,e/abli%$ by ,edw>d ,l4 ,y\mans ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans ,,vol4 ,,lvi ,,novemb]1 #ahii ,,to ,,april1 #aijj ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #aijj ,,copyright1 #aijj1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fr$]ick ,c4 ,,sel\s4 ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,decemb]1 #ahii4 ,,exact ,,me?ods ,,9 ,,sociology4 ,,by ,,frankl9 ,h4 ,,gidd+s1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,sociology ,,9 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity4 ,^? :o d pione] "w 9 sci5ce enc\nt] n only ! inh]5t difficulties ( rese>* & int]pretation1 b also ! misappreh5sion ( c]ta9 educat$ m5 ^: di/9ctive gift is a fatal g5ius = apply+ false /&>ds ( measurem5t to ! progress ( ?\ght4 ,seiz+ ^u "s bran* ( k t is 9 a /ate ( vigor\s developm5t1 :5 its new] results are out ( h>mony ) its e>li] hypo!ses1 su* critics love to po9t out ^! contradictions1 & try to prove t ! bran* 9 "q is no sci5ce at all1 & t its tea*]s are h>dly wor?y ( respectful consid]ation4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce conta9s _m int]e/+ *apt]s p]ta9+ to ?is k9d ( criticism & ! fate t has inv>iably ov]tak5 x4 ,:5 ,cop]nicus & ,galileo %[$ ! absurdity ( ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy1 ! !ologians enjoy$ !mselves = a "t1 z !y demon/rat$--to _! own entire satisfaction--! folly ( all rationali/ic attempts to expla9 :at revelation only c\ld make cle>4 ,:5 ,d>w9 expla9$ ! orig9 ( species ?r\gh v>iation & natural selection1 ! pret5sions ( biology 7 completely explod$ by its lay & cl]ical critics 7!y ?\ght & said s7 by ! extremely simple device ( ! deadly p>allel column4 ,0 n ,cuvi] a great anatomi/1 & _h he ev] taught ?is nons5se ab\t ! mutability ( species8 ,0 n ,agassiz ! mo/ le>n$ naturali/ alive1 & :at _h he to say ab\t ,d>w9ian vag>ies8 ,_h he n prov$1 ov] & ov] aga91 t ! v concept ( ! species 0 ! notion ( a gr\p ( *>act]i/ics t c\ld n possibly *ange or be *ang$ f g5]ation to g5]ation8 ,9 m rec5t ye>s we h aga9 se5 ! same me?od ( r$uc+ sci5ce to a v>iety %[ = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! tir$ g5]al read] appli$ to bo? biology & psy*ology4 ,weismann has tri$ to prove t acquir$ *>act]i/ics are n transmitt$ 9 h]$ity1 & t ! g]m plasm is di/9ct f ! somatic cells4 ,! neo-,lam>ckians1 ,sp5c]1 ,cope1 & "s ( ! botani/s h cont5d$ = ! old] int]pretation4 ,is biology1 !n1 a sci5ce8 ,=bid ! ?\ght6 ,heav5 pres]ve our m9ds f su* confusion6 ,if ! sociologi/s h hop$ t !y alone might n be ov]tak5 by easy annihilation1 !y des]ve to be humiliat$4 ,b x is safe to say t !y h *]i%$ no su* illusions4 ,if ! m5 :o h devot$ mu* "t to ! sci5tific explanation ( society h _h no o!r qualification = _! task1 !y h at lea/ %[n "s acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,& s x is n likely t !y h suff]$ deeply f dis5*antm5t :5 !y h be5 confront$ ) ! regulation exposure ( ! pres5t position ( _! sci5ce4 ,!re is no ne$ ( wa/+ space to prove t ! k9d ( criticism "h ref]r$ to is )\t sci5tific value4 ,! pres5t position ( any sci5ce c n be det]m9$ by array+ its contradictions & inconsi/5cies1 irrespective ( a s]i\s attempt to asc]ta9 :i* ( its concepts & hypo!ses h inh]5t vitality4 ,x is precisely :5 a sci5ce is at its be/1 surely advanc+ ye> by ye> & full ( promise = ! future1 t contradictions mo/ ab\nd 9 its monographs & text-books4 ,a true sci5tific criticism1 !n1 mu/ proce$ by a diff]5t me?od4 ,! pres5t position ( a sci5ce c be asc]ta9$ only by in/itut+ ?ree specific inquiries1 namely3 ,fir/1 among ! m or less contradictory conceptions & hypo!ses :i* con/itute its gr\ndwork1 :at ones are surely displac+ all o!rs & ga9+ ! wid] acceptance among active /ud5ts8 ,second1 :at progress is be+ made 9 ! application ( exact me?ods to rese>*8 ,?ird1 is !re a practical or work+ h>mony betwe5 ! concepts t are ga9+ gr\nd & ! m exact me?ods ( rese>* t are be+ p]fect$8 ,d ! concepts & hypo!ses l5d !mselves to exact me?ods1 & d !y1 on ! :ole1 help to p]fect me?ods8 ,d improv+ me?ods1 on ! :ole1 confirm or /r5g!n ! concepts t are ga9+ wid] acceptance8 ,if ^! inquiries are appli$ 9 ! doma9 ( sociology !y br+ to light unmi/akable evid5ce ( a /eady & gratify+ progress t[>d sci5tific consi/5cy & rigor ( me?od4 ,mu* babble ab\t social ills & possible re=ms /ill masqu]ades z social sci5ce4 ,a great deal ( loose ?9k+ & slip%od inve/igation is p>ad$ z exp]t op9ion on que/ions ( social welf>e4 ,b no "o :o has s]i\sly foll[$ ! ef=ts ( sci5tifically tra9$ m9ds to discov] ! natural laws ( social evolution is 9 any dang] ( conf\nd+ ! results ?us f> obta9$ ) ! *att] ov] e pass+ fad4 ,9 ! m s]i\s "w itself !re is f\nd a vigor\s & hopeful disagreem5t ( op9ion ^u all unsettl$ que/ions4 ,b ! fact ( real significance is t ! disputation has become int5sive4 ,! debate no long] ranges ov] a wide field4 ,a selective process has elim9at$ "o aft] ano!r ! m loose & vague conceptions ( ! sci5ce1 ! irrelevant issues1 & ! sup]ficial analogies4 ,!re has be5 a progressive conc5tration ( att5tion ^u a gr\p ( closely relat$ & fundam5tal problems4 ,! sociology ( ,augu/ ,comte 0 little m ?an a highly intellig5t & quick5+ talk ab\t social ord] & progress4 ,x conv9c$ ?\ghtful m5 t !re is a social ord] to be /udi$ 9 a sci5tific _s & by sci5tific me?ods1 & t social progress con=ms to laws t may be discov]$4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] n>r[$ ! field ( sociological inquiry & gave precision ( /atem5t to all social problems by br++ !m )9 ! =mulas ( univ]sal evolution4 ,he /ill fur!r n>r[$ ! field by demon/rat+ ! close relation%ip ( social ph5om5a to ! ph5om5a ( organic evolution & by seiz+ ^u c]ta9 psy*ological facts z *ief factors 9 social causation4 ,all fruitful lat] "w 9 social int]pretation has be5 a fur!r conc5tration ( inve/igation ^u ! psy*ic factors4 ,:ile admitt+ t social z well z m5tal ph5om5a are subsum$ "u biological ph5om5a1 & t ! p>allelism ( social organization to biotic organization is real1 ! y\ng] /ud5ts ( sociology h develop$ ! sci5ce z an (f%oot ( psy*ology1 & h dropp$ ! biological analogy z unfruitful = purposes ( rese>*4 ,! pione] 9 ?is movem5t 0 ,dr4 ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d1 ^: ma/]ly analysis ( ! psy*ic factors ( social ph5om5a gave ! "r direction = all "t to sociological inquiry1 & ^: emphasis ( ! importance ( reason & volition 9 ! social process1 al?\gh x has n yet receiv$ ! att5tion t x m]its1 is de/9$ to be fruitful 9 com+ ye>s4 ,to ! fur!r /udy ( ! psy*ological f\ndations ( society practically all ! valuable "w on fundam5tal social problems has be5 giv5 dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,t>de has giv5 u pr(\nd /udies ( imitation & inv5tion2 ,gumpl[icz & ,le ,bon1 ( ! psy*ology ( races & culture gr\ps2 ,novic[1 ( ! psy*ology ( conflict & tol]ation2 ,le ,bon & ,durkheim1 ( ! psy*ology ( cr[ds1 ( co-op]ation1 & ( ! division ( labor2 ,baldw91 ( ! psy*ology ( ! social unit--! socius4 ,?us x appe>s t :ile %>p disagreem5ts ( op9ion /ill exi/ relative to ! priority or ! g5]ality ( "o or ano!r ( ^! psy*ic factors 9 ! social process1 discussion has focus$ ab\t ! psy*ological ph5om5a !mselves4 ,!re has be5 a progressive limitation ( ! field & an increas+ def9it5ess ( conception & hypo!sis4 ,my own ef=t1 if n[ ,i may be p>don$ = ref]r+ to x1 has be5 to re/rict ! field yet fur!r1 & to make ! problems ( sociology yet m specific4 ,i h cont5d$ t ^! psy*ological ph5om5a :i* h be5 seiz$ ^u = purposes ( sociological int]pretation are /ill too vaguely conceiv$4 ,!y are (t5 disclos$ to ! inquir] 9 purely individual z well z 9 social aspects4 ,! l9es ( inquiry betwe5 ! /udy ( m9d 9 g5]al1 ( m9d z individual1 & ( m9d z manife/+ itself socially 9 ! conc]t or co-op]ation ( a numb] ( individual m9ds1 h n be5 drawn ) suffici5t precision4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t ! psy*ological ph5om5a t ,w>d1 ,t>de1 ,gumpl[icz1 ,novic[1 ,le ,bon1 ,durkheim1 ,baldw91 & o!rs h s admirably analyz$ z psy*ic factors ( society are social :51 & only :51 !y h c]ta9 coeffici5ts1 namely3 7#a7 ,! coeffici5t ( resemblance--t is1 a fundam5tal simil>ity ( individuals to "o ano!r und]ly+ &1 on ! :ole1 dom9at+ _! innum]able diff]5ces2 7#b7 ! coeffici5t ( aw>5ess or consci\sness ( resemblance--t is to say1 c]ta9 feel+s1 p]ceptions1 or ?\ghts ( resemblance1 :i* give rise to v>i$ prejudices & pref]5ces t facilitate or prev5t effective co-op]ation4 ,:e!r ?is cont5tion ( m9e w prevail1 :e!r !re w ultimately be a g5]al agreem5t among sociologi/s t ^! coeffici5ts ( resemblance & consci\sness ( k9d are ! true diff]5tia ( social ph5om5a1 "t & fur!r rese>* mu/ det]m9e4 ,! second inquiry ?r\gh :i* we may le>n some:at ( ! pres5t position ( sociology relates to ! developm5t ( me?od4 ,exact me?od 9 social rese>* is /ati/ical4 ,:]ev] we c obta9 num]ical data )9 ! doma9 ( social ph5om5a1 !re we arrive at exact or quantitative k4 ,! developm5t & application ( /ati/ical me?ods to social problems has be5 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ sci5tific a*ievem5ts ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,:5 ,qutelet1 9 #ahce1 publi%$ 8 great "w1 ,sur l',homme et le ,dveloppem5t de ses ,facults1 he laid ! f\ndation = a ?or\gh /ati/ical inve/igation ( psy*ological & sociological no less ?an ( anatomical ph5om5a4 ,& aft] ! publication1 9 #ahdf1 ( 8 "w1 ,sur la ,?orie des ,probabilits appliques aux ,sci5ces morales et politiques1 foll[$1 9 #ahdh1 by ,du ,sy/me social et des ,lois qui le rgiss5t1 !re 0 a rapid developm5t ( /ati/ical me?ods 9 precision1 & ( attempts to ext5d ! /ati/ical me?od to gr\ps ( facts :i* _h until !n be5 /udi$ only f a purely qualitative or1 at be/1 a vaguely comp>ative po9t ( view4 ,at ! pres5t "t e subdivision ( descriptive sociology draws data f ri* collections ( /ati/ical mat]ials1 & employs /ati/ical me?ods = ! fur!r ext5sion ( k4 ,?us1 9 ! /udy ( ! social population1 /ati/ical me?ods are employ$ n only to give ! total numb] ( inhabitants dwell+ )9 a giv5 t]ritory & ! degree ( d5sity ( population p] squ>e mile1 b also to %[ to :at ext5t population increases by bir?s 9 excess ( dea?s1 to :at ext5t by immigration 9 excess ( emigration1 & to :at ext5t ! composition ( ! population is r5d]$ complex by ! int]m+l+ ( _m nationalities4 ,! "* ( a population1 also1 & its social capacities are 9 a l>ge measure /ati/ically inve/igat$4 ,g5]al intellig5ce is /udi$ by means ( /ati/ics ( lit]acy & illit]acy2 indu/rial pref]5ces by /ati/ics ( occupation2 habits ( indu/ry by /ati/ics ( ! numb] 9 e ?\s& ( ! total population :o regul>ly foll[ ga9ful occupations2 frugality by /ati/ics ( sav+s1 insurance1 & home own]%ip2 & ! am\nt ( communication1 :]eby assimilation & co-op]ation are r5d]$ possible1 by /ati/ics ( travel1 mail1 & telegraphic s]vice4 ,pass+ to t /udy ( conc]t$ feel+1 ?\ght1 & purpose :i* may be call$ a /udy ( ! social m9d1 & :i* con/itutes ! second great division ( descriptive sociology1 we f9d t x c be c>ri$ on1 & t to a great ext5t x is prosecut$1 by means ( /ati/ical rese>*4 ,we h /ati/ics incomplete1 b admitt+ ( p]fection1 ( ^? impulsive1 emotional di/urbances ( masses ( m5 :i* take ! =m ( /rikes1 insurrections1 lyn*+s1 & revivals4 ,! report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor on /rikes1 publi%$ 9 #ahid1 & a rec5tly publi%$ monograph by ,dr4 ,fr$]ick ,s4 ,hall on ,sympa!tic ,/rikes1 %[ ! possibilities ( ?is me?od :5ev] x %all be exhau/ively appli$4 ,x c\ld be successfully appli$ to ! o!r ph5om5a m5tion$4 ,by pa9/ak+ ef=t & a suffici5t exp5diture ( money ! data c\ld be obta9$4 ,lombroso & ,las*i1 9 _! "w1 ,le ,crime politique et les ,rvolutions1 h made a beg9n+ t[>d ! collection ( /ati/ics ( insurrections & revolutions4 ,m exact1 at pres5t1 are our /ati/ics ( ! rational work+ ( ! m9ds ( l>ge numb]s ( m5 9 communication & co-op]ation4 ,^! we h 9 ! famili> =m ( election returns1 :i* %[ u ! decisions t communities make on que/ions ( public policy & adm9i/ration4 ,?is in=mation c\ld be increas$ by ! application ( /ati/ical analyses to ! va/ body ( /atute law & judicial decisions4 ,a beg9n+ ( su* "w has be5 made 9 ! valuable ,bullet9 ( ,/ate ,legislation1 publi%$ by ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,libr>y4 ,9 ! ?ird division ( descriptive sociology--t1 namely1 :i* treats ( social organization--! application ( /ati/ical me?od is proce$+ ) great rapidity4 ,we h n only /ati/ics 7ye>ly improv+ 9 quality7 ( m>riage & divorce1 ( ! organization ( all gov]nm5tal dep>tm5ts1 milit>y & civil1 ( *>t]$ corporations1 ( religi\s & educational societies1 b also ( ! ?\s&s ( associations =m$ = ! promotion ( special int]e/s1 recreation1 sci5tific rese>*1 art & lit]ature1 & philan?ropy4 ,e ye> ! /ati/ical in=mation on ^! matt]s1 includ$ 9 su* compilations z ,! ,_w ,almanac1 becomes n only m ext5sive b m precise4 ,yet m abundant are ! /ati/ical accumulations p]ta9+ to t f\r? & la/ division ( descriptive sociology :i* treats ( ! social welf>e--( ! function+ ( society1 ( ! ends = :i* x exi/s4 ,we h /ati/ics ( prosp]ity1 ( ! accumulation & di/ribution ( weal?1 ( ! expansion & contraction ( cr$it1 & ( bus9ess failures4 ,we h /ati/ics ( longevity4 ,we asc]ta9 improv+ sanit>y conditions by *anges 9 ! dea? rate4 ,we le>n by /ati/ical me?ods ( ! increase or decrease ( accid5t & dea? due to public disord] or maladm9i/ration4 ,we asc]ta9 ?r\gh educational /ati/ics ! decrease ( illit]acy & sup]/ition4 ,& by ! same means we asc]ta9 ! dim5sions ( paup]ism & ( crime4 ,n only s1 b1 by a c]ta9 ref9em5t ( /ati/ical me?od1 appli$ by compet5t m5 l ,sir ,francis ,galton1 we asc]ta9 ! increase or decrease & ! di/ribution ( ! high] manife/ations ( intellectual ability & moral "*4 ,?us ! :ole field ( descriptive sociology is be+ m & m exhau/ively /udi$ by /ati/ical me?ods t are ye>ly improv+ 9 precision4 ,s f>1 !n1 z may be judg$ f ! developm5t ( its me?ods1 no sci5ce at ! pres5t "t is mak+ sur] & bett] progress ?an sociology1 & none is (f]+ to ! g5]al public conclusions bas$ ^u m exact me?ods ( induction4 ,let u n[ look at ! relations :i* ! developm5t ( /ati/ical me?od be>s to t developm5t ( fundam5tal conceptions1 :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,d we "h discov] increas+ h>mony1 a t5d5cy t[>d co-ord9ation1 or h analyses ( concepts1 on ! "o h&1 & developm5ts ( /ati/ical me?od1 on ! o!r h&1 foll[$ div]g+ l9es8 ,!re c be no possible d\bt ( ! answ] t mu/ be made to ^! que/ions4 ,conceptions & me?ods are 9 z p]fect accord z c be discov]$ 9 any bran* ( sci5ce4 ,! m]e/ glance ov] ! field ( social /ati/ics %[s t1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y record & classify ph5om5a t are ess5tially psy*ological4 ,9 work+ f ! g5]al !ory ( evolution ?r\gh ! biological p>allelism d[n to psy*ological premises1 analytical sociology has be5 do+ 9 "o way precisely :at /ati/ics h be5 do+ 9 ano!r4 ,! mom5t we pass f /ati/ics ( d5sity & di/ribution ( population we f9d ourselves deal+ next ) gr\ps ( facts t are biological 7! facts1 namely1 ( di/ribution accord+ to sex & age p]iods71 ?r\gh facts t are p>tly biological & p>tly psy*ological 9 "* 7! facts1 namely1 ( nationality71 & !n1 leav+ ^! beh9d1 we deal h5ce=? entirely ) facts t belong to ! m5tal & moral categories4 ,to "n !m w\ld be only to repeat ! categories already enum]at$3 ! /ati/ics ( intellig5ce1 indu/ry1 & moral "*1 ( emotional or rational social action1 ( v>i\s =ms ( organization = ! a*ievem5t ( z _m diff]5t purposes1 & ( ! developm5t ( ! consci\s p]sonality ( man z a result ( 8 social relations & activities4 ,n only is ?is true1 b ! fur!r int]e/+ fact may be discov]$ t social /ati/ics ( e category employ$ or kn[n are bas$ ^u a frank recognition ( t coeffici5t ( resemblance1 physical or m5tal1 :i* ,i h cont5d$ is a m>k ( social ph5om5a4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 /ati/ical tabulation is classification1 & classification inv>iably />ts f an assumption ( real or suppos$ resemblance4 ,n to dwell on su* fundam5tal di/9ctions z ^? ( color1 race1 & nationality1 we enc\nt] ! m special resemblances ( agreem5t 9 religi\s belief1 agreem5t 9 indu/rial pref]5ce1 agreem5t 9 political conviction 7z %[n 9 election returns71 simil> susceptibility to emotionalism1 simil> capacities = rational compreh5sion1 simil> imp]fections ( nature1 :i* result 9 lives ( crime or paup]ism4 ,remove f social /ati/ics ?is po/ulate t blood k9%ip or m5tal resemblance betwe5 "o social unit & ano!r is ! basis ( social ph5om5a1 & ! /ati/ics !mselves w\ld cease to exi/4 ,/ati/ics reveal also ! consci\sness :i* m5 h ( _! resemblances & _! diff]5ces4 ,x is /ati/ically kn[n t ! geographical di/ribution ( nationalities is n accid5tal or caprici\s4 ,immigrant ,italians1 ,g]mans1 & ,sc&9avians f9d _! way to ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e m5 ( _! own blood & spee* are already e/abli%$4 ,int]m>riages ( m5 & wom5 ( diff]5t nationalities are /ati/ically kn[n to be frequ5t :]e no diff]5ces ( religion exi/1 & infrequ5t :]e diff]5t nationalities pr(ess diff]5t fai?s4 ,! /ati/ics ( political elections are q z mu* /ati/ics ( ! consci\sness ( k9d z ( diff]5ces ( m5tal type itself4 ,! mo/ significant fact ( all1 h[ev]1 has /ill to be nam$4 ,x is ?is3 ,f ! fir/ kn[n beg9n+s ( /ati/ical rese>* to ! pres5t "t e ext5sion ( /ati/ical inquiry has be5 9 a l>ge measure due to ! consci\sness ( k9d4 ,! fir/ /ati/ical surveys ( communities ( :i* we h any record 7 su* tribal enum]ations z ^? record$ 9 ! book ( ,numb]s1 ! av[$ object ( :i* 0 to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? & res\rces ( ! v>i\s tribes by clans1 less] g5tile gr\ps1 & h\seholds1 n m = utilit>ian reasons ?an = ! gratification ( g5tile & tribal pride4 ,! c5sus tak5 9 ,greece 9 #eid ,b4 ,c4 0 = ! purpose ( divid+ ! p into f\r classes & levy+ taxes accord+ to weal?4 ,! con/itution ( ,s]vius ,tullius1 #eej ,b4 ,c41 di/+ui%$ six prop]ty classes1 & ! attempt to det]m9e ^! /ati/ically 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ exp]im5ts 9 c5sus-mak+ at ,rome4 ,! ,domesday ,book ( ,william ,i 7#ajhf7 is ! fir/ great /ati/ical docum5t 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 & its orig9 0 due to a desire to "k n only ! milit>y & fiscal /r5g? ( ! nation1 b also its class di/9ctions & feudal relation%ips4 ,! great /imulus giv5 to /ati/ical inve/igation by ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 an obvi\s product ( class feel+4 ,mo/ ( ! ref9em5ts ( /ati/ical inquiry 9 lat] ye>s h _h a l orig94 ,su*1 = example1 0 ! cause ( ! discrim9ation 9 our own c5sus ( ! =eign born f ! native born1 & ( ! native born ( =eign p>5ts f bo? native & =eign born4 ,su* has be5 ! cause ( ! attempt to get m exact /ati/ics ( religi\s d5om9ations1 ( labor organizations1 & ( ! di/ribution ( weal?4 ,_h !re be5 no reason = includ+ ^! co/ly inquiries 9 /ati/ical inve/igations1 except t ( _! g5]al utility & sci5tific int]e/1 ! appropriation = !m w\ld h be5 d5i$ 9 ,congress )\t an in/ant's hesitation4 ,!y h be5 includ$ because ( ! political def]5ce giv5 to class feel+ & to v>i\s =ms ( religi\s & educational prejudice4 ,?us !re is se5 to be a rem>kable int]dep5d5ce ( /ati/ical me?od & psy*ological analysis 9 ! developm5t ( sociological rese>*4 ,analysis & me?od h conv]g$ ^u ! same po/ulates1 & x is app>5tly by ! developm5t ( me?ods frankly f\nd$ ^u ^! po/ulates t our sociological k is to be fur!r increas$4 ,x w\ld be a great mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to assume t sociological k is to be increas$ only by ! fur!r collection & int]pretation ( num]ical data4 ,c>eful monographic description & hi/orical rese>* mu/ cont9ue to be important s\rces ( bo? in=mation & hypo!sis4 ,! great defects ( monographic "w1 bo? descriptive & hi/orical1 are1 fir/1 a c]ta9 lack ( precision1 attributable to ! l>ge "p play$ 9 inve/igation by ! individual judgm5t ( ! /ud5t 7! lack ( objective te/s by :i* 8 subjective impressions may be critically exam9$72 second1 a c]ta9 incomplet5ess1 attributable to a failure to sep>ate ea* inquiry into all its sci5tific subdivisions & to attempt to obta9 desir$ data "u ea* subdivision1 z is done 9 /ati/ical inve/igation :]e1 9 e table1 z _m topics z !re are sci5tific subdivisions ( ! g5]al subject are repres5t$ by columns1 & an entry ( "s k9d is made 9 e column4 ,i wi% n[ to po9t out ! possibility ( giv+ great] precision to monographic "w 9 sociology by ! introduction ( quasi-/ati/ical me?ods--me?ods t are ess5tially quantitative 9 an algebraic s5se1 ?\gh !y are n num]ical4 ,social ph5om5a h ! int]e/+ *>act]i/ic t small =ces1 :ile nev] lo/ 9 t composition ( =ces :i* det]m9es ! ultimate equilibrium ( ! social sy/em1 (t5 c\nt = absolutely no?+ 9 ! practical affairs ( a giv5 g5]ation4 ,if1 = example1 ,mr4 ,bryan & a ,democratic ,congress _h be5 elect$ 9 #ahif1 ! practical consequ5ces = ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld h be5 mu* ! same :e!r ! ,democratic plurality _h be5 "o hundr$ ?\s&1 half a million1 or two or ?ree millions4 ,?is is b "o example ( a l>ge class ( facts4 ,social ph5om5a are m (t5 ?an n det]m9$ by a m]e matt] ( m or less1 r ?an by ! exact am\nt or degree ( m or less4 ,! det]m9ation is algebraic r ?an ari?metical4 ,is ! elem5t "u inve/igation a positive or a negative quantity8 ,is its sign plus or m9us8 ,t is usually ! important "q = ! sociological /ud5t4 ,n[ x happ5s t a great _m inve/igations 9 descriptive sociology d n z yet admit ( ! introduction ( exact /ati/ical--t is1 ari?metical--inquiries :i*1 nev]!less1 d admit ! use ( algebraically quantitative me?ods4 ,9 ! monographic description ( a community _m que/ions arise :i* c n be answ]$ by ! entry ( figures 9 a column1 b :i* c\ld be answ]$ by ent]+ 9 a column a symbol indicat+ t a c]ta9 trait1 habit1 or *oice c\ld be pr$icat$ ( a l>ge majority1 or ( a small majority1 or ( only a l>ge m9ority1 or ( only a small m9ority ( ! entire population4 ,t is to say1 x (t5 happ5s t an obs]v] :o c n take a p]fect c5sus 7gett+ answ]s to all 8 que/ions f e individual 9 ! community71 & :o !re=e c n fill out 8 columns ) ari?metical values1 c1 by su* int]view+ z is possible to him & by su* an exam9ation ( ! objective products ( social activity z are op5 to ! inspection ( any "o :o *ooses to obs]ve !m critically1 det]m9e ) absolute c]ta9ty :e!r c]ta9 ?+s are true ( majorities or only ( m9orities4 ,suppose1 = example1 t a travel] is /udy+ an out-(-!-way settlem5t1 or a tribe1 :i* pres5ts _m po9ts ( int]e/ t are comp>atively novel4 ,all :o are famili> ) ! n>ratives ( travel & exploration :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] has us$ z data = 8 ,descriptive ,sociology are aw>e t !y are almo/ totally devoid ( sy/em4 ,! read] is told t su* m>riage cu/oms1 su* clan relation%ips1 su* political in/itutions1 su* indu/rial op]ations1 h be5 obs]v$4 ,! all-important coeffici5t is left out4 ,:at ! /ud5t ( sociology w\ld mo/ ( all l to "k is h[ _m individuals 9 ! community manife/ su* or su* a trait2 h[ _m h su* or su* a habit2 h[ _m pr(ess su* or su* a belief2 h[ _m adh]e to ?is organization1 h[ _m to t4 ,b s9ce ?is exact ari?metical k usually c n be obta9$ )9 ! limit$ "t & "u ! circum/ances ( a travel]'s rese>*es1 he %\ld try to get at lea/ p>tially quantitative results by not+ 9 e in/ance :e!r ! ph5om5on obs]v$ is true ( a majority or only ( a m9ority ( ! p "u inve/igation4 ,?is simple me?od admits ( a high degree ( ref9em5t by ! obvi\s device ( subdivid+ ! total human mass "u obs]vation into enum]ation units4 ,if1 = example1 we are /udy+ ! social "* & activities ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we may take ! fifty ,commonweal?s & ,t]ritories z enum]ation units4 ,mak+ out a tabul> =m1 we may ent] 9 ! left-h& column ! names ( ! sev]al ,/ates & ,t]ritories4 ,at ! top ( successive columns1 c\nt+ f left to "r1 we may ent] words designat+ ! social ph5om5a to be obs]v$4 ,!n1 tak+ ! ,/ates & ,t]ritories 9 ord]1 we may ent] opposite ! "n ( ea* a symbol indicat+ t a majority l>ge or small1 or a m9ority l>ge or small1 ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,/ate or ,t]ritory 9 "q manife/s ! trait or foll[s ! activity1 or belongs to ! social organization designat$ at ! top ( ! column4 ,! symbols t ,i h f\nd mo/ conv5i5t 9 use are ^!3 ,= a l>ge majority1 a d\ble plus sign ?us1 2 = a small majority1 a s+le plus sign ?us1 2 = a l>ge m9ority1 a d\ble plus sign 9 a circle ?us1 2 = a small m9ority1 a s+le plus sign 9 a circle ?us1 4 ,! great possibilities 9 ?is me?od ( giv+ precision to obs]vations & records ( ! facts ( social psy*ology & activity become daily m obvi\s to /ud5ts :o practice x ) reasonable c>e4 ,almo/ any desir$ degree ( accuracy c be atta9$ by tak+ small] & small] enum]ation units4 ,?us1 if ,i wi% to =m & to record my judgm5t z to :e!r ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a :ole manife/ a high1 a m$ium1 or a l[ degree ( g5]al intellig5ce1 ,i seem to be rais+ a "q t admits ( little bett] answ] ?an a /atem5t ( vague impressions4 ,b let me take a concrete measure ( high g5]al intellig5ce--= example1 ! g5]al intellig5ce ( a t[n not$ = its l>ge proportion ( sci5tific & pr(essional m51 its grad$ s*ools1 its satisfactory s*ool att5dance1 & its l[ p]c5tage ( illit]acy4 ,let me !n subdivide ! ,unit$ ,/ates into fifty p>ts--namely1 ! ,commonweal?s & ,t]ritories--& let me ent] 9 a column opposite ! "n ( ea* a symbol indicat+ t1 z comp>$ ) ! g5]al intellig5ce ( ! t[n :i* ,i h tak5 z a /&>d1 a l>ge majority or a small majority1 or a l>ge m9ority or only a small m9ority1 ( ! p 9 t ,commonweal? are ( ! high g5]al intellig5ce2 t a l>ge majority or a small majority1 or a l>ge m9ority or only a small m9ority1 are ( m$ium intellig5ce2 & t a l>ge majority or a small majority1 or a l>ge m9ority or a small m9ority1 are ( l[ intellig5ce4 ,obvi\sly1 :5 ,i h complet$ ?is process ,i h subject$ my vague g5]al impression t ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a :ole are ( high1 m$ium1 or l[ g5]al intellig5ce to a c]ta9 correction & measure4 ,i c\nt up ! entries 9 my columns4 ,i discov] t ,i h made1 let u say1 n9e entries indicat+ t a l>ge majority ( ! p 9 ea* ( n9e ,/ates are ( high intellig5ce4 ,i f9d t ,i h made1 let u say1 eighte5 entries indicat+ t 9 ea* ( eighte5 ,/ates a small majority ( ! p are ( l[ g5]al intellig5ce2 & ?is m]e c\nt+ ( ! entries may %[ me t1 :5 tak+ ! ,/ates "o by "o1 ,i h made a some:at diff]5t e/imate ( ! g5]al intellig5ce ( ! p ( ! entire c\ntry f t :i* ,i made :5 look+ at all ! p ( ! c\ntry z an undivid$ mass4 ,if /ill unsatisfi$ ) my judgm5t1 ,i may proce$ to subdivide ea* ,/ate into its c\nties1 & take ! c\nties z enum]ation units4 ,i may g ?r\gh ! process ( record+ my judgm5ts by ent]+ symbols 9 ! sev]al columns ( my table1 & at ! end ,i may aga9 c\nt up my totals ( high1 m$ium1 & l[ intellig5ce4 ,obvi\sly1 ,i c d ?is "w only if ,i am able to travel ?r\gh e c\nty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &1 by int]views ) p1 by =m+ g5]al impressions & by visit+ s*ools1 get a fairly def9ite idea ( ! relative intellig5ce ( ea* civil division2 or if1 be+ unable to make ?is p]sonal inquiry1 ,i resort to pr9t$ in=mation--namely1 educational reports1 miscellane\s public docum5ts1 hi/orical records1 newspap]s1 & o!r objective data ?r[+ light ^u ! intellectual /atus ( ^! v>i\s divisions4 ,?is1 ,i f9d1 is an enorm\s labor2 b if ,i consci5ti\sly p]=m x ,i correct my subjective impressions1 & !re is a fair presumption t my f9al result is a judgm5t va/ly ne>] ! tru? ?an 0 my fir/ g5]al impression ( ! intellig5ce ( ! :ole undivid$ mass ( ! ,am]ican population4 ,?us ! consci5ti\s use ( ! me?od :i* ,i h sugge/$ insures1 9 ! int]e/ ( precision1 two important modifications ( ord9>y sociological description3 ,fir/1 x subjects ! purely subjective processes ( judgm5t to a c]ta9 correction & measurem5t2 secondly1 x leads ! obs]v] /ep by /ep1 & almo/ unconsci\sly1 to resort m & m to def9ite objective data 9 place ( fir/ impressions4 ,ess5tially ! same me?od1 by slight modifications ( detail1 may be ext5d$ to hi/orical inquiries4 ,h[ (t5 d we enc\nt] 9 hi/orical monographs ! /atem5t t1 s9ce a c]ta9 date1 !re has be5 a m>k$ increase ( ?is or t activity1 or t su* a trait or su* a habit1 occasionally obs]v$ half a c5tury ago1 is n[ *>act]i/ic ( :ole sections or populations6 ,to ! cr$it ( ! hi/orians1 x mu/ be said t c>eful m5 seldom make su* /atem5ts )\t (f]+ 9 sub/antiation ( !m a c]ta9 am\nt ( objective evid5ce4 ,b ! me?od is loose1 & x has ! radical defect ( p]mitt+ su* t]ms z increase & decrease1 great increase & great decrease to /& = diff]5t quantities :5 appli$ to diff]5t ph5om5a "u exam9ation 9 ! same treatise4 ,!re is no uni=mity ( measurem5t4 ,n[1 x is easy to introduce uni=mity1 ev5 :]e ari?metical values are n kn[n4 ,x is possible to "k t we are apply+ ! same me?od ( measurem5t :5 we say t1 s9ce #ahej1 !re has be5 a great multiplication ( lyn*+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t we apply :5 we say t !re has be5 a great increase ( population1 al?\gh1 9 ! case ( ! lyn*+s1 we h n ari?metical values1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! increase ( population we h4 ,?is c be done 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,di/+ui% & designate degrees ( increase or decrease by symbols ?us3 ,no *ange1 #j2 absolute increase b relative decrease1 #a2 absolute increase ) no relative decrease1 #b2 great absolute increase )\t relative decrease1 #c2 absolute & relative increase1 #d2 absolute decrease b relative increase1 -#a2 absolute decrease )\t relative increase1 -#b2 great absolute decrease )\t relative increase1 -#c2 absolute & relative decrease1 -#d4 ,n[ let ! hi/orian :o wi%es to pass 9 review ! quantitative *anges t h occurr$ s9ce a giv5 "t--= example1 #ahej--;be=e he puts on pap] 8 impressions1 bas$ ^u su* evid5ce z he has be5 able to collate1 put d[n all ^! symbols aga9/ ! "n ( ea* ( ! social ph5om5a :i* he is /udy+4 ,he w in/antly see t he is try+ to apply to ea* ( ! ph5om5a ^: *anges he wi%es to record a c]ta9 scale ( measurem5t1 & he at once asks himself3 ,:at d ,i really mean by su* a t]m z relative increase or decrease :5 contra/$ ) absolute increase or decrease2 & :at d ,i mean by su* a t]m z great increase or decrease :5 contra/$ ) su* a t]m z increase or decrease )\t a modify+ ^w8 ,! mom5t he puts ^! que/ions be=e 8 m9d he w feel a s9k+ ( he>t z he reviews ! pages 9 :i* he has confid5tly told 8 read]s t su* absolute & relative *anges h f "t to "t occurr$1 & reflects t he has seldom be5 consi/5t 9 8 use ( ^! t]ms4 ,h[1 !n1 %all he atta9 consi/5cy & precision8 ,to be consi/5t & precise 9 ! use ( ! ^w relative x is necess>y to make at ! outset an arbitr>y *oice ( a t]m ( comp>ison1 j z 9 mak+ comp>ative judgm5ts ( su* a ph5om5on z g5]al intellig5ce x is necess>y to take z a /&>d ! ph5om5on z obs]v$ 9 a p>ticul> community4 ,! mo/ suitable t]m ( comp>ison = all judgm5ts ( increase or decrease 9 social ph5om5a is ! increase or decrease ( population p] squ>e mile )9 ! area & dur+ ! p]iod /udi$4 ,! increase ( population is ari?metically measur$1 & x /&s 9 relations ( direct causation to e social *ange4 ,! hi/orian1 !re=e1 9 =m+ 8 judgm5ts ( relative increase or decrease %\ld always take ! increase or decrease ( population p] squ>e mile z 8 t]m ( comp>ison4 ,:at mean+1 f9ally1 %all be atta*$ to ! ^w great :5 ! hi/orian wi%es to di/+ui% great increase or great decrease f increase or decrease 9 g5]al1 & absolute /ati/ics are n available8 ,!re is "o1 &1 z f> z ,i c see1 only "o1 p]fectly satisfactory proc$ure4 ,let ! inve/igator subdivide ! community :i* he is /udy+ into enum]ation units accord+ to ! me?od sugge/$ above = ! descriptive monograph4 ,let him !n make z _m tables z !re are t5-ye> p]iods 9 ! g5]al hi/orical p]iod t he is inve/igat+4 ,t is to say1 let him make a table = #ahej1 = #ahfj1 = #ahgj1 = #ahhj1 & = #ahij4 ,let him !n proce$ accord+ to ! me?od laid d[n = ! descriptive monograph1 ent]+ opposite ea* ,commonweal? ! symbol = majority or m9ority1 ?us %[+ by ,/ates1 = ea* ( ! t5-ye> p]iods1 ! preval5ce ( ! trait or activity "u inve/igation4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! ph5om5on /udi$ is ! gr[? ( popul> int]e/ 9 prize fight+ s9ce #ahej4 ,! hi/orian %\ld beg9 by ask+1 ,9 :at ,/ates1 if any1 9 #ahej 7 l>ge majorities ( ! p int]e/$ 9 prize fights to ! ext5t ( c\nt5anc+ !m & eag]ly foll[+ _! progress8 ,9 :at ,/ates 7 only small majorities s int]e/$1 9 :at ,/ates only l>ge m9orities1 & 9 :at ones only small m9orities8 ,! be/ answ]s t ! hi/orian c make to ^! que/ions1 aft] exam9+ all ! evid5ce t he c comm&1 he %\ld record by ent]+ ! prop] symbol aga9/ ea* ,/ate1 aft] :i* he %\ld repeat ! proc$ure = ! date #ahfj1 = ! date #ahgj1 & s on4 ,:5 8 tables are ?us complet$1 he %\ld c\nt up ! numb] ( entries ( ea* symbol 9 ea* table4 ,if !n he f9ds t 9 less ?an half ( 8 enum]ation units--i4 e41 9 less ?an half ( all ! ,/ates & ,t]ritories--small m9orities h become l>ge m9orities1 l>ge m9orities h become small majorities1 or small majorities h become l>ge1 he w be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t !re has be5 an increase1 b n a great increase1 9 popul> int]e/ 9 prize fight+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he discov]s t ^! *anges h occurr$ 9 m ?an half ( 8 enum]ation units1 he c say ) reason t ! increase ( int]e/ 9 prize fight+ has be5 great4 ,cases may arise 9 :i* a correction ( ! judgm5t ?us =m$ may be necess>y4 ,x might be errone\s to say t !re _h be5 no great increase ( int]e/ 9 prize fight+ if x 7 discov]$ t ! increase _h occurr$ 9 two or ?ree ,commonweal?s only1 b t 9 !m x _h be5 ph5om5al4 ,! me?od itself1 h[ev]1 reveals ! necessity = correction 9 su* cases & measures ! error2 =1 obvi\sly1 a ph5om5al increase or decrease 9 any "o enum]ation unit w\ld be disclos$ by a dropp+ ( ! int]m$iate symbols betwe5 & 4 ,t is to say1 small m9orities w\ld become majorities1 or great majorities w\ld become small m9orities1 )9 an int]val dur+ :i* less] *anges 7 occurr+ else:]e4 ,?us1 by tak+ a little tr\ble1 ! hi/orian c apply "o con/ant measure to 8 judgm5ts ( increase & decrease1 z he reviews social *anges4 ,he mu/ subdivide 8 community into enum]ation units1 & aga9/ ea* unit1 at ea* conv5i5t date1 he mu/ ent] a record ( 8 judgm5t t ! trait1 activity1 int]e/1 or relation "u inve/igation c be pr$icat$ ( a l>ge or ( only a small majority1 ( a l>ge or ( only a small m9ority1 ( ! individuals compos+ ! enum]ation unit4 ,he mu/ !n c\nt up ! *anges f m9ority to great] m9ority or to majority1 or f majority to m9ority4 ,consci5ti\sly foll[+ ?is me?od1 ! hi/orian may (t5 make comp>isons ( great precision1 :5 o!rwise 8 comp>isons1 made )\t ref]5ce to a common measure1 w\ld be little m ?an suppositions4 ,foll[+ su* me?ods z ^!1 ! writ]s ( descriptive & hi/orical monographs c increase our approximately exact sociological k4 ,con/ruct+ & fill+ out su* tables z h be5 describ$1 !y c br+ to light s]i\s gaps 9 our num]ical /ati/ics1 & !y c !reby sugge/ & /imulate new /ati/ical inquiries4 ,?us co-op]at+1 ! descriptive writ]s1 ! hi/orians1 & ! /ati/icians c 9 "t p]fect our descriptive sociology1 &1 co-op]at+ ) ^? /ud5ts :o are complet+ ! analysis ( fundam5tal concepts1 !y c gradually give precision to our =mulations ( sociological law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bi%op ,creighton1 ( ,london1 has *>act]iz$ ! pres5t ,engli% idea ( education z embody+ ! supposition t all ! *ild _h to d 0 to sit /ill l a pit*] "u a pump :ile an exp]t h& p\r$ 9 ! prop] am\nt ( mat]ial = x to hold4 ,8 own view 0 t ! only education anybody really obta9$ 0 t :i* he gave himself4 ,! idea prevail+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury 0 t m5 %\ld read a good book1 ma/] its cont5ts1 & pursue = !mselves ! l9es ( ?\ght x sugge/$1 & talk x ov] & make its ideas ! subject ( discussion among !mselves4 ,no sy/em c\ld surely be bett]4 ,,v9l& ,,& ,,its ,,ru9s4 ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,evid5ces ,,t ,,nor?m5 ,,7 ,,9 ,,massa*usetts ,,9 ,,pre-,,columbian ,,days4#a ,,by ,,cornelia ,,hors=d4 ,footnote #a3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,vik+ ,club ( ,london on ,decemb] #af1 #ahih2 also be=e ! ,section ( ,an?ropology ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at ! ,bo/on meet+1 ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,! evid5ces t ,nor?m5 7 9 ,massa*usetts 9 pre-,columbian days are drawn f two s\rces1 geography & ar*ology4 ,! ar*ological evid5ce is f\nd by comp>+ c]ta9 ru9s 9 ,massa*usetts ) ru9s ( ! ,saga-"t 9 ,icel&1 & also ) ! native & e>ly ,european ru9s on ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! geographical evid5ce is f\nd by comp>+ ! descriptions ( ! c\ntry call$ ,v9l& 9 ,icel&ic lit]ature ) ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! geographical data = ?is pap] are tak5 f ea* & all ( ! ?ree olde/ manuscript v]sions ( ! /ory ( ,v9l&1 because !y complem5t ea* o!r :]e ! descriptions v>y 9 detail4 ,^! are call$ ! ,flat ,isl& ,book1 ,eric ! ,r$'s ,saga1 & ,?orf9n ,k>lsefni's ,saga4 ,if ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica %\ld repeat ! same geographical features1 x w\ld obvi\sly be impossible to det]m9e ! site ( ,v9l& by geography alone4 ,let u see if ?is is s4 ,x is /at$ 9 ,eric ! ,r$'s ,saga t ,k>lsefni's p>ty1 :i* consi/$ ( "o hundr$ & sixty m5 & _! live /ock 9 ?ree vessels1 aft] sail+ s\?we/ f ,gre5l& = a numb] ( days & see+ two new c\ntries1 came to a c]ta9 cape4 ,!y cruis$ along ! l& & ! l& lay on ! />bo>d4444 ,!re 7 !re an op51 h>borless coa/ & long /r&s & s& banks4 ,& !y w5t 9 boats to ! l& & f\nd !re ! keel ( a %ip1 & !y nam$ x ,keel ,cape4 ,& !y gave a "n to ! /r&s & call$ !m ,wond] ,/r&s1 because !y 7 long to sail by4 ,!n ! l& became scor$ ) bays1 & !y /e]$ ! %ips to ! bays4#b ,!y rema9$ "h = "s "t1 b !y _h n yet se5 ! ,v9l& :i* ,leif ,erikson _h f\nd a few ye>s be=e4 ,footnote #b3 ,! translations are f ! ,icel&ic texts 9 ,! ,f9d+ ( ,w9el& ! ,good by ,ar?ur ,middleton ,reeves4 ,h5ry ,fr[de1 ,london4 ,?orhall />t$ to seek = x nor?w>d r\nd ,wond]-/r& & we/w>d (f ,keel ,cape4 ,!re=e we mu/ fir/ look = a cape1 ! tr5d ( ^: %ore is nor? & s\?1 ) op5 wat] we/ ( x1 & beyond t aga9 l&4 ,?is cape mu/ h a long1 s&y1 h>borless coa/1 ) s& banks on ! ea/1 & x mu/ be brok5 up into bays f>!r to ! s\?1 & "o ( ^! bays mu/ be l>ge en\gh & deep en\gh = ?ree vessels1 "o ( :i* c\ld c>ry at lea/ fifty m5 across ! ,atlantic4 ,! icel&ic ^w roefi :i* is us$ 9 ?is text means h>borless1 & is ! descriptive local "n ( ! convex1 s&y1 un%elt]$ coa/ ( s\!rn ,icel& 7,oroefa71 ! pres5t ,skaptafells di/rict1 f ,/okksnes to ,dyrhlaey4 ,?is gives a cle> idea ( :at we ought to look = along ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica#c %[s u t1 s\? ( rock-b\nd ,labrador1 ! only places nor? ( ,new ,york :]e capes are to be f\nd jutt+ nor?w>d f ! l& are nor!rn ,newf\ndl&1 ,cape ,breton ,isl&1 ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,cape ,ann1 & ,cape ,cod4 ,footnote #c3 ,*>t ( ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,no4 #ih4 ,norie ,wilson1 ,london4 ,!re is no /ret* ( op51 h>borless1 s&y coa/ f ,cape ,bauld to ,cape ,spe>1 ) its /eep1 /]ile1 rocky %ores4#d ,!re are two or ?ree /ret*es ( unbrok5 coa/ f ?ree to five miles long1 nor? & s\? ( ,canada ,bay1 nor?we/ ( ,conception ,bay1 & nor!a/ ( ,bonavi/a ,bay1 b ^! are n ! %ores ( capes jutt+ to ! nor?1 ) long /r&s & s& banks4 ,footnote #d3 ,belle ,isle to ,bo/on1 ,no4 #ajb4 ,norie ,wilson1 ,london4 ,if we beg9 ) ,cape ,breton & foll[ ! coa/ nor?w>d we f9d no ext5sive /ret* ( h>borless coa/ until we rea* ,isl& ,po9t4 ,f ?is po9t to ,cape ,smoke !re is a comp>atively unbrok5 coa/ ab\t ?irty miles 9 ext5t ^: headl&s are compos$ ( prim>y & metamorphic rocks1 pr9cipally granite1 ) clay slate 9 ne>ly v]tical /rata1 :ile s&/one1 conglom]ate1 %ale1 lime/one1 & occasionally b$s ( gypsum & r$ & yell[ m>l occur on ! int]v5+ %ores4#e ,"h1 !n1 !re are n long /r&s & s& banks4 ,cape ,nor? is a headl& ( slate "o ?\s& feet high4#f ,dr4 ,gu/av ,/orm1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*ri/iania1 9 8 well-kn[n book1 ,/udi] ov] ,v9l&sreis]ne1 etc41 page #db1 po9ts out a resemblance betwe5 ,cape ,breton & ,keel ,cape1 & /ates t ! ea/]n %ores ( ,cape ,breton ,isl& are specially describ$ z l[-ly+ & s&y4 ,accord+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice ,report1 ,no4 #ii1 page #bhi1 ! s\!a/ coa/ ( ,cape ,breton ,isl& f ,mi*aux ,po9t to ,cape ,gab>us is l[ & has a b>r5 & rocky appe>ance1 & ! %ore is brok5 into num]\s lakes & ponds1 protect$ f ! sea by bea*es ( gravel & "s small rocky isl&s & l$ges4444 ,f ,cape ,gab>us to ,cape ,breton1 a di/ance ( fifte5 miles1 ! l& is ( mod]ate height & ! %ore brok5 into coves & small h>bors4 ,betwe5 ,l\isburg & ,cape ,breton1 eight miles beyond1 !re are ?ree small h>bors1 too intricate & rocky 9 _! entrances to admit vessels ( any burd51 & ,cape ,breton itself is l[ & rocky & cov]$ ) grassy moors4 ,?is is unlike ! op51 h>borless coa/ ) long /r&s & s& banks ( ! ,sagas4 ,)9 ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce ! capes :i* jut to ! nor? are ,cape ,/4 ,george1#g ) rocky1 precipit\s cliffs six hundr$ feet above ! sea2 ,nor? ,po9t1#h on ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 :i* is brok5 ab\t five miles d[n ! coa/ by ,tigni% ,riv]1 & beyond t by ! r$ s&/one cliff ( ,cape ,kild>e2 ,escum9iac ,po9t1#i at ! entrance to ,mirami*i ,bay1 a brok5 coa/ ) l[ s&/one cliffs2 & ,bir* ,po9t1#aj on ,misc\ ,isl&1 ) a /eep cliff ( s&/one t5 feet high4 ,footnote #e3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice ,report1 ,no4 #ii1 #ahig1 p4 #cae4 ,footnote #f3 ,ibid41 p4 #cad4 ,footnote #g3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice ,report1 ,no4 #ajj1 #ahig1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #h3 ,ibid41 pp4 #acj1 #aeb4 ,footnote #i3 ,ibid41 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #aj3 ,ibid41 p4 #agc4 ,campobello is a rocky isl&1 & ,cape ,ann is rocky & has no long1 h>borless coa/4 ,cape ,cod#aa juts to ! nor? ) op5 wat] we/ ( x1 & beyond t aga9 l&4 ,x has also a long1 h>borless coa/ on ! ea/1 ) /r&s & s& banks1 & is scor$ ) bays t[>d ! s\?4 ,footnote #aa3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 ,g5]al ,*>t ( ! ,coa/1 ,no4 ,,vii4 ,cape ,cod1 !n1 is ! only cape nor? ( ,s&y ,hook :i* corresponds to ! description 9 ! ,saga1 & ne> "h we %\ld look = ,v9l&1 leav+ ! s\!rn %ores until lat]4 ,v9l&1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,leif ,erikson1 is only describ$ z ,v9l& 9 ! ,flat ,isl& ,book4 ,?is acc\nt /ates t ,leif ,erikson's p>ty came to a c]ta9 isl& :i* lay nor? ( ! l&4 ,t ,leif ,erikson %\ld h ?\ght t ,cape ,cod 0 an isl& is obvi\s1 because x is impossible f ! cape to see ! s\!rn %ore ( ,massa*usetts ,bay tw5ty miles away4 ,!re is no ne$ to expla9 :y he also believ$ x to lie nor? ( ! l&1 z no "o & f9al answ] c be giv51 al?\gh sev]al c be easily sugge/$2 t wat] & l& aga9 lay to ! we/ is cle>ly /at$ 9 all ?ree acc\nts4 ,aft]w>d !y sail$ into t s\nd :i* lay betwe5 ! isl& & ! promontory :i* jutt$ nor?w>d f ! l&2 !y /e]$ 9 we/w>d pa/ ! promontory4 ,!re 0 mu* %all[ wat] at ebb tide1 & !n _! %ip /ood up & !n x 0 f> to look to ! sea f _! %ip4 ,across ! wat] :i* lies betwe5 ,cape ,cod & ! ma9l& is ,rocky ,po9t1 a high & !re=e noticeable promontory jutt+ nor?w>d f ! l&4 ,pa/ ?is "o c only cont9ue we/]+ to ! nor?1 & !nce we mu/ n[ look along ! l& to f9d ! place :]e1 9 ! words ( ! ,flat ,isl& ,book1 a c]ta9 riv] fl[$ out ( a c]ta9 lake1 hav+1 z 0 said be=e1 great %all[s at its m\? at ebb tide1 :5ce x 0 f> to look to ! ocean4 ,foll[+ r\nd ! inn] coa/ ( ,cape ,cod1 we pass ,plym\? & on to ,bo/on be=e we f9d 9 ! ,*>les ,riv] & ,bo/on ,back ,bay a riv] fl[+ ?r\gh a lake into ! sea1 :]e great %all[s at its m\? are a conspicu\s feature & x is f> to look to ! ocean4 ,at ?is po9t we may add "o m feature to ! description ( ,keel ,cape--t x appe>s to be an isl& :5 approa*$ f ! nor?4 ,n[ we c cont9ue our se>* d[n ! ,nor? ,atlantic coa/1 not+ t ,s&y ,hook is n scor$ ) bays at ! s\?1 & t ,cape ,h5lop5 & ,cape ,h5ry c\ld n h be5 mi/ak5 = isl&s4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,*>t ( ,nor? ,atlantic1 ,no4 #ih4 ,norie ,wilson1 ,london4 ,!re is "o ev5t describ$ 9 all ?ree v]sions ( ! ,v9l& /ory--! battle ) ! natives4 ,accord+ to ! ,flat ,isl& ,book1 ?is battle took place 9 ,v9l&2 accord+ to ! o!r two ,sagas1 ,v9l& 0 suppos$ to be nor? ( ,keel ,cape4 ,b 9 ^! ,sagas x is said t ?is battle took place s\? ( ,keel ,cape1 :]e ,k>lsefni _h f\nd a riv] fl[+ ?r\gh a lake into ! sea4 ,x 0 ?is ^w s\? :i* l$ ! ,dani% ar*ologi/ ,c>l ,*ri/ian ,rafn to ?9k t ,v9l& 0 9 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,al?\gh !re is no l& s\? ( ,cape ,cod 7) ! exception ( ,nantucket ,isl&7 betwe5 ,cape ,cod & ,santo ,dom+o1 x is only fair to look once m at ,m\nt ,hope ,bay#ac 7,rafn's ,v9l&7 to see :e!r x really corresponds to ! description be=e u4 ,! ,taunton ,riv] fl[s ?r\gh ,m\nt ,hope ,bay to ! sea1 b !re are no %all[s "h1 & ! m\? ( ! riv] looks directly out1 s\?w>d & n ea/w>d1 to ! op5 ocean4 ,9 ,bo/on ,h>bor1 moreov]1 are great tongues ( l& & isl&s su* z are describ$ 9 ,eric ! ,r$'s ,saga4 ,!re is p]haps cause = comm5t 9 ! use ( ! ^w fjll1 fells or m\nta9s 7accord+ to ,vigfusson#ad71 appli$ to ! hills ab\t ,bo/on1 ( :i* ! highe/1 ,blue ,hill1 is sev5 hundr$ & t5 feet high4 ,if fells is a correct translation1 x w\ld be unobjectionable4 ,footnote #ac3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey ,*>t1 ,no4 #ac4 ,cuttyhunk to ,block ,isl&4 ,footnote #ad3 ,icel&ic-,engli% ,diction>y4 ,r4 ,cleasby4 ,enl>g$ & complet$ by ,gudbr& ,vigfusson4 ,"o morn+ ,k>lsefni saw ! natives 9 _! sk9 boats r[+ t[>d 8 h\se1 f ! s\?1 pa/ a promontory4 ,x is n difficult to f9d ! only promontory pa/ :i* canoes c\ld h come f ! s\? betwe5 ! m\? ( ! riv] & ,wat]t[n1 ! head ( navigation4 ,"h1 !n1 ,leif ,erikson & ,?orf9n ,k>lsefni %\ld h built _! h\ses1 if ?is hi/ory be true1 because ?is place corresponds ) ! description ( ,v9l&1 & also because we c f9d no o!r place on ! coa/ l x4 ,hav+ f\nd :at appe>s to be ! site ( ,?orf9n ,k>lsefni's h\ses1 x is well to inquire next :at ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,norse h\ses ( ! ,saga-"t 71 & :at traces "o might hope to f9d aft] ne>ly n9e hundr$ ye>s4 ,icel&ic home/eads ( t p]iod usually consi/$ ( a ma9 h\se1 compos$ ( ?ree or f\r ap>tm5ts & "o or two ou?\ses1 built on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! walls 7 "o & a half metres ?ick1 & f "o to "o & a half metres high1 built ( alt]nate lay]s ( turf & /ones on ! inside & on ! outside1 ! space betwe5 be+ fill$ 9 ) e>?4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ! walls 7 built entirely ( turf & e>?1 or ) only disconnect$ r[s ( /ones at ! base4 ,wood also 0 sometimes us$4 ,x is /at$ 9 ,?orf9n ,k>lsefni's ,saga t "s ( ! trees 9 ,v9l& 7 s l>ge !y 7 laid 9 a h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,eric ,,! ,,r$ ,,9 ,,icel&4 ,a long1 n>r[ fireplace usually ext5d$ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! pr9cipal room1 & an ess5tial feature 0 ! cook+ fireplace1 :i* 0 ab\t "o metre squ>e4 ,^! 7 ei!r pav$ or surr\nd$ by upright /ones4 ,! plan is ( ! ru9 ( ! h\se ( ,eric ! ,r$ 9 ,haukadalr1 ,icel&4 ,x %[s ! diff]5t =ms ( fireplace1 & t ! walls1 :i* 7 built ( turf1 7 "o & a half metres ?ick4 ,ou?\ses 7 (t5 dug into ! hillside1 & 7 sometimes wall$ up on ! inside ) /one & turf4 ,ru9s ( su* old settlem5ts 9 ,icel& are usually l[1 grass-gr[n ridges & holl[s4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,hors=d fir/ visit$ ! site :i* 8 /udy ( maps & lit]ature _h l$ him to believe 0 ,v9l&1 he f\nd a few holl[s 9 ! hillside & also "s broad1 l[ ridges on ! level gr\nd1 indicat+ t a build+ ab\t tw5ty metres long by five metres broad _h once /ood !re4 ,!re 0 also a m\nd "s di/ance away :i* has s9ce prov$ to be ( mod]n con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,suppos$ ,,norse ,,ru9 ,,9 ,,massa*usetts4 ,no digg+ 0 done "h until aft] ,pr(essor ,hors=d's dea?1 ) ! exception ( a few tr5*es across ! suppos$ site ( ,leif ,erikson's h\se on ! o!r side ( ! creek4 ,9 #ahif1 dur+ a visit ( ,dr4 ,valtyr ,gudmundsson & ,mr4 ,?or/e9n ,erl+sson1 ( ,cop5hag5 & ,icel&1 ext5sive excavations 7 made1 leav+ practically no?+ unexam9$ at ?is site4 ,?ree k9ds ( e>? 7 reveal$4 ,! upp] lay] 0 ( black loam f ?irty to =ty c5timetres deep2 bel[ ?is 0 a yell[ soil ( s& & clay ?irty c5timetres deep2 & bel[ t aga9 ! s& & gravel :i* _h rema9$ undi/urb$ s9ce ! close ( ! ,glacial epo*4 ,! ru9s 7 at ! junction ( ! black & yell[ e>?4 ,?r\gh\t ! black loam to ! bottom1 :]ev] we dug1 )9 or away f ! ru9s1 7 scatt]$ fragm5ts ( *9a1 glass1 glaz$ pott]y1 nails1 pipe/ems1 brok5 bricks1 etc41 all belong+ to ! p]iod ( ! occupation ( ?is region by ! ,engli%4 ,none ( ^! 7 f\nd 9 places :]e _! pres5ce w\ld %[ t !y belong$ to or prec$$ ^! ru9s4 ,9 ! pav$ pa?way1 :i* w be describ$ lat]1 a few pieces ( brick lie betwe5 ! /ones1 b n deep] ?an simil> fragm5ts ( brick 7 f\nd 9 ! undi/urb$ e>? ne> by1 app>5tly trodd5 9 by ! cattle :i* h be5 pa/ur$ !re = ye>s4 ,!re 7 also objects ( aborig9al manufacture1 su* z /one implem5ts1 pott]y1 pieces ( fl9t1 etc4 ,occasionally1 at diff]5t levels1 rema9s ( fires 7 f\nd1 "s ( :i* 7 m]ely ?9 lay]s ( *>coal & a%es4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 two well-built fireplaces1 9 good condition1 entirely unlike ea* o!r4 ,"o ( ^! 0 an ,indian clambake1 neatly pav$ & pil$ ) a%es & unop5$ clam %ells4 ,?is lay sixty-?ree c5timetres bel[ ! sod4 ,! photograph is n ( ?is fireplace1 b is a good example ( all ,indian fireplaces or clambakes 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,fireplace ,,9 ,,massa*usetts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,icel&ic ,,fireplace ,,9 ,,suppos$ ,,norse ,,ru9 ,,9 ,,massa*usetts4 ,! second fireplace1 :i* 0 ab\t "o metre squ>e1 surr\nd$ by upright /ones at ! f\r corn]s & fill$ ) oak *>coal1 b no a%es1 0 ! di/9ctive feature ( ?is ru91 & resembl$ ! cook+ fireplaces ( ! ,icel&]s4 ,! abs5ce ( a%es has be5 acc\nt$ = by absorption 9 ! s(t clay soil4 ,a%es (t5 disappe> 9 ?is way1 b c be detect$ ) acids4 ,al?\gh ! outl9e ( ! walls ( ! long h\se c only be sugge/$1 ! few /ones :i* 7 f\nd at ! base ( ! old walls 7 plac$ ab\t a metre & a half ap>t1 z 9 ! walls ( ! ,saga-"t4 ,?is1 s f> z is kn[n1 is peculi> to t p]iod & race4 ,iroquois long h\ses 7 con/ruct$ = communal use1 & 7 usually f "o hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ feet long4 ,! *ief traces left are fire r[s & kit*5 midd5s4 ,!y are n kn[n to h us$ /one f\ndations1 nor to h made any attempt at regul>ity ( outl9e4 ,! draw+ %[s ! me?od ( con/ruction ( ^! long h\ses1 :i* 7 built only by ! ,indians ( ! ,iroquois tribe4 ,depressions :i* appe>$ to be ! sites ( old huts 7 9 ! hillside back ( ! t]race on :i* ! long h\se /ood1 b ! roadway 9 front _h app>5tly de/roy$ all b "o ( ^!1 & _h also c>ri$ away ! front wall ( ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ea/ ,,wall ,,( ,a ,,suppos$ ,,norse ,,ru9 ,,9 ,,massa*usetts1 ,,%[+ ,,lay]s ,,( ,,turf ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,/ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,we/ ,,wall ,,( ,a ,,suppos$ ,,norse ,,ru9 ,,9 ,,massa*usetts1 ,,%[+ ,,lay]s ,,( ,,turf ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,/ones4 ,?is hut 0 f\r metres across ! front1 & may h be5 five metres deep4 ,:5 ! sod1 /ones1 & ! cle>+s1 :i* _h be5 ?r[n 9 f ! cultivat$ field above1 7 all remov$1 ! rema9s ( two side walls 7 f\nd1 support$ & protect$ by ! upp] portions ( ^! same walls :i* _h slipp$ d[n f above & lay close to !m1 =m+ a compact mass ( e>? & /ones4 ,none ( ! /ones 9 ?is wall 7 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 be+ sep>at$ by two or ?ree in*es ( d>k e>? su* z results f ! decay ( vegetable matt]4 ,!re 0 no fireplace4 ,! mann] ( con/ruct+ ^! walls 0 ! c\nt]p>t ( ,icel&ic "w4 ,i %all n[ %[ y h[ ?is diff]s f po/-,columbian cell>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,wall ,,9 ,,icel&1 ,,%[+ ,,lay]s ,,( ,,turf ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,/ones4 ,?is is a photograph ( a ru9 9 ! ,?jr's ,riv] ,valley1 9 ,icel&4 ,x %[s ! sod betwe5 ! /ones closely pack$ b di/9ct4 ,! /ones 9 our e>ly ,engli% & ,fr5* cell>s practically t\* ea* o!r1 z 9 ! old cell> 9 ,=t ,william ,h5ry1 9 ,ma9e4 ,sometimes brok5 /ones fill ! int]/ices1 z 9 ano!r example ( /onework at ,=t ,william ,h5ry4 ,mort> has be5 us$ "h m or less s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,wall ,,9 ,a ,,cell> ,,9 ,,=t ,,william ,,h5ry1 ,,ma9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,wall ,,at ,,=t ,,william ,,h5ry1 ,,ma9e4 ,al?\gh ,european or po/-,columbian walls & cell>s diff] consid]ably among !mselves1 x is )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,po/-,columbian walls1 or f\ndation walls :5 built on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 7 practically homog5e\s 9 "*1 ! ,fr5* only atta9+ to "o metre 9 ?ickness1 :]eas ,icel&ic walls 7 dispos$ 9 ?ree di/9ct p>ts1 ! inn] & out] sides be+ con/ruct$ 9 lay]s & ! space betwe5 be+ fill$ 9 ) closely pack$ e>?1 :ile !y 7 nev] less ?an a metre & a half ?ick4 ,icel&ic ou?\ses :5 dug into a hillside disp5s$ ) ! triple wall at ! back & on ! sides1 & ?us :5 /one-fac$ p>tially resemble our cell>s4 ,b ev5 !n !y /ill reta9 "o *>act]i/ic feature1 9 _! alt]nate lay]s ( turf & /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,suppos$ ,,norse ,,pa?way ,,9 ,,massa*usetts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s\!rn ,,turn ,,( ,,suppos$ ,,norse ,,pa?way4 ,:ile ?is hut 0 be+ dug out1 our att5tion 0 call$ to /ones protrud+ ?r\gh ! turf a %ort di/ance away & ne>] to ! wat]4 ,:5 ! e>? 0 cle>$ away1 x prov$ to be a rude /one-laid pa?way lead+ along ! m>g9 ( ! old creek to ! riv]4 ,"h at ! l&+ place a simil> pa?way bran*$ away 9 ano!r direction1 /opp+ sudd5ly a few metres s\? ( ! suppos$ h\se ( ,?orf9n ,k>lsefni4 ,?is pa?way is call$ 9 ,icel& a sjv>-gata1 or pa? to ! sea4 ,anci5t pav+s h be5 f\nd at ,=t ,william ,h5ry1 ne> ,pemaquid1 ,ma9e4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 simil> to _m /reet pavem5ts /ill to be f\nd 9 our ea/]n cities4 ,!re is also a rem>kable pav$ gutt] at ! ,lewis ,f>m1 9 ,ma9e1 :i* has long int]e/$ hi/orians4 ,b none ( ^! resemble ! sjv>-gata 9 its peculi> con/ruction1 especially :]e x broad5s & divides ) a wide m>g9 ( pebbles on "o side & small heaps ( /ones on ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pavem5t ,,at ,,=t ,,william ,,h5ry1 ,,ma9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pavem5t ,,at ,,pemaquid1 ,,ma9e4 ,?is map 0 made = ,pr(essor ,hors=d ab\t t5 ye>s ago4 ,x %[s ! site ( ! long h\se1 9 :i* ! ,icel&ic fireplace 0 f\nd1 & ! cot1 9 :i* ,icel&ic walls 7 f\nd4 ,! pav$ pa? ran along ! %ore 9 front4 ,pr(essor ,hors=d fix$ ,?orf9n's l&+ place a %ort di/ance s\? ( ?is1 on solid gr\nd4 ,geologi/s are unable to say h[ long ago ! salt m>%es 7 =m$4 ,!y are on ,w9?rop's map ( #afcd1 b ! sjv>-gata c\ld h>dly h be5 accessible z a l&+ place aft] _! =mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,suppos$ ,,norse ,,ru9 ,,9 ,,cambridge1 ,,massa*usetts4 ,9 summ>y1 x may be said t at ! only po9t ( l& on ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica :i* we h f\nd to correspond ) ! description ( ! site ( ,?orf9n ,k>lsefni's h\ses1 ru9s h be5 dug out :i* be> peculi> features *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod 9 ,icel& kn[n z ! ,saga-"t1 & diff]+ 9 c]ta9 ess5tial features f ! h&iwork ( all ! native races ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 &1 z f> z is kn[n at pres5t1 f all o!r races 9 ,europe or 9 ,am]ica 9 po/-,columbian days4 ,extracts f ! ,reports ( ,dr4 ,gudmundsson & ,mr4 ,erl+sson4 ,! foll[+ extracts1 f reports by ,dr4 ,gudmundsson & ,mr4 ,erl+sson1 ref] to ! ru9s describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pap]4 ,! plan = ^! rese>*es 0 fir/ to comp>e ! a=esaid ru9s ) ! "w ( ! native races suppos$ to h inhabit$ or visit$ ^! %ores1 next ) t ( ! ,norsem5 ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & lat]1 if necess>y1 ) ! e>lie/ ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ,dut* ru9s on ^! %ores4 ,dr4 ,gudmundsson & ,mr4 ,erl+sson not$ ! po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ^! & ,icel&ic ru9s1 & 9 _! reports by reque/ wrote ev]y?+ !y c\ld ?9k ( 9 opposition to1 z well z 9 favor (1 _! be+ ( ,norse orig94 ,:5 ^! g5tlem5 left ,cambridge ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! e>ly po/-,columbian ru9s on ?is coa/ _h n be5 asc]ta9$1 & ^! rese>*es 7 n f9i%$ satisfactorily until a ye> & a half aft] ! ,icel&]s return$ to ,europe4 ,f ,dr4 ,gudmundsson's ,report4 ,! next place into :i* we dug 0 a depression or holl[ 9 ! hillside 9 a nor!rly direction f ! above-m5tion$ place4 ,"h we f\nd unque/ionable rema9s ( a h\se :i* _h be5 dug into ! hillside1 ) walls con/ruct$ ( /ones1 & lay]s ( e>? betwe5 ! s+le r[s ( /ones4 ,! f\ndation & ! l[] p>ts ( ! two side walls 7 solid & well pres]v$1 b ! :ole back wall1 ) ! exception ( a s+le r[ 7! f\ndation71 _h fall5 d[n4 ,! /ones f ?is & ! upp] p>ts ( ! side walls cov]$ ! :ole bottom1 s t !y at ! fir/ glance seem$ to =m a pavem5t4 ,:5 c>efully exam9$1 x 0 evid5t1 h[ev]1 t mo/ ( ! /ones :i* cov]$ ! bottom belong$ to ! walls1 ?\gh "s might h roll$ d[n f ! hill above ! h\se4 ,?us x c\ld cle>ly be se5 h[ "s ( ! /ones _h fall5 d[n f ! walls & "s 7 j slid+ d[n1 )\t hav+ z yet rea*$ to ! bottom1 z "s /ones und]nea? _h h9d]$ !m f glid+ f>!r4 ,! front wall ( ! h\se 0 want+1 & mu/ ei!r h be5 ( wood or--:i* seems mo/ likely--h be5 spoil$ :5 ! road :i* runs close pa/ ! h\se 0 made4 ,:5 ! bottom 0 cle>$ ( ! /ones :i* _h fall5 9 x prov$ to consi/ ( a level black floor4 ,! con/ruction & situation ( ?is h\se are q ,sc&9avian1 built 9 ! same way z h\ses 9 ,icel& & ,gre5l&4 ,i w\ld !re=e n h _h ! lea/ hesitation to decl>e x to be a ru9 ( a h\se built by ,sc&9avians 9 ! pre-,columbian p]iod if betwe5 & "u ! /ones :i* cov]$ ! bottom we _h n f\nd "s pieces ( glaz$ pott]y & bricks1 ( :i* "s small pieces 7 f\nd trodd5 d[n ev5 into ! floor itself4 ,?is seems to indicate t ! h\se mu/ be po/-,columbian1 or at lea/ h be5 occupi$ by ! fir/ ,engli% or ,fr5* coloni/s4 ,z 9 ! meantime sev]al ,am]ican s*ol>s1 ) :om ,i h _h an opportunity to discuss ?is matt]1 positively decl>e t ! po/-,columbian coloni/s nev] w\ld h built su* walls ( /ones )\t mort>1 & x mu/ be reg>d$ z q c]ta9 t ,indian p c\ld n h built x1 !re seems to be no o!r explanation possible ?an t ?is ru9 mu/ be ,sc&9avian1 &1 hav+ be5 f\nd by "s ( ! fir/ po/-,columbian coloni/s 7e4 g41 "s fi%]m571 _h be5 repair$ & occupi$ by !m = a %ort] or long] "t4 ,if x c be prov$ t su* a build+ z ?is c\ld n h be5 built by ! po/-,columbian coloni/s nor by ,indians1 x c h>dly be any?+ else ?an ,sc&9avian4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be left to ,am]ican s*ol>s1 :o h suffici5t k 9 ^! matt]s4 ,b s long z ?is is n prov$1 ! pieces ( pott]y & bricks :i* 7 f\nd 9 x r seem to speak = its po/-,columbian orig91 z ^? pieces mu/ h be5 !re :5 ! h\se fell d[n1 & su* a h\se z ?is built 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury c\ld n h /ood five hundr$ ye>s be=e its ro( & ! upp] p>ts ( ! walls fell d[n4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! road we f\nd an end ( an old pa? pav$ ) small /ones1 runn+ f ! h\se 9 ! hillside along ! edge ( ! old riv] bank d[n to a k9d ( promontory :i* 9 old5 "t1 :5 ! wat] /ood mu* high] ?an x n[ does1 seems to h s]v$ z a l&+ place4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is pa?1 :i* 0 f ab\t six to t5 in*es "u ! surface1 0 a holl[ z trodd5 d[n by ! feet ( m5 & 7p]haps7 horses4 ,?is pa? is v l ,icel&ic pa?s1 su* z may /ill be f\nd 9 _m places 9 ,icel&4 ,b z we 9 "s places 9 ?is pa? f\nd "s bricks betwe5 ! /ones :i* =m$ its pavem5t1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z d\btful :e!r x is ,sc&9avian4 ,! bricks seem r to speak = a po/-,columbian orig91 ?\gh ! :ole pa? is s primitive t x h>dly c be sugge/$ t s advanc$ a p z ! fir/ po/-,columbian coloni/s %\ld h made su* a pa?4 ,to settle ! "q :e!r x c\ld belong to ^? coloni/s mu/ be left to ,am]ican s*ol>s4 ,?is pa? seems1 at any rate1 to h be5 made by ! same p :o built ! h\se 9 ! hillside1 s ei!r bo? ( !m mu/ be reg>d$ z po/-,columbian or !y bo? are ,sc&9avian4 ,ano!r pa? runs f ?is l&+ place 9 a we/]ly direction along ! old riv] bank1 :]e x /ops v abruptly on a c]ta9 spot a v %ort di/ance ea/ ( ! suppos$ ,?orf9n's h\se4 ,z ,i c\ld n f9d any o!r reason = its /opp+ on ?is spot ?an t ne> x /ood a build+1 ,i exam9$ ! riv] bank beside x1 & "h ,i f\nd ! e>?1 ab\t eight in*es "u ! surface1 mix$ ) *>coal1 :i* c\ld indicate t "s refuse f a h\se _h be5 ?r[n !re4 ,?is seems to lead to ! conclusion t !re at ! end ( ?is pa? really has /ood a build+1 ( :i* we c\ld n n[ expect to f9d any traces1 or ev5 a build+ con/ruct$ ( turf only 7turf walls71 :i* also might h :olly disappe>$1 z e>? walls on an elevat$ gr\nd l ?is p]haps might h bl[n away4 ,! result ( ^! rese>*es is briefly1 accord+ to my op9ion1 ?is3 ,z f> z conc]ns ! con/ruction1 bo? ! h\se 9 ! hillside & ! two pa?s1 or ! two bran*es ( ! pa?1 c\ld be ( ,sc&9avian orig91 b ,i am n s well acqua9t$ ) ! life & cu/oms ( ! fir/ po/-,columbian coloni/s z to be able to decide :e!r !y c\ld n h be5 made by !m4 ,?is1 !re=e1 mu/ be left to ,am]ican s*ol>s4 ,v respectfully y\rs1 ,,valtyr ,,gudmundsson4 ,,cambridge1 ,,mass41 ,july #af1 #ahif4 ,f ,mr4 ,erl+sson's ,report4 ,x is n uncommon 9 ,icel& t h\ses1 especially small ou?\ses1 are dug into small hills1 hillsides1 or slop+ gr\nd1 j z ?is h\se is4 ,x is1 9 fact1 built v l :at ,i h se5 9 ou?\ses 9 _m places 9 ,icel&1 & :at is left ( ! walls "h nobody c\ld di/+ui% f ,icel&ic walls4 ,! size & ! :ole =m is also v l an ou?\se1 b z mo/ frequ5tly 9 ou?\ses ei!r all ! f\r walls are made ( /ones or none ( !m1 x w\ld seem /range t "o ( ! walls "h is completely want+4 ,b ^? /ones :i* 7 us$ 9 x c\ld h be5 us$ 9 ! road :i* has be5 made pa/ ! h\se1 or1 besides1 x is possible t ! front wall ( ! h\se has be5 a wood5 "o1 &1 al?\gh ?is is v r>e 9 ou?\ses c]ta9ly1 yet x mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation t "h x is mu* easi] to procure wood ?an 9 ,icel&4 ,! :ole =m1 ! me?od1 & ! condition ( ! h\se itself seem$ l no?+ else ?an t x 0 built by ,icel&ic h&s1 al?\gh "s ( ! /ones seem to be r small1 b1 z pieces ( pott]y & bricks h be5 f\nd b5ea? ! /ones :i* _h fall5 d[n f ! walls & on ! floor itself1 x seems to prove suffici5tly t ! h\se c n belong to ! old ,icel&ic p]iod2 b z nobody has expect$ su* a h\se "h1 ! discov]y is v rem>kable4 ,?is pa? is s l pa?s 9 ,icel&1 = :i* !re h be5 ga!r$ /ones & :i* lat] on h be5 trodd5 d[n by ! feet ( horses & m51 t ,i w\ld n h hesitat$ to decl>e t x might be ,sc&9avian if 9 x !re _h n be5 f\nd bricks beside ! o!r /ones1 :i* seems to indicate t ! pa? mu/ belong to ! same p]iod z ! h\se :i* 0 dug into ! hill4 ,?is discov]y mu/ !re=e1 too1 be reg>d$ z v rem>kable4444 ,respectfully1 ,,?or/e9n ,,erl+sson4 ,,cambridge1 ,,mass41 ,july #ab1 #ahif4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,nem9i/4 ,,by ,,david ,,/>r ,,jordan1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,lel& ,,/an=d ,,junior ,,univ]sity4 ,! meet+ ( ! ,a/ral ,club ( ,alcalde1 on ,septemb] #aj1 #ahii1 0 r5d]$ memorable by ! return1 f a mon?'s abs5ce 9 ! ,ea/1 ( ! secret>y ( ! club1 ,miss ,cor9?a ,jones1 ,d4 ,n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,h] pres5ce _h be5 sorely miss$ at ! ,augu/ meet+ 7?\gh ,i say x :o %\ld n71 = x is n (t5 t "o ( our devot$ b& is abs5t f 8 po/4 ,miss ,jones _h left ,alcalde to complete a c\rse ( /udy 9 m$ic9e 9 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s colleges ( ! ,ea/4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ! presid5t ( ! club1 ,mr4 ,asa ,m>v91 ,f4 ,t4 ,s41 ! usual programme 0 susp5d$ on h] return1 & ,miss ,doctress ,jones1 ,d4 ,n4 ,n4 ,n4 7= su* inde$ is ! title %e has n[ e>n$71 told u ( h] /udies at ! ,massa*usetts ,univ]sity ( ,m5tiphysics1 9 ,bo/on1 a noble in/itution1 up to date 9 all respects1 = x receiv$ its *>t] f ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ,massa*usetts 9 ! ye> #ahha4 ,miss ,doctress ,jones left h] home 9 ,alcalde on ! #bj? ( ,july1 design+ to visit c]ta9 relatives resid+ at ,hom] & ,virgil1 ,cortl& ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 on ! way4 ,%e rea*$ ,bo/on on ! #e? day ( ,augu/1 & at once proce$$ to ! univ]sity4 ,an ignorant hackman took h] ov] to ! suburban village ( ,cambridge1 :i* is ! seat ( ,h>v>d ,college4 ,mak+ inquiry ( ! pr(essors !re1 %e f\nd none :o _h ev] he>d ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m5tiphysics1 hav+ eyes & e>s = no?+ b ,h>v>d1 :i* 9 "s respects is inde$ a great in/itution1 b on a mat]ial plane4 ,at la/1 aft] mu* inquiry1 ,doctress ,jones 0 s5t to ! ,nem9i/ic ,headqu>t]s1 a small build+ on ! corn] ( ,milk & ,transc5d5tal ,/reets4 ,"h %e le>n$1 f a little lady ) a )]$ face & a s]5e smile1 t ! ,univ]sity ( ,m5tiphysics 0 situat$ n 9 ,bo/on1 b 9 ! neighbor+ t[n ( ,lynn1 :i* lies "s miles to ! nor?4 ,b 9 ,massa*usetts1 %e said1 we call x all ,bo/on4 ,s ,i took ! tra9 = ,lynn1 ,miss ,doctress ,jones cont9u$1 & drove at once to ! /reet & numb] nam$ on ! c>d4 ,! little :ite h\se ) gre5 bl9ds1 :ite columns on ! v]&a1 & a few we$y roses 9 ! front y>d did n fill my conception ( a univ]sity1 = x did n look l our univ]sities 9 ,cali=nia4 ,b ! fault 0 ) my conception1 n ) ! fact4 ,! maid :o answ]$ ! bell assur$ me t ?is 0 inde$ ! univ]sity1 & u%]$ me at once into ! (fice ( ! presid5t4 ,! wall 0 cov]$ ) pictures & photographs1 %[+ eld]ly ladies ) s]5e smil+ faces4 ,"u ea* "o 7 ! lett]s ,n4 ,n4 ,n41 & a c>d giv+ an acc\nt ( h[ ea* "o _h be5 made :ole & happy ?r\gh ,nem9i/ic ,sci5ce4 ,! presid5t 0 a middle-ag$1 matronly lady1 ) a high =ehead & br[n hair1 /reak$ ) gray1 done 9 graceful frizzes ov] h] br[4 ,above ! corn]s ( h] m\?1 :i* 7 always drawn up 9 an engag+ smile1 7 ?ree deep creases4 ,mr4 ,gridley1 our s*oolma/]1 tells me t ^! correspond to ! grave acc5t 9 ,greek1 & t !re be+ ?ree ( !m %[s t ! lady _h be5 m>ri$ ?ree times4 ,i d n "k z to ?is1 b someh[ h] face seem$ />tl+ly famili> & at ! same "t /rangely pleasant4 ,i murmur$ some?+ ab\t hav+ _h ! pleasure be=e4 ,%e said1 tak+ ! words f my m\?3 ',i "k :at y are go+ to say4 ,we are inde$ v mu* alike1 ?\gh %e is on ! mat]ial plane4 ,/ill1 my fri5ds call me ! ,lydia ,p9kham ( ! s\l1 & ,i d n res5t x1 = :at de> ,lydia tries to d1 t ,i d4' ,i told ! presid5t1 ,doctress ,jones cont9u$1 t ,i wi%$ to le>n ! wisdom ( ,bo/on1 & especially ! sci5ce ( ,nem9i/ic ,heal+1 ( :i* ,i _h he>d mu* 9 ,alcalde4 ',b p]haps ,i %\ld call at ! univ]sity1 & n tr\ble y 9 y\r re/ at home4' ,at ?is h] eyes blaz$1 & %e said1 ) a tragic air3 ',hav+ eyes1 ye see n6 ,i read ! ,s\l & ! ,/>s ?r\gh a high] ?an mortal s5se4 ,has ! ,sun =gott5 to %9e & ! ,planets to revolve ar\nd x8 ,:o 0 x discov]$1 demon/rat$1 & tea*es ! m>vel ( ,nem9i/ic ,heal+8 ,t "o1 :oev] x be1 does und]/& some?+ ( :at c n be lo/4' ,i look$ daz$4 ,%e quiet$ d[n & expla9$ to me t %e 0 h]self ! univ]sity1 because no "o b h]self c\ld expla9 :at 0 reveal$ to h] alone4 ,! :ole ,nem9i/ic ,sci5ce 0 taught 9 twelve lessons1 & ,i c\ld beg9 !n & !re4 ,i said some?+ ab\t prep>atory "w & ! books ,i w\ld ne$ to read4 ,%e plac$ 9 my h&s a slip :i* read3 ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,p]sons contemplat+ a c\rse 9 ! ,massa*usetts ,univ]sity ( ,m5tiphysics c prep>e = x ?r\gh no books save ,nem9i/ic ,sci5ce & ,a/ral ,heal?1 ) a ,key to ! ,/>s4 ,man-made !ories are n>r[1 else extravagant1 & always mat]iali/ic4 ,nihil nem9i nocet4' ,!n %e add$3 ',i recomm5d /ud5ts n to read s-call$ sci5tific works antagoni/ic to ,nem9i/ic ,heal+1 :i* advocate mat]ial sy/ems1 because su* works & words becl\d ! "r s5se ( ,m5tiphysical ,sci5ce4 ,a prim>y /ud5t ri*ly imbu$ ) ! ,nem9i/ic _s is a bett] heal] & tea*] ?an a normal-class /ud5t1 :o p>takes less ( ?is p[]4 ,ev5 an apt s*ol> :o has dipp$ into my ,nem9i/ic ,sci5ce & ,a/ral ,heal?1 ) a ,key to ! ,/>s 7! la/ revis$ edition71 may ent] ?is field ( labor1 )\t any p]sonal in/ruction1 b5eficially to himself & ! race4' ,!n %e cont9u$ bl&ly3 ',y mu/ le>n1 my de>1 to ent] ?is great field 9 a mann] b5eficial to y\rself & ! race4 ,y mu/ tea* o!rs to r5d] to ,cs> :at is ,cs>'s1 & to d ?is y mu/ fir/ r5d] unto ,cs> y\rself4 ,d y und]/&8' ,i look$ puzzl$ = a mom5t4 ,!n %e said3 ',tw5ty-five doll>s1 please1 de>1 & be sure to come promptly at t5 o'clock to-morr[4 ,y are n[ admitt$ to ! ,prim>y ,plane1 ! fir/ degree ( ,nem9i/ic ,heal+4' ,z ,i gave h] ! ,cali=nia gold1 %e b[$ me out ( ! room ) a t5d] & mo!rly smile1 :ile %e te/$ ! unfamili> co9s by r++ !m s(tly on ! table4 ,at ! second lesson %e gave me ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,nem9i/ic ,heal+4 ,i receiv$ !m eag]ly1 = ,i recogniz$ 9 !m a close h>mony ) ! tea*+s ( our de> old ,mr4 ,dean3 ',god is ! pr9ciple ( ,m5tiphysics4 ,z !re is b "o ,god1 !re c be b "o ,pr9ciple 9 ?is ,sci5ce4 ,z !re are _m />s1 !re mu/ be _m fix$ rules = ! demon/ration ( ?is ,div9e ,pr9ciple4 ',! fundam5tal propositions among ^! rules are prov$ by inv]sion1 = ?is is ! basis ( all true ma!matics4 ,two times two is f\r1 !re=e f\r is two times two4 ,z a /> is ! same :e!r se5 f ! nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 or we/1 s a precept ( ,m5tiphysics mu/ be ! same z se5 f e side4 ,to inv]t is n to *ange its mean+1 & mu/ prove its tru?4' ,!n %e gave me a pr9t$ c>d conta9+ ^! words1 ov] :i* ,i 0 to pond] until ! next lesson3 ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,!re is no ,pa9 9 ,tru?1 !re=e !re is no ,tru? 9 ,pa94 ,!re is no ,n]ve 9 ,m9d1 !re=e !re is no ,m9d 9 ,n]ve4 ,!re is no ,matt] 9 ,m9d1 !re=e !re is no ,m9d 9 ,matt]4 ,!re is no ,matt] 9 ,life1 !re=e !re is no ,life 9 ,matt]4 ,!re is no ,matt] 9 ,good1 !re=e !re is no ,good 9 ,matt]4 ,nihil nocet nem9i2 nihil nem9i nocet4' ',tw5ty-five doll>s1 please1' & ,i return$ to my hotel fill$ ) new ?\ghts1 :i* ,i f\nd lat] 7 v incomplete4 ,! next day %e said3 ',man1 my de>1 is gov]n$ by ,s\l1 n s5se4 ,s5se is ! reflection ( matt]1 & matt] does n exi/4 ,?us s5se is b ! %ad[ ( a dream4 ,9 dreams ! laws ( heal? are valueless4 ,!re is b "o ,law ( ,heal?1 & t is ! "o precept ( ,nem9i/ic ,heal+4 ',to ! awak5$ m9d ! seasons w come & g1 ) *anges ( "t & tide1 cold & heat1 latitude & longitude4 ,! agriculturi/ f9ds t ^! *anges c n affect 8 crops4 ,! m>9] w h dom9ion ov] ! atmosph]e & ! great deep1 ov] ! fi% ( ! sea & ! f[ls ( ! air4 ,! a/ronom] w no long] look up to ! />s4 ,he w look out f !m ^u ! univ]se1 & ! flori/ w f9d 8 fl[] be=e he beholds its se$4 ,?us matt] w be f9ally prov$ to be no?+ b a mortal belief1 :olly inadequate to affect man ?r\gh its suppos$ organic action or exi/5ce4' ,!n %e gave me ano!r my/ic c>d1 :i* read3 ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,we tread on =ces4 ,)draw !m1 & ,creation mu/ collapse4 ,nihil nocet nem9i4' ,& ?is "t ,i did n ne$ to be rem9d$ ( ! f9al c]emony ) :i* ! lesson end$4 ,nor did %e ne$ to cl9k ! co9s on ! table4 ,9 ! f\r? lesson ! presid5t disc\rs$ m fully on '! popul> gods1 ,s91 ,sorr[1 & ,sickness1 ! ?ree ,s's ( ,satan2 all ?ree illusions ( ! ,s9ful ,s\l4 ,! v ^w ,illusion proves _! no?+ness4 ,^! are b tr\bl$ dreams ( ! d>k5$ s\l1 & to rise above !m is to wake f a cataleptic nightm>e to see ! />s %9+ on ! hills4 ',:5 tr\bl$ by a horrible dream1 my de>1 "o has only to say1 ,?is is a ,dream2 ,i w awak54 ,!n ! />s w %9e ?r\gh ! op5 w9d[ & ! hide\s vision w disappe>4 ',s 9 afflictions ( disease & dread & dea?1 "o mu/ say1 ,?is is a ,dream4 ,!n x becomes a dream1 & we rise above x into an atmosph]e ( ,p]fect ,s]5ity4 ',to ! mat]ial s5se1 de>1' cont9u$ ! presid5t1 'to cut ! jugul> ve9 takes away life4 ,b 9 ,nem9i/ic ,sci5ce ,life goes on un*ang$1 m\nt+ ev] & ev] to high] rea*es1 because !re is no jugul> ve91 & ,matt] c n make its m>k on ,m9d4 ',! ,b>omet]1 t little prophet ( /orm & sun%9e1 c n be deceiv$ by te/imony ( ! s5ses4 ,x po9ts to fair wea!r 9 ! mid/ ( ! unreal app>ition ( murky cl\ds & ?reat5+ ra94 ,?us does ,nem9i/ic ,sci5ce1 ! p]fect culm9ation ( ,m5tiphysics1 po9t to ! *angeless ,heal? & ,happ9ess ( ! ,enlight5$ ,man :atev] mat]ial sci5ce may h to say ab\t ! condition ( 8 memb]s4 ,man is made 9 ! image ( p]fection1 !re=e failure & imp]fection c nev] assail him4 ,z well expect to ga!r pea*es f a p9e tree z to ga!r discord f ! ,concord ( ,be+4' ,!n %e gave me a c>d3 ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,! ,equipoll5ce ( ! ,/>s above & ( ! ,m9d bel[ %[s ! awful unreality ( ,evil4 ,nihil nem9i nocet4' ,aft] ! usual p>t+ c]emony ,i return$ to my room1 well conv9c$ ( ! unreality ( ,bo/on1 & d\bt+ :e!r ,i %\ld ev] aga9 f9d my own ,alcalde4 ,i fe>$ le/ "s fur!r precept might arise by :i* ,alcalde c\ld n exi/4 ,9 ! fif? lesson ! presid5t in=m$ me t ,i 0 n[ 9 ! second degree1 or ,normal ,plane4 ,we 7 ready = ! fir/ glimpse into ! full1 r\nd$ p]fection ( ,nem9i/ic ,heal+4 ',to cure m5 ( all ills :atsoev]1 we h only to %[ !m ! />s4 ,:5 we wak5 9 ! night1 only ! sight ( ! />s c tell u we are awake4 ,:5 we are awake all dreams mu/ vani%1 & all is dream :i* breaks ! s]5ity ( ! m9d or *ecks ! p]fect p]spicacity ( be+4 ,we ne$ n deal ) ! body1 = ! body does n exi/4 ,x is dull1 heavy1 & a*+1 because x is ! dead ,residuum ( ,dream4 ,:5 we =get x1 x is no long] !re4 ,!n & n till !n c y smile ! s]5e smile ( ! ,nem9i/ically ,heal$ & ,m5tiphysically ,p]fect ,s\l4' ,! little c>d read3 ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,! body says1 ,i am ill4 ,! reports ( ,sickness may =m a coalition ) ! reports ( ,s9 & say1 ,i am ,malice1 ,lu/1 ,appetite1 ,envy1 ,hate4 ,treat a belief 9 sickness z y w\ld s9--) sudd5 dismissal4 ,if x 7 n = :at ! human m9d says ( ! body1 ! body w\ld n be we>y any m ?an an inanimate :eel4 ,nihil nem9i nocet4' ,on ! six? day ! presid5t greet$ me ) h] s]5e/ smile4 ',we h n[ rea*$ ! po9t1 my de>1' %e said1 ':5 we mu/ ab&on ,ph>maceutics & take up ,ontology1 ! sci5ce ( ,ab/ract ,be+4 ,9 ?is we h _m rivals :o e*o ! cry1 ,:y art ?\1 ,,nem9ism1 come hi!r to torm5t u be=e our "t8 ,among ! sy/ems t ?us cry out are _m :om ?is _w deems successful4 ,animal ,magnetism1 ,a!ism1 ,spiritualism1 ,!osophy1 ,agno/icism1 ,pan!ism1 & ,infidelity are antagoni/ic to ,m5tiphysics & fatal to ! demon/ration !re(1 & ( ,nem9ism1 its noble/ culm9ation2 & s1' %e cont9u$1 'are "s o!r sy/ems4' ,%e w>n$ me especially aga9/ ,pan!ism1 '! wor%ip ( ! sylvan god ,pan1' a cult reput$ to be especially rife among ! memb]s ( our club at ,alcalde4 ,i tri$ to expla9 to h] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,pan!ism & ,sciosophy1 b ,i did n succe$ v well1 = %e grew impati5t4 ,9 h] judgm5t1 ,i discov]$1 ,sciosophy 0 grossly impractical1 & ! views ( ,mr4 ,abn] ,dean w\ld take ! bread f ! m\?s ( bett] m5 ?an he4 ',i am told1' %e said1 't ,mr4 ,dean actually sign$ t wick$ pap]#ae ( ^? ,wa%+ton soreheads1 :o call !mselves ! ,re=m$ ,college ( ,nem9ism4' ,) ?is1 %e w\ld n li/5 to ano!r ^w ab\t ,sciosophy4 ,footnote #ae3 ,9 ?is docum5t x is ass]t$ t ,nem9i/ic ,sci5ce & ,a/ral ,heal? ) a ,key to ! ,/>s & all ( ! inspir$ writ+s %all be free--i4 e41 free f ! love ( ! lu/ ( ga9 & t ! *>g+ ( ?ree doll>s = ,sci5ce & ,heal?1 etc41 :5 x c be pr9t$ & sold = less ?an fifty c5ts p] copy1 is wrong 9 pr9ciple1 &1 9 effect1 %uts ! doors ( ?is beautiful tru? ^u ! poor by ?us putt+ a prohibitive price ^u x4444 ,we hold t 9 ! giv+ ( class in/ruction ! tea*] is entitl$ to a reasonable comp5sation1 & give our op9ion t su* comp5sation %\ld be t5 doll>s1 & we d condemn ! pres5t practice :5 !y *>ge "o hundr$ doll>s = a s]ies ( twelve lessons4 ,take a class ( ?irty--:i* is n unusual--! tea*] receives ab\t #beh p] day = two h\rs' "w4 ,?is is unju/1 & especially s1 because _m ( ^! tea*]s are unable & unfit = tea*+4 ,9 ! matt] ( heal+1 :5 ! heal] gives ! prop] "t to ! "w1 "o doll> p] treatm5t ought n to be excessive1 b ! practice ( "s ( *>g+ be=e ! pati5t is receiv$ into ! room & !n heavily *>g$ = ! treatm5t1 is an outrage1 444 & %\ld be prohibit$4--,see full text1 ,wa%+ton ,news ,lett]1 ,septemb] #f1 #ahii2 ,editor4 ,!n ,i regrett$ t ,i _h said any?+1 = ?is pleasant lesson came to an abrupt end1 & left me )\t ev5 ! cu/om>y c>d to pond] ov]4 ,i /ill wond]$ :at c\ld be ! secret mean+ ( ,n4 ,n4 ,n41 nihil nem9i nocet4 ,on ! next day ! /orm _h bl[n ov]1 or r1 l all o!r /orms1 x _h no real exi/5ce1 & ! smile ( ! presid5t at ! clos+ act ( ! lesson 0 ! sweete/ ,i _h ev] se51 ! mo/ p]fect witness to ! tru? ( h] tea*+s4 ,%e took up ! subject ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,aft] read+ f a pr9t$ book ! names ( a ho/ ( poisons1 f ,abacus to ,swamproot & ,s&alwood & ,zygad5e1 %e w>n$ u aga9/ !m all4 ,all are alike evil4 ,all alike h no real exi/5ce4 ,!re=e ! /ud5t w d well n to le>n _! names4 ,x w only int]f]e ) 8 s]5ity ( m9d1 & p]fect s]5ity is ! sole symptom ( success4 ',surely ?is is bett]1' %e said1 '?an to support ! popul> sy/ems ( m$ic9e1 :5 ! physician may be p]*ance an infidel & lose n9ety-&-n9e pati5ts :]e ,nem9ism cures its hundr$4 ,is x because ,o/eopa?y & ,o/>iopa?y are m fa%ionable & less spiritual8 ,ev5 bus9ess m5 h f\nd t ,nem9i/ic ,sci5ce enhances _! physical & m5tal p[]s1 enl>ges _! p]ception ( "*1 gives !m acut5ess & compreh5siv5ess1 & an ability to exce$ _! ord9>y bus9ess capacity4' ,!n %e gave me ?is c>d3 ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,9 #ahff ?is discov]y 0 made by me & by me alone3 ,! err+ ,mortal misnam$ ,m9d produces all ! organism & action ( ! mortal body4 ,?is l$ to ! demon/ration t ,m9d is ,all & matt] is naught1 & be+ no?+1 no?+ hurts nobody4 ,nobody hurts no?+1 :i* proves x pla9ly by inv]sion4 ,nihil nocet nem9i2 nihil nem9i nocet4' ,on ! eigh? day ! presid5t disc\rs$ on ,anatomy4 ,ref]r+ briefly to ! p]nici\s notions ( ! 'anci5ts1' z ) a broad sweep ( h] h& %e designat$ ! pr(essors 9 ,bo/on & ,cambridge1 conc]n+ ! /ructure ( ! human body1 %e call$ x ! nightm>e ( undige/$ le>n+4 ',:y %\ld we c>e :]e ! jugul> ve9 goes1 :5 we "k t !re is no jugul> ve98 ,:at ( bones & muscles1 & tegum5ts & integum5ts8 ,toil fatigues me1 y say2 b :at is ?is me8 ,is x muscle or ,m9d8 ,:i* is tir$1 & s speaks8 ,)\t ,m9d c\ld ! muscles be tir$8 ,d ! muscles talk1 or d y talk = !m8 ,sci5ce includes no rule ( discord1 b gov]ns h>moni\sly4' ,on ! c>d 7 ^! words3 ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,fle% is an error ( physical belief2 a supposition t life1 sub/ance1 & intellig5ce are 9 matt]2 an illusion2 a belief t matt] has s5sations4 ,nihil nocet nem9i4' ,on ! n9? day ,i 0 admitt$ to ! ?ird degree1 or ! ,introspective ,plane4 ,z ! presid5t ent]$1 ,i notic$ a t\* ( camellia p[d] on h] face1 = ! subject ( ! day 0 ,beauty4 ',beauty1' %e said1 'is int]nal be=e x is p]ceiv$ outw>dly4 ,to h p]fect fai? 9 ! pr9ciple ( ,nem9ism is to rega9 ! *>ms ( ,et]nal ,y\?4' ,%e told me ( pati5ts ( h]s :o _h become beautiful ?r\gh fai?4 ,"o good lady at n9ety develop$ new tee? ?r\gh belief 9 ,nem9ism--incisors1 cuspids1 bicuspids1 & "o mol>4 ,a g5tleman at sixty _h reta9$ 8 full set ( upp] & l[] tee? )\t a decay+ cavity4 ,on h] c>d 7 ^! words3 ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,! receipt = ,beauty is to h less ,illusion & m ,s\l4 ,nihil nem9i nocet4' ,&1 z ! f9al c]emony 0 pass$1 ! presid5t look$ almo/ beautiful h]self4 ,on ! t5? day ! presid5t gave "s acc\nt ( h] e>ly /udies & ( ! orig9 ( ,nem9i/ic ,heal+4 ',:ile f ! human /&po9t ,i inh]it$ ! ref9em5t t goes ) culture ( family & moral rectitude1 z usual "h 9 ,bo/on1 yet !re 0 a m>k$ degree ( spiritual ,grace1 ,s\lful ,delicacy1 & ,esot]ic ,elegance t comes n f human ance/ry1 nei!r f communion ) ,nature4 ,x 0 ! exquisite color+ ( ! t\* ( ! a/ral h& :i* op5s ! petals ( ?\ght z x does ! op5+ rose4 ,?is end$ 9 a s(t gl[ ( ineffable ,joy1 & out ( its p]fect s]5ity ,nem9i/ic ,sci5ce 0 born4 ',! discov]y 0 s new1 ! basis laid d[n = physical & moral heal? s hopelessly orig9al & m5 s unfamili> ) ! subject1 t n until lat] did ,i v5ture to proclaim x to ! _w4' ,on ! c>d 0-- ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ',my _w has sprung f ,_s ,9 ,ev]la/+ ,day2 ,:]e( ,i've mu* to glory1 ,:]e= h mu* to pay4' ,"u ?is 0 a picture ( ! egg ( a vulture1 9 :i*1 ?r\gh 8 microscope1 ,agassiz once saw ! sun1 moon1 />s1 & ! ga!r+ ( cl\ds4 ',nihil nem9i nocet4' ,at ! elev5? lesson ,i 0 direct$ to g out = cl9ical practice4 ,9 my hotel ,i f\nd a de> little six-ye>-old boy :o _h be5 invit$1 ) ! re/ ( a k9d]g>t5 class1 to att5d a picnic4 ,he did n feel t he want$ to g4 ,he seem$ dumpi%1 &1 accord+ to mortal belief1 0 n well4 ,at noon he said t he want$ to g to sleep4 ,i took him 9 my lap & began to read to him f ,nem9i/ic ,sci5ce & ,a/ral ,heal? ) a ,key to ! ,/>s4 ,v soon he express$ a wi% to g to ! picnic1 & did g4 ,s ,i gave him a little c>d1 ) ! words ',nihil nem9i nocet1' & all day he said no?+ m ab\t be+ sick4 ,next morn+ ! presid5t gave me an acc\nt ( v>i\s wond]ful cures 9 h] exp]i5ce4 ,among o!rs1 %e %[$ me a lett] f ,john ,b4 ,higg9s1 ( ,little ,egg ,h>bor1 ,n4 ,j4 ,?is ,i copi$ d[n z foll[s3 ',i am glad to tell y h[ ,i 0 heal$4 ,beliefs ( consumption1 dyspepsia1 neuralgia1 ulc]s1 tobacco1 & bad language4444 ,doctors t 7 consult$ did no?+ to relieve me1 & ,i con/antly grew worse4 ,ne>ly two ye>s ago y told me t if ,i w\ld read a book call$ ,nem9i/ic ,sci5ce & ,a/ral ,heal? ) a ,key to ! ,/>s1 ,i w\ld be heal$4 ,i told y ,i w\ld g into x = all x 0 wor?1 & ,i f\nd t x is wor? all4 ,i got ! book & read day & night4 ,i saw t x mu/ be true1 & believ$ t :at ,i c\ld n !n und]/& w\ld be made cle> lat]4 ,aft] "s days' read+ ,i 0 afflict$ ) dr[s9ess1 foll[$ by vomit+4 ,?is la/$ sev]al h\rs1 :5 ,i fell into a sleep4 ,i awoke heal$4' ,! presid5t assur$ me t if ,i w\ld sp5d no "t 9 intellectual drift+1 adh]+ to ! imp]sonal & sci5tific d$uctions ( ! "o discov]] to ^: cl>ifi$ spiritual eye all tru? ( ! m9d _h be5 reveal$1 ) all ! loyalty ( a ma!matician to ! pr9ciples ( ma!matics1 ,i w\ld be sure ( a com=table =tune4 ,al?\gh money _h no real exi/5ce1 ! %ad[ 9 its sub/ance prov$ t !re 0 aft] all sub/ance 9 its %ad[4 ,! ,nem9i/ic ,heal] is at no exp5se = books or in/rum5ts or m$ic9e1 provid+ always t ! "o p]fect ,key to ! ,/>s 7includ+ ,nem9i/ic ,sci5ce & ,a/ral ,heal?7 lies op5 be=e him4 ,) t 9 sight he c n g wrong1 & ) p]fect fai? 9 ! unreality ( all ext]nal ?+s x matt]s n 9 e>?ly affairs :at he does or leaves undone4 ,! c>d = ?is lesson 03 ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,! population ( our cities is ample to supply _m practition]s1 tea*]s1 & prea*]s ) "w4 ,to ent] ?is field ( labor b5eficially to ourselves1 x is necess>y to demon/rate t ! pati5t :o is able to pay = be+ heal$ is m apt to recov] ?an he :o )holds a slight equival5t = heal?6 ,nihil nem9i nocet4' ,at ! la/ lesson ! presid5t in=m$ me t my c\rse ( in/ruction 0 complete1 & t ,i mu/ n[ g =? & bless ! _w4 ,i mu/ lean no long] on h] p]sonal lead]%ip1 b1 tru/+ 9 ! _s1 ,i %\ld re/ solely on ! pure ,m5tiphysical pr9ciple at "w4 ,z a pione] ( ,nem9i/ic ,heal+ 9 ! f> uncultur$ ,we/1 ,i mu/ /& alone 9 ! conflict1 smit+ error ) ! fal*ion ( ,tru?4 ,! r>e beque/s ( ! _s are co/ly1 & !y h won fields ( battle f :i* ! da9ty borr[] w\ld h fl$4' ,i spoke once or twice ( my diploma1 )\t :i* ,i c\ld n practice my pr(ession "u ! laws ( ,fresno ,c\nty4 ,at fir/ %e made z if %e did n he> me1 b at la/ %e said3 ',! ,massa*usetts ,univ]sity ( ,m5tiphysics draws its brea? f me1 b ,i ye>n = retirem5t4 ,no "o else c su/a9 ?is in/itution amid ! legislation aim$ at its vital purpose4 ,?is has giv5 me consci5ti\s scruples ab\t diplomas1 &1 ) ! gr[+ conviction t e "o %\ld build on 8 own f\ndation1 no m diplomas %all be issu$ f ?is fl\ri%+ s*ool4 ',b d n worry1 de>1' %e said4 ',y\r p[] is j ! same ) or )\t diploma4 ,y c make kn[n ! r>e beque/s ( ! ,_s q z well z a m>tyr z y c\ld z a physician4 ,! fai?ful w /& by y4 ,^? :o believe w always pay4 ,take ?is locket1 & hang x ab\t y\r neck4 ,x w conta9 ! qu9tess5ce ( all my tea*+s1 & ) ?is 9 y\r "r h& & ,nem9i/ic ,sci5ce & ,a/ral ,heal? ) a ,key to ! ,/>s 9 y\r left1 y w dra9 ! cup :i* ,i h dra9$ to ! dregs z ! discov]] & tea*] ( ,nem9ism1 & )\t ta/+ ?is cup its inspiration c n be ga9$4' ,!n ,i took ! little locket1 & "h x is4 ,on "o side are ! lett]s ,d4 ,n4 ,n4 ,n41 ':i*1' %e said1 'makes its hold] a doctress4' ,on ! rev]se is ! face ( ,lydia ,p9kham1 :ile ar\nd ! m>g91 9 f9e gilt lett]s1 is a scroll ) ! motto1 ',nihil nem9i nocet4' ,mr4 ,gridley1 ! le>n$ pr(essor ( our ,alcalde s*ool1 says ?is means 'no?+ hurts nobody4' ,b ,i am sure t !re is m 9 x ?an t2 besides1 :atev] x is we c prove x by inv]sion3 ,nihil nocet nem9i2 nihil nem9i nocet--"o is true l ! o!r1 & its symbolic significance is prov$ by its ?ree ,n's1 = ,n is ! symbol ( et]nity4 ,at lea/1 ?is is :at ! presid5t told me4 ,b n[ t ,i am back 9 ,alcalde1 ! :ole ?+ seems l a dream1 :ile all ! ?+s ,i _h le>n$ to call dreams seem m real ?an ev]4 ,maybe ,i am /ill on ! ,mat]ial ,plane aft] all1 9 spite ( all ,i h done & all ! re/ ( u 9 ,alcalde are do+ to try to rise above x4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,newspap]4 ,,by ,,walt] ,l4 ,,hawley1 ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,ev5+ ,,sun4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury ! newspap]s publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates numb]$ #bjj--"o = ea* #bf1dej ( population--:ile at ! pres5t "t ! total ( regul> publications slightly exce$s #bj1jjj--"o = ea* #cej inhabitants ( ! c\ntry2 & 9 t gr[? & developm5t ( ! bus9ess is repres5t$ m ( sci5ce & art1 m ( physical +5uity & m5tal activity1 ?an 9 any o!r l9e ( human endeavor4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s ago ! publication ( a newspap] did n rank z a bus9ess1 & ! prep>ation ( its cont5ts 0 reg>d$ z a pa/ime or ! indulg5ce ( a :im1 r ?an a pr(ession4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury1 j\rnalism is ! hi/ory ( ! _w writt5 day by day1 ! *ief m$ium ( enlight5m5t = ! masses1 ! univ]sal =um ( s*ol>1 sage1 & sci5ti/4 ,z a bus9ess ent]prise1 ! newspap] ( to-day comm&s unlimit$ capital1 & z a pr(ession x ranks second to none4 ,= ?ree c5turies & a half foll[+ ,gut5b]g's inv5tion ( type little progress 0 made 9 ! art ( pr9t+1 & ! production ( a newspap] 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahjj 0 accompli%$ ) crude ma*9]y & involv$ mu* sl[ & difficult h& labor4 ,! pr9t+ 0 done on wood5 presses ( primitive patt]n1 ! type 0 l>ge & ill =m$1 ! pap] us$ 0 9 _m cases inf]ior to ! l[e/ grade made at ! pres5t "t1 & ! production ( a l>ge numb] ( copies ( any issue 0 out ( ! "q4 ,no attempt 0 made 9 ?is c\ntry to publi% a daily pap] until #aghd1 & 9 #ahjj daily editions 7 issu$ only 9 f\r or five ( ! l>g] cities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,gazette ,,& ,,g5]al ,,adv]tis] ,,( ,,w$nesday1 ,,janu>y #a1 #ahjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,gazette ,,& ,,g5]al ,,adv]tis] ,,( ,,janu>y #a1 #ahjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,municipal ,,notice ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,gazette ,,& ,,g5]al ,,adv]tis] ,,( ,,janu>y #a1 #ahjj4 ,! publications ( t p]iod 7 n newspap]s 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is n[ us$1 because no p>ticul> ef=t 0 made to pres5t an acc\nt ( ! happ5+s ( ! day4 ,notices ( ! arrival & dep>ture ( %ips1 "t tables ( mail coa*es1 & brief ann\ncem5ts ( matt]s ( political int]e/ fill$ ! limit$ space devot$ to dome/ic news4 ,=eign news consi/$ entirely ( matt] repr9t$ f ! ,engli% j\rnals receiv$ by sail+ vessels1 & !re=e weeks or mon?s old :5 x appe>$4 ,! wood5 presses us$ a hundr$ ye>s ago 7 op]at$ entirely by h&4 ,aft] ! type _h be5 set x 0 plac$ 9 a frame or =m1 ) little or no reg>d to arti/ic arrangem5t ( headl9es or display$ matt]4 ,to pr9t ! edition1 ! =m 0 plac$ on ! b$ ( ! press & ink spread ov] ! type by ! use ( h& roll]s4 ,! :ite pap] 0 !n damp5$ ) wat]1 %eet by %eet1 laid ov] ! /ation>y =m1 & ! impression 0 made by pull+ d[n ! upp] "p ( ! press ) a lev]4 ,?is "w 0 s sl[ t a circulation ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ copies ( a daily newspap] w\ld sev]ely tax ! capacity ( ! press room4 ,! weekly publications 7 z a rule limit$ to ab\t ! same figures1 because ! entire me*anical "p ( production devolv$ ^u "o man1 :o 0 (t5 own] & editor z well z pr9t]4 ,"s iron presses 7 import$ f ,engl& 9 #ahaj1 & 9 #ahag ,george ,clym]1 ( ,philadelphia1 inv5t$ a lev] press t 0 a m>k$ improvem5t ov] ! crude ma*9es !n 9 g5]al use1 r$uc+ ! manual labor requir$ & increas+ ! spe$ ) :i* pr9t$ pap]s c\ld be turn$ out4 ,! fir/ p[] press us$ 9 ?is c\ntry 0 inv5t$ by ,daniel ,treadwell1 ( ,bo/on1 9 #ahbb1 & op]at$ by ! ,am]ican ,bible ,society1 ! p[] be+ furni%$ by a team ( mules4 ,^! presses 7 n adapt$ to newspap] "w1 & ! fir/ consid]able advance 9 ! me*anical "p ( ! bus9ess 0 made 9 #ahbi & #ahcj1 :5 a ,wa%+ton h& press 0 inv5t$4 ,sev5te5 ye>s lat] a cyl9d] p[] press 0 p]fect$ by ,ri*>d ,m4 ,hoe1 & ! me*anical ability to produce p]iodicals 0 m ?an d\bl$2 b dur+ ! "t :5 ,am]ican +5uity develop$ ! /eam eng9e1 ! cotton g91 ! sew+ ma*9e1 & ! electric telegraph1 ! progress made 9 ! me*anism ( newspap] mak+ 0 comp>atively insignificant4 ,! process ( /]eotyp+ 0 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry f ,engl& 9 #ahac1 & a ye> lat] ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 pr9t$ f plates1 b ! discov]y 0 n utiliz$ 9 ! publication ( newspap]s until #ahfa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,adv]tisem5ts ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,daily ,,adv]tis] ,,( ,,w$nesday1 ,,janu>y #a1 #ahjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,daily ,adv]tis] ( ,w$nesday1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahjj4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury j\rnalism did n at any "t rank z a pr(ession requir+ special tra9+1 & capacity1 & ! returns ( ! c\nt+ room 7 s meag]1 ! co/ ( mat]ial s high1 & ! appliances 9 ! me*anical dep>tm5t s imp]fect1 t ! publication ( newspap]s rose only by sl[ degrees to recognition z a bus9ess ent]prise 9 :i* capital might seek inve/m5t ) fair prospect ( a satisfactory return4 ,model$ aft] ,engli% publications1 ! e>ly ,am]ican newspap]s dep5d$1 = :atev] ( reputation or success !y a*iev$1 ^u ! fame & ability ( ! editor4 ,! report+ ( curr5t ev5ts )\t comm5t 0 a second>y feature ( ! daily pap]s1 & 9 ! weekly publications x 0 n attempt$4 ,be=e ! days ( railroads & prompt & reliable mail s]vice1 communication betwe5 m5 9 public life &1 9 fact1 all p]sons ( education1 0 *iefly by lett]4 ,! cu/om grew into a fix$ habit1 & to a l>ge ext5t influ5c$ ! "* ( ! newspap]s publi%$ prior to #ahej4 ,! editor address$ himself directly to 8 read]s ?r\gh long editorials ^u topics 9 :i* he 0 int]e/$1 & 8 publication 0 9 reality a m]e in/rum5t = ! expression ( op9ions4 ,public m5 & politicians 7 enc\rag$ to write lett]s = publication ^u public que/ions1 & a long communication f a man ( national reputation 0 reg>d$ by ! editor z matt] ( f> m value to 8 j\rnal ?an any am\nt ( news ( ! ev5ts ( ! day4 ,! organization & developm5t ( political p>ties 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! second qu>t] ( ! c5tury result$ 9 a rapid increase 9 ! numb] ( newspap]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,p>ty lead]s f\nd t !y c\ld rea* a great] numb] ( citiz5s by means ( publi%$ lett]s & spee*es ?an by ! primitive process ( campaign+ by easy /ages f "o ,/ate or c\nty to ano!r4 ,f writ+ p]sonal lett]s to fri5ds 9 _! di/ricts1 s5ators & repres5tatives 9 ,congress f\nd t !y c\ld keep _! con/itu5ts bett] in=m$ ( ! progress ( legislation & politics by means ( sign$ /atem5ts 9 ! press ( _! respective ,/ates4 ,! p>ty organ & ! p]sonal j\rnal 7 ! imm$iate natural results ( ?is condition ( public life & politics4 ,e secul> j\rnal support$ "s political p>ty or organization )\t qualification1 & !re 0 little or no indep5d5ce ( ! press4 ,! editor f\nd 8 subscrib]s among ! memb]s ( 8 own p>ty1 & (t5 look$ to ! organization or ! c&idate = f9ancial support4 ,pap]s 7 e/abli%$ & editors hir$ by p>ties1 factions1 & individual lead]s to advocate "s p>ticul> plan ( f9ance or t>iff1 or "s g5]al policy = ! nation or ,/ate4 ,dur+ ?is /age ( ,am]ican j\rnalism ! influ5ce ( a pap] dep5d$ l>gely ^u ! reputation1 individuality1 & =ce ( "* ( ! editor4 ,he ne$$ n to possess any p>ticul> qualification = ! "w1 except a g5]al k ( ! affairs on :i* he 0 to write & a comm& ( vigor\s language to compel att5tion to 8 utt]ances4 ,= _m ye>s ! majority ( ! p]iodicals ( ! c\ntry1 daily & weekly1 7 critical reviews ( ! ev5ts ( ! "t1 r ?an m$iums = ! spread ( g5]al in=mation4 ,news ( important happ5+s at home spread ?r\gh all ! ,/ates ahead ( ! circulation ( ! pap]s1 & ! p look$ to ! latt] = review & comm5t ^u ev5ts1 r ?an = detail$ acc\nts ( ! occurr5ces4 ,=eign affairs1 z report$ 9 ! ,engli% publications receiv$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 took prec$5ce 9 ! classification ( news 9 ! j\rnals ( ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 & local ev5ts1 (t5 matt]s t 7 subsequ5tly recogniz$ z ( great hi/orical value1 7 briefly & too (t5 imp]fectly record$4 ,x is a matt] to be regrett$ t 9 ! days :5 ,am]ican /atesm5 & orators 7 mak+ hi/ory = ! _w1 :5 ! new republic1 hav+ pass$ beyond ! /age ( exp]im5t1 0 advanc+ ) prodigi\s /rides t[>d glori\s a*ievem5ts 9 mat]ial developm5t1 ! j\rnals ( ! c\ntry kept b an imp]fect & (t5 inaccurate record ( ev5ts t %\ld h be5 report$ 9 full4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,russel's ,gazette ( ,monday1 ,septemb] #a/1 #ahjj4 ,dur+ ! fir/ =ty ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury !re 0 no sy/em ( collect+ ! news = publication1 & ! capital inve/$ 9 ! newspap] bus9ess 0 insuffici5t to p]mit ( any extra outlay to obta9 reports ( ev5ts occurr+ at a di/ance 9 advance ( ! regul> mails4 ,su* reports z 7 obta9$ 7 usually volunt>y contributions writt5 by a fri5d ( ! editor1 & (t5 color$ or di/ort$ accord+ to ! prejudice ( ! writ]4 ,^! lett]s 71 almo/ )\t exception1 semi-editorial 9 "*1 ! writ]s indulg+ freely 9 comm5t & expression ( op9ion ^u ! ev5t !y attempt$ to record1 s t no political or public matt] 0 report$ entirely free f p>tisan color+4 ,! driv]s ( mail coa*es1 ! capta9s ( coa/wise or riv] vessels1 /roll+ p$dl]s1 lawy]s1 surveyors1 & w&]+ mission>ies1 :o made long j\rneys into ! int]ior & f t[n to t[n1 7 ! news report]s ( e>ly days4 ,:5 !y arriv$ 9 a city or t[n !y w\ld tell ! late/ news f ! places !y _h visit$1 & ! next issue ( ! local pap] w\ld conta9 a /ory beg9n+1 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,bl&1 ! travel+ mission>y1 relates1 etc41 or1 ,capta9 ,smi?1 ( ! s*oon] ----1 reports hav+ he>d1 etc4 ,in=mation receiv$ 9 ?is way might relate to ,indian upris+s1 fires1 floods1 crimes1 accid5ts1 or political ev5ts2 b 9 e case ! publi%$ acc\nt w\ld be int]sp]s$ ) op9ions ( ! n>rator & ! comm5ts ( ! editor :o prep>$ ! /ory = publication4 ,= news ( ev5ts happ5+ 9 ! l>g] cities1 ! j\rnals ( ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury dep5d$ almo/ entirely on repr9t+ f ex*anges4 ,!y _h no regul> correspond5ts any:]e1 & a pap] publi%$ 9 ,new ,york w\ld repr9t f ! pap]s ( ,bo/on & ,philadelphia su* ( ! news ( ^? cities z impress$ ! editor z be+ ( m ?an local int]e/4 ,dur+ ! ,w> ( #ahab1 ! subsequ5t ,indian w>s1 & ! conflict ) ,mexico1 news ( battles & movem5ts ( armies 9 ! field 0 obta9$ by ! sl[ process ( wait+ = (ficial reports to ! ,gov]nm5t or private lett]s f (fic]s & m5 at ! front4 ,! ,mexican ,w> /imulat$ ! public dem& = news1 increas$ ! circulation ( newspap]s1 & did m ?an any o!r ev5t up to t "t to ar\se ! editors ( ! c\ntry to ! fact t ! p want$ e>ly & complete in=mation ( :at 0 go+ on 9 ! _w1 r ?an individual op9ions on g5]al problems4 ,:ile t /ruggle 0 9 progress ! arrival ( ! weekly mail 9 a remote village 0 an ev5t ( importance4 ,! inhabitants w\ld ga!r 9 l>ge numb]s at ! po/ (fice1 & ! meag] w> news conta9$ 9 ! newspap]s w\ld be read al\d4 ,! po/ma/] or "s subscrib] to a pap] w\ld (t5 po/ a copy ( ! late/ j\rnal 9 "s conspicu\s place 9 ! t[n1 & f t simple beg9n+ !re 0 develop$ ! newspap] bullet9 bo>d1 :]e ! public may obta9 brief in=mation ( great ev5ts be=e ! full report c be put 9 type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,ev5+ ,,po/ ,,( ,,novemb] #af1 #ahja4 ,illu/ration3 ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/ ( ,monday1 ,novemb] #af1 #ahja4 ,aft] ! division ( ! vot]s ( ! c\ntry into organiz$ political p>ties1 ! t>iff1 bank+ & curr5cy1 ! acquisition ( additional t]ritory1 & ,/ates rights develop$ into great national que/ions1 precipitat+ prolong$ & heat$ discussion by ! /atesm5 ( t p]iod4 ,?is condition /imulat$ ! gr[? ( a c]ta9 class ( newspap]s1 & br\ght into prom95ce _m writ]s ( ability4 ,! /atesm5 & politicians ( t "t turn$ to ! press z an available & valuable m$ium ?r\gh :i* to dissem9ate argum5ts4 ,!y s\ght to conv9ce r ?an to in=m ! public1 & ! j\rnalism ( t p]iod made no sub/antial progress except z an in/rum5t = ! developm5t & exploitation ( writ]s ( =ce & influ5ce4 ,:atev] p[] ! press ex]t$ 9 %ap+ ev5ts1 :atev] x accompli%$ 9 sway+ ! public m9d 9 ! days :5 nullification 0 scot*$ & t]ritorial expansion 0 accept$ z a fix$ policy ( ! majority1 %\ld be cr$it$ to ! g5ius & individuality ( ! lead+ writ]s ( t "t1 r ?an to a full pres5tation ( facts4 ,! ye>s ( agitation ( ! "q ( slav]y /ill fur!r develop$ individuality 9 j\rnalism4 ,! newspap] became an in/rum5t = educat+ ! p on c]ta9 public que/ions1 & an influ5ce ^u public op9ion by means ( editorial writ+4 ,t 0 ! p]iod ( s-call$ great editors1 ( :om ,horace ,greeley may be m5tion$ z a conspicu\s example1 :o made & unmade politicians ) _! praise or criticism1 :o %ap$ ! policy ( political p>ties1 controll$ conv5tions & nom9at$ c&idates1 *ang$ ! curr5t ( _! c\ntry's hi/ory at critical po9ts1 & 9 _m ways wield$ an influ5ce 9 public affairs great] ?an t ( ! lead+ /atesm54 ,! editor ( t "t 0 great] ?an 8 newspap]1 & ! p[] ( ! press 0 9 reality ! =ce ( "* ( ! individual ex]t$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5t )9 8 control4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,booksell]',s ,,adv]tisem5t ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,ev5+ ,,po/ ,,( ,,friday1 ,,decemb] #aa1 #ahja4 ,f #ahcj to #ahfj ! progress made 9 ! me*anical dep>tm5t ( ! bus9ess 0 sl[ & unimportant 9 comp>ison ) rec5t inv5tions4 ,cyl9d] presses came into g5]al use = ! pr9t+ ( daily pap]s1 b ! weekly & mon?ly publications cont9u$ to use ! primitive h& ma*9es4 ,! spe$ ( press-"w 0 /ill limit$ to a few hundr$ copies p] h\r1 s t an ext5sive circulation c\ld n be suppli$ ev5 if !re _h be5 a dem& = x4 ,! :ite pap] us$ 0 /ill made entirely ( rags1 & mo/ ( ! mat]ial 0 import$ f ,au/ria & ,italy4 ,! co/ ( production 0 high1 & few newspap]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 publi%$ at a fair pr(it4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ! f9ancial returns f ! bus9ess greatly ret>d$ its developm5t4 ,inv5tors f\nd t _! +5uity w\ld receive m sub/antial rew>ds 9 o!r fields1 & editors & publi%]s 7 r>ely practical m5 :o c\ld discov] imp]fections 9 me*anism & sugge/ improvem5ts 9 _! own %ops4 ,?r\gh\t ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury mo/ ( ! improv$ me?ods ( pr9t+ 7 develop$ 9 ! e/abli%m5ts ( book & job pr9t]s4 ,!re new presses & all new me*anical devices 7 fir/ in/all$1 & ! newspap] foll[$1 in/ead ( lead+1 9 ! "w ( mat]ial progress 9 ! art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,ed5 ,,mus,e ,,( #ahja4 ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,ev5+ ,,po/ ,,( ,,decemb] #bc1 #ahja4 ,to ! ,new ,york ,h]ald is g5]ally cr$it$ ! dep>ture f old-"t me?ods t result$ 9 ! creation ( newspap]s devot$ entirely to ! publication ( news1 ! report+ ( ! happ5+s ( ! _w day by day4 ,! innovation 0 n well receiv$ by ! editors1 :o believ$ t ! public c>$ m = op9ions ?an a record ( ev5ts4 ,! new me?od prov$ popul>1 h[ev]1 & ! developm5t ( ! newspap] f ! p]sonal j\rnal & p>ty organ dates f t "t4 ,! f\nd] ( ! ,h]ald & ! new s*ool ( j\rnalism sp5t money to obta9 ! news ( ! _w ahead ( ! ord9>y *annels ( communication4 ,he e/abli%$ a sy/em ( special c\ri]s1 employ$ correspond5ts1 & made ! collection ( reports ( ev5ts ( g5]al int]e/ a matt] ( fir/ importance 9 ! bus9ess ( mak+ a newspap]4 ,o!r editors foll[$ ! new movem5t sl[ly1 & (t5 ) mu* d\bt & hesitation1 b ^? :o /ood /ill & refus$ to supply _! read]s ) ! news 7 9 "t compell$ to g out ( ! bus9ess4 ,:5 ! civil w> began ! new ord] ( j\rnalism _h progress$ f> en\gh to create a g5]al dem& = a full report ( ! progress ( t great conflict4 ,all ! l>g] cities ( ! c\ntry 7 connect$ by railroads & telegraph l9es1 ! political agitation = five ye>s prior to ! beg9n+ ( ho/ilities _h ar\s$ ! p to a feel+ ( int5se int]e/ 9 ! /ruggle1 ! circulation ( ! daily pap]s _h increas$ almo/ to ! limit ( _! me*anical capacity1 & e condition favor$ a rapid developm5t ( ! bus9ess ) a c]ta9ty ( pr(itable returns4 ,! lead+ editors ( ! c\ntry /ill ex]t$ a f>-rea*+ influ5ce 9 public affairs1 & !y 7 consult$ by ! highe/ (fic]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t2 b ! "t _h come :5 ! p want$ ! news1 r ?an individual op9ions4 ,am]ican g5ius & +5uity respond$ promptly & adequately to ! dem&1 & f ! "t ( ! civil w> ! developm5t ( ! newspap] has be5 a m>vel ( sci5ce & art4 ,! telegraph came into g5]al use = ! transmission ( news1 correspond5ts & arti/s 7 s5t to ! front ) all ! armies1 ! m5 employ$ 9 ,wa%+ton to write _! own views ( public que/ions 7 in/ruct$ to s5d to _! pap]s only a record ( ! great ev5ts !n transpir+ ar\nd !m1 & 9 a mon?1 or at mo/ a ye>1 ,am]ican j\rnalism 0 well advanc$ ^u a new era ( m>vel\s developm5t4 ,! "t :5 ! op9ions1 ! p[] 9 phraseology1 or ! individuality ( "o man c\ld alone make a daily newspap] a f9ancial1 lit]>y1 or political success _h pass$4 ,! press _h become an in/itution1 j\rnalism a pr(ession1 & ! publication ( newspap]s a practical bus9ess requir+ & rew>d+ ent]prise & sagacity4 ,) ! sudd5 dem& = m pap]s came rapid progress 9 ! me*anical dep>tm5t ( ! bus9ess4 ,d\ble cyl9d] presses capable ( pr9t+ tw5ty ?\s& pap]s an h\r 7 soon p]fect$1 fold+ ma*9es came into g5]al use1 /]eotyp+ 0 employ$ to save "t1 labor1 & we> ( type1 :ite pap] 0 made f wood pulp at greatly r$uc$ co/1 & ! progress 9 all dep>tm5ts ( ! bus9ess 0 by leaps & b\nds until e dem& 0 m ?an suppli$ & new expectations creat$4 ,f t "t =w>d inv5tion kept pace ) e increase ( circulation4 ,z soon z "o press 0 f\nd inadequate or imp]fect1 ! manufactur]s 7 ready to set up a fa/] & bett] "o4 ,z competition r$uc$ ! sell+ price ( ! newspap]1 inv5tion suppli$ e dem& = ! mat]ial ( production at a r$uc$ rate4 ,! impetus to circulation imp>t$ by ! civil w> creat$ a new read+ public1 :i* rapidly grew to include e p]son :o c\ld read & a dem& = all ! news ( ! _w once creat$ w\ld n be d5i$4 ,! collection ( news 0 quickly r$uc$ to a sy/em & p]fect$1 until to-day no ev5t ( importance occurr+ 9 any "p ( ! _w is omitt$ f ! daily record ( curr5t hi/ory4 ,! great co/ ( collect+ news at ! front & transmitt+ by telegraph full reports ( battles dur+ ! civil w> caus$ c]ta9 newspap]s 9 ,new ,york city to ent] into an arrangem5t to receive reports 9 duplicate & %>e exp5ses4 ,!n ! co/ 0 fur!r r$uc$ by sell+ ! news to pap]s 9 o!r cities4 ,t 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,associat$ ,press1 a plan ( newspap] comb9ation t ultimately made ! buy+ & sell+ ( news a great comm]cial ent]prise4 ,)9 a few ye>s aft] ! close ( ! w> ?is sy/em _h be5 develop$ until practically all ! daily newspap]s ( ! c\ntry 7 int]e/$ 9 x or subscrib]s to ! news collect$ & sold4 ,?is feature ( ! bus9ess cont9u$ to gr[ until ag5cies = ! collection & transmission ( news 7 e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,simil> associations 7 =m$ 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & news ex*ang$ ) ! ,am]ican organization4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! bus9ess 0 develop$ until newspap]s ( p>ticul> sections ( ! c\ntry & ev5 ^? ( s+le ,/ates =m$ associations on ! pr9ciple ( mutual b5efit = ! collection ( full reports ( all important ev5ts )9 ! t]ritory :]e !y circulat$4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! sy/em has be5 p]fect$ until ! great news ag5cies ( ! c\ntry receive reports ( important ev5ts f e qu>t] ( ! globe ) a degree ( promptness & accuracy r5d]$ possible only by ?or\ghness ( organization & ! con/ant ex]cise ( ! ke5e/ intellig5ce4 ,! collection ( all ! news ( ! _w w\ld n be possible "u any o!r plan1 b ! ,am]ican newspap]s1 hav+ creat$ a dem& = ! news1 7 ! fir/ to devise a sy/em ( obta9+ x promptly at a co/ t made possible ! publication ( daily pap]s at a pr(it 9 almo/ e t[n 9 ! c\ntry4 ,brief reports ( all important ev5ts are transmitt$ by cable or telegraph to a c5tral (fice 9 ,new ,york1 ,wa%+ton1 or ,*icago1 :]e !y are cond5s$ or elaborat$1 z occasion may require1 & !n s5t out ov] special telegraph wires to pap]s all ov] ! c\ntry t are subscrib]s to ! s]vice4 ,! l>g] pap]s ( ! c\ntry1 h[ev]1 d n rely ^u ?is s]vice alone4 ,!y are repres5t$ by special correspond5ts n only 9 all ! *ief cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b 9 ,london4 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 & o!r news c5t]s ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,! developm5t ( ! newspap] into a m$ium = record+ day by day e ev5t ( human int]e/ 0 s rapid dur+ ! civil w> & ! /irr+ times imm$iately !reaft] t _m faults ( =m & detail rema9$4 ,! j\rnalism ( t p]iod 0 a new dep>ture1 & ! m5 :o creat$ x _h no prec$5t to guide !m1 b all ! "t !re 0 a /eady & intellig5t ef=t to improve 9 all directions4 ,! ef=ts ( ! lead+ m5 9 ! pr(ession1 influ5c$ by conditions & surr\nd+s1 result$ 9 ! creation ( :at 7 = a "t kn[n z s*ools ( j\rnalism--t is1 "o man set up an ideal1 & ano!r man /riv$ to create a j\rnal ( ano!r "*4 ,! aim ( all 0 to publi% ! g5]al news ( ! day1 b political influ5ces 7 /ill /rong en\gh to control editorial policy1 & ultra-p>tisan & sectional views 7 incorporat$ 9 ! record ( ev5ts4 ,!re 7 /ill editors ( great p[] & influ5ce 9 politics & public affairs1 & !y tri$ to %ape ! curr5t ( ! new condition by ! =ce ( editorial writ+4 ,a numb] ( editors1 ( bo? ! old & new ord]1 = a "t foll[$ ! policy ( subord9at+ to p>tisan politics all o!r features ( ! newspap]4 ,!y s\ght to make ! press ! dom9ant influ5ce 9 politics1 & to d t !y pres5t$ 9 _! j\rnals only "o side ( public & p>ty que/ions4 ,!y und]took to ?9k & to reason = _! read]s1 & _! p>tisan & sectional views 7 reflect$ 9 ! news columns ( _! pap]s4 ,s long z p>ty feel+ ran high ?is /yle ( j\rnalism 0 popul> & successful1 b ! newspap]1 be+ 9 ! nature ( an educator ( ! masses1 soon set ! p to ?9k+ = !mselves1 & creat$ a dem& = ! news ( public & political ev5ts )\t ! color ( individual op9ion4 ,! *ange f int5se p>tisan%ip to p>tial or complete indep5d5ce ( editorial utt]ance has come sl[ly1 & is /ill "u way4 ,to-day !re is no great daily newspap] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s entirely subs]vi5t to a political p>ty z to support any man or measure )\t "q or prote/4 ,politicians fe> ?is _s ( indep5d5ce1 & !re9 lies ! secret ( ! great p[] ( ! press 9 public affairs4 ,! mo/ p[]ful & successful j\rnals are ^? t comb9e absolute fairness & hone/y ) indep5d5ce4 ,s-call$ s*ools ( j\rnalism1 9 ! rapid developm5t ( ! pr(ession dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 h m]g$ into "o g5]al sy/em or plan1 :i* is to get all ! news & publi% x4 ,j\rnals may be grad$ or classifi$ by _! treatm5t ( news & _! judgm5t z to ! intellig5ce & moral "* ( ! read+ public4 ,a detail$ record ( ! developm5t ( ! me*anical "p ( ! newspap] bus9ess dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s w\ld be almo/ a synopsis ( all progress 9 sci5ce & art4 ,! newspap] pr9t+ press ( to-day1 :i* pr9ts1 cuts1 folds1 & c\nts n9ety-six ?\s& pap]s p] h\r1 ) "o man to op]ate x1 is ! me*anical wond] ( ! age4 ,x is ju/ly reg>d$ z ! greate/ piece ( ma*9]y t ! +5uity ( man has yet devis$4 ,type is no long] set by h& 9 ! mak+ ( a newspap]1 ! lett]s be+ =m$ f ! metal direct & ca/ 9 f9i%$ l9es by ma*9]y4 ,/udy+ ! p]fection & magnitude ( ! newspap] pr9t+ press ( to-day x is difficult to realize t little m ?an half a c5tury ( "t & inv5tion /& betwe5 ?is piece ( me*anism1 t seems to "w ) human intellig5ce1 & ! ,wa%+ton h& press1 ^u :i* ! production ( pr9t$ %eets 0 a matt] ( sl[ & ardu\s labor4 ,! great metropolitan newspap]s ( to-day are pr9t$ by mon/] ma*9es weigh+ ?irty tons1 compos$ ( f\r ?\s& sep>ate pieces ( /eel1 iron1 brass1 wood1 & clo?4 ,9 ! great pr9t+-press factory ( ,r4 ,hoe ,co4 eighte5 mon?s' "t is requir$ to build "o ( ! mod]n presses1 & ! co/ ( x w\ld h m ?an paid = all ! newspap] pr9t+ presses 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,^! mon/] ma*9es are kn[n z quadruple presses1 :i* means t f\r complete presses h be5 built into "o4 ,:5 9 op]ation1 :ite pap] is f$ to !m automatically f rolls1 & ?is pap]1 ) a spe$ great] ?an ! eye c foll[1 is conv]t$ into ! f9i%$ newspap]1 pr9t$ on bo? sides1 cut into %eets1 pa/$ toge!r1 fold$1 c\nt$1 & deposit$ 9 files ( fifty or "o hundr$ at "o side ( ! press4 ,:ite pap] is f$ to ! press f two po9ts1 & f9i%$ newspap]s are deliv]$ at two places on ! opposite side4 ,an idea ( ! spe$ ) :i* ! "w is done may be ga9$ by wat*+ ! pr9t$ pap]s fall f ! fold]4 ,!y drop s fa/ t ! eye1 no matt] h[ well tra9$1 c n c\nt !m4 ,^! presses h a capacity ( n9ety-six ?\s& f\r-1 six-1 or eight-page pap]s p] h\r1 & =ty-eight ?\s& t5-1 twelve-1 or sixte5-page pap]s4 ,_! me*anism is s p]fect & s c>efully adju/$ t ! break+ ( a n>r[ b& ( tape 9 ! fold]1 ! loos5+ ( a nut1 ! slighte/ b5d+ ( a rod1 friction 9 a be>+1 or any o!r d]angem5t1 no matt] h[ slight1 is in/antly app>5t to ! skill$ ma*9i/ 9 *>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,octuple ,,/]eotype ,,p]fect+ ,,press ,,& ,,fold]s 7pr9t+ on bo? sides ( ! pap]74 ,capacity #if1jjj #d-1 #f-1 or #h-page pap]s p] h\r2 d[n to #bd1jjj #bd-page pap]s p] h\r4 ,a1 pap] rolls 7,webb's71 sometimes five miles long2 ,b1 pr9t+ cyl9d]s1 ea* "o c>ry+ sixte5 plates 7pages72 ,c1 blanket or impression cyl9d]s2 ,d1 ink+ motion 7f\nta9 & ink+ roll]s72 ,f1 fold+ me*anism or =m]s 7f\r ( ^!72 ,g1 deliv]ies 7f\r ( ^!72 ,h1 controll+ lev]2 ,i1 b> slitt+1 pa/+1 collat+1 & collect+ devices 7betwe5 press & fold]s74 7,we are indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ,r4 ,hoe ,co4 = p]mission to reproduce ?is photograph4 ,?is picture & ! succe$+ "o repres5t ! mo/ p[]ful & complete pr9t+ presses :i* h be5 con/ruct$ up to date47 ,illu/ration3 ,,sextuple ,,/]eotype ,,p]fect+ ,,press ,,& ,,fold]s 7) color atta*m5t = pr9t+ ?ree additional colors on outside pages74 ,x pr9ts p] h\r #dh1jjj #d-1 #f-1 #h-1 #aj-1 or #ab-page pap]s1 #cf1jjj #af page pap]s1 or #bd1jjj #ad-1 #af-1 #bj-1 or #bd-page pap]s--all deliv]$ fold$1 pa/$1 & c\nt$4 ,also magaz9es ) pages half ! size ( ! newspap] pages1 "o half ! pages pr9t$ 9 f\r colors & ! o!r half 9 "o color1 at ! rate ( #dh1jjj ( #h1 #ab1 #af1 #bj1 or #bd pages1 & #bd1jjj ( #bh1 #cb1 #dj1 or #dh pages1 deliv]$ fold$ to page size1 cut op5 at ! heads1 b\nd ) wire /aples1 & c\nt$4 7,we are indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ,r4 ,hoe ,co4 = p]mission to reproduce ?is photograph47 ,! :ite pap] us$ 9 mak+ ! newspap]s ( to-day is manufactur$ f wood pulp & is put up 9 long rolls1 w\nd ab\t an iron cyl9d] t c be adju/$ 9 place at "o end ( ! press4 ,^! rolls conta9 f two to f\r miles ( pap]1 & weigh f eight hundr$ to twelve hundr$ p\nds ea*4 ,z soon z "o roll is us$ up ano!r is lift$ into place1 ! loose ends ( ! two are pa/$ toge!r1 &1 aft] a /op ( less ?an two m9utes1 ! great press is aga9 bel*+ =? f9i%$ newspap]s at ! rate ( sixte5 hundr$ a m9ute1 or two hundr$ & sixty-six ea* second4 ,almo/ e inv5tion & device ( rec5t ye>s 9 connection ) ! use ( electricity is 9 "s way utiliz$ 9 ! production & di/ribution ( ! daily newspap]s4 ,! evolution ( j\rnalism hav+ f9ally e/abli%$ ! fact t ! *ief function ( ! daily newspap] is to publi% ! news ( ! _w1 ! problem ( ! bus9ess is h[ to obta9 ! news surely1 accurately1 & promptly4 ,! ocean cable has tak5 ! place ( ! sail+ vessel1 ! tra9$ correspond5t has succe$$ ! occasional contributor1 ! electric telegraph & telephone h entirely sup]s$$ ! mail 9 ! transmission ( dome/ic news1 & e ev5t ( human int]e/ ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w is plac$ be=e millions ( read]s )9 a few h\rs ( its actual occurr5ce4 ,! collection ( news is n re/rict$ by any "q ( ! co/ ( obta9+ x4 ,fifty ye>s ago x 0 consid]$ a rem>kable feat = "o newspap] to obta9 in=mation ( an important ev5t 9 advance ( competitors4 ,to-day x is a matt] ( comm5t if any newspap] fails to publi% all ! news desir$ by its read]s4 ,if a w> is f\ght on any "p ( ! e>? !re are report]s on ! fir+ l9e1 & no exp5se is sp>$ 9 collect+ & transmitt+ by ! quicke/ me?od available full reports ( any ev5t ( _w-wide importance4 ,to-day ! hir+ ( special tra9s1 ! /r++ ( a special l9e ( telegraph wire1 ! *>t] ( a %ip1 ! fitt+ out ( an explor+ exp$ition1 or any o!r great ent]prise 9 ! way ( collect+ in=mation = ! newspap]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is s mu* a "p ( ! ev]yday bus9ess ( j\rnalism t su* ?+s are accept$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 or cause no m ?an a pass+ comm5t4 ,half a c5tury ago ! result ( a national conv5tion or election 0 n kn[n all ov] ! c\ntry = weeks aft]w>d4 ,9 ! case ( a national conv5tion to-day1 telegraph wires lead f ! conv5tion hall into ! (fices ( all ! newspap]s 9 ! l>g] cities4 ,an op]ator sits ne> ! plat=m ( ! presid+ (fic]1 & ) a muffl$ key he s5ds ov] ! wire a full report ( ! proce$+s1 ) a description ( e incid5t ( int]e/4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! l9e is an op]ator at a typeca/+ ma*9e receiv+ ! report & putt+ x into l9es z fa/ z receiv$4 ,:5 a c&idate = ,presid5t has be5 nom9at$1 extra editions ( ! daily pap]s are sell+ on ! /reets ( cities a ?\s& miles away almo/ be=e ! applause = ! w9n+ man has di$ out 9 ! conv5tion hall4 ,! p ( e city & t[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e a newspap] is publi%$ w\ld feel !mselves *eat$ ( _! rights if !y fail$ to receive news ( ! result ( an election by midnight ( ! day on :i* ! ballots 7 ca/4 ,9 ent]prise & orig9ality ! j\rnalism ( ,am]ica leads ! _w at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,z a pr(ession1 x comm&s1 ) allur+ prospects ( fame & =tune1 ! s]vices ( m5 ( g5ius & le>n+4 ,^? :o ent] x f *oice succe$ or fail quickly4 ,x is a life ( activity1 a "w :]e en]gy & intellig5ce are ess5tial qualifications1 & honor & hone/y are c]ta9 ( rew>d4 ,!re is no endur+ place 9 ! pr(ession = hypocrisy1 indol5ce1 or m$iocrity4 ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,art4 ,,by ,,georges ,,p]rot4 ,georges ,p]rot is "o ( ! lead+ art writ]s & tea*]s ( ,france4 ,born 9 #ahcb1 n f> f ,p>is1 he 0 graduat$ f ! cole ,normale ab\t #ahee1 & 0 !n = ?ree ye>s at ! ,fr5* ,s*ool at ,a!ns4 ,f 8 return to ! pres5t day he has occupi$1 ) honor & di/9ction1 _m positions 9 ! _w ( lett]s4 ,at pres5t he is a memb] ( ! ,in/itut1 an (fic] ( ! ,lgion d',honneur1 a pr(essor la ,facult des ,lettres de ,p>is1 & ! director ( ! cole ,normale ,suprieure4 ,he is be/ kn[n to s*ol>s outside ( ,france by ! magnific5t "w on ! ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,antiquity1 :i* he is writ+1 assi/$ by ,*>les ,*ipiez1 ar*itecte du g\v]nem5t1 & ( :i* sev5 sup]b qu>tos h already appe>$4 7,ha*ette et ,cie47 ,9 #ahia1 by a decree ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 ! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! f9e arts 0 introduc$ into a section ( ! /udies pursu$ at ! lyces4 ,9 an article 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,july #ae1 #ahii1 ,p]rot pleads = an increase ( ! "t assign$ to ! /udy & = its introduction into o!r p>ts ( ! curriculum4 ,i h translat$ ^? pages ( ! article :i* are ( g5]al int]e/ z a contribution to a subject :i* is des]v$ly attract+ ! att5tion ( ,am]ican in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,d4 ,,cady ,,eaton4 ,writt5 & spok5 language1 ! language ( :i* ! signs are words1 is n ! only language :i* man uses to convey 8 ideas4 ,!re is also ! language ( =ms1 :i*1 ) no less cle>ness & =ce1 conveys ! conceptions ( ! intellect & ! s5tim5ts ( ! he>t4 ,we /udy ! hi/ory & ! lit]ature ( bygone p = ! purpose ( acquir+ a bett] k ( ourselves1 & ?is k is secur$ by becom+ consci\s ( ! diff]5t /ates ( m9d1 to use a mod]n expression1 ?r\gh :i* our ance/ors h pass$4 ,ev5 ! mo/ elem5t>y & ! mo/ remote ( ^! successive conditions are1 unconsci\sly p]haps1 repres5t$ 9 ! dep?s ( our be+ by beliefs & cu/oms = :i* ! pres5t ord] & progress ( civilization c n acc\nt4#af ,footnote #af3 ,! highe/ education consi/s 9 ! pres5tation & 9 ! acceptance ( ! pure/ ideas & ! highe/ ideals ( all ages1 :e!r !y be pres5t$ 9 writt5 or spok5 words1 9 songs ( voices or s\nds ( in/rum5ts1 9 pla/ic =ms or gl[+ pictures1 9 humble lives or glori\s actions4 ,! well-educat$ man %\ld be ! product & ! epitome ( ! be/ ?\ghts & s5tim5ts ! _w has produc$1 = he c>ries ! responsibility ( pa/ c5turies4 ,n to g back to ! ,quat]n>y p]iod or to ! cave dwell]s1 !re are _m ( ^! m5tal ideas or conditions :i* w\ld rema9 hidd5 f ! inquiry ( ! hi/orian if he 7 limit$ to writt5 te/imony4 ,"o example may suffice3 ! discov]ies ( ,s*liemann1 at ,troy1 ,myc51 & ,tiryns h rescu$ f oblivion a primitive ,greece ( :i* ! ,greeks !mselves _h pres]v$ b a fa9t remembrance4 ,?us has be5 giv5 to ! ,hom]ic epo* a backgr\nd ( _m c5turies4 ,n[ ?is ,greece1 contempor>y ( ! ,?utmoses & ! ,ramses ( ,egypt1 ant]ior to n only ,grecian hi/ory b ev5 to ,grecian tradition1 c\ld n write1 b c\ld "w & use /one2 c\ld hew wood & fa%ion x = c>p5try2 c\ld mold & bake clay2 c\ld melt & hamm] lead1 bronze1 gold1 & silv]2 & c\ld c>ve ivory4 ,e bit ( mat]ial fa%ion$ by ! in/rum5ts ( ?is p]iod has ! value ( an au!ntic docum5t4 ,h[ society 0 con/itut$1 ! life t 0 l$1 :at notions 7 held ( ! h]eaft]--all ^! ?+s are reveal$ by ! m>ks ! h&s ( man h left ^u ev]y?+ he t\*$4 ,! colossal walls ( ,tiryns1 ! maje/ic fun]al cupolas ( ,myc51 ! divisions ( ! royal abodes ( :i* ! outl9es c /ill be trac$ on ! surface ( ! soil1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! sepul*res hidd5 b5ea? x all te/ify4 ,s1 too1 ! weapons1 ! in/rum5ts1 ! vases1 & ! jewels :i* h be5 f\nd scatt]$ ab\t amid ! ru9s ( ! build+s or buri$ 9 ! tombs4 ,?anks to all ^! monum5ts1 we are beg9n+ to recognize 9 a %ad[ :i* ye> by ye> gl[s ) a bright] light ! features :i* *>act]iz$ ! _w ( ,a*an h]oes ( :i* ! image1 trans=m$ by oral tradition & s+ul>ly enl>g$ by p[] ( inv5tion1 is reflect$ 9 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey4 ,f ^! obscure & remote ages let u transport ourselves to ! ,greece ( ,pisi/ratus1 ( ,p]icles1 & ( ,alex&]4 ,in/ructors ( y\? tell ( ! losses :i* h be5 made1 & ( h[ small a "p ( ! lit]>y "w ( ,greek g5ius has escap$ ! great %ipwreck ( antiquity4 ,%\ld !y n also indicate :]e preci\s supplem5ts ( in=mation may be f\nd to fill ! voids ( writt5 tradition8 ,!re are _m v>iations ( important my?s1 h>dly m5tion$ 9 pass+ by obscure epitomiz]s ( ! l[] c5turies1 :i* h furni%$ to c]amic arti/s subjects = pictures :i* make u acqua9t$ ) p]sonages & ) episodes ( :i* writ]s h h>dly left a trace4 ,b ev5 if we _h ! works ( ! cyclic poets1 all ( :i* h p]i%$2 if we _h ! lyric poets1 ( :om only ,p9d> has surviv$1 & ,bac*ylides ^: fragm5ts are to-day ! joy ( ,hell5i/s2 if we _h ! :ole ( trag$y1 ( :i* we h b ! remnants2 if we _h all ( t com$y :i* is repres5t$ by ,ari/ophanes alone2 if we _h all ( ! m anci5t com$y1 all ( ! middle p]iod & all ( ! new1 ) ,m5&] :o s9ce ! ,r5aissance is ! regret ( all critics ( f9e appreh5sion--all ?is poetry c\ld n exhau/ ! multiple fecundity & ! prodigi\s ri*ness ( ! imag9ation :i* creat$ x4 ,if malevol5t ,=tune _h decre$ ! de/ruction ( e bit ( ,greek pla/ic art we %\ld h be5 condemn$ to p]petual ignorance ( _m aspects & me?ods ( ! ,greek s\l4 ,is !re any?+ 9 lit]ature wor? ! little clay figures ( ,tanagra 9 mak+ cle> h[ ! ,greeks appreh5d$ & enjoy$ female beauty3 h[ !y lov$ x n only 9 ! noble & s]i\s types ( a ,pallas or an ,aphrodite1 b ev5 z pres5t$ by ! humble inhabitants ( little villages 9 ! graceful ab&on ( _! ev]yday life & 9 ! lib]ty ( _! mo/ ord9>y attitudes8 ,if we base an op9ion ( ! religion ( ! ,greeks only ^u ! epi!ts us$ by poets 9 def9+ ! gods & ^u actions !y attribut$ to !m1 we run ! risk ( judg+ wrongly4 ,9 contemplat+ _! images we obta9 cle>] notions ( ! ideas associat$ ) ea* div9e type4 ,alas6 we d n possess ! great works ( ,phidias :i* accord+ to m5 ( au?ority made m5 m religi\s--! ,a!ne ( ! ,p>!non & ! ,zeus ( ,olympia4 ,b ev5 9 ! r$uc$ copies ( ^! two ma/]pieces :i* h rea*$ d[n to our "t we c div9e h[ ! ma/] express$ 9 ! "o ! idea ( calm & lum9\s intellig5ce & ( supreme wisdom1 & 9 ! o!r ! idea ( t sov]eign =ce 9 repose & ( t omnipot5ce1 temp]$ by goodness1 :i* 7 conceiv$ to exi/ 9 ! sov]eign ( ! univ]se1 ! fa!r ( gods & m54 ,9 subsequ5t p>agraphs ,p]rot imag9es ! ,greek /atues ( ! ,l\vre ?us address+ a classical /ud5t3 ,"y man1 y :o are /udy+ ,greece 9 ,hom] & ,plato1 9 ,sophocles & ,h]odotus1 d n pass u by s quickly4 ,we also belong to t ,greece :i* y disc]n & :i* y seek 9 _! writ+s1 ( :i* n )\t difficulty y deciph] ! prose & ! v]se4 ,to und]/& & to love u1 to read 9 our features ! ?\ghts ( :i* we are ! expression1 to seize 9 ! model+ ( our fle% & 9 ! pure outl9e ( our limbs ! secret ( ! g5ius :i* creat$ u1 no gramm> nor diction>y is ne$$2 only apply y\rself to ! education ( y\r eye4 ,9 ?is ex]cise1 9 ?is appr5tice%ip1 y w f9d a pleasure :i* w become m & m ke5 z y become m capable ( p]ceiv+ rapidly ! f9e/ gradations4 ,if y aspire to become an au?oriz$ int]pret] ( ,greek g5ius1 d n fe> t y may be los+ "t4 ,:51 by long & affectionate int]c\rse1 y %all h suffici5tly ent]$ into our intimacy to be able at any giv5 h\r to evoke 9 y\r _s1 z cle>ly z if we /ood be=e y1 a vision ( ! =ms :i* %all h become de> to y1 !n ! images :i* %all be awak5$ 9 y\r memories :5 y read ! poets w be ak9 to ^? :i* ! same recitals & ! same epi!ts sugge/$ to ! ,greeks :o saw u born4 ,to !m y w be drawn by simil>ity ( impression4 ,y w be ne>] to !m1 ne>] to ?9k+ & feel+ aft] _! fa%ion1 at lea/ by mom5ts1 ?an ! mo/ subtle gramm>ian or ! mo/ le>n$ ,hell5i/ :o nev] has se5 u4 ,turn+ f ,greece to ,italy1 ,p]rot d]ives a no less /rik+ lesson f ! /atues ( ,roman emp]ors3 ,is !re a lesson1 ?\gh giv5 by ! mo/ le>n$ pr(essor1 t c\ld cause to live be=e u all ! life ( ! ,rome ( ! ,cs>s z d ^! effigies8 ,9 ! long succession ( portraits :i* embrace ?ree c5turies ( hi/ory ! diff]5ces ( times & ( m5 are contra/$ m ke5ly & m vividly ?an 9 ! recitals ( anci5t au?ors or 9 ! diss]tations ( mod]n erudites4 ,augu/us & ,tib]ius1 ,con/ant9e & ,!odosius1 all bore ! same title--'imp]ator'2 all 7 call$ consuls1 ,cs>s1 ,augu/i1 patres patri1 etc4 ,nev]!less1 f ! fir/ to ! f\r? c5turies ! supreme p[] 0 greatly modifi$4 ,volumes h be5 writt5 to expla9 ! *ange1 b !re is no?+ t makes x s cle> z ! comp>ison ( ! images ( ^! pr9ces4 ,augu/us1 9 p]haps ! mo/ beautiful ( all 8 /atues1 call$ de ,prima ,porta1 has 8 head1 arms1 legs1 & feet b>e4 ,ov] ! soldi]'s %ort tunic he we>s a cuirass1 & ov] x is ?r[n ! milit>y mantle ( comm&4 ,he is repres5t$ z supreme *ief h>angu+ 8 troops4 ,ano!r /atue may repres5t him z a simple citiz51 clo!d ) ! toga & hold+ 9 8 h& ! manuscript ( ! disc\rse he proposes read+ to ! s5ate4 ,! /atues /ill %[ =? ! ,roman ,republic1 at lea/ ! cu/oms & ! /yle ( x4 ,mo/ vividly is ! _s & also ! deception ( ! sy/em p]ceiv$ :i*1 :ile inve/+ a s+le individual ) a p[] almo/ limitless1 affects = two c5turies a pres]vation ( anci5t lib]ties4 ,turn f ^! to an image ( "o ( ! successors ( ,diocletian1 "o :o pref]r$ to reside 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ! new capital ( ! empire4 ,d n seek 8 image 9 "o ( ! c]emonial /atues :]e1 by =ce ( r\t9e1 ! sculptor may p]*ance h pres]v$ classic rules2 b 9 monum5ts ( ano!r ord]1 :]e ! arti/ kept clos] to reality1 9 m9iatures adorn+ manuscripts1 9 mosaics1 9 ivory dipty*s1 etc4 ,!re y w f9d figures :i* h no?+ left ( ! simplicity & nobility :i* ,rome borr[$ f ,greece1 b figures :i* 9 "s p>ticul>s recall ! old art ( ,asia1 & 9 o!rs already ann\nce ! art ( ! middle ages4 ,! head is encircl$ ) a diadem4 ,! body & ! limbs are entirely hidd5 by cl++ drap]ies :i* are v long & v n>r[4 ,! mat]ials :i* =m ?is species ( case are decorat$ f top to bottom ) ri* embroid]ies 9 ! %ape ( m$allions1 fl[]s1 animals1 & ev5 p]sons4 ,!re is no m deception2 we are no long] 9 ,rome2 fictions s long pres]v$ h f9ally disappe>$2 ! empire has turn$ into an ,ori5tal despotism4 ,betwe5 ! two extremes ( ! s]ies1 h[ _m degrees are !re :i* furni% ! v be/ comm5t>ies ( hi/ory8 ,! heads ( all ! ,cs>s1 ev5 ^? ( ,claudius1 ! accid5tal s*ol>1 & ( ,caligula1 ! wick$ & witty fool1 are ari/ocratic4 ,!y %[ ! nobility & ! pride ( race4 ,y recognize 9 !m ! desc5dants ( ^? gr& patrician families :i* at fir/ seem$ to hold exclusively ! "r to give ma/]s to ! ,romans4 ,) ,vespasian1 scion ( a middle-class family pu%+ its way into second-class public positions1 ! adv5t ( a new ord] is evid5t4 ,vespasian has ! r\nd & smoo?1 d\ble-*9n$ face ( ! *ief cl]k ( a comm]cial or bank+ e/abli%m5t4 ,trajan has ! features ( a soldi] :o has probably pu%$ 8 way to ! front f ! ranks4 ,hadrian1 :o turns 8 head to he> ! bett]1 ^: bright eyes gleam ev5 9 ! m>ble1 ^: half-op5$ m\? seems 9 ! act ( spee*1 %[s ! features ( a le>n$ & intellig5t s*ol>4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ) 8 bri/l+ hair & be>d1 w\ld be tak5 = a ,greek philosoph]4 ,9 ,c>acalla's looks !re is d]angem5t4 ,8 eye betrays t murd]\s & fanta/ic fr5zy :i* seiz$ m ?an "o emp]or1 especially ( ^? :o f e>ly y\? _h be5 expos$ to ! temptations ( absolute p[]4#ag ,footnote #ag3 ,!re is a bu/ ( ,julius ,cs> 9 ,engl& ( :i* a ca/ or a copy %\ld be by ! side ( e exp\nd] ( ! ,comm5t>ies4 ,! pres5ce ( ! bu/ w\ld give new life to ! n>rative1 = !re is m life 9 ! m>ble ?an 9 ! writ+4 ,!re are 9 ! ,l\vre1 plac$ side by side1 ?ree repres5tations ( ,n]o :i* tell ! /ory ( ! man m graphically ?an ! pages ( ,suetonius4 ,! fir/ repres5ts ! y\?1 ^: ?\ghts are pure1 hopes bright1 & resolves noble4 ,! second %[s ! conflict ) evil & ! beg9n+ ( ! triumph ( s94 ,! ?ird is s mon/r\s 9 its brutality & lu/ t x mu/ h be5 tak5 b a %ort "t be=e ! cata/rophe :i* t]m9at$ ! matricide's c>e]4 ,hi/orians may detail ! circum/ances ( ! fall ( ,rome1 philosoph]s may inve/igate ! causes :i* l$ to x1 b t hide\s face 9 ! ,l\vre tells ! :ole /ory ) a =ce s />tl+1 s in/antane\s1 t hi/ory & philosophy seem weak & want+4 ,n to p]sonages alone d pictur$ monum5ts give life4 ,! same "* ( s5sible reality is imp>t$ to ! frame & to ! surr\nd+s ( ! picture1 to all ! !at] :]e ^! actors play$ _! p>ts4 ,( ?is tru? no "o ( our tea*]s1 :5 ,i 0 a collegian1 seem$ to h a suspicion4 ,!re 0 n an illu/ration 9 ! cold & dry comp5diums :i* 7 plac$ 9 our h&s4 ,i c almo/ ask myself if1 :5 ,i /udi$ ,greek & ,roman hi/ory1 ,i 0 really conv9c$ t ,sp>ta & ,a!ns1 ,rome & ,c>?age _h actually exi/$4 ,i c]ta9ly did n "k h[ or :]e to place !m 9 space1 :at idea to h ( _! situation1 or ( ! outl9es made by ! ridges ( _! walls1 _! h\ses1 & _! temples4 ,all ^! cities 7 to me vague %ad[s1 float+ betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,no "o ( !m answ]$ to a di/9ct & def9$ =m4 ,if ?is be ! case ) classical antiquity1 9 spite ( ! color & spl5dor ( ! n>ratives ( its writ]s1 h[ mu* m difficult is x to "k & und]/& ,france ( ! middle ages :5 condemn$ to /udy x 9 its lit]>y "w alone6 ,! lit]ature ( ! p]iod is p>tly 9 debas$ ,lat91 p>tly 9 e>ly ,fr5*4 ,! ,fr5* ( ! day 0 n ! language ( ! ?9k]s4 ,! deep ?\ght ( ! age is n to be f\nd 9 m9/relsy & ballads4 ,x mu/ be ask$ ( ! le>n$1 ( philosoph]s1 ( !ologians1 & ( sacr$ writ]s4 ,b to foll[ !m 9 ! subtle analyses & 9 ! excessive complications ( symbolism1 9 :i* !y delight1 requires m5tal ef=ts :i* are made all ! m labori\s by ! artificial "* ( ! *ur* ,lat91 :i* no long] cont9u$ to r5ew itself at ! s\rce ( popul> spee*4 ,x is impossible to see h[ su* works1 9 spite ( _! value to erudition1 c be call$ to take "p 9 ! education ( ! "y4 ,x is = ?is reason t lately1 by a judici\s innovation1 a discreet place has be5 made 9 ! curriculum = hi/ories & poems writt5 9 ! common language1 = ! ,*anson de ,rol&1 & = ! works ( ,villeh>d\9 & ,jo9ville4 ,b ! /ud5t c only read ^! 9 translations1 or 9 ^? adaptations :i* s mod]nize ! language z to leave b a little ( its orig9al flavor1 & :i* !re=e make b an imp]fect contact betwe5 ! orig9al "w & ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,b suppos+ ! s*ol> capable ( ma/]+ ! orig9al text3 c its =mless & sup]abundant prose1 or ! tiresome monotone ( its fl[+ dissonances1 give him emotions :i* h ! vivacity ( ^? :i* a page ( ,tacitus or a song ( ,virgil gives to ^? :o "k ev5 a modicum ( ,lat98 ,c !y h ! p[] to excite ! imag9ation 9 ! same degree z any /rong & concise s5t5ce ( ! hi/orian1 any sonor\s & gl[+ v]se ( ! ,roman poet8 ,x is only exceptionally & z by fla%es t ! writ+s ( ! middle ages give ! impression ( true beauty4 ,! conceptions are (t5 gr&1 b ! expression is always weak & dragg+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,roman or ,go?ic *ur*es are n less beautiful aft] _! mann] ?an ,greek temples4 ,_! beauty is ( ano!r fa%ion1 b _m s\ls are t\*$ m deeply4 ,!y manife/ no less cle>ly ! p[] ( ! religi\s fai? :i* con/ruct$ !m4 ,! p>ticul> "* ( ,*ri/ian fai? is %[n ) s+ul> cle>ness 9 _! maje/y1 9 ! elevation ( _! vaults1 9 ! half lights :i* flood !m1 & 9 ! ?\s&s ( figures :i* populate & animate e surface4 ,z 9 ,greece1 ! sculptor co-op]ates intellig5tly & docilely ) ! ar*itect & has occupi$ no less happily ! allott$ fields4 ,z ,phidias & ,alcam5es repres5t$ on ! p$im5ts & friezes ( ,doric temples ! great gods ( ,greece & ! local my?s ( ,a!ns & ,olympia1 s anonym\s ma/]s1 call$ to decorate ! ca!drals ( ! middle ages1 h plac$ impressive /atues on ! sides & 9 ! v\ssoirs ( ! portals1 9 ! op5 gall]ies :i* run along ! faades1 on ! top ( ! p9nacles :i* ?rong ! ro(--9 fact1 ev]y:]e :]e space is (f]$4 ,^! /atues1 di/ribut$ 9 an ord] regulat$ by doctr9e & tradition1 %[ =? ! ,savi\r1 ! ,virg91 sa9ts & angels1 prophets & apo/les1 & ho/s ( p]sonages & sc5es sugge/$ by ,holy ,writ or by local & popul> leg5ds4 ,among ^! images !re are _m at ,b\rges1 ,*>tres1 ,rheims1 ,ami5s1 & ,ntre ,dame de ,p>is1 :i* are m>vels ( sev]e elegance1 ( *a/e & haughty grace1 & ( l(ty moral nobility4 ,?is wond]ful /atu>y has b lately be5 inve/igat$1 expos$1 & /udi$1 b already x w\ld be difficult to f9d a connoisseur unwill+ to comp>e ) ! mo/ boa/$ /atues ( antiquity t admirable image ( ! tea*+ ,*ri/ ( ! we/ portal ( ,ami5s1 to :i* ! popul> surname has be5 atta*$ ( le ,beau ,dieu d',ami5s4 ,= evid5t reasons1 ,fr5* sculpture ( ! ?irte5? c5tury did n1 z did ,greek sculpture1 devote itself to ! /udy & reproduction ( ! nude4 ,x d5i$ itself ?is attraction4 ,all figures are clad2 b b5ea? ! drap]y1 :i* is 9 f9e masses ) l>ge folds1 ! outl9e & ! movem5t ( =m are indicat$ ) precision4 ,! pr9cipal int]e/ & ! r>e orig9ality1 h[ev]1 ( ?is sculpture is t x is p]haps ! mo/ expressive t has ev] exi/$4 ,?is expressiv5ess appe>s 9 ! g5]al effect ( ! pose1 9 ! disposition ( ! drap]y1 b especially 9 ! "* :i* ! arti/ has succe$$ 9 giv+ to ! features ( ! face4 ,! augu/ my/]ies ( ! ,*ri/ian dogma1 ! poetry ( ! ,old & ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! triumphant dea?s ( m>tyrs1 ! miracles ( sa9ts & _! inf9ite *>ity--^! ?+s :i* ! middle ages fail$ to put into cle> & intelligible words are fully r5d]$ 9 sculpture4 ,! "w ( ! *isel is l>ge & firm4 ,difficulties are n s\ght1 nor are !y fe>$4 ,:atev] be ! mat]ial1 ! =m is sure4 ,to und]/& h[ sup]ior ! pla/ic is to ! lit]>y "w1 & to measure ! di/ance1 comp>e ! ,ami5s /atue ) ! portraits ! au?ors ( ! ,my/]ies endeavor to draw ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ',:at c be m flat ?an ^! poor v]ses1 :i* are nev]!less ( ! sixte5? c5tury8 ,! au?ors _h good int5tions & an appreh5sion ( :at %\ld be done1 b !y 7 betray$ by ! language 9 :i* !y wrote4 ,! sculptors ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 on ! contr>y1 :o possess$ fully ! gramm> ( _! art1 express$ all !y felt1 & h left u ! mo/ div9e images ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 exi/5ce4'#ah ,footnote #ah3 ,e4 ,mle4 ,revue ,univ]sitaire1 ,?ird ,anne1 l4 i1 p4 #ae4 ,italy ( ! ,r5aissance is q un9telligible to any "o :o has n measur$ ! place held by art 9 ! preoccupations n only ( arti/s :o practice x1 b ( all m5 ( all conditions--( pr9ces1 nobles1 tradesm51 & ( citiz5s ( mo/ humble occupations4 ,no "o 9 any rank is )\t a passionate love = pla/ic beauty4 ,?is love 0 ,italy's life & ,italy's dea?4 ,%e di$ ( x1 because all h] sap 0 consum$ 9 satisfy+ x4 ,x made h] indiff]5t to h] dismemb]m5t1 to ! h>d yoke ( h] tyrants1 to ! loss ( h] political lib]ties1 & ( h] indep5d5ce4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 x con/itut$ ! int5sity ( h] life :i* 0 exhau/$ & r5ew$ aga9 9 ! ardor ) :i* %e pursu$ h] ideal & 9 h] endeavors to realize x "u all its aspects4 ,let him :o w\ld wi% to obta9 an exact idea ( ?is condition reside = a :ile 9 ,mantua1 9 ,p>ma1 9 ,si5na1 9 ,flor5ce1 or 9 any o!r less-kn[n city :i* nev]!less _h its local s*ool ( art1 its ar*itects1 its sculptors1 its pa9t]s1 "s ( :om1 ?\gh !y only work$ = _! native city1 7 n f> f manife/+ g5ius4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,raphael's ,madonnas save ! reputation ( ! papal see ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 = pontiffs :o *]i%$ su* pure & g5tle repres5tations c\ld n h be5 s corrupt z ,lu!r's p>tisans ass]t4 ,! writt5 hi/ory ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & its ri* lit]ature c n alone give an idea ( ! situation occupi$ by ,l\is ,,xiv 9 ,europe :5 he 0 admir$1 imitat$1 or r s]vilely copi$1 z pre-em95tly ! type ( ! mod]n k+ ev5 by ^? :o hat$ him ! mo/4 ,aft] two c5turies1 h we n se5 8 wond]ful pre/ige /ill pot5t 9 dom9at+ ! sickly m9d ( ,l\is ,,ii ( ,bav>ia8 ,9 8 desire to copy 8 *os5 model ,l\is ru9$ himself 9 build+ palaces4 ,9 ?is folly he %[$ discrim9ation4 ,l\is ,,xiv1 :5 dy+1 may h accus$ himself ( hav+ indulg$ too great a love = build+2 b 8 edifices1 ) _! maje/ic gr&eur & ! opul5ce ( _! decoration1 gave t royal life a frame :i* _h mu* to d ) ! dazzl+ :i* all ,europe exp]i5c$ :5 9 ! pres5ce ( le ,roi ,soleil4 ,9 ord] to recognize & exp]i5ce1 ?\gh b = a mom5t1 a little ( ! impression felt by all contempor>ies1 ,v]sailles mu/ be visit$2 ! ap>tm5ts ( ! palace1 ! t]races1 & ! alleys ( ! p>k mu/ be trav]s$4 ,?us w be ?r[n ^u ?is hi/oric figure a light f> m brilliant & true ?an c\ld possibly be ! result ( le>n+ by he>t acc\nts ( all ! campaigns ( ,tur5ne or ,cond1 or all ! clauses ( ! treaties ( ,nimgue & ,ryswick4 ,! same may be said ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ( :i* only an incomplete idea c be _h )\t a k ( its art4 ,?is c5tury1 to :i* ,voltaire gave ! note1 seems to h _h no s5tim5t ( poetry4 ,d[n to ! "t ( ,&r ,*5i] ev]y?+ call$ poetry 0 no m ?an rhym$ prose4 ,! imag9ation1 h[ev]1 did n lose its rights4 ,l a /ream :i* *anges its b$1 x )drew f lit]ature to fl[ into ! arts ( design4 ,!re x gives evid5ce ( inv5tion & ( light & spontane\s grace4 ,ar*itects adopt plans ( happy arrangem5t4 ,!y employ =ms ( r>e elegance bo? 9 ! elem5ts ( con/ruction & 9 ! ornam5ts :i* decorate !m4 ,su* sculptors z ,capp]i & ,h\don give to portraiture a m>vel\s int5sity ( life1 :ile ! t]ra cottas ( ,clodion1 ) _! fanta/ic & voluptu\s *>m1 recall ! clay model]s ( antiquity4 ,su* pa9t]s z ,greuze1 ,lancret1 & ,b\*] spread be=e ! eyes liv+ idyls1 :ile ,watteau & ,frangon>d conjure dreams ( ideal ,cy!ras1 ( a *im]ical p>adise :]e reign et]nal y\? & et]nal desire4 ,! politics ( our k+s & ( our m9i/]s ( ! p]iod is b a succession ( faults & weaknesses4 ,! be/ conc]t$ plans come to naught4 ,! mo/ brilliant victory produces no useful results4 ,if ,france1 9 spite ( s _m rev]ses1 /ill held h] supremacy 9 ,europe1 %e ow$ x to h] writ]s & to h] arti/s4 ,p]rot's argum5ts might be us$ ) ev5 great] =ce 9 ref]5ce to ^? notions :i* h _h no ,com9es1 no ,jo9ville1 no ,froiss>t1 no ,villeh>d\91 b ! hi/ory ( ^: civilization may be trac$ 9 monum5ts along ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube1 ! ,ems & ! ,elbe4 ,9 ! la/ "p ( ! article ,p]rot consid]s ! be/ me?ods ( giv+ ! desir$ in/ruction4 ,h[ev] int]e/+ & valuable 8 sugge/ions may be 9 communities :]e ! in/ruction has already be5 e/abli%$1 x is evid5t t !re mu/ fir/ be a conviction ( ! value & necessity ( su* /udies & ! det]m9ation to h !m />t$4 ,me?ods are n difficult to devise1 & w v>y ) national & individual ta/es4 ,t ,am]ican colleges ( ?irty1 =ty1 or fifty ye>s ago %\ld h object$ to ! introduction ( ! hi/ory ( ! f9e arts into _! curricula is easily und]/ood4 ,art 9 any =m 0 reg>d$ by ! ,new ,engl& m9d z an emanation ( ! devil1 & ! ,new ,engl& m9d controll$ ,am]ican colleges4 ,:y ! repugnance cont9ues to exi/ is h>d] to und]/&4 ,x may subsi/ f ignorance1 f prejudice1 or f cons]vatism4 ,cons]vatism may /ill reg>d all in=mation to be d]iv$ f art z objectionable4 ,prejudice may /ill be /rongly fix$ 9 ! notion t writt5 & spok5 words are ! only vehicles ( in/ruction1 & t ! arts are useless & idle vanities1 :ile ignorance may be await+ demon/ration :i* w h to be /rong & conclusive to awake x f self-satisfi$ apa?y4 ,may ! good words ( ,p]rot help on ! cause & accel]ate ! "t :5 ! be/ & ! fulle/ education w be (f]$ by ! ,am]ican univ]sity6 ,,h[ ,,/&>d ,,"t ,,is ,,obta9$4 ,,by ,t4 ,b4 ,,willson1 ,m4 ,a4 ,almo/ ev]ybody kn[s t obs]vatories are ! places f :i* /&>d "t is s5t out & correct$ daily or h\rly4 ,b comp>atively few h m ?an ! vague/ idea ( ! means us$ at ! obs]vatories = obta9+ x4 ,probably ! majority ( p suppose t ! obs]vatories obta9 ! correct "t f ! sun4 ,:5 ! av]age man wi%es to give 8 wat* ! highe/ praise he says1 ,x regulates ! sun1 n be+ aw>e t a wat* :i* w\ld keep ) ! sun ar\nd ! ye> w\ld h to be ne>ly z bad z ,sam ,well]'s4 ,! f>m] may safely decide :5 to g 9 to d9n] by ! sun1 b if ! m>9] 0 z confid5t t ! sun m>k$ always ! correct "t z ! f>m] is he w\ld be sure to be at times two or ?ree hundr$ miles f :]e he ?\ght he 04 ,9 o!r words1 ! sun--t is1 a sundial--is only correct on a few days 9 ea* ye>1 & dur+ ! int]v5+ times gets z f> z a :ole qu>t] h\r fa/ or sl[4 ,^! v>iations ( ! sun f uni=m "t caus$ no end ( tr\ble betwe5 ! a/ronom]s & ! f9e clockmak]s be=e x 0 discov]$ t sun "t is subject to su* irregul>ities4 ,! bett] ! clock1 ! worse x (t5 seem$ to g4 ,b z ! v>iations 9 sun "t are n[ accurately kn[n1 correct "t might be obta9$ f ! sun by mak+ prop] all[ance1 7 x n = ! difficulty ( obs]v+ its position1 ) suffici5t exactness4 ,! l>ge disk ( ! sun c n be locat$ s p]fectly z c ! s+le po9t :i* a /> makes4 ,= ?is reason a/ronom]s dep5d almo/ :olly ^u ! />s = obta9+ accurate "t4 ,x is ! me?od ( do+ ?is :i* we propose to describe4 ,!re are sev]al hundr$ />s ^: positions h be5 e/abli%$ ) ! greate/ accuracy by ! mo/ c>eful obs]vations at a numb] ( ! pr9cipal obs]vatories ( ! _w4 ,if a />'s exact position is kn[n1 x c readily be calculat$ :5 x w pass ! m]idian ( any giv5 place--t is1 ! in/ant x w cross a nor?-&-s\? l9e ?r\gh ! place4 ,! data reg>d+ ^! />s are all publi%$ 9 ! nautical almanacs1 :i* are got out by sev]al diff]5t obs]vatories = ! use ( navigators & all o!rs :o h uses = !m4 ,^! />s are kn[n z clock />s4 ,e obs]vatory is provid$ ) at lea/ "o1 or1 bett]1 sev]al clocks t are v accurate inde$4 ,e appliance & precaution :i* sci5ce c sugge/ is resort$ to to make ^! clocks accurate4 ,! workman%ip is1 ( c\rse1 v f9e4 ,:at is kn[n z ! reta9+ click prev5ts _! los+ a s+le beat :ile be+ w\nd4 ,! small v>iations 9 ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum :i* *anges ( temp]ature w\ld cause are (fset by comp5sation4 ,! rise ( ! m]cury 9 ! p5dulum bob1 if ! wea!r gr[s w>m]1 %ort5s ! p5dulum precisely z mu* z ! expansion ( its rod l5g!ns x1 & conv]sely if x becomes cold]4 ,su* clocks1 too1 are set on /one pi]s built up f bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd & :olly indep5d5t ( ! build+ itself4 ,(t5 ! clocks are made ) air-tight cases1 & sometimes are plac$ 9 tightly clos$ *amb]s1 only to be ent]$ :5 absolutely necess>y4 ,"s f9e clocks ev5 h appliances = (fsett+ b>ometric *anges1 b ^! affect su* clocks less ?an o!r influ5ces or imp]fections :i* c n be acc\nt$ =1 & ?us !y are seldom provid$ aga9/4 ,! a/ronom]'s pr9cipal clock--! "o he uses 9 all 8 calculations--m>ks :at is kn[n z sid]eal1 n ord9>y1 "t4 ,! revolution ( ! e>? 9 its orbit sets ! sun back 9 its place 9 ! heav5s at ! rate ( ab\t f\r m9utes a day1 or "o :ole day 9 a ye>1 s t ?is clock1 indicat+ /> "t1 ga9s ?is am\nt & is only ) ord9>y clocks once a ye>4 ,aft] x is once adju/$1 no attempt is made to regulate x exactly1 z ! a/ronom] w\ld bett] calculate its diff]5ces ?an di/urb its regulation1 always provid$ its rate is v uni=m & accurately kn[n4 ,"o or m ( ! o!r clocks1 h[ev]1 are made to %[ ord9>y "t1 & correct$ by obs]vations tak5 e few days4 ,x is f ?is clock t ! /&>d "t is s5t out4 ,x is possible to connect any ( ^! clocks telegraphically ) an in/rum5t 9 ! obs]vatory1 kn[n z a *ronograph4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9d] ) a %eet ( pap] ar\nd x1 on :i* re/s a p5 connect$ ) ! telegraphic in/rum5t :i* foll[s ! beats ( ! clock4 ,! cyl9d] is turn$ sl[ly by clockwork1 & ! p51 c>ri$ sl[ly along by a screw1 describes a spiral on ! pap] ) jogs or tee? 9 x ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ap>t1 caus$ by ! beats ( ! clock4 ,9 ?is way ! a/ronom] secures a visible record ( ! beat+ ( 8 clock1 or r ( ! movem5ts ( 8 telegraphic record]4 ,?us1 if he has ano!r key on ! same circuit ) ! clock1 connect$ ) 8 *ronograph record]1 & %\ld t\* x betwe5 ! beats ( 8 clock1 x w\ld put 9 an extra jog or too? on 8 record1 & x w %[1 :at he c\ld n h told 9 any o!r way1 9 j :at "p ( ! second he t\*$ ?is key1 :e!r 9 ! fir/ or la/ "p ( ! second1 & precisely h[ f> f ei!r end--t is1 he c det]m9e fractions ( a second ) great nicety4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,%ort ,,section ,,f ,,! ,,pap] ,,b& ,,( ,,! ,,*ronograph ,,cyl9d]1 ,,%[+ ,,trac+s ,,( ,,p5 ,,connect$ ,,) ,,clocks3 #a1 seconds ( sid]eal clock2 #b1 bo? sid]eal & common clocks2 #c-aj1 ! trac+s ( ! mean-"t clock fall /eadily beh9d ! o!r2 #aa1 sid]eal only2 #ab1 connect$ ) obs]v]'s key4 ,! extra tee? %[ :5 a /> pass$ ea* ( ! five spid] l9es4 ,at ! extreme "r is a rattle1 put 9 to %[ :]e ! obs]vation is on ! cyl9d]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he has su* a key at ! telescope :i* he uses to make 8 obs]vations 9 tak+ "t1 s t :5 he wi%es to record ! precise in/ant 9 :i* any?+ takes place :i* he is view+ ?r\gh 8 telescope he has b to press ! key 9 8 h& & an extra too? w be put into ! record :i* ! clock is mak+1 some:]e among ! regul> tee? put 9 by ! beat+ ( ! clock4 ,lat]1 :5 he takes out ! %eet he c see j :]e ! too? came1 & s at :at in/ant x 04 ,if1 n[1 he kn[s exactly :at ! in/ant 0 accord+ to ! true "t z giv5 9 8 almanacs--t is1 :at 8 clock ought to h %[n at t in/ant--he c tell h[ ne>ly "r 8 clock is4 ,once kn[+ h[ ?is clock is1 x is a simple calculation to f9d h[ ! clock :i* s5ds ! signals is runn+1 & to alt] x if ne$$ 9 a mann] we %all describe lat]4 ,! obs]vations ! a/ronom] makes use ( to det]m9e ^! in/ants ( "t are ^u ! clock />s4 ,he uses a r small telescope1 kn[n z a transit4 ,x is plac$ ) ! nice/ accuracy 9 a nor?-&-s\? l9e4 ,x c turn ov] v]tically1 b c n move sideways out ( its l9e4 ,its alignm5t is kept p]fect by occasionally sight+ "s small m>k a few rods f ! obs]vatory1 ei!r nor? or s\?4 ,if ! a/ronom] po9ts ?is transit1 say1 halfway up ! s\!rn heav5s & sees a /> pass across ! c5t] ( its field he kn[s t t in/ant gives1 z x 71 ! noon m>k ( t />4 ,if x is "o ( ! clock />s1 he kn[s by 8 tables :at t in/ant ( "t is--%\ld be--by 8 clock4 ,we h se5 :at 8 means are ( comp>+ 8 clock & 8 obs]vations4 ,b obs]ve1 n[1 h[ mu* pa9s he takes to get ! mo/ exact obs]vations4 ,to beg9 )1 he mu/ h calculat$ to a nicety 8 location4 ,! director ( an obs]vatory always kn[s :]e he is locat$ 9 a s5se t few o!r m5 d4 ,! accuracy ( a l>ge "p ( 8 obs]vations ( any k9d dep5ds on 8 fir/ hav+ det]m9$ ! latitude & longitude ( 8 obs]vatory )9 a v few feet4 ,!n ! data giv5 by 8 tables are all modifi$1 & adapt$ to con=m to 8 locality4 ,!re are /ret*$ across 9 ! eyepiece ( 8 transit five spid] l9es4 ,! c5tral "o is on ! c5tral l9e ( ! field ( 8 in/rum5t4 ,9 obs]v+ a /> = "t ! a/ronom] wat*es x z x is c>ri$ by ! rotation ( ! e>? pa/ ea* ( ^! spid] l9es1 & presses 8 key--t is1 makes a record--z x crosses ea* l9e4 ,tak+ ! av]age ( ^! five obs]vations1 he makes ! possible error v small4 ,b1 9 addition to ?is1 he also usually makes obs]vations on at lea/ f\r clock />s1 :i* gives him tw5ty obs]vations to av]age up & det]m9e by4 ,z he inspects ! record ( ^! obs]vations :i* has gone ^u ! *ronograph %eet along ) ! clock beats he is able to det]m9e1 aft] prop] calculations1 h[ 8 clock /&s4 ,su* obs]vations are made e ?ree or f\r ev5+s1 & ?us ! clocks are n giv5 "t to get f> out ( ! way4 ,x is n usual = a good clock to %[ a v>iation ( m ?an half a second4 ,if ! a/ronom] f9ds t 8 clock :i* is s5d+ ! "t is runn+ a fraction ( a second sl[1 he goes to x & lays on ! top ( ! p5dulum bob a m9ute clipp+ ( metal1 :i* is equival5t to %ort5+ ! p5dulum an inf9itesimal am\nt4 ,:5 he takes 8 next obs]vation he discov]s h[ 8 clock has be5 affect$1 & aga9 treats x accord+ly4 ,?us ! "t t is s5t out automatically by ! clock is kept always correct )9 a small fraction ( a second4 ,^? :o receive ! "t sometimes arrange electro-magnets ne> ! p5dulums ( _! clocks1 :i* act ) ! beats ( ! obs]vatory clock1 & _! attraction is en\gh to hold or accel]ate ! p5dulums z ne$$ to make !m syn*ronize ) ! obs]vatory clock4 ,x w be se5 t ! means ( obta9+ exact "t involve a v consid]able outlay1 & t ! s]vices ( highly tra9$ m5 are ne$$4 ,! public is ?us greatly indebt$ to ! railroads1 telephone companies1 & o!r corporations :i* usually be> ! exp5se ( secur+ /&>d "t4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t f motives ( sci5tific pride no obs]vatory w\ld und]take to *>ge = ?is any?+ l :at w\ld be exact$ = su* r>e s]vice 9 any dep>tm5t ( ! comm]cial _w4 ,x is wor? :ile to note t ev5 ) su* p]fect clocks & favorable conditions x is /ill impossible to secure p]fect timekeep+4 ,add to ?is ! fact t x is n usual = ^? :o s5d out ! "t1 aft] x has be5 receiv$ f ! obs]vatory1 to pay mu* he$ to v>iations1 ev5 ( sev]al seconds1 9 _! ma/] clocks1 & we see :y x is a di%e>t5+ task to keep ! be/ wat* z ne> ! second z ! own] w\ld fa9 h x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! wat* c\ld h>dly be made to keep su* "t if kept /ill 9 an un*ang+ temp]ature2 secondly1 x is /ill less capable ( x :5 subject$ to ! jolt+ & *anges ( temp]ature x enc\nt]s :5 c>ri$2 &1 ?irdly1 ! means ( obta9+ "t ) suffici5t exactitude are r>ely available to ! g5]al public4 ,,agricultural ,,education ,,9 ,,=eign ,,c\ntries4 ,,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,de ,,riem]1 ,m4 ,a4 ,! rec5t dea?1 at ! clos+ ( ! ye> #ahih1 ( ! lam5t$ ,s5ator ,ju/9 ,s4 ,morrill1 :o1 z be+ ! au?or ( ! ,l&-,grant ,college ,act1 is ju/ly /yl$ ! fa!r ( agricultural education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 seems to sugge/ ! desirability ( tak+ a survey ( agricultural education z x at pres5t exi/s 9 o!r c\ntries ?an our own4 ,s9ce ! pursuit ( agriculture is "o :i* conc]ns m ( ! p ( our globe ?an any o!r pursuit1 ! necessity = sci5tific tra9+ = agriculturi/s becomes m & m evid5t to educat$ p4 ,x is true t ! cultivators ( ! soil d n g5]ally admit ! ne$ ( special s*ool+4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury v few educators1 ev51 ?\ght s4 ,x 0 suppos$ t till+ ! soil _h no?+ to d ) s*ools1 & t sci5ce _h no connection ) pl[+ & s[+4 ,agricultural lecture%ips 7 e/abli%$ e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 sev]al ,european univ]sities1 b !y 7 reg>d$ z curiosities ( ! age--sup]fluities ( culture1 r ?an aids to ! cultivator4 ,f>m]s !mselves 7 suppos$ to be ! only compet5t tea*]s ( agriculture1 & exp]i5ce ! only possible guide4 ,b x has become app>5t t no f>m]'s exp]i5ce is broad en\gh to be adapt$ to all soils & climates4 ,! successful f>m] has come to reg>d ! l& :i* he owns z a wond]ful ma*9e :i*1 if rightly manag$1 w turn out ! mo/ co/ly & p]fect product2 b :i*1 if neglect$ or ignorantly h&l$1 w disappo9t 8 high hopes & possibly impov]i% its own]4 ,! developm5t ( comm]ce :i* s easily introduces ! :eat & potatoes & o!r products ( our c\ntry into competition ) ! gra9 produc$ 9 a di/ant l& has taught ! produc]s ( ?is g5]ation1 & especially ! citiz5 ( ,european c\ntries1 t ! f>m] :o c produce ! l>ge/ crop ( gra9 f ! fewe/ acres1 at ! l[e/ price = ! be/ c]eal or vegetable1 is ! only successful cultivator4 ,! nation :i* succe$s be/ 9 ?is direction ) all its soil products is ! "o :i* is sure to h ! balance ( trade always 9 its favor4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates awoke to ?is idea :51 9 #ahfb1 ,congress pass$ ! ,l&-,grant ,college ,act1 allott+ ,gov]nm5t l&s 9 e ,/ate to aid 9 f\nd+ agricultural colleges4 ,! c\ntry became m pr(\ndly mov$ by ?is idea :51 9 #ahhg1 ,congress pass$ ! ,hat* ,act1 grant+ annually to ea* ,/ate ! sum ( fifte5 ?\s& doll>s to organize & p]petuate agricultural exp]im5t /ations1 & /ill fur!r :5 x organiz$ a ,dep>tm5t ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations z an integral "p ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,b sev]al ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe h anticipat$ our action 9 behalf ( agricultural education by a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,g]many & ,france & little ,switz]l& realiz$ fifty ye>s ago t agriculture 9 its v>i\s dep>tm5ts mu/ be pursu$ ) ! aid ( ! late/ sci5ce comb9$ ) ! broade/ exp]i5ce4 ,^! c\ntries h n wait$ = ! labor] to p]fect himself 9 exp]i5ce--an impossible atta9m5t--b !y h op5$ s*ools ( e possible grade1 arrang$ c\rses ( lectures by ! be/ educat$ sci5ti/s1 made elem5t>y agriculture a compulsory subject 9 ! curricula ( ! common s*ools1 s5t out travel+ in/ructors to conf] ) & advise & give c\rses ( lectures to ! old] f>m]s1 made x possible--ev5 compulsory--t "y p %\ld att5d te*nical s*ools at odd h\rs ( ! day or ev5+1 & ev5 tempt$ !m to pass a s]i\s exam9ation 9 _! respective /udies by ! (f] ( a valuable prize z ! rew>d ( success4 ,x is said t ,*>les ,dick5s once made a spee* at an agricultural d9n] 9 :i* he some:at d]isively said t ! field x paid ! f>m] be/ to cultivate 0 ! "o )9 ! r+ f5ce ( 8 own skull4 ,dick5s 0 correct4 ,! f>m] ne$s sci5tific education4 ,! be/ civiliz$ & progressive nations ( to-day are admitt+ ! utt]ance ( ,dick5s to be a s]i\s tru?4 ,va/ sums ( money are appropriat$ by ,european gov]nm5ts to prev5t _! agricultural classes f cont9u+ 9 or subsid+ into ignorance ( _! art4 ,ev5 ! peasants ( ,russia1 notably 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ekat]9oslav1 by ! g5]\s appliances = special agricultural education made by ! ,m9i/ry ( ,agriculture & ,/ate ,doma9s1 unit$ ) ! ef=ts ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,public ,in/ruction1 are made to feel t )\t exp]t tea*+ a man c n succe$ ev5 9 ! rais+ ( f[ls or ( bees1 ! culture ( silkworms1 ! mak+ ( w9e1 or ! manur+ ( 8 fields4 ,consul ,he5an#bj says t 9 ! prov9ce nam$ above ! ,gov]nm5t annually r5ts ?irty-two exp]im5t fields1 ea* eight acres 9 ext5t1 di/ribut$ f\r 9 ea* di/rict1 & ea* "o locat$ 9 ! mid/ ( peasant fields4 ,ea* ( ^! fields is plac$ 9 *>ge ( "s sci5tifically educat$ public-s*ool tea*]1 :o is paid tw5ty-five doll>s p] ye> = 8 direction1 & receives1 besides1 all ! h>ve/ produc$4 ,! tea*] uses ! native tools & se$s1 & hires neighbor peasants to assi/ 9 demon/rat+ t ) c>e 9 pl[+1 clean+ ( se$1 cultivat+1 & reap+1 8 field w produce l>g] crops ?an 8 slov5ly or ignorant neighbor4 ,! object lesson has its c]ta9 result4 ,! peasants are gradually adopt+ ! f\r-field culture sy/em--viz41 fall[1 w9t] crops1 pa/ures1 & summ] crops4 ,footnote #bj3 ,see ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul> ,reports1 vol4 lvii1 ,no4 #bae1 ,augu/1 #ahih1 article on ,g>d5]'s ,s*ools 9 ,russia1 by ,consul ,he5an4 ,besides ^!1 ,russia su/a9s #fh agricultural s*ools1 conta9+ #c1aeg pupils1 at a co/ ( #djc1ejj1 ( :i* sum ! ,gov]nm5t pays #bgg1ejj1 & ! local zem/ovs 7societies7 or ! s*ool f\nd]s pay #acf1jjj4 ,9 ,france ! em95t sci5ti/ ,lavoisi]1 at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 advocat$ ! f\nd+ ( a national s*ool = ! tea*+ ( agricultural sci5ce4 ,8 plan = gov]nm5t initiation 0 n realiz$1 b 9 #ahbb ,mat?ieu de ,dombasle f\nd$1 ne> ,nancy1 ! fir/ true agricultural s*ool4 ,9 #ahbi & #ahcj ! s*ools at ,grignon & ,gr&j\an 7 f\nd$ by ,augu/ ,bella & ,riefell respectively4 ,n[ ,france boa/s ( "o ( ! mo/ p]fect sy/ems ( agricultural education ( any c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,"u ! jo9t direction ( h] ,m9i/]s ( ,agriculture & ( ,public ,in/ruction1 ,france plans to cov] e phase ( education f ! simple/ =ms ( object lessons taught by law 9 all h] prim>y s*ools to ! cr[n+ ,national ,in/itute ( ,agriculture at ,p>is4 ,! facts ( sci5ce1 unit$ ) ! s\nde/ exp]i5ce1 are demon/rat$ to ! f>m] by lectures & exp]im5tation2 ! future agriculturi/s ( ! c\ntry are educat$ 9 ! c]ta9ties ( sci5tific rese>* at grad$ s*ools1 rang+ f elem5t>y to univ]sity degrees1 & e milkmaid is taught ! necessity ( promptness1 cleanl9ess1 & sy/em 9 ! c>e ( mil* c[s & 9 ! disposal ( _! milk4 ,! =m] able ,director-,g5]al ( ,fr5* ,agriculture1 ,monsieur ,tiss]&1 says3 ,! aim & object ( ,france has be5 n only to give to *ildr5 & "y p ! means ( acquir+ k1 b also to e/abli% means = int]e/+ old cultivators4 ,9 ?is c5tury ( extreme competition we mu/ admit t ! agriculturi/ c only ?rive if1 9 work+ ! soil1 he adopts sci5tific me?ods4 ,old r\t9e is no long] suffici5t 9 ?is bran*1 z x is prov$ to be insuffici5t 9 manufacture4 ,9 c>ry+ out h] enlight5$ policy1 in/ruction 0 giv5 9 #ahicba to #c1fjj pupil tea*]s4 ,?irty agricultural laboratories ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry furni% analyses ( soils & manures = ! help ( cultivators1 & #c1cfb trial fields are e/abli%$ :]e f>m]s c pr(it by exp]im5ts suitable to _! own di/ricts4 ,! special f>m s*ools numb] sixte52 practical s*ools ( agriculture1 ?irty-n9e2 national s*ools ( agriculture & horticulture1 six2 ?ree vet]9>y s*ools2 & "o ea*1 be>+ ! "n ( ,national ,agronomic ,in/itute1 is a %eph]d s*ool1 a *eese1 & a silkworm s*ool4 ,9 ! univ]sities are no less ?an #afj dep>tm5ts & *airs ( agriculture = /ud5ts ( pr(\nde/ rese>*4 ,all ?is co/s ! dep>tm5ts alone ov] #d1ejd1jej francs p] annum4 ,footnote #ba3 ,/ati/ics ( #ahic4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t only occasionally issues its (ficial report ( agricultural s*ools4 ,9 ,prussian ,g]many no less activity is display$ or en]gy put =? to make ! f>m]'s occupation "o ( f9ancial pr(it & sci5tific /atus4 ,/ati/ics = #ahig are at h& 9 ! report ( ! ,prussian ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture4 ,! ,g]man sy/em is bas$ on ! !ory t s*ools & colleges are ! only places :]e !oretical agriculture c be prop]ly taught4 ,few ( ! high] agricultural s*ools fir/ e/abli%$ 7 exclusively su*4 ,a lib]al education c\ld be obta9$ at mo/ ( !m )\t t\*+ ! subject ( agriculture4 ,lat] educators h develop$ a sy/em :i* beg9s by fo/]+ a love = ,nature 9 ! m9ds ( ! pupils 9 ! k9d]g>t51 & pati5tly develops t love ?r\gh all ! doz5 or m grades ( s*ools until x culm9ates 9 ! polyte*nic s*ool or ! degree grant$ by ! univ]sity4 ,g]many is indebt$ to ! le>n$ ,pr(essor ,?a] = ! e/abli%m5t ( its fir/ agricultural s*ool at ,mgl9 9 #ahjg4 ,b m ?an all is %e1 9 common ) all ! _w1 indebt$ to ! fam\s *emi/ ,b>on von ,liebig1 :o1 9 #ahdj1 ann\nc$ ! sci5tific tru? :i* und]lies all argum5ts = agricultural education--viz41 t no matt] h[ impov]i%$ a soil is naturally1 or has become by excessive cropp+1 its f]tility may be re/or$1 ma9ta9$1 & ev5 increas$ by provid+ x ) ! m9]al & organic matt] :i* x lacks4 ,prussian agricultural affairs are "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,agriculture1 ,doma9s1 & ,=e/s4 ,! /ate ma9ta9s ?ree grades ( s*ools--high]1 middle1 & l[]--z 9 o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ are ! ,royal ,agricultural ,high ,s*ools at ,b]l9 & ,popplesdorf1 two royal academies ( =e/ry1 & ! univ]sity c\rses 9 agriculture at ,halle1 ,gtt+51 ,knigsb]g1 ,leipsic1 ,giess51 & ,j5a4 ,! /ate exp5ds some?+ l two hundr$ ?\s& doll>s annually on agricultural education4 ,9 ,g]many agricultural education has s broad5$ out z to include tra9+ 9 e te*nical "p ( a f>m]'s "w--culture ( =e/s1 fruits1 fl[]s1 & v9es2 s*ools to tea* w9e1 cid]1 & be] mak+1 ma*9e repair+1 eng9e runn+1 b>n con/ruction1 & survey+2 k ( p\ltry1 bees1 & silkworm rais+2 dome/ic economy1 sew+1 & acc\nts = f>m wom5--all 9 addition to ! long sci5tific c\rses ( /udy & ye>s ( practical "w on an e/abli%$ f>m4 ,v]ily1 ! c\ntry t excels ,g]many 9 tra9+ agriculturi/s mu/ be p> excell5ce 9 its me?ods4 ,a special feature ( agricultural tea*+ is ! travel+ pr(essor 7,w&]lehr]74 ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul ,monaghan en?usia/ically describes him3 ,^! tea*]s1 support$ p>tly by ! /ate & by agricultural unions1 g f place to place 444 & lecture on agricultural & horticultural subjects4 ,_! purpose is to lift up & ennoble agricultural life2 to af=d ! f>m] ! k glean$ by sci5ce s9ce he left ! s*ool2 to imp>t to him ! be/ me?ods ( select+ soils1 f]tiliz]s1 cattle1 trees1 etc42 to tea* him h[ to use 8 l&s to be/ advantage1 to graft1 to bre$ 92 to get ! be/1 quicke/1 & mo/ pr(itable results4 ,^! tea*]s are skill$ sci5ti/s1 practical work]s1 n !ori/s1 444 p]fectly famili> ) ! wants & ne$s ( _! di/ricts4 ,arm$ ) ?is k1 ! tea*]'s usefulness is c]ta9 & unlimit$4 ,:5 he speaks 8 voice is t ( "o 9 au?ority1 x is he$$4444 ,he is a walk+ encyclopdia ( k1 especially ( k p]ta9+ to ! woods1 hills1 f>ms1 & fields4 ,au/ria has1 l ,g]many1 a sy/em ( agricultural & =e/ry s*ools 9 ?ree grades--viz41 sup]ior1 middle1 & l[]4 ,its olde/ s*ool ( sup]ior grade 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agii at ,krumman4#bb ,simil> s*ools exi/$ lat] at ,grtz1 ,trie/e1 ,lemb]g1 ,truts*1 & ,alt5burg4 ,! latt] is especially complete 9 e appliance = in/ruction1 & well patroniz$4 ,! middle s*ools provide two-ye> c\rses ( /udy & practice1 & are locat$ at ,grossan1 ,kreutz1 ,dublany1 & o!r po9ts1 :ile ! l[] s*ools incl9e less to /udy & m to lectures & f>m practice4 ,!y are locat$ 9 ! prov9ces ( ,bohemia1 ,/yria1 ,galicia1 & ,c>9?ia4 ,footnote #bb3 ,see ,b>n>d's ,j\rnal ( ,education1 vol4 xx1 #ahgj1 p4 #fgc4 ,=e/ry s*ools ( v>i\s grades exi/ at ,m>iabrunn1 ,wissewass]1 ,auss51 ,pibram1 ,w9ds*act1 & ,nagny2 ( ^!1 ,m>iabrunn is especially des]v+ ( m5tion = its ?or\gh c\rse & complete equipm5t4 ,switz]l& 0 ! home ( ! philan?ropi/ & educator ,fell5burg4 ,8 s*ool1 e/abli%$ at ,hopyl 9 #ahjf1 0 a philan?ropy 9 aid ( ! peasantry1 conc]n+ :om he said t possess+ no?+ b bodies & m9ds1 ! cultivation ( ^! 0 ! only antidote = _! pov]ty4 ,at lea/ ?ree ?\s& pupils receiv$ _! education 9 agriculture "h4 ,! ,f$]al ,polyte*nic ,s*ool at ,zuri* is ! nation's pride4 ,out ( six c\rses ( sup]ior tra9+ :i* x provides = its "o ?\s& /ud5ts1 =e/ry & agriculture c\nt z two4 ,five univ]sities & num]\s special s*ools furni% aid to agricultural education4 ,! little k+doms ( ,belgium & ,holl& are foll[+ h>d ^u ! tracks ( _! p[]ful neighbors4 ,9 ,belgium may be f\nd sup]ior in/itutions ( agriculture1 horticulture1 vet]9>y sci5ce1 & =e/ry at ,gembl\x1 ,vilvorde1 ,cureghem1 & ,b\illon respectively4 ,9 ,holl&1 ^: p robb$ ! sea to obta9 l&s = f>ms & homes1 ab\t #ga1ejj 7 exp5d$ by ! /ate on its agricultural dep>tm5t 9 #ahig4 ,its fir/ s*ool1 e/abli%$ by a communal society at ,hr5 9 #ahdb1 0 discont9u$4 ,! /ate 9 #ahgf adopt$ ! s*ool ( agriculture :i* has be5 e/abli%$ at ,wag5+5 z its own1 & ?is in/itution c fairly lay claim to equality ) any 9 ,europe4 ,gov]nm5t also supports ! ,/ate ,vet]9>y ,college at ,utre*t1 & subsidizes a s*ool ( =e/ry & sev]al dairy s*ools4 ,agricultural tea*+ 9 prim>y s*ools has n yet prov$ a success4 ,italy has n made su* progress 9 agricultural education z h] nor!rn neighbors1 yet %e is n indiff]5t to ! requirem5ts ( ! times4 ,%e has a mo/ unique s*eme = ,gov]nm5t sup]9t5d5ce ( agricultural matt]s4 ,all comes "u ! purview ( a g5]al ,director ( ,agriculture1 assi/$ by a ,c\ncil = ,agricultural ,in/ruction1 :i* latt] 0 e/abli%$ by royal decree 9 #ahhe1 & reorganiz$ 9 #ahhg4 ,f\r divisions ( ! dep>tm5t exi/--namely1 7#a7 agriculture prop]1 7#b7 zote*ny1 7#c7 =e/ry1 & 7#d7 agricultural hydraulics4 ,/ati/ics are n easily procur$1 b rec5t catalogues %[ t ! two ,royal ,sup]ior ,s*ools ( ,agriculture1 locat$ respectively at ,milan & ,portici1 are in/itutions ( :i* any c\ntry might be pr\d4 ,( ! latt] ,mr4 ,e4 ,neville ,rolfe1 ,briti% consul1 wrote 9 #ahig t x 0 orig9ally a prov9cial e/abli%m5t1 b 9 #ahhe x _h be5 e/abli%$ by royal *>t] & domicil$ 9 ! magnific5t gr\nds & build+s ( a disus$ royal palace4 ,its /udy c\rse requires ?ree ye>s to complete1 & graduates obta9 ! degree ( ,laureato ,agronomo4 ,up to #ahif1 two hundr$ & tw5ty-eight /ud5ts _h obta9$ ?is degree1 mo/ ( :om are in/ructors or ,gov]nm5t employees ( high rank4 ,x is kn[n also t ?irty-?ree special & practical agricultural s*ools exi/ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,mu* c n be said 9 praise ( agricultural education 9 ,spa94 ,t c\ntry possesses ! ma*9]y = education ( ! high] grades1 b ?r\gh h] sev5 di/9ctly agricultural colleges1 locat$ at ,madrid1 ,s>agossa1 ,b>celona1 ,corunna1 ,val5cia1 ,cac]es1 & ,j]ez1 %e seems only to h obta9$ m5 = ,gov]nm5t s]vice at home or abroad4 ,spa9 exp5d$ 9 #ahif on agricultural education ! sum ( #eh1dfj1 b %e evid5tly s5ds no ,w&]lehr] in/ructors among h] peasant f>m]s4 ,x is said t ,portugal possesses sev5 agricultural s*ools1 att5d$ 9 #ahif by "o hundr$ & eighty-sev5 /ud5ts1 b ( _! location1 save "o1 & c\rses ( /udy ! writ] has no in=mation4 ,! ,gov]nm5t conduct ( education is committ$ to a ,director-,g5]al ( ,agriculture4 ,! lead+ s*ool is nam$ ! ,g5]al ,in/itute ( ,agriculture1 & is locat$ at ,lisbon4 ,x provides f\r c\rses--viz41 7#a7 rural eng9e]+1 7#b7 agronomy1 7#c7 sylviculture1 7#d7 vet]9>y m$ic9e4 ,x has a l>ge tract ( l& = demon/ration purposes locat$ a few miles f ! city4 ,conc]n+ ,greece & ! small] k+doms 9 s\!a/]n ,europe1 toge!r ) ! l& ( ! ,turk1 n mu* to ! enc\ragem5t ( ! sci5tific agriculturi/ c be said2 b turn+ nor?w>d across ,europe to ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries q a diff]5t /ate ( ?+s becomes app>5t4 ,at once we f9d t ! sy/em ( agricultural education is highly develop$1 & 9 "s phases is n surpass$ by o!r c\ntries4 ,imm$iately we are 9 a network ( dairy s*ools1 exp]im5t /ations1 *emical & se$-control /ations1 agricultural societies1 colleges1 & univ]sities4 ,"h we f9d five in/itutions all "u royal patronage & /ate support4 ,9 ,norway is ! ,high] ,agricultural ,s*ool at ,aas1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahei4 ,9 ,sw$5 /&s ! ,agricultural ,in/itute at ,ultuna1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdi1 & ! ,aln>p ,agricultural & ,dairy ,in/itute1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfb4 ,9 ,d5m>k is ! ,royal ,vet]9>y & ,agricultural ,college at ,cop5hag51 e/abli%$ 9 #aggc z a vet]9>y college4 ,9 ,f9l& ! ,mu/iala ,agricultural & ,dairy ,in/itute1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdj4 ,9 ^! f\r small /ates !re exi/ agricultural1 horticultural1 =e/ry1 & dairy s*ools ( all grades to ! numb] ( "o hundr$ & fifty-n9e4 ,education 9 agriculture is n attempt$ 9 ! prim>y public s*ools ( ,norway or 9 any ( ^! ,sc&9avian c\ntries1 b agricultural elem5t>y in/ruction is begun 9 :at o!r cont95tal c\ntries w\ld call second>y s*ools1 & is provid$ = p]sons int5d+ to be f>m]s & :o are eighte5 ye>s ( age & old]4 ,norway sp5t on elem5t>y agricultural education 9 second>y s*ools1 9 #ahie-'if1 ! sum ( #ca1ahb1 & ,f9l& m ?an d\bl$ t sum4 ,cross+ ! ,*annel to ,great ,brita91 aga9 we see a nation int5t on solv+ ! "q ( success = h] agricultural population4 ,celebrat$ ,engli%m51 ,scot*m51 & ,iri%m5 e>ly began to plan = an educat$ peasantry1 b x 0 long be=e any national sy/em 0 evolv$4 ,! sectional divisions & peculi>ities belong+ sev]ally to ,scot & ,celt & ,saxon h n yet p]mitt$ a uni=m legislation4 ,irel& & ,scotl& ea* has its own s*eme ( ,gov]nm5t sup]vision1 & bo? diff] f ,engl& & ,wales4 ,x is e/imat$ t b t5 p] c5t ( ,engl&'s labor+ population is conc]n$ ) agriculture = support1 :ile 9 ,irel& !re is sc>cely t5 p] c5t ( ! p :o are n dep5d5t on agriculture = exi/5ce4 ,9 consequ5ce1 we f9d 9 ,irel&1 z 9 ,france1 int5se int]e/ c5t]s ^u ! plan to tea* agriculture & horticulture 9 ! elem5t>y public s*ools1 :ile 9 ,engl&1 until v rec5tly1 agricultural education s]v$ pr9cipally to produce a class ( educat$ sci5tific m5 fitt$ = ! ,gov]nm5t home & colonial s]vice4 ,9 ,irel& compulsory att5dance on prim>y s*ools is made by law4 ,9 #ahgf ,irel& claim$ to be ! pione] c\ntry 9 provid+ compulsory elem5t>y agricultural in/ruction 9 all h] rural s*ools4 ,%e has desp]ately clung to ! !ory t 9 provid+ su* education 9 h] elem5t>y s*ools %e w\ld ev5tually tra9 a nation ( agriculturi/s4 ,to atta9 ?is end1 elem5t>y text-books 7 prep>$1 :i* all tea*]s mu/ use4 ,! ,gov]nm5t grant = a pass at exam9ation 9 agriculture 0 mu* l>g] ?an a pass 9 any o!r /udy2 tea*]s :o held c]tificates to tea* x 7 giv5 high] sal>ies ?an o!rs1 & to enable tea*]s to prep>e = su* c]tificates1 s*ol>%ips 7 (f]$ !m at tea*]s' colleges 7normal s*ools71 & _! railway f>e 0 free 9 go+ & com+4 ,plots ( gr\nd at s*oolh\se or tea*]'s h\se 7 provid$1 :]e fl[] & vegetable culture c\ld be con/antly practic$1 & a special grant 0 all[$ to ! s*ool = cultivat+ a successful g>d51 & ano!r special = classes %[+ pr(ici5cy 9 practical "w4 ,g>d5s 7 cultivat$ at conv5ts & workh\ses1 & ! subject 0 taught !oretically to half-"t pupils & /ud5ts at ! ev5+ cont9uation s*ools4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahif1 ,irel& _h #h1fjf national s*ools1 ) an av]age att5dance ( #hae1bdh pupils4 ,%e also _h #aej half-"t s*ools1 #aee workh\se s*ools1 #bfg conv5t s*ools1 #cj model s*ools1 five tra9+ colleges = tea*]s1 & two tra9+ agricultural in/itutes 7at ,glassnev9 & at ,mun/]71 & 9 all ( ^! agricultural sci5ce or practice is ei!r a compulsory or a volunt>y subject4 ,:at c\ntry c surpass ,irel&'s en?usiasm = agricultural tra9+8#bc ,footnote #bc3 ,a bill = ! developm5t ( ,iri% agricultural indu/ry & ,iri% te*nical education1 provid+ = ,gov]nm5t aid to private ent]prise 9 agriculture1 & 9 manufactur+ indu/ries also1 has j pass$ 7,augu/1 #ahii7 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & is assur$ its passage by ! ,h\se ( ,lords also4 ,scotl& enjoys des]v$ly ! di/9ction ( hav+ be5 fir/ among ! peoples ( ,europe to introduce 9 ! univ]sity c\rse sci5tific education 9 agriculture4 ,9 #agij a *air 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 & a c\rse ( agricultural lectures 0 giv5 !refrom by ,rev4 ,d4 ,walk]4 ,bett] ?an t1 9 #agdc a volume entitl$ ,select ,transactions 0 publi%$ by ,maxwell1 repres5t+ ! agricultural society kn[n z ! ,society ( ,improv]s1 & numb]+ at "o "t ?ree hundr$ memb]s4 ,out ( ?is society grew ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society1 :i* organization has fo/]$ e agricultural ef=t :i* private b5efic5ce or royal grant has initiat$ 9 ! l& s9ce #ahcd4 ,?r\gh its munific5ce bo? ! dep>tm5ts ( =e/ry & vet]9>y surg]y h be5 plac$ ^u a firm educational basis1 & ! educational lecture%ip ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity has be5 p]man5tly end[$4 ,x has in/itut$ its own syllabus ( exam9ations = grant+ ,fell[%ips 9 ,agriculture1 & /imulat$ pupils ( ! second>y s*ools to make ! ef=t by (f]+ prizes & s*ol>%ips to ! ambiti\s /ud5ts4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de5 has lately ent]$ ! field z an agricultural educator by becom+ :at ! ,gov]nm5t /yles a collegiate c5t]1 receiv+ a /raight subsidy ( #ajj p] annum1 & furni%+ pr(essional in/ructors to rural assemblies arrang+ lectures = !m4 ,9 ! public s*ools ( ,scotl& agricultural sci5ce is arrang$ = z an optional /udy f ! ?ird to ! six? /&>ds inclusive4 ,9 #ahie-'if1 #d1adh pupils pass$ exam9ations 9 ! subject1 & ! co/ ( ?is to ! /ate 0 #db1gib4 ,9 #ahif-'ig pupils 9 ! ev5+ cont9uation s*ools to ! numb] ( #a1jhi pass$ 9 agriculture1 & #aae o!rs 9 horticulture4 ,engl& & ,wales are "u a jo9t adm9i/ration ( agricultural affairs4 ,! ,gov]nm5t policy1 s f> z x has "o1 has be5 cont9ually oppos$ to pat]nalism & direct subsidy or own]%ip ( s*ools4 ,r has h] ,p>liam5t wait$ to be solicit$ to make subv5tions by way ( enc\rag+ individual or local society initiative4 ,! fl\ri%+ agricultural s*ools at ,cir5ce/] & ,d[nton1 = ! in/ruction ( ! high] classes1 h gr[n out ( private e/abli%m5ts1 !n be5 p]petuat$ by obta9+ royal *>t]s1 by :i* ! ,gov]nm5t became pl$g$ to supply any lack ( income4 ,b s9ce #ahic ! /ate has s f> relax$ h] policy z to grant subsidies to c]ta9 colleges c5trally locat$1 :i* x /yles collegiate c5t]s1 ?r\gh :i* colleges x (f]s sup]ior in/ruction to ! public4 ,^! colleges associate ) !mselves ample f>m l&s = exp]im5t gr\nds & dairy ma*9]y1 & equip !mselves ) compet5t lectur]s1 :o are also practical exp]ts1 & :o1 ^u invitation f agricultural societies or c\nty c\ncils1 g =? z lectur]s ^u _! special subjects4 ,ea* adjac5t c\nty makes an annual grant ( #ge to ! college funds1 & is privileg$ to nom9ate /ud5ts to att5d ! college agricultural c\rse at a r$uction ( tw5ty-five p] c5t on ! usual fee4 ,9 #ahih-'ii ! ,bo>d ( ,education grant$ to fifte5 colleges & associations 9 ,engl& & ,wales ! sum ( #g1bjj4 ,! colleges 7 ! ,york%ire ,college at ,le$s1 ,durham ,college ( ,sci5ce at ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 ,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,college at ,read+1 ,univ]sity ,college at ,nott+ham1 ,s\!a/]n ,agricultural ,college at ,wye1 & 9 ,wales ! ,univ]sity ,colleges at ,bangor & ,ab]y/)4 ,besides ! direct ,gov]nm5t subsidy to high] education1 ! /ate grants to ! sev]al c\nties "p ( ! money rais$ f ! excise 7dr9k money7 = educational purposes1 out ( :i* at lea/ #gh1jjj 7 sp5t by ! committees 9 #ahif-'ig 9 promot+ agricultural education4 ,/ill fur!r1 ,p>liam5t puts into ! h&s ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t l>ge sums ( money to be exp5d$ z grants-9-aid ( te*nical education4 ,! /ate recognizes in/ruction 9 ! pr9ciples ( agriculture z in/ruction 9 elem5t>y sci5ce1 & ?r\gh ?is ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t's grants to prim>y & second>y s*ools1 & to tea*]s' colleges1 x enc\rages agricultural education z a te*nical /udy4 ,9 #ahif-'ig1 #a1jbc pupils pass$ exam9ation1 & ! respective s*ool managem5ts receiv$ z grant on _! acc\nt a total sum ( #adj1aej4bd ,footnote #bd3 ,app5dix to ,report ( ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 #ahif-'ig4 ,9 #ahig ! ,royal ,commission on ,agricultural ,depression 9 ,engl& made its report4 ,among o!r decl>ations made by ! commission 7 ^!3 ,we believe t x is ess5tial = ! welf>e ( agriculture t !re %\ld be plac$ )9 ! rea* ( e "y f>m] a s\nd1 g5]al s*ool education1 includ+ su* a gr\nd+ 9 ! elem5ts ( sci5ces be>+ ^u agriculture--e4 g41 *emi/ry1 geology1 botany1 & animal physiology--z w give him an intellig5t int]e/ 9 !m & famili>ize him 9 _! language4#be ,footnote #be3 ,page #aeb ( ,report4 ,!y fur!r recomm5d t h]eaft] ! control ( all funds = te*nical agricultural education be plac$ ) ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 & t ! entire income ( ! ,cu/oms & ,excise ,act ( #ahij %\ld be devot$ to educational purposes1 agriculture receiv+ its adequate %>e4 ,%\ld ! fir/ recomm5dation c>ry = all divisions ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 agriculture w\ld cease to be "o ( ! subjects provid$ = exam9ation by ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,%\ld ! second recomm5dation become a law1 ! sum exp5d$ by local c\nty c\ncils 9 agricultural education w\ld be va/ly increas$4 ,pass+ f ,engl& to h] colonies1 let u j\rney t[>d ! sunris+4 ,/opp+ = a mom5t 9 ,egypt1 we note ) pleasure ! exi/5ce ( ! newly e/abli%$ ,s*ool ( ,agriculture at ,gizeh1 :i* is "u ! direction ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,public ,in/ruction = ,egypt4 ,its recon/ruct$ c\rse ( /udy 0 op5 to /ud5ts 9 #ahih1 & x provides = f\r ye>s ( /udy4 ,arabic & ,engli% are ! tea*+ languages1 especially ! latt]1 & allotm5ts ( l& = individual culture are made to all pupils4 ,beyond ! ,indian ,ocean lies ,h9du/an4 ,"h all sci5ce /udy is await+ its developm5t4 ,! be/ cultivation ( ,india is n beh9d t ( ,engl& z a matt] ( empiricism1#bf b ! sci5ce ( cultivation is yet to be develop$4 ,agricultural *emi/ry & agricultural botany & horticulture1 z relat$ to ,india1 h sc>cely be5 inve/igat$1 & text-books 9 ! native tongues h yet to be writt54 ,= ?is accompli%m5t all elem5t>y in/ruction 9 public s*ools mu/ pati5tly wait4 ,= an agriculturally educat$ set ( tea*]s1 also1 ,indian y\? /udy+ 9 ! v]nacul> mu/ pati5tly wait4 ,9 #ahhi ! home ,gov]nm5t 7,p>liam5t7 laid ^u ! ,indian ,educational ,dep>tm5t ! duty ( provid+ s*ool read]s :i* %\ld conta9 elem5t>y in/ruction 9 agricultural sci5ce1 & x au?oriz$ a lib]al grant-9-aid t[>d su* s*ools z c\ld furni% pupils = passes 9 ?is subject4 ,= ^? /ud5ts :o h ma/]$ ! ,engli% language a few colleges exi/4 ,saidapet1 ne> ,madras1 ) ab\t =ty /ud5ts 9 a ?ree-ye>s' c\rse1 includ+ vet]9>y1 is a pure agricultural in/itution4 ,f\rte5 /ud5ts receiv$ diplomas 9 agriculture 9 ,m>*1 #ahig4 ,footnote #bf3 ,dr4 ,voelk]1 9 8 ,report on ,improvem5t ( ,indian ,agriculture1 made to ! ,engli% ,bo>d ( ,agriculture 9 #ahic1 said3 ,at ! be/1 ! ,indian raiyat1 or cultivator1 is q z good z1 & 9 "s respects ! sup]ior (1 ! av]age ,briti% f>m]4 ,x is wond]ful1 too1 h[ mu* is kn[n ( rotation1 ! sy/em ( mix$ crops1 & ( fall[+4 ,c]ta9 x is t ,i1 at lea/1 h nev] se5 a m p]fect picture ( c>eful cultivation1 comb9$ ) h>d labor1 p]sev]ance1 & f]tility ( res\rce1 ?an ,i h se5 at _m ( ! halt+ places4 ,su* are ! g>d5s ( ,mhim1 ! fields ( ,nadiad1 ! c5t] ( ! g>d5 ( ,guj>at1 9 ,bombay4 ,sev]al colleges h agricultural dep>tm5ts1 notably ! ,poona ,college ( ,sci5ce 9 ! ,bombay presid5cy2 ! ,b>oda ,college2 ! ,mah>ajah's ,college & ! ,%imoga ,college1 ,mysore2 ! ,c5tral ,college1 & ! ,sanskrit ,college ( ,bangalore4 ,all ( ^! are affiliat$ ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,bombay1 & pres5t pupils = exam9ation 9 agriculture = ! degree ( ,b4 ,sc4 ,a4 ,9 _m ( ! ,engli% high s*ools ( ,india are f\nd agricultural classes :i* give bo? sci5ce tea*+ & field practice4 ,^! s*ools are at ,nagpur1 ,nasik1 ,%olapur1 ,ahm$nag>1 ,ahm$abad1 ,dhulia1 ,kolapur1 ,surat1 ,belgaum1 & ,nadiad4 ,! /imulus to /udy 9 ^! s*ools is ! hope ( obta9+ a diploma 9 agriculture1 :i* w\ld result 9 employm5t 9 ! ,gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,9 ,luckn[ is a celebrat$ vet]9>y s*ool ^: graduates h be5 greatly s\ght aft]4 ,"o at ,bombay has become /ill m celebrat$4 ,9 #ahig sixty-n9e /ud5ts 7 9 att5dance4 ,graduates easily f\nd employm5t ) native rajahs1 & on ! isl& ( ,ceylon1 & at ,mozambique4 ,ano!r ,gov]nm5t vet]9>y s*ool rec5tly e/abli%$ at ,belgat*ia1 ,calcutta presid5cy1 has done good "w4 ,! =e/ry s*ool at ,dehra ,dun1 9 ! ,nor?we/ ,prov9ces1 has atta9$ a great reputation4 ,ab\t sev5ty /ud5ts att5d1 & ! ,gov]nm5t *>ges ! co/ ( ! s*ool1 #cc1jjj rupees1 to ! di/ricts :i* s5d up pupils = /udy4 ,india1 "u ! ,briti% rule1 w soon come into l9e ) educat$ agriculturi/s4 ,9 ,burmah & 9 ,assam /eps h be5 tak5 to introduce sci5ce lessons into ,gov]nm5t1 or grant-9-aid1 elem5t>y s*ools by ! prep>ation ( read]s1 z 9 ,india1 b no second>y or sup]ior s*ools 9 agriculture exi/ 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,s f> z we "k1 ! same is true ( ,siam & ! ,malayan ,ar*ipelago & ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,au/ralia1 z a f$]ation ( /ates1 is late 9 its developm5t1 b "s ( its /ates are surpris+ly advanc$4 ,new ,zeal& has its sup]ior univ]sity1 comb9+ ! ?ree colleges at ,auckl&1 ,l9coln1 & ,otago4 ,its syllabus provides = se>*+ exam9ations 9 agriculture to obta9 ! degree ( ,b4 ,sc41 ei!r ( ^! colleges hav+ previ\sly grant$ ! diploma ( agriculture to successful /ud5ts4 ,ea* ( ^! colleges has ample grants ( l&1 b only "o--! ,cant]bury ,college at ,l9coln--has yet pres5t$ agricultural c&idates4 ,=ty-f\r graduates h receiv$ diplomas previ\s to #ahie4 ,in/ruction 9 elem5t>y s*ools seems n yet to h includ$ agriculture4 ,9 ,que5sl& ! ,que5sl& ,agricultural ,college 0 op5$ at ,gatton 9 #ahig4 ,9 ,s\? ,au/ralia is an agricultural college at ,rosewor?y & ano!r at ,adelaide :i* has graduat$ sev]al recipi5ts ( ! diploma4 ,9 ,victoria !re exi/s a college at ,dookia & ano!r at ,long]ong4 ,!re is also a s*ool ( horticulture at ,ri*mond4 ,to ,new ,s\? ,wales belongs ! bann] = furni%+ ! greate/ opportunities = agricultural education4 ,its univ]sity at ,sydney grants a degree ( ,b4 ,sc4 to /ud5ts f ! colleges ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,john1 ,/4 ,&rew1 ! ,woman's ,college1 & ! ,sydney ,gramm> ,s*ool4 ,at ,sydney also is ! spl5did ,te*nical ,college1 h&somely end[$1 hav+ an agricultural dep>tm5t4 ,! sup]ior ( all o!r s*ools is ! ,hawksbury ,agricultural ,college & ,exp]im5tal ,f>m at ,ri*mond1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahia1 ri*ly end[$ ) l& 7?ree ?\s& acres71 & organiz$ on ! mo/ approv$ mod]n models4 ,sci5ce tea*+ is n c>ri$ s high z ! univ]sity /&>d1 b all mann] ( practical "w mu/ be p]=m$ by ea* /ud5t4 ,homew>d b\nd1 we rea* ,cape ,colony1 ,s\? ,africa4 ,"h1 9 #ahhg1 ! ,gov]nm5t inaugurat$ a s*eme = aid+ f>m s*ools 9 :i* elem5t>y agriculture 0 taught4 ,9 #ahid1 out ( #ceb s*ools aid$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 #bjb 7 class$ z f>mh\se s*ools4 ,9 high] education !re may be f\nd 7#ahih7 ! ,s*ool ( ,agriculture & ,viticulture at ,/ell5bos*1 & a second "o at ,sunset ,ea/4 ,z bo? ( ^! s*ools are "y1 /ati/ics conc]n+ !m are n yet available4 ,la/ ( ,engl&'s colonies we notice ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada on our nor!rn fronti]4 ,no evid5t progress has be5 made 9 introduc+ agricultural sci5ce tea*+ 9 ! prim>y s*ools ( ! entire ,dom9ion4 ,! fir/ /ep tak5 9 ! direction ( agricultural education 0 = ! enlight5m5t ( f>m]s4 ,9 #ahhf ,p>liam5t au?oriz$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( exp]im5t f>ms1 "o 9 ea* prov9ce 9 ,canada1 viz43 "o at ,ottawa 7to s]ve bo? ,quebec & ,ont>io71 & "o ea* at ,nappan1 9 ,nova ,scotia2 at ,br&on1 ,manitoba2 at ,indian ,head1 ,ass9iboia2 at ,agassiz1 ,briti% ,columbia2 & at ,*>lottet[n1 ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&4 ,to give ^! /ations great] effici5cy1 ! ,gov]nm5t enc\rag$ ! =mation ( f>m]s' in/itutes 9 e electoral di/rict = ! he>+ ( lectures f exp]ts :i* x provid$1 & = discussion or bus9ess4 ,to ea* regul>ly organiz$ in/itute ( fifty memb]s a grant ( #aj is annually made4 ,9 ,nova ,scotia five prim>y & second>y s*ools are report$ z giv+ agricultural in/ruction to two hundr$ pupils4 ,"s ( ^! s*ools h f>ms or g>d5s4 ,! ,prov9cial ,s*ool ( ,agriculture at ,truro is mak+ a good beg9n+4 ,9 its la/ class ?ree /ud5ts 7 grant$ tea*]s' diplomas1 sev5 receiv$ f>m]s' diplomas1 & eighte5 took f>m]s' c]tificates4 ,?ree hundr$ & fifty /ud5ts h pursu$ its c\rse ( /udies4 ,!re is also a horticultural s*ool at ,annapolis ,valley4 ,ano!r horticultural s*ool exi/s at ,wolfville1 ,nova ,scotia1 "u ! control ( a committee ( ! ,fruit-,gr[]s' ,association4 ,/ud5ts take a ?or\gh c\rse ( two ye>s' duration4 ,! ,legislatures ( ,new ,brunswick & ( ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl& grant bonuses ( fifty doll>s to ea* "y man ( _! prov9ces :o w take a c\rse at ?is s*ool4 ,f9e cream]y plants are f\nd at v>i\s po9ts1 & sev]al prov9ces su/a9 ea* a travel+ dairy1 :i* sy/ematically visits accessible c5t]s & gives demon/ration lectures to f>m]s' families4 ,! cr[n+ agricultural educational in/itution = ! entire ,dom9ion is ! college at ,guelph1 ,ont>io4 ,x comb9es in/ruction 9 vet]9>y sci5ce1 horticulture1 bee & p\ltry keep+1 dairy+1 & ! exp]im5tal f>m4 ,! c\rse cont9ues = ?ree ye>s4 ,two ye>s conf]s ! associate diploma1 & ?ree ye>s' /udy1 ) successful exam9ation 9 ! syllabus ( ! ,toronto ,univ]sity1 secures ! degree ( ,b4 ,sc4 ,a4 ,success att5ds all ^! educational ef=ts & m>ks ?is colonial empire z among ! ranks repres5t+ true progress4 ,mexico & ! c\ntries ( ,s\? ,am]ica next claim our notice4 ,9 ! fir/-nam$ c\ntry1 z e>ly z ! ye> #ahej provision 0 made at ! old college ( ,san ,gregorio = in/ruction 9 agriculture 9 five diff]5t c\rses4 ,b 9 #ahed ! ,gov]nm5t came into possession ( ! disus$ conv5t ( ,san ,jac9to1 ,ago/a4 ,"h a national s*ool 0 organiz$1 comb9+ ! two dep>tm5ts ( agriculture & vet]9>y sci5ce4 ,x 0 op5$ ,febru>y #bb1 #ahed1 & designat$ ! ,national ,s*ool ( ,agriculture & ,vet]9>y ,sci5ce4 ,its c\rses ( /udy are up to ! be/ /&>ds4 ,?ree ye>s are necess>y to complete ! agricultural c\rse & receive ! title ( ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,rural ,e/ates1 & f\r ye>s' /udy mu/ be giv5 to secure t ( ,+5i]o ,agronomo4 ,! c\rse 0 readju/$ 9 #ahic4 ,dur+ ! five ye>s pa/ #afi graduates h receiv$ ! =m] & #fh ! latt] degrees4 ,! managem5t consi/s ( #dh p]sons1 ^: sal>ies annually co/ ! ,gov]nm5t #if1dbd ,mexican doll>s4 ,ample gr\nds & build+s are provid$ to make ?is in/itution a matt] = national pride4 ,besides ?is college1 a f>m s*ool exi/s 9 "o ( ! f$]al di/ricts1 co/+ annually #ag1efd1 & ano!r at ! colony ( ,porfirio ,diaz1 co/+ ! /ate #ad1gjh4 ,mexico is also mov+ to introduce agriculture z a subject = prim>y in/ruction 9 public s*ools4 ,9 ,uruguay exi/ f9e s*ools = tea*+ agriculture & viticulture :i* are ( rec5t organization4 ,at ,montevideo ! ,gov]nm5t has creat$ a ,dep>tm5t ( ,live ,/ock & ,agriculture1 subject to ! ,home ,m9i/ry4 ,! budget ( #ahig provides = organiz+ & su/a9+ agricultural s*ools & exp]im5t f>ms to ! ext5t ( #bh1bbb1 ) an additional all[ance ( #ij1jjj = exp]im5ts on f>ms1 in/allation ( plants1 furniture1 in/rum5ts1 etc4 ,*ili is com+ to ! front 9 h] educational ef=ts4 ,9 ! city ( ,concepcin exi/s a ,practical ,s*ool ( ,agriculture4 ,o!rs are f\nd at ,santiago1 at ,talca1 ,san ,f]n&o1 ,elqui1 & ,salamanca4 ,! s*ool at ,santiago receives an annual subv5tion ( #dj1jjj1 & t at ,concepcin ! sum ( #bc1jjj4 ,atta*$ to ! latt] are agronomic /ations = soil analysis & ov]sight ( irrigation sy/ems ( ! /ate4 ,! ,soci$ad ,nacional de ,agricultur at ,santiago receives an annual grant ( #bj1jjj1 :i* x di/ributes at agricultural %[s & = ! support ( ! zological g>d54 ,at ,qu9tan ,normal is also an ,in/itute ,agricola ( high grade = agricultural eng9e]s & agronomics1 or = furni%+ a simple c]tificate 9 agriculture4 ,o!r c\ntries ( ,s\? ,am]ica possess education facilities1 b we are n suppli$ ) details conc]n+ !m4 ,our clos+ glance mu/ be direct$ to ! f> ,ori5t4 ,japan1 ! newe/ ( k+doms1 has a model brace ( in/itutions = sup]ior education 9 agriculture4 ,:5 ,japan awoke to ! new ideas1 to :i* = ages %e 0 oblivi\s1 h] ke5e/ /atesm5 grasp$ ! ?\ght t h] agricultural p ne$$ new light & intellectual quick5+ along ! l9es :i* s vitally affect$ _! daily subsi/5ce4 ,%e took ! ,unit$ ,/ates into h] confid5ce4 ,%e import$ = a season our ,commission] ( ,agriculture 7,g5]al ,capron71 9 #ahga-'gb1 z ,advis] to ! ,colonial ,(fice at ,hokaido1 :o1 aft] visit+ ,japan1 advis$ ! ,gov]nm5t to organize at once an agricultural college at ,sapporo1 & /ill ano!r at ,tokio4 ,?is advice 0 cordially receiv$ & spe$ily adopt$4 ,am]ican s*ol>s ( ! highe/ wisdom & exp]i5ce 7 import$ to inaugurate ! "w4 ,! college 0 inaugurat$ by ,colonel ,w4 ,s4 ,cl>k1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,presid5t ( ,amh]/ ,agricultural ,college1 9 ,augu/1 #ahgf1 ) tw5ty-f\r /ud5ts4 ,its new location 0 ,sapporo1 & its new "n 0 ! ,sapporo ,agricultural ,college4 ,! ,gov]nm5t dealt lib]ally 9 grants ( l&1 b ^! ample acres h s9ce be5 mo/ly confiscat$1 leav+ only suffici5t = educational purposes4 ,few c e/imate ! wond]ful uplift :i* has come to ,japan ?r\gh ?is effici5t s*ool4 ,9 #ahic x _h s5t out f its agricultural c\rse #abc graduates2 f ! eng9e]+1 #d2 milit>y1 #db2 & f ! practical dep>tm5t1 #aad4 ,9 #ahgd an agricultural dep>tm5t 0 add$ to ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity at ,tokio1 ! orig9al location ( ! ,sapporo ,college4 ,an exhau/ive syllabus 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture provides exam9ation = _m pr(\nd /ud5ts ( ?is sci5ce1 & admits !m to ! highe/ univ]sity degree4 ,f\r c\rses are op5 9 ! univ]sity--viz41 agriculture1 agricultural *emi/ry1 =e/ry1 & vet]9>y m$ic9e4 ,9 #ahie !re 7 #bfa /ud5ts ( agriculture 9 ! univ]sity4 ,f ?is ext5d$ ?\gh by no means exhau/ive review ( ! /atus ( sci5tific in/ruction 9 agriculture ?r\gh\t ! _w1 x is evid5t t all ! progressive nations h caught ! inspiration :i* atta*es to ?is bran* ( education1 & are sw++ into l9e 9 _! ef=ts to adopt x4 ,old ideals are rapidly giv+ place to ! new4 ,educators are =c$ to admit t m5tal culture is z possible "u ! /udy ( sci5ce z by ! protract$ /udy ( languages & lit]ature2 t su* /udy aids va/ly m ?an ! latt] 9 ! tra9+ :i* prep>es m5 = ! active duties ( life2 & t if ! developm5t ( husb&ry z a pursuit does n keep pace on an intellig5t basis ) e o!r te*nical pursuit1 national greatness & p]man5ce w nev] be a*iev$4 ,,ea/]n ,,oy/] ,,culture ,,9 ,,oregon4 ,,by ,f4 ,l4 ,,wa%burn1 ,a4 ,m41 ,,/ate ,,biologi/ ,,& ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,biology ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,oregon4 ,dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission1 ) *>act]i/ic ent]prise1 has be5 c>ry+ on exp]im5ts 9 ! propagation ( ,ea/]n oy/]s 9 ! bays ( ! ,oregon coa/4 ,"w ( a simil> nature is n[ be+ und]tak5 9 ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oy/] ,,city1 ,,yaqu9a ,,bay1 ,,oregon4 ,z ! result ( an application ?r\gh (ficial s\rces1 re-en=c$ possibly by ! results ( a biological survey made by ?is dep>tm5t dur+ ! prec$+ summ]1 tw5ty-two b>rels ( ,ea/]n oy/]s 71 on ,novemb] #g1 #ahif1 deposit$ on a portion ( ,oy/]ville ,flat1 s call$1 9 ,yaqu9a ,bay1 ,oregon1 sev5 miles & a half f ! ocean4 ,! oy/]m5 ( t section h agre$ to ab/a9 f tong+ = native oy/]s ^u ! portion ( ! flat ?us res]v$ until suffici5t "t has elaps$ to ju/ify an op9ion z to ! result ( ! exp]im5t4 ,^! introduc$ oy/]s 7 ( two v>ieties--! long1 sl5d] ,ea/ ,riv]s & ! m oval1 fan-%ap$1 & ribb$ ,pr9cess ,bays4 ,_! j\rney ( twelve days across ! cont95t1 9 sug> b>rels1 f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco & !nce to ,oregon )\t wat] did n cause ! mortality "o might expect1 = 9 /rew+ !m ov] ! b$ f ! sc[s ( ! oy/]m5 v few dead individuals 7 obs]v$--c]ta9ly n "o half ( "o p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,exp]im5tal ,,spawn+ ,,float4 ,?is ali5 oy/] has mu* to cont5d ) "h4 ,x 0 realiz$ t ! cold & salt wat] ru%+ 9 f ! ,pacific--cold] & salt] by f> ?an 9 _! ,atlantic home at ! same "t--if x did n entirely prev5t spawn+ w\ld at lea/ make ! survival ( ! "y embryos a matt] ( d\bt2 yet x 0 hop$ t p]haps1 aft] a numb] ( ye>s1 ! oy/]s might become acclimat$1 z x 71 & _! spawn1 inh]it+ _! p>5ts' acquir$ h>d9ess1 we might pres5t to ! p ( ! ,/ate a new =m ( ,oregon product 9 ! %ape ( ,ea/]n oy/]s hat*$ & gr[n 9 ! wat]s ( ?is bay4 ,not)/&+ ! fecundity ( ?is oy/]1 a female produc+ 9 ! vic9ity ( sixty million eggs at a spawn+1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions 9 its own home1 :]e ! wat] has 9 summ] a fairly con/ant temp]ature ( ov] #gj ,f4 & a sal9ity ( #a4jab on an av]age1 b a v small proportion ( ?is multitude survive4 ,h[ mu* m unlikely is its survival 9 ! wat]s ( ,yaqu9a ,bay1 ,oregon1 :]e ! writ] has se5 ! wat] *ange f a temp]ature ( #gj ,f4 & a saltness ( #a4jab to a temp]ature ( #ee & a sal9ity ( #a4jbb )9 six h\rs6 ,x 0 to save ! "y embryos f exposure to ^! & k9dr$ dang]s t ,i1 z a volunte] employee ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission dur+ ! summ]s ( #ahig & #ahih1 among o!r ?+s resort$ to ! artificial f]tilization ( ! eggs 9 a tempor>y laboratory1 c>ry+ ! delicate embryos to ! swimm+ /age & dump+ !m by ?\s&s into ! bay4 ,giv5 "s clean crocks1 a microscope1 dissect+ in/rum5ts1 tumbl]s1 rubb] tub+1 !rmomet]s1 & in/rum5ts to te/ ! saltness ( ! wat]1 & innum]able embryos c be c>$ = )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,! process1 z practic$ by ,brooks1 ,ryd]1 ,nelson1 & o!rs 9 ,am]ica1 is too well kn[n to ne$ repeat+ "h4 ,its efficacy is well e/abli%$1 &1 9 spite ( ! incr$ulity ( ! oy/]m51 :o wi%$ to see ! oy/]s spawn spontane\s1 z !y express$ x1 an incr$ulity am\nt+ almo/ to opposition1 ! writ] has p]sev]$ 9 ?is "w = two seasons & int5ds to cont9ue x ! com+ summ]4 ,illu/ration3 #a1 native oy/] spat on clam %ell2 #b1 same on inside ( oy/] %ell2 #c1 #d1 #e1 native spat 7,o/rea lurida7 on ,ea/]n oy/] %ells2 #f1 %[+ size & appe>ance ( native spat "o or two mon?s old4 ,! native oy/] ( ?is ,nor?we/ coa/ 7,o/rea lurida71 small] & by _m pref]r$ to its ,ea/]n cong5]1 :ile x is f> less fruitful 9 its spawn+ ?an ! latt]1 reta9s its "y )9 ! p>5t %ell until long aft] !y h pass$ ! t5d] /ages1 :5 !y leave ! mantle cavity ( ! p>5t to swim = !mselves4 ,?is oy/] c\ld rightly be call$ vivip>\s1 :ile ! ,ea/]n oy/] is ovip>\s4 ,on acc\nt ( its nurse-act+ proclivities ?is ,we/-coa/ oy/] has an imm5se advantage "h ov] ! introduc$ species4 ,! latt]'s eggs h to run ! foll[+ gantlet3 7#a7 ,n meet+ ) a f]tiliz+ cell & p]i%+ 9 consequ5ce2 7#b7 s9k+1 be=e or aft] f]tilization1 9 ! fatal mud2 7#c7 be+ eat5 by small fi% & o!r m9ute animals2 7#d7 be+ kill$ by sudd5 *anges 9 ! temp]ature & d5sity ( ! wat]4 ,artificial f]tilization & ! re>+ ( ! embryos 9 ! laboratory l>gely elim9ate ^! dang]s4 ,we h adopt$ o!r me?ods to insure success4 ,a few ( ! oy/]s 7 remov$ f ! ,gov]nm5t plant & deposit$ two miles f>!r up ! bay1 n9e miles & a half f ! ocean1 :]e x 0 ?\ght ! wat] 0 w>m]1 less salt1 & less v>iable ?an on ,oy/]ville ,flat4 ,"s1 dur+ ! bre$+ season1 7 plac$ on spawn+ floats & an*or$ ne> ! %ore1 :]e ! %all[ wat] is ?or\ghly w>m$ by ! sun4 ,x 0 9 "o ( ^! floats t ! oy/]m5 _h an opportunity to see ! oy/]s spawn spontane\s1 = ! wat] !re91 rea*+ #gj ,f41 became milk-:ite ) spawn or milt )9 an h\r aft] ! oy/]s _h be5 tak5 f ! plant4 ,?is 0 really our fir/ pro( t ! introduc$ oy/] w\ld spawn "h4 ,"s 7 plac$ 9 sl\ghs adjo9+ ! bay1 ) ! hope t favorable conditions w\ld be met ) !re4 ,o!rs 7 plac$ 9 artificially con/ruct$ salt ponds some:at aft] ! /yle us$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ea/]n ,,oy/]s ,,9 ,,oregon4 ,! l[] r[ %[s size :5 plant$ 9 #ahif2 ! upp] r[ repres5ts _! appe>ance 9 #ahih4 ,:at has be5 ! outcome8 ,! oy/]s1 p>ticul>ly ! ,pr9cess ,bay v>iety1 h gr[n enorm\sly & are 9 excell5t condition4 ,until ?is spr+ no ,ea/]n spat or "y ,ea/]n oy/]s _h be5 discov]$2 ?is1 ( c\rse1 is ! crucial po9t 9 ! exp]im5t2 we "k !y w spawn1 b w ! spawn develop8 ,rec5tly1 mu* to our enc\ragem5t1 a few "y oy/]s1 app>5tly ( la/ summ]'s spawn+1 h be5 f\nd & =w>d$ to ,wa%+ton1 pro( positive t ! oy/] w propagate "h1 b n c]ta9 evid5ce ( ! practical outcome ( ! exp]im5t4 ,x is too e>ly to pr$ict results z yet2 two ye>s m are really requir$ to tell ! /ory4 ,= ?irty ye>s ,ea/]n oy/]s h be5 %ipp$ to ,san ,francisco by ent]pris+ firms ( t city1 plant$ !re 9 ! bay until a l>ge size is atta9$1 & !n sold at an imm5se pr(it4 ,^! firms h always claim$ t ! ,ea/]n oy/] did n reproduce !re4 ,z f> z c be asc]ta9$ f a reliable s\rce1 ! %ipm5ts 9 rec5t ye>s h r increas$ ?an dim9i%$1 ?is fact be+ us$ z an argum5t to support ! above /atem5t4 ,x is nev]!less a kn[n fact t mu* ,ea/]n spat & _m adult oy/]s und\bt$ly hat*$ !re h be5 f\nd by memb]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission & o!rs4 ,moreov]1 ) increas+ trade "o w\ld naturally expect m %ipm5ts1 ev5 ?\gh ! introduc$ oy/] did propagate to "s ext5t4 ,o/rea lurida1 ! too?some little native oy/] :i* ye>s ago 0 s abundant at ,yaqu9a ,bay1 af=d+ support to _m families1 has decreas$ 9 numb]s to su* an al>m+ ext5t t unless "s radical measures are soon tak5 to prev5t1 ! native oy/] indu/ry ( ?is locality w be a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,?is decrease 9 ! size & numb]s appe>s to be due to sev]al causes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re has be5 a v p]si/5t tong+ on a some:at limit$ area4 ,?is might h be5 c\nt]balanc$ by prop] precautions to insure a future supply1 b1 ) *>act]i/ic lack ( =esight1 su* precautions h be5 neglect$1 & ! b$s h be5 cull$ ye> aft] ye>1 until ! comp>atively few oy/]s n[ m>ket$ f ,yaqu9a ,bay are ( v que/ionable size4 ,ea* oy/]man has two acres ( flats = private use4 ,?ree natural b$s 9 ! bay af=d s\rces ( supply = ^! private b$s4 ,! l>g] oy/]s tong$ on ! natural b$s are m>ket$1 & ! small] specim5s spread on ! private gr\nd ref]r$ to4 ,beyond /rew+ clean %ells on ^! private b$s1 no provision is made to collect ! swimm+ embryos dur+ ! spawn+ season1 & multitudes mu/ be c>ri$ away & lo/4 ,! writ] has urg$ ^u ! oy/]m5 ! ne$ ( collectors ( bru% or tile1 by ! use ( :i* ! oy/]s :i* !y h acquir$ may be l>gely increas$ 9 numb]s1 & w endeavor to demon/rate1 by ! use ( tile collectors1 t hundr$s ( "y spat may be sav$ & rais$ to m>ketable age4 ,our native oy/] /ructurally & physiologically resembles ! ,european oy/] 7,o/rea edulis71 &1 l x1 c\ld be propagat$ 9 artificial oy/] ponds4 ,! practicability ( su* "w on ! ,we/ ,am]ican coa/ dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on ! m>ket price ( ! result+ product z comp>$ ) ! outlay requir$ = labor4 ,,malay ,,folklore4 ,,by ,r4 ,,clyde ,,=d4 ,! ,malay is an ,ori5tal1 &1 ( c\rse1 possesses a goodly numb] ( sup]/itions & old wives' fables1 b he does n hug !m to 8 s\l l "s ( ! o!r peoples ( ! ,ea/--! ,*9aman1 = in/ance1 :o lives only by favor ( gods1 gho/s1 gobl9s1 & devils4 ,! ,malay lives 9 spite ( spirits1 good or bad1 & tries to be a model ,mohamm$an at ! same "t4 ,) bold assurance & positiv5ess1 he puts 8 tru/ 9 ,allah2 b1 aft] all1 ?is does n keep him f *]i%+1 on ! sly1 a k ( a few uncanny1 hair-rais+ beliefs any m ?an to be a dev\t *ur*man ) u removes "o f ! occult influ5ces ( /ol5 di%clo?s1 ov]turn$ saltcell>s1 & ! phases ( ! moon4 ,! ,malay man's ab]glaube--8 sup]/ition--is und\bt$ly ( anci5t orig94 ,= five hundr$ ye>s or m he has said 8 pray]s five times a day 9 response to ! muezz9's cry ( ,allah ho akb>1 & 8 religion has p5etrat$ ! v life ( 8 race & spread to ! mo/ di/ant conf9es ( ! ar*ipelago1 b x has nev] be5 able to remove entirely ! h]itage ( t pa/ :5 he 0 gov]n$ by ,sanskrit gods or by deities ( 8 own4 ,:atev] he may h believ$ !n & s9ce *ang$1 ^! fragm5ts & relics ( gobl9dom & sup]/ition g back to t "t1 & s l9k on to all ! weird love t prevail$ 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,ano!r evid5ce ( ! primitiv5ess ( ,malay folklore may be se5 9 ! fact t ! inhabitants ( ! jungles & padangs & ! aborig9al dwell]s ( m\nta9s & d5se =e/s *]i% mu* m hea!n notions & great] elaborations ( ev]yday sup]/itions ?an ! m enlight5$ & mod]niz$ ,malays ( t[ns & campongs4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 z 9 ! ,we/1 ! man :o lives close to ,nature holds communion ) h] visible =ms1 & likewise f9ds out1 or ?9ks he does1 a good deal ab\t h] invisible %apes4 ,! ,malay has on 8 li/ ( uncanny ?+s ! names ( sev]al spirits4 ,disease is ev]y:]e a great dread ( m51 & (t5 look$ ^u z an infliction ( ! sup]natural p[]s4 ,!re are sev]al spirits ( sickness recogniz$ among ! ,malays1 b !y res]ve _! greate/ horror = ! influ5ces ( ! ,hantu ,katumbohan1 or _s ( smallpox4 ,b o!r spirits ab\nd2 !re are "s t inhabit ! s\rces ( /reams1 & _m t dwell 9 =e/s4 ,m9es1 too1 h _! patron gobl9s1 :i* are propitiat$ by ! m9]s4 ,! sea-go+ ,malay1 also1 ^: vision has be5 cl>ifi$ by bitt] salt spray1 kn[s & frequ5tly sees ! spirits t inhabit c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ocean4 ,! ,hantu ,pemburo1 or phantom hunt]1 is a _s ! ,malays take special acc\nt (2 9 g5]al1 he seems to resemble ! wilde ,jg] ( ,g]man folklore4 ,long ago1 s ! /ory has x1 !re liv$ a c]ta9 man & 8 wife 9 ,katapang1 9 ,sumatra4 ,"o day ! wife fell sick1 &1 ?9k+ ! fle% ( a m\se-de] might /r5g!n h]1 %e ask$ h] husb& to kill "o = h]4 ,he w5t =? on ! hunt1 b 0 unsuccessful & soon return$4 ,8 wife n[ became v angry1 & told him to try aga9--9 fact1 n to return till he c\ld come home ) ! covet$ game4 ,! man swore a mighty oa?1 call$ 8 dogs1 took 8 weapons1 & set out into ! =e/4 ,he w&]$ & w&]$1 & always 9 va94 ,! days ran into mon?s1 ! mon?s became ye>s1 & /ill no m\se-de]4 ,at la/1 despair+ ( f9d+ ! animal on e>?1 he ord]$ 8 dogs to bay ! />s1 & !y sprang away ?r\gh ! sky1 & he foll[$4 ,z he walk$ ) upturn$ gaze1 a leaf fell into 8 m\? & took root !re4 ,at home ?+s 7 n go+ well4 ,8 son1 born aft] 8 dep>ture1 :5 he became a lad1 0 (t5 taunt$ by ! o!r *ildr5 ( ! campong1 & twitt$ ( ! fact t 8 fa!r 0 a w&]+ gho/4 ,aft] he>+ ! tru? f 8 "m1 ! boy w5t out into ! =e/ to meet ! huntsman4 ,f> f ! haunts ( m51 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/1 !y met & conv]s$4 ,! boy told ( 8 wrongs1 & ! fa!r v[$ to av5ge !m1 & ev] s9ce t "t1 say ! ,malays1 he has afflict$ mank9d4 ,at night he c\rses ?r\gh ! wood & sky ) a noisy1 yelp+ pack1 & woe to ! man :o sees him6 ,on ! p59sula ! p mutt] ?is *>m to w>d (f 8 evil influ5ce3 ,i "k ?y hi/ory1 ,o man ( ,katapang6 ,!re=e return ?\ ,to ?y jungle ( ,mohang1 ,& d n br+ sickness ^u me4 ,! ,malay is a firm believ] 9 ! efficacy ( *>ms4 ,he we>s amulets1 places writt5 words ( magic 9 h\ses1 & sports a tig]'s claw z a prev5tive ( disease4 ,if he is specially primitive & backwoodsy1 :5 he ent]s a =e/ he says3 ,g to ! "r1 all my enemies & assailants6 ,may y n look ^u me2 let me walk alone6 ,to allay a /orm he says3 ,! elephants collect1 !y wall[ across ! sea2 g to ! "r1 g to ! left1 ,i break ! tempe/4 ,:5 ab\t to beg9 an elephant hunt1 accord+ to ,?ompson1 he uses ?is *>m3 ,! elephant trumpets1 he wall[s across ! lake4 ,! pot boils1 ! pan boils across ! po9t4 ,g to ! left1 g to ! "r1 _s ( gr&fa!r 7! elephant72 ,i loose ! f+]s ^u ! b[/r+4 ,! ,malay believes 9 wit*es & wit*craft4 ,!re is ! bottle imp1 ! ,polong1 :i* fe$s on its own]'s blood till ! "t comes = x to take possession ( an enemy4 ,!n !re is a horrid ?+1 ! ,p5angalan1 :i* possesses wom54 ,frequ5tly x leaves its rightful abode to fly away at night to fe$ on blood1 tak+ ! =m ( ! head & inte/9es ( ! p]son x inhabit$1 9 :i* %ape x w&]s ar\nd4 ,su* beliefs may p]haps h _! orig9 9 metempsy*osis1 :i* 9 o!r ways has "s foo?old among ! common p4 ,= in/ance1 elephants & tig]s are believ$ sometimes to be human s\ls 9 disguise1 & s ! ,malay addresses !m z gr&fa!r to allay _! wra? & avoid direct ref]5ce to !m4 ,crocodiles also are (t5 reg>d$ z sacr$1 & special *>ms are us$ 9 fi%+ = !m4 ,"o su*1 giv5 by ,maxwell1 is z foll[s3 ,o ,dangs>i1 lotus fl[]1 receive :at ,i s5d !e4 ,if ?\ receive/ x n1 may ?y eyes be torn out6 ,! dome/ic animals also figure 9 ,malay folklore4 ,dogs are unlucky & reg>d$ ) suspicion1 = !y w\ld l to lick _! ma/]'s bones4 ,cats1 on ! o!r h&1 are lucky1 & %[ a fondness = _! own]s4 ,owls are reg>d$ z birds ( ill om51 & _! hoot+ =ebodes dea?4 ,days are lucky & unlucky4 ,monday1 ,w$nesday1 & ,friday are =tunate bir?days1 & a dream on a ,?ursday night w come true4 ,to dream ( a dog or a flood is unlucky4 ,to /umble :5 />t+ on a j\rney is a bad sign1 & be=e sett+ out on a pilgrimage to ,mecca c]ta9 =mulas are mutt]$ & signs foll[$4 ,! ,malay hates to te> d[n a h\se1 & s ! old "o is left /&+ :5 a new "o is built4 ,! ladd] ( a h\se mu/ be built j s1 or disa/] comes to ! own] or build]2 & to knock "o's head on ! l9tel is reg>d$ z unfavorable4 ,"o rises quickly f a meal2 o!rwise1 if he is s+le1 he may be reg>d$ ) disfavor by 8 prospective fa!r-9-law4 ,z "o travels ov] ! ar*ipelago he f9ds t sup]/itions v>y1 & :at may be reg>d$ by ! ,malays ( ! p59sula z p>ticul>ly om9\s may h no mean+ at all ) ! ,malays ( ! s\? or ea/4 ,! ,dyaks ( ,borneo are probably ! mo/ unciviliz$ ( all ! ,malay tribes1 = ,mohamm$anism has tak5 b little hold ^u !m1 & _! natural paganism rema9s z yet un%ak54 ,( _! folklore we "k b little4 ,x awaits ! conque/ ( ! ,we/1 l ! isl& itself4 ,,electricity ,,f ,,?ales ,,to ,,f>aday4 ,,by ,,erne/ ,a4 ,,lesueur4 ,x is s common a notion n[adays t electricity _h its bir? & rise 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury t x gives "o a /range m5tal s5sation to contemplate ! fact t all ! myriads ( comm]cial applications t h ( late ye>s be5 develop$ 9 ?is field might h be5 made by ! ,*9ese or ! anci5t ,egyptians1 s f> z ! pot5tiality ( ,nature = develop+ electrical ph5om5a is conc]n$4 ,! writ] us$ to "k a delightful old g5tleman 9 ,v]mont :o once ref]r$1 z to a well-kn[n fact1 to ,edison's hav+ inv5t$ electricity4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ closely 8 /ate ( m9d typifies t ( a great _m p4 ,9 ! =m ( ! lightn+1 ! aurora1 & ! %ock ( ! electric eel or torp$o1 electrical manife/ations h be5 kn[n ev] s9ce man comm5c$ to obs]ve ^? ph5om5a1 b ! fossil res9 amb] 0 ! sub/ance :i* ev5tually gave its "n to ! n[ trem5d\s ag5cy4 ,?is mat]ial 0 obs]v$1 _m c5turies be=e our era1 to possess ! prop]ty ( attract+ light bodies to itself :5 rubb$ ) wool1 &1 be+ call$ ,greek3 lektron 7electron7 by ! ,greeks1 transmitt$ its "n to ! prop]ty or =ce :i* x ?us br\ght into evid5ce4 ,! fact is m5tion$ z e>ly z #fjj ,b4 ,c41 by ,?ales ( ,miletus1 al?\gh he does n transmit to u ! "n ( ! orig9al obs]v] ( ! ph5om5on4 ,homely z 0 ! exp]im5t1 x m>k$ a beg9n+ 9 electrical rese>*4 ,n t sci5tific inve/igations 9 t or any l9e 7 pu%$ v assidu\sly 9 ^? days1 = !re is a great gap betwe5 ! discov]y ( ! prop]ty above allud$ to & ! acquisition ( any m solid k p]ta9+ to electricity4 ,! ph5om5on 0 at t "t set d[n 9 ! li/ ( natural facts1 & no attempt appe>s to h be5 made to connect x ) o!rs4 ,! inquir+ _s ( ! pres5t age c h>dly be br\ght into m /rik+ relief ?an by a comp>ison ( !1 at pres5t1 almo/ daily advances 9 sci5tific k ) ! fact t tw5ty-two hundr$ ye>s elaps$ betwe5 ! discov]y ( ! above-m5tion$ p[] ( amb] by ! anci5ts & ! lat] "o t a v l>ge numb] ( o!r sub/ances1 su* z diamonds1 vitrefactions ( all k9ds1 sulphur1 common res91 etc41 possess ! same prop]ty4 ,a few o!r scatt]$ facts 71 h[ev]1 also not$ by ! anci5ts3 fire is said to h /ream$ f ! head ( ,s]vius ,tullius at ! age ( sev51 & ,virgil ass]ts t flame 0 emitt$ by ! hair ( ,ascanius4 ,9 exam9+1 n[1 ! hi/ory ( ! rise ( electrical sci5ce we f9d1 z j m5tion$1 ! va/ gap ( ov] two mill5niums betwe5 ! discov]y ( ! attract+ p[] ( rubb$ amb] & ! m]e ext5sion ( man's k s z to include o!r sub/ances4 ,! philosoph]s ,boyle & ,otto von ,gu]icke1 :o 7 active dur+ ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 add$ a mass ( new data 9 ?is l9e4 ,boyle1 moreov]1 discov]$ ! equival5ce ( action & reaction betwe5 ! attract+ & ! attract$ body1 & t ! rubb$ amb] or o!r electric reta9$ its attractive p[]s = a c]ta9 p]iod aft] excitation _h ceas$4 ,otto von ,gu]icke made a va/ /ep =w>d by con/ruct+ ! fir/ electrical ma*9e1 9 a crude =m1 truly1 b :i* prov$ ( ! utmo/ s]vice 9 add+ to our k ( ! prop]ties ( electricity4 ,8 ma*9e 0 con/ruct$ v simply ( a globe ( sulphur m\nt$ on a sp9dle1 :i* c\ld be rotat$ by means ( a crank2 ! op]ator appli$ friction ) ! h&1 8 body receiv+ a positive *>ge1 :ile ! surface ( ! sulphur acquir$ a negative4 ,! fact ( ! two electrifications be+ sep>at$ at ! surface ( ! sulphur 0 n1 h[ev]1 kn[n at ! "t2 ! only *>ge t ,gu]icke obs]v$ be+ t appe>+ on ! sulphur4 ,! reason = ?is 0 t ! latt]1 be+ a nonconductor1 any electricity g5]at$ ^u x 0 compell$ to /ay !re1 = a c]ta9 "t at lea/1 & consequ5tly accumulat$ s z to be obs]vable2 :]eas ! opposite electrification fl[+ into ! op]ator's h& cont9u\sly escap$ to e>? )\t giv+ any sign ( its pres5ce4 ,_h ! op]ator /ood ^u an insulat+ support1 ! electrification w\ld h accumulat$ on 8 body z well z ^u ! sulphur4 ,gu]icke made ! discov]y t a light body1 hav+ be5 once attract$ to an electrifi$ surface1 0 almo/ imm$iately repell$ f x1 & c\ld n be aga9 attract$ )\t hav+ its imp>t$ electrification remov$ by contact ) an un*>g$ surface4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ab\t #afge1 made an int]e/+ application ( a pr9ciple alli$ to ?is4 ,he us$ a holl[1 drum-%ap$ contrivance ) glass ends & a v %ort axis1 into :i* he put a numb] ( fragm5ts ( pap]4 ,on briskly rubb+ ! outside ( ! glass ) a piece ( silk ! pap] 0 caus$ to leap f "o "p ( ! glass to ano!r & twirl ab\t 9 ! air4 ,?is 0 repeat$ 9 #afgf be=e ! ,royal ,society1 to ! great edification ( t le>n$ body4 ,newton made a consid]able improvem5t 9 ! electrical ma*9e ( ,gu]icke by ! sub/itution ( a holl[ globe ( glass = ,gu]icke's sulphur "o4 ,:at is *iefly int]e/+ ab\t ! improvem5t is ! fact t ,gu]icke's sulphur globe1 ( comp>ative weight & cumbr\sness1 0 made by ca/+ melt$ sulphur into a glass globe & !n break+ (f ! glass4 ,gu]icke obs]v$ 9 ! d>k a peculi> lum9osity ( conduct+ surfaces :5 well *>g$ by means ( 8 ma*9e2 he comp>$ x to ! phosphoresc5t light obs]v$ :5 lump sug> is brok5 9 ! d>k4 ,x 0 :at is n[ kn[n z ! bru%-dis*>ge effect4 ,9 #agje ,francis ,hawksbee discov]$ ! peculi> ph5om5on :i* he t]m$ ! m]curial phosphorus4 ,x 0 produc$ by caus+ a /ream ( well-dri$ m]cury to fall ?r\gh an exhau/$ glass receiv]4 ,! friction ( ! p>ticles ( m]cury aga9/ ! jet piece & ! glass caus$ an electrification :i* ev9c$ itself 9 a phosphoresc5t gl[4 ,! receiv]1 inde$1 _h n to be by any means ?or\ghly exhau/$1 ! ph5om5on occurr+ at an air pressure up to ab\t f\rte5 in*es ( ! b>omet]4 ,! crackl+ noise & ! sp>k accompany+ electrical dis*>ge sugge/$ ab\t ?is "t ! analogy ( ^? m9iature di/urbances to ?und] & lightn+1 b ! id5tity ( ! two 0 n fully e/abli%$ until lat]4 ,up to ?is "t ! fact t c]ta9 sub/ances 7 capable ( conduct+ electricity 0 n kn[n1 b 9 #agbi ,/eph5 ,gray1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 an en?usia/ic inve/igator1 made ! discov]y1 & at ! same "t ! cognate "o t a l>ge class ( mat]ials are nonconductors4 ,! only s\rce ( electricity :i* 0 at ! disposal ( exp]im5t]s up to ?is "t 0 ! electrical ma*9e1 improv$1 z describ$1 by ,newton1 :i* furni%$ int]mitt5t curr5ts 7dis*>ges7 ( inf9itesimal quantity1 z we %\ld say n[1 b ( extremely high pressure4 ,?is fact ( ! enorm\s pressure result$ 9 ! electricity's =c+ its way ?r\gh v imp]fect conductors1 s z to cause our inve/igators to rank _m ( ^! latt] ) ! metals4 ,?us ,gray conclud$ t pack ?read 0 a good conductor because x did n oppose suffici5t resi/ance to prev5t ! fl[ ( 8 high pressure 7or1 z we %\ld n[ say1 high voltage or t5sion7 electricity4 ,he tri$ wire z well1 b did n realize x 0 a bett] conductor ?an ! ?read1 al?\gh its conductivity 0 actually 9 ! millions ( times z great4 ,9 collaboration ) 8 fri5d ,:eel] he convey$ electrical dis*>ges a di/ance ( eight hundr$ & eighty-six feet1 ?r\gh presumably air-dry pack ?read--an a*ievem5t :i* w\ld almo/ be notable at ! pres5t "t4 ,he insulat$ ! l9e by hang+ x f loops ( silk ?read4 ,gray hop$ t !re may be f\nd out a way to collect a great] quantity ( electric fire1 & consequ5tly to increase ! =ce ( t p[]1 :i*1 si licet magnis compon]e p>va1 seems to be ( ! same nature ) ?und] & lightn+4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,desaguli]s discov]$ t ^? mat]ials :i*1 ^u be+ rubb$1 develop electrical *>ges1 are all nonconductors1 & t1 conv]sely1 nonelectrics are conductors4 ,! t]ms electrics & nonelectrics 7 appli$ to bodies respectively capable & incapable ( excitation2 ! words idioelectrics & anelectrics 7 also us$ 9 respectively equival5t s5ses4 ,9 ,france1 ,dufay discov]$ t ! conductivity ( pack ?read 0 greatly improv$ by ! pres5ce ( moi/ure1 & he succe$$ 9 convey+ a dis*>ge a di/ance ( almo/ ?irte5 hundr$ feet4 ,he susp5d$ himself by silk5 cords & _h himself electrifi$1 & !n obs]v$ t he c\ld give a %ock accompani$ by a sp>k to any p]son /&+ on ! gr\nd4 ,he also e/abli%$ ! fact ( ! two opposite k9ds ( electrification1 & gave !m ! names ( vitre\s & res9\s1 f ! fact t ! =m] 0 develop$ by ! excitation ( glass & vitre\s sub/ances g5]ally1 & ! latt] f t ( amb] & res9s4 ,he obs]v$ t ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! two 0 ! fact t opposite *>ges attract$ ea* o!r1 :ile simil> ones ex]t$ mutual repulsion4 ,dufay & ,gray di$ )9 ?ree ye>s ( ea* o!r1 bo? at ! age ( =ty1 ,gray hav+ add$ to ! results already m5tion$ ! discov]y ( ! conduct+ p[]s ( c]ta9 liquids & ( ! human body4 ,exp]im5tal rese>* n[ began to spread into ,g]many & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! electrical ma*9e 0 greatly improv$ by ,pr(essor ,boze1 ( ,witt5b]g1 & ,pr(essor ,w9kl]1 ( ,leipsic1 :o respectively add$ ! prime conductor & ! silk rubb] to t important piece ( app>atus4 ,a ,scot* ,b5$ict9e monk ( ,erfurt--,pr(essor ,gordon--sub/itut$ a glass cyl9d] = ! sph]e1 & !reby br\ght ! in/rum5t 9 its ess5tials practically to ! =m 9 :i* x exi/s to-day4 ,! improvem5t enabl$ ! production ( v l>ge sp>ks1 :i* 7 caus$ to produce ! inflammation ( v>i\s combu/ibles4 ,gordon w5t s f> z to ignite alcohol by means ( a jet ( electrifi$ wat]4 ,we n[ come to an epo*-mak+ discov]y--t ( ! cond5s]1 or1 9 its conv5tional laboratory =m1 ! ,leyd5 j>4 ,pr(essor ,mus*5broeck1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd51 0 /ruck ) ! idea t x w\ld be a good plan to try to prev5t ! dissipation ( ! electric *>ge by inclos+ ! conductor conta9+ x 9 an insulat+ envelope4 ,he !re=e took a glass j>1 p>tly fill$ x ) wat]1 & electrifi$ ! latt]4 ,8 assi/ant1 :o 0 hold+ ! bottle1 accid5tally t\*$ ! wire :i* made connection ) ! wat]1 & receiv$ on ! in/ant a %ock mu* m viol5t ?an any t ! electrical ma*9e 0 capable ( giv+4 ,?is l$ to ! discov]y t z ! *>ge ( vitre\s electricity _h accumulat$ 9 ! wat]1 a correspond+ *>ge ( ! opposite k9d _h ga!r$ ^u ! outside ( ! glass & be5 b\nd !re1 z x is call$1 by ! attraction ex]cis$ ^u x by ! *>ge on ! inside4 ,x _h be5 enabl$ to get ^u ! glass by ! fact ( ! assi/ant's h& hav+ cov]$ "p ( ! surface ( ! latt]1 &1 s9ce he /ood ^u ! gr\nd1 ! electricity _h quietly fl[$ f ! latt] up ?r\gh 8 body to ! outside surface ( ! glass4 ,! app>atus 0 quickly p]fect$ by coat+ bo? ! inside & outside ( a j> ) t9 foil1 apply+ ! *>ge by means ( a wire or *a9 to ! inside coat+ & all[+ ! out] "o to /& ^u ! e>? or ^u a conduct+ sub/ance 9 electrical contact ) ! latt]4 ,! exaltation ( _s ) :i* ! discov]y 0 hail$ by ! savants appe>s to h be5 extraord9>y--"o /ud5t :o took a dis*>ge ?r\gh 8 body be+ report$ to /ate t he w\ld n h miss$ ! exp]i5ce = a fabul\s consid]ation1 & t he w\ld n repeat x if x 7 to save 8 life4 ,9 reality ! advance 0 enorm\s2 x gave a means = lit]ally bottl+ up electricity 9 quantities previ\sly un?\ght (4 ,! prime conductor ( an electrical ma*9e c\ld n reta9 any consid]able quantity ( electricity = ! reason t1 a c]ta9 small int5sity ( electrification hav+ be5 rea*$1 ! addition op]at$ to upset ! balance1 s to speak1 & ! electricity escap$ by a sudd5 7disruptive7 dis*>ge1 or sp>k1 or by ! bru% dis*>ge already allud$ to4 ,) ! ,leyd5 j>1 h[ev]1 z fa/ z electricity 0 suppli$ to ! inside coat+ x became b\nd !re by ! *>ge ( opposite sign accumulat+ on ! outside1 & ! limit ( capacity ( ! j> 0 simply "o ( /r5g? ( ! glass3 if too mu* electricity 0 suppli$1 ! /ress ( mutual attraction betwe5 ! two *>ges reliev$ itself by de/roy+ ! j>4 ,al?\gh ,pr(essor ,mus*5broeck discov]$ ! pr9ciple 9 ! mann] above ref]r$ to1 x appe>s extremely probable t two o!r inve/igators1 work+ indep5d5tly1 also did ! same4 ,"o ,cuneus & a monk nam$ ,klei/ ea* claim$ ! honor ( orig9al inv5tion ( ! cond5s]4 ,ab\t #agdg ! fir/ gun 0 fir$ by electricity2 ?is 0 accompli%$ by ,sir ,william ,watson1 :o also succe$$ 9 k9dl+ alcohol & gas by means ( a drop ( cold wat] & ev5 ) ice4 ,! same exp]im5t] rev]s$ ! ord9>y proc$ure ( caus+ ! electric influ5ce to pass f an electrifi$ body to ! "o to be exp]im5t$ ^u1 ! latt] be+ unelectrifi$1 by electrify+ ! latt]1 & !n produc+ ! desir$ effect by approa*+ x to an unelectrifi$ "o4 ,a p>ty ( ! ,royal ,society ) ,watson z *ief op]ator in/itut$ a s]ies ( rese>*es on a gr& scale to det]m9e1 if possible1 ! velocity ( ! electric dis*>ge1 & arriv$ at a numb] ( conclusions :i*1 h[ev]1 7 ( a decid$ly negative nature4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 7 z foll[s3 ,t !y c\ld n obs]ve any int]val betwe5 ! in/ant ( apply+ ! dis*>ge to "o end ( ! l9e & its reception at ! o!r2 t ! de/ructive effects ( dis*>ge are great] ?r\gh bad conductors ?an ?r\gh good ones2 t conduction is equally p[]ful :e!r occurr+ ?r\gh e>? or wat]4 ,j previ\s to ?is !re _h be5 "s brilliant exp]im5ts c>ri$ on 9 ,france1 & ! dis*>ge _h be5 convey$ ?r\gh twelve ?\s& feet ( circuit1 includ+ ! acre bas9 ( ! ,tuil]ies1 b !y _h n be5 p]=m$ z sy/ematically1 or ) ! def9ite objects 9 view1 z _h ! ,engli% exp]im5ts4 ,! foll[+ ye> ! ,royal ,society cont9u$ its rese>*es on a l>g] scale ?an previ\sly1 us+ #ab1bgf feet ( wire1 & f\nd t ev5 ?r\gh t l5g? ! velocity 0 practically in/antane\s4 ,watson urg$ z a !ory t electrical di/urbances 7 caus$ by influx or efflux ( a s+le electric fluid f ! /ate ( normal electrification1 ?us diff]+ f ,dufay 9 8 op9ion z to ! exi/5ce ( two fluids4 ,he 0 l$ to ?is belief by obs]v+ t he obta9$ a l>g] sp>k betwe5 two oppositely electrifi$ bodies ?an f ei!r to ! e>?4 ,f ?is "t on !re appe>s ^u ! sc5e a ho/ ( work]s 9 ?is field1 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t be+ ! di/+ui%$ ,am]ican1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,some:at previ\s to 8 rem>kable "w1 or ab\t #agej1 ,boze made c]ta9 discov]ies 9 ! matt] ( ! surface t5sion ( conduct+ liquids be+ dim9i%$ by electrification1 & ,m[bray & ,nollet asc]ta9$ t ! vegetation ( fl[]s & ( vegetat+ se$s 0 ha/5$ by electrify+ !m4 ,frankl9 7born #agjf1 di$ #agij7 made ! important discov]y ( ! active dis*>ge ( electricity f an electrifi$ body by po9ts z well z ! conv]se ( x--i4 e41 t electricity 0 rapidly ab/ract$ f a *>g$ atmosph]e by po9ts4 ,?is enabl$ him to increase ! effici5cy ( ! electrical ma*9e by add+ a comb-%ap$ s]ies ( po9ts to ! collector ( ! prime conductor4 ,up to ?is "t1 al?\gh ! id5tity ( lightn+ ) electricity _h long be5 suspect$1 x _h n be5 at all e/abli%$1 & to ,frankl9 may be said to belong ! honor ( do+ s1 al?\gh 9 ?is1 z 9 ! case ( ! inv5tion ( ! ,leyd5 j>1 !re appe>s to h be5 successful contemporane\s rese>* else:]e4 ,be=e p]=m+ 8 great exp]im5t ,frankl9 publi%$ a book /rongly support+ ! belief 9 ! id5tity ( ! two4 ,once hav+ conceiv$ ! idea ( draw+ electricity f ! upp] atmosph]e1 he un=tunately lo/ "s "t ?r\gh wait+ = ! completion ( ! spire ( a c]ta9 *ur* 9 ,philadelphia1 f ! top ( :i* he hop$ to be able to collect electricity by means ( a wire1 b f9ally hit ^u ! device :i* n[ fills mu* ! same place 9 connection ) 8 memory t ! classical *]ry tree does ) ,wa%+ton's--! lightn+-collect+ kite4 ,?is app>atus 0 v simply con/ruct$1 & _h a po9t$ wire project+ a %ort di/ance above ! framework4 ,x 0 controll$1 & electrical connection made1 by an ord9>y /r+ :i* t]m9at$ 9 a %ort l5g? ( silk ribbon to protect ! p]son f possible injury1 & to give electricity a *ance to accumulate 9 ! sy/em1 by insulat+ ! l9e4 ,at ! end ( ! /r+ prop] ,frankl9 fa/5$ a metallic key4 ,9 company ) 8 son he flew ! kite dur+ a ?und]/orm :i* occurr$ 9 ,june1 #ageb2 = "s "t no electric di/urbance approa*$ ! neighborhood1 & he 0 on ! po9t ( ab&on+ ! exp]im5t :5 he obs]v$ :at he _h be5 wait+ =--! out] fib]s ( ! /r+ /&+ out f ! latt] by repulsive =ce--&1 apply+ 8 knuckle to ! key1 he drew a sp>k4 ,subsequ5tly1 :5 ! ra9 soak$ ! /r+ & caus$ x to conduct mu* bett]1 !re 0 a f9e supply ( electricity1 & ,frankl9 *>g$ a ,leyd5 j> f ! key1 ?us a*iev+ ! actual /orage ( lightn+4 ,he cont9u$ 8 inve/igations 9 atmosph]ic electricity1 & discov]$ t ! electrification ( ! cl\ds 7or ( ! upp] atmosph]e7 0 sometimes positive & sometimes negative4 ,! inv5tion ( ! lightn+ rod is due to him4 ,frankl9 sid$ ) ,watson 9 8 belief 9 ! s+le nature ( ! electric fluid4 ,z intimat$ above1 atmosph]ic electricity appe>s to h be5 collect$ indep5d5tly ab\t ! same "t 9 ,europe1 & c]ta9 v d>+ & dang]\s exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$ !re4 ,"o sad occurr5ce1 z a result1 0 ! dea? ( ,pr(essor ,ri*man1 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 9 #agec4 ,ri*man1 9 company ) a fri5d1 ,sokol[1 0 tak+ obs]vations on an electroscope connect$ ) an iron rod :i* t]m9at$ 9 ! ap>tm5t & ext5d$ 9 ! o!r direction above ! ro( ( ! build+4 ,dur+ ! progress ( _! exp]im5ts a viol5t peal ( ?und] 0 he>d 9 ! neighborhood1 & ,ri*man b5t to exam9e ! in/rum5t4 ,9 do+ s he approa*$ 8 head to )9 a foot ( ! end ( ! rod1 & ,sokol[ saw a ball ( fire ab\t ! size ( a man's fi/ %oot f x to ,ri*man's head ) a t]rific report4 ,! /roke 01 ( c\rse1 imm$iately fatal1 & :at we n[ "k z ! return %ock /upefi$ & b5umb$ ,sokol[4 ,! un=tunate ev5t s]v$ z a w>n+ to o!r d>+ exp]im5t]s4 ,canton1 ano!r prom95t work] 9 ?is field1 discov]$ t ! s-call$ vitre\s electricity 0 n necess>ily always develop$ by ! friction ( glass1 z _h hi!rto be5 believ$ to be inv>iably ! case4 ,by apply+ diff]5t rubb]s to glass he obta9$ ei!r positive or negative at pleasure4 ,?is at once dispos$ ( ! idea t "o k9d ( electricity resid$ 9 c]ta9 bodies & its opposite 9 o!rs4 ,canton also made ! int]e/+ discov]y t glass1 amb]1 rock cry/al1 etc41 :5 tak5 out ( m]cury1 7 all electrifi$ positively4 ,he 0 ?us enabl$ to make ! improvem5t 9 ! electrical ma*9e ( coat+ its rubb] ) an amalgam ri* 9 m]cury1 :i* greatly enhanc$ its p[]s4 ,among ! num]\s names n[ com+ into prom95ce mu/ be m5tion$ ^? ( ,becc>ia1 ,symm]1 ,delaval1 ,wilson1 ,k9n]sley1 ,wilcke1 & ,prie/ley4 ,! fir/ nam$1 ,fa!r ,becc>ia1 0 a celebrat$ ,italian physici/ :o did mo/ valuable "w 9 connection ) atmosph]ic electricity1 & :o publi%$ sev]al classical works on t & alli$ subjects4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ 8 ,lettre del ,elettricit1 #ageh1 & ,exp]im5ta1 #aggb4 ,he asc]ta9$ t wat] is n by any means a good conductor1 z x _h previ\sly be5 suppos$ to be1 &1 by us+ pure wat]1 he caus$ ! electric sp>k to become visible 9 x1 a ph5om5on capable ( occurr+ only ?r\gh m$ia almo/ nonconduct+4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts he us$ ?ick glass tubes ) wires l$ ?r\gh ! opposite ends1 ! latt] be+ seal$1 & ! tubes fill$ ) wat]4 ,^! 7 inv>iably %att]$ by ! passage ( ! sp>k on acc\nt ( ! accompany+ elevation ( temp]ature1 :i* caus$ expansion4 ,he also e/abli%$ ! facts t ! atmosph]e adjac5t to an electrifi$ body acquires electrification ( ! same sign by ab/ract+ electricity f ! body1 & t ! air !n p>ts ) its electricity v sl[ly4 ,he advanc$ ! !ory t !re is a mutual repulsion betwe5 ! p>ticles ( ! electric fluid & ^? ( air1 & t a tempor>y vacuum is =m$ at ! mom5t ( ! passage ( a disruptive dis*>ge or sp>k4 ,rob]t ,symm]1 9 #agei1 describ$ "s mo/ ent]ta9+ exp]im5ts1 mak+ use ( ! opposite electrifications ( sup]pos$ /ock+s ( diff]5t mat]ials or m]ely ( diff]5t colors 7! dye matt]s 9 ! latt] case caus+ diff]5tiation74 ,if1 9 a dry atmosph]e1 a silk /ock+ be drawn ov] ! leg & a wool5 "o pull$ ov] x1 ! two w be f\nd1 ^u be+ remov$1 to be v p[]fully electrifi$ 9 opposite s5ses4 ,if ! f\r /ock+s ( two su* pairs be us$ & !n susp5d$ toge!r1 !y w indulge 9 rem>kable antics due to ea* ( ! silk /ock+s try+ to attract bo? ( ! wool5 ones1 & vice v]sa1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ea* ( ea* k9d repell+ ! o!r4 ,! am\nt ( electrical attraction & repulsion produc$ 9 ?is simple way 9 a dry atmosph]e is rem>kable4 ,! exp]im5t may also be p]=m$ ) all silk /ock+s1 "o pair :ite & ! o!r black4 ,symm] advanc$ ! !ory ( two fluids coexi/+ 9 all matt] 7n indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 z _h be5 previ\sly suppos$71 :i* by mutual c\nt]actions produc$ all electrical ph5om5a4 ,8 conception 0 t a body1 positively electrifi$1 did n exi/ 9 t condition because ( ! possession ( a *>ge ( a positive 7z di/9ct f a negative7 electric fluid :i* x _h n held be=e1 & did n hold 9 a normal /ate2 nor t x possess$ a great] %>e ( a s+le electric fluid ?an x did 9 an unelectrifi$ condition1 z _h be5 believ$ by ,frankl9 & ,watson1 & by ,dufay respectively2 b t su* a body conta9$ bo? positive & negative electricities :i*1 :5 ! body behav$ z unelectrifi$1 entirely c\nt]act$ ea* o!r1 b :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 caus$ a positive or negative *>ge to be ev9c$ %\ld ei!r positive or negative electricity respectively prepond]ate4 p9us 0 ! au?or ( ano!r notable !ory1 ( :i* we mu/ omit fur!r m5tion = want ( space4 ,disjo9t$ obs]vations connect$ ) animal electricity _h be5 accumulat+ = _m c5turies4 ,! fir/ *ronicl$ note t ref]s to ! subject dates back to #fgf ,a4 ,d4 ,:e!r or n entirely by *ance1 ! ,arabians nam$ ! electric eel1 or torp$o1 9 a way t impresses u n[ z s+ul>ly felicit\s1 raad 7! lightn+74 ,t[>d ! end ( ! la/ c5tury ,r$i discov]$ t ! %ock 0 sometimes convey$ ?r\gh ! l9e & rod to ! fi%]man1 & ,kampf] comp>$ ! effects to ^? ( electrical dis*>ges4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t ! resemblance 0 actually believ$ to be m ?an accid5tal until ,bancr(t urg$1 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! view :i* 0 %ortly prov$4 ,inve/igation s9ce has %[n t sev]al o!r aquatic animals possess ?is a/oni%+ manife/ation ( vitality1 notably ! ,gymnotus electricus 7,sur9am eel71 ! ,tri*iurus electricus1 & ! ,tetraodon electricus4 ,humboldt gives an acc\nt ( wond]ful battles 9 ,s\? ,am]ica betwe5 gymnoti & wild horses4 ,9 fact1 ! mo/ exp$iti\s me?od1 if n ! mo/ humane "o1 ( captur+ ^! al>m+ creatures appe>s to be to drive horses into ! pond inhabit$ by !m1 & to all[ ! eels to exhau/ _! /r5g? by repeat$ electric dis*>ges be=e endeavor+ to br+ !m to l& by o!r means4 ,cav5di% 0 "o ( ! mo/ not$ exp]im5tal inve/igators 9 ! electrical field dur+ ! latt] ?ird ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,8 "w 0 rem>kably accurate1 consid]+ ! lack ( a prop] equipm5t = tak+ obs]vations incid5t to op]ations 9 ^? days4 ,he comput$ ! relative conductivities ( iron & wat] z f\r hundr$ million to unity1 & f\nd t ! addition ( b "o "p ( common salt to "o hundr$ ( wat] increas$ ! conductivity ( ! latt] a hundr$fold4 ,a tw5ty-six-p]-c5t solution ( salt he f\nd to possess only sev5 & "o qu>t] times ! conductivity ( ! extremely weak "o m5tion$4 ,he also e/abli%$ ! law t ! capacity ( cond5s]s 7( :i* ! previ\sly m5tion$ ,leyd5 j> is an example7 v>ies directly z ! active area1 & inv]sely z ! di/ance sep>at+ ! conduct+ surfaces4 ,x 0 res]v$ = lat] inve/igators to make ! gr& discov]ies :i* relate to electro*emical dissociation1 b ,cav5di% succe$$ 9 accurately det]m9+ ! ratio ( comb9ation ( ! elem5ts ( wat] 9 a me?od :i* sup]ficially sugge/s ! inv]se ( electrolytic decomposition--i4 e41 by induc+ ! comb9ation ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 by ! electric sp>k 9 ! in/rum5t kn[n z ! eudiomet]4 ,h>d on ! heels ( ?is "w came news ( ,galvani's rem>kable discov]y 7#agij7 ( ! fact t fre%ly amputat$ frogs' legs1 on be+ t\*$ along ! l9es ( ! muscles by dissimil> metals1 7 p[]fully agitat$4 ,we c only speak ( ?is discov]y z ! /umbl+ on to an isolat$ fact1 = x 0 res]v$ = ,volta to e/abli% ! g5]alization t a curr5t is produc$ 9 ! conductor jo9+ dissimil> metals :5 ! latt] are bo? 9 contact ) a suitable electrolyte 7or liquid capable bo? ( conduct+ electricity & ( act+ on "o1 & incid5tally also sometimes bo?1 ( ! metals74 ,meantime 7,du ,bois-,reymond obs]ves71 :]ev] frogs 7 to be f\nd1 & :]e two diff]5t k9ds ( metal c\ld be procur$1 ev]ybody 0 anxi\s to see ! mangl$ limbs ( frogs br\ght to life 9 ?is wond]ful way4 ,physiologi/s believ$ t at la/ !y %\ld realize _! visions ( a vital p[]1 & physicians t no cure 0 impossible4 ,volta fir/ discov]$ m]ely ! fact ( electrification by contact4 ,he wrote to ,galvani3 ,i don't ne$ y\r frog4 ,give me two metals & a moi/ rag1 & ,i w produce y\r animal electricity4 ,y\r frog is no?+ b a moi/ conductor1 & 9 ?is respect x is inf]ior to my wet rag6 ,nobili1 nev]!less1 9 #ahbe prov$ ! exi/5ce ( galvanic curr5ts 9 muscles4 ,lat] on ,volta inv5t$ ! c\ronne des tasses 7cr[n ( cups71 ?us at ! same "t adopt+ ! g5]al =m ( cell us$1 ) modifications1 to-day1 & produc+ ! high] electromotive =ce1 or electrical pressure1 consequ5t on ! multiplication ( ! cells 9 a s]ies batt]y4 ,j be=e ,volta's celebrat$ communication to ! ,royal ,society1 9 #ahjj1 ,fabroni1 ( ,flor5ce1 9 discuss+ ,galvani's ph5om5on1 w5t to ! root ( ! matt] by sugge/+ t ! en]gy ( *emical action 0 at ! bottom ( galvanic manife/ations1 & he 0 w>mly upheld 9 ?is cont5tion by ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 :o1 ^u ! publication ( ,volta's discov]ies1 con/ruct$ a mo/ elaborate batt]y ) :i* 7app>5tly ab\t #ahjf7 he produc$ ! arc light betwe5 c>bon p5cils4 ,9 ! ye> ref]r$ to1 ,davy publi%$ ! results ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ( enorm\s significance1 among o!r ?+s ( ! isolation ( ! alkali metals1 sodium & potassium1 ^: exi/5ce _h hi!rto n be5 dream$ (4 ,! simple electrolytic decomposition ( wat] _h be5 accompli%$ by ,nicolson & ,c>lisle 9 ! la/ ye> ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,h>ris says3 ,a s]ies ( new sub/ances 0 spe$ily discov]$1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* _h nev] be=e be5 imag9$4 ,oxyg51 *lor9e1 & acids 7 all dragg$1 z x 71 to ! positive pole1 :ile metals1 inflammable bodies1 alkalies1 & e>?s became det]m9$ to ! negative pole ( ! batt]y4 ,:5 wires connect$ ) ea* extremity ( ! new batt]y 7 tipp$ ) prep>$ & well-po9t$ *>coal1 & ! po9ts br\ght ne> ea* o!r1 !n a mo/ int5se & pure evolution ( light foll[$1 :i* on sep>at+ ! po9ts ext5d$ to a gorge\s arc4 ,x 0 at fir/ suppos$ t ! galvanic or voltaic electricity 0 di/9ct f ! s-call$ frictional or ord9>y electricity4 ,a di/+ui%$ contempor>y ( ,cav5di% 0 ,c\lomb1 ! value ( ^: "w 9 develop+ c]ta9 exce$+ly important ma!matical laws ) reg>d to action at a di/ance1 surface d5sities1 & rates ( *>ge dissipation c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,8 "n 0 giv5 to ! torsion balance :i*1 s9ce 8 day1 has be5 ! /&>d in/rum5t = measur+ electric & magnetic attractions & repulsions4 ,! importance ( 8 "w has s9ce be5 recogniz$ by ! p]petuation ( 8 "n 9 connection ) ! unit ( quantity ( electricity1 z t ( ,volta has be5 honor$ by its use1 abbreviat$ 7volt71 to designate ! unit ( electrical t5sion or pressure4 ,c]ta9 highly in/ructive & int]e/+ data 7 accumulat$ ab\t ?is "t by ,volta1 ,laplace1 ,saussure1 & ! r5[n$ *emi/ ,lavoisi]1 9 connection ) ! subject ( electrification produc$ :5 evaporation1 & ! lib]ation ( gases & vapors 9 g5]al f any cause1 occurs4 ,! liquid1 solid1 or mixture lib]at+ ! gas 0 conta9$ 9 a metallic di% & ! resultant electrification ( ! latt] exam9$ qualitatively4 ,volta's obs]vations l$ him to conclude t ! electrification 0 always negative1 b ,saussure demon/rat$ f9ally t its sign 0 dep5d5t on ! mat]ial ( ! di%4 ,^! exp]im5t]s cov]$1 betwe5 !m all1 a some:at ext5sive field1 exam9+1 among o!r ?+s1 ! electrification result+ f ! ebullition ( v>i\s liquids1 f ! ord9>y combu/ion ( fuel1 & f ! decomposition ( acids by metals to lib]ate hydrog54 ,ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ decade ( ! c5tury ,poisson attack$ ! ph5om5a ( electricity analytically1 & succe$$ 9 demon/rat+ ! "r ( electrical inve/igation to rank among ! exact sci5ces4 ,( 8 mo/ important ma!matical propositions is "o 9 :i*1 assum+ z a work+ hypo!sis ! exi/5ce ( two mutually attract+ fluids1 he d$uc$ =mul cov]+ ! di/ribution ( ^! fluids on ! surfaces ( two conduct+ sph]es1 9 or out ( contact4 ,a great deal ( "w 0 done dur+ ! end ( ! la/ c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t "o on :at is n[ kn[n z pyro-electrification4 ,! ,abb ,hay discov]$ t fragm5ts ( t\rmal9e cry/al exhibit$ opposite electrifications on opposite extremities ( _! l9es ( cleavage4 ,x is ?is cry/al also :i* has unusually rem>kable p[]s ( pol>iz+ light1 & :i*1 "u electro-magnetic /ress1 suff]s modifications ( ! latt] prop]ty4 ,hay inve/igat$ ! field ) mu* dilig5ce1 & succe$$ 9 catalogu+ a l>ge numb] ( natural cry/als by ! side ( t\rmal9e4 ,! subject 0 amplifi$ lat] by ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 :o add$ a s]ies ( artificial cry/all9e salts to ! li/ ( pyro-electrical mat]ials1 among !m1 notably1 hydro-potassic 7& sodic7 t>trate4 ,! prop]ty 0 f\nd n always to reside on ^! sub/ances1 b to be develop$ by heat+ !m4 ,brew/] f\nd t ev5 p[d]$ t\rmal9e exhibit$ opposite electrifications on ! opposite extremities ( ea* t9y p>ticle1 caus+ ! latt] to act1 s f> z attractions & repulsions w5t1 z inf9itesimal magnets4 ,our rapid & imp]fect survey has n[ br\ght u to ! ?re%old ( ! great activity 9 electrical "w elicit$ by ! trem5d\s discov]y1 made by ,pr(essor ,o]/$1 ( ,cop5hag51 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! electro-magnetic field4 ,x happ5s t two ( ! mo/ amiable & e/imable individuals t h ev] devot$ _! lives to sci5tific rese>* /& out 9 ?is connection head & %\ld]s above all o!r inve/igators--,ampre & ,f>aday1 ! latt] sixte5 ye>s y\ng] ?an ! =m] & de/9$ to long survive him4 ,,w+less ,,birds4 ,,by ,,philippe ,,glangeaud4 ,x is (t5 said t !re are no rules )\t exceptions4 ,we purpose to te/ ! tru? ( ?is maxim once m4 ,fi%es are made to live 9 wat]1 b "s ( !m pass ! great] "p ( _! exi/5ce 9 mud4 ,"s ev5 p]* ^u trees1 ?us compet+ ) birds1 ^: k+dom is ! air1 & :i* are able1 ) ! aid ( _! w+s1 to plunge into space & travel rapidly ov] consid]able di/ances4 ,yet !re are birds1 depriv$ by ,nature1 :i* d n possess ! w+ *>act]i/ic ( ! fea!r$ tribe1 & are consequ5tly1 l ! majority ( animals1 p9n$ to ! soil4 ,birds d n all h equal p[] ( flight1 :i* is closely relat$ to ! ext5t ( ! developm5t ( _! w+s4 ,!re exi/ all grades 9 ! spread ( w+s betwe5 t ( ! condor1 :i* is f\r times ! l5g? ( ! body1 :]eby ! bird is able to rise to ! height ( ne>ly tw5ty-five ?\s& feet1 & ! little w+lets ( ! auk1 :i* are ( no use to x4 ,! p5gu9s h /ill small] w+s1 :i* are no?+ m ?an %ort1 flatt5$ /umps1 )\t prop] fea!rs & cov]$ ) a f9e1 hairlike d[n :i* might be tak5 = scales4 ,ano!r gr\p ( birds exi/s1 call$ appropriately ,brevip5nes1 ! w+s ( :i* are s poorly develop$ z to be :olly unsuitable = flight4 ,z an (fset & j comp5sation = ?is1 _! long & robu/ legs p]mit !m to run ) extraord9>y spe$4 ,= t reason !y h be5 call$ runn+ birds1 9 di/9ction f o!r k9ds t con/itute ! gr\p ( fly+ birds4 ,among !m are "s gigantic birds1 & also "s t h no visible w+s on ! outside ( _! bodies1 & may !re=e be prop]ly call$ w+less4 ,! o/ri* is a memb] ( ?is gr\p4 ,) its b>e1 call\s head & %ort bill1 its long1 fea!rless neck1 & its massive body1 support$ by long1 half-b>e legs1 end+ 9 two l>ge toes2 its v %ort w+s1 =m$ ( s(t & flexible fea!rs2 & its plume-%ap$ tail1 x pres5ts a v special appe>ance among ! birds4 ,! n&\s1 ! ,am]ican repres5tatives ( ! o/ri*1 h /ill %ort] w+s1 :i* h no remigia at all1 & t]m9ate 9 a horny app5dage1 & !y h no tail fea!rs4 ,! cass[>y & ! emu also resemble ! o/ri* 9 _m po9ts1 b _! w+s are /ill m r$uc$ ?an ^? ( ! n&\4 ,!y are only slightly di/9ct1 & c n be se5 :5 ! bird holds !m close up to its body4 ,9 ! ,apt]yx1 ! "n ( :i*1 f ! ,greek1 means )\t w+s1 ! organs ( flight are h>dly app>5t1 & consi/ simply ( a v %ort /ump be>+ a ?ick & hook$ nail4 ,! ,apt]yx1 :i* is also call$ ,kiwi1 a native ( ,new ,zeal&1 is ! mo/ s+ul> ( liv+ birds4 ,! neck & ! body are cont9u\s1 & ! mod]ately siz$ head is furni%$ ) a long beak resembl+ t ( ! ibis4 ,hav+ long hairs simil> to ! mu/a*es ( cats at its base1 x is diff]5t f ! bills ( all o!r exi/+ birds 9 possess+ no/rils t op5 at its upp] po9t4 ,al?\gh ! ,apt]yx c n fly1 x runs v fa/1 despite ! %ortness ( its legs1 & c def5d itself v effectively aga9/ assailants by ! aid ( its long-nail$ & %>p-nail$ feet4 ,! tail is abs5t l ! w+s4 ,! v pliant fea!rs are extremely curi\s1 ( ! %ape ( a lance-head1 p5d5t1 loose1 silky1 ) jagg$ b>bs1 & increase 9 l5g? z !y g back f ! neck4 ,! bird is ( ! size ( a f[l1 & :5 9 its normal position /&s ) its body almo/ v]tical1 & c>ries ! sugge/ion ( a c>icature--resembl+1 we might say1 a fea!r$ sack1 ) only a long-bill$ head & ! claws project+1 & "o behold+ x feels t he is look+ at "s unf9i%$ creature4 ,x is a nocturnal bird1 ( fi]ce temp]1 & has become r>e 9 consequ5ce ( ! m]ciless w> t is made ^u x4 ,ev]y?+ is /range ab\t x1 ev5 ! s+le egg x lays1 :i* weighs ab\t a qu>t] z mu* z its body4 ,toge!r ) ! ,apt]yx1 !re liv$ 9 ,new ,zeal& a bird t rea*$ ! height ( ne>ly twelve feet--! ,d9ornis4 ,x & ! ,phororhaces & ! ,brontornis1 :i* h be5 rec5tly exhum$ 9 ,patagonia1 might be reg>d$ z ! giants ( birds4 ,?is bird 0 kn[n to ! natives z ! ,moa1 & liv$ 9 troops l ! o/ri*es4 ,its organization 0 v mu* l t ( ! ,apt]yx1 f :i* x 01 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ by its great size1 long neck1 & %ort beak4 ,x seems to h _h ! aspect ( an o/ri*1 ) a fea!r$ neck & no w+s or tail4 ,! feet ( ! ,d9ornis1 ) _! ?ree l>ge toes1 7 really enorm\s4 ,isolat$ fragm5ts ( its bones sugge/ v l>ge mammals1 r ?an birds4 ,! femur & tibia are l>g] ?an ^? ( a be>1 ! tibia alone be+ ab\t f\r feet long1 & ! ?ickness1 9 ! n>r[e/ "p1 ( ! wid? ( a man's h&1 :ile x 0 m ?an sev5 in*es 9 ! ?icke/ "p4 ,! /]num1 on ! o!r h&1 0 small1 convex1 & long] ?an broad4 ,! w+ c\ld n h be5 visible on ! outside ( ! body1 = ! bones t con/itute !m are proportionally small] ?an ^? ( ! ,apt]yx4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 a maximum r$uction ( ! w+ 9 ?is bird4 ,! ,d9ornis 0 cov]$ ) a ri* plumage1 & ?is 0 d\btless :at l$ to its de/ruction1 wom5 pref]r+ its plumes to all o!r ornam5ts4 ,! l>ge numb] ( bones :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ! alluviums1 ! caves1 & ! peat bogs ( ,new ,zeal& au?orize ! ?\ght t ! isl& 0 once inhabit$ by a consid]able numb] ( ^! birds1 :i* 7 able easily to repel ! attacks ( o!r animals by means ( _! big feet4 ,b !y c\ld /& no *ance aga9/ ,nature's m t]rible de/roy]--man--:o1 :5 seek+ ! gratification ( 8 ta/e & fancy1 does n hesitate to ext]m9ate :ole species4 ,! natives ( ,new ,zeal& /ill recall ! hi/ory ( ^! s+ul> birds2 _! ext]m9ation seems to h occurr$ ab\t ! "t ! isl& 0 visit$ by ,capta9 ,cook 7#agfg-aggh74 ,moreov]1 "s ( ! bones collect$ 9 lat] ye>s /ill _h animal matt] ^u !m4 ,ev5 p>ts ( ! w9dpipe h be5 discov]$1 mix$ ) *>coal1 & evid5ces ( cook+ h be5 f\nd4 ,a ne> relative ( ! ,d9ornis1 :i* ! ,maoris reg>d z ext9ct1 is ! ,notornis1 ( :i* only f\r liv+ specim5s h be5 f\nd s9ce #ahdb1 ! la/ "o hav+ be5 captur$ 9 ! latt] "p ( #ahih4 ,! eggs ( ! ,d9ornis 7 v l>ge1 hav+ a capacity ( ab\t a gallon & be+ equival5t to eighty h5's eggs4 ,/ill l>g] eggs ?an ^!1 h[ev]1 are kn[n4 ,9 #ahea ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire exhibit$1 9 ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 eggs ( a bird com+ f ,madagasc> t _h a capacity ( two gallons4 ,"s specim5s ( ^! eggs may be se5 9 ! gall]ies ( ! ,p>is ,museum1 & /ill l>g] eggs h be5 f\nd4 ,! museum 9 ,london has "o ) a capacity exce$+ elev5 qu>ts1 or equival5t to two hundr$ & tw5ty h5's eggs1 or m ?an sev5ty ?\s& humm+ birds' eggs4 ,x 0 ?\ght at fir/ t ! bird :i* laid ^! gigantic eggs 0 /ill liv+1 = natives ( ,madagasc> spoke ( hav+ se5 a bird ( colossal size t c\ld ?r[ d[n an ox & make a meal ( x4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 7 n ! ways ( ! bird call$ ! ,epiornis1 :i* _h no talons or w+s1 & f$ on vegetable sub/ances4 ,! description by ! celebrat$ travel] ,m>co ,polo ( a great fly+ bird ( prey1 call$ a roc1 has no ref]5ce to ! ,epiornis4 ,m4 ,gr&idi] has demon/rat$ t ?is bird no long] exi/s 9 ,madagasc>1 & t if man ev] knew x ! /ories ) m>vel\s details :i* ! savages h& d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation make no m5tion ( x4 ,we owe to ,m4 ,gr&idi]1 ,m4 ,milne-,edw>ds1 & ,major ,=sy? :at is kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( ?is l>ge w+less bird1 :i* resembles ! ,d9ornis 9 sev]al po9ts4 ,if its size 0 proportion$ to t ( its eggs x %\ld h be5 twice z l>ge z ! ,d9ornis4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 b con/itut$ a family repres5t$ by v div]se =ms & ( v>iable size1 ?\gh nev] mu* exce$+ elev5 feet4 ,! head 0 simil> 9 appe>ance to t ( ! ,d9ornis1 b ! surface ( ! =ehead 0 furr[$ ) wr9kles & cavities1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( a cre/ ( l>ge fea!rs4 ,a curi\s peculi>ity 0 ! op5+ ( ! ,eu/a*ian tube directly on ! ext]ior4 ,! c]vical v]tebr are v num]\s1 :ile ! /]num is mu* r$uc$4 ,x is a flat bone1 broad b v %ort1 especially 9 ! m$ian "p4 ,! w+ also has suff]$ a great regression1 = x comprises only a ?91 %ort rod1 ! hum]us1 & a small osse\s mass repres5t+ all ! o!r bones ( ! w+ /uck toge!r4 ,! ,epiornis _h no w+s ext]nally visible4 ,! bones ( ! feet 71 on ! o!r h&1 ( consid]able size1 & indicate t ! bird t possess$ !m 0 l>g] ?an ! ,d9ornis4 ,! ,epiornis1 accord+ to ,m4 ,milne-,edw>ds1 frequ5t$ ! bord]s ( wat]s1 keep+ among ! re$s along lakes & riv]s1 = its bones are f\nd associat$ ) ^? ( turtles1 crocodiles1 & a small hippopotamus4 ,x mo/ probably ne/$ 9 ! l[ pla9s ar\nd lakes4 ,j z ! ,apt]yx among birds1 & ! bison & ! beav] among mammals1 s ! ,d9ornis & ! ,epiornis h be5 de/roy$ z man has ext5d$ 8 abode & 8 dom9ation4 ,:5 we reg>d ! fauna ( ,madagasc> & ( ,new ,zeal& we are /ruck by ! great resemblance betwe5 !m1 f ! po9ts ( view ( _! rec5t & anci5t v]tebrate fauna4 ,^! resemblances sugge/ ! pa/ exi/5ce ( relations betwe5 ^! two l&s n[ sep>at$ by a wide expanse ( sea1 & ?is agrees ) geological obs]vations4--,translat$ = ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly f ,la ,nature4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,fr$]ick ,c4 ,,sel\s4 ,! description ( ,sel\s1 9 ,m5 & ,wom5 ( ! ,"t1 z explor]1 naturali/1 & sportsman1 is sugge/ive ( ! mann] 9 :i* 8 c>e] has be5 develop$ & 8 fame has gr[n4 ,beg9n+ 8 active life z a m]e hunt] ( big game 9 ! wilds ( ,s\? ,africa1 & kn[n at fir/ only z a sportsman1 he has become recogniz$ z "o ( ! lead+1 mo/ intellig5t1 & mo/ effici5t explor]s ( 8 "t1 & is accept$ z ! mo/ em95t au?ority respect+ :at relates to ! l>ge & important region ( ,ma%onal&4 ,,fr$]ick ,,c\rt5ay ,,sel\s 0 born 9 ,london1 ! son ( a fa!r ( ,hugu5ot extraction & ( a "m :o1 desc5d$ f ! ,bruces ( ,clackmannan1 c\ld c\nt ,rob]t ,bruce among h] ance/ors1 & 0 also relat$ to ,bruce1 ! ,abyss9ian travel]4 ,he 0 taught at ,bruce ,ca/le1 ,tott5ham1 & !n w5t to s*ool at ,rugby1 :]e he di/+ui%$ himself by 8 activity1 :i* 0 display$ 9 8 high spirits & love ( viol5t mis*ief & by 8 p]sonal c\rage to su* an ext5t t 8 s*oolfell[s wittily nicknam$ him ,zeal\s4 ,leav+ ,rugby :5 sixte5 or sev5te5 ye>s old1 he sp5t two ye>s 9 ,switz]l& & ,g]many1 /udy+ at ,neuf*tel & ,wiesbad54 ,8 h>dy activity seems to h be5 z m>k$ 9 ,g]many z at ,rugby1 = x is record$ ( him t he attract$ "s notice 9 ! pap]s by jump+ into ! ,rh9e 9 w9t] aft] a wild duck :i* he _h %ot4 ,he 0 n dress$ = a swim1 &1 8 great coat & top boots becom+ fill$ ) wat]1 he _h mu* difficulty 9 gett+ to %ore ) 8 game4 ,8 det]m9ation to a*ieve a c>e] 9 ,s\? ,africa by hunt+ & collect+ specim5s 0 app>5tly rea*$ :ile he 0 /ill a y\?1 & at n9ete5 ye>s ( age he sail$ f ,engl&1 to l& at ,algoa ,bay 9 #ahga4 ,hunt+ 0 8 object1 z is sub/antially confess$ 9 ! title ( 8 fir/ book1 ,a ,hunt]'s ,w&]+s 9 ,africa4 ,! book won in/ant recognition z a /ory ( sport & a hunt]'s pr[ess1 & 0 reg>d$ 9 t light by ! critics & ! g5]al public4 ,! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 h[ev]1 p]ceiv$ o!r qualities 9 ! /ory he _h to tell1 & gave him successively honorable m5tion1 ! ,cu?b]t ,peake grant1 &1 9 #ahhc1 ! ,f\nd]'s ,gold ,m$al1 ! highe/ honor x _h to be/[4 ,among ! e>lie/ te/imonials paid by ?is society to ! value1 z yet n g5]ally appreciat$1 ( ,sel\s's "w 0 t giv5 by ,"l ,ab]d>e1 presid5t1 9 8 anniv]s>y address1 deliv]$ 9 ,may1 #ahha1 to ! s]vices r5d]$ to geography 9 ! regions we/ ( ,lake ,nyassa by ,mr4 ,sel\s1 :o _h hi!rto be5 kn[n z a mighty hunt] ( l>ge game4444 ,?is g5tleman1 we le>n1 9 #ahgh p5etrat$ = "o hundr$ & fifty miles ! unkn[n c\ntry nor? ( ! ,zambezi1 9 ! direction ( ,lake ,bangweolo4 ,he has s9ce cross$ 9 v>i\s directions ! ,matabele c\ntry s\? ( ! ,zambezi1 discov]+ two new riv]s & def9+ ! c\rse ( o!rs :i* _h previ\sly be5 laid d[n f vague in=mation4 ,sel\s's ,notes on ! ,*obi1 x appe>s1 _h already be5 publi%$ by ! ,geographical ,society4 ,mr4 ,sel\s has sp5t mo/ ( 8 "t s9ce he began 8 ,african w&]+s 9 #ahga1 except = occasional visits to ,engl&1 9 travel+ & hunt+ ov] t "p ( ! ,african cont95t ) :i* 8 "n z an explor] is associat$4 ,9 #ahgg he & "s companions p5etrat$ into ,matabelel& to hunt elephants4 ,relat+ ! /ory ( 8 w&]+s 9 an address to ! ,royal ,geographical ,society 9 #ahic1 he describ$ 8 exp]i5ces ) fev] & ague1 ! attacks ( :i* began 9 ,griqual& 9 #ahgb1 b came on only :5 he halt$ any:]e a few days4 ,nor? ( ! ,zambezi he made sev]al j\rneys among ! ,balongas1 & sp5t a wret*$ ra9y season1 almo/ )\t equipm5t1 on ! ,manica table-l&1 ( ! luxuriant vegetation ( :i*1 ) sweet-smell+ fl[]s aft] ! ra9s1 he gave a gl[+ description 9 8 address4 ,int]e/+ obs]vations 7 made on "s ( ! nor!rn riv]s4 ,! curi\s ph5om5a ( ! /eady rise ( ! wat]s ( ! ,*obi & ,ma*abi--an outlet ( ! ,okavango--0 obs]v$ f ! fir/ week 9 ,june till ! la/ week 9 ,septemb]1 :5 ! flood began to rec$e4 ,f #ahhb ! j\rneys acquir$ additional geographical importance1 & ,mr4 ,sel\s proce$$ to rectify ! maps ( ,ma%onal& made by e>li] travel]s1 tak+ con/ant compass be>+s1 sket*+ ! c\rses ( riv]s1 & fix+ ! positions ( tribut>ies4 ,! value ( ?is "w 0 made manife/ 9 a magnific5t l>ge scale map ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is map1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahie1 0 int5d$1 fir/ & *iefly1 to illu/rate ! "w done by ,mr4 ,sel\s :ile 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,s\? ,african ,company2 &1 secondly1 to embody1 z f> z possible1 ! k possess$ ( ! entire region ext5d+ f ,=t ,salisbury to ! nor?w>d z f> z ! ,zambezi1 & to ! ea/w>d z f> z ! l[] ,pungwe4 ,mr4 ,sel\s's manuscript orig9als1 deposit$ 9 ! map room ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 comprise a compass survey1 %[+ ! r\tes dur+ a ye>'s employm5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,briti% ,s\? ,african ,company1 ,septemb] #a1 #ahij1 to ,septemb]1 #ahia1 on a scale ( #a3bee1jjj2 a sket* map1 %[+ ! r\te ( ! ,manika ,mission f ,=t ,*>t] to ,umtassa's & !nce to ! camp ne> ,m\nt ,w$za1 & also ! r\tes tak5 by ,mr4 ,sel\s f ! camp ne> ,m\nt ,w$za to ,makoni's1 ,mangw5di's1 ,m>anka's1 & back to ,makoni's1 on a scale ( #a3bee1jjj2 a sket* ( r\tes f ,umtali to ,map&a 7,pungwe7 & back1 9 #ahia1 on ! same scale2 a sket* ( ,ma%onal&1 %[+ tribal b\nd>ies1 on ! same scale2 a r\gh survey map ( ! c\ntries rul$ ov] by ! ,makorikori *iefs1 = :i* a m9]al concession _h be5 grant$ to ! ,sel\s ,exploration ,syndicate1 on a scale ( #a3baj1jjj2 & ab\t ?irty %eets ( manuscript maps & r\nds ( angles1 utiliz$ 9 ! compilation ( ! fir/ f\r maps ( ?is li/4 ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,sel\s did n det]m9e latitudes or longitudes1 8 long-di/ance compass be>+s enabl$ him to lay d[n a network ( triangles connect+ ,=t ,salisbury ) ,masikesi4 ,^! triangles includ$ ,=t ,*>t]1 ,s5g$za1 & ,mavanka's 9 ! s\?1 ,m\nt ,mtemwa 9 ! nor?1 & ,m\nt ,dombo 9 ! ea/2 & x turns out t ! di/ance betwe5 ,=t ,salisbury & ,masikesi1 z result+ f ?is triangulation1 diff]s to ! ext5t ( only ab\t a mile f t obta9$ by c>eful a/ronomical obs]vations made at ! two t]m9al po9ts4 ,! great] "p ( ,mr4 ,sel\s's compass be>+s 7 tak5 dur+ ! ra9y season1 :5 ! air 0 v cle> & l&m>ks c\ld be se5 at great di/ances4 ,mr ,sel\s's det]m9ations ( altitude 7 n s accurate1 & ^? obta9$ ) ! an]oid 7 *>act]iz$ by himself z ( little value4 ,dur+ all ( 8 tw5ty ye>s' w&]+s ,mr4 ,sel\s repres5t$ 9 8 address to ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ) ! exception ( a trea*]\s night attack made ^u 8 camp by ! ,ma%uku-,sumbwe1 l$ by a few ho/ile ,m>otse1 9 #ahhh1 he _h nev] _h any s]i\s tr\ble ) ! natives4 ,he _h gone among _m tribes :o _h nev] previ\sly se5 a :ite man1 & 0 always 9 _! p[]1 z he seldom _h m ?an f five to t5 native s]vants1 none ( :om 7 ev] arm$4 ,mr4 ,sel\s's pione] "w began 9 #ahhi1 :5 he conduct$ a gold-prospect+ company ?r\gh ea/]n ,ma%onal&4 ,! j\rney took ! p>ty to ! ,portuguese settlem5ts on ! ,zambezi1 :]e ^? p 7 f\nd to h a full appreciation ( ! ri*ness ( ! gold region4 ,! ,briti% ,s\? ,africa ,company1 or ,*>t]$ ,company1 z x is sometimes call$1 0 incorporat$ ab\t ! same "t 7,octob]1 #ahhi71 ) p[] to occupy & possess ! l>ge doma9s t con/itute :at is n[ call$ ,rhodesia4 ,! return ( ,mr4 ,sel\s to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope ) ! report ( :at he _h obs]v$ _h ! effect ( det]m9+ ! company to spe$ its op]ations s z to anticipate ! ,portuguese4 ,mr4 ,sel\s ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! company1 &1 al?\gh he 0 n yet an explor] 9 ! sci5tific s5se1 ! accurate memory ( 8 e>ly w&]+s ov] ! region enabl$ him to guide successfully ! pione] exp$ition t took possession ( ,ma%onal&4 ,"o ( ! s5sational incid5ts ( ?is campaign 0 ! refusal ( ,lob5gula to all[ ! pione] =ce to use ! road t l$ ?r\gh ,buluwayo1 8 capital1 ! only exi/+ wagon road f ! ,briti% fronti] to ! ,ma%onal& plateau4 ,a new road 0 cut1 "u ! guidance & sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,sel\s1 ?r\gh f\r hundr$ & sixty miles ( wild]ness1 ! :ole "w be+ accompli%$ 9 two mon?s & a half4 ,among ! *iefs :o submitt$ to ! ,briti% occupation aft] ! seizure ( ,gonvola 0 ,moloko1 rul] ( ! c\ntry nor? ( ,manica1 :o made a treaty ) ,mr4 ,sel\s4 ,aft] two ye>s sp5t 9 v>i\s op]ations = op5+ up ! c\ntry & secur+ treaties ) ! native *iefs1 ,mr4 ,sel\s return$ to ,engl& 9 ,decemb]1 #ahib1 & put ! n>rative ( 8 adv5tures to press1 b 0 call$ back 9 ,augu/1 #ahic1 return+ at v %ort notice1 on acc\nt ( ! ?reat5+ attitude ( ! ,matabele *ief ,lob5gula & ! consequ5t risk ( int]ruption 9 ! developm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,! tribes _h ris5 aga9/ ! assumption ( ! company to claim z a t]ritorial cession :at !y _h reg>d$ z simply a grant ( m9+ & exploit+ privileges4 ,mr4 ,sel\s engag$ actively 9 ! campaign1 9 :i* he is cr$it$ ) hav+ f\ght ) great gallantry by ! side ( ! coloni/s1 & 0 w\nd$ :ile protect+ "s negroes :o _h be5 surpris$ by ! enemy4 ,return+ aga9 to ,ma%onal&1 he rea*$ !re 9 "t to witness a second outbreak ( ! natives1 vex$ by ! triple plague ( locu/s1 r9d]pe/1 & ! /r+5t regulations ( ! ,*>t]$ ,company's gov]nm5t ) respect to cattle4 ,8 own cattle 7 /ol51 & he head$ a company ( volunte]s t w5t out to *eck ! insurg5ts & protect ! p :o 7 /ill on _! f>ms4 ,! fruits1 9 acquisition to geographical k1 ( ,mr4 ,sel\s's adv5tures & explorations are to be f\nd1 m+l$ ) mu* ab\t sport+ & excit+ incid5t1 9 8 books3 ,a ,hunt]'s ,w&]+s 9 ,s\? ,africa1 already m5tion$2 ,travel & ,adv5ture 9 ,s\!a/ ,africa 7#ahic72 ,sun%9e & ,/orm 9 ,rhodesia 7#ahif72 & 9 lectures to ! ,geographical ,society & p]iodical contributions conc]n+ ,ma%onal&4 ,^! books ab\nd 9 obs]vations on natural hi/ory1 (t5 con/itut+ real contributions ( new facts or new demon/rations to ! sci5ce1 usually occurr+ incid5tally 9 ! n>rative ( adv5ture1 b sometimes giv5 9 m =mal %ape4 ,! au?or av[s t 8 conclusions respect+ animals are drawn f p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! bea/s1 & are n influ5c$ 9 any way by ! /ories ( old hunt]s1 ,dut* or native4 ,among ^! notices are orig9al obs]vations on ! giraffe & its habits1 notes on buffaloes & _! disposition1 & rem>ks on v>iations 9 ! types ( ,s\? ,african lions4 ,( ?is animal1 :ile "s au?ors w\ld make ?ree species1 ! au?or believes !re is only "o4 ,z out ( fifty male lion sk9s1 he says1 sc>cely two w be f\nd exactly alike 9 ! color & l5g? ( ! mane1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be z reasonable to suppose !re are tw5ty species z ?ree4 ,s 9 ,notes ^u ,s\? ,african ,rh9oc]oses1 a pap] read be=e ! ,zological ,society ( ,london 9 ,june1 #ahha1 & repr9t$ 9 ?is volume1 ,mr4 ,sel\s gives 8 reasons = affirm+ t !re are only two species ( rh9oc]os 9 ,s\? or 9 all ,africa--! squ>e-m\!d or :ite ,rh9oc]os simus & ! preh5sile-lipp$ or black ,rh9oc]os bicornis--:ile ! suppos$ ,rh9oc]os keitloa1 or blue rh9oc]os ( ! ,bo]s1 is m]ely a v>iety ( ! bicornis1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two be+ bas$ only on diff]5ces 9 ! relative l5g? ( ! horns4 ,ano!r pap] f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,zological ,society1 repr9t$ "h1 is ,notes on ! ,s\? ,c5tral ,african ,antelopes1 embody+ aga9 only ! results ( ! au?or's own obs]vations4 ,9 ?is pap] tw5ty-two species are describ$ by _! sci5tific1 native1 ,dut*1 & ,engli% names1 & _! *>act]i/ics1 habits1 appe>ance1 & di/9ctions are indicat$4 ,9 ! preface to 8 ,travel & ,adv5ture 9 ,s\!a/ ,africa ,mr4 ,sel\s tells h[ he _h det]m9$1 9 #ahha1 ^u visit+ ! o/ri* f>m ( 8 fri5d ,frank ,m&y1 to settle d[n 9 ,africa = a quiet life4 ,!n he w5t home & sp5t a few mon?s 9 ,engl&4 ,visit+ ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 he 0 %[n by ,dr4 ,gun!r & 8 associate h[ old & dilapidat$ "s ( ! specim5s 71 & h[ _m noble =ms 7 n repres5t$ at all4 ,he took note ( :at he ought to get %\ld he visit ! int]ior ( ,africa aga94 ,next we f9d him 9 ,s\? ,africa1 n quiet on a f>m z he _h int5d$ to be1 b 9 ! wild]ness1 :]e he sp5t six ye>s 7#ahhb-'hg7 engag$ pr9cipally 9 collect+ specim5s ( ! magnific5t fauna :i* once ab\nd$ ?r\gh\t ! l&1 b _m =ms ( :i* 7 n[ becom+ sc>ce & "s 7 v]g+ on ext9ction4 ,he %ot & pres]v$ a great _m f9e specim5s ( ! l>g] antelopes1 "s ( :i* may be se5 9 ! ,new ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :ile o!rs are 9 ! collection ( ! ,s\? ,african ,museum at ,cape ,t[n4 ,besides ! /ories ( specim5 hunt+ & adv5tures ) ! lions t are always to be f\nd :]e game is abundant1 ! volume conta9s mu* matt] ( m g5]al int]e/1 su* z notes ( p]sonal exp]i5ces among ! ,bo]s2 acc\nts ( two exp$itions s5t aga9/ ! ,batauw5i by ,lob5gula2 ! deva/ations committ$ by ! ,matabele 9 ,ma%onal&2 valuable notes on ! ,bu%m5 or ,mas>was2 acc\nts ( j\rneys beyond ! ,zambezi to ! c\ntries ( ! ,ma*ukulumbwi & ,b>otsi tribes2 & a review ( ! pa/ hi/ory & pres5t condition ( ,ma%onal&4 ,we f9d "h also a notice ( ! caves ( ,s9ola1 ) a subt]ranean lake 9 ! pr9cipal cave hav+ wat] m>k$ by a deep-blue color l t ( ! blue grotto ( ,capri1 an acc\nt ( :i* 0 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,sel\s 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,geographical ,society ( ,london = ,may1 #ahhh4 ,an acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,sel\s's ,tw5ty ,ye>s 9 ,zambezia 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,geographical ,j\rnal 9 #ahic4 ,mr4 ,sel\s has done m ?an any o!r man to br+ ,ma%onal& into notice1 & is cr$it$1 toge!r ) ,cecil ,rhodes1 ) hav+ contribut$ mo/ to ! creation ( ,rhodesia4 ,! fir/ compreh5sive acc\nt ( ,ma%onal& 0 giv5 by him 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,may1 #ahhi1 :5 he describ$ ! c\ntry z a l& ( p]5nial /reams 9 :i* ?ir/ is an unkn[n quantity2 ) its high plateau1 /&+ at an elevation ( f f\r ?\s& to =ty-six hundr$ feet & =m+ a v important wat]%$1 end[$ ) a network ( important /reams1 ! spr+s supply+ :i*1 well+ out f ! highe/ p>ts ( ! d[ns1 7 capable ( be+ appli$ to ! irrigation ( an enorm\s area1 & hav+ a salubri\s climate1 ! cont9u\s s\?we/ w9d giv+ cool breezes 9 summ] & cold ones 9 w9t]4 ,! high plateaus 7 fur!r ( mu* e?nological int]e/1 9 t !y gave %elt] to ! v few remnants ( ! peaceful ,ma%onas :o _h escap$ ext]m9ation at ! h&s ( ! ,matabele4 ,editor's ,table4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,m9d4 ,! address deliv]$ by ,pr(4 ,mi*ael ,fo/]1 z presid5t ?is ye> ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 0 n z long or elaborate z su* addresses are wont to be1 b x conta9$ _m ?\ghts ( great value4 ,aft] sket*+ ! va/ advances 9 sci5tific k made )9 ! pres5t c5tury1 he obs]v$1 ) great tru?1 t ! v /ory ( ! pa/ :i* tells ( ! triumphs ( sci5ce puts away all ?\ghts ( va+lory4 ,:y8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 because no "o c /udy ! hi/ory ( sci5ce )\t be+ made to feel h[ v ne>1 9 _m cases1 ! m5 ( ! pa/ came to anticipat+ "s ( ! mo/ fam\s discov]ies & g5]alizations ( lat] ye>s4 ,translate ! language ( an e>li] age into mod]n t]ms1 & y (t5 f9d t y h express$ ! mo/ advanc$ sci5tific doctr9e ( to-day4 ,9 ! second place1 if we f9d a c]ta9 lack ( def9it5ess & tru? to fact 9 ! ideas ( ! pa/1 h[ c we be at all sure h[ our ideas w look :5 confront$ ) ! full] k :i* d\btless our successors w possess8 ,la/ly1 !re is writt5 cle>ly on ea* page ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce ! lesson t no sci5tific tru? is born anew1 com+ by itself & ( itself4 ,ea* new tru? is always ! (fspr+ ( some?+ :i* has gone be=e1 becom+ 9 turn ! p>5t ( some?+ com+ aft]4 ,h[ev] great ! "w ( a man ( sci5ce may be1 x is n :olly 8 own2 x is 9 "p ! outcome ( ! "w ( m5 :o h gone be=e4 ,9 ?is respect ,pr(essor ,fo/] sees a /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! man ( sci5ce & ! poet4 ,we always "k :5ce ! =m] came1 b ! latt] is almo/ z devoid ( visible ance/ry z ,mel*iz$ek4 ,:5 ! man ( sci5ce dies ! results :i* he a*iev$ rema91 & 8 "w is tak5 up :]e he left x (f2 :]eas ! poet1 /rictly speak+1 has no cont9uators4 ,! ,hom]id d n repres5t ,hom]1 nor d ,dryd5 & ,congreve take ! place ( ,%akespe>e4 ,! /ory ( natural k or sci5ce1 we are rem9d$1 is a /ory ( cont9u$ progress4 ,!re is 9 x n s mu* z a h9t ( fall+ back--n ev5 ( /&+ /ill4 ,! enemies ( sci5ce sometimes seek to turn aga9/ x ! fact t ea* age revises ! conclusions ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,!y ask1 ,:at dep5d5ce c be plac$ ^u op9ions or !ories t are ?us subject to *ange8 ,! answ] is t ! sci5ce ( ea* age is ! ne>e/ approximation :i* t age c make to ! tru?1 & ^u "s po9ts repres5ts ! tru? ) a great approa* to f9ality ( int]pretation4 ,! law ( gravitation1 = example1 z =mulat$ by ,newton1 lies at ! f\ndation ( ! physics ( to-day4 ,! circulation ( ! blood 0 discov]$ once = all by ,h>vey4 ,! true !ory ( ! sol> sy/em 0 giv5 once = all by ,kepl]4 ,x is ! glory ( sci5ce t :atev] ( imp]fection may lurk 9 a sci5tific !ory is sure to be br\ght to light & correct$ by subsequ5t obs]vation & analysis4 ,! le>n$ pr(essor dwelt briefly b =cibly ^u ! qualities ( ! sci5tific m9d4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! sci5tific m9d mu/ vibrate 9 unison ) t ( :i* x is 9 se>*4 ,x is 9 se>* ( tru?1 & x mu/ !re=e vibrate 9 unison ) tru?4 ,! foll[] ( sci5ce mu/ h a tru?fulness beyond t ( ! ord9>y man1 :o does n set a great price ^u exactness 9 8 obs]vations or conclusions1 & readily conf\nds ?+s :i*1 sup]ficially simil>1 are fundam5tally diff]5t4 ,nature res5ts ev5 ! mo/ trifl+ inexactness1 & ! c>eless /ud5t w f9d t ! fur!r he c>ries 8 inquiries ! fur!r he goes a/ray4 ,! sci5tific m9d mu/ also be al]t4 ,! indications & h9ts :i* ,nature gives are sometimes v slight1 & only "o :o is wat*ful 9 ! extreme & att5tive to ! smalle/ ?+s w cat* !m4 ,!n ! problems :i* ,nature sets are (t5 complicat$1 & call = a high degree ( c\rage & p]sev]ance4 ,an inquiry :i* seem$ easy at fir/ w sudd5ly become ov]ca/ by :at seems ! mo/ hopeless obscurity1 & ! sci5tific work]1 unless he possesses ! necess>y moral z well z intellectual qualities1 w fail 9 8 que/4 ,consid]+ ! *>act]i/ics :i* ! pursuit ( sci5ce t5ds to develop 9 its vot>ies1 & consid]+ t sci5tific me?od is n[ & has be5 = _m ye>s pa/ a wond]fully devis$ sy/em = c>ry+ on rese>*1 ,pr(essor ,fo/] is surpris$ t ! progress ( sci5ce is n ev5 m rapid ?an x is4 ,he fe>s t p]haps ,sci5ce does n get ! be/ m9ds enroll$ 9 h] s]vice1 & r h9ts t our in/itutions ( education are responsible = turn+ aside _m :o might l5d great aid 9 ! advancem5t ( real k to less pr(itable pursuits4 ,9 words ( almo/ precisely simil> import to "s t we us$ 9 ^! columns n v long ago1 he obs]ves t t tea*+ is "o-sid$1 & !re=e mislead+1 :i* deals ) ! do+s ( man only & is sil5t ab\t ! works ( ,nature1 9 ! sight ( :i* he & 8 do+s %r9k almo/ to no?+4 ,! :ole address is /amp$ ) ! high ?\ghtfulness :i* s em95tly di/+ui%es its au?or1 & des]ves to be c>efully pond]$ by all :o w\ld und]/& ! "* & mission ( sci5ce & ! intellectual ne$s ( ! pres5t age4 ,,! ,,late ,,william ,h4 ,,appleton4 ,z _m ( our read]s w h le>n$ ?r\gh ! daily press1 ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,appleton1 long ! head ( ! well-kn[n publi%+ h\se ( ,d4 ,appleton & ,company1 pass$ away at 8 home 9 ,riv]dale on ! ,hudson1 ,octob] #ai1 #ahii1 hav+ rea*$ ! advanc$ age ( eighty-five ye>s4 ,z "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ?is magaz9e1 :o f ! />t 0 9 close sympa?y ) its aims1 kept up an active int]e/ 9 its managem5t1 & 0 ev] ready to aid its conductors ) advice & enc\ragem5t1 x is fitt+ t a few memorial words %\ld be spok5 ( him 9 ^! columns4 ,! c>e] ( ,mr4 ,appleton 0 a m>k$ "o 9 _m respects4 ,ent]+ ! book bus9ess ( 8 fa!r1 ,mr4 ,daniel ,appleton1 at an unusually e>ly age1 he soon develop$ su* an aptitude = affairs t at tw5ty-"o he w5t abroad = ! purpose ( mak+ ! acqua9tance ( ! lead+ =eign publi%]s & pav+ ! way = clos] relations ) !m 9 ! importation & sale ( _! books 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 or at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r1 8 fa!r made him a p>tn] 9 ! bus9ess1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 ext5d$ s z to include ! publication z well z ! sale ( books1 & _h n[ s increas$ 9 volume z to compel removal to m commodi\s qu>t]s4 ,t5 ye>s ( gr[? & un9t]rupt$ prosp]ity foll[$1 :5 ,mr4 ,daniel ,appleton1 9 #ahdh1 retir$ f ! n[ well-e/abli%$ firm1 ,william ,h4 ,appleton1 at ! age ( ?irty-f\r1 becom+ its head1 ) 8 bro!rs ,john ,a4 & ,daniel ,sidney z p>tn]s4 ,9 co-op]ation ) ^! & o!r bro!rs :o aft]w>d ent]$ ! bus9ess1 ,mr4 ,appleton guid$ ! op]ations ( ! firm = a p]iod ( ne>ly fifty ye>s1 successfully pilot+ x ?r\gh sev]al f9ancial crises & c>ry+ x to a =emo/ place among ! publi%+ h\ses ( ,am]ica4 ,besides ! r\t9e ( an ext5sive publi%+ bus9ess1 ! hi/ory ( ! h\se dur+ ?is "t includes a numb] ( l>ge und]tak+s involv+ ! exp5diture ( va/ sums ( money1 & ye>s ( labor by _m work]s1 & att5d$ ) risks t only ! mo/ f>-see+ bus9ess sagacity c\ld ju/ify4 ,we may presume t ! sev]al memb]s ( ! firm %>$ a common fai? 9 ! success ( ^! great ent]prises1 b x is fair to inf] t z ! head ( ! h\se ,william ,h4 ,appleton took a lead+ "p 9 _! orig9 & execution4 ,"o ( ^! v5tures 0 ! publication ( ! ,am]ican ,cyclopdia1 :i* 9 its pres5t revis$ =m repres5ts an outlay ( ov] a million doll>s & "s t5 ye>s ( "t4 ,ano!r und]tak+1 & ! "o t we wi% m p>ticul>ly to speak ( "h1 0 ! ext5sion ( ! bus9ess 9 ! l9e ( popul> sci5tific publications4 ,sci5tific circles 9 ?is c\ntry h nev] realiz$ ! debt !y owe to ,d4 ,appleton & ,company1 & especially to ,william ,h4 ,appleton1 9 ?is reg>d4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ! advance ( sci5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ha/5$ by m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury by ! enlight5$ & c\rage\s policy :i* l$ ! firm to add ?is class ( books to _! li/s at ! "t !y did4 ,ev]y?+ app>5tly 0 aga9/ x--no?+ 9 its favor4 ,our sci5tific lit]ature consi/$ ma9ly ( a few text-books hav+ only a limit$ sale4 ,sci5ce itself 0 an affair ( laboratories & bug collectors1 ! "o to be %unn$ & ! o!r commis]at$4 ,! few utt]ances ( sci5tific m5 hav+ a be>+ on ! great que/ions ( ! "r int]pretation ( ,nature1 man's relations to 8 fell[s & to ! _w at l>ge1 social bett]m5t1 etc41 t "h & !re arre/$ public att5tion 7 receiv$ ) contemptu\s sne]s or sc\t$ z ! ranke/ infidelity4 ,few :o are n pa/ middle life w f9d x possible n[ to realize t ?is 0 ! g5]al attitude t[>d sci5ce =ty ye>s ago1 b we h only to ref] ! read] to ! writ+s ( ! "t = abundant confirmation ( our /atem5ts4 ,x 0 su* conditions z ^! t ! firm 0 call$ ^u to face :5 consid]+ ! "q ( ent]+ ?is new field ( publication4 ,all ord9>y bus9ess in/9cts 7 aga9/ x4 ,sc>cely a publi%] ei!r "h or abroad w\ld ev5 li/5 to ! proposal to risk 8 capital 9 su* an ent]prise4 ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,appleton1 l5d+ an appreciative e> to ! argum5ts ( ! =m] editor ( ?is j\rnal & display+ 8 usual =esight1 f9ally decid$ 9 favor ( ! project1 :i* aft]w>d result$ 9 ! introduction ( ! works ( ,sp5c]1 ,d>w91 ,huxley1 ,tyndall1 ,ba91 ,romanes1 & o!r di/+ui%$ writ]s to ,am]ican read]s4 ,a fur!r /ep 9 ! same direction1 tak5 lat]1 0 ! publication ( ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 n[ numb]+ "s eighty volumes4 ,! s*eme z orig9at$ & %ap$ by ,pr(essor ,y\mans 0 he>tily second$ by ,mr4 ,appleton1 z 0 also ! plan ( ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly4 ,a di/9ctive feature ( ! arrangem5ts = ! issue ( all ^! =eign books1 & "o :i* r$\nds 9 no small degree to ! cr$it ( ! firm1 0 ! volunt>y agreem5t1 9 ! abs5ce ( an int]national copyright law1 to pay _! au?ors ! usual royalties1 mak+ no di/9ction betwe5 !m & au?ors at home4 ,mr4 ,appleton _h be5 a lifelong advocate ( int]national copyright1 f\nd+ 8 cont5tion on ! simple ju/ice ( recogniz+ ! prop]ty rights ( ! au?or1 no matt] :]e he liv$4 ,al?\gh to adopt su* a c\rse 0 to expose !mselves to ! possibility ( heavy loss ?r\gh ! issue ( repr9ts by irresponsible p>ties1 a ?+ :i* actually happ5$ 9 ! case ( a good _m ( ! volumes1 ! pr9ciple 0 fai?fully adh]$ to1 ?us anticipat+ by _m ye>s ! c5tral provision ( our pres5t law4 ,! /orm ( d5unciation rais$ abroad by ! appe>ance ( ! e>li] in/allm5ts ( ^! writ+s might well h det]r$ ! bolde/ f repeat+ ! exp]im5t ( giv+ !m curr5cy 9 ,am]ica4 ,b 9 spite ( solemn w>n+s t dire consequ5ces w\ld be visit$ on ! publi%] :o v5tur$ to issue !m "h1 ! books cont9u$ to appe>1 :ile ! pr$ict$ evils nev] came to pass4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$ f ! =ego+1 h[ev]1 t ,mr4 ,appleton 0 ei!r unm9dful or want+ 9 respect = ! opposition :i* 8 c\rse ar\s$4 ,mu* ( ?is _h its orig9 9 ! religi\s convictions ( ! community1 n a little ( ! criticism1 be x said1 emanat+ directly f ! ,*ur* or its lead+ repres5tatives4 ,b1 be+ a /rong *ur*man himself1 actively fur!r+ ! "w ( ! ,*ur* ) 8 private means & p]sonal co-op]ation1 9 full sympa?y ) its purposes1 & rejoic+ 9 its b5efic5t influ5ce1 he 0 ! la/ "o :o w\ld wantonly outrage ! sacr$ beliefs ( 8 fell[-m54 ,yet1 gift$ ) a l>ge-m9d$ness t is at lea/ unusual 9 ! walks ( bus9ess1 he 0 enabl$ to see t ! onw>d m>* ( natural k :i* _h s (t5 be=e excit$ al>m among m5 ( n>r[ views c\ld h no?+ 9 x t 0 inconsi/5t ) a truly religi\s life2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 to promote its advance & diffusion 0 to contribute by s mu* to ! highe/ human welf>e4 ,! wisdom ( ,mr4 ,appleton's c\rse has be5 fully ju/ifi$ by ! ev5t4 ,z we look ov] ! la/ half ( ! c5tury1 :i* has be5 s fruitful 9 discov]y & has witness$ ! developm5t ( s _m ag5cies = ! amelioration ( human ills & s manifold an increase 9 man's p[] = "r liv+1 we c see at ! v>i\s /ages ( ?is evolution h[ l>ge a "p ! broad5+ ( ?\ght fo/]$ by ^! au?ors & ! new aims & me?ods 9 inquiry sugge/$ by !m h contribut$ to ! advance4 ,x c\ld n1 9 %ort1 h be5 made s rapidly or effectively )\t ! /imulus !y gave4 ,= :at has be5 done 9 ?is l9e 9 ?is c\ntry we ?9k--:5 we reflect t x 0 he :o _h ! c\rage to br+ ! works ( ^? ?9k]s "h1 & :o made !m accessible to /ud5ts & ! read+ public1 :o con/itut$ ! ag5cy ?r\gh :i* ! new ?\ghts & aims 7 spread--a v important "p 9 ! a*ievem5t may fairly be ascrib$ to ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,appleton4 ,sci5tific ,lit]ature4 ,ow+ to ! increas+ dem&s ^u our space1 au?ors & publi%]s are notifi$ t h]eaft] ! dep>tm5t ( ,sci5tific ,lit]ature1 ) ! exception ( ,publications ,receiv$1 w be discont9u$4 ,,special ,,books4 ,! busy p5 ( ,mr4 ,john ,fiske has produc$ ano!r book m>k$ by ! qualities :i* ! public has le>n$ to associate ) all 8 "w--lucidity ( expression1 felicity ( illu/ration1 a l>ge comm& ( ! conv5tional elem5ts ( lit]>y composition1 & a philosophy :i*1 :ile v free & lightsome 9 its /eps & paces1 always has ! luck to fet* up )9 easy hail+ di/ance ( a mod]ate or?odoxy4 ,mr4 ,fiske und]takes to conduct u on an excursion ,?r\gh ,nature to ,god1#bg some:at z ,cook1 ( int]national fame1 might und]take to see u safe f ,new ,york to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,( ! two1 we ?9k ,cook makes ! sur] ?+ ( x2 yet no "o c d5y t ,mr4 ,fiske has done 8 be/ to trace ! it9]>y & enc\rage 8 excursioni/s to believe t !y w get !re4 ,footnote #bg3 ,?r\gh ,nature to ,god4 ,by ,john ,fiske4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 ,we may z well c&idly confess t we h n mu* fai? 9 ! me?od foll[$ 9 ! "w be=e u4 ,! int5tion is to %[ t an analysis ( ,nature & ( ,nature's ways yields ,god2 9 o!r words1 t we h only to c>ry out ! processes ( ?\ght :i* an exam9ation ( ! ext]nal _w & ( human hi/ory sets 9 motion 9 ord] to f9d ,god at ! end ( ! argum5t4 ,?us1 by se>*+1 contr>y to :at ,scripture has g5]ally be5 held to imply1 we f9d out bo? t ,god is & to "s ext5t :at he is4 ,we pref] ! old] view4 ,! _w's greate/ ,tea*] said simply1 ,god is a _s4 ,he did n say t ?is 0 a conclusion to :i* _m l9es ( argum5t l$4 ,he did n h9t at any k9d ( argum5t1 b assum$ ! affirmation ( ,god by ! human consci\sness4 ,we v5ture to say t if ,mr4 ,fiske's me?od 7 successful & we c\ld argue ourselves into a belief 9 ,god1 ! result w\ld be disa/r\s2 = ! ,god ( argum5t1 or ev5 ( analogy1 is n ! ,god ( ! human s\l or consci5ce4 ,we %\ld h "o conclusion m ( sci5ce1 b we %\ld lose t = :i* no conclusion ( sci5ce c\ld make am5ds--our s5se ( ! inf9ite & ! possibility ( fai?4 ,mr4 ,fiske discusses1 9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( 8 book1 ,! ,my/]y ( ,evil4 ,he takes ! famili> gr\nd t evil is ! necess>y correlative1 & 9 a mann] ! necess>y condition1 ( good4 ,we are plac$ 9 a univ]se t ab\nds 9 evil 9 ord] t by conqu]+ x we may raise ourselves to a moral level o!rwise impossible4 ,on "o page ! au?or goes s f> z to say t ,god1 & n ! devil1 is ! creator ( evil1 b else:]e he relaxes 8 boldness & speaks ( evil be+ p]mitt$4 ,"o feels l ask+1 ,if good & evil are equally made by ,god1 !n :i* is :i*8 ,:5 we speak ( electricity z positive & negative we d n ascribe any sup]iority to "o ov] ! o!r4 ,nor d we say t c5trifugal is a m comm5dable =m ( =ce ?an c5tripetal1 or vice v]sa4 ,= /rong & resolute m5 & wom51 we are told1 an ,ed5 w\ld be b a fool's p>adise4 ,?is is n complim5t>y to our fir/ p>5ts 9 _! primitive condition ( innoc5ce1 & x puts ! curse pron\nc$ ^u !m 9 a some:at equivocal light4 ,!re is also q a rehabilitation ( ! s]p5t1 :o1 x seems1 knew q well :at he 0 talk+ ab\t & gave excell5t advice4 ,we wond] :e!r ,mr4 ,fiske is really ( op9ion t x helps u to solve any ( ! practical problems ( life to be told t )\t evil !re c\ld n be good4 ,m5 h kn[n = c5turies t x is good to fight evil1 ?\gh :at evil is ess5tially !y h (t5 be5 9 d\bt4 ,^u ! latt] po9t ,mr4 ,fiske does n 9 ! lea/ attempt to enlight5 u2 & yet x %\ld be r a m hopeful ent]prise to attempt to %[ u :at is specifically evil & ought !re=e to be resi/$1 ?an to v9dicate evil 9 g5]al z ! indisp5sable condition ( good1 & some?+1 !re=e1 :i* ,god 0 ju/ifi$ 9 mak+4 ,! second division ( ! book deals ) ,! ,cosmic ,roots ( ,love & ,self-,sacrifice4 ,we c n see t ^! roots are trac$ fur!r back ?an ! "m's affection = h] (fspr+4 ,"m's love is d\btless an old /ory 9 ! _w by n[1 & p]haps z good a /ory z e>? has to tell2 b x seems to u t ! cosmic "* ( x is n v app>5t4 ,we may believe t x 0 de/9$ to come 9 ! fullness ( "t1 b ?is c be said equally ( all t exi/s4 ,i ?9k x c be %[n1 says ,mr4 ,fiske1 t ! pr9ciples ( morality h _! roots 9 ! deepe/ f\ndations ( ! univ]se2 t ! cosmic process is e?ical 9 ! pr(\nde/ s5se2 t1 9 t f>-(f morn+ ( ! _w :5 ! />s sang toge!r & ! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy1 ! beauty ( self-sacrifice & dis9t]e/$ love =m$ ! *ief burd5 ( ! mighty !me4 ,all we c say 9 reg>d to ?is is t ,mr4 ,fiske has n %[n x4 ,he has %[n j :at we all knew be=e--t love exi/s 9 ! _w1 t x antagonizes selfi%ness1 & t human be+s are end[$ ) a moral & religi\s s5se--b he has n made x pla9 t ! mean+ ( ! univ]se is to be f\nd 9 ^! 7z we reg>d !m7 high] developm5ts4 ,he has himself ackn[l$g$ t1 on a broad view ( ! _w-wide /ruggle = life1 !re are no moral elem5ts to be se54 ,religion1 z we hold1 is its own ju/ification4 ,!re is m ( religion 9 "o v]se ( ! ,psalms ?an 9 all ! ,!odicies t ev] 7 writt54 ,z ! h>t pante? aft] ! wat] brooks1 s pante? my s\l aft] !e1 ,o ,god4 ,my s\l ?ir/e? = ,god1 = ! liv+ ,god4 ,"h is ! :ole ess5ce ( ! matt]--! affirmation ( ! human he>t t !re is some?+ or "s "o beyond & above ! me% ( circum/ance & fact 9 :i* our lives are involv$2 some?+ or "s "o :o au!nticates all t is good1 & ev]la/+ly condemns :at is evil2 some?+ or "s "o to :i* or to :om ! s\l gravitates z to no?+ else 9 ! univ]se4 ,:5 ?is affirmation is /rong1 religi\s life is /rong2 :5 x is weak1 religi\s life is weak2 %\ld x cease entirely1 !n religion is dead4 ,! book ,mr4 ,fiske has giv5 u is int]e/+ f fir/ to la/--all 8 books are int]e/+--b x does n increase our k1 nor does x add to our k fai?4 ,,g5]al ,,notices4 ,! au?or ( ,extemporane\s ,oratory = ,pr(essional & ,amateur ,speak]s#bh is himself "o ( ! mo/ effective orators1 especially 9 debate1 ( ! "t4 ,he has embodi$ 9 ?is book ! results ( rip5$ ?\ght & successful exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 a field 9 :i* he is a ma/]1 = ! in/ruction & help ( ^? :o w\ld foll[ :at he reg>ds z ! greate/ ( all arts1 includ+ ! elem5ts ( all--music 9 ! intonations ( ! voice1 & pa9t+ & sculpture 9 ! life1 attitudes1 & expression ( ! speak]4 ,x is an art1 too1 :i* has wield$ a m g5]al & important influ5ce ?an any o!r1 :i* is almo/ univ]sal 9 its appeals1 & :i* any "o may at any "t f9d useful1 :5 x w be ( great advantage to him to possess ! ability to speak di/9ctly to ! purpose1 gracefully1 ) g5u9e fire4 ,extemporane\s oratory conc]ns ! deliv]y1 9 =m & language sugge/$ by ! occasion1 ( ideas previ\sly conceiv$ & adopt$ ) m or less fullness & precision1 toge!r ) su* ?\ghts & feel+s z may arise & obta9 utt]ance4 ,x has _m advantages ov] o!r me?ods ( oratory1 all t5d+ to give ! speak] great] p[] ov] 8 audi5ce1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! fact t ! extemporiz] is at all times ready to exp\nd1 def5d1 illu/rate1 & en=ce 8 op9ions4 ,! extemporane\s speak] mu/ h a full & flu5t comm& ( language1 & a full /ore ( facts :i* he may at any "t h to br+ to be> ^u ! subject ( 8 address & 9 ! v9dication ( 8 op9ions4 ,! fir/ place ( importance is giv5 to facts ( natural sci5ce1 :i* are ( increas+ utility4 ,to ! educat$ & un$ucat$ alike1 natural sci5ce is n[ ! mo/ int]e/+ ( !mes4 ,next come ! facts ( hi/ory & biography1 ^? ( ! special bran*es be>+ on ! speak]'s !me & purpose1 & ! great g5]al conceptions includ$ 9 ! ?\ghts ( ! le>n$2 & he mu/ h settl$ op9ions4 ,at ! basis ( ,dr4 ,buckley's treatm5t ( ?is art & ( 8 advice to ^? :o w\ld p]fect !mselves 9 x is ! pr9ciple t extemporization is evolution aft] involution4 ,?is advice1 9 :i* ! v>i\s phases ( ! subject are comm5t$ ^u "u a great v>iety ( aspects1 conc]ns ! g5]al prep>ation = ! address1 ! acquisition ( effective comm& ( language1 ! ex]cise & tra9+ ( ! voice1 ! intellectual & physical elem5ts t ent] into oratory1 its accessories1 & ! factor ( ! audi5ce--all pla9ly & practically pres5t$1 ) a facility ( /yle t makes ! read+ ( ! book a pleasure4 ,footnote #bh3 ,extemporane\s ,oratory = ,pr(essional & ,amateur ,speak]s4 ,by ,james ,m4 ,buckley4 ,new ,york3 ,eaton ,ma9s4 ,pp4 #dhj4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,read]s ( ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly h already _h an opportunity ( p]us+ "s ( ! n>rative & obs]vations :i* ,pr(essor ,heilpr9 has embodi$ 9 8 ,alaska & ! ,klondike4#bi ,9 x he has attempt$ to portray t rem>kable region 9 its true aspects4 ,pr(essor ,heilpr9 is well able to d s1 = he is a ke5 obs]v] & looks ) a sci5tific eye1 & 8 lit]>y /yle is free & graphic4 ,he made a summ] j\rney to ! region la/ ye> 7#ahih71 betwe5 ! end ( ,july & ! middle ( ,octob]1 ) ! object ( be+ able to det]m9e betwe5 fact & fancy1 & to obta9 a p]sonal k ( ! region & its v>i$ conditions4 ,:at he saw & he>d is "h pres5t$4 ,:ile by no means pret5d+ to t degree ( accuracy & ( prop] insight :i* c only come ) m protract$ & intimate k1 ! au?or believes t he has giv5 a c>eful & unprejudic$ acc\nt4 ,p]sons ^: ideas ( ! regions ab\t ,dawson are associat$ ) visions ( arctic sev]ity & /]ility may be a little surpris$ at read+ ( "o's look+ f ! heights ab\t ! t[n nor?we/w>d ov] a mo/ lovely /ret* ( riv]1 ) hillsides closely besett+ x1 & ) a vegetation ( mo/ /rik+ brilliancy & vigor1 & ( ! eye turn$ s\?w>d1 los+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5t configuration ( ! gr\nd1 all b ! beautiful v]dant slopes :i* /ill m>k out ! valley2 ( ! behold] be+ able = h\rs at a "t to sit wat*+ ! beauty ( ! l&scape2 & ( ! difficulty ( recomm5d+ to "o end[$ ) a prop] appreciation = ! works ( quiet ,nature a m enjoyable ex]cise ?an to take 9 a bit ( ?is wond]ful l& ( ! ,nor?1 & ) x a mell[ sun%9e t is n to be f\nd else:]e4 ,^! pretty l&scape pictures ( ! arctic summ] are foll[$ by acc\nts ( society at ! ,klondike z ! au?or f\nd x1 ( ! trail1 /eamboat travel1 & ! r\tes to ! region2 a description ( ! plac]s1 _! occurr5ce1 & ! me?ods ( m9+2 obs]vations on ! physical hi/ory & geology ( ! gold fields2 & a summ>y ( ! laws regulat+ m9+4 ,9 ! summ>y ( 8 geological discussion ! au?or expresses ! op9ion t x seems probable t ! ,klondike gold region is m]ely a fractional "p ( a discont9u\sly cont9u\s aurif]\s tract t ext5ds 9 a we/]ly c\rse into ! he>t ( ,alaska1 & s\?w>d into ,briti% ,columbia4 ,footnote #bi3 ,alaska & ! ,klondike4 ,a ,j\rney to ! ,new ,eldorado4 ,) ,h9ts to ! ,travel] & ,obs]vations on ! ,physical ,hi/ory & ,geology ( ! ,gold ,regions1 ! ,conditions & ,me?ods ( work+ ! ,klondike ,plac]s1 & ! ,laws gov]n+ & regulat+ ,m9+ 9 ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory ( ,canada4 ,by ,angelo ,heilpr94 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #cae4 ,price1 #a4ge4 ,mr4 ,bull5's ,idylls ( ! ,sea#cj comprises ?ree gr\ps ( essays1 ea* gr\p be+ m>k$ by di/9ct *>act]i/ics4 ,! sket*es 9 ! fir/ gr\p1 ! designation ( :i* gives ! "n to ! book1 answ] approximately well to ,mr4 ,/ra*ey's e/imation ( ! :ole z "s ( ! mo/ vivid ?+s ev] writt5 ab\t ! sea1 su* z only a man :o really kn[s ! sea 9 all its humors1 & has he>d all ^? multitud9\s voices t e*o along ! wa/e spaces ( ! deep1 c\ld write4 ,!re is some?+ weird ab\t !m1 & !y h ! air ( my/]y & sup]/iti\s awe ) :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 ! sailor reg>ds ! imp]fectly und]/ood features ( ! sea4 ,!y are %ort /ories ( curi\s or /rik+ incid5ts ( sea life4 ,! essays ( ! second gr\p are real natural-hi/ory sket*es--acc\nts ( "s oceanic birds1 ! krak51 %>ks1 ! devilfi%1 etc41 by a man :o is well & sci5tifically acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,! ?ird gr\p includes long] sket*es ( sea-f>]s' life1 r m actual ones ?an ^? ( ! fir/ gr\p1 & pap]s hav+ a critical be>+ on ! pres5t conditions ( ,briti% seaman%ip4 ,footnote #cj3 ,idylls ( ! ,sea4 ,by ,frank ,t4 ,bull54 ,) an ,introduction by ,j4 ,/4 ,loe ,/ra*ey4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,price1 #a4be4 ,! con/ant advance 9 ! k ( dietetics makes x desirable t its results %\ld be put 9 an accessible =m1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 reg>d to food = ^? 9 ill heal?1 to :om x may be ! means ( re/or+ ! normal condition4 ,9 h] book on ,diet 9 ,illness & ,convalesc5ce#ca ! au?or has endeavor$ to pres5t ! sub/ance ( ,diet = ! ,sick1 n[ out ( pr9t1 toge!r ) rec5t ?\ght on ! subject1 especially 9 ! treatm5t ( typhoid & mal>ial fev]s1 :i* we owe 9 su* v>iety to ! pres5t w>4 ,an outl9e is giv5 = suitable food 9 ! m common =ms ( disease1 sugge/ions = s]v+ meals ta/efully to an invalid1 & num]\s recipes = bev]ages1 s\ps1 di%es ( meats1 vegetables1 & dess]ts4 ,"s ( ^! are tak5 f ,engli% & ,fr5* treatises2 o!rs are contributions ( ,am]ican cooks1 & include _m novel & excell5t ideas4 ,f ! prep>ation ( k\miss & ,may w9e to ! manipulation ( ,dixie biscuit !re is no want ( explicitness1 & "o is tempt$ to covet ! /ate ( convalesc5ce 9 :i* he c\ld f>e ^u su* attractive comp\nds z rose1 violet1 or ame?y/ jelly4 ,a ^w ( caution is ins]t$ n[ & !n4 ,we are told a fritt] ( any k9d %\ld nev] be m5tion$ 9 an invalid's book4 ,mac>oni croquettes & s\ffl ( %ad roe are1 h[ev]1 admissible4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! volume is devot$ by ! au?or to a brief consid]ation ( ! con/itu5ts ( food & processes ( dige/ion1 ) directions = ! use ( ! pancreatic f]m5ts4 ,!re are un=tunately _m disput$ po9ts conc]n+ a fit diet>y 9 illness2 n only idiosyncrasies ( con/itution b incomplete k ( physiological *emi/ry /ill r5d] ! problem difficult4 ,new foods are con/antly introduc$ :i* subsequ5t exp]im5t proves to be h>mful4 ,! la/ dictum1 we believe1 9 reg>d to sac*>9 is t x is n :olly innocu\s1 s t x might be z well = ! diabetic pati5t to le>n to d )\t sweets 9 ! beg9n+1 :ile z = ! dige/ive f]m5ts1 !y are at ! lea/ haz>d\s concoctions4 ,we c n be too w>y ( artificial sub/itutes & laboratory products :i* claim ! virtues ( organic mat]ial or liv+ protoplasm4 ,footnote #ca3 ,diet 9 ,illness & ,convalesc5ce4 ,by ,alice ,wor?+ton ,w9?rop4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs4 ,pp4 #bhf4 ,! reason = ! be+ ( ,john ,munro's ,! ,/ory ( ! ,briti% ,race#cb is briefly indicat$ 9 ! preface z to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! curr5t ideas on ! subject are d]iv$ f ! views ( hi/orians repres5t+ ! doctr9es ( an e>li] & less critical g5]ation1 :ile ! fact is ov]look$ t ! new sci5ce ( an?ropology1 us+ c>eful obs]vations & exact me?ods1 has put ! real nature ( ! ,briti% p 9 a light 9 :i* x 0 nev] se5 s cle>ly be=e4 ,! result is t ! old ideas on ! subject h be5 greatly modifi$4 ,mr4 ,munro believes t 8 little book is ! fir/ attempt to br+ ^! important results & views ( mod]n an?ropologi/s be=e ! g5]al public 9 famili> language1 :]eby ! ov]sights ( hi/orians & tea*]s may be r$eem$4 ,an important error to be controv]t$1 9 ! au?or's view1 lies 9 ! f9e-drawn di/9ctions & %>ply def9$ dem>cations t h be5 made betwe5 ,celts & ,saxons4 ,x is inf]r$ f an?ropology t ! population ( ! ,briti% ,isles is a mixture ( all ! races ( we/]n ,europe1 9 :i* ! ,teutonic & ,m$it]ranean elem5ts--! aborig9es ( ,europe--pr$om9ate1 :ile ! intrusive ,celtic race f ,asia1 /ill repres5t$ by ! ,bretons1 pass$ into ! ,briti% ,isles 9 comp>atively small numb]s4 ,scotl& is p]haps m ,teutonic & less ,m$it]ranean ?an ,engl&1 ,wales1 or ,irel&4 ,wales is ! lea/ ,teutonic & ! mo/ ,m$it]ranean1 if n ,celtic1 ( ! ?ree4 ,engl& has m ( ! ,dut* & ,l[ ,c\ntry elem5ts ?an ( ! ,sc&9avian1 ) app>5tly n f> %ort ( an equal %>e ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,teutonic elem5ts4 ,irel& is p]haps z ,teutonic z ,engl&1 ?\gh ! bett] fusion ( ! elem5ts may disguise ! fact4 ,! au?or ?9ks t ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,engli% hi/ory w h to be writt5 ov] aga9 by ! light ( an?ropology4 ,footnote #cb3 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,briti% ,race4 7,libr>y ( ,useful ,/ories47 ,by ,john ,munro4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #bbh4 ,price1 #dj c5ts4 ,! ,eighte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey#cc m5tions1 z an important *ange 9 ! field "w t made necess>y by ! legislation provid+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( levels & p]man5t monum5ts & b5* m>ks1 ( :i* #aj1hdj miles ( levels 7 run & #a1hbj b5* m>ks 7 e/abli%$4 ,! topographic surveys to date cov]$ an aggregate area ( #gei1ebe squ>e miles1 ( :i* #bdj1jjj squ>e miles 7 on a scale ( f\r miles to ! in*4 ,! topographic "w has progress$ v satisfactorily "u ! pres5t organization ( ! survey1 includ+1 9 ! ye> cov]$ by ! report1 surveys 9 ! ,indian ,t]ritory & ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ,idaho & ,montana--! fir/ "w ( ! k9d assign$ to ! ,geological ,survey--& ! beg9n+ ( ! survey ( ! =e/ res]ves4 ,! "w on ! educational s]ies ( rocks has be5 complet$4 ,x includes two hundr$ & fifty l>g] & small] sets1 :i* w be di/ribut$ to in/itutions :]e geology is taught4 ,9 8 g5]al report ! director m5tions ! "w ( m ?an ?irty geological p>ties 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( six paleontological p>ties1 hydrographic & topographic surveys by ,/ates1 & ! "w ( ! division ( m9]al res\rces1 ! full acc\nt ( :i* w con/itute ,"p ,v ( ! report4 ,! !oretic & o!r pap]s 9 ,"p ,,ii relate to ! ,triassic ,=mation ( ,connecticut 7,w4 ,m4 ,davis71 ,geology ( ! ,edw>ds ,plateau1 etc41 ,texas 7,r4 ,t4 ,hill & ,j4 ,w4 ,vaughan71 ,nor? ,am]ican ,t]ti>y ,horizons 7,w4 ,h4 ,dall71 ,glaci]s ( ,m\nt ,ra9i] 7,i4 ,c4 ,russell7 & ,rocks ( ,m\nt ,ra9i] 7,g4 ,o4 ,smi?71 ,! ,frankl9 ,:ite ,lime/one ( ,new ,j]sey 7,j4 ,e4 ,wolfe & ,a4 ,h4 ,brooks71 ! ,geology ( ,san ,clem5te ,isl& 7,w4 ,s4 ,t4 ,smi?71 ,geology ( ! ,cape ,cod ,di/rict 7,n4 ,h4 ,%al]71 & ,rec5t ,e>? ,movem5t 9 ! ,great ,lakes ,region 7,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t74 ,"p ,,iii conta9s pap]s on ! gold di/ricts ( ,alaska1 by ,g4 ,f4 ,beck]1 ,j4 ,e4 ,spurr1 & ,h4 ,b4 ,goodri*2 ,coal ,fields ( ,puget ,s\nd 7,b4 ,willis71 ! ,judi? ,m\nta9s ( ,montana 7,w4 ,h4 ,we$ & ,l4 ,v4 ,pirsson71 ,c]ta9 ,m9+ ,di/ricts 9 ,idaho 7,w4 ,l9dgr5 & ,f4 ,h4 ,kn[lton71 & ! ,m9+ ,di/ricts ( ! ,telluride ,quadrangle1 ,colorado 7,c4 ,w4 ,pur+ton74 ,! f\r pap]s 9 ,"p ,,iv are a ,report ( ,progress ( ,/ream ,measurem5ts dur+ #ahif1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,davis2 ! ,wat] ,res\rces ( ,indiana & ,ohio1 by ,frank ,lev]ett2 ,new ,developm5ts 9 ,well-bor+ 9 ,s\? ,dakota1 by ,n4 ,h4 ,d>ton2 & ,wat] ,/orage & ! ,con/ruction ( ,dams1 by ,j4 ,d4 ,s*uyl]4 ,footnote #cc3 ,eighte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 #ahif-'ig4 ,*>les ,d4 ,walcott1 ,director4 ,9 ,five ,p>ts4 ,director's ,report1 includ+ ,triangulation & ,_s ,level+4 ,pp4 #dej1 ) #d plates4 ,"p ,,ii2 ,pap]s *iefly ( a ,!oretic ,nature4 ,pp4 #fec1 ) #aje plates4 ,"p ,,iii2 ,economic ,geology4 ,pp4 #hfa1 ) #aah plates4 ,"p ,,iv2 ,hydrography4 ,pp4 #gef1 ) #ajb plates4 ,! purpose ( ,belle ,s4 ,crag9's ,our ,insect ,fri5ds & ,foes#cd is illu/rat$ f a passage 9 ! au?or's own life1 cit$ 9 ! preface3 ,9 my y\ng] days1 :5 ,nature /udy 0 unkn[n 9 s*ools & my problems _h to be solv$ by my own inve/igations or rema9 unsolv$1 ,i us$ to long = somebody to write a book t w\ld tell me ! ?+s ,i wi%$ to "k1 or %[ me h[ to f9d !m out = myself2 & t is :at ,i h tri$ to d = y4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! book is a *apt] on ! collection1 pres]vation1 & c>e ( insects = specim5s1 giv+ explicit directions = collect+ !m p]fect1 = putt+ !m to dea?1 = m\nt+ & plac+ !m 9 ! cab9et1 & = protect+ !m aga9/ v]m91 du/1 & mold1 ) descriptions ( ! in/rum5ts1 cases1 etc41 t are us$4 ,9 ! descriptions ( insects no attempt is made to m5tion any except ! commone/ species1 & n all ( ^?4 ,! habitat1 9 mo/ cases1 is includ$ 9 ! description4 ,z a rule1 mo/ ( ! species are ^? f\nd 9 ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & nor? ( ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,sci5tific names are atta*$ to ! illu/rations & a li/ ( popul> names1 ) _! sci5tific equival5ts4 ,! descriptions are brief & well adapt$ to ! purpose indicat$ 9 ! quotation ) :i* our notice beg9s4 ,footnote #cd3 ,our ,insect ,fri5ds & ,foes4 ,h[ to ,collect1 ,pres]ve1 & ,/udy !m4 ,by ,belle ,s4 ,crag94 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #cgg4 ,price1 #a4ge4 ,9 pres5t+ a revision ( _! ,plane & ,solid ,geometry#ce ,messrs4 ,beman & ,smi? express _! belief z be+1 t amid all ! s*emes = break+ away f ! =mal pro(s ( ,euclid & ,leg5dre & lead+ ! /ud5t to indep5d5t discov]y1 ! be/ results are secur$ by sett+ =? a m9imum ( =mal pro(s z models1 & a maximum ( unsolv$ or unprov$ propositions z ex]cises4 ,!y likewise %>e 9 ! belief t su* ( ! notions ( mod]n geometry z mat]ially simplify ! anci5t %\ld f9d place 9 our elem5t>y text-books4 ,accord+ly1 !y h introduc$ v>i\s ideas1 su* z ^? ( "o-to-"o correspond5ce1 anti-p>allels1 negative magnitudes1 g5]al figures1 prismatic space1 simil>ity ( po9t sy/ems1 etc41 :i* are ( real use 9 ! e>ly /udy ( ! sci5ce4 ,9 g5]al1 :atev] is f\nd to be usable 9 elem5t>y "w has be5 ins]t$ :]e x w prove ( mo/ value4 ,footnote #ce3 ,new ,plane & ,solid ,geometry4 ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,beman & ,d4 ,e4 ,smi?4 ,bo/on3 ,g9n ,co4 ,pp4 #chb4 ,! plan ( ! inve/igation und]tak5 by ,mr4 ,walt] ,smi? 9 8 ,me?ods ( ,k#cf is1 fir/1 to give a def9ition ( k4 ,! me?ods are !n consid]$ by :i* m5 h ?\ght x possible to atta9 k ( ! self on ! "o h&1 & ! n-self on ! o!r4 ,! common view ( philosoph]s & m5 ( sci5ce t tru? is giv5 9 g5]al concepts1 or univ]sals1 or categories1 is tak5 up1 & ! special =m ( ! doctr9e giv5 9 empiricism is consid]$ & f\nd to be a doctr9e want+ 9 all its =ms4 ,yet x is po9t$ out t ! concept has its uses 9 ! m5tal economy4 ,! me?od is !n exp\nd$ ( kn[+ ! n-self z be+ ga9$ by sympa!tic imitation4 ,x is !n det]m9$ :]e9 self-k consi/s1 & ! be>+ ( ?is !ory on ! philosophical problem & on c]ta9 practical que/ions is indicat$4 ,footnote #cf3 ,me?ods ( ,k4 ,an ,essay 9 ,epi/emology4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #cdj4 ,price1 #a4be4 ,9 ,! ,philosophy ( ,memory & ,o!r ,essays#cg ,dr4 ,d4 ,t4 ,smi? develops a !ory ( m5tal action1 ! basis ( :i* is ! sett+ up 9 ! cells ( ! gray matt] ( ! bra91 & possibly ( ! sp9al cord1 ( ord]ly gr\p+ ( waves or vibrations among c]ta9 atoms or molecules by :atev] may affect any ( ! s5ses2 t ^! undulations are realiz$ fir/ z s5sations1 & !n gr\p !mselves s z to =m p]ceptions1 ideas1 emotions1 etc4 ,!y rise 9 succession into ! scope ( consci\sness4 ,aft] a "t ! effect ( ^! vibrations 9 consci\sness is weak5$1 )\t p]haps utt]ly pass+ away1 & reta9s ! possibility ( be+ re-en=c$ by k9dr$ vibrations 9 h>mony ) x4 ,?is is memory4 ,footnote #cg3 ,! ,philosophy ( ,memory & ,o!r ,essays4 ,by ,d4 ,t4 ,smi?4 ,l\isville1 ,ky43 ,john ,p4 ,morton ,co4 ,pp4 #bjc4 ,9 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,reason+#ch ,m4 ,alfr$ ,b9et makes reason+ a process ( ! =mation ( m5tal images4 ,he f9ds no decid$ diff]5ce betwe5 p]ception--! cognizance ( s5sations & assignm5t ( !m to _! s\rce--& logical reason+4 ,! two op]ations are bo? reason+s1 transitions f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n2 ! two extremes ( a long s]ies ( ph5om5a4 ,a premise is a judgm5t1 an association ( images1 & a conclusion t foll[s f ! premises is an association ( images produc$ by o!r associations4 ,! !ory ( ?ree images--! two premises & ! conclusion--is applicable to reason+s ( e k9d1 & !re=e con/itutes a g5]al !ory ( reason+4444 ,if x be recollect$ t images are fragm5ts1 residues ( =m] s5sations2 t !y spr+ f ! place :]e =m] s5sations h be5 receiv$1 9 ! s5sory c5t]s ( ! c]ebral surface lay]s1 x w be und]/ood t ! purpose ( ^! images 9 gr\p+ !mselves 9 reason+s1 accord+ to ! laws ( _! aff9ity1 is to replace ! abs5t s5sations4 ,su* is !re=e ! function ( reason+2 x enl>ges ! sph]e ( our s5sibility1 & ext5ds x to all objects :i* our s5ses c n "k directly4 ,?us und]/ood1 reason+ is a supplem5t>y s5se1 :i* has ! advantage ( be+ free f ^? /rict conditions ( "t & space--! two enemies ( human k4 ,9 memory1 ! sugge/$ image is project$ & localiz$ 9 ! panorama ( ! pa/1 ( :i* x appe>s to be a fragm5t4 ,imag9ation is a faculty ( creat+ assemblages ( images :i* d n correspond to any ext]nal reality4 ,footnote #ch3 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,reason+4 ,bas$ on ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,hypnotism4 ,by ,alfr$ ,b9et4 ,*icago3 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #aia4 ,! idea ( prep>+ ,:o's ,:o 9 ,am]ica#ci 0 sugge/$ by ! success ( ! ,engli% book1 ,:o's ,:o8 n[ 9 its fifty-second ye>1 & ! "w has be5 prep>$ on simil> l9es4 ,its purpose is to supply in=mation conc]n+ liv+ ,am]ican m5 & wom5 :o h a*iev$ di/9ction1 :o hold recogniz$ public positions1 & :o h contribut$ s z to h x talk$ ab\t to ! gr[?1 developm5t1 k1 & civilization ( ! c\ntry4 ,eight ?\s& six hundr$ & two su* p]sons are repres5t$ 9 ?is book1 includ+1 ex-(ficio1 all memb]s ( ! ,fifty-six? ,congress1 ,gov]nors ( ,/ates & ,t]ritories n[ 9 (fice1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,/ate1 & t]ritorial judges ( c\rts ( high jurisdiction1 p]sons ( o!r prom95t (ficial classification1 national academicians1 memb]s ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 heads ( ! l>g] univ]sities & colleges1 & a few o!rs *os5 on simil> arbitr>y l9es4 ,special ef=t has be5 made to include all liv+ ,am]ican au?ors ( books ( m ?an ephem]al value4 ,! data = ! book h be5 obta9$ f fir/ h&s1 except 9 a v few cases1 :]e ! mode/y ( ! subjects made x necess>y to supply ! mat]ial f o!r s\rces1 :5 ! articles 7 submitt$ to ! subjects = revision4 ,footnote #ci3 ,:o's ,:o 9 ,am]ica4 ,a ,biographical ,diction>y ( ,liv+ ,m5 & ,wom5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahii-aijj4 ,edit$ by ,john ,w4 ,leon>d4 ,*icago3 ,a4 ,n4 ,m>quis ,co4 ,pp4 #hbb4 ,9 ,! ,dawn ( ,reason#dj ,dr4 ,weir has provid$ a mo/ int]e/+ book = ! unsci5tific read] z well z = ! comp>ative psy*ologi/4 ,he traces ! gradual unfold+ ( consci\s m9d 9 animal life f ! act9ophryans :i* discrim9ates betwe5 ! gra9s ( />* & s&1 & ! ,/5tor :i* *anges its position to cat* a rip5$ spore1 to ! high] =ms t decorate _! homes1 exhibit p>5tal affection1 ex]cise ma!matical faculty1 & extricate !mselves f un=ese5 dang]s4 ,z ! field ( obs]vation ( ! s5ses ( t\*1 ta/e1 & smell has be5 s ?or\ghly work$ by ,lubbock & o!r naturali/s1 special att5tion is paid by ! au?or to ! s5ses ( sight & he>+1 9 reg>d to :i* he furni%es new & valuable data4 ,9 addition to ^! he claims to e/abli% ! fact t t9ctumutations & hom+ are auxili>y s5ses--n in/9cts4 ,he locat$ ! c5t] ( color *ang+ 9 ! frog exactly bel[ ! optic1 & by artificial /imulation produc$ ! alt]ation 9 t9t1 & by excision1 or treatm5t ) atrop9e1 de/roy$ ! *romatophoric function4 ,by exp]im5tation ^u snails he f\nd ! c5t] ( ! s5se ( locality at ! base ( ! cephalic ganglion1 &1 remov+ x1 r5d]$ !m unable to return to _! homes4 ,_m anecdotes are giv5 %[+ t ! l[] ord]s ( animal life ex]cise consci\s det]m9ation1 & t among ^? ) m complex n]v\s sy/ems !re is a m9d ak9 to t ( man4 ,n only d animals rememb] fri5ds1 /rang]s1 & ev5ts1 b !y love1 hate1 & fe>4 ,!y ev9ce /hetic feel+ also :5 ! spid] ornam5ts its web ) logwood flakes1 ! dog h[ls 9 h>monic accord ) ! *ur* bell1 & salam&]s assemble at ! s\nd ( a piccolo4 ,/ill high] psy*ical attributes are ^? ( animals t %[ p>5tal affection or ability to c\nt1 l ! mason wasp1 :i* provides inv>iably five spid]s = ! male l>va & eight = ! female2 or ! h>ve/] ants t plant _! gra91 we$ & w9n[ x4 ,examples are cit$ ( ! capacity ( ! elephant to =m ab/ract ideas & ( ! dog to indulge 9 br[n /udies4 ,! au?or sc\ts at ! !ory t specializ$ in/9ct1 or intellig5t accid5t1 prompts actions 9 animals :i* 9 man w\ld be ascrib$ to reason4 ,in/9ct1 he writes1 is ! bugbe> ( psy*ologi/s1 & !reupon he diff]5tiates %>ply ! two sadly confus$ functions4 ,footnote #dj3 ,! ,dawn ( ,reason4 ,by ,james ,weir1 ,jr41 ,m4 ,d4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #bcd4 ,price1 #a4be4 ,9 ! !sis entitl$ ,a ,/ep ,=w>d1 ,f4 ,!odor ,krug] proposes1 z a measure ( possible social re=m1 plac+ ! m$ical & legal pr(essions :olly "u ! direct control ( ! civil au?orities1 to be ex]cis$ ?r\gh duly con/itut$ bo>ds or dep>tm5ts ( ! sev]al communities4 ,9 8 /udy ( ,c5traliz$ ,adm9i/ration ( ,liquor ,laws 9 ! ,am]ican ,commonweal?s 7,columbia ,univ]sity ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory1 ,economics1 & ,public ,law7 ,clem5t ,m4 ,l4 ,sites f9ds t widely v>iant policies are foll[$ by ! sev]al ,/ates 9 ! regulation ( ! liquor traffic1 all bas$ ^u ! broad p[]s ( taxation & police4 ,:ile we he> mu* ( *>act]i/ic plans ( regulation1 little is said ab\t *>act]i/ic sy/ems ( adm9i/ration4 ,?is is because ! liquor laws are adm9i/]$ incoh]5tly4 ,!re is no cons5sus1 ev5 )9 ! ,commonweal?1 9 /&>ds ( adm9i/ration4 ,ea* community practically det]m9es = itself h[ ! law %all be en=c$1 & we h all degrees ( en=cem5t1 f rigid sev]ity to none4 ,! v>i\s plans ( regulation are classifi$ by ! au?or accord+ to ! dom9ant aspect 9 :i* !y reg>d ! liquor traffic4 ,x has be5 treat$ z an op5 traffic1 subject simply to taxation & reasonable safegu>ds2 z a necess>y b dang]\s bus9ess1 to be limit$ to approv$ p]sons & places & surr\nd$ by special safegu>ds2 z a crim9al ent]prise1 to be suppress$1 l highway robb]y2 & z a subject ( legal monopoly4 ,x is ! purpose ( ,mr4 ,sites's essay to foll[ ! developm5ts ( c5traliz$ adm9i/ration t h tak5 place 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ea* ( ^! sph]es1 & 9 t ( ! in/itution & ma9t5ance ( judicial proce$+s4 ,! phases ( curr5t developm5t t seem to m]it special note are ! sub/itution ( ! liquor-tax sy/em = ! lic5se sy/em1 ! ext5sion & elaboration ( local option1 ! cont+5t c5tral control ( city police adm9i/ration1 & ! recognition ( ! g5]al prov9ce ( adm9i/ration4 ,! au?or's /udy %[s t ^! developm5ts accord 9 g5]al ) ! laws ( evolution1 ea* repres5t+ "s special aspect ( ! diff]5tiation4 ,9 consid]+ ! disp5s>y plan1 illu/rat$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 a significant contribution to curr5t ?\ght is rem>k$ 9 ! approval x gives to ! use ( liquors z a bev]age1 :ile _! abuse is disapprov$ 9 an equally m>k$ degree1 a di/9ction be+ attempt$ "h1 ) correspond+ly diff]5t me?ods ( treatm5t betwe5 ^? :o c be tru/$ ) liquors & ^? :o c n4 ,! ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,fi% & ,fi%]ies = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahih1 repres5ts t ! op]ations ( ! division ( fi% culture 7 9 "s respects m important dur+ t ?an 9 any prec$+ ye>4 ,?is 0 ow+ 9 "p to ! natural gr[? ( ! "w1 & 9 "p to great] effici5cy 9 deal+ ) ! v>i\s que/ions & problems t came up = consid]ation4 ,! propagation & di/ribution ( food fi%es exce$$ by ab\t =ty p] c5t ! "w accompli%$ 9 any o!r twelve mon?s4 ,! /eady increase 9 ! cat* ( %ad is cit$ z be+ conclusive evid5ce ( ! value ( artificial propagation4 ,! con/ant decl9e 9 ! lob/] fi%]y acc5tuates ! necessity = increas$ "w 9 t l9e4 ,! ef=ts to acclimatize food fi%es 9 wat]s to :i* !y are n indig5\s h be5 cont9u$4 ,! special pap]s publi%$ 9 connection ) ! report relate to mack]el inve/igations1 ! alewife fi%]ies1 ! oy/] b$s ( ,l\isiana1 ! %ad fi%]ies ( ! ,atlantic coa/1 reports ( fi%es obta9$ 9 sea explorations1 a li/ ( publications1 & a report ( ! exhibit at ! ,t5nessee ,c5t5nial4 ,! ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission on ! ,/ati/ics ( ,railways 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates cov]s ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahig4 ,! ye> is *>act]iz$ z hav+ be5 = ! transportation indu/ry "o ( def]r$ expectations4 ,:ile ! ye>s f #ahij to #ahic ea* clos$ ) increas$ gross e>n+s z comp>$ ) ! prec$+ ye>1 #ahic-'id 0 disa/r\s1 %[+ a l>ge decrease2 no recov]y took place 9 #ahid-'ie1 b an increase took place 9 #ahie-'if4 ,a d[nw>d turn came aga9 9 ! ye> ( ! pres5t report1 ) no revival till ! la/ mon? ( ! twelve4 ,! total increase 9 mileage = ! ye> ( ! report 0 only #a1fea4hd miles1 ! smalle/ increase & ! smalle/ p]c5tage ( increase not$ 9 any ye> s9ce #ahij4 ,9 _m ,/ates1 says ! report1 railway con/ruction seems to h be5 practically ab&on$4 ,especially is ?is noticeable 9 ! m popul\s di/ricts ( ! c\ntry--a result :i* is n entirely due to ! g5]al comm]cial depression1 b to ! m>vel\s increase 9 electric railways = suburban & %ort-di/ance traffic4 ,! influ5ce ( electric con/ruction ^u /eam transportation is not$ 9 c]ta9 ( ! reports ( ,/ate railway commissions = ! curr5t ye>4 ,^! are only two ( ! num]\s int]e/+ facts pres5t$ 9 ! report4 ,small ,accumulators1 h[ ,made & ,us$1 is ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( popul> sci5tific h&books = /ud5ts & eng9e]s4 ,! p>ticul> subject has be5 select$ = beg9n+ ! s]ies "u ! sugge/ion ( a l>ge numb] ( reque/s = advice :i* ! au?or1 ,p]cival ,m>%all1 _h receiv$ 9 8 capacity z editor ( ! ,model ,eng9e] & ,amateur ,electrician4 ,! "w is int5d$ to be an elem5t>y h&book--a practical & tru/wor?y guide--= amateurs & /ud5ts4 ,! !ory ( ! accumulator is expla9$1 directions are giv5 = mak+ !m1 types ( small accumulators are illu/rat$1 ! *>g+ & use ( accumulators are expla9$1 & ! applications are %[n4 ,useful receipts & a gloss>y ( te*nical t]ms are giv54 7,! book is publi%$ by ,spon ,*amb]la91 ,new ,york4 ,price1 #ej c5ts47 ,9 8 ,bett] ,_w ,philosophy--a ,sociological ,syn!sis 7,*icago3 ! ,w>d ,waugh ,company71 ,j4 ,h[>d ,moore utt]s a prote/ aga9/ ! egoism or selfi%ness ( our day1 & sugge/s an ideal s*eme4 ,! problem ( life is def9$ z be+ ! relation ( ea* individual to ! re/ ( ! univ]se1 & is peculi>iz$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! social problem involv+ relations ( individuals to ea* o!r diff]5t f ^? su/a9$ to ! imp]sonal univ]se4 ,!re are 9 ! nature ( liv+ be+s ! egoi/ic elem5t1 :i* impels action 9 behalf ( self1 & ! altrui/ic elem5t1 :i* prompts or prev5ts movem5t out ( consid]ation to o!rs4 ,at pres5t ! egoi/ic elem5t pr$om9ates1 ) results t make a picture f> f bright4 ,9 ! social ideal ! /rong %\ld supplem5t ! weak z !y w\ld l to be supplem5t$ if !y 7 weak2 individuals n unequal b div]se may mutualize _! ef=ts to ! advantage ( all2 & ea* individual %\ld p]=m 9 ! social economy t function = :i* he is be/ fitt$1 & %\ld receive 9 return a graceful equity 9 ! means = satisfy+ 8 desires4 ,among ! books ann\nc$ = issue soon by ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 are ,! ,book ( ,v]tebrate ,zology1 by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,s4 ,k+sley1 au?or ( ,! ,elem5ts ( ,comp>ative ,zology1 publi%$ by ! same h\se1 :i* c be us$ z a companion to ,mc,murrich's ,inv]tebrate ,zology2 ,elem5t>y ,/udies 9 ,*emi/ry1 by ,pr(4 ,joseph ,torrey1 ( ,h>v>d1 :i*1 :ile x is *>act]iz$ by ! emphasis laid ^u quantitative laboratory "w 9 g5]al *emi/ry1 w be a compreh5sive text-book on ! :ole subject2 & ,m\lds1 ,mildews1 & ,mu%rooms1 a guide to ! sy/ematic /udy ( ! fungi & ,mycetozoa & _! lit]ature1 by ,pr(4 ,luci5 ,und]wood1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,miss ,cornelia ,e4 ,hors=d1 be+ int]e/$ 9 ! "q ( ! orig9 ( c]ta9 anci5t ru9s situat$ on ! ,*>les ,riv]1 ,mass41 & else:]e 9 ,am]ica1 :i* 7 discov]$ by ! late ,pr(4 ,e4 ,n4 ,hors=d & 7 believ$ by him to be relics ( ! settlem5ts =m$ by ! ,norsem5 9 ! t5? c5tury1 commission$ ,mr4 ,?or/e9 ,erl+sson to exam9e = comp>ison c]ta9 anci5t dwell+s 9 ,icel&1 9 ! summ] ( #ahie4 ,! inquiries assign$ to him relat$ to ! me?od ( con/ruction ( ! long h\ses1 squ>e build+s1 hillside cots ) pavem5ts1 m\nds1 ?+s & doom r+s1 irrigation & dra9age1 dit*es1 riv] dams1 hi!s & %ip docks1 or nauts1 grave-hills1 & =ts4 ,! results ( ! /udy are giv51 ) illu/rations1 9 a small book1 ,ru9s ( ! ,saga ,times1 by ,?or/e9 ,erl+sson4 7,publi%$ by ,david ,nutt1 ,london47 ,mr4 ,erl+sson's report is supplem5t$ by an outl9e ( already asc]ta9$ k reg>d+ e>ly ,sc&9avian home build+1 d]iv$ f previ\s excavations & inve/igations furni%$ by ,f4 ,t4 ,norris & ,jn ,/efnsson1 & a summ>y 9 ,fr5* by ,m4 ,e4 ,d4 ,gr&4 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 0 issu$ dur+ ! ?irty-sev5 ye>s f ! beg9n+ ( #ahga 9 ! =m /yl$ demi-octavo4 ,! small pages ( ?is size entail$ "s inconv5i5ces1 especially :5 ample plates & tables 7 ne$$ = illu/ration4 ,) ! d\ble numb] 7,augu/ & ,novemb]1 #ahih7 a new s]ies 0 begun1 9 ! =m /yl$ imp]ial octavo1 ) a page consid]ably l>g] ?an 9 ! old =m & correspond+ 9 size ) ! important publications ( "s ( ! cont95tal societies ( ,europe4 ,?is numb] conta9s ! proce$+s ( sev5 meet+s ( ! society & important an?ropological articles1 "s ( !m on ,am]ican subjects4 ,among !m is a criticism1 by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,z4 ,ripley1 on ,d5ik]'s ,classification ( ! ,races ( ,europe4 ,9 ,h[ to ,swim 7,putnams1 #a7 ,capta9 ,davis ,dalton1 ,*ief ,inspector ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,volunte] ,life-,sav+ ,corps1 gives a practical treatise ^u ! art ( natation1 toge!r ) in/ruction z to ! be/ me?ods ( sav+ p]sons imp]il$ 9 ! wat] & ( resuscitat+ p]sons app>5tly dr[n$4 ,! treatise cov]s e bran* ( ! art1 & ab\nds 9 cautions 9 connection ) ne>ly e topic1 aga9/ ! mi/akes t may arise f timidity or ! c>elessness ( ov]-confid5ce4 ,! au?or holds t swimm+ is an art to be acquir$ & le>n$ l o!r a?letic arts1 al?\gh x dep5ds ^u natural pr9ciples4 ,! be/ movem5ts = tak+ advantages ( ! physical laws involv$ 9 x h be5 /udi$ by compet5t m51 & a brief & cle> pres5tation ( !m is attempt$ "h4 ,fir/1 we h ! lessons = ! beg9n]1 :o mu/1 be=e all ?+s1 h confid5ce4 ,! diff]5t /rokes are describ$ 9 detail & illu/rat$2 ! diff]5t modes ( swimm+ & ! po/ures1 swimm+ 9 clo!s1 tak+ (f clo!s 9 ! wat]1 div+ & swimm+ "u wat]1 swimm+ 9 waves1 & o!r features are expla9$2 &1 f9ally1 ! life-sav+ directions are giv51 & public education 9 swimm+ is insi/$ ^u4 ,! ,s\!rn ,magaz9e is a new mon?ly1 publi%$ at ,manassas1 ,va41 by ! ,s\!rn ,publi%+ ,company1 ( :i* we h ! ?ird numb]1 t = ,augu/4 ,x has a def9ite flavor ( ! old ,s\?1 = :i* we f9d no fault )1 = !re 0 mu* ab\t ! old ,s\? :i* ought to be pres]v$1 & no little t 0 too preci\s to be lo/4 ,among ! matt]s ( special int]e/ 9 ?is numb] are ! ,sket* ( ,sidney ,lani]1 by ,ell5 ,m&]son1 ) selections f 8 writ+s2 ,! ,la/ ,meet+ ( ! ,conf$]ate ,cab9et 7held1 by a curi\s co9cid5ce1 at ,abbeville1 ,s4 ,c41 :]e secession 0 />t$71 by ,walt] ,l4 ,mill]2 an acc\nt ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 by ,john ,s4 ,patt51 :i* appe>s to be ! fir/ ( a s]ies on ,s\!rn ,educational ,in/itutions2 & an article on ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 ,lett]s1 by ,colonel ,j4 ,p4 ,?omas4 ,! fif? ye>ly numb] ( ,l',anne ,psy*ologique ( ,,mm4 ,alfr$ ,b9et1 ,h4 ,beaunis1 & ,?4 ,ribot is a volume ( #ijb pages1 ( :i* #eia pages are includ$ 9 ! fir/ "p1 devot$ to ,orig9al ,memoirs & ,g5]al ,reviews4 ,! pap]s are n9ete5 9 numb]1 on su* subjects z muscul> fatigue1 ! =e%ort5+ ( objects ris+ f ! horizon1 /]eogno/ic p]ception & /]eoagnosy1 sugge/ibility1 applications ( ! calculation ( probabilities to psy*ology1 color$ audition1 m5tal labor & nutritive *anges1 measure ( m5tal fatigue1 s5sations ( smell1 phonographs & ! /udy ( ! v[els1 cephalometry1 p$ology1 volume ( ! arm & muscul> =ce1 *ronophotographic & o!r app>atus1 & muscul> s5se2 & ! au?ors are ,,mm4 ,van ,bi]vliet1 ( ,gh5t2 ,blum1 ( ,nmes2 ,b\rdon1 ( ,r5nes2 ,clap>de1 ( ,g5eva2 ,clavire1 ,delage1 ,dem5y1 ,druault1 ,mlle4 ,joteyko1 ,,mm4 ,l>gui]1 ,man\vri]1 ,m>age2 ,m>be1 ( ,wrzburg2 ,ob]/e9]1 ( ,vi5na2 ,ts*]n+ & ,zwa>demak]1 ( ,utre*t4 ,m4 ,v4 ,h5ri's pap] on ,muscul> ,s5se w\ld make a volume by itself4 ,! second "p--,analyses--consi/s ( reviews ( psy*ological publications ent]$ "u t5 head+s4 ,! ,bibliography conta9s #b1eeh titles1 & ! index ( au?ors fills upw>d ( sev5te5 d\ble-column$ pages4 7,p>is3 ,s*ei*] ,frres47 ,valuable pap]s on ,comp>ative ,te/s ( ,bitum9\s ,/eam ,coals1 by ,john ,w4 ,hill2 ! ,artificial ,pres]vation ( ,railroad ,ties by ! ,use ( ,z9c ,*loride1 by ,w4 ,w4 ,curtis2 & ! ,!ory ( ,concrete1 by ,g4 ,w4 ,raft]1 are giv5 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 7vol4 xxv1 ,no4 #d1 ,april1 #ahii71 toge!r ) discussions respect+ /reet grades & cross-sections 9 asphalt & cem5t & to loads & maximum /ress on memb]s ( a bridge truss2 also biographical sket*es ( ,d4 ,l4 ,b>nes & ,w4 ,r4 ,mi*ie4 ,a valuable addition to ,d4 ,appleton & ,company's ,int]national ,education ,s]ies1 & a sprightly book 9 itself )al1 is ,montaigne on ! ,education ( ,*ildr51 a volume ( selections be>+ on ! subject f ! writ+s ( ! qua9t old ,fr5*man1 translat$ & annotat$ by ,l4 ,e4 ,rector4 ,! significance ( ,montaigne1 z ! editor ( ! s]ies obs]ves 9 8 preface to ! volume1 lies *iefly 9 8 prote/ aga9/ p$antry1 & ! translator f9ds ,montaigne's mod]nity %[n 9 8 attempt to degrade m5 le>n+ f ! fir/ place1 & to lay ! emphasis on fitness = practical life1 ability to use "o's judgm5t1 & morality & virtue4 ,:ile ,montaigne _h limitations & defects 9 8 educational views1 su* z are po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,h>ris1 he /ill appe>s to h be5 f> 9 advance ( 8 own "t1 & 9 "s respects ( ! pres5t "t z well4 ,! solution ( ! human problem1 success 9 deal+ ) "o's self & 8 fell[s1 0 8 ideal4 ,! translator %[s h[ ,locke & ,r\sseau1 &1 ( c\rse1 all educational writ]s :o h built ^u ^!1 drew f him4 ,! subjects ( ! selections giv5 "h are ! ,education ( ,*ildr51 ,p$antry1 ! ,affection ( ,fa!rs1 ,li>s1 ,physiognomy1 ,ang]1 ! ,art ( ,conv]sation1 ,idl5ess1 ,exp]i5ce1 & ,hi/ory4 ,an essay on ,! ,object ( ! ,labor ,movem5t1 by ,johann ,jacoby1 translat$ by ,flor5ce ,kelley1 & publi%$ by ! ,int]national ,publi%+ ,company1 advocates co-op]ation1 dem&s t ! employ] recognize ! labor] :om he employs z a be+ fully 8 own equal & treat him accord+ly1 & claims ( ! ,/ate an especial consid]ation ( ! work+ class z an act ( rep>ative ju/ice4 ,! ,transactions ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,regul> ,meet+s ( ! ,wyom+ ,/ate ,m$ical ,society1 ,may #ac & ,novemb] #a1 #ahih1 %[s t t body is vigor\s & active1 & t ! doctors ( ,wyom+ are int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! dignity & reputation ( _! pr(ession4 ,x is repres5t$ t fully fifty p] c5t ( ! regul> physicians ( ! ,/ate h already be5 enroll$ z memb]s ( ! society4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,h4 ,gelman's ,elem5ts ( ,bl[pipe ,analysis 7,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company2 #fj c5ts7 is int5d$ to s]ve ! tw(old purpose ( giv+ ! /ud5t a g5]al outl9e ( ! analysis & ( introduc+ him to ! me?ods ( det]m9ative m9]alogy4 ,e ef=t has be5 made to simplify ! acc\nt4 ,! fir/ *apt] is devot$ to ,app>atus & ,details1 & ! second to ! ,g5]al ,outl9e ( ,bl[pipe ,analysis4 ,!n ! g5]al reactions = ! detection ( ! metallic elem5ts 9 simple comp\nds are describ$1 ! behavior ( "s ( ! pr9cipal ores be=e ! bl[pipe1 & comp>ative tables4 ,,publications ,,receiv$4 ,abbot1 ,a4 ,c41 ,m4 ,d4 ,! ,hygi5e ( ,transmissible ,diseases1 _! ,causation1 ,modes ( ,dissem9ation1 & ,me?ods ( ,prev5tion4 ,philadelphia3 ,w4 ,b4 ,saund]s4 ,pp4 #caa4 #b net4 ,all91 ,ar?ur4 ,extra-,organic ,evolution & ,education4 ,pp4 #h4 ,bak]1 ,*>les ,:it+4 ,monopolies & ! ,p4 ,?ird edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #cfh4 ,bak]1 ,m4 ,n4 ,potable ,wat] & ,me?ods ( ,detect+ ,impurities4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,van ,no/r& ,company4 ,pp4 #ig4 #ej c5ts4 ,baskett1 ,james ,newton4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,fi%es4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 7,appletons' ,home-,read+ ,books47 ,pp4 #big4 ,borod9e1 ,n41 ,editor4 ,revue ,int]nationale de ,p*e et de ,pisciculture4 7,int]national ,review ( ,fi%]ies & ,fi%-,culture47 ,no4 #a4 ,augu/1 #ahii4 7,?ree times a ye>47 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,russia4 ,publi%$ by ! ,russian ,imp]ial ,society ( ,fi%]ies & ,fi%-,culture4 7,9 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 & ,fr5*47 ,pp4 #cg1 ) supplem5t ( "o fold$ page4 ,annual subscription1 f\r francs4 ,bullet91 ,le1 ,mdical de ,quebec4 ,volume ,i1 ,no4 #a4 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,publi%$ "u ! direction ( ! ,m$ical ,society ( ,quebec4 ,mon?ly4 ,pp4 #ef4 #b a ye>4 ,burgess1 ,o4 ,o41 ,m4 ,d4 ,consci\sness1 ,be+1 ,immortality2 ,div9e ,heal+ & ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce4 ,san ,francisco4 ,pp4 #bj4 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce ,publi%+ ,society1 ,bo/on4 ,legal ,aspects ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce4 ,decisions ( ,c\rts1 ,op9ions ( ,lawy]s1 etc4 ,pp4 #hc4 ,conn1 ,h4 ,w4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,liv+ ,ma*9e4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 7,libr>y ( ,useful ,/ories47 ,pp4 #aia4 #dj c5ts4 ,de ,morgan1 ,augu/us4 ,elem5t>y ,illu/rations ( ! ,diff]5tial & ,integral ,calculus4 ,*icago3 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #add4 #a4 ,desc>tes1 ,r54 ,disc\rse on ,me?od2 or ! ,me?od ( ,rightly ,conduct+ ! ,reason & ,seek+ ,tru? 9 ! ,sci5ces4 ,translat$1 etc41 by ,john ,veit*4 ,*icago3 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company4 7,religion ( ,sci5ce ,libr>y47 ,pp4 #hg4 #be c5ts4 ,flynt1 ,josiah4 ,tramp+ ) ,tramps4 ,/udies & ,sket*es ( ,vagabond ,life4 ,) ,prefatory ,note by ,hon4 ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,c5tury ,company4 ,pp4 #cif4 #a4ej4 ,giles1 ,william ,a41 ,*airman ( ! ,legislative ,committee ( ! ,civic ,f$]ation 7,*icago74 ,pap]s on ,re=m ,legislation1 ,corrupt ,practices ,acts1 & ,pawnbrok+ 9 ,diff]5t ,c\ntries4 ,*icago3 ,r4 ,r4 ,donnelley ,sons ,company4 ,pp4 #ce4 ,griffi?1 ,g4 ,w4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,e>? ^u ! ,field ( a ,b> ,magnet4 ,pp4 #d4 ,h>r+ton1 ,m>k ,w4 ,ab\t ! ,wea!r4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 7,appletons' ,home-,read+ ,books47 ,pp4 #bdf4 ,higg9son1 ,?omas ,w5twor?4 ,contempor>ies4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 ,pp4 #cgi4 #b4 ,holl&1 ,fr$]ick ,may4 ,lib]ty 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #beg4 ,kors*eldt1 ,dr4 ,e41 & ,held]1 ,dr4 ,k4 ,text-,book ( ! ,embryology ( ! ,inv]tebrates4 ,translat$ by ,matilda ,b]n>d1 & edit$1 ) ,additional ,notes1 by ,m>t9 ,f4 ,woodw>d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,pp4 #cfi4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,pp4 #dda4 #c4be4 ,lake ,mohonk ,conf]5ce on ,int]national ,arbitration4 ,report ( ! ,fif? ,annual ,meet+1 #ahhi4 ,pp4 #adb4 ,lo ,blanco1 ,dr4 ,salvatore4 ,! ,me?ods employ$ at ! ,naples ,zological ,/ation = ! ,pres]vation ( ,m>9e ,animals4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,o4 ,hovey4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,pp4 #db4 ,newman1 ,george4 ,bact]ia1 especially z !y are relat$ to ! ,economy ( ,nature1 to ,indu/rial ,processes1 & to ! ,public ,heal?4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #cdh4 ,newton1 ,alfr$1 ,gad[1 ,hans1 & o!rs4 ,a ,diction>y ( ,birds4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #ajhh4 #e4 ,ohio ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,press ,bullet9 ,no4 #aii4 ,plums4 ,a ,comp>ison ( ,v>ieties4 ,pp4 #b4 ,oliv]1 ,*>les ,a4 ,description ( an ,adju/able ,bracket = ! ,reid ,oph?almomet]4 ,pp4 #c2 ,a ,case ( ,=eign ,body 9 ! ,optic ,n]ve4 ,pp4 #c2 ,a ,case ( ,reflex ,irritation4 ,pp4 #e2 ,a ,case ( ,fibroma ( ! ,eyelid4 ,p4 #a1 ) plate2 ,a ,new ,me?od = ! ,plantation ( ,glass ,balls into ! ,optical ,cavity4 ,pp4 #cj4 ,putnam1 ,f4 ,w4 ,address z ,retir+ ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,columbus ,meet+1 #ahii4 ,pp4 #ag4 ,ribot1 ,?4 ,! ,evolution ( ,g5]al ,ideas4 ,*icago3 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #bca4 #a4be4 ,russell1 ,*>les ,t4 ,! ,at-"o-m5t betwe5 ,god & ,man4 7,mill5nial ,dawn4 ,vol4 ,v47 ,allegh5y1 ,pa43 ,wat*-,t[] ,bible & ,tract ,society4 ,pp4 #ejg4 ,/uv]1 ,e41 ,m4 ,d4 ,! ,importance ( a ,k ( ! ,phylog5etic ,developm5t ( ! ,*ild 9 ! ,prev5tion ( ,*ildr5's ,diseases4 ,pp4 #aa4 ,?ompson1 ,erne/ ,seton4 ,! ,trail ( ! ,s&hill ,/ag4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,pp4 #ic4 #a4ej4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s4 ,no4 #gj4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,insect ,enemies ( ! ,grape4 ,by ,c4 ,l4 ,m>latt4 ,pp4 #bc2 ,no4 #hj4 ,! ,pea*-,twig ,bor]4 ,by4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>latt4 ,pp4 #ae3 ,no4 #ii4 ,?ree ,insect ,enemies ( ,%ade ,trees4 ,by ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d4 ,pp4 #cj2--;,division ( ,entomology4 ,no4 #cg4 ,! ,use ( ,hydrocyanic-,acid ,gas = ,fumigat+ ,gre5h\ses & ,small ,frames4 ,pp4 #aj2 ,no4 #ch4 ,! ,squa%-,v9e ,bor]4 ,pp4 #f2 ,no4 #ci4 ,! ,common ,squa% ,bug4 ,pp4 #e4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission4 ,*eck-,li/ ( ! ,fi%es ( ,florida4 ,by ,b4 ,w4 ,ev]mann & ,w4 ,c4 ,k5dall4 ,pp4 #fh4 ,upsala1 ,univ]sity ( 7,sw$574 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,in/itution4 ,hj4 ,sjgr51 ,editor4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,"p ,i1 ,no4 #g4 #ahih4 ,pp4 #aca1 ) f\r plates4 ,we$1 ,cl>5ce ,moores1 ,editor4 ,! ,insect ,_w4 ,a ,read+ ,book ( ,entomology4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 7,appletons' ,home-,read+ ,books47 ,pp4 #bjg4 #fj c5ts4 ,wiscons9 ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #d4 ,on ! ,build+ & ,ornam5tal ,/ones ( ,wiscons94 ,by ,erne/ ,r4 ,buckley4 ,pp4 #edd4 ,wisla4 ,a ,geographical & ,e?nographical ,publication 79 ,poli%74 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 ,nos4 #a to #e4 ,w>saw1 ,pol&4 ,pp4 #cbj4 ,wright1 ,mabel ,osgood4 ,wab5or ! ,magician4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #cdf4 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce4 ,! ,dread ( ! ,jew4#da--,! ,dreyfus affair & ! furi\s passions t x has awak5$ h _! ultimate f\ndation 9 dread & hatr$ ( ! ,jews4 ,!re is a ,jewi% "q1 m or less acute1 9 e cont95tal c\ntry1 & we are told by pessimi/s t be=e long we %all h an anti-,jewi% movem5t 9 ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,london4 ,^! facts naturally sugge/ an inquiry into ! causes ( ! dread & hate :i* ! ,jews inspire1 & ! ask+ once aga9 :e!r !re are any good gr\nds = reg>d+ ! ,hebrew race z a m5ace to ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,! ma9 fact ab\t ! ,jews on ! ,cont95t :i* em]ges f a /udy ( ! pres5t situation is t = "s reason or o!r !y inspire t]ror4 ,t ?is t]ror is z absurd & z unreasonable z is ! t]ror caus$ respectively by ,jesuits & ,freemasons1 we ourselves d n d\bt = a mom5t1 b t does n alt] ! fact t ! s5se ( t]ror exi/s4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t ! majority ( p on ! ,cont95t hone/ly believe t unless ! ,jews are 9 "s way or o!r curb$1 controll$1 & kept d[n1 some?+ v dreadful w happ54 ,9 ,russia ! va/ ,slavonic population & its lead]s believe t unless ! ,jews are imp\nd$ 9 ! ,poli% ,pale !y w swamp ! true ,russian1 & utt]ly ru9 & de/roy ! ,russian nationality & ! ,russian ideal4 ,9 ,au/ria x is believ$ t if ! ,jews are all[$ to g on z !y are go+ on !y w get ev]y?+ into _! h&s--! l& ( ! peasants1 ! s\rces ( public in=mation & ! press1 & ! n]ves by :i* trade & comm]ce are mov$4 ,9 ,g]many x is mu* ! same /ory1 & !re ! ,jews are believ$1 unless /opp$ 9 "t1 to be ab\t to monopolize ! univ]sities4 ,9 ,france x is ?\ght t ! ,jews1 if n put d[n ) ! /rong h&1 w capture ! :ole adm9i/ration1 z well z /rangle comm]ce by _! octopus grip4 ,! ,jews are call$ a p>asitic race1 :atev] t may mean4 ,x is said t ! ,jew nev] becomes an agriculturi/1 t he is a usur] & a bloodsuck]1 t he is a gross mat]iali/1 & t he has no ideals beyond ! preci\s metals2 & t !y habitually act toge!r to fur!r _! own racial int]e/s & to injure ^? communities :i* h be5 fooli% en\gh to tru/ !m4 ,to take ! *>ge ( want ( patriotism fir/4 ,h[ is x sub/antiat$8 ,we c n say t we h ev] se5 any real evid5ce ( want ( patriotism 9 ! ,jews4 ,look at ! case ( ,france at pres5t4 ,!re is some?+ extremely pa!tic 9 ! way 9 :i* ! ,fr5* ,jews cl+ to _! nationality 9 spite ( all ! hatr$ !y inspire4 ,! tru? is1 ! ,jew is a sort ( exp]t 9 patriotism4 ,did n ! ,maccabees tea* ! _w "o ( its fir/ lessons 9 patriotism8 ,dep5d ^u x1 if ! ,jew is only all[$ to be a patriot he w n fail "h4 ,! *>ge1 inde$1 is l t s (t5 made 9 ,russia aga9/ ! ,jews4 ,!y are accus$ ( n till+ ! soil1 _! accus]s ignor+ ! fact t no ,jew is all[$ to buy1 or to lease1 or to occupy l&1 & is1 9 fact1 exclud$ by law f act+ z a f>m]4 ,take next ! *>ge ( alo(ness4 ,probably ?is *>ge is well f\nd$1 b :at c be expect$ ( a p s newly fre$ f ! ,ghetto8 ,if y treat a race = c5turies z lep]s1 & visit its memb]s ) dire p5alties1 if !y d n keep alo( !y are likely to rema9 = "s "t dis9cl9$ to free int]c\rse4 ,! ?ird *>ge is1 9 reality1 t ! ,jews ( ! _w1 hav+ obta9$ control ( cosmopolitan f9ance1 act toge!r 9 ! int]e/s ( _! race1 & inflict griev\s injuries ^u ! nations4 ,b :at pro( is !re ( ?is8 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,mr4 ,arnold ,:ite--?\gh 9 o!r ways he seems to enc\rage ?is *>ge--accuses ! great ,jewi% f9anci]s ( n do+ ?is v ?+4 ,he tells u t aft] ! ,russians _h driv5 ! ,jews into ! ,pale !y want$ to raise a loan4 ,"o w\ld h expect$ ! great ,jewi% loanmong]s to h absolutely refus$ to help ! enemy ( ! race4 ,in/ead !y basely1 z we ?9k1 f\nd ,russia ! money %e want$4 ,b ?\gh ?is 0 a base act1 x c]ta9ly is n consi/5t ) ! *>ge t ! ,jews control ! int]national money m>ket = tribal ends4 ,we believe1 9 fact1 t ?is :ole *>ge is a pure delusion4 ,! great f9anci]s1 :e!r ,jew or ,g5tile1 look = a pr(it1 & n to deep & my/]i\s racial aspirations4 ,! *>ge t ! ,jews are /eep$ 9 mat]ialism1 & s are a demoraliz+ elem5t 9 ! community1 is equally unfair & absurd4 ,_m ,jews may be fond ( pomp ( a vulg> k9d1 & may affect :at we confess p]sonally to f9d+ v disagreeable =ms ( ,asiatic luxury2 b ^! are ext]nals4 ,9 ess5tials & z a race ! ,jews are no m mat]iali/ic ?an _! neighbors4 ,& c we say t !y are a demoraliz+ elem5t :5 x is univ]sally confess$ t ! ,jews are among ! be/ fa!rs1 sons1 & husb&s 9 ! _w8 ,footnote #da3 ,f an article 9 ! ,london ,spectator4 ,dea? ( ,pr(essor ,buns54--,) ! dea? ( ,rob]t ,wilhelm ,buns51 at ,heidelb]g1 ,augu/ #af?1 ! _w loses a /ud5t ^: "n is insep>ably connect$ ) ne>ly all ! *emical "w t has be5 done 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 = x is safe to say t h>dly a discov]y has be5 made or exp]im5t p]=m$ to ! success ( :i* "s process1 prop]ty1 or in/rum5t discov]$1 inv5t$1 or sugge/$ by ,buns51 & usually nam$ aft] him1 has n contribut$4 ,a sket* ( ?is illu/ri\s *emi/1 ) a portrait1 & an enum]ation ( 8 pr9cipal works1 ea* ( :i* might be *>act]iz$ z a mile/one 9 ! advance ( ! sci5ce1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,augu/1 #ahha 7vol4 xix1 page #eej74 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts 9 8 life s9ce t sket* 0 publi%$ 0 8 election1 9 #ahhc1 z "o ( ! eight =eign associates ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces--! highe/ honor t t in/itution is compet5t to conf]4 ,besides ,buns5's p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! "w & success ( 8 /ud5ts1 "o ( 8 mo/ sali5t traits1 z describ$ by a c>eful & appreciative biograph] 9 ! ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/1 0 8 abs5tm9d$ness conc]n+ :at he _h himself accompli%$4 ,he 0 afflict$ ) an incipi5t aphasia1 :i* made x impossible = him to talk ab\t !m4 ,he c\ld n answ] v]bal que/ions1 :e!r oral or writt54 ,he c\ld n h pass$ a dec5t exam9ation 9 8 own discov]ies4 ,let ! "q come 9 ! %ape ( an em]g5cy 9 a *emical op]ation1 & a weal? ( k w\ld be p\r$ out1 b let x be put 9 words & he c\ld n answ] x4 ,he is said to h answ]$ a /ud5t once1 :o ask$ him ab\t "s sub/ance1 t he knew no?+ ab\t x--,y w h to look up ! lit]ature4 ,! /ud5t look$ up ! lit]ature1 & f\nd t x consi/$ ( a s+le article1 & t by ,buns56 ,pr(essor ,buns5 priz$ :at w\ld /imulate him to ef=t1 enjoy$ life1 0 fond ( travel & int]e/$ 9 ev]y?+ human1 & 0 a good novel read]4 ,! ,unpr(itabl5ess ( ,/rikes4--,! co/ ( a l>ge /rike is impressively illu/rat$ 9 "s ( ! results ( ! great colli]y dispute ( #ahih 9 ,s\? ,wales1 z !y are set =? 9 ! ,briti% ,bo>d ( ,trade returns & ! reports ( ! consul> s]vice4 ,9 direct f9ancial loss1 ! company suff]$ to ! ext5t ( #ajj1jjj1 & ! m5 ( #cjj1jjj 9 wages1 besides ! demoralization f be+ s long out ( "w4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 o!r di/ricts ga9$ :at ! ,s\? ,wales m9es lo/ by ! div]sion ( trade to !m1 b t simply aggravat$ ! evil 9 ! m9es1 = "s ( ?is div]t$ trade w /ay :]e x w5t4 ,x is sometimes said1 inde$1 t /rikes h only a tempor>y effect on bus9ess1 f :i* x w recov] 9 "t4 ,?is is true1 h[ev]1 z is sugge/$ 9 ,indu/ries & ,iron1 only :5 ! locality affect$ has a virtual monopoly ( ! trade1 :ile 9 ! competition ( ! nations in/ances ( t k9d are gr[+ r>]4 ,engl& especially has _m rivals 9 ^! days1 eag] to take advantage ( e opportunity to pr(it by its mi/akes or mis=tunes1 & :i*1 :5 !y get _! h&s on a good ?+1 are n apt to let g4 ,not)/&+ "s /rikes at home1 ! coal trade 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates d]iv$ b5efits f ! ,briti% /rike by s5d+ to m>kets :i* ! ,wel% m9es %\ld h suppli$2 ,g]many s5t coal to ,sw$51 & ,belgium increas$ its %ipm5ts to ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,o!r c\ntries are induc$1 by conditions mak+ ! usual s\rces ( supply inconv5i5t to !m1 to a m active developm5t ( _! own res\rces1 z ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,spa91 & ,france 7 9 ! pres5t case4 ,s x is m ?an d\btful :e!r ! pres5t /rike paid4 ,! ,sci5tific ,_s4--,! /udy ( sci5ce1 especially ( an exp]im5tal sci5ce1 said ,pr(4 ,r4 ,h4 ,*itt5d5 9 an in=mal talk to /ud5ts ( ! ,%effield ,sci5tific ,s*ool1 is peculi>ly adapt$ = develop+ ! p[] ( indep5d5t ?\ght1 & ( tra9+ "o 9 draw+ logical conclusions f exp]im5tal data4 ,9 ! laboratory is af=d$ an opportunity = mak+ obs]vations1 b if real b5efit is to be d]iv$ f ! exp]im5tal "w !re mu/ be a full realization ( ! necessity ( c>eful ?\ght 9 draw+ d$uctions f ! results obs]v$4 ,broad g5]alizations built on a sl5d] f\ndation ( fact frequ5tly topple to ! gr\nd1 & sometimes c>ry de/ruction ) !m1 all because ( a lack ( t critical _s :i* prompts a c>eful & ?or\gh consid]ation ( all ! premises4 ,! man :o has acquir$ ! habit ( c>eful ?\ght1 ( reason+ out ea* /ep 9 a process1 ( weigh+ c>efully ea* reaction involv$1 ( seek+ 9 8 own m9d ! reason = ?is or t ph5om5on1 :o looks at bo? sides ( a "q1 & c>efully consid]s all ! facts available1 w build mu* m surely & firmly ?an he :o by speci\s argum5ts con/ructs a glitt]+ hypo!sis1 only to see x fade away4 ,ha/y reason+1 insuffici5t data1 obscure facts1 are ! bane ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! true sci5tific _s prompts to ?or\gh inquiry2 x w h no?+ to d ) ha/y g5]alizations t may glitt] b d n conv9ce2 x puts a re/ra9+ h& on all immature conclusions1 & dem&s1 above all else1 c>eful1 ?or\gh obs]vation4 ,x %uns all %ams4 ,good1 hone/ "w is ! only passport to ! doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,con/itution ( ! ,funafuti ,atoll4--,9 ! bor+ ( ! coral atoll ( ,funafuti1 ,pr(essor ,david1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,sydney1 rea*$ a dep? ( #fig feet1 & a subsequ5t bor+ 0 made d[n to ab\t #a1jjj feet4 ,! core obta9$ by ! ,david p>ty 0 s5t to ,engl& & plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,pr(essor ,judd = inve/igation4 ,! g5]al /atem5t is made respect+ x t ! mat]ial br\ght up pres5ts mu* ! same "* ?r\gh\t1 & s f> is reg>d$ z support+ ,d>w9's !ory4 ,!re are no lay]s ( *alky ooze1 su* z ,murray's hypo!sis might h made possible1 & no trace ( volcanic mat]ial has be5 f\nd4 ,! lat] bor+ beyond #gjj feet pass$ ?r\gh a h>d lime/one conta9+ _m well-pres]v$ corals4 ,9 a bor+ ( ! b$ ( ! lagoon d[n to #add feet1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh #aja feet ( wat]1 ! fir/ #hj feet bel[ 7 f\nd to consi/ ( ! calc>e\s alga ,halim$a mix$ ) %ells1 & ! rema9+ #fd feet ( ! same mat]ial mix$ ) gravel4 ,metallic ,calcium4--,metallic calcium1 z prep>$ by ,pr(essor ,moissan f solution 9 liquid sodium1 sep>ates 9 hexagonal cry/als :i* h a specific gravity ( #a4he & melt at #gfj 9 vacuo4 ,on solidify+1 ! metal is some:at brittle1 is less malleable ?an potassium & sodium1 & %[s a cry/all9e fracture4 ,:5 free f nitride x is silv]-:ite 9 color1 & has a brilliant surface4 ,heat$ to r$ness 9 a curr5t ( hydrog51 a cry/all9e hydride1 ,ca,h#b1 is =m$4 ,:5 pure1 calcium is n act$ ^u at ord9>y temp]atures by *lor9e1 ?\gh at #ajj ,c4 ! action is decid$4 ,b if ! metal conta9s nitride1 *lor9e attacks x at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,at #cjj ,c4 calcium ignites & burns brilliantly 9 oxyg54 ,g5tly w>m$ 9 air1 x burns ) brilliant sc9tillations4 ,x comb9es ) sulphur1 ) inc&esc5ce1 at #djj ,c4 ,at a r$ heat x unites actively ) lampblack1 giv+ a c>bide1 ,ca,c#b4 ,x gives "s brittle alloys ) magnesium1 z9c1 & nickel4 ,! alloy ) t9 sl[ly decomposes wat]4 ,a cry/all9e amalgam is =m$ ) m]cury1 :i* may be di/ill$ 9 hydrog5 at #djj ,c41 b :i* =ms nitride :5 heat$ 9 nitrog54 ,heat$ to r$ness ) potassium or sodium *loride1 calcium sets ! metal free4 ,wat] acts on calcium only v sl[ly1 ) ! evolution ( hydrog54 ,9 liquefi$ ammonia at -#dj ,c4 calcium ammonia is =m$--a r$di%-br[n solid4 ,prosp]ity & ,ent]prise 9 ,mexico4--,! increas+ prosp]ity ( ,mexico is "o ( ! /rik+ features ( curr5t hi/ory4 ,9 f\r ye>s ! imports ( ! c\ntry increas$ f #cj1jjj1jjj 9 #ahid to upw>d ( #de1jjj1jjj 9 #ahih1 ! av]age = five ye>s hav+ be5 #dj1jjj1jjj4 ,! *ief sell]s to ,mexicans are ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita91 ,france1 & ,g]many1 & ! ke5ness ( ! competition = trade is %[n 9 ! fluctuations 9 ! relative %>es ( x ( ! sev]al c\ntries4 ,spa9 has a small %>e ( trade1 :i* is gr[+4 ,indu/rial ent]prises are be+ develop$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ) en]gy1 ent]prise1 & success4 ,cotton & l95 factories h be5 e/abli%$1 att5tion is giv5 to ! erection ( wool5 mills1 & a noticeable activity prevails 9 m9+ indu/ries4 ,"u all ^! influ5ces ! railroads are prosp]+ too4 ,a ,"q ( ,economy4--,a pap]1 ,%all we gr[ ! ,sug> t we consume8 by ,freeman ,/ew>t1 call$ out by an article by ex-,secret>y ,wilson1 besides matt] be>+ directly on ! "q1 embodies obs]vations on g5]al political pr9ciples4 ,?us1 x seems necess>y to obs]ve t ! idea t republicanism requires our public (ficials to act z m]e wea!rcocks = ! transi5t waves ( popul> clamor & excitem5t is also a deplorable delusion1 :i*1 if p]si/5tly c>ri$ into effect1 w soon utt]ly de/roy republicanism4 ,z free in/itutions dep5d on ! recognition ( correct pr9ciples by ! p1 x is prim>ily necess>y t correct pr9ciples %\ld be con/antly impress$ ^u ! att5tion ( ! p4 ,! great ne$ ( ! nation to-day is wise lead]%ip--unselfi% m51 :o appreciate ! necessity ( be+ gov]n$ by immutable div9ely appo9t$ pr9ciples1 to act z lead]s1 to keep ! m9ds ( ! p c5t]$ 9 ! "r direction4 ,com+ to ! ma9 subject ( ! essay1 we h1 z to ! exp$i5cy ( tax+ ourselves to h sug> made "h3 ,if ! f>m]'s pr(its mu/ come f ! consum]s ( sug> z a b\nty or tax1 & n f ! inh]5t pr(itabl5ess ( ! bus9ess1 !n ! f>m]'s pr(its are ! consum]'s loss4 ,! bus9ess is inh]5tly unpr(itable1 & no f>m]1 or any "o else1 has a "r1 'inh]5t' or o!rwise1 to c>ry on an unpr(itable bus9ess1 except at 8 own exp5se4444 ,x may be assum$ t ! f>m]s :o are gr[+ ! sug> are n[ gr[+ crops :i*1 if n z pr(itable z !y desire1 are at lea/ suffici5tly s to keep !m f be+ burd5some to ! re/ ( ! nation4 ,& h[ c ! prosp]ity ( ! nation be increas$ by hav+ ^! same f>m]s engage 9 a new bus9ess :i* w require !m to draw on ! productive capacity ( ! re/ ( ! p to ! ext5t ( _m millions ( doll>s annually1 9 ord] to keep _! heads above wat]8 ,bact]ia ( ! ,dairy4--,an inve/igation ( ! relation ( acid f]m5tation to ! flavor & aroma ( butt]1 made by ,c4 ,h4 ,eckles at ! ,i[a ,college ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 has giv5 ! results t ! flavor is produc$ by ! bact]ial f]m5tations :i* h tak5 place 9 ! milk & cream4 ,! k9d ( flavor dep5ds ^u ! class ( bact]ia caus+ ! f]m5tation4 ,! rip5+ ( a good quality ( acid cream is mo/ly a developm5t ( acid bact]ia4 ,f\r species ( acid-produc+ bact]ia1 te/$ 9 rip5+ pa/euriz$ cream1 7 f\nd to give ! butt] ! typical flavor & aroma4 ,( ! species tri$1 ! mo/ common milk-s\r+ organism 7,bact]ium lact>ii7 0 f\nd to give ! mo/ satisfactory results 9 rip5+ cream4 ,cream rip5$ ) common bact]ia f\nd 9 hay du/ 7,bacillus subtilis7 gives a v undesirable flavor to butt]4 ,! sup]ior flavor ( summ] butt] is due to ! great] numb] ( bact]ia ( ! acid class f\nd 9 milk dur+ t season4 ,= ,outdoor ,improvem5t4--,! ,am]ican ,p>k & ,outdoor ,association has tak5 up & aims to nationalize ! important "w ( ! improvem5t ( outdoors4 ,n t x expects to improve ^u ,nature1 b x hopes to be able to neutralize or rem$y ! deva/ation & disfigurem5t :i* man has wr\ght ^u h] face4 ,at ! ?ird annual meet+ ( ! association1 held 9 ,detroit 9 ,july1 #ahii1 prelim9>y /eps 7 tak5 t[>d (f]+ prizes = ! improvem5t ( gr\nds ab\t manufactories & homes--bo? front & back lots--& especially ab\t ! homes ( artisans4 ,a /&+ committee 0 in/itut$ to consid] ! be/ way ( *eck+ abuses ( public adv]tis+4 ,a pap] read by ,mr4 ,f4 ,law ,olm/ead1 on ! ,relation ( ,res]voirs to ,public ,p>ks1 conc]n$ su* con/ruction ( res]voirs & ! surr\nd+ !m ) suitable sett+s z w\ld br+ !m into clos] h>mony ) ! p>k l&scape & make !m m a "p ( x4 ,ano!r pap]1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,coryell1 ( ! ,detroit p>ks1 might be describ$ z an ef=t to %[ h[ a simil> s]vice may be p]=m$ = ! p>ks & ! p--9 o!r words1 h[ to make ! p at home 9 ! p>ks4 ,its po9ts 7 illu/rat$ by cit+ :at _h be5 done 9 ,detroit4 ,respect+ means ( prev5t+ depr$ations1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,lancey told ( good results accompli%$ 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 by ! di/ribution ( circul>s ( in=mation on ! subject2 & ,mr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,olm/ead1 ,jr41 ( ! int]e/ tak5 by ! *ildr5 9 ! s*ool g>d5s 9 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,:]e ,physical ,inve/igation ,fails4--,f ! discussion ( ! physical me?od1 ) its descriptive laws & applications & hypo!ses1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 ,poynt+ 0 l$1 9 8 address at ! ,briti% ,association1 to ! consid]ation ( ! limitation ( its range4 ,x 0 develop$ 9 ! /udy ( matt] :i* we describe z non-liv+1 & ) non-liv+ matt] x has suffic$ = ! p>ticul> purposes ( ! physici/4 ,( c\rse1 only a little corn] ( ! univ]se has be5 explor$1 b 9 ! /udy ( non-liv+ matt] we h come to no impassable gulfs1 no *asms across :i* we c n ?r[ bridges ( hypo!sis4 ,does ! me?od equally suffice :5 x is appli$ to liv+ matt]8 ,c we give a purely physical acc\nt ( su* matt]8 ,d we make any attempt to apply ! physical me?od to describe & expla9 ^? motions ( matt] :i* on ! psy*ical view we t]m volunt>y8 ,9 practice ! /ricte/ physici/ ab&ons ! physical view1 & replaces x by ! psy*ical4 ,he admits ! /udy ( purpose z well z ! /udy ( motion1 & has to confess t "h ! physical me?od ( pr$iction fails4 ,honors to ,sullivant & ,lesqu]eux4--,sullivant day1 ,augu/ #bb;d1 0 devot$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,association to ! commemoration ( ! lives & works ( ,william ,s4 ,sullivant & ,c4 ,leo ,lesqu]eux1 botani/s1 ! =m] di/+ui%$ = 8 /udies 9 ! mosses & ! latt] = 8 rese>*es 9 paleobotany1 bo? ( :om liv$ & did ! "w by :i* !y became fam\s 9 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,sullivant 0 born & pass$ ! :ole ( 8 life 9 ,columbus4 ,lesqu]eux1 a ,swiss by bir?1 liv$ 9 ,columbus dur+ _m ( 8 mo/ fruitful ye>s1 & work$ alongside ( ,sullivant4 ,a consid]able numb] ( objects associat$ ) ! two botani/s 7 on exhibition--r>e botanical specim5s1 *>ts & pictures connect$ ) _! labors1 & complete sets ( _! publi%$ works--& excell5t & highly priz$ portraits ( !m 7 %[n4 ,! families ( bo? 7 repres5t$ by ! pres5ce ( daught]s & gr&daught]s1 among :om 0 ,miss ,arh>t1 a gr&daught] ( ,lesqu]eux1 :o 0 associat$ ) him 9 "p ( 8 "w1 & made mo/ ( ! draw+s = 8 lat] books4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,r4 ,b>nes presid$ ov] ! ex]cises4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,a4 ,kell]man read a tribute to ,sullivant f ,dr4 ,gray's supplem5t to ! ,icones4 ,mrs4 ,britton gave a %ort review ( ! species nam$ f ,sullivant 7includ+ twelve ,nor? ,am]ican mosses74 ,pr(essor ,b>nes read a tribute to ,lesqu]eux1 tak5 f ! ,botanical ,gazette4 ,rem>ks 7 made & pap]s read on ! ,progress 9 ! /udy ( ! ,hepatica1 by ,pr(4 ,l4 ,m4 ,und]wood2 ! ,moss ,flora ( ,alabama1 by ,dr4 ,*>les ,mohr 7read by ,pr(essor ,e>le72 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,/udy ( ! ,mosses1 by ,mrs4 ,britton2 ! ,classification ( ,c]ta9 ,mosses1 by ,a4 ,j4 ,gr\t2 ! ,/udy ( ,li*5 ,di/ribution 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 by ,bruce ,f9k2 & ,botanical ,tea*+ 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ools1 by ,w4 ,c4 ,/ev5s & ,ida ,cl5d594 ,among ! exhibits1 ^? ( twelve species ( hepatic f ,cali=nia1 by ,pr(4 ,f4 ,e4 ,lloyd2 =ty-five photographs ( ,am]ican /ud5ts & collectors made fam\s by _! "w 9 mosses1 by ,mrs4 ,britton & ,pr(essor ,und]wood2 & six species ( mosses discov]$ & collect$ orig9ally by ,sullivant & ,lesqu]eux ne> ,columbus1 des]ve special m5tion4 ,rate ( ,evolution>y ,v>iation 9 ! ,pa/4--,mr4 ,adam ,s$gwick1 speak+1 9 8 address at ! ,briti% ,association1 ( v>iation1 selection1 & h]$ity1 hav+ rais$ ! "q :e!r ! v>iability ( organisms has ev] be5 diff]5t f :at x is n[1 answ]$ x 9 ! affirmative1 because x w\ld be absurd to suppose t organisms w\ld rema9 con/ant 9 ?is respect :ile !y h und]gone alt]ation 9 all _! o!r prop]ties4 ,accord+ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( evolution1 "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 det]m9+ ! modification ( organisms has be5 natural selection4 ,x acts by pres]v+ c]ta9 favorable v>iations1 & all[+ o!rs less favorable to be kill$ (f 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x w ?us come ab\t t c]ta9 v>iations w be gradually elim9at$1 :ile ! v>iations ( ! select$ organisms w !mselves be submitt$ to selection1 & c]ta9 ( ^! w 9 _! turn be elim9at$4 ,9 ?is way a gr\p ( organisms becomes m & m closely adapt$ to ! surr\nd+s4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! result ( cont9u$ selection is to dim9i% ! v>iability ( a species4 ,h5ce1 z selection has be5 go+ on all ! :ile1 v>iation mu/ h be5 mu* great] 9 pa/ times ?an x is n[4 ,foll[+ out ?is tra9 ( reason+1 we are driv5 to ! conclusion t "o ( ! mo/ important results ( ! evolution>y *ange has be5 ! gradual increase & p]fection ( h]$ity z a function ( organisms & a gradual elim9ation ( v>iability4 ,?is view1 if x c be e/abli%$1 is ( ! utmo/ importance to our !oretical conception ( evolution1 because x enables u to br+ our requirem5ts z to "t )9 ! limits grant$ by ! physici/s4 ,,m9or ,,p>agraphs4 ,( ! ar*ology ( ,block ,isl&1 ,ar?ur ,hollick f\nd 9 8 explorations t ar\nd ! %ores ( ,great ,salt ,pond & on ! s& dunes t bord] ! we/]n %ores ( ! isl& evid5ces ( =m] occupation by ! ,indians are num]\s4 ,kit*5 midd5s are expos$ 9 sev]al /reet cutt+s1 implem5ts are (t5 f\nd scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 c]ta9 localities1 & skeletons h be5 une>!d f "t to "t4 ,9 _m places ! kit*5 midd5 accumulations 7 s obvi\s t x 0 impossible to ignore !m entirely4 ,!y 7 f\nd to consi/ ( ! cu/om>y collection ( oy/] & o!r %ells1 bones1 pott]y fragm5ts1 fire-crack$ /ones1 *>coal1 f9i%$ implem5ts1 rejects1 flakes1 *ips1 etc4 ,! f9i%$ implem5ts f\nd 7 two axes1 ( a plagioclase igne\s rock1 & ?ree arr[ po9ts1 all ( qu>tzite4 ,9 ! s& dunes 7 _m old fireplaces1 mo/ly buri$ by ! s& :i* has drift$ ov] !m4 ,!y c\ld g5]ally be locat$ by ! ri*ness ( ! turf on ! surface imm$iately above4 ,mix$ ) ! accumulations 9 ^! places 7 ! bones & tee? ( animals4 ,! isl& promises a good rew>d = ar*ological inve/igation4 ,9 a =m ( disease kn[n z peck9ess 9 ! cypress & p9-rot 9 ! libroc$rus1 describ$ by ,h]mann von ,s*r5k 9 a !sis pres5t$ to ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ! wood is de/roy$ 9 localiz$ areas1 :i* are surr\nd$ by app>5tly s\nd wood4 ,! cell walls are *ang$ into comp\nds1 :i* diffuse ?r\gh ! walls & fill ! cells surr\nd+ ! decay$ c5t]1 & ^! h be5 call$ humus comp\nds4 ,9 bo? trees a fungus mycelium occurs1 ) /rongly m>k$ *>act]i/ics1 :i* fl\ri%es )9 ! diseas$ c5t]s1 & gr[s betwe5 !m )\t affect+ ! int]v5+ wood4 ,?is wood c be utiliz$ = _m purposes ev5 :5 mu* rott$1 & 9 nei!r case does ! mycelium gr[ aft] ! tree has once be5 cut d[n4 ,! two trees ?us diseas$1 bo? repres5tatives ( a race ( trees ! majority ( :i* are ext9ct1 are closely relat$ g5etically1 al?\gh gr[+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! two =ms ( decay diff] b slightly1 & n m ?an might be expect$ 9 two woods ( diff]5t "*4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,ar?ur1 ( ! ,purdue ,univ]sity ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 a few ye>s ago pick$ up a small :ite fl[] 7,c]a/ium arv5se oblongifolium7 gr[+ unobtrusively among ! grass & l[ we$s ( ! roadside4 ,x 0 a little m attractive ?an its relative :i* is call$ ! field *ickwe$1 & ! au?or sugge/s ! "n ( />ry grasswort = x4 ,"u cultivation x spread out ov] ! gr\nd 9 a close mat ( foliage 9 a mann] *>act]i/ic ( _m memb]s ( ! p9k family1 to :i* x belongs2 & n[ = six weeks 9 ,april & ,may x is a mass ( dazzl+ :it5ess1 s(t5$ ) ! pale gre5 ( /ems & leaves1 :ile all w9t] long ! pro/rate /ems rema9 alive to _! v tips1 & ! leaves ma9ta9 a summ]like appe>ance1 )\t ! indurat$1 poli%$ look s usually associat$ ) ev]gre5 foliage4 ,?is is "o roadside fl[] tak5 up1 p]haps casually1 = cultivation & improvem5t4 ,!re are o!rs--no "o kn[s h[ _m--t w d\btless likewise rew>d ! pa9s tak5 ) !m2 & ?is inspires ,mr4 ,ar?ur to sugge/ to o!rs t !y keep a look\t = plants t may become desirable g>d5 v>ieties & try !m4 ,x is evid5t t %[9ess 9 ! wild /ate is n ! mo/ important crit]ion by :i* to gauge ! future culture value ( a plant4 ,"o ne$s to h _m factors 9 m9d to meet ) success1 & x is hop$ t ! /udy ( ! />ry grasswort w be sugge/ive 9 ?is l9e4 ,! byways & fields und\bt$ly hold _m incipi5tly valuable decorative plants :i* await ! discov]]1 z truly z d ^? ( ! unexplor$ regions ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,an exp]im5t has be5 tri$ 9 ,new ,york dur+ ! pa/ summ] 9 ! way ( vacation s*ools = tea*+ h\sekeep+ & dome/ic economy4 ,in/ruction 0 giv5 daily 9 ^! arts 9 ! public s*oolrooms 9 ,front & ,oliv] ,/reets & 9 ,he/] ,/reet4 ,at ,front & ,oliv] ,/reets girls 7 taught to air1 clean1 & take c>e ( a b$room2 to set table1 clean1 & take c>e ( a liv+ room2 kit*5 cleanl9ess2 laundry "w--"o week be+ devot$ to ea* c\rse1 & talks 7 giv5 on furni%+ a flat1 ! c>e ( a cell>1 & ! importance ( air & sunlight to heal?4 ,! *ildr5 7 also taught daily to cook appetiz+ di%es & s]ve !m4 ,at ,he/] ,/reet m "t 0 giv5 to ! cook+ lessons1 in/ruction 0 giv5 on ! fe$+ ( babies1 & a class 9 nurs+ 0 taught2 among o!r ?+s1 em]g5cy b&ag+1 c>+ = helpless pati5ts1 & ! hygi5e ( ! sick-room4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,coleman1 dur+ "s geological "w la/ summ] on ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 ab\t ,h]on ,bay1 discov]$ a new m9]al1 :i* he has nam$ ,h]onite1 & :i* he describes at l5g? 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,geology = ,july-,augu/4 ,x is a dike rock1 consi/+ ess5tially ( analcite1 or?oclase1 plagioclase1 & gyrite1 ! analcite hav+ ! "* ( a base1 9 :i* ! o!r m9]als =m radiat+ gr\ps ( cry/als4 ,! analcite cle>ly repres5ts ! magma left aft] ! cry/allization ( ! imb$d$ m9]als1 & x is evid5t t x c be =m$ only f a magma highly *>g$ ) wat]1 & !re=e "u pressure4 ,f ! exam9ation ( a numb] ( ne>ly pure hydroc>bons obta9$ f ,am]ican petroleum by ,"y1 x appe>s t ! same classes ( hydroc>bons1 p>aff9s1 polyme?yl5e comp\nds ( naph!nes & aromatic hydroc>bons are pres5t 9 ^! & 9 ,russian & ,galician petroleums2 b t ,russian petroleum conta9s a relatively l>g] am\nt ( naph?al5es &1 9 all probability1 ( aromatic hydroc>bons1 ?an ,galician1 & ,galician a l>g] am\nt ( ! same hydroc>bons ?an ,am]ican petroleum4 ,,notes4 ,an old contributor1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,a4 ,k+1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 writes u call+ att5tion to ! int]e/+ fact t we pr9t$ an article ( 8 z f> back z ,septemb]1 #ahhc1 sugge/+ ! mosquito !ory ( mal>ia1 & giv+ a numb] ( obs]vations :i* seem$ /rongly to support ?is view4 ,exp]im5ts made by ,f4 ,h4 ,hall & ,w4 ,p4 ,:eel]1 at ! ,new ,york ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 reg>d+ ! be/ food = *icks1 pullets1 cock]els1 & duckl+s1 seem to indicate conclusively t "p ( ! prote9 mu/ be drawn f animal s\rces if we are to get ! be/ results4 ,rations 9 :i* f =ty to fifty p] c5t ( ! prote9 0 suppli$ by animal food produc$ m rapid gr[? & at less co/ ( production4 ,messrs4 ,a4 ,/utz] & ,h>tlieb1 ( ,breslau1 h detect$ bact]ia 9 ,portl& cem5ts1 :i* provoke ! lib]ation ( ! nitrog5 f nitrog5\s comp\nds 9 wat]1 & ! =mation ( nitr\s & nitric acids t act ^u ! lime 9 ! cem5t & promote its dis9tegration4 ,accord+ to ,indu/ries & ,iron1 ! tides are n[ utiliz$ = g5]at+ p[] at ,pont-l',abb1 ,f9i/]re1 ,france1 dur+ f\rte5 h\rs p] day4 ,at flood tide ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh a canal two miles & a half inl& into a pond 9 ! re> ( ! p[] h\se1 & returns to ! sea at ebb tide4 ,! total fall is sev5 feet & a half1 & eighty-horse p[] is g5]at$ by means ( turb9es4 ,means h be5 consid]$ = apply+ ?is me?od ( g5]at+ p[] to v>i\s indu/ries4 ,a proposal = an ,int]national ,physical ,congress has be5 accept$ by ! au?orities ( ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #aijj1 & ! congress w be held f ! #f? to ! #ab? ( ,augu/1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 ,x imm$iately prec$es ! ,int]national ,electrical ,congress4 ,s f> z has yet be5 det]m9$1 ! subjects ( ! addresses & reports w be classifi$ "u ! head+s ( ! def9ition & fix+ c]ta9 units 7( pressure1 scale ( h>dness1 quantity ( heat1 etc471 ! ,bibliography ( ,physics1 & ,national ,laboratories4 ,! f9al programme is1 h[ev]1 /ill to be settl$4 ,! subscription = memb]%ip is tw5ty francs1 or f\r doll>s4 ,! =eign secret>y ( ! congress is ,m4 ,*>les ,ed\>d ,guillaume1 ,pavillon de ,breteuil1 ,sevres 7,se9e et ,oise71 ,p>is4 ,9 a book call$ ,lit]>y ,muni* ,portraits1 ) brief biographical sket*es by ,paul ,heyse1 are giv5 ( tw5ty-five ( ! mo/ prom95t lit]>y m5 ( t brilliant capital4 ,only two au?ors n ,g]mans are includ$4 ,"o ( !m is our contributor1 ,e4 ,p4 ,evans4 ,! o!r is ! ,norwegian noveli/ ,bjrnson4 ,heyse leaves himself out1 al?\gh he is ! greate/ lit]>y "* ( !m all4 ,"s rec5t exp]im5ts1 conduct$ jo9tly by ! ,kew ,obs]vatory ,committee & ! ,int]national ,bureau ( ,weights & ,measures at ,svres1 7 made to comp>e ! plat9um !rmomet] ( ,pr(essor ,call5d>1 :i* measures temp]ature by ! v>y+ resi/ance ( a plat9um wire1 & ! old] m]cury & gas !rmomet]s4 ,x 0 f\nd t bel[ #ajj ,c4 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! obs]v$ values on ! nitrog5 scale & ^? d$uc$ f ! plat9um !rmomet] are exce$+ly small1 & t ev5 at ! highe/ temp]ature 7#eij7 ! diff]5ces only am\nt to a few t5?s ( a degree4 ,! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society has ga9$ #bcb memb]s dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 mak+ ! pres5t numb] #a1edj4 ,! report ( ! committee on ! analysis ( coal1 submitt$ to ! rec5t meet+ ( ! society at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 embodi$ detail$ in/ructions 9 reg>d to ! be/ me?ods ( analyz+ coke1 & outl9$ a plan = secur+ uni=mity 9 su* analysis by *emi/s ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,?is report 0 adopt$4 ,at ! rec5t annual meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce ,pr(4 ,w4 ,j4 ,beal report$ conc]n+ ! g]m9ation ( se$s1 aft] long keep+1 t exp]im5ts _h be5 tri$ ) v>i\s se$s five1 t51 fifte51 & tw5ty ye>s old1 f :i* x appe>$ t se$s ( a l>ge numb] ( important plants w\ld g]m9ate aft] fifte5 ye>s1 b ! numb] spr\t+ aft] tw5ty ye>s 0 small4 ,a pap] 0 read by ,dr4 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d1 at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,entomologi/s1 record+ ! success :i* has be5 obta9$ by ! fig-rais]s ( ,cali=nia 9 f]tiliz+ ! ,smyrna v>iety ( figs by ! aid ( ! bla/ophaga :i* issues f ! ,capri figs cov]$ ) _! poll54 ,a g5]ation ( ! bla/ophaga has be5 develop$ at ,fresno by :i* _m ,smyrna figs h be5 satisfactorily f]tiliz$1 & !re is consid]able probability t ! insect has at la/ e/abli%$ itself on ,cali=nia soil4 ,! five hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ! bir? ( ,gut5b]g1 associat$ ) ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 is to be celebrat$ at ,may5ce1 ,june #bd1 #aijj4 ,x is hop$ t ! f\ndation ( a ,gut5b]g ,museum may be a result ( ?is movem5t4 ,an exhibition illu/rat+ ! art & progress ( pr9t+ is also expect$ to be held4 ,! conclusion is drawn by ! ,italian1 ,signor ,alb9i1 f inve/igations on ! nutritive value ( :ole-meal bread1 t x is inf]ior to t ( ord9>y :ite bread1 & t a fur!r disadvantage comes f ! excessive quantity ( indige/ible matt]1 =m$ ( ! h>d] p>ts ( ! p]ic>p ( ! gra91 :i* x conta9s4 ,we h to add to our obitu>y li/ ( m5 kn[n 9 sci5ce ! names ( ,edw>d ,orton1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 late ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,ohio1 & late ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 ,octob] #af?1 9 8 sev5ty-fir/ ye>1 ( :om we %all %ortly give a m ext5d$ sket*1 ) portrait2 ,grant ,all51 writ] ( sev]al sci5tific books & articles1 & a contributor to ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly2 ,pr(4 ,!odore ,elb]t1 ,g]man geologi/1 ag$ =ty-two ye>s2 ,dr4 ,max ,b>?1 ,director ( ! ,agricultural ,/ation ( ,rufa*1 ,alsace1 ag$ =ty-f\r ye>s2 ,m4 ,paul ,janet1 memb] ( ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,moral ,sci5ce1 & =m]ly pr(essor at ! ,sorbonne2 ,edw>d ,case1 ,engli% eng9e]1 well kn[n = 8 me?od ( gro9+ to prev5t ! sea f encroa*+ on ! coa/1 ,septemb] #bb;d2 ,hamilton ,y4 ,ca/n]1 ^: "n is associat$ ) ! e/abli%m5t ( processes = ! electrolytic production ( alkali & blea*+ p[d] f common salt1 & = ! extraction ( alum9um2 ,dr4 ,osc> ,baumann1 ( ,vi5na1 ,african explor]1 au?or ( a map ( ! ,congo1 geographical articles1 & books relat+ to 8 explorations2 & ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,hicks1 ,bi%op ( ,bloemfonte91 =m]ly demon/rator 9 *emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 & au?or ( a text-book on inorganic *emi/ry4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,9 ?is e-text1 ! foll[+ symbols h be5 us$3 - ,words surr\nd$ by are italiciz$4 - ,words surr\nd$ by are bold4 - ,symbol #b means ! numb] #b is a subscript4 - ,symbol means a plus sign 9 a circle - ,symbol means two plus signs 9 a circle - ,symbol means two plus signs atta*$ toge!r ,obvi\s pr9t]'s errors h be5 repair$1 o!r inconsi/5t spell+s h be5 kept4 ,captions add$ to captionless illu/rations & "s illu/rations 7 relocat$ to correspond to _! ref]5ces 9 ! text4