union ) ea* o!r4 ,b h[ev] ^! qualities may 9 !mselves be entirely di/9ct1 x is c]ta9 we commonly reg>d ! comp\nd1 :i* !y =m1 z ,,"o ?+1 & z cont9u+ ! ,,same "u v consid]able alt]ations4 ,! ackn[l$g$ composition is evid5tly contr>y to ?is suppos$ simplicity1 & ! v>iation to ! id5tity4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be wor? :ile to consid] ! causes1 :i* make u almo/ univ]sally fall into su* evid5t contradictions1 z well z ! means by :i* we endeav\r to conceal !m4 ,x is evid5t1 t z ! ideas ( ! sev]al di/9ct1 successive qualities ( objects are unit$ toge!r by a v close relation1 ! m9d1 9 look+ along ! succession1 mu/ be c>ry$ f "o "p ( x to ano!r by an easy transition1 & w no m p]ceive ! *ange1 ?an if x contemplat$ ! same un*angeable object4 ,?is easy transition is ! effect1 or r ess5ce ( relation2 ,i & z ! imag9ation readily takes "o idea = ano!r1 :]e _! influ5ce on ! m9d is simil>2 h5ce x proce$s1 t any su* succession ( relat$ qualities is readily consid]$ z "o cont9u$ object1 exi/+ )\t any v>iation4 ,! smoo? & un9t]rupt$ progress ( ! ?\ght1 be+ alike 9 bo? cases1 readily deceives ! m9d1 & makes u ascribe an id5tity to ! *angeable succession ( connect$ qualities4 ,b :5 we alt] our me?od ( consid]+ ! succession1 & in/ead ( trace+ x gradually ?r\gh ! successive po9ts ( "t1 survey at once ,any two di/9ct p]iods ( its duration1 & comp>e ! diff]5t conditions ( ! successive qualities2 9 t case ! v>iations1 :i* 7 ins5sible :5 !y arose gradually1 d n[ appe> ( consequ5ce1 & seem entirely to de/roy ! id5tity4 ,by ?is means !re arises a k9d ( contr>iety 9 our me?od ( ?9k+1 f ! diff]5t po9ts ( view1 9 :i* we survey ! object1 & f ! ne>ness or remot5ess ( ^? in/ants ( "t1 :i* we comp>e toge!r4 ,:5 we gradually foll[ an object 9 its successive *anges1 ! smoo? progress ( ! ?\ght makes u ascribe an id5tity to ! succession2 because x is by a simil> act ( ! m9d we consid] an un*angeable object4 ,:5 we comp>e its situation aft] a consid]able *ange ! progress ( ! ?\ght is broke2 & consequ5tly we are pres5t$ ) ! idea ( div]sity3 ,9 ord] to reconcile :i* contradictions ! imag9ation is apt to feign some?+ unkn[n & invisible1 :i* x supposes to cont9ue ! same "u all ^! v>iations2 & ?is un9telligible some?+ x calls a sub/ance1 or orig9al & fir/ matt]4 ,we ent]ta9 a l notion ) reg>d to ! simplicity ( sub/ances1 & f l causes4 ,suppose an object p]fectly simple & indivisible to be pres5t$1 along ) ano!r object1 ^: co-exi/5t p>ts are connect$ toge!r by a /rong relation1 x is evid5t ! actions ( ! m9d1 9 consid]+ ^! two objects1 are n v diff]5t4 ,! imag9ation conceives ! simple object at once1 ) facility1 by a s+le ef=t ( ?\ght1 )\t *ange or v>iation4 ,! connexion ( p>ts 9 ! comp\nd object has almo/ ! same effect1 & s unites ! object )9 itself1 t ! fancy feels n ! transition 9 pass+ f "o "p to ano!r4 ,h5ce ! col\r1 ta/e1 figure1 solidity1 & o!r qualities1 comb9$ 9 a pea* or melon1 are conceiv$ to =m "o ?+2 & t on acc\nt ( _! close relation1 :i* makes !m affect ! ?\ght 9 ! same mann]1 z if p]fectly uncomp\nd$4 ,b ! m9d re/s n "h4 ,:5ev] x views ! object 9 ano!r light1 x f9ds t all ^! qualities are diff]5t1 & di/+ui%able1 & sep>able f ea* o!r2 :i* view ( ?+s be+ de/ructive ( its prim>y & m natural notions1 obliges ! imag9ation to feign an unkn[n some?+1 or orig9al sub/ance & matt]1 z a pr9ciple ( union or cohesion among ^! qualities1 & z :at may give ! comp\nd object a title to be call$ "o ?+1 not)/&+ its div]sity & composition4 ,! p]ipatetic philosophy ass]ts ! orig9al matt] to be p]fectly homog5e\s 9 all bodies1 & consid]s fire1 wat]1 e>?1 & air1 z ( ! v same sub/ance2 on acc\nt ( _! gradual revolutions & *anges into ea* o!r4 ,at ! same "t x assigns to ea* ( ^! species ( objects a di/9ct sub/antial =m1 :i* x supposes to be ! s\rce ( all ^? diff]5t qualities !y possess1 & to be a new f\ndation ( simplicity & id5tity to ea* p>ticul> species4 ,all dep5ds on our mann] ( view+ ! objects4 ,:5 we look along ! ins5sible *anges ( bodies1 we suppose all ( !m to be ( ! same sub/ance or ess5ce4 ,:5 we consid] _! s5sible diff]5ces1 we attribute to ea* ( !m a sub/antial & ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,& 9 ord] to indulge ourselves 9 bo? ^! ways ( consid]+ our objects1 we suppose all bodies to h at once a sub/ance & a sub/antial =m4 ,! notion ( accid5ts is an unavoidable consequ5ce ( ?is me?od ( ?9k+ ) reg>d to sub/ances & sub/antial =ms2 nor c we =be> look+ ^u col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 figures1 & o!r prop]ties ( bodies1 z exi/5ces1 :i* _c subsi/ ap>t1 b require a subject ( inhesion to su/a9 & support !m4 ,= hav+ nev] discov]$ any ( ^! s5sible qualities1 :]e1 = ! reasons above-m5tion$1 we did n likewise fancy a sub/ance to exi/2 ! same habit1 :i* makes u inf] a connexion betwixt cause & effect1 makes u "h inf] a dep5d5ce ( e quality on ! unkn[n sub/ance4 ,! cu/om ( imag9+ a dep5d5ce has ! same effect z ! cu/om ( obs]v+ x w\ld h4 ,?is conceit1 h[ev]1 is no m reasonable ?an any ( ! =ego+4 ,e quality be+ a di/9ct ?+ f ano!r1 may be conceiv$ to exi/ ap>t1 & may exi/ ap>t1 n only f e o!r quality1 b f t un9telligible *im]a ( a sub/ance4 ,b ^! philosoph]s c>ry _! fictions /ill f>!r 9 _! s5tim5ts conc]n+ occult qualities1 & bo? suppose a sub/ance support+1 :i* !y d n und]/&1 & an accid5t support$1 ( :i* !y h z imp]fect an idea4 ,! :ole sy/em1 !re=e1 is entirely incompreh5sible1 & yet is d]iv$ f pr9ciples z natural z any ( ^! above-expla9$4 ,9 consid]+ ?is subject we may obs]ve a gradation ( ?ree op9ions1 t rise above ea* o!r1 accord+ z ! p]sons1 :o =m !m1 acquire new degrees ( reason & k4 ,^! op9ions are t ( ! vulg>1 t ( a false philosophy1 & t ( ! true2 :]e we %all f9d ^u enquiry1 t ! true philosophy approa*es ne>] to ! s5tim5ts ( ! vulg>1 ?an to ^? ( a mi/ak5 k4 ,x is natural = m51 9 _! common & c>e1 less way ( ?9k+1 to imag9e !y p]ceive a connexion betwixt su* objects z !y h con/antly f\nd unit$ toge!r2 & because cu/om has r5d]$ x difficult to sep>ate ! ideas1 !y are apt to fancy su* a sep>ation to be 9 itself impossible & absurd4 ,b philosoph]s1 :o ab/ract f ! effects ( cu/om1 & comp>e ! ideas ( objects1 imm$iately p]ceive ! fal%ood ( ^! vulg> s5tim5ts1 & discov] t !re is no kn[n connexion among objects4 ,e diff]5t object appe>s to !m entirely di/9ct & sep>ate2 & !y p]ceive1 t x is n f a view ( ! nature & qualities ( objects we inf] "o f ano!r1 b only :5 9 sev]al in/ances we obs]ve !m to h be5 con/antly conjo9$4 ,b ^! philosoph]s1 in/ead ( draw+ a j inf]5ce f ?is obs]vation1 & conclud+1 t we h no idea ( p[] or ag5cy1 sep>ate f ! m9d1 & belong+ to causes2 ,i say1 in/ead ( draw+ ?is conclusion1 !y frequ5tly se>* = ! qualities1 9 :i* ?is ag5cy consi/s1 & are displeas$ ) e sy/em1 :i* _! reason sugge/s to !m1 9 ord] to expla9 x4 ,!y h suffici5t =ce ( g5ius to free !m f ! vulg> error1 t !re is a natural & p]ceivable connexion betwixt ! sev]al s5sible qualities & actions ( matt]2 b n suffici5t to keep !m f ev] seek+ = ?is connexion 9 matt]1 or causes4 ,_h !y fall5 ^u ! j conclusion1 !y w\ld h return$ back to ! situation ( ! vulg>1 & w\ld h reg>d$ all ^! disquisitions ) indol5ce & indiff]5ce4 ,at pres5t !y seem to be 9 a v lam5table condition1 & su* z ! poets h giv5 u b a fa9t notion ( 9 _! descriptions ( ! puni%m5t ( ,sisyphus & ,tantalus4 ,= :at c be imag9$ m torm5t+1 ?an to seek ) eag]ness1 :at = ev] flies u2 & seek = x 9 a place1 :]e x is impossible x c ev] exi/8 ,b z nature seems to h obs]v$ a k9d ( ju/ice & comp5sation 9 e ?+1 %e has n neglect$ philosoph]s m ?an ! re/ ( ! creation2 b has res]v$ !m a consolation amid all _! disappo9tm5ts & afflictions4 ,?is consolation pr9cipally consi/s 9 _! inv5tion ( ! words3 faculty & occult quality4 ,= x be+ usual1 aft] ! frequ5t use ( t]ms1 :i* are really significant & intelligible1 to omit ! idea1 :i* we w\ld express by !m1 & to pres]ve only ! cu/om1 by :i* we recal ! idea at pleasure2 s x naturally happ5s1 t aft] ! frequ5t use ( t]ms1 :i* are :olly insignificant & un9telligible1 we fancy !m to be on ! same foot+ ) ! prec$5t1 & to h a secret mean+1 :i* we might discov] by reflection4 ,! resemblance ( _! appe>ance deceives ! m9d1 z is usual1 & makes u imag9e a ?or\gh resemblance & con=mity4 ,by ?is means ^! philosoph]s set !mselves at ease1 & arrive at la/1 by an illusion1 at ! same indiff]5ce1 :i* ! p atta9 by _! /upidity1 & true philosoph]s by _! mod]ate scepticism4 ,!y ne$ only say1 t any ph5om5on1 :i* puzzles !m1 arises f a faculty or an occult quality1 & !re is an end ( all dispute & enquiry ^u ! matt]4 ,b among all ! in/ances1 :]e9 ! ,p]ipatetics h %ewn !y 7 guid$ by e trivial prop5sity ( ! imag9ation1 no "o is m-rem>kable ?an _! sympa?ies1 antipa?ies1 & horrors ( a vacuum4 ,!re is a v rem>kable incl9ation 9 human nature1 to be/[ on ext]nal objects ! same emotions1 :i* x obs]ves 9 itself2 & to f9d e :]e ^? ideas1 :i* are mo/ pres5t to x4 ,?is incl9ation1 x is true1 is suppress$ by a little reflection1 & only takes place 9 *ildr51 poets1 & ! anti5t philosoph]s4 ,x appe>s 9 *ildr51 by _! desire ( beat+ ! /ones1 :i* hurt !m3 ,9 poets1 by _! read9ess to p]sonify e ?+3 ,& 9 ! anti5t philosoph]s1 by ^! fictions ( sympa?y & antipa?y4 ,we mu/ p>don *ildr51 because ( _! age2 poets1 because !y pr(ess to foll[ implicitly ! sugge/ions ( _! fancy3 ,b :at excuse %all we f9d to ju/ify our philosoph]s 9 s signal a weakness8 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,philosophy4 ,b "h x may be object$1 t ! imag9ation1 accord+ to my own confession1 be+ ! ultimate judge ( all sy/ems ( philosophy1 ,i am unju/ 9 blam+ ! anti5t philosoph]s = mak+ use ( t faculty1 & all[+ !mselves to be entirely guid$ by x 9 _! reason+s4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify myself1 ,i mu/ di/+ui% 9 ! imag9ation betwixt ! pr9ciples :i* are p]man5t1 irresi/ible1 & univ]sal2 su* z ! cu/om>y transition f causes to effects1 & f effects to causes3 ,& ! pr9ciples1 :i* are *angeable1 weak1 & irregul>2 su* z ^? ,i h j n[ tak5 notice (4 ,! =m] are ! f\ndation ( all our ?\ghts & actions1 s t ^u _! removal human nature mu/ imm$iately p]i% & g to ru94 ,! latt] are nei!r unavoidable to mank9d1 nor necess>y1 or s mu* z useful 9 ! conduct ( life2 b on ! contr>y are obs]v$ only to take place 9 weak m9ds1 & be+ opposite to ! o!r pr9ciples ( cu/om & reason+1 may easily be subv]t$ by a due contra/ & opposition4 ,= ?is reason ! =m] are receiv$ by philosophy1 & ! latt] reject$4 ,"o :o concludes somebody to be ne> him1 :5 he he>s an articulate voice 9 ! d>k1 reasons ju/ly & naturally2 ?\gh t conclusion be d]iv$ f no?+ b cu/om1 :i* infixes & inliv5s ! idea ( a human creature1 on acc\nt ( 8 usual conjunction ) ! pres5t impression4 ,b "o1 :o is torm5t$ he kn[s n :y1 ) ! appreh5sion ( spectres 9 ! d>k1 may1 p]haps1 be said to reason1 & to reason naturally too3 ,b !n x mu/ be 9 ! same s5se1 t a malady is said to be natural2 z aris+ f natural causes1 ?\gh x be contr>y to heal?1 ! mo/ agreeable & mo/ natural situation ( man4 ,! op9ions ( ! anti5t philosoph]s1 _! fictions ( sub/ance & accid5t1 & _! reason+s conc]n+ sub/antial =ms & occult qualities1 are l ! spectres 9 ! d>k1 & are d]iv$ f pr9ciples1 :i*1 h[ev] common1 are nei!r univ]sal nor unavoidable 9 human nature4 ,! mod]n philosophy pret5ds to be entirely free f ?is defect1 & to arise only f ! solid1 p]man5t1 & consi/5t pr9ciples ( ! imag9ation4 ,^u :at gr\nds ?is pret5sion is f\nd$ mu/ n[ be ! subject ( our enquiry4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( t philosophy is ! op9ion conc]n+ col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 smells1 heat & cold2 :i* x ass]ts to be no?+ b impressions 9 ! m9d1 d]iv$ f ! op]ation ( ext]nal objects1 & )\t any resemblance to ! qualities ( ! objects4 ,^u exam9ation1 ,i f9d only "o ( ! reasons commonly produc$ = ?is op9ion to be satisfactory1 viz4 t d]iv$ f ! v>iations ( ^? impressions1 ev5 :ile ! ext]nal object1 to all appe>ance1 cont9ues ! same4 ,^! v>iations dep5d ^u sev]al circum/ances4 ,^u ! diff]5t situations ( our heal?3 ,a man 9 a malady feels a disagreeable ta/e 9 meats1 :i* be=e pleas$ him ! mo/4 ,^u ! diff]5t complexions & con/itutions ( m5 ,t seems bitt] to "o1 :i* is sweet to ano!r4 ,^u ! diff]5ce ( _! ext]nal situation & position3 ,col\rs reflect$ f ! cl\ds *ange accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! cl\ds1 & accord+ to ! angle !y make ) ! eye & lum9\s body4 ,fire also communicates ! s5sation ( pleasure at "o di/ance1 & t ( pa9 at ano!r4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are v num]\s & frequ5t4 ,! conclusion drawn f !m1 is likewise z satisfactory z c possibly be imag9$4 ,x is c]ta91 t :5 diff]5t impressions ( ! same s5se arise f any object1 e "o ( ^! impressions has n a resembl+ quality exi/5t 9 ! object4 ,= z ! same object _c1 at ! same "t1 be end[$ ) diff]5t qualities ( ! same s5se1 & z ! same quality _c resemble impressions entirely diff]5t2 x evid5tly foll[s1 t _m ( our impressions h no ext]nal model or ar*etype4 ,n[ f l effects we presume l causes4 ,_m ( ! impressions ( col\r1 s\nd1 c4 are confe/ to be no?+ b int]nal exi/5ces1 & to arise f causes1 :i* no ways resemble !m4 ,^! impressions are 9 appe>ance no?+ diff]5t f ! o!r impressions ( col\r1 s\nd1 c4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t !y are1 all ( !m1 d]iv$ f a l orig94 ,?is pr9ciple be+ once admitt$1 all ! o!r doctr9es ( t philosophy seem to foll[ by an easy consequ5ce4 ,= ^u ! removal ( s\nds1 col\rs1 beat1 cold1 & o!r s5sible qualities1 f ! rank ( cont9u$ indep5d5t exi/5ces1 we are r$uc$ m]ely to :at are call$ prim>y qualities1 z ! only real ones1 ( :i* we h any adequate notion4 ,^! prim>y qualities are ext5sion & solidity1 ) _! diff]5t mixtures & modifications2 figure1 motion1 gravity1 & cohesion4 ,! g5]ation1 encrease1 decay1 & corruption ( animals & vegetables1 are no?+ b *anges ( figure & motion2 z also ! op]ations ( all bodies on ea* o!r2 ( fire1 ( light1 wat]1 air1 e>?1 & ( all ! elem5ts & p[]s ( nature4 ,"o figure & motion produces ano!r figure & motion2 nor does !re rema9 9 ! mat]ial univ]se any o!r pr9ciple1 ei!r active or passive1 ( :i* we c =m ! mo/ di/ant idea4 ,i believe _m objections might be made to ?is sy/em ,b at pres5t ,i %all conf9e myself to "o1 :i* is 9 my op9ion v decisive4 ,i ass]t1 t in/ead ( expla9+ ! op]ations ( ext]nal objects by its means1 we utt]ly annihilate all ^! objects1 & r$uce ourselves to ! op9ions ( ! mo/ extravagant scepticism conc]n+ !m4 ,if col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 & smells be m]ely p]ceptions1 no?+ we c conceive is posse/ ( a real1 cont9u$1 & indep5d5t exi/5ce2 n ev5 motion1 ext5sion & solidity1 :i* are ! prim>y qualities *iefly insi/$ on4 ,to beg9 ) ! exam9ation ( motion2 x is evid5t ?is is a quality altoge!r inconceivable alone1 & )\t a ref]5ce to "s o!r object4 ,! idea ( motion necess>ily supposes t ( a body mov+4 ,n[ :at is our idea ( ! mov+ body1 )\t :i* motion is incompreh5sible8 ,x mu/ resolve itself into ! idea ( ext5sion or ( solidity2 & consequ5tly ! reality ( motion dep5ds ^u t ( ^! o!r qualities4 ,?is op9ion1 :i* is univ]sally ackn[l$g$ conc]n+ motion1 ,i h prov$ to be true ) reg>d to ext5sion2 & h %ewn t x is impossible to conceive ext5sion1 b z compos$ ( p>ts1 end[$ ) col\r or solidity4 ,! idea ( ext5sion is a comp\nd idea2 b z x is n comp\nd$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts or inf]ior ideas1 x mu/ at la/ resolve itself into su* z are p]fectly simple & indivisible4 ,^! simple & indivisible p>ts1 n be+ ideas ( ext5sion1 mu/ be non entities1 unless conceiv$ z col\r$ or solid4 ,col\r is exclud$ f any real exi/5ce4 ,! reality1 !re=e1 ( our idea ( ext5sion dep5ds ^u ! reality ( t ( solidity1 nor c ! =m] be j :ile ! latt] is *im]ical4 ,let u1 !n1 l5d our att5tion to ! exam9ation ( ! idea ( solidity4 ,! idea ( solidity is t ( two objects1 :i* be+ impell$ by ! utmo/ =ce1 _c p5etrate ea* o!r2 b /ill ma9ta9 a sep>ate & di/9ct exi/5ce4 ,solidity1 !re=e1 is p]fectly incompreh5sible alone1 & )\t ! conception ( "s bodies1 :i* are solid1 & ma9ta9 ?is sep>ate & di/9ct exi/5ce4 ,n[ :at idea h we ( ^! bodies8 ,! ideas ( col\rs1 s\nds1 & o!r second>y qualities are exclud$4 ,! idea ( motion dep5ds on t ( ext5sion1 & ! idea ( ext5sion on t ( solidity4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 t ! idea ( solidity c dep5d on ei!r ( !m4 ,= t w\ld be to run 9 a circle1 & make "o idea dep5d on ano!r1 :ile at ! same "t ! latt] dep5ds on ! =m]4 ,our mod]n philosophy1 !re=e1 leaves u no j nor satisfactory idea ( solidity2 nor consequ5tly ( matt]4 ,?is argum5t w appe> entirely conclusive to e "o t compreh5ds x2 b because x may seem ab/ruse & intricate to ! g5]ality ( read]s1 ,i hope to be excus$1 if ,i endeav\r to r5d] x m obvi\s by "s v>iation ( ! expression4 ,9 ord] to =m an idea ( solidity1 we mu/ conceive two bodies press+ on ea* o!r )\t any p5etration2 & x is impossible to arrive at ?is idea1 :5 we conf9e ourselves to "o object1 mu* m )\t conceiv+ any4 ,two non-entities _c exclude ea* o!r f _! places2 because !y nev] possess any place1 nor c be end[$ ) any quality4 ,n[ ,i ask1 :at idea d we =m ( ^! bodies or objects1 to :i* we suppose solidity to belong8 ,to say1 t we conceive !m m]ely z solid1 is to run on 9 inf9itum4 ,to affirm1 t we pa9t !m out to ourselves z ext5d$1 ei!r resolves all into a false idea1 or returns 9 a circle4 ,ext5sion mu/ necess>ily be consid]$ ei!r z col\r$1 :i* is a false idea2 ,i or z solid1 :i* br+s u back to ! fir/ "q4 ,we may make ! same obs]vation conc]n+ mobility & figure2 & ^u ! :ole mu/ conclude1 t aft] ! exclusion ( col\rs1 s\nds1 heat & cold f ! rank ( ext]nal exi/5ces1 !re rema9s no?+1 :i* c af=d u a j & con/itu5t idea ( body4 ,add to ?is1 t1 prop]ly speak+1 solidity or imp5etrability is no?+1 b an impossibility ( annihilation1 z#h has be5 already obs]v$3 ,= :i* reason x is ! m necess>y = u to =m "s di/9ct idea ( t object1 ^: annihilation we suppose impossible4 ,an impossibility ( be+ annihilat$ _c exi/1 & c nev] be conceiv$ to exi/1 by itself3 b necess>ily requires "s object or real exi/5ce1 to :i* x may belong4 ,n[ ! difficulty /ill rema9s1 h[ to =m an idea ( ?is object or exi/5ce1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! second>y & s5sible qualities4 #h ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 #d4 ,nor mu/ we omit on ?is occasion our accu/om$ me?od ( exam9+ ideas by consid]+ ^? impressions1 f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,! impressions1 :i* ent] by ! sight & he>+1 ! smell & ta/e1 are affirm$ by mod]n philosophy to be )\t any resembl+ objects2 & consequ5tly ! idea ( solidity1 :i* is suppos$ to be real1 c nev] be d]iv$ f any ( ^! s5ses4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 ! feel+ z ! only s5se1 t c convey ! impression1 :i* is orig9al to ! idea ( solidity2 & inde$ we naturally imag9e1 t we feel ! solidity ( bodies1 & ne$ b t\* any object 9 ord] to p]ceive ?is quality4 ,b ?is me?od ( ?9k+ is m popul> ?an philosophical2 z w appe> f ! foll[+ reflections4 ,fir/1 ,x is easy to obs]ve1 t ?\gh bodies are felt by means ( _! solidity1 yet ! feel+ is a q diff]5t ?+ f ! solidity2 & t !y h n ! lea/ resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,a man1 :o has ! palsey 9 "o h&1 has z p]fect an idea ( imp5etrability1 :5 he obs]ves t h& to be support$ by ! table1 z :5 he feels ! same table ) ! o!r h&4 ,an object1 t presses ^u any ( our memb]s1 meets ) resi/ance2 & t resi/ance1 by ! motion x gives to ! n]ves & animal spirits1 conveys a c]ta9 s5sation to ! m9d2 b x does n foll[1 t ! s5sation1 motion1 & resi/ance are any ways resembl+4 ,secondly1 ,! impressions ( t\* are simple impressions1 except :5 consid]$ ) reg>d to _! ext5sion2 :i* makes no?+ to ! pres5t purpose3 ,& f ?is simplicity ,i inf]1 t !y nei!r repres5t solidity1 nor any real object4 ,= let u put two cases1 viz4 t ( a man1 :o presses a /one1 or any solid body1 ) 8 h&1 & t ( two /ones1 :i* press ea* o!r2 x w readily be all[$1 t ^! two cases are n 9 e respect alike1 b t 9 ! =m] !re is conjo9$ ) ! solidity1 a feel+ or s5sation1 ( :i* !re is no appe>ance 9 ! latt]4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to make ^! two cases alike1 x is necess>y to remove "s "p ( ! impression1 :i* ! man feels by 8 h&1 or organ ( s5sation2 & t be+ impossible 9 a simple impression1 obliges u to remove ! :ole1 & proves t ?is :ole impression has no ar*etype or model 9 ext]nal objects4 ,to :i* we may add1 t solidity necess>ily supposes two bodies1 along ) contiguity & impulse2 :i* be+ a comp\nd object1 c nev] be repres5t$ by a simple impression4 ,n to m5tion1 t ?\gh solidity cont9ues always inv>iably ! same1 ! impressions ( t\* *ange e mom5t ^u u2 :i* is a cle> pro( t ! latt] are n repres5tations ( ! =m]4 ,?us !re is a direct & total opposition betwixt our reason & our s5ses2 or m prop]ly speak+1 betwixt ^? conclusions we =m f cause & effect1 & ^? t p]suade u ( ! cont9u$ & indep5d5t exi/5ce ( body4 ,:5 we reason f cause & effect1 we conclude1 t nei!r col\r1 s\nd1 ta/e1 nor smell h a cont9u$ & indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,:5 we exclude ^! s5sible qualities !re rema9s no?+ 9 ! univ]se1 :i* has su* an exi/5ce4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,immat]iality ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,hav+ f\nd su* contradictions & difficulties 9 e sy/em conc]n+ ext]nal objects1 & 9 ! idea ( matt]1 :i* we fancy s cle> & det]m9ate1 ,we %all naturally expect /ill great] difficulties & contradictions 9 e hypo!sis conc]n+ our int]nal p]ceptions1 & ! nature ( ! m9d1 :i* we are apt to imag9e s mu* m obscure1 & unc]ta94 ,b 9 ?is we %\ld deceive ourselves4 ,! intellectual _w1 ?\gh involv$ 9 inf9ite obscurities1 is n p]plex$ ) any su* contradictions1 z ^? we h discov]$ 9 ! natural4 ,:at is kn[n conc]n+ x1 agrees ) itself2 & :at is unkn[n1 we mu/ be cont5t$ to leave s4 ,x is true1 w\ld we he>k5 to c]ta9 philosoph]s1 !y promise to dim9i% our ignorance2 b ,i am afraid x is at ! haz>d ( runn+ u into contradictions1 f :i* ! subject is ( itself exempt$4 ,^! philosoph]s are ! curi\s reason]s conc]n+ ! mat]ial or immat]ial sub/ances1 9 :i* !y suppose our p]ceptions to inh]e4 ,9 ord] to put a /op to ^! endless cavils on bo? sides1 ,i "k no bett] me?od1 ?an to ask ^! philosoph]s 9 a few words1 ,:at !y mean by sub/ance & inhesion8 ,& aft] !y h answ]$ ?is "q1 x w !n be reasonable1 & n till !n1 to ent] s]i\sly into ! dispute4 ,?is "q we h f\nd impossible to be answ]$ ) reg>d to matt] & body3 ,b besides t 9 ! case ( ! m9d1 x lab\rs "u all ! same difficulties1 x is bur!n$ ) "s additional ones1 :i* are peculi> to t subject4 ,z e idea is d]iv$ f a prec$5t impression1 _h we any idea ( ! sub/ance ( our m9ds1 we mu/ also h an impression ( x2 :i* is v difficult1 if n impossible1 to be conceiv$4 ,= h[ c an impression repres5t a sub/ance1 o!rwise ?an by resembl+ x8 ,& h[ c an impression resemble a sub/ance1 s9ce1 accord+ to ?is philosophy1 x is n a sub/ance1 & has none ( ! peculi> qualities or *>act]i/ics ( a sub/ance8 ,b leav+ ! "q ( :at may or may n be1 = t o!r :at actually is1 ,i desire ^? philosoph]s1 :o pret5d t we h an idea ( ! sub/ance ( our m9ds1 to po9t out ! impression t produces x1 & tell di/9ctly aft] :at mann] t impression op]ates1 & f :at object x is d]iv$4 ,is x an impression ( s5sation or ( reflection8 ,is x pleasant1 or pa9ful1 or indiff]5t8 ,i ,does x att5d u at all times1 or does x only return at int]vals8 ,if at int]vals1 at :at times pr9cipally does x return1 & by :at causes is x produc$8 ,if in/ead ( answ]+ ^! que/ions1 any "o %\ld evade ! difficulty1 by say+1 t ! def9ition ( a sub/ance is some?+ :i* may exi/ by itself2 & t ?is def9ition ought to satisfy u3 %\ld ?is be said1 ,i %\ld obs]ve1 t ?is def9ition agrees to e ?+1 t c possibly be conceiv$2 & nev] w s]ve to di/+ui% sub/ance f accid5t1 or ! s\l f its p]ceptions4 ,= ?us ,i reason4 ,:atev] is cle>ly conceiv$ may exi/2 & :atev] is cle>ly conceiv$1 aft] any mann]1 may exi/ aft] ! same mann]4 ,?is is "o pr9ciple1 :i* has be5 already ackn[l$g$4 ,aga91 e ?+1 :i* is diff]5t1 is di/+ui%able1 & e ?+ :i* is di/+ui%able1 is sep>able by ! imag9ation4 ,?is is ano!r pr9ciple4 ,my conclusion f bo? is1 t s9ce all our p]ceptions are diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & f e ?+ else 9 ! univ]se1 !y are also di/9ct & sep>able1 & may be consid]$ z sep>ately exi/5t1 & may exi/ sep>ately1 & h no ne$ ( any ?+ else to support _! exi/5ce4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 sub/ances1 z f> z ?is def9ition expla9s a sub/ance4 ,?us nei!r by consid]+ ! fir/ orig9 ( ideas1 nor by means ( a def9ition are we able to arrive at any satisfactory notion ( sub/ance2 :i* seems to me a suffici5t reason = ab&on+ utt]ly t dispute conc]n+ ! mat]iality & immat]iality ( ! s\l1 & makes me absolutely condemn ev5 ! "q itself4 ,we h no p]fect idea ( any ?+ b ( a p]ception4 ,a sub/ance is entirely diff]5t f a p]ception4 ,we h1 !re=e1 no idea ( a sub/ance4 ,inhesion 9 some?+ is suppos$ to be requisite to support ! exi/5ce ( our p]ceptions4 ,no?+ appe>s requisite to support ! exi/5ce ( a p]ception4 ,we h1 !re=e1 no idea ( inhesion4 ,:at possibility !n ( answ]+ t "q1 ,:e!r p]ceptions inh]e 9 a mat]ial or immat]ial sub/ance1 :5 we d n s mu* z und]/& ! mean+ ( ! "q8 ,!re is "o argum5t commonly employ$ = ! immat]iality ( ! s\l1 :i* seems to me rem>kable4 ,:atev] is ext5d$ consi/s ( p>ts2 & :atev] consi/s ( p>ts is divisible1 if n 9 reality1 at lea/ 9 ! imag9ation4 ,b x is impossible any?+ divisible c be conjo9$ to a ?\ght or p]ception1 :i* is a be+ altoge!r insep>able & indivisible4 ,= suppos+ su* a conjunction1 w\ld ! indivisible ?\ght exi/ on ! left or on ! "r h& ( ?is ext5d$ divisible body8 ,on ! surface or 9 ! middle8 ,on ! back or =e side ( x8 ,if x be conjo9$ ) ! ext5sion1 x mu/ exi/ some:]e )9 its dim5sions4 ,if x exi/ )9 its dim5sions1 x mu/ ei!r exi/ 9 "o p>ticul> "p2 & !n t p>ticul> "p is indivisible1 & ! p]ception is conjo9$ only ) x1 n ) ! ext5sion3 ,or if ! ?\ght exi/s 9 e "p1 x mu/ also be ext5d$1 & sep>able1 & divisible1 z well z ! body2 :i* is utt]ly absurd & contradictory4 ,= c any "o conceive a passion ( a y>d 9 l5g?1 a foot 9 bread?1 & an in* 9 ?ickness8 ,?\ght1 !re=e1 & ext5sion are qualities :olly incompatible1 & nev] c incorporate toge!r into "o subject4 ,?is argum5t affects n ! "q conc]n+ ! sub/ance ( ! s\l1 b only t conc]n+ its local conjunction ) matt]2 & !re=e x may n be improp] to consid] 9 g5]al :at objects are1 or are n susceptible ( a local conjunction4 ,?is is a curi\s "q1 & may lead u to "s discov]ies ( consid]able mom5t4 ,! fir/ notion ( space & ext5sion is d]iv$ solely f ! s5ses ( sight & feel+2 nor is !re any ?+1 b :at is col\r$ or tangible1 t has p>ts dispos$ aft] su* a mann]1 z to convey t idea4 ,:5 we dim9i% or encrease a reli%1 x is n aft] ! same mann] t we dim9i% or encrease any visible object2 & :5 sev]al s\nds /rike our he>+ at once1 cu/om & reflection alone make u =m an idea ( ! degrees ( ! di/ance & contiguity ( ^? bodies1 f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,:atev] m>ks ! place ( its exi/5ce ei!r mu/ be ext5d$1 or mu/ be a ma!matical po9t1 )\t p>ts or composition4 ,:at is ext5d$ mu/ h a p>ticul> figure1 z squ>e1 r\nd1 triangul>2 none ( :i* w agree to a desire1 or inde$ to any impression or idea1 except to ^! two s5ses above-m5tion$4 ,nei!r ought a desire1 ?\gh indivisible1 to be consid]$ z a ma!matical po9t4 ,= 9 t case x w\ld be possible1 by ! addition ( o!rs1 to make two1 ?ree1 f\r desires1 & ^! dispos$ & situat$ 9 su* a mann]1 z to h a det]m9ate l5g?1 bread? & ?ickness2 :i* is evid5tly absurd4 ,x w n be surpris+ aft] ?is1 if ,i deliv] a maxim1 :i* is condemn$ by sev]al metaphysicians1 & is e/eem$ contr>y to ! mo/ c]ta9 pr9ciples ( hum reason4 ,?is maxim is t an object may exi/1 & yet be no :]e3 & ,i ass]t1 t ?is is n only possible1 b t ! greate/ "p ( be+s d & mu/ exi/ aft] ?is mann]4 ,an object may be said to be no :]e1 :5 its p>ts are n s situat$ ) respect to ea* o!r1 z to =m any figure or quantity2 nor ! :ole ) respect to o!r bodies s z to answ] to our notions ( contiguity or di/ance4 ,n[ ?is is evid5tly ! case ) all our p]ceptions & objects1 except ^? ( ! sight & feel+4 ,a moral reflection _c be plac$ on ! "r or on ! left h& ( a passion1 nor c a smell or s\nd be ei!r ( a circul> or a squ>e figure4 ,^! objects & p]ceptions1 s f> f requir+ any p>ticul> place1 are absolutely incompatible ) x1 & ev5 ! imag9ation _c attribute x to !m4 ,& z to ! absurdity ( suppos+ !m to be no :]e1 we may consid]1 t if ! passions & s5tim5ts appe> to ! p]ception to h any p>ticul> place1 ! idea ( ext5sion might be d]iv$ f !m1 z well z f ! sight & t\*2 contr>y to :at we h already e/abli%$4 ,if !y ,,appe> n to h any p>ticul> place1 !y may possibly exi/ 9 ! same mann]2 s9ce :atev] we conceive is possible4 ,x w n n[ be necess>y to prove1 t ^? p]ceptions1 :i* are simple1 & exi/ no :]e1 are incapable ( any conjunction 9 place ) matt] or body1 :i* is ext5d$ & divisible2 s9ce x is impossible to f\nd a relation b on "s common quality4 ,x may be bett] wor? our :ile to rem>k1 t ?is "q ( ! local conjunction ( objects does n only occur 9 metaphysical disputes conc]n+ ! nature ( ! s\l1 b t ev5 9 common life we h e mom5t occasion to exam9e x4 ,?us suppos+ we consid] a fig at "o end ( ! table1 & an olive at ! o!r1 x is evid5t1 t 9 =m+ ! complex ideas ( ^! sub/ances1 "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s is t ( _! diff]5t reli%es2 & x is z evid5t1 t we incorporate & conjo9 ^! qualities ) su* z are col\r$ & tangible4 ,! bitt] ta/e ( ! "o1 & sweet ( ! o!r are suppos$ to lie 9 ! v visible body1 & to be sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! :ole l5g? ( ! table4 ,?is is s notable & s natural an illusion1 t x may be prop] to consid] ! pr9ciples1 f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,?\gh an ext5d$ object be incapable ( a conjunction 9 place ) ano!r1 t exi/s )\t any place or ext5sion1 yet are !y susceptible ( _m o!r relations4 ,?us ! ta/e & smell ( any fruit are insep>able f its o!r qualities ( col\r & tangibility2 & :i*ev] ( !m be ! cause or effect1 x is c]ta9 !y are always co-exi/5t4 ,nor are !y only co-exi/5t 9 g5]al1 b also co-tempor>y 9 _! appe>ance 9 ! m9d2 & x is ^u ! application ( ! ext5d$ body to our s5ses we p]ceive its p>ticul> ta/e & smell4 ,^! relations1 !n1 ( causation1 & contiguity 9 ! "t ( _! appe>ance1 betwixt ! ext5d$ object & ! quality1 :i* exi/s )\t any p>ticul> place1 mu/ h su* an effect on ! m9d1 t ^u ! appe>ance ( "o x w imm$iately turn its ?\ght to ! conception ( ! o!r4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,we n only turn our ?\ght f "o to ! o!r ^u acc\nt ( _! relation1 b likewise endeav\r to give !m a new relation1 viz4 t ( a ,,conjunction ,,9 ,,place1 t we may r5d] ! transition m easy & natural4 ,= x is a quality1 :i* ,i %all (t5 h occasion to rem>k 9 human nature1 & %all expla9 m fully 9 its prop] place1 t :5 objects are unit$ by any relation1 we h a /rong prop5sity to add "s new relation to !m1 9 ord] to compleat ! union4 ,9 our arrangem5t ( bodies we nev] fail to place su* z are resembl+1 9 contiguity to ea* o!r1 or at lea/ 9 correspond5t po9ts ( view3 ,:y8 b because we feel a satisfaction 9 jo9+ ! relation ( contiguity to t ( resemblance1 or ! resemblance ( situation to t ( qualities4 ,! effects ?is prop5sity h be5#i already obs]v$ 9 t resemblance1 :i* we s readily suppose betwixt p>ticul> impressions & _! ext]nal causes4 ,b we %all n f9d a m evid5t effect ( x1 ?an 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 :]e f ! relations ( causation & contiguity 9 "t betwixt two objects1 we feign likewise t ( a conjunction 9 place1 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! connexion4 #i ,sect4 #b1 t[>ds ! end4 ,b :atev] confus$ notions we may =m ( an union 9 place betwixt an ext5d$ body1 z a fig1 & its p>ticul> ta/e1 x is c]ta9 t ^u reflection we mu/ obs]ve ?is union some?+ altoge!r un9telligible & contradictory4 ,= %\ld we ask ourselves "o obvi\s "q1 viz4 if ! ta/e1 :i* we conceive to be conta9$ 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! body1 is 9 e "p ( x or 9 "o only1 we mu/ quickly f9d ourselves at a loss1 & p]ceive ! impossibility ( ev] giv+ a satisfactory answ]4 ,we _c rely1 t x is only 9 "o "p3 ,= exp]i5ce conv9ces u1 t e "p has ! same reli%4 ,we c z little reply1 t x exi/s 9 e "p3 ,= !n we mu/ suppose x figur$ & ext5d$2 :i* is absurd & incompreh5sible4 ,"h !n we are influ5c$ by two pr9ciples directly contr>y to ea* o!r1 viz4 t incl9ation ( our fancy by :i* we are det]m9$ to incorporate ! ta/e ) ! ext5d$ object1 & our reason1 :i* %[s u ! impossibility ( su* an union4 ,be+ divid$ betwixt ^! opposite pr9ciples1 we r5\nce nei!r "o nor ! o!r1 b involve ! subject 9 su* confusion & obscurity1 t we no long] p]ceive ! opposition4 ,we suppose1 t ! ta/e exi/s )9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! body1 b 9 su* a mann]1 t x fills ! :ole )\t ext5sion1 & exi/s entire 9 e "p )\t sep>ation4 ,9 %ort1 we use 9 our mo/ famili> way ( ?9k+1 t s*ola/ic pr9ciple1 :i*1 :5 crudely propos$1 appe>s s %ock+1 ( ,,totum ,,9 ,,toto ,,tolum ,,9 ,,qualibet ,,p>te3 ,:i* is mu* ! same1 z if we %\ld say1 t a ?+ is 9 a c]ta9 place1 & yet is n !re4 ,all ?is absurdity proce$s f our endeav\r+ to be/[ a place on :at is utt]ly incapable ( x2 & t endeav\r aga9 arises f our incl9ation to compleat an union1 :i* is f\nd$ on causation1 & a contiguity ( "t1 by attribut+ to ! objects a conjunction 9 place4 ,b if ev] reason be ( suffici5t =ce to ov]come prejudice1 x is c]ta91 t 9 ! pres5t case x mu/ prevail4 ,= we h only ?is *oice left1 ei!r to suppose t "s be+s exi/ )\t any place2 or t !y are figur$ & ext5d$2 or t :5 !y are incorporat$ ) ext5d$ objects1 ! :ole is 9 ! :ole1 & ! :ole 9 e "p4 ,! absurdity ( ! two la/ suppositions proves suffici5tly ! v]acity ( ! fir/4 ,nor is !re any f\r? op9ion4 ,= z to ! supposition ( _! exi/5ce 9 ! mann] ( ma!matical po9ts1 x resolves itself into ! second op9ion1 & supposes1 t sev]al passions may be plac$ 9 a circul> figure1 & t a c]ta9 numb] ( smells1 conjo9$ ) a c]ta9 numb] ( s\nds1 may make a body ( twelve cubic in*es2 :i* appe>s ridicul\s ^u ! b>e m5tion+ ( x4 ,b ?\gh 9 ?is view ( ?+s we _c refuse to condemn ! mat]iali/s1 :o conjo9 all ?\ght ) ext5sion2 yet a little reflection w %[ u equal reason = blam+ _! antagoni/s1 :o conjo9 all ?\ght ) a simple & indivisible sub/ance4 ,! mo/ vulg> philosophy in=ms u1 t no ext]nal object c make itself kn[n to ! m9d imm$iately1 & )\t ! int]position ( an image or p]ception4 ,t table1 :i* j n[ appe>s to me1 is only a p]ception1 & all its qualities are qualities ( a p]ception4 ,n[ ! mo/ obvi\s ( all its qualities is ext5sion4 ,! p]ception consi/s ( p>ts4 ,^! p>ts are s situat$1 z to af=d u ! notion ( di/ance & contiguity2 ( l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness4 ,! t]m9ation ( ^! ?ree dim5sions is :at we call figure4 ,?is figure is moveable1 sep>able1 & divisible4 ,mobility1 & sep>ability are ! di/+ui%+ prop]ties ( ext5d$ objects4 ,& to cut %ort all disputes1 ! v idea ( ext5sion is copy$ f no?+ b an impression1 & consequ5tly mu/ p]fectly agree to x4 ,to say ! idea ( ext5sion agrees to any ?+1 is to say x is ext5d$4 ,! free-?9k] may n[ triumph 9 8 turn2 & hav+ f\nd !re are impressions & ideas really ext5d$1 may ask 8 antagoni/s1 h[ !y c incorporate a simple & indivisible subject ) an ext5d$ p]ception8 ,all ! argum5ts ( ,!ologians may "h be retort$ ^u !m4 ,is ! indivisible subject1 or immat]ial sub/ance1 if y w1 on ! left or on ! "r h& ( ! p]ception8 ,is x 9 ?is p>ticul> "p1 or 9 t o!r8 ,is x 9 e "p )\t be+ ext5d$8 ,or is x entire 9 any "o "p )\t des]t+ ! re/8 ,x is impossible to give any answ] to ^! que/ions1 b :at w bo? be absurd 9 itself1 & w acc\nt = ! union ( our indivisible p]ceptions ) an ext5d$ sub/ance4 ,?is gives me an occasion to take a-new into consid]ation ! "q conc]n+ ! sub/ance ( ! s\l2 & ?\gh ,i h condemn$ t "q z utt]ly un9telligible1 yet ,i _c =be> propos+ "s f>!r reflections conc]n+ x4 ,i ass]t1 t ! doctr9e ( ! immat]iality1 simplicity1 & indivisibility ( a ?9k+ sub/ance is a true a!ism1 & w s]ve to ju/ify all ^? s5tim5ts1 = :i* ,sp9oza is s univ]sally infam\s4 ,f ?is topic1 ,i hope at lea/ to reap "o advantage1 t my adv]s>ies w n h any pretext to r5d] ! pres5t doctr9e odi\s by _! declamations1 :5 !y see t !y c be s easily retort$ on !m4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! a!ism ( ,sp9oza is ! doctr9e ( ! simplicity ( ! univ]se1 & ! unity ( t sub/ance1 9 :i* he supposes bo? ?\ght & matt] to inh]e4 ,!re is only "o sub/ance1 says he1 9 ! _w2 & t sub/ance is p]fectly simple & indivisible1 & exi/s e :]e1 )\t any local pres5ce4 ,:atev] we discov] ext]nally by s5sation2 :atev] we feel int]nally by reflection2 all ^! are no?+ b modifications ( t "o1 simple1 & necess>ily exi/5t be+1 & are n posse/ ( any sep>ate or di/9ct exi/5ce4 ,e passion ( ! s\l2 e configuration ( matt]1 h[ev] diff]5t & v>i\s1 inh]e 9 ! same sub/ance1 & pres]ve 9 !mselves _! *>act]s ( di/9ction1 )\t communicat+ !m to t subject1 9 :i* !y inh]e4 ,! same sub/ratum1 if ,i may s speak1 supports ! mo/ diff]5t modifications1 )\t any diff]5ce 9 itself2 & v>ies !m1 )\t any v>iation4 ,nei!r "t1 nor place1 nor all ! div]sity ( nature are able to produce any composition or *ange 9 its p]fect simplicity & id5tity4 ,i believe ?is brief exposition ( ! pr9ciples ( t fam\s a!i/ w be suffici5t = ! pres5t purpose1 & t )\t ent]+ f>!r into ^! gloomy & obscure regions1 ,i %all be able to %ew1 t ?is hide\s hypo!sis is almo/ ! same ) t ( ! immat]iality ( ! s\l1 :i* has become s popul>4 ,to make ?is evid5t1 let u#aj rememb]1 t z e idea is d]iv$ f a prec$+ p]ception1 x is impossible our idea ( a p]ception1 & t ( an object or ext]nal exi/5ce c ev] repres5t :at are specifically diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,:atev] diff]5ce we may suppose betwixt !m1 x is /ill incompreh5sible to u2 & we are oblig$ ei!r to conceive an ext]nal object m]ely z a relation )\t a relative1 or to make x ! v same ) a p]ception or impression4 #aj ,"p ,,ii1 ,sect4 #f4 ,! consequ5ce ,i %all draw f ?is may1 at fir/ sight1 appe> a m]e sophism2 b ^u ! lea/ exam9ation w be f\nd solid & satisfactory4 ,i say !n1 t s9ce we may suppose1 b nev] c conceive a specific def]5ce betwixt an object & impression2 any conclusion we =m conc]n+ ! connexion & repugnance ( impressions1 w n be kn[n c]ta9ly to be applicable to objects2 b t on ! o!r h&1 :atev] conclusions ( ?is k9d we =m conc]n+ objects1 w mo/ c]ta9ly be applicable to impressions4 ,! reason is n difficult4 ,z an object is suppos$ to be diff]5t f an impression1 we _c be sure1 t ! circum/ance1 ^u :i* we f\nd our reason+1 is common to bo?1 suppos+ we =m ! reason+ ^u ! impression4 ,x is /ill possible1 t ! object may diff] f x 9 t p>ticul>4 ,b :5 we fir/ =m our reason+ conc]n+ ! object1 x is beyond d\bt1 t ! same reason+ mu/ ext5d to ! impression3 ,& t because ! quality ( ! object1 ^u :i* ! argum5t is f\nd$1 mu/ at lea/ be conceiv$ by ! m9d2 & c\ld n be conceiv$1 unless x 7 common to an impression2 s9ce we h no idea b :at is d]iv$ f t orig94 ,?us we may e/abli% x z a c]ta9 maxim1 t we c nev]1 by any pr9ciple1 b by an irregul> k9d#aa =m ! coh]5ce ( our p]ceptions4 ( reason+ f exp]i5ce1 discov] a connexion or repugnance betwixt objects1 :i* ext5ds n to impressions2 ?\gh ! inv]se proposition may n be equally true1 t all ! discov]able relations ( impressions are common to objects4 #aa ,su* z t ( ,sect4 #b1 =m ! coh]5ce ( our p]ceptions4 ,to apply ?is to ! pres5t case2 !re are two diff]5t sy/ems ( be+ pres5t$1 to :i* ,i suppose myself "u necessity ( assign+ "s sub/ance1 or gr\nd ( inhesion4 ,i obs]ve fir/ ! univ]se ( objects or ( body3 ,! sun1 moon & />s2 ! e>?1 seas1 plants1 animals1 m51 %ips1 h\ses1 & o!r productions ei!r ( art or nature4 ,"h ,sp9oza appe>s1 & tells me1 t ^! are only modifications2 & t ! subject1 9 :i* !y inh]e1 is simple1 incomp\nd$1 & indivisible4 ,aft] ?is ,i consid] ! o!r sy/em ( be+s1 viz4 ! univ]se ( ?\ght1 or my impressions & ideas4 ,!re ,i obs]ve ano!r sun1 moon & />s2 an e>?1 & seas1 cov]$ & inhabit$ by plants & animals2 t[ns1 h\ses1 m\nta9s1 riv]s2 & 9 %ort e ?+ ,i c discov] or conceive 9 ! fir/ sy/em4 ,^u my enquir+ conc]n+ ^!1 ,!ologians pres5t !mselves1 & tell me1 t ^! also are modifications1 & modifications ( "o simple1 uncomp\nd$1 & indivisible sub/ance4 ,imm$iately ^u :i* ,i am deaf5$ ) ! noise ( a hundr$ voices1 t treat ! fir/ hypo!sis ) dete/ation & scorn1 & ! second ) applause & v5]ation4 ,i turn my att5tion to ^! hypo!ses to see :at may be ! reason ( s great a p>tiality2 & f9d t !y h ! same fault ( be+ un9telligible1 & t z f> z we c und]/& !m1 !y are s mu* alike1 t x is impossible to discov] any absurdity 9 "o1 :i* is n common to bo? ( !m4 ,we h no idea ( any quality 9 an object1 :i* does n agree to1 & may n repres5t a quality 9 an impression2 & t because all our ideas are d]iv$ f our impressions4 ,we c nev]1 !re=e1 f9d any repugnance betwixt an ext5d$ object z a modification1 & a simple uncomp\nd$ ess5ce1 z its sub/ance1 unless t repugnance takes place equally betwixt ! p]ception or impression ( t ext5d$ object1 & ! same uncomp\nd$ ess5ce4 ,e idea ( a quality 9 an object passes ?r\gh an impression2 & !re=e e p]ceivable relation1 :e!r ( connexion or repugnance1 mu/ be common bo? to objects & impressions4 ,b ?\gh ?is argum5t1 consid]$ 9 g5]al1 seems evid5t beyond all d\bt & contradiction1 yet to make x m cle> & s5sible1 let u survey x 9 detail2 & see :e!r all ! absurdities1 :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza1 may n likewise be discov]$ 9 t ( ,!ologians4#ab #ab ,see ,bayle's diction>y1 article ( ,sp9oza4 ,fir/1 ,x has be5 said aga9/ ,sp9oza1 accord+ to ! s*ola/ic way ( talk+1 r ?an ?9k+1 t a mode1 n be+ any di/9ct or sep>ate exi/5ce1 mu/ be ! v same ) its sub/ance1 & consequ5tly ! ext5sion ( ! univ]se1 mu/ be 9 a mann] id5tify$ ) t1 simple1 uncomp\nd$ ess5ce1 9 :i* ! univ]se is suppos$ to inh]e4 ,b ?is1 x may be pret5d$1 is utt]ly impossible & inconceivable unless ! indivisible sub/ance exp& itself1 s z to correspond to ! ext5sion1 or ! ext5sion contract itself1 s z to answ] to ! indivisible sub/ance4 ,?is argum5t seems j1 z f> z we c und]/& x2 & x is pla9 no?+ is requir$1 b a *ange 9 ! t]ms1 to apply ! same argum5t to our ext5d$ p]ceptions1 & ! simple ess5ce ( ! s\l2 ! ideas ( objects & p]ceptions be+ 9 e respect ! same1 only att5d$ ) ! supposition ( a diff]5ce1 t is unkn[n & incompreh5sible4 ,secondly1 ,x has be5 said1 t we h no idea ( sub/ance1 :i* is n applicable to matt]2 nor any idea ( a di/9ct sub/ance1 :i* is n applicable to e di/9ct portion ( matt]4 ,matt]1 !re=e1 is n a mode b a sub/ance1 & ea* "p ( matt] is n a di/9ct mode1 b a di/9ct sub/ance4 ,i h already prov$1 t we h no p]fect idea ( sub/ance2 b t tak+ x = some?+1 t c exi/ by itself1 x is evid5t e p]ception is a sub/ance1 & e di/9ct "p ( a p]ception a di/9ct sub/ance3 ,& consequ5tly ! "o hypo!sis lab\rs "u ! same difficulties 9 ?is respect ) ! o!r4 ,?irdly1 ,x has be5 object$ to ! sy/em ( "o simple sub/ance 9 ! univ]se1 t ?is sub/ance be+ ! support or sub/ratum ( e ?+1 mu/ at ! v same in/ant be modify$ into =ms1 :i* are contr>y & incompatible4 ,! r\nd & squ>e figures are incompatible 9 ! same sub/ance at ! same "t4 ,h[ !n is x possible1 t ! same sub/ance c at once be modify$ into t squ>e table1 & into ?is r\nd "o8 ,i ask ! same "q conc]n+ ! impressions ( ^! tables2 & f9d t ! answ] is no m satisfactory 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t to :atev] side we turn1 ! same difficulties foll[ u1 & t we _c advance "o /ep t[>ds ! e/abli%+ ! simplicity & immat]iality o ! s\l1 )\t prep>+ ! way = a dang]\s & irrecov]able a!ism4 ,x is ! same case1 if in/ead o call+ ?\ght a modification ( ! s\l1 we %\ld give x ! m anti5t1 & yet m modi% "n ( an action4 ,by an action we mean mu* ! same ?+1 z :at is commonly call$ an ab/ract mode2 t is1 some?+1 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 is nei!r di/+ui%able1 nor sep>able f its sub/ance1 & is only conceiv$ by a di/9ction ( reason1 or an ab/raction4 ,b no?+ is ga9$ by ?is *ange ( ! t]m ( modification1 = t ( action2 nor d we free ourselves f "o s+le difficulty by its means2 z w appe> f ! two foll[+ reflexions4 ,fir/1 ,i obs]ve1 t ! ^w1 action1 accord+ to ?is explication ( x1 c nev] ju/ly be appli$ to any p]ception1 z d]iv$ f a m9d or ?9k+ sub/ance4 ,our p]ceptions are all really diff]5t1 & sep>able1 & di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 & f ev]y?+ else1 :i* we c imag9e3 & !re=e x is impossible to conceive1 h[ !y c be ! action or ab/ract mode ( any sub/ance4 ,! in/ance ( motion1 :i* is commonly made use ( to %ew aft] :at mann] p]ception dep5ds1 z an action1 ^u its sub/ance1 r conf\nds ?an in/ructs u4 ,motion to all appe>ance induces no real nor ess5tial *ange on ! body1 b only v>ies its relation to o!r objects4 ,b betwixt a p]son 9 ! morn+ walk+ a g>d5 ) company1 agreeable to him2 & a p]son 9 ! aft]noon inclos$ 9 a dungeon1 & full ( t]ror1 despair1 & res5tm5t1 !re seems to be a radical diff]5ce1 & ( q ano!r k9d1 ?an :at is produc$ on a body by ! *ange ( its situation4 ,z we conclude f ! di/9ction & sep>ability ( _! ideas1 t ext]nal objects h a sep>ate exi/5ce f ea* o!r2 s :5 we make ^! ideas !mselves our objects1 we mu/ draw ! same conclusion conc]n+ !m1 accord+ to ! prec$5t reason+4 ,at lea/ x mu/ be confe/1 t hav+ idea ( ! sub/ance ( ! s\l1 x is impossible = u to tell h[ x c admit ( su* diff]5ces1 & ev5 contr>ieties ( p]ception )\t any fundam5tal *ange2 & consequ5tly c nev] tell 9 :at s5se p]ceptions are actions ( t sub/ance4 ,! use1 !re=e1 ( ! ^w1 action1 unaccompany$ ) any mean+1 in/ead ( t ( modification1 makes no addition to our k1 nor is ( any advantage to ! doctr9e ( ! immat]iality ( ! s\l4 ,i add 9 ! second place1 t if x br+s any advantage to t cause1 x mu/ br+ an equal to ! cause ( a!ism4 ,= d our ,!ologians pret5d to make a monopoly ( ! ^w1 action1 & may n ! a!i/s likewise take possession ( x1 & affirm t plants1 animals1 m51 c4 are no?+ b p>ticul> actions ( "o simple univ]sal sub/ance1 :i* ex]ts itself f a bl9d & absolute necessity8 ,?is y'll say is utt]ly absurd4 ,i own x is un9telligible2 b at ! same "t ass]t1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples above-expla9$1 t x is impossible to discov] any absurdity 9 ! supposition1 t all ! v>i\s objects 9 nature are actions ( "o simple sub/ance1 :i* absurdity w n be applicable to a l supposition conc]n+ impressions & ideas4 ,f ^! hypo!ses conc]n+ ! sub/ance & local conjunction ( our p]ceptions1 we may pass to ano!r1 :i* is m intelligible ?an ! =m]1 & m important ?an ! latt]1 viz4 conc]n+ ! cause ( our p]ceptions4 ,matt] & motion1 x is commonly said 9 ! s*ools1 h[ev] v>y$1 are /ill matt] & motion1 & produce only a diff]5ce 9 ! position & situation ( objects4 ,divide a body z (t5 z y please1 x is /ill body4 ,place x 9 any figure1 no?+ ev] results b figure1 or ! relation ( p>ts4 ,move x 9 any mann]1 y /ill f9d motion or a *ange ( relation4 ,x is absurd to imag9e1 t motion 9 a circle1 = in/ance1 %\ld be no?+ b m]ely motion 9 a circle2 :ile motion 9 ano!r direction1 z 9 an ellipse1 %\ld also be a passion or moral reflection3 ,t ! %ock+ ( two globul> p>ticles %\ld become a s5sation ( pa91 & t ! meet+ ( two triangul> ones %\ld af=d a pleasure4 ,n[ z ^! diff]5t %ocks1 & v>iations1 & mixtures are ! only *anges1 ( :i* matt] is susceptible1 & z ^! nev] af=d u any idea ( ?\ght or p]ception1 x is conclud$ to be impossible1 t ?\ght c ev] be caus$ by matt]4 ,few h be5 able to )/& ! seem+ evid5ce ( ?is argum5t2 & yet no?+ 9 ! _w is m easy ?an to refute x4 ,we ne$ only reflect on :at has be5 prov$ at l>ge1 t we are nev] s5sible ( any connexion betwixt causes & effects1 & t x is only by our exp]i5ce ( _! con/ant conjunction1 we c arrive at any k ( ?is relation4 ,n[ z all objects1 :i* are n contr>y1 are susceptible ( a con/ant conjunction1 & z no real objects are contr>y2#ac ,i h inf]r$ f ^! pr9ciples1 t to consid] ! matt] ,a ,,priori1 any ?+ may produce any ?+1 & t we %all nev] discov] a reason1 :y any object may or may n be ! cause ( any o!r1 h[ev] great1 or h[ev] little ! resemblance may be betwixt !m4 ,?is evid5tly de/roys ! prec$5t reason+ conc]n+ ! cause ( ?\ght or p]ception4 ,= ?\gh !re appe> no mann] ( connexion betwixt motion or ?\ght1 ! case is ! same ) all o!r causes & effects4 ,place "o body ( a p\nd weight on "o end ( a lev]1 & ano!r body ( ! same weight on ano!r end2 y w nev] f9d 9 ^! bodies any pr9ciple ( motion dep5d5t on _! di/ances f ! c5t]1 m ?an ( ?\ght & p]ception4 ,if y pret5d1 !re=e1 to prove a priori1 t su* a position ( bodies c nev] cause ?\ght2 because turn x :i* way y w1 x is no?+ b a position ( bodies2 y mu/ by ! same c\rse ( reason+ conclude1 t x c nev] produce motion2 s9ce !re is no m app>5t connexion 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,b z ?is latt] conclusion is contr>y to evid5t exp]i5ce1 & z x is possible we may h a l exp]i5ce 9 ! op]ations ( ! m9d1 & may p]ceive a con/ant conjunction ( ?\ght & motion2 y reason too ha/ily1 :5 f ! m]e consid]ation ( ! ideas1 y conclude t x is impossible motion c ev] produce ?\ght1 or a diff]5t position ( p>ts give rise to a diff]5t passion or reflection4 ,nay x is n only possible we may h su* an exp]i5ce1 b x is c]ta9 we h x2 s9ce e "o may p]ceive1 t ! diff]5t dispositions ( 8 body *ange 8 ?\ghts & s5tim5ts4 ,& %\ld x be said1 t ?is dep5ds on ! union ( s\l & body2 ,i w\ld answ]1 t we mu/ sep>ate ! "q conc]n+ ! sub/ance ( ! m9d f t conc]n+ ! cause ( its ?\ght2 & t conf9+ ourselves to ! latt] "q we f9d by ! comp>+ _! ideas1 t ?\ght & motion are diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & by exp]i5ce1 t !y are con/antly unit$2 :i* be+ all ! circum/ances1 t ent] into ! idea ( cause & effect1 :5 appli$ to ! op]ations ( matt]1 we may c]ta9ly conclude1 t motion may be1 & actually is1 ! cause ( ?\ght & p]ception4 #ac ,"p ,,iii4 ,sect4 #ae4 ,!re seems only ?is dilemma left u 9 ! pres5t case2 ei!r to ass]t1 t no?+ c be ! cause ( ano!r1 b :]e ! m9d c p]ceive ! connexion 9 its idea ( ! objects3 ,or to ma9ta91 t all objects1 :i* we f9d con/antly conjo9$1 are ^u t acc\nt to be reg>d$ z causes & effects4 ,if we *oose ! fir/ "p ( ! dilemma1 ^! are ! consequ5ces4 ,fir/1 ,we 9 reality affirm1 t !re is no su* ?+ 9 ! univ]se z a cause or productive pr9ciple1 n ev5 ! deity himself2 s9ce our idea ( t supreme ,be+ is d]iv$ f p>ticul> impressions1 none ( :i* conta9 any efficacy1 nor seem to h any connexion ) any o!r exi/5ce4 ,z to :at may be said1 t ! connexion betwixt ! idea ( an inf9itely p[]ful be+1 & t ( any effect1 :i* he wills1 is necess>y & unavoidable2 ,i answ]1 t we h no idea ( a be+ end[$ ) any p[]1 mu* less ( "o end[$ ) inf9ite p[]4 ,b if we w *ange expressions1 we c only def9e p[] by connexion2 & !n 9 say+1 t ! idea1 ( an inf9itely p[]ful be+ is connect$ ) t ( e effect1 :i* he wills1 we really d no m ?an ass]t1 t a be+1 ^: volition is connect$ ) e effect1 is connect$ ) e effect3 :i* is an id5tical proposition1 & gives u no insight into ! nature ( ?is p[] or connexion4 ,b1 secondly1 suppos+1 t ! deity 7 ! great & efficaci\s pr9ciple1 :i* supplies ! defici5cy ( all causes1 ?is leads u into ! grosse/ impieties & absurdities4 ,= ^u ! same acc\nt1 t we h rec\rse to him 9 natural op]ations1 & ass]t t matt] _c ( itself communicate motion1 or produce ?\ght1 viz4 because !re is no app>5t connexion betwixt ^! objects2 ,i say1 ^u ! v same acc\nt1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! deity is ! au?or ( all our volitions & p]ceptions2 s9ce !y h no m app>5t connexion ei!r ) "o ano!r1 or ) ! suppos$ b unkn[n sub/ance ( ! s\l4 ,?is ag5cy ( ! supreme ,be+ we "k to h be5 ass]t$ by#ad sev]al philosoph]s ) relation to all ! actions ( ! m9d1 except volition1 or r an inconsid]able "p ( volition2 ?\gh x is easy to p]ceive1 t ?is exception is a m]e pretext1 to avoid ! dang]\s consequ5ces ( t doctr9e4 ,if no?+ be active b :at has an app>5t p[]1 ?\ght is 9 no case any m active ?an matt]2 & if ?is inactivity mu/ make u h rec\rse to a deity1 ! supreme be+ is ! real cause ( all our actions1 bad z well z good1 vici\s z well z virtu\s4 #ad ,z fa!r ,malebran*e & o!r ,c>tesians4 ,?us we are necess>ily r$uc$ to ! o!r side ( ! dilemma1 viz44 t all objects1 :i* are f\nd to be con/antly conjo9$1 are ^u t acc\nt only to be reg>d$ z causes & effects4 ,n[ z all objects1 :i* are n contr>y1 are susceptible ( a con/ant conjunction1 & z no real objects are contr>y3 x foll[s1 t = ought we c det]m9e by ! m]e ideas1 any ?+ may be ! cause or effect ( any ?+2 :i* evid5tly gives ! advantage to ! mat]iali/s above _! antagoni/s4 ,to pron\nce1 !n1 ! f9al decision ^u ! :ole2 ! "q conc]n+ ! sub/ance ( ! s\l is absolutely un9telligible3 ,all our p]ceptions are n susceptible ( a local union1 ei!r ) :at is ext5d$ or unext5d$3 !re be+ "s ( !m ( ! "o k9d1 & "s ( ! o!r3 ,& z ! con/ant conjunction ( objects con/itutes ! v ess5ce ( cause & effect1 matt] & motion may (t5 be reg>d$ z ! causes ( ?\ght1 z f> z we h any notion ( t relation4 ,x is c]ta9ly a k9d ( indignity to philosophy1 ^: sov]eign au?ority ought e :]e to be ackn[l$g$1 to oblige h] on e occasion to make apologies = h] conclusions1 & ju/ify h]self to e p>ticul> art & sci5ce1 :i* may be (f5d$ at h]4 ,?is puts "o 9 m9d ( a k+ arra+$ = high-treason aga9/ 8 subjects4 ,!re is only "o occasion1 :5 philosophy w ?9k x necess>y & ev5 hon\rable to ju/ify h]self1 & t is1 :5 religion may seem to be 9 ! lea/ (f5d$2 ^: rights are z de> to h] z h] own1 & are inde$ ! same4 ,if any "o1 !re=e1 %\ld imag9e t ! =ego+ argum5ts are any ways dang]\s to religion1 ,i hope ! foll[+ apology w remove 8 appreh5sions4 ,!re is no f\ndation = any conclusion a priori1 ei!r conc]n+ ! op]ations or duration ( any object1 ( :i* x is possible = ! human m9d to =m a conception4 ,any object may be imag9$ to become entirely inactive1 or to be annihilat$ 9 a mom5t2 & x is an evid5t pr9ciple1 t :atev] we c imag9e1 is possible4 ,n[ ?is is no m true ( matt]1 ?an ( _s2 ( an ext5d$ comp\nd$ sub/ance1 ?an ( a simple & unext5d$4 ,9 bo? cases ! metaphysical argum5ts = ! immortality ( ! s\l are equally inconclusive3 & 9 bo? cases ! moral argum5ts & ^? d]iv$ f ! analogy ( nature are equally /rong & conv9c+4 ,if my philosophy1 !re=e1 makes no addition to ! argum5ts = religion1 ,i h at lea/ ! satisfaction to ?9k x takes no?+ f !m1 b t e ?+ rema9s precisely z be=e4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,id5tity ,!re are "s philosoph]s :o imag9e we are e mom5t intimately consci\s ( :at we call our ,,self2 t we feel its exi/5ce & its cont9uance 9 exi/5ce2 & are c]ta91 beyond ! evid5ce ( a demon/ration1 bo? o its p]fect id5tity & simplicity4 ,! /ronge/ s5sation1 ! mo/ viol5t passion1 say !y1 in/ead ( di/ract+ u f ?is view1 only fix x ! m int5sely1 & make u consid] _! influ5ce on self ei!r by _! pa9 or pleasure4 ,to attempt a f>!r pro( ( ?is 7 to weak5 its evid5ce2 s9ce no pro( c be d]iv$ f any fact1 ( :i* we are s intimately consci\s2 nor is !re any ?+1 ( :i* we c be c]ta91 if we d\bt ( ?is4 ,unluckily all ^! positive ass]tions are contr>y to t v exp]i5ce1 :i* is plead$ = !m1 nor h we any idea ( self1 aft] ! mann] x is "h expla9$4 ,= f :at impression c\ld ?is idea be d]iv$8 ,?is "q x is impossible to answ] )\t a manife/ contradiction & absurdity2 & yet x is a "q1 :i* mu/ necess>ily be answ]$1 if we w\ld h ! idea ( self pass = cle> & intelligible1 ,x mu/ be "s "o impression1 t gives rise to e real idea4 ,b self or p]son is n any "o impression1 b t to :i* our sev]al impressions & ideas are suppos$ to h a ref]5ce4 ,if any impression gives rise to ! idea ( self1 t impression mu/ cont9ue inv>iably ! same1 ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( our lives2 s9ce self is suppos$ to exi/ aft] t mann]4 ,b !re is no impression con/ant & inv>iable4 ,pa9 & pleasure1 grief & joy1 passions & s5sations succe$ ea* o!r1 & nev] all exi/ at ! same "t4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be f any ( ^! impressions1 or f any o!r1 t ! idea ( self is d]iv$2 & consequ5tly !re is no su* idea4 ,b f>!r1 :at mu/ become ( all our p>ticul> p]ceptions ^u ?is hypo!sis8 ,all ^! are diff]5t1 & di/+ui%able1 & sep>able f ea* o!r1 & may be sep>ately consid]$1 & may exi/ sep>ately1 & h no ,de$ ( t9y ?+ to support _! exi/5ce4 ,aft] :at mann]1 !re=e1 d !y belong to self2 & h[ are !y connect$ ) x8 ,= my "p1 :5 ,i ent] mo/ intimately into :at ,i call myself1 ,i always /umble on "s p>ticul> p]ception or o!r1 ( heat or cold1 light or %ade1 love or hatr$1 pa9 or pleasure4 ,i nev] c cat* myself at any "t )\t a p]ception1 & nev] c obs]ve any ?+ b ! p]ception4 ,:5 my p]ceptions are remov$ = any "t1 z by s\nd sleep2 s long am ,i ins5sible ( myself1 & may truly be said n to exi/4 ,& 7 all my p]ceptions remov$ by dea?1 & c\ld ,i nei!r ?9k1 nor feel1 nor see1 nor love1 nor hate aft] ! dissolution ( my body1 ,i %\ld be entirely annihilat$1 nor d ,i conceive :at is f>!r requisite to make me a p]fect non-entity4 ,if any "o1 ^u s]i\s & unprejudic$ reflection ?9ks he has a diff]5t notion ( himself1 ,i mu/ confess ,i c reason no long] ) him4 ,all ,i c all[ him is1 t he may be 9 ! "r z well z ,i1 & t we are ess5tially diff]5t 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,he may1 p]haps1 p]ceive some?+ simple & cont9u$1 :i* he calls himself2 ?\gh ,i am c]ta9 !re is no su* pr9ciple 9 me4 ,b sett+ aside "s metaphysicians ( ?is k9d1 ,i may v5ture to affirm ( ! re/ ( mank9d1 t !y are no?+ b a bundle or collection ( diff]5t p]ceptions1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r ) an inconceivable rapidity1 & are 9 a p]petual flux & movem5t4 ,our eyes _c turn 9 _! sockets )\t v>y+ our p]ceptions4 ,our ?\ght is /ill m v>iable ?an our sight2 & all our o!r s5ses & faculties contribute to ?is *ange2 nor is !re any s+le p[] ( ! s\l1 :i* rema9s unalt]ably ! same1 p]haps = "o mom5t4 ,! m9d is a k9d ( !atre1 :]e sev]al p]ceptions successively make _! appe>ance2 pass1 re-pass1 glide away1 & m+le 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( po/ures & situations4 ,!re is prop]ly no simplicity 9 x at "o "t1 nor id5tity 9 diff]5t2 :atev] natural prop5sion we may h to imag9e t simplicity & id5tity4 ,! comp>ison ( ! !atre mu/ n mislead u4 ,!y are ! successive p]ceptions only1 t con/itute ! m9d2 nor h we ! mo/ di/ant notion ( ! place1 :]e ^! sc5es are repres5t$1 or ( ! mat]ials1 ( :i* x is compos$4 ,:at !n gives u s great a prop5sion to ascribe an id5tity to ^! successive p]ceptions1 & to suppose ourselves posse/ ( an inv>iable & un9t]rupt$ exi/5ce ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( our lives8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwixt p]sonal id5tity1 z x reg>ds our ?\ght or imag9ation1 & z x reg>ds our passions or ! conc]n we take 9 ourselves4 ,! fir/ is our pres5t subject2 & to expla9 x p]fectly we mu/ take ! matt] pretty deep1 & acc\nt = t id5tity1 :i* we attribute to plants & animals2 !re be+ a great analogy betwixt x1 & ! id5tity ( a self or p]son4 ,we h a di/9ct idea ( an object1 t rema9s inv>iable & un9t]rupt$ ?r\gh a suppos$ v>iation ( "t2 & ?is idea we call t ( id5tity or sam5ess4 ,we h also a di/9ct idea ( sev]al diff]5t objects exi/+ 9 succession1 & connect$ toge!r by a close relation2 & ?is to an accurate view af=ds z p]fect a notion ( div]sity1 z if !re 0 no mann] ( relation among ! objects4 ,b ?\gh ^! two ideas ( id5tity1 & a succession ( relat$ objects be 9 !mselves p]fectly di/9ct1 & ev5 contr>y1 yet x is c]ta91 t 9 our common way ( ?9k+ !y are g5]ally conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r4 ,t action ( ! imag9ation1 by :i* we consid] ! un9t]rupt$ & inv>iable object1 & t by :i* we reflect on ! succession ( relat$ objects1 are almo/ ! same to ! feel+1 nor is !re mu* m ef=t ( ?\ght requir$ 9 ! latt] case ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,! relation facilitates ! transition ( ! m9d f "o object to ano!r1 & r5d]s its passage z smoo? z if x contemplat$ "o cont9u$ object4 ,?is resemblance is ! cause ( ! confusion & mi/ake1 & makes u sub/itute ! notion ( id5tity1 in/ead ( t ( relat$ objects4 ,h[ev] at "o in/ant we may consid] ! relat$ succession z v>iable or int]rupt$1 we are sure ! next to ascribe to x a p]fect id5tity1 & reg>d x z enviable & un9t]rupt$4 ,our prop5sity to ?is mi/ake is s great f ! resemblance above-m5tion$1 t we fall into x be=e we are aw>e2 & ?\gh we incessantly correct ourselves by reflection1 & return to a m accurate me?od ( ?9k+1 yet we _c long su/a9 our philosophy1 or take (f ?is biass f ! imag9ation4 ,our la/ res\rce is to yield to x1 & boldly ass]t t ^! diff]5t relat$ objects are 9 effect ! same1 h[ev] int]rupt$ & v>iable4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify to ourselves ?is absurdity1 we (t5 feign "s new & un9telligible pr9ciple1 t connects ! objects toge!r1 & prev5ts _! int]ruption or v>iation4 ,?us we feign ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! p]ceptions ( our s5ses1 to remove ! int]ruption3 & run into ! notion ( a s\l1 & self1 & sub/ance1 to disguise ! v>iation4 ,b we may f>!r obs]ve1 t :]e we d n give rise to su* a fiction1 our prop5sion to conf\nd id5tity ) relation is s great1 t we are apt to imag9e#ae some?+ unkn[n & my/]i\s1 connect+ ! p>ts1 beside _! relation2 & ?is ,i take to be ! case ) reg>d to ! id5tity we ascribe to plants & vegetables4 ,& ev5 :5 ?is does n take place1 we /ill feel a prop5sity to conf\nd ^! ideas1 ?\gh we are n able fully to satisfy ourselves 9 t p>ticul>1 nor f9d any ?+ inv>iable & un9t]rupt$ to ju/ify our notion ( id5tity4 #ae ,if ! read] is desir\s to see h[ a great g5ius may be influ5cd by ^! seem+ly trivial pr9ciples ( ! imag9ation1 z well z ! m]e vulg>1 let him read my ,"l ,,%aftsbury',s reason+s conc]n+ ! unit+ pr9ciple ( ! univ]se1 & ! id5tity ( plants & animals4 ,see 8 ,,morali/s3 or1 ,,philosophical ,,rhapsody4 ,?us ! controv]sy conc]n+ id5tity is n m]ely a dispute ( words4 ,= :5 we attribute id5tity1 9 an improp] s5se1 to v>iable or int]rupt$ objects1 our mi/ake is n conf9$ to ! expression1 b is commonly att5d$ ) a fiction1 ei!r ( some?+ inv>iable & un9t]rupt$1 or ( some?+ my/]i\s & inexplicable1 or at lea/ ) a prop5sity to su* fictions4 ,:at w suffice to prove ?is hypo!sis to ! satisfaction ( e fair enquir]1 is to %ew f daily exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 t ! objects1 :i* are v>iable or int]rupt$1 & yet are suppos$ to cont9ue ! same1 are su* only z consi/ ( a succession ( p>ts1 connect$ toge!r by resemblance1 contiguity1 or causation4 ,= z su* a succession answ]s evid5tly to our notion ( div]sity1 x c only be by mi/ake we ascribe to x an id5tity2 & z ! relation ( p>ts1 :i* leads u into ?is mi/ake1 is really no?+ b a quality1 :i* produces an association ( ideas1 & an easy transition ( ! imag9ation f "o to ano!r1 x c only be f ! resemblance1 :i* ?is act ( ! m9d be>s to t1 by :i* we contemplate "o cont9u$ object1 t ! error arises4 ,our *ief bus9ess1 !n1 mu/ be to prove1 t all objects1 to :i* we ascribe id5tity1 )\t obs]v+ _! inv>iabl5ess & un9t]rupt$ness1 are su* z consi/ ( a succession ( relat$ objects4 ,9 ord] to ?is1 suppose any mass ( matt]1 ( :i* ! p>ts are contigu\s & connect$1 to be plac$ be=e u2 x is pla9 we mu/ attribute a p]fect id5tity to ?is mass1 provid$ all ! p>ts cont9ue un9t]rupt$ly & inv>iably ! same1 :atev] motion or *ange ( place we may obs]ve ei!r 9 ! :ole or 9 any ( ! p>ts4 ,b suppos+ "s v small or inconsid]able "p to be add$ to ! mass1 or subtract$ f x2 ?\gh ?is absolutely de/roys ! id5tity ( ! :ole1 /rictly speak+2 yet z we seldom ?9k s accurately1 we scruple n to pron\nce a mass ( matt] ! same1 :]e we f9d s trivial an alt]ation4 ,! passage ( ! ?\ght f ! object be=e ! *ange to ! object aft] x1 is s smoo? & easy1 t we sc>ce p]ceive ! transition1 & are apt to imag9e1 t x is no?+ b a cont9u$ survey ( ! same object4 ,!re is a v rem>kable circum/ance1 t att5ds ?is exp]im5t2 :i* is1 t ?\gh ! *ange ( any consid]able "p 9 a mass ( matt] de/roys ! id5tity ( ! :ole1 let we mu/ measure ! greatness ( ! "p1 n absolutely1 b by its proportion to ! :ole4 ,! addition or dim9ution ( a m\nta9 w\ld n be suffici5t to produce a div]sity 9 a planet3 ?\gh ! *ange ( a v few in*es w\ld be able to de/roy ! id5tity ( "s bodies4 ,x w be impossible to acc\nt = ?is1 b by reflect+ t objects op]ate ^u ! m9d1 & break or int]rupt ! cont9uity ( its actions n accord+ to _! real greatness1 b accord+ to _! proportion to ea* o!r3 ,& !re=e1 s9ce ?is int]ruption makes an object cease to appe> ! same1 x mu/ be ! un9t]rupt$ progress o ! ?\ght1 :i* con/itutes ! imp]fect id5tity4 ,?is may be confirm$ by ano!r ph5om5on4 ,a *ange 9 any consid]able "p ( a body de/roys its id5tity2 b x is rem>kable1 t :]e ! *ange is produc$ gradually & ins5sibly we are less apt to ascribe to x ! same effect4 ,! reason c pla9ly be no o!r1 ?an t ! m9d1 9 foll[+ ! successive *anges ( ! body1 feels an easy passage f ! survey+ its condition 9 "o mom5t to ! view+ ( x 9 ano!r1 & at no p>ticul> "t p]ceives any int]ruption 9 its actions4 ,f :i* cont9u$ p]ception1 x ascribes a cont9u$ exi/5ce & id5tity to ! object4 ,b :atev] precaution we may use 9 introduc+ ! *anges gradually1 & mak+ !m proportionable to ! :ole1 x is c]ta91 t :]e ! *anges are at la/ obs]v$ to become consid]able1 we make a scruple ( ascrib+ id5tity to su* diff]5t objects4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r artifice1 by :i* we may induce ! imag9ation to advance a /ep f>!r2 & t is1 by produc+ a ref]5ce ( ! p>ts to ea* o!r1 & a comb9ation to "s common end or purpose4 ,a %ip1 ( :i* a consid]able "p has be5 *ang$ by frequ5t rep>ations1 is /ill consid]$ z ! same2 nor does ! diff]5ce ( ! mat]ials h9d] u f ascrib+ an id5tity to x4 ,! common end1 9 :i* ! p>ts conspire1 is ! same "u all _! v>iations1 & af=ds an easy transition ( ! imag9ation f "o situation ( ! body to ano!r4 ,b ?is is /ill m rem>kable1 :5 we add a sympa?y ( p>ts to _! common end1 & suppose t !y be> to ea* o!r1 ! reciprocal relation ( cause & effect 9 all _! actions & op]ations4 ,?is is ! case ) all animals & vegetables2 :]e n only ! sev]al p>ts h a ref]5ce to "s g5]al purpose1 b also a mutual dep5d5ce on1 & connexion ) ea* o!r4 ,! effect ( s /rong a relation is1 t ?\gh e "o mu/ all[1 t 9 a v few ye>s bo? vegetables & animals endure a total *ange1 yet we /ill attribute id5tity to !m1 :ile _! =m1 size1 & sub/ance are entirely alt]$4 ,an oak1 t gr[s f a small plant to a l>ge tree1 is /ill ! same oak2 ?\gh !re be n "o p>ticle ( matt]1 or figure ( its p>ts ! same4 ,an infant becomes a man-1 & is sometimes fat1 sometimes lean1 )\t any *ange 9 8 id5tity4 ,we may also consid] ! two foll[+ pha5om5a1 :i* are rem>kable 9 _! k9d4 ,! fir/ is1 t ?\gh we commonly be able to di/+ui% pretty exactly betwixt num]ical & specific id5tity1 yet x sometimes happ5s1 t we conf\nd !m1 & 9 our ?9k+ & reason+ employ ! "o = ! o!r4 ,?us a man1 :o be>s a noise1 t is frequ5tly int]rupt$ & r5ew$1 says1 x is /ill ! same noise2 ?\gh x is evid5t ! s\nds h only a specific id5tity or resemblance1 & !re is no?+ num]ically ! same1 b ! cause1 :i* produc$ !m4 ,9 l mann] x may be said )\t brea* ( ! propriety ( language1 t su* a *ur*1 :i* 0 =m]ly ( brick1 fell to ru91 & t ! p>i% rebuilt ! same *ur* ( free-/one1 & accord+ to mod]n ar*itecture4 ,"h nei!r ! =m nor mat]ials are ! same1 nor is !re any ?+ common to ! two objects1 b _! relation to ! inhabitants ( ! p>i%2 & yet ?is alone is suffici5t to make u d5om9ate !m ! same4 ,b we mu/ obs]ve1 t 9 ^! cases ! fir/ object is 9 a mann] annihilat$ be=e ! second comes into exi/5ce2 by :i* means1 we are nev] pres5t$ 9 any "o po9t ( "t ) ! idea ( diff]5ce & multiplicity3 & = t reason are less scrupul\s 9 call+ !m ! same4 ,secondly1 ,we may rem>k1 t ?\gh 9 a succession ( relat$ objects1 x be 9 a mann] requisite1 t ! *ange ( p>ts be n sudd5 nor entire1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! id5tity1 yet :]e ! objects are 9 _! nature *angeable & incon/ant1 we admit ( a m sudd5 transition1 ?an w\ld o!rwise be consi/5t ) t relation4 ,?us z ! nature ( a riv] consi/s 9 ! motion & *ange ( p>ts2 ?\gh 9 less ?an f\r & tw5ty h\rs ^! be totally alt]$2 ?is h9d]s n ! riv] f cont9u+ ! same dur+ sev]al ages4 ,:at is natural & ess5tial to any ?+ is1 9 a mann]1 expect$2 & :at is expect$ makes less impression1 & appe>s ( less mom5t1 ?an :at is unusual & extraord9>y4 ,a consid]able *ange ( ! =m] k9d seems really less to ! imag9ation1 ?an ! mo/ trivial alt]ation ( ! latt]2 & by break+ less ! cont9uity ( ! ?\ght1 has less influ5ce 9 de/roy+ ! id5tity4 ,we n[ proce$ to expla9 ! nature ( p]sonal id5tity1 :i* has become s great a "q ill philosophy1 especially ( late ye>s 9 ,engl&1 :]e all ! ab/rus] sci5ces are /udy$ ) a peculi> ard\r & application4 ,& "h x is evid5t1 ! same me?od ( reason+ mu/ be cont9u$ :i* has s successfully expla9$ ! id5tity ( plants1 & animals1 & %ips1 & h\ses1 & ( all ! comp\nd$ & *angeable productions ei!r ( art or nature4 ,! id5tity1 :i* we ascribe to ! m9d ( man1 is only a fictiti\s "o1 & ( a l k9d ) t :i* we ascribe to vegetables & animal bodies4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 h a diff]5t orig91 b mu/ proce$ f a l op]ation ( ! imag9ation ^u l objects4 ,b le/ ?is argum5t %\ld n conv9ce ! read]2 ?\gh 9 my op9ion p]fectly decisive2 let him weigh ! foll[+ reason+1 :i* is /ill clos] & m imm$iate4 ,x is evid5t1 t ! id5tity1 :i* we attribute to ! human m9d1 h[ev] p]fect we may imag9e x to be1 is n able to run ! sev]al diff]5t p]ceptions into "o1 & make !m lose _! *>act]s ( di/9ction & diff]5ce1 :i* are ess5tial to !m4 ,x is /ill true1 t e di/9ct p]ception1 :i* ent]s into ! composition ( ! m9d1 is a di/9ct exi/5ce1 & is diff]5t1 & di/+ui%able1 & sep>able f e o!r p]ception1 ei!r contempor>y or successive4 ,b1 z1 not)/&+ ?is di/9ction & sep>ability1 we suppose ! :ole tra9 ( p]ceptions to be unit$ by id5tity1 a "q naturally arises conc]n+ ?is relation ( id5tity2 :e!r x be some?+ t really b9ds our sev]al p]ceptions toge!r1 or only associates _! ideas 9 ! imag9ation4 ,t is1 9 o!r words1 :e!r 9 pron\nc+ conc]n+ ! id5tity ( a p]son1 we obs]ve "s real bond among 8 p]ceptions1 or only feel "o among ! ideas we =m ( !m4 ,?is "q we might easily decide1 if we w\ld recollect :at has be5 already pr\d at l>ge1 t ! und]/&+ nev] obs]ves any real connexion among objects1 & t ev5 ! union ( cause & effect1 :5 /rictly exam9$1 resolves itself into a cu/om>y association ( ideas4 ,= f !nce x evid5tly foll[s1 t id5tity is no?+ really belong+ to ^! diff]5t p]ceptions1 & unit+ !m toge!r2 b is m]ely a quality1 :i* we attribute to !m1 because ( ! union ( _! ideas 9 ! imag9ation1 :5 we reflect ^u !m4 ,n[ ! only qualities1 :i* c give ideas an union 9 ! imag9ation1 are ^! ?ree relations above-m5tion$4 ,!re are ! unit+ pr9ciples 9 ! ideal _w1 & )\t !m e di/9ct object is sep>able by ! m9d1 & may be sep>ately consid]$1 & appe>s n to h any m connexion ) any o!r object1 ?an if disjo9$ by ! greate/ diff]5ce & remot5ess4 ,x is1 !re=e1 on "s ( ^! ?ree relations ( resemblance1 contiguity & causation1 t id5tity dep5ds2 & z ! v ess5ce ( ^! relations consi/s 9 _! produc+ an easy transition ( ideas2 x foll[s1 t our notions ( p]sonal id5tity1 proce$ entirely f ! smoo? & un9t]rupt$ progress ( ! ?\ght along a tra9 ( connect$ ideas1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples above-expla9$4 ,! only "q1 !re=e1 :i* rema9s1 is1 by :at relations ?is un9t]rupt$ progress ( our ?\ght is produc$1 :5 we consid] ! successive exi/5ce ( a m9d or ?9k+ p]son4 ,& "h x is evid5t we mu/ conf9e ourselves to resemblance & causation1 & mu/ drop contiguity1 :i* has little or no influ5ce 9 ! pres5t case4 ,to beg9 ) resemblance2 suppose we c\ld see cle>ly into ! brea/ ( ano!r1 & obs]ve t succession ( p]ceptions1 :i* con/itutes 8 m9d or ?9k+ pr9ciple1 & suppose t he always pres]ves ! memory ( a consid]able "p ( pa/ p]ceptions2 x is evid5t t no?+ c\ld m contribute to ! be/[+ a relation on ?is succession amid/ all its v>iations4 ,= :at is ! memory b a faculty1 by :i* we raise up ! images ( pa/ p]ceptions8 ,& z an image necess>ily resembles its object1 mu/ n4 ,! frequ5t plac+ ( ^! resembl+ p]ceptions 9 ! *a9 ( ?\ght1 convey ! imag9ation m easily f "o l9k to ano!r1 & make ! :ole seem l ! cont9uance ( "o object8 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 !n1 ! memory n only discov]s ! id5tity1 b also contributes to its production1 by produc+ ! relation ( resemblance among ! p]ceptions4 ,! case is ! same :e!r we consid] ourselves or o!rs4 ,z to causation2 we may obs]ve1 t ! true idea ( ! human m9d1 is to consid] x z a sy/em ( diff]5t p]ceptions or diff]5t exi/5ces1 :i* are l9k$ toge!r by ! relation ( cause & effect1 & mutually produce1 de/roy1 influ5ce1 & modify ea* o!r4 ,our impressions give rise to _! correspond5t ideas2 said ^! ideas 9 _! turn produce o!r impressions4 ,"o ?\ght *aces ano!r1 & draws aft] x a ?ird1 by :i* x is expell$ 9 its turn4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,i _c comp>e ! s\l m prop]ly to any ?+ ?an to a republic or commonweal?1 9 :i* ! sev]al memb]s are unit$ by ! reciprocal ties ( gov]nm5t & subord9ation1 & give rise to o!r p]sons1 :o propagate ! same republic 9 ! incessant *anges ( its p>ts4 ,& z ! same individual republic may n only *ange its memb]s1 b also its laws & con/itutions2 9 l mann] ! same p]son may v>y 8 "* & disposition1 z well z 8 impressions & ideas1 )\t los+ 8 id5tity4 ,:atev] *anges he endures1 8 sev]al p>ts are /ill connect$ by ! relation ( causation4 ,& 9 ?is view our id5tity ) reg>d to ! passions s]ves to corroborate t ) reg>d to ! imag9ation1 by ! mak+ our di/ant p]ceptions influ5ce ea* o!r1 & by giv+ u a pres5t conc]n = our pa/ or future pa9s or pleasures4 ,z a memory alone acqua9ts u ) ! cont9uance & ext5t ( ?is succession ( p]ceptions1 x is to be consid]$1 ^u t acc\nt *iefly1 z ! s\rce ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,_h we no memory1 we nev] %\ld h any notion ( causation1 nor consequ5tly ( t *a9 ( causes & effects1 :i* con/itute our self or p]son4 ,b hav+ once acquir$ ?is notion ( causation f ! memory1 we c ext5d ! same *a9 ( causes1 & consequ5tly ! id5tity ( c> p]sons beyond our memory1 & c compreh5d times1 & circum/ances1 & actions1 :i* we h entirely =got1 b suppose 9 g5]al to h exi/$4 ,= h[ few ( our pa/ actions are !re1 ( :i* we h any memory8 ,:o c tell me1 = in/ance1 :at 7 8 ?\ghts & actions on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y #agae1 ! #aa? ( ,m>* #agai1 & ! #crd ( ,augu/ #agcc8 ,or w he affirm1 because he has entirely =got ! incid5ts ( ^! days1 t ! pres5t self is n ! same p]son ) ! self ( t "t2 & by t means ov]turn all ! mo/ e/abli%$ notions ( p]sonal id5tity8 ,9 ?is view1 !re=e1 memory does n s mu* produce z discov] p]sonal id5tity1 by %ew+ u ! relation ( cause & effect among our diff]5t p]ceptions4 ,x w be incumb5t on ^?1 :o affirm t memory produces entirely our p]sonal id5tity1 to give a reason :y we c ?us ext5d our id5tity beyond our memory4 ,! :ole ( ?is doctr9e leads u to a conclusion1 :i* is ( great importance 9 ! pres5t affair1 viz4 t all ! nice & subtile que/ions conc]n+ p]sonal id5tity c nev] possibly be decid$1 & are to be reg>d$ r z gramatical ?an z philosophical difficulties4 ,id5tity dep5ds on ! relations ( ideas2 & ^! relations produce id5tity1 by means ( t easy transition !y occasion4 ,b z ! relations1 & ! eas9ess ( ! transition may dim9i% by ins5sible degrees1 we h no j /&>d1 by :i* we c decide any dispute conc]n+ ! "t1 :5 !y acquire or lose a title to ! "n ( id5tity4 ,all ! disputes conc]n+ ! id5tity ( connect$ objects are m]ely v]bal1 except s fax z ! relation ( p>ts gives rise to "s fiction or imag9>y pr9ciple ( union1 z we h already obs]v$4 ,:at ,i h said conc]n+ ! fir/ orig9 & unc]ta9ty ( our notion ( id5tity1 z appli$ to ! human m9d1 may be ext5d$ ) little or no v>iation to t ( simplicity4 ,an object1 ^: diff]5t co-exi/5t p>ts are b\nd toge!r by a close relation1 op]ates ^u ! imag9ation aft] mu* ! same mann] z "o p]fectly simple & indivisible & requires n a mu* great] /ret* ( ?\ght 9 ord] to its conception4 ,f ?is simil>ity ( op]ation we attribute a simplicity to x1 & feign a pr9ciple ( union z ! support ( ?is simplicity1 & ! c5t] ( all ! diff]5t p>ts & qualities ( ! object4 ,?us we h f9i%$ our exam9ation ( ! sev]al sy/ems ( philosophy1 bo? ( ! intellectual & natural _w2 & 9 our miscellane\s way ( reason+ h be5 l$ into sev]al topics2 :i* w ei!r illu/rate & confirm "s prec$+ "p ( ?is disc\rse1 or prep>e ! way = our foll[+ op9ions4 ,x is n[ "t to return to a m close exam9ation ( our subject1 & to proce$ 9 ! accurate anatomy ( human nature1 hav+ fully expla9$ ! nature ( our judgm5t & und]/&+s4 ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,,conclusion ,,( ,,?is ,,book4 ,b be=e ,i laun* out into ^? imm5se dep?s ( philosophy1 :i* lie be=e me1 ,i f9d myself incl9$ to /op a mom5t 9 my pres5t /ation1 & to pond] t voyage1 :i* ,i h und]tak51 & :i* und\bt$ly requires ! utmo/ art & indu/ry to be br\ght to a happy conclusion4 ,me?9ks ,i am l a man1 :o hav+ /ruck on _m %oals1 & hav+ n>r[ly escap$ %ipwreck 9 pass+ a small fri?1 has yet ! tem]ity to put out to sea 9 ! same leaky wea!r-beat5 vessel1 & ev5 c>ries 8 ambition s f> z to ?9k ( compass+ ! globe "u ^! disadvantage\s circum/ances4 ,my memory ( pa/ errors & p]plexities1 makes me diffid5t = ! future4 ,! wret*$ condition1 weakness1 & disord] ( ! faculties1 ,i mu/ employ 9 my enquiries1 encrease my appreh5sions4 ,& ! impossibility ( am5d+ or correct+ ^! faculties1 r$uces me almo/ to despair1 & makes me resolve to p]i% on ! b>r5 rock1 on :i* ,i am at pres5t1 r ?an v5ture myself ^u t b\ndless ocean1 :i* runs out into imm5sity4 ,?is sudd5 view ( my dang] /rikes me ) melan*oly2 & z x is usual = t passion1 above all o!rs1 to indulge itself2 ,i _c =be> fe$+ my despair1 ) all ^? despond+ reflections1 :i* ! pres5t subject furni%es me ) 9 su* abundance4 ,i am fir/ affright$ & conf\nd$ ) t =elorn solitude1 9 :i* ,i am plac$ 9 my philosophy1 & fancy myself "s /range unc\? mon/]1 :o n be+ able to m+le & unite 9 society1 has be5 expell$ all human comm]ce1 & left utt]ly ab&on$ & disconsolate4 ,fa9 w\ld ,i run into ! cr[d = %elt] & w>m?2 b _c prevail ) myself to mix ) su* de=mity4 ,i call ^u o!rs to jo9 me1 9 ord] to make a company ap>t2 b no "o w he>k5 to me4 ,e "o keeps at a di/ance1 & dreads t /orm1 :i* beats ^u me f e side4 ,i h expos$ myself to ! enmity ( all metaphysicians1 logicians1 ma!maticians1 & ev5 !ologians2 & c ,i wond] at ! insults ,i mu/ suff]8 ,i h decl>$ my disapprobation ( _! sy/ems2 & c ,i be surpriz$1 if !y %\ld express a hatr$ ( m9e & ( my p]son8 ,:5 ,i look abroad1 ,i =esee on e side1 dispute1 contradiction1 ang]1 calumny & detraction4 ,:5 ,i turn my eye inw>d1 ,i f9d no?+ b d\bt & ignorance4 ,all ! _w conspires to oppose & contradict me2 ?\gh su* is my weakness1 t ,i feel all my op9ions loos5 & fall ( !mselves1 :5 unsupport$ by ! approbation ( o!rs4 ,e /ep ,i take is ) hesitation1 & e new reflection makes me dread an error & absurdity 9 my reason+4 ,= ) :at confid5ce c ,i v5ture ^u su* bold ent]prises1 :5 beside ^? numb]less infirmities peculi> to myself1 ,i f9d s _m :i* are common to human nature8 ,c ,i be sure1 t 9 leav+ all e/abli%$ op9ions ,i am foll[+ tru?2 & by :at crit]ion %all ,i di/+ui% h]1 ev5 if =tune %\ld at la/ guide me on h] foot-/eps8 ,aft] ! mo/ accurate & exact ( my reason+s1 ,i c give no reason :y ,i %\ld ass5t to x2 & feel no?+ b a /rong prop5sity to consid] objects /rongly 9 t view1 "u :i* !y appe> to me4 ,exp]i5ce is a pr9ciple1 :i* in/ructs me 9 ! sev]al conjunctions ( objects = ! pa/4 ,habit is ano!r pr9ciple1 :i* det]m9es me to expect ! same = ! future2 & bo? ( !m conspir+ to op]ate ^u ! imag9ation1 make me =m c]ta9 ideas 9 a m int5se & lively mann]1 ?an o!rs1 :i* are n att5d$ ) ! same advantages4 ,)\t ?is quality1 by :i* ! m9d enliv5s "s ideas beyond o!rs 7:i* seem+ly is s trivial1 & s little f\nd$ on reason7 we c\ld nev] ass5t to any argum5t1 nor c>ry our view beyond ^? few objects1 :i* are pres5t to our s5ses4 ,nay1 ev5 to ^! objects we c\ld nev] attribute any exi/5ce1 b :at 0 dep5d5t on ! s5ses2 & mu/ compreh5d !m entirely 9 t succession ( p]ceptions1 :i* con/itutes our self or p]son4 ,nay f>!r1 ev5 ) relation to t succession1 we c\ld only admit ( ^? p]ceptions1 :i* are imm$iately pres5t to our consci\sness1 nor c\ld ^? lively images1 ) :i* ! memory pres5ts u1 be ev] receiv$ z true pictures ( pa/ p]ceptions4 ,! memory1 s5ses1 & und]/&+ are1 !re=e1 all ( !m f\nd$ on ! imag9ation1 or ! vivacity ( our ideas4 ,no wond] a pr9ciple s incon/ant & fallaci\s %\ld lead u into errors1 :5 implicitly foll[$ 7z x mu/ be7 9 all its v>iations4 ,x is ?is pr9ciple1 :i* makes u reason f causes & effects2 & x is ! same pr9ciple1 :i* conv9ces u ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ext]nal objects1 :5 abs5t f ! s5ses4 ,b ?\gh ^! two op]ations be equally natural & necess>y 9 ! human m9d1 yet 9 "s circum/ances !y are#af directly contr>y1 nor is x possible = u to reason ju/ly & regul>ly f causes & effects1 & at ! same "t believe ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,h[ !n %all we adju/ ^? pr9ciples toge!r8 ,:i* ( !m %all we pref]8 ,or 9 case we pref] nei!r ( !m1 b successively ass5t to bo?1 z is usual among philosoph]s1 ) :at confid5ce c we aft]w>ds usurp t glori\s title1 :5 we ?us kn[+ly embrace a manife/ contradiction8 #af ,sect4 #d4 ,?is contradiction#ag w\ld be m excusable1 7 x comp5sat$ by any degree ( solidity & satisfaction 9 ! o!r p>ts ( our reason+4 ,b ! case is q contr>y4 ,:5 we trace up ! human und]/&+ to its fir/ pr9ciples1 we f9d x to lead u into su* s5tim5ts1 z seem to turn into ridicule all our pa/ pa9s & indu/ry1 & to disc\rage u f future enquiries4 ,no?+ is m curi\sly enquir$ aft] by ! m9d ( man1 ?an ! causes ( e ph5om5on2 nor are we cont5t ) kn[+ ! imm$iate causes1 b pu% on our enquiries1 till we arrive at ! orig9al & ultimate pr9ciple4 ,we w\ld n will+ly /op be=e we are acqua9t$ ) t en]gy 9 ! cause1 by :i* x op]ates on its effect2 t tie1 :i* connects !m toge!r2 & t efficaci\s quality1 on :i* ! tie dep5ds4 ,?is is our aim 9 all our /udies & reflections3 ,& h[ mu/ we be disappo9t$1 :5 we le>n1 t ?is connexion1 tie1 or en]gy lies m]ely 9 ourselves1 & is no?+ b t det]m9ation ( ! m9d1 :i* is acquir$ by cu/om1 & causes u to make a transition f an object to its usual att5dant1 & f ! impression ( "o to ! lively idea ( ! o!r8 ,su* a discov]y n only cuts (f all hope ( ev] atta9+ satisfaction1 b ev5 prev5ts our v wi%es2 s9ce x appe>s1 t :5 we say we desire to "k ! ultimate & op]at+ pr9ciple1 z some?+1 :i* resides 9 ! ext]nal object1 we ei!r contradict ourselves1 or talk )\t a mean+4 #ag ,"p ,,iii4 ,sect4 #ad4 ,?is defici5cy 9 our ideas is n1 inde$1 p]ceiv$ 9 common life1 nor are we s5sible1 t 9 ! mo/ usual conjunctions ( cause & effect we are z ignorant ( ! ultimate pr9ciple1 :i* b9ds !m toge!r1 z 9 ! mo/ unusual & extraord9>y4 ,b ?is proce$s m]ely f an illusion ( ! imag9ation2 & ! "q is1 h[ f> we ought to yield to ^! illusions4 ,?is "q is v difficult1 & r$uces u to a v dang]\s dilemma1 :i*ev] way we answ] x4 ,= if we ass5t to e trivial sugge/ion ( ! fancy2 beside t ^! sugge/ions are (t5 contr>y to ea* o!r2 !y lead u into su* errors1 absurdities1 & obscurities1 t we mu/ at la/ become a%am$ ( our cr$ulity4 ,no?+ is m dang]\s to reason ?an ! flights ( ! imag9ation1 & no?+ has be5 ! occasion ( m mi/akes among philosoph]s4 ,m5 ( bright fancies may 9 ?is respect be comp>$ to ^? angels1 :om ! scripture repres5ts z cov]+ _! eyes ) _! w+s4 ,?is has already appe>$ 9 s _m in/ances1 t we may sp>e ourselves ! tr\ble ( enl>g+ ^u x any f>!r4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 if ! consid]ation ( ^! in/ances makes u take a resolution to reject all ! trivial sugge/ions ( ! fancy1 & adh]e to ! und]/&+1 t is1 to ! g5]al & m e/abli%$ prop]ties ( ! imag9ation2 ev5 ?is resolution1 if /eadily execut$1 w\ld be dang]\s1 & att5d$ ) ! mo/ fatal consequ5ces4 ,= ,i h already %ewn1#ah t ! und]/&+1 :5 x acts alone1 & accord+ to its mo/ g5]al pr9ciples1 entirely subv]ts itself1 & leaves n ! l[e/ degree ( evid5ce 9 any proposition1 ei!r 9 philosophy or common life4 ,we save ourselves f ?is total scepticism only by means ( t s+ul> & seem+ly trivial prop]ty ( ! fancy1 by :i* we ent] ) difficulty into remote views ( ?+s1 & are n able to accompany !m ) s s5sible an impression1 z we d ^?1 :i* are m easy & natural4 ,%all we1 !n1 e/abli% x = a g5]al maxim1 t no ref9$ or elaborate reason+ is ev] to be receiv$8 ,consid] well ! consequ5ces ( su* a pr9ciple4 ,by ?is means y cut (f entirely all sci5ce & philosophy3 ,y proce$ ^u "o s+ul> quality ( ! imag9ation1 & by a p>ity ( reason mu/ embrace all ( !m3 ,& y expressly contradict y\rself2 s9ce ?is maxim mu/ be built on ! prec$+ reason+1 :i* w be all[$ to be suffici5tly ref9$ & metaphysical4 ,:at p>ty1 !n1 %all we *oose among ^! difficulties8 ,if we embrace ?is pr9ciple1 & condemn all ref9$ reason+1 we run into ! mo/ manife/ absurdities4 ,if we reject x 9 fav\r ( ^! reason+s1 we subv]t entirely ! human und]/&+4 ,we h1 !re=e1 no *oice left b betwixt a false reason & none at all4 ,= my "p1 "k n :at ought to be done 9 ! pres5t case4 ,i c only obs]ve :at is commonly done2 :i* is1 t ?is difficulty is seldom or nev] ?\ght (2 & ev5 :]e x has once be5 pres5t to ! m9d1 is quickly =got1 & leaves b a small impression beh9d x4 ,v ref9$ reflections h little or no influ5ce ^u u2 & yet we d n1 & _c e/abli% x = a rule1 t !y ought n to h any influ5ce2 :i* implies a manife/ contradiction4 #ah ,sect4 #a4 ,b :at h ,i "h said1 t reflections v ref9$ & metaphysical h little or no influ5ce ^u u8 ,?is op9ion ,i c sc>ce =be> retract+1 & condemn+ f my pres5t feel+ & exp]i5ce4 ,! int5se view ( ^! manifold contradictions & imp]fections 9 human reason has s wr\ght ^u me1 & heat$ my bra91 t ,i am ready to reject all belief & reason+1 & c look ^u no op9ion ev5 z m probable or likely ?an ano!r4 ,:]e am ,i1 or :at8 ,f :at causes d ,i d]ive my exi/5ce1 & to :at condition %all ,i return8 ,^: fav\r %all ,i c\rt1 & ^: ang] mu/ ,i dread8 ,:at be+s surr\nd me8 & on :om h1 ,i any influ5ce1 or :o h any influ5ce on me8 ,i am conf\nd$ ) all ^! que/ions1 & beg9 to fancy myself 9 ! mo/ deplorable condition imag9able1 inviron$ ) ! deepe/ d>kness1 & utt]ly depriv$ ( ! use ( e memb] & faculty4 ,mo/ =tunately x happ5s1 t s9ce reason is incapable ( dispell+ ^! cl\ds1 nature h]self suffices to t purpose1 & cures me ( ?is philosophical melan*oly & delirium1 ei!r by relax+ ?is b5t ( m9d1 or by "s avocation1 & lively impression ( my s5ses1 :i* oblit]ate all ^! *im]as4 ,i d9e1 ,i play a game ( backgammon1 ,i conv]se1 & am m]ry ) my fri5ds2 & :5 aft] ?ree or f\r h\rs' amusem5t1 ,i w\ld return to ^! speculations1 !y appe> s cold1 & /ra9$1 & ridicul\s1 t ,i _c f9d 9 my he>t to ent] into !m any f>!r4 ,"h !n ,i f9d myself absolutely & necess>ily det]m9$ to live1 & talk1 & act l o!r p 9 ! common affairs ( life4 ,b not)/&+ t my natural prop5sity1 & ! c\rse ( my animal spirits & passions r$uce me to ?is indol5t belief 9 ! g5]al maxims ( ! _w1 ,i /ill feel su* rema9s ( my =m] disposition1 t ,i am ready to ?r[ all my books & pap]s into ! fire1 & resolve nev] m to r5\nce ! pleasures ( life = ! sake ( reason+ & philosophy4 ,= ^? are my s5tim5ts 9 t spl5etic hum\r1 :i* gov]ns me at pres5t4 ,i may1 nay ,i mu/ yield to ! curr5t ( nature1 9 submitt+ to my s5ses & und]/&+2 & 9 ?is bl9d submission ,i %ew mo/ p]fectly my sceptical disposition & pr9ciples4 ,b does x foll[1 t ,i mu/ /rive aga9/ ! curr5t ( nature1 :i* leads me to indol5ce & pleasure2 t ,i mu/ seclude myself1 9 "s measure1 f ! comm]ce & society ( m51 :i* is s agreeable2 & t ,i mu/ torture my bra9s ) subtilities & sophi/ries1 at ! v "t t ,i _c satisfy myself conc]n+ ! reasonabl5ess ( s pa9ful an application1 nor h any tol]able prospect ( arriv+ by its means at tru? & c]ta9ty4 ,"u :at obligation d ,i lie ( mak+ su* an abuse ( "t8 ,& to :at end c x s]ve ei!r = ! s]vice ( mank9d1 or = my own private int]e/8 ,no3 ,if ,i mu/ be a fool1 z all ^? :o reason or believe any ?+ c]ta9ly are1 my follies %all at lea/ be natural & agreeable4 ,:]e ,i /rive aga9/ my incl9ation1 ,i %all h a good reason = my resi/ance2 & w no m be l$ a w&]+ into su* dre>y solitudes1 & r\gh passages1 z ,i h hi!rto met )4 ,^! are ! s5tim5ts ( my sple5 & indol5ce2 & inde$ ,i mu/ confess1 t philosophy has no?+ to oppose to !m1 & expects a victory m f ! returns ( a s]i\s good-hum\r$ disposition1 ?an f ! =ce ( reason & conviction4 ,9 all ! incid5ts ( life we ought /ill to pres]ve our scepticism4 ,if we believe1 t fire w>ms1 or wat] refre%es1 x is only because x co/s u too mu* pa9s to ?9k o!rwise4 ,nay if we are philosoph]s1 x ought only to be ^u sceptical pr9ciples1 & f an incl9ation1 :i* we feel to ! employ+ ourselves aft] t mann]4 ,:]e reason is lively1 & mixes itself ) "s prop5sity1 x ought to be ass5t$ to4 ,:]e x does n1 x nev] c h any title to op]ate ^u u4 ,at ! "t1 !re=e1 t ,i am tir$ ) amusem5t & company1 & h indulg$ a rev]ie 9 my *amb]1 or 9 a solit>y walk by a riv]-side1 ,i feel my m9d all collect$ )9 itself1 & am naturally incl9$ to c>ry my view into all ^? subjects1 ab\t :i* ,i h met ) s _m disputes 9 ! c\rse ( my read+ & conv]sation4 ,i _c =be> hav+ a curiosity to be acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( moral good & evil1 ! nature & f\ndation ( gov]nm5t1 & ! cause ( ^? sev]al passions & incl9ations1 :i* actuate & gov]n me4 ,i am uneasy to ?9k ,i approve ( "o object1 & disapprove ( ano!r2 call "o ?+ beautiful1 & ano!r de=m$2 decide conc]n+ tru? & fal%ood1 reason & folly1 )\t kn[+ ^u :at pr9ciples ,i proce$4 ,i am conc]n$ = ! condition ( ! le>n$ _w1 :i* lies "u su* a deplorable ignorance 9 all ^! p>ticul>s4 ,i feel an ambition to arise 9 me ( contribut+ to ! in/ruction ( mank9d1 & ( acquir+ a "n by my inv5tions & discov]ies4 ,^! s5tim5ts spr+ up naturally 9 my pres5t disposition2 & %\ld ,i endeav\r to bani% !m1 by atta*+ myself to any o!r bus9ess or div]sion1 ,i feel ,i %\ld be a los] 9 po9t ( pleasure2 & ?is is ! orig9 ( my philosophy4 ,b ev5 suppose ?is curiosity & ambition %\ld n transport me into speculations )\t ! sph]e ( common life1 x w\ld necess>ily happ51 t f my v weakness ,i mu/ be l$ into su* enquiries4 ,x is c]ta91 t sup]/ition is mu* m bold 9 its sy/ems & hypo!ses ?an philosophy2 & :ile ! latt] cont5ts itself ) assign+ new causes & pr9ciples to ! pha5om5a1 :i* appe> 9 ! visible _w1 ! =m] op5s a _w ( its own1 & pres5ts u ) sc5es1 & be+s1 & objects1 :i* are altoge!r new4 ,s9ce !re=e x is almo/ impossible = ! m9d ( man to re/1 l ^? ( bea/s1 9 t n>r[ circle ( objects1 :i* are ! subject ( daily conv]sation & action1 we ought only to delib]ate conc]n+ ! *oice ( our guide1 & ought to pref] t :i* is safe/ & mo/ agreeable4 ,& 9 ?is respect ,i make bold to recomm5d philosophy1 & %all n scruple to give x ! pref]5ce to sup]/ition ( e k9d or d5om9ation4 ,= z sup]/ition arises naturally & easily f ! popul> op9ions ( mank9d1 x seizes m /rongly on ! m9d1 & is (t5 able to di/urb u 9 ! conduct ( our lives & actions4 ,philosophy on ! contr>y1 if j1 c pres5t u only ) mild & mod]ate s5tim5ts2 & if false & extravagant1 its op9ions are m]ely ! objects ( a cold & g5]al speculation1 & seldom g s f> z to int]rupt ! c\rse ( our natural prop5sities4 ,! ,,cynics are an extraord9>y in/ance ( philosoph]s1 :o f reason+s purely philosophical ran into z great extravagancies ( conduct z any ,monk or ,d]vise t ev] 0 9 ! _w4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! errors 9 religion are dang]\s2 ^? 9 philosophy only ridicul\s4 ,i am s5sible1 t ^! two cases ( ! /r5g? & weakness ( ! m9d w n compreh5d all mank9d1 & t !re are 9 ,engl&1 9 p>ticul>1 _m hone/ g5tlem51 :o be+ always employ$ 9 _! dome/ic affairs1 or amus+ !mselves 9 common recreations1 h c>ri$ _! ?\ghts v little beyond ^? objects1 :i* are e day expos$ to _! s5ses4 ,& inde$1 ( su* z ^! ,i pret5d n to make philosoph]s1 nor d ,i expect !m ei!r to be associates 9 ^! rese>*es or auditors ( ^! discov]ies4 ,!y d well to keep !mselves 9 _! pres5t situation2 & in/ead ( ref9+ !m into philosoph]s1 ,i wi% we c\ld communicate to our f\nd]s ( sy/ems1 a %>e ( ?is gross e>?y mixture1 z an +r$i5t1 :i* !y commonly /& mu* 9 ne$ (1 & :i* w\ld s]ve to temp] ^? fi]y p>ticles1 ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,:ile a w>m imag9ation is all[$ to ent] into philosophy1 & hypo!ses embrac$ m]ely = be+ speci\s & agreeable1 we c nev] h any /eady pr9ciples1 nor any s5tim5ts1 :i* w suit ) common practice & exp]i5ce4 ,b 7 ^! hypo!ses once remov$1 we might hope to e/abli% a sy/em or set ( op9ions1 :i* if n true 7= t1 p]haps1 is too mu* to be hop$ =7 might at lea/ be satisfactory to ! human m9d1 & might /& ! te/ ( ! mo/ critical exam9ation4 ,nor %\ld we despair ( atta9+ ?is end1 because ( ! _m *im]ical sy/ems1 :i* h successively aris5 & decay$ away among m51 w\ld we consid] ! %ortness ( t p]iod1 :]e9 ^! que/ions h be5 ! subjects ( enquiry & reason+4 ,two ?\s& ye>s ) su* long int]ruptions1 & "u su* mighty disc\ragem5ts are a small space ( "t to give any tol]able p]fection to ! sci5ces2 & p]haps we are /ill 9 too e>ly an age ( ! _w to discov] any pr9ciples1 :i* w be> ! exam9ation ( ! late/ po/]ity4 ,= my "p1 my only hope is1 t ,i may contribute a little to ! advancem5t ( k1 by giv+ 9 "s p>ticul>s a diff]5t turn to ! speculations ( philosoph]s1 & po9t+ out to !m m di/9ctly ^? subjects1 :]e alone !y c expect assurance & conviction4 ,human ,nature is ! only sci5ce ( man2 & yet has be5 hi!rto ! mo/ neglect$4 ,x w be suffici5t = me1 if ,i c br+ x a little m into fa%ion2 & ! hope ( ?is s]ves to compose my temp] f t sple51 & invigorate x f t indol5ce1 :i* sometimes prevail ^u me4 ,if ! read] f9ds himself 9 ! same easy disposition1 let him foll[ me 9 my future speculations4 ,if n1 let him foll[ 8 incl9ation1 & wait ! returns ( application & good hum\r4 ,! conduct ( a man1 :o /udies philosophy 9 ?is c>eless mann]1 is m truly sceptical ?an t ( "o1 :o feel+ 9 himself an incl9ation to x1 is yet s ov]:elm$ ) d\bts & scruples1 z totally to reject x4 ,a true sceptic w be diffid5t ( 8 philosophical d\bts1 z well z ( 8 philosophical conviction2 & w nev] refuse any innoc5t satisfaction1 :i* (f]s itself1 ^u acc\nt ( ei!r ( !m4 ,nor is x only prop] we %\ld 9 g5]al indulge our incl9ation 9 ! mo/ elaborate philosophical rese>*es1 not)/&+ our sceptical pr9ciples1 b also t we %\ld yield to t prop5sity1 :i* incl9es u to be positive & c]ta9 9 p>ticul> po9ts1 accord+ to ! light1 9 :i* we survey !m 9 any p>ticul> in/ant4 ,x is easi] to =be> all exam9ation & enquiry1 ?an to *eck ourselves 9 s natural a prop5sity1 & gu>d aga9/ t assurance1 :i* always arises f an exact & full survey ( an object4 ,on su* an occasion we are apt n only to =get our scepticism1 b ev5 our mode/y too2 & make use ( su* t]ms z ^!1 x is evid5t1 x is c]ta91 x is und5iable2 :i* a due def]5ce to ! public ought1 p]haps1 to prev5t4 ,i may h fall5 into ?is fault aft] ! example ( o!rs2 b ,i "h ent] a caveat aga9/ any ,objections1 :i* may be (f]$ on t head2 & decl>e t su* expressions 7 extort$ f me by ! pres5t view ( ! object1 & imply no dogmatical _s1 nor conceit$ idea ( my own judgm5t1 :i* are s5tim5ts t ,i am s5sible c become no body1 & a sceptic /ill less ?an any o!r4 ,,book ,,ii ,,( ,,! ,,passions ,,"p ,i ,,( ,,pride ,,& ,,humility ,,sect4 ,i ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,z all ! p]ceptions ( ! m9d may be divid$ into impressions & ideas1 s ! impressions admit ( ano!r division into orig9al & second>y4 ,?is division ( ! impressions is ! same ) t :i*#a ,i =m]ly made use ( :5 ,i di/+ui%$ !m into impressions ( s5sation & reflection4 ,orig9al impressions or impressions ( s5sation are su* z )\t any antec$5t p]ception arise 9 ! s\l1 f ! con/itution ( ! body1 f ! animal spirits1 or f ! application ( objects to ! ext]nal organs4 ,second>y1 or reflective impressions are su* z proce$ f "s ( ^! orig9al ones1 ei!r imm$iately or by ! int]position ( its idea4 ,( ! fir/ k9d are all ! impressions ( ! s5ses1 & all bodily pa9s & pleasures3 ,( ! second are ! passions1 & o!r emotions resembl+ !m4 #a ,book ,i4 ,"p ,i4 ,sect4 #b4 ,x is c]ta91 t ! m9d1 9 its p]ceptions1 mu/ beg9 some:]e2 & t s9ce ! impressions prec$e _! correspond5t ideas1 !re mu/ be "s impressions1 :i* )\t any introduction make _! appe>ance 9 ! s\l4 ,z ^! dep5d ^u natural & physical causes1 ! exam9ation ( !m w\ld lead me too f> f my pres5t subject1 into ! sci5ces ( anatomy & natural philosophy4 ,= ?is reason ,i %all "h conf9e myself to ^? o!r impressions1 :i* ,i h call$ second>y & reflective1 z aris+ ei!r f ! orig9al impressions1 or f _! ideas4 ,bodily pa9s & pleasures are ! s\rce ( _m passions1 bo? :5 felt & consid]$ by ! m9d2 b arise orig9ally 9 ! s\l1 or 9 ! body1 :i*ev] y please to call x1 )\t any prec$+ ?\ght or p]ception4 ,a fit ( ! g\t produces a long tra9 ( passions1 z grief1 hope1 fe>2 b is n d]iv$ imm$iately f any affection or idea4 ,! reflective impressions may be divid$ into two k9ds1 viz4 ! calm & ! ,,viol5t4 ,( ! fir/ k9d is ! s5se ( beauty & de=mity 9 action1 composition1 & ext]nal objects4 ,( ! second are ! passions ( love & hatr$1 grief & joy1 pride & humility4 ,?is division is f> f be+ exact4 ,! raptures ( poetry & music frequ5tly rise to ! greate/ height2 :ile ^? o!r impressions1 prop]ly call$ ,,passions1 may decay into s s(t an emotion1 z to become1 9 a mann]1 imp]ceptible4 ,b z 9 g5]al ! passions are m viol5t ?an ! emotions aris+ f beauty & de=mity1 ^! impressions h be5 commonly di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,! subject ( ! human m9d be+ s copi\s & v>i\s1 ,i %all "h take advantage ( ?is vulg> & spaci\s division1 t ,i may proce$ ) ! great] ord]2 & hav+ said all ,i ?\ght necess>y conc]n+ our ideas1 %all n[ expla9 ^? viol5t emotions or passions1 _! nature1 orig91 causes1 & effects4 ,:5 we take a survey ( ! passions1 !re occurs a division ( !m into ,,direct & ,,indirect4 ,by direct passions ,i und]/& su* z arise imm$iately f good or evil1 f pa9 or pleasure4 ,by indirect su* z proce$ f ! same pr9ciples1 b by ! conjunction ( o!r qualities4 ,?is di/9ction ,i _c at pres5t ju/ify or expla9 any f>!r4 ,i c only obs]ve 9 g5]al1 t "u ! indirect passions ,i compreh5d pride1 humility1 ambition1 vanity1 love1 hatr$1 envy1 pity1 malice1 g5]osity1 ) _! dep5dants4 ,& "u ! direct passions1 desire1 av]sion1 grief1 joy1 hope1 fe>1 despair & security4 ,i %all beg9 ) ! =m]4 ,,sect4 ,,ii ,,( ,,pride ,,& ,,humility1 ,,_! ,,objects ,,& ,,causes ,! passions ( ,,pride & ,,humility be+ simple & uni=m impressions1 x is impossible we c ev]1 by a multitude ( words1 give a j def9ition ( !m1 or inde$ ( any ( ! passions4 ,! utmo/ we c pret5d to is a description ( !m1 by an enum]ation ( su* circum/ances1 z att5d !m3 ,b z ^! words1 ,,pride & humility1 are ( g5]al use1 & ! impressions !y repres5t ! mo/ common ( any1 e "o1 ( himself1 w be able to =m a j idea ( !m1 )\t any dang] ( mi/ake4 ,= :i* reason1 n to lose "t ^u prelim9>ies1 ,i %all imm$iately ent] ^u ! exam9ation ( ^! passions4 ,x is evid5t1 t pride & humility1 ?\gh directly contr>y1 h yet ! same ,,object4 ,?is object is self1 or t succession ( relat$ ideas & impressions1 ( :i* we h an intimate memory & consci\sness4 ,"h ! view always fixes :5 we are actuat$ by ei!r ( ^! passions4 ,accord+ z our idea ( ourself is m or less advantage\s1 we feel ei!r ( ^? opposite affections1 & are elat$ by pride1 or deject$ ) humility4 ,:atev] o!r objects may be compreh5d$ by ! m9d1 !y are always consid]$ ) a view to ourselves2 o!rwise !y w\ld nev] be able ei!r to excite ^! passions1 or produce ! smalle/ encrease or dim9ution ( !m4 ,:5 self ent]s n into ! consid]ation1 !re is no room ei!r = pride or humility4 ,b ?\gh t connect$ succession ( p]ceptions1 :i* we call ,,self1 be always ! object ( ^! two passions1 x is impossible x c be _! ,,cause1 or be suffici5t alone to excite !m4 ,= z ^! passions are directly contr>y1 & h ! same object 9 common2 7 _! object also _! cause2 x c\ld nev] produce any degree ( ! "o passion1 b at ! same "t x mu/ excite an equal degree ( ! o!r2 :i* opposition & contr>iety mu/ de/roy bo?4 ,x is impossible a man c at ! same "t be bo? pr\d & humble2 & :]e he has diff]5t reasons = ^! passions1 z frequ5tly happ5s1 ! passions ei!r take place alt]nately2 or if !y enc\nt]1 ! "o annihilates ! o!r1 z f> z its /r5g? goes1 & ! rema9d] only ( t1 :i* is sup]ior1 cont9ues to op]ate ^u ! m9d4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case nei!r ( ! passions c\ld ev] become sup]ior2 because suppos+ x to be ! view only ( ourself1 :i* excit$ !m1 t be+ p]fectly indiff]5t to ei!r1 mu/ produce bo? 9 ! v same proportion2 or 9 o!r words1 c produce nei!r4 ,to excite any passion1 & at ! same "t raise an equal %>e ( its antagoni/1 is imm$iately to undo :at 0 done1 & mu/ leave ! m9d at la/ p]fectly calm & indiff]5t4 ,we mu/ !re=e1 make a di/9ction betwixt ! cause & ! object ( ^! passions2 betwixt t idea1 :i* excites !m1 & t to :i* !y direct _! view1 :5 excit$4 ,pride & humility1 be+ once rais$1 imm$iately turn our att5tion to ourself1 & reg>d t z _! ultimate & f9al object2 b !re is some?+ f>!r requisite 9 ord] to raise !m3 ,some?+1 :i* is peculi> to "o ( ! passions1 & produces n bo? 9 ! v same degree4 ,! fir/ idea1 t is pres5t$ to ! m9d1 is t ( ! cause or productive pr9ciple4 ,?is excites ! passion1 connect$ ) x2 & t passion1 :5 excit$1 turns our view to ano!r idea1 :i* is t ( self4 ,"h !n is a passion plac$ betwixt two ideas1 ( :i* ! "o produces x1 & ! o!r is produc$ by x4 ,! fir/ idea1 !re=e1 repres5ts ! cause1 ! second ! object ( ! passion4 ,to beg9 ) ! causes ( pride & humility2 we may obs]ve1 t _! mo/ obvi\s & rem>kable prop]ty is ! va/ v>iety ( subjects1 on :i* !y may be plac$4 ,e valuable quality ( ! m9d1 :e!r ( ! imag9ation1 judgm5t1 memory or disposition2 wit1 good-s5se1 le>n+1 c\rage1 ju/ice1 integrity2 all ^! are ! cause ( pride2 & _! opposites ( humility4 ,nor are ^! passions conf9$ to ! m9d b ext5d _! view to ! body likewise4 ,a man may be pr\d ( 8 beauty1 /r5g?1 agility1 good me91 address 9 danc+1 rid+1 & ( 8 dext]ity 9 any manual bus9ess or manufacture4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! passions look+ f>!r1 compreh5d :atev] objects are 9 ! lea/ ally$ or relat$ to u4 ,our c\ntry1 family1 *ildr51 relations1 ri*es1 h\ses1 g>d5s1 horses1 dogs1 cloa?s2 any ( ^! may become a cause ei!r ( pride or ( humility4 ,f ! consid]ation ( ^! causes1 x appe>s necess>y we %\d make a new di/9ction 9 ! causes ( ! passion1 betwixt t ,,quality1 :i* op]ates1 & ! subject1 on :i* x is plac$4 ,a man1 = in/ance1 is va9 ( a beautiful h\se1 :i* belongs to him1 or :i* he has himself built & contriv$4 ,"h ! object ( ! passion is himself1 & ! cause is ! beautiful h\se3 ,:i* cause aga9 is sub-divid$ into two p>ts1 viz4 ! quality1 :i* op]ates ^u ! passion1 & ! subject 9 :i* ! quality inh]es4 ,! quality is ! beauty1 & ! subject is ! h\se1 consid]$ z 8 prop]ty or contrivance4 ,bo? ^! p>ts are ess5tial1 nor is ! di/9ction va9 & *im]ical4 ,beauty1 consid]$ m]ely z su*1 unless plac$ ^u some?+ relat$ to u1 nev] produces any pride or vanity2 & ! /ronge/ relation alone1 )\t beauty1 or some?+ else 9 its place1 has z little influ5ce on t passion4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ^! two p>ticul>s are easily sep>at$ & !re is a necessity = _! conjunction1 9 ord] to produce ! passion1 we ought to consid] !m z compon5t p>ts ( ! cause2 & infix 9 our m9ds an exact idea ( ?is di/9ction4 ,,sect4 ,,iii ,,:5ce ,,^! ,,objects ,,& ,,causes ,,are ,,d]iv$ ,be+ s f> advanc$ z to obs]ve a diff]5ce betwixt ! object ( ! passions & _! cause1 & to di/+ui% 9 ! cause ! quality1 :i* op]ates on ! passions1 f ! subject1 9 :i* x inh]es2 we n[ proce$ to exam9e :at det]m9es ea* ( !m to be :at x is1 & assigns su* a p>ticul> object1 & quality1 & subject to ^! affections4 ,by ?is means we %all fully und]/& ! orig9 ( pride & humility4 ,x is evid5t 9 ! fir/ place1 t ^! passions are det]m9$ to h self = _! object1 n only by a natural b also by an orig9al prop]ty4 ,no "o c d\bt b ?is prop]ty is natural f ! con/ancy & /ead9ess ( its op]ations4 ,x is always self1 :i* is ! object ( pride & humility2 & :5ev] ! passions look beyond1 x is /ill ) a view to ourselves1 nor c any p]son or object o!rwise h any influ5ce ^u u4 ,t ?is proce$s f an orig9al quality or prim>y impulse1 w likewise appe> evid5t1 if we consid] t x is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ^! passions ,unless nature _h giv5 "s orig9al qualities to ! m9d1 x c\ld nev] h any second>y ones2 because 9 t case x w\ld h no f\ndation = action1 nor c\ld ev] beg9 to ex]t itself4 ,n[ ^! qualities1 :i* we mu/ consid] z orig9al1 are su* z are mo/ insep>able f ! s\l1 & c be resolv$ into no o!r3 ,& su* is ! quality1 :i* det]m9es ! object ( pride & humility4 ,we may1 p]haps1 make x a great] "q1 :e!r ! causes1 t produce ! passion1 be z natural z ! object1 to :i* x is direct$1 & :e!r all t va/ v>iety proce$s f caprice or f ! con/itution ( ! m9d4 ,?is d\bt we %all soon remove1 if we ca/ our eye ^u human nature1 & consid] t 9 all nations & ages1 ! same objects /ill give rise to pride & humility2 & t ^u ! view ev5 ( a /rang]1 we c "k pretty ne>ly1 :at w ei!r encrease or dim9i% 8 passions ( ?is k9d4 ,if !re be any v>iation 9 ?is p>ticul>1 x proce$s f no?+ b a diff]5ce 9 ! temp]s & complexions ( m52 & is besides v inconsid]able4 ,c we imag9e x possible1 t :ile human nature rema9s ! same1 m5 w ev] become entirely indiff]5t to _! p[]1 ri*es1 beauty or p]sonal m]it1 & t _! pride & vanity w n be affect$ by ^! advantages8 ,b ?\gh ! causes ( pride & humility be pla9ly natural1 we %all f9d ^u exam9ation1 t !y are n orig9al1 & t x is utt]ly impossible !y %\ld ea* ( !m be adapt$ to ^! passions by a p>ticul> provision1 & prim>y con/itution ( nature1 ,beside _! prodigi\s numb]1 _m ( !m are ! effects ( art1 & arise p>tly f ! indu/ry1 p>tly f ! caprice1 & p>tly f ! good =tune ( m51 ,indu/ry produces h\ses1 furniture1 cloa?s4 ,caprice det]m9es _! p>ticul> k9ds & qualities4 ,& good =tune frequ5tly contributes to all ?is1 by discov]+ ! effects t result f ! diff]5t mixtures & comb9ations ( bodies4 ,x is absurd1 !re=e1 to imag9e1 t ea* ( ^! 0 =ese5 & provid$ = by nature1 & t e new production ( art1 :i* causes pride or humility2 in/ead ( adapt+ itself to ! passion by p>tak+ ( "s g5]al quality1 t naturally op]ates on ! m9d2 is itself ! object ( an orig9al pr9ciple1 :i* till !n lay conceal$ 9 ! s\l1 & is only by accid5t at la/ br\ght to light4 ,?us ! fir/ me*anic1 t inv5t$ a f9e scritoire1 produc$ pride 9 him1 :o became posse/ ( x1 by pr9ciples diff]5t f ^?1 :i* made him pr\d ( h&some *airs & tables4 ,z ?is appe>s evid5tly ridicul\s1 we mu/ conclude1 t ea* cause ( pride & humility is n adapt$ to ! passions by a di/9ct orig9al quality2 b t !re are "s "o or m circum/ances common to all ( !m1 on :i* _! efficacy dep5ds4 ,besides1 we f9d 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 t ?\gh ! effects be _m1 ! pr9ciples1 f :i* !y arise1 are commonly b few & simple1 & t x is ! sign ( an unskilful naturali/ to h rec\rse to a diff]5t quality1 9 ord] to expla9 e diff]5t op]ation4 ,h[ mu* m mu/ ?is be true ) reg>d to ! human m9d1 :i* be+ s conf9$ a subject may ju/ly be ?\ght incapable ( conta9+ su* a mon/r\s heap ( pr9ciples1 z w\ld be necess>y to excite ! passions ( pride & humility1 7 ea* di/9ct cause adapt$ to ! passion by a di/9ct set ( pr9ciples8 ,"h1 !re=e1 moral philosophy is 9 ! same condition z natural1 ) reg>d to a/ronomy be=e ! "t ( ,,cop]nicus4 ,! anti5ts1 ?\gh s5sible ( t maxim1 ,,t ,,nature ,,does ,,no?+ ,,9 ,,va91 contriv$ su* intricate sy/ems ( ! heav5s1 z seem$ inconsi/5t ) true philosophy1 & gave place at la/ to some?+ m simple & natural4 ,to inv5t )\t scruple a new pr9ciple to e new phnom5on1 in/ead ( adapt+ x to ! old2 to ov]load our hypo!ses ) a v>iety ( ?is k9d2 are c]ta9 pro(s1 t none ( ^! pr9ciples is ! j "o1 & t we only desire1 by a numb] ( falsehoods1 to cov] our ignorance ( ! tru?4 ,,sect4 ,,iv ,,( ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,impressions ,,& ,,ideas ,?us we h e/abli%$ two tru?s )\t any ob/acle or difficulty1 t ,,x ,,is ,,f ,,natural ,,pr9ciples ,,?is ,,v>iety ,,( ,,causes ,,excites ,,pride ,,& ,,humility1 & t ,,x ,,is ,,n ,,by ,a ,,diff]5t ,,pr9ciple ,,ea* ,,diff]5t ,,cause ,,is ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,its ,,passion4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to enquire h[ we may r$uce ^! pr9ciples to a less] numb]1 & f9d among ! causes some?+ common1 on :i* _! influ5ce dep5ds4 ,9 ord] to ?is we mu/ reflect on c]ta9 prop]ties ( human nature1 :i* ?\gh !y h a mighty influ5ce on e op]ation bo? ( ! und]/&+ & passions1 are n commonly mu* insi/$ on by philosoph]s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! association ( ideas1 :i* ,i h s (t5 obs]v$ & expla9$4 ,x is impossible = ! m9d to fix itself /eadily ^u "o idea = any consid]able "t2 nor c x by its utmo/ ef=ts ev] arrive at su* a con/ancy4 ,b h[ev] *angeable our ?\ghts may be1 !y are n entirely )\t rule & me?od 9 _! *anges4 ,! rule1 by :i* !y proce$1 is to pass f "o object to :at is resembl+1 contigu\s to1 or produc$ by x4 ,:5 "o idea is pres5t to ! imag9ation1 any o!r1 unit$ by ^! relations1 naturally foll[s x1 & ent]s ) m facility by means ( t introduction4 ,! second prop]ty ,i %all obs]ve 9 ! human m9d is a l association ( impressions4 ,all resembl+ impressions are connect$ toge!r1 & no soon] "o arises ?an ! re/ imm$iately foll[4 ,grief & disappo9tm5t give rise to ang]1 ang] to envy1 envy to malice1 & malice to grief aga91 till ! :ole circle be compleat$4 ,9 l mann] our temp]1 :5 elevat$ ) joy1 naturally ?r[s itself into love1 g5]osity1 pity1 c\rage1 pride1 & ! o!r resembl+ affections4 ,x is difficult = ! m9d1 :5 actuat$ by any passion1 to conf9e itself to t passion alone1 )\t any *ange or v>iation4 ,human nature is too incon/ant to admit ( any su* regul>ity4 ,*angeabl5ess is ess5tial to x4 ,& to :at c x s naturally *ange z to affections or emotions1 :i* are suitable to ! temp]1 & agree ) t set ( passions1 :i* !n prevail8 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 !re is an attraction or association among impressions1 z well z among ideas2 ?\gh ) ?is rem>kable diff]5ce1 t ideas are associat$ by resemblance1 contiguity1 & causation2 & impressions only by resemblance4 ,9 ! ,,?ird place1 x is obs]vable ( ^! two k9ds ( association1 t !y v mu* assi/ & =w>d ea* o!r1 & t ! transition is m easily made :]e !y bo? concur 9 ! same object4 ,?us a man1 :o1 by any injury f ano!r1 is v mu* discompos$ & ruffl$ 9 8 temp]1 is apt to f9d a hundr$ subjects ( discont5t1 impati5ce1 fe>1 & o!r uneasy passions2 especially if he c discov] ^! subjects 9 or ne> ! p]son1 :o 0 ! cause ( 8 fir/ passion4 ,^? pr9ciples1 :i* =w>d ! transition ( ideas1 "h concur ) ^?1 :i* op]ate on ! passions2 & bo? unit+ 9 "o action1 be/[ on ! m9d a d\ble impulse4 ,! new passion1 !re=e1 mu/ arise ) s mu* great] viol5ce1 & ! transition to x mu/ be r5d]$ s mu* m easy & natural4 ,^u ?is occasion ,i may cite ! au?ority ( an elegant writ]1 :o expresses himself 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,z ! fancy delights 9 e ?+ t is great1 /range1 or beautiful1 & is /ill m pleas$ ! m x f9ds ( ^! p]fections 9 ! same object1 s x is capable ( receiv+ a new satisfaction by ! assi/ance ( ano!r s5se4 ,?us any cont9u$ s\nd1 z ! music ( birds1 or a fall ( wat]s1 awak5s e mom5t ! m9d ( ! behold]1 & makes him m att5tive to ! sev]al beauties ( ! place1 t lie be=e him4 ,?us if !re arises a fragrancy ( smells or p]fumes1 !y height5 ! pleasure ( ! imag9ation1 & make ev5 ! col\rs & v]dure ( ! l&s*ape appe> m agreeable2 = ! ideas ( bo? s5ses recomm5d ea* o!r1 & are pleasant] toge!r ?an :5 !y ent] ! m9d sep>ately3 ,z ! diff]5t col\rs ( a picture1 :5 !y are well dispos$1 set (f "o ano!r1 & receive an additional beauty f ! advantage ( ! situation4#b ,9 ?is phnom5on we may rem>k ! association bo? ( impressions & ideas1 z well z ! mutual assi/ance !y l5d ea* o!r4 #b ,addison1 ,,spectator #dab1 f9al p>agraph4 ,,sect4 ,v ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,^! ,,relations ,,on ,,pride ,,& ,,humility ,^! pr9ciples be+ e/abli%$ on unque/ionable exp]i5ce1 ,i beg9 to consid] h[ we %all apply !m1 by revolv+ ov] all ! causes ( pride & humility1 :e!r ^! causes be reg>d$1 z ! qualities1 t op]ate1 or z ! subjects1 on :i* ! qualities are plac$4 ,9 exam9+ ^! qualities ,i imm$iately f9d _m ( !m to concur 9 produc+ ! s5sation ( pa9 & pleasure1 indep5d5t ( ^? affections1 :i* ,i "h endeav\r to expla94 ,?us ! beauty ( our p]son1 ( itself1 & by its v appe>ance1 gives pleasure1 z well z pride2 & its de=mity1 pa9 z well z humility4 ,a magnific5t fea/ delights u1 & a sordid "o displeases4 ,:at ,i discov] to be true 9 "s in/ances1 ,i suppose to be s 9 all2 & take x = grant$ at pres5t1 )\t any f>!r pro(1 t e cause ( pride1 by its peculi> qualities1 produces a sep>ate pleasure1 & ( humility a sep>ate uneas9ess4 ,aga91 9 consid]+ ! subjects1 to :i* ^! qualities adh]e1 ,i make a new supposition1 :i* also appe>s probable f _m obvi\s in/ances1 viz1 t ^! subjects are ei!r p>ts ( ourselves1 or some?+ ne>ly relat$ to u4 ,?us ! good & bad qualities ( our actions & mann]s con/itute virtue & vice1 & det]m9e our p]sonal "*1 ?an :i* no?+ op]ates m /rongly on ^! passions4 ,9 l mann]1 x is ! beauty or de=mity ( our p]son1 h\ses1 equipage1 or furniture1 by :i* we are r5d]$ ei!r va9 or humble4 ,! same qualities1 :5 transf]$ to subjects1 :i* be> u no relation1 influ5ce n 9 ! smalle/ degree ei!r ( ^! affections4 ,hav+ ?us 9 a mann] suppos$ two prop]ties ( ! causes ( ^! affections1 viz1 t ! qualities produce a sep>ate pa9 or pleasure1 & t ! subjects1 on :i* ! qualities are plac$1 are relat$ to self2 ,i proce$ to exam9e ! passions !mselves1 9 ord] to f9d some?+ 9 !m1 correspond5t to ! suppos$ prop]ties ( _! causes4 ,fir/1 ,i f9d1 t ! peculi> object ( pride & humility is det]m9$ by an orig9al & natural in/9ct1 & t x is absolutely impossible1 f ! prim>y con/itution ( ! m9d1 t ^! passions %\ld ev] look beyond self1 or t individual p]son4 ( ^: actions & s5tim5ts ea* ( u is intimately consci\s4 ,"h at la/ ! view always re/s1 :5 we are actuat$ by ei!r ( ^! passions2 nor c we1 9 t situation ( m9d1 ev] lose sight ( ?is object4 ,= ?is ,i pret5d n to give any reason2 b consid] su* a peculi> direction ( ! ?\ght z an orig9al quality4 ,! ,,second quality1 :i* ,i discov] 9 ^! passions1 & :i* ,i likewise consid] an an orig9al quality1 is _! s5sations1 or ! peculi> emotions !y excite 9 ! s\l1 & :i* con/itute _! v be+ & ess5ce4 ,?us pride is a pleasant s5sation1 & humility a pa9ful2 & ^u ! removal ( ! pleasure & pa91 !re is 9 reality no pride nor humility4 ,( ?is our v feel+ conv9ces u2 & beyond our feel+1 x is "h 9 va9 to reason or dispute4 ,if ,i comp>e1 !re=e1 ^! two e/abli%$ prop]ties ( ! passions1 viz1 _! object1 :i* is self1 & _! s5sation1 :i* is ei!r pleasant or pa9ful1 to ! two suppos$ prop]ties ( ! causes1 viz1 _! relation to self1 & _! t5d5cy to produce a pa9 or pleasure1 indep5d5t ( ! passion2 ,i imm$iately f9d1 t tak+ ^! suppositions to be j1 ! true sy/em breaks 9 ^u me ) an irresi/ible evid5ce4 ,t cause1 :i* excites ! passion1 is relat$ to ! object1 :i* nature has attribut$ to ! passion2 ! s5sation1 :i* ! cause sep>ately produces1 is relat$ to ! s5sation ( ! passion3 ,f ?is d\ble relation ( ideas & impressions1 ! passion is d]iv$4 ,! "o idea is easily conv]t$ into its correlative2 & ! "o impression into t1 :i* resembles & corresponds to x3 ,) h[ mu* great] facility mu/ ?is transition be made1 :]e ^! movem5ts mutually assi/ ea* o!r1 & ! m9d receives a d\ble impulse f ! relations bo? ( its impressions & ideas8 ,t we may compreh5d ?is ! bett]1 we mu/ suppose1 t nature has giv5 to ! organs ( ! human m9d1 a c]ta9 disposition fitt$ to produce a peculi> impression or emotion1 :i* we call pride3 ,to ?is emotion %e has assign$ a c]ta9 idea1 viz1 t ( self1 :i* x nev] fails to produce4 ,?is contrivance ( nature is easily conceiv$4 ,we h _m in/ances ( su* a situation ( affairs4 ,! n]ves ( ! nose & palate are s dispos$1 z 9 c]ta9 circum/ances to convey su* peculi> s5sations to ! m9d3 ,! s5sations ( lu/ & hung] always produce 9 u ! idea ( ^? peculi> objects1 :i* are suitable to ea* appetite4 ,^! two circum/ances are unit$ 9 pride4 ,! organs are s dispos$ z to produce ! passion2 & ! passion1 aft] its production1 naturally produces a c]ta9 idea4 ,all ?is ne$s no pro(4 ,x is evid5t we nev] %\ld be posse/ ( t passion1 7 !re n a disposition ( m9d prop] = x2 & x is z evid5t1 t ! passion always turns our view to ourselves1 & makes u ?9k ( our own qualities & circum/ances4 ,?is be+ fully compreh5d$1 x may n[ be ask$1 ,,:e!r ,,nature ,,produces ,,! ,,passion ,,imm$iately1 ,,( ,,h]self2 ,,or ,,:e!r ,,%e ,,mu/ ,,be ,,assi/$ ,,by ,,! ,,co-,,op]ation ,,( ,,o!r ,,causes8 ,= x is obs]vable1 t 9 ?is p>ticul> h] conduct is diff]5t 9 ! diff]5t passions & s5sations4 ,! palate mu/ be excit$ by an ext]nal object1 9 ord] to produce any reli%3 ,b hung] arises int]nally1 )\t ! concurr5ce ( any ext]nal object4 ,b h[ev] ! case may /& ) o!r passions & impressions1 x is c]ta91 t pride requires ! assi/ance ( "s =eign object1 & t ! organs1 :i* produce x1 ex]t n !mselves l ! he>t & art]ies1 by an orig9al int]nal movem5t4 ,= fir/1 daily exp]i5ce conv9ces u1 t pride requires c]ta9 causes to excite x1 & langui%es :5 unsupport$ by "s excell5cy 9 ! "*1 9 bodily accompli%m5ts1 9 cloa?s1 equipage or =tune4 ,,secondly1 x is evid5t pride w\ld be p]petual1 if x arose imm$iately f nature2 s9ce ! object is always ! same1 & !re is no disposition ( body peculi> to pride1 z !re is to ?ir/ & hung]4 ,?irdly1 ,humility is 9 ! v same situation ) pride2 & !re=e1 ei!r mu/1 ^u ?is supposition1 be p]petual likewise1 or mu/ de/roy ! contr>y passion f1 ! v fir/ mom5t2 s t none ( !m c\ld ev] make its appe>ance4 ,^u ! :ole1 we may re/ satisfy$ ) ! =ego+ conclusion1 t pride mu/ h a cause1 z well z an object1 & t ! "o has no influ5ce )\t ! o!r4 ,! difficulty1 !n1 is only to discov] ?is cause1 & f9d :at x is t gives ! fir/ motion to pride1 & sets ^? organs 9 action1 :i* are naturally fitt$ to produce t emotion4 ,^u my consult+ exp]i5ce1 9 ord] to resolve ?is difficulty1 ,i imm$iately f9d a hundr$ diff]5t causes1 t produce pride2 & ^u exam9+ ^! causes1 ,i suppose1 :at at fir/ ,i p]ceive to be probable1 t all ( !m concur 9 two circum/ances2 :i* are1 t ( !mselves !y produce an impression1 ally$ to ! passion1 & are plac$ on a subject1 ally$ to ! object ( ! passion4 ,:5 ,i consid] aft] ?is ! nature ( relation1 & its effects bo? on ! passions & ideas1 ,i c no long] d\bt1 ^u ^! suppositions1 t x is ! v pr9ciple1 :i* gives rise to pride1 & be/[s motion on ^? organs1 :i* be+ naturally dispos$ to produce t affection1 require only a fir/ impulse or beg9n+ to _! action4 ,any ?+1 t gives a pleasant s5sation1 & is relat$ to self1 excites ! passion ( pride1 :i* is also agreeable1 & has self = its object4 ,:at ,i h said ( pride is equally true ( humility4 ,! s5sation ( humility is uneasy1 z t ( pride is agreeable2 = :i* reason ! sep>ate s5sation1 aris+ f ! causes1 mu/ be rev]s$1 :ile ! relation to self cont9ues ! same4 ,?\gh pride & humility are directly contr>y 9 _! effects1 & 9 _! s5sations1 !y h not)/&+ ! same object2 s t x is requisite only to *ange ! relation ( impressions1 )\t mak+ any *ange ^u t ( ideas4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t a beautiful h\se1 belong+ to ourselves1 produces pride2 & t ! same h\se1 /ill belong+ to ourselves1 produces humility1 :5 by any accid5t its beauty is *ang$ into de=mity1 & !reby ! s5sation ( pleasure1 :i* correspond$ to pride1 is trans=m$ into pa91 :i* is relat$ to humility4 ,! d\ble relation betwe5 ! ideas & impressions subsi/s 9 bo? cases1 & produces an easy transition f ! "o emotion to ! o!r4 ,9 a ^w1 nature has be/[$ a k9d ( attraction on c]ta9 impressions & ideas1 by :i* "o ( !m1 ^u its appe>ance1 naturally introduces its correlative4 ,if ^! two attractions or associations ( impressions & ideas concur on ! same object1 !y mutually assi/ ea* o!r1 & ! transition ( ! affections & ( ! imag9ation is made ) ! greate/ ease & facility4 ,:5 an idea produces an impression1 relat$ to an impression1 :i* is connect$ ) an idea1 relat$ to ! fir/ idea1 ^! two impressions mu/ be 9 a mann] insep>able1 nor w ! "o 9 any case be unatt5d$ ) ! o!r4 ,x is aft] ?is mann]1 t ! p>ticul> causes ( pride & humility are det]m9$4 ,! quality1 :i* op]ates on ! passion1 produces sep>ately an impression resembl+ x2 ! subject1 to :i* ! quality adh]es1 is relat$ to self1 ! object ( ! passion3 ,no wond] ! :ole cause1 consi/+ ( a quality & ( a subject1 does s unavoidably give rise to ! pass on4 ,to illu/rate ?is hypo!sis we may comp>e x to t1 by :i* ,i h already expla9$ ! belief att5d+ ! judgm5ts1 :i* we =m f causation4 ,i h obs]v$1 t 9 all judgm5ts ( ?is k9d1 !re is always a pres5t impression & a relat$ idea2 & t ! pres5t impression gives a vivacity to ! fancy1 & ! relation conveys ?is vivacity1 by an easy transition1 to ! relat$ idea4 ,)\t ! pres5t impression1 ! att5tion is n fix$1 nor ! spirits excit$4 ,)\t ! relation1 ?is att5tion re/s on its fir/ object1 & has no f>!r consequ5ce4 ,!re is evid5tly a great analogy betwixt t hypo!sis & our pres5t "o ( an impression & idea1 t transfuse !mselves into ano!r impression & idea by means ( _! d\ble relation3 ,:i* analogy mu/ be all[$ to be no despicable pro( ( bo? hypo!ses4 ,,sect4 ,,vi ,,limitations ,,( ,,?is ,,sy/em ,b be=e we proce$ f>!r 9 ?is subject1 & exam9e p>ticul>ly all ! causes ( pride & humility1 x w be prop] to make "s limitations to ! g5]al sy/em1 ,,t ,,all ,,agreeable ,,objects1 ,,relat$ ,,to ,,ourselves1 ,,by ,,an ,,association ,,( ,,ideas ,,& ,,( ,,impressions1 ,,produce ,,pride1 ,,& ,,disagreeable ,,ones1 ,,humility3 ,& ^! limitations are d]iv$ f ! v nature ( ! subject4 ,i4 ,suppose an agreeable object to acquire a relation to self1 ! fir/ passion1 t appe>s on ?is occasion1 is joy2 & ?is passion discov]s itself ^u a slight] relation ?an pride & va9-glory4 ,we may feel joy ^u be+ pres5t at a fea/1 :]e our s5ses are reg>d ) delicacies ( e k9d3 ,b x is only ! ma/] ( ! fea/1 :o1 beside ! same joy1 has ! additional passion ( self-applause & vanity4 ,x is true1 m5 sometimes boa/ ( a great ent]ta9m5t1 at :i* !y h only be5 pres5t2 & by s small a relation conv]t _! pleasure into pride3 ,b h[ev]1 ?is mu/ 9 g5]al be own$1 t joy arises f a m inconsid]able relation ?an vanity1 & t _m ?+s1 :i* are too =eign to produce pride1 are yet able to give u a delight & pleasure1 ,! reason ( ! diff]5ce may be expla9$ ?us4 ,a relation is requisite to joy1 9 ord] to approa* ! object to u1 & make x give u any satisfaction4 ,b beside ?is1 :i* is common to bo? passions1 x is requisite to pride1 9 ord] to produce a transition f "o passion to ano!r1 & conv]t ! falsification into vanity4 ,z x has a d\ble task to p]=m1 x mu/ be end[$ ) d\ble =ce & en]gy4 ,to :i* we may add1 t :]e agreeable objects be> n a v close relation to ourselves1 !y commonly d to "s o!r p]son2 & ?is latt] relation n only excels1 b ev5 dim9i%es1 & sometimes de/roys ! =m]1 z we %all see aft]w>ds4#c #c ,"p ,,ii4 ,sec4 #d4 ,"h !n is ! fir/ limitation1 we mu/ make to our g5]al position1 t e ?+ relat$ to u1 :i* produces pleasure or pa91 produces likewise pride or humility4 ,!re is n only a relation requir$1 b a close "o1 & a clos] ?an is requir$ to joy4 ,,ii4 ,! second limitation is1 t ! agreeable or disagreeable object be n only closely relat$1 b also peculi> to ourselves1 or at lea/ common to u ) a few p]sons4 ,x is a quality obs]vable 9 human nature1 & :i* we %all endeav\r to expla9 aft]w>ds1 t e ?+1 :i* is (t5 pres5t$ & to :i* we h be5 long accu/om$1 loses its value 9 our eyes1 & is 9 a little "t despis$ & neglect$4 ,we likewise judge ( objects m f comp>ison ?an f _! real & intr9sic m]it2 & :]e we _c by "s contra/ enhance _! value1 we are apt to ov]look ev5 :at is ess5tially good 9 !m4 ,^! qualities ( ! m9d h an effect ^u joy z well z pride2 & x is rem>kable1 t goods :i* are common to all mank9d1 & h become famili> to u by cu/om1 give u little satisfaction2 ?\gh p]haps ( a m excell5t k9d1 ?an ^? on :i*1 = _! s+ul>ity1 we set a mu* high] value4 ,b ?\gh ?is circum/ance op]ates on bo? ^! passions1 x has a mu* great] influ5ce on vanity4 ,we are rejoic$ = _m goods1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! frequ5cy1 give u no pride4 ,heal?1 :5 x returns aft] a long abs5ce1 af=ds u a v s5sible satisfaction2 b is seldom reg>d$ z a subject ( vanity1 because x is %>$ ) su* va/ numb]s4 ,! reason1 :y pride is s mu* m delicate 9 ?is p>ticul> ?an joy1 ,i take to be1 z foll[s4 ,9 ord] to excite pride1 !re are always two objects we mu/ contemplate1 viz4 ! cause or t object :i* produces pleasure2 & self1 :i* is ! real object ( ! passion4 ,b joy has only "o object necess>y to its production1 viz4 t :i* gives pleasure2 & ?\gh x be requisite1 t ?is be> "s relation to self1 yet t is only requisite 9 ord] to r5d] x agreeable2 nor is self1 prop]ly speak+1 ! object ( ?is passion4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 pride has 9 a mann] two objects1 to :i* x directs our view2 x foll[s1 t :]e nei!r ( !m h any s+ul>ity1 ! passion mu/ be m weak5$ ^u t acc\nt1 ?an a passion1 :i* has only "o object4 ,^u comp>+ ourselves ) o!rs1 z we are e mom5t apt to d1 we f9d we are n 9 ! lea/ di/+ui%$2 & ^u comp>+ ! object we possess1 we discov] /ill ! same unlucky circum/ance4 ,by two comp>isons s disadvantage\s ! passion mu/ be entirely de/roy$4 ,,iii ,! ?ird limitation is1 t ! pleasant or pa9ful object be v disc]nible & obvi\s1 & t n only to ourselves1 b to o!rs also4 ,?is circum/ance1 l ! two =ego+1 has an effect ^u joy1 z well z pride4 ,we fancy ,ourselves m happy1 z well z m virtu\s or beautiful1 :5 we appe> s to o!rs2 b are /ill m o/5tati\s ( our virtues ?an ( our pleasures4 ,?is proce$s f causes1 :i* ,i %all endeav\r to expla9 aft]w>ds4 ,,iv4 ,! f\r? limitation is d]iv$ f ! incon/ancy ( ! cause ( ^! passions1 & f ! %ort duration ( its connexion ) ourselves4 ,:at is casual & incon/ant gives b little joy1 & less pride4 ,we are n mu* satisfy$ ) ! ?+ itself2 & are /ill less apt to feel any new degrees ( self-satisfaction ^u its acc\nt4 ,we =esee & anticipate its *ange by ! imag9ation2 :i* makes u little satisfy$ ) ! ?+3 ,we comp>e x to ourselves1 ^: exi/5ce is m durable2 by :i* means its incon/ancy appe>s /ill great]4 ,x seems ridicul\s to inf] an excell5cy 9 ourselves f an object1 :i* is ( s mu* %ort] duration1 & att5ds u dur+ s small a "p ( our exi/5ce4 ,x w be easy to compreh5d ! reason1 :y ?is cause op]ates n ) ! same =ce 9 joy z 9 pride2 s9ce ! idea ( self is n s ess5tial to ! =m] passion z to ! latt]4 ,v4 ,i may add z a fif? limitation1 or r enl>gem5t ( ?is sy/em1 t g5]al rules h a great influ5ce ^u pride & humility1 z well z on all ! o!r passions4 ,h5ce we =m a notion ( diff]5t ranks ( m51 suitable to ! p[] ( ri*es !y are posse/ (2 & ?is notion we *ange n ^u acc\nt ( any peculi>ities ( ! heal? or temp] ( ! p]sons1 :i* may deprive !m ( all enjoym5t 9 _! possessions4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = f ! same pr9ciples1 t expla9$ ! influ5ce ( g5]al rules on ! und]/&+4 ,cu/om readily c>ries u beyond ! j b\nds 9 our passions1 z well z 9 our reason+s4 ,x may n be amiss to obs]ve on ?is occasion1 t ! influ5ce ( g5]al rules & maxims on ! passions v mu* contributes to facilitate ! effects ( all ! pr9ciples1 :i* we %all expla9 9 ! progress ( ?is treatise4 ,= x is evid5t1 t if a p]son full-gr[n1 & ( ! same nature ) ourselves1 7 on a sudd5-transport$ into our _w1 he w\ld be v mu* emb>ras$ ) e object1 & w\ld n readily f9d :at degree ( love or hatr$1 pride or humility1 or any o!r passion he ought to attribute to x4 ,! passions are (t5 v>y$ by v inconsid]able pr9ciples2 & ^! d n always play ) a p]fect regul>ity1 especially on ! fir/ trial4 ,b z cu/om & practice h br\ght to light all ^! pr9ciples1 & h settl$ ! j value ( e ?+2 ?is mu/ c]ta9ly contribute to ! easy production ( ! passions1 & guide u1 by means ( g5]al e/abli%$ maxims1 9 ! proportions we ought to obs]ve 9 pref]r+ "o object to ano!r4 ,?is rem>k may1 p]haps1 s]ve to obviate difficulties1 t may>ise conc]n+ "s causes1 :i* ,i %all h]eaft] ascribe to p>ticul> passions1 & :i* may be e/eem$ too ref9$ to op]ate s univ]sally & c]ta9ly1 z !y are f\nd to d4 ,i %all close ?is subject ) a reflection d]iv$ f ^! five limitations4 ,?is reflection is1 t ! p]sons1 :o are pr\de/1 & :o 9 ! eye ( ! _w h mo/ reason = _! pride1 are n always ! happie/2 nor ! mo/ humble always ! mo/ mis]able1 z may at fir/ sight be imag9$ f ?is sy/em4 ,an evil may be real4 ?\gh its cause has no relation to u3 ,x may be real1 )\t be+ peculi>3 ,x may be real1 )\t %ew+ itself to o!rs3 ,x may be real1 )\t be+ con/ant3 ,& x may be real1 )\t fall+ "u ! g5]al rules4 ,su* evils z ^! w n fail to r5d] u mis]able1 ?\gh !y h little t5d5cy to dim9i% pride3 ,& p]haps ! mo/ real & ! mo/ solid evils ( life w be f\nd ( ?is nature4 ,,sect4 ,,vii ,,( ,,vice ,,& ,,virtue ,tak+ ^! limitations along ) u1 let u proce$ to exam9e ! causes ( pride & humility2 & see1 :e!r 9 e case we c discov] ! d\ble relations1 by :i* !y op]ate on ! passions4 ,if we f9d t all ^! causes are relat$ to self1 & produce a pleasure or uneas9ess sep>ate f ! passion1 !re w rema9 no f>!r scruple ) reg>d to ! pres5t sy/em4 ,we %all pr9cipally endeav\r to prove ! latt] po9t2 ! =m] be+ 9 a mann] self-evid5t4 ,to beg91 ) vice & virtue2 :i* are ! mo/ obvi\s causes ( ^! passions2 x w\ld be entirely =eign to my pres5t purpose to ent] ^u ! controv]sy1 :i* ( late ye>s has s mu* excit$ ! curiosity ( ! publick4 ,,:e!r ,,^! ,,moral ,,di/9ctions ,,be ,,f\nd$ ,,on ,,natural ,,& ,,orig9al ,,pr9ciples1 ,,or ,,arise ,,f ,,int]e/ ,,& ,,education4 ,! exam9ation ( ?is ,i res]ve = ! foll[+ book2 & 9 ! mean "t ,i %all endeav\r to %[1 t my sy/em ma9ta9s its gr\nd ^u ei!r ( ^! hypo!ses2 :i* w be a /rong pro( ( its solidity4 ,= grant+ t morality _h no f\ndation 9 nature1 x mu/ /ill be all[$1 t vice & virtue1 ei!r f self-int]e/ or ! prejudices ( education1 produce 9 u a real pa9 & pleasure2 & ?is we may obs]ve to be /r5u\sly ass]t$ by ! def5d]s ( t hypo!sis4 ,e passion1 habit1 or turn ( "* 7say !y7 :i* has a t5d5cy to our advantage or prejudice1 gives a delight or uneas9ess2 & x is f !nce ! approbation or disapprobation arises4 ,we easily ga9 f ! lib]ality ( o!rs1 b are always 9 dang] ( los+ by _! av>ice3 ,c\rage def5ds u1 b c[>dice lays u op5 to e attack3 ,ju/ice is ! support ( society1 b inju/ice1 unless *eck$ w\ld quickly prove its ru93 ,humility exalts2 b pride mortifies u4 ,= ^! reasons ! =m] qualities are e/eem$ virtues1 & ! latt] reg>d$ z vices4 ,n[ s9ce x is grant$ !re is a delight or uneas9ess /ill att5d+ m]it or dem]it ( e k9d1 ?is is all t is requisite = my purpose4 ,b ,i g f>!r1 & obs]ve1 t ?is moral hypo!sis & my pres5t sy/em n only agree toge!r1 b also t1 all[+ ! =m] to be j1 x is an absolute & inv9cible pro( ( ! latt]4 ,= if all morality be f\nd$ on ! pa9 or pleasure1 :i* arises f ! prospect ( any loss or advantage1 t may result f our own *>act]s1 or f ^? ( o!rs1 all ! effects ( morality mu/-be d]iv$ f ! same pa9 or pleasure1 & among ! re/1 ! passions ( pride & humility4 ,! v ess5ce ( virtue1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 is to produce pleasure & t ( vice to give pa94 ,! virtue & vice mu/ be "p ( our "* 9 ord] to excite pride or humility4 ,:at f>!r pro( c we desire = ! d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas8 ,! same unque/ionable argum5t may be d]iv$ f ! op9ion ( ^?1 :o ma9ta9 t morality is some?+ real1 ess5tial1 & f\nd$ on nature4 ,! mo/ probable hypo!sis1 :i* has be5 advanc$ to expla9 ! di/9ction betwixt vice & virtue1 & ! orig9 ( moral rights & obligations1 is1 t f a prim>y con/itution ( nature c]ta9 *>act]s & passions1 by ! v view & contemplation1 produce a pa91 & o!rs 9 l mann] excite a pleasure4 ,! uneas9ess & satisfaction are n only insep>able f vice & virtue1 b con/itute _! v nature & ess5ce4 ,to approve ( a "* is to feel an orig9al delight ^u its appe>ance4 ,to disapprove ( x is to be s5sible ( an uneas9ess4 ,! pa9 & pleasure1 !re=e1 be+ ! prim>y causes ( vice & virtue1 mu/ also be ! causes ( all _! effects1 & consequ5tly ( pride & humility1 :i* are ! unavoidable att5dants ( t di/9ction4 ,b suppos+ ?is hypo!sis ( moral philosophy %\ld be all[$ to be false1 x is /ill evid5t1 t pa9 & pleasure1 if n ! causes ( vice & virtue1 are at lea/ insep>able f !m4 ,a g5]\s & noble "* af=ds a satisfaction ev5 9 ! survey2 & :5 pres5t$ to u1 ?\gh only 9 a poem or fable1 nev] fails to *>m & delight u4 ,on ! o!r h& cruelty & trea*]y displease f _! v nature2 nor is x possible ev] to reconcile u to ^! qualities1 ei!r 9 ourselves or o!rs4 ,?us "o hypo!sis ( morality is an und5iable pro( ( ! =ego+ sy/em1 & ! o!r at wor/ agrees ) x4 ,b pride & humility arise n f ^! qualities alone ( ! m9d1 :i*1 accord+ to ! vulg> sy/ems ( e?icks1 h be5 compreh5d$ z p>ts ( moral duty1 b f any o!r t has a connexion ) pleasure & uneas9ess4 ,no?+ flatt]s our vanity m ?an ! tal5t ( pleas+ by our wit1 good hum\r1 or any o!r accompli%m5t2 & no?+ gives u a m s5sible mortification ?an a disappo9tm5t 9 any attempt ( t nature4 ,no "o has ev] be5 able to tell :at wit is1 & to-%ew :y su* a sy/em ( ?\ght mu/ be receiv$ "u t d5om9ation1 & su* ano!r reject$4 ,x is only by ta/e we c decide conc]n+ x1 nor are we posse/ ( any o!r /&>d1 ^u :i* we c =m a judgm5t ( ?is k9d4 ,n[ :at is ?is ta/e1 f :i* true & false wit 9 a mann] receive _! be+1 & )\t :i* no ?\ght c h a title to ei!r ( ^! d5om9ations8 ,x is pla9ly no?+ b a s5sation ( pleasure f true wit1 & ( uneas9ess f false1 )\t o> be+ able to tell ! reasons ( t pleasure or uneas9ess4 ,! p[] ( be/[+ ^! opposite s5sations is1 !re=e1 ! v ess5ce ( true & false wit2 & consequ5tly ! cause ( t pride or humility1 :i* arises f !m4 ,!re may1 p]haps1 be "s1 :o be+ accu/om$ to ! /yle ( ! s*ools & pulpit1 & hav+ nev] consid]$ human nature 9 any o!r light1 ?an t 9 :i* !y place x1 may "h be surpriz$ to he> me talk ( virtue z excit+ pride1 :i* !y look ^u z a vice2 & ( vice z produc+ humility1 :i* !y h be5 taught to consid] z a virtue4 ,b n to dispute ab\t words1 ,i obs]ve1 t by pride ,i und]/& t agreeable impression1 :i* arises 9 ! m9d1 :5 ! view ei!r ( our virtue1 beauty1 ri*es or p[] makes u satisfy$ ) ourselves3 & t by humility ,i mean ! opposite impression4 ,x is evid5t ! =m] impression is n always vici\s1 nor ! latt] virtu\s4 ,! mo/ rigid morality all[s u to receive a pleasure f reflect+ on a g5]\s action2 & x is by none e/eem$ a virtue to feel any fruitless remorses ^u ! ?\ghts ( pa/ villa9y & bas5ess4 ,let u1 !re=e1 exam9e ^! impressions1 consid]$ 9 !mselves2 & enquire into _! causes1 :e!r plac$ on ! m9d or body1 )\t tr\bl+ ourselves at pres5t ) t m]it or blame1 :i* may att5d !m4 ,,sect4 ,,viii ,,( ,,beauty ,,& ,,de=mity ,:e!r we consid] ! body z a "p ( ourselves1 or ass5t to ^? philosoph]s1 :o reg>d x z some?+ ext]nal1 x mu/ /ill be all[$ to be ne> en\gh connect$ ) u to =m "o ( ^! d\ble relations1 :i* ,i h ass]t$ to be necess>y to ! causes ( pride & humility4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 we c f9d ! o!r relation ( impressions to jo9 to ?is ( ideas1 we may expect ) assurance ei!r ( ^! passions1 accord+ z ! impression is pleasant or uneasy4 ,b beauty ( all k9ds gives u a peculi> delight & satisfaction2 z de=mity produces pa91 ^u :atev] subject x may be plac$1 & :e!r survey$ 9 an animate or inanimate object4 ,if ! beauty or de=mity1 !re=e1 be plac$ ^u our own bodies1 ?is pleasure or uneas9ess mu/ be conv]t$ into pride or humility1 z hav+ 9 ?is case all ! circum/ances requisite to produce a p]fect transition ( impressions & ideas4 ,^! opposite s5sations are relat$ to ! opposite passions4 ,! beauty or de=mity is closely relat$ to self1 ! object ( bo? ^! passions4 ,no wond]1 !n our own beauty becomes an object ( pride1 & de=mity ( humility4 ,b ?is effect ( p]sonal & bodily qualities is n only a pro( ( ! pres5t sy/em1 by %ew+ t ! passions arise n 9 ?is case )\t all ! circum/ances ,i h requir$1 b may be employ$ z a /rong] & m conv9c+ argum5t4 ,if we consid] all ! hypo!ses1 :i* h be5 =m$ ei!r by philosophy or common reason1 to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwixt beauty & de=mity1 we %all f9d t all ( !m resolve into ?is1 t beauty is su* an ord] & con/ruction ( p>ts1 z ei!r by ! prim>y con/itution ( our nature1 by cu/om1 or by caprice1 is fitt$ to give a pleasure & satisfaction to ! s\l4 ,?is is ! di/+ui%+ "* ( beauty1 & =ms all ! diff]5ce betwixt x & de=mity1 ^: natural t5d5cy is to produce uneas9ess4 ,pleasure & pa91 !re=e1 are n only necess>y att5dants ( beauty & de=mity1 b con/itute _! v ess5ce4 ,& inde$1 if we consid]1 t a great "p ( ! beauty1 :i* we admire ei!r 9 animals or 9 o!r objects1 is d]iv$ f ! idea ( conv5i5ce & utility1 we %all make no scruple to ass5t to ?is op9ion4 ,t %ape1 :i* produces /r5g?1 is beautiful 9 "o animal2 & t :i* is a sign ( agility 9 ano!r4 ,! ord] & conv5i5ce ( a palace are no less ess5tial to its beauty1 ?an its m]e figure & appe>ance4 ,9 l mann] ! rules ( ar*itecture require1 t ! top ( a pill> %\ld be m sl5d] ?an its base1 & t because su* a figure conveys to u ! idea ( security1 :i* is pleasant2 :]eas ! contr>y =m gives u ! appreh5sion ( dang]1 :i* is uneasy4 ,f innum]able in/ances ( ?is k9d1 z well z f consid]+ t beauty l wit1 _c be def9$1 b is disc]n$ only by a ta/e or s5sation1 we may conclude1 t beauty is no?+ b a =m1 :i* produces pleasure1 z de=mity is a /ructure ( p>ts1 :i* conveys pa92 & s9ce ! p[] ( produc+ pa9 & pleasure make 9 ?is mann] ! ess5ce ( beauty & de=mity1 all ! effects ( ^! qualities mu/ be d]iv$ f ! s5sation2 & among ! re/ pride & humility1 :i* ( all _! effects are ! mo/ common & rem>kable4 ,?is argum5t ,i e/eem j & decisive2 b 9 ord] to give great] au?ority to ! pres5t reason+1 let u suppose x false = a mom5t1 & see :at w foll[4 ,x is c]ta91 !n1 t if ! p[] ( produc+ pleasure & pa9 =ms n ! ess5ce ( beauty & de=mity1 ! s5sations are at lea/ insep>able f ! qualities1 & x is ev5 difficult to consid] !m ap>t4 ,n[ !re is no?+ common to natural & moral beauty1 7bo? ( :i* are ! causes ( pride7 b ?is p[] ( produc+ pleasure2 & z a common effect supposes always a common cause1 x is pla9 ! pleasure mu/ 9 bo? cases be ! real & influ5c+ cause ( ! passion4 ,aga92 !re is no?+ orig9ally diff]5t betwixt ! beauty ( our bodies & ! beauty ( ext]nal & =eign objects1 b t ! "o has a ne> relation to ourselves1 :i* is want+ 9 ! o!r4 ,?is orig9al diff]5ce1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! cause ( all _! o!r diff]5ces1 & among ! re/1 ( _! diff]5t influ5ce ^u ! passion ( pride1 :i* is excit$ by ! beauty ( our p]son1 b is n affect$ 9 ! lea/ by t ( =eign & ext]nal objects4 ,plac+1 !n1 ^! two conclusions toge!r1 we f9d !y compose ! prec$+ sy/em betwixt !m1 viz1 t pleasure1 z a relat$ or resembl+ impression1 :5 plac$ on a relat$ object by a natural transition1 produces pride2 & its contr>y1 humility4 ,?is sy/em1 !n1 seems already suffici5tly confirm$ by exp]i5ce2 t we h n yet exhau/$ all our argum5ts4 ,x is n ! beauty ( ! body alone t produces pride1 b also its /r5g? & =ce4 ,/r5g? is a k9d ( p[]2 & !re=e ! desire to excel 9 /r5g? is to be consid]$ z an inf]ior species ( ambition4 ,= ?is reason ! pres5t phnom5on w be suffici5tly acc\nt$ =1 9 expla9+ t passion4 ,conc]n+ all o!r bodily accompli%m5ts we may obs]ve 9 g5]al1 t :atev] 9 ourselves is ei!r useful1 beautiful1 or surpris+1 is an object ( pride2 & x's contr>y1 ( humility4 ,n[ x is obvi\s1 t e ?+ useful1 beautiful or surpris+1 agrees 9 produc+ a sep>ate pleasure & agrees 9 no?+ else4 ,! pleasure1 !re=e1 ) ! relation to self mu/ be ! cause ( ! passion4 ,?\gh x %\ld be que/ion$1 :e!r beauty be n some?+ real1 & diff]5t f ! p[] ( produc+ pleasure1 x c nev] be disput$1 t z surprize is no?+ b a pleasure aris+ f novelty1 x is n1 prop]ly speak+1 a quality 9 any object1 b m]ely a passion or impression 9 ! s\l4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be f t impression1 t pride by a natural transition arises4 ,& x arises s naturally1 t !re is no?+ 9 u or belong+ to u1 :i* produces surprize1 t does n at ! same "t excite t o!r passion4 ,?us we are va9 ( ! surpris+ adv5tures we h met )1 ! escapes we h made1 & dang]s we h be5 expos$ to4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( vulg> ly+2 :]e m5 )\t any int]e/1 & m]ely out ( vanity1 heap up a numb] ( extraord9>y ev5ts1 :i* are ei!r ! fictions ( _! bra91 or if true1 h at lea/ no connexion ) !mselves4 ,_! fruitful inv5tion supplies !m ) a v>iety ( adv5tures2 & :]e t tal5t is want+1 !y appropriate su* z belong to o!rs1 9 ord] to satisfy _! vanity4 ,9 ?is phnom5on are conta9$ two curi\s exp]im5ts1 :i* if we comp>e !m toge!r1 accord+ to ! kn[n rules1 by :i* we judge ( cause & effect 9 anatomy1 natural philosophy1 & o!r sci5ces1 w be an und5iable argum5t = t influ5ce ( ! d\ble relations above-m5tion$4 ,by "o ( ^! exp]im5ts we f9d1 t an object produces pride m]ely by ! int]position ( pleasure2 & t because ! quality1 by :i* x produces pride1 is 9 reality no?+ b ! p[] ( produc+ pleasure4 ,by ! o!r exp]im5t we f9d1 t ! pleasure produces ! pride by a transition along relat$ ideas2 because :5 we cut (f t relation ! passion is imm$iately de/roy$44 ,a surpris+ adv5ture1 9 :i* we h be5 ourselves engag$1 is relat$ to u1 & by t means produces pride3 ,b ! adv5tures ( o!rs1 ?\gh !y may cause pleasure1 yet = want ( ?is relation ( ideas1 nev] excite t passion4 ,:at f>!r pro( c be desir$ = ! pres5t sy/em8 ,!re is only "o objection to ?is sy/em ) reg>d to our body3 :i* is1 t ?\gh no?+ be m agreeable ?an heal?1 & m pa9ful ?an sickness1 yet commonly m5 are nei!r pr\d ( ! "o1 nor mortify$ ) ! o!r4 ,?is w easily be acc\nt$ =1 if we consid] ! second & f\r? limitations1 propos$ to our g5]al sy/em4 ,x 0 obs]v$1 t no object ev] produces pride or humility1 if x has n some?+ peculi> to ourself2 z also1 t e cause ( t passion mu/ be 9 "s measure con/ant1 & hold "s proportion to ! duration ( our self1 :i*1 is its object4 ,n[ z heal? & sickness v>y incessantly to all m51 & !re is none1 :o is solely or c]ta9ly fix$ 9 ei!r1 ^! accid5tal bless+s & calamities are 9 a mann] sep>at$ f u1 & are nev] consid]$ z connect$ ) our be+ & exi/5ce4 ,& t ?is acc\nt is j appe>s h5ce1 t :]ev] a malady ( any k9d is s root$ 9 our con/itution1 t we no long] ent]ta9 any hopes ( recov]y1 f t mom5t x becomes an object ( humility2 z is evid5t 9 old m51 :om no?+ mortifies m ?an ! consid]ation ( _! age & infirmities4 ,!y endeav\r1 z long z possible1 to conceal _! bl9dness & deafness1 _! rheums & g\ts2 nor d !y ev] confess !m )\t reluctance & uneas9ess4 ,& ?\gh "y m5 are n a%am$ ( e head-a* or cold !y fall into1 yet no topic is s prop] to mortify human pride1 & make u ent]ta9 a mean op9ion ( our nature1 ?an ?is1 t we are e mom5t ( our lives subject to su* infirmities4 ,?is suffici5tly proves t bodily pa9 & sickness are 9 !mselves prop] causes ( humility2 ?\gh ! cu/om ( e/imat+ e ?+ by comp>ison m ?an by its intr9sic wor? & value1 makes u ov]look ^! calamities1 :i* we f9d to be incid5t to e "o1 & causes u to =m an idea ( our m]it & "* indep5d5t ( !m4 ,we are a%am$ ( su* maladies z affect o!rs1 & are ei!r dang]\s or disagreeable to !m4 ,( ! epilepsy2 because x gives a horror to e "o pres5t3 ,( ! it*2 because x is infecti\s3 ,( ! k+'s-evil2 because x commonly goes to po/]ity4 ,m5 always consid] ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs 9 _! judgm5t ( !mselves4 ,?is has evid5tly appe>$ 9 "s ( ! =ego+ reason+s2 & w appe> /ill m evid5tly1 & be m fully expla9$ aft]w>ds4 ,,sect4 ,,ix ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,advantages ,,& ,,disadvantages ,b ?\gh pride & humility h ! qualities ( our m9d & body t is self1 = _! natural & m imm$iate causes1 we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t !re are _m o!r objects1 :i* produce ^! affections1 & t ! prim>y "o is1 9 "s measure1 obscur$ & lo/ by ! multiplicity ( =eign & extr9sic4 ,we f\nd a vanity ^u h\ses1 g>d5s1 equipages1 z well z ^u p]sonal m]it & accompli%m5ts2 & ?\gh ^! ext]nal advantages be 9 !mselves widely di/ant f ?\ght or a p]son1 yet !y consid]ably influ5ce ev5 a passion1 :i* is direct$ to t z its ultimate object4 ,?is happ5s :5 ext]nal objects acquire any p>ticul> relation to ourselves1 & are associat$ or connect$ ) u4 ,a beautiful fi% 9 ! ocean1 an animal 9 a des]t1 & inde$ any ?+ t nei!r belongs1 nor is relat$ to u1 has no mann] ( influ5ce on our vanity1 :atev] extraord9>y qualities x may be end[$ )1 & :atev] degree ( surprize & admiration x may naturally occasion4 ,x mu/ be "s way associat$ ) u 9 ord] to t\* our pride4 ,its idea mu/ hang 9 a mann]1 ^u t ( ourselves & ! transition f ! "o to ! o!r mu/ be easy & natural4 ,b "h x is rem>kable1 t ?\gh ! relation ( resemblance op]ates ^u ! m9d 9 ! same mann] z contiguity & causation1 9 convey+ u f "o idea to ano!r1 yet x is seldom a f\ndation ei!r ( pride or ( humility4 ,if we resemble a p]son 9 any ( ! valuable p>ts ( 8 "*1 we mu/1 9 "s degree1 possess ! quality1 9 :i* we resemble him2 & ?is quality we always *use to survey directly 9 ourselves r ?an by reflexion 9 ano!r p]son1 :5 we w\ld f\nd ^u x any degree ( vanity4 ,s t ?\gh a lik5ess may occasionally produce t passion by sugge/+ a m advantage\s idea ( ourselves1 x is !re ! view fixes at la/1 & ! passion f9ds its ultimate & f9al cause4 ,!re are in/ances1 inde$1 :]e9 m5 %ew a vanity 9 resembl+ a great man 9 8 c\nt5ance1 %ape1 air1 or o!r m9ute circum/ances1 t contribute n 9 any degree to 8 reputation2 b x mu/ be confess$ t ?is ext5ds n v f>1 nor is ( any consid]able mom5t 9 ^! affections4 ,= ?is ,i assign ! foll[+ reason4 ,we c nev] h a vanity ( resembl+ 9 trifles any p]son1 unless he be possess$ ( v %9+ qualities1 :i* give u a respect & v5]ation = him4 ,^! qualities1 !n1 are1 prop]ly speak+1 ! causes ( our vanity1 by means ( _! relation to ourselves4 ,n[ aft] :at mann] are !y relat$ to ourselves8 ,!y are p>ts ( ! p]son we value1 & consequ5tly connect$ ) ^! trifles2 :i* are also suppos$ to be p>ts ( him4 ,^! trifles are connect$ ) ! resembl+ qualities 9 u2 & ^! qualities 9 u1 be+ p>ts1 are connect$ ) ! :ole2 & by t means =m a *a9 ( sev]al l9ks ( ! p]son we resemble4 ,b besides t ?is multitude ( relations mu/ weak5 ! connexion2 x is evid5t ! m9d1 9 pass+ f ! %9+ qualities to ! trivial ones1 mu/ by t contra/ ! bett] p]ceive ! m9ut5ess ( ! latt]1 & be 9 "s measure a%am$ ( ! comp>ison & resemblance4 ,! relation1 !re=e1 ( contiguity1 or t ( causation1 betwixt ! cause & object ( pride & humility1 is alone requisite to give rise to ^! passions2 & ^! relations are no?+ else b qualities1 by :i* ! imag9ation is convey$ f "o idea to ano!r4 ,n[ let u consid] :at effect ^! c possibly h ^u ! m9d1 & by :at means !y become s requisite to ! production ( ! passions4 ,x is evid5t1 t ! association ( ideas op]ates 9 s sil5t & imp]ceptible a mann]1 t we are sc>ce s5sible ( x1 & discov] x m by its effects ?an by any imm$iate feel+ or p]ception4 ,x produces no emotion1 & gives rise to no new impression ( any k9d1 b only modifies ^? ideas1 ( :i* ! m9d 0 =m]ly possess$1 & :i* x c\ld recal ^u occasion4 ,f ?is reason+1 z well z f und\bt$ exp]i5ce1 we may conclude1 t an association ( ideas1 h[ev] necess>y1 is n alone suffici5t to give rise to any passion4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t :5 ! m9d feels ! passion ei!r ( pride or humility ^u ! appe>ance ( relat$ object1 !re is1 beside ! relation or transition ( ?\ght1 an emotion or orig9al impression produc$ by "s o!r pr9ciple4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ! emotion fir/ produc$ be ! passion itself1 or "s o!r impression relat$ to x4 ,?is "q we _c be long 9 decid+1 ,= besides all ! o!r argum5ts1 ) :i* ?is subject ab\nds1 x mu/ evid5tly appe>1 t ! relation ( ideas1 :i* exp]i5ce %ews to be s requisite a circum/ance to ! production ( ! passion1 w\ld be entirely sup]flu\s1 7 x n to second a relation ( affections1 & facilitate ! transition f "o impression to ano!r4 ,if nature produc$ imm$iately ! passion ( pride or humility1 x w\ld be compleat$ 9 itself1 & w\ld require no f>!r addition or encrease f any o!r affection4 ,b suppos+ ! fir/ emotion to be only relat$ to pride or humility1 x is easily conceiv$ to :at purpose ! relation ( objects may s]ve1 & h[ ! two diff]5t associations1 ( impressions & ideas1 by unit+ _! =ces1 may assi/ ea* o!r's op]ation4 ,?is is n only easily conceiv$1 b ,i w v5ture to affirm x is ! only mann]1 9 :i* we c conceive ?is subject4 ,an easy transition ( ideas1 :i*1 ( itself1 causes no emotion1 c nev] be necess>y1 or ev5 useful to ! passions1 b by =w>d+ ! transition betwixt "s relat$ impressions4 ,n to m5tion1 t ! same object causes a great] or small] degree ( pride1 n only 9 proportion to ! encrease or decrease ( its qualities1 b also to ! di/ance or ne>ness ( ! relation2 :i* is a cle> argum5t = ! transition ( affections along ! relation ( ideas2 s9ce e *ange 9 ! relation produces a proportionable *ange 9 ! passion4 ,?us "o "p ( ! prec$+ sy/em1 conc]n+ ! relations ( ideas is a suffici5t pro( ( ! o!r1 conc]n+ t ( impressions2 & is itself s evid5tly f\nd$ on exp]i5ce1 t x w\ld be lo/ "t to endeav\r f>!r to prove x4 ,?is w appe> /ill m evid5tly 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,m5 are va9 ( ! beauty ( _! c\ntry1 ( _! c\nty1 ( _! p>i%4 ,"h ! idea ( beauty pla9ly produces a pleasure4 ,?is pleasure is relat$ to pride4 ,! object or cause ( ?is pleasure is1 by ! supposition1 relat$ to self1 or ! object ( pride4 ,by ?is d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas1 a transition is made f ! "o impression to ! o!r4 ,m5 are also va9 ( ! temp]ature ( ! climate1 9 :i* !y 7 born2 ( ! f]tility ( _! native soil2 ( ! goodness ( ! w9es1 fruits or victuals1 produc$ by x2 ( ! s(tness or =ce ( _! language2 ) o!r p>ticul>s ( t k9d4 ,^! objects h pla9ly a ref]5ce to ! pleasures ( ! s5ses1 & are orig9ally consid]$ z agreeable to ! feel+1 ta/e or he>+4 ,h[ is x possible !y c\ld ev] become objects ( pride1 except by means ( t transition above-expla9$8 ,!re are "s1 t discov] a vanity ( an opposite k9d1 & affect to depreciate _! own c\ntry1 9 comp>ison ( ^?1 to :i* !y h travell$4 ,^! p]sons f9d1 :5 !y are at home1 & surr\nd$ ) _! c\ntrym51 t ! /rong relation betwixt !m & _! own nation is %>$ ) s _m1 t x is 9 a mann] lo/ to !m2 :]eas _! di/ant relation to a =eign c\ntry1 :i* is =m$ by _! hav+ se5 x & liv$ 9 x1 is augm5t$ by _! consid]+ h[ few !re are :o h done ! same4 ,= ?is reason !y always admire ! beauty1 utility & r>ity ( :at is abroad1 above :at is at home4 ,s9ce we c be va9 ( a c\ntry1 climate or any inanimate object1 :i* be>s a relation to u1 x is no wond] we are va9 ( ! qualities ( ^?1 :o are connect$ ) u by blood or fri5d%ip4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t ! v same qualities1 :i* 9 ourselves produce pride1 produce also 9 a less] degree ! same affection1 :5 discov]$ 9 p]sons relat$ to u4 ,! beauty1 address1 m]it1 cr$it & hon\rs ( _! k9dr$ are c>efully display$ by ! pr\d1 z "s ( _! mo/ consid]able s\rces ( _! vanity4 ,z we are pr\d ( ri*es 9 ourselves1 s to satisfy our vanity we desire t e "o1 :o has any connexion ) u1 %\ld likewise be posse/ ( !m1 & are a%am$ ( any "o1 t is mean or poor1 among our fri5ds & relations4 ,= ?is reason we remove ! poor z f> f u z possible2 & z we _c prev5t pov]ty 9 "s di/ant collat]als1 & our =efa!rs are tak5 to be our ne>e/ relations2 ^u ?is acc\nt e "o affects to be ( a good family1 & to be desc5d$ f a long succession ( ri* & hon\rable ance/ors4 ,i h frequ5tly obs]v$1 t ^?1 :o boa/ ( ! antiquity ( _! families1 are glad :5 !y c jo9 ?is circum/ance1 t _! ance/ors = _m g5]ations h be5 un9t]rupt$ proprietors ( ! same portion ( l&1 & t _! family has nev] *ang$ its possessions1 or be5 transplant$ into any o!r c\nty or prov9ce4 ,i h also obs]v$1 t x is an additional subject ( vanity1 :5 !y c boa/1 t ^! possessions h be5 transmitt$ ?r\gh a desc5t compos$ entirely ( males1 & t ! hon\r1 & =tune h nev] pa/ ?r\gh any female4 ,let u endeav\r to expla9 ^! pha5om5a by ! =ego+ sy/em4 ,x is evid5t1 t :5 any "o boa/s ( ! antiquity ( 8 family1 ! subjects ( 8 vanity are n m]ely ! ext5t ( "t & numb] ( ance/ors1 b also _! ri*es & cr$it1 :i* are suppos$ to reflect a lu/re on himself on acc\nt ( 8 relation to !m4 ,he fir/ consid]s ^! objects2 is affect$ by !m 9 an agreeable mann]2 & !n return+ back to himself1 ?r\gh ! relation ( p>5t & *ild1 is elevat$ ) ! passion ( pride1 by means ( ! d\ble relation1 ( impressions & ideas4 ,s9ce !re=e ! passion dep5ds on ^! relations1 :atev] /r5g!ns any ( ! relations mu/ also encrease ! passion1 & :atev] weak5s ! relations mu/ dim9i% ! passion4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 ! id5tity ( ! possesion /r5g!ns ! relation ( ideas aris+ f blood & k9dr$1 & conveys ! fancy ) great] facility f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 f ! remote ance/ors to _! po/]ity1 :o are bo? _! heirs & _! desc5dants4 ,by ?is facility ! impression is transmitt$ m entire1 & excites a great] degree ( pride & vanity4 ,! case is ! same ) ! transmission ( ! hon\rs & =tune ?r\gh a succession ( males )\t _! pass+ ?r\gh any female4 ,x is a quality ( human nature1 :i* we %all consid]#d aft]w>ds1 t ! imag9ation naturally turns to :atev] is important & consid]able2 & :]e two objects are pres5t$ to x1 a small & a great "o1 usually leaves ! =m]1 & dwells entirely ^u ! latt]4 ,z 9 ! society ( m>riage1 ! male sex has ! advantage above ! female1 ! husb& fir/ engages our att5tion2 & :e!r we consid] him directly1 or rea* him by pass+ ?r\gh relat$ objects1 ! ?\ght bo? re/s ^u him ) great] satisfaction1 & arrives at him ) great] facility ?an 8 consort4 ,x is easy to see1 t ?is prop]ty mu/ /r5g!n ! *ild's relation to ! fa!r1 & weak5 t to ! "m4 ,= z all relations are no?+ b a prop5sity to pass f "o idea to ano!r1 :atev] /r5g!ns ! prop5sity /r5g!ns ! relation2 & z we h a /rong] prop5sity to pass f ! idea ( ! *ildr5 to t ( ! fa!r1 ?an f ! same idea to t ( ! "m1 we ought to reg>d ! =m] relation z ! clos] & m consid]able4 ,?is is ! reason :y *ildr5 commonly be> _! fa!r's "n1 & are e/eem$ to be ( nobl] or bas] bir?1 accord+ to 8 family4 ,& ?\gh ! "m %\ld be posse/ ( a sup]ior _s & g5ius to ! fa!r1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! g5]al rule prevails1 not)/&+ ! exception1 accord+ to ! doctr9e above-expla9$4 ,nay ev5 :5 a sup]iority ( any k9d is s great1 or :5 any o!r reasons h su* an effect1 z to make ! *ildr5 r repres5t3 ! "m's family ?an ! fa!r's1 ! g5]al rule /ill reta9s su* an efficacy t x weak5s ! relation1 & makes a k9d ( break 9 ! l9e ( ance/ors4 ,! imag9ation runs n along !m ) facility1 nor is able to transf] ! hon\r & cr$it ( ! ance/ors to _! po/]ity ( ! same "n & family s readily1 z :5 ! transition is con=mable to ! g5]al rules1 & passes f fa!r to son1 or f bro!r to bro!r4 #d ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect1 #b4 ,,sect4 ,x ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,& ,,ri*es ,b ! relation1 :i* is e/eem$ ! close/1 & :i* ( all o!rs produces mo/ commonly ! passion ( pride1 is t ( prop]ty4 ,?is relation x w be impossible = me fully to expla9 be=e ,i come to treat ( ju/ice & ! o!r moral virtues4 ,x is suffici5t to obs]ve on ?is occasion1 t prop]ty may be def9$1 su* a relation betwixt a p]son & an object z p]mits him1 b =bids any o!r1 ! free use & possession ( x1 )\t violat+ ! laws ( ju/ice & moral equity4 ,if ju/ice1 !re=e1 be a virtue1 :i* has a natural & orig9al influ5ce on ! human m9d1 prop]ty may be look$ ^u z a p>ticul> species ( causation2 :e!r we consid] ! lib]ty x gives ! proprietor to op]ate z he please ^u ! object or ! advantages1 :i* he reaps f x4 ,x is ! same case1 if ju/ice1 accord+ to ! sy/em ( c]ta9 philosoph]s1 %\ld be e/eem$ an artificial & n a natural virtue4 ,= !n hon\r1 & cu/om1 & civil laws supply ! place ( natural consci5ce1 & produce1 9 "s degree1 ! same effects4 ,?is 9 ! mean "t is c]ta91 t ! m5tion ( ! prop]ty naturally c>ries our ?\ght to ! proprietor1 & ( ! proprietor to ! prop]ty2 :i* be+ a pro( ( a p]fect relation ( ideas is all t is requisite to our pres5t purpose4 ,a relation ( ideas1 jo9$ to t ( impressions1 always produces a transition ( affections2 & !re=e1 :5ev] any pleasure or pa9 arises f an object1 connect$ ) u by prop]ty4 we may be c]ta91 t ei!r pride or humility mu/ arise f ?is conjunction ( relations2 if ! =ego+ sy/em be solid & satisfactory4 ,& :e!r x be s or n1 we may soon satisfy ourselves by ! mo/ cursory view ( human life4 ,e ?+ belong+ to a va9 man is ! be/ t is any:]e to be f\nd4 ,8 h\ses1 equipage1 furniture1 doa?s1 horses1 h\nds1 excel all o!rs 9 8 conceit2 & x is easy to obs]ve1 t f ! lea/ advantage 9 any ( ^!1 he draws a new subject ( pride & vanity4 ,8 w9e1 if y'll believe him1 has a f9] flav\r ?an any o!r2 8 cook]y is m exquisite2 8 table m ord]ly2 8 s]vants m exp]t2 ! air1 9 :i* he lives1 m heal?ful2 ! soil he cultivates m f]tile2 8 fruits rip5 e>li] & to great] p]fection3 ,su* a ?+ is rem>kable = its novelty2 su* ano!r = its antiquity3 ,?is is ! workman%ip ( a fam\s arti/2 t belong$ once to su* a pr9ce or great man3 ,all objects1 9 a ^w1 t are useful1 beautiful or surpris+1 or are relat$ to su*1 may1 by means ( prop]ty1 give rise to ?is passion4 ,^! agree 9 giv+ pleasure1 & agree 9 no?+ else4 ,?is alone is common to !m2 & !re=e mu/ be ! quality t produces ! passion1 :i* is _! common effect4 ,z e new in/ance is a new argum5t1 & z ! in/ances are "h )\t numb]1 ,i may v5ture to affirm1 t sc>ce any sy/em 0 ev] s fully prov$ by exp]i5ce1 z t :i* ,i h "h advanc$4 ,if ! prop]ty ( any ?+1 t gives pleasure ei!r by its utility1 beauty or novelty1 produces also pride by a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas2 we ne$ n be surpriz$1 t ! p[] ( acquir+ ?is prop]ty1 %\ld h ! same effect4 ,n[ ri*es are to be consid]$ z ! p[] ( acquir+ ! prop]ty ( :at pleases2 & x is only 9 ?is view !y h any influ5ce on ! passions4 ,pap] w1 on _m occasions1 be consid]$ z ri*es1 & t because x may convey ! p[] ( acquir+ money3 ,& money is n ri*es1 z x is a metal end[$ ) c]ta9 qualities ( solidity1 weight & fusibility2 b only z x has a relation to ! pleasures & conv5i5ces ( life4 ,tak+ !n ?is = grant$1 :i* is 9 itself s evid5t1 we may draw f x "o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts ,i h yet employ$ to prove ! influ5ce ( ! d\ble relations on pride & humility4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 treat+ ( ! und]/&+1 t ! di/9ction1 :i* we sometimes make betwixt a p[] & ! ex]cise ( x1 is entirely frivol\s1 & t nei!r man nor any o!r be+ ought ev] to be ?\ght posse/ ( any ability1 unless x be ex]t$ & put 9 action4 ,b ?\gh ?is be /rictly true 9 a j & philosophical way ( ?9k+1 x is c]ta9 x is n ! philosophy ( our passions2 b t _m ?+s op]ate ^u !m by means ( ! idea & supposition ( p[]1 indep5d5t ( its actual ex]cise4 ,we are pleas$ :5 we acquire an ability ( procur+ pleasure1 & are displeas$ :5 ano!r acquires a p[] ( giv+ pa94 ,?is is evid5t f exp]i5ce2 b 9 ord] to give a j explication ( ! matt]1 & acc\nt = ?is satisfaction & uneas9ess1 we mu/ weigh ! foll[+ reflections4 ,x is evid5t ! error ( di/+ui%+ p[] f its ex]cise proce$s n entirely f ! s*ola/ic doctr9e ( free-w1 :i*1 inde$1 ent]s v little into common life1 & has b small influ5ce on our vulg> & popul> ways ( ?9k+4 ,accord+ to t doctr9e1 motives deprive u n ( free-w1 nor take away our p[] ( p]=m+ or =be>+ any action4 ,b accord+ to common notions a man has no p[]1 :]e v consid]able motives lie betwixt him & ! satisfaction ( 8 desires1 & det]m9e him to =be> :at he wi%es to p]=m4 ,i d n ?9k ,i h fall5 into my enemy's p[]1 :5 ,i see him pass me 9 ! /reets ) a sword by 8 side1 :ile ,i am unprovid$ ( any weapon4 ,i "k t ! fe> ( ! civil magi/rate is z /rong a re/ra9t z any ( iron1 & t ,i am 9 z p]fect safety z if he 7 *a9$ or imprison$4 ,b :5 a p]son acquires su* an au?ority ov] me1 t n only !re is no ext]nal ob/acle to 8 actions2 b also t he may puni% or rew>d me z he pleases1 )\t any dread ( puni%m5t 9 8 turn1 ,i !n attribute a full p[] to him1 & consid] myself z 8 subject or vassal4 ,n[ if we comp>e ^! two cases1 t ( a p]son1 :o has v /rong motives ( int]e/ or safety to =be> any action1 & t ( ano!r1 :o lies "u no su* obligation1 we %all f9d1 accord+ to ! philosophy expla9$ 9 ! =ego+ book1 t ! only kn[n diff]5ce betwixt !m lies 9 ?is1 t 9 ! =m] case we conclude f pa/ exp]i5ce1 t ! p]son nev] w p]=m t action1 & 9 ! latt]1 t he possibly or probably w p]=m x4 ,no?+ is m fluctuat+ & incon/ant on _m occasions1 ?an ! w ( man2 nor is !re any ?+ b /rong motives1 :i* c give u an absolute c]ta9ty 9 pron\nc+ conc]n+ any ( 8 future actions4 ,:5 we see a p]son free f ^! motives1 we suppose a possibility ei!r ( 8 act+ or =be>+2 & ?\gh 9 g5]al we may conclude him to be det]m9$ by motives & causes1 yet ?is removes n ! unc]ta9ty ( our judgm5t conc]n+ ^! causes1 nor ! influ5ce ( t unc]ta9ty on ! passions4 ,s9ce !re=e we ascribe a p[] ( p]=m+ an action to e "o1 :o has no v p[]ful motive to =be> x1 & refuse x to su* z h2 x may ju/ly be conclud$1 t p[] has always a ref]5ce to its ex]cise1 ei!r actual or probable1 & t we consid] a p]son z end[$ ) any ability :5 we f9d f pa/ exp]i5ce1 t x is probable1 or at lea/ possible he may ex]t x4 ,& inde$1 z our passions always reg>d ! real exi/5ce ( objects1 & we always judge ( ?is reality f pa/ in/ances2 no?+ c be m likely ( itself1 )\t any f>!r reason+1 ?an t p[] consi/s 9 ! possibility or probability ( any action1 z discov]$ by exp]i5ce & ! practice ( ! _w4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 t :]ev] a p]son is 9 su* a situation ) reg>d to me1 t !re is no v p[]ful motive to det] him f injur+ me1 & consequ5tly x is unc]ta9 :e!r he w injure me or n1 ,i mu/ be uneasy 9 su* a situation1 & _c consid] ! possibility or probability ( t injury )\t a s5sible conc]n4 ,! passions are n only affect$ by su* ev5ts z are c]ta9 & infallible1 b also 9 an inf]ior degree by su* z are possible & cont+5t4 ,& ?\gh p]haps ,i nev] really feel any h>m1 & discov] by ! ev5t1 t1 philosophically speak+1 ! p]son nev] _h any p[] ( h>m+ me2 s9ce he did n ex]t any2 ?is prev5ts n my uneas9ess f ! prec$+ unc]ta9ty4 ,! agreeable passions may "h op]ate z well z ! uneasy1 & convey a pleasure :5 ,i p]ceive a good to become ei!r possible or probable by ! possibility or probability ( ano!r's be/[+ x on me1 ^u ! removal ( any /rong motives1 :i* might =m]ly h h9d]$ him4 ,b we may f>!r obs]ve1 t ?is satisfaction encreases1 :5 any good approa*es 9 su* a mann] t x is 9 "o's own p[] to take or leave x1 & !re nei!r is any physical imp$im5t1 nor any v /rong motive to h9d] our enjoym5t4 ,z all m5 desire pleasure1 no?+ c be m probable1 ?an its exi/5ce :5 !re is no ext]nal ob/acle to ! produc+ x1 & m5 p]ceive no dang] 9 foll[+ _! incl9ations4 ,9 t case _! imag9ation easily anticipates ! satisfaction1 & conveys ! same joy1 z if !y 7 p]suad$ ( its real & actual exi/5ce4 ,b ?is acc\nts n suffici5tly = ! satisfaction1 :i* att5ds ri*es4 ,a mis] receives delight f 8 money2 t is1 f ! p[] x af=ds him ( procur+ all ! pleasures & conv5i5ces ( life1 ?\gh he kn[s he has enjoy$ 8 ri*es = =ty ye>s )\t ev] employ+ !m2 & consequ5tly _c conclude by any species ( reason+1 t ! real exi/5ce ( ^! pleasures is ne>]1 ?an if he 7 entirely depriv$ ( all 8 possessions4 ,b ?\gh he _c =m any su* conclusion 9 a way ( reason+ conc]n+ ! ne>] approa* ( ! pleasure1 x is c]ta9 he imag9es x to approa* ne>]1 :5ev] all ext]nal ob/acles are remov$1 along ) ! m p[]ful motives ( int]e/ & dang]1 :i* oppose x4 ,= f>!r satisfaction on ?is head ,i mu/ ref] to my acc\nt ( ! w1 :]e ,i %all#e expla9 t false s5sation ( lib]ty1 :i* makes u imag9e we c p]=m any ?+1 t is n v dang]\s or de/ructive4 ,:5ev] any o!r p]son is "u no /rong obligations ( int]e/ to =be> any pleasure1 we judge f exp]i5ce1 t ! pleasure w exi/1 & t he w probably obta9 x4 ,b :5 ourselves are 9 t situation1 we judge f an illusion ( ! fancy1 t ! pleasure is /ill clos] & m imm$iate4 ,! w seems to move easily e way1 & ca/s a %ad[ or image ( itself1 ev5 to t side1 on :i* x did n settle4 ,by means ( ?is image ! enjoym5t seems to approa* ne>] to u1 & gives u ! same lively satisfaction1 z if x 7 p]fectly c]ta9 & unavoidable4 #e ,"p ,,iii4 ,sect4 #b4 ,x w n[ be easy to draw ?is :ole reason+ to a po9t1 & to prove1 t :5 ri*es produce any pride or vanity 9 _! possessors1 z !y nev] fail to d1 x is only by means ( a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas4 ,! v ess5ce ( ri*es consi/s 9 ! p[] ( procur+ ! pleasures & conv5i5ces ( life4 ,! v ess5ce ( ?is consi/s 9 ! probability ( its ex]cise1 & 9 its caus+ u to anticipate1 by a true or false reason+1 ! real exi/5ce ( ! pleasure4 ,?is anticipation ( pleasure is1 9 itself1 a v consid]able pleasure2 & z its cause is "s possession or prop]ty1 :i* we enjoy1 & :i* is !reby relat$ to u1 we "h de>ly see all ! p>ts ( ! =ego+ sy/em mo/ exactly & di/9ctly drawn out be=e u4 ,= ! same reason1 t ri*es cause pleasure & pride1 & pov]ty excites uneas9ess & humility1 p[] mu/ produce ! =m] emotions1 & slav]y ! latt]4 ,p[] or an au?ority ov] o!rs makes u capable ( satisfy+ all our desires2 z slav]y1 by subject+ u to ! w ( o!rs1 exposes u to a ?\s& wants1 & mortifications4 ,x is "h wor? obs]v+1 t ! vanity ( p[]1 or %ame ( slav]y1 are mu* augm5t$ by ! consid]ation ( ! p]sons1 ov] :om we ex]cise our au?ority1 or :o ex]cise x ov] u4 ,= suppos+ x possible to frame /atues ( su* an admirable me*anism1 t !y c\ld move & act 9 ob$i5ce to ! w2 x is evid5t ! possession ( !m w\ld give pleasure & pride1 b n to su* a degree1 z ! same au?ority1 :5 ex]t$ ov] s5sible & rational creatures1 ^: condition1 be+ comp>$ to our own1 makes x seem m agreeable & hon\rable4 ,comp>ison is 9 e case a sure me?od ( augm5t+ our e/eem ( any ?+4 ,a ri* man feels ! felicity ( 8 condition bett] by oppos+ x to t ( a begg>4 ,b !re is a peculi> advantage 9 p[]1 by ! contra/1 :i* is1 9 a mann]1 pres5t$ to u1 betwixt ourselves & ! p]son we comm&4 ,! comp>ison is obvi\s & natural3 ,! imag9ation f9ds x 9 ! v subject3 ,! passage ( ! ?\ght to its conception is smoo? & easy4 ,& t ?is circum/ance has a consid]able effect 9 augm5t+ its influ5ce1 w appe> aft]w>ds 9 exam9+ ! nature ( malice & envy4 ,,sect4 ,,xi ,,( ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,fame ,b beside ^! orig9al causes ( pride & humility1 !re is a second>y "o 9 ! op9ions ( o!rs1 :i* has an equal influ5ce on ! affections4 ,our reputation1 our "*1 our "n are consid]ations ( va/ weight & importance2 & ev5 ! o!r causes ( pride2 virtue1 beauty & ri*es2 h little influ5ce1 :5 n second$ by ! op9ions & s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = ?is phnom5on x w be necess>y to take "s compass1 & fir/ expla9 ! nature ( sympa?y4 ,no quality ( human nature is m rem>kable1 bo? 9 itself & 9 its consequ5ces1 ?an t prop5sity we h to sympa?ize ) o!rs1 & to receive by communication _! incl9ations & s5tim5ts1 h[ev] diff]5t f1 or ev5 contr>y to our own4 ,?is is n only conspicu\s 9 *ildr51 :o implicitly embrace e op9ion propos$ to !m2 b also 9 m5 ( ! greate/ judgm5t & und]/&+1 :o f9d x v difficult to foll[ _! own reason or incl9ation1 9 opposition to t ( _! fri5ds & daily companions4 ,to ?is pr9ciple we ought to ascribe ! great uni=mity we may obs]ve 9 ! hum\rs & turn ( ?9k+ ( ^? ( ! same nation2 & x is mu* m probable1 t ?is resemblance arises f sympa?y1 ?an f any influ5ce ( ! soil & climate1 :i*1 ?\gh !y cont9ue inv>iably ! same1 are n able to pres]ve ! "* ( a nation ! same = a c5tury toge!r4 ,a good-natur$ man f9ds himself 9 an in/ant ( ! same hum\r ) 8 company2 & ev5 ! pr\de/ & mo/ surly take a t9cture f _! c\ntrym5 & acqua9tance4 ,a *e>ful c\nt5ance infuses a s5sible complac5cy & s]5ity into my m9d2 z an angry or sorr[ful "o ?r[s a sudd5 dump ^u me4 ,hatr$1 res5tm5t1 e/eem1 love1 c\rage1 mir? & melan*oly2 all ^! passions ,i feel m f communication ?an f my own natural temp] & disposition4 ,s rem>kable a phnom5on m]its our att5tion1 & mu/ be trac$ up to its fir/ pr9ciples4 ,:5 any affection is infus$ by sympa?y1 x is at fir/ kn[n only by its effects1 & by ^? ext]nal signs 9 ! c\nt5ance & conv]sation1 :i* convey an idea ( x4 ,?is idea is pres5tly conv]t$ into an impression1 & acquires su* a degree ( =ce & vivacity1 z to become ! v passion itself1 & produce an equal emotion1 z any orig9al affection4 ,h[ev] in/antane\s ?is *ange ( ! idea into an impression may be1 x proce$s f c]ta9 views & reflections1 :i* w n escape ! /rict scrut9y ( a philosoph]1 ?\gh !y may ! p]son himself1 :o makes !m4 ,x is evid5t1 t ! idea1 or r impression ( ourselves is always intimately pres5t ) u1 & t our consci\sness gives u s lively a conception ( our own p]son1 t x is n possible to imag9e1 t any ?+ c 9 ?is p>ticul> g beyond x4 ,:atev] object1 !re=e1 is relat$ to ourselves mu/ be conceiv$ ) a little vivacity ( conception1 accord+ to ! =ego+ pr9ciples2 & ?\gh ?is relation %\ld n be s /rong z t ( causation1 x mu/ /ill h a consid]able influ5ce4 ,resemblance & contiguity are relations n to be neglect$2 especially :5 by an inf]5ce f cause & effect1 & by ! obs]vation ( ext]nal signs1 we are in=m$ ( ! real exi/5ce ( ! object1 :i* is resembl+ or contigu\s4 ,n[ x is obvi\s1 t nature has pres]v$ a great resemblance among all human creatures1 & t we nev] rem>k any passion or pr9ciple 9 o!rs1 ( :i*1 9 "s degree or o!r1 we may n f9d a p>allel 9 ourselves4 ,! case is ! same ) ! fabric ( ! m9d1 z ) t ( ! body4 ,h[ev] ! p>ts may diff] 9 %ape or size1 _! /ructure & composition are 9 g5]al ! same4 ,!re is a v rem>kable resemblance1 :i* pres]ves itself amid/ all _! v>iety2 & ?is resemblance mu/ v mu* contribute to make u ent] into ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs2 & embrace !m ) facility & pleasure4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t :]e1 beside ! g5]al resemblance ( our natures1 !re is any peculi> simil>ity 9 our mann]s1 or "*1 or c\ntry1 or language1 x facilitates ! sympa?y4 ,! /rong] ! relation is betwixt ourselves & any object1 ! m easily does ! imag9ation make ! transition1 & convey to ! relat$ idea ! vivacity ( conception1 ) :i* we always =m ! idea ( our own p]son4 ,nor is resemblance ! only relation1 :i* has ?is effect1 b receives new =ce f o!r relations1 t may accompany x4 ,! s5tim5ts ( o!rs h little influ5ce1 :5 f> remov$ f u1 & require ! relation ( contiguity1 to make !m communicate !mselves entirely4 ,! relations ( blood1 be+ a species ( causation1 may sometimes contribute to ! same effect2 z also acqua9tance1 :i* op]ates 9 ! same mann] ) education & cu/om2 z we %all see m fully#f aft]w>ds4 ,all ^! relations1 :5 unit$ toge!r1 convey ! impression or consci\sness ( our own p]son to ! idea ( ! s5tim5ts or passions ( o!rs1 & makes u conceive !m 9 ! /ronge/ & mo/ lively mann]4 #f ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 #d4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is treatise1 t all ideas are borr[$ f impressions1 & t ^! two k9ds ( p]ceptions diff] only 9 ! degrees ( =ce & vivacity1 ) :i* !y /rike ^u ! s\l4 ,! compon5t "p ( ideas & impressions are precisely alike4 ,! mann] & ord] ( _! appe>ance may be ! same4 ,! diff]5t degrees ( _! =ce & vivacity are1 !re=e1 ! only p>ticul>s1 t di/+ui% !m3 ,& z ?is diff]5ce may be remov$1 9 "s measure1 by a relation betwixt ! impressions & ideas1 x is no wond] an idea ( a s5tim5t or passion1 may by ?is means be inliv5$ z to become ! v s5tim5t or passion4 ,! lively idea ( any object always approa*es is impression2 & x is c]ta9 we may feel sickness & pa9 f ! m]e =ce ( imag9ation1 & make a malady real by (t5 ?9k+ ( x4 ,b ?is is mo/ rem>kable 9 ! op9ions & affections2 & x is !re pr9cipally t a lively idea is conv]t$ into an impression4 ,our affections dep5d m ^u ourselves1 & ! int]nal op]ations ( ! m9d1 ?an any o!r impressions2 = :i* reason !y arise m naturally f ! imag9ation1 & f e lively idea we =m ( !m4 ,?is is ! nature & cause ( sympa?y2 & x is aft] ?is mann] we ent] s deep into ! op9ions & affections ( o!rs1 :5ev] we discov] !m4 ,:at is pr9cipally rem>kable 9 ?is :ole affair is ! /rong confirmation ^! pha5om5a give to ! =ego+ sy/em conc]n+ ! und]/&+1 & consequ5tly to ! pres5t "o conc]n+ ! passions2 s9ce ^! are analog\s to ea* o!r4 ,x is inde$ evid5t1 t :5 we sympa?ize ) ! passions & s5tim5ts ( o!rs1 ^! movem5ts appe> at fir/ 9 our m9d z m]e ideas1 & are conceiv$ to belong to ano!r p]son1 z we conceive any o!r matt] ( fact4 ,x is also evid5t1 t ! ideas ( ! affections ( o!rs are conv]t$ into ! v impressions !y repres5t1 & t ! passions arise 9 con=mity to ! images we =m ( !m4 ,all ?is is an object ( ! pla9e/ exp]i5ce1 & dep5ds n on any hypo!sis ( philosophy4 ,t sci5ce c only be admitt$ to expla9 ! pha5om5a2 ?\gh at ! same "t x mu/ be confe/1 !y are s cle> ( !mselves1 t !re is b little occasion to employ x4 ,= besides ! relation ( cause & effect1 by :i* we are conv9c$ ( ! reality ( ! passion1 ) :i* we sympa?ize2 besides ?is1 ,i say1 we mu/ be assi/$ by ! relations ( resemblance & contiguity1 9 ord] to feel ! sympa?y 9 its full p]fection4 ,& s9ce ^! relations c entirely conv]t an idea into an impression1 & convey ! vivacity ( ! latt] into ! =m]1 s p]fectly z to lose no?+ ( x 9 ! transition1 we may easily conceive h[ ! relation ( cause & effect alone1 may s]ve to /r5g!n & inliv5 an idea4 ,9 sympa?y !re is an evid5t conv]sion ( an idea into an impression4 ,?is conv]sion arises f ! relation ( objects to ourself4 ,ourself is always intimately pres5t to u4 ,let u comp>e all ^! circum/ances1 & we %all f9d1 t sympa?y is exactly correspond5t to ! op]ations ( our und]/&+2 & ev5 conta9s some?+ m surpriz+ & extraord9>y4 ,x is n[ "t to turn our view f ! g5]al consid]ation ( sympa?y1 to its influ5ce on pride & humility1 :5 ^! passions arise f praise & blame1 f reputation & infamy4 ,we may obs]ve1 t no p]son is ev] prais$ by ano!r = any quality1 :i* w\ld n1 if real1 produce1 ( itself1 a pride 9 ! p]son posse/ ( x4 ,! elogiums ei!r turn ^u 8 p[]1 or ri*es1 or family1 or virtue2 all ( :i* are subjects ( vanity1 t we h already expla9$ & acc\nt$ =4 ,x is c]ta91 !n1 t if a p]son consid]$ himself 9 ! same light1 9 :i* he appe>s to 8 admir]1 he w\ld fir/ receive a sep>ate pleasure1 & aft]w>ds a pride or self-satisfaction1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis above expla9$4 ,n[ no?+ is m natural ?an = u to embrace ! op9ions ( o!rs 9 ?is p>ticul>2 bo? f sympa?y1 :i* r5d]s all _! s5tim5ts intimately pres5t to u2 & f reason+1 :i* makes u reg>d _! judgm5t1 z a k9d ( argum5t = :at !y affirm4 ,^! two pr9ciples ( au?ority & sympa?y influ5ce almo/ all our op9ions2 b mu/ h a peculi> influ5ce1 :5 we judge ( our own wor? & "*4 ,su* judgm5ts are always att5d$ ) passion2#g & no?+ t5ds m to di/urb our und]/&+1 & precipitate u into any op9ions1 h[ev] unreasonable1 ?an _! connexion ) passion2 :i* diffuses itself ov] ! imag9ation1 & gives an additional =ce to e relat$ idea4 ,to :i* we may add1 t be+ consci\s ( great p>tiality 9 our own fav\r1 we are peculi>ly pleas$ ) any ?+1 t confirms ! good op9ion we h ( ourselves1 & are easily %ock$ ) :atev] opposes x4 #g ,book ,i1 ,"p ,,iii4 ,sect4 #aj4 ,all ?is appe>s v probable 9 !ory2 b 9 ord] to be/[ a full c]ta9ty on ?is reason+1 we mu/ exam9e ! pha5on5a ( ! passions1 & see if !y agree ) x4 ,among ^! pha5om5a we may e/eem x a v fav\rable "o to our pres5t purposes t ?\gh fame 9 g5]al be agreeable1 yet we receive a mu* great] satisfaction f ! approbation ( ^?1 :om we ourselves e/eem & approve (1 ?an ( ^?1 :om we hate & despise4 ,9 l measure we are pr9cipally mortify$ ) ! contempt ( p]sons1 ^u ^: judgm5t we set "s value1 & are1 9 a peat measure1 indiff]5t ab\t ! op9ions ( ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,b if ! m9d receiv$ f any orig9al in/9ct a desire ( fame & av]sion to infamy1 fame & infamy w\ld influ5ce u )\t di/9ction2 & e op9ion1 accord+ z x 7 fav\rable or unfav\rable1 w\ld equally excite t desire or av]sion4 ,! judgm5t ( a fool is ! judgm5t ( ano!r p]son1 z well z t ( a wise man1 & is only inf]ior 9 its influ5ce on our own judgm5t4 ,we are n only bett] pleas$ ) ! approbation ( a wise man ?an ) t ( a fool1 b receive an additional satisfaction f ! =m]1 :5 x is obta9$ aft] a long & intimate acqua9tance4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = aft] ! same mann]4 ,! praises ( o!rs nev] give u mu* pleasure1 unless !y concur ) our own op9ion1 & extol u = ^? qualities1 9 :i* we *iefly excel4 ,a m]e soldi] little values ! "* ( eloqu5ce3 ,a g[nman ( c\rage3 ,a bi%op ( hum\r3 ,or a m]*ant ( le>n+4 ,:atev] e/eem a man may h = any quality1 ab/ract$ly consid]$2 :5 he is consci\s he is n posse/ ( x2 ! op9ions ( ! :ole _w w give him little pleasure 9 t p>ticul>1 & t because !y nev] w be able to draw 8 own op9ion aft] !m4 ,no?+ is m usual ?an = m5 ( good families1 b n>r[ circum/ances1 to leave _! fri5ds & c\ntry1 & r seek _! livelihood by mean & me*anical employm5ts among /rang]s1 ?an among ^?1 :o are acqua9t$ ) _! bir? & education4 ,we %all be unkn[n1 say !y1 :]e we g4 ,no body w suspect f :at family we are sprung4 ,we %all be remov$ f all our fri5ds & acqua9tance1 & our pov]ty & meanness w by t means sit m easy ^u u4 ,9 exam9+ ^! s5tim5ts1 ,i f9d !y af=d _m v conv9c+ argum5ts = my pres5t purpose4 ,fir/1 ,we may inf] f !m1 t ! uneas9ess ( be+ contemn$ dep5ds on sympa?y1 & t sympa?y dep5ds on ! relation ( objects to ourselves2 s9ce we are mo/ uneasy "u ! contempt ( p]sons1 :o are bo? relat$ to u by blood1 & contigu\s 9 place4 ,h5ce we seek to dim9i% ?is sympa?y & uneas9ess by sep>at+ ^! relations1 & plac+ ourselves 9 a contiguity to /rang]s1 & at a di/ance f relations4 ,secondly1 ,we may conclude1 t relations are requisite to sympa?y1 n absolutely consid]$ z relations1 b by _! influ5ce 9 conv]t+ our ideas ( ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs into ! v s5tim5ts1 by means ( ! association betwixt ! idea ( _! p]sons1 & t ( our own4 ,= "h ! relations ( k9dr$ & contiguity bo? subsi/2 b n be+ unit$ 9 ! same p]sons1 !y contribute 9 a less degree to ! sympa?y4 ,?irdly1 ,?is v circum/ance ( ! dim9ution ( sympa?y by ! sep>ation ( relations is wor?y ( our att5tion4 ,suppose ,i am plac$ 9 a poor condition among /rang]s1 & consequ5tly am b lightly treat$2 ,i yet f9d myself easi] 9 t situation1 ?an :5 ,i 0 e day expos$ to ! contempt ( my k9dr$ & c\ntrym54 ,"h ,i feel a d\ble contempt2 f my relations1 b !y are abs5t2 f ^? ab\t me1 b !y are /rang]s4 ,?is d\ble contempt is likewise /r5g!n$ by ! two relations ( k9dr$ & contiguity4 ,b z ! p]sons are n ! same1 :o are connect$ ) me by ^? two relations1 ?is diff]5ce ( ideas sep>ates ! impressions aris+ f ! contempt1 & keeps !m f runn+ into ea* o!r4 ,! contempt ( my neighb\rs has a c]ta9 influ5ce2 z has also t ( my k9dr$3 ,b ^! influ5ces are di/9ct1 & nev] unite2 z :5 ! contempt proce$s f p]sons :o are at once bo? my neighb\rs & k9dr$4 ,?is phnom5on is analog\s to ! sy/em ( pride & humility above-expla9$1 :i* may seem s extraord9>y to vulg> appreh5sions4 ,f\r?ly1 ,a p]son 9 ^! circum/ances naturally conceals 8 bir? f ^? among :om he lives1 & is v uneasy1 if any "o suspects him to be ( a family1 mu* sup]ior to 8 pres5t =tune & way ( liv+4 ,e ?+ 9 ?is _w is judg$ ( by comp>ison4 ,:at is an imm5se =tune = a private g5tleman is begg>y = a pr9ce4 ,a peasant w\ld ?9k himself happy 9 :at _c af=d necess>ies = a g5tleman4 ,:5 a man has ei!r be5 accu/om$ to a m spl5did way ( liv+1 or ?9ks himself intitl$ to x by 8 bir? & quality1 e ?+ bel[ is disagreeable & ev5 %ameful2 & x is ) ! greate/ indu/ry he conceals 8 pret5sions to a bett] =tune4 ,"h he himself kn[s 8 mis=tunes2 b z ^?1 ) :om he lives4 are ignorant ( !m1 he has ! disagreeable reflection & comp>ison sugge/$ only by 8 own ?\ghts1 & nev] receives x by a sympa?y ) o!rs2 :i* mu/ contribute v mu* to 8 ease & satisfaction4 ,if !re be any objections to ?is hypo!sis1 ,,t ,,! ,,pleasure1 ,,:i* ,,we ,,receive ,,f ,,praise1 ,,arises ,,f ,a ,,communication ,,( ,,s5tim5ts1 we %all f9d1 ^u exam9ation1 t ^! objections1 :5 tak5 9 a prop] light1 w s]ve to confirm x4 ,popul> fame may be agreeable ev5 to a man1 :o despises ! vulg>2 b x is because _! multitude gives !m additional weight & au?ority4 ,plagi>ies are delight$ ) praises1 :i* !y are consci\s !y d n des]ve2 b ?is is a k9d ( ca/le-build+1 :]e ! imag9ation amuses itself ) its own fictions1 & /rives to r5d] !m firm & /able by a sympa?y ) ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,pr\d m5 are mo/ %ock$ ) contempt1 %\ld !y d n mo/ readily ass5t to x2 b x is because ( ! opposition betwixt ! passion1 :i* is natural to !m1 & t receiv$ by sympa?y4 ,a viol5t lov] 9 l mann] is v mu* displeas$ :5 y blame & condemn 8 love2 ?\gh x is evid5t y\r opposition c h no influ5ce1 b by ! hold x takes ( himself1 & by 8 sympa?y ) y4 ,if he despises y1 or p]ceives y are 9 je/1 :atev] y say has no effect ^u him4 ,,sect4 ,,xii ,,( ,,! ,,pride ,,& ,,humility ,,( ,,animals ,?us 9 :atev] light we consid] ?is subject1 we may /ill obs]ve1 t die causes ( pride & humility correspond exactly to our hypo!sis1 & t no?+ c excite ei!r ( ^! passions1 unless x be bo? relat$ to ourselves1 & produces a pleasure or pa9 indep5d5t ( ! passion4 ,we h n only prov$1 t a t5d5cy to produce pleasure or pa9 is common to all ! causes ( pride or humility1 b also t x is ! only ?+1 :i* is common2 & consequ5tly is ! quality1 by :i* !y op]ate4 ,we h f>!r prov$1 t ! mo/ consid]able causes ( ^! passions are really no?+ b ! p[] ( produc+ ei!r agreeable or uneasy s5sations2 & !re=e t all _! effects1 & among/ ! re/1 pride & humility1 are d]iv$ solely f t orig94 ,su* simple & natural pr9ciples1 f\nd$ on su* solid pro(s1 _c fail to be receiv$ by philosoph]s1 unless oppos$ by "s objections1 t h escap$ me4 ,x is usual ) anatomi/s to jo9 _! obs]vations & exp]im5ts on human bodies to ^? on bea/s1 & f ! agreem5t ( ^! exp]im5ts to d]ive an additional argum5t = any p>ticul> hypo!sis4 ,x is inde$ c]ta91 t :]e ! /ructure ( p>ts 9 brutes is ! same z 9 m51 & ! op]ation ( ^! p>ts also ! same1 ! causes ( t op]ation _c be diff]5t1 & t :atev] we discov] to be true ( ! "o species1 may be conclud$ )\t hesitation to be c]ta9 ( ! o!r4 ,?us ?\gh ! mixture ( hum\rs & ! composition ( m9ute p>ts may ju/ly be presum$ s be some:at diff]5t 9 m5 f :at x is 9 m]e animals2 & !re=e any exp]im5t we make ^u ! "o conc]n+ ! effects ( m$ic9es w n always apply to ! o!r2 yet z ! /ructure ( ! ve9s & muscles1 ! fabric & situation ( ! he>t1 ( ! lungs1 ! /oma*1 ! liv] & o!r p>ts1 are ! same or ne>ly ! same 9 all animals1 ! v same hypo!sis1 :i* 9 "o species expla9s muscul> motion1 ! progress ( ! *yle1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 mu/ be applicable to e "o2 & accord+ z x agrees or disagrees ) ! exp]im5ts we may make 9 any species ( creatures1 we may draw a pro( ( its tru? or fal%ood on ! :ole4 ,let u1 !re=e1 apply ?is me?od ( enquiry1 :i* is f\nd s j & useful 9 reason+s conc]n+ ! body1 to our pres5t anatomy ( ! m9d1 & see :at discov]ies we c make by x4 ,9 ord] to ?is we mu/ fir/ %ew ! correspond5ce ( passions 9 m5 & animals1 & aft]w>ds comp>e ! causes1 :i* produce ^! passions4 ,x is pla91 t almo/ 9 e species ( creatures1 b especially ( ! nobl] k9d1 !re are _m evid5t m>ks ( pride & humility4 ,! v port & gait ( a swan1 or turkey1 or peacock %[ ! high idea he has ent]ta9$ ( himself1 & 8 contempt ( all o!rs4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable1 t 9 ! two la/ species ( animals1 ! pride always att5ds ! beauty1 & is discov]$ 9 ! male only4 ,! vanity & emulation ( night+ales 9 s++ h be5 commonly rem>k$2 z likewise t ( horses 9 swiftness1 ( h\nds 9 sagacity & smell1 ( ! bull & cock 9 /r5g?1 & ( e o!r animal 9 8 p>ticul> excell5cy4 ,add to ?is1 t e species ( creatures1 :i* approa* s (t5 to man1 z to famili>ize !mselves ) him1 %[ an evid5t pride 9 8 approbation1 & are pleas$ ) 8 praises & c>esses1 indep5d5t ( e o!r consid]ation4 ,nor are !y ! c>esses ( e "o )\t di/9ction1 :i* give !m ?is vanity1 b ^? pr9cipally ( ! p]sons !y "k & love2 9 ! same mann] z t passion is excit$ 9 mank9d4 ,all ^! are evid5t pro(s1 t pride & humility are n m]ely human passions1 b ext5d !mselves ov] ! :ole animal creation4 ,! ,,causes ( ^! passions are likewise mu* ! same 9 bea/s z 9 u1 mak+ a j all[ance = our sup]ior k & und]/&+4 ,?us animals h little or no s5se ( virtue or vice2 !y quickly lose sight ( ! relations ( blood2 & are incapable ( t ( "r & prop]ty3 ,= :i* reason ! causes ( _! pride & humility mu/ lie solely 9 ! body1 & c nev] be plac$ ei!r 9 ! m9d or ext]nal objects4 ,b s f> z reg>ds ! body1 ! same qualities cause pride 9 ! animal z 9 ! human k9d2 & x is on beauty1 /r5g?1 swiftness or "s o!r useful or agreeable quality t ?is passion is always f\nd$4 ,! next "q is1 :e!r1 s9ce ^? passions are ! same1 & arise f ! same causes ?r\gh ! :ole creation1 ! mann]1 9 :i* ! causes op]ate1 be also ! same4 ,accord+ to all rules ( analogy1 ?is is ju/ly to be expect$2 & if we f9d ^u trial1 t ! explication ( ^! pha5om5a1 :i* we make use ( 9 "o species1 w n apply to ! re/1 we may presume t t explication1 h[ev] speci\s1 is 9 reality )\t f\ndation4 ,9 ord] to decide ?is "q1 let u consid]1 t !re is evid5tly ! same relation ( ideas1 & d]iv$ f ! same causes1 9 ! m9ds ( animals z 9 ^? ( m54 ,a dog1 t has hid a bone1 (t5 =gets ! place2 b :5 br\ght to x1 8 ?\ght passes easily to :at he =m]ly conceal$1 by means ( ! contiguity1 :i* produces a relation among 8 ideas4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 he has be5 he>tily beat 9 any place1 he w tremble on 8 approa* to x1 ev5 ?\gh he discov] no signs ( any pres5t dang]4 ,! effects ( resemblance are n s rem>kable2 b z t relation makes a consid]able +r$i5t 9 causation1 ( :i* all animals %ew s evid5t a judgm5t1 we may conclude t ! ?ree relations ( resemblance1 contiguity & causation op]ate 9 ! same mann] ^u bea/s z ^u human creatures4 ,!re are also in/ances ( ! relation ( impressions1 suffici5t to conv9ce u1 t !re is an union ( c]ta9 affections ) ea* o!r 9 ! inf]ior species ( creatures z well z 9 ! sup]ior1 & t _! m9ds are frequ5tly convey$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( connect$ emotions4 ,a dog1 :5 elevat$ ) joy1 runs naturally into love & k9dness1 :e!r ( 8 ma/] or ( ! sex4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 full ( pa9 & sorr[1 he becomes qu>relsome & ill-natur$2 & t passion2 :i* at fir/ 0 grief1 is by ! smalle/ occasion conv]t$ into ang]4 ,?us all ! int]nal pr9ciples1 t are necess>y 9 u to produce ei!r pride or humility1 are common to all creatures2 & s9ce ! causes1 :i* excite ^! passions1 are likewise ! same1 we may ju/ly conclude1 t ^! causes op]ate aft] ! same mann] ?r\gh ! :ole animal creation4 ,my hypo!sis ,is s simple1 & supposes s little reflection & judgm5t1 t x is applicable to e s5sible creature2 :i* mu/ n only be all[$ to be a conv9c+ pro( ( its v]acity1 b1 ,i am confid5t1 w be f\nd an objection to e o!r sy/em4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,( ,,love ,,& ,,hatr$ ,,sect4 ,i ,,( ,,! ,,object ,,& ,,causes ,,( ,,love ,,& ,,hatr$ ,x is altoge!r impossible to give any def9ition ( ! passions ( love & hatr$2 & t because !y produce m]ely a simple impression1 )\t any mixture or composition4 ,tw\ld be z unnecess>y to attempt any description ( !m1 drawn f _! nature1 orig91 causes & objects2 & t bo? because ^! are ! subjects ( our pres5t enquiry1 & because ^! passions ( !mselves are suffici5tly kn[n f our common feel+ & exp]i5ce4 ,?is we h already obs]v$ conc]n+ pride & humility1 & "h repeat x conc]n+ love & hatr$2 & inde$ !re is s great a resemblance betwixt ^! two sets ( passions1 t we %all be oblig$ to beg9 ) a k9d ( abridgm5t ( our reason+s conc]n+ ! =m]1 9 ord] to expla9 ! latt]4 ,z ! imm$iate object ( pride & humility is self or t id5tical p]son1 ( ^: ?\ghts1 actions1 & s5sations we are intimately consci\s2 s ! object ( love & hatr$ is "s o!r p]son1 ( ^: ?\ghts1 actions1 & s5sations we are n consci\s4 ,?is is suffici5tly evid5t f exp]i5ce4 ,our love & hatr$ are always direct$ to "s s5sible be+ ext]nal to u2 & :5 we talk ( self-love1 x is n 9 a prop] s5se1 nor has ! s5sation x produces any ?+ 9 common ) t t5d] emotion :i* is excit$ by a fri5d or mi/ress4 ,x is ! same case ) hatr$4 ,we may be mortifi$ by our own faults & follies2 b nev] feel any ang] or hatr$ except f ! injuries ( o!rs4 ,b ?\gh ! object ( love & hatr$ be always "s o!r p]son1 x is pla9 t ! object is n1 prop]ly speak+1 ! cause ( ^! passions1 or alone suffici5t to excite !m4 ,= s9ce love & hatr$ are directly contr>y 9 _! s5sation1 & h ! same object 9 common1 if t object 7 also _! cause1 x w\ld produce ^! opposite passions 9 an equal degree2 & z !y mu/1 f ! v fir/ mom5t1 de/roy ea* o!r1 none ( !m w\ld ev] be able to make its appe>ance4 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be "s cause diff]5t f ! object4 ,if we consid] ! causes ( love & hatr$1 we %all f9d !y are v mu* div]sify$1 & h n _m ?+s 9 common4 ,! virtue1 k1 wit1 good s5se1 good hum\r ( any p]son1 produce love & e/eem2 z ! opposite qualities1 hatr$ & contempt4 ,! same passions arise f bodily accompli%m5ts1 su* z beauty1 =ce1 swiftness1 dext]ity2 & f _! contr>ies2 z likewise f ! ext]nal advantages & disadvantages ( family1 possession1 cloa?s1 nation & climate4 ,!re is n "o ( ^! objects1 b :at by its diff]5t qualities may produce love & e/eem1 or hatr$ & contempt4 ,f ! view ( ^! causes we may d]ive a new di/9ction betwixt ! quality t op]ates1 & ! subject on :i* x is plac$4 ,a pr9ce1 t is possess$ ( a /ately palace1 comm&s ! e/eem ( ! p ^u t acc\nt2 & t fir/1 by ! beauty ( ! palace1 & secondly1 by ! relation ( prop]ty1 :i* connects x ) him4 ,! removal ( ei!r ( ^! de/roys ! passion2 :i* evid5tly proves t ! cause ,is a comp\nd$ "o4 ,tw\ld be t$i\s to trace ! passions ( love & hatr$1 ?r\gh all ! obs]vations :i* we h =m$ conc]n+ pride & humility1 & :i* are equally applicable to bo? sets ( passions4 ,twill be suffici5t to rem>k 9 g5]al1 t ! object ( love & hatr$ is evid5tly "s ?9k+ p]son2 & t ! s5sation ( ! =m] passion is always agreeable1 & ( ! latt] uneasy4 ,we may also suppose ) "s %ew ( probability1 ,,t ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,bo? ,,^! ,,passions ,,is ,,always ,,relat$ ,,to ,a ,,?9k+ ,,be+1 ,,& ,,t ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,=m] ,,produce ,a ,,sep>ate ,,pleasure1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,latt] ,a ,,sep>ate ,,uneas9ess4 ,"o ( ^! suppositions1 viz1 t ! cause ( love & hatr$ mu/ be relat$ to a p]son or ?9k+ be+1 9 ord] to produce ^! passions1 is n only probable1 b too evid5t to be conte/$4 ,virtue & vice1 :5 consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract2 beauty & de=mity1 :5 plac$ on inanimate objects2 pov]ty & ri*es :5 belong+ to a ?ird p]son1 excite no degree ( love or hatr$1 e/eem or contempt t[>ds ^?1 :o h no relation to !m4 ,a p]son look+ out at a w9d[1 sees me 9 ! /reet1 & beyond me a beautiful palace1 ) :i* ,i h no conc]n3 ,i believe none w pret5d1 t ?is p]son w pay me ! same respect1 z if ,i 7 own] ( ! palace4 ,x is n s evid5t at fir/ sight1 t a relation ( impressions is requisite to ^! passions1 & t because 9 ! transition ! "o impression is s mu* conf\nd$ ) ! o!r1 t !y become 9 a mann] undi/+ui%able4 ,b z 9 pride & humility1 we h easily be5 able to make ! sep>ation1 & to prove1 t e cause ( ^! passions1 produces a sep>ate pa9 or pleasure1 ,i might "h obs]ve ! same me?od ) ! same success1 9 exam9+ p>ticul>ly ! sev]al causes ( love & hatr$4 ,b z ,i ha/5 a full & decisive pro( ( ^! sy/ems1 ,i delay ?is exam9ation = a mom5t3 ,& 9 ! mean "t %all endeav\r to conv]t to my pres5t purpose all my reason+s conc]n+ pride & humility1 by an argum5t t is f\nd$ on unque/ionable exam9ation4 ,!re are few p]sons1 t are satisfy$ ) _! own "*1 or g5ius1 or =tune1 :o are nor desir\s ( %ew+ !mselves to ! _w1 & ( acquir+ ! love & approbation ( mank9d4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 t ! v same qualities & circum/ances1 :i* are ! causes ( pride or self-e/eem1 are also ! causes ( vanity or ! desire ( reputation2 & t we always put to view ^? p>ticul>s ) :i* 9 ourselves we are be/ satisfy$4 ,b if love & e/eem 7 n produc$ by ! same qualities z pride1 accord+ z ^! qualities are relat$ to ourselves or o!rs1 ?is me?od ( proce$+ w\ld be v absurd1 nor c\ld m5 expect a correspond5ce 9 ! s5tim5ts ( e o!r p]son1 ) ^? !mselves h ent]ta9$4 ,x is true1 few c =m exact sy/ems ( ! passions1 or make reflections on _! g5]al nature & resemblances4 ,b )\t su* a progress 9 philosophy1 we are n subject to _m mi/akes 9 ?is p>ticul>1 b are suffici5tly guid$ by common exp]i5ce1 z well z by a k9d ( pres5tation2 :i* tells u :at w op]ate on o!rs1 by :at we feel imm$iately 9 ourselves4 ,s9ce !n ! same qualities t produce pride or humility1 cause love or hatr$2 all ! argum5ts t h be5 employ$ to prove1 t ! causes ( ! =m] passions excite a pa9 or pleasure indep5d5t ( ! passion1 w be applicable ) equal evid5ce to ! causes ( ! latt]4 ,,sect4 ,,ii ,,exp]im5ts ,,to ,,confirm ,,?is ,,sy/em ,^u duly weigh+ ^! argum5ts1 no "o w make any scruple to ass5t to t conclusion ,i draw f !m1 conc]n+ ! transition along relat$ impressions & ideas1 especially z x is a pr9ciple1 9 itself1 s easy & natural4 ,b t we may place ?is sy/em beyond d\bt bo? ) reg>d to love & hatr$1 pride & humility1 x w be prop] to make "s new exp]im5ts ^u all ^! passions1 z well z to recall a few ( ^! obs]vations1 :i* ,i h =m]ly t\*$ ^u4 ,9 ord] to make ^! exp]im5ts1 let u suppose ,i am 9 company ) a p]son1 :om ,i =m]ly reg>d$ )\t any s5tim5ts ei!r ( fri5d%ip or enmity4 ,"h ,i h ! natural & ultimate object ( all ^! f\r passions plac$ be=e me4 ,myself am ! prop] object ( pride or humility2 ! o!r p]son ( love or hatr$4 ,reg>d n[ ) att5tion ! nature ( ^! passions1 & _! situation ) respect to ea* o!r4 ,x is evid5t "h are f\r affections1 plac$1 z x 71 9 a squ>e or regul> connexion )1 & di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,! passions ( pride & humility1 z well z ^? ( love & hatr$1 are connect$ toge!r by ! id5tity ( _! object1 :i* to ! fir/ set ( passions is self1 to ! second "s o!r p]son4 ,^! two l9es ( communication or connexion =m two opposite sides ( ! squ>e4 ,aga91 pride & love are agreeable passions2 hatr$ & humility uneasy4 ,?is similitude ( s5sation betwixt pride & love1 & t betwixt humility & hatr$ =m a new connexion1 & may be consid]$ z ! o!r two sides ( ! squ>e4 ,^u ! :ole1 pride is connect$ ) humility1 love ) hatr$1 by _! objects or ideas3 ,pride ) love1 humility ) hatr$1 by _! s5sations or impressions4 ,i say !n1 t no?+ c produce any ( ^! passions )\t be>+ x a d\ble relation1 viz1 ( ideas to ! object ( ! passion1 & ( s5sation to ! passion itself4 ,?is we mu/ prove by our exp]im5ts4 ,fir/ ,exp]im5t4 ,to proce$ ) ! great] ord] 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 let u fir/ suppose1 t be+ plac$ 9 ! situation above-m5tion$1 viz1 9 company ) "s o!r p]son1 !re is an object pres5t$1 t has no relation ei!r ( impressions or ideas to any ( ^! passions4 ,?us suppose we reg>d toge!r an ord9>y /one1 or o!r common object1 belong+ to nei!r ( u1 & caus+ ( itself no emotion1 or indep5d5t pa9 & pleasure3 ,x is evid5t su* an object w produce none ( ^! f\r passions4 ,let u try x ^u ea* ( !m successively4 ,let u apply x to love1 to hatr$1 to humility1 to pride2 none ( !m ev] arises 9 ! smalle/ degree imag9able4 ,let u *ange ! object1 z (t z we please2 provid$ /ill we *oose "o1 t has nei!r ( ^! two relations4 ,let u repeat ! exp]im5t 9 all ! dispositions1 ( :i* ! m9d is susceptible4 ,no object1 9 ! va/ v>iety ( nature1 w1 9 any disposition1 produce any passion )\t ^! relations4 ,second ,exp]im5t4 ,s9ce an object1 t wants bo? ^! relations c nev] produce any passion1 let u be/[ on x only "o ( ^! relations2 & see :at w foll[4 ,?us suppose1 ,i reg>d a /one or any common object1 t belongs ei!r to me or my companion1 & by t means acquires a relation ( ideas to ! object ( ! passions3 ,x is pla91 t to consid] ! matt] a priori1 no emotion ( any k9d c reasonably be expect$4 ,= besides1 t a relation ( ideas op]ates secretly & calmly on ! m9d1 x be/[s an equal impulse t[>ds ! opposite passions ( pride & humility1 love & hatr$1 accord+ z ! object belongs to ourselves or o!rs2 :i* opposition ( ! passions mu/ de/roy bo?1 & leave ! m9d p]fectly free f any affection or emotion4 ,?is reason+ a priori is confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,no trivial or vulg> object1 t causes n a pa9 or pleasure1 indep5d5t ( ! passion1 w ev]1 by its prop]ty or o!r relations ei!r to ourselves or o!rs1 be able to produce ! affections ( pride or humility1 love or hatr$4 ,?ird ,exp]im5t4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t a relation ( ideas is n able alone to give rise to ^! affections4 ,let u n[ remove ?is relation1 & 9 its /ead place a relation ( impressions1 by pres5t+ an object1 :i* is agreeable or disagreeable1 b has no relation ei!r to ourself or companion2 & let u obs]ve ! consequ5ces4 ,to consid] ! matt] fir/ a priori1 z 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t2 we may conclude1 t ! object w h a small1 b an unc]ta9 connexion ) ^! passions4 ,= besides1 t ?is relation is n a cold & imp]ceptible "o1 x has n ! inconv5i5ce ( ! relation ( ideas1 nor directs u ) equal =ce to two contr>y passions1 :i* by _! opposition de/roy ea* o!r4 ,b if we consid]1 on ! o!r h&1 t ?is transition f ! s5sation to ! affection is n =w>d$ by any pr9ciple1 t produces a transition ( ideas2 b1 on ! contr>y1 t ?\gh ! "o impression be easily transfus$ into ! o!r1 yet ! *ange ( objects is suppos$ contr>y to all ! pr9ciples1 t cause a transition ( t k9d2 we may f !nce inf]1 t no?+ w ev] be a /eady or durable cause ( any passion1 t is connect$ ) ! passion m]ely by a relation ( impressions4 ,:at our reason w\ld conclude f analogy1 aft] balanc+ ^! argum5ts1 w\ld be1 t an object1 :i* produces pleasure or uneas9ess1 b has no mann] ( connexion ei!r ) ourselves or o!rs1 may give su* a turn to ! disposition1 z t may naturally fall into pride or love1 humility or hatr$1 & se>* = o!r objects1 ^u :i* by a d\ble relation1 x c f\nd ^! affections2 b t an object1 :i* has only "o ( ^! relations1 ?\gh ! mo/ advantage\s "o1 c nev] give rise to any con/ant & e/abli%$ passion4 ,mo/ =tunately all ?is reason+ is f\nd to be exactly con=mable to exp]i5ce1 & ! pha5om5a ( ! passions4 ,suppose ,i 7 travell+ ) a companion ?r\gh a c\ntry1 to :i* we are bo? utt] /rang]s2 x is evid5t1 t if ! prospects be beautiful1 ! roads agreeable1 & ! inns commodi\s1 ?is may put me into good hum\r bo? ) myself & fell[-travell]4 ,b z we suppose1 t ?is c\ntry has no relation ei!r to myself or fri5d x c nev] be ! imm$iate cause ( pride or love2 & !re=e if ,i f\nd n ! passion on "s o!r object1 t be>s ei!r ( u a clos] relation1 my emotions are r to be consid]d z ! ov]fl[+s ( an elevate or humane disposition1 ?an z an e/abli%$ passion4 ,! case is ! same :]e ! object produces uneas9ess4 ,f\r? ,exp]im5t4 ,hav+ f\nd1 t nei!r an object )\t any relation ( ideas or impressions1 nor an object1 t has only "o relation1 c ev] cause pride or humility1 love or hatr$2 reason alone may conv9ce u1 )\t any f>!r exp]im5t1 t :atev] has a d\ble relation mu/ necess>ily excite ^! passions2 s9ce x is evid5t !y mu/ h "s cause4 ,b to leave z little room = d\bt z possible1 let u r5ew our exp]im5ts1 & see :e!r ! ev5t 9 ?is case answ]s our expectation4 ,i *oose an object1 su* z virtue1 t causes a sep>ate satisfaction3 ,on ?is object ,i be/[ a relation to self2 & f9d1 t f ?is disposition ( affairs1 !re imm$iately arises a passion4 ,b :at passion8 ,t v "o ( pride1 to :i* ?is object be>s a d\ble relation4 ,its idea is relat$ to t ( self1 ! object ( ! passion3 ,! s5sation x causes resembles ! s5sation ( ! passion4 ,t ,i may be sure ,i am n mi/ak5 9 ?is exp]im5t1 ,i remove fir/ "o relation2 !n ano!r2 & f9d1 t ea* removal de/roys ! passion1 & leaves ! object p]fectly indiff]5t4 ,b ,i am n cont5t ) ?is4 ,i make a /ill f>!r trial2 & in/ead ( remov+ ! relation1 ,i only *ange x = "o ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,i suppose ! virtue to belong to my companion1 n to myself2 & obs]ve :at foll[s f ?is alt]ation4 ,i imm$iately p]ceive ! affections :eel to ab\t1 & leav+ pride1 :]e !re is only "o relation1 viz1 ( impressions1 fall to ! side ( love1 :]e !y are attract$ by a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas4 ,by repeat+ ! same exp]im5t1 9 *ang+ anew ! relation ( ideas1 ,i br+ ! affections back to pride2 & by a new repetition ,i aga9 place !m at love or k9dness4 ,be+ fully conv9c$ ( ! influ5ce ( ?is relation1 ,i try ! effects ( ! o!r2 & by *ang+ virtue = vice1 conv]t ! pleasant impression1 :i* arises f ! =m]1 into ! disagreeable "o1 :i* proce$s f ! latt]4 ,! effect /ill answ]s expectation4 ,vice1 :5 plac$ on ano!r1 excites1 by means ( its d\ble relations1 ! passion ( hatr$1 in/ead ( love1 :i* = ! same reason arises f virtue4 ,to cont9ue ! exp]im5t1 ,i *ange anew ! relation ( ideas1 & suppose ! vice to belong to myself4 ,:at foll[s8 ,:at is usual4 ,a subsequ5t *ange ( ! passion f hatr$ to humility4 ,?is humility ,i conv]t into pride by a new *ange ( ! impression2 & f9d aft] all t ,i h compleat$ ! r\nd1 & h by ^! *anges br\ght back ! passion to t v situation1 9 :i* ,i fir/ f\nd x4 ,b to make ! matt] /ill m c]ta91 ,i alt] ! object2 & in/ead ( vice & virtue1 make ! trial ^u beauty & de=mity1 ri*es & pov]ty1 p[] & s]vitude4 ,ea* ( ^! objects runs ! circle ( ! passions 9 ! same mann]1 by a *ange ( _! relations3 ,& 9 :atev] ord] we proce$1 :e!r ?r\gh pride1 love1 hatr$1 humility1 or ?r\gh humility1 hatr$1 love1 pride1 ! exp]im5t is n 9 ! lea/ div]sify$4 ,e/eem & contempt1 inde$1 arise on "s occasions in/ead ( love & hatr$2 b ^! are at ! bottom ! same passions1 only div]sify$ by "s causes1 :i* we %all expla9 aft]w>ds4 ,fif? ,exp]im5t4 ,to give great] au?ority to ^! exp]im5ts1 let u *ange ! situation ( affairs z mu* z possible1 & place ! passions & objects 9 all ! diff]5t positions1 ( :i* !y are susceptible4 ,let u suppose1 beside ! relations above-m5tion$1 t ! p]son1 along ) :om ,i make all ^! exp]im5ts1 is closely connect$ ) me ei!r by blood or fri5d%ip4 ,he is1 we %all suppose1 my son or bro!r1 or is unit$ to me by a long & famili> acqua9tance4 ,let u next suppose1 t ! cause ( ! passion acquires a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas to ?is p]son2 & let u see :at ! effects are ( all ^! complicat$ attractions & relations4 ,be=e we consid] :at !y are 9 fact1 let u det]m9e :at !y ought to be1 con=mable to my hypo!sis4 ,x is pla91 t1 accord+ z ! impression is ei!r pleasant or uneasy1 ! passion ( love or hatr$ mu/ arise t[>ds ! p]son1 :o is ?us connect$ to ! cause ( ! impression by ^! d\ble relations1 :i* ,i h all along requir$4 ,! virtue ( a bro!r mu/ make me love him2 z 8 vice or infamy mu/ excite ! contr>y passion4 ,b to judge only f ! situation ( affairs1 ,i %\ld n expect1 t ! affections w\ld re/ !re1 & nev] transfuse !mselves into any o!r impression4 ,z !re is "h a p]son1 :o by means ( a d\ble relation is ! object ( my passion1 ! v same reason+ leads me to ?9k ! passion w be c>ry$ f>!r4 ,! p]son has a relation ( ideas to myself1 accord+ to ! supposition2 ! passion1 ( :i* he is ! object1 by be+ ei!r agreeable or uneasy1 has a relation ( impressions to pride or humility4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t "o ( ^! passions mu/ arise f ! love or hatr$4 ,?is is ! reason+ ,i =m 9 con=mity to my hypo!sis2 & am pleas$ to f9d ^u trial t e ?+ answ]s exactly to my expectation4 ,! virtue or vice ( a son or bro!r n only excites love or hatr$1 b by a new transition1 f simil> causes1 gives rise to pride or humility4 ,no?+ causes great] vanity ?an any %9+ quality 9 our relations2 z no?+ mortifies u m ?an _! vice or infamy4 ,?is exact con=mity ( exp]i5ce to our reason+ is a conv9c+ pro( ( ! solidity ( t hypo!sis1 ^u :i* we reason4 ,six? ,exp]im5t4 ,?is evid5ce w be /ill augm5t$1 if we rev]se ! exp]im5t1 & pres]v+ /ill ! same relations1 beg9 only ) a diff]5t passion4 ,suppose1 t in/ead ( ! virtue or vice ( a son or bro!r1 :i* causes fir/ love or hatr$1 & aft]w>ds pride or humility1 we place ^! good or bad qualities on ourselves1 )\t any imm$iate connexion ) ! p]son1 :o is relat$ to u3 ,exp]i5ce %ews u1 t by ?is *ange ( situation ! :ole *a9 is broke1 & t ! m9d is n convey$ f "o passion to ano!r1 z 9 ! prec$+ in/ance4 ,we nev] love or hate a son or bro!r = ! virtue or vice we disc]n 9 ourselves2 ?\gh x is evid5t ! same qualities 9 him give u a v s5sible pride or humility4 ,! transition f pride or humility to love or hatr$ is n s natural z f love or hatr$ to pride or humility4 ,?is may at fir/ sight be e/eem$ contr>y to my hypo!sis2 s9ce ! relations ( impressions & ideas are 9 bo? cases precisely ! same4 ,pride & humility are impressions relat$ to love & hatr$4 ,myself am relat$ to ! p]son4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be expect$1 t l causes mu/ produce l effects1 & a p]fect transition arise f ! d\ble relation1 z 9 all o!r cases4 ,?is difficulty we may easily solve by ! foll[+ reflections4 ,x is evid5t1 t z we are at all times intimately consci\s ( ourselves1 our s5tim5ts & passions1 _! ideas mu/ /rike ^u u ) great] vivacity ?an ! ideas ( ! s5tim5ts & passions ( any o!r p]son4 ,b e ?+1 t /rikes ^u u ) vivacity1 & appe>s 9 a full & /rong light1 =ces itself1 9 a mann]1 into our consid]ation1 & becomes pres5t to ! m9d on ! smalle/ h9t & mo/ trivial relation4 ,= ! same reason1 :5 x is once pres5t1 x engages ! att5tion1 & keeps x f w&]+ to o!r objects1 h[ev] /rong may be _! relation to our fir/ object4 ,! imag9ation passes easily f obscure to lively ideas1 b ) difficulty f lively to obscure4 ,9 ! "o case ! relation is aid$ by ano!r pr9ciple3 ,9 ! o!r case1 x is oppos$ by x4 ,n[ ,i h obs]v$1 t ^? two faculties ( ! m9d1 ! imag9ation & passions1 assi/ ea* o!r 9 _! op]ations :5 _! prop5sities are simil>1 & :5 !y act ^u ! same object4 ,! m9d has always a prop5sity to pass f a passion to any o!r relat$ to x2 & ?is prop5sity is =w>d$ :5 ! object ( ! "o passion is relat$ to t ( ! o!r4 ,! two impulses concur ) ea* o!r1 & r5d] ! :ole transition m smoo? & easy4 ,b if x %\ld happ51 t :ile ! relation ( ideas1 /rictly speak+1 cont9ues ! same1 its influ5ce1 9 caus+ a transition ( ! imag9ation1 %\ld no long] take place1 x is evid5t its influ5ce on ! passions mu/ also cease1 z be+ dep5d5t entirely on t transition4 ,?is is ! reason :y pride or humility is n transfus$ into love or hatr$ ) ! same ease1 t ! latt] passions are *ang$ into ! =m]4 ,if a p]son be my bro!r ,i am 8 likewise3 b ?\gh ! relations be reciprocal !y h v diff]5t effects on ! imag9ation4 ,! passage is smoo? & op5 f ! consid]ation ( any p]son relat$ to u to t ( ourself1 ( :om we are e mom5t consci\s4 ,b :5 ! affections are once direct$ to ourself1 ! fancy passes n ) ! same facility f t object to any o!r p]son1 h[ closely s ev] connect$ ) u4 ,?is easy or difficult transition ( ! imag9ation op]ates ^u ! passions1 & facilitates or ret>ds _! transition1 :i* is a cle> pro(1 t ^! two faculties ( ! passions & imag9ation are connect$ toge!r1 & t ! relations ( ideas h an influ5ce ^u ! affections4 ,besides innum]able exp]im5ts t prove ?is1 we "h f9d1 t ev5 :5 ! relation rema9s2 if by any p>ticul> circum/ance its usual effect ^u ! fancy 9 produc+ an association or transition ( ideas1 is prev5t$2 its usual effect ^u ! passions1 9 convey+ u f "o to ano!r1 is 9 l mann] prev5t$4 ,"s may1 p]haps1 f9d a contradiction betwixt ?is phnom5on & t ( sympa?y1 :]e ! m9d passes easily f ! idea ( ourselves to t ( any o!r object relat$ to u4 ,b ?is difficulty w vani%1 if we consid] t 9 sympa?y our own p]son is n ! object ( any passion1 nor is !re any ?+1 t fixes our att5tion on ourselves2 z 9 ! pres5t case1 :]e we are suppos$ to be actuat$ ) pride or humility4 ,ourself1 indep5d5t ( ! p]ception ( e o!r object1 is 9 reality no?+3 ,= :i* reason we mu/ turn our view to ext]nal objects2 & x is natural = u to consid] ) mo/ att5tion su* z lie contigu\s to u1 or resemble u4 ,b :5 self is ! object ( a passion1 x is n natural to quit ! consid]ation ( x1 till ! passion be exhau/$3 9 :i* case ! d\ble relations ( impressions & ideas c no long] op]ate4 ,sev5? ,exp]im5t4 ,to put ?is :ole reason+ to a f>!r trial1 let u make a new exp]im5t2 & z we h already se5 ! effects ( relat$ passions & ideas1 let u "h suppose an id5tity ( passions along ) a relation ( ideas2 & let u consid] ! effects ( ?is new situation4 ,x is evid5t a transition ( ! passions f ! "o object to ! o!r is "h 9 all reason to be expect$2 s9ce ! relation ( ideas is suppos$ /ill to cont9ue1 & id5tity ( impressions mu/ produce a /rong] connexion1 ?an ! mo/ p]fect resemblance1 t c be imag9$4 ,if a d\ble relation1 !re=e1 ( impressions & ideas is able to produce a transition f "o to ! o!r1 mu* m an id5tity ( impressions ) a relation ( ideas4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t :5 we ei!r love or hate any p]son1 ! passions seldom cont9ue )9 _! fir/ b\nds2 b ext5d !mselves t[>ds all ! contigu\s objects1 & compreh5d ! fri5ds & relations ( him we love or hate4 ,no?+ is m natural ?an to be> a k9dness to "o bro!r on acc\nt ( our fri5d%ip = ano!r1 )\t any f>!r exam9ation ( 8 "*4 ,a qu>rel ) "o p]son gives u a hatr$ = ! :ole family1 ?\gh entirely innoc5t ( t1 :i* displeases u4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are ev]y:]e to be met )4 ,!re is only "o difficulty 9 ?is exp]im5t1 :i* x w be necess>y to acc\nt =1 be=e we proce$ any f>!r4 ,x is evid5t1 t ?\gh all passions pass easily f "o object to ano!r relat$ to x1 yet ?is transition is made ) great] facility1 :]e ! m consid]able object is fir/ pres5t$1 & ! less] foll[s x1 ?an :]e ?is ord] is rev]s$1 & ! less] takes ! prec$5ce4 ,?us x is m natural = u to love ! son ^u acc\nt ( ! fa!r1 ?an ! fa!r ^u acc\nt ( ! son2 ! s]vant = ! ma/]1 ?an ! ma/] = ! s]vant2 ! subject = ! pr9ce1 ?an ! pr9ce = ! subject4 ,9 l mann] we m readily contract a hatr$ aga9/ a :ole family1 :]e our fir/ qu>rel is ) ! head ( x1 ?an :]e we are displeas$ ) a son1 or s]vant1 or "s inf]ior memb]4 ,9 %ort1 our passions1 l o!r objects1 desc5d ) great] facility ?an !y asc5d4 ,t we may compreh5d1 :]e9 consi/s ! difficulty ( expla9+ ?is phnom5on1 we mu/ consid]1 t ! v same reason1 :i* det]m9es ! imag9ation to pass f remote to contigu\s objects1 ) m facility ?an f contigu\s to remote1 causes x likewise to *ange ) m ease1 ! less = ! great]1 ?an ! great] = ! less4 ,:atev] has ! greate/ influ5ce is mo/ tak5 notice (2 & :atev] is mo/ tak5 notice (1 pres5ts itself mo/ readily to ! imag9ation4 ,we are m apt to ov]-look 9 any subject1 :at is trivial1 ?an :at appe>s ( consid]able mom5t2 b especially if ! latt] takes ! prec$5ce1 & fir/ engages our att5tion4 ,?us if any accid5t makes u consid] ! ,satellites ( ,,jupit]1 our fancy is naturally det]m9$ to =m ! idea ( t planet2 b if we fir/ reflect on ! pr9cipal planet1 x is m natural = u to ov]look its att5dants4 ,! m5tion ( ! prov9ces ( any empire conveys our ?\ght to ! seat ( ! empire2 b ! fancy returns n ) ! same facility to ! consid]ation ( ! prov9ces4 ,! idea ( ! s]vant makes u ?9k ( ! ma/]2 t ( ! subject c>ries our view to ! pr9ce4 ,b ! same relation has n an equal influ5ce 9 convey+ u back aga94 ,& on ?is is f\nd$ t reproa* ( ,cornelia to h] sons1 t !y ought to be a%am$ %e %\ld be m kn[n by ! title ( ! daught] ( ,scipio ?an by t ( ! "m ( ! ,grac*i4 ,?is 01 9 o!r words1 exhort+ !m to r5d] !mselves z illu/ri\s & fam\s z _! gr&fa!r1 o!rwise ! imag9ation ( ! p1 pass+ f h] :o 0 int]m$iate1 & plac$ 9 an equal relation to bo?1 w\ld always leave !m1 & d5om9ate h] by :at 0 m consid]able & ( great] mom5t4 ,on ! same pr9ciple is f\nd$ t common cu/om ( mak+ wives be> ! "n ( _! husb&s1 r ?an husb&s t ( _! wives2 z also ! c]emony ( giv+ ! prec$5cy to ^?1 :om we hon\r & respect4 ,we might f9d _m o!r in/ances to confirm ?is pr9ciple1 7 x n already suffici5tly evid5t4 ,n[ s9ce ! fancy f9ds ! same facility 9 pass+ f ! less] to ! great]1 z f remote to contigu\s1 :y does n ?is easy transition ( ideas assi/ ! transition ( passions 9 ! =m] case1 z well z 9 ! latt]8 ,! virtues ( a fri5d or bro!r produce fir/ love1 & !n pride2 because 9 t case ! imag9ation passes f remote to contigu\s1 accord+ to its prop5sity4 ,our own virtues produce n fir/ pride1 & !n love to a fri5d or bro!r2 because ! passage 9 t case w\ld be f contigu\s to remote1 contr>y to its prop5sity4 ,b ! love or hatr$ ( an inf]ior causes n readily any passion to ! sup]ior1 ?\gh t be ! natural prop5sity ( ! imag9ation3 ,:ile ! love or hatr$ ( a sup]ior1 causes a passion to ! inf]ior1 contr>y to its prop5sity4 ,9 %ort1 ! same facility ( transition op]ates n 9 ! same mann] ^u sup]ior & inf]ior z ^u contigu\s & remote4 ,^! two pha5om5a appe> contradictory1 & require "s att5tion to be reconcil$4 ,z ! transition ( ideas is "h made contr>y to ! natural prop5sity ( ! imag9ation1 t faculty mu/ be ov]p[]$ by "s /rong] pr9ciple ( ano!r k9d2 & z !re is no?+ ev] pres5t to ! m9d b impressions & ideas1 ?is pr9ciple mu/ necess>ily lie 9 ! impressions4 ,n[ x has be5 obs]v$1 t impressions or passions are connect$ only by _! resemblance1 & t :]e any two passions place ! m9d 9 ! same or 9 simil> dispositions1 x v naturally passes f ! "o to ! o!r3 ,z on ! contr>y1 a repugnance 9 ! dispositions produces a difficulty 9 ! transition ( ! passions4 ,b x is obs]vable1 t ?is repugnance may arise f a diff]5ce ( degree z well z ( k9d2 nor d we exp]i5ce a great] difficulty 9 pass+ sudd5ly f a small degree ( love to a small degree ( hatr$1 ?an f a small to a great degree ( ei!r ( ^! affections4 ,a man1 :5 calm or only mod]ately agitat$1 is s diff]5t1 9 e respect1 f himself1 :5 di/urb$ ) a viol5t passion1 t no two p]sons c be m unlike2 nor is x easy to pass f ! "o extreme to ! o!r1 )\t a consid]able int]val betwixt !m4 ,! difficulty is n less1 if x be n r great]1 9 pass+ f ! /rong passion to ! weak1 ?an 9 pass+ f ! weak to ! /rong1 provid$ ! "o passion ^u its appe>ance de/roys ! o!r1 & !y d n bo? ( !m exi/ at once4 ,b ! case is entirely alt]$1 :5 ! passions unite toge!r1 & actuate ! m9d at ! same "t4 ,a weak passion1 :5 add$ to a /rong1 makes n s consid]able a *ange 9 ! disposition1 z a /rong :5 add$ to a weak2 = :i* reason !re is a clos] connexion betwixt ! great degree & ! small1 ?an betwixt ! small degree & ! great4 ,! degree ( any passion dep5ds ^u ! nature ( its object2 & an affection direct$ to a p]son1 :o is consid]able 9 our eyes1 fills & possesses ! m9d mu* m ?an "o1 :i* has = its object a p]son we e/eem ( less consequ5ce4 ,"h !n ! contradiction betwixt ! prop5sities ( ! imag9ation & passion displays itself4 ,:5 we turn our ?\ght to a great & a small object1 ! imag9ation f9ds m facility 9 pass+ f ! small to ! great1 ?an f ! great to ! small2 b ! affections f9d a great] difficulty3 ,& z ! affections are a m p[]ful pr9ciple ?an ! imag9ation1 no wond] !y prevail ov] x1 & draw ! m9d to _! side4 ,9 spite ( ! difficulty ( pass+ f ! idea ( great to t ( little1 a passion direct$ to ! =m]1 produces always a simil> passion t[>ds ! latt]2 :5 ! great & little are relat$ toge!r4 ,! idea ( ! s]vant conveys our ?\ght mo/ readily to ! ma/]2 b ! hatr$ or love ( ! ma/] produces ) great] facility ang] or good-w to ! s]vant4 ,! /ronge/ passion 9 ?is case takes ! prec$5ce2 & ! addition ( ! weak] mak+ no consid]able *ange on ! disposition1 ! passage is by t means r5d]$ m easy & natural betwixt !m4 ,z 9 ! =ego+ exp]im5t we f\nd1 t a relation ( ideas1 :i*1 by any p>ticul> circum/ance1 ceases to produce its usual effect ( facilitat+ ! transition ( ideas1 ceases likewise to op]ate on ! passions2 s 9 ! pres5t exp]im5t we f9d ! same prop]ty ( ! impressions4 ,two diff]5t degrees ( ! same passion are surely relat$ toge!r2 b if ! small] be fir/ pres5t1 x has little or no t5d5cy to introduce ! great]2 & t because ! addition ( ! great to ! little1 produces a m s5sible alt]ation on ! temp]1 ?an ! addition ( ! little to ! great4 ,^! pha5om5a1 :5 duly weigh$1 w be f\nd conv9c+ pro(s ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,& ^! pro(s w be confirm$1 if we consid] ! mann] 9 :i* ! m9d "h reconciles ! contradiction1 ,i h obs]v$ betwixt ! passions & ! imag9ation4 ,! fancy passes ) m facility f ! less to ! great]1 ?an f ! great] to ! less3 ,b on ! contr>y a viol5t passion produces m easily a feeble1 ?an t does a viol5t4 ,9 ?is opposition ! passion 9 ! end prevails ov] ! imag9ation2 b x is commonly by comply+ ) x1 & by seek+ ano!r quality1 :i* may c\nt]-ballance t pr9ciple1 f :5ce ! opposition arises4 ,:5 we love ! fa!r or ma/] ( a family1 we little ?9k ( 8 *ildr5 or s]vants4 ,b :5 ^! are pres5t ) u1 or :5 x lies any ways 9 our p[] to s]ve !m1 ! ne>ness & contiguity 9 ?is case encreases _! magnitude1 or at lea/ removes t opposition1 :i* ! fancy makes to ! transition ( ! affections4 ,if ! imag9ation f9ds a difficulty 9 pass+ f great] to less1 x f9ds an equal facility 9 pass+ f remote to contigu\s1 :i* br+s ! matt] to an equality1 & leaves ! way op5 f ! "o passion to ! o!r4 ,eigh? ,exp]im5t4 ,i h obs]v$ t ! transition f love or hatr$ to pride or humility1 is m easy ?an f pride or humility to love or hatr$2 & t ! difficulty1 :i* ! imag9ation f9ds 9 pass+ f contigu\s to remote1 is ! cause :y we sc>ce h any in/ance ( ! latt] transition ( ! affections4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 make "o exception1 viz1 :5 ! v cause ( ! pride & humility is plac$ 9 "s o!r p]son4 ,= 9 t case ! imag9ation is necessitat$ to consid] ! p]son1 nor c x possibly conf9e its view to ourselves4 ,?us no?+ m readily produces k9dness & affection to any p]son1 ?an 8 approbation ( our conduct & "*3 ,z on ! o!r h&1 no?+ inspires u ) a /rong] hatr$1 ?an 8 blame or contempt4 ,"h x is evid5t1 t ! orig9al passion is pride or humility1 ^: object is self2 & t ?is passion is transfus$ into love or hatr$1 ^: object is "s o!r p]son1 not)/&+ ! rule ,i h already e/abli%$1 ,,t ,,! ,,imag9ation ,,passes ,,) ,,difficulty ,,f ,,contigu\s ,,to ,,remote4 ,b ! transition 9 ?is case is n made m]ely on acc\nt ( ! relation betwixt ourselves & ! p]son2 b because t v p]son is ! real cause ( our fir/ passion1 & ( consequ5ce is intimately connect$ ) x4 ,x is 8 approbation t produces pride2 & disapprobation1 humility4 ,no wond]1 !n1 ! imag9ation returns back aga9 att5d$ ) ! relat$ passions ( love & hatr$4 ,?is is n a contradiction1 b an exception to ! rule2 & an exception t arises f ! same reason ) ! rule itself4 ,su* an exception z ?is is1 !re=e1 r a confirmation ( ! rule4 ,& inde$1 if we consid] all ! eight exp]im5ts ,i h expla9$1 we %all f9d t ! same pr9ciple appe>s 9 all ( !m1 & t x is by means ( a transition aris+ f a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas1 pride & humility1 love & hatr$ are produc$4 ,an object )\t#a a relation1 or#b ) b "o1 nev] produces ei!r ( ^! passions2 & x is#c f\nd t ! passion always v>ies 9 con=mity to ! relation4 ,nay we may obs]ve1 t :]e ! relation1 by any p>ticul> circum/ance1 has n its usual effect ( produc+ a transition ei!r (#d ideas or ( impressions1 x ceases to op]ate ^u ! passions1 & gives rise nei!r to pride nor love1 humility nor hatr$4 ,?is rule we f9d /ill to hold good1#e ev5 "u ! appe>ance ( its contr>y2 & z relation is frequ5tly exp]i5c$ to h no effect2 :i* ^u exam9ation is f\nd to proce$ f "s p>ticul> circum/ance1 t prev5ts ! transition2 s ev5 9 in/ances1 :]e t circum/ance1 ?\gh pres5t1 prev5ts n ! transition1 x is f\nd to arise f "s o!r circum/ance1 :i* c\nt]-balances x4 ,?us n only ! v>iations resolve !mselves into ! g5]al pr9ciple1 b ev5 ! v>iations ( ^! v>iations4 #a ,fir/ ,exp]im5t4 #b ,second & ,?ird ,exp]im5ts4 #c ,f\r? ,exp]im5t4 #d ,six? ,exp]im5t4 #e ,sev5? & ,eigh? ,exp]im5ts4 ,,sect4 ,,iii ,,difficulties ,,solv$ ,aft] s _m & su* und5iable pro(s drawn f daily exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 x may seem sup]flu\s to ent] into a p>ticul> exam9ation ( all ! causes ( love & hatr$4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 employ ! sequel ( ?is "p1 ,fir/1 ,9 remov+ "s difficulties1 conc]n+ p>ticul> causes ( ^! passions4 ,secondly1 ,9 exam9+ ! comp\nd affections1 :i* arise f ! mixture ( love & hatr$ ) o!r emotions4 ,no?+ is m evid5t1 ?an t any p]son acquires our k9dness1 or is expos$ to our ill-w1 9 proportion to ! pleasure or uneas9ess we receive f him1 & t ! passions keep pace exactly ) ! s5sations 9 all _! *anges & v>iations4 ,:oev] c f9d ! means ei!r by 8 s]vices1 8 beauty1 or 8 flatt]y1 to r5d] himself useful or agreeable to u1 is sure ( our affections3 ,z on ! o!r h&1 :oev] h>ms or displeases u nev] fails to excite our ang] or hatr$4 ,:5 our own nation is at w> ) any o!r1 we dete/ !m "u ! "* ( cruel1 p]fidi\s1 unju/ & viol5t3 ,b always e/eem ourselves & allies equitable1 mod]ate1 & m]ciful4 ,if ! g5]al ( our enemies be successful1 x is ) difficulty we all[ him ! figure & "* ( a man4 ,he is a sorc]]3 ,he has a communication ) daemons2 z is report$ ( ,,oliv] ,,cromwell1 & ! ,,duke ,,( ,,luxemb\rg3 ,he is bloody-m9d$1 & takes a pleasure 9 dea? & de/ruction4 ,b if ! success be on our side1 our comm&] has all ! opposite good qualities1 & is a patt]n ( virtue1 z well z ( c\rage & conduct4 ,8 trea*]y we call policy3 ,8 cruelty is an evil insep>able f w>4 ,9 %ort1 e "o ( 8 faults we ei!r endeav\r to ext5uate1 or dignify x ) ! "n ( t virtue1 :i* approa*es x4 ,x is evid5t ! same me?od ( ?9k+ runs ?r\gh common life4 ,!re are "s1 :o add ano!r condition1 & require n only t ! pa9 & pleasure arise f ! p]son1 b likewise t x arise kn[+ly1 & ) a p>ticul> design & int5tion4 ,a man1 :o w\nds & h>ms u by accid5t1 becomes n our enemy ^u t acc\nt1 nor d we ?9k ourselves b\nd by any ties ( gratitude to "o1 :o does u any s]vice aft] ! same mann]4 ,by ! int5tion we judge ( ! actions1 & accord+ z t is good or bad1 !y become causes ( love or hatr$4 ,b "h we mu/ make a di/9ction4 ,if t quality 9 ano!r1 :i* pleases or displeases1 be con/ant & inh]5t 9 8 p]son & "*1 x w cause love or hatr$ indep5d5t ( ! int5tion3 ,b o!rwise a k & design is requisite1 9 ord] to give rise to ^! passions4 ,"o t is disagreeable by 8 de=mity or folly is ! object ( our av]sion1 ?\gh no?+ be m c]ta91 ?an t he has n ! lea/ int5tion ( displeas+ u by ^! qualities4 ,b if ! uneas9ess proce$ n f a quality1 b an action1 :i* is produc$ & annihilat$ 9 a mom5t1 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to produce "s relation1 & connect ?is action suffici5tly ) ! p]son1 t x be d]iv$ f a p>ticul> =e-?\ght & design4 ,x is n en\gh1 t ! action arise f ! p]son1 & h him = its imm$iate cause & au?or4 ,?is relation alone is too feeble & incon/ant to be a f\ndation = ^! passions4 ,x rea*es n ! s5sible & ?9k+ "p1 & nei!r proce$s f any ?+ durable 9 him1 nor leaves any ?+ beh9d x2 b passes 9 a mom5t1 & is z if x _h nev] be54 ,on ! o!r h&1 an int5tion %ews c]ta9 qualities1 :i* rema9+ aft] ! action is p]=m$1 connect x ) ! p]son1 & facilitate ! transition ( ideas f "o to ! o!r4 ,we c nev] ?9k ( him )\t reflect+ on ^! qualities2 unless rep5tance & a *ange ( life h produc$ an alt]ation 9 t respect3 ,9 :i* case ! passion is likewise alt]$4 ,?is !re=e is "o reason1 :y an int5tion is requisite to excite ei!r love or hatr$4 ,b we mu/ f>!r consid]1 t an int5tion1 besides its /r5g!n+ ! relation ( ideas1 is (t5 necess>y to produce a relation ( impressions1 & give rise to pleasure & uneas9ess4 ,= x is obs]vable1 t ! pr9cipal "p ( an injury is ! contempt & hatr$1 :i* x %ews 9 ! p]son1 t injures u2 & )\t t1 ! m]e h>m gives u a less s5sible uneas9ess4 ,9 l mann]1 a good (fice is agreeable1 *iefly because x flatt]s our vanity1 & is a pro( ( ! k9dness & e/eem ( ! p]son1 :o p]=ms x4 ,! removal ( ! int5tion1 removes ! mortification 9 ! "o case1 & vanity 9 ! o!r1 & mu/ ( c\rse cause a rem>kable dim9ution 9 ! passions ( love & hatr$4 ,i grant1 t ^! effects ( ! removal ( design1 9 dim9i%+ ! relations ( impressions & ideas1 are n entire1 nor able to remove e degree ( ^! relations4 ,b !n ,i ask1 if ! removal ( design be able entirely to remove ! passion ( love & hatr$8 ,exp]i5ce1 ,i am sure1 in=ms u ( ! contr>y1 nor is !re any ?+ m c]ta91 ?an t m5 (t5 fall into a viol5t ang] = injuries1 :i* !y !mselves mu/ own to be entirely involunt>y & accid5tal4 ,?is emotion1 inde$1 _c be ( long cont9uance2 b /ill is suffici5t to %ew1 t !re is a natural connexion betwixt uneas9ess & ang]1 & t ! relation ( impressions w op]ate ^u a v small relation ( ideas4 ,b :5 ! viol5ce ( ! impression is once a little abat$1 ! defect ( ! relation beg9s to be bett] felt2 & z ! "* ( a p]son is no wise int]e/$ 9 su* injuries z are casual & involunt>y1 x seldom happ5s t on _! acc\nt1 we ent]ta9 a la/+ enmity4 ,to illu/rate ?is doctr9e by a p>allel in/ance1 we may obs]ve1 t n only ! uneas9ess1 :i* proce$s f ano!r by accid5t1 has b little =ce to excite our passion1 b also t :i* arises f an ackn[l$g$ necessity & duty4 ,"o t has a real design ( h>m+ u1 proce$+ n f hatr$ & ill-w1 b f ju/ice & equity1 draws n ^u him our ang]1 if we be 9 any degree reasonable2 not)/&+ he is bo? ! cause1 & ! kn[+ cause ( our suff]+s4 ,let u exam9e a little ?is phnom5on4 ,x is evid5t 9 ! fir/ place1 t ?is circum/ance is n decisive2 & ?\gh x may be able to dim9i% ! passions1 x is seldom x c entirely remove !m4 ,h[ few crim9als are !re1 :o h no ill-w to ! p]son1 t accuses !m1 or to ! judge1 t condemns !m1 ev5 ?\gh !y be consci\s ( _! own des]ts8 ,9 l mann] our antagoni/ 9 a law-suit1 & our competitor = any (fice1 are commonly reg>d$ z our enemies2 ?\gh we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 if we w\ld b reflect a mom5t1 t _! motive is entirely z ju/ifiable z our own4 ,besides we may consid]1 t :5 we receive h>m f any p]son1 we are apt to imag9e him crim9al1 & x is ) extreme difficulty we all[ ( 8 ju/ice & innoc5ce4 ,?is is a cle> pro(1 t1 indep5d5t ( ! op9ion ( iniquity1 any h>m or uneas9ess has a natural t5d5cy to excite our hatr$1 & t aft]w>ds we seek = reasons ^u :i* we may ju/ify & e/abli% ! passion4 ,"h ! idea ( injury produces n ! passion1 b arises f x4 ,nor is x any wond] t passion %\ld produce ! op9ion ( injury2 s9ce o!rwise x mu/ suff] a consid]able dim9ution1 :i* all ! passions avoid z mu* z possible4 ,! removal ( injury may remove ! ang]1 )\t prov+ t ! ang] arises only f ! injury4 ,! h>m & ! ju/ice are two contr>y objects1 ( :i* ! "o has a t5d5cy to produce hatr$1 & ! o!r love2 & x is accord+ to _! diff]5t degrees1 & our p>ticul> turn ( ?9k+1 t ei!r ( ! objects prevails1 & excites its prop] passion4 ,,sect4 ,,iv ,,( ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,relations ,hav+ giv5 a reason1 :y sev]al actions1 t cause a real pleasure or uneas9ess1 excite n any degree1 or b a small "o1 ( ! passion ( love or hatr$ t[>ds ! actors2 x w be necess>y to %ew1 :]e9 consi/s ! pleasure or uneas9ess ( _m objects1 :i* we f9d by exp]i5ce to produce ^! passions4 ,accord+ to ! prec$+ sy/em !re is always requir$ a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas betwixt ! cause & effect1 9 ord] to produce ei!r love or hatr$4 ,b ?\gh ?is be univ]sally true1 x is rem>kable t ! passion ( love may be excit$ by only "o relation ( a diff]5t k9d1 viz1 betwixt ourselves & ! object2 or m prop]ly speak+1 t ?is relation is always att5d$ ) bo? ! o!rs4 ,:oev] is unit$ to u by any connexion is always sure ( a %>e ( our love1 proportion$ to ! connexion1 )\t enquir+ into 8 o!r qualities4 ,?us ! relation ( blood produces ! /ronge/ tie ! m9d is capable ( 9 ! love ( p>5ts to _! *ildr51 & a less] degree ( ! same affection1 z ! relation less5s4 ,nor has consangu9ity alone ?is effect1 b any o!r relation )\t exception4 ,we love our c\ntry-m51 our neighb\rs1 ^? ( ! same trade1 pr(ession1 & ev5 "n ) ourselves4 ,e "o ( ^! relations is e/eem$ "s tie1 & gives a title to a %>e ( our affection4 ,!re is ano!r phnom5on1 :i* is p>allel to ?is1 viz1 t acqua9tance1 )\t any k9d ( relation1 gives rise to love & k9dness4 ,:5 we h contract$ a habitude & intimacy ) any p]son2 ?\gh 9 frequ5t+ 8 company we h n be5 able to discov] any v valuable quality1 ( :i* he is possess$2 yet we _c =ebe> pref]r+ him to /rang]s1 ( ^: sup]ior m]it we are fully conv9c$4 ,^! two pha5om5a ( ! effects ( relation & acqua9tance w give mutual light to ea* o!r1 & may be bo? expla9$ f ! same pr9ciple4 ,^?1 :o take a pleasure 9 declaim+ aga9/ human nature1 h obs]v$1 t man is altoge!r insuffici5t to support himself2 & t :5 y loos5 all ! holds1 :i* he has ( ext]nal objects1 he imm$iately drops d[n into ! deepe/ melan*oly & despair4 ,f ?is1 say !y1 proce$s t cont9ual se>* aft] amusem5t 9 gam+1 9 hunt+1 9 bus9ess2 by :i* we endeav\r to =get ourselves1 & excite our spirits f ! languid /ate1 into :i* !y fall1 :5 n su/a9$ by "s brisk & lively emotion4 ,to ?is me?od ( ?9k+ ,i s f> agree1 t ,i own ! m9d to be insuffici5t1 ( itself1 to its own ent]ta9m5t1 & t x naturally seeks aft] =eign objects1 :i* may produce a lively s5sation1 & agitate ! spirits4 ,on ! appe>ance ( su* an object x awakes1 z x 71 f a dream3 ,! blood fl[s ) a new tide3 ,! he>t is elevat$3 ,& ! :ole man acquires a vig\r1 :i* he _c comm& 9 8 solit>y & calm mom5ts4 ,h5ce company is naturally s rejoic+1 z pres5t+ ! livelie/ ( all objects1 viz1 a rational & ?9k+ ,be+ l ourselves1 :o communicates to u all ! actions ( 8 m9d2 makes u privy to 8 inmo/ s5tim5ts & affections2 & lets u see1 9 ! v in/ant ( _! production1 all ! emotions1 :i* are caus$ by any object4 ,e lively idea is agreeable1 b especially t ( a passion1 because su* an idea becomes a k9d ( passion1 & gives a m s5sible agitation to ! m9d1 ?an any o!r image or conception4 ,?is be+ once admitt$1 all ! re/ is easy4 ,= z ! company ( /rang]s is agreeable to u = a %ort "t1 by inliv5+ our ?\ght2 s ! company ( our relations & acqua9tance mu/ be peculi>ly agreeable1 because x has ?is effect 9 a great] degree1 & is ( m durable influ5ce4 ,:atev] is relat$ to u is conceiv$ 9 a lively mann] by ! easy transition f ourselves to ! relat$ object4 ,cu/om also1 or acqua9tance facilitates ! entrance1 & /r5g!ns ! conception ( any object4 ,! fir/ case is p>allel to our reason+s f cause & effect2 ! second to education4 ,& z reason+ & education concur only 9 produc+ a lively & /rong idea ( any object2 s is ?is ! only p>ticul>1 :i* is common to relation & acqua9tance4 ,?is mu/1 !re=e1 be ! influ5c+ quality1 by :i* !y produce all _! common effects2 & love or k9dness be+ "o ( ^! effects1 x mu/ be f ! =ce & livel9ess ( conception1 t ! passion is d]iv$4 ,su* a conception is peculi>ly agreeable1 & makes u h an affectionate reg>d = e ?+1 t produces x1 :5 ! prop] object ( k9dness & goodwill4 ,x is obvi\s1 t p associate toge!r accord+ to _! p>ticul> temp]s & dispositions1 & t m5 ( gay temp]s naturally love ! gay2 z ! s]i\s be> an affection to ! s]i\s4 ,?is n only happ5s1 :]e !y rem>k ?is resemblance betwixt !mselves & o!rs1 b also by ! natural c\rse ( ! disposition1 & by a c]ta9 sympa?y1 :i* always arises betwixt simil> *>act]s4 ,:]e !y rem>k ! resemblance1 x op]ates aft] ! mann] ( a relation1 by produc+ a connexion ( ideas4 ,:]e !y d n rem>k x1 x op]ates by "s o!r pr9ciple2 & if ?is latt] pr9ciple be simil> to ! =m]1 x mu/ be receiv$ z a confirmation ( ! =ego+ reason+4 ,! idea ( ourselves is always intimately pres5t to u1 & conveys a s5sible degree ( vivacity to ! idea ( any o!r object1 to :i* we are relat$4 ,?is lively idea *anges by degrees into a real impression2 ^! two k9ds ( p]ception be+ 9 a great measure ! same1 & diff]+ only 9 _! degrees ( =ce & vivacity4 ,b ?is *ange mu/ be produc$ ) ! great] ease1 t our natural temp] gives u a prop5sity to ! same impression1 :i* we obs]ve 9 o!rs1 & makes x arise ^u any slight occasion4 ,9 t case resemblance conv]ts ! idea into an impression1 n only by means ( ! relation1 & by transfus+ ! orig9al vivacity into ! relat$ idea2 b also by pres5t+ su* mat]ials z take fire f ! lea/ sp>k4 ,& z 9 bo? cases a love or affection arises f ! resemblance1 we may le>n t a sympa?y ) o!rs is agreeable only by giv+ an emotion to ! spirits1 s9ce an easy sympa?y & correspond5t emotions are alone common to ,,relation1 ,,acqua9tance1 & ,,resemblance4 ,! great prop5sity m5 h to pride may be consid]$ z ano!r simil> phnom5on4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 t aft] we h liv$ a consid]able "t 9 any city2 h[ev] at fir/ x might be disagreeable to u2 yet z we become famili> ) ! objects1 & contact an acqua9tance1 ?\gh m]ely ) ! /reets & build+s1 ! av]sion dim9i%es by degrees1 & at la/ *anges into ! opposite passion4 ,! m9d f9ds a satisfaction & ease 9 ! view ( objects1 to :i* x is accu/om$1 & naturally pref]s !m to o!rs1 :i*1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 9 !mselves m valuable1 are less kn[n to x4 ,by ! same quality ( ! m9d we are s$uc$ into a good op9ion ( ourselves1 & ( all objects1 t belong to u4 ,!y appe> 9 a /rong] light2 are m agreeable2 & consequ5tly fitt] subjects ( pride & vanity1 ?an any o!r4 ,x may n be amiss1 9 treat+ ( ! affection we be> our acqua9tance & relations1 to obs]ve "s pretty curi\s pha5om5a1 :i* att5d x4 ,x is easy to rem>k 9 common life1 t *ildr5 e/eem _! relation to _! "m to be weak5$1 9 a great measure1 by h] second m>riage1 & no long] reg>d h] ) ! same eye1 z if %e _h cont9u$ 9 h] /ate ( wid[-hood4 ,nor does ?is happ5 only1 :5 !y h felt any inconv5i5ces f h] second m>riage1 or :5 h] husb& is mu* h] inf]ior2 b ev5 )\t any ( ^! consid]ations1 & m]ely because %e has become "p ( ano!r family4 ,?is also takes place ) reg>d to ! second m>riage ( a fa!r2 b 9 a mu* less degree3 ,& x is c]ta9 ! ties ( blood are n s mu* loos5$ 9 ! latt] case z by ! m>riage ( a "m4 ,^! two pha5om5a are rem>kable 9 !mselves1 b mu* m s :5 comp>$4 ,9 ord] to produce a p]fect relation betwixt two objects1 x is requisite1 n only t ! imag9ation be convey$ f "o to ! o!r by resemblance1 contiguity or causation1 b also t x return back f ! second to ! fir/ ) ! same ease & facility4 ,at fir/ sight ?is may seem a necess>y & unavoidable consequ5ce4 ,if "o object resemble ano!r1 ! latt] object mu/ necess>ily resemble ! =m]4 ,if "o object be ! cause ( ano!r1 ! second object is effect to its cause4 ,x is ! same case ) contiguity3 ,& !re=e ! relation be+ always reciprocal1 x may be ?\ght1 t ! return ( ! imag9ation f ! second to ! fir/ mu/ also1 9 e case1 be equally natural z its passage f ! fir/ to ! second4 ,b ^u f>!r exam9ation we %all easily discov] our mi/ake4 ,= suppos+ ! second object1 beside its reciprocal relation to ! fir/1 to h also a /rong relation to a ?ird object2 9 t case ! ?\ght1 pass+ f ! fir/ object to ! second1 returns n back ) ! same facility1 ?\gh ! relation cont9ues ! same2 b is readily c>ry$ on to ! ?ird object1 by means ( ! new relation1 :i* pres5ts itself1 & gives a new impulse to ! imag9ation4 ,?is new relation1 !re=e1 weak5s ! tie betwixt ! fir/ & second objects4 ,! fancy is by its v nature wav]+ & incon/ant2 & consid]s always two objects z m /rongly relat$ toge!r1 :]e x f9ds ! passage equally easy bo? 9 go+ & return+1 ?an :]e ! transition is easy only 9 "o ( ^! motions4 ,! d\ble motion is a k9d ( a d\ble tie1 & b9ds ! objects toge!r 9 ! close/ & mo/ intimate mann]4 ,! second m>riage ( a "m breaks n ! relation ( *ild & p>5t2 & t relation suffices to convey my imag9ation f myself to h] ) ! greate/ ease & facility4 ,b aft] ! imag9ation is arriv$ at ?is po9t ( view1 x f9ds its object to be surr\nd$ ) s _m o!r relations1 :i* *all5ge its reg>d1 t x kn[s n :i* to pref]1 & is at a loss :at new object to pit* ^u4 ,! ties ( int]e/ & duty b9d h] to ano!r family1 & prev5t t return ( ! fancy f h] to myself1 :i* is necess>y to support ! union4 ,! ?\ght has no long] ! vibration1 requisite to set x p]fectly at ease1 & indulge its incl9ation to *ange4 ,x goes ) facility1 b returns ) difficulty2 & by t int]ruption f9ds ! relation mu* weak5$ f :at x w\ld be 7 ! passage op5 & easy on bo? sides4 ,n[ to give a reason1 :y ?is effect foll[s n 9 ! same degree ^u ! second m>riage ( a fa!r3 we may reflect on :at has be5 prov$ already1 t ?\gh ! imag9ation goes easily f ! view ( a less] object to t ( a great]1 yet x returns n ) ! same facility f ! great] to ! less4 ,:5 my imag9ation goes f myself to my fa!r1 x passes n s readily f him to 8 second wife1 nor consid]s him z ent]+ into a diff]5t family1 b z cont9u+ ! head ( t family1 ( :i* ,i am myself a "p4 ,8 sup]iority prev5ts ! easy transition ( ! ?\ght f him to 8 sp\se1 b keeps ! passage /ill op5 = a return to myself along ! same relation ( *ild & p>5t4 ,he is n sunk 9 ! new relation he acquires2 s t ! d\ble motion or vibration ( ?\ght is /ill easy & natural4 ,by ?is indulg5ce ( ! fancy 9 its incon/ancy1 ! tie ( *ild & p>5t /ill pres]ves its full =ce & influ5ce4 ,a "m ?9ks n h] tie to a son weak5$1 because x is %>$ ) h] husb&3 ,nor a son 8 ) a p>5t1 because x is %>$ ) a bro!r4 ,! ?ird object is "h relat$ to ! fir/1 z well z to ! second2 s t ! imag9ation goes & comes along all ( !m ) ! greate/ facility4 ,,sect4 ,v ,,( ,,our ,,e/eem ,,= ,,! ,,ri* ,,& ,,p[]ful ,no?+ has a great] t5d5cy to give u an e/eem = any p]son1 ?an 8 p[] & ri*es2 or a contempt1 ?an 8 pov]ty & meanness3 ,& z e/eem & contempt are to be consid]$ z species ( love & hatr$1 x w be prop] 9 ?is place to expla9 ^! pha5om5a4 ,"h x happ5s mo/ =tunately1 t ! greate/ difficulty is n to discov] a pr9ciple capable ( produc+ su* an effect1 b to *oose ! *ief & pr$om9ant among sev]al1 t pres5t !mselves4 ,! satisfaction we take 9 ! ri*es ( o!rs1 & ! e/eem we h = ! possessors may be ascrib$ to ?ree diff]5t causes4 ,,fir/1 ,to ! objects !y possess2 su* z h\ses1 g>d5s1 equipages2 :i*1 be+ agreeable 9 !mselves1 necess>ily produce a s5tim5t ( pleasure 9 e "o2 t ei!r consid]s or surveys !m4 ,,secondly1 ,to ! expectation ( advantage f ! ri* & p[]ful by our %>+ _! possessions4 ,,?irdly1 ,to sympa?y1 :i* makes u p>take ( ! satisfaction ( e "o1 t approa*es u4 ,all ^! pr9ciples may concur 9 produc+ ! pres5t phnom5on4 ,! "q is1 to :i* ( !m we ought pr9cipally to ascribe x4 ,x is c]ta91 t ! fir/ pr9ciple1 viz1 ! reflection on agreeable objects1 has a great] influ5ce1 ?an :at1 at fir/ sight1 we may be apt to imag9e4 ,we seldom reflect on :at is beautiful or ugly1 agreeable or disagreeable1 )\t an emotion ( pleasure or uneas9ess2 & ?\gh ^! s5sations appe> n mu* 9 our common indol5t way ( ?9k+1 x is easy1 ei!r 9 read+ or conv]sation1 to discov] !m4 ,m5 ( wit always turn ! disc\rse on subjects t are ent]ta9+ to ! imag9ation2 & poets nev] pres5t any objects b su* z are ( ! same nature4 ,mr ,philips has *os5 ,,cyd] = ! subject ( an excell5t poem4 ,be] w\ld n h be5 s prop]1 z be+ nei!r s agreeable to ! ta/e nor eye4 ,b he w\ld c]ta9ly h pref]r$ w9e to ei!r ( !m1 c\ld 8 native c\ntry h af=d$ him s agreeable a liquor4 ,we may le>n f !nce1 t e ?+1 :i* is agreeable to ! s5ses1 is also 9 "s measure agreeable to ! fancy1 & conveys to ! ?\ght an image ( t satisfaction1 :i* x gives by its real application to ! bodily organs4 ,b ?\gh ^! reasons may induce u to compreh5d ?is delicacy ( ! imag9ation among ! causes ( ! respect1 :i* we pay ! ri* & p[]ful1 !re are _m o!r reasons1 t may keep u f reg>d+ x z ! sole or pr9cipal4 ,= z ! ideas ( pleasure c h an influ5ce only by means ( _! vivacity1 :i* makes !m approa* impressions1 x is mo/ natural ^? ideas %\ld h t influ5ce1 :i* are fav\r$ by mo/ circum/ances1 & h a natural t5d5cy to become /rong & lively2 su* z our ideas ( ! passions & s5sations ( any human creature4 ,e human creature resembles ourselves1 & by t means has an advantage above any o!r object1 9 op]at+ on ! imag9ation4 ,besides1 if we consid] ! nature ( t faculty1 & ! great influ5ce :i* all relations h ^u x1 we %all easily be p]suad$1 t h[ev] ! ideas ( ! pleasant w9es1 music1 or g>d5s1 :i* ! ri* man enjoys1 may become lively & agreeable1 ! fancy w n conf9e itself to !m1 b w c>ry its view to ! relat$ objects2 & 9 p>ticul>1 to ! p]son1 :o possesses !m4 ,& ?is is ! m natural1 t ! pleasant idea or image produces "h a passion t[>ds ! p]son1 by means ( 8 relation to ! object2 s t x is unavoidable b he mu/ ent] into ! orig9al conception1 s9ce he makes ! object ( ! d]ivative passion3 ,b if he ent]s into ! orig9al conception1 & is consid]$ z enjoy+ ^! agreeable objects1 x is sympa?y1 :i* is prop]ly ! cause ( ! affection2 & ! ?ird pr9ciple is m p[]ful & univ]sal ?an ! fir/4 ,add to ?is1 t ri*es & p[] alone1 ev5 ?\gh unemploy$1 naturally cause e/eem & respect3 ,& consequ5tly ^! passions arise n f ! idea ( any beautiful or agreeable objects4 ,x is true2 money implies a k9d ( repres5tation ( su* objects1 by ! p[] x af=ds ( obta9+ !m2 & = t reason may /ill be e/eem$ prop] to convey ^? agreeable images1 :i* may give rise to ! passion4 ,b z ?is prospect is v di/ant1 x is m natural = u to take a contigu\s object1 viz1 ! satisfaction1 :i* ?is p[] af=ds ! p]son1 :o is posse/ ( x4 ,& ( ?is we %all be f>!r satisfy$1 if we consid]1 t ri*es repres5t ! goods ( life1 only by means ( ! w2 :i* employs !m2 & !re=e imply 9 _! v nature an idea ( ! p]son1 & _c be consid]$ )\t a k9d ( sympa?y ) 8 s5sations & enjoym5ts4 ,?is we may confirm by a reflection1 :i* to "s w1 p]haps1 appe> too subtile & ref9$4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t p[]1 z di/+ui%$ f its ex]cise1 has ei!r no mean+ at all1 or is no?+ b a possibility or probability ( exi/5ce2 by :i* any object approa*es to reality1 & has a s5sible influ5ce on ! m9d4 ,i h also obs]v$1 t ?is approa*1 by an illusion ( ! fancy1 appe>s mu* great]1 :5 we ourselves are posse/ ( ! p[]1 ?an :5 x is enjoy$ by ano!r2 & t 9 ! =m] case ! objects seem to t\* ^u ! v v]ge ( reality1 & convey almo/ an equal satisfaction1 z if actually 9 our possession4 ,n[ ,i ass]t1 t :]e we e/eem a p]son ^u acc\nt ( 8 ri*es1 we mu/ ent] into ?is s5tim5t ( ! proprietor1 & t )\t su* a sympa?y ! idea ( ! agreeable objects1 :i* !y give him ! p[] to produce1 w\ld h b a feeble influ5ce ^u u4 ,an av>ici\s man is respect$ = 8 money1 ?\gh he sc>ce is posse/ ( a p[]2 t is1 !re sc>ce is a probability or ev5 possibility ( 8 employ+ x 9 ! acquisition ( ! pleasures & conv5i5ces ( life4 ,to himself alone ?is p[] seems p]fect & entire2 & !re=e we mu/ receive 8 s5tim5ts by sympa?y1 be=e we c h a /rong int5se idea ( ^! enjoym5ts1 or e/eem him ^u acc\nt ( !m4 ,?us we h f\nd1 t ! fir/ pr9ciple1 viz1 ! agreeable idea ( ^? objects1 :i* ri*es af=d ! enjoym5t (2 resolves itself 9 a great measure into ! ?ird1 & becomes a sympa?y ) ! p]son we e/eem or love4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! second pr9ciple1 viz1 ! agreeable expectation ( advantage1 & see :at =ce we may ju/ly attribute to x4 ,x is obvi\s1 t ?\gh ri*es & au?ority und\bt$ly give _! own] a p[] ( do+ u s]vice1 yet ?is p[] is n to be consid]$ z on ! same foot+ ) t1 :i* !y af=d him1 ( pleas+ himself1 & satisfy+ 8 own appetites4 ,self-love approa*es ! p[] & ex]cise v ne> ea* o!r 9 ! latt] case2 b 9 ord] to produce a simil> effect 9 ! =m]1 we mu/ suppose a fri5d%ip & good-w to be conjo9$ ) ! ri*es4 ,)\t t circum/ance x is difficult to conceive on :at we c f\nd our hope ( advantage f ! ri*es ( o!rs1 ?\gh !re is no?+ m c]ta91 ?an t we naturally e/eem & respect ! ri*1 ev5 be=e we discov] 9 !m any su* fav\rable disposition t[>ds u4 ,b ,i c>ry ?is f>!r1 & obs]ve1 n only t we respect ! ri* & p[]ful1 :]e !y %ew no incl9ation to s]ve u1 b also :5 we lie s mu* out ( ! sph]e ( _! activity1 t !y _c ev5 be suppos$ to be end[$ ) t p[]4 ,prison]s ( w> are always treat$ ) a respect suitable to _! condition2 & x is c]ta9 ri*es g v f> t[>ds fix+ ! condition ( any p]son4 ,if bir? & quality ent] = a %>e1 ?is /ill af=ds u an argum5t ( ! same k9d4 ,= :at is x we call a man ( bir?1 b "o :o is desc5d$ f a long succession ( ri* & p[]ful ance/ors1 & :o acquires our e/eem by 8 relation to p]sons :om we e/eem8 ,8 ance/ors1 !re=e1 ?\gh dead1 are respect$1 9 "s measure1 on acc\nt ( _! ri*es1 & consequ5tly )\t any k9d ( expectation4 ,b n to g s f> z prison]s ( w> & ! dead to f9d in/ances ( ?is dis9t]e/$ e/eem = ri*es1 let u obs]ve ) a little att5tion ^? pha5om5a t occur to u 9 common life & conv]sation4 ,a man1 :o is himself ( a compet5t =tune1 ^u com+ into a company ( /rang]s1 naturally treats !m ) diff]5t degrees ( respect & def]5ce1 z he is in=m$ ( _! diff]5t =tunes & conditions2 ?\gh x is impossible he c ev] propose1 & p]haps w\ld n accept ( any advantage f !m4 ,a travell] is always admitt$ into company1 & meets ) civility1 9 proportion z 8 tra9 & equipage speak him a man ( great or mod]ate =tune4 ,9 %ort1 ! diff]5t ranks ( m5 are1 9 a great measure1 regulat$ by ri*es1 & t ) reg>d to sup]iors z well z inf]iors1 /rang]s z well z acqua9tance4 ,!re is1 inde$1 an answ] to ^! argum5ts1 drawn f ! influ5ce ( g5]al rules4 ,x may be pret5d$1 t be+ accu/om$ to expect succ\r & protection f ! ri* & p[]ful1 & to e/eem !m ^u t acc\nt1 we ext5d ! same s5tim5ts to ^?1 :o resemble !m 9 _! =tune1 b f :om we c nev] hope = any advantage4 ,! g5]al rule /ill prevails1 & by giv+ a b5t to ! imag9ation draws along ! passion1 9 ! same mann] z if its prop] object 7 real & exi/5t4 ,b t ?is pr9ciple does n "h take place1 w easily appe>1 if we consid]1 t 9 ord] to e/abli% a g5]al rule1 & ext5d x beyond its prop] b\nds1 !re is requir$ a c]ta9 uni=mity 9 our exp]i5ce1 & a great sup]iority ( ^? in/ances1 :i* are con=mable to ! rule1 above ! contr>y4 ,b "h ! case is q o!rwise4 ,( a hundr$ m5 ( cr$it & =tune ,i meet )1 !re is n1 p]haps1 "o f :om ,i c expect advantage2 s t x is impossible any cu/om c ev] prevail 9 ! pres5t case4 ,^u ! :ole1 !re rema9s no?+1 :i* c give u an e/eem = p[] & ri*es1 & a contempt = meanness & pov]ty1 except ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y1 by :i* we ent] into ! s5tim5ts ( ! ri* & poor1 & p>take ( _! pleasure & uneas9ess4 ,ri*es give satisfaction to _! possessor2 & ?is satisfaction is convey$ to ! behold] by ! imag9ation1 :i* produces an idea resembl+ ! orig9al impression 9 =ce & vivacity4 ,?is agreeable idea or impression is connect$ ) love1 :i* is an agreeable passion4 ,x proce$s f a ?9k+ consci\s be+1 :i* is ! v object ( love4 ,f ?is relation ( impressions1 & id5tity ( ideas1 ! passion arises1 accord+ to my hypo!sis4 ,! be/ me?od ( reconcil+ u to ?is op9ion is to take a g5]al survey ( ! univ]se1 & obs]ve ! =ce ( sympa?y ?r\gh ! :ole animal creation1 & ! easy communication ( s5tim5ts f "o ?9k+ be+ to ano!r4 ,9 all creatures1 t prey n ^u o!rs1 & are n agitat$ ) viol5t passions1 !re appe>s a rem>kable desire ( company1 :i* associates !m toge!r1 )\t any advantages !y c ev] propose to reap f _! union4 ,?is is /ill m conspicu\s 9 man1 z be+ ! creature ( ! univ]se1 :o has ! mo/ ard5t desire ( society1 & is fitt$ = x by ! mo/ advantages4 ,we c =m no wi%1 :i* has n a ref]5ce to society4 ,a p]fect solitude is1 p]haps1 ! greate/ puni%m5t we c suff]4 ,e pleasure langui%es :5 enjoy$ a-"p f company1 & e pa9 becomes m cruel & intol]able4 ,:atev] o!r passions we may be actuat$ by2 pride1 ambition1 av>ice1 curiosity1 rev5ge or lu/2 ! s\l or animat+ pr9ciple ( !m all is sympa?y2 nor w\ld !y h any =ce1 7 we to ab/ract entirely f ! ?\ghts & s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,let all ! p[]s & elem5ts ( nature conspire to s]ve & obey "o man3 ,let ! sun rise & set at 8 comm&3 ,! sea & riv]s roll z he pleases1 & ! e>? furni% spontane\sly :atev] may be useful or agreeable to him3 ,he w /ill be mis]able1 till y give him "s "o p]son at lea/1 ) :om he may %>e 8 happ9ess1 & ^: e/eem & fri5d%ip he may enjoy4 ,?is conclusion f a g5]al view ( human nature1 we may confirm by p>ticul> in/ances1 :]e9 ! =ce ( sympa?y is v rem>kable4 ,mo/ k9ds ( beauty are d]iv$ f ?is orig92 & ?\gh our fir/ object be "s s5seless inanimate piece ( matt]1 x is seldom we re/ !re1 & c>ry n our view to its influ5ce on s5sible & rational creatures4 ,a man1 :o %ews u any h\se or build+1 takes p>ticul> c>e among o!r ?+s to po9t out ! conv5i5ce ( ! ap>tm5ts1 ! advantages ( _! situation1 & ! little room lo/ 9 ! /airs1 anti*amb]s & passages2 & inde$ x is evid5t1 ! *ief "p ( ! beauty consi/s 9 ^! p>ticul>s4 ,! obs]vation ( conv5i5ce gives pleasure1 s9ce conv5i5ce is a beauty4 ,b aft] :at mann] does x give pleasure8 ,x is c]ta9 our own int]e/ is n 9 ! lea/ conc]n$2 & z ?is is a beauty ( int]e/1 n ( =m1 s to speak1 x mu/ delight u m]ely by communication1 & by our sympa?iz+ ) ! proprietor ( ! lodg+4 ,we ent] into 8 int]e/ by ! =ce ( imag9ation1 & feel ! same satisfaction1 t ! objects naturally occasion 9 him4 ,?is obs]vation ext5ds to tables1 *airs1 scritoires1 *imneys1 coa*es1 sadles1 pl\ghs1 & inde$ to e "w ( art2 x be+ an univ]sal rule1 t _! beauty is *iefly d]iv$ f _! utility1 & f _! fitness = t purpose1 to :i* !y are de/9$4 ,b ?is is an advantage1 t conc]ns only ! own]1 nor is !re any ?+ b sympa?y1 :i* c int]e/ ! spectator4 ,x is evid5t1 t no?+ r5d]s a field m agreeable ?an its f]tility1 & t sc>ce any advantages ( ornam5t or situation w be able to equal ?is beauty4 ,x is ! same case ) p>ticul> trees & plants1 z ) ! field on :i* !y gr[4 ,i "k n b a pla91 ov]gr[n ) furze & broom1 may be1 9 itself1 z beautiful z a hill cov]$ ) v9es or olive-trees2 ?\gh x w nev] appe> s to "o1 :o is acqua9t$ ) ! value ( ea*4 ,b ?is is a beauty m]ely ( imag9ation1 & has no f\ndation 9 :at appe>s to ! s5ses4 ,f]tility & value h a pla9 ref]5ce to use2 & t to ri*es1 joy1 & pl5ty2 9 :i* ?\gh we h no hope ( p>tak+1 yet we ent] into !m by ! vivacity ( ! fancy1 & %>e !m1 9 "s measure1 ) ! proprietor4 ,!re is no rule 9 pa9t+ m reasonable ?an t ( ballanc+ ! figures1 & plac+ !m ) ! greate/ exactness on _! prop] c5t]s ( gravity4 ,a figure1 :i* is n ju/ly ballanc$1 is disagreeable2 & t because x conveys ! ideas ( its fall1 ( h>m1 & ( pa93 ,:i* ideas are pa9ful1 :5 by sympa?y !y acquire any degree ( =ce & vivacity4 ,add to ?is1 t ! pr9cipal "p ( p]sonal beauty is an air ( heal? & vig\r1 & su* a con/ruction ( memb]s z promises /r5g? & activity4 ,?is idea ( beauty _c be acc\nt$ = b by sympa?y4 ,9 g5]al we may rem>k1 t ! m9ds ( m5 are mirrors to "o ano!r1 n only because !y reflect ea* o!rs emotions1 b also because ^? rays ( passions1 s5tim5ts & op9ions may be (t5 rev]b]at$1 & may decay away by ins5sible degrees4 ,?us ! pleasure1 :i* a ri* man receives f 8 possessions1 be+ ?r[n ^u ! behold]1 causes a pleasure & e/eem2 :i* s5tim5ts aga91 be+ p]ceiv$ & sympa?iz$ )1 encrease ! pleasure ( ! possessor2 & be+ once m reflect$1 become a new f\ndation = pleasure & e/eem 9 ! behold]4 ,!re is c]ta9ly an orig9al satisfaction 9 ri*es d]iv$ f t p[]1 :i* !y be/[1 ( enjoy+ all ! pleasures ( life2 & z ?is is _! v nature & ess5ce1 x mu/ be ! fir/ s\rce ( all ! passions1 :i* arise f !m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ consid]able ( ^! passions is t ( love or e/eem 9 o!rs1 :i* !re=e proce$s f a sympa?y ) ! pleasure ( ! possessor4 ,b ! possessor has also a second>y satisfaction 9 ri*es aris+ f ! love & e/eem he acquires by !m1 & ?is satisfaction is no?+ b a second reflexion ( t orig9al pleasure1 :i* proce$$ f himself4 ,?is second>y satisfaction or vanity becomes "o ( ! pr9cipal recomm5dations ( ri*es1 & is ! *ief reason1 :y we ei!r desire !m = ourselves1 or e/eem !m 9 o!rs4 ,"h !n is a ?ird reb\nd ( ! orig9al pleasure2 aft] :i* x is difficult to di/+ui% ! images & reflexions1 by reason ( _! fa9tness & confusion4 ,,sect4 ,,vi ,,( ,,b5evol5ce ,,& ,,ang] ,ideas may be comp>$ to ! ext5sion & solidity ( matt]1 & impressions1 especially reflective ones1 to col\rs1 ta/es1 smells & o!r s5sible qualities4 ,ideas nev] admit ( a total union1 b are end[$ ) a k9d ( imp5etrability1 by :i* !y exclude ea* o!r1 & are capable ( =m+ a comp\nd by _! conjunction1 n by _! mixture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 impressions & passions are susceptible ( an entire union2 & l col\rs1 may be bl5d$ s p]fectly toge!r1 t ea* ( !m may lose itself1 & contribute only to v>y t uni=m impression1 :i* arises f ! :ole4 ,"s ( ! mo/ curi\s pha5om5a ( ! human m9d are d]iv$ f ?is prop]ty ( ! passions4 ,9 exam9+ ^? +r$i5ts1 :i* are capable ( unit+ ) love & hatr$1 ,i beg9 to be s5sible1 9 "s measure1 ( a mis=tune1 t has att5d$ e sy/em ( philosophy1 ) :i* ! _w has be5 yet acqua9t$4 ,x is commonly f\nd1 t 9 acc\nt+ = ! op]ations ( nature by any p>ticul> hypo!sis2 among a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 t quadrate exactly ) ! pr9ciples we w\ld endeav\r to e/abli%2 !re is always "s phnom5on1 :i* is m /ubborn1 & w n s easily b5d to our purpose4 ,we ne$ n be surpriz$1 t ?is %\ld happ5 9 natural philosophy4 ,! ess5ce & composition ( ext]nal bodies are s obscure1 t we mu/ necess>ily1 9 our reason+s1 or r conjectures conc]n+ !m1 involve ourselves 9 contradictions & absurdities4 ,b z ! p]ceptions ( ! m9d are p]fectly kn[n1 & ,i h us$ all imag9able caution 9 =m+ conclusions conc]n+ !m1 ,i h always hop$ to keep cle> ( ^? contradictions1 :i* h att5d$ e o!r sy/em4 ,accord+ly ! difficulty1 :i* ,i h at pres5t 9 my eye1 is n[ise contr>y to my sy/em2 b only dep>ts a little f t simplicity1 :i* has be5 hi!rto its pr9cipal =ce & beauty4 ,! passions ( love & hatr$ are always foll[$ by1 or r conjo9$ ) b5evol5ce & ang]4 ,x is ?is conjunction1 :i* *iefly di/+ui%es ^! affections f pride & humility4 ,= pride & humility are pure emotions 9 ! s\l1 unatt5d$ ) any desire1 & n imm$iately excit+ u to action4 ,b love & hatr$ are n compleat$ )9 !mselves1 nor re/ 9 t emotion1 :i* !y produce1 b c>ry ! m9d to some?+ f>!r4 ,love is always foll[$ by a desire ( ! happ9ess ( ! p]son belov$1 & an av]sion to 8 mis]y3 ,z hatr$ produces a desire ( ! mis]y & an av]sion to ! happ9ess ( ! p]son hat$4 ,s rem>kable a diff]5ce betwixt ^! two sets ( passions ( pride & humility1 love & hatr$1 :i* 9 s _m o!r p>ticul>s correspond to ea* o!r1 m]its our att5tion4 ,! conjunction ( ?is desire & av]sion ) love & hatr$ may be acc\nt$ = by two diff]5t hypo!ses4 ,! fir/ is1 t love & hatr$ h n only a cause1 :i* excites !m1 viz1 pleasure & pa92 & an object1 to :i* !y are direct$1 viz1 a p]son or ?9k+ be+2 b likewise an end1 :i* !y endeav\r to atta91 viz1 ! happ9ess or mis]y ( ! p]son belov$ or hat$2 all :i* views1 mix+ toge!r1 make only "o passion4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 love is no?+ b ! desire ( happ9ess to ano!r p]son1 & hatr$ t ( mis]y4 ,! desire & av]sion con/itute ! v nature ( love & hatr$4 ,!y are n only insep>able b ! same4 ,b ?is is evid5tly contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,= ?\gh x is c]ta9 we nev] love any p]son )\t desir+ 8 happ9ess1 nor hate any )\t wi%+ 8 mis]y1 yet ^! desires arise only ^u ! ideas ( ! happ9ess or mis]y ( our fri5d or enemy be+ pres5t$ by ! imag9ation1 & are n absolutely ess5tial to love & hatr$4 ,!y are ! mo/ obvi\s & natural s5tim5ts ( ^! affections1 b n ! only ones4 ,! passions may express !mselves 9 a hundr$ ways1 & may subsi/ a consid]able "t1 )\t our reflect+ on ! happ9ess or mis]y ( _! objects2 :i* cle>ly proves1 t ^! desires are n ! same ) love & hatr$1 nor make any ess5tial "p ( !m4 ,we may1 !re=e1 inf]1 t b5evol5ce & ang] are passions diff]5t f love & hatr$1 & only conjo9$ ) !m1 by ! orig9al con/itution ( ! m9d4 ,z nature has giv5 to ! body c]ta9 appetites & incl9ations1 :i* %e encreases1 dim9i%es1 or *anges accord+ to ! situation ( ! fluids or solids2 %e has proce$$ 9 ! same mann] ) ! m9d4 ,accord+ z we are possess$ ) love or hatr$1 ! correspond5t desire ( ! happ9ess or mis]y ( ! p]son1 :o is ! object ( ^! passions1 arises 9 ! m9d1 & v>ies ) ea* v>iation ( ^! opposite passions4 ,?is ord] ( ?+s1 ab/ract$ly consid]$1 is n necess>y4 ,love & hatr$ might h be5 unatt5d$ ) any su* desires1 or _! p>ticul> connexion might h be5 entirely rev]s$4 ,if nature _h s pleas$1 love might h _h ! same effect z hatr$1 & hatr$ z love4 ,i see no contradiction 9 suppos+ a desire ( produc+ mis]y annex$ to love1 & ( happ9ess to hatr$4 ,if ! s5sation ( ! passion & desire be opposite1 nature c\ld h alt]$ ! s5sation )\t alt]+ ! t5d5cy ( ! desire1 & by t means made !m compatible ) ea* o!r4 ,,sect4 ,,vii ,,( ,,compassion ,b ?\gh ! desire ( ! happ9ess or mis]y ( o!rs1 accord+ to ! love or hatr$ we be> !m1 be an arbitr>y & orig9al in/9ct implant$ 9 our nature1 we f9d x may be c\nt]feit$ on _m occasions1 & may arise f second>y pr9ciples4 ,pity is a conc]n =1 & malice a joy 9 ! mis]y ( o!rs1 )\t any fri5d%ip or enmity to occasion ?is conc]n or joy4 ,we pity ev5 /rang]s1 & su* z are p]fectly indiff]5t to u3 ,& if our ill-w to ano!r proce$ f any h>m or injury1 x is n1 prop]ly speak+1 malice1 b rev5ge4 ,b if we exam9e ^! affections ( pity & malice we %all f9d !m to be second>y ones1 aris+ f orig9al affections1 :i* are v>i$ by "s p>ticul> turn ( ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,x w be easy to expla9 ! passion ( pity1 f ! prec$5t reason+ conc]n+ sympa?y4 ,we h a lively idea ( e ?+ relat$ to u4 ,all human creatures are relat$ to u by resemblance4 ,_! p]sons1 !re=e1 _! int]e/s1 _! passions1 _! pa9s & pleasures mu/ /rike ^u u 9 a lively mann]1 & produce an emotion simil> to ! orig9al "o2 s9ce a lively idea is easily conv]t$ into an impression4 ,if ?is be true 9 g5]al1 x mu/ be m s ( affliction & sorr[4 ,^! h always a /rong] & m la/+ influ5ce ?an any pleasure or enjoym5t4 ,a spectator ( a trag$y passes ?r\gh a long tra9 ( grief1 t]ror1 indignation1 & o!r affections1 :i* ! poet repres5ts 9 ! p]sons he introduces4 ,z _m trag$ies end happily1 & no excell5t "o c be compos$ )\t "s rev]ses ( =tune1 ! spectator mu/ sympa?ize ) all ^! *anges1 & receive ! fictiti\s joy z well z e o!r passion4 ,unless1 !re=e1 x be ass]t$1 t e di/9ct passion is communicat$ by a di/9ct orig9al quality1 & is n d]iv$ f ! g5]al pr9ciple ( sympa?y above-expla9$1 x mu/ be all[$1 t all ( !m arise f t pr9ciple4 ,to except any "o 9 p>ticul> mu/ appe> highly unreasonable4 ,z !y are all fir/ pres5t 9 ! m9d ( "o p]son1 & aft]w>ds appe> 9 ! m9d ( ano!r2 & z ! mann] ( _! appe>ance1 fir/ z an idea1 !n z an impression1 is 9 e case ! same1 ! transition mu/ arise f ! same pr9ciple4 ,i am at lea/ sure1 t ?is me?od ( reason+ w\ld be consid]$ z c]ta91 ei!r 9 natural philosophy or common life4 ,add to ?is1 t pity dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 on ! contiguity1 & ev5 sight ( ! object2 :i* is a pro(1 t x is d]iv$ f ! imag9ation4 ,n to m5tion t wom5 & *ildr5 are mo/ subject to pity1 z be+ mo/ guid$ by t faculty4 ,! same infirmity1 :i* makes !m fa9t at ! sight ( a nak$ sword1 ?\gh 9 ! h&s ( _! be/ fri5d1 makes !m pity extremely ^?1 :om !y f9d 9 any grief or affliction4 ,^? philosoph]s1 :o d]ive ?is passion f ,i "k n :at subtile reflections on ! in/ability ( =tune1 & our be+ liable to ! same mis]ies we behold1 w f9d ?is obs]vation contr>y to !m among a great _m o!rs1 :i* x 7 easy to produce4 ,!re rema9s only to take notice ( a pretty rem>kable phnom5on ( ?is passion2 :i* is1 t ! communicat$ passion ( sympa?y sometimes acquires /r5g? f ! weakness ( its orig9al1 & ev5 arises by a transition f affections1 :i* h no exi/5ce4 ,?us :5 a p]son obta9s any hon\rable (fice1 or inh]its a great =tune1 we are always ! m rejoic$ = 8 prosp]ity1 ! less s5se he seems to h ( x1 & ! great] equanimity & indiff]5ce he %ews 9 its enjoym5t4 ,9 l mann] a man1 :o is n deject$ by mis=tunes1 is ! m lam5t$ on acc\nt ( 8 pati5ce2 & if t virtue ext5ds s f> z utt]ly to remove all s5se ( uneas9ess1 x /ill f>!r encreases our compassion4 ,:5 a p]son ( m]it falls into :at is vulg>ly e/eem$ a great mis=tune1 we =m a notion ( 8 condition2 & c>ry+ our fancy f ! cause to ! usual effect1 fir/ conceive a lively idea ( 8 sorr[1 & !n feel an impression ( x1 entirely ov]-look+ t greatness ( m9d1 :i* elevates him above su* emotions1 or only consid]+ x s f> z to encrease our admiration1 love & t5d]ness = him4 ,we f9d f exp]i5ce1 t su* a degree ( passion is usually connect$ ) su* a mis=tune2 & ?\gh !re be an exception 9 ! pres5t case1 yet ! imag9ation is affect$ by ! g5]al rule1 & makes u conceive a lively idea ( ! passion1 or r feel ! passion itself1 9 ! same mann]1 z if ! p]son 7 really actuat$ by x4 ,f ! same pr9ciples we blu% = ! conduct ( ^?1 :o behave !mselves fooli%ly be=e u2 & t ?\gh !y %ew no s5se ( %ame1 nor seem 9 ! lea/ consci\s ( _! folly4 ,all ?is proce$s f sympa?y2 b x is ( a p>tial k9d1 & views its objects only on "o side1 )\t consid]+ ! o!r1 :i* has a contr>y effect1 & w\ld entirely de/roy t emotion1 :i* arises f ! fir/ appe>ance4 ,we h also in/ances1 :]e9 an indiff]5ce & ins5sibility "u mis=tune encreases our conc]n = ! mis=tunate1 ev5 ?\gh ! indiff]5ce proce$ n f any virtue & magnanimity4 ,x is an aggravation ( a murd]1 t x 0 committ$ ^u p]sons asleep & 9 p]fect security2 z hi/orians readily obs]ve ( any infant pr9ce1 :o is captive 9 ! h&s ( 8 enemies1 t he is ! m wor?y ( compassion ! less s5sible he is ( 8 mis]able condition4 ,z we ourselves are "h acqua9t$ ) ! wret*$ situation ( ! p]son1 x gives u a lively idea & s5sation ( sorr[1 :i* is ! passion t g5]ally att5ds x2 & ?is idea becomes /ill m lively1 & ! s5sation m viol5t by a contra/ ) t security & indiff]5ce1 :i* we obs]ve 9 ! p]son himself4 ,a contra/ ( any k9d nev] fails to affect ! imag9ation1 especially :5 pres5t$ by ! subject2 & x is on ! imag9ation t pity entirely dep5ds4#f #f ,to prev5t all ambiguity1 ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t :]e ,i oppose ! imag9ation to ! memory1 ,i mean 9 g5]al ! faculty t pres5ts our fa9t] ideas4 ,9 all o!r places1 & p>ticul>ly :5 x is oppos$ to ! und]/&+1 ,i und]/& ! same faculty1 exclud+ only our demon/rative & probable reason+s4 ,,sect4 ,,viii ,,( ,,malice ,,& ,,envy ,we mu/ n[ proce$ to acc\nt = ! passion ( malice1 :i* imitates ! effects ( hatr$1 z pity does ^? ( love2 & gives u a joy 9 ! suff]+s & mis]ies ( o!rs1 )\t any (f5ce or injury on _! "p4 ,s little are m5 gov]n$ by reason 9 _! s5tim5ts & op9ions1 t !y always judge m ( objects by comp>ison ?an f _! intr9sic wor? & value4 ,:5 ! m9d consid]s1 or is accu/om$ to1 any degree ( p]fection1 :atev] falls %ort ( x1 ?\gh really e/eemable1 has not)/&+ ! same effect ^u ! passions2 z :at is defective & ill4 ,?is is an orig9al quality ( ! s\l1 & simil> to :at we h e day exp]i5ce ( 9 our bodies4 ,let a man heat "o h& & cool ! o!r2 ! same wat] w1 at ! same "t1 seem bo? hot & cold1 accord+ to ! disposition ( ! diff]5t organs4 ,a small degree ( any quality1 succe$+ a great]1 produces ! same s5sation1 z if less ?an x really is1 & ev5 sometimes z ! opposite quality4 ,any g5tle pa91 t foll[s a viol5t "o1 seems z no?+1 or r becomes a pleasure2 z on ! o!r h& a viol5t pa91 succe$+ a g5tle "o1 is d\bly griev\s & uneasy4 ,?is no "o c d\bt ( ) reg>d to our passions & s5sations4 ,b !re may arise "s difficulty ) reg>d to our ideas & objects4 ,:5 an object augm5ts or dim9i%es to ! eye or imag9ation f a comp>ison ) o!rs1 ! image & idea ( ! object are /ill ! same1 & are equally ext5d$ 9 ! ret9a1 & 9 ! bra9 or organ ( p]ception4 ,! eyes refract ! rays ( light1 & ! optic n]ves convey ! images to ! bra9 9 ! v same mann]1 :e!r a great or small object has prec$$2 nor does ev5 ! imag9ation alt] ! dim5sions ( its object on acc\nt ( a comp>ison ) o!rs4 ,! "q !n is1 h[ f ! same impression & ! same idea we c =m su* diff]5t judgm5ts conc]n+ ! same object1 & at "o "t admire its bulk1 & at ano!r despise its littl5ess4 ,?is v>iation 9 our judgm5ts mu/ c]ta9ly proce$ f a v>iation 9 "s p]ception2 b z ! v>iation lies n 9 ! imm$iate impression or idea ( ! object1 x mu/ lie 9 "s o!r impression1 t accompanies x4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is matt]1 ,i %all j t\* ^u two pr9ciples1 "o ( :i* %all be m fully expla9$ 9 ! progress ( ?is treatise2 ! o!r has be5 already acc\nt$ =4 ,i believe x may safely be e/abli%$ = a g5]al maxim1 t no object is pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 nor image =m$ 9 ! fancy1 b :at is accompany$ ) "s emotion or movem5t ( spirits proportion$ to x2 & h[ev] cu/om may make u ins5sible ( ?is s5sation & cause u to conf\nd x ) ! object or idea1 x w be easy1 by c>eful & exact exp]im5ts1 to sep>ate & di/+ui% !m4 ,= to in/ance only 9 ! cases ( ext5sion & numb]2 x is evid5t1 t any v bulky object1 su* z ! ocean1 an ext5d$ pla91 a va/ *a9 ( m\nta9s1 a wide =e/3 or any v num]\s collection ( objects1 su* z an army1 a fleet1 a cr[d1 excite 9 ! m9d a s5sible emotion2 & t ! admiration1 :i* arises on ! appe>ance ( su* objects1 is "o ( ! mo/ lively pleasures1 :i* human nature is capable ( enjoy+4 ,n[ z ?is admiration encreases or dim9i%es by ! encrease or dim9ution ( ! objects1 we may conclude1 accord+ to our =ego+#g pr9ciples1 t x is a comp\nd effect1 proce$+ f ! conjunction ( ! sev]al effects1 :i* arise f ea* "p ( ! cause4 ,e "p1 !n1 ( ext5sion1 & e unite ( numb] has a sep>ate emotion att5d+ x2 & ?\gh t emotion be n always agreeable1 yet by its conjunction ) o!rs1 & by its agitat+ ! spirits to a j pit*1 x contributes to ! production ( admiration1 :i* is always agreeable4 ,if ?is be all[$ ) respect to ext5sion & numb]1 we c make no difficulty ) respect to virtue & vice1 wit & folly1 ri*es & pov]ty1 happ9ess & mis]y1 & o!r objects ( t k9d1 :i* are always att5d$ ) an evid5t emotion4 #g ,book ,i4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,sect4 #ae4 ,! second pr9ciple ,i %all take notice ( is t ( our adh]5ce to g5]al rules2 :i* has su* a mighty influ5ce on ! actions & und]/&+1 & is able to impose on ! v s5ses4 ,:5 an object is f\nd by exp]i5ce to be always accompany$ ) ano!r2 :5ev] ! fir/ object appe>s1 ?\gh *ang$ 9 v mat]ial circum/ances2 we naturally fly to ! conception ( ! second1 & =m an idea ( x 9 z lively & /rong a mann]1 z if we _h inf]$ its exi/5ce by ! ju/e/ & mo/ au!ntic conclusion ( our und]/&+4 ,no?+ c undeceive u1 n ev5 our s5ses1 :i*1 in/ead ( correct+ ?is false judgm5t1 are (t5 p]v]t$ by x1 & seem to au?orize its errors4 ,! conclusion ,i draw f ^! two pr9ciples1 jo9$ to ! influ5ce ( comp>ison above-m5tion$1 is v %ort & decisive4 ,e object is att5d$ ) "s emotion proportion$ to x2 a great object ) a great emotion1 a small object ) a small emotion4 ,a great object1 !re=e1 succe$+ a small "o makes a great emotion succe$ a small "o4 ,n[ a great emotion succe$+ a small "o becomes /ill great]1 & rises beyond its ord9>y proportion4 ,b z !re is a c]ta9 degree ( an emotion1 :i* commonly att5ds e magnitude ( an object2 :5 ! emotion encreases1 we naturally imag9e t ! object has likewise encreas$4 ,! effect conveys our view to its usual cause1 a c]ta9 degree ( emotion to a c]ta9 magnitude ( ! object2 nor d we consid]1 t comp>ison may *ange ! emotion )\t *ang+ any?+ 9 ! object4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! metaphysical "p ( optics & "k h[ we transf] ! judgm5ts & conclusions ( ! und]/&+ to ! s5ses1 w easily conceive ?is :ole op]ation4 ,b leav+ ?is new discov]y ( an impression1 t secretly att5ds e idea2 we mu/ at lea/ all[ ( t pr9ciple1 f :5ce ! discov]y arose1 t objects appe> great] or less by a comp>ison ) o!rs4 ,we h s _m in/ances ( ?is1 t x is impossible we c dispute its v]acity2 & x is f ?is pr9ciple ,i d]ive ! passions ( malice & envy4 ,x is evid5t we mu/ receive a great] or less satisfaction or uneas9ess f reflect+ on our own condition & circum/ances1 9 proportion z !y appe> m or less =tunate or unhappy1 9 proportion to ! degrees ( ri*es1 & p[]1 & m]it1 & reputation1 :i* we ?9k ourselves posse/ (4 ,n[ z we seldom judge ( objects f _! intr9sic value1 b =m our notions ( !m f a comp>ison ) o!r objects2 x foll[s1 t accord+ z we obs]ve a great] or less %>e ( happ9ess or mis]y 9 o!rs1 we mu/ make an e/imate ( our own1 & feel a consequ5t pa9 or pleasure4 ,! mis]y ( ano!r gives u a m lively idea ( our happ9ess1 & 8 happ9ess ( our mis]y4 ,! =m]1 !re=e1 produces delight2 & ! latt] uneas9ess4 ,"h !n is a k9d ( pity rev]/1 or contr>y s5sations aris+ 9 ! behold]1 f ^? :i* are felt by ! p]son1 :om he consid]s4 ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve1 t 9 all k9ds ( comp>ison an object makes u always receive f ano!r1 to :i* x is comp>$1 a s5sation contr>y to :at arises f itself 9 its direct & imm$iate survey4 ,a small object makes a great "o appe> /ill great]4 ,a great object makes a little "o appe> less4 ,de=mity ( itself produces uneas9ess2 b makes u receive new pleasure by its contra/ ) a beautiful object1 ^: beauty is augm5t$ by x2 z on ! o!r h&1 beauty1 :i* ( itself produces pleasure1 makes u receive a new pa9 by ! contra/ ) any ?+ ugly1 ^: de=mity x augm5ts4 ,! case1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! same ) happ9ess & mis]y4 ,! direct survey ( ano!r's pleasure naturally gives u pleasure1 & !re=e produces pa9 :5 comp>$ ) our own4 ,8 pa91 consid]$ 9 itself1 is pa9ful to u1 b augm5ts ! idea ( our own happ9ess1 & gives u pleasure4 ,nor w x appe> /range1 t we may feel a rev]/ s5sation f ! happ9ess & mis]y ( o!rs2 s9ce we f9d ! same comp>ison may give u a k9d ( malice aga9/ ourselves1 & make u rejoice = our pa9s1 & grieve = our pleasures4 ,?us ! prospect ( pa/ pa9 is agreeable1 :5 we are satisfy$ ) our pres5t condition2 z on ! o!r h& our pa/ pleasures give u uneas9ess1 :5 we enjoy no?+ at pres5t equal to !m4 ,! comp>ison be+ ! same1 z :5 we reflect on ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs1 mu/ be att5d$ ) ! same effects4 ,nay a p]son may ext5d ?is malice aga9/ himself1 ev5 to 8 pres5t =tune1 & c>ry x s f> z design$ly to seek affliction1 & encrease 8 pa9s & sorr[s4 ,?is may happ5 ^u two occasions4 ,fir/1 ,^u ! di/ress & mis=tune ( a fri5d1 or p]son de> to him4 ,secondly1 ,^u ! feel+ any remorses = a crime1 ( :i* he has be5 guilty4 ,x is f ! pr9ciple ( comp>ison t bo? ^! irregul> appetites = evil arise4 ,a p]son1 :o indulges himself 9 any pleasure1 :ile 8 fri5d lies "u affliction1 feels ! reflect$ uneas9ess f 8 fri5d m s5sibly by a comp>ison ) ! orig9al pleasure1 :i* he himself enjoys4 ,?is contra/1 inde$1 ought also to inliv5 ! pres5t pleasure4 ,b z grief is "h suppos$ to be ! pr$om9ant passion1 e addition falls to t side1 & is swall[$ up 9 x1 )\t op]at+ 9 ! lea/ ^u ! contr>y affection4 ,x is ! same case ) ^? p5ances1 :i* m5 inflict on !mselves = _! pa/ s9s & fail+s4 ,:5 a crim9al reflects on ! puni%m5t he des]ves1 ! idea ( x is magnify$ by a comp>ison ) 8 pres5t ease & satisfaction2 :i* =ces him1 9 a mann]1 to seek uneas9ess1 9 ord] to avoid s disagreeable a contra/4 ,?is reason+ w acc\nt = ! orig9 ( envy z well z ( malice4 ,! only diff]5ce betwixt ^! passions lies 9 ?is1 t envy is excit$ by "s pres5t enjoym5t ( ano!r1 :i* by comp>ison dim9i%es our idea ( our own3 ,:]eas malice is ! unprovok$ desire ( produc+ evil to ano!r1 9 ord] to reap a pleasure f ! comp>ison4 ,! enjoym5t1 :i* is ! object ( envy1 is commonly sup]ior to our own4 ,a sup]iority naturally seems to ov]%ade u1 & pres5ts a disagreeable comp>ison4 ,b ev5 9 ! case ( an inf]iority1 we /ill desire a great] di/ance1 9 ord] to augm5t1 /ill m ! idea ( ourself4 ,:5 ?is di/ance dim9i%es1 ! comp>ison is less to our advantage2 & consequ5tly gives u less pleasure1 & is ev5 disagreeable4 ,h5ce arises t species ( envy1 :i* m5 feel1 :5 !y p]ceive _! inf]iors approa*+ or ov]tak+ !m 9 ! pursuits ( glory or happ9ess4 ,9 ?is envy we may see ! effects ( comp>ison twice repeat$4 ,a man1 :o comp>es himself to 8 inf]ior1 receives a pleasure f ! comp>ison3 ,& :5 ! inf]iority decreases by ! elevation ( ! inf]ior1 :at %\ld only h be5 a decrease ( pleasure1 becomes a real pa91 by a new comp>ison ) its prec$+ condition4 ,x is wor?y ( obs]vation conc]n+ t envy1 :i* arises f a sup]iority 9 o!rs1 t x is n ! great disproportion betwixt ourself & ano!r1 :i* produces x2 b on ! contr>y1 our proximity4 ,a common soldi] be>s no su* envy to 8 g5]al z to 8 s]geant or corporal2 nor does an em95t writ] meet ) s great jeal\sy 9 common hackney scribbl]s1 z 9 au?ors1 t m ne>ly approa* him4 ,x may1 inde$1 be ?\ght1 t ! great] ! disproportion is1 ! great] mu/ be ! uneas9ess f ! comp>ison4 ,b we may consid] on ! o!r h&1 t ! great disproportion cuts (f ! relation1 & ei!r keeps u f comp>+ ourselves ) :at is remote f u1 or dim9i%es ! effects ( ! comp>ison4 ,resemblance & proximity always produce a relation ( ideas2 & :]e y de/roy ^! ties1 h[ev] o!r accid5ts may br+ two ideas toge!r2 z !y h no bond or connect+ quality to jo9 !m 9 ! imag9ation2 x is impossible !y c rema9 long unit$1 or h any consid]able influ5ce on ea* o!r4 ,i h obs]v$ 9 consid]+ ! nature ( ambition1 t ! great feel a d\ble pleasure 9 au?ority f ! comp>ison ( _! own condition ) t ( _! slaves2 & t ?is comp>ison has a d\ble influ5ce1 because x is natural1 & pres5t$ by ! subject4 ,:5 ! fancy1 9 ! comp>ison ( objects1 passes n easily f ! "o object to ! o!r1 ! action ( ! m9d is1 9 a great measure1 broke1 & ! fancy1 9 consid]+ ! second object1 beg9s1 z x 71 ^u a new foot+4 ,! impression1 :i* att5ds e object1 seems n great] 9 t case by succe$+ a less ( ! same k9d2 b ^! two impressions are di/9ct1 & produce _! di/9ct effects1 )\t any communication toge!r4 ,! want ( relation 9 ! ideas breaks ! relation ( ! impressions1 & by su* a sep>ation prev5ts _! mutual op]ation & influ5ce4 ,to confirm ?is we may obs]ve1 t ! proximity 9 ! degree ( m]it is n alone suffici5t to give rise to envy1 b mu/ be assi/$ by o!r relations4 ,a poet is n apt to envy a philosoph]1 or a poet ( a diff]5t k9d1 ( a diff]5t nation1 or ( a diff]5t age4 ,all ^! diff]5ces prev5t or weak5 ! comp>ison1 & consequ5tly ! passion4 ,?is too is ! reason1 :y all objects appe> great or little1 m]ely by a comp>ison ) ^? ( ! same species4 ,a m\nta9 nei!r magnifies nor dim9i%es a horse 9 our eyes2 b :5 a ,flemi% & a ,wel% horse are se5 toge!r1 ! "o appe>s great] & ! o!r less1 ?an :5 view$ ap>t4 ,f ! same pr9ciple we may acc\nt = t rem>k ( hi/orians1 t any p>ty 9 a civil w> always *oose to call 9 a =eign enemy at any haz>d r ?an submit to _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,guicci>d9 applies ?is rem>k to ! w>s 9 ,italy1 :]e ! relations betwixt ! diff]5t /ates are1 prop]ly speak+1 no?+ b ( "n1 language1 & contiguity4 ,yet ev5 ^! relations1 :5 jo9$ ) sup]iority1 by mak+ ! comp>ison m natural1 make x likewise m griev\s1 & cause m5 to se>* = "s o!r sup]iority1 :i* may be att5d$ ) no relation1 & by t means may h a less s5sible influ5ce on ! imag9ation4 ,! m9d quickly p]ceives its sev]al advantages & disadvantages2 & f9d+ its situation to be mo/ uneasy1 :]e sup]iority is conjo9$ ) o!r relations1 seeks its repose z mu* z possible1 by _! sep>ation1 & by break+ t association ( ideas1 :i* r5d]s ! comp>ison s mu* m natural & efficaci\s4 ,:5 x _c break ! association1 x feels a /rong] desire to remove ! sup]iority2 & ?is is ! reason :y travell]s are commonly s lavi% ( _! praises to ! ,*9ese & ,p]sians1 at ! same "t1 t !y depreciate ^? neighb\r+ nations1 :i* may /& ^u a foot ( rival%ip ) _! native c\ntry4 ,^! examples f hi/ory & common exp]i5ce are ri* & curi\s2 b we may f9d p>allel ones 9 ! arts1 :i* are no less rem>kable4 %\ld an au?or compose a treatise1 ( :i* "o "p 0 s]i\s & pr(\nd1 ano!r light & humor\s1 e "o w\ld condemn s /range a mixture1 & w\ld accuse him ( ! neglect ( all rules ( art & criticism4 ,^! rules ( art are f\nd$ on ! qualities ( human nature2 & ! quality ( human nature1 :i* requires a consi/5cy 9 e p]=mance is t :i* r5d]s ! m9d incapable ( pass+ 9 a mom5t f "o passion & disposition to a q diff]5t "o4 ,yet ?is makes u n blame ,mr ,prior = jo9+ 8 ,alma & 8 ,solomon 9 ! same volume2 ?\gh t admirable poet has succe$$ p]fectly well 9 ! gaiety ( ! "o1 z well z 9 ! melan*oly ( ! o!r4 ,ev5 suppos+ ! read] %\ld p]use ^! two compositions )\t any int]val1 he w\ld feel little or no difficulty 9 ! *ange ( passions3 ,:y1 b because he consid]s ^! p]=mances z entirely diff]5t1 & by ?is break 9 ! ideas1 breaks ! progress ( ! affections1 & h9d]s ! "o f influ5c+ or contradict+ ! o!r8 ,an h]oic & burlesque design1 unit$ 9 "o picture1 w\ld be mon/r\s2 ?\gh we place two pictures ( s opposite a "* 9 ! same *amb]1 & ev5 close by ea* o!r1 )\t any scruple or difficulty4 ,9 a ^w1 no ideas c affect ea* o!r1 ei!r by comp>ison1 or by ! passions !y sep>ately produce1 unless !y be unit$ toge!r by "s relation1 :i* may cause an easy transition ( ! ideas1 & consequ5tly ( ! emotions or impressions1 att5d+ ! ideas2 & may pres]ve ! "o impression 9 ! passage ( ! imag9ation to ! object ( ! o!r4 ,?is pr9ciple is v rem>kable1 because x is analog\s to :at we h obs]v$ bo? conc]n+ ! und]/&+ & ! passions4 ,suppose two objects to be pres5t$ to me1 :i* are n connect$ by any k9d ( relation4 ,suppose t ea* ( ^! objects sep>ately produces a passion2 & t ^! two passions are 9 !mselves contr>y3 ,we f9d f exp]i5ce1 t ! want ( relation 9 ! objects or ideas h9d]s ! natural contr>iety ( ! passions1 & t ! break 9 ! transition ( ! ?\ght removes ! affections f ea* o!r1 & prev5ts _! opposition4 ,x is ! same case ) comp>ison2 & f bo? ^! pha5om5a we may safely conclude1 t ! relation ( ideas mu/ =w>d ! transition ( impressions2 s9ce its abs5ce alone is able to prev5t x1 & to sep>ate :at naturally %\ld h op]at$ ^u ea* o!r4 ,:5 ! abs5ce ( an object or quality removes any usual or natural effect1 we may c]ta9ly conclude t its pres5ce contributes to ! production ( ! effect4 ,,sect4 ,,ix ,,( ,,! ,,mixture ,,( ,,b5evol5ce ,,& ,,ang] ,,) ,,compassion ,,& ,,malice ,?us we h endeav\r$ to acc\nt = pity & malice4 ,bo? ^! affections arise f ! imag9ation1 accord+ to ! light1 9 :i* x places its object4 ,:5 our fancy consid]s directly ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs1 & ent]s deep into !m1 x makes u s5sible ( all ! passions x surveys1 b 9 a p>ticul> mann] ( grief or sorr[4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 we comp>e ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs to our own1 we feel a s5sation directly opposite to ! orig9al "o1 viz4 a joy f ! grief ( o!rs1 & a grief f _! joy4 ,b ^! are only ! fir/ f\ndations ( ! affections ( pity & malice4 ,o!r passions are aft]w>ds conf\nd$ ) !m4 ,!re is always a mixture ( love or t5d]ness ) pity1 & ( hatr$ or ang] ) malice4 ,b x mu/ be confess$1 t ?is mixture seems at fir/ sight to be contradictory to my sy/em4 ,= z pity is an uneas9ess1 & malice a joy1 aris+ f ! mis]y ( o!rs1 pity %\ld naturally1 z 9 all o!r cases1 produce hatr$2 & malice1 love4 ,?is contradiction ,i endeav\r to reconcile1 aft] ! foll[+ mann]4 ,9 ord] to cause a transition ( passions1 !re is requir$ a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas1 nor is "o relation suffici5t to produce ?is effect4 ,b t we may und]/& ! full =ce ( ?is d\ble relation1 we mu/ consid]1 t x is n ! pres5t s5sation alone or mom5t>y pa9 or pleasure1 :i* det]m9es ! "* ( any passion1 b ! :ole b5t or t5d5cy ( x f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,"o impression may be relat$ to ano!r1 n only :5 _! s5sations are resembl+1 z we h all along suppos$ 9 ! prec$+ cases2 b also :5 _! impulses or directions are simil> & correspond5t4 ,?is _c take place ) reg>d to pride & humility2 because ^! are only pure s5sations1 )\t any direction or t5d5cy to action4 ,we are1 !re=e1 to look = in/ances ( ?is peculi> relation ( impressions only 9 su* affections1 z are att5d$ ) a c]ta9 appetite or desire2 su* z ^? ( love & hatr$4 ,b5evol5ce or ! appetite1 :i* att5ds love1 is a desire ( ! happ9ess ( ! p]son belov$1 & an av]sion to 8 mis]y2 z ang] or ! appetite1 :i* att5ds hatr$1 is a desire ( ! mis]y ( ! p]son hat$1 & an av]sion to 8 happ9ess4 ,a desire1 !re=e1 ( ! happ9ess ( ano!r1 & av]sion to 8 mis]y1 are simil> to b5evol5ce2 & a desire ( 8 mis]y & av]sion to 8 happ9ess are correspond5t to ang]4 ,n[ pity is a desire ( happ9ess to ano!r1 & av]sion to 8 mis]y2 z malice is ! contr>y appetite4 ,pity1 !n1 is relat$ to b5evol5ce2 & malice to ang]3 ,& z b5evol5ce has be5 already f\nd to be connect$ ) love1 by a natural & orig9al quality1 & ang] ) hatr$2 x is by ?is *a9 ! passions ( pity & malice are connect$ ) love & hatr$4 ,?is hypo!sis is f\nd$ on suffici5t exp]i5ce4 ,a man1 :o f any motives has ent]ta9$ a resolution ( p]=m+ an action1 naturally runs into e o!r view or motive1 :i* may =tify t resolution1 & give x au?ority & influ5ce on ! m9d4 ,to confirm u 9 any design1 we se>* = motives drawn f int]e/1 f hon\r1 f duty4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t pity & b5evol5ce1 malice1 & ang]1 be+ ! same desires aris+ f diff]5t pr9ciples1 %\ld s totally mix toge!r z to be undi/+ui%able8 ,z to ! connexion betwixt b5evol5ce & love1 ang] & hatr$1 be+ orig9al & prim>y1 x admits ( no difficulty4 ,we may add to ?is ano!r exp]im5t1 viz1 t b5evol5ce & ang]1 & consequ5tly love & hatr$1 arise :5 our happ9ess or mis]y h any dep5dance on ! happ9ess or mis]y ( ano!r p]son1 )\t any f>!r relation4 ,i d\bt n b ?is exp]im5t w appe> s s+ul> z to excuse u = /opp+ a mom5t to consid] x4 ,suppose1 t two p]sons ( ! same trade %\ld seek employm5t 9 a t[n1 t is n able to ma9ta9 bo?1 x is pla9 ! success ( "o is p]fectly incompatible ) t ( ! o!r1 & t :atev] is = ! int]e/ ( ei!r is contr>y to t ( 8 rival1 & s vice v]sa4 ,suppose aga91 t two m]*ants1 ?\gh liv+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 %\ld ent] into co-p>tn]%ip toge!r1 ! advantage or loss ( "o becomes imm$iately ! advantage or loss ( 8 p>tn]1 & ! same =tune necess>ily att5ds bo?4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 t 9 ! fir/ case1 hatr$ always foll[s ^u ! contr>iety ( int]e/s2 z 9 ! second1 love arises f _! union4 ,let u consid] to :at pr9ciple we c ascribe ^! passions4 ,x is pla9 !y arise n f ! d\ble relations ( impressions & ideas1 if we reg>d only ! pres5t s5sation4 ,= take+ ! fir/ case ( rival%ip2 ?\gh ! pleasure & advantage ( an antagoni/ necess>ily causes my pa9 & loss1 yet to c\nt]-ballance ?is1 8 pa9 & loss causes my pleasure & advantage2 & suppos+ him to be unsuccessful1 ,i may by ?is means receive f him a sup]ior degree ( satisfaction4 ,9 ! same mann] ! success ( a p>tn] rejoices me1 b !n 8 mis=tunes afflict me 9 an equal proportion2 & x is easy to imag9e1 t ! latt] s5tim5t may 9 _m cases prepond]ate4 ,b :e!r ! =tune ( a rival or p>tn] be good or bad1 ,i always hate ! =m] & love ! latt]4 ,?is love ( a p>tn] _c proce$ f ! relation or connexion betwixt u2 9 ! same mann] z ,i love a bro!r or c\ntryman4 ,a rival has almo/ z close a relation to me z a p>tn]4 ,= z ! pleasure ( ! latt] causes my pleasure1 & 8 pa9 my pa92 s ! pleasure ( ! =m] causes my pa91 & 8 pa9 my pleasure4 ,! connexion1 !n1 ( cause & effect is ! same 9 bo? cases2 & if 9 ! "o case1 ! cause & effect h a f>!r relation ( resemblance1 !y h t ( contr>iety 9 ! o!r2 :i*1 be+ also a species ( resemblance1 leaves ! matt] pretty equal4 ,! only explication1 !n1 we c give ( ?is phnom5on is d]iv$ f t pr9ciple ( a p>allel direction above-m5tion$4 ,our conc]n = our own int]e/ gives u a pleasure 9 ! pleasure1 & a pa9 9 ! pa9 ( a p>tn]1 aft] ! same mann] z by sympa?y we feel a s5sation correspond5t to ^?1 :i* appe> 9 any p]son1 :o is pres5t ) u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! same conc]n = our int]e/ makes u feel a pa9 9 ! pleasure1 & a pleasure 9 ! pa9 ( a rival2 & 9 %ort ! same contr>iety ( s5tim5ts z arises f comp>ison & malice4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 a p>allel direction ( ! affections1 proce$+ f int]e/1 c give rise to b5evol5ce or ang]1 no wond] ! same p>allel direction1 d]iv$ f sympa?y & f comp>ison1 %\ld h ! same effect4 ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve1 t x is impossible to d good to o!rs1 f :atev] motive1 )\t feel+ "s t\*es ( k9dness & good-w t[>ds !m2 z ! injuries we d1 n only cause hatr$ 9 ! p]son1 :o suff]s !m1 b ev5 9 ourselves4 ,^! pha5om5a1 inde$1 may 9 "p be acc\nt$ = f o!r pr9ciples4 ,b "h !re occurs a consid]able objection1 :i* x w be necess>y to exam9e be=e we proce$ any f>!r4 ,i h endeav\r$ to prove1 t p[] & ri*es1 or pov]ty & meanness2 :i* give rise to love or hatr$1 )\t produc+ any orig9al pleasure or uneas9ess2 op]ate ^u u by means ( a second>y s5sation d]iv$ f a sympa?y ) t pa9 or satisfaction1 :i* !y produce 9 ! p]son1 :o possesses !m4 ,f a sympa?y ) 8 pleasure !re arises love2 f t ) 8 uneas9ess1 hatr$4 ,b x is a maxim1 :i* ,i h j n[ e/abli%$1 & :i* is absolutely necess>y to ! explication ( ! pha5om5a ( pity & malice1 t x is n ! pres5t s5sation or mom5t>y pa9 or pleasure1 :i* det]m9es ! "* ( any passion1 b ! g5]al b5t or t5d5cy ( x f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,= ?is reason1 pity or a sympa?y ) pa9 produces love1 & t because x int]e/s u 9 ! =tunes ( o!rs1 good or bad1 & gives u a second>y s5sation correspond5t to ! prim>y2 9 :i* x has ! same influ5ce ) love & b5evol5ce4 ,s9ce !n ?is rule holds good 9 "o case1 :y does x n prevail ?r\gh\t1 & :y does sympa?y 9 uneas9ess ev] produce any passion beside good-w & k9dness8 ,is x becom+ a philosoph] to alt] 8 me?od ( reason+1 & run f "o pr9ciple to its contr>y1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> phnom5on1 :i* he w\ld expla98 ,i h m5tion$ two diff]5t causes1 f :i* a transition ( passion may arise1 viz1 a d\ble relation ( ideas & impressions1 & :at is simil> to x1 a con=mity 9 ! t5d5cy & direction ( any two desires1 :i* arise f diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,n[ ,i ass]t1 t :5 a sympa?y ) uneas9ess is weak1 x produces hatr$ or contempt by ! =m] cause2 :5 /rong1 x produces love or t5d]ness by ! latt]4 ,?is is ! solution ( ! =ego+ difficulty1 :i* seems s urg5t2 & ?is is a pr9ciple f\nd$ on su* evid5t argum5ts1 t we ought to h e/abli%$ x1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 n necess>y to ! explication ( any phnom5on4 ,x is c]ta91 t sympa?y is n always limit$ to ! pres5t mom5t1 b t we (t5 feel by communication ! pa9s & pleasures ( o!rs1 :i* are n 9 be+1 & :i* we only anticipate by ! =ce ( imag9ation4 ,= suppos+ ,i saw a p]son p]fectly unkn[n to me1 :o1 :ile asleep 9 ! fields1 0 9 dang] ( be+ trod "u foot by horses1 ,i %\ld imm$iately run to 8 assi/ance2 & 9 ?is ,i %\ld be actuat$ by ! same pr9ciple ( sympa?y1 :i* makes me conc]n$ = ! pres5t sorr[s ( a /rang]4 ,! b>e m5tion ( ?is is suffici5t4 ,sympa?y be+ no?+ b a lively idea conv]t$ into an impression1 x is evid5t1 t1 9 consid]+ ! future possible or probable condition ( any p]son1 we may ent] into x ) s vivid a conception z to make x our own conc]n2 & by t means be s5sible ( pa9s & pleasures1 :i* nei!r belong to ourselves1 nor at ! pres5t in/ant h any real exi/5ce4 ,b h[ev] we may look =w>d to ! future 9 sympa?iz+ ) any p]son1 ! ext5d+ ( our sympa?y dep5ds 9 a great measure ^u our s5se ( 8 pres5t condition4 ,x is a great ef=t ( imag9ation1 to =m su* lively ideas ev5 ( ! pres5t s5tim5ts ( o!rs z to feel ^! v s5tim5ts2 b x is impossible we c\ld ext5d ?is sympa?y to ! future1 )\t be+ aid$ by "s circum/ance 9 ! pres5t1 :i* /rikes ^u u 9 a lively mann]4 ,:5 ! pres5t mis]y ( ano!r has any /rong influ5ce ^u me1 ! vivacity ( ! conception is n conf9$ m]ely to its imm$iate object1 b diffuses its influ5ce ov] all ! relat$ ideas1 & gives me a lively notion ( all ! circum/ances ( t p]son1 :e!r pa/1 pres5t1 or future2 possible1 probable or c]ta94 ,by means ( ?is lively notion ,i am int]e/$ 9 !m2 take "p ) !m2 & feel a sympa!tic motion 9 my brea/1 con=mable to :atev] ,i imag9e 9 84 ,if ,i dim9i% ! vivacity ( ! fir/ conception1 ,i dim9i% t ( ! relat$ ideas2 z pipes c convey no m wat] ?an :at arises at ! f\nta94 ,by ?is dim9ution ,i de/roy ! future prospect1 :i* is necess>y to int]e/ me p]fectly 9 ! =tune ( ano!r4 ,i may feel ! pres5t impression1 b c>ry my sympa?y no f>!r1 & nev] transfuse ! =ce ( ! fir/ conception into my ideas ( ! relat$ objects4 ,if x be ano!r's mis]y1 :i* is pres5t$ 9 ?is feeble mann]1 ,i receive x by communication1 & am affect$ ) all ! passions relat$ to x3 ,b z ,i am n s mu* int]e/$ z to conc]n myself 9 8 good =tune1 z well z 8 bad1 ,i nev] feel ! ext5sive sympa?y1 nor ! passions relat$ to x4 ,n[ 9 ord] to "k :at passions are relat$ to ^! diff]5t k9ds ( sympa?y1 we mu/ consid]1 t b5evol5ce is an orig9al pleasure aris+ f ! pleasure ( ! p]son belov$1 & a pa9 proce$+ f 8 pa93 ,f :i* correspond5ce ( impressions !re arises a subsequ5t desire ( 8 pleasure1 & av]sion to 8 pa94 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to make a passion run p>allel ) b5evol5ce1 x is requisite we %\ld feel ^! d\ble impressions1 correspond5t to ^? ( ! p]son1 :om we consid]2 nor is any "o ( !m alone suffici5t = t purpose4 ,:5 we sympa?ize only ) "o impression1 & t a pa9ful "o1 ?is sympa?y is relat$ to ang] & to hatr$1 ^u acc\nt ( ! uneas9ess x conveys to u4 ,b z ! ext5sive or limit$ sympa?y dep5ds ^u ! =ce ( ! fir/ sympa?y2 x foll[s1 t ! passion ( love or hatr$ dep5ds ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,a /rong impression1 :5 communicat$1 gives a d\ble t5d5cy ( ! passions2 :i* is relat$ to b5evol5ce & love by a simil>ity ( direction2 h[ev] pa9ful ! fir/ impression might h be54 ,a weak impression1 t is pa9ful1 is relat$ to ang] & hatr$ by ! resemblance ( s5sations4 ,b5evol5ce1 !re=e1 arises f a great degree ( mis]y1 or any degree /rongly sympa?iz$ )3 ,hatr$ or contempt f a small degree1 or "o weakly sympa?iz$ )2 :i* is ! pr9ciple ,i int5d$ to prove & expla94 ,nor h we only our reason to tru/ to = ?is pr9ciple1 b also exp]i5ce4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( pov]ty produces contempt2 b a degree beyond causes compassion & good-w4 ,we may "u-value a peasant or s]vant2 b :5 ! mis]y ( a begg> appe>s v great1 or is pa9t$ 9 v lively col\rs1 we sympa?ize ) him 9 8 afflictions2 & feel 9 our he>t evid5t t\*es ( pity & b5evol5ce4 ,! same object causes contr>y passions accord+ to its diff]5t degrees4 ,! passions1 !re=e1 mu/ dep5d ^u pr9ciples1 t op]ate 9 su* c]ta9 degrees1 accord+ to my hypo!sis4 ,! encrease ( ! sympa?y has evid5tly ! same effect z ! encrease ( ! mis]y4 ,a b>r5 or desolate c\ntry always seems ugly & disagreeable1 & commonly inspires u ) contempt = ! inhabitants4 ,?is de=mity1 h[ev]1 proce$s 9 a great measure f a sympa?y ) ! inhabitants1 z has be5 already obs]v$2 b x is only a weak "o1 & rea*es no f>!r ?an ! imm$iate s5sation1 :i* is disagreeable4 ,! view ( a city 9 a%es conveys b5evol5t s5tim5ts2 because we !re ent] s deep into ! int]e/s ( ! mis]able inhabitants1 z to wi% = _! prosp]ity1 z well z feel _! adv]sity4 ,b ?\gh ! =ce ( ! impression g5]ally produces pity & b5evol5ce1 x is c]ta91 t by be+ c>ry$ too f> x ceases to h t effect4 ,?is1 p]haps1 may be wor? our notice4 ,:5 ! uneas9ess is ei!r small 9 itself1 or remote f u1 x engages n ! imag9ation1 nor is able to convey an equal conc]n = ! future & cont+5t good1 z = ! pres5t & real evil ,^u its acquir+ great] =ce1 we become s int]e/$ 9 ! conc]ns ( ! p]son1 z to be s5sible bo? ( 8 good & _h =tune2 & f t compleat sympa?y !re arises pity & b5evol5ce4 ,b x w easily be imag9$1 t :]e ! pres5t evil /rikes ) m ?an ord9>y =ce1 x may entirely engage our att5tion1 & prev5t t d\ble sympa?y1 above-m5tion$4 ,?us we f9d1 t ?\gh e "o1 b especially wom51 are apt to contract a k9dness = crim9als1 :o g to ! scaffold1 & readily imag9e !m to be uncommonly h&some & well%ap$2 yet "o1 :o is pres5t at ! cruel execution ( ! rack1 feels no su* t5d] emotions2 b is 9 a mann] ov]come ) horror1 & has no leisure to temp] ?is uneasy s5sation by any opposite sympa?y4 ,b ! in/ance1 :i* makes ! mo/ cle>ly = my hypo!sis1 is t :]e9 by a *ange ( ! objects we sep>ate ! d\ble sympa?y ev5 f a midl+ degree ( ! passion2 9 :i* case we f9d1 t pity1 in/ead ( produc+ love & t5d]ness z usual1 always gives rise to ! contr>y affection4 ,:5 we obs]ve a p]son 9 mis=tunes1 we are affect$ ) pity & love2 b ! au?or ( t mis=tune becomes ! object ( our /ronge/ hatr$1 & is ! m dete/$ 9 proportion to ! degree ( our compassion4 ,n[ = :at reason %\ld ! same passion ( pity produce love to ! p]son1 :o suff]s ! mis=tune1 & hatr$ to ! p]son1 :o causes x2 unless x be because 9 ! latt] case ! au?or be>s a relation only to ! mis=tune2 :]eas 9 consid]+ ! suff]] we c>ry our view on e side1 & wi% = 8 prosp]ity1 z well z are s5sible ( 8 affliction8 ,i4 %all j obs]ve1 be=e ,i leave ! pres5t subject1 t ?is phnom5on ( ! d\ble sympa?y1 & its t5d5cy to cause love1 may contribute to ! production ( ! k9dness1 :i* we naturally be> our relations & acqua9tance4 ,cu/om & relation make u ent] deeply into ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs2 & :atev] =tune we suppose to att5d !m1 is r5d]$ pres5t to u by ! imag9ation1 & op]ates z if orig9ally our own4 ,we rejoice 9 _! pleasures1 & grieve = _! sorr[s1 m]ely f ! =ce ( sympa?y4 ,no?+ t conc]ns !m is indiff]5t to u2 & z ?is correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts is ! natural att5dant ( love1 x readily produces t affection4 ,,sect4 ,x ,,( ,,respect ,,& ,,contempt ,!re n[ rema9s only to expla9 ! passion ( respect & contempt1 along ) ! amor\s affection1 9 ord] to und]/& all ! passions :i* h any mixture ( love or hatr$4 ,let u beg9 ) respect & contempt4 ,9 consid]+ ! qualities & circum/ances ( o!rs1 we may ei!r reg>d !m z !y really are 9 !mselves2 or may make a comp>ison betwixt !m & our own qualities & circum/ances2 or may jo9 ^! two me?ods ( consid]ation4 ,! good qualities ( o!rs1 f ! fir/ po9t ( view1 produce love2 f ! second1 humility2 & f ! ?ird1 respect2 :i* is a mixture ( ^! two passions4 ,_! bad qualities1 aft] ! same mann]1 cause ei!r hatr$1 or pride1 or contempt1 accord+ to ! light 9 :i* we survey !m4 ,t !re is a mixture ( pride 9 contempt1 & ( humility 9 respect1 is1 ,i ?9k1 too evid5t1 f _! v feel+ or appe>ance1 to require any p>ticul> pro(4 ,t ?is mixture arises f a tacit comp>ison ( ! p]son contemn$ or respect$ ) ourselves is no less evid5t4 ,! same man may cause ei!r respect1 love1 or contempt by 8 condition & tal5ts1 accord+ z ! p]son1 :o consid]s him1 f 8 inf]ior becomes 8 equal or sup]ior4 ,9 *ang+ ! po9t ( view1 ?\gh ! object may rema9 ! same1 its proportion to ourselves entirely alt]s2 :i* is ! cause ( an alt]ation 9 ! passions4 ,^! passions1 !re=e1 arise f our obs]v+ ! proportion2 t is1 f a comp>ison4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t ! m9d has a mu* /rong] prop5sity to pride ?an to humility1 & h endeav\r$1 f ! pr9ciples ( human nature1 to assign a cause = ?is phnom5on4 ,:e!r my reason+ be receiv$ or n1 ! phnom5on is undisput$1 & appe>s 9 _m in/ances4 ,among ! re/1 x is ! reason :y !re is a mu* great] mixture ( pride 9 contempt1 ?an ( humility 9 respect1 & :y we are m elevat$ ) ! view ( "o bel[ u1 ?an mortify$ ) ! pres5ce ( "o above u4 ,contempt or scorn has s /rong a t9cture ( pride1 t !re sc>ce is any o!r passion disc]nable3 ,:]eas 9 e/eem or respect1 love makes a m consid]able +r$i5t ?an humility4 ,! passion ( vanity is s prompt1 t x r\zes at ! lea/ call2 :ile humility requires a /rong] impulse to make x ex]t itself4 ,b "h x may reasonably be ask$1 :y ?is mixture takes place only 9 "s cases1 & appe>s n on e occasion4 ,all ^? objects1 :i* cause love1 :5 plac$ on ano!r p]son1 are ! causes ( pride1 :5 transf]$ to ourselves2 & consequ5tly ought to be causes ( humility1 z well z love1 :ile !y belong to o!rs1 & are only comp>$ to ^?1 :i* we ourselves possess4 ,9 l mann] e quality1 :i*1 by be+ directly consid]$1 produces hatr$1 ought always to give rise to pride by comp>ison1 & by a mixture ( ^! passions ( hatr$ & pride ought to excite contempt or scorn4 ,! difficulty !n is1 :y any objects ev] cause pure love or hatr$1 & produce n always ! mixt passions ( respect & contempt4 ,i h suppos$ all along1 t ! passions ( love & pride1 & ^? ( humility & hatr$ are simil> 9 _! s5sations1 & t ! two =m] are always agreeable1 & ! two latt] pa9ful4 ,b ?\gh ?is be univ]sally true1 x is obs]vable1 t ! two agreeable1 z well z ! two pa9ful passions1 h "s diff]5ce1 & ev5 contr>ieties1 :i* di/+ui% !m4 ,no?+ invigorates & exalts ! m9d equally ) pride & vanity2 ?\gh at ! same "t love or t5d]ness is r f\nd to weak5 & infeeble x4 ,! same diff]5ce is obs]vable betwixt ! uneasy passions4 ,ang] & hatr$ be/[ a new =ce on all our ?\ghts & actions2 :ile humility & %ame deject & disc\rage u4 ,( ^! qualities ( ! passions1 x w be necess>y to =m a di/9ct idea4 ,let u rememb]1 t pride & hatr$ invigorate ! s\l2 & love & humility infeeble x4 ,f ?is x foll[s1 t ?\gh ! con=mity betwixt love & hatr$ 9 ! agreeabl5ess ( _! s5sation makes !m always be excit$ by ! same objects1 yet ?is o!r contr>iety is ! reason1 :y !y are excit$ 9 v diff]5t degrees4 ,g5ius & le>n+ are pleasant & magnific5t objects1 & by bo? ^! circum/ances are adapt$ to pride & vanity2 b h a relation to love by _! pleasure only4 ,ignorance & simplicity are disagreeable & mean1 :i* 9 ! same mann] gives !m a d\ble connexion ) humility1 & a s+le "o ) hatr$4 ,we may1 !re=e1 consid] x z c]ta91 t ?\gh ! same object always produces love & pride1 humility & hatr$1 accord+ to its diff]5t situations1 yet x seldom produces ei!r ! two =m] or ! two latt] passions1 9 ! same proportion4 ,x is "h we mu/ seek = a solution ( ! difficulty above-m5tion$1 :y any object ev] excites pure love or hatr$1 & does n always produce respect or contempt1 by a mixture ( humility or pride4 ,no quality 9 ano!r gives rise to humility by comp>ison1 unless x w\ld h produc$ pride by be+ plac$ 9 ourselves2 & vice v]sa no object excites pride by comp>ison1 unless x w\ld h produc$ humility by ! direct survey4 ,?is is evid5t1 objects always produce by comp>ison a s5sation directly contr>y to _! orig9al "o4 ,suppose1 !re=e1 an object to be pres5t$1 :i* is peculi>ly fitt$ to produce love1 b imp]fectly to excite pride2 ?is object1 belong+ to ano!r1 gives rise directly to a great degree ( love1 b to a small "o ( humility by comp>ison2 & consequ5tly t latt] passion is sc>ce felt 9 ! comp\nd1 nor is able to conv]t ! love into respect4 ,?is is ! case ) good nature1 good hum\r1 facility1 g5]osity1 beauty1 & _m o!r qualities4 ,^! h a peculi> aptitude to produce love 9 o!rs2 b n s great a t5d5cy to excite pride 9 ourselves3 ,= :i* reason ! view ( !m1 z belong+ to ano!r p]son1 produces pure love1 ) b a small mixture ( humility & respect4 ,x is easy to ext5d ! same reason+ to ! opposite passions4 ,be=e we leave ?is subject1 x may n be amiss to acc\nt = a pretty curi\s phnom5on1 viz1 :y we commonly keep at a di/ance su* z we contemn1 & all[ n our inf]iors to approa* too ne> ev5 9 place & situation4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$1 t almo/ e k9d ( idea is att5d$ ) "s emotion1 ev5 ! ideas ( numb] & ext5sion1 mu* m ^? ( su* objects z are e/eem$ ( consequ5ce 9 life1 & fix our att5tion4 ,x is n ) entire indiff]5ce we c survey ei!r a ri* man or a poor "o1 b mu/ feel "s fa9t t\*es at lea/1 ( respect 9 ! =m] case1 & ( contempt 9 ! latt]4 ,^! two passions are contr>y to ea* o!r2 b 9 ord] to make ?is contr>iety be felt1 ! objects mu/ be someway relat$2 o!rwise ! affections are totally sep>ate & di/9ct1 & nev] enc\nt]4 ,! relation takes place :]ev] ! p]sons become contigu\s2 :i* is a g5]al reason :y we are uneasy at see+ su* disproportion$ objects1 z a ri* man & a poor "o1 a nobleman & a port]1 9 t situation4 ,?is uneas9ess1 :i* is common to e spectator1 mu/ be m s5sible to ! sup]ior2 & t because ! ne> approa* ( ! inf]ior is reg>d$ z a piece ( ill-bre$+1 & %ews t he is n s5sible ( ! disproportion1 & is no way affect$ by x4 ,a s5se ( sup]iority 9 ano!r bre$s 9 all m5 an incl9ation to keep !mselves at a di/ance f him1 & det]m9es !m to r$\ble ! m>ks ( respect & rev]5ce1 :5 !y are oblig$ to approa* him2 & :]e !y d n obs]ve t conduct1 x is a pro( !y are n s5sible ( 8 sup]iority4 ,f h5ce too x proce$s1 t any great diff]5ce 9 ! degrees ( any quality is call$ a di/ance by a common metaphor1 :i*1 h[ev] trivial x may appe>1 is f\nd$ on natural pr9ciples ( ! imag9ation4 ,a great diff]5ce incl9es u to produce a di/ance4 ,! ideas ( di/ance & diff]5ce are1 !re=e1 connect$ toge!r4 ,connect$ ideas are readily tak5 = ea* o!r2 & ?is is 9 g5]al ! s\rce ( ! metaphor1 z we %all h occasion to obs]ve aft]w>ds4 ,,sect4 ,,xi ,,( ,,! ,,amor\s ,,passion1 ,,or ,,love ,,betwixt ,,! ,,sexes ,( all ! comp\nd passions1 :i* proce$ f a mixture ( love & hatr$ ) o!r affections1 no "o bett] des]ves our att5tion1 ?an t love1 :i* arises betwixt ! sexes1 z well on acc\nt ( its =ce & viol5ce1 z ^? curi\s pr9ciples ( philosophy1 = :i* x af=ds u an unconte/able argum5t4 ,x is pla91 t ?is affection1 9 its mo/ natural /ate1 is d]iv$ f ! conjunction ( ?ree diff]5t impressions or passions1 viz4 ,! pleas+ s5sation aris+ f beauty2 ! bodily appetite = g5]ation2 & a g5]\s k9dness or good-w4 ,! orig9 ( k9dness f beauty may be expla9$ f ! =ego+ reason+4 ,! "q is h[ ! bodily appetite is excit$ by x4 ,! appetite ( g5]ation1 :5 conf9$ to a c]ta9 degree1 is evid5tly ( ! pleasant k9d1 & has a /rong connexion )1 all ! agreeable emotions4 ,joy1 mir?1 vanity1 & k9dness are all inc5tives to ?is desire2 z well z music1 danc+1 w9e1 & good *e]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sorr[1 melan*oly1 pov]ty1 humility are de/ructive ( x4 ,f ?is quality x is easily conceiv$ :y x %\ld be connect$ ) ! s5se ( beauty4 ,b !re is ano!r pr9ciple t contributes to ! same effect4 ,i h obs]v$ t ! p>allel direction ( ! desires is a real relation1 & no less ?an a resemblance 9 _! s5sation1 produces a connexion among !m4 ,t we may fully compreh5d ! ext5t ( ?is relation1 we mu/ consid]1 t any pr9cipal desire may be att5d$ ) subord9ate ones1 :i* are connect$ ) x1 & to :i* if o!r desires are p>allel1 !y are by t means relat$ to ! pr9cipal "o4 ,?us hung] may (t be consid]$ z ! prim>y incl9ation ( ! s\l1 & ! desire ( approa*+ ! meat z ! second>y "o2 s9ce x is absolutely necess>y to ! satisfy+ t appetite4 ,if an object1 !re=e1 by any sep>ate qualities1 incl9es u to approa* ! meat1 x naturally encreases our appetite2 z on ! contr>y1 :atev] incl9es u to set our victuals at a di/ance1 is contradictory to hung]1 & dim9i%es our incl9ation to !m4 ,n[ x is pla9 t beauty has ! fir/ effect1 & de=mity ! second3 ,:i* is ! reason :y ! =m] gives u a ke5] appetite = our victuals1 & ! latt] is suffici5t to disgu/ u at ! mo/ sav\ry di% t cook]y has inv5t$4 ,all ?is is easily applicable to ! appetite = g5]ation4 ,f ^! two relations1 viz1 resemblance & a p>allel desire1 !re arises su* a connexion betwixt ! s5se ( beauty1 ! bodily appetite1 & b5evol5ce1 t !y become 9 a mann] insep>able3 ,& we f9d f exp]i5ce t x is indiff]5t :i* ( !m advances fir/2 s9ce any ( !m is almo/ sure to be att5d$ ) ! relat$ affections4 ,"o1 :o is inflam$ ) lu/1 feels at lea/ a mom5t>y k9dness t[>ds ! object ( x1 & at ! same "t fancies h] m beautiful ?an ord9>y2 z !re are _m1 :o beg9 ) k9dness & e/eem = ! wit & m]it ( ! p]son1 & advance f t to ! o!r passions4 ,b ! mo/ common species ( love is t :i* fir/ arises f beauty1 & aft]w>ds diffuses itself into k9dness & into ! bodily appetite4 ,k9dness or e/eem1 & ! appetite to g5]ation1 are too remote to unite easily toge!r4 ,! "o is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ ref9$ passion ( ! s\l2 ! o!r ! mo/ gross & vulg>4 ,! love ( beauty is plac$ 9 a j m$ium betwixt !m1 & p>takes ( bo? _! natures3 ,f :5ce x proce$s1 t x is s s+ul>ly fitt$ to produce bo?4 ,?is acc\nt ( love is n peculi> to my sy/em1 b is unavoidable on any hypo!sis4 ,! ?ree affections1 :i* compose ?is passion1 are evid5tly di/9ct1 & has ea* ( !m its di/9ct object4 ,x is c]ta91 !re=e1 t x is only by _! relation !y produce ea* o!r4 ,b ! relation ( passions is n alone suffici5t4 ,x is likewise necess>y1 !re %\ld be a relation ( ideas4 ,! beauty ( "o p]son nev] inspires u ) love = ano!r4 ,?is !n is a s5sible pro( ( ! d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas4 ,f "o in/ance s evid5t z ?is we may =m a judgm5t ( ! re/4 ,?is may also s]ve 9 ano!r view to illu/rate :at ,i h insi/$ on conc]n+ ! orig9 ( pride & humility1 love & hatr$4 ,i h obs]v$1 t ?\gh self be ! object ( ! fir/ set ( passions1 & "s o!r p]son ( ! second1 yet ^! objects _c alone be ! causes ( ! passions2 z hav+ ea* ( !m a relation to two contr>y affections1 :i* mu/ f ! v fir/ mom5t de/roy ea* o!r4 ,"h !n is ! situation ( ! m9d1 z ,i h already describ$ x4 ,x has c]ta9 organs naturally fitt$ to produce a passion2 t passion1 :5 produc$1 naturally turns ! view to a c]ta9 object4 ,b ?is n be+ suffici5t to produce ! passion1 !re is requir$ "s o!r emotion1 :i* by a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas may set ^! pr9ciples 9 action1 & be/[ on !m _! fir/ impulse4 ,?is situation is /ill m rem>kable ) reg>d to ! appetite ( g5]ation4 ,sex is n only ! object1 b also ! cause ( ! appetite4 ,we n only turn our view to x1 :5 actuat$ by t appetite2 b ! reflect+ on x suffices to excite ! appetite4 ,b z ?is cause loses its =ce by too great frequ5cy1 x is necess>y x %\ld be quick5$ by "s new impulse2 & t impulse we f9d to arise f ! beauty ( ! p]son2 t is1 f a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas4 ,s9ce ?is d\ble relation is necess>y :]e an affection has bo? a di/9ct cause1 & object1 h[ mu* m s1 :]e x has only a di/9ct object1 )\t any det]m9ate cause8 ,,sect4 ,,xii ,,( ,,! ,,love ,,& ,,hatr$ ,,( ,,animals ,b to pass f ! passions ( love & hatr$1 & f _! mixtures & compositions1 z !y appe> 9 man1 to ! same affections1 z !y display !mselves 9 brutes2 we may obs]ve1 n only t love & hatr$ are common to ! :ole s5sitive creation1 b likewise t _! causes1 z above-expla9$1 are ( s simple a nature1 t !y may easily be suppos$ to op]ate on m]e animals4 ,!re is no =ce ( reflection or p5etration requir$4 ,e ?+ is conduct$ by spr+s & pr9ciples1 :i* are n peculi> to man1 or any "o species ( animals4 ,! conclusion f ?is is obvi\s 9 fav\r ( ! =ego+ sy/em4 ,love 9 animals1 has n = its only object animals ( ! same species1 b ext5ds itself f>!r1 & compreh5ds almo/ e s5sible & ?9k+ be+4 ,a dog naturally loves a man above 8 own species1 & v commonly meets ) a return ( affection4 ,z animals are b little susceptible ei!r ( ! pleasures or pa9s ( ! imag9ation1 !y c judge ( objects only by ! s5sible good or evil1 :i* !y produce1 & f t mu/ regulate _! affections t[>ds !m4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t by b5efits or injuries we produce _! love or hatr$2 & t by fe$+ & *]i%+ any animal1 we quickly acquire 8 affections2 z by beat+ & abus+ him we nev] fail to draw on u 8 enmity & ill-w4 ,love 9 bea/s is n caus$ s mu* by relation1 z 9 our species2 & t because _! ?\ghts are n s active z to trace relations1 except 9 v obvi\s in/ances4 ,yet x is easy to rem>k1 t on "s occasions x has a consid]able influ5ce ^u !m4 ,?us acqua9tance1 :i* has ! same effect z relation1 always produces love 9 animals ei!r to m5 or to ea* o!r4 ,= ! same reason any lik5ess among !m is ! s\rce ( affection4 ,an ox conf9$ to a p>k ) horses1 w naturally jo9 _! company1 if ,i may s speak1 b always leaves x to enjoy t ( 8 own species1 :]e he has ! *oice ( bo?4 ,! affection ( p>5ts to _! "y proce$s f a peculi> in/9ct 9 animals1 z well z 9 our species4 ,x is evid5t1 t sympa?y1 or ! communication ( passions1 takes place among animals1 no less ?an among m54 ,fe>1 ang]1 c\rage1 & o!r affections are frequ5tly communicat$ f "o animal to ano!r1 )\t _! k ( t cause1 :i* produc$ ! orig9al passion4 ,grief likewise is receiv$ by sympa?y2 & produces almo/ all ! same consequ5ces1 & excites ! same emotions z 9 our species4 ,! h[l+s & lam5tations ( a dog produce a s5sible conc]n 9 8 fell[s4 ,& x is rem>kable1 t ?\gh almo/ all animals use 9 play ! same memb]1 & ne>ly ! same action z 9 fight+2 a lion1 a tyg]1 a cat _! paws2 an ox 8 horns2 a dog 8 tee?2 a horse 8 heels3 ,yet !y mo/ c>efully avoid h>m+ _! companion1 ev5 ?\gh !y h no?+ to fe> f 8 res5tm5t2 :i* is an evid5t pro( ( ! s5se brutes h ( ea* o!r's pa9 & pleasure4 ,e "o has obs]v$ h[ mu* m dogs are animat$ :5 !y hunt 9 a pack1 ?an :5 !y pursue _! game ap>t2 & x is evid5t ?is c proce$ f no?+ b f sympa?y4 ,x is also well kn[n to hunt]s1 t ?is effect foll[s 9 a great] degree1 & ev5 9 too great a degree1 :]e two packs1 t are /rang]s to ea* o!r1 are jo9$ toge!r4 ,we might1 p]haps1 be at a loss to expla9 ?is phnom5on1 if we _h n exp]i5ce ( a simil> 9 ourselves4 ,envy & malice are passions v rem>kable 9 animals4 ,!y are p]haps m common ?an pity2 z requir+ less ef=t ( ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,& ,,direct ,,passions ,,sect4 ,i ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,necessity ,we come n[ to expla9 ! direct passions1 or ! impressions1 :i* arise imm$iately f good or evil1 f pa9 or pleasure4 ,( ?is k9d are1 desire & av]sion1 grief & joy1 hope & fe>4 ,( all ! imm$iate effects ( pa9 & pleasure1 !re is none m rem>kable ?an ! ,,w2 & ?\gh prop]ly speak+1 x be n compreh5d$ among ! passions1 yet z ! full und]/&+ ( its nature & prop]ties1 is necess>y to ! explanation ( !m1 we %all "h make x ! subject ( our enquiry4 ,i desire x may be obs]v$1 t by ! w1 ,i mean no?+ b ! int]nal impression we feel & are consci\s (1 :5 we kn[+ly give rise to any new motion ( our body1 or new p]ception ( our m9d4 ,?is impression1 l ! prec$+ ones ( pride & humility1 love & hatr$1 x is impossible to def9e1 & ne$less to describe any f>!r2 = :i* reason we %all cut (f all ^? def9itions & di/9ctions1 ) :i* philosoph]s are wont to p]plex r ?an de> up ?is "q2 & ent]+ at fir/ ^u ! subject1 %all exam9e t long disput$ "q conc]n+ lib]ty & necessity2 :i* occurs s naturally 9 treat+ ( ! w4 ,x is univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 t ! op]ations ( ext]nal bodies are necess>y1 & t 9 ! communication ( _! motion1 9 _! attraction1 & mutual cohesion1 !re are nor ! lea/ traces ( indiff]5ce or lib]ty4 ,e object is det]m9$ by an absolute fate to a c]ta9 degree & direction ( its motion1 & c no m dep>t f t precise l9e1 9 :i* x moves1 ?an x c conv]t itself into an angel1 or _s1 or any sup]ior sub/ance4 ,! actions1 !re=e1 ( matt] are to be reg>d$ z in/ances ( necess>y actions2 & :atev] is 9 ?is respect on ! same foot+ ) matt]1 mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be necess>y4 ,t we may "k :e!r ?is be ! case ) ! actions ( ! m9d1 we %all beg9 ) exam9+ matt]1 & consid]+ on :at ! idea ( a necessity 9 its op]ations are f\nd$1 & :y we conclude "o body or action to be ! infallible cause ( ano!r4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ already1 t 9 no s+le in/ance ! ultimate connexion ( any objects is discov]able1 ei!r by our s5ses or reason1 & t we c nev] p5etrate s f> into ! ess5ce & con/ruction ( bodies1 z to p]ceive ! pr9ciple1 on :i* _! mutual influ5ce dep5ds4 ,x is _! con/ant union alone1 ) :i* we are acqua9t$2 & x is f ! con/ant union ! necessity arises4 ,if objects _h nor an uni=m & regul> conjunction ) ea* o!r1 we %\ld nev] arrive at any idea ( cause & effect2 & ev5 aft] all1 ! necessity1 :i* ent]s into t idea1 is no?+ b a det]m9ation ( ! m9d to pass f "o object to its usual att5dant1 & inf] ! exi/5ce ( "o f t ( ! o!r4 ,"h !n are two p>ticul>s1 :i* we are to consid] z ess5tial to necessity1 viz1 ! con/ant union & ! inf]5ce ( ! m9d2 & :]ev] we discov] ^! we mu/ ackn[l$ge a necessity4 ,z ! actions ( matt] h no necessity1 b :at is d]iv$ f ^! circum/ances1 & x is n by any insight into ! ess5ce ( bodies we discov] _! connexion1 ! abs5ce ( ?is insight1 :ile ! union & inf]5ce rema91 w nev]1 9 any case1 remove ! necessity4 ,x is ! obs]vation ( ! union1 :i* produces ! inf]5ce2 = :i* reason x might be ?\ght suffici5t1 if we prove a con/ant union 9 ! actions ( ! m9d1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! inf]5ce1 along ) ! necessity ( ^! actions4 ,b t ,i may be/[ a great] =ce on my reason+1 ,i %all exam9e ^! p>ticul>s ap>t1 & %all fir/ prove f exp]i5ce t our actions h a con/ant union ) our motives1 temp]s1 & circum/ances1 be=e ,i consid] ! inf]5ces we draw f x4 ,to ?is end a v slight & g5]al view ( ! common c\rse ( human affairs w be suffici5t4 ,!re is no light1 9 :i* we c take !m1 t does nor confirm ?is pr9ciple4 ,:e!r we consid] mank9d accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( sexes1 ages1 gov]nm5ts1 conditions1 or me?ods ( education2 ! same uni=mity & regul> op]ation ( natural pr9ciples are disc]nible4 ,l causes /ill produce l effects2 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! mutual action ( ! elem5ts & p[]s ( nature4 ,!re are diff]5t trees1 :i* regul>ly produce fruit1 ^: reli% is diff]5t f ea* o!r2 & ?is regul>ity w be admitt$ z an in/ance ( necessity & causes 9 ext]nal bodies4 ,b are ! products ( ,gui5ne & ( ,*ampagne m regul>ly diff]5t ?an ! s5tim5ts1 actions1 & passions ( ! two sexes1 ( :i* ! "o are di/+ui%$ by _! =ce & maturity1 ! o!r by _! delicacy & s(tness8 ,are ! *anges ( our body f infancy to old age m regul> & c]ta9 ?an ^? ( our m9d & conduct8 ,& w\ld a man be m ridicul\s1 :o w\ld expect t an infant ( f\r ye>s old w raise a weight ( ?ree hundr$ p\nd1 ?an "o1 :o f a p]son ( ! same age w\ld look = a philosophical reason+1 or a prud5t & well-conc]t$ action8 ,we mu/ c]ta9ly all[1 t ! cohesion ( ! p>ts ( matt] arises f natural & necess>y pr9ciples1 :atev] difficulty we may f9d 9 expla9+ !m3 ,& = a reason we mu/ all[1 t human society is f\nd$ on l pr9ciples2 & our reason 9 ! latt] case1 is bett] ?an ev5 t 9 ! =m]2 because we n only obs]ve1 t m5 always seek society1 b c also expla9 ! pr9ciples1 on :i* ?is univ]sal prop5sity is f\nd$4 ,= is x m c]ta91 t two flat pieces ( m>ble w unite toge!r1 ?an t two "y savages ( diff]5t sexes w copulate8 ,d ! *ildr5 arise f ?is copulation m uni=mly1 ?an does ! p>5ts c>e = _! safety & pres]vation8 ,& aft] !y h arriv$ at ye>s ( discretion by ! c>e ( _! p>5ts1 are ! inconv5i5cies att5d+ _! sep>ation m c]ta9 ?an _! =esight ( ^! inconv5i5cies & _! c>e ( avoid+ !m by a close union & conf$]acy8 ,! sk91 pores1 muscles1 & n]ves ( a day-lab\r] are diff]5t f ^? ( a man ( quality3 ,s are 8 s5tim5ts1 actions & mann]s4 ,! diff]5t /ations ( life influ5ce ! :ole fabric1 ext]nal & int]nal2 & diff]5t /ations arise necess>ily1 because uni=mly1 f ! necess>y & uni=m pr9ciples ( human nature4 ,m5 _c live )\t society1 & _c be associat$ )\t gov]nm5t4 ,gov]nm5t makes a di/9ction ( prop]ty1 & e/abli%es ! diff]5t ranks ( m54 ,?is produces indu/ry1 traffic1 manufactures1 law-suits1 w>1 leagues1 alliances1 voyages1 travels1 cities1 fleets1 ports1 & all ^? o!r actions & objects1 :i* cause su* a div]sity1 & at ! same "t ma9ta9 su* an uni=mity 9 human life4 ,%\ld a travell]1 return+ f a f> c\ntry1 tell u1 t he _h se5 a climate 9 ! fiftie? degree ( nor!rn latitude1 :]e all ! fruits rip5 & come to p]fection 9 ! w9t]1 & decay 9 ! summ]1 aft] ! same mann] z 9 ,engl& !y are produc$ & decay 9 ! contr>y seasons1 he w\ld f9d few s cr$ul\s z to believe him4 ,i am apt to ?9k a travell> w\ld meet ) z little cr$it1 :o %\ld in=m u ( p exactly ( ! same "* ) ^? 9 ,plato's republic on ! "o h&1 or ^? 9 ,hobbes's ,levia?an on ! o!r4 ,!re is a g5]al c\rse ( nature 9 human actions1 z well z 9 ! op]ations ( ! sun & ! climate4 ,!re are also *>act]s peculi> to diff]5t nations & p>ticul> p]sons1 z well z common to mank9d4 ,! k ( ^! *>act]s is f\nd$ on ! obs]vation ( an uni=mity 9 ! actions1 t fl[ f !m2 & ?is uni=mity =ms ! v ess5ce ( necessity4 ,i c imag9e only "o way ( elud+ ?is argum5t1 :i* is by d5y+ t uni=mity ( human actions1 on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,z long z actions h a con/ant union & connexion ) ! situation & temp] ( ! ag5t1 h[ev] we may 9 words refuse to ackn[l$ge ! necessity1 we really all[ ! ?+4 ,n[ "s may1 p]haps1 f9d a pretext to d5y ?is regul> union & connexion4 ,= :at is m caprici\s ?an human actions8 ,:at m incon/ant ?an ! desires ( man8 ,& :at creature dep>ts m widely1 n only f "r reason1 b f 8 own "* & disposition8 ,an h\r1 a mom5t is suffici5t to make him *ange f "o extreme to ano!r1 & ov]turn :at co/ ! greate/ pa9 & lab\r to e/abli%4 ,necessity is regul> & c]ta94 ,human conduct is irregul> & unc]ta94 ,! "o1 !re=e1 proce$s n f ! o!r4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t 9 judg+ ( ! actions ( m5 we mu/ proce$ ^u ! same maxims1 z :5 we reason conc]n+ ext]nal objects4 ,:5 any pha5om5a are con/antly & inv>iably conjo9$ toge!r1 !y acquire su* a connexion 9 ! imag9ation1 t x passes f "o to ! o!r1 )\t any d\bt or hesitation4 ,b bel[ ?is !re are _m inf]ior degrees ( evid5ce & probability1 nor does "o s+le contr>iety ( exp]im5t entirely de/roy all our reason+4 ,! m9d ballances ! contr>y exp]im5ts1 & d$uct+ ! inf]ior f ! sup]ior1 proce$s ) t degree ( assurance or evid5ce1 :i* rema9s4 ,ev5 :5 ^! contr>y exp]im5ts are entirely equal1 we remove n ! notion ( causes & necessity2 b suppos+ t ! usual contr>iety proce$s f ! op]ation ( contr>y & conceal$ causes1 we conclude1 t ! *ance or indiff]5ce lies only 9 our judgm5t on acc\nt ( our imp]fect k1 n 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 :i* are 9 e case equally necess>y1 ?\gh to appe>ance n equally con/ant or c]ta94 ,no union c be m con/ant & c]ta91 ?an t ( "s actions ) "s motives & *>act]s2 & if 9 o!r cases ! union is unc]ta91 x is no m ?an :at happ5s 9 ! op]ations ( body1 nor c we conclude any ?+ f ! "o irregul>ity1 :i* w n foll[ equally f ! o!r4 ,x is commonly all[$ t mad-m5 h no lib]ty4 ,b 7 we to judge by _! actions1 ^! h less regul>ity & con/ancy ?an ! actions ( wise-m51 & consequ5tly are f>!r remov$ f necessity4 ,our way ( ?9k+ 9 ?is p>ticul> is1 !re=e1 absolutely inconsi/5t2 b is a natural consequ5ce ( ^! confus$ ideas & undef9$ t]ms1 :i* we s commonly make use ( 9 our reason+s1 especially on ! pres5t subject4 ,we mu/ n[ %ew1 t z ! union betwixt motives & actions has ! same con/ancy1 z t 9 any natural op]ations1 s its influ5ce on ! und]/&+ is also ! same1 9 det]m9+ u to inf] ! exi/5ce ( "o f t ( ano!r4 ,if ?is %all appe>1 !re is no kn[n circum/ance1 t ent]s into ! connexion & production ( ! actions ( matt]1 t is n to be f\nd 9 all ! op]ations ( ! m9d2 & consequ5tly we _c1 )\t a manife/ absurdity1 attribute necessity to ! "o1 & refuse into ! o!r4 ,!re is no philosoph]1 ^: judgm5t is s rivet$ to ?is fanta/ical sy/em ( lib]ty1 z n to ackn[l$ge ! =ce ( moral evid5ce1 & bo? 9 speculation & practice proce$ ^u x1 z ^u a reasonable f\ndation4 ,n[ moral evid5ce is no?+ b a conclusion conc]n+ ! actions ( m51 d]iv$ f ! consid]ation ( _! motives1 temp] & situation4 ,?us :5 we see c]ta9 *>act]s or figures describ$ ^u pap]1 we inf] t ! p]son1 :o produc$ !m1 w\ld affirm su* facts1 ! dea? ( ,caes>1 ! success ( ,augu/us1 ! cruelty ( ,n]o2 & rememb]+ _m o!r concurr5t te/imonies we conclude1 t ^? facts 7 once really exi/ant1 & t s _m m51 )\t any int]e/1 w\ld nev] conspire to deceive u2 especially s9ce !y mu/1 9 ! attempt1 expose !mselves to ! d]ision ( all _! contempor>ies1 :5 ^! facts 7 ass]t$ to be rec5t & univ]sally kn[n4 ,! same k9d ( reason+ runs ?r\gh politics1 w>1 comm]ce1 economy1 & inde$ mixes itself s entirely 9 human life1 t x is impossible to act or subsi/ a mom5t )\t hav+ rec\rse to x4 ,a pr9ce1 :o imposes a tax ^u 8 subjects1 expects _! compliance4 ,a g5]al1 :o conducts an army1 makes acc\nt ( a c]ta9 degree ( c\rage4 ,a m]*ant looks = fidelity & skill 9 8 factor or sup]-c>go4 ,a man1 :o gives ord]s = 8 d9n]1 d\bts n ( ! ob$i5ce ( 8 s]vants4 ,9 %ort1 z no?+ m ne>ly int]e/s u ?an our own actions & ^? ( o!rs1 ! greate/ "p ( our reason+s is employ$ 9 judgm5ts conc]n+ !m4 ,n[ ,i ass]t1 t :oev] reasons aft] ?is mann]1 does ipso facto believe ! actions ( ! w to arise f necessity1 & t he kn[s n :at he means1 :5 he d5ies x4 ,all ^? objects1 ( :i* we call ! "o cause & ! o!r effect1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 are z di/9ct & sep>ate f ea* o!r1 z any two ?+s 9 nature1 nor c we ev]1 by ! mo/ accurate survey ( !m1 inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! "o f t ( ! o!r4 ,x is only f exp]i5ce & ! obs]vation ( _! con/ant union1 t we are able to =m ?is inf]5ce2 & ev5 aft] all1 ! inf]5ce is no?+ b ! effects ( cu/om on ! imag9ation4 ,we mu/ n "h be cont5t ) say+1 t ! idea ( cause & effect arises f objects con/antly unit$2 b mu/ affirm1 t x is ! v same ) ! idea ( ^? objects1 & t ! necess>y connexion is n discov]$ by a conclusion ( ! und]/&+1 b is m]ely a p]ception ( ! m9d4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 we obs]ve ! same union1 & :]ev] ! union op]ates 9 ! same mann] ^u ! belief & op9ion1 we h ! idea ( causes & necessity1 ?\gh p]haps we may avoid ^? expressions4 ,motion 9 "o body 9 all pa/ in/ances1 t h fall5 "u our obs]vation1 is foll[$ ^u impulse by motion 9 ano!r4 ,x is impossible = ! m9d to p5etrate f>!r4 ,f ?is con/ant union x =ms ! idea ( cause & effect1 & by its influ5ce feels ! necessity4 ,z !re is ! same con/ancy1 & ! same influ5ce 9 :at we call moral evid5ce1 ,i ask no m4 ,:at rema9s c only be a dispute ( words4 ,& inde$1 :5 we consid] h[ aptly natural & moral evid5ce cem5t toge!r1 & =m only "o *a9 ( argum5t betwixt !m1 we %all make no scruple to all[1 t !y are ( ! same nature1 & d]iv$ f ! same pr9ciples4 ,a prison]1 :o has nei!r money nor int]e/1 discov]s ! impossibility ( 8 escape1 z well f ! ob/9acy ( ! goal]1 z f ! walls & b>s ) :i* he is surr\nd$2 & 9 all attempts = 8 fre$om *uses r to "w ^u ! /one & iron ( ! "o1 ?an ^u ! inflexible nature ( ! o!r4 ,! same prison]1 :5 conduct$ to ! scaffold1 =esees 8 dea? z c]ta9ly f ! con/ancy & fidelity ( 8 gu>ds z f ! op]ation ( ! ax or :eel4 ,8 m9d runs along a c]ta9 tra9 ( ideas3 ,! refusal ( ! soldi]s to cons5t to 8 escape1 ! action ( ! execution]2 ! sep>ation ( ! head & body2 ble$+1 convulsive motions1 & dea?4 ,"h is a connect$ *a9 ( natural causes & volunt>y actions2 b ! m9d feels no diff]5ce betwixt !m 9 pass+ f "o l9k to ano!r2 nor is less c]ta9 ( ! future ev5t ?an if x 7 connect$ ) ! pres5t impressions ( ! memory & s5ses by a tra9 ( causes cem5t$ toge!r by :at we are pleas$ to call a physical necessity4 ,! same exp]i5c$ union has ! same effect on ! m9d1 :e!r ! unit$ objects be motives1 volitions & actions2 or figure & motion4 ,we may *ange ! names ( ?+s2 b _! nature & _! op]ation on ! und]/&+ nev] *ange4 ,i d>e be positive no "o w ev] endeav\r to refute ^! reason+s o!rwise ?an by alt]+ my def9itions1 & assign+ a diff]5t mean+ to ! t]ms ( cause1 & effect1 & necessity1 & lib]ty1 & *ance4 ,accord+ to my def9itions1 necessity makes an ess5tial "p ( causation2 & consequ5tly lib]ty1 by remov+ necessity1 removes also causes1 & is ! v same ?+ ) *ance4 ,z *ance is commonly ?\ght to imply a contradiction1 & is at lea/ directly contr>y to exp]i5ce1 !re are always ! same argum5ts aga9/ lib]ty or free-w4 ,if any "o alt]s ! def9itions1 ,i _c pret5d to argue ) him1 until ,i "k ! mean+ he assigns to ^! t]ms4 ,,sect4 ,,ii ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,c,o,n,t,i,n,ued ,i believe we may assign ! ?ree foll[+ reasons = ! prevalance ( ! doctr9e ( lib]ty1 h[ev] absurd x may be 9 "o s5se1 & un9telligible 9 any o!r4 ,fir/1 ,aft] we h p]=m$ any action2 ?\gh we confess we 7 influ5c$ by p>ticul> views & motives2 x is difficult = u to p]suade ourselves we 7 gov]n$ by necessity1 & t x 0 utt]ly impossible = u to h act$ o!rwise2 ! idea ( necessity seem+ to imply some?+ ( =ce1 & viol5ce1 & con/ra9t1 ( :i* we are n s5sible4 ,few are capable ( di/+ui%+ betwixt ! lib]ty ( spontaniety1 z x is call$ 9 ! s*ools1 & ! lib]ty ( indiff]5ce2 betwixt t :i* is oppos$ to viol5ce1 & t :i* means a negation ( necessity & causes4 ,! fir/ is ev5 ! mo/ common s5se ( ! ^w2 & z x is only t species ( lib]ty1 :i* x conc]ns u to pres]ve1 our ?\ghts h be5 pr9cipally turn$ t[>ds x1 & h almo/ univ]sally conf\nd$ x ) ! o!r4 ,secondly1 ,!re is a false s5sation or exp]i5ce ev5 ( ! lib]ty ( indiff]5ce2 :i* is reg>d$ z an argum5t = its real exi/5ce4 ,! necessity ( any action1 :e!r ( matt] or ( ! m9d1 is n prop]ly a quality 9 ! ag5t1 b 9 any ?9k+ or intellig5t be+1 :o may consid] ! action1 & consi/s 9 ! det]m9ation ( 8 ?\ght to inf] its exi/5ce f "s prec$+ objects3 ,z lib]ty or *ance1 on ! o!r h&1 is no?+ b ! want ( t det]m9ation1 & a c]ta9 loos5ess1 :i* we feel 9 pass+ or n pass+ f ! idea ( "o to t ( ! o!r4 ,n[ we may obs]ve1 t ?\gh 9 reflect+ on human actions we seldom feel su* a loos5ess or indiff]5ce1 yet x v commonly happ5s1 t 9 p]=m+ ! actions !mselves we are s5sible ( some?+ l x3 ,& z all relat$ or resembl+ objects are readily tak5 = ea* o!r1 ?is has be5 employ$ z a demon/rative or ev5 an intuitive pro( ( human lib]ty4 ,we feel t our actions are subject to our w on mo/ occasions1 & imag9e we feel t ! w itself is subject to no?+2 because :5 by a d5ial ( x we are provok$ to try1 we feel t x moves easily e way1 & produces an image ( itself ev5 on t side1 on :i* x did n settle4 ,?is image or fa9t motion1 we p]suade ourselves1 c\ld h be5 compleat$ into ! ?+ itself2 because1 %\ld t be d5y$1 we f9d1 ^u a second trial1 t x c4 ,b ^! ef=ts are all 9 va92 & :atev] caprici\s & irregul> actions we may p]=m2 z ! desire ( %[+ our lib]ty is ! sole motive ( our actions2 we c nev] free ourselves f ! bonds ( necessity4 ,we may imag9e we feel a lib]ty )9 ourselves2 b a spectator c commonly inf] our actions f our motives & "*2 & ev5 :]e he _c1 he concludes 9 g5]al1 t he might1 7 he p]fectly acqua9t$ ) e circum/ance ( our situation & temp]1 & ! mo/ secret spr+s ( our complexion & disposition4 ,n[ ?is is ! v ess5ce ( necessity1 accord+ to ! =ego+ doctr9e4 ,a ?ird reason :y ! doctr9e ( lib]ty has g5]ally be5 bett] receiv$ 9 ! _w1 ?an its antagoni/1 proce$s f religion1 :i* has be5 v unnecess>ily int]e/$ 9 ?is "q4 ,!re is no me?od ( reason+ m common1 & yet none m blameable1 ?an 9 philosophical debates to endeav\r to refute any hypo!sis by a pretext ( its dang]\s consequ5ces to religion & morality4 ,:5 any op9ion leads u into absurdities1 x is c]ta9ly false2 b x is n c]ta9 an op9ion is false1 because x is ( dang]\s consequ5ce4 ,su* topics1 !re=e1 ought entirely to be =eborn1 z s]v+ no?+ to ! discov]y ( tru?1 b only to make ! p]son ( an antagoni/ odi\s4 ,?is ,i obs]ve 9 g5]al1 )\t pret5d+ to draw any advantage f x4 ,i submit myself frankly to an exam9ation ( ?is k9d1 & d>e v5ture to affirm1 t ! doctr9e ( necessity1 accord+ to my explication ( x1 is n only innoc5t1 b ev5 advantage\s to religion & morality4 ,i def9e necessity two ways1 con=mable to ! two def9itions ( cause1 ( :i* x makes an ess5tial "p4 ,i place x ei!r 9 ! con/ant union & conjunction ( l objects1 or 9 ! inf]5ce ( ! m9d f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,n[ necessity1 9 bo? ^! s5ses1 has univ]sally1 ?\gh tacitly1 9 ! s*ools1 9 ! pulpit1 & 9 common life1 be5 all[$ to belong to ! w ( man1 & no "o has ev] pret5d$ to d5y1 t we c draw inf]5ces conc]n+ human actions1 & t ^? inf]5ces are f\nd$ on ! exp]i5c$ union ( l actions ) l motives & circum/ances4 ,! only p>ticul> 9 :i* any "o c diff] f me1 is ei!r1 t p]haps he w refuse to call ?is necessity4 ,b z long z ! mean+ is und]/ood1 ,i hope ! ^w c d no h>m4 ,or t he w ma9ta9 !re is some?+ else 9 ! op]ations ( matt]4 ,n[ :e!r x be s or n is ( no consequ5ce to religion1 :atev] x may be to natural philosophy4 ,i may be mi/ak5 9 ass]t+1 t we h no idea ( any o!r connexion 9 ! actions ( body1 & %all be glad to be f>!r in/ruct$ on t head3 ,b sure ,i am1 ,i ascribe no?+ to ! actions ( ! m9d1 b :at mu/ readily be all[$ (4 ,let no "o1 !re=e1 put an invidi\s con/ruction on my words1 by say+ simply1 t ,i ass]t ! necessity ( human actions1 & place !m on ! same foot+ ) ! op]ations ( s5seless matt]4 ,i d n ascribe to ! w t un9telligible necessity1 :i* is suppos$ to lie 9 matt]4 ,b ,i ascribe to matt]1 t intelligible quality1 call x necessity or n1 :i* ! mo/ rigor\s or?odoxy does or mu/ all[ to belong to ! w4 ,i *ange1 !re=e1 no?+ 9 ! receiv$ sy/ems1 ) reg>d to ! w1 b only ) reg>d to mat]ial objects4 ,nay ,i %all g f>!r1 & ass]t1 t ?is k9d ( necessity is s ess5tial to religion & morality1 t )\t x !re mu/ ensue an absolute subv]sion ( bo?1 & t e o!r supposition is entirely de/ructive to all laws bo? div9e & human4 ,x is inde$ c]ta91 t z all human laws are f\nd$ on rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 x is suppos$ z a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t ^! motives h an influ5ce on ! m9d1 & bo? produce ! good & prev5t ! evil actions4 ,we may give to ?is influ5ce :at "n we please2 b z x is usually conjo9$ ) ! action1 common s5se requires x %\ld be e/eem$ a cause1 & be book$ ^u z an in/ance ( t necessity1 :i* ,i w\ld e/abli%4 ,?is reason+ is equally solid1 :5 appli$ to div9e laws1 s f> z ! deity is consid]$ z a legislator1 & is suppos$ to inflict puni%m5t & be/[ rew>ds ) a design to produce ob$i5ce4 ,b ,i also ma9ta91 t ev5 :]e he acts n 9 8 magi/]ial capacity1 b is reg>d$ z ! av5g] ( crimes m]ely on acc\nt ( _! odi\sness & de=mity1 n only x is impossible1 )\t ! necess>y connexion ( cause & effect 9 human actions1 t puni%m5ts c\ld be inflict$ compatible ) ju/ice & moral equity2 b also t x c\ld ev] ent] into ! ?\ghts ( any reasonable be+ to inflict !m4 ,! con/ant & univ]sal object ( hatr$ or ang] is a p]son or creature end[$ ) ?\ght & consci\sness2 & :5 any crim9al or injuri\s actions excite t passion1 x is only by _! relation to ! p]son or connexion ) him4 ,b accord+ to ! doctr9e ( lib]ty or *ance1 ?is connexion is r$uc$ to no?+1 nor are m5 m acc\ntable = ^? actions1 :i* are design$ & prem$itat$1 ?an = su* z are ! mo/ casual & accid5tal4 ,actions are by _! v nature tempor>y & p]i%+2 & :]e !y proce$ n f "s cause 9 ! *>act]s & disposition ( ! p]son1 :o p]=m$ !m1 !y infix n !mselves ^u him1 & c nei!r r$\nd to 8 hon\r1 if good1 nor infamy1 if evil4 ,! action itself may be blameable2 x may be contr>y to all ! rules ( morality & religion3 ,b ! p]son is n responsible = x2 & z x proce$$ f no?+ 9 him1 t is durable or con/ant1 & leaves no?+ ( t nature beh9d x1 x is impossible he c1 ^u its acc\nt1 become ! object ( puni%m5t or v5geance4 ,accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( lib]ty1 !re=e1 a man is z pure & unta9t$1 aft] hav+ committ$ ! mo/ horrid crimes1 z at ! fir/ mom5t ( 8 bir?1 nor is 8 "* any way conc]n$ 9 8 actions2 s9ce !y are n d]iv$ f x1 & ! wick$ness ( ! "o c nev] be us$ z a pro( ( ! depravity ( ! o!r4 ,x is only ^u ! pr9ciples ( necessity1 t a p]son acquires any m]it or dem]it f 8 actions1 h[ev] ! common op9ion may incl9e to ! contr>y4 ,b s inconsi/5t are m5 ) !mselves1 t ?\gh !y (t5 ass]t1 t necessity utt]ly de/roys all m]it & dem]it ei!r t[>ds mank9d or sup]ior p[]s1 yet !y cont9ue /ill to reason ^u ^! v pr9ciples ( necessity 9 all _! judgm5ts conc]n+ ?is matt]4 ,m5 are n blam$ = su* evil actions z !y p]=m ignorantly & casually1 :atev] may be _! consequ5ces4 ,:y8 b because ! causes ( ^! actions are only mom5t>y1 & t]m9ate 9 !m alone4 ,m5 are less blam$ = su* evil actions1 z !y p]=m ha/ily & unprem$itately1 ?an = su* z proce$ f ?\ght & delib]ation4 ,= :at reason8 b because a ha/y temp]1 ?\gh a con/ant cause 9 ! m9d1 op]ates only by int]vals1 & infects n ! :ole "*4 ,aga91 rep5tance wipes (f e crime1 especially if att5d$ ) an evid5t re=mation ( life & mann]s4 ,h[ is ?is to be acc\nt$ =8 ,b by ass]t+ t actions r5d] a p]son crim9al1 m]ely z !y are pro(s ( crim9al passions or pr9ciples 9 ! m9d2 & :5 by any alt]ation ( ^! pr9ciples !y cease to be j pro(s1 !y likewise cease to be crim9al4 ,b accord+ to ! doctr9e ( lib]ty or *ance !y nev] 7 j pro(s1 & consequ5tly nev] 7 crim9al4 ,"h !n ,i turn to my adv]s>y1 & desire him to free 8 own sy/em f ^! odi\s consequ5ces be=e he *>ge !m ^u o!rs4 ,or if he r *uses1 t ?is "q %\ld be decid$ by fair argum5ts be=e philosoph]s1 ?an by declamations be=e ! p1 let him return to :at ,i h advanc$ to prove t lib]ty & *ance are synonim\s2 & conc]n+ ! nature ( moral evid5ce & ! regul>ity ( human actions4 ,^u a review ( ^! reason+s1 ,i _c d\bt ( an entire victory2 & !re=e hav+ prov$1 t all actions ( ! w h p>ticul> causes1 ,i proce$ to expla9 :at ^! causes are1 & h[ !y op]ate4 ,,sect4 ,,iii ,,( ,,! ,,influ5c+ ,,motives ,,( ,,! ,,w ,no?+ is m usual 9 philosophy1 & ev5 9 common life1 ?an to talk ( ! combat ( passion & reason1 to give ! pref]5ce to reason1 & ass]t t m5 are only s f> virtu\s z !y con=m !mselves to its dictates4 ,e rational creature1 x is said1 is oblig$ to regulate 8 actions by reason2 & if any o!r motive or pr9ciple *all5ge ! direction ( 8 conduct1 he ought to oppose x1 till x be entirely subdu$1 or at lea/ br\ght to a con=mity ) t sup]ior pr9ciple4 ,on ?is me?od ( ?9k+ ! greate/ "p ( moral philosophy1 anti5t & mod]n1 seems to be f\nd$2 nor is !re an ampl] field1 z well = metaphysical argum5ts1 z popul> declamations1 ?an ?is suppos$ pre-em95ce ( reason above passion4 ,! et]nity1 inv>iabl5ess1 & div9e orig9 ( ! =m] h be5 display$ to ! be/ advantage3 ,! bl9dness1 uncon/ancy1 & deceitfulness ( ! latt] h be5 z /rongly insi/$ on4 ,9 ord] to %ew ! fallacy ( all ?is philosophy1 ,i %all endeav\r to prove fir/1 t reason alone c nev] be a motive to any action ( ! w2 & secondly1 t x c nev] oppose passion 9 ! direction ( ! w4 ,! und]/&+ ex]ts itself aft] two diff]5t ways1 z x judges f demon/ration or probability2 z x reg>ds ! ab/ract relations ( our ideas1 or ^? relations ( objects1 ( :i* exp]i5ce only gives u in=mation4 ,i believe x sc>ce w be ass]t$1 t ! fir/ species ( reason+ alone is ev] ! cause ( any action4 ,z its prop] prov9ce is ! _w ( ideas1 & z ! w always places u 9 t ( realities1 demon/ration & volition seem1 ^u t acc\nt1 to be totally remov$1 f ea* o!r4 ,ma!matics1 inde$1 are useful 9 all me*anical op]ations1 & ari?metic 9 almo/ e art & pr(ession3 ,b x is n ( !mselves !y h any influ5ce3 ,me*anics are ! art ( regulat+ ! motions ( bodies to "s design$ end or purpose2 & ! reason :y we employ ari?metic 9 fix+ ! proportions ( numb]s1 is only t we may discov] ! proportions ( _! influ5ce & op]ation4 ,a m]*ant is desir\s ( kn[+ ! sum total ( 8 acc\nts ) any p]son3 ,:y8 b t he may le>n :at sum w h ! same effects 9 pay+ 8 debt1 & go+ to m>ket1 z all ! p>ticul> articles tak5 toge!r4 ,ab/ract or demon/rative reason+1 !re=e1 nev] influ5ces any ( our actions1 b only z x directs our judgm5t conc]n+ causes & effects2 :i* leads u to ! second op]ation ( ! und]/&+4 ,x is obvi\s1 t :5 we h ! prospect ( pa9 or pleasure f any object1 we feel a consequ5t emotion ( av]sion or prop5sity1 & are c>ry$ to avoid or embrace :at w give u ?is uneas9es or satisfaction4 ,x is also obvi\s1 t ?is emotion re/s n "h1 b mak+ u ca/ our view on e side1 compreh5ds :atev] objects are connect$ ) its orig9al "o by ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,"h !n reason+ takes place to discov] ?is relation2 & accord+ z our reason+ v>ies1 our actions receive a subsequ5t v>iation4 ,b x is evid5t 9 ?is case t ! impulse arises n f reason1 b is only direct$ by x4 ,x is f ! prospect ( pa9 or pleasure t ! av]sion or prop5sity arises t[>ds any object3 ,& ^! emotions ext5d !mselves to ! causes & effects ( t object1 z !y are po9t$ out to u by reason & exp]i5ce4 ,x c nev] 9 ! lea/ conc]n u to "k1 t su* objects are causes1 & su* o!rs effects1 if bo? ! causes & effects be indiff]5t to u4 ,:]e ! objects !mselves d n affect u1 _! connexion c nev] give !m any influ5ce2 & x is pla91 t z reason is no?+ b ! discov]y ( ?is connexion1 x _c be by its means t ! objects are able to affect u4 ,s9ce reason alone c nev] produce any action1 or give rise to volition1 ,i inf]1 t ! same faculty is z incapable ( prev5t+ volition1 or ( disput+ ! pref]5ce ) any passion or emotion4 ,?is consequ5ce is necess>y4 ,x is impossible reason c\ld h ! latt] effect ( prev5t+ volition1 b by giv+ an impulse 9 a contr>y direction to our passion2 & t impulse1 _h x op]at$ alone1 w\ld h be5 able to produce volition4 ,no?+ c oppose or ret>d ! impulse ( passion1 b a contr>y impulse2 & if ?is contr>y impulse ev] arises f reason1 t latt] faculty mu/ h an orig9al influ5ce on ! w1 & mu/ be able to cause1 z well z h9d] any act ( volition4 ,b if reason has no orig9al influ5ce1 x is impossible x c )/& any pr9ciple1 :i* has su* an efficacy1 or ev] keep ! m9d 9 susp5ce a mom5t4 ,?us x appe>s1 t ! pr9ciple1 :i* opposes our passion1 _c be ! same ) reason1 & is only call$ s 9 an improp] s5se4 ,we speak n /rictly & philosophically :5 we talk ( ! combat ( passion & ( reason4 ,reason is1 & ought only to be ! slave ( ! passions1 & c nev] pret5d to any o!r (fice ?an to s]ve & obey !m4 ,z ?is op9ion may appe> some:at extraord9>y1 x may n be improp] to confirm x by "s o!r consid]ations4 ,a passion is an orig9al exi/5ce1 or1 if y w1 modification ( exi/5ce1 & conta9s n any repres5tative quality1 :i* r5d]s x a copy ( any o!r exi/5ce or modification4 ,:5 ,i am angry1 ,i am actually posse/ ) ! passion1 & 9 t emotion h no m a ref]5ce to any o!r object1 ?an :5 ,i am ?ir/y1 or sick1 or m ?an five foot high4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 t ?is passion c be oppos$ by1 or be contradictory to tru? & reason2 s9ce ?is contradiction consi/s 9 ! disagreem5t ( ideas1 consid]$ z copies1 ) ^? objects1 :i* !y repres5t4 ,:at may at fir/ occur on ?is head1 is1 t z no?+ c be contr>y to tru? or reason1 except :at has a ref]5ce to x1 & z ! judgm5ts ( our und]/&+ only h ?is ref]5ce1 x mu/ foll[1 t passions c be contr>y to reason only s f> z !y are accompany$ ) "s judgm5t or op9ion4 ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 :i* is s obvi\s & natural1 x is only 9 two s5ses1 t any affection c be call$ unreasonable4 ,fir/1 ,:5 a passion1 su* z hope or fe>1 grief or joy1 despair or security1 is f\nd$ on ! supposition or ! exi/5ce ( objects1 :i* really d n exi/4 ,secondly1 ,:5 9 ex]t+ any passion 9 action1 we *use means insuffici5t = ! design$ end1 & deceive ourselves 9 our judgm5t ( causes & effects4 ,:]e a passion is nei!r f\nd$ on false suppositions1 nor *uses means insuffici5t = ! end1 ! und]/&+ c nei!r ju/ify nor condemn x4 ,x is n contr>y to reason to pref] ! de/ruction ( ! :ole _w to ! scrat*+ ( my f+]4 ,x is n contr>y to reason = me to *use my total ru91 to prev5t ! lea/ uneas9ess ( an ,indian or p]son :olly unkn[n to me4 ,x is z little contr>y to reason to pref] ev5 my own ackn[l$ge$ less] good to my great]1 & h a m ard5t affection = ! =m] ?an ! latt]4 ,a trivial good may1 f c]ta9 circum/ances1 produce a desire sup]ior to :at arises f ! greate/ & mo/ valuable enjoym5t2 nor is !re any ?+ m extraord9>y 9 ?is1 ?an 9 me*anics to see "o p\nd weight raise up a hundr$ by ! advantage ( its situation4 ,9 %ort1 a passion mu/ be accompany$ ) "s false judgm5t 9 ord] to its be+ unreasonable2 & ev5 !n x is n ! passion1 prop]ly speak+1 :i* is unreasonable1 b ! judgm5t4 ,! consequ5ces are evid5t4 ,s9ce a passion c nev]1 9 any s5se1 be call$ unreasonable1 b :5 f\nd$ on a false supposition or :5 x *uses means insuffici5t = ! design$ end1 x is impossible1 t reason & passion c ev] oppose ea* o!r1 or dispute = ! gov]nm5t ( ! w & actions4 ,! mom5t we p]ceive ! fal%ood ( any supposition1 or ! insuffici5cy ( any means our passions yield to our reason )\t any opposition4 ,i may desire any fruit z ( an excell5t reli%2 b :5ev] y conv9ce me ( my mi/ake1 my long+ ceases4 ,i may w ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 actions z means ( obta9+ any desir$ good2 b z my will+ ( ^! actions is only second>y1 & f\nd$ on ! supposition1 t !y are causes ( ! propos$ effect2 z soon z ,i discov] ! fal%ood ( t supposition1 !y mu/ become indiff]5t to me4 ,x is natural = "o1 t does n exam9e objects ) a /rict philosophic eye1 to imag9e1 t ^? actions ( ! m9d are entirely ! same1 :i* produce n a diff]5t s5sation1 & are n imm$iately di/+ui%able to ! feel+ & p]ception4 ,reason1 = in/ance1 ex]ts itself )\t produc+ any s5sible emotion2 & except 9 ! m sublime disquisitions ( philosophy1 or 9 ! frivol\s subtilties ( ! s*ool1 sc>ce ev] conveys any pleasure or uneas9ess4 ,h5ce x proce$s1 t e action ( ! m9d1 :i* op]ates ) ! same calmness & tranquillity1 is conf\nd$ ) reason by all ^?1 :o judge ( ?+s f ! fir/ view & appe>ance4 ,n[ x is c]ta91 !re are c]ta9 calm desires & t5d5cies1 :i*1 ?\gh !y be real passions1 produce little emotion 9 ! m9d1 & are m kn[n by _! effects ?an by ! imm$iate feel+ or s5sation4 ,^! desires are ( two k9ds2 ei!r c]ta9 in/9cts orig9ally implant$ 9 our natures1 su* z b5evol5ce & res5tm5t1 ! love ( life1 & k9dness to *ildr52 or ! g5]al appetite to good1 & av]sion to evil1 consid]$ m]ely z su*4 ,:5 any ( ^! passions are calm1 & cause no disord] 9 ! s\l1 !y are v readily tak5 = ! det]m9ations ( reason1 & are suppos$ to proce$ f ! same faculty1 ) t1 :i* judges ( tru? & fal%ood4 ,_! nature & pr9ciples h be5 suppos$ ! same1 because _! s5sations are n evid5tly diff]5t4 ,beside ^! calm passions1 :i* (t5 det]m9e ! w1 !re are c]ta9 viol5t emotions ( ! same k9d1 :i* h likewise a great influ5ce on t faculty4 ,:5 ,i receive any injury f ano!r1 ,i (t5 feel a viol5t passion ( res5tm5t1 :i* makes me desire 8 evil & puni%m5t1 indep5d5t ( all consid]ations ( pleasure & advantage to myself4 ,:5 ,i am imm$iately ?reat5$ ) any griev\s ill1 my fe>s1 appreh5sions1 & av]sions rise to a great height1 & produce a s5sible emotion4 ,! common error ( metaphysicians has la9 9 ascrib+ ! direction ( ! w entirely to "o ( ^! pr9ciples1 & suppos+ ! o!r to h no influ5ce4 ,m5 (t5 act kn[+ly aga9/ _! int]e/3 ,= :i* reason ! view ( ! greate/ possible good does n always influ5ce !m4 ,m5 (t5 c\nt]-act a viol5t passion 9 prosecution ( _! int]e/s & designs3 ,x is n !re=e ! pres5t uneas9ess alone1 :i* det]m9es !m4 ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve1 t bo? ^! pr9ciples op]ate on ! w2 & :]e !y are contr>y1 t ei!r ( !m prevails1 accord+ to ! g5]al "* or pres5t disposition ( ! p]son4 ,:at we call /r5g? ( m9d1 implies ! preval5ce ( ! calm passions above ! viol5t2 ?\gh we may easily obs]ve1 !re is no man s con/antly possess$ ( ?is virtue1 z nev] on any occasion to yield to ! sollicitations ( passion & desire4 ,f ^! v>iations ( temp] proce$s ! great difficulty ( decid+ conc]n+ ! actions & resolutions ( m51 :]e !re is any contr>iety ( motives & passions4 ,,sect4 ,,iv ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,viol5t ,,passions ,!re is n 9 philosophy a subject ( m nice speculation ?an ?is ( ! diff]5t causes & effects ( ! calm & viol5t passions4 ,x is evid5t passions influ5ce n ! w 9 proportion to _! viol5ce1 or ! disord] !y occasion 9 ! temp]2 b on ! contr>y1 t :5 a passion has once become a settl$ pr9ciple ( action1 & is ! pr$om9ant incl9ation ( ! s\l1 x commonly produces no long] any s5sible agitation4 ,z repeat$ cu/om & its own =ce h made e ?+ yield to x1 x directs ! actions & conduct )\t t opposition & emotion1 :i* s naturally att5d e mom5t>y gu/ ( passion4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 di/+ui% betwixt a calm & a weak passion2 betwixt a viol5t & a /rong "o4 ,b not)/&+ ?is1 x is c]ta91 t :5 we w\ld gov]n a man1 & pu% him to any action1 x w commonly be bett] policy to "w ^u ! viol5t ?an ! calm passions1 & r take him by 8 incl9ation1 ?an :at is vulg>ly call$ 8 reason4 ,we ought to place ! object 9 su* p>ticul> situations z are prop] to encrease ! viol5ce ( ! passion4 ,= we may obs]ve1 t all dep5ds ^u ! situation ( ! object1 & t a v>iation 9 ?is p>ticul> w be able to *ange ! calm & ! viol5t passions into ea* o!r4 ,bo? ^! k9ds ( passions pursue good1 & avoid evil2 & bo? ( !m are encreas$ or dim9i%$ by ! encrease or dim9ution ( ! good or evil4 ,b h]e9 lies ! diff]5ce betwixt !m3 ,! same good1 :5 ne>1 w cause a viol5t passion1 :i*1 :5 remote1 produces only a calm "o4 ,z ?is subject belongs v prop]ly to ! pres5t "q conc]n+ ! w1 we %all "h exam9e x to ! bottom1 & %all consid] "s ( ^? circum/ances & situations ( objects1 :i* r5d] a passion ei!r calm or viol5t4 ,x is a rem>kable prop]ty ( human nature1 t any emotion1 :i* att5ds a passion1 is easily conv]t$ into x1 ?\gh 9 _! natures !y be orig9ally diff]5t f1 & ev5 contr>y to ea* o!r4 ,x is true2 9 ord] to make a p]fect union among passions1 !re is always requir$ a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas2 nor is "o relation suffici5t = t purpose4 ,b ?\gh ?is be confirm$ by und\bt$ exp]i5ce1 we mu/ und]/& x ) its prop] limitations1 & mu/ reg>d ! d\ble relation1 z requisite only to make "o passion produce ano!r4 ,:5 two passions are already produc$ by _! sep>ate causes1 & are bo? pres5t 9 ! m9d1 !y readily m+le & unite1 ?\gh !y h b "o relation1 & sometimes )\t any4 ,! pr$om9ant passion swall[s up ! inf]ior1 & conv]ts x into itself4 ,! spirits1 :5 once excit$1 easily receive a *ange 9 _! direction2 & x is natural to imag9e ?is *ange w come f ! prevail+ affection4 ,! connexion is 9 _m respects clos] betwixt any two passions1 ?an betwixt any passion & indiff]5ce4 ,:5 a p]son is once he>tily 9 love1 ! little faults & caprices ( 8 mi/ress1 ! jeal\sies & qu>rels1 to :i* t comm]ce is s subject2 h[ev] unpleasant & relat$ to ang] & hatr$2 are yet f\nd to give additional =ce to ! prevail+ passion4 ,x is a common artifice ( politicians1 :5 !y w\ld affect any p]son v mu* by a matt] ( fact1 ( :i* !y int5d to in=m him1 fir/ to excite 8 curiosity2 delay z long z possible ! satisfy+ x2 & by t means raise 8 anxiety & impati5ce to ! utmo/1 be=e !y give him a full insight into ! bus9ess4 ,!y "k t 8 curiosity w precipitate him into ! passion !y design to raise1 & assi/ ! object 9 its influ5ce on ! m9d4 ,a soldi] advanc+ to ! battle1 is naturally inspir$ ) c\rage & confid5ce1 :5 he ?9ks on 8 fri5ds & fell[-soldi]s2 & is /ruck ) fe> & t]ror1 :5 he reflects on ! enemy4 ,:atev] new emotion1 !re=e1 proce$s f ! =m] naturally encreases ! c\rage2 z ! same emotion1 proce$+ f ! latt]1 augm5ts ! fe>2 by ! relation ( ideas1 & ! conv]sion ( ! inf]ior emotion into ! pr$om9ant4 ,h5ce x is t 9 m>tial discipl9e1 ! uni=mity & lu/re ( our habit1 ! regul>ity ( our figures & motions1 ) all ! pomp & maje/y ( w>1 enc\rage ourselves & allies2 :ile ! same objects 9 ! enemy /rike t]ror into u1 ?\gh agreeable & beautiful 9 !mselves4 ,s9ce passions1 h[ev] indep5d5t1 are naturally transfus$ into ea* o!r1 if !y are bo? pres5t at ! same "t2 x foll[s1 t :5 good or evil is plac$ 9 su* a situation1 z to cause any p>ticul> emotion1 beside its direct passion ( desire or av]sion1 t latt] passion mu/ acquire new =ce & viol5ce4 ,?is happ5s1 among o!r cases1 :5ev] any object excites contr>y passions4 ,= x is obs]vable t an opposition ( passions commonly causes a new emotion 9 ! spirits1 & produces m disord]1 ?an ! concurr5ce ( any two affections ( equal =ce4 ,?is new emotion is easily conv]t$ into ! pr$om9ant passion1 & encreases its viol5ce1 beyond ! pit* x w\ld h arriv$ at _h x met ) no opposition4 ,h5ce we naturally desire :at is =bid1 & take a pleasure 9 p]=m+ actions1 m]ely because !y are unlawful4 ,! notion ( duty1 :5 opposite to ! passions1 is seldom able to ov]come !m2 & :5 x fails ( t effect1 is apt r to encrease !m1 by produc+ an opposition 9 our motives & pr9ciples4 ,! same effect foll[s :e!r ! opposition arises f int]nal motives or ext]nal ob/acles4 ,! passion commonly acquires new =ce & viol5ce 9 bo? cases4 ,! ef=ts1 :i* ! m9d makes to surm\nt ! ob/acle1 excite ! spirits & inliv5 ! passion4 ,unc]ta9ty has ! same influ5ce z opposition4 ,! agitation ( ! ?\ght2 ! quick turns x makes f "o view to ano!r2 ! v>iety ( passions1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! diff]5t views2 ,all ^! produce an agitation 9 ! m9d1 & transfuse !mselves into ! pr$om9ant passion4 ,!re is n 9 my op9ion any o!r natural cause1 :y security dim9i%es ! passions1 ?an because x removes t unc]ta9ty1 :i* encreases !m4 ,! m9d1 :5 left to itself1 imm$iately langui%es2 & 9 ord] to pres]ve its ard\r1 mu/ be e mom5t support$ by a new fl[ ( passion4 ,= ! same reason1 despair1 ?\gh contr>y to security1 has a l influ5ce4 ,x is c]ta9 no?+ m p[]fully animates any affection1 ?an to conceal "s "p ( its object by ?r[+ x into a k9d ( %ade1 :i* at ! same "t t x *ews en\gh to pre-possess u 9 fav\r ( ! object1 leaves /ill "s "w = ! imag9ation4 ,besides t obscurity is always att5d$ ) a k9d ( unc]ta9ty2 ! ef=t1 :i* ! fancy makes to compleat ! idea1 r\zes ! spirits1 & gives an additional =ce to ! passion4 ,z despair & security1 ?\gh contr>y to ea* o!r1 produce ! same effects2 s abs5ce is obs]v$ to h contr>y effects1 & 9 diff]5t circum/ances ei!r encreases or dim9i%es our affections4 ,! ,duc de ,la ,ro*ef\cault has v well obs]v$1 t abs5ce de/roys weak passions1 b encreases /rong2 z ! w9d ext+ui%es a c&le1 b bl[s up a fire4 ,long abs5ce naturally weak5s our idea1 & dim9i%es ! passion3 ,b :]e ! idea is s /rong & lively z to support itself1 ! uneas9ess1 aris+ f abs5ce1 encreases ! passion & gives x new =ce & viol5ce4 ,,sect4 ,v ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,cu/om ,b no?+ has a great] effect bo? to encrease & dim9i% our passions1 to conv]t pleasure into pa91 & pa9 into pleasure1 ?an cu/om & repetition4 ,cu/om has two orig9al effects ^u ! m9d1 9 be/[+ a facility 9 ! p]=mance ( any action or ! conception ( any object2 & aft]w>ds a t5d5cy or incl9ation t[>ds x2 & f ^! we may acc\nt = all its o!r effects1 h[ev] extraord9>y4 ,:5 ! s\l applies itself to ! p]=mance ( any action1 or ! conception ( any object1 to :i* x is n accu/om$1 !re is a c]ta9 unpliabl5ess 9 ! faculties1 & a difficulty ( ! _s's mov+ 9 _! new direction4 ,z ?is difficulty excites ! spirits1 x is ! s\rce ( wond]1 surprize1 & ( all ! emotions1 :i* arise f novelty2 & is 9 itself v agreeable1 l e ?+1 :i* inliv5s ! m9d to a mod]ate degree4 ,b ?\gh surprize be agreeable 9 itself1 yet z x puts ! spirits 9 agitation1 x n only augm5ts our agreeable affections1 b also our pa9ful1 accord+ to ! =ego+ pr9ciple1 t e emotion1 :i* prec$es or att5ds a passion1 is easily conv]t$ into x4 ,h5ce e ?+1 t is new1 is mo/ affect+1 & gives u ei!r m pleasure or pa91 ?an :at1 /rictly speak+1 naturally belongs to x4 ,:5 x (t5 returns ^u u1 ! novelty we>s (f2 ! passions subside2 ! hurry ( ! spirits is ov]2 & we survey ! objects ) great] tranquillity4 ,by degrees ! repetition produces a facility ( ! human m9d1 & an infallible s\rce ( pleasure1 :]e ! facility goes n beyond a c]ta9 degree4 ,& "h x is rem>kable t ! pleasure1 :i* arises f a mod]ate facility1 has n ! same t5d5cy ) t :i* arises f novelty1 to augm5t ! pa9ful1 z well z ! agreeable affections4 ,! pleasure ( facility does n s mu* consi/ 9 any f]m5t ( ! spirits1 z 9 _! ord]ly motion2 :i* w sometimes be s p[]ful z ev5 to conv]t pa9 into pleasure1 & give u a reli% 9 "t :at at fir/ 0 mo/ h>% & disagreeable4 ,b aga91 z facility conv]ts pa9 into pleasure1 s x (t5 conv]ts pleasure into pa91 :5 x is too great1 & r5d]s ! actions ( ! m9d s fa9t & languid1 t !y are no long] able to int]e/ & support x4 ,& inde$1 sc>ce any o!r objects become disagreeable ?r\gh cu/om2 b su* z are naturally att5d$ ) "s emotion or affection1 :i* is de/roy$ by ! too frequ5t repetition4 ,"o c consid] ! cl\ds1 & heav5s1 & trees1 & /ones1 h[ev] frequ5tly repeat$1 )\t ev] feel+ any av]sion4 ,b :5 ! fair sex1 or music1 or good *e]1 or any ?+1 t naturally ought to be agreeable1 becomes indiff]5t1 x easily produces ! opposite affection4 ,b cu/om n only gives a facility to p]=m any action1 b likewise an incl9ation & t5d5cy t[>ds x1 :]e x is n entirely disagreeable1 & c nev] be ! object ( incl9ation4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y cu/om encreases all active habits1 b dim9i%es passive1 accord+ to ! obs]vation ( a late em95t philosoph]4 ,! facility takes (f f ! =ce ( ! passive habits by r5d]+ ! motion ( ! spirits fa9t & languid4 ,b z 9 ! active1 ! spirits are suffici5tly support$ ( !mselves1 ! t5d5cy ( ! m9d gives !m new =ce1 & b5ds !m m /rongly to ! action4 ,,sect4 ,,vi ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,imag9ation ,,on ,,! ,,passions ,x is rem>kable1 t ! imag9ation & affections h close union toge!r1 & t no?+1 :i* affects ! =m]1 c be entirely indiff]5t to ! latt]4 ,:]ev] our ideas ( good or evil acquire a new vivacity1 ! passions become m viol5t2 & keep pace ) ! imag9ation 9 all its v>iations4 ,:e!r ?is proce$s f ! pr9ciple above-m5tion$1 t any att5dant emotion is easily conv]t$ into ! pr$om9ant1 ,i %all n det]m9e4 ,x is suffici5t = my pres5t purpose1 t we h _m in/ances to confirm ?is influ5ce ( ! imag9ation ^u ! passions4 ,any pleasure1 ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 affects u m ?an any o!r1 :i* we own to be sup]ior1 b ( ^: nature we are :olly ignorant4 ,( ! "o we c =m a p>ticul> & det]m9ate idea3 ,! o!r we conceive "u ! g5]al notion ( pleasure2 & x is c]ta91 t ! m g5]al & univ]sal any ( our ideas are1 ! less influ5ce !y h ^u ! imag9ation4 ,a g5]al idea1 ?\gh x be no?+ b a p>ticul> "o consid]$ 9 a c]ta9 view1 is commonly m obscure2 & t because no p>ticul> idea1 by :i* we repres5t a g5]al "o1 is ev] fix$ or det]m9ate1 b may easily be *ang$ = o!r p>ticul> ones1 :i* w s]ve equally 9 ! repres5tation4 ,!re is a not$ passage 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greece1 :i* may s]ve = our pres5t purpose4 ,!mi/ocles told ! ,a!nians1 t he _h =m$ a design1 :i* w\ld be highly useful to ! public1 b :i* x 0 impossible = him to communicate to !m )\t ru9+ ! execution1 s9ce its success dep5d$ entirely on ! secrecy ) :i* x %\ld be conduct$4 ,! ,a!nians1 in/ead ( grant+ him full p[] to act z he ?\ght fitt+1 ord]$ him to communicate 8 design to ,ari/ides1 9 ^: prud5ce !y _h an entire confid5ce1 & ^: op9ion !y 7 resolv$ bl9dly to submit to4 ,! design ( ,!mi/ocles 0 secretly to set fire to ! fleet ( all ! ,grecian commonweal?s1 :i* 0 assembl$ 9 a neighb\r+ port1 & :i* be+ once de/roy$ w\ld give ! ,a!nians ! empire ( ! sea )\t any rival ,ari/ides return$ to ! assembly1 & told !m1 t no?+ c\ld be m advantage\s ?an ! design ( ,!mi/ocles b at ! same "t t no?+ c\ld be m unju/3 ,^u :i* ! p unanim\sly reject$ ! project4 ,a late celebrat$ hi/orian#a admires ?is passage ( anti5t hi/ory1 z "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> t is any :]e to be met4 #a ,mons4 ,roll9 ,*>les ,roll91 ,,hi/oire ,,anci5ne47,p>is #agcj-ch74 ,"h1 says he1 !y are n philosoph]s1 to :om x is easy 9 _! s*ools to e/abli% ! f9e/ maxims & mo/ sublime rules ( morality1 :o decide t int]e/ ought nev] to prevail above ju/ice4 ,x is a :ole p int]e/$ 9 ! proposal :i* is made to !m1 :o consid] x z ( importance to ! public good1 & :o not)/&+ reject x unanim\sly1 & )\t hesitation1 m]ely because x is contr>y to ju/ice4 ,= my "p ,i see no?+ s extraord9>y 9 ?is proce$+ ( ! ,a!nians4 ,! same reasons1 :i* r5d] x s easy = philosoph]s to e/abli% ^! sublime maxims1 t5d1 9 "p1 to dim9i% ! m]it ( su* a conduct 9 t p4 ,philosoph]s nev] ballance betwixt pr(it & hone/y1 because _! decisions are g5]al1 & nei!r _! passions nor imag9ations are int]e/$ 9 ! objects4 ,& ?\gh 9 ! pres5t case ! advantage 0 imm$iate to ! ,a!nians1 yet z x 0 kn[n only "u ! g5]al notion ( advantage1 )\t be+ conceiv$ by any p>ticul> idea1 x mu/ h _h a less consid]able influ5ce on _! imag9ations1 & h be5 a less viol5t temptation1 ?an if !y _h be5 acqua9t$ ) all its circum/ances3 ,o!rwise x is difficult to conceive1 t a :ole p1 unju/ & viol5t z m5 commonly are1 %\ld s unanim\sly h adh]$ to ju/ice1 & reject$ any consid]able advantage4 ,any satisfaction1 :i* we lately enjoy$1 & ( :i* ! memory is fre% & rec5t1 op]ates on ! w ) m viol5ce1 ?an ano!r ( :i* ! traces are decay$1 & almo/ oblit]at$4 ,f :5ce does ?is proce$1 b t ! memory 9 ! fir/ case assi/s ! fancy & gives an additional =ce & vig\r to its conceptions8 ,! image ( ! pa/ pleasure be+ /rong & viol5t1 be/[s ^! qualities on ! idea ( ! future pleasure1 :i* is connect$ ) x by ! relation ( resemblance4 ,a pleasure1 :i* is suitable to ! way ( life1 9 :i* we are engag$1 excites m our desires & appetites ?an ano!r1 :i* is =eign to x4 ,?is phnom5on may be expla9$ f ! same pr9ciple4 ,no?+ is m capable ( infus+ any passion into ! m9d1 ?an eloqu5ce1 by :i* objects are repres5t$ 9 _! /ronge/ & mo/ lively col\rs4 ,we may ( ourselves ackn[l$ge1 t su* an object is valuable1 & su* ano!r odi\s2 b until an orator excites ! imag9ation1 & gives =ce to ^! ideas1 !y may h b a feeble influ5ce ei!r on ! w or ! affections4 ,b eloqu5ce is n always necess>y4 ,! b>e op9ion ( ano!r1 especially :5 in=c$ ) passion1 w cause an idea ( good or evil to h an influ5ce ^u u1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 entirely neglect$4 ,?is proce$s f ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y or communication2 & sympa?y1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 is no?+ b ! conv]sion ( an idea into an impression by ! =ce ( imag9ation4 ,x is rem>kable1 t lively passions commonly att5d a lively imag9ation4 ,9 ?is respect1 z well z o!rs1 ! =ce ( ! passion dep5ds z mu* on ! temp] ( ! p]son1 z ! nature or situation ( ! object4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t belief is no?+ b a lively idea relat$ to a pres5t impression4 ,?is vivacity is a requisite circum/ance to ! excit+ all our passions1 ! calm z well z ! viol5t2 nor has a m]e fiction ( ! imag9ation any consid]able influ5ce ^u ei!r ( !m4 ,x is too weak to take hold ( ! m9d1 or be att5d$ ) emotion4 ,,sect4 ,,vii ,,( ,,contiguity ,,& ,,di/ance ,,9 ,,space ,,& ,,"t ,!re is an easy reason1 :y e ?+ contigu\s to u1 ei!r 9 space or "t1 %\ld be conceiv$ ) a peculi> =ce & vivacity1 & excel e o!r object1 9 its influ5ce on ! imag9ation4 ,ourself is intimately pres5t to u1 & :atev] is relat$ to self mu/ p>take ( t quality4 ,b :]e an object is s f> remov$ z to h lo/ ! advantage ( ?is relation1 :y1 z x is f>!r remov$1 its idea becomes /ill fa9t] & m obscure1 w\ld1 p]haps1 require a m p>ticul> exam9ation4 ,x is obvi\s1 t ! imag9ation c nev] totally =get ! po9ts ( space & "t1 9 :i* we are exi/5t2 b receives su* frequ5t adv]tisem5ts ( !m f ! passions & s5ses1 t h[ev] x may turn its att5tion to =eign & remote objects1 x is necessitat$ e mom5t to reflect on ! pres5t4 ,x is also rem>kable1 t 9 ! conception ( ^? objects1 :i* we reg>d z real & exi/5t1 we take !m 9 _! prop] ord] & situation1 & nev] leap f "o object to ano!r1 :i* is di/ant f x1 )\t runn+ ov]1 at lea/ 9 a cursory mann]1 all ^? objects1 :i* are int]pos$ betwixt !m4 ,:5 we reflect1 !re=e1 on any object di/ant f ourselves1 we are oblig$ n only to rea* x at fir/ by pass+ ?r\gh all ! int]m$iate space betwixt ourselves & ! object1 b also to r5ew our progress e mom5t2 be+ e mom5t recall$ to ! consid]ation ( ourselves & our pres5t situation4 ,x is easily conceiv$1 t ?is int]ruption mu/ weak5 ! idea by break+ ! action ( ! m9d1 & h9d]+ ! conception f be+ s int5se & cont9u$1 z :5 we reflect on a ne>] object4 ,! few] /eps we make to arrive at ! object1 & ! smoo!r ! road is1 ?is dim9ution ( vivacity is less s5sibly felt1 b /ill may be obs]v$ m or less 9 proportion to ! degrees ( di/ance & difficulty4 ,"h !n we are to consid] two k9ds ( objects1 ! contigu\s & remote2 ( :i* ! =m]1 by means ( _! relation to ourselves1 approa* an impression 9 =ce & vivacity2 ! latt] by reason ( ! int]ruption 9 our mann] ( conceiv+ !m1 appe> 9 a weak] & m imp]fect light4 ,?is is _! effect on ! imag9ation4 ,if my reason+ be j1 !y mu/ h a proportionable effect on ! w & passions4 ,contigu\s objects mu/ h an influ5ce mu* sup]ior to ! di/ant & remote4 ,accord+ly we f9d 9 common life1 t m5 are pr9cipally conc]n$ ab\t ^? objects1 :i* are n mu* remov$ ei!r 9 space or "t1 enjoy+ ! pres5t1 & leav+ :at is af> (f to ! c>e ( *ance & =tune4 ,talk to a man ( 8 condition ?irty ye>s h5ce1 & he w n reg>d y4 ,speak ( :at is to happ5 tomorr[1 & he w l5d y att5tion4 ,! break+ ( a mirror gives u m conc]n :5 at home1 ?an ! burn+ ( a h\se1 :5 abroad1 & "s hundr$ leagues di/ant4 ,b f>!r2 ?\gh di/ance bo? 9 space & "t has a consid]able effect on ! imag9ation1 & by t means on ! w & passions1 yet ! consequ5ce ( a removal 9 space are mu* inf]ior to ^? ( a removal 9 "t4 ,tw5ty ye>s are c]ta9ly b a small di/ance ( "t 9 comp>ison ( :at hi/ory & ev5 ! memory ( "s may in=m !m (1 & yet ,i d\bt if a ?\s& leagues1 or ev5 ! greate/ di/ance ( place ?is globe c admit (1 w s rem>kably weak5 our ideas1 & dim9i% our passions4 ,a ,we/-,indian m]*ant w tell y1 t he is n )\t conc]n ab\t :at passes 9 ,jamaica2 ?\gh few ext5d _! views s f> into futurity1 z to dread v remote accid5ts4 ,! cause ( ?is phnom5on mu/ evid5tly lie 9 ! diff]5t prop]ties ( space & "t4 ,)\t hav+ rec\rse to metaphysics1 any "o may easily obs]ve1 t space or ext5sion consi/s ( a numb] ( co-exi/5t p>ts dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & capable ( be+ at once pres5t to ! sight or feel+4 ,on ! contr>y1 "t or succession1 ?\gh x consi/s likewise ( p>ts1 nev] pres5ts to u m ?an "o at once2 nor is x possible = any two ( !m ev] to be co-exi/5t4 ,^! qualities ( ! objects h a suitable effect on ! imag9ation4 ,! p>ts ( ext5sion be+ susceptible ( an union to ! s5ses1 acquire an union 9 ! fancy2 & z ! appe>ance ( "o "p excludes n ano!r1 ! transition or passage ( ! ?\ght ?r\gh ! contigu\s p>ts is by t means r5d]$ m smoo? & easy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! incompatibility ( ! p>ts ( "t 9 _! real exi/5ce sep>ates !m 9 ! imag9ation1 & makes x m difficult = t faculty to trace any long succession or s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,e "p mu/ appe> s+le & alone1 nor c regul>ly h entrance into ! fancy )\t bani%+ :at is suppos$ to h be5 imm$iately prec$5t4 ,by ?is means any di/ance 9 "t causes a great] int]ruption 9 ! ?\ght ?an an equal di/ance 9 space1 & consequ5tly weak5s m consid]ably ! idea1 & consequ5tly ! passions2 :i* dep5d 9 a great measure1 on ! imag9ation1 accord+ to my sy/em4 ,!re is ano!r phnom5on ( a l nature ) ! =ego+1 viz1 ! sup]ior effects ( ! same di/ance 9 futurity above t 9 ! pa/4 ,?is diff]5ce ) respect to ! w is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,z none ( our actions c alt] ! pa/1 x is n /range x %\ld nev] det]m9e ! w4 ,b ) respect to ! passions ! "q is yet entire1 & well wor? ! exam9+4 ,besides ! prop5sity to a gradual progression ?r\gh ! po9ts ( space & "t1 we h ano!r peculi>ity 9 our me?od ( ?9k+1 :i* concurs 9 produc+ ?is phnom5on4 ,we always foll[ ! succession ( "t 9 plac+ our ideas1 & f ! consid]ation ( any object pass m easily to t1 :i* foll[s imm$iately aft] x1 ?an to t :i* w5t be=e x4 ,we may le>n ?is1 among o!r in/ances1 f ! ord]1 :i* is always obs]v$ 9 hi/orical n>rations4 ,no?+ b an absolute necessity c oblige an hi/orian to break ! ord] ( "t1 & 9 8 n>ration give ! prec$5ce to an ev5t1 :i* 0 9 reality po/]ior to ano!r4 ,?is w easily be appli$ to ! "q 9 h&1 if we reflect on :at ,i h be=e obs]v$1 t ! pres5t situation ( ! p]son is always t ( ! imag9ation1 & t x is f !nce we proce$ to ! conception ( any di/ant object4 ,:5 ! object is pa/1 ! progression ( ! ?\ght 9 pass+ to x f ! pres5t is contr>y to nature1 z proce$+ f "o po9t ( "t to t :i* is prec$+1 & f t to ano!r prec$+1 9 opposition to ! natural c\rse ( ! succession4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we turn our ?\ght to a future object1 our fancy fl[s along ! /ream ( "t1 & arrives at ! object by an ord]1 :i* seems mo/ natural1 pass+ always f "o po9t ( "t to t :i* is imm$iately po/]ior to x4 ,?is easy progression ( ideas fav\rs ! imag9ation1 & makes x conceive its object 9 a /rong] & full] light1 ?an :5 we are cont9ually oppos$ 9 our passage1 & are oblig$ to ov]come ! difficulties aris+ f ! natural prop5sity ( ! fancy4 ,a small degree ( di/ance 9 ! pa/ has1 !re=e1 a great] effect1 9 int]upt+ & weak5+ ! conception1 ?an a mu* great] 9 ! future4 ,f ?is effect ( x on ! imag9ation is d]iv$ its influ5ce on ! w & passions4 ,!re is ano!r cause1 :i* bo? contributes to ! same effect1 & proce$s f ! same quality ( ! fancy1 by :i* we are det]m9$ to trace ! succession ( "t by a simil> succession ( ideas4 ,:5 f ! pres5t in/ant we consid] two po9ts ( "t equally di/ant 9 ! future & 9 ! pa/1 x is evid5t1 t1 ab/ract$ly consid]$1 _! relation to ! pres5t is almo/ equal4 ,= z ! future w sometime be pres5t1 s ! pa/ 0 once pres5t4 ,if we c\ld1 !re=e1 remove ?is quality ( ! imag9ation1 an equal di/ance 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! future1 w\ld h a simil> influ5ce4 ,nor is ?is only true1 :5 ! fancy rema9s fix$1 & f ! pres5t in/ant surveys ! future & ! pa/2 b also :5 x *anges its situation1 & places u 9 diff]5t p]iods ( "t4 ,= z on ! "o h&1 9 suppos+ ourselves exi/5t 9 a po9t ( "t int]pos$ betwixt ! pres5t in/ant & ! future object1 we f9d ! future object approa* to u1 & ! pa/ retire1 & become m di/ant3 s on ! o!r h&1 9 suppos+ ourselves exi/5t 9 a po9t ( "t int]pos$ betwixt ! pres5t & ! pa/1 ! pa/ approa*es to u1 & ! future becomes m di/ant4 ,b f ! prop]ty ( ! fancy above-m5tion$ we r *use to fix our ?\ght on ! po9t ( "t int]pos$ betwixt ! pres5t & ! future1 ?an on t betwixt ! pres5t & ! pa/4 ,we advance1 r ?an ret>d our exi/5ce2 & foll[+ :at seems ! natural succession ( "t1 proce$ f pa/ to pres5t1 & f pres5t to future4 ,by :i* means we conceive ! future z fl[+ e mom5t ne>] u1 & ! pa/ z retir+4 ,an equal di/ance1 !re=e1 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! future1 has n ! same effect on ! imag9ation2 & t because we consid] ! "o z cont9ually encreas+1 & ! o!r z cont9ually dim9i%+4 ,! fancy anticipates ! c\rse ( ?+s1 & surveys ! object 9 t condition1 to :i* x t5ds1 z well z 9 t1 :i* is reg>d$ z ! pres5t4 ,,sect4 ,,viii ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,c,o,n,t,i,n,ued ,?us we h acc\nt$ = ?ree pha5om5a1 :i* seem pretty rem>kable4 ,:y di/ance weak5s ! conception & passion3 ,:y di/ance 9 "t has a great] effect ?an t 9 space3 ,& :y di/ance 9 pa/ "t has /ill a great] effect ?an t 9 future4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ?ree pha5om5a1 :i* seem to be1 9 a mann]1 ! rev]se ( ^!3 ,:y a v great di/ance encreases our e/eem & admiration = an object2 ,:y su* a di/ance 9 "t encreases x m ?an t 9 space3 ,& a di/ance 9 pa/ "t m ?an t 9 future4 ,! curi\sness ( ! subject w1 ,i hope1 excuse my dwell+ on x = "s "t4 ,to beg9 ) ! fir/ phnom5on1 :y a great di/ance encreases our e/eem & admiration = an object2 x is evid5t t ! m]e view & contemplation ( any greatness1 :e!r successive or ext5d$1 enl>ges ! s\l1 & give x a s5sible delight & pleasure4 ,a wide pla91 ! ocean1 et]nity1 a succession ( sev]al ages2 all ^! are ent]ta9+ objects1 & excel e ?+1 h[ev] beautiful1 :i* accompanies n its beauty ) a suitable greatness4 ,n[ :5 any v di/ant object is pres5t$ to ! imag9ation1 we naturally reflect on ! int]pos$ di/ance1 & by t means1 conceiv+ some?+ great & magnific5t1 receive ! usual satisfaction4 ,b z ! fancy passes easily f "o idea to ano!r relat$ to x1 & transports to ! second all ! passions excit$ by ! fir/1 ! admiration1 :i* is direct$ to ! di/ance1 naturally diffuses itself ov] ! di/ant object4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t x is n necess>y ! object %\ld be actually di/ant f u1 9 ord] to cause our admiration2 b t x is suffici5t1 if1 by ! natural association ( ideas1 x conveys our view to any consid]able di/ance4 ,a great travell]1 ?\gh 9 ! same *amb]1 w pass = a v extraord9>y p]son2 z a ,greek m$al1 ev5 9 our cab9et1 is always e/eem$ a valuable curiosity4 ,"h ! object1 by a natural transition1 conveys our views to ! di/ance2 & ! admiration1 :i* arises f t di/ance1 by ano!r natural transition1 returns back to ! object4 ,b ?\gh e great di/ance produces an admiration = ! di/ant object1 a di/ance 9 "t has a m consid]able effect ?an t 9 space4 ,anti5t bu/s & inscriptions are m valu$ ?an ,japan tables3 ,& n to m5tion ! ,greeks & ,romans1 x is c]ta9 we reg>d ) m v5]ation ! old ,*aldeans & ,egyptians1 ?an ! mod]n ,*9ese & ,p]sians1 & be/[ m fruitless pa9s to de> up ! hi/ory & *ronology ( ! =m]1 ?an x w\ld co/ u to make a voyage1 & be c]ta9ly in=m$ ( ! "*1 le>n+ & gov]nm5t ( ! latt]4 ,i %all be oblig$ to make a digression 9 ord] to expla9 ?is phnom5on4 ,x is a quality v obs]vable 9 human nature1 t any opposition1 :i* does n entirely disc\rage & intimidate u1 has r a contr>y effect1 & inspires u ) a m ?an ord9>y gr&eur & magnanimity4 ,9 collect+ our =ce to ov]come ! opposition1 we invigorate ! s\l1 & give x an elevation ) :i* o!rwise x w\ld nev] h be5 acqua9t$4 ,compliance1 by r5d]+ our /r5g? useless1 makes u ins5sible ( x3 b opposition awak5s & employs x4 ,?is is also true 9 ! univ]se4 ,opposition n only enl>ges ! s\l2 b ! s\l1 :5 full ( c\rage & magnanimity1 9 a mann] seeks opposition4 ,spumantemque d>i pecora int] in]tia votis ,optat aprum1 aut fulvum desc5d]e monte leonem4 ,&1 among ! tam] bea/s1 he longs to be grant$1 9 answ] to 8 pray]s1 a slav]+ bo>1 or to h a tawny lion come d[n f ! m\nta94 ,:atev] supports & fills ! passions is agreeable to u2 z on ! contr>y1 :at weak5s & infeebles !m is uneasy4 ,z opposition has ! fir/ effect1 & facility ! second1 no wond] ! m9d1 9 c]ta9 dispositions1 desires ! =m]1 & is av]se to ! latt]4 ,^! pr9ciples h an effect on ! imag9ation z well z on ! passions4 ,to be conv9c$ ( ?is we ne$ only consid] ! influ5ce ( heights & dep?s on t faculty4 ,any great elevation ( place communicates a k9d ( pride or sublimity ( imag9ation1 & gives a fancy$ sup]iority ov] ^? t lie bel[2 &1 vice v]sa1 a sublime & /rong imag9ation conveys ! idea ( asc5t & elevation4 ,h5ce x proce$s1 t we associate1 9 a mann]1 ! idea ( :atev] is good ) t ( height1 & evil ) l[ness4 ,heav5 is suppos$ to be above1 & hell bel[4 ,a noble g5ius is call$ an elevate & sublime "o4 ,,atque ,,udam ,,sp]nit ,,humum ,,fugi5te ,,p5na4 ,spurns ! dank soil 9 w+$ flight4 ,on ! contr>y1 a vulg> & trivial conception is /il$ indiff]5tly l[ or mean4 ,prosp]ity is d5om9at$ asc5t1 & adv]sity desc5t4 ,k+s & pr9ces are suppos$ to be plac$ at ! top ( human affairs2 z peasants & day-lab\r]s are said to be 9 ! l[e/ /ations4 ,^! me?ods ( ?9k+1 & ( express+ ourselves1 are n ( s little consequ5ce z !y may appe> at fir/ sight4 ,x is evid5t to common s5se1 z well z philosophy1 t !re is no natural nor ess5tial diff]5ce betwixt high & l[1 & t ?is di/9ction arises only f ! gravitation ( matt]1 :i* produces a motion f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! v same direction1 :i* 9 ?is "p ( ! globe is call$ asc5t1 is d5om9at$ desc5t 9 our antipodes2 :i* c proce$ f no?+ b ! contr>y t5d5cy ( bodies4 ,n[ x is c]ta91 t ! t5d5cy ( bodies1 cont9ually op]at+ ^u our s5ses1 mu/ produce1 f cu/om1 a l t5d5cy 9 ! fancy1 & t :5 we consid] any object situat$ 9 an asc5t1 ! idea ( its weight gives u a prop5sity to transport x f ! place1 9 :i* x is situat$1 to ! place imm$iately bel[ x1 & s on1 until we come to ! gr\nd1 :i* equally /ops ! body & our imag9ation4 ,= a l reason we feel a difficulty 9 m\nt+1 & pass n )\t a k9d ( reluctance f ! inf]ior to t :i* is situat$ above x2 z if our ideas acquir$ a k9d ( gravity f _! objects4 ,z a pro( ( ?is1 d we n f9d1 t ! facility1 :i* is s mu* /udy$ 9 music & poetry1 is call$ ! fail or cad5cy ( ! h>mony or p]iod2 ! idea ( facility communicat+ to u t ( desc5t1 9 ! same mann] z desc5t produces a facility8 ,s9ce ! imag9ation1 !re=e1 9 runn+ f l[ to high1 f9ds an opposition 9 its int]nal qualities & pr9ciples1 & s9ce ! s\l1 :5 elevat$ ) joy & c\rage1 9 a mann] seeks opposition1 & ?r[s itself ) alacrity into any sc5e ( ?\ght or action1 :]e its c\rage meets ) matt] to n\ri% & employ x2 x foll[s1 t ev]y?+1 :i* invigorates & inliv5s ! s\l1 :e!r by t\*+ ! passions or imag9ation naturally conveys to ! fancy ?is incl9ation = asc5t1 & det]m9es x to run aga9/ ! natural /ream ( its ?\ghts & conceptions4 ,?is aspir+ progress ( ! imag9ation suits ! pres5t disposition ( ! m9d2 & ! difficulty1 in/ead ( ext+ui%+ its vig\r & alacrity1 has ! contr>y affect1 ( su/a9+ & encreas+ x4 ,virtue1 g5ius1 p[]1 & ri*es are = ?is reason associat$ ) height & sublimity2 z pov]ty1 slav]y1 & folly are conjo9$ ) desc5t & l[ness4 ,7 ! case ! same ) u z ,milton repres5ts x to be ) ! angels1 to :om desc5t is adv]se1 & :o _c s9k )\t lab\r & compulsion1 ?is ord] ( ?+s w\ld be entirely inv]t$2 z appe>s h5ce1 t ! v nature ( asc5t & desc5t is d]iv$ f ! difficulty & prop5sity1 & consequ5tly e "o ( _! effects proce$s f t orig94 ,all ?is is easily appli$ to ! pres5t "q1 :y a consid]able di/ance 9 "t produces a great] v5]ation = ! di/ant objects ?an a l removal 9 space4 ,! imag9ation moves ) m difficulty 9 pass+ f "o portion ( "t to ano!r1 ?an 9 a transition ?r\gh ! p>ts ( space2 & t because space or ext5sion appe>s unit$ to our s5ses1 :ile "t or succession is always brok5 & divid$4 ,?is difficulty1 :5 jo9$ ) a small di/ance1 int]rupts & weak5s ! fancy3 ,b has a contr>y effect 9 a great removal4 ,! m9d1 elevat$ by ! va/ness ( its object1 is /ill f>!r elevat$ by ! difficulty ( ! conception2 & be+ oblig$ e mom5t to r5ew its ef=ts 9 ! transition f "o "p ( "t to ano!r1 feels a m vigor\s & sublime disposition1 ?an 9 a transition ?r\gh ! p>ts ( space1 :]e ! ideas fl[ along ) eas9ess & facility4 ,9 ?is disposition1 ! imag9ation1 pass+1 z is usual1 f ! consid]ation ( ! di/ance to ! view ( ! di/ant objects1 gives u a proportionable v5]ation = x2 & ?is is ! reason :y all ! relicts ( antiquity are s preci\s 9 our eyes1 & appe> m valuable ?an :at is br\ght ev5 f ! remote/ p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! ?ird phnom5on ,i h rem>k$ w be a full confirmation ( ?is4 ,x is n e removal 9 "t1 :i* has ! effect ( produc+ v5]ation & e/eem4 ,we are n apt to imag9e our po/]ity w excel u1 or equal our ance/ors4 ,?is phnom5on is ! m rem>kable1 because any di/ance 9 futurity weak5s n our ideas s mu* z an equal removal 9 ! pa/4 ,?\gh a removal 9 ! pa/1 :5 v great1 encreases our passions beyond a l removal 9 ! future1 yet a small removal has a great] influ5ce 9 dim9i%+ !m4 ,9 our common way ( ?9k+ we are plac$ 9 a k9d ( middle /ation betwixt ! pa/ & future2 & z our imag9ation f9ds a k9d ( difficulty 9 runn+ along ! =m]1 & a facility 9 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! latt]1 ! difficulty conveys ! notion ( asc5t1 & ! facility ( ! contr>y4 ,h5ce we imag9e our ance/ors to be1 9 a mann]1 m\nt$ above u1 & our po/]ity to lie bel[ u4 ,our fancy arrives n at ! "o )\t ef=t1 b easily rea*es ! o!r3 ,:i* ef=t weak5s ! conception1 :]e ! di/ance is small2 b enl>ges & elevates ! imag9ation1 :5 att5d$ ) a suitable object4 ,z on ! o!r h&1 ! facility assi/s ! fancy 9 a small removal1 b takes (f f its =ce :5 x contemplates any consid]able di/ance4 ,x may n be improp]1 be=e we leave ?is subject ( ! w1 to resume1 9 a few words1 all t has be5 said conc]n+ x1 9 ord] to set ! :ole m di/9ctly be=e ! eyes ( ! read]4 ,:at we commonly und]/& by passion is a viol5t & s5sible emotion ( m9d1 :5 any good or evil is pres5t$1 or any object1 :i*1 by ! orig9al =mation ( our faculties1 is fitt$ to excite an appetite4 ,by reason we mean affections ( ! v same k9d ) ! =m]2 b su* z op]ate m calmly1 & cause no disord] 9 ! temp]3 ,:i* tranquillity leads u into a mi/ake conc]n+ !m1 & causes u to reg>d !m z conclusions only ( our intellectual faculties4 ,bo? ! causes & effects ( ^! viol5t & calm passions are pretty v>iable1 & dep5d1 9 a great measure1 on ! peculi> temp] & disposition ( e individual4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! viol5t passions h a m p[]ful influ5ce on ! w2 ?\gh x is (t5 f\nd1 t ! calm ones1 :5 corroborat$ by reflection1 & second$ by resolution1 are able to contr\l !m 9 _! mo/ furi\s movem5ts4 ,:at makes ?is :ole affair m unc]ta91 is1 t a calm passion may easily be *ang$ into a viol5t "o1 ei!r by a *ange ( temp]1 or ( ! circum/ances & situation ( ! object1 z by ! borr[+ ( =ce f any att5dant passion1 by cu/om1 or by excit+ ! imag9ation4 ,^u ! :ole1 ?is /ruggle ( passion & ( reason1 z x is call$1 div]sifies human life1 & makes m5 s diff]5t n only f ea* o!r1 b also f !mselves 9 diff]5t times4 ,philosophy c only acc\nt = a few ( ! great] & m s5sible ev5ts ( ?is w>2 b mu/ leave all ! small] & m delicate revolutions1 z dep5d5t on pr9ciples too f9e & m9ute = h] compreh5sion4 ,,sect4 ,,ix ,,( ,,! ,,direct ,,passions ,x is easy to obs]ve1 t ! passions1 bo? direct & indirect1 are f\nd$ on pa9 & pleasure1 & t 9 ord] to produce an affection ( any k9d1 x is only requisite to pres5t "s good or evil4 ,^u ! removal ( pa9 & pleasure !re imm$iately foll[s a removal ( love & hatr$1 pride & humility1 desire & av]sion1 & ( mo/ ( our reflective or second>y impressions4 ,! impressions1 :i* arise f good & evil mo/ naturally1 & ) ! lea/ prep>ation are ! direct passions ( desire & av]sion1 grief & joy1 hope & fe>1 along ) volition4 ,! m9d by an orig9al in/9ct t5ds to unite itself ) ! good1 & to avoid ! evil1 ?\gh !y be conceiv$ m]ely 9 idea1 & be consid]$ z to exi/ 9 any future p]iod ( "t4 ,b suppos+ t !re is an imm$iate impression ( pa9 or pleasure1 & t aris+ f an object relat$ to ourselves or o!rs1 ?is does n prev5t ! prop5sity or av]sion1 ) ! consequ5t emotions1 b by concurr+ ) c]ta9 dormant pr9ciples ( ! human m9d1 excites ! new impressions ( pride or humility1 love or hatr$4 ,t prop5sity1 :i* unites u to ! object1 or sep>ates u f x1 /ill cont9ues to op]ate1 b 9 conjunction ) ! indirect passions1 :i* arise f a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas4 ,^! indirect passions1 be+ always agreeable or uneasy1 give 9 _! turn additional =ce to ! direct passions1 & encrease our desire & av]sion to ! object4 ,?us a suit ( f9e cloa?s produces pleasure f _! beauty2 & ?is pleasure produces ! direct passions1 or ! impressions ( volition & desire4 ,aga91 :5 ^! cloa?s are consid]$ z belong+ to ourself1 ! d\ble relation conveys to u ! s5tim5t ( pride1 :i* is an indirect passion2 & ! pleasure1 :i* att5ds t passion1 returns back to ! direct affections1 & gives new =ce to our desire or volition1 joy or hope4 ,:5 good is c]ta9 or probable1 x produces joy4 ,:5 evil is 9 ! same situation !re arises ,,grief or ,,sorr[4 ,:5 ei!r good or evil is unc]ta91 x gives rise to ,,fe> or ,,hope1 accord+ to ! degrees ( unc]ta9ty on ! "o side or ! o!r4 ,,desire arises f good consid]$ simply1 & ,,av]sion is d]iv$ f evil4 ,! ,,w ex]ts itself1 :5 ei!r ! good or ! abs5ce ( ! evil may be atta9$ by any action ( ! m9d or body4 ,beside good & evil1 or 9 o!r words1 pa9 & pleasure1 ! direct passions frequ5tly arise f a natural impulse or in/9ct1 :i* is p]fectly unacc\ntable4 ,( ?is k9d is ! desire ( puni%m5t to our enemies1 & ( happ9ess to our fri5ds2 hung]1 lu/1 & a few o!r bodily appetites4 ,^! passions1 prop]ly speak+1 produce good & evil1 & proce$ n f !m1 l ! o!r affections4 ,none ( ! direct affections seem to m]it our p>ticul> att5tion1 except hope & fe>1 :i* we %all "h endeav\r to acc\nt =4 ,x is evid5t t ! v same ev5t1 :i* by its c]ta9ty w\ld produce grief or joy1 gives always rise to fe> or hope1 :5 only probable & unc]ta94 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to und]/& ! reason :y ?is circum/ance makes su* a consid]able diff]5ce1 we mu/ reflect on :at ,i h already advanc$ 9 ! prec$+ book conc]n+ ! nature ( probability4 ,probability arises f an opposition ( contr>y *ances or causes1 by :i* ! m9d is n all[$ to fix on ei!r side1 b is incessantly to/ f "o to ano!r1 & at "o mom5t is det]m9$ to consid] an object z exi/5t1 & at ano!r mom5t z ! contr>y4 ,! imag9ation or und]/&+1 call x :i* y please1 fluctuates betwixt ! opposite views2 & ?\gh p]haps x may be (t5] turn$ to ! "o side ?an ! o!r1 x is impossible = x1 by reason ( ! opposition ( causes or *ances1 to re/ on ei!r4 ,! pro & con ( ! "q alt]nately prevail2 & ! m9d1 survey+ ! object 9 its opposite pr9ciples1 f9ds su* a contr>iety z utt]ly de/roys all c]ta9ty & e/abli%$ op9ion4 ,suppose1 !n1 t ! object1 conc]n+ ^: reality we are d\btful1 is an object ei!r ( desire or av]sion1 x is evid5t1 t1 accord+ z ! m9d turns itself ei!r to ! "o side or ! o!r1 x mu/ feel a mom5t>y impression ( joy or sorr[4 ,an object1 ^: exi/5ce we desire1 gives satisfaction1 :5 we reflect on ^? causes1 :i* produce x2 & = ! same reason excites grief or uneas9ess f ! opposite consid]ation3 ,s t z ! und]/&+1 9 all probable que/ions1 is divid$ betwixt ! contr>y po9ts ( view1 ! affections mu/ 9 ! same mann] be divid$ betwixt opposite emotions4 ,n[ if we consid] ! human m9d1 we %all f9d1 t ) reg>d to ! passions1 x is n ! nature ( a w9d-in/rum5t ( music1 :i* 9 runn+ ov] all ! notes imm$iately loses ! s\nd aft] ! brea? ceases2 b r resembles a /r+-in/rum5t1 :]e aft] ea* /roke ! vibrations /ill reta9 "s s\nd1 :i* gradually & ins5sibly decays4 ,! imag9ation is extreme quick & agile2 b ! passions are sl[ & re/ive3 ,= :i* reason1 :5 any object is pres5t$1 t af=ds a v>iety ( views to ! "o1 & emotions to ! o!r2 ?\gh ! fancy may *ange its views ) great cel]ity2 ea* /roke w n produce a cle> & di/9ct note ( passion1 b ! "o passion w always be mixt & conf\nd$ ) ! o!r4 ,accord+ z ! probability incl9es to good or evil1 ! passion ( joy or sorr[ pr$om9ates 9 ! composition3 ,because ! nature ( probability is to ca/ a sup]ior numb] ( views or *ances on "o side2 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 a sup]ior numb] ( returns ( "o passion2 or s9ce ! disp]s$ passions are collect$ into "o1 a sup]ior degree ( t passion4 ,t is1 9 o!r words1 ! grief & joy be+ int]m+l$ ) ea* o!r1 by means ( ! contr>y views ( ! imag9ation1 produce by _! union ! passions ( hope & fe>4 ,^u ?is head !re may be />t$ a v curi\s "q conc]n+ t contr>iety ( passions1 :i* is our pres5t subject4 ,x is obs]vable1 t :]e ! objects ( contr>y passions are pres5t$ at once1 beside ! encrease ( ! pr$om9ant passion 7:i* has be5 already expla9$1 & commonly arises at _! fir/ %ock or r5c\nt]7 x sometimes happ5s1 t bo? ! passions exi/ successively1 & by %ort int]vals2 sometimes1 t !y de/roy ea* o!r1 & nei!r ( !m takes place2 & sometimes t bo? ( !m rema9 unit$ 9 ! m9d4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be ask$1 by :at !ory we c expla9 ^! v>iations1 & to :at g5]al pr9ciple we c r$uce !m4 ,:5 ! contr>y passions arise f objects entirely diff]5t1 !y take place alt]nately1 ! want ( relation 9 ! ideas sep>at+ ! impressions f ea* o!r1 & prev5t+ _! opposition4 ,?us :5 a man is afflict$ = ! loss ( a law-suit1 & joyful = ! bir? ( a son1 ! m9d runn+ f ! agreeable to ! calamit\s object1 ) :atev] cel]ity x may p]=m ?is motion1 c sc>cely temp] ! "o affection ) ! o!r1 & rema9 betwixt !m 9 a /ate ( indiff]5ce4 ,x m easily atta9s t calm situation1 :5 ! same ev5t is ( a mixt nature1 & conta9s some?+ adv]se & some?+ prosp]\s 9 its diff]5t circum/ances4 ,= 9 t case1 bo? ! passions1 m+l+ ) ea* o!r by means ( ! relation1 become mutually de/ructive1 & leave ! m9d 9 p]fect tranquility4 ,b suppose1 9 ! ?ird place1 t ! object is n a comp\nd ( good or evil1 b is consid]$ z probable or improbable 9 any degree2 9 t case ,i ass]t1 t ! contr>y passions w bo? ( !m be pres5t at once 9 ! s\l1 & in/ead ( de/roy+ & temp]+ ea* o!r1 w subsi/ toge!r1 & produce a ?ird impression or affection by _! union4 ,contr>y passions are n capable ( de/roy+ ea* o!r1 except :5 _! contr>y movem5ts exactly r5c\nt]1 & are opposite 9 _! direction1 z well z 9 ! s5sation !y produce4 ,?is exact r5c\nt] dep5ds ^u ! relations ( ^? ideas1 f :i* !y are d]iv$1 & is m or less p]fect1 accord+ to ! degrees ( ! relation4 ,9 ! case ( probability ! contr>y *ances are s f> relat$1 t !y det]m9e conc]n+ ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( ! same object4 ,b ?is relation is f> f be+ p]fect2 s9ce "s ( ! *ances lie on ! side ( exi/5ce1 & o!rs on t ( non-exi/5ce2 :i* are objects altoge!r incompatible4 ,x is impossible by "o /eady view to survey ! opposite *ances1 & ! ev5ts dep5d5t on !m2 b x is necess>y1 t ! imag9ation %\ld run alt]nately f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,ea* view ( ! imag9ation produces its peculi> passion1 :i* decays away by degrees1 & is foll[$ by a s5sible vibration aft] ! /roke4 ,! incompatibility ( ! views keeps ! passions f %ock+ 9 a direct l9e1 if t expression may be all[$2 & yet _! relation is suffici5t to m+le _! fa9t] emotions4 ,x is aft] ?is mann] t hope & fe> arise f ! diff]5t mixture ( ^! opposite passions ( grief & joy1 & f _! imp]fect union & conjunction4 ,^u ! :ole1 contr>y passions succe$ ea* o!r alt]nately1 :5 !y arise f diff]5t objects3 ,!y mutually de/roy ea* o!r1 :5 !y proce$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! same3 ,& !y subsi/ bo? ( !m & m+le toge!r1 :5 !y are d]iv$ f ! contr>y & incompatible *ances or possibilities1 on :i* any "o object dep5ds4 ,! influ5ce ( ! relations ( ideas is pla9ly se5 9 ?is :ole affair4 ,if ! objects ( ! contr>y passions be totally diff]5t1 ! passions are l two opposite liquors 9 diff]5t bottles1 :i* h no influ5ce on ea* o!r4 ,if ! objects be intimately connect$1 ! passions are l an alcali & an acid1 :i*1 be+ m+l$1 de/roy ea* o!r4 ,if ! relation be m imp]fect1 & consi/s 9 ! contradictory views ( ! same object1 ! passions are l oil & v9eg>1 :i*1 h[ev] m+l$1 nev] p]fectly unite & incorporate4 ,z ! hypo!sis conc]n+ hope & fe> c>ries its own evid5ce along ) x1 we %all be ! m concise 9 our pro(s4 ,a few /rong argum5ts are bett] ?an _m weak ones4 ,! passions ( fe> & hope may arise :5 ! *ances are equal on bo? sides1 & no sup]iority c be discov]$ 9 ! "o above ! o!r4 ,nay1 9 ?is situation ! passions are r ! /ronge/1 z ! m9d has !n ! lea/ f\ndation to re/ ^u1 & is toss$ ) ! greate/ unc]ta9ty4 ,?r[ 9 a sup]ior degree ( probability to ! side ( grief1 y imm$iately see t passion diffuse itself ov] ! composition1 & t9cture x into fe>4 ,encrease ! probability1 & by t means ! grief1 ! fe> prevails /ill m & m1 till at la/ x runs ins5sibly1 z ! joy cont9ually dim9i%es1 into pure grief4 ,aft] y h br\ght x to ?is situation1 dim9i% ! grief1 aft] ! same mann] t y encreas$ x2 by dim9i%+ ! probability on t side1 & y'll see ! passion cle> e mom5t1 until x *anges ins5sibly into hope2 :i* aga9 runs1 aft] ! same mann]1 by sl[ degrees1 into joy1 z y encrease t "p ( ! composition by ! encrease ( ! probability4 ,are n ^! z pla9 pro(s1 t ! passions ( fe> & hope are mixtures ( grief & joy1 z 9 optics x is a pro(1 t a col\r$ ray ( ! sun pass+ ?r\gh a prism1 is a composition ( two o!rs1 :51 z y dim9i% or encrease ! quantity ( ei!r1 y f9d x prevail proportionably m or less 9 ! composition8 ,i am sure nei!r natural nor moral philosophy admits ( /rong] pro(s4 ,probability is ( two k9ds1 ei!r :5 ! object is really 9 itself unc]ta91 & to be det]m9$ by *ance2 or :51 ?\gh ! object be already c]ta91 yet x is unc]ta9 to our judgm5t1 :i* f9ds a numb] ( pro(s on ea* side ( ! "q4 ,bo? ^! k9ds ( probabilities cause fe> & hope2 :i* c only proce$ f t prop]ty1 9 :i* !y agree1 viz1 ! unc]ta9ty & fluctuation !y be/[ on ! imag9ation by t contr>iety ( views1 :i* is common to bo?4 ,x is a probable good or evil1 t commonly produces hope or fe>2 because probability1 be+ a wav]+ & uncon/ant me?od ( survey+ an object1 causes naturally a l mixture & unc]ta9ty ( passion4 ,b we may obs]ve1 t :]ev] f o!r causes ?is mixture c be produc$1 ! passions ( fe> & hope w arise1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no probability2 :i* mu/ be all[$ to be a conv9c+ pro( ( ! pres5t hypo!sis4 ,we f9d t an evil1 b>ely conceiv$ z possible1 does sometimes produce fe>2 especially if ! evil be v great4 ,a man _c ?9k ( excessive pa9s & tortures )\t trembl+1 if he be 9 ! lea/ dang] ( suff]+ !m4 ,! smallness ( ! probability is comp5sat$ by ! greatness ( ! evil2 & ! s5sation is equally lively1 z if ! evil 7 m probable4 ,"o view or glimpse ( ! =m]1 has ! same effect z sev]al ( ! latt]4 ,b !y are n only possible evils1 t cause fe>1 b ev5 "s all[$ to be impossible2 z :5 we tremble on ! br9k ( a precipice1 ?\gh we "k ourselves to be 9 p]fect security1 & h x 9 our *oice :e!r we w advance a /ep f>!r4 ,?is proce$s f ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ! evil1 :i* influ5ces ! imag9ation 9 ! same mann] z ! c]ta9ty ( x w\ld d2 b be+ enc\nt]$ by ! reflection on our security1 is imm$iately retract$1 & causes ! same k9d ( passion1 z :5 f a contr>iety ( *ances contr>y passions are produc$4 ,evils1 t are c]ta91 h sometimes ! same effect 9 produc+ fe>1 z ! possible or impossible4 ,?us a man 9 a /rong prison well-gu>d$1 )\t ! lea/ means ( escape1 trembles at ! ?\ght ( ! rack1 to :i* he is s5t5c$4 ,?is happ5s only :5 ! c]ta9 evil is t]rible & conf\nd+2 9 :i* case ! m9d cont9ually rejects x ) horror1 :ile x cont9ually presses 9 ^u ! ?\ght4 ,! evil is !re fix$ & e/abli%$1 b ! m9d _c endure to fix ^u x2 f :i* fluctuation & unc]ta9ty !re arises a passion ( mu* ! same appe>ance ) fe>4 ,b x is n only :]e good or evil is unc]ta91 z to its exi/5ce1 b also z to its k9d1 t fe> or hope arises4 ,let "o be told by a p]son1 ^: v]acity he _c d\bt (1 t "o ( 8 sons is sudd5ly kill$1 x is evid5t ! passion ?is ev5t w\ld occasion1 w\ld n settle into pure grief1 till he got c]ta9 in=mation1 :i* ( 8 sons he _h lo/4 ,"h !re is an evil c]ta91 b ! k9d ( x unc]ta94 ,consequ5tly ! fe> we feel on ?is occasion is )\t ! lea/ mixture ( joy1 & arises m]ely f ! fluctuation ( ! fancy betwixt its objects4 ,& ?\gh ea* side ( ! "q produces "h ! same passion1 yet t passion _c settle1 b receives f ! imag9ation a tremul\s & un/eady motion1 resembl+ 9 its cause1 z well z 9 its s5sation1 ! mixture & cont5tion ( grief & joy4 ,f ^! pr9ciples we may acc\nt = a phnom5on 9 ! passions1 :i* at fir/ sight seems v extraord9>y1 viz1 t surprize is apt to *ange into fe>1 & e ?+ t is unexpect$ affrights u4 ,! mo/ obvi\s conclusion f ?is is1 t human nature is 9 g5]al pusillanim\s2 s9ce ^u ! sudd5 appe>ance ( any object4 we imm$iately conclude x to be an evil1 & )\t wait+ till we c exam9e its nature1 :e!r x be good or bad1 are at fir/ affect$ ) fe>4 ,?is ,i say is ! mo/ obvi\s conclusion2 b ^u f>!r exam9ation we %all f9d t ! phnom5on is o!rwise to be acc\nt$ =4 ,! sudd5ness & /rang5ess ( an appe>ance naturally excite a commotion 9 ! m9d1 l e ?+ = :i* we are n prep>$1 & to :i* we are n accu/om$4 ,?is commotion1 aga91 naturally produces a curiosity or inquisitiv5ess1 :i* be+ v viol5t1 f ! /rong & sudd5 impulse ( ! object1 becomes uneasy1 & resembles 9 its fluctuation & unc]ta9ty1 ! s5sation ( fe> or ! mix$ passions ( grief & joy4 ,?is image ( fe> naturally conv]ts into ! ?+ itself1 & gives u a real appreh5sion ( evil1 z ! m9d always =ms its judgm5ts m f its pres5t disposition ?an f ! nature ( its objects4 ,?us all k9ds ( unc]ta9ty h a /rong connexion ) fe>1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n cause any opposition ( passions by ! opposite views & consid]ations !y pres5t to u4 ,a p]son1 :o has left 8 fri5d 9 any malady1 w feel m anxiety ^u 8 acc\nt1 ?an if he 7 pres5t1 ?\gh p]haps he is n only incapable ( giv+ him assi/ance1 b likewise ( judg+ ( ! ev5t ( 8 sickness4 ,9 ?is case1 ?\gh ! pr9cipal object ( ! passion1 viz1 ! life or dea? ( 8 fri5d1 be to him equally unc]ta9 :5 pres5t z :5 abs5t2 yet !re are a ?\s& little circum/ances ( 8 fri5d's situation & condition1 ! k ( :i* fixes ! idea1 & prev5ts t fluctuation & unc]ta9ty s ne> ally$ to fe>4 ,unc]ta9ty is1 inde$1 9 "o respect z ne> ally$ to hope z to fe>1 s9ce x makes an ess5tial "p 9 ! composition ( ! =m] passion2 b ! reason1 :y x incl9es n to t side1 is1 t unc]ta9ty alone is uneasy1 & has a relation ( impressions to ! uneasy passions4 ,x is ?us our unc]ta9ty conc]n+ any m9ute circum/ance relat+ to a p]son encreases our appreh5sions ( 8 dea? or mis=tune4 ,horace has rem>k$ ?is phnom5on4 ,ut assid5s implumibus pullis avis ,s]p5tium allapsus timet1 ,magis relictis2 non1 ut adsit1 auxil ,latura plus prs5tibus4 ,z a bird1 wat*+ ov] h] fl$gel+s1 is m afraid ( _! be+ attack$ by snakes if %e 7 to leave !m ev5 ?\gh1 7 %e to /ay1 %e w\ld n be any m capable ( help+ !m1 :5 !y 7 ) h]4 ,b ?is pr9ciple ( ! connexion ( fe> ) unc]ta9ty ,i c>ry f>!r1 & obs]ve t any d\bt produces t passion1 ev5 ?\gh x pres5ts no?+ to u on any side b :at is good & desireable4 ,a virg91 on h] bridalnight goes to b$ full ( fe>s & appreh5sions1 ?\gh %e expects no?+ b pleasure ( ! highe/ k9d1 & :at %e has long wi%$ =4 ,! newness & greatness ( ! ev5t1 ! confusion ( wi%es & joys s emb>rass ! m9d1 t x kn[s n on :at passion to fix itself2 f :5ce arises a flutt]+ or unsettl$ness ( ! spirits :i* be+1 9 "s degree1 uneasy1 v naturally deg5]ates into fe>4 ,?us we /ill f9d1 t :atev] causes any fluctuation or mixture ( passions1 ) any degree ( uneas9ess1 always produces fe>1 or at lea/ a passion s l x1 t !y are sc>cely to be di/+ui%$4 ,i h "h conf9$ myself to ! exam9ation ( hope & fe> 9 _! mo/ simple & natural situation1 )\t consid]+ all ! v>iations !y may receive f ! mixture ( diff]5t views & reflections4 ,t]ror1 con/]nation1 a/oni%m5t1 anxiety1 & o!r passions ( t k9d1 are no?+ b diff]5t species & degrees ( fe>4 ,x is easy to imag9e h[ a diff]5t situation ( ! object1 or a diff]5t turn ( ?\ght1 may *ange ev5 ! s5sation ( a passion2 & ?is may 9 g5]al acc\nt = all ! p>ticul> sub-divisions ( ! o!r affections1 z well z ( fe>4 ,love may %ew itself 9 ! %ape ( t5d]ness1 fri5d%ip1 intimacy1 e/eem1 good-w1 & 9 _m o!r appe>ances2 :i* at ! bottom are ! same affections2 & arise f ! same causes1 ?\gh ) a small v>iation1 :i* x is n necess>y to give any p>ticul> acc\nt (4 ,x is = ?is reason ,i h all along conf9$ myself to ! pr9cipal passion4 ,! same c>e ( avoid+ prolixity is ! reason :y ,i wave ! exam9ation ( ! w & direct passions1 z !y appe> 9 animals2 s9ce no?+ is m evid5t1 ?an t !y are ( ! same nature1 & excit$ by ! same causes z 9 human creatures4 ,i leave ?is to ! read]'s own obs]vation2 desir+ him at ! same "t to consid] ! additional =ce ?is be/[s on ! pres5t sy/em4 ,,sect4 ,x ,,( ,,curiosity1 ,,or ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,tru? ,b me?9ks we h be5 n a little inatt5tive to run ov] s _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! human m9d1 & exam9e s _m passions1 )\t tak+ once into ! consid]ation t love ( tru?1 :i* 0 ! fir/ s\rce ( all our enquiries4 ,twill !re=e be prop]1 be=e we leave ?is subject1 to be/[ a few reflections on t passion1 & %ew its orig9 9 human nature4 ,x is an affection ( s peculi> a k9d1 t x w\ld h be5 impossible to h treat$ ( x "u any ( ^? heads1 :i* we h exam9$1 )\t dang] ( obscurity & confusion4 ,tru? is ( two k9ds1 consi/+ ei!r 9 ! discov]y ( ! proportions ( ideas1 consid]$ z su*1 or 9 ! con=mity ( our ideas ( objects to _! real exi/5ce4 ,x is c]ta91 t ! =m] species ( tru?1 is n desir$ m]ely z tru?1 & t x is n ! ju/ness ( our conclusions1 :i* alone gives ! pleasure4 ,= ^! conclusions are equally j1 :5 we discov] ! equality ( two bodies by a pair ( compasses1 z :5 we le>n x by a ma!matical demon/ration2 & ?\gh 9 ! "o case ! pro(s be demon/rative1 & 9 ! o!r only s5sible1 yet g5]ally speak+1 ! m9d acquiesces ) equal assurance 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r4 ,& 9 an ari?metical op]ation1 :]e bo? ! tru? & ! assurance are ( ! same nature1 z 9 ! mo/ pr(\nd algebraical problem1 ! pleasure is v inconsid]able1 if r x does n deg5]ate into pa93 ,:i* is an evid5t pro(1 t ! satisfaction1 :i* we sometimes receive f ! discov]y ( tru?1 proce$s n f x1 m]ely z su*1 b only z end[$ ) c]ta9 qualities4 ,! fir/ & mo/ consid]able circum/ance requisite to r5d] tru? agreeable1 is ! g5ius & capacity1 :i* is employ$ 9 its inv5tion & discov]y4 ,:at is easy & obvi\s is nev] valu$2 & ev5 :at is 9 itself difficult1 if we come to ! k ( x )\t difficulty1 & )\t any /ret* ( ?\ght or judgm5t1 is b little reg>d$4 ,we love to trace ! demon/rations ( ma!maticians2 b %\ld receive small ent]ta9m5t f a p]son1 :o %\ld b>ely in=m u ( ! proportions ( l9es & angles1 ?\gh we repos$ ! utmo/ confid5ce bo? 9 8 judgm5t & v]acity4 ,9 ?is case x is suffici5t to h e>s to le>n ! tru?4 ,we nev] are oblig$ to fix our att5tion or ex]t our g5ius2 :i* ( all o!r ex]cises ( ! m9d is ! mo/ pleasant & agreeable4 ,b ?\gh ! ex]cise ( g5ius be ! pr9cipal s\rce ( t satisfaction we receive f ! sci5ces1 yet ,i d\bt1 if x be alone suffici5t to give u any consid]able enjoym5t4 ,! tru? we discov] mu/ also be ( "s importance4 ,x is easy to multiply algebraical problems to inf9ity1 nor is !re any end 9 ! discov]y ( ! proportions ( conic sections2 ?\gh few ma!maticians take any pleasure 9 ^! rese>*es1 b turn _! ?\ghts to :at is m useful & important4 ,n[ ! "q is1 aft] :at mann] ?is utility & importance op]ate ^u u8 ,! difficulty on ?is head arises f h5ce1 t _m philosoph]s h consum$ _! "t1 h de/roy$ _! heal?1 & neglect$ _! =tune1 9 ! se>* ( su* tru?s1 z !y e/eem$ important & useful to ! _w1 ?\gh x appe>$ f _! :ole conduct & behavi\r1 t !y 7 n end[$ ) any %>e ( public _s1 nor _h any conc]n = ! int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,7 !y conv9c$1 t _! discov]ies 7 ( no consequ5ce1 !y w\ld entirely lose all reli% = _! /udies1 & t ?\gh ! consequ5ces be entirely indiff]5t to !m2 :i* seems to be a contradiction4 ,to remove ?is contradiction1 we mu/ consid]1 t !re are c]ta9 desires & incl9ations1 :i* g no f>!r ?an ! imag9ation1 & are r ! fa9t %ad[s & images ( passions1 ?an any real affections4 ,?us1 suppose a man1 :o takes a survey ( ! =tifications ( any city2 consid]s _! /r5g? & advantages1 natural or acquir$2 obs]ves ! disposition & contrivance ( ! ba/ions1 ramp>ts1 m9es1 & o!r milit>y works2 x is pla91 t 9 proportion z all ^! are fitt$ to atta9 _! ends he w receive a suitable pleasure & satisfaction4 ,?is pleasure1 z x arises f ! utility1 n ! =m ( ! objects1 c be no o!r ?an a sympa?y ) ! inhabitants1 = ^: security all ?is art is employ$2 ?\gh x is possible1 t ?is p]son1 z a /rang] or an enemy1 may 9 8 he>t h no k9dness = !m1 or may ev5 ent]ta9 a hatr$ aga9/ !m4 ,x may inde$ be object$1 t su* a remote sympa?y is a v slight f\ndation = a passion1 & t s mu* indu/ry & application1 z we frequ5tly obs]ve 9 philosoph]s1 c nev] be d]iv$ f s inconsid]able an orig9al4 ,b "h ,i return to :at ,i h already rem>k$1 t ! pleasure ( /udy conflicts *iefly 9 ! action ( ! m9d1 & ! ex]cise ( ! g5ius & und]/&+ 9 ! discov]y or compreh5sion ( any tru?4 ,if ! importance ( ! tru? be requisite to compleat ! pleasure1 x is n on acc\nt ( any consid]able addition1 :i* ( itself x br+s to our enjoym5t1 b only because x is1 9 "s measure1 requisite to fix our att5tion4 ,:5 we are c>eless & inatt5tive1 ! same action ( ! und]/&+ has no effect ^u u1 nor is able to convey any ( t satisfaction1 :i* arises f x1 :5 we are 9 ano!r disposition4 ,b beside ! action ( ! m9d1 :i* is ! pr9cipal f\ndation ( ! pleasure1 !re is likewise requir$ a degree ( success 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! end1 or ! discov]y ( t tru? we exam9e4 ,^u ?is head ,i %all make a g5]al rem>k1 :i* may be useful on _m occasions1 viz1 t :]e ! m9d pursues any end ) passion2 ?\gh t passion be n d]iv$ orig9ally f ! end1 b m]ely f ! action & pursuit2 yet by ! natural c\rse ( ! affections1 we acquire a conc]n = ! end itself1 & are uneasy "u any disappo9tm5t we meet ) 9 ! pursuit ( x4 ,?is proce$s f ! relation & p>allel direction ( ! passions above-m5tion$4 ,to illu/rate all ?is by a simil> in/ance1 ,i %all obs]ve1 t !re _c be two passions m ne>ly resembl+ ea* o!r1 ?an ^? ( hunt+ & philosophy1 :atev] disproportion may at fir/ sight appe> betwixt !m4 ,x is evid5t1 t ! pleasure ( hunt+ conflicts 9 ! action ( ! m9d & body2 ! motion1 ! att5tion1 ! difficulty1 & ! unc]ta9ty4 ,x is evid5t likewise1 t ^! actions mu/ be att5d$ ) an idea ( utility1 9 ord] to _! hav+ any effect ^u u4 ,a man ( ! greate/ =tune1 & ! f>!/ remov$ f av>ice1 ?\gh he takes a pleasure 9 hunt+ aft] patridges & pheasants1 feels no satisfaction 9 %oot+ cr[s & magpies2 & t because he consid]s ! fir/ z fit = ! table1 & ! o!r z entirely useless4 ,"h x is c]ta91 t ! utility or importance ( itself causes no real passion1 b is only requisite to support ! imag9ation2 & ! same p]son1 :o ov]-looks a t5 times great] pr(it 9 any o!r subject1 is pleas$ to br+ home half a doz5 woodcocks or plov]s1 aft] hav+ employ$ sev]al h\rs 9 hunt+ aft] !m4 ,to make ! p>allel betwixt hunt+ & philosophy m compleat1 we may obs]ve1 t ?\gh 9 bo? cases ! end ( our action may 9 itself be despis$1 yet 9 ! heat ( ! action we acquire su* an att5tion to ?is end1 t we are v uneasy "u any disappo9tm5ts1 & are sorry :5 we ei!r miss our game1 or fall into any error 9 our reason+4 ,if we want ano!r p>allel to ^! affections1 we may consid] ! passion ( gam+1 :i* af=ds a pleasure f ! same pr9ciples z hunt+ & philosophy4 ,x has be5 rem>k$1 t ! pleasure ( gam+ arises n f int]e/ alone2 s9ce _m leave a sure ga9 = ?is ent]ta9m5t3 ,nei!r is x d]iv$ f ! game alone2 s9ce ! same p]sons h no satisfaction1 :5 !y play = no?+3 ,b proce$s f bo? ^! causes unit$1 ?\gh sep>ately !y h no effect4 ,x is "h1 z 9 c]ta9 *ymical prep>ations1 :]e ! mixture ( two cle> & transp>5t liquids produces a ?ird1 :i* is opaque & col\r$44 ,! int]e/1 :i* we h 9 any game1 engages our att5tion1 )\t :i* we c h no enjoym5t1 ei!r 9 t or 9 any o!r action4 ,our att5tion be+ once engag$1 ! difficulty1 v>iety1 & sudd5 rev]ses ( =tune1 /ill f>!r int]e/ u2 & x is f t conc]n our satisfaction arises4 ,human life is s tiresome a sc5e1 & m5 g5]ally are ( su* indol5t dispositions1 t :atev] amuses !m1 ?\gh by a passion mixt ) pa91 does 9 ! ma9 give !m a s5sible pleasure4 ,& ?is pleasure is "h encreas$ by ! nature ( ! objects1 :i* be+ s5sible1 & ( a n>r[ compass1 are ent]$ into ) facility1 & are agreeable to ! imag9ation4 ,! same !ory1 t acc\nts = ! love ( tru? 9 ma!matics & algebra may be ext5d$ to morals1 politics1 natural philosophy1 & o!r /udies1 :]e we consid] n ! o!r ab/ract relations ( ideas1 b _! real connexions & exi/5ce4 ,b beside ! love ( k1 :i* displays itself 9 ! sci5ces1 !re is a c]ta9 curiosity implant$ 9 human nature1 :i* is a passion d]iv$ f a q diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,"s p h an insatiable desire ( kn[+ ! actions & circum/ances ( _! neighb\rs1 ?\gh _! int]e/ be no way conc]n$ 9 !m1 & !y mu/ entirely dep5d on o!rs = _! in=mation2 9 :i* case !re is no room = /udy or application4 ,let u se>* = ! reason ( ?is phnom5on4 ,x has be5 prov$ at l>ge1 t ! influ5ce ( belief is at once to inliv5 & infix any idea 9 ! imag9ation1 & prev5t all k9d ( hesitation & unc]ta9ty ab\t x4 ,bo? ^! circum/ances are advantage\s4 ,by ! vivacity ( ! idea we int]e/ ! fancy1 & produce1 ?\gh 9 a less] degree1 ! same pleasure1 :i* arises f a mod]ate passion4 ,z ! vivacity ( ! idea gives pleasure1 s its c]ta9ty prev5ts uneas9ess1 by fix+ "o p>ticul> idea 9 ! m9d1 & keep+ x f wav]+ 9 ! *oice ( its objects4 ,x is a quality ( human nature1 :i* is conspicu\s on _m occasions1 & is common bo? to ! m9d & body1 t too sudd5 & viol5t a *ange is unpleasant to u1 & t h[ev] any objects may 9 !mselves be indiff]5t1 yet _! alt]ation gives uneas9ess4 ,z x is ! nature ( d\bt to cause a v>iation 9 ! ?\ght1 & transport u sudd5ly f "o idea to ano!r1 x mu/ ( consequ5ce be ! occasion ( pa94 ,?is pa9 *iefly takes place1 :]e int]e/1 relation1 or ! greatness & novelty ( any ev5t int]e/s u 9 x4 ,x is n e matt] ( fact1 ( :i* we h a curiosity to be in=m$2 nei!r are !y su* only z we h an int]e/ to "k4 ,x is suffici5t if ! idea /rikes on u ) su* =ce1 & conc]ns u s ne>ly1 z to give u an uneas9ess 9 its in/ability & incon/ancy4 ,a /rang]1 :5 he arrives fir/ at any t[n1 may be entirely indiff]5t ab\t kn[+ ! hi/ory & adv5tures ( ! inhabitants2 b z he becomes f>!r acqua9t$ ) !m1 & has liv$ any consid]able "t among !m1 he acquires ! same curiosity z ! natives4 ,:5 we are read+ ! hi/ory ( a nation1 we may h an ard5t desire ( cle>+ up any d\bt or difficulty1 t occurs 9 x2 b become c>eless 9 su* rese>*es1 :5 ! ideas ( ^! ev5ts are1 9 a great measure1 oblit]at$4 ,,book ,,iii ,,( ,,morals ,,"p ,i ,,( ,,virtue ,,& ,,vice ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,sect4 ,i ,,moral ,,di/9ctions ,,n ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,reason ,!re is an inconv5i5ce :i* att5ds all ab/ruse reason+ t x may sil5ce1 )\t conv9c+ an antagoni/1 & requires ! same int5se /udy to make u s5sible ( its =ce1 t 0 at fir/ requisite = its inv5tion4 ,:5 we leave our closet1 & engage 9 ! common affairs ( life1 its conclusions seem to vani%1 l ! phantoms ( ! night on ! appe>ance ( ! morn+2 & x is difficult = u to reta9 ev5 t conviction1 :i* we _h atta9$ ) difficulty4 ,?is is /ill m conspicu\s 9 a long *a9 ( reason+1 :]e we mu/ pres]ve to ! end ! evid5ce ( ! fir/ propositions1 & :]e we (t5 lose sight ( all ! mo/ receiv$ maxims1 ei!r ( philosophy or common life4 ,i am n1 h[ev]1 )\t hopes1 t ! pres5t sy/em ( philosophy w acquire new =ce z x advances2 & t our reason+s conc]n+ morals w corroborate :atev] has be5 said conc]n+ ! ,,und]/&+ & ! ,,passions4 ,morality is a subject t int]e/s u above all o!rs3 ,we fancy ! peace ( society to be at /ake 9 e decision conc]n+ x2 & x is evid5t1 t ?is conc]n mu/ make our speculations appe> m real & solid1 ?an :]e ! subject is1 9 a great measure1 indiff]5t to u4 ,:at affects u1 we conclude c nev] be a *im]a2 & z our passion is engag$ on ! "o side or ! o!r1 we naturally ?9k t ! "q lies )9 human compreh5sion2 :i*1 9 o!r cases ( ?is nature1 we are apt to ent]ta9 "s d\bt (4 ,)\t ?is advantage ,i nev] %\ld h v5tur$ ^u a ?ird volume ( su* ab/ruse philosophy1 9 an age1 :]e9 ! greate/ "p ( m5 seem agre$ to conv]t read+ into an amusem5t1 & to reject e ?+ t requires any consid]able degree ( att5tion to be compreh5d$4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 t no?+ is ev] pres5t to ! m9d b its p]ceptions2 & t all ! actions ( see+1 he>+1 judg+1 lov+1 hat+1 & ?9k+1 fall "u ?is d5om9ation4 ,! m9d c nev] ex]t itself 9 any action1 :i* we may n compreh5d "u ! t]m ( p]ception2 & consequ5tly t t]m is no less applicable to ^? judgm5ts1 by :i* we di/+ui% moral good & evil1 ?an to e o!r op]ation ( ! m9d4 ,to approve ( "o "*1 to condemn ano!r1 are only s _m diff]5t p]ceptions4 ,n[ z p]ceptions resolve !mselves into two k9ds1 viz4 impressions & ideas1 ?is di/9ction gives rise to a "q1 ) :i* we %all op5 up our pres5t enquiry conc]n+ morals4 ,,:e!r ,,x ,,is ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,our ,,ideas ,,or ,,impressions ,,we ,,di/+ui% ,,betwixt ,,vice ,,& ,,virtue1 ,,& ,,pron\nce ,,an ,,action ,,blameable ,,or ,,praisewor?y8 ,?is w imm$iately cut (f all loose disc\rses & declamations1 & r$uce u to some?+ precise & exact on ! pres5t subject4 ,^? :o affirm t virtue is no?+ b a con=mity to reason2 t !re are et]nal fitnesses & unfitnesses ( ?+s1 :i* are ! same to e rational be+ t consid]s !m2 t ! immutable measures ( "r & wrong impose an obligation1 n only on human creatures1 b also on ! ,deity himself3 ,all ^! sy/ems concur 9 ! op9ion1 t morality1 l tru?1 is disc]n$ m]ely by ideas1 & by _! juxta-position & comp>ison4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to judge ( ^! sy/ems1 we ne$ only consid]1 :e!r x be possible1 f reason alone1 to di/+ui% betwixt moral good & evil1 or :e!r !re mu/ concur "s o!r pr9ciples to enable u to make t di/9ction4 ,if morality _h naturally no influ5ce on human passions & actions1 x 7 9 va9 to take su* pa9s to inculcate x2 & no?+ w\ld be m fruitless ?an t multitude ( rules & precepts1 ) :i* all morali/s ab\nd4 ,philosophy is commonly divid$ into speculative & practical2 & z morality is always compreh5d$ "u ! latt] division1 x is suppos$ to influ5ce our passions & actions1 & to g beyond ! calm & indol5t judgm5ts ( ! und]/&+4 ,& ?is is confirm$ by common exp]i5ce1 :i* in=ms u1 t m5 are (t5 gov]n$ by _! duties1 & are det]$ f "s actions by ! op9ion ( inju/ice1 & impell$ to o!rs by t ( obligation4 ,s9ce morals1 !re=e1 h an influ5ce on ! actions & affections1 x foll[s1 t !y _c be d]iv$ f reason2 & t because reason alone1 z we h already prov$1 c nev] h any su* influ5ce4 ,morals excite passions1 & produce or prev5t actions4 ,reason ( itself is utt]ly impot5t 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,! rules ( morality !re=e1 are n conclusions ( our reason4 ,no "o1 ,i believe1 w d5y ! ju/ness ( ?is inf]5ce2 nor is !re any o!r means ( evad+ x1 ?an by d5y+ t pr9ciple1 on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,z long z x is all[$1 t reason has no influ5ce on our passions & action1 x is 9 va9 to pret5d1 t morality is discov]$ only by a d$uction ( reason4 ,an active pr9ciple c nev] be f\nd$ on an inactive2 & if reason be inactive 9 itself1 x mu/ rema9 s 9 all its %apes & appe>ances1 :e!r x ex]ts itself 9 natural or moral subjects1 :e!r x consid]s ! p[]s ( ext]nal bodies1 or ! actions ( rational be+s4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to repeat all ! argum5ts1 by :i* ,i h prov$1#a t reason is p]fectly in]t1 & c nev] ei!r prev5t or produce any action or affection1 x w be easy to recollect :at has be5 said ^u t subject4 ,i %all only recall on ?is occasion "o ( ^! argum5ts1 :i* ,i %all endeav\r to r5d] /ill m conclusive1 & m applicable to ! pres5t subject4 #a ,book ,,ii4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,sect #c4 ,reason is ! discov]y ( tru? or fal%ood4 ,tru? or fal%ood consi/s 9 an agreem5t or disagreem5t ei!r to ! real relations ( ideas1 or to real exi/5ce & matt] ( fact4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 is n susceptible ( ?is agreem5t or disagreem5t1 is incapable ( be+ true or false1 & c nev] be an object ( our reason4 ,n[ x is evid5t our passions1 volitions1 & actions1 are n susceptible ( any su* agreem5t or disagreem5t2 be+ orig9al facts & realities1 compleat 9 !mselves1 & imply+ no ref]5ce to o!r passions1 volitions1 & actions4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 !y c be pron\nc$ ei!r true or false1 & be ei!r contr>y or con=mable to reason4 ,?is argum5t is ( d\ble advantage to our pres5t purpose4 ,= x proves ,,directly1 t actions d n d]ive _! m]it f a con=mity to reason1 nor _! blame f a contr>iety to x2 & x proves ! same tru? m ,,indirectly1 by %ew+ u1 t z reason c nev] imm$iately prev5t or produce any action by contradict+ or approv+ ( x1 x _c be ! s\rce ( moral good & evil1 :i* are f\nd to h t influ5ce4 ,actions may be laudable or blameable2 b !y _c be reasonable3 ,laudable or blameable1 !re=e1 are n ! same ) reasonable or unreasonable4 ,! m]it & dem]it ( actions frequ5tly contradict1 & sometimes contr\l our natural prop5sities4 ,b reason has no su* influ5ce4 ,moral di/9ctions1 !re=e1 are n ! (fspr+ ( reason4 ,reason is :olly inactive1 & c nev] be ! s\rce ( s active a pr9ciple z consci5ce1 or a s5se ( morals4 ,b p]haps x may be said1 t ?\gh no w or action c be imm$iately contradictory to reason1 yet we may f9d su* a contradiction 9 "s ( ! att5dants ( ! action1 t is1 9 its causes or effects4 ,! action may cause a judgm5t1 or may be obliquely caus$ by "o1 :5 ! judgm5t concurs ) a passion2 & by an abusive way ( speak+1 :i* philosophy w sc>ce all[ (1 ! same contr>iety may1 ^u t acc\nt1 be ascrib$ to ! action4 ,h[ f> ?is tru? or falsehood may be ! s\rce ( morals1 x w n[ be prop] to consid]4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 t reason1 9 a /rict & philosophical s5se1 c h influ5ce on our conduct only aft] two ways3 ,ei!r :5 x excites a passion by in=m+ u ( ! exi/5ce ( some?+ :i* is a prop] object ( x2 or :5 x discov]s ! connexion ( causes & effects1 s z to af=d u means ( ex]t+ any passion4 ,^! are ! only k9ds ( judgm5t1 :i* c accompany our actions1 or c be said to produce !m 9 any mann]2 & x mu/ be all[$1 t ^! judgm5ts may (t5 be false & errone\s4 ,a p]son may be affect$ ) passion1 by suppos+ a pa9 or pleasure to lie 9 an object1 :i* has no t5d5cy to produce ei!r ( ^! s5sations1 or :i* produces ! contr>y to :at is imag9$4 ,a p]son may also take false measures = ! atta9+ 8 end1 & may ret>d1 by 8 fooli% conduct1 in/ead ( =w>d+ ! execution ( any project4 ,^! false judgm5ts may be ?\ght to affect ! passions & actions1 :i* are connect$ ) !m1 & may be said to r5d] !m unreasonable1 9 a figurative & improp] way ( speak+4 ,b ?\gh ?is be ackn[l$g$1 x is easy to obs]ve1 t ^! errors are s f> f be+ ! s\rce ( all immorality1 t !y are commonly v innoc5t1 & draw no mann] ( guilt ^u ! p]son :o is s un=tunate z to fail into !m4 ,!y ext5d n beyond a mi/ake ( fact1 :i* morali/s h n g5]ally suppos$ crim9al1 z be+ p]fectly involunt>y4 ,i am m to be lam5t$ ?an blam$1 if ,i am mi/ak5 ) reg>d to ! influ5ce ( objects 9 produc+ pa9 or pleasure1 or if ,i "k n ! prop] means ( satisfy+ my desires4 ,no "o c ev] reg>d su* errors z a defect 9 my moral "*4 ,a fruit1 = in/ance1 t is really disagreeable1 appe>s to me at a di/ance1 & ?r\gh mi/ake ,i fancy x to be pleasant & delici\s4 ,"h is "o error4 ,i *oose c]ta9 means ( rea*+ ?is fruit1 :i* are n prop] = my end4 ,"h is a second error2 nor is !re any ?ird "o1 :i* c ev] possibly ent] into our reason+s conc]n+ actions4 ,i ask1 !re=e1 if a man1 9 ?is situation1 & guilty ( ^! two errors1 is to be reg>d$ z vici\s & crim9al1 h[ev] unavoidable !y might h be58 ,or if x be possible to imag9e1 t su* errors are ! s\rces ( all immorality8 ,& "h x may be prop] to obs]ve1 t if moral di/9ctions be d]iv$ f ! tru? or fal%ood ( ^? judgm5ts1 !y mu/ take place :]ev] we =m ! judgm5ts2 nor w !re be any diff]5ce1 :e!r ! "q be conc]n+ an apple or a k+dom1 or :e!r ! error be avoidable or unavoidable4 ,= z ! v ess5ce ( morality is suppos$ to consi/ 9 an agreem5t or disagreem5t to reason1 ! o!r circum/ances are entirely arbitr>y1 & c nev] ei!r be/[ on any action ! "* ( virtu\s or vici\s1 or deprive x ( t "*4 ,to :i* we may add1 t ?is agreem5t or disagreem5t1 n admitt+ ( degrees1 all virtues & vices w\ld ( c\rse be equal4 ,%\ld x be pret5d$1 t ?\gh a mi/ake ( fact be n crim9al1 yet a mi/ake ( "r (t5 is2 & t ?is may be ! s\rce ( immorality3 ,i w\ld answ]1 t x is impossible su* a mi/ake c ev] be ! orig9al s\rce ( immorality1 s9ce x supposes a real "r & wrong2 t is1 a real di/9ction 9 morals1 indep5d5t ( ^! judgm5ts4 ,a mi/ake1 !re=e1 ( "r may become a species ( immorality2 b x is only a second>y "o1 & is f\nd$ on "s o!r1 antec$5t to x4 ,z to ^? judgm5ts :i* are ! effects ( our actions1 & :i*1 :5 false1 give occasion to pron\nce ! actions contr>y to tru? & reason2 we may obs]ve1 t our actions nev] cause any judgm5t1 ei!r true or false1 9 ourselves1 & t x is only on o!rs !y h su* an influ5ce4 ,x is c]ta91 t an action1 on _m occasions1 may give rise to false conclusions 9 o!rs2 & t a p]son1 :o ?r\gh a w9d[ sees any lewd behavi\r ( m9e ) my neighb\r's wife1 may be s simple z to imag9e %e is c]ta9ly my own4 ,9 ?is respect my action resembles some:at a lye or fal%ood2 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 :i* is mat]ial1 t ,i p]=m n ! action ) any int5tion ( giv+ rise to a false judgm5t 9 ano!r1 b m]ely to satisfy my lu/ & passion4 ,x causes1 h[ev]1 a mi/ake & false judgm5t by accid5t2 & ! fal%ood ( its effects may be ascrib$1 by "s odd figurative way ( speak+1 to ! action itself4 ,b /ill ,i c see no pretext ( reason = ass]t+1 t ! t5d5cy to cause su* an error is ! fir/ spr+ or orig9al s\rce ( all immorality4 #b ,"o might ?9k x 7 entirely sup]flu\s to prove ?is1 if a late au?or ,william ,wolla/on1 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,nature ,,del9eat$ 7,london #agbb71 :o has _h ! good =tune to obta9 "s reputation1 _h n s]i\sly affirm$1 t su* a fal%ood is ! f\ndation ( all guilt & moral de=mity4 ,t we may discov] ! fallacy ( 8 hypo!sis1 we ne$ only consid]1 t a false conclusion is drawn f an action1 only by means ( an obscurity ( natural pr9ciples1 :i* makes a cause be secretly int]rupt$ 9 its op]ation1 by contr>y causes1 & r5d]s ! connexion betwixt two objects unc]ta9 & v>iable4 ,n[1 z a l unc]ta9ty & v>iety ( causes take place1 ev5 9 natural objects1 & produce a l error 9 our judgm5t1 if t t5d5cy to produce error 7 ! v ess5ce ( vice & immorality1 x %\ld foll[1 t ev5 inanimate objects might be vici\s & immoral4 ,"o might ?9k x 7 entirely sup]flu\s to prove ?is1 if a late au?or ,william ,wolla/on1 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,nature ,,del9eat$ 7,london #agbb71 :o has _h ! good =tune to obta9 "s reputation1 _h n s]i\sly affirm$1 t su* a fal%ood is ! f\ndation ( all guilt & moral de=mity4 ,t we may discov] ! fallacy ( 8 hypo!sis1 we ne$ only consid]1 t a false conclusion is drawn f an action1 only by means ( an obscurity ( natural pr9ciples1 :i* makes a cause be secretly int]rupt$ ,9 its op]ation1 by contr>y causes1 & r5d]s ! connexion betwixt two objects unc]ta9 & v>iable4 ,n[1 z a l unc]ta9ty & v>iety ( causes take place1 ev5 9 natural objects1 & produce a l error 9 our judgm5t1 if t t5d5cy to produce error 7 ! v ess5ce ( vice & immorality1 x %\ld foll[1 t ev5 inanimate objects might be vici\s & immoral4 ,x is 9 va9 to urge1 t inanimate objects act )\t lib]ty & *oice4 ,= z lib]ty & *oice are n necess>y to make an action produce 9 u an errone\s conclusion1 !y c be1 9 no respect1 ess5tial to morality2 & ,i d n readily p]ceive1 ^u ?is sy/em1 h[ !y c ev] come to be reg>d$ by x4 ,if ! t5d5cy to cause error be ! orig9 ( immorality1 t t5d5cy & immorality w\ld 9 e case be insep>able4 ,add to ?is1 t if ,i _h us$ ! precaution ( %utt+ ! w9d[s1 :ile ,i indulg$ myself 9 ^? lib]ties ) my neighb\r's wife1 ,i %\ld h be5 guilty ( no immorality2 & t because my action1 be+ p]fectly conceal$1 w\ld h _h no t5d5cy to produce any false conclusion4 ,= ! same reason1 a ?ief1 :o /eals 9 by a ladd] at a w9d[1 & takes all imag9able c>e to cause no di/urbance1 is 9 no respect crim9al4 ,= ei!r he w n be p]ceiv$1 or if he be1 x is impossible he c produce any error1 nor w any "o1 f ^! circum/ances1 take him to be o!r ?an :at he really is4 ,x is well kn[n1 t ^? :o are squ9t-sight$1 d v readily cause mi/akes 9 o!rs1 & t we imag9e !y salute or are talk+ to "o p]son1 :ile !y address !mselves to ano!r4 ,are !y !re=e1 ^u t acc\nt1 immoral8 ,besides1 we may easily obs]ve1 t 9 all ^? argum5ts !re is an evid5t reason+ 9 a circle4 ,a p]son :o takes possession ( ano!r's goods1 & uses !m z 8 own1 9 a mann] decl>es !m to be 8 own2 & ?is fal%ood is ! s\rce ( ! immorality ( inju/ice4 ,b is prop]ty1 or "r1 or obligation1 intelligible1 )\t an antec$5t morality8 ,a man t is ungrateful to 8 b5efactor1 9 a mann] affirms1 t he nev] receiv$ any fav\rs f him4 ,b 9 :at mann]8 ,is x because x is 8 duty to be grateful8 ,b ?is supposes1 t !re is "s antec$5t rule ( duty & morals4 ,is x because human nature is g5]ally grateful1 & makes u conclude1 t a man :o does any h>m nev] receiv$ any fav\r f ! p]son he h>m$8 ,b human nature is n s g5]ally grateful1 z to ju/ify su* a conclusion4 ,or if x 71 is an exception to a g5]al rule 9 e case crim9al1 = no o!r reason ?an because x is an exception8 ,b :at may suffice entirely to de/roy ?is :imsical sy/em is1 t x leaves u "u ! same difficulty to give a reason :y tru? is virtu\s & fal%ood vici\s1 z to acc\nt = ! m]it or turpitude ( any o!r action4 ,i %all all[1 if y please1 t all immorality is d]iv$ f ?is suppos$ fal%ood 9 action1 provid$ y c give me any plausible reason1 :y su* a fal%ood is immoral4 ,if y consid] rightly ( ! matt]1 y w f9d y\rself 9 ! same difficulty z at ! beg9n+4 ,?is la/ argum5t is v conclusive2 because1 if !re be n an evid5t m]it or turpitude annex$ to ?is species ( tru? or falahood1 ,x c nev] h any influ5ce ^u our actions4 ,=1 :o ev] ?\ght ( =be>+ any action1 because o!rs might possibly draw false conclusions f x8 ,or1 :o ev] p]=m$ any1 t he might give rise to true conclusions8 ,?us ^u ! :ole1 x is impossible1 t ! di/9ction betwixt moral good & evil1 c be made to reason2 s9ce t di/9ction has an influ5ce ^u our actions1 ( :i* reason alone is incapable4 ,reason & judgm5t may1 inde$1 be ! m$iate cause ( an action1 by prompt+1 or by direct+ a passion3 ,b x is n pret5d$1 t a judgm5t ( ?is k9d1 ei!r 9 its tru? or fal%ood1 is att5d$ ) virtue or vice4 ,& z to ! judgm5ts1 :i* are caus$ by our judgm5ts1 !y c /ill less be/[ ^? moral qualities on ! actions1 :i* are _! causes4 ,b to be m p>ticul>1 & to %ew1 t ^? et]nal immutable fitnesses & unfitnesses ( ?+s _c be def5d$ by s\nd philosophy1 we may weigh ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,if ! ?\ght & und]/&+ 7 alone capable ( fix+ ! b\nd>ies ( "r & wrong1 ! "* ( virtu\s & vici\s ei!r mu/ lie 9 "s relations ( objects1 or mu/ be a matt] ( fact1 :i* is discov]$ by our reason+4 ,?is consequ5ce is evid5t4 ,z ! op]ations ( human und]/&+ divide !mselves into two k9ds1 ! comp>+ ( ideas1 & ! inf]r+ ( matt] ( fact2 7 virtue discov]$ by ! und]/&+2 x mu/ be an object ( "o ( ^! op]ations1 nor is !re any ?ird op]ation ( ! und]/&+4 :i* c discov] x4 ,!re has be5 an op9ion v indu/ri\sly propagat$ by c]ta9 philosoph]s1 t morality is susceptible ( demon/ration2 & ?\gh no "o has ev] be5 able to advance a s+le /ep 9 ^? demon/rations2 yet x is tak5 = grant$1 t ?is sci5ce may be br\ght to an equal c]ta9ty ) geometry or algebra4 ,^u ?is supposition vice & virtue mu/ consi/ 9 "s relations2 s9ce x is all[$ on all h&s1 t no matt] ( fact is capable ( be+ demon/rat$4 ,let u1 !re=e1 beg9 ) exam9+ ?is hypo!sis1 & endeav\r1 if possible1 to fix ^? moral qualities1 :i* h be5 s long ! objects ( our fruitless rese>*es4 ,po9t out di/9ctly ! relations1 :i* con/itute morality or obligation1 t we may "k :]e9 !y consi/1 & aft] :at mann] we mu/ judge ( !m4 ,if y ass]t1 t vice & virtue consi/ 9 relations susceptible ( c]ta9ty & demon/ration1 y mu/ conf9e y\rself to ^? f\r relations1 :i* alone admit ( t degree ( evid5ce2 & 9 t case y run into absurdities1 f :i* y w nev] be able to extricate y\rself4 ,= z y make ! v ess5ce ( morality to lie 9 ! relations1 & z !re is no "o ( ^! relations b :at is applicable1 n only to an irrational1 b also to an inanimate object2 x foll[s1 t ev5 su* objects mu/ be susceptible ( m]it or dem]it4 ,,resemblance1 ,,contr>iety1 ,,degrees ,,9 ,,quality1 & ,,proportions ,,9 ,,quantity ,,& ,,numb]2 all ^! relations belong z prop]ly to matt]1 z to our actions1 passions1 & volitions4 ,x is unque/ionable1 !re=e1 t morality lies n 9 any ( ^! relations1 nor ! s5se ( x 9 _! discov]y4#c #c ,z a pro(1 h[ confus$ our way ( ?9k+ on ?is subject commonly is1 we may obs]ve1 t ^? :o ass]t1 t morality is demon/rable1 d n say1 t morality lies 9 ! relations1 & t ! relations are di/+ui%able by reason4 ,!y only say1 t reason c discov] su* an action1 9 su* relations1 to be virtu\s1 & su* ano!r vici\s4 ,x seems !y ?\ght x suffici5t1 if !y c\ld br+ ! ^w1 ,relation1 into ! proposition1 )\t tr\bl+ !mselves :e!r x 0 to ! purpose or n4 ,b "h1 ,i ?9k1 is pla9 argum5t4 ,demon/rative reason discov]s only relations4 ,b t reason1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 discov]s also vice & virtue4 ,^! moral qualities1 !re=e1 mu/ be relations4 ,:5 we blame any action1 9 any situation1 ! :ole complicat$ object1 ( action & situation1 mu/ =m c]ta9 relations1 :]e9 ! ess5ce ( vice consi/s4 ,?is hypo!sis is n o!rwise intelligible4 ,= :at does reason discov]1 :5 x pron\nces any action vici\s8 ,does x discov] a relation or a matt] ( fact8 ,^! que/ions are decisive1 & mu/ n be elud$4 ,%\ld x be ass]t$1 t ! s5se ( morality consi/s 9 ! discov]y ( "s relation1 di/9ct f ^!1 & t our enum]ation 0 n compleat1 :5 we compreh5d$ all demon/rable relations "u f\r g5]al heads3 ,to ?is ,i "k n :at to reply1 till "s "o be s good z to po9t out to me ?is new relation4 ,x is impossible to refute a sy/em1 :i* has nev] yet be5 expla9$4 ,9 su* a mann] ( fight+ 9 ! d>k1 a man loses 8 bl[s 9 ! air1 & (t5 places !m :]e ! enemy is n pres5t4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 on ?is occasion1 re/ cont5t$ ) requir+ ! two foll[+ conditions ( any "o t w\ld und]take to cle> up ?is sy/em4 ,fir/1 ,z moral good & evil belong only to ! actions ( ! m9d1 & are d]iv$ f our situation ) reg>d to ext]nal objects1 ! relations1 f :i* ^! moral di/9ctions arise1 mu/ lie only betwixt int]nal actions1 & ext]nal objects1 & mu/ n be applicable ei!r to int]nal actions1 comp>$ among !mselves1 or to ext]nal objects1 :5 plac$ 9 opposition to o!r ext]nal objects4 ,= z morality is suppos$ to att5d c]ta9 relations1 if ^! relations c\ld belong to int]nal actions consid]$ s+ly1 x w\ld foll[1 t we might be guilty ( crimes 9 ourselves1 & indep5d5t ( our situation1 ) respect to ! univ]se3 ,& 9 l mann]1 if ^! moral relations c\ld be appli$ to ext]nal objects1 x w\ld foll[1 t ev5 inanimate be+s w\ld be susceptible ( moral beauty & de=mity4 ,n[ x seems difficult to imag9e1 t any relation c be discov]$ betwixt our passions1 volitions & actions1 comp>$ to ext]nal objects1 :i* relation might n belong ei!r to ^! passions & volitions1 or to ^! ext]nal objects1 comp>$ among !mselves4 ,b x w be /ill m difficult to fulfil ! second condition1 requisite to ju/ify ?is sy/em4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ^? :o ma9ta9 an ab/ract rational diff]5ce betwixt moral good & evil1 & a natural fitness & unfitness ( ?+s1 x is n only suppos$1 t ^! relations1 be+ et]nal & immutable1 are ! same1 :5 consid]$ by e rational creature1 b _! effects are also suppos$ to be necess>ily ! same2 & x is conclud$ !y h no less1 or r a great]1 influ5ce 9 direct+ ! w ( ! deity1 ?an 9 gov]n+ ! rational & virtu\s ( our own species4 ,^! two p>ticul>s are evid5tly di/9ct4 ,x is "o ?+ to "k virtue1 & ano!r to con=m ! w to x4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to prove1 t ! measures ( "r & wrong are et]nal laws1 obligatory on e rational m9d1 x is n suffici5t to %ew ! relations ^u :i* !y are f\nd$3 ,we mu/ also po9t out ! connexion betwixt ! relation & ! w2 & mu/ prove t ?is connexion is s necess>y1 t 9 e well-dispos$ m9d1 x mu/ take place & h its influ5ce2 ?\gh ! diff]5ce betwixt ^! m9ds be 9 o!r respects imm5se & inf9ite4 ,n[ besides :at ,i h already prov$1 t ev5 9 human nature no relation c ev] alone produce any action3 besides ?is1 ,i say1 x has be5 %ewn1 9 treat+ ( ! und]/&+1 t !re is no connexion ( cause & effect1 su* z ?is is suppos$ to be1 :i* is discov]able o!rwise ?an by exp]i5ce1 & ( :i* we c pret5d to h any security by ! simple consid]ation ( ! objects4 ,all be+s 9 ! univ]se1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 appe> entirely loose & indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,x is only by exp]i5ce we le>n _! influ5ce & connexion2 & ?is influ5ce we ought nev] to ext5d beyond exp]i5ce4 ,?us x w be impossible to fulfil ! fir/ condition requir$ to ! sy/em ( et]nal measures ( "r & wrong2 because x is impossible to %ew ^? relations1 ^u :i* su* a di/9ction may be f\nd$3 ,& x is z impossible to fulfil ! second condition2 because we _c prove ,a ,,priori1 t ^! relations1 if !y really exi/$ & 7 p]ceiv$1 w\ld be univ]sally =cible & obligatory4 ,b to make ^! g5]al reflections m cle> & conv9c+1 we may illu/rate !m by "s p>ticul> in/ances1 :]e9 ?is "* ( moral good or evil is ! mo/ univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,( all crimes t human creatures are capable ( committ+1 ! mo/ horrid & unnatural is +ratitude1 especially :5 x is committ$ aga9/ p>5ts1 & appe>s 9 ! m flagrant in/ances ( w\nds & dea?4 ,?is is ackn[l$g$ by all mank9d1 philosoph]s z well z ! p2 ! "q only arises among philosoph]s1 :e!r ! guilt or moral de=mity ( ?is action be discov]$ by demon/rative reason+1 or be felt by an int]nal s5se1 & by means ( "s s5tim5t1 :i* ! reflect+ on su* an action naturally occasions4 ,?is "q w soon be decid$ aga9/ ! =m] op9ion1 if we c %ew ! same relations 9 o!r objects1 )\t ! notion ( any guilt or iniquity att5d+ !m4 ,reason or sci5ce is no?+ b ! comp>+ ( ideas1 & ! discov]y ( _! relations2 & if ! same relations h diff]5t *>act]s1 x mu/ evid5tly foll[1 t ^? *>act]s are n discov]$ m]ely by reason4 ,to put ! affair1 !re=e1 to ?is trial1 let u *use any inanimate object1 su* z an oak or elm2 & let u suppose1 t by ! dropp+ ( its se$1 x produces a sapl+ bel[ x1 :i* spr++ up by degrees1 at la/ ov]tops & de/roys ! p>5t tree3 ,i ask1 if 9 ?is in/ance !re be want+ any relation1 :i* is discov]able 9 p>ricide or +ratitude8 ,is n ! "o tree ! cause ( ! o!r's exi/5ce2 & ! latt] ! cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! =m]1 9 ! same mann] z :5 a *ild murd]s 8 p>5t8 ,x is n suffici5t to reply1 t a *oice or w is want+4 ,= 9 ! case ( p>ricide1 a w does n give rise to any ,,diff]5t relations1 b is only ! cause f :i* ! action is d]iv$2 & consequ5tly produces ! same relations1 t 9 ! oak or elm arise f "s o!r pr9ciples4 ,x is a w or *oice1 t det]m9es a man to kill 8 p>5t2 & !y are ! laws ( matt] & motion1 t det]m9e a sapl+ to de/roy ! oak1 f :i* x sprung4 ,"h !n ! same relations h diff]5t causes2 b /ill ! relations are ! same3 ,& z _! discov]y is n 9 bo? cases att5d$ ) a notion ( immorality1 x foll[s1 t t notion does n arise f su* a discov]y4 ,b to *use an in/ance1 /ill m resembl+2 ,i w\ld fa9 ask any "o1 :y ince/ 9 ! human species is crim9al1 & :y ! v same action1 & ! same relations 9 animals h n ! smalle/ moral turpitude & de=mity8 ,if x be answ]$1 t ?is action is innoc5t 9 animals1 because !y h n reason suffici5t to discov] its turpitude2 b t man1 be+ end[$ ) t faculty :i* ought to re/ra9 him to 8 duty1 ! same action in/antly becomes crim9al to him2 %\ld ?is be said1 ,i w\ld reply1 t ?is is evid5tly argu+ 9 a circle4 ,= be=e reason c p]ceive ?is turpitude1 ! turpitude mu/ exi/2 & consequ5tly is indep5d5t ( ! decisions ( our reason1 & is _! object m prop]ly ?an _! effect4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 !n1 e animal1 t has s5se1 & appetite1 & w2 t is1 e animal mu/ be susceptible ( all ! same virtues & vices1 = :i* we ascribe praise & blame to human creatures4 ,all ! diff]5ce is1 t our sup]ior reason may s]ve to discov] ! vice or virtue1 & by t means may augm5t ! blame or praise3 ,b /ill ?is discov]y supposes a sep>ate be+ 9 ^! moral di/9ctions1 & a be+1 :i* dep5ds only on ! w & appetite1 & :i*1 bo? 9 ?\ght & reality1 may be di/+ui%$ f ! reason4 ,animals are susceptible ( ! same relations1 ) respect to ea* o!r1 z ! human species1 & !re=e w\ld also be susceptible ( ! same morality1 if ! ess5ce ( morality consi/$ 9 ^! relations4 ,_! want ( a suffici5t degree ( reason may h9d] !m f p]ceiv+ ! duties & obligations ( morality1 b c nev] h9d] ^! duties f exi/+2 s9ce !y mu/ antec$5tly exi/1 9 ord] to _! be+ p]ceiv$4 ,reason mu/ f9d !m1 & c nev] produce !m4 ,?is argum5t des]ves to be weigh$1 z be+1 9 my op9ion1 entirely decisive4 ,nor does ?is reason+ only prove1 t morality consi/s n 9 any relations1 t are ! objects ( sci5ce2 b if exam9$1 w prove ) equal c]ta9ty1 t x consi/s n 9 any matt] ( fact1 :i* c be discov]$ by ! und]/&+4 ,?is is ! second "p ( our argum5t2 & if x c be made evid5t1 we may conclude1 t morality is n an object ( reason4 ,b c !re be any difficulty 9 prov+1 t vice & virtue are n matt]s ( fact1 ^: exi/5ce we c inf] by reason8 ,take any action all[$ to be vici\s3 ,wilful murd]1 = in/ance4 ,exam9e x 9 all lights1 & see if y c f9d t matt] ( fact1 or real exi/5ce1 :i* y call vice4 ,9 :i*-ev] way y take x1 y f9d only c]ta9 passions1 motives1 volitions & ?\ghts4 ,!re is no o!r matt] ( fact 9 ! case4 ,! vice entirely escapes y1 z long z y consid] ! object4 ,y nev] c f9d x1 till y turn y\r reflection into y\r own brea/1 & f9d a s5tim5t ( disapprobation1 :i* arises 9 y1 t[>ds ?is action4 ,"h is a matt] ( fact2 b x is ! object ( feel+1 n ( reason4 ,x lies 9 y\rself1 n 9 ! object4 ,s t :5 y pron\nce any action or "* to be vici\s1 y mean no?+1 b t f ! con/itution ( y\r nature y h a feel+ or s5tim5t ( blame f ! contemplation ( x4 ,vice & virtue1 !re=e1 may be comp>$ to s\nds1 col\rs1 heat & cold1 :i*1 accord+ to mod]n philosophy1 are n qualities 9 objects1 b p]ceptions 9 ! m9d3 ,& ?is discov]y 9 morals1 l t o!r 9 physics1 is to be reg>d$ z a consid]able advancem5t ( ! speculative sci5ces2 ?\gh1 l t too1 x has little or no influ5ce on practice4 ,no?+ c be m real1 or conc]n u m1 ?an our own s5tim5ts ( pleasure & uneas9ess2 & if ^! be fav\rable to virtue1 & unfav\rable to vice1 no m c be requisite to ! regulation ( our conduct & behavi\r4 ,i _c =be> add+ to ^! reason+s an obs]vation1 :i* may1 p]haps1 be f\nd ( "s importance4 ,9 e sy/em ( morality1 :i* ,i h hi!rto met )1 ,i h always rem>k$1 t ! au?or proce$s = "s "t 9 ! ord9>y way ( reason+1 & e/abli%es ! be+ ( a ,god1 or makes obs]vations conc]n+ human affairs2 :5 ( a sudd5 ,i am surpriz$ to f9d1 t in/ead ( ! usual copulations ( propositions1 is1 & is n1 ,i meet ) no proposition t is n connect$ ) an ought1 or an ought n4 ,?is *ange is imp]ceptible2 b is1 h[ev]1 ( ! la/ consequ5ce4 ,= z ?is ought1 or ought n1 expresses "s new relation or affirmation1 x is necess>y t x %\ld be obs]v$ & expla9$2 & at ! same "t t a reason %\ld be giv51 = :at seems altoge!r inconceivable1 h[ ?is new relation c be a d$uction f o!rs1 :i* are entirely diff]5t f x4 ,b z au?ors d n commonly use ?is precaution1 ,i %all presume to recomm5d x to ! read]s2 & am p]suad$1 t ?is small att5tion w\ld subv]t all ! vulg> sy/ems ( morality1 & let u see1 t ! di/9ction ( vice & virtue is n f\nd$ m]ely on ! relations ( objects1 nor is p]ceiv$ by reason4 ,,sect4 ,,ii ,,moral ,,di/9ctions ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,a ,,moral ,,s5se ,?us ! c\rse ( ! argum5t leads u to conclude1 t s9ce vice & virtue are n discov]able m]ely by reason1 or ! comp>ison ( ideas1 x mu/ be by means ( "s impression or s5tim5t !y occasion1 t we are able to m>k ! diff]5ce betwixt !m4 ,our decisions conc]n+ moral rectitude & depravity are evid5tly p]ceptions2 & z all p]ceptions are ei!r impressions or ideas1 ! exclusion ( ! "o is a conv9c+ argum5t = ! o!r4 ,morality1 !re=e1 is m prop]ly felt ?an judg$ (2 ?\gh ?is feel+ or s5tim5t is commonly s s(t & g5tle1 t we are apt to conf\nd x ) an idea1 accord+ to our common cu/om ( tak+ all ?+s = ! same1 :i* h any ne> resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,! next "q is1 ( :at nature are ^! impressions1 & aft] :at mann] d !y op]ate ^u u8 ,"h we _c rema9 long 9 susp5se1 b mu/ pron\nce ! impression aris+ f virtue1 to be agreeable1 & t proc$+ f vice to be uneasy4 ,e mom5ts exp]i5ce mu/ conv9ce u ( ?is4 ,!re is no spectacle s fair & beautiful z a noble & g5]\s action2 nor any :i* gives u m abhorr5ce ?an "o t is cruel & trea*]\s4 ,no enjoym5t equals ! satisfaction we receive f ! company ( ^? we love & e/eem2 z ! greate/ ( all puni%m5ts is to be oblig$ to pass our lives ) ^? we hate or contemn4 ,a v play or romance may af=d u in/ances ( ?is pleasure1 :i* virtue conveys to u2 & pa91 :i* arises f vice4 ,n[ s9ce ! di/+ui%+ impressions1 by :i* moral good or evil is kn[n1 are no?+ b p>ticul> pa9s or pleasures2 x foll[s1 t 9 all enquiries conc]n+ ^! moral di/9ctions1 x w be suffici5t to %ew ! pr9ciples1 :i* make u feel a satisfaction or uneas9ess f ! survey ( any "*1 9 ord] to satisfy u :y ! "* is laudable or blameable4 ,an action1 or s5tim5t1 or "* is virtu\s or vici\s2 :y8 because its view causes a pleasure or uneas9ess ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,9 giv+ a reason1 !re=e1 = ! pleasure or uneas9ess1 we suffici5tly expla9 ! vice or virtue4 ,to h ! s5se ( virtue1 is no?+ b to feel a satisfaction ( a p>ticul> k9d f ! contemplation ( a "*4 ,! v feel+ con/itutes our praise or admiration4 ,we g no f>!r2 nor d we enquire into ! cause ( ! satisfaction4 ,we d n inf] a "* to be virtu\s1 because x pleases3 ,b 9 feel+ t x pleases aft] su* a p>ticul> mann]1 we 9 effect feel t x is virtu\s4 ,! case is ! same z 9 our judgm5ts conc]n+ all k9ds ( beauty1 & ta/es1 & s5sations4 ,our approbation is imply$ 9 ! imm$iate pleasure !y convey to u4 ,i h object$ to ! sy/em1 :i* e/abli%es et]nal rational measures ( "r & wrong1 t x is impossible to %ew1 9 ! actions ( reasonable creatures1 any relations1 :i* are n f\nd 9 ext]nal objects2 & !re=e1 if morality always att5d$ ^! relations1 x 7 possible = inanimate matt] to become virtu\s or vici\s4 ,n[ x may1 9 l mann]1 be object$ to ! pres5t sy/em1 t if virtue & vice be det]m9$ by pleasure & pa91 ^! qualities mu/1 9 e case1 arise f ! s5sations2 & consequ5tly any object1 :e!r animate or inanimate1 rational or irrational1 might become morally good or evil1 provid$ x c excite a satisfaction or uneas9ess4 ,b ?\gh ?is objection seems to be ! v same1 x has by no means ! same =ce1 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,=1 fir/1 tis evid5t1 t "u ! t]m pleasure1 we compreh5d s5sations1 :i* are v diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & :i* h only su* a di/ant resemblance1 z is requisite to make !m be express$ by ! same ab/ract t]m4 ,a good composition ( music & a bottle ( good w9e equally produce pleasure2 & :at is m1 _! goodness is det]m9$ m]ely by ! pleasure4 ,b %all we say ^u t acc\nt1 t ! w9e is h>moni\s1 or ! music ( a good flav\r8 ,9 l mann] an inanimate object1 & ! "* or s5tim5ts ( any p]son may1 bo? ( !m1 give satisfaction2 b z ! satisfaction is diff]5t1 ?is keeps our s5tim5ts conc]n+ !m f be+ conf\nd$1 & makes u ascribe virtue to ! "o1 & n to ! o!r4 ,nor is e s5tim5t ( pleasure or pa91 :i* arises f *>act]s & actions1 ( t peculi> k9d1 :i* makes u praise or condemn4 ,! good qualities ( an enemy are hurtful to u2 b may /ill comm& our e/eem & respect4 ,x is only :5 a "* is consid]$ 9 g5]al1 )\t ref]5ce to our p>ticul> int]e/1 t x causes su* a feel+ or s5tim5t1 z d5om9ates x morally good or evil4 ,x is true1 ^? s5tim5ts1 f int]e/ & morals1 are apt to be conf\nd$1 & naturally run into "o ano!r4 ,x seldom happ5s1 t we d n ?9k an enemy vici\s1 & c di/+ui% betwixt 8 opposition to our int]e/ & real villa9y or bas5ess4 ,b ?is h9d]s n1 b t ! s5tim5ts are1 9 !mselves1 di/9ct2 & a man ( temp] & judgm5t may pres]ve himself f ^! illusions4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\gh x is c]ta9 a musical voice is no?+ b "o t naturally gives a p>ticul> k9d ( pleasure2 yet x is difficult = a man to be s5sible1 t ! voice ( an enemy is agreeable1 or to all[ x to be musical4 ,b a p]son ( a f9e e>1 :o has ! comm& ( himself1 c sep>ate ^! feel+s1 & give praise to :at des]ves x4 ,,secondly1 ,we may call to remembrance ! prec$+ sy/em ( ! passions1 9 ord] to rem>k a /ill m consid]able diff]5ce among our pa9s & pleasures4 ,pride & humility1 love & hatr$ are excit$1 :5 !re is any ?+ pres5t$ to u1 t bo? be>s a relation to ! object ( ! passion1 & produces a sep>ate s5sation relat$ to ! s5sation ( ! passion4 ,n[ virtue & vice are att5d$ ) ^! circum/ances4 ,!y mu/ necess>ily be plac$ ei!r 9 ourselves or o!rs1 & excite ei!r pleasure or uneas9ess2 & !re=e mu/ give rise to "o ( ^! f\r passions2 :i* cle>ly di/+ui%es !m f ! pleasure & pa9 aris+ f inanimate objects1 t (t5 be> no relation to u3 ,& ?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ consid]able effect t virtue & vice h ^u ! human m9d4 ,x may n[ be ask$ 9 g5]al1 conc]n+ ?is pa9 or pleasure1 t di/+ui%es moral good & evil1 ,,f ,,:at ,,pr9ciples ,,is ,,x ,,d]iv$1 ,,& ,,:5ce ,,does ,,x ,,arise ,,9 ,,! ,,human ,,m9d8 ,to ?is ,i reply1 fir/1 t x is absurd to imag9e1 t 9 e p>ticul> in/ance1 ^! s5tim5ts are produc$ by an orig9al quality & prim>y con/itution4 ,= z ! numb] ( our duties is1 9 a mann]1 inf9ite1 x is impossible t our orig9al in/9cts %\ld ext5d to ea* ( !m1 & f our v fir/ infancy impress on ! human m9d all t multitude ( precepts1 :i* are conta9$ 9 ! compleate/ sy/em ( e?ics4 ,su* a me?od ( proce$+ is n con=mable to ! usual maxims1 by :i* nature is conduct$1 :]e a few pr9ciples produce all t v>iety we obs]ve 9 ! univ]se1 & e ?+ is c>ry$ on 9 ! easie/ & mo/ simple mann]4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to abridge ^! prim>y impulses1 & f9d "s m g5]al pr9ciples1 ^u :i* all our notions ( morals are f\nd$4 ,b 9 ! second place1 %\ld x be ask$1 ,:e!r we ought to se>* = ^! pr9ciples 9 nature1 or :e!r we mu/ look = !m 9 "s o!r orig98 ,i w\ld reply1 t our answ] to ?is "q dep5ds ^u ! def9ition ( ! ^w1 ,nature1 ?an :i* !re is none m ambigu\s & equivocal4 ,if nature be oppos$ to miracles1 n only ! di/9ction betwixt vice & virtue is natural1 b also e ev5t1 :i* has ev] happ5$ 9 ! _w1 ,,except+ ,,^? ,,miracles1 ,,on ,,:i* ,,our ,,religion ,,is ,,f\nd$4 ,9 say+1 !n1 t ! s5tim5ts ( vice & virtue are natural 9 ?is s5se1 we make no v extraord9>y discov]y4 ,b nature may also be oppos$ to r>e & unusual2 & 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w1 :i* is ! common "o1 !re may (t5 arise disputes conc]n+ :at is natural or unnatural2 & "o may 9 g5]al affirm1 t we are n possess$ ( any v precise /&>d1 by :i* ^! disputes c be decid$4 ,frequ5t & r>e dep5d ^u ! numb] ( examples we h obs]v$2 & z ?is numb] may gradually encrease or dim9i%1 x w be impossible to fix any exact b\nd>ies betwixt !m4 ,we may only affirm on ?is head1 t if ev] !re 0 any ?+1 :i* c\ld be call$ natural 9 ?is s5se1 ! s5tim5ts ( morality c]ta9ly may2 s9ce !re nev] 0 any nation ( ! _w1 nor any s+le p]son 9 any nation1 :o 0 utt]ly depriv$ ( !m1 & :o nev]1 9 any in/ance1 %ew$ ! lea/ approbation or dislike ( mann]s4 ,^! s5tim5ts are s root$ 9 our con/itution & temp]1 t )\t entirely conf\nd+ ! human m9d by disease or madness1 x is impossible to extirpate & de/roy !m4 ,b nature may also be oppos$ to artifice1 z well z to :at is r>e & unusual2 & 9 ?is s5se x may be disput$1 :e!r ! notions ( virtue be natural or n4 ,we readily =get1 t ! designs1 & projects1 & views ( m5 are pr9ciples z necess>y 9 _! op]ation z heat & cold1 moi/ & dry3 ,b tak+ !m to be free & entirely our own1 x is usual = u to set !m 9 opposition to ! o!r pr9ciples ( nature %\ld x1 !re=e1 be dem&$1 :e!r ! s5se ( virtue be natural or artificial1 ,i am ( op9ion1 t x is impossible = me at pres5t to give any precise answ] to ?is "q4 ,p]haps x w appe> aft]w>ds1 t our s5se ( "s virtues is artificial1 & t ( o!rs natural4 ,! discussion ( ?is "q w be m prop]1 :5 we ent] ^u an exact detail ( ea* p>ticul> vice & virtue4#d #d ,9 ! foll[+ disc\rse natural is also oppos$ sometimes to civil1 sometimes to moral4 ,! opposition w always discov] ! s5se1 9 :i* x is tak54 ,mean:ile x may n be amiss to obs]ve f ^! def9itions ( natural & unnatural1 t no?+ c be m unphilosophical ?an ^? sy/ems1 :i* ass]t1 t virtue is ! same ) :at is natural1 & vice ) :at is unnatural4 ,= 9 ! fir/ s5se ( ! ^w1 ,nature1 z oppos$ to miracles1 bo? vice & virtue are equally natural2 & 9 ! second s5se1 z oppos$ to :at is unusual1 p]haps virtue w be f\nd to be ! mo/ unnatural4 ,at lea/ x mu/ be own$1 t h]oic virtue1 be+ z unusual1 is z little natural z ! mo/ brutal b>b>ity4 ,z to ! ?ird s5se ( ! ^w1 x is c]ta91 t bo? vice & virtue are equally artificial1 & out ( nature4 ,= h[ev] x may be disput$1 :e!r ! notion ( a m]it or dem]it 9 c]ta9 actions be natural or artificial1 x is evid5t1 t ! actions !mselves are artificial1 & are p]=m$ ) a c]ta9 design & int5tion2 o!rwise !y c\ld nev] be rank$ "u any ( ^! d5om9ations4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 t ! "* ( natural & unnatural c ev]1 9 any s5se1 m>k ! b\nd>ies ( vice & virtue4 ,?us we are /ill br\ght back to our fir/ position1 t virtue is di/+ui%$ by ! pleasure1 & vice by ! pa91 t any action1 s5tim5t or "* gives u by ! m]e view & contemplation4 ,?is decision is v commodi\s2 because x r$uces u to ?is simple "q1 ,:y any action or s5tim5t ^u ! g5]al view or survey1 gives a c]ta9 satisfaction or uneas9ess1 9 ord] to %ew ! orig9 ( its moral rectitude or depravity1 )\t look+ = any incompreh5sible relations & qualities1 :i* nev] did exi/ 9 nature1 nor ev5 9 our imag9ation1 by any cle> & di/9ct conception4 ,i flatt] myself ,i h execut$ a great "p ( my pres5t design by a /ate ( ! "q1 :i* appe>s to me s free f ambiguity & obscurity4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,inju/ice ,,sect4 ,i ,,ju/ice1 ,,:e!r ,a ,,natural ,,or ,,artificial ,,virtue8 ,i h already h9t$1 t our s5se ( e k9d ( virtue is n natural2 b t !re are "s virtues1 t produce pleasure & approbation by means ( an artifice or contrivance1 :i* arises f ! circum/ances & necessity ( mank9d4 ,( ?is k9d ,i ass]t ju/ice to be2 & %all endeav\r to def5d ?is op9ion by a %ort1 &1 ,i hope1 conv9c+ argum5t1 be=e ,i exam9e ! nature ( ! artifice1 f :i* ! s5se ( t virtue is d]iv$4 ,x is evid5t1 t :5 we praise any actions1 we reg>d only ! motives t produc$ !m1 & consid] ! actions z signs or indications ( c]ta9 pr9ciples 9 ! m9d & temp]4 ,! ext]nal p]=mance has no m]it4 ,we mu/ look )9 to f9d ! moral quality4 ,?is we _c d directly2 & !re=e fix our att5tion on actions1 z on ext]nal signs4 ,b ^! actions are /ill consid]$ z signs2 & ! ultimate object ( our praise & approbation is ! motive1 t produc$ !m4 ,aft] ! same mann]1 :5 we require any action1 or blame a p]son = n p]=m+ x1 we always suppose1 t "o 9 t situation %\ld be influ5c$ by ! prop] motive ( t action1 & we e/eem x vici\s 9 him to be reg>dless ( x4 ,if we f9d1 ^u enquiry1 t ! virtu\s motive 0 /ill p[]ful ov] 8 brea/1 ?\gh *eck$ 9 its op]ation by "s circum/ances unkn[n to u1 we retract our blame1 & h ! same e/eem = him1 z if he _h actually p]=m$ ! action1 :i* we require ( him4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t all virtu\s actions d]ive _! m]it only f virtu\s motives1 & are consid]$ m]ely z signs ( ^? motives4 ,f ?is pr9ciple ,i conclude1 t ! fir/ virtu\s motive1 :i* be/[s a m]it on any action1 c nev] be a reg>d to ! virtue ( t action1 b mu/ be "s o!r natural motive or pr9ciple4 ,to suppose1 t ! m]e reg>d to ! virtue ( ! action may be ! fir/ motive1 :i* produc$ ! action1 & r5d]$ x virtu\s1 is to reason 9 a circle4 ,be=e we c h su* a reg>d1 ! action mu/ be really virtu\s2 & ?is virtue mu/ be d]iv$ f "s virtu\s motive3 ,& consequ5tly ! virtu\s motive mu/ be diff]5t f ! reg>d to ! virtue ( ! action4 ,a virtu\s motive is requisite to r5d] an action virtu\s4 ,an action mu/ be virtu\s1 be=e we c h a reg>d to its virtue4 ,"s virtu\s motive1 !re=e1 mu/ be antec$5t to t reg>d4 ,nor is ?is m]ely a metaphysical subtilty2 b ent]s into all our reason+s 9 common life1 ?\gh p]haps we may n be able to place x 9 su* di/9ct philosophical t]ms4 ,we blame a fa!r = neglect+ 8 *ild4 ,:y8 because x %ews a want ( natural affection1 :i* is ! duty ( e p>5t4 ,7 n natural affection a duty1 ! c>e ( *ildr5 c\ld n be a duty2 & x 7 impossible we c\ld h ! duty 9 our eye 9 ! att5tion we give to our (fspr+4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 all m5 suppose a motive to ! action di/9ct f a s5se ( duty4 ,"h is a man1 t does _m b5evol5t actions2 relieves ! di/ress$1 com=ts ! afflict$1 & ext5ds 8 b\nty ev5 to ! greate/ /rang]s4 ,no "* c be m amiable & virtu\s4 ,we reg>d ^! actions z pro(s ( ! greate/ humanity4 ,?is humanity be/[s a m]it on ! actions4 ,a reg>d to ?is m]it is1 !re=e1 a second>y consid]ation1 & d]iv$ f ! antec$5t pr9ciple ( humanity1 :i* is m]itori\s & laudable4 ,9 %ort1 x may be e/abli%$ z an und\bt$ maxim1 ,,t ,,no ,,action ,,c ,,be ,,virtu\s1 ,,or ,,morally ,,good1 ,,unless ,,!re ,,be ,,9 ,,human ,,nature ,,"s ,,motive ,,to ,,produce ,,x1 ,,di/9ct ,,f ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,its ,,morality4 ,b may n ! s5se ( morality or duty produce an action1 )\t any o!r motive8 ,i answ]1 ,x may3 ,b ?is is no objection to ! pres5t doctr9e4 ,:5 any virtu\s motive or pr9ciple is common 9 human nature1 a p]son1 :o feels 8 he>t devoid ( t motive1 may hate himself ^u t acc\nt1 & may p]=m ! action )\t ! motive1 f a c]ta9 s5se ( duty1 9 ord] to acquire by practice1 t virtu\s pr9ciple1 or at lea/1 to disguise to himself1 z mu* z possible1 8 want ( x4 ,a man t really feels no gratitude 9 8 temp]1 is /ill pleas$ to p]=m grateful actions1 & ?9ks he has1 by t means1 fulfill$ 8 duty4 ,actions are at fir/ only consid]$ z signs ( motives3 ,b x is usual1 9 ?is case1 z 9 all o!rs1 to fix our att5tion on ! signs1 & neglect1 9 "s measure1 ! ?+ signify$4 ,b ?\gh1 on "s occasions1 a p]son may p]=m an action m]ely out ( reg>d to its moral obligation1 yet /ill ?is supposes 9 human nature "s di/9ct pr9ciples1 :i* are capable ( produc+ ! action1 & ^: moral beauty r5d]s ! action m]itori\s4 ,n[ to apply all ?is to ! pres5t case2 ,i suppose a p]son to h l5t me a sum ( money1 on condition t x be re/or$ 9 a few days2 & also suppose1 t aft] ! expiration ( ! t]m agre$ on1 he dem&s ! sum3 ,i ask1 ,:at reason or motive h ,i to re/ore ! money8 ,x w1 p]haps1 be said1 t my reg>d to ju/ice1 & abhorr5ce ( villa9y & knav]y1 are suffici5t reasons = me1 if ,i h ! lea/ gra9 ( hone/y1 or s5se ( duty & obligation4 ,& ?is answ]1 no d\bt1 is j & satisfactory to man 9 8 civiliz$ /ate1 & :5 tra9$ up accord+ to a c]ta9 discipl9e & education4 ,b 9 8 rude & m natural condition1 if y are pleas$ to call su* a condition natural1 ?is answ] w\ld be reject$ z p]fectly un9telligible & sophi/ical4 ,= "o 9 t situation w\ld imm$iately ask y1 ,,:]e9 ,,consi/s ,,?is ,,hone/y ,,& ,,ju/ice1 ,,:i* ,,y ,,f9d ,,9 ,,re/or+ ,a ,,loan1 ,,& ,,ab/a9+ ,,f ,,! ,,prop]ty ,,( ,,o!rs8 ,x does n surely lie 9 ! ext]nal action4 ,x mu/1 !re=e be plac$ 9 ! motive1 f :i* ! ext]nal action is d]iv$4 ,?is motive c nev] be a reg>d to ! hone/y ( ! action4 ,= x is a pla9 fallacy to say1 t a virtu\s motive is requisite to r5d] an action hone/1 & at ! same "t t a reg>d to ! hone/y is ! motive ( ! action4 ,we c nev] h a reg>d to ! virtue ( an action1 unless ! action be antec$5tly virtu\s4 ,no action c be virtu\s1 b s f> z x proce$s f a virtu\s motive4 ,a virtu\s motive1 !re=e1 mu/ prec$e ! reg>d to ! virtue1 & x is impossible1 t ! virtu\s motive & ! reg>d to ! virtue c be ! same4 ,x is requisite1 !n1 to f9d "s motive to acts ( ju/ice & hone/y1 di/9ct f our reg>d to ! hone/y2 & 9 ?is lies ! great difficulty4 ,= %\ld we say1 t a conc]n = our private int]e/ or reputation is ! legitimate motive to all hone/ actions2 x w\ld foll[1 t :]ev] t conc]n ceases1 hone/y c no long] h place4 ,b x is c]ta91 t self-love1 :5 x acts at its lib]ty1 in/ead ( engag+ u to hone/ actions1 is ! s\rce ( all inju/ice & viol5ce2 nor c a man ev] correct ^? vices1 )\t correct+ & re/ra9+ ! natural movem5ts ( t appetite4 ,b %\ld x be affirm$1 t ! reason or motive ( su* actions is ! reg>d to publick int]e/1 to :i* no?+ is m contr>y ?an examples ( inju/ice & di%one/y2 %\ld ?is be said1 ,i w\ld propose ! ?ree foll[+ consid]ations1 z wor?y ( our att5tion4 ,fir/1 public int]e/ is n naturally atta*$ to ! obs]vation ( ! rules ( ju/ice2 b is only connect$ ) x1 aft] an artificial conv5tion = ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! rules1 z %all be %ewn m at l>ge h]eaft]4 ,secondly1 if we suppose1 t ! loan 0 secret1 & t x is necess>y = ! int]e/ ( ! p]son1 t ! money be re/or$ 9 ! same mann] 7z :5 ! l5d] w\ld conceal 8 ri*es7 9 t case ! example ceases1 & ! public is no long] int]e/$ 9 ! actions ( ! borr[]2 ?\gh ,i suppose !re is no morali/1 :o w affirm1 t ! duty & obligation ceases4 ,?irdly1 exp]i5ce suffici5tly proves1 t m51 9 ! ord9>y conduct ( life1 look n s f> z ! public int]e/1 :5 !y pay _! cr$itors1 p]=m _! promises1 & ab/a9 f !ft1 & robb]y1 & inju/ice ( e k9d4 ,t is a motive too remote & too sublime to affect ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 & op]ate ) any =ce 9 actions s contr>y to private int]e/ z are frequ5tly ^? ( ju/ice & common hone/y4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be affirm$1 t !re is no su* passion 9 human m9ds1 z ! love ( mank9d1 m]ely z su*1 indep5d5t ( p]sonal qualities1 ( s]vices1 or ( relation to ourself4 ,x is true1 !re is no human1 & inde$ no s5sible1 creature1 ^: happ9ess or mis]y does n1 9 "s measure1 affect u :5 br\ght ne> to u1 & repres5t$ 9 lively col\rs3 ,b ?is proce$s m]ely f sympa?y1 & is no pro( ( su* an univ]sal affection to mank9d1 s9ce ?is conc]n ext5ds itself beyond our own species4 ,an affection betwixt ! sexes is a passion evid5tly implant$ 9 human nature2 & ?is passion n only appe>s 9 its peculi> symptoms1 b also 9 inflam+ e o!r pr9ciple ( affection1 & rais+ a /rong] love f beauty1 wit1 k9dness1 ?an :at w\ld o!rwise fl[ f !m4 ,7 !re an univ]sal love among all human creatures1 x w\ld appe> aft] ! same mann]4 ,any degree ( a good quality w\ld cause a /rong] affection ?an ! same degree ( a bad quality w\ld cause hatr$2 contr>y to :at we f9d by exp]i5ce4 ,m5's temp]s are diff]5t1 & "s h a prop5sity to ! t5d]1 & o!rs to ! r\gh]1 affections3 ,b 9 ! ma91 we may affirm1 t man 9 g5]al1 or human nature1 is no?+ b ! object bo? ( love & hatr$1 & requires "s o!r cause1 :i* by a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas1 may excite ^! passions4 ,9 va9 w\ld we endeav\r to elude ?is hypo!sis4 ,!re are no pha5om5a t po9t out any su* k9d affection to m51 indep5d5t ( _! m]it1 & e o!r circum/ance4 ,we love company 9 g5]al2 b x is z we love any o!r amusem5t4 ,an ,engli%man 9 ,italy is a fri5d3 ,a ,euro paean 9 ,*9a2 & p]haps a man w\ld be belov$ z su*1 7 we to meet him 9 ! moon4 ,b ?is proce$s only f ! relation to ourselves2 :i* 9 ^! cases ga!rs =ce by be+ conf9$ to a few p]sons4 ,if public b5evol5ce1 !re=e1 or a reg>d to ! int]e/s ( mank9d1 _c be ! orig9al motive to ju/ice1 mu* less c private b5evol5ce1 or a reg>d to ! int]e/s ( ! p>ty conc]n$1 be ?is motive4 ,= :at if he be my enemy1 & has giv5 me j cause to hate him8 ,:at if he be a vici\s man1 & des]ves ! hatr$ ( all mank9d8 ,:at if he be a mis]1 & c make no use ( :at ,i w\ld deprive him (8 ,:at if he be a pr(ligate debau*ee1 & w\ld r receive h>m ?an b5efit f l>ge possessions8 ,:at if ,i be 9 necessity1 & h urg5t motives to acquire some?+ to my family8 ,9 all ^! cases1 ! orig9al motive to ju/ice w\ld fail2 & consequ5tly ! ju/ice itself1 & along ) x all prop]ty1 tight1 & obligation4 ,a ri* man lies "u a moral obligation to communicate to ^? 9 necessity a %>e ( 8 sup]fluities4 ,7 private b5evol5ce ! orig9al motive to ju/ice1 a man w\ld n be oblig$ to leave o!rs 9 ! possession ( m ?an he is oblig$ to give !m4 ,at lea/ ! diff]5ce w\ld be v inconsid]able4 ,m5 g5]ally fix _! affections m on :at !y are possess$ (1 ?an on :at !y nev] enjoy$3 ,= ?is reason1 x w\ld be great] cruelty to dispossess a man ( any ?+1 ?an n to give x him4 ,b :o w ass]t1 t ?is is ! only f\ndation ( ju/ice8 ,besides1 we mu/ consid]1 t ! *ief reason1 :y m5 atta* !mselves s mu* to _! possessions is1 t !y consid] !m z _! prop]ty1 & z secur$ to !m inviolably by ! laws ( society4 ,b ?is is a second>y consid]ation1 & dep5d5t on ! prec$+ notions ( ju/ice & prop]ty4 ,a man's prop]ty is suppos$ to be f5c$ aga9/ e mortal1 9 e possible case4 ,b private b5evol5ce is1 & ought to be1 weak] 9 "s p]sons1 ?an 9 o!rs3 ,& 9 _m1 or inde$ 9 mo/ p]sons1 mu/ absolutely fail4 ,private b5evol5ce1 !re=e1 is n ! orig9al motive ( ju/ice4 ,f all ?is x foll[s1 t we h no real or univ]sal motive = obs]v+ ! laws ( equity1 b ! v equity & m]it ( t obs]vance2 & z no action c be equitable or m]itori\s1 :]e x _c arise f "s sep>ate motive1 !re is "h an evid5t sophi/ry & reason+ 9 a circle4 ,unless1 !re=e1 we w all[1 t nature has e/abli%$ a sophi/ry1 & r5d]$ x necess>y & unavoidable1 we mu/ all[1 t ! s5se ( ju/ice & inju/ice is n d]iv$ f nature1 b arises artificially1 ?\gh necess>ily f education1 & human conv5tions4 ,i %all add1 z a coroll>y to ?is reason+1 t s9ce no action c be laudable or blameable1 )\t "s motives or impell+ passions1 di/9ct f ! s5se ( morals1 ^! di/9ct passions mu/ h a great influ5ce on t s5se4 ,x is accord+ to _! g5]al =ce 9 human nature1 t we blame or praise4 ,9 judg+ ( ! beauty ( animal bodies1 we always c>ry 9 our eye ! economy ( a c]ta9 species2 & :]e ! limbs & features obs]ve t proportion1 :i* is common to ! species1 we pron\nce !m h&some & beautiful4 ,9 l mann] we always consid] ! natural & usual =ce ( ! passions1 :5 we det]m9e conc]n+ vice & virtue2 & if ! passions dep>t v mu* f ! common measures on ei!r side1 !y are always disapprov$ z vici\s4 ,a man naturally loves 8 *ildr5 bett] ?an 8 nephews1 8 nephews bett] ?an 8 c\s9s1 8 c\s9s bett] ?an /rang]s1 :]e e ?+ else is equal4 ,h5ce arise our common measures ( duty1 9 pref]r+ ! "o to ! o!r4 ,our s5se ( duty always foll[s ! common & natural c\rse ( our passions4 ,to avoid giv+ (f5ce1 ,i mu/ "h obs]ve1 t :5 ,i d5y ju/ice to be a natural virtue1 ,i make use ( ! ^w1 natural1 only z oppos$ to artificial4 ,9 ano!r s5se ( ! ^w2 z no pr9ciple ( ! human m9d is m natural ?an a s5se ( virtue2 s no virtue is m natural ?an ju/ice4 ,mank9d is an inv5tive species2 & :]e an inv5tion is obvi\s & absolutely necess>y1 x may z prop]ly be said to be natural z any ?+ t proce$s imm$iately f orig9al pr9ciples1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ?\ght or reflection4 ,?\gh ! rules ( ju/ice be artificial1 !y are n arbitr>y4 ,nor is ! expression improp] to call !m ,laws ( ,nature2 if by natural we und]/& :at is common to any species1 or ev5 if we conf9e x to mean :at is insep>able f ! species4 ,,sect4 ,,ii ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,prop]ty ,we n[ proce$ to exam9e two que/ions1 viz1 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,mann]1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,are ,,e/abli%$ ,,by ,,! ,,artifice ,,( ,,m52 & ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,reasons1 ,,:i* ,,det]m9e ,,u ,,to ,,attribute ,,to ,,! ,,obs]vance ,,or ,,neglect ,,( ,,^! ,,rules ,a ,,moral ,,beauty ,,& ,,de=mity4 ,^! que/ions w appe> aft]w>ds to be di/9ct4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! =m]4 ,( all ! animals1 ) :i* ?is globe is peopl$1 !re is none t[>ds :om nature seems1 at fir/ sight1 to h ex]cis$ m cruelty ?an t[>ds man1 9 ! numb]less wants & necessities1 ) :i* %e has load$ him1 & 9 ! sl5d] means1 :i* %e af=ds to ! reliev+ ^! necessities4 ,9 o!r creatures ^! two p>ticul>s g5]ally comp5sate ea* o!r4 ,if we consid] ! lion z a voraci\s & c>nivor\s animal1 we %all easily discov] him to be v necessit\s2 b if we turn our eye to 8 make & temp]1 8 agility1 8 c\rage1 8 arms1 & 8 =ce1 we %all f9d1 t 8 advantages hold proportion ) 8 wants4 ,! %eep & ox are depriv$ ( all ^! advantages2 b _! appetites are mod]ate1 & _! food is ( easy pur*ase4 ,9 man alone1 ?is unnatural conjunction ( infirmity1 & ( necessity1 may be obs]v$ 9 its greate/ p]fection4 ,n only ! food1 :i* is requir$ = 8 su/5ance1 flies 8 se>* & approa*1 or at lea/ requires 8 lab\r to be produc$1 b he mu/ be possess$ ( cloa?s & lodg+1 to def5d him aga9/ ! injuries ( ! wea!r2 ?\gh to consid] him only 9 himself1 he is provid$ nei!r ) arms1 nor =ce1 nor o!r natural abilities1 :i* are 9 any degree answ]able to s _m necessities4 ,x is by society alone he is able to supply 8 defects1 & raise himself up to an equality ) 8 fell[-creatures1 & ev5 acquire a sup]iority above !m4 ,by society all 8 infirmities are comp5sat$2 & ?\gh 9 t situation 8 wants multiply e mom5t ^u him1 yet 8 abilities are /ill m augm5t$1 & leave him 9 e respect m satisfi$ & happy1 ?an x is possible = him1 9 8 savage & solit>y condition1 ev] to become4 ,:5 e individual p]son lab\rs ap>t1 & only = himself1 8 =ce is too small to execute any consid]able "w2 8 lab\r be+ employ$ 9 supply+ all 8 diff]5t necessities1 he nev] atta9s a p]fection 9 any p>ticul> art2 & z 8 =ce & success are n at all times equal1 ! lea/ failure 9 ei!r ( ^! p>ticul>s mu/ be att5d$ ) inevitable ru9 & mis]y4 ,society provides a rem$y = ^! ?ree inconv5i5ces4 ,by ! conjunction ( =ces1 our p[] is augm5t$3 ,by ! p>tition ( employm5ts1 our ability encreases3 ,& by mutual succ\r we are less expos$ to =tune & accid5ts4 ,x is by ?is additional =ce1 ability1 & security1 t society becomes advantage\s4 ,b 9 ord] to =m society1 x is requisite n only t x be advantage\s1 b also t m5 be s5sible ( ^! advantages2 & x is impossible1 9 _! wild uncultivat$ /ate1 t by /udy & reflection alone1 !y %\ld ev] be able to atta9 ?is k4 ,mo/ =tunately1 !re=e1 !re is conjo9$ to ^? necessities1 ^: rem$ies are remote & obscure1 ano!r necessity1 :i* hav+ a pres5t & m obvi\s rem$y1 may ju/ly be reg>d$ z ! fir/ & orig9al pr9ciple ( human society4 ,?is necessity is no o!r ?an t natural appetite betwixt ! sexes1 :i* unites !m toge!r1 & pres]ves _! union1 till a new tye takes place 9 _! conc]n = _! common (fspr+4 ,?is new conc]n becomes also a pr9ciple ( union betwixt ! p>5ts & (fspr+1 & =ms a m num]\s society2 :]e ! p>5ts gov]n by ! advantage ( _! sup]ior /r5g? & wisdom1 & at ! same "t are re/ra9$ 9 ! ex]cise ( _! au?ority by t natural affection1 :i* !y be> _! *ildr54 ,9 a little "t1 cu/om & habit op]at+ on ! t5d] m9ds ( ! *ildr51 makes !m s5sible ( ! advantages1 :i* !y may reap f society1 z well z fa%ions !m by degrees = x1 by rubb+ (f ^? r\gh corn]s & unt[>d affections1 :i* prev5t _! coalition4 ,= x mu/ be confe/1 t h[ev] ! circum/ances ( human nature may r5d] an union necess>y1 & h[ev] ^? passions ( lu/ & natural affection may seem to r5d] x unavoidable2 yet !re are o!r p>ticul>s 9 our natural temp]1 & 9 our outw>d circum/ances1 :i* are v incommodi\s1 & are ev5 contr>y to ! requisite conjunction4 ,among ! =m]1 we may ju/ly e/eem our selfi%ness to be ! mo/ consid]able4 ,i am s5sible1 t g5]ally speak+1 ! repres5tations ( ?is quality h be5 c>ri$ mu* too f>2 & t ! descriptions1 :i* c]ta9 philosoph]s delight s mu* to =m ( mank9d 9 ?is p>ticul>1 are z wide ( nature z any acc\nts ( mon/]s1 :i* we meet ) 9 fables & romances4 ,s f> f ?9k+1 t m5 h no affection = any ?+ beyond !mselves1 ,i am ( op9ion1 t ?\gh x be r>e to meet ) "o1 :o loves any s+le p]son bett] ?an himself2 yet x is z r>e to meet ) "o1 9 :om all ! k9d affections1 tak5 toge!r1 d n ov]balance all ! selfi%4 ,consult common exp]i5ce3 ,d y n see1 t ?\gh ! :ole exp5ce ( ! family be g5]ally "u ! direction ( ! ma/] ( x1 yet !re are few t d n be/[ ! l>ge/ "p ( _! =tunes on ! pleasures ( _! wives1 & ! education ( _! *ildr51 res]v+ ! smalle/ portion = _! own prop] use & ent]ta9m5t4 ,?is is :at we may obs]ve conc]n+ su* z h ^? ende>+ ties2 & may presume1 t ! case w\ld be ! same ) o!rs1 7 !y plac$ 9 a l situation4 ,b ?\gh ?is g5]osity mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to ! hon\r ( human nature1 we may at ! same "t rem>k1 t s noble an affection1 in/ead ( fitt+ m5 = l>ge societies1 is almo/ z contr>y to !m1 z ! mo/ n>r[ selfi%ness4 ,= :ile ea* p]son loves himself bett] ?an any o!r s+le p]son1 & 9 8 love to o!rs be>s ! greate/ affection to 8 relations & acqua9tance1 ?is mu/ necess>ily produce an oppositon ( passions1 & a consequ5t opposition ( actions2 :i* _c b be dang]\s to ! new-e/abli%$ union4 ,x is h[ev] wor? :ile to rem>k1 t ?is contr>iety ( passions w\ld be att5d$ ) b small dang]1 did x n concur ) a peculi>ity 9 our outw>d circum/ances1 :i* af=ds x an opportunity ( ex]t+ itself4 ,!re are diff]5t species ( goods1 :i* we are possess$ (2 ! int]nal satisfaction ( our m9ds1 ! ext]nal advantages ( our body1 & ! enjoym5t ( su* possessions z we h acquir$ by our indu/ry & good =tune4 ,we are p]fectly secure 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! fir/4 ,! second may be ravi%$ f u1 b c be ( no advantage to him :o deprives u ( !m4 ,! la/ only are bo? expos$ to ! viol5ce ( o!rs1 & may be transf]r$ )\t suff]+ any loss or alt]ation2 :ile at ! same "t1 !re is n a suffici5t quantity ( !m to supply e "o's desires & necessities4 ,z ! improvem5t1 !re=e1 ( ^! goods is ! *ief advantage ( society1 s ! in/ability ( _! possession1 along ) _! sc>city1 is ! *ief imp$im5t4 ,9 va9 %\ld we expect to f9d1 9 uncultivat$ nature1 a rem$y to ?is inconv5i5ce2 or hope = any in>tificial pr9ciple ( ! human m9d1 :i* might contr\l ^? p>tial affections1 & make u ov]come ! temptations aris+ f our circum/ances4 ,! idea ( ju/ice c nev] s]ve to ?is purpose1 or be tak5 = a natural pr9ciple1 capable ( inspir+ m5 ) an equitable conduct t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,t virtue1 z x is n[ und]/ood1 w\ld nev] h be5 dream$ ( among rude & savage m54 ,= ! notion ( injury or inju/ice implies an immorality or vice committ$ aga9/ "s o!r p]son3 ,& z e immorality is d]iv$ f "s defect or uns\ndness ( ! passions1 & z ?is defect mu/ be judg$ (1 9 a great measure1 f ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature 9 ! con/itution ( ! m9d2 x w be easy to "k1 :e!r we be guilty ( any immorality1 ) reg>d to o!rs1 by consid]+ ! natural1 & usual =ce ( ^? sev]al affections1 :i* are direct$ t[>ds !m4 ,n[ x appe>s1 t 9 ! orig9al frame ( our m9d1 our /ronge/ att5tion is conf9$ to ourselves2 our next is ext5d$ to our relations & acqua9tance2 & x is only ! weake/ :i* rea*es to /rang]s & indiff]5t p]sons4 ,?is p>tiality1 !n1 & unequal affection1 mu/ n only h an influ5ce on our behavi\r & conduct 9 society1 b ev5 on our ideas ( vice & virtue2 s z to make u reg>d any rem>kable transgression ( su* a degree ( p>tiality1 ei!r by too great an enl>gem5t1 or contraction ( ! affections1 z vici\s & immoral4 ,?is we may obs]ve 9 our common judgm5ts conc]n+ actions1 :]e we blame a p]son1 :o ei!r c5t]s all 8 affections 9 8 family1 or is s reg>dless ( !m1 z1 9 any opposition ( int]e/1 to give ! pref]5ce to a /rang]1 or m]e *ance acqua9tance4 ,f all :i* x foll[s1 t our natural uncultivat$ ideas ( morality1 in/ead ( provid+ a rem$y = ! p>tiality ( our affections1 d r con=m !mselves to t p>tiality1 & give x an additional =ce & influ5ce4 ,! rem$y1 !n1 is n d]iv$ f nature1 b f artifice2 or m prop]ly speak+1 nature provides a rem$y 9 ! judgm5t & und]/&+1 = :at is irregul> & incommodi\s 9 ! affections4 ,= :5 m51 f _! e>ly education 9 society1 h become s5sible ( ! inf9ite advantages t result f x1 & h besides acquir$ a new affection to company & conv]sation2 & :5 !y h obs]v$1 t ! pr9cipal di/urbance 9 society arises f ^? goods1 :i* we call ext]nal1 & f _! loos5ess & easy transition f "o p]son to ano!r2 !y mu/ seek = a rem$y by putt+ ^! goods1 z f> z possible1 on ! same foot+ ) ! fix$ & con/ant advantages ( ! m9d & body4 ,?is c be done aft] no o!r mann]1 ?an by a conv5tion ent]$ into by all ! memb]s ( ! society to be/[ /ability on ! possession ( ^? ext]nal goods1 & leave e "o 9 ! peaceable enjoym5t ( :at he may acquire by 8 =tune & indu/ry4 ,by ?is means1 e "o kn[s :at he may safely possess2 & ! passions ale re/ra9$ 9 _! p>tial & contradictory motions4 ,nor is su* a re/ra9t contr>y to ^! passions2 = if s1 x c\ld nev] be ent]$ into1 nor ma9ta9$2 b x is only contr>y to _! he$less & impetu\s movem5t4 ,in/ead ( dep>t+ f our own int]e/1 or f t ( our ne>e/ fri5ds1 by ab/a9+ f ! possessions ( o!rs1 we _c bett] consult bo? ^! int]e/s1 ?an by su* a conv5tion2 because x is by t means we ma9ta9 society1 :i* is s necess>y to _! well-be+ & subsi/5ce1 z well z to our own4 ,?is conv5tion is n ( ! nature ( a promise3 ,= ev5 promises !mselves1 z we %all see aft]w>ds1 arise f human conv5tions4 ,x is only a g5]al s5se ( common int]e/2 :i* s5se all ! memb]s ( ! society express to "o ano!r1 & :i* induces !m to regulate _! conduct by c]ta9 rules4 ,i obs]ve1 t x w be = my int]e/ to leave ano!r 9 ! possession ( 8 goods1 provid$ he w act 9 ! same mann] ) reg>d to me4 ,he is s5sible ( a l int]e/ 9 ! regulation ( 8 conduct4 ,:5 ?is common s5se ( int]e/ is mutually express$1 & is kn[n to bo?1 x produces a suitable resolution & behavi\r4 ,& ?is may prop]ly en\gh be call$ a conv5tion or agreem5t betwixt u1 ?\gh )\t ! int]position ( a promise2 s9ce ! actions ( ea* ( u h a ref]5ce to ^? ( ! o!r1 & are p]=m$ ^u ! supposition1 t some?+ is to be p]=m$ on ! o!r "p4 ,two m51 :o pull ! o>s ( a boat1 d x by an agreem5t or conv5tion1 ?\gh !y h nev] giv5 promises to ea* o!r4 ,nor is ! rule conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession ! less d]iv$ f human conv5tions1 t x arises gradually1 & acquires =ce by a sl[ progression1 & by our repeat$ exp]i5ce ( ! inconv5i5ces ( transgress+ x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is exp]i5ce assures u /ill m1 t ! s5se ( int]e/ has become common to all our fell[s1 & gives u a confid5ce ( ! future regul>ity ( _! conduct3 ,& x is only on ! expectation ( ?is1 t our mod]ation & ab/95ce are f\nd$4 ,9 l mann] are languages gradually e/abli%$ by human conv5tions )\t any promise4 ,9 l mann] d gold & silv] become ! common measures ( ex*ange1 & are e/eem$ suffici5t paym5t = :at is ( a hundr$ times _! value4 ,aft] ?is conv5tion1 conc]n+ ab/95ce f ! possessions ( o!rs1 is ent]$ into1 & e "o has acquir$ a /ability 9 8 possessions1 !re imm$iately arise ! ideas ( ju/ice & inju/ice2 z also ^? ( prop]ty1 "r1 & obligation4 ,! latt] are altoge!r un9telligible )\t fir/ und]/&+ ! =m]4 ,our prop]ty is no?+ b ^? goods1 ^: con/ant possession is e/abli%$ by ! laws ( society2 t is1 by ! laws ( ju/ice4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o make use ( ! words prop]ty1 or "r1 or obligation1 be=e !y h expla9$ ! orig9 ( ju/ice1 or ev5 make use ( !m 9 t explication1 are guilty ( a v gross fallacy1 & c nev] reason ^u any solid f\ndation4 ,a man's prop]ty is "s object relat$ to him4 ,?is relation is n natural1 b moral1 & f\nd$ on ju/ice4 ,x is v prepo/]\s1 !re=e1 to imag9e1 t we c h any idea ( prop]ty1 )\t fully compreh5d+ ! nature ( ju/ice1 & %ew+ its orig9 9 ! artifice & contrivance ( man4 ,! orig9 ( ju/ice expla9s t ( prop]ty4 ,! same artifice gives rise to bo?4 ,z our fir/ & mo/ natural s5tim5t ( morals is f\nd$ on ! nature ( our passions1 & gives ! pref]5ce to ourselves & fri5ds1 above /rang]s2 x is impossible !re c be naturally any su* ?+ z a fix$ "r or prop]ty1 :ile ! opposite passions ( m5 impel !m 9 contr>y directions1 & are n re/ra9$ by any conv5tion or agreem5t4 ,no "o c d\bt1 t ! conv5tion = ! di/9ction ( prop]ty1 & = ! /ability ( possession1 is ( all circum/ances ! mo/ necess>y to ! e/abli%m5t ( human society1 & t aft] ! agreem5t = ! fix+ & obs]v+ ( ?is rule1 !re rema9s little or no?+ to be done t[>ds settl+ a p]fect h>mony & concord4 ,all ! o!r passions1 besides ?is ( int]e/1 are ei!r easily re/ra9$1 or are n ( su* p]nici\s consequ5ce1 :5 indulg$4 ,vanity is r to be e/eem$ a social passion1 & a bond ( union among m54 ,pity & love are to be consid]$ 9 ! same light4 ,& z to envy & rev5ge1 ?\gh p]nici\s1 !y op]ate only by int]vals1 & are direct$ aga9/ p>ticul> p]sons1 :om we consid] z our sup]iors or enemies4 ,?is avidity alone1 ( acquir+ goods & possessions = ourselves & our ne>e/ fri5ds1 is insatiable1 p]petual1 univ]sal1 & directly de/ructive ( society4 ,!re sc>ce is any "o1 :o is n actuat$ by x2 & !re is no "o1 :o has n reason to fe> f x1 :5 x acts )\t any re/ra9t1 & gives way to its fir/ & mo/ natural movem5ts4 ,s t ^u ! :ole1 we are to e/eem ! difficulties 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( society1 to be great] or less1 accord+ to ^? we enc\nt] 9 regulat+ & re/ra9+ ?is passion4 ,x is c]ta91 t no affection ( ! human m9d has bo? a suffici5t =ce1 & a prop] direction to c\nt]balance ! love ( ga91 & r5d] m5 fit memb]s ( society1 by mak+ !m ab/a9 f ! possessions ( o!rs4 ,b5evol5ce to /rang]s is too weak = ?is purpose2 & z to ! o!r passions1 !y r inflame ?is avidity1 :5 we obs]ve1 t ! l>g] our possessions are1 ! m ability we h ( gratify+ all our appetites4 ,!re is no passion1 !re=e1 capable ( controll+ ! int]e/$ affection1 b ! v affection itself1 by an alt]ation ( its direction4 ,n[ ?is alt]ation mu/ necess>ily take place ^u ! lea/ reflection2 s9ce x is evid5t1 t ! passion is mu* bett] satisfy$ by its re/ra9t1 ?an by its lib]ty1 & t 9 pres]v+ society1 we make mu* great] advances 9 ! acquir+ possessions1 ?an 9 ! solit>y & =lorn condition1 :i* mu/ foll[ ^u viol5ce & an univ]sal lic5ce4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 conc]n+ ! wick$ness or goodness ( human nature1 ent]s n 9 ! lea/ into t o!r "q conc]n+ ! orig9 ( society2 nor is !re any ?+ to be consid]$ b ! degrees ( m5's sagacity or folly4 ,= :e!r ! passion ( self-int]e/ be e/eem$ vici\s or virtu\s1 x is all a case2 s9ce itself alone re/ra9s x3 ,s t if x be virtu\s1 m5 become social by _! virtue2 if vici\s1 _! vice has ! same effect4 ,n[ z x is by e/abli%+ ! rule = ! /ability ( possession1 t ?is passion re/ra9s itself2 if t rule be v ab/ruse1 & ( difficult inv5tion2 society mu/ be e/eem$1 9 a mann]1 accid5tal1 & ! effect ( _m ages4 ,b if x be f\nd1 t no?+ c be m simple & obvi\s ?an t rule2 t e p>5t1 9 ord] to pres]ve peace among 8 *ildr51 mu/ e/abli% x2 & t ^! fir/ rudim5ts ( ju/ice mu/ e day be improv$1 z ! society enl>ges3 ,if all ?is appe> evid5t1 z x c]ta9ly mu/1 we may conclude1 t x is utt]ly impossible = m5 to rema9 any consid]able "t 9 t savage condition1 :i* prec$es society2 b t 8 v fir/ /ate & situation may ju/ly be e/eem$ social4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 h9d]s n1 b t philosoph]s may1 if !y please1 ext5d _! reason+ to ! suppos$ /ate ( nature2 provid$ !y all[ x to be a m]e philosophical fiction1 :i* nev] _h1 & nev] c\ld h any reality4 ,human nature be+ compos$ ( two pr9cipal p>ts1 :i* are requisite 9 all its actions1 ! affections & und]/&+2 x is c]ta91 t ! bl9d motions ( ! =m]1 )\t ! direction ( ! latt]1 incapacitate m5 = society3 ,& x may be all[$ u to consid] sep>ately ! effects1 t result f ! sep>ate op]ations ( ^! two compon5t p>ts ( ! m9d4 ,! same lib]ty may be p]mitt$ to moral1 :i* is all[$ to natural philosoph]s2 & x is v usual ) ! latt] to consid] any motion z comp\nd$ & consi/+ ( two p>ts sep>ate f ea* o!r1 ?\gh at ! same "t !y ackn[l$ge x to be 9 itself uncomp\nd$ & insep>able4 ,?is /ate ( nature1 !re=e1 is to be reg>d$ z a m]e fiction1 n unlike t ( ! gold5 age1 :i* poets h inv5t$2 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! =m] is describ$ z full ( w>1 viol5ce & inju/ice2 :]eas ! latt] is po9t$ out to u1 z ! mo/ *>m+ & mo/ peaceable condition1 t c possibly be imag9$4 ,! seasons1 9 t fir/ age ( nature1 7 s temp]ate1 if we may believe ! poets1 t !re 0 no necessity = m5 to provide !mselves ) cloa?s & h\ses z a security aga9/ ! viol5ce ( heat & cold4 ,! riv]s fl[$ ) w9e & milk3 ,! oaks yield$ honey2 & nature spontane\sly produc$ h] greate/ delicacies4 ,nor 7 ^! ! *ief advantages ( t happy age4 ,! /orms & tempe/s 7 n alone remov$ f nature2 b ^? m furi\s tempe/s 7 unkn[n to human brea/s1 :i* n[ cause su* upro>1 & eng5d] su* confusion4 ,av>ice1 ambition1 cruelty1 selfi%ness1 7 nev] he>d (3 ,cordial affection1 compassion1 sympa?y1 7 ! only movem5ts1 ) :i* ! human m9d 0 yet acqua9t$4 ,ev5 ! di/9ction ( m9e & ?9e 0 bani%$ f t happy race ( mortals1 & c>ry$ ) !m ! v notions ( prop]ty & obligation1 ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is to be reg>d$ z an idle fiction2 b yet des]ves our att5tion1 because no?+ c m evid5tly %ew ! orig9 ( ^? virtues1 :i* are ! subjects ( our pres5t enquiry4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t ju/ice takes its rise f human conv5tions2 & t ^! are int5d$ z a rem$y to "s inconv5i5ces1 :i* proce$ f ! concurr5ce ( c]ta9 qualities ( ! human m9d ) ! situation ( ext]nal objects4 ,! qualities ( ! m9d are selfi%ness & limit$ g5]osity3 ,& ! situation ( ext]nal objects is _! easy *ange1 jo9$ to _! sc>city 9 comp>ison ( ! wants & desires ( m54 ,b h[ev] philosoph]s may h be5 bewild]$ 9 ^? speculations1 poets h be5 guid$ m infallibly1 by a c]ta9 ta/e or common in/9ct1 :i* 9 mo/ k9ds ( reason+ goes f>!r ?an any ( t art & philosophy1 ) :i* we h be5 yet acqua9t$4 ,!y easily p]ceiv$1 if e man _h a t5d] reg>d = ano!r1 or if nature suppli$ abundantly all our wants & desires1 t ! jeal\sy ( int]e/1 :i* ju/ice supposes1 c\ld no long] h place2 nor w\ld !re be any occasion = ^? di/9ctions & limits ( prop]ty & possession1 :i* at pres5t are 9 use among mank9d4 ,encrease to a suffici5t degree ! b5evol5ce ( m51 or ! b\nty ( nature1 & y r5d] ju/ice useless1 by supply+ its place ) mu* nobl] virtues1 & m valuable bless+s4 ,! selfi%ness ( m5 is animat$ by ! few possessions we h1 9 proportion to our wants2 & x is to re/ra9 ?is selfi%ness1 t m5 h be5 oblig$ to sep>ate !mselves f ! community1 & to di/+ui% betwixt _! own goods & ^? ( o!rs4 ,nor ne$ we h rec\rse to ! fictions ( poets to le>n ?is2 b beside ! reason ( ! ?+1 may discov] ! same tru? by common exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,x is easy to rem>k1 t a cordial affection r5d]s all ?+s common among fri5ds2 & t m>ri$ p 9 p>ticul> mutually lose _! prop]ty1 & are unacqua9t$ ) ! m9e & ?9e1 :i* are s necess>y1 & yet cause su* di/urbance 9 human society4 ,! same effect arises f any alt]ation 9 ! circum/ances ( mank9d2 z :5 !re is su* a pl5ty ( any ?+ z satisfies all ! desires ( m53 ,9 :i* case ! di/9ction ( prop]ty is entirely lo/1 & e ?+ rema9s 9 common4 ,?is we may obs]ve ) reg>d to air & wat]1 ?\gh ! mo/ valuable ( all ext]nal objects2 & may easily conclude1 t if m5 7 suppli$ ) e ?+ 9 ! same abundance1 or if e "o _h ! same affection & t5d] reg>d = e "o z = himself2 ju/ice & inju/ice w\ld be equally unkn[n among mank9d4 ,"h !n is a proposition1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 may be reg>d$ z c]ta91 t x is only f ! selfi%ness & conf9$ g5]osity ( m51 along ) ! scanty provision nature has made = 8 wants1 t ju/ice d]ives its orig94 ,if we look backw>d we %all f9d1 t ?is proposition be/[s an additional =ce on "s ( ^? obs]vations1 :i* we h already made on ?is subject4 ,fir/1 we may conclude f x1 t a reg>d to public int]e/1 or a /rong ext5sive b5evol5ce1 is n our fir/ & orig9al motive = ! obs]vation ( ! rules ( ju/ice2 s9ce x is all[$1 t if m5 7 end[$ ) su* a b5evol5ce1 ^! rules w\ld nev] h be5 dreamt (4 ,secondly1 we may conclude f ! same pr9ciple1 t ! s5se ( ju/ice is n f\nd$ on reason1 or on ! discov]y ( c]ta9 connexions & relations ( ideas1 :i* are et]nal1 immutable1 & univ]sally obligatory4 ,= s9ce x is confe/1 t su* an alt]ation z t above-m5tion$1 9 ! temp] & circum/ances ( mank9d1 w\ld entirely alt] our duties & obligations1 x is necess>y ^u ! common sy/em1 t ! s5se ( virtue is d]iv$ f reason1 to %ew ! *ange :i* ?is mu/ produce 9 ! relations & ideas4 ,b x is evid5t1 t ! only cause1 :y ! ext5sive g5]osity ( man1 & ! p]fect abundance ( e ?+1 w\ld de/roy ! v idea ( ju/ice1 is because !y r5d] x useless2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 8 conf9$ b5evol5ce1 & 8 necessit\s condition1 give rise to t virtue1 only by mak+ x requisite to ! publick int]e/1 & to t ( e individual4 ,twas !re=e a conc]n = our own1 & ! publick int]e/1 :i* made u e/abli% ! laws ( ju/ice2 & no?+ c be m c]ta91 ?an t x is n any relation ( ideas1 :i* gives u ?is conc]n1 b our impressions & s5tim5ts1 )\t :i* e ?+ 9 nature is p]fectly indiff]5t to u1 & c nev] 9 ! lea/ affect u4 ,! s5se ( ju/ice1 !re=e1 is n f\nd$ on our ideas1 b on our impressions4 ,?irdly1 we may f>!r confirm ! =ego+ proposition1 ,,t ,,^? ,,impressions1 ,,:i* ,,give ,,rise ,,to ,,?is ,,s5se ,,( ,,ju/ice1 ,,are ,,n ,,natural ,,to ,,! ,,m9d ,,( ,,man1 ,,b ,,arise ,,f ,,artifice ,,& ,,human ,,conv5tions4 ,= s9ce any consid]able alt]ation ( temp] & circum/ances de/roys equally ju/ice & inju/ice2 & s9ce su* an alt]ation has an effect only by *ang+ our own & ! publick int]e/2 x foll[s1 t ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( ! rules ( ju/ice dep5ds on ^! diff]5t int]e/s4 ,b if m5 pursu$ ! publick int]e/ naturally1 & ) a he>ty affection1 !y w\ld nev] h dream$ ( re/ra9+ ea* o!r by ^! rules2 & if !y pursu$ _! own int]e/1 )\t any precaution1 !y w\ld run head-long into e k9d ( inju/ice & viol5ce4 ,^! rules1 !re=e1 are artificial1 & seek _! end 9 an oblique & indirect mann]2 nor is ! int]e/1 :i* gives rise to !m1 ( a k9d t c\ld be pursu$ by ! natural & in>tificial passions ( m54 ,to make ?is m evid5t1 consid]1 t ?\gh ! rules ( ju/ice are e/abli%$ m]ely by int]e/1 _! connexion ) int]e/ is some:at s+ul>1 & is diff]5t f :at may be obs]v$ on o!r occasions4 ,a s+le act ( ju/ice is frequ5tly contr>y to public int]e/2 & 7 x to /& alone1 )\t be+ foll[$ by o!r acts1 may1 9 itself1 be v prejudicial to society4 ,:5 a man ( m]it1 ( a b5efic5t disposition1 re/ores a great =tune to a mis]1 or a s$iti\s bigot1 he has act$ ju/ly & laudably1 b ! public is a real suff]]4 ,nor is e s+le act ( ju/ice1 consid]$ ap>t1 m conducive to private int]e/1 ?an to public2 & x is easily conceiv$ h[ a man may impov]i% himself by a signal in/ance ( integrity1 & h reason to wi%1 t ) reg>d to t s+le act1 ! laws ( ju/ice 7 = a mom5t susp5d$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,b h[ev] s+le acts ( ju/ice may be contr>y1 ei!r to public or private int]e/1 x is c]ta91 t ! :ole plan or s*eme is highly conducive1 or inde$ absolutely requisite1 bo? to ! support ( society1 & ! well-be+ ( e individual4 ,x is impossible to sep>ate ! good f ! ill4 ,prop]ty mu/ be /able1 & mu/ be fix$ by g5]al rules4 ,?\gh 9 "o in/ance ! public be a suff]]1 ?is mom5t>y ill is amply comp5sat$ by ! /eady prosecution ( ! rule1 & by ! peace & ord]1 :i* x e/abli%es 9 society4 ,& ev5 e individual p]son mu/ f9d himself a ga9]1 on ballanc+ ! acc\nt2 s9ce1 )\t ju/ice society mu/ imm$iately dissolve1 & e "o mu/ fall into t savage & solit>y condition1 :i* is inf9itely worse ?an ! wor/ situation t c possibly be suppos$ 9 society4 ,:5 !re=e m5 h _h exp]i5ce en\gh to obs]ve1 t :atev] may be ! consequ5ce ( any s+le act ( ju/ice1 p]=m$ by a s+le p]son1 yet ! :ole sy/em ( actions1 concurr$ 9 by ! :ole society1 is inf9itely advantage\s to ! :ole1 & to e "p2 x is n long be=e ju/ice & prop]ty take place4 ,e memb] ( society is s5sible ( ?is int]e/3 ,e "o expresses ?is s5se to 8 fell[s1 along ) ! resolution he has tak5 ( squ>+ 8 actions by x1 on condition t o!rs w d ! same4 ,no m is requisite to induce any "o ( !m to p]=m an act ( ju/ice1 :o has ! fir/ opportunity4 ,?is becomes an example to o!rs4 ,& ?us ju/ice e/abli%es itself by a k9d ( conv5tion or agreem5t2 t is1 by a s5se ( int]e/1 suppos$ to be common to all1 & :]e e s+le act is p]=m$ 9 expectation t o!rs are to p]=m ! l4 ,)\t su* a conv5tion1 no "o w\ld ev] h dream$1 t !re 0 su* a virtue z ju/ice1 or h be5 induc$ to con=m 8 actions to x4 ,tak+ any s+le act1 my ju/ice may be p]nici\s 9 e respect2 & x is only ^u ! supposition t o!rs are to imitate my example1 t ,i c be induc$ to embrace t virtue2 s9ce no?+ b ?is comb9ation c r5d] ju/ice advantage\s1 or af=d me any motives to con=m my self to its rules4 ,we come n[ to ! second "q we propos$1 viz4 ,:y we annex ! idea ( virtue to ju/ice1 & ( vice to inju/ice4 ,?is "q w n deta9 u long aft] ! pr9ciples1 :i* we h already e/abli%$1 ,all we c say ( x at pres5t w be dispat*$ 9 a few words3 ,& = f>!r satisfaction1 ! read] mu/ wait till we come to ! ?ird "p ( ?is book4 ,! natural obligation to ju/ice1 viz1 int]e/1 has be5 fully expla9$2 b z to ! moral obligation1 or ! s5tim5t ( "r & wrong1 x w fir/ be requisite to exam9e ! natural virtues1 be=e we c give a full & satisfactory acc\nt ( x4 ,aft] m5 h f\nd by exp]i5ce1 t _! selfi%ness & conf9$ g5]osity1 act+ at _! lib]ty1 totally incapacitate !m = society2 & at ! same "t h obs]v$1 t society is necess>y to ! satisfaction ( ^? v passions1 !y are naturally induc$ to lay !mselves "u ! re/ra9t ( su* rules1 z may r5d] _! comm]ce m safe & commodi\s4 ,to ! imposition !n1 & obs]vance ( ^! rules1 bo? 9 g5]al1 & 9 e p>ticul> in/ance1 !y are at fir/ induc$ only by a reg>d to int]e/2 & ?is motive1 on ! fir/ =mation ( society1 is suffici5tly /rong & =cible4 ,b :5 society has become num]\s1 & has encreas$ to a tribe or nation1 ?is int]e/ is m remote2 nor d m5 s readily p]ceive1 t disord] & confusion foll[ ^u e brea* ( ^! rules1 z 9 a m n>r[ & contract$ society4 ,b ?\gh 9 our own actions we may frequ5tly lose sight ( t int]e/1 :i* we h 9 ma9ta9+ ord]1 & may foll[ a less] & m pres5t int]e/1 we nev] fail to obs]ve ! prejudice we receive1 ei!r m$iately or imm$iately1 f ! inju/ice ( o!rs2 z n be+ 9 t case ei!r bl9d$ by passion1 or byass$ by any contr>y temptation4 ,nay :5 ! inju/ice is s di/ant f u1 z no way to affect our int]e/1 x /ill displeases u2 because we consid] x z prejudicial to human society1 & p]nici\s to e "o t approa*es ! p]son guilty ( x4 ,we p>take ( _! uneas9ess by sympa?y2 & z e ?+1 :i* gives uneas9ess 9 human actions1 ^u ! g5]al survey1 is call$ ,vice1 & :atev] produces satisfaction1 9 ! same mann]1 is d5om9at$ ,virtue2 ?is is ! reason :y ! s5se ( moral good & evil foll[s ^u ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,& ?\gh ?is s5se1 9 ! pres5t case1 be d]iv$ only f contemplat+ ! actions ( o!rs1 yet we fail n to ext5d x ev5 to our own actions4 ,! g5]al rule rea*es beyond ^? in/ances1 f :i* x arose2 :ile at ! same "t we naturally sympa?ize ) o!rs 9 ! s5tim5ts !y ent]ta9 ( u4 ,?us self-int]e/ is ! orig9al motive to ! e/abli%m5t ( ju/ice3 b a sympa?y ) public int]e/ is ! s\rce ( ! moral approbation1 :i* att5ds t virtue4 ,?\gh ?is progress ( ! s5tim5ts be natural1 & ev5 necess>y1 x is c]ta91 t x is "h =w>d$ by ! artifice ( politicians1 :o1 9 ord] to gov]n m5 m easily1 & pres]ve peace 9 human society1 h endeav\r$ to produce an e/eem = ju/ice1 & an abhorr5ce ( inju/ice4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 mu/ h its effect2 b no?+ c be m evid5t1 ?an t ! matt] has be5 c>ry$ too f> by c]ta9 writ]s on morals1 :o seem to h employ$ _! utmo/ ef=ts to extirpate all s5se ( virtue f among mank9d4 ,any artifice ( politicians may assi/ nature 9 ! produc+ ( ^? s5tim5ts1 :i* %e sugge/s to u1 & may ev5 on "s occasions1 produce alone an approbation or e/eem = any p>ticul> action2 b x is impossible x %\ld be ! sole cause ( ! di/9ction we make betwixt vice & virtue4 ,= if nature did n aid u 9 ?is p>ticul>1 x w\ld be 9 va9 = politicians to talk ( hon\rable or di%on\rable1 praisewor?y or blameable4 ,^! words w\ld be p]fectly un9telligible1 & w\ld no m h any idea annex$ to !m1 ?an if !y 7 ( a tongue p]fectly unkn[n to u4 ,! utmo/ politicians c p]=m1 is1 to ext5d ! natural s5tim5ts beyond _! orig9al b\nds2 b /ill nature mu/ furni% ! mat]ials1 & give u "s notion ( moral di/9ctions4 ,z publick praise & blame encrease our e/eem = ju/ice2 s private education & in/ruction contribute to ! same effect4 ,= z p>5ts easily obs]ve1 t a man is ! m useful1 bo? to himself & o!rs1 ! great] degree ( probity & hon\r he is end[$ )2 & t ^? pr9ciples h great] =ce1 :5 cu/om & education assi/ int]e/ & reflection3 ,= ^! reasons !y are induc$ to inculcate on _! *ildr51 f _! e>lie/ infancy1 ! pr9ciples ( probity1 & tea* !m to reg>d ! obs]vance ( ^? rules1 by :i* society is ma9ta9$1 z wor?y & hon\rable1 & _! violation z base & infam\s4 ,by ?is means ! s5tim5ts ( hon\r may take root 9 _! t5d] m9ds1 & acquire su* firmness & solidity1 t !y may fall little %ort ( ^? pr9ciples1 :i* are ! mo/ ess5tial to our natures1 & ! mo/ deeply radicat$ 9 our int]nal con/itution4 ,:at f>!r contributes to encrease _! solidity1 is ! int]e/ ( our reputation1 aft] ! op9ion1 t a m]it or dem]it att5ds ju/ice or inju/ice1 is once firmly e/abli%$ among mank9d4 ,!re is no?+1 :i* t\*es u m ne>ly ?an our reputation1 & no?+ on :i* our reputation m dep5ds ?an our conduct1 ) relation to ! prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,= ?is reason1 e "o1 :o has any reg>d to 8 "*1 or :o int5ds to live on good t]ms ) mank9d1 mu/ fix an inviolable law to himself1 nev]1 by any temptation1 to be induc$ to violate ^? pr9ciples1 :i* are ess5tial to a man ( probity & hon\r4 ,i %all make only "o obs]vation be=e ,i leave ?is subject1 viz1 t ?\gh ,i ass]t1 t 9 ! /ate ( nature1 or t imag9>y /ate1 :i* prec$$ society1 !re be nei!r ju/ice nor inju/ice1 yet ,i ass]t n1 t x 0 all[able1 9 su* a /ate1 to violate ! prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,i only ma9ta91 t !re 0 no su* ?+ z prop]ty2 & consequ5tly c\ld be no su* ?+ z ju/ice or inju/ice4 ,i %all h occasion to make a simil> reflection ) reg>d to promises1 :5 ,i come to treat ( !m2 & ,i hope ?is reflection1 :5 duly weigh$1 w suffice to remove all odium f ! =ego+ op9ions1 ) reg>d to ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,,sect4 ,,iii ,,( ,,! ,,rules ,,:i* ,,det]m9e ,,prop]ty ,?\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( ! rule1 conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession1 be n only useful1 b ev5 absolutely necess>y to human society1 x c nev] s]ve to any purpose1 :ile x rema9s 9 su* g5]al t]ms4 ,"s me?od mu/ be %ewn1 by :i* we may di/+ui% :at p>ticul> goods are to be assign$ to ea* p>ticul> p]son1 :ile ! re/ ( mank9d are exclud$ f _! possession & enjoym5t4 ,our next bus9ess1 !n1 mu/ be to discov] ! reasons :i* modify ?is g5]al rule1 & fit x to ! common use & practice ( ! _w4 ,x is obvi\s1 t ^? reasons are n d]iv$ f any utility or advantage1 :i* ei!r ! p>ticul> p]son or ! public may reap f 8 enjoym5t ( any p>ticul> goods1 beyond :at w\ld result f ! possession ( !m by any o!r p]son4 ,tw]e bett]1 no d\bt1 t e "o 7 possess$ ( :at is mo/ suitable to him1 & prop] = 8 use3 ,b besides1 t ?is relation ( fitness may be common to sev]al at once1 x is liable to s _m controv]sies1 & m5 are s p>tial & passionate 9 judg+ ( ^! controv]sies1 t su* a loose & unc]ta9 rule w\ld be absolutely incompatible ) ! peace ( human society4 ,! conv5tion conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession is ent]$ into1 9 ord] to cut (f all occasions ( discord & cont5tion2 & ?is end w\ld nev] be atta9$1 7 we all[$ to apply ?is rule diff]5tly 9 e p>ticul> case1 accord+ to e p>ticul> utility1 :i* might be discov]$ 9 su* an application4 ,ju/ice1 9 h] decisions1 nev] reg>ds ! fitness or unfitness ( objects to p>ticul> p]sons1 b conducts h]self by m ext5sive views4 ,:e!r a man be g5]\s1 or a mis]1 he is equally well receiv$ by h]1 & obta9s ) ! same facility a decision 9 8 fav\rs1 ev5 = :at is entirely useless to him4 ,x foll[s !re=e1 t ! g5]al rule1 t possession mu/ be /able1 is n appli$ by p>ticul> judgm5ts1 b by o!r g5]al rules1 :i* mu/ ext5d to ! :ole society1 & be inflexible ei!r by spite or fav\r4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 ,i propose ! foll[+ in/ance4 ,i fir/ consid] m5 9 _! savage & solit>y condition2 & suppose1 t be+ s5sible ( ! mis]y ( t /ate1 & =esee+ ! advantages t w\ld result f society1 !y seek ea* o!r's company1 & make an (f] ( mutual protection & assi/ance4 ,i also suppose1 t !y are end[$ ) su* sagacity z imm$iately to p]ceive1 t ! *ief imp$im5t to ?is project ( society & p>tn]%ip lies 9 ! avidity & selfi%ness ( _! natural temp]2 to rem$y :i*1 !y ent] into a conv5tion = ! /ability ( possession1 & = mutual re/ra9t & =be>ance4 ,i am s5sible1 t ?is me?od ( proce$+ is n altoge!r natural2 b besides t ,i "h only suppose ^? reflections to be =m$ at once1 :i* 9 fact arise ins5sibly & by degrees2 besides ?is1 ,i say1 x is v possible1 t sev]al p]sons1 be+ by diff]5t accid5ts sep>at$ f ! societies1 to :i* !y =m]ly belong$1 may be oblig$ to =m a new society among !mselves2 9 :i* case !y are entirely 9 ! situation above-m5tion$4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t _! fir/ difficulty1 9 ?is situation1 aft] ! g5]al conv5tion = ! e/abli%m5t ( society1 & = ! con/ancy ( possession1 is1 h[ to sep>ate _! possessions1 & assign to ea* 8 p>ticul> portion1 :i* he mu/ = ! future inalt]ably enjoy4 ,?is difficulty w n deta9 !m long2 b x mu/ imm$iately occur to !m1 z ! mo/ natural exp$i5t1 t e "o cont9ue to enjoy :at he is at pres5t ma/] (1 & t prop]ty or con/ant possession be conjo9$ to ! imm$iate possession4 ,su* is ! effect ( cu/om1 t x n only reconciles u to any ?+ we h long enjoy$1 b ev5 gives u an affection = x1 & makes u pref] x to o!r objects1 :i* may be m valuable1 b are less kn[n to u4 ,:at has long la9 "u our eye1 & has (t5 be5 employ$ to our advantage1 t we are always ! mo/ unwill+ to "p )2 b c easily live )\t possessions1 :i* we nev] h enjoy$1 & are n accu/om$ to4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t m5 w\ld easily acquiesce 9 ?is exp$i5t1 t e "o cont9ue to enjoy :at he is at pres5t possess$ (2 & ?is is ! reason1 :y !y w\ld s naturally agree 9 pref]r+ x4#a #a ,no que/ions 9 philosophy are m difficult1 ?an :5 a numb] ( causes pres5t !mselves = ! same phnom5on1 to det]m9e :i* is ! pr9cipal & pr$om9ant4 ,!re seldom is any v precise argum5t to fix our *oice1 & m5 mu/ be cont5t$ to be guid$ by a k9d ( ta/e or fancy1 aris+ f analogy1 & a comp>ison ( famili> in/ances4 ,?us1 9 ! pres5t case1 !re are1 no d\bt1 motives ( public int]e/ = mo/ ( ! rules1 :i* det]m9e prop]ty2 b /ill ,i suspect1 t ^! rules are pr9cipally fix$ by ! imag9ation1 or ! m frivol\s prop]ties ( our ?\ght & conception4 ,i %all cont9ue to expla9 ^! causes1 leav+ x to ! read]'s *oice1 :e!r he w pref] ^? d]iv$ f publick utility1 or ^? d]iv$ f ! imag9ation4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! "r ( ! pres5t possessor4 ,x is a quality1 :i* ,i h already obs]v$ 9 human nature1 t :5 two objects appe> 9 a close relation to ea* o!r1 ! m9d is apt to ascribe to !m any additional relation1 9 ord] to compleat ! union2 & ?is incl9ation is s /rong1 z (t5 to make u run into errors 7su* z t ( ! conjunction ( ?\ght & matt]7 if we f9d t !y c s]ve to t purpose4 ,_m ( our impressions are incapable ( place or local position2 & yet ^? v impressions we suppose to h a local conjunction ) ! impressions ( sight & t\*1 m]ely because !y are conjo9$ by causation1 & are already unit$ 9 ! imag9ation4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 we c feign a new relation1 & ev5 an absurd "o1 9 ord] to compleat any union1 x w easily be imag9$1 t if !re be any relations1 :i* dep5d on ! m9d1 x w readily conjo9 !m to any prec$+ relation1 & unite1 by a new bond1 su* objects z h already an union 9 ! fancy4 ,?us = in/ance1 we nev] fail1 9 our arrangem5t ( bodies1 to place ^? :i* are resembl+ 9 contiguity to ea* o!r1 or at lea/ 9 correspond5t po9ts ( view2 because we feel a satisfaction 9 jo9+ ! relation ( contiguity to t ( resemblance1 or ! resemblance ( situation to t ( qualities4 ,& ?is is easily acc\nt$ = f ! kn[n prop]ties ( human nature4 ,:5 ! m9d is det]m9$ to jo9 c]ta9 objects1 b undet]m9$ 9 its *oice ( ! p>ticul> objects1 ,x naturally turns its eye to su* z are relat$ toge!r4 ,!y are already unit$ 9 ! m9d3 ,!y pres5t !mselves at ! same "t to ! conception2 & in/ead ( requir+ any new reason = _! conjunction1 x w\ld require a v p[]ful reason to make u ov]-look ?is natural aff9ity4 ,?is we %all h occasion to expla9 m fully aft]w>ds1 :5 we come to treat ( beauty4 ,9 ! mean "t1 we may cont5t ourselves ) obs]v+1 t ! same love ( ord] & uni=mity1 :i* arranges ! books 9 a libr>y1 & ! *airs 9 a p>l\r1 contribute to ! =mation ( society1 & to ! well-be+ ( mank9d1 by modify+ ! g5]al rule conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession4 ,& z prop]ty =ms a relation betwixt a p]son & an object1 x is natural to f\nd x on "s prec$+ relation2 & z prop]ty ,is no?+ b a con/ant possession1 secur$ by ! laws ( society1 x is natural to add x to ! pres5t possession1 :i* is a relation t resembles x4 ,= ?is also has its influ5ce4 ,if x be natural to conjo9 all sorts ( relations1 x is m s1 to conjo9 su* relations z are resembl+1 & are relat$ toge!r4 ,b we may obs]ve1 t ?\gh ! rule ( ! assignm5t ( prop]ty to ! pres5t possessor be natural1 & by t means useful1 yet its utility ext5ds n beyond ! fir/ =mation ( society2 nor w\ld any ?+ be m p]nici\s1 ?an ! con/ant obs]vance ( x2 by :i* re/itution w\ld be exclud$1 & e inju/ice w\ld be au?oriz$ & rew>d$4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 seek = "s o!r circum/ance1 t may give rise to prop]ty aft] society is once e/abli%$2 & ( ?is k9d1 ,i f9d f\r mo/ consid]able1 viz4 ,occupation1 ,prescription1 ,accession1 & ,succession4 ,we %all briefly exam9e ea* ( ^!1 beg9n+ ) ,occupation4 ,! possession ( all ext]nal goods is *angeable & unc]ta92 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ consid]able imp$im5ts to ! e/abli%m5t ( society1 & is ! reason :y1 by univ]sal agreem5t1 express or tacite1 m5 re/ra9 !mselves by :at we n[ call ! rules ( ju/ice & equity4 ,! mis]y ( ! condition1 :i* prec$es ?is re/ra9t1 is ! cause :y we submit to t rem$y z quickly z possible2 & ?is af=ds u an easy reason1 :y we annex ! idea ( prop]ty to ! fir/ possession1 or to occupation4 ,m5 are unwill+ to leave prop]ty 9 susp5se1 ev5 = ! %orte/ "t1 or op5 ! lea/ door to viol5ce & disord]4 ,to :i* we may add1 t ! fir/ possession always engages ! att5tion mo/2 & did we neglect x1 !re w\ld be no col\r ( reason = assign+ prop]ty to any succe$+ possession4#b #b ,"s philosoph]s acc\nt = ! "r ( occupation1 by say+1 t e "o has a prop]ty 9 8 own lab\r2 & :5 he jo9s t lab\r to any ?+1 x gives him ! prop]ty ( ! :ole3 ,b1 #a4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( occupation1 :]e we _c be said to jo9 our lab\r to ! object we acquire3 ,z :5 we possess a mead[ by graz+ our cattle ^u x4 #b4 ,?is acc\nts = ! matt] by means ( accession2 :i* is tak+ a ne$less circuit4 #c4 ,we _c be said to jo9 our lab\r to any ?+ b 9 a figurative s5se4 ,prop]ly speak+1 we only make an alt]ation on x by our lab\r4 ,?is =ms a relation betwixt u & ! object2 & !nce arises ! prop]ty1 accord+ to ! prec$+ pr9ciples4 ,!re rema9s no?+1 b to det]m9e exactly1 :at is meant by possession2 & ?is is n s easy z may at fir/ sight be imag9$4 ,we are said to be 9 possession ( any ?+1 n only :5 we imm$iately t\* x1 b also :5 we are s situat$ ) respect to x1 z to h x 9 our p[] to use x2 & may move1 alt]1 or de/roy x1 accord+ to our pres5t pleasure or advantage4 ,?is relation1 !n1 is a species ( cause & effect2 & z prop]ty is no?+ b a /able possession1 d]iv$ f ! rules ( ju/ice1 or ! conv5tions ( m51 x is to be consid]$ z ! same species ( relation4 ,b "h we may obs]ve1 t z ! p[] ( us+ any object becomes m or less c]ta91 accord+ z ! int]ruptions we may meet ) are m or less probable2 & z ?is probability may increase by ins5sible degrees2 x is 9 _m cases impossible to det]m9e :5 possession beg9s or ends2 nor is !re any c]ta9 /&>d1 by :i* we c decide su* controv]sies4 ,a wild bo>1 t falls into our sn>es1 is deem$ to be 9 our possession1 if x be impossible = him to escape4 ,b :at d we mean by impossible8 ,h[ d we sep>ate ?is impossibility f an improbability8 ,& h[ di/+ui% t exactly f a probability8 ,m>k ! precise limits ( ! "o & ! o!r1 & %ew ! /&>d1 by :i* we may decide all disputes t may arise1 &1 z we f9d by exp]i5ce1 frequ5tly d arise ^u ?is subject4#c #c ,if we seek a solution ( ^! difficulties 9 reason & public int]e/1 we nev] %all f9d satisfaction2 & if we look = x 9 ! imag9ation1 x is evid5t1 t ! qualities1 :i* op]ate ^u t faculty1 run s ins5sibly & gradually into ea* o!r1 t x is impossible to give !m any precise b\nds or t]m9ation4 ,! difficulties on ?is head mu/ encrease1 :5 we consid]1 t our judgm5t alt]s v s5sibly1 accord+ to ! subject1 & t ! same p[] & proximity w be deem$ possession 9 "o case1 :i* is n e/eem$ su* 9 ano!r4 ,a p]son1 :o has hunt$ a h>e to ! la/ degree ( we>9ess1 w\ld look ^u x z an inju/ice = ano!r to ru% 9 be=e him1 & seize 8 prey4 ,b ! same p]son advanc+ to pluck an apple1 t hangs )9 8 rea*1 has no reason to compla91 if ano!r1 m al]t1 passes him1 & takes possession4 ,:at is ! reason ( ?is diff]5ce1 b t immobility1 n be+ natural to ! h>e1 b ! effect ( indu/ry1 =ms 9 t case a /rong relation ) ! hunt]1 :i* is want+ 9 ! o!r8 ,"h !n x appe>s1 t a c]ta9 & infallible p[] ( enjoym5t1 )\t t\* or "s o!r s5sible relation1 (t5 produces n prop]ty3 ,& ,i f>!r obs]ve1 t a s5sible relation1 )\t any pres5t p[]1 is sometimes suffici5t to give a title to any object4 ,! sight ( a ?+ is seldom a consid]able relation1 & is only reg>d$ z su*1 :5 ! object is hidd51 or v obscure2 9 :i* case we f9d1 t ! view alone conveys a prop]ty2 accord+ to t maxim1 ,,t ,,ev5 ,a ,,:ole ,,cont95t ,,belongs ,,to ,,! ,,nation1 ,,:i* ,,fir/ ,,discov]$ ,,x4 ,x is h[ev] rem>kable t bo? 9 ! case ( discov]y & t ( possession1 ! fir/ discov]] & possessor mu/ jo9 to ! relation an int5tion ( r5d]+ himself proprietor1 o!rwise ! relation w n h its effect2 & t because ! connexion 9 our fancy betwixt ! prop]ty & ! relation is n s great1 b t x requires to be help$ by su* an int5tion4 ,f all ^! circum/ances1 x is easy to see h[ p]plex$ _m que/ions may become conc]n+ ! acquisition ( prop]ty by occupation2 & ! lea/ ef=t ( ?\ght may pres5t u ) in/ances1 :i* are n susceptible ( any reasonable decision4 ,if we pref] examples1 :i* are real1 to su* z are feign$1 we may consid] ! foll[+ "o1 :i* is to be met ) 9 almo/ e writ]1 t has treat$ ( ! laws ( nature4 ,two ,grecian colonies1 leav+ _! native c\ntry1 9 se>* ( new feats1 7 in=m$ t a city ne> !m 0 des]t$ by its inhabitants4 ,to "k ! tru? ( ?is report1 !y dispat*$ at once two mess5g]s1 "o f ea* colony2 :o f9d+ on _! approa*1 t _! in=mation 0 true1 begun a race toge!r ) an int5tion to take possession ( ! city1 ea* ( !m = 8 c\ntrym54 ,"o ( ^! mess5g]s1 f9d+ t he 0 n an equal mat* = ! o!r1 laun*$ 8 spe> at ! gates ( ! city1 & 0 s =tunate z to fix x !re be=e ! arrival ( 8 companion4 ,?is produc$ a dispute betwixt ! two colonies1 :i* ( !m 0 ! proprietor ( ! empty city & ?is dispute /ill subsi/s among philosoph]s4 ,= my "p ,i f9d ! dispute impossible to be decid$1 & t because ! :ole "q hangs ^u ! fancy1 :i* 9 ?is case is n possess$ ( any precise or det]m9ate /&>d1 ^u :i* x c give s5t5ce4 ,to make ?is evid5t1 let u consid]1 t if ^! two p]sons _h be5 simply memb]s ( ! colonies1 & n mess5g]s or deputies1 _! actions w\ld n h be5 ( any consequ5ce2 s9ce 9 t case _! relation to ! colonies w\ld h be5 b feeble & imp]fect4 ,add to ?is1 t no?+ det]m9$ !m to run to ! gates r ?an ! walls1 or any o!r "p ( ! city1 b t ! gates1 be+ ! mo/ obvi\s & rem>kable "p1 satisfy ! fancy be/ 9 tak+ !m = ! :ole2 z we f9d by ! poets1 :o frequ5tly draw _! images & metaphors f !m4 ,besides we may consid]1 t ! t\* or contact ( ! "o mess5g] is n prop]ly possession1 no m ?an ! pi]c+ ! gates ) a spe>2 b only =ms a relation2 & !re is a relation1 9 ! o!r case1 equally obvi\s1 ?o' n1 p]haps1 ( equal =ce4 ,:i* ( ^! relations1 !n1 conveys a "r & prop]ty1 or :e!r any ( !m be suffici5t = t effect1 ,i leave to ! decision ( su* z are wis] ?an myself4 ,b su* disputes may n only arise conc]n+ ! real exi/5ce ( prop]ty & possession1 b also conc]n+ _! ext5t2 & ^! disputes are (t5 susceptible ( no decision1 or c be decid$ by no o!r faculty ?an ! imag9ation4 ,a p]son :o l&s on ! %ore ( a small isl&1 t is des>t & uncultivat$1 is deem$ its possessor f ! v fir/ mom5t1 & acquires ! prop]ty ( ! :ole2 because ! object is !re b\nd$ & circumscrib$ 9 ! fancy1 & at ! same "t is proportion$ to ! new possessor4 ,! same p]son l&+ on a des>t isl&1 z l>ge z ,great ,brita91 ext5ds 8 prop]ty no f>!r ?an 8 imm$iate possession2 ?\gh a num]\s colony are e/eem$ ! proprietors ( ! :ole f ! in/ant ( _! deb>km5t4 ,b x (t5 happ5s1 t ! title ( fir/ possession becomes obscure ?r\gh "t2 & t x is impossible to det]m9e _m controv]sies1 :i* may arise conc]n+ x4 ,9 t case long possession or prescription naturally takes place1 & gives a p]son a suffici5t prop]ty 9 any ?+ he enjoys4 ,! nature ( human society admits n ( any great accuracy2 nor c we always rem\nt to ! fir/ orig9 ( ?+s1 9 ord] to det]m9e _! pres5t condition4 ,any consid]able space ( "t sets objects at su* a di/ance1 t !y seem1 9 a mann]1 to lose _! reality1 & h z little influ5ce on ! m9d1 z if !y nev] _h be5 9 be+4 ,a man's title1 t is cle> & c]ta9 at pres5t1 w seem obscure & d\btful fifty ye>s h5ce1 ev5 ?\gh ! facts1 on :i* x is f\nd$1 %\ld be prov$ ) ! greate/ evid5ce & c]ta9ty4 ,! same facts h n ! same influ5ce aft] s long an int]val ( "t4 ,& ?is may be receiv$ z a conv9c+ argum5t = our prec$+ doctr9e ) reg>d to prop]ty & ju/ice4 ,possession dur+ a long tract ( "t conveys a title to any object4 ,b z x is c]ta91 t1 h[ev] e ?+ be produc$ 9 "t1 !re is no?+ real t is produc$ by "t2 x foll[s1 t prop]ty be+ produc$ by "t1 is n any ?+ real 9 ! objects1 b is ! (f-spr+ ( ! s5tim5ts1 on :i* alone "t is f\nd to h any influ5ce4#d #d ,pres5t possession is pla9ly a relation betwixt a p]son & an object2 b is n suffici5t to c\nt]-ballance ! relation ( fir/ possession1 unless ! =m] be long & un9t]rupt$3 ,9 :i* case ! relation is encreas$ on ! side ( ! pres5t possession1 by ! ext5t ( "t1 & dim9i%$ on t ( fir/ possession1 by ! di/ance1 ,?is *ange 9 ! relation produces a consequ5t *ange 9 ! prop]ty4 ,we acquire ! prop]ty ( objects by accession1 :5 !y are connect$ 9 an intimate mann] ) objects t are already our prop]ty1 & at ! same "t are inf]ior to !m4 ,?us ! fruits ( our g>d51 ! (fspr+ ( our cattle1 & ! "w ( our slaves1 are all ( !m e/eem$ our prop]ty1 ev5 be=e possession4 ,:]e objects are connect$ toge!r 9 ! imag9ation1 !y are apt to be put on ! same foot+1 & are commonly suppos$ to be end[$ ) ! same qualities4 ,we readily pass f "o to ! o!r1 & make no diff]5ce 9 our judgm5ts conc]n+ !m2 especially if ! latt] be inf]ior to ! =m]4#e #e ,?is s\rce ( prop]ty c nev] be expla9$ b f ! imag9ations2 & "o may affirm1 t ! causes are "h unmix$4 ,we %all proce$ to expla9 !m m p>ticul>ly1 & illu/rate !m by examples f common life & exp]i5ce4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ above1 t ! m9d has a natural prop5sity to jo9 relations1 especially resembl+ ones1 & f9ds a h9d ( fitness & uni=mity 9 su* an union4 ,f ?is prop5sity are d]iv$ ^! laws ( nature1 t ^u ! fir/ =mation ( society1 prop]ty always foll[s ! pres5t possession2 & aft]w>ds1 t x arises f fir/ or f long possession4 ,n[ we may easily obs]ve1 t relation is n conf9$ m]ely to "o degree2 b t f an object1 t is relat$ to u1 we acquire a relation to e o!r object1 :i* is relat$ to x1 & s on1 till ! ?\ght loses ! *a9 by too long a progress1 ,h[ev] ! relation may weak5 by ea* remove1 x is n imm$iately de/roy$2 b frequ5tly connects two objects by means ( an int]m$iate "o1 :i* is relat$ to bo?4 ,& ?is pr9ciple is ( su* =ce z to give rise to ! "r ( accession1 & causes u to acquire ! prop]ty n only ( su* objects z we are imm$iately possess$ (2 b also ( su* z are closely connect$ ) !m4 ,suppose a ,g]man1 a ,fr5*man1 & a ,spani>d to come into a room1 :]e !re are plac$ ^u ! table ?ree bottles ( w9e1 ,rh5i%1 ,burgundy & ,port2 & suppose !y %\$ fall a qu>rell+ ab\t ! division ( !m2 a p]son1 :o 0 *os5 = umpire w\ld naturally1 to %ew 8 imp>tiality1 give e "o ! product ( 8 own c\ntry3 ,& ?is f a pr9ciple1 :i*1 9 "s measure1 is ! s\rce ( ^? laws ( nature1 t ascribe prop]ty to occupation1 prescription & accession4 ,9 all ^! ,cases1 & p>ticul>ly t ( accession1 !re is fir/ a natural union betwixt ! idea ( ! p]son & t ( ! object1 & aft]w>ds a new & moral union produc$ by t "r or prop]ty1 :i* we ascribe to ! p]son4 ,b "h !re occurs a difficulty1 :i* m]its our att5tion1 & may af=d u an opportunity ( putt+ to tryal t s+ul> me?od ( reason+1 :i* has be5 employ$ on ! pres5t subject4 ,i h already obs]v$ t ! imag9ation passes ) great] facility f little to great1 ?an f great to little1 & t ! transition ( ideas is always easi] & smoo!r 9 ! =m] case ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,n[ z ! "r ( accession arises f ! easy transition ( ideas1 by :i* relat$ objects are connect$ toge!r1 x %\$ naturally be imag9$1 t ! "r ( accession mu/ encrease 9 /r5g?1 9 proportion z ! transition ( ideas is p]=m$ ) great] facility4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be ?\ght1 t :5 we h acquir$ ! prop]ty ( any small object1 we %all readily consid] any great object relat$ to x z an accession1 & z belong+ to ! proprietor ( ! small "o2 s9ce ! transition is 9 t case v easy f ! small object to ! great "o1 & %\$ connect !m toge!r 9 ! close/ mann]4 ,b ,9 fact ! case is always f\nd to be o!rwise1 ,! empire ( ,great ,brita9 seems to draw along ) x ! dom9ion ( ! ,orkneys1 ! ,hebrides1 ! isle ( ,man1 & ! ,isle ( ,wight2 b ! au?ority ov] ^? less] isl&s does n naturally imply any title to ,great ,brita94 ,9 %ort1 a small object naturally foll[s a great "o z its accession2 b a great "o ,is nev] suppos$ to belong to ! proprietor ( a small "o relat$ to x1 m]ely on acc\nt ( t prop]ty & relation4 ,yet 9 ?is latt] case ! transition ( ideas is smoo!r f ! proprietor to ! small object1 :i* is 8 prop]ty1 & f ! small object to ! great "o1 ?an 9 ! =m] case f ! proprietor to ! great object1 & f ! great "o to ! small4 ,x may !re=e be ?\ght1 t ^! pha5om5a are objections to ! =ego+ hypo!sis1 ,,t ,,! ,,ascrib+ ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,to ,,accession ,,is ,,no?+ ,,b ,,an ,,affect ,,( ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,ideas1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,smoo? ,,transition ,,( ,,! ,,imag9ation4 ,x w be easy to solve ?is objection1 if we consid] ! agility & un/ead9ess ( ! imag9ation1 ) ! diff]5t views1 9 :i* x is cont9ually plac+ its objects4 ,:5 we attribute to a p]son a prop]ty 9 two objects1 we d n always pass f ! p]son to "o object1 & f t to ! o!r relat$ to x4 ,! objects be+ "h to be consid]$ z ! prop]ty ( ! p]son1 we are apt to jo9 !m toge!r1 & place !m 9 ! same light4 ,suppose1 !re=e1 a great & a small object to be relat$ toge!r2 if a p]son be /rongly relat$ to ! great object1 he w likewise be /rongly relat$ to bo? ! objects1 consid]$ toge!r1 because he ,is relat$ to ! mo/ consid]able "p4 ,on ! contr>y1 if he be only relat$ to ! small object1 he w n be /rongly relat$ to bo?1 consid]$ toge!r1 s9ce 8 relation lies only ) ! mo/ trivial "p1 :i* is n apt to /rike u 9 any great degree1 :5 we consid] ! :ole4 ,& ?is ,is ! reason1 :y small objects become accessions to great ones1 & n great to small4 ,x is ! g5]al op9ion ( philosoph]s & civilians1 t ! sea is incapable ( becom+ ! prop]ty ( any nation2 & t because x is impossible to take possession ( x1 or =m any su* di/9ct relation ) x1 z may be ! f\ndation ( prop]ty4 ,:]e ?is reason ceases1 prop]ty imm$iately takes place4 ,?us ! mo/ /r5u\s advocates = ! lib]ty ( ! seas univ]sally all[1 t fri?s & hays naturally belong z an accession to ! proprietors ( ! surr\nd+ cont95t4 ,^! h prop]ly no m bond or union ) ! l&1 ?an ! pacific ocean w\ld h2 b hav+ an union 9 ! fancy1 & be+ at ! same "t inf]ior1 !y are ( c\rse reg>d$ z an accession4 ,! prop]ty ( riv]s1 by ! laws ( mo/ nations1 & by ! natural turn ( our ?\ght1 ,is attribut$ to ! proprietors ( _! banks1 except+ su* va/ riv]s z ! ,rh9e or ! ,danube1 :i* seem too l>ge to ! imag9ation to foll[ z an accession ! prop]ty ( ! neighb\r+ fields4 ,yet ev5 ^! riv]s are consid]$ z ! prop]ty ( t nation1 ?ro' ^: dom9ions !y run2 ! idea ( a nation be+ ( a suitable bulk to correspond ) !m1 & be> !m su* a relation 9 ! fancy4 ,! accessions1 :i* are made to l&s bord]+ ^u riv]s1 foll[ ! l&1 say ! civilians1 provid$ x be made by :at !y call alluvion1 t is1 ,ins5sibly & ,imp]ceptibly2 :i* are circum/ances t mightily assi/ ! imag9ation 9 ! conjunction4 ,:]e !re ,is any consid]able portion torn at once f "o bank1 & jo9$ to ano!r1 x becomes n 8 prop]ty1 ^: l& x falls on1 till x unite ) ! l&1 & till ! trees or plants h spread _! roots into bo?4 ,be=e t1 ! imag9ation does n suffici5tly jo9 !m4 ,!re are o!r cases1 :i* some:at resemble ?is ( accession1 b :i*1 at ! bottom1 are consid]ably diff]5t1 & m]it our att5tion4 ,( ?is k9d ,is ! conjunction ( ! prop]ties ( diff]5t p]sons1 aft] su* a mann] z n to admit ( sep>ation4 ,! "q is1 to :om ! unit$ mass mu/ belong4 ,:]e ?is conjunction is ( su* a nature z to admit ( division1 b n ( sep>ation1 ! decision is natural & easy4 ,! :ole mass mu/ be suppos$ to be common betwixt ! proprietors ( ! sev]al p>ts1 & aft]w>ds mu/ be divid$ accord+ to ! proportions ( ^! p>ts4 ,b "h ,i _c =be> tak+ notice ( a rem>kable subtilty ( ! ,roman law1 9 di/+ui%+ betwixt confusion & commixtion4 ,confusion is an union ( two bodies1 su* z diff]5t liquors1 :]e ! p>ts become entirely undi/+ui%able4 ,commixtion is ! bl5d+ ( two bodies1 su* z two bu%els ( corn1 :]e ! p>ts rema9 sep>ate 9 an obvi\s & visible mann]4 ,z 9 ! latt] case ! imag9ation discov]s n s entire an union z 9 ! =m]1 b is able to trace & pres]ve a di/9ct idea ( ! prop]ty ( ea*2 ?is is ! reason1 :y ! civil law1 ?o' x e/abli%$ an entire community 9 ! case ( confusion1 & aft] t a proportional division1 yet 9 ! case ( commixtion1 supposes ea* ( ! proprietors to ma9ta9 a di/9ct "r2 h[ev] necessity may at la/ =ce !m to submit to ! same division4 ,,quod ,,si ,,frum5tum ,,titii ,,frum5to ,,tuo ,,mi/um ,,fu]it3 ,,siquidem ,,ex ,,voluntate ,,ve/ra1 ,,commune ,,e/3 ,,quia ,,s+ula ,,corpora1 ,,id ,,e/1 ,,s+ula ,,grana1 ,,quae ,,cujusque ,,pro ,,pria ,,fu]unt1 ,,ex ,,cons5su ,,ve/ro ,,communicata ,,sunt4 ,,quod ,,si ,,casu ,,id ,,mi/um ,,fu]it1 ,,vel ,,titius ,,id ,,miscu]it ,,s9e ,,tua ,,volunt ,,ate1 ,,non ,,videtur ,,id ,,commune ,,esse2 ,,quia ,,s+ula ,,corpora ,,9 ,,sua ,,sub/antia ,,durant4 ,,s$ ,,nec ,,magis ,,i/is ,,casibus ,,commune ,,sit ,,frum5tum ,,quam ,,grex ,,intelligitur ,,esse ,,corn ,,munis1 ,,si ,,pecora ,,titii ,,tuis ,,pecoribus ,,mi/a ,,fu]9t4 ,,s$ ,,si ,,ab ,,alt]utro ,,ve/rum ,,totum ,,id ,,frum5tum ,,ret9eatur1 ,,9 ,,rem ,,quidem ,,actio ,,pro ,,modo ,,frum5ti ,,cujusque ,,corn ,,petit4 ,,arbitrio ,,autem ,,judicis1 ,,ut ,,ipse ,,ae/imet ,,quale ,,cujusque ,,frum5tum ,,fu]it4 ,in/4 ,lib4 ,,il ,tit4 i4 ,sect #bh4 7,9 ! case t y\r gra9 0 mix$ ) t ( ,titius1 if x 0 done volunt>ily on ! "p ( bo? ( y1 x is common prop]ty1 inasmu* z ! individual items1 i4e41 ! s+le gra9s1 :i* 7 ! peculi> prop]ty ( ei!r ( y1 7 comb9$ ) y\r jo9t cons5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! mixture 0 accid5tal1 or if ,titius mix$ x )\t y\r cons5t1 x does n appe> t x is common prop]ty1 ,inasmu* z ! sev]al compon5ts reta9 _! orig9al id5tity4 ,r1 9 circum/ances ( ?is sort ! gra9 does n become common prop]ty1 any m ?an a h]d ( cattle is reg>d$ z common prop]ty1 ,if ,titius bea/s %\ld h become mix$ up ) y\rs4 ,h[ev]1 if all ( ! a=esaid corn is kept by ei!r ( y1 ?is gives rise to a suit to det]m9e ! own]%ip ( prop]ty1 9 respect ( ! am\nt ( corn belong+ to ea*4 ,x is 9 ! discretion ( ! judge to det]m9e :i* is ! corn belong+ to ei!r p>ty47 ,:]e ! prop]ties ( two p]sons are unit$ aft] su* a mann] z nei!r to admit ( division nor sep>ation1 z :5 "o builds a h\se on ano!r's gr\nd1 9 t case1 ! :ole mu/ belong to "o ( ! proprietors3 ,& "h ,i ass]t1 t x naturally is conceiv$ to belong to ! proprietor ( ! mo/ consid]able "p4 ,= h[ev] ! comp\nd object may h a relation to two diff]5t p]sons1 & c>ry our view at once to bo? ( !m1 yet z ! mo/ consid]able "p pr9cipally engages our att5tion1 & by ! /rict union draws ! inf]ior along x2 = ?is reason1 ! :ole be>s a relation to ! proprietor ( t "p1 & is reg>d$ z 8 prop]ty4 ,! only difficulty is1 :at we %all be pleas$ to call ! mo/ consid]able "p1 & mo/ attractive to ! imag9ation4 ,?is quality dep5ds on sev]al diff]5t circum/ances1 :i* h little connexion ) ea* o!r4 ,"o "p ( a comp\nd object may become m consid]able ?an ano!r1 ei!r because x is m con/ant & durable2 because x is ( great] value2 because x is m obvi\s & rem>kable2 because x is ( great] ext5t2 or because its exi/5ce is m sep>ate & indep5d5t4 ,x w be easy to conceive1 t1 z ^! circum/ances may be conjo9$ & oppos$ 9 all ! diff]5t ways1 & accord+ to all ! diff]5t degrees1 :i* c be imag9$1 !re w result _m cases1 :]e ! reasons on bo? sides are s equally balanc$1 t x is impossible = u to give any satisfactory decision4 ,"h !n is ! prop] bus9ess ( municipal laws1 to fix :at ! pr9ciples ( human nature h left undet]m9$4 ,! sup]ficies yields to ! soil1 says ! civil law3 ,! writ+ to ! pap]3 ,! canvas to ! picture4 ,^! decisions d n well agree toge!r1 & are a pro( ( ! contr>iety ( ^? pr9ciples1 f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,b ( all ! que/ions ( ?is k9d ! mo/ curi\s is t1 :i* = s _m ages divid$ ! disciples ( ,proculus & ,sab9us4 ,suppose a p]son %\$ make a cup f ! metal ( ano!r1 or a %ip f 8 wood1 & suppose ! proprietor ( ! metal or wood %\$ dem& 8 goods1 ! "q is1 :e!r he acquires a title to ! cup or %ip4 ,sab9us ma9ta9$ ! affirmative1 & ass]t$ t ! sub/ance or matt] is ! f\ndation ( all ! qualities2 t x is incorruptible & immortal1 & !re=e sup]ior to ! =m1 :i* is casual & dep5d5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,proculus obs]v$1 t ! =m is ! mo/ obvi\s & rem>kable "p1 & t f x bodies are d5om9at$ ( ?is or t p>ticul> species4 ,to :i* he might h add$1 t ! matt] or sub/ance is 9 mo/ bodies s fluctuat+ & unc]ta91 t x is utt]ly impossible to trace x 9 all its *anges4 ,= my "p1 ,i "k n f :at pr9ciples su* a controv]sy c be c]ta9ly det]m9$4 ,i %all !re=e cont5t my self ) obs]v+1 t ! decision ( ,trebonian seems to me pretty +5i\s2 t ! cup belongs to ! proprietor ( ! metal1 because x c be br\ght back to its fir/ =m3 ,b t ! %ip belongs to ! au?or ( its =m = a contr>y reason4 ,b h[ev] +5i\s ?is reason may seem1 x pla9ly dep5ds ^u ! fancy1 :i* by ! possibility ( su* a r$uction1 f9ds a clos] connexion & relation betwixt a cup & ! proprietor ( its metal1 ?an betwixt a %ip & ! proprietor ( its wood1 :]e ! sub/ance is m fix$ & unalt]able4 ,! "r ( succession is a v natural "o1 f ! presum$ cons5t ( ! p>5t or ne> relation1 & f ! g5]al int]e/ ( mank9d1 :i* requires1 t m5's possessions %\ld pass to ^?1 :o are de>e/ to !m1 9 ord] to r5d] !m m indu/ri\s & frugal4 ,p]haps ^! causes are second$ by ! influ5ce ( relation1 or ! association ( ideas1 by :i* we are naturally direct$ to consid] ! son aft] ! p>5t's decease1 & ascribe to him a title to 8 fa!r's possessions4 ,^? goods mu/ become ! prop]ty ( "s body3 ,b ( :om is ! "q4 ,"h x is evid5t ! p]sons *ildr5 naturally pres5t !mselves to ! m9d2 & be+ already4 connect$ to ^? possessions by means ( _! deceas$ p>5t1 we are apt to connect !m /ill f>!r by ! relation ( prop]ty4 ,( ?is !re are _m p>allel in/ances4#f #f ,9 exam9+ ! diff]5t titles to au?ority 9 gov]nm5t1 we %all meet ) _m reasons to conv9ce u1 t ! "r ( succession dep5ds1 9 a great measure on ! imag9ation4 ,mean :ile ,i %all re/ cont5t$ ) obs]v+ "o example1 :i* belongs to ! pres5t subject4 ,suppose t a p]son die )\t *ildr51 & t a dispute arises among 8 relations conc]n+ 8 inh]itance2 x is evid5t1 t if 8 ri*es be d]iv'd p>tly f 8 fa!r1 p>tly f 8 "m1 ! mo/ natural way ( det]m9+ su* a dispute1 is1 to divide 8 possessions1 & assign ea* "p to ! family1 f :5ce x is d]iv'd4 ,n[ z ! p]son is suppos'd to h be5 once ! full & entire proprietor ( ^? goods2 ,i ask1 :at is x makes u f9d a c]ta9 equity & natural reason 9 ?is p>tition1 except x be ! imag9ation8 ,8 affection to ^! families does n dep5d ^u 8 possessions2 = :i* reason 8 cons5t c nev] be presum'd precisely = su* a p>tition4 ,& z to ! public int]e/1 x seems n to be 9 ! lea/ conc]n'd on ! "o side or ! o!r4 ,,sect4 ,,iv ,,( ,,! ,,transf]5ce ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,by ,,cons5t ,h[ev] useful1 or ev5 necess>y1 ! /ability ( possession may be to human society1 x is att5d$ ) v consid]able inconv5i5ces4 ,! relation ( fitness or suitabl5ess ought nev] to ent] into consid]ation1 9 di/ribut+ ! prop]ties ( mank9d2 b we mu/ gov]n ourselves by rules1 :i* are m g5]al 9 _! application1 & m free f d\bt & unc]ta9ty4 ,( ?is k9d is pres5t possession ^u ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( society2 & aft]w>ds occupation1 prescription1 accession1 & succession4 ,z ^! dep5d v mu* on *ance1 !y mu/ frequ5tly prove contradictory bo? to m5's wants & desires2 & p]sons & possessions mu/ (t5 be v ill adju/$4 ,?is is a gr& inconv5i5ce1 :i* calls = a rem$y4 ,to apply "o directly1 & all[ e man to seize by viol5ce :at he judges to be fit = him1 w\ld de/roy society2 & !re=e ! rules ( ju/ice seek "s m$ium betwixt a rigid /ability1 & ?is *angeable & unc]ta9 adju/m5t4 ,b !re is no m$ium bett] ?an t obvi\s "o1 t possession & prop]ty %\ld always be /able1 except :5 ! proprietor cons5ts to be/[ !m on "s o!r p]son4 ,?is rule c h no ill consequ5ce1 9 occasion+ w>s & diss5tions2 s9ce ! proprietor's cons5t1 :o alone is conc]n$1 is tak5 along 9 ! ali5ation3 ,& x may s]ve to _m good purposes 9 adju/+ prop]ty to p]sons4 ,diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>? produce diff]5t commodities2 & n only s1 b diff]5t m5 bo? are by nature fitt$ = diff]5t employm5ts1 & atta9 to great] p]fection 9 any "o1 :5 !y conf9e !mselves to x alone4 ,all ?is requires a mutual ex*ange & comm]ce2 = :i* reason ! translation ( prop]ty by cons5t is f\nd$ on a law ( nature1 z well z its /ability )\t su* a cons5t4 ,s f> is det]m9$ by a pla9 utility & int]e/4 ,b p]haps x is f m trivial reasons1 t deliv]y1 or a s5sible transf]5ce ( ! object is commonly requir$ by civil laws1 & also by ! laws ( nature1 accord+ to mo/ au?ors1 z a requisite circum/ance 9 ! translation ( prop]ty4 ,! prop]ty ( an object1 :5 tak5 = some?+ real1 )\t any ref]5ce to morality1 or ! s5tim5ts ( ! m9d1 is a quality p]fectly ins5sible1 & ev5 inconceivable2 nor c we =m any di/9ct notion1 ei!r ( its /ability or translation4 ,?is imp]fection ( our ideas is less s5sibly felt ) reg>d to its /ability1 z x engages less our att5tion1 & is easily pa/ ov] by ! m9d1 )\t any scrupul\s exam9ation4 ,b z ! translation ( prop]ty f "o p]son to ano!r is a m rem>kable ev5t1 ! defect ( our ideas becomes m s5sible on t occasion1 & obliges u to turn ourselves on e side 9 se>* ( "s rem$y4 ,n[ z no?+ m enliv5s any idea ?an a pres5t impression1 & a relation betwixt t impression & ! idea2 x is natural = u to seek "s false light f ?is qu>t]4 ,9 ord] to aid ! imag9ation 9 conceiv+ ! transf]5ce ( prop]ty1 we take ! s5sible object1 & actually transf] its possession to ! p]son1 on :om we w\ld be/[ ! prop]ty4 ,! suppos$ resemblance ( ! actions1 & ! pres5ce ( ?is s5sible deliv]y1 deceive ! m9d1 & make x fancy1 t x conceives ! my/]i\s transition ( ! prop]ty4 ,& t ?is explication ( ! matt] is j1 appe>s h5ce1 t m5 h inv5t$ a symbolical deliv]y1 to satisfy ! fancy1 :]e ! real "o is impracticable4 ,?us ! giv+ ! keys ( a gran>y is und]/ood to be ! deliv]y ( ! corn conta9$ 9 x3 ,! giv+ ( /one & e>? repres5ts ! deliv]y ( a manor4 ,?is is a k9d ( sup]/iti\s practice 9 civil laws1 & 9 ! laws ( nature1 resembl+ ! ,roman ca?olic sup]/itions 9 religion4 ,z ! ,roman ca?olics repres5t ! inconceivable my/]ies ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & r5d] !m m pres5t to ! m9d1 by a tap]1 or habit1 or grimace1 :i* is suppos$ to resemble !m2 s lawy]s & morali/s h run into l inv5tions = ! same reason1 & h endeav\r$ by ^? means to satisfy !mselves conc]n+ ! transf]5ce ( prop]ty by cons5t4 ,,sect4 ,v ,,( ,,! ,,obligation ,,( ,,promises ,t ! rule ( morality1 :i* enjo9s ! p]=mance ( promises1 is n natural1 w suffici5tly appe> f ^! two propositions1 :i* ,i proce$ to prove1 viz1 t a promise w\ld n be intelligible1 be=e human conv5tions _h e/abli%$ x2 & t ev5 if x 7 intelligible1 x w\ld n be att5d$ ) any moral obligation4 ,i say1 fir/1 t a promise is n intelligible naturally1 nor antec$5t to human conv5tions2 & t a man1 unacqua9t$ ) society1 c\ld nev] ent] into any engagem5ts ) ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh !y c\ld p]ceive ea* o!r's ?\ghts by intuition4 ,if promises be natural & intelligible1 !re mu/ be "s act ( ! m9d att5d+ ^! words1 ,i promise2 & on ?is act ( ! m9d mu/ ! obligation dep5d4 ,let u1 !re=e1 run ov] all ! faculties ( ! s\l1 & see :i* ( !m is ex]t$ 9 our promises4 ,! act ( ! m9d1 expre/ by a promise1 is n a resolution to p]=m any ?+3 ,= t alone nev] imposes any obligation4 ,nor is x a desire ( su* a p]=mance3 ,= we may b9d ourselves )\t su* a desire1 or ev5 ) an av]sion1 decl>$ & av[$4 ,nei!r is x ! will+ ( t action1 :i* we promise to p]=m3 ,= a promise always reg>ds "s future "t1 & ! w has an influ5ce only on pres5t actions4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t s9ce ! act ( ! m9d1 :i* ent]s into a promise1 & produces its obligation1 is nei!r ! resolv+1 desir+1 nor will+ any p>ticul> p]=mance1 x mu/ necess>ily be ! will+ ( t obligation1 :i* arises f ! promise4 ,nor is ?is only a conclusion ( philosophy2 b is entirely con=mable to our common ways ( ?9k+ & ( express+ ourselves1 :5 we say t we are b\nd by our own cons5t1 & t ! obligation arises f our m]e w & pleasure4 ,! only "q !n is1 :e!r !re be n a manife/ absurdity 9 suppos+ ?is act ( ! m9d1 & su* an absurdity z no man c\ld fall into1 ^: ideas are n conf\nd$ ) prejudice & ! fallaci\s use ( language4 ,all morality dep5ds ^u our s5tim5ts2 & :5 any action1 or quality ( ! m9d1 pleases u aft] a c]ta9 mann]1 we say x is virtu\s2 & :5 ! neglect1 or nonp]=mance ( x1 displeases u aft] a l mann]1 we say t we lie "u an obligation to p]=m x4 ,a *ange ( ! obligation supposes a *ange ( ! s5tim5t2 & a creation ( a new obligation supposes "s new s5tim5t to arise4 ,b x is c]ta9 we c naturally no m *ange our own s5tim5ts1 ?an ! motions ( ! heav5s2 nor by a s+le act ( our w1 t is1 by a promise1 r5d] any action agreeable or disagreeable1 moral or immoral2 :i*1 )\t t act1 w\ld h produc$ contr>y impressions1 or h be5 end[$ ) diff]5t qualities4 ,x w\ld be absurd1 !re=e1 to w any new obligation1 t is1 any new s5tim5t ( pa9 or pleasure2 nor is x possible1 t m5 c\ld naturally fall into s gross an absurdity4 ,a promise1 !re=e1 is naturally some?+ altoge!r un9telligible1 nor is !re any act ( ! m9d belong+ to x4#g #g ,7 morality discov]able by reason1 & n by s5tim5t1 x w\ld be /ill m evid5t1 t promises c\'d make no alt]ation ^u x4 ,morality is suppos'd to consi/ 9 relation4 ,e new imposition ( morality1 !re=e1 mu/ arise f "s new relation ( objects2 & consequ5tly ! w c\ld n produce imm$iately any *ange 9 morals1 b c\'d h t effect only by produc+ a *ange ^u ! objects4 ,b z ! moral obligation ( a promise is ! pure effect ( ! w1 )\t ! lea/ *ange 9 any "p ( ! univ]se2 x foll[s1 t promises h no natural obligation4 ,%\'d x be said1 t ?is act ( ! w be+ 9 effect a new object1 produces new relations & new duties2 ,i w\'d answ]1 t ?is is a pure sophism1 :i* may be detect$ by a v mod]ate %>e ( accuracy & exactness4 ,to w a new obligation1 is to w a new relation ( objects2 & !re=e1 if ?is new relation ( objects 7 =m'd by ! volition itself1 we %\ld 9 effect w ! volition2 :i* is pla9ly absurd & impossible4 ,! w has "h no object to :i* x c\'d t5d2 b mu/ return ^u itself 9 inf9itum4 ,! new obligation dep5ds ^u new relations4 ,! new relations dep5d ^u a new volition4 ,! new volition has = object a new obligation1 & consequ5tly new relations1 & consequ5tly a new volition2 :i* volition aga9 has 9 view a new obligation1 relation & volition1 )\t any t]m9ation4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 we c\'d ev] w a new obligation2 & consequ5tly x is impossible ! w c\'d ev] accompany a promise1 or produce a new obligation ( morality4 ,b1 secondly1 if !re 0 any act ( ! m9d belong+ to x1 x c\ld n naturally produce any obligation4 ,?is appe>s evid5tly f ! =ego+ reason+4 ,a promise creates a new obligation4 ,a new obligation supposes new s5tim5ts to arise4 ,! w nev] creates new s5tim5ts4 ,!re c\ld n naturally1 !re=e1 arise any obligation f a promise1 ev5 suppos+ ! m9d c\ld fall into ! absurdity ( will+ t obligation4 ,! same tru? may be prov$ /ill m evid5tly by t reason+1 :i* prov$ ju/ice 9 g5]al to be an artificial virtue4 ,no action c be requir$ ( u z our duty1 unless !re be implant$ 9 human nature "s actuat+ passion or motive1 capable ( produc+ ! action4 ,?is motive _c be ! s5se ( duty4 ,a s5se ( duty supposes an antec$5t obligation3 ,& :]e an action is n requir$ by any natural passion1 x _c be requir$ by any natural obligation2 s9ce x may be omitt$ )\t prov+ any defect or imp]fection 9 ! m9d & temp]1 & consequ5tly )\t any vice4 ,n[ x is evid5t we h no motive lead+ u to ! p]=mance ( promises1 di/9ct f a s5se ( duty4 ,if we ?\ght1 t promises _h no moral obligation1 we nev] %\ld feel any incl9ation to obs]ve !m4 ,?is is n ! case ) ! natural virtues4 ,?\gh !re 0 no obligation to relieve ! mis]able1 our humanity w\ld lead u to x2 & :5 we omit t duty1 ! immorality ( ! omission arises f its be+ a pro(1 t we want ! natural s5tim5ts ( humanity4 ,a fa!r kn[s x to be 8 duty to take c>e ( 8 *ildr53 ,b he has also a natural incl9ation to x4 ,& if no human creature _h t incl9ation1 no "o c\ld lie "u any su* obligation4 ,b z !re is naturally no incl9ation to obs]ve promises1 di/9ct f a s5se ( _! obligation2 x foll[s1 t fidelity is no natural virtue1 & t promises h no =ce1 antec$5t to human conv5tions4 ,if any "o diss5t f ?is1 he mu/ give a regul> pro( ( ^! two propositions1 viz4 ,,t ,,!re ,,is ,a ,,peculi> ,,act ,,( ,,! ,,m9d1 ,,annext ,,to ,,promises2 ,,& ,,t ,,consequ5t ,,to ,,?is ,,act ,,( ,,! ,,m9d1 ,,!re ,,arises ,,an ,,incl9ation ,,to ,,p]=m1 ,,di/9ct ,,f ,a ,,s5se ,,( ,,duty4 ,i presume1 t x is impossible to prove ei!r ( ^! two po9ts2 & !re=e ,i v5ture to conclude t promises are human inv5tions1 f\nd$ on ! necessities & int]e/s ( society4 ,9 ord] to discov] ^! necessities & int]e/s1 we mu/ consid] ! same qualities ( human nature1 :i* we h already f\nd to give rise to ! prec$+ laws ( society4 ,m5 be+ naturally selfi%1 or end[$ only ) a conf9$ g5]osity1 !y are n easily induc$ to p]=m any action = ! int]e/ ( /rang]s1 except ) a view to "s reciprocal advantage1 :i* !y _h no hope ( obta9+ b by su* a p]=mance4 ,n[ z x frequ5tly happ5s1 t ^! mutual p]=mances _c be f9i%$ at ! same in/ant1 x is necess>y1 t "o p>ty be cont5t$ to rema9 9 unc]ta9ty1 & dep5d ^u ! gratitude ( ! o!r = a return ( k9dness4 ,b s mu* corruption is !re among m51 t1 g5]ally speak+1 ?is becomes b a sl5d] security2 & z ! b5efactor is "h suppos$ to be/[ 8 fav\rs ) a view to self-int]e/1 ?is bo? takes (f f ! obligation1 & sets an example to selfi%ness1 :i* is ! true "m ( +ratitude4 ,7 we1 !re=e1 to foll[ ! natural c\rse ( our passions & incl9ations1 we %\ld p]=m b few actions = ! advantage ( o!rs1 f di/9t]e/$ views2 because we are naturally v limit$ 9 our k9dness & affection3 ,& we %\ld p]=m z few ( t k9d1 out ( a reg>d to int]e/2 because we _c dep5d ^u _! gratitude4 ,"h !n is ! mutual comm]ce ( good (fices 9 a mann] lo/ among mank9d1 & e "o r$uc$ to 8 own skill & indu/ry = 8 well-be+ & subsi/5ce4 ,! inv5tion ( ! law ( nature1 conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession1 has already r5d]$ m5 tol]able to ea* o!r2 t ( ! transf]5ce ( prop]ty & possession by cons5t has begun to r5d] !m mutually advantage\s3 ,b /ill ^! laws ( nature1 h[ev] /rictly obs]v$1 are n suffici5t to r5d] !m s s]viceable to ea* o!r1 z by nature !y are fitt$ to become4 ,?\gh possession be /able1 m5 may (t5 reap b small advantage f x1 :ile !y are possess$ ( a great] quantity ( any species ( goods ?an !y h occasion =1 & at ! same "t suff] by ! want ( o!rs4 ,! transf]5ce ( prop]ty1 :i* is ! prop] rem$y = ?is inconv5i5ce1 _c rem$y x entirely2 because x c only take place ) reg>d to su* objects z are pres5t & individual1 b n to su* z are abs5t or g5]al4 ,"o _c transf] ! prop]ty ( a p>ticul> h\se1 tw5ty leagues di/ant2 because ! cons5t _c be att5d$ ) deliv]y1 :i* is a requisite circum/ance4 ,nei!r c "o transf] ! prop]ty ( t5 bu%els ( corn1 or five hog%eads ( w9e1 by ! m]e expression & cons5t2 because ^! are only g5]al t]ms1 & h no direct relation to any p>ticul> heap ( corn1 or b>rels ( w9e4 ,besides1 ! comm]ce ( mank9d is n conf9$ to ! b>t] ( commodities1 b may ext5d to s]vices & actions1 :i* we may ex*ange to our mutual int]e/ & advantage4 ,y\r corn is ripe to-day2 m9e w be s tomorr[4 ,x is pr(itable = u bo?1 t ,i %\ld lab\r ) y to-day1 & t y %\ld aid me to-morr[4 ,i h no k9dness = y1 & "k y h z little = me4 ,i w n1 !re=e1 take any pa9s ^u y\r acc\nt2 & %\ld ,i lab\r ) y ^u my own acc\nt1 9 expectation ( a return1 ,i "k ,i %\ld be disappo9t$1 & t ,i %\ld 9 va9 dep5d ^u y\r gratitude4 ,"h !n ,i leave y to lab\r alone3 ,y treat me 9 ! same mann]4 ,! seasons *ange2 & bo? ( u lose our h>ve/s = want ( mutual confid5ce & security4 ,all ?is is ! effect ( ! natural & inh]5t pr9ciples & passions ( human nature2 & z ^! passions & pr9ciples are inalt]able1 x may be ?\ght1 t our conduct1 :i* dep5ds on !m1 mu/ be s too1 & t x w\ld be 9 va91 ei!r = morali/s or politicians1 to tamp] ) u1 or attempt to *ange ! usual c\rse ( our actions1 ) a view to public int]e/4 ,& inde$1 did ! success ( _! designs dep5d ^u _! success 9 correct+ ! selfi%ness & +ratitude ( m51 !y w\ld nev] make any progress1 unless aid$ by omnipot5ce1 :i* is alone able to new-m\ld ! human m9d1 & *ange its "* 9 su* fundam5tal articles4 ,all !y c pret5d to1 is1 to give a new direction to ^? natural passions1 & tea* u t we c bett] satisfy our appetites 9 an oblique & artificial mann]1 ?an by _! headlong & impetu\s motion4 ,h5ce ,i le>n to d a s]vice to ano!r1 )\t be>+ him any real k9dness2 because ,i =see1 t he w return my s]vice1 9 expectation ( ano!r ( ! same k9d1 & 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! same correspond5ce ( good (fices ) me or ) o!rs4 ,& accord+ly1 aft] ,i h s]v$ him1 & he is 9 possession ( ! advantage aris+ f my action1 he is induc$ to p]=m 8 "p1 z =esee+ ! consequ5ces ( 8 refusal4 ,b ?\gh ?is self-int]e/$ comm]ce ( man beg9s to take place1 & to pr$om9ate 9 society1 x does n entirely aboli% ! m g5]\s & noble int]c\rse ( fri5d%ip & good (fices4 ,i may /ill d s]vices to su* p]sons z ,i love1 & am m p>ticul>ly acqua9t$ )1 )\t any prospect ( advantage2 & !y may make me a return 9 ! same mann]1 )\t any view b t ( recomp5s+ my pa/ s]vices4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to di/+ui% ^? two diff]5t sorts ( comm]ce1 ! int]e/$ & ! dis9t]e/$1 !re is a c]ta9 =m ( words inv5t$ = ! =m]1 by :i* we b9d ourselves to ! p]=mance ( any action4 ,?is =m ( words con/itutes :at we call a promise1 :i* is ! sanction ( ! int]e/$ comm]ce ( mank9d4 ,:5 a man says he promises any ?+1 he 9 effect expresses a resolution ( p]=m+ x2 & along ) t1 by mak+ use ( ?is =m ( words1 subjects himself to ! p5alty ( nev] be+ tru/$ aga9 9 case ( failure4 ,a resolution is ! natural act ( ! m9d1 :i* promises express3 ,b 7 !re no m ?an a resolution 9 ! case1 promises w\ld only decl>e our =m] motives1 & w\ld n create any new motive or obligation4 ,!y are ! conv5tions ( m51 :i* create a new motive1 :5 exp]i5ce has taught u1 t human affairs w\ld be conduct$ mu* m = mutual advantage1 7 !re c]ta9 symbols or signs in/itut$1 by :i* we might give ea*1 o!r security ( our conduct 9 any p>ticul> incid5t1 ,aft] ^! signs are in/itut$1 :oev] uses !m is imm$iately b\nd by 8 int]e/ to execute 8 engagem5ts1 & mu/ nev] expect to be tru/$ any m1 if he refuse to p]=m :at he promis$4 ,nor is t k1 :i* is requisite to make mank9d s5sible ( ?is int]e/ 9 ! in/itution & obs]vance ( promises1 to be e/eem$ sup]ior to ! capacity ( human nature1 h[ev] savage & uncultivat$4 ,!re ne$s b a v little practice ( ! _w1 to make u p]ceive all ^! consequ5ces & advantages4 ,! %orte/ exp]i5ce ( society discov]s !m to e mortal2 & :5 ea* individual p]ceives ! same s5se ( int]e/ 9 all 8 fell[s1 he imm$iately p]=ms 8 "p ( any contract1 z be+ assur$1 t !y w n be want+ 9 !irs4 ,all ( !m1 by conc]t1 ent] into a s*eme ( actions1 calculat$ = common b5efit1 & agree to be true to _! ^w2 nor is !re any ?+ requisite to =m ?is conc]t or conv5tion1 b t e "o h a s5se ( int]e/ 9 ! fai?ful fulfill+ ( engagem5ts1 & express t s5se to o!r memb]s ( ! society4 ,?is imm$iately causes t int]e/ to op]ate ^u !m2 & int]e/ is ! fir/ obligation to ! p]=mance ( promises4 ,aft]w>ds a s5tim5t ( morals concurs ) int]e/1 & becomes a new obligation ^u mank9d4 ,?is s5tim5t ( morality1 9 ! p]=mance ( promises1 arises f ! same pr9ciples z t 9 ! ab/95ce f ! prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,public int]e/1 education1 & ! artifices ( politicians1 h ! same effect 9 bo? cases4 ,! difficulties1 t occur to u1 9 suppos+ a moral obligation to att5d promises1 we ei!r surm\nt or elude4 ,= in/ance2 ! expression ( a resolution is n commonly suppos$ to be obligatory2 & we _c readily conceive h[ ! mak+ use ( a c]ta9 =m ( words %\ld be able to cause any mat]ial diff]5ce4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we feign a new act ( ! m9d1 :i* we call ! will+ an obligation2 & on ?is we suppose ! morality to dep5d4 ,b we h prov$ already1 t !re is no su* act ( ! m9d1 & consequ5tly t promises impose no natural obligation4 ,to confirm ?is1 we may subjo9 "s o!r reflections conc]n+ t w1 :i* is suppos$ to ent] into a promise1 & to cause its obligation4 ,x is evid5t1 t ! w alone is nev] suppos$ to cause ! obligation1 b mu/ be express$ by words or signs1 9 ord] to impose a tye ^u any man4 ,! expression be+ once br\ght 9 z subs]vi5t to ! w1 soon becomes ! pr9cipal "p ( ! promise2 nor w a man be less b\nd by 8 ^w1 ?\gh he secretly give a diff]5t direction to 8 int5tion1 & )-hold himself bo? f a resolution1 & f will+ an obligation4 ,b ?\gh ! expression makes on mo/ occasions ! :ole ( ! promise1 yet x does n always s2 & "o1 :o %\ld make use ( any expression1 ( :i* he kn[s n ! mean+1 & :i* he uses )\t any int5tion ( b9d+ himself1 w\ld n c]ta9ly be b\nd by x4 ,nay1 ?\gh he kn[s its mean+1 yet if he uses x 9 je/ only1 & ) su* signs z %ew evid5tly he has no s]i\s int5tion ( b9d+ himself1 he w\ld n lie "u any obligation ( p]=mance2 b x is necess>y1 t ! words be a p]fect expression ( ! w1 )\t any contr>y signs4 ,nay1 ev5 ?is we mu/ n c>ry s f> z to imag9e1 t "o1 :om1 by our quickness ( und]/&+1 we conjecture1 f c]ta9 signs1 to h an int5tion ( deceiv+ u1 is n b\nd by 8 expression or v]bal promise1 if we accept ( x2 b mu/ limit ?is conclusion to ^? cases1 :]e ! signs are ( a diff]5t k9d f ^? ( deceit4 ,all ^! contradictions are easily acc\nt$ =1 if ! obligation ( promises be m]ely a human inv5tion = ! conv5i5ce ( society2 b w nev] be expla9$1 if x be some?+ real & natural1 aris+ f any action ( ! m9d or body4 ,i %all f>!r obs]ve1 t s9ce e new promise imposes a new obligation ( morality on ! p]son :o promises1 & s9ce ?is new obligation arises f 8 w2 x is "o ( ! mo/ my/]i\s & incompreh5sible op]ations t c possibly be imag9$1 & may ev5 be comp>$ to ,,transub/antiation1 or ,,holy ,,ord]s1#h :]e a c]ta9 =m ( words1 along ) a c]ta9 int5tion1 *anges entirely ! nature ( an ext]nal object1 & ev5 ( a human nature4 ,b ?\gh ^! my/]ies be s f> alike1 x is v rem>kable1 t !y diff] widely 9 o!r p>ticul>s1 & t ?is diff]5ce may be reg>d$ z a /rong pro( ( ! diff]5ce ( _! orig9s4 ,z ! obligation ( promises is an inv5tion = ! int]e/ ( society1 x is w>p$ into z _m diff]5t =ms z t int]e/ requires1 & ev5 runs into direct contradictions1 r ?an lose sight ( its object4 ,b z ^? o!r mon/r\s doct9es are m]e prie/ly inv5tions1 & h no public int]e/ 9 view1 !y are less di/urb$ 9 _! progress by new ob/acles2 & x mu/ be own$1 t1 aft] ! fir/ absurdity1 !y foll[ m directly ! curr5t ( reason & good s5se4 ,!ologians cle>ly p]ceiv$1 t ! ext]nal =m ( words1 be+ m]e s\nd1 require an int5tion to make !m h any efficacy2 & t ?is int5tion be+ once consid]$ z a requisite circum/ance1 its abs5ce mu/ equally prev5t ! effect1 :e!r av[$ or conceal$1 :e!r s9c]e or deceitful4 ,accord+ly !y h commonly det]m9$1 t ! int5tion ( ! prie/ makes ! sacram5t1 & t :5 he secretly )draws 8 int5tion1 he is highly crim9al 9 himself2 b /ill de/roys ! baptism1 or communion1 or holy ord]s4 ,! t]rible consequ5ces ( ?is doctr9e 7 n able to h9d] its tak+ place2 z ! inconv5i5ce ( a simil> doctr9e1 ) reg>d to promises1 h prev5t$ t doctr9e f e/abli%+ itself4 ,m5 are always m conc]n$ ab\t ! pres5t life ?an ! future2 & are apt to ?9k ! smalle/ evil1 :i* reg>ds ! =m]1 m important ?an ! greate/1 :i* reg>ds ! latt]4 #h ,i mean s f>1 z holy ord]s are suppos'd to produce ! indelible "*4 ,9 o!r respects !y are only a legal qualification4 ,we may draw ! same conclusion1 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( promises1 f ! =ce1 :i* is suppos$ to invalidate all contracts1 & to free u f _! obligation4 ,su* a pr9ciple is a pro(1 t promises h no natural obligation1 & are m]e artificial contrivances = ! conv5i5ce & advantage ( society4 ,if we consid] aright ( ! matt]1 =ce is n ess5tially diff]5t f any o!r motive ( hope or fe>1 :i* may induce u to engage our ^w1 & lay ourselves "u any obligation4 ,a man1 dang]\sly w\nd$1 :o promises a compet5t sum to a surgeon to cure him1 w\ld c]ta9ly be b\nd to p]=mance2 ?\gh ! case be n s mu* diff]5t f t ( "o1 :o promises a sum to a robb]1 z to produce s great a diff]5ce 9 our s5tim5ts ( morality1 if ^! s5tim5ts 7 n built entirely on public int]e/ & conv5i5ce4 ,,sect4 ,,vi ,,"s ,,f>!r ,,reflections ,,conc]n+ ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,inju/ice ,we h n[ run ov] ! ?ree fundam5tal laws ( nature1 t ( ! /ability ( possession1 ( its transf]5ce by cons5t1 & ( ! p]=mance ( promises4 ,x is on ! /rict obs]vance ( ^? ?ree laws1 t ! peace & security ( human society entirely dep5d2 nor is !re any possibility ( e/abli%+ a good correspond5ce among m51 :]e ^! are neglect$4 ,society is absolutely necess>y = ! well-be+ ( m52 & ^! are z necess>y to ! support ( society4 ,:atev] re/ra9t !y may impose on ! passions ( m51 !y are ! real (fspr+ ( ^? passions1 & are only a m artful & m ref9$ way ( satisfy+ !m4 ,no?+ is m vigilant & inv5tive ?an our passions2 & no?+ is m obvi\s1 ?an ! conv5tion = ! obs]vance ( ^! rules4 ,nature has1 !re=e1 tru/$ ?is affair entirely to ! conduct ( m51 & has n plac$ 9 ! m9d any peculi> orig9al pr9ciples1 to det]m9e u to a set ( actions1 into :i* ! o!r pr9ciples ( our frame & con/itution 7 suffici5t to lead u4 ,& to conv9ce u ! m fully ( ?is tru?1 we may "h /op a mom5t1 & f a review ( ! prec$+ reason+s may draw "s new argum5ts1 to prove t ^? laws1 h[ev] necess>y1 are entirely artificial1 & ( human inv5tion2 & consequ5tly t ju/ice is an artificial1 & n a natural virtue4 7#a7 ,! fir/ argum5t ,i %all make use ( is d]iv$ f ! vulg> def9ition ( ju/ice4 ,ju/ice is commonly def9$ to be a con/ant & p]petual w ( giv+ e "o 8 due4 ,9 ?is def9ition x is suppos$1 t !re are su* ?+s z "r & prop]ty1 indep5d5t ( ju/ice1 & antec$5t to x2 & t !y w\ld h subsi/$1 ?\gh m5 _h nev] dreamt ( practis+ su* a virtue4 ,i h already obs]v$1 9 a cursory mann]1 ! fallacy ( ?is op9ion1 & %all "h cont9ue to op5 up a little m di/9ctly my s5tim5ts on t subject4 ,i %all beg9 ) obs]v+1 t ?is quality1 :i* we %all call prop]ty1 is l _m ( ! imag9>y qualities ( ! p]ipatetic philosophy1 & vani%es ^u a m accurate inspection into ! subject1 :5 consid]$ a-"p f our moral s5tim5ts4 ,x is evid5t prop]ty does n consi/ 9 any ( ! s5sible qualities ( ! object4 ,= ^! may cont9ue inv>iably ! same1 :ile ! prop]ty *anges4 ,prop]ty1 !re=e1 mu/ consi/ 9 "s relation ( ! object4 ,b x is n 9 its relation ) reg>d to o!r ext]nal & inanimate objects4 ,= ^! may also cont9ue inv>iably ! same1 :ile ! prop]ty *anges4 ,?is quality1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 ! relations ( objects to intellig5t & rational be+s4 ,b x is n ! ext]nal & corporeal relation1 :i* =ms ! ess5ce ( prop]ty4 ,= t relation may be ! same betwixt inanimate objects1 or ) reg>d to brute creatures2 ?\gh 9 ^? cases x =ms no prop]ty4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 "s int]nal relation1 t ! prop]ty consi/s2 t is1 9 "s influ5ce1 :i* ! ext]nal relations ( ! object h on ! m9d & actions4 ,?us ! ext]nal relation1 :i* we call occupation or fir/ possession1 is n ( itself imag9$ to be ! prop]ty ( ! object1 b only to cause its prop]ty4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 ?is ext]nal relation causes no?+ 9 ext]nal objects1 & has only an influ5ce on ! m9d1 by giv+ u a s5se ( duty 9 ab/a9+ f t object1 & 9 re/or+ x to ! fir/ possessor4 ,^! actions are prop]ly :at we call ju/ice2 & consequ5tly x is on t virtue t ! nature ( prop]ty dep5ds1 & n ! virtue on ! prop]ty4 ,if any "o1 !re=e1 w\ld ass]t1 t ju/ice is a natural virtue1 & inju/ice a natural vice1 he mu/ ass]t1 t ab/ract+ f ! nations ( prop]ty1 & "r & obligation1 a c]ta9 conduct & tra9 ( actions1 9 c]ta9 ext]nal relations ( objects1 has naturally a moral beauty or de=mity1 & causes an orig9al pleasure or uneas9ess4 ,?us ! re/or+ a man's goods to him is consid]$ z virtu\s1 n because nature has annex$ a c]ta9 s5tim5t ( pleasure to su* a conduct1 ) reg>d to ! prop]ty ( o!rs1 b because %e has annex$ t s5tim5t to su* a conduct1 ) reg>d to ^? ext]nal objects1 ( :i* o!rs h _h ! fir/ or long possession1 or :i* !y h receiv$ by ! cons5t ( ^?1 :o h _h fir/ or long possession4 ,if nature has giv5 u no su* s5tim5t1 !re is n1 naturally1 nor antec$5t to human conv5tions1 any su* ?+ z prop]ty4 ,n[1 ?\gh x seems suffici5tly evid5t1 9 ?is dry & accurate consid]ation ( ! pres5t subject1 t nature has annex$ no pleasure or s5tim5t ( approbation to su* a conduct2 yet t ,i may leave z little room = d\bt z possible1 ,i %all subjo9 a few m argum5ts to confirm my op9ion4 ,fir/1 ,if nature _h giv5 u a pleasure ( ?is k9d1 x w\ld h be5 z evid5t & disc]nible z on e o!r occasion2 nor %\ld we h f\nd any difficulty to p]ceive1 t ! consid]ation ( su* actions1 9 su* a situation1 gives a c]ta9 pleasure & s5tim5t ( approbation4 ,we %\ld n h be5 oblig$ to h rec\rse to notions ( prop]ty 9 ! def9ition ( ju/ice1 & at ! same "t make use ( ! notions ( ju/ice 9 ! def9ition ( prop]ty4 ,?is deceitful me?od ( reason+ is a pla9 pro(1 t !re are conta9$ 9 ! subject "s obscurities & difficulties1 :i* we are n able to surm\nt1 & :i* we desire to evade by ?is artifice4 ,secondly1 ,^? rules1 by :i* prop]ties1 rights1 & obligations are det]m9$1 h 9 !m no m>ks ( a natural orig9 b _m ( artifice & contrivance4 ,!y are too num]\s to h proce$$ f nature3 ,!y are *angeable by human laws3 ,& h all ( !m a direct & evid5t t5d5cy to public good1 & ! support1 ( civil society4 ,?is la/ circum/ance is rem>kable ^u two acc\nts4 ,fir/1 because1 ?\gh ! cause ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! laws _h be5 a reg>d = ! public good1 z mu* z ! public good is _! natural t5d5cy1 !y w\ld /ill h be5 artificial1 z be+ purposely contriv$ & direct$ to a c]ta9 end4 ,secondly1 because1 if m5 _h be5 end[$ ) su* a /rong reg>d = public good1 !y w\ld nev] h re/ra9$ !mselves by ^! rules2 s t ! laws ( ju/ice arise f natural pr9ciples 9 a mann] /ill m oblique & artificial4 ,x is self-love :i* is _! real orig92 & z ! self-love ( "o p]son is naturally contr>y to t ( ano!r1 ^! sev]al int]e/$ passions are oblig$ to adju/ !mselves aft] su* a mann] z to concur 9 "s sy/em ( conduct & behavi\r4 ,?is sy/em1 !re=e1 compreh5d+ ! int]e/ ( ea* individual1 is ( c\rse advantage\s to ! public2 ?\gh x be n int5d$ = t purpose by die inv5tors4 7#b7 ,9 ! second place we may obs]ve1 t all k9ds ( vice & virtue run ins5sibly into ea* o!r1 & may approa* by su* imp]ceptible degrees z w make x v difficult1 if n absolutely impossible1 to det]m9e :5 ! "o ends1 & ! o!r beg9s2 & f ?is obs]vation we may d]ive a new argum5t = ! =ego+ pr9ciple4 ,= :atev] may be ! case1 ) reg>d to all k9ds ( vice & virtue1 x is c]ta91 t rights1 & obligations1 & prop]ty1 admit ( no su* ins5sible gradation1 b t a man ei!r has a full & p]fect prop]ty1 or none at all2 & is ei!r entirely oblig$ to p]=m any action1 or lies "u no mann] ( obligation4 ,h[ev] civil laws may talk ( a p]fect dom9ion1 & ( an imp]fect1 x is easy to obs]ve1 t ?is arises f a fiction1 :i* has no f\ndation 9 reason1 & c nev] ent] into our notions ( natural ju/ice & equity4 ,a man t hires a horse1 ?\gh b = a day1 has z full a "r to make use ( x = t "t1 z he :om we call its proprietor has to make use ( x any o!r day2 & x 0 evid5t1 t h[ev] ! use may be b\nd$ 9 "t or degree1 ! "r itself is n susceptible ( any su* gradation1 b is absolute & entire1 s f> z x ext5ds4 ,accord+ly we may obs]ve1 t ?is "r bo? arises & p]i%es 9 an in/ant2 & t a man entirely acquires ! prop]ty ( any object by occupation1 or ! cons5t ( ! proprietor2 & loses x by 8 own cons5t2 )\t any ( t ins5sible gradation1 :i* is rem>kable 9 o!r qualities & relations1 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ?is is die case ) reg>d to prop]ty1 & rights1 & obligations1 ,i ask1 h[ x /&s ) reg>d to ju/ice & inju/ice8 ,aft] :atev] mann] y answ] ?is "q1 y run into inextricable difficulties4 ,if y reply1 t ju/ice & inju/ice admit ( degree1 & run ins5sibly into ea* o!r1 y expressly contradict ! =ego+ position1 t obligation & prop]ty are n susceptible ( su* a gradation4 ,^! dep5d entirely ^u ju/ice & inju/ice1 & foll[ !m 9 all _! v>iations4 ,:]e ! ju/ice is entire1 ! prop]ty is also entire3 ,:]e ! ju/ice is imp]fect1 ! prop]ty mu/ also be imp]fect ,& vice v]sa1 if ! prop]ty admit ( no su* v>iations1 !y mu/ also be incompatible ) ju/ice4 ,if y ass5t1 !re=e1 to ?is la/ proposition1 & ass]t1 t ju/ice & inju/ice are n susceptible ( degrees1 y 9 effect ass]t1 t !y are n naturally ei!r vici\s or virtu\s2 s9ce vice & virtue1 moral good & evil1 & inde$ all natural qualities1 run ins5sibly into ea* o!r1 & are1 on _m occasions1 undi/+ui%able4 ,& "h x may be wor? :ile to obs]ve1 t ?\gh ab/ract reason+1 & ! g5]al maxims ( philosophy & law e/abli% ?is position1 t prop]ty1 & "r1 & obligation admit n ( degrees1 yet 9 our common & neglig5t way ( ?9k+1 we f9d great difficulty to ent]ta9 t op9ion1 & d ev5 secretly embrace ! contr>y pr9ciple4 ,an object mu/ ei!r be 9 ! possession ( "o p]son or ano!r4 ,an action mu/ ei!r be p]=m$ or n4 ,! necessity !re is ( *oos+ "o side 9 ^! dilemmas1 & ! impossibility !re (t5 is ( f9d+ any j m$ium1 oblige u1 :5 we reflect on ! matt]1 to ackn[l$ge1 t all prop]ty & obligations are entire4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 :5 we consid] ! orig9 ( prop]ty & obligation1 & f9d t !y dep5d on public utility1 & sometimes on ! prop5sities ( ! imag9ation1 :i* are seldom entire on any side2 we are naturally incl9$ to imag9e1 t ^! moral relations admit ( an ins5sible gradation4 ,h5ce x is1 t 9 ref]5ces1 :]e ! cons5t ( ! p>ties leave ! ref]ees entire ma/]s ( ! subject1 !y commonly discov] s mu* equity & ju/ice on bo? sides1 z induces !m to /rike a m$ium1 & divide ! diff]5ce betwixt ! p>ties4 ,civil judges1 :o h n ?is lib]ty1 b are oblig$ to give a decisive s5t5ce on "s "o side1 are (t5 at a loss h[ to det]m9e1 & are necessitat$ to proce$ on ! mo/ frivol\s reasons 9 ! _w4 ,half rights & obligations1 :i* seem s natural 9 common life1 are p]fect absurdities 9 _! tribunal2 = :i* reason !y are (t5 oblig$ to take half argum5ts = :ole ones1 9 ord] to t]m9ate ! affair "o way or o!r4 7#c7 ,! ?ird argum5t ( ?is k9d ,i %all make use ( may be expla9$ ?us4 ,if we consid] ! ord9>y c\rse ( human actions1 we %all f9d1 t ! m9d re/ra9s n itself by any g5]al & univ]sal rules2 b acts on mo/ occasions z x is det]m9$ by its pres5t motives & incl9ation4 ,z ea* action is a p>ticul> individual ev5t1 x mu/ proce$ f p>ticul> pr9ciples1 & f our imm$iate situation )9 ourselves1 & ) respect to ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,if on "s occasions we ext5d our motives beyond ^? v circum/ances1 :i* gave rise to !m1 & =m some?+ l g5]al rules = our conduct1 x is easy to obs]ve1 t ^! rules are n p]fectly inflexible1 b all[ ( _m exceptions4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ?is is ! ord9>y c\rse ( human actions1 we may conclude1 t ! laws ( ju/ice1 be+ univ]sal & p]fectly inflexible1 c nev] be d]iv$ f nature1 nor be ! imm$iate (fspr+ ( any natural motive or incl9ation4 ,no action c be ei!r morally good or evil1 unless !re be "s natural passion or motive to impel u to x1 or det] u f x2 & x is evid5t1 t die morality mu/ be susceptible ( all ! same v>iations1 :i* are natural to ! passion4 ,"h are two p]sons1 :o dispute = an e/ate2 ( :om "o is ri*1 a fool1 & a bat*elor2 ! o!r poor1 a man ( s5se1 & has a num]\s family3 ,! fir/ is my enemy2 ! second my fri5d4 ,:e!r ,i be actuat$ 9 ?is affair by a view to public or private int]e/1 by fri5d%ip or enmity1 ,i mu/ be induc$ to d my utmo/ to procure ! e/ate to ! latt]4 ,nor w\ld any consid]ation ( ! "r & prop]ty ( ! p]sons be able to re/ra9 me1 7 ,i actuat$ only by natural motives1 )\t any comb9ation or conv5tion ) o!rs4 ,= z all prop]ty dep5ds on morality2 & z all morality dep5ds on ! ord9>y c\rse ( our passions & actions2 & z ^! aga9 are only direct$ by p>ticul> motives2 x is evid5t1 su* a p>tial conduct mu/ be suitable to ! /ricte/ morality1 & c\ld nev] be a violation ( prop]ty4 ,7 m51 !re=e1 to take ! lib]ty ( act+ ) reg>d to ! laws ( society1 z !y d 9 e o!r affair1 !y w\ld conduct !mselves1 on mo/ occasions1 by p>ticul> judgm5ts1 & w\ld take into consid]ation ! *>act]s & circum/ances ( ! p]sons1 z well z ! g5]al nature ( ! "q4 ,b x is easy to obs]ve1 t ?is w\ld produce an inf9ite confusion 9 human society1 & t ! avidity & p>tiality ( m5 w\ld quickly br+ disord] into ! _w1 if n re/ra9$ by "s g5]al & inflexible pr9ciples4 ,twas1 !re=e1 ) a view to ?is inconv5i5ce1 t m5 h e/abli%$ ^? pr9ciples1 & h agre$ to re/ra9 !mselves by g5]al rules1 :i* are un*angeable by spite & fav\r1 & by p>ticul> views ( private or public int]e/4 ,^! rules1 !n1 are artificially inv5t$ = a c]ta9 purpose1 & are contr>y to ! common pr9ciples ( human nature1 :i* accommodate !mselves to circum/ances1 & h no /at$ inv>iable me?od ( op]ation4 ,nor d ,i p]ceive h[ ,i c easily be mi/ak5 9 ?is matt]4 ,i see evid5tly1 t :5 any man imposes on himself g5]al inflexible rules 9 8 conduct ) o!rs1 he consid]s c]ta9 objects z _! prop]ty1 :i* he supposes to be sacr$ & inviolable4 ,b no proposition c be m evid5t1 ?an t prop]ty is p]fectly un9telligible )\t fir/ suppos+ ju/ice & inju/ice2 & t ^! virtues & vices are z un9telligible1 unless we h motives1 indep5d5t ( ! morality1 to impel u to j actions1 & det] u f unju/ ones4 ,let ^? motives1 !re=e1 be :at !y w1 !y mu/ accommodate !mselves to circum/ances1 & mu/ admit ( all ! v>iations1 :i* human affairs1 9 _! incessant revolutions1 are susceptible (4 ,!y are consequ5tly a v improp] f\ndation = su* rigid inflexible rules z ! laws ( nature2 & x is evid5t ^! laws c only be d]iv$ f human conv5tions1 :5 m5 h p]ceiv$ ! disord]s t result f foll[+ _! natural & v>iable pr9ciples4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 we are to consid] ?is di/9ction betwixt ju/ice & inju/ice1 z hav+ two diff]5t f\ndations1 viz1 t ( int]e/1 :5 m5 obs]ve1 t x is impossible to live 9 society )\t re/ra9+ !mselves by c]ta9 rules2 & t ( morality1 :5 ?is int]e/ is once obs]v$ & m5 receive a pleasure f ! view ( su* actions z t5d to ! peace ( society1 & an uneas9ess f su* z are contr>y to x4 ,x is ! volunt>y conv5tion & artifice ( m51 :i* makes ! fir/ int]e/ take place2 & !re=e ^? laws ( ju/ice are s f> to be consid]$ z artificial4 ,aft] t int]e/ is once e/abli%$ & ackn[l$g$1 ! s5se ( morality 9 ! obs]vance ( ^! rules foll[s naturally1 & ( itself2 ?\gh x is c]ta91 t x is also augm5t$ by a new artifice1 & t ! public in/ructions ( politicians1 & ! private education ( p>5ts1 contribute to ! giv+ u a s5se ( hon\r & duty 9 ! /rict regulation ( our actions ) reg>d to ! prop]ties ( o!rs4 ,,sect4 ,,vii ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,no?+ is m c]ta91 ?an t m5 are1 9 a great measure1 gov]n$ by int]e/1 & t ev5 :5 !y ext5d _! conc]n beyond !mselves1 x is n to any great di/ance2 nor is x usual = !m1 9 common life1 to look f>!r ?an _! ne>e/ fri5ds & acqua9tance4 ,x is no less c]ta91 t x is impossible = m5 to consult1 _! int]e/ 9 s effectual a mann]1 z by an univ]sal & inflexible obs]vance ( ! rules ( ju/ice1 by :i* alone !y c pres]ve society1 & keep !mselves f fall+ into t wret*$ & savage condition1 :i* is commonly repres5t$ z ! /ate ( nature4 ,& z ?is int]e/1 :i* all m5 h 9 ! uphold+ ( society1 & ! obs]vation ( ! rules ( ju/ice1 is great1 s is x palpable & evid5t1 ev5 to ! mo/ rude & uncultivat$ ( human race2 & x is almo/ impossible = any "o1 :o has _h exp]i5ce ( society1 to be mi/ak5 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 m5 are s s9c]ely atta*$ to _! int]e/1 & _! int]e/ is s mu* conc]n$ 9 ! obs]vance ( ju/ice1 & ?is int]e/ is s c]ta9 & av[$2 x may be ask$1 h[ any disord] c ev] arise 9 society1 & :at pr9ciple !re is 9 human nature s p[]ful z to ov]come s /rong a passion1 or s viol5t z to obscure s cle> a k8 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 9 treat+ ( ! passions1 t m5 are mightily gov]n$ by ! imag9ation1 & proportion _! affections m to ! light1 "u :i* any object appe>s to !m1 ?an to its real & intr9sic value4 ,:at /rikes ^u !m ) a /rong & lively idea commonly prevails above :at lies 9 a m obscure light2 & x mu/ be a great sup]iority ( value1 t is able to comp5sate ?is advantage4 ,n[ z e ?+1 t is contigu\s to u1 ei!r 9 space or "t1 /rikes ^u u ) su* an idea1 x has a proportional effect on ! w & passions1 & commonly op]ates ) m =ce ?an any object1 t lies 9 a m di/ant & obscure light4 ,?\gh we may be fully conv9c$1 t ! latt] object excels ! =m]1 we are n able to regulate our actions by ?is judgm5t2 b yield to ! sollicitations ( our passions1 :i* always plead 9 fav\r ( :atev] is ne> & contigu\s4 ,?is is ! reason :y m5 s (t5 act 9 contradiction to _! kn[n int]e/2 & 9 p>ticul> :y !y pref] any trivial advantage1 t is pres5t1 to ! ma9t5ance ( ord] 9 society1 :i* s mu* dep5ds on ! obs]vance ( ju/ice4 ,! consequ5ces ( e brea* ( equity seem to lie v remote1 & are n able to c\nt]-ballance any imm$iate advantage1 t may be reap$ f x4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 nev] ! less real = be+ remote2 & z all m5 are1 9 "s degree1 subject to ! same weakness1 x necess>ily happ5s1 t ! violations ( equity mu/ become v frequ5t 9 society1 & ! comm]ce ( m51 by t means1 be r5d]$ v dang]\s & unc]ta94 ,y h ! same prop5sion1 t ,i h1 9 fav\r ( :at is contigu\s above :at is remote4 ,y are1 !re=e1 naturally c>ri$ to commit acts ( inju/ice z well z me4 ,y\r example bo? pu%es me =w>d 9 ?is way by imitation1 & also af=ds me a new reason = any brea* ( equity1 by %ew+ me1 t ,i %\ld be ! cully ( my integrity1 if ,i alone %\ld impose on myself a sev]e re/ra9t amid/ ! lic5ti\sness ( o!rs4 ,?is quality1 !re=e1 ( human nature1 n only is v dang]\s to society1 b also seems1 on a cursory view1 to be incapable ( any rem$y4 ,! rem$y c only come f ! cons5t ( m52 & if m5 be incapable ( !mselves to pref] remote to contigu\s1 !y w nev] cons5t to any ?+1 :i* w\ld oblige !m to su* a *oice1 & contradict1 9 s s5sible a mann]1 _! natural pr9ciples & prop5sities4 ,:oev] *uses ! means1 *uses also ! end2 & if x be impossible = u to pref] :at is remote1 x is equally impossible = u to submit to any necessity1 :i* w\ld oblige u to su* a me?od ( act+4 ,b "h x is obs]vable1 t ?is infirmity ( human nature becomes a rem$y to itself1 & t we provide aga9/ our neglig5ce ab\t remote objects1 m]ely because we are naturally incl9$ to t neglig5ce4 ,:5 we consid] any objects at a di/ance1 all _! m9ute di/9ctions vani%1 & we always give ! pref]5ce to :atev] is 9 itself pref]able1 )\t consid]+ its situation & circum/ances4 ,?is gives rise to :at 9 an improp] s5se we call reason1 :i* is a pr9ciple1 t is (t5 contradictory to ^? prop5sities t display !mselves ^u ! approa* ( ! object4 ,9 reflect+ on any action1 :i* ,i am to p]=m a twelve-mon? h5ce1 ,i always resolve to pref] ! great] good1 :e!r at t "t x w be m contigu\s or remote2 nor does any diff]5ce 9 t p>ticul> make a diff]5ce 9 my pres5t int5tions & resolutions4 ,my di/ance f ! f9al det]m9ation makes all ^? m9ute diff]5ces vani%1 nor am ,i affect$ by any ?+1 b ! g5]al & m disc]nible qualities ( good & evil4 ,b on my ne>] approa*1 ^? circum/ances1 :i* ,i at fir/ ov]-look$1 beg9 to appe>1 & h an influ5ce on my conduct & affections4 ,a new incl9ation to ! pres5t good spr+s up1 & makes x difficult = me to adh]e inflexibly to my fir/ purpose & resolution4 ,?is natural infirmity ,i may v mu* regret1 & ,i may endeav\r1 by all possible means1 to free my self f x4 ,i may h rec\rse to /udy & reflection )9 myself2 to ! advice ( fri5ds2 to frequ5t m$itation1 & repeat$ resolution3 ,& hav+ exp]i5c$ h[ ineffectual all ^! are1 ,i may embrace ) pleasure any o!r exp$i5t1 by :i* ,i may impose a re/ra9t ^u myself1 & gu>d aga9/ ?is weakness4 ,! only difficulty1 !re=e1 is to f9d out ?is exp$i5t1 by :i* m5 cure _! natural weakness1 & lay !mselves "u ! necessity ( obs]v+ ! laws ( ju/ice & equity1 not)/&+ _! viol5t prop5sion to pref] contigu\s to remote4 ,x is evid5t su* a rem$y c nev] be effectual )\t correct+ ?is prop5sity2 & z x is impossible to *ange or correct any ?+ mat]ial 9 our nature1 ! utmo/ we c d is to *ange our circum/ances & situation1 & r5d] ! obs]vance ( ! laws ( ju/ice our ne>e/ int]e/1 & _! violation our mo/ remote4 ,b ?is be+ impracticable ) respect to all mank9d1 x c only take place ) respect to a few1 :om we ?us imm$iately int]e/ 9 ! execution ( ju/ice4 ,!re are ! p]sons1 :om we call civil magi/rates1 k+s & _! m9i/]s1 our gov]nors & rul]s1 :o be+ indiff]5t p]sons to ! greate/ "p ( ! /ate1 h no int]e/1 or b a remote "o1 9 any act ( inju/ice2 & be+ satisfi$ ) _! pres5t condition1 & ) _! "p 9 society1 h an imm$iate int]e/ 9 e execution ( ju/ice1 :i* is s necess>y to ! uphold+ ( society4 ,"h !n is ! orig9 ( civil gov]nm5t & society4 ,m5 are n able radically to cure1 ei!r 9 !mselves or o!rs1 t n>r[ness ( s\l1 :i* makes !m pref] ! pres5t to ! remote4 ,!y _c *ange _! natures4 ,all !y c d is to *ange _! situation1 & r5d] ! obs]vance ( ju/ice ! imm$iate int]e/ ( "s p>ticul> p]sons1 & its violation _! m remote4 ,^! p]sons1 !n1 are n only induc$ to obs]ve ^? rules 9 _! own conduct1 b also to con/ra9 o!rs to a l regul>ity1 & in=ce ! dictates ( equity ?r\gh ! :ole society4 ,& if x be necess>y1 !y may also int]e/ o!rs m imm$iately 9 ! execution ( ju/ice1 & create a numb] ( (fic]s1 civil & milit>y1 to assi/ !m 9 _! gov]nm5t4 ,b ?is execution ( ju/ice1 ?\gh ! pr9cipal1 is n ! only advantage ( gov]nm5t4 ,z viol5t passion h9d] m5 f see+ di/9ctly ! int]e/ !y h 9 an equitable behavi\r t[>ds o!rs2 s x h9d]s !m f see+ t equity itself1 & gives !m a rem>kable p>tiality 9 _! own fav\rs4 ,?is inconv5i5ce is correct$ 9 ! same mann] z t above-m5tion$4 ,! same p]sons1 :o execute ! laws ( ju/ice1 w also decide all controv]sies conc]n+ !m2 & be+ indiff]5t to ! greate/ "p ( ! society1 w decide !m m equitably ?an e "o w\ld 9 8 own case4 ,by means ( ^! two advantages1 9 ! execution & decision ( ju/ice1 m5 acquire a security aga9/ ea* o!rs weakness & passion1 z well z aga9/ _! own1 & "u ! %elt] ( _! gov]nors1 beg9 to ta/e at ease ! sweets ( society & mutual assi/ance4 ,b gov]nm5t ext5ds f>!r its b5eficial influ5ce2 & n cont5t$ to protect m5 9 ^? conv5tions !y make = _! mutual int]e/1 x (t5 obliges !m to make su* conv5tions1 & =ces !m to seek _! own advantage1 by a concurr5ce 9 "s common end or purpose4 ,!re is no quality 9 human nature1 :i* causes m fatal errors 9 our conduct1 ?an t :i* leads u to pref] :atev] is pres5t to ! di/ant & remote1 & makes u desire objects m accord+ to _! situation ?an _! intr9sic value4 ,two neighb\rs may agree to dra9 a mead[1 :i* !y possess 9 common2 because x is easy = !m to "k ea* o!rs m9d2 & ea* mu/ p]ceive1 t ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( 8 fail+ 9 8 "p1 is1 ! ab&on+ ! :ole project4 ,b x is v difficult1 & inde$ impossible1 t a ?\s& p]sons %\ld agree 9 any su* action2 x be+ difficult = !m to conc]t s complicat$ a design1 & /ill m difficult = !m to execute x2 :ile ea* seeks a pretext to free himself ( ! tr\ble & exp5ce1 & w\ld lay ! :ole burd5 on o!rs4 ,political society easily rem$ies bo? ^! inconv5i5ces4 ,magi/rates f9d an imm$iate int]e/ 9 ! int]e/ ( any consid]able "p ( _! subjects4 ,!y ne$ consult no body b !mselves to =m any s*eme = ! promot+ ( t int]e/4 ,& z ! failure ( any "o piece 9 ! execution is connect$1 ?\gh n imm$iately1 ) ! failure ( ! :ole1 !y prev5t t failure1 because !y f9d no int]e/ 9 x1 ei!r imm$iate or remote4 ,?us bridges are built2 h>b\rs op5$2 ramp>ts rais$2 canals =m$2 fleets equip$2 & armies discipl9$ e :]e1 by ! c>e ( gov]nm5t1 :i*1 ?\gh compos$ ( m5 subject to all human infirmities1 becomes1 by "o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ subtle inv5tions imag9able1 a composition1 :i* is1 9 "s measure1 exempt$ f all ^! infirmities4 ,,sect4 ,,viii ,,( ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,allegiance ,?\gh gov]nm5t be an inv5tion v advantage\s1 & ev5 9 "s circum/ances absolutely necess>y to mank9d2 x is n necess>y 9 all circum/ances1 nor is x impossible = m5 to pres]ve society = "s "t1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to su* an inv5tion4 ,m51 x is true1 are always mu* incl9$ to pref] pres5t int]e/ to di/ant & remote2 nor is x easy = !m to resi/ ! temptation ( any advantage1 t !y may imm$iately enjoy1 9 appreh5sion ( an evil t lies at a di/ance f !m3 ,b /ill ?is weakness is less conspicu\s :]e ! possessions1 & ! pleasures ( life are few1 & ( little value1 z !y always are 9 ! infancy ( society4 ,an ,indian is b little tempt$ to dispossess ano!r ( 8 hut1 or to /eal 8 b[1 z be+ already provid$ ( ! same advantages2 & z to any sup]ior =tune1 :i* may att5d "o above ano!r 9 hunt+ & fi%+1 x is only casual & tempor>y1 & w h b small t5d5cy to di/urb society4 ,& s f> am ,i f ?9k+ ) "s philosoph]s1 t m5 are utt]ly incapable ( society )\t gov]nm5t1 t ,i ass]t ! fir/ rudim5ts ( gov]nm5t to arise f qu>rels1 n among m5 ( ! same society1 b among ^? ( diff]5t societies4 ,a less degree ( ri*es w suffice to ?is latt] effect1 ?an is requisite = ! =m]4 ,m5 fe> no?+ f public w> & viol5ce b ! resi/ance !y meet )1 :i*1 because !y %>e x 9 common1 seems less t]rible2 & because x comes f /rang]s1 seems less p]nici\s 9 its consequ5ces1 ?an :5 !y are expos$ s+ly aga9/ "o ^: comm]ce is advantage\s to !m1 & )\t ^: society x is impossible !y c subsi/4 ,n[ =eign w> to a society )\t gov]nm5t necess>ily produces civil w>4 ,?r[ any consid]able goods among m51 !y in/antly fall a qu>rell+1 :ile ea* /rives to get possession ( :at pleases him1 )\t reg>d to ! consequ5ces4 ,9 a =eign w> ! mo/ consid]able ( all goods1 life & limbs1 are at /ake2 & z e "o %uns dang]\s ports1 seizes ! be/ arms1 seeks excuse = ! slighte/ w\nds1 ! laws1 :i* may be well en\gh obs]v$ :ile m5 7 calm1 c n[ no long] take place1 :5 !y are 9 su* commotion4 ,?is we f9d v]ifi$ 9 ! ,am]ican tribes1 :]e m5 live 9 concord & amity among !mselves )\t any e/abli%$ gov]nm5t & nev] pay submission to any ( _! fell[s1 except 9 "t ( w>1 :5 _! capta9 enjoys a %ad[ ( au?ority1 :i* he loses aft] _! return f ! field1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( peace ) ! neighb\r+ tribes4 ,?is au?ority1 h[ev]1 in/ructs !m 9 ! advantages ( gov]nm5t1 & tea*es !m to h rec\rse to x1 :5 ei!r by ! pillage ( w>1 by comm]ce1 or by any =tuit\s inv5tions1 _! ri*es & possessions h become s consid]able z to make !m =get1 on e em]g5ce1 ! int]e/ !y h 9 ! pres]vation ( peace & ju/ice4 ,h5ce we may give a plausible reason1 among o!rs1 :y all gov]nm5ts are at fir/ mon>*ical1 )\t any mixture & v>iety2 & :y republics arise only f ! abuses ( mon>*y & despotic p[]4 ,camps are ! true mo!rs ( cities2 & z w> _c be adm9i/]$1 by reason ( ! sudd5ness ( e exig5cy1 )\t "s au?ority 9 a s+le p]son1 ! same k9d ( au?ority naturally takes place 9 t civil gov]nm5t1 :i* succe$s ! milit>y4 ,& ?is reason ,i take to be m natural1 ?an ! common "o d]iv$ f patri>*al gov]nm5t1 or ! au?ority ( a fa!r1 :i* is said fir/ to take place 9 "o family1 & to accu/om ! memb]s ( x to ! gov]nm5t ( a s+le p]son4 ,! /ate ( society )\t gov]nm5t is "o ( ! mo/ natural /ates ( m51 & mu/ submit ) ! conjunction ( _m families1 & long aft] ! fir/ g5]ation4 ,no?+ b an encrease ( ri*es & possessions c\ld oblige m5 to quit x2 & s b>b>\s & un9/ruct$ are all societies on _! fir/ =mation1 t _m ye>s mu/ elapse be=e ^! c encrease to su* a degree1 z to di/urb m5 9 ! enjoym5t ( peace & concord4 ,b ?\gh x be possible = m5 to ma9ta9 a small uncultivat$ society )\t gov]nm5t1 x is impossible !y %\ld ma9ta9 a society ( any k9d )\t ju/ice1 & ! obs]vance ( ^? ?ree fundam5tal laws conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession1 its translation by cons5t1 & ! p]=mance ( promises4 ,^! are1 !re=e1 antec$5t to gov]nm5t1 & are suppos$ to impose an obligation be=e ! duty ( allegiance to civil magi/rates has once be5 ?\ght (4 ,nay1 ,i %all g f>!r1 & ass]t1 t gov]nm5t1 ^u its fir/ e/abli%m5t1 w\ld naturally be suppos$4 to d]ive its obligation f ^? laws ( nature1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 f t conc]n+ ! p]=mance ( promises4 ,:5 m5 h once p]ceiv$ ! necessity ( gov]nm5t to ma9ta9 peace1 & execute ju/ice1 !y w\ld naturally assemble toge!r1 w\ld *use magi/rates1 det]m9e p[]1 & promise !m ob$i5ce4 ,z a promise is suppos$ to be a bond or security already 9 use1 & att5d$ ) a moral obligation1 x is to be consid]$ z ! orig9al sanction ( gov]nm5t1 & z ! s\rce ( ! fir/ obligation to ob$i5ce4 ,?is reason+ appe>s s natural1 t x has become ! f\ndation ( our fa%ionable sy/em ( politics1 & is 9 a mann] ! cre$ ( a p>ty among/ u1 :o pride !mselves1 ) reason1 on ! s\ndness ( _! philosophy1 & _! lib]ty ( ?\ght4 ,all m51 say !y1 are born free & equal3 ,gov]nm5t & sup]iority c only be e/abli%$ by cons5t3 ,! cons5t ( m51 9 e/abli%+ gov]nm5t1 imposes on !m a new obligation1 unkn[n to ! laws ( nature4 ,m51 !re=e1 are b\nd to obey _! magi/rates1 only because !y promise x2 & if !y _h n giv5 _! ^w1 ei!r expressly or tacitly1 to pres]ve allegiance1 x w\ld nev] h become a "p ( _! moral duty4 ,?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 :5 c>ri$ s f> z to compreh5d gov]nm5t 9 all its ages & situations1 is entirely errone\s2 & ,i ma9ta91 t ?\gh ! duty ( allegiance be at fir/ graft$ on ! obligation ( promises1 & be = "s "t support$ by t obligation1 yet x quickly takes root ( itself1 & has an orig9al obligation & au?ority1 indep5d5t ( all contracts4 ,?is is a pr9ciple ( mom5t1 :i* we mu/ exam9e ) c>e & att5tion1 be=e we proce$ any f>!r4 ,x is reasonable = ^? philosoph]s1 :o ass]t ju/ice to be a natural virtue1 & antec$5t to human conv5tions1 to resolve all civil allegiance into ! obligation ( a promise1 & ass]t t x is our own cons5t alone1 :i* b9ds u to any submission to magi/racy4 ,= z all gov]nm5t is pla9ly an inv5tion ( m51 & ! orig9 ( mo/ gov]nm5ts is kn[n 9 hi/ory1 x is necess>y to m\nt high]1 9 ord] to f9d ! s\rce ( our political duties1 if we w\ld ass]t !m to h any natural obligation ( morality4 ,^! philosoph]s1 !re=e1 quickly obs]ve1 t society is z anti5t z ! human species1 & ^? ?ree fundam5tal laws ( nature z anti5t z society3 ,s t tak+ advantage ( ! antiquity1 & obscure orig9 ( ^! laws1 !y fir/ d5y !m to be artificial & volunt>y inv5tions ( m51 & !n seek to +raft on !m ^? o!r duties1 :i* are m pla9ly artificial4 ,b be+ once undeceiv$ 9 ?is p>ticul>1 & hav+ f\nd t natural1 z well z civil ju/ice1 d]ives its orig9 f human conv5tions1 we %all quickly p]ceive1 h[ fruitless x is to resolve ! "o into ! o!r1 & seek1 9 ! laws ( nature1 a /rong] f\ndation = our political duties ?an int]e/1 & human conv5tions2 :ile ^! laws !mselves are built on ! v same f\ndation4 ,on :i* ev] side we turn ?is subject1 we %all f9d1 t ^! two k9ds ( duty are exactly on ! same foot+1 & h ! same s\rce bo? ( _! fir/ inv5tion & moral obligation4 ,!y are contriv$ to rem$y l inconv5i5ces1 & acquire _! moral sanction 9 ! same mann]1 f _! rem$y+ ^? inconv5i5ces4 ,^! are two po9ts1 :i* we %all endeav\r to prove z di/9ctly z possible4 ,we h already %ewn1 t m5 inv5t$ ! ?ree fundam5tal laws ( nature1 :5 !y obs]v$ ! necessity ( society to _! mutual subsi/ance1 & f\nd1 t x 0 impossible to ma9ta9 any correspond5ce toge!r1 )\t "s re/ra9t on _! natural appetites4 ,! same self-love1 !re=e1 :i* r5d]s m5 s incommodi\s to ea* o!r1 tak+ a new & m conv5i5t direction1 produces ! rules ( ju/ice1 & is ! fir/ motive ( _! obs]vance4 ,b :5 m5 h obs]v$1 t ?\gh ! rules ( ju/ice be suffici5t to ma9ta9 any society1 yet x is impossible = !m1 ( !mselves1 to obs]ve ^? rules1 9 l>ge & poli%$ societies2 !y e/abli% gov]nm5t1 z a new inv5tion to atta9 _! ends1 & pres]ve ! old1 or procure new advantages1 by a m /rict execution ( ju/ice4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 our civil duties are connect$ ) our natural1 t ! =m] are inv5t$ *iefly = ! sake ( ! latt]2 & t ! pr9cipal object ( gov]nm5t is to con/ra9 m5 to obs]ve ! laws ( nature4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 t law ( nature1 conc]n+ ! p]=mance ( promises1 is only compriz$ along ) ! re/2 & its exact obs]vance is to be consid]$ z an effect ( ! in/itution ( gov]nm5t1 & n ! ob$i5ce to gov]nm5t z an effect ( ! obligation ( a promise4 ,?\gh ! object ( our civil duties be ! en=c+ ( our natural1 yet ! fir/#i motive ( ! inv5tion1 z well z p]=mance ( bo?1 is no?+ b self-int]e/3 & s9ce !re is a sep>ate int]e/ 9 ! ob$i5ce to gov]nm5t1 f t 9 ! p]=mance ( promises1 we mu/ also all[ ( a sep>ate obligation4 ,to obey ! civil magi/rate is requisite to pres]ve ord] & concord 9 society4 ,to p]=m promises is requisite to beget mutual tru/ & confid5ce 9 ! common (fices ( life4 ,! ends1 z well z ! means1 are p]fectly di/9ct2 nor is ! "o subord9ate to ! o!r4 #i ,fir/ 9 "t1 n 9 dignity or =ce4 ,to make ?is m evid5t1 let u consid]1 t m5 w (t5 b9d !mselves by promises to ! p]=mance ( :at x w\ld h be5 _! int]e/ to p]=m1 indep5d5t ( ^! promises2 z :5 !y w\ld give o!rs a full] security1 by sup]-add+ a new obligation ( int]e/ to t :i* !y =m]ly lay "u4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! p]=mance ( promises1 besides its moral obligation1 is g5]al1 av[$1 & ( ! la/ consequ5ce 9 life4 ,o!r int]e/s may be m p>ticul> & d\btful2 & we are apt to ent]ta9 a great] suspicion1 t m5 may indulge _! hum\r1 or passion1 9 act+ contr>y to !m4 ,"h1 !re=e1 promises come naturally 9 play1 & are (t5 requir$ = full] satisfaction & security4 ,b suppos+ ^? o!r int]e/s to be z g5]al & av[$ z ! int]e/ 9 ! p]=mance ( a promise1 !y w be reg>d$ z on ! same foot+1 & m5 w beg9 to repose ! same confid5ce 9 !m4 ,n[ ?is is exactly ! case ) reg>d to our civil duties1 or ob$i5ce to ! magi/rate2 )\t :i* no gov]nm5t c\ld subsi/1 nor any peace or ord] be ma9ta9$ 9 l>ge societies1 :]e !re are s _m possessions on ! "o h&1 & s _m wants1 real or imag9>y1 on ! o!r4 ,our civil duties1 !re=e1 mu/ soon deta* !mselves f our promises1 & acquire a sep>ate =ce & influ5ce4 ,! int]e/ 9 bo? is ( ! v same k9d3 ,x is g5]al1 av[$1 & prevails 9 all times & places4 ,!re is1 !n1 no pretext ( reason = f\nd+ ! "o ^u ! o!r2 :ile ea* ( !m has a f\ndation peculi> to itself4 ,we might z well resolve ! obligation to ab/a9 f ! possessions ( o!rs1 into ! obligation ( a promise1 z t ( allegiance4 ,! int]e/s are n m di/9ct 9 ! "o case ?an ! o!r4 ,a reg>d to prop]ty is n m necess>y to natural society1 ?an ob$i5ce is to civil society or gov]nm5t2 nor is ! =m] society m necess>y to ! be+ ( mank9d1 ?an ! latt] to _! well-be+ & happ9ess4 ,9 %ort1 if ! p]=mance ( promises be advantage\s1 s is ob$i5ce to gov]nm5t3 ,if ! =m] int]e/ be g5]al1 s is ! latt]3 ,if ! "o int]e/ be obvi\s & av[$1 s is ! o!r4 ,& z ^! two rules are f\nd$ on l obligations ( int]e/1 ea* ( !m mu/ h a peculi> au?ority1 indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 ,b x is n only ! natural obligations ( int]e/1 :i* are di/9ct 9 promises & allegiance2 b also ! moral obligations ( hon\r & consci5ce3 ,nor does ! m]it or dem]it ( ! "o dep5d 9 ! lea/ ^u t ( ! o!r4 ,& inde$1 if we consid] ! close connexion !re is betwixt ! natural & moral obligations1 we %all f9d ?is conclusion to be entirely unavoidable4 ,our int]e/ is always engag$ on ! side ( ob$i5ce to magi/racy2 & !re is no?+ b a great pres5t advantage1 t c lead u to rebellion1 by mak+ u ov]-look ! remote int]e/1 :i* we h 9 ! pres]v+ ( peace & ord] 9 society4 ,b ?\gh a pres5t int]e/ may ?us bl9d u ) reg>d to our own actions1 x takes n place ) reg>d to ^? ( o!rs2 nor h9d]s !m f appe>+ 9 _! true col\rs1 z highly prejudicial to public int]e/1 & to our own 9 p>ticul>4 ,?is naturally gives u an uneas9ess1 9 consid]+ su* s$iti\s & disloyal actions1 & makes u atta* to !m ! idea ( vice & moral de=mity4 ,x is ! same pr9ciple1 :i* causes u to disapprove ( all k9ds ( private inju/ice1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ! brea* ( promises4 ,we blame all trea*]y & brea* ( fai?2 because we consid]1 t ! fre$om & ext5t ( human comm]ce dep5d entirely on a fidelity ) reg>d to promises4 ,we blame all disloyalty to magi/rates2 because we p]ceive1 t ! execution ( ju/ice1 9 ! /ability ( possession1 its translation by cons5t1 & ! p]=mance ( promises1 is impossible1 )\t submission to gov]nm5t4 ,z !re are "h two int]e/s entirely di/9ct f ea* o!r1 !y mu/ give rise to two moral obligations1 equally sep>ate & indep5d5t4 ,?\gh !re 0 no su* ?+ z a promise 9 ! _w1 gov]nm5t w\ld /ill be necess>y 9 all l>ge & civiliz$ societies2 & if promises _h only _! own prop] obligation1 )\t ! sep>ate sanction ( gov]nm5t1 !y w\ld h b little efficacy 9 su* societies4 ,?is sep>ates ! b\nd>ies ( our public & private duties1 & %ews t ! latt] are m dep5dant on ! =m]1 ?an ! =m] on ! latt]4 ,education1 & ! artifice ( politicians1 concur to be/[ a f>!r morality on loyalty1 & to br& all rebellion ) a great] degree ( guilt & infamy4 ,nor is x a wond]1 t politicians %\ld be v indu/ri\s 9 inculcat+ su* notions1 :]e _! int]e/ is s p>ticul>ly conc]n$4 ,le/ ^? argum5ts %\ld n appe> entirely conclusive 7z ,i ?9k !y are7 ,i %all h rec\rse to au?ority1 & %all prove1 f ! univ]sal cons5t ( mank9d1 t ! obligation ( submission to gov]nm5t is n d]iv$ f any promise ( ! subjects4 ,nor ne$ any "o wond]1 t ?\gh ,i h all along endeav\r$ to e/abli% my sy/em on pure reason1 & h sc>ce ev] cit$ ! judgm5t ev5 ( philosoph]s or hi/orians on any article1 ,i %\ld n[ appeal to popul> au?ority1 & oppose ! s5tim5ts ( ! rabble to any philosophical reason+4 ,= x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ! op9ions ( m51 9 ?is case1 c>ry ) !m a peculi> au?ority1 & are1 9 a great measure1 infallible4 ,! di/9ction ( moral good & evil is f\nd$ on ! pleasure or pa91 :i* results f ! view ( any s5tim5t1 or "*2 & z t pleasure or pa9 _c be unkn[n to ! p]son :o feels x1 x foll[s1#aj t !re is j s mu* vice or virtue 9 any "*1 z e "o places 9 x1 & t x is impossible 9 ?is p>ticul> we c ev] be mi/ak54 ,& ?\gh our judgm5ts conc]n+ ! orig9 ( any vice or virtue1 be n s c]ta9 z ^? conc]n+ _! degrees2 yet1 s9ce ! "q 9 ?is case reg>ds n any philosophical orig9 ( an obligation1 b a pla9 matt] ( fact1 x is n easily conceiv$ h[ we c fall into an error4 ,a man1 :o ackn[l$ges himself to be b\nd to ano!r1 = a c]ta9 sum1 mu/ c]ta9ly "k :e!r x be by 8 own bond1 or t ( 8 fa!r2 :e!r x be ( 8 m]e good-w1 or = money l5t him2 & "u :at conditions1 & = :at purposes he has b\nd himself4 ,9 l mann]1 x be+ c]ta91 t !re is a moral obligation to submit to gov]nm5t1 because e "o ?9ks s2 x mu/ be z c]ta91 t ?is obligation arises n f a promise2 s9ce no "o1 ^: judgm5t has n be5 l$ a/ray by too /rict adh]5ce to a sy/em ( philosophy1 has ev] yet dreamt ( ascrib+ x to t orig94 ,nei!r magi/rates nor subjects h =m$ ?is idea ( our civil duties4 #aj ,?is proposition mu/ hold /rictly true1 ) reg>d to e quality1 t is det]m9'd m]ely by s5tim5t4 ,9 :at s5se we c talk ei!r ( a "r or a wrong ta/e 9 morals1 eloqu5ce1 or beauty1 %all be consid]d aft]w>ds4 ,9 ! mean "t1 x may be obs]v'd1 t !re is su* an uni=mity 9 ! ,,g5]al s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 z to r5d] su* que/ions ( b small importance4 ,we f9d1 t magi/rates are s f> f d]iv+ _! au?ority1 & ! obligation to ob$i5ce 9 _! subjects1 f ! f\ndation ( a promise or orig9al contract1 t !y conceal1 z f> z possible1 f _! p1 especially f ! vulg>1 t !y h _! orig9 f !nce4 ,7 ?is ! sanction ( gov]nm5t1 our rul]s w\ld nev] receive x tacitly1 :i* is ! utmo/ t c be pret5d$2 s9ce :at is giv5 tacitly & ins5sibly c nev] h su* influ5ce on mank9d1 z :at is p]=m$ expressly & op5ly4 ,a tacit promise is1 :]e ! w is signifi$ by o!r m diffuse signs ?an ^? ( spee*2 b a w !re mu/ c]ta9ly be 9 ! case1 & t c nev] escape ! p]son's notice1 :o ex]t$ x1 h[ev] sil5t or tacit4 ,b 7 y to ask ! f> greate/ "p ( ! nation1 :e!r !y _h ev] cons5t$ to ! au?ority ( _! rul]s1 or promis$ to obey !m1 !y w\ld be incl9$ to ?9k v /rangely ( y2 & w\ld c]ta9ly reply1 t ! affair dep5d$ n on _! cons5t1 b t !y 7 born to su* an ob$i5ce4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is op9ion1 we frequ5tly see !m imag9e su* p]sons to be _! natural rul]s1 z are at t "t depriv$ ( all p[] & au?ority1 & :om no man1 h[ev] fooli%1 w\ld volunt>ily *use2 & ?is m]ely because !y are 9 t l9e1 :i* rul$ be=e1 & 9 t degree ( x1 :i* us$ to succe$2 ?\gh p]haps 9 s di/ant a p]iod1 t sc>ce any man alive c\ld ev] h giv5 any promise ( ob$i5ce4 ,has a gov]nm5t1 !n1 no au?ority ov] su* z ^!1 because !y nev] cons5t$ to x1 & w\ld e/eem ! v attempt ( su* a free *oice a piece ( arrogance & impiety8 ,we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t x puni%es !m v freely = :at x calls treason & rebellion1 :i*1 x seems1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 r$uces itself to common inju/ice4 ,if y say1 t by dwell+ 9 its dom9ions1 !y 9 effect cons5t$ to ! e/abli%$ gov]nm5t2 ,i answ]1 t ?is c only be1 :]e !y ?9k ! affair dep5ds on _! *oice1 :i* few or none1 beside ^? philosoph]s1 h ev] yet imag9$4 ,x nev] 0 plead$ z an excuse = a rebel1 t ! fir/ act he p]=m$1 aft] he came to ye>s ( discretion1 0 to levy w> aga9/ ! sov]eign ( ! /ate2 & t :ile he 0 a *ild he c\ld n b9d himself by 8 own cons5t1 & hav+ become a man1 %[$ pla9ly1 by ! fir/ act he p]=m$1 t he _h no design to impose on himself any obligation to ob$i5ce4 ,we f9d1 on ! contr>y1 t civil laws puni% ?is crime at ! same age z any o!r1 :i* is crim9al1 ( itself1 )\t our cons5t2 t is1 :5 ! p]son is come to ! full use ( reason3 ,:]eas to ?is crime !y ought 9 ju/ice to all[ "s int]m$iate "t1 9 :i* a tacit cons5t at lea/ might be suppos$4 ,to :i* we may add1 t a man liv+ "u an absolute gov]nm5t1 w\ld owe x no allegiance2 s9ce1 by its v nature1 x dep5ds n on cons5t4 ,b z t is z natural & common a gov]nm5t z any1 x mu/ c]ta9ly occasion "s obligation2 & x is pla9 f exp]i5ce1 t m51 :o are subject$ to x1 d always ?9k s4 ,?is is a cle> pro(1 t we d n commonly e/eem our allegiance to be d]iv$ f our cons5t or promise2 & a f>!r pro( is1 t :5 our promise is ^u any acc\nt expressly engag$1 we always di/+ui% exactly betwixt ! two obligations1 & believe ! "o to add m =ce to ! o!r1 ?an 9 a repetition ( ! same promise4 ,:]e no promise is giv51 a man looks n on 8 fai? z brok5 9 private matt]s1 ^u acc\nt ( rebellion2 b keeps ^? two duties ( hon\r & allegiance p]fectly di/9ct & sep>ate4 ,z ! unit+ ( !m 0 ?\ght by ^! philosoph]s a v subtile inv5tion1 ?is is a conv9c+ pro(1 t x is n a true "o2 s9ce no man c ei!r give a promise1 or be re/ra9$ by its sanction & obligation unkn[n to himself4 ,,sect4 ,,ix ,,( ,,! ,,measures ,,( ,,allegiance ,^? political writ]s1 :o h _h rec\rse to a promise1 or orig9al contract1 z ! s\rce ( our allegiance to gov]nm5t1 int5d$ to e/abli% a pr9ciple1 :i* is p]fectly j & reasonable2 ?\gh ! reason+1 ^u :i* !y endeav\r$ to e/abli% x1 0 fallaci\s & sophi/ical4 ,!y w\ld prove1 t our submission to gov]nm5t admits ( exceptions1 & t an egregi\s tyranny 9 ! rul]s is suffici5t to free ! subjects f all ties ( allegiance4 ,s9ce m5 ent] into society1 say !y1 & submit !mselves to gov]nm5t1 by _! free & volunt>y cons5t1 !y mu/ h 9 view c]ta9 advantages1 :i* !y propose to reap f x1 & = :i* !y are cont5t$ to resign _! native lib]ty4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 some?+ mutual engag$ on ! "p ( ! magi/rate1 viz1 protection & security2 & x is only by ! hopes he af=ds ( ^! advantages1 t he c ev] p]suade m5 to submit to him4 ,b :5 in/ead ( protection & security1 !y meet ) tyranny & oppression1 !y are fre$ f _! promises1 7z happ5s 9 all conditional contracts7 & return to t /ate ( lib]ty1 :i* prec$$ ! in/itution ( gov]nm5t4 ,m5 w\ld nev] be s fooli% z to ent] into su* engagem5ts z %\ld turn entirely to ! advantage ( o!rs1 )\t any view ( bett]+ _! own condition4 ,:oev] proposes to draw any pr(it f our submission1 mu/ engage himself1 ei!r expressly or tacitly1 to make u reap "s advantage f 8 au?ority2 nor ought he to expect1 t )\t ! p]=mance ( 8 "p we w ev] cont9ue 9 ob$i5ce4 ,i repeat x3 ,?is conclusion is j1 ?\gh ! pr9ciples be errone\s2 & ,i flatt] myself1 t ,i c e/abli% ! same conclusion on m reasonable pr9ciples4 ,i %all n take su* a compass1 9 e/abli%+ our political duties1 z to ass]t1 t m5 p]ceive ! advantages ( gov]nm5t2 t !y in/itute gov]nm5t ) a view to ^? advantages2 t ?is in/itution requires a promise ( ob$i5ce2 :i* imposes a moral obligation to a c]ta9 degree1 b be+ conditional1 ceases to be b9d+1 :5ev] ! o!r contract+ p>ty p]=ms n 8 "p ( ! engagem5t4 ,i p]ceive1 t a promise itself arises entirely f human conv5tions1 & is inv5t$ ) a view to a c]ta9 int]e/4 ,i seek1 !re=e1 "s su* int]e/ m imm$iately connect$ ) gov]nm5t1 & :i* may be at once ! orig9al motive to its in/itution1 & ! s\rce ( our ob$i5ce to x4 ,?is int]e/ ,i f9d to consi/ 9 ! security & protection1 :i* we enjoy 9 political society1 & :i* we c nev] atta91 :5 p]fectly free & indep5d5t4 ,z int]e/1 !re=e1 is ! imm$iate sanction ( gov]nm5t1 ! "o c h no long] be+ ?an ! o!r2 & :5ev] ! civil magi/rate c>ries 8 oppression s f> z to r5d] 8 au?ority p]fectly intol]able1 we are no long] b\nd to submit to x4 ,! cause ceases2 ! effect mu/ cease also4 ,s f> ! conclusion is imm$iate & direct1 conc]n+ ! natural obligation :i* we h to allegiance4 ,z to ! moral obligation1 we may obs]ve1 t ! maxim w\ld "h be false1 t :5 ! cause ceases1 ! effect mu/ cease also4 ,= !re is a pr9ciple ( human nature1 :i* we h frequ5tly tak5 notice (1 t m5 are mightily addict$ to g5]al rules1 & t we (t5 c>ry our maxims beyond ^? reasons1 :i* fir/ induc$ u to e/abli% !m4 ,:]e cases are simil> 9 _m circum/ances1 we are apt to put !m on ! same foot+1 )\t consid]+1 t !y diff] 9 ! mo/ mat]ial circum/ances1 & t ! resemblance is m app>5t ?an real4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be ?\ght1 t 9 ! case ( allegiance our moral obligation ( duty w n cease1 ev5 ?\gh ! natural obligation ( int]e/1 :i* is its cause1 has ceas$2 & t m5 may be b\nd by consci5ce to submit to a tyrannical gov]nm5t aga9/ _! own & ! public int]e/4 ,& inde$1 to ! =ce ( ?is argum5t ,i s f> submit1 z to ackn[l$ge1 t g5]al rules commonly ext5d beyond ! pr9ciples1 on :i* !y are f\nd$2 & t we seldom make any exception to !m1 unless t exception h ! qualities ( a g5]al rule1 & be f\nd$ on v num]\s & common in/ances4 ,n[ ?is ,i ass]t to be entirely ! pres5t case4 ,:5 m5 submit to ! au?ority ( o!rs1 x is to procure !mselves "s security aga9/ ! wick$ness & inju/ice ( m51 :o are p]petually c>ri$1 by _! unruly passions1 & by _! pres5t & imm$iate int]e/1 to ! violation ( all ! laws ( society4 ,b z ?is imp]fection is inh]5t 9 human nature1 we "k t x mu/ att5d m5 9 all _! /ates & conditions2 & t ^!1 :om we *use = rul]s1 d n imm$iately become ( a sup]ior nature to ! re/ ( mank9d1 ^u acc\nt ( _! sup]ior p[] & au?ority4 ,:at we expect f !m dep5ds n on a *ange ( _! nature b ( _! situation1 :5 !y acquire a m imm$iate int]e/ 9 ! pres]vation ( ord] & ! execution ( ju/ice4 ,b besides t ?is int]e/ is only m imm$iate 9 ! execution ( ju/ice among _! subjects2 besides ?is1 ,i say1 we may (t5 expect1 f ! irregul>ity ( human nature1 t !y w neglect ev5 ?is imm$iate int]e/1 & be transport$ by _! passions into all ! excesses ( cruelty & ambition44 ,our g5]al k ( human nature1 our obs]vation ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d1 our exp]i5ce ( pres5t times2 all ^! causes mu/ induce u to op5 ! door to exceptions1 & mu/ make u conclude1 t we may resi/ ! m viol5t effects ( supreme p[]1 )\t any crime or inju/ice4 ,accord+ly we may obs]ve1 t ?is is bo? ! g5]al practice & pr9ciple ( mank9d1 & t no nation1 t c\ld f9d any rem$y1 ev] yet suff]$ ! cruel ravages ( a tyrant1 or 7 blam$ = _! resi/ance4 ,^? :o took up arms aga9/ ,dionysius or ,n]o1 or ,philip ! second1 h ! fav\r ( e read] 9 ! p]usal ( _! hi/ory3 & no?+ b ! mo/ viol5t p]v]sion ( common s5se c ev] lead u to condemn !m4 ,x is c]ta91 !re=e1 t 9 all our notions ( morals we nev] ent]ta9 su* an absurdity z t ( passive ob$i5ce1 b make all[ances = resi/ance 9 ! m flagrant in/ances ( tyranny & oppression4 ,! g5]al op9ion ( mank9d has "s au?ority 9 all cases2 b 9 ?is ( morals x is p]fectly infallible4 ,nor is x less infallible1 because m5 _c di/9ctly expla9 ! pr9ciples1 on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,few p]sons c c>ry on ?is tra9 ( reason+3 ,gov]nm5t is a m]e human inv5tion = ! int]e/ ( society4 ,:]e ! tyranny ( ! gov]nor removes ?is int]e/1 x also removes ! natural obligation to ob$i5ce4 ,! moral obligation is f\nd$ on ! natural1 & !re=e mu/ cease :]e t ceases2 especially :]e ! subject is su* z makes u =esee v _m occasions :]e9 ! natural obligation may cease1 & causes u to =m a k9d ( g5]al rule = ! regulation ( our conduct 9 su* occurr5ces4 ,b ?\gh ?is tra9 ( reason+ be too subtile = ! vulg>1 x is c]ta91 t all m5 h an implicit notion ( x1 & are s5sible1 t !y owe ob$i5ce to gov]nm5t m]ely on acc\nt ( ! public int]e/2 & at ! same "t1 t human nature is s subject to frailties & passions1 z may easily p]v]t ?is in/itution1 & *ange _! gov]nors into tyrants & public enemies4 ,if ! s5se ( common int]e/ 7 n our orig9al motive to ob$i5ce1 ,i w\ld fa9 ask1 :at o!r pr9ciple is !re 9 human nature capable ( subdu+ ! natural ambition ( m51 & =c+ !m to su* a submission8 ,imitation & cu/om are n suffici5t4 ,= ! "q /ill recurs1 :at motive fir/ produces ^? in/ances ( submission1 :i* we imitate1 & t tra9 ( actions1 :i* produces ! cu/om8 ,!re evid5tly is no o!r pr9ciple ?an public int]e/2 & if int]e/ fir/ produces ob$i5ce to gov]nm5t1 ! obligation to ob$i5ce mu/ cease1 :5ev] ! int]e/ ceases1 9 any great degree1 & 9 a consid]able numb] ( in/ances4 ,,sect4 ,x ,,( ,,! ,,objects ,,( ,,allegiance ,b ?\gh1 on "s occasions1 x may be ju/ifiable1 bo? 9 s\nd politics & morality1 to resi/ supreme p[]1 x is c]ta91 t 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( human affairs no?+ c be m p]nici\s & crim9al2 & t besides ! convulsions1 :i* always att5d revolutions1 su* a practice t5ds directly to ! subv]sion ( all gov]nm5t1 & ! caus+ an univ]sal an>*y & confusion among mank9d4 ,z num]\s & civiliz$ societies _c subsi/ )\t gov]nm5t1 s gov]nm5t is entirely useless )\t an exact ob$i5ce4 ,we ought always to weigh ! advantages1 :i* we reap f au?ority1 aga9/ ! disadvantages2 & by ?is means we %all become m scrupul\s ( putt+ 9 practice ! doctr9e ( resi/ance4 ,! common rule requires submission2 & x is only 9 cases ( griev\s tyranny & oppression1 t ! exception c take place4 ,s9ce !n su* a bl9d submission is commonly due to magi/racy1 ! next "q is1 to :om x is due1 & :om we are to reg>d z our lawful magi/rates8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 let u recollect :at we h already e/abli%$ conc]n+ ! orig9 ( gov]nm5t & political society4 ,:5 m5 h once exp]i5c$ ! impossibility ( pres]v+ any /eady ord] 9 society1 :ile e "o is 8 own ma/]1 & violates or obs]ves ! laws ( society1 accord+ to 8 pres5t int]e/ or pleasure1 !y naturally run into ! inv5tion ( gov]nm5t1 & put x out ( _! own p[]1 z f> z possible1 to transgress ! laws ( society4 ,gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 arises f ! same volunt>y conv]sation ( m52 & x is evid5t1 t ! same conv5tion1 :i* e/abli%es gov]nm5t1 w also det]m9e ! p]sons :o are to gov]n1 & w remove all d\bt & ambiguity 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,& ! volunt>y cons5t ( m5 mu/ "h h ! great] efficacy1 t ! au?ority ( ! magi/rate does at fir/ /& ^u ! f\ndation ( a promise ( ! subjects1 by :i* !y b9d !mselves to ob$i5ce2 z 9 e o!r contract or engagem5t4 ,! same promise1 !n1 :i* b9ds !m to ob$i5ce1 ties !m d[n to a p>ticul> p]son1 & makes him ! object ( _! allegiance4 ,b :5 gov]nm5t has be5 e/abli%$ on ?is foot+ = "s consid]able "t1 & ! sep>ate int]e/1 :i* we h 9 submission1 has produc$ a sep>ate s5tim5t ( morality1 ! case is entirely alt]$1 & a promise is no long] able to det]m9e ! p>ticul> magi/rate s9ce x is no long] consid]$ z ! f\ndation ( gov]nm5t4 ,we naturally suppose ourselves born to submission2 & imag9e1 t su* p>ticul> p]sons h a "r to comm&1 z we on our "p are b\nd to obey4 ,^! notions ( "r & obligation are d]iv$ f no?+ b ! advantage we reap f gov]nm5t1 :i* gives u a repugnance to practise resi/ance ourselves1 & makes u displeas$ ) any in/ance ( x 9 o!rs4 ,b "h x is rem>kable1 t 9 ?is new /ate ( affairs1 ! orig9al sanction ( gov]nm5t1 :i* is int]e/1 is n admitt$ to det]m9e ! p]sons1 :om we are to obey1 z ! orig9al sanction did at fir/1 :5 affairs 7 on ! foot+ ( a promise4 ,a promise fixes & det]m9es ! p]sons1 )\t any unc]ta9ty3 ,b x is evid5t1 t if m5 7 to regulate _! conduct 9 ?is p>ticul>1 by ! view ( a peculi> int]e/1 ei!r public or private1 !y w\ld involve !mselves 9 endless confusion1 & w\ld r5d] all gov]nm5t1 9 a great measure1 ineffectual4 ,! private int]e/ ( e "o is diff]5t2 & ?\gh ! public int]e/ 9 itself be always "o & ! same1 yet x becomes ! s\rce ( z great diss5tions1 by reason ( ! diff]5t op9ions ( p>ticul> p]sons conc]n+ x4 ,! same int]e/1 !re=e1 :i* causes u to submit to magi/racy1 makes u r5\nce itself 9 ! *oice ( our magi/rates1 & b9ds u d[n to a c]ta9 =m ( gov]nm5t1 & to p>ticul> p]sons1 )\t all[+ u to aspire to ! utmo/ p]fection 9 ei!r4 ,! case is "h ! same z 9 t law ( nature conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession4 ,x is highly advantage\s1 & ev5 absolutely necess>y to society1 t possession %\ld be /able2 & ?is leads u to ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a rule3 ,b we f9d1 t 7 we to foll[ ! same advantage1 9 assign+ p>ticul> possessions to p>ticul> p]sons1 we %\ld disappo9t our end1 & p]petuate ! confusion1 :i* t rule is int5d$ to prev5t4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 proce$ by g5]al rules1 & regulate ourselves by g5]al int]e/s1 9 modify+ ! law ( nature conc]n+ ! /ability ( possession4 ,nor ne$ we fe>1 t our atta*m5t to ?is law w dim9i% ^u acc\nt ( ! seem+ frivol\sness ( ^? int]e/s1 by :i* x is det]m9$4 ,! impulse ( ! m9d is d]iv$ f a v /rong int]e/2 & ^? o!r m m9ute int]e/s s]ve only to direct ! motion1 )\t add+ any ?+ to x1 or dim9i%+ f x4 ,x is ! same case ) gov]nm5t4 ,no?+ is m advantage\s to society ?an su* an inv5tion2 & ?is int]e/ is suffici5t to make u embrace x ) ard\r & alacrity2 ?\gh we are oblig$ aft]w>ds to regulate & direct our devotion to gov]nm5t by sev]al consid]ations1 :i* are n ( ! same importance1 & to *use our magi/rates )\t hav+ 9 view any p>ticul> advantage f ! *oice4 ,! fir/ ( ^? pr9ciples ,i %all take notice (1 z a f\ndation ( ! "r ( magi/racy1 is t :i* gives au?ority to all ! mo/ e/abli%$ gov]nm5ts ( ! _w )\t exception3 ,i mean1 long possession 9 any "o =m ( gov]nm5t1 or succession ( pr9ces4 ,x is c]ta91 t if we rem\nt to ! fir/ orig9 ( e nation1 we %all f9d1 t !re sc>ce is any race ( k+s1 or =m ( a commonweal?1 t is n prim>ily f\nd$ on usurpation & rebellion1 & ^: title is n at fir/ worse ?an d\btful & unc]ta94 ,"t alone gives solidity to _! "r2 & op]at+ gradually on ! m9ds ( m51 reconciles !m to any au?ority1 & makes x seem j & reasonable4 ,no?+ causes any s5tim5t to h a great] influ5ce ^u u ?an cu/om1 or turns our imag9ation m /rongly to any object4 ,:5 we h be5 long accu/om$ to obey any set ( m51 t g5]al in/9ct or t5d5cy1 :i* we h to suppose a moral obligation att5d+ loyalty1 takes easily ?is direction1 & *uses t set ( m5 = its objects4 ,x is int]e/ :i* gives ! g5]al in/9ct2 b x is cu/om :i* gives ! p>ticul> direction4 ,& "h x is obs]vable1 t ! same l5g? ( "t has a diff]5t influ5ce on our s5tim5ts ( morality1 accord+ to its diff]5t influ5ce on ! m9d4 ,we naturally judge ( e ?+ by comp>ison2 & s9ce 9 consid]+ ! fate ( k+doms & republics1 we embrace a long ext5t ( "t1 a small duration has n 9 ?is case a l influ5ce on our s5tim5ts1 z :5 we consid] any o!r object4 ,"o ?9ks he acquires a "r to a horse1 or a suit ( cloa?s1 9 a v %ort "t2 b a c5tury is sc>ce suffici5t to e/abli% any new gov]nm5t1 or remove all scruples 9 ! m9ds ( ! subjects conc]n+ x4 ,add to ?is1 t a %ort] p]iod ( "t w suffice to give a pr9ce a title to any additional p[] he may usurp1 ?an w s]ve to fix 8 "r1 :]e ! :ole is an usurpation4 ,! k+s ( ,france h n be5 possess$ ( absolute p[] = above two reigns2 & yet no?+ w appe> m extravagant to ,fr5*m5 ?an to talk ( _! lib]ties4 ,if we consid] :at has be5 said conc]n+ accession1 we %all easily acc\nt = ?is phnom5on4 ,:5 !re is no =m ( gov]nm5t e/abli%$ by long possession1 ! pres5t possession is suffici5t to supply its place1 & may be reg>d$ z ! second s\rce ( all public au?ority4 ,"r to au?ority is no?+ b ! con/ant possession ( au?ority1 ma9ta9$ by ! laws ( society & ! int]e/s ( mank9d2 & no?+ c be m natural ?an to jo9 ?is con/ant possession to ! pres5t "o1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples above-m5tion$4 ,if ! same pr9ciples did n take place ) reg>d to ! prop]ty ( private p]sons1 x 0 because ^! pr9ciples 7 c\nt]-ballanc$ by v /rong consid]ations ( int]e/2 :5 we obs]v$1 t all re/itution w\ld by t means be prev5t$1 & e viol5ce be au?oriz$ & protect$4 ,& ?\gh ! same motives may seem to h =ce1 ) reg>d to public au?ority1 yet !y are oppos$ by a contr>y int]e/2 :i* consi/s 9 ! pres]vation ( peace1 & ! avoid+ ( all *anges1 :i*1 h[ev] !y may be easily produc$ 9 private affairs1 are unavoidably att5d$ ) blood%$ & confusion1 :]e ! public is int]e/$4 ,any "o1 :o f9d+ ! impossibility ( acc\nt+ = ! "r ( ! pres5t possessor1 by any receiv$ sy/em ( e?ics1 %\ld resolve to d5y absolutely t "r1 & ass]t1 t x is n au?oriz$ by morality1 w\ld be ju/ly ?\ght to ma9ta9 a v extravagant p>adox1 & to %ock ! common s5se & judgm5t ( mank9d4 ,no maxim is m con=mable1 bo? to prud5ce & morals1 ?an to submit quietly to ! gov]nm5t1 :i* we f9d e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntry :]e we happ5 to live1 )\t enquir+ too curi\sly into its orig9 & fir/ e/abli%m5t4 ,few gov]nm5ts w be> be+ exam9$ s rigor\sly4 ,h[ _m k+doms are !re at pres5t 9 ! _w1 & h[ _m m d we f9d 9 hi/ory1 ^: gov]nors h no bett] f\ndation = _! au?ority ?an t ( pres5t possession8 ,to conf9e ourselves to ! ,roman & ,grecian empire2 is x n evid5t1 t ! long succession ( emp]ors1 f ! dissolution ( ! ,roman lib]ty1 to ! f9al ext9ction ( t empire by ! ,turks1 c\ld n s mu* z pret5d to any o!r title to ! empire8 ,! election ( ! s5ate 0 a m]e =m1 :i* always foll[$ ! *oice ( ! legions2 & ^! 7 almo/ always divid$ 9 ! diff]5t prov9ces1 & no?+ b ! sword 0 able to t]m9ate ! diff]5ce4 ,x 0 by ! sword1 !re=e1 t e emp]or acquir$1 z well z def5d$ 8 "r2 & we mu/ ei!r say1 t all ! kn[n _w1 = s _m ages1 _h no gov]nm5t1 & ow$ no allegiance to any "o1 or mu/ all[1 t ! "r ( ! /rong]1 9 public affairs1 is to be receiv$ z legitimate1 & au?oriz$ by morality1 :5 n oppos$ by any o!r title4 ,! "r ( conque/ may be consid]$ z a ?ird s\rce ( ! title ( sov]eigns4 ,?is "r resembles v mu* t ( pres5t possession2 b has r a sup]ior =ce1 be+ second$ by ! notions ( glory & hon\r1 :i* we ascribe to conqu]ors1 in/ead ( ! s5tim5ts ( hatr$ & dete/ation1 :i* att5d usurp]s4 ,m5 naturally fav\r ^? !y love2 & !re=e are m apt to ascribe a "r to successful viol5ce1 betwixt "o sov]eign & ano!r1 ?an to ! successful rebellion ( a subject aga9/ 8 sov]eign4#aa #aa ,x is n "h ass]t$1 t pres5t possession or conque/ are suffici5t to give a title aga9/ long possession & positive laws b only t !y h "s =ce1 & w be able to call ! ballance :]e ! titles are o!rwise equal1 & w ev5 be suffici5t sometimes to sanctify ! weak] title4 ,:at degree ( =ce !y h is difficult to det]m9e4 ,i believe all mod]ate m5 w all[1 t !y h great =ce 9 all disputes conc]n+ ! rights ( pr9ces4 ,:5 nei!r long possession1 nor pres5t possession1 nor conque/ take place1 z :5 ! fir/ sov]eign1 :o f\nd$ any mon>*y1 dies2 9 t case1 ! "r ( succession naturally prevails 9 _! /ead1 & m5 are commonly induc$ to place ! son ( _! late mon>* on ! ?rone1 & suppose him to inh]it 8 fa!r's au?ority4 ,! presum$ cons5t ( ! fa!r1 ! imitation ( ! succession to private families1 ! int]e/1 :i* ! /ate has 9 *us+ ! p]son1 :o is mo/ p[]ful1 & has ! mo/ num]\s foll[]s2 all ^! reasons lead m5 to pref] ! son ( _! late mon>* to any o!r p]son4#ab #ab ,to prev5t mi/akes ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t ?is case ( succession is n ! same ) t ( h]$it>y mon>*ies1 :]e cu/om has fix'd ! "r ( succession4 ,^! dep5d ^u ! pr9ciple ( long possession above expla9'd4 ,^! reasons h "s weight2 b ,i am p]suad$1 t to "o1 :o consid]s imp>tially ( ! matt]1 x w appe>1 t !re concur "s pr9ciples ( ! imag9ation1 along ) ^? views ( int]e/4 ,! royal au?ority seems to be connect$ ) ! "y pr9ce ev5 9 8 fa!r's life-"t1 by ! natural transition ( ! ?\ght2 & /ill m aft] 8 dea?3 ,s t no?+ is m natural ?an to compleat ?is union by a new relation1 & by putt+ him actually 9 possession ( :at seems s naturally to belong to him4 ,to confirm ?is we may weigh ! foll[+ pha5om5a1 :i* are pretty curi\s 9 _! k9d4 ,9 elective mon>*ies ! "r ( succession has no place by ! laws & settl$ cu/om2 & yet its influ5ce is s natural1 t x is impossible entirely to exclude x f ! imag9ation1 & r5d] ! subjects indiff]5t to ! son ( _! deceas$ mon>*4 ,h5ce 9 "s gov]nm5ts ( ?is k9d1 ! *oice commonly falls on "o or o!r ( ! royal family2 & 9 "s gov]nm5ts !y are all exclud$4 ,^? contr>y pha5om5a proce$ f ! same pr9ciple4 ,:]e ! royal family is exclud$1 x is f a ref9em5t 9 politics1 :i* makes p s5sible ( _! prop5sity to *use a sov]eign 9 t family1 & gives !m a jeal\sy ( _! lib]ty1 le/ _! new mon>*1 aid$ by ?is prop5sity1 %\ld e/abli% 8 family1 & de/roy ! fre$om ( elections = ! future4 ,! hi/ory ( ,artax]xes1 & ! y\ng] ,cyrus1 may furni% u ) "s reflections to ! same purpose4 ,cyrus pret5d$ a "r to ! ?rone above 8 eld] bro!r1 because he 0 born aft] 8 fa!r's accession4 ,i d n pret5d1 t ?is reason 0 valid4 ,i w\ld only inf] f x1 t he w\ld nev] h made use ( su* a pretext1 7 x n = ! qualities ( ! imag9ation above-m5tion$1 by :i* we are naturally incl9$ to unite by a new relation :atev] objects we f9d already unit$4 ,artax]xes _h an advantage above 8 bro!r1 z be+ ! elde/ son1 & ! fir/ 9 succession3 ,b ,cyrus 0 m closely relat$ to ! royal au?ority1 z be+ begot aft] 8 fa!r 0 inve/$ ) x4 ,%\ld x "h be pret5d$1 t ! view ( conv5i5ce may be ! s\rce ( all ! "r ( succession1 & t m5 gladly take advantage ( any rule1 by :i* !y c fix ! successor ( _! late sov]eign1 & prev5t t an>*y & confusion1 :i* att5ds all new elections8 ,to ?is ,i w\ld answ]1 t ,i readily all[1 t ?is motive may contribute some?+ to ! effect2 b at ! same "t ,i ass]t1 t )\t ano!r pr9ciple1 x is impossible su* a motive %\ld take place4 ,! int]e/ ( a nation requires1 t ! succession to ! cr[n %\ld be fix$ "o way or o!r2 b x is ! same ?+ to its int]e/ 9 :at way x be fix$3 ,s t if ! relation ( blood _h n an effect indep5d5t ( public int]e/1 x w\ld nev] h be5 reg>d$1 )\t a positive law2 & x w\ld h be5 impossible1 t s _m positive laws ( diff]5t nations c\ld ev] h concur$ precisely 9 ! same views & int5tions4 ,?is leads u to consid] ! fif? s\rce ( au?ority1 viz4 positive laws2 :5 ! legislature e/abli%es a c]ta9 =m ( gov]nm5t & succession ( pr9ces4 ,at fir/ sight x may be ?\ght1 t ?is mu/ resolve into "s ( ! prec$+ titles ( au?ority4 ,! legislative p[]1 :5ce ! positive law is d]iv$1 mu/ ei!r be e/abli%$ by orig9al contract1 long possession1 pres5t possession1 conque/1 or succession2 & consequ5tly ! positive law mu/ d]ive its =ce f "s ( ^? pr9ciples4 ,b "h x is rem>kable1 t ?\gh a positive law c only d]ive its =ce f ^! pr9ciples1 yet x acquires n all ! =ce ( ! pr9ciple f :5ce x is d]iv$1 b loses consid]ably 9 ! transition2 z x is natural to imag9e4 ,= in/ance2 a gov]nm5t is e/abli%$ = _m c5turies on a c]ta9 sy/em ( laws1 =ms1 & me?ods ( succession4 ,! legislative p[]1 e/abli%$ by ?is long succession1 *anges all on a sudd5 ! :ole sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 & introduces a new con/itution 9 its /ead4 ,i believe few ( ! subjects w ?9k !mselves b\nd to comply ) ?is alt]ation1 unless x h an evid5t t5d5cy to ! public good3 ,b m5 ?9k !mselves /ill at lib]ty to return to ! anti5t gov]nm5t4 ,h5ce ! notion ( fundam5tal laws2 :i* are suppos$ to be inalt]able by ! w ( ! sov]eign3 ,& ( ?is nature ! ,salic law is und]/ood to be 9 ,france4 ,h[ f> ^! fundam5tal laws ext5d is n det]m9$ 9 any gov]nm5t2 nor is x possible x ev] %\ld4 ,!re is su* an indef5sible gradation f ! mo/ mat]ial laws to ! mo/ trivial1 & f ! mo/ anci5t laws to ! mo/ mod]n1 t x w be impossible to set b\nds to ! legislative p[]1 & det]m9e h[ f> x may innovate 9 ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t4 ,t is ! "w m ( imag9ation & passion ?an ( reason4 ,:oev] consid]s ! hi/ory ( ! sev]al nations ( ! _w2 _! revolutions1 conque/s1 increase1 & dim9ution2 ! mann] 9 :i* _! p>ticul> gov]nm5ts are e/abli%$1 & ! successive "r transmitt$ f "o p]son to ano!r1 w soon le>n to treat v lightly all disputes conc]n+ ! rights ( pr9ces1 & w be conv9c$1 t a /rict adh]5ce to any g5]al rules1 & ! rigid loyalty to p>ticul> p]sons & families1 on :i* "s p set s high a value1 are virtues t hold less ( reason1 ?an ( bigotry & sup]/ition4 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 ! /udy ( hi/ory confirms ! reason+s ( true philosophy2 :i*1 %ew+ u ! orig9al qualities ( human nature1 tea*es u to reg>d ! controv]sies 9 politics z incapable ( any decision 9 mo/ cases1 & z entirely subord9ate to ! int]e/s ( peace & lib]ty4 ,:]e ! public good does n evid5tly dem& a *ange2 x is c]ta91 t ! concurr5ce ( all ^? titles1 orig9al contract1 long possession1 pres5t possession1 succession1 & positive laws1 =ms ! /ronge/ title to sov]eignty1 & is ju/ly reg>d$ z sacr$ & inviolable4 ,b :5 ^! titles are m+l$ & oppos$ 9 diff]5t degrees1 !y (t5 occasion p]plexity2 & are less capable ( solution f ! argum5ts ( lawy]s & philosoph]s1 ?an f ! swords ( ! soldi]y4 ,:o %all tell me1 = in/ance1 :e!r ,g]manicus1 or ,drufus1 ought to h succe$$ ,tib]ius1 _h he di$ :ile !y 7 bo? alive1 )\t nam+ any ( !m = 8 successor8 ,ought ! "r ( adoption to be receiv$ z equival5t to t ( blood 9 a nation1 :]e x _h ! same effect 9 private families1 & _h already1 9 two in/ances1 tak5 place 9 ! public8 ,ought ,g]manicus to be e/eem$ ! elde/ son1 because he 0 born be=e ,drufus2 or ! y\ng]1 because he 0 adopt$ aft] ! bir? ( 8 bro!r8 ,ought ! "r ( ! eld] to be reg>d$ 9 a nation1 :]e ! elde/ bro!r _h no advantage 9 ! succession to private families8 ,ought ! ,roman empire at t "t to be e/eem$ h]$it>y1 because ( two examples2 or ought x1 ev5 s e>ly1 to be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! /rong]1 or ! pres5t possessor1 z be+ f\nd$ on s rec5t an usurpation8 ,^u :atev] pr9ciples we may pret5d to answ] ^! & su* l que/ions1 ,i am afraid we %all nev] be able to satisfy an imp>tial enquir]1 :o adopts no p>ty 9 political controv]sies1 & w be satisfi$ ) no?+ b s\nd reason & philosophy4 ,b "h an ,engli% read] w be apt to enquire conc]n+ t fam\s revolution1 :i* has _h su* a happy influ5ce on our con/itution1 & has be5 att5d$ ) su* mighty consequ5ces4 ,we h already rem>k$1 t 9 ! case ( enorm\s tyranny & oppression1 x is lawful to take arms ev5 aga9/ supreme p[]2 & t z gov]nm5t is a m]e human inv5tion = mutual advantage & security1 x no long] imposes any obligation1 ei!r natural or moral1 :5 once x ceases to h t t5d5cy4 ,b ?\gh ?is g5]al pr9ciple be au?oriz$ by common s5se1 & ! practice ( all ages1 x is c]ta9ly impossible = ! laws1 or ev5 = philosophy1 to e/abli% any p>ticul> rules1 by :i* we may "k :5 resi/ance is lawful2 & decide all controv]sies1 :i* may arise on t subject4 ,?is may n only happ5 ) reg>d to supreme p[]2 b x is possible1 ev5 9 "s con/itutions1 :]e ! legislative au?ority is n lodg$ 9 "o p]son1 t !re may be a magi/rate s em95t & p[]ful1 z to oblige ! laws to keep sil5ce 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,nor w\ld ?is sil5ce be an effect only ( _! respect1 b also ( _! prud5ce2 s9ce x is c]ta91 t 9 ! va/ v>iety ( circum/ances1 :i* occur 9 all gov]nm5ts1 an ex]cise ( p[]1 9 s great a magi/rate1 may at "o "t be b5eficial to ! public1 :i* at ano!r "t w\ld be p]nici\s & tyrannical4 ,b not)/&+ ?is sil5ce ( ! laws 9 limit$ mon>*ies1 x is c]ta91 t ! p /ill reta9 ! "r ( resi/ance2 s9ce x is impossible1 ev5 9 ! mo/ despotic gov]nm5ts1 to deprive !m ( x4 ,! same necessity ( self-pres]vation1 & ! same motive ( public good1 give !m ! same lib]ty 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,& we may f>!r obs]ve1 t 9 su* mix$ gov]nm5ts1 ! cases1 :]e9 resi/ance is lawful1 mu/ occur mu* (t5]1 & great] indulg5ce be giv5 to ! subjects to def5d !mselves by =ce ( arms1 ?an 9 arbitr>y gov]nm5ts4 ,n only :]e ! *ief magi/rate ent]s into measures1 9 !mselves1 extremely p]nici\s to ! public1 b ev5 :5 he w\ld encroa* on ! o!r p>ts ( ! con/itution1 & ext5d 8 p[] beyond ! legal b\nds1 x is all[able to resi/ & de?rone him2 ?\gh su* resi/ance & viol5ce may1 9 ! g5]al t5or ( ! laws1 be deem$ unlawful & rebelli\s4 ,= besides t no?+ is m ess5tial to public int]e/1 ?an ! pres]vation ( public lib]ty2 x is evid5t1 t if su* a mix$ gov]nm5t be once suppos$ to be e/abli%$1 e "p or memb] ( ! con/itution mu/ h a "r ( self-def5ce1 & ( ma9ta9+ its anci5t b\nds aga9/ ! encroa*m5t ( e o!r au?ority4 ,z matt] w\ld h be5 creat$ 9 va91 7 x depriv$ ( a p[] ( resi/ance1 )\t :i* no "p ( x c\ld pres]ve a di/9ct exi/5ce1 & ! :ole might be cr[d$ up into a s+le po9t3 ,s x is a gross absurdity to suppose1 9 any gov]nm5t1 a "r )\t a rem$y1 or all[1 t ! supreme p[] is %>$ ) ! p1 )\t all[+1 t x is lawful = !m to def5d _! %>e aga9/ e invad]4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o w\ld seem to respect our free gov]nm5t1 & yet d5y ! "r ( resi/ance1 h r5\nc$ all pret5sions to common s5se1 & d n m]it a s]i\s answ]4 ,x does n belong to my pres5t purpose to %ew1 t ^! g5]al pr9ciples are applicable to ! late revolution2 & t all ! rights & privileges1 :i* ought to be sacr$ to a free nation1 7 at t "t ?reat5$ ) ! utmo/ dang]4 ,i am bett] pleas$ to leave ?is controv]t$ subject1 if x really admits ( controv]sy2 & to indulge myself 9 "s philosophical reflections1 :i* naturally arise f t important ev5t4 ,fir/1 ,we may obs]ve1 t %\ld ! lords & commons 9 our con/itution1 )\t any reason f public int]e/1 ei!r depose ! k+ 9 be+1 or aft] 8 dea? exclude ! pr9ce1 :o1 by laws & settl$ cu/om1 ought to succe$1 no "o w\ld e/eem _! proce$+s legal1 or ?9k !mselves b\nd to comply ) !m4 ,b %\ld ! k+1 by 8 unju/ practices1 or 8 attempts = a tyrannical & despotic p[]1 ju/ly =feit 8 legal1 x !n n only becomes morally lawful & suitable to ! nature ( political society to de?rone him2 b :at is m1 we are apt likewise to ?9k1 t ! rema9+ memb]s ( ! con/itution acquire a "r ( exclud+ 8 next heir1 & ( *us+ :om !y please = 8 successor4 ,?is is f\nd$ on a v s+ul> quality ( our ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,:5 a k+ =feits 8 au?ority1 8 heir ought naturally to rema9 9 ! same situation1 z if ! k+ 7 remov$ by dea?2 unless by mix+ himself 9 ! tyranny1 he =feit x = himself4 ,b ?\gh ?is may seem reasonable1 we easily comply ) ! contr>y op9ion4 ,! deposition ( a k+1 9 su* a gov]nm5t z ours1 is c]ta9ly an act beyond all common au?ority1 & an illegal assum+ a p[] = public good1 :i*1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( gov]nm5t1 c belong to no memb] ( ! con/itution4 ,:5 ! public good is s great & s evid5t z to ju/ify ! action1 ! comm5dable use ( ?is lic5ce causes u naturally to attribute to ! p>liam5t a "r ( us+ f>!r lic5ces2 & ! anti5t b\nds ( ! laws be+ once transgress$ ) approbation1 we are n apt to be s /rict 9 conf9+ ourselves precisely )9 _! limits4 ,! m9d naturally runs on ) any tra9 ( action1 :i* x has begun2 nor d we commonly make any scruple conc]n+ our duty1 aft] ! fir/ action ( any k9d1 :i* we p]=m4 ,?us at ! revolution1 no "o :o ?\ght ! deposition ( ! fa!r ju/ifiable1 e/eem$ !mselves to be conf9$ to 8 infant son2 ?\gh _h t unhappy mon>* di$ innoc5t at t "t1 & _h 8 son1 by any accid5t1 be5 convey$ beyond seas1 !re is no d\bt b a reg5cy w\ld h be5 appo9t$ till he %\ld come to age1 & c\ld be re/or$ to 8 dom9ions4 ,z ! slighte/ prop]ties ( ! imag9ation h an effect on ! judgm5ts ( ! p1 x %ews ! wisdom ( ! laws & ( ! p>liam5t to take advantage ( su* prop]ties1 & to *use ! magi/rates ei!r 9 or out ( a l9e1 accord+ z ! vulg> w mo/ naturally attribute au?ority & "r to !m4 ,secondly1 ,?\gh ! accession ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange to ! ?rone might at fir/ give occasion to _m disputes1 & 8 title be conte/$1 x ought n n[ to appe> d\btful1 b mu/ h acquir$ a suffici5t au?ority f ^? ?ree pr9ces1 :o h succe$$ him ^u ! same title4 ,no?+ is m usual1 ?\gh no?+ may1 at fir/ sight1 appe> m unreasonable1 ?an ?is way ( ?9k+4 ,pr9ces (t5 seem to acquire a "r f _! successors1 z well z f _! ance/ors2 & a k+1 :o dur+ 8 life-"t might ju/ly be deem$ an usurp]1 w be reg>d$ by po/]ity z a lawful pr9ce1 because he has _h ! good =tune to settle 8 family on ! ?rone1 & entirely *ange ! anti5t =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,julius ,caes> is reg>d$ z ! fir/ ,roman emp]or2 :ile ,sylla & ,m>ius1 ^: titles 7 really ! same z 81 are treat$ z tyrants & usurp]s4 ,"t & cu/om give au?ority to all =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & all successions ( pr9ces2 & t p[]1 :i* at fir/ 0 f\nd$ only on inju/ice & viol5ce1 becomes 9 "t legal & obligatory4 ,nor does ! m9d re/ !re2 b return+ back ^u its foot/eps1 transf]s to _! pr$ecessors & ance/ors t "r1 :i* x naturally ascribes to ! po/]ity1 z be+ relat$ toge!r1 & unit$ 9 ! imag9ation4 ,! pres5t k+ ( ,france makes ,hugh ,capet a m lawful pr9ce ?an ,cromwell2 z ! e/abli%$ lib]ty ( ! ,dut* is no inconsid]able apology = _! ob/9ate resi/ance to ,philip ! second4 ,,sect4 ,,xi ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,nations ,:5 civil gov]nm5t has be5 e/abli%$ ov] ! greate/ "p ( mank9d1 & diff]5t societies h be5 =m$ contigu\s to ea* o!r1 !re arises a new set ( duties among ! neighb\r+ /ates1 suitable to ! nature ( t comm]ce1 :i* !y c>ry on ) ea* o!r4 ,political writ]s tell u1 t 9 e k9d ( int]c\rse1 a body politic is to be consid]$ z "o p]son2 & inde$ ?is ass]tion is s f> j1 t diff]5t nations1 z well z private p]sons1 require mutual assi/ance2 at ! same "t t _! selfi%ness & ambition are p]petual s\rces ( w> & discord4 ,b ?\gh nations 9 ?is p>ticul> resemble individuals1 yet z !y are v diff]5t 9 o!r respects1 no wond] !y regulate !mselves by diff]5t maxims1 & give rise to a new set ( rules1 :i* we call ! laws ( nations4 ,"u ?is head we may comprize ! sacr$ness ( ! p]sons ( ambassadors1 ! decl>ation ( w>1 ! ab/a9+ f poison$ arms1 ) o!r duties ( t k9d1 :i* are evid5tly calculat$ = ! comm]ce1 t is peculi> to diff]5t societies4 ,b ?\gh ^! rules be sup]-add$ to ! laws ( nature1 ! =m] d n entirely aboli% ! latt]2 & "o may safely affirm1 t ! ?ree fundam5tal rules ( ju/ice1 ! /ability ( possession1 its transf]5ce by cons5t1 & ! p]=mance ( promises1 are duties ( pr9ces1 z well z ( subjects4 ,! same int]e/ produces ! same effect 9 bo? cases4 ,:]e possession has no /ability1 !re mu/ be p]petual w>4 ,:]e prop]ty is n transf]r$ by cons5t1 !re c be no comm]ce4 ,:]e promises are n obs]v$1 !re c be no leagues nor alliances4 ,! advantages1 !re=e1 ( peace1 comm]ce1 & mutual succ\r1 make u ext5d to diff]5t k+doms ! same notions ( ju/ice1 :i* take place among individuals4 ,!re is a maxim v curr5t 9 ! _w1 :i* few politicians are will+ to av[1 b :i* has be5 au?oriz$ by ! practice ( all ages1 t !re is a sy/em ( morals calculat$ = pr9ces1 mu* m free ?an t :i* ought to gov]n private p]sons4 ,x is evid5t ?is is n to be und]/ood ( ! less] ext5t ( public duties & obligations2 nor w any "o be s extravagant z to ass]t1 t ! mo/ solemn treaties ought to h no =ce among pr9ces4 ,= z pr9ces d actually =m treaties among !mselves1 !y mu/ propose "s advantage f ! execution ( !m2 & ! prospect ( su* advantage = ! future mu/ engage !m to p]=m _! "p1 & mu/ e/abli% t law ( nature4 ,! mean+1 !re=e1 ( ?is political maxim is1 t ?\gh ! morality ( pr9ces has ! same ext5t1 yet x has n ! same =ce z t ( private p]sons1 & may lawfully be trangress$ f a m trivial motive4 ,h[ev] %ock+ su* a proposition may appe> to c]ta9 philosoph]s1 x w be easy to def5d x ^u ^? pr9ciples1 by :i* we h acc\nt$ = ! orig9 ( ju/ice & equity4 ,:5 m5 h f\nd by exp]i5ce1 t x is impossible to subsi/ )\t society1 & t x is impossible to ma9ta9 society1 :ile !y give free c\rse to _! appetites2 s urg5t an int]e/ quickly re/ra9s _! actions1 & imposes an obligation to obs]ve ^? rules1 :i* we call ! laws ( ju/ice4 ,?is obligation ( int]e/ re/s nor "h2 b by ! necess>y c\rse ( ! passions & s5tim5ts1 gives rise to ! moral obligation ( duty2 :ile we approve ( su* actions z t5d to ! peace ( society1 & disapprove ( su* z t5d to its di/urbance4 ,! same natural obligation ( int]e/ takes place among indep5d5t k+doms1 & gives rise to ! same morality2 s t no "o ( ev] s corrupt morals w approve ( a pr9ce1 :o volunt>ily1 & ( 8 own accord1 breaks 8 ^w1 or violates any treaty4 ,b "h we may obs]ve1 t ?\gh ! int]c\rse ( diff]5t /ates be advantage\s1 & ev5 sometimes necess>y1 yet x is nor s necess>y nor advantage\s z t among individuals1 )\t :i* x is utt]ly impossible = human nature ev] to subsi/4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! natural obligation to ju/ice1 among diff]5t /ates1 is n s /rong z among individuals1 ! moral obligation1 :i* arises f x1 mu/ p>take ( its weakness2 & we mu/ necess>ily give a great] indulg5ce to a pr9ce or m9i/]1 :o deceives ano!r2 ?an to a private g5tleman1 :o breaks 8 ^w ( hon\r4 ,%\ld x be ask$1 :at proportion ^! two species ( morality be> to ea* o!r8 ,i w\ld answ]1 t ?is is a "q1 to :i* we c nev] give any precise answ]2 nor is x possible to r$uce to numb]s ! proportion1 :i* we ought to fix betwixt !m4 ,"o may safely affirm1 t ?is proportion f9ds itself1 )\t any art or /udy ( m52 z we may obs]ve on _m o!r occasions4 ,! practice ( ! _w goes f>!r 9 tea*+ u ! degrees ( our duty1 ?an ! mo/ subtile philosophy1 :i* 0 ev] yet inv5t$4 ,& ?is may s]ve z a conv9c+ pro(1 t all m5 h an implicit notion ( ! f\ndation ( ^? moral rules conc]n+ natural & civil ju/ice1 & are s5sible1 t !y arise m]ely f human conv5tions1 & f ! int]e/1 :i* we h 9 ! pres]vation ( peace & ord]4 ,= o!rwise ! dim9ution ( ! int]e/ w\ld nev] produce a relaxation ( ! morality1 & reconcile u m easily to any transgression ( ju/ice among pr9ces & republics1 ?an 9 ! private comm]ce ( "o subject ) ano!r4 ,,sect4 ,,xii ,,( ,,*a/ity ,,& ,,mode/y ,if any difficulty att5d ?is sy/em conc]n+ ! laws ( nature & nations1 x w be ) reg>d to ! univ]sal approbation or blame1 :i* foll[s _! obs]vance or transgression1 & :i* "s may n ?9k suffici5tly expla9$ f ! g5]al int]e/s ( society4 ,to remove1 z f> z possible1 all scruples ( ?is k9d1 ,i %all "h consid] ano!r set ( duties1 viz1 ! mode/y & *a/ity :i* belong to ! fair sex3 ,& ,i d\bt n b ^! virtues w be f\nd to be /ill m conspicu\s in/ances ( ! op]ation ( ^? pr9ciples1 :i* ,i h insi/$ on4 ,!re are "s philosoph]s1 :o attack ! female virtues ) great vehem5ce1 & fancy !y h gone v f> 9 detect+ popul> errors1 :5 !y c %[1 t !re is no f\ndation 9 nature = all t ext]ior mode/y1 :i* we require 9 ! expressions1 & dress1 & behavi\r ( ! fair sex4 ,i believe ,i may sp>e myself ! tr\ble ( insi/+ on s obvi\s a subject1 & may proce$1 )\t f>!r prep>ation1 to exam9e aft] :at mann] su* notions arise f education1 f ! volunt>y conv5tions ( m51 & f ! int]e/ ( society4 ,:oev] consid]s ! l5g? & feebl5ess ( human infancy1 ) ! conc]n :i* bo? sexes naturally h = _! (fspr+1 w easily p]ceive1 t !re mu/ be an union ( male & female = ! education ( ! "y1 & t ?is union mu/ be ( consid]able duration4 ,b 9 ord] to induce ! m5 to impose on !mselves ?is re/ra9t1 & und]go *e>fully all ! fatigues & exp5ces1 to :i* x subjects !m1 !y mu/ believe1 t ! *ildr5 are _! own1 & t _! natural in/9ct is n direct$ to a wrong object1 :5 !y give a loose to love & t5d]ness4 ,n[ if we exam9e ! /ructure ( ! human body1 we %all f9d1 t ?is security is v difficult to be atta9$ on our "p2 & t s9ce1 9 ! copulation ( ! sexes1 ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation goes f ! man to ! woman1 an error may easily take place on ! side ( ! =m]1 ?\gh x be utt]ly impossible ) reg>d to ! latt]4 ,f ?is trivial & anatomical obs]vation is d]iv$ t va/ diff]5ce betwixt ! education & duties ( ! two sexes4 ,7 a philosoph] to exam9e ! matt] a priori1 he w\ld reason aft] ! foll[+ mann]4 ,m5 are induc$ to lab\r = ! ma9t5ance & education ( _! *ildr51 by ! p]suasion t !y are really _! own2 & !re=e x is reasonable1 & ev5 necess>y1 to give !m "s security 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,?is security _c consi/ entirely 9 ! impos+ ( sev]e puni%m5ts on any transgressions ( conjugal fidelity on ! "p ( ! wife2 s9ce ^! public puni%m5ts _c be inflict$ )\t legal pro(1 :i* x is difficult to meet ) 9 ?is subject4 ,:at re/ra9t1 !re=e1 %all we impose on wom51 9 ord] to c\nt]-balance s /rong a temptation z !y h to infidelity8 ,!re seems to be no re/ra9t possible1 b 9 ! puni%m5t ( bad fame or reputation2 a puni%m5t1 :i* has a mighty influ5ce on ! human m9d1 & at ! same "t is inflict$ by ! _w ^u surmizes1 & conjectures1 & pro(s1 t w\ld nev] be receiv$ 9 any c\rt ( judicature4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to impose a due re/ra9t on ! female sex1 we mu/ atta* a peculi> degree ( %ame to _! infidelity1 above :at arises m]ely f its inju/ice1 & mu/ be/[ proportionable praises on _! *a/ity4 ,b ?\gh ?is be a v /rong motive to fidelity1 our philosoph] w\ld quickly discov]1 t x w\ld n alone be suffici5t to t purpose4 ,all human creatures1 especially ( ! female sex1 are apt to ov]-look remote motives 9 fav\r ( any pres5t temptation3 ,! temptation is "h ! /ronge/ imag9able3 ,its approa*es are ins5sible & s$uc+3 ,& a woman easily f9ds1 or flatt]s h]self %e %all f9d1 c]ta9 means ( secur+ h] reputation1 & prev5t+ all ! p]nici\s consequ5ces ( h] pleasures4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t1 beside ! infamy att5d+ su* lic5ces1 !re %\ld be "s prec$+ backw>dness or dread1 :i* may prev5t _! fir/ approa*es1 & may give ! female sex a repugnance to all expressions1 & po/ures1 & lib]ties1 t h an imm$iate relation to t enjoym5t4 ,su* w\ld be ! reason+s ( our speculative philosoph]3 ,b ,i am p]suad$1 t if he _h n a p]fect k ( human nature1 he w\ld be apt to reg>d !m z m]e *im]ical speculations1 & w\ld consid] ! infamy att5d+ infidelity1 & backw>dness to all its approa*es1 z pr9ciples t 7 r to be wi%$ ?an hop$ = 9 ! _w4 ,= :at means1 w\ld he say1 ( p]suad+ mank9d1 t ! transgressions ( conjugal duty are m infam\s ?an any o!r k9d ( inju/ice1 :5 x is evid5t !y are m excusable1 ^u acc\nt ( ! greatness ( ! temptation8 ,& :at possibility ( giv+ a backw>dness to ! approa*es ( a pleasure1 to :i* nature has inspir$ s /rong a prop5sity2 & a prop5sity t x is absolutely necess>y 9 ! end to comply )1 = ! support ( ! species8 ,b speculative reason+s1 :i* co/ s mu* pa9s to philosoph]s1 are (t5 =m$ by ! _w naturally1 & )\t reflection3 ,z difficulties1 :i* seem unsurm\ntable 9 !ory1 are easily got ov] 9 practice4 ,^?1 :o h an int]e/ 9 ! fidelity ( wom51 naturally disapprove ( _! infidelity1 & all ! approa*es to x4 ,^?1 :o h no int]e/1 are c>ri$ along ) ! /ream4 ,education takes possession ( ! ductile m9ds ( ! fair sex 9 _! infancy4 ,& :5 a g5]al rule ( ?is k9d is once e/abli%$1 m5 are apt to ext5d x beyond ^? pr9ciples1 f :i* x fir/ arose4 ,?us bat*elors1 h[ev] debau*$1 _c *use b be %ock$ ) any in/ance ( lewdness or impud5ce 9 wom54 ,& ?\gh all ^! maxims h a pla9 ref]5ce to g5]ation1 yet wom5 pa/ *ild-be>+ h no m privilege 9 ?is respect1 ?an ^? :o are 9 ! fl[] ( _! y\? & beauty4 ,m5 h und\bt$ly an implicit notion1 t all ^? ideas ( mode/y & dec5cy h a reg>d to g5]ation2 s9ce !y impose n ! same laws1 ) ! same =ce1 on ! male sex1 :]e t reason takes n place4 ,! exception is !re obvi\s & ext5sive1 & f\nd$ on a rem>kable diff]5ce1 :i* produces a cle> sep>ation & disjunction ( ideas4 ,b z ! case is n ! same ) reg>d to ! diff]5t ages ( wom51 = ?is reason1 ?\gh m5 "k1 t ^! notions are f\nd$ on ! public int]e/1 yet ! g5]al rule c>ries u beyond ! orig9al pr9ciple1 & makes u ext5d ! notions ( mode/y ov] ! :ole sex1 f _! e>lie/ infancy to _! extreme/ old-age & infirmity4 ,c\rage1 :i* is ! po9t ( hon\r among m51 d]ives its m]it1 9 a great measure1 f artifice1 z well z ! *a/ity ( wom52 ?\gh x has also "s f\ndation 9 nature1 z we %all see aft]w>ds4 ,z to ! obligations :i* ! male sex lie "u1 ) reg>d to *a/ity1 we may obs]ve1 t accord+ to ! g5]al notions ( ! _w1 !y be> ne>ly ! same proportion to ! obligations ( wom51 z ! obligations ( ! law ( nations d to ^? ( ! law ( nature4 ,x is contr>y to ! int]e/ ( civil society1 t m5 %\ld h an entire lib]ty ( indulg+ _! appetites 9 v5]eal enjoym5t3 ,b z ?is int]e/ is weak] ?an 9 ! case ( ! female sex1 ! moral obligation1 aris+ f x1 mu/ be proportionably weak]4 ,& to prove ?is we ne$ only appeal to ! practice & s5tim5ts ( all nations & ages4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,virtues ,,& ,,vices ,,sect4 ,i ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,virtues ,,& ,,vices ,we come n[ to ! exam9ation ( su* virtues & vices z are entirely natural1 & h no dep5dance on ! artifice & contrivance ( m54 ,! exam9ation ( ^! w conclude ?is sy/em ( morals4 ,! *ief spr+ or actuat+ pr9ciple ( ! human m9d is pleasure or pa92 & :5 ^! s5sations are remov$1 bo? f our ?\ght & feel+1 we are1 9 a great measure1 incapable ( passion or action1 ( desire or volition4 ,! mo/ imm$iate effects ( pleasure & pa9 are ! prop5se & av]se motions ( ! m9d2 :i* are div]sifi$ into volition1 into desire & av]sion1 grief & joy1 hope & fe>1 accord+ z ! pleasure or pa9 *anges its situation1 & becomes probable or improbable1 c]ta9 or unc]ta91 or is consid]$ z out ( our p[] = ! pres5t mom5t4 ,b :5 along ) ?is1 ! objects1 t cause pleasure or pa91 acquire a relation to ourselves or o!rs2 !y /ill cont9ue to excite desire & av]sion1 grief & joy3 ,b cause1 at ! same "t1 ! indirect passions ( pride or humility1 love or hatr$1 :i* 9 ?is case h a d\ble relation ( impressions & ideas to ! pa9 or pleasure4 ,we h already obs]v$1 t moral di/9ctions dep5d entirely on c]ta9 peculi> s5tim5ts ( pa9 & pleasure1 & t :atev] m5tal quality 9 ourselves or o!rs gives u a satisfaction1 by ! survey or reflection1 is ( c\rse virtu\s2 z e ?+ ( ?is nature1 t gives uneas9ess1 is vici\s4 ,n[ s9ce e quality 9 ourselves or o!rs1 :i* gives pleasure1 always causes pride or love2 z e "o1 t produces uneas9ess1 excites humility or hatr$3 ,x foll[s1 t ^! two p>ticul>s are to be consid]$ z equival5t1 ) reg>d to our m5tal qualities1 virtue & ! p[] ( produc+ love or pride1 vice & ! p[] ( produc+ humility or hatr$4 ,9 e case1 !re=e1 we mu/ judge ( ! "o by ! o!r2 & may pron\nce any quality ( ! m9d virtu\s1 :i* causes love or pride2 & any "o vici\s1 :i* causes hatr$ or humility4 ,if any action be ei!r virtu\s or vici\s1 x is only z a sign ( "s quality or "*4 ,x mu/ dep5d ^u durable pr9ciples ( ! m9d1 :i* ext5d ov] ! :ole conduct1 & ent] into ! p]sonal "*4 ,actions !mselves1 n proce$+ f any con/ant pr9ciple1 h no influ5ce on love or hatr$1 pride or humility2 & consequ5tly are nev] consid]$ 9 morality4 ,?is reflection is self-evid5t1 & des]ves to be att5d$ to1 z be+ ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ! pres5t subject4 ,we are nev] to consid] any s+le action 9 our enquiries conc]n+ ! orig9 ( morals2 b only ! quality or "* f :i* ! action proce$$4 ,^! alone are durable en\gh to affect our s5tim5ts conc]n+ ! p]son4 ,actions are1 inde$1 bett] indications ( a "* ?an words1 or ev5 wi%es & s5tim5ts2 b x is only s f> z !y are su* indications1 t !y are att5d$ ) love or hatr$1 praise or blame4 ,to discov] ! true orig9 ( morals1 & ( t love or hatr$1 :i* arises f m5tal qualities1 we mu/ take ! matt] pretty deep1 & comp>e "s pr9ciples1 :i* h be5 already exam9$ & expla9$4 ,we may beg9 ) consid]+ a-new ! nature & =ce ( sympa?y4 ,! m9ds ( all m5 are simil> 9 _! feel+s & op]ations2 nor c any "o be actuat$ by any affection1 ( :i* all o!rs are n1 9 "s degree1 susceptible4 ,z 9 /r+s equally w\nd up1 ! motion ( "o communicates itself to ! re/2 s all ! affections readily pass f "o p]son to ano!r1 & beget correspond5t movem5ts 9 e human creature4 ,:5 ,i see ! effects ( passion 9 ! voice & ge/ure ( any p]son1 my m9d imm$iately passes f ^! effects to _! causes1 & =ms su* a lively idea ( ! passion1 z is pres5tly conv]t$ into ! passion itself4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ,i p]ceive ! causes ( any emotion1 my m9d is convey$ to ! effects1 & is actuat$ ) a l emotion4 ,7 ,i pres5t at any ( ! m t]rible op]ations ( surg]y1 x is c]ta91 t ev5 be=e x begun1 ! prep>ation ( ! in/rum5ts1 ! lay+ ( ! b&ages 9 ord]1 ! heat+ ( ! irons1 ) all ! signs ( anxiety & conc]n 9 ! pati5t & assi/ants1 w\ld h a great effect ^u my m9d1 & excite ! /ronge/ s5tim5ts ( pity & t]ror4 ,no passion ( ano!r discov]s itself imm$iately to ! m9d4 ,we are only s5sible ( its causes or effects4 ,f ^! we inf] ! passion3 ,& consequ5tly ^! give rise to our sympa?y4 ,our s5se ( beauty dep5ds v mu* on ?is pr9ciple2 & :]e any object has at5d5cy to produce pleasure 9 its possessor1 x is always reg>d$ z beautiful2 z e object1 t has a t5d5cy to produce pa91 is disagreeable & de=m$4 ,?us ! conv5i5cy ( a h\se1 ! f]tility ( a field1 ! /r5g? ( a horse1 ! capacity1 security1 & swift-sail+ ( a vessel1 =m ! pr9cipal beauty ( ^! sev]al objects4 ,"h ! object1 :i* is d5om9at$ beautiful1 pleases only by its t5d5cy to produce a c]ta9 effect4 ,t effect is ! pleasure or advantage ( "s o!r p]son4 ,n[ ! pleasure ( a /rang]1 = :om we h no fri5d%ip1 pleases u only by sympa?y4 ,to ?is pr9ciple1 !re=e1 is ow+ ! beauty1 :i* we f9d 9 e ?+ t is useful4 ,h[ consid]able a "p ?is is ( beauty c easily appe> ^u reflection4 ,:]ev] an object has a t5d5cy to produce pleasure 9 ! possessor1 or 9 o!r words1 is ! prop] cause ( pleasure1 x is sure to please ! spectator1 by a delicate sympa?y ) ! possessor4 ,mo/ ( ! works ( art are e/eem$ beautiful1 9 proportion to _! fitness = ! use ( man1 & ev5 _m ( ! productions ( nature d]ive _! beauty f t s\rce4 ,h&some & beautiful1 on mo/ occasions1 is nor an absolute b a relative quality1 & pleases u by no?+ b its t5d5cy to produce an end t is agreeable4#a #a ,dec5tior equus cujus a/ricta sunt ilia2 s$ idem velocior4 ,pul*] aspectu sit a?ieta1 cujus lac]tos ex]citatio expressit2 idem c]tam9i p>atior4 ,nunquam v]o species ab utilitate dividitur4 ,s$ hoc quidem disc]n]e1 modici judicii e/4 ,qu9ct4 lib4 #h4 7,a horse ) n>r[ flanks looks m comely2 ,x also moves fa/]4 ,an a?lete ^: muscles h be5 develop$ by tra9+ pres5ts a h&some appe>ance2 he is also bett] prep>$ = ! conte/4 ,attractive appe>ance is inv>iably associat$ ) effici5t function+4 ,yet x takes no out/&+ p[]s ( judgem5t to wake ?is di/9ction47 ,! same pr9ciple produces1 9 _m in/ances1 our s5tim5ts ( morals1 z well z ^? ( beauty4 ,no virtue is m e/eem$ ?an ju/ice1 & no vice m dete/$ ?an inju/ice2 nor are !re any qualities1 :i* g f>!r to ! fix+ ! "*1 ei!r z amiable or odi\s4 ,n[ ju/ice is a moral virtue1 m]ely because x has t t5d5cy to ! good ( mank9d2 &1 inde$1 is no?+ b an artificial inv5tion to t purpose4 ,! same may be said ( allegiance1 ( ! laws ( nations1 ( mode/y1 & ( good-mann]s4 ,all ^! are m]e human contrivances = ! int]e/ ( society4 ,& s9ce !re is a v /rong s5tim5t ( morals1 :i* 9 all nations1 & all ages1 has att5d$ !m1 we mu/ all[1 t ! reflect+ on ! t5d5cy ( *>act]s & m5tal qualities1 is suffici5t to give u ! s5tim5ts ( approbation & blame4 ,n[ z ! means to an end c only be agreeable1 :]e ! end is agreeable2 & z ! good ( society1 :]e our own int]e/ is n conc]n$1 or t ( our fri5ds1 pleases only by sympa?y3 ,x foll[s1 t sympa?y is ! s\rce ( ! e/eem1 :i* we pay to all ! artificial virtues4 ,?us x appe>s1 t sympa?y is a v p[]ful pr9ciple 9 human nature1 t x has a great influ5ce on our ta/e ( beauty1 & t x produces our s5tim5t ( morals 9 all ! artificial virtues4 ,f !nce we may presume1 t x also gives rise to _m ( ! o!r virtues2 & t qualities acquire our approbation1 because ( _! t5d5cy to ! good ( mank9d4 ,?is presumption mu/ become a c]ta9ty1 :5 we f9d t mo/ ( ^? qualities1 :i* we naturally approve (1 h actually t t5d5cy1 & r5d] a man a prop] memb] ( society3 ,:ile ! qualities1 :i* we naturally disapprove (1 h a contr>y t5d5cy1 & r5d] any int]c\rse ) ! p]son dang]\s or disagreeable4 ,= hav+ f\nd1 t su* t5d5cies h =ce en\gh to produce ! /ronge/ s5tim5t ( morals1 we c nev] reasonably1 9 ^! cases1 look = any o!r cause ( approbation or blame2 x be+ an inviolable maxim 9 philosophy1 t :]e any p>ticul> cause is suffici5t = an effect1 we ought to re/ satisfi$ ) x1 & ought n to multiply causes )\t necessity4 ,we h happily atta9$ exp]im5ts 9 ! artificial virtues1 :]e ! t5d5cy ( qualities to ! good ( society1 is ! sole cause ( our approbation1 )\t any suspicion ( ! concurr5ce ( ano!r pr9ciple4 ,f !nce we le>n ! =ce ( t pr9ciple4 ,& :]e t pr9ciple may take place1 & ! quality approv$ ( is really b5eficial to society1 a true philosoph] w nev] require any o!r pr9ciple to acc\nt = ! /ronge/ approbation & e/eem4 ,t _m ( ! natural virtues h ?is t5d5cy to ! good ( society1 no "o c d\bt (4 ,meekness1 b5efic5ce1 *>ity1 g5]osity1 clem5cy1 mod]ation1 equity be> ! greate/ figure among ! moral qualities1 & are commonly d5om9at$ ! social virtues1 to m>k _! t5d5cy to ! good ( society4 ,?is goes s f>1 t "s philosoph]s h repres5t$ all moral di/9ctions z ! effect ( artifice & education1 :5 skilful politicians endeav\r$ to re/ra9 ! turbul5t passions ( m51 & make !m op]ate to ! public good1 by ! notions ( hon\r & %ame4 ,?is sy/em1 h[ev]1 is nor consi/5t ) exp]i5ce4 ,=1 fir/1 !re are o!r virtues & vices beside ^? :i* h ?is t5d5cy to ! public advantage & loss4 ,secondly1 _h n m5 a natural s5tim5t ( approbation & blame1 x c\ld nev] be excit$ by politicians2 nor w\ld ! words laudable & praise-wor?y1 blameable & odi\s be any m intelligible1 ?an if !y 7 a language p]fectly kn[n to u1 z we h already obs]v$4 ,b ?\gh ?is sy/em be errone\s1 x may tea* u1 t moral di/9ctions arise1 9 a great measure1 f ! t5d5cy ( qualities & *>act]s to ! int]e/s ( society1 & t x is our conc]n = t int]e/1 :i* makes u approve or disapprove ( !m4 ,n[ we h no su* ext5sive conc]n = society b f sympa?y2 & consequ5tly x is t pr9ciple1 :i* takes u s f> out ( ourselves1 z to give u ! same pleasure or uneas9ess 9 ! *>act]s ( o!rs1 z if !y _h a t5d5cy to our own advantage or loss4 ,! only diff]5ce betwixt ! natural virtues & ju/ice lies 9 ?is1 t ! good1 :i* results f ! =m]1 arises f e s+le act1 & is ! object ( "s natural passion3 ,:]eas a s+le act ( ju/ice1 consid]$ 9 itself1 may (t5 be contr>y to ! public good2 & x is only ! concurr5ce ( mank9d1 9 a g5]al s*eme or sy/em ( action1 :i* is advantage\s4 ,:5 ,i relieve p]sons 9 di/ress1 my natural humanity is my motive2 & s f> z my succ\r ext5ds1 s f> h ,i promot$ ! happ9ess ( my fell[-creatures4 ,b if we exam9e all ! que/ions1 t come be=e any tribunal ( ju/ice1 we %all f9d1 t1 consid]+ ea* case ap>t1 x w\ld z (t5 be an in/ance ( humanity to decide contr>y to ! laws ( ju/ice z con=mable !m4 ,judges take f a poor man to give to a ri*2 !y be/[ on ! dissolute ! lab\r ( ! indu/ri\s2 & put into ! h&s ( ! vici\s ! means ( h>m+ bo? !mselves & o!rs4 ,! :ole s*eme1 h[ev]1 ( law & ju/ice is advantage\s to ! society2 & x 0 ) a view to ?is advantage1 t m51 by _! volunt>y conv5tions1 e/abli%$ x4 ,aft] x is once e/abli%$ by ^! conv5tions1 x is naturally att5d$ ) a /rong s5tim5t ( morals2 :i* c proce$ f no?+ b our sympa?y ) ! int]e/s ( society4 ,we ne$ no o!r explication ( t e/eem1 :i* att5ds su* ( ! natural virtues1 z h a t5d5cy to ! public good4 ,i mu/ f>!r add1 t !re are sev]al circum/ances1 :i* r5d] ?is hypo!sis mu* m probable ) reg>d to ! natural ?an ! artificial virtues4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! imag9ation is m affect$ by :at is p>ticul>1 ?an by :at is g5]al2 & t ! s5tim5ts are always mov$ ) difficulty1 :]e _! objects are1 9 any degree1 loose & undet]m9$3 ,n[ e p>ticul> act ( ju/ice is n b5eficial to society1 b ! :ole s*eme or sy/em3 ,& x may n1 p]haps1 be any individual p]son = :om we are conc]n$1 :o receives b5efit f ju/ice1 b ! :ole society alike4 ,on ! contr>y1 e p>ticul> act ( g5]osity1 or relief ( ! indu/ri\s & indig5t1 is b5eficial2 & is b5eficial to a p>ticul> p]son1 :o is n undes]v+ ( x4 ,x is m natural1 !re=e1 to ?9k1 t ! t5d5cies ( ! latt] virtue w affect our s5tim5ts1 & comm& our approbation1 ?an ^? ( ! =m]2 & !re=e1 s9ce we f9d1 t ! approbation ( ! =m] arises f _! t5d5cies1 we may ascribe1 ) bett] reason1 ! same cause to ! approbation ( ! latt]4 ,9 any numb] ( simil> effects1 if a cause c be discov]$ = "o1 we ought to ext5d t cause to all ! o!r effects1 :i* c be acc\nt$ = by x3 ,b mu* m1 if ^! o!r effects be att5d$ ) peculi> circum/ances1 :i* facilitate ! op]ation ( t cause4 ,be=e ,i proce$ f>!r1 ,i mu/ obs]ve two rem>kable circum/ances 9 ?is affair1 :i* may seem objections to ! pres5t sy/em4 ,! fir/ may be ?us expla9$4 ,:5 any quality1 or "*1 has a t5d5cy to ! good ( mank9d1 we are pleas$ ) x1 & approve ( x2 because x pres5ts ! lively idea ( pleasure2 :i* idea affects u by sympa?y1 & is itself a k9d ( pleasure4 ,b z ?is sympa?y is v v>iable1 x may be ?\ght t our s5tim5ts ( morals mu/ admit ( all ! same v>iations4 ,we sympa?ize m ) p]sons contigu\s to u1 ?an ) p]sons remote f u3 ,) our acqua9tance1 ?an ) /rang]s3 ,) our c\ntrym51 ?an ) =eign]s4 ,b not)/&+ ?is v>iation ( our sympa?y1 we give ! same approbation to ! same moral qualities 9 ,*9a z 9 ,engl&4 ,!y appe> equally virtu\s1 & recomm5d !mselves equally to ! e/eem ( a judici\s spectator4 ,! sympa?y v>ies )\t a v>iation 9 our e/eem4 ,our e/eem1 !re=e1 proce$s n f sympa?y4 ,to ?is ,i answ]3 ,! approbation ( moral qualities mo/ c]ta9ly is n d]iv$ f reason1 or any comp>ison ( ideas2 b proce$s entirely f a moral ta/e1 & f c]ta9 s5tim5ts ( pleasure or disgu/1 :i* arise ^u ! contemplation & view ( p>ticul> qualities or *>act]s4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 t ^? s5tim5ts1 :5ce-ev] !y are d]iv$1 mu/ v>y accord+ to ! di/ance or contiguity ( ! objects2 nor c ,i feel ! same lively pleasure f ! virtues ( a p]son1 :o liv$ 9 ,greece two ?\s& ye>s ago1 t ,i feel f ! virtues ( a famili> fri5d & acqua9tance4 ,yet ,i d n say1 t ,i e/eem ! "o m ?an ! o!r3 ,& !re=e1 if ! v>iation ( ! s5tim5t1 )\t a v>iation ( ! e/eem1 be an objection1 x mu/ h equal =ce aga9/ e o!r sy/em1 z aga9/ t ( sympa?y4 ,b to consid] ! matt] a-"r1 x has no =ce at all2 & x is ! easie/ matt] 9 ! _w to acc\nt = x4 ,our situation1 ) reg>d bo? to p]sons & ?+s1 is 9 cont9ual fluctuation2 & a man1 t lies at a di/ance f u1 may1 9 a little "t1 become a famili> acqua9tance4 ,besides1 e p>ticul> man has a peculi> position ) reg>d to o!rs2 & x is impossible we c\ld ev] conv]se toge!r on any reasonable t]ms1 7 ea* ( u to consid] *>act]s & p]sons1 only z !y appe> f 8 peculi> po9t ( view4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to prev5t ^? cont9ual contradictions1 & arrive at a m /able judgm5t ( ?+s1 we fix on "s /eady & g5]al po9ts ( view2 & always1 9 our ?\ghts1 place ourselves 9 !m1 :atev] may be our pres5t situation4 ,9 l mann]1 ext]nal beauty is det]m9$ m]ely by pleasure2 & x is evid5t1 a beautiful c\nt5ance _c give s mu* pleasure1 :5 se5 at ! di/ance ( tw5ty paces1 z :5 x is br\ght ne>] u4 ,we say n1 h[ev]1 t x appe>s to u less beautiful3 ,because we "k :at effect x w h 9 su* a position1 & by t reflection we correct its mom5t>y appe>ance4 ,9 g5]al1 all s5tim5ts ( blame or praise are v>iable1 accord+ to our situation ( ne>ness or remot5ess1 ) reg>d to ! p]son blam$ or prais$1 & accord+ to ! pres5t disposition ( our m9d4 ,b ^! v>iations we reg>d n 9 our g5]al decision1 b /ill apply ! t]ms expressive ( our lik+ or dislike1 9 ! same mann]1 z if we rema9$ 9 "o po9t ( view4 ,exp]i5ce soon tea*es u ?is me?od ( correct+ our s5tim5ts1 or at lea/1 ( correct+ our language1 :]e ! s5tim5ts are m /ubborn & inalt]able4 ,our s]vant1 if dilig5t & fai?ful1 may excite /rong] s5tim5ts ( love & k9dness ?an ,m>cus ,brutus1 z repres5t$ 9 hi/ory2 b we say n ^u t acc\nt1 t ! =m] "* is m laudable ?an ! latt]4 ,we "k1 t 7 we to approa* equally ne> to t r5[n$ patriot1 he w\ld comm& a mu* high] degree ( affection & admiration4 ,su* corrections are common ) reg>d to all ! s5ses2 & inde$ x 7 impossible we c\ld ev] make use ( language1 or communicate our s5tim5ts to "o ano!r1 did we n correct ! mom5t>y appe>ances ( ?+s1 & ov]look our pres5t situation4 ,x is !re=e f ! influ5ce ( *>act]s & qualities1 ^u ^? :o h an int]c\rse ) any p]son1 t we blame or praise him4 ,we consid] n :e!r ! p]sons1 affect$ by ! qualities1 be our acqua9tance or /rang]s1 c\ntrym5 or =eign]s4 ,nay1 we ov]-look our own int]e/ 9 ^? g5]al judgm5ts2 & blame n a man = oppos+ u 9 any ( our pret5sions1 :5 8 own int]e/ is p>ticul>ly conc]n$4 ,we make all[ance = a c]ta9 degree ( selfi%ness 9 m52 because we "k x to be insep>able f human nature1 & inh]5t 9 our frame & con/itution4 ,by ?is reflection we correct ^? s5tim5ts ( blame1 :i* s naturally arise ^u any opposition4 ,b h[ev] ! g5]al pr9ciple ( our blame or praise may be correct$ by ^? o!r pr9ciples1 x is c]ta91 !y are n altoge!r efficaci\s1 nor d our passions (t5 correspond entirely to ! pres5t !ory4 ,x is seldom m5 he>tily love :at lies at a di/ance f !m1 & :at no way r$\nds to _! p>ticul> b5efit2 z x is no less r>e to meet ) p]sons1 :o c p>don ano!r any opposition he makes to _! int]e/1 h[ev] ju/ifiable t opposition may be by ! g5]al rules ( morality4 ,"h we are cont5t$ ) say+1 t reason requires su* an ,imp>tial conduct1 b t x is seldom we c br+ ourselves to x1 & t our passions d n readily foll[ ! det]m9ation ( our judgm5t4 ,?is language w be easily und]/ood1 if we consid] :at we =m]ly said conc]n+ t reason1 :i* is able to oppose our passion2 & :i* we h f\nd to be no?+ b a g5]al calm det]m9ation ( ! passions1 f\nd$ on "s di/ant view or reflection4 ,:5 we =m our judgm5ts ( p]sons1 m]ely f ! t5d5cy ( _! *>act]s to our own b5efit1 or to t ( our fri5ds1 we f9d s _m contradictions to our s5tim5ts 9 society & conv]sation1 & su* an unc]ta9ty f ! incessant *anges ( our situation1 t we seek "s o!r /&>d ( m]it & dem]it1 :i* may n admit ( s great v>iation4 ,be+ ?us loos5$ f our fir/ /ation1 we _c aft]w>ds fix ourselves s commodi\sly by any means z by a sympa?y ) ^?1 :o h any comm]ce ) ! p]son we consid]4 ,?is is f> f be+ z lively z :5 our own int]e/ is conc]n$1 or t ( our p>ticul> fri5ds2 nor has x su* an influ5ce on our love & hatr$3 ,b be+ equally con=mable to our calm & g5]al pr9ciples1 x is said to h an equal au?ority ov] our reason1 & to comm& our judgm5t & op9ion4 ,we blame equally a bad action1 :i* we read ( 9 hi/ory1 ) "o p]=m$ 9 our neighb\rhood ! o!r day3 ,! mean+ ( :i* is1 t we "k f reflection1 t ! =m] action w\ld excite z /rong s5tim5ts ( disapprobation z ! latt]1 7 x plac$ 9 ! same position4 ,i n[ proce$ to ! second rem>kable circum/ance1 :i* ,i propos$ to take notice (4 ,:]e a p]son is possess$ ( a "*1 t 9 its natural t5d5cy is b5eficial to society1 we e/eem him virtu\s1 & are delight$ ) ! view ( 8 "*1 ev5 ?\gh p>ticul> accid5ts prev5t its op]ation1 & incapacitate him f be+ s]viceable to 8 fri5ds & c\ntry4 ,virtue 9 rags is /ill virtue2 & ! love1 :i* x procures1 att5ds a man into a dungeon or des>t1 :]e ! virtue c no long] be ex]t$ 9 action1 & is lo/ to all ! _w4 ,n[ ?is may be e/eem$ an objection to ! pres5t sy/em4 ,sympa?y int]e/s u 9 ! good ( mank9d2 & if sympa?y 7 ! s\rce ( our e/eem = virtue1 t s5tim5t ( approbation c\ld only take place1 :]e ! virtue actually atta9$ its end1 & 0 b5eficial to mank9d4 ,:]e x fails ( its end1 x is only an imp]fect means2 & !re=e c nev] acquire any m]it f t end4 ,! goodness ( an end c be/[ a m]it on su* means alone z are compleat1 & actually produce ! end4 ,to ?is we may reply1 t :]e any object1 9 all its p>ts1 is fitt$ to atta9 any agreeable end1 x naturally gives u pleasure1 & is e/eem$ beautiful1 ev5 ?\gh "s ext]nal circum/ances be want+ to r5d] x altoge!r effectual4 ,x is suffici5t if e ?+ be compleat 9 ! object itself4 ,a h\se1 t is contriv$ ) great judgm5t = all ! commodities ( life1 pleases u ^u t acc\nt2 ?\gh p]haps we are s5sible1 t no "o w ev] dwell 9 x4 ,a f]tile soil1 & a happy climate1 delight u by a reflection on ! happ9ess :i* !y w\ld af=d ! inhabitants1 ?\gh at pres5t ! c\ntry be des>t & un9habit$4 ,a man1 ^: limbs & %ape promise /r5g? & activity1 is e/eem$ h&some1 ?\gh condemn$ to p]petual imprisonm5t4 ,! imag9ation has a set ( passions belong+ to x1 ^u :i* our s5tim5ts ( beauty mu* dep5d4 ,^! passions are mov$ by degrees ( livel9ess & /r5g?1 :i* are inf]ior to belief1 & indep5d5t ( ! real exi/5ce ( _! objects4 ,:]e a "* is1 9 e respect1 fitt$ to be b5eficial to society1 ! imag9ation passes easily f ! cause to ! effect1 )\t consid]+ t !re are "s circum/ances want+ to r5d] ! cause a complete "o4 ,g5]al rules create a species ( probability1 :i* sometimes influ5ces ! judgm5t1 & always ! imag9ation4 ,x is true1 :5 ! cause is compleat1 & a good disposition is att5d$ ) good =tune1 :i* r5d]s x really b5eficial to society1 x gives a /rong] pleasure to ! spectator1 & is att5d$ ) a m lively sympa?y4 ,we are m affect$ by x2 & yet we d n say t x is m virtu\s1 or t we e/eem x m4 ,we "k1 t an alt]ation ( =tune may r5d] ! b5evol5t disposition entirely impot5t2 & !re=e we sep>ate1 z mu* z possible1 ! =tune f ! disposition4 ,! case is ! same1 z :5 we correct ! diff]5t s5tim5ts ( virtue1 :i* proce$ f its diff]5t di/ances f ourselves4 ,! passions d n always foll[ our corrections2 b ^! corrections s]ve suffici5tly to regulate our ab/ract notions1 & are alone reg>d$1 :5 we pron\nce 9 g5]al conc]n+ ! degrees ( vice & virtue4 ,x is obs]v$ by critics1 t all words or s5t5ces1 :i* are difficult to ! pronunciation1 are disagreeable to ! e>4 ,!re is no diff]5ce1 :e!r a man he> !m pron\nc$1 or read !m sil5tly to himself4 ,:5 ,i run ov] a book ) my eye1 ,i imag9e ,i he> x all2 & also1 by ! =ce ( imag9ation1 ent] into ! uneas9ess1 :i* ! deliv]y ( x w\ld give ! speak]4 ,! uneas9ess is n real2 b z su* a composition ( words has a natural t5d5cy to produce x1 ?is is suffici5t to affect ! m9d ) a pa9ful s5tim5t1 & r5d] ! disc\rse h>% & disagreeable4 ,x is a simil> case1 :]e any real quality is1 by accid5tal circum/ances1 r5d]$ impot5t1 & is depriv$ ( its natural influ5ce on society4 ,^u ^! pr9ciples we may easily remove any contradiction1 :i* may appe> to be betwixt ! ext5sive sympa?y1 on :i* our s5tim5ts ( virtue dep5d1 & t limit$ g5]osity :i* ,i h frequ5tly obs]v$ to be natural to m51 & :i* ju/ice & prop]ty suppose1 accord+ to ! prec$5t reason+4 ,my sympa?y ) ano!r may give me ! s5tim5t ( pa9 & disapprobation1 :5 any object is pres5t$1 t has a t5d5cy to give him uneas9ess2 ?\gh ,i may n be will+ to sacrifice any ?+ ( my own int]e/1 or cross any ( my passions1 = 8 satisfaction4 ,a h\se may displease me by be+ ill-contriv$ = ! conv5i5ce ( ! own]2 & yet ,i may refuse to give a %ill+ t[>ds ! rebuild+ ( x4 ,s5tim5ts mu/ t\* ! he>t1 to make !m contr\l our passions3 ,b !y ne$ n ext5d beyond ! imag9ation1 to make !m influ5ce our ta/e4 ,:5 a build+ seems clumsy & tott]+ to ! eye1 x is ugly & disagreeable2 ?\gh we be fully assur$ ( ! solidity ( ! workman%ip4 ,x is a k9d ( fe>1 :i* causes ?is s5tim5t ( disapprobation2 b ! passion is n ! same ) t :i* we feel1 :5 oblig$ to /& "u a wall1 t we really ?9k tott]+ & insecure4 ,! seem+ t5d5cies ( objects affect ! m9d3 ,& ! emotions !y excite are ( a l species ) ^?1 :i* proce$ f ! real consequ5ces ( objects1 b _! feel+ is diff]5t4 ,nay1 ^! emotions are s diff]5t 9 _! feel+1 t !y may (t5 be contr>y1 )\t de/roy+ ea* o!r2 z :5 ! =tifications ( a city belong+ to an enemy are e/eem$ beautiful ^u acc\nt ( _! /r5g?1 ?\gh we c\ld wi% t !y 7 entirely de/roy$4 ,! imag9ation adh]es to ! g5]al views ( ?+s1 & di/+ui%es ! feel+s !y produce1 f ^? :i* arise f our p>ticul> & mom5t>y situation4 ,if we exam9e ! panegyrics t are commonly made ( great m51 we %all f9d1 t mo/ ( ! qualities1 :i* are attribut$ to !m1 may be divid$ into two k9ds1 viz4 su* z make !m p]=m _! "p 9 society2 & su* z r5d] !m s]viceable to !mselves1 & enable !m to promote _! own int]e/4 ,_! prud5ce1 temp]ance1 frugality1 indu/ry1 assiduity1 ent]prize1 dext]ity1 are celebrat$1 z well z _! g5]osity & humanity4 ,if we ev] give an indulg5ce to any quality1 t disables a man f mak+ a figure 9 life1 x is to t ( indol5ce1 :i* is n suppos$ to deprive "o ( 8 p>ts & capacity1 b only susp5ds _! ex]cise2 & t )\t any inconv5i5ce to ! p]son himself1 s9ce x is1 9 "s measure1 f 8 own *oice4 ,yet indol5ce is always all[$ to be a fault1 & a v great "o1 if extreme3 ,nor d a man's fri5ds ev] ackn[l$ge him to be subject to x1 b 9 ord] to save 8 "* 9 m mat]ial articles4 ,he c\ld make a figure1 say !y1 if he pleas$ to give application3 ,8 und]/&+ is s\nd1 8 conception quick1 & 8 memory t5aci\s2 b he hates bus9ess1 & is indiff]5t ab\t 8 =tune4 ,& ?is a man sometimes may make ev5 a subject ( vanity2 ?\gh ) ! air ( confess+ a fault3 ,because he may ?9k1 t 8 incapacity = bus9ess implies mu* m noble qualities2 su* z a philosophical _s1 a f9e ta/e1 a delicate wit1 or a reli% = pleasure & society4 ,b take any o!r case3 ,suppose a quality1 t )\t be+ an indication ( any o!r good qualities1 incapacitates a man always = bus9ess1 & is de/ructive to 8 int]e/2 su* z a blund]+ und]/&+1 & a wrong judgm5t ( e ?+ 9 life2 incon/ancy & irresolution2 or a want ( address 9 ! managem5t ( m5 & bus9ess3 ,^! are all all[$ to be imp]fections 9 a "*2 & _m m5 w\ld r ackn[l$ge ! greate/ crimes1 ?an h x suspect$1 t !y are1 9 any degree1 subject to !m4 ,x is v happy1 9 our philosophical rese>*es1 :5 we f9d ! same phnom5on div]sifi$ by a v>iety ( circum/ances2 & by discov]+ :at is common among !m1 c ! bett] assure ourselves ( ! tru? ( any hypo!sis we may make use ( to expla9 x4 ,7 no?+ e/eem$ virtue b :at 7 b5eficial to society1 ,i am p]suad$1 t ! =ego+ explication ( ! moral s5se ought /ill to be receiv$1 & t ^u suffici5t evid5ce3 ,b ?is evid5ce mu/ gr[ ^u u1 :5 we f9d o!r k9ds ( virtue1 :i* w n admit ( any explication except f t hypo!sis4 ,"h is a man1 :o is n rem>kably defective 9 8 social qualities2 b :at pr9cipally recomm5ds him is 8 dext]ity 9 bus9ess1 by :i* he has extricat$ himself f ! greate/ difficulties1 & conduct$ ! mo/ delicate affairs ) a s+ul> address & prud5ce4 ,i f9d an e/eem = him imm$iately to arise 9 me3 ,8 company is a satisfaction to me2 & be=e ,i h any f>!r acqua9tance ) him1 ,i w\ld r d him a s]vice ?an ano!r1 ^: "* is 9 e o!r respect equal1 b is defici5t 9 t p>ticul>4 ,9 ?is case1 ! qualities t please me are all consid]$ z useful to ! p]son1 & z hav+ a t5d5cy to promote 8 int]e/ & satisfaction4 ,!y are only reg>d$ z means to an end1 & please me 9 proportion to _! fitness = t end4 ,! end1 !re=e1 mu/ be agreeable to me4 ,b :at makes ! end agreeable8 ,! p]son is a /rang]3 ,i am no way int]e/$ 9 him1 nor lie "u any obligation to him3 ,8 happ9ess conc]ns n me1 f>!r ?an ! happ9ess ( e human1 & inde$ ( e s5sible creature3 ,t is1 x affects me only by sympa?y4 ,f t pr9ciple1 :5ev] ,i discov] 8 happ9ess & good1 :e!r 9 its causes or effects1 ,i ent] s deeply into x1 t x gives me a s5sible emotion4 ,! appe>ance ( qualities1 t h a t5d5cy to promote x1 h an agreeable effect ^u my imag9ation1 & comm& my love & e/eem4 ,?is !ory may s]ve to expla91 :y ! same qualities1 9 all cases1 produce bo? pride & love1 humility & hatr$2 & ! same man is always virtu\s or vici\s1 accompli%$ or despicable to o!rs1 :o is s to himself4 ,a p]son1 9 :om we discov] any passion or habit1 :i* orig9ally is only incommodi\s to himself1 becomes always disagreeable to u1 m]ely on its acc\nt2 z on ! o!r h&1 "o ^: "* is only dang]\s & disagreeable to o!rs1 c nev] be satisfi$ ) himself1 z long z he is s5sible ( t disadvantage4 ,nor is ?is obs]vable only ) reg>d to *>act]s & mann]s1 b may be rem>k$ ev5 9 ! mo/ m9ute circum/ances4 ,a viol5t c\gh 9 ano!r gives u uneas9ess2 ?\gh 9 itself x does n 9 ! lea/ affect u4 ,a man w be mortifi$1 if y tell him he has a /9k+ brea?2 ?\gh x is evid5tly no annoyance to himself4 ,our fancy easily *anges its situation2 & ei!r survey+ ourselves z we appe> to o!rs1 or consid]+ o!rs z !y feel !mselves1 we ent]1 by t means1 into s5tim5ts1 :i* no way belong to u1 & 9 :i* no?+ b sympa?y is able to int]e/ u4 ,& ?is sympa?y we sometimes c>ry s f>1 z ev5 to be displeas$ ) a quality commodi\s to u1 m]ely because x displeases o!rs1 & makes u disagreeable 9 _! eyes2 ?\gh p]haps we nev] c h any int]e/ 9 r5d]+ ourselves agreeable to !m4 ,!re h be5 _m sy/ems ( morality advanc$ by philosoph]s 9 all ages2 b if !y are /rictly exam9$1 !y may be r$uc$ to two1 :i* alone m]it our att5tion4 ,moral good & evil are c]ta9ly di/+ui%$ by our s5tim5ts1 n by reason3 ,b ^! s5tim5ts may arise ei!r f ! m]e species or appe>ance ( *>act]s & passions1 or f reflections on _! t5d5cy to ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 & ( p>ticul> p]sons4 ,my op9ion is1 t bo? ^! causes are int]mix$ 9 our judgm5ts ( morals2 aft] ! same mann] z !y are 9 our decisions conc]n+ mo/ k9ds ( ext]nal beauty3 ,?\gh ,i am also ( op9ion1 t reflections on ! t5d5cies ( actions h by f> ! greate/ influ5ce1 & det]m9e all ! great l9es ( our duty4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 in/ances1 9 cases ( less mom5t1 :]e9 ?is imm$iate ta/e or s5tim5t produces our approbation4 ,wit1 & a c]ta9 easy & dis5gag$ behavi\r1 are qualities imm$iately agreeable to o!rs1 & comm& _! love & e/eem4 ,"s ( ^! qualities produce satisfaction 9 o!rs by p>ticul> orig9al pr9ciples ( human nature1 :i* _c be acc\nt$ =3 ,o!rs may be resolv$ into pr9ciples1 :i* are m g5]al4 ,?is w be/ appe> ^u a p>ticul> enquiry4 ,z "s qualities acquire _! m]it f _! be+ imm$iately agreeable to o!rs1 )\t any t5d5cy to public int]e/2 s "s are d5om9at$ virtu\s f _! be+ imm$iately agreeable to ! p]son himself1 :o possesses !m4 ,ea* ( ! passions & op]ations ( ! m9d has a p>ticul> feel+1 :i* mu/ be ei!r agreeable or disagreeable4 ,! fir/ is virtu\s1 ! second vici\s4 ,?is p>ticul> feel+ con/itutes ! v nature ( ! passion2 & !re=e ne$s n be acc\nt$ =4 ,b h[ev] directly ! di/9ction ( vice & virtue may seem to fl[ f ! imm$iate pleasure or uneas9ess1 :i* p>ticul> qualities cause to ourselves or o!rs2 x is easy to obs]ve1 t x has also a consid]able dep5d5ce on ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y s (t5 insi/$ on4 ,we approve ( a p]son1 :o is possess$ ( qualities imm$iately agreeable to ^?1 ) :om he has any comm]ce2 ?\gh p]haps we ourselves nev] reap$ any pleasure f !m4 ,we also approve ( "o1 :o is possess$ ( qualities1 t are imm$iately agreeable to himself2 ?\gh !y be ( no s]vice to any mortal4 ,to acc\nt = ?is we mu/ h rec\rse to ! =ego+ pr9ciples4 ,?us1 to take a g5]al review ( ! pres5t hypo!sis3 ,e quality ( ! m9d is d5om9at$ virtu\s1 :i* gives pleasure by ! m]e survey2 z e quality1 :i* produces pa91 is call$ vici\s4 ,?is pleasure & ?is pa9 may arise f f\r diff]5t s\rces4 ,= we reap a pleasure f ! view ( a "*1 :i* is naturally fitt$ to be useful to o!rs1 or to ! p]son himself1 or :i* is agreeable to o!rs1 or to ! p]son himself4 ,"o may1 p]haps1 be surpriz$4 t amid/ all ^! int]e/s & pleasures1 we %\ld =get our own1 :i* t\* u s ne>ly on e o!r occasion4 ,b we %all easily satisfy ourselves on ?is head1 :5 we consid]1 t e p>ticul> p]son's pleasure & int]e/ be+ diff]5t1 x is impossible m5 c\ld ev] agree 9 _! s5tim5ts & judgm5ts1 unless !y *ose "s common po9t ( view1 f :i* !y might survey _! object1 & :i* might cause x to appe> ! same to all ( !m4 ,n[ 9 judg+ ( *>act]s1 ! only int]e/ or pleasure1 :i* appe>s ! same to e spectator1 is t ( ! p]son himself1 ^: "* is exam9$2 or t ( p]sons1 :o h a connexion ) him4 ,& ?\gh su* int]e/s & pleasures t\* u m fa9tly ?an our own1 yet be+ m con/ant & univ]sal1 !y c\nt]-ballance ! latt] ev5 9 practice1 & are alone admitt$ 9 speculation z ! /&>d ( virtue & morality4 ,!y alone produce t p>ticul> feel+ or s5tim5t1 on :i* moral di/9ctions dep5d4 ,z to ! good or ill des]t ( virtue or vice1 x is an evid5t consequ5ce ( ! s5tim5ts ( pleasure or uneas9ess4 ,^! s5tim5ts produce love or hatr$2 & love or hatr$1 by ! orig9al con/itution ( human passion1 is att5d$ ) b5evol5ce or ang]2 t is1 ) a desire ( mak+ happy ! p]son we love1 & mis]able ! p]son we hate4 ,we h treat$ ( ?is m fully on ano!r occasion4 ,,sect4 ,,ii ,,( ,,greatness ,,( ,,m9d ,x may n[ be prop] to illu/rate ?is g5]al sy/em ( morals1 by apply+ x to p>ticul> in/ances ( virtue & vice1 & %ew+ h[ _! m]it or dem]it arises f ! f\r s\rces "h expla9$4 ,we %all beg9 ) exam9+ ! passions ( pride & humility1 & %all consid] ! vice or virtue t lies 9 _! excesses or j proportion4 ,an excessive pride or ov]wean+ conceit ( ourselves is always e/eem$ vici\s1 & is univ]sally hat$2 z mode/y1 or a j s5se ( our weakness1 is e/eem$ virtu\s1 & procures ! good-w ( e-"o4 ,( ! f\r s\rces ( moral di/9ctions1 ?is is to be ascrib$ to ! ?ird2 viz1 ! imm$iate agreeabl5ess & disagreeabl5ess ( a quality to o!rs1 )\t any reflections on ! t5d5cy ( t quality4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is1 we mu/ h rec\rse to two pr9ciples1 :i* are v conspicu\s 9 human nature4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! sympa?y1 & communication ( s5tim5ts & passions above-m5tion$4 ,s close & intimate is ! correspond5ce ( human s\ls1 t no soon] any p]son approa*es me1 ?an he diffuses on me all 8 op9ions1 & draws along my judgm5t 9 a great] or less] degree4 ,& ?\gh1 on _m occasions1 my sympa?y ) him goes n s f> z entirely to *ange my s5tim5ts1 & way ( ?9k+2 yet x seldom is s weak z n to di/urb ! easy c\rse ( my ?\ght1 & give an au?ority to t op9ion1 :i* is recomm5d$ to me by 8 ass5t & approbation4 ,nor is x any way mat]ial ^u :at subject he & ,i employ our ?\ghts4 ,:e!r we judge ( an indiff]5t p]son1 or ( my own "*1 my sympa?y gives equal =ce to 8 decision3 ,& ev5 8 s5tim5ts ( 8 own m]it make me consid] him 9 ! same light1 9 :i* he reg>ds himself4 ,?is pr9ciple ( sympa?y is ( s p[]ful & ins9uat+ a nature1 t x ent]s into mo/ ( our s5tim5ts & passions1 & (t5 takes place "u ! appe>ance ( its contr>y4 ,= x is rem>kable1 t :5 a p]son opposes me 9 any ?+1 :i* ,i am /rongly b5t ^u1 & r\zes up my passion by contradiction1 ,i h always a degree ( sympa?y ) him1 nor does my commotion proce$ f any o!r orig94 ,we may "h obs]ve an evid5t conflict or r5c\nt] ( opposite pr9ciples & passions4 ,on ! "o side !re is t passion or s5tim5t1 :i* is natural to me2 & x is obs]vable1 t ! /rong] ?is passion is1 ! great] is ! commotion4 ,!re mu/ also be "s passion or s5tim5t on ! o!r side2 & ?is passion c proce$ f no?+ b sympa?y4 ,! s5tim5ts ( o!rs c nev] affect u1 b by becom+1 9 "s measure1 our own2 9 :i* case !y op]ate ^u u1 by oppos+ & encreas+ our passions1 9 ! v same mann]1 z if !y _h be5 orig9ally d]iv$ f our own temp] & disposition4 ,:ile !y rema9 conceal$ 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs1 !y c nev] h an influ5ce ^u u3 ,& ev5 :5 !y are kn[n1 if !y w5t no f>!r ?an ! imag9ation1 or conception2 t faculty is s accu/om$ to objects ( e diff]5t k9d1 t a m]e idea1 ?\gh contr>y to our s5tim5ts & incl9ations1 w\ld nev] alone be able to affect u4 ,! second pr9ciple ,i %all take notice ( is t ( comp>ison1 or ! v>iation ( our judgm5ts conc]n+ objects1 accord+ to ! proportion !y be> to ^? ) :i* we comp>e !m4 ,we judge m1 ( objects by comp>ison1 ?an by _! intr9sic wor? & value2 & reg>d e ?+ z mean1 :5 set 9 opposition to :at is sup]ior ( ! same k9d4 ,b no comp>ison is m obvi\s ?an t ) ourselves2 & h5ce x is t on all occasions x takes place1 & mixes ) mo/ ( our passions4 ,?is k9d ( comp>ison is directly contr>y to sympa?y 9 its op]ation1 z we h obs]v$ 9 treat+ ( compassion & malice4#b ,,9 ,,all ,,k9ds ,,( ,,comp>ison ,,an ,,object ,,makes ,,u ,,always ,,receive ,,f ,,ano!r1 ,,to ,,:i* ,,x ,,is ,,comp>$1 ,a ,,s5sation ,,contr>y ,,to ,,:at ,,arises ,,f ,,itself ,,9 ,,its ,,direct ,,& ,,imm$iate ,,survey4 ,,! ,,direct ,,survey ,,( ,,ano!r',s ,,pleasure ,,naturally ,,gives ,,u ,,pleasure2 ,,& ,,!re=e ,,produces ,,pa91 ,,:5 ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,our ,,own4 ,,8 ,,pa91 ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,itself1 ,,is ,,pa9ful2 ,,b ,,augm5ts ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,our ,,own ,,happ9ess1 ,,& ,,gives ,,u ,,pleasure4 #b ,book ,,ii4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,,viii4 ,s9ce !n ^? pr9ciples ( sympa?y1 & a comp>ison ) ourselves1 are directly contr>y1 x may be wor? :ile to consid]1 :at g5]al rules c be =m$1 beside ! p>ticul> temp] ( ! p]son1 = ! preval5ce ( ! "o or ! o!r4 ,suppose ,i am n[ 9 safety at l&1 & w\ld will+ly reap "s pleasure f ?is consid]ation3 ,i mu/ ?9k on ! mis]able condition ( ^? :o are at sea 9 a /orm1 & mu/ endeav\r to r5d] ?is idea z /rong & lively z possible1 9 ord] to make me m s5sible ( my own happ9ess4 ,b :atev] pa9s ,i may take1 ! comp>ison w nev] h an equal efficacy1 z if ,i 7 really on ! %ore1#c & saw a %ip at a di/ance toss$ by a tempe/1 & 9 dang] e mom5t ( p]i%+ on a rock or s&-bank4 ,b suppose ?is idea to become /ill m lively4 ,suppose ! %ip to be driv5 s ne> me1 t ,i c p]ceive di/9ctly ! horror1 pa9t$ on ! c\nt5ance ( ! seam5 & pass5g]s1 he> _! lam5table cries1 see ! de>e/ fri5ds give _! la/ adieu1 or embrace ) a resolution to p]i% 9 ea* o!rs arms3 ,no man has s savage a he>t z to reap any pleasure f su* a spectacle1 or )/& ! motions ( ! t5d]e/ compassion & sympa?y4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 !re is a m$ium 9 ?is case2 & t if ! idea be too fe9t1 x has no influ5ce by comp>ison2 & on ! o!r h&1 if x be too /rong1 x op]ates on u entirely by sympa?y1 :i* is ! contr>y to comp>ison4 ,sympa?y be+ ! conv]sion ( an idea into an impression1 dem&s a great] =ce & vivacity 9 ! idea ?an is requisite to comp>ison4 #c ,suave m>i magno turbantibus aequora v5tis ,e t]ra magnum alt]ius spect>e laborem2 ,non quia vex>i qu5quam eat jucunda voluptas1 ,s$ quibus ipse malls c>ess qula c]n]e sauv' e/4 ,,lucret4 7,!re is some?+ pleasant 9 wat*+1 f dry l&1 ! great difficulties ano!r man is und]go+ out on ! high sea1 ) ! w9ds la%+ ! wat]s4 ,?is is n because "o d]ives delight f any man's di/ress1 b because x is pleasurable to p]ceive f :at tr\bles "o is oneself free47 ,all ?is is easily appli$ to ! pres5t subject4 ,we s9k v mu* 9 our own eyes1 :5 9 ! pres5ce ( a great man1 or "o ( a sup]ior g5ius2 & ?is humility makes a consid]able +r$i5t 9 t respect1 :i* we pay our sup]iors1 accord+ to our =ego+ reason+s on t passion4#d ,sometimes ev5 envy & hatr$ arise f ! comp>ison2 b 9 ! greate/ "p ( m51 x re/s at respect & e/eem4 ,z sympa?y has su* a p[]ful influ5ce on ! human m9d1 x causes pride to h1 9 "s measure1 ! same effect z m]it2 & by mak+ u ent] into ^? elevat$ s5tim5ts1 :i* ! pr\d man ent]ta9s ( himself1 pres5ts t comp>ison1 :i* is s mortify+ & disagreeable4 ,our judgm5t does n entirely accompany him 9 ! flatt]+ conceit1 9 :i* he pleases himself2 b /ill is s %ak5 z to receive ! idea x pres5ts1 & to give x an influ5ce above ! loose conceptions ( ! imag9ation4 ,a man1 :o1 9 an idle hum\r1 w\ld =m a notion ( a p]son ( a m]it v mu* sup]ior to 8 own1 w\ld n be mortifi$ by t fiction3 ,b :5 a man1 :om we are really p]suad$ to be ( inf]ior m]it1 is pres5t$ to u2 if we obs]ve 9 him any extraord9>y degree ( pride & self-conceit2 ! firm p]suasion he has ( 8 own m]it1 takes hold ( ! imag9ation1 & dim9i%es u 9 our own eyes1 9 ! same mann]1 z if he 7 really possess$ ( all ! good qualities :i* he s lib]ally attributes to himself4 ,our idea is "h precisely 9 t m$ium1 :i* is requisite to make x op]ate on u by comp>ison4 ,7 x accompani$ ) belief1 & did ! p]son appe> to h ! same m]it1 :i* he assumes to himself1 x w\ld h a contr>y effect1 & w\ld op]ate on u by sympa?y4 ,! influ5ce ( t pr9ciple w\ld !n be sup]ior to t ( comp>ison1 contr>y to :at happ5s :]e ! p]son's m]it seems bel[ 8 pret5sions4 #d ,book ,,ii4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,x4 ,! necess>y consequ5ce ( ^! pr9ciples is1 t pride1 or an ov]-wean+ conceit ( ourselves1 mu/ be vici\s2 s9ce x causes uneas9ess 9 all m51 & pres5ts !m e mom5t ) a disagreeable comp>ison4 ,x is a trite obs]vation 9 philosophy1 & ev5 9 common life & conv]sation1 t x is our own pride1 :i* makes u s mu* displeas$ ) ! pride ( o!r p2 & t vanity becomes insupportable to u m]ely because we are va94 ,! gay naturally associate !mselves ) ! gay1 & ! amor\s ) ! amor\s3 ,b ! pr\d nev] c endure ! pr\d1 & r seek ! company ( ^? :o are ( an opposite disposition4 ,z we are1 all ( u1 pr\d 9 "s degree1 pride is univ]sally blam$ & condemn$ by all mank9d2 z hav+ a natural t5d5cy to cause uneas9ess 9 o!rs by means ( comp>ison4 ,& ?is effect mu/ foll[ ! m naturally1 t ^?1 :o h an ill-gr\nd$ conceit ( !mselves1 are = ev] mak+ ^? comp>isons1 nor h !y any o!r me?od ( support+ _! vanity4 ,a man ( s5se & m]it is pleas$ ) himself1 indep5d5t ( all =eign consid]ations3 ,b a fool mu/ always f9d "s p]son1 t is m fooli%1 9 ord] to keep himself 9 good hum\r ) 8 own p>ts & und]/&+4 ,b ?\gh an ov]-wean+ conceit ( our own m]it be vici\s & disagreeable1 no?+ c be m laudable1 ?an to h a value = ourselves1 :]e we really h qualities t are valuable4 ,! utility & advantage ( any quality to ourselves is a s\rce ( virtue1 z well z its agreeabl5ess to o!rs2 & x is c]ta91 t no?+ is m useful to u 9 ! conduct ( life1 ?an a due degree ( pride1 :i* makes u s5sible ( our own m]it1 & gives u a confid5ce & assurance 9 all our projects & ent]prizes4 ,:atev] capacity any "o may be end[$ )1 x is entirely useless to him1 if he be n acqua9t$ ) x1 & =m n designs suitable to x4 ,x is requisite on all occasions to "k our own =ce2 & 7 x all[able to err on ei!r side1 x w\ld be m advantage\s to ov]-rate our m]it1 ?an to =m ideas ( x1 bel[ its j /&>d4 ,=tune commonly fav\rs ! bold & ent]priz+2 & no?+ inspires u ) m boldness ?an a good op9ion ( ourselves4 ,add to ?is1 t ?\gh pride1 or self-applause1 be sometimes disagreeable to o!rs1 x is always agreeable to ourselves2 z on ! o!r h&1 mode/y1 ?\gh x gives pleasure to e "o1 :o obs]ves x1 produces (t5 uneas9ess 9 ! p]son end[$ ) x4 ,n[ x has be5 obs]v$1 t our own s5sations det]m9e ! vice & virtue ( any quality1 z well z ^? s5sations1 :i* x may excite 9 o!rs4 ,?us self-satisfaction & vanity may n only be all[able1 b requisite 9 a "*4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta91 t good-bre$+ & dec5cy require t we %\ld avoid all signs & expressions1 :i* t5d directly to %[ t passion4 ,we h1 all ( u1 a wond]ful p>tiality = ourselves1 & 7 we always to give v5t to our s5tim5ts 9 ?is p>ticul>1 we %\ld mutually cause ! greate/ indignation 9 ea* o!r1 n only by ! imm$iate pres5ce ( s disagreeable a subject ( comp>ison1 b also by ! contr>iety ( our judgm5ts4 ,9 l mann]1 !re=e1 z we e/abli% ! laws ( nature1 9 ord] to secure prop]ty 9 society1 & prev5t ! opposition ( self-int]e/2 we e/abli% ! rules ( good-bre$+1 9 ord] to prev5t ! opposition ( m5's pride1 & r5d] conv]sation agreeable & in(f5sive4 ,no?+ is m disagreeable ?an a man's ov]-wean+ conceit ( himself3 ,e "o almo/ has a /rong prop5sity to ?is vice3 ,no "o c well di/+ui% 9 himself betwixt ! vice & virtue1 or be c]ta91 t 8 e/eem ( 8 own m]it is well-f\nd$3 ,= ^! reasons1 all direct expressions ( ?is passion are condemn$2 nor d we make any exception to ?is rule 9 fav\r ( m5 ( s5se & m]it4 ,!y are n all[$ to d !mselves ju/ice op5ly1 9 words1 no m ?an o!r p2 & ev5 if !y %[ a res]ve & secret d\bt 9 do+ !mselves ju/ice 9 _! own ?\ghts1 !y w be m applaud$4 ,t imp]t95t1 & almo/ univ]sal prop5sity ( m51 to ov]-value !mselves1 has giv5 u su* a prejudice aga9/ self-applause1 t we are apt to condemn x1 by a g5]al rule1 :]ev] we meet ) x2 & x is ) "s difficulty we give a privilege to m5 ( s5se1 ev5 9 _! mo/ secret ?\ghts4 ,at lea/1 x mu/ be own$1 t "s disguise 9 ?is p>ticul> is absolutely requisite2 & t if we h>b\r pride 9 our brea/s1 we mu/ c>ry a fair outside1 & h ! appe>ance ( mode/y & mutual def]5ce 9 all our conduct & behavi\r4 ,we mu/1 on e occasion1 be ready to pref] o!rs to ourselves2 to treat !m ) a k9d ( def]5ce1 ev5 ?\gh !y be our equals2 to seem always ! l[e/ & lea/ 9 ! company1 :]e we are n v mu* di/+ui%$ above !m3 ,& if we obs]ve ^! rules 9 our conduct1 m5 w h m indulg5ce = our secret s5tim5ts1 :5 we discov] !m 9 an oblique mann]4 ,i believe no "o1 :o has any practice ( ! _w1 & c p5etrate into ! inw>d s5tim5ts ( m51 w ass]t1 t ! humility1 :i* good-bre$+ & dec5cy require ( u1 goes beyond ! outside1 or t a ?or\gh s9c]ity 9 ?is p>ticul> is e/eem$ a real "p ( our duty4 ,on ! contr>y1 we may obs]ve1 t a g5u9e & he>ty pride1 or self-e/eem1 if well conceal$ & well f\nd$1 is ess5tial to ! "* ( a man ( hon\r1 & t !re is no quality ( ! m9d1 :i* is m indisp5sibly requisite to procure ! e/eem & approbation ( mank9d4 ,!re are c]ta9 def]5ces & mutual submissions1 :i* cu/om requires ( ! diff]5t ranks ( m5 t[>ds ea* o!r2 & :oev] exce$s 9 ?is p>ticul>1 if ?r\gh int]e/1 is accus$ ( meanness2 if ?r\gh ignorance1 ( simplicity4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to "k our rank & /ation 9 ! _w1 :e!r x be fix$ by our bir?1 =tune1 employm5ts1 tal5ts or reputation4 ,x is necess>y to feel ! s5tim5t & passion ( pride 9 con=mity to x1 & to regulate our actions accord+ly4 ,& %\ld x be said1 t prud5ce may suffice to regulate our actions 9 ?is p>ticul>1 )\t any real pride1 ,i w\ld obs]ve1 t "h ! object ( prud5ce is to con=m our actions to ! g5]al usage & cu/om2 &1 t x is impossible ^? tacit airs ( sup]iority %\ld ev] h be5 e/abli%$ & au?oriz$ by cu/om1 unless m5 7 g5]ally pr\d1 & unless t passion 7 g5]ally approv$1 :5 well-gr\nd$4 ,if we pass f common life & conv]sation to hi/ory1 ?is reason+ acquires new =ce1 :5 we obs]ve1 t all ^? great actions & s5tim5ts1 :i* h become ! admiration ( mank9d1 are f\nd$ on no?+ b pride & self-e/eem4 ,g1 says ,alex&] ! ,great to 8 soldi]s1 :5 !y refus$ to foll[ him to ! ,indies1 g tell y\r c\ntrym51 t y left ,alex&] corn pleat+ ! conque/ ( ! _w4 ,?is passage 0 always p>ticul>ly admir$ by ! pr9ce ( ,conde1 z we le>n f ,/ ,evremond4 ,,alex&]1 said t pr9ce1 ab&on$ by 8 soldi]s1 among b>b>ians1 n yet fully subdu$1 felt 9 himself su* a dignity ( "r & ( empire1 t he c\ld n believe x possible any "o c\ld refuse to obey him4 ,:e!r 9 ,europe or 9 ,asia1 among ,greeks or ,p]sians1 all 0 indiff]5t to him3 ,:]ev] he f\nd m51 he fanci$ he f\nd subjects4 ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve1 t :atev] we call h]oic virtue1 & admire "u ! "* ( greatness & elevation ( m9d1 is ei!r no?+ b a /eady & well-e/abli%$ pride & self-e/eem1 or p>takes l>gely ( t passion4 ,c\rage1 intrepidity1 ambition1 love ( glory1 magnanimity1 & all ! o!r %9+ virtues ( t k9d1 h pla9ly a /rong mixture ( self-e/eem 9 !m1 & d]ive a great "p ( _! m]it f t orig94 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t _m religi\s declaim]s decry ^? virtues z purely pagan & natural1 & repres5t to u ! excell5cy ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* places humility 9 ! rank ( virtues1 & corrects ! judgm5t ( ! _w1 & ev5 ( philosoph]s1 :o s g5]ally admire all ! ef=ts ( pride & ambition4 ,:e!r ?is virtue ( humility has be5 rightly und]/ood1 ,i %all n pret5d to det]m9e4 ,i am cont5t ) ! concession1 t ! _w naturally e/eems a well-regulat$ pride1 :i* secretly animates our conduct1 )\t break+ out into su* indec5t expressions ( vanity1 z _m (f5d ! vanity ( o!rs4 ,! m]it ( pride or self-e/eem is d]iv$ f two circum/ances1 viz1 its utility & its agreeabl5ess to ourselves2 by :i* x capacitates u = bus9ess1 &1 at ! same "t1 gives u an imm$iate satisfaction4 ,:5 x goes beyond its j b\nds1 x loses ! fir/ advantage1 & ev5 becomes prejudicial2 :i* is ! reason :y we condemn an extravagant pride & ambition1 h[ev] regulat$ by ! decorums ( good-bre$+ & polit5ess4 ,b z su* a passion is /ill agreeable1 & conveys an elevat$ & sublime s5sation to ! p]son1 :o is actuat$ by x1 ! sympa?y ) t satisfaction dim9i%es consid]ably ! blame1 :i* naturally att5ds its dang]\s influ5ce on 8 conduct & behavi\r4 ,accord+ly we may obs]ve1 t an excessive c\rage & magnanimity1 especially :5 x displays itself "u ! fr[ns ( =tune1 contributes 9 a great measure1 to ! "* ( a h]o1 & w r5d] a p]son ! admiration ( po/]ity2 at ! same "t1 t x ru9s 8 affairs1 & leads him into dang]s & difficulties1 ) :i* o!rwise he w\ld nev] h be5 acqua9t$4 ,h]oism1 or milit>y glory1 is mu* admir$ by ! g5]ality ( mank9d4 ,!y consid] x z ! mo/ sublime k9d ( m]it4 ,m5 ( cool reflection are n s sangu9e 9 _! praises ( x4 ,! inf9ite confusions & disord]1 :i* x has caus$ 9 ! _w1 dim9i% mu* ( its m]it 9 _! eyes4 ,:5 !y w\ld oppose ! popul> notions on ?is head1 !y always pa9t out ! evils1 :i* ?is suppos$ virtue has produc$ 9 human society2 ! subv]sion ( empires1 ! deva/ation ( prov9ces1 ! sack ( cities4 ,z long z ^! are pres5t to u1 we are m incl9$ to hate ?an admire ! ambition ( h]oes4 ,b :5 we fix our view on ! p]son himself1 :o is ! au?or ( all ?is mis*ief1 !re is some?+ s dazzl+ 9 8 "*1 ! m]e contemplation ( x s elevates ! m9d1 t we _c refuse x our admiration4 ,! pa91 :i* we receive f its t5d5cy to ! prejudice ( society1 is ov]-p[]$ by a /rong] & m imm$iate sympa?y4 ,?us our explication ( ! m]it or dem]it1 :i* att5ds ! degrees ( pride or self-e/eem1 may s]ve z a /rong argum5t = ! prec$+ hypo!sis1 by %ew+ ! effects ( ^? pr9ciples above expla9$ 9 all ! v>iations ( our judgm5ts conc]n+ t passion4 ,nor w ?is reason+ be advantage\s to u only by %ew+1 t ! di/9ction ( vice & virtue arises f ! f\r pr9ciples ( ! advantage & ( ! pleasure ( ! p]son himself1 & ( o!rs3 ,b may also af=d u a /rong pro( ( "s "u-p>ts ( t hypo!sis4 ,no "o1 :o duly consid]s ( ?is matt]1 w make any scruple ( all[+1 t any piece ( 9-bre$+1 or any expression ( pride & haught9ess1 is displeas+ to u1 m]ely because x %ocks our own pride1 & leads u by sympa?y into a comp>ison1 :i* causes ! disagreeable passion ( humility4 ,n[ z an insol5ce ( ?is k9d is blam$ ev5 9 a p]son :o has always be5 civil to ourselves 9 p>ticul>2 nay1 9 "o1 ^: "n is only kn[n to u 9 hi/ory2 x foll[s1 t our disapprobation proce$s f a sympa?y ) o!rs1 & f ! reflection1 t su* a "* is highly displeas+ & odi\s to e "o1 :o conv]ses or has any int]c\rse ) ! p]son posse/ ( x4 ,we sympa?ize ) ^? p 9 _! uneas9ess2 & z _! uneas9ess proce$s 9 "p f a sympa?y ) ! p]son :o insults !m1 we may "h obs]ve a d\ble reb\nd ( ! sympa?y2 :i* is a pr9ciple v simil> to :at we h obs]v$4#e #e ,book ,,ii4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,v4 ,,sect4 ,,iii ,,( ,,goodness ,,& ,,b5evol5ce ,hav+ ?us expla9$ ! orig9 ( t praise & approbation1 :i* att5ds e ?+ we call great 9 human affections2 we n[ proce$ to give an acc\nt ( _! goodness1 & %ew :5ce its m]it is d]iv$4 ,:5 exp]i5ce has once giv5 u a compet5t k ( human affairs1 & has taught u ! proportion !y be> to human passion1 we p]ceive1 t ! g5]osity ( m5 is v limit$1 & t x seldom ext5ds beyond _! fri5ds & family1 or1 at mo/1 beyond _! native c\ntry4 ,be+ ?us acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( man1 we expect n any impossibilities f him2 b conf9e our view to t n>r[ circle1 9 :i* any p]son moves1 9 ord] to =m a judgm5t ( 8 moral "*4 ,:5 ! natural t5d5cy ( 8 passions leads him to be s]viceable & useful )9 8 sph]e1 we approve ( 8 "*1 & love 8 p]son1 by a sympa?y ) ! s5tim5ts ( ^?1 :o h a m p>ticul> connexion ) him4 ,we are quickly oblig$ to =get our own int]e/ 9 our judgm5ts ( ?is k9d1 by reason ( ! p]petual contradictions1 we meet ) 9 society & conv]sation1 f p]sons t are n plac$ 9 ! same situation1 & h n ! same int]e/ ) ourselves4 ,! only po9t ( view1 9 :i* our s5tim5ts concur ) ^? ( o!rs1 is1 :5 we consid] ! t5d5cy ( any passion to ! advantage or h>m ( ^?1 :o h any imm$iate connexion or int]c\rse ) ! p]son possess$ ( x4 ,& ?\gh ?is advantage or h>m be (t5 v remote f ourselves1 yet sometimes x is v ne> u1 & int]e/s u /rongly by sympa?y4 ,?is conc]n we readily ext5d to o!r cases1 t are resembl+2 & :5 ^! are v remote1 our sympa?y is proportionably weak]1 & our praise or blame fa9t] & m d\btful4 ,! case is "h ! same z 9 our judgm5ts conc]n+ ext]nal bodies4 ,all objects seem to dim9i% by _! di/ance3 ,b ?\gh ! appe>ance ( objects to our s5ses be ! orig9al /&>d1 by :i* we judge ( !m1 yet we d n say1 t !y actually dim9i% by ! di/ance2 b correct+ ! appe>ance by reflection1 arrive at a m con/ant & e/abli%$ judgm5t conc]n+ !m4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\gh sympa?y be mu* fa9t] ?an our conc]n = ourselves1 & a sympa?y ) p]sons remote f u mu* fa9t] ?an t ) p]sons ne> & contigu\s2 yet we neglect all ^! diff]5ces 9 our calm judgm5ts conc]n+ ! *>act]s ( m54 ,besides1 t we ourselves (t5 *ange our situation 9 ?is p>ticul>1 we e day meet ) p]sons1 :o are 9 a diff]5t situation f ourselves1 & :o c\ld nev] conv]se ) u on any reasonable t]ms1 7 we to rema9 con/antly 9 t situation & po9t ( view1 :i* is peculi> to u4 ,! int]c\rse ( s5tim5ts1 !re=e1 9 society & conv]sation1 makes u =m "s g5]al inalt]able /&>d1 by :i* we may approve or disapprove ( *>act]s & mann]s4 ,& ?\gh ! he>t does n always take "p ) ^? g5]al notions1 or regulate its love & hatr$ by !m1 yet are !y suffici5t = disc\rse1 & s]ve all our purposes 9 company1 9 ! pulpit1 on ! !atre1 & 9 ! s*ools4 ,f ^! pr9ciples we may easily acc\nt = t m]it1 :i* is commonly ascrib$ to g5]osity1 humanity1 compassion1 gratitude1 fri5d%ip1 fidelity1 zeal1 dis9t]e/$ness1 lib]ality1 & all ^? o!r qualities1 :i* =m ! "* ( good & b5evol5t4 ,a prop5sity to ! t5d] passions makes a man agreeable & useful 9 all ! p>ts ( life2 & gives a j direction to all 8 o!r quailties1 :i* o!rwise may become prejudicial to society4 ,c\rage & ambition1 :5 n regulat$ by b5evol5ce1 are fit only to make a tyrant & public robb]4 ,x is ! same case ) judgm5t & capacity1 & all ! qualities ( t k9d4 ,!y are indiff]5t 9 !mselves to ! int]e/s ( society1 & h a t5d5cy to ! good or ill ( mank9d1 accord+ z !y are direct$ by ^! o!r passions4 ,z ,love is imm$iately agreeable to ! p]son1 :o is actuat$ by x1 & hatr$ imm$iately disagreeable2 ?is may also be a consid]able reason1 :y we praise all ! passions t p>take ( ! =m]1 & blame all ^? t h any consid]able %>e ( ! latt]4 ,x is c]ta9 we are inf9itely t\*$ ) a t5d] s5tim5t1 z well z ) a great "o4 ,! te>s naturally />t 9 our eyes at ! conception ( x2 nor c we =be> giv+ a loose to ! same t5d]ness t[>ds ! p]son :o ex]ts x4 ,all ?is seems to me a pro(1 t our approbation has1 9 ^? cases1 an orig9 diff]5t f ! prospect ( utility & advantage1 ei!r to ourselves or o!rs4 ,to :i* we may add1 t m5 naturally1 )\t reflection1 approve ( t "*1 :i* is mo/ l _! own4 ,! man ( a mild disposition & t5d] affections1 9 =m+ a notion ( ! mo/ p]fect virtue1 mixes 9 x m ( b5evol5ce & humanity1 ?an ! man ( c\rage & ent]prize1 :o naturally looks ^u a c]ta9 elevation ( m9d z ! mo/ accompli%$ "*4 ,?is mu/ evid5tly proce$ f an imm$iate sympa?y1 :i* m5 h ) *>act]s simil> to _! own4 ,!y ent] ) m w>m? into su* s5tim5ts1 & feel m s5sibly ! pleasure1 :i* arises f !m4 ,x is rem>kable1 t no?+ t\*es a man ( humanity m ?an any in/ance ( extraord9>y delicacy 9 love or fri5d%ip1 :]e a p]son is att5tive to ! smalle/ conc]ns ( 8 fri5d1 & is will+ to sacrifice to !m ! mo/ consid]able int]e/ ( 8 own4 ,su* delicacies h little influ5ce on society2 because !y make u reg>d ! greate/ trifles3 ,b !y are ! m engag+1 ! m m9ute ! conc]n is1 & are a pro( ( ! highe/ m]it 9 any "o1 :o is capable ( !m4 ,! passions are s contagi\s1 t !y pass ) ! greate/ facility f "o p]son to ano!r1 & produce correspond5t movem5ts 9 all human brea/s4 ,:]e fri5d%ip appe>s 9 v signal in/ances1 my he>t cat*es ! same passion1 & is w>m$ by ^? w>m s5tim5ts1 t display !mselves be=e me4 ,su* agreeable movem5ts mu/ give me an affection to e "o t excites !m4 ,?is is ! case ) e ?+ t is agreeable 9 any p]son4 ,! transition f pleasure to love is easy3 ,b ! transition mu/ "h be /ill m easy2 s9ce ! agreeable s5tim5t1 :i* is excit$ by sympa?y1 is love itself2 & !re is no?+ requir$ b to *ange ! object4 ,h5ce ! peculi> m]it ( b5evol5ce 9 all its %apes & appe>ances4 ,h5ce ev5 its weaknesses are virtu\s & amiable2 & a p]son1 ^: grief ^u ! loss ( a fri5d 7 excessive1 w\ld be e/eem$ ^u t acc\nt4 ,8 t5d]ness be/[s a m]it1 z x does a pleasure1 on 8 melan*oly4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 to imag9e1 t all ! angry passions are vici\s1 ?\gh !y are disagreeable4 ,!re is a c]ta9 indulg5ce due to human nature 9 ?is respect4 ,ang] & hatr$ are passions inh]5t 9 ,our v frame & con/itutions4 ,! want ( !m1 on "s occasions1 may ev5 be a pro( ( weakness & imbecillity4 ,& :]e !y appe> only 9 a l[ degree1 we n only excuse !m because !y are natural2 b ev5 be/[ our applauses on !m1 because !y are inf]ior to :at appe>s 9 ! greate/ "p ( mank9d4 ,:]e ^! angry passions rise up to cruelty1 !y =m ! mo/ dete/$ ( all vices4 ,all ! pity & conc]n :i* we h = ! mis]able suff]]s by ?is vice1 turns aga9/ ! p]son guilty ( x1 & produces a /rong] hatr$ ?an we are s5sible ( on any o!r occasion4 ,ev5 :5 ! vice ( inhumanity rises n to ?is extreme degree1 our s5tim5ts conc]n+ x are v mu* influ5c$ by reflections on ! h>m t results f x4 ,& we may obs]ve 9 g5]al1 t if we c f9d any quality 9 a p]son1 :i* r5d]s him incommodi\s to ^?1 :o live & conv]se ) him1 we always all[ x to be a fault or blemi%1 )\t any f>!r exam9ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we enum]ate ! good qualities ( any p]son1 we always m5tion ^? p>ts ( 8 "*1 :i* r5d] him a safe companion1 an easy fri5d1 a g5tle ma/]1 an agreeable husb&1 or an indulg5t fa!r4 ,we consid] him ) all 8 relations 9 society2 & love or hate him1 accord+ z he affects ^?1 :o h any imm$iate int]c\rse ) him4 ,& x is a mo/ c]ta9 rule1 t if !re be no relation ( life1 9 :i* ,i c\ld n wi% to /& to a p>ticul> p]son1 8 "* mu/ s f> be all[$ to be p]fect4 ,if he be z little want+ to himself z to o!rs1 8 "* is entirely p]fect4 ,?is is ! ultimate te/ ( m]it & virtue4 ,,sect4 ,,iv ,,( ,,natural ,,abilities ,no di/9ction is m usual 9 all sy/ems ( e?ics1 ?an t betwixt natural abilities & moral virtues2 :]e ! =m] are plac$ on ! same foot+ ) bodily end[m5ts1 & are suppos$ to h no m]it or moral wor? annex$ to !m4 ,:oev] consid]s ! matt] accurately1 w f9d1 t a dispute ^u ?is head w\ld be m]ely a dispute ( words1 & t ?\gh ^! qualities are n altoge!r ( ! same k9d1 yet !y agree 9 ! mo/ mat]ial circum/ances4 ,!y are bo? ( !m equally m5tal qualities3 ,& bo? ( !m equally produce pleasure2 & h ( c\rse an equal t5d5cy to procure ! love & e/eem ( mank9d4 ,!re are few1 :o are n z jeal\s ( _! "*1 ) reg>d to s5se & k1 z to hon\r & c\rage2 & mu* m ?an ) reg>d to temp]ance & sobriety4 ,m5 are ev5 afraid ( pass+ = goodnatur$2 le/ t %\ld be tak5 = want ( und]/&+3 ,& (t5 boa/ ( m debau*es ?an !y h be5 really engag$ 91 to give !mselves airs ( fire & _s4 ,9 %ort1 ! figure a man makes 9 ! _w1 ! reception he meets ) 9 company1 ! e/eem paid him by 8 acqua9tance2 all ^! advantages dep5d almo/ z mu* ^u 8 good s5se & judgm5t1 z ^u any o!r "p ( 8 "*4 ,let a man h ! be/ int5tions 9 ! _w1 & be ! f>!/ f all inju/ice & viol5ce1 he w nev] be able to make himself be mu* reg>d$ )\t a mod]ate %>e1 at lea/1 ( p>ts & und]/&+4 ,s9ce !n natural abilities1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 inf]ior1 yet are on ! same foot+1 bo? z to _! causes & effects1 ) ^? qualities :i* we call moral virtues1 :y %\ld we make any di/9ction betwixt !m8 ,?\gh we refuse to natural abilities ! title ( virtues1 we mu/ all[1 t !y procure ! love & e/eem ( mank9d2 t !y give a new lu/re to ! o!r virtues2 & t a man possess$ ( !m is mu* m intitl$ to our good-w & s]vices1 ?an "o entirely void ( !m4 ,x may1 inde$1 be pret5d$ t ! s5tim5t ( approbation1 :i* ^? qualities produce1 besides its be+ inf]ior1 is also some:at diff]5t f t1 :i* att5ds ! o!r virtues4 ,b ?is1 9 my op9ion1 is n a suffici5t reason = exclud+ !m f ! catalogue ( virtues4 ,ea* ( ! virtues1 ev5 b5evol5ce1 ju/ice1 gratitude1 integrity1 excites a diff]5t s5tim5t or feel+ 9 ! spectator4 ,! *>act]s ( ,caes> & ,cato1 z drawn by ,sallu/1 are bo? ( !m virtu\s1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w2 b 9 a diff]5t way3 ,nor are ! s5tim5ts entirely ! same1 :i* arise f !m4 ,! "o produces love2 ! o!r e/eem3 ,! "o is amiable2 ! o!r awful3 ,we c\ld wi% to meet ) ! "o "* 9 a fri5d2 ! o!r "* we w\ld be ambiti\s ( 9 ourselves4 ,9 l mann]1 ! approbation :i* att5ds natural abilities1 may be some:at diff]5t to ! feel+ f t1 :i* arises f ! o!r virtues1 )\t mak+ !m entirely ( a diff]5t species4 ,& inde$ we may obs]ve1 t ! natural abilities1 no m ?an ! o!r virtues1 produce n1 all ( !m1 ! same k9d ( approbation4 ,good s5se & g5ius beget e/eem3 ,wit & hum\r excite love4#f #f ,love & e/eem are at ! bottom ! same passions1 & arise f l causes4 ,! qualities1 t produce bo?1 are agreeable1 & give pleasure4 ,b :]e ?is pleasure is sev]e & s]i\s2 or :]e its object is great1 & makes a /rong impression2 or :]e x produces any degree ( humility & awe3 ,9 all ^! cases1 ! passion1 :i* arises f ! pleasure1 is m prop]ly d5om9at$ e/eem ?an love4 ,b5evol5ce att5ds bo?3 ,b is connect$ ) love 9 a m em95t degree4 ,^?1 :o repres5t ! di/9ction betwixt natural abilities & moral virtues z v mat]ial1 may say1 t ! =m] are entirely involunt>y1 & h !re=e no m]it att5d+ !m1 z hav+ no dep5dance on lib]ty & free-w4 ,b to ?is ,i answ]1 fir/1 t _m ( ^? qualities1 :i* all morali/s1 especially ! anti5ts1 compreh5d "u ! title ( moral virtues1 are equally involunt>y & necess>y1 ) ! qualities ( ! judgm5t & imag9ation4 ,( ?is nature are con/ancy1 =titude1 magnanimity2 &1 9 %ort1 all ! qualities :i* =m ! great man4 ,i might say ! same1 9 "s degree1 ( ! o!rs2 x be+ almo/ impossible = ! m9d to *ange its "* 9 any consid]able article1 or cure itself ( a passionate or spl5etic temp]1 :5 !y are natural to x4 ,! great] degree !re is ( ^! blameable qualities1 ! m vici\s !y become1 & yet !y are ! less volunt>y4 ,secondly1 ,i w\ld h anyone give me a reason1 :y virtue & vice may n be involunt>y1 z well z beauty & de=mity4 ,^! moral di/9ctions arise f ! natural di/9ctions ( pa9 & pleasure2 & :5 we receive ^? feel+s f ! g5]al consid]ation ( any quality or "*1 we d5om9ate x vici\s or virtu\s4 ,n[ ,i believe no "o w ass]t1 t a quality c nev] produce pleasure or pa9 to ! p]son :o consid]s x1 unless x be p]fectly volunt>y 9 ! p]son :o possesses x4 ,?irdly1 ,z to free-w1 we h %ewn t x has no place ) reg>d to ! actions1 no m ?an ! qualities ( m54 ,x is n a j consequ5ce1 t :at is volunt>y is free4 ,our actions are m volunt>y ?an our judgm5ts2 b we h n m lib]ty 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,b ?\gh ?is di/9ction betwixt volunt>y & involunt>y be n suffici5t to ju/ify ! di/9ction betwixt natural abilities & moral virtues1 yet ! =m] di/9ction w af=d u a plausible reason1 :y morali/s h inv5t$ ! latt]4 ,m5 h obs]v$1 t ?\gh natural abilities & moral qualities be 9 ! ma9 on ! same foot+1 !re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce betwixt !m1 t ! =m] are almo/ inv>iable by any art or indu/ry2 :ile ! latt]1 or at lea/1 ! actions1 t proce$ f !m1 may be *ang$ by ! motives ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 praise & blame4 ,h5ce legislators1 & div9es1 & morali/s1 h pr9cipally appli$ !mselves to ! regulat+ ^! volunt>y actions1 & h endeav\r$ to produce additional motives1 = be+ virtu\s 9 t p>ticul>4 ,!y knew1 t to puni% a man = folly1 or exhort him to be prud5t & sagaci\s1 w\ld h b little effect2 ?\gh ! same puni%m5ts & exhortations1 ) reg>d to ju/ice & inju/ice1 might h a consid]able influ5ce4 ,b z m51 9 common life & conv]sation1 d n c>ry ^? ends 9 view1 b naturally praise or blame :atev] pleases or displeases !m1 !y d n seem mu* to reg>d ?is di/9ction1 b consid] prud5ce "u ! "* ( virtue z well z b5evol5ce1 & p5etration z well z ju/ice4 ,nay1 we f9d1 t all morali/s1 ^: judgm5t is n p]v]t$ by a /rict adh]5ce to a sy/em1 ent] into ! same way ( ?9k+2 & t ! anti5t morali/s 9 p>ticul> made no scruple ( plac+ prud5ce at ! head ( ! c>d9al virtues4 ,!re is a s5tim5t ( e/eem & approbation1 :i* may be excit$1 9 "s degree1 by any faculty ( ! m9d1 9 its p]fect /ate & condition2 & to acc\nt = ?is s5tim5t is ! bus9ess ( ,philosoph]s4 ,x belongs to ,gramm>ians to exam9e :at qualities are entitl$ to ! d5om9ation ( virtue2 nor w !y f9d1 ^u trial1 t ?is is s easy a task1 z at fir/ sight !y may be apt to imag9e4 ,! pr9cipal reason :y natural abilities are e/eem$1 is because ( _! t5d5cy to be useful to ! p]son1 :o is possess$ ( !m4 ,x is impossible to execute any design ) success1 :]e x is n conduct$ ) prud5ce & discretion2 nor w ! goodness ( our int5tions alone suffice to procure u a happy issue to our ent]prizes4 ,m5 are sup]ior to bea/s pr9cipally by ! sup]iority ( _! reason2 & !y are ! degrees ( ! same faculty1 :i* set su* an inf9ite diff]5ce betwixt "o man & ano!r4 ,all ! advantages ( art are ow+ to human reason2 & :]e =tune is n v caprici\s1 ! mo/ consid]able "p ( ^! advantages mu/ fall to ! %>e ( ! prud5t & sagaci\s4 ,:5 x is ask$1 :e!r a quick or a sl[ appreh5sion be mo/ valuable8 :e!r "o1 t at fir/ view p5etrates into a subject1 b c p]=m no?+ ^u /udy2 or a contr>y "*1 :i* mu/ "w out e ?+ by d9t ( application8 :e!r a cle> head1 or a copi\s inv5tion8 :e!r a pr(\nd g5ius1 or a sure judgm5t8 9 %ort1 :at "*1 or peculi> und]/&+1 is m excell5t ?an ano!r8 ,x is evid5t we c answ] none ( ^! que/ions1 )\t consid]+ :i* ( ^? qualities capacitates a man be/ = ! _w1 & c>ries him f>!/ 9 any ( 8 und]tak+s4 ,!re are _m o!r qualities ( ! m9d1 ^: m]it is d]iv$ f ! same orig91 indu/ry1 p]sev]ance1 pati5ce1 activity1 vigilance1 application1 con/ancy1 ) o!r virtues ( t k9d1 :i* x w be easy to recollect1 are e/eem$ valuable ^u no o!r acc\nt1 ?an _! advantage 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,x is ! same case ) temp]ance1 frugality1 economy1 resolution3 ,z on ! o!r h&1 prodigality1 luxury1 irresolution1 unc]ta9ty1 are vici\s1 m]ely because !y draw ru9 ^u u1 & incapacitate u = bus9ess & action4 ,z wisdom & good-s5se are valu$1 because !y are useful to ! p]son possess$ ( !m2 s wit & eloqu5ce are valu$1 because !y are imm$iately agreeable to o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 good hum\r is lov$ & e/eem$1 because x is imm$iately agreeable to ! p]son himself4 ,x is evid5t1 t ! conv]sation ( a man ( wit is v satisfactory2 z a *e>ful good-hum\r$ companion diffuses a joy ov] ! :ole company1 f a sympa?y ) 8 gaiety4 ,^! qualities1 !re=e1 be+ agreeable1 !y naturally beget love & e/eem1 & answ] to all ! *>act]s ( virtue4 ,x is difficult to tell1 on _m occasions1 :at x is t r5d]s "o man's conv]sation s agreeable & ent]ta9+1 & ano!r's s insipid & di/a/eful4 ,z conv]sation is a transcript ( ! m9d z well z books1 ! same qualities1 :i* r5d] ! "o valuable1 mu/ give u an e/eem = ! o!r4 ,?is we %all consid] aft]w>ds4 ,9 ! mean "t x may be affirm$ 9 g5]al1 t all ! m]it a man may d]ive f 8 conv]sation 7:i*1 no d\bt1 may be v consid]able7 arises f no?+ b ! pleasure x conveys to ^? :o are pres5t4 ,9 ?is view1 cleanl9ess is also to be reg>d$ z a virtue2 s9ce x naturally r5d]s u agreeable to o!rs1 & is a v consid]able s\rce ( love & affection4 ,no "o w d5y1 t a neglig5ce 9 ?is p>ticul> is a fault2 & z faults are no?+ b small] vices1 & ?is fault c h no o!r orig9 ?an ! uneasy s5sation1 :i* x excites 9 o!rs1 we may 9 ?is in/ance1 seem+ly s trivial1 de>ly discov] ! orig9 ( ! moral di/9ction ( vice & virtue 9 o!r in/ances4 ,besides all ^? qualities1 :i* r5d] a p]son lovely or valuable1 !re is also a c]ta9 ,,je-,,ne-,,sais-,,quoi ( agreeable & h&some1 t concurs to ! same effect4 ,9 ?is case1 z well z 9 t ( wit & eloqu5ce1 we mu/ h rec\rse to a c]ta9 s5se1 :i* acts )\t reflection1 & reg>ds n ! t5d5cies ( qualities & *>act]s4 ,"s morali/s acc\nt = all ! s5tim5ts ( virtue by ?is s5se4 ,_! hypo!sis is v plausible4 ,no?+ b a p>ticul> enquiry c give ! pref]5ce to any o!r hypo!sis4 ,:5 we f9d1 t almo/ all ! virtues h su* p>ticul> t5d5cies2 & also f9d1 t ^! t5d5cies are suffici5t alone to give a /rong s5tim5t ( approbation3 ,we _c d\bt1 aft] ?is1 t qualities are approv$ (1 9 proportion to ! advantage1 :i* results f !m4 ,! decorum or indecorum ( a quality1 ) reg>d to ! age1 or "*1 or /ation1 contributes also to its praise or blame4 ,?is decorum dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 ^u exp]i5ce4 ,x is usual to see m5 lose _! levity1 z !y advance 9 ye>s4 ,su* a degree ( gravity1 !re=e1 & su* ye>s1 are connect$ toge!r 9 our ?\ghts4 ,:5 we obs]ve !m sep>at$ 9 any p]son's "*1 ?is imposes a k9d ( viol5ce on our imag9ation1 & is disagreeable4 ,t faculty ( ! s\l1 :i*1 ( all o!rs1 is ( ! lea/ consequ5ce to ! "*1 & has ! lea/ virtue or vice 9 its sev]al degrees1 at ! same "t1 t x admits ( a great v>iety ( degrees1 is ! memory4 ,unless x rise up to t /up5d\s height z to surprize u1 or s9k s l[ z1 9 "s measure1 to affect ! judgm5t1 we commonly take no notice ( its v>iations1 nor ev] m5tion !m to ! praise or dispraise ( any p]son4 ,x is s f> f be+ a virtue to h a good memory1 t m5 g5]ally affect to compla9 ( a bad "o2 & endeav\r+ to p]suade ! _w1 t :at !y say is entirely ( _! own inv5tion1 sacrifice x to ! praise ( g5ius & judgm5t4 ,yet to consid] ! matt] ab/ract$ly1 x w\ld be difficult to give a reason1 :y ! faculty ( recall+ pa/ ideas ) tru? & cle>ness1 %\ld n h z mu* m]it 9 x1 z ! faculty ( plac+ our pres5t ideas1 9 su* an ord]1 z to =m true propositions & op9ions4 ,! reason ( ! diff]5ce c]ta9ly mu/ be1 t ! memory is ex]t$ )\t any s5sation ( pleasure or pa92 & 9 all its middl+ degrees s]ves almo/ equally well 9 bus9ess & affairs4 ,b ! lea/ v>iations 9 ! judgm5t are s5sibly felt 9 _! consequ5ces2 :ile at ! same "t t faculty is nev] ex]t$ 9 any em95t degree1 )\t an extraord9>y delight & satisfaction4 ,! sympa?y ) ?is utility & pleasure be/[s a m]it on ! und]/&+2 & ! abs5ce ( x makes u consid] ! memory z a faculty v indiff]5t to blame or praise4 ,be=e ,i leave ?is subject ( natural abilities1 ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t1 p]haps1 "o s\rce ( ! e/eem & affection1 :i* att5ds !m1 is d]iv$ f ! importance & weight1 :i* !y be/[ on ! p]son possess$ ( !m4 ,he becomes ( great] consequ5ce 9 life4 ,8 resolutions & actions affect a great] numb] ( 8 fell[-creatures4 ,bo? 8 fri5d%ip & enmity are ( mom5t4 ,& x is easy to obs]ve1 t :oev] is elevat$1 aft] ?is mann]1 above ! re/ ( mank9d1 mu/ excite 9 u ! s5tim5ts ( e/eem & approbation4 ,:atev] is important engages our att5tion1 fixes our ?\ght1 & is contemplat$ ) satisfaction4 ,! hi/ories ( k+doms are m int]e/+ ?an dome/ic /ories3 ,! hi/ories ( great empires m ?an ^? ( small cities & pr9cipalities3 ,& ! hi/ories ( w>s & revolutions m ?an ^? ( peace & ord]4 ,we sympa?ize ) ! p]sons t suff]1 9 all ! v>i\s s5tim5ts :i* belong to _! =tunes4 ,! m9d is occupi$ by ! multitude ( ! objects1 & by ! /rong passions1 t display !mselves4 ,& ?is occupation or agitation ( ! m9d is commonly agreeable & amus+4 ,! same !ory acc\nts = ! e/eem & reg>d we pay to m5 ( extraord9>y p>ts & abilities4 ,! good & ill ( multitudes are connect$ ) _! actions4 ,:atev] !y und]take is important1 & *all5ges our att5tion4 ,no?+ is to be ov]-look$ & despis$1 t reg>ds !m4 ,& :]e any p]son c excite ^! s5tim5ts1 he soon acquires our e/eem2 unless o!r circum/ances ( 8 "* r5d] him odi\s & disagreeable4 ,,sect4 ,v ,,"s ,,f>!r ,,reflections ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,natural ,,virtues ,x has be5 obs]v$1 9 treat+ ( ! passions1 t pride & humility1 love & hatr$1 are excit$ by any advantages or disadvantages ( ! m9d1 body1 or =tune2 & t ^! advantages or disadvantages h t effect by produc+ a sep>ate impression ( pa9 or pleasure4 ,! pa9 or pleasure1 :i* arises f ! g5]al survey or view ( any action or quality ( ! m9d1 con/itutes its vice or virtue1 & gives rise to our approbation or blame1 :i* is no?+ b a fa9t] & m imp]ceptible love or hatr$4 ,we h assign$ f\r diff]5t s\rces ( ?is pa9 & pleasure2 & 9 ord] to ju/ify m fully t hypo!sis1 x may "h be prop] to obs]ve1 t ! advantages or disadvantages ( ! body & ( =tune1 produce a pa9 or pleasure f ! v same pr9ciples4 ,! t5d5cy ( any object to be useful to ! p]son possess$ ( x1 or to o!rs2 to convey pleasure to him or to o!rs2 all ^! circum/ances convey an imm$iate pleasure to ! p]son1 :o consid]s ! object1 & comm& 8 love & approbation4 ,to beg9 ) ! advantages ( ! body2 we may obs]ve a phnom5on1 :i* might appe> some:at trivial & ludicr\s1 if any ?+ c\ld be trivial1 :i* =tifi$ a conclusion ( su* importance1 or ludicr\s1 :i* 0 employ$ 9 a philosophical reason+4 ,x is a g5]al rem>k1 t ^? we call good wom5's m51 :o h ei!r signaliz$ !mselves by _! amor\s exploits1 or ^: make ( body promises any extraord9>y vig\r ( t k9d1 are well receiv$ by ! fair sex1 & naturally engage ! affections ev5 ( ^?1 ^: virtue prev5ts any design ( ev] giv+ employm5t to ^? tal5ts4 ,"h x is evid5t1 t ! ability ( su* a p]son to give enjoym5t1 is ! real s\rce ( t love & e/eem he meets ) among ! females2 at ! same "t t ! wom51 :o love & e/eem him1 h no prospect ( receiv+ t enjoym5t !mselves1 & c only be affect$ by means ( _! sympa?y ) "o1 t has a comm]ce ( love ) him4 ,?is in/ance is s+ul>1 & m]its our att5tion4 ,ano!r s\rce ( ! pleasure we receive f consid]+ bodily advantages1 is _! utility to ! p]son himself1 :o is possess$ ( !m4 ,x is c]ta91 t a consid]able "p ( ! beauty ( m51 z well z ( o!r animals1 consi/s 9 su* a con=mation ( memb]s1 z we f9d by exp]i5ce to be att5d$ ) /r5g? & agility1 & to capacitate ! creature = any action or ex]cise4 ,broad %\ld]s1 a lank belly1 firm jo9ts1 tap] legs2 all ^! are beautiful 9 our species because !y are signs ( =ce & vig\r1 :i* be+ advantages we naturally sympa?ize )1 !y convey to ! behold] a %>e ( t satisfaction !y produce 9 ! possessor4 ,s f> z to ! utility1 :i* may att5d any quality ( ! body4 ,z to ! imm$iate pleasure1 x is c]ta91 t an air ( heal?1 z well z ( /r5g? & agility1 makes a consid]able "p ( beauty2 & t a sickly air 9 ano!r is always disagreeable1 ^u acc\nt ( t idea ( pa9 & uneas9ess1 :i* x conveys to u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are pleas$ ) ! regul>ity ( our own features1 ?\gh x be nei!r useful to ourselves nor o!rs2 & x is necess>y at a di/ance1 to make x convey to u any satisfaction4 ,we commonly consid] ourselves z we appe> 9 ! eyes ( o!rs1 & sympa?ize ) ! advantage\s s5tim5ts !y ent]ta9 ) reg>d to u4 ,h[ f> ! advantages ( =tune produce e/eem & approbation f ! same pr9ciples1 we may satisfy ourselves by reflect+ on our prec$5t reason+ on t subject4 ,we h obs]v$1 t our approbation ( ^?1 :o are possess$ ( ! advantages ( =tune1 may be ascrib$ to ?ree diff]5t causes4 ,fir/1 ,to t imm$iate pleasure1 :i* a ri* man gives u1 by ! view ( ! beautiful cloa?s1 equipage1 g>d5s1 or h\ses1 :i* he possesses4 ,secondly1 ,to ! advantage1 :i* we hope to reap f him by 8 g5]osity & lib]ality4 ,?irdly1 ,to ! pleasure & advantage1 :i* he himself reaps f 8 possessions1 & :i* produce an agreeable sympa?y 9 u4 ,:e!r we ascribe our e/eem ( ! ri* & great to "o or all ( ^! causes1 we may cle>ly see ! traces ( ^? pr9ciples1 :i* give rise to ! s5se ( vice & virtue4 ,i believe mo/ p1 at fir/ sight1 w be incl9$ to ascribe our e/eem ( ! ri* to self-int]e/1 & ! prospect ( advantage4 ,b z x is c]ta91 t our e/eem or def]5ce ext5ds beyond any prospect ( advantage to ourselves1 x is evid5t1 t t s5tim5t mu/ proce$ f a sympa?y ) ^?1 :o are dep5d5t on ! p]son we e/eem & respect1 & :o h an imm$iate connexion ) him4 ,we consid] him z a p]son capable ( contribut+ to ! happ9ess or enjoym5t ( 8 fell[-creatures1 ^: s5tim5ts1 ) reg>d to him1 we naturally embrace4 ,& ?is consid]ation w s]ve to ju/ify my hypo!sis 9 pref]r+ ! ?ird pr9ciple to ! o!r two1 & ascrib+ our e/eem ( ! ri* to a sympa?y ) ! pleasure & advantage1 :i* !y !mselves receive f _! possessions4 ,= z ev5 ! o!r two pr9ciples _c op]ate to a due ext5t1 or acc\nt = all ! pha5om5a1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to a sympa?y ( "o k9d or o!r2 x is mu* m natural to *use t sympa?y1 :i* is imm$iate & direct1 ?an t :i* is remote & indirect4 ,to :i* we may add1 t :]e ! ri*es or p[] are v great1 & r5d] ! p]son consid]able & important 9 ! _w1 ! e/eem att5d+ !m1 may1 9 "p1 be ascrib$ to ano!r s\rce1 di/9ct f ^! ?ree1 viz4 _! int]e/+ ! m9d by a prospect ( ! multitude1 & importance ( _! consequ5ces3 ,?\gh1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple1 we mu/ also h rec\rse to sympa?y2 z we h obs]v$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,x may n be amiss1 on ?is occasion1 to rem>k ! flexibility ( our s5tim5ts1 & ! sev]al *anges !y s readily receive f ! objects1 ) :i* !y are conjo9$4 ,all ! s5tim5ts ( approbation1 :i* att5d any p>ticul> species ( objects1 h a great resemblance to ea* o!r1 ?\gh d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? s5tim5ts1 :5 direct$ to diff]5t objects1 are diff]5t to ! feel+1 ?\gh d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,?us ! beauty ( all visible objects causes a pleasure pretty mu* ! same1 ?\gh x be sometimes d]iv$ f ! m]e species & appe>ance ( ! objects2 sometimes f sympa?y1 & an idea ( _! utility4 ,9 l mann]1 :5ev] we survey ! actions & *>act]s ( m51 )\t any p>ticul> int]e/ 9 !m1 ! pleasure1 or pa91 :i* arises f ! survey 7) "s m9ute diff]5ces7 is1 9 ! ma91 ( ! same k9d1 ?\gh p]haps !re be a great div]sity 9 ! causes1 f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a conv5i5t h\se1 & a virtu\s "*1 cause n ! same feel+ ( approbation2 ev5 ?\gh ! s\rce ( our approbation be ! same1 & fl[ f sympa?y & an idea ( _! utility4 ,!re is some?+ v inexplicable 9 ?is v>iation ( our feel+s2 b x is :at we h exp]i5ce ( ) reg>d to all our passions & s5tim5ts4 ,,sect4 ,,vi ,,conclusion ,,( ,,?is ,,book ,?us ^u ! :ole ,i am hopeful1 t no?+ is want+ to an accurate pro( ( ?is sy/em ( e?ics4 ,we are c]ta91 t sympa?y is a v p[]ful pr9ciple 9 human nature4 ,we are also c]ta91 t x has a great influ5ce on our s5se ( beauty1 :5 we reg>d ext]nal objects1 z well z :5 we judge ( morals4 ,we f9d1 t x has =ce suffici5t to give u ! /ronge/ s5tim5ts ( approbation1 :5 x op]ates alone1 )\t ! concurr5ce ( any o!r pr9ciple2 z 9 ! cases ( ju/ice1 allegiance1 *a/ity1 & good-mann]s4 ,we may obs]ve1 t all ! circum/ances requisite = its op]ation are f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! virtues2 :i* h1 = ! mo/ "p1 a t5d5cy to ! good ( society1 or to t ( ! p]son possess$ ( !m4 ,if we comp>e all ^! circum/ances1 we %all n d\bt1 t sympa?y is ! *ief s\rce ( moral di/9ctions2 especially :5 we reflect1 t no objection c be rais$ aga9/ ?is hypo!sis 9 "o case1 :i* w n ext5d to all cases4 ,ju/ice is c]ta9ly approv$ ( = no o!r reason1 ?an because x has a t5d5cy to ! public good3 ,& ! public good is indiff]5t to u1 except s f> z sympa?y int]e/s u 9 x4 ,we may presume ! l ) reg>d to all ! o!r virtues1 :i* h a l t5d5cy to ! public good4 ,!y mu/ d]ive all _! m]it f our sympa?y ) ^?1 :o reap any advantage f !m3 ,z ! virtues1 :i* h a t5d5cy to ! good ( ! p]son possess$ ( !m1 d]ive _! m]it f our sympa?y ) him4 ,mo/ p w readily all[1 t ! useful qualities ( ! m9d are virtu\s1 because ( _! utility4 ,?is way ( ?9k+ is s natural1 & occurs on s _m occasions1 t few w make any scruple ( admitt+ x4 ,n[ ?is be+ once admitt$1 ! =ce ( sympa?y mu/ necess>ily be ackn[l$g$4 ,virtue is consid]$ z means to an end4 ,means to an end are only valu$ s f> z ! end is valu$4 ,b ! happ9ess ( /rang]s affects u by sympa?y alone4 ,to t pr9ciple1 !re=e1 we are to ascribe ! s5tim5t ( approbation1 :i* arises f ! survey ( all ^? virtues1 t are useful to society1 or to ! p]son possess$ ( !m4 ,^! =m ! mo/ consid]able "p ( morality4 ,7 x prop] 9 su* a subject to bribe ! read]'s ass5t1 or employ any ?+ b solid argum5t1 we are "h abundantly suppli$ ) topics to engage ! affections4 ,all lov]s ( virtue 7& su* we all are 9 speculation1 h[ev] we may deg5]ate 9 practice7 mu/ c]ta9ly be pleas$ to see moral di/9ctions d]iv$ f s noble a s\rce1 :i* gives u a j notion bo? ( ! g5]osity & capacity ( human nature4 ,x requires b v little k ( human affairs to p]ceive1 t a s5se ( morals is a pr9ciple inh]5t 9 ! s\l1 & "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful t ent]s into ! composition4 ,b ?is s5se mu/ c]ta9ly acquire new =ce1 :5 reflect+ on itself1 x approves ( ^? pr9ciples1 f :5ce x is d]iv$1 & f9ds no?+ b :at is great & good 9 its rise & orig94 ,^? :o resolve ! s5se ( morals into orig9al in/9cts ( ! human m9d1 may def5d ! cause ( virtue ) suffici5t au?ority2 b want ! advantage1 :i* ^? possess1 :o acc\nt = t s5se by an ext5sive sympa?y ) mank9d4 ,accord+ to _! sy/em1 n only virtue mu/ be approv$ (1 b also ! s5se ( virtue3 ,& n only t s5se1 b also ! pr9ciples1 f :5ce x is d]iv$4 ,s t no?+ is pres5t$ on any side1 b :at is laudable & good4 ,?is obs]vation may be ext5d$ to ju/ice1 & ! o!r virtues ( t k9d4 ,?\gh ju/ice be artificial1 ! s5se ( its morality is natural4 ,x is ! comb9ation ( m51 9 a sy/em ( conduct1 :i* r5d]s any act ( ju/ice b5eficial to society4 ,b :5 once x has t t5d5cy1 we naturally approve ( x2 & if we did n s1 x is impossible any comb9ation or conv5tion c\ld ev] produce t s5tim5t4 ,mo/ ( ! inv5tions ( m5 are subject to *ange4 ,!y dep5d ^u hum\r & caprice4 ,!y h a vogue = a "t1 & !n s9k into oblivion4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be appreh5d$1 t if ju/ice 7 all[$ to be a human inv5tion1 x mu/ be plac$ on ! same foot+4 ,b ! cases are widely diff]5t4 ,! int]e/1 on :i* ju/ice is f\nd$1 is ! greate/ imag9able1 & ext5ds to all times & places4 ,x _c possibly be s]v$ by any o!r inv5tion4 ,x is obvi\s1 & discov]s itself on ! v fir/ =mation ( society4 ,all ^! causes r5d] ! rules ( ju/ice /$fa/ & immutable2 at lea/1 z immutable z human nature4 ,& if !y 7 f\nd$ on orig9al in/9cts1 c\ld !y h any great] /ability8 ,! same sy/em may help u to =m a j notion ( ! happ9ess1 z well z ( ! dignity ( virtue1 & may int]e/ e pr9ciple ( our nature 9 ! embrac+ & *]i%+ t noble quality4 ,:o inde$ does n feel an accession ( alacrity 9 8 pursuits ( k & ability ( e k9d1 :5 he consid]s1 t besides ! advantage1 :i* imm$iately result f ^! acquisitions1 !y also give him a new lu/re 9 ! eyes ( mank9d1 & are univ]sally att5d$ ) e/eem & approbation8 ,& :o c ?9k any advantages ( =tune a suffici5t comp5sation = ! lea/ brea* ( ! social virtues1 :5 he consid]s1 t n only 8 "* ) reg>d to o!rs1 b also 8 peace & inw>d satisfaction entirely dep5d ^u 8 /rict obs]vance ( !m2 & t a m9d w nev] be able to be> its own survey1 t has be5 want+ 9 its "p to mank9d & society8 ,b ,i =be> insi/+ on ?is subject4 ,su* reflections require a "w ap>t1 v diff]5t f ! g5ius ( ! pres5t4 ,! anatomi/ ought nev] to emulate ! pa9t]2 nor 9 8 accurate dissections & portraitures ( ! small] p>ts ( ! human body1 pret5d to give 8 figures any graceful & engag+ attitude or expression4 ,!re is ev5 some?+ hide\s1 or at lea/ m9ute 9 ! views ( ?+s1 :i* he pres5ts2 & x is necess>y ! objects %\ld be set m at a di/ance1 & be m cov]$ up f sight1 to make !m engag+ to ! eye & imag9ation4 ,an anatomi/1 h[ev]1 is admirably fitt$ to give advice to a pa9t]2 & x is ev5 impracticable to excel 9 ! latt] art1 )\t ! assi/ance ( ! =m]4 ,we mu/ h an exact k ( ! p>ts1 _! situation & connexion1 be=e we c design ) any elegance or correctness4 ,& ?us ! mo/ ab/ract speculations conc]n+ human nature1 h[ev] cold & un5t]ta9+1 become subs]vi5t to practical morality2 & may r5d] ?is latt] sci5ce m correct 9 its precepts1 & m p]suasive 9 its exhortations4 ,,app5dix ,!re is no?+ ,i w\ld m will+ly lay hold (1 ?an an opportunity ( confess+ my errors2 & %\ld e/eem su* a return to tru? & reason to be m hon\rable ?an ! mo/ un]r+ judgm5t4 ,a man1 :o is free f mi/akes1 c pret5d to no praises1 except f ! ju/ness ( 8 und]/&+3 ,b a man1 :o corrects 8 mi/akes1 %ews at once ! ju/ness ( 8 und]/&+1 & ! c&\r & +5uity ( 8 temp]4 ,i h n yet be5 s =tunate z to discov] any v consid]able mi/akes 9 ! reason+s deliv]$ 9 ! prec$+ volumes1 except on "o article3 ,b ,i h f\nd by exp]i5ce1 t "s ( my expressions h n be5 s well *os51 z to gu>d aga9/ all mi/akes 9 ! read]s2 & x is *iefly to rem$y ?is defect1 ,i h subjo9$ ! foll[+ app5dix4 ,we c nev] be induc$ to believe any matt] ( fact1 except :]e its cause1 or its effect1 is pres5t to u2 b :at ! nature is ( t belief1 :i* arises f ! relation ( cause & effect1 few h _h ! curiosity to ask !mselves4 ,9 my op9ion1 ?is dilemma is inevitable4 ,ei!r ! belief is "s new idea1 su* z t ( reality or exi/5ce1 :i* we jo9 to ! simple conception ( an object1 or x is m]ely a peculi> feel+ or s5tim5t4 ,t x is n a new idea1 annex$ to ! simple conception1 may be ev9c$ f ^! two argum5ts4 ,fir/1 ,we h no ab/ract idea ( exi/5ce1 di/+ui%able & sep>able f ! idea ( p>ticul> objects4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 t ?is idea ( exi/5ce c be annex$ to ! idea ( any object1 or =m ! diff]5ce betwixt a simple conception & belief4 ,secondly1 ,! m9d has ! comm& ov] all its ideas1 & c sep>ate1 unite1 mix1 & v>y !m1 z x pleases2 s t if belief consi/$ m]ely 9 a new idea1 annex$ to ! conception1 x w\ld be 9 a man's p[] to believe :at he pleas$4 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude1 t belief consi/s m]ely 9 a c]ta9 feel+ or s5tim5t2 9 some?+1 t dep5ds n on ! w1 b mu/ arise f c]ta9 det]m9ate causes & pr9ciples1 ( :i* we are n ma/]s4 ,:5 we are conv9c$ ( any matt] ( fact1 we d no?+ b conceive x1 along ) a c]ta9 feel+1 diff]5t f :at att5ds ! m]e rev]ies ( ! imag9ation4 ,& :5 we express our incr$ulity conc]n+ any fact1 we mean1 t ! argum5ts = ! fact produce n t feel+4 ,did n ! belief consi/ 9 a s5tim5t diff]5t f our m]e conception1 :atev] objects 7 pres5t$ by ! wilde/ imag9ation1 w\ld be on an equal foot+ ) ! mo/ e/abli%$ tru?s f\nd$ on hi/ory & exp]i5ce4 ,!re is no?+ b ! feel+1 or s5tim5t1 to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,?is1 !re=e1 be+ reg>d$ z an und\bt$ tru?1 t belief is no?+ b a peculi> feel+1 diff]5t f ! simple conception1 ! next "q1 t naturally occurs1 is1 :at is ! nature ( ?is feel+1 or s5tim5t1 & :e!r x be analog\s to any o!r s5tim5t ( ! human m9d8 ,?is "q is important4 ,= if x be n analog\s to any o!r s5tim5t1 we mu/ despair ( expla9+ its causes1 & mu/ consid] x z an orig9al pr9ciple ( ! human m9d4 ,if x be analog\s1 we may hope to expla9 its causes f analogy1 & trace x up to m g5]al pr9ciples4 ,n[ t !re is a great] firmness & solidity 9 ! conceptions1 :i* are ! objects ( conviction & assurance1 ?an 9 ! loose & indol5t rev]ies ( a ca/le-build]1 e "o w readily own4 ,!y /rike ^u u ) m =ce2 !y are m pres5t to u2 ! m9d has a firm] hold ( !m1 & is m actuat$ & mov$ by !m4 ,x acquiesces 9 !m2 &1 9 a mann]1 fixes & reposes itself on !m4 ,9 %ort1 !y approa* ne>] to ! impressions1 :i* are imm$iately pres5t to u2 & are !re=e analog\s to _m o!r op]ations ( ! m9d4 ,!re is n1 9 my op9ion1 any possibility ( evad+ ?is conclusion1 b by ass]t+1 t belief1 beside ! simple conception1 consi/s 9 "s impression or feel+1 di/+ui%able f ! conception4 ,x does n modify ! conception1 & r5d] x m pres5t & int5se3 ,x is only annex$ to x1 aft] ! same mann] t w & desire are annex$ to p>ticul> conceptions ( good & pleasure4 ,b ! foll[+ consid]ations w1 ,i hope1 be suffici5t to remove ?is hypo!sis4 ,fir/1 ,x is directly contr>y to exp]i5ce1 & our imm$iate consci\sness4 ,all m5 h ev] all[$ reason+ to be m]ely an op]ation ( our ?\ghts or ideas2 & h[ev] ^? ideas may be v>i$ to ! feel+1 !re is no?+ ev] ent]s into our conclusions b ideas1 or our fa9t] conceptions4 ,= in/ance2 ,i he> at pres5t a p]son's voice1 :om ,i am acqua9t$ )2 & ?is s\nd comes f ! next room4 ,?is impression ( my s5ses imm$iately conveys my ?\ghts to ! p]son1 along ) all ! surr\nd+ objects4 ,i pa9t !m out to myself z exi/5t at pres5t1 ) ! same qualities & relations1 t ,i =m]ly knew !m possess$ (4 ,^! ideas take fa/] hold ( my m9d1 ?an ! ideas ( an in*ant$ ca/le4 ,!y are diff]5t to ! feel+2 b !re is no di/9ct or sep>ate impression att5d+ !m4 ,x is ! same case :5 ,i recollect ! sev]al incid5ts ( a j\rney1 or ! ev5ts ( any hi/ory4 ,e p>ticul> fact is !re ! object ( belief4 ,its idea is modifi$ diff]5tly f ! loose rev]ies ( a ca/le-build]3 ,b no di/9ct impression att5ds e di/9ct idea1 or conception ( matt] ( fact4 ,?is is ! subject ( pla9 exp]i5ce4 ,if ev] ?is exp]i5ce c be disput$ on any occasion1 x is :5 ! m9d has be5 agitat$ ) d\bts & difficulties2 & aft]w>ds1 ^u tak+ ! object 9 a new po9t ( view1 or be+ pres5t$ ) a new argum5t1 fixes & reposes itself 9 "o settl$ conclusion & belief4 ,9 ?is case !re is a feel+ di/9ct & sep>ate f ! conception4 ,! passage f d\bt & agitation to tranquility & repose1 conveys a satisfaction & pleasure to ! m9d4 ,b take any o!r case4 ,suppose ,i see ! legs & ?ighs ( a p]son 9 motion1 :ile "s int]pos$ object conceals ! re/ ( 8 body4 ,"h x is c]ta91 ! imag9ation spreads out ! :ole figure4 ,i give him a head & %\ld]s1 & brea/ & neck4 ,^! memb]s ,i conceive & believe him to be possess$ (4 ,no?+ c be m evid5t1 ?an t ?is :ole op]ation is p]=m$ by ! ?\ght or imag9ation alone4 ,! transition is imm$iate4 ,! ideas pres5tly /rike u4 ,_! cu/om>y connexion ) ! pres5t impression1 v>ies !m & modifies !m 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 b produces no act ( ! m9d1 di/9ct f ?is peculi>ity ( conception4 ,let any "o exam9e 8 own m9d1 & he w evid5tly f9d ?is to be ! tru?4 ,secondly1 ,:atev] may be ! case1 ) reg>d to ?is di/9ct impression1 x mu/ be all[$1 t ! m9d has a firm] hold1 or m /eady conception ( :at x takes to be matt] ( fact1 ?an ( fictions4 ,:y !n look any f>!r1 or multiply suppositions )\t necessity8 ,?irdly1 ,we c expla9 ! causes ( ! firm conception1 b n ^? ( any sep>ate impression4 ,& n only s1 b ! causes ( ! firm conception exhau/ ! :ole subject1 & no?+ is left to produce any o!r effect4 ,an inf]5ce conc]n+ a matt] ( fact is no?+ b ! idea ( an object1 t is frequ5tly conjo9$1 or is associat$ ) a pres5t impression4 ,?is is ! :ole ( x4 ,e "p is requisite to expla91 f analogy1 ! m /eady conception2 & no?+ rema9s capable ( produc+ any di/9ct impression4 ,f\r?ly1 ,! effects ( belief1 9 influ5c+ ! passions & imag9ation1 c all be expla9$ f ! firm conception2 & !re is no occasion to h rec\rse to any o!r pr9ciple4 ,^! argum5ts1 ) _m o!rs1 enum]at$ 9 ! =ego+ volumes1 suffici5tly prove1 t belief only modifies ! idea or conception2 & r5d]s x diff]5t to ! feel+1 )\t produc+ any di/9ct impression4 ,?us ^u a g5]al view ( ! subject1 !re appe> to be two que/ions ( importance1 :i* we may v5ture to recomm5d to ! consid]ation ( philosoph]s1 ,:e!r !re be any ?+ to di/+ui% belief f ! simple conception beside ! feel+ ( s5tim5t8 ,&1 ,:e!r ?is feel+ be any ?+ b a firm] conception1 or a fa/] hold1 t we take ( ! object8 ,if1 ^u imp>tial enquiry1 ! same conclusion1 t ,i h =m$1 be ass5t$ to by philosoph]s1 ! next bus9ess is to exam9e ! analogy1 :i* !re is betwixt belief1 & o!r acts ( ! m9d1 & f9d ! cause ( ! firmness & /r5g? ( conception3 ,& ?is ,i d n e/eem a difficult task4 ,! transition f a pres5t impression1 always enliv5s & /r5g!ns any idea4 ,:5 any object is pres5t$1 ! idea ( its usual att5dant imm$iately /rikes u1 z some?+ real & solid4 ,x is felt1 r ?an conceiv$1 & approa*es ! impression1 f :i* x is d]iv$1 9 its =ce & influ5ce4 ,?is ,i h prov$ at l>ge4 ,i _c add any new argum5ts4 ,i _h ent]ta9$ "s hopes1 t h[ev] defici5t our !ory ( ! intellectual _w might be1 x w\ld be free f ^? contradictions1 & absurdities1 :i* seem to att5d e explication1 t human reason c give ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,b ^u a m /rict review ( ! section conc]n+ p]sonal id5tity1 ,i f9d myself involv$ 9 su* a labyr9?1 t1 ,i mu/ confess1 ,i nei!r "k h[ to correct my =m] op9ions1 nor h[ to r5d] !m consi/5t4 ,if ?is be n a good g5]al reason = scepticism1 x is at lea/ a suffici5t "o 7if ,i 7 n already abundantly suppli$7 = me to ent]ta9 a diffid5ce & mode/y 9 all my decisions4 ,i %all propose ! argum5ts on bo? sides1 beg9n+ ) ^? t induc$ me to d5y ! /rict & prop] id5tity & simplicity ( a self or ?9k+ be+4 ,:5 we talk ( self or sub/ance1 we mu/ h an idea annex$ to ^! t]ms1 o!rwise !y are altoge!r un9telligible4 ,e idea is d]iv$ f prec$+ impressions2 & we h no impression ( self or sub/ance1 z some?+ simple & individual4 ,we h1 !re=e1 no idea ( !m 9 t s5se4 ,:atev] is di/9ct1 is di/+ui%able2 & :atev] is di/+ui%able1 is sep>able by ! ?\ght or imag9ation4 ,all p]ceptions are di/9ct4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 di/+ui%able1 & sep>able1 & may be conceiv$ z sep>ately exi/5t1 & may exi/ sep>ately1 )\t any contradiction or absurdity4 ,:5 ,i view ?is table & t *imney1 no?+ is pres5t to me b p>ticul> p]ceptions1 :i* are ( a l nature ) all ! o!r p]ceptions4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( philosoph]s4 ,b ?is table1 :i* is pres5t to me1 & ! *imney1 may & d exi/ sep>ately4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ! vulg>1 & implies no contradiction4 ,!re is no contradiction1 !re=e1 9 ext5d+ ! same doctr9e to all ! p]ceptions4 ,9 g5]al1 ! foll[+ reason+ seems satisfactory4 ,all ideas are borr[$ f prec$+ p]ceptions4 ,our ideas ( objects1 !re=e1 are d]iv$ f t s\rce4 ,consequ5tly no proposition c be intelligible or consi/5t ) reg>d to objects1 :i* is n s ) reg>d to p]ceptions4 ,b x is intelligible & consi/5t to say1 t objects exi/ di/9ct & indep5d5t1 )\t any common simple sub/ance or subject ( inhesion4 ,?is proposition1 !re=e1 c nev] be absurd ) reg>d to p]ceptions4 ,:5 ,i turn my reflection on myself1 ,i nev] c p]ceive ?is self )\t "s "o or m p]ceptions2 nor c ,i ev] p]ceive any ?+ b ! p]ceptions4 ,x is ! composition ( ^!1 !re=e1 :i* =ms ! self4 ,we c conceive a ?9k+ be+ to h ei!r _m or few p]ceptions4 ,suppose ! m9d to be r$uc$ ev5 bel[ ! life ( an oy/]4 ,suppose x to h only "o p]ception1 z ( ?ir/ or hung]4 ,consid] x 9 t situation4 ,d y conceive any ?+ b m]ely t p]ception8 ,h y any notion ( self or sub/ance8 ,if n1 ! addition ( o!r p]ceptions c nev] give y t notion4 ,! annihilation1 :i* "s p suppose to foll[ ^u dea?1 & :i* entirely de/roys ?is self1 is no?+ b an ext9ction ( all p>ticul> p]ceptions2 love & hatr$1 pa9 & pleasure1 ?\ght & s5sation4 ,^! !re=e mu/ be ! same ) self2 s9ce ! "o _c survive ! o!r4 ,is self ! same ) sub/ance8 ,if x be1 h[ c t "q h place1 conc]n+ ! subsi/5ce ( self1 "u a *ange ( sub/ance8 ,if !y be di/9ct1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwixt !m8 ,= my "p1 ,i h a notion ( nei!r1 :5 conceiv$ di/9ct f p>ticul> p]ceptions4 ,philosoph]s beg9 to be reconcil$ to ! pr9ciple1 t we h no idea ( ext]nal sub/ance1 di/9ct f ! ideas ( p>ticul> qualities4 ,?is mu/ pave ! way = a l pr9ciple ) reg>d to ! m9d1 t we h no notion ( x1 di/9ct f ! p>ticul> p]ceptions4 ,s f> ,i seem to be att5d$ ) suffici5t evid5ce4 ,b hav+ ?us loos5$ all our p>ticul> p]ceptions1 :5 ,i proce$ to expla9 ! pr9ciple ( connexion1 :i* b9ds !m toge!r1 & makes u attribute to !m a real simplicity & id5tity2 ,i am s5sible1 t my acc\nt is v defective1 & t no?+ b ! seem+ evid5ce ( ! prec$5t reason+s c\ld h induc$ me to receive x4 ,if p]ceptions are di/9ct exi/5ces1 !y =m a :ole only by be+ connect$ toge!r4 ,b no connexions among di/9ct exi/5ces are ev] discov]able by human und]/&+4 ,we only feel a connexion or det]m9ation ( ! ?\ght1 to pass f "o object to ano!r4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! ?\ght alone f9ds p]sonal id5tity1 :5 reflect+ on ! tra9 ( pa/ p]ceptions1 t compose a m9d1 ! ideas ( !m are felt to be connect$ toge!r1 & naturally introduce ea* o!r4 ,h[ev] extraord9>y ?is conclusion may seem1 x ne$ n surprize u4 ,mo/ philosoph]s seem incl9$ to ?9k1 t p]sonal id5tity arises f consci\sness2 & consci\sness is no?+ b a reflect$ ?\ght or p]ception4 ,! pres5t philosophy1 !re=e1 has s f> a promis+ aspect4 ,b all my hopes vani%1 :5 ,i come to expla9 ! pr9ciples1 t unite our successive p]ceptions 9 our ?\ght or consci\sness4 ,i _c discov] any !ory1 :i* gives me satisfaction on ?is head4 ,9 %ort !re are two pr9ciples1 :i* ,i _c r5d] consi/5t2 nor is x 9 my p[] to r5\nce ei!r ( !m1 viz1 t all our di/9ct p]ceptions are di/9ct exi/5ces1 & t ! m9d nev] p]ceives any real connexion among di/9ct exi/5ces4 ,did our p]ceptions ei!r inh]e 9 some?+ simple & individual1 or did ! m9d p]ceive "s real connexion among !m1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 ! case4 ,= my "p1 ,i mu/ plead ! privilege ( a sceptic1 & confess1 t ?is difficulty is too h>d = my und]/&+4 ,i pret5d n1 h[ev]1 to pron\nce x absolutely insup]able4 ,o!rs1 p]haps1 or myself1 ^u m mature reflections1 may discov] "s hypo!sis1 t w reconcile ^? contradictions4 ,i %all also take ?is opportunity ( confess+ two o!r errors ( less importance1 :i* m mature reflection has discov]$ to me 9 my reason+4 ,! fir/ may be f\nd 9 ,vol4 ,i4 page #ajf4 :]e ,i say1 t ! di/ance betwixt two bodies is kn[n1 among o!r ?+s1 by ! angles1 :i* ! rays ( light fl[+ f ! bodies make ) ea* o!r4 ,x is c]ta91 t ^! angles are n kn[n to ! m9d1 & consequ5tly c nev] discov] ! di/ance4 ,! second error may be f\nd 9 ,vol4 ,i4 page #add :]e ,i say1 t two ideas ( ! same object c only be diff]5t by _! diff]5t degrees ( =ce & vivacity4 ,i believe !re are o!r diff]5ces among ideas1 :i* _c prop]ly be compreh5d$ "u ^! t]ms4 ,_h ,i said1 t two ideas ( ! same object c only be diff]5t by _! diff]5t feel+1 ,i %\ld h be5 ne>] ! tru?4