,established by ,edward ,l4 ,youmans    
,,appletons'             ,,popular      
,,science                 ,,monthly     
,,edited ,,by           ,,william ,,jay 
,,youmans                  ,,vol4 ,,lvi 
,,november1 #ahii ,,to ,,april1 #aijj   
,,new ,,york         ,d4 ,,appleton     
,,and ,,company                  #aijj  
,,copyright1 #aijj1       ,,by ,d4      
,,appleton ,,and ,,company4             
,illustration3 ,,frederick ,c4 ,,selous4
          ,,appletons' ,,popular        
,,science ,,monthly4    ,,december1     
#ahii4          ,,exact ,,methods ,,in  
,,sociology4    ,,by ,,franklin ,h4     
,,giddings1 ,,ph4 ,d41    ,,professor   
,,of ,,sociology ,,in ,,columbia        
,,university4      ,those who do pioneer
 work in science encounter not only the 
inherent  difficulties of research and  
interpretation1 but also the            
misapprehension of certain educated men 
whose distinctive gift is a  fatal      
genius for applying false standards of  
measurement to the  progress of thought4

 ,seizing upon some branch of knowledge 
that is in  a state of vigorous         
development1 when its newer results are 
out of  harmony with its earlier        
hypotheses1 such critics love to point  
out  these contradictions1 and try to   
prove that the branch in question is  no
 science at all1 and that its teachers  
are hardly worthy of  respectful        
consideration4    ,the history of       
science contains many interesting       
chapters pertaining  to this kind of    
criticism and the fate that has         
invariably overtaken  it4 ,when         
,copernicus and ,galileo showed the     
absurdity of the ,ptolemaic  astronomy1 
the theologians enjoyed themselves for a
 time1 as they  demonstrated--to their  
own entire satisfaction--the folly of   
all  rationalistic attempts to explain  
what revelation only could make  clear4 
,when ,darwin explained the origin of   
species through variation  and natural  
selection1 the pretensions of biology   
were completely  exploded by its lay and

 clerical critics 7they thought and said
 so7 by  the extremely simple device of 
the deadly parallel column4 ,was not    
,cuvier a great anatomist1 and had he   
ever taught this nonsense about  the    
mutability of species8 ,was not ,agassiz
 the most learned naturalist  alive1 and
 what had he to say about ,darwinian    
vagaries8 ,had he not  proved1 over and 
over again1 that the very concept of the
 species was  the notion of a group of  
characteristics that could not possibly 
change or be changed from generation to 
generation8 ,in more recent  years we   
have again seen the same method of      
reducing science to a  variety show for 
the entertainment of the tired general  
reader applied  to both biology and     
psychology4 ,weismann has tried to prove
 that  acquired characteristics are not 
transmitted in heredity1 and that the   
germ plasm is distinct from the somatic 
cells4 ,the neo-,lamarckians1  ,spencer1
 ,cope1 and some of the botanists have  
contended for the older  interpretation4

 ,is biology1 then1 a science8 ,forbid  
the thought6  ,heaven preserve our minds
 from such confusion6    ,if the        
sociologists have hoped that they alone 
might not be overtaken  by easy         
annihilation1 they deserve to be        
humiliated4 ,but it is safe to  say that
 they have cherished no such illusions4 
,if the men who have  devoted much time 
to the scientific explanation of society
 have had no  other qualification for   
their task1 they have at least shown    
some  acquaintance with the history of  
thought4 ,and so it is not likely that  
they have suffered deeply from          
disenchantment when they have been      
confronted with the regulation exposure 
of the present position of  their       
science4    ,there is no need of wasting
 space to prove that the kind of        
criticism  here referred to is without  
scientific value4 ,the present position 
of  any science can not be determined by
 arraying its contradictions and        
inconsistencies1 irrespective of a      

serious attempt to ascertain which  of  
its concepts and hypotheses have        
inherent vitality4 ,it is precisely     
when a science is at its best1 surely   
advancing year by year and full  of     
promise for the future1 that            
contradictions most abound in its       
monographs and text-books4    ,a true   
scientific criticism1 then1 must proceed
 by a different method4  ,the present   
position of a science can be ascertained
 only by  instituting three specific    
inquiries1 namely3 ,first1 among the    
more or  less contradictory conceptions 
and hypotheses which constitute its     
groundwork1 what ones are surely        
displacing all others and gaining the   
wider acceptance among active students8 
,second1 what progress is being  made in
 the application of exact methods to    
research8 ,third1 is there  a practical 
or working harmony between the concepts 
that are gaining  ground and the more   
exact methods of research that are being
  perfected8 ,do the concepts and       

hypotheses lend themselves to exact     
methods1 and do they1 on the whole1 help
 to perfect methods8 ,do  improving     
methods1 on the whole1 confirm or       
strengthen the concepts  that are       
gaining wider acceptance8    ,if these  
inquiries are applied in the domain of  
sociology they bring  to light          
unmistakable evidence of a steady and   
gratifying progress  toward scientific  
consistency and rigor of method4 ,much  
babble about  social ills and possible  
reforms still masquerades as social     
science4  ,a great deal of loose        
thinking and slipshod investigation is  
paraded  as expert opinion on questions 
of social welfare4 ,but no one who has  
seriously followed the efforts of       
scientifically trained minds to         
discover the natural laws of social     
evolution is in any danger of           
confounding the results thus far        
obtained with the chatter over every    
passing fad4 ,in the more serious work  
itself there is found a vigorous  and   

hopeful disagreement of opinion upon all
 unsettled questions4 ,but  the fact of 
real significance is that the           
disputation has become  intensive4 ,the 
debate no longer ranges over a wide     
field4 ,a selective  process has        
eliminated one after another the more   
loose and vague  conceptions of the     
science1 the irrelevant issues1 and the 
superficial  analogies4 ,there has been 
a progressive concentration of attention
  upon a group of closely related and   
fundamental problems4    ,the sociology 
of ,august ,comte was little more than a
 highly  intelligent and quickening talk
 about social order and progress4 ,it   
convinced thoughtful men that there is a
 social order to be studied in  a       
scientific spirit and by scientific     
methods1 and that social  progress      
conforms to laws that may be discovered4
 ,mr4 ,spencer narrowed  the field of   
sociological inquiry and gave precision 
of statement to  all social problems by 
bringing them within the formulas of    

universal  evolution4 ,he still further 
narrowed the field by demonstrating the 
close relationship of social phenomena  
to the phenomena of organic  evolution  
and by seizing upon certain             
psychological facts as chief  factors in
 social causation4 ,all fruitful later  
work in social  interpretation has been 
a further concentration of investigation
 upon  the psychic factors4 ,while      
admitting that social as well as mental 
phenomena are subsumed under biological 
phenomena1 and that the  parallelism of 
social organization to biotic           
organization is real1 the  younger      
students of sociology have developed the
 science as an  offshoot of psychology1 
and have dropped the biological analogy 
as  unfruitful for purposes of research4
 ,the pioneer in this movement was  ,dr4
 ,lester ,f4 ,ward1 whose masterly      
analysis of the psychic factors of      
social phenomena gave the right         
direction for all time to sociological  
inquiry1 and whose emphasis of the      

importance of reason and volition  in   
the social process1 although it has not 
yet received the attention  that it     
merits1 is destined to be fruitful in   
coming years4    ,to the further study  
of the psychological foundations of     
society  practically all the valuable   
work on fundamental social problems has 
been given during the past ten years4   
,tarde has given us profound  studies of
 imitation and invention2 ,gumplowicz   
and ,le ,bon1 of the  psychology of     
races and culture groups2 ,novicow1 of  
the psychology of  conflict and         
toleration2 ,le ,bon and ,durkheim1 of  
the psychology of  crowds1 of           
co-operation1 and of the division of    
labor2 ,baldwin1 of the  psychology of  
the social unit--the socius4    ,thus it
 appears that while sharp disagreements 
of opinion still exist  relative to the 
priority or the generality of one or    
another of these  psychic factors in the
 social process1 discussion has focused 
about  the psychological phenomena      

themselves4 ,there has been a           
progressive  limitation of the field and
 an increasing definiteness of          
conception  and hypothesis4    ,my own  
effort1 if now ,i may be pardoned for   
referring to it1 has been  to restrict  
the field yet further1 and to make the  
problems of  sociology yet more         
specific4 ,i have contended that these  
psychological  phenomena which have been
 seized upon for purposes of            
sociological  interpretation are still  
too vaguely conceived4 ,they are often  
disclosed to the inquirer in purely     
individual as well as in social         
aspects4 ,the lines of inquiry between  
the study of mind in general1 of  mind  
as individual1 and of mind as           
manifesting itself socially in the      
concert or co-operation of a number of  
individual minds1 have not been  drawn  
with sufficient precision4 ,i have tried
 to show that the  psychological        
phenomena that ,ward1 ,tarde1           
,gumplowicz1 ,novicow1 ,le ,bon1        

,durkheim1 ,baldwin1 and others have so 
admirably analyzed as psychic  factors  
of society are social when1 and only    
when1 they have certain  coefficients1  
namely3 7#a7 ,the coefficient of        
resemblance--that is1 a  fundamental    
similarity of individuals to one another
 underlying and1  on the whole1         
dominating their innumerable            
differences2 7#b7 the  coefficient of   
awareness or consciousness of           
resemblance--that is to  say1 certain   
feelings1 perceptions1 or thoughts of   
resemblance1 which  give rise to varied 
prejudices and preferences that         
facilitate or  prevent effective        
co-operation4 ,whether this contention  
of mine will  prevail1 whether there    
will ultimately be a general agreement  
among  sociologists that these          
coefficients of resemblance and         
consciousness  of kind are the true     
differentia of social phenomena1 time   
and  further research must determine4   
,the second inquiry through which we may

 learn somewhat of the present  position
 of sociology relates to the development
 of method4 ,exact  method in social    
research is statistical4 ,wherever we   
can obtain  numerical data within the   
domain of social phenomena1 there we    
arrive  at exact or quantitative        
knowledge4 ,the development and         
application of  statistical methods to  
social problems has been one of the most
  striking scientific achievements of   
the present century4 ,when  ,qutelet1 in
 #ahce1 published his great work1 ,sur  
l',homme et le  ,dveloppement de ses    
,facults1 he laid the foundation for a  
thorough  statistical investigation of  
psychological and sociological no less  
than of anatomical phenomena4 ,and after
 the publication1 in #ahdf1 of  his     
work1 ,sur la ,thorie des ,probabilits  
appliques aux ,sciences  morales et     
politiques1 followed1 in #ahdh1 by ,du  
,systme social et  des ,lois qui le     
rgissent1 there was a rapid development 
of  statistical methods in precision1   

and of attempts to extend the           
statistical method to groups of facts   
which had until then been  studied only 
from a purely qualitative or1 at best1 a
 vaguely  comparative point of view4 ,at
 the present time every subdivision of  
descriptive sociology draws data from   
rich collections of statistical         
materials1 and employs statistical      
methods for the further extension  of   
knowledge4    ,thus1 in the study of the
 social population1 statistical methods 
are  employed not only to give the total
 number of inhabitants dwelling  within 
a given territory and the degree of     
density of population per  square mile1 
but also to show to what extent         
population increases by  births in      
excess of deaths1 to what extent by     
immigration in excess of  emigration1   
and to what extent the composition of   
the population is  rendered complex by  
the intermingling of many nationalities4
 ,the  character of a population1 also1 
and its social capacities are in a      

large measure statistically             
investigated4 ,general intelligence is  
studied by means of statistics of       
literacy and illiteracy2 industrial     
preferences by statistics of occupation2
 habits of industry by  statistics of   
the number in every thousand of the     
total population who  regularly follow  
gainful occupations2 frugality by       
statistics of  savings1 insurance1 and  
home ownership2 and the amount of       
communication1 whereby assimilation and 
co-operation are rendered  possible1 by 
statistics of travel1 mail1 and         
telegraphic service4    ,passing to that
 study of concerted feeling1 thought1   
and purpose which  may be called a study
 of the social mind1 and which          
constitutes the  second great division  
of descriptive sociology1 we find that  
it can be  carried on1 and that to a    
great extent it is prosecuted1 by means 
of  statistical research4 ,we have      
statistics incomplete1 but admitting of 
perfection1 of those impulsive1         

emotional disturbances of masses of  men
 which take the form of strikes1        
insurrections1 lynchings1 and  revivals4
 ,the report of the ,united ,states     
,department of ,labor on  strikes1      
published in #ahid1 and a recently      
published monograph by ,dr4  ,frederick 
,s4 ,hall on ,sympathetic ,strikes1 show
 the possibilities of  this method      
whenever it shall be exhaustively       
applied4 ,it could be  successfully     
applied to the other phenomena          
mentioned4 ,by painstaking  effort and a
 sufficient expenditure of money the    
data could be  obtained4 ,lombroso and  
,laschi1 in their work1 ,le ,crime      
politique et  les ,rvolutions1 have made
 a beginning toward the collection of   
statistics of insurrections and         
revolutions4 ,more exact1 at present1   
are our statistics of the rational      
working of the minds of large  numbers  
of men in communication and             
co-operation4 ,these we have in the     
familiar form of election returns1 which

 show us the decisions that  communities
 make on questions of public policy and 
administration4  ,this information could
 be increased by the application of     
statistical  analyses to the vast body  
of statute law and judicial decisions4  
,a  beginning of such work has been made
 in the valuable ,bulletin of ,state    
,legislation1 published by the ,new     
,york ,state ,library4    ,in the third 
division of descriptive sociology--that1
 namely1 which  treats of social        
organization--the application of        
statistical method  is proceeding with  
great rapidity4 ,we have not only       
statistics 7yearly  improving in        
quality7 of marriage and divorce1 of the
 organization of  all governmental      
departments1 military and civil1 of     
chartered  corporations1 of religious   
and educational societies1 but also of  
the  thousands of associations formed   
for the promotion of special  interests1
 recreation1 scientific research1 art   
and literature1 and  philanthropy4      

,every year the statistical information 
on these matters1  included in such     
compilations as ,the ,world ,almanac1   
becomes not only  more extensive but    
more precise4    ,yet more abundant are 
the statistical accumulations pertaining
 to that  fourth and last division of   
descriptive sociology which treats of   
the  social welfare--of the functioning 
of society1 of the ends for which  it   
exists4 ,we have statistics of          
prosperity1 of the accumulation and     
distribution of wealth1 of the expansion
 and contraction of credit1  and of     
business failures4 ,we have statistics  
of longevity4 ,we  ascertain improving  
sanitary conditions by changes in the   
death rate4  ,we learn by statistical   
methods of the increase or decrease of  
accident and death due to public        
disorder or maladministration4 ,we      
ascertain through educational statistics
 the decrease of illiteracy  and        
superstition4 ,and by the same means we 
ascertain the dimensions of  pauperism  

and of crime4 ,not only so1 but1 by a   
certain refinement of  statistical      
method1 applied by competent men like   
,sir ,francis ,galton1  we ascertain the
 increase or decrease and the           
distribution of the  higher             
manifestations of intellectual ability  
and moral character4    ,thus the whole 
field of descriptive sociology is being 
more and more  exhaustively studied by  
statistical methods that are yearly     
improving  in precision4 ,so far1 then1 
as may be judged from the development of
  its methods1 no science at the present
 time is making surer and better        
progress than sociology1 and none is    
offering to the general public          
conclusions based upon more exact       
methods of induction4    ,let us now    
look at the relations which the         
development of statistical  method bears
 to that development of fundamental     
conceptions1 which has  already been    
described4 ,do we here discover         
increasing harmony1 a  tendency toward  

co-ordination1 or have analyses of      
concepts1 on the  one hand1 and         
developments of statistical method1 on  
the other hand1  followed diverging     
lines8    ,there can be no possible     
doubt of the answer that must be made to
  these questions4 ,conceptions and     
methods are in as perfect accord as  can
 be discovered in any branch of science4
 ,the merest glance over the  field of  
social statistics shows that1 for the   
most part1 they record  and classify    
phenomena that are essentially          
psychological4 ,in working  from the    
general theory of evolution through the 
biological  parallelism down to         
psychological premises1 analytical      
sociology has  been doing in one way    
precisely what statistics have been     
doing in  another4 ,the moment we pass  
from statistics of density and          
distribution of population we find      
ourselves dealing next with groups  of  
facts that are biological 7the facts1   
namely1 of distribution  according to   

sex and age periods71 through facts that
 are partly  biological and partly      
psychological in character 7the facts1  
namely1  of nationality71 and then1     
leaving these behind1 we deal henceforth
  entirely with facts that belong to the
 mental and moral categories4 ,to  name 
them would be only to repeat the        
categories already enumerated3  the     
statistics of intelligence1 industry1   
and moral character1 of  emotional or   
rational social action1 of various forms
 of organization  for the achievement of
 as many different purposes1 and of the 
development of the conscious personality
 of man as a result of his  social      
relations and activities4    ,not only  
is this true1 but the further           
interesting fact may be  discovered that
 social statistics of every category    
employed or known  are based upon a     
frank recognition of that coefficient of
 resemblance1  physical or mental1 which
 ,i have contended is a mark of social  
phenomena4 ,the first step in           

statistical tabulation is               
classification1  and classification     
invariably starts from an assumption of 
real or  supposed resemblance4 ,not to  
dwell on such fundamental distinctions  
as  those of color1 race1 and           
nationality1 we encounter the more      
special  resemblances of agreement in   
religious belief1 agreement in          
industrial  preference1 agreement in    
political conviction 7as shown in       
election  returns71 similar             
susceptibility to emotionalism1 similar 
capacities  for rational comprehension1 
similar imperfections of nature1 which  
result in lives of crime or pauperism4  
,remove from social statistics  this    
postulate that blood kinship or mental  
resemblance between one  social unit and
 another is the basis of social         
phenomena1 and the  statistics          
themselves would cease to exist4        
,statistics reveal also the             
consciousness which men have of their   
resemblances and their differences4 ,it 

is statistically known that the         
geographical distribution of            
nationalities is not accidental or      
capricious4 ,immigrant ,italians1       
,germans1 and ,scandinavians find their 
way to those parts of the country where 
men of their own blood and  speech are  
already established4 ,intermarriages of 
men and women of  different             
nationalities are statistically known to
 be frequent where  no differences of   
religion exist1 and infrequent where    
different  nationalities profess        
different faiths4 ,the statistics of    
political  elections are quite as much  
statistics of the consciousness of kind 
as  of differences of mental type       
itself4    ,the most significant fact of
 all1 however1 has still to be named4   
,it  is this3 ,from the first known     
beginnings of statistical research to   
the present time every extension of     
statistical inquiry has been in a  large
 measure due to the consciousness of    
kind4 ,the first statistical  surveys of

 communities of which we have any record
 were such tribal  enumerations as those
 recorded in the book of ,numbers1 the  
avowed  object of which was to ascertain
 the strength and resources of the      
various tribes by clans1 lesser gentile 
groups1 and households1 not  more for   
utilitarian reasons than for the        
gratification of gentile and  tribal    
pride4 ,the census taken in ,greece in  
#eid ,b4 ,c4 was for the  purpose of    
dividing the people into four classes   
and levying taxes  according to wealth4 
,the constitution of ,servius ,tullius1 
#eej ,b4 ,c41  distinguished six        
property classes1 and the attempt to    
determine these  statistically was one  
of the earliest experiments in          
census-making at  ,rome4 ,the ,domesday 
,book of ,william ,i 7#ajhf7 is the     
first great  statistical document in    
,english history1 and its origin was due
 to a  desire to know not only the      
military and fiscal strength of the     
nation1 but also its class distinctions 

and feudal relationships4 ,the  great   
stimulus given to statistical           
investigation by the ,french            
,revolution was an obvious product of   
class feeling4 ,most of the  refinements
 of statistical inquiry in later years  
have had a like  origin4 ,such1 for     
example1 was the cause of the           
discrimination in our  own census of the
 foreign born from the native born1 and 
of the native  born of foreign parents  
from both native and foreign born4 ,such
 has  been the cause of the attempt to  
get more exact statistics of  religious 
denominations1 of labor organizations1  
and of the  distribution of wealth4 ,had
 there been no reason for including     
these  costly inquiries in statistical  
investigations1 except that of their    
general utility and scientific interest1
 the appropriation for them  would have 
been denied in ,congress without an     
instant's hesitation4  ,they have been  
included because of the political       
deference given to  class feeling and to

 various forms of religious and         
educational  prejudice4    ,thus there  
is seen to be a remarkable              
interdependence of statistical  method  
and psychological analysis in the       
development of sociological  research4  
,analysis and method have converged upon
 the same postulates1  and it is        
apparently by the development of methods
 frankly founded  upon these postulates 
that our sociological knowledge is to be
 further  increased4    ,it would be a  
great mistake1 however1 to assume that  
sociological  knowledge is to be        
increased only by the further collection
 and  interpretation of numerical data4 
,careful monographic description and    
historical research must continue to be 
important sources of both  information  
and hypothesis4 ,the great defects of   
monographic work1  both descriptive and 
historical1 are1 first1 a certain lack  
of  precision1 attributable to the large
 part played in investigation by  the   
individual judgment of the student 7the 

lack of objective tests by  which his   
subjective impressions may be critically
 examined72 second1  a certain          
incompleteness1 attributable to a       
failure to separate each  inquiry into  
all its scientific subdivisions and to  
attempt to obtain  desired data under   
each subdivision1 as is done in         
statistical  investigation where1 in    
every table1 as many topics as there are
  scientific subdivisions of the general
 subject are represented by  columns1   
and an entry of some kind is made in    
every column4    ,i wish now to point   
out the possibility of giving greater   
precision to  monographic work in       
sociology by the introduction of        
quasi-statistical  methods--methods that
 are essentially quantitative in an     
algebraic  sense1 though they are not   
numerical4    ,social phenomena have the
 interesting characteristic that small  
forces1 while never lost in that        
composition of forces which  determines 
the ultimate equilibrium of the social  

system1 often count  for absolutely     
nothing in the practical affairs of a   
given generation4  ,if1 for example1    
,mr4 ,bryan and a ,democratic ,congress 
had been elected  in #ahif1 the         
practical consequences for the ,united  
,states would have  been much the same  
whether the ,democratic plurality had   
been one  hundred thousand1 half a      
million1 or two or three millions4 ,this
 is  but one example of a large class of
 facts4 ,social phenomena are more      
often than not determined by a mere     
matter of more or less1 rather  than by 
the exact amount or degree of more or   
less4 ,the determination  is algebraic  
rather than arithmetical4 ,is the       
element under  investigation a positive 
or a negative quantity8 ,is its sign    
plus or  minus8 ,that is usually the    
important question for the sociological 
student4    ,now it happens that a great
 many investigations in descriptive     
sociology do not as yet admit of the    
introduction of exact  statistical--that

 is1 arithmetical--inquiries which1     
nevertheless1 do  admit the use of      
algebraically quantitative methods4 ,in 
the  monographic description of a       
community many questions arise which can
  not be answered by the entry of       
figures in a column1 but which could  be
 answered by entering in a column a     
symbol indicating that a certain  trait1
 habit1 or choice could be predicated of
 a large majority1 or of  a small       
majority1 or of only a large minority1  
or of only a small  minority of the     
entire population4 ,that is to say1 it  
often happens  that an observer who can 
not take a perfect census 7getting      
answers to  all his questions from every
 individual in the community71 and who  
therefore can not fill out his columns  
with arithmetical values1 can1  by such 
interviewing as is possible to him and  
by such an examination  of the objective
 products of social activity as are open
 to the  inspection of any one who      
chooses to observe them critically1     

determine with absolute certainty       
whether certain things are true of      
majorities or only of minorities4       
,suppose1 for example1 that a traveler  
is studying an out-of-the-way           
settlement1 or a tribe1 which presents  
many points of interest that  are       
comparatively novel4 ,all who are       
familiar with the narratives of  travel 
and exploration which ,mr4 ,spencer has 
used as data for his  ,descriptive      
,sociology are aware that they are      
almost totally devoid of  system4 ,the  
reader is told that such marriage       
customs1 such clan  relationships1 such 
political institutions1 such industrial 
operations1 have been observed4 ,the    
all-important coefficient is left  out4 
,what the student of sociology would    
most of all like to know is  how many   
individuals in the community manifest   
such or such a trait2  how many have    
such or such a habit2 how many profess  
such or such a  belief2 how many adhere 
to this organization1 how many to that4 

,but  since this exact arithmetical     
knowledge usually can not be obtained   
within the limited time and under the   
circumstances of a traveler's           
researches1 he should try to get at     
least partially quantitative  results by
 noting in every instance whether the   
phenomenon observed is  true of a       
majority or only of a minority of the   
people under  investigation4    ,this   
simple method admits of a high degree of
 refinement by the  obvious device of   
subdividing the total human mass under  
observation  into enumeration units4    
,if1 for example1 we are studying the   
social  character and activities of the 
people of the ,united ,states1 we may   
take the fifty ,commonwealths and       
,territories as enumeration units4      
,making out a tabular form1 we may enter
 in the left-hand column the  names of  
the several ,states and ,territories4   
,at the top of successive  columns1     
counting from left to right1 we may     
enter words designating  the social     

phenomena to be observed4 ,then1 taking 
the ,states and  ,territories in order1 
we may enter opposite the name of each a
 symbol  indicating that a majority     
large or small1 or a minority large or  
small1 of the inhabitants of the ,state 
or ,territory in question  manifests the
 trait or follows the activity1 or      
belongs to the social  organization     
designated at the top of the column4    
,the symbols that ,i  have found most   
convenient in use are these3 ,for a     
large majority1 a  double plus sign     
thus1 2 for a small majority1 a single  
plus sign  thus1 2 for a large minority1
 a double plus sign in a circle thus1  2
 for a small minority1 a single plus    
sign in a circle thus1 4    ,the great  
possibilities in this method of giving  
precision to  observations and records  
of the facts of social psychology and   
activity become daily more obvious to   
students who practice it with           
reasonable care4 ,almost any desired    
degree of accuracy can be attained  by  

taking smaller and smaller enumeration  
units4 ,thus1 if ,i wish to  form and to
 record my judgment as to whether the   
people of the ,united  ,states as a     
whole manifest a high1 a medium1 or a   
low degree of  general intelligence1 ,i 
seem to be raising a question that      
admits of  little better answer than a  
statement of vague impressions4 ,but let
 me  take a concrete measure of high    
general intelligence--for example1 the  
general intelligence of a town noted for
 its large proportion of  scientific and
 professional men1 its graded schools1  
its satisfactory  school attendance1 and
 its low percentage of illiteracy4 ,let 
me then  subdivide the ,united ,states  
into fifty parts--namely1 the           
,commonwealths and ,territories--and let
 me enter in a column opposite  the name
 of each a symbol indicating that1 as   
compared with the  general intelligence 
of the town which ,i have taken as a    
standard1 a  large majority or a small  
majority1 or a large minority or only a 

small minority1 of the people in that   
,commonwealth are of the high  general  
intelligence2 that a large majority or a
 small majority1 or a  large minority or
 only a small minority1 are of medium   
intelligence2  and that a large majority
 or a small majority1 or a large        
minority or  a small minority1 are of   
low intelligence4 ,obviously1 when ,i   
have  completed this process ,i have    
subjected my vague general impression   
that the people of the ,united ,states  
as a whole are of high1 medium1  or low 
general intelligence to a certain       
correction and measure4 ,i  count up the
 entries in my columns4 ,i discover that
 ,i have made1 let  us say1 nine entries
 indicating that a large majority of the
 people in  each of nine ,states are of 
high intelligence4 ,i find that ,i have 
made1  let us say1 eighteen entries     
indicating that in each of eighteen     
,states a small majority of the people  
are of low general intelligence2  and   
this mere counting of the entries may   

show me that1 when taking  the ,states  
one by one1 ,i have made a somewhat     
different estimate of  the general      
intelligence of the people of the entire
 country from that  which ,i made when  
looking at all the people of the country
 as an  undivided mass4    ,if still    
unsatisfied with my judgment1 ,i may    
proceed to subdivide each  ,state into  
its counties1 and take the counties as  
enumeration units4 ,i  may go through   
the process of recording my judgments by
 entering  symbols in the several       
columns of my table1 and at the end ,i  
may again  count up my totals of high1  
medium1 and low intelligence4           
,obviously1 ,i  can do this work only if
 ,i am able to travel through every     
county in  the ,united ,states1 and1 by 
interviews with people1 by forming      
general  impressions and by visiting    
schools1 get a fairly definite idea of  
the  relative intelligence of each civil
 division2 or if1 being unable to  make 
this personal inquiry1 ,i resort to     

printed information--namely1            
educational reports1 miscellaneous      
public documents1 historical  records1  
newspapers1 and other objective data    
throwing light upon the  intellectual   
status of these various divisions4      
,this1 ,i find1 is an  enormous labor2  
but if ,i conscientiously perform it ,i 
correct my  subjective impressions1 and 
there is a fair presumption that my     
final  result is a judgment vastly      
nearer the truth than was my first      
general  impression of the intelligence 
of the whole undivided mass of the      
,american population4    ,thus the      
conscientious use of the method which ,i
 have suggested  insures1 in the        
interest of precision1 two important    
modifications of  ordinary sociological 
description3 ,first1 it subjects the    
purely  subjective processes of judgment
 to a certain correction and            
measurement2 secondly1 it leads the     
observer step by step1 and almost       
unconsciously1 to resort more and more  

to definite objective data in  place of 
first impressions4    ,essentially the  
same method1 by slight modifications of 
detail1 may be  extended to historical  
inquiries4 ,how often do we encounter in
  historical monographs the statement   
that1 since a certain date1 there  has  
been a marked increase of this or that  
activity1 or that such a  trait or such 
a habit1 occasionally observed half a   
century ago1 is  now characteristic of  
whole sections or populations6 ,to the  
credit of  the historians1 it must be   
said that careful men seldom make such  
statements without offering in          
substantiation of them a certain amount 
of objective evidence4 ,but the method  
is loose1 and it has the radical  defect
 of permitting such terms as increase   
and decrease1 great  increase and great 
decrease to stand for different         
quantities when  applied to different   
phenomena under examination in the same 
treatise4 ,there is no uniformity of    
measurement4 ,now1 it is easy to        

introduce uniformity1 even where        
arithmetical values are not known4 ,it  
is possible to know that we are applying
 the same method of  measurement when we
 say that1 since #ahej1 there has been a
 great  multiplication of lynchings in  
the ,united ,states that we apply when  
we  say that there has been a great     
increase of population1 although1 in    
the case of the lynchings1 we have not  
arithmetical values1 while in  the case 
of the increase of population we have4  
,this can be done in the following way3 
,distinguish and designate  degrees of  
increase or decrease by symbols thus3   
,no change1  #j2  absolute increase but 
relative decrease1  #a2 absolute        
increase with  no relative decrease1    
#b2 great absolute increase without     
relative  decrease1  #c2 absolute and   
relative increase1  #d2 absolute        
decrease but relative increase1  -#a2   
absolute decrease without  relative     
increase1  -#b2 great absolute decrease 
without relative  increase1  -#c2       

absolute and relative decrease1  -#d4   
,now let the historian who wishes to    
pass in review the quantitative  changes
 that have occurred since a given       
time--for example1  #ahej--;before he   
puts on paper his impressions1 based    
upon such  evidence as he has been able 
to collate1 put down all these symbols  
against the name of each of the social  
phenomena which he is studying4  ,he    
will instantly see that he is trying to 
apply to each of the  phenomena whose   
changes he wishes to record a certain   
scale of  measurement1 and he at once   
asks himself3 ,what do ,i really mean by
  such a term as relative increase or   
decrease when contrasted with  absolute 
increase or decrease2 and what do ,i    
mean by such a term as  great increase  
or decrease when contrasted with such a 
term as  increase or decrease without a 
modifying word8 ,the moment he puts     
these questions before his mind he will 
feel a sinking of heart as he  reviews  
the pages in which he has confidently   

told his readers that  such absolute and
 relative changes have from time to time
  occurred1 and reflects that he has    
seldom been consistent in his use  of   
these terms4    ,how1 then1 shall he    
attain consistency and precision8 ,to be
 consistent  and precise in the use of  
the word relative it is necessary to    
make  at the outset an arbitrary choice 
of a term of comparison1 just as in     
making comparative judgments of such a  
phenomenon as general  intelligence it  
is necessary to take as a standard the  
phenomenon as  observed in a particular 
community4 ,the most suitable term of   
comparison for all judgments of increase
 or decrease in social  phenomena is the
 increase or decrease of population per 
square mile  within the area and during 
the period studied4 ,the increase of    
population is arithmetically measured1  
and it stands in relations of  direct   
causation to every social change4 ,the  
historian1 therefore1 in  forming his   
judgments of relative increase or       

decrease should always  take the        
increase or decrease of population per  
square mile as his  term of comparison4 
,what meaning1 finally1 shall be        
attached to the word great when the     
historian wishes to distinguish great   
increase or great decrease  from        
increase or decrease in general1 and    
absolute statistics are  not available8 
,there is one1 and1 as far as ,i can    
see1 only one1  perfectly satisfactory  
procedure4    ,let the investigator     
subdivide the community which he is     
studying into  enumeration units        
according to the method suggested above 
for the  descriptive monograph4 ,let him
 then make as many tables as there are  
ten-year periods in the general         
historical period that he is            
investigating4 ,that is to say1 let him 
make a table for #ahej1 for  #ahfj1 for 
#ahgj1 for #ahhj1 and for #ahij4 ,let   
him then proceed according  to the      
method laid down for the descriptive    
monograph1 entering  opposite each      

,commonwealth the symbol for majority or
 minority1 thus  showing by ,states1 for
 each of the ten-year periods1 the      
prevalence of  the trait or activity    
under investigation4 ,suppose1 for      
example1 that  the phenomenon studied is
 the growth of popular interest in prize
  fighting since #ahej4 ,the historian  
should begin by asking1 ,in what        
,states1 if any1 in #ahej were large    
majorities of the people interested  in 
prize fights to the extent of           
countenancing them and eagerly          
following their progress8 ,in what      
,states were only small majorities so   
interested1 in what ,states only large  
minorities1 and in what ones  only small
 minorities8 ,the best answers that the 
historian can make to  these questions1 
after examining all the evidence that he
 can command1  he should record by      
entering the proper symbol against each 
,state1  after which he should repeat   
the procedure for the date #ahfj1 for   
the  date #ahgj1 and so on4 ,when his   

tables are thus completed1 he should    
count up the number of entries of each  
symbol in each table4 ,if then  he finds
 that in less than half of his          
enumeration units--i4 e41 in  less than 
half of all the ,states and             
,territories--small minorities  have    
become large minorities1 large          
minorities have become small            
majorities1 or small majorities have    
become large1 he will be  justified in  
concluding that there has been an       
increase1 but not a  great increase1 in 
popular interest in prize fighting4 ,if1
 however1  he discovers that these      
changes have occurred in more than half 
of his  enumeration units1 he can say   
with reason that the increase of        
interest in prize fighting has been     
great4    ,cases may arise in which a   
correction of the judgment thus formed  
may  be necessary4 ,it might be         
erroneous to say that there had been no 
great increase of interest in prize     
fighting if it were discovered  that the

 increase had occurred in two or three  
,commonwealths only1 but  that in them  
it had been phenomenal4 ,the method     
itself1 however1  reveals the necessity 
for correction in such cases and        
measures the  error2 for1 obviously1 a  
phenomenal increase or decrease in any  
one  enumeration unit would be disclosed
 by a dropping of the intermediate      
symbols between  and 4 ,that is to say1 
small minorities would  become          
majorities1 or great majorities would   
become small minorities1  within an     
interval during which lesser changes    
were occurring  elsewhere4    ,thus1 by 
taking a little trouble1 the historian  
can apply one constant  measure to his  
judgments of increase and decrease1 as  
he reviews  social changes4 ,he must    
subdivide his community into enumeration
  units1 and against each unit1 at each 
convenient date1 he must enter a  record
 of his judgment that the trait1        
activity1 interest1 or relation  under  
investigation can be predicated of a    

large or of only a small  majority1 of a
 large or of only a small minority1 of  
the individuals  composing the          
enumeration unit4 ,he must then count up
 the changes from  minority to greater  
minority or to majority1 or from        
majority to  minority4 ,conscientiously 
following this method1 the historian may
  often make comparisons of great       
precision1 when otherwise his           
comparisons1 made without reference to a
 common measure1 would be  little more  
than suppositions4    ,following such   
methods as these1 the writers of        
descriptive and  historical monographs  
can increase our approximately exact    
sociological knowledge4 ,constructing   
and filling out such tables as  have    
been described1 they can bring to light 
serious gaps in our  numerical          
statistics1 and they can thereby suggest
 and stimulate new  statistical         
inquiries4 ,thus co-operating1 the      
descriptive writers1 the  historians1   
and the statisticians can in time       

perfect our descriptive  sociology1 and1
 co-operating with those students who   
are completing  the analysis of         
fundamental concepts1 they can gradually
 give  precision to our formulations of 
sociological law4           99       99 
99       99       99         ,bishop    
,creighton1 of ,london1 has             
characterized the present       ,english
 idea of education as embodying the     
supposition that all       the child had
 to do was to sit still like a pitcher  
under a pump       while an expert hand 
poured in the proper amount of material 
for       it to hold4 ,his own view was 
that the only education anybody         
really obtained was that which he gave  
himself4 ,the idea       prevailing at  
the beginning of the century was that   
men should       read a good book1      
master its contents1 and pursue for     
themselves       the lines of thought it
 suggested1 and talk it over and make   
its       ideas the subject of          
discussion among themselves4 ,no system 

could       surely be better4           
,,vinland ,,and ,,its ,,ruins4    ,,some
 ,,of ,,the ,,evidences ,,that          
,,northmen ,,were ,,in ,,massachusetts  
,,in  ,,pre-,,columbian ,,days4#a       
,,by ,,cornelia ,,horsford4             
,footnote #a3 ,a paper read before the  
,viking ,club of ,london on             
,december #af1 #ahih2 also before the   
,section of ,anthropology of the        
,american ,association for the          
,advancement of ,science at the ,boston 
meeting1 ,august1 #ahih4      ,the      
evidences that ,northmen were in        
,massachusetts in pre-,columbian  days  
are drawn from two sources1 geography   
and archology4 ,the  archological       
evidence is found by comparing certain  
ruins in  ,massachusetts with ruins of  
the ,saga-time in ,iceland1 and also    
with  the native and early ,european    
ruins on the coast of ,north ,america4  
,the  geographical evidence is found by 
comparing the descriptions of the       
country called ,vinland in ,icelandic   

literature with the coast of ,north     
,america4    ,the geographical data for 
this paper are taken from each and all  
of  the three oldest manuscript versions
 of the story of ,vinland1 because  they
 complement each other where the        
descriptions vary in detail4  ,these are
 called the ,flat ,island ,book1 ,eric  
the ,red's ,saga1 and  ,thorfinn        
,karlsefni's ,saga4    ,if the coast of 
,north ,america should repeat the same  
geographical  features1 it would        
obviously be impossible to determine the
 site of  ,vinland by geography alone4  
,let us see if this is so4 ,it is stated
 in  ,eric the ,red's ,saga that        
,karlsefni's party1 which consisted of  
one  hundred and sixty men and their    
live stock in three vessels1 after      
sailing southwest from ,greenland for a 
number of days and seeing two  new      
countries1 came to a certain cape4 ,they
 cruised along the land  and the land   
lay on the starboard4444 ,there were    
there an open1  harborless coast and    

long strands and sand banks4 ,and they  
went in  boats to the land and found    
there the keel of a ship1 and they named
  it ,keel ,cape4 ,and they gave a name 
to the strands and called them  ,wonder 
,strands1 because they were long to sail
 by4 ,then the land  became scored with 
bays1 and they steered the ships to the 
bays4#b  ,they remained here for some   
time1 but they had not yet seen the     
,vinland which ,leif ,erikson had found 
a few years before4        ,footnote #b3
 ,the translations are from the         
,icelandic texts in ,the      ,finding  
of ,wineland the ,good by ,arthur       
,middleton ,reeves4 ,henry      ,frowde1
 ,london4    ,thorhall started to seek  
for it northward round ,wonder-strand   
and  westward off ,keel ,cape4          
,therefore we must first look for a     
cape1 the  trend of whose shore is north
 and south1 with open water west of it1 
and beyond that again land4 ,this cape  
must have a long1 sandy1  harborless    
coast1 with sand banks on the east1 and 

it must be broken  up into bays farther 
to the south1 and one of these bays must
 be large  enough and deep enough for   
three vessels1 one of which could carry 
at  least fifty men across the          
,atlantic4 ,the icelandic word roefi    
which  is used in this text means       
harborless1 and is the descriptive local
  name of the convex1 sandy1 unsheltered
 coast of southern ,iceland  7,oroefa71 
the present ,skaptafells district1 from 
,stokksnes to  ,dyrhlaey4 ,this gives a 
clear idea of what we ought to look for 
along  the coast of ,north ,america4    
,the eastern coast of ,north ,america#c 
shows us that1 south of  rock-bound     
,labrador1 the only places north of ,new
 ,york where capes  are to be found     
jutting northward from the land are     
northern  ,newfoundland1 ,cape ,breton  
,island1 the southern shores of the     
,gulf of  ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,cape ,ann1   
and ,cape ,cod4        ,footnote #c3    
,chart of ,north ,atlantic1 ,no4 #ih4   
,norie  ,wilson1      ,london4    ,there

 is no stretch of open1 harborless1     
sandy coast from ,cape ,bauld  to ,cape 
,spear1 with its steep1 sterile1 rocky  
shores4#d ,there are two  or three      
stretches of unbroken coast from three  
to five miles long1  north and south of 
,canada ,bay1 northwest of ,conception  
,bay1 and  northeast of ,bonavista ,bay1
 but these are not the shores of capes  
jutting to the north1 with long strands 
and sand banks4        ,footnote #d3    
,belle ,isle to ,boston1 ,no4 #ajb4     
,norie  ,wilson1      ,london4    ,if we
 begin with ,cape ,breton and follow the
 coast northward we find no  extensive  
stretch of harborless coast until we    
reach ,island ,point4  ,from this point 
to ,cape ,smoke there is a comparatively
 unbroken coast  about thirty miles in  
extent whose headlands are composed of  
primary  and metamorphic rocks1         
principally granite1 with clay slate in 
nearly  vertical strata1 while          
sandstone1 conglomerate1 shale1         
limestone1 and  occasionally beds of    

gypsum and red and yellow marl occur on 
the  intervening shores4#e ,here1 then1 
there are not long strands and  sand    
banks4 ,cape ,north is a headland of    
slate one thousand feet  high4#f ,dr4   
,gustav ,storm1 of the ,university of   
,christiania1 in his  well-known book1  
,studier over ,vinlandsreiserne1 etc41  
page #db1  points out a resemblance     
between ,cape ,breton and ,keel ,cape1  
and states  that the eastern shores of  
,cape ,breton ,island are specially     
described  as low-lying and sandy4      
,according to the ,united ,states       
,hydrographic  ,office ,report1 ,no4    
#ii1 page #bhi1 the southeast coast of  
,cape ,breton  ,island from ,michaux    
,point to ,cape ,gabarus is low and has 
a barren and  rocky appearance1 and the 
shore is broken into numerous lakes and 
ponds1 protected from the sea by beaches
 of gravel and some small  rocky islands
 and ledges4444 ,from ,cape ,gabarus to 
,cape ,breton1 a  distance of fifteen   
miles1 the land is of moderate height   

and the  shore broken into coves and    
small harbors4 ,between ,louisburg and  
,cape  ,breton1 eight miles beyond1     
there are three small harbors1 too      
intricate and rocky in their entrances  
to admit vessels of any  burden1 and    
,cape ,breton itself is low and rocky   
and covered with  grassy moors4 ,this is
 unlike the open1 harborless coast with 
long  strands and sand banks of the     
,sagas4 ,within the ,gulf of ,st4       
,lawrence  the capes which jut to the   
north are ,cape ,st4 ,george1#g with    
rocky1  precipitous cliffs six hundred  
feet above the sea2 ,north ,point1#h on 
,prince ,edward ,island1 which is broken
 about five miles down the coast  by    
,tignish ,river1 and beyond that by the 
red sandstone cliff of ,cape  ,kildare2 
,escuminiac ,point1#i at the entrance to
 ,miramichi ,bay1 a  broken coast with  
low sandstone cliffs2 and ,birch        
,point1#aj on ,miscou  ,island1 with a  
steep cliff of sandstone ten feet high4 
,footnote #e3 ,united ,states           

,hydrographic ,office ,report1 ,no4 #ii1
      #ahig1 p4 #cae4        ,footnote  
#f3 ,ibid41 p4 #cad4        ,footnote   
#g3 ,united ,states ,hydrographic       
,office ,report1 ,no4 #ajj1      #ahig1 
p4 #gj4        ,footnote #h3 ,ibid41 pp4
 #acj1 #aeb4        ,footnote #i3       
,ibid41 p4 #aeg4        ,footnote #aj3  
,ibid41 p4 #agc4    ,campobello is a    
rocky island1 and ,cape ,ann is rocky   
and has no long1  harborless coast4     
,cape ,cod#aa juts to the north with    
open water west of it1 and beyond  that 
again land4 ,it has also a long1        
harborless coast on the east1  with     
strands and sand banks1 and is scored   
with bays toward the south4             
,footnote #aa3 ,united ,states ,coast   
and ,geodetic ,survey1 ,general         
,chart of the ,coast1 ,no4 ,,vii4       
,cape ,cod1 then1 is the only cape north
 of ,sandy ,hook which corresponds  to  
the description in the ,saga1 and near  
here we should look for  ,vinland1      
leaving the southern shores until later4

    ,vinland1 which was discovered by   
,leif ,erikson1 is only described as    
,vinland in the ,flat ,island ,book4    
,this account states that ,leif         
,erikson's party came to a certain      
island which lay north of the  land4    
,that ,leif ,erikson should have thought
 that ,cape ,cod was an  island is      
obvious1 because it is impossible from  
the cape to see the  southern shore of  
,massachusetts ,bay twenty miles away4  
,there is no  need to explain why he    
also believed it to lie north of the    
land1 as  no one and final answer can be
 given1 although several can be easily  
suggested2 that water and land again lay
 to the west is clearly stated  in all  
three accounts4    ,afterward they      
sailed into that sound which lay between
 the island  and the promontory which   
jutted northward from the land2 they    
steered  in westward past the           
promontory4 ,there was much shallow     
water at ebb  tide1 and then their ship 
stood up and then it was far to look to 

the  sea from their ship4 ,across the   
water which lies between ,cape ,cod and 
the mainland is ,rocky ,point1 a high   
and therefore noticeable  promontory    
jutting northward from the land4 ,past  
this one can only  continue westering to
 the north1 and thence we must now look 
along the  land to find the place where1
 in the words of the ,flat ,island      
,book1 a  certain river flowed out of a 
certain lake1 having1 as was said       
before1 great shallows at its mouth at  
ebb tide1 whence it was far to  look to 
the ocean4    ,following round the inner
 coast of ,cape ,cod1 we pass ,plymouth 
and on  to ,boston before we find in the
 ,charles ,river and ,boston ,back ,bay 
a  river flowing through a lake into the
 sea1 where great shallows at its  mouth
 are a conspicuous feature and it is far
 to look to the ocean4    ,at this point
 we may add one more feature to the     
description of ,keel  ,cape--that it    
appears to be an island when approached 
from the north4  ,now we can continue   

our search down the ,north ,atlantic    
coast1 noting  that ,sandy ,hook is not 
scored with bays at the south1 and that 
,cape  ,henlopen and ,cape ,henry could 
not have been mistaken for islands4#ab  
,footnote #ab3 ,chart of ,north         
,atlantic1 ,no4 #ih4 ,norie  ,wilson1   
,london4    ,there is one event         
described in all three versions of the  
,vinland  story--the battle with the    
natives4 ,according to the ,flat ,island
 ,book1  this battle took place in      
,vinland2 according to the other two    
,sagas1  ,vinland was supposed to be    
north of ,keel ,cape4 ,but in these     
,sagas it  is said that this battle took
 place south of ,keel ,cape1 where      
,karlsefni had found a river flowing    
through a lake into the sea4    ,it was 
this word south which led the ,danish   
archologist ,carl  ,christian ,rafn to  
think that ,vinland was in ,rhode       
,island4 ,although  there is no land    
south of ,cape ,cod 7with the exception 
of ,nantucket  ,island7 between ,cape   

,cod and ,santo ,domingo1 it is only    
fair to look  once more at ,mount ,hope 
,bay#ac 7,rafn's ,vinland7 to see       
whether it  really corresponds to the   
description before us4 ,the ,taunton    
,river  flows through ,mount ,hope ,bay 
to the sea1 but there are no shallows   
here1 and the mouth of the river looks  
directly out1 southward and not         
eastward1 to the open ocean4 ,in ,boston
 ,harbor1 moreover1 are great  tongues  
of land and islands such as are         
described in ,eric the ,red's  ,saga4   
,there is perhaps cause for comment in  
the use of the word  fjll1 fells or     
mountains 7according to ,vigfusson#ad71 
applied to  the hills about ,boston1 of 
which the highest1 ,blue ,hill1 is seven
  hundred and ten feet high4 ,if fells  
is a correct translation1 it  would be  
unobjectionable4        ,footnote #ac3  
,united ,states ,coast and ,geodetic    
,survey ,chart1 ,no4      #ac4          
,cuttyhunk to ,block ,island4           
,footnote #ad3 ,icelandic-,english      

,dictionary4 ,r4 ,cleasby4 ,enlarged    
and completed by ,gudbrand ,vigfusson4  
,one morning ,karlsefni saw the natives 
in their skin boats rowing  toward his  
house1 from the south1 past a           
promontory4 ,it is not  difficult to    
find the only promontory past which     
canoes could have  come from the south  
between the mouth of the river and      
,watertown1 the  head of navigation4    
,here1 then1 ,leif ,erikson and         
,thorfinn ,karlsefni  should have built 
their houses1 if this history be true1  
because this  place corresponds with the
 description of ,vinland1 and also      
because we  can find no other place on  
the coast like it4    ,having found what
 appears to be the site of ,thorfinn    
,karlsefni's  houses1 it is well to     
inquire next what the characteristic    
features of  the ,norse houses of the   
,saga-time were1 and what traces one    
might hope  to find after nearly nine   
hundred years4    ,icelandic homesteads 
of that period usually consisted of a   

main house1  composed of three or four  
apartments and one or two outhouses1    
built  on the surface of the ground4    
,the walls were one and a half metres   
thick1 and from one to one and a  half  
metres high1 built of alternate layers  
of turf and stones on the  inside and on
 the outside1 the space between being   
filled in with  earth4 ,often1 however1 
the walls were built entirely of turf   
and  earth1 or with only disconnected   
rows of stones at the base4 ,wood also  
was sometimes used4 ,it is stated in    
,thorfinn ,karlsefni's ,saga that  some 
of the trees in ,vinland were so large  
they were laid in a  house4             
,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,house
 ,,of ,,eric ,,the ,,red ,,in ,,iceland4
    ,a long1 narrow fireplace usually   
extended through the middle of the      
principal room1 and an essential feature
 was the cooking fireplace1  which was  
about one metre square4 ,these were     
either paved or  surrounded by upright  
stones4 ,the plan is of the ruin of the 

house of  ,eric the ,red in ,haukadalr1 
,iceland4 ,it shows the different forms 
of  fireplace1 and that the walls1 which
 were built of turf1 were one and  a    
half metres thick4 ,outhouses were often
 dug into the hillside1 and  were       
sometimes walled up on the inside with  
stone and turf4 ,ruins of  such old     
settlements in ,iceland are usually low1
 grass-grown ridges  and hollows4       
,when ,professor ,horsford first visited
 the site which his study of maps  and  
literature had led him to believe was   
,vinland1 he found a few  hollows in the
 hillside and also some broad1 low      
ridges on the level  ground1 indicating 
that a building about twenty metres long
 by five  metres broad had once stood   
there4 ,there was also a mound some     
distance away which has since proved to 
be of modern construction4              
,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,supposed   
,,norse ,,ruin ,,in ,,massachusetts4    
,no digging was done here until after   
,professor ,horsford's death1 with  the 

exception of a few trenches across the  
supposed site of ,leif  ,erikson's house
 on the other side of the creek4 ,in    
#ahif1 during a  visit of ,dr4 ,valtyr  
,gudmundsson and ,mr4 ,thorsteinn       
,erlingsson1 of  ,copenhagen and        
,iceland1 extensive excavations were    
made1 leaving  practically nothing      
unexamined at this site4    ,three kinds
 of earth were revealed4 ,the upper     
layer was of black loam  from thirty to 
forty centimetres deep2 below this was a
 yellow soil of  sand and clay thirty   
centimetres deep2 and below that again  
the sand  and gravel which had remained 
undisturbed since the close of the      
,glacial epoch4    ,the ruins were at   
the junction of the black and yellow    
earth4  ,throughout the black loam to   
the bottom1 wherever we dug1 within or  
away from the ruins1 were scattered     
fragments of china1 glass1 glazed       
pottery1 nails1 pipestems1 broken       
bricks1 etc41 all belonging to the      
period of the occupation of this region 

by the ,english4 ,none of these  were   
found in places where their presence    
would show that they  belonged to or    
preceded these ruins4 ,in the paved     
pathway1 which will  be described later1
 a few pieces of brick lie between the  
stones1 but  not deeper than similar    
fragments of brick were found in the    
undisturbed earth near by1 apparently   
trodden in by the cattle which  have    
been pastured there for years4 ,there   
were also objects of  aboriginal        
manufacture1 such as stone implements1  
pottery1 pieces of  flint1 etc4         
,occasionally1 at different levels1     
remains of fires were  found1 some of   
which were merely thin layers of        
charcoal and ashes4  ,there were1       
however1 two well-built fireplaces1 in  
good condition1  entirely unlike each   
other4 ,one of these was an ,indian     
clambake1  neatly paved and piled with  
ashes and unopened clam shells4 ,this   
lay  sixty-three centimetres below the  
sod4 ,the photograph is not of this     

fireplace1 but is a good example of all 
,indian fireplaces or clambakes  in     
,massachusetts4    ,illustration3 ,,an  
,,indian ,,fireplace ,,in               
,,massachusetts4    ,illustration3      
,,icelandic ,,fireplace ,,in ,,supposed 
,,norse ,,ruin ,,in  ,,massachusetts4   
,the second fireplace1 which was about  
one metre square1 surrounded by  upright
 stones at the four corners and filled  
with oak charcoal1 but  no ashes1 was   
the distinctive feature of this ruin1   
and resembled the  cooking fireplaces of
 the ,icelanders4 ,the absence of ashes 
has been  accounted for by absorption in
 the soft clay soil4 ,ashes often       
disappear in this way1 but can be       
detected with acids4    ,although the   
outline of the walls of the long house  
can only be  suggested1 the few stones  
which were found at the base of the old 
walls were placed about a metre and a   
half apart1 as in the walls of  the     
,saga-time4 ,this1 so far as is known1  
is peculiar to that period  and race4   

,iroquois long houses were constructed  
for communal use1 and  were usually from
 one hundred to three hundred feet long4
 ,the chief  traces left are fire rows  
and kitchen middens4 ,they are not known
 to  have used stone foundations1 nor to
 have made any attempt at  regularity of
 outline4 ,the drawing shows the method 
of construction of  these long houses1  
which were built only by the ,indians of
 the  ,iroquois tribe4    ,depressions  
which appeared to be the sites of old   
huts were in the  hillside back of the  
terrace on which the long house stood1  
but the  roadway in front had apparently
 destroyed all but one of these1 and    
had also carried away the front wall of 
this4    ,illustration3 ,,east ,,wall   
,,of ,a ,,supposed ,,norse ,,ruin ,,in  
,,massachusetts1  ,,showing ,,layers    
,,of ,,turf ,,between ,,the ,,stones4   
,illustration3 ,,west ,,wall ,,of ,a    
,,supposed ,,norse ,,ruin ,,in          
,,massachusetts1  ,,showing ,,layers    
,,of ,,turf ,,between ,,the ,,stones4   

,this hut was four metres across the    
front1 and may have been five  metres   
deep4 ,when the sod1 stones1 and the    
clearings1 which had been  thrown in    
from the cultivated field above1 were   
all removed1 the  remains of two side   
walls were found1 supported and         
protected by the  upper portions of     
these same walls which had slipped down 
from above  and lay close to them1      
forming a compact mass of earth and     
stones4  ,none of the stones in this    
wall were in contact with each other1   
being  separated by two or three inches 
of dark earth such as results from  the 
decay of vegetable matter4 ,there was no
 fireplace4 ,the manner of  constructing
 these walls was the counterpart of     
,icelandic work4 ,i  shall now show you 
how this differs from post-,columbian   
cellars4    ,illustration3 ,,ancient    
,,wall ,,in ,,iceland1 ,,showing        
,,layers ,,of ,,turf ,,between  ,,the   
,,stones4    ,this is a photograph of a 
ruin in the ,thjr's ,river ,valley1 in  

,iceland4 ,it shows the sod between the 
stones closely packed but  distinct4    
,the stones in our early ,english and   
,french cellars  practically touch each 
other1 as in the old cellar in ,fort    
,william  ,henry1 in ,maine4 ,sometimes 
broken stones fill the interstices1 as  
in  another example of stonework at     
,fort ,william ,henry4 ,mortar has been 
used here more or less since the        
beginning of the seventeenth century4   
,illustration3 ,,old ,,wall ,,in ,a     
,,cellar ,,in ,,fort ,,william ,,henry1 
,,maine4    ,illustration3 ,,old ,,wall 
,,at ,,fort ,,william ,,henry1 ,,maine4 
,although ,european or post-,columbian  
walls and cellars differ  considerably  
among themselves1 it is within certain  
limits4  ,post-,columbian walls1 or     
foundation walls when built on the      
surface of  the ground1 were practically
 homogeneous in character1 the ,french  
only  attaining to one metre in         
thickness1 whereas ,icelandic walls were
  disposed in three distinct parts1 the 

inner and outer sides being  constructed
 in layers and the space between being  
filled in with  closely packed earth1   
while they were never less than a metre 
and a  half thick4    ,icelandic        
outhouses when dug into a hillside      
dispensed with the triple  wall at the  
back and on the sides1 and thus when    
stone-faced partially  resemble our     
cellars4 ,but even then they still      
retain one  characteristic feature1 in  
their alternate layers of turf and      
stone4    ,illustration3 ,,supposed     
,,norse ,,pathway ,,in ,,massachusetts4 
,illustration3 ,,southern ,,turn ,,of   
,,supposed ,,norse ,,pathway4    ,while 
this hut was being dug out1 our         
attention was called to stones          
protruding through the turf a short     
distance away and nearer to the  water4 
,when the earth was cleared away1 it    
proved to be a rude  stone-laid pathway 
leading along the margin of the old     
creek to the  river4 ,here at the       
landing place a similar pathway branched

 away in  another direction1 stopping   
suddenly a few metres south of the      
supposed house of ,thorfinn ,karlsefni4 
,this pathway is called in  ,iceland a  
sjvar-gata1 or path to the sea4 ,ancient
 pavings have been  found at ,fort      
,william ,henry1 near ,pemaquid1 ,maine4
 ,they are1 however1  similar to many   
street pavements still to be found in   
our eastern  cities4 ,there is also a   
remarkable paved gutter at the ,lewis   
,farm1 in  ,maine1 which has long       
interested historians4 ,but none of     
these  resemble the sjvar-gata in its   
peculiar construction1 especially  where
 it broadens and divides with a wide    
margin of pebbles on one  side and small
 heaps of stones on the other4          
,illustration3 ,a ,,pavement ,,at ,,fort
 ,,william ,,henry1 ,,maine4            
,illustration3 ,a ,,pavement ,,at       
,,pemaquid1 ,,maine4    ,this map was   
made for ,professor ,horsford about ten 
years ago4 ,it shows  the site of the   
long house1 in which the ,icelandic     

fireplace was  found1 and the cot1 in   
which ,icelandic walls were found4 ,the 
paved  path ran along the shore in      
front4 ,professor ,horsford fixed       
,thorfinn's landing place a short       
distance south of this1 on solid        
ground4 ,geologists are unable to say   
how long ago the salt marshes  were     
formed4 ,they are on ,winthrop's map of 
#afcd1 but the sjvar-gata  could hardly 
have been accessible as a landing place 
after their  formation4                 
,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,the         
,,supposed ,,norse ,,ruin ,,in          
,,cambridge1  ,,massachusetts4    ,in   
summary1 it may be said that at the only
 point of land on the coast  of ,north  
,america which we have found to         
correspond with the  description of the 
site of ,thorfinn ,karlsefni's houses1  
ruins have  been dug out which bear     
peculiar features characteristic of the 
period  in ,iceland known as the        
,saga-time1 and differing in certain    
essential  features from the handiwork  

of all the native races of ,north       
,america1  and1 as far as is known at   
present1 from all other races in ,europe
 or  in ,america in post-,columbian     
days4      ,extracts from the ,reports  
of ,dr4 ,gudmundsson and ,mr4           
,erlingsson4         ,the following     
extracts1 from reports by ,dr4          
,gudmundsson and ,mr4       ,erlingsson1
 refer to the ruins described in the    
preceding paper4       ,the plan for    
these researches was first to compare   
the aforesaid       ruins with the work 
of the native races supposed to have    
inhabited or visited these shores1 next 
with that of the ,norsemen       of the 
eleventh century1 and later1 if         
necessary1 with the       earliest      
,english1 ,french1 ,spanish1 and ,dutch 
ruins on these       shores4 ,dr4       
,gudmundsson and ,mr4 ,erlingsson noted 
the points of       resemblance between 
these and ,icelandic ruins1 and in their
       reports by request wrote         
everything they could think of in       

opposition to1 as well as in favor of1  
their being of ,norse       origin4     
,when these gentlemen left ,cambridge   
the characteristic features       of the
 early post-,columbian ruins on this    
coast had not been       ascertained1   
and these researches were not finished  
satisfactorily until a year and a half  
after the ,icelanders       returned to 
,europe4      ,from ,dr4 ,gudmundsson's 
,report4         ,the next place into   
which we dug was a depression or hollow 
in       the hillside in a northerly    
direction from the above-mentioned      
place4 ,here we found unquestionable    
remains of a house which had       been 
dug into the hillside1 with walls       
constructed of stones1 and       layers 
of earth between the single rows of     
stones4 ,the foundation       and the   
lower parts of the two side walls were  
solid and well       preserved1 but the 
whole back wall1 with the exception of a
       single row 7the foundation71 had 
fallen down4 ,the stones from       this

 and the upper parts of the side walls  
covered the whole       bottom1 so that 
they at the first glance seemed to form 
a       pavement4 ,when carefully       
examined1 it was evident1 however1 that 
most of the stones which covered the    
bottom belonged to the       walls1     
though some might have rolled down from 
the hill above the       house4 ,thus it
 could clearly be seen how some of the  
stones had       fallen down from the   
walls and some were just sliding down1  
without having as yet reached to the    
bottom1 as some stones       underneath 
had hindered them from gliding farther4 
,the front wall       of the house was  
wanting1 and must either have been of   
wood       or--which seems most         
likely--have been spoiled when the road 
which runs close past the house was     
made4 ,when the bottom was       cleared
 of the stones which had fallen in it   
proved to consist of       a level black
 floor4         ,the construction and   
situation of this house are quite       

,scandinavian1 built in the same way as 
houses in ,iceland and       ,greenland4
 ,i would therefore not have had the    
least hesitation to       declare it to 
be a ruin of a house built by           
,scandinavians in the                   
pre-,columbian period if between and    
under the stones which       covered the
 bottom we had not found some pieces of 
glazed pottery       and bricks1 of     
which some small pieces were found      
trodden down       even into the floor  
itself4 ,this seems to indicate that the
 house       must be post-,columbian1 or
 at least have been occupied by the     
first ,english or ,french colonists4 ,as
 in the meantime several       ,american
 scholars1 with whom ,i have had an     
opportunity to discuss       this       
matter1 positively declare that the     
post-,columbian colonists       never   
would have built such walls of stones   
without mortar1 and       it must be    
regarded as quite certain that ,indian  
people could       not have built it1   

there seems to be no other explanation  
possible than that this ruin must be    
,scandinavian1 and1 having       been   
found by some of the first              
post-,columbian colonists 7e4 g41       
some fishermen71 had been repaired and  
occupied by them for a       shorter or 
longer time4 ,if it can be proved that  
such a building       as this could not 
have been built by the post-,columbian  
colonists       nor by ,indians1 it can 
hardly be anything else than            
,scandinavian4       ,this1 however1    
must be left to ,american scholars1 who 
have       sufficient knowledge in these
 matters4 ,but so long as this is not   
proved1 the pieces of pottery and bricks
 which were found in it       rather    
seem to speak for its post-,columbian   
origin1 as those       pieces must have 
been there when the house fell down1 and
 such a       house as this built in the
 beginning of the eleventh century      
could not have stood five hundred years 
before its roof and the       upper     

parts of the walls fell down4           
,on the other side of the road we found 
an end of an old path       paved with  
small stones1 running from the house in 
the hillside       along the edge of the
 old river bank down to a kind of       
promontory       which in olden time1   
when the water stood much higher than it
 now       does1 seems to have served as
 a landing place4 ,in the middle of     
this path1 which was from about six to  
ten inches under the       surface1 was 
a hollow as trodden down by the feet of 
men and       7perhaps7 horses4 ,this   
path is very like ,icelandic paths1 such
 as       may still be found in many    
places in ,iceland4 ,but as we in some  
places in this path found some bricks   
between the stones which       formed   
its pavement1 it must be regarded as    
doubtful whether it       is            
,scandinavian4 ,the bricks seem rather  
to speak for a       post-,columbian    
origin1 though the whole path is so     
primitive that       it hardly can be   

suggested that so advanced a people as  
the first       post-,columbian         
colonists should have made such a path4 
,to settle       the question whether it
 could belong to those colonists must be
       left to ,american scholars4 ,this
 path seems1 at any rate1 to have       
been made by the same people who built  
the house in the hillside1       so     
either both of them must be regarded as 
post-,columbian or they       both are  
,scandinavian4 ,another path runs from  
this landing place       in a westerly  
direction along the old river bank1     
where it stops       very abruptly on a 
certain spot a very short distance east 
of the       supposed ,thorfinn's house4
 ,as ,i could not find any other reason 
for its stopping on this spot than that 
near it stood a building1       ,i      
examined the river bank beside it1 and  
here ,i found the earth1       about    
eight inches under the surface1 mixed   
with charcoal1 which       could        
indicate that some refuse from a house  

had been thrown       there4 ,this seems
 to lead to the conclusion that there at
 the end       of this path really has  
stood a building1 of which we could not 
now expect to find any traces1 or even a
 building constructed of       turf only
 7turf walls71 which also might have    
wholly disappeared1       as earth walls
 on an elevated ground like this perhaps
 might have       blown away4           
,the result of these researches is      
briefly1 according to my       opinion1 
this3 ,as far as concerns the           
construction1 both the       house in   
the hillside and the two paths1 or the  
two branches of       the path1 could be
 of ,scandinavian origin1 but ,i am not 
so well       acquainted with the life  
and customs of the first post-,columbian
       colonists as to be able to decide
 whether they could not have       been 
made by them4 ,this1 therefore1 must be 
left to ,american       scholars4       
,very respectfully yours1               
,,valtyr ,,gudmundsson4                 

,,cambridge1 ,,mass41 ,july #af1 #ahif4 
,from ,mr4 ,erlingsson's ,report4       
,it is not uncommon in ,iceland that    
houses1 especially small                
outhouses1 are dug into small hills1    
hillsides1 or sloping       ground1 just
 as this house is4 ,it is1 in fact1     
built very like       what ,i have seen 
in outhouses in many places in ,iceland1
 and what       is left of the walls    
here nobody could distinguish from      
,icelandic       walls4 ,the size and   
the whole form is also very like an     
outhouse1       but as most frequently  
in outhouses either all the four walls  
are       made of stones or none of     
them1 it would seem strange that one of 
the walls here is completely wanting4   
,but those stones which       were used 
in it could have been used in the road  
which has been       made past the      
house1 or1 besides1 it is possible that 
the front       wall of the house has   
been a wooden one1 and1 although this is
       very rare in outhouses certainly1

 yet it must be taken into              
consideration that here it is much      
easier to procure wood than in          
,iceland4 ,the whole form1 the method1  
and the condition of the       house    
itself seemed like nothing else than    
that it was built by       ,icelandic   
hands1 although some of the stones seem 
to be rather       small1 but1 as pieces
 of pottery and bricks have been found  
beneath the stones which had fallen down
 from the walls and on       the floor  
itself1 it seems to prove sufficiently  
that the house       can not belong to  
the old ,icelandic period2 but as nobody
 has       expected such a house here1  
the discovery is very remarkable4       
,this path is so like paths in ,iceland1
 for which there have been              
gathered stones and which later on have 
been trodden down by the       feet of  
horses and men1 that ,i would not have  
hesitated to       declare that it might
 be ,scandinavian if in it there had not
 been       found bricks beside the     

other stones1 which seems to indicate   
that the path must belong to the same   
period as the house which       was dug 
into the hill4 ,this discovery must     
therefore1 too1 be       regarded as    
very remarkable4444                     
,respectfully1                          
,,thorsteinn ,,erlingsson4              
,,cambridge1 ,,mass41 ,july #ab1 #ahif4 
,,the ,,education ,,of ,,the ,,neminist4
    ,,by ,,david ,,starr ,,jordan1      
,,president ,,of ,,leland ,,stanford    
,,junior ,,university4      ,the meeting
 of the ,astral ,club of ,alcalde1 on   
,september #aj1 #ahii1 was  rendered    
memorable by the return1 from a month's 
absence in the ,east1  of the secretary 
of the club1 ,miss ,corintha ,jones1 ,d4
 ,n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,her  presence had been    
sorely missed at the ,august meeting    
7though ,i say it  who should not71 for 
it is not often that one of our devoted 
band is  absent from his post4    ,miss 
,jones had left ,alcalde to complete a  
course of study in medicine  in one of  

the most famous colleges of the ,east4  
,at the suggestion of  the president of 
the club1 ,mr4 ,asa ,marvin1 ,f4 ,t4    
,s41 the usual  programme was suspended 
on her return1 and ,miss ,doctress      
,jones1 ,d4 ,n4  ,n4 ,n4 7for such      
indeed is the title she has now earned71
 told us of  her studies at the         
,massachusetts ,university of           
,mentiphysics1 in  ,boston1 a noble     
institution1 up to date in all respects1
 for it  received its charter from the  
,general ,assembly of ,massachusetts in 
the  year #ahha4    ,miss ,doctress     
,jones left her home in ,alcalde on the 
#bjth of ,july1  designing to visit     
certain relatives residing at ,homer and
 ,virgil1  ,cortland ,county1 ,n4 ,y41  
on the way4 ,she reached ,boston on the 
#eth day  of ,august1 and at once       
proceeded to the university4 ,an        
ignorant  hackman took her over to the  
suburban village of ,cambridge1 which is
  the seat of ,harvard ,college4 ,making
 inquiry of the professors there1  she  

found none who had ever heard of the    
,university of ,mentiphysics1  having   
eyes and ears for nothing but ,harvard1 
which in some respects  is indeed a     
great institution1 but on a material    
plane4    ,at last1 after much inquiry1 
,doctress ,jones was sent to the        
,neministic  ,headquarters1 a small     
building on the corner of ,milk and     
,transcendental ,streets4 ,here she     
learned1 from a little lady with a      
withered face and a serene smile1 that  
the ,university of ,mentiphysics  was   
situated not in ,boston1 but in the     
neighboring town of ,lynn1 which  lies  
some miles to the north4 ,but in        
,massachusetts1 she said1 we  call it   
all ,boston4    ,so ,i took the train   
for ,lynn1 ,miss ,doctress ,jones       
continued1 and  drove at once to the    
street and number named on the card4    
,the little  white house with green     
blinds1 white columns on the veranda1   
and a few  weedy roses in the front yard
 did not fill my conception of a        

university1 for it did not look like our
 universities in ,california4  ,but the 
fault was with my conception1 not with  
the fact4    ,the maid who answered the 
bell assured me that this was indeed the
  university1 and ushered me at once    
into the office of the president4  ,the 
wall was covered with pictures and      
photographs1 showing elderly  ladies    
with serene smiling faces4 ,under each  
one were the letters ,n4  ,n4 ,n41 and a
 card giving an account of how each one 
had been made  whole and happy through  
,neministic ,science4 ,the president was
 a  middle-aged1 matronly lady1 with a  
high forehead and brown hair1  streaked 
with gray1 done in graceful frizzes over
 her brow4 ,above the  corners of her   
mouth1 which were always drawn up in an 
engaging smile1  were three deep        
creases4 ,mr4 ,gridley1 our             
schoolmaster1 tells me that  these      
correspond to the grave accent in       
,greek1 and that there being  three of  
them shows that the lady had been       

married three times4 ,i do  not know as 
to this1 but somehow her face seemed    
startlingly familiar  and at the same   
time strangely pleasant4    ,i murmured 
something about having had the pleasure 
before4 ,she said1  taking the words    
from my mouth3 ',i know what you are    
going to say4 ,we  are indeed very much 
alike1 though she is on the material    
plane4  ,still1 my friends call me the  
,lydia ,pinkham of the soul1 and ,i do  
not resent it1 for what dear ,lydia     
tries to do1 that ,i do4'    ,i told the
 president1 ,doctress ,jones continued1 
that ,i wished to  learn the wisdom of  
,boston1 and especially the science of  
,neministic  ,healing1 of which ,i had  
heard much in ,alcalde4 ',but perhaps ,i
 should  call at the university1 and not
 trouble you in your rest at home4' ,at 
this her eyes blazed1 and she said1 with
 a tragic air3 ',having eyes1  ye see   
not6 ,i read the ,soul and the ,stars   
through a higher than mortal  sense4    
,has the ,sun forgotten to shine and the

 ,planets to revolve  around it8 ,who   
was it discovered1 demonstrated1 and    
teaches the marvel  of ,neministic      
,healing8 ,that one1 whoever it be1 does
 understand  something of what can not  
be lost4'    ,i looked dazed4 ,she      
quieted down and explained to me that   
she was  herself the university1 because
 no one but herself could explain what  
was revealed to her alone4 ,the whole   
,neministic ,science was taught in      
twelve lessons1 and ,i could begin then 
and there4    ,i said something about   
preparatory work and the books ,i would 
need to  read4 ,she placed in my hands a
 slip which read3    ',n4 ,n4 ,n4       
,persons contemplating a course in the  
,massachusetts  ,university of          
,mentiphysics can prepare for it through
 no books save  ,neministic ,science and
 ,astral ,health1 with a ,key to the    
,stars4  ,man-made theories are narrow1 
else extravagant1 and always            
materialistic4 ,nihil nemini nocet4'    
,then she added3 ',i recommend  students

 not to read so-called scientific works 
antagonistic to  ,neministic ,healing1  
which advocate material systems1 because
 such  works and words becloud the right
 sense of ,mentiphysical ,science4 ,a   
primary student richly imbued with the  
,neministic spirit is a better  healer  
and teacher than a normal-class student1
 who partakes less of  this power4 ,even
 an apt scholar who has dipped into my  
,neministic  ,science and ,astral       
,health1 with a ,key to the ,stars 7the 
last revised  edition71 may enter this  
field of labor1 without any personal    
instruction1 beneficially to himself and
 the race4'    ,then she continued      
blandly3 ',you must learn1 my dear1 to  
enter this  great field in a manner     
beneficial to yourself and the race4    
,you must  teach others to render to    
,csar what is ,csar's1 and to do this   
you  must first render unto ,csar       
yourself4 ,do you understand8' ,i looked
  puzzled for a moment4 ,then she said3 
',twenty-five dollars1 please1  dear1   

and be sure to come promptly at ten     
o'clock to-morrow4 ,you are  now        
admitted to the ,primary ,plane1 the    
first degree of ,neministic  ,healing4' 
,as ,i gave her the ,california gold1   
she bowed me out of the  room with a    
tender and motherly smile1 while she    
tested the unfamiliar  coins by ringing 
them softly on the table4    ,at the    
second lesson she gave me the           
fundamental principles of  ,neministic  
,healing4 ,i received them eagerly1 for 
,i recognized in them  a close harmony  
with the teachings of our dear old ,mr4 
,dean3    ',god is the principle of     
,mentiphysics4 ,as there is but one     
,god1 there  can be but one ,principle  
in this ,science4 ,as there are many    
stars1  there must be many fixed rules  
for the demonstration of this ,divine   
,principle4    ',the fundamental        
propositions among these rules are      
proved by  inversion1 for this is the   
basis of all true mathematics4 ,two     
times  two is four1 therefore four is   

two times two4 ,as a star is the same   
whether seen from the north1 south1     
east1 or west1 so a precept of          
,mentiphysics must be the same as seen  
from every side4 ,to invert is  not to  
change its meaning1 and must prove its  
truth4' ,then she gave me  a printed    
card containing these words1 over which 
,i was to ponder  until the next lesson3
    ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,there is no ,pain in  
,truth1 therefore there is no ,truth in 
,pain4 ,there is no ,nerve in ,mind1    
therefore there is no ,mind in ,nerve4  
,there is no ,matter in ,mind1 therefore
 there is no ,mind in ,matter4  ,there  
is no ,matter in ,life1 therefore there 
is no ,life in ,matter4  ,there is no   
,matter in ,good1 therefore there is no 
,good in ,matter4  ,nihil nocet nemini2 
nihil nemini nocet4'    ',twenty-five   
dollars1 please1' and ,i returned to my 
hotel filled with  new thoughts1 which  
,i found later were very incomplete4    
,the next day she said3    ',man1 my    
dear1 is governed by ,soul1 not sense4  

,sense is the  reflection of matter1 and
 matter does not exist4 ,thus sense is  
but the  shadow of a dream4 ,in dreams  
the laws of health are valueless4 ,there
  is but one ,law of ,health1 and that  
is the one precept of ,neministic       
,healing4    ',to the awakened mind the 
seasons will come and go1 with changes  
of  time and tide1 cold and heat1       
latitude and longitude4 ,the            
agriculturist finds that these changes  
can not affect his crops4 ,the  mariner 
will have dominion over the atmosphere  
and the great deep1  over the fish of   
the sea and the fowls of the air4 ,the  
astronomer will  no longer look up to   
the stars4 ,he will look out from them  
upon the  universe1 and the florist will
 find his flower before he beholds its  
seed4 ,thus matter will be finally      
proved to be nothing but a mortal       
belief1 wholly inadequate to affect man 
through its supposed organic  action or 
existence4'    ,then she gave me another
 mystic card1 which read3    ',n4 ,n4   

,n4 ,we tread on forces4 ,withdraw them1
 and ,creation must  collapse4 ,nihil   
nocet nemini4' ,and this time ,i did not
 need to be  reminded of the final      
ceremony with which the lesson ended4   
,nor did  she need to clink the coins on
 the table4    ,in the fourth lesson the
 president discoursed more fully on 'the
  popular gods1 ,sin1 ,sorrow1 and      
,sickness1 the three ,s's of ,satan2 all
  three illusions of the ,sinful ,soul4 
,the very word ,illusion proves  their  
nothingness4 ,these are but troubled    
dreams of the darkened soul1  and to    
rise above them is to wake from a       
cataleptic nightmare to see  the stars  
shining on the hills4    ',when troubled
 by a horrible dream1 my dear1 one has  
only to say1  ,this is a ,dream2 ,i will
 awaken4 ,then the stars will shine     
through  the open window and the hideous
 vision will disappear4    ',so in      
afflictions of disease and dread and    
death1 one must say1  ,this is a ,dream4
 ,then it becomes a dream1 and we rise  

above it into  an atmosphere of ,perfect
 ,serenity4    ',to the material sense1 
dear1' continued the president1 'to cut 
the  jugular vein takes away life4 ,but 
in ,neministic ,science ,life goes on   
unchanged1 mounting ever and ever to    
higher reaches1 because there is  no    
jugular vein1 and ,matter can not make  
its mark on ,mind4    ',the ,barometer1 
that little prophet of storm and        
sunshine1 can not be  deceived by       
testimony of the senses4 ,it points to  
fair weather in the  midst of the unreal
 apparition of murky clouds and         
threatening rain4  ,thus does           
,neministic ,science1 the perfect       
culmination of ,mentiphysics1  point to 
the changeless ,health and ,happiness of
 the ,enlightened ,man  whatever        
material science may have to say about  
the condition of his  members4 ,man is  
made in the image of perfection1        
therefore failure and  imperfection can 
never assail him4 ,as well expect to    
gather peaches  from a pine tree as to  

gather discord from the ,concord of     
,being4'    ,then she gave me a card3   
',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,the ,equipollence of the  
,stars above and of the ,mind below     
shows the awful unreality of ,evil4     
,nihil nemini nocet4'    ,after the     
usual parting ceremony ,i returned to my
 room1 well  convinced of the unreality 
of ,boston1 and doubting whether ,i     
should  ever again find my own ,alcalde4
 ,i feared lest some further precept    
might arise by which ,alcalde could not 
exist4    ,in the fifth lesson the      
president informed me that ,i was now in
 the  second degree1 or ,normal ,plane4 
,we were ready for the first glimpse    
into the full1 rounded perfection of    
,neministic ,healing4    ',to cure men  
of all ills whatsoever1 we have only to 
show them the  stars4 ,when we waken in 
the night1 only the sight of the stars  
can  tell us we are awake4 ,when we are 
awake all dreams must vanish1 and  all  
is dream which breaks the serenity of   
the mind or checks the  perfect         

perspicacity of being4 ,we need not deal
 with the body1 for the  body does not  
exist4 ,it is dull1 heavy1 and aching1  
because it is the  dead ,residuum of    
,dream4 ,when we forget it1 it is no    
longer there4 ,then  and not till then  
can you smile the serene smile of the   
,neministically ,healed and             
,mentiphysically ,perfect ,soul4'       
,the little card read3    ',n4 ,n4 ,n4  
,the body says1 ,i am ill4 ,the reports 
of ,sickness may form  a coalition with 
the reports of ,sin and say1 ,i am      
,malice1 ,lust1  ,appetite1 ,envy1      
,hate4 ,treat a belief in sickness as   
you would  sin--with sudden dismissal4  
,if it were not for what the human mind 
says of the body1 the body would not be 
weary any more than an  inanimate wheel4
 ,nihil nemini nocet4'    ,on the sixth 
day the president greeted me with her   
serenest smile4    ',we have now reached
 the point1 my dear1' she said1 'when we
 must  abandon ,pharmaceutics and take  
up ,ontology1 the science of ,abstract  

,being4 ,in this we have many rivals who
 echo the cry1 ,why art thou1           
,,neminism1 come hither to torment us   
before our time8 ,among the  systems    
that thus cry out are many whom this    
world deems successful4  ,animal        
,magnetism1 ,atheism1 ,spiritualism1    
,theosophy1 ,agnosticism1  ,pantheism1  
and ,infidelity are antagonistic to     
,mentiphysics and fatal  to the         
demonstration thereof1 and of ,neminism1
 its noblest  culmination2 and so1' she 
continued1 'are some other systems4'    
,she warned me especially against       
,pantheism1 'the worship of the  sylvan 
god ,pan1' a cult reputed to be         
especially rife among the  members of   
our club at ,alcalde4    ,i tried to    
explain to her the difference between   
,pantheism and  ,sciosophy1 but ,i did  
not succeed very well1 for she grew     
impatient4 ,in  her judgment1 ,i        
discovered1 ,sciosophy was grossly      
impractical1 and the  views of ,mr4     
,abner ,dean would take the bread from  

the mouths of better  men than he4 ',i  
am told1' she said1 'that ,mr4 ,dean    
actually signed  that wicked paper#ae of
 those ,washington soreheads1 who call  
themselves the ,reformed ,college of    
,neminism4' ,with this1 she would not   
listen to another word about ,sciosophy4
        ,footnote #ae3 ,in this document
 it is asserted that ,neministic        
,science and ,astral ,health with a ,key
 to the ,stars and all of the           
inspired writings shall be free--i4 e41 
free from the love of the      lust of  
gain and that the charging of three     
dollars for ,science      and ,health1  
etc41 when it can be printed and sold   
for less than      fifty cents per copy1
 is wrong in principle1 and1 in effect1 
shuts      the doors of this beautiful  
truth upon the poor by thus putting a   
prohibitive price upon it4444        ,we
 hold that in the giving of class       
instruction the teacher is      entitled
 to a reasonable compensation1 and give 
our opinion that      such compensation 

should be ten dollars1 and we do condemn
 the      present practice when they    
charge one hundred dollars for a series 
of twelve lessons4 ,take a class of     
thirty--which is not      unusual--the  
teacher receives about #beh per day for 
two hours'      work4 ,this is unjust1  
and especially so1 because many of these
      teachers are unable and unfit for 
teaching4        ,in the matter of      
healing1 when the healer gives the      
proper time      to the work1 one dollar
 per treatment ought not to be          
excessive1      but the practice of some
 of charging before the patient is      
received into the room and then heavily 
charged for the treatment1      is an   
outrage1 444 and should be              
prohibited4--,see full text1            
,washington ,news ,letter1 ,september   
#f1 #ahii2 ,editor4    ,then ,i         
regretted that ,i had said anything1 for
 this pleasant lesson  came to an abrupt
 end1 and left me without even the      
customary card to  ponder over4 ,i still

 wondered what could be the secret      
meaning of ,n4  ,n4 ,n41 nihil nemini   
nocet4    ,on the next day the storm had
 blown over1 or rather1 like all other  
storms1 it had no real existence1 and   
the smile of the president at  the      
closing act of the lesson was the       
sweetest ,i had ever seen1 the  most    
perfect witness to the truth of her     
teachings4    ,she took up the subject  
of ,materia ,medica4 ,after reading from
 a  printed book the names of a host of 
poisons1 from ,abacus to ,swamproot  and
 ,sandalwood and ,zygadene1 she warned  
us against them all4 ,all are  alike    
evil4 ,all alike have no real existence4
 ,therefore the student  will do well   
not to learn their names4 ,it will only 
interfere with his  serenity of mind1   
and perfect serenity is the sole symptom
 of success4    ',surely this is        
better1' she said1 'than to support the 
popular  systems of medicine1 when the  
physician may be perchance an infidel   
and lose ninety-and-nine patients where 

,neminism cures its hundred4 ,is  it    
because ,osteopathy and ,ostariopathy   
are more fashionable and less           
spiritual8 ,even business men have found
 that ,neministic ,science  enhances    
their physical and mental powers1       
enlarges their perception  of character1
 gives them acuteness and               
comprehensiveness1 and an  ability to   
exceed their ordinary business          
capacity4'    ,then she gave me this    
card3    ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,in #ahff this    
discovery was made by me and by me      
alone3 ,the  erring ,mortal misnamed    
,mind produces all the organism and     
action of  the mortal body4 ,this led to
 the demonstration that ,mind is ,all   
and  matter is naught1 and being        
nothing1 nothing hurts nobody4 ,nobody  
hurts nothing1 which proves it plainly  
by inversion4 ,nihil nocet  nemini2     
nihil nemini nocet4'    ,on the eighth  
day the president discoursed on         
,anatomy4 ,referring  briefly to the    
pernicious notions of the 'ancients1' as

 with a broad  sweep of her hand she    
designated the professors in ,boston and
  ,cambridge1 concerning the structure  
of the human body1 she called it  the   
nightmare of undigested learning4 ',why 
should we care where the  jugular vein  
goes1 when we know that there is no     
jugular vein8 ,what of  bones and       
muscles1 and teguments and integuments8 
,toil fatigues me1  you say2 but what is
 this me8 ,is it muscle or ,mind8 ,which
 is tired1  and so speaks8 ,without     
,mind could the muscles be tired8 ,do   
the  muscles talk1 or do you talk for   
them8 ,science includes no rule of      
discord1 but governs harmoniously4'     
,on the card were these words3    ',n4  
,n4 ,n4 ,flesh is an error of physical  
belief2 a supposition that  life1       
substance1 and intelligence are in      
matter2 an illusion2 a belief  that     
matter has sensations4 ,nihil nocet     
nemini4'    ,on the ninth day ,i was    
admitted to the third degree1 or the    
,introspective ,plane4 ,as the president

 entered1 ,i noticed a touch of         
camellia powder on her face1 for the    
subject of the day was ,beauty4         
',beauty1' she said1 'is internal before
 it is perceived outwardly4 ,to  have   
perfect faith in the principle of       
,neminism is to regain the  charms of   
,eternal ,youth4' ,she told me of       
patients of hers who had  become        
beautiful through faith4 ,one good lady 
at ninety developed new  teeth through  
belief in ,neminism--incisors1 cuspids1 
bicuspids1 and  one molar4 ,a gentleman 
at sixty had retained his full set of   
upper and  lower teeth without a        
decaying cavity4    ,on her card were   
these words3    ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,the       
receipt for ,beauty is to have less     
,illusion and more  ,soul4 ,nihil nemini
 nocet4'    ,and1 as the final ceremony 
was passed1 the president looked almost 
beautiful herself4    ,on the tenth day 
the president gave some account of her  
early studies  and of the origin of     
,neministic ,healing4    ',while from   

the human standpoint ,i inherited the   
refinement that goes  with culture of   
family and moral rectitude1 as usual    
here in ,boston1  yet there was a marked
 degree of spiritual ,grace1 ,soulful   
,delicacy1  and ,esoteric ,elegance that
 comes not from human ancestry1 neither 
from  communion with ,nature4 ,it was   
the exquisite coloring of the touch of  
the astral hand which opens the petals  
of thought as it does the  opening rose4
 ,this ended in a soft glow of ineffable
 ,joy1 and out of  its perfect serenity 
,neministic ,science was born4    ',the 
discovery was so new1 the basis laid    
down for physical and moral  health so  
hopelessly original and men so          
unfamiliar with the subject1  that not  
until later did ,i venture to proclaim  
it to the world4'    ,on the card was-- 
',n4 ,n4 ,n4            ',my world has  
sprung from ,spirit                ,in  
,everlasting ,day2              ,whereof
 ,i've much to glory1                   
,wherefor have much to pay4'    ,under  

this was a picture of the egg of a      
vulture1 in which1 through  his         
microscope1 ,agassiz once saw the sun1  
moon1 stars1 and the  gathering of      
clouds4 ',nihil nemini nocet4'    ,at   
the eleventh lesson ,i was directed to  
go out for clinical  practice4 ,in my   
hotel ,i found a dear little            
six-year-old boy who had  been invited1 
with the rest of a kindergarten class1  
to attend a  picnic4    ,he did not feel
 that he wanted to go4 ,he seemed       
dumpish1 and1  according to mortal      
belief1 was not well4 ,at noon he said  
that he  wanted to go to sleep4 ,i took 
him in my lap and began to read to him  
from ,neministic ,science and ,astral   
,health with a ,key to the ,stars4      
,very soon he expressed a wish to go to 
the picnic1 and did go4 ,so ,i  gave him
 a little card1 with the words ',nihil  
nemini nocet1' and all  day he said     
nothing more about being sick4    ,next 
morning the president gave me an account
 of various wonderful  cures in her     

experience4 ,among others1 she showed me
 a letter from  ,john ,b4 ,higgins1 of  
,little ,egg ,harbor1 ,n4 ,j4 ,this ,i  
copied down as  follows3         ',i am 
glad to tell you how ,i was healed4     
,beliefs of consumption1                
dyspepsia1 neuralgia1 ulcers1 tobacco1  
and bad language4444       ,doctors that
 were consulted did nothing to relieve  
me1 and ,i       constantly grew worse4 
,nearly two years ago you told me that  
if ,i       would read a book called    
,neministic ,science and ,astral ,health
       with a ,key to the ,stars1 ,i    
would be healed4 ,i told you ,i would go
       into it for all it was worth1 and
 ,i found that it is worth all4 ,i      
got the book and read day and night4 ,i 
saw that it must be true1       and     
believed that what ,i could not then    
understand would be made       clear    
later4 ,after some days' reading ,i was 
afflicted with       drowsiness1        
followed by vomiting4 ,this lasted      
several hours1 when       ,i fell into a

 sleep4 ,i awoke healed4'    ,the       
president assured me that if ,i would   
spend no time in  intellectual drifting1
 adhering to the impersonal and         
scientific  deductions of the one       
discoverer to whose clarified spiritual 
eye all  truth of the mind had been     
revealed1 with all the loyalty of a     
mathematician to the principles of      
mathematics1 ,i would be sure of a      
comfortable fortune4 ,although money had
 no real existence1 the shadow  in its  
substance proved that there was after   
all substance in its  shadow4 ,the      
,neministic ,healer is at no expense for
 books or  instruments or medicine1     
providing always that the one perfect   
,key to  the ,stars 7including          
,neministic ,science and ,astral        
,health7 lies open  before him4 ,with   
that in sight he can not go wrong1 and  
with perfect  faith in the unreality of 
all external things it matters not in   
earthly affairs what he does or leaves  
undone4    ,the card for this lesson    

was3    ',n4 ,n4 ,n4 ,the population of 
our cities is ample to supply many      
practitioners1 teachers1 and preachers  
with work4 ,to enter this field  of     
labor beneficially to ourselves1 it is  
necessary to demonstrate  that the      
patient who is able to pay for being    
healed is more apt to  recover than he  
who withholds a slight equivalent for   
health6 ,nihil  nemini nocet4'    ,at   
the last lesson the president informed  
me that my course of  instruction was   
complete1 and that ,i must now go forth 
and bless the  world4 ,i must lean no   
longer on her personal leadership1 but1 
trusting  in the spirit1 ,i should rest 
solely on the pure ,mentiphysical       
principle at work4 ,as a pioneer of     
,neministic ,healing in the far         
uncultured ,west1 ,i must stand alone in
 the conflict1 smiting error  with the  
falchion of ,truth4 ,the rare bequests  
of the spirit are  costly1 and they have
 won fields of battle from which the    
dainty  borrower would have fled4'    ,i

 spoke once or twice of my diploma1     
without which ,i could not  practice my 
profession under the laws of ,fresno    
,county4 ,at first she  made as if she  
did not hear me1 but at last she said3  
',the ,massachusetts ,university of     
,mentiphysics draws its breath from  me1
 but ,i yearn for retirement4 ,no one   
else can sustain this  institution amid 
the legislation aimed at its vital      
purpose4 ,this has  given me            
conscientious scruples about diplomas1  
and1 with the growing  conviction that  
every one should build on his own       
foundation1 no more  diplomas shall be  
issued from this flourishing school4    
',but do not worry1 dear1' she said4    
',your power is just the same with  or  
without diploma4 ,you can make known the
 rare bequests of the ,spirit  quite as 
well as a martyr as you could as a      
physician4 ,the faithful  will stand by 
you4 ,those who believe will always pay4
 ,take this  locket1 and hang it about  
your neck4 ,it will contain the         

quintessence  of all my teachings1 and  
with this in your right hand and        
,neministic  ,science and ,astral       
,health with a ,key to the ,stars in    
your left1 you  will drain the cup which
 ,i have drained to the dregs as the    
discoverer  and teacher of ,neminism1   
and without tasting this cup its        
inspiration  can not be gained4'        
,then ,i took the little locket1 and    
here it is4 ,on one side are the        
letters ,d4 ,n4 ,n4 ,n41 'which1' she   
said1 'makes its holder a doctress4'    
,on the reverse is the face of ,lydia   
,pinkham1 while around the margin1  in  
fine gilt letters1 is a scroll with the 
motto1 ',nihil nemini  nocet4' ,mr4     
,gridley1 the learned professor of our  
,alcalde school1  says this means       
'nothing hurts nobody4' ,but ,i am sure 
that there is  more in it than that2    
besides1 whatever it is we can prove it 
by  inversion3 ,nihil nocet nemini2     
nihil nemini nocet--one is true like    
the other1 and its symbolic significance

 is proved by its three ,n's1  for ,n is
 the symbol of eternity4 ,at least1 this
 is what the president  told me4 ,but   
now that ,i am back in ,alcalde1 the    
whole thing seems like  a dream1 while  
all the things ,i had learned to call   
dreams seem more  real than ever4 ,maybe
 ,i am still on the ,material ,plane    
after all1 in  spite of all ,i have done
 and all the rest of us in ,alcalde are 
doing  to try to rise above it4         
,,development ,,of ,,the ,,american     
,,newspaper4    ,,by ,,walter ,l4       
,,hawley1    ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,york    
,,evening ,,sun4      ,at the beginning 
of the present century the newspapers   
published  in the ,united ,states       
numbered #bjj--one for each #bf1dej of  
population--while at the present time   
the total of regular  publications      
slightly exceeds #bj1jjj--one for each  
#cej inhabitants of  the country2 and in
 that growth and development of the     
business is  represented more of science
 and art1 more of physical ingenuity and

  mental activity1 than in any other    
line of human endeavor4 ,one hundred    
years ago the publication of a newspaper
 did not rank as a business1  and the   
preparation of its contents was regarded
 as a pastime or the  indulgence of a   
whim1 rather than a profession4 ,at the 
end of the  century1 journalism is the  
history of the world written day by day1
  the chief medium of enlightenment for 
the masses1 the universal forum  of     
scholar1 sage1 and scientist4 ,as a     
business enterprise1 the  newspaper of  
to-day commands unlimited capital1 and  
as a profession it  ranks second to     
none4    ,for three centuries and a half
 following ,gutenberg's invention of    
type  little progress was made in the   
art of printing1 and the production of  
a newspaper in this country in #ahjj was
 accomplished with crude  machinery and 
involved much slow and difficult hand   
labor4 ,the  printing was done on wooden
 presses of primitive pattern1 the type 
was  large and ill formed1 the paper    

used was in many cases inferior to the  
lowest grade made at the present time1  
and the production of a large  number of
 copies of any issue was out of the     
question4 ,no attempt was  made in this 
country to publish a daily paper until  
#aghd1 and in #ahjj  daily editions were
 issued only in four or five of the     
larger cities4    ,illustration3 ,,from 
,,the ,,new ,,york ,,gazette ,,and      
,,general ,,advertiser ,,of             
,,wednesday1 ,,january #a1 #ahjj4       
,illustration3 ,,from ,,the ,,new ,,york
 ,,gazette ,,and ,,general ,,advertiser 
,,of  ,,january #a1 #ahjj4              
,illustration3 ,a ,,municipal ,,notice  
,,from ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,gazette     
,,and  ,,general ,,advertiser ,,of      
,,january #a1 #ahjj4    ,the            
publications of that period were not    
newspapers in the sense in  which the   
word is now used1 because no particular 
effort was made to  present an account  
of the happenings of the day4 ,notices  
of the  arrival and departure of ships1 

time tables of mail coaches1 and brief  
announcements of matters of political   
interest filled the limited  space      
devoted to domestic news4 ,foreign news 
consisted entirely of  matter reprinted 
from the ,english journals received by  
sailing  vessels1 and therefore weeks or
 months old when it appeared4 ,the      
wooden presses used a hundred years ago 
were operated entirely by  hand4 ,after 
the type had been set it was placed in a
 frame or form1  with little or no      
regard to artistic arrangement of       
headlines or  displayed matter4 ,to     
print the edition1 the form was placed  
on the  bed of the press and ink spread 
over the type by the use of hand        
rollers4 ,the white paper was then      
dampened with water1 sheet by sheet1    
laid over the stationary form1 and the  
impression was made by  pulling down the
 upper part of the press with a lever4  
,this work was  so slow that a          
circulation of three or four hundred    
copies of a daily  newspaper would      

severely tax the capacity of the press  
room4 ,the  weekly publications were as 
a rule limited to about the same        
figures1  because the entire mechanical 
part of production devolved upon one    
man1 who was often owner and editor as  
well as printer4 ,some iron  presses    
were imported from ,england in #ahaj1   
and in #ahag ,george ,clymer1  of       
,philadelphia1 invented a lever press   
that was a marked improvement  over the 
crude machines then in general use1     
reducing the manual labor  required and 
increasing the speed with which printed 
papers could be  turned out4 ,the first 
power press used in this country was    
invented by  ,daniel ,treadwell1 of     
,boston1 in #ahbb1 and operated by the  
,american  ,bible ,society1 the power   
being furnished by a team of mules4     
,these  presses were not adapted to     
newspaper work1 and the first           
considerable  advance in the mechanical 
part of the business was made in #ahbi  
and  #ahcj1 when a ,washington hand     

press was invented4 ,seventeen years    
later  a cylinder power press was       
perfected by ,richard ,m4 ,hoe1 and the 
mechanical ability to produce           
periodicals was more than doubled2 but  
during the time when ,american ingenuity
 developed the steam engine1  the cotton
 gin1 the sewing machine1 and the       
electric telegraph1 the  progress made  
in the mechanism of newspaper making was
 comparatively  insignificant4 ,the     
process of stereotyping was introduced  
into this  country from ,england in     
#ahac1 and a year later the ,new        
,testament was  printed from plates1 but
 the discovery was not utilized in the  
publication of newspapers until #ahfa4  
,illustration3 ,,advertisements ,,from  
,,the ,,new ,,york ,,daily ,,advertiser 
,,of  ,,wednesday1 ,,january #a1 #ahjj4 
,illustration3 ,the ,daily ,advertiser  
of ,wednesday1 ,january #a1 #ahjj4      
,in the first half of the century       
journalism did not at any time rank  as 
a profession requiring special training1

 and capacity1 and the  returns of the  
counting room were so meager1 the cost  
of material so  high1 and the appliances
 in the mechanical department so        
imperfect1  that the publication of     
newspapers rose only by slow degrees to 
recognition as a business enterprise in 
which capital might seek  investment    
with fair prospect of a satisfactory    
return4 ,modeled after  ,english        
publications1 the early ,american       
newspapers depended1 for  whatever of   
reputation or success they achieved1    
upon the fame and  ability of the       
editor4 ,the reporting of current events
 without comment  was a secondary       
feature of the daily papers1 and in the 
weekly  publications it was not         
attempted4 ,before the days of railroads
 and  prompt and reliable mail service1 
communication between men in public     
life and1 in fact1 all persons of       
education1 was chiefly by letter4  ,the 
custom grew into a fixed habit1 and to a
 large extent influenced  the character 

of the newspapers published prior to    
#ahej4 ,the editor  addressed himself   
directly to his readers through long    
editorials upon  topics in which he was 
interested1 and his publication was in  
reality  a mere instrument for the      
expression of opinions4 ,public men and 
politicians were encouraged to write    
letters for publication upon  public    
questions1 and a long communication from
 a man of national  reputation was      
regarded by the editor as matter of far 
more value to  his journal than any     
amount of news of the events of the day4
    ,the organization and development of
 political parties in the early  part of
 the second quarter of the century      
resulted in a rapid increase  in the    
number of newspapers throughout the     
country4 ,party leaders  found that they
 could reach a greater number of        
citizens by means of  published letters 
and speeches than by the primitive      
process of  campaigning by easy stages  
from one ,state or county to another4   

,from  writing personal letters to      
friends in their districts1 senators and
  representatives in ,congress found    
that they could keep their  constituents
 better informed of the progress of     
legislation and  politics by means of   
signed statements in the press of their 
respective ,states4 ,the party organ and
 the personal journal were the          
immediate natural results of this       
condition of public life and  politics4 
,every secular journal supported some   
political party or  organization without
 qualification1 and there was little or 
no  independence of the press4 ,the     
editor found his subscribers among  the 
members of his own party1 and often     
looked to the organization or  the      
candidate for financial support4 ,papers
 were established and  editors hired by 
parties1 factions1 and individual       
leaders to advocate  some particular    
plan of finance or tariff1 or some      
general policy for  the nation or       
,state4 ,during this stage of ,american 

journalism the  influence of a paper    
depended largely upon the reputation1   
individuality1 and force of character of
 the editor4 ,he needed not to  possess 
any particular qualification for the    
work1 except a general  knowledge of the
 affairs on which he was to write and a 
command of  vigorous language to compel 
attention to his utterances4 ,for many  
years the majority of the periodicals of
 the country1 daily and  weekly1 were   
critical reviews of the events of the   
time1 rather than  mediums for the      
spread of general information4 ,news of 
important  happenings at home spread    
through all the ,states ahead of the    
circulation of the papers1 and the      
people looked to the latter for  review 
and comment upon events1 rather than for
 detailed accounts of  the occurrences4 
,foreign affairs1 as reported in the    
,english  publications received in this 
country1 took precedence in the         
classification of news in the journals  
of the first half of the  century1 and  

local events1 often matters that were   
subsequently  recognized as of great    
historical value1 were briefly and too  
often  imperfectly recorded4 ,it is a   
matter to be regretted that in the days 
when ,american statesmen and orators    
were making history for the world1  when
 the new republic1 having passed beyond 
the stage of experiment1  was advancing 
with prodigious strides toward glorious 
achievements in  material development1  
the journals of the country kept but an 
imperfect and often inaccurate record of
 events that should have been  reported 
in full4    ,illustration3 ,j4 ,russel's
 ,gazette of ,monday1 ,september #ast1  
#ahjj4    ,during the first forty years 
of the present century there was no     
system of collecting the news for       
publication1 and the capital  invested  
in the newspaper business was           
insufficient to permit of any  extra    
outlay to obtain reports of events      
occurring at a distance in  advance of  
the regular mails4 ,such reports as were

 obtained were  usually voluntary       
contributions written by a friend of the
 editor1 and  often colored or distorted
 according to the prejudice of the      
writer4  ,these letters were1 almost    
without exception1 semi-editorial in    
character1 the writers indulging freely 
in comment and expression of  opinion   
upon the event they attempted to record1
 so that no political  or public matter 
was reported entirely free from partisan
 coloring4  ,the drivers of mail        
coaches1 the captains of coastwise or   
river  vessels1 strolling peddlers1     
lawyers1 surveyors1 and wandering       
missionaries1 who made long journeys    
into the interior and from town  to     
town1 were the news reporters of early  
days4 ,when they arrived in  a city or  
town they would tell the latest news    
from the places they  had visited1 and  
the next issue of the local paper would 
contain a  story beginning1 ,the ,rev4  
,mr4 ,bland1 the traveling missionary1  
relates1 etc41 or1 ,captain ,smith1 of  

the schooner ----1 reports  having      
heard1 etc4 ,information received in    
this way might relate to  ,indian       
uprisings1 fires1 floods1 crimes1       
accidents1 or political  events2 but in 
every case the published account would  
be interspersed  with opinions of the   
narrator and the comments of the editor 
who  prepared the story for publication4
 ,for news of events happening in  the  
larger cities1 the journals of the first
 half of the century  depended almost   
entirely on reprinting from exchanges4  
,they had no  regular correspondents    
anywhere1 and a paper published in ,new 
,york  would reprint from the papers of 
,boston and ,philadelphia such of the   
news of those cities as impressed the   
editor as being of more than  local     
interest4 ,during the ,war of #ahab1 the
 subsequent ,indian wars1  and the      
conflict with ,mexico1 news of battles  
and movements of armies  in the field   
was obtained by the slow process of     
waiting for official  reports to the    

,government or private letters from     
officers and men at  the front4 ,the    
,mexican ,war stimulated the public     
demand for news1  increased the         
circulation of newspapers1 and did more 
than any other  event up to that time to
 arouse the editors of the country to   
the fact  that the people wanted early  
and complete information of what was    
going on in the world1 rather than      
individual opinions on general          
problems4 ,while that struggle was in   
progress the arrival of the  weekly mail
 in a remote village was an event of    
importance4 ,the  inhabitants would     
gather in large numbers at the post     
office1 and the  meager war news        
contained in the newspapers would be    
read aloud4 ,the  postmaster or some    
subscriber to a paper would often post a
 copy of  the latest journal in some    
conspicuous place in the town1 and from 
that simple beginning there was         
developed the newspaper bulletin  board1
 where the public may obtain brief      

information of great events  before the 
full report can be put in type4         
,illustration3 ,,from ,,the ,,new ,,york
 ,,evening ,,post ,,of ,,november #af1  
#ahja4    ,illustration3 ,new ,york     
,evening ,post of ,monday1 ,november    
#af1 #ahja4    ,after the division of   
the voters of the country into organized
  political parties1 the tariff1 banking
 and currency1 the acquisition  of      
additional territory1 and ,states rights
 developed into great  national         
questions1 precipitating prolonged and  
heated discussion by  the statesmen of  
that period4 ,this condition stimulated 
the growth of  a certain class of       
newspapers1 and brought into prominence 
many  writers of ability4 ,the statesmen
 and politicians of that time turned  to
 the press as an available and valuable 
medium through which to  disseminate    
arguments4 ,they sought to convince     
rather than to inform  the public1 and  
the journalism of that period made no   
substantial  progress except as an      

instrument for the development and      
exploitation  of writers of force and   
influence4 ,whatever power the press    
exerted in  shaping events1 whatever it 
accomplished in swaying the public mind 
in  the days when nullification was     
scotched and territorial expansion was  
accepted as a fixed policy of the       
majority1 should be credited to the     
genius and individuality of the leading 
writers of that time1 rather  than to a 
full presentation of facts4 ,the years  
of agitation of the  question of slavery
 still further developed individuality  
in  journalism4 ,the newspaper became an
 instrument for educating the  people on
 certain public questions1 and an       
influence upon public  opinion by means 
of editorial writing4 ,that was the     
period of  so-called great editors1 of  
whom ,horace ,greeley may be mentioned  
as a  conspicuous example1 who made and 
unmade politicians with their praise  or
 criticism1 who shaped the policy of    
political parties1 controlled           

conventions and nominated candidates1   
changed the current of their  country's 
history at critical points1 and in many 
ways wielded an  influence in public    
affairs greater than that of the leading
  statesmen4 ,the editor of that time   
was greater than his newspaper1 and  the
 power of the press was in reality the  
force of character of the  individual   
exerted through the instrument within   
his control4    ,illustration3 ,a       
,,bookseller',s ,,advertisement ,,from  
,,the ,,new ,,york ,,evening  ,,post    
,,of ,,friday1 ,,december #aa1 #ahja4   
,from #ahcj to #ahfj the progress made  
in the mechanical department of  the    
business was slow and unimportant in    
comparison with recent  inventions4     
,cylinder presses came into general use 
for the printing of  daily papers1 but  
the weekly and monthly publications     
continued to use  the primitive hand    
machines4 ,the speed of press-work was  
still limited  to a few hundred copies  
per hour1 so that an extensive          

circulation  could not be supplied even 
if there had been a demand for it4 ,the 
white paper used was still made entirely
 of rags1 and most of the  material was 
imported from ,austria and ,italy4 ,the 
cost of production  was high1 and few   
newspapers in the ,united ,states were  
published at a  fair profit4 ,the       
uncertainty of the financial returns    
from the  business greatly retarded its 
development4 ,inventors found that their
  ingenuity would receive more          
substantial rewards in other fields1 and
  editors and publishers were rarely    
practical men who could discover        
imperfections in mechanism and suggest  
improvements in their own  shops4       
,throughout the first half of the       
century most of the improved  methods of
 printing were developed in the         
establishments of book and  job         
printers4 ,there new presses and all new
 mechanical devices were  first         
installed1 and the newspaper followed1  
instead of leading1 in  the work of     

material progress in the art4           
,illustration3 ,,an ,,eden ,,mus,e ,,of 
#ahja4 ,,from ,,the ,,new ,,york        
,,evening ,,post  ,,of ,,december #bc1  
#ahja4    ,to the ,new ,york ,herald is 
generally credited the departure from   
old-time methods that resulted in the   
creation of newspapers devoted  entirely
 to the publication of news1 the        
reporting of the happenings  of the     
world day by day4 ,the innovation was   
not well received by the  editors1 who  
believed that the public cared more for 
opinions than a  record of events4 ,the 
new method proved popular1 however1 and 
the  development of the newspaper from  
the personal journal and party organ    
dates from that time4 ,the founder of   
the ,herald and the new school of       
journalism spent money to obtain the    
news of the world ahead of the  ordinary
 channels of communication4 ,he         
established a system of special         
couriers1 employed correspondents1 and  
made the collection of reports  of      

events of general interest a matter of  
first importance in the  business of    
making a newspaper4 ,other editors      
followed the new  movement slowly1 and  
often with much doubt and hesitation1   
but those  who stood still and refused  
to supply their readers with the news   
were  in time compelled to go out of the
 business4    ,when the civil war began 
the new order of journalism had         
progressed  far enough to create a      
general demand for a full report of the 
progress of that great conflict4 ,all   
the larger cities of the country  were  
connected by railroads and telegraph    
lines1 the political  agitation for five
 years prior to the beginning of        
hostilities had  aroused the people to a
 feeling of intense interest in the     
struggle1  the circulation of the daily 
papers had increased almost to the limit
  of their mechanical capacity1 and     
every condition favored a rapid         
development of the business with a      
certainty of profitable returns4  ,the  

leading editors of the country still    
exerted a far-reaching  influence in    
public affairs1 and they were consulted 
by the highest  officers of the         
,government2 but the time had come when 
the people  wanted the news1 rather than
 individual opinions4 ,american genius  
and  ingenuity responded promptly and   
adequately to the demand1 and from  the 
time of the civil war the development of
 the newspaper has been a  marvel of    
science and art4 ,the telegraph came    
into general use for the  transmission  
of news1 correspondents and artists were
 sent to the  front with all the armies1
 the men employed in ,washington to     
write  their own views of public        
questions were instructed to send to    
their  papers only a record of the great
 events then transpiring around them1   
and in a month1 or at most a year1      
,american journalism was well  advanced 
upon a new era of marvelous development4
 ,the time when the  opinions1 the power
 in phraseology1 or the individuality of

 one man  could alone make a daily      
newspaper a financial1 literary1 or     
political  success had passed4 ,the     
press had become an institution1        
journalism a  profession1 and the       
publication of newspapers a practical   
business  requiring and rewarding       
enterprise and sagacity4    ,with the   
sudden demand for more papers came rapid
 progress in the  mechanical department 
of the business4 ,double cylinder       
presses capable  of printing twenty     
thousand papers an hour were soon       
perfected1  folding machines came into  
general use1 stereotyping was employed  
to  save time1 labor1 and wear of type1 
white paper was made from wood  pulp at 
greatly reduced cost1 and the progress  
in all departments of  the business was 
by leaps and bounds until every demand  
was more than  supplied and new         
expectations created4 ,from that time   
forward  invention kept pace with every 
increase of circulation4 ,as soon as one
  press was found inadequate or         

imperfect1 the manufacturers were ready 
to set up a faster and better one4 ,as  
competition reduced the selling  price  
of the newspaper1 invention supplied    
every demand for the  material of       
production at a reduced rate4 ,the      
impetus to circulation  imparted by the 
civil war created a new reading public1 
which rapidly  grew to include every    
person who could read and a demand for  
all the  news of the world once created 
would not be denied4 ,the collection of 
news was quickly reduced to a system and
 perfected1 until to-day no  event of   
importance occurring in any part of the 
world is omitted from  the daily record 
of current history4    ,the great cost  
of collecting news at the front and     
transmitting by  telegraph full reports 
of battles during the civil war caused  
certain  newspapers in ,new ,york city  
to enter into an arrangement to receive 
reports in duplicate and share expenses4
 ,then the cost was further  reduced by 
selling the news to papers in other     

cities4 ,that was the  beginning of the 
,associated ,press1 a plan of newspaper 
combination  that ultimately made the   
buying and selling of news a great      
commercial  enterprise4 ,within a few   
years after the close of the war this   
system  had been developed until        
practically all the daily newspapers of 
the  country were interested in it or   
subscribers to the news collected and   
sold4 ,this feature of the business     
continued to grow until agencies  for   
the collection and transmission of news 
were established  throughout the world4 
,similar associations were formed in    
,england and  on the continent of       
,europe1 and news exchanged with the    
,american  organization4 ,in the ,united
 ,states the business was developed     
until  newspapers of particular sections
 of the country and even those of       
single ,states formed associations on   
the principle of mutual benefit  for the
 collection of full reports of all      
important events within the  territory  

where they circulated4 ,at the present  
time the system has  been perfected     
until the great news agencies of the    
country receive  reports of important   
events from every quarter of the globe  
with a  degree of promptness and        
accuracy rendered possible only by      
thoroughness of organization and the    
constant exercise of the keenest        
intelligence4 ,the collection of all the
 news of the world would not be         
possible under any other plan1 but the  
,american newspapers1 having  created a 
demand for the news1 were the first to  
devise a system of  obtaining it        
promptly at a cost that made possible   
the publication of  daily papers at a   
profit in almost every town in the      
country4 ,brief  reports of all         
important events are transmitted by     
cable or telegraph  to a central office 
in ,new ,york1 ,washington1 or ,chicago1
 where they  are condensed or           
elaborated1 as occasion may require1 and
 then sent  out over special telegraph  

wires to papers all over the country    
that  are subscribers to the service4   
,the larger papers of the country1      
however1 do not rely upon this service  
alone4 ,they are represented by  special
 correspondents not only in all the     
chief cities of the ,united  ,states1   
but in ,london4 ,paris1 ,berlin1 and    
other news centers of the  ,old ,world4 
,the development of the newspaper into a
 medium for recording day by  day every 
event of human interest was so rapid    
during the civil war  and the stirring  
times immediately thereafter that many  
faults of form  and detail remained4    
,the journalism of that period was a new
  departure1 and the men who created it 
had no precedent to guide them1  but all
 the time there was a steady and        
intelligent effort to improve  in all   
directions4 ,the efforts of the leading 
men in the profession1  influenced by   
conditions and surroundings1 resulted in
 the creation of  what were for a time  
known as schools of journalism--that is1

 one man  set up an ideal1 and another  
man strived to create a journal of      
another character4 ,the aim of all was  
to publish the general news of  the day1
 but political influences were still    
strong enough to control  editorial     
policy1 and ultra-partisan and sectional
 views were  incorporated in the record 
of events4 ,there were still editors of 
great power and influence in politics   
and public affairs1 and they  tried to  
shape the current of the new condition  
by the force of  editorial writing4 ,a  
number of editors1 of both the old and  
new order1  for a time followed the     
policy of subordinating to partisan     
politics  all other features of the     
newspaper4 ,they sought to make the     
press the  dominant influence in        
politics1 and to do that they presented 
in their  journals only one side of     
public and party questions4 ,they       
undertook  to think and to reason for   
their readers1 and their partisan and   
sectional views were reflected in the   

news columns of their papers4 ,so  long 
as party feeling ran high this style of 
journalism was popular  and successful1 
but the newspaper1 being in the nature  
of an educator  of the masses1 soon set 
the people to thinking for themselves1  
and  created a demand for the news of   
public and political events without  the
 color of individual opinion4 ,the      
change from intense partisanship  to    
partial or complete independence of     
editorial utterance has come  slowly1   
and is still under way4 ,to-day there is
 no great daily  newspaper in the       
,united ,states so entirely subservient 
to a political  party as to support any 
man or measure without question or      
protest4  ,politicians fear this spirit 
of independence1 and therein lies the   
secret of the great power of the press  
in public affairs4 ,the most  powerful  
and successful journals are those that  
combine absolute  fairness and honesty  
with independence4    ,so-called schools
 of journalism1 in the rapid development

 of the  profession during the past     
twenty years1 have merged into one      
general  system or plan1 which is to get
 all the news and publish it4 ,journals 
may be graded or classified by their    
treatment of news and their  judgment as
 to the intelligence and moral character
 of the reading  public4    ,a detailed 
record of the development of the        
mechanical part of the  newspaper       
business during the past thirty years   
would be almost a  synopsis of all      
progress in science and art4 ,the       
newspaper printing  press of to-day1    
which prints1 cuts1 folds1 and counts   
ninety-six  thousand papers per hour1   
with one man to operate it1 is the      
mechanical wonder of the age4 ,it is    
justly regarded as the greatest  piece  
of machinery that the ingenuity of man  
has yet devised4 ,type is  no longer set
 by hand in the making of a newspaper1  
the letters being  formed from the metal
 direct and cast in finished lines by   
machinery4    ,studying the perfection  

and magnitude of the newspaper printing 
press of to-day it is difficult to      
realize that little more than half  a   
century of time and invention stand     
between this piece of mechanism1  that  
seems to work with human intelligence1  
and the ,washington hand  press1 upon   
which the production of printed sheets  
was a matter of  slow and arduous labor4
 ,the great metropolitan newspapers of  
to-day  are printed by monster machines 
weighing thirty tons1 composed of four  
thousand separate pieces of steel1 iron1
 brass1 wood1 and cloth4 ,in  the great 
printing-press factory of ,r4 ,hoe  ,co4
 eighteen months' time  is required to  
build one of the modern presses1 and the
 cost of it  would have more than paid  
for all the newspaper printing presses  
in  use in the ,united ,states at the   
beginning of the century4 ,these        
monster machines are known as quadruple 
presses1 which means that four  complete
 presses have been built into one4 ,when
 in operation1 white  paper is fed to   

them automatically from rolls1 and this 
paper1 with a  speed greater than the   
eye can follow1 is converted into the   
finished  newspaper1 printed on both    
sides1 cut into sheets1 pasted together1
  folded1 counted1 and deposited in     
files of fifty or one hundred at one    
side of the press4 ,white paper is fed  
to the press from two points1  and      
finished newspapers are delivered at two
 places on the opposite  side4 ,an idea 
of the speed with which the work is done
 may be gained  by watching the printed 
papers fall from the folder4 ,they drop 
so fast  that the eye1 no matter how    
well trained1 can not count them4 ,these
  presses have a capacity of ninety-six 
thousand four-1 six-1 or  eight-page    
papers per hour1 and forty-eight        
thousand ten-1 twelve-1 or  sixteen-page
 papers4 ,their mechanism is so perfect 
and so carefully  adjusted that the     
breaking of a narrow band of tape in the
 folder1 the  loosening of a nut1 the   
slightest bending of a rod1 friction in 

a  bearing1 or any other derangement1 no
 matter how slight1 is instantly        
apparent to the skilled machinist in    
charge4    ,illustration3 ,,octuple     
,,stereotype ,,perfecting ,,press ,,and 
,,folders  7printing on both sides of   
the paper74 ,capacity #if1jjj #d-1 #f-1 
or  #h-page papers per hour2 down to    
#bd1jjj #bd-page papers per hour4 ,a1   
paper rolls 7,webb's71 sometimes five   
miles long2 ,b1 printing  cylinders1    
each one carrying sixteen plates        
7pages72 ,c1 blanket or  impression     
cylinders2 ,d1 inking motion 7fountain  
and inking rollers72  ,f1 folding       
mechanism or formers 7four of these72   
,g1 deliveries 7four  of these72 ,h1    
controlling lever2 ,i1 bar slitting1    
pasting1 collating1  and collecting     
devices 7between press and folders74    
7,we are indebted to the courtesy of ,r4
 ,hoe  ,co4 for permission to  reproduce
 this photograph4 ,this picture and the 
succeeding one  represent the most      
powerful and complete printing presses  

which have  been constructed up to      
date47    ,illustration3 ,,sextuple     
,,stereotype ,,perfecting ,,press ,,and 
,,folders 7with  color attachment for   
printing three additional colors on     
outside  pages74 ,it prints per hour    
#dh1jjj #d-1 #f-1 #h-1 #aj-1 or #ab-page
 papers1  #cf1jjj #af page papers1 or   
#bd1jjj #ad-1 #af-1 #bj-1 or #bd-page   
papers--all  delivered folded1 pasted1  
and counted4 ,also magazines with pages 
half  the size of the newspaper pages1  
one half the pages printed in four      
colors and the other half in one color1 
at the rate of #dh1jjj of #h1  #ab1 #af1
 #bj1 or #bd pages1 and #bd1jjj of #bh1 
#cb1 #dj1 or #dh pages1  delivered      
folded to page size1 cut open at the    
heads1 bound with wire  staples1 and    
counted4    7,we are indebted to the    
courtesy of ,r4 ,hoe  ,co4 for          
permission to  reproduce this           
photograph47    ,the white paper used in
 making the newspapers of to-day is     
manufactured from wood pulp and is put  

up in long rolls1 wound about  an iron  
cylinder that can be adjusted in place  
at one end of the  press4 ,these rolls  
contain from two to four miles of paper1
 and weigh  from eight hundred to twelve
 hundred pounds each4 ,as soon as one   
roll  is used up another is lifted into 
place1 the loose ends of the two are    
pasted together1 and1 after a stop of   
less than two minutes1 the great  press 
is again belching forth finished        
newspapers at the rate of  sixteen      
hundred a minute1 or two hundred and    
sixty-six each second4    ,almost every 
invention and device of recent years in 
connection with  the use of electricity 
is in some way utilized in the          
production and  distribution of the     
daily newspapers4 ,the evolution of     
journalism  having finally established  
the fact that the chief function of the 
daily newspaper is to publish the news  
of the world1 the problem of  the       
business is how to obtain the news      
surely1 accurately1 and  promptly4 ,the 

ocean cable has taken the place of the  
sailing vessel1  the trained            
correspondent has succeeded the         
occasional contributor1  the electric   
telegraph and telephone have entirely   
superseded the mail  in the transmission
 of domestic news1 and every event of   
human  interest throughout the civilized
 world is placed before millions of     
readers within a few hours of its actual
 occurrence4    ,the collection of news 
is not restricted by any question of the
 cost  of obtaining it4 ,fifty years ago
 it was considered a remarkable feat    
for one newspaper to obtain information 
of an important event in  advance of    
competitors4 ,to-day it is a matter of  
comment if any  newspaper fails to      
publish all the news desired by its     
readers4 ,if a  war is fought on any    
part of the earth there are reporters on
 the  firing line1 and no expense is    
spared in collecting and transmitting   
by the quickest method available full   
reports of any event of  world-wide     

importance4 ,to-day the hiring of       
special trains1 the  stringing of a     
special line of telegraph wire1 the     
charter of a ship1  the fitting out of  
an exploring expedition1 or any other   
great  enterprise in the way of         
collecting information for the          
newspapers of  the ,united ,states1 is  
so much a part of the everyday business 
of  journalism that such things are     
accepted as a matter of course1 or      
cause no more than a passing comment4   
,half a century ago the result of a     
national convention or election was  not
 known all over the country for weeks   
afterward4 ,in the case of a  national  
convention to-day1 telegraph wires lead 
from the convention  hall into the      
offices of all the newspapers in the    
larger cities4 ,an  operator sits near  
the platform of the presiding officer1  
and with a  muffled key he sends over   
the wire a full report of the           
proceedings1  with a description of     
every incident of interest4 ,at the     

other end of  the line is an operator at
 a typecasting machine receiving the    
report  and putting it into lines as    
fast as received4 ,when a candidate for 
,president has been nominated1 extra    
editions of the daily papers are        
selling on the streets of cities a      
thousand miles away almost before  the  
applause for the winning man has died   
out in the convention hall4  ,the people
 of every city and town in the ,united  
,states where a  newspaper is published 
would feel themselves cheated of their  
rights  if they failed to receive news  
of the result of an election by         
midnight of the day on which the ballots
 were cast4    ,in enterprise and       
originality the journalism of ,america  
leads the  world at the end of the      
nineteenth century4 ,as a profession1 it
  commands1 with alluring prospects of  
fame and fortune1 the services of  men  
of genius and learning4 ,those who enter
 it from choice succeed or  fail        
quickly4 ,it is a life of activity1 a   

work where energy and  intelligence are 
essential qualifications1 and honor and 
honesty are  certain of reward4 ,there  
is no enduring place in the profession  
for  hypocrisy1 indolence1 or           
mediocrity4          ,,value ,,of ,,the 
,,study ,,of ,,art4    ,,by ,,georges   
,,perrot4         ,georges ,perrot is   
one of the leading art writers and      
teachers of       ,france4 ,born in     
#ahcb1 not far from ,paris1 he was      
graduated from       the cole ,normale  
about #ahee1 and was then for three     
years at the       ,french ,school at   
,athens4 ,from his return to the present
 day he       has occupied1 with honor  
and distinction1 many positions in the  
world of letters4 ,at present he is a   
member of the ,institut1 an             
officer of the ,lgion d',honneur1 a     
professor  la ,facult des       ,lettres
 de ,paris1 and the director of the cole
 ,normale       ,suprieure4 ,he is best 
known to scholars outside of ,france by 
the       magnificent work on the       

,history of ,art in ,antiquity1 which he
 is       writing1 assisted by ,charles 
,chipiez1 architecte du gouvernement1   
and of which seven superb quartos have  
already appeared4       7,hachette et   
,cie47 ,in #ahia1 by a decree of the    
,minister of ,public       ,instruction1
 the study of the history of the fine   
arts was       introduced into a section
 of the studies pursued at the lyces4   
,in an article in the ,revue des ,deux  
,mondes1 ,july #ae1 #ahii1 ,perrot      
pleads for an increase of the time      
assigned to the study and for       its 
introduction into other parts of the    
curriculum4         ,i have translated  
those pages of the article which are of 
general       interest as a contribution
 to a subject which is deservedly       
attracting the attention of ,american   
institutions of learning4               
,d4 ,,cady ,,eaton4    ,written and     
spoken language1 the language of which  
the signs are  words1 is not the only   
language which man uses to convey his   

ideas4  ,there is also the language of  
forms1 which1 with no less clearness and
  force1 conveys the conceptions of the 
intellect and the sentiments of  the    
heart4 ,we study the history and the    
literature of bygone people  for the    
purpose of acquiring a better knowledge 
of ourselves1 and this  knowledge is    
secured by becoming conscious of the    
different states of  mind1 to use a     
modern expression1 through which our    
ancestors have  passed4 ,even the most  
elementary and the most remote of these 
successive conditions are1 unconsciously
 perhaps1 represented in the  depths of 
our being by beliefs and customs for    
which the present order  and progress of
 civilization can not account4#af       
,footnote #af3 ,the highest education   
consists in the presentation      and in
 the acceptance of the purest ideas and 
the highest ideals      of all ages1    
whether they be presented in written or 
spoken words1      in songs of voices or
 sounds of instruments1 in plastic forms

 or      glowing pictures1 in humble    
lives or glorious actions4 ,the         
well-educated man should be the product 
and the epitome of the      best        
thoughts and sentiments the world has   
produced1 for he      carries the       
responsibility of past centuries4       
,not to go back to the ,quaternary      
period or to the cave dwellers1 there   
are many of these mental ideas or       
conditions which would remain hidden    
from the inquiry of the historian if he 
were limited to written  testimony4 ,one
 example may suffice3 the discoveries of
 ,schliemann1 at  ,troy1 ,mycen1 and    
,tiryns have rescued from oblivion a    
primitive ,greece  of which the ,greeks 
themselves had preserved but a faint    
remembrance4  ,thus has been given to   
the ,homeric epoch a background of many 
centuries4 ,now this ,greece1           
contemporary of the ,thutmoses and the  
,ramses of ,egypt1 anterior to not only 
,grecian history but even to  ,grecian  
tradition1 could not write1 but could   

work and use stone2  could hew wood and 
fashion it for carpentry2 could mold and
 bake clay2  could melt and hammer lead1
 bronze1 gold1 and silver2 and could    
carve  ivory4 ,every bit of material    
fashioned by the instruments of this    
period has the value of an authentic    
document4 ,how society was  constituted1
 the life that was led1 what notions    
were held of the  hereafter--all these  
things are revealed by the marks the    
hands of man  have left upon everything 
he touched4 ,the colossal walls of      
,tiryns1  the majestic funeral cupolas  
of ,mycen1 the divisions of the royal   
abodes of which the outlines can still  
be traced on the surface of the  soil1  
and the arrangement of the sepulchres   
hidden beneath it all  testify4 ,so1    
too1 the weapons1 the instruments1 the  
vases1 and the  jewels which have been  
found scattered about amid the ruins of 
the  buildings or buried in the tombs4  
,thanks to all these monuments1 we  are 
beginning to recognize in a shadow which

 year by year glows with a  brighter    
light the features which characterized  
the world of ,achan  heroes of which the
 image1 transformed by oral tradition   
and  singularly enlarged by power of    
invention1 is reflected in the ,iliad   
and the ,odyssey4    ,from these obscure
 and remote ages let us transport       
ourselves to the  ,greece of            
,pisistratus1 of ,pericles1 and of      
,alexander4 ,instructors of  youth tell 
of the losses which have been made1 and 
of how small a part  of the literary    
work of ,greek genius has escaped the   
great shipwreck  of antiquity4 ,should  
they not also indicate where precious   
supplements  of information may be found
 to fill the voids of written tradition8
  ,there are many variations of         
important myths1 hardly mentioned in    
passing by obscure epitomizers of the   
lower centuries1 which have  furnished  
to ceramic artists subjects for pictures
 which make us  acquainted with         
personages and with episodes of which   

writers have  hardly left a trace4 ,but 
even if we had the works of the cyclic  
poets1  all of which have perished2 if  
we had the lyric poets1 of whom only    
,pindar has survived1 and ,bacchylides  
whose fragments are to-day the  joy of  
,hellenists2 if we had the whole of     
tragedy1 of which we have  but the      
remnants2 if we had all of that comedy  
which is represented  by ,aristophanes  
alone2 if we had all of the more ancient
 comedy1 all  of the middle period and  
all of the new1 with ,menander who since
 the  ,renaissance is the regret of all 
critics of fine apprehension--all  this 
poetry could not exhaust the multiple   
fecundity and the  prodigious richness  
of the imagination which created it4 ,if
 malevolent  ,fortune had decreed the   
destruction of every bit of ,greek      
plastic art  we should have been        
condemned to perpetual ignorance of many
 aspects  and methods of the ,greek     
soul4 ,is there anything in literature  
worth  the little clay figures of       

,tanagra in making clear how the ,greeks
  apprehended and enjoyed female beauty3
 how they loved it not only in  the     
noble and serious types of a ,pallas or 
an ,aphrodite1 but even as  presented by
 the humble inhabitants of little       
villages in the graceful  abandon of    
their everyday life and in the liberty  
of their most  ordinary attitudes8 ,if  
we base an opinion of the religion of   
the  ,greeks only upon the epithets used
 by poets in defining the gods and  upon
 actions they attributed to them1 we run
 the risk of judging  wrongly4 ,in      
contemplating their images we obtain    
clearer notions of  the ideas associated
 with each divine type4 ,alas6 we do not
 possess  the great works of ,phidias   
which according to men of authority made
  men more religious--the ,athene of the
 ,parthenon and the ,zeus of  ,olympia4 
,but even in the reduced copies of these
 two masterpieces  which have reached   
down to our time we can divine how the  
master  expressed in the one the idea of

 calm and luminous intelligence and of  
supreme wisdom1 and in the other the    
idea of that sovereign force in  repose 
and of that omnipotence1 tempered by    
goodness1 which were  conceived to exist
 in the sovereign of the universe1 the  
father of  gods and men4    ,in         
subsequent paragraphs ,perrot imagines  
the ,greek statues of the  ,louvre thus 
addressing a classical student3         
,young man1 you who are studying ,greece
 in ,homer and ,plato1 in  ,sophocles   
and ,herodotus1 do not pass us by so    
quickly4 ,we also belong  to that       
,greece which you discern and which you 
seek in their writings1  of which not   
without difficulty you decipher the     
prose and the verse4  ,to understand and
 to love us1 to read in our features the
 thoughts of  which we are the          
expression1 to seize in the modeling of 
our flesh and  in the pure outline of   
our limbs the secret of the genius which
  created us1 no grammar nor dictionary 
is needed2 only apply yourself  to the  

education of your eye4 ,in this         
exercise1 in this  apprenticeship1 you  
will find a pleasure which will become  
more and  more keen as you become more  
capable of perceiving rapidly the finest
  gradations4 ,if you aspire to become  
an authorized interpreter of ,greek     
genius1 do not fear that you may be     
losing time4 ,when1 by long and         
affectionate intercourse1 you shall have
 sufficiently entered into our  intimacy
 to be able at any given hour to evoke  
in your spirit1 as  clearly as if we    
stood before you1 a vision of the forms 
which shall  have become dear to you1   
then the images which shall be awakened 
in  your memories when you read the     
poets will be akin to those which the   
same recitals and the same epithets     
suggested to the ,greeks who saw us     
born4 ,to them you will be drawn by     
similarity of impression4 ,you will  be 
nearer to them1 nearer to thinking and  
feeling after their fashion1  at least  
by moments1 than the most subtle        

grammarian or the most  learned         
,hellenist who never has seen us4       
,turning from ,greece to ,italy1 ,perrot
 derives a no less striking lesson  from
 the statues of ,roman emperors3    ,is 
there a lesson1 though given by the most
 learned professor1 that  could cause to
 live before us all the life of the     
,rome of the ,csars  as do these        
effigies8 ,in the long succession of    
portraits which  embrace three centuries
 of history the differences of times and
 of men  are contrasted more keenly and 
more vividly than in the recitals of    
ancient authors or in the dissertations 
of modern erudites4 ,augustus  and      
,tiberius1 ,constantine and ,theodosius1
 all bore the same  title--'imperator'2 
all were called consuls1 ,csars1        
,augusti1 patres  patri1 etc4           
,nevertheless1 from the first to the    
fourth centuries the  supreme power was 
greatly modified4 ,volumes have been    
written to  explain the change1 but     
there is nothing that makes it so clear 

as the  comparison of the images of     
these princes4 ,augustus1 in perhaps the
  most beautiful of all his statues1    
called de ,prima ,porta1 has his  head1 
arms1 legs1 and feet bare4 ,over the    
soldier's short tunic he  wears a       
cuirass1 and over it is thrown the      
military mantle of command4  ,he is     
represented as supreme chief haranguing 
his troops4 ,another  statue may        
represent him as a simple citizen1      
clothed with the toga  and holding in   
his hand the manuscript of the discourse
 he proposes  reading to the senate4    
,the statues still show forth the ,roman
  ,republic1 at least the customs and   
the style of it4 ,most vividly is  the  
spirit and also the deception of the    
system perceived which1 while  investing
 a single individual with a power almost
 limitless1 affects  for two centuries a
 preservation of ancient liberties4     
,turn from these  to an image of one of 
the successors of ,diocletian1 one who  
preferred  to reside in ,constantinople1

 the new capital of the empire4 ,do not 
seek his image in one of the ceremonial 
statues where1 by force of  routine1 the
 sculptor may perchance have preserved  
classic rules2 but  in monuments of     
another order1 where the artist kept    
closer to  reality1 in miniatures       
adorning manuscripts1 in mosaics1 in    
ivory  diptychs1 etc4 ,there you will   
find figures which have nothing left of 
the simplicity and nobility which ,rome 
borrowed from ,greece1 but  figures     
which in some particulars recall the old
 art of ,asia1 and in  others already   
announce the art of the middle ages4    
,the head is  encircled with a diadem4  
,the body and the limbs are entirely    
hidden by  clinging draperies which are 
very long and very narrow4 ,the         
materials  which form this species of   
case are decorated from top to bottom   
with  rich embroideries in the shape of 
medallions1 flowers1 animals1 and  even 
persons4 ,there is no more deception2 we
 are no longer in ,rome2  fictions so   

long preserved have finally disappeared2
 the empire has  turned into an         
,oriental despotism4    ,between the two
 extremes of the series1 how many       
degrees are there  which furnish the    
very best commentaries of history8 ,the 
heads of all  the ,csars1 even those of 
,claudius1 the accidental scholar1 and  
of  ,caligula1 the wicked and witty     
fool1 are aristocratic4 ,they show the  
nobility and the pride of race4 ,you    
recognize in them the descendants  of   
those grand patrician families which at 
first seemed to hold  exclusively the   
right to give masters to the ,romans4   
,with ,vespasian1  scion of a           
middle-class family pushing its way into
 second-class  public positions1 the    
advent of a new order is evident4       
,vespasian has  the round and smooth1   
double-chinned face of the chief clerk  
of a  commercial or banking             
establishment4 ,trajan has the features 
of a  soldier who has probably pushed   
his way to the front from the ranks4    

,hadrian1 who turns his head to hear the
 better1 whose bright eyes  gleam even  
in the marble1 whose half-opened mouth  
seems in the act of  speech1 shows the  
features of a learned and intelligent   
scholar4  ,marcus ,aurelius1 with his   
bristling hair and beard1 would be taken
 for  a ,greek philosopher4 ,in         
,caracalla's looks there is derangement4
 ,his  eye betrays that murderous and   
fantastic frenzy which seized more than 
one emperor1 especially of those who    
from early youth had been exposed  to   
the temptations of absolute power4#ag   
,footnote #ag3 ,there is a bust of      
,julius ,csar in ,england of which      
a cast or a copy should be by the side  
of every expounder of the               
,commentaries4 ,the presence of the bust
 would give new life to the             
narrative1 for there is more life in the
 marble than in the      writing4 ,there
 are in the ,louvre1 placed side by     
side1 three      representations of     
,nero which tell the story of the man   

more      graphically than the pages of 
,suetonius4 ,the first represents the   
youth1 whose thoughts are pure1 hopes   
bright1 and resolves noble4      ,the   
second shows the conflict with evil and 
the beginning of the      triumph of    
sin4 ,the third is so monstrous in its  
brutality and      lust that it must    
have been taken but a short time before 
the      catastrophe which terminated   
the matricide's career4 ,historians     
may detail the circumstances of the fall
 of ,rome1 philosophers may             
investigate the causes which led to it1 
but that hideous face in      the       
,louvre tells the whole story with a    
force so startling1 so                  
instantaneous1 that history and         
philosophy seem weak and wanting4       
,not to personages alone do pictured    
monuments give life4 ,the same          
character of sensible reality is        
imparted to the frame and to the        
surroundings of the picture1 to all the 
theater where these actors  played their

 parts4 ,of this truth no one of our    
teachers1 when ,i was a  collegian1     
seemed to have a suspicion4 ,there was  
not an illustration  in the cold and dry
 compendiums which were placed in our   
hands4 ,i can  almost ask myself if1    
when ,i studied ,greek and ,roman       
history1 ,i was  really convinced that  
,sparta and ,athens1 ,rome and ,carthage
 had  actually existed4 ,i certainly did
 not know how or where to place them  in
 space1 what idea to have of their      
situation1 or of the outlines  made by  
the ridges of their walls1 their houses1
 and their temples4  ,all these cities  
were to me vague shadows1 floating      
between heaven and  earth4 ,no one of   
them answered to a distinct and defined 
form4    ,if this be the case with      
classical antiquity1 in spite of the    
color  and splendor of the narratives of
 its writers1 how much more difficult   
is it to know and understand ,france of 
the middle ages when condemned  to study
 it in its literary work alone6 ,the    

literature of the period  is partly in  
debased ,latin1 partly in early ,french4
 ,the ,french of the  day was not the   
language of the thinkers4 ,the deep     
thought of the age  is not to be found  
in minstrelsy and ballads4 ,it must be  
asked of the  learned1 of philosophers1 
of theologians1 and of sacred writers4  
,but  to follow them in the subtle      
analyses and in the excessive           
complications of symbolism1 in which    
they delight1 requires mental  efforts  
which are made all the more laborious by
 the artificial  character of the church
 ,latin1 which no longer continued to   
renew  itself at the source of popular  
speech4 ,it is impossible to see how    
such works1 in spite of their value to  
erudition1 can be called to  take part  
in the education of the young4 ,it is   
for this reason that  lately1 by a      
judicious innovation1 a discreet place  
has been made in  the curriculum for    
histories and poems written in the      
common language1  for the ,chanson de   

,roland1 and for the works of           
,villehardouin and  ,joinville4 ,but the
 student can only read these in         
translations1 or in  those adaptations  
which so modernize the language as to   
leave but a  little of its original     
flavor1 and which therefore make but an 
imperfect contact between the original  
work and the mind of the  reader4 ,but  
supposing the scholar capable of        
mastering the original  text3 can its   
formless and superabundant prose1 or the
 tiresome  monotone of its flowing      
dissonances1 give him emotions which    
have the  vivacity of those which a page
 of ,tacitus or a song of ,virgil gives 
to  those who know even a modicum of    
,latin8 ,can they have the power to     
excite the imagination in the same      
degree as any strong and concise        
sentence of the historian1 any sonorous 
and glowing verse of the ,roman  poet8  
,it is only exceptionally and as by     
flashes that the writings of the  middle
 ages give the impression of true       

beauty4 ,the conceptions are  often     
grand1 but the expression is always weak
 and dragging4 ,on the  other hand1     
,roman or ,gothic churches are not less 
beautiful after  their manner than      
,greek temples4 ,their beauty is of     
another fashion1  but many souls are    
touched more deeply4 ,they manifest no  
less clearly  the power of the religious
 faith which constructed them4 ,the     
particular character of ,christian faith
 is shown with singular  clearness in   
their majesty1 in the elevation of their
 vaults1 in the  half lights which flood
 them1 and in the thousands of figures  
which  populate and animate every       
surface4 ,as in ,greece1 the sculptor   
co-operates intelligently and docilely  
with the architect and has  occupied no 
less happily the allotted fields4 ,as   
,phidias and ,alcamenes  represented on 
the pediments and friezes of ,doric     
temples the great  gods of ,greece and  
the local myths of ,athens and ,olympia1
 so anonymous  masters1 called to       

decorate the cathedrals of the middle   
ages1 have  placed impressive statues on
 the sides and in the voussoirs of the  
portals1 in the open galleries which run
 along the faades1 on the top  of the   
pinnacles which throng the roof--in     
fact1 everywhere where  space is        
offered4 ,these statues1 distributed in 
an order regulated by  doctrine and     
tradition1 show forth the ,saviour1 the 
,virgin1 saints and  angels1 prophets   
and apostles1 and hosts of personages   
and scenes  suggested by ,holy ,writ or 
by local and popular legends4 ,among    
these  images there are many at         
,bourges1 ,chartres1 ,rheims1 ,amiens1  
and ,ntre  ,dame de ,paris1 which are   
marvels of severe elegance1 of chaste   
and  haughty grace1 and of lofty moral  
nobility4 ,this wonderful statuary  has 
but lately been investigated1 exposed1  
and studied1 but already it  would be   
difficult to find a connoisseur         
unwilling to compare with the  most     
boasted statues of antiquity that       

admirable image of the teaching  ,christ
 of the west portal of ,amiens1 to which
 the popular surname has  been attached 
of le ,beau ,dieu d',amiens4    ,for    
evident reasons1 ,french sculpture of   
the thirteenth century did  not1 as did 
,greek sculpture1 devote itself to the  
study and  reproduction of the nude4 ,it
 denied itself this attraction4 ,all    
figures are clad2 but beneath the       
drapery1 which is in fine masses  with  
large folds1 the outline and the        
movement of form are indicated  with    
precision4 ,the principal interest and  
the rare originality1  however1 of this 
sculpture is that it is perhaps the most
 expressive  that has ever existed4     
,this expressiveness appears in the     
general  effect of the pose1 in the     
disposition of the drapery1 but         
especially  in the character which the  
artist has succeeded in giving to the   
features of the face4    ,the august    
mysteries of the ,christian dogma1 the  
poetry of the ,old  and of the ,new     

,testament1 the triumphant deaths of    
martyrs1 the  miracles of saints and    
their infinite charity--these things    
which the  middle ages failed to put    
into clear and intelligible words are   
fully  rendered in sculpture4 ,the work 
of the chisel is large and firm4        
,difficulties are not sought1 nor are   
they feared4 ,whatever be the  material1
 the form is sure4 ,to understand how   
superior the plastic is  to the literary
 work1 and to measure the distance1     
compare the ,amiens  statue with the    
portraits the authors of the ,mysteries 
endeavor to  draw of the ,son of ,god4  
',what can be more flat than these poor 
verses1  which are nevertheless of the  
sixteenth century8 ,the authors had good
  intentions and an apprehension of what
 should be done1 but they were  betrayed
 by the language in which they wrote4   
,the sculptors of the  thirteenth       
century1 on the contrary1 who possessed 
fully the grammar  of their art1        
expressed all they felt1 and have left  

us the most  divine images of ,jesus    
,christ in existence4'#ah               
,footnote #ah3 ,e4 ,mle4 ,revue         
,universitaire1 ,third ,anne1 l4 i1 p4  
#ae4    ,italy of the ,renaissance is   
quite unintelligible to any one who has 
not measured the place held by art in   
the preoccupations not only of  artists 
who practice it1 but of all men of all  
conditions--of princes1  nobles1        
tradesmen1 and of citizens of most      
humble occupations4 ,no one  in any rank
 is without a passionate love for       
plastic beauty4 ,this love  was ,italy's
 life and ,italy's death4 ,she died of  
it1 because all her  sap was consumed in
 satisfying it4 ,it made her indifferent
 to her  dismemberment1 to the hard yoke
 of her tyrants1 to the loss of her     
political liberties1 and of her         
independence4 ,but1 at the same time1   
it constituted the intensity of her life
 which was exhausted and  renewed again 
in the ardor with which she pursued her 
ideal and in her  endeavors to realize  

it under all its aspects4 ,let him who  
would wish  to obtain an exact idea of  
this condition reside for a while in    
,mantua1 in ,parma1 in ,sienna1 in      
,florence1 or in any other less-known   
city which nevertheless had its local   
school of art1 its architects1  its     
sculptors1 its painters1 some of whom1  
though they only worked for  their      
native city1 were not far from          
manifesting genius4#ai        ,footnote 
#ai3 ,raphael's ,madonnas save the      
reputation of the papal      see of the 
sixteenth century1 for pontiffs who     
cherished such pure      and gentle     
representations could not have been so  
corrupt as      ,luther's partisans     
assert4    ,the written history of the  
seventeenth century and its rich        
literature can not alone give an idea of
 the situation occupied by  ,louis ,,xiv
 in ,europe when he was admired1        
imitated1 or rather servilely  copied1  
as pre-eminently the type of the modern 
king even by those who  hated him the   

most4 ,after two centuries1 have we not 
seen his  wonderful prestige still      
potent in dominating the sickly mind of 
,louis  ,,ii of ,bavaria8 ,in his desire
 to copy his chosen model ,louis ruined 
himself in building palaces4 ,in this   
folly he showed discrimination4  ,louis 
,,xiv1 when dying1 may have accused     
himself of having indulged too  great a 
love for building2 but his edifices1    
with their majestic  grandeur and the   
opulence of their decoration1 gave that 
royal life a  frame which had much to do
 with the dazzling which all ,europe    
experienced when in the presence of le  
,roi ,soleil4 ,in order to  recognize   
and experience1 though but for a moment1
 a little of the  impression felt by all
 contemporaries1 ,versailles must be    
visited2 the  apartments of the palace1 
the terraces1 and the alleys of the park
  must be traversed4 ,thus will be      
thrown upon this historic figure a      
light far more brilliant and true than  
could possibly be the result of         

learning by heart accounts of all the   
campaigns of ,turenne or ,cond1  or all 
the clauses of the treaties of ,nimgue  
and ,ryswick4    ,the same may be said  
of the eighteenth century1 of which only
 an  incomplete idea can be had without 
a knowledge of its art4 ,this  century1 
to which ,voltaire gave the note1 seems 
to have had no  sentiment of poetry4    
,down to the time of ,andr ,chenier     
everything  called poetry was no more   
than rhymed prose4 ,the imagination1    
however1  did not lose its rights4 ,like
 a stream which changes its bed1 it     
withdrew from literature to flow into   
the arts of design4 ,there it  gives    
evidence of invention and of light and  
spontaneous grace4  ,architects adopt   
plans of happy arrangement4 ,they employ
 forms of rare  elegance both in the    
elements of construction and in the     
ornaments  which decorate them4 ,such   
sculptors as ,capperi and ,houdon give  
to  portraiture a marvelous intensity of
 life1 while the terra cottas of        

,clodion1 with their fantastic and      
voluptuous charm1 recall the clay       
modelers of antiquity4 ,such painters as
 ,greuze1 ,lancret1 and ,boucher  spread
 before the eyes living idyls1 while    
,watteau and ,frangonard  conjure dreams
 of ideal ,cytheras1 of a chimerical    
paradise where reign  eternal youth and 
eternal desire4 ,the politics of our    
kings and of our  ministers of the      
period is but a succession of faults and
 weaknesses4  ,the best concerted plans 
come to naught4 ,the most brilliant     
victory  produces no useful results4 ,if
 ,france1 in spite of so many reverses1 
still held her supremacy in ,europe1 she
 owed it to her writers and to  her     
artists4    ,perrot's arguments might be
 used with even greater force in        
reference  to those notions which have  
had no ,comines1 no ,joinville1 no      
,froissart1 no ,villehardouin1 but the  
history of whose civilization may  be   
traced in monuments along the ,rhine and
 the ,danube1 the ,ems and the  ,elbe4  

,in the last part of the article ,perrot
 considers the best  methods of giving  
the desired instruction4 ,however       
interesting and  valuable his           
suggestions may be in communities where 
the instruction  has already been       
established1 it is evident that there   
must first be a  conviction of the value
 and necessity of such studies and the  
determination to have them started4     
,methods are not difficult to  devise1  
and will vary with national and         
individual tastes4 ,that  ,american     
colleges of thirty1 forty1 or fifty     
years ago should have  objected to the  
introduction of the history of the fine 
arts into  their curricula is easily    
understood4 ,art in any form was        
regarded by  the ,new ,england mind as  
an emanation of the devil1 and the ,new 
,england  mind controlled ,american     
colleges4 ,why the repugnance continues 
to  exist is harder to understand4 ,it  
may subsist from ignorance1 from        
prejudice1 or from conservatism4        

,conservatism may still regard all      
information to be derived from art as   
objectionable4 ,prejudice may  still be 
strongly fixed in the notion that       
written and spoken words  are the only  
vehicles of instruction1 and that the   
arts are useless  and idle vanities1    
while ignorance may be awaiting         
demonstration which  will have to be    
strong and conclusive to awake it from  
self-satisfied  apathy4 ,may the good   
words of ,perrot help on the cause and  
accelerate  the time when the best and  
the fullest education will be offered by
  the ,american university6             
,,how ,,standard ,,time ,,is ,,obtained4
    ,,by ,t4 ,b4 ,,willson1 ,m4 ,a4     
,almost everybody knows that            
observatories are the places from which 
standard time is sent out and corrected 
daily or hourly4 ,but  comparatively few
 have more than the vaguest idea of the 
means used at  the observatories for    
obtaining it4    ,probably the majority 
of people suppose that the observatories

 obtain  the correct time from the sun4 
,when the average man wishes to give his
  watch the highest praise he says1 ,it 
regulates the sun1 not being  aware that
 a watch which would keep with the sun  
around the year would  have to be nearly
 as bad as ,sam ,weller's4 ,the farmer  
may safely decide  when to go in to     
dinner by the sun1 but if the mariner   
was as  confident that the sun marked   
always the correct time as the farmer is
  he would be sure to be at times two or
 three hundred miles from where  he     
thought he was4 ,in other words1 the    
sun--that is1 a sundial--is  only       
correct on a few days in each year1 and 
during the intervening  times gets as   
far as a whole quarter hour fast or     
slow4    ,these variations of the sun   
from uniform time caused no end of      
trouble  between the astronomers and the
 fine clockmakers before it was         
discovered that sun time is subject to  
such irregularities4 ,the better  the   
clock1 the worse it often seemed to go4 

,but as the variations in sun time are  
now accurately known1 correct  time     
might be obtained from the sun by making
 proper allowance1 were  it not for the 
difficulty of observing its position1   
with sufficient  exactness4 ,the large  
disk of the sun can not be located so   
perfectly  as can the single point which
 a star makes4 ,for this reason         
astronomers depend almost wholly upon   
the stars for obtaining accurate  time4 
,it is the method of doing this which we
 propose to describe4    ,there are     
several hundred stars whose positions   
have been established  with the greatest
 accuracy by the most careful           
observations at a  number of the        
principal observatories of the world4   
,if a star's exact  position is known1  
it can readily be calculated when it    
will pass the  meridian of any given    
place--that is1 the instant it will     
cross a  north-and-south line through   
the place4 ,the data regarding these    
stars  are all published in the nautical

 almanacs1 which are got out by  several
 different observatories for the use of 
navigators and all  others who have uses
 for them4 ,these stars are known as    
clock stars4    ,every observatory is   
provided with at least one1 or1 better1 
several  clocks that are very accurate  
indeed4 ,every appliance and precaution 
which science can suggest is resorted to
 to make these clocks  accurate4 ,the   
workmanship is1 of course1 very fine4   
,what is known as  the retaining click  
prevents their losing a single beat     
while being  wound4 ,the small          
variations in the length of the pendulum
 which  changes of temperature would    
cause are offset by compensation4 ,the  
rise of the mercury in the pendulum bob1
 if the weather grows warmer1  shortens 
the pendulum precisely as much as the   
expansion of its rod  lengthens it1 and 
conversely if it becomes colder4 ,such  
clocks1 too1  are set on stone piers    
built up from below the surface of the  
ground  and wholly independent of the   

building itself4 ,often the clocks are  
made with air-tight cases1 and sometimes
 are placed in tightly closed  chambers1
 only to be entered when absolutely     
necessary4 ,some fine  clocks even have 
appliances for offsetting barometric    
changes1 but  these affect such clocks  
less than other influences or           
imperfections  which can not be         
accounted for1 and thus they are seldom 
provided  against4    ,the astronomer's 
principal clock--the one he uses in all 
his  calculations--marks what is known  
as sidereal1 not ordinary1 time4 ,the   
revolution of the earth in its orbit    
sets the sun back in its place  in the  
heavens at the rate of about four       
minutes a day1 or one whole  day in a   
year1 so that this clock1 indicating    
star time1 gains this  amount and is    
only with ordinary clocks once a year4  
,after it is once  adjusted1 no attempt 
is made to regulate it exactly1 as the  
astronomer  would better calculate its  
differences than disturb its regulation1

  always provided its rate is very      
uniform and accurately known4    ,one or
 more of the other clocks1 however1 are 
made to show ordinary  time1 and        
corrected by observations taken every   
few days4 ,it is from  this clock that  
the standard time is sent out4    ,it is
 possible to connect any of these clocks
 telegraphically with an  instrument in 
the observatory1 known as a chronograph4
 ,it consists of  a cylinder with a     
sheet of paper around it1 on which rests
 a pen  connected with the telegraphic  
instrument which follows the beats of   
the clock4 ,the cylinder is turned      
slowly by clockwork1 and the pen1       
carried slowly along by a screw1        
describes a spiral on the paper with    
jogs or teeth in it about a quarter of  
an inch apart1 caused by the  beats of  
the clock4 ,in this way the astronomer  
secures a visible  record of the beating
 of his clock1 or rather of the         
movements of his  telegraphic recorder4 
,thus1 if he has another key on the same

 circuit  with the clock1 connected with
 his chronograph recorder1 and should   
touch it between the beats of his clock1
 it would put in an extra jog  or tooth 
on his record1 and it will show1 what he
 could not have told  in any other way1 
in just what part of the second he      
touched this key1  whether in the first 
or last part of the second1 and         
precisely how far  from either end--that
 is1 he can determine fractions of a    
second with  great nicety4              
,illustration3 ,a ,,short ,,section     
,,from ,,the ,,paper ,,band ,,of ,,the  
,,chronograph  ,,cylinder1 ,,showing    
,,tracings ,,of ,,pen ,,connected ,,with
 ,,clocks3 #a1 seconds of  sidereal     
clock2 #b1 both sidereal and common     
clocks2 #c-aj1 the tracings  of the     
mean-time clock fall steadily behind the
 other2 #aa1 sidereal  only2 #ab1       
connected with observer's key4 ,the     
extra teeth show when a  star passed    
each of the five spider lines4 ,at the  
extreme right is a  rattle1 put in to   

show where the observation is on the    
cylinder4    ,as a matter of fact1 he   
has such a key at the telescope which he
 uses  to make his observations in      
taking time1 so that when he wishes to  
record the precise instant in which     
anything takes place which he is        
viewing through his telescope he has but
 to press the key in his hand  and an   
extra tooth will be put into the record 
which the clock is  making1 somewhere   
among the regular teeth put in by the   
beating of the  clock4 ,later1 when he  
takes out the sheet he can see just     
where the  tooth came1 and so at what   
instant it was4 ,if1 now1 he knows      
exactly  what the instant was according 
to the true time as given in his        
almanacs--that is1 what his clock ought 
to have shown at that  instant--he can  
tell how nearly right his clock is4     
,once knowing how  this clock is1 it is 
a simple calculation to find how the    
clock which  sends the signals is       
running1 and to alter it if needed in a 

manner we  shall describe later4    ,the
 observations the astronomer makes use  
of to determine these  instants of time 
are upon the clock stars4 ,he uses a    
rather small  telescope1 known as a     
transit4 ,it is placed with the nicest  
accuracy  in a north-and-south line4 ,it
 can turn over vertically1 but can not  
move sideways out of its line4 ,its     
alignment is kept perfect by            
occasionally sighting some small mark a 
few rods from the observatory1  either  
north or south4    ,if the astronomer   
points this transit1 say1 halfway up the
 southern  heavens and sees a star pass 
across the center of its field he knows 
that that instant gives1 as it were1 the
 noon mark of that star4 ,if  it is one 
of the clock stars1 he knows by his     
tables what that  instant of time       
is--should be--by his clock4    ,we have
 seen what his means are of comparing   
his clock and his  observations4 ,but   
observe1 now1 how much pains he takes to
 get the  most exact observations4      

,to begin with1 he must have calculated 
to a nicety his location4 ,the  director
 of an observatory always knows where he
 is located in a sense  that few other  
men do4 ,the accuracy of a large part of
 his  observations of any kind depends  
on his first having determined the      
latitude and longitude of his           
observatory within a very few feet4     
,then  the data given by his tables are 
all modified1 and adapted to conform  to
 his locality4    ,there are stretched  
across in the eyepiece of his transit   
five spider  lines4 ,the central one is 
on the central line of the field of his 
instrument4 ,in observing a star for    
time the astronomer watches it as  it is
 carried by the rotation of the earth   
past each of these spider  lines1 and   
presses his key--that is1 makes a       
record--as it crosses  each line4       
,taking the average of these five       
observations1 he makes  the possible    
error very small4 ,but1 in addition to  
this1 he also  usually makes            

observations on at least four clock     
stars1 which gives  him twenty          
observations to average up and determine
 by4 ,as he inspects  the record of     
these observations which has gone upon  
the chronograph  sheet along with the   
clock beats he is able to determine1    
after proper  calculations1 how his     
clock stands4    ,such observations are 
made every three or four evenings1 and  
thus the  clocks are not given time to  
get far out of the way4 ,it is not usual
  for a good clock to show a variation  
of more than half a second4 ,if  the    
astronomer finds that his clock which is
 sending the time is  running a fraction
 of a second slow1 he goes to it and    
lays on the top  of the pendulum bob a  
minute clipping of metal1 which is      
equivalent to  shortening the pendulum  
an infinitesimal amount4 ,when he takes 
his  next observation he discovers how  
his clock has been affected1 and  again 
treats it accordingly4 ,thus the time   
that is sent out  automatically by the  

clock is kept always correct within a   
small  fraction of a second4 ,those who 
receive the time sometimes arrange      
electro-magnets near the pendulums of   
their clocks1 which act with the  beats 
of the observatory clock1 and their     
attraction is enough to hold  or        
accelerate the pendulums as needed to   
make them synchronize with  the         
observatory clock4    ,it will be seen  
that the means of obtaining exact time  
involve a very  considerable outlay1 and
 that the services of highly trained men
 are  needed4 ,the public is thus       
greatly indebted to the railroads1      
telephone companies1 and other          
corporations which usually bear the     
expense of securing standard time4 ,it  
is probable1 however1 that from  motives
 of scientific pride no observatory     
would undertake to charge  for this     
anything like what would be exacted for 
such rare service in  any department of 
the commercial world4    ,it is worth   
while to note that even with such       

perfect clocks and  favorable conditions
 it is still impossible to secure       
perfect  timekeeping4 ,add to this the  
fact that it is not usual for those who 
send out the time1 after it has been    
received from the observatory1 to  pay  
much heed to variations1 even of several
 seconds1 in their master  clocks1 and  
we see why it is a disheartening task to
 keep the best  watch as near the second
 as the owner would fain have it4 ,in   
the first  place1 the watch could hardly
 be made to keep such time if kept still
  in an unchanging temperature2         
secondly1 it is still less capable of it
  when subjected to the jolting and     
changes of temperature it encounters    
when carried2 and1 thirdly1 the means of
 obtaining time with  sufficient        
exactitude are rarely available to the  
general public4          ,,agricultural 
,,education ,,in ,,foreign ,,countries4 
,,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,de ,,riemer1 ,m4 ,a4     
,the recent death1 at the closing of the
 year #ahih1 of the lamented  ,senator  

,justin ,s4 ,morrill1 who1 as being the 
author of the ,land-,grant  ,college    
,act1 is justly styled the father of    
agricultural education in  the ,united  
,states1 seems to suggest the           
desirability of taking a  survey of     
agricultural education as it at present 
exists in other  countries than our own4
    ,since the pursuit of agriculture is
 one which concerns more of the  people 
of our globe than any other pursuit1 the
 necessity for  scientific training for 
agriculturists becomes more and more    
evident  to educated people4 ,it is true
 that the cultivators of the soil do not
  generally admit the need of special   
schooling4 ,at the beginning of  this   
century very few educators1 even1       
thought so4 ,it was supposed  that      
tilling the soil had nothing to do with 
schools1 and that science  had no       
connection with plowing and sowing4     
,agricultural lectureships  were        
established early in the eighteenth     
century in several ,european            

universities1 but they were regarded as 
curiosities of the  age--superfluities  
of culture1 rather than aids to the     
cultivator4  ,farmers themselves were   
supposed to be the only competent       
teachers of  agriculture1 and experience
 the only possible guide4 ,but it has   
become  apparent that no farmer's       
experience is broad enough to be adapted
 to  all soils and climates4 ,the       
successful farmer has come to regard the
  land which he owns as a wonderful     
machine which1 if rightly managed1  will
 turn out the most costly and perfect   
product2 but which1 if  neglected or    
ignorantly handled1 will disappoint his 
high hopes and  possibly impoverish its 
owner4 ,the development of commerce     
which so  easily introduces the wheat   
and potatoes and other products of our  
country into competition with the grain 
produced in a distant land has  taught  
the producers of this generation1 and   
especially the citizen of  ,european    
countries1 that the farmer who can      

produce the largest crop  of grain from 
the fewest acres1 at the lowest price   
for the best  cereal or vegetable1 is   
the only successful cultivator4 ,the    
nation  which succeeds best in this     
direction with all its soil products is 
the one which is sure to have the       
balance of trade always in its  favor4  
,the ,united ,states awoke to this idea 
when1 in #ahfb1 ,congress passed  the   
,land-,grant ,college ,act1 allotting   
,government lands in every ,state  to   
aid in founding agricultural colleges4  
,the country became more  profoundly    
moved by this idea when1 in #ahhg1      
,congress passed the ,hatch  ,act1      
granting annually to each ,state the sum
 of fifteen thousand  dollars to        
organize and perpetuate agricultural    
experiment stations1  and still further 
when it organized a ,department of      
,experiment  ,stations as an integral   
part of the ,department of ,agriculture4
    ,but several of the countries of    
,europe have anticipated our action in  

behalf of agricultural education by a   
quarter of a century4 ,germany  and     
,france and little ,switzerland realized
 fifty years ago that  agriculture in   
its various departments must be pursued 
with the aid of  the latest science     
combined with the broadest experience4  
,these  countries have not waited for   
the laborer to perfect himself in       
experience--an impossible               
attainment--but they have opened schools
 of  every possible grade1 arranged     
courses of lectures by the best         
educated scientists1 made elementary    
agriculture a compulsory subject  in the
 curricula of the common schools1 sent  
out traveling instructors  to confer    
with and advise and give courses of     
lectures to the older  farmers1 made it 
possible--even compulsory--that young   
people should  attend technical schools 
at odd hours of the day or evening1 and 
even  tempted them to pass a serious    
examination in their respective studies 
by the offer of a valuable prize as the 

reward of success4 ,it is said  that    
,charles ,dickens once made a speech at 
an agricultural dinner in  which he     
somewhat derisively said that the field 
it paid the farmer  best to cultivate   
was the one within the ring fence of his
 own skull4  ,dickens was correct4 ,the 
farmer needs scientific education4 ,the 
best  civilized and progressive nations 
of to-day are admitting the  utterance  
of ,dickens to be a serious truth4 ,vast
 sums of money are  appropriated by     
,european governments to prevent their  
agricultural  classes from continuing in
 or subsiding into ignorance of their   
art4  ,even the peasants of ,russia1    
notably in the province of              
,ekaterinoslav1  by the generous        
appliances for special agricultural     
education made by  the ,ministry of     
,agriculture and ,state ,domains1 united
 with the efforts  of the ,ministry of  
,public ,instruction1 are made to feel  
that without  expert teaching a man can 
not succeed even in the raising of fowls

 or  of bees1 the culture of silkworms1 
the making of wine1 or the manuring  of 
his fields4 ,consul ,heenan#bj says that
 in the province named above  the       
,government annually rents thirty-two   
experiment fields1 each eight  acres in 
extent1 distributed four in each        
district1 and each one  located in the  
midst of peasant fields4 ,each of these 
fields is placed  in charge of some     
scientifically educated public-school   
teacher1 who  is paid twenty-five       
dollars per year for his direction1 and 
receives1  besides1 all the harvest     
produced4 ,the teacher uses the native  
tools  and seeds1 and hires neighbor    
peasants to assist in demonstrating that
  with care in plowing1 cleaning of     
seed1 cultivating1 and reaping1 his     
field will produce larger crops than his
 slovenly or ignorant  neighbor4 ,the   
object lesson has its certain result4   
,the peasants are  gradually adopting   
the four-field culture system--viz41    
fallow1 winter  crops1 pastures1 and    

summer crops4        ,footnote #bj3 ,see
 ,united ,states ,consular ,reports1    
vol4 lvii1 ,no4      #bae1 ,august1     
#ahih1 article on ,gardener's ,schools  
in ,russia1 by      ,consul ,heenan4    
,besides these1 ,russia sustains #fh    
agricultural schools1 containing  #c1aeg
 pupils1 at a cost of #djc1ejj1 of which
 sum the ,government pays  #bgg1ejj1 and
 the local zemstovs 7societies7 or the  
school founders  pay #acf1jjj4    ,in   
,france the eminent scientist           
,lavoisier1 at the close of the last    
century1 advocated the founding of a    
national school for the teaching  of    
agricultural science4 ,his plan for     
government initiation was not  realized1
 but in #ahbb ,matthieu de ,dombasle    
founded1 near ,nancy1 the  first true   
agricultural school4 ,in #ahbi and #ahcj
 the schools at  ,grignon and           
,grandjouan were founded by ,august     
,bella and ,riefell  respectively4 ,now 
,france boasts of one of the most       
perfect systems of  agricultural        

education of any country of the world4  
,under the joint  direction of her      
,ministers of ,agriculture and of       
,public ,instruction1  ,france plans to 
cover every phase of education from the 
simplest forms  of object lessons taught
 by law in all her primary schools to   
the  crowning ,national ,institute of   
,agriculture at ,paris4 ,the facts of   
science1 united with the soundest       
experience1 are demonstrated to the     
farmer by lectures and experimentation2 
the future agriculturists of  the       
country are educated in the certainties 
of scientific research at  graded       
schools1 ranging from elementary to     
university degrees1 and  every milkmaid 
is taught the necessity of promptness1  
cleanliness1 and  system in the care of 
milch cows and in the disposal of their 
milk4    ,the former able               
,director-,general of ,french           
,agriculture1 ,monsieur  ,tisserand1    
says3 ,the aim and object of ,france has
 been not only to  give to children and 

young people the means of acquiring     
knowledge1  but also to establish means 
for interesting old cultivators4 ,in    
this  century of extreme competition we 
must admit that the agriculturist  can  
only thrive if1 in working the soil1 he 
adopts scientific methods4  ,old routine
 is no longer sufficient in this branch1
 as it is proved to  be insufficient in 
manufacture4 ,in carrying out her       
enlightened  policy1 instruction was    
given in #ahicba to #c1fjj pupil        
teachers4  ,thirty agricultural         
laboratories throughout the country     
furnish  analyses of soils and manures  
for the help of cultivators1 and #c1cfb 
trial fields are established where      
farmers can profit by experiments       
suitable to their own districts4 ,the   
special farm schools number  sixteen2   
practical schools of agriculture1       
thirty-nine2 national  schools of       
agriculture and horticulture1 six2 three
 veterinary  schools2 and one each1     
bearing the name of ,national ,agronomic

  ,institute1 is a shepherd school1 a   
cheese1 and a silkworm school4 ,in  the 
universities are no less than #afj      
departments and chairs of  agriculture  
for students of profoundest research4   
,all this costs the  departments alone  
over #d1ejd1jej francs per annum4       
,footnote #ba3 ,statistics of #ahic4    
,the ,french ,government only           
occasionally issues its official report 
of agricultural schools4    ,in         
,prussian ,germany no less activity is  
displayed or energy put forth  to make  
the farmer's occupation one of financial
 profit and scientific  status4         
,statistics for #ahig are at hand in the
 report of the ,prussian  ,minister of  
,agriculture4 ,the ,german system is    
based on the theory that  schools and   
colleges are the only places where      
theoretical agriculture  can be properly
 taught4 ,few of the higher agricultural
 schools first  established were        
exclusively such4 ,a liberal education  
could be  obtained at most of them      

without touching the subject of         
agriculture4  ,later educators have     
developed a system which begins by      
fostering a  love for ,nature in the    
minds of the pupils in the kindergarten1
 and  patiently develops that love      
through all the dozen or more grades of 
schools until it culminates in the      
polytechnic school or the degree        
granted by the university4    ,germany  
is indebted to the learned ,professor   
,thaer for the  establishment of its    
first agricultural school at ,mglin in  
#ahjg4 ,but  more than all is she1 in   
common with all the world1 indebted to  
the  famous chemist ,baron von ,liebig1 
who1 in #ahdj1 announced the  scientific
 truth which underlies all arguments for
 agricultural  education--viz41 that no 
matter how impoverished a soil is       
naturally1  or has become by excessive  
cropping1 its fertility may be restored1
  maintained1 and even increased by     
providing it with the mineral and       
organic matter which it lacks4          

,prussian agricultural affairs are under
 the supervision of the  ,ministry of   
,agriculture1 ,domains1 and ,forests4   
,the state maintains  three grades of   
schools--higher1 middle1 and lower--as  
in other  ,european countries4 ,the most
 celebrated are the ,royal ,agricultural
  ,high ,schools at ,berlin and         
,popplesdorf1 two royal academies of    
forestry1 and the university courses in 
agriculture at ,halle1  ,gttingen1      
,knigsberg1 ,leipsic1 ,giessen1 and     
,jena4 ,the state expends  something    
like two hundred thousand dollars       
annually on agricultural  education4 ,in
 ,germany agricultural education has so 
broadened out as  to include training in
 every technical part of a farmer's     
work--culture of forests1 fruits1       
flowers1 and vines2 schools to teach    
wine1 cider1 and beer making1 machine   
repairing1 engine running1 barn         
construction1 and surveying2 knowledge  
of poultry1 bees1 and silkworm  raising2
 domestic economy1 sewing1 and accounts 

for farm women--all in  addition to the 
long scientific courses of study and    
years of  practical work on an          
established farm4 ,verily1 the country  
that excels  ,germany in training       
agriculturists must be par excellence in
 its  methods4    ,a special feature of 
agricultural teaching is the traveling  
professor  7,wanderlehrer74 ,united     
,states ,consul ,monaghan               
enthusiastically  describes him3 ,these 
teachers1 supported partly by the state 
and by  agricultural unions1 go from    
place to place 444 and lecture on       
agricultural and horticultural subjects4
 ,their purpose is to lift up  and      
ennoble agricultural life2 to afford the
 farmer the knowledge  gleaned by       
science since he left the school2 to    
impart to him the best  methods of      
selecting soils1 fertilizers1 cattle1   
trees1 etc42 to teach  him how to use   
his lands to best advantage1 to graft1  
to breed in2 to  get the best1 quickest1
 and most profitable results4 ,these    

teachers  are skilled scientists1       
practical workers1 not theorists1 444   
perfectly familiar with the wants and   
needs of their districts4 ,armed  with  
this knowledge1 the teacher's usefulness
 is certain and  unlimited4 ,when he    
speaks his voice is that of one in      
authority1 it is  heeded4444 ,he is a   
walking encyclopdia of knowledge1       
especially of  knowledge pertaining to  
the woods1 hills1 farms1 and fields4    
,austria has1 like ,germany1 a system of
 agricultural and forestry  schools in  
three grades--viz41 superior1 middle1   
and lower4 ,its oldest  school of       
superior grade was established in #agii 
at ,krumman4#bb  ,similar schools       
existed later at ,grtz1 ,trieste1       
,lemberg1 ,trutsch1 and  ,altenburg4    
,the latter is especially complete in   
every appliance for  instruction1 and   
well patronized4 ,the middle schools    
provide two-year  courses of study and  
practice1 and are located at ,grossan1  
,kreutz1  ,dublany1 and other points1   

while the lower schools incline less to 
study and more to lectures and farm     
practice4 ,they are located in the      
provinces of ,bohemia1 ,styria1         
,galicia1 and ,carinthia4               
,footnote #bb3 ,see ,barnard's ,journal 
of ,education1 vol4 xx1 #ahgj1      p4  
#fgc4    ,forestry schools of various   
grades exist at ,mariabrunn1            
,wissewasser1  ,aussen1 ,pibram1        
,windschact1 and ,nagny2 of these1      
,mariabrunn is  especially deserving of 
mention for its thorough course and     
complete  equipment4    ,switzerland was
 the home of the philanthropist and     
educator  ,fellenburg4 ,his school1     
established at ,hopyl in #ahjf1 was a   
philanthropy in aid of the peasantry1   
concerning whom he said that  possessing
 nothing but bodies and minds1 the      
cultivation of these was  the only      
antidote for their poverty4 ,at least   
three thousand pupils  received their   
education in agriculture here4 ,the     
,federal ,polytechnic  ,school at       

,zurich is the nation's pride4 ,out of  
six courses of superior  training which 
it provides for its one thousand        
students1 forestry  and agriculture     
count as two4 ,five universities and    
numerous special  schools furnish aid to
 agricultural education4    ,the little 
kingdoms of ,belgium and ,holland are   
following hard upon the  tracks of their
 powerful neighbors4 ,in ,belgium may be
 found superior  institutions of        
agriculture1 horticulture1 veterinary   
science1 and  forestry at ,gembloux1    
,vilvorde1 ,cureghem1 and ,bouillon     
respectively4    ,in ,holland1 whose    
people robbed the sea to obtain lands   
for farms and  homes1 about #ga1ejj were
 expended by the state on its           
agricultural  department in #ahig4 ,its 
first school1 established by a communal 
society at ,hren in #ahdb1 was          
discontinued4 ,the state in #ahgf       
adopted  the school of agriculture which
 has been established at ,wageningen as 
its own1 and this institution can fairly

 lay claim to equality with  any in     
,europe4 ,government also supports the  
,state ,veterinary ,college  at         
,utrecht1 and subsidizes a school of    
forestry and several dairy  schools4    
,agricultural teaching in primary       
schools has not yet proved a  success4  
,italy has not made such progress in    
agricultural education as her  northern 
neighbors1 yet she is not indifferent to
 the requirements of  the times4 ,she   
has a most unique scheme for ,government
 superintendence  of agricultural       
matters4 ,all comes under the purview of
 a general  ,director of ,agriculture1  
assisted by a ,council for ,agricultural
  ,instruction1 which latter was        
established by royal decree in #ahhe1   
and  reorganized in #ahhg4 ,four        
divisions of the department             
exist--namely1  7#a7 agriculture proper1
 7#b7 zotechny1 7#c7 forestry1 and 7#d7 
agricultural hydraulics4 ,statistics are
 not easily procured1 but  recent       
catalogues show that the two ,royal     

,superior ,schools of  ,agriculture1    
located respectively at ,milan and      
,portici1 are  institutions of which any
 country might be proud4 ,of the latter 
,mr4 ,e4  ,neville ,rolfe1 ,british     
consul1 wrote in #ahig that it was      
originally a  provincial establishment1 
but in #ahhe it had been established by 
royal  charter and domiciled in the     
magnificent grounds and buildings of a  
disused royal palace4 ,its study course 
requires three years to  complete1 and  
graduates obtain the degree of ,laureato
 ,agronomo4 ,up to  #ahif1 two hundred  
and twenty-eight students had obtained  
this degree1  most of whom are          
instructors or ,government employees of 
high rank4 ,it  is known also that      
thirty-three special and practical      
agricultural  schools exist in different
 parts of the kingdom4    ,much can not 
be said in praise of agricultural       
education in ,spain4  ,that country     
possesses the machinery for education of
 the higher  grades1 but through her    

seven distinctly agricultural colleges1 
located at ,madrid1 ,saragossa1         
,barcelona1 ,corunna1 ,valencia1        
,caceres1  and ,jerez1 she seems only to
 have obtained men for ,government      
service  at home or abroad4 ,spain      
expended in #ahif on agricultural       
education  the sum of #eh1dfj1 but she  
evidently sends no ,wanderlehrer        
instructors among her peasant farmers4  
,it is said that ,portugal possesses    
seven agricultural schools1  attended in
 #ahif by one hundred and eighty-seven  
students1 but of  their location1 save  
one1 and courses of study the writer has
 no  information4 ,the ,government      
conduct of education is committed to a  
,director-,general of ,agriculture4 ,the
 leading school is named the  ,general  
,institute of ,agriculture1 and is      
located at ,lisbon4 ,it  provides four  
courses--viz41 7#a7 rural engineering1  
7#b7 agronomy1 7#c7  sylviculture1 7#d7 
veterinary medicine4 ,it has a large    
tract of land  for demonstration        

purposes located a few miles from the   
city4    ,concerning ,greece and the    
smaller kingdoms in southeastern        
,europe1  together with the land of the 
,turk1 not much to the encouragement of 
the scientific agriculturist can be     
said2 but turning northward across      
,europe to the ,scandinavian countries  
quite a different state of things       
becomes apparent4 ,at once we find that 
the system of agricultural  education is
 highly developed1 and in some phases is
 not surpassed by  other countries4     
,immediately we are in a network of     
dairy schools1  experiment stations1    
chemical and seed-control stations1     
agricultural  societies1 colleges1 and  
universities4 ,here we find five        
institutions  all under royal patronage 
and state support4 ,in ,norway is the   
,higher  ,agricultural ,school at ,aas1 
established in #ahei4 ,in ,sweden stands
 the  ,agricultural ,institute at       
,ultuna1 established in #ahdi1 and the  
,alnarp  ,agricultural and ,dairy       

,institute1 established in #ahfb4 ,in   
,denmark is  the ,royal ,veterinary and 
,agricultural ,college at ,copenhagen1  
established in #aggc as a veterinary    
college4 ,in ,finland the ,mustiala     
,agricultural and ,dairy ,institute1    
established in #ahdj4 ,in these four    
small states there exist agricultural1  
horticultural1 forestry1 and  dairy     
schools of all grades to the number of  
one hundred and  fifty-nine4 ,education 
in agriculture is not attempted in the  
primary  public schools of ,norway or in
 any of these ,scandinavian countries1  
but agricultural elementary instruction 
is begun in what other  continental     
countries would call secondary schools1 
and is provided  for persons intending  
to be farmers and who are eighteen years
 of age  and older4 ,norway spent on    
elementary agricultural education in    
secondary schools1 in #ahie-'if1 the sum
 of #ca1ahb1 and ,finland more  than    
doubled that sum4    ,crossing the      
,channel to ,great ,britain1 again we   

see a nation intent on  solving the     
question of success for her agricultural
 population4  ,celebrated ,englishmen1  
,scotchmen1 and ,irishmen early began to
 plan for  an educated peasantry1 but it
 was long before any national system was
  evolved4 ,the sectional divisions and 
peculiarities belonging  severally to   
,scot and ,celt and ,saxon have not yet 
permitted a uniform  legislation4       
,ireland and ,scotland each has its own 
scheme of  ,government supervision1 and 
both differ from ,england and ,wales4   
,it is  estimated that but ten per cent 
of ,england's laboring population is    
concerned with agriculture for support1 
while in ,ireland there is  scarcely ten
 per cent of the people who are not     
dependent on  agriculture for existence4
 ,in consequence1 we find in ,ireland1  
as in  ,france1 intense interest centers
 upon the plan to teach agriculture  and
 horticulture in the elementary public  
schools1 while in ,england1  until very 
recently1 agricultural education served 

principally to  produce a class of      
educated scientific men fitted for the  
,government  home and colonial service4 
,in ,ireland compulsory attendance on   
primary schools is made by law4 ,in     
#ahgf ,ireland claimed to be the pioneer
 country in providing compulsory        
elementary agricultural instruction in  
all her rural schools4 ,she has         
desperately clung to the theory that in 
providing such education in  her        
elementary schools she would eventually 
train a nation of  agriculturists4 ,to  
attain this end1 elementary text-books  
were  prepared1 which all teachers must 
use4 ,the ,government grant for a pass  
at examination in agriculture was much  
larger than a pass in any other  study2 
teachers who held certificates to teach 
it were given higher  salaries than     
others1 and to enable teachers to       
prepare for such  certificates1         
scholarships were offered them at       
teachers' colleges  7normal schools71   
and their railway fare was free in going

 and coming4  ,plots of ground at       
schoolhouse or teacher's house were     
provided1 where  flower and vegetable   
culture could be constantly practiced1  
and a  special grant was allowed to the 
school for cultivating a successful     
garden1 and another special for classes 
showing proficiency in  practical work4 
,gardens were cultivated at convents and
 workhouses1  and the subject was taught
 theoretically to half-time pupils and  
students at the evening continuation    
schools4    ,in ,december1 #ahif1       
,ireland had #h1fjf national schools1   
with an average  attendance of #hae1bdh 
pupils4 ,she also had #aej half-time    
schools1 #aee  workhouse schools1 #bfg  
convent schools1 #cj model schools1 five
  training colleges for teachers1 and   
two training agricultural  institutes   
7at ,glassnevin and at ,munster71 and in
 all of these  agricultural science or  
practice is either a compulsory or a    
voluntary  subject4 ,what country can   
surpass ,ireland's enthusiasm for       

agricultural training8#bc               
,footnote #bc3 ,a bill for the          
development of ,irish agricultural      
industry and ,irish technical education1
 providing for ,government      aid to  
private enterprise in agriculture1 and  
in manufacturing      industries also1  
has just passed 7,august1 #ahii7 the    
,house of      ,commons1 and is assured 
its passage by the ,house of ,lords     
also4    ,scotland enjoys deservedly the
 distinction of having been first among 
the peoples of ,europe to introduce in  
the university course scientific        
education in agriculture4 ,in #agij a   
chair was established in the            
,university of ,edinburgh1 and a course 
of agricultural lectures was  given     
therefrom by ,rev4 ,d4 ,walker4 ,better 
than that1 in #agdc a volume  entitled  
,select ,transactions was published by  
,maxwell1 representing  the agricultural
 society known as the ,society of       
,improvers1 and  numbering at one time  
three hundred members4 ,out of this     

society grew  the ,highland and         
,agricultural ,society1 which           
organization has  fostered every        
agricultural effort which private       
beneficence or royal  grant has         
initiated in the land since #ahcd4      
,through its munificence  both the      
departments of forestry and veterinary  
surgery have been  placed upon a firm   
educational basis1 and the educational  
lectureship  of ,edinburgh ,university  
has been permanently endowed4 ,it has   
instituted its own syllabus of          
examinations for granting ,fellowships  
in ,agriculture1 and stimulated pupils  
of the secondary schools to  make the   
effort by offering prizes and           
scholarships to the ambitious  students4
    ,the ,university of ,aberdeen has   
lately entered the field as an          
agricultural educator by becoming what  
the ,government styles a  collegiate    
center1 receiving a straight subsidy of 
#ajj per annum1  and furnishing         
professional instructors to rural       

assemblies arranging  lectures for them4
 ,in the public schools of ,scotland    
agricultural  science is arranged for as
 an optional study from the third to the
  sixth standards inclusive4 ,in        
#ahie-'if1 #d1adh pupils passed         
examinations in the subject1 and the    
cost of this to the state was  #db1gib4 
,in #ahif-'ig pupils in the evening     
continuation schools to  the number of  
#a1jhi passed in agriculture1 and #aae  
others in  horticulture4    ,england and
 ,wales are under a joint administration
 of agricultural  affairs4 ,the         
,government policy1 so far as it has    
one1 has been  continually opposed to   
paternalism and direct subsidy or       
ownership of  schools4 ,rather has her  
,parliament waited to be solicited to   
make  subventions by way of encouraging 
individual or local society  initiative4
 ,the flourishing agricultural schools  
at ,cirencester and  ,downton1 for the  
instruction of the higher classes1 have 
grown out of  private establishments1   

then been perpetuated by obtaining royal
  charters1 by which the ,government    
became pledged to supply any lack of    
income4 ,but since #ahic the state has  
so far relaxed her policy as to  grant  
subsidies to certain colleges centrally 
located1 which it styles  collegiate    
centers1 through which colleges it      
offers superior  instruction to the     
public4 ,these colleges associate with  
themselves  ample farm lands for        
experiment grounds and dairy machinery1 
and equip  themselves with competent    
lecturers1 who are also practical       
experts1  and who1 upon invitation from 
agricultural societies or county        
councils1 go forth as lecturers upon    
their special subjects4 ,each  adjacent 
county makes an annual grant of #ge to  
the college funds1 and  is privileged to
 nominate students to attend the college
 agricultural  course at a reduction of 
twenty-five per cent on the usual fee4  
,in  #ahih-'ii the ,board of ,education 
granted to fifteen colleges and         

associations in ,england and ,wales the 
sum of #g1bjj4 ,the colleges were  the  
,yorkshire ,college at ,leeds1 ,durham  
,college of ,science at                 
,newcastle-on-,tyne1 ,university        
,extension ,college at ,reading1        
,university  ,college at ,nottingham1   
,southeastern ,agricultural ,college at 
,wye1 and  in ,wales the ,university    
,colleges at ,bangor and ,aberystwith4  
,besides the direct ,government subsidy 
to higher education1 the state  grants  
to the several counties part of the     
money raised from the  excise 7drink    
money7 for educational purposes1 out of 
which at least  #gh1jjj were spent by   
the committees in #ahif-'ig in promoting
  agricultural education4    ,still     
further1 ,parliament puts into the hands
 of the ,science and ,art  ,department  
large sums of money to be expended as   
grants-in-aid of  technical education4  
,the state recognizes instruction in the
  principles of agriculture as          
instruction in elementary science1 and  

through this ,science and ,art          
,department's grants to primary and     
secondary schools1 and to teachers'     
colleges1 it encourages  agricultural   
education as a technical study4 ,in     
#ahif-'ig1 #a1jbc pupils  passed        
examination1 and the respective school  
managements received as  grant on their 
account a total sum of #adj1aej4bd      
,footnote #bd3 ,appendix to ,report of  
,science and ,art ,department1          
#ahif-'ig4    ,in #ahig the ,royal      
,commission on ,agricultural ,depression
 in ,england  made its report4 ,among   
other declarations made by the          
commission were  these3 ,we believe that
 it is essential for the welfare of     
agriculture  that there should be placed
 within the reach of every young farmer 
a  sound1 general school education1     
including such a grounding in the       
elements of sciences bearing upon       
agriculture--e4 g41 chemistry1  geology1
 botany1 and animal physiology--as will 
give him an  intelligent interest in    

them and familiarize him in their       
language4#be        ,footnote #be3 ,page
 #aeb of ,report4    ,they further      
recommend that hereafter the control of 
all funds for  technical agricultural   
education be placed with the ,board of  
,agriculture1 and that the entire income
 of the ,customs and ,excise ,act  of   
#ahij should be devoted to educational  
purposes1 agriculture  receiving its    
adequate share4 ,should the first       
recommendation carry  for all divisions 
of the ,united ,kingdom1 agriculture    
would cease to  be one of the subjects  
provided for examination by the ,science
 and ,art  ,department4 ,should the     
second recommendation become a law1 the 
sum  expended by local county councils  
in agricultural education would be      
vastly increased4    ,passing from      
,england to her colonies1 let us journey
 toward the  sunrising4 ,stopping for a 
moment in ,egypt1 we note with pleasure 
the  existence of the newly established 
,school of ,agriculture at ,gizeh1      

which is under the direction of the     
,ministry of ,public ,instruction for   
,egypt4 ,its reconstructed course of    
study was open to students in #ahih1    
and it provides for four years of study4
 ,arabic and ,english are the  teaching 
languages1 especially the latter1 and   
allotments of land for  individual      
culture are made to all pupils4         
,beyond the ,indian ,ocean lies         
,hindustan4 ,here all science study is  
awaiting its development4 ,the best     
cultivation of ,india is not behind     
that of ,england as a matter of         
empiricism1#bf but the science of       
cultivation is yet to be developed4     
,agricultural chemistry and             
agricultural botany and horticulture1 as
 related to ,india1 have  scarcely been 
investigated1 and text-books in the     
native tongues have  yet to be written4 
,for this accomplishment all elementary 
instruction  in public schools must     
patiently wait4 ,for an agriculturally  
educated  set of teachers1 also1 ,indian

 youth studying in the vernacular must  
patiently wait4 ,in #ahhi the home      
,government 7,parliament7 laid upon the 
,indian ,educational ,department the    
duty of providing school readers  which 
should contain elementary instruction in
 agricultural science1  and it          
authorized a liberal grant-in-aid toward
 such schools as could  furnish pupils  
for passes in this subject4 ,for those  
students who have  mastered the ,english
 language a few colleges exist4         
,saidapet1 near  ,madras1 with about    
forty students in a three-years' course1
 including  veterinary1 is a pure       
agricultural institution4 ,fourteen     
students  received diplomas in          
agriculture in ,march1 #ahig4           
,footnote #bf3 ,dr4 ,voelker1 in his    
,report on ,improvement of ,indian      
,agriculture1 made to the ,english      
,board of ,agriculture in #ahic1        
said3 ,at the best1 the ,indian raiyat1 
or cultivator1 is quite      as good as1
 and in some respects the superior of1  

the average      ,british farmer4 ,it is
 wonderful1 too1 how much is known of   
rotation1 the system of mixed crops1 and
 of fallowing4 ,certain it      is that 
,i1 at least1 have never seen a more    
perfect picture of      careful         
cultivation1 combined with hard labor1  
perseverance1 and      fertility of     
resource1 than ,i have seen at many of  
the halting      places4 ,such are the  
gardens of ,mhim1 the fields of ,nadiad1
 the      center of the garden of       
,gujarat1 in ,bombay4    ,several       
colleges have agricultural departments1 
notably the ,poona  ,college of ,science
 in the ,bombay presidency2 the ,baroda 
,college2 the  ,maharajah's ,college and
 the ,shimoga ,college1 ,mysore2 the    
,central  ,college1 and the ,sanskrit   
,college of ,bangalore4 ,all of these   
are  affiliated with the ,university of 
,bombay1 and present pupils for         
examination in agriculture for the      
degree of ,b4 ,sc4 ,a4    ,in many of   
the ,english high schools of ,india are 

found agricultural  classes which give  
both science teaching and field         
practice4 ,these  schools are at        
,nagpur1 ,nasik1 ,sholapur1 ,ahmednagar1
 ,ahmedabad1 ,dhulia1  ,kolapur1 ,surat1
 ,belgaum1 and ,nadiad4 ,the stimulus to
 study in these  schools is the hope of 
obtaining a diploma in agriculture1     
which would  result in employment in the
 ,government service4    ,in ,lucknow is
 a celebrated veterinary school whose   
graduates have been  greatly sought     
after4 ,one at ,bombay has become still 
more celebrated4  ,in #ahig sixty-nine  
students were in attendance4 ,graduates 
easily found  employment with native    
rajahs1 and on the island of ,ceylon1   
and at  ,mozambique4 ,another           
,government veterinary school recently  
established  at ,belgatchia1 ,calcutta  
presidency1 has done good work4    ,the 
forestry school at ,dehra ,dun1 in the  
,northwest ,provinces1 has  attained a  
great reputation4 ,about seventy        
students attend1 and the  ,government   

charges the cost of the school1 #cc1jjj 
rupees1 to the  districts which send up 
pupils for study4 ,india1 under the     
,british  rule1 will soon come into line
 with educated agriculturists4    ,in   
,burmah and in ,assam steps have been   
taken to introduce science  lessons into
 ,government1 or grant-in-aid1          
elementary schools by the  preparation  
of readers1 as in ,india1 but no        
secondary or superior  schools in       
agriculture exist in these countries4   
,so far as we know1  the same is true of
 ,siam and the ,malayan ,archipelago and
 of the  ,philippines4    ,australia1 as
 a federation of states1 is late in its 
development1 but  some of its states are
 surprisingly advanced4 ,new ,zealand   
has its  superior university1 combining 
the three colleges at ,auckland1        
,lincoln1 and ,otago4 ,its syllabus     
provides for searching examinations  in 
agriculture to obtain the degree of ,b4 
,sc41 either of these  colleges having  
previously granted the diploma of       

agriculture to  successful students4    
,each of these colleges has ample grants
 of land1  but only one--the ,canterbury
 ,college at ,lincoln--has yet presented
  agricultural candidates4 ,forty-four  
graduates have received diplomas        
previous to #ahie4 ,instruction in      
elementary schools seems not yet to     
have included agriculture4    ,in       
,queensland the ,queensland             
,agricultural ,college was opened at    
,gatton  in #ahig4    ,in ,south        
,australia is an agricultural college at
 ,roseworthy and  another at ,adelaide  
which has graduated several recipients  
of the  diploma4    ,in ,victoria there 
exists a college at ,dookia and another 
at ,longerong4  ,there is also a school 
of horticulture at ,richmond4    ,to    
,new ,south ,wales belongs the banner   
for furnishing the greatest             
opportunities for agricultural          
education4 ,its university at ,sydney   
grants a degree of ,b4 ,sc4 to students 
from the colleges of ,st4 ,paul1  ,st4  

,john1 ,st4 ,andrew1 the ,woman's       
,college1 and the ,sydney ,grammar      
,school4 ,at ,sydney also is the        
splendid ,technical ,college1 handsomely
  endowed1 having an agricultural       
department4 ,the superior of all other  
schools is the ,hawksbury ,agricultural 
,college and ,experimental ,farm at     
,richmond1 established in #ahia1 richly 
endowed with land 7three  thousand      
acres71 and organized on the most       
approved modern models4  ,science       
teaching is not carried so high as the  
university standard1  but all manner of 
practical work must be performed by each
 student4    ,homeward bound1 we reach  
,cape ,colony1 ,south ,africa4 ,here1 in
 #ahhg1 the  ,government inaugurated a  
scheme for aiding farm schools in which 
elementary agriculture was taught4 ,in  
#ahid1 out of #ceb schools aided  by the
 ,government1 #bjb were classed as      
farmhouse schools4 ,in higher  education
 there may be found 7#ahih7 the ,school 
of ,agriculture and  ,viticulture at    

,stellenbosch1 and a second one at      
,sunset ,east4 ,as both  of these       
schools are young1 statistics concerning
 them are not yet  available4    ,last  
of ,england's colonies we notice the    
,dominion of ,canada on our  northern   
frontier4 ,no evident progress has been 
made in introducing  agricultural       
science teaching in the primary schools 
of the entire  ,dominion4 ,the first    
step taken in the direction of          
agricultural  education was for the     
enlightenment of farmers4 ,in #ahhf     
,parliament  authorized the             
establishment of a system of experiment 
farms1 one in  each province in ,canada1
 viz43 one at ,ottawa 7to serve both    
,quebec and  ,ontario71 and one each at 
,nappan1 in ,nova ,scotia2 at ,brandon1 
,manitoba2 at ,indian ,head1            
,assiniboia2 at ,agassiz1 ,british      
,columbia2  and at ,charlottetown1      
,prince ,edward ,island4 ,to give these 
stations  greater efficiency1 the       
,government encouraged the formation of 

farmers' institutes in every electoral  
district for the hearing of  lectures   
from experts which it provided1 and for 
discussion or  business4 ,to each       
regularly organized institute of fifty  
members a  grant of #aj is annually     
made4    ,in ,nova ,scotia five primary 
and secondary schools are reported as   
giving agricultural instruction to two  
hundred pupils4 ,some of these  schools 
have farms or gardens4 ,the ,provincial 
,school of ,agriculture at  ,truro is   
making a good beginning4 ,in its last   
class three students  were granted      
teachers' diplomas1 seven received      
farmers' diplomas1 and  eighteen took   
farmers' certificates4 ,three hundred   
and fifty students  have pursued its    
course of studies4 ,there is also a     
horticultural  school at ,annapolis     
,valley4    ,another horticultural      
school exists at ,wolfville1 ,nova      
,scotia1 under  the control of a        
committee of the ,fruit-,growers'       
,association4 ,students  take a thorough

 course of two years' duration4 ,the    
,legislatures of ,new  ,brunswick and of
 ,prince ,edward ,island grant bonuses  
of fifty dollars  to each young man of  
their provinces who will take a course  
at this  school4    ,fine creamery      
plants are found at various points1 and 
several  provinces sustain each a       
traveling dairy1 which systematically   
visits accessible centers and gives     
demonstration lectures to farmers'      
families4    ,the crowning agricultural 
educational institution for the entire  
,dominion is the college at ,guelph1    
,ontario4 ,it combines instruction in   
veterinary science1 horticulture1 bee   
and poultry keeping1 dairying1  and the 
experimental farm4 ,the course continues
 for three years4 ,two  years confers   
the associate diploma1 and three years' 
study1 with  successful examination in  
the syllabus of the ,toronto            
,university1  secures the degree of ,b4 
,sc4 ,a4 ,success attends all these     
educational  efforts and marks this     

colonial empire as among the ranks      
representing  true progress4    ,mexico 
and the countries of ,south ,america    
next claim our notice4 ,in  the         
first-named country1 as early as the    
year #ahej provision was made  at the   
old college of ,san ,gregorio for       
instruction in agriculture in  five     
different courses4 ,but in #ahed the    
,government came into  possession of the
 disused convent of ,san ,jacinto1      
,agosta4 ,here a  national school was   
organized1 combining the two departments
 of  agriculture and veterinary science4
 ,it was opened ,february #bb1 #ahed1   
and designated the ,national ,school of 
,agriculture and ,veterinary  ,science4 
,its courses of study are up to the best
 standards4 ,three  years are necessary 
to complete the agricultural course and 
receive  the title of ,superintendent of
 ,rural ,estates1 and four years' study 
must be given to secure that of         
,ingeniero ,agronomo4 ,the course was   
readjusted in #ahic4 ,during the five   

years past #afi graduates have  received
 the former and #fh the latter degrees4 
,the management consists  of #dh        
persons1 whose salaries annually cost   
the ,government #if1dbd  ,mexican       
dollars4 ,ample grounds and buildings   
are provided to make this  institution a
 matter for national pride4    ,besides 
this college1 a farm school exists in   
one of the federal  districts1 costing  
annually #ag1efd1 and another at the    
colony of  ,porfirio ,diaz1 costing the 
state #ad1gjh4 ,mexico is also moving to
  introduce agriculture as a subject for
 primary instruction in public  schools4
    ,in ,uruguay exist fine schools for 
teaching agriculture and viticulture    
which are of recent organization4 ,at   
,montevideo the ,government has  created
 a ,department of ,live ,stock and      
,agriculture1 subject to the  ,home     
,ministry4 ,the budget of #ahig provides
 for organizing and  sustaining         
agricultural schools and experiment     
farms to the extent of  #bh1bbb1 with an

 additional allowance of #ij1jjj for    
experiments on  farms1 installation of  
plants1 furniture1 instruments1 etc4    
,chili is coming to the front in her    
educational efforts4 ,in the city  of   
,concepcin exists a ,practical ,school  
of ,agriculture4 ,others are  found at  
,santiago1 at ,talca1 ,san ,fernando1   
,elqui1 and ,salamanca4 ,the  school at 
,santiago receives an annual subvention 
of #dj1jjj1 and that  at ,concepcin the 
sum of #bc1jjj4 ,attached to the latter 
are agronomic  stations for soil        
analysis and oversight of irrigation    
systems of the  state4 ,the ,sociedad   
,nacional de ,agricultur at ,santiago   
receives an  annual grant of #bj1jjj1   
which it distributes at agricultural    
shows  and for the support of the       
zological garden4 ,at ,quintan ,normal  
is  also an ,institute ,agricola of high
 grade for agricultural engineers  and  
agronomics1 or for furnishing a simple  
certificate in agriculture4    ,other   
countries of ,south ,america possess    

education facilities1 but we  are not   
supplied with details concerning them4  
,our closing glance must be directed to 
the far ,orient4 ,japan1 the  newest of 
kingdoms1 has a model brace of          
institutions for superior  education in 
agriculture4 ,when ,japan awoke to the  
new ideas1 to which  for ages she was   
oblivious1 her keenest statesmen grasped
 the thought  that her agricultural     
people needed new light and intellectual
  quickening along the lines which so   
vitally affected their daily            
subsistence4 ,she took the ,united      
,states into her confidence4 ,she       
imported for a season our ,commissioner 
of ,agriculture 7,general  ,capron71 in 
#ahga-'gb1 as ,adviser to the ,colonial 
,office at ,hokaido1  who1 after        
visiting ,japan1 advised the ,government
 to organize at once  an agricultural   
college at ,sapporo1 and still another  
at ,tokio4 ,this  advice was cordially  
received and speedily adopted4 ,american
 scholars  of the highest wisdom and    

experience were imported to inaugurate  
the  work4 ,the college was inaugurated 
by ,colonel ,w4 ,s4 ,clark1 ,,ll4 ,d41  
,president of ,amherst ,agricultural    
,college1 in ,august1 #ahgf1 with       
twenty-four students4 ,its new location 
was ,sapporo1 and its new name  was the 
,sapporo ,agricultural ,college4 ,the   
,government dealt liberally  in grants  
of land1 but these ample acres have     
since been mostly  confiscated1 leaving 
only sufficient for educational         
purposes4 ,few can  estimate the        
wonderful uplift which has come to      
,japan through this  efficient school4  
,in #ahic it had sent out from its      
agricultural  course #abc graduates2    
from the engineering1 #d2 military1 #db2
 and from  the practical department1    
#aad4    ,in #ahgd an agricultural      
department was added to the ,imperial   
,university at ,tokio1 the original     
location of the ,sapporo ,college4 ,an  
exhaustive syllabus in the ,department  
of ,agriculture provides  examination   

for many profound students of this      
science1 and admits  them to the highest
 university degree4 ,four courses are   
open in the  university--viz41          
agriculture1 agricultural chemistry1    
forestry1 and  veterinary medicine4 ,in 
#ahie there were #bfa students of       
agriculture in  the university4    ,from
 this extended though by no means       
exhaustive review of the status  of     
scientific instruction in agriculture   
throughout the world1 it is  evident    
that all the progressive nations have   
caught the inspiration  which attaches  
to this branch of education1 and are    
swinging into line  in their efforts to 
adopt it4 ,old ideals are rapidly giving
 place to  the new4 ,educators are      
forced to admit that mental culture is  
as  possible under the study of science 
as by the protracted study of  languages
 and literature2 that such study aids   
vastly more than the  latter in the     
training which prepares men for the     
active duties of  life2 and that if the 

development of husbandry as a pursuit   
does not  keep pace on an intelligent   
basis with every other technical        
pursuit1  national greatness and        
permanence will never be achieved4      
,,eastern ,,oyster ,,culture ,,in       
,,oregon4    ,,by ,f4 ,l4 ,,washburn1   
,a4 ,m41    ,,state ,,biologist ,,and   
,,professor ,,of ,,biology ,,in ,,the   
,,university ,,of ,,oregon4      ,during
 the past two years the ,united ,states 
,fish ,commission1 with  characteristic 
enterprise1 has been carrying on        
experiments in the  propagation of      
,eastern oysters in the bays of the     
,oregon coast4 ,work  of a similar      
nature is now being undertaken in the   
,state of  ,washington4                 
,illustration3 ,,oyster ,,city1         
,,yaquina ,,bay1 ,,oregon4    ,as the   
result of an application through        
official sources1 re-enforced  possibly 
by the results of a biological survey   
made by this department  during the     
preceding summer1 twenty-two barrels of 

,eastern oysters  were1 on ,november #g1
 #ahif1 deposited on a portion of       
,oysterville ,flat1  so called1 in      
,yaquina ,bay1 ,oregon1 seven miles and 
a half from the  ocean4 ,the oystermen  
of that section have agreed to abstain  
from  tonging for native oysters upon   
the portion of the flat thus reserved   
until sufficient time has elapsed to    
justify an opinion as to the  result of 
the experiment4 ,these introduced       
oysters were of two  varieties--the     
long1 slender ,east ,rivers and the more
 oval1  fan-shaped1 and ribbed ,princess
 ,bays4 ,their journey of twelve days   
across the continent1 in sugar barrels1 
from ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco  and 
thence to ,oregon without water did not 
cause the mortality one  might expect1  
for in strewing them over the bed from  
the scows of the  oystermen very few    
dead individuals were                   
observed--certainly not one  half of one
 per cent4    ,illustration3 ,,an       
,,experimental ,,spawning ,,float4      

,this alien oyster has much to contend  
with here4 ,it was realized that  the   
cold and salt water rushing in from the 
,pacific--colder and salter  by far than
 in their ,atlantic home at the same    
time--if it did not  entirely prevent   
spawning would at least make the        
survival of the  young embryos a matter 
of doubt2 yet it was hoped that perhaps1
 after  a number of years1 the oysters  
might become acclimated1 as it were1    
and their spawn1 inheriting their       
parents' acquired hardiness1 we  might  
present to the people of the ,state a   
new form of ,oregon product  in the     
shape of ,eastern oysters hatched and   
grown in the waters of  this bay4       
,notwithstanding the fecundity of this  
oyster1 a female  producing in the      
vicinity of sixty million eggs at a     
spawning1 it must  be remembered that   
even under the most favorable conditions
 in its own  home1 where the water has  
in summer a fairly constant temperature 
of  over #gj ,f4 and a salinity of      

#a4jab on an average1 but a very small  
proportion of this multitude survive4   
,how much more unlikely is its  survival
 in the waters of ,yaquina ,bay1        
,oregon1 where the writer has  seen the 
water change from a temperature of #gj  
,f4 and a saltness of  #a4jab to a      
temperature of #ee and a salinity of    
#a4jbb within six  hours6 ,it was to    
save the young embryos from exposure to 
these and  kindred dangers that ,i1 as a
 volunteer employee of the ,united      
,states  ,fish ,commission during the   
summers of #ahig and #ahih1 among other 
things resorted to the artificial       
fertilization of the eggs in a          
temporary laboratory1 carrying the      
delicate embryos to the swimming  stage 
and dumping them by thousands into the  
bay4 ,given some clean  crocks1 a       
microscope1 dissecting instruments1     
tumblers1 rubber tubing1  thermometers1 
and instruments to test the saltness of 
the water1 and  innumerable embryos can 
be cared for without much trouble4 ,the 

process1 as practiced by ,brooks1       
,ryder1 ,nelson1 and others in ,america1
  is too well known to need repeating   
here4 ,its efficacy is well             
established1 and1 in spite of the       
incredulity of the oystermen1 who       
wished to see the oysters spawn         
spontaneous1 as they expressed it1  an  
incredulity amounting almost to         
opposition1 the writer has  persevered  
in this work for two seasons and intends
 to continue it the  coming summer4     
,illustration3 #a1 native oyster spat on
 clam shell2 #b1 same on inside  of     
oyster shell2 #c1 #d1 #e1 native spat   
7,ostrea lurida7 on ,eastern  oyster    
shells2 #f1 showing size and appearance 
of native spat one or  two months old4  
,the native oyster of this ,northwest   
coast 7,ostrea lurida71 smaller  and by 
many preferred to its ,eastern congener1
 while it is far less  fruitful in its  
spawning than the latter1 retains its   
young within the  parent shell until    
long after they have passed the tender  

stages1 when  they leave the mantle     
cavity of the parent to swim for        
themselves4  ,this oyster could rightly 
be called viviparous1 while the ,eastern
  oyster is oviparous4 ,on account of   
its nurse-acting proclivities this      
,west-coast oyster has an immense       
advantage here over the introduced      
species4 ,the latter's eggs have to run 
the following gantlet3 7#a7 ,not        
meeting with a fertilizing cell and     
perishing in consequence2 7#b7  sinking1
 before or after fertilization1 in the  
fatal mud2 7#c7 being  eaten by small   
fish and other minute animals2 7#d7     
being killed by  sudden changes in the  
temperature and density of the water4   
,artificial  fertilization and the      
rearing of the embryos in the laboratory
 largely  eliminate these dangers4 ,we  
have adopted other methods to insure    
success4 ,a few of the oysters were     
removed from the ,government plant  and 
deposited two miles farther up the bay1 
nine miles and a half from  the ocean1  

where it was thought the water was      
warmer1 less salt1 and  less variable   
than on ,oysterville ,flat4 ,some1      
during the breeding  season1 were placed
 on spawning floats and anchored near   
the shore1  where the shallow water is  
thoroughly warmed by the sun4 ,it was in
 one  of these floats that the oystermen
 had an opportunity to see the  oysters 
spawn spontaneous1 for the water        
therein1 reaching #gj ,f41  became      
milk-white with spawn or milt within an 
hour after the oysters  had been taken  
from the plant4 ,this was really our    
first proof that  the introduced oyster 
would spawn here4 ,some were placed in  
sloughs  adjoining the bay1 with the    
hope that favorable conditions would be 
met with there4 ,others were placed in  
artificially constructed salt  ponds    
somewhat after the style used by the    
,french4    ,illustration3 ,,eastern    
,,oysters ,,in ,,oregon4 ,the lower row 
shows size  when planted in #ahif2 the  
upper row represents their appearance in

  #ahih4    ,what has been the outcome8 
,the oysters1 particularly the ,princess
 ,bay  variety1 have grown enormously   
and are in excellent condition4 ,until  
this spring no ,eastern spat or young   
,eastern oysters had been  discovered2  
this1 of course1 is the crucial point in
 the experiment2  we know they will     
spawn1 but will the spawn develop8      
,recently1 much to  our encouragement1 a
 few young oysters1 apparently of last  
summer's  spawning1 have been found and 
forwarded to ,washington1 proof positive
  that the oyster will propagate here1  
but not certain evidence of the         
practical outcome of the experiment4 ,it
 is too early to predict  results as    
yet2 two years more are really required 
to tell the story4    ,for thirty years 
,eastern oysters have been shipped to   
,san ,francisco by  enterprising firms  
of that city1 planted there in the bay  
until a  large size is attained1 and    
then sold at an immense profit4 ,these  
firms have always claimed that the      

,eastern oyster did not reproduce       
there4 ,as far as can be ascertained    
from a reliable source1 the  shipments  
in recent years have rather increased   
than diminished1 this  fact being used  
as an argument to support the above     
statement4 ,it is  nevertheless a known 
fact that much ,eastern spat and many   
adult  oysters undoubtedly hatched there
 have been found by members of the      
,united ,states ,fish ,commission and   
others4 ,moreover1 with increasing      
trade one would naturally expect more   
shipments1 even though the  introduced  
oyster did propagate to some extent4    
,ostrea lurida1 the toothsome little    
native oyster which years ago  was so   
abundant at ,yaquina ,bay1 affording    
support to many families1  has decreased
 in numbers to such an alarming extent  
that unless some  radical measures are  
soon taken to prevent1 the native oyster
 industry  of this locality will be a   
thing of the past4 ,this decrease in the
  size and numbers appears to be due to 

several causes4 ,in the first  place1   
there has been a very persistent tonging
 on a somewhat limited  area4 ,this     
might have been counterbalanced by      
proper precautions to  insure a future  
supply1 but1 with characteristic lack of
 foresight1  such precautions have been 
neglected1 and the beds have been culled
  year after year1 until the            
comparatively few oysters now marketed  
from  ,yaquina ,bay are of very         
questionable size4 ,each oysterman has  
two  acres of flats for private use4    
,three natural beds in the bay afford   
sources of supply for these private     
beds4 ,the larger oysters tonged on  the
 natural beds are marketed1 and the     
smaller specimens spread on  the private
 ground referred to4 ,beyond strewing   
clean shells on these  private beds1 no 
provision is made to collect the        
swimming embryos  during the spawning   
season1 and multitudes must be carried  
away and  lost4 ,the writer has urged   
upon the oystermen the need of          

collectors  of brush or tile1 by the use
 of which the oysters which they have   
acquired may be largely increased in    
numbers1 and will endeavor to           
demonstrate1 by the use of tile         
collectors1 that hundreds of young  spat
 may be saved and raised to marketable  
age4 ,our native oyster  structurally   
and physiologically resembles the       
,european oyster  7,ostrea edulis71 and1
 like it1 could be propagated in        
artificial  oyster ponds4 ,the          
practicability of such work on the ,west
 ,american  coast depends1 of course1 on
 the market price of the resulting      
product  as compared with the outlay    
required for labor4          ,,malay    
,,folklore4    ,,by ,r4 ,,clyde ,,ford4 
,the ,malay is an ,oriental1 and1 of    
course1 possesses a goodly number of    
superstitions and old wives' fables1 but
 he does not hug them to his  soul like 
some of the other peoples of the        
,east--the ,chinaman1 for  instance1 who
 lives only by favor of gods1 ghosts1   

goblins1 and  devils4 ,the ,malay lives 
in spite of spirits1 good or bad1 and   
tries to  be a model ,mohammedan at the 
same time4 ,with bold assurance and     
positiveness1 he puts his trust in      
,allah2 but1 after all1 this does  not  
keep him from cherishing1 on the sly1 a 
knowledge of a few  uncanny1            
hair-raising beliefs any more than to be
 a devout churchman  with us removes one
 from the occult influences of stolen   
dishcloths1  overturned saltcellars1 and
 the phases of the moon4    ,the ,malay 
man's aberglaube--his superstition--is  
undoubtedly of  ancient origin4 ,for    
five hundred years or more he has said  
his prayers  five times a day in        
response to the muezzin's cry of ,allah 
ho akbar1  and his religion has         
penetrated the very life of his race and
 spread  to the most distant confines of
 the archipelago1 but it has never been 
able to remove entirely the heritage of 
that past when he was governed  by      
,sanskrit gods or by deities of his own4

 ,whatever he may have  believed then   
and since changed1 these fragments and  
relics of  goblindom and superstition go
 back to that time1 and so link on to   
all  the weird love that prevailed in   
the ancient world4 ,another evidence  of
 the primitiveness of ,malay folklore   
may be seen in the fact that  the       
inhabitants of the jungles and padangs  
and the aboriginal  dwellers of         
mountains and dense forests cherish much
 more heathen  notions and greater      
elaborations of everyday superstitions  
than the  more enlightened and          
modernized ,malays of towns and         
campongs4 ,in the  ,east1 as in the     
,west1 the man who lives close to       
,nature holds  communion with her       
visible forms1 and likewise finds out1  
or thinks  he does1 a good deal about   
her invisible shapes4    ,the ,malay has
 on his list of uncanny things the names
 of several  spirits4 ,disease is       
everywhere a great dread of men1 and    
often looked  upon as an infliction of  

the supernatural powers4 ,there are     
several  spirits of sickness recognized 
among the ,malays1 but they reserve     
their greatest horror for the influences
 of the ,hantu ,katumbohan1 or  spirit  
of smallpox4 ,but other spirits abound2 
there are some that  inhabit the sources
 of streams1 and many that dwell in     
forests4 ,mines1  too1 have their patron
 goblins1 which are propitiated by the  
miners4  ,the sea-going ,malay1 also1   
whose vision has been clarified by      
bitter  salt spray1 knows and frequently
 sees the spirits that inhabit certain  
parts of the ocean4    ,the ,hantu      
,pemburo1 or phantom hunter1 is a spirit
 the ,malays take  special account of2  
in general1 he seems to resemble the    
wilde ,jger  of ,german folklore4 ,long 
ago1 so the story has it1 there lived a 
certain man and his wife in ,katapang1  
in ,sumatra4 ,one day the wife  fell    
sick1 and1 thinking the flesh of a      
mouse-deer might strengthen  her1 she   
asked her husband to kill one for her4  

,he went forth on the  hunt1 but was    
unsuccessful and soon returned4 ,his    
wife now became very  angry1 and told   
him to try again--in fact1 not to return
 till he could  come home with the      
coveted game4 ,the man swore a mighty   
oath1 called  his dogs1 took his        
weapons1 and set out into the forest4   
,he wandered  and wandered1 and always  
in vain4 ,the days ran into months1 the 
months  became years1 and still no      
mouse-deer4 ,at last1 despairing of     
finding  the animal on earth1 he ordered
 his dogs to bay the stars1 and they    
sprang away through the sky1 and he     
followed4 ,as he walked with  upturned  
gaze1 a leaf fell into his mouth and    
took root there4    ,at home things were
 not going well4 ,his son1 born after   
his departure1  when he became a lad1   
was often taunted by the other children 
of the  campong1 and twitted of the fact
 that his father was a wandering  ghost4
 ,after hearing the truth from his      
mother1 the boy went out into  the      

forest to meet the huntsman4 ,far from  
the haunts of men1 in the  depths of the
 forest1 they met and conversed4 ,the   
boy told of his  wrongs1 and the father 
vowed to avenge them1 and ever since    
that time1  say the ,malays1 he has     
afflicted mankind4 ,at night he courses 
through  the wood and sky with a noisy1 
yelping pack1 and woe to the man who    
sees him6 ,on the peninsula the people  
mutter this charm to ward off  his evil 
influence3          ,i know thy history1
        ,o man of ,katapang6            
,therefore return thou        ,to thy   
jungle of ,mohang1        ,and do not   
bring sickness upon me4    ,the ,malay  
is a firm believer in the efficacy of   
charms4 ,he wears  amulets1 places      
written words of magic in houses1 and   
sports a tiger's  claw as a preventive  
of disease4 ,if he is specially         
primitive and  backwoodsy1 when he      
enters a forest he says3 ,go to the     
right1 all my  enemies and assailants6  
,may you not look upon me2 let me walk  

alone6  ,to allay a storm he says3 ,the 
elephants collect1 they wallow across   
the sea2 go to the right1 go to the     
left1 ,i break the tempest4 ,when  about
 to begin an elephant hunt1 according to
 ,thompson1 he uses this  charm3 ,the   
elephant trumpets1 he wallows across the
 lake4 ,the pot  boils1 the pan boils   
across the point4 ,go to the left1 go to
 the  right1 spirit of grandfather 7the 
elephant72 ,i loose the fingers upon    
the bowstring4    ,the ,malay believes  
in witches and witchcraft4 ,there is the
 bottle imp1  the ,polong1 which feeds  
on its owner's blood till the time comes
 for  it to take possession of an enemy4
 ,then there is a horrid thing1 the     
,penangalan1 which possesses women4     
,frequently it leaves its rightful      
abode to fly away at night to feed on   
blood1 taking the form of the  head and 
intestines of the person it inhabited1  
in which shape it  wanders around4      
,such beliefs may perhaps have their    
origin in metempsychosis1 which in      

other ways has some foothold among the  
common people4 ,for instance1  elephants
 and tigers are believed sometimes to be
 human souls in  disguise1 and so the   
,malay addresses them as grandfather to 
allay  their wrath and avoid direct     
reference to them4 ,crocodiles also are 
often regarded as sacred1 and special   
charms are used in fishing for  them4   
,one such1 given by ,maxwell1 is as     
follows3 ,o ,dangsari1 lotus  flower1   
receive what ,i send thee4 ,if thou     
receivest it not1 may thy  eyes be torn 
out6    ,the domestic animals also      
figure in ,malay folklore4 ,dogs are    
unlucky  and regarded with suspicion1   
for they would like to lick their       
master's bones4 ,cats1 on the other     
hand1 are lucky1 and show a  fondness   
for their owners4    ,owls are regarded 
as birds of ill omen1 and their hooting 
forebodes  death4    ,days are lucky and
 unlucky4 ,monday1 ,wednesday1 and      
,friday are  fortunate birthdays1 and a 
dream on a ,thursday night will come    

true4  ,to dream of a dog or a flood is 
unlucky4 ,to stumble when starting on a 
journey is a bad sign1 and before       
setting out on a pilgrimage to ,mecca   
certain formulas are muttered and signs 
followed4    ,the ,malay hates to tear  
down a house1 and so the old one is left
  standing when a new one is built4 ,the
 ladder of a house must be built  just  
so1 or disaster comes to the owner or   
builder2 and to knock one's  head on the
 lintel is regarded as unfavorable4 ,one
 rises quickly from  a meal2 otherwise1 
if he is single1 he may be regarded with
 disfavor  by his prospective           
father-in-law4    ,as one travels over  
the archipelago he finds that           
superstitions vary1  and what may be    
regarded by the ,malays of the peninsula
 as  particularly ominous may have no   
meaning at all with the ,malays of the  
south or east4 ,the ,dyaks of ,borneo   
are probably the most uncivilized  of   
all the ,malay tribes1 for              
,mohammedanism has taken but little hold

  upon them1 and their natural paganism 
remains as yet unshaken4 ,of  their     
folklore we know but little4 ,it awaits 
the conquest of the ,west1  like the    
island itself4          ,,electricity   
,,from ,,thales ,,to ,,faraday4    ,,by 
,,ernest ,a4 ,,lesueur4      ,it is so  
common a notion nowadays that           
electricity had its birth and  rise in  
the nineteenth century that it gives one
 a strange mental  sensation to         
contemplate the fact that all the       
myriads of commercial  applications that
 have of late years been developed in   
this field  might have been made by the 
,chinese or the ancient ,egyptians1 so  
far  as the potentiality of ,nature for 
developing electrical phenomena is      
concerned4 ,the writer used to know a   
delightful old gentleman in  ,vermont   
who once referred1 as to a well-known   
fact1 to ,edison's having  invented     
electricity4 ,it is astonishing how     
closely his state of mind  typifies that
 of a great many people4    ,in the form

 of the lightning1 the aurora1 and the  
shock of the  electric eel or torpedo1  
electrical manifestations have been     
known  ever since man commenced to      
observe those phenomena1 but the fossil 
resin amber was the substance which     
eventually gave its name to the  now    
tremendous agency4 ,this material was   
observed1 many centuries  before our    
era1 to possess the property of         
attracting light bodies to  itself when 
rubbed with wool1 and1 being called     
,greek3 lektron  7electron7 by the      
,greeks1 transmitted its name to the    
property or  force which it thus brought
 into evidence4 ,the fact is mentioned  
as  early as #fjj ,b4 ,c41 by ,thales of
 ,miletus1 although he does not         
transmit to us the name of the original 
observer of the phenomenon4  ,homely as 
was the experiment1 it marked a         
beginning in electrical  research4      
,not that scientific investigations in  
that or any line were pushed  very      
assiduously in those days1 for there is 

a great gap between the  discovery of   
the property above alluded to and the   
acquisition of any  more solid knowledge
 pertaining to electricity4 ,the        
phenomenon was at  that time set down in
 the list of natural facts1 and no      
attempt  appears to have been made to   
connect it with others4 ,the inquiring  
spirit of the present age can hardly be 
brought into more striking  relief than 
by a comparison of the1 at present1     
almost daily advances  in scientific    
knowledge with the fact that twenty-two 
hundred years  elapsed between the      
discovery of the above-mentioned power  
of amber by  the ancients and the later 
one that a very large number of other   
substances1 such as diamonds1           
vitrefactions of all kinds1 sulphur1    
common resin1 etc41 possess the same    
property4 ,a few other scattered  facts 
were1 however1 also noted by the        
ancients3 fire is said to have  streamed
 from the head of ,servius ,tullius at  
the age of seven1 and  ,virgil asserts  

that flame was emitted by the hair of   
,ascanius4    ,in examining1 now1 the   
history of the rise of electrical       
science we  find1 as just mentioned1 the
 vast gap of over two millenniums       
between  the discovery of the attracting
 power of rubbed amber and the mere     
extension of man's knowledge so as to   
include other substances4 ,the          
philosophers ,boyle and ,otto von       
,guericke1 who were active during the   
latter half of the seventeenth century1 
added a mass of new data in  this line4 
,boyle1 moreover1 discovered the        
equivalence of action and  reaction     
between the attracting and the attracted
 body1 and that the  rubbed amber or    
other electric retained its attractive  
powers for a  certain period after      
excitation had ceased4    ,otto von     
,guericke made a vast step forward by   
constructing the first  electrical      
machine1 in a crude form1 truly1 but    
which proved of the  utmost service in  
adding to our knowledge of the          

properties of  electricity4 ,his machine
 was constructed very simply of a globe 
of  sulphur mounted on a spindle1 which 
could be rotated by means of a  crank2  
the operator applied friction with the  
hand1 his body receiving  a positive    
charge1 while the surface of the sulphur
 acquired a  negative4 ,the fact of the 
two electrifications being separated at 
the  surface of the sulphur was not1    
however1 known at the time2 the only    
charge that ,guericke observed being    
that appearing on the sulphur4 ,the     
reason for this was that the latter1    
being a nonconductor1 any  electricity  
generated upon it was compelled to stay 
there1 for a  certain time at least1 and
 consequently accumulated so as to be   
observable2 whereas the opposite        
electrification flowing into the        
operator's hand continuously escaped to 
earth without giving any sign  of its   
presence4 ,had the operator stood upon  
an insulating support1  the             
electrification would have accumulated  

on his body as well as upon  the        
sulphur4 ,guericke made the discovery   
that a light body1 having  been once    
attracted to an electrified surface1 was
 almost immediately  repelled from it1  
and could not be again attracted without
 having its  imparted electrification   
removed by contact with an uncharged    
surface4    ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 about  
#afge1 made an interesting application  
of a  principle allied to this4 ,he used
 a hollow1 drum-shaped contrivance  with
 glass ends and a very short axis1 into 
which he put a number of  fragments of  
paper4 ,on briskly rubbing the outside  
of the glass with a  piece of silk the  
paper was caused to leap from one part  
of the glass  to another and twirl about
 in the air4 ,this was repeated in #afgf
  before the ,royal ,society1 to the    
great edification of that learned  body4
    ,newton made a considerable         
improvement in the electrical machine of
  ,guericke by the substitution of a    
hollow globe of glass for ,guericke's   

sulphur one4 ,what is chiefly           
interesting about the improvement is the
  fact that ,guericke's sulphur globe1  
of comparative weight and  cumbrousness1
 was made by casting melted sulphur into
 a glass globe  and then breaking off   
the glass4 ,guericke observed in the    
dark a  peculiar luminosity of          
conducting surfaces when well charged by
 means  of his machine2 he compared it  
to the phosphorescent light observed    
when lump sugar is broken in the dark4  
,it was what is now known as the        
brush-discharge effect4    ,in #agje    
,francis ,hawksbee discovered the       
peculiar phenomenon which he  termed the
 mercurial phosphorus4 ,it was produced 
by causing a stream  of well-dried      
mercury to fall through an exhausted    
glass receiver4 ,the  friction of the   
particles of mercury against the jet    
piece and the  glass caused an          
electrification which evinced itself in 
a  phosphorescent glow4 ,the receiver1  
indeed1 had not to be by any means      

thoroughly exhausted1 the phenomenon    
occurring at an air pressure up  to     
about fourteen inches of the barometer4 
,the crackling noise and the spark      
accompanying electrical discharge       
suggested about this time the analogy of
 those miniature disturbances  to       
thunder and lightning1 but the identity 
of the two was not fully  established   
until later4    ,up to this time the    
fact that certain substances were       
capable of  conducting electricity was  
not known1 but in #agbi ,stephen ,gray1 
,f4 ,r4  ,s41 an enthusiastic           
investigator1 made the discovery1 and at
 the same  time the cognate one that a  
large class of materials are            
nonconductors4 ,the only source of      
electricity which was at the  disposal  
of experimenters up to this time was the
 electrical machine1  improved1 as      
described1 by ,newton1 which furnished  
intermittent  currents 7discharges7 of  
infinitesimal quantity1 as we should say
 now1  but of extremely high pressure4  

,this fact of the enormous pressure     
resulted in the electricity's forcing   
its way through very imperfect          
conductors1 so as to cause our          
investigators to rank many of these     
latter with the metals4 ,thus ,gray     
concluded that pack thread was a  good  
conductor because it did not oppose     
sufficient resistance to  prevent the   
flow of his high pressure 7or1 as we    
should now say1 high  voltage or        
tension7 electricity4 ,he tried wire as 
well1 but did not  realize it was a     
better conductor than the thread1       
although its  conductivity was actually 
in the millions of times as great4 ,in  
collaboration with his friend ,wheeler  
he conveyed electrical  discharges a    
distance of eight hundred and eighty-six
 feet1 through  presumably air-dry pack 
thread--an achievement which would      
almost be  notable at the present time4 
,he insulated the line by hanging it    
from  loops of silk thread4    ,gray    
hoped that there may be found out a way 

to collect a greater  quantity of       
electric fire1 and consequently to      
increase the force of  that power1      
which1 si licet magnis componere parva1 
seems to be of  the same nature with    
thunder and lightning4    ,about this   
time ,desaguliers discovered that those 
materials which1  upon being rubbed1    
develop electrical charges1 are all     
nonconductors1  and that1 conversely1   
nonelectrics are conductors4 ,the terms 
electrics  and nonelectrics were applied
 to bodies respectively capable and     
incapable of excitation2 the words      
idioelectrics and anelectrics were  also
 used in respectively equivalent senses4
    ,in ,france1 ,dufay discovered that 
the conductivity of pack thread was     
greatly improved by the presence of     
moisture1 and he succeeded in  conveying
 a discharge a distance of almost       
thirteen hundred feet4 ,he  suspended   
himself by silken cords and had himself 
electrified1 and  then observed that he 
could give a shock accompanied by a     

spark to any  person standing on the    
ground4    ,he also established the fact
 of the two opposite kinds of           
electrification1 and gave them the names
 of vitreous and resinous1  from the    
fact that the former was developed by   
the excitation of glass  and vitreous   
substances generally1 and the latter    
from that of amber  and resins4 ,he     
observed that the distinguishing        
characteristic of the  two was the fact 
that opposite charges attracted each    
other1 while  similar ones exerted      
mutual repulsion4 ,dufay and ,gray died 
within  three years of each other1 both 
at the age of forty1 ,gray having added 
to the results already mentioned the    
discovery of the conducting  powers of  
certain liquids and of the human body4  
,experimental research now began to     
spread into ,germany and the            
,netherlands4 ,the electrical machine   
was greatly improved by ,professor      
,boze1 of ,wittenberg1 and ,professor   
,winkler1 of ,leipsic1 who  respectively

 added the prime conductor and the silk 
rubber to that  important piece of      
apparatus4 ,a ,scotch ,benedictine monk 
of  ,erfurt--,professor                 
,gordon--substituted a glass cylinder   
for the sphere1  and thereby brought the
 instrument in its essentials           
practically to  the form in which it    
exists to-day4 ,the improvement enabled 
the  production of very large sparks1   
which were caused to produce the        
inflammation of various combustibles4   
,gordon went so far as to ignite        
alcohol by means of a jet of electrified
 water4    ,we now come to an           
epoch-making discovery--that of the     
condenser1 or1  in its conventional     
laboratory form1 the ,leyden jar4       
,professor  ,muschenbroeck1 of the      
,university of ,leyden1 was struck with 
the idea  that it would be a good plan  
to try to prevent the dissipation of the
  electric charge by inclosing the      
conductor containing it in an           
insulating envelope4 ,he therefore took 

a glass jar1 partly filled it  with     
water1 and electrified the latter4 ,his 
assistant1 who was holding  the bottle1 
accidentally touched the wire which made
 connection with  the water1 and        
received on the instant a shock much    
more violent than  any that the         
electrical machine was capable of       
giving4 ,this led to the  discovery that
 as the charge of vitreous electricity  
had accumulated  in the water1 a        
corresponding charge of the opposite    
kind had gathered  upon the outside of  
the glass and been bound there1 as it is
 called1  by the attraction exercised   
upon it by the charge on the inside4 ,it
  had been enabled to get upon the glass
 by the fact of the assistant's  hand   
having covered part of the surface of   
the latter1 and1 since he  stood upon   
the ground1 the electricity had quietly 
flowed from the  latter up through his  
body to the outside surface of the      
glass4    ,the apparatus was quickly    
perfected by coating both the inside and

  outside of a jar with tin foil1       
applying the charge by means of a wire  
or chain to the inside coating and      
allowing the outer one to stand  upon   
the earth or upon a conducting substance
 in electrical contact  with the latter4
 ,the exaltation of spirit with which   
the discovery was  hailed by the savants
 appears to have been extraordinary--one
  student who took a discharge through  
his body being reported to state  that  
he would not have missed the experience 
for a fabulous  consideration1 and that 
he would not repeat it if it were to    
save his  life4 ,in reality the advance 
was enormous2 it gave a means for       
literally bottling up electricity in    
quantities previously unthought  of4    
,the prime conductor of an electrical   
machine could not retain any            
considerable quantity of electricity for
 the reason that1 a certain  small      
intensity of electrification having been
 reached1 the addition  operated to     
upset the balance1 so to speak1 and the 

electricity  escaped by a sudden        
7disruptive7 discharge1 or spark1 or by 
the brush  discharge already alluded to4
 ,with the ,leyden jar1 however1 as fast
 as  electricity was supplied to the    
inside coating it became bound there  by
 the charge of opposite sign            
accumulating on the outside1 and the    
limit of capacity of the jar was simply 
one of strength of the glass3  if too   
much electricity was supplied1 the      
stress of mutual attraction  between the
 two charges relieved itself by         
destroying the jar4    ,although        
,professor ,muschenbroeck discovered the
 principle in the  manner above referred
 to1 it appears extremely probable that 
two other  investigators1 working       
independently1 also did the same4 ,one  
,cuneus  and a monk named ,kleist each  
claimed the honor of original invention 
of the condenser4    ,about #agdg the   
first gun was fired by electricity2 this
 was  accomplished by ,sir ,william     
,watson1 who also succeeded in kindling 

alcohol and gas by means of a drop of   
cold water and even with ice4  ,the same
 experimenter reversed the ordinary     
procedure of causing the  electric      
influence to pass from an electrified   
body to the one to be  experimented     
upon1 the latter being unelectrified1 by
 electrifying the  latter1 and then     
producing the desired effect by         
approaching it to an  unelectrified one4
    ,a party of the ,royal ,society with
 ,watson as chief operator instituted  a
 series of researches on a grand scale  
to determine1 if possible1 the  velocity
 of the electric discharge1 and arrived 
at a number of  conclusions which1      
however1 were of a decidedly negative   
nature4 ,the  most important of these   
were as follows3 ,that they could not   
observe  any interval between the       
instant of applying the discharge to one
 end  of the line and its reception at  
the other2 that the destructive  effects
 of discharge are greater through bad   
conductors than through  good ones2 that

 conduction is equally powerful whether 
occurring  through earth or water4      
,just previous to this there had been   
some brilliant experiments  carried on  
in ,france1 and the discharge had been  
conveyed through  twelve thousand feet  
of circuit1 including the acre basin of 
the  ,tuileries1 but they had not been  
performed as systematically1 or with    
the definite objects in view1 as had the
 ,english experiments4    ,the following
 year the ,royal ,society continued its 
researches on a  larger scale than      
previously1 using #ab1bgf feet of wire1 
and found  that even through that length
 the velocity was practically           
instantaneous4    ,watson urged as a    
theory that electrical disturbances were
 caused by  influx or efflux of a single
 electric fluid from the state of normal
  electrification1 thus differing from  
,dufay in his opinion as to the         
existence of two fluids4 ,he was led to 
this belief by observing that  he       
obtained a larger spark between two     

oppositely electrified bodies  than from
 either to the earth4    ,from this time
 on there appears upon the scene a host 
of workers in  this field1 one of the   
most prominent being the distinguished  
,american1 ,benjamin ,franklin4         
,somewhat previous to his remarkable    
work1  or about #agej1 ,boze made       
certain discoveries in the matter of the
  surface tension of conducting liquids 
being diminished by  electrification1   
and ,mowbray and ,nollet ascertained    
that the  vegetation of flowers and of  
vegetating seeds was hastened by        
electrifying them4    ,franklin 7born   
#agjf1 died #agij7 made the important   
discovery of the  active discharge of   
electricity from an electrified body by 
points as  well as the converse of      
it--i4 e41 that electricity was rapidly 
abstracted from a charged atmosphere by 
points4 ,this enabled him to  increase  
the efficiency of the electrical machine
 by adding a  comb-shaped series of     
points to the collector of the prime    

conductor4    ,up to this time1 although
 the identity of lightning with         
electricity  had long been suspected1 it
 had not been at all established1 and to
  ,franklin may be said to belong the   
honor of doing so1 although in  this1 as
 in the case of the invention of the    
,leyden jar1 there appears  to have been
 successful contemporaneous research    
elsewhere4 ,before  performing his great
 experiment ,franklin published a book  
strongly  supporting the belief in the  
identity of the two4 ,once having       
conceived the idea of drawing           
electricity from the upper atmosphere1  
he unfortunately lost some time through 
waiting for the completion of  the spire
 of a certain church in ,philadelphia1  
from the top of which  he hoped to be   
able to collect electricity by means of 
a wire1 but  finally hit upon the device
 which now fills much the same place in 
connection with his memory that the     
classical cherry tree does with         
,washington's--the lightning-collecting 

kite4 ,this apparatus was very  simply  
constructed1 and had a pointed wire     
projecting a short distance  above the  
framework4 ,it was controlled1 and      
electrical connection  made1 by an      
ordinary string which terminated in a   
short length of silk  ribbon to protect 
the person from possible injury1 and to 
give  electricity a chance to accumulate
 in the system1 by insulating the  line4
 ,at the end of the string proper       
,franklin fastened a metallic  key4 ,in 
company with his son he flew the kite   
during a thunderstorm  which occurred in
 ,june1 #ageb2 for some time no electric
 disturbance  approached the            
neighborhood1 and he was on the point of
 abandoning the  experiment when he     
observed what he had been waiting       
for--the outer  fibers of the string    
standing out from the latter by         
repulsive  force--and1 applying his     
knuckle to the key1 he drew a spark4    
,subsequently1 when the rain soaked the 
string and caused it to conduct  much   

better1 there was a fine supply of      
electricity1 and ,franklin  charged a   
,leyden jar from the key1 thus achieving
 the actual storage  of lightning4      
,he continued his investigations in     
atmospheric electricity1 and  discovered
 that the electrification of the clouds 
7or of the upper  atmosphere7 was       
sometimes positive and sometimes        
negative4 ,the  invention of the        
lightning rod is due to him4            
,franklin sided with ,watson in his     
belief in the single nature of the      
electric fluid4    ,as intimated above1 
atmospheric electricity appears to have 
been  collected independently about the 
same time in ,europe1 and certain  very 
daring and dangerous experiments were   
performed there4 ,one sad  occurrence1  
as a result1 was the death of ,professor
 ,richman1 in ,st4  ,petersburg1 in     
#agec4 ,richman1 in company with a      
friend1 ,sokolow1 was  taking           
observations on an electroscope         
connected with an iron rod  which       

terminated in the apartment and extended
 in the other direction  above the roof 
of the building4 ,during the progress of
 their  experiments a violent peal of   
thunder was heard in the neighborhood1  
and ,richman bent to examine the        
instrument4 ,in doing so he approached  
his head to within a foot of the end of 
the rod1 and ,sokolow saw a  ball of    
fire about the size of a man's fist     
shoot from it to  ,richman's head with a
 terrific report4 ,the stroke was1 of   
course1  immediately fatal1 and what we 
now know as the return shock stupefied  
and benumbed ,sokolow4 ,the unfortunate 
event served as a warning to  other     
daring experimenters4    ,canton1       
another prominent worker in this field1 
discovered that the  so-called vitreous 
electricity was not necessarily always  
developed by  the friction of glass1 as 
had hitherto been believed to be        
invariably  the case4 ,by applying      
different rubbers to glass he obtained  
either  positive or negative at         

pleasure4 ,this at once disposed of the 
idea  that one kind of electricity      
resided in certain bodies and its       
opposite in others4 ,canton also made   
the interesting discovery that  glass1  
amber1 rock crystal1 etc41 when taken   
out of mercury1 were all  electrified   
positively4 ,he was thus enabled to make
 the improvement in  the electrical     
machine of coating its rubber with an   
amalgam rich in  mercury1 which greatly 
enhanced its powers4    ,among the      
numerous names now coming into          
prominence must be mentioned  those of  
,beccaria1 ,symmer1 ,delaval1 ,wilson1  
,kinnersley1 ,wilcke1 and  ,priestley4  
,the first named1 ,father ,beccaria1 was
 a celebrated ,italian physicist  who   
did most valuable work in connection    
with atmospheric electricity1  and who  
published several classical works on    
that and allied subjects4  ,among these 
may be mentioned his ,lettre del        
,elettricit1 #ageh1 and  ,experimenta1  
#aggb4 ,he ascertained that water is not

 by any means a  good conductor1 as it  
had previously been supposed to be1 and1
 by  using pure water1 he caused the    
electric spark to become visible in  it1
 a phenomenon capable of occurring only 
through media almost  nonconducting4 ,in
 these experiments he used thick glass  
tubes with  wires led through the       
opposite ends1 the latter being sealed1 
and the  tubes filled with water4 ,these
 were invariably shattered by the       
passage of the spark on account of the  
accompanying elevation of  temperature1 
which caused expansion4 ,he also        
established the facts  that the         
atmosphere adjacent to an electrified   
body acquires  electrification of the   
same sign by abstracting electricity    
from the  body1 and that the air then   
parts with its electricity very slowly4 
,he  advanced the theory that there is a
 mutual repulsion between the  particles
 of the electric fluid and those of air1
 and that a temporary  vacuum is formed 
at the moment of the passage of a       

disruptive  discharge or spark4         
,robert ,symmer1 in #agei1 described    
some most entertaining experiments1     
making use of the opposite              
electrifications of superposed stockings
 of  different materials or merely of   
different colors 7the dye matters in    
the latter case causing                 
differentiation74 ,if1 in a dry         
atmosphere1 a  silk stocking be drawn   
over the leg and a woolen one pulled    
over it1  the two will be found1 upon   
being removed1 to be very powerfully    
electrified in opposite senses4 ,if the 
four stockings of two such  pairs be    
used and then suspended together1 they  
will indulge in  remarkable antics due  
to each of the silk stockings trying to 
attract  both of the woolen ones1 and   
vice versa1 and1 on the other hand1     
each of each kind repelling the other4  
,the amount of electrical  attraction   
and repulsion produced in this simple   
way in a dry  atmosphere is remarkable4 
,the experiment may also be performed   

with  all silk stockings1 one pair white
 and the other black4    ,symmer        
advanced the theory of two fluids       
coexisting in all matter 7not           
independently of each other1 as had been
 previously supposed71 which  by mutual 
counteractions produced all electrical  
phenomena4 ,his  conception was that a  
body1 positively electrified1 did not   
exist in  that condition because of the 
possession of a charge of a positive 7as
  distinct from a negative7 electric    
fluid which it had not held before1  and
 did not hold in a normal state2 nor    
that it possessed a greater  share of a 
single electric fluid than it did in an 
unelectrified  condition1 as had been   
believed by ,franklin and ,watson1 and  
by ,dufay  respectively2 but that such a
 body contained both positive  and      
negative electricities which1 when the  
body behaved as  unelectrified1 entirely
 counteracted each other1 but which1 on 
the  other hand1 caused a positive or   
negative charge to be evinced should    

either positive or negative electricity 
respectively preponderate4    pinus was 
the author of another notable theory1 of
 which we must omit  further mention for
 want of space4    ,disjointed          
observations connected with animal      
electricity had been  accumulating for  
many centuries4 ,the first chronicled   
note that refers  to the subject dates  
back to #fgf ,a4 ,d4 ,whether or not    
entirely by  chance1 the ,arabians named
 the electric eel1 or torpedo1 in a way 
that  impresses us now as singularly    
felicitous1 raad 7the lightning74       
,toward the end of the last century     
,redi discovered that the shock was     
sometimes conveyed through the line and 
rod to the fisherman1 and  ,kampfer     
compared the effects to those of        
electrical discharges4 ,it  does not    
appear1 however1 that the resemblance   
was actually believed  to be more than  
accidental until ,bancroft urged1 in the
 last ten years  of the eighteenth      
century1 the view which was shortly     

proved4  ,investigation since has shown 
that several other aquatic animals      
possess this astonishing manifestation  
of vitality1 notably the  ,gymnotus     
electricus 7,surinam eel71 the          
,trichiurus electricus1 and  the        
,tetraodon electricus4 ,humboldt gives  
an account of wonderful  battles in     
,south ,america between gymnoti and wild
 horses4 ,in fact1 the  most expeditious
 method1 if not the most humane one1 of 
capturing  these alarming creatures     
appears to be to drive horses into the  
pond  inhabited by them1 and to allow   
the eels to exhaust their strength by   
repeated electric discharges before     
endeavoring to bring them to land  by   
other means4    ,cavendish was one of   
the most noted experimental             
investigators in the  electrical field  
during the latter third of the          
eighteenth century4  ,his work was      
remarkably accurate1 considering the    
lack of a proper  equipment for taking  
observations incident to operations in  

those  days4 ,he computed the relative  
conductivities of iron and water as     
four hundred million to unity1 and found
 that the addition of but one  part of  
common salt to one hundred of water     
increased the conductivity  of the      
latter a hundredfold4 ,a                
twenty-six-per-cent solution of salt he 
found to possess only seven and one     
quarter times the conductivity of  the  
extremely weak one mentioned4 ,he also  
established the law that the  capacity  
of condensers 7of which the previously  
mentioned ,leyden jar  is an example7   
varies directly as the active area1 and 
inversely as  the distance separating   
the conducting surfaces4 ,it was        
reserved for  later investigators to    
make the grand discoveries which relate 
to  electrochemical dissociation1 but   
,cavendish succeeded in accurately      
determining the ratio of combination of 
the elements of water in a  method which
 superficially suggests the inverse of  
electrolytic  decomposition--i4 e41 by  

inducing the combination of hydrogen and
  oxygen by the electric spark in the   
instrument known as the  eudiometer4    
,hard on the heels of this work came    
news of ,galvani's remarkable  discovery
 7#agij7 of the fact that freshly       
amputated frogs' legs1 on  being touched
 along the lines of the muscles by      
dissimilar metals1  were powerfully     
agitated4 ,we can only speak of this    
discovery as the  stumbling on to an    
isolated fact1 for it was reserved for  
,volta to  establish the generalization 
that a current is produced in the       
conductor joining dissimilar metals when
 the latter are both in  contact with a 
suitable electrolyte 7or liquid capable 
both of  conducting electricity and of  
acting on one1 and incidentally also    
sometimes both1 of the metals74         
,meantime 7,du ,bois-,reymond observes71
  wherever frogs were to be found1 and  
where two different kinds of  metal     
could be procured1 everybody was anxious
 to see the mangled  limbs of frogs     

brought to life in this wonderful way4  
,physiologists  believed that at last   
they should realize their visions of a  
vital  power1 and physicians that no    
cure was impossible4    ,volta first    
discovered merely the fact of           
electrification by contact4  ,he wrote  
to ,galvani3 ,i don't need your frog4   
,give me two metals and a  moist rag1   
and ,i will produce your animal         
electricity4 ,your frog is  nothing but 
a moist conductor1 and in this respect  
it is inferior to  my wet rag6 ,nobili1 
nevertheless1 in #ahbe proved the       
existence of  galvanic currents in      
muscles4    ,later on ,volta invented   
the couronne des tasses 7crown of cups71
  thus at the same time adopting the    
general form of cell used1 with         
modifications1 to-day1 and producing the
 higher electromotive force1  or        
electrical pressure1 consequent on the  
multiplication of the cells  in a series
 battery4    ,just before ,volta's      
celebrated communication to the ,royal  

,society1 in  #ahjj1 ,fabroni1 of       
,florence1 in discussing ,galvani's     
phenomenon1 went  to the root of the    
matter by suggesting that the energy of 
chemical  action was at the bottom of   
galvanic manifestations1 and he was     
warmly  upheld in this contention by    
,sir ,humphry ,davy1 who1 upon the      
publication of ,volta's discoveries1    
constructed a most elaborate  battery   
with which 7apparently about #ahjf7 he  
produced the arc light  between carbon  
pencils4    ,in the year referred to1   
,davy published the results of a series 
of  experiments of enormous             
significance1 among other things of the 
isolation of the alkali metals1 sodium  
and potassium1 whose existence  had     
hitherto not been dreamed of4 ,the      
simple electrolytic  decomposition of   
water had been accomplished by ,nicolson
 and ,carlisle  in the last year of the 
eighteenth century4 ,sir ,w4 ,s4 ,harris
 says3 ,a  series of new substances was 
speedily discovered1 the existence of   

which had never before been imagined4   
,oxygen1 chlorine1 and acids were  all  
dragged1 as it were1 to the positive    
pole1 while metals1  inflammable bodies1
 alkalies1 and earths became determined 
to the  negative pole of the battery4   
,when wires connected with each         
extremity  of the new battery were      
tipped with prepared and well-pointed   
charcoal1 and the points brought near   
each other1 then a most intense  and    
pure evolution of light followed1 which 
on separating the points  extended to a 
gorgeous arc4 ,it was at first supposed 
that the  galvanic or voltaic           
electricity was distinct from the       
so-called  frictional or ordinary       
electricity4    ,a distinguished        
contemporary of ,cavendish was ,coulomb1
 the value of  whose work in developing 
certain exceedingly important           
mathematical  laws with regard to action
 at a distance1 surface densities1 and  
rates  of charge dissipation can hardly 
be overestimated4 ,his name was given   

to the torsion balance which1 since his 
day1 has been the standard  instrument  
for measuring electric and magnetic     
attractions and  repulsions4 ,the       
importance of his work has since been   
recognized by  the perpetuation of his  
name in connection with the unit of     
quantity  of electricity1 as that of    
,volta has been honored by its use1     
abbreviated 7volt71 to designate the    
unit of electrical tension or  pressure4
    ,certain highly instructive and     
interesting data were accumulated about 
this time by ,volta1 ,laplace1          
,saussure1 and the renowned chemist     
,lavoisier1 in connection with the      
subject of electrification produced     
when evaporation1 and the liberation of 
gases and vapors in general  from any   
cause1 occurs4 ,the liquid1 solid1 or   
mixture liberating the  gas was         
contained in a metallic dish and the    
resultant electrification  of the latter
 examined qualitatively4 ,volta's       
observations led him to  conclude that  

the electrification was always negative1
 but ,saussure  demonstrated finally    
that its sign was dependent on the      
material of  the dish4 ,these           
experimenters covered1 between them all1
 a somewhat  extensive field1 examining1
 among other things1 the electrification
  resulting from the ebullition of      
various liquids1 from the ordinary      
combustion of fuel1 and from the        
decomposition of acids by metals to     
liberate hydrogen4    ,about the end of 
the first decade of the century ,poisson
 attacked the  phenomena of electricity 
analytically1 and succeeded in          
demonstrating  the right of electrical  
investigation to rank among the exact   
sciences4 ,of his most important        
mathematical propositions is one in     
which1 assuming as a working hypothesis 
the existence of two mutually           
attracting fluids1 he deduced formul    
covering the distribution of  these     
fluids on the surfaces of two conducting
 spheres1 in or out of  contact4    ,a  

great deal of work was done during the  
end of the last century and  the        
beginning of the present one on what is 
now known as  pyro-electrification4 ,the
 ,abb ,hay discovered that fragments of 
tourmaline crystal exhibited opposite   
electrifications on opposite            
extremities of their lines of cleavage4 
,it is this crystal also which  has     
unusually remarkable powers of          
polarizing light1 and which1 under      
electro-magnetic stress1 suffers        
modifications of the latter  property4  
,hay investigated the field with much   
diligence1 and  succeeded in cataloguing
 a large number of natural crystals by  
the  side of tourmaline4 ,the subject   
was amplified later by ,sir ,david      
,brewster1 who added a series of        
artificial crystalline salts to the     
list of pyro-electrical materials1 among
 them1 notably1 hydro-potassic  7and    
sodic7 tartrate4 ,the property was found
 not always to reside on  these         
substances1 but to be developed by      

heating them4 ,brewster found  that even
 powdered tourmaline exhibited opposite 
electrifications on  the opposite       
extremities of each tiny particle1      
causing the latter to  act1 so far as   
attractions and repulsions went1 as     
infinitesimal  magnets4    ,our rapid   
and imperfect survey has now brought us 
to the threshold of  the great activity 
in electrical work elicited by the      
tremendous  discovery1 made by          
,professor ,oersted1 of ,copenhagen1 of 
the existence  of the electro-magnetic  
field4 ,it happens that two of the most 
amiable  and estimable individuals that 
have ever devoted their lives to        
scientific research stand out in this   
connection head and shoulders  above all
 other investigators--,ampre and        
,faraday1 the latter sixteen  years     
younger than the former and destined to 
long survive him4          ,,wingless   
,,birds4    ,,by ,,philippe ,,glangeaud4
      ,it is often said that there are  
no rules without exceptions4 ,we        

purpose to test the truth of this maxim 
once more4 ,fishes are made to  live in 
water1 but some of them pass the greater
 part of their  existence in mud4 ,some 
even perch upon trees1 thus competing   
with  birds1 whose kingdom is the air1  
and which are able1 with the aid of     
their wings1 to plunge into space and   
travel rapidly over considerable        
distances4 ,yet there are birds1        
deprived by ,nature1 which do not       
possess the wing characteristic of the  
feathered tribe1 and are  consequently1 
like the majority of animals1 pinned to 
the soil4    ,birds do not all have     
equal power of flight1 which is closely 
related  to the extent of the           
development of their wings4 ,there exist
 all  grades in the spread of wings     
between that of the condor1 which is    
four times the length of the body1      
whereby the bird is able to rise to  the
 height of nearly twenty-five thousand  
feet1 and the little  winglets of the   
auk1 which are of no use to it4 ,the    

penguins have  still smaller wings1     
which are nothing more than short1      
flattened  stumps1 without proper       
feathers and covered with a fine1       
hairlike down  which might be taken for 
scales4    ,another group of birds      
exists1 called appropriately            
,brevipennes1  the wings of which are so
 poorly developed as to be wholly       
unsuitable  for flight4 ,as an offset   
and just compensation for this1 their   
long  and robust legs permit them to run
 with extraordinary speed4 ,for that    
reason they have been called running    
birds1 in distinction from other  kinds 
that constitute the group of flying     
birds4 ,among them are some  gigantic   
birds1 and also some that have no       
visible wings on the  outside of their  
bodies1 and may therefore be properly   
called  wingless4    ,the ostrich is a  
member of this group4 ,with its bare1   
callous head and  short bill1 its long1 
featherless neck1 and its massive body1 
supported by long1 half-bare legs1      

ending in two large toes2 its very      
short wings1 formed of soft and flexible
 feathers2 and its  plume-shaped tail1  
it presents a very special appearance   
among the  birds4    ,the nandous1 the  
,american representatives of the        
ostrich1 have still  shorter wings1     
which have no remigia at all1 and       
terminate in a  horny appendage1 and    
they have no tail feathers4    ,the     
cassowary and the emu also resemble the 
ostrich in many points1  but their wings
 are still more reduced than those of   
the nandou4 ,they  are only slightly    
distinct1 and can not be seen when the  
bird holds  them close up to its body4  
,in the ,apteryx1 the name of which1    
from  the ,greek1 means without wings1  
the organs of flight are hardly         
apparent1 and consist simply of a very  
short stump bearing a thick and  hooked 
nail4 ,the ,apteryx1 which is also      
called ,kiwi1 a native of  ,new         
,zealand1 is the most singular of living
 birds4 ,the neck and the  body are     

continuous1 and the moderately sized    
head is furnished with a  long beak     
resembling that of the ibis4 ,having    
long hairs similar to  the mustaches of 
cats at its base1 it is different from  
the bills of  all other existing birds  
in possessing nostrils that open at its 
upper  point4 ,although the ,apteryx can
 not fly1 it runs very fast1 despite    
the shortness of its legs1 and can      
defend itself very effectively  against 
assailants by the aid of its long-nailed
 and sharp-nailed  feet4 ,the tail is   
absent like the wings4 ,the very pliant 
feathers are  extremely curious1 of the 
shape of a lance-head1 pendent1 loose1  
silky1 with jagged barbs1 and increase  
in length as they go back from  the     
neck4 ,the bird is of the size of a     
fowl1 and when in its normal  position  
stands with its body almost vertical1   
and carries the  suggestion of a        
caricature--resembling1 we might say1 a 
feathered  sack1 with only a long-billed
 head and the claws projecting1 and one 

beholding it feels that he is looking at
 some unfinished creature4 ,it  is a    
nocturnal bird1 of fierce temper1 and   
has become rare in  consequence of the  
merciless war that is made upon it4     
,everything is  strange about it1 even  
the single egg it lays1 which weighs    
about a  quarter as much as its body4   
,together with the ,apteryx1 there lived
 in ,new ,zealand a bird that  reached  
the height of nearly twelve feet--the   
,dinornis4 ,it and the  ,phororhaces and
 the ,brontornis1 which have been       
recently exhumed  in ,patagonia1 might  
be regarded as the giants of birds4     
,this bird was  known to the natives as 
the ,moa1 and lived in troops like the  
ostriches4 ,its organization was very   
much like that of the ,apteryx1  from   
which it was1 however1 distinguished by 
its great size1 long  neck1 and short   
beak4 ,it seems to have had the aspect  
of an ostrich1  with a feathered neck   
and no wings or tail4 ,the feet of the  
,dinornis1 with their three large toes1 

were really enormous4  ,isolated        
fragments of its bones suggest very     
large mammals1 rather  than birds4 ,the 
femur and tibia are larger than those of
 a bear1 the  tibia alone being about   
four feet long1 and the thickness1 in   
the  narrowest part1 of the width of a  
man's hand1 while it was more than      
seven inches in the thickest part4 ,the 
sternum1 on the other hand1 was  small1 
convex1 and longer than broad4 ,the wing
 could not have been  visible on the    
outside of the body1 for the bones that 
constitute them  are proportionally     
smaller than those of the ,apteryx4     
,there was1  therefore1 a maximum       
reduction of the wing in this bird4     
,the ,dinornis was covered with a rich  
plumage1 and this was doubtless  what   
led to its destruction1 women preferring
 its plumes to all other  ornaments4    
,the large number of bones which have   
been discovered in the  alluviums1 the  
caves1 and the peat bogs of ,new        
,zealand authorize the  thought that the

 island was once inhabited by a         
considerable number of  these birds1    
which were able easily to repel the     
attacks of other  animals by means of   
their big feet4 ,but they could stand no
 chance  against ,nature's more terrible
 destroyer--man--who1 when seeking the  
gratification of his taste and fancy1   
does not hesitate to exterminate  whole 
species4 ,the natives of ,new ,zealand  
still recall the history of  these      
singular birds2 their extermination     
seems to have occurred about  the time  
the island was visited by ,captain ,cook
 7#agfg-aggh74 ,moreover1  some of the  
bones collected in later years still had
 animal matter  upon them4 ,even parts  
of the windpipe have been discovered1   
mixed with  charcoal1 and evidences of  
cooking have been found4    ,a near     
relative of the ,dinornis1 which the    
,maoris regard as extinct1  is the      
,notornis1 of which only four living    
specimens have been found  since #ahdb1 
the last one having been captured in the

 latter part of  #ahih4    ,the eggs of 
the ,dinornis were very large1 having a 
capacity of about  a gallon and being   
equivalent to eighty hen's eggs4 ,still 
larger eggs  than these1 however1 are   
known4 ,in #ahea ,isidore ,geoffroy     
,saint-,hilaire  exhibited1 in the      
,french ,academy of ,sciences1 eggs of a
 bird  coming from ,madagascar that had 
a capacity of two gallons4 ,some        
specimens of these eggs may be seen in  
the galleries of the ,paris  ,museum1   
and still larger eggs have been found4  
,the museum in ,london  has one with a  
capacity exceeding eleven quarts1 or    
equivalent to two  hundred and twenty   
hen's eggs1 or more than seventy        
thousand humming  birds' eggs4 ,it was  
thought at first that the bird which    
laid these  gigantic eggs was still     
living1 for natives of ,madagascar spoke
 of  having seen a bird of colossal size
 that could throw down an ox and  make a
 meal of it4 ,such1 however1 were not   
the ways of the bird called  the        

,epiornis1 which had no talons or wings1
 and fed on vegetable  substances4 ,the 
description by the celebrated traveler  
,marco ,polo of a  great flying bird of 
prey1 called a roc1 has no reference to 
the  ,epiornis4 ,m4 ,grandidier has     
demonstrated that this bird no longer   
exists in ,madagascar1 and that if man  
ever knew it the stories with  marvelous
 details which the savages hand down    
from generation to  generation make no  
mention of it4 ,we owe to ,m4           
,grandidier1 ,m4  ,milne-,edwards1 and  
,major ,forsyth what is known of the    
history of this  large wingless bird1   
which resembles the ,dinornis in several
 points4  ,if its size was proportioned 
to that of its eggs it should have been 
twice as large as the ,dinornis4 ,it was
 not1 however1 but constituted  a family
 represented by very diverse forms and  
of variable size1  though never much    
exceeding eleven feet4 ,the head was    
similar in  appearance to that of the   
,dinornis1 but the surface of the       

forehead  was furrowed with wrinkles and
 cavities1 indicating the presence of a 
crest of large feathers4 ,a curious     
peculiarity was the opening of the      
,eustachian tube directly on the        
exterior4 ,the cervical vertebr are     
very numerous1 while the sternum is much
 reduced4 ,it is a flat bone1  broad but
 very short1 especially in the median   
part4 ,the wing also has  suffered a    
great regression1 for it comprises only 
a thin1 short rod1  the humerus1 and a  
small osseous mass representing all the 
other bones  of the wing stuck together4
 ,the ,epiornis had no wings externally 
visible4 ,the bones of the feet were1 on
 the other hand1 of  considerable size1 
and indicate that the bird that         
possessed them was  larger than the     
,dinornis4    ,the ,epiornis1 according 
to ,m4 ,milne-,edwards1 frequented the  
borders  of waters1 keeping among the   
reeds along lakes and rivers1 for its   
bones are found associated with those of
 turtles1 crocodiles1 and a  small      

hippopotamus4 ,it most probably nested  
in the low plains around  lakes4        
,just as the ,apteryx among birds1 and  
the bison and the beaver among  mammals1
 so the ,dinornis and the ,epiornis have
 been destroyed as  man has extended his
 abode and his domination4    ,when we  
regard the fauna of ,madagascar and of  
,new ,zealand we are  struck by the     
great resemblance between them1 from the
 points of view  of their recent and    
ancient vertebrate fauna4 ,these        
resemblances  suggest the past existence
 of relations between these two lands   
now  separated by a wide expanse of sea1
 and this agrees with geological        
observations4--,translated for the      
,popular ,science ,monthly from ,la     
,nature4          ,,sketch ,,of         
,,frederick ,c4 ,,selous4      ,the     
description of ,selous1 in ,men and     
,women of the ,time1 as explorer1       
naturalist1 and sportsman1 is suggestive
 of the manner in which his  career has 
been developed and his fame has grown4  

,beginning his active  life as a mere   
hunter of big game in the wilds of      
,south ,africa1 and  known at first only
 as a sportsman1 he has become          
recognized as one of  the leading1 most 
intelligent1 and most efficient         
explorers of his  time1 and is accepted 
as the most eminent authority respecting
 what  relates to the large and         
important region of ,mashonaland4       
,,frederick ,,courtenay ,,selous was    
born in ,london1 the son of a father of 
,huguenot extraction and of a mother    
who1 descended from the ,bruces of      
,clackmannan1 could count ,robert ,bruce
 among her ancestors1 and was  also     
related to ,bruce1 the ,abyssinian      
traveler4 ,he was taught at ,bruce      
,castle1 ,tottenham1 and then went to   
school at ,rugby1 where he              
distinguished himself by his activity1  
which was displayed in his high  spirits
 and love of violent mischief and by his
 personal courage to  such an extent    
that his schoolfellows wittily nicknamed

 him ,zealous4    ,leaving ,rugby when  
sixteen or seventeen years old1 he spent
 two years  in ,switzerland and         
,germany1 studying at ,neufchtel and    
,wiesbaden4 ,his  hardy activity seems  
to have been as marked in ,germany as at
 ,rugby1  for it is recorded of him that
 he attracted some notice in the papers 
by jumping into the ,rhine in winter    
after a wild duck which he had  shot4   
,he was not dressed for a swim1 and1 his
 great coat and top boots  becoming     
filled with water1 he had much          
difficulty in getting to shore  with his
 game4 ,his determination to achieve a  
career in ,south ,africa  by hunting and
 collecting specimens was apparently    
reached while he  was still a youth1 and
 at nineteen years of age he sailed from
  ,england1 to land at ,algoa ,bay in   
#ahga4 ,hunting was his object1 as is   
substantially confessed in the title of 
his first book1 ,a ,hunter's            
,wanderings in ,africa4 ,the book won   
instant recognition as a story of  sport

 and a hunter's prowess1 and was        
regarded in that light by the  critics  
and the general public4 ,the ,royal     
,geographical ,society1  however1       
perceived other qualities in the story  
he had to tell1 and  gave him           
successively honorable mention1 the     
,cuthbert ,peake grant1  and1 in #ahhc1 
the ,founder's ,gold ,medal1 the highest
 honor it had to  bestow4    ,among the 
earliest testimonials paid by this      
society to the value1 as  yet not       
generally appreciated1 of ,selous's work
 was that given by ,lord  ,aberdare1    
president1 in his anniversary address1  
delivered in ,may1  #ahha1 to the       
services rendered to geography in the   
regions west of  ,lake ,nyassa by ,mr4  
,selous1 who had hitherto been known as 
a mighty  hunter of large game4444 ,this
 gentleman1 we learn1 in #ahgh          
penetrated  for one hundred and fifty   
miles the unknown country north of the  
,zambezi1 in the direction of ,lake     
,bangweolo4 ,he has since crossed in    

various directions the ,matabele country
 south of the ,zambezi1  discovering two
 new rivers and defining the course of  
others which had  previously been laid  
down from vague information4 ,selous's  
,notes on  the ,chobi1 it appears1 had  
already been published by the           
,geographical  ,society4    ,mr4 ,selous
 has spent most of his time since he    
began his ,african  wanderings in #ahga1
 except for occasional visits to        
,england1 in  traveling and hunting over
 that part of the ,african continent    
with  which his name as an explorer is  
associated4 ,in #ahgg he and some       
companions penetrated into ,matabeleland
 to hunt elephants4 ,relating  the story
 of his wanderings in an address to the 
,royal ,geographical  ,society in #ahic1
 he described his experiences with fever
 and ague1 the  attacks of which began  
in ,griqualand in #ahgb1 but came on    
only when he  halted anywhere a few     
days4 ,north of the ,zambezi he made    
several  journeys among the ,balongas1  

and spent a wretched rainy season1      
almost  without equipment1 on the       
,manica table-land1 of the luxuriant    
vegetation of which1 with sweet-smelling
 flowers after the rains1 he  gave a    
glowing description in his address4     
,interesting observations  were made on 
some of the northern rivers4 ,the       
curious phenomena of the  steady rise of
 the waters of the ,chobi and           
,machabi--an outlet of the              
,okavango--was observed from the first  
week in ,june till the last week  in    
,september1 when the flood began to     
recede4    ,from #ahhb the journeys     
acquired additional geographical        
importance1  and ,mr4 ,selous proceeded 
to rectify the maps of ,mashonaland made
 by  earlier travelers1 taking constant 
compass bearings1 sketching the  courses
 of rivers1 and fixing the positions of 
tributaries4 ,the value  of this work   
was made manifest in a magnificent large
 scale map of the  country4    ,this    
map1 which was published in #ahie1 was  

intended1 first and  chiefly1 to        
illustrate the work done by ,mr4 ,selous
 while in the  service of the ,south    
,african ,company2 and1 secondly1 to    
embody1 as far  as possible1 the        
knowledge possessed of the entire region
 extending  from ,fort ,salisbury to the
 northward as far as the ,zambezi1 and  
to the  eastward as far as the lower    
,pungwe4 ,mr4 ,selous's manuscript      
originals1 deposited in the map room of 
the ,royal ,geographical  ,society1     
comprise a compass survey1 showing the  
routes during a year's  employment in   
the service of the ,british ,south      
,african ,company1  ,september #a1      
#ahij1 to ,september1 #ahia1 on a scale 
of #a3bee1jjj2 a  sketch map1 showing   
the route of the ,manika ,mission from  
,fort ,charter  to ,umtassa's and thence
 to the camp near ,mount ,wedza1 and    
also the  routes taken by ,mr4 ,selous  
from the camp near ,mount ,wedza to     
,makoni's1  ,mangwendi's1 ,maranka's1   
and back to ,makoni's1 on a scale of    

#a3bee1jjj2  a sketch of routes from    
,umtali to ,mapanda 7,pungwe7 and back1 
in #ahia1  on the same scale2 a sketch  
of ,mashonaland1 showing tribal         
boundaries1  on the same scale2 a rough 
survey map of the countries ruled over  
by  the ,makorikori chiefs1 for which a 
mineral concession had been granted  to 
the ,selous ,exploration ,syndicate1 on 
a scale of #a3baj1jjj2 and  about thirty
 sheets of manuscript maps and rounds of
 angles1 utilized  in the compilation of
 the first four maps of this list4      
,although ,mr4 ,selous did not determine
 latitudes or longitudes1 his           
long-distance compass bearings enabled  
him to lay down a network of  triangles 
connecting ,fort ,salisbury with        
,masikesi4 ,these triangles  included   
,fort ,charter1 ,sengedza1 and          
,mavanka's in the south1 ,mount  ,mtemwa
 in the north1 and ,mount ,dombo in the 
east2 and it turns out  that the        
distance between ,fort ,salisbury and   
,masikesi1 as resulting  from this      

triangulation1 differs to the extent of 
only about a mile  from that obtained by
 careful astronomical observations made 
at the  two terminal points4 ,the       
greater part of ,mr4 ,selous's compass  
bearings  were taken during the rainy   
season1 when the air was very clear and 
landmarks could be seen at great        
distances4 ,mr ,selous's determinations 
of altitude were not so accurate1 and   
those obtained with the aneroid  were   
characterized by himself as of little   
value4    ,during all of his twenty     
years' wanderings ,mr4 ,selous          
represented in  his address to the      
,royal ,geographical ,society1 with the 
exception of a  treacherous night attack
 made upon his camp by the              
,mashuku-,sumbwe1 led  by a few hostile 
,marotse1 in #ahhh1 he had never had any
 serious  trouble with the natives4 ,he 
had gone among many tribes who had never
  previously seen a white man1 and was  
always in their power1 as he  seldom had
 more than from five to ten native      

servants1 none of whom  were ever armed4
 ,mr4 ,selous's pioneer work began in   
#ahhi1 when he  conducted a             
gold-prospecting company through eastern
 ,mashonaland4 ,the  journey took the   
party to the ,portuguese settlements on 
the ,zambezi1  where those people were  
found to have a full appreciation of the
  richness of the gold region4    ,the  
,british ,south ,africa ,company1 or    
,chartered ,company1 as it is  sometimes
 called1 was incorporated about the same
 time 7,october1  #ahhi71 with power to 
occupy and possess the large domains    
that  constitute what is now called     
,rhodesia4 ,the return of ,mr4 ,selous  
to  the ,cape of ,good ,hope with the   
report of what he had observed had the  
effect of determining the company to    
speed its operations so as to           
anticipate the ,portuguese4 ,mr4 ,selous
 entered the service of the  company1   
and1 although he was not yet an explorer
 in the scientific  sense1 the accurate 
memory of his early wanderings over the 

region  enabled him to guide            
successfully the pioneer expedition that
 took  possession of ,mashonaland4      
,one of the sensational incidents of    
this campaign was the refusal of        
,lobengula to allow the pioneer force to
 use the road that led through          
,buluwayo1 his capital1 the only        
existing wagon road from the ,british   
frontier to the ,mashonaland plateau4 ,a
 new road was cut1 under the  guidance  
and superintendence of ,mr4 ,selous1    
through four hundred and  sixty miles of
 wilderness1 the whole work being       
accomplished in two  months and a half4 
,among the chiefs who submitted to the  
,british occupation after the  seizure  
of ,gonvola was ,moloko1 ruler of the   
country north of ,manica1  who made a   
treaty with ,mr4 ,selous4 ,after two    
years spent in various  operations for  
opening up the country and securing     
treaties with the  native chiefs1 ,mr4  
,selous returned to ,england in         
,december1 #ahib1 and  put the narrative

 of his adventures to press1 but was    
called back in  ,august1 #ahic1         
returning at very short notice1 on      
account of the  threatening attitude of 
the ,matabele chief ,lobengula and the  
consequent risk of interruption in the  
development of the country4 ,the  tribes
 had risen against the assumption of the
 company to claim as a  territorial     
cession what they had regarded as simply
 a grant of mining  and exploiting      
privileges4 ,mr4 ,selous engaged        
actively in the  campaign1 in which he  
is credited with having fought with     
great  gallantry by the side of the     
colonists1 and was wounded while        
protecting some negroes who had been    
surprised by the enemy4    ,returning   
again to ,mashonaland1 he reached there 
in time to witness a  second outbreak of
 the natives1 vexed by the triple plague
 of locusts1  rinderpest1 and the       
stringent regulations of the ,chartered 
,company's  government with respect to  
cattle4 ,his own cattle were stolen1 and

 he  headed a company of volunteers that
 went out to check the insurgents  and  
protect the people who were still on    
their farms4    ,the fruits1 in         
acquisition to geographical knowledge1  
of ,mr4 ,selous's  adventures and       
explorations are to be found1 mingled   
with much about  sporting and exciting  
incident1 in his books3 ,a ,hunter's    
,wanderings in  ,south ,africa1 already 
mentioned2 ,travel and ,adventure in    
,southeast  ,africa 7#ahic72 ,sunshine  
and ,storm in ,rhodesia 7#ahif72 and in 
lectures  to the ,geographical ,society 
and periodical contributions concerning 
,mashonaland4    ,these books abound in 
observations on natural history1 often  
constituting real contributions of new  
facts or new demonstrations to  the     
science1 usually occurring incidentally 
in the narrative of  adventure1 but     
sometimes given in more formal shape4   
,the author avows  that his conclusions 
respecting animals are drawn from       
personal  experience of the beasts1 and 

are not influenced in any way by the    
stories of old hunters1 ,dutch or       
native4 ,among these notices are        
original observations on the giraffe and
 its habits1 notes on  buffaloes and    
their disposition1 and remarks on       
variations in the  types of ,south      
,african lions4 ,of this animal1 while  
some authors would  make three species1 
the author believes there is only one4  
,as out of  fifty male lion skins1 he   
says1 scarcely two will be found exactly
  alike in the color and length of the  
mane1 ,i think it would be as           
reasonable to suppose there are twenty  
species as three4 ,so in ,notes  upon   
,south ,african ,rhinoceroses1 a paper  
read before the ,zological  ,society of 
,london in ,june1 #ahha1 and reprinted  
in this volume1 ,mr4  ,selous gives his 
reasons for affirming that there are    
only two species  of rhinoceros in      
,south or in all ,africa--the           
square-mouthed or white  ,rhinoceros    
simus and the prehensile-lipped or black

 ,rhinoceros  bicornis--while the       
supposed ,rhinoceros keitloa1 or blue   
rhinoceros  of the ,boers1 is merely a  
variety of the bicornis1 the distinction
  between the two being based only on   
differences in the relative length  of  
the horns4 ,another paper from the      
,proceedings of the ,zological          
,society1 reprinted here1 is ,notes on  
the ,south ,central ,african            
,antelopes1 embodying again only the    
results of the author's own             
observations4 ,in this paper twenty-two 
species are described by their          
scientific1 native1 ,dutch1 and ,english
 names1 and their  characteristics1     
habits1 appearance1 and distinctions are
 indicated4    ,in the preface to his   
,travel and ,adventure in ,southeast    
,africa ,mr4  ,selous tells how he had  
determined1 in #ahha1 upon visiting the 
ostrich  farm of his friend ,frank      
,mandy1 to settle down in ,africa for a 
quiet  life4 ,then he went home and     
spent a few months in ,england4         

,visiting  the ,natural ,history        
,department of the ,british ,museum1 he 
was shown by  ,dr4 ,gunther and his     
associate how old and dilapidated some  
of the  specimens were1 and how many    
noble forms were not represented at all4
  ,he took note of what he ought to get 
should he visit the interior of  ,africa
 again4 ,next we find him in ,south     
,africa1 not quiet on a farm as  he had 
intended to be1 but in the wilderness1  
where he spent six years  7#ahhb-'hg7   
engaged principally in collecting       
specimens of the  magnificent fauna     
which once abounded throughout the land1
 but many  forms of which were now      
becoming scarce and some were verging on
  extinction4 ,he shot and preserved a  
great many fine specimens of the  larger
 antelopes1 some of which may be seen in
 the ,new ,natural ,history  ,museum at 
,south ,kensington1 while others are in 
the collection of the  ,south ,african  
,museum at ,cape ,town4 ,besides the    
stories of specimen  hunting and        

adventures with the lions that are      
always to be found  where game is       
abundant1 the volume contains much      
matter of more  general interest1 such  
as notes of personal experiences among  
the  ,boers2 accounts of two expeditions
 sent against the ,batauweni by         
,lobengula2 the devastations committed  
by the ,matabele in ,mashonaland2       
valuable notes on the ,bushmen or       
,masarwas2 accounts of journeys beyond  
the ,zambezi to the countries of the    
,machukulumbwi and ,barotsi tribes2  and
 a review of the past history and       
present condition of ,mashonaland4  ,we 
find here also a notice of the caves of 
,sinola1 with a subterranean  lake in   
the principal cave having water marked  
by a deep-blue color  like that of the  
blue grotto of ,capri1 an account of    
which was  published by ,mr4 ,selous in 
the ,proceedings of the ,geographical   
,society  of ,london for ,may1 #ahhh4   
,an account of ,mr4 ,selous's ,twenty   
,years in  ,zambezia was published in   

the ,geographical ,journal in #ahic4    
,mr4 ,selous has done more than any     
other man to bring ,mashonaland into    
notice1 and is credited1 together with  
,cecil ,rhodes1 with having  contributed
 most to the creation of ,rhodesia4 ,the
 first comprehensive  account of        
,mashonaland was given by him in the    
,fortnightly ,review for  ,may1 #ahhi1  
when he described the country as a land 
of perennial  streams in which thirst is
 an unknown quantity2 with its high     
plateau1  standing at an elevation of   
from four thousand to forty-six hundred 
feet and forming a very important       
watershed1 endowed with a network of    
important streams1 the springs supplying
 which1 welling out from the  highest   
parts of the downs1 were capable of     
being applied to the  irrigation of an  
enormous area1 and having a salubrious  
climate1 the  continuous southwest wind 
giving cool breezes in summer and cold  
ones  in winter4 ,the high plateaus were
 further of much ethnological  interest1

 in that they gave shelter to the very  
few remnants of the  peaceful ,mashonas 
who had escaped extermination at the    
hands of the  ,matabele4                
,editor's ,table4      ,,science ,,and  
,,the ,,scientific ,,mind4    ,the      
address delivered by ,prof4 ,michael    
,foster1 as president this year  of the 
,british ,association for the           
,advancement of ,science1 was not as    
long or elaborate as such addresses are 
wont to be1 but it contained  many      
thoughts of great value4 ,after         
sketching the vast advances in          
scientific knowledge made within the    
present century1 he observed1  with     
great truth1 that the very story of the 
past which tells of the  triumphs of    
science puts away all thoughts of       
vainglory4 ,why8 ,in the  first place1  
because no one can study the history of 
science without  being made to feel how 
very near1 in many cases1 the men of the
 past  came to anticipating some of the 
most famous discoveries and             

generalizations of later years4         
,translate the language of an earlier   
age into modern terms1 and you often    
find that you have expressed the  most  
advanced scientific doctrine of to-day4 
,in the second place1 if  we find a     
certain lack of definiteness and truth  
to fact in the ideas  of the past1 how  
can we be at all sure how our ideas will
 look when  confronted with the fuller  
knowledge which doubtless our successors
  will possess8 ,lastly1 there is       
written clearly on each page of the     
history of science the lesson that no   
scientific truth is born anew1  coming  
by itself and of itself4 ,each new truth
 is always the offspring  of something  
which has gone before1 becoming in turn 
the parent of  something coming after4  
,however great the work of a man of     
science  may be1 it is not wholly his   
own2 it is in part the outcome of the   
work of men who have gone before4 ,in   
this respect ,professor ,foster  sees a 
striking difference between the man of  

science and the poet4 ,we  always know  
whence the former came1 but the latter  
is almost as devoid  of visible ancestry
 as ,melchizedek4 ,when the man of      
science dies the  results which he      
achieved remain1 and his work is taken  
up where he  left it off2 whereas the   
poet1 strictly speaking1 has no         
continuators4  ,the ,homerid do not     
represent ,homer1 nor do ,dryden and    
,congreve take  the place of            
,shakespeare4    ,the story of natural  
knowledge or science1 we are reminded1  
is a story  of continued progress4      
,there is in it not so much as a hint of
  falling back--not even of standing    
still4 ,the enemies of science          
sometimes seek to turn against it the   
fact that each age revises the          
conclusions of the preceding one4 ,they 
ask1 ,what dependence can be  placed    
upon opinions or theories that are thus 
subject to change8 ,the  answer is that 
the science of each age is the nearest  
approximation  which that age can make  

to the truth1 and upon some points      
represents  the truth with a great      
approach to finality of interpretation4 
,the law  of gravitation1 for example1  
as formulated by ,newton1 lies at the   
foundation of the physics of to-day4    
,the circulation of the blood was       
discovered once for all by ,harvey4 ,the
 true theory of the solar system  was   
given once for all by ,kepler4 ,it is   
the glory of science that  whatever of  
imperfection may lurk in a scientific   
theory is sure to be  brought to light  
and corrected by subsequent observation 
and analysis4    ,the learned professor 
dwelt briefly but forcibly upon the     
qualities of  the scientific mind4 ,in  
the first place1 the scientific mind    
must  vibrate in unison with that of    
which it is in search4 ,it is in  search
 of truth1 and it must therefore vibrate
 in unison with truth4  ,the follower of
 science must have a truthfulness beyond
 that of the  ordinary man1 who does not
 set a great price upon exactness in his

  observations or conclusions1 and      
readily confounds things which1         
superficially similar1 are fundamentally
 different4 ,nature resents  even the   
most trifling inexactness1 and the      
careless student will find  that the    
further he carries his inquiries the    
further he goes astray4  ,the scientific
 mind must also be alert4 ,the          
indications and hints  which ,nature    
gives are sometimes very slight1 and    
only one who is  watchful in the extreme
 and attentive to the smallest things   
will  catch them4 ,then the problems    
which ,nature sets are often            
complicated1  and call for a high degree
 of courage and perseverance4 ,an       
inquiry  which seemed easy at first will
 suddenly become overcast by what seems 
the most hopeless obscurity1 and the    
scientific worker1 unless he  possesses 
the necessary moral as well as          
intellectual qualities1 will  fail in   
his quest4 ,considering the             
characteristics which the pursuit  of   

science tends to develop in its         
votaries1 and considering that          
scientific method is now and has been   
for many years past a  wonderfully      
devised system for carrying on research1
 ,professor ,foster  is surprised that  
the progress of science is not even more
 rapid than  it is4 ,he fears that      
perhaps ,science does not get the best  
minds  enrolled in her service1 and     
rather hints that our institutions of   
education are responsible for turning   
aside many who might lend great  aid in 
the advancement of real knowledge to    
less profitable pursuits4  ,in words of 
almost precisely similar import to some 
that we used in  these columns not very 
long ago1 he observes that that teaching
 is  one-sided1 and therefore           
misleading1 which deals with the doings 
of  man only and is silent about the    
works of ,nature1 in the sight of  which
 he and his doings shrink almost to     
nothing4 ,the whole address  is stamped 
with the high thoughtfulness which so   

eminently  distinguishes its author1 and
 deserves to be carefully pondered by   
all  who would understand the character 
and mission of science and the          
intellectual needs of the present age4  
,,the ,,late ,,william ,h4 ,,appleton4  
,as many of our readers will have       
learned through the daily press1 ,mr4   
,william ,h4 ,appleton1 long the head of
 the well-known publishing house  of ,d4
 ,appleton and ,company1 passed away at 
his home in ,riverdale on  the ,hudson1 
,october #ai1 #ahii1 having reached the 
advanced age of  eighty-five years4 ,as 
one of the founders of this magazine1   
who from  the start was in close        
sympathy with its aims1 kept up an      
active  interest in its management1 and 
was ever ready to aid its conductors    
with advice and encouragement1 it is    
fitting that a few memorial words       
should be spoken of him in these        
columns4    ,the career of ,mr4         
,appleton was a marked one in many      
respects4 ,entering  the book business  

of his father1 ,mr4 ,daniel ,appleton1  
at an unusually  early age1 he soon     
developed such an aptitude for affairs  
that at  twenty-one he went abroad for  
the purpose of making the acquaintance  
of the leading foreign publishers and   
paving the way for closer  relations    
with them in the importation and sale of
 their books in this  country4 ,three   
years later1 or at the age of           
twenty-four1 his father  made him a     
partner in the business1 which had      
previously been extended  so as to      
include the publication as well as the  
sale of books1 and had  now so increased
 in volume as to compel removal to more 
commodious  quarters4 ,ten years of     
growth and uninterrupted prosperity     
followed1  when ,mr4 ,daniel ,appleton1 
in #ahdh1 retired from the now          
well-established firm1 ,william ,h4     
,appleton1 at the age of thirty-four1   
becoming its head1 with his brothers    
,john ,a4 and ,daniel ,sidney as        
partners4 ,in co-operation with these   

and other brothers who afterward        
entered the business1 ,mr4 ,appleton    
guided the operations of the firm  for a
 period of nearly fifty years1          
successfully piloting it through        
several financial crises and carrying it
 to a foremost place among the          
publishing houses of ,america4          
,besides the routine of an extensive    
publishing business1 the history  of the
 house during this time includes a      
number of large undertakings  involving 
the expenditure of vast sums of money1  
and years of labor by  many workers1 and
 attended with risks that only the most 
far-seeing  business sagacity could     
justify4 ,we may presume that the       
several  members of the firm shared a   
common faith in the success of these    
great enterprises1 but it is fair to    
infer that as the head of the  house    
,william ,h4 ,appleton took a leading   
part in their origin and  execution4    
,one of these ventures was the          
publication of the ,american            

,cyclopdia1 which in its present revised
 form represents an outlay of  over a   
million dollars and some ten years of   
time4 ,another  undertaking1 and the one
 that we wish more particularly to speak
 of  here1 was the extension of the     
business in the line of popular         
scientific publications4    ,scientific 
circles in this country have never      
realized the debt they  owe to ,d4      
,appleton and ,company1 and especially  
to ,william ,h4 ,appleton1  in this     
regard4 ,it is no exaggeration to say   
that the advance of  science in the     
,united ,states was hastened by more    
than a quarter of a  century by the     
enlightened and courageous policy which 
led the firm to  add this class of books
 to their lists at the time they did4   
,everything apparently was against      
it--nothing in its favor4 ,our          
scientific literature consisted mainly  
of a few text-books having only  a      
limited sale4 ,science itself was an    
affair of laboratories and bug          

collectors1 the one to be shunned and   
the other commiserated4 ,the few        
utterances of scientific men having a   
bearing on the great questions  of the  
right interpretation of ,nature1 man's  
relations to his fellows  and to the    
world at large1 social betterment1 etc41
 that here and  there arrested public   
attention were received with            
contemptuous sneers  or scouted as the  
rankest infidelity4 ,few who are not    
past middle life  will find it possible 
now to realize that this was the general
  attitude toward science forty years   
ago1 but we have only to refer the      
reader to the writings of the time for  
abundant confirmation of our            
statements4    ,it was such conditions  
as these that the firm was called upon  
to face  when considering the question  
of entering this new field of           
publication4 ,all ordinary business     
instincts were against it4 ,scarcely  a 
publisher either here or abroad would   
even listen to the proposal to  risk his

 capital in such an enterprise4         
,nevertheless1 ,mr4 ,appleton1  lending 
an appreciative ear to the arguments of 
the former editor of  this journal and  
displaying his usual foresight1 finally 
decided in  favor of the project1 which 
afterward resulted in the introduction  
of  the works of ,spencer1 ,darwin1     
,huxley1 ,tyndall1 ,bain1 ,romanes1 and 
other distinguished writers to ,american
 readers4 ,a further step in the  same  
direction1 taken later1 was the         
publication of the ,international       
,scientific ,series1 now numbering some 
eighty volumes4 ,the scheme as          
originated and shaped by ,professor     
,youmans was heartily seconded by  ,mr4 
,appleton1 as was also the plan of the  
,popular ,science ,monthly4    ,a       
distinctive feature of the arrangements 
for the issue of all these  foreign     
books1 and one which redounds in no     
small degree to the credit  of the firm1
 was the voluntary agreement1 in the    
absence of an  international copyright  

law1 to pay their authors the usual     
royalties1  making no distinction       
between them and authors at home4 ,mr4  
,appleton  had been a lifelong advocate 
of international copyright1 founding his
  contention on the simple justice of   
recognizing the property rights of  the 
author1 no matter where he lived4       
,although to adopt such a course  was to
 expose themselves to the possibility of
 heavy loss through the  issue of       
reprints by irresponsible parties1 a    
thing which actually  happened in the   
case of a good many of the volumes1 the 
principle was  faithfully adhered to1   
thus anticipating by many years the     
central  provision of our present law4  
,the storm of denunciation raised abroad
 by the appearance of the  earlier      
installments of these writings might    
well have deterred the  boldest from    
repeating the experiment of giving them 
currency in  ,america4 ,but in spite of 
solemn warnings that dire consequences  
would  be visited on the publisher who  

ventured to issue them here1 the books  
continued to appear1 while the predicted
 evils never came to pass4    ,it must  
not be inferred from the foregoing1     
however1 that ,mr4 ,appleton  was either
 unmindful or wanting in respect for the
 opposition which  his course aroused4  
,much of this had its origin in the     
religious  convictions of the community1
 not a little of the criticism1 be it   
said1 emanating directly from the       
,church or its leading  representatives4
 ,but1 being a strong churchman himself1
 actively  furthering the work of the   
,church with his private means and      
personal  co-operation1 in full sympathy
 with its purposes1 and rejoicing in its
  beneficent influence1 he was the last 
one who would wantonly outrage  the     
sacred beliefs of his fellow-men4 ,yet1 
gifted with a  large-mindedness that is 
at least unusual in the walks of        
business1 he  was enabled to see that   
the onward march of natural knowledge   
which  had so often before excited alarm

 among men of narrow views could have   
nothing in it that was inconsistent with
 a truly religious life2  while1 on the 
other hand1 to promote its advance and  
diffusion was to  contribute by so much 
to the highest human welfare4    ,the   
wisdom of ,mr4 ,appleton's course has   
been fully justified by the  event4 ,as 
we look over the last half of the       
century1 which has been so  fruitful in 
discovery and has witnessed the         
development of so many  agencies for the
 amelioration of human ills and so      
manifold an  increase in man's power for
 right living1 we can see at the various
  stages of this evolution how large a  
part the broadening of thought  fostered
 by these authors and the new aims and  
methods in inquiry  suggested by them   
have contributed to the advance4 ,it    
could not1 in  short1 have been made so 
rapidly or effectively without the      
stimulus  they gave4 ,for what has been 
done in this line in this country we    
think--when we reflect that it was he   

who had the courage to bring the  works 
of those thinkers here1 and who made    
them accessible to students  and the    
reading public1 who constituted the     
agency through which the  new thoughts  
and aims were spread--a very important  
part in the  achievement may fairly be  
ascribed to ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,appleton4
          ,scientific ,literature4      
,owing to the increasing demands upon   
our space1 authors and publishers  are  
notified that hereafter the department  
of ,scientific ,literature1  with the   
exception of ,publications ,received1   
will be discontinued4      ,,special    
,,books4    ,the busy pen of ,mr4 ,john 
,fiske has produced another book marked 
by  the qualities which the public has  
learned to associate with all his       
work--lucidity of expression1 felicity  
of illustration1 a large  command of the
 conventional elements of literary      
composition1 and a  philosophy which1   
while very free and lightsome in its    
steps and  paces1 always has the luck to

 fetch up within easy hailing distance  
of  a moderate orthodoxy4 ,mr4 ,fiske   
undertakes to conduct us on an          
excursion ,through ,nature to ,god1#bg  
somewhat as ,cook1 of  international    
fame1 might undertake to see us safe    
from ,new ,york to  the ,holy ,land4 ,of
 the two1 we think ,cook makes the surer
 thing of it2  yet no one can deny that 
,mr4 ,fiske has done his best to trace  
the  itinerary and encourage his        
excursionists to believe that they will 
get there4        ,footnote #bg3        
,through ,nature to ,god4 ,by ,john     
,fiske4 ,boston and ,new      ,york3    
,houghton1 ,mifflin  ,co4    ,we may as 
well candidly confess that we have not  
much faith in the  method followed in   
the work before us4 ,the intention is to
 show that  an analysis of ,nature and  
of ,nature's ways yields ,god2 in other 
words1  that we have only to carry out  
the processes of thought which an       
examination of the external world and of
 human history sets in motion  in order 

to find ,god at the end of the argument4
 ,thus1 by searching1  contrary to what 
,scripture has generally been held to   
imply1 we find  out both that ,god is   
and to some extent what he is4 ,we      
prefer the  older view4 ,the world's    
greatest ,teacher said simply1 ,god is a
  spirit4 ,he did not say that this was 
a conclusion to which many lines  of    
argument led4 ,he did not hint at any   
kind of argument1 but assumed  the      
affirmation of ,god by the human        
consciousness4 ,we venture to say  that 
if ,mr4 ,fiske's method were successful 
and we could argue  ourselves into a    
belief in ,god1 the result would be     
disastrous2 for  the ,god of argument1  
or even of analogy1 is not the ,god of  
the human  soul or conscience4 ,we      
should have one conclusion more of      
science1 but  we should lose that for   
which no conclusion of science could    
make  amends--our sense of the infinite 
and the possibility of faith4    ,mr4   
,fiske discusses1 in the early chapters 

of his book1 ,the ,mystery of  ,evil4   
,he takes the familiar ground that evil 
is the necessary  correlative1 and in a 
manner the necessary condition1 of good4
 ,we are  placed in a universe that     
abounds in evil in order that by        
conquering  it we may raise ourselves to
 a moral level otherwise impossible4 ,on
  one page the author goes so far as to 
say that ,god1 and not the devil1  is   
the creator of evil1 but elsewhere he   
relaxes his boldness and  speaks of evil
 being permitted4 ,one feels like       
asking1 ,if good and  evil are equally  
made by ,god1 then which is which8 ,when
 we speak of  electricity as positive   
and negative we do not ascribe any      
superiority  to one over the other4 ,nor
 do we say that centrifugal is a more   
commendable form of force than          
centripetal1 or vice versa4 ,for  strong
 and resolute men and women1 we are     
told1 an ,eden would be but  a fool's   
paradise4 ,this is not complimentary to 
our first parents in  their primitive   

condition of innocence1 and it puts the 
curse  pronounced upon them in a        
somewhat equivocal light4 ,there is also
  quite a rehabilitation of the serpent1
 who1 it seems1 knew quite  well what he
 was talking about and gave excellent   
advice4 ,we wonder  whether ,mr4 ,fiske 
is really of opinion that it helps us to
 solve any  of the practical problems of
 life to be told that without evil there
  could not be good4 ,men have known for
 centuries that it is good to  fight    
evil1 though what evil is essentially   
they have often been in  doubt4 ,upon   
the latter point ,mr4 ,fiske does not in
 the least attempt  to enlighten us2 and
 yet it should be rather a more hopeful 
enterprise  to attempt to show us what  
is specifically evil and ought therefore
 to  be resisted1 than to vindicate evil
 in general as the indispensable        
condition of good1 and something1       
therefore1 which ,god was justified  in 
making4    ,the second division of the  
book deals with ,the ,cosmic ,roots of  

,love  and ,self-,sacrifice4 ,we can not
 see that these roots are traced further
  back than the mother's affection for  
her offspring4 ,mother's love is        
doubtless an old story in the world by  
now1 and perhaps as good a  story as    
earth has to tell2 but it seems to us   
that the cosmic  character of it is not 
very apparent4 ,we may believe that it  
was  destined to come in the fullness of
 time1 but this can be said equally  of 
all that exists4 ,i think it can be     
shown1 says ,mr4 ,fiske1 that  the      
principles of morality have their roots 
in the deepest foundations  of the      
universe2 that the cosmic process is    
ethical in the profoundest  sense2 that1
 in that far-off morning of the world   
when the stars sang  together and the   
sons of ,god shouted for joy1 the beauty
 of  self-sacrifice and disinterested   
love formed the chief burden of the     
mighty theme4 ,all we can say in regard 
to this is that ,mr4 ,fiske has  not    
shown it4 ,he has shown just what we all

 knew before--that love  exists in the  
world1 that it antagonizes selfishness1 
and that human  beings are endowed with 
a moral and religious sense--but he has 
not  made it plain that the meaning of  
the universe is to be found in these    
7as we regard them7 higher developments4
 ,he has himself acknowledged  that1 on 
a broad view of the world-wide struggle 
for life1 there are  no moral elements  
to be seen4    ,religion1 as we hold1 is
 its own justification4 ,there is more  
of  religion in one verse of the ,psalms
 than in all the ,theodicies that  ever 
were written4 ,as the hart panteth after
 the water brooks1 so  panteth my soul  
after thee1 ,o ,god4 ,my soul thirsteth 
for ,god1 for the  living ,god4 ,here is
 the whole essence of the matter--the   
affirmation  of the human heart that    
there is something or some one beyond   
and  above the mesh of circumstance and 
fact in which our lives are  involved2  
something or some one who authenticates 
all that is good1  and everlastingly    

condemns what is evil2 something or some
 one to  which or to whom the soul      
gravitates as to nothing else in the    
universe4 ,when this affirmation is     
strong1 religious life is strong2  when 
it is weak1 religious life is weak2     
should it cease entirely1  then religion
 is dead4 ,the book ,mr4 ,fiske has     
given us is interesting  from first to  
last--all his books are interesting--but
 it does not  increase our knowledge1   
nor does it add to our knowledge faith4 
,,general ,,notices4      ,the author of
 ,extemporaneous ,oratory for           
,professional and ,amateur  ,speakers#bh
 is himself one of the most effective   
orators1 especially  in debate1 of the  
time4 ,he has embodied in this book the 
results of  ripened thought and         
successful experience gained in a field 
in which  he is a master1 for the       
instruction and help of those who would 
follow  what he regards as the greatest 
of all arts1 including the elements of  
all--music in the intonations of the    

voice1 and painting and sculpture  in   
the life1 attitudes1 and expression of  
the speaker4 ,it is an art1  too1 which 
has wielded a more general and important
 influence than any  other1 which is    
almost universal in its appeals1 and    
which any one may  at any time find     
useful1 when it will be of great        
advantage to him to  possess the ability
 to speak distinctly to the purpose1    
gracefully1  with genuine fire4         
,extemporaneous oratory concerns the    
delivery1 in  form and language         
suggested by the occasion1 of ideas     
previously  conceived and adopted with  
more or less fullness and precision1    
together with such thoughts and feelings
 as may arise and obtain  utterance4 ,it
 has many advantages over other methods 
of oratory1 all  tending to give the    
speaker greater power over his audience1
 and  particularly in the fact that the 
extemporizer is at all times ready  to  
expound1 defend1 illustrate1 and enforce
 his opinions4 ,the  extemporaneous     

speaker must have a full and fluent     
command of  language1 and a full store  
of facts which he may at any time have  
to  bring to bear upon the subject of   
his address and in the vindication  of  
his opinions4 ,the first place of       
importance is given to facts of  natural
 science1 which are of increasing       
utility4 ,to the educated and           
uneducated alike1 natural science is now
 the most interesting of  themes4 ,next 
come the facts of history and biography1
 those of the  special branches bearing 
on the speaker's theme and purpose1 and 
the  great general conceptions included 
in the thoughts of the learned2 and  he 
must have settled opinions4 ,at the     
basis of ,dr4 ,buckley's treatment  of  
this art and of his advice to those who 
would perfect themselves in  it is the  
principle that extemporization is       
evolution after  involution4 ,this      
advice1 in which the various phases of  
the subject  are commented upon under a 
great variety of aspects1 concerns the  

general preparation for the address1 the
 acquisition of effective  command of   
language1 the exercise and training of  
the voice1 the  intellectual and        
physical elements that enter into       
oratory1 its  accessories1 and the      
factor of the audience--all plainly and 
practically presented1 with a facility  
of style that makes the reading  of the 
book a pleasure4        ,footnote #bh3  
,extemporaneous ,oratory for            
,professional and ,amateur              
,speakers4 ,by ,james ,m4 ,buckley4 ,new
 ,york3 ,eaton  ,mains4 ,pp4 #dhj4      
,price1 #a4ej4    ,readers of the       
,popular ,science ,monthly have already 
had an opportunity  of perusing some of 
the narrative and observations which    
,professor  ,heilprin has embodied in   
his ,alaska and the ,klondike4#bi ,in it
 he  has attempted to portray that      
remarkable region in its true aspects4  
,professor ,heilprin is well able to do 
so1 for he is a keen observer  and looks
 with a scientific eye1 and his literary

 style is free and  graphic4 ,he made a 
summer journey to the region last year  
7#ahih71  between the end of ,july and  
the middle of ,october1 with the object 
of  being able to determine between fact
 and fancy1 and to obtain a  personal   
knowledge of the region and its varied  
conditions4 ,what he  saw and heard is  
here presented4 ,while by no means      
pretending to that  degree of accuracy  
and of proper insight which can only    
come with more  protracted and intimate 
knowledge1 the author believes that he  
has  given a careful and unprejudiced   
account4 ,persons whose ideas of the    
regions about ,dawson are associated    
with visions of arctic severity  and    
sterility may be a little surprised at  
reading of one's looking  from the      
heights about the town northwestward    
over a most lovely  stretch of river1   
with hillsides closely besetting it1 and
 with a  vegetation of most striking    
brilliancy and vigor1 and of the eye    
turned southward1 losing1 in consequence

 of the different  configuration of the 
ground1 all but the beautiful verdant   
slopes  which still mark out the valley2
 of the beholder being able for hours   
at a time to sit watching the beauty of 
the landscape2 and of the  difficulty of
 recommending to one endowed with a     
proper appreciation  for the works of   
quiet ,nature a more enjoyable exercise 
than to take  in a bit of this wonderful
 land of the ,north1 and with it a      
mellow  sunshine that is not to be found
 elsewhere4 ,these pretty landscape     
pictures of the arctic summer are       
followed by accounts of society at  the 
,klondike as the author found it1 of the
 trail1 steamboat travel1  and the      
routes to the region2 a description of  
the placers1 their  occurrence1 and the 
methods of mining2 observations on the  
physical  history and geology of the    
gold fields2 and a summary of the laws  
regulating mining4 ,in the summary of   
his geological discussion the  author   
expresses the opinion that it seems     

probable that the ,klondike  gold region
 is merely a fractional part of a       
discontinuously  continuous auriferous  
tract that extends in a westerly course 
into the  heart of ,alaska1 and         
southward into ,british ,columbia4      
,footnote #bi3 ,alaska and the          
,klondike4 ,a ,journey to the ,new      
,eldorado4 ,with ,hints to the ,traveler
 and ,observations on the      ,physical
 ,history and ,geology of the ,gold     
,regions1 the ,conditions      and      
,methods of working the ,klondike       
,placers1 and the ,laws      governing  
and regulating ,mining in the ,northwest
 ,territory of      ,canada4 ,by ,angelo
 ,heilprin4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton   
and ,company4 ,pp4      #cae4 ,price1   
#a4ge4    ,mr4 ,bullen's ,idylls of the 
,sea#cj comprises three groups of       
essays1  each group being marked by     
distinct characteristics4 ,the sketches 
in  the first group1 the designation of 
which gives the name to the book1       
answer approximately well to ,mr4       

,strachey's estimation of the whole as  
some of the most vivid things ever      
written about the sea1 such as  only a  
man who really knows the sea in all its 
humors1 and has heard  all those        
multitudinous voices that echo along the
 waste spaces of the  deep1 could write4
 ,there is something weird about them1  
and they have  the air of mystery and   
superstitious awe with which1 according 
to  tradition1 the sailor regards the   
imperfectly understood features of  the 
sea4 ,they are short stories of curious 
or striking incidents of  sea life4 ,the
 essays of the second group are real    
natural-history  sketches--accounts of  
some oceanic birds1 the kraken1 sharks1 
the  devilfish1 etc41 by a man who is   
well and scientifically acquainted  with
 them4 ,the third group includes longer 
sketches of sea-farers'  life1 rather   
more actual ones than those of the first
 group1 and  papers having a critical   
bearing on the present conditions of    
,british  seamanship4        ,footnote  

#cj3 ,idylls of the ,sea4 ,by ,frank ,t4
 ,bullen4 ,with an      ,introduction by
 ,j4 ,st4 ,loe ,strachey4 ,new ,york3   
,d4 ,appleton and      ,company4 ,price1
 #a4be4    ,the constant advance in the 
knowledge of dietetics makes it         
desirable  that its results should be   
put in an accessible form1 and this is  
particularly the case in regard to food 
for those in ill health1 to  whom it may
 be the means of restoring the normal   
condition4 ,in her  book on ,diet in    
,illness and ,convalescence#ca the      
author has  endeavored to present the   
substance of ,diet for the ,sick1 now   
out of  print1 together with recent     
thought on the subject1 especially in   
the  treatment of typhoid and malarial  
fevers1 which we owe in such variety  to
 the present war4 ,an outline is given  
for suitable food in the more  common   
forms of disease1 suggestions for       
serving meals tastefully to  an invalid1
 and numerous recipes for beverages1    
soups1 dishes of  meats1 vegetables1 and

 desserts4 ,some of these are taken from
 ,english  and ,french treatises2 others
 are contributions of ,american cooks1  
and  include many novel and excellent   
ideas4 ,from the preparation of  koumiss
 and ,may wine to the manipulation of   
,dixie biscuit there is no  want of     
explicitness1 and one is tempted to     
covet the state of  convalescence in    
which he could fare upon such attractive
 compounds as  rose1 violet1 or amethyst
 jelly4 ,a word of caution is inserted  
now and  then4 ,we are told a fritter of
 any kind should never be mentioned in  
an invalid's book4 ,macaroni croquettes 
and souffl of shad roe are1  however1   
admissible4 ,the beginning of the volume
 is devoted by the  author to a brief   
consideration of the constituents of    
food and  processes of digestion1 with  
directions for the use of the pancreatic
  ferments4 ,there are unfortunately    
many disputed points concerning a  fit  
dietary in illness2 not only            
idiosyncrasies of constitution but      

incomplete knowledge of physiological   
chemistry still render the  problem     
difficult4 ,new foods are constantly    
introduced which  subsequent experiment 
proves to be harmful4 ,the last dictum1 
we  believe1 in regard to saccharin is  
that it is not wholly innocuous1 so     
that it might be as well for the        
diabetic patient to learn to do  without
 sweets in the beginning1 while as for  
the digestive ferments1  they are at the
 least hazardous concoctions4 ,we can   
not be too wary of  artificial          
substitutes and laboratory products     
which claim the virtues  of organic     
material or living protoplasm4          
,footnote #ca3 ,diet in ,illness and    
,convalescence4 ,by ,alice              
,worthington ,winthrop4 ,new ,york3     
,harper  ,brothers4 ,pp4 #bhf4    ,the  
reason for the being of ,john ,munro's  
,the ,story of the ,british  ,race#cb is
 briefly indicated in the preface as to 
be found in the  fact that the current  
ideas on the subject are derived from   

the views  of historians representing   
the doctrines of an earlier and less    
critical generation1 while the fact is  
overlooked that the new science  of     
anthropology1 using careful observations
 and exact methods1 has put  the real   
nature of the ,british people in a light
 in which it was never  seen so clearly 
before4 ,the result is that the old     
ideas on the  subject have been greatly 
modified4 ,mr4 ,munro believes that his 
little  book is the first attempt to    
bring these important results and views 
of modern anthropologists before the    
general public in familiar  language1   
whereby the oversights of historians and
 teachers may be  redeemed4 ,an         
important error to be controverted1 in  
the author's view1  lies in the         
fine-drawn distinctions and sharply     
defined demarcations  that have been    
made between ,celts and ,saxons4 ,it is 
inferred from  anthropology that the    
population of the ,british ,isles is a  
mixture of  all the races of western    

,europe1 in which the ,teutonic and     
,mediterranean elements--the aborigines 
of ,europe--predominate1 while  the     
intrusive ,celtic race from ,asia1 still
 represented by the  ,bretons1 passed   
into the ,british ,isles in             
comparatively small numbers4  ,scotland 
is perhaps more ,teutonic and less      
,mediterranean than ,england1  ,wales1  
or ,ireland4 ,wales is the least        
,teutonic and the most  ,mediterranean1 
if not ,celtic1 of the three4 ,england  
has more of the  ,dutch and ,low        
,country elements than of the           
,scandinavian1 with  apparently not far 
short of an equal share of the          
,mediterranean and  ,teutonic elements4 
,ireland is perhaps as ,teutonic as     
,england1 though  the better fusion of  
the elements may disguise the fact4 ,the
 author  thinks that the first chapters 
of ,english history will have to be     
written over again by the light of      
anthropology4        ,footnote #cb3 ,the
 ,story of the ,british ,race4 7,library

 of ,useful      ,stories47 ,by ,john   
,munro4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton and   
,company4 ,pp4      #bbh4 ,price1 #dj   
cents4    ,the ,eighteenth ,annual      
,report of the ,united ,states          
,geological  ,survey#cc mentions1 as an 
important change in the field work that 
made necessary by the legislation       
providing for the establishment of      
levels and permanent monuments and bench
 marks1 of which #aj1hdj miles  of      
levels were run and #a1hbj bench marks  
were established4 ,the  topographic     
surveys to date covered an aggregate    
area of #gei1ebe  square miles1 of which
 #bdj1jjj square miles were on a scale  
of four  miles to the inch4 ,the        
topographic work has progressed very    
satisfactorily under the present        
organization of the survey1  including1 
in the year covered by the report1      
surveys in the ,indian  ,territory and  
of the northern part of the boundary    
line between ,idaho  and ,montana--the  
first work of the kind assigned to the  

,geological  ,survey--and the beginning 
of the survey of the forest reserves4   
,the  work on the educational series of 
rocks has been completed4 ,it  includes 
two hundred and fifty larger and smaller
 sets1 which will be  distributed to    
institutions where geology is taught4   
,in his general  report the director    
mentions the work of more than thirty   
geological  parties in all parts of the 
,united ,states1 of six paleontological 
parties1 hydrographic and topographic   
surveys by ,states1 and the work  of the
 division of mineral resources1 the full
 account of which will  constitute ,part
 ,v of the report4 ,the theoretic and   
other papers in  ,part ,,ii relate to   
the ,triassic ,formation of ,connecticut
 7,w4 ,m4  ,davis71 ,geology of the     
,edwards ,plateau1 etc41 ,texas 7,r4 ,t4
 ,hill and ,j4  ,w4 ,vaughan71 ,north   
,american ,tertiary ,horizons 7,w4 ,h4  
,dall71 ,glaciers  of ,mount ,rainier   
7,i4 ,c4 ,russell7 and ,rocks of ,mount 
,rainier 7,g4 ,o4  ,smith71 ,the        

,franklin ,white ,limestone of ,new     
,jersey 7,j4 ,e4 ,wolfe and ,a4  ,h4    
,brooks71 the ,geology of ,san ,clemente
 ,island 7,w4 ,s4 ,t4 ,smith71  ,geology
 of the ,cape ,cod ,district 7,n4 ,h4   
,shaler71 and ,recent ,earth  ,movement 
in the ,great ,lakes ,region 7,g4 ,k4   
,gilbert74 ,part ,,iii contains  papers 
on the gold districts of ,alaska1 by ,g4
 ,f4 ,becker1 ,j4 ,e4 ,spurr1  and ,h4  
,b4 ,goodrich2 ,coal ,fields of ,puget  
,sound 7,b4 ,willis71 the ,judith       
,mountains of ,montana 7,w4 ,h4 ,weed   
and ,l4 ,v4 ,pirsson71 ,certain ,mining 
,districts in ,idaho 7,w4 ,lindgren and 
,f4 ,h4 ,knowlton71 and the ,mining     
,districts of the ,telluride            
,quadrangle1 ,colorado 7,c4 ,w4         
,purington74 ,the  four papers in ,part 
,,iv are a ,report of ,progress of      
,stream ,measurements  during #ahif1 by 
,a4 ,p4 ,davis2 the ,water ,resources of
 ,indiana and ,ohio1  by ,frank         
,leverett2 ,new ,developments in        
,well-boring in ,south ,dakota1 by  ,n4 

,h4 ,darton2 and ,water ,storage and the
 ,construction of ,dams1 by ,j4 ,d4     
,schuyler4        ,footnote #cc3        
,eighteenth ,annual ,report of the      
,united ,states      ,geological ,survey
 to the ,secretary of the ,interior1    
#ahif-'ig4      ,charles ,d4 ,walcott1  
,director4 ,in ,five ,parts4 ,director's
 ,report1      including ,triangulation 
and ,spirit ,leveling4 ,pp4 #dej1 with  
#d      plates4 ,part ,,ii2 ,papers     
chiefly of a ,theoretic ,nature4 ,pp4   
#fec1      with #aje plates4 ,part      
,,iii2 ,economic ,geology4 ,pp4 #hfa1   
with #aah      plates4 ,part ,,iv2      
,hydrography4 ,pp4 #gef1 with #ajb      
plates4    ,the purpose of ,belle ,s4   
,cragin's ,our ,insect ,friends and     
,foes#cd is  illustrated from a passage 
in the author's own life1 cited in the  
preface3 ,in my younger days1 when      
,nature study was unknown in schools    
and my problems had to be solved by my  
own investigations or remain  unsolved1 
,i used to long for somebody to write a 

book that would tell  me the things ,i  
wished to know1 or show me how to find  
them out for  myself2 and that is what  
,i have tried to do for you4 ,the       
beginning of  the book is a chapter on  
the collection1 preservation1 and care  
of  insects for specimens1 giving       
explicit directions for collecting them 
perfect1 for putting them to death1 for 
mounting and placing them in  the       
cabinet1 and for protecting them against
 vermin1 dust1 and mold1  with          
descriptions of the instruments1 cases1 
etc41 that are used4 ,in  the           
descriptions of insects no attempt is   
made to mention any except  the         
commonest species1 and not all of those4
 ,the habitat1 in most  cases1 is       
included in the description4 ,as a rule1
 most of the species  are those found in
 the ,states east of the ,rocky         
,mountains and north of  the ,gulf      
,states4 ,scientific names are attached 
to the illustrations  and a list of     
popular names1 with their scientific    

equivalents4 ,the  descriptions are     
brief and well adapted to the purpose   
indicated in  the quotation with which  
our notice begins4        ,footnote #cd3
 ,our ,insect ,friends and ,foes4 ,how  
to ,collect1      ,preserve1 and ,study 
them4 ,by ,belle ,s4 ,cragin4 ,new      
,york3 ,g4 ,p4      ,putnam's ,sons4    
,pp4 #cgg4 ,price1 #a4ge4    ,in        
presenting a revision of their ,plane   
and ,solid ,geometry#ce  ,messrs4 ,beman
 and ,smith express their belief as     
being1 that amid  all the schemes for   
breaking away from the formal proofs of 
,euclid and  ,legendre and leading the  
student to independent discovery1 the   
best  results are secured by setting    
forth a minimum of formal proofs as     
models1 and a maximum of unsolved or    
unproved propositions as  exercises4    
,they likewise share in the belief that 
such of the notions  of modern geometry 
as materially simplify the ancient      
should find  place in our elementary    
text-books4 ,accordingly1 they have     

introduced  various ideas1 such as those
 of one-to-one correspondence1          
anti-parallels1 negative magnitudes1    
general figures1 prismatic space1       
similarity of point systems1 etc41 which
 are of real use in the early  study of 
the science4 ,in general1 whatever is   
found to be usable in  elementary work  
has been inserted where it will prove of
 most value4        ,footnote #ce3 ,new 
,plane and ,solid ,geometry4 ,by ,w4 ,w4
 ,beman and ,d4      ,e4 ,smith4        
,boston3 ,ginn  ,co4 ,pp4 #chb4    ,the 
plan of the investigation undertaken by 
,mr4 ,walter ,smith in his  ,methods of 
,knowledge#cf is1 first1 to give a      
definition of  knowledge4 ,the methods  
are then considered by which men have   
thought  it possible to attain knowledge
 of the self on the one hand1 and the   
not-self on the other4 ,the common view 
of philosophers and men of  science that
 truth is given in general concepts1 or 
universals1 or  categories1 is taken up1
 and the special form of the doctrine   

given in  empiricism is considered and  
found to be a doctrine wanting in all   
its  forms4 ,yet it is pointed out that 
the concept has its uses in the  mental 
economy4 ,the method is then expounded  
of knowing the not-self  as being gained
 by sympathetic imitation4 ,it is then  
determined  wherein self-knowledge      
consists1 and the bearing of this theory
 on the  philosophical problem and on   
certain practical questions is          
indicated4        ,footnote #cf3        
,methods of ,knowledge4 ,an ,essay in   
,epistemology4 ,new      ,york3 ,the    
,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #cdj4 ,price1 
#a4be4    ,in ,the ,philosophy of       
,memory and ,other ,essays#cg ,dr4 ,d4  
,t4 ,smith  develops a theory of mental 
action1 the basis of which is the       
setting  up in the cells of the gray    
matter of the brain1 and possibly of the
  spinal cord1 of orderly grouping of   
waves or vibrations among certain  atoms
 or molecules by whatever may affect any
 of the senses2 that  these undulations 

are realized first as sensations1 and   
then group  themselves so as to form    
perceptions1 ideas1 emotions1 etc4 ,they
 rise  in succession into the scope of  
consciousness4 ,after a time the effect 
of these vibrations in consciousness is 
weakened1 without perhaps  utterly      
passing away1 and retains the           
possibility of being re-enforced  by    
kindred vibrations in harmony with it4  
,this is memory4        ,footnote #cg3  
,the ,philosophy of ,memory and ,other  
,essays4 ,by ,d4 ,t4      ,smith4       
,louisville1 ,ky43 ,john ,p4 ,morton    
,co4 ,pp4 #bjc4    ,in ,the ,psychology 
of ,reasoning#ch ,m4 ,alfred ,binet     
makes reasoning  a process of the       
formation of mental images4 ,he finds no
 decided  difference between            
perception--the cognizance of sensations
 and  assignment of them to their       
source--and logical reasoning4 ,the two 
operations are both reasonings1         
transitions from the known to the       
unknown2 the two extremes of a long     

series of phenomena4 ,a premise  is a   
judgment1 an association of images1 and 
a conclusion that  follows from the     
premises is an association of images    
produced by  other associations4 ,the   
theory of three images--the two premises
 and  the conclusion--is applicable to  
reasonings of every kind1 and  therefore
 constitutes a general theory of        
reasoning4444 ,if it be  recollected    
that images are fragments1 residues of  
former sensations2  that they spring    
from the place where former sensations  
have been  received1 in the sensory     
centers of the cerebral surface layers1 
it  will be understood that the purpose 
of these images in grouping  themselves 
in reasonings1 according to the laws of 
their affinity1 is  to replace the      
absent sensations4 ,such is therefore   
the function of  reasoning2 it enlarges 
the sphere of our sensibility1 and      
extends it  to all objects which our    
senses can not know directly4 ,thus     
understood1 reasoning is a supplementary

 sense1 which has the  advantage of     
being free from those strict conditions 
of time and  space--the two enemies of  
human knowledge4 ,in memory1 the        
suggested  image is projected and       
localized in the panorama of the past1  
of which  it appears to be a fragment4  
,imagination is a faculty of creating   
assemblages of images which do not      
correspond to any external  reality4    
,footnote #ch3 ,the ,psychology of      
,reasoning4 ,based on ,experimental     
,researches in ,hypnotism4 ,by ,alfred  
,binet4 ,chicago3 ,the ,open ,court     
,publishing ,company4 ,pp4 #aia4    ,the
 idea of preparing ,who's ,who in       
,america#ci was suggested by the        
success of the ,english book1 ,who's    
,who8 now in its fifty-second year1  and
 the work has been prepared on similar  
lines4 ,its purpose is to  supply       
information concerning living ,american 
men and women who have  achieved        
distinction1 who hold recognized public 
positions1 and who  have contributed so 

as to have it talked about to the       
growth1  development1 knowledge1 and    
civilization of the country4 ,eight     
thousand six hundred and two such       
persons are represented in this  book1  
including1 ex-officio1 all members of   
the ,fifty-sixth  ,congress1 ,governors 
of ,states and ,territories now in      
office1 ,united  ,states1 ,state1 and   
territorial judges of courts of high    
jurisdiction1  persons of other         
prominent official classification1      
national  academicians1 members of the  
,national ,academy of ,sciences1 heads  
of  the larger universities and         
colleges1 and a few others chosen on    
similar arbitrary lines4 ,special effort
 has been made to include all  living   
,american authors of books of more than 
ephemeral value4 ,the  data for the book
 have been obtained from first hands1   
except in a  very few cases1 where the  
modesty of the subjects made it         
necessary  to supply the material from  
other sources1 when the articles were   

submitted to the subjects for revision4 
,footnote #ci3 ,who's ,who in ,america4 
,a ,biographical ,dictionary of         
,living ,men and ,women in the ,united  
,states1 #ahii-aijj4 ,edited by         
,john ,w4 ,leonard4 ,chicago3 ,a4 ,n4   
,marquis  ,co4 ,pp4 #hbb4    ,in ,the   
,dawn of ,reason#dj ,dr4 ,weir has      
provided a most interesting  book for   
the unscientific reader as well as for  
the comparative  psychologist4 ,he      
traces the gradual unfolding of         
conscious mind in  animal life from the 
actinophryans which discriminates       
between the  grains of starch and sand1 
and the ,stentor which changes its      
position  to catch a ripened spore1 to  
the higher forms that decorate their    
homes1 exhibit parental affection1      
exercise mathematical faculty1 and      
extricate themselves from unforeseen    
dangers4 ,as the field of  observation  
of the senses of touch1 taste1 and smell
 has been so  thoroughly worked by      
,lubbock and other naturalists1 special 

attention  is paid by the author to the 
senses of sight and hearing1 in regard  
to  which he furnishes new and valuable 
data4 ,in addition to these he  claims  
to establish the fact that              
tinctumutations and homing are          
auxiliary senses--not instincts4 ,he    
located the center of color  changing in
 the frog exactly below the optic1 and  
by artificial  stimulation produced the 
alteration in tint1 and by excision1 or 
treatment with atropine1 destroyed the  
chromatophoric function4 ,by            
experimentation upon snails he found the
 center of the sense of  locality at the
 base of the cephalic ganglion1 and1    
removing it1  rendered them unable to   
return to their homes4 ,many anecdotes  
are  given showing that the lower orders
 of animal life exercise conscious      
determination1 and that among those with
 more complex nervous systems  there is 
a mind akin to that of man4 ,not only do
 animals remember  friends1 strangers1  
and events1 but they love1 hate1 and    

fear4 ,they  evince sthetic feeling also
 when the spider ornaments its web with 
logwood flakes1 the dog howls in        
harmonic accord with the church bell1   
and salamanders assemble at the sound of
 a piccolo4 ,still higher  psychical    
attributes are those of animals that    
show parental affection  or ability to  
count1 like the mason wasp1 which       
provides invariably  five spiders for   
the male larva and eight for the female2
 or the  harvester ants that plant their
 grain1 weed and winnow it4 ,examples   
are cited of the capacity of the        
elephant to form abstract ideas and  of 
the dog to indulge in brown studies4    
,the author scouts at the  theory that  
specialized instinct1 or intelligent    
accident1 prompts  actions in animals   
which in man would be ascribed to       
reason4  ,instinct1 he writes1 is the   
bugbear of psychologists1 and  thereupon
 he differentiates sharply the two sadly
 confused functions4        ,footnote   
#dj3 ,the ,dawn of ,reason4 ,by ,james  

,weir1 ,jr41 ,m4 ,d4 ,new      ,york3   
,the ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #bcd4    
,price1 #a4be4    ,in the thesis        
entitled ,a ,step ,forward1 ,f4 ,theodor
 ,kruger proposes1  as a measure of     
possible social reform1 placing the     
medical and legal  professions wholly   
under the direct control of the civil   
authorities1  to be exercised through   
duly constituted boards or departments  
of the  several communities4    ,in his 
study of ,centralized ,administration of
 ,liquor ,laws in the  ,american        
,commonwealths 7,columbia ,university   
,studies in ,history1  ,economics1 and  
,public ,law7 ,clement ,m4 ,l4 ,sites   
finds that widely  variant policies are 
followed by the several ,states in the  
regulation  of the liquor traffic1 all  
based upon the broad powers of taxation 
and  police4 ,while we hear much of     
characteristic plans of regulation1     
little is said about characteristic     
systems of administration4 ,this is     
because the liquor laws are administered

 incoherently4 ,there is no  consensus1 
even within the ,commonwealth1 in       
standards of  administration4 ,each     
community practically determines for    
itself how  the law shall be enforced1  
and we have all degrees of enforcement1 
from rigid severity to none4 ,the       
various plans of regulation are         
classified by the author according to   
the dominant aspect in which  they      
regard the liquor traffic4 ,it has been 
treated as an open  traffic1 subject    
simply to taxation and reasonable       
safeguards2 as a  necessary but         
dangerous business1 to be limited to    
approved persons  and places and        
surrounded by special safeguards2 as a  
criminal  enterprise1 to be suppressed1 
like highway robbery2 and as a subject  
of legal monopoly4 ,it is the purpose of
 ,mr4 ,sites's essay to follow  the     
developments of centralized             
administration that have taken place  in
 recent years in each of these spheres1 
and in that of the  institution and     

maintenance of judicial proceedings4    
,the phases of  current development that
 seem to merit special note are the     
substitution of the liquor-tax system   
for the license system1 the  extension  
and elaboration of local option1 the    
contingent central  control of city     
police administration1 and the          
recognition of the  general province of 
administration4 ,the author's study     
shows that  these developments accord in
 general with the laws of evolution1    
each  representing some special aspect  
of the differentiation4 ,in  considering
 the dispensary plan1 illustrated in    
,south ,carolina1 a  significant        
contribution to current thought is      
remarked in the  approval it gives to   
the use of liquors as a beverage1 while 
their  abuse is disapproved in an       
equally marked degree1 a distinction    
being  attempted here1 with             
correspondingly different methods of    
treatment  between those who can be     
trusted with liquors and those who can  

not4    ,the ,report of the ,united     
,states ,commissioner of ,fish and      
,fisheries  for the year ending ,june   
#cj1 #ahih1 represents that the         
operations of  the division of fish     
culture were in some respects more      
important  during that than in any      
preceding year4 ,this was owing in part 
to the  natural growth of the work1 and 
in part to greater efficiency in        
dealing with the various questions and  
problems that came up for               
consideration4 ,the propagation and     
distribution of food fishes  exceeded by
 about forty per cent the work          
accomplished in any other  twelve       
months4 ,the steady increase in the     
catch of shad is cited as  being        
conclusive evidence of the value of     
artificial propagation4 ,the  constant  
decline in the lobster fishery          
accentuates the necessity for  increased
 work in that line4 ,the efforts to     
acclimatize food fishes in  waters to   
which they are not indigenous have been 

continued4 ,the  special papers         
published in connection with the report 
relate to  mackerel investigations1 the 
alewife fisheries1 the oyster beds of   
,louisiana1 the shad fisheries of the   
,atlantic coast1 reports of fishes      
obtained in sea explorations1 a list of 
publications1 and a report of  the      
exhibit at the ,tennessee ,centennial4  
,the ,tenth ,annual ,report of the      
,interstate ,commerce ,commission on the
  ,statistics of ,railways in the       
,united ,states covers the year ending  
,june #cj1 #ahig4 ,the year is          
characterized as having been for the    
transportation industry one of deferred 
expectations4 ,while the  years from    
#ahij to #ahic each closed with         
increased gross earnings as  compared   
with the preceding year1 #ahic-'id was  
disastrous1 showing a  large decrease2  
no recovery took place in #ahid-'ie1 but
 an increase  took place in #ahie-'if4  
,a downward turn came again in the year 
of the  present report1 with no revival 

till the last month of the twelve4 ,the 
total increase in mileage for the year  
of the report was only #a1fea4hd  miles1
 the smallest increase and the smallest 
percentage of increase  noted in any    
year since #ahij4 ,in many ,states1 says
 the report1  railway construction seems
 to have been practically abandoned4    
,especially is this noticeable in the   
more populous districts of the          
country--a result which is not entirely 
due to the general commercial           
depression1 but to the marvelous        
increase in electric railways for       
suburban and short-distance traffic4    
,the influence of electric  construction
 upon steam transportation is noted in  
certain of the  reports of ,state       
railway commissions for the current     
year4 ,these are  only two of the       
numerous interesting facts presented in 
the report4    ,small ,accumulators1 how
 ,made and ,used1 is the first of a     
series of  popular scientific handbooks 
for students and engineers4 ,the        

particular subject has been selected for
 beginning the series under  the        
suggestion of a large number of requests
 for advice which the  author1 ,percival
 ,marshall1 had received in his capacity
 as editor of  the ,model ,engineer and 
,amateur ,electrician4 ,the work is     
intended to be  an elementary           
handbook--a practical and trustworthy   
guide--for  amateurs and students4 ,the 
theory of the accumulator is explained1 
directions are given for making them1   
types of small accumulators are         
illustrated1 the charging and use of    
accumulators are explained1 and  the    
applications are shown4 ,useful receipts
 and a glossary of  technical terms are 
given4 7,the book is published by ,spon 
,chamberlain1 ,new ,york4 ,price1 #ej   
cents47    ,in his ,better ,world       
,philosophy--a ,sociological ,synthesis 
7,chicago3  the ,ward ,waugh ,company71 
,j4 ,howard ,moore utters a protest     
against  the egoism or selfishness of   
our day1 and suggests an ideal scheme4  

,the problem of life is defined as being
 the relation of each  individual to the
 rest of the universe1 and is           
peculiarized by the  existence of the   
social problem involving relations of   
individuals to  each other different    
from those sustained to the impersonal  
universe4  ,there are in the nature of  
living beings the egoistic element1     
which  impels action in behalf of self1 
and the altruistic element1 which       
prompts or prevents movement out of     
consideration to others4 ,at  present   
the egoistic element predominates1 with 
results that make a  picture far from   
bright4 ,in the social ideal the strong 
should  supplement the weak as they     
would like to be supplemented if they   
were  weak2 individuals not unequal but 
diverse may mutualize their efforts  to 
the advantage of all2 and each          
individual should perform in the  social
 economy that function for which he is  
best fitted1 and should  receive in     
return a graceful equity in the means   

for satisfying his  desires4    ,among  
the books announced for issue soon by   
,henry ,holt  ,co4 are ,the  ,book of   
,vertebrate ,zology1 by ,prof4 ,j4 ,s4  
,kingsley1 author of ,the  ,elements of 
,comparative ,zology1 published by the  
same house1 which  can be used as a     
companion to ,mc,murrich's ,invertebrate
 ,zology2  ,elementary ,studies in      
,chemistry1 by ,prof4 ,joseph ,torrey1  
of  ,harvard1 which1 while it is        
characterized by the emphasis laid upon 
quantitative laboratory work in general 
chemistry1 will be a  comprehensive     
text-book on the whole subject2 and     
,moulds1 ,mildews1  and ,mushrooms1 a   
guide to the systematic study of the    
fungi and  ,mycetozoa and their         
literature1 by ,prof4 ,lucien           
,underwood1 of  ,columbia ,university4  
,miss ,cornelia ,e4 ,horsford1 being    
interested in the question of the       
origin of certain ancient ruins situated
 on the ,charles ,river1 ,mass41  and   
elsewhere in ,america1 which were       

discovered by the late ,prof4 ,e4  ,n4  
,horsford and were believed by him to be
 relics of the settlements  formed by   
the ,norsemen in the tenth century1     
commissioned ,mr4  ,thorstein           
,erlingsson to examine for comparison   
certain ancient  dwellings in ,iceland1 
in the summer of #ahie4 ,the inquiries  
assigned to  him related to the method  
of construction of the long houses1     
square  buildings1 hillside cots with   
pavements1 mounds1 things and doom      
rings1 irrigation and drainage1 ditches1
 river dams1 hithes and ship  docks1 or 
nauts1 grave-hills1 and forts4 ,the     
results of the study  are given1 with   
illustrations1 in a small book1 ,ruins  
of the ,saga  ,times1 by ,thorstein     
,erlingsson4 7,published by ,david      
,nutt1 ,london47  ,mr4 ,erlingsson's    
report is supplemented by an outline of 
already  ascertained knowledge regarding
 early ,scandinavian home building1     
derived from previous excavations and   
investigations furnished by ,f4  ,t4    

,norris and ,jn ,stefnsson1 and a       
summary in ,french by ,m4 ,e4 ,d4       
,grand4    ,the ,quarterly ,journal of  
the ,anthropological ,institute of      
,great  ,britain and ,ireland was issued
 during the thirty-seven years from the 
beginning of #ahga in the form styled   
demi-octavo4 ,the small pages of  this  
size entailed some inconveniences1      
especially when ample plates  and tables
 were needed for illustration4 ,with the
 double number  7,august and ,november1 
#ahih7 a new series was begun1 in the   
form styled  imperial octavo1 with a    
page considerably larger than in the old
 form  and corresponding in size with   
the important publications of some of   
the continental societies of ,europe4   
,this number contains the  proceedings  
of seven meetings of the society and    
important  anthropological articles1    
some of them on ,american subjects4     
,among  them is a criticism1 by ,prof4  
,w4 ,z4 ,ripley1 on ,deniker's          
,classification of the ,races of        

,europe4    ,in ,how to ,swim 7,putnams1
 #a7 ,captain ,davis ,dalton1 ,chief    
,inspector  of the ,united ,states      
,volunteer ,life-,saving ,corps1 gives a
 practical  treatise upon the art of    
natation1 together with instruction as  
to the  best methods of saving persons  
imperiled in the water and of           
resuscitating persons apparently        
drowned4 ,the treatise covers every     
branch of the art1 and abounds in       
cautions in connection with nearly      
every topic1 against the mistakes that  
may arise from timidity or the          
carelessness of over-confidence4 ,the   
author holds that swimming is an  art to
 be acquired and learned like other     
athletic arts1 although it  depends upon
 natural principles4 ,the best movements
 for taking  advantages of the physical 
laws involved in it have been studied by
  competent men1 and a brief and clear  
presentation of them is attempted  here4
 ,first1 we have the lessons for the    
beginner1 who must1 before  all things1 

have confidence4 ,the different strokes 
are described in  detail and            
illustrated2 the different modes of     
swimming and the  postures1 swimming in 
clothes1 taking off clothes in the      
water1 diving  and swimming under water1
 swimming in waves1 and other features  
are  explained2 and1 finally1 the       
life-saving directions are given1 and   
public education in swimming is insisted
 upon4    ,the ,southern ,magazine is a 
new monthly1 published at ,manassas1    
,va41  by the ,southern ,publishing     
,company1 of which we have the third    
number1  that for ,august4 ,it has a    
definite flavor of the old ,south1 for  
which  we find no fault with1 for there 
was much about the old ,south which     
ought to be preserved1 and no little    
that was too precious to be lost4       
,among the matters of special interest  
in this number are the ,sketch of       
,sidney ,lanier1 by ,ellen ,manderson1  
with selections from his writings2  ,the
 ,last ,meeting of the ,confederate     

,cabinet 7held1 by a curious            
coincidence1 at ,abbeville1 ,s4 ,c41    
where secession was started71 by        
,walter ,l4 ,miller2 an account of the  
,university of ,virginia1 by ,john ,s4  
,patten1 which appears to be the first  
of a series on ,southern  ,educational  
,institutions2 and an article on ,south 
,carolina in ,letters1  by ,colonel ,j4 
,p4 ,thomas4    ,the fifth yearly number
 of ,l',anne ,psychologique of ,,mm4    
,alfred  ,binet1 ,h4 ,beaunis1 and ,th4 
,ribot is a volume of #ijb pages1 of    
which #eia pages are included in the    
first part1 devoted to ,original        
,memoirs and ,general ,reviews4 ,the    
papers are nineteen in number1 on  such 
subjects as muscular fatigue1 the       
foreshortening of objects  rising from  
the horizon1 stereognostic perception   
and stereoagnosy1  suggestibility1      
applications of the calculation of      
probabilities to  psychology1 colored   
audition1 mental labor and nutritive    
changes1  measure of mental fatigue1    

sensations of smell1 phonographs and the
  study of the vowels1 cephalometry1    
pedology1 volume of the arm and         
muscular force1 chronophotographic and  
other apparatus1 and muscular  sense2   
and the authors are ,,mm4 ,van          
,biervliet1 of ,ghent2 ,blum1 of  ,nmes2
 ,bourdon1 of ,rennes2 ,claparde1 of    
,geneva2 ,clavire1 ,delage1  ,demeny1   
,druault1 ,mlle4 ,joteyko1 ,,mm4        
,larguier1 ,manouvrier1 ,marage2        
,marbe1 of ,wrzburg2 ,obersteiner1 of   
,vienna2 ,tscherning and  ,zwaardemaker1
 of ,utrecht4 ,m4 ,v4 ,henri's paper on 
,muscular ,sense would  make a volume by
 itself4 ,the second                    
part--,analyses--consists of  reviews of
 psychological publications entered     
under ten headings4 ,the  ,bibliography 
contains #b1eeh titles1 and the index of
 authors fills  upward of seventeen     
double-columned pages4 7,paris3         
,scheicher ,frres47    ,valuable papers 
on ,comparative ,tests of ,bituminous   
,steam ,coals1 by  ,john ,w4 ,hill2 the 

,artificial ,preservation of ,railroad  
,ties by the ,use  of ,zinc ,chloride1  
by ,w4 ,w4 ,curtis2 and the ,theory of  
,concrete1 by ,g4  ,w4 ,rafter1 are     
given in the ,proceedings of the        
,american ,society of  ,civil ,engineers
 7vol4 xxv1 ,no4 #d1 ,april1 #ahii71    
together with  discussions respecting   
street grades and cross-sections in     
asphalt and  cement and to loads and    
maximum stress on members of a bridge   
truss2  also biographical sketches of   
,d4 ,l4 ,barnes and ,w4 ,r4 ,michie4    
,a valuable addition to ,d4 ,appleton   
and ,company's ,international           
,education ,series1 and a sprightly book
 in itself withal1 is ,montaigne  on the
 ,education of ,children1 a volume of   
selections bearing on the  subject from 
the writings of the quaint old          
,frenchman1 translated and  annotated by
 ,l4 ,e4 ,rector4 ,the significance of  
,montaigne1 as the  editor of the series
 observes in his preface to the volume1 
lies  chiefly in his protest against    

pedantry1 and the translator finds      
,montaigne's modernity shown in his     
attempt to degrade men learning  from   
the first place1 and to lay the emphasis
 on fitness for practical  life1 ability
 to use one's judgment1 and morality and
 virtue4 ,while  ,montaigne had         
limitations and defects in his          
educational views1 such  as are pointed 
out by ,dr4 ,harris1 he still appears to
 have been far in  advance of his own   
time1 and in some respects of the       
present time as  well4 ,the solution of 
the human problem1 success in dealing   
with  one's self and his fellows1 was   
his ideal4 ,the translator shows how    
,locke and ,rousseau1 and1 of course1   
all educational writers who have  built 
upon these1 drew from him4 ,the subjects
 of the selections given  here are the  
,education of ,children1 ,pedantry1 the 
,affection of  ,fathers1 ,liars1        
,physiognomy1 ,anger1 the ,art of       
,conversation1 ,idleness1  ,experience1 
and ,history4    ,an essay on ,the      

,object of the ,labor ,movement1 by     
,johann ,jacoby1  translated by         
,florence ,kelley1 and published by the 
,international  ,publishing ,company1   
advocates co-operation1 demands that the
 employer  recognize the laborer whom he
 employs as a being fully his own equal 
and treat him accordingly1 and claims of
 the ,state an especial  consideration  
of the working class as an act of       
reparative justice4    ,the             
,transactions of the ,first and ,second 
,regular ,meetings of the  ,wyoming     
,state ,medical ,society1 ,may #ac and  
,november #a1 #ahih1 shows  that that   
body is vigorous and active1 and that   
the doctors of ,wyoming  are interested 
in maintaining the dignity and          
reputation of their  profession4 ,it is 
represented that fully fifty per cent of
 the regular  physicians of the ,state  
have already been enrolled as members of
 the  society4    ,mr4 ,frederick ,h4   
,gelman's ,elements of ,blowpipe        
,analysis 7,new ,york3  ,the ,macmillan 

,company2 #fj cents7 is intended to     
serve the twofold  purpose of giving the
 student a general outline of the       
analysis and of  introducing him to the 
methods of determinative mineralogy4    
,every  effort has been made to simplify
 the account4 ,the first chapter is     
devoted to ,apparatus and ,details1 and 
the second to the ,general  ,outline of 
,blowpipe ,analysis4 ,then the general  
reactions for the  detection of the     
metallic elements in simple compounds   
are described1  the behavior of some of 
the principal ores before the blowpipe1 
and  comparative tables4                
,,publications ,,received4      ,abbot1 
,a4 ,c41 ,m4 ,d4 ,the ,hygiene of       
,transmissible ,diseases1 their         
,causation1 ,modes of ,dissemination1   
and ,methods of ,prevention4            
,philadelphia3 ,w4 ,b4 ,saunders4 ,pp4  
#caa4 #b net4    ,allin1 ,arthur4       
,extra-,organic ,evolution and          
,education4 ,pp4 #h4    ,baker1 ,charles
 ,whiting4 ,monopolies and the ,people4 

,third edition1  revised and enlarged4  
,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4    
,pp4 #cfh4    ,baker1 ,m4 ,n4 ,potable  
,water and ,methods of ,detecting       
,impurities4 ,new  ,york3 ,d4 ,van      
,nostrand ,company4 ,pp4 #ig4 #ej cents4
    ,baskett1 ,james ,newton4 ,the      
,story of the ,fishes4 ,new ,york3 ,d4  
,appleton  and ,company4 7,appletons'   
,home-,reading ,books47 ,pp4 #big4      
,borodine1 ,n41 ,editor4 ,revue         
,internationale de ,pche et de          
,pisciculture4 7,international ,review  
of ,fisheries and ,fish-,culture47  ,no4
 #a4 ,august1 #ahii4 7,three times a    
year47 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,russia4       
,published by the ,russian ,imperial    
,society of ,fisheries and              
,fish-,culture4 7,in ,english1 ,german1 
and ,french47 ,pp4 #cg1 with  supplement
 of one folded page4 ,annual            
subscription1 four francs4    ,bulletin1
 ,le1 ,mdical de ,quebec4 ,volume ,i1   
,no4 #a4 ,september1 #ahii4  ,published 
under the direction of the ,medical     

,society of ,quebec4  ,monthly4 ,pp4    
#ef4 #b a year4    ,burgess1 ,o4 ,o41   
,m4 ,d4 ,consciousness1 ,being1         
,immortality2 ,divine  ,healing and     
,christian ,science4 ,san ,francisco4   
,pp4 #bj4    ,christian ,science        
,publishing ,society1 ,boston4 ,legal   
,aspects of  ,christian ,science4       
,decisions of ,courts1 ,opinions of     
,lawyers1 etc4 ,pp4  #hc4    ,conn1 ,h4 
,w4 ,the ,story of the ,living ,machine4
 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton and          
,company4 7,library of ,useful          
,stories47 ,pp4 #aia4 #dj cents4    ,de 
,morgan1 ,augustus4 ,elementary         
,illustrations of the ,differential and 
,integral ,calculus4 ,chicago3 ,the     
,open ,court ,publishing ,company4 ,pp4 
#add4 #a4    ,descartes1 ,ren4          
,discourse on ,method2 or the ,method of
 ,rightly  ,conducting the ,reason and  
,seeking ,truth in the ,sciences4       
,translated1  etc41 by ,john ,veitch4   
,chicago3 ,the ,open ,court ,publishing 
,company4  7,religion of ,science       

,library47 ,pp4 #hg4 #be cents4         
,flynt1 ,josiah4 ,tramping with ,tramps4
 ,studies and ,sketches of ,vagabond    
,life4 ,with ,prefatory ,note by ,hon4  
,andrew ,d4 ,white4 ,new ,york3 ,the    
,century ,company4 ,pp4 #cif4 #a4ej4    
,giles1 ,william ,a41 ,chairman of the  
,legislative ,committee of the ,civic   
,federation 7,chicago74 ,papers on      
,reform ,legislation1 ,corrupt          
,practices  ,acts1 and ,pawnbroking in  
,different ,countries4 ,chicago3 ,r4 ,r4
 ,donnelley   ,sons ,company4 ,pp4 #ce4 
,griffith1 ,g4 ,w4 ,the ,influence of   
the ,earth upon the ,field of a ,bar    
,magnet4 ,pp4 #d4    ,harrington1 ,mark 
,w4 ,about the ,weather4 ,new ,york3 ,d4
 ,appleton and  ,company4 7,appletons'  
,home-,reading ,books47 ,pp4 #bdf4      
,higginson1 ,thomas ,wentworth4         
,contemporaries4 ,boston and ,new ,york3
  ,houghton1 ,mifflin  ,co4 ,pp4 #cgi4  
#b4    ,holland1 ,frederick ,may4       
,liberty in the ,nineteenth ,century4   
,new ,york3  ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4   

,pp4 #beg4    ,korscheldt1 ,dr4 ,e41 and
 ,helder1 ,dr4 ,k4 ,text-,book of the   
,embryology of  the ,invertebrates4     
,translated by ,matilda ,bernard1 and   
edited1 with  ,additional ,notes1 by    
,martin ,f4 ,woodward4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,pp4 
#cfi4 ,vol4 ,,iii4  ,pp4 #dda4 #c4be4   
,lake ,mohonk ,conference on            
,international ,arbitration4 ,report of 
the  ,fifth ,annual ,meeting1 #ahhi4    
,pp4 #adb4    ,lo ,blanco1 ,dr4         
,salvatore4 ,the ,methods employed at   
the ,naples  ,zological ,station for the
 ,preservation of ,marine ,animals4     
,translated  by ,e4 ,o4 ,hovey4 ,united 
,states ,national ,museum4 ,pp4 #db4    
,newman1 ,george4 ,bacteria1 especially 
as they are related to the  ,economy of 
,nature1 to ,industrial ,processes1 and 
to the ,public ,health4  ,new ,york3 ,g4
 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #cdh4        
,newton1 ,alfred1 ,gadow1 ,hans1 and    
others4 ,a ,dictionary of ,birds4 ,new  
,york3 ,the ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4   
#ajhh4 #e4    ,ohio ,agricultural       

,experiment ,station4 ,press ,bulletin  
,no4 #aii4 ,plums4 ,a  ,comparison of   
,varieties4 ,pp4 #b4    ,oliver1        
,charles ,a4 ,description of an         
,adjustable ,bracket for the ,reid      
,ophthalmometer4 ,pp4 #c2 ,a ,case of   
,foreign ,body in the ,optic ,nerve4    
,pp4  #c2 ,a ,case of ,reflex           
,irritation4 ,pp4 #e2 ,a ,case of       
,fibroma of the  ,eyelid4 ,p4 #a1 with  
plate2 ,a ,new ,method for the          
,plantation of ,glass  ,balls into the  
,optical ,cavity4 ,pp4 #cj4    ,putnam1 
,f4 ,w4 ,address as ,retiring ,president
 of the ,american  ,association for the 
,advancement of ,science1 ,columbus     
,meeting1 #ahii4  ,pp4 #ag4    ,ribot1  
,th4 ,the ,evolution of ,general ,ideas4
 ,chicago3 ,the ,open ,court            
,publishing ,company4 ,pp4 #bca4 #a4be4 
,russell1 ,charles ,t4 ,the ,at-one-ment
 between ,god and ,man4 7,millennial    
,dawn4 ,vol4 ,v47 ,allegheny1 ,pa43     
,watch-,tower ,bible and ,tract         
,society4  ,pp4 #ejg4    ,stuver1 ,e41  

,m4 ,d4 ,the ,importance of a ,knowledge
 of the ,phylogenetic  ,development of  
the ,child in the ,prevention of        
,children's ,diseases4 ,pp4  #aa4       
,thompson1 ,ernest ,seton4 ,the ,trail  
of the ,sandhill ,stag4 ,new ,york3     
,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 ,pp4 #ic4   
#a4ej4    ,united ,states ,department of
 ,agriculture4 ,farmers' ,bulletins4    
,no4 #gj4  ,the ,principal ,insect      
,enemies of the ,grape4 ,by ,c4 ,l4     
,marlatt4 ,pp4 #bc2  ,no4 #hj4 ,the     
,peach-,twig ,borer4 ,by4 ,c4 ,l4       
,marlatt4 ,pp4 #ae3 ,no4 #ii4 ,three    
,insect ,enemies of ,shade ,trees4 ,by  
,l4 ,o4 ,howard4 ,pp4 #cj2--;,division  
of  ,entomology4 ,no4 #cg4 ,the ,use of 
,hydrocyanic-,acid ,gas for ,fumigating 
,greenhouses and ,small ,frames4 ,pp4   
#aj2 ,no4 #ch4 ,the ,squash-,vine       
,borer4  ,pp4 #f2 ,no4 #ci4 ,the ,common
 ,squash ,bug4 ,pp4 #e4    ,united      
,states ,fish ,commission4 ,check-,list 
of the ,fishes of ,florida4 ,by  ,b4 ,w4
 ,evermann and ,w4 ,c4 ,kendall4 ,pp4   

#fh4    ,upsala1 ,university of         
7,sweden74 ,bulletin of the ,geological 
,institution4 ,hj4 ,sjgren1 ,editor4    
,vol4 ,,iv1 ,part ,i1 ,no4 #g4 #ahih4   
,pp4  #aca1 with four plates4    ,weed1 
,clarence ,moores1 ,editor4 ,the ,insect
 ,world4 ,a ,reading ,book of           
,entomology4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton  
and ,company4 7,appletons'              
,home-,reading ,books47 ,pp4 #bjg4 #fj  
cents4    ,wisconsin ,geological and    
,natural ,history ,survey4 ,bulletin    
,no4 #d4 ,on  the ,building and         
,ornamental ,stones of ,wisconsin4 ,by  
,ernest ,r4 ,buckley4  ,pp4 #edd4       
,wisla4 ,a ,geographical and            
,ethnographical ,publication 7in        
,polish74 ,vol4  ,,xiii1 ,nos4 #a to #e4
 ,warsaw1 ,poland4 ,pp4 #cbj4           
,wright1 ,mabel ,osgood4 ,wabenor the   
,magician4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,macmillan  
,company4 ,pp4 #cdf4          ,fragments
 of ,science4      ,the ,dread of the   
,jew4#da--,the ,dreyfus affair and the  
furious  passions that it has awakened  

have their ultimate foundation in dread 
and hatred of the ,jews4 ,there is a    
,jewish question1 more or less  acute1  
in every continental country1 and we are
 told by pessimists  that before long we
 shall have an anti-,jewish movement in 
the ,east ,end  of ,london4 ,these facts
 naturally suggest an inquiry into the  
causes of  the dread and hate which the 
,jews inspire1 and the asking once again
  whether there are any good grounds for
 regarding the ,hebrew race as a  menace
 to the ,christian world4 ,the main fact
 about the ,jews on the  ,continent     
which emerges from a study of the       
present situation is that  for some     
reason or other they inspire terror4    
,that this terror is as  absurd and as  
unreasonable as is the terror caused    
respectively by  ,jesuits and           
,freemasons1 we ourselves do not doubt  
for a moment1 but  that does not alter  
the fact that the sense of terror       
exists4 ,it is  hardly too much to say  
that the majority of people on the      

,continent  honestly believe that unless
 the ,jews are in some way or other     
curbed1  controlled1 and kept down1     
something very dreadful will happen4 ,in
  ,russia the vast ,slavonic population 
and its leaders believe that  unless the
 ,jews are impounded in the ,polish     
,pale they will swamp the  true         
,russian1 and utterly ruin and destroy  
the ,russian nationality and  the       
,russian ideal4 ,in ,austria it is      
believed that if the ,jews are  allowed 
to go on as they are going on they will 
get everything into  their hands--the   
land of the peasants1 the sources of    
public  information and the press1 and  
the nerves by which trade and commerce  
are moved4 ,in ,germany it is much the  
same story1 and there the ,jews  are    
believed1 unless stopped in time1 to be 
about to monopolize the  universities4  
,in ,france it is thought that the      
,jews1 if not put down  with the strong 
hand1 will capture the whole            
administration1 as well  as strangle    

commerce by their octopus grip4 ,the    
,jews are called a  parasitic race1     
whatever that may mean4 ,it is said that
 the ,jew  never becomes an             
agriculturist1 that he is a usurer and a
 bloodsucker1  that he is a gross       
materialist1 and that he has no ideals  
beyond the  precious metals2 and that   
they habitually act together to further 
their own racial interests and to injure
 those communities which have  been     
foolish enough to trust them4 ,to take  
the charge of want of  patriotism first4
 ,how is it substantiated8 ,we can not  
say that we have  ever seen any real    
evidence of want of patriotism in the   
,jews4 ,look at  the case of ,france at 
present4 ,there is something extremely  
pathetic  in the way in which the       
,french ,jews cling to their nationality
 in  spite of all the hatred they       
inspire4 ,the truth is1 the ,jew is a   
sort  of expert in patriotism4 ,did not 
the ,maccabees teach the world one of   
its first lessons in patriotism8 ,depend

 upon it1 if the ,jew is only  allowed  
to be a patriot he will not fail here4  
,the charge1 indeed1 is  like that so   
often made in ,russia against the ,jews4
 ,they are accused  of not tilling the  
soil1 their accusers ignoring the fact  
that no ,jew  is allowed to buy1 or to  
lease1 or to occupy land1 and is1 in    
fact1  excluded by law from acting as a 
farmer4 ,take next the charge of        
aloofness4 ,probably this charge is well
 founded1 but what can be  expected of a
 people so newly freed from the ,ghetto8
 ,if you treat a  race for centuries as 
lepers1 and visit its members with dire 
penalties1 if they do not keep aloof    
they are likely to remain for  some time
 disinclined to free intercourse4 ,the  
third charge is1 in  reality1 that the  
,jews of the world1 having obtained     
control of  cosmopolitan finance1 act   
together in the interests of their race1
 and  inflict grievous injuries upon the
 nations4 ,but what proof is there of   
this8 ,curiously enough1 ,mr4 ,arnold   

,white--though in other ways he  seems  
to encourage this charge--accuses the   
great ,jewish financiers of  not doing  
this very thing4 ,he tells us that after
 the ,russians had  driven the ,jews    
into the ,pale they wanted to raise a   
loan4 ,one would  have expected the     
great ,jewish loanmongers to have       
absolutely refused  to help the enemy of
 the race4 ,instead they basely1 as we  
think1 found  ,russia the money she     
wanted4 ,but though this was a base act1
 it  certainly is not consistent with   
the charge that the ,jews control the   
international money market for tribal   
ends4 ,we believe1 in fact1 that  this  
whole charge is a pure delusion4 ,the   
great financiers1 whether  ,jew or      
,gentile1 look for a profit1 and not to 
deep and mysterious  racial aspirations4
 ,the charge that the ,jews are steeped 
in  materialism1 and so are a           
demoralizing element in the community1  
is  equally unfair and absurd4 ,many    
,jews may be fond of pomp of a vulgar   

kind1 and may affect what we confess    
personally to finding very  disagreeable
 forms of ,asiatic luxury2 but these are
 externals4 ,in  essentials and as a    
race the ,jews are no more materialistic
 than their  neighbors4 ,and can we say 
that they are a demoralizing element    
when it  is universally confessed that  
the ,jews are among the best fathers1   
sons1 and husbands in the world8        
,footnote #da3 ,from an article in the  
,london ,spectator4    ,death of        
,professor ,bunsen4--,with the death of 
,robert ,wilhelm ,bunsen1  at           
,heidelberg1 ,august #afth1 the world   
loses a student whose name is           
inseparably connected with nearly all   
the chemical work that has been  done in
 the last fifty years1 for it is safe to
 say that hardly a  discovery has been  
made or experiment performed to the     
success of  which some process1         
property1 or instrument discovered1     
invented1 or  suggested by ,bunsen1 and 
usually named after him1 has not        

contributed4  ,a sketch of this         
illustrious chemist1 with a portrait1   
and an  enumeration of his principal    
works1 each of which might be           
characterized as a milestone in the     
advance of the science1 was  published  
in the ,popular ,science ,monthly for   
,august1 #ahha 7vol4 xix1  page #eej74  
,one of the principal events in his life
 since that sketch  was published was   
his election1 in #ahhc1 as one of the   
eight foreign  associates of the ,french
 ,academy of ,sciences--the highest     
honor that  that institution is         
competent to confer4 ,besides ,bunsen's 
personal  interest in the work and      
success of his students1 one of his most
  salient traits1 as described by a     
careful and appreciative biographer  in 
the ,new ,york ,evening ,post1 was his  
absentmindedness concerning what  he had
 himself accomplished4 ,he was afflicted
 with an incipient  aphasia1 which made 
it impossible for him to talk about     
them4 ,he  could not answer verbal      

questions1 whether oral or written4 ,he 
could  not have passed a decent         
examination in his own discoveries4 ,let
 the  question come in the shape of an  
emergency in a chemical operation1  and 
a wealth of knowledge would be poured   
out1 but let it be put in  words and he 
could not answer it4 ,he is said to have
 answered a  student once1 who asked him
 about some substance1 that he knew     
nothing  about it--,you will have to    
look up the literature4 ,the student    
looked up the literature1 and found that
 it consisted of a single  article1 and 
that by ,bunsen6 ,professor ,bunsen     
prized what would  stimulate him to     
effort1 enjoyed life1 was fond of travel
 and  interested in everything human1   
and was a good novel reader4    ,the    
,unprofitableness of ,strikes4--,the    
cost of a large strike is  impressively 
illustrated in some of the results of   
the great colliery  dispute of #ahih in 
,south ,wales1 as they are set forth in 
the ,british  ,board of ,trade returns  

and the reports of the consular service4
 ,in  direct financial loss1 the company
 suffered to the extent of #ajj1jjj1    
and the men of #cjj1jjj in wages1       
besides the demoralization from  being  
so long out of work4 ,to a certain      
extent1 other districts gained  what the
 ,south ,wales mines lost by the        
diversion of trade to them1 but  that   
simply aggravated the evil in the mines1
 for some of this  diverted trade will  
stay where it went4 ,it is sometimes    
said1 indeed1  that strikes have only a 
temporary effect on business1 from which
 it  will recover in time4 ,this is     
true1 however1 as is suggested in       
,industries and ,iron1 only when the    
locality affected has a virtual         
monopoly of the trade1 while in the     
competition of the nations  instances of
 that kind are growing rarer4 ,england  
especially has many  rivals in these    
days1 eager to take advantage of every  
opportunity to  profit by its mistakes  
or misfortunes1 and which1 when they get

 their  hands on a good thing1 are not  
apt to let go4 ,notwithstanding some    
strikes at home1 the coal trade in the  
,united ,states derived benefits  from  
the ,british strike by sending to       
markets which the ,welsh mines  should  
have supplied2 ,germany sent coal to    
,sweden1 and ,belgium  increased its    
shipments to the ,canary ,islands4      
,other countries are  induced1 by       
conditions making the usual sources of  
supply inconvenient  to them1 to a more 
active development of their own         
resources1 as  ,austria-,hungary1       
,spain1 and ,france were in the present 
case4 ,so it is  more than doubtful     
whether the present strike paid4    ,the
 ,scientific ,spirit4--,the study of    
science1 especially of an  experimental 
science1 said ,prof4 ,r4 ,h4 ,chittenden
 in an informal talk  to students of the
 ,sheffield ,scientific ,school1 is     
peculiarly adapted  for developing the  
power of independent thought1 and of    
training one  in drawing logical        

conclusions from experimental data4 ,in 
the  laboratory is afforded an          
opportunity for making observations1 but
 if  real benefit is to be derived from 
the experimental work there must be  a  
full realization of the necessity of    
careful thought in drawing  deductions  
from the results observed4 ,broad       
generalizations built on a  slender     
foundation of fact frequently topple to 
the ground1 and  sometimes carry        
destruction with them1 all because of a 
lack of that  critical spirit which     
prompts a careful and thorough          
consideration of  all the premises4 ,the
 man who has acquired the habit of      
careful  thought1 of reasoning out each 
step in a process1 of weighing          
carefully each reaction involved1 of    
seeking in his own mind the  reason for 
this or that phenomenon1 who looks at   
both sides of a  question1 and carefully
 considers all the facts available1 will
 build  much more surely and firmly than
 he who by specious arguments           

constructs a glittering hypothesis1 only
 to see it fade away4 ,hasty  reasoning1
 insufficient data1 obscure facts1 are  
the bane of modern  science4 ,the true  
scientific spirit prompts to thorough   
inquiry2 it  will have nothing to do    
with hasty generalizations that may     
glitter  but do not convince2 it puts a 
restraining hand on all immature        
conclusions1 and demands1 above all     
else1 careful1 thorough  observation4   
,it shuns all shams4 ,good1 honest work 
is the only  passport to the domain of  
science4    ,constitution of the        
,funafuti ,atoll4--,in the boring of the
 coral  atoll of ,funafuti1 ,professor  
,david1 of the ,university of ,sydney1  
reached a depth of #fig feet1 and a     
subsequent boring was made down to      
about #a1jjj feet4 ,the core obtained by
 the ,david party was sent to  ,england 
and placed in the hands of ,professor   
,judd for investigation4  ,the general  
statement is made respecting it that the
 material brought  up presents much the 

same character throughout1 and so far is
 regarded  as supporting ,darwin's      
theory4 ,there are no layers of chalky  
ooze1  such as ,murray's hypothesis     
might have made possible1 and no trace  
of  volcanic material has been found4   
,the later boring beyond #gjj feet      
passed through a hard limestone         
containing many well-preserved corals4  
,in a boring of the bed of the lagoon   
down to #add feet1 after passing        
through #aja feet of water1 the first   
#hj feet below were found to  consist of
 the calcareous alga ,halimeda mixed    
with shells1 and the  remaining #fd feet
 of the same material mixed with gravel4
    ,metallic ,calcium4--,metallic      
calcium1 as prepared by ,professor      
,moissan from solution in liquid sodium1
 separates in hexagonal  crystals which 
have a specific gravity of #a4he and    
melt at #gfj in  vacuo4 ,on solidifying1
 the metal is somewhat brittle1 is less 
malleable than potassium and sodium1 and
 shows a crystalline fracture4  ,when   

free from nitride it is silver-white in 
color1 and has a  brilliant surface4    
,heated to redness in a current of      
hydrogen1 a  crystalline hydride1       
,ca,h#b1 is formed4 ,when pure1 calcium 
is not  acted upon at ordinary          
temperatures by chlorine1 though at #ajj
 ,c4 the  action is decided4 ,but if the
 metal contains nitride1 chlorine       
attacks  it at the ordinary temperature4
 ,at #cjj ,c4 calcium ignites and burns 
brilliantly in oxygen4 ,gently warmed in
 air1 it burns with brilliant           
scintillations4 ,it combines with       
sulphur1 with incandescence1 at #djj    
,c4 ,at a red heat it unites actively   
with lampblack1 giving a carbide1       
,ca,c#b4 ,it gives some brittle alloys  
with magnesium1 zinc1 and  nickel4 ,the 
alloy with tin slowly decomposes water4 
,a crystalline  amalgam is formed with  
mercury1 which may be distilled in      
hydrogen at  #djj ,c41 but which forms  
nitride when heated in nitrogen4 ,heated
 to  redness with potassium or sodium   

chloride1 calcium sets the metal  free4 
,water acts on calcium only very slowly1
 with the evolution of  hydrogen4 ,in   
liquefied ammonia at -#dj ,c4 calcium   
ammonia is formed--a  reddish-brown     
solid4    ,prosperity and ,enterprise in
 ,mexico4--,the increasing prosperity of
  ,mexico is one of the striking        
features of current history4 ,in four   
years the imports of the country        
increased from #cj1jjj1jjj in #ahid to  
upward of #de1jjj1jjj in #ahih1 the     
average for five years having been      
#dj1jjj1jjj4 ,the chief sellers to      
,mexicans are the ,united ,states1      
,great ,britain1 ,france1 and ,germany1 
and the keenness of the  competition for
 trade is shown in the fluctuations in  
the relative  shares of it of the       
several countries4 ,spain has a small   
share of  trade1 which is growing4      
,industrial enterprises are being       
developed  throughout the country with  
energy1 enterprise1 and success4 ,cotton
  and linen factories have been         

established1 attention is given to the  
erection of woolen mills1 and a         
noticeable activity prevails in mining  
industries4 ,under all these influences 
the railroads are prospering  too4    ,a
 ,question of ,economy4--,a paper1      
,shall we grow the ,sugar that we       
consume8 by ,freeman ,stewart1 called   
out by an article by ex-,secretary      
,wilson1 besides matter bearing directly
 on the question1 embodies  observations
 on general political principles4 ,thus1
 it seems necessary  to observe that the
 idea that republicanism requires our   
public  officials to act as mere        
weathercocks for the transient waves of 
popular clamor and excitement is also a 
deplorable delusion1 which1 if          
persistently carried into effect1 will  
soon utterly destroy  republicanism4 ,as
 free institutions depend on the        
recognition of  correct principles by   
the people1 it is primarily necessary   
that  correct principles should be      
constantly impressed upon the attention 

of the people4 ,the great need of the   
nation to-day is wise                   
leadership--unselfish men1 who          
appreciate the necessity of being       
governed by immutable divinely appointed
 principles1 to act as  leaders1 to keep
 the minds of the people centered in the
 right  direction4 ,coming to the main  
subject of the essay1 we have1 as to    
the expediency of taxing ourselves to   
have sugar made here3 ,if the  farmer's 
profits must come from the consumers of 
sugar as a bounty or  tax1 and not from 
the inherent profitableness of the      
business1 then  the farmer's profits are
 the consumer's loss4 ,the business is  
inherently unprofitable1 and no farmer1 
or any one else1 has a right1           
'inherent' or otherwise1 to carry on an 
unprofitable business1 except  at his   
own expense4444 ,it may be assumed that 
the farmers who are  growing the sugar  
are now growing crops which1 if not as  
profitable as  they desire1 are at least
 sufficiently so to keep them from being

  burdensome to the rest of the nation4 
,and how can the prosperity of  the     
nation be increased by having these same
 farmers engage in a new  business which
 will require them to draw on the       
productive capacity of  the rest of the 
people to the extent of many millions of
 dollars  annually1 in order to keep    
their heads above water8    ,bacteria of
 the ,dairy4--,an investigation of the  
relation of acid  fermentation to the   
flavor and aroma of butter1 made by ,c4 
,h4 ,eckles  at the ,iowa ,college      
,experiment ,station1 has given the     
results that the  flavor is produced by 
the bacterial fermentations which have  
taken  place in the milk and cream4 ,the
 kind of flavor depends upon the class  
of bacteria causing the fermentation4   
,the ripening of a good quality  of acid
 cream is mostly a development of acid  
bacteria4 ,four species  of             
acid-producing bacteria1 tested in      
ripening pasteurized cream1 were  found 
to give the butter the typical flavor   

and aroma4 ,of the species  tried1 the  
most common milk-souring organism       
7,bacterium lactarii7  was found to give
 the most satisfactory results in       
ripening cream4  ,cream ripened with    
common bacteria found in hay dust       
7,bacillus  subtilis7 gives a very      
undesirable flavor to butter4 ,the      
superior  flavor of summer butter is due
 to the greater number of bacteria of   
the acid class found in milk during that
 season4    ,for ,outdoor               
,improvement4--,the ,american ,park and 
,outdoor ,association  has taken up and 
aims to nationalize the important work  
of the  improvement of outdoors4 ,not   
that it expects to improve upon ,nature1
  but it hopes to be able to neutralize 
or remedy the devastation and           
disfigurement which man has wrought upon
 her face4 ,at the third annual  meeting
 of the association1 held in ,detroit in
 ,july1 #ahii1 preliminary  steps were  
taken toward offering prizes for the    
improvement of grounds  about           

manufactories and homes--both front and 
back lots--and  especially about the    
homes of artisans4 ,a standing committee
 was  instituted to consider the best   
way of checking abuses of public        
advertising4 ,a paper read by ,mr4 ,f4  
,law ,olmstead1 on the ,relation of     
,reservoirs to ,public ,parks1 concerned
 such construction of reservoirs  and   
the surrounding them with suitable      
settings as would bring them  into      
closer harmony with the park landscape  
and make them more a part  of it4       
,another paper1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,j4         
,coryell1 of the ,detroit parks1  might 
be described as an effort to show how a 
similar service may be  performed for   
the parks and the people--in other      
words1 how to make  the people at home  
in the parks4 ,its points were          
illustrated by citing  what had been    
done in ,detroit4 ,respecting means of  
preventing  depredations1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4  
,lancey told of good results            
accomplished in  ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 by

 the distribution of circulars of       
information on  the subject2 and ,mr4   
,f4 ,l4 ,olmstead1 ,jr41 of the interest
 taken by the  children in the school   
gardens in ,cambridge1 ,mass4    ,where 
,physical ,investigation ,fails4--,from 
the discussion of the  physical method1 
with its descriptive laws and           
applications and  hypotheses1 ,prof4 ,j4
 ,h4 ,poynting was led1 in his address  
at the  ,british ,association1 to the   
consideration of the limitation of its  
range4 ,it was developed in the study of
 matter which we describe as            
non-living1 and with non-living matter  
it has sufficed for the  particular     
purposes of the physicist4 ,of course1  
only a little corner  of the universe   
has been explored1 but in the study of  
non-living  matter we have come to no   
impassable gulfs1 no chasms across which
 we  can not throw bridges of           
hypothesis4 ,does the method equally    
suffice  when it is applied to living   
matter8 ,can we give a purely physical  

account of such matter8 ,do we make any 
attempt to apply the physical  method to
 describe and explain those motions of  
matter which on the  psychical view we  
term voluntary8 ,in practice the        
strictest physicist  abandons the       
physical view1 and replaces it by the   
psychical4 ,he  admits the study of     
purpose as well as the study of motion1 
and has to  confess that here the       
physical method of prediction fails4    
,honors to ,sullivant and               
,lesquereux4--,sullivant day1 ,august   
#bb;d1  was devoted in the ,american    
,association to the commemoration of the
  lives and works of ,william ,s4       
,sullivant and ,c4 ,leo ,lesquereux1    
botanists1 the former distinguished for 
his studies in the mosses and  the      
latter for his researches in            
paleobotany1 both of whom lived and  did
 the work by which they became famous in
 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,sullivant  was born 
and passed the whole of his life in     
,columbus4 ,lesquereux1 a  ,swiss by    

birth1 lived in ,columbus during many of
 his most fruitful  years1 and worked   
alongside of ,sullivant4 ,a considerable
 number of  objects associated with the 
two botanists were on exhibition--rare  
botanical specimens1 charts and pictures
 connected with their labors1  and      
complete sets of their published        
works--and excellent and highly  prized 
portraits of them were shown4 ,the      
families of both were  represented by   
the presence of daughters and           
granddaughters1 among  whom was ,miss   
,arhart1 a granddaughter of ,lesquereux1
 who was  associated with him in part of
 his work1 and made most of the drawings
  for his later books4 ,prof4 ,c4 ,r4   
,barnes presided over the exercises4    
,prof4 ,w4 ,a4 ,kellerman read a tribute
 to ,sullivant from ,dr4 ,gray's        
supplement to the ,icones4 ,mrs4        
,britton gave a short review of the     
species named from ,sullivant 7including
 twelve ,north ,american mosses74       
,professor ,barnes read a tribute to    

,lesquereux1 taken from the  ,botanical 
,gazette4 ,remarks were made and papers 
read on the ,progress  in the study of  
the ,hepatica1 by ,prof4 ,l4 ,m4        
,underwood2 the ,moss ,flora  of        
,alabama1 by ,dr4 ,charles ,mohr 7read  
by ,professor ,earle72 the ,history  of 
the ,study of the ,mosses1 by ,mrs4     
,britton2 the ,classification of        
,certain ,mosses1 by ,a4 ,j4 ,grout2 the
 ,study of ,lichen ,distribution in  the
 ,mississippi ,valley1 by ,bruce ,fink2 
and ,botanical ,teaching in the         
,secondary ,schools1 by ,w4 ,c4 ,stevens
 and ,ida ,clendenin4 ,among the        
exhibits1 those of twelve species of    
hepatic from ,california1 by  ,prof4 ,f4
 ,e4 ,lloyd2 forty-five photographs of  
,american students and  collectors made 
famous by their work in mosses1 by ,mrs4
 ,britton and  ,professor ,underwood2   
and six species of mosses discovered and
  collected originally by ,sullivant and
 ,lesquereux near ,columbus1  deserve   
special mention4    ,rate of            

,evolutionary ,variation in the         
,past4--,mr4 ,adam ,sedgwick1  speaking1
 in his address at the ,british         
,association1 of variation1  selection1 
and heredity1 having raised the question
 whether the  variability of organisms  
has ever been different from what it is 
now1  answered it in the affirmative1   
because it would be absurd to suppose   
that organisms would remain constant in 
this respect while they have  undergone 
alteration in all their other           
properties4 ,according to the           
,darwinian theory of evolution1 one of  
the most important factors in           
determining the modification of         
organisms has been natural selection4   
,it acts by preserving certain favorable
 variations1 and allowing  others less  
favorable to be killed off in the       
struggle for existence4  ,it will thus  
come about that certain variations will 
be gradually  eliminated1 while the     
variations of the selected organisms    
will  themselves be submitted to        

selection1 and certain of these will in 
their turn be eliminated4 ,in this way a
 group of organisms becomes  more and   
more closely adapted to the             
surroundings4 ,it would thus  appear    
that the result of continued selection  
is to diminish the  variability of a    
species4 ,hence1 as selection has been  
going on all  the while1 variation must 
have been much greater in past times    
than it  is now4 ,following out this    
train of reasoning1 we are driven to the
  conclusion that one of the most       
important results of the evolutionary   
change has been the gradual increase and
 perfection of heredity as a  function  
of organisms and a gradual elimination  
of variability4 ,this  view1 if it can  
be established1 is of the utmost        
importance to our  theoretical          
conception of evolution1 because it     
enables us to bring  our requirements as
 to time within the limits granted by   
the  physicists4      ,,minor           
,,paragraphs4    ,of the archology of   

,block ,island1 ,arthur ,hollick found  
in his  explorations that around the    
shores of ,great ,salt ,pond and on the 
sand  dunes that border the western     
shores of the island evidences of former
  occupation by the ,indians are        
numerous4 ,kitchen middens are exposed  
in  several street cuttings1 implements 
are often found scattered over the      
surface of the ground in certain        
localities1 and skeletons have been     
unearthed from time to time4 ,in many   
places the kitchen midden  accumulations
 were so obvious that it was impossible 
to ignore them  entirely4 ,they were    
found to consist of the customary       
collection of  oyster and other shells1 
bones1 pottery fragments1 fire-cracked  
stones1 charcoal1 finished implements1  
rejects1 flakes1 chips1 etc4  ,the      
finished implements found were two axes1
 of a plagioclase igneous  rock1 and    
three arrow points1 all of quartzite4   
,in the sand dunes were  many old       
fireplaces1 mostly buried by the sand   

which has drifted over  them4 ,they     
could generally be located by the       
richness of the turf on  the surface    
immediately above4 ,mixed with the      
accumulations in these  places were the 
bones and teeth of animals4 ,the island 
promises a good  reward for archological
 investigation4    ,in a form of disease
 known as peckiness in the cypress and  
pin-rot in  the librocedrus1 described  
by ,hermann von ,schrenk in a thesis    
presented to ,washington ,university1   
the wood is destroyed in localized      
areas1 which are surrounded by          
apparently sound wood4 ,the cell walls  
are changed into compounds1 which       
diffuse through the walls and fill  the 
cells surrounding the decayed center1   
and these have been called  humus       
compounds4 ,in both trees a fungus      
mycelium occurs1 with strongly  marked  
characteristics1 which flourishes within
 the diseased centers1  and grows       
between them without affecting the      
intervening wood4 ,this  wood can be    

utilized for many purposes even when    
much rotted1 and in  neither case does  
the mycelium grow after the tree has    
once been cut  down4 ,the two trees thus
 diseased1 both representatives of a    
race of  trees the majority of which are
 extinct1 are closely related           
genetically1 although growing in        
different parts of the country4 ,the    
two forms of decay differ but slightly1 
and not more than might be  expected in 
two woods of different character4       
,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,arthur1 of the ,purdue    
,university ,agricultural ,experiment   
,station1 a few years ago picked up a   
small white flower 7,cerastium  arvense 
oblongifolium7 growing unobtrusively    
among the grass and low  weeds of the   
roadside4 ,it was a little more         
attractive than its  relative which is  
called the field chickweed1 and the     
author suggests  the name of starry     
grasswort for it4 ,under cultivation it 
spread out  over the ground in a close  
mat of foliage in a manner              

characteristic  of many members of the  
pink family1 to which it belongs2 and   
now for  six weeks in ,april and ,may it
 is a mass of dazzling whiteness1       
softened with the pale green of stems   
and leaves1 while all winter  long the  
prostrate stems remain alive to their   
very tips1 and the  leaves maintain a   
summerlike appearance1 without the      
indurated1  polished look so usually    
associated with evergreen foliage4 ,this
 is  one roadside flower taken up1      
perhaps casually1 for cultivation and   
improvement4 ,there are others--no one  
knows how many--that will  doubtless    
likewise reward the pains taken with    
them2 and this inspires  ,mr4 ,arthur to
 suggest to others that they keep a     
lookout for plants  that may become     
desirable garden varieties and try them4
 ,it is  evident that showiness in the  
wild state is not the most important    
criterion by which to gauge the future  
culture value of a plant4 ,one  needs to
 have many factors in mind to meet with 

success1 and it is  hoped that the study
 of the starry grasswort will be        
suggestive in  this line4 ,the byways   
and fields undoubtedly hold many        
incipiently  valuable decorative plants 
which await the discoverer1 as truly as 
do  those of the unexplored regions of  
,asia and ,africa4    ,an experiment has
 been tried in ,new ,york during the    
past summer in the  way of vacation     
schools for teaching housekeeping and   
domestic  economy4 ,instruction was     
given daily in these arts in the public 
schoolrooms in ,front and ,oliver       
,streets and in ,hester ,street4 ,at    
,front  and ,oliver ,streets girls were 
taught to air1 clean1 and take care of a
  bedroom2 to set table1 clean1 and take
 care of a living room2 kitchen         
cleanliness2 laundry work--one week     
being devoted to each course1 and  talks
 were given on furnishing a flat1 the   
care of a cellar1 and the  importance of
 air and sunlight to health4 ,the       
children were also  taught daily to cook

 appetizing dishes and serve them4 ,at  
,hester  ,street more time was given to 
the cooking lessons1 instruction was    
given on the feeding of babies1 and a   
class in nursing was taught2  among     
other things1 emergency bandaging1      
caring for helpless patients1  and the  
hygiene of the sick-room4    ,mr4 ,a4   
,p4 ,coleman1 during some geological    
work last summer on the  north shore of 
,lake ,superior1 about ,heron ,bay1     
discovered a new  mineral1 which he has 
named ,heronite1 and which he describes 
at  length in the ,journal of ,geology  
for ,july-,august4 ,it is a dike rock1  
consisting essentially of analcite1     
orthoclase1 plagioclase1 and  gyrite1   
the analcite having the character of a  
base1 in which the  other minerals form 
radiating groups of crystals4 ,the      
analcite clearly  represents the magma  
left after the crystallization of the   
imbedded  minerals1 and it is evident   
that it can be formed only from a magma 
highly charged with water1 and therefore

 under pressure4    ,from the           
examination of a number of nearly pure  
hydrocarbons obtained  from ,american   
petroleum by ,young1 it appears that the
 same classes of  hydrocarbons1         
paraffins1 polymethylene compounds of   
naphthenes and  aromatic hydrocarbons   
are present in these and in ,russian and
 ,galician  petroleums2 but that        
,russian petroleum contains a relatively
 larger  amount of naphthalenes and1 in 
all probability1 of aromatic            
hydrocarbons1 than ,galician1 and       
,galician a larger amount of the same   
hydrocarbons than ,american petroleum4  
,,notes4    ,an old contributor1 ,dr4   
,a4 ,f4 ,a4 ,king1 of ,washington1 ,d4  
,c41 writes us  calling attention to the
 interesting fact that we printed an    
article  of his as far back as          
,september1 #ahhc1 suggesting the       
mosquito theory  of malaria1 and giving 
a number of observations which seemed   
strongly  to support this view4         
,experiments made by ,f4 ,h4 ,hall and  

,w4 ,p4 ,wheeler1 at the ,new ,york     
,agricultural ,experiment ,station1     
regarding the best food for chicks1     
pullets1 cockerels1 and ducklings1 seem 
to indicate conclusively that  part of  
the protein must be drawn from animal   
sources if we are to get  the best      
results4 ,rations in which from forty to
 fifty per cent of the  protein was     
supplied by animal food produced more   
rapid growth and at  less cost of       
production4    ,messrs4 ,a4 ,stutzer and
 ,hartlieb1 of ,breslau1 have detected  
bacteria in  ,portland cements1 which   
provoke the liberation of the nitrogen  
from  nitrogenous compounds in water1   
and the formation of nitrous and  nitric
 acids that act upon the lime in the    
cement and promote its  disintegration4 
,according to ,industries and ,iron1 the
 tides are now utilized for  generating 
power at ,pont-l',abb1 ,finisterre1     
,france1 during fourteen  hours per day4
 ,at flood tide the water flows through 
a canal two miles  and a half inland    

into a pond in the rear of the power    
house1 and  returns to the sea at ebb   
tide4 ,the total fall is seven feet and 
a  half1 and eighty-horse power is      
generated by means of turbines4 ,means  
have been considered for applying this  
method of generating power to  various  
industries4    ,a proposal for an       
,international ,physical ,congress has  
been accepted by  the authorities of the
 ,paris ,exposition of #aijj1 and the   
congress will  be held from the #fth to 
the #abth of ,august1 under the auspices
 of the  ,french ,government4 ,it       
immediately precedes the ,international 
,electrical ,congress4 ,so far as has   
yet been determined1 the subjects  of   
the addresses and reports will be       
classified under the headings of  the   
definition and fixing certain units 7of 
pressure1 scale of  hardness1 quantity  
of heat1 etc471 the ,bibliography of    
,physics1 and  ,national ,laboratories4 
,the final programme is1 however1 still 
to be  settled4 ,the subscription for   

membership is twenty francs1 or four    
dollars4 ,the foreign secretary of the  
congress is ,m4 ,charles ,edouard       
,guillaume1 ,pavillon de ,breteuil1     
,sevres 7,seine et ,oise71 ,paris4      
,in a book called ,literary ,munich     
,portraits1 with brief biographical     
sketches by ,paul ,heyse1 are given of  
twenty-five of the most prominent       
literary men of that brilliant capital4 
,only two authors not ,germans  are     
included4 ,one of them is our           
contributor1 ,e4 ,p4 ,evans4 ,the other 
is the ,norwegian novelist ,bjrnson4    
,heyse leaves himself out1 although  he 
is the greatest literary character of   
them all4    ,some recent experiments1  
conducted jointly by the ,kew           
,observatory  ,committee and the        
,international ,bureau of ,weights and  
,measures at  ,svres1 were made to      
compare the platinum thermometer of     
,professor  ,callendar1 which measures  
temperature by the varying resistance of
 a  platinum wire1 and the older mercury

 and gas thermometers4 ,it was  found   
that below #ajj ,c4 the differences     
between the observed values  on the     
nitrogen scale and those deduced from   
the platinum thermometer  are           
exceedingly small1 and that even at the 
highest temperature 7#eij7  the         
differences only amount to a few tenths 
of a degree4    ,the ,american ,chemical
 ,society has gained #bcb members during
 the past  year1 making the present     
number #a1edj4 ,the report of the       
committee on  the analysis of coal1     
submitted to the recent meeting of the  
society  at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 embodied  
detailed instructions in regard to the  
best methods of analyzing coke1 and     
outlined a plan for securing  uniformity
 in such analysis by chemists throughout
 the land4 ,this  report was adopted4   
,at the recent annual meeting of the    
,american ,society for the ,promotion   
of ,agricultural ,science ,prof4 ,w4 ,j4
 ,beal reported concerning the          
germination of seeds1 after long        

keeping1 that experiments had been      
tried with various seeds five1 ten1     
fifteen1 and twenty years old1  from    
which it appeared that seeds of a large 
number of important  plants would       
germinate after fifteen years1 but the  
number sprouting  after twenty years was
 small4    ,a paper was read by ,dr4 ,l4
 ,o4 ,howard1 at the recent meeting of  
the  ,american ,society of              
,entomologists1 recording the success   
which has  been obtained by the         
fig-raisers of ,california in           
fertilizing the  ,smyrna variety of figs
 by the aid of the blastophaga which    
issues from  the ,capri figs covered    
with their pollen4 ,a generation of the 
blastophaga has been developed at       
,fresno by which many ,smyrna figs  have
 been satisfactorily fertilized1 and    
there is considerable  probability that 
the insect has at last established      
itself on  ,california soil4    ,the    
five hundredth anniversary of the birth 
of ,gutenberg1 associated  with the     

invention of printing1 is to be         
celebrated at ,mayence1 ,june  #bd1     
#aijj4 ,it is hoped that the foundation 
of a ,gutenberg ,museum may be  a result
 of this movement4 ,an exhibition       
illustrating the art and  progress of   
printing is also expected to be held4   
,the conclusion is drawn by the         
,italian1 ,signor ,albini1 from         
investigations on the nutritive value of
 whole-meal bread1 that it is  inferior 
to that of ordinary white bread1 and    
that a further  disadvantage comes from 
the excessive quantity of indigestible  
matter1  formed of the harder parts of  
the pericarp of the grain1 which it     
contains4    ,we have to add to our     
obituary list of men known in science   
the names  of ,edward ,orton1 ,,ll4 ,d41
 ,professor of ,geology in ,ohio ,state 
,university1 late ,state ,geologist of  
,ohio1 and late ,president of the       
,american ,association for the          
,advancement of ,science1 at ,columbus1 
,ohio1 ,october #afth1 in his           

seventy-first year1 of whom we shall    
shortly give a more extended sketch1    
with portrait2 ,grant ,allen1  writer of
 several scientific books and articles1 
and a contributor to  the ,popular      
,science ,monthly2 ,prof4 ,theodore     
,elbert1 ,german geologist1  aged       
forty-two years2 ,dr4 ,max ,barth1      
,director of the ,agricultural  ,station
 of ,rufach1 ,alsace1 aged forty-four   
years2 ,m4 ,paul ,janet1  member of the 
,paris ,academy of ,moral ,science1 and 
formerly professor  at the ,sorbonne2   
,edward ,case1 ,english engineer1 well  
known for his  method of groining to    
prevent the sea from encroaching on the 
coast1  ,september #bb;d2 ,hamilton ,y4 
,castner1 whose name is associated with 
the  establishment of processes for the 
electrolytic production of alkali  and  
bleaching powder from common salt1 and  
for the extraction of  aluminum2 ,dr4   
,oscar ,baumann1 of ,vienna1 ,african   
explorer1 author of a  map of the       
,congo1 geographical articles1 and books

 relating to his  explorations2 and ,dr4
 ,j4 ,w4 ,hicks1 ,bishop of             
,bloemfontein1 formerly  demonstrator in
 chemistry in the ,university of        
,cambridge1 and author  of a text-book  
on inorganic chemistry4                 
,transcriber's ,notes3      ,in this    
e-text1 the following symbols have been 
used3  - ,words surrounded by  are      
italicized4  - ,words surrounded by  are
 bold4  - ,symbol #b means the number #b
 is a subscript4  - ,symbol  means a    
plus sign in a circle  - ,symbol  means 
two plus signs in a circle  - ,symbol   
means two plus signs attached together  
,obvious printer's errors have been     
repaired1 other inconsistent  spellings 
have been kept4    ,captions added to   
captionless illustrations and some      
illustrations  were relocated to        
correspond to their references in the   
text4