,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,copp] ,,& ,,brass ,,books ,,= ,,collectors ,) ,frontispieces & _m ,illu/rations4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,engli% ,,*9a4 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,furniture4 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,pr9ts4 7,h[ to collect & value ,old ,engrav+s47 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,co/ume4 ,by ,g4 ,woolliscr(t ,rhead4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,lace ,,& ,,ne$lework4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,l[es4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,ori5tal ,,*9a4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,black]4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,m9iatures4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,fo/]1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,engli% ,,e>!nw>e4 7,companion volume to ,*ats on ,engli% ,*9a47 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,autographs4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,broadley4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,pewt]4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,i4 ,mass1 ,m4,a4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,po/age ,,/amps4 ,by ,fr$4 ,j4 ,melville4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,jewell]y ,,& ,,tr9kets4 ,by ,mac,iver ,p]cival4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,cottage ,,& ,,f>mh\se ,,furniture4 7,companion volume to ,*ats on ,old ,furniture47 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,co9s4 ,by ,fr$4 ,w4 ,burgess4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,copp] ,,& ,,brass4 ,by ,fr$4 ,w4 ,burgess4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,h\sehold ,,curios4 ,by ,fr$4 ,w4 ,burgess4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,silv]4 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,japanese ,,pr9ts4 ,by ,ar?ur ,davison ,ficke4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,milit>y ,,curios4 ,by ,/anley ,c4 ,johnson4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,clocks ,,& ,,wat*es4 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,royal ,,cop5hag5 ,,porcela94 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,%effield ,,plate4 7,companion volume to ,*ats on ,old ,silv]47 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,engli% ,,draw+s4 ,by ,r&all ,davies4 ,,*ats ,,on ,,w$gwood ,,w>e4 ,by ,h>ry ,b>n>d4 ,,bye ,,pa?s ,,( ,,curio ,,collect+4 ,by ,ar?ur ,hayd54 ,) ,frontispiece & #gb ,full page ,illu/rations4 ,,london3 ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw91 ,,ltd4 ,,new ,,york3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,f9e ,,copp] ,,ew]4 7,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton47 ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,copp] ,,& ,,brass ,,by ,,fr$4 ,w4 ,,burgess ,,au?or ,,( ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,co9s1 ,,etc4 ,,) ,,frontispiece ,,& ,,illu/rations ,,f ,,photographs ,,& ,,wa% ,,draw+s ,t4 ,,fi%] ,,unw9 ,,ltd ,,london3 ,,adelphi ,,t]race ,fir/ ,publi%$ #aiad ,second ,impression #aibe 7,all rights res]v$7 ,,preface ,! collection ( old metal may at fir/ sight appe> a some:at unattractive hobby2 a mom5t's reflection1 h[ev]1 br+s to m9d ! wond]ful art treasures ( metal 9 our museums1 ga!r$ toge!r f _m p>ts ( ! _w2 n necess>ily ( ! preci\s metals1 = _m ( ! mo/ cunn+ly contriv$ objects ( antiqu>ian rese>* are ( copp] 9 "o or m ( its num]\s =ms ( alloy4 ,copp] is ! basis ( s _m alloys ( :i* metallic curios are =m$1 t 9 its comb9ation ) o!r metals x gives ! collector an almo/ inexhau/ible field ( rese>*4 ,x 0 ! metal ( ! anci5ts1 :i* 9 comb9ation ) t9 gave !m t useful metal ) :i* to fa%ion weapons ( (f5ce & def5ce1 & lat]1 z ! ,bronze ,age advanc$1 utilit>ian objects ( h\sehold economy4 ,collectors f9d ! ,age ( ,metals unfold+ z !y arrange _! collections ) ord]ly sequ5ce1 & !reby trace ! progress ( artific]s ?r\gh\t ! p]iods :i* h int]v5$ s9ce ! fir/ bronze celt 0 m\ld$ to ! pres5t day4 ,al?\gh ?is is ! ,age ( ,iron & ! num]\s mat]ials :i* metallurgical rese>* & sci5tific skill h produc$1 copp]1 & brass 9 its v>i$ =ms1 are /ill prom95t1 & ! almo/ inexhau/ible supply ( copp] ) :i* ,nature has provid$ u is /ill be+ drawn f4 ,9 ?is "w ! curios & arti/ic objects ( use & ornam5t :i* h come d[n to u1 contribut$ by craftsm5 ( _m ages & ( _m c\ntries1 are pass$ 9 review4 ,! object ( s do+ has be5 to awak5 /ill great] int]e/--if t is possible--9 ! collection ( copp] & brass1 & to pres]ve to futurity metal objects f :i* ! utilit>ian purpose ( _! manufacture is fa/ wan+--if n already gone4 ,al?\gh ! r>e/ & mo/ co/ly objects are to be f\nd 9 museums & ! gall]ies ( ! weal?y1 !re are _m /ill 9 ! homes ( ! p1 & !re are _m :o seek & obta9 pleasure & delight f ! collection ( ! curi\s & ! beautiful :o _c af=d ! unique specim5s :i* are s co/ly4 ,to su* ?is book %\ld appeal1 = ! descriptions & ! illu/rations h be5 drawn f _m s\rces1 & _! selection has by no means be5 conf9$ to ! r>] types4 ,! illu/rations are reproductions ( photographs :i* h be5 will+ly furni%$ by own]s ( collections & museum au?orities4 ,a l>ge numb]1 too1 h be5 specially drawn = ?is "w by my daught]1 ,miss ,e!l ,burgess4 ,i gratefully ackn[l$ge ! k9dness ( ^? :o h all[$ me to make use ( objects 9 _! collections4 ,i w\ld especially be> te/imony to ! c\rtesy ( ! ,directors ( ! ,briti% ,museum :o h au?oriz$ _! pr9t]s1 ,! ,univ]sity ,press1 ,ox=d1 to furni% blocks ( "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ metal objects 9 ! ,gall]ies4 ,! ,director ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum has grant$ facilities = ! reproduction ( "s ( ! beautiful metal-"w at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,my ?anks are especially due to ,mr4 ,guy ,lak+1 ,m4,v4,o41 ,f4,s4,a41 :o1 al?\gh 9 ! mid/ ( ! removal ( ! ,london ,museum f ,k5s+ton ,palace to its new home at ,/af=d ,h\se1 has k9dly suppli$ sev]al photographs ( sc>ce metal objects4 ,special draw+s h be5 made ( sev]al repres5tative objects 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum1 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! ,curator4 ,p]mission has be5 grant$ to reproduce photographs & illu/rations ( objects 9 sev]al ( ! m important prov9cial ,museums1 & 9 sev]al in/ances "s v int]e/+ in=mation has be5 giv5 by ! ,curators4 ,among o!rs ,i %\ld l to give ! names ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,r4 ,r[ley1 ,curator ( ! ,royal ,alb]t ,memorial ,museum at ,exet]2 ,mr4 ,t4 ,%epp>d1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,s4,a4,scot41 ,curator ( ! ,municipal ,museum1 ,hull2 ,dr4 ,hoyle1 ,director ( ! ,national ,museum ( ,wales1 ,c>diff2 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,*>lton ,deas1 ,f4,r4,hi/4,s41 ,director ( ! ,museum & ,art ,gall]y1 ,sund]l&2 ,mr4 ,?os4 ,midgley1 ,f4,r4,met4,s41 ,*adwick ,museum1 ,bolton2 ,mr4 ,r4 ,ra?bun1 ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 ,wa%+ton2 & ! ,t[n ,cl]k ( ,w9*e/]4 ,i am fur!r indebt$ to ,messrs4 ,gl5d9+ ,co41 ,ltd41 :o h giv5 me p]mission to reproduce "s beautiful ,ori5tal metal-"w :i* has rec5tly pass$ "u ! hamm] 9 _! ,london ,gall]ies2 also to ,messrs4 ,h]b]t ,b5ham ,co41 = a draw+ ( ! copp] ball & cross ( ,/4 ,paul's2 & to ,mr4 ,amor1 ( ,/4 ,james's1 ,s4,w41 ,! ,edw>d ,gall]y1 ( ,k+ ,/reet1 ,s4,w41 & ,mr4 ,*as4 ,wayte1 ( ,ed5bridge1 :o h giv5 me photographs ( r>e pieces ( art metal-"w4 ,i h endeav\r$ to refra9 f te*nicalities or dry descriptions2 b "s ( ! *apt]s h necess>ily a t\* ( ! work%op & ! f\ndry ab\t !m4 ,i c assure my read]s1 h[ev]1 t ! metallic r+ is insep>able f copp] & brass1 & t ! pleasures ( possession w be add$ to by ! bett] und]/&+ x w imp>t to ^? :o collect & admire simil> objects to ^? ref]r$ to 9 ?is "w4 ,,fr$4 ,w4 ,,burgess4 ,,london1 #aiad4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface #g ,,gloss>y #bc ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,metal ,,& ,,its ,,alloys #ce ,anci5t bronze--,! bronzes ( ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,ea/]n nations--,copp] = enamels--,! brass ( comm]ce--,bell metal--,! s\rces ( copp]--,! mak+ ( brass--,copp] z an alloy--,! *>act]i/ics ( metal4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,hunt+ ,,gr\nd #ea ,9 buri$ cities--,turn$ up by ! pl\gh--,among ,saxon & ,norman rema9s--,9 hidd5 *amb]s--,9 local museums--,deal]s' %ops--,! engrav]'s art4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,prehi/oric ,,bronzes4 #fc ,! dawn ( progress--,london relics--,! beauty ( anci5t art--,! useful bronzes1 ! prototypes ( lat] brasses--,! =g] at "w4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,curios #gg ,grecian bronzes--,relics ( ,roman occupation--,int]e/+ toilet requisites--,artificial light+--,/atues & monum5ts--,romano-,briti% art--,a well-/ag$ exhibit4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,m$i,,val ,,antiquities #ic ,dome/ic brasswork--,metal signs & badges--,ornam5tal tr9kets--,arms & arm\r4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,lat] ,,metal-,,"w #aaa ,! influ5ce ( ! ,guilds--,ar*itectural metal-"w--,! door knock]--,int]ior metal-"w4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,*ur* ,,brasswork #acc ,c&le/icks--,alt> brasses--,metal ar*itectural ornam5t--,memorial brasses4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,dome/ic ,,ut5sils #aec ,! kit*5--,! h\seplace--,*imney & o!r ornam5ts--,classifi$ arrangem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,c&le/icks ,,& ,,lamps #aic ,fire-mak+ app>atus--,c&les & c&le/icks--,oil lamps & lant]ns4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,bells ,,& ,,bell-,,metal ,,ca/+s #bae ,! f\nd]s' secrets--,great bells ( hi/oric fame--,! uses ( bells--,old mort>s4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,civic ,,emblems ,,& ,,weights ,,& ,,measures #bbi ,! anci5t horn--,! badge ( (fice--,weigh+ in/rum5ts--,measures 9 ,exet] ,museum--,our /&>ds4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,bronzes ,,& ,,_! ,,replicas #bdg ,e>ly figure modell+--,/atues 9 public places--,replicas 9 m9iature4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,ori5tal ,,bronzes ,,& ,,brasses #bfa ,c\ntries ( orig9--,h[ "s ,ori5tal curios are d]iv$--,a weal? ( metal on view--,v>i\s ,indian w>es--,*9ese & ,japanese art4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,idols ,,& ,,temple ,,relics #bhi ,v>i$ %r9es & _m idols--,indian idols--,temple vases & ornam5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,native ,,metal-,,"w #cjc ,outside influ5ces--,b59 bronzes--,o!r ,african curios4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,cont95tal ,,copp] ,,& ,,brass #cac ,italian bronzes--,fr5* art--,dut* brasswork--,g]man metal-"w4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,sundials1 ,,clocks1 ,,& ,,brass ,,in/rum5ts #cbg ,! my/]y ( diall+--,"s old dials--,antique clocks--,old wat*es--,! wea!r--,sci5tific in/rum5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,enamels ,,on ,,copp] #cdg ,processes ( enamell+--,*9ese & ,japanese enamels--,briti% enamels4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,miscellane\s ,,metal ,,curios #cfa ,tobacco-boxes & pipe-/opp]s--,snuff-boxes--,h&les & h&le-plates--,horse-trapp+s--,w> relics--,t9y curios--,replicas4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,wr9kles ,,= ,,collectors #che ,clean+ copp] & brass--,lacqu]+ metal--,poli%+ brass--,re/or+ antique f9i%es--,us+ ! burni%]--,brass rubb+s4 ,,index #cie ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 #a4 ,,f9e ,,copp] ,,ew] ,frontispiece ,,page #b4 7#a7 ,,bronze ,,buckl] ,,f ,,! ,,?ames ,,valley #ci #c4 7#b7 ,,ano!r ,,buckl] ,,f ,,ab]y/wy? #ci #d4 ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,ho>d ,,( ,,implem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,late ,,bronze ,,age1 ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,k+',s ,,co41 ,,irel& #ee #e4 7#a7 ,,bronze ,,caldron #fg #f4 7#b7 ,,urn ,,( ,,! ,,lat] ,,bronze ,,age #fg #g4 ,,bronze ,,saucepan ,,) ,,foliat$ ,,h&le #he #h4 ,,ew] ,,( ,,hamm]$ ,,copp] #he #i4 ,,lamp ,,( ,,ca/ ,,bronze #he #aj4 ,,lamp ,,( ,,brass ,,inlaid ,,) ,,copp] #he #aa4 ,,brass ,,aquamanile 7,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury7 #ii #ab4 ,,brass ,,c\vre ,,de ,,feu1 ,a ,,r>e ,,e>ly ,,piece #aac #ac4 ,,copp] ,,vane ,,on ,,bill+sgate ,,fi% ,,m>ket #aai #ad4 ,,! ,,city ,,dragon ,,z ,a ,,wea!r-,,vane #aai #ae4 ,,copp] ,,cock ,,vane1 ,,"o ,,( ,,f\r ,,on ,,smi?field ,,m>ket #aai #af4 ,,bronze ,,knock] ,,( ,,! ,,armorial ,,type #abi #ag4 ,,brass ,,drop ,,knock] ,,9 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,a ,,dolph9 #abi #ah4 ,,brass ,,well ,,bucket #abi #ai4 ,,curi\s ,,d\ble ,,c&le/ick #ace #bj4 ,,v5etian ,,c&elabrum 7,,"o ,,( ,a ,,pair7 #ada #ba4 ,,bronze ,,inc5se ,,burn] ,,& ,,inc5se ,,boat #ade #bb4 ,,! ,,copp]-,,gilt ,,cross ,,on ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,ca!dral #adi #bc4 ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,room ,,9 ,,! ,,london ,,museum #aeg #bd4 ,,bronze ,,caldron ,,9 ,,tr9ity ,,hospital1 ,,leice/] #afa #be4 ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,brass ,,pan #afe #bf4 ,,brass ,,tripod ,,pot #afe #bg4 ,,caldron ,,( ,,ca/ ,,brass #afe #bh4 ,,brass ,,cook+ ,,vessel ,,) ,,curv$ ,,h&le #afe #bi4 ,,skillet 7,,brass71 ,,! ,,h&le ,,( ,,:i* ,,is ,,engrav$ ,,) ,,! ,,motto ,,pitty ,,! ,,pore #afi #cj ,,& #ca4 ,,bronze ,,cook+ ,,vessels1 ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury #afi #cb ,,& #cc4 ,,copp] ,,wat] ,,jug ,,& ,,wat] ,,pot #agc #cd4 ,,copp] ,,wat] ,,jug ,,& ,,cov] #agc #ce4 ,,brass ,,two-,,h&l$ ,,wat] ,,vessel #agc #cf4 ,a ,,f9ely-,,pi]c$ ,,brass ,,trivet1 ,,dat$ #affh #agg #cg4 ,,brass-,,topp$ ,,trivet1 ,,) ,,additional ,,leg ,,/ay #agg #ch4 ,,brass-,,topp$ ,,trivet1 ,,) ,,turn$ ,,wood ,,h&le #agg #ci4 ,,copp] ,,helmet-,,%ap$ ,,coal-,,box #aha #dj4 ,,brass ,,foot-,,w>m] ,,) ,,bail ,,h&le #ahe #da ,,& #db4 ,,e>ly ,,brass ,,or ,,bronze ,,h&-,,w>m]1 ,,%[n ,,op5 ,,& ,,clos$ #ahe #dc ,,& #dd4 ,,brass ,,*imney ,,ornam5ts 7,,"o ,,ea* ,,( ,,pairs7 #ahi #de4 ,,brass ,,horse1 ,a ,,*imney ,,or ,,hob-,,grate ,,ornam5t #ahi #df4 ,a ,,two-,,tube ,,c&le ,,m\ld #aig #dg4 ,,two ,,types ,,( ,,e>ly ,,pricket ,,c&le/icks #aig #dh4 ,,pair ,,( ,,c&elabrum ,,( ,,e>ly ,,type 7,,c5tral ,,figure7 ,,& ,,two ,,old ,,oil ,,lamps #bja #di4 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,r>e ,,c&le/icks1 ,,alms-,,di%1 ,,& ,,ew]s #bje #ej4 ,,e>ly ,,bronze ,,lamp #bji #ea4 ,,old ,,brass ,,lant]n #bac #eb4 ,,bell ,,ca/ ,,by ,,john ,,p5n+ton ,,at ,,exet] ,,9 #afgj #bbc #ec4 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,bell-,,metal ,,mort>s #bbc #ed4 ,,an ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,flag/aff ,,head ,,( ,,brass1 ,,orig9ally ,,gilt #bcc #ee4 ,,! ,,w9*e/] ,,moot ,,horn #bcc #ef4 ,,! ,,w9*e/] ,,bu%el 7,,/&>d ,,measure7 #bcg #eg4 ,,old ,,measures ,,bas$ ,,on ,,! ,,w9*e/] ,,/&>d #bcg #eh4 ,a ,,p9t ,,measure ,,( ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,elizabe? #bdc #ei4 ,a ,,w9*e/] ,,p9t ,,( ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,que5 ,,anne #bdc #fj4 ,,old ,,fr5* ,,weights #bdc #fa4 ,,bronze ,,tig]1 ,,by ,,anto9e ,,l\is ,,b>ye #bea #fb4 ,,bronze ,,lion1 ,,by ,,b>ye #bee #fc4 ,,bronze ,,/ag1 ,,by ,,b>ye #bei #fd4 ,,c(fee-,,pot ,,( ,,hamm]$ ,,copp] ,,f ,,syria #bfe #fe4 ,,s>ac5ic ,,decorat$ ,,brass ,,bas9 #bfi #ff4 ,,japanese ,,kettle 7,,yuwaka%i7 #bge #fg4 ,,pair ,,( ,,vases ,,( ,,r$-,,br[n ,,copp]1 ,,reliev$ ,,) ,,black ,,lac1 ,,f ,,moradabad #bge #fh4 ,,bronze ,,figure 7,,"o ,,( ,a ,,pair7 ,,inlaid ,,) ,,silv] ,,& ,,gold #bhe #fi4 ,,amida 7,,indian ,,idol7 #bia #gj4 ,a ,,blue ,,t>a 7,,indian ,,idol7 #bia #ga4 ,,amitayus 7,,indian ,,idol7 #bia #gb4 ,,vajra ,,dh>ma 7,,indian ,,idol7 #bia #gc4 ,,amitayus 7,,indian ,,idol7 #bia #gd4 ,,japanese ,,pricket ,,c&le/ick ,,9 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,crane ,,& ,,tortoise #bie #ge4 ,,japanese ,,ritual ,,vase #bii #gf4 ,,small ,,two-,,h&l$ ,,ritual ,,vase #bii #gg4 ,,circul> ,,vase ,,on ,,/& #bii #gh4 ,,bronze ,,ovi=m ,,ew] #cae #gi4 ,,brass ,,ew] ,,) ,,arti/ic ,,h&le #cae #hj4 ,,dut* ,,ornam5tal ,,brass ,,ci/]n #cbc #ha4 ,,fr5* ,,ew] ,,or ,,tank>d ,,) ,,fancy ,,h&le #cbc #hb4 ,,fr5* ,,ew] ,,) ,,grotesque ,,m\? 7,,sixte5? ,,c5tury7 #cbc #hc4 ,,e>ly ,,dials--,,on ,,! ,,left ,,an ,,armill>y ,,dial2 ,,9 ,,! ,,c5tre ,,pill> ,,dial2 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,a ,,r+ ,,dial #cca #hd4 ,,curi\s ,,old ,,microscope1 ,,made ,,9 #aghj #cca #he4 ,,engrav$ ,,pocket ,,clock #ccg #hf4 ,a ,,h&some ,,bronze ,,b>omet] #cdc #hg4 ,,b[l ,,( ,,! ,,m+ ,,p]iod #cec #hh4 ,,box ,,( ,,pek9 ,,enamel #cec #hi4 ,,m+ ,,b[l #cec #ij4 ,,f9e ,,alt> ,,set ,,( ,,cloisonn ,,enamels 7,,*',,i5 ,,lung ,,p]iod7 #cei #ia4 ,,collection ,,( ,,brass ,,amulets 7,,h>ness ,,brasses7 #cga ,,gloss>y ,,gloss>y ,a/rolabe4--,! a/rolabe is an in/rum5t :i* 0 l>gely us$ 9 tak+ ! altitude ( ! sun or />s at sea4 ,x 0 well kn[n to ! ,greeks1 & takes its names f two ,greek words1 mean+ a /> & to take4 ,p]fect$ by ! ,arabs1 ! in/rum5t 0 introduc$ into ,europe ab\t ! t5? c5tury4 ,x is said t ! mo/ fam\s examples are to be se5 9 ! museums at ,madrid & ,flor5ce4 ,!re is "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* 0 made = ,h5ry1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 9 #aegd4 ,b>r[4--,m\nds 9 :i* bronze celts1 knives1 spe>-heads1 & food receptacles are f\nd along ) ! rema9s ( *iefta9s & o!rs ( ! prehi/oric peoples once inhabit+ ?is c\ntry4 ,! t]m b>r[ orig9ally d5ot$ a little hill4 ,r\nd b>r[s are ! mo/ common =m1 al?\gh "s are oval & "s ( ! long b>r[ type4 ,! me?ods ( burial diff]$1 b 9 mo/ in/ances implem5ts ( /one or bronze z well z vessels ( pott]y & "s tr9kets belong+ to ! dead 7 usually plac$ ne> to ! body4 ,betel-,nut ,boxes4--,! beautifully ornate boxes1 *iefly f\nd 9 ,india1 made = hold+ ! betel-nut & ! %ell lime us$ by ! natives :o *ew ! leaves & nut ( ! areca palm4 ,bidri ,metal4--,! metal objects kn[n z bidri are made ( an alloy ( copp]-z9c & lead1 damasc5$ ) silv]1 %[+ a peculi>ly /rik+ contra/ 9 black & :ite4 ,! villages r\nd ,luckn[ are fam\s = ?is curi\s & effective inlaid metal "w4 ,brass4--,an alloy ( copp] & z9c4 ,e>ly brass 0 copp] mix$ ) calam9e melt$ 9 a crucible4 ,! anci5t =m ( alloy$ metal employ$ by ! ,romans 0 copp] & t91 :i*1 al?\gh frequ5tly t]m$ brass is m correctly def9$ z bronze 7see ,bronze74 ,! great] ! proportion ( z9c ! light] ! col\r2 b ! addition ( an extra quantity ( z9c r$uc$ ! t5acity & ductility ( ! metal4 ,brasses4--,! t]m brasses is appli$ 79 antiqu>ian & curio metallurgy7 to ! monum5tal brasses :i* z e>ly z ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury replac$ ! old] effigies1 su* z ^? ( ! ,crusad]s1 :i* may be se5 9 ! ,temple ,*ur*1 9 ,london4 ,! brasses1 ( :i* _m rubb+s h be5 tak51 include ! l>ge brasses1 cov]+ ne>ly ! :ole ( _! tomb flag1 & ! small brasses on :i* 7 engrav$ emblems1 escut*eons1 & inscriptions1 inset into l>ge slabs ( m>ble or /one1 ornam5t+ r ?an con/itut+ ! cov]+ ( tombs4 ,brazi]4--,prim>ily a pan = hold+ burn+ coals4 ,! brazi] 0 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies a dome/ic appliance = keep+ hot di%es = ! table1 "s v int]e/+ examples ( an ornam5tal "*1 d\btless us$ = t purpose1 be+ ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! brazi]1 s call$ to-day1 is a tripod op5 fire *iefly us$ out ( doors 9 "s op5 space4 ,bronze4--,! bronze ( ! anci5ts consi/$ *iefly ( pure copp] & an alloy ( t94 ,9 ^? v e>ly days ! comp\nd+ & mix+ ( ! metals mu/ h be5 done l>gely by exp]i5ce & rule ( ?umb4 ,x 0 be=e ! days ( metallurgical rese>* & be=e ! *emi/ry ( metals 0 und]/ood4 ,z yet !re 0 no =mula4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! prop] nom5clature ( metals has nev] be5 =mulat$1 & bronze is ! t]m /ill appli$ 9 a v haphaz>d way to v>i\s alloys4 ,q rec5tly a v able lecture 0 deliv]$ by ,dr4 ,ros5ha91 ( ! ,national ,physical ,laboratory1 on ! ,nom5clature ( ,alloys at a meet+ ( ! ,birm+ham ,section ( ! ,in/itute ( ,metals4 ,e "o1 he told u1 describ$ metals at 8 own sweet w1 & = ! mo/ "p by mislead+ t]ms4 ,he sugge/$ 9 ref]5ce to copp]-bronze alloys t copp]-z9c might d5ote an alloy ) m copp] ?an z9c 9 x1 & z9c-copp] :5 ! =m] metal 0 pres5t 9 a great] degree4 ,he ?\ght t9-copp] w\ld s]ve z a fairly wide def9ition ( mod]n bronze4 ,9 su* bronzes alum9ium is n[ g5]ally add$4 ,o!r sci5ti/s h sugge/$ ! def9ition ( bronze by *emical num]als1 !reby indicat+ _! cont5ts ) m exactitude4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! t]m bronze is v ela/ic4 ,buckl]4--,! old ,engli% "n bocl] d5ot$ a %ield ) a boss4 ,x 0 worn on ! left arm2 us$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages to p>ry bl[s r ?an int5d$ to act z a cov] = ! body l ! l>g] & m cumbr\s %ields4 ,*attie or ,*atty4--,a por\s e>!nw>e vessel us$ 9 ,india = cool+ wat] & o!r purposes4 ,*auff]ette4--,a sph]ical metal vessel 9 ! int]ior ( :i* 0 a small *a91 f :i* 0 susp5d$ a cup 9 :i* c\ld be plac$ a piece ( r$-hot metal or *>coal4 ,x 0 usually a h&-w>m]2 "s *auff]ettes1 h[ev]1 7 l>g]1 almo/ l small /oves4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f a table /ove or small furnace1 lit]ally a cyl9drical box ( %eet-iron1 ! ^w com+ f ! ,fr5* *auff]1 to heat4 ,circe-,p]du ,process4--,! ,japanese h be5 wond]fully clev] 9 _! manipulation ( metals1 especially consid]+ ! v primitive appliances !y us$ 9 ! e>ly days4 ,"s ( _! mo/ rem>kably intricate bronzes 7 fa%ion$ & modell$ 9 wax1 delicately tool$1 h>d5$ a little1 & !n cov]$ ov] ) lay]s ( f9e clay until ! m\ld became /rong en\gh4 ,! clay m\ld :5 dri$ 0 heat$ until ! wax ran out1 leav+ a smoo? & beautifully f9i%$ m\ld 9 :i* ! bronze metal c\ld be p\r$1 ! clay be+ brok5 away :5 x 0 cold4 ,great skill & at ! same "t mu* pati5ce 7 ne$$ to produce su* *>m+ effects4 ,! bronzes ( old ,japan 7 frequ5tly inlaid ) f9e & delicate trac]y 9 silv] & gold4 ,up to comp>atively rec5t times beautifully modell$ ornam5ts 7 fa%ion$ by su* labori\s processes1 & ev5 n[ by m mod]n me?ods mu* lab\r is exp5d$ on _! production4 ,c\nt]s4--,c\nt]s h be5 us$ 9 c>d games f q e>ly times4 ,!y 7 frequ5tly ( engrav$ metal4 ,9 ! reign ( ,james ,i41 we are told by ,horace ,walpole1 "o ,ni*olas ,hilli>d 0 lic5s$ = twelve ye>s to engrave c>d c\nt]s on :i* 0 ! ,royal portrait4 ,9 lat] reigns simil> c\nt]s 7 s engrav$4 ,^? ( ! "t ( ,que5 ,anne bore a great resemblance to ! obv]se ( ! !n curr5t co9s4 ,sets ( c\nt]s 7 frequ5tly suppli$ 9 metal boxes1 ! ext]iors ( :i* 7 (t5 decorat$ by engrav+s4 ,x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood t metal c>d-c\nt]s--old & mod]n--are q di/9ct f comm]cial c\nt]s or jettons4 ,c\vre de ,feu4--,! ,fr5* t]m1 lit]ally1 cov] ( ! fire1 became ! "n ( ! metal %ield or cov] ) :i* ! fire 0 %ut d[n 9 ! days ( ! ,norman k+s4 ,f ! same root t]m ! ,engli% curfew is d]iv$4 ,x 0 ! curfew bell t s\nd$ ! signal = ! c\vre de feu to be br\ght out & lights & fires to be ext+ui%$4 ,^! metal plates1 s frequ5tly engrav$ all ov]1 are among ! r>ities ( dome/ic curios 7see p4 #aac74 ,damasc5e4--,! process ( inlay+ /eel or o!r metal "w ) silv] or gold beat5 into ! incis$ metal4 ,to damasc5e 7also spell$ damask57 0 a process fir/ emanat+ f ,damascus--h5ce its "n4 ,diall+4--,a dial plate is made by fix+ to a flat surface a /ile or gnomon1 :i* =ms ) ! horizon an angle equal to ! latitude ( ! place 9 :i* x is to be us$4 ,:5 ! gnomon is 9 position a l9e is drawn ^u ! surface ( ! plate s t ! %ad[ ( ! /ile falls exactly ^u x at noonday1 ! plane ?r\gh ! /ile & ! sun co9cid+ ) ! m]idian4 ,x _c be too cle>ly und]/ood by us]s ( old sundials t dial plates us$ 9 any o!r latitude ?an t = :i* !y 7 con/ruct$ mu/ necess>ily be inaccurate4 ,emb] ,tongs4--,^! little tongs 7 =m]ly us$ to take up ! hot emb]s f among ! a%es ( a dy+ fire4 ,!y 7 con/antly 9 use 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 _m be+ decorative1 ! h&les (t5 be+ fa%ion$ to s]ve ! purpose ( a pipe /opp]4 ,enamels4--,! enamels appli$ to copp] or brass are glass col\r$ ) oxides ( metals1 produc+ blue1 gre51 violet1 r$1 & o!r %ades4 ,^! :5 fus$ adh]e to ! metal surface & are v la/+4 ,v>i\s processes h be5 adopt$1 especially 9 ! f9e arts4 ,! pr9cipal old] processes are *amplev1 cloisonn1 & ,limoges4 ,9 ! fir/ nam$ ! spaces to be fill$ 9 ) enamels are cut into ! metal f\ndation2 !n1 :5 ! enamels h be5 fir$1 !y are rubb$ d[n & poli%$4 ,! cloisonn process1 *iefly practis$ 9 ! ,ea/1 consi/s ( small cells or cloisons =m$ ( wire fill$ ) ! requisite col\rs4 ,limoges enamels1 ! f9e/ p]iod ( :i* is plac$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 7 =m$ by a gr\nd ( enamel pa9t$ ov]1 *iefly ) classical subjects4 ,opaque enamels on1 usually1 a convex copp] disc or plate1 7 ! "w ( lat] craftsm54 ,at ,batt]sea & ,bil/on 9 ,engl&1 t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 _m small boxes & tr9kets 7see p4 #cef7 7 produc$4 ,! enamels ( rec5t date appli$ to utilit>ian objects & cook+ vessels are seldom fix$ ^u a gr\nd-"w ( copp]--iron or /eel be+ ! usual base4 ,9 jewelry & small tr9kets enamell+ on copp] is /ill practis$1 _m su* objects be+ ( ,ori5tal orig94 ,fibula4--,a small broo* or buckle4 ,_m ( ! beautifully fa%ion$ fibul h be5 f\nd among ! rema9s ( ,roman ,london1 a l>ge numb] be+ on view 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum4 ,gipci]e4--,a k9d ( p\* =m]ly worn at ! girdle1 an e>ly type ( purse4 ,! "n is sometimes spell$ gips]4 ,hookah4--,! "n giv5 to ! bottle ?r\gh :i* tobacco smoke is pass$4 ,9 smok+ ) a hookah ! smoke is cool$ by be+ made to pass ?r\gh wat]4 ,latt54--,! "n is prim>ily d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! mat]ial--?9 %eets4 ,! brass or latt5 brass 0 =m]ly us$ *iefly = mak+ *ur* ut5sils4 ,black latt5 consi/s ( mill$ %eets ( brass1 compos$ ( copp] & z9c2 roll latt51 ( metal poli%$ on bo? sides2 & :ite latt5 ( brass & t94 ,me&]4--,a t]m appli$ to ! decorations on ,japanese & o!r bronzes4 ,to w9d1 to twi/1 me&]+ l ! w9d+ riv] ,mae&]1 9 ,phrygia1 f :i* ! prov]bial t]m is d]iv$4 ,mirrors ( ,bronze4--,! bronze mirrors ( ! ,romans 7 giv5 _! reflective p[] by us+ an alloy ( antimony & lead1 a comb9$ metal :i* took a highly reflective poli%2 ! backs1 h&les1 & frames 7 ( bronze4 ,mort>s4--,mort>s su* z ^? ref]r$ to on p4 #bbf ) accompany+ pe/les1 7 commonly 9 dome/ic use f ! sixte5? to ! eighte5? c5turies4 ,9 lat] ye>s !y 7 employ$ *iefly 9 ! prep>ation ( drugs1 b m rec5tly !y h be5 sup]s$$ by ! mod]n way ( prep>+ spices & o!r comp\nds by ma*9]y4 ,! =m ( ! vessel may be describ$ z an inv]t$ bell1 ! sub/ances !re9 be+ p\nd$ or rubb$ ) ! pe/le4 ,pat9a4--,a t]m expressive ( ! col\r or encru/ation :i* is imp>t$ to works ( art by age4 ,x is us$ *iefly 9 ref]5ce to ! beautiful gre5 =mation :i* cov]s anci5t bronzes1 %ad+ f light gre5 to deep br[n4 ,?is cru/ation consi/s ( basic copp] c>bonate1 ! result ( exposure to ! air4 ,x is *iefly f\nd on bronzes1 ! alloy ( :i* is mo/ly ( t9 & v little z9c4 ,! pat9a or pat9e is also ! "n giv5 by ! ,romans to a %all[ bas9 us$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,pilgrims' ,signs4--,! symbols or signs worn by pilgrims :5 visit+ "o or o!r ( ! fam\s %r9es 9 ?is c\ntry 9 m$ival days 7 di/9ct f ! cre/s or badges ( weal?y patrons :i* 7 at "o "t worn pretty g5]ally z indicat+ on ^: s]vice ! j\rney !y 7 mak+ 0 be+ p]=m$4 ,pilgrims' signs 7 worn on ! outw>d j\rney *iefly z protective amulets2 on ! return j\rney mo/ly z pro( ( ! pilgrimage1 su* signs be+ pur*as$ at or ne> ! %r9es to :i* homage _h be5 paid4 ,! *ief %r9es 9 ?is c\ntry 7 ^? ( ,/4 ,?omas ,becket at ,cant]bury1 & ,wals+ham ,priory 9 ,norfolk1 :]e ,our ,lady ( ,wals+ham 0 held 9 high repute4 ,wea!r-,vane4--,! vane d5otes any flat surface atta*$ to an axis & mov$ by ! w9d1 usually appli$ to "s elevat$ object = ! purpose ( tell+ :i* way ! w9d bl[s4 ,a /rip ( metal cut to "s fanciful =m & plac$ ^u a p]p5dicul> axis ar\nd :i* x moves easily4 ,i ,,! ,,metal ,,& ,,its ,,alloys ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,metal ,,& ,,its ,,alloys ,anci5t bronze--,! bronzes ( ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,ea/]n nations--,copp] = enamels--,! brass ( comm]ce--,bell metal--,! s\rces ( copp]--,! mak+ ( brass--,copp] z an alloy--,! *>act]i/ics ( metals4 ,! copp]smi? has tak5 a prom95t place among ! craftsm5 ( all nations1 & at all p]iods1 & 9 n a few in/ances he has be5 ackn[l$g$ z an arti/ ( no mean ord]4 ,! mat]ial ^u :i* he has work$ has be5 copp] & its alloys & comp\nds4 ,f ?is metal h be5 produc$ _m valuable antiques1 & among ! "w ( ! copp]smi? ( m rec5t days !re are objects ( int5se int]e/ & ( great beauty4 ,9 ?is "w _m collectable objects h be5 classifi$1 & 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps ( metal-"w ref]r$ to att5tion is drawn to ^! beautiful & sometimes qua9t rem9d]s ( pa/ g5]ations1 & also to "s ( ! mo/ notable non-collectable metal-"w :i* may be se5 & admir$ 9 museums & art gall]ies1 & to a few ( ! copp] monum5ts1 memorials1 & hi/oric relics :i* are gaz$ at by ! curi\s1 (t5times )\t ?\ght ( ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,anci5t ,bronze4 ,! raw mat]ial1 copp]1 smelt$ & beat5 or p\r$ f a crucible into m\lds1 0 9 m anci5t times us$ 9 its unalloy$ purity--& x is /ill us$ 9 t /ate4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 soon discov]$ t copp] might be improv$ = _m purposes by mix+ ) x o!r metals possess+ diff]5t prop]ties4 ,! prehi/oric peoples :o liv$ 9 ,brita91 & 9 o!r c\ntries )9 rea*1 soon add$ t91 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,cornwall q ne> to ! surface1 & 0 f e>ly times sold to ,pho5ician trad]s1 !reby produc+ bronze4 ,x is ( ?is metal t mo/ ( ! mu* valu$ curios ( ! s-call$ ,bronze ,age are made4 ,^? :o fa%ion$ !m 7 clev] manipulators ( ! alloy$ metal1 & by processes n[ little und]/ood 7 able to temp] tools & weapons & to give !m ke5-cutt+ edges4 ,our museums are full ( spe>-heads1 celts1 axes1 & pal/aves ( bronze1 :i* 7 ca/ 9 m\lds ( /one cut to ! requir$ %apes by ^? primitive work]s 9 metal1 :o us$ simple crucibles 9 :i* x 0 melt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b 7#a74--;,,bronze ,,buckl] ,,f ,,! ,,?ames ,,valley4 ,,fig4 #c 7#b74--;,,ano!r ,,buckl] ,,f ,,ab]y/wy?4 7,9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,! prehi/oric bronzes1 "s examples ( :i* are ref]r$ to 9 ano!r *apt]1 are ! e>lie/ collectable curios =m$ ( metal4 ,!y include implem5ts ( w> & ( ! *ase & "s dome/ic ut5sils & cook+ vessels4 ,to ^! useful objects mu/ be add$ ornam5ts & tr9kets ( bronze1 s _m ( :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! b>r[s & bury+-places ( prehi/oric races4 ,! k ( bronze appe>s to h be5 widespread4 ,x 0 und]/ood by ^? :o dwelt 9 ?is c\ntry1 by ! inhabitants ( ,european c\ntries1 by ,ea/]n nations1 & by ! ,egyptians1 :o left su* wond]ful monum5ts beh9d !m1 giv+ evid5ce t !y knew h[ to imp>t a knife-l edge to _! tools ( bronze4 ,bronzes ( ,greece & ,rome & ,ea/]n ,nations4 ,! anci5t bronze ( prehi/oric days mu/ n be confus$ ) ! metals or comp\nds ( copp] & its alloys :i* enabl$ ! ,greeks to produce su* wond]ful /atues4 ,!y le>n$ to imp>t h>dness to copp]1 & wr\ght mu* delicate h&iwork1 mu* ( :i* has p]i%$2 b en\gh has be5 sp>$ to confirm classic hi/ory & to enable u to realize some?+ ( _! conceptions ( ! old gods & p]sonifi$ hopes & aspirations4 ,9 l mann] ! wond]ful bronzes ( ,*9a & ,old ,japan 7 wr\ght2 ! metal-work]'s art 9 ^? c\ntries goes back _m c5turies4 ,"s ( ! m delicately *isell$ figures & gr\ps 7 fir/ modell$ 9 wax ^u an iron core1 ! m\ld be+ !n =m$ ( s(t clay4 ,:5 ! clay 0 bak$ ! wax melt$1 & runn+ away ?r\gh prep>$ outlets1 left a smoo? cavity into :i* ! bronze 0 aft]w>ds p\r$4 ,:5 ! metal 0 cold ! clay w\ld easily be brok5 away1 & ! object1 at ! m\ld+ ( :i* we (t5 m>vel1 made p]fect4 ,9 c\rse ( "t su* bronzes h be5 coat$ ov] ) a beautiful pat9a ( gre51 t natural f9i% :i* age c alone imp>t4 ,x is 9 t /ate s _m ( ! bronzes ( ,grecian sculptors are f\nd1 & x is cov]$ ) pat9a ( _m delightful %ades t we buy ! metallic curios f ,*9a & ,japan4 ,copp] = ,enamels4 ,9 ! days :5 s _m beautiful ecclesia/ical ornam5ts 7 fa%ion$1 copp] 0 ! f\ndation us$ by m$ival arti/s z ! base ( _! exquisite enamels4 ,^! beautiful objects are especially ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii1 :]e ref]5ce is also made to ! enamels ( ,ea/]n c\ntries1 9 ! mak+ ( :i* brass 0 frequ5tly us$ z ! f\ndation4 ,copp] has be5 f\nd suitable z ! gr\ndwork ^u :i* sup]-f9i%es h giv5 t sup]iority & attractiv5ess associat$ ) _m ( ! f9e arts4 ,x 0 suitable = gild+ ov] & = decorat+ ) preci\s /ones4 ,copp] 0 also frequ5tly us$ by pa9t]s1 its smoo? surface be+ reg>d$ z an excell5t mat]ial on :i* to "w4 ,z an example1 "s ( ! religi\s pictures1 especially m9iatures1 7 pa9t$ on copp]1 in/ead ( on wood panels4 ,! ,brass ( ,comm]ce4 ,_m speak ( brass z a metal ap>t f copp]1 yet ! brass ( comm]ce1 work$ up 9 _m =ms1 is only a composite metal ( :i* copp] is ! basis4 ,! popul>ity ( pure copp] z ! mat]ial f :i* h\sehold ut5sils & _m con/ructional objects ( use & ornam5t 7 made 9 ! pa/ cont9u$ unabat$ until metallurgical *emi/s discov]$ h[1 by us+ an alloy ( z9c1 ! metal we call brass c\ld be ca/1 roll$1 & o!rwise manipulat$4 ,among ! advantages claim$ = brass is t x has a h>d] surface & is m resi/+ ?an copp]4 ,f ! days ( ,que5 ,elizabe? onw>d x 0 mu* fav\r$ = dome/ic vessels1 & ev5 at ! pres5t "t x is us$ to "s ext5t2 !re has1 h[ev]1 always be5 a concurr5t use ( copp]4 ,bell ,metal & ,o!r ,alloys4 ,!re is yet ano!r important alloy1 :i* f its *ief use takes ! "n ( bell-metal2 its companion alloy is gun-metal4 ,9 ! mix+ ( ^! metals special alloys are aim$ at accord+ to ! object 9 view1 t is to say1 ! +r$i5ts v>y1 b1 broadly def9$1 ! copp] & its alloy t9 us$ 9 bell-metal are 9 ! proportion ( ?ree to "o4 ,! metal 0 9 ! pa/ us$ = ^? mu* employ$ articles ( comm]cial & dome/ic use1 mort>s1 9 addition to ! f\nd+ ( bells4 ,bell-metal 0 also ! mat]ial ( :i* weights & measures 7especially ! /&>ds kept 9 _m ( ! old cities7 7 *iefly made 7see illu/rations & ref]5ces !reto 9 ,*apt]s ,x & ,,xi74 ,! ,s\rces f :i* ,copp] is ,d]iv$4 ,copp] seems to h be5 v widely di/ribut$ all ov] ! _w1 a fact t has contribut$ to its g5]al use4 ,at "o "t a local metal employ$ 9 a pure /ate & 9 conjunction ) alloys1 *iefly :]e x 0 m9$1 x is n[ br\ght to ! metal-f\nd] f o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,al?\gh va/ quantities ( copp] are n[ import$ into ,engl&1 x 0 f ,briti% m9es t ! supply 0 drawn 9 days gone by4 ,! ,britons und]/ood its use1 no d\bt f9d+ x out by accid5t1 j z ! natives ( _m o!r c\ntries h done4 ,copp]1 z evid5c$ by ! m>vell\s ,b59 bronzes1 0 kn[n 9 ,c5tral ,africa long ago4 ,! m9es at ,mansfield1 9 ,g]many1 are ! olde/ 9 ,europe1 & !re work]s h be5 digg+ up copp] = sev5 c5turies4 ,! collector ( old metal objects naturally takes ! great] int]e/ 9 well au!nticat$ specim5s kn[n to h be5 fa%ion$ 9 di/ricts once fam\s = _! copp] m9es4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,corni% m9es produce little ore n[4 ,:5 ! ,romans work$ !m !y obta9$ copp] q ne> to ! surface2 b su* easily m9$ ores h long be5 cle>$4 ,copp] smelt+ 0 c>ri$ on 9 ,cumb]l& & ,nor?umb]l& 9 days gone by4 ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies copp] 0 smelt$ 9 ,york%ire & ,lanca%ire4 ,!n we read ( ! reop5+ ( old ,corni% m9es & ( furnaces be+ erect$ 9 ,bri/ol4 ,! m9es ( ,anglesea are less kn[n1 al?\gh !y 7 once v active4 ,s\? ,wales has = _m ye>s pa/ be5 closely id5tifi$ ) copp] smelt+1 & roll+ mills 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,swansea z e>ly z #agbj2 & al?\gh ! bett] k ( metallic *emi/ry enables manufactur]s to produce copp] m economically ?an 9 days gone by1 ! old pr9ciple ( cru%+1 calc9+1 roa/+1 & wa%+ ! ore1 al?\gh improv$ by mod]n ma*9]y1 is /ill adh]$ to4 ,z ) _m o!r indu/ries1 ! inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e 0 a boon to ! own]s ( copp] m9es 9 ,cornwall1 _m be+ flood$ t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,) ! /eam-eng9e to "w !m1 pumps 7 put 9 op]ation1 m9es 7 cle>$1 & = a "t at any rate ore 0 procur$ & r5ew$ activity 0 visible 9 _m ,briti% c5tres4 ,9 ^? days _m ( ! ?+s we n[ reg>d z curios 7 be+ made4 ,z ) _m o!r raw mat]ials ! value ( copp] /eadily advanc$1 = z trade & comm]ce grew1 imm5se quantities 7 us$ up = %ea?+ %ips' bottoms1 ro(+ build+s1 = engrav]s' plates1 & = ! rolls us$ 9 ! pr9t+ ( calicoes4 ,o!r s\rces ( supply h be5 f\nd1 = ! *a9 ext5d+ f ,l&'s ,end to ,d>tmoor no long] s]ves4 ,! fam\s ,p>ys ,m9es are no m1 & x is f =eign c\ntries ! supply comes4 ,"s ( our ,colonies h prov$ ri* 9 ores1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ,s\? ,au/ralia1 :]e x is said an e>ly settl] exam9+ ! burr[ ( a wombat f\nd ! gre5 m9]al1 t incid5t lead+ to ! op5+ ( m9es yield+ va/ quantities ( copp] ore4 ,! ,mak+ ( ,brass4 ,! brass ( comm]ce1 roll$ 9 %eets1 drawn 9 rods & wire1 & ca/ 9 +ots ready = ! f\nd]1 is1 z x has be5 /at$1 a composite metal1 v well suit$ to _m purposes4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury mu* progress 0 made 9 metal-f\nd+4 ,! ,wor%ipful ,company ( ,f\nd]s 0 busy4 ,_m batt]y works 7 set up 9 ,engl&1 & !re brass 0 hamm]$ or batt]$ into %ape4 ,?us brass-work]s 7 engag$ 9 mak+ useful pots & pans1 n[ 9 _! mu* worn /ate eag]ly s\ght aft] by ! collector4 ,"s work$ ) ! ladle & crucible1 o!rs ) ! hamm] & anvil or wood block4 ,! e>li] brass 0 compos$ ( copp] mix$ ) calam9e melt$ 9 a crucible1 a process :i* cont9u$ until ! m mod]n =m ( melt+ metallic z9c ) copp] 0 und]/ood4 ,*ampion's process1 by :i* ?is new] me?od 0 c>ri$ out1 0 kept secret = "s "t1 b ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 g5]ally und]/ood & ! process ( /amp+ brass became a common "o 9 ! ,birm+ham di/rict4 ,copp] z an ,alloy4 ,copp]1 ! base ( s _m alloys1 has itself be5 f\nd a useful alloy ( mo/ workable metals1 n only 9 mod]n times b 9 ye>s gone by4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ h>d5+ ag5ts 9 alum9ium1 ! new] metal :i* is to "s ext5t displac+ copp] & brass cook+ pots & mu* ornam5tal metal-"w4 ,accord+ to an exp]t1 alum9ium is ta/eless1 & possesses all ! advantages ( copp] )\t its drawbacks4 ,t be+ s1 p]haps ev5 vessels ( brass1 su* z may /ill be se5 9 kit*5s1 may soon become obsolete & pass %ortly into ! rle ( ! museum curio4 ,incid5tally x may be m5tion$ t alum9ium is n altoge!r a new metal1 nei!r is its use conf9$ to civiliz$ c\ntries1 :]e metallurgi/s h prov$ its advantages2 = ! natives ( ! ,philipp9es1 ,borneo1 & o!r isl&s 9 ! ,pacific h long us$ x z an indep5d5t metal1 & also = ! purposes ( ornam5t+ o!r mat]ials4 ,_m ( ! copp] & brass curios br\ght into ?is c\ntry1 ! products ( native smi?s1 work+ f> f civiliz$ l&s1 are p>tly made ( alum9ium1 alloy$ *iefly ) native copp]4 ,! natives ( ,borneo melt x 9 fireclay crucibles ov] a coke fire1 & are v clev] at produc+ "s rem>kably f9e pieces ( metal-"w1 us+ diff]5t metals = ! same object2 ?us "s ( _! dagg]s h brass hilts & alum9ium blades4 ,! metal-work] has frequ5tly introduc$ alum9ium 9 ! decoration ( copp] & brass gongs1 "s ( ! old] examples f ,japan be+ extremely decorative4 ,! ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,metals4 ,"s collectors v wisely foll[ up _! rese>*es aft] new treasures by inve/igat+ ! me?ods ( _! production1 & !y ev5 visit mod]n works :]e simil> me?ods1 al?\gh m advanc$1 are go+ on4 ,v int]e/+ inde$ is x to wat* ! molt5 metal z x is mix$ & p\r$ into m\lds & made into pigs4 ,to see ! great roll+ mills ?r\gh :i* ! b>s are pass$1 & to wat* ! hamm]+ & draw+ by ! /eam-hamm] & p[]ful ma*9]y1 is an education :i* enhances ! int]e/ !re is 9 ! possession ( f9i%$ goods--old & new4 ,x is said ! brassf\nd]'s requirem5ts to-day are mu* ! same z !y h always be51 al?\gh p]haps !re are m iron m\lds us$ & great] c>e is tak5 9 _! prep>ation4 ,! m\ld mu/ h a good surface & be compos$ ( ! "r k9d ( iron4 ,! be/ metal = ! purpose appe>s to be "o high 9 silica & l[ 9 comb9$ c>bon1 ?us secur+ a s(t iron :i* w n crack :5 ! molt5 metal /rikes x4 ,! sci5ce ( metals is con/antly be+ add$ to1 & ! rese>* ( *emi/s ( rec5t ye>s has done mu* t[>ds improv+ ! skill ( pres5t-day arti/s1 mo/ ( :om1 h[ev]1 readily give praise to ! almo/ intuitive skill ( ! arti/s ( old5 "t4 ,! fa%ion+ ( copp] & brass foll[s ! prep>ation ( ! metal2 !re are _m reasons :y copp] & its comp\nds & alloys h be5 s g5]ally employ$1 "o ( ! pr9cipal be+ t ! ductility ( copp] has made x welcome :]ev] ! hamm] has be5 br\ght into play4 ,! possibility ( hamm]+ out brass & copp]1 & especially ! latt]1 is se5 9 ! extreme f95ess to :i* copp] wire c be drawn4 ,hood uses ! similitude :5 speak+ ( h[ travel improves ! m9d1 & tells ( ! gradual n>r[+ ( copp] & brass z !y become f9] & f9]1 lik5+ ^? :o h n travell$ to ! n>r[$ metal4 ,collectors ( curios %[ *>act]i/ic traits1 tw(old 9 application4 ,!re are "s :o get m broad-m9d$ ! f>!r !y travel1 ! m museums !y inspect1 & ! wid] _! k ( ! antiquities !y admire4 ,o!rs1 speciali/s = ! mo/ "p1 get into v n>r[ grooves1 conf9+ _! hobbies to "s "o class ( goods1 n always ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 public e/imation2 !n !y wond] h[ x is t _! hobbies are n appreciat$ by _! fri5ds6 ,surely ! greate/ delight is 9 a repres5tative collection1 su* z ! hobby "u review1 :i* %[s all ! possibilities ( copp] & brass 9 _! v>i$ treatm5t4 ,9 ! examples :i* h come d[n to u f ! ,anci5ts1 9 ^? s*emes ( decoration :i* m>k cle>ly ! "w ( ! arti/s ( "s "o c\ntry or p]iod1 & 9 ^? g5]al collectable objects :i* h be5 br\ght toge!r f ev]y:]e1 !re is a lib]al education3 ,"s m9ds improve by travel2 o!rs1 r1 ,resemble copp] wire1 or brass1 ,:i* gets ! n>r[] by go+ f>!r4 ,,ii ,,! ,,hunt+ ,,gr\nd ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,hunt+ ,,gr\nd ,9 buri$ cities--,turn$ up by ! pl\gh--,among ,saxon & ,norman rema9s--,9 hidd5 *amb]s--,9 local museums--,deal]s' %ops--,! engrav]'s art4 ,! multiplicity ( collectable objects ne$$ to supply collectors makes ! un9itiat$ wond] :]e all ^! antiques come f4 ,c\ntless numb]s ( beautiful objects h f\nd _! way into ! melt+-pot 9 ! pa/1 & :at once 0 old has 9 "s new =m become once m a useful article1 9 its turn to be disc>d$ & p]haps melt$ up & reca/4 ,9 ,buri$ ,cities4 ,! curios :i* h be5 pres]v$ = c5turies b5ea? ! soil are (t5 ( priceless value1 tell+ ( ! habits ( peoples ( :om hi/ory has told u little4 ,celts1 knives1 spe>-heads1 & food receptacles are discov]$ on ! sites ( prehi/oric camp+-gr\nds4 ,! delicately tool$ bronzes f buri$ cities l ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum come to u ) almo/ a liv+ =ce 9 ?is tw5tie? c5tury4 ,z we gaze at ! wond]ful beauty ( _! =ms & ! *>m+ pat9a ( gre5 ) :i* !y are cov]$1 we c almo/ imag9e :at !y look$ l 9 ! h&s ( patrons ( art 9 ! f>-(f times :5 !y 7 fir/ fa%ion$4 ,our own c\ntry is full ( ru9s ( anci5t cities f> bel[ ! pres5t roadways4 ,:5 ! ,romans built ,ba? x 0 9 a holl[ mu* deep] ?an ! level ( ! mod]n city1 & x is 9 ^! l[] levels t relics ( ,roman ,ba? are f\nd4 ,!re is a r+ ( sadness 9 ! desolation ( su* anci5t cities z ,v]ulamium1 ,cir5ce/]1 ,k5*e/]1 & simil>ly des]t$ locations :]e mod]n excavations h be5 go+ on rec5tly4 ,x seems curi\s h[ ! v sites ( su* once fam\s places h be5 lo/1 b n /range :5 we rememb] t m rec5tly occupi$ t[ns are b grass m\nds--to-day explor]s are cutt+ into ! turf-cov]$ m\nds ( ,old ,s>um to asc]ta9 :]e its *ief build+s /ood4 ,! f9ds on ^! anci5t sites are v>i$2 _m ( !m are metallic1 & al?\gh ( trifl+ intr9sic value are priz$ z be+ au!ntic curios4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,ho>d ,,( ,,implem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,late ,,bronze ,,age1 ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,k+',s ,,co41 ,,irel&4 7,9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,turn$ up by ! ,pl\gh4 ,! pl\gh has play$ an important "p 9 hi/ory1 & collectors owe mu* to t useful implem5t4 ,x has be5 ! means ( br++ to light _m vessels :i* h be5 buri$ = c5turies1 = al?\gh l& has be5 pl\gh$ _m seasons1 a deep] pl\gh%>e or m frequ5t pl\gh+ on ! same spot has br\ght ne>] to ! surface a copp] vessel or an e>!n j>1 full ( antiqu>ian int]e/4 ,! field & ! =e/1 & ev5 ! des]t$ m9es1 h br\ght to collectors ( old metal _m int]e/+ relics4 ,until q rec5tly !re 0 an old bronze caldron on view 9 ! w9d[ ( a deal] 9 antiques 9 ,*e/]4 ,x 0 ! prototype ( _m simil> vessels t h be5 made 9 lat] days 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ! model on :i* ! m mod]n pots or camp-kettles ( ! gipsies & ! ?ree-legg$ pots commonly susp5d$ ov] ! cottage he>?1 until comp>atively mod]n times1 h be5 fa%ion$4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ! pr9ciple adopt$ by ^? e>ly metal-work]s is /ill obs]v$ 9 ! m sci5tific con/ruction ( cook+ vessels to-day4 ,! =m ( ! caldron 0 su* t by apply+ heat "u ! c5tre ! flames spread & leapt up ! sides1 curl+ z !y travell$1 foll[+ ! l9es fa%ion$ by ! copp]smi?s1 & heat+ ! cont5ts ( ! vessel equally4 ,su* anci5t caldrons1 sometimes mu* worn & at o!rs 9 fairly good condition1 h be5 pres]v$ by ,"m ,e>? until discov]$ 9 mod]n times4 ,among ,saxon & ,norman ,rema9s4 ,! ,saxons & ,normans us$ metal1 & ! brawny arms ( ! smi?s1 & lat] ! f\nd]s1 fa%ion$ ! cook+-pots made 9 _! day4 ,_m metal curios1 mu* batt]$ by fall5 masonry1 h be5 f\nd among ! ru9s ( ,norman ca/les & 9 "s cases ( ! /ill e>li] ,saxon dwell+s4 ,! discov]ies ( curios ( ^? p]iods are by no means frequ5t1 & x w\ld appe> z if we mu/ n[ be cont5t ) /or+ c>efully ^? relics already discov]$4 ,mod]n re/orations & excavations h br\ght _m valuable antiquities to light1 & au?orities h be5 v c>eful to pres]ve !m 9 c\nty or local museums4 ,9 ,hidd5 ,*amb]s4 ,! spl5d\r ( m$ival days :5 fea/+ 9 ! great hall ( ! b>on or ov]lord has be5 reveal$ by _m not$ f9ds4 ,! great kit*5s ( ^? mansions 7 full ( copp] & brass1 & x is f su* supplies t _m ( ! be/ au!nticat$ specim5s h come4 ,"s are hi/orical2 ev5 bronze caldrons & m mode/-look+ saucepans h be5 made to ! ord] ( "s m$ival *iefta9 or b>on4 ,! life ( ! common p ( ?is c\ntry v>i$ little betwe5 ! days ( ! ,norman ,conque/ & ^? ( ! ,tudor sov]eigns :o held c\rt 9 ! h\ses ( ! nobility4 ,! dress1 co/ume1 & r\gh spl5d\r ( ! ,elizabe?an age _h its effect1 h[ev]1 on ! homes ( c\rti]s & ev5tually ( ! common p4 ,:5 ! /ormy times ( ! ,civil ,w> came !re 0 a rude break+ up ( ! old ord] ( ?+s1 & 9 ,cromwellian days "s prep>ation = ! new :i* 0 to come4 ,aft] ! battlefield came ! de/ruction ( /ronghold & mansion by ord] ( ! ,p>liam5t4 ,"s escap$1 & )9 ! la/ c5tury n a few dome/ic curios h be5 f\nd dur+ ! re/oration & rebuild+ ( old h\ses dat+ f ! "t ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,prie/s' cells & secret *amb]s1 slid+ panels & conceal$ cupbo>ds1 & o!r hidd5 places 7 ! rule r ?an ! exception at ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,9 "s ( ^! long-=gott5 places ( concealm5t "s v int]e/+ dome/ic objects 9 copp] & brass h be5 f\nd dur+ rebuild+ & re/oration4 ,9 ,local ,museums4 ,x is a moot po9t :e!r ! frequ5t *ange 9 ! own]%ip ( curios :i* goes on e day1 z evid5c$ by ! auction sales1 /irs up ! curiosity ( ! collector & awak5s 8 int]e/ 9 8 hobby to a great] ext5t ?an :5 su* curios are plac$ on view 9 local museums4 ,! fact rema9s t1 not)/&+ ! con/ant circulation ( curios1 _m f9d a p]man5t home 9 museums4 ,n only d ! national collections 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton gr[ rapidly1 b 9 almo/ e t[n ( note !re are local & great di/rict museums4 ,?is latt] class is in/anc$ 9 ! ,wel% ,national ,museum at ,c>diff4 ,!re are two typical local museums 9 ,london--! ,guildhall ,museum & ! ,london ,museum1 :i* has j f\nd a new home at ,/af=d ,h\se4 ,^! museums /imulate local collectors1 b !y d n contribute to _! collections4 ,z places ( ref]5ce !y are invaluable1 = ! wid] spread k ( antiques secur$ by ! objects %[n prev5ts amateurs f fall+ into traps & consequ5tly becom+ di%e>t5$4 ,deal]s' ,%ops4 ,! %ops ( deal]s supplem5t ! auction-rooms4 ,!y are p>tly f$ f !m & p>tly by ! p]si/5t se>* ev] go+ on = objects 9 :i* _! own]s h little int]e/ & are will+ to "p ) = a consid]ation--n always ! top price4 ,! great] popul>ity ( curio-hunt+ has caus$ a vigor\s se>* ( attic & cell> at ! in/ance ( deal]s z well z collectors4 ,ev5 ! palaces ( k+s & que5s & ! h\ses ( ! nobility h be5 ransack$1 & treasures f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 z well z f a utilit>ian1 h be5 br\ght to light & ! du/ ( _m ye>s wip$ away4 ,_m delightful examples ( ! copp]smi?'s art 7 until rec5tly condemn$ by ! travell+ t9k] z be+ no long] repairable1 ) ! natural consequ5ce t1 _! value z antiques be+ unkn[n1 !y 7 ev5tually sold = an old song4 ,^? pione]s ( collect+ :o _h "t on _! h&s & =esaw an accru+ value ( ev5 old metal w5t ab\t f t[n to t[n exam9+ ! m>9e /ores & visit+ villages & f>mh\ses 9 se>* ( any?+ old & curi\s4 ,to-day !re are few g5u9e antiques )\t "s "o to value !m4 ,ne>ly e collection belongs to an appreciative own]1 & :5 curios *ange h&s x is g5]ally at a premium in/ead ( at a b>ga9 price4 ,hi!rto ref]5ce has be5 made *iefly to metal curios ( ,briti% make1 & to ^? objects ) :i* ,engli%m5 h become famili>4 ,! collector1 h[ev]1 is cosmopolitan 9 8 aims1 & *e]fully se>*es ! _w ov] = objects ( int]e/4 ,8 curios come f ! ,f> ,ea/1 f ,c5tral ,africa1 & f all p>ts ( ,europe1 & to "s ext5t f ! ,am]ican cont95ts4 ,!re h be5 _m me?ods ( produc+ metal-"w1 yet native work]s 9 all c\ntries h _h b two processes ^u :i* !y h bas$ _! plans1 & x is f ! smi?s :o hamm]$ copp] & brass into %ape1 & 9 lat] days /amp$ x1 & ! f\nd] :o ca/ ! metal 9 m\lds1 t all our curios come4 ,! ,engrav]'s ,art4 ,?is outl9e ( ! hunt+-gr\nd ( ! collector w\ld be incomplete )\t "s m5tion ( ! products ( ! grav]'s tool :i* has produc$ s _m works ( art4 ,! mu* priz$ mezzot9ts1 /ipples1 & l9e engrav+s are pictures = ! mo/ "p pr9t$ f copp] plates4 ,! metal roll$ 9 %eets & plani%$ becomes a "w ( art 9 itself :5 cov]$ ) ^? beautiful pictures s clev]ly wr\ght ^u ! metal by ! light t\* ( ! grav]4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ uses to :i* copp] has be5 put is t ( execut+ beautiful m9iatures--t9y pictures1 portraits1 & emblematic designs su* z 7 us$ by trad]s on _! /ation]y 9 ye>s gone by4 ,! copp]-plate engrav] has left 8 m>k1 too1 9 ! beautifully qua9t & v valu$ e>ly issues ( po/age-/amps1 "s ( :i* 7 pr9t$ f copp] plates4 ,j z copp] plays an important "p 9 ! production ( po/age-/amps & pictures1 s copp] 9 conjunction ) its alloys is ! common metal ( curr5cy4 ,"s ( ! mo/ valuable metallic curios are ! anci5t co9s :i* h be5 dug up f :]e !y h be5 buri$ = c5turies1 or discov]$ 9 "s hidd5 *amb]4 ,su* little objects ( copp] or bronze h an antiqu>ian value f> beyond ei!r _! arti/ic beauty or _! age w>rants be+ associat$ ) !m4 ,collectors ( metals "k ! value ( "s ( ! hi/oric commemorative m$allions 9 bronze1 & h]oes & w>riors %[ _! appreciation ( "o ( ! common] metals 9 ! value !y set ^u ! simple ,maltese cross inscrib$ ,= ,val\r1 = ! ,victoria ,cross is m covet$ ?an any naval or milit>y aw>d ! ,sov]eign ( ^! realms c be/[4 ,its own]s reg>d x z a preci\s relic1 & ! reluctance ( ^? left beh9d to "p ) x is se5 9 ! l>ge sum :i* has to be paid = "o ( ^! simple bronze crosses :5 x comes 9 ! m>ket4 ,,iii ,,prehi/oric ,,bronzes ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,prehi/oric ,,bronzes ,! dawn ( progress--,london relics--,! beauty ( anci5t art--,! useful bronzes1 ! prototypes ( lat] brasses--,! =g] at "w4 ,z x has already be5 intimat$1 our old] metal curios come to u f ! ,bronze ,age4 ,9 ! relics ( t p]iod1 9 :i* ! ,briti% ,museum is s ri*1 we are able to m>k ! great diff]5ce t mu/ h exi/$ betwe5 ! p :o liv$ ! simple life 9 ! ,/one ,age1 & ^? :o und]/ood h[ to make & h[ to use implem5ts ( bronze4 ,metal mu/ h revolutioniz$ ! habits ( ! p1 fo/]$ developm5t1 & m>k$ progress z ! ,age advanc$2 = ) metal appliances !re 7 great] possibilities1 & f ! fact t :ile "s us$ bronze o!rs 7 cont5t ) fl9t1 x w\ld appe> t !n1 p]haps1 m ?an at any o!r "t1 ! m advanc$ 7 %>ply sep>at$ f ^? :o1 possess+ less] intellig5ce & possibly few] opportunities1 /ay$ beh9d4 ,! ,dawn ( ,progress4 ,! m advanc$ ,britons & ! m5 ( ! lat] ,bronze ,age 9 o!r c\ntries improv$ ! patt]ns ( _! tools1 ! basis ( :i* 0 f\nd 9 fl9t implem5ts1 :i* 9 ! lat] ,neoli?ic p]iod _h become m v>i$4 ,ev5 !n !y _h hamm]1 saw1 *isel1 bor]1 spe> or javel91 & arr[-po9t4 ,!y _h also a v>iety ( knives2 "s ( curi\s sickle-l =ms4 ,!re are weapons ( w> & weapons ( def5ce1 & "s obvi\sly us$ = ! m peaceful arts & dome/ic purposes4 ,z ! collector secures specim5s ( ! r>] types ( bronze & metal objects com+ to u f ^? f>-(f days1 we read ! /ory ( ! evolution ( ! race1 & c picture 9 our m9ds ! onw>d m>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e 7#a74--;,,bronze ,,caldron2 ,,& ,,fig4 #f 7#b74--,,urn ,,( ,,! ,,lat] ,,bronze ,,age4 7,9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,! ,romans did n f9d ! anci5t ,britons q savages1 & we sigh ) regret :5 we ?9k ( ! numb]less relics ( priceless value--( bronze & ( ev5 m preci\s metals--:i* exi/$ !n1 b :i* h p]i%$ long ago4 ,! melt+-pot has be5 a t]ribly fi]ce enemy to ! collector ( copp] & brass1 & x is really wond]ful h[ _m r>e objects ( ! ,bronze ,age rema9--prehi/oric only 9 t we h no au!ntic records ( ! happ5+s ( t p]iod4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 abundant evid5ce ( ! importance ( t ,age 9 ! bronzes pres]v$ to u = s long by ,"m ,e>?1 & n[ c>efully t5d$ by museum curators & private collectors4 ,among ! f9e examples we possess 9 our national collections are ! ornam5tal buckl]s ( :i* "s h be5 f\nd 9 ,wales & o!r places4 ,t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b 7#a7 came f ! ,?ames ,valley1 & ,fig4 #c 7#b7 f ! peat bogs ne> ,ab]y/wy?2 bo? may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"s exceptional ho>ds h be5 f\nd 9 ,irel&1 notably ! bronzes :i* 7 discov]$ 9 #ahbe 9 a "p ( ,:igsbor\gh1 call$ ,d]re5s1 9 ,k+'s ,co4 ,x is surmis$ t al?\gh ! l& is n[ boggy ! soil 0 at "o "t "u cultivation1 & f indications x w\ld appe> z if ! bronzef\nd] _h work$ on ! spot4 ,9 ,fig4 #d sev]al repres5tative implem5ts f\nd 9 t ho>d are pictur$2 _! descriptions are z foll[s3 ,fig4 #d 7#a & #c71 pal/aves2 7#e1 #f1 & #g71 dagg]s2 7#b7 a pe>-%ap$ bell2 7#d & #h7 curv$ trumpets1 all specim5s ( ! latt] "p ( ! ,bronze ,age or ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,iron ,age4 ,_m f9e bronze vessels1 *iefly )\t feet1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,irel&4 ,! two examples %[n 9 ,figs4 #e & #f repres5t ! way 9 :i* !y 7 made1 especially ,fig4 #e 7#a71 9 :i* ! rivet+ ( ! plates w be obs]v$4 ,fig4 #f 7#b7 has be5 designat$ an urn4 ,bo? ( ^! late bronzes are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 along ) o!r ,iri% f9ds4 ,9 ! same collection !re is a trumpet ( horn ) r+s or b&s ( /uds1 ! m\?piece be+ at ! side4 ,x is a curi\s relic ( an ,iri% musician1 f\nd "s ye>s ago at ,drimoleague1 ,co4 ,cork4 ,london ,relics4 ,london has be5 ! site ( an important camp1 t[n1 or city ev] s9ce man liv$ 9 ! m>%es & ^u ! banks ( ,old ,fa!r ,?ames1 & among ! f9ds 9 ! neighb\rhood h be5 relics ( e p]iod ( ,briti% civilization2 & z a natural consequ5ce ,london possesses repres5tative collections ( ! ,bronze ,age1 z well z ( lat] p]iods4 ,collectors h _m opportunities ( buy+1 z well z ( inspect+ prehi/oric bronzes 9 museums & 9 less important private collections4 ,"s ( ^! antiquities are ( good =m & possess a beauty ( _! own4 ,! vivid gre51 reliev$ ) deep] %ades1 ) :i* age has pa9t$ ^! anci5t relics gives !m a peculi> *>m1 & x w\ld be v&alism inde$ to attempt to clean ! celts & knives :i* antiqu>ies h&le ) su* v5]ation & c>e4 ,! ,beauty ( ,anci5t ,art4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s m att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! beauty ( ! workman%ip ( ! e>ly objects ( brass & copp] relics ( prehi/oric peoples1 especially ( ! p :o inhabit$ ?is c\ntry 9 pre-,roman days4 ,! ,london museums conta9 v repres5tative examples4 ,to _m ! ,guildhall ,museum is ( special int]e/1 9 t e object !re has be5 f\nd )9 ! conf9es ( ! ,city ( ,london4 ,!re are implem5ts ( ! *ase & ( w> & peace4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! cases conta9+ weapons :i* may h be5 us$ = def5ce aga9/ wild animals1 z well z = aggressive campaigns1 !re are bronze celts1 "s socket$ ) loops1 side by side ) a v f9e tool & two small lumps ( copp]1 :i* 7 discov]$ ne> ! celt4 ,^! latt] repres5t ! unf9i%$ mat]ial ready = ! crucible & = ! alloy :i* 0 to turn !m into a bronze ( special h>dness4 ,9 ! same case !re are leaf-%ap$ swords & dagg]s ( rapi] =m4 ,!re are also spe>-heads ( sl5d] %apes ) sockets ext5d+ ne> to ! po9t ( ! weapon2 & spe> %aft-sockets ( bronze1 "s ( :i* 7 f\nd 9 ,fett] ,lane4 ,( ! late ,celtic p]iod !re are examples ( p]sonal objects1 & x may be not$ t duplicates ( simil> antiquities to ^? deposit$ 9 ! ,museum are on sale 9 a great numb] ( %ops 9 ,london1 & n[ & !n q important p>cels ( ^! int]e/+ metallic mem5toes ( peoples unkn[n come "u ! hamm]4 ,su* tr9kets include bronze fibul1 "s enamell$1 o!rs ( pla9 metal4 ,a v beautiful specim5 t]m9at+ ) a r\ghly =m$ snake's head 0 f\nd on ! ,?ames bank ne> ,hamm]smi?1 on ! site ( reput$ pile dwell+s1 "s little "t ago4 ,9 ! same locality a bronze b[l & a m\nt 7 f\nd soon aft]w>ds4 ,f ! riv] ne> ,batt]sea came a bronze %ield1 specially int]e/+ 9 t x 0 decorat$ ) enamell$ ornam5ts4 ,horse-bits ) enamell$ rosettes h also be5 f\nd 9 ,london4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ relics ( t e>ly age 0 a ,briti% helmet ( copp]1 also decorat$ ) enamels1 f\nd ne> ,wat]loo ,bridge4 ,9 ! ,guildhall ,museum !re is a broo* made ) a b[ & p9 9 "o piece1 & q a numb] ( o!r /yles ( bronze fibul4 ,!re are bronze hairp9s1 too1 "s ( ! heads be+ decorat$4 ,!re are ,celtic tweez]s1 armlets ( bronze1 & _m r+s4 ,to ! inquisitive :o l to inquire into ! processes ( mak+ ?+s & to _! s\rces1 ! rema9s ( anci5t work%ops repres5t$ by lumps ( copp]1 /rips ( bronze1 & objects p>tly =m$1 are ( special int]e/4 ,!re are b[s1 %[+ ano!r advance 9 civilization4 ,!re are spoons1 too1 ( circul> =m1 hamm]$ into %ape4 ,x has be5 said t b[ls & spoons are ! e>lie/ signs ( dome/icity & civilization4 ,our ance/ors1 :o liv$ on ! sea%ore1 made use ( l>ge %ells1 :i* gave !m ! cue to ! fa%ion+ ( a %all[ di%1 :i* ev5tually became a b[l4 ,! w+s ( ! valves ( ! oy/] & ! pect5 may h giv5 ! sugge/ion ( a h&le to a primitive spoon4 ,e?nologi/s h said t ! brok5 cocoanut 9 ! ,s\? ,seas 0 ! b[l ( ! primitive tribes1 & f x vessels 9 clay 7 m\ld$4 ,! ,useful ,bronzes1 ! ,prototypes ( ,lat] ,brasses4 ,! beautiful bronzes ( ! lat] "p ( ! ,bronze ,age include objects %[+ ! gradual developm5t & progress ( ! race4 ,n only are ! weapons ^? likely to be us$ 9 def5ce aga9/ attacks f wild animals r ?an = aggressive purposes1 & ! dome/ic bronzes ( m civiliz$ =ms1 b !re are 9 addition implem5ts ( husb&ry4 ,9 ,irel& "s v pron\nc$ sickles & reap+-hooks h be5 f\nd4 ,!re are also musical in/rum5ts & s\nd+ horns1 among !m curv$ trumpets ( bronze4 ,_m int]e/+ al?\gh isolat$ f9ds h be5 made1 su* z a curi\s bronze or brass bucket ) corrugat$ flutes1 :i* 0 f\nd at ,weybridge1 9 ,surrey1 exp]ts plac+ x among ! relics ( ! e>ly ,iron ,age4 ,f ,fav]%am1 9 ,k5t1 _m bronze mirrors h be5 secur$1 "s ( !m be+ v ornam5tal1 ! backs be+ engrav$ all ov]4 ,9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& sev]al int]e/+ f9ds h be5 made1 too4 ,"s ( especial value 7 discov]$ 9 ,hea!ry ,burn ,cave1 ,co4 ,durham2 !y consi/$ ( dome/ic ut5sils :i* 7 probably us$ at ! extreme end ( ! ,bronze ,age4 ,among frequ5t f9ds is ! pat]a or dr9k+-b[l1 :i* mu/1 ( c\rse1 be di/+ui%$ f ! pat9e1 :i* 0 a flat di% ) a rais$ rim1 us$ = s]v+ up meat or fi%4 ,inde$1 x w\ld appe> t "s ( ! peoples :o dwelt 9 ^? f>-(f ages ( :i* we h no writt5 hi/ory 7 m advanc$ 9 civilization & 9 ! arts & crafts ?an we usually realize4 ,mod]n rese>* has reveal$ mu* t 0 hi!rto unkn[n1 & sci5ti/s1 explor]s1 & antiqu>ies n[ hold ! anci5ts 9 mu* great] respect ?an =m]ly--!y no long] reg>d !m z savages1 al?\gh !y may class !m ) ! b>b>ians ( m mod]n ,europe4 ,pr(essor ,petrie1 ! fam\s ,egyptologi/1 :5 speak+ on 8 wond]ful rese>*es "s little "t ago1 said mank9d _h _h a long pa/4 ,t pa/ leads to ! pres5t1 & )\t a k ( ! pres5t & to "s ext5t ( ! int]m$iate ages we _c fully und]/& ! pa/4 ,x is ! curios ( antiquity :i* help u1 & lead up by sl[ degrees to ! pres5t2 ?is is und]/ood by ! curio-hunt]1 & realiz$ m & m z he goes fur!r into ! pa/ ( nations4 ,! curios ( ! ,bronze ,age are n limit$ 9 locality4 ,!y are f\nd 9 cont95ts f> remov$ f ,we/]n civilization1 = 9 ! rema9s ( anci5t ,p]uvians !re are tools ( bronze belong+ to _! f>-(f pa/4 ,! ,incas 7 n only adepts at work+ ! preci\s metals ) tools ( bronze1 b !y 7 clev] work]s ( o!r raw mat]ials4 ,!y possess$ beautiful textiles ( cotton & wool & 7 not$ agriculturi/s1 hav+ implem5ts ( tillage made ( bronze4 ,! ,=g] at ,"w4 ,a w>n+ note is (t5 s\nd$ by ^? :o h paid de>ly = _! exp]i5ce4 ,x is ne$$1 = !re are _m pitfalls = ! unw>y1 especially 9 8 rese>*es among ! relics ( ! ,bronze ,age & p]iods :i* h be5 mu* copi$ by ! mak]s ( mod]n antiques4 ,x is wor?y ( note t 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury sev]al ,birm+ham firms 9 mak+ bronz$ ink/&s1 bracket lights1 c&elabra1 & figures support+ lamps1 copi$ ! antique v closely1 "o not$ firm ann\nc+ on _! trade circul>s t _! designs 7 accord+ to ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,go?ic ornam5ts4 ,examples ( su* comp>atively mod]n "w1 :5 discov]$ t>ni%$ & neglect$1 may sometimes h a close resemblance to real antiques1 & ev5 ! curios ( /ill great] antiquity--especially ,egyptian curiosities--h be5 mu* =g$4 ,! =g]--or1 z he w\ld pref] to be call$1 ! mak] ( replicas--is /ill at "w4 ,,iv ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,curios ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,curios ,grecian bronzes--,relics ( ,roman occupation--,int]e/+ toilet requisites--,artificial light+--,/atues & monum5ts--,romano-,briti% art--,a well /ag$ exhibit4 ,x is f ! curios 9 metal & ! antiquities 9 /one :i* h be5 discov]$1 *iefly 9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s1 t we are able to read ) und]/&+ ! allusions made by classic writ]s to dome/ic life z x 0 9 anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 ,! records ( ! art ( ,greece become m real :5 we h gaz$ ^u ! beautiful & graceful /atues & ! furniture ( ! palace & doma9 = :i* ! arti/s & metal-work]s ( ^? days 7 s ju/ly celebrat$4 ,ev5 ! public s*ool boy takes a great] int]e/ 9 8 /udies :5 he recognizes 9 ! furni%+s ( 8 home antiquities f ,greece or ^? l&s 9 :i* t once p[]ful nation f\nd$ colonies4 ,grecian ,bronzes4 ,9 ! mod]n replicas ( antiques1 & 9 ! fa%ion+ ( ! common h\sehold bronzes ( ! pres5t day1 ! craftsman1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 ga9s inspiration f ! old] race ( arti/s 9 metals4 ,inde$1 ! ne>] ! workman adh]es to ! =m ( ! /atues & dome/ic decorative metal-"w ( ! anci5ts1 ! m likely he is to succe$ 9 imp>t+ ref9em5t to ! mod]n home4 ,anci5t ,greece 0 ! nurs]y ( art & ! tra9+ gr\nd ( ! a?lete & ( ! model :o s]v$ z ! type ( ! goddesses ^: p]fect =ms & attributes 7 reg>d$ z wor?y ( ! div9ities h] sons & daught]s wor%ipp$4 ,mo/ ( ! metal objects com+ to u f classic days are ( bronze1 ton$ & pat9at$4 ,images ( ! gods & goddesses wor%ipp$ by ! anci5t ,greeks 7 to be f\nd 9 e h\se4 ,weal?y patrons employ$ ! arti/ 9 metal to produce idols & appo9tm5ts = ! num]\s temples !y built4 ,x 0 ! wor%ip ( _m pagan deities t f\nd "w = _m craftsm54 ,! v multiplicity ( ! gods s]v$ ! purposes ( trade1 h5ce ! support]s ( pagan practices & wor%ip f\nd 9 ! metal-work]s & arti/s :o wr\ght su* ?+s p[]ful allies4 ,we read 9 ,biblical acc\nts ( t day t ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity caus$ no small /ir among/ !m1 & incit$ ,demetrius1 ! silv]smi?1 & o!rs to rise up aga9/ ! new religion1 :i* gave no imm$iate promises ( employm5t ( metal-work]s to comp5sate !m = ! loss ( trade 9 idols4 ,x 0 ?us t s mu* t is beautiful :5 reg>d$ z m]ely arti/ic bronze figures 0 made4 ,among ! fav\rite deities ^: emblematic bronzes h be5 pres]v$ to u are ,diana1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 & ,h]cules4 ,!y rank ) ! gods ( brass ( ! hea!n1 & accord+ to _! classic beauty are admir$ ) ! idols ( metal f ,india & ,africa 7see ,*apt] ,,xiv74 ,9 all ^! treasures f ! old _w1 little kn[n or und]/ood n[1 !re is a bl5d ( ! decorative & arti/ic & ! m utilit>ian objects ( ! h\sehold4 ,! slaves ( ! old families (t5 liv$ luxuri\s lives1 al?\gh ! goodwill ( _! patrons & own]s might be fickle4 ,!y _h _! duties1 & ! metal objects !y h&l$ & (t5 skilfully manipulat$ are /ill pres]v$ 9 our museums4 ,^! 7 (t5 fa%ion$ ) ! same grace z ! /atues :i* adorn$ porticoes & halls4 ,! ornam5tal objects ( ,greek workman%ip include useful brazi]s or bronze tripods :i* gave heat & also s]v$ z purifi]s2 = into _! r\nd brass di%es 7 ?r[n p]fumes to correct ! smell ( ! coals & *>coal1 :i* 7 !n held to be injuri\s4 ,su* brazi]s 7 also us$ by ! ,romans1 & ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 n uncommon1 pepp] & cloves be+ !n burn$ = fragrance4 ,relics ( ,roman ,occupation4 ,al?\gh _m beautiful objects h be5 import$ into ?is c\ntry by collectors & deal]s b\ght 9 ,rome itself1 & 9 ,italian & o!r cont95tal cities :]e ,roman rema9s h be5 f\nd1 x is ! relics ( ! ,roman occupation 9 ,brita9 :i* take fir/ place 9 our e/imation among ! valu$ curios ( t great nation4 ,^! h be5 f\nd 9 _m places1 (t5 q unexpect$ly4 ,mod]n ,london1 l mod]n ,rome1 /&s 9 "p on ru9s ( an old] city4 ,h5ce x is t :5 f\ndations are be+ dug & excavations to "s #ae to #bj feet are made1 relics ( ,roman ,london & ( ,saxon & e>ly ,norman build+s :i* 7 built 9 subsequ5t ages ^u ! old] ru9s come to light4 ,x is amid/ ^! ru9s & ! debris ( old ar*itecture t metal curiosities are (t5 f\nd4 ,copp] & brass h n p]i%$ to ! same ext5t z iron & m corrosive metals4 ,9 ,london1 ,ba?1 ,*e/]1 & cities :i* 7 fam\s _m c5turies ago1 ! e>lie/ metal curiosities are une>!d4 ,b _m ( ! mo/ valu$ h be5 f\nd :]e lea/ expect$1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ev5 ! sites ( _m old cities h be5 lo/1 & gre5 fields n[ cov] ! old f\ndations4 ,x is a little disappo9t+ at fir/1 :5 a collection ( ,roman antiquities is "u exam9ation1 to f9d t !y be> a /rik+ resemblance to mod]n appliances--especially is t s 9 ! cook+ ut5sils4 ,mo/ ( ^! e>ly vessels are ( bronze2 "s1 h[ev]1 are ( pure copp]1 mo/ly cov]$ ov] ) gre5 pat9a4 ,! useful seems to h pr$om9at$ ov] ! ornam5tal2 possibly x is t ! m sub/antial cook+-pots & pans h rema9$1 al?\gh light] & m ornam5tal objects h p]i%$4 ,! pots & saucepans are inde$ rem>kably l ^? :i* are n[ us$ = simil> purposes4 ,?is has be5 rem>k$ by _m :o h _h to d ) ! uncov]+ ( long buri$ ru9s4 ,a writ] describ+ a ,roman kit*5 atta*$ to ! villa ( a patrician family ( note 9 ! ,republican era be=e ,augu/us assum$ ! purple1 :i* _h be5 uncov]$ 9 ,rome1 said1 ,! cul9>y ut5sils f\nd !re are mu* l our own1 made ( brass1 "s ( !m dipp$ or plat$ ov] ) silv]4 ,!y consi/$ ( kettles ) feet1 ) a dome-%ap$ op5+ "u !m1 a holl[ cyl9d] :i* ent]$ into ! kettle base s t ! fire c\ld p5etrate x4 ,_m ( ^! ut5sils1 :il/ possess+ great /r5g? & la/+ qualities1 7 n altoge!r pla91 = !y 7 cov]$ ) foliat$ ornam5t l ! saucepan illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! saucepans )\t h&les 7 some?+ l a caldron on feet2 _m1 h[ev]1 7 fitt$ ) bail h&les1 by :i* !y c\ld be hung ov] ! fire by ! aid ( a tripod4 ,! metal ( :i* ^! e>ly vessels 7 made v>i$1 = al?\gh "s 7 ( bronze1 "s 7 made ( a yell[i% brass1 l "o f\nd 9 ,london ne> ,ludgate4 ,! ,guildhall ,museum is ! be/ place to f9d a ?or\ghly repres5tative collection ( ,roman metal-"w4 ,9 ! cases !re are curi\s sauc]-l b[ls ) & )\t h&les1 _m spoons ( bronze1 & a v>iety ( ladles1 "s ( :i* h long & n>r[ b[ls2 & !re are "s cul9>y /ra9]s1 n unlike ! mod]n col&]4 ,!re are _m ew]s & "s b[ls or bas9s ( bronze4 ,9 ,fig4 #h is %[n a ew] ( hamm]$ copp]1 ! h&le hav+ at ! "t x 0 made1 or at "s lat] p]iod1 be5 /r5g!n$ ) brass wire1 :i* is 9 "p flatt5$ & /amp$ ) m$allions giv+ ! vessel an exce$+ly ornam5tal appe>ance4 ,?is curi\s piece is to be se5 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,among ! m important kit*5 accessories :i* h be5 discov]$ on ! sites ( ,roman t[ns are bronze scales n unlike m9iatures ( ! /eely>ds once common 9 ,engl&1 & /ill us$ by but*]s4 ,!n !re are brass gridirons1 dripp+-pans1 & cups ( bronze4 ,!re are also copp] pails = cool+ w9e1 & 9 a few in/ances bronze /&s = ! w9e amphor4 ,x is almo/ impossible to po9t out ! sites :i* are likely to yield ! explor] ! be/ results1 nei!r is x possible to locate ! t[n :]e metal-"w has be5 f\nd to ! greate/ ext5t1 = all old camp+-gr\nds & t[ns once occupi$ by ,roman troops or resid5tial cities dur+ ,roman occupation conta9 :at has be5 ?r[n away z useless or has be5 buri$ accid5tally4 ,! collector is delight$ ) ! _m little objects :i* c be b\ght1 trifl+ matt]s :5 se5 sep>ately1 b v int]e/+ :5 collectively display$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,bronze ,,saucepan ,,) ,,foliat$ ,,h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,ew] ,,( ,,hamm]$ ,,copp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,lamp ,,( ,,ca/ ,,bronze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,lamp ,,( ,,brass ,,inlaid ,,) ,,copp]4 ,int]e/+ ,toilet ,requisites4 ,dur+ excavations on ! site ( ! ,national ,safe ,deposit ,company's premises 9 ,walbrook q a numb] ( beautifully =m$ small objects 7 f\nd4 ,inde$1 su* curios 7by no means uncommonly met ) on sale 9 curio %ops7 are v num]\s1 & include toilet implem5ts1 armlets ( twi/$ copp] wire1 f+] r+s ( bronze1 dress fa/5]s1 p9s1 fibul1 tweez]s1 key r+s1 bodk9s1 & ne$les4 ,! look+-glass is ( c\rse a mod]n inv5tion1 b ,greek & ,roman maid5s le>n$ ! art ( f9i%+ _! toilet 9 ! reflective glass ( ! %9+ pool1 & lat] by ! aid ( mirrors ( highly poli%$ metal made by ! craftsm5 ( ,rome2 "s ( :i* h be5 pres]v$4 ,! surface to :i* ?is reflective poli% 0 giv5 0 ( copp] alloy$ ) antimony & lead4 ,su* mirrors 7 sometimes hung to ! girdle1 a cu/om n unkn[n to ,%akespe>e1 :o frequ5tly makes m5tion ( x4 ,artificial ,light+4 ,artificial light has be5 a necessity to man ev] s9ce primeval days4 ,! :ole /ory ( ! discov]y ( fire-mak+ & ! light x gave is an en*ant+ romance4 ,! contrivances = procur+ & light+ a fire & = ! bett]m5t ( artificial light h be5 _m1 & ?r\gh\t ! ages !y h receiv$ p]haps great] att5tion by ! inv5tor ?an any o!r requirem5t ( ! race4 ,( all ! curios ( ! p]iod "u review none h be5 m prolific ?an ^? associat$ ) artificial light4 ,! lamps ( anci5t ,rome1 ( beautiful bronze & brass1 contra/$ ) ! clay or t]ra-cotta lamps ( crud] =ms :i* h be5 f\nd 9 su* quantities4 ,_! *as$ patt]ns 7 (t5 modell$ on ! e>li] ,greek vases1 s _m ( :i* are to be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum among ! r>ities ( ! metal collector4 ,no collection ( copp] & brass w\ld be complete )\t examples ( ! arts & crafts ( ,rome1 s beautifully exemplifi$ 9 ! *>m+ lamps to be c>ri$ 9 ! h&1 to /& on p$e/als1 & = susp5sion f ! ceil+4 ,!re 0 some?+ 9 _! ornam5tation :i* c>ri$ !m beyond ! works ( ! utilit>ian mak]4 ,a celebrat$ hi/orian1 ref]r+ to ! lights ( anci5t ,rome1 speaks ( _! mat*less grace & simplicity1 & says1 ,!y af=d traces ( decoration %[+ an elevation 9 ! ornam5tation ( common articles ( e-day use4 ,! ,roman lamp ( bronze 0 c>ri$ ev]y:]e ! conqu]+ armies w5t1 & 9 ,roman settlem5ts 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 z well z 9 ,brita91 ! native artific]s 9 copp] & bronze saw 9 !m designs to be imitat$2 & aft] ! ,empire ( ,rome _h fall51 ! models :i* emanat$ f ! ,imp]ial city s]v$ z ! designs = lamps 9 _m c\ntries c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,! illu/rations %[n 9 ,figs4 #i & #aj repres5t bronze lamps--! =m]1 ,fig4 #i1 is ca/1 & is an e>ly example2 ,fig4 #aj1 h[ev]1 is ( a lat] p]iod1 & x is made ( brass inlaid ) copp]4 ,! examples f\nd 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries may be divid$ into two gr\ps1 ^? di/9ctly ,roman & ( e>ly date & ^? ( ! days :5 ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 recogniz$ by ! ,emp]ors & ! ,/ate4 ,^! latt] are kn[n by ! decorations ^u !m4 ,/atues & ,monum5ts4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! beautiful /atuettes ( ,greece4 ,!re are o!rs1 to _m gr& 9 _! conceptions1 ! "w ( ,roman modell]s1 _m repres5t+ ,apollo1 ,h]cules1 ,m>s1 & ,m]cury hav+ be5 f\nd4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re are "s wond]fully /rik+ heads ( sev]al ( ! ,emp]ors1 & o!r m5 ^: portraits h be5 h&$ on to u 9 monum5ts ( /one1 & ^u co9s & m$allions1 ! die-s9k]s ( :i* s fai?fully portray$ ! m5 !y pictur$4 ,! names ( _m ( ! mo/ fam\s arti/s are kn[n1 & collectors rejoice ov] fre% examples ( _! h&iwork4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! ,roman work] 9 metal z a :ole t connoisseurs recognize & appreciate1 & ! true connoisseur is always se>*+ = "s great] arti/'s "w ?an he has hi!rto be5 famili> )4 ,he is on ! look-out = ! v be/ among art treasures4 ,an amus+ /ory has be5 told ( a mod]n manufactur] :o 0 v fond ( ins]t+ 9 8 adv]tisem5ts p>agraphs call+ att5tion to 8 mod]n works ( art1 :i* he said 7 ackn[l$g$ by connoisseurs to be ! be/4 ,fa!r1 said 8 little boy "o day1 :at d y mean by a connoisseur8 ,a connoisseur1 my boy1 answ]$ ! manufactur] ( copp] goods1 is an em95t au?ority--an au?ority1 9 %ort1 :o admits t our goods are ! be/4 ,we are apt to look ^u ! beautiful brass grilles & copp] lock-plates ( m$ival days z ! e>lie/ examples ( ^! metals 9 lock-mak+1 ! e>lie/ locks f\nd on old doors & munim5t *e/s be+ *iefly ( iron4 ,b :5 we g back to /ill e>li] times & exam9e ! relics ( ,roman ,london1 we f9d key-r+s & keys ( bronze1 "s v ornam5tal1 too4 ,"o beautiful little key f\nd ne> ,all ,hall[s ,*ur* has a b[ t]m9at+ 9 a small spur4 ,ano!r bronze key f\nd ne> ,/4 ,s)9's1 9 ,cannon ,/reet1 has a ridg$ annul> b[1 ) a %ort squ>e /em4 ,o!r keys are equally decorative2 ! locks1 too1 are 9 _m in/ances ornam5tal1 al?\gh 9 design & workman%ip !y fall %ort ( ! p9nacle ( fame rea*$ by ! lockmak]s 9 lat] ,go?ic times4 ,romano-,briti% ,art4 ,_m read]s 9 se>*+ = curios ( ! ,romano-,briti% p]iod 9 ?is c\ntry w recall ! fact t ! anci5t ,britons possess$ bronze2 & d\btless we %\ld be do+ an inju/ice to ! m enlight5$ dwell]s 9 ,brita9 be=e ,roman occupation1 & contempor>y ) x1 if we did n admit t possibly "s ( ! relics ( t p]iod n[ dubb$ ,roman belong$ to ^? m entitl$ to our reg>d1 = ,albion 0 _! native l&4 ,on ! ,?ames ,embankm5t1 fac+ ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 !re is t fam\s bronze gr\p p]petuat+ ! memory ( ! ,briti% ,que5 ,boadicea 9 h] w> *>iot4 ,! ,romans made _! fam\s pav$ roads z !y pu%$ _! outpo/s & l9e ( camps f>!r nor? & we/4 ,! :eels ( _m ,briti% w> *>iots 7 made (1 or hoop$ )1 brass1 & possibly ! brass or bronze :eels1 su* z are repres5t$ 9 t gr\p on ! ,embankm5t once cov]$ by ! fl[+ riv]1 may h rattl$ ov] ! roads made by ! conqu]ors2 su* *>iots1 ) _! appo9tm5ts ( bronze & ornam5tal horse trapp+s1 %[$ mu* skill 9 _! fa%ion+4 ,a poet gives voice to _! use 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 ,on ! bright axle turns ! bidd5 :eel ,( s\nd+ brass1 ! poli%'d axle /eel4 ,a ,well ,/ag$ ,exhibit4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to rem9d read]s t !re is a peculi> attraction 9 a well /ag$ exhibit--public or private4 ,a case ( ,roman & /ill e>li] bronzes may be made attractive by an arrangem5t giv+ a gradation ( subject & inclusive ( ! pla9] types ) ! m delicately =m$ ornam5tal tr9kets4 ,a v f9e example ( h[ to arrange su* a collection is se5 9 "o ( ! rooms 9 ,/af=d ,h\se1 ! new home ( ! ,london ,museum4 ,! entire collection1 repres5tative ( v>i\s p]iods ( ! ,roman occupation ( ,brita91 s c>efully m\nt$1 is wor?y ( close inspection4 ,x includes _m r>e pieces1 "o be+ an e>ly ,roman lamp1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,gre5wi* & is said to be unique among ,london curios4 ,inde$1 x is probable t none s f9e1 nor ( exactly ! same design1 has be5 f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,?is we are able to reproduce 7see ,fig4 #ej74 ,! newly arrang$ ,london ,museum is likely to be a r5dezv\s ( ,london]s & _! fri5ds f ! c\ntry1 = n only are !re e>ly antiquities 9 copp] & brass1 b _m fasc9at+ curios arrang$ 9 hi/orical sequ5ce1 %[+ ! developm5t 9 metal-"w z x 0 fa%ion$ by ,london smi?s & f\nd]s1 & ! progress made by o!r craftsm5 z k+s & que5s came & w5t & ! ,london z we "k x to-day 0 be+ evolv$4 ,v ,,m$i,,val ,,antiquities ,,*apt] ,v ,,m$i,,val ,,antiquities ,dome/ic brasswork--,metal signs & badges--,ornam5tal tr9kets--,arms & arm\r4 ,z ! collector ( copp] & brass assembles 8 treasures & arranges !m accord+ to ! diff]5t p]iods 9 :i* !y 7 made1 x is always ! h\sehold ut5sils :i* pr$om9ate4 ,z "t goes on _! numb] increases & ! ornam5tal bl5ds ) ! useful2 b ! increase 9 ! v>iety is only 9 proportion to ! gradual ext5sion ( ! numb] ( o!r h\sehold curios ( contempor>y dates4 ,! p]iod "u review1 = conv5i5ce t]m$ m$ival1 ext5ds 9 actual fact f ! r\gh] days ( ! ,norman sov]eigns to ^? :5 bluff ,k+ ,hal held c\rt & ,elizabe? made s _m gr& t\rs among ! c\ntry seats ( h] p4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod ! furniture ( ev5 ! nobility & weal?y ecclesia/ics 0 v scanty1 & :5 ! pr\d b>ons mov$ f "o ca/le to ano!r !y c>ri$ ) !m all _! h\sehold furni%+s1 ev5 _! m treasur$ cul9>y ut5sils ( copp] & brass4 ,!y /[$ !m away along ) _! jewels & _! o!r belong+s 9 oak c(f]s1 :i* 9 ! e>lie/ days 7 made s t !y c\ld be c>ri$ on poles by reta9]s4 ,9 oak5 c(f]s ,i h /uff$ my cr[ns1 ,9 cypress *e/s my arras c\nt]po9ts1 ,pewt] & brass1 & all ?+s t belong ,to h\se or h\sekeep+4 ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew4 ,dome/ic ,brasswork4 ,9 m$ival days ! metal-"w 0 home made1 t is to say1 x 0 ! "w ( reta9]s & ^? :o 7 employ$ ^u an e/ate4 ,! old smi?s n only work$ 9 iron b wr\ght copp] & brass1 & ! f\nd]s 7 build+ up a reputation2 & _! *ief m5 7 lay+ d[n rules = ! guidance ( ! craftsm54 ,! influ5ce ex]t$ ^u ! metal-"w ( ?is c\ntry by ! trade guilds ( ,london is ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,9 _! prosp]ity no d\bt ! kit*5s ( ! once p[]ful guilds 7 fill$ ) cook+ vessels indicative ( ! fea/s held by ! freem5 ( ! diff]5t crafts4 ,"s may say !re are /ill evid5ces ( su* fea/s2 b mo/ ( ! cook+ vessels ( e>ly days p]i%$ 9 ! ,great ,fire1 al?\gh d\btless !re are relics ( a lat] p]iod to be f\nd 9 ! kit*5s & cell>s ( ! ,guildhall & "s ( ! less] halls4 ,"s ( ! companies1 if !y h lo/ _! treasures1 /ill possess records :i* are helpful to ! antiqu>y1 & we naturally turn to ! p>*m5ts & books ( ! ,wor%ipful ,company ( ,f\nd]s1 & !re1 appropriately en\gh1 x is writt5 t at "o "t !y _h jurisdiction ov] ! manufacture ( c&le/icks1 buckles1 spurs1 /irrups1 /raps1 lav]s1 pots1 ew]s1 & bas9s ( brass & latt54 ,! m>k ( ! my/]y 0 e>ly made a ew]1 a ew] & two c&le/icks be+ giv5 to ! ,f\nd]s 9 #aeij1 :5 !y obta9$ a grant ( arms2 ! motto !y adopt$ 03 ,god is ! only ,f\nd]4 ,! f\ndries ( ! craftsm51 work]s1 & ca/]s ( brass1 latt51 & k9dr$ alloys 9 ,london 7 *iefly 9 & ne> ,lo?bury1 among _! mo/ not$ products be+ c&le/icks & spice mort>s--two /aples :i* h become ne>ly obsolete1 al?\gh none w\ld say t ! f\nd+ ( metal is z yet an obsolete craft4 ,?us x is *ange & developm5t are se5 ev]y:]e 9 production4 ,! *ief privileges ( ! ,f\nd]s h gone1 al?\gh !y /ill take "s little "p 9 ! /amp+ ( weights & measures2 b t1 too1 has become a ,gov]nm5t duty4 ,! ,f\nd]s h "s int]e/+ pieces ( plate1 b n mu* copp]4 ,_! be/ example ( _! own craft is ! anci5t poor-box ( copp] :i* 0 pres5t$ to ! ,company by ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,pil*>d 9 #afec1 ! ye> 9 :i* he 0 ,upp] ,w>d54 ,! fe$+ ( man has always be5 ! fir/ duty ( ^? :o took *>ge ( dome/ic arrangem5ts1 & we c readily und]/& t ! caldron or cook+-pot 0 ! e>lie/ vessel4 ,its use may be reg>d$ z univ]sal1 = x is f\nd to h exi/$ ev]y:]e 7see ,*apt] ,,viii74 ,9 m$ival ,engl& ! fea/+ ( ! poor & ! fe$+ ( scores ( reta9]s 9 ! b>onial halls & 9 ! great ecclesia/ical build+s1 :]e hospitality & *>ity 7 rife1 necessitat$ imm5se boil+-pots4 ,"s ( ^? ref]r$ to "u ,dome/ic ,ut5sils 7,*apt] ,,viii7 seem to "s too l>ge = practical purposes4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be po9t$ out t !re are _m l>ge cook+-pots 9 use ev5 at ! pres5t "t2 & copp] caldrons ( l>ge size are us$ 9 hospitals & infirm>ies4 ,q rec5tly !re appe>$ 9 ! public ,press photographs ( a well-kn[n ,c\ntess mak+ an ,iri% /ew at ,lib]ty ,hall1 ,dubl91 /irr+ r\nd ! cont5ts ) a wood5 /irr] & lad+ out b[lfuls ( s\p ) a metal scoop2 x 0 food = ! suff]]s ?r\gh ! /rike at t "t go+ on 9 ,dubl94 ,x is ?us t ! poor ( all ages h be5 f$4 ,z kit*5 op]ations 7 conf9$ to less] areas & small] vessels 7 ne$$ by individual families :5 patri>*al sy/ems 7 brok5 up1 !y 7 b replicas 9 m9iature ( ! l>g] caldrons & vessels :i* _h become too l>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,,brass ,,aquamanile 7,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury74 7,9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,x is wisely said1 ,f+]s 7 made be=e spoons1 a fact true en\gh1 b z "t w5t on & ! habits & cu/oms ( m5 & wom5 became less r\gh1 al?\gh z yet h>dly ref9$1 a ne$ sprang up = ut5sils = p]sonal use4 ,hi!rto cook+ =ks & spoons 7 us$ 9 ! kit*51 b ! hunt+-knife mo/ly s]v$ at table4 ,x is true spoons 7 9 use 9 v e>ly times & ev5 by ! common p4 ,at fir/ ( iron or wood1 aft]w>ds made ( brass & latt51 !y are f\nd :]ev] !re are rema9s ( m$ival dwell+s4 ,a ,scot*man is said to h decl>$ t ! discov]y ( hot bro? 0 an epo* 9 ! evolution ( man1 & t z ! ladle is to ! pot s is ! spoon to ! b[l4 ,su* brass ew]s & bas9s1 kn[n z aquamaniles1 mo/ly ( bronze 7"o ( ,cont95tal make is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aa7 7 us$ = ! purpose ( wa%+ ! h&s1 ov] :i* ! wat] 0 p\r$4 ,!y 7 us$ 9 connection ) b[ls4 ,ano!r type ( lav+ ew] is t ( ! gemellions1 made 9 pairs1 "o portion be+ held "u a p]son's h&s :ile wat] 0 p\r$ out ( ! sp\t$ b[l4 ,gemellions seem to h be5 ! some:at clumsy prototypes ( ! m conv5i5t jug & b[l ( lat] days4 ,! use ( ew]s & bas9 0 v necess>y bo? be=e & aft] meals :5 knives & spoons 7 little us$ & x 0 no uncommon ?+ = two p]sons to eat out ( "o di%4 ,9 m$ival days ev5 dome/ic articles 7 frequ5tly decorat$1 = ,engli% & ,european metal-work]s _h caught ! figure "w ( ! ,ori5tal s*ool4 ,_! ornam5t took ! =m ( hunt+ & battle sc5es4 ,sometimes patrons 7 eulogiz$1 & flatt]+ inscriptions cov]$ ! objects wr\ght = !m by _! s]vile dep5d5ts4 ,9 ,fig4 #ah !re is %[n a bucket or ba? vessel n[ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 r an unusual piece ( e>ly metal-"w & an int]e/+ m$ival curio4 ,n long ago a simil> bucket 0 dug up 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,weybridge4 ,we are apt to reg>d ) disda9 :at we t]m ! gr&mo!rly legislation :i* tamp]s ) ! lib]ty ( ! subject4 ,! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 is n alone rem>kable = regulations by :i* ! home life ( ! nation is controll$4 ,! ,norman law :i* ord]$ lights out :5 curfew rang cut %ort ! ov]time ( ! work] ( t day4 ,s /r+5t 0 ! en=cem5t ( t law t n a glimm] ( light mu/ be se5 aft] ! appo9t$ "t4 ,to d>k5 or ext+ui% ! dy+ fire on ! he>? ! c\vre de feu became a feature4 ,su* cov]s ( well au!nticat$ antiquity are r>e2 ! "o illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ab is a well-pres]v$ example n[ 9 ! ,bolton ,museum4 ,metal ,signs & ,badges4 ,9 ! e>ly days :5 s]fdom _h n long ceas$ & ! reta9]s ( ! nobles _h n won _! full fre$om or indep5d5ce1 signs & symbols ( _! allegiance to "s *ief or ov]lord 7 pl5tiful4 ,! ,crusad]s br\ght back ) !m signs1 amulets1 & v>i\s objects :i* !y wore ) m or less sup]/iti\s belief4 ,! pilgrims to ! mo/ not$ %r9es 9 ?is c\ntry foll[$ suit1 & all ^! v>i\s purposes & m$ival cu/oms h furni%$ ! curio-hunt] ) _m delightful rem9d]s ( ! good old days :5 sup]/ition & almo/ idolatry 7 rife4 ,old ,fa!r ,?ames has pres]v$ _m ( !m = c5turies1 & tw5tie?-c5tury collectors are ri*] !reby4 ,9 ! ,guildhall ,museum 9 ,london !re is a v complete & repres5tative collection ( pilgrims' signs4 ,al?\gh _m ( !m are made ( a s(t metal1 !re are o!rs ( good copp] & brass4 ,at "o "t !y mu/ h be5 v pl5tiful1 = v prolific h ! f9ds be5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london ,bridge & 9 & ar\nd ,s\?w>k4 ,^! signs or badges 7 secur$ & worn by ! pilgrims :o set out to ! *ief %r9es1 notably t ( ,/4 ,?omas ,becket at ,cant]bury4 ,*auc] 9 8 ,cant]bury ,tales has told t !re 7 _m trad]s 9 pilgrim signs 9 ,cant]bury city1 s t all 7 enabl$ to possess !mselves ( su* symbols1 _m ( :i* !y ?rew ^u ! %r9e1 & o!rs reta9$ !m z talismans aga9/ dang] on ! return j\rney4 ,! pilgrims wore a v>iety ( emblems--! m dev\t1 x is said1 pref]r$ ! cross2 o!rs c>ri$ ) !m on _! j\rney little metal figures ( ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,ka!r9e1 ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 or o!r sa9t ) 8 or h] symbol4 ,/4 ,agnes 0 repres5t$ by a lamb1 ,/4 ,john by an eagle1 & ,/4 ,doro?y by a basket ( fruit4 ,p]haps ! mo/ fav\r$ sign pur*as$ 9 ,cant]bury 0 an eque/rian figure ( ,/4 ,?omas ,becket4 ,"s ( ! emblems 7 worn z protectors aga9/ evil1 & su* signs 7 almo/ inv>iably on horse trapp+s2 inde$1 su* amulets h be5 p]petuat$ almo/ up to ! pres5t day4 ,!re are sev]al circul> discs 9 ! museum ref]r$ to1 said to date f ! twelf? c5tury1 ^u ^! are emboss$ two horn$ animals2 ano!r badge ( a little lat] date1 9 copp]1 has ^u x a %ield ( arms surr\nd$ by ?ree my?ical dragons2 x 0 f\nd 9 ,ludgate ,hill4 ,yet ano!r on :i* is a %ield *>g$ ) sev5 />s1 said to be ( f\rte5?-c5tury workman%ip1 0 f\nd "s "t ago on ! site ( ! old ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice 9 ,/ ,m>t9's-le-,gr&4 ,! reta9]s ( noblem5 wore private badges by :i* !y 7 kn[n2 ^! 7 mo/ly ( brass or bronze1 & sometimes !y 7 gild$4 ,!y 7 frequ5tly worn :5 on a j\rney z a passport4 ,su* badges 9 ! =m ( circles & loz5ges 7 usually furni%$ ) a loop = susp5sion1 & became well kn[n4 ,!y s]v$ a simil> purpose to ! di/9ctive liv]y ( lat] days4 ,ornam5tal ,tr9kets4 ,! h\sehold ornam5ts1 tr9kets1 & little articles ( p]sonal adornm5t :i* h be5 pres]v$ tell n only ( female vanity b ( mascul9e love ( ornam5t4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! use ( bronze l+]$ on = c5turies aft] x _h nom9ally be5 displac$ by brass2 especially 0 t ! case 9 decorative objects & metal ornam5t4 ,! metals kn[n z bronze1 copp]1 & brass are1 h[ev]1 mu* int]mix$ 9 _! use4 ,! objects :i* c be collect$ include broo*es1 r+s1 p9s1 ne$les1 bodk9s1 & ?imbles ( brass4 ,buckles are v num]\s1 & v>i$ 9 =m2 "s are he>t-%ap$1 o!rs h ends cut out to =m a trefoil & are decorat$ ) a pi]c$ fleur-de-lis4 ,! /ory ( ! p91 ! smalle/ & yet ! mo/ us$ metal object pres]v$1 is v int]e/+4 ,at "o "t x 0 made by h& f brass wire1 ! head be+ twi/$ r\nd & r\nd until x _h ! appe>ance ( a solid knob4 ,! ,p9n]s 7 9 ye>s gone by an important guild1 & 9 #acgf return$ two m5 to ! ,common ,c\ncil ( ,london4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 pass$ compell+ ! ,p9n]s to sold] fa/ to ! %ank ! head ( ! p91 & direct+ t ! p9 itself %\ld be smoo?1 r\nd$1 fil$1 & %>p5$4 ,v labori\s inde$ mu/ h be5 ! mak+ ( p9s 9 ^? days4 ,!re 7 p9s1 h[ev]1 ( an e>li] date1 = x is record$ t on "o occasion :5 ! m5 ( ,a!ns _h gone out to battle only "o return$4 ,he 0 met by an infuriat$ mob ( wom51 :o 7 s enrag$ at ! loss ( _! husb&s t ,h]odotus tells u !y pull$ ! p9s out f _! g>m5ts & /abb$ him to dea?4 ,!re 7 bronze p9s 9 ,rome1 too1 & we are told t ev5 ! safety-p9 ( to-day is by no means new1 = among ! collectable objects 9 brass are prehi/oric safety-p9s4 ,half a c5tury ago1 :5 little girls w5t to s*ool !y c>ri$ ) !m ! inevitable p9 poppet1 "s ( :i* receptacles = p9s & o!r simil> sundries 7 ( wood1 b _m 7 brass2 "s met ) among old metal curios are q h&somely decorat$4 ,ano!r indisp5sable object is ! button1 s _m ( :i* are ( metal1 _m decorative1 "s inscrib$1 & o!rs ornam5t$ ) portraits4 ,!re are little brass sleeve-l9ks1 worn 9 ,tudor days1 to be met )1 & "s curi\s brass /uds :i* 7 worn by m5 9 ! %irt fronts ( ! e>ly ,georgian p]iod4 ,!re are clasps ( purses & books & casket m\nts ( brass1 "s ( :i* date back to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! old] m\nts ( purses1 s-call$1 w\ld be m correctly describ$ z ! m\nts ( gipci]es2 ! gipci]e 0 a k9d ( p\* =m]ly worn at ! girdle2 ! "n is also spell$ gips]3 ,a gips] all ( silk ,hung at 8 girdle :ite z morn silk4 ,*auc]4 ,sometimes ! m\nts 7 inscrib$ ) mottoes2 "o f\nd 9 ,brooks' ,:>f1 ,london1 believ$ to be ( f\rte5?-c5tury workman%ip1 is inscrib$ ,,creatorem ,,celi ,,et ,,t]re ,,et ,,9 ,,iesvm4 ,o!r objects 9 brass are girdle ends1 "s ( :i* are %ap$ l acorns & o!rs are ( ivy-leaf design4 ,among ornam5tal bronzes :i* c be worn1 & 9 l>g] sizes hung ^u ! wall1 !re are plaques1 _m ( ! e>lie/ be+ copi$ f antique gems4 ,plaquettes 9 bronze 7 common 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,arms & ,arm\r4 ,a volume might well be tak5 up ) describ+ m$ival arms & arm\r4 ,x is true iron & /eel are ! *ief metals 9 ! mak+ ( weapons1 b brass & bronze are closely alli$ ) "s ( ! armam5ts ( w>4 ,_m ( ! small m$ival cannon 7 ( brass1 & n a few ( ! guns1 or h& cannon1 7 ( t metal4 ,9 ! days ( ,elizabe? ! muskete] c>ri$1 9 addition to an unwieldy weapon1 8 flask ( p[d]1 t\*-box1 & burn+ mat*4 ,! mat*-box 0 a tube ( copp] pi]c$ ) small holes1 & 9 x ! light$ mat* c\ld be convey$ safely4 ,! p[d]-horn 0 at fir/ ( real horn1 b 9 "t x became a copp] flask4 ,_m ( ! old flasks 7 exce$+ly ornate1 & 7 (t5 ornam5t$ ) hunt+ sc5es work$ up 9 rep\ss on ! copp] sides4 ,! spur-mak]s 7 important craftsm5 9 e>ly days1 & "u ! "n ( ! ,guild ( ,lor9]s rank$ ) ! ,city companies4 ,x is true t ! spur r[els ( six1 eight1 or ev5 twelve po9ts 7 g5]ally ( iron1 b ! collector ( metal f9ds _m int]e/+ specim5s made entirely ( brass4 ,"o pair ( spurs 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii consi/ ( f\rte5 brass po9ts1 ! neck ( ! r[el be+ %ap$ l a peacock & emboss$ ) brass rosettes4 ,our f9e/ collection ( arm\r & ( c]emonial metal-"w--t spl5did collection :i* dates f q e>ly times1 f9d+ its greate/ /r5g? & massive gr&eur 9 late m$ival days & its arti/ic ornam5t 9 ! ri*ly damasc5$ arm\r ( less] weight ( ! ,/u>ts--is rightly h\s$ 9 t greate/ ( ,engli% /rongholds1 ! ,t[] ( ,london4 ,x is !re t ! antiqu>y & ! ar*ologi/ love to w&]1 & 9 ! va/ recesses ( ^? dungeons & prison-l t[]s read hi/ory4 ,!re is an abundance ( metal ev]y:]e4 ,guns & cannon & mort>s ( hi/oric fame lie ab\t 9 ! op54 ,! ,bloody ,t[]1 ne>ly opposite ! ,traitors' ,gate1 ! ,middle ,t[]1 ! ,byw>d ,t[]1 & _m o!rs ( equal int]e/ may be se54 ,to "s ! ,regalia ) its cr[ns1 swords1 & sceptres ( /ate1 ampulla1 spoon1 salt-cell>s1 maces1 & ord]s ( m]it1 are ! greate/ attraction4 ,! curio collector1 h[ev]1 f9ds 8 way to ! museum & admires & p]haps envies ! qua9t & curi\s guns1 p[d]-horns1 & trophies ( w>4 ,he is 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,engl& ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ) its j\/s & t\rnam5ts1 %ut out by ! ?ick walls ( ! ,:ite ,t[] f ! hurry & bu/le ( ! traffic & comm]ce ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! magnific5t arm\r 9 ,h]t=d ,h\se--! ,wallace collection--is a delight to ^? :o love to see 9 arms & arm\r ! p]fection ( beauty ( ornam5t & decoration4 ,!re are spl5did suits :i* look z bright z ! day :5 !y 7 new4 ,! half-suit ( arm\r ( ,italian workman%ip made = ,alfonso ,,ii1 ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 inlaid & damasc5$ ) gold & silv]1 is said to be ! f9e/ 9 ,europe4 ,! /ag+ ( ?is spl5did collection 0 c>ri$ out by ,mr4 ,guy ,lak+1 ! ,keep] ( ! ,k+'s ,arm\r & ,cu/odian ( ! ,london ,museum4 ,a fitt+ conclusion to ?is *apt] is1 surely1 a tribute to ! arm\r]s & f\nd]s & smi?s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :o work$ s consci5ti\sly & made _! "w la/+4 ,x has reta9$ its beauty & mu* ( its anci5t f9i%1 not)/&+ atmosph]ic influ5ces2 inde$1 "s ( x ga9$ add$ beauty by oxidation4 ,,vi ,,lat] ,,metal-,,"w ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,brass ,,c\vre ,,de ,,feu1 ,a ,,r>e ,,e>ly ,,piece4 7,9 ! ,*adwick ,museum1 ,bolton47 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,lat] ,,metal-,,"w ,! influ5ce ( ! ,guilds--,ar*itectural metal-"w--,! door knock]--,int]ior metal-"w4 ,9 all bran*es ( art !re seems to be a break betwe5 ! e>li] m$ival & ! lat] art :i* 0 ! outcome to "s ext5t ( ! great ,r5aissance or revival :i* swept ov] ! ,cont95t ( ,europe & br\ght ) x su* a *ange 9 ev]y?+ app]ta9+ to ! beautiful4 ,:il/ m$ival metal-work]s produc$ gr& examples full ( design & ornam5t1 influ5c$ by ! t\* ) ,ea/]n nations :i* ! ,crusad]s gave !m1 ! lat] smi?s & f\nd]s gradually evolv$ /yles ( _! own1 m ,engli% to our ideas4 ,! ,r5aissance ) its weal? ( ornam5t did n s mu* apply to copp] & brass z x did to ! metal-"w ( ! smi? :o =g$ t :i* 0 beautiful & ornate 9 iron on 8 anvil4 ,yet "s ( ^? florid designs 7 reproduc$ by ! brassf\nd]4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration ! art treasures :i* _h be5 de/roy$ dur+ ! ,commonweal? 7 replac$1 z evid5c$ by ! ,regalia 9 ! ,t[]1 :]e !re is s mu* silv]-gilt & gold plate :i* repres5ts ! m decorative art ( t p]iod4 ,9 t fam\s collection ( national ,regalia1 symbols ( (fice1 & vessels us$ on r>e occasions1 !re is ! alms-di% us$ = ! di/ribution ( ! ,k+'s doles on ,maundy ,?ursday4 ,x be>s ! ,royal ciph] ( ,william & ,m>y1 & contra/s ) ! o!r plate 9 t x is rem>kably pla91 typical 9 its decoration ) ! e>li] metal-"w ( ! days ( ,que5 ,anne & ^? ye>s :i* imm$iately foll[$ h] reign4 ,:5 we walk ?r\gh "s ( ! once select1 al?\gh n[ n mu* us$1 ?or\ghf>es 9 ,london & admire ! /ately old h\ses :i* may be se5 /ill 9 "s ( ! ,metropolitan squ>es1 especially 9 ! op5 ?or\ghf>e kn[n z ,que5 ,anne's ,gate1 we are incl9$ to wond] :e!r aft] all ,que5 ,anne is dead4 ,t hackney$ expression us$ 9 a humor\s s5se at times is c]ta9ly n true 9 s f> z ! rem>kable developm5ts 9 build+ op]ations & ! *>act]i/ic decorations ( ,que5 ,anne's day live /ill n only 9 ! old h\ses :i* are /ill undi/urb$1 b 9 ! designs & *>act]i/ic patt]ns :i* 7 !n adopt$ by metal-work]s & o!rs1 _! beauty & grace be+ recogniz$ to su* an ext5t t !y are to-day among ! mu* copi$ antiques4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,guilds4 ,x may be conv5i5t "h to ref] to ! influ5ce ( ! old ,city guilds1 :i* = s long a "t act$ b5eficially1 keep+ ! craftsm5 ( _! day up to ! m>k1 ma9ta9+ ! purity ( metal & o!r mat]ials us$1 & enc\rag+ & fo/]+ ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ skill 9 arti/ic workman%ip4 ,! ,city ,companies h long ceas$ to ex]cise active control ov] individual craftsm52 "s w\ld say t trade unions h tak5 _! place1 & o!rs w\ld po9t to ! alt]$ conditions ( manufacture & ( trade :i* exi/ n[4 ,none c d5y1 h[ev]1 t ! influ5ce ( ^? e>ly pione]s is /ill felt1 & ! basis :i* !y laid d[n z ! art ( ! lat] p]iod ( ,engli% craftsman%ip1 among/ :i* we f9d ! great] numb] ( our collectable curios1 rema9s to-day ! f\ndation on :i* mod]n developm5ts are built up4 ,! ,brazi]s' ,company 0 once an important guild 9 connection ) metal4 ,_m ye>s ago ! ,brazi]s jo9$ ! ,arm\r]s1 claim+1 h[ev]1 a monopoly ( all copp] & brasswork4 ,by an ,au?ority receiv$ f ,james ,,ii ! memb]s ( ! ,brazi]s' ,company 7 grant$ ! "r to se>* & prove all copp] & brasswork wr\ght ) a hamm] )9 ! ,city ( ,london4 ,x is said t _! ,*>t] is /ill 9 =ce1 al?\gh _! rights & privileges are n[ s9ecures4 ,few memb]s ( ! old ,city companies h n[ any direct connection ) ! crafts ) :i* _! names are associat$4 ,!y exi/1 h[ev]1 & use "s ( ! funds at _! disposal = ! enc\ragem5t & developm5t ( ! mod]n crafts :i* h evolv$ f ! old] f\ndations ) :i* !y 7 associat$4 ,n[ & !n important exhibitions are held at :i* examples ( ! old & ! new are %[n1 n always r$\nd+ to ! cr$it ( ! antique4 ,"s few ye>s ago a v int]e/+ competitive exhibition 0 held at ,ironmong]s' ,hall at ! in/igation ( ! ,wor%ipful ,company ( ,f\nd]s1 by :om prizes 7 giv5 = arti/ic metal-"w made by liv+ craftsm5 :o _h /udi$ antique metal-"w & _h caught some:at ( ! _s ( ! old arti/s 9 copp] & brass4 ,! competition 0 ke5 & _m ( ! exhibits v beautiful4 ,! w9n] ( ! fir/ prize _h modell$ a goat f life4 ,! second prize w5t to ! modell] ( a calf :i* 0 ca/ 9 bronze2 ! ?ird prize be+ aw>d$ = a spl5didly modell$ lioness4 ,9 ano!r division prizes 7 giv5 = bells2 ! fir/ prize 0 aw>d$ to ! f\nd] ( a *ur* bell ca/ 9 loam1 & ! second prize to ! design] & f\nd] ( a bell on :i* 7 exce$+ly well-modell$ repres5tations ( ! ,resurrection4 ,9 all ^! examples ! influ5ce ( ! antique 0 v conspicu\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,copp] ,,vane ,,on ,,bill+sgate ,,fi% ,,m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,! ,,city ,,dragon ,,z ,a ,,wea!r-,,vane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,,copp] ,,cock ,,vane1 ,,"o ,,( ,,f\r ,,on ,,smi?field ,,m>ket4 ,! impetus :i* has be5 giv5 to mod]n copp] smi?+ by ! ,arts & ,crafts ,society ?r\gh its exhibitions has giv5 q a diff]5t conception ( ! art f t :i* 0 =m]ly held4 ,in/ead ( be+ a common craft1 work+ 9 copp] & brass has become "o ( ! f9e arts1 a hobby mu* practis$1 & ! results appreciat$4 ,! late ,william ,morris1 at "o "t ,presid5t ( ! ,society1 & ,walt] ,crane1 arti/s ( no mean ord]1 ex]t$ a great influ5ce on ! "w ( exhibitors4 ,!y h rais$ ! tone ( ! "w done by amateurs & h be5 ! means ( guid+ mod]n work]s 9 ^! metals 9 _! ef=ts to reproduce ! antique4 ,curios & antiques h s]v$ a d\ble purpose associat$ ) crafts su* z ^? "u review1 z !y give ! pres5t-day arti/ ! f\ndations ^u :i* to "w4 ,!y give !m evid5ce ( /yles & designs :i* h prevail$ 9 ! pa/ & models ^u :i* to build ! art ( ! future4 ,briefly1 among ! be/ works ( to-day fa%ion$ on ! arts & crafts ( ! copp]smi?s ( old are ! beautiful metal dogs & fire-he>? appo9tm5ts4 ,!re are ! copp] grilles1 exquisite 9 design & useful = _m purposes2 copp] lant]ns & brass lamps ( great v>iety2 copp] c&le/icks1 z well z ! beat5 metal c&elabra & electroli]s1 also ov]mantel panels & beat5 copp] r\ndels1 all wor?y objects = ! craftsm5 ( ! pres5t day to foll[4 ,p]haps ! mo/ elaborate productions bas$ on ! antique are ! ecclesia/ical brasses ( :i* !re is ample *oice 9 ! old brasswork 9 s _m ca!drals & p>i% *ur*es4 ,ar*itectural ,metal-,"w4 ,_m ye>s ago ar*itects n only design$ ! ma9 fabric & sup]vis$ ! build+ ( h\ses1 su* z ^? incid5tally ref]r$ to be+ erect$ 9 ! days ( ,que5 ,anne1 b !y 7 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! metal-"w :i* act$ z ext]ior ornam5tation1 & to a l>ge ext5t contribut$ to ! beauty ( _! ar*itectural designs4 ,aft] ! ,great ,fire ( ,london swept away s mu* ( ! anci5t resid5tial portion ( ! old city1 & took ) x ! ,go?ic & e>ly m$ival *ur*es1 !re 0 a great revival 9 build+ op]ations4 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 & 8 fell[-work]s put up m ?an sixty new *ur*es )9 ! ,city1 & al?\gh to "s ext5t ! cont\r ( ! old /reets 0 obs]v$1 ! new] build+s mu/ h pres5t$ an a/oni%+ trans=mation sc5e1 = f ! few old relics left ( ,london be=e ! ,fire we c =m "s slight idea ( :at ! ,city mu/ h look$ l !n4 ,! collector ( copp] & brass takes an int]e/ 9 metal-"w o!r ?an t :i* he c collect1 & admires works ( art ) :i* ! ar*itects ( old5 times enri*$ _! *ief build+s4 ,x is true a consid]able portion ( ! ext]ior metal-"w atta*$ to ! freehold1 & ( ! gates & palasades surr\nd+ ! m important erections1 are ( iron4 ,!re are en\gh examples ( copp]-"w1 h[ev]1 to %[ u ! skill ( ! old craftsm5 :o work$ on ye>s aft] ! ,*>t] grant$ by ,james ,,ii to ! ,brazi]s' ,company _h become a dead lett]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s & at ! same "t decorative examples ( copp]-"w on ! l(ti] build+s is f\nd 9 ! wea!r-vanes1 :i* 7 sometimes gilt1 at o!rs pa9t$4 ,9 ! e>li] days ! emblems select$ _h "s be>+ on ! own]%ip ( ! build+ or ! purposes = :i* x 0 to be us$4 ,!re 7 well-kn[n rules1 too1 gov]n+ ! type ( wea!r-vane4 ,^! are recognizable 9 ! old] examples4 ,!y h be5 neglect$1 h[ev]1 9 lat] ye>s1 & ! nondescript designs *os5 by build]s & modell$ accord+ to ! :im ( ! design] at ! pres5t day %[ little reg>d = ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ^? e>ly build]s & metal-work]s4 ,! etiquette ( ! wea!r-vane 0 simple en\gh to obs]ve4 ,on t[]s1 ca/les1 & secul> build+s a bann] 0 ! correct device1 :]eas on ecclesia/ical edifices x 0 ! b>n-door f[l4 ,x is said by an old au?ority t ! cock 0 ! emblem ( cl]ical vigilance1 n unassociat$ ) ! ,biblical /ory ( ,/4 ,pet]2 o!rs m sceptical z to ! orig9 tell u t ! l>ge tail ( ! b>n-door f[l 0 well suit$ to turn truly to ! w9d4 ,f ^! simple pr9ciples evolv$ e/abli%$ rules :i* ord]$ t ! coat-(-arms or cre/ ( ! own] ( a build+ %\ld be incorporat$ 9 ! design ( ! wea!r-vane1 & on ecclesia/ical build+s ! symbol ( ! patron sa9t 0 to take ! place ( ! wea!r-cock4 ,z typical examples to be se5 9 ,london /reets ! wea!r-vanes on ! f\r turrets ( ! ,:ite ,t[] ( ! ,t[] fly ! ,royal ,arms 9 ! =m ( m9iature ,royal ,/&>ds4 ,9 ,tudor days ! emblem 0 usually repres5t$ sitt+ on a sl5d] p$e/al1 c>ry+ an upright rod on :i* ! flag or decorat$ plate ( metal :i* act$ z ! wea!r-vane 0 atta*$4 ,9 ! accompany+ illu/rations ?ree types ( symbolical wea!r-vanes are %[n4 ,fig4 #ac repres5ts "o ( ! copp] vanes on ,bill+sgate ,fi% ,m>ket1 symbolical ( ! occupation ( ^? :o frequ5t t fam\s m>t4 ,9 ,fig4 #ad is se5 ! fabl$ dragon ( ! ,city ( ,london1 & 9 ,fig4 #ae ! copp] cock vane1 "o ( ! f\r fix$ ov] ,smi?field ,m>ket4 ,!re are _m ecclesia/ical emblems visible dur+ a morn+ /roll ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,london4 ,among ^? readily se5 are ! key vane on ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,cornhill1 & ! emblematic gridiron on ,/4 ,lawr5ce's ,*ur*4 ,on ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,*ur*1 ,que5hi!1 !re is a copp] %ip1 ! hull ( :i* holds j "o bu%el ( gra94 ,?is vane is int]e/+ 9 t ! emblem has ref]5ce to ,que5hi!1 once a fam\s :>f1 r ?an to ! patron sa9t4 ,! ,hi! is int]e/+ 9 its old associations1 9 t ! tolls ( t :>f 7 giv5 to ,que5 ,eleanor by ,h5ry ,,ii z p9 money1 subsequ5t que5s ( ,engl& collect+ ! rev5ue = _! p]sonal use4 ,! gras%opp] on ! ,royal ,ex*ange is ! same vane t surm\nt$ ! m anci5t build+ :i* prec$$ ! "o n[ /&+4 ,! gras%opp] 0 ! cre/ ( ,sir ,?omas ,gre%am1 by :om ! fir/ ,ex*ange 0 built 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,?is vane1 also ( copp]1 is fully #aa ft4 9 l5g?1 & 9 m9iature 0 reproduc$ z ! sign ( ! bank+ h\se 9 ,lomb>d ,/reet kept by ,sir ,?omas ,gre%am4 ,! ,door ,knock]4 ,! common door knock]1 ess5tially a piece ( metal associat$ to-day ) utilit>ian purposes1 is n )\t romantic associations4 ,x has be5 a mu* collect$ object2 easily deta*$1 too1 = x is said t _m ( ! old knock]s1 or rapp]s z !y 7 =m]ly call$1 :i* a few ye>s ago c\ld be b\ght q *eaply f ! m>9e /ore deal]s1 _h be5 surreptiti\sly purlo9$ by ?ieves1 :o = ! sake ( a few copp]s _h tak5 "s risk ev5 on a d>k night4 ,"s old h\ses are /ill ri* 9 antiqu>ian door knock]s1 be=e ! days ( front door bells & electric pu%es m a necessity ?an !y are n[4 ,_! use 0 by no means conf9$ to private h\ses1 on :i* !y figur$ 9 a v>iety ( =ms1 b among ! e>li] examples are pond]\s knock]s ( copp] & brass1 once reg>d$ z an ess5tial feature on ! great oak5 doors ( ca!drals & *ur*es & o!r important build+s4 ,9 ! days :5 ! prec9cts ( c]ta9 ecclesia/ical edifices 7 sanctu>y1 ! knock] 0 ! goal s\ght by ! crim9al (f5d] :o ru%$ to obta9 ! protection ( sanctu>y4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s hi/orical knock]s :i* has be5 copi$ by mod]n f\nd]s1 & is se5 9 collections ( s-call$ antiques & 9 use z a mod]n replica on room doors 9 tw5tie?-c5tury h\ses1 is ! fam\s knock] :i* did s]vice = s _m ye>s on ! ,sanctu>y door ( ,durham ,ca!dral4 ,x is a relic ( great antiquity1 hav+ be5 plac$ on ! door prior to ! reign ( ,k+ ,/eph54 ,detail+ its use z sanctu>y a contempor>y monk wrote3 ,h]eupon _! lead] viol5tly & repeat$ly /ruck ! brass r+s :i* hang outside ! door4 ,accord+ to ! rights ( ,durham all ! *ur*y>d & all ! circuit !re( 0 sanctu>y = all mann] ( m5 :atev] _! (f5ces _h be54 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 old5 "t1 /ill p]petuat$ by its "n1 !re 0 sanctu>y j outside ! ,abbey ( ,we/m9/]1 ! "r be+ reta9$ ev5 aft] ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies 9 #aedj4 ,!re 7 simil> places ( refuge = crim9als at ! ,m9ories1 ,:itefri>s1 & ! old ,m9t 9 ,s\?w>k4 ,! ,durham knock]1 ar\nd :i* "s int]e/ c5tres1 0 9 ! =m ( an animal's head1 9 :i* are n[ two empty eye-sockets1 beh9d :i* x is said lights 7 plac$1 al?\gh x is probable t !y may h be5 fill$ ) cry/al balls4 ,! brass lion knock] ( ,braz5ose ,college1 ,ox=d1 has won "s notoriety1 & has be5 mu* copi$4 ,! leg5ds reg>d+ its anci5t association ) ! ,college1 & ! migration ( ! /ud5ts to ,/am=d 9 #accd1 & ! subsequ5t return ( ! knock] to ,ox=d aft] x _h be5 9 o!r h&s = _m ye>s1 v>y1 & are n altoge!r borne out by prov5 facts4 ,! brass-nos$ knock] does n appe> to h giv5 ! "n to ! ,college1 not)/&+ ! v g5]ally accept$ belief4 ,inde$1 accord+ to sev]al au?orities ! "n orig9at$ 9 ! words brac9um1 malt1 & h\se1 a brew-h\se hav+ be5 incorporat$ 9 ! old] build+s4 ,! old knock]1 h[ev]1 is /ill reg>d$ z hi/oric4 ,few collectors ( old copp] & brass c hope to possess su* hi/orical relics1 nor yet are !y likely to secure any ( ! massive knock]s1 "s ( :i* are to be se5 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,!y c1 h[ev]1 readily obta9 brass knock]s dat+ f ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne1 & especially ! ornate knock]s ( ,georgian times1 _m ( !m be>+ traces ( ! ,adams' /yle & ( ,*ipp5dale influ5ce4 ,"s knock]s are peculi> 9 t ! design is n always app>5t4 ,9 ,fig4 #af is %[n a f9e knock] ( ! mu* fav\r$ armorial /yle1 & 9 ,fig4 #ag is giv5 a drop knock] 9 ! =m ( a dolph94 ,"s ( ! knock]s1 repeat$ 9 great numb]s 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 are ess5tially local1 su* z a hook & worm patt]n1 :i* took its orig9 9 a ,sussex village4 ,x 0 ! inv5tion ( a local smi?1 an admir] ( ,izaac ,walton1 :o x is said frequ5tly pass$ 8 smi?y door on 8 way to a fi%+ /ream4 ,te*nically describ$ by a fi%]man1 ?is knock] is said to be a lobworm ( buxom proportions dangl+ f a hook4 ,!re are o!rs1 equally int]e/+ examples1 to be met ) 9 out-(-!-way places4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( collect+ ^! common objects 9 brass & o!r metals is t !y c /ill be made to s]ve a useful purpose on room doors1 al?\gh ! rat-tat ( ! l>g] specim5s is sometimes />tl+4 ,%ut1 %ut ! door1 good ,john6 fatigu$1 ,i said2 ,tie up ! knock]2 say ,i'm sick1 ,i'm dead4 ,pope4 ,int]ior ,metal-,"w4 ,! collectable brasses 7o!r ?an dome/ic kit*5 brass & copp]-"w :i* is dealt ) 9 ,*apt] ,,viii7 belong+ to ! lat] p]iod ( art1 & *iefly associat$ ) ! build]'s furni%+ & cab9etmak]'s craft1 include q a v>iety ( int]e/+ objects4 ,9 ! days be=e ,victorian times1 :5 art almo/ di$ out1 ! copp]smi? & ! brazi] produc$ "s beautiful objects = ! ornam5tation & furni%+ ( ! home1 _m ( :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u1 & =m valuable additions to a collection ( metal4 ,?is p]iod1 z x has be5 already intimat$1 has be5 v mu* copi$1 especially j be=e ! arti/s ( ! lat] ,edw>dian days /ruck out new l9es & f\nd$ a s*ool :i* has be5 call$ t ( ! n\vre art4 ,n[ & !n !re h be5 attempts to bl5d ! old ) ! new1 & ! collector ( ! g5u9e antique desir+ purity ( /yle 9 8 specim5s %\ld n neglect any opportunities he may h ( exam9+ & comp>+ ! v>i\s /yles4 ,! arrangem5ts = light+ & heat+ h\ses 7 until q rec5tly ineffici5t4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 /ill great] neglect 9 provid+ = ! com=t ( ! att5d]s at *ur*es1 :i* 7 frequ5tly cold & *illy4 ,attempts 7 made by individuals to rem$y ?is1 & among ! curios associat$ ) heat+ purposes are h&-w>m]s & foot-w>m]s4 ,! e>li] types ( h&-w>m]s1 or *auff]ettes1 7 sph]ical metal boxes or balls1 9 ! int]ior ( :i*1 by an arrangem5t ( *a9s or r+s1 a cup conta9+ a r$-hot ball ( metal or a piece ( *>coal c\ld be reta9$ 9 an upright position4 ,^! portable w>m+ /oves 7 also us$ 9 _m h\ses & on _m occasions4 ,ref]5ce is made to su* w>m]s 9 ,*apt] ,,xv1 :]e a ,dut* foot-w>m] is illu/rat$4 ,x is said t x 0 a common practice ye>s ago = a s]vant man or maid to foll[ a lady :5 att5d+ *ur*1 c>ry+ a *>coal burn] & plac+ x ^u ! floor at ! lady's feet1 !n gracefully retir+ into "s less conspicu\s "p ( ! build+ until ! s]vice 0 ov]4 ,9 ! days :5 /reets 7 badly light$ lant]ns 7 commonly hung outside h\ses & 9 entrance halls1 "s ref]5ce to ! m portable types be+ giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,bronze ,,knock] ,,( ,,! ,,armorial ,,type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,brass ,,drop ,,knock] ,,9 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,a ,,dolph94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,brass ,,well ,,bucket4 ,! metal-"w ( ! int]ior1 su* z lock plates1 h+es1 & door knobs1 0 frequ5tly ( brass1 & v ornate "s ( ^! qua9t old fitt+s are4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ are ^? :i* 7 mu* us$ on ! m portable sidebo>ds1 corn] cupbo>ds1 & *e/s4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! extravagance 9 design rea*$ its height :5 ,*ipp5dale's influ5ce ext5d$ to ! metal ornam5ts on ! furniture1 z well z to ! scrollwork & c>v+ ( ! woodwork4 ,"s ( ?is metal-"w gives evid5ce ( ,*9ese influ5ce1 or z x 0 !n call$1 ,*9ese ta/e1 %[n 9 ! introduction ( ! m&>9 & ! fakir1 ,ori5tal l&scapes1 palanqu9s1 & ,*9ese trees & fl[]s1 ev5 9 ,engli% metal-"w4 ,! collector ( su* ?+s f9ds a weal? ( brass 9 ev5 escut*eons & h&le plates 7see ,*apt] ,,xix74 ,!re is "s v ri* brasswork 9 ! frames ( ! old bann] scre5s1 made ( beautiful ne$lework panels1 ov] :i* s mu* "t mu/ h be5 sp5t4 ,a rem>kably f9e bann] hold] 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum is typical ( _m o!rs4 ,we h only to look r\nd ! h\se & imag9e h[ x look$ a c5tury ago to discov] t ! collectable objects ( copp] & brass1 ev5 :5 dome/ic ut5sils & curios h be5 remov$1 includ$ _m o!r objects besides ^? ref]r$ to :i* may be secur$ by c>eful & p]si/5t se>* among ! old %ops & build]s' odds & ends4 ,,vii ,,*ur* ,,brasswork ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,curi\s ,,d\ble ,,c&le/ick4 7,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,*ur* ,,brasswork ,c&le/icks--,alt> brasses--,metal ar*itectural ornam5t--,memorial brasses4 ,! admir] ( metal-"w f9ds examples ( ! e>ly brasswork]'s art 9 ecclesia/ical edifices4 ,al?\gh 9 ye>s gone by !re has be5 spoiliation 9 _m *ur*es1 & "s ( ! mo/ valu$ objects 9 sacr$ build+s h be5 tak5 = secul> uses1 !re are /ill _m treasur$ relics :i* are almo/ unique specim5s ( ! metal-work]'s art4 ,x is a wond] s mu* has be5 pres]v$1 = too en?usia/ic au?orities h (t5 displac$ ! old & sub/itut$ new] objects ( no antiqu>ian value4 ,9 ! pa/ 9 re/oration "w mu* t w\ld h n[ be5 v5]at$ z antique has be5 de/roy$4 ,! collector _c be advis$ to br+ pressure to be> on ! ecclesia/ical au?orities 9 ord] t he may obta9 su* curios = 8 museum4 ,(t5times ! brasses 9 !mselves w\ld pres5t no special int]e/4 ,x is r 9 _! associations t ! antiqu>y sees mu* to admire1 & to /rip brasses f ! wall or memorial tablets f tombs is v&alism & sacrilege :i* _c be enc\rag$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a peculi> beauty 9 ! metal-"w :i* may be se5 & admir$ 9 old *ur*es1 & ! massive gr&eur ( grilles1 rail+s1 & gall]y fronts add to ! beauty ( su* build+s z a :ole4 ,9 addition to ^! ar*itectural brasses !re are _m portable antiques1 ornate & hi/orical4 ,ecclesia/ical brasses may be divid$ into two gr\ps4 ,fir/1 !re are ^? :i* h be5 consecrat$ to religi\s purposes1 includ+ ! sacr$ vessels ( ! alt> & ! metal symbols us$ 9 ,div9e wor%ip1 & !n !re are ! metal objects :i* s]ve ! purpose ( ornam5t & to "s ext5t utility4 ,among ! m decorative pieces ( ! fir/ gr\p are processional crosses1 _m ( :i* are v beautiful1 9 "s cases be+ ornam5t$ ) preci\s /ones & enamels4 ,!n !re are ! crosses on ! alt>1 if any?+ /ill m decorative1 = 9 fa%ion+ !m1 especially = use 9 connection ) ! old ,go?ic ca!drals & *ur*es 9 ?is c\ntry & on ! ,cont95t 9 m$ival days1 ! arti/s conc5trat$ _! be/ endeav\rs to produce metal-"w wor?y ( ! sacr$ purpose = :i* x 0 to be us$4 ,"s ( ! bi%ops' & ar*bi%ops' crooks 9 ! e>li] days 7 made ( ivory2 !n metal-"w1 ri*ly *as$ & jewell$1 came into vogue1 & latt]ly "s ( ! crooks are f9e examples ( ! metal-work]s' art4 ,c&le/icks4 ,! ornam5ts ( ! alt> 9 ,*ri/ian *ur*es are = ! mo/ "p simple 9 design4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m v>ieties ( c&le/icks1 v>y+ 9 size & degree f ! l>g] ones :i* hold ! ,communion c&les to ! decorative sev5-bran*$ c&elabra ( light & ta/eful design4 ,! m important specim5s are ! massive c&le/icks :i* are us$ 9 ! *ancel & 9 "s ( ! l>g] ca!drals 9 o!r p>ts ( ! build+4 ,su* ecclesia/ical bronzes are seldom obta9able1 al?\gh !re are "s f9e examples 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 ! *ief ,cont95tal museums4 ,! donors ( su* objects sp>$ no exp5se1 & ! modell]s & f\nd]s treat$ su* "w v elaborately4 ,flemi% & ,spani% *ur*es are especially ri* 9 l>ge c&le/icks1 & _m ( ! ,cont95tal ca!drals possess wond]ful examples4 ,! prom95ce :i* has be5 giv5 to c&le/icks 9 public wor%ip dates back to a p]iod long be=e ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 = ! sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick 0 an important feature 9 ! ,jewi% c]emonial4 ,:5 ! ,roman conqu]ors took possession ( ,j]usalem1 among ! treasures tak5 f ! ,temple on ! sack ( ! city1 !y c>ri$ away ! gold5 c&le/icks f ! alt>4 ,s important 0 ?is sacr$ trophy t x 0 repres5t$ on ! triumphal ar* ( ,titus1 pres]v+ to ! arti/s ( ! future its g5]al *>act]i/ics ( design4 ,! great bronze c&le/icks 9 ,/ ,paul's ,ca!dral & 9 o!r ,engli% *ur*es are to be admir$ b n collect$2 nev]!less !re are "s f9e c&le/icks 9 bronze & ( poli%$ brass (f]$ = sale 9 ! curio %ops1 & f "t to "t br\ght "u ! hamm] 9 ! ,london auction rooms4 ,! illu/ration giv5 9 ,fig4 #ai is a rem>kable example :i* may be se5 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,a f9e ,v5etian bronze c&elabrum 7"o ( a pair71 n[ 9 a private collection1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,alt> ,brasses4 ,mo/ ( ! *ur* plate s-call$ 0 ( pewt] & silv] 9 e>ly times2 9 m mod]n days ( silv]1 & sometimes ( metal plat$ ) silv]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 examples ( metal *alices ( bronze1 "s ( :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ,irel&4 ,! alt> brasses 9 pre-,re=mation days includ$ brass c5s]s & inc5se vessels1 v int]e/+ examples ( :i* are n[ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 be+ illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,( vases & o!r decorative alt> brasses !re are _m4 ,"s1 probably1 took _! orig9 9 old] cu/oms & 7 symbolical2 ! vases n[adays are = ! mo/ "p us$ z receptacles = fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,v5etian ,,c&elabrum 7,,"o ,,( ,a ,,pair74 ,bord]+ on ! secul> vessels1 yet associat$ ) ! alt>1 !re are ! alms-di%es1 ( :i* !re are a great numb] 9 private collections ( metal4 ,!y are mo/ly ( brass1 "s q pla91 o!rs engrav$ & highly ornam5tal4 ,"s little "t ago !re 0 a special display ( alms-di%es1 two-score or m 9 numb]1 exhibit$ at ! ,kelv+rove ,exhibition at ,glasg[4 ,"s 7 cov]$ ov] ) scriptural pictorial designs1 among ! fav\rite be+ ^? illu/rat+ ! old /ory ( ,adam & ,eve 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed52 ! episode ( ,samson & ! lion2 & ! visit ( ! two spies to ! ,promis$ ,l&1 return+ c>ry+ a l>ge bun* ( grapes4 ,su* alms-di%es v>y 9 size1 seldom less ?an #ab 94 9 diamet]1 b rang+ up to #bj 94 ,sometimes ! collector is puzzl$ to f9d :at he may reg>d z inappropriate mottoes on *ur* vessels4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n an uncommon ?+ to meet ) religi\s devices or pi\s mottoes on platt]s & b[ls :i* 7 obvi\sly us$ z dome/ic vessels4 ,?is fact is expla9$ 9 t at "o "t !re 0 b little diff]5ce betwe5 secul> & ecclesia/ical plate1 & ! vessels 7 (t5 us$ indiscrim9ately = *ur* purposes & = ! use ( ! h\sehold4 ,metal ,ar*itectural ,ornam5t4 ,! lect]n is frequ5tly ( bronze or brass4 ,! eagle ) spread w+s or o!r designs adopt$ by ! metal-work]s gave ! arti/ pl5ty ( scope4 ,! alt> rail & 9 a few in/ances ! metal scre5 & grille are compos$ ( elaborately *as$ brass or copp]-"w1 sometimes ca/1 at o!rs hamm]$4 ,p]haps "o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( ! copp]smi? 9 connection ) *ur* metal-"w is ! ball & cross ( ,/4 ,paul's1 surm\nt+ ! great dome4 ,x 0 made 9 ! ye> #ahba by ,b5ham & ,fr\d1 an old firm ( copp]smi?s4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is gigantic piece ( "w is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,:5 view$ f b5ea? few w\ld imag9e t ! cross1 al?\gh s high up1 is #cj ft4 9 height1 & t its weight is upw>ds ( "o & a half tons4 ,! occasional gild+ ( ?is triumph ( ! copp]smi?'s art is 9 itself a co/ly proc$ure4 ,memorial ,brasses4 ,! visitor to ! c\ntry *ur*1 z well z ! l>g] ca!dral1 f9ds mu* antiqu>ian int]e/ 9 ! tombs & monum5ts1 & 9 ! memorial tablets ( ! illu/ri\s dead ! hi/ory ( _! lives may (t5 be read4 ,9 ! old] tombs ! "w ( ! sculptors 9 m>ble is frequ5tly enri*$ by ! addition ( appropriate tablets ( brass1 sometimes inlaid ) enamels4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ tombs is t 9 ! c5tre ( ! *apel ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ! tomb itself be+ closely gu>d$ by ! massive rail+s1 :i* are ( brass4 ,! visitor to t *apel notes ) int]e/ ! brass /all plates s ri* 9 enamels1 on :i* are ! arms & cre/s ( ! knights :o 9 times pa/ occupi$ ^? /alls & hung _! bann]s ov] !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,,bronze ,,inc5se ,,burn] ,,& ,,inc5se ,,boat4 7,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,x may be cont5d$ t tombs & monum5ts _c be collect$1 b ^? :o visit su* places may fill _! notebooks ) int]e/+ data1 & !y may c>ry away ) !m accurate records & rubb+s ( ! monum5tal tablets & ! brasses on ! tombs 7= in/ructions h[ to take rubb+s1 see ,wr9kles1 p4 #cic74 ,su* rubb+s ( old brasses c be kept 9 a portfolio or m\nt$ & hung ^u walls4 ,!y =m a record1 too1 ( ! engrav]'s art1 :i* 0 modifi$ & alt]$ to suit ! *ange :i* w5t on 9 ar*itectural design & to "s ext5t 9 social & religi\s cu/oms4 ,! v>iety ( brasses is se5 :5 a good collection ( rubb+s is classifi$ & arrang$ accord+ to /yle1 p]iod1 or locality4 ,"s di/ricts yield prolific returns4 ,?r\gh\t ! c\nties ( ,gl\ce/]1 ,som]set1 & ,norfolk _m may be obta9$1 ! m int]e/+ specim5s be+ secur$ f tombs dat+ f ! ?irte5? to ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,f su* a s]ies armorial repres5tation z x became less real & ( small] importance c be trac$4 ,! co/umes ( ! p]iod1 too1 are v cle>ly %[n1 = 9 su* a collection ( brasses ! value ( arm\r 9 w> is se5 to *ange4 ,9 ! e>li] examples !re is ! *a9 mail ( ! cross-legg$ knights z se5 on ! e>ly brasses ( ! ,crusad]s1 ! m$ival arm\r ( ! ,middle ,ages :5 x _h rea*$ its /r5g?1 & ! brasses ( ! ,/u>t days :5 ! ornam5tal arm\r ( t p]iod _h to a l>ge ext5t lo/ its utility4 ,! ecclesia/ical brasses on ! tombs ( bi%ops & o!r *ur* dignit>ies %[ ! *ange :i* took place v gradually 9 ! ve/m5ts worn1 & indicate ! alt]ation 9 ecclesia/ical ritual 9 ! ca!drals & *ur*es at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies & ! sacrilege :i* took place 9 ! dismantl$ *ur*es & religi\s h\ses caus$ valuable relics to be sold = old metal1 & x 0 !n t _m old monum5ts & tombs lo/ _! brasses4 ,! influ5ce ( book k & ! *ange :i* came ab\t 9 ! /yle ( script aft] ! introduction ( ! pr9t+-press is se5 9 ! evolution ( ! lett]+ on *ur* brasses4 ,inde$1 9 "s ( ! old] ones ! =m ( ! lett]s is ! only indication left ( ! date ( _! engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,! ,,copp]-,,gilt ,,cross ,,on ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,ca!dral4 ,! engrav]'s art progress$ ) ! art ( ! p]iod 9 :i* he liv$1 & 9 a collection ( rubb+s may be se5 ! gradual tra9+ ( ! eye & h& until f mean+less pictures )\t backgr\nd or p]spective ! arti/ 0 able to engrave on metal a beautifully reali/ic picture ( ! subject he _h *os54 ,z a guide to a few indications ( ! p]iod to :i* brasses belong1 x may be m5tion$ t ! decorative canopies on monum5tal brasses belong *iefly to ! ornate p]iod ( art4 ,! embattl$ canopies & ! *ange to ! decorative ,go?ic tell ( ! progress 9 ecclesia/ical ar*itecture until x rea*$ its height betwe5 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 lat] brasses tell+ ( its gradual decad5ce4 ,( ! v>iety ( subject x w\ld be impossible to ref]1 = at all ages !re h be5 _m :o w\ld fit into ni*es betwe5 ! extremes ( ! e>ly fight+ m5 amid/ ! nobles & knights :o fell 9 battle1 & ^? :o app>5tly liv$ all _! lives 9 ! peaceful rural surr\nd+s ( "s quiet ,engli% village1 dy+ )9 sight ( ! old *ur* :]e !y _h wor%ipp$1 & :]e !y 7 ev5tually buri$4 ,:5 "s pr\d son ( man returns to e>?1 ,unkn[n to glory1 b upheld by bir?1 ,! sculptor's art exhau/s ! pomp ( woe1 ,& /ori$ urns record :o re/s bel[2 ,:5 all is done1 ^u ! tomb is se51 ,n :at he 01 b :at he %\ld h be54 ,byron4 ,,viii ,,dome/ic ,,ut5sils ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,dome/ic ,,ut5sils ,! kit*5--,! h\seplace--,*imney & o!r ornam5ts--,classifi$ arrangem5t4 ,a collection ( metal-"w repres5tative ( dome/ic ut5sils z !y 7 fa%ion$ 9 v e>ly times1 & z !y 7 made 9 days s f> =gott5 z to r5d] ! common objects ( daily use curios1 is reg>d$1 probably1 z ! mo/ important bran* ( copp] & brass1 f a collector's /&po9t4 ,! collector may be cont5t ) ga!r+ toge!r a few examples ( old dome/ic metal-"w & us+ !m z ornam5tal rem9d]s ( old5 "t1 decorat+ 8 entrance hall or rooms furni%$ aft] ! antique ) ! objects he ga!rs toge!r1 or he may arrange !m z 9 a museum gall]y4 ,! display ( curios is at all times a matt] ( ta/e1 b x is "o ( "s importance1 especially 9 a bran* ( collect+ s conspicu\s z copp] & brass4 ,we c sc>cely conceive ( any real pleasure be+ d]iv$ f su* a hobby1 or ( su* specim5s be+ appreciat$ by "o's fri5ds1 :5 specim5s s obvi\sly out ( place are %[n 9 a mod]n d9+-room or draw+-room furni%$ 9 n\vre art4 ,! ,keep] ( ! ,london ,museum1 n[ transf]r$ to ,/af=d ,h\se f ,k5s+ton ,palace1 has v appropriately arrang$ ! antiquities ( ,london 9 _! prop] hi/orical & *ronological sequ5ce1 & has gr\p$ !m s t ! ref]5ce !y be> to contempor>y surr\nd+s c be und]/ood by ^? :o see !m = ! fir/ "t4 ,! photograph :i* we reproduce 9 ,fig4 #bc repres5ts a corn] 9 a well made up sev5te5?-c5tury room1 9 :i* has be5 ga!r$ toge!r "s beautiful old oak furniture ( t p]iod4 ,x is panell$ ) oak :i* has be5 procur$ f old ,london h\ses ( contempor>y date2 ! doorway is a g5u9e antique f ,bromley-by-,b[1 add+ to ! appe>ance ( ! room1 = its h+es & lock furniture are spl5did examples ( ! brasswork ( t p]iod4 ,"s pieces ( ,cromwellian arm\r1 prom95t among :i* are v>i\sly ornam5t$ helmets & brea/plates1 are arrang$ r\nd ! upp] portion ( ! room4 ,ov] an old oak *e/ is a beautiful brass skimm]1 & on ! wall a sev5te5?-c5tury brass b$-w>m]1 ) engrav$ cov]4 ,on ! sidebo>d is a huge key & a brass mort>4 ,! lock furniture & ! drop h&le on ! sidebo>d1 :i* are ( brass1 are wor?y ( note4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! room !re is a f9e brass trivet /&+ 9 front ( ! he>?1 on :i* are &irons1 & logs ready = ! fir+2 close by is a qua9t old c&le/ick4 ,und\bt$ly curios display$ 9 su* a way int]e/ & in/ruct ^? :o see !m1 & a room s furni%$ en?uses collectors ) ! desire to secure o!r objects ( an appropriate "*2 ?is 9 itself is an advantage 9 t a repres5tative collection is ( m g5]al int]e/ ?an "o conta9+ _m objects ( a simil> "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,room ,,9 ,,! ,,london ,,museum4 ,! ,kit*54 ,kit*5 ut5sils & dome/ic appliances :i* ! h\sewife ( old5 "t deem$ necess>y are ( peculi> int]e/ 9 t !y help u to recall ! habits & cu/oms ( =m] g5]ations4 ,x is n always easy to arrange a model kit*5 9 t !re are _m old ut5sils ( copp] & brass :i* mu/ h be5 us$ side by side z p]iods ov]lapp$1 al?\gh "s h a mu* old] orig9 ?an o!rs4 ,x is said t ! kit*5s ( well-/ock$ old family mansions /ill yield "s curios :5 ?or\ghly exam9$1 & t x is n at all an uncommon ?+ to f9d !re ut5sils ! object ( :i* has almo/ be5 =gott54 ,!y are relics ( an old] day1 & ut5sils :i* a mod]n cook w\ld n deign to use4 ,su* discov]ies1 h[ev]1 are few & f> betwe51 = ! melt+-pot & ! cupidity ( ^? anxi\s to cle> unnecess>y encumbrances & p]haps make a little t[>ds refurni%+1 has left b few objects ( int]e/ 9 ! kit*54 ,x is1 h[ev]1 !re & 9 ! old h\seplace t we may look = some?+ ( int]e/4 ,"s w g on us+ old vessels long aft] new] ut5sils h tak5 _! place 9 ! m advanc$ h\seholds1 & !re are "s cooks :o use successfully saucepans & kettles ( almo/ antique patt]n :i* ! /ud5t ( ! cook's art 9 ! mod]n s*ools ( cook]y w\ld f9d difficult to manipulate4 ,!y h be5 taught h[ to make ta/y di%es ) alum9ium vessels & enamell$ pans1 :]eas heavy & clumsy brass & copp] ut5sils s]v$ _! gr&p>5ts4 ,! cook's art is appreciat$ to-day z x 0 9 ! pa/1 & at all p]iods ! dome/ic work%op has be5 surr\nd$ ) a halo ( romance4 ,%akespe>e has r5d]$ ! caldron ( old5 "t memorable 9 ,macbe?4 ,( ! caldron boil+ 9 ! d>k cave he makes ! wit*es cry3 ,d\ble1 d\ble toil & tr\ble1 ,fire1 burn2 & caldron bubble4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,bronze ,,caldron4 7,9 ,tr9ity ,hospital1 ,leice/]47 ,! cook+-pot is ! su/a9] ( life1 9 t x gives /r5g? to ! we>y & to ! />v+4 ,to ! poor dumb creatures1 h[ev]1 x is ! end ( life1 & 9 savag]y human life has be5 sacrific$ to ! gluttony ( fell[-m54 ,wond]ful /ories are at times told ( great fea/s & ( ! magnific5ce ( ! kit*5s ( old5 "t1 :]e ! vessels & ! cook+-pots 7 ( extravagant size1 mak+ up1 p]haps1 = ! few] cul9>y ut5sils1 = 9 e>ly days ! furni%+s ( ! kit*5 7 few 9 numb] al?\gh massive & /rong4 ,_m ( ! b>onial halls ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! homes ( weal?y l&[n]s 9 m rec5t days1 h be5 ! sc5e ( great fea/s4 ,m]rie ,engl& rejoic$ on su* occasions :5 ! roa/+-jack & ! spit contribut$ to ! success ( ! fea/1 & ! caldron or cook+-pot boil$ ^u ! op5 he>?4 ,9 "s old kit*5s !re are pres]v$ pond]\s bronze & copp] pots1 "s s l>ge t we c sc>cely imag9e t !y 7 made = actual use4 ,9 ! hall ( ,tr9ity ,hospital at ,leice/] !re is pres]v$ a l>ge caldron ( bell metal1 hold+ upw>ds ( sixty gallons1 :i* has be5 us$ z ! cook+-pot ( ! in/itution f its f\ndation until q rec5t times4 ,?is qua9t old relic1 n[ v5]at$ z a curio1 is locally call$ ! ,duke ( ,lanca/]'s porridge-pot1 = x is said t x 0 made to ! ord] ( ,h5ry1 ,duke ( ,lanca/]1 9 #acca 7see ,fig4 #bd74 ,n f> remov$ f ! corn] :]e ! old metal pot is %[n to visitors !re is a massive nutmeg-grat]1 a kit*5 relic ( old5 "t1 :i* on ! occasion ( "o ( h] visits to ,leice/] ,que5 ,elizabe? pres5t$ to ! hospital4 ,_m old ca/les h relics ( ! fea/ to %[ visitors1 & o!rs no d\bt c\ld produce equally int]e/+ examples ( ! copp]smi?s' or ! f\nd]s' art 7 !y to se>* ! vaults & cell>s :]e disus$ metal-"w 0 9 ye>s gone by /[$ away4 ,visitors to ,w>wick ,ca/le are famili> ) ,guy's pun*b[l1 ! rem>kable metal caldron :i* is ne>ly twice ! size ( t attribut$ to ! ,duke ( ,lanca/]1 = x weighs1 along ) a =k said to h be5 us$ to h&le ! meat1 #hjg lb4 ,mo/ ( ^! old vessels 7 ca/1 b "s copp]-"w 0 hamm]$ by h&1 & ^? :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u te/ify to ! brawny arm ( ! smi? & ! /r5g? ( 8 bl[ :5 by hamm] & h& he wr\ght !m4 ,su* copp] caldrons 7 (t5 made 9 two or m p>ts1 & hav+ be5 %ap$ on ! block1 7 aft]w>ds rivet$ toge!r4 ,x is puzzl+ at times to und]/& local & trade t]ms 9 t !y frequ5tly diff] f ! commonly accept$ names ( cook+ vessels4 ,?us1 ^! wr\ght caldrons or pots 7 frequ5tly designat$ tripod kettles4 ,a v f9e example ( su* a wr\ght copp] kettle 0 recov]$ a %ort "t ago f ,:ittlesey ,m]e & is n[ 9 ! ,pet]bor\gh ,museum4 ,a c5tury or m ago ! ,m]e 0 fam\s 9 ,hunt+don%ire & _m wat] p>ties 7 held !re4 ,! kettle rec5tly f\nd is ?\ght to h be5 a relic ( ^? ev5ts1 & to h be5 us$ on ! m>g9 ( ! lake4 ,! f9e caldron ( ca/ brass illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bg 0 f\nd dur+ excavations 9 ,wat] ,lane1 9 ,london4 ,x is peculi> 9 t x has two-e>$ h&les & project+ feet4 ,x is v sub/antial1 & may be reg>d$ z typical ( ! e>ly metal caldrons1 sev]al ( :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ,london4 ,ano!r cook+ vessel1 small] 9 size1 hav+ a curv$ h&le & be+ 9 good pres]vation1 a dome/ic relic ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :i* 0 dug up 9 ,milton ,/reet1 ,cripplegate1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,brass ,,pan4 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,,brass ,,tripod ,,pot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,,caldron ,,( ,,ca/ ,,brass4 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,,brass ,,cook+ ,,vessel ,,) ,,curv$ ,,h&le4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! b>onial halls1 & to ! num]\s relics :i* h be5 lo/ to futurity4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s well-kn[n ca/les :]e1 al?\gh ! kit*5s h be5 repl5i%$ f "t to "t1 ! old] =ms ( cook+ vessels h be5 p]petuat$4 ,until rec5t days ! kit*5 arrangem5ts at ,w9dsor ,ca/le rema9$ mu* z !y _h be5 = _m ye>s previ\s1 & ev5 n[ copp] & brass reta9 a fav\r$ position & are v mu* 9 evid5ce4 ,w9dsor has be5 ! sc5e ( mu* fea/+1 & _m great ,/ate ev5ts h put a /ra9 ev5 ^u ! dome/ic res\rces ( t fam\s ,royal resid5ce4 ,! great kit*5 ( ! ca/le is supplem5t$ by a vegetable kit*51 a gre5 kit*51 & a scull]y1 & ar\nd ^! rooms !re is a bright array ( copp] pans & cook+ ut5sils1 mo/ly be>+ ! monogram ( ,george ,,iv1 = x 0 9 8 reign t _m new cul9>y appo9tm5ts 7 add$4 ,^! vessels1 l>ge & small1 7 9 con/ant use dur+ ! reign ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,h] late ,maje/y 0 av]se to *ange4 ,9 h] days oak out ( ,w9dsor ,=e/ 0 burn$ 9 ! grate1 & ! spits & roa/+-jacks & o!r kit*5 accessories 7 9 keep+ ) ! copp] & brass pans & kettles4 ,great *anges h be5 made s9ce ! accession ( ,george ,v1 = ,que5 ,m>y sup]vises ! managem5t ( ! ,royal kit*5s1 & _m mod]n cook+ vessels h be5 sub/itut$ = old] ones4 ,! collector ( copp] & brass cul9>y ut5sils has seldom an opportunity ( add+ ! l>ge bronze caldrons & relics ( ,royal kit*5s to 8 collection4 ,he has to be cont5t ) explor+ less] doma9s1 & secur+ :]ev] possible ! small] cook+ vessels ( days gone by4 ,^! are frequ5tly q z int]e/+ z ^? ( l>g] size1 & !re is a weal? ( copp] /ill ly+ dormant 9 antique %ops1 & 9 "s in/ances 9 ! scrap-heaps ( ! old metal deal]4 ,)\t go+ any fur!r back ! saucepans ( ! sev5te5? c5tury well rew>d ! discov]] ( su* relics4 ,t c5tury 0 a "t :5 pi\s mottoes 7 c>v$ ^u ! l9tel beam & :5 old c(f]s & o!r pieces ( massive oak 7 decorat$ ) su* s5tim5ts4 ,! brassf\nd]s foll[$ suit & ornam5t$ pots & pans1 & enri*$ !m ) mottoes j z !y ca/ su* inscriptions on bells & mort>s4 ,two v int]e/+ sev5te5?-c5tury vessels are illu/rat$ on p4 #afe4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,fig4 #be1 0 discov]$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,fett] ,lane1 & is n[ 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum4 ,! o!r1 ,fig4 #bf1 is a tripod pot1 ! h&le ( :i* has a loop ne> ! b[l4 ,x is probably ( e>ly sev5te5? or late sixte5?-c5tury workman%ip4 ,! brass skillet ( sev5te5?-c5tury make1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bi1 may be se5 by ! curi\s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!re is no unc]ta9ty ab\t its date1 = x is m>k$ #afhd1 & along ! h&le is ! qua9t motto ,pitty ! ,pore4 ,collectors may be rem9d$ t inscriptions are sometimes /amp$2 at o!rs engrav$1 & !y are frequ5tly met ) on q unimportant vessels4 ,! metal us$ = su* ut5sils 0 *iefly ( brass1 b (t5 ( latt51 an alloy 9 :i* !re 0 an admixture ( z9c1 or ( t9 9 :at 0 kn[n z :ite latt54 ,z x has be5 /at$ already1 brass came into vogue late 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & soon became popul> = kit*5 ut5sils2 latt51 h[ev]1 0 a fav\rite alloy = spoons & ! small] objects1 especially = porr+]s = mull+ w9e4 ,concurr5t ) ! use ( copp] & its mod]n alloys bronze appe>s to h be5 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry ev5 z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! cook+ vessels illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #cj & #ca be+ bronze ( ?is late type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,skillet 7,,brass71 ,,! ,,h&le ,,( ,,:i* ,,is ,,engrav$ ,,) ,,! ,,motto ,,pitty ,,! ,,pore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #cj ,,& #ca4--;,,bronze ,,cook+ ,,vessels1 ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4 7,9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,! skillet1 :i* cont9u$ a fav\rite vessel1 commonly call$ a saucepan1 orig9ally _h ?ree %ort-curv$ feet1 & ! h&le 0 curv$1 too4 ,x 0 a developm5t ( a /ill e>li] cook+ vessel2 its prototype ( ! sixte5? c5tury hav+ a globul> body ) %ort-curv$ feet1 & frequ5tly two h&les4 ,! tw5tie?-c5tury collector1 accu/om$ z he is to ma*9e-& factory-made goods ( uni=m f9i% & ( regul> %apes1 is apt to be a little bit disappo9t$ ) ! copp] curios r\ghly made & badly =m$4 ,x w\ld appe> z if mo/ ( ! collectable copp] goods 7 made aft] ! days :5 ! old guilds s c>efully controll$ ! mak+ ( copp] & latt5 9 ,lo?bury4 ,:5 _! p[] ( control wan$1 craftsm5 :o _h be5 employ$ by guild memb]s work$ = !mselves1 & !re 0 b little sup]vision ov] ! metal w>es made by ! copp]smi?1 :o 0 (t5 a retail] ( 8 own w>es4 ,:5 ! h>dw>e deal] or copp] man became an e/abli%$ trad] 9 ! eighte5? c5tury he w\ld employ a j\rneyman copp]smi? 9 8 little work%op1 :o w\ld fa%ion ! ut5sils ) a hamm] on a wood5 block1 & aft]w>ds plani% !m by h& z he ?\ght fit4 ,9 ! mak+ ( su* goods !re 0 great irregul>ity1 & ! deal] & 8 cu/om]1 too1 7 dep5d5t ^u ! :im ( ! craftsman4 ,t 0 be=e ! days ( ma*9e-made goods4 ,in/ead ( ! brass or copp] be+ press$ & /amp$ by ma*9]y & c>efully f9i%$ ! ut5sils 7 made 9 a r\gh & ready way on ! wood5 block1 & simply hamm]$ 9 ! r\nd$ cavities :i* _h be5 made 9 x4 ,saucepans1 /ewpans1 & jelly m\lds 7 beat5 into %ape1 & !n holl[$ & di%$4 ,x is said x 0 a heal?ful trade1 = _m ( ! old copp]smi?s _h pass$ _! ?reescore ye>s & t5 %ap+ kettles & deftly fa%ion+ f a %eet ( brass ev5 q ornam5tal dome/ic articles ( utility2 !y w\ld decorate by h& a brass *e/nut roa/] ) no o!r tools b a small hamm] & a pun*1 & ) ! same simple in/rum5ts !y w\ld "w a fancy patt]n on ! lid ( a w>m+-pan4 ,"s copp]smi?s won fame 9 ! fa%ion+ ( furnace-pans1 bett] kn[n z wa%+ copp]s1 & o!rs w\ld und]take ! ro(+ ( h\ses & *ur*es4 ,"o notable firm 9 ,london1 ^: copp] saucepans & cook+-pots _h be5 sold = a hundr$ ye>s or m1 a*iev$ ! z5i? ( _! fame :5 !y produc$ t enorm\s piece ( copp]-"w1 ! ball & cross ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 :i* is ref]r$ to & illu/rat$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #cb ,,& #cc4--;,,copp] ,,wat] ,,jug ,,& ,,wat] ,,pot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,,copp] ,,wat] ,,jug ,,& ,,cov]4 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,,brass ,,two-,,h&l$ ,,wat] ,,vessel4 ,!re is yet ano!r reason giv5 :y s _m ( ! old copp] pots & pans are irregul> 9 %ape & are (t5 fitt$ ) app>5tly unsuitable h&les4 ,x is t mo/ ( ^! old vessels at "o "t or ano!r h und]gone repairs1 & 7 frequ5tly treat$ by unskill$ workm54 ,among ! /reet cries ( ,london "o ( ! olde/ 03 ,any pots or pans to m5d8 ,! travell+ t9k] 0 a repair+ copp]smi?1 too1 & mu* ( 8 "t 0 occupi$ 9 m5d+ ! copp] & brass cook+ ut5sils us$ at ! f>mh\ses & 9 ! villages ?r\gh :i* he pass$4 ,8 me?ods ( deal+ ) ! vessels entru/$ to him = repairs 7 n always ! be/1 z museum relics te/ify4 ,dr9k+ cups1 tank>ds1 & flagons con/itute ano!r v important section ( collectable curios4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 *iefly made ( pewt] 9 ! days be=e glass & e>!nw>e became g5]al4 ,"s 7 und\bt$ly ( copp]4 ,?is metal1 h[ev]1 0 *iefly us$ = l>ge jugs 9 :i* wat] & o!r liquids 7 c>ri$4 ,wat] vessels v>y 9 %ape1 al?\gh c]ta9 *>act]i/ics are frequ5tly noticeable4 ,! typical ,engli%-made jug & wat] vessel1 su* z ^? %[n 9 ,figs4 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 & #ce1 are v graceful 9 %ape1 ! h&les be+ light & v suitable4 ,!y make rem>kably welcome additions to a collection ( metal1 & are appropriate ornam5ts on an old oak sidebo>d4 ,! ,h\seplace4 ,x is n a f> remove f ! kit*5 to ! h\seplace1 & x is !re t "s ( ! m decorative brasswork ( eighte5?-c5tury workman%ip is *iefly to be f\nd4 ,j z copp] & brass =m$ a prom95t feature 9 ! equipm5t ( ! kit*51 s 9 ! old h\seplace !y 7 consid]$ ! be/ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,! poli%+ ( ! metal-"w ?r\gh\t ! h\se 9 ! good old days mu/ h be5 a consid]able item 9 ! duties ( dome/ic s]vants1 b no d\bt x well repaid ! lab\r1 = f ! old ornam5ts & usable curios ( ! h\seplace :i* h come into ! h&s ( collectors1 especially :5 h\s$ 9 a recon/ruct$ eighte5?-c5tury room1 ! effect is excell5t4 ,! metal-"w ( ! be/ p>l\r 0 n s ext5sive1 al?\gh !re 7 _m beautifully poli%$ coal-vases & f5d] frets4 ,inde$1 9 bo? rooms m5tion$ ! *ief attraction w\ld appe> to h c5tr$ on ! fireplace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,a ,,f9ely-,,pi]c$ ,,brass ,,trivet1 ,,dat$ #affh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,,brass-,,topp$ ,,trivet1 ,,) ,,additional ,,leg ,,/ay4 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,,brass-,,topp$ ,,trivet1 ,,) ,,turn$ ,,wood ,,h&le4 ,! /ory ( ! evolution ( ! grate & ! he>? & its appo9tm5ts is ( extreme int]e/4 ,! grate itself 0 at times ornate ) poli%$ brass beads & canopies4 ,! old] type ( fireplace 0 mo/ly fitt$ ) iron appo9tm5ts1 b ev5 :5 &irons 7 ^u ! he>? & logs ( timb] crackl$ z !y blaz$ up ! wide old *imney1 ! dogs or *ief ornam5ts ( ! he>? 7 (t5 ( brass or bronze4 ,:5 hob-grates & regi/]s came 9 fa%ion1 ormolu & brass ornam5t contra/$ ) poli%$ /eel4 ,a typical p>l\r hob-grate ( ! eighte5? c5tury w\ld be ornate ) brasses on ! hobs1 a pi]c$ brass f5d] on ! /one slab1 & a poli%$ brass a%es pan 9 front ( ! b>s to hide ! c9d]s4 ,! trivet or revolv+ /ool1 small or l>ge1 0 9 ! f5d] or on ! he>?1 & massive fire brasses 7n irons7 fill$ ! empty spaces4 ,! brass trivet1 reviv$ 9 mod]n times1 0 orig9ally a ?ree-legg$ /ool made ( metal1 on :i* a kettle or simil> vessel c\ld be plac$ ne> to ! fire4 ,! conv5i5ce ( be+ able to put ! trivet /ool q close up to ! b>s sugge/$ to ! mak] ( su* ?+s ! addition ( hooks by :i* ! trivet c\ld be hung ^u ! b>1 !reby br++ x ne>] to ! heat4 ,9 lat] ye>s ! trivet develop$ a h&le = ! conv5i5ce ( mov+ x ab\t1 & especially ( hang+ x ^u ! b>s1 & 9 ! late/ complet$ =m ) turn$ wood h&le1 iron legs1 & brass frett$ top1 ! trivet 0 reg>d$ z an ess5tial accompanim5t to ! fire-grate4 ,f ! ?ree-legg$ /ool ) hooks or h&le !re came a m9or developm5t 9 ! =m ( a light portable trivet )\t legs1 :i* c\ld only be us$ :5 hung on ! b>s4 ,^! v>ieties pres5t$ ! work] 9 brass ) an excell5t opportunity ( %[+ 8 decorative skill1 & brass trivet tops soon became v ornam5tal4 ,fig4 #cf repres5ts a f9ely-pi]c$ brass trivet1 ) tall legs & po9t$ feet & a turn$ wood h&le4 ,on ! top ( a balu/]-%ap$ device1 support$ by dolph9s1 ,atlas is repres5t$ be>+ on 8 %\ld]s ! globe4 ,! date ( ! trivet is #affh1 & on ! top is also engrav$ ! own]'s monogram4 ,ano!r v int]e/+ example comes f ,d]by%ire1 & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch4 ,yet ano!r example is giv5 9 ,fig4 #cg1 ?is be+ a m elaborate design4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! plate an eagle is repres5t$ ) out/ret*$ w+s4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is trivet is some:at unusual 9 t x is /r5g!n$ ) a cross-b>2 ! feet are ( spe>-head %ape4 ,all ?ree examples are to be se5 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,!re h be5 _m mod]n replicas ( ! beautiful old brass helmet-%ap$ coal-boxes s common half a c5tury ago4 ,! e>li] types v>i$ some:at 9 %ape1 b always pres]v$ _! helmet-l =m1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,9 ! days :5 ^! coal-boxes 7 fa%ionable1 m9iature pipk9s 7 sold = draw+-room use1 & a little lat] oblong & oval boxes ( poli%$ brass & copp] 7 9 common use2 9 "s places ! brass log boxes tak+ _! place1 especially :]e wood 0 pl5tiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,,copp] ,,helmet-,,%ap$ ,,coal-,,box4 ,x is probable no dome/ic ut5sil or appliance has ga9$ great] notoriety ?an ! copp] & brass w>m+-pan1 :i* s long held an hon\r$ place 9 ! *imney corn]4 ,x 0 us$ nightly 9 w9t] = w>m+ b$s 9 ! (t5 l>ge & *illy rooms1 bo? 9 ! homes ( ! weal?y & ( ! middle classes4 ,"o ( ^! pans is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bc on ! wall ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury room already m5tion$ z be+ on view 9 ! ,london ,museum4 ,ano!r v h&some w>m+-pan1 :i* is 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 is v exceptional 9 /yle4 ,_m ( ! e>li] examples are dat$1 & sometimes engrav$ or emboss$ ) pi\s or loyal s5tim5ts1 z 0 ! cu/om ( ! times4 ,! ,royal ,alb]t ,memorial ,museum at ,exet] conta9s sev]al int]e/+ w>m+-pans2 "o1 :i* is dat$ on ! lid #afbb1 is engrav$3 ,i4,r4 ,,god ,,save ,,k+ ,,james2 ano!r1 ) an iron h&le1 is ( /ill e>li] date1 be+ /amp$ #afaf on ! lid4 ,brass foot-w>m]s 7 at "o "t 9 regul> use2 a v f9e example1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj1 is ( octagonal %ape1 cov]$ ) rep\ss decoration1 & fitt$ ) a fold+ bail h&le1 facilitat+ its removal f place to place4 ,!re h be5 _m copp] foot-w>m]s1 c>riage w>m]s1 & ! l us$ 9 days be=e mod]n heat+ arrangem5ts 7 kn[n4 ,"s ye>s ago little copp] muff-w>m]s 7 sold 9 ! %ops2 b !y 7 ( no great novelty1 = z f> back z ! sev5te5? c5tury :at 7 kn[n z w>m+ boxes 7 made = keep+ ! h&s w>m on j\rneys :5 travell+ by ! v cold & draughty /age coa*es4 ,^! curi\s little boxes ( brass or copp] 7 heat$ ) a removable mass ( iron1 :i* c\ld be lift$ out ( ! box1 :i* h+$ 9 ! c5tre1 by means ( an iron hook2 j 9 ! same way ! old box irons 7 op]at$4 ,9 ,figs4 #da & #db "o ( ^! e>ly boxes1 :i* may be se5 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum1 is illu/rat$4 ,?us 9 old5 "t ! com=t ( travell]s 0 atta9$4 ,! old inns 7 welcome retreats aft] a /ormy j\rney by road1 & ! old] inns ( ! coa*+ days (t5 conta9 _m int]e/+ relics ( ! days :5 ! copp] & brass objects we n[ call curi\s & old 7 new4 ,^? objects ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s p>agraphs by no means exhau/ ! li/ ( h\seplace curios 9 metal1 b !y may s]ve to po9t out ! great int]e/ :i* atta*es to ev5 common objects ( ev]yday use :5 a few ye>s h pass$ by & *anges h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 ev]yday usages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,,brass ,,foot-,,w>m] ,,) ,,bail ,,h&le4 7,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #da ,,& #db4--;,,e>ly ,,brass ,,or ,,bronze ,,h&-,,w>m]1 ,,%[n ,,op5 ,,& ,,clos$4 7,9 ! ,guildhall ,museum47 ,*imney & o!r ,ornam5ts4 ,z x has be5 intimat$ already1 ! fireplace 0 a c5tre ( attraction 9 all old h\ses4 ,x 0 cu/om>y on a w9t]'s night to draw up close to ! fire1 & 9 s do+ x 0 only natural t ! *imney piece & ^? objects :i* re/$ !reon w\ld be con/antly look$ at4 ,?is probably gave mak]s ! cue :5 design+ ornam5tal brasswork :i* c\ld be us$ z h\sehold decoration4 ,! ornam5ts ( ^? days 7 sub/antial1 & ! *imney ornam5ts solid & la/+4 ,x 0 a common ?+ to see a r[ ( brass figures or pairs ( brass ornam5ts on ! *imney-piece4 ,su* designs z ^? %[n 9 ,figs4 #dc & #dd 7 popul>4 ,our illu/rations repres5t "o only ( ea* fa%ion2 ! pairs1 h[ev]1 7 usually design$ opposite h&s1 look+ to "r & left4 ,su* ornam5ts 7 se5 on ! kit*5 mantelpieces ( ! well-to-d & on ! hob-grates ( ! h\seplaces ( ! middle classes4 ,?is 0 ! prevail+ cu/om f fifty to sev5ty ye>s ago1 & /ill e>li] simil> ornam5ts1 crud] 9 design1 evid5tly modell$ aft] ! /yle ( ! ,b[ pott]y figures1 7 9 use4 ,9 ,lanca%ire & 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts ( ! ,black ,c\ntry brass ornam5ts ( simil> & m mod]n types h always be5 fav\r$1 & !y are /ill sold z ornam5ts to well-to-d artisans & me*anics4 ,! mod]n ca/+s are r\gh] & n s decorative or beautifully design$ z ! tool$ ca/+s ( e>li] days4 ,! peacock 0 a fav\rite bird & %>$ ) ! pheasant popul>ity4 ,^! designs are easily recognizable among ! g5u9e antiques4 ,!re 7 l>g] animals1 too1 su* z ! horse1 an example ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,?is fav\rite bea/ ( burd5 0 (t5times repres5t$ z a dray horse2 9 m sport+ circles z a hack or a hunt]4 ,9 agricultural di/ricts ! wagon]1 ! huntsman1 & dogs & h\nds 7 *iefly fav\r$4 ,!y 7 g5]ally set on a base or pl9?1 an exceptionally good c\ntry brass ( ! e>li] type repres5t+ a %eph]d ) 8 typical crook4 ,little /atuettes repres5t$ politicians & hi/orical & ev5 allegorical figures4 ,among ! portrait brasses ,napoleon 0 a fav\rite subject 9 ! days :5 8 "n 0 famili> 9 e h\sehold4 ,izaac ,walton1 ! expon5t ( ! g5tle art1 0 (t5 modell$ 9 brass1 & ev5 ,rob9son ,crusoe & 8 man ,friday =m$ ! subject ( a r>e gr\p4 ,! ,cont95ts ( ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,asia are r>e & int]e/+ allegorical gr\ps4 ,o!r brasses %[ traces ( ,*ipp5dale influ5ce1 especially ^? 9 m9iature :i* repres5t famili> h\sehold objects1 among :i* are wond]ful little models ( circul> tables & ( ! oval loo tables1 l ^? !n se5 9 ! be/ p>l\r4 ,!re are also m9iature brass trivets & /ools & models ( gr&fa!r *airs4 ,brass ornam5ts su* z ^? describ$ are n altoge!r conf9$ to *imney ornam5ts1 = on a l>g] scale !y 7 frequ5tly us$ on ! old hob-grates1 ! poli%$ brass or copp] contra/+ ) ! %9+ blacklead put on ) pl5ty ( elb[ grease4 ,!y 7 us$1 too1 z door port]s & also z sidebo>d ornam5ts4 ,! ornam5ts ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury 9 metal 71 h[ev]1 almo/ entirely associat$ ) utilit>ian purposes1 ! arti/ decorat+ ! common] objects1 giv+ special att5tion to ! rep\ss "w & engrav+ on ^? portions :i* w\ld be 9 view :5 ! du/pan1 w>m+-pan1 he>? bru%1 or o!r object 0 hung up4 ,classifi$ ,arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #dc ,,& #dd4--;,,brass ,,*imney ,,ornam5ts 7,,"o ,,ea* ,,( ,,pairs74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,,brass ,,horse1 ,a ,,*imney ,,or ,,hob-,,grate ,,ornam5t4 ,9 addition to ^? articles m5tion$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs !re are _m dome/ic ut5sils highly decorative1 su* z c&le/icks & light+ app>atus1 ref]r$ to 9 o!r *apt]s 9 ?is volume4 ,^! all come "u ! special notice ( ! collector ( copp] & brasswork :o turns 8 att5tion to dome/ic antiques4 ,su* collectable objects z already sugge/$ %\ld be arrang$ 9 a room furni%$ 9 simil> /yle to t prevail+ at a "t :5 ^! metal curios 7 9 daily use4 ,if su* a room is n available an alt]native me?od is to arrange ! dome/ic curios s t by comp>ison ! progress made by mak]s z ea* succe$+ g5]ation came & w5t c be se5 & appreciat$4 ,incid5tally t me?od is v int]e/+ 9 t x reveals ! p]iods at :i* art 0 upp]mo/1 & indicates ^? times :5 ! utility ( dome/ic copp] & brass 0 9 ! asc5dant r ?an _! ornate appe>ance4 ,popul> ta/e 0 foll[$ by ! mak] at all times1 & ! m progressive manufactur]s 7 ev] on ! look-out = "s slight improvem5t ei!r 9 design or decoration--seldom1 h[ev]1 mak+ any radical *ange--s t ! progress 9 metal-"w 0 "o ( developm5t sl[ly unfold$4 ,,ix ,,c&le/icks ,,& ,,lamps ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,c&le/icks ,,& ,,lamps ,fire-mak+ app>atus--,c&les & c&le/icks--,oil lamps & lant]ns4 ,artificial light & heat 7 among ! fir/ sci5tific discov]ies ( primeval man4 ,to h>ness ! =ces ( ,nature 0 und\bt$ly a great a*ievem5t1 & at fir/ w\ld be view$ ) al>m4 ,! fire :i* _h be5 k9dl$ f natural causes w\ld be look$ ^u ) awe by ! cave m5 or ! dwell]s 9 ! =e/4 ,:5 !y saw x dy+ d[n !y w\ld v naturally make "s ef=t to keep ! fire burn+ by add+ fre% fuel4 ,! "t w\ld come1 h[ev]1 :5 light+ a fire by artificial means w\ld be resort$ to2 & ! me?ods adopt$ 9 ^? f>-(f days involv$ ! use ( primitive contrivances1 "s ( :i* are describ$ on ! next page4 ,! fire burn+ "u ! camp kettle w\ld 9 c\rse ( "t sugge/ a flam+ tor*1 :i* c\ld be c>ri$ ab\t at w2 & f ! tor*1 :i* burn$ all too quickly1 came ! discov]y ( oil lamps & ! c&le4 ,at fir/ ?is 0 only a ru%light1 us$ side by side ) ! cresset tor*2 & !n 9 lat] days came lamps & lant]ns4 ,fire-mak+ ,app>atus4 ,! collector ( copp] & brass looks ) regret on ! e>ly fire-mak+ app>atus 9 t iron 0 ! *ief metal employ$4 ,nev]!less !re are "s objects associat$ ) fire-mak+ manufactur$ 9 brass4 ,!re are "s well-kn[n collectors :o h specializ$ on fire-mak+ appliances & e>ly lamps4 ,among fire-mak+ appliances are ^? ( ! p]cussion type1 comm5c+ ) iron pyrites1 fl9t1 /eel1 & t9d]4 ,"s ( ! e>li] t9d] boxes 7 made ( brass1 al?\gh ! majority 7 ( wood & t92 _m ( ! pi/ol-action t9d] boxes :i* imm$iately foll[$ ! e>li] =m 7 furni%$ ) /&s & c&le-sockets1 be+ us$ = ! purpose ( light+ an e>ly c&le4 ,"s ( ! brass c&le-/&s & c&le-sockets are beautifully engrav$1 & _m ( ! contrivances :i* 7 fir$ by ! prim+ ( gunp[d]1 ! fla% ignit+ ! t9d]1 are highly ornam5tal4 ,t me?od1 ( c\rse1 m>k$ an advance4 ,!re are pi/ol-action t9d] boxes f ,japan1 highly ornam5tal1 ! cases be+ pi]c$ & 9 "s in/ances decorat$ ) rais$ silv] & copp] relief4 ,f ,*9a & ,c5tral ,asia come t9d] p\*es1 _m ( !m hav+ decorative brass m\nts1 "s be+ gilt on copp]4 ,t9d] 0 (t5 c>ri$ ab\t 9 tubes ( brass & copp]1 "s ( ! be/ examples be+ v elaborately engrav$4 ,9 "s small comp>tm5ts are f\nd2 ^! 7 int5d$ = ! fl9t & /eel4 ,a lat] type ( me*anical fire-mak+ appliance1 introduc$ by ,ri*>d ,lor5tz1 9 #ahjg1 took ! =m ( a pat5t$ compression tube or fire syr+e1 ! pi/on ( :i* 0 ( brass4 ,*emical me?ods ( light+ fires & /rik+ lights h be5 tri$ ) m or less success1 & among ! collectable curios are relics ( ^! e>ly attempts to produce fire & light by sci5tific me?ods4 ,! collector1 :ile welcom+ e curi\s object1 has g5]ally to rely ^u ! objects :i* 7 9 common use & made 9 l>g] quantities4 ,( ^! commonly us$ appliances1 h[ev]1 !re are _m v>ieties1 & ( ! m p]fect$ =ms ( light+ requisites !re is an abundant *oice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;,a ,,two-,,tube ,,c&le ,,m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,,two ,,types ,,( ,,e>ly ,,pricket ,,c&le/icks4 ,c&les & ,c&le/icks4 ,_m are ! leg5ds & /ories ( ! days :5 ! flick]+ light ( a c&le ?rew %ad[s across ! ceil+ & p>tly light$ & p>tly obscur$ ! table & floor4 ,gho/ly1 too1 !y seem$ z ! emb]s ( ! fire di$ on ! he>?4 ,! provision ( artificial light = use dur+ ! long w9t] ev5+s has always be5 "o ( ! dome/ic c>es1 & ! wom5 ( ! h\sehold 7 9 e>ly days m9dful ( ! com+ w9t] dur+ ! summ] & autumn mon?s4 ,among _! dome/ic duties 0 t ( ga!r+ & dry+ ru%es & dipp+ !m 9 fat4 ,! primitive ru%lights gave an unc]ta9 glimm]1 & ! m\ld+ ( c&les ) cotton wicks w\ld be welcom$ z an advance4 ,c&les 7 home-made until comp>atively mod]n times1 & ! c&le m\ld 0 an ess5tial 9 e h\sehold4 ,x 0 frequ5tly ( brass1 & v>i$ 9 size & 9 ! numb] ( m\lds1 ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #df hav+ only two tubes4 ,:ile ! cu/om ( mak+ c&les at home cont9u$ long 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 9 t[ns c&le-mak+ became a trade1 &1 z 0 ! cu/om 9 ^? days1 ! m\ld]s ( c&les assembl$ toge!r 9 c]ta9 well-kn[n ?or\ghf>es4 ,9 ,london1 ,c&lewick ,/reet1 ! "n ( :i* has s9ce be5 corrupt$ into ,cannon ,/reet1 0 _! r5dezv\s4 ,! /ore ( c&les = imm$iate use 0 kept close at h& 9 ! c&le box1 plac$ aga9/ ! wall 9 "s conv5i5t position4 ,! boxes 7 ( wood & japann$ t92 o!rs 7 ( brass1 "s be+ v ornam5tal & cov]$ ov] ) engrav+s4 ,su* c&le boxes are to be f\nd 9 ! curio %ops2 sev]al f9e examples may frequ5tly be se5 ne> ,/4 ,james's ,p>k ,/ation 9 ,london1 :]e !re are sev]al curio deal]s :o specialize on old copp] & brass1 ! neighb\rhood be+ q a happy hunt+ gr\nd = ! collector ( metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,,c&elabrum ,,( ,,e>ly ,,type 7,,c5tral ,,figure71 ,,& ,,two ,,oil ,,lamps4 7,9 ,wa%+ton ,museum47 ,! evolution ( ! c&le/ick 0 sl[ at fir/4 ,! old ru%light-hold]s 7 made by ! c\ntry smi?1 & v clumsy !y 7 on _! heavy wood5 /&s4 ,! fir/ idea seems to h be5 to /ick ! c&le on a spike1 (t5times su* spikes be+ plac$ conv5i5tly on ! wall4 ,!n came ! /icks on /&s :i* c\ld be mov$ ab\t ! room1 9 "s cases ) a slid+ hold]1 ! height ( :i* c\ld be regulat$4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! c&le/ick = table use & ! c&le/ick ) ! di%$ base1 :i* became common z ! type ( ! *amb] c&le/ick1 came into be+4 ,) ! progress made & ! g5]al acceptance ( ! two types1 ! pill> c&le/ick & ! *amb] c&le/ick1 ! arti/ 9 metal began to turn 8 att5tion to p]fect+ _! =ms & decorat+ !m4 ,_m rem>kable c&le/icks 9 bronze are met ) among ecclesia/ical brasses1 "s ( :i* are ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,( ! dome/ic c&le/icks !re are _m e>ly examples1 "s ) beautifully twi/$ columns & lat] flut$ examples4 ,! pricket c&le/ick--t is1 a c&le/ick ) a spike on :i* a c&le 0 firmly plac$--ev5tually gave way to ! m conv5i5t socket1 & a flange at ! top ( ! column held any c&le grease :i* might run d[n ! sides ( ! c&le4 ,! pricket c&le/icks ( e>ly twelf?-c5tury make illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dg may be ref]r$ to z examples ( ! pricket =m1 _! *ief attractions be+ f\nd 9 ! ri*ly enamell$ decoration4 ,9 ,fig4 #dh we are able to illu/rate a v int]e/+ c&elabrum n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton ,city4 ,x is made up lit]ally ( two c&le/icks atta*$ to a v simple pill> bracket on :i* !y slide up & d[n1 ! addition ( a metal reflector sugge/+ lat] developm5ts 9 c&le/icks & lamps4 ,9 ! lat] days bo? brass & silv] c&le/icks1 especially ! tall lights us$ on mantelpiece or on sidebo>d1 7 ornam5t$ 9 keep+ ) ! plate ( ! p]iod1 & 7 ev5tually class$ among ! m decorative appo9tm5ts ( ! home4 ,:5 c&les 7 made ( tall[ ! wicks burn$ black & *>r$ & a con/ant snuff+ 0 necess>y4 ,?is br\ght ab\t ! use ( snuff]s ( poli%$ /eel & ( brass1 & a little lat] ( snuff] trays1 ! snuff]s & _! accompany+ trays =m+ a mo/ int]e/+ addition to ! collection ( metal4 ,c&le/icks are /ill us$1 b ! c&les are ( sup]ior quality & burn /eady & bright4 ,"s are v decorative1 too1 especially ! pa9t$ c&le/icks :i* ) _! ornam5tal %ades are atta*$ to pianos1 & are us$ z wall lights or z additional lights ^u ! table4 ,! days ( brass c&le/icks1 snuff]s1 & trays h1 h[ev]1 long be5 numb]$1 & mo/ ( ^! relics ( old-_w lights h pass$ into ! region ( curios4 ,"h & !re !y may be se5 9 _! once accu/om$ place1 b m z ornam5t ?an = actual use4 ,9 a well-kn[n hotel1 at "o "t an old coa*+ h\se fam\s = its copp] & brass w>es1 ! c&le/icks 9 ^? e>ly days a necessity are n[ plac$ 9 pairs on ! b$room mantelpieces z mem5toes ( ! pa/4 ,!y are n int5d$ = use1 = ! electric swit* is at h&1 & ! new] light has tak5 ! place ( ! wax c&le 7see ,fig4 #di74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,,gr\p ,,( ,,r>e ,,c&le/icks1 ,,alms-,,di%1 ,,& ,,ew]s4 7,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,! l9es :i* "s ye>s ago 7 pr9t$ 9 connection ) a conc]t giv5 9 aid ( ! ,glasg[ ,c&lemak]s & ,tall[ work]s are appropriate3 ,! light ( o!r days is fad$1 ,! reign ( tall['s pa/2 ,magnesium & ! limelight ,h vanqui%$ 'dips' at la/4 ,& ! old lamplight]1 too1 ,mu/ %ortly disappe>1 ,mak+ way = electric light1 ,) its g>i% fla% s 'que]4' ,oil ,lamps & ,lant]ns4 ,mu* might be writt5 ( oil lamps & lant]ns1 ( :i* !re are _m int]e/+ curios4 ,!y are v>i$1 too1 = !y cov] a l>ge field rea*+ f almo/ prehi/oric times to ! pres5t day4 ,_m lamps ( metal & bronze h surviv$ & are f\nd 9 our museums side by side ) ! /ill e>li] examples ( t]ra-cotta & crude pott]y4 ,!re is a v int]e/+ collection ( e>ly lamps 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum1 "o ( ! mo/ attractive examples be+ a ,roman lamp ( bronze1 a portion ( ! c5tral oil space be+ cov]$4 ,! bronze lamp illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ej :i* may be se5 9 ! ,london ,museum1 is claim$ by ! au?orities to be unique 9 ,london f9ds1 & is probably ! f9e/ example ( a ,roman lamp discov]$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! collector f9ds 8 mo/ int]e/+ examples 9 lamps :i* h be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry ! outcome ( ! c&le & ( ! c&le lamp :i* 0 gradually evolv$4 ,_m ( ^! e>ly c&le lamps 7 adaptations ( old c&le/icks2 x w\ld appe> t ! idea ( enclos+ a c&le 9 a horn lant]n & !reby secur+ great] /ead9ess on acc\nt ( its be+ protect$ f ! w9d & draughts1 :i* _h already be5 adopt$1 sugge/$ a glass cup or protection to ! c&le on ! table4 ,x is q likely t ! fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made ) a brok5 cup ( porcela9 ) ! bottom knock$ out1 = ! e>lie/ examples seem to h tak5 t =m1 ! cup-l vessels be+ gradually conf9$ m & m at ! top & ! bottom4 ,! idea ( a c&le-clock occurr$ to sev5te5?-c5tury c&le/ick mak]s1 :o m>k$ ! edges ( ! lamp on ! framework s t z ! c&les burn$ l[ !y m>k$ ! h\rs4 ,! burn+ w\ld be m or less irregul>1 b ! m>ks on ! c&le-clocks w\ld be "s guide1 & s]v$ _! purpose 9 days :5 ! "t ( day 0 ( less mom5t ?an x is n[4 ,oil1 :i* _h e>ly be5 ! *ief light+ m$ium1 0 once m 9 ! asc5dant :5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury oil lamps gradually took ! place ( c&les4 ,fig4 #dh repres5ts a h&some pair ( old oil lamps1 _! beautifully %ap$ vase conta9]s be+ rem9isc5t ( ! urns & vases at t "t ornam5t+ ! mahogany sidebo>d4 ,x is said t _m su* lamps 7 made 9 ,engl& & s5t ov] to ,am]ica be=e ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 & t 9 ! home/eads ( ! old plantations su* relics h be5 treasur$4 ,! examples %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations are n[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ! days :5 ! wat*man call$ ! "t ( ! night /reet-light+ 0 unkn[n4 ,lant]ns 7 c>ri$ 9 ! h& & ! l9ks-boys 7 9 att5dance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,,e>ly ,,bronze ,,lamp4 7,! ,london ,museum1 ,/af=d ,h\se47 ,9 ,fig #ea is %[n a brass lant]n 7op5 & clos$7 :i* is n[ ! prop]ty ( ! ,sund]l& ,public ,libr>ies & ,art ,gall]y ,committee1 a v int]e/+ specim5 ( an eighte5?-c5tury collapsible lant]n ( brass & horn4 ,x measures #f-a_/d 94 high & is #c-c_/h 94 squ>e4 ,su* lant]ns 7 v common 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & inde$ 9 /ill m rec5t times 9 c\ntry places :]e !y 7 v necess>y be=e c\ntry roads 7 improv$ & rural ?or\ghf>es light$4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 fa9 pass ov] /reet-light+ = ! lant]ns :i* h be5 copi$ s _m times 9 m rec5t days4 ,apropos ( lant]ns ( copp] c>ri$ by ! w>y travell] & ( ! copp] lightn+ conductor on ! *ur* /eeple1 an indisp5sable feature /ill1 ! foll[+ l9es are quot$3 ,9 ! old5 "t1 along ! /reet1 ,a glimm]+ lant]n l$ ! feet ,:5 on a midnight /roll2 ,b n[ we cat*1 :5 night is night1 ,a piece ( lightn+ f ! sky ,& /ick x on a pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,old ,,brass ,,lant]n4 7,9 ! ,sund]l& ,museum47 ,x ,,bells ,,& ,,bell-,,metal ,,ca/+s ,,*apt] ,x ,,bells ,,& ,,bell-,,metal ,,ca/+s ,! f\nd]s' secrets--,great bells ( hi/oric fame--,! uses ( bells--,old mort>s4 ,! metal ( :i* bells are made diff]s only f t us$ = o!r copp] w>es 9 its alloy4 ,! anci5ts1 h[ev]1 made _m my/]ies ab\t ! con/itu5ts ( ! metal by :i* !y 7 able to produce su* beautiful notes & musical s\nds4 ,! mod]n bellf\nd] uses ab\t #ge p>ts ( copp] & #be p>ts ( t91 v>y+ x sometimes by a mixture ( z9c & lead1 & 9 t he diff]s little f ! bellf\nd] ( old1 except t ! old] craftsman made a secret ( 8 alloy & sometimes add$ a small quantity ( o!r metals4 ,! !ory is t a l>ge p]c5tage ( copp] gives a deep tone1 :]eas ! great] addition ( z9c & t9 gives a %>p] r+4 ,! ,f\nd]s' ,secrets4 ,a k ( metals & ( _! qualities is a desirable accompli%m5t :i* all metal-work]s & f\nd]s %\ld possess1 & x 0 d\btless because "s ( ! e>ly bellf\nd]s intuitively1 or z ! result ( accid5tal exp]im5t1 discov]$ ! true prop]ties ( ! alloys !y us$ t !y 7 able to excel 9 ! craft4 ,!re are secrets associat$ ) ! mix+ ( ! metal1 too1 especially t ( heat+ ! molt5 metal to ! correct temp]ature at ! mo/ critical mom5t ( runn+ x into ! m\ld4 ,mu* dep5ds also ^u tun+ ! bells by turn+ & r$uc+ _! ?icknesses at ! "r place 9 ! bell's cone4 ,! accuracy ( su* details is ess5tial1 o!rwise ^? mell[ s\nds = :i* _m ( ! old bells are not$ w\ld be abs5t4 ,x is true t ! ri* mell[ness & musical notes s noticeable 9 "s peals are due to "s ext5t to age1 ! exact influ5ce ( :i* is n fully und]/ood4 ,! bellf\nd] has always reg>d$ 8 "w f a l(ty /&>d1 & has record$ ! accompli%m5t ( any great "w by ! inscriptions he has caus$ to be ca/ ^u ! surface ( ! bell4 ,su* data is (t5 accompani$ by ! "n & tradem>k ( ! f\nd]1 ! ,bellf\nd]s' arms be+ frequ5tly add$4 ,sometimes su* inscriptions are dat$2 at o!rs ! lett]+ is suffici5t to d5ote ! date ( ! "w4 ,! mak+ ( great bells 0 always reg>d$ z an ev5t ( "s importance4 ,mo/ ( ^? :i* h obta9$ hi/oric fame h ei!r be5 associat$ ) "s public use or h be5 ca/ = ecclesia/ical purposes4 ,su* ev5ts 7 (t5 att5d$ by k+s & que5s & great ecclesia/ics1 :o ?rew into ! melt+-pot contributions ( silv] & gold1 inscriptions ^u ! bells !mselves (t5 record+ ! special object ( _! manufacture4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( ca/+ bells a di/ance away f ! t[] :]e !y 7 to be hung (t5 induc$ ! f\nd]s to ca/ !m on ! spot2 inde$1 z late z #agfb ! clock bell ( ,cant]bury 0 reca/ 9 ! ,ca!dral y>d4 ,great ,bells ( ,hi/oric ,fame4 ,!re are _m great bells ( hi/oric fame1 & o!rs :i* h ga9$ notoriety f _! great size4 ,! claim to ! possession ( ! l>ge/ bell 0 =m]ly made by ! ,*9ese1 b ! palm is usually accord$ to ! ,great ,bell ( ,mosc[1 :i* measures #ai ft4 9 height & #fd ft4 9 circumf]5ce4 ,9 our own c\ntry !re are ! ,great ,bell ( ,/4 ,paul's1 weigh+ five tons2 ,great ,tom ( ,l9coln1 ( simil> weight2 ,pet] ( ,york1 weigh+ t5 tons2 & ,big ,b5 ( ,we/m9/]1 scal+ f\rte5 tons4 ,"s old *ur*es & ca!drals are not$ m = _! beautiful *imes ?an = ! size & weight ( _! l>g] bells4 ,at ,me*l9 !re are =ty-f\r bells 9 ! c>illon1 & 9 ,antw]p ,ca!dral ! *imes are play$ on sixty-five bells1 ! olde/ 9 ! set1 nam$ ,horrida1 be+ dat$ #acaf1 b ! bell :i* is said to be ! be/ lov$ ( all by ! r+]s is /amp$ ,c>olas1 hav+ be5 giv5 by ,*>les ,v4 ,!re are bells ( less] size :i* h ga9$ popul>ity1 "s f _! =m] associations2 o!rs p]haps1 m s because ( _! pres5t location or own]%ip4 ,sometimes bells h be5 remov$ f old *ur*es & aft] hav+ *ang$ h&s sev]al times h f\nd a re/+-place 9 ! possession ( laym52 (t5 9 museums1 x is true1 b n always s3 z an in/ance !re is ! f9e old bell 9 ! possession ( ! ,groc]s' ,company1 ca/ 9 #adfc = ! ,*ur* ( ,all ,hall[s1 ,/a9+1 :]e x hung = _m ye>s4 ,! bell illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #eb1 n[ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 is ( m rec5t date1 hav+ be5 ca/ 9 ,exet] 9 #afgj by ,john ,p5n+ton4 ,bells h frequ5tly be5 br\ght to ?is c\ntry z trophies ( w>4 ,at ! ,t[] !re are sev]al f9e examples ( ,ea/]n workman%ip1 & !re are o!rs n[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum at ,:itehall4 ,! ,uses ( ,bells4 ,! old] bells h se5 v>i$ s]vice2 !y h be5 hung 9 *ur* t[]s & 9 public places2 !y h s\nd$ ! note ( al>m1 & giv5 ! signal = hi/oric assemblies2 !y h rung ! dea?-knell ( illu/ri\s p]sons1 & 9 rural ,engl& h summon$ _m g5]ations ( wor%ipp]s to ,div9e ,s]vice4 ,! bells1 ! l\d clang+ ( :i* c be he>d af>1 are1 h[ev]1 ! outcome ( a gradual process ( developm5t4 ,! evolution f ! h&bell to ! turret bell 0 d\btless sl[4 ,! simple h&bell 9 its e>ly /ages 0 only a slight advance beyond ! bells hung r\nd ! necks ( ! lead]s ( ! flock1 :i* 7 made by ! village smi?4 ,su* primitive1 & n always musical1 bells 7 us$ f ! e>lie/ times to summon s]vants & work]s 9 ! field & t5d]]s ( ! flock4 ,! practice dates f ,biblical days1 = x 0 an e>ly ,ea/]n cu/om = %eiks & patri>*s f _! t5t doors to summon _! foll[]s1 or give ! dang] signal1 by means ( a bell4 ,bible records tell ( bells ( gold susp5d$ f ! robes ( prie/s1 & ( _! use 9 temple wor%ip4 ,f t "t onw>d !y h be5 associat$ ) religi\s c]emonials4 ,9 lat] times ! e>ly ,*ri/ians employ$ bells ( copp] & brass & consecrat$ !m to _! use4 ,?us musical peals1 rung collectively or individually1 h s\nd$ = all k9ds ( sacr$ rites4 ,! bell--a m]e h&bell--0 soon fix$ ov] a doorway1 or 9 "s conv5i5t place :]e x c\ld ) great] ease be rung by a cord4 ,!n came ! sugge/ion ( l>g] bells1 aft]w>ds cov]$ ov]1 & f9ally hung 9 /eeple or t[]1 l ! campanile 7a t[] sep>at$ f ! *ur*7 s (t5 met ) 9 ,italy4 ,! *ur* bell is said to h be5 introduc$ "h by ,paul9us1 ! ,bi%op ( ,mona1 9 ,a4,d4 #djj4 ,! next record ( importance is ! hi/orical acc\nt ( ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 :o describes bells hung 9 t[]s--t 0 9 ,a4,d4 #fgj4 ,"s two hundr$ ye>s aft] ,b$e's days a peal 0 rung = ! fir/ "t 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,abbey ( ,cr[l&4 ,! pione]s ( bell-r++ ^u bells tun$ 9 h>mony 7 ! r+]s :o produc$ su* *>m+ results ) ! bells ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,! bells ( *ur*es 7 rung = ecclesia/ical & = national & p>o*ial purposes4 ,!re 0 ! vesp] bell = ev5song1 & !re 0 ! curfew bell :i* rang 9 ob$i5ce to ! lights out enactm5ts ( ,norman days 7see ,c\vre de feu1 p4 #aac74 ,( ! m9or uses ( bells !re are _m4 ,9 ,tudor days small bells 7 famili> objects 9 hunt+4 ,!y =m$ "p ( ! equipm5t ( ! hawk or falcon4 ,( ^! we read 9 ,%akespe>e's works--( ! 'l>um bell & ( sweet bells jangl$ out ( tune4 ,9 ,o!llo !re is a record ( ! snort+ citiz5 ) 8 bell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,,bell ,,ca/ ,,by ,,john ,,p5n+ton ,,at ,,exet] ,,9 #afgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,,gr\p ,,( ,,bell-,,metal ,,mort>s4 7,9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,bellm5 7 ! h]alds ( news 9 c\ntry t[ns1 & ! importance ( _! (fice 0 made cle> by ! ,oyez6 ,oyez6 by :i* !y prefix$ _! tale4 ,! anci5t wat*man clang$ 8 bell & ! light 9 ! lant]n slung at 8 wai/ flick]$ z he s\nd$ ! call4 ,?is is m5tion$ 9 an old ballad1 ! fir/ v]se ( :i* reads3 ,"t1 ma/]1 calls y\r bellman to 8 task1 ,to see y\r doors & w9d[s are all fa/4 ,num]\s examples ( curi\s bells are to be se5 9 our museums4 ,9 ! ,wel% ,museum at ,c>diff !re is an old ,celtic bell f ,llangwynodl1 %[n side by side ) an electrotype ( ! fam\s bell ( ,/4 ,patrick4 ,!re is r a sad note 9 ! /ory ( ! fate ( ! old division bell ( ! ,iri% ,h\se ( ,commons1 :i*1 :5 ! ,p>liam5t 0 aboli%$1 0 sold = use 9 a ,dubl9 !atre z a call bell1 ev5tually to be resold z old metal4 ,t curio w\ld at ?is juncture h be5 reg>d$ z an hi/orical relic ( "s value4 ,! re/oration ( bells sometimes leads to mi/akes :5 x is f\nd t ! inscriptions ^u !m appe> to indicate an old] date ?an w\ld be judg$ to be correct f _! appe>ance4 ,( su* re/oration "w an in/ance may be giv5 ( ! peal ( twelve bells rec5tly plac$ 9 ! t[] ( ,/4 ,m>y's ,*ur*1 :i* has become ! ca!dral ( ! new diocese ( ,*elms=d4 ,! bells 7 d$icat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( r+]s f a l>ge numb] ( t[ns & villages 9 ,essex1 a c\nty not$ = its bell-t[]s & bells4 ,! peal ( t5 replaces "o ca/ 9 #aggg1 & ! old inscriptions h be5 plac$ on ! new bells4 ,"o reads3 ,?o' mu* aga9/ u may be said1 ,to speak = ourselves we are n afraid4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ pleas+ ?\ghts associat$ ) bells is t _! e>lie/ use has be5 p]petuat$ ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,! %eep bell hung r\nd ! neck ( ! bellwe!r 9 ,ea/]n l&s s\nd+ s sweetly 9 ! days ( ! ,psalmi/ ( old1 f9ds its replica on ! d[nl&s ( ! ,s\!rn c\nties & on ,salisbury ,pla9 to-day1 = !re & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( rural ,engl& ! t9kl+ j+le ( ! %eep bells may be he>d4 ,bells are n )\t _! rivals1 = gongs h be5 us$ 9 ,ea/]n c\ntries = ye>s1 & n[ !y are popul> else:]e4 ,!y 7 orig9ally a disc ( beat5 metal ) upturn$ rim1 al?\gh 9 "s c\ntries !y took ! place ( drums 9 w>f>e1 z well z play+ a "p 9 religi\s s]vices4 ,! circul> gong is associat$ ) ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,java4 ,! ,burmese gong is ( triangul> =m1 & by way ( contra/ is made ( poli%$ metal1 :]eas ^? ( ! fir/-m5tion$ c\ntries usually %[ hamm] m>ks4 ,_m ( ! old gongs 7 exce$+ly musical1 & :5 /ruck ) a lea!r-cov]$ wood5 mallet 7 capable ( produc+ a v>iety ( s\nds4 ,gongs old & new v>y 9 size &1 consequ5tly1 9 dep? ( tone & volume ( s\nd4 ,among ! ,ea/]n curios !re are "s highly decorative examples1 especially among ! small] table gongs1 ! /&s ( :i* 7 (t5 enri*$ by decorative ornam5t ) inlays & enamels4 ,old ,mort>s4 ,on acc\nt ( be+ made ( ! same k9d ( alloy1 bronze mort>s are ref]r$ to 9 ?is *apt]4 ,!y 7 usually ca/ by ! bellf\nd]s f ! metal !y us$ = bells1 & _m ( !m :5 /ruck give =? sonor\s & deep-ton$ s\nds4 ,^! mort>s 7 m\ld$ & (t5 decorat$ ) fanciful designs1 frequ5tly ) ! arms or initials ( ! prospective own]s1 o!rs be+ dat$4 ,^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec are repres5tative types4 ,_m ( ! e>ly mort>s appe> to h be5 import$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,dut* f\nd]s made _m 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 "s be+ especially h&some & ( l>ge size4 ,o!rs /ill m ornate 7 ( ,italian1 ,portuguese1 & ,spani% orig94 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! use ( bell-metal 0 disc>d$1 & brass mort>s1 ca/ & aft]w>ds turn$ 9 a la!1 came into vogue4 ,^! gradually became little us$1 & :5 pe/les & mort>s 7 ne$$ 9 ! dome/ic kit*51 m mod]n types ( m>ble & composition 7 introduc$4 ,to-day1 ^! once necess>y dome/ic appliances are relegat$ to ! *imney-piece z hon\r$ ornam5ts 9 ! kit*52 ! old] & m valuable bell-metal mort>s be+ giv5 m prom95t positions ^u sidebo>d or cab9et4 ,su* is ! /ory ( ! bellf\nd]s1 ^: art rema9s among mod]n crafts4 ,,xi ,,civic ,,emblems ,,& ,,weights ,,& ,,measures ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,civic ,,emblems ,,& ,,weights ,,& ,,measures ,! anci5t horn--,! badge ( (fice--,weigh+ in/rum5ts--,measures 9 ,exet] ,museum--,our /&>ds4 ,! s\nd+ ( brass & ! t9kl+ ( cymbals h h]ald$ 9 _m ,/ate pageants4 ,civic pomp & spl5d\r h be5 enri*$ by brilliant uni=ms1 & ! sunlight has fla%$ on _m a ?rill+ ev5t 9 national hi/ory4 ,9 ! relics ( =m] glories we f9d emblems ( ! do+s ( ! pa/1 & amid/ ru9$ build+s or ^? halls n[ %orn ( mu* ( _! =m] gr&eur--_! orig9al purpose =gott51 or1 p]*ance1 misund]/ood--! collector seeks symbols ( (fice & ho>ds !m :5 f\nd z m]e curios4 ,9 ?is *apt] su* civic emblems & prosaic weights & measures are gr\p$4 ,a curi\s comb9ation "s may ?9k4 ,v appropriate1 h[ev]1 :5 we note ! close connection :i* once exi/$ betwe5 ^? old corporations & guilds :o rejoic$ 9 emblems ( (fice & enjoy$ ! cu/ody ( /&>ds ( weights & measures1 fulfill+ ! duties :i* _h be5 ?ru/ ^u !m by p[]s & au?orities only too will+ to depute to private bodies necess>y "w = :i* !y _h no equipm5t & no organization4 ,! ,anci5t ,horn4 ,civil au?ority & ev5 ,/ate control c\ld1 9 days gone by1 only be su/a9$ by pl5ty ( pomp & %[4 ,! populace 7 aw$ by giant insignia & mu* p>ade ( p[] to en=ce ! au?ority held4 ,9 days be=e !re 7 newspap]s to make ann\ncem5ts1 & no pr9t+ presses to pr9t po/]s & proclamations1 ! call+ ( a public meet+ at :i* decl>ations c\ld be made or decisions arriv$ at1 0 a matt] ( no small importance4 ,! s\nd+ horn _h be5 us$ f primitive times to call toge!r ! p1 & ! ga!r+s ( ! folk mote 7 h]ald$ 9 & assembl$ by a l\d bla/ on ! moot horn4 ,! moot or meet+ ( ! p ( a village or hamlet began 9 ,anglo-,saxon times1 :5 su* assemblies 7 held 9 ! op5 air4 ,lat] came ! moot hall1 :i* prec$$ ! guildhall ( days :5 trad]s & m]*ants 7 incorporat$ into frat]nal guilds4 ,! horn 0 ! signal = call+ su* assemblies commonly 9 use 9 old t[ns1 & su* relics ( ! pa/ are n[ pres]v$ ) c>e--emblems ( alt]$ times to ^? :o are famili> ) !m4 ,9 ,fig4 #ee is %[n ! moot horn ( ,w9*e/]1 a beautiful example ( anci5t metal-"w4 ,!re is a simil> horn at ,dov]1 :i* is s\nd$ /ill accord+ to cu/om at ! election ( ! mayor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,,an ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,flag/aff ,,head ,,( ,,brass1 ,,orig9ally ,,gilt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,! ,,w9*e/] ,,moot ,,horn4 7,9 ! ,guildhall ,museum1 ,w9*e/]47 ,! moot horn is n q lo/ 9 mod]n proc$ure1 = ! h]alds m>* 9 ,royal processions & prec$e ! proclamation ( regal & civic /ate z ( yore1 on ^? r>e occasions call+ a halt f ev]yday occupations by ! trumpet's bla/4 ,! ,badge ( ,(fice4 ,! mace is ) u to-day z ! *ief emblem ( (fice4 ,)\t x no civil ga!r+ ( importance 9 ,london w\ld be complete1 & :5 robb$ ( its pres5ce no law c be enact$ at ,we/m9/]4 ,! bauble ,cromwell caus$ to be remov$ 0 a symbol ( hi/oric & anci5t fame1 deep-root$ 9 ! m9ds ( ev5 /]n ,puritans4 ,x _h to be bani%$ ere ! ,p>liam5t 0 dissolv$6 ,! mace is truly ! l9eal & direct sign ( p[] & au?ority1 = x 0 ! anci5t battle-axe :i* c\ld deal ! deadly bl[ t 0 fir/ held up be=e ! sov]eign1 & 9 brass or gilt ! tawdry symbol took its place & has ev] s9ce reta9$ its significance4 ,9 less] degree ! /aff or /ave ( (fice has rema9$ an ensign ( au?ority4 ,! heads ( su* /aves are (t5 decorative & surm\nt$ by "s appropriate emblem or well-kn[n sign ( (fice4 ,! flag/aff head %[n 9 ,fig4 #ed is ( eighte5?-c5tury date2 its v beautiful op5work ornam5t 0 probably ( gilt4 ,x is an excell5t example ( ,engli% workman%ip ( t p]iod4 ,weigh+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,! ,f\nd]s' ,company ex]cis$ an ov]sight ov] weigh+ in/rum5ts & weights & _h difficulties to cont5d )1 = !re 7 _m irregul>ities & n a few diff]5ces 9 ! /&>ds us$ 9 v>i\s localities4 ,! scales ( trad]s ( old5 "t 7 f> f accurate1 & !re 0 abundant ne$ ( /&>d weights & measures su* z 7 kept 9 "s ( ! old c\ntry t[ns4 ,w9*e/] & ,exet] are two places :]e c>e has be5 tak5 ( ! old /&>ds1 & 9 bo? ( ^! t[ns anci5t /&>ds may be se54 ,simil> /&>ds =m]ly kept 9 o!r t[ns h be5 scatt]$1 & n infrequ5tly old specim5s--obvi\sly /&>ds f ! inscriptions ^u !m--are met ) 9 private collections4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,,! ,,w9*e/] ,,bu%el 7,,/&>d ,,measure74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,old ,,measures ,,bas$ ,,on ,,! ,,w9*e/] ,,/&>d4 7,sket*$ by p]mission ( ! ,corporation ( ! ,city ( ,w9*e/]47 ,^? n[ 9 ! ,w9*e/] ,museum ext5d ov] a consid]able p]iod1 rang+ 9 antiquity f ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii to ,elizabe?4 ,! orig9al bu%el :i* became ! /&>d on :i* o!r measures 7 bas$ is /ill pres]v$ 9 ,w9*e/]4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 "o ,william ,nele 0 commission$ to make fur!r copies1 on :i* ! sum ( fifty p\nds 0 exp5d$4 ,! transaction 0 record$ 9 ! ,/ate pap]s ( #adhf z foll[s3 ,to ,william ,nele1 gunn f\nd] & brasi] ( ,london1 ^u makyng ( div]se measures & weights accord+e to ! olde ,/&>de ( ,engl&e1 to be s5t into sev]al %ires & cities ( ,engl&e1 accord+e to ! ,k+'s comm&m5t1 & by ! advice ( ! ,c\nsaal at div]se tymes4 ,! anci5t bronze bu%el ( great hi/oric int]e/ is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,among ! o!r /&>ds kept ) ! bu%el 9 ! ,w9*e/] ,museum are ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg--;all measures bas$ on simil> /&>ds4 ,tudor examples are also /ill 9 ! possession ( ! local au?orities at ,norwi*1 ,salisbury1 ,nor?ampton1 ,s\?ampton1 & ,exet]4 ,fig4 #eh is ano!r example ( a p9t measure1 dat$ #afja1 ! cr[n$ initials ,e4,r4 ^u x1 ( c\rse1 indicat+ ,,elizabe? ,,reg9a4 ,a lat] ,w9*e/] p9t1 dat$ #agjd1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei4 ,measures 9 ,exet] ,museum4 ,:5 x 0 enact$ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii t c]ta9 t[ns %\ld hold copies ( ! anci5t /&>ds1 ,exet] 0 ! city *os5 :]e9 7 deposit$ ! /&>ds = ! ,%ire ( ,devon4 ,!y are n[ on view 9 ! ,royal ,alb]t ,memorial ,museum 9 ,exet]1 supplem5t$ by o!r /&>ds legaliz$ by ,que5 ,elizabe?1 & by m rec5t copies ( au?oriz$ /&>ds4 ,!re are five /&>ds1 dat$ #agii1 consi/+ ( ! ,w9*e/] bu%el1 peck1 & half-peck1 & /&>d coal measure ( peck & half-peck4 ,a bronze /&>d ( ! "t ( ,william & ,m>y is engrav$ ,,= ,,! ,,citty ,,& ,,covnty ,,( ,,exon #afhi2 & a /&>d gallon1 emboss$ ) cr[n & monogram1 is engrav$ ,e4,r4 ,,elizabe? ,,reg9a1 #afja24 ,!re are also /&>d w9e measures2 "o engrav$ on "o side ,,city ,,( ,,exet] #agig & on ! rev]se ,,half ,,p9t4 ,,w9e1 & ano!r on ! rev]se1 ,,gill4 ,,w9e4 ,an exceptionally int]e/+ piece is a /&>d ale gallon ( ! "t ( ! ,commonweal?1 engrav$ ,,an ,,ale ,,gallon ,,siz$ ,,& ,,seal$ ,,9 ,,! ,,t[] ,,( ,,london ,,by ,,me ,,john ,,reynolds ,,( ,,! ,,mynt4 ,,ano4 #afec4 ,among ! /&>d weights includ$ 9 ?is int]e/+ exhibit is a #ad lb4 bronze weight ( ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 emboss$ ) portcullis & rose1 & engrav$ ,,h5ric ,,septim4 ,x 0 f\nd "s ye>s ago among old metal at a /ore 9 ,exet]1 ! mann] ( its discov]y indicat+ ! possibility ( fur!r f9ds ( a simil> nature 9 o!r t[ns4 ,! little ,troy weights are exceptionally well pres]v$2 ! weights accord+ to _! engrav+ are #cb oz41 #fd oz41 #abh oz41 & #bef oz4 ,on ! l>ge/ specim5 ! leg5d runs3 ,,ano4 ,,d4 ,,el4 ,,reg4 ,,xxx4 #aehh4 & on ! upp] edge1 ,,cclvi41 ! small] weights be+ simil>ly indicat$4 ,^! 7 all us$ z ! /&>ds at ,exet] until ! ye> #ahbd4 ,ano!r int]e/+ specim5 is ! /&>d y>d & ell b$ us$ 9 ,exet] = te/+ ! rods us$ z clo? measures1 ! groove on ! /&>d on ! engrav$ side be+ "o y>d1 t on ! rev]se "o ell 7#de in*es74 ,! inscription on ! /&>d y>d reads3 ,,civitas ,,exon ,,*ri/oph] ,,coke ,,esq4 ,,mayor4 ,,william ,,boli?o ,,receiv] #afic4 ,9 ! same museum !re are also six brass /amp+ blocks =m]ly 9 use at ! ,exet] ,cu/om ,h\se 9 connection ) old ,exet] trades4 ,m$ival ,london yields ! collector _m *oice pieces4 ,beautiful little scale beams ( bronze & brass h be5 f\nd 9 or ne> ,london ,wall4 ,scales ( antiquity1 too1 h sometimes be5 9 ! possession ( old families = c5turies almo/ )\t _! kn[+ or appreciat+ _! value4 ,n long ago "s beautiful little scales made ( brass1 :i* mu/ h be5 made m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago1 7 pick$ up on an old b>r[ :]e ! man :o b\ght odd ?+s _h x = sale & ?\ght x to be "o ( ! almo/ valueless curios 9 ! rema9s ( sundries he _h b\ght f ! c>etak] ( an empty h\se4 ,9 ! ,guildhall ,museum !re are scales & weights ( types usual 9 ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,"o ( ^! is decorat$ ) a b& ( />s1 ano!r ( triangul> %ape is /amp$ ) a m]*ant's m>k--t also 0 f\nd on ! site ( ,london ,wall4 ,ano!r rem>kably int]e/+ curio is an octagonal weight evid5tly answ]+ ! purpose ( a bak]'s weight1 & p]haps z an adv]tisem5t1 too1 = x is engrav$1 ,,weight ,,( ,a ,,qu>t]n ,,loaf1 ,,sold ,,by ,,james ,,bull1 #abd1 ,,lead5hall ,,/reet4 ,our ,/&>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--;,a ,,p9t ,,measure ,,( ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,elizabe?4 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,a ,,w9*e/] ,,p9t ,,( ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,que5 ,,anne4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #fj4--,,old ,,fr5* ,,weights4 7,9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,9 ?is connection x may be po9t$ out t a v pleas+ collection c inexp5sively be made out ( old money *ang]s' weights1 bo? ,engli% & =eign4 ,!y 7 *iefly us$ ) ! pocket scales at "o "t c>ri$ ab\t by trad]s z a precaution aga9/ ! num]\s clipp$ & light-weight co9s 9 circulation4 ,among ^! little weights are ^? :i* 7 us$ = te/+ :at are n[ obsolete gold co9s1 su* z angel1 gu9ea1 half-gu9ea1 & sev5-%ill+ piece4 ,"s ( ! old ,roman bell weights are int]e/+2 !y took _! %ape f m anci5t weights 9 ! =m ( a pagan deity1 probably ,m]cury1 :o 0 look$ ^u z a god ( scales & weights4 ,9 "s collections l>g] ,cont95tal weights are met )2 ^? illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fj repres5t+ ?ree ,fr5* weights pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,:5 exam9+ old weights & measures we (t5 wond] at ! orig9 ( su* curi\s tables ( weight =mulat$ on some:at p]plex+ /&>ds1 ridicul$ z long obsolete by support]s ( ! metric sy/ems4 ,!y w\ld sweep !m away2 b to d s w\ld snap "o m l9k ) ! hi/oric pa/1 & p]haps cause u to =get ! v simple orig9 ( s _m ( our s-call$ complicat$ sy/ems1 ! outcome ( a sl[ly develop+ comm]ce--v diff]5t n[ to ! days :5 our /&>ds 7 =mulat$4 ,! basel9e ( our weights & measures is to be f\nd 9 a s+le gra9 ( corn1 su* z w\ld seem to be ,nature's gift--! /aff ( life6 ,x 0 a natural /&>d = agriculturi/s1 :o w\ld be ! fir/ to use x1 to adopt4 ,n only 0 ! gra9 ( corn ! /&>d ( measurem5t & weight1 b a giv5 numb] gave ! weight value to ! p5ny /]l+4 ,! gra9 reta9$ its prom95t position 9 our calculations long aft] /&>ds _h be5 fix$1 = 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii x 0 enact$ t ! bu%el measure %\ld conta9 eight gallons ( :eat1 & t ! gallon %\ld weigh eight p\nds1 ! p\nd to be ( twelve ounces ,troy1 ea* ounce equal to tw5ty silv] p5nies1 e "o ( :i* %\ld be ( weight equival5t to ?irty-two gra9s ( dry :eat4 ,x w be rememb]$ t a /ill e>li] /&>d--t ( ! ,roman ,empire--0 bas$ on b>leycorns1 ( :i* !re 7 tw5ty-f\r to ! ounce1 a measurem5t adopt$ at ,troyes1 9 ,france1 hav+ be5 br\ght f ,cairo dur+ ! ,crusades4 ,?us 9 ?is simple /ory we see ! orig9 ( ,troy weight :i* 9 aft] ye>s 0 us$ concurr5tly ) ! lat] avoirdupois 7goods by weight71 ! /&>d adopt$ = heavy w>es4 ,,xii ,,bronzes ,,& ,,_! ,,replicas ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,bronzes ,,& ,,_! ,,replicas ,e>ly figure modell+--,/atues 9 public places--,replicas 9 m9iature4 ,! art ( sculpture 0 practis$ by ! anci5ts1 & long be=e ! beautiful bronzes = :i* ! arti/s ( ,greece & ,rome 7 fam\s c>v]s ( wood1 & sculptors ( /one & m>ble1 _h cut inscrib$1 & fa%ion$ human figures1 animals1 & fabul\s creatures accord+ to _! :ims & fancies4 ,9 m\lds cut 9 /one ! e>ly ca/]s 9 metal produc$ ! objects :i* we r\ghly class z bronze1 & !y are pres]v$ to-day z rem9d]s ( ^? :o liv$ be=e hi/ory 0 writt54 ,:5 ! e>ly ,bronze ,age _h pass$ away & ! use ( iron 0 und]/ood1 ! art ( sculpture 9 /one 0 practis$ by ! ,egyptians & by o!r ,ea/]n nations4 ,!n came ! beautiful metal-"w ( ,anci5t ,greece2 ! /atues1 trophies1 & gr\ps1 produc$ 9 ^? days :5 ,greece excell$ 9 ! f9e arts1 h acquir$ a fame :i* has nev] be5 exce$$ by sculptors or work]s 9 metals 9 mod]n days4 ,! ,italians ( a lat] p]iod %[$ _! religi\s emotions 9 ! metallic works ( art !y produc$ 9 e>ly m$ival days2 & /ill lat] ,fr5* modell]s h excell$ 9 human expression4 ,_m ( ! great works ( ! old ma/]s 9 bronze are unique1 & !y are reta9$ z great treasures 9 ! national museums :]e !y h f\nd la/+ homes4 ,= ! b5efit ( connoisseurs ( art _m ( ! great works h be5 copi$1 & 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton & 9 o!r places !re are replicas 9 metal & 9 o!r mat]ials1 fai?ful copies ( ! orig9al bronzes :i* are s r>e4 ,! educational value ( a gall]y ( anci5t art1 :e!r express$ 9 m>ble1 bronze1 /one1 or o!r mat]ials1 is consid]able2 x n only t5ds to ! appreciation ( mod]n art z repres5t$ by ! /atues & monum5ts 9 our p>ks & g>d5s1 & 9 ^? small] works :i* adorn public build+s & private mansions1 b x leads to ! appreciation ( ! less] replicas ( great works1 su* z arti/ic gr\ps1 figures1 & bronzes :i* h be5 copi$ 9 m9iature4 ,_m ( ! mo/ important works ( ! modell] & ca/] ( bronze gr\ps & figures are famili> to /ud5ts ( art & collectors ( curios1 9 t s _m ( ^! important /udies h be5 reproduc$ or copi$2 sometimes ! copies are equally z beautiful z ! orig9al1 al?\gh on a small] scale1 & _m ( !m h q an antique appe>ance1 = !y are by no means mod]n1 su* works ( art hav+ be5 reproduc$ v _m ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,,bronze ,,tig]1 ,,by ,,anto9e ,,l\is ,,b>ye4 ,e>ly ,figure ,modell+4 ,! human figure 9 its mo/ p]fectly kn[n =m 0 e>ly made ! model f :i* arti/s sculptur$ /one & m\ld$ figures4 ,ev5 "s ( ! crude attempts ( native races h evid5tly be5 int5d$ to repres5t human be+s ) :om !y associat$ or races !y held 9 fe>1 b !y 7 n always successful4 ,bronze /atues ca/ 9 m\lds 7 kn[n 9 ,egypt1 & ?r\gh\t lat] p]iods mo/ ( ! civiliz$ races h employ$ me?ods by :i* !y h be5 able ) m or less accuracy to reproduce 9 o!r sub/ances ( a m la/+ "* ! p]i%able fle% & blood ( ! human race4 ,9 a simil> way ! p]sonifi$ deities h be5 p]petuat$ 9 bronze & _m ( !m are simply idoliz$ humanity4 ,sometimes ^! /atues h be5 v l>ge1 f> beyond :at is g5]ally kn[n z life-size4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t _m ( ^! colossal /atues :5 rais$ to a great height are by no means out ( proportion to ! build+s on :i* !y 7 plac$1 & assum$ a normal size :5 view$ f bel[4 ,x is said t "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ colossal figures 0 t ( ,m9]va1 cr[n+ ! summit ( ! ,acropolis4 ,! l>ge/ /atue seems to be t ( ,n]o1 :i* rose #aej ft4 ,9 m mod]n times /atues h be5 br\ght d[n to normal size4 ,visitors to ,rome1 h[ev]1 recognise :at a wond]ful a*ievem5t x mu/ h be5 to place t imm5se /atue ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 position4 ,! arti/s ( old 7 inde$ clev]1 & n only h !y ju/ly be5 accord$ fame = ! size & beautiful proportions ( _! /atues1 b _m ( ! anci5t bronzes h ga9$ _! greate/ notoriety f ! great beauty ) :i* ! sculptors mu/ h idealiz$ _! models4 ,_m ( ! antiques are almo/ p]fect 9 =m1 & we are =c$ to wond] :at k9d ( m5 & wom5 _! models 74 ,classic ,models4 ,! classic bronzes 7 almo/ inv>iably conceptions drawn f imag9ation1 b ! beautiful =ms ( ! a?letes & ,greek maid5s help$ ! arti/ 9 8 e/imate ( ! deities he p]sonifi$4 ,9 ^? bronzes we see ! magic t\* ( ! ma/] h&1 & p]haps ( ! belief 9 ! my/ic attributes s clev]ly design$4 ,?us we h figures ( ,h]cules1 ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & _m o!rs1 :i* c be copi$1 & n[ & !n by "s /roke ( good luck a g5u9e antique is add$ to ! collector's museum4 ,/atues 9 ,public ,places4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,,bronze ,,lion1 ,,by ,,b>ye4 ,dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury simple /atues erect$ to ! memories ( not$ politicians & milit>y m5 9 public p>ks1 /reets1 & op5 places1 h be5 add$ to by m reali/ic gr\ps4 ,x w\ld be beyond ! scope ( ?is "w to attempt categorical descriptions ( su* bronzes to be se5 9 ! public places ( our great cities1 & x w\ld be /ill m difficult to rightly classify !m ei!r 9 _! ord] ( m]it or ( ! appropriat5ess ( _! selection4 ,x seems ju/ly fit t ^? :o h be5 associat$ ) ! metallic art %\ld be commemorat$ 9 copp] & brass4 ,to ,pittsburg belongs ! hon\r ( hav+ rememb]$ ! fa!r ( ! art ( hamm]+ into %ape ! metals4 ,9 t city1 on a massive p$e/al1 /&s a colossal bronze figure ( ,tubal ,ca91 :o1 9 8 brief life's hi/ory giv5 9 ,g5esis1 is spok5 ( z an artific] 9 brass4 ,he fitt+ly heads ! li/ ( metallurgi/s & sci5ti/s1 to _m ( :om monum5ts h be5 erect$4 ,! use ( bronze 9 monum5ts is n conf9$ to figures ( great m51 = bronze & brass ornam5t (t5 adds to ! magnific5ce ( a national memorial4 ,z examples ( ! use ( bronze = t purpose m5tion may be made ( ! bronze lions1 aft] ,l&se]1 at ! f\r corn]s ( ,nelson's ,column 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e4 ,! use ( bronze1 z add+ to ! adornm5t or appe>ance ( an antiquity 9 /one1 is exemplifi$ 9 ! two bronze sph9xes at ! base ( ,cleopatra's ,ne$le on ! ,?ames ,embankm5t4 ,! bronzes ( comp>atively mod]n days are mo/ly ! "w ( ! f\nd]1 ca/ aft] ! sculptor has done 8 "w4 ,"s ( ! e>ly examples ( ,etruscan & ,egyptian art consi/$ ( bronze or brass hamm]$ into =m by h&1 or made ( plates rivet$ toge!r4 ,o!rs appe> to h be5 beat5 or emboss$ into high relief 9 a m\ld4 ,"s ( ! clev]e/ ca/+s ( bronze1 h[ev]1 are f\nd 9 ! "w ( ,ea/]n nations1 ! be/ examples be+ idols & temple ornam5ts 7see ,*apt] ,,xiv74 ,replicas 9 ,m9iature4 ,! s-call$ m9iatures range f important reproductions = h\sehold & gall]y ornam5t to ! q m9iature bronzes :i* adorn ! mantelpiece or cab9et4 ,_m ( ! /atues & gr\ps ( anci5t & mod]n =ms h be5 copi$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r s*ool ( art :i* to _m is v attractive4 ,j z pictures ( animal life are appreciat$ by _m1 s ! sculptures & bronzes ( well-kn[n animal arti/s h be5 ju/ly appreciat$4 ,9 ,france !re are ! works ( ,anto9e ,l\is ,b>ye1 :o 0 born 9 ,p>is 9 #agie4 ,x is said t ,b>ye discov]$ 8 real b5t f wat*+ ! wild bea/s 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes4 ,"s ( 8 great works 7 exhibit$ e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & 8 beautiful models h be5 mu* copi$4 ,?ree ( ! mo/ popul> are %[n 9 ,figs4 #fa1 #fb1 & #fc4 ,!re is ! tig] :i* he exhibit$ 9 #ahcj1 & ! lion & ! beautifully =m$ /ag4 ,su* works ( art are wor?y ( a place 9 any collection ( metal1 = !y repres5t an important ,fr5* s*ool4 ,( m5 :o h made names = !mselves !re are _m ^: /atues are f\nd 9 private collections4 ,a v fav\rite "o is t ( ,rob]t ,burns1 ^: colossal /atue 0 erect$ at ,ayr on ! occasion ( ! "o hundr$ & fiftie? anniv]s>y ( ! poet's bir?4 ,burns is report$ to h said on 8 dea?b$3 ,!y'll ?9k mair o' me a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,i am dead1 a truism none w d5y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--;,,bronze ,,/ag1 ,,by ,,b>ye4 ,,xiii ,,ori5tal ,,bronzes ,,& ,,brasses ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,ori5tal ,,bronzes ,,& ,,brasses ,c\ntries ( orig9--,h[ "s ,ori5tal curios are d]iv$--,a weal? ( metal on view--,v>i\s ,indian w>es--,*9ese & ,japanese art4 ,"u ! some:at g5]ic t]m ,ori5tal we class ^? num]\s bronzes & o!r art treasures :i* come to u f ! ,ea/ & ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,e>ly 9 ! m$ival days ,ea/]n influ5ce dom9at$ ! craftsm5 ( ,europe1 & _m ( ^? :o took "p 9 ! ,crusades1 & lat] 9 adv5tur\s j\rneys into ! nor!rn "p ( ,africa1 bord]+ ^u ! ,great ,sea1 br\ght back to _! ,we/]n homes curios :i* 7 und\bt$ly ,ori5tal 9 _! design4 ,c\ntries ( ,orig94 ,a collection ( copp] & brass to be at all repres5tative mu/ be v>i$ & cosmopolitan 9 selection4 ,su* a collection %\ld include vessels ( utility & ornam5tal objects :i* %[ ! aims ( ! arti/ :o design$ !m4 ,incid5tally1 too1 su* objects exhibit ! sam5ess ( purpose exi/+ 9 _m l&s2 al?\gh ! me?ods ( dome/ic proc$ure & ! ways ( liv+ v>y until _! common orig9 is sc>cely recognizable4 ,9 su* a collection ( dome/ic curios ! influ5ce ( ,s>ac5ic art is se5 9 ! ew]s & bas9s & simil> vessels :i* come f ! l&s :]e ! wild ,arab tribes liv$ = c5turies 9 an almo/ b>b>\s /ate on ! edge ( ! ,syrian des]t4 ,_m ( ^! qua9t hamm]$ copp] vessels are ( b>b>ic beauty1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! c(fee-pot %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd & ! bas9 9 ,fig4 #fe4 ,!re are "s pleas+ cu/oms sav\r+ ( patri>*al days /ill practis$ by ,arab races4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 :5 ! %eik has f9i%$ 8 morn+ meal he ?r[s a /one into 8 brass or copp] c(fee-pot z a sign to 8 foll[]s to /rike camp4 ,awake1 = morn+1 9 ! b[l ( night1 ,has flung ! /one :i* puts ! />s to flight1 ,&1 ho6 ! hunt] ( ! ,ea/ has caught ! ,sultan's turritt 9 a noose ( light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--;,,c(fee-,,pot ,,( ,,hamm]$ ,,copp] ,,f ,,syria4 ,! ,arab metal-"w is g5]ally cov]$ ov] ) *>act]i/ic designs & di/9ctive /yles4 ,equally *>act]i/ic is ! f9ely engrav$ ornam5t on _m small brass objects made by ,arab craftsm54 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! small & beautifully engrav$ brass writ+ boxes :i* 7 once a feature among ! educat$ scribes ( ,arab fame4 ,"o su* case is to be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! "w ( ,mahmud1 son ( ,s\k]1 ( ,bagdad1 made 9 #abha4 ,! /yle is said by exp]ts to comb9e ! art motives ( ,mesapotamia & ,egypt1 :i* 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury v naturally met 9 ,syria4 ,ano!r di/9ctive /yle is noticeable 9 ! art ( ! metal-work]s ( ! ,mameluke dyna/y ( ,egypt2 _! arabesques %[$ m reali/ic foliage ?an ! ,arab decorations ( an e>li] date4 ,antiqu>ies always turn q naturally to ,egypt1 t l& ) su* a great pa/1 :5 seek+ = inspiration f ! great monum5ts :i* are ma/]pieces ( art--9 bronze & /one4 ,^! !y f9d !re x is true1 b ! m important pieces ( metal-"w ( t e>ly p]iod are f\nd 9 ,assyria1 f :5ce came pond]\s gates ( brass1 cov]$ ) ! rema9s ( delicate trac]y & inscriptions4 ,su* works ( anci5t art are rightly giv5 places ( prom95ce 9 our museums2 ! private collector1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally cont5t ) ! less] bronze antiquities ( ,egypt :i* he c collect4 ,^! include mirrors & _m small articles = ! toilet & "s delightful dome/ic bronzes4 ,among !m are *>m+ little ew]s ) long project+ sp\ts & curi\sly wr\ght curv$ h&les ornam5t$ ) masks & %ells4 ,! curios :i* rea* u f ,cairo are mo/ly 9 /rict accordance ) ,egyptian *>act]i/ics4 ,! e>li] examples are repres5tative ( ! art ( ,nor!rn ,egypt z x 0 express$ by ! metal-work]s betwe5 ! ?irte5? & eighte5? c5turies1 ?r\gh\t :i* !re does n appe> to h be5 any great div]g5ce ( /yle1 al?\gh :5 objects kn[n to h be5 made dur+ ! e>li] "p ( t p]iod1 & o!rs fa%ion$ dur+ ! lat]1 ! progress & developm5t1 al?\gh x _h be5 sl[1 is v noticeable4 ,!re are also "s traces ( outside influ5ces4 ,9 ,fig4 #aj !re is an e>ly lamp ( brass 9 ! =m ( a bird1 inlaid ) copp]1 an example plac$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,q diff]5t is ! late example 7eighte5? c5tury7 giv5 9 ,fig4 #fd1 :i* is a c(fee-pot ) a bucket h&le & ano!r small h&le at ! back2 ! sp\t is r\ghly work$ ) corrugations & quatrefoils1 on ! five bosses be+ ! m>ks adopt$ by ! own] ( ! %op 9 ,cairo :]e x 0 us$4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! influ5ce ( ,s>ac5ic art ^u metal-work]s 9 places :]e ! ,s>ac5s came 9 contact ) ! craftsm54 ,z indicative ( ?is feature ! f9e l>ge brass bas9 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fe is %[n4 ,"s portions ( ! b[l h evid5tly be5 fill$ 9 ) silv]4 ,!re are o!r objects su* z b[ls1 di%es1 & ew]s %[+ simil> decorations1 _m ( :i* may be se5 along ) ?is example 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,! ,s>ac5s seem to h _h "s influ5ce ^u :at are usually reg>d$ z ,european articles2 ?us 9 a collection ( old bronze mort>s !re are sometimes examples f c\ntries 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe :i* %[ 9 _! designs ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,! mort> _h1 ( c\rse1 a v g5]al use1 & 0 ne$$ ev]y:]e 9 days :5 s _m comp\nds 7 prep>$ by h& lab\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,,s>ac5ic ,,decorat$ ,,brass ,,bas94 7,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,p]sian art is peculi>ly speciali/ic 9 its treatm5t4 ,! designs us$ by ! metal-work]s 9 t c\ntry f q e>ly days 7 emblematic & ( an all-ov] conv5tional type1 (t5 int]wov5 ) sc5es4 ,ev5 _m ( ! common vessels1 l b[ls & cov]s & sauc]s ( brass1 are clev]ly *as$ ) hunt+ sc5es & floral attributes1 _m ( ! cups be+ cov]$ ) arabesque ornam5t4 ,"s ( ! brass egg-%ap$ hook] bases are *as$ 9 relief2 ! m\nts ( ! rose-wat] ew]s--:i* are (t5 ( *9a1 ) metal l9+s = hold+ ice--are frequ5tly decorative4 ,9 _m in/ances ! vessels are ornam5t$ ) col\r$ inlays1 giv+ !m peculi> col\r effects4 ,damascus--always an important seat ( metal-"w--has suppli$ collectors f _m c\ntries ) ! beautifully incis$ ornam5t produc$ by fill+ 9 ! cut spaces ) f9e gold or silv] wire beat5 into ! brass & !n poli%$4 ,s important has ?is mode ( giv+ relief become t damasc5$ metal /&s alone z an art1 se5 at its be/ 9 ! wond]ful arm\r ( ! lat] p]iod1 :5 ! utility ( plate arm\r 0 giv+ way to ! ornam5t :i* embelli%$ ! ,/ate arm\r--! dress suits ( ! regim5tals ( ! ,/u>t days4 ,h[ "s ,ori5tal ,curios are ,d]iv$4 ,x is useful at times to consid] h[ ! curios we collect h gradually accumulat$1 & ?us to asc]ta9 h[ !y h be5 secur$ 9 ! pa/2 & f t we are enabl$ to =m "s e/imate ( fur!r supplies1 = ! law ( supply & dem& regulates to "s ext5t ! m>ket value ( curios2 x has some?+ to d ) ! direction tak5 by curio-hunt]s4 ,_m curios h come into ?is c\ntry z ! result ( w> & loot4 ,w>s 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ h s]v$ ! collector1 & _m *oice bits ( metal-"w h *ang$ h&s at nom9al sums aft] ! return ( troops employ$ 9 m9or w>s & punitive exp$itions4 ,our va/ ,indian ,empire1 h[ev]1 supplies _m beautiful objects 9 metal1 bo? anci5t & ( comp>atively rec5t days1 b ev5 ^? are s qua9t & s unlike ! common objects ( ,briti% make ) :i* we are famili> t !y are welcom$ & f9d a fitt+ place among antique copp] & brass4 ,to und]/& ! curios :i* may be b\ght 9 ,ea/]n baza>s1 & m conv5i5tly 9 ! num]\s /ores & %ops :]e ,indian curios are sold1 x is well to become acqua9t$ ) a really good repres5tative collection1 su* z t :i* may be exam9$ 9 ! ,indian ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,9 sev]al gall]ies1 arrang$ 9 cases accord+ to ! di/ricts f :i* ! specim5s h be5 ga!r$1 are to be f\nd metal-"w rang+ f ! sixte5? c5tury to ! pres5t day4 ,al?\gh "s ( ^! are exceptional pieces1 by f> ! l>g] numb] are helpful to ! collector ( ev5 mode/ means 9 t !y repres5t ,indian curios :i* may be collect$ at trifl+ co/4 ,su* objects1 h[ev]1 are un=tunately too (t5 int]mix$ ) mod]n ca/+s & copies (f]$ unblu%+ly by ! deal] to ! unw>y4 ,among su* curios f ,indian baza>s1 pur*as$ by travell]s to ! less frequ5t$ di/ricts1 are v _m cook+ ut5sils4 ,"s ( ^!1 al?\gh n v old1 are qua9t & unlike mod]n ,european vessels1 = ! native cooks h be5 sl[ to accept any *ange 9 _! me?ods ( cook+ & d n take k9dly to ! use ( ,we/]n types ( cul9>y appliances4 ,! ,indian cook cl+s t5aci\sly to copp] vessels1 & not)/&+ attempts to introduce vessels ( t91 alum9ium1 & enamell$ w>e1 ! old *attie is aga9 & aga9 br\ght out 9 pref]5ce4 ,mo/ ( ! vessels are ( primitive types1 b !y s]ve ! purpose & ! mat]ial is good & la/+4 ,! native work]s und]/& ! requirem5ts ( ,indian m5 & wom51 & c %ape & hamm] toge!r j :at !y h = g5]ations reg>d$ z ! be/4 ,clev] inde$ h be5 ! native brazi]s 9 ! pa/--& !y /ill are--= !y possess 9 addition to k ( copp]smi?+ an excell5t k ( ! composition & work+ qualities ( ! mat]ials !y employ4 ,!y und]/& some?+ ( ! *emi/ry ( metals1 & are c>eful :5 melt+ copp] 9 ! furnace or ov] ! fire n to ov]heat x1 or to all[ ! metal to p]i% 9 processes ( manufacture4 ,a ,weal? ( ,metal on ,view4 ,! collection ( ,asiatic metal-"w :]e specim5s f diff]5t c\ntries1 made at v>i\s p]iods1 c be comp>$ is1 p> excell5ce1 t 9 ! ,indian ,museum 7! be/ examples ( ri*ly wr\ght damasc5$ arm\r & arms are f\nd 9 ! ,wallace ,collection & at ! ,t[]74 ,! visitor on ent]+ is at once absorb$ 9 admir+ ,indian curiosities1 especially ! products ( native craftsm54 ,9 ! ve/ibule are _m rem>kable exhibits1 ! "w ( ,nepal metal-work]s4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 gifts to ,k+ ,george & ,que5 ,m>y :5 !y visit$ ,india on ! occasion ( ! great ,coronation ,durb> at ,delhi4 ,"s ( ! l>g] pieces 7 ! gift ( ! ,mah>ajah & ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,nepal4 ,v wond]ful is _! workman%ip1 especially t ( ! brass gr\ps s true to life4 ,"o ( ^! repres5ts a hunt+ elephant1 fully equipp$1 ) att5dants2 o!rs1 too1 are associat$ ) sports & hunt+ sc5es4 ,!re are emblems ( demons & ! evil spirits :i* are s fully believ$ 9 by native dwell]s on ! bord]s ( ! =e/4 ,temple vessels are abundant1 & among !m are mon/]s & o!r fabul\s creatures1 & numb]s ( masks1 notably ^? repres5t+ ! fi]ce ,dragpo fi5d ,tamd9 7see ,*apt] ,,xiv74 ,!re are "s f9e temple sets1 & two magnific5t conv5tional lions 7temple gu>dians74 ,!re is also a v int]e/+ brass gr\p ( natives occupi$ 9 v>i\s ways1 "o1 = in/ance1 c>ry+ a package on 8 %\ld] illu/rat+ ! me?od ( reliev+ ! weight ( ! bundle by a =ehead /rap1 by :i* means natives are enabl$ to su/a9 ! /ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--;,,japanese ,,kettle 7,,yuwaka%i74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,,pair ,,( ,,vases ,,( ,,r$-,,br[n ,,copp]1 ,,reliev$ ,,) ,,black ,,lac1 ,,f ,,moradabad4 7,9 ! au?or's collection47 ,s intricate are _m ( ^! clev]ly modell$ gr\ps t x is n always easy to und]/& h[ !y h be5 ca/4 ,especially rem>kable is ! f\nd+ ( ! figure gr\ps produc$ by ! natives ( ! ,patan di/rict ( ,nepal4 ,9 mo/ cases !y accompli%$ _! task by ! circe p]du process 7see ,gloss>y71 :i* enables !m to ca/ ev5 ! mo/ delicate gr\ps4 ,"s v int]e/+ w>es 9 metal are obta9$ f ,moradabad2 !y are smoo? & beautifully f9i%$1 made ( brass1 & p>tly t9n$4 ,! m decorative pieces are ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 & include su* objects z plates1 wat]-j>s1 tumbl]s1 & sug>-pots & cov]s4 ,f ,luckn[ "s f9e trays are secur$2 & _m beautiful brass ew]s1 b[ls1 & bas9s h be5 obta9$ f ,haid>abad1 :]e n only comp>atively mod]n b e>ly eighte5?-c5tury brasswork is to be f\nd4 ,"s ( ^! h a pleas+ effect :5 poli%$1 ! design or patt]n ^u !m be+ inlaid ) copp] on a brass f\ndation & !n poli%$4 ,v>i\s ,indian ,w>es4 ,!re is an ,indian w>e kn[n z bidri1 beautifully damasc5$ 9 gold on a brass & copp] base1 *iefly made 9 ! villages r\nd ,luckn[ & ,deccan f ! sev5te5? c5tury onw>ds4 ,! peculi>ity ( ^! objects is t !y are di/9ctly black & :ite1 ! metal consi/+ ( an alloy ( z9c1 copp]1 & lead aft]w>ds damasc5$ ) silv] :i* is f9ally black5$ by pickl+4 ,a fav\rite curio is a ,betel-nut box & cov]2 !re are also spice boxes & objects int5d$ = ! base ( a wat]-pipe4 ,_m ( ! *oice curios f ,ka%mir 9 ,nor!rn ,india are mo/ly ( a d>k r$-br[n copp]1 & are frequ5tly incis$ & inlaid ) lac4 ,among !m are dome/ic vessels1 ! mo/ commonly met ) be+ ! c(fee-pot 7,kafijo%74 ,9 "o fam\s collection !re is a curi\s boat-%ap$ alms-b[l ( copp]1 *as$ ) a runn+ ornam5t1 a design frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re are "s int]e/+ ,mogul brasses1 among :i* are wa%h& bas9s4 ,9 ^!1 too1 ! decorations are frequ5tly fill$ 9 ) black lac4 ,v diff]5t are ! brass & copp] objects f ! ,punjab4 ,"s ( pure copp] are inlaid ) black lac1 o!rs are ( copp]-gilt1 look+ 9 ! sunlight l burni%$ gold4 ,"s are ( brass2 among ! old] objects ( special int]e/ be+ *>coal burn]s ( f9e brass ) dome-%ap$ cov]s4 ,f ! ,punjab come copp] toilet boxes1 :i* are usually fitt$ ) locks t]m9at+ 9 ! =m ( a conv5tional lotus4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s treasures 9 ! ,indian ,museum secur$ f t di/rict is a black cup1 made ( a metal compos$ ( quicksilv] & copp]1 a metallic comp\nd suppos$ to give a dige/ive virtue to any liquid drank out ( x4 ,! v>iety ( metal objects f ,nepal is consid]able4 ,!re are articles ( home decoration & usefulness1 includ+ *>m+ toilet sundries4 ,among ! lamps are _m weird =ms1 a fav\rite be+ a lamp design$ l a peacock's tail support$ by a lion4 ,!re are inkpots ( symbolical =ms ) figures ( ,ganasa1 ! ,h9doo god ( wisdom4 ,!re are also _m decorative wat]-bottles & vases & beautifully =m$ tazzas2 z well z *>m+ toilet boxes ) rais$ diap] ornam5t & conv5tional patt]ns4 ,f ,madras come b[ls & wat]-bottles & _m delightful tr9ket boxes1 "s %ap$ l fi%es1 o!rs ( bird-l =ms4 ,"s ( ^! 7 int5d$ = use z receptacles = antimony salve1 :i* is s mu* us$ 9 ,india = ! eyes4 ,among ! m mod]n curios made dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are spun & turn$ brasswork1 especially vases & b[ls4 ,travancore is also fam\s = its arti/s 9 metal1 & especially = _! beautiful decorative brass pots ) curi\s sp\ts & dr9k+ cups4 ,! little bullock bells are *>act]i/ic ( _m p>ts ( ,india1 "s be+ prettily ornam5t$ & ( sweet t9kl+ s\nds4 ,f ,s\!rn ,india !re are ,betel-nut cutt]s ( unusual =ms1 & q a v>iety ( metal b[ls1 "s be+ %ap$ l a pumpk94 ,f ! same di/rict come highly decorative copp] plaques & brass salv]s z well z wat] vessels4 ,! lamps f ,india are ( equal int]e/ to ^? met ) among ! antiquities ( simil> types f o!r c\ntries4 ,^? ( m rec5t date1 ! "w ( baptiz$ natives1 h = ! *ief ornam5t emblems ( ! ,*ri/ian religion in/ead ( ^? associat$ ) idol wor%ip2 al?\gh 9 "s in/ances ! cross is flank$ on ei!r side ) ! sun & moon1 rem9d+ u ( ! m anci5t pagan religions4 ,_m p>ts ( ,india are not$ = beautiful inlaid lac1 mu* ( :i* is extremely decorative2 ! vases illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fg came f ,moradabad2 !y are ( r$-br[n copp] reliev$ ) black lac4 ,haid>abad is also not$ = su* w>es1 9 "s in/ances r$ z well z black lac be+ us$ 9 ! decorations1 :i* are *iefly ( conv5tional =m4 ,! brasswork ( ,b5>es is well kn[n1 & x is /ill "o ( ! mo/ important features 9 pres5t-day ,ori5tal baza>s & %ops4 ,! mod]n "w1 h[ev]1 r>ely comes up to ! old1 = 9 old5 "t great c>e 0 tak5 9 produc+ v>i$ =ms & correct ornam5t 9 decoration1 ! *ief features ( ! ,b5>es brasswork be+ ! s]ies ( t5 inc>nations ( ,vi%nu1 repres5t$ s (t5 on trays1 b[ls1 & small] vessels1 su*1 = in/ance1 z spice boxes & p]fume hold]s1 & receptacles = pulv]iz$ s&al-wood4 ,! native pr9ces ( ,india h always be5 accu/om$ to ,/ate c]emonial1 & among ! curi\s objects f t c\ntry are symbols ( (fice1 "s ( ! maces be+ beautifully damasc5$ ) gold4 ,! c]emonial & ,/ate swords =m]ly c>ri$ by ! pr9ces are museum curios ( value1 especially ^? ar\nd :i* ! memories ( hi/orical ev5ts clu/]1 su* z ! gauntlet-sword ( brass1 ! hilt 9 ! =m ( a tig]'s head1 :i* =m]ly belong$ to ,ruggone? ,sookul1 :o sav$ ,capta9 ,gordon's life dur+ ! ,indian ,mut9y 9 #aheg4 ,z x has be5 sugge/$ w>s ) ,ori5tal pot5tates & ! annexation ( l&s :i* _h previ\sly be5 "u ,briti% protection h f "t to "t enri*$ national z well z private collections4 ,_m ( ! trophies ( w> are unique & d n exi/ 9 duplicate4 ,9 ! ,indian ,museum !re are _m su* objects1 notably ! "o-"t regalia ( ! ,k+s ( ,burma2 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 too1 !re is a massive b[l ( brass on :i* is engrav$ 9 picture *>act]s ! /ory ( ! hi/ory ( ,*9a z relat$ by ,confucius1 & transcrib$ by 8 pupil ,tso1 five hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,lamai/ic temple curios are ref]r$ to 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 d n exhau/ ! metal-"w f ,?ibet4 ,inde$1 _m ( ! m9or objects1 especially ^? ( a dome/ic "*1 are v pleas+4 ,! vessels us$ 9 mak+ tea 9 ,?ibet diff] f ^? 9 ,*9a--! home ( tea-dr9k+--9 t ! process ( prep>+ ! cup t *e]s b n inebriates is diff]5t4 ,! ladies ( ,?ibet take ! tea-leaves & gr9d !m dry until !y are ( ! consi/5cy ( a f9e p[d]1 us+ a brass mort> = ! purpose4 ,!y !n put ! p[d]$ tea into a kettle1 & all[ x to boil = ab\t five m9utes4 ,! liquid is aft]w>ds p\r$ ?r\gh a /ra9] into a tea-urn1 & a little butt] & b>ley fl\r are add$4 ,?is comp\nd1 aft] be+ vigor\sly *urn$ up1 is p\r$ f ! urn ( wr\ght copp] into teapots1 :]e x is all[$ to settle be=e x is s]v$ up 9 small brass b[ls4 ,ladles are us$ = ! purpose ( tak+ ! tea f ! urn1 = x has no tap1 be+ simply a two-h&l$ j> ) a cov]4 ,"s int]e/+ curios are d]iv$ f ,ceylon1 especially ^? ut5sils made by ! ,s9halese1 :o1 x w be rememb]$1 emigrat$ !re f ,b5gal 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,! *ief copp]-work]s 9 ! isl& are ! ,v$dahs1 an aborig9al tribe ( ! int]ior closely alli$ to ! ,s9halese4 ,_! "w includes copp] & brass on :i* is v beautiful rep\ss decoration4 ,buddhi/ influ5ce has always be5 /rong 9 ,ceylon1 & x is conspicu\s 9 mu* ( ! decoration ( ! m important metal-"w4 ,ceylon ca/]s h turn$ out "s f9e bells & _m heavy bronze lamps4 ,! less] objects1 :i* are v>i$1 include brass boxes 9 :i* ! lime = ,betel *ew+ 0 kept4 ,"s ( ^! are circul>1 & o!rs are pe>-%ap$1 _m be+ incis$ & inlaid ) ! m preci\s metals4 ,betel-nut cutt]s1 simil> to ^? f o!r p>ts ( ,india1 are among ! collectable curios1 ^? f ,ceylon be+ especially int]e/+1 = !y frequ5tly take ! =m ( animals or ( w+$ fly+ females4 ,! objects enum]at$ d n by any means exhau/ ! metal curios f ,india & ,ceylon1 b !y are among ! *ief features obs]vable 9 a l>ge collection1 9 ! ga!r+ toge!r ( :i* _m small tr9kets & p]haps unique sundries w be secur$4 ,*9ese & ,japanese ,art4 ,to _m ! curios f ,*9a & ,japan are m famili> ?an ^? f ,india & ,briti% ,asiatic possessions4 ,! pott]y & porcela9 ( ,*9a h long be5 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & dur+ rec5t ye>s o!r objects ( a curi\s & antiqu>ian nature h be5 import$ 9 l>ge quantities f bo? ^! anci5t c\ntries4 ,9 %ops & baza>s ! metallic w>es ( ,*9a & ,japan h be5 mu* popul>iz$ too4 ,t ,*9a has a great pa/ & possess$ a civilization hundr$s ( ye>s be=e simil> conditions app]ta9$ 9 ,europe is well kn[n4 ,collectors ( ! antique g back 9 _! se>* aft] specim5s ( bronze & o!r metals to ^? produc$ by ! arti/s ( ,*9a 9 ! ,han ,dyna/y1 :i* dates f ,b4,c4 #baf4 ,9 records ( t p]iod1 concurr5t ) acc\nts ( pott]y1 !re are well au!nticat$ details ( ! metal cook+ vessels !n 9 common use4 ,!re 7 utilit>ian bronzes & _m beautiful vases1 "s ( almo/ ! same designs z ! concurr5t pott]y4 ,!re 7 cook+ ut5sils n at all unlike ! m$ival bronze pots ( mod]n ,europe2 _! h&les1 h[ev]1 7 m decorative1 (t5 tak+ ! =m ( a dragon's head4 ,! feet ( ^! anci5t cook+-pots 7 (t5 l lions' claws or eagles' talons4 ,among o!r relics ( t p]iod are quadrangul> w9e j>s1 "s ( ! r>] types be+ decorat$ ) fi%es1 9 ! draw+ ( :i* ! ,*9ese arti/s ( ! ,han ,dyna/y 7 v clev]4 ,!y us$ su* decorations appropriately1 too = ?is 0 ! ornam5t !y *ose on fi% kettles4 ,a peculi>ity ( ! metal-"w ( ! ,han p]iod 0 ! d>k r$ copp] :i* seems to h be5 us$ concurr5tly ) bronze4 ,:5 we note t "s ( ! pott]y 0 beautifully =m$ we c q und]/& t ! bronzes 7 equally well %ap$1 = ! metal-work]s w\ld n be beh9d ! pott]s 9 _! craftman%ip4 ,"s ( ! r>] bronze tazzas are also well %ap$ & h be5 c>efully m\ld$4 ,! *ief curios com+ into ! h&s ( collectors are ( a some:at lat] date ?an ! ,han ,dyna/y2 b ,*9a moves on sl[ly1 & !re does n appe> to h be5 mu* advance or *ange = _m c5turies4 ,! metal-"w made dur+ :at we t]m m$ival days 9 ,europe 0 (t5 copi$ f famili> objects made ( o!r mat]ials4 ,!re is a bronze vase made 9 ! ,sung ,dyna/y1 fa%ion$ 9 imitation ( an old j> ti$ up ) rope1 ! r+ h&les be+ te*nically describ$ z conv5tional heads applique2 ?is vessel measures #ad-a_/d 94 diamet] at ! %\ld] & /&s #i-a_/b 94 high4 ,x is difficult to trace :]e su* pieces come f2 x is1 h[ev]1 well kn[n t _m h be5 loot$ f ! temples2 o!rs1 probably imitat+ old] examples1 are ma9ly ( n9ete5?-c5tury workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--;,,bronze ,,figure 7,,"o ,,( ,a ,,pair7 ,,inlaid ,,) ,,silv] ,,& ,,gold4 7,9 ! au?or's collection47 ,! metal-"w :i* comes f ,japan has rea*$ u 9 great v>iety4 ,!re has be5 no ne$ = ! travell] or collector to se>* ! isl& = curios to br+ ov] to ?is c\ntry1 = ! comm]cial in/9cts ( a new race ( ,japanese m]*ants h p\r$ out a weal? ( antiques1 collect$ f ! native villages2 ) ^! & mod]n imitations !y h gladly suppli$ ! dem& ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,9 ?is way att5tion has be5 call$ to ! products ( t c\ntry :]e craftsm5 h gone on hamm]+ copp] & brass1 & inlay+ ! metal 9 highly decorat$ patt]ns 9 silv] & gold = s _m ye>s4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! r>e temple pieces & sets :i* h be5 loot$ or pur*as$ f ,asiatic c\ntries1 s _m ( :i* are ( r>e cloissonn enamels4 ,"s ( ^! ( ,japanese orig9 are m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,( ! m9or bronzes1 replicas ( temple relics1 !re are _m beautiful koros or inc5se burn]s4 ,o!r bronzes s]ve ! purpose ( ornam5t 9 ! ,we/]n c\ntries to :i* !y h f\nd _! way4 ,9 ,fig4 #fh is %[n a beautiful bronze4 ,! sacr$ c>p is inlaid ) gold & silv] & is exceptionally well f9i%$4 ,! pair1 ( :i* x is "o1 came f ,japan ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 & are ( mu* f9] workman%ip ?an _m ( ! m mod]n replicas4 ,h\sehold requisites z well z ornam5tal treasures h be5 made ) c>e by hamm] & engrav+ tool into ?+s ( beauty z well z usefulness4 ,! h\sehold requirem5ts ( ! ,japanese are limit$ 9 numb]1 b 9 ! ent]ta9m5t ( h] fri5ds ! ,japanese lady is able to cause envy among h] ,we/]n si/]s because ( ! beauty ( h] kettles & brazi]4 ,! kettle %[n 9 ,fig4 #ff is "o ( a toilet set ( hamm]$ brass1 engrav$ ) badges & foliage4 ,x 0 probably produc$ e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 be=e ,we/]n comm]cial ideas began to invade ! work%ops ( ,old ,japan4 ,9 conjunction ) su* kettles 7! ,japanese "n ( a kettle is yuwaka%i7 metal b[ls 7 us$1 ! wat] be+ p\r$ ov] ! h&s ( ! fair ,japanese & h] gue/s by att5dants1 :o also held ! b[l to cat* ! dropp+ wat]4 ,9 ,old ,japan !re 0 mu* pati5ce z well z skill1 & ! me?ods adopt$ by ! arti/s ( ^? days w\ld be too t$i\s & exp5sive n[ :5 ! m]*ants buy & sell & compete 9 ,we/]n m>kets4 ,! processes by :i* ! beautiful bronze objects 7 m\ld$ took "t1 & ! incis+ & inlays c\ld nev] be paid = 9 prop] proportion to ! lab\r exp5d$ on !m4 ,! metals ( :i* ,japanese bronzes 7 made consi/$ ( curi\s alloys1 ! composition ( :i* 0 long kept a secret4 ,"o ( _! f9e/ brasses is kn[n z s9*u1 consi/+ ( t5 p>ts ( copp] & five ( z9c4 ,ano!r v beautiful copp] is call$ %adko1 9 :i* spl5did hues are imp>t$ by ! treatm5t ( acids2 9 ?is alloy !re is "o "p ( gold to t5 ( copp]1 to :i* is attributable ! spl5did col\r+ ( ! s-call$ bronze4 ,old] me?ods1 h[ev]1 are gradually giv+ way to m economic production on ,we/]n plans & =mul1 s t 9 "t p]haps ! ,ea/]n & ,ori5tal influ5ce & *>act]i/ics ( ,asiatic bronzes1 s *>m+ & s mu* appreciat$ by collectors1 may dim9i% if n disappe> altoge!r4 ,,xiv ,,idols ,,& ,,temple ,,relics ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,idols4 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,,amida4 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,a ,,blue ,,t>a4 ,,fig4 #ga4--;,,amitayus4 ,,fig4 #gb4--,,vajra ,,dh>ma4 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,,amitayus4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,idols ,,& ,,temple ,,relics ,v>i$ %r9es & _m idols--,indian idols--,temple vases & ornam5ts4 ,!re are "s :o hold x to be a wick$ ?+ to loot ! temple ( a hea!n deity1 & reg>d x z sacrilege to ru?lessly te> d[n ! idol f its %r9e4 ,o!rs glory 9 an opportunity ( prov+ ! p[]lessness ( ! man-creat$ idol to save ! temple f ru9 & desecration4 ,yet !re are _m :o recognize 9 ^! idols ( wood1 /one1 & metal1 emblems & symbols ( anci5t fai?s 9 :i* !re may be a great] reality1 &1 = all we c tell1 pot5cy1 to ^? :o look beyond ! m]e %r9e1 ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,not)/&+ all t1 ! multiplicity ( gods & ! numb] ( s-call$ deities make _m sceptical ab\t ! wor%ip ( _! devotees1 & !re are few :o feel mu* compunction :5 add+ su* objects z metal idols to _! curios--:5 !y are able to secure !m hone/ly4 ,v>i$ ,%r9es & ,_m ,idols4 ,ne$less to say ! fai?s ( ^? :o wor%ip unkn[n gods1 f :atev] s\rce !y may h come1 diff]4 ,! v unc]ta9ty ( ! religions1 :i* admit ( v>i$ deities1 has fo/]$ ! increase ( c]emonies & ! *ange 9 rites1 :i*1 add$ to local folk-lore & my?s :i* h ga9$ 9 ! tell+1 h caus$ new idols to be set up4 ,x 0 s 9 pagan ,greece & ,rome1 & x is ! same 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w to-day4 ,to ^! causes we may attribute ! numb] ( idols ( diff]5t types1 or ! same idols repres5t$ ) o!r attributes1 :i* ! collector ( metal meets )4 ,!re is a /range fasc9ation ab\t ! /ories ( pagan & hea!n deities & _! influ5ce ov] m51 & to obta9 ! full int]e/ & delight f su* a specializ$ collection ! collector mu/ become a /ud5t ( ,ea/]n & o!r religions & prie/craft4 ,! temples 9 :i* religi\s rites h be51 & 9 "s in/ances are /ill1 obs]v$1 v>y 9 importance j z ! associations ar\nd ! ca!drals & ru9$ abbeys 9 our own l& diff] f ^? almo/ abs5t 9 ! m rec5tly erect$ *ur*es4 ,! weal?y ,indian1 n unnaturally1 employ$ artific]s 9 brass to make models ( ! great %r9es1 & "s ( ^! r>e works ( metallic art are to be se5 9 ! ,indian ,museum4 ,sev]al are ( eighte5?-c5tury workman%ip1 among !m beautifully modell$ temples ( ,kri%na4 ,incid5tally x may be m5tion$ t secul> build+s h be5 reproduc$ too2 notably !re is a v f9e model ( ! ,palace ( ! ,w9ds at ,jaypore1 ,rajputana1 :i* 0 pres5t$ by ! ,mah>ajah ( ,jaypore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--;,,japanese ,,pricket ,,c&le/ick ,,9 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,crane ,,& ,,tortoise4 7,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,"s may reg>d ! collection ( idols z a curi\s hobby2 o!rs possibly see 9 !m only art treasures to be valu$ = _! intr9sic wor?1 = _m idols are enri*$ ) preci\s /ones & jewels & are ov]laid ) gold & silv]4 ,su* objects occupy a diff]5t place f ! crud] idols ( wood & /one1 cut & c>v$ by savage races4 ,we c well und]/& t ! ref9$ work] 9 metals sp>$ no pa9s to make 8 idol or feti% beautiful & some?+ to be admir$4 ,indian ,idols4 ,( ,indian idols !re are _m3 ,buddha is s widely held 9 e/eem t x is no wond] t s _m repres5tations1 v>y+ 9 size1 h be5 produc$4 ,! fav\rite position1 kn[n z ! ,witness attitude1 is t ) :i* collectors are mo/ famili>4 ,indian idols are ( _m =ms1 among ! common] v>ieties be+ ^? ( ,vi%nu1 ,lak%mi ! wife ( ,vi%nu1 & ,siva4 ,_m images ( copp]1 aft]w>ds gilt1 come f ,?ibet & ,nepal4 ,! curiosities associat$ ) ! ,lamai/ wor%ip h become famili> ( late ye>s4 ,"o ( ! repres5tations ( ,amida1 hold+ 9 h] h& ! teppattsu1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,a blue ,t>a is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gj2 ,amitayus is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga2 & ,fig4 #gb repres5ts ,vajra ,dh>ma hold+ ! dorge4 ,9 ,fig4 #gc ,amitayus is aga9 %[n hold+ ! reliqu>y & we>+ a jewell$ coll>4 ,an int]e/+ ,lamai/ alt> ornam5t is a copp] skull b[l1 us$ z a receptacle = ! sacr$ be] or w9e ( life4 ,!re are also ,?ibetian holy wat] jugs1 beautifully inlaid ) silv]4 ,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum may be se5 a colossal ,buddha 7,daibutsu7 ( sixte5?-c5tury workman%ip1 :i* came f a ,japanese temple4 ,appropriately plac$ close to x is a massive pair ( lant]ns ( bronze1 :i* 7 orig9ally a gift to ! temple ( ,miyo%9o-t5j9 by ! feudal "l ( ! di/rict4 ,mo/ ( ^! temple relics--idols & ornam5ts--7 made ( a special alloy kn[n 9 ,japan z ,k>a kane1 :i* means ,*9ese metal1 f :i* x may be inf]r$ t ?is alloy 0 kn[n & employ$ 9 ,*9a be=e x came into g5]al use 9 ,japan4 ,temple ,vases & ,ornam5ts4 ,! my/ical beliefs ( ,*9a are *iefly ,buddhism1 ,confucianism1 & ,taoism1 to :i* %\ld be add$ ance/or wor%ip1 & 9 connection ) all ( !m !re are special objects ( v5]ation1 :i* we gr\p toge!r "u ! some:at g5]ic t]m ( temple relics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,,japanese ,,ritual ,,vase4 ,,fig4 #gf4--,,small ,,two-,,h&l$ ,,ritual ,,vase4 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,,circul> ,,vase ,,on ,,/&4 ,f ,japan z well z ,*9a we get _m f9e temple sets4 ,:5ce come !y8 "s may ask4 ,p]haps !y h be5 disc>d$ because !y h be5 replac$ ) new] or m elaborate ornam5ts1 al?\gh !y may h be5 obta9$ ?r\gh ! cupidity ( "s ( ! temple att5dants4 ,f :atev] s\rces !y came !re are num]\s examples 9 ! ,london curio-%ops & 9 our museums4 ,! crane & tortoise h long be5 held 9 v5]ation 9 ,japan4 ,! tortoise especially is frequ5tly f\nd on old ,*9ese pott]y & metal-"w1 z well z be+ fa%ion$ 9 ,corea & ,japan4 ,9 ,fig4 #gd !re is a ,japanese pricket c&le/ick1 9 ! =m ( a crane & tortoise1 ( eighte5?-c5tury workman%ip1 & x evid5tly =m$ "o ( a set ( five alt> pieces4 ,"s ( ! alt> sets gave special prom95ce to two fl[] vases z "p ( ! set1 ( some:at lat] /yle ( decoration to ,fig4 #ij2 x 0 probably made e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is vase 0 =m]ly us$ 9 a set 9 :i* a figure ( ,buddha occupi$ ! c5tre4 ,x 0 a common practice to hang ov] ! ,buddhi/ alt>s lamps1 _m ( :i* are to be se5 9 our museums4 ,9 ,fig4 #ge is %[n a ,japanese ritual vase1 int5d$ = w9e 7hu72 x is ( squ>e %ape1 ) cov] ( ,kwei & dragon patt]n1 animal feet & bosses on ! %\ld]s1 & bird-%ap$ arris on ! lid1 ! inside ( :i* is inscrib$ ) twelve *>act]s2 ! pat9a ( ?is vessel ranges f deep br[n to bright mala*ite-gre54 ,fig4 #gf is a small] ritual vessel1 ) two h&les at ! %\ld] & "o me&] b& & knob4 ,! vase %[n 9 ,fig4 #gg1 ) dragon h&les1 a beautifully pat9at$ specim51 %ad+ f br[n to r$ ) gre5 accretions1 is a ritual tsui or vase = (f]+ corn4 ,^! rem>kable relics =m$ "p ( a l>ge collection disp]s$ rec5tly at a well-kn[n ,london salesroom4 ,n[ & !n less important pieces come "u ! hamm]1 & x is by no means difficult to secure = a small outlay an excell5t repres5tative collection ( ^! deeply int]e/+ objects associat$ ) idol wor%ip4 ,,xv ,,native ,,metal-,,"w ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,native ,,metal-,,"w ,outside influ5ces--,b59 bronzes--,o!r ,african curios4 ,!re are few collections ( copp] & brass )\t a fair spr9kl+ ( curi\sly =m$ & (t5 crude objects :i* we class "u ! g5]ic t]m native curios4 ,!re is mu* t is ( extreme int]e/ 9 ! "w ( ! smi?s & f\nd]s ( races possess+ b little app>5t t\* ) civiliz$ nations2 = su* metal objects are true guides to ! /ate ( ! advancem5t ( ! peoples ( ! c\ntries f :i* su* curios come4 ,we delight 9 ! art ( e>ly ,ea/]n nations1 & f9d mu* to admire 9 ! almo/ b>b>ic ornam5t ( ,asiatic metal-work]s ( m$ival & ev5 lat] days1 z c\nt$ by ! progress made by ,european arti/s at contempor>y dates4 ,! m>vell\s skill ) :i* ! natives ( ,india & o!r ,asiatic c\ntries incis$ & inlaid _! metal w>es has already be5 po9t$ out4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an especial *>m ab\t ! metal-"w ( nations we are apt to class z savage1 or at lea/ untutor$1 if n unciviliz$4 ,& we w\ld n h x o!rwise1 = x is f ^! curios--metal & ( o!r mat]ials--t we are enabl$ to trace ! influ5ces ( o!r c\ntries ) :om ^? races or tribes h _h deal+s 9 ! pa/4 ,we are to "s ext5t able f ^! antiquities to connect ! l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( nations1 & f ! *>act]i/ics ( _! art 787 to settle _! orig9 & aff9ity to o!r races4 ,outside ,influ5ces4 ,! ,e?nological ,gall]y ( ! ,briti% ,museum is "o ( ! f9e/ in/ructors4 ,! sil5t exhibits tell ! obs]vant man or woman1 boy or girl1 mu* t _c be le>n$ f book k4 ,9 ! cases 9 t gall]y are _m objects fa%ion$ by peoples :o until rec5tly 7 9 _! ,/one ,age1 & _h no k ( ! out] _w4 ,!re are "s :o f ! curios--old & new--h app>5tly1 until taught _! use by travell]s & trad]s f ! f>-(f ,we/1 nev] discov]$ ! value ( metals4 ,"s ( ! native races--n a few ( !m fell[-subjects ( ! ,empire--z yet pref] wood1 /one1 & crude pott]y vessels & ut5sils to metal1 judg+ f ! v limit$ use ( ! few brass or copp] objects !y possess1 ^? few1 probably1 be+ import$4 ,! e?nology ( ! race is trac$ 9 ^! relics1 especially 9 ! really old ones4 ,9 a few in/ances by way ( contra/1 metal objects1 al?\gh s limit$1 are conspicu\s4 ,!y are *iefly conf9$ to ! native c\ntries br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( m advanc$ peoples2 z in/anc$ by ! "w ( ! ,s9halese1 ! natives ( ,ceylon1 :o e>ly came into t\* ) ! metal-work]s ( ,india4 ,ano!r native race by _! weal? ( r>e metallic curios1 ! art ( produc+ :i* !y h lo/1 are %[n to be a p ) a pa/2 ?us x is ) ! tribes ( ,s\!rn ,nig]ia 9 & ar\nd ,b59 ,city4 ,on ! occasion ( its capture by ! ,briti% 9 #ahig1 x 0 f\nd to possess a rem>kable /ore ( wond]ful bronzes1 evid5tly ( ! sixte5? or sev5te5? c5turies4 ,9 ^! & o!r native curios ! collector revels1 & 9 _! /udy f9ds hi/ory1 geography1 & ev5 ! folk-lore ( nations reveal$2 = 9 su* curios !re are /ories 9 brass ( social life1 religi\s functions1 c]emonies1 & sacrifices4 ,! ,b59 ,bronzes4 ,a few ye>s ago v _m bronzes 7ne>ly pure copp]7 7 sold "u ! hamm]4 ,!y 7 loot$ f ,b59 ,city dur+ ! w> :i* end$ 9 ! c\ntry 9 & ar\nd ! city be+ tak5 by ! ,briti% troops1 & ev5tually incorporat$ 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia4 ,^! wond]ful bronzes ?r[ a light ^u ! hi/ory ( t c\ntry1 & tell ( a p[]ful nation f> advanc$ 9 ! art ( modell+ & ca/+ metals long be=e !y _h come into close t\* ) ,we/]n influ5ce4 ,?is rem>kable p :o possess$ s mu* weal? 9 copp] & 9 ivory h long gone2 _! desc5dants or ! tribes occupy+ _! city h no k ( ! craft1 & app>5tly reta9$ ^! relics ( b>b>ic spl5d\r ) sil5t awe4 ,! entire s]ies ( bronze panels f :i* ! figures s clev]ly /& out 9 bold relief1 mu/ h pres5t$ a wond]ful sight to ! ,briti% soldi]s z !y ent]$ ,b594 ,! collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 0 s5t home to ?is c\ntry by ,sir ,ralph ,moor1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,h4,m4 ,commission] & ,consul-,g5]al = ! ,nig] ,coa/ ,protectorate4 ,x is impossible to describe _! beauty or ! details ( ! elaborate modell+ ( ! dress1 arms1 & co/umes ( ! ,b59 k+ & 8 *iefs & (fic]s z !y exi/$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!re is a model ( ! k+'s h\se1 8 att5dant gu>ds1 high (ficials1 a sword-be>]1 & ano!r be>+ a c]emonial axe4 ,"s ( ! bronzes repres5t musicians play+ v>i\s in/rum5ts1 & o!rs p]=m+ all k9ds ( functions4 ,! bronze panels ( fi%es & animals are v lifelike1 especially bulls1 crocodiles1 & ! heads ( ox51 ev5 ! twi/$ cords ) :i* ! animals 7 te!r$ be+ correctly modell$4 ,! bronzes repres5t+ ,europeans are exceptionally valuable 9 t f ! co/umes portray$ ! date ( ^? bronzes has be5 fix$1 approximately4 ,! mat*locks & fl9t-guns are reproduc$ ) ! greate/ exactitude1 z also ! ,egyptian figures1 copi$ presumably f ! rema9s ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 ) :i* ^! metal-work]s 7 evid5tly famili>4 ,9 addition to ! panels ( copp]1 :i* %[ m>ks ( h[ !y 7 atta*$ to ! walls1 7 bronze masks or w>riors' heads :i* s]v$ z /&s = ! spl5didly c>v$ tusks ( ivory also discov]$ :5 ! exp$ition visit$ t c\ntry4 ,!re are _m m9or objects 9 bronze :i* %[ t ?is rem>kable civilization1 n[ lo/1 0 f> advanc$ 9 ! arts4 ,z x has be5 sugge/$ ,b59 relics are n entirely conf9$ to museum specim5s1 & collectors are n )\t opportunities ( secur+ pieces4 ,_m ( ! e>ly tribes ( ,africa _h k ( metal-work+1 al?\gh "s h lo/ or neglect$ to practice x4 ,o!r ,african ,curios4 ,"s metal curios 7 includ$ 9 ! trophies br\ght to ?is c\ntry at ! "t ( ! ,a%anti ,exp$ition1 among ! r>e regal metal-"w be+ an old brass vase1 ) rep\ss decorations & a copp] dragon h&le4 ,x 0 discov]$ beh9d ! h\se ( ,k+ ,prempeh's aunt1 :o _h be5 act+ z ,reg5t4 ,ano!r curio discov]$ 9 ! same di/rict 0 a brass box conta9+ gold du/4 ,bells1 too1 h be5 br\ght f ,a%anti2 "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is ! execution]'s bell1 :i* 0 rang prior to an execution4 ,!re are _m bronzes f ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 especially "s curi\s ornam5ts worn by ! wom54 ,"s ( ^! are v]itable antiques & 7 f\nd buri$2 _m are f9ely pat9at$ & heavy4 ,"s ( ! bangles are beautifully =m$ & highly decorat$ ) inlaid enamels4 ,"s v int]e/+ brass ca/+s come f ,lagos1 n at all unlike ! ,b59 modell+1 except t !y are 9 brass in/ead ( pure copp]4 ,!y include figures ( natives1 "s on horseback1 o!rs 9 ! act ( %oot+ ) guns4 ,!re are brass /aves ( (fice c>ri$ z symbols ( au?ority by ! mess5g]s ( ! ,o%ogbo1 a native secret society2 & !re are spoons1 knives & o!r dome/ic sundries1 z well z armlets & anklets ( copp] & brass4 ,f nor?-ea/ ,c5tral ,africa we get a little metal-"w1 "s ( ! head-dress ornam5ts be+ enri*$ ) circul> brass plates1 on :i* are rep\ss decorations4 ,among ! curios f ?is di/rict 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are sev]al exceptional pieces1 "o be+ a head-dress or helmet ( brass ) circul> brass ornam5ts4 ,! knives us$ 9 c]emonials are (t5 v h&some4 ,!re is a f9e execution]'s knife f nor?-ea/ ,c5tral ,africa1 ) brass /uds all ov] ! wood h&le4 ,ano!r *ief's knife1 :i* came f ne> ! ,/anley ,falls1 is decorat$ ) /rips ( copp] & brass4 ,! metal ca/+s f ,c5tral ,sudan1 repres5t+ o/ri*es1 giraffes1 & camels1 are clev]ly done1 & ) bangles & anklets make up an int]e/+ gr\p4 ,x is curi\s h[ valuable f9ds are sometimes made _m miles f ! locality :]e ! object 0 made4 ,x is ! same 9 our own c\ntry1 = we dig & f9d a bronze f anci5t ,rome1 br\ght ov] by ! conqu]+ armies ( ! ,romans :5 ,brita9 0 br\ght "u ! ,imp]ial sway4 ,our armies h probably left relics beh9d !m 9 ! pa/ z 9 ! pres5t1 = x is no uncommon ?+ = rem9d]s ( ! ,crusad]s & o!rs to be f\nd ev5 9 ,africa4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable f9ds 0 a l>ge bronze jug & cov] n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 on x are ! arms ( ,ri*>d ,,ii ( ,engl&1 & two mottoes 9 ,lomb>dic lett]s3 ,,he ,,t ,,w ,,n ,,sp>e ,,:5 ,,he ,,may1 ,,he ,,%all ,,n ,,sp5d ,,:5 ,,he ,,w\ld is "o2 ! o!r reads3 ,,deem ,,! ,,be/ ,,9 ,,e ,,d\bt ,,till ,,! ,,tru? ,,be ,,tri$ ,,out4 ,?is spl5did jug 0 f\nd 9 ,a%anti2 ! date ( its manufacture 0 ab\t ,a4,d4 #adjj4 ,! ,s\? ,african curios 9 brass are v limit$2 !y consi/ *iefly ( coll>s & armlets worn by ! wom5 ( ,basutol& & ,be*uanal&1 & by ! ,kaffir wom5 :o h also girdles ( brass clev]ly =m$4 ,al?\gh by no means num]\s & ( limit$ v>iety1 a few objects ( native workman%ip are wor? secur+ if only to comp>e ! way 9 :i* natural +5uity has at diff]5t times help$ ! craftsman & enabl$ him to "w ev5 metals )\t any in/ructions f nations m advanc$ 9 _! use4 ,,xvi ,,cont95tal ,,copp] ,,& ,,brass ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--;,,bronze ,,ovi=m ,,ew]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--;,,brass ,,ew] ,,) ,,arti/ic ,,h&le4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,cont95tal ,,copp] ,,& ,,brass ,italian bronzes--,fr5* art--,dut* brasswork--,g]man metal-"w4 ,! ,italian r5aissance 9 art ex]cis$ su* a wide influ5ce ^u manufactur$ goods 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries t ! collector ( antiques naturally turns to ! a*ievem5ts ( ! arti/s 9 metal :o work$ 9 ,flor5ce & ,rome = ! highe/ ideals he c seek4 ,9 ?is he is n disappo9t$1 = j z ! connoisseur ( anci5t art f9ds 8 delight 9 ! bronzes ( ,greece & ,rome1 ! collector ( m mod]n art sees grace & beauty comb9$ ) skilful gr\p+ 9 ,italian craftsman%ip4 ,european influ5ce has be5 br\ght to be> ^u ! metal-"w ( ! _w at diff]5t times1 b x has n always come f ! same c\ntry4 ,at diff]5t p]iods ! metal-work]s ( c]ta9 localities appe> to h made _! peculi> *>act]i/ics take prec$5ce ( o!rs4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,european c\ntries q di/9ct /yles & ev5 unique treatm5t ( metals h be5 noticeable2 s mu* s t our museums to-day conta9 gr\ps ( metal-"w hav+ little or no aff9ity to "o ano!r1 al?\gh com+1 p]haps1 f t[ns n f> remov$ 9 po9t ( geographical position4 ,! collector recognizes z di/9ct ! bronzes ( ,italy2 ! scre5s1 c&le/icks1 & ecclesia/ical metal-"w ( ,spa92 ! beat5 bronze1 *amplev enamels1 & ! decorative brass ( ! ,empire p]iod ( ,france2 ! eighte5?-c5tury ,dut* brasswork2 ! metal =g$ & ca/ 9 ,g]many1 & ! decorative copp] & brass ( ,turkey %[+ su* di/9ctly ,ori5tal influ5ce 9 ,s>ac5ic t\*4 ,to /udy all ^! rival /yles at _! be/ ! collector1 h[ev] l>ge 8 private collection1 mu/ p]=ce visit ei!r "o ( ! m important ,cont95tal museums or ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :]e s _m cases are fill$ ) ,cont95tal works ( art 9 gold1 silv]1 & ! bas] metals4 ,local museums r>ely possess a selection l>ge en\gh = comp>ative purposes4 ,! loan exhibits f ! national collection1 c>efully select$ z repres5tative specim5s1 are v helpful1 & _m su* loan cases /r5g!n local exhibits & add int]e/ to !m4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica public museums are well arrang$ ) ! view ( %[+ ! metal-"w ( diff]5t c\ntries at v>i$ p]iods1 & _m ( !m are peculi>ly ri* 9 exhibits ( dome/ic metal-"w :i* 0 tak5 ov] 9 ! e>ly days f ,europe4 ,z a guide to curators & o!rs wi%ful to secure ! "r k9d ( exhibits x may be useful to m5tion ! cont5ts ( a case on view at a ,s\? coa/ t[n public libr>y rec5tly4 ,!re 7 "s beautiful ,italian bronzes ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 a damasc5$ c&le/ick f ,v5ice1 a ,flor5t9e /atuette1 a h&some cab9et h&le *as$ ) foliat$ ornam5t1 a bronze mask ( ,pan1 a table lamp /& ) w+$ lions at ! base1 & a h&some ew]1 ! body ( :i* 0 ornam5t$ ) foliage1 ar\nd x figures repres5t+ ! triumph ( ,bac*us1 a typical sev5te5?-c5tury specim54 ,among ! m9or objects 9 t case 7 vases f _m c\ntries1 door knock]s1 & a few examples ( ,dut* metal-"w1 decorative & arti/ic4 ,italian ,bronzes4 ,! metal-work]s f ! six? to ! t5? c5turies1 :5 s _m decorative bronzes 7 be+ made = ,/4 ,pet]'s & ,italian *ur*es1 d]iv$ _! inspirations f ,byzantium1 h5ce ^? e>ly works 7 (t5 inlaid ) silv] & gold1 & 7 q diff]5t f ^? ( lat] date4 ,art develop$1 & gradually a m di/9ctive "* 0 giv5 to ! bronze gates & c&elabra :i* 7 made ) su* consummate skill4 ,"o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( t p]iod 0 ! great c&elabrum 9 ,milan ,ca!dral1 wr\ght 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,its height is #ad ft41 & x has sev5 bran*es = c&les1 ! /em be+ support$ by f\r w+$ dragons4 ,x is "o mass ( m>vell\s scrollwork1 reliev$ by ! introduction ( figures1 ea* "o ( :i* is p]fect 9 itself--a /udy ( expression & "*4 ,ca/s ( ^! rem>kable pieces ( metal-"w may be se5 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies ! ,flor5t9e arti/s work$4 ,x 0 !n t /atues 9 bronze 7 sculptur$ by ,v]roc*io1 ,donatello1 & o!rs4 ,a c5tury lat] ! wond]ful c&le/icks 9 ! ,c]tosa1 ne> ,pavia1 & 9 ! ca!dral at ,padua1 7 made4 ,x 0 ab\t t "t t ,v5etian metal-work]s 7 fa%ion+ s mu* t 0 beautiful 9 dome/ic ut5sils & ! m9or *ur* ornam5ts4 ,f t "t onw>d collectable brasses 7 made1 & aft] long ye>s ( use !y pass$ into ! category ( antiques1 r5d]$ beautiful by _! arti/ic m]its1 & possibly by ! t\* ( age4 ,ev5 !n !re 0 an ,ori5tal look ab\t _m ( ! designs1 b x seldom intrudes1 & does n spoil ! effect ( ! =ms & /yle s cle>ly ,v5etian4 ,su* vessels 7 *iefly made = ! !n weal?y m]*ants ( ! city1 & (t5 _! arms 7 incorporat$ into ! design4 ,fig4 #gh is a bronze ovi=m ew] made 9 ,v5ice ab\t #aecj4 ,ano!r beautiful vase is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,o!r objects mu* fav\r$ 7 c&le/icks1 h&-w>m]s1 & p]fume spr9kl]s1 to :i* mu/ be add$ ! m /rictly utilit>ian4 ,! ,spani% metal-work]s d n appe> to h develop$ a v well-def9$ s*ool ( metallic art ( _! own4 ,!y 7 especially not$ = _! highly ornam5tal jewell]y2 9 ! common metals !y 7 influ5c$ by ,italy1 & to "s ext5t ,g]many4 ,x is said t ! f9e/ piece ( "w accompli%$ 9 ! c\ntry 0 ! great sixte5?-c5tury c&elabrum or t5ebr>ium 9 ,seville ,ca!dral1 ! "w ( ,b>t4 ,morel 9 #aefb4 ,fr5* ,art4 ,connoisseurs ( ! f9e arts naturally reg>d enamels ( ,limoges z ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( ! c\ntry 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 mu* to admire 9 ! e>ly unadorn$ metal-"w1 especially t made 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies--effigies 9 beat5 copp]1 "s portions ( :i* 7 usually adorn$ by col\r$ *amplev enamel4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds desir$ by ,engli%m51 & "s good examples ( import$ effigies are to be se51 a notable example be+ "o on ! tomb ( ,william de ,val5ce 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 erect$ ab\t #abif4 ,( dome/ic metal-"w !re are n _m e>ly pieces4 ,9 ,fig4 #hb is %[n a cup or ew] ( brass ) arti/ic h&le & sp\t ornam5t$ ) a grotesque m\?2 ! date assign$ to x is #aegj4 ,x may be se5 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 :]e also is deposit$ a f9e sev5te5?-c5tury ew] or tank>d ) pla9 cyl9drical body & a deep & long sp\t ) fancy h&le 7see ,fig4 #ha74 ,!re is also a trumpet ( brass1 dat$ #agch1 9 ! same gall]y2 x has ^u x ! own]'s monogram1 ,s4,m4,a41 ensign$ ) a c\nt's coronet & cre/4 ,dut* ,brasswork4 ,! brasswork f ,holl&1 l>gely import$ into ?is c\ntry at ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 al?\gh decorative1 _c be claim$ z arti/ic4 ,mo/ ( ! objects are /rictly utilit>ian1 & ! ornam5t /iff & =mal2 !y 7 hamm]$ by h&1 an effective f9i% be+ made by small pun*es1 rep\ss "w be+ occasionally add$4 ,fig4 #hj1 :i* repres5ts "o ( ! l>g] pieces1 illu/rates a highly ornam5tal ci/]n ) cov] & tap4 ,its %ape is semicircul>1 a dome-%ap$ back act+ z a hang]2 t z well z ! p]=at$ grille "u ! ci/]n be+ ornam5t$4 ,! *ief ornam5t consi/s ( /> devices1 ! po9ts ( :i* are unit$ toge!r by curv$ l9es compos$ ( small /raight ind5tations4 ,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum !re is a ,dut* foot-w>m]1 ! sides ( :i* are ornam5t$ ) rep\ss panels ( fl[]s & circul> bosses2 9 ! c5tre ( ! top1 :i* is slightly curv$1 is a m$allion engrav$ ,i4,w4,h4,m4 #agcc1 surr\nd$ by op5-"w decoration & floral scrolls arrang$ 9 geometrical patt]ns1 on ei!r side ( :i* are birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,,dut* ,,ornam5tal ,,brass ,,ci/]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,,fr5* ,,ew] ,,or ,,tank>d ,,) ,,fancy ,,h&le4 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,,fr5* ,,ew] ,,) ,,grotesque ,,m\? 7,,sixte5? ,,c5tury74 ,! brass milkcans us$ by mod]n milk sell]s1 & ! beautifully ornam5t$ *urns & milk p]ambulators se5 9 "s neighb\rhoods1 are n altoge!r new or ! outcome ( mod]n adv]tisem5t4 ,9 ,holl& brass ornam5t has be5 us$ on t9w>e = _m ye>s1 & "s v qua9t old milkcans & dairy ut5sils 9 %9+ poli%$ brass are met ) by collectors :o visit ,holl&4 ,! milkcans ( t c\ntry1 or p]haps m correctly l>ge b[ls1 9 :i* milk & cream are s]v$ h d\ble h&les1 & make extremely h&some fl[]-b[ls or f]n-pots on ! table1 al?\gh p]haps collectors w\ld consid] su* a desecration an improp] use = a g5u9e antique4 ,_m ( ! *e/nut roa/]s1 skimm]s1 & brass *imney ornam5ts us$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury came f ,holl&4 ,! arti/s ( t c\ntry 7 fam\s = ! *>act]i/ic ,dut* sc5es engrav$ on _! metal-"w1 j z !y 7 = _! tiles ) qua9t w9dmills & pictures ( peasants 9 native co/ume on !m4 ,s fam\s has ! collection ( ^! brasses become t mu* mod]n metal-"w1 copies ( g5u9e antiques1 has be5 s5t ov] = sale 9 ,london curio-%ops4 ,"s ( ^! reproductions are excell5t copies2 o!rs are too new & w\ld sc>cely deceive ! amateur4 ,caution %\ld be obs]v$1 especially :5 buy+ old "t fire-brasses1 knock]s & trivets4 ,g]man ,metal-,"w4 ,curios1 z well z mod]n antiques made 9 ,g]many1 are n always labell$ z su*2 !re is1 h[ev]1 a di/9ctly ,g]man look ab\t old metal-"w f t c\ntry4 ,elaborate & massive ) its weal? ( floral embelli%m5t1 "s ( ! ,g]man metal-"w ( e>ly days /&s out conspicu\sly4 ,"s elaborate ca/ bronze gates & door furniture enri*$ ! *ur*es ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,augsburg & ,nuremb]g h always be5 fam\s c5tres = arti/ic metal "w1 & 9 ^? t[ns _m objects l>ge & small h be5 made4 ,among m9or works are ! v h&some lock plates & cases4 ,! %apes ( dome/ic ut5sils1 especially ( ew]s1 7 v qua9t4 ,!re is a ,g]man aquamanile or ew] 9 ! =m ( an animal1 embody+ a lion & /ag1 along ) sev]al o!rs equally z curi\s1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,nuremb]g contributes to our national collection a v>iety ( h& wa%-bas9s 9 brass2 ! e>li] examples be+ ri*ly ornam5t$ ) engrav+s typify+ diff]5t virtues & vices2 ,/4 ,george1 ! patron sa9t ( ,engl&1 also figures on "s pieces4 ,turki% metal-"w includes copp] ew]s1 *as$ & decorat$ ) enamels1 mo/ly ) h&les & sp\ts1 "s ( ! sets or pairs consi/+ ( ew] 7ibrik7 & bas9 7ti%t74 ,^! copp] vessels are sometimes emboss$ ) scale ornam5ts4 ,!re are brazi]s & "s vessels ( bulb\s =m1 mo/ly ( bronze1 & n[ & !n ,turki% collapsible lant]ns ( brass ) pi]c$ decorations are met )4 ,,xvii ,,sundials1 ,,clocks1 ,,& ,,brass ,,in/rum5ts ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,sundials1 ,,clocks1 ,,& ,,brass ,,in/rum5ts ,! my/]y ( diall+--,"s old dials--,antique clocks--,old wat*es--,! wea!r--,sci5tific in/rum5ts4 ,! mod]n man c sc>cely realize :at x mu/ h be5 9 ?is ,engl& ( ours :5 cl\ds obscur$ ! sun1 & ?ick mi/s drew a veil ov] ! %ad[ ca/ by ! gnomon1 be=e clocks 7 kn[n4 ,! "t ( day 0 ( less importance :5 ! sundial on ! *ur* t[]1 or on a pill> erect$ at "s conv5i5t place1 _h to be consult$1 :5 ! sun %one x is true1 b ev5 !n _m mu/ h inw>dly frett$ & rebell$ aga9/ ! unc]ta9ty4 ,read]1 h y ev] sp5t a day away f public clocks 9 ! c\ntry :5 ! sky 0 ov]ca/ )\t a wat* 9 y\r pocket8 ,if n1 d x n[1 & ! result w be />tl+4 ,x w create a sympa!tic t\* ) ! pa/1 & br+ vividly to m9d ! trials ( pati5ce :i* _h to be endur$ :5 "u su* conditions inscriptions on dials 7 read1 b no cle> l9e m>k$ ! onw>d m>* ( ,sol4 ,! ,my/]y ( ,diall+4 ,diall+ is a sci5ce :i* few except exp]ts und]/& n[2 ! antiqu>y takes little note ( x z he gazes ^u ! old dial plate & makes out ! inscription ^u x4 ,! collector gladly buys ! brass dial ) its qua9t lett]+ & division m>ks )\t ev5 kn[+ :]e x came f1 or :at k9d ( /one column or pill> x orig9ally capp$4 ,yet !re is f> m int]e/ 9 an old sundial in/all$ 9 a mod]n g>d5 amid/ recon/ruct$ old-_w surr\nd+s :5 ! orig9 ( ! relic is kn[n4 ,we h no record ( ! type ( sundial ref]r$ to 9 ,isaiah xxxviii1 #h3 ,behold1 ,i w br+ aga9 ! %ad[ ( ! degrees :i* is gone d[n on ! sun-dial ( ,ahaz1 t5 degrees backw>d4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 records ( ! sundial ( ! ,*aldean a/ronom] ,p]osus1 :o liv$ ab\t #cdj ,b4,c4 ,x consi/$ ( a holl[ hemisph]e plac$ ) its rim horizontal1 hav+ a head or globule fix$ s t z long z ! sun %one above ! horizon ! %ad[ ( ! head fell on ! inside ( ! hemisph]e4 ,9 m rec5t days ! mak+ & fix+ ( ! dial ) its gnomon 0 c>ri$ out on fix$ pr9ciples1 & !re is n[ no difficulty ab\t su* an in/allation provid$ t ! same a/ronomical conditions are obs]v$4 7,= rules gov]n+ diall+1 see ,gloss>y47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,,e>ly ,,dials--,,on ,,! ,,left ,,an ,,armill>y ,,dial2 ,,9 ,,! ,,c5tre ,,pill> ,,dial2 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,a ,,r+ ,,dial4 7,9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,,curi\s ,,old ,,microscope1 ,,made ,,9 #aghj4 7,9 ! ,municipal ,museum1 ,hull47 ,"s ,old ,dials4 ,! patt]n kn[n z ! g>d5 dial is t commonly met ) 7= ! l>ge dials once fix$ on *ur* t[]s & 9 public places r>ely come into ! m>ket72 & ! old dial plates se5 9 curio-%ops h come f su* pill>s4 ,*>les ,dick5s _h a f9e old sundial 9 8 g>d5 at ,gad's ,hill ,place1 & x has (t5 be5 copi$4 ,! globe dial1 set on suitable pill>s1 has be5 made frequ5tly = mod]n antique g>d5s4 ,an ent]pris+ mak] ( dials pur*as$ ! beautiful balu/rades ( old ,kew ,bridge :5 x 0 remov$ a few ye>s ago1 & capp+ !m ) replicas ( old dials--9 "s cases ) g5u9e antiques--produc$ excell5t examples ( ! old type ( g>d5 sundial4 ,simil> dials1 m impos+ 9 size1 are met ) 9 curi\s & yet v suitable places by motori/s1 cycli/s1 & o!rs :5 t\r+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,a *>m+ ,elizabe?an relic is ! /one bridge across ! ,riv] ,wye 9 ! village ( ,wilton1 ne> ,ross4 ,on ! nor? wall ( ! p>apet is a /one pill> surm\nt$ by a sundial hav+ f\r faces--an int]e/+ l&m>k & (t5 admir$2 & :5 ! sun %9es on x ! travell] inv>iably pulls out 8 wat* & comp>es x ) ! %ad[ ( ! gnomon4 ,!re 7 once _m fam\s dials 9 situ 9 ,london2 mo/ ( !m are gone2 !re are "s1 h[ev]1 readily se51 l ! not$ pill> dial 9 ! ,temple & t on ! front ( "o ( ! old build+s 9 ,l9coln's ,inn4 ,( o!r =ms ( dials1 ! ecc5tricities ( ! horologi/s !y might be call$1 !re are ! goblet dials 9 ! =m ( a cup1 ! h\r-l9es be+ engrav$ on ! int]ior2 pill> dials :i* are cyl9d]s ) movable gnomons2 ! quadrant1 9 ! use ( :i* ! altitude ( ! sun is tak5 ?r\gh pi]c$ sights1 ! "t be+ %[n on curv$ h\r-l9es by means ( a plumb-l9e hang+ f ! angle2 & ! r+ dials1 :i* 7 v popul> 9 ,engl& d[n to ! ye> #ahjj4 ,9 ,fig4 #hc are %[n e>li] dials ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,on ! left !re is an armill>y dial by ,f4 ,culpep]1 ( ,london4 ,9 ! middle !re is a pill> dial dat$ #aefg1 & on ! "r ( ! figure a r+ dial made by ,humphrey ,cole 9 #aege1 all ?ree important types4 ,p]haps "o ( ! *ief delights ( ! /udy ( sundial plates is to read & make out ! diff]5t mottoes & leg5ds on !m--mo/ ( !m relat+ to ! flight ( "t1 "s allud+ to man's duties :i*1 :5 neglect$1 c nev] be made up1 = ,"t & tide wait = no man4 ,ano!r type ( dial is ! portable "o1 9 :i* =m dials or pocket clocks1 z !y 7 sometimes call$1 c be collect$--& !y are g5]ally ( brass1 "s be+ v decorative4 ,antique ,clocks4 ,!re is no int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! g5]al use ( clocks & wat*es & sundials1 = _! use ov]laps4 ,we h b to look at _m an old *ur* t[] on :i* is to be se5 ! dial /ill op]ative--= sun & gnomon fail n--& ! clock :i* has told ! "t = _m ye>s4 ,bo? 7 probably work+ be=e pocket clocks or wat*es became g5]al & timepieces 7 to be f\nd on ! mantelpiece or sidebo>d4 ,brass 0 us$ f ! comm5cem5t ( clockmak+ = :eels & dials2 & wond]fully1 too1 ! e>ly clockmak]s cut & c>v$ ! metal into ! requir$ =m & gaug$ ! works ) accuracy4 ,"s may be famili> ) t wond]ful a/ronomical clock 9 ,wimborne ,m9/]1 made 9 #abbj by ,pet] ,lightfoot1 a monk ( ,gla/onbury1 :o also con/ruct$ a clock = ,wells ,ca!dral4 ,9 x1 accord+ to ! e>ly belief t ! sun1 moon1 & />s revolv$ r\nd ! e>?1 ! sun travels its appo9t$ circuit e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & by its position m>ks ! "t4 ,9 ! evolution ( ! clock !re h be5 _m m>k$ /ages4 ,! clock :5 fir/ devis$ 0 a great /ride f ! sundial1 ! beautiful plates ( :i* h already be5 describ$4 ,progress foll[$1 & 9 a c5tury or two clocks ) :eels & complicat$ me*anism1 :i* :5 once set go+ & w\nd up p]iodically told ! "t ) exactitude1 enabl$ ! populace to "k ! "t ( day ev5 :5 ! sun 0 n %9+4 ,t 0 ! age ( decorative art1 & _m ( ! brass plates & dials 7 magnific5t 9 _! engrav+s1 glori\s 9 _! beautiful old fretwork1 & ri* 9 brass *]ubims & emblems ( ,old ,fa!r ,"t4 ,mov+ figures 7 9 ! e>ly days reg>d$ z ideal attractions 9 clocks4 ,! two old figures :i* /rike ! h\r & g ?r\gh "s qua9t evolutions ov] ! clock :i* = _m ye>s has be5 a great attraction 9 ,*eapside1 are typical ( ! figures :i* 9 m9iature might h be5 se5 play+ on brass gongs & *im+ bells 9 _m t[ns 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,!y 7 9 abundance 9 ,norwi* & t[ns 9 ! ea/]n c\nties1 seem+ to reflect ! old ,flemi% cities on ! ,cont95t1 :]e !y are ev5 n[ fairly common4 ,collectors are v en?usia/ic 9 _! se>* = g5u9e ,cromwell or lant]n clocks4 ,a few ye>s ago !y might h be5 f\nd disc>d$ on ! old metal rubbi%-heaps ( ! clockmak]4 ,to-day ^! clocks1 all brass 9 _! con/ruction1 are poli%$ bright1 set go+ once m1 & treat$ ) c>e2 good specim5s *ang+ h&s = sums v>y+ f eight to fifte5 p\nds4 ,orig9ally !y 7 usually plac$ on a bracket1 ov] :i* 0 (t5 a wood5 hood to protect ! clock4 ,!n came a h+$ glass door1 & 9 t we h ! orig9 ( ! gr&fa!r ) enl>g$ dial & ri* oak or mahogany case rea*+ d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,,engrav$ ,,pocket ,,clock4 ,^? :o wi% to /udy ! beautiful dials & engrav$ faces ( clocks & wat*es 9 ord] t !y may realize ! diff]5ce 9 ! products ( mak]s dur+ ! la/ few c5turies1 %\ld visit ! spl5did collection 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum1 loan$ by ! ,clockmak]s' ,company4 ,! "w ( ! old clockmak]s 0 t ( ! v be/4 ,x 0 made to la/1 & ! metal !y *ose = _! op]ations appe>s to h be5 v suitable = ! purpose4 ,9 evid5ce ( ! la/+ quality ( old brass works1 a well-kn[n writ] has put =w>d ! int]e/+ /ory ( a *amb] clock pres5t$ by ,h5ry ,,viii to ,anne ,boleyn on _! w$d+ day4 ,x f\nd its way into ! ,/rawb]ry ,hill collection ( ,horace ,walpole1 & at ! fam\s sale ( ^? int]e/+ curios & s\v5irs ( great p]sons t not$ m9i/] _h ga!r$ toge!r1 x 0 pur*as$ = #ajj by ! late ,que5 ,victoria4 ,h>rison ,a9swor? says3 ,?is tok5 ( endless affection rema9s ! same aft] ?ree c5turies2 b f\r ye>s aft] x 0 giv51 ! object ( ,h5ry's et]nal love 0 sacrific$ on ! scaffold4 ,! clock /ill goes1 b surely x %\ld h be5 /opp$ = ev] :5 ,anne ,boleyn di$6 ,! adv5t ( table clocks came ) ! discov]y ( ! use ( a ma9spr+ by ! ,nuremb]g clockmak]s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a clock 9 ! =m ( a %ip made = ! ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii 9 #aeha4 ,!re are _m o!r f9e examples ( curi\sly design$ clocks1 includ+ a wat] clock by ,f9*et1 ( ,*eapside1 & a ,fr5* a/ronomical clock ) a/rolabe1 & o!rs ) automatic figures on view !re1 z well z v rem>kable types 9 ! collection ( clock dials & wat*es giv5 to ! ,museum by ! late ,mr4 ,octavius ,morgan4 ,! e>ly clocks1 ! dials ( :i* 7 ( brass1 _h only "o f+]1 = ! m9ute-h& 0 n kn[n until #afgj1 & ! second f+] a mu* lat] inv5tion4 ,9 ,fig4 #he is a typical example ( a brass engrav$ wat* clock face & dial1 :i* has a p]=at$ h+$ cov] & is exceptionally well engrav$4 ,old ,wat*es4 ,wat*es 7 co/ly 9 ! days :5 s mu* "t 0 exp5d$ on _! manufacture4 ,^? 7 ! days ( good workman%ip 9 :i* wat*mak]s excell$4 ,!y put mu* lab\r into ! ornam5tation ( ! works1 wat*-clocks1 & dial plates1 s _m ( :i* 7 beautifully engrav$1 tool$ ) great skill1 & clev]ly p]=at$4 ,! dials 7 9 e>ly days unprotect$1 h5ce ! ne$ ( a case1 (t5 ( brass1 & :5 made ( "s o!r mat]ial 7 frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) brass inlay4 ,x 0 n until ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t glass or cry/al cov]s 7 inv5t$2 t 0 ab\t ! "t1 too1 :5 ! enamell+ ( dials came into vogue4 ,! pocket wat* br\ght ) x fobs1 *a9s1 & wat*-keys or w9d]s1 mo/ly ( brass1 :i* %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,9 a repres5tative collection !re are crank keys simil> to l>ge clock w9d]s1 b1 ( c\rse1 made 9 m9iature4 ,!n aft] v>i\s developm5ts brass & ,p9*beck fob keys came into vogue1 & lat] /ill ornam5tal keys ) & )\t ! addition ( /ones1 ! majority be+ made 9 brass4 ,a numb] ( ^! little objects c /ill be collect$ q *eaply1 & nicely m\nt$ make a v int]e/+ addition to ! m ornam5tal side ( brass metal-"w4 ,=eca/+ ! ,wea!r4 ,! wea!r has f\nd m5 a subject = discussion & giv5 !m opportunities ( speak+ a pleasant ^w ( comrade%ip :5 meet+ 9 ! c\ntry or 9 t[n4 ,to comm5t ^u its fickl5ess has become z common a mode ( salutation z pass+ ! "t ( day4 ,! topic is an anci5t "o & ! int]e/ 9 x has be5 su/a9$1 = to gauge ! com+ *anges has tak5 ! att5tion ( m5 f ! e>lie/ times4 ,to /udy ! fleet+ cl\d1 to note ! com+ /orm by ! direction ( ! w9d1 or to notice ! damp 9 ! air z ! mi/ rises & is waft$ ov] ! fields1 has always be5 a fav\rite occupation4 ,x 0 s be=e ! day ( b>omet]s & sci5tific in/rum5ts1 & x is equally s by ^? :o pref] ! pron\ncem5t ( ! wea!r prophet r ?an ! b>omet] gauge4 ,galileo is said to h inv5t$ ! !rmomet]1 b x 0 8 pupil ,torricelli1 :o discov]$ ! b>omet]4 ,8 t[nsm5 9 ,fa5za1 9 ! nor? ( ,italy1 "s ye>s ago erect$ a monum5t to 8 memory1 putt+ up ! bigge/ b>omet] kn[n4 ,9 common ) o!r sci5tific in/rum5ts ! b>omet] has af=d$ opportunities to ! work] 9 metal & to ! art design]1 = l ! clock case x has be5 made a ?+ ( beauty z well z "o ( use4 ,! v rem>kable b>omet] illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #hf is an elaborate "w ( ! brassf\nd] & exce$+ly ornate4 ,x is a v exceptional piece1 b !re are o!r b>omet]s ( consid]able beauty 9 ! h&s ( collectors ( old bronze & metal-"w4 ,"s ( ! old sci5tific in/rum5ts are v clumsy look+ :5 comp>$ ) mod]n workman%ip4 ,ab\t !m x is true !re is a qua9t beauty & a sil5t tribute to ! skill & +5uity ( e>ly inv5tors1 ^? :o 7 b grop+1 p]haps bl9dly1 9 ! initial /ages ( an undevelop$ sci5ce4 ,sci5ti/s always take a delight 9 ! in/rum5ts :i* _! pr$ecessors h us$1 & :5 !y realize by comp>ison ! difficulties ! e>ly pione]s _h to cont5d ) on acc\nt ( ! ineffici5t in/rum5ts 9 _! possession !y wond] at ! advance t p>ticul> sci5ce made 9 _! day4 ,9 ,fig4 #hd we illu/rate a curi\s old microscope & case1 made ab\t ! ye> #aghj4 ,x is on a mahogany /&1 9 :i* is a draw] conta9+ f\r magnify+ p[]s4 ,x =m]ly belong$ to a ,mr4 ,*>les ,%]borne & is n[ 9 ! ,hull ,museum1 :]e1 z ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! old] type & ! mod]n1 !re is ano!r int]e/+ microscope made "s fifty or sixty ye>s ago4 ,! eng9e]1 me*anic1 & sci5ti/ f9d mu* pleasure 9 ! curios :i* 7 associat$ ) _! pr(essions 9 =m] days1 & delight 9 ! possession ( old brass :i* seems to br+ !m ne>] to ! great m5 :o ye>s ago laid ! f\ndations on :i* pres5t-day advance has be5 built4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,a ,,h&some ,,bronze ,,b>omet]4 ,eng9e]s h be5 v skilful 9 creat+ models ( eng9es & ma*9]y ) :i* !y h be5 famili>1 & 9 reproduc+ 9 m9iature replicas ( not$ eng9es :i* h be5 us$ = practical purposes4 ,^! little models1 "s ( :i* 7 made m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 9 days :5 /eam p[] 0 b 9 its infancy1 h be5 v valuable to eng9e]s to-day1 9 t !y provide !m ) actual models ( old-"t eng9es1 ! details ( con/ruction ( :i* might o!rwise h be5 lo/4 ,9 "o ( ! museums at ,s\? ,k5s+ton !re are _m ( ^! sci5tific & me*anical models 9 brass1 "s ( !m work+ on ! p5ny-9-!-slot pr9ciple1 s t visitors c by ! exp5diture ( a few copp]s set 9 motion any ma*9e !y are int]e/$ 91 & s judge ( ! actual effects ( old-"t inv5tions z illu/rat$ by models :i* h be5 made to scale4 ,9 addition to work+ models ( l>ge objects !re are "s rem>kably small models :i* are /or$ & treasur$ by collectors4 ,"s are s small & m9ute1 al?\gh p]fect 9 e detail1 t x is difficult to und]/& h[ ! work] 9 brass ev5 if he _h be5 a jewell] & accu/om$ to fa%ion ! sett+s ( small /ones c\ld s accurately h produc$ su* t9y ma*9es4 ,x is said t ! smalle/ eng9e 9 ! _w1 a beautiful piece ( metal-"w1 own$ by an ,am]ican collector1 /&s on a t5-c5t piece6 ,yet rem>kable z x may seem1 :5 connect$ ) an electric p[] cable ( v small calibre ! eng9e />ts (f z if x 7 a full-size horizontal eng9e4 ,! *ief mat]ials us$ 9 ! con/ruction are copp] & brass1 al?\gh ! b& ( ! fly-:eel is ( solid gold4 ,s small is ?is little eng9e t its measurem5ts are all tak5 9 sixty-f\r?s ( an in*4 ,?us ! diamet] ( ! fly-:eel1 practically ! l>ge/ piece ( me*anism 9 ! con/ruction ( ! eng9e1 is #bh_/fd 941 & ! fly-:eel b& only #g_/fd 94 ,! valve rod is only #a_/fd 941 & ! outside diamet] ( ! cyl9d] #ab_/fd 942 complet$1 /&+ on ! small co9 ref]r$ to1 ! eng9e weighs #c dwt41 a truly rem>kable "w ( metallic art4 ,,xviii ,,enamels ,,on ,,copp] ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,enamels ,,on ,,copp] ,processes ( enamell+--,*9ese & ,japanese enamels--,briti% enamels4 ,copp] has be5 us$ frequ5tly z ! mo/ suitable metal to coat ov] ) enamels1 to be aft]w>ds fir$ or fix$4 ,ev5 ! anci5ts discov]$ ! art ( col\r+ ! metal-"w !y _h wr\ght by ! aid ( diff]5t enamels m or less transluc5t4 ,su* sub/ances 7 us$ 9 v>i$ =ms1 (t5 z pa/e1 fill+ up incis$ designs1 ! workm5 9 "s cases rubb+ !m d[n smoo? :5 fix$1 9 o!rs fir+ !m by heat or simply heat+ until !y ran smoo?ly ov] ! surface ( ! metal to :i* !y adh]$4 ,! enamels :i* are to be obta9$ v>y 9 sub/ance1 ! beauty ( _! workman%ip1 & 9 _! r>ity & curio values4 ,!y cov] ! entire p]iod ( kn[n art & al?\gh su* enamels are widely di/ribut$1 ! art ( enamell+ hav+ be5 practis$ 9 almo/ all c\ntries :]e art has fl\ri%$1 "s h won great] fame ?an o!rs1 _m ( ^! r>e types be+ easily di/+ui%$ by *>act]i/ic =ms1 col\rs1 or designs4 ,among ! e>li] expon5ts ( enamell+ 7 ! ,egyptians1 ! e>ly ,greeks1 & to "s ext5t ! ,romans4 ,x w\ld appe> t enamell+ 0 und]/ood1 too1 9 ,engl&1 & 0 e>ly practis$ z a ,briti% art1 b x soon di$ out1 to be re/or$ aga9 9 ?is c\ntry "u m fav\rable circum/ances 9 ! great] r5aissance ( m$ival art4 ,! enamels :i* h atta9$ su* great fame1 & :i* are s ke5ly appreciat$ by connoisseurs1 are ^? made at ,limoges 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 & aga9 to a less] ext5t 9 ,italy & ! ,rh5i% ,prov9ces4 ,two beautiful examples ( twelf?-c5tury pricket c&le/icks1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 are ( t e>ly =m :i*1 except = ecclesia/ical purposes1 soon gave way to ! socket c&le/ick1 a m conv5i5t =m = dome/ic use4 ,processes ( ,enamell+4 ,! basis ( mo/ ( ! enamels on copp] is a fusible silicate1 or col\rless glass mix$ ) metallic oxides1 r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 :i* is appli$ accord+ to ! skill ( ! arti/4 ,! metal1 ) ! enamel p[d] ^u x1 is !n fir$ until x is melt$ & adh]es to ! metal4 ,! diff]5t treatm5ts help ! exp]t to di/+ui% ! p]iod :5 a specim5 "u inve/igation 0 made1 & to "s ext5t ! place ( its manufacture4 ,!re is ! transluc5t enamel1 :i* %[s up ! design ?r\gh ! vitre\s matt]1 a me?od orig9ally adopt$ 9 ,italy4 ,ano!r process 0 t ( apply+ diff]5t col\rs ov] an incis$ patt]n1 ! figures or pictures be+ usually engrav$ 9 l[ relief4 ,co>s] l9es ( engrav+ 7 us$ on ! copp] basis ( ! e>ly enamels made at ,limoges4 ,^? ( some:at lat] date may be di/+ui%$ by ! surface-pa9t$ enamels adopt$ 9 ! lat] /yle1 :i* fl\ri%$ until ab\t #afcj4 ,9 ?is process d>k enamel = ! %ad[s 0 plac$ ov] ! metal plate1 ! picture be+ pa9t$ 9 :ite ) "s portions 9 col\r2 a ?9 enamel surface 0 !n giv5 & ! :ole fir$4 ,! lat] surface-pa9t$ enamels 7 = ! mo/ "p copies ( well-kn[n pa9t+s or engrav+s1 ! col\r or enamel be+ aft]w>ds fix$ by fir+4 ,9 ! process ( enamell+ kn[n z *amplev ! design 0 cut into ! metal1 ! patt]n or incisions made fill$ ) col\rs1 ! enamels be+ !n fus$2 ! basis 0 ne>ly always ( copp]4 ,! cloisonn enamel 0 g5]ally on a brass basis1 & z 9 ! m rec5t examples f ,*9a & ,japan1 ! cloisons or t9y cells ( metal 7 fill$ ) ! "r & appropriate col\rs2 aft]w>ds subject$ to heat4 ,9 "s cases ! metal f\ndation is 9 ! c5tre & cloisons or cells =m$ on ei!r side ( x4 ,!re is some?+ ab\t ! old enamels ( ?is type besides ! we> & te> ( c5turies :i* di/+ui%es !m f ! m mod]n1 :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 are m brilliant 9 col\r+1 crud] & %>p] 9 design1 & )\t t beautiful tone :i* is s pleas+ 9 ! antique4 ,*9ese & ,japanese ,enamels4 ,! r>] examples ( ,*9ese art date back to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,m+ p]iod 9 #acfh1 cont9u+ until its close 9 #afdc4 ,! *>m ( ^! e>ly examples is at once recognizable :5 !y are comp>$ ) o!rs ( a lat] date4 ,fig4 #hg repres5ts a l>ge ,m+ b[l florally decorat$ 9 ri* r$1 yell[1 & :ite on a backgr\nd ( cobalt blue outside & turquoise blue )94 ,q a diff]5t /yle ( decoration is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hh2 ! design ( butt]flies & g\rd-v9e trac]y be+ c>ri$ out 9 ,pek9 enamels 9 five col\rs4 ,?is rem>kably f9e box1 s *>m+ly =m$1 conta9s a set ( n9e sweetmeat di%es1 ea* "o bord]$ ) bats ( cobalt blue on a light] blue gr\nd1 on ! cov] ( ! out] box be+ ! ,%u monogram4 ,ano!r spl5did piece1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #hi1 is typical ( a diff]5t /yle ( decoration4 ,?is f9e b[l1 also ( ! ,m+ p]iod1 is florally enamell$1 ! inside %[+ ! patt]n outl9$ by wire cloisons ^u a :ite gr\nd1 ! fl[]s be+ work$ 9 five col\rs4 ,?is b[l1 :i* is f\r in*es high1 is repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration z /&+ on a beautifully c>v$ /& ( ab\t equal height4 ,^! *oice pieces are illu/rat$ by ! c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,gl5d9+ ,co41 ,ltd41 at ^: well-kn[n ,london auction rooms !y rec5tly *ang$ h&s4 ,! second great p]iod ( ,*9ese art is t ( ! ,*+ ,dyna/y1 :i* comm5c$ 9 #afdd & ext5d$ until m rec5t times4 ,:ile to "s ext5t ! art & ! decorative effect ( t p]iod 0 inf]ior to t ( to-day1 :5 judg$ f ! pres5t-day /&>d ( mod]n art1 !re 0 a r>e beauty ab\t ! old designs4 ,! enamels ( ! ,*+ ,dyna/y 7 c>efully prep>$ & plac$1 & ! col\r+ s(t & yet ri*4 ,! prep>ation ( col\r$ matt] by exp]ts ( t p]iod :5 ! be/ c]amics ( ,*9a 7 made1 has always be5 a subject ( admiration & wond] to ! pott]s & enamell]s ( m rec5t ye>s4 ,examples ( ^! *>m+ w>es are n exceptionally r>e1 among ! collectable pieces be+ cups & b[ls1 exquisitely design$ kettles1 ti]s ( boxes1 wat] vessels1 r\nd & oblong di%es1 & inc5se burn]s4 ,"s ( ! b[ls ) cov]s are ( qua9t =ms1 a fav\rite "o be+ t ( a pea*4 ,vases ( :i* ! base is enamel are (t5 fur!r enri*$ by ornam5ts ( copp]-gilt4 ,among ! r>] little curios se5 9 a repres5tative collection may be m5tion$ small wat] dropp]s1 mo/ly made 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,,b[l ,,( ,,! ,,m+ ,,p]iod4 ,,fig4 #hi4--,,m+ ,,b[l4 ,,fig4 #hh4--;,,box ,,( ,,pek9 ,,enamel4 ,! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod :i* foll[$ ext5d$ f #agcf to #agif1 & includ$ _m c&le/icks & alt> pieces z well z brazi]s1 "s ( ! copp] vessels be+ practically encru/$ ) enamels1 "s ( ! f9] ornam5tation be+ atta*$ to ! gr\nd-"w z additional or supplem5t>y decorative effects4 ,z 9 ! e>li] p]iods mu* lab\r 0 exp5d$ on ! production ( ! _m f9e temple sets :i* 7 pres5t$ to su* uses4 ,! exceptionally f9e alt> set wr\ght 9 cloisonn enamels1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ij1 is ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod1 & consi/s ( a beautifully design$ koro1 support$ on legs 9 ! =m ( tig]s' heads1 two c&le/icks #ah 94 high1 & a pair ( vases4 ,! /yle ( decoration is v ri*1 be+ turquoise blue gr\nd on :i* are floral designs 9 r$1 gre51 d>k blue1 yell[1 & o!r bright col\rs4 ,! pieces /& on brass-gilt f\ndations1 :i* re/ on c>v$ wood5 /&s1 ! set =m+ an extremely int]e/+ gr\p1 typical ( ! highe/ art ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,!re are _m ri*ly ornam5t$ & extremely valuable specim5s ( m rec5t date admir$ by connoisseurs ( art 9 ! gall]ies & curio-%ops2 b h[ev] beautiful !y are ! collector ( ! old] curios appraises _! values f a mod]n comm]cial /&po9t1 & does n view !m z he w\ld antiques4 ,briti% ,enamels4 ,x 0 n until ! art ( enamell+ _h be5 p]fect$ at ,lill & o!r places on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 t an attempt 0 made to produce simil> tr9kets & a few m important pieces1 su* z c&le/icks & ink/&s1 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! works e/abli%$ at ,batt]sea by ,mr4 ,s4 ,t4 ,janss5 ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury soon ga9$ notoriety1 & x 0 n long be=e ! enamels made !re 7 eag]ly s\ght aft]4 ,9 addition to ^? articles m5tion$1 !y consi/$ *iefly ( tea-cani/]s1 snuff-boxes1 _s labels1 & pat*boxes1 ! copp] be+ coat$ ov] ) an opaque :ite enamel1 :i* 0 col\r$ ov] & !n decorat$ ) floral & o!r designs4 ,rose t9t aft]w>ds became "o ( ! fav\rite gr\nd col\rs at ,batt]sea4 ,among ! r>] examples may be class$ ink/&s & writ+-table appo9tm5ts4 ,! ink/&s usually include an ink-conta9]1 a p5-box1 & a s& or p\nce pot1 = ,batt]sea enamel ink/&s 7 made be=e blott+-pap] 0 inv5t$1 & ! wet ink1 *iefly appli$ ) a quill p51 0 du/$ ov] ) p\nce to prev5t blott+1 & :5 dry ! surplus 0 du/$ (f4 ,! collector f9ds mu* to int]e/ 9 ! little pat*boxes ( enamel1 ( :i* !re 7 _m v>ieties4 ,!y rema9$ useful :5 ! fa%ion ( we>+ pat*es decl9$1 = !n !y came 9 h&y = cosmetics1 salves1 & pomades4 ,^! curi\s little boxes 7 frequ5tly giv5 by admir]s & fri5ds1 z may be imag9$ f ! mottoes & s5tim5tal inscriptions ^u !m4 ,among ! common] v>ieties se5 9 a collection are little oval boxes on :i* are pictur$ two love-birds1 sometimes accompani$ by a bird's ne/4 ,o!rs w h imitations ( ne$lework pictures1 su* z ! fair ones work$ 9 ^? days4 ,sometimes a little *ur* is se5 9 ! di/ance1 & 9 ! =egr\nd a boy & girl ex*ang+ love-tok5s4 ,?is gift is small1 b love is all1 is a fav\rite motto4 ,virtue fair1 mann]s sweet1 ,toge!r 9 my fair "o meet1 are two (t-quot$ l9es1 & ano!r fav\rite v]se is3 ,if y1 my de>1 ,accept ( ?is1 ,rew>d ! giv] ,) a kiss4 ,"s boxes1 h[ev]1 h evid5tly be5 ! gifts ( ^? :o c\ld only claim fri5d%ip or acqua9tance ) ! recipi5t1 = !y be> su* s5tim5ts z ,a tok5 ( my respect1 ,accept ?is z a tok5 ( my e/eem1 & ,e/eem ! giv]4 ,"s appe> to h be5 made = sale z place s\v5irs1 = !y are inscrib$ ,a trifle f ,ba?1 or o!r t[n :]e !y _h be5 procur$4 ,batt]sea portrait placques 7 made betwe5 #agej & #agfj1 among ! fav\rite subjects be+ ! !n ,pr9ce ( ,wales 7aft]w>ds ,george ,,iv71 ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l&1 & /atesm51 among :om ,horace ,walpole 0 evid5tly "o ( ! mo/ popul>4 ,engli% enamell]s 9 o!r places1 su* z ,bil/on1 atta9$ "s fame1 b ! ,batt]sea works held _! own1 & n only produc$ ! tr9ket boxes & o!r toilet-table appo9tm5ts ref]r$ to1 b _m useful sundries1 su* z _s & w9e labels1 little trays1 & ! l4 ,none ( ^!1 al?\gh beautiful inde$1 equall$ ! ,fr5* enamels 9 ! delicate m9iature pa9t+s & sc5es su* z ^? produc$ by ! celebrat$ ,fr5* pa9t]1 ,petitot1 :o gave mu* att5tion to ! decoration ( exquisite toilet boxes & tr9ket trays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,,f9e ,,alt> ,,set ,,( ,,cloisonn ,,enamels 7,,*',,i5 ,,lung ,,p]iod74 ,,xix ,,miscellane\s ,,metal ,,curios ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,miscellane\s ,,metal ,,curios ,tobacco-boxes & pipe-/opp]s--,snuff-boxes--,h&les & ,h&le-plates--,horse trapp+s--,w> relics--,t9y curios--,replicas4 ,! collectable curios 9 metal include _m :i* _c be classifi$4 ,!y are isolat$ specim5s ( copp] & brasswork repres5t+ "s special h\sehold ut5sil or work%op appliance :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 has become obsolete or has be5 sup]s$$ by m mod]n contrivances ( o!r mat]ials4 ,copp] 0 almo/ exclusively us$ 9 works :]e acids & o!r *emicals prev5t$ ! use ( iron until enamell$ w>es1 alum9ium1 & z9c 7 available2 b su* work%op appliances are n usually v attractive1 & seldom come )9 ! scope ( ! collector except z museum specim5s4 ,among ! v>i\s sundry objects ( int]e/1 ^? m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs are wor?y ( notice1 especially z _m ( !m are q inexp5sive1 & c readily be obta9$ f curio-%ops & occasionally pick$ up *eaply f cottages & f>mh\ses 9 out-(-!-way places4 ,tobacco-boxes & ,pipe-/opp]s4 ,smok]s' sundries include _m objects 9 brass1 especially boxes = /or+ tobacco4 ,mo/ ( ! l>g] receptacles = ! /orage ( tobacco 7 9 old5 "t ( lead or pewt]1 or1 9 m rec5t times1 ( japann$ t91 foll[$ 9 ! pres5t day by pott]y & wood4 ,! small boxes 9 ! days be=e rubb] p\*es 7 kn[n 7 ne>ly always ( brass or o!r metal1 su* boxes be+ (t5 elaborately ornam5t$4 ,dut* metal-work]s produc$ "s v decorative boxes 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 "s in/ances ! sides are made ( copp] & ! cov]s or lids ( brass1 ! two metals 9 contra/ pres5t+ a v pleas+ appe>ance4 ,sev]al ( ^! boxes are to be se5 9 ! ,guildhall ,museum2 on "o !re is ! repres5tation ( a be>-pit1 on ano!r scriptural subjects1 a ?ird be+ m appropriately cov]$ ) tav]n sc5es4 ,ne$less to say1 ,dut* arti/s 7 !n--z !y h be5 9 aft] ye>s--fam\s = _! sc5ic views4 ,! engrav]s appe> to h divid$ _! fav\rs betwe5 religi\s pictures & rural sc5es4 ,battles1 too1 came 9 = a %>e ( ! engrav]'s skill1 & su* pictures are noticeable on _m ( ! l>g] boxes1 "s ( :i* possibly 7 n us$ z tobacco-boxes4 ,! picture sc5es 7 cont9u$ until ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 9 "s in/ances a few ye>s 9 ! next4 ,!n !re came a "t ( undecorat$ metal-"w1 & ! engrav+1 if any1 0 /iff & =mal4 ,ornam5tal bord]s came into vogue1 & ! m elaborate boxes 7 engrav$ ) ! cre/s or monograms ( _! own]s4 ,"s %[ portraits1 su* z an eighte5?-c5tury box on :i* is a portrait ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,! metal-"w s freely import$ into ?is c\ntry 9 ! reign ( ,william & ,m>y1 & on into ! times ( ,george ,,iii1 ( c\rse includ$ _m tobacco-boxes1 b !re are o!r pieces ( ^? p]iods1 ! uses ( :i* are unc]ta92 "s ( ! long1 n>r[ boxes 7 probably made = spectacle-cases1 & o!rs z cases or boxes = ! money-*ang]s' & trad]s' scales 7see ,*apt] ,,xi74 ,a%-trays ( copp] & brass1 among ! fanciful smok]s' requisites ( ! pres5t day1 are by no means novel1 = among ! antiques 9 metal are f\nd curi\s copp] b[ls ) inv]t$ feet & wood5 h&les :i* 7 us$ by smok]s 9 ! days :5 *ur*w>d5 pipes 7 mo/ly smok$2 !y 7 kn[n z smok]s' a%es pans4 ,tobacco-/opp]s ( metal are ( e>ly date1 & seem to h be5 reg>d$ by metal-work]s z peculi>ly suitable objects on :i* to display skill 9 modell+ & ev5 engrav+4 ,an au!ntic record ( _! use 9 ,re/oration days is met ) 9 a w ref]r+ to a beque/ ( ,boscobel relics3 ,! own] ( an old oak box1 dat$ #affj1 m5tion$ x z ! '"o 9 :i* 0 a brass tobacco-/opp]4' ,( ^! curi\s & int]e/+ /opp]s !re are _m v>ieties4 ,"u ,dut* influ5ce "s /rik+ *>act]s 7 portray$ z ! ornam5tal heads ( ^! pieces4 ,9 ! days ( ,william & ,m>y !y 7 *iefly ca/1 & aft]w>ds tool$ & ev5 engrav$4 ,james ,,ii 0 *os5 z ! model ( _m2 & /opp]s ) 8 bu/ z ! h&le 71 x is said1 treasur$ by ,jacobean admir]s4 ,! human h& 9 :i* is se5 a *ur*w>d5 pipe is a fav\rite type2 pugili/s1 too1 figur$1 & o!rs typifi$ famili> objects ( local fame1 ev5 animals1 birds1 & dome/ic ut5sils s]v+ ! purpose ( ! design]4 ,9 rec5t days ,pun* has appe>$1 & among ! mod]n replicas ( e>ly types 7sic7 to be se5 9 ! %ops are sets ( ,dick5s's *>act]s z tobacco-/opp]s4 ,snuff-boxes4 ,!re are "s ( ! s-call$ tobacco-boxes :i* no d\bt 7 9 reality us$ only = snuff 9 ! days :5 snuff 0 tak5 9 l>g] quantities ?an x is to-day4 ,a collection ( snuff-boxes includes _m v>ieties1 among :i* are "s ( metal4 ,"s ( ! boxes made ( wood & ( %agre5 are decorat$ ) t9y brass /uds1 produc+ a v pleas+ effect4 ,! snuff-boxes 7 %ap$ accord+ to popul> fancy1 & "s ( ! m ecc5tric patt]ns 7 local 9 _! use4 ,9 ,scotl& ! curl$-%ap$ mull 0 a fav\rite4 ,9 connection ) snuff-tak+ x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ! e>li] days snuff z prep>$ n[ 0 little kn[n4 ,^? addict$ to ! habit _h to prep>e _! own snuff4 ,= t purpose !re came into vogue snuff-rasps ( iron enclos$ 9 cases1 :i*1 al?\gh !y 7 9 "s in/ances ( boxwood or c>v$ pe>wood1 7 n[ & !n ( metal4 ,incid5tally ?is e>ly home prep>ation ( ! snuff produc$ f a small plug or twi/ ( tobacco gave rise to ! popul> trad]'s sign ( ! ,cr[n & ,rasp ov] a tobacco %op4 ,z intimat$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 _m ( ! tobacco & snuff-boxes s]v$ a dual purpose1 & n infrequ5tly =m$ "p ( ! t9d] box1 an ess5tial 9 e>ly days4 ,h&les & ,h&le-plates4 ,! condition ( ! metal-"w ^u old furniture & o!r curios is a factor 9 its beauty & 9 its value too4 ,! h&les & h&le-plates %\ld be ( ! same p]iod z ! antique1 & h+es1 lock-plates1 h&les & _! plates1 ball feet & ca/ors %\ld be en suite4 ,inde$1 x is bett] to sub/antiate a well-made reproduction r ?an to admit ! use ( a lat] /yle4 ,! want ( h>mony 9 ! brass furniture ( antiques1 al?\gh all portions appe> old1 is some:at puzzl+ at times4 ,x is expla9able 9 t 9 e>ly ,victorian days :5 mu* t 0 !n old 0 repair$ ! village %opkeep] & ev5 ! cab9et-mak] _h little reg>d = ! pres]vation ( ! old /yle4 ,to re/ore meant to !m to repair1 & :]e necess>y to introduce ! !n prevail+ mat]ials not)/&+ _! obvi\s inappropriat5ess4 ,=tunately1 deal]s 9 antiques & re/or]s h acquir$ n[adays a g5u9e love ( _! "w1 & h le>n$ h[ be/ to please _! cli5ts2 _m ( !m hav+ q a /ore ( odd h&les & fitt+s = ! curio-hunt] & w\ld-be amateur re/or] to *oose f4 ,to be q c]ta9 ab\t gett+ a suitable /yle = ! re/oration or repairs ( old furniture x is desirable to "k some?+ ( ! appropriate /yles4 ,! drop h&le is a =eign importation1 = x is said to h come f ,japan1 be+ fir/ se5 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! ,ori5tal lacqu] cab9ets br\ght "h 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,su* h&les 7 at fir/ pe>-%ap$1 b !y soon became l>g] & ( a type m adapt$ = draw]s & ! heavi] furniture !n 9 use4 ,mu* h& lab\r 0 exp5d$ ^u _! manufacture2 ev5 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury !y 7 fil$ up by h&4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( brass h&le-plate 0 ! smoo? & %9y will[ brass1 ! edges ( :i* 7 fil$ & %ap$ by h&4 ,lat] !y 7 di/+ui%$ f ! new] /yles z ,que5 ,ann brasses4 ,! h&les 7 fa/5$ to ! plates ) brass-head$ screw bolts 79 ! common] types ! plates 7 disp5s$ )74 ,*ipp5dale & 8 foll[]s us$ an adaptation ( ! will[ brass1 plac+ ov] ! pla9 plate a fretwork grille or ornam5tal plate ( ?9 brass4 ,!n came ! bail h&le & ! oval plate ) bead$ ornam5tation1 adopt$ by ,hepple:ite & ,adams4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 ! drop & ! bail 7 made 9 a fancy design 9 keep+ ) ,*ipp5dale %ells & ornam5t4 ,! rosette & r+ h&le ( ! ye> #ahjj & onw>ds is a feature to be notic$1 ! r\nd plate be+ pi]c$ 9 ! c5tre in/ead ( at ! sides z 9 ! bail h&le4 ,! r+ :i* =m$ ! h&le hung f ! c5tral screw4 ,?is got ov] ! difficulty ( ! necess>y groove 9 :i* ! old bail h&le _h fall51 & all[$ = a deep] projection & m ornam5tal /amp+4 ,su* h&les 7 9 vogue 9 ! ,empire p]iod4 ,!re 7 heavi] h&les1 too1 :i* (t5 took ! =m ( a lion's head in/ead ( an ornam5tal patt]n1 ! r+ hang+ f ! m\? ( ! lion1 ^! be+ (t5 m9iature replicas ( ! brass door knock]4 ,^! beautiful h&les & ! delightful brass knock]s :i* 7 us$ on furniture & doors concurr5tly gave way to ! ugly h&les ( ! ,victorian age1 :5 wood & glass knobs reign$ supreme4 ,x 0 a sad picture ( ! decad5ce ( popul> ta/e1 = !re c be no "q z to ! m arti/ic & ornam5tal decorativ5ess ( ! brassf\nd]'s art ov] t ( ! wood-turn] z exemplifi$ by ! products ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,at ! "t :5 ! diff]5t /yles 9 furniture decoration influ5c$ brasswork1 includ+ h&les1 knobs1 lock-plates1 & h+es1 a gradual *ange 0 go+ on 9 ! ca/ors us$ on furniture4 ,! squ>e legs requir$ a squ>e-socket$ ca/or2 !n came ! cabrioles or brass coll>s to ! ca/ors1 v ornam5tal & suitable to ! /yle ( ! %ap$ legs ( mahogany furniture ornam5t$ by c>v+ & curi\sly turn$4 ,! runn]s ( ! ca/ors 7 *iefly ( brass & g5]ally v sub/antial4 ,! brass :eels held sway until ! inv5tion ( ! vitrifi$ b[l1 :i* seem$ to h>monize bett] ) ,victorian mahogany4 ,9 re/oration "w ! collector %\ld see to x t ! ca/ors us$ are 9 keep+ ) ! furniture1 = if no g5u9e antiques are available !re are mod]n replicas ( all ! /yles4 ,horse ,trapp+s4 ,horse h>ness is heavily load$ ) brass b&s1 buckles1 *a9s1 & trapp+s1 _m ( ! latt] appe>+ to be q sup]flu\s & unnecess>y4 ,x w\ld seem t ! fanciful frets ( p]=at$ brass 7 introduc$ f purely arti/ic motives4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n q correct1 = ev5 ! brass ornam5ts ( to-day are *iefly replicas ( m anci5t trapp+s1 & al?\gh _! =ms may h deviat$ some:at1 ! anci5t idea is q recognizable1 & agriculturi/s & /ablem5 /ill dem& _! ret5tion4 ,su* brasses1 :i* n[ make up s ent]ta9+ a collection1 h mean+s2 inde$1 9 ! e>li] examples ! designs are true to well-und]/ood symbols :i* may or may n 9 _! use h a b5eficial influ5ce4 ,to ! sup]/iti\s !y are n m]ely trapp+s2 !y are *>ms ( real purpose 7see ,fig4 #ia74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--;,,collection ,,( ,,brass ,,amulets 7,,h>ness ,,brasses74 7,9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,*as4 ,wayte1 ( ,ed5bridge47 ,9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry !re is a l+]+ sup]/ition :i* aids & abets ! cont9uance ( ! use ( amulets4 ,inde$1 ! v g5]al belief 9 ! protective value ( symbols1 ! true hi/ory & orig9 ( :i* may h be5 =gott51 is truly a/oni%+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable indications t old fables & beliefs1 ant$at+ 9 _! orig9 ! introduction ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 ?is c\ntry1 h a hold /ill on rural di/ricts1 is se5 9 ! brass h>ness trapp+s us$ by all classes alike4 ,ye>s ago ! mak]s ( h>ness fa%ion$ _! brasses ) c>e1 & ! arti/s :o engrav$ !m & cut !m out ( solid plates ( metal lab\r$ long & t$i\sly 9 produc+ exact replicas ( simil> ornam5ts :i* _h be5 us$ f "t immemorial4 ,!y r>ely deviat$ f ! emblems !y copi$ to any mat]ial ext5t1 al?\gh new designs 7 at times add$1 bas$ possibly on "s specific local emblem :i* 0 !n ga9+ notoriety4 ,!n came ! less exp5sive processes ( reproduction by ca/+ & /amp+1 :i* multipli$ ! designs & v (t5 made !m grotesque 9 ! eyes ( exp]ts & ^? :o _h be5 accu/om$ to realize & und]/& a true mean+ 9 ! designs !y _h be5 famili> )4 ,! ornam5tal brasses :i* hung 9 r[s r\nd horses' necks1 & conspicu\sly on ! =eheads or *e/s ( ! animals1 deem$ insep>able f a set ( h>ness 9 old5 times1 7 reg>d$ z *>ms1 protective aga9/ dang]1 accid5t1 &1 9 wild] times1 p]ils unkn[n to-day4 ,^! v pleas+ objects 9 brass1 :i* look s h&some :5 poli%$ & arrang$ on a clo?-cov]$ %ield 9 ! h>ness-room1 or1 p]*ance1 fram$ z a trophy = ! hall or gun-room1 are s v>i$1 & yet = ! mo/ "p q di/9ct1 t x is said ne>ly two hundr$ designs are collectable4 ,a complete set ( brasses1 z worn by "o horse prop]ly h>ness$1 includes ! face brass already m5tion$ z ! *ief ornam5t on ! =ehead1 e>-brasses hang+ beh9d ! e>s1 ?ree brasses on ea* side ( ! %\ld]s1 & t5 m>t+ale 7a /rap pass+ f ! horse's gir? betwe5 8 =elegs7 brasses = ! brea/4 ,to trace _! purport & h5ce _! =ms x may be po9t$ out t !y are associat$ ) ! folk-lore ( ! di/ricts :]e !y 7 orig9ally us$1 & 7 *iefly int5d$ to keep (f ! ,evil ,eye or calamity4 ,!y g back a long way into ! pa/1 & are ne>ly all attributable to symbols und]/ood by ! ,saxons1 e>ly ,briti%1 & /ill old] races4 ,_! mod]n expon5ts are ! gypsies1 & /range z x may seem1 mo/ ( !m are ei!r ,buddhi/1 ,egyptian1 or ,moori%4 ,! g5u9e antiques include su* well-kn[n emblems z ! cresc5t1 ! symbol br\ght back1 x is said1 by ! ,crusad]s f ,ea/]n l&s4 ,! cresc5t moon1 l ! horse%oe brass1 is valu$4 ,!re are o!rs %[+ ! radiat$ sun's rays indicat+ ! sun wor%ip ( our ance/ors4 ,conspicu\s among ! floral emblems may be notic$ ! iris2 ! lotus ( ,egypt is a common emblem1 (t5 enclos$ 9 a cresc5t-l =m1 occasionally met ) 9 a %ield-l frame4 ,!re are ! bull's head ) horns & ! horse ( ! ,saxon bann]1 bo? ess5tially ,engli% types4 ,!n !re are clubs & diamonds1 he>ts & spades1 & _m hea!n symbols4 ,9 a few in/ances brasses 9 ! %ape ( crosses are met )1 b ^! are r>e2 possibly !y 7 introduc$ 9 ! days ( ! ,cant]bury pilgrims4 ,9 ?is connection may be relat$ a pretty /ory ( ! good luck associat$ ) ! horse%oe1 :i* comes f ,russia1 :]e peasants us$ to pa9t a picture ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y ) a gold5 halo r\nd h] head outside _! doors to protect !m f h>m4 ,! sn[s & ! ra9s wa%$ (f ! pa9t1 b left ! m la/+ gild+ 9 ! %ape ( ! horse%oe4 ,h5ce x is said ! sup]/iti\s leg5d ( ! protective p[] or good luck ( ! symbolical horse%oe1 or ! cresc5t moon1 is spread all ! _w ov]4 ,ano!r leg5d tells u h[ ! ,greeks & ,romans gave ! _w ! cresc5t moon z an emblem ( good luck1 s _m ?\s&s ( replicas ( :i* h be5 fa%ion$ 9 brass & us$ z horse trapp+s by horsem5 ( all races4 ,! cresc5t moon 0 to ^? nations ! symbol ( _! loyalty to ! huntress ,diana1 ! goddess !y wor%ipp$ z a protector "u _m v>i$ conditions4 ,an exceptionally f9e e>ly brass ( cresc5t =m is se5 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :]e !re are o!r e>ly specim5s po9t+ to ! anci5t & v g5]al acceptance ( ! belief 9 ! pot5cy ( symbolical horse trapp+s z talismans aga9/ evil & dang]s ( ! road1 happily unkn[n n[4 ,almo/ z common is ! brass fa%ion$ l ! sun god1 ^: face 0 s (t5 look$ ^u ) awe by ! anci5ts4 ,side by side ) ^! pagan symbols ! emblems adapt$ by pilgrims 9 days :5 ,*ri/ianity _h be5 made ! religion ( ! race c be se5 to-day1 /ill adorn+ ! brea/ ( ! horse4 ,! amulet or *>m is n altoge!r bani%$ at ! pres5t day4 ,x has be5 worn at ! wat* *a91 r\nd ! neck1 on a bangle1 & susp5d$ f ! *atela9e or ! girdle4 ,! great] use ( ! road by motori/ & cycli/ has once m br\ght into prom95ce ! amulet or mascot1 c>ri$ 9 front ( ! rid]4 ,! riv]-girl places a mascot on ! pr[ ( h] boat1 & ! aviator screws 8 mascot into position = luck4 ,:y ?is %\ld be done we _c tell2 ! g5]al belief is 9 "s my/]i\s advantage f ! pres5ce ( ! mascot--an accept$ !ory by ! sceptical man :o %akes 8 head & secretly m>vels at ! folly ( ! belief4 ,/range to say _m ( ! pres5t-day mascots 9 brass--& t is ! fav\rite metal--are modell$ ^u amulets su* z we h ref]r$ to z f9d+ _! orig9 9 pagan fai?s4 ,!re are o!rs us$ by motori/s1 su* z ,cs>1 ! late ,k+ ,edw>d's dog1 ! ,*antecl]1 & ! /ag's head1 :i* h no my/ic mean+s2 on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ fav\r$ are su* brasses z ! /> & cres5t & ! ris+ sun ( pagan wor%ip ( our ance/ors1 & ,m]cury ! ,greek god4 ,! brass mascot us$ 9 e =m1 l>ge & small1 by motori/s & worn by _m o!rs s ext5sively is ! ,swa/ika ( ,buddhi/ fame1 traceable 9 its v>i$ =m to ,egyptian & o!r e>ly nations4 ,^! mascots 9 brass1 made 9 ?\s&s to-day1 are brass curios 9 ! mak+2 possibly 9 a c5tury or s !y may be class$ ) ! olde/ brass amulets describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 & s add to ! metal relics to be collect$ by future curio-hunt]s6 ,copp] ,%ea?+ & ,nails4 ,copp] %ea?+ has be5 us$ by boat-build]s & made to s]ve a useful purpose1 protect+ ! %ip's bottom & resi/+ ! action ( salt wat]4 ,(t5times ?is valuable mat]ial--co/ly :5 new--has be5 us$ ov] aga9 :5 vessels h be5 brok5 up1 & n infrequ5tly x is put to curi\s uses 9 old seaport t[ns4 ,visitors to an old-_w village built on ! side ( a hill ne> ! sea 9 ,nor? ,cornwall1 h look$ ) admiration ^u two rem>kable gatepo/s 9 front ( a cottage h\se1 & admir$ _! qua9t c>v+s4 ,^! relics 9 oak 7 once ! ends ( seats 9 a neighb\r+ p>i% *ur*2 b ei!r to pres]ve !m f injury f ! village *ildr5 or to give !m a long] life z !y w\ld be expos$ to ! wea!r1 ! upp] portions h be5 %ea!d ) copp] f ! bottom ( "s brok5-up wreck1 & l>ge copp] nails keep ! cas+ 9 place4 ,copp] & brass nails h be5 us$ = ornam5t z well z to resi/ acids & o!r metal-de/roy+ *emicals4 ,old furniture is evid5ce ( ?is2 = at "o "t ! lea!r cov]s to ! *airs 7 almo/ inv>iably fix$ by r\nd-head$ brass /uds1 :i* f t use became kn[n 9 ! trade z *air nails4 ,su* nails 7 us$ to ornam5t brass bell[s & o!r dome/ic ut5sils4 ,!y 7 also us$ to decorate ! sk9-cov]$ trunks :i* our ance/ors took ) !m on _! r>e j\rneys ( pleasure or bus9ess1 :5 !y travell$ by ! mail-coa* or less exp5sive /age wagon4 ,nails ( brass h be5 us$ & are /ill sometimes us$ = sadd] purposes1 = !y are a feature 9 ! ornam5t ( clo?-cov]$ c(f9s4 ,t ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vi 0 decorat$ 7sic7 ) upw>ds ( two ?\s& brass nails ) gilt heads4 ,w> ,relics4 ,:at wond]ful antiquities are sometimes f\nd among scraps6 ,ye>s ( neglect cause indiff]5ce to ! cont5ts ( a scrapheap1 & we read occasionally ( ! disp]sal ( relics among :i*1 unkn[n to ei!r sell]s or buy]s1 !re may be antiquities ( m ?an pass+ int]e/ if _! orig9al own]%ip c\ld only be trac$1 = 9 ! p]sonal relics ( great w>riors 9 our national museums !re cl+s a halo ( h]o-wor%ip1 & :at to _m w\ld be consid]$ fictiti\s values are atta*$ to su* curios4 ,a few ye>s ago ! relics f ! battlefield ( ,wat]loo1 :i* _h = "s "t pa/ be5 accumulat$ 9 a mode/ look+ build+ at ! foot ( ! ,lion ,m\nd1 7 disp]s$4 ,!re 7 upw>ds ( ?ree ?\s& pieces1 includ+ helmets ( brass1 plates ( %9+ metal1 innum]able buttons & ornam5ts belong+ to diff]5t ,fr5* regim5ts1 includ+ (fic]s' regim5tals1 & "s relics ( ! ,briti% & ,prussian armies4 ,9 old curio-%ops _m metal relics ( battlefields are (f]$ = sale1 b !y h little or no int]e/ to ! buy]1 simply because _! id5tity ) _! orig9al own]s has be5 lo/4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance to future g5]ations ( collectors t all records relat+ to kn[n curios %\ld be *ronicl$1 & t ev5 private collectors %\ld h& on to _! successors adequate descriptions :i* may h be5 v]bally giv5 !m1 s t private z well z national relics may be id5tifi$ & ! monet>y value 9 su* curios increas$4 ,ev5 a brass plate on an old gun1 be>+ ! "n ( a great man1 makes x a relic wor? secur+1 :]eas _h ! id5tity ( own]%ip be5 miss+ ! weapon w\ld be ( little or no value4 ,a visit to ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum at ,we/m9/] is full ( int]e/4 ,!re is an abundance ( p]sonal relics !re--n _m ( brass1 x is true--_m ( :i* are ( special int]e/4 ,p]haps ! "o ( greate/ hi/orical fame is ! mu* batt]$ copp] bugle on :i* x is said ! signal 0 giv5 = ! fatal *>ge ( ! ,light ,brigade at ,balaclava1 result+ s disa/r\sly to t fam\s regim5t4 ,!re are "s curi\s trophies ( brass1 too1 :i* h be5 br\ght home by our troops2 "o kn[n z ,j+l+ ,johnny is ( special int]e/4 ,t9y ,curios4 ,at "o "t !re 0 q a rage = m9iatures 9 metal-"w4 ,arti/s 9 copp] & brass vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 work+ microscopically4 ,!y 7 v fond ( mak+ use ( "s recogniz$ piece ( metal1 ! size1 weight1 & sub/ance ( :i* 0 well und]/ood by ! public2 h5ce ! difficulties ( manipulat+ ! works ( art !y produc$ w\ld be realiz$4 ,?us1 out ( a copp] f>?+1 a work] 9 metal w\ld ) v t9y hamm]s & a /ill small] sold]+-iron & m9iature bl[-pipe1 fa%ion a complete copp] teakettle ) a t9y sp\t out ( :i* liquid c\ld be p\r$1 a loose lid1 a correctly =m$ knob1 & a beautifully %ap$ h&le4 ,ano!r w\ld make a simil> kettle out ( a simil> piece ( metal1 & leave "s portion ( ! f>?+1 p]haps ! date1 un9jur$ z ! c5tral ornam5t on ! side ( ! kettle1 or on ! top ( ! h&le2 o!rs w\ld add a /&1 l ! !n fa%ionable toddy-kettles & /&s4 ,9 a simil> way o!r little dome/ic ut5sils 7 made by ! work] 9 copp]1 :o us$ wat*mak]s' hamm]s & tools su* z jewell]s employ$ 9 ! sett+ ( preci\s /ones4 ,a collector at "o "t _h 9 8 possession a beautifully %ap$ c(fee boil] ( ! type us$ on ! op5 fire :5 c(fee 0 boil$ & aft]w>ds all[$ to /& on ! hob = "s "t be=e x 0 deem$ suffici5tly brew$4 ,ano!r *>m+ m9iature novelty 0 a brass /ool1 p]=at$1 & made to revolve j z ! l>g] toa/+ /ool once common 9 e fireplace4 ,f5d]s & fire-brasses 7 fav\rite objects = m9iature metal ornam5ts1 & ! way 9 :i* ! skill$ work] manipulat$ ! copp] %eets hamm]$ out by h& f small co9s %[$ ma/]y ( ! craft & great pati5ce4 ,su* little objects 7 frequ5tly display$ on ! p>l\r table "u a glass %ade1 ! woodwork] be+ sometimes requisition$ to make a /&1 possibly a canopi$ top1 on :i* to %[ (f to ! be/ advantage ^! t9y ornam5ts4 ,9 ! same way ! engrav] ( brass & copp] work$ "u a /rong l5s1 & s\ght to produce :ole texts ( ,scripture & q long inscriptions on an almo/ impossibly small surface4 ,^! little pieces ( metal 7 worn z *>ms1 & simil> objects 7 display$ z trophies4 ,_m ( our read]s h se5 no d\bt ! :ole ( ! ,"l's ,pray] or ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts engrav$ on a ?reep5ny-piece or a copp] f>?+4 ,x is said su* microscopic engrav+ took its rise 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii :5 ,?omas ,simon1 a not$ engrav] ( ! ,m9t1 engrav$ 9 d\ble l9es on 8 fam\s ,petition ,cr[n a petition to ! k+4 ,specim5s ( ! cr[n are v r>e1 & are reg>d$ z ! sc>ce/ treasures 9 a numismatic cab9et4 ,replicas4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be po9t$ out t !re is no bran* ( curio collect+ :i* has su* a close & intimate t\* ) mod]n art z t ( copp] & brass4 ,! tools ) :i* ! anci5t copp]smi?s wr\ght & fa%ion$ _! mo/ beautiful works are /ill us$ by ! copp]smi?s ( to-day1 = al?\gh 9 ! eyes ( "s ! traces ( ma*9e-/amp$ or press$ ornam5t 9 ! s-call$ reproductions ( ! antiques are noticeable blemi%es1 !re are few di/+ui%+ m>ks betwe5 ! old & ! new4 ,^? mod]n arti/s :o specialize 9 provid+ ^? :o furni% _! h\ses 9 antique /yle ) replicas ( ! dome/ic copp]-"w ( a c5tury or two ago1 are v c>eful to produce _! mod]n antique by ! use ( tools :i* produce precisely simil> effects to ! hamm]$-by-h& copp]-"w ( days gone by4 ,9 ! production ( su* "w ! rep\ss enri*m5ts are wr\ght by h&1 ! anvil /ill hold+ sway 9 ! mod]n copp]smi?'s %op4 ,r>ely is sold]+ us$1 ! p>ts be+ rivet$ toge!r4 ,9 _m cases al?\gh j>d9i]es & o!r vessels h ! appe>ance ( be+ ca/ 9 a m\ld !y are really holl[$ up "u ! rim by hamm] & block1 & are )\t seam or jo9+4 ,!y are fa%ion$ exactly ! same way z ! beat5 "w ( old4 ,collectors may be w>n$ aga9/ ^! mod]n reproductions 9 t !y %\ld be c>eful to pay a mod]n price = a mod]n antique4 ,! /yles reproduc$ are *iefly ^? ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,elizabe?an & ,cromwellian p]iods4 ,?us electroli]s are made to mat* antique furniture1 ! diff]5ce be+ t in/ead ( hold+ electric bulbs ! antique w\ld h be5 fa%ion$ = c&les or oil lamps4 ,_m ( ! mod]n reproductions ( copp] panels us$ = lett+ into mantelpieces are designs1 c>efully copi$1 tak5 f old b>onial halls4 ,! v grates ( ormolu & brass & ! canopies ( hamm]$ copp] & brass are be+ made to-day by ! same firms :o manufactur$ ! metal-"w design$ by ! ,adam ,bro!rs1 & :o 9 ! eighte5? c5tury _h already become fam\s z mak]s ( coal /oves & hob-grates4 ,!n1 aga91 9 ! utilit>ian reproductions ( to-day !re are ! copp] & brass f5d] k]bs1 reproduc+ ! eighte5?-c5tury f5d]s )\t _! bottom plates1 & = use ) !m ! mod]n manufactur] makes fire-dogs & fire-brasses ( antique /yles4 ,ev5 ! build]'s brasswork = ornam5t+ ! int]iors ( h\ses1 su* z f+]-plates & door h&les1 are exact copies ( ! old door-plates & lock-plates f\nd on doors & cupbo>ds 9 exi/+ h\ses built 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 & 9 _! designs & processes ( manufacture x is difficult to di/+ui% ! g5u9e antique f ! mod]n replica4 ,aga91 ! buy] ( su* ?+s is w>n$ aga9/ ! unscrupul\s deal] :o fills 8 w9d[s ) brass & copp]-"w1 almo/ hot f ! ,birm+ham f\ndry1 & labels x ,antique4 ,n long ago "s ( ! %op w9d[s 7 fill$ ) *e/nut roa/]s 9 brass1 ) beautifully design$ trivets1 ) door knock]s innum]able1 & ) ev5 pipe-/opp]s & tobacco-boxes1 all q rec5tly made 9 ! ,black ,c\ntry4 ,yet all ^! objects1 sold z mod]n by ! hone/ deal]1 h be5 & are /ill n infrequ5tly palm$ (f z antique1 = !y h ! f9i% :i* age 9 =m] ye>s 0 wont to imp>t1 & 9 design & /yle !y are correct reproductions ( ! g5u9e antique4 ,! collection ( metal has a peculi> *>m1 = ! objects are s num]\s & ! diff]5t alloys produce su* a pleas+ v>iety ( col\r & appe>ance4 ,! value ( su* curios is n[ m fully recogniz$ ?an =m]ly1 = great] prom95ce is be+ giv5 to !m 9 museums1 :]e 9 ^? :i* h be5 re-arrang$ rec5tly su* objects may be se5 ) labels on :i* _! uses are fully describ$ & expla9$4 ,,xx ,,wr9kles ,,= ,,collectors ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,wr9kles ,,= ,,collectors ,clean+ copp] & brass--,lacqu]+ metal--,poli%+ brass--,re/or+ antique f9i%es--,us+ ! burni%]--,brass rubb+s4 ,! collector has frequ5tly to decide :e!r he w entru/ ! repair ( "s mu* batt]$ curio to a local workman or und]take ! rle ( an amateur work] & repair] ( copp] or brass4 ,!re are _m :o pref] ! latt] c\rse2 unless ! antique ne$s exp]t skill1 & !n1 if a valuable specim51 x %\ld be s5t to "o ^: pr(essional k w enable him to c>ry out its re/oration )\t injury4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m m9or matt]s :i*1 ) a few simple tools1 & recipes :i* c be prep>$ q easily1 ! collector c v satisfactorily accompli%4 ,be=e attempt+ to clean or repair old copp] & brass curios or ^? objects :i* are made all or 9 "p ( ei!r ( !m or ( any ( _! alloys1 x is well to "k some?+ ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! metals usually met )4 ,fir/ on ! li/ comes anci5t bronzes compos$ ma9ly ( copp] & t9 on no accept$ =mula1 b g5]ally 9 ! proportion ( ab\t ?ree to "o4 ,mod]n /atu>y bronze is made 9 sev]al proportions2 "o comp\nd is giv5 by an au?ority z copp]1 #hc p>ts2 t91 #e p>ts2 z9c1 #aj p>ts2 & lead1 #b p>ts2 & by ano!r z copp]1 #ia p>ts2 t91 #i p>ts4 ,bronze ornam5ts are mo/ly copp]1 #hj p>ts2 t91 #c p>ts2 z9c1 #ae p>ts2 & lead1 #b p>ts4 ,gongs are ( copp]1 #hj p>ts2 & t91 #bj p>ts--"s ,ori5tal alloys h a little silv] add$4 ,! ormolu ( ! brassf\nd]1 us$ ext5sively by ,fr5* metal-work]s1 has m copp] & less z9c ?an brass4 ,r$ brass consi/s ( copp]1 #be p>ts2 z9c1 #e p>ts2 & bismu?1 #a "p4 ,yell[ brass is made ( copp]1 #ce p>ts2 & z9c1 #ae p>ts4 ,p9*beck metal1 ( :i* wat*cases & jewell]y h be5 made1 consi/s ( copp]1 #aj p>ts2 & ( z9c1 #b p>ts4 ,antimony imp>ts a ri* r$ to copp]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs "s v useful wr9kles are giv53 ,clean+ ,copp] & ,brass4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to w>n ! collector aga9/ ov] clean+1 = to rub light bronzes :i* age has ton$ or encru/$ ) a beautiful pat9a w\ld be v&alism inde$4 ,yet !re are _m objects :i* require att5tion :5 !y arrive f ! auction m>t or curio-%op4 ,anci5t bronzes %\ld be wa%$ 9 soap & wat] ) s(t bru% or flannel--n scrubb$--& !n dri$ 9 hot sawdu/4 ,if any poli%+ is necess>y1 a *amois lea!r or an old silk h&k]*ief w be suffici5t4 ,! gre5 pat9a or v]digris ( antique metals %\ld n be remov$ nor its col\r+ spoil$ ) clean+4 ,copp] vessels1 h[ev]1 d v frequ5tly require clean+4 ,:5 !y h turn$ a blui% gre5--n ! mu* admir$ pat9a--!y may be clean$ by mak+ a pa/e ( well p[d]$ *alk & me?ylat$ _s4 ,?is prep>ation %\ld be rubb$ on & !n left until ! _s has evaporat$ & ! *alk is q dry1 at :i* /age x c be remov$ & ! copp] poli%$ ) crocus p[d] or f9e *alk4 ,ow+ to long neglect !re are "s metal curios :i* _c be ?or\ghly cleans$ )\t a p[]ful solv5t4 ,a weak solution ( oxalic acid may be safely appli$ ) a piece ( wooll5 mat]ial2 x w remove ! t>ni%1 & !n1 aft] well wa%+1 ! metal c be poli%$ ) f9e *alk or :it+4 ,:5 ! brass is spott$ ) damp b n too deeply m>k$1 *alk & spirits ( turp5t9e w g5]ally effect ! purpose j z well4 ,ano!r recipe =m]ly mu* fav\r$ by h\sewives 9 ! days :5 copp] vessels 7 mu* 9 evid5ce1 is to rub !m ov] ) half a lemon dipp$ 9 salt2 !n aft] wa%+ poli% ) a s(t clo?4 ,?is is a useful recipe 9 t x does n injure an antique appe>ance or pat9a1 b x w remove /a9s4 ,a some:at m p[]ful prep>ation = metal-"w is a clean+ pa/e made z foll[s3 oxalic acid1 #a oz42 rott5 /one1 #f oz2 gum arabic1 #a_/b oz42 sweet oil1 #a oz42 & !n add z mu* wat] z necess>y4 ,! foll[+ recipe is giv5 = ! b5efit ( advanc$ collectors :o wi% to avail !mselves ( mod]n me?ods4 ,su* w no d\bt delight 9 exp]im5t+ on ! cleans+ ( newly acquir$ curios ) a clean+ prep>ation op]at$ by an electric curr5t4 ,cau/ic soda1 #a_/b lb42 sal soda1 #a_/b lb42 res91 #a_/d oz42 & wat]1 #a gallon2 #d to #h volts & a curr5t d5sity ( #ab amps4 ,! great] ! d5sity ( ! curr5t ! quick] ! clean+ is p]=m$4 ,a temp]ature ( #abj ,fahr4 is recomm5d$4 ,lacqu]+ ,metal4 ,:5 x is desir$ to lacqu] or coat ov] metal to prev5t any future oxidation 7n commonly desir$ by collectors ( antiques7 ! copp] or brass article %\ld be pickl$ = sev]al h\rs 9 aqua =tis dilut$ ) wat]4 ,! acid w rot away a c]ta9 portion ( ! t>ni%$ surface & leave ! metal bright4 ,! article %\ld !n be put into bran & well %ak5 until q dry4 ,x is !n ready to be clean$1 &1 if desir$1 poli%$ bright4 ,old brasswork may be relacqu]$ by ! amateur ) a little exp]i5ce1 practice1 & c>e4 ,fir/ ( all x mu/ be clean$4 ,! liquid :i* is be/ suit$ to ! purpose may be made ( a /rong lye ( wood a%es boil$ & /r5g!n$ ) soap lees4 ,?is w fet* ! old lacqu] (f4 ,! article %\ld !n be dipp$ 9 aqua =tis & wat] to take (f ! dirt1 & imm$iately remov$ & cleans$ ) clean wat]1 & !n :5 dri$ x is ready to be lacqu]$4 ,!re are two processes 9 simple lacqu]+1 :i* may be def9$ z cold & hot4 ,! cold lacqu] is ! application ( a prep>ation ( brass lacqu]1 :i* c be pur*as$ f any oil-%op1 *emi/1 or metal deal]1 put on ) a camelhair-bru% l v>ni%1 & imm$iately plac$ 9 an ov5 or a hot /ove1 & expos$ to ! heat = a few m9utes until ! lacqu] is q firm & set4 ,a gas-ov5 su* z ^? 9 common use 9 s _m kit*5s n[adays answ]s ! purpose v well4 ,! second me?od is ! application ( lacqu] aft] ! article has be5 heat$4 ,! heat+ may be done 9 a gas-ov51 or by ! application ( a flat-iron su* z is us$ by laundresses4 ,!n lacqu] %\ld be appli$ hot1 & if ! object lacqu]$ has cool$ 9 ! process heat %\ld aga9 be appli$ z 9 ! fir/ process4 ,x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood t clean+ & relacqu]+ old brass & copp]-"w %\ld be done ) v great c>e & ) a full appreciation ( ! curio value ( old f9i%1 & ( ! m>ks & evid5ces ( age :i* are s de> to ! collector4 ,! pickl+ ( brasswork 9 acid & subsequ5t lacqu]+ %\ld only be resort$ to :5 x is absolutely necess>y to effect su* re/oration1 & to make ! objects suffici5tly pres5table s t !y may be includ$ 9 a cab9et or exhibit$ 9 ! collection ( metal curios2 = ! possession ( old copp] & brass is no?+ )\t ! opportunity ( %[+ x4 ,!re are "s speciali/s :o devote _! att5tion to ! re/oration & bronz+ ( m$ival & e>ly ecclesia/ical "w4 ,x may on occasion be necess>y to consult su* a firm be=e attempt+ any?+ :i* w\ld sav\r ( v&alism & rob ! pres5t-day possessor & curio-hunt] ( ! future ( :at might ev5tually become a r>e antiquity4 ,poli%+ ,brass4 ,x may at times be necess>y to poli% p>ts ( curios :i* h be5 subject$ to r\gh we> & are1 !re=e1 badly scrat*$4 ,a v f9e file w remove scrat*es2 f9e em]y w !n make ! surface q smoo?1 aft] :i* x c be poli%$ ) rott5 /one & oil1 "s add+ a little turp5t9e4 ,re/or+ ,antique ,f9i%es4 ,!re are _m beautiful antiques :i* h be5 subject$ to r\gh usage or ?r\gh "s accid5t h _h ! oxidation rubb$ (f 9 p>ts4 ,to clean su* an antique s z to secure uni=mity ( appe>ance w\ld be a mi/ake4 ,x is bett] to re/ore ! f9i% & imitate t :i* age has imp>t$4 ,! solution requir$ is #fj gr4 nitrate ( silv] & #b-a_/b oz4 wat]1 mix$ ) a solution ( #fj gr4 nitrate ( copp] & #b-a_/b oz4 wat]4 ,aft] ! solution has be5 appli$ to ! p>ts ! object %\ld be heat$ 9 a gas-ov5 until x is suffici5tly d>k col\r$4 ,"s "t ago an exp]t 9 ,indian antiques1 bronzes1 & metal-"w publi%$ 9 ,! ,times ( ,india an acc\nt ( h[ ,ori5tal bronze & brass :i* _h be5 soil$ & scrat*$ by "t & climatic conditions might be re/or$4 ,! writ] w5t on to describe h[ ! great secret ( re/or+ ! dull half-gre5 & half-br[n %ades _h be5 reveal$ to him4 ,! rem$y he prop\nd$ 0 simple 9 ! extreme4 ,x 0 t ! /atue %\ld be wa%$ 9 be]1 :i* %\ld n be rubb$ (f b all[$ to dry on4 ,us+ ! ,burni%]4 ,! amateur re/or] may frequ5tly ) advantage acquire a k ( ! burni%]1 & !reby add mu* to ! beauty ( ! metal4 ,^? :o h wat*$ an old copp]smi? plani%+ copp]-"w1 & h notic$ ! v primitive mat]ials us$1 w h le>nt to realize ! value ( elb[ grease4 ,crocus p[d] ) oil & s(t rags works wond]s1 & w (t5 br+ up ! orig9al f9i% j z ! copp]smi? conv]ts ! r\gh dull poli% ( ! metal %eets he has fa%ion$ into dome/ic copp] w>e & %9+ pots & pans4 ,brass ,rubb+s4 ,rubb+s ( *ur* & memorial brasses ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,vii may be tak5 ) heel-ball1 :i* is a comp\nd ( beeswax1 & pla9 :ite pap]4 ,:5 ! brass has be5 ev5ly rubb$ all ov] ! picture is complete & ready = m\nt+4 ,x %\ld !n be cut out & pa/$ on a prep>$ surface ( f9e canvas or calico1 ?us giv+ ! rubb+ an appe>ance l tape/ry4 ,x c be t\*$ up 9 col\rs1 if !re is any h]aldic enamell$ "w on ! orig9al4 ,x c !n be siz$ & /ret*$ on a frame ready = hang+ on a wall4 ,,index ,,index ,african curios1 #cji-caa ,alms-di%es1 #adj-adc ,alt> brasses1 #adb-adc ,amulets1 #cc1 #cgc-cge ,anci5t art1 #gj-gb ,anci5t bronze1 #ch-da ,aquamaniles1 #aja1 #cbf ,arab influ5ce1 #bfg ,ar*itectural metal-"w1 #aba-abd ,arms & arm\r1 #ajf-aji ,art influ5ce1 #abh ,a%anti curios1 #cji ,a%-trays1 #cfe ,a/rolabes1 #be ,badges ( metal1 #ajb ,ball & cross ( ,/4 ,paul's1 #adc-add ,b>omet] ( bronze1 #cda ,b>r[s1 anci5t1 #be ,ba?1 #ef ,batt]sea enamels1 #ca1 #ceg ,bell f\nd+1 #dc ,bell-metal1 #dc1 #bag-bai ,bells1 #bag-bbf1 #bhb1 #cji ,b5>es brasswork1 #bhj ,b59 bronzes1 #cjg-cji ,betel-nut boxes1 #bf1 #bgh1 #bhb ,betel-nut cutt]s1 #bgi ,bidri w>e1 #bf1 #bgg ,bil/on enamels1 #ca ,boadicea1 ,que51 #ia ,boil+-pots1 #ih-aja ,b[ls1 #hd ,brass 7( comm]ce71 #db-dc ,brass in/rum5ts1 #cdj-cde ,brass mak+1 #de-df ,brass rubb+s1 #cic ,brasses1 #bf ,brazi]1 #bf ,brazi]s' ,company1 #aag ,briti% ,museum exhibits1 #ei1 #fe1 #afh1 #cji1 #cbf1 #cej1 #cef1 #ceg ,bronze1 #bg ,bronze ,age1 #ch1 #ff ,bronze alloys1 #bg ,bronze celts1 #be ,bronze implem5ts1 #fi ,bronze knives1 #be ,bronze reap+-hooks1 #gb ,bronze saucepans1 #bhc ,bronzes & _! replicas1 #bdi-beh ,bronzes1 ,greek1 #gi-ha ,buckl]s1 bronze1 #bh1 #fi ,buckles1 #aje ,bullock bells1 #bgi ,burni%+ metal1 #bic ,caldrons1 #hc1 #afj1 #afd ,c&le clock1 #bjh ,c&les1 #aii-bjd ,c&le/icks1 #aci1 #adj1 #aie-baa1 #cja1 #cej ,c>d c\nt]s1 #bi ,c5tral ,africa1 curios f1 #caj1 #caa ,*amplev enamel1 #cj ,*auff]ette1 #bh1 #abh ,*atties1 #bh ,*imney ornam5ts1 #ahd-ahh ,*9ese bronzes1 #da1 #db1 #bhc-bhh ,*9ese enamels1 #ceb-cee ,*9ese influ5ce on art1 #aca ,*ur* brasswork1 #acg-aea ,circe-p]du process1 #bh1 #bgg ,cir5ce/] curios1 #ed ,ci/]ns & taps1 #cbb ,city guilds1 #aaf-aba ,civic emblems1 #bca-bce ,classic bronzes1 #bed ,classifi$ arrangem5t1 #ahh-aia ,clean+ copp] & brass1 #chh-cij ,clockmak]s' ,company's collection1 #ccf ,clocks1 #cbi1 #ccd-cci ,cloisonn enamels1 #cj ,c(fee-pots1 #bfd1 #bfh ,cont95tal copp] & brass1 #cag-cbf ,cook+-pots1 #afj ,copp] z alloy1 #dd-dg ,copp] m9+1 #dd1 #de ,copp] pans1 #afg ,copp] %ea?+1 #cgg ,copp]smi?1 !1 #cg ,c\nt]s ( brass1 #bi ,c\vre de feu1 #bi1 #ajb ,cromwell clocks1 #ccf ,crusad]s' effigies1 #bf ,crusad]s' relics1 #caa ,cups1 #bga ,curfew1 #bi ,dagg]s1 bronze1 #fi ,damasc5$ metals1 #bi1 #bgg ,diall+1 #cj ,dome/ic brasswork1 #if-ajb ,dome/ic ut5sils1 #aee-aia ,door knock]s1 #abd-abg ,dr9k+ cups1 #age ,dut* brasswork1 #cba ,dut* influ5ce1 #bfd ,egyptian bronzes1 #bfg ,emb] tongs1 #cj ,enamels1 #cj1 #db ,enamels on copp]1 #cdi-ceh ,engrav+ on copp]1 #fa ,exet] ,museum exhibits1 #ahc1 #bci ,ew]s1 #bgg ,fibul1 #ca1 #ga ,fire-mak+ app>atus1 #hg1 #aif-aii ,flagons1 #age ,flag/aff head1 #bce ,foot-w>m]s1 #ahc1 #cbb ,=g]ies1 #gd ,f\nd]s1 #bag-bai ,f\nd]s1 ,wor%ipful ,company (1 #df1 #ig1 #aah1 #bcf ,fr5* art1 #cba ,gemellions1 #aja ,g]man metal-"w1 #cbe1 #cbf ,gipci]es1 #ca1 #ajf ,greek bronzes1 #da1 #db1 #bdi ,greek curios1 #gi-ib ,guildhall ,museum exhibits1 #hc1 #if1 #ajc1 #afh1 #ahc1 #bda1 #cfd ,guild ( ,lor9]s1 #ajg ,h& bas9s1 #cbf ,h&les & h&le-plates1 #cfg ,h&-w>m]s1 #bh1 #abh ,hi/oric bells1 #bai1 #bbj ,hob-grates1 #agh ,hook] bases1 #ca1 #bga ,horns1 #bcb ,horse trapp+s1 #cgj-cga ,h\seplace1 ! cont5ts (1 #age-ahd ,hull ,museum exhibits1 #cdb ,idols1 #hj1 #bic-bih ,indian bronzes1 #bgb ,indian ,museum exhibits1 #bgd-bhj1 #bid ,indian vessels1 #bh ,ink/&s1 #ceg ,italian bronzes1 #cai ,japanese bronzes1 #da1 #db ,japanese enamels1 #ceb-cef ,japanese metals1 #bh ,kaffir bangles & girdles1 #caa ,ka%mir curios1 #bgh ,kettles1 #hc-hg1 #chj ,kit*5 ut5sils1 #aei-age ,knock]s1 #cfh ,lacqu]+ metal1 #cij-cib ,lagos brasses1 #cji ,lamai/ic temple relics1 #bha1 #big ,lamps1 #hh1 #ib1 #aie-baa1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhb ,lant]ns1 #bjg-baa ,lat] metal-"w1 #aae-acb ,latt51 #ca ,limoges enamels1 #cj1 #cba1 #cej ,local museums1 #ei ,lock plates1 #aca ,log boxes1 #ahj ,london ,museum exhibits1 #ei1 #gj1 #ga1 #ia1 #ahj1 #bjg ,london relics1 #fi1 #gj ,luckn[ curios1 #bf1 #bgg ,mace1 #bce ,mansfield m9es1 #dd ,maundy alms-di%1 #aaf ,m$ival antiquities1 #ie-aji ,memorial brasses1 #add-aea ,metal & its alloys1 #cg-di ,microscopes1 #cdb ,microscopic engrav+s1 #cha ,milk cans1 #cbb ,m9iature bronzes & models1 #beg1 #beh1 #cde ,miscellane\s metal curios1 #cfc1 #chd ,mirrors1 #cb1 #gc1 #hg1 #bfg ,monum5tal brasses1 #bf ,moradabad brasswork1 #bhj ,mort>s1 #cb1 #bbf1 #bfh ,muff-w>m]s1 #ahc ,national ,museum1 ,wa%+ton1 #bjc ,native metal-"w1 #cje-caa ,nepal metal-"w1 #bgd1 #bgh ,nom5clature ( metals1 #bg ,norman rema9s1 #eg ,nuremb]g clocks1 #cci ,nutmeg grat]s1 #afc ,oil lamps1 #bjg-baa ,opaque enamels1 #ca ,ori5tal bronzes1 #bfe-bhh ,pat*boxes1 #cej ,pat]a1 #gc ,pat9a1 #cb ,pat9e1 #cb ,p]sian metal-"w1 #bga ,pilgrims' signs1 #cb1 #ajc ,p9s1 #aje ,pipe-/opp]s1 #cj1 #cfd ,pipk9s1 #ahj ,pocket clocks1 #ccd ,poli%+ brass1 #cib ,porridge-pots1 #afc ,portrait placques1 #ceh ,pots & pans1 #afh ,prehi/oric bronzes1 #fe-ge ,pricket c&le/icks1 #bjc ,processes ( enamell+1 #cej-cea ,replicas1 #cha-chc ,re/or+ antiques1 #cib ,ritual vases1 #cja ,roa/+-jacks1 #afj1 #afg ,roman bronzes1 #da1 #bdi ,roman curios1 #gi-ib ,romano-,briti% art1 #ij-ia ,ru%light hold]s1 #bjj ,s>ac5ic influ5ce1 #bfd ,saucepans1 #hc1 #agb ,saxon rema9s1 #eg ,scales1 #bda ,s9halese metal-"w1 #bhb ,skillets1 #agj ,snuff-boxes1 #cej1 #cff ,snuff]s1 #bjd ,snuff-rasps1 #cff ,s\rces ( metals1 #dc1 #dd ,s\? ,african curios1 #caa ,spani% metal-"w1 #cai ,spectacle cases1 #cfe ,spice-boxes1 #bgh ,_s labels1 #cef ,spits1 #afj ,spurs1 #ajg ,/af=d ,h\se exhibits1 #ei ,/&>d measures1 #bcf1 #bci ,/&>d weights1 #bdj ,/atues1 #hi ,/atuettes1 #ahg ,sundials1 #cj1 #cbi-ccd ,tank>ds1 #age ,temple vases1 #bih-cja ,?ibet tea-urns1 #bha ,t9d]-boxes1 #aif ,tobacco-boxes1 #cfd ,toilet requisites1 #hf ,t[] ( ,london exhibits1 #ajg ,tr9kets1 #ajd-ajf ,trivets1 #agi ,trumpets1 #fi1 #cba ,turki% metal-"w1 #bbf ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum exhibits1 #bbj1 #cgi ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 #baj ,v]ulamium curios1 #ed ,victoria ,alb]t ,museum exhibits1 #ei1 #hd1 #aja1 #abf1 #aca1 #aci1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #bbj1 #bej1 #bfh1 #bih1 #cah1 #cba1 #cdb1 #cge ,wallace collection exhibits1 #aji ,w>m+-pans1 #ahj1 #ahc ,wat*es1 #cci ,wat*m5's lant]ns1 #bjh1 #baa ,wat] j>s1 #bbg ,wea!r-vanes1 #cc1 #abc ,weigh+ in/rum5ts1 #bcf-bci ,weights & measures1 #bdb-bde ,wel% ,national ,museum exhibits1 #ei ,w9*e/] bu%el1 #bcf ,w9*e/] moot horn1 #bcb ,w9*e/] ,museum exhibits1 #bcf ,wr9kles = collectors1 #chg-cic ,writ+ boxes1 #bfd ,,unw9 ,,bro!rs1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,wok+ ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,m9or punctuation errors h be5 correct$4 ,!re are a few inconsi/5t hyph5s1 & ^! h be5 left z pr9t$4 ,9 ! li/ ( ! books 9 s]ies ,,*ats ,,on ,,old ,,m9iatures4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,fo/]1 ,f4,s ,a has be5 *ang$ to ,f4,s4,a4 p#hc4 l "o r\nd *ang$ to f\nd4 ,! illu/ration & x's companion blank page 7p#bdc & #bdd7 appe> betwe5 p#bda & #bdb 9 ! ,int]net ,ar*ive scan f :i* ?is text has be5 d]iv$4 ,x has be5 mov$ to ! correct place4 p#bhg4 ,a s+le occurr5ce ( cloisson has be5 *ang$ to cloissonn1 ! spell+ f\nd 9 ! re/ ( ! text4 p#cig4 7,index7 ,boadicea1 ,que51 #ii-ia *ang$ to ,boadicea1 ,que51 #ia4