,transcrib]'s ,notes ,:5 italics 7 us$ 9 ! orig9al book1 ! correspond+ text has be5 surr\nd$ by und]scores4 ,! oe ligature has be5 replac$ by ! lett]s oe4 ,! ,greek lett] lambda has be5 repres5t$ z lambda4 ,"s presum$ pr9t]'s errors h be5 correct$4 ,^! h be5 li/$ 9 a second transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ! text4 ,,m>s ,,& ,,its ,,canals ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,m>s' ,hill ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,m>s ,,& ,,its ,,canals ,,by ,,p]cival ,,l[ell ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,obs]vatory ,,at ,,flag/aff1 ,,arizona2 ,,non-,,resid5t ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,,at ,,! ,,massa*usetts ,,in/itute ,,( ,,te*nology2 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,academy ,,( ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ces2 ,,membre ,,de ,,la ,,soci,t ,,a/ronomique ,,de ,,france2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,a/ronomical ,,& ,,a/rophysical ,,society ,,( ,,am]ica2 ,,mitgli$ ,,d] ,,a/ronomis*5 ,,gesells*aft2 ,,membre ,,de ,,la ,,soci,t ,,belge ,d',,a/ronomie2 ,,honor>y ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,soci$ad ,,a/ronomica ,,de ,,mexico2 ,,janss5 ,,m$ali/ ,,( ,,! ,,soci,t ,,a/ronomique ,,de ,,france1 #aijd1 ,,= ,,rese>*es ,,on ,,m>s2 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,illu/rat$ ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #aijf ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #aijf1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ------- ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,decemb]1 #aijf4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,co4 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,to ,g4 ,v4 ,,s*iap>elli ,,! ,,columbus ,,( ,a ,,new ,,planet>y ,,_w ,,?is ,,inve/igation ,,^u ,,x ,,is ,,appreciatively ,,inscrib$ ,,preface ,elev5 ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! writ]'s fir/ "w on ,m>s 0 publi%$ 9 :i* 7 record$ ! facts glean$ 9 8 rese>* up to t "t & 9 :i* 0 set =? a !ory ( _! explanation4 ,cont9u$ "w 9 ! int]val has confirm$ ! conclusions !re /at$2 sometimes 9 q unexpect$ ways4 ,five times dur+ t p]iod ,m>s has approa*$ ! e>? )9 suitable scann+ di/ance & be5 subject$ to c>eful & prolong$ scrut9y4 ,famili>ity ) ! subject1 improv$ telescopic means1 & long-cont9u$ tra9+ h all comb9$ to increas$ effici5cy 9 ! procur+ ( data & to results :i* h be5 proportionate4 ,a mass ( new mat]ial has ?us be5 collect$1--"s ( x along old l9es1 "s ( x 9 l9es t are !mselves new1--& bo? h l$ to ! same outcome4 ,9 addition to ?us pu%+ inquiry into advanc$ portions ( ! subject1 /udy has be5 sp5t 9 inve/igation ( ! reality ( ! ph5om5a ^u :i* s mu* is bas$1 & 9 te/+ e !ory :i* has be5 sugge/$ to acc\nt = !m4 ,f diplopia to optical int]f]5ce1 ea* ( ^! has be5 exam9$ & f\nd incompatible ) ! obs]vations4 ,! ph5om5a are all !y h be5 /at$ to be1 & m4 ,ea* /ep =w>d 9 obs]vation has confirm$ ! g5u95ess ( ^? t w5t be=e4 ,to set =? sci5ce 9 a popul>1 t is1 9 a g5]ally und]/&able1 =m is z obligatory z to pres5t x 9 a m te*nical mann]4 ,if m5 are to b5efit by x1 x mu/ be express$ to _! compreh5sion4 ,to d ?is %\ld be feasible = him :o is ma/] ( 8 subject & is bo? ! be/ te/ (1 & ! be/ tra9+ to1 t po/4 ,especially vital is x t ! exposition %\ld be done at fir/ h&2 = to describe :at a man has himself discov]$ comes z ne> z possible to mak+ a read] ! co-discov]] ( x4 ,n only are ?us escap$ ! mi/ak5 glosses ( second-h& k1 b an aroma ( actuality1 :i* _c be filt]$ ?r\gh ano!r m9d )\t s5sible evaporation1 cl+s to ! acc\nt ( ! pione]4 ,nor is x s h>d to make any well-grasp$ matt] compreh5sible to a man ( good g5]al intellig5ce z is commonly suppos$4 ,! :ole object ( sci5ce is to syn!size1 & s simplify2 & did we b "k ! utt]mo/ ( a subject we c\ld make x s+ul>ly cle>4 ,mean:ile te*nical phraseology1 useful z %or?& to ! cult1 becomes mean+less j>gon to ! un9itiate & is p>ad$ mo/ by ! lea/ pr(\nd4 ,b worse /ill = _! employ symbols t5d to fictiti\s und]/&+4 ,=mul are ! an/hetics ( ?\ght1 n its /imulants2 & to make any "o ?9k is f> bett] wor? :ile ?an cramm+ him ) ill-consid]$1 & !re=e indige/ible1 le>n+4 ,ev5 to ! te*nical /ud5t1 a popul> book1 if well done1 may yield mo/ valuable results4 ,= no?+ 9 any bran* ( sci5ce is s little kn[n z its articulation1--h[ ! skeleton ( x is put toge!r1 & :at may be ! mode ( atta*m5t ( its muscles4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface vii ,,"p ,i ,,natural ,,features ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,exploration #c ,,ii4 ,a ,,dep>ture-,,po9t #ab ,,iii4 ,a ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,view ,,( ,,pa/ ,,m>tian ,,discov]y #bj ,,iv4 ,,! ,,pol> ,,caps #cb ,v4 ,,behavior ,,( ,,! ,,pol> ,,caps #da ,,vi4 ,,m>tian ,,pol> ,,exp$itions #ed ,,vii4 ,,:ite ,,spots #gc ,,viii4 ,,climate ,,& ,,wea!r #hb ,,ix4 ,,m\nta9s ,,& ,,cl\d #if ,x4 ,,! ,,blue-,,gre5 ,,areas #ajh ,,xi4 ,,vegetation #aai ,,xii4 ,,t]raque\sness ,,& ,,t]re/riality #abh ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,r$di%-,,o*re ,,tracts #adh ,,xiv4 ,,summ>y #aei ,,"p ,,ii ,,non-,,natural ,,features ,,xv4 ,,! ,,canals #agc ,,xvi4 ,,_! ,,sy/em #ahd ,,xvii4 ,,gem9ation ,,( ,,! ,,canals #aib ,i4 ,,! ,,diplopic ,,!ory #aif ,,ii4 ,,! ,,int]f]5ce ,,!ory #bja ,,iii4 ,,! ,,illusion ,,!ory #bjb ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,d\ble ,,canals #bjd ,,xix4 ,,canals ,,9 ,,! ,,d>k ,,regions #bdc ,,xx4 ,,oases #bdi ,,xxi4 ,,c>ets ,,on ,,! ,,bord]s ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,diaphragm #bfe ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,canals ,,photograph$ #bga ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,canals ,,9 ,,action ,,xxiii4 ,,canals3 ,,k9ematic #bha ,,xxiv4 ,,canal ,,developm5t ,,individually ,,in/anc$ #cjd ,,xxv4 ,,hib]nation ,,( ,,! ,,canals #cac ,,xxvi4 ,,arctic ,,canals ,,& ,,pol> ,,rifts #cbe ,,xxvii4 ,,oases3 ,,k9ematic #ccj ,,"p ,,iv ,,explanation ,,xxviii4 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,canals ,,& ,,oases #ccg ,,xxix4 ,,life #cdh ,,xxx4 ,,evid5ce #cfj ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,husb&+ ,,( ,,wat] #cff ,,xxxii4 ,,conclusion #cgf ,,index #che ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plates ,,m>s' ,,hill ,frontispiece ,,page ,,! ,,h]mitage #h ,,! ,,san ,,francisco ,,peaks #ah ,,m>tian ,,maps ,,by3 ,i4 ,,be] ,,& ,,ma$l]4 #ahdj #bf ,,ii4 ,,kais]4 #ahfd #bf ,,iii4 ,,flamm>ion 7,r,,sum74 #ahgf #bg ,,iv4 ,,gre54 #ahgg #bg ,v4 ,,s*iap>elli4 #ahgg #bh ,,vi4 ,,s*iap>elli4 #ahgi #bh ,,vii4 ,,s*iap>elli4 #ahha #bi ,,viii4 ,,s*iap>elli4 #ahhd #bi ,,ix4 ,,l[ell4 #ahid #cj ,x4 ,,l[ell4 #ahif #cj ,,xi4 ,,l[ell4 #aija #ca ,,xii4 ,,l[ell4 #aije #ca ,,s\? ,,pol> ,,cap4 #aije #db ,,nor? ,,pol> ,,cap4 #aije #dd ,,m>e ,,ery?raeum1 ,,m>tian ,,date1 ,,decemb] #cj #abj ,,m>e ,,ery?raeum1 ,,m>tian ,,date1 ,,janu>y #af #abb ,,m>e ,,ery?raeum1 ,,m>tian ,,date1 ,,febru>y #a #abd ,,m>e ,,ery?raeum1 ,,m>tian ,,date1 ,,febru>y #ba #abf ,,m>s1 ,,on ,,m]cator',s ,,projection #chd ,,cuts ,,appe>+ ,,9 ,,text ,,s\? ,,pol> ,,cap ,,9 ,,w9t] #ef ,,hellas ,,9 ,,w9t] #ei ,,:ite ,,s\? ,,( ,,nect> ,,& ,,solis ,,lacus #ei ,,nor!rn ,,cap ,,hood$ ,,) ,,vapor #fd ,,nor!rn ,,cap ,,unmask$ #fe ,,deposition ,,( ,,fro/ #gj ,,fir/ ,,nor!rn ,,sn[ #gb ,,:ite ,,9 ,,elysium #ge ,,:ite ,,9 ,,! ,,pons ,,hectoris #gh ,,projection ,,on ,,t]m9ator #aja ,,l9es ,,9 ,,d>k ,,area #aag ,,map ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,at ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,ar*,,an ,,"t #acb ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,at ,,op5+ ,,( ,,upp] ,,silurian ,,p]iod #acd ,,map ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,aft] ,,! ,,appala*ian ,,revolution #ace ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,9 ,,! ,,cretace\s ,,p]iod #acf ,,nor? ,,am]ica1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,p>ts ,,"u ,,wat] ,,9 ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,era #acg ,,e>?',s ,,des]t ,,areas1 ,,we/]n ,,hemisph]e #aef ,,e>?',s ,,des]t ,,areas1 ,,ea/]n ,,hemisph]e #aeg ,,%[+ ,,! ,,eum5ides-,,orcus #ahc ,,m>tian ,,d\bles #bjf ,,m>tian ,,d\bles #bjg ,,m\?s ,,( ,,euphrates ,,& ,,phison4 ,,june1 #aijc #bai ,,peculi> ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,ganges #bbh ,,djih\n1 ,,! ,,n>r[e/ ,,d\ble #bbi ,,! ,,sabaeus ,,s9us1 ,,emb\*ure ,,= ,,! ,,d\ble ,,hiddekel ,,& ,,gihon #bcb ,,! ,,propontis1 #aije #bdg ,,fons ,,immortalis1 ,,june #ai #bed ,,utopia ,,regio4 #aijc #bef ,,ascraeus ,,lucus ,,& ,,gigas4 ,,m>* #b1 #aijc #beh ,,peculi> ,,association ,,( ,,! ,,luci ,,ism5ii ,,) ,,d\ble ,,canals #bfj ,,lucus ,,ism5ius4 ,,m>*1 #aijc #bfb ,,%[+ ,,seasonal ,,*ange4 ,i #bhe ,,%[+ ,,seasonal ,,*ange4 ,,ii #bhe ,,mean ,,canal ,,c>t\*es #bih ,,%[+ ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,brontes3 ,i4 ,,febru>y #be #cjf ,,ii4 ,,m>* #cj #cjg ,,iii4 ,,april #c #cjg ,,iv4 ,,may #d #cjh ,v4 ,,may #g #cjh ,,vi4 ,,july #ah #cji ,,c>t\*es ,,( ,,! ,,brontes #caa ,,am5!s ,,alone ,,9 ,,febru>y #cai ,,am5!s ,,feebl] ,,& ,,/ill ,,alone ,,9 ,,m>* #cai ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,?o? ,,) ,,triton ,,& ,,curv$ ,,nep5!s4 ,,am5!s ,,vani%$1 ,,april #bj #cbj ,,adv5t ,,( ,,! ,,lucus ,,mo]is4 ,,may #bi #cba ,,am5!s ,,) ,,?o?-,,nep5!s4 ,,july #cbb ,,c>t\*es ,,( ,,am5!s1 ,,?o?1 ,,& ,,_! ,,comb9ation #cbc ,,ph5ology ,,curves--,,e>? #cdb ,,ph5ology ,,curves--,,m>s #cdc ,,"p ,i ,,natural ,,features ,,m>s ,,& ,,its ,,canals ,,*apt] ,i ,,on ,,exploration ,f "t immemorial travel & discov]y h call$ ) /range insi/5ce to him :o1 wond]+ on ! _w1 felt adv5ture 9 8 ve9s4 ,! leav+ famili> sights & faces to pu% =? into ! unkn[n has ) magnetic =ce drawn ! bold to great endeavor & fir$ ! ?\ght ( ^? :o /ay$ at home4 ,spur to ent]prise s9ce man fir/ 01 ?is _s has urg$ him ov] ! habitable globe4 ,l9k$ 9 "p to m]e matt] ( support x l$ ! m d>+ ( ! ,aryans to quit ! %ade ( _! bee* trees1 reposeful z t umbrage may h be51 & w&] into ,c5tral ,asia1 s to p]plex philologi/s into believ+ !m to h orig9at$ !re2 x lur$ ,columbus across ! wa/e ( wat]s & caus$ 8 son to h c>v$ ^u 8 tomb t r++ c\plet ( :i* ! simple gr&eur /ill /irs ! blood3-- ,,ca/illa ,y ,,leon ,,nuevo ,,mondo ,,di ,,colon2 7,to ,ca/ile & ,leon beyond ! wave ,ano!r _w ,columbus gave27 x drove ! e>ly voyag]s into ! he>t ( ! va/ wild]ness1 !re to endure all h>d%ip s t !y might come :]e _! k9d _h nev] /ood be=e2 & n[ x po9ts man to ! pole4 ,some?+ ( ! selfsame _s f9ds a f>!r field today outside ! conf9es ( our trav]sable e>?4 ,sci5ce :i* has caus$ ! _w to %r9k & dw9dle has be5 no less busy br++ ne> :at 9 ! pa/ seem$ inaccessibly remote4 ,beyond our e>? man's p5etration has f\nd x possible to pi]ce1 & 9 its wid5+ circle ( rese>* has latt]ly be5 made aw>e ( ano!r _w ( /range enticem5t across ! dep?s ( space4 ,planet>y di/ances1 n mundane ones1 are "h conc]n$1 & ! globe to be explor$1 ?\gh ak9 to1 is yet v diff]5t f1 our own4 ,?is o!r _w is ! planet ,m>s4 ,sund]$ f u by ! ocean ( e!r1 a fell[-memb] ( our own community ( matt] !re makes its circuit ( ! sun ^u ^: face features %[ :i* /amp x z cognate to t on :i* we live4 ,9 spite ( ! millions ( miles ( int]v5+ matt]less void1 ^u x m>k+s c be made out t di/antly resemble our e>?'s topography & gr[ increas+ly sugge/ive z vision %apes !m bett]2 & yet among ! seem+ly famili> reveal aspects :i* are completely /range4 ,b m ?an ?is3 ov] ! face ( x sweep *anges t %[ x to be n a dead b a liv+ _w1 l ours 9 ?is1 & lur+ curiosity by details unkn[n "h to fur!r exploration ( its unfamili> gr\nd4 ,to obs]ve ,m>s is to emb>k ^u ?is ent]prise2 n 9 body b 9 m9d4 ,?\gh p>t$ by a gulf m impassable ?an any sea1 ! telescope lets u trav]se :at o!rwise _h be5 b>r$ & l&s u at la/ above ! %ores we w5t =? to seek4 ,real ! j\rney is1 ?\gh incorporeal 9 k9d4 ,s9ce ! see+ /range sights is ! ess5ce ( all f> w&]+s1 x is z truly travel s ! eye arrive z if ! body kept x company4 ,inde$1 sight is our only f> viatic s5se4 ,t\* & ta/e bo? hang on contact1 smell /&s indebt$ to ! ne> & ev5 he>+ waits on pond]able matt] :]e s\nd soon dissipates away2 only sight so>s untrammel$ ( ! gross] adjunct ( ! fle% to p5etrate :at 7 o!rwise unfa?omable space4 ,:at ! voyag] ?us f9ds himself envisag+ %>es by t v fact 9 ! expansion ( ! s5se t br\ght him !re4 ,no long] ti$ by means ( transport to seas 8 sails may compass or l&s 8 feet may tread1 ! travel] rea*es a goal remov$ 9 k9d f 8 own habitat4 ,he proves to h adv5tur$1 n into unkn[n p>ts ( a kn[n _w1 b into "o new to him 9 its entirety4 ,9 ext5t alone he surveys :at dw>fs ! explor]'s conque/s on ,e>?4 ,b size is ! lea/ ( ! surprises !re 9 /ore = him4 ,:at confronts 8 gaze f9ds commonly no c\nt]p>t on ,e>?4 ,8 previ\s k /&s him 9 scant /ead4 ,= he faces :at is s remov$ f e day exp]i5ce t analogy no long] (f]s itself ) safety z a guide4 ,he mu/ build up new conceptions f fre% data & sl[ly proce$ to d$uce ! mean+ !y may conta94 ,sci5ce alone c help him to int]pretation ( :at he f9ds1 & above all mu/ he wean himself f human prejudice & e>?b\nd limitation4 ,= he deals "h ) ultramundane ?+s4 ,) j en\gh ( cosmogony 9 common to make deciph]m5t n despairable ?is _w is yet s diff]5t f ! "o he p]sonally kn[s z to :et curiosity at e turn4 ,he is p]mitt$ to p]ceive :at piques inquiry & by pati5t add+ ( po9t to po9t promises at la/ a rational result4 ,l mundane exploration1 x is ardu\s too2 ad a/ra p] asp]a is "h lit]ally true4 ,= x is a j\rney n devoid ( h>d%ip & discom=t by ! way4 ,its />t+-po9t preludes z mu*4 ,to get conditions prop] = 8 "w ! explor] mu/ =ego ! haunts ( m5 & ev5 ^? t]re/rial spots f\nd by !m mo/ habitable4 ,a/ronomy n[ dem&s bodily ab/raction ( its devotee4 ,its deities are gods t veil !mselves amid man-cr[d$ m>ts & impose )drawal & seclusion = ! prosecution ( _! cult z mu* z any wor%ip$ = o!r reason 9 m primeval times4 ,to see into ! beyond requires purity2 9 ! m$ium n[ z =m]ly 9 ! man4 ,z little air z may be & t only ( ! be/ is obligatory to 8 ent]prise1 & ! secur+ x makes him p]=ce a h]mit f 8 k9d4 ,he mu/ ab&on cities & =ego pla9s4 ,only 9 places rais$ above & alo( f m5 c he pr(itably pursue 8 se>*1 places :]e nature nev] meant him to dwell & admoni%es him ( ! fact by sundry h9ts ( a m or less di/ress+ "*4 ,to /& a mile & a half ne>] ! />s is n to /& immune4 ,?us x comes ab\t t today besides its temples erect$ 9 cities1 mona/]ies 9 ! wilds are be+ d$icat$ to a/ronomy z 9 ! pa/ to fai?2 mona/]ies made to commune ) its _s1 z temples are to communicate ! lett] ( its law4 ,pione]s 9 su* pr(ession1 ^? already 9 exi/5ce are b ! precursors ( _m yet to come z sci5ce %all m & m recognize _! ne$4 ,advance 9 k dem&s :at !y alone c give4 ,primitive1 too1 !y mu/ be z befits ! /ill au/]e s9c]ity ( a cult1 9 :i* ! simple/ /ructures are f\nd to be ! be/4 ,/ill ! v wildness ( ! life _! devotee is =c$ to lead has 9 x a c]ta9 fitt+ness = 8 po/ 9 its primeval deta*m5t f ! too e>?b\nd1 9 concept z 9 circum/ance4 ,)drawn f contact ) 8 k9d1 he is by t mu* rais$ above human prejudice & limitation4 ,to sally =? into ! untrod wild]ness 9 ! cold & d>k ( a w9t]'s small h\rs ( ! morn+1 ) ! sn[ feet deep ^u ! gr\nd & ! fro/y />s = mute companion%ip1 is almo/ to =get "o's self a man = ! solemn awe ( "o's surr\nd+s4 ,fitt+ portal to communion ) ano!r _w1 x is ?r\gh su* av5ue "o ent]s on 8 que/ :]e ! common & famili> no long] jo/le ! unkn[n & ! /range4 ,nor is ! /illness ( ! />s invad$ :5 "s long une>?ly h[l1 l ! wail ( a lo/ s\l1 breaks ! slumb] ( ! mesa =e/1 m>k+ ! pr[l+ pres5ce ( a /ray coyote4 ,gone z x came1 x dies 9 ! di/ance on ! air t gave x bir?2 & ! gloom ( ! p9es swall[s up "o's va9 pe]+ aft] some?+ palpable1 _! tops alone deciph]able 9 d>k silh\ette aga9/ ! sky4 ,f amid surr\nd+s t = _! height & _! int5ancy fr+e ! absolute sil5ce ( space ! obs]v] mu/ set =? :o purposes to cross x to ano!r planet>y _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,h]mitage ,b ! isolation ( 8 j\rney is n always s =bidd+4 ,8 com+ back is no less girt ) gr&eur ( a diff]5t ?\gh equally deta*$ a k9d4 ,ev5 be=e ! />s beg9 to dim 9 w>n+ to him to return1 a fa9t suffusion z ( half-suspect$ light creeps into ! bord] ( ! ea/]n sky4 ,aga9/ x1 along ! f> p9e-clad horizon1 mesa aft] mesa 9 %aggy l9es ( s5t9el+ e>?1 /&s =? d>k m>%al$ 9 ! gloom1 in=m$ ) presci5ce ( :at is soon to come4 ,imp]ceptibly ! pallor gr[s1 blan*+ ! face ( night & "o by "o ext+ui%+ ! />s4 ,sl[ly !n x takes on color1 t+e+ ev] s fa9tly to a flu% t swells & deep5s z ! m9utes pass4 ,"o _h said ! sky lay dream+ ( ! sun 9 pale imag]y at fir/ t ga!rs =ce & feel+ till ! dream] turns ?us rosy r$ 9 slumb]+ supposition ( reality4 ,!n ! blu% dies out4 ,! crimson fades to p9k1 ! p9k to a%es4 ,! />s h disappe>$ & yet x is n day4 ,x is ! supreme mom5t ( ! dawn1 ! hu% ) :i* ! ,e>? awaits its full awak5+4 ,= n[ aga9 ! color ga!rs 9 ! ea/1 n ) ! impalpable suffusion x _h be=e b ne>] & m vivid4 ,no long] reflectively remote1 rays imm95t ( ! sun /rike ! upp] air1 ! mo/ adv5tur\sly refrangible turn+ ! und]side ( a few /ray cl\ds into flame-hu$ b>s ( gl[+ metal4 ,!y burn ?us 9 ! sil5t ea/ fir/ r$1 !n orange1 & !n gold1 ea* spectral t9t 9 prismatic revelation com+ to jo9 ! next till 9 a sudd5 bl9d+ bur/ ( spl5dor ! sol> disk tops ! horizon's rim4 ,n less impressive is ! j\rney :5 ! aft]noon wat* has replac$ ! morn+ vigil by ! draw+ ( ! planet ne>] to ! sun4 ,lo/ 9 ! brilliance ( ! dazzl+ sky1 ! planet lies hid f ! s5ses' se>*4 ,! que/ 7 hopeless did n ! m9d guide ! telescope to its goal4 ,to !ory alone is x visible /ill1 & s to its pr$ict$ place ! obs]v] sets 8 circles1 & punctual to ! prophecy ! planet sw+s into ! field ( view4 ,"o mu/ be dull$ by long r\t9e to su* ma/]y ( m9d n to h ! act itself clo! ) a s5se ( *>m$ )drawal ! object ( 8 que/4 ,s mu* & m !re are ( travel]'s glimpses by ! way1 comp5sation t (fsets ! frequ5t discom=t1 & ev5 balk+ ( 8 purpose by inopportune cl\d4 ,= ! be/ ( places is n p]fect1 & a /orm w sometimes rob him ( a region he wi%$ to see4 ,he mu/ le>n to wait ^u 8 opportunities & !n no less to wait = mank9d's acceptance ( 8 results2 = 9 common ) mo/ explor]s he w enc\nt] on 8 return t f9al p5alty ( p5etration1 ! c]ta9ty at fir/ ( be+ disbeliev$4 ,9 su* respect he w be ev5 worse (f ?an 7 ! o!r _w discov]]s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,= !y at lea/ c\ld (f] mat]ial pro( ( ?+s t !y _h se54 ,dumb ,indians & gold spoke m conv9c+ly ?an ! lips ( ! great navigators4 ,to a/ronomy1 too1 t o!r _w 0 due4 ,)\t a k ( ! e>?'s %ape & size got f ,francisco ( ,pisa1 ,columbus _h nev] adv5tur$ himself ^u ! deep4 ,b m ?an ?is1 an a/ronom] x 01 9 ! p]son ( ,am]icus ,vespucius1 :o fir/ discov]$ ! new _w1 by recogniz+ x z su*2 ,columbus nev] dream+ he _h light$ ^u a _w t 0 new4 ,nor does x impair "o jot or tittle ( 8 glory t he knew x n4 ,no?+ c deprive him ( ! imp]i%able fame ( laun*+ =? into ! void 9 hope ( a beyond1 ?\gh he f\nd n :at he s\ght b some?+ /rang] /ill4 ,s1 curi\sly1 has x be5 ) ! trans-e!rian4 ,to ,s*iap>elli ! republic ( sci5ce owes a new & va/ doma94 ,8 g5ius fir/ detect$ ^? /range new m>k+s on ! ,m>tian disk :i* h prov$ ! portal to all t has s9ce be5 se51 & 8 c\rage 9 ! face ( univ]sal condemnation l$ to exploration ( !m4 ,he made !re voyage aft] voyage1 mu* z ,columbus did on ,e>?1 ) ev5 less ( recognition f home4 ,z ) ,columbus1 too1 ! full import ( 8 great discov]y lay hid ev5 to him & only by discov]ies s9ce is gradually result+ 9 recognition ( ano!r s5ti5t _w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,a ,,dep>ture-,,po9t ,z ! "* ( ! travel is di/9ctive1 s ! outcome ( ! voyage is unique4 ,if he *oose 8 dep>ture-po9t aright1 ! obs]v] w be v\*saf$ an exp]i5ce )\t p>allel on ,e>?4 ,to select ?is sett+-out /ation is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! j\rney ^u :i* ev]y?+ dep5ds4 ,= x is ess5tial to visual arrival t a dep>ture-po9t be tak5 :]e def9ition is at its be/4 ,n[1 s f> z our pres5t k goes1 ! conditions mo/ conducive to good see+ turn out to lie 9 "o or o!r ( ! two great des]t belts t girdle ! globe4 ,_m ( u are unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( su* belts & yet !y are among ! mo/ /rik+ features ( physical geography4 ,c\ld we get (f our globe & view x f )\t we %\ld m>k two sa%-l b&s ( c\ntry1 to ! polew>d side ( ei!r tropic1 :]e ! surface itself lay pat5tly expos$4 ,unclo!d ( v]dure !mselves !y w\ld /& =? d\bly cle> by contra/4 ,= else:]e cl\d w\ld hide to a great] or less ext5t ! actual configuration ( ! ,e>?'s topography to an obs]v] scann+ x f space4 ,"o ( ^! sa%-l belts ( des]t runs ?r\gh s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 ! ,sah>a1 ,arabia ,petra & ! ,des]t ( ,gobi2 ! o!r trav]ses ,p]u1 ! ,s\? ,african veldt1 & ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,!y are des]t because 9 !m ra9 is r>e2 & ev5 cl\ds seldom =m4 ,9 a tw(old way !y conduce to a/ronomic ends4 ,abs5ce ( ra9 makes prim>ily = cle> skies & second>ily = /eady air2 & ! "o ( ^! conditions is no less vital to sight ?an ! o!r4 ,wat] vapor is a great upsett] ( atmosph]ic equilibrium & commotion 9 ! air ! spoil] ( def9ition4 ,?us f ! cl\dlessness ( _! skies man f9ds 9 !m mo/ *ance ( un9t]rupt$ communion ) ! />s1 :ile by suitably *oos+ 8 spot he "h obta9s z well t prime desid]atum = planet>y "w1 z ne> a heav5ly equanimity 9 ! air curr5ts ov] 8 head z is practically possible4 ,f ! fact t ^! regions are des]t !y are less frequ5t$ ( man1 & ! obs]v] is ?us p]=ce isolat$ by ! nature ( ! case1 ! regions be/ adapt$ to mank9d be+ ! lea/ suit$ to a/ronomic obs]vations4 ,9 addition to :at nature has ?us done 9 ! matt]1 humanity has fur!r diff]5tiat$ ! two classes ( sights by processes ( its own contriv+4 ,n only is civiliz$ man actively engag$ 9 defac+ su* "p ( ! ,e>?'s surface z he comes 9 contact )1 he is equally busy blott+ out 8 sky4 ,9 ! latt] uncomm5dable pursuit he has 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury made surpris+ progress4 ,) a success only too undesirable 8 habitat has gradually become canopi$ by a welk9 ( 8 own fa%ion+1 :i* has r5d]$ x l>gely unfit = ! m delicate k9ds ( a/ronomic "w4 ,smoke f multiply+ factories by ris+ into ! air & =m+ ! nucleus ab\t :i* cl\d collects has jo9$ ) electric light+ to help put out ! />s4 ,^! concomitants ( advanc+ civilization h succe$$ above ! dreams ( ! mo/ e>?-c5tr$ 9 %utt+ (f sight ( ! beyond s t today few city-br$ *ildr5 h any conception ( ! glories ( ! heav5s :i* made ( ! ,*aldean %eph]ds a/ronom]s 9 spite ( !mselves4 ,! old _w & ! new are alike affect$ by su* oblit]ation4 ,long ago ,london took ! lead ) fogs prov]bial :olly due to smoke1 f9e p>ticles ( solid matt] 9 susp5sion mak+ ^! po9ts ( cond5sation ab\t :i* wat] vapor ga!rs to =m cl\d4 ,) ! increase ( smoke-emitt+ *imneys ov] ! _w o!r c5tres ( population h foll[$ suit till today ,europe & ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica vie ) ea* o!r z to :i* sky %all be ! mo/ oblit]ate4 ,ev5 :5 ! obscuration is n pat5t to ! layman x is evid5t to ! meteorologi/ or a/ronom]4 ,by a c]ta9 dimm+ ( ! blue1 smoke or du/ reveals its pres5ce high up al(t z telltalely z if ! ?+ itself 7 visible4 ,"s "t s9ce ! writ] _h occasion to trav]se ,g]many 9 summ] f ,gtt+5 to ,cologne & 9 s do+ 0 impress$ by a cl\d9ess ( ! sky he felt sure _h n exi/$ :5 he knew x z a boy4 ,= ! *ange 0 too />tl+ & ext5sive to be :olly laid to ! score ( ! bright] remembrances ( y\?4 ,on rea*+ ,cologne he m5tion$ 8 suspicion to ,kle91 only to f9d 8 own inf]5ce corroborat$2 obs]vations made tw5ty ye>s ago be+ impracticable today4 ,two ye>s lat] 9 ,milan ,celoria told ! same /ory1 ! /udy ( ,m>s hav+ ceas$ to be possible !re = l cause4 ,factory smoke & electric lights _h comb9$ to veil ! planet at ab\t ! "t ,s*iap>elli gave up 8 obs]vations because ( fail+ sight4 ,) a c]ta9 poetic fitness ! sky _h itself be5 blott$ j at ! "t ! ma/]'s eye _h dimm$4 ,am]ica is n beh9d 9 ?is race = sky ext9ction4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( its great cities & spread+ into ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t ! heav5s h ceas$ to be favorable to rese>*4 ,n till we pass beyond ! ,miss\ri d ! />s %9e out z !y %one be=e ! :ite man came4 ,few a/ronom]s ev5 fully appreciate h[ mu* ?is means1 s us$ does man get to sl[ly *ang+ conditions4 ,x am\nts1 inde$1 betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,arizona to a :ole magnitude 9 ! />s :i* may be se54 ,at ! ,naval ,obs]vatory ( ! =m] sixty-f\r />s 7 mapp$ 9 a region :]e ) a slightly small] glass "o hundr$ & sev5ty-two 7 *>t$ at ,flag/aff4 ,besides _! imm$iate use z obs]v+ /ations ^! des]t belts possess m$iate int]e/ on _! own acc\nt 9 a bran* ( ! v /udy _! cl\dlessness helps to promote1 ! bran* "h consid]$1 ! /udy ( ! planet ,m>s4 ,!y help expla9 :at !y p]mit to be visible4 ,= 9 ! physical hi/ory ( ! ,e>?'s developm5t !y are among ! late/ ph5om5a & m>k ! beg9n+ ( t /age ( _w evolution into :i* ,m>s is already well advanc$4 ,!y are symptomatic ( ! pass+ ( a t]raque\s globe into a purely t]re/rial "o4 ,des]tism1 ! /ate into :i* e planet>y body mu/ ev5tually come & = :i*1 !re=e1 x becomes necess>y to co9 a ^w1 has !re made its fir/ appe>ance ^u ! ,e>?4 ,/&+ z x does = ! approa* ( age 9 planet>y exi/5ce1 x may be lik5$ to ! fir/ gray hairs 9 man4 ,or bett] /ill x corresponds to e>ly autumnal fro/ 9 ! passage ( ! seasons4 ,= ! beg9n+ to age 9 a planet means n decrepitude 9 its inhabitants b ! v matur+ ( ?is its fruit4 ,evolution ( m9d 9 its d5iz5s cont9ues long aft] desolation 9 _! habitat has set 94 ,inde$1 advance 9 bra9-p[] s]i\sly develops only :5 mat]ial conditions cease to be bodily propiti\s & ! loss ( corporeal facilities r5d]s its acquisition necess>y to life4 ,! resemblance1 di/ant b di/9ctive1 ( ! climatic conditions necess>y on e>? = ! be/ scann+ ( ,m>s ) ^? :i* prove to be actually exi/5t on t o!r _w has a be>+ on ! subject wor? consid]able att5tion4 ,x helps directly to an und]/&+ & int]pretation ( ! ,m>tian /ate ( ?+s4 ,?\gh p>tial only1 ! features & traits ( our arid zones are suffici5tly l :at prevails on ,m>s to make !m 9 "s sort expon5t ( physical conditions & action !re4 ,mu* t is h>d ( appreciation 9 a l[1 humid l& %[s itself an ev]yday possibility 9 a high & dry "o4 ,! t]rible necessity ( wat] to all =ms ( life1 animal or vegetal1 s t 9 ! simple ?\ght ( ! aborig9es ra9 is ! only god wor? great propitiation ^u ! due obs]vance ( :i* ev]y?+ dep5ds1 br+s to "o a deep] realization ( :at is really vital & :at b accessory at be/4 ,"o beg9s to conceive :at mu/ be ! controll+ pr9ciple ( a _w :]e wat] is only ) difficulty to be _h1 & ra9 unkn[n4 ,b 9 addition to ! fundam5tal importance ( wat]1 ! relative irrelevancy ( "s o!r conditions usually deem$ indisp5sable to organic exi/5ce !re f9d illu/ration too4 ,on ! high plateau ( nor!rn ,arizona & on ! /ill high] volcanic cones t rise f !m z a base into n[ dis9tegrat+ peaks1 ! ?9 cold air proves no b> to life4 ,to ! fauna !re air is a v second>y consid]ation to wat]1 & because ! latt] is sc>ce 9 ! l[l&s & m abundant high] up1 animals asc5d aft] x1 mak+ _! home at unusual elevations ) no discom=t to !mselves4 ,de] range to heights :]e ! b>ometric pressure is b ?ree fif?s t ( _! g5]ic habitat4 ,be> d ! l1 ! br[n be> ( nor!rn ,am]ican sea-level be+ "h met ) two miles above x4 ,nor is ei!r animal a depaup]ate =m4 ,man himself contrives to live 9 com=t & propagate 8 k9d :]e at fir/ he f9ds x h>d to brea!4 ,nor are ^! valiant exceptions2 z ,m]riam has ably %[n 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,san ,francisco peak region = ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution--a mo/ int]e/+ report1 by ! way--! o!r animals are equally adaptive to ! zones ( m nor!rn latitudes on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 zones p>allel$ 9 _! flora & fauna by ! zones ( altitude up ?is peak4 ,all :i* %[s t paucity ( air is no?+ l ! b>ri] to life we ord9>ily suppose & is n = an in/ant to be comp>$ ) de>? ( wat]4 ,if 9 a comp>atively %ort "t an animal or plant accu/om$ to ?irty in*es ( b>ometric pressure c contrive to subsi/ s5sibly un*ang$ at eighte51 x w\ld be ra% to set limits to :at "t may n d4 ,& ?is ! m = ano!r in/ructive fact discov]$ 9 ?is region by ,m]riam3 t ! exi/5ce ( a species 0 det]m9$ n by ! mean temp]ature ( its habitat b by ! maximum temp]ature dur+ ! "t ( procreation4 ,a %ort w>m season 9 summ] alone decides :e!r ! species %all survive & fl\ri%2 t x has aft]w>d to hib]nate = six mon?s at a "t does n 9 ! lea/ negative ! result4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,san ,francisco ,peaks ,t ! po9t ( dep>ture %\ld ?us prove ( tw(old importance1 spe$+ ! obs]v] on 8 j\rney & furni%+ him ) a vade mecum on arrival1 is z curi\s z opportune4 ,)\t su* fur!rance1 to ! bodily eye on ! "o h& & ! m9d's eye on ! o!r1 ! voyage 7 less conclusive 9 adv5t & less satisfactory 9 att5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,a ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,view ,,( ,,pa/ ,,m>tian ,,discov]y ,) ,m>s discov]y has f ! />t wait$ on app>5t disk4 ,to ?is end e optical advance has contribut$ f ! "t ( ,galileo's op]a-glass to ! pres5t day4 ,= app>5t di/ance /&s det]m9$ by ! size ( ! eye4 ,b al?\gh x is ! telescopic eye t has increas$1 n ! di/ance t has dim9i%$1 ! effect has be5 k9 to be+ c>ri$ ne>] ! planet & s to a scann+ ( its disk ) con/antly increas+ p>ticul>ity4 ,mank9d has to all int5ts & purposes be5 j\rney+ ,m>sw>d ?r\gh ! ye>s4 ,any hi/oric acc\nt ( ! planet1 !re=e1 becomes a *ronicle ( seem+ bodily approa*4 ,p]haps no vivid] way ( mak+ ?is evid5t & at ! same "t no bett] preface to ! pres5t "w c\ld be devis$ ?an by putt+ be=e ! eye 9 ord]ly succession ! maps made ( ,m>s by ! lead+ areograph]s ( _! day1 s9ce ! planet fir/ began to be *>t$ sixty-five ye>s ago4 ,! proc$ure is z mu* z possible l /&+ at ! telescope & see+ ! ph5om5a /eadily disclose4 ,se5 ?us 9 ord] ! facts speak = !mselves4 ,!y %[ t f fir/ to la/ no d\bt conc]n+ :at 0 se5 exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( ^? compet5t to judge by sy/ematic /udy ( ! planet at fir/ h&1 & fur!rmore1 f _! mutual corroboration1 t ?is confid5ce 0 well plac$4 ,=1 f> f !re be+ any conflict ( au?orities 9 ! case1 ^? entitl$ to an op9ion 9 ! matt] prove s+ul>ly at "o4 ,beg9n+ ) ,ma$l] 9 #ahdj ! gall]y ( su* portraitures ( ! planet comprises ^? by ,kais]1 ,gre5 & ,s*iap>elli1 cont9u$ s9ce ,s*iap>elli's "t by ! e>li] ones ( ! pres5t writ]4 ,to ?is li/ has be5 add$ "o by ,flamm>ion1 :i* ?\gh n solely f 8 own "w gives s j a repres5tation ( :at 0 kn[n at ! date1 #ahgf1 z to m]it inclusion4 ,! rem>kable draw+s ( ,dawes & ! excell5t ones ( ,locky] 9 #ahfb-ahfd 7 nev] comb9$ into maps by ! obs]v]s1 & ?\gh ! =m]'s 7 s syn!siz$ by ,proctor 9 #ahfg1 ! result 0 con=m$ to :at ,proctor ?\ght ought to be & s is n really a transcript ( ! draw+s !mselves4 ,ea* ( ! maps pres5t$ m>k$ 9 its day ! po9t areography _h rea*$2 & ea* tells its own /ory bett] ?an any am\nt ( text4 ,!y are all made ^u ,m]cator's projection & omit 9 consequ5ce ! circumpol> regions4 ,! lat] ones give1 too1 only s mu* ( ! surface z 0 %[n at ! opposition !y record1 = ,m>s1 be+ tipp$ n[ "o way1 n[ ano!r1 reg>ds ! e>? diff]5tly accord+ to its orbital position4 ,9 comp>+ !m1 !re=e1 ! equator mu/ be tak5 = m$ial l9e4 ,m]cator's projection has be5 ! cu/om>y "o = portray+ ,m>s except = su* oppositions z *iefly disclose ! arctic pole4 ,& ?is1 too1 ) a c]ta9 poetic fitness4 ,= x comes by "r ( priority to del9eation ( a new _w2 see+ t ,m]cator 0 ! fir/ to repres5t 9 a map ! mundane new _w 9 its entirety1 by ! r important addition ( ,nor? ,am]ica to ! s\!rn cont95t already kn[n1 & to give ! :ole ! title ,am]ica ) #8,ame' at ! top ( ! map & #8rica' at ! bottom4 ,9 look+ at ! maps x is to be rememb]$ t !y are :at we %\ld call upside d[n1 s\? /&+ at ! top & nor? at ! bottom4 ,inv]t$ !y %[ because ?is is ! way ! telescopic obs]v] always sees ! planet4 ,! disk w\ld seem unnatural to a/ronom]s 7 x duly right$4 ,j ! same d m5 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e look at our own ,e>? topsy-turvy accord+ to our view1 ! ,sun be+ to ! nor? ( !m & ! cold to ! s\?4 ,c]ta9 l&m>ks di/+ui%able 9 all ! maps may s]ve = specific introduction4 ,! ,v-%ap$ m>k+ on ! equator po9t+ to ! nor? is ! ,syrtis ,major1 ! fir/ m>k+ ev] made out ^u ! planet & drawn by ! great ,huygh5s 9 #afei4 ,! isolat$ oval pat* 9 latitude #bf s\? is ! ,solis ,lacus1 ! pupil ( ! eye ( ,m>s2 :ile ! =k$ bay on ! equator1 discov]$ by ,dawes1 is ! ,sabaeus ,s9us1 ! divid+ tongue ( :i*1 ! ,fa/igium ,aryn1 has be5 tak5 = ! orig9 ( longitudes on ,m>s4 ,twelve maps g to make ! s]ies4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- ,,mak] ,,date ,i4 ,map ( ,be] & ,ma$l] #ahdj ,,ii4 ,map ( ,kais] #ahfd ,,iii4 ,map ( ,flamm>ion 7,rsum7 #ahgf ,,iv4 ,map ( ,gre5 #ahgg ,v4 ,map ( ,s*iap>elli #ahgg ,,vi4 ,map ( ,s*iap>elli #ahgi ,,vii4 ,map ( ,s*iap>elli #ahha ,,viii4 ,map ( ,s*iap>elli #ahhd ,,ix4 ,map ( ,l[ell #ahid ,x4 ,map ( ,l[ell #ahif ,,xi4 ,map ( ,l[ell #aija ,,xii4 ,map ( ,l[ell #aije ,if ^! maps be c>efully comp>$ !y w be f\nd q rem>kably confirmatory ea* ( its pr$ecessor4 ,to no "o w _! int]-resemblance seem m sali5t ?an to draughtsm5 !mselves4 ,= none "k bett] h[ surpris+ly1 ev5 :5 two m5 h ! same ?+ "u _! v noses to copy1 _! two v]sions w diff]4 ,judgm5t ( position & ( relative size is "o cause ( v>iation2 focus+ ( ! att5tion on diff]5t details ano!r4 ,:at slight discrepancies affect ! maps are traceable to ^! two human imp]fections4 ,maps ,,iv & ,v make a case 9 po9t3 x 0 to 8 new-f\nd canals t ,s*iap>elli gave he$ to ! neglect ( a due ton+ ( 8 map2 :ile ,gre51 less ke5-ey$ b m arti/ic1 miss$ ! delicate canali=m detail to make a speak+ portraiture ( ! :ole4 ,amid ! rem>kable cont9uity ( progression "h %[n1 9 :i* ea* map w be se5 to be at once a review & an advance1 we may1 nev]!less1 di/+ui% ?ree /ages 9 ! p]ception ( ! ph5om5a4 ,?us we may m>k3-- ,i4 ,a p]iod ( recognition ( l>g] m>k+s only2 #ahdj-ahgg ,,ii4 ,a p]iod ( detection ( canals int]sect+ ! bright regions or l&s2 #ahgg-ahib ,,iii4 ,a p]iod ( detection ( canals trav]s+ ! #8seas' & ( oases scatt]$ ov] ! surface2 #ahib-aije ,ea* p]iod is "h repres5t$ by f\r *>ts2 & ea* expresses ! result ( a m m9ute & intimate acqua9tance ) ! disk ?an 0 possible to ! "o t w5t be=e4 ,to realize1 h[ev]1 h[ accurate ea* 0 accord+ to 8 lights x is only necess>y to h ! see+ gr[ /eadily bett] "s ev5+ z "o obs]ves4 ,he w f9d himself recapitulat+ 9 8 own p]son ! c\rse tak5 by discov]y = all ^? :o w5t be=e1 & 9 ! lapse ( an h\r live ?r\gh ! obs]vational exp]i5ce ( sixty ye>s2 9 mu* ! same way t ! embryological gr[? ( an individual repeats ! developm5t hi/orically ( ! race4 ,two v]ses ( ,ovid1 :i* ! poet puts into ! m\? ( ,py?agoras1 outl9e ) some?+ l prophetic utt]ance ! special discov]ies :i* m>k ! ?ree p]iods ap>t4 ,ovid makes ,py?agoras say ( ! !n _w3-- ,vidi ego1 quod fu]at quondam solidissima tellus ,esse fretum2 vidi factas ex aequore t]ras2 --,,ovid1 ,metamorphoses ,,xv1 #bfb4 7,:]e once 0 solid gr\nd ,i've se5 a /rait2 ,l&s ,i've se5 made f out ! sea47 ,true z ! v]ses are ( ,e>?1 ! poet c\ld n h p5n$ !m o!rwise _h he meant to record ! c\rse ( a/ronomic detection on ,m>s4 ,= !y s\nd l a pres5tim5t ( ! facts4 ,a surface ?\ght at fir/ to be "p l&1 "p wat]2 ! l& next se5 to be seam$ ) /raits2 & la/ly ! sea made out to be l&4 ,su* is ! hi/ory ( ! subject1 & words c\ld n h summ$ x m succ9ctly4 8,vidi ego1 quod fu]at quondam solidissima tellus esse fretum0 r+s l ,s*iap>elli's own ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y ( ! #8canals4' ,inde$1 ,i v5ture to believe he w\ld h made x _h he *anc$ to recall ! v]se4 ,s 8vidi factas ex aequore t]ras0 tells :at has s9ce be5 le>n$ ( ! "* ( ! seas4 ,( ! ?ree p]iods ! fir/ 0 t ( ! ma9 or fundam5tal m>k+s only4 ,x came 9 ) ,be] & ,ma$l]1 ! inaugurators ( areography4 ,t !y plann$ & execut$ _! survey ) b a f\r-in* glass %[s t !re is always room = g5ius at ! top ( any pr(ession & t in/rum5ts are n = ev]y?+ 9 its in/rum5tality4 ,up to _! day ! reality ( ! planet's features _h be5 que/ion$ by "s p 9 spite ( hav+ be5 c]ta9ly se5 & drawn by ,huygh5s & o!rs4 ,be] & ,ma$l]'s labors prov$ !m p]man5t facts beyond ! possibility ( dispute4 ,! second p]iod 0 ! p]iod ( ! discov]y ( ! n[ fam\s canals1--a new era 9 ! /udy ( ,m>s op5$ by ,s*iap>elli 9 #ahgg 7,map ,v74 ,unsuspici\s ( :at he 0 to /umble on1 he seiz$ ! !n favorable opposition to make1 z he put x1 a geodetic survey ( ! planet's surface4 ,he hop$ ?is und]tak+ feasible to ! accuracy ( micrometric measurem5t4 ,8 hopes did n belie him4 ,he f\nd t x 0 possible to measure 8 positions ) suffici5t exactness to make a skeleton map on :i* to embody ! m>k+s 9 detail--& ?us to give 8 map v]tebrate support4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w he became aw>e ( hi!rto unrecogniz$ ligam5ts connect+ ! seas ) "o ano!r4 ,in/ead ( display+ a broad unity ( face ! bright areas appe>$ to be b gr\ndwork = /reaks4 ,! /reaks trav]s$ !m 9 all directions1 tesselat+ ! cont95ts into a tilework ( isl&s4 ,su* mosaic 0 n only new1 b ! fa%ion ( ! ?+ 0 ( a new ord] or k9d4 ,/raits1 h[ev]1 ,s*iap>elli consid]$ !m & gave !m ! "n canali1 or *annels4 ,h[ unfamili> & seem+ly impossible ! new detail 0 is be/ evid5c$ by ! prompt & unanim\s disbelief ) :i* x 0 met4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ,i4 ,be] & ,ma$l]1 #ahdj4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ,,ii4 ,kais]1 #ahfd4 7,f ,flamm>ion's ,m>s47 ,illu/ration3 ,map ,,iii4 ,rsum by ,flamm>ion1 #ahgf4 7,f ,flamm>ion's ,m>s47 ,illu/ration3 ,map ,,iv4 ,gre51 #ahgg4 7,f ,flamm>ion's ,m>s47 ,unmov$ by ! univ]sal scepticism :i* rew>d$ :at 0 to prove an epo*-mak+ discov]y1 ,s*iap>elli w5t on1 9 ! judgm5t ( 8 critics1 f bad to worse--= 9 #ahgi 7,map ,,vi7 he took up aga9 8 scrut9y ( ! planet to ! detect+ ( yet m p>ticul>ity4 ,he re-obs]v$ mo/ ( 8 old canals & discov]$ half z _m m2 & z 8 map %[s he p]ceiv$ an increas$ regul>ity 9 8 l9es4 ,9 #ahha-ahhb 7,map ,,vii7 he attack$ ! planet aga9 & ) results yet fur!r out ( ! common4 ,8 l9es 7 /ill !re ) m beside4 ,if !y _h look$ /range be=e1 !y n[ appe>$ positively unnatural4 ,n cont5t ) a regul>ity :i* seem$ to ! sceptics to preclude _! be+ facts1 he mu/ ne$s see !m n[ 9 duplicate4 ,to ! eyes ( disbelief ?is 0 ! cr[n+ /roke ( factiti\sness4 ,9 consequ5ce no end ( adv]se criticism 0 heap$ ^u 8 obs]vations by ^? :o c\ld n see4 ,b curi\sly en\gh1--:at did n attract att5tion1--! bl9dness ( ! critics 0 z mu* m5tal z bodily4 ,= !y fail$ to p]ceive t ! v unnaturalness :i* seem$ to !m to discr$it 8 obs]vations really prov$ _! g5u95ess4 ,8 discov]ies 7 s amaz+ t any *ange 9 /rang5ess simply w5t to confirm ! univ]sal scepticism & cl\d$ logic4 ,yet prop]ly view$1 a pregnant d$uction /&s =? q cle>ly on a /udy ( ! maps4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ,v4 ,s*iap>elli1 #ahgg4 7,f ,s*iap>elli's ,memoria47 ,illu/ration3 ,map ,,vi4 ,s*iap>elli1 #ahgi4 7,f ,s*iap>elli's ,memoria47 ,illu/ration3 ,map ,,vii4 ,s*iap>elli1 #ahha4 7,f ,s*iap>elli's ,memoria47 ,illu/ration3 ,map ,,viii4 ,s*iap>elli1 #ahhd4 7,f ,s*iap>elli's ,memoria47 ,on comp>+ maps ,v1 ,,vi & ,,vii an eye duly direct$ is /ruck by a diff]5ce 9 ! aspect ( ! l9es4 ,9 8 fir/ map ! #8canals' are depict$ simply z n>r[ w9d+ /reaks1 h>dly ev5 r\ghly regul> & by no means su* dep>tures f ! plausible z to lie )\t ! communicatory pale4 ,inde$1 to a mod]n read] prep>$ be=eh& = geometric con/ruction !y w probably appe> no #8canals' at all4 ,c]ta9ly ! price ( acceptance 0 n a l>ge "o to pay4 ,b l t ( ! ,sibyll9e ,books x increas$ ) putt+ (f4 ,:at he (f]$ ! public 9 #ahgi 0 mu* m de>ly to be b\ght4 ,! l9es 7 /raight]1 n>r[]1 & 9 e way less natural ?an !y _h seem$ two ye>s be=e4 ,9 #ahha-ahhb !y progress$ /ill m 9 unacc\ntability4 ,!y _h n[ become regul> rule & compass l9es1 z /raight1 z ev51 & z precise z any draughtsman c\ld wi% & q :at a/ronomic fai? did n desire4 ,hav+ ?us donn$ ! "*1 !y nev]more put x (f4 ,n[1 ?is curi\s evolution 9 depiction po9ts1 rightly view$1 to an abs5ce ( design4 ,x %[s t ,s*iap>elli />t$ ) no preconceiv$ idea on ! subject4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is cle> t he %>$ to beg9 ) ! prevail+ hesitancy to accept any?+ out ( ! ord9>y4 ,nor did he ov]come 8 reluctance except z by degrees he 0 compell$4 ,= ! canals did n *ange _! *>act]i/ics f "o opposition to ano!r2 ! eye x 0 t le>n$ to di/+ui% :at x saw1 & ! bra9 made bett] report z x grew famili> ) ! messages s5t x4 ,9 o!r words1 x is pat5t f ^! successive maps t ! geometrical "* ( ! #8canals' 0 =c$ ^u ,s*iap>elli by ! ?+s !mselves1 in/ead ( be+1 z 8 critics took = grant$1 foi/$ on !m by him4 ,we h s9ce se5 ! regul>ity ( ! canals s und5iably t we are n n[ 9 ne$ ( su* inf]5tial support to help u to ! tru?2 b too late1 z x is1 to be ( controv]sial mom5t ! d$uction is none ! less ( "s corroboratory =ce4 ,) ! ?ird p]iod ent]s :at has be5 done s9ce ,s*iap>elli's "t4 ,= t ma/] 0 oblig$1 f fail+ sight1 to close 8 "w ) ! opposition ( #ahij4 ,9 #ahib ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+ at ,arequipa 0 ! *ief obs]v] ( ! planet & made two important discov]ies3 "o 0 ! detection ( small r\nd spots scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! planet & connect$ ) ! canal sy/em2 ! o!r ! p]ception ( :at seem$ to him m or less irregul> l9es trav]s+ ! ,m>e ,ery?raeum4 ,bo? 7 notable detections4 ,! fir/ set ( ph5om5a he call$ lakes1 ! second riv]-sy/ems1 sometimes s*ematically #8canals1' b )\t committ+ himself to canali=m *>act]i/ics z 8 draw+s make cle>4 ,! same ph5om5a 7 se5 at t opposition at ! ,lick1 by ,s*aeb]le1 ,b>n>d & o!rs1 & call$ /reaks4 ,^! discov]ies took f ! m>ia _! suppos$ "* ( seas--a mo/ important ev5t 9 k ( ,m>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ,,ix4 ,l[ell1 #ahid4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ,x4 ,l[ell1 #ahif4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ,,xi4 ,l[ell1 #aija4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ,,xii4 ,l[ell1 #aije4 ,! next advance 0 ! detection at ,flag/aff 9 #ahid ( _! canali=m *>act]i/ics by my !n assi/ant ,mr4 ,d\glass1 :o 9 place ( ! irregul> /reaks & riv]-sy/ems ( 8 pr$ecessors f\nd ! seas to be cross$ by l9es z regul> & z regul>ly connect$ z ! canals 9 ! light regions4 ,to him !y appe>$ broad & ill def9$1 b s habitually did to him ! canals 9 ! light areas1 :ile = directness & uni=mity ! "o set %[$ z geometrically p]fect z ! o!r4 ,all ! d>k m>ia ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e he f\nd to be lac$ ) !m & t !y =m$ a network ov] ! d>k regions1 c\nt]p>t+ t ov] ! light4 ,/ill m significant 0 ! fact t _! po9ts ( dep>ture co9cid$ ) ! po9ts ( arrival ( ! bright-region canals1 s t ! two connect$ to =m 9 its entirety a s+le sy/em4 ,aft] ! publication ( 8 results 7,l[ell ,obs]vatory ,annals1 ,volume ,i1 #ahie7 ,s*iap>elli id5tifi$ "s ( ^? 9 ! ,syrtis ) :at he _h himself se5 !re 9 #ahhh 7,memoria1 ,,vi1 #ahii71 ?\gh 8 own _h n be5 suffici5tly well se5 ( him to impress him z canals4 ,( o!r additions to our k s9ce made by ! writ] ! pres5t book treats2 z also ( ! !ory !y orig9ally sugge/$ to him & :i* 8 lat] obs]vations h only gone to confirm4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,pol> ,,caps ,almo/ z soon z magnification gives ,m>s a disk t disk %[s m>k+s1 :ite spots cr[n+ a globe spread ) blue-gre5 pat*es on an orange gr\nd4 ,! smalle/ telescope is capable ( ?is f>-(f revelation2 :ile ) increas$ p[] ! picture gr[s /eadily m articulate & full4 ,) a two & a qu>t] in* glass ! writ] saw !m ?irty-five ye>s ago4 ,aft] ! assurance t m>k+s exi/ ! next ?+ to arre/ att5tion is t ^! m>k+s move4 ,! pat*es ( color fir/ made out by ! obs]v] are %ortly f\nd by him to h %ift$ 9 place ^u ! planet4 ,& ?is n ?r\gh mi/ake on 8 "p b ?r\gh me?od 9 ! ph5om5a2 = all d x alike4 ,9 ord]ly rotation ! features make _! appe>ance ^u ! body's righ?& limb 79 ! telescopic image71 travel across ! c5tral m]idian ( ! disk & vani% ov] its lef?& bord]4 ,"o foll[s ano!r1 ea* ris+1 culm9at+ & sett+ 9 its turn "u ! obs]v]'s gaze4 ,a con/antly progress+ panorama passes maje/ically be=e 8 sight1 new objects replac+ ! old ) a m>* s /eady & )al s swift t a few m9utes w suffice to m>k unmi/akably ! fact ( su* procession4 ,b = all ?is ceaseless turn+ "u 8 gaze1 aft] a c]ta9 lapse ( "t x is evid5t t ! same features are be+ %[n him ov] aga94 ,) su* recognition ( recurr5ce comes ! fir/ advance t[>d acqua9tance ) ! ,m>tian _w4 ,= t 9 all _! j\rney+ _! configuration alt]s n1 proves !m p]man5t 9 place1 "p & p>cel ( ! solid surface ( t o!r globe4 ,?is surface1 !n1 lies expos$ to view & by its turn+ %[s itself subject1 l our e>?1 to ! vicissitudes ( day & night4 ,9 su* self-exposure ,m>s diff]s f all ! f\r great planets1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,features1 inde$1 are app>5t on ! fir/ two ( ^! globes & dimly on ! o!r two z well1 b !y lack ! /ability ( ! ,m>tian m>k+s4 ,!y are =ev] ex*ang+ place4 ,9 ! case ( ,jupit] :at we see is und\bt$ly a cl\d-envelop ?r\gh :i* occasional glimpses may possibly be caught ( a *aotic nucleus bel[4 ,) ,saturn x is ! same2 & ! evid5ce is t ! l is true ( ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,:at goes on "u _! great cl\d canopies we c only surmise4 ,) ,m>s1 h[ev]1 we are n left to imag9ation 9 ! matt] b s f> z our means p]mit c actually obs]ve :at !re takes place4 ,except = di/ance1 :i*1 ?r\gh sci5ce1 ye> by ye> gr[s less1 x is z if we hov]$ above ! planet 9 a balloon1 ) its v>i\s features spread out to our gaze bel[4 ,att5tion %[s ^! areographic features to be on h& ) punctual precision = _! trav]se ( ! disk once e tw5ty-f\r h\rs & ?irty-sev5 m9utes4 ,= ov] two hundr$ ye>s ?is has be5 ! case1 _! untir+ revolutions hav+ be5 wat*$ s well t we "k ! "t !y take to ! nicety ( a c\ple ( hundr$?s ( a second4 ,we ?us become possess$ ( a k ( ! l5g? ( ! ,m>tian day & x is n a little int]e/+ to f9d t x v closely c\nt]p>ts 9 duration our own1 be+ only "o ?irty-fif? ! long] ( ! two4 ,we also f9d f ! c\rse ! m>k+s pursue ! axis ab\t :i* !y turn2 & j z ! p]iod ( ! rotation tells u ! l5g? ( ! ,m>tian day s ! tilt ( ! axis1 tak5 9 connection ) ! =m ( ! orbit1 det]m9es ! "* ( ! ,m>tian seasons4 ,"h aga9 we confront a curi\s resemblance 9 ! circum/ances ( ! two planets1 = ! tilt ( ! equator to ! plane ( ! orbit is ) ,m>s almo/ precisely :at x is = ! ,e>?4 ,! m c>efully ! two are measur$ ! clos] ! similitude becomes4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el made ! ,m>tian #bh1 ,s*iap>elli r$uc$ ?is to #be1 & lat] det]m9ation by ! writ] puts x ne>] #bd4 ,! latt] is ! "o n[ adopt$ 9 ! ,briti% ,nautical ,almanac = obs]v]s ( ! planet4 ,?is is a v close p>allelism inde$2 s t 9 g5]al "* ! ,m>tian seasons are ne>ly ! c\nt]p>t ( ours4 ,9 l5g?1 h[ev]1 !y diff]2 fir/ because ! ye> ( ,m>s is almo/ d\ble ! l5g? ( ! t]re/rial "o & secondly because f ! great] ellipticity ( ,m>s' orbit ! seasons are m unequal ?an is ! case ) u1 "s be+ run ?r\gh ) great ha/e1 o!rs be+ l+]$ on a disproportionate "t4 ,x is usual on ! ,e>? to consid] spr+ z ! p]iod f ! v]nal equ9ox1 ab\t ,m>* #ba1 to ! summ] sol/ice1 ab\t ,june #bj2 summ] z la/+ !nce to ! autumnal equ9ox2 autumn f ?is latt] date1 ab\t ,septemb] #bj1 to ! w9t] sol/ice on ,decemb] #ba2 & w9t] f t po9t on to ! next spr+ equ9ox aga94 ,on ?is division our seasons 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e la/ respectively3 spr+1 #ia days2 summ]1 #ib days2 autumn1 #ib days2 & w9t]1 #ij days4 ,on ,m>s ^! become1 reckon$ 9 our days3 spr+1 #aii days2 summ] #ahc days2 autumn1 #adg days2 & w9t]1 #aeh days4 ,if we _h c\nt$ !m 9 ,m>tian days !y w\ld h total$ ab\t "o ?irty-fif? less 9 numb] ea*4 ,9 its days & seasons1 !n1 ,m>s is wond]fully l ! ,e>?2 except = ! l5g? ( ! ye> we %\ld h>dly "k ! diff]5ce 9 reckon+ ( "t c\ld we "s morn+ wake up !re in/ead ( "h4 ,only 9 "o really unimportant respect %\ld we feel /range2 9 mon?s we %\ld f9d ourselves turn$ topsy-turvy4 ,b lunations h no?+ to d ) climate nor ) ! alt]nation betwe5 night & day2 & 9 ^! two important respects we %\ld c]ta9ly feel at home4 ,?\gh ! axis c\ld be det]m9$ by ! daily m>* ( any m>k+ & ?us ! planet's tropic1 temp]ate & pol> regions m>k$ out1 ! process is made easi] by ! pres5ce ( :ite pat*es cov]+ ! planet's poles & kn[n1 9 consequ5ce1 z ! pol> caps4 ,x is f measures ( ! pat*es t ! position ( ! ,m>tian poles has actually be5 det]m9$4 ,^! pol> caps are exactly analog\s 9 g5]al position to ^? :i* bonnet our own ,e>?4 ,!y reproduce ! appe>ance ( ! ice & sn[ ( our arctic & ant>ctic regions se5 f space1 9 a v rem>kable mann]4 ,9 tru? !y are ?+s ( note 9 m ways ?an "o & w\ld claim prec$5ce on _m c\nts4 ,priority ( recognition1 h[ev]1 alone entitles !m to premi] consid]ation4 ,among ! v fir/ ( ! disk's detail to be made out by man1 !y ju/ly dem& description fir/4 ,) peculi> propriety ! pol> caps h ?us ! pas4 ,n only d !y /& fir/ 9 ord] ( visibility1 b !y prove to occupy a l position logically :5 x comes to an explanation ( ! planet's pres5t physical /ate4 ,x is n matt] ( haz>d t ! mo/ evid5t ( all ! planet's m>k+s %\ld also be ! mo/ fundam5tal1 ! f\nta9head f :i* ev]y?+ else fl[s4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( ! planet's condition & furni%es ! key to its compreh5sion4 ,! /eps lead+ to ?is conclusion are z int]e/+ z !y are cog5t4 ,!y />t at ! pol> caps' visibility4 ,= _! size fir/ rivet$ man's att5tion & !n att5tion to !m disclos$ t mo/ vital ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! planet's surface3 *ange4 ,j z almo/ all ( ! features we note are p]man5t 9 place1 %[+ t !y belong to ! surface1 s are !y all imp]man5t 9 "*4 ,*ange is ! only absolutely un*ang+ ?+ except position ab\t ! features ! planet pres5ts to view4 ,x 0 9 ! aspect ( ! pol> caps t ?is important fact fir/ came to light4 ,n only did !y ?us initially in/ance a g5]al law1 !y h turn$ out to make x2 = by !mselves *ang+ !y l>gely cause *ange 9 all ! re/4 ,b = a long "t !y alone exemplifi$ its work+s4 ,to ,sir ,william ,h]s*el we owe ! fir/ /udy ( _! *ange 9 aspect4 ,?is em95t obs]v] not$ t _! v>y+ size 0 subject to a regul> rhy?mic wax & wane tim$ to ! c\rse ( ! seasons ( ! planet's ye>4 ,! caps increas$ 9 ! w9t] ( _! hemisph]e & decreas$ 9 its summ] & be+ situate 9 opposite hemisph]es !y did ?is alt]nately ) p5dulum-l precision4 ,8 obs]vations 7 soon abundantly confirm$1 = ! ph5om5a take place ^u a va/ scale & are ?us easy ( recognition4 ,at _! maximum spread ! caps cov] m ?an "o hundr$ times z mu* gr\nd z :5 !y h %runk to _! m9imum4 ,9 ! dep? ( w9t] !y /ret* ov] mu* m ?an ! pol> zone1 com+ d[n to #fj & ev5 #ej ( latitude nor? or s\? z ! case may be1 !nce melt+ till by midsumm] !y span only five or six degrees across4 ,9 ?is !y be> close analogue to ! behavior ( our own4 ,ours w\ld %[ n o!rwise 7 !y view$ f ! imp]sonal /&po9t ( space4 ,v little telescopic aid suffices to disclose ! ,m>tian pol> ph5om5a 9 ?is _! m sali5t *>act]i/ics & conv9ce an obs]v] ( _! lik5ess to ^? ( ! e>?4 ,any "o may note :at is !re go+ on by successive obs]vations ( ! planet ) a ?ree-in* glass4 ,nor is ! *ange by any means sl[4 ,a few days at ! prop] ,m>tian season1 or at mo/ a c\ple ( weeks1 produces conspicu\s & conclusive alt]ations 9 ! size ( ^! nightcaps ( ! planet's w9t] sleep4 ,resembl+ our own s well !y 7 e>ly surmis$ to be ( l con/itution & compos$1 !re=e1 ( ice & sn[4 ,plausible on its face1 ?is view ( !m 0 g5]ally adopt$ & common s5se has held to x ev] s9ce4 ,x has enc\nt]$1 ( c\rse1 opposition1 p>tly f v prop] cons]vatism1 b *iefly f t e>?-c5tr$ philosophy :i* has d\bt$ mo/ advances s9ce ,galileo's "t1 & c>bonic acid has be5 put =w>d by ?is s*ool ( sceptics to take its place4 ,we %all critically exam9e bo? objections2 ! latt] fir/1 because a c]ta9 physical fact enables u to dispose ( x at once4 ,9 casual appe>ance !re is n mu* to *oose betwe5 ! rival c&idates ( common s5se & uncommon subtlety1 wat] & froz5 c>bonic acid gas1 bo? be+ suitably :ite & bo? go+ & com+ ) ! temp]ature4 ,b1 ^u clos] /udy1 9 "o po9t ( behavior ! two sub/ances act q unlike1 & _h half ! +5uity be5 exp5d$ 9 te/+ ! !ory z 9 broa*+ x ?is fact _h come to light to ! sugge/ors z x did ^u exam9ation to ! writ] & _h s]v$ z a t\*/one 9 ! case4 ,at pressures ( any?+ l "o atmosph]e or less c>bonic acid passes at once f ! solid to ! gase\s /ate4 ,wat]1 on ! o!r h&1 l+]s 9 ! int]m$iate /age ( a liquid4 ,n[1 z ! ,m>tian cap melts x %[s surr\nd$ by a deep blue b& :i* accompanies x 9 its retreat1 %r9k+ to keep pace ) ! %r9kage 9 ! cap4 ,?is is cle>ly ! product ( ! dis9tegration s9ce x waits s /udi\sly ^u x4 ,! sub/ance compos+ ! cap1 !n1 does n pass in/antane\sly or any?+ l x f ! solid to ! gase\s condition4 ,?is badge ( blue ribbon ab\t ! melt+ cap1 !re=e1 conclusively %[s t c>bonic acid is n :at we see & leaves u ) ! only alt]native we "k (3 wat]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,behavior ,,( ,,! ,,pol> ,,caps ,assur$ by physical prop]ties t our visual appe>ances are q capable ( be+ :at !y seem we pass to ! ph5om5a ( ! cap itself4 ,l z are ! pol> caps ( ! two planets at fir/ reg>d1 ^u fur!r /udy v notable diff]5ces soon disclose !mselves betwe5 ! e>?ly & ! ,m>tian ones2 & ^! s]ve to give u our initial h9t ( a diff]5t /ate ( ?+s ov] !re f t ) :i* we are conv]sant on ,e>?4 ,to beg9 )1 ! limits betwe5 :i* !y fluctuate are out ( all proportion great] on ,m>s4 ,x is n s mu* 9 _! maxima t ! ice-%eets ( ! two planets v>y4 ,our own pol> caps are mu* l>g] ?an we ?9k2 inde$1 we live 9 !m a good fraction ( ! "t4 ,our w9t] sn[s are 9 tru? no?+ b "p & p>cel ( ! pol> cap at t season4 ,n[1 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e sn[ cov]s ! gr\nd at sea-level m or less cont9u\sly d[n to #ej ( latitude4 ,x /ret*es ?us f> ev5 on ! we/]n flanks ( ! cont95ts1 :ile 9 ! middle ( !m & on _! ea/]n sides x ext5ds t5 degrees f>!r yet dur+ ! dep? ( w9t]4 ,s t we h a pol> cap :i* is !n n9ety degrees across4 ,9 our s\!rn hemisph]e x is mu* ! same six mon?s lat]1 9 ! correspond+ w9t] ( its ye>4 ,on ,m>s at _! w9t] maxima ! pol> caps ext5d ov] a simil> /ret* ( latitude4 ,!y d s1 h[ev]1 unequally4 ,! s\!rn "o is consid]ably ! l>g]4 ,9 #aijc1 #acf days aft] ! w9t] sol/ice1 9 ! ,m>tian cal5d> ,febru>y #bg1 x came d[n 9 longitude #bbe to #dd ( latitude & may be tak5 to h !n measur$ n9ety-?ree degrees across2 9 #aije1 #aba days aft] ! same sol/ice1 x /ret*$ 9 longitude #bce to latitude #db1 & #aeh days lat]1 9 longitude #bba to latitude #da2 values :i*1 suppos+ x to h be5 r\nd1 imply = x a diamet] on ^! occasions ( n9ety-six & n9ety-sev5 degrees4 ,x 0 !n ,febru>y #bj & ,m>* #aj respectively ( ! ,m>tian ye>4 ,^! det]m9ations ( its size at ! two oppositions agree suffici5tly well consid]+ ! great tilt away f u ( ! s\? pole at ! "t & ! horizonw>d =e%ort5+ ( ! edge ( ! sn[4 ,x seems f a cons5sus ( ! measures to h be5 "s five degrees wid] 9 #aijc ?an 9 #aije1 :i* may mean a cold] w9t] prec$+ ! =m] date4 ,! cap 0 /ill app>5tly )\t a d>k cont\r 9 bo? ye>s1 %[+ t x _h n yet begun to melt4 ,illu/ration3 ,s\? ,pol> ,cap4 7,l[ell ,obs]vatory1 #aije47 ,less has be5 le>nt ( ! nor!rn cap4 ,9 #ahif-ahig :5 x 0 simil>ly pres5t$ skirt+ ! o!r rim ( ! disk1 a gap occurr$ 9 ! obs]vations correspond+ to ! "t by ,m>tian mon?s betwe5 ,febru>y #bd & ,m>* #bb4 ,on ! =m] date ! cap came d[n only to latitude #ee 9 longitude #ceb2 on ! subsequ5t "o & = sev]al days aft] ! latitude ( ! s\!rn limit ( ! sn[ 0 su* z to imply a bread? to x ( ab\t eighty degrees4 ,! cap 0 n[ bord]$ by a d>k l9e1 prov+ t melt+ _h already set 94 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 at its maximum h cov]$ mu* m c\ntry ?an ?is1 9 view ( its less] ext5t on ,febru>y #bd4 ,fair z our k n[ is ( ! dim5sions ( ! ,m>tian pol> caps at _! maxima1 we h mu* m accurate in=mation ) reg>d to _! m9ima1 & ?is1 too1 0 obta9$ mu* e>li]4 ,t we %\ld fir/ h kn[n _! smalle/ r ?an _! greate/ ext5t ) accuracy may appe> surpris+1 exactly ! opposite be+ our k ( our own4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 s surpris+ z x appe>s1 inasmu* z x is an inevitable consequ5ce ( ! planet's aspect ) reg>d to ! sun4 ,:5 ! tilt ( ! axis incl9es "o hemisph]e t[>d ! sun1 t hemisph]e's pol> cap mu/ melt & dw9dle1 :ile at ! same "t x is ! "o be/ se51 ! o!r be+ turn$ away f ! sun & !re=e l>gely f u z well2 s t ev5 su* "p ( ! latt] z is illum9$ lies l[ d[n t[>d ! horizon ( ! disk :]e a slight *ange ( angle means a great diff]5ce 9 size4 ,x has ?us come ab\t t bo? ! s\? & ! nor? pol> caps h be5 repeat$ly well se5 & measur$ at _! m9imum2 & ! measures = diff]5t ,m>tian ye>s agree well ) "o ano!r4 ,= ! nor!rn cap six degrees 9 diamet] is ab\t ! lea/ value to :i* x %r9ks4 ,! s\? "o becomes ev5 small]1 be+ usually n m ?an five degrees across1 :ile 9 #ahid x actually vani%$1 a ?+ unprec$5t$4 ,its abs5ce 0 detect$ by ,d\glass at ,flag/aff & %ortly aft] ! ann\ncem5t ( its disappe>ance ! fact 0 corroborat$ by ,b>n>d at ! ,lick4 ,! position ! cap w\ld h occupi$ 0 at ! "t bett] plac$ = obs]vation 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,europe1 inasmu* z ! cap is ecc5trically situat$ ) reg>d to ! geographic pole & its c5tre 0 !n well on ! side ( ! disk pres5t$ to u :ile 9 ,europe x 0 turn$ away4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! fact t x und\bt$ly came & w5t m ?an once ab\t ?is "t1 acc\nts = its disappe>ance n hav+ be5 recogniz$ !re1 haze left by x hav+ app>5tly be5 mi/ak5 = ! cap itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,nor? ,pol> ,cap4 7,l[ell ,obs]vatory1 #aije47 ,on ,e>? ! m9ima are mu* l>g]4 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! l9e ( p]petual sn[ or pack-ice 9 longitude #ej ea/ runs ab\t on ! #hj p>allel1 includ+ )9 x ! s\!rn end ( ,franz ,joseph ,l&4 ,opposite ?is1 9 longitude #abj we/1 above ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 x rea*es d[n l[] /ill to #ge4 ,s t ! cap is !n f tw5ty to ?irty degrees 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e x is ev5 l>g]4 ,9 longitude #agj we/ ! l& 0 f\nd by ,ross to be "u p]petual sn[ 9 latitude #gb4 ,cook _h rea*$ 9 longitude #ajg ea/ an impassable b>ri] ( ice 9 latitude #gj #bc4 ,! season 0 !n midsumm]1 ,janu>y #cj4 ,s t we are p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ #ga s\? z ab\t ! av]age limit ( p]petual sn[ or paleocry/ic ice4 ,?is w\ld make ! s\!rn cap at its m9imum ?irty-eight degrees across4 ,pack-ice ) op5 spots ext5ds /ill f>!r nor?4 ,! ,pagoda 9 #ahde 0 /opp$ by imp5etrable pack-ice 9 s\? latitude #fh & ! ,*all5g] 9 #ahgd enc\nt]$ ! pack 9 latitude #fe on ! #ai? ( ,febru>y1 :i* corresponds ab\t to our #ai? ( ,augu/1 ! "t at :i* ! sea %\ld be mo/ op54 ,! limit ( p]petual sn[ is ?us l[] 9 ! s\!rn ?an 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,"h aga91 !n1 ! two m9ima diff]1 b 9 ! rev]se way f :at !y d on ,m>s4 ,f ?is we p]ceive t ! v>iations 9 size ( ! caps are mu* m /rik+ on ,m>s ?an on ! ,e>? & t ^! are due *iefly to ! diff]5ce 9 ! m9ima1 ! maxima n v>y+ greatly4 ,to expla9 ^! int]e/+ div]sities ( behavior 9 ! sev]al pol> caps we %all h to g back a little 9 g5]al physics 9 ord] to get a prop] take (f4 ,x is a curi\s concomitant ( ! law ( gravity t ! am\nt ( heat receiv$ by a planet 9 pass+ f any po9t ( its pa? to a po9t diametrically opposite is always ! same no matt] :at be ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit4 ,?us1 a planet has z _m calories fall+ ^u x 9 travell+ f its v]nal equ9ox to its autumnal z f ! autumnal to ! v]nal aga91 al?\gh ! "t tak5 9 ! "o j\rney be v diff]5t f t ( ! o!r4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! angle swept ov] by ! radius vector1 t is1 ! imag9>y bond betwe5 x & ! sun1 is at all po9ts proportional to ! am\nt ( heat receiv$2 j z x is ( ! gravity und]gone1 ! two =ces radiat+ into space z ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,?us ! heat receiv$ by a po9t or a hemisph]e1 ?r\gh any orbital angle1 is indep5d5t ( ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit4 ,b x is n indep5d5t ( ! axial tilt4 ,= ! =ce ( ! sun's rays is modifi$ by _! obliquity4 ,! am\nt ( heat receiv$ at any po9t 9 consequ5ce ( ! tilt turns ^u ! position ( ! po9t1 & = any hemisph]e tak5 z a :ole x dep5ds ^u ! degree to :i* ! pole is tilt$ to ! s\rce ( heat4 ,9 consequ5ce ( be+ m squ>ely pres5t$ to its beams1 ! hemisph]e :i* is direct$ t[>d ! sun & !re=e is pass+ ?r\gh its summ] season gets f> m insolation ?an t :i* is at ! same "t 9 ! dep? ( its w9t]4 ,= a tilt ( tw5ty-f\r degrees1 ! pres5t receiv$ value = ! axis ( ,m>s1 ! two hemisph]es s circum/anc$ get am\nts ( heat respectively 9 ! proportion ( sixty-?ree to ?irty-sev54 ,b1 ?\gh ! summ] & w9t] insolation ?us diff]1 !y are ! same = ea* hemisph]e 9 turn4 ,consequ5tly ! m]e am\nt ( heat receiv$ _c be ! cause ( any diff]5ces detect$ betwe5 ! respective maxima & m9ima ( ! two pol> caps4 ,if heat 7 a sub/ance :i* c\ld be /or$ up in/ead ( be+ a mode ( motion1 ! effect produc$ w\ld be 9 accordance ) ! quantity appli$ & ! two caps w\ld behave alike4 ,z x is ! total am\nt has v little to say 9 ! matt]4 ,n ! am\nt ( heat b ! mann] 9 :i* ?is heat is made at home is responsible = ! diff]5ce we obs]ve4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! total am\nt is ! same 9 pass+ f ! v]nal to ! autumnal equ9ox z f ! autumnal to ! v]nal1 ! "t dur+ :i* x is receiv$ 9 ei!r case v>ies f "o hemisph]e to ! o!r4 ,x is summ] 9 ! =m] :ile x is w9t] 9 ! latt] & ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! two seasons due to ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit makes a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! result4 ,w9t] affects ! maxima1 summ] ! m9ima1 atta9$4 ,( ^! opposite v>iations pres5t$ to u by ! two caps1 ! maxima1 ! "o mo/ difficult to detect1 is ! easie/ to expla91 = ! diff]5ce 9 ! maxima seems to be due to ! surpass+ l5g? ( ! ant>ctic night4 ,ow+ to ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbital ellipse pursu$ by ,m>s & to ! pres5t position ( ! planet's sol/ices1 ! s\!rn hemisph]e is f>!r away f ! sun dur+ its w9t] & is s = a long] "t4 ,! seasons are 9 l5g?1 = ! nor!rn hemisph]e3 spr+1 #aii days2 summ]1 #ahc days2 autumn1 #adg days2 & w9t]1 #aeh days2 :ile = ! s\!rn hemisph]e !y are3 spr+1 #adg days2 summ]1 #aeh days2 autumn1 #aii days2 & w9t]1 #ahc days4 ,! arctic pol> night is ?us #cje ( our days long2 ! ant>ctic1 #chb4 ,?us = #gg m days ?an happ5s to its fell[ ! s\!rn pole nev] sees ! sun4 ,n[1 s9ce ! total sunlight f equ9ox to equ9ox is ! same 9 bo? hemisph]es1 its di/ribution by days mu/ be diff]5t4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! same am\nt is cr[d$ into a small] compass 9 ! proportion ( #cje to #chb2 t be+ t hemisph]e's relative ratio ( days4 ,b s9ce dur+ w9t] ! cap increases1 !re is a daily excess ( accumulation ov] dissipation ( sn[ & ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs mu/ on ! av]age add its ti! to ! sum total4 ,s9ce ! nor!rn days are ! w>m] ea* adds less ?an d ! s\!rn ones2 & fur!rmore !re are few] ( !m4 ,on bo? ^! scores ! am\nt ( ! deposition ab\t ! nor!rn pole %\ld be less ?an ab\t ! s\!rn "o4 ,consequ5tly1 ! sn[-%eet !re %\ld be ! less ext5sive & %[ a relatively small] maximum1 :i* expla9s :at we see4 ,) ! m9ima ! action is o!rwise4 ,inasmu* z ! great] heat receiv$ dur+ ! daylight h\rs by ! s\!rn hemisph]e is exactly (fset by ! %ortness ( its season1 x w\ld seem at fir/ z if !re c\ld be no diff]5ce 9 ! total effect ^u ! two ice-caps4 ,b fur!r consid]ation discloses a c\ple ( factors :i* might1 & possibly d1 come 9 to qualify ! action & acc\nt = ! obs]v$ effect4 ,"o is t ?\gh ! total am\nt ( heat receiv$ is ! same1 ! mann] ( its di/ribution diff]s 9 ! two hemisph]es4 ,9 ! nor!rn "o ! "t f v]nal to autumnal equ9ox is #chb days aga9/ #cje 9 ! s\!rn4 ,consequ5tly1 ! av]age daily heat is !n five f\r?s m int5se 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,inde$1 x is ev5 great] ?an ?is & ne>] f\r ?irds1 because ! melt+ occurs *iefly 9 ! spr+ & 9 ! fir/ two mon?s ( summ] :5 ! contra/ 9 l5g? ( season betwe5 ! two hemisph]es is at its greate/4 ,n[1 a few hott] days might well "w m result ?an _m cold] ones4 ,& ?is w\ld be p>ticul>ly true ( ,m>s :]e ! mean temp]ature is probably none too mu* above ! freez+-po9t to />t )4 ,ice consumes s mu* caloric 9 ! process ( turn+ into any o!r /ate1 lay+ x by 9 ! =m ( lat5t heat be=e x c turn into wat] & !n s mu* m be=e ?is wat] c be conv]t$ into /eam t a good deal has to be exp5d$ on x be=e gett+ any p]ceptible result4 ,once obta9$1 h[ev]1 ! heat is reta9$ ) l t5acity4 ,s t ! process works to d\ble effect6 ,if suffici5t heat be receiv$ ! ice is fir/ melt$1 !n evaporat$ & f9ally =m$ into a lay] ( humid air1 ! humidity ( :i* keeps x w>m4 ,dry air is unret5tive ( heat1 moi/ air ! opposite4 ,& = ! melt+ ( ! ice-cap to proce$ mo/ effectively ! temp]ature t laps x ab\t mu/ be z high z possible & kept s z cont9u\sly z may be4 ,if betwe5 days x be all[$ to fall too l[ at night mu* caloric mu/ ne$s be wa/$ 9 simply rais+ ! ice aga9 to ! melt+-po9t4 ,?is a blanket ( w>m air t5ds to prev5t1 & ?is aga9 is br\ght ab\t by a few hot days r ?an by _m cold] ones4 ,x is n all ! heat receiv$ t becomes effective b ! surplus heat above a c]ta9 po9t4 ,! ga9 9 cont9uity ( action ?us br\ght ab\t is some:at l t exhibit$ betwe5 ! runn+ ( an express & an accommodation tra94 ,to rea* its de/9ation 9 a giv5 "t ! =m] requires f> less p[] because x does n h to get up spe$ aga9 aft] ea* arre/4 ,?us ! :ole effect 9 melt+ ! sn[ w\ld be great] ^u t hemisph]e ^: summ] happ5s to be ! m int5se4 ,! great] sw+ 9 size ( ! cap mo/ expos$ to ! effects ( ! ecc5tricity is1 !n1 ! necess>y result ( circum/ances :5 ! precipitation is n too great to be ne>ly c>ri$ (f by ! subsequ5t dissipation4 ,?is is ! /ate ( ?+s on ,m>s & ! second ( ! factors above ref]r$ to4 ,on ! ,e>? z we h se5 ! pol> caps are some:at l>g] at _! maximum & v mu* s at _! m9imum4 ,n[1 ?is is j :at %\ld happ5 7 ! precipitation increas$4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! am\nt ( precipitation 7 to increase :ile ! am\nt ( summ] melt+ rema9$ ! same1 & ?is w\ld be ! case if ! vapor 9 ! air augm5t$ = "o cause or ano!r1 & ! result ( ea* fre% deposit 0 lock$ up 9 sn[4 ,aft] a c]ta9 po9t ! cap w\ld gr[ 9 dep? r ?an 9 ext5sion2 ! w9t] deposit w\ld be ?ick] b ! summ] evaporation w\ld rema9 ! same4 ,n[1 if ?is occurr$1 x is evid5t t ! m9imum size ( ! cap w\ld increase relatively mu* fa/] ?an ! maximum1 & fur!rmore1 t ! relative increase ( ! m9imum 9 ! two caps w\ld be greate/ = t :i* _h seasons ( extremes4 ,! result we see 9 ! case ( ! ,e>?4 ,9 ! arctic cap1 :]e 9 consequ5ce ( ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit ! w9t] is %ort]1 ! maximum is less ?an 9 ! ant>ctic & ?is extra am\nt ( precipitation _c be :olly done away ) 9 its int5s] summ]1 s t ! m9imum too is great] !re4 ,we rea*1 !n1 ?is int]e/+ conclusion4 ,we f9d t ecc5tricity ( orbit by itself n only causes no univ]sal glaciation 9 ! hemisph]e :i* we %\ld incid5tally suppose likely to %[ x1 b actually produces ! opposite result1 9 m ?an (fsett+ by summ] proximity :at w9t] di/ance br+s ab\t4 ,to cause ext5sive glaciation we mu/ h1 9 addition to favorable ecc5tricity1 a l>ge precipitation4 ,) ^! two factors comb9$ we get an ice age1 b n o!rwise4 ,! result has an important be>+ on geologic glacial p]iods & _! explanation4 ,once =m$1 an ice-%eet cools ev]y?+ ab\t x & *ills ! climate ( its hemisph]e4 ,x is a p]petual /oreh\se ( cold4 ,m>s has no su* g5]al glaciation 9 ei!r hemisph]e1 & ! abs5ce ( x1 :i* is due to less] precipitation1 toge!r ) ! cle>ness ( its skies1 acc\nts = ! w>m? :i* ! surface exhibits & :i* has be5 f\nd s h>d hi!rto to int]pret4 ,c\ld our e>? b get rid ( its oceans1 we too might h temp]ate regions /ret*+ to ! poles4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,m>tian ,,pol> ,,exp$itions ,pol> exp$itions ex]t an extreme attraction on c]ta9 m9ds1 p]haps because !y comb9e ! maximum ( h>d%ip ) ! m9imum ( headway4 ,inconclusiv5ess c]ta9ly enables !m to be con/antly r5ew$1 )\t loss ei!r ( purpose or pre/ige4 ,! fact t ! pole has nev] be5 trod by man con/itutes ! lode/one to su* und]tak+s2 & t x cont9ues to defy him only :ets 8 endeavor ! m4 ,except = ! demon/ration ( ! pol> drift-curr5t conceiv$ ( & !n v]ifi$ by ,nans51 v little has be5 add$ by !m to our k ( ! globe4 ,nor is !re specific reason to suppose t :at !y might add w\ld be p>ticul>ly vital4 ,no?+ out ( ! way is suspect$ ( ! pole beyond ! simple fact ( be+ s position$4 ,yet = _! pat5t inconclusion !y cont9ue to be s5t 9 sublime sup]iority to failure4 ,m>tian pol> exp$itions1 z und]tak5 by ! a/ronom]1 are ! antipodes ( ^! pleas+ly p]il\s excursions 9 ?ree important reg>ds1 :i* if less appeal+ to ! gall]y comm5d !mselves to ! philosoph]4 ,!y involve comp>atively little h>d%ip2 !y h accompli%$ :at !y set out to d2 & ! k !y h glean$ has prov$ fundam5tal to an und]/&+ ( ! pres5t physical condition ( ! planet4 ,! anti!sis 9 pole-pursu+ betwe5 ! two planets manife/s itself at ! ?re%old ( ! inquiry1 9 ! relative feasibility ) :i* ! ph5om5a on ,m>s may be scann$4 ,=1 curi\sly en\gh1 in/ead ( be+ ! pole & its surr\nd+ paleocry/ic ice :i* rema9s hidd5 on ,m>s1 x is r ! extreme ext5t ( its ext5sion & ! l[e/ latitud9al deposit ( fro/ :i* lies %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,! difficulty !re is n to see ! pole b to see 9 w9t] ! regions f :i* our own exp$itions set out4 ,& ?is because ! poles are well display$ to u at times :i* are nei!r few nor v f> betwe52 :ile favorable occasions = m>k+ ! edge ( ! caps :5 at _! greate/ h nei!r prov$ s num]\s nor s favorable4 ,! tilt ( ! planet's axis :5 conv5i5tly plac$ = human obs]vation has be5 ! cause ( ! "o drawback2 ! planet's meteorological condition 9 ^? latitudes at t season ! reason = ! o!r4 ,:at k we h ( ! size ( ! caps 9 degrees ^u ! surface ( ! planet at ?is _! extreme equatorw>d ext5sion has be5 giv5 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,_! aspect at ! "t toge!r ) :at t aspect betok5s 0 n !re t\*$ ^u4 ,) x1 !re=e1 & ! peculi>ities x pres5ts to view we %all beg9 our acc\nt ( ! caps' annual hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,s\? ,pol> ,cap 9 w9t]4 ,:5 fir/ ! hemisph]e1 ! pole ( :i* has = half a ,m>tian ye> be5 turn$ away f ! sun1 beg9s to em]ge f its long hib]nation1 ! sn[-cap :i* cov]s x d[n ev5 to temp]ate regions pres5ts an undelimit$ expanse ( :ite1 ! edges ( :i* m]ge indi/+ui%ably into ! gr\ndwork color ( ! regions r\nd ab\t4 ,( a dull opaque hue along its bord]1 its cont\r is n %>p b fades (f 9 a fleecy fr+e )\t h>d & fa/ l9e ( dem>cation4 ,su* notably 0 ! aspect ( ! nor? temp]ate zone 9 #ahif :51 tilt$ z x !n 0 away f u into a m]e nor!rn horizon ( ! planet's limb1 x %[$ prior to ! def9ite recognition ( ! nor? pol> cap 9 ,augu/ ( t ye>1 & su* too 0 ! look ( ! disk's s\!rn edge bo? be=e & aft] ! fir/ c]ta9 detection ( ! s\!rn cap 9 #aijc & #aije4 ,ea* 0 !n 9 ! dep? ( w9t]4 ,= 9 ,m>tian *ronology ! season correspond$ 9 ea* at ! "t to :at we "k 9 our nor!rn hemisph]e z ! latt] "p ( ,febru>y & ! e>ly "p ( ,m>* & ! appe>ance ( ! planet's surface 9 bo? 0 n unlike :at we "k at ! same season 9 latitude #de4 ,inde$1 !re is reason to suppose bad wea!r !re !n & ! extreme fr+e1 f ! pale t9t x exhibit$1 to h be5 cl\d r ?an sn[4 ,x is q 9 keep+ ) :at we "k on e>? or c conceive ( else:]e t su* aspect %\ld *>act]ize ! cap at or ne> ! atta9m5t ( its greate/ developm5t4 ,:e!r x 7 n yet q arriv$ at ?is turn+-po9t ( its c>e] or _h b slightly pass$ x a vagu5ess ( outl9e w\ld 9 ei!r ev5t proclaim ! fact4 ,= 7 ! fro/ /ill deposit+1 ! cap's edge w\ld %[ indef9ite2 & on ! o!r h& _h x j begun to melt1 evaporation w\ld give x an undef9$ edge be=e ! melt+ wat] _h ga!r$ 9 suffici5t quantities to be itself noticeable4 ,its behavior subsequ5t to recognition bore out ! inf]5ce f its aspect :5 x fir/ appe>$4 ,:ile = _m days prior to its com+ unmi/akably into view x 0 impossible to say :e!r :at 0 se5 ( ! s\!rn cap 9 #aijc & #aije 0 cl\d or sn[2 s ev5 aft] x _h def9itely disclos$ itself x cont9u$ to play at odds ) ! obs]v]4 ,%[+ %>p at ! edges "o day x w\ld appe> b hazily def9$ ! next1 ?us cle>ly demon/rat+ itself to be at ! !n un/able acme ( its spread4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s we are only too famili> ) 9 our own ,m>* wea!r :5 aft] days ( sun%9e t h melt$ (f ! w9t]'s :ite & fr+$ x ) rivulets & awak5+ grass1 a sn[-/orm fall+ ^u x p[d]s ! gr\nd aga9 t 0 beg9n+ to be b>e & at "o /roke ext5ds ! doma9 ( ! sn[ :ile my/ify+ ! actual limits x may be said to occupy4 ,! same condition ( ?+s1 !n1 is n unkn[n on ,m>s1 & to fix ! precise date ( s wav]+ a ph5om5on is n s mu* matt] ( difficult obs]vation z ( physical impossibility4 ,illu/ration3 ,hellas 9 w9t]4 ,nor is ! s\!rn cap1 at ?is ! height ( its w9t] expansion1 conf9$ /rictly to its own prop] limits4 ,fa9t ext5sions1 n[ s connect$ ) its ma9 body z to =m "p & p>cel ( x1 n[ s deta*$ & dull ( t9t z to make ! obs]v] d\btful ( ! exact relation%ip1 are g5]ally to be se5 att5dant on x4 ,hellas 9 w9t] is mu* giv5 to su* que/ionable g>b1 & has 9 consequ5ce be5 mi/ak5 by m ?an "o obs]v] = ! cap itself1 appe>+ z x does well ^u ! s\!rn limb & be+ (t5 ! only region to %[ :ite4 ,inde$1 fro/-b\nd z x !n is1 to consid] x ! pol> cap1 ?\gh possibly geographically incorrect1 may climatologically be su/a9able4 ,its nor!rn extremity ext5ds d[n to latitude #cj1 a pretty l[ latitude = fro/4 ,/ill su* equatorw>d ext5sion is n )\t corroborat+ p>allel4 ,9 #aijc1 at :at 0 9 ,m>tian dates ,april #bf1 ! :ole ( ! region s\? ( ! ,solis ,lacus & ! ,nect> %[$ :ite1 ) a :it5ess :i* may z well h be5 ho>fro/ z cl\d4 ,n[1 ! ,nect> runs ea/ & we/ 9 latitude #bh4 ,s t 9 ?is in/ance1 too1 x is possible t arctic conditions knock$ at ! v doors ( ! tropics4 ,encroa*m5t ( ! sort is equival5t to sn[ 9 ,cairo & p]man5t sn[ at t2 n an occasional sn[ flurry1 b some?+ to l+] on ! gr\nd & /ay visible sixty millions ( miles away4 ,illu/ration3 ,:ite s\? ( ,nect> & ,solis ,lacus4 ,k ( ei!r cap 9 ?is ! midw9t] ( its ye> has be5 a matt] ( ! mo/ rec5t oppositions ( ! planet4 ,up to )9 ! la/ few ye>s our acqua9tance ) ei!r cap 0 *iefly conf9$ to ! mon?s1--"o might almo/ say ! weeks1--imm$iately surr\nd+ ! summ] sol/ice ( its respective hemisph]e4 ,! behavior ( ! caps dur+ ! re/ ( _! c>e] 0 l>gely unkn[n to u1 f ! v disadvantage\s positions !y occupi$ at ! times ! planet 0 ne>e/ to ! e>?4 ,beg9n+ ) #ahid1 h[ev]1 our k ( bo? has be5 mu* ext5d$1 by a proportionate ext5sion ( ! p]iod cov]$ by ! obs]vations4 ,x us$ to be ?\ght impracticable to obs]ve ! planet f> on ei!r side ( opposition2 n[ x is obs]v$ f z mu* z f\r mon?s be=e t ev5t to ! same p]iod aft] x4 ,! result is a sy/ematic s]ies ( obs]vations :i* 9 _m ways has giv5 unexpect$ insight into ,m>tian conditions4 ,"o ( ! b5efits secur$ has be5 ! l5g!n+ ( ! p]iod ( /udy ( ! cap's c>e]1 a pu%+ ( inquiry f>!r back into its spr+ hi/ory & a long] l+]+ ) x 9 its autumnal rebuild+4 ,yet up to ! v la/ opposition a gap 9 its *ronology /ill rema9$ betwe5 ,febru>y #be & ,april #a4 ,! opposition ( #aije has bridg$ ?is hiatus & br\ght u d[n to ! latt] date1 at :i* ! melt+ ( ! cap beg9s 9 e>ne/4 ,f ?is po9t1 ,april #a on1 we h abundant evid5ce ( ! cap's behavior4 ,its c>e] n[ = "s "t is "o long *ronicle ( contraction4 ,l ,balzac's ,peau de ,*agr9 x simply %r9ks1 giv+ out ( its virtue 9 ! process4 ,! cap proce$s to dw9dle almo/ "u ! obs]v]'s eye till1 f an enorm\s :ite c\nt]pane spread ov] all ! pol> & a l>ge "p ( ! temp]ate zone1 its area contracts to b ! v]ie/ nightcap ( :at x 0 be=e4 ,f sev5ty degrees across x becomes sixty1 !n fifty1 !n =ty1 till by ! middle ( ! ,m>tian ,may x has become n m ?an ?irty degrees 9 diamet]4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 f ! mom5t ! melt+ began 9 good e>ne/1 ! retreat+ :ite is girdl$ by a d>k b&1 ( a blue t9t1 :i* keeps pace ) ! edge ( ! cap1 %r9k+ z x %r9ks1 & dim9i%+ 9 wid? z ! volume ( ! melt+ decreases4 ,aft] ! melt+ has be5 = "s "t "u way & ! cap has become p]man5tly bord]$ by its d>k blue b& a peculi> ph5om5on makes its appe>ance 9 ! cap itself4 ,?is is its fission into "o or m p>ts4 ,! process beg9s by ! appe>ance ( d>k rifts :i*1 />t+ 9 f ! cap's ext]ior1 p5etrate into its he>t until at la/ !y cleave x 9 two4 ,rifts h be5 se5 by sev]al obs]v]s & 9 bo? caps2 & :at is mo/ sugge/ive !y always appe> 9 ! same places1 ye> aft] ye>4 ,sometimes oppositions elapse betwe5 _! sev]al detections = !y are n ! lea/ difficult ( detail2 b :5 !y are caught1 !y prove to lie j :]e !y did be=e4 ,! p]man5cy 9 place ( ! rifts1 a *>act]i/ic true ( !m all1 %[s !m to be ( local habit4 ,?us ! rift ( #ahhd & #ahig reappe>$ aga9 to ano!r obs]v] 9 ! same position 9 #aija4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 features (1 or directly dep5d5t on1 ! surface ( ! planet4 ,b x w n d f ?is fact to inf] t !y are expressive ( depressions !re4 ,! evid5ce is conclusive t great irregul>ities ( surface d n exi/ on ,m>s4 ,z we %all see :5 we come to consid] ! orology ( ! planet x is c]ta9 t elevations !re ( ov] two or ?ree ?\s& feet 9 altitude are abs5t4 ,diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 able to expla9 a melt+ ( ! ice 9 "o locality co9cid5tally ) its ret5tion 9 an adjac5t "o1 mu/ 9 consequ5ce be unkn[n4 ,& ?is mu* m conclusively ?an at fir/ appe>s1 = ! reason t ! small] ! planet's mass ! less rapidly does its blanket ( air ?9 out 9 asc5t above ! surface4 ,?is is 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] pull ! l>g] body ex]ts & ! great] d5sity x imp>ts to a compressible gas l our atmosph]e4 ,gravity acts l any =ce produc+ pressure & by x ! envelope ( air is squeez$ into a small] compass4 ,b z ?is is done ?r\gh\t ! atmosph]ic lay] x means a m rapid r>efaction z "o leaves ! body4 ,! action is su* t ! height necess>y to rea* an analogic d5sity v>ies inv]sely z ! gravity ( ! mass4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 to compass a relative !rmometric fall = :i* a mod]ate diff]5ce ( elevation w\ld suffice on ,e>?1 an immod]ate "o mu/ be made on ,m>s4 ,= gravity !re be+ b ?ree eigh?s :at x is "h1 eight ?irds ! rise mu/ be made to atta9 a proportionate l[]+ ( temp]ature4 ,?is fact r5d]s ! above argum5t aga9/ elevation & depression be+ ! cause ( ! ph5om5on ?ree times z cog5t z x o!rwise w\ld be4 ,) s gradual a gradi5t 9 b>ometric pressure !re & s l[ a set ( cont\r l9es1 altitude mu/ be a negligible factor 9 ,m>tian surface meteorologic ph5om5a4 ,bo? d5sity & temp]ature c be b little affect$ by su* cause1 & we mu/ se>* else:]e = explanation ( :at surface peculi>ities we detect4 ,mean:ile ! rifts !mselves1 f be+ l9es :i* p5etrate ! cap f its p]iph]y 9 t[>d its c5tre1 end by trav]s+ x 9 its entirety & sep>at+ portions :i*1 becom+ outly+ subsidi>y pat*es1 !mselves proce$ to dw9dle & ev5tually disappe>4 ,! rifts usually take _! rise f su* broad] p>ts ( ! cap-encircl+ blue belt z make beads ^u t cordon & are cle>ly spots :]e ! product ( ! melt+ ( ! cap is ei!r specially collect$1 or produces its mo/ visible effect4 ,s f> ! description might apply ) sub/antial accuracy to ei!r cap4 ,yet ! conduct ( ! two is 9 "s ways div]se & beg9s to acc5tuate itself f ?is po9t on4 ,illu/ration3 ,nor!rn ,cap hood$ ) vapor4 ,f ! "t t ! nor? pol> cap rea*es a diamet] ( ab\t tw5ty-five degrees1 a s+ul> *ange /eals ov] x4 ,f hav+ be5 up to !n ( a well-def9$ outl9e x n[ proce$s to gr[ hazy & indi/9ct all along its edge4 ,?is *ange 9 its "* at ! same p]iod ( its c>e] has be5 q noticeable at ea* ( ! ?ree la/ oppositions1 s t small d\bt rema9s t ! metamorphosis is a regul>ly recurr5t "o 9 ! hi/ory ( ! cap4 ,co9cid5t ) ! oblit]ation ( its cont\r1 its dim5sions seem+ly enl>ge4 ,x is z if a hood _h be5 drawn ov] ! cap ( a dull :ite diff]5t f ! dazzl+ brilliance ( ! cap itself & cov]+ m gr\nd4 ,su* is probably :at occurs2 ) vapor = veil4 ,! excessive melt+ ( ! cap produces an ext5sive evaporation :i* !n 9 "p cond5ses to be deposit$ afre%1 9 "p rema9s z a cov]+1 %utt+ (f f our view ! outl9es ( ! cap itself4 ,x w\ld seem t at ?is "t ! cap melts fa/] ?an ! air c c>ry x (f4 ,a sort ( /eam+ appe>s to be go+ on1 tak+ place 9 situ4 ,= x cle>ly is n waft$ away4 ,! "t ( its com+ too is significant4 ,= ! season is ,may #ae1 ! height ( "t = a spr+ haze to set 94 ,!n lat] x dissipates ) ! same quiet indef9it5ess ) :i* x ga!r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,nor!rn ,cap unmask$4 ,x is "s "t 9 ,m>tian ,june be=e ! spr+ haze cle>s away1 & :5 x does g1 only a t9y pol> cap /&s reveal$ b5ea? x1 f six to eight degrees across1 or f a t5? to a fifte5? ( :at x 0 :5 x pass$ into its curi\s spr+ *rysalis4 ,! date ( em]g5ce v>ies4 ,9 #aijc x occurr$ e>ly1 ! haze n be+ m>k$ aft] ,june #c1 ?\gh recurr+ aga9 at int]vals = a day or s4 ,9 #aije x 0 lat]2 p]ceptibly ?9 aft] ,june #ba x did n c]ta9ly cle> away till ,june #i & came back aga9 on ,july #af & possibly on ! #be?4 ,^! vicissitudes ( aspect give u glimpses into a sweet unreasonabl5ess 9 ,m>tian wea!r :i* makes x seem m ak9 to our own4 ,& ?is on two c\nts1 diurnal & annual4 ,f day to day atmosph]ic conditions %ift = purely local cause2 :ile1 fur!rmore1 successive ,m>tian ye>s are n alike4 ,9 "s ! season is e>ly2 9 o!rs late4 ,s t ,m>s is no m exempt ?an are we f ! wantonness ( wea!r4 ,cle>ly disclos$ ?us r$uc$ to its smalle/ possible t]ms x rema9s = "s mon?s ( our days1 = six weeks ( its own4 ,dur+ t p]iod x cont9ues practically un*ang$1 nei!r increas+ nor decreas+ significantly 9 size1 nor alt]+ notably 9 aspect4 ,measures ( ! draw+s ( x !n make x f five to eight degrees across & x is possible t x really fluctuates betwe5 n>r[ limits1 ?\gh its cle>-cut outl9e at all times r5d]s ! v>iation difficult to expla94 ,we are n s ne> x z we c\ld wi%2 = on ^! occasions ev5 at _! be/ x is ov] two hundr$ times z di/ant z ! moon & ! greate/ magnification possible /ill leaves x a hundr$ ?\s& miles away4 ,to ! s\? pol> cap a some:at simil> hi/ory atta*es1 b ) a diff]5ce4 ,9 its case no su* regul>ly recurr5t spr+ haze has yet be5 not$4 ,! melt+ ( ?is cap w\ld seem to be ( a m ord]ly nature ?an its fell[ & n to outdo :at c conv5i5tly be c>ri$ (f4 ,t an excess ( evaporation %\ld n take place is ! m peculi> f ! fact t at its maximum x is ! l>g] ( ! two & !re=e has ! great] quantity ( matt] to get rid (4 ,its summ]1 also1 is %ort] ?an ! arctic "o1 s t x has ! less "t to dispose ( its accumulations4 ,! only o!r respect 9 :i* x seems to be diff]5tly circum/anc$ f its antipodes is 9 ! "* ( its surr\nd+s4 ,ab\t x are l>ge blue-gre5 areas :i* ) int]missions /ret* d[n 9 places to )9 less ?an t5 degrees ( ! equator2 :]eas ! o!r pole is cont9u\sly encircl$ = long di/ances by practically un9t]rupt$ o*re4 ,! "* ( ! environm5t seems ?us ! only ?+ t c acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 behavior & ?is proves ! m plausible :5 we come to consid] :at ^? two classes ( regions respectively repres5t4 ,9 o!r ways z well ! s\!rn cap is ! m self-conta9$4 ,! rifts1 inde$1 break x up into sep>ate portions & ^! 9 "p rema9 z outly+ deta*m5ts ( ! ma9 body1 z 0 notably ! case 9 #ahgg & 9 #ahid1 b !y h>dly h ! p]man5cy & importance ( ^? simil>ly =m$ ab\t ! arctic pole4 ,no?+ ant>ctic = in/ance comp>es ) ! subsidi>y pat* ( ! nor? pol> regions ly+ 9 longitude #bjf1 :i* bo? 9 ,s*iap>elli's "t1 & dur+ ! late oppositions z well 0 almo/ z fix$ a feature ( ! arctic zone z ! cap prop]4 ,n q s con/ant1 h[ev]1 & n s solid-look+ a l&m>k is ?is pat* = all its ext5t1 :i* ne>ly equals ! area ( ! m legitimate portion4 ,x be>s on its face a m pallid complexion z if x 7 ?9n]1 & ?is is borne out by ! fact t x occasionally disappe>s1 an ev5t :i* s f> at lea/ has nev] befall5 ! nor!rn cap itself4 ,less con/ant ! s\!rn "o is to its own m9imum ?an ! nor!rn4 ,9 "s seasons1 9 mo/ 9 fact1 x rea*es l ! o!r a m or less def9ite limit ( dim9ution :i* x does n pass4 ,b ?is is n always ! case4 ,9 #ahid x disappe>$ entirely at ! height ( its midsumm]4 ,! season 0 probably unusually hot !n 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ( ,m>s4 ,9 position ! caps h some?+ to say ab\t physiographic conditions4 ,bo? caps at _! m9ima are !n irregul> & ! c5tre ( ! s\? "o is m>k$ly ecc5tric to ! areographic pole4 ,x lies "s six degrees nor? along ! ?irtie? m]idian4 ,! nor!rn "o is also probably ecc5tric1 b mu* less s1 ) a div]g5ce n mu* exce$+ a degree & ( d\btful ori5tation4 ,n only are bo? caps n ^u _! respective poles b !y are n opposite ea* o!r1 ! "o ly+ 9 longitude #cj1 ! o!r 9 #bij4 ,?is speaks1 ( c\rse1 = local action4 ,9 "s wise ?is mu/ dep5d on ! configuration ( ! surface1 yet s f> z m>k+s g !re is no?+ to %[ :at ! dep5d5ce is4 ,! ecc5tr+ ( ! caps is p>allel$ by ! l /ate ( ?+s on e>?4 ,! pole ( cold does n co9cide 9 ei!r hemisph]e ) ! geographic pole4 ,on ! e>? its position is l>gely det]m9$ by ! di/ribution ( ! l&-masses4 ,cont95ts are n su* equaliz]s ( heat z oceans because ( _! conductivity on ! "o h& & _! immobility on ! o!r4 ,9 w9t] !y "p ) _! heat m quickly & convection curr5ts _c supply ! loss4 ,?is acc\nt+ = !rmal pole ecc5tricity is inapplicable to ,m>s because ( ! abs5ce !re ( bodies ( wat]4 ,& x is significant t ! degree ! e>?ly poles ( cold are out mu* exce$s :at is ! case on ,m>s4 ,possibly areas ( vegetation !re replace to "s effect areas ( wat]4 ,x is c]ta9ly 9 favor ( ?is view t ! arctic regions !re are m des]t ?an ! ant>ctic & t ! nor? pole ( cold occupies m squ>ely ! geographic pole4 ,n till #aijc did ! actual />t+ aga9 ( ei!r cap *ance to be se54 ,nor 0 ?is1 inde$1 a matt] ( haz>d b ( p]si/5t inquiry by obs]vation prolong$ aft] ! planet _h got s f> away t its scann+ _h hi!rto be5 discont9u$4 ,su* se>* beyond ! cu/om>y limits ( obs]vation 0 ess5tial to success1 because ( ! relation ( ! axial tilt to ! position ( ! planet 9 its orbit4 ,at an opposition well plac$ = ne>ness1 ! tilt is su* z l>gely to hide ! pole & to pres5t ! pol> regions too obliquely to view = effective scann+4 ,?is is true bo? ( ! arctic & ! ant>ctic regions 9 turn4 ,= ! ,m>tian axis be+ incl9$ some:at z our own is to ! plane ( ! planet's orbit1 we at times see well & at times b poorly ! arctic or ant>ctic zones4 ,! cap1 ! />t+ to =m ( :i* 0 ?us caught1 0 ! arctic "o2 ! date #abh days aft] ! nor!rn summ] sol/ice1 or !reab\ts1 = z is p]haps natural ! adv5t ( ! ph5om5on p>took ( ! wavelike advance ( su* ?+s famili> on e>?1 an advance succe$$ by a recession & !n foll[$ by ano!r advance4 ,s mu* is pro( ( local wea!r !re z "h4 ,ho>-fro/ 0 successively deposit$ & !n melt$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,deposition ( fro/4 ,:at is significant1 ! deposition ( ! fro/ took place simultane\sly ov] l>ge areas4 ,! v fir/ pat* ( x1 9 ab\t longitude #cbj1 ext5d$ at "o /roke d[n to latitude #ee4 ,= x actually cross$ ! ,pi]ius some:at to ! s\?4 ,a second pat* /ret*$ to ! ea/ ( ! cap4 ,two w+s ^! made to ! k]nel ( cap itself4 ,?r\gh ! w+s c\ld be m>k$ ! l9e ( ! canal3 ! ,pi]ius ^u ! "o side1 ! ,enipeus ^u ! o!r4 ,su* visibility ( ! canals ?r\gh ! :ite /ret*es prov$ ! :ite n to be due to cl\d susp5d$ betwe5 u & !m1 b a surface deposit :i* f\nd no lodgm5t ^u ! canals !mselves4 ,! same avoidance ( d>k m>k+s 0 evid5c$ by ! %[+ ( ! d>k rim r\nd ! cap's k]nel4 ,n[1 if ! deposit 7 inde$ ho>fro/1 ?is failure to f9d p]man5t foo?old on ! d>k m>k+s is :at we %\ld expect to witness4 ,= :e!r !y 7 vegetation or wat]1 equally 9 ei!r case ! fro/ w\ld melt f !m fir/4 ,probably !y 7 bo? vegetal1 ?\gh "s d\bt might exi/ ab\t ! latt]1 ! b& ar\nd ! k]nel4 ,x 0 !n ,augu/ #bj 9 t hemisph]e4 ,su* deposition ov] great /ret*es ( c\ntry is p]haps n s surpris+ z x appe>s at fir/ sight :5 se5 f )\t 9 its totality4 ,aft] all1 some?+ n unlike x occurs 9 our sn[-/orms :5 hundr$s ( squ>e miles are :it5$ at once4 ,fur!rmore1 ) an atmosph]e z ?9 z ,m>s seems to possess ! temp]ature mu/ be p]il\sly ne> ! freez+-po9t 9 ! arctic & sub>ctic regions at ! close ( summ]4 ,/eadily1 ) int]missions1 ! :ite %eet increas$ until ev5 ! d>k bord] to ! cap became oblit]ate1 ! k]nel %[+ at fir/ ?r\gh ! veil l ! gho/ ( :at x _h be51 & !n ceas+ to be visible at all1 its delimitations be+ buri$ "u deep] & deep] depositions ( fro/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fir/ nor!rn sn[4 ,! p]5nial portion ( ! cap 0 ?us m]g$ 9 ! new-fall5 sn[4 ,?is m>k$ ! on-com+ ( ! arctic w9t] 9 full =ce & happ5$ ev5 be=e ! pol> sun _h :olly set4 ,= ! pole did n ent] into ! %ad[ till two ( our mon?s lat]1 ! autumnal equ9ox occurr+ #ahc days aft] ! summ] sol/ice or #ee days aft] ! fir/ fall ( fro/4 ,!n ! pole pass$ into its />-/rewn arctic night1 a pol> night ( twice ! duration ( our own & ! circumpol> regions ent]$ ^u _! long hib]nation ( t5 ( our mon?s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,:ite ,,spots ,9 addition to ! pol> caps prop] & to ! subsidi>y pol> pat*es t (t5 9 late summ] flank !m r\nd ab\t1 o!r :ite spots may f "t to "t be se5 ^u ! disk4 ,9 appe>ance ^! diff] 9 no respect1 s f> z obs]v$1 f ! arctic subsidi>y sn[-fields4 ,( ! same pure arg5t1 !y sp>kle on occasion 9 l mann] ) ! %e5 ( ice4 ,equally ) ! pol> caps !y rema9 p]man5t 9 place dur+ ! p]iod ( _! visibility & are !mselves long-liv$4 ,?\gh by no means p]petual _! duration is reckon$ by weeks & ev5 mon?s1 & !y recur ) m or less p]si/5cy at successive ,m>tian ye>s4 ,t1 :5 se51 !y %[ 9 p>ticul> positions app>5tly unaffect$ by diurnal *ange precludes _! be+ cl\ds1 & ?is fact tak5 9 connection ) ! "* ( _! habitat is ! puzzl+ po9t ab\t !m4 ,= !y affect *iefly ! nor? tropic belt4 ,!y1 or at lea/ _! nuclei1 are small1 ab\t two or ?ree degrees 9 diamet]1 & are n p>ticul>ly easy ( detection z a rule1 ?\gh c]ta9 l>g] ones are at times conspicu\s4 ,*romatic1 r ?an =mal1 def9ition is necess>y to _! br++ out1 z is witness$ by ! sup]b colors ! disk pres5ts at ! times :5 !y are be/ se54 ,x is !n t ,m>s puts on ! look ( a fire-opal4 ,! fir/ su* spot to be notic$ 0 "o :i* ,s*iap>elli detect$ 9 #ahgi1 at ! second opposition 9 :i* he /udi$ ! planet4 ,he call$ x ! ,nix ,olympica1 %[+ t he recogniz$ 9 x a c\s9%ip to ! pol> sn[s4 ,yet x lay 9 latitude #bj nor?1 longitude#a #aca1 9 ! mid/ ( ! o*re /ret*es ( t "p ( ! disk4 ,x 0 a small r\ndi% :ite speck ( n m ?an two ?irds ! diamet] ( ! pol> cap4 ,rese5 by him 9 #ahha1 x fail$ to appe> at subsequ5t oppositions & 0 n caught aga9 until #ahhh4 ,!n once m x vani%$1 n to be detect$ anew till _m ye>s aft] at ,flag/aff1 com+ out r surpris+ly 9 #aijc4 ,x %[$1 h[ev]1 9 ! same place z be=e2 s t its position b n its exi/5ce is p]man5t4 ,a simil> b small] pat* 0 app>5t to ,s*iap>elli at ! same opposition ( #ahgi4 ,?is "o :i* he /yl$ ! ,nix ,atlantica lay betwe5 ! ,?o? & ! ,syrtis ,major4 ,x 0 ab\t half ! size ( ! ,nix ,olympica & has nev] s9ce be5 se51 ?\gh x %\ld h be5 _h x cont9u$ to be :at x !n 04 ,illu/ration3 ,:ite 9 ,elysium4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ph5om5a ( ! sort undetect$ ( ,s*iap>elli h be5 rem>k$ at ,flag/aff4 ,on ,may #ah1 #aija1 ,i 0 sudd5ly /ruck by ! s+ul> :it5ess ( ! s\!a/ corn] ( ,elysium :]e t region bord]$ ! ,trivium4 ,elysium has a way ( be+ bright b n ) su* />tl+ int5sity z ?is spot pres5t$ nor 9 s re/rict$ an area z 0 "h ! case4 ,! spot 0 s mu* :it] ?an any?+ ,i _h ev] previ\sly se5 outside ! pol> caps t x arre/$ my att5tion at once4 ,& ?is ! m t ,i _h obs]v$ ?is same "p ( ! planet ! day be=e & p]ceiv$ no?+ out ( ! ord9>y4 ,once detect$1 h[ev]1 ! spot cont9u$ visible4 ,! next day x 0 !re ) equal conspicu\sness1 & n[ ?ru/ an arm across ! ,c]b]us1 entirely oblit]at+ ! canal = ! space ( sev]al degrees4 ,9 ?is sali5ce x rema9$ day aft] day till ! region pass$ f sight1 to reappe> ) x six weeks lat] :5 ! region aga9 r\nd$ into view4 ,! h\r ( ! ,m>tian day seem$ to make no diff]5ce 9 its visibility4 ,x 0 se5 f e>ly morn+ till ,m>tian aft]noon1 z late z ! phase p]mitt$4 ,cle>ly !re 0 no?+ diurnal ab\t its reveal+1 & x la/$ = at lea/ ?ree mon?s & a half1 until ! planet got s f> away t obs]vations 7 discont9u$4 ,x 0 to all appe>ances & int5ts sn[4 ,b n[ comes ! s+ul> fact ab\t x4 ,x lay )9 t5 degrees ( ! equator & %[$ f ! end ( ,june to ! latt] "p ( ,augu/4 ,to our ideas !re c\ld be no m inopportune place or "t = su* an exhibition4 ,= x _c h be5 due to a sn[-capp$ peak1 z we "k = c]ta9 t !re are no m\nta9s 9 ?is1 or 9 any o!r1 "p ( ! planet4 ,besides1 x _h n appe>$ 9 previ\s ,m>tian ye>s2 :i* x infallibly w\ld h done _h x be5 a peak4 ,inde$1 x baffles explanation beyond any ,m>tian ph5om5on kn[n to me4 ,x seems directly to contradict e o!r detail pres5t$ by ! disk4 ,! ph5om5on is ?us unique 9 k9d2 x is n1 h[ev]1 unique z a specim5 ( its k9d4 ,! ea/]n coa/ ( ,a]ia :]e t region bord]s ! ,syrtis ,major is prone to a brilliance ( ! same sort4 ,x is a n>r[ belt ( c\ntry t %[s ?us1 no?+ b ! coa/l9e itself1 b ?is = a consid]able di/ance /ret*+ sev]al hundr$ miles 9 l5g?4 ,x has /ood out sali5tly bright n[ at e opposition :i* ,i h obs]v$1 beg9n+ ) #ahid4 ,sometimes x has be5 describ$ 9 ! notes z bright simply1 sometimes z :ite1 & once1 9 #aija1 z gli/5+ at "o po9t l ice4 ,yet :5 ^u ! t]m9ator x has nev] /ood =? z a m\nta9 range %\ld h done to decl>e its "*4 ,x has be5 evid5t reg>dless app>5tly ( ! ,m>tian season4 ,9 #ahid x 0 bright f ,octob] #be to ,janu>y #af 7,m>tian *ronology72 9 #ahif1 f ,decemb] #bb to ,janu>y #g2 9 #aija1 f ,july #ac to ! #ae?2 9 #aijc1 at ab\t ! same date & s 9 #aije4 ,x 0 :ite/ dur+ ! latt] oppositions1 %[+ t ! effect is mo/ m>k$ 9 its midsumm]4 ,all ( ! above in/ances ( extra-pol> :ite h be5 locat$ )9 ! tropics4 ,examples ( ! same ?+1 h[ev]1 occur 9 ! nor? temp]ate zone4 ,tempe1 a region j to ! we/ ( ! ,m>e ,acidalium1 is exce$+ly giv5 to %[+ a small :ite spot close ^u ! ,m>e's bord] 9 latitude #ej nor?4 ,?is spot1 too1 on occasion glitt]s z x 7 ) ice4 ,x is also at times v small4 ,s t :]eas mu* ( ,tempe is by nature bright b a small k]nel ( x is dazzl+4 ,! li/ might be easily ext5d$ f ! record book4 ,?us on ,m>* #a & #b1 #aijc1 ! disk %[$ speckl$ ) m9ute :ite spots1 "o 9 ,arcadia 9 latitude #da nor?1 "o 9 ,?>sis ne> ! equator1 a ?ird j nor? ( ! ,pho5ix ,lucus 9 #aj s\?1 & a f\r?1 ! ,nix ,olympica1 & on ,april #aa1 a glitt]+ p9-po9t />r$ l a diamond ! c5tre ( ! ,pons ,hectoris4 ,on bo? ^! occasions ! ,m>tian season 0 summ]2 ,july #i = ! latt]1 ,june #ba = ! =m] date4 ,illu/ration3 ,:ite 9 ! ,pons ,hectoris4 ,z "o approa*es ! nor? pole spots ( l "* become m num]\s4 ,especially are su* visible nor? ( ! ,m>e ,acidalium 9 ! arctic region !reab\t1 f #fc to #ge nor?4 ,f s widespread a set ( in/ances ! only explanation :i* seems to fit ! ph5om5a is t ! mean temp]ature ( ,m>s is l[1 n v mu* above freez+1 & t :atev] causes a local fall 9 ! temp]ature results 9 ho>-fro/4 ,su* an explanation accords well ) ! di/ance ( ! planet f ! sun & ! ?9ness ( its atmosph]e4 ,at ! same "t x %[s t ! mean temp]ature ov] ! great] "p ( ! planet ! great] "p ( ! "t is above ! freez+-po9t & t consequ5tly x is no b> to vegetation ( a suitable sort4 ,t ! ho>-fro/ %\ld be f\nd ev5 at ! equator may p]haps be due to ! v ?9ness ( ! air-cov]+ ( ,m>s1 :i* w\ld t5d to make ! actual insolation m ( a factor ?an x is ) u1 & by ! great l5g? ( ! ,m>tian seasons4 ,9 midsumm] ! greate/ insolation occurs 9 ! arctic & temp]ate1 n 9 ! tropic regions2 on ! o!r h&1 an atmosph]e t5ds to accumulate heat = ! tropics4 ,) u ! latt] factor is prepot5t2 x w\ld be less effective on ,m>s4 ,!n aga9 ! d\ble duration ( summ] w\ld t5d to emphasize insolation z ! important factor 9 ! matt]4 ,b x is possible t great] deposition plays a "p 9 ! matt]4 ,on e>? ! ra9fall is greate/ ne> ! equator & some?+ ( ! sort may be true ( ! zones ( moi/ure on ,m>s4 ,t ! mo/ /rik+ spots are f\nd to ! we/ ( l>ge d>k areas may 9 ?is connection h a mean+ inasmu* z1 su* regions be+ vegetation-cov]$1 ! air ov] !m is probably m moi/ure-lad54 ,"o po9t ab\t ! position ( ! spots is ( mom5t3 !y h all be5 f\nd 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e or )9 t5 degrees ( x 9 ! s\!rn equatorial region4 ,?is seems at fir/ a "q ( hemisph]es2 b :5 we consid] t ! light areas ( ! surface are *iefly 9 ! boreal hemisph]e & 9 ! s\? tropic belt1 we p]ceive t x may be r ! "* ( ! surface !re ?an ! p>ticul> hemisph]e 9 ! ab/ract t is decisive 9 ! matt]4 ,nev]!less1 ! au/ral hemisph]e is ! hemisph]e ( extremes1 possess+ a %ort]1 hott] summ] & a long]1 cold] w9t] ?an its antipodes4 ,?is w\ld n favor sporadic small depositions ( fro/ 9 summ] s mu* z w\ld a climate ( a m mean temp]ature4 ,f ! relative lack ( atmosph]ic cov]+ ov] ! planet we %\ld expect ! nights to prove decid$ly cool1 :ile ! days 7 fairly w>m4 ,( ?is we h p]haps evid5ce 9 a s+ul> aspect %[n by ! ,m>e ,acidalium 9 ,june1 #aijc4 ,! acc\nt ( x 9 ! ,annals reads ?us3 8,on ,may #bb an int]e/+ & curi\s ph5om5on pres5t$ itself4 ,on t day1 s soon z ! ,m>e ,acidalium _h well r\nd$ ! t]m9ator on to ! disk1 at #ceb1 ! :ole ( its c5tral "p %[$ :ite1 ! edges ( ! m>k+ alone rema9+ z a %ell to ?is brilliant core4 ,s /rik+ 0 ! effect t beside appe>+ 9 ! draw+ x f\nd e*o 9 ! notes4 ,! next day no m5tion is made ( x1 & a draw+ made "u #bj %[s ! ,m>e z usual & ! bright spot 9 ,tempe 9 its cu/om>y place4 ,nei!r 0 any?+ ( ! sort notic$ on ! #bd? & #be?4 ,b on ! #bf?1 ! day ( ! projection 7^u ! t]m9ator71 ! effect ( ! #bc;d reappe>$1 ! longitude ( ! c5tre be+ #ccb4 ,=tunately on t day a fur!r draw+ 0 secur$ :i* enabl$ its subsequ5t behavior to be foll[$4 ,made ?ree h\rs lat] ?an ! o!r1 ! longitude ( ! c5tre be+ #ac1 ?is draw+ %[s ! ,m>e well on ! disk1 its :ole area z d>k z usual & ) ,tempe bright to ! "r ( x t[>d ! t]m9ator4 ,! t]m9ator 9 "q 0 ! sunrise "o1 & we are (f]$ two suppositions 9 explanation ( ! ph5om5on3 ei!r ! :ite 0 due to a morn+ deposition ( ho>-fro/ :i* dissipat$ z ! sun got up1 or obliquity r5d]$ "s sup]ficial deposit visible :i* m v]tical vision hid4 ,t ! =m] inf]5ce is ! m probable seems h9t$ at by ! simultane\s appe>ance f ! #ai? to ! #bf? ( o!r areas ( :ite betwe5 ! ,m>e & ! pole4 ,may #bf 0 #hh days aft] ! nor!rn summ] sol/ice1 & correspond$ to ,july #ca on ! e>?40 ,annals1 ,volume ,,iii1 #efd4 ,9 ?is connection m5tion may p]t95tly be made ( ,s*iap>elli's repeat$ obs]vation ( regions t :it5 ) obliquity1 a proclivity to :i* he p>ticul>ly notic$ ,hellas & c]ta9 #8isl&s' 9 ! ,m>e ,ery?raeum to be prone4 ,"h z ) ! ,m>e ,acidalium we c]ta9ly seem to be envisag+ cases ( matut9al fro/ melt$ by midday "u ! sun's rays4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,m>tian longitudes are n[ reckon$ f ! ,fa/igium ,aryn1 ! my?ologic cupola ( ! _w1 a spot easy ( recognition because mak+ ! tongue 9 ! jaws ( ! ,sabaeus ,s9us4 ,x fur!r comm5ds itself because ( ly+ )9 a degree ( ! equator4 ,! longitudes are reckon$ !nce we/w>d all ! way r\nd1 or to #cfj4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,climate ,,& ,,wea!r ,9 gaz+ at ! successive phases pres5t$ by ! pol> caps z _! annual hi/ory unrolls itself to view1 beg9n+ ) va/ :ite cloaks t 9 w9t] hide s effectively ! planet's %\ld]s1 to little r\nd knobs t 9 summ] sit l gu>dsm5's caps m or less askew ^u ! poles1 ! bodily eye sees only ! gli/5 ( f>-(f sn[4 ,! m9d's eye1 h[ev]1 p]ceives some?+ m3 ! conviction !y c>ry ( ! pres5ce ( an atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! planet4 ,elusive z wat] vapor is to sight = its transp>5cy & to spectroscopic det]m9ation = its e>?ly omnipres5ce1 recognition ( its exi/5ce else:]e by d$uction raises su* reason+ at once to a m conspicu\s plane ?an x might o!rwise assume4 ,especially is ?is true :]e ! d$uction is itself conclusive1 z is "h ! case4 ,= x dep5ds on ph5om5a n its own1 b :i* are 9 _! turn dep5d5t on x4 ,we are n ev5 behold5 to any k ( ! sub/ance compos+ ! caps = ! fundam5tal inf]5ce t an atmosph]e surr\nds !m4 ,:atev] t sub/ance 71 ! fact t ! caps dissipate & re=m %[s u ) absolute c]ta9ty t !y pass into ! gase\s /ate1 to be lat] solidifi$ afre%4 ,?is gas con/itutes ( itself an atmosph]e2 :ile ano!r ph5om5on1 to wit1 _! blue girdles z !y melt1 affirm+ _! sub/ance to be sn[ & ice1 enables u to precise ! fact t ?is gas is wat] vapor4 ,f su* premise giv5 u by ! pol> caps we are able to inf] mu* m by ! help ( ! k9etic !ory ( gases4 ,b ! spe$ ( p>t+ by a planet ) its gases is condition$ by ! mean spe$ ( ea* gas4 ,wat] vapor w1 !re=e1 g be=e nitrog51 oxyg5 or c>bonic acid gas4 ,if1 !n1 we f9d x pres5t ov] ! surface ( a planet we are assur$ ( ! possibility t ! o!r ?ree may be !re too1 & f ! simil>ity ( matt] 9 space /rong reason to suspect t !y actually are4 ,corroborative evid5ce ( ! accuracy ( ! d$uction z to ! pres5ce ( a ,m>tian air is %[n 9 sev]al o!r ways2 9 ! exi/5ce ( cl\ds to beg9 )4 ,r>e z !y are1 ^! c]ta9ly float at times ov] p>ts ( ! planet1 al?\gh x is d\btful :e!r !y c !n be se54 ,=tunately = assurance we h o!r ways ( asc]ta9+ _! pres5ce ?an t ( obscuration4 ,nor is x ( acc\nt to ! argum5t t !y %\ld be few & f> betwe51 z !y unque/ionably are4 ,"o s+le in/ance ( su* m$iumi/ic support is en\gh to support ! !ory ( a m$ium2 & t in/ance has be5 m ?an once obs]v$4 ,direct evid5ce ( atmosph]e is fur!r =?com+ 9 ! limb-light4 ,?is ph5om5on might be describ$ z a brilliant obscuration4 ,x is a circlet ( illum9ation t swamps ! features z !y ne> ! full edge ( ! disk1 ! limb ( ! planet z x is call$4 ,oblit]ation ( ! sort is evid5t1 m or less m>k$ly1 at all times1 & is n due to =e%ort5+1 z ! broade/ areas are affect$4 ,! fad+ out ( ! detail at ! limb sugge/s no?+ s mu* z a veil drawn betwe5 u & x1 light] 9 t9t ?an :at x cov]s4 ,su* a veil c be none o!r ?an air or ! haze & cl\d t air supports4 ,f its effect1 imp>tial 9 place & p>tial 9 "*1 cl\d is inadmissible z a cause & we are left ) air *>g$ ) du/ or vapor 9 explanation4 ,obscuration due to x %\ld prove mo/ d5se at ! limb1 s9ce !re ! eye has to p5etrate a great] dep? ( x2 j z on ! e>? our own air gives azure dimness to ! di/ance 9 deep5$ t9t+ z ! m\nta9s lie remote4 ,ano!r bit ( evid5ce lies 9 ! app>5t detection ( a twilight arc4 ,9 #ahid measures made ( ! pol> & equatorial diamet]s ( ! planet %[$ c]ta9 sy/ematic residuals left aft] all kn[n corrections _h be5 appli$4 ,! only ?+ :i* w\ld acc\nt = !m 0 ! supposition t a twilight arc _h be5 unconsci\sly se5 & z unconsci\sly measur$4 ,9 delicate quantities ( ! sort too great reliance _c be put1 b if ! residuals be n ref]able to o!r cause !y give u n only fur!r evid5ce ( an atmosph]e1 b at ! same "t our only h9t ( t atmosph]e's ext5t4 ,f !m x w\ld seem t ! air mu/ be r>e1 n m ?an ab\t f\r in*es ( b>ometric pressure1 z we reckon x1 & probably less2 a ?91 high air m r>efi$ ?an prevails ^u our highe/ m\nta9 tops4 ,corroborative ( ?is is ! aspect ( ! planet4 ,f ! g5]al look ( ! disk a scant cov]+ ( air is inf]able4 ,= "o ( ! /rik+ ?+s ab\t ! planet's features is _! pat5t exposure to our sight4 ,except 9 ! w9t] "t ( its hemisph]e or 9 ! spr+ aft] ! greate/ melt+ ( ! pol> cap1 no?+ seems to /& 9 our way ( an un9t]rupt$ view ( ! surface1 :e!r 9 ! arctic1 temp]ate1 or tropic zones4 ,f ! op5ness ( its expression1 h[ev]1 too mu* case %\ld n be made z we really "k b little ( h[ an atmosph]e-en%r\d$ planet w\ld look4 ,we f9d no difficulty 9 see+ objects a hundr$ miles away across ! surface ( ! e>? & yet ! ?ickness ( ! air /rata 9 su* horizontal trav]s+ is _m fold :at x is :5 we look directly up4 ,x is also out ( all proportion lad5 ) du/ & smoke4 ,9 ! pur] regions ( ! e>?1 a cle> air imposes b little b> to sight1 & conjures up f> ?+s />tl+ly di/9ct4 ,nev]!less1 e evid5ce po9ts to a ?9 air ^u ,m>s3 a priori reason+1 indirect d$uction & direct sight4 ,n[1 f a ?9ness ( atmosph]e x w\ld foll[1 o!r ?+s equal1 t ! climate 0 cold4 ,ab\t ?is !re has be5 mu* "q1 b less ( answ]+ reply4 ,f ! di/ance ( ! planet f ! sun x is c]ta9 less heat is receiv$ by x ?an falls ^u ! e>? 9 some?+ l ! ratio ( "o to two4 ,b t ! am\nt effective is z ! am\nt receiv$ is f> f sure4 ,! available heat is mu* affect$ by ! mann] ( its reception4 ,a blanket ( air acts l ! glass ( a cons]vatory1 lett+ ! light rays 91 b h9d]+ ! heat rays out4 ,! light rays fall+ on ! gr\nd or ! air are trans=m$ into heat rays t1 f9d+ ! return j\rney less easy1 are consequ5tly trapp$4 ,all sub/ances are ?us calorifi]s1 b wat] vapor is _m times m pot5t ?an ord9>y air to heat-ensn>+4 ,a humid air has a ho?\se tang to x mo/ p]ceptible4 ,n[1 :at ! relative p]c5tage ( wat] vapor 9 ! ,m>tian atmosph]e may be we d n "k4 ,! ?9ness ( ! ,m>tian air has caus$ x to be lik5$ to t ^u our highe/ m\nta9 peaks :i* are 9 l>ge "p cov]$ ) p]petual sn[4 ,b ! comp>ison is n well f\nd$4 ,a peak diff]s mat]ially f a plateau 9 ! c\nt5ance x gives to ! heat fall+ ^u x4 ,on a plateau ea* w>m$ acre ( gr\nd helps ! ret5tion ( heat by its neighbor2 :ile 9 addition to be+ de/itute ( side support ! high] w9ds g5]at$ ab\t an isolat$ peak bl[ its own caloric away4 ,/ill less does any analogy hold betwe5 ! two :5 ! plateau is a _w-wide "o4 ,f ^! consid]ations x is evid5t glosses are possible ^u ! bald idea ( a mu* l[] temp]ature prevail+ on ! ,m>tian surface ?an on ! e>?'s4 ,d\btless ! !oretic cold has be5 greatly ov]done4 ,rev]sely1 rec5t obs]vations t5d to l[] ! app>5t temp]ature disclos$ by ! features ( ! disk1 & betwe5 ! ris+ ( ! !oretic & ! fall+ ( ! obs]v$ we are left ) a v reasonable compromise & reconcilem5t z ! result4 ,! v>i\s look & behavior ( ! surface ( ,m>s po9t to a mean temp]ature cold] ?an t ( ! e>?1 b above ! freez+-po9t ( wat]2 = regions1 at lea/1 outside ( ! pol> caps & dur+ all b ! w9t] mon?s4 ,except at c]ta9 special spots1 & possibly ev5 !re1 fro/ is unkn[n at all times )9 ! tropics & except 9 w9t] 9 temp]ate latitudes4 ,^! anomal\s localities1 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 may be said to be ! exceptions t prove ! rule ( g5]al non-glaciation4 ,= if !y be sn[1 !y /& witness to its abs5ce else:]e ^u ! disk1 & if !y are n1 !y te/ify ! m emphatically to ! same effect4 ,z betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! surface1 ! tilt ( ! ,m>tian axis & ! great] l5g? ( ! ,m>tian seasons1 ! "o ! same z1 ! o!r ! d\ble (1 our own1 t5d to an acc5tuation ( ! heat 9 ! temp]ate & arctic or ant>ctic zones4 ,! greate/ insolation on e>? is n1 z we might suppose1 at ! equator1 b at ! p>allels ( #dc4e nor? & s\?2 ev5 ! poles !mselves receiv+ a qu>t] z mu* heat aga9 on midsumm] day z ev] falls to ! lot ( ! l9e4 ,?is broad physical fact is equally true ( ,m>s1 :ile 9 ! matt] ( consecutive exposure ,m>s 9 summ] outdoes ! e>?4 ,= ! long] ! seasons1 ! m ne>ly does ! effective heat approa* ! receiv$ am\nt4 ,?us bo? on ! score ( heat receiv$ & ( heat husb&$ ^! zones mu/ be relatively w>m4 ,& ?is %[s itself 9 ! look ( ! surface4 ,9 summ] x is cle>ly w>m] )9 ! pol> regions ?an is ! case on e>?1 to judge by ! effect4 ,9 w9t] ! cold is d\btless proportionately sev]e4 ,= ! diurnal range ( temp]ature we h less data4 ,!re is evid5ce po9t+ to *illy nights1 b x is meagre1 & we are left to fall back on ! cold ( our des]ts at night = analogic condition ( ! /ate ( ?+s ov] ! ,m>tian des]t levels aft] ! sun goes d[n4 ,if we are unc]ta9 ( ! precise "* ( ! ,m>tian climate1 we "k on ! o!r h& a good deal ab\t ! ,m>tian wea!r4 ,a pleas+ abs5ce ( x ov] mu* ( ! planet di/+ui%es ,m>tian conditions f our own4 ,t we c scan ! surface z we d )\t practical int]ruption day 9 & day out proves ! wea!r ov] x to be p]man5tly fair4 ,9 fact a cle> sky1 except 9 w9t]1 & 9 _m places ev5 !n1 is n only ! rule1 b ! rule almo/ )\t exceptions4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,m>tian /udy cases ( obscuration 7 record$ f "t to "t by obs]v]s1 9 :i* portions ( ! disk 7 *ang$ or hidd5 z if cl\ds 7 veil+ !m f view4 ,m mod]n obs]vations fail to support ?is d$uction1 p>tly by abs5ce ( in/ances1 p>tly by o!r explanation ( ! facts4 ,c]ta9ly ! record$ in/ances are v r>e4 ,inde$1 occasions ( ! sort mu/ to any ,m>tians be ev5ts1 s9ce only "o possible example has pres5t$ itself to me dur+ ! c\rse ( my obs]vations1 ext5d+ m or less ov] elev5 ye>s4 ,ev5 9 ?is case !re 0 no oblit]ation1 ?\gh a c]ta9 :it5ess ov]spread an area ne> ! equator tempor>ily4 ,position seem$ to po9t to its id5tity ) a cl\d :i* made its appe>ance ab\t t "t ^u ! t]m9ator1 & la/$ = "s ?irty-six h\rs4 ,! cl\d1 h[ev]1 %[$ evid5ce ( be+1 n ! k9d ) :i* we are famili>1 b a du/-/orm1 9 keep+1 inde$1 ) ! des]t region 7,*ryse7 9 :i* x orig9at$4 ,) ! exception ( sporadic di/urbance ( ! sort ! :ole surface ( ! planet outside ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! pol> caps seems free f cl\d or mi/ & to lie p]petually unveil$ to space4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ! caps1 h[ev]1 & especially r\nd ab\t _! edge1 a v di/9ct pe>ly appe>ance is pres5t$ dur+ ! mon?s at :i* ! cap is at its maximum1 or 9 o!r words1 9 ! dep? ( its w9t]4 ,( a dull :ite hue & indef9ite cont\r ! ph5om5on sugge/s cl\d4 ,:]e x lies spread no m>k+s are visible2 an abs5ce explicable by obscuration due an int]pos$ m$ium1 b equally well by seasonal non-exi/5ce ( ! m>k+s !mselves1 :i* f ! g5]al behavior ( ^! m>k+s we "k to be to "s ext5t c]ta9ly ! fact4 ,( ! regions :]e ! effect is noticeable1 ,hellas is ! mo/ /rik+4 ,s conspicu\sly :ite dur+ ! w9t] ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e z to h be5 (t5 mi/ak5 = ! pol> cap1 its gho/ %[s ?us almo/ regul>ly e ,m>tian ye>4 ,:at is z sugge/ive z x is /rik+1 ! blan*+ is conf9$ to ! solid circle con/itut+ ,hellas & does n ext5d into ! d>k regions by :i* x is circumscrib$4 ,hellas is z self-conta9$ :5 ?us p[d]$ z :51 9 its normal o*re or abnormal r$1 x /ret*es l a broad buckl] across ! body ( ! disk4 ,t ! l& !re lies at a high] level ?an its surr\nd+s is pretty c]ta91 b t ! diff]5ce c am\nt to en\gh to expla9 its silv]9ess z ice is improbable4 ,9 latitude ,hellas is di/9ctly temp]ate1 ly+ betwe5 ! p>allels ( #ee & #cj2 b on ,m>s ?is is no w>rant ( a l climate4 ,aga91 ?\gh close on ! s\? to :at con/itutes ! pol> cap1 x does n /rictly =m "p ( t cap1 b occupies bo? 9 position & 9 k9d a some?+ int]m$i>y betwe5 ! fro/-b\nd regions ( p]iodic sn[ & ! w>m] ones ( p]petual sun%9e4 ,x seems to be afflict$ ) ! w9t] wea!r ( ! nor? ( ,europe1 & to owe its pe>ly look at su* times to ! same cl\d canopy t !n di/ress+ly cov]s ^? inclem5t l&s4 ,simil> 9 behavior to x is ! long *a9 ( s-call$ isl&s t1 beg9n+ s\?we/ ( ,?aumasia1 runs !nce we/w>d ev5 to ! ea/]n edge ( ,hellas4 ,^! belt ! planet 9 a we/-nor?we/]ly direction by a /rip ( t]ritory f t5 to fifte5 degrees wide1 ! m$ial l9e ( :i* beg9s at #ee s\? & ends 9 ab\t #dj4 ,!y are p>t$ f ! ma9 bright areas by blue-gre5 #8seas' ( ab\t ! same wid? z !mselves1 ! ,m>e ,sir5um1 ! ,m>e ,cimm]ium & ,m>e ,tyrrh5um4 ,^! #8seas' ! :ite t cov]s ! #8isl&s' nev] crosses2 ?\gh ! cont95t1 z we may call x = conv5i5ce1 desc5ds at ! ea/ to #cj s\?4 ,s9ce ! #8seas' are n seas1 ! cause :i* might b\nd ! sn[1 7 !y su*1 _c be ! cause "h4 ,nev]!less1 !y h an effect ( "s sort on ! iso!rmal l9es z is %[n n only by latitud9al comp>ison ) ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,hellas1 b ) t 9 ,?aumasia z well4 ,= #cj s\? is also ! limit app>5tly ( ! :ite on ,?aumasia1 :]e o*re des]t /ret*es t5 degrees f>!r s\? /ill2 ! region 9 its s\!rn "p be+ :ite-mantl$1 9 its nor!rn "p n4 ,"h aga91 !n1 ! o*re areas make exception to :at affects ! blue-gre5 ones4 ,cle>ly ! blue-gre5 regions temp] ! action ( :at gives !m w9try cloak4 ,b :y !y %\ld d ?is is n easy to expla9 on any supposition t]re/rial or m>9e4 ,bodies ( wat] t5d to fo/] ! =mation ( cl\ds2 s1 less m>k$ly1 d areas ( vegetation4 ,nei!r ! old ideas1 !n1 nor ! new l5d !mselves 9 explanation4 ,x may be t :ile we "h seem to be envisag+ cl\d we are 9 reality look+ at ho>-fro/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 light cl\d w\ld %[ less1 sup]pos$ ov] a d>k backgr\nd1 ?an ov] an o*re "o2 & ?is1 ! simple/ ( all explanations1 may be ! true "o4 ,x is facts l ^! t intrigue u 9 ! /udy ( ! ,m>tian surface by reveal+ conditions :i* r5d] (fh& analogy ) ! e>? unsafe4 ,inde$1 we are m sure ( "s ?+s :i* appe> too /range to be true ?an ( o!rs s simple on _! face z to enli/ belief4 ,among ! mo/ difficult & p]plex+ are meteorological problems l ! above4 ,"h we c only say provisionally t :ile cl\d be/ answ]s to ! appe>ance1 fro/ be/ fits ! cause4 ,= vegetation might melt fro/1 yet n dissipate cl\d4 ,by rais+ our conception ( ! mean temp]ature ! facts c1 h[ev]1 be reconcil$ & ?is is probably ! solution ( ! difficulty aft] all4 ,z we saw 9 ! annual hi/ory ( ! pol> caps a dimness some:at diff]5t affects ! nor!rn cap 9 ,may & ,june4 ,aft] ! melt+ ( ! cap is well "u way a haz9ess sets 9 along its edge :i* befuddles its outl9e & effectually hides :at is go+ on )9 x4 ,:5 at la/ ! scre5 cle>s away ! cap is f\nd to be r$uc$ to its lea/ dim5sions4 ,su* ob/ruct+ %eet looks to be m ( ! nature ( mi/ caus$ by ! excessive melt+ ( ! cap4 ,un=tunately1 !re are "h no pat*es ( blue-gre5 to te/ a possible p>tiality 9 its behavior ov] su* tracts2 nor has simil> action ev] yet be5 rem>k$ 9 ! case ( ! cap ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,regul> recurr5ce at ! appropriate season ( ! planet's ye>1 toge!r ) ext5sive action at ! "t1 takes ?is spr+tide mi/ to "s ext5t out ( ! doma9 ( wea!r into t ( climate4 ,= x prevails all r\nd ! cap & repeats itself 9 place z ea* fre% spr+ comes on4 ,at lea/ x has done s = ! pa/ ?ree oppositions at :i* x has be5 possible to obs]ve well ! arctic zones4 ,x is ?us bo? g5]al 9 its application & fix$ 9 its behavior4 ,nev]!less1 x betrays some?+ ( ! fickl5ess :i* *>act]izes t m incon/ant ?+3 wea!r4 ,= x comes & goes1 "o ?9ks = good1 only to f9d x !re aga9 "s days lat]4 ,n less capti\s is ! meteorologic action %[n 9 ! mak+ ( ! new pol> cap4 ,:5 ! nor!rn "o />ts to =m1 va/ areas ( fro/ are deposit$ 9 a s+le night4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n p]man5t4 ,! gr\nd ?us cov]$ is dur+ ! next few days aga9 p>tially laid b>e4 ,!n a new fall occurs1 hid+ ! surface a little m completely ?an be=e1 & ! lo/ doma9 is m ?an rega9$4 ,by su* wavelike advance & recession ! tide ( fro/ creeps ov] & subm]ges ! arctic regions z ! late summ] passes into ! autumn4 ,9 ?is alt]nate com+ & go+ ) succe$+ days1 we h an un/eadfa/ness ( action mo/ fitt+ly p>allel$ by our own wea!r4 ,x w\ld seem t local causes !re z "h are sup]pos$ ^u ! ord]ly progress ( ! seasons & ?\gh at ! on-com+ ( ! autumn ! cold is /eadily ga!r+ /r5g?1 nev]!less w>m days occur n[ & !n to /ay its h&1 only to be succe$$ 9 _! turn by fro/s m bit+ ?an be=e4 ,ev5 on ,m>s no?+ 9 ! way ( wea!r is absolutely pr$icable b impr$icability4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,m\nta9s ,,& ,,cl\d ,9 all ways b "o our scrut9y ( ! planet is conf9$ to su* view z we might get ( x f ! c> ( a balloon pois$ above x 9 space2 f :i* disadvantage-po9t we %\ld see ! surface only z a map spread out bel[ u1 a matt] ( b two dim5sions4 ,! exception consi/s 9 ! obs]vation ( :at are call$ projections2 irregul>ities visible :5 ! disk is gibb\s ^u t edge ( ! planet :]e ! light fades (f4 ,/rik+ ph5om5a 9 !mselves !y are ( p>ticul> value = :at may be d$uc$ f !m4 ,= by !m we are af=d$ our only opportunity ( ga9+ k ( ! surface o!r ?an 9 plan & ?us ( det]m9+ betwe5 peak1 plateau1 or pla9 t to a bird's-eye view alike lie flatt5$ out to "o dead level4 ,x might at fir/ be ?\ght t our be/ *ance ( not+ any elevations or depressions ( ! ,m>tian surface lay 9 cat*+ t surface 9 pr(ile1 by scann+ ! bright edge ( x :i* /&s %>p-cut aga9/ ! sky & is call$ ! limb4 ,= ?is is practically :at we d on e>? :5 we m>k a m\nta9 aga9/ ! horizon & measure its height by triangulation4 ,un=tunately ! me?od fails 9 ! case ( ,m>s because ( ! great di/ance we are away4 ,unless ! planet 7 di/9ctly m g5]\sly equipp$ ?an ! e>? 9 ! matt] ( m\nta9s1 no?+ c\ld be hop$ f s =?right an envisag+4 ,s relatively insignificant to ! size ( its globe is ! relief ( ! e>?'s surface t an orange sk9 w\ld seem grossly r\gh by comp>ison4 ,! same proves true = ,m>s4 ,) ! greate/ magnification we c produce1 ! ,m>tian limb /ill appe>s p]fectly smoo?4 ,luckily1 :ile direct vision is ?us impossible1 oblique illum9ation enables u to get an insight into ! "* ( ! surface we _h o!rwise be5 d5i$4 ,:5 m\nta9s or valleys *ance to lie ^u ! b\nd>y ( light & d>kness1 ! rim ( ! disk kn[n z ! t]m9ator 9 contradi/9ction to ! limb :]e ! surface itself comes to an end1 !y make _! pres5ce evid5t ?r\gh an indirect species ( magnification1 ! elongate effect ( oblique light+4 ,) a practical in/ance ( x e "o is famili> :o has walk$ by night along a road imp]fectly />r$ at int]vals by electric lights4 ,/>tl$ betwe5 po/s by :at seem$ deep holes & high furr[s he has involunt>ily imitat$ a spav9$ horse = fe> ( /ubb+ 8 toes1 only to enc\nt] :5 8 foot fell a surface on contact surpris+ly smoo?4 ,! slant illum9ation by l5g!n+ ! %ad[s _h pa9fully deceiv$ him into exagg]at$ inf]5ce ( irregul>ity4 ,:at proves di/urb+ to a wayf>] misguid$ by arc lights is made to d ! eye s]vice :5 x comes to planet>y int]pretation4 ,on ! b\nd>y ( light & %ade1 ^? p>ts ( ! surface :]e x is sunrise or sunset ^u ! planet1 ! sun's rays fall s a?w>twise z to ?r[ enorm\s %ad[s f q small elevations to an eye s plac$ z to view ! surface ) any?+ approa*+ p]p5dicul>ity4 ,a m\nta9 mass !re w ?us proclaim itself by protract$ pr(ile ^u ! pla9 9 hundr$fold magnification4 ,simil>ly a peak !re w adv]tise its height by cat*+ ! com+ or hold+ ! l+]+ light at _m times ! di/ance ( its own elevation away f ! night side ( ! planet4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 !n1 c\ld m\nta9s be expect$ to disclose !mselves1 & "h1 :5 exi/5t1 !y h z a matt] ( fact be5 f\nd4 ,our own moon (f]s u ! fir/ & easie/ example ( su* vic>i\sly visible relief4 ,:5 ! moon is ne> ! qu>t]1 & = ?ree or f\r days on ei!r side ( t1 a ke5 eye c usually detect "o or m knobs1 l w>ts1 project+ f its t]m9ator1 easily di/+ui%$ f ! limb bo? by reason ( be+ less bright & ( be+ b\nd$ by a semi-ellipse in/ead ( a semicircle4 ,if a telescope or ev5 an op]a-glass be sub/itut$ = ! eye1 x is possible to see :at causes !m2 ! knob resolves itself into ! illum9at$ rim ( a crat] sep>at$ f ! ma9 body ( ! visible moon by ! seem+ly black void ( space4 ,! peak has caught ! sunlight1 :ile its foot & ! c\ntry betwe5 x & ! illum9at$ surface /ill lies %r\d$ 9 %ad[4 ,f measurem5t ( ! di/ance ! sun-tipp$ peak seems to /& alo( f ! l9e :]e ! pla9 itself is t\*$ by ! light1 ! height ( x above t pla9 may be calculat$4 ,9 ?is way h be5 f\nd ! heights ( ! m\nta9s ( ! moon4 ,incid5tally1 bra9 out/rips brawn4 ,= p9nacles no ,lun>ian c\ld scale1 bo? = _! precipit\s inaccessibility & _! l(t9ess1 man has measur$ )\t s mu* z sett+ foot ^u _! globe4 ,at ea* lun> sunrise & aga9 at lun> sunset ^! old crat] walls %[ _! cresc5t coronets tipp$ ! rev]se way2 & peaks high] ?an ! ,himalayas make gigantic gnomons ( !mselves ) h&s out/ret*$ to grasp ! pla9s4 ,9 ?is mann] a lun> peak ( fifte5 ?\s& feet %[s its pres5ce to ! unaid$ eye4 ,) s mu* = />t+-po9t we c calculate h[ l[ an elevation c\ld simil>ly be made out on ,m>s "u a l phase illum9ation4 ,n[1 9 sph]es ( diff]5t diamet]s ! di/ance out f ! t]m9ator = a giv5 height is z ! squ>e root ( ! diamet]4 ,m>s has ab\t twice ! size ( ! ,moon4 ,9 consequ5ce1 if we saw ! planet at ! same di/ance (f z ! ,moon1 ! height ( a peak ^u x suffici5t to ca/ an equal %ad[ or be se5 at an equal sep>ation f ! t]m9ator ne$ be b two ?irds z high4 ,to see x ?us equidi/ant a p[] ( #bej or #cjj is necess>y1 dep5d5t on ! opposition4 ,twice ?is p[] may at times be us$1 & by ! same reason+ ?is w\ld r$uce ! height suffici5t to %[ by f\r or to some?+ l #bejj feet4 ,?is1 !n1 w\ld be ! !oretic limit ( ! visible1 a limit ne$+ to be some:at increas$ because ( ! imp]fection ( our air4 ,hav+ f\nd ?us :at %\ld be visible on ,m>s we turn n[ to see :at is4 ,at once we f9d ourselves confront$ ) a v unlun> /ate ( ?+s4 ,common ^u ! face ( ! ,moon1 excresc5ces ( ! t]m9ator are r>e on ,m>s4 ,! fir/ ev] se5 0 detect$ by a visitor at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory 9 #ahhh4 ,s9ce !n !y h be5 repeat$ly notic$ bo? at ! ,lick & else:]e4 ,b al?\gh obs]v]s are n[ on ! wat* = !m1 !y are n v frequ5tly *ronicl$ because n ( ev]yday occurr5ce4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! opposition2 "s approa*es ( ! planet prov+ m prolific ( !m ?an o!rs4 ,h[ r>e !y are1 h[ev]1 may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ! la/ ?ree oppositions h disclos$ b "o apiece4 ,an acc\nt ( ! great projection ( ,may #be1 #aijc1 w give an idea ( ! ext5t & int]e/ ( ! ph5om5on & w s]ve to %[ to :at cause we mu/ attribute all su* t h be5 visible on ,m>s1 = ! behavior ( ?is "o 0 typical ( ! class4 ,illu/ration3 ,projection on t]m9ator4 ,ab\t half pa/ eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+ ( ,may #bf1 #aijc1 ,mr4 ,v4 ,m4 ,sliph]1 a/ronom] at ,flag/aff1 %ortly aft] tak+ ov] ! telescope !n direct$ ^u ,m>s1 sudd5ly notic$ a l>ge projection ab\t halfway up ! t]m9ator ( ! planet4 ,he at once s5t ^w ( ! fact & ! obs]vatory /aff turn$ out to see x1 = a projection has = work]s on ,m>s ! l int]e/ t a new comet possesses = a/ronom]s g5]ally4 ,9 ?is case ! ph5om5on 0 specially pot5t 9 t x 0 ! fir/ to be detect$ t ye>4 ,its s+ul>ity 0 amply second$ by its size4 ,= x 0 v l>ge1 its ext5t bo? 9 l5g? & height be+ excessive4 ,:5 ,i fir/ saw x1 ! projection consi/$ ( an oval pat* ( light1 a little to ! nor? ( ! c5tre ( ! phase ellipse ly+ p>allel to ! t]m9ator b p>t$ f x by d>kness to ! ext5t ( half ! projection's own wid?4 ,x made ?us n simply an excresc5ce b a deta*$ islet ( light4 ,x 0 easily se5 by all ^? pres5t & 0 c>efully /udi$ f t "t on by ,mr4 ,sliph] & me4 ,bo? ( u made draw+s ( x alt]nately at int]vals1 z well z micromet] measures ( its position4 ,next to its great size1 ! mo/ /rik+ feature ab\t x 0 its color4 ,?is1 in/ead ( be+ :ite or :iti%1 0 o*re orange1 a hue closely assimilat$ to ! t9t ( ! subjac5t p>ts ( ! disk1 :i* 0 ! region kn[n z ,*ryse4 ,?is di/9ctive complexion x kept ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( its app>ition4 ,at ! same "t ,baltia1 a region to ! nor? ( x & syn*ron\sly visible close ^u ! t]m9ator1 %[$ :iti%4 ,! see+ 0 good en\gh to disclose ! ,phison & ,euphrates d\ble1 ! p[] a magnification ( #caj & ! ap]ture ! full ap]ture ( ! #bd-;in* objective4 ,f ! "t x 0 fir/ se5 ! deta*$ pat* ( light crept 9 t[>d ! disk1 ! illum9at$ body ( ! planet4 ,f\r m9utes aft] ,i not$ x ! d>k space sep>at+ x f ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! t]m9ator _h s5sibly less5$4 ,s x cont9u$1 ) "s fluctuations intr9sic to ! atmosph]ic difficulties ( obs]vations g5]ally & to ! smallness ( ! object itself1 to become gradually less & less sali5t4 ,x la/$ = ab\t =ty m9utes f ! mom5t x _h fir/ appe>$ to ,mr4 ,sliph] & !n pass$ f sight to leave ! edge ( ! planet smoo? & commonplace aga94 ,! measures made on x %[$ t x lay :5 fir/ se5 9 longitude #ci4g1 latitude #ah4e nor?1 & t its highe/ po9t /ood sev5te5 miles above ! surface ( ! planet4 ,x 0 ?ree hundr$ miles long4 ,^! are my own figures1 f :i* ,mr4 ,sliph]'s d n sub/antially diff]4 ,! return ( ! "p ( ! planet :]e x _h be5 se5 0 eag]ly await$ ! night aft] by bo? obs]v]s1 to see if x w\ld br+ ! projection ) x4 ,= only once a day is ! same region ( ,m>s simil>ly pres5t$4 ,b 9 ord] n to miss ! projection1 %\ld x be ahead ( "t1 obs]vations 7 begun be=e x 0 due4 ,%ortly aft] !y 7 />t$1 !re appe>$ high] up ! t]m9ator & !re=e f>!r nor? ?an _h be5 ! case ! night be=e1 a small projection4 ,x 0 ) difficulty made out & its position measur$4 ,)\t c>eful wat*+ x mu/ h be5 miss$ altoge!r4 ,z x 01 x diff]$ 9 e respect f t ( ! prec$+ day4 ,x 0 n ne>ly s high1 n ne>ly s l>ge1 & lay 9 a diff]5t place on ! planet1 be+ n[ 9 longitude #ca4g1 latitude #be4e4 ,ei!r ! two1 !re=e1 7 totally diff]5t ?+s or ! projection _h mov$ 9 ! elaps$ int]val ( "t ov] sev5 degrees ( latitude & eight degrees ( longitude1 a di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ & n9ety miles 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:]e ! previ\s projection _h be5 no?+ %[$4 ,on ! foll[+ night1 ,may #bh1 no trace ( any?+ unusual c\ld be se5 any:]e4 ,we are n[ conc]n$ to inquire to :at ?is s]ies ( appe>ances c\ld h be5 due4 ,! fir/ obs]v]s ( projections on ,m>s _h unhesitat+ly attribut$ !m to ! same cause t produces projections on ! ,moon1 to wit1 m\nta9s4 ,su* !y 7 held to be 9 ,france & at ! ,lick4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 0 9 #ahib disput$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+ :o consid]$ !m to be n m\nta9s1 b cl\d4 ,& ?is view 0 /rongly support$ by ,a4 ,e4 ,d\glass 9 a discussion ( a l>ge numb] ( !m obs]v$ 9 #ahid at ,flag/aff4 ,! m\nta9 !ory ( _! g5]ation 0 f9ally %[n to be unt5able & _! ascription to cl\d conclusively prov$ to be ! correct solution by ! obs]vations ( a rem>kable "o made 9 ,decemb]1 #aijj1 & ! c>eful /udy to :i* by ! writ] !y 7 subject$4 ,we %all n[ expla9 h[ ?is 0 done & we w beg9 by po9t+ out t ! fact t only a s+le specim5 ( ! ph5om5on 0 visible at ea* ( ! ?ree oppositions ( #aijj1 #aijc1 & #aije 0 itself conclusive1 rightly view$1 ( _! non-m\nta9\s "*4 ,?is conclusion foll[s at once f ! isolat5ess ( ! ph5om5on4 ,= a m\nta9 _c *ange its place4 ,n[1 ! %ift 9 ! aspect pres5t$ by ! planet's disk f "o night to ! next is n suffici5t to alt] p]ceptibly ! appe>ance %[n by any?+ ^u its edge on ! two occasions4 ,if1 !n1 a peak /ood out ^u x "o ev5+1 ! peak %\ld aga9 %[ sali5t :5 ! region rea*$ ! same position ^u ! succe$+ night4 ,t no?+ !n 0 se5 :]e some?+ _h previ\sly be5 visible prov$ ! ph5om5on n t ( a m\nta9 peak1 s9ce :at produc$ ! projection 0 cle>ly n fix$ 9 place & !re=e n atta*$ to ! soil4 ,n[ ! only o!r ?+ capable ( cat*+ ! light be=e x rea*$ ! surface w\ld be some?+ susp5d$ 9 ! air1 t is1 a cl\d4 ,d$uction1 !re=e1 f ! r>ity ( ! ph5om5on alone %[$ t ! projections mu/ be cl\ds4 ,_! behavior 9 detail entirely corroborates ?is d$uction f _! int]mitt5ce4 ,su* 0 %[n by ! action ( ! projection ( ,decemb] #f1 #aijj1 z set =? 9 a pap] be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society & su* aga9 by t ( ! "o ( ,may #bf1 #aijc1 z we %all n[ note4 ,to beg9 )1 we notice t ! projection se5 on ,may #bf 0 n f\nd ei!r 9 situ or 9 size on ,may #bg & _h :olly vani%$ on ,may #bh1 ?\gh ! see+ 0 sub/antially ! same if n bett] on ! two nights succe$+ t ( its orig9al detection4 ,h5ce 9 its own in/ance ?is projection prov$ an alibi irreconcilable ) ! "* ( a m\nta9 mass4 ,b x did m4 ,x n only 0 n on ! second ev5+ :at & :]e x _h be5 on ! fir/1 b ! rema9s ( x visible on ! second occasion %[$ cle>ly t x _h mov$ 9 ! meantime4 ,fur!rmore x 0 disappe>+ z x w5t1 = x 0 v mu* small] aft] ! lapse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! some?+ t caus$ x 0 n only n atta*$ to ! soil1 b 0 mov+ & dissipat+ z x mov$4 ,only "o class ( bodies kn[n to u c acc\nt = ^! metamorphoses & t is3 cl\d4 ,b :at k9d ( cl\d are we to conceive x to be8 ,our ord9>y vapor cl\ds are :iti% & ?is w\ld be /ill m _! color c\ld !y be look$ at f above4 ,! ,m>tian cl\d 0 n :ite b tawny1 ( ! t9t exhibit$ by a cl\d ( du/4 ,nor c\ld ?is color h v well be5 l5t x by its sunrise position1 = o!r places equally situat$ to be t+$ by ! hues ( t "t ( day1 ,baltia to wit1 %[$ di/9ctly :ite4 ,s t we mu/ suppose x to be :at x look$1 a some?+ ( ! soil1 n behold5 to atmosph]ic t9t+ = its hue2 a va/ du/-cl\d travel+ sl[ly ov] ! des]t & settl+ sl[ly aga9 to ! gr\nd4 ,precisely ! same g5]al c\rse ( drift+ disappe>ance 0 tak5 by ! projection ( ,decemb] #g & #h1 #aijj4 ,& ?is1 too1 /ood an unique app>ition 9 ! annals ( its opposition4 ,cl\ds1 !n1 & n m\nta9s are ! explanation ( ! projections on ,m>s1 diff]+ ?us completely f ! lun> ones4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,blue-,,gre5 ,,areas ,desc5d+ n[ equatorw>ds f ! pol> regions1 & _! 9 "p paleocry/ic1 9 "p p]iodic1 coat+ ( ice1 we come out ^u ! g5]al uncov]$ expanse ( ! planet :i* 9 w9t] comprises relatively less surface ?an on ,e>?1 b 9 summ] relatively m4 ,=ty degrees & eighty-six degrees may be tak5 z ! mean hiemal & /ival limits respectively ( ! sn[ on ,m>s2 =ty-five & sev5ty-five z ^? ( ! ,e>?4 ,:atev] gr\nd is ?us b>$ ( sup]ficial cov]+ on ,m>s lies fully expos$ to view1 ?anks to ! abs5ce ( obscur+ cl\d2 & x is at once evid5t t ! t]rane is div]sifi$1 pat*es ( blue-gre5 alt]nat+ ) /ret*es ( r$di% o*re4 ,( ! two opal9e t9ts ! r$di% o*re pr$om9ates1 fully five eigh?s ( ! disk be+ occupi$ by x4 ,x 0 e>ly evid5t 9 ! /udy ( ! surface ( ,m>s t its o*rei% disk 0 n spotless4 ,huygh5s 9 #afei saw ! ,syrtis ,major4 ,f ?is fir/ fruit ( areography dates1 inde$1 ! initial recognition ( ! planet's rotation2 = on not+ t ! m>k+ *ang$ its place1 he inf]r$ a turn+ ( ! planet ^u itself 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?irte5 ye>s lat] he obs]v$ & drew x aga9 & ?is "t 9 company ) ! pol> cap4 ,aga91 aft] elev5 m ye>s1 he depict$ x = ! ?ird "t1 & n[ s *ang$ because ( ! diff]5t tilt ( ! planet t[>d ! e>? t x may be d\bt$ :e!r ,huygh5s himself recogniz$ x = ! same4 ,b t he drew x correctly a globe ( ,m>s w at once %[4 ,f su* small beg9n+ did areography progress to ! p]ception ( p]man5t pat*es ( a sombre hue di/ribut$ m or less irregul>ly ov] ! disk4 ,impress+ ! obs]v]s simply z d>k at fir/1 !y lat] came to be recogniz$ z possess+ color1 a blue-gre51 :i* contra/$ beautifully ) ! r$di% o*re ( ! re/ ( ! surface4 ,cass9i1 ,m>aldi1 ,bian*9i1 ,h]s*el1 ,s*roet]1 all saw m>k+s :i* !y reproduc$4 ,f9ally1 ) ,be] & ,ma$l]1 came ! fir/ attempt at a complete geography4 ,9 & out ?r\gh ! o*re 0 trac$ ! blue2 commonly 9 long ,m$it]raneans ( %ade1 b "h & !re 9 isolat$ ,caspians ( color4 ,) our mod]n telescopic means ! d>k pat*es are easily visible1 ! v smalle/ glass suffic+ to disclose !m4 ,:5 ?us %[n !y mu* resemble 9 cont\r ! d>k pat*es on ! face ( ! ,moon z se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,n[ ^! pat*es 7 e>ly tak5 = lun> seas & receiv$ names 9 keep+ ) ! conception2 z ! ,sea ( ,s]5ity1 ! ,sea ( ,vapors1 & s =?4 ,foll[+ ! recognition ( a l appe>ance1 l appellatives 7 giv5 to ! ,m>tian m>k+s2 & ! ,m>e ,sir5um1 or ,sea ( ! ,sir5s1 ! ,m>e ,cimm]ium1 & o!rs suffici5tly proclaim :at 0 ?\ght ( !m at ! "t !y 7 ?us baptiz$4 ,inde$1 if a g5]al simil>ity be any w>rant = a g5]ic "n !y 7 n at ! "t ill-t]m$4 ,=1 common to all ?ree bodies1 ! ,e>?1 ! ,moon1 & ! planet ,m>s1 is ! figuration ( _! surfaces into light areas & d>k4 ,9 ! ,m>tian disk1 z 9 ! lun> "o1 we seem to be look+ at a c>tographic pres5tation ( "s /range geography susp5d$ 9 ! sky2 ! fir/ g5]ic diff]5ce betwe5 ! two be+ t ! *>t is done 9 *i>oscuro = ! ,moon1 9 color = ,m>s4 ,on mundane maps1 we "k ! dusky wa%es = oceans2 s on ! ,moon x 0 only natural to consid] _! c\nt]p>ts z m>ia2 & on ,m>s z #8seas4' ,nor did ! blue-gre5 hue ( ! ,m>tian ones detract f ! resemblance4 ,b 9 some?+ o!r ?an color ^! m>k+s are alike4 ,9 fact1 color c\ld h>dly be excuse = consid]+ ! lun> m>ia :at _! "n implies1 = di/9ctive t9t is lack+ 9 !m1 ev5 to ! nak$ eye4 ,x 0 9 =m t ! lik5ess lay4 ,_! figures 7 su* z our own oceans %[2 & all[+ = a si/]ly contra/ amid a si/]ly resemblance1 ! lun> m>ia or ! ,m>tian seas might well h be5 ( simil> orig9 to ^? ) :i* our s*oolboy /udy ( atlases _h made u famili>4 ,?us did simil>ity 9 look sugge/ simil>ity 9 orig91 & intuitive recognition clo! its objects ) ! same specific "n4 ,consid]able assumption1 h[ev]1 und]lay ! pleas+ simplicity ( ! correlation on o!r gr\nds1 consequ5t n s mu* ^u any lack ( a/ronomic k z1 curi\sly1 ^u a de>? ( k ( ourselves4 ,we "k h[ o!r bodies look to u1 b we ignore h[ we look to !m4 ,x is n s easy to see ourselves z o!rs see u2 = a f> view may diff] f a ne> "o1 & a matt] ( incl9ation greatly alt] ! result4 ,ow+ bo? to di/ance & to tilt we lack t practical acqua9tance ) ! aspect ( our own oceans view$ f above1 necess>y to def9ite pr$ication ( _! appe>ance across int]planet>y space4 ,our usual idea is t seas %[ d>k1 b x is also q evid5t t "u "s circum/ances !y appe> ! contr>y4 ,x all dep5ds ^u ! position ( ! obs]v] & ^u ! position ( ! ,sun4 ,_! usual ultram>9e may become ev5 z molt5 brass f indirect reflection2 :ile on direct mirror+1 !y give back ! ,sun ) su* sc>ce p]ceptible purlo9+ ( spl5dor z to pres5t a dazzl+ %e5 n to be gaz$ ^u )\t regret4 ,canopi$ by a welk9 !y assume its lead5 hue1 :ile at ! same "t1 _! %ores1 less impressionable to borr[$ light+1 %[ sev]al t9ts d>k] ?an !mselves4 ,surfaces s s5sitive to illum9ation h>dly admit ( m accusable t9t ?an a *ameleon4 ,nev]!less1 we are probably ju/ifi$ 9 our conviction t p]p5dicul>ly visag$1 !y w\ld on ! :ole outdo 9 sombr5ess l& r\nd ab\t !m1 & s be evid5t z dusky pat*es aga9/ a bright] gr\nd4 ,"o ph5om5on we might ) "s confid5ce look to see exhibit$ by !m 7 !y oceans1 & t is ! reflect$ image ( ! ,sun visible z a burni%$ gl>e at a calculable po9t4 ,specul> reflection ( ! sort 0 e>ly sugge/$ 9 ! case ( ,m>s1 & physical ephem]ides = ! planet regi/]$ = _m ye>s ! precise spot :]e ! />like image %\ld be s\ght4 ,b x 0 nev] se54 ,yet n till ! m>9e "* ( ! ,m>tian seas _h be5 o!rwise disprov$ 0 ! futile que/ = x ab&on$4 ,inde$1 x 0 a tacit recognition t our k _h advanc$ :5 ?is column 9 ! ephem]is 0 all[$ to lapse4 ,on ?is g5]al m>9e ascription d\bt 0 fir/ ca/ 9 ! case ( ! ,moon4 ,s soon z ! telescope came to be po9t$ at our satellite1 x 0 evid5t t ! d>k] wa%es 7 n wat] surfaces at all1 b v palpably pla9s4 ,long l[ ridges ( elevation /ood out ^u !m l prairie swells1 :i* grew 9 visible relief accord+ to ! slant+ "* ( ! illum9ation4 ,cracks or rills1 too1 appe>$ ne> _! edges & crat]s %[$ 9 _! v mid/4 ,pat5tly solid !y betray$ _! con/itution n only by div]se topography b by div]sifi$ t9t4 ,all mann] ( %ades ( neutral tone mottl$ _! surface1 f seem+ porphyry to *alk4 ,belief p]=ce dep>t$ :5 ! telescope ?us prick$ ! bubble1 evaporat+ z ! wat] itself _h done long be=e4 ,s mu* 0 kn[n be=e ! ,m>s' m>k+s 7 nam$4 ,nev]!less1 humanity1 true to its in/9cts1 promptly proce$$ to commit aga9 ! same mi/ake1 &1 *e]fully undet]r$ by ! exposure ( its errors 9 ! case ( ! ,moon1 repeat$ ! *ri/5+ 9 ! case ( ,m>s4 ,s sure 0 x ( its gr\nd t :at x saw 0 n gr\nd1 t ?\gh ! p>ticul> appellatives ( ! sev]al seas 7 con/antly alt]$1 rebaptisms1 :ile *ang+ ! p]sonal1 kept ! g5]ic "n4 ,dawes' ,ocean1 = example1 lat] became l',ocean ,newton & lat] /ill ! ,m>e ,ery?raeum1 b rema9$ set d[n z mu* a sea z be=e4 ,ab\t ?irte5 ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 :at _h befall5 ! seas ( ! ,moon1 befell ^? ( ,m>s3 ! loss ( _! "*4 ,x 0 fir/ recogniz$ ?r\gh a simil> exposure2 b ! fact 0 l$ up to & might h be5 realiz$ 9 consequ5ce ( q a diff]5t l9e ( evid5ce4 ,! initial ?+ to ca/ d\bt ^u ! seas be+ :at !y seem$ to be 0 ! detection ( *ange 9 _! aspect4 ,t ! detection 0 n made mu* e>li] ?an actually happ5$ %[s h[ a ph5om5on may elude obs]vation if scrut9y be n p]si/5t1 & its results f "t to "t n c>efully comp>$4 ,s*iap>elli 0 ! "o :o fir/ notic$ v>iation 9 ! look ( ! seas1 & ! discov]y 0 z mu* due to ! assiduity ) :i* he foll[$ ! planet opposition aft] opposition z to ! ke5ness ) :i* he scann$ x4 ,! not+ ( *ange 9 ! blue-gre5 areas con/itut$1 9 fact1 "o ( ! fir/ fruits ( sy/ematic /udy ( ! planet4 ,*ange 9 configuration1 t is1 alt]ation ( area1 prec$$ 9 recognition alt]ation ( t9t4 ,?us ! ,syrtis ,major %[$ l>g] to him 9 #ahgi ?an x _h 9 #ahgg4 ,?is 0 natural2 diff]5ce ( degree be+ a m delicate matt] to p]ceive ?an its effect ^u ext5t4 ,f *ange ( area 8 p]ception w5t on to *ange ( tone4 ,9 8 own words1 :at he notic$ 0 ?is3 ,memoria1 ,,vi1 #ahhh1 8,no less c]ta9 is x t1 f "o opposition to ano!r1 "o notices 9 ! seas1 v rem>kable alt]ations ( tone4 ,?us ! regions call$ ,m>e ,cimm]ium1 ,m>e ,sir5um1 & ,solis ,lacus1 :i* dur+ ! ye>s #ahgg to #ahgi c\ld be numb]$ among ! mo/ sombre on ! planet1 dur+ ! succe$+ oppositions became less & less black1 & 9 #ahhh 7 ( a light gray h>dly suffici5t to r5d] !m visible 9 ! oblique position 9 :i* all ?ree f\nd !mselves4444 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ! v same mom5t1 ! ,m>e ,acidalium & ! ,lacus ,hyp]boreus %[$ v d>k2 ! latt] inde$ appe>$ ne>ly black1 al?\gh se5 z tilt$ z ! ,syrtis & ! equatorial bays4 ,! condition ( ! regions call$ seas is !re=e n con/ant3 s mu* is unque/ionable4 ,p]haps ! *ange produc$ 9 !m has to d ) ! season ( ! planet's ye>40 ,hold+ z he did ! !n prevail+ view t ! blue-gre5 regions 7 bodies ( wat]1 he reg>d$ ^? ( int]m$iate t9t z va/ m>%es or swamps1 & he acc\nt$ = *ange ( hue 9 !m z due to inundations & occasions ( dry+ up4 ,9 consequ5ce ( los+ _! wat]1 ! seas1 he ?\ght1 _h 9 places become s %all[ t ! bottom %[$ ?r\gh4 ,plausible on ! surface1 ?is !ory breaks d[n s soon z x is subject$ to quantitative criticism4 ,= ! mom5t we try to track ! wat]1 we detect ! inadequacy ( ! clew4 ,! enorm\s areas ov] :i* ! ph5om5on occurs necessitates ! e/abli%+ an alibi = all ! lo/ wat] t has gone4 ,dry+ up on su* a scale w\ld mean ! removal ( _m feet ( liquid ov] hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( miles 9 ext5t4 ,to produce any su* *ange 9 appe>ance z we witness1 ev5 on ! supposition t ^! seas 7 none too deep to />t )1 w\ld involve l[]+ ! level ( ! wat] by f five to tw5ty feet ?r\gh\t two ?irds ( ! :ole surface ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,?is w\ld leave a heap ( wat]s to be acc\nt$ =1 bewild]+ 9 its imm5sity4 ,! myriad tons ( x mu/ be dispos$ (2 ei!r by dra9age into o!r regions or by be+ caught up into ! sky4 ,9 ?is em]g5cy x might seem at fir/ z if ! pol> cap ( ! opposite hemisph]e (f]$ itself z a possible res]voir = ! mom5t>ily sup]flu\s fluid4 ,b su* hop$-= outlet to ! problem is at once clos$ by ! simple fact t :5 ! light5+ ( ! d>k regions ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e takes place1 ! opposite pol> cap has already atta9$ its maximum2 9 fact1 has already begun to melt4 ,x1 !re=e1 absolutely refuses to l5d itself to any su* s]vice4 ,?is 0 n kn[n to ,s*iap>elli's "t1 ! obs]vations :i* h e/abli%$ x1 by record+ m completely ! hi/ory ( ! cap1 hav+ s9ce be5 made4 ,inde$1 x 0 n kn[n ev5 at ! "t :5 ! writ]1 9 #ahid1 %[$ ! impossibility ( ! transf] on o!r gr\nds2 to wit1 on ! fact ( no comm5surate concomitant d>k5+ ( ! surface else:]e & on ! manife/ non-complicity1 if n impot5cy1 ( ! ,m>tian atmosph]e 9 ! process4 ,! transf]5ce ( ! wat] to o!r d>k pat*es 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e fails ( suffici5cy ( explanation because ( ! limit$ ext5t ( su* areas on t side ( ! globe2 :ile ! air is q z incapable ( c>ry+ away any su* body ( liquid1 ?\gh ! :ole ( x 7 at ! saturation-po9t1 n to m5tion t !re exi/s no sign ( ! attempt4 ,! read] w f9d ?is reason+ set =? 9 ,m>s1 publi%$ elev5 ye>s ago4 ,he w n[ note1 f :at has be5 said above ab\t ! nor!rn pol> cap1 t cont9u$ obs]vations s9ce h result$ 9 op5+ up ano!r l9e ( pro( :i* has only /r5g!n$ ! conclusion !re rea*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,l9es 9 d>k area4 ,! c\p de grce1 h[ev]1 to ! old belief 0 giv5 :5 ! surface ( ! d>k areas 0 f\nd to be trav]s$ by p]man5t l9es by ,pick]+ & ,d\glass4 ,cont9u$ obs]vation %[$ ^! l9es to be un*angeable 9 place4 ,n[ p]man5t l9es _c exi/ on bodies ( wat]1 & 9 consequ5ce ! idea t :at we look$ on !re 7 wat] surfaces _h to be ab&on$4 ,?us we n[ "k t ! m>k+s on bo? ! ,moon & ,m>s :i* h be5 call$ m>ia are n 9 reality seas4 ,yet we %all d well /ill to keep ! old-fa%ion$ sonor\s names1 ,m>e ,ery?raeum1 ,m>e ,sir5um1 & _! fell[s1 because x is inconv5i5t to *ange2 :ile1 if we please1 we may see 9 _! consecrat$ ,lat9 c\*+ ! fit embalm+ 9 a dead language ( a conception t itself is dead4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,vegetation ,s9ce clos] acqua9tance takes f ! m>ia _! "* ( seas1 we are l$ to inquire aga9 into _! con/itution4 ,n[1 :5 we set ourselves to consid] to :at su* appe>ances c\ld be due we note some?+ besides sea1 :i* =ms a l>ge "p ( our e>?'s surface1 & w\ld h v mu* :at we suppose ! latt]'s aspect f af> to be1 n only 9 tone1 b 9 t9t4 ,?is some?+ is vegetation4 ,se5 f a height & mell[$ by atmosph]ic di/ance1 great =e/s lose _! gre5 to become !mselves ultram>9e4 ,to dispossess a previ\s conception is difficult1 b s soon z we h put ! idea ( seas out ( our heads a vegetal explanation proves to satisfy ! ph5om5a1 ev5 at fir/ glance1 bett] ?an wat] surfaces4 ,9 _! color1 blue-gre51 ! d>k areas exactly typify ! di/ant look ( our own =e/s2 :]eas we are n at all sure t seas w\ld4 ,f color alone we are m ju/ifi$ 9 deem+ !m vegetal ?an m>9e4 ,b ! mom5t we g f>!r into ! matt] ! m c]ta9 we become ( be+ ^u ! "r road4 ,) increas$ detection ! m>k+s !y reveal & ! metamorphoses !y und]go1 :ile po9t+ away f wat]1 po9t z directly to vegetation4 ,all ! inexplicabilities :i* ! supposition ( wat] involves f9d in/ant solution on ! !ory ( vegetal gr[?4 ,! non-balanc+ ( ! areas ( %ad+ 9 _! %ift f "o "p ( ! disk to ano!r1 no long] becomes a circum/ance impossible to expla91 b a necess>y consequ5ce ( _! new-f\nd "*1 d5ot+ ! "t necess>y = vegetation to spr\t4 ,! *ange ( hue ( va/ areas f blue-gre5 to o*re no long] presupposes ! bodily transf]5ce ( ?\s&s ( tons ( sub/ance1 b ! quiet turn+ ( ! leaf "u autumnal fro/s4 ,ev5 ! fact t !y occupy ^? regions mo/ fitt$ by figure to conta9 oceans fits 9 ) ! same conception4 ,= t ! ,m>tian equival5ts ( =e/ & moorl&1 tree & grass1 %\ld gr[ n[ 9 ! l[e/ p>ts ( ! planet's surface is :at might n unreasonably be expect$ f ! v fact ( _! be+ l[1 s9ce :at rema9$ ( ! wat] w\ld t5d bo? on ! surface & 9 ! air to dra9 into !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>e ,ery?rum ,m>tian date4 ,decemb] #cj ,= ! *ange 9 "q to be vegetal x mu/ occur at ! prop] season ( ! planet's ye>4 ,?is we mu/ n[ consid]4 ,we h said t ,s*iap>elli detect$ *ange 9 ! blue-gre5 regions & suspect$ ?is *ange ( seasonal affiliation4 ,he inf]r$ ?is f piec+ toge!r ! aspects ( diff]5t seasons ( diff]5t ye>s z %[n 9 consecutive ,m>tian oppositions4 ,to m>k x actually take place 9 a s+le ,m>tian ye> came lat]4 ,9 #ahid1 at ,flag/aff1 ! s\!rn hemisph]e 0 pres5t$ dur+ its late spr+ & e>ly summ]2 x 0 obs]v$1 too1 = _m ( our mon?s 9 succession4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! planet 0 specially well circum/anc$ = /udy ( ! *ange 9 t hemisph]e1 bo? by reason ( ! apposit5ess ( ! season & ( ! unusual size ( ! disk4 ,advantage 0 tak5 ( ! d\ble ev5t to a record+ ( ! consecutive appe>ances c]ta9 regions und]w5t1 & ! contra/$ /ates ?us exhibit$ 7 su* z cle>ly to betok5 ! action ( seasonal *ange4 ,:at ,s*iap>elli _h ?us ably inf]r$ f div]se portions ( diff]5t ,m>tian ye>s 0 9 ?is case %[n occurr+ 9 "o & ! same seme/ral cycle4 ,usually ! *ange ( hue seems ess5tially "o ( tone2 ! blue-gre5 fades out1 gett+ less & less pron\nc$1 until 9 extreme cases only o*re is left beh9d4 ,x acts z if ! d>k] color 7 sup]impos$ ^u ! light] & c\ld be to a great] or less ext5t remov$4 ,?is is :at ,s*iap>elli not$ & :at 0 se5 9 #ahid at ,flag/aff4 ,?ree views en suite ( ! *a9 ( *anges !n obs]v$ are %[n 9 ,m>s1 ! region kn[n z ,hesp]ia be+ c5tral 9 ea*4 ,comp>ison ( ! ?ree discloses a rem>kable metamorphosis 9 t 8promontory10 a rise into visibility by a pal+ ( its complexion4 ,nor is ! contra/ conf9$ to x2 *anges z sali5t w be notic$ 9 ! pictures ov] ! o!r p>ts ( ! disk4 ,!re h be5 in/ances1 h[ev]1 ( a metamorphosis s mu* m /range z to des]ve exposition 9 detail2 "o :]e n tone simply is involv$1 b :]e a q new t9t has surpris+ly appe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>e ,ery?rum ,m>tian date4 ,janu>y #af ,on ,april #ai1 #aijc1 :51 aft] be+ hidd5 = ?irty days1 ow+ to ! diff]5t rotation p]iods ( ! two planets1 ! ,m>e ,ery?raeum1 ! l>ge/ blue-gre5 region ( ! disk & ly+ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 r\nd$ aga9 into view1 a />tl+ trans=mation /ood reveal$ 9 x4 ,in/ead ( %[+ blue-gre5 z usual1 & z x _h done six weeks be=e1 x 0 n[ ( a di/9ct *ocolate-br[n4 ,x _h be5 well se5 at its previ\s pres5tation1 s t no d\bt exi/$ ( its !n t9t4 ,at t "t ! ,m>tian season correspond$ to ,decemb] #cj 9 our cal5d>4 ,eighte5 ,m>tian days _h s9ce elaps$1 & x 0 n[ ,janu>y #af !re4 ,! metamorphosis _h tak5 place1 !re=e1 %ortly aft] ! w9t] sol/ice ( t "p ( ! planet4 ,! color *ange t _h sup]v5$ prov$ p]man5t4 ,= ! next night ! region %[$ ! same br[n hue1 & s x cont9u$ to appe> ?r\gh\t ! days t x 0 visible4 ,two mon?s pass$1 & !n ! *ocolate hue _h vani%$1--gone z x _h come1--& ! m>e _h resum$ its usual t9t1 except = be+ some:at pale at ! s\?4 ,x _h come to be ,febru>y #ba on ,m>s4 ,tim$ & tabulat$1 ! metamorphosis ?r\gh :i* ! m>e pass$ /&s out ?us3-- ,,m>e ,,ery?raeum #aijc ,,days ,,be=e ,,or ,,aft] ,,summ] ,,mundane ,,sol/ice ,,m>tian ,,date 7,,be=e - ,,date ,,aspect ,,aft] 7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,febru>y #af -#aj ,decemb] #af ,blue-gre5 ,m>* #bj #bb ,janu>y #a ,blue-gre5 ,april #ai #eb ,janu>y #af ,*ocolate ,april #bb #ee ,janu>y #ah ,*ocolate ,may #bf #hi ,febru>y #d ,fa9t *ocolate ,may #cj #ic ,febru>y #f ,fa9t *ocolate ,june #cj #abc ,febru>y #bb ,fa9t blue-gre5 ,july #g #acj ,febru>y #be ,fa9t blue-gre5 ,! culm9ation ( ! trans=mation seems to h tak5 place ab\t #fj days aft] ! s\!rn w9t] sol/ice1 or 9 ! dep? ( ! ,m>tian w9t] ( t hemisph]e4 ,?is is c]ta9ly j ! "t at :i* vegetation %\ld be at its deade/4 ,! nor!rn & s\!rn portions ( ! m>e did n behave alike 9 tak+ on ! *ocolate t9t4 ,f ! notes made ab\t !m dur+ ! opposition x appe>s t ! latt] 0 lat] ?an ! =m] 9 und]go+ ! metamorphosis1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ dep? ( ! blue gre5 e/imat$ 9 p]c5tages %[n at diff]5t dates1 call+ ! deepe/ tone ev] exhibit$ by x unity4 ,,m>tian ,,decemb] ,,janu>y ,,janu>y ,,febru>y ,,febru>y ,,date1 7#af7 7#a7 7#ag7 7#e7 7#bd7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,nor!rn #ej #ej #j #be #ej ,s\!rn #ej #ej #j #j #be ,f ?is table we may place ! l[e/ po9t ( ! blue-gre5 t9t z rea*$ ab\t ! #bb;d ( ,janu>y = ! nor!rn1 ! #e? ( ,febru>y = ! s\!rn1 "p4 ,?is w\ld indicate t ! wave ( return+ gr[? came f ! nor?1 n ! s\?2 an important fact1 z we %all see lat] 9 /udy+ ! action ( ! canals4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>e ,ery?rum ,m>tian date4 ,febru>y #a ,at ! next opposition1 9 #aije1 a recurr5ce ( ! trans=mation 0 wat*$ =1 & n 9 va94 ,x occurr$1 h[ev]1 some:at lat] 9 ! ,m>tian season4 ,on ,decemb] #bg ( ! planet's curr5t ye> ! ,m>e ,ery?raeum 0 /ill z usual1 blue-gre51 no?+ out ( ! ord9>y be+ rem>k$ 9 x2 & s x 0 on its ,janu>y #ag1 al?\gh ! s\!rn edge 0 d>k] ?an ! nor!rn4 ,x look$ c]ta9ly z if ! metamorphosis 7 ?is ye> to be omitt$4 ,b su* 0 n ! case4 ,:5 ! region aga9 came r\nd1 on ,febru>y #a ( ! ,m>tian cal5d>1 !re ! /range t9t 0 z unmi/akable z x _h be5 on its orig9al occurr5ce4 ,n only 0 ! ,m>e ,ery?raeum s color$1 b on ,febru>y #e 7,m>tian7 ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,m>e ,cimm]ium 0 obs]v$ to be simil>ly affect$4 ,9 ! ,m>e ,ery?raeum ! anomal\s *ocolate hue 0 conf9$ to a belt betwe5 ! latitudes ( #aj & #bj s\? ( ! equator2 9 ! ,m>e ,cimm]ium x /ret*$ a little high]1 f #aj at ! we/ to #be at ! ea/4 ,x is notewor?y t ! s\!rn portion ( ! latt] %[$ blue at ! "t ! nor!rn %[$ br[n4 ,!n ! metamorphosis proce$$ z %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,m>e ,,ery?raeum #aije ,,days ,,aft] ,,w9t] ,,mundane ,,sol/ice ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,m>tian ,,aspect ,,date ,,hemisph]e ,,date ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,janu>y #be #ab ,decemb] #bg ,blue-gre5 ,m>* #f #eb ,janu>y #af ,blue-gre5 ,april #d #ha ,janu>y #ca ,*ocolate ,april #ab #hi ,febru>y #d ,*ocolate ,april #cj #ajg ,febru>y #ac ,fa9t *ocolate ,may #h #aae ,febru>y #ag ,fa9t *ocolate ,may #ab #aai ,febru>y #ai ,fa9t blue-gre5 ,june #aa #adi ,m>* #f ,fa9t blue-gre5 ,june #ae #aec ,m>* #h ,fa9t blue-gre5 ,july #af #ahd ,m>* #bc ,pale blui% gre5 ,"h1 z 9 #aijc1 a *romatic rise & fall is evid5t2 ! culm9ation ( ! *ange occurr+ 9 ,m>tian e>ly ,febru>y ab\t n9ety days aft] ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,t x 0 n ( long duration is also indicat$4 ,if we exam9e ! evid5ce = ! two portions ( ! m>e sep>ately1 ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn1 z 9 #aijc1 we f9d x z foll[s3-- ,,m>tian ,,decemb] ,,janu>y ,,febru>y ,,febru>y ,,m>* ,,m>* ,,date1 7#bg7 7#af7 7#b7 7#af7 7#g7 7#bc7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,nor!rn #ej #ej #j #aj #be #cj ,s\!rn #ej #ej #bj #bj #be #cj ,"h aga9 a slight ret>dation 9 ! adv5t ( ! metamorphosis is obs]vable 9 ! s\!rn portion4 ,!re w\ld seem to be a diff]5ce 9 ! "t ( ! *ange betwe5 ! two ye>s ( fifte5 days1 #aije be+ by t mu* ! lat]4 ,b ) po9ts ( ref]5ce !mselves ?irty days ap>t1 x is possible ! two m ne>ly co9cid$ ?an "h appe>s4 ,unlike ! o*re ( ! light regions g5]ally1 :i* sugge/ des]t pure & simple1 ! *ocolate-br[n precisely mimick$ ! complexion ( fall[ gr\nd4 ,:5 we consid] ! vegetal-l blue-gre5 t x replac$1 & rememb] fur!r ! "t ( ye> at :i* x occurr$ ^u bo? ^! ,m>tian ye>s1 we c h>dly resi/ ! conclusion t x 0 some?+ v l fall[ field t 0 !re uncov]$ to our view4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>e ,ery?rum ,m>tian date4 ,febru>y #ba ,f ! recurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on on two successive ye>s1 x is likely t x annually takes place4 ,t x is seasonal c sc>cely be d\bt$ f ! timel9ess ( its occurr5ce1 & t diff]5t portions ( its t]rane successively und]w5t _! metamorphosis %[s fur!r t x foll[$ a law peculi> to ! planet1 to :i* we %all be introduc$ :5 we come to consid] ! ph5om5a ( ! canals4 ,in/ances ( relative hue 9 diff]5t d>k pat*es corroboratory ( seasonal v>iation1 & !re=e ( vegetal con/itution1 might easily be adduc$4 ,?us1 9 #aije dur+ ! summ] ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! ,m>e ,acidalium 0 notably d>k] ?an ! ,m>e ,ery?raeum to ! nor? ( x1 :i* is :at ! law ( seasonal v>iation w\ld require1 s9ce x 0 ,june 9 ! "o1 ,decemb] 9 ! o!r at ! "t4 ,b we ne$ n to add example to example or pro( to pro(1 = !re are no ph5om5a t contradict x4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t ! blue-gre5 areas ( ,m>s are n seas1 b areas ( vegetation4 ,j z reason+ to a negative result drifts u to ! fir/ conclusion1 s reason+ to a positive "o l&s u at ! second4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,t]raque\sness ,,& ,,t]re/riality ,) ! vani%+ ( its seas we get = ! fir/ "t solid gr\nd on :i* to build our ,m>tian physiography4 ,! *ange 9 v5ue f oceans to l& has produc$ a complete alt]ation 9 our judgm5t ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! planet4 ,x de/roys ! analogy :i* 0 suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ,m>s & our e>?1 & by aboli%+ ! actuality ( oceans !re1 seems1 metaphorically1 to put u at fir/ all ! m at sea 9 our attempt to und]/& ! planet4 ,b look$ at m c>efully1 x turns out to expla9 mu* t 0 obscure1 & 9 s do+ gives u at once a wid] view ( ! hi/ory ( planet>y evolution4 ,! trait conc]n$ is cosmic4 ,/udy ( ! sev]al planets ( our sol> sy/em1 notably ! ,e>?1 ,moon1 & ,m>s1 reveals tol]ably legibly an int]e/+ phase ( a planet's c>e]1 :i* app>5tly mu/ happ5 to all su* bodies1 & evid5tly has happ5$ or is happ5+ to ^! ?ree3 ! transition ( its surface f a t]raque\s to a purely t]re/rial condition4 ,! t]raque\s /ate is well exhibit$ by our own e>? at ! mom5t1 :]e l&s & oceans %>e ! surface betwe5 !m4 ,! t]re/rial is exemplifi$ by bo? ! ,moon & ,m>s1 on ^: surfaces no bodies ( wat] at pres5t exi/4 ,t ! "o /ate passes by process ( developm5t into ! o!r ,i %all n[ give my reasons = believ+4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! appe>ance ( ! d>k m>k+s bo? on ! ,moon & ,m>s h9ts t ?\gh seas no long]1 !y 7 seas once ^u a "t4 ,on ! moon1 n only does _! %ape sugge/ ?is previ\s condition1 b ! smoo? & ev5 look ( _! surfaces adds to ! cog5cy ( ! inf]5ce4 ,m important1 h[ev]1 ?an ei!r ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 & confirmatory ( bo?1 is ! fact t ! great tracts 9 "q seem to lie bel[ ! level ( ! corrugat$ surface1 :i* is ?ickly /rewn ) volcanic cones4 ,_! level & _! levelness fay 9 explanation into "o ano!r4 ,! fir/ makes possible ! =m] pres5ce ( wat]2 ! second speaks ( its effect4 ,= _! flat "* h9ts t ^! areas 7 held d[n at ! "t :5 ! o!r p>ts ( ! surface 7 be+ viol5tly ?r[n up4 ,t !y c !mselves be cool$ lava fl[s1 _! ext5t & position seem en\gh to negative2 to say no?+ ( ! fact t !y %\ld 9 t case lie above1 n bel[1 ! g5]al level4 ,some?+1 !re=e1 cov]$ !m dur+ ! moon's eruptive y\? & disappe>$ lat]4 ,su* sup]9cumb5ce may well h be5 wat]1 "u :i* ! n[ great pla9s lay !n z ocean bottoms4 ,deep-sea s\nd+s 9 our own oceans betray an ocean floor ( ! same ext5sive sort1 div]sifi$ z on ! moon4 ,to call ! lun> m>ia seas may n be s complete a misnom] aft] all2 b only a resurrect+ 9 epitaph :at 0 ! tru? 9 its day4 ,only d\btfully (f]$ "h = ! ,moon1 = ,m>s ! inf]5ce seems m sure4 ,"h aga9 ! d>k regions n only look z !y %\ld _h !y _h an e>li] hi/ory1 b !y1 too1 seem to lie bel[ ! level ( ! surface r\nd ab\t4 ,:5 !y pass ov] ! t]m9ator !y inv>iably %[ z flatt5+s ^u x1 z if a slice ( ! surface _h be5 p>$ (f4 ,su* pr(ile 9 su* pass is :at gr\nd at a l[] level w\ld pres5t4 ,und\bt$ly a "p ( ! seem+ depression is due to relative abs5ce ( irradiation consequ5t ^u a m sombre t9t1 b loss ( light h>dly seems capable ( ! :ole effect4 ,9 ! case ( ,m>s1 !n1 z ) ! ,moon1 a mi/ak5 inf]5ce build$ bett] ?an x knew1 if1 inde$1 we %\ld rightly consid] an inf]5ce to be mi/ak5 :i* on half data l&s u at ! "r door4 ,f ! aspects ( ! d>k regions we are l$1 !n1 to reg>d ,m>s z hav+ pass$ ?r\gh t /age ( exi/5ce 9 :i* ! e>? f9ds itself at ! mom5t1 ! /age at :i* oceans & seas =m a feature ( its l&scape & an imp$im5t to subjugation ( its surface 9 its entirety4 ,:at once 7 ocean b$s h become ocean bottoms devoid ( t :i* orig9ally fill$ !m4 ,t ! process ( p>t+ ) a wat]y envelop is an inevitable concomitant ( ! evolution ( a planet f *aos to _w1 we d n h to g s f> afield z ,m>s & ! ,moon = te/imony4 ,scrut9y reveals z mu* 9 ! hi/ory ( our own globe4 ,two signpo/s ( ! pa/1 "o geologic1 ! o!r paleontologic1 po9t unmi/akably 9 ?is direction4 ,! geologic guides u ! m directly to ! goal4 ,/udy ( ! e>?'s surface reveals ! prepond]at+ encroa*m5t ( ! l& ^u ! sea s9ce bo? began to be1 & demon/rates t1 except = local losses1 ! oceans h be5 contract+ 9 size f ar*aic times4 ,s mu* is evid5c$ by ! successive places ^u :i* m>9e b$s h be5 laid d[n4 ,?is sugge/s itself at once z a !oretic probability to "o consid]+ ! matt] f a cosmic /&po9t1 & x is !re=e ! m int]e/+ & conclusive t1 f an entirely diff]5t dep>ture-po9t1 x %\ld h be5 "o ( ! pet propositions ( ! late ,pr(essor ,dana1 :o work$ out conclusively ! problem = ,nor? ,am]ica1 & publi%$ *>ts detail+ ! progressive mak+ ( t cont95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,nor? ,am]ica at ! close ( ,ar*an "t1 %[+ approximately ! areas ( dry l&4 7,f ,dana's 8,manual ( ,geology407 ,s tell+ is ?is reclaim+ by nature ( l& f ! sea t x w be well to foll[ ,dana a little into detail1 z ! details %[ effectively ! cont9uity ( ! process act+ ?r\gh ons ( geologic "t4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,ar*an age1 or1 9 o!r words1 at ! epo* :5 /ratifi$ b$s 7 fir/ laid d[n1 ! e>? rea*$ a turn+-po9t 9 its hi/ory4 ,erosion1 sup]ficial & sub-arial1 !n set 9 to help re/rict ! doma9 ( ! sea4 ,at ?is juncture ,nor? ,am]ica consi/$ ( a sickle ( t]rane inclos+ ,hudson's ,bay & com+ d[n at its apex to a po9t n mu* remov$ f :]e ,ottawa n[ /&s1 9 ab\t latitude #de--;a ,labradorian ,nor? ,am]ica only4 ,?is1 ! k]nel ( ! future cont95t1 curi\sly symboliz$ ! =m t cont95t 0 lat] to take4 ,= its ea/]n edge 0 r\ghly p>allel to ! pres5t ,atlantic coa/l9e1 al?\gh mu* )9 & to ! nor? ( x1 :ile its we/]n "o 0 simil>ly align$ af> (f to ! n[ ,pacific slope4 ,besides ?is cont95t prop]1 ! ,appala*ian1 ,rocky ,m\nta91 ,si]ra ,nevada1 & ,si]ra ,madre *a9s /ood out ( ! ocean 9 long1 n>r[ ridges ( deta*$ l&1 outl9+ 9 skeleton ! bones ( ! cont95t t 0 to be4 ,! ,black ,hills ( ,dakota & o!r highl&s made "h & !re islets 9 ! sea4 ,mu* ! same backbone-%[+ ( cont95ts yet to be fill$ out 0 true ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ,europe ! nor!rn c\ntries con/itut$ all t c\ld be call$ cont95tal l&4 ,mo/ ( ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,f9l&1 ,lapl&1 exi/$ !n1 :ile ! nor!rn half ( ,scotl&1 ! out] ,hebrides1 portions ( ,irel&1 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many /ood out z deta*$ isl&s4 ,f ?is1 :i* is a fair sample ( ! proportion ( l& !n to l& n[ ov] ! o!r cont95ts s f> z !y are geologically kn[n1 we turn to consid] m 9 detail ! hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,by ! "t ! ,upp] ,silurian p]iod came 91 ! ,appala*ian highl&s !re _h be5 greatly ext5d$ & jo9$ to ! ,labradorian ma9l& by cont9u\s t]ritory2 o!rwise1 no important addition _h occurr$1 ?\gh isl&s em]g$ 9 ,ohio1 ,k5tucky1 & ,miss\ri4 ,illu/ration3 ,nor? ,am]ica at ! op5+ ( ! ,upp] ,silurian4 7,f ,dana's 8,manual ( ,geology407 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,c>bonic era :at are n[ ! ,middle /ates _h begun to fill up f ! nor?1 & ,newf\ndl&1 f a small isl& 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian1 _h become a great promontory ( ,labrador1 :ile ! ,ea/]n /ates region & ,nova ,scotia _h ris5 into be+4 ,! movem5ts clos+ ,paleozoic "t upheav$ f l[ isl&s ! ,appala*ian *a94 ,! e>?'s cru/ "h crumpl$ by contraction ^u itself2 & ! movem5t end$1 z ,dana says1 by mak+ dry l& ( ! :ole ea/]n half ( ! cont95t1 along sub/antially its pres5t l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,nor? ,am]ica aft] ! ,appala*ian ,revolution4 7,f ,dana's 8,manual ( ,geology407 ,mesozoic "t 0 ! p]iod ( ! mak+ ( ! ,we/4 ,x 0 an era ( deposition & co9cid5t subsid5ce1 :5 ! we/]n l& _h its nose j above wat] at "o mom5t to be subm]g$ ! next4 ,?\gh on ! :ole ?is "p ( ! cont95t 0 em]g+1 ! fact 0 t1 syn*ron\sly ) ! s9k+ ( ! sea1 mu* ( ! l& f "t to "t sank too4 ,! contraction :i* rais$ ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod & t ( ! ,rockies at its close ov]did ! necessities ( ! case & caus$ subsid5ce else:]e4 ,! s\!a/]n portion ( ! cont95t suff]$ mo/1 ! ,we/ on ! :ole mat]ially ga9+4 ,9 ! ,triassic & ,jurassic eras ! ga9 0 pron\nc$2 x occurr$ 9 ! ,cretace\s also1 b ) mu* alt]nation ( loss4 ,f9ally1 at ! close ( ! ,cretace\s1 ! cont95t1 except = a prolong$ ,gulf ( ,mexico & va/ int]nal lakes1 0 sub/antially complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! ,cretace\s p]iod4 7,f ,dana's 8,manual ( ,geology407 ,! fill+ up ( ^! lakes & ! reclaim+ ( l& f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico con/itut$ ! l&-mak+ "w ( ,t]ti>y times4 ,! ext5t ( ! lakes 9 ! ,eoc5e era is held to %[ t ! g5]al level ( ! m\nta9 plateau 0 l[ & rose lat]4 ,s t ! ga9 by ! l& at ?is "t 0 great] ?an ! map all[s to appe>4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! ,quat]n>y epo* ! cont95ts _h assum$ _! pres5t g5]al area1 & s9ce !n _! int]nal features h alone suff]$ *ange4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 %[+ ! p>ts "u wat] 9 ! ,t]ti>y ,era2 ! v]tically l9$ is ! ,eoc5e4 7,f ,dana's 8,manual ( ,geology407 ,a simil> ris+ f ! sea fell to ! lot ( ,europe1 ?\gh x has n be5 detail$ ) s mu* c>e4 ,! skeleton ( t cont95t 0 at ! beg9n+ ( deposit>y "t mu* :at x is to-day1 b a great inl& sea occupi$ ! c5tre ( x1 :i*1 z "t w5t on1 0 gradually silt$ 9 & evaporat$ away1 notably dur+ ! ,upp] ,silurian p]iod4 ,f all ?is x is pretty cle> t1 side by side ) alt]nat+ ris+s & s9k+s ( ! l&1 !re 0 a tol]ably /eady ga9 9 ! conte/ by :i* dry gr\nd dispossess$ ! sea4 ,we may1 ( c\rse1 cr$it ?is to a g5]al deep5+ ( ! ocean bottoms due to crumpl+ ( ! cru/1 b we may also impute x to a loss ( wat]1 & t ! latt] is1 at lea/ = a "p1 9 ! explanation ! condition ( ! ,moon & ,m>s makes probable4 ,paleontology has ! same /ory ( reclamation to tell z geology1 & ) z mu* c]ta9ty1 ?\gh its evid5ce is circum/antial in/ead ( direct & speaks = ! gr[+ importance ( ! l& 9 ! globe's economy s9ce ! beg9n+ ( deposit>y "t1 & ?us inf]5tially to its increas+ ext5t4 ,fossil rema9s ( ! plants & creatures t h "o aft] ! o!r inhabit$ ! e>? %[ t ! l& has be5 /eadily ris+ bo? 9 floral & faunal e/imation z a habitat f ! e>lie/ ages to ! pres5t day4 ,! record lies impr9t$ 9 ! /rata consecutively laid d[n1 & except = gaps reads z directly on 9 bett]+ domicile z 9 evolution>y developm5t4 ,9 ,ar*an times we f9d no undisput$ evid5ce ( life ei!r vegetal or animal4 ,b b$s ( graphite & ( lime/one po9t to ! possible exi/5ce ( bo?4 ,ev5 an?racite has be5 f\nd 9 ,ar*an rocks 9 ,norway & also 9 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,:e!r ,dawson's ,eozoon ,canad5se be a rhizopod or a cry/al1 doctors ( sci5ce disagree4 ,dana1 :ile admitt+ no?+ specific1 deems x antec$5tly probable t alg & lat] microscopic fungi relat$ to bact]ia exi/$ !n1 liv+ 9 wat] well up t[>d ! boil+-po9t4 ,inde$1 x is practically c]ta9 t inv]tebrate life exi/$1 because ( its already well-develop$ "* 9 ! next era4 ,! l ant$at+ is inf]able = ! :ole record ( ! rocks4 ,relatively _! hi/ory is und\bt$ly fairly accurate1 b absolutely x mu/ be %ift$ bodily backw>d into ! next prec$+ era to correspond ) fact n yet une>!d4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,cambrian1 :5 fir/ ! exi/5ce ( life becomes a c]ta9ty1 t life1 s f> z kn[n1 0 :olly inv]tebrate & :olly m>9e2 rhizopods 7probably71 sponges & corals1 e*9od]ms1 worms1 bra*iopods1 mollusks1 & cru/aceans grew amid primitive seawe$ & h left _! h\ses 9 ! %ape ( %ells :ile p]i%+ !mselves4 ,_! tracks too h ?us surviv$4 ,! trilobites1 cru/aceans some:at resembl+ our horse%oe crab1 7 ! lords ( ! ,cambrian seas & m>k$ ! po9t to :i* organic evolution _h !n atta9$4 ,_! aquatic "* z well z _! simple type is %[n by _! ?oracic legs hav+ ea* a natatory app5dage4 ,9 ! next era1 ! ,l[] ,silurian1 ! fauna & flora 7 /ill m>9e1 al?\gh ( a high] ord] ?an be=e1 & 9 ! ,tr5ton p]iod1 ! upp] "p ( ! era1 ! e>lie/ v]tebrates1 fi%es1 come ^u ! sc5e3 ganoids & possibly %>ks4 ,no?+ t]re/rial ( ?is p]iod has yet ) c]ta9ty be5 une>!d 9 ,am]ica4 ,europe w\ld seem to h ei!r be5 m advanc$ !n or bett] /udi$ s9ce1 = !re ! fir/ plant high] ?an a seawe$ has be5 dug up1 "o ( a fre%-wat] g5us betok5+ ! l&2 :ile 9 keep+ ) ?is ! fir/ insect1 an hemipt]1 also has be5 dis9t]r$4 ,bo? ! geography & ! life ( ! ,eopaleozoic p]iod ,dana /yles 8?alassic40 ,neopaleozoic "t1 beg9n+ ) ! ,upp] ,silurian1 m>k$ ! em]g5ce ( ! cont95ts1 & foll[+ !m ! em]g5ce ( life f ! wat] on to ?is l&4 ,9 ! l[] b$s ( ! ,upp] ,silurian 9 ,am]ica we f9d only ! aquatic =ms ( previ\s /rata1 b 9 a high] "o we come 9 m>%es ^u plants relat$ to ! equiseta or horsetails4 ,9 ,engl& l& plants appe> = ! fir/ "t 9 ^! late/ ,silurian b$s & 9 ! s*i/s ( ,ang]s h be5 pres]v$ f]ns4 ,9 bo? ! old _w & ! new fossil fi%es are f\nd & ! olde/ t]re/rial species ( scorpions4 ,b ! great bulk ( =ms 0 /ill m>9e2 corals1 cr9oids1 bra*iopods1 trilobites con/itut+ ! pr9cipal inhabitants4 ,at ?is "t ! seas 7 w>m1 hav+ mu* ! same temp]ature betwe5 #fe & #hj nor? z betwe5 #cj & #de2 ! preval5ce ( a g5]al temp]ate tropicality be+ %[n by ! fact t ! common tropical *a9 corals liv$ 9 latitude #hb nor?4 ,9 ! ,devonian era1 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 fi%es grew & multipli$1 increas+ 9 size app>5tly ?r\gh ! era1 & 9 ! la/ p]iod ( x rea*+ _! culm9at+ po9t4 ,^! pelagic v]tebrates mu* surpass$ 9 /ructure ! t]re/rial population ( ! "t1 :i* 0 ( a l[ type & consi/$ ( inv]tebrates su* z myriapods1 spid]s1 scorpions1 & insects2 = ! l& 0 only mak+4 ,9 ! mid-,devonian1 =e/s ( a primitive k9d cov]$ su* c\ntry z !re 01 an amphibi\s l&1 compos$ ( jungles & widespread m>%es4 ,tree f]ns made ! bulk ( ! vegetation1 b among !m grew also cycads & yews4 ,mammo? may-flies flitt$ ?r\gh ! gloom ( ^! old =e/s1 b no v]tebrate z yet _h left ! sea4 ,foll[+ ^u ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 7 laid d[n ! ,c>bonic /rata1 & ) ! ,c>bonic ent]$ ^u ! sc5e ! advance sc\ts ( an army ( progress evolution>ily impell$ to spy out ! l&--! fir/ amphibians4 ,!y made _! db 9 ! ,subc>bonif]\s section ( ! era1 ! olde/ ( ! ?ree p]iods into :i* ! ,c>bonic is divid$1 crawl+ out ( ! sea to return aga9 & leav+ b footpr9ts at fir/ on ! s&s ( "t4 ,9 ! second p]iod1 ! ,coal-measures prop]1 !y v5tur$ s f> z to leave _! skeletons on t]ra firma1 or r infirma1 :ile _! tracks !re %[ !m to h be5 n[ 9 great numb]s4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ance/ors ( ! olde/ l& inhabitants began to /ruggle out ( ! sea4 ,9 ! ,p]mian1 ! ?ird & late/ p]iod ( paleozoic times1 we f9d _! desc5dants e/abli%$ 9 _! new habitat1 = 9 x we come ^u ! fir/ reptiles4 ,su* possession m>ks a di/9ct /ep up 9 function z 9 fact1 = :ile amphibians visit$ dry l&1 reptiles made x _! home4 ,! gett+ out ( ! wat] _h n[1 9 ! case ( ! m evolv$ =ms1 become an accompli%$ fact4 ,! reptiles 71 inde$1 ! l[e/ & mo/ g5]aliz$ ( _! class1 ,rhyn*ocephalians1 8beak-head$0 species t by _! tee? proclaim _! m>9e orig9 & _! relation%ip to ! great amphibians t /ill felt undecid$ :]e to /ay4 ,mean:ile1 9 ,europe dragon-flies1 two feet across1 possess$ ! air2 :ile amphibians !re1 z "h1 ance/rally prec$$ reptiles 9 occupy+ ! l&4 ,mesozoic times 71 p> excell5ce1 ! age ( mon/]s2 = ! ,triassic 7! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one71 ,jurassic & ,cretace\s eras m>k$ ! reign ( ! reptiles4 ,great d9osaurs sleep /ill 9 ! ,triassic /rata ( ! ,atlantic bord] & 9 ! ,jurassic ( ! ,we/]n /ates1 to be une>!d f "t to "t & be giv5 mausolea 9 our museums4 ,gigantic !y 7 & v lit]ally possess$ ! e>?4 ,9 ,europe !y 7 sub/antially z 9 ,am]ica dur+ ^! mesozoic eras1 & %[$ _! dom9ance by long survival 9 "t z well z _w-wide di/ribution 9 space2 = !y liv$ all ! way f ,kansas to ,new ,zeal& & f ! ,trias to ! ,upp] ,cretace\s4 ,x is suppos$ by ,pr(essor ,osborn t _m ( !m1 l ! h]bivor\s brontosaurus1 wad$ 9 m>%es1 n :olly unlike 9 habit to ! mod]n hippopotamus4 ,o!rs 7 l&-/alk+ c>nivores1 l ! megalosaurs ( a little lat] date4 ,( enorm\s size1 ! l>ge/ exce$$ any animal :i* has ev] liv$1 ! :ales alone except$2 ! bigge/1 ! atlantosaurus & ! brontosaurus1 rea*+ a l5g? ( sixty feet4 ,= all _! bulk !y _h scant bra9s1 j en\gh to enable !m to fe$ & wall[1 probably4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t _m ( ! reptiles1 ! less adv5tur\s1 app>5tly rev]t$ to ! sea4 ,= ?\gh ! crocodilians exi/$ already 9 ! ,trias1 ! plesiosaurians did n come 9 till ! ,middle ,trias 9 ,europe1 & ! sea-s]p5ts 7mosasaurus7 till ! ,upp] ,cretace\s4 ,?\gh ! d9osaurs dom9at$ life 9 ^? days1 high] =ms1 _! desc5dants1 unnotic$ 7 gradually creep+ 91 ev5tually to supplant !m4 ,= bra9 0 mak+ its way unobtrusively 9 ! e>lie/ ( ! mammals1 dim9utive creatures at fir/ & ( ! l[e/ type4 ,fir/ appe>+ 9 ! ,trias z some?+ approa*+ ! miss+ l9k betwe5 reptiles & mammals1 !y lat] develop$ into monotremes & m>supials1 n ris+ 9 diff]5tiation above ! latt] ord] to ! end ( ,mesozoic times4 ,& ?is bo? 9 ! old _w & ! new4 ,9 ! ,jurassic1 too1 fly+ liz>ds & ! fir/ birds appe>$1 %[+ _! p$igree 9 _! tee?4 ,) ,c5ozoic times we come ^u ! fir/ true or plac5tal mammals ) _! culm9ation up to date 9 man4 ,9 ! ,eoc5e !y 7 ( a primitive type2 !y 7 also ( a compreh5sive "o1 fitt$ to eat any?+4 ,f ?is !y specializ$1 "s evolv+ & "s on ! :ole devolv+2 ! :ale1 = in/ance1 tak+ to ! wat] 9 ! ,eoc5e ?r\gh ! same deg5]ate proclivity t _h *>act]iz$ ! sea-saurians ages be=e4 ,! e>? 0 gr[+ cold]1 ?\gh /ill fairly w>m1 & ) ! fall 9 temp]ature ! high] types ( life anti!tically rose1 evolution gradually fitt+ !m to cope ) m advanc$ conditions4 ,9 ?is mann] did ! l& supplant ! sea z ! ess5tial feature ( ! e>?'s surface1 fir/1 9 com+ into be+1 & !n1 by (f]+ conditions fraught ) great] possibilities1 z ! habitat ( ! mo/ advanc$ =ms ( life1 bo? plants & animals4 ,! possibility ( advance 9 evolution 0 l>gely due to ! fact t ! l& did ?us supplant ! sea4 ,spontane\s v>iation1 ! z yet unexpla9$ primum mobile 9 ! g5esis ( species1 is probably to be ref]r$ to *emism & is likely lat] to receive its solution at ! h&s ( t sci5ce4 ,9 ! mean:ile x is evid5t t unless ! v>iation obta9 enc\ragem5t f ! environm5t no advance 9 type occurs4 ,n[ ! l& (f]s to an organism suffici5tly evolv$ to b5efit by x1 opportunities ! sea does n possess4 ,fir/ ( ^!1 und\bt$ly1 is ! c>e x enables to be giv5 to ! "y4 ,to ca/ "o's brood ^u ! wat]s is n ! be/ me?od ( insur+ its br++ up4 ,!re is too mu* ( ! unc]ta9ties ( wave & curr5t to make ! process a heal?y "o1 & ev5 :5 atta*$ to rocks & seawe$1 ! atta*m5t to a "m is to be pref]r$4 ,)\t a p]iod ( infancy1 :5 ! "y is unable to d = itself1 no great developm5t is possible4 ,9 ! only /rik+ exception1 ! case ( ! :ales1 dolph9s1 & porpoises1 size has probably c\nt$ = mu* 9 ! matt]1 :ile ! developm5t ( ! cetaceans is f> beh9d t ( ! majority ( l& mammals4 ,*ange ( place1 n 9 di/ance1 b 9 v>iety1 is ano!r factor4 ,! sea is same z a habitat1 "o squ>e mile ( x be+ mu* l ano!r1 except = gradually *ang+ temp]ature4 ,! l&1 on ! o!r h&1 f its accid5t$ surface1 pres5ts all mann] ( div]sity 9 ! conditions4 ,& ! m v>i$ ! conditions to :i* ! organism is expos$1 ! great] its own complexity mu/ be to enable x to meet !m4 ,t ! t]re/rial /age ( planet>y developm5t is subsequ5t to ! t]raque\s "o1 & mu/ ( necessity succe$ x if ! latt] ev] exi/ on a body1 foll[s f ! loss ( int]nal heat on ! "o h& & f ! k9etic !ory ( gases on ! o!r4 ,to :i* ( ! two to attribute ! lion's %>e 9 ! bus9ess is matt] = d\bt2 b t bo? mu/ be conc]n$ 9 x we may take = c]ta94 ,s long z ! int]nal heat suffices to keep ! body fluid1 ! liquid itself sees to x t all int]/ices are fill$4 ,z ! heat dissipates1 ! body beg9s to solidify1 />t+ ) ! cru/4 ,= cosmic purposes x und\bt$ly /ill rema9s pla/ic1 b cracks ( relatively small size are bo? =m$ & p]si/4 ,into ^! ! surface wat] seeps4 ,) cont9u$ refrig]ation ! cru/ ?ick5s1 m cracks are op5$ & m wat] giv5 lodgm5t )91 to ! impov]i%m5t ( ! seas4 ,! process w\ld cont9ue till ! pressure ( ! cru/ itself r5d]$ pla/ic all t lay bel[1 beyond :i*1 ( c\rse1 no fissures c\ld be =m$4 ,h[ compet5t to swall[ all ! seas su* e>? cuticle cracks may be we ignore2 = we _c be said to "k mu* ( ! process4 ,we c only inf] t to a c]ta9 ext5t int]nal absorption ( surface seas mu/ m>k a /age ( ! evolution by :i* a /> becomes a _w & !n an in]t mass1 "o ( ! d>k bodies ( :i* space is full4 ,( ! o!r means we "k m4 ,we are c]ta9 t x mu/ take place1 ?\gh we are 9 d\bt z to ! am\nt x has already accompli%$4 ,?is me?od ( depletion is by ! dep>ture ( ! wat] 9 ! =m ( gas1 9 consequ5ce ( ! molecul> motions4 ,if we knew ! temp]ature & ! age ( ,m>s & also ! am\nt ( atmosph]e orig9ally surr\nd+ x1 we c\ld possibly pr$icate its /ate4 ,rev]sely1 we c inf] some?+ z to age & temp]ature f its pres5t condition4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,r$di%-,,o*re ,,tracts ,bo? = _! evid5ce & _! ext5t ! great o*re /ret*es ( ! disk claim att5tion fir/4 ,l>gely un*angeable1 ^! %[ ess5tially ! same day aft] day & f ! ye>'s beg9n+ to its end4 ,9 hue !y range f s& color to a brick r$2 "s p>ts ( ! planet be+ giv5 to ! "o t9t1 "s to ! o!r4 ,x is to ! latt] t ! fi]y t9t ( ,m>s to ! nak$ eye is due4 ,! diff]5ces 9 complexion are local & peculi>1 bo? 9 place & "t4 ,= ?\gh saffron be/ pa9ts ! great] "p ( ! light areas1 c]ta9 localities pres5t at times a r$ l t ( our r$ s&/one4 ,hellas is "o ( ^! ruddy regions & ,a]ia ano!r4 ,x is only on occasion t !y ?us %[1 & to :at to assign _! v>iability is z yet matt] ( conjecture4 ,possibly x is ow+ to ,m>tian meteorologic condition2 possibly to some?+ else4 ,b :atev] its orig91 ! *ange is n s mu* contradictory (1 z supplem5t>y to1 ! g5]al fact ( unalt]abl5ess1 :i* is aft] all ! basic trait ab\t !m & ! keynote to _! condition4 ,l& ! o*re regions h g5]ally be5 tak5 =1 & l& !y /ill make good _! claim to be consid]$4 ,= ! bett] !y are se51 ! great] ! gr\nd = ! belief4 ,inde$1 !y seem to be no?+ b gr\nd1 or1 9 o!r words1 des]ts4 ,_! color fir/ po9ts !m out = su*4 ,! pale salmon hue1 :i* be/ reproduces 9 draw+s ! g5]al t9t ( _! surface1 is t :i* our own des]ts we>4 ,! ,sah>a has ?is look2 /ill m x f9ds its c\nt]p>t 9 ! f> aspect ( ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t ( nor!rn ,arizona4 ,to "o /&+ on ! summit ( ! ,san ,francisco ,peaks & gaz+ (f f t isolat$ height ^u ?is o!r isolation ( aridity1 ! resemblance ( its lamb5t saffron to ! telescopic t9ts ( ! ,m>tian globe is /rik+ly impressive4 ,f> =e/ & /ill f>!r des]t are transmut$ by di/ance into m]e wa%es ( color1 ! "o rob9's-egg blue1 ! o!r roseate o*re1 & s ba!d1 bo?1 9 ! flood ( sun%9e f out a cl\dless burni%$ sky t _! t9ts rival ^? ( a fire-opal4 ,none o!rwise d ! ,m>tian colors /& out ^u ! disk at ! f> end ( ! j\rney d[n ! telescope's tube4 ,ev5 9 its mottl+s ! "o expanse recalls ! o!r4 ,to ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t its pr$om9at+ t9t is giv5 by ! new r$ s&/one ( ! ,trias1 ! /ratum "h expos$2 & ?is %[s 9 all its pri/9e nak$ness because ( ! lack ( wat] to clo! x ) any b ! sp>se/ gr[?4 ,lime/ones t crop out beside x are light] yell[1 :iti% & /eel-gray1 & se5 ne> give ! t]rane ! look ( a pa9t]'s palette4 ,se5 f f> !y h r ! t9t ( s&2 & ! "o effect1 l ! o!r1 is ,m>tian 9 look4 ,& z if to assimilate ! two planet>y appe>ances ! m1 ! ?read ( blue-gre5 t att5tion traces a?w>t ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t m>ks ! l9e ( cottonwoods along ! banks ( ! ,little ,colorado ,riv]--des]ts bo?1 if look be any gu>antee ( "*1 ) v]dure b&+ !m4 ,9 o!r ways ^! e>?ly des]ts (f] a p>allel to ! ,m>tian4 ,no des]t on ! ,e>? is absolutely devoid ( life ( "s k9d1 vegetal & animal4 ,! wor/ condition$ are n :at "o is taught 9 *ildhood to believe a des]t to be--a va/ wa/e ( s&1 ) a camel & a palm ?r[n 9 to height5 ! /]ility4 ,9 all ,sah>as outside ( ! pages ( ! s*ool books "s vegetation gr[s1 ?\gh x is commonly n ( a k9d to boa/ (1 be+ r a succs d'e/ime1 z sagebru%1 cacti1 & ! l4 ,b :at is ( int]e/ "h 9 ! connection is its color4 ,= x is commonly ( a m o*rei% t9t ?an usual1 9 keep+ ) its surr\nd+s1 a pal+ out ( ! gre5 to some?+ m tawny1 indicat+ a relative r$uction ( ! *lorophyll & an increase ( ! lipo*romes 9 ! tissues ( ! plant1 s9ce ! "o gives ! gre5 t9t to ! leaves1 ! o!r ! yell[4 ,z ?is vegetation1 poor z x is1 has its annual hi/ory1 x mu/ alt] ! look ( ! des]t at times & produce precisely ^? slight v>iations 9 t9t obs]vable on ,m>s 9 l circum/ance4 ,! ,arizona des]t dates f no fur!r back ?an e>ly ,t]ti>y times1 z ! lime/one ( ! ,cretace\s !re pres5t %[s4 ,wat] !n /ret*$ :]e des]t n[ is1 & ! lime/one b$s 7 laid d[n 9 x4 ,h[ old ! ,m>tian ,sah>as are we h no means ( kn[+4 ,b "o ?+ we may pr$icate ab\t bo?3 a des]t is n an orig9al1 b an acquir$1 condition ( a planet's surface1 demon/rably s 9 ! case ( a planet :i* has _h a s$im5t>y epo* 9 its life-hi/ory4 ,9 ! ,arizona des]t ! surface is compos$ ( deposit>y rocks ( ,mesozoic times1 except :]e lava /reams h fl[$ d[n ov] x s9ce !n4 ,! l&1 !n1 0 once "u wat]1 & _c b h be5 f]tile = "s "t aft] x em]g$4 ,b we are n left to inf]5ce 9 ! matt]1 h[ev] good t inf]5ce may be4 ,a little to ! s\? ( ! ,pa9t$ ,des]t1 9 ! mid/ ( ! b>r5 plateau ( nor!rn ,arizona1 ( :i* ! =m] makes a "p1 /& ! rema9s ( a petrifi$ =e/4 ,huge *alc$ony trunks ( trees1 s sav+ly transmut$ into /one t _! g5us is /ill deciph]able1 lie scatt]$ "h ov] ! b>r5 gr\nd 9 wa/e pr(usion1 "o ( !m /ill spann+ a caon j z x fell 9 t1 to x1 de/ructive day ( a f> prehi/oric pa/4 ,! rock /ratum on :i* _! rema9s lie is ( ,triassic & ,cretace\s times & ! petrifications %[ t 9 ! ,cretace\s a /ately =e/ ov]spread ! l&4 ,9 ^? days at lea/ ! spot 0 f]tile :]e n[ sp>se sagebru% & cacti f9d a liv+ h>d4 ,n "h alone :]e ! blocks are s conspicu\s z to invite _! c>ry+ away is a =m] fl\ri%+ gr[? ( vegetation atte/$1 b ov] l>ge adjo9+ areas ( des]t se>* has br\ght ! l pa/ t5ancy to light4 ,fragm5ts ( :at once 7 trees h be5 pick$ up 9 ! ,little ,colorado bas9 & 9 ! neighborhood ( ,a% ,=k1 on bo? sides1 t is1 ( ! pres5t =e/ cr[n t cov]s ! high] "p ( ! plateau f :i* rise ! ,san ,francisco ,peaks4 ,9 ! blue di/ance ! m\nta9s look d[n v]dure-clad ^u a n[ encircl+ wa/e1 b "o :i* 9 e>li] eras 0 z p9e-be>+ z !y4 ,_! l(ty oasis is all t is n[ left ( a once f]tile c\ntry2 ! retreat ( ! trees up ! slopes 9 consequ5ce ( a dim9i%+ ra9fall1 until a rise ( two ?\s& feet f :at once 0 timb]-l& is necess>y to rea* ! tree-l9e ( today1 be+ typical ( des]t l&s1 & te/ify+ to great] aque\s afflu5ce 9 ! pa/4 ,9 ! same mann] /reams desc5d f ! c$>-clad range ( ! ,lebanon to lose !mselves 9 ! ,arabian des]t j )\t ! doors ( ,damascus2 & ,pale/9e has desiccat$ )9 hi/ory times4 ,pale/9e1 a l& once fl[+ ) milk & honey1 c h>dly fl[ poor wat] n[1 & furni%es ano!r /raw to m>k ! ebb+ ( ! wat] supply4 ,?is mak+ ( des]ts is n a sporadic1 accid5tal1 or local matt]1 al?\gh local causes h abett$ or h9d]$ x4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is an inevitable result ( planet>y evolution1 a phase ( t evolution :i* foll[s f :at has be5 said 9 ,*apt] ,,xii on ! ab&onm5t ( a planet by its wat]4 ,des]ts are simply ano!r sign ( ! same process4 ,! v ag+ :i* began by depriv+ a body ( its seas takes f x lat] its =e/ & its grass4 ,a gr[+ sc>city ( wat] is b\nd to depaup]ate ! "o1 z x depletes ! o!r4 ,we h positive pro( ( ! action 9 our own des]ts4 ,= ^! be> te/imony1 9 places at lea/1 to n hav+ always be5 s1 b to h gradually become s )9 relatively rec5t times4 ,b we h m g5]al pro( ( ! action f ! position occupi$ on ! e>?'s surface by its des]ts4 ,! significant fact ab\t ! des]t-mak+ s /eal?ily go+ on is t only c]ta9 zones ( ! e>?'s surface are affect$4 ,^? belt+ ! two tropics ( ,canc] & ,capricorn1 = sev]al degrees on ei!r side ( !m1 mo/ exhibit ! ph5om5on4 ,su* position+ ( ! des]ts is n due to *ance4 ,directly1 ( c\rse1 des]tism is due to de>? ( ra94 ,?is 9 turn dep5ds on ! "* & condition ( ! w9ds4 ,if a w9d lad5 ) moi/ure travel into a cold] region ( ! globe1 its moi/ure is precipitat$ 9 ra9 & we h a f]tile c\ntry2 if x voyage into a w>m] clime x takes up :at little moi/ure may be !re already & a des]t is ! result4 ,n[ our sy/em ( w9ds is su* z to produce a fall ( ra9 = ! diff]5t latitudes1 z tabulat$ by ,supan1 ?us3-- ,zone ,i #dj,n-#bg,n ,little ra9 9 summ] b mu* 9 w9t]4 ,,ii #bg ,n-#ai ,n ,little ra9 at all seasons4 ,,iii #ai ,n- #g ,n ,little ra9 9 w9t] b mu* 9 summ]4 ,,iv #g ,n- #a ,n ,abundant ra9 at all seasons4 ,v #a ,n-#ag ,s ,little ra9 9 w9t] b mu* 9 summ]4 ,,vi #ag ,s-#cj ,s ,little ra9 at all seasons4 ,,vii #cj ,s-#ce ,s ,little ra9 9 summ] b mu* 9 w9t]4 ,zones ,,ii & ,,vi1 ! zones ( m9imum ra9fall1 are also ^? 9 :i* ! des]ts occur4 ,! nor!rn "o trav]ses s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 ! ,sah>a1 ,arabia1 & ! ,des]t ( ,gobi2 ! s\!rn1 ,p]u1 ! ,s\? ,african veldt1 & c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,! belts are wavy b&s :i* by _! =m betray bo? a g5]al und]ly+ tr5d to dr\ght at ^! p>allels & also ! effect ( local topography 9 ! matt]4 ,f be+ di/ribut$ ?us 9 belts1 x is evid5t t ! des]ts are g5]al globe ph5om5a1 & f _! be+ f\nd only 9 ! zones ( lea/ ra9fall1 t ! e>? has itself ent]$1 ?\gh n f> z yet1 ^u ! des]t /age ( its hi/ory4 ,once begun1 ! des]t areas mu/ p]=ce spread z wat] becomes sc>ce1 invad+ & occupy+ t]ritory 9 proportion z ! ra9fall !re gr[s small4 ,n[ ! axial tilt ( ,m>s is almo/ exactly ! same z t ( our ,e>?1 ! late/ det]m9ations f ! ensemble ( measures giv+ #bd = x4 ,"h1 !n1 we h initial conditions reproduc+ ^? ( ! e>?4 ,b f ! small] size ( ! planet t body w\ld age ! e>li]1 s9ce x w\ld lose its int]nal heat ! m rapidly1 j z a small /one cools soon] ?an a l>g] "o4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples1 !re=e1 x %\ld n[ be m advanc$ 9 its planet>y c>e]4 ,9 consequ5ce1 des]tism %\ld h ov]tak5 m ( its surface ?an has yet happ5$ on e>?1 & in/ead ( n>r[ belts ( /]ility we %\ld expect to f9d !re ,sah>as ( relatively va/ ext5t4 ,n[1 su* a /ate ( ?+s is precisely :at ! telescope reveals4 ,! o*re tracts occupy n9e t5?s ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e & a ?ird ( ! s\!rn4 ,?ree fif?s1 !re=e1 ( ! :ole surface ( ! planet is a des]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,des]t areas4 ,( cosmic z well z ( p>ticul> import is ! correlation ?us made evid5t betwe5 ! physical pr9ciples t effect ! ag+ ( a planet & ! aspect ,m>s pres5ts4 ,exp]im5tal corroboration ( ^? laws is ?us af=d$1 :ile1 rev]sely1 confid5ce 9 _! applicability is increas$4 ,) cont9u$ obs]vation ! planet appe>s m desiccate z improv$ conditions br+ x ne>]4 ,dry l& z x 0 ?\ght to be proves ev5 dri]1 some?+ :i* lacks wat] = ! ord9>y necessities ( a liv+ _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,des]t areas4 ,! picture ! planet (f]s to u is ?us arid beyond pres5t analogue on ,e>?4 ,pitiless z our des]ts are1 !y are b fa9t =eca/s ( ! /ate ( ?+s exi/5t on ,m>s at ! pres5t "t4 ,only ^? :o z travel]s h _h exp]i5ce ( our own ,sah>as c adequately picture :at ,m>s is l & :at s wat]less a condition means4 ,only su* c und]/& :at is impli$ 9 hav+ ! local & avoidable ?us ext5d$ into ! unescapable & ! _w-wide2 & :at a t]rible significance = ev]y?+ ,m>tian lies 9 t s+le ^w3 des]t4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,summ>y ,if1 n[1 we review ) ! m9d's eye ! sev]al features ( ,m>s :i* we h survey$ ) ! bodily "o1 we %all be surpris$ to f9d to :at !y commit u4 ,sugge/ive z ea* is consid]$ by itself1 ! ensemble into :i* !y comb9e proves ( multiplicate =ce 9 its implication4 ,= ea* turns out to fit into place 9 "o consi/5t :ole1 a s*eme ( ?+s 9 :i* are pres5t all ! conditions necess>y to ! exi/5ce & cont9uance ( ^? processes :i* con/itute :at we call life4 ,9 %ort1 we are conduct$ ) a cog5cy1 :i* gr[s z we consid] x1 to ! conclusion t ,m>s is habitable4 ,two ways ( appreciat+ ?is cog5cy are op5 to u4 ,we may treat x ) ! simple reason+ ( common-s5se1 z we %\ld a dissect$ map or a piece ( ma*9]y 9 :i* we realize we are "r :5 ! sev]al p>ts at la/ fit toge!r & ! picture /&s reveal$ or ! ma*9e works4 ,or we may subject ! evid5ce to quantitative e/imates = & aga9/ by ! doctr9e ( probabilities1 & ?us evaluate ! *ances ( its be+ correct4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 ?is is :at we are ab\t 9 our decisions e day ( our lives4 ,at ! "o end ( ! l9e are ^? skillful judgm5ts :]e ! balance is s ke5-edg$ t ! lea/ ov]weight on ! "o side dips ! scales to a conclusion4 ,at ! o!r extremity /& ^? d$uctions :i* we usually speak ( z prov$1 su* z ! law ( gravitation4 ,b bo? assurances re/ really ^u probability & diff] only 9 degree4 ,:at we mean by pro( ( any?+ is t a supposition advanc$ to acc\nt = x expla9s all ! facts & is n oppos$ to any ( !m1 & t ! balance ( probability 9 consequ5ce is v l>gely 9 its favor4 ,n[1 if sev]al pieces ( evid5ce1 di/9ct 9 _! orig91 concur to a giv5 conclusion1 ! probability t t conclusion is correct is f> great] ?an :at results f ea* alone2 & m\nts up soon to some?+ mu* exce$+ :at bettors at races call c]ta9ty odds4 ,h[ev] unv]s$ ! av]age man may be 9 calculat+ ! probability1 he recognizes ! fact 9 8 deal+s ) 8 fell[s by ! way he atta*es weight to concurr5t te/imony4 ,x is su* concurr5t evid5ce t we h n[ to consid]4 ,to ?is end we w m>%al ! sev]al facts asc]ta9$ 9 a summ>iz$ li/ = _! easi] int]comp>ison4 ,^! facts are3-- 7#a7 ,m>s turns on its axis 9 #bd h4 #cg m4 #bb4fe s4 ) ref]5ce to ! />s1 & 9 #bd h4 #ci m4 #ce4j s4 7z a mean7 ) reg>d to ! ,sun4 ,its day1 !re=e1 is only ab\t =ty m9utes long] ?an ours4 7#b7 ,its axis is tilt$ to ! plane ( its orbit by ab\t #bc #ei 7mo/ rec5t det]m9ation1 #aije74 ,?is gives ! planet seasons almo/ ! c\nt]p>t ( our own 9 "*2 b 9 l5g? ne>ly d\ble ours1 = 7#c7 ,its ye> consi/s ( #fhg ( our days1 #ffi ( its own4 7#d7 ,pol> caps are pla9ly visible :i* melt 9 ! ,m>tian summ] to =m aga9 9 ! ,m>tian w9t]1 ?us imply+ ! pres5ce ( a sub/ance deposit$ by cold4 7#e7 ,z ! pol> caps melt1 !y are bord]$ by a blue belt1 :i* retreats ) !m4 ,?is excludes ! possibility ( _! be+ =m$ ( c>bon dioxide1 & %[s t ( all ! sub/ances we "k ! mat]ial compos+ !m mu/ be wat]4 7#f7 ,9 ! case ( ! s\!rn cap1 ! blue belt has wid5+s 9 x 9 places4 ,^! occur :]e ! blue-gre5 areas bord]+ ^u ! pol> cap are l>ge/4 7#g7 ,! ext5sive %r9kage ( ! pol> sn[s %[s _! quantity to be inconsid]able1 & po9ts to scanty deposition due to de>? ( wat]4 7#h7 ,! melt+ takes place locally aft] ! same g5]al ord] & me?od1 ,m>tian ye> aft] ye>1 bo? 9 ! s\? cap1 7#i7 ,& 9 ! nor? "o4 ,?is is evid5c$ by ! recurr5ce ( rifts 9 ! same places annually 9 ea*4 ,! wat] ?us let loose c1 !re=e1 be locally c\nt$ on4 7#aj7 ,t ! s\? pol> cap is giv5 to great] extremes ?an ! nor? "o1 implies aga91 9 view ( ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit & ! tilt ( ! axis1 t deposition 9 bo? caps is light4 7#aa7 ,! pol> seas at ! edges ( ! caps be+ tempor>y affairs1 ! wat] f !m mu/ be fre%4 7#ab7 ,! melt+ ( ! caps on ! "o h& & _! re=m+ on ! o!r affirm ! pres5ce ( wat] vapor 9 ! ,m>tian atmosph]e1 ( :atev] else t air consi/4 7#ac7 ,s9ce wat] vapor is pres5t1 ( :i* ! molecul> weight is #ah1 x foll[s f ! k9etic !ory ( gases t nitrog51 oxyg51 & c>bonic acid1 ( molecul> weights #bh1 #cb1 & #ch respectively1 are probably !re1 too1 ow+ to be+ heavi]4 7#ad7 ,! limb-light be>s te/imony to ?is atmosph]e4 7#ae7 ,! planet's l[ alb$o po9ts to a d5sity = ! atmosph]e v mu* less ?an our own4 7#af7 ,! app>5t evid5ce ( a twilight goes to confirm ?is4 7#ag7 ,p]man5t m>k+s %[ ^u ! disk1 prov+ t ! surface itself is visible4 7#ah7 ,outside ( ! pol> cap ! disk is divid$ into r$-o*re & blue-gre5 regions4 ,! r$-o*re /ret*es h ! same appe>ance z our des]ts se5 f af>1 7#ai7 ,& behave z su*1 be+ b little affect$ by *ange4 7#bj7 ,! blue-gre5 areas 7 once ?\ght to be seas4 ,b !y _c be su*1 because !y *ange 9 t9t accord+ to ! ,m>tian season1 & ! area & am\nt ( ! light5+ is n (fset at ! "t by correspond+ d>k5+ else:]e2 7#ba7 ,nor by any augm5tation ( ! o!r pol> cap or precipitation into cl\d4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be due to %ift ( sub/ance4 7#bb7 ,fur!rmore1 !y are all seam$ by l9es & spots d>k] ?an !mselves :i* are p]man5t 9 place2 s t !re c be no bodies ( wat] on ! planet4 7#bc7 ,on ! o!r h&1 _! color1 blue-gre51 is t ( vegetation2 ?is regul>ly fades out1 z vegetation w\ld1 to o*re = ! mo/ "p1 b 9 places *anges to a *ocolate-br[n4 7#bd7 ,! *ange t comes ov] !m is seasonal 9 p]iod1 z t ( vegetation w\ld be4 7#be7 ,ea* hemisph]e und]goes ?is metamorphosis 9 turn4 7#bf7 ,t x is recurr5t is aga9 pro( positive ( an atmosph]e4 7#bg7 ,! *anges are metabolic1 s9ce ^? 9 "o direction are lat] rev]s$ to a re/oration ( ! orig9al /atus4 ,anabolic z well z katabolic processes ?us g on !re2 t is1 gr[? z well z decay takes place4 ,?is proves !m ( vegetal orig94 7#bh7 ,! exi/5ce ( vegetation %[s t c>bonic acid1 oxyg51 & und\bt$ly nitrog51 are pres5t 9 ! ,m>tian atmosph]e1 s9ce plants give out oxyg5 & take 9 c>bonic acid4 7#bi7 ,! *anges 9 ! d>k areas foll[ ^u ! melt+ ( ! pol> caps1 n occurr+ until aft] t melt+ is "u way2 7#cj7 ,& n imm$iately !n1 b only aft] ! lapse ( a c]ta9 "t4 7#ca7 ,?\gh n seas n[1 f _! look ! d>k areas sugge/ old sea bottoms1 & :5 on ! t]m9ator appe> z depressions 7:e!r because really at a l[] level or because ( less illum9ation is n c]ta974 7#cb7 ,t !y are n[ ! p>ts ( ! planet to support vegetation h9ts ! same pa/ (fice1 z wat] w\ld naturally dra9 into !m4 ,t su* a metamorphosis %\ld occur ) planet>y ag+ is 9 keep+ ) ! k9etic !ory ( gases4 7#cc7 ,t]m9ator obs]vations prove conclusively t !re are no m\nta9s on ,m>s1 b t ! surface is surpris+ly flat4 7#cd7 ,b !y d reveal cl\ds :i* are usually r>e & are (t51 if n always1 du/-/orms4 7#ce7 ,:ite spots are occasionally visible1 la/+ un*ang$ = weeks1 9 ! tropic & temp]ate regions1 %[+ t ! climate is app>5tly cold1 7#cf7 ,b at ! same "t prov+ t mo/ ( ! surface has a temp]ature above ! freez+-po9t4 7#cg7 ,9 w9t] ! temp]ate zones are m or less cov]$ by a :iti% veil1 :i* may be ho>-fro/ or may be cl\d4 7#ch7 ,a spr+ haze surr\nds ! nor? pol> cap dur+ ! weeks t foll[ its mo/ ext5sive melt+4 7#ci7 ,o!rwise ! ,m>tian sky is p]fectly cle>2 l t ( a dry & des]t l&4 ,! way 9 :i* ^! ?irty-n9e articles fit into "o ano!r to a mortis$ :ole is /rik+ en\gh at fir/ sight1 b becomes m & m impressive ! m "o consid]s x4 ,= "s are due to "o k9d ( obs]vation1 "s to ano!r4 ,9 ! tak+ !y are unrelat$2 yet 9 ! result !y agree4 ,equally pregnant is ! hi/ory ( _! acquisition4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 detect$ z ! outcome ( obs]vations at ! opposition ( #ahid1 & l$ to ! !ory :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! writ]'s fir/ book on ! subject4 ,o!rs are ! result ( ! five oppositions t h s9ce occurr$4 ,^! h prov$ entirely corroborative ( ! previ\s ones & ( ! !ory !n d$uc$1 & t 9 two di/9ct ways3 fir/1 by ! accumulat$ evid5ce !y h br\ght to ! matt] along ! old l9es2 &1 secondly1 by :at !y h reveal$ 9 new directions4 ,( ^! ?irty-n9e articles ( ,m>tian sci5tific fai? 9 obs]vation or d$uction1 7#i71 7#aj71 7#ba71 7#bb71 7#be71 7#bg71 7#bh71 7#cj71 7#cc71 7#ce71 7#cf71 & 7#ch7 are 9 :ole or "p new4 ,t cont9u$ scrut9y is ?us corroborative ( ! e>li] results1 bo? along ! old & along new l9es ( inve/igation1 w>rants additional confid5ce 9 ! conclusion4 ,consid]+1 n[1 ^! c\nts1 we see t !y make reasonably evid5t on ,m>s ! pres5ce (3-- #a4 ,days & seasons sub/antially l our own2 #b4 ,an atmosph]e conta9+ wat] vapor1 c>bonic acid1 & oxyg52 #c4 ,wat] 9 great sc>city2 #d4 ,a temp]ature cold] ?an ours1 b above ! ,fahr5heit freez+-po9t1 except 9 w9t] & 9 ! extreme pol> regions2 #e4 ,vegetation4 ,fir/ & =emo/ ( ^! is air4 ,9 ord] to make x possible = vital processes ( any sort to take place1 ! body ( a planet mu/ be clo!d ) an atmosph]e1 by ! mode/y ( nature1 ! old a/ronom]s w\ld h said4 ,su* a cov]+ subs]ves two purposes3 x keeps out ! cold ( space1 ?us p]mitt+ ! ma9t5ance ( a temp]ature suffici5t to support life1 & x af=ds a m$ium ?r\gh :i* metabolism c g on4 ,n[ ! pres5ce ( air is atte/$ fir/ & =emo/ by ! fact ( *ange 9 ! ,m>tian m>k+s1 7#ab71 7#ac71 7#bf71 7#bh71 & 7#ce74 ,! *anges obs]v$ are conspicu\s2 are bo? inorganic 79 ! case ( ! pol> caps71 7#ab71 7#ac71 & 7#ce71 & metabolic or organic1 7#bf7 & 7#bh71 79 ! case ( ! blue-gre5 areas72 t is1 !y consi/ ( build+ up z well z ( pull+ d[n & are planet-wide 9 occurr5ce4 ,su* *anges c\ld n occur 9 ! abs5ce ( an atmosph]e4 ,!y %[ t ?is atmosph]e consi/s ( wat] vapor1 7#e71 c>bonic acid1 & oxyg51 7#bh74 ,! limb-light1 ! app>5t evid5ce ( a twilight arc & ! planet's l[ alb$o indicate t ?is atmosph]e is ?94 ,! appe>ance ( ! surface1 7#ce71 sugge/s cold1 indicative aga9 ( a ?9 air4 ,su* t5uity is 9 accord ) :at a priori pr9ciples w\ld lead u to expect1 & t5ds to %[ t reliance on g5]al pr9ciples is "h n misplac$1 a po9t ( "s int]e/4 ,la/ly1 ! occurr5ce ( cl\ds1 7#cd71 visibly float+ & travel+ ov] ! surface1 & haze at times1 7#ch71 proves 9 ano!r way ! exi/5ce ( ! m$ium 9 :i* alone ?is c\ld be possible4 ,wat] is ! next sub/ance vital to planet>y life4 ,z to its actual pres5ce ! pol> caps1 7#d7-7ab71 h mo/ to say2 z to its relative abs5ce1 ! re/ ( ! disk1 7#ag7-7bb74 ,! =?right conception ( ! pol> caps z compos$ ( sn[ & ice is borne out by fur!r inve/igation into :at c\ld cause ! obs]v$ ph5om5on4 ,c>bonic acid1 ! only o!r sub/ance we "k capable 9 any way ( resembl+ :at we see1 turns out n capable ( produc+ "o important detail ( ! caps' appe>ance1 ! blue b&1 7#e71 :i* accompanies !m 9 _! retreat4 ,wat] alone c\ld d ?is4 ,! melt+ ( ! caps %[s t wat] vapor mu/ be a con/itu5t ( ! ,m>tian atmosph]e4 ,moreov]1 z ! molecul> weight ( wat] vapor is less ?an t ( oxyg5 or nitrog5 or c>bon dioxide1 if ! =m] c exi/ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! planet1 a =tiori mu/ ^! o!r gases4 ,s t f ?is we h k ( ! possibility ( ! pres5ce ( oxyg51 nitrog51 & c>bon dioxide !re4 ,f 7#bh7 we saw t _! actual exi/5ce is demon/rat$4 ,! next /ep is ! asc]ta9m5t t ! wat] is 9 v small am\nt4 ,! ext5sive melt+ ( ! caps1 7#g71 %[s _! quantity to be inconsid]able1 :i* is ! fir/ fact po9t+ to a de>? ( wat]4 ,! second comes f ! aspect & behavior ( ! r$di%-o*re regions :i* proclaim !m des]ts1 7#ah7 & 7#ai72 ! ?ird f ! detection ( ! "* ( ! blue-gre5 areas z n seas1 7#bj71 7#ba71 & 7#bb74 ,9 sev]al diff]5t ways1 /udy ( ^! regions ass]ts _! non-aquatic con/itution1 ! easie/ to appreciate be+ t !y are trav]s$ by p]man5t d>k l9es & o!r equally s$5t>y m>k+s1 7#bb74 ,no bodies ( wat]1 !re=e1 are to be se5 outside ( ! ephem]al pol> seas1 imm$iately surr\nd+ ! caps z !y melt4 ,?is leads u to ! ?ird pres5ce on ,m>s indicative ( a liv+ _w3 vegetation4 ,! o!r two spoke ( sub/ances necess>y to life1 ! premises 9 ! case1 ?is "o ( organic exi/5ce itself1 its conclusion4 ,! evid5ce consi/s ( /atic te/imony f ! look ( ! blue-gre5 areas1 7#bc71 & ( k9ematic d]iv$ f _! behavior1 7#bd71 7#be71 7#bf71 & 7#bg74 ,vegetation w\ld pres5t exactly ! appe>ance %[n by !m1 & no?+ t we "k ( b vegetation c\ld4 ,b sugge/ive z _! appe>ance is1 x is z no?+ comp>$ ) ! cog5t telltale "* ( _! behavior4 ,! seasonal *ange t sweeps ov] !m is metabolic1 con/ructive z well z de/ructive1 t is1 & proclaims an organic con/itution = !m su* z only vegetation c\ld produce4 ,9 t9t _! metamorphoses are ^? ( ! same sub/ance4 ,= ! blue-gre5 lapses into o*re & revives aga9 to blue-gre5 j z vegetation does on our own ,e>? at ! prop] season ( ! ye>1 tak+ bo? ! ,sun & ! adv5t ( wat] into ! reckon+4 ,fur!rmore1 c]ta9 ( ! l>ge/ d>k areas turn to a *ocolate-br[n at times1 :i* is ! color ( fall[ gr\nd & sugge/ive1 at lea/1 z occurr+ :]e ! blue-gre5 at o!r seasons is ! mo/ pron\nc$4 ,la/ly1 ! *ange occurs at ! epo* at :i*1 f a k ( ! melt+ ( ! pol> caps1 !ory demon/rates t x ought to take place if x be due to ! action ( vegetation4 ,t ?is 0 ! case 0 evid5t f mu* less in=mation ?an is =?com+ today2 b :at is significant1 ea* new fact discov]$ ab\t ! planet goes to %[ t x is unque/ionably true4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,non-,,natural ,,features ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,canals ,f ! detection ( ! ma9 m>k+s t div]sify ! surface ( ,m>s we n[ pass to a discov]y ( s unprec$5t$ a "* t ! sci5tific _w 0 at fir/ loa? to accept x4 ,only p]si/5t corroboration has f9ally brok5 d[n di/ru/2 &1 ev5 s1 d\bt ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ph5om5a /ill l+]s 9 ! m9ds ( _m :o h n !mselves se5 ! sight because ( ! inh]5t difficulty ( ! obs]vations4 ,= x is n "o :]e confirmation may be summon$ 9 ! laboratory at w1 b "o dem&+ t ! wat*] %\ld wait ^u ! sky1 ) m ?an ord9>y acum54 ,?is latt]-day revelation is ! discov]y ( ! canals4 ,q unlike 9 look to ! ma9 features ( ! planet's face is ?is second set ( m>k+s :i* trav]se its disk1 & :i* ! g5ius ( ,s*iap>elli disclos$4 ,unnatural !y may well be deem$2 = !y are n 9 ! lea/ :at "o w\ld expect to see4 ,!y diff] f ! fir/ class1 n 9 degree1 b 9 k9d2 & ! k9d is ( a :olly unp>allel$ sort4 ,:ile ! =m] be> a family resemblance to ^? ( ! e>?2 ! latt] are peculi> to ,m>s1 f9d+ no c\nt]p>t ^u ! e>? at all4 ,introduction to ! my/]y came ab\t 9 ?is wise1 & w be repeat$ = him :o is successful 9 8 se>*4 ,:5 a fairly acute ey$ obs]v] sets himself to scan ! telescopic disk ( ! planet 9 /eady air1 he w1 aft] not+ ! dazzl+ cont\r ( ! :ite pol> cap & ! %>p outl9es ( ! blue-gre5 seas1 ( a sudd5 be made aw>e ( a vision z ( a ?read /ret*$ some:]e f ! blue-gre5 across ! orange areas ( ! disk4 ,gone z quickly z x came1 he w in/9ctively d\bt 8 own eyesight1 & cr$it to illusion :at c s unacc\ntably disappe>4 ,gaze z h>d z he w1 no p[] ( 8 c recall x1 :51 ) ! same />tl+ abruptness1 ! ?+ /&s be=e 8 eyes aga94 ,conv9c$1 aft] ?ree or f\r su* %[+s1 t ! vision is real1 he w /ill be left wond]+ :at & :]e x 04 ,= s %ort & sudd5 are its app>itions t ! locat+ ( x is dubi\sly h>d4 ,x is gone ea* "t be=e he has got its be>+s4 ,by p]si/5t wat*1 h[ev]1 = ! be/ in/ants ( def9ition1 back$ by ! k ( :at he is to see1 he w f9d its com+ m frequ5t1 m c]ta9 & m detail$4 ,at la/ "s p>ticul>ly propiti\s mom5t w disclose its relation to well-kn[n po9ts & its position be assur$4 ,fir/ "o su* ?read & !n ano!r w make its pres5ce evid5t2 & !n he w note t ea* always appe>s 9 place4 ,repetition 9 situ w conv9ce him t ^! /range visitants are z real z ! ma9 m>k+s1 & are z p]man5t z !y4 ,su* is ! exp]i5ce e obs]v] ( !m has _h2 & success dep5ds ^u ! acut5ess ( ! obs]v]'s eye & ^u ! p]si/5ce ) :i* he wat*es = ! be/ mom5ts 9 ! /eadie/ air4 ,c]ta9 z p]si/5ce is to be rew>d$ at la/1 ! difficulty inh]5t 9 ! obs]vations is ord9>ily great4 ,n ev]ybody c see ^! delicate features at fir/ sight1 ev5 :5 po9t$ out to !m2 & to p]ceive _! m m9ute details takes a tra9$ z well z an acute eye1 obs]v+ "u ! be/ conditions4 ,:5 s view$1 h[ev]1 ! disk ( ! planet takes on a mo/ s+ul> appe>ance4 ,x looks z if x _h be5 cobwebb$ all ov]4 ,sugge/ive ( a spid]'s web se5 aga9/ ! grass ( a spr+ morn+1 a me% ( f9e reticulat$ l9es ov]spreads x1 :i* ) att5tion proves to compass ! globe f "o pole to ! o!r4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 x & a spid]'s "w is "o ( size1 supplem5t$ by great] complexity1 b bo? are joys ( geometric beauty4 ,= ! l9es are ( individually uni=m wid?1 ( exce$+ t5uity1 & ( great l5g?4 ,^! are ! ,m>tian canals4 ,two /ages 9 ! recognition ( ! reality confront ! p]sev]+ plodd]3 fir/1 ! p]ception ( ! canals at all2 &1 second1 ! realization ( _! v def9ite "*4 ,x is :olly due to lack ( suitable conditions t ! true =m ( ! ,m>tian l9es is usually miss$4 ,giv5 ! prop] pr]equisites ( location or ( eye1 & _! p5cil-m>k peculi>ity /&s =? unmi/akably confess$4 ,x is only :]e ! see+ or ! sight is at fault t ! canals ei!r fail to %[ or appe> z diffuse /reaks1 ! latt] be+ a halfway revelation betwe5 ! reality & _! n be+ reveal$ at all4 ,mu* misconception exi/s on ?is po9t4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t improv$ atmosph]ic conditions simply am\nt to br++ ! object ne>] by p]mitt+ great] magnification )\t alt]+ ! hazy look ( its detail4#b ,n s4 ,!y d mu* m ?an ?is4 ,!y /eady ! object mu* z if a page ( pr9t f be+ viol5tly %ak5 %\ld sudd5ly be held /ill4 ,! obs]v] w\ld at once read :at be=e _h escap$ him = be+ a blur4 ,s is x ) ! canals4 ,9 reality1 p5cil+s ( extreme t5uity1 ! agitations ( our own air spread !m into diffuse /reaks2 an effect ( :i* any "o may assure himself by suffici5tly rapid motion ( a draw+ 9 :i* !y are depict$ %>p & di/9ct1 :5 he w see !m take on ! /reaky look4 ,z ! writ] has obs]v$ !m "u bo? aspects1 & has se5 !m pass f ! indef9ite to ! def9$ z ! see+ improv$1 he has _h practical pro( ( ! fact1 & ?is n once1 b an untold numb] ( times4 ,atmosph]ic conditions f> sup]ior to :at are good en\gh = mo/ a/ronomic obs]vations are ne$$ = su* planet>y deciph]m5t1 & ! obs]v] exp]i5c$ 9 ! subject ev5tually le>ns h[ all-important ?is is4 ,"u ^! conditions ! te/imony ( 8 own eyesight ^u ! "* ( ^! m>k+s is def9ite & complete4 ,& ! fir/ trait t !n em]ges f confusion is t ! m>k+s are l9es2 n simply l9es 9 ! s5se t any suffici5tly n>r[ & cont9u\s m>k+ may s be call$1 b l9es 9 ! f> m precise s5se 9 :i* geometry uses ! t]m4 ,!y are fur!rmore /raight l9es4 ,z ,s*iap>elli said ( !m3 !y look to h be5 laid d[n by rule & compass4 ,! v m>vel ( ! sight has be5 its own /umbl+-block to recognition1 jo9$ to ! difficulty ( its detection4 ,= n only is ! av]age obs]vatory n equipp$ by nature = ! task1 b :at is n good air (t5 masqu]ades z su*4 ,tra9s ( air waves exi/ at times s f9e z to confuse ?is detail1 or ev5 to oblit]ate x entirely2 :ile at ! same "t !y leave ! disk seem+ly %>p-cut1 ) ! result t "o n well v]s$ 9 su* vag>ies ?9ks to see well :5 9 tru? he is deb>r$ f see+ at all4 ,:5 /udy ( ! conditions f9ally ends 9 putt+ him ^u ! "r road1 ! sight t rew>ds him c h>dly be too graphically describ$4 ,next to ! fact t !y are l9es1 def9it5ess ( direction is ! *ief ( _! *>act]i/ics to /rike ! obs]v]4 ,! l9es run /raight ?r\gh\t _! c\rse4 ,?is is absolutely true ( n9ety p] c5t ( !m1 & practically s ( ! rema9+ t5 p] c5t1 s9ce ! latt] curve 9 an equally symmetric mann]4 ,su* directness has ,i "k n :at ( imm$iate impressiv5ess4 ,q unlike ! aspect ( ! ma9 m>k+s1 :i* %[ a natural irregul>ity ( outl9e1 ^! l9es (f] at ! fir/ glance a mo/ unnatural regul>ity ( look4 ,no?+ on ,e>? ( natural orig9 on su* a scale be>s !m analogue4 ,nor does any o!r planet %[ ! l4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 di/9ctively ,m>tian ph5om5a4 ,?is is ! fir/ po9t 9 :i* !y diff] f ! m>k+s we h hi!rto describ$4 ,! o!rs 7 g5]ic planet>y features2 ^! are specific ones1 peculi> to ,m>s4#c ,equally /rik+ is ! uni=m wid? ( ea* l9e f its beg9n+ to its end1 z x /&s out !re ^u ! disk4 ,! l9e v>ies n 9 size ?r\gh\t its c\rse any m ?an x deviates 9 direction4 ,x c\nt]feits a telegraph wire /ret*$ f po9t to po9t4 ,l ! latt] se5 af>1 ! wid?1 too1 is telegraphic4 ,= x is n s mu* wid? z want ( x t is evid5t4 ,bread? is inf]able solely f ! fact t ! l9e is se5 at all1 & relative size by diff]5ce ( insi/5cy4 ,inde$1 ! app>5t bread? has be5 /eadily contract+ z ! in/rum5tal1 atmosph]ic1 & p]sonal conditions h improv$4 ,all ?ree ( ! factors h conduc$ to su* emac]ation1 b ! middle "o ! mo/4 ,= ! air waves spread e m>k+1 & ! effect is relatively greate/ ^u ^? :i* are mo/ sl5d]4 ,z ! curr5ts ( cond5sation & r>efaction pulse along1 _! d5s] & _! ?9n] portions refract ! rays on ei!r side ( _! true place1 & ?us at ! same "t confuse a m>k+ & broad5 x4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! bett] ! atmosph]ic conditions & ! m t has be5 le>n$ ab\t utiliz+ !m1 ! f9] ! l9es h %[n !mselves to be4 ,h]e9 we h a specific intr9sic diff]5ce betwe5 ! fundam5tal features & ^! l9es3 ! ma9 m>k+s h ext5sion 9 two dim5sions1 ! latt] 9 "o4 ,di/9ctive z !y ?us are1 !y h1 9 keep+ ) _! appe>ance1 be5 giv5 a di/9ctive "n1 t ( canal4 ,useful z ! "n is &1 z we %all lat] see1 applicable1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t :at we see are su* 9 any simple s5se4 ,no obs]v] ( !m has ev] consid]$ !m canals dug l ! ,suez ,canal or ! phnix-l ,panama "o4 ,?is supposition is exclusively ( critic creation4 ,_! precise wid? is n precisable4 ,!y %[ no measurable bread? & _! size1 !re=e1 admits = c]ta9 only ( an outside limit4 ,!y _c be wid] ?an a det]m9able maximum1 b !y may be mu* less ?an ?is4 ,! sole me?od ( e/imat+ _! wid? is by comp>ison ( effect ) a wire ( kn[n calib] at a kn[n di/ance4 ,= ?is purpose a telegraph wire 0 /ret*$ aga9/ ! sky at ,flag/aff1 & ! obs]v]s1 go+ back ^u ! mesa1 obs]v$ & record$ its appe>ance z _! /ations grew remote4 ,x prov$ surpris+ at :at great di/ances a sl5d] wire c\ld be made out :5 ?us project$ aga9/ ! sky4 ,! wire 9 ! exp]im5t 0 b #j4jgbf ( an in* 9 diamet] & yet c\ld be se5 ) c]ta9ty at a di/ance ( #ahjj feet1 at :i* po9t its diamet] subt5d$ only #j4fi ( a second ( arc4 ,h[ small ?is quantity is may be appreciat$ f its tak+ m ?an n9ety su* l9es laid side by side to make a wid? divisible by ! eye4 ,su* sl5d]ness at ! !n di/ance ( ,m>s w\ld correspond1 "u ! magnification commonly us$1 only to ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile4 ,!oretically1 !n1 a l9e ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile wide !re %\ld be visible to u4 ,practically1 bo? light & def9ition is lo/ 9 ! telescope1 & x w\ld be ne>] ! m>k to consid] 9 su* case two miles z ! limit ( ! p]ceptible4 ,) ! planet ne>] ?an ?is1 z is (t5 ! case1 ! wid? :i* c\ld be se5 w\ld be proportionally less5$4 ,p]haps we %all n be f> a/ray if we put "o mile z ! limit+ wid? :i* c\ld be p]ceiv$ on ,m>s at pres5t1 ) di/ance at its lea/ & def9ition at its be/4 ,t s m9ute a quantity %\ld be visible at all is due to ! l9e hav+ a s5sible l5g? & by summation ( s5sations caus+ to rise into consci\sness :at w\ld o!rwise be lo/4 ,a /imulus too feeble to produce an effect ^u a s+le ret9al rod becomes recognizable :5 _m 9 a r[ are simil>ly excit$4 ,! exp]im5t furni%$ ano!r crit]ion1 ( importance z reg>ds ! supposition t ! l9es on ,m>s are illusory4 ,x %[$ t bra9-begott5 impressions ( wires t did n exi/ c\ld be told f ! real ?+ :5 ! wire subt5d$ #j4fi ( a second ( arc or m2 t bel[ ?is ! outside /imulus 0 too weak to diff] recognizably f optic effects o!rwise produc$2 :ile :5 ! real wire 0 dim9i%$ to #j4ei1 x c\ld n be se5 at all4 ,n[1 ! majority ( l9es on ,m>s s f> recogniz$ & mapp$ lie 9 /r5g? ( impression f> above ! sup]ior limit ( #j4fi4 ,to "o v]s$ 9 ,m>tian canal detection !re is no possibility ( self-deception 9 ! case1 ! canals be+ v mu* m sali5t objects to an exp]t ?an ^? :o h n se5 !m suppose4 ,= x mu/ n be imag9$ t1 :5 "o kn[s :at to be on ! look\t =1 !y are ! difficult objects !y seem to ! tyro4 ,j z ! satellites ( ,m>s 7 easily se5 once !y 7 discov]$1 s ) ^! l9es4 ,a mile or two we may take1 !n1 ) safety z ! smalle/ wid? = "o ( ! l9es4 ,! greate/ 0 got by comp>+ :at is by f> ! l>ge/ canal1 ! ,nilosyrtis1 ) ! micromet] ?read4 ,f su* det]m9ation x appe>$ t ?is canal 0 f #be to #cj miles wide4 ,b x is que/ionable :e!r ! ,nilosyrtis c prop]ly be t]m$ a canal1 s mu* does x exce$ ! re/4 ,x is c]ta9ly f> l>g] ?an ! majority ( !m4 ,f comp>ative e/imates betwe5 its size & t ( ! o!rs1 #ae to #bj miles = ! wid? ( ! l>g] ( ! ,m>tian canals seems ! mo/ probable value1 & #b or #c miles only ( ! m dim9utive ( ^? s f> detect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ! ,eum5ides-,orcus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! l5g? ( ! canals is relatively enorm\s4 ,) !m #bjjj miles is common2 :ile _m exce$ #bejj1 & ! ,eum5ides-,orcus is #cedj miles f ! po9t :]e x leaves ! ,phnix ,lake to ! po9t :]e x ent]s ! ,trivium ,*>ontis4 ,?is means mu* m on ,m>s ?an x w\ld on ,e>?1 ow+ to ! small] size ( ! planet4 ,su* a l5g? exce$s a ?ird ( ! :ole circumf]5ce ( its globe at ! equator4 ,b :at is /ill m rem>kable1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! long c\rse tak5 by ! canal1 x sw]ves nei!r to ! "r nor to ! left ( ! great circle jo9+ ! two po9ts4 ,( ^! sev]al peculi>ities ( ! individual canal x is difficult to "k to :i* to allot ! palm = oddity1--great circle directness1 excessive l5g?1 want ( wid?1 or /rik+ uni=mity4 ,ea* is s anomal\sly unnatural z to h receiv$ ! approv+ /amp ( incr$ulity4 ,yet s mu*1 wond]ful z x is1 is enc\nt]$ on ! v ?re%old ( ! subject4 ----- ,footnote #b3 ,m4 l'abb ,moreux4 ,footnote #c3 ,z "s misrepres5tation has be5 made on ?is subject ?r\gh misappreh5sion ( ! writ]'s obs]vations on ,v5us & ,m]cury1 x may be well to /ate t ! t5u\s m>k+s on bo? ^! o!r planets entirely lack ! unnatural regul>ity di/+ui%+ ! canals ( ,m>s4 ,! ,v5usian l9es are hazy1 ill-def9$1 & non-uni=m2 ! ,m]curian brok5 & irregul>1 sugge/+ cracks4 ,nei!r resemble ! ,m>tian 9 m>vel\s precision1 & h nev] be5 call$ canals by ! writ] nor by ,s*iap>elli1 b solely by ^? :o h n se5 !m & h misappreh5d$ _! "* & look4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,_! ,,sy/em ,mu* m /&s beyond4 ,=1 outdo+ 9 sugge/iv5ess ! individual traits ( ! l9es1 is ! relation %[n by !m to "o ano!r4 ,x is ! communal *>act]i/ics ( ! ph5om5on t are mo/ surpris+4 ,! individual peculi>ities ( ! l9es impress !mselves at once2 ! communal1 only z ! result ( exp]i5ce1 collation1 & ?\ght4 ,z ! obs]v] becomes tra9$1 ! m l9es he is able to make out1 until !y fairly seam ! :ole surface ( ! light areas ( ! planet4 ,_! "n collectively is legion2 :ile to "n !m individually is fa/ gett+1 = ! numb] detect$1 to be impossible4 ,z ) ! increas+ family ( a/]oids1 figures alone w prove adequate to ! task4 ,int]dep5d5ce1 n indep5d5ce1 m>ks ! attitude ( ! canals4 ,ea* n only proce$s ) absolute directness f "o po9t to ano!r1 b at its t]m9als x meets canals :i* h come !re ) l =?rightness f o!r f> places ^u ! planet4 ,nor is x two only t ?us come toge!r at a common junction4 ,?ree1 f\r1 five1--up to z _m z f\rte51--?us make r5dezv\s1 & x is a poor junction t _c %[ at lea/ six or sev54 ,! result is a network :i* triangulates ! surface ( ! planet l a geodetic survey into polygons ( all %apes & sizes1 ! ,arian areolas4 ,! size ( ! pieces =m+ ?is tesselate gr\nd dep5ds solely ^u ! f95ess ( ! def9ition4 ,) e increase 9 ! p[] ( see+1 ea* areola is cut into /ill small] portions1 usually by connection betwe5 its corn]s4 ,?us a polygon or rhombus is split into triangles :i* may !mselves be divid$ 9 l mann]1 ! mosaic break+ into bits1 ! sides ( :i*1 h[ev]1 always rema9 clean-cut4 ,f ?is arrangem5t x is at once evid5t t ! canals are n =tuit\sly plac$4 ,t l9es %\ld ?us meet exactly & 9 numb]s at p>ticul> po9ts1 & only !re1 %[s t _! locat+ is n ! outcome ( *ance4 ,if v ?9 rods be ?r[n haphaz>d ov] a surface1 ! probability t m ?an two w cross at ! same po9t is vani%+ly small4 ,increas+ly assur$ is x t ?is w\ld n happ5 g5]ally4 ,! result we see is !re=e n a matt] ( *ance1 b ( "s law work+ to t end4 ,to ! detection ( :at t law is prec$es ! easi] asc]ta9m5t ( :at x is n4 ,! l9es1 = example1 _c be riv]s1 :i* 0 ! fir/ explanation (f]$ ( !m by ,proctor _m ye>s ago1 because ( _! peculi> /raightness4 ,nor c !y be *annels1 ! "n giv5 to !m by ,s*iap>elli1 except 9 ! non-committal s5se 9 :i* he us$ ! t]m4 ,= "h aga9 _! geometric regul>ity is b> to any e/u>y-l hypo!sis4 ,= q ano!r reason !y _c be cracks1 because ( _! uni=m size ?r\gh\t4 ,_! unbrok5 "* is ano!r fatal objection to ! same sugge/ion4 ,= cracks 9 gr\nd nev] pursue = any great di/ance a cont9u\s c\rse1 any m ?an !y keep uni=m or /raight4 ,! /ate ( an old ceil+ is a case 9 po9t4 ,:5 x breaks1 x does s 9 fissures t proce$ a c]ta9 way1 !n give out to be cont9u$ by o!rs r\ghly p>allel to ! fir/1 b p>t$ f !m4 ,! same "* is %[n by ! rills on ! moon4 ,! #8,/raight ,wall1' s call$1 is compos$ ( ?ree su* sections1 & ! little rill to ! "r ( x1 we/ ( ,birt1 ( f\r4 ,?us 7 !y se5 at ,flag/aff1 & z1 to ! writ]'s k1 !y h n be5 s depict$ else:]e1 ! fact may s]ve to give "s idea ( ! def9ition !re4 ,t ! und]ly+ cause is n explosion or contraction is also evid5c$ by ! canals collectively z well z individually1 _! arrangem5t into a sy/em1 = cracks1 h[ev] produc$1 c\ld only orig9ate f c]ta9 c5tres & c\ld n fit into ^? />t+ f o!rs1 z ! canals inv>iably d4 ,= ea* canal goes z undeviat+ly to "o t]m9al z x left =?rightly f ano!r4 ,if "o wi%es to see :at explosion or contraction c d1 he has only to look at ! moon ?r\gh an op]a-glass1 :5 he w be %[n a v diff]5t sight f :at ! draw+s ( ,m>s detail4 ,?us j z1 consid]$ individually1 ! l9es _c be wat]c\rses because ( _! /raightness1 s !y _c be cracks because ( dovetail+ into "o ano!r4 ,! fact t !y =m a sy/em %[s t :atev] caus$ !m op]at$ ov] ! :ole planet1 l9k$ 9 cause z 9 effect ?r\gh\t ea* section4 ,?is at once negatives any purely physical cause ( :i* we h cognizance4 ,= ^u a globe /ill s subject to physical vicissitude z ,m>s by its aspect %[s itself to be1 latitude mu/ tell 9 ! ph5om5a its zones exhibit4 ,pol> sn[s t wax & wane speak ( arctic conditions v div]se f temp]ate & tropic /ates1 & :at w\ld affect ! "o c\ld n influ5ce ! o!r4 ,yet ! me% rises sup]ior to zonal solicitation z to local b>ri]4 ,x is n some?+ dep5d5t ei!r on ! temp]am5t or ! complexion ( ! globe's diff]5t p>ts4 ,x transc5ds surface re/riction & becomes planet-wide 9 its work+4 ,! importance ( ?is omnipres5ce dilates 9 mean+ z "o dwells 9 ?\ght ^u x4 ,ubiquit\s z x is1 ! me% :i* ?us cov]s ! ,m>tian surface l a veil spread completely ov] x1 is unlike a veil 9 be+ ( irregul> texture4 ,n only are ! int]/ices ( v>i\s %ape & patt]n1 b ! me% itself is ( locally diff]+ size4 ,?\gh ! ?reads are /raight & uni=m ?r\gh\t1 !y are n all alike1 besides be+ unsymmetrically int]wov54 ,"s are at lea/ ( t5 times ! co>s5ess ( o!rs1 & f ?is fact & ! bo-peep effect ( our air waves all are n visible at once4 ,9 consequ5ce ! network is n s impressive at fir/ glance z x becomes ^u a syn!sis ( ! obs]vations4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! surface proves to be fairly ev5ly cut up1 z rec\rse to ! maps pr9t$ 9 ?is volume w amply demon/rate4 ,^! maps1 z on page #ca1 are made f ! results ( b "o opposition1 & z at ea* opposition "s zone is 9 a m canal-%[+ /ate ?an o!rs1 ow+ to ! ,m>tian season at ! "t1 a /ill great] uni=mity 9 canal di/ribution results f a bl5d+ ( _m4 ,f ! complet5ess ( ! me%1 x foll[s t 9 ! c\rse tak5 sev]ally by ! canals no "o direction prepond]ates ov] ano!r4 ,consid]$ by & l>ge1 ! canals seem to be equally di/ribut$ r\nd ! compass po9ts2 & ?is at all longitudes & ne>ly all latitudes4 ,tropic1 temp]ate1 & ev5 arctic canals %[ a pleas+ imp>tiality 9 ! matt] ( ! c\rse pursu$4 ,! only exceptions occur 9 ! neighborhood ( ! pole4 ,!re a slight t5d5cy may be se5 to a nor? & s\? sett+4 ,?\gh s mu* is visible 9 a g5]al way f ! map1 x is ( int]e/ to g into ! subject ) m p>ticul>ity & to t end to %[ x /ati/ically4 ,! sev]al canals trav]s+ ea* zone 7 !re=e c\nt$1 & ! area ( ! zone comput$4 ,! mann] ( canal di/ribution ?us f\nd is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 9 ! second column ( :i* /& ! areas ( ! sev]al zones ^u ! planet1 ea* t5 degrees wide1 except ! "o next ! sn[1 & 9 ! ?ird ! numb] ( canals f\nd trav]s+ !m1 r$uc$ to p]c5tages ( ! #j-aj zone4 ,a f\r? column %[s ! total l5g? ( ! canals 9 ea* zone1 ^? f #j to #bj be+ tak5 f ! #ahif globe1 ^? f #bj to #ij f ! #aijc4 ,?is is 9 ord] to annul ! effect ( ! seasons ^u ! %[+ ( ! canals z mu* z possible4 ,,zone ,,area ,,no4 ,,( ,,canals ,,actual ,,l5g? ,,wtd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #j-aj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #aj-bj 4#ig 4#hi 4#ia #bj-cj 4#ia 4#ic 4#gb #cj-dj 4#hb 4#ij 4#ga #dj-ej 4#ga 4#gh 4#ff #ej-fj 4#eh 4#fd 4#ei #fj-gj 4#db 4#dc 4#db #gj-hj 4#bf 4#cj 4#cd #hj-he 4#jg 4#ab 4#aa ,! numb]s cont9ue fairly non-committal until we beg9 to approa* ! pole1 :5 !y comm5ce to increase4 ,mu* ! same result is got if we take ! actual canal-l5g?s 9 ea* zone1 z ! f\r? column %[s4 ,! cr[d+ ( ! canals polew>d is m>k$4 ,! canals1 !re=e1 are ph5om5a t /& 9 peculi> relation%ip to ! pol> cap4 ,?is corroborates ! inf]5ce ab\t !m due to _! runn+ out ( ! edge ( ! sn[4 ,!y n only emanate f x1 b !y d s 9 numb]s surpass+ :at is else:]e obs]vable ov] ! disk4 ,o!rwise is x ) _! dep>ture-po9ts4 ,^! are n scatt]$ haphaz>d ov] ! surface1 b be> to its g5]al features def9ite relations4 ,if we consid] ! map1 oblit]at+ ! l9es1 & !n seek to connect ! mo/ sali5t po9ts ( ! planet's topography by direct av5ues ( communication1 we %all f9d t our putative l9es fall exactly :]e ! real ones occur4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! real l9es emanate f well-m>k$ ind5tations 9 ! d>k regions1 fitt$ by natural position = dep>ture-po9ts1 :at1 if ^! 7 seas1 we %\ld call _! mo/ conspicu\s bays4 ,!y ?us leave 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! deep] folds ( ! great diaphragm1 = ! mo/ "p2 ?\gh on occasion !y run out ( !m :]e !y w4 ,f equally conspicu\s po9ts 9 ! d>k nor!rn areas o!r l9es proce$2 :ile 9 ! c5tre ( ! cont95ts1 ! canals make = m or less sali5t spots1 small pat*es ( %ad+ l ! ,trivium or ! ,w$ge ( ,casius1 or simply r\nd black radiants1 l ! ,luci ,ism5ii4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! l9es are locally dep5d5t ^u ! g5]al topography ( ! fundam5tal features ( ! surface4 ,= "s reason !y connect ! v po9ts mo/ sugge/ive ( int]communication4 ,z f _! *>act]i/ics x is p]fectly evid5t t ! l9es are nei!r riv]s nor cracks1 x foll[s t su* a communicat+ habit is ( ! mo/ telltale "*4 ,to be s dissimil> 9 k9d f ! ma9 m>k+s & yet s dep5d5t ^u !m1 h9ts t _! position+ occurr$ aft] ! =mation ( ! ma9 features !mselves4 ,we rea* ?us f ! look ( ! l9es & _! location a mo/ /rik+ d$uction1 t ! l9es are n coeval ) ! ma9 m>k+s1 b h come into be+ lat] & ) ref]5ce to ! g5]al topography ( ! planet4 ,! network is n only a me% de facto1 !n1 b "o de jure1 :i*1 subsequ5t to ! fa%ion+ ( ! seas & cont95ts & :at ^! h n[ become1 has be5 sup]pos$ ^u !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,gem9ation ,,( ,,! ,,canals ,fraught ) m difficulty ?an ! detection ( ! l9es alone is ! next discov]y made ^u ! disk3 ! recognition ( pairs ( l9es trav]s+ x4 ,9 #ahgi1 :ile ,s*iap>elli 0 engag$ 9 scrut9iz+ ! /range canali he _h discov]$ on ! planet ! opposition be=e1 he 0 sudd5ly surpris$ to m>k "o ( !m d\ble4 ,two closely p>allel l9es confront$ him :]e b a s+le "o _h previ\sly /ood4 ,s unacc\ntable did ! sight seem1 t he hesitat$ to cr$it :at he saw1 be+ m9d$ to attribute ! vision to illusion ( "s sort & ! m s t x 0 n r5ew$4 ,:ile he 0 /ill wond]+ :at x meant1 ! planet p>t$ company ) ! ,e>?1 c>ry+ its enigma ) x4 ,:5 ! two bodies aga9 drew ne> to "o ano!r 9 #ahhb1 ,s*iap>elli set himself to wat* = a recurr5ce ( ! /range ph5om5on4 ,be=e long x came1 & m bewild]+ly ?an at fir/2 = n "o canal alone1 b a score ( !m n[ %[$ 9 duplicate1 ea* pres5t+ to 8 a/oni%$ gaze tw9 l9es p]fectly mat*$ & pres]v+ ?r\gh\t _! di/ance ap>t4 ,suspect+ diplopia or "s o!r optical trick1 he tri$ v>i\s eyepieces to a te/ ( ! cause b to no *ange 9 ! effect4 ,! tw9 l9es cont9u$ visible1 d :at he w\ld1 insi/+ on _! own reality 9 spite ( all solicitation to m]ge4 ,h[ cauti\s he 0 9 ! matt]1 & h[ unwill+ at fir/ to believe ! evid5ce ( 8 eyes1 is %[n by ! c>e he took to gu>d aga9/ deception4 ,x 0 n until he _h assur$ himself ( ! reality ( ! ph5om5a t he believ$ :at he _h se54 ,x s *anc$ t my fir/ exp]i5ce ( ! ?+ 0 almo/ equally />tl+1 s unexpect$ 0 x & s exce$+ly %>p 0 ! def9ition at ! "t4 ,x 0 9 an autumn e>ly twilight1 ?r\gh air almo/ p]fectly /ill1 z ! light w5t out ( ! sky & ! m>k+s on ! planet began to come =? t ! ,phison ( a sudd5 %[$ 9 duplicate to me1 cle>-cut ^u ! disk1 its tw9 l9es l ! rails ( a railway track trav]s+ ,a]ia4 ,n m vivid d ^? ( our transcont95tal tracks appe> z "o sees !m /ret*+ (f into ! di/ance ^u our ,we/]n pla9s4 ,m impressive 0 ! sight f ! fact t ,i 0 n look+ = x4 ,x simply sudd5ly /ood =?1 ?is /range p>allelism ( p5cil l9es4 ,my surprise mat*$ ! wond] ( ! sight4 ,s9ce !n ,i h witness$ x sev]al hundr$ times1 b nev] ) m absolute c]ta9ty ?an at t fir/ =tunate revelation4 ,to ?is di/9ctness is due ! amazem5t x !n ar\s$4 ,n simply because ( its surpass+ novelty1 b = ! insi/5ce ) :i* x proclaim$ itself 0 ! effect to be ascrib$4 ,less well se51 d\bt _h robb$ x ( its full surprise4 ,x requires z a rule /eady def9ition = its initial unmi/akable %[+1 if "o w\ld be in/antly conv9c$4 ,except = su* x is n usually easy to ! unpractic$1 ?\gh (t5 disc]nible to ! exp]t aft] x has once be5 se54 ,b t x is real no "o :o _h _h a good view ( ! sight c\ld d\bt2 /ill less aft] ! exp]i5ce _h be5 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,:at appe>s to take place is ?is3 :]e previ\sly a s+le p5cil-l l9e jo9$ two well-kn[n po9ts ^u ! disk1 tw9 l9es1 ! "o ! replica ( ! o!r1 /& =? 9 its /ead4 ,! two l9es ( ! pair are b a %ort di/ance ap>t1 are ( ! same size1 ( ! same l5g?1 & absolutely equidi/ant ?r\gh\t _! c\rse4 ,x is z if a second l9e _h 9 "s way be5 my/]i\sly add$ to ! fir/ s9ce ! latt] 0 la/ se5 "s weeks be=e4 ,?is 9 a ^w is ! ph5om5on1 te*nically call$ ! gem9ation ( ! canals1 :i* has s9ce its discov]y call$ =? s mu* comm5t4 ,x is n 9 reality q z simple or z sudd5 z x seems1 b ?is 0 ! way 9 :i* ! ph5om5on 0 fir/ se5 & 9 :i* x /ill cont9ues to be criticis$4 ,self-ass]tive ( reality1 ! d\ble l9es are pat5tly objective to him :o is =tunate en\gh to see !m well4 ,nev]!less ! great difficulty ( detect+ !m1 & ! /ill great] difficulty ( conceiv+ h[ su* ?+s c be1 has l$ _m n v]s$ 9 ! subject to disbelieve & f t to attempt to expla9 ! sight z illusory4 ,scepticism seeks self-ju/ification2 :at is h>d ( acceptance = its /rang5ess begett+ hypo!ses ( committ$ error :i* f9d easy cr$5ce = _! com=t+ cons]vatism4 ,sev]al su* h 9 consequ5ce be5 prop\nd$ to acc\nt = ! d\ble canals4 ,!re is ! diplopic !ory :i* cr$its !m to non-focus+2 ! int]f]5tial !ory :i* w\ld make !m optical products ( ! telescope2 & ! illusion !ory :i* w\ld h !m q simply imag9>y4 ,inasmu* z 9 any rese>* ! assurance t a ph5om5on is real is ! fir/ po9t ab\t x to be e/abli%$1 x is a sci5ti/'s duty1 n only to scan ! ph5om5a ) jeal\s c>e to t end1 b to scrut9ize e !ory :i* w\ld seek o!rwise to acc\nt = !m--! te/+ su* be+ only second 9 importance to obs]v+ ! ?+s !mselves4 ,accord+ly ,i h exam9$ ea* ( ! optical !ories t h be5 advanc$ & critically comp>$ :at !y ass]t & require ) ! results ( obs]vation4 ,! outcome ( ?is rese>* has prov$ z negativ+ to any o!r orig9 = ! d\ble canals ?an reality z direct obs]vations at ! telescope are positive on ! po9t4 ,to %[ ?is ,i %all review ea* 9 its consequ5ces1 confront+ x ) :at ! telescope has to say on ! subject2 = x is ( ! pi? ( ! matt] t ! reality %\ld be z demon/rable on dem& z on sight4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i %all d ?is be=e emb>k+ on ! g5]al acc\nt ( ^! /range ?+s1 because x is vital to any int]e/ t "o %\ld be assur$ f ! />t ( ! tru? ( :at he is to read4 ,! preface may seem to him ab/ruse & prosy1 b x w introduce him to "s curi\s optical prop]ties & w ev5tually enhance 8 conc]n by prov+ to him t :at reads l fiction is all ! m wond]ful = be+ fact4 ,i4 ,! ,diplopic ,!ory ,diplopia is ! prop]ty ( see+ d\ble ) "o eye4 ,surpris+ z x s\nds x is an effect n unkn[n to /ud5ts ( optics1 ?\gh x usually requires tra9+ to produce4 ,x is possible only :5 ! eye is n focus$ on ! object1 & is n always possible !n4 ,f my exp]im5ts its feasibility seems to dep5d ^u :e!r ! focus be beyond or be=e :at x %\ld be4 ,if ! eye be focus$ = a po9t beyond ! object1 ! object is d\bl$1 if = a po9t ?is side ( x1 ! latt] is simply blurr$4 ,:5 ! d\ble is =m$1 ! am\nt ( ! sep>ation ( ! two images is a function ( ! di/ance ! focus is out4 ,! great] ! discrepancy1 ! wid] ap>t is ! ensu+ d\ble4 ,nor does ! image1 ( a l9e1 = example1 /op at d\bl+4 ,aft] a c]ta9 bread? ( sep>ation is rea*$ a ?ird l9e appe>s1 bisect+ ! int]val betwe5 ! o!r two4 ,) yet great] wid5+ ! ?ird l9e itself splits into a pair & s ! resolution goes on4 ,9 my own exp]im5ts ,i h gone s f> z to suspect a fif? l9e4 ,f> f be+ unconsci\s1 ! process ( produc+ ! ph5om5on is1 ) "s p1 ( difficult accompli%m5t4 ,mr4 ,lampl&1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,flag/aff ,obs]vatory1 to :om we owe ! fir/ photograph+ ( ! canals1 & :o sees ! d\bles ( ,m>s )\t difficulty1 has hi!rto f\nd diplopic vision an impossible feat4 ,ev5 ) ! mo/ practic$ diplopia is nev] unconsci\s except :5 ! object view$1 z a micromet] wire1 has no?+ to locate x 9 space4 ,n[1 ! diplopic !ory ( ! d\ble canals supposes t 9 all cases ! eye ( ! obs]v] is ?us unconsci\sly out ( focus4 ,to ?is me?od ( _! manufacture ! telescopic ph5om5a prove unam5able on five c\nts4 #a4 ,focus+ ! eye on an object is n[ a reflex action1 s automatic has x become2 9 consequ5ce "o is commonly directly consci\s :5 an object is n 9 focus1 always s :5 ! object pres5ts detail4 ,7 su* n ! case we %\ld nev]1 except by *ance1 see any?+ def9$4 ,obs]v+ ?r\gh a telescope1 aft] a modicum ( practice1 diff]s 9 no respect f obs]v+ 9 ev]yday life4 ,consequ5tly1 t an exp]i5c$ obs]v] %\ld n "k 8 bus9ess 9 s prim>y a matt] is prepo/]\s4 ,"o may or may n believe t 8! undev\t a/ronom] is mad10 b t ! p]petually unfocus$ "o w\ld be is beyond debate4 #b4 ,g5]ically unlikely1 ! failure to focus is "h specifically out ( ! "q4 ,= ! obs]v] does n use ! canals to focus on = ! simple reason t he _c4 ,l all delicate detail1 ! d\bles appe> n cont9u\sly b by fla%es ( revelation1 accord+ z ! atmosph]ic waves p]mit ( passage undi/urb$4 ,to focus on !m w\ld be next to impossible ev5 7 x resort$ to--:i* x nev] is4 ,by ! expon5ts ( ! !ory ?is important fact is ov]look$3 ! un=ese5 %[+ ( ! canals & !re=e ! absolute lack ( complicity ( ! eye 9 ! matt]4 ,:at "o focuses on is ! look ( ! ma9 m>k+s ( ! disk4 ,n[1 to suppose an obs]v] sy/ematically out 9 8 p]ceptions ( s featureful a planet z t ( ,m>s1 s t he does n "k :5 he sees its image %>p1 implies a lack ( k ( a/ronomic obs]vation 9 ! suppos]4 #c4 ,/udy by ! writ] %[s ! wid? ( a giv5 d\ble canal to be con/ant = a giv5 date4 ,)9 ! errors ( p]ception or record+ ! tw9 l9es are always at ! same epo* ! same di/ance ap>t4 ,! great] ! numb] ( det]m9ations made1 ! ne>] ! result approa*es to ?is mean2 & ! great] ! c>e us$ 9 del9eation1 ! less ea* value dep>ts f x4 ,n[1 if ! ?+ 7 a matt] ( mi/ak5 focus+1 an eye c\ld n be ?us true to its own mi/akes4 ,if x 7 out 9 its focus by a c]ta9 am\nt at "o "t1 x w\ld be likely to be out by a diff]5t am\nt at ano!r4 ,s t by ! v t]ms ( its mak+ a diplopic d\ble w\ld be sure to v>y4 ,inde$1 9 laboratory exp]im5ts x is impossible to prev5t x4 ,= ! eye re/s itself automatically by *ange ( focus1 & if x be n consci\sly kept awry x rev]ts z ne> to ! true focus z x c ( its own accord4 #d4 ,diplopia might be a respect] ( p]sons1 b x c]ta9ly c\ld n be "o ( canals4 ,= a giv5 obs]v] x mu/ be objectively g5]al 9 its application to ! same class ( objects4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! d\bl+ 7 diplopic1 all canals incl9$ at ! same angle to ! v]tical--= ! tilt might affect ! result 7 ! eye a/igmatic--%\ld be simil>ly affect$4 ,p>allel canals %\ld p>allel ea* o!r's action4 ,) ! ,m>tian d\bles ?is is n ! case4 ,( two canals simil>ly incl9$ ! "o w be d\ble1 ! o!r n1 at ! same in/ant & "u conditions t are alike4 ,& ?is p]si/5tly4 ,= gem9ation is an attribute ( c]ta9 canals & nev] ( o!rs4 ,at a giv5 season ( ! ,m>tian ye>1 "s canals are regul>ly d\ble1 "s inv>iably s+le4 ,night aft] night & pres5tation aft] pres5tation ^! idiosyncrasies are pres]v$3 ! d\bles1 always pairs1 ! s+le1 always alone4 ,nor does ! /r5g? ( ! l9e affect ! action4 ,! s+le canals are "s ( !m /rong]1 "s ( !m weak]1 ?an ! d\bles se5 at ! same "t4 #e4 ,if ( diplopic orig9 ! mean wid? ( all ! d\bles %\ld be ! same4 ,= ?\gh ! diplopic wid? w\ld v>y = a giv5 canal accord+ to ! mom5t1 a suffici5t numb] ( views w\ld yield a mean wid? :i* w\ld be ! same = all4 ,tilt ap>t1 ! mean wid? ( "o canal w\ld be t ( ano!r4 ,among ,m>tian d\bles1 on ! contr>y1 ,i h f\nd ! wid? to be a specific prop]ty ( ! p>ticul> canal4 ,ea* has its own mean wid? reg>dless ( incl9ation1 & ?is individual wid? diff]s z betwe5 "o & ano!r by z mu* z five to two1 or1 if we consid] su* canals z ! ,nilok]as ,i & ,,ii1 by m ?an t5 to two4 ,any "o ( ^! five po9ts is fatal to ! !ory2 a =tiori all4 ,,ii4 ,! ,int]f]5ce ,!ory ,f ! wave propagation ( light x foll[s t ! image ( a bright l9e made by a l5s is n itself a simple bright l9e b a bright b& flank$ by alt]nate d>k & bright ones4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 sugge/$ t a bright m$ial l9e is "h conc]n$ & t ! d\ble canal is ! fir/ ( its d>k pair ( outrid]s4 ,b ! sugge/ion does n be> scrut9y4 #a4 ,x presupposes a c5tral /reak bright] ?an ! re/ ( ! disk to give bir? to ! tw9 d>k l9es4 ,?is %\ld itself be visible 9 ! image2 b no su* bright backbone is se54 #b4 ,x dem&s a p]fectly def9ite wid? ( sep>ation = a giv5 ap]ture--:i* is n t obs]v$4 #c4 ,x makes ! wid? a function ( ! ap]ture1 decreas+ z ?is increases--:i* is n su/a9$ by obs]vation4 ,diff]5t ap]tures produce no effect on ! wid?s ( ! ,m>tian d\bles1 z ! writ] has %[n 7,l[ell ,obs]vatory ,bullet91 ,no4 #e7 by a *ange ( ap]ture f tw5ty-f\r to six in*es4 #d4 ,"u l optical conditions ! optically produc$ d\bles w\ld be all ( a wid?2 :ile ! ,m>tian ones %[ idiosyncratic wid?s1 ea* peculi> to itself4 ,,iii4 ,! ,illusion ,!ory ,kn[n also z ! ,small ,boy ,!ory f ! +5u\s simplicity on :i* x re/s1 ?is !ory attacks ! reality ( ! d\bles by que/ion+ t ( ! canals en bloc4 ,because "s boys f ! ,gre5wi* 7,re=m or7 ,*>ity ,s*ool1 set to copy a canal-expurgat$ picture ( ! planet1 !mselves suppli$ ! l9es :i* _h preceptorily be5 left out1 ! ,m>tian canals h be5 d5i$ exi/5ce2 :i* is l say+ t because a man may see />s )\t scann+ ! heav5s1 !re=e ^? 9 ! sky d n exi/4 ,z to ! in/ructions ! boys receiv$ we are left 9 ! d>k4 ,x looks z if "s lead+ que/ions _h unconsci\sly be5 put to !m4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,engli% *>ity boys w\ld seem to be p>ticul>ly pliant to su* imag9ation1 = :5 ,flamm>ion retri$ ! exp]im5t ) ,fr5* s*oolboys1 & ev5 ins]t$ spac$ dots = ! canals 9 ! copy1 n a boy ( !m drew an illusory l9e4 ,! fact is1 ?is is "o ( ^? deceptive half-tru?s :i* is s mu* m delet]i\s ?an an unmitigat$ mi/ake4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances x is q possible to p]ceive illusory l9es1 due ei!r to %ad+s o!rwise unm>k$ & ?us syn!siz$ or to imm$iately prec$5t ret9al impressions transf]r$ to places :]e !y d n belong by rapid motion ( ! eye1 z ,i _h myself discov]$ be=e ! ,engli% exp]im5t _h be5 tri$4 ,b1 z ,i h also f\nd out1 ^! effects are produc$ only at ! limit ( vision1 & 9 t limbo ( unc]ta9ty ! :ole art ( ! obs]v] consi/s 9 le>n+ to di/+ui% ! true f ! false4 ,/r5g? ( impression1 r5ew$ effect 9 situ1 & a peculi> s5se ( reality or ! rev]se enable him to adjudge ! two4 ,m exp]i5ce ?an ! boys possess$ w\ld h help$ !m to "p ! %eep f ! goats4 ,b1 fur!rmore1 & fatally to ! !ory "h 9 "q1 ! ,m>tian canals :5 well se5 are n at ! limit ( vision z its fram]s suppos$1 b well )9 t b\nd>y ( d\bt2 s t ! premise ^u :i* ! :ole !ory re/s gives way4 ,"u good atmosph]ic conditions ! canals are comp>able = conspicu\sness to _m ( ! well-recogniz$ ,fraunh(] l9es & are j z c]ta9ly !re4 ,?us ea* attempt to prove ! d\bles non-objective turns out :5 specifically exam9$ to be inconsi/5t ) ! facts4 ,) ! assurance ( _! reality ?us made d\bly sure1 we pass to consid]ation ( ! ?+s !mselves4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,d\ble ,,canals ,i ,rightly view$1 no m subtle tribute c\ld be paid to ! rem>kable "* ( ! ph5om5on ( gem9ation ?an ! scepticism ) :i* x 0 imm$iately receiv$ & :i* x /ill cont9ues to elicit4 ,t ! sight %\ld be reg>d$ z illusory speaks = its surpass+ /rang5ess2 & s f> z oddity goes ! encomium is c]ta9ly des]v$4 ,( ! biz>re features ( ?is curi\sly m>k$ disk1 ! d\ble canals 7 at ! "t ( _! discov]y ! culm9ation1 & ?\gh ?+s /rang] /ill if possible h s9ce be5 se5 !re1 x is n wond]ful t d\bt %\ld /ill incr$ul\sly />e4 ,if ! m]e acc\nt ( !m reads l romance1 to see !m is an exp]i5ce4 ,no?+ a/ronomical t ,i h ev] se5 has be5 s />tl+ly impressive z my fir/ view ( a d\ble canal4 ,ev5 9 n>ration ! ?+ ju/ifies its effect4 ,= a d\ble canal consi/s ( a pair ( tw9 d>k filam5ts1 p]fectly p>allel ?r\gh\t _! c\rse & inclos+ betwe5 !m gr\nd ( ! same o*rei% ca/ z t :i* lies )\t4 ,only on occasion is ?is t9t ( _! midway dep>t$ f1 & !n only t[>d a d>k5+1 nev] t[>d a light5+ ( x4 ,except = appe>+ pair$1 ! l9es resemble precisely ! usual s+le canals4 ,9 l5g? !y v>y f a few hundr$ to a few ?\s& miles1 :ile 9 wid? ea* compon5t1 = n>r[ness1 h>dly p]mits ( def9ite ascription4 ,comp>$ = /r5g? ) ! usual canal ! l9es ( a d\ble seem to hold on ! av]age an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! l>g] & ! small] ( ! s+le canals s f> detect$4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! mass$ effect ( ! pair by reason ( _! clos5ess1 !y h an advantage 9 %[+ ov] ! s+les ( two to "o4 ,& ?is r5d]s !m among ! mo/ conspicu\s & important me%es ( ! canal network4 ,l ! s+le canals1 !y v>y 9 /r5g? ) ! ,m>tian "t ( ye>2 at c]ta9 seasons develop+ into heavy p5cil l9es & at o!rs fad+ away to ! m]e/ gossam]s1 only j disc]nible l cobwebs /ret*$ across ! face ( ! planet4 ,al?\gh ! individual con/itu5t l9es v>y 9 aspect & nev] rise at _! mo/ to cognizable bread?1 ! di/ance p>t+ _! c5tres1 or ! wid? ( ! d\ble1 is q measurable4 ,! only difficulty 9 ! way ( its det]m9ation lies 9 ! abs5ce ( a procurable unit small en\gh to mete x4 ,! usual spid]-?reads ( ! micromet] are colossal 9 comp>ison ) ^! filam5ts & pres5t a /&>d only analogic at be/4 ,nev]!less1 by means ( ! f9e/ ?reads t c\ld be got1 e/imates ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! pairs 7 made at ,flag/aff 9 #aije1 & ! results agree z closely z ! means p]mit ) ^? got by measurem5t ( ! d\bles z depict$ 9 ! draw+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>tian d\bles4 ,( :at !y look l1 ! foll[+ illu/rations give a fair idea1 only t in/ead ( be+ m geometrically regul> 9 ! draw+ ?an 9 reality ! fact is ! o!r way4 ,freeh& draftsman%ip at ! telescope is incapable ( r5d]+ _! rul$ effect4 ,no railway metals c\ld be laid d[n ) m precision4 ,z to _! size1 ! foll[+ figures d]iv$ f a typical d\ble canal1 ! ,phison1 give "s conception4 ,?is great art]y ( int]communication betwe5 ! ,sabaeus ,s9us & ! ,nilosyrtis is1 r\ghly speak+1 #bbej miles long2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! two con/itu5ts is ab\t #acj miles1 & ea* l9e is p]haps #bj miles 9 bread?1 :5 at its maximum /r5g?4 ,! pair foll[1 app>5tly1 ! arc ( a great circle f ! ,portus ,sigaeus on ! ,m>e ,ic>ium to ! ,pseboas ,lucus 9 latitude #dj nor?4 ,! ,portus ,sigaeus consi/s ( two little nicks 9 ! coa/l9e1 look+ l ! c>ets "o makes 9 *eck+ (f items d[n a li/1 if ! space betwe5 ! d[n & up /rokes 7 !n fill$ 92 ! ,pseboas ,lucus1 on ! o!r h&1 is a l>ge r\nd dot l a small ink spot4 ,to ^! two diff]5tly appe>+ spots1 ! tw9 l9es ( ! ,phison behave diff]5tly4 ,:ile ea* l9e leaves c5trally its own c>et ( ! ,portus ,sigaeus at ! s\?1 at ! nor? ea* t\*es p]iph]ally ! ,pseboas ,lucus1 on ! ea/ & we/ sides respectively1 ! two ?us j hold+ ! ,lucus betwe5 !m4 ,9 position ! l9es are inv>iable1 ?\gh 9 visibility n4 ,sometimes only "o is se51 sometimes bo? %[ fa9tly1 & sometimes bo? are conspicu\sly /rong4 ,! delicacy ( ! obs]vations by :i* ?is detail 0 e/abli%$ is second only to its importance4 ,x de/roys at a /roke all possibility ( diplopic unreality1 s9ce 7 t ! fact ! ,pseboas ,lucus %\ld be d\bl$1 :i* x is n4 ,at ! same "t x op5s vi/as into ! true con/ruction ( ! ?+s !mselves1 at pres5t m sugge/ive ?an satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>tian d\bles 7corroborat+ ! above74 ,9 ! great circle "* ( its c\rse ! ,phison is q normal4 ,! majority ( ! d\ble canals pursue ! l me?od1 runn+ /raight ov] ! surface f "o po9t to ano!r1 ! con/itu5ts rema9+ equidi/ant ?r\gh\t4 ,b su* =?rightness ( direction1 ?\gh ! rule1 is n )\t exceptions4 ,! ,?o?-,nep5!s1 = example1 sweeps r\nd 9 a seem+ly cont9u\s curve to ! we/-s\?we/ f ! ,aquae ,calidae to ! ,lucus ,mo]is l "s mighty b[ p]petually b5t4 ,nev]!less its l9es are no less c>eful = all _! curv+ to keep _! di/ance f "o end to ! o!r ( _! c\rse4 ,! quality ( be+ pair$ rises sup]ior to *ange ( direction4 ,,ii ,n[1 ! fir/ po9t to be notic$ ab\t ! d\bles is t bilat]alism1 or ! quality ( be+ d\ble1 is n a univ]sal trait ( ! canals1 ei!r actually or pot5tially2 x is n ev5 a g5]al "o4 ,out ( ! f\r hundr$ canals se5 at ,flag/aff1 only fifty-"o h at any "t display$ ! quality2 t is1 "o eigh? r\ghly ( ! :ole numb] obs]v$4 ,?is po9t is mo/ important2 = ! fact is ( itself en\gh to disprove any optical orig9 = ! ph5om5on4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( d\bl+ s confid5tly ascrib$ by ^? :o h n se5 x to g5]al optical or ocul> pr9ciples proves ?us ! exception1 n ! rule1 ) ! canals1 & by s do+ dis[ns ! applicability ( any m]ely optical solution4 ,we %all enc\nt] _m m equally prohibitive b>s to illusory explanation be=e we h done ) ! d\bles1 b x is int]e/+ to meet "o 9 ?is mann] at ! v ?re%old ( ! subject4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *>act]i/ic :5 possess$ is p]si/5t 9 ! p>ticul> canal1 9 posse if n 9 esse4 ,once %[n by a canal1 t canal may confid5tly be look$ to at a prop] "t to disclose x aga94 ,9 %ort1 bilat]alism1 or ! /ate ( be+ dual1 is an inh]5t attribute ( ! individual canal1 z idiosyncratic to x z position & size4 ,! catalogue ( canals possess+ ?is prop]ty1 s f> z !y h be5 detect$ at ,flag/aff to date1 numb] fifty-"o if we include 9 ! li/ wide p>allels l ! ,nilok]as ,i & ,,ii4 ,eight ( ^! 7 obs]v$ 9 #ahid2 n9ete5 m 7 add$ 9 #ahif1 mak+ tw5ty-sev52 9 #aija ! total 0 rais$ to ?irty2 9 #aijc to =ty-eight2 & 9 #aije to fifty-"o4 ,arrang$ by ye>s !y are tabulat$ bel[1 :]e ! num]al to ! left regi/]s = ea* its fir/ record+ & ! position held by x 9 ! li/4 ,! />r$ canals mu* exce$ ! o!rs 9 wid?1 & possibly d5ote a diff]5t ph5om5on4 ,,date ,,confus$ #ahid #a4 ,ganges #b4 ,nect> #c4 ,euphrates #d4 99,nilok]as ,i & ,,ii #e4 ,phison #f4 ,asopus #g4 ,jamuna #h4 ,typhon #ahif-g ,ganges ,typhon ,euphrates ,av]nus ,s4 ,phison #i4 ,le!s ,jamuna #aj4 ,dis ,s4 #aa4 ,titan #ab4 ,lae/rygon #ac4 ,t>t>us #ad4 ,cocytus #ae4 ,sitacus #af4 ,am5!s #ag4 ,adamas #ah4 ,c]b]us ,n4 #ai4 ,c]b]us ,s4 #bj4 ,cyclops #ba4 ,gelbes #bb4 ,erebus #bc4 ,av]nus ,n4 #bd4 ,gigas #be4 ,al&] #bf4 ,gihon #bg4 ,hiddekel #aijj-a ,phison ,dis ,s4 ,euphrates ,boreas ,hiddekel ,c]b]us ,s4 ,am5!s ,jamuna ,c]b]us ,n4 ,pyramus ,cyclops ,lae/rygon ,ganges #bh4 ,deut]onilus ,sitacus ,adamas #bi4 ,djih\n ,gihon #cj4 ,is #aijc ,djih\n ,typhon ,hiddekel ,orontes ,phison ,euphrates #ca4 ,protonilus ,gihon #cb4 ,m>sias ,am5!s ,lae/rygon ,cyclops ,gigas 99,nilok]as ,i & ,,ii ,ganges ,deut]onilus #cc4 ,pi]ius #cd4 ,callirrhoe ,jamuna ,sitacus #ce4 ,a/aboras ,s4 #cf4 ,n> #cg4 ,*aos #ch4 ,ae?iops #ci4 ,hyblaeus #dj4 ,euno/os #da4 ,?o? #db4 ,nep5!s #dc4 ,triton #dd4 ,pyramus #de4 ,fretum ,anian #df4 ,vexillum ,le!s ,c]b]us ,s4 #dg4 ,nilok]as ,i ,c]b]us ,n4 #dh4 ,ti?onius #aije ,nilok]as ,ganges ,hiddekel ,*rysorrhoas ,djih\n ,sitacus ,phison ,euphrates ,am5!s ,vexillum ,a/aboras ,s4 ,adamas ,cyclops ,c]b]us ,s4 ,c]b]us ,n4 ,t>t>us #di4 99,propontis ,gigas ,gihon ,nep5!s ,?o? ,lae/rygon #ej4 ,polyphemus ,deut]onilus ,triton ,euno/os ,ti?onius ,callirrhoe ,pyramus ,n> ,protonilus #ea4 ,na>mal*a ,9 spite ( possess+ ! prop]ty ( pair+1 a canal may n always exhibit x4 ,to ! production ( ! ph5om5on ! prop] "t is z ess5tial z ! prop]ty itself4 ,s f> z a prim>y scann+ or fir/ approximation is capable ( reveal+1 a canal w be s+le at "o ,m>tian season & d\ble at ano!r4 ,?us ^! canals alt]nat$ 9 _! /ate to ,s*iap>elli & = ! e>li] ( 8 own obs]v$ oppositions to ! writ]4 ,9 consequ5ce ,s*iap>elli deem$ gem9ation a process :i* ! canal p]iodically und]w5t4 ,?ree /ages 9 ! developm5t 7 to him di/+ui%able3 ! s+le aspect1 a %ort confus$ aspect1 & ! cle>ly dual "o4 ,9 ! s+le /ate ! canal rema9$ mo/ ( ! "t4 ,x !n und]w5t a *rysalid /age ( confusion to em]ge ( a sudd5 into a p]fect pair4 ,fur!rmore1 he not$ ! times at :i* ! pair+ took place1 to ! =mulat+ ( a law 9 ! case--d]iv$ f ! obs]vations ( m ?an "o opposition4 ,8 law 0 t ! gem9ation occurr$1 on ! av]age1 ?ree mon?s 7ours7 aft] ! summ] sol/ice ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 la/$ f\r to five mon?s1 !n fad$ out to beg9 afre% "o mon? aft] ! v]nal equ9ox ( ! same hemisph]e & cont9ue = f\r mon?s m4 ,express$ 9 ,m>tian seasonal *ronology1 ! p]iods w\ld be ab\t half z long4 ,at c]ta9 times !n ! mo/ pron\nc$ specim5s ( d\bles %[$ ob/9ately s+le1 :ile ! p]iodic metamorphosis t trans=m$ !m into duplicates 0 tim$ to ! *anges ( ! planet's ye>4 ,gem9ation1 !n1 0 a seasonal ph5om5on4 ,advance 9 our k ( ! ph5om5on s9ce ,s*iap>elli's "t1 :ile /ill %[+ ! ?+ to be ( seasonal habit1 has *ang$ our conception ( x4 ,x n[ appe>s t 9 "s cases c]ta9ly1 & possibly 9 all1 ! dual aspect is n a tempor>y condition1 b ! diff]+ pron\ncem5t ( a p]man5t /ate1 ! fact ( gem9ation s call$ be+ conf9$ to a fill+ out ( :at is always skeletonly !re4 ,z ! canals h come to be bett] se51 ! ?ree /ages ( exi/5ce h 9 "s cases become recognizable z only diff]5t degrees 9 disc]nm5t ( an ess5tial d\ble condition2 ! s+le appe>ance be+ due to ! relative feebl5ess ( "o ( ! con/itu5ts & ! confus$ %[+ to ! weakness ( bo?1 :i* are !n ! m easily blurr$ by ! air waves4 ,9 c]ta9 canals ! la/ few oppositions1 #aija1 #aijc1 & #aije1 h disclos$ ?is unmi/akably to be ! case1 z ) ! ,phison & ,euphrates1 = example4 ,) !m ! d\ble "* has be5 cont9u\sly visible1 appe>+ n only :5 by ,s*iap>elli's law x %\ld1 b at ! times :5 x %\ld n2 only on ^! latt] occasions x 0 h>d] to see1 :5ce ! reason x 0 previ\sly miss$4 ,s t fur!r scrut9y1 :ile 9 no s5se discr$it+ ! e>li] obs]vations1 has ext5d$ to !m "s modification1 & disclos$ ! und]ly+ tru? to be ! v>y+ visibility1 ! ?+ itself1 except = /r5g? 9 "p or :ole1 p]si/+ ! same4 ,improvem5t 9 def9ition has l[]$ ! see-level to revelation ( cont9u\s pres5ce ( ! dual /ate4 ,x is only on occasion t ! improvem5t is suffici5t = ! ?+ :5 at its feeble/ to loom ?us above ! horizon ( c]ta9ty2 yet at su* mom5ts ( a rise 9 ! see+ x is en\gh to all[ x to be glimps$4 ,?us x f>$ ) ! ,adamas at ! opposition ( #aijc1 ) ! ,gigas1 & ) _m ano!r 9 ye>s gone by4 ,sep>ation has come ) tra9+ & g5]ally 9 ! case ( ! wid] d\bles1 :i* leads "o to inf] t ease ( resolution is l>gely responsible = assurance ( ! p]man5cy ( ! dual /ate4 ,p]plex+ exceptions1 h[ev]1 rema91 s t x is possible at pres5t only to pr$icate ! pr9cipal ( mo/ ( ! d\ble canals b n ( all4 ,leav+ ! exceptions out ( acc\nt = ! mom5t1 we pass to ^? g5]al *>act]i/ics :i* are intimately l9k$ ) :at has j be5 said4 ,inasmu* z ! act ( gett+ into a /ate ant$ates ! fact ( be+ !re1 x is logical to let ! description ( ! fir/ prec$e4 ,an acc\nt ( ! process ( gem9ation may ?us suitably come be=e t ( its result4 ,flux1 affect+ ! d\ble canals 9 :ole or "p1 is ! cause ( ! app>5t gem9ation4 ,accord+ z ! flux is p>titive or total is a s+le or a dual /ate produc$4 ,at ! dep? ( its inconspicu\sness ! canal may cease to be visible at all2 ?is occurs :5 bo? l9es fade out4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "o l9e may outfade ! o!r1 & we are pres5t$ ) a seem+ly s+le canal1 at ?is its m9imum %[+4 ,9 su* seasons ( debility ! "o l9e may appe> & ! o!r n1 or occasionally ! o!r %[ & ! "o n1 accord+ to ! air waves ( ! mom5t4 ,x is at ^! times t ! d\ble simulates a s+le canal1 & unless well se5 & c>efully wat*$ might easily masqu]ade successfully z su*4 ,! ,hiddekel 9 ! dep? ( its dead season is peculi>ly giv5 to ?is alt]nately p>titive pres5tation4 ,z ! flux comes on1 "o or bo? l9es feel x4 ,if "o only we are likely to h a confus$ canal2 if bo?1 a difficult d\ble4 ,! /r5g? ( ! l9es increases until at la/ bo? atta9 _! maximum1 & ! canal /&s reveal$ an unmi/akable pair1 ! two l9es p>allel+ "o ano!r 9 appe>ance z 9 position4 ,at ! canal's maximum & m9imum ! equality ( its two con/itu5ts is *iefly to be rem>k$1 ?\gh x occurs on o!r occasions z well4 ,b1 :at is significant1 :5 ! two diff] x is always ! same "o t outdoes its fell[4 ,x may be ! "r-h& tw9 9 "o pair1 ! left-h& "o 9 ano!r2 b :i*ev] x be1 = ! p>ticul> canal its prem95ce is inv>iable4 ,x is ?is canal :i*1 except = adv5titi\s help or h9drance f ! air-waves1 alone %[s :5 ! d\ble assumes ! seem+ly s+le /ate4 ,we may !re=e call x ! orig9al canal1 ! o!r be+ dubb$ ! duplicate4 ,9 "s cases x has be5 possible to decide :i* is :i*4 ,x might seem at fir/ sight z if ?is po9t %\ld always be asc]ta9able4 ,b ! det]m9ation is m dilemmic ?an appe>s1 n f any difficulty 9 see+ ! canal1 b f ! abs5ce ( di/+ui%+ e>m>k at its end4 ,9 a long /ret* ( commonplace coa/1 ! precise po9t ( emb\*ure ( a solit>y canal _c be s c]ta9ly fix$ z to be decisive lat] betwe5 two :i* %[ close toge!r 9 ! same locality4 ,x is only :]e "s l&m>k po9ts ! canal's t]m9al t ! problem admits ( def9ite solution4 ,?is telltale tag may be a bay l ! ,m>g>itif] ,s9us1 or d\ble gulfs l ! ,sabaeus ,s9us1 or portions ( a m>k+ n too l>ge to p]mit ( p>titive location l ! ,m>e ,acidalium1 or a canal connection l ! ,tacazze :i* prolongs ! "o l9e & n ! o!r4 ,9 ^! & simil> in/ances ! two l9es become capable ( id5tification1 & 9 su* mann] h be5 f\nd ^? compris$ 9 ! foll[+ li/3-- ,,date ,,( ,,d\ble ,,canal ,,orig9al ,,l9e ,,asc]ta9m5t ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,phison ,! ,ea/]n #ahid ,euphrates ,! ,we/]n #ahid ,titan ,! ,we/]n #ahif ,hiddekel ,! ,ea/]n #ahif ,gihon ,! ,we/]n #ahif ,gigas ,! ,nor?we/]n #ahif ,djih\n ,! ,we/]n #aija ,lae/rygon ,! ,ea/]n #aijc ,nilok]as ,i & ,,ii ,! ,nor!rn #aijc ,a/aboras ,! ,s\!rn #aijc ,jamuna ,! ,ea/]n #aije ,ganges ,! ,we/]n #aije ,9 ?is li/ ( orig9als ! canals /& *ronologically m>%al$ accord+ to date ( detection4 ,! ,phison & ,euphrates 7 ! fir/ to p]mit ( int]tw9 id5tification 9 #ahid1 :ile ! ,jamuna & ,ganges 7 ! la/ to be add$ to ! column 9 #aije4 ,! li/ is n long1 ?\gh ! "t tak5 to compile x 04 ,9 ! case ( ! ,ganges & ! ,jamuna1 = example1 al?\gh suspect$ = "s "t on !oretic gr\nds1 x 0 only at ! opposition j pass$ t ! fact 0 obs]vationally e/abli%$4 ,9 8 ,memoria ,v1 ,s*iap>elli has a li/ ( simil> detection1 & if ! pres5t li/ be comp>$ ) 81 ! two hav+ be5 indep5d5tly made1 ! concordance ( ! result w prove /rik+1 corroborative z x is ( bo?4 ,= ! necess>y obs]vations are v difficult4 ,hav+ ?us realiz$ ! orig9al by means ( its sup]ior %[+1 & !n id5tifi$ x by its position1 x is sugge/ive to discov] t ! duplicate betrays its subord9ate "*1 n only by its relative insignificance1 b by its second>y position z well4 ,! orig9al always takes its dep>ture f "s well-m>k$ bay1 seem+ly designat$ by nature z a dep>ture-po9t1 or f a c>et belong+ cle>ly to itself2 ! adjunct1 on ! o!r h&1 leaves f "s neighbor+ undi/+ui%$ spot1 z 9 ! case ( ! additional ,djih\n1 or makes use ( a neighbor's c>et1 z 9 ! case ( ! second ,phison & ! supplem5t>y ,euphrates4 ,9 ei!r case x plays some?+ ( ! "p ( an aft]?\ght2 & yet ! po/script :5 f9i%$ reads z an integral "p ( ! lett]4 ,an example w s]ve to make ! connection evid5t :ile leav+ ! "* ( ! connection z cryptic z ev]4 ,9 ! long /ret* ( ,a]ial coa/l9e b\nd+ ! ,m>e ,ic>ium1 :i* sweeps ) ! curve ( a =etime bea* f ! ,hammonis ,cornu to ! tip ( ! ,edom ,promontory1 !re /& halfway d[n its f>-away seem+ sea-front two little nicks or ind5tations4 ,ev5 9 poor see+ !y s]ve to d>k5 ?is "p ( ! coa/ :ile 9 good def9ition !y come out z m9iature c>et-l bays4 ,!y are ! ,portus ,sigaei1 & m>k ! spots :]e ! ,phison & ! ,euphrates respectively leave ! coa/4 ,ab\t f\r degrees ap>t1 ! ea/]n makes emb\*ure to ! orig9al ,phison1 ! we/]n to ! orig9al ,euphrates1 & ea* 9 "s my/]i\s mann] is associat$ n only 9 position b 9 action ) ! canal itself4 ,9 ! s+le /ate ea* canal leaves ! ,m>e f ?is its own c>et1 ! ,phison proce$+ !nce nor!a/ d[n ! disk1 ! ,euphrates ne>ly due nor?1 s t />t+ f\r degrees ap>t at ! s\? !y are =ty degrees asund] at _! nor!rn t]m9i4 ,cle>ly at ^! latt] po9ts !y are n ev5 neighbors1 & except = ! accid5t ( close approa* at _! o!r ends h no?+ 9 common any:]e4 ,& yet :5 gem9ation takes place a curi\s ?+ occurs3 ea* borr[s its neighbor's t]m9al z dep>ture-po9t = its own duplicate canal4 ,hav+ ?us got its base ! replica proce$s to p>allel its own orig9al canal )\t ! lea/ ref]5ce to ! o!r canal ^: own c>et x has s cuckoo-wise appropriat$4 ,:at ! ,phison ?us does to ! ,euphrates1 ! ,euphrates returns ! complim5t by do+ to ! ,phison4 ,9 ?is mann] is produc$ an int]relation :i* sugge/s1 )\t necess>ily be+1 an orig9al community ( int]e/2 sugge/s x on its face & yet appe>s to be r ( ! nature ( an adaptation to subsequ5t purposes ( a some?+ aborig9ally !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,m\?s ( ,euphrates & ,phison4 ,june4 #aijc4 ,t su* latt]-day appropriation is ! fact is cle>ly h9t$ by ! behavior ( ano!r und]/udy ( an orig9al canal1 9 ?is case ! duplicate ( ! ,djih\n1 :i* 9 consequ5ce ( ! position ( its orig9al f9ds no neighbor+ emb\*ure already conv5i5t to its use4 ,! s+le or orig9al ,djih\n leaves ! tip ( ! ne$le-po9t$ ,m>g>itif] ,s9us1 :i* s]ves a l end to ! ,oxus & ! ,indus1 bo? s+le canals4 ,! ,s9us is itself a s+le bay1 & s l>ge t = _m degrees its %ores on bo? sides conv]ge smoo?ly to _! %>p apex4 ,because ( ?is probably1 ! coa/ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood is )\t canal connection1 no canal be+ kn[n along ei!r side till "o rea*es ! ,hydraotes at ! ,aromaticum ,promontorium1 :i* m>ks ! we/]n limit ( ! gulf4 ,! consequ5ce is t :5 ! ,djih\n d\bles1 ! duplicate canal1 n hav+ any t]m9us ready to its h&1 has to make "o = itself by simply runn+ into ! ,m>g>itif] ,s9us1 "s di/ance up its ea/]n side4 ,x ?us adv]tises its adjunctival "*1 & at ! same "t ! g5]al fact t a neighbor's t]m9us1 ?\gh us$ f pref]5ce1 :5 conv5i5t1 is n an ess5tial 9 ! process4 ,gem9ation occurs ( its own initiative1 b is condition$ by conv5i5ce4 ,:e!r "o canal %[s ?us to ! exclusion ( ! o!r1 or :e!r bo? /& s confus$ z n to be told ap>t1 ! fact rema9s t ! d\ble is n always recognizable z su*4 ,if we turn to ! li/ ( ! d\bles on page #bbb1 we %all note t ! same canals 7 n always se5 9 ! dual condition at successive oppositions4 ,"s1 inde$1 are s emphatically ( ! habit z to appe> ye> aft] ye> 9 a pair$ /ate1 b o!rs are n s con/ant to _! possibilities4 ,n[1 :5 x is rememb]$ t at diff]5t oppositions we view ,m>s at div]se seasons ( its tropical ye>1 we see t ?is means t ! ph5om5on is seasonal2 & fur!rmore t its exhibition dep5ds ^u ! canal's position4 ,gem9ation1 l ! %[+ or non-%[+ ( ! s+le canal1 is condition$ by ! place ( ! canal ^u ! planet4 ,,iii ,turn+ f su* g5]ic *>act]i/ics to m specific traits1 ! fir/ ?+ to /rike an att5tive obs]v] is t ! d\bles diff] 9 wid?2 t !y are n m5surably alike 9 ! prop]ty !y hold 9 common ( be+ pair$4 ,9 "s ! tw9 l9es are obvi\sly f>!r ap>t ?an 9 o!rs1 & ! relation p]si/s h[ev] repeat$ ! obs]vations4 ,( two d\bles ! "o w always surpass its fell[4 ,?is contra/$ individuality fir/ /ruck me 9 ! ,phison & ! ,euphrates2 & f ! fir/ mom5t at :i* ^! d\bles %[$ z su*4 ,! ,phison pair seem$ p]ceptibly ! n>r[] ( ! two4 ,a l di/9ction 0 evid5t at ! next opposition & ! next2 9 fact1 at e succe$+ "o to ! pres5t day4 ,nor 0 ! recognition ( ! fact conf9$ to me4 ,if we turn to ,s*iap>elli's ,memoriae we %all f9d t t ma/] _h regi/]$ ! same idiomatic wid? = ! two canals f fir/ to la/ ?r\gh\t 8 long s]ies ( records4 ,! obs]vation ?us made prov$ to apply to ea* & all ( ^! curi\s tw9s4 ,div]sity 9 wid? = diff]5t d\bles appe>s pla9ly 9 draw+s :]e m ?an "o d\ble is depict$4 ,z an example1 two draw+s are "h giv5 9 ! text1 made1 ! "o on ,july #ac1 #aije1 #ae1 & ! o!r on ,july #bj1 #cac4 ,9 !m ! ,phison1 ,euphrates1 ,djih\n1 & ,?o? appe> contra/$ z unmi/akably z ei!r ( !m does ) ! s+le canals app>5t at ! same "t4 ,t ?is draw+ is typical is borne out by all ! be/ measures ( ! sev]al d\bles z se5 at successive oppositions1 & m>%al$ 9 ! subjo9$ li/4 ,h[ truly individual ! quality is /&s prov$ by ! relative values 9 diff]5t ye>s :i* are ev5 m accordant ?an ! absolute ones4 ,! canals 73-- ,,wid? ------------------- #aijc #aije ,,mean ---------------------------------------- -- #a4 ,phison #c4e #c4d #c4d #b4 ,euphrates #d4j #d4b #d4a #c4 99,protonilus #b4h #b4j #b4d #d4 ,deut]onilus #b4b #b4d #b4c #e4 ,pi]ius #b4e -- #b4e #f4 ,callirrhoe #b4e 99#b4a #b4c #g4 99,hiddekel #c4h #d4i #d4c #h4 99,gihon #c4i #d4i #d4d #i4 ,djih\n #b4j #a4i #a4i #aj4 ,sitacus #c4h 99#c4c #c4f #aa4 ,jamuna #d4e -- #d4e #ab4 ,ganges #e4j #e4b #e4a #ac4 ,nilok]as ,i & ,,ii #aa4j #aa4g #aa4c #ad4 ,nilok]as ,i #b4c -- #b4c #ae4 ,gigas #c4e -- #c4e #af4 ,lae/rygon #b4b -- #b4b #ag4 ,c]b]us ,n4 #d4j -- #d4j #ah4 ,c]b]us ,s4 #d4j -- #d4j #ai4 ,cyclops #b4i 99#b4b #b4f #bj4 ,n> #b4f #b4j #b4c #ba4 ,fretum ,anian #b4h -- #b4h #bb4 ,ae?iops #c4c -- #c4c #bc4 ,euno/os #b4h -- #b4h #bd4 ,le!s #b4i -- #b4i #be4 ,m>sias #c4b -- #c4b #bf4 ,hyblaeus #c4j -- #c4j #bg4 ,am5!s #c4b #c4e #c4c #bh4 ,?o? #b4h #b4c #b4e #bi4 ,nep5!s #b4h #b4c #b4e #cj4 ,triton #b4g 99#b4c #b4e #ca4 ,pyramus #b4i 99#b4j #b4e #cb4 ,a/aboras ,s4 #c4b #c4a #c4a #cc4 ,ti?onius #b4f #b4b #b4d #cd4 ,vexillum #c4e #b4i #c4b #ce4 ,t>t>us -- #b4g #b4g 99 ,poor4 ,"h we h wid?s rang+ f elev5 degrees to two4 ,! wid?s giv5 are ^? :5 ! canal 0 at or suffici5tly ne> its full /r5g?1 & are measur$ f ! c5tres ( ! con/itu5ts4 ,we notice two po9ts3 ! agreem5t ( ! same canal ) itself & its sy/ematic disagreem5t ) o!rs4 ,b :at is especially to ! po9t1 if we comp>e ! values f\nd at successive oppositions1 we f9d t = diff]5t canals ! values agree 9 _! diff]5ce4 ,?is %[s t ea* ( ^! values is1 9 mo/ cases if n 9 all1 a norm = t p>ticul> canal2 a value di/9ctive ( x & to :i* x ei!r absolutely or relatively con=ms4 ,9 o!r words1 ! wid? ( ! gem9ation is a p]sonal peculi>ity ( ! p>ticul> canal1 z mu* an idiosyncrasy ( x z its position on ! planet4 ,two g5]al classes may be di/+ui%$2 ^? up to ab\t five degrees 9 wid? ap>t & ^? above ?is figure4 ,:e!r su* v widely sep>at$ l9es z g to make up ! second class1 su* z ! ,nilok]as ,i & ,,ii1 con/itutes a d\ble is a debatable po9t4 ,s*iap>elli ?\ght !y did1 & s class$ !m4 ,to me x did n at fir/ occur s to consid] !m1 & 9 "s in/ances1 su* z ! ,helicon ,i & ,,ii1 lat] obs]vations seem to ju/ify ! omission4 ,) ! ,nilok]as ,i & ,,ii ! outcome seems ! o!r way4 ,! reasons = di/ru/ ( a physical relation betwe5 ! con/itu5ts is n s mu* ! di/ance sep>at+ !m1 nor any lack ( p>allelism1 z ! self-suffici5t mann] 9 :i* !y %[ alone4 ,ev5 ?is1 h[ev]1 t5ds to be recogniz$ 9 ! n>r[] pairs z !y come to be bett] se54 ,x may be t wid? alone is :olly compet5t to selective %[+4 ,= ! f>!r ap>t two l9es are on ! planet1 ! m opportunity is af=d$ ! air waves to disclose ! "o )\t ! o!r1 a relative revelation :i* is con/antly happ5+ to detail 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! disk4 ,z long z any d\bt exi/s ( a physical community ( int]e/1 x seems be/ to di/+ui% su* possibly m]ely p>allel canals by suffix$ num]als4 ,( ?is class ( d\bles is ! ,nilok]as ,i & ,,ii4 ,s wide is x t ,mr4 ,lampl& succe$$ 9 photograph+ x z su*1 ! two con/itu5ts %[+ well sep>at$1 & if x prove a true d\ble x w be ! fir/ ,m>tian d\ble to leave its impress on a s5sitive plate4 ,al?\gh sep>at$ by f\r hundr$ miles ( t]ritory1 ! two l9es are p>allel s f> z obs]vation c detect1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is n s v easy ) ! l9es s f> ap>t4 ,9 ! c\ntry betwe5 "o crosswise canal c]ta9ly lies1 ! ,phryxus1 & mu* %ad+ ?us f> unacc\nt$ =4 ,rec5t discov]ies1 h[ev]1 po9t to ! cause ( su* %ad+ z l9es imp]fectly se54 ,= 9 "s cases ! l9es h actually disclos$ !mselves1 & w>rant u 9 believ+ t x is only imp]fect see+ t keeps ! o!rs hid4 ,( ! pair ! ,nilok]as ,i is itself d\ble1 curi\sly reproduc+ :at sometimes is se5 9 ! case ( d\ble />s1 "o ( ^: compon5ts turns out to be itself a b9>y4 ,! second l9e ( ! ,nilok]as ,i lies close to its prim>y on ! nor?1 & 0 on ! only occasion ( its detection ! m]e/ ( gossam]s1 :ile ! ,nilok]as ,i itself /ood out /rong & d>k4 ,?us d ^! ,m>tian details increase & multiply 9 intricacy ! bett] ! see+ br+s !m out4 ,9 ! case ( ! o!r d\bles1 ! d\bles prop] s to speak1 !re is e indication ( a physical bond betwe5 ! pair4 ,:at t bond may be is ano!r matt] & seems to be ( diff]5t divulg+1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> in/ance4 ,at "o end ( ! subject1 bo? z ! wide/ ( ^! d\bles & "o ( ! mo/ important1 /&s ! ,ganges4 ,! compon5ts ( ! canal are #e4a ap>t4 ,?is great wid?1 jo9$ to ! fact ( scant ext5sion1 gives ! canal a /ocky aspect1 its bread? be+ b "o six? ( its l5g?4 ,its wid? draws att5tion to x :ile ! ph5om5a x exhibits intrigue curiosity4 ,z e>ly z ! fir/ opposition ( my obs]vations 9 #ahid1 ! canal1 z x und]w5t ! process ( d\bl+1 %[$ phases ( peculi>ity4 ,x 0 fir/ caught by me z a d\ble ov] t[>d ! t]m9ator1 or fad+ edge ( ! disk2 !n z x 0 br\ght ne>] ! c5tre by ! ga9+ ^u ! longitudes1 %[$ z a broad swa? ( %ad+ ( a wid? app>5tly equal to any x lat] exhibit$4 ,9 ?is appe>ance x cont9u$ = "s mon?s1 & !n 9 ,octob] began to %[ a cl>ification t[>d ! c5tre4 ,once />t$1 ! light5+ ( its midway advanc$ till at la/1 on ,novemb] #ac1 x /ood out an unmi/akable d\ble1 ! two l9es /&+ :]e ! edges ( ! swa? _h previ\sly be54 ,_h ! obs]vations "h be5 all t "o c\ld wi%1 ! me?od ( gem9ation w\ld h be5 c]ta9 & ( great int]e/4 ,un=tunately1 ! obs]vations left mu* to be desir$1 & ^? repeat$ 9 #ahif-ahig & #aija 7 ( l d\btfulness4 ,a p]iod ( sw>?y confusion prec$$ ! pla9ly dual /ate1 b :e!r ! d\ble simply cl>ifi$ or wid5$ z well x 0 n possible to assure "o's self4 ,t ! canal exhibit$ pla9ly ! effects ( seasonal developm5t 0 z unmi/akable z ! /eps !mselves 7 op5 to ambiguity4 ,9 #aijc ! canal 0 at its m9imum & h>dly to be made out4 ,x seem$ !n to %[ an actual *ange 9 wid? co9cid5t ) alt]ation ( visibility4 ,b ?is1 too1 c\ld n be pr$icat$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,x 0 also surmisable t ! we/]nmo/ l9e 0 ! "o f :i* ! developm5t proce$$4 ,9 #aije mu* m 0 made out ab\t x1 tra9+ 9 ! subject & increas$ proximity ( ! planet contribut+ to ! result4 ,x n[ became cle> to me t ! canal did develop f ! we/]n side2 = ! we/]n edge made a d>k l9e ( def9ite b\nd>y f :i* %ad+ proce$$ to ! ea/]n side1 :]e x fad$ almo/ imp]ceptibly (f ) no def9$ l9e to m>k its limit4 ,t ?is %ad+ gradually d>k5$ 0 evid5t1 b t :5 x c\ld be se5 at all x ext5d$ to ! extreme limit ( ! ev5tual d\ble1 re/rict$ ! "* if n ! fact ( an actual wid5+4 ,at ?is opposition1 too1 ! canal pass$ ?r\gh its p]iod ( m9imum visibility & 0 !n se51 :5ev] x c\ld be caught1 z a confus$ swa? ( full wid?4 ,9 ! case ( ?is canal1 !n1 a wid5+ 9 ! s5se ( a bodily sep>ation ( two l9es seems inadmissible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gradual d>k5+ ( ! swa?1 & especially ! advance ( ! d>k5+ f ! we/]n side1 po9ts to an int]e/+ process !re tak+ place4 ,illu/ration3 ,peculi> developm5t ( ! ,ganges4 ,at ! opposite end ( ! s]ies /&s ! ,djih\n4 ,z ! ,ganges is ! wide/ ( ! in/antly impressive d\bles1 s ! ,djih\n is ! n>r[e/ ! eye has s f> be5 able to make out4 ,only two fif?s ( ! wid? ( ! ,ganges pair1 ?is sl5d] d\ble is v ne>ly at ! limit ( resolvability4 ,s well proportion$ are its l9es to ! space betwe5 !m1 h[ev]1 t 9 ease ( recognition x surpasses _m wid] pairs4 ,9 =m1 too1 x is di/9ctive1 turn+ by a graceful curve ! tr5d ( ! ,m>g>itif] ,s9us into ! ,lucus ,ism5ius4 ,) its fundam5tal bran*--! nor!rn ( ! two--x jo9s :at is evid5tly ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,protonilus--also ! nor!rn "o--to ! ,m>g>itif] ,s9us's tip4 ,illu/ration3 ,djih\n1 ! n>r[e/ d\ble4 ,x diff]s f ! ,ganges 9 "s o!r important p>ticul>s besides wid?4 ,9 its case no b& ( %ad+ di/+ui%es x at any "t4 ,x has always be5 two l9es :5ev] x has be5 se5 o!r ?an z a s+le p5cil+2 ! only confusion ab\t x be+ evid5tly our own atmosph]e's affair4 ,^! two l9es1 fur!rmore1 h %[$1 )9 ! errors ( obs]vation1 always ! same di/ance ap>t4 ,s t n only no *ange ( int]communication betwe5 ! l9es b no *ange 9 _! places app>5tly occurs4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes 9 wid?1 two hundr$ miles m or less = ! ,ganges & sev5ty-five miles = ! ,djih\n1 ! di/ance p>t+ ! pairs ( mo/ ( ! d\ble canals lies4 ,f #c to #c4b on ! planet may be tak5 z t ( ! av]age2 ! degrees d5ot+ latitud9al ones on ! surface ( ,m>s1 ! l5g? ( :i* is equal to ?irty-sev5 ( our ,engli% /atute miles4 ,mo/ ( ! canals con=m app>5tly to ! type ( ! ,djih\n r ?an to t ( ! ,ganges4 ,c>eful consid]ation ( !m fails to f9d any increase or decrease ( di/ance1 betwe5 ! pairs ( ! same canal at diff]5t times1 :i* _c be ref]r$ to errors inevitable to obs]vation ( su* m9ute detail4 ,9 %ort1 ! d\ble is made by ! addition ( a second l9e 9 a p>ticul> position & n by a gr[? out to x ( a l9e co9cid5t to beg9 ) ) ! fir/4 ,i h said t ! av]age wid? betwe5 ! two l9es ( ! d\bles 0 ab\t #c4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ?is av]age wid? d5otes any?+ m ?an an av]age2 or1 9 o!r words1 t x d5otes any?+ 9 ! nature ( a norm4 ,! rem>k is important 9 view ( a sugge/ion :i* ,i h he>d made t we h "h a sy/em bas$ on fundam5tal ,m>tian units1 9 :i*1 or 9 multiples ( :i*1 ! dim5sions ( ! canals are implicitly express$4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 does n seem to be ! case4 ,9 "s in/ances1 inde$1 we h c]ta9 evid5ce to ! contr>y & t ! wid? ( ! d\ble is condition$ solely by antec$5t place4 ,! ,phison & ,euphrates (f] a case 9 po9t4 ,^! two important art]ies 9 duplicate leave1 z we saw1 f two c>ets 9 ! ,m>e ,ic>ium1 ! ,portus ,sigaei1 held 9 common t5ancy by bo?4 ,ea* pair !n proce$s d[n ! disk incl9$ at its own p>ticul> angle to ! m]idian 9 ord] to rea* by a great circle c\rse a c]ta9 spot2 ! ,pseboas ,lucus 9 "o case1 ! ,luci ,ism5ii 9 ! o!r4 ,z "o ( ^! angles is ?irty-five degrees :ile ! o!r is only ?ree1 !y mu/1 f ! circum/ances ( _! sett+ out1 h n only diff]5t wid?s1 b wid?s det]m9ately diff]5t 9 advance1 s9ce ea* is1 r\ghly speak+1 =e%ort5$ by ! degree ( div]g5ce f ! m]idian4 ,! "o1 !re=e1 mu/ be ab\t f\r degrees to ! o!r's some?+ less ?an ?ree & a half4 ,?is is :at !y actually are z det]m9$ by measurem5t f obs]vation4 ,t ! calculat$ value agrees ) t f\nd f obs]vation helps c]tify to a community ( />t+-po9ts1 b x completely does away ) compreh5sive design 9 ! "q ( _! wid?s4 ,= if ! "o 7 s settl$1 ! o!r c\ld n be4 ,inde$1 ! next example seems to d5y x to bo?4 ,?is example occurs1 too1 n f> away f ! sc5e ( ! fir/1 9 ! tw9 bays ( ! ,sabaeus ,s9us1 f :i* dep>t1 mutatis mut&is1 ! d\ble ,hiddekel & ! two ,gihon4 ,^! tw9 gulfs be> s little impr9t ( be+ o!r ?an natural =mations1 t !y h be5 univ]sally & v likely q rightly tak5 = su* ev] s9ce ,dawes discov]$ !m 9 #ahei1 long be=e ?+s l canals 7 dream$ (4 ,x is /range t :5 ! ,hiddekel & ! ,gihon 7 f\nd by me to be d\ble 9 #ahig1 ) a bran* ( bo? lead+ f ea* bay1 ! connection betwe5 ! sceptically sc\t$ d\bles & ! ?or\ghly believ$-9 bays %\ld h be5 app>5t4 ,= to l9k a gho/ to mat]iality1 if x does n discr$it ! mat]iality1 s]ves to sub/antialize ! gho/4 ,fur!rmore1 x %[s t 9 ?is case nei!r ! "o d\ble nor ! o!r c h _h its wid? eng9e]$ on any preconceiv$ scale1 unless ! tw9 bays be !mselves s acc\nt$ =4 ,s t x seems useless to seek = cryptic /&>ds 9 ! canals or to ?9k to f9d !m a measure ( value f ! fact ( _! be+ a m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,sabaeus ,s9us1 emb\*ure = ! d\ble ,hiddekel & ,gihon4 ,a ?ird in/ance ( ! same ?+ 9 ! case ( ! ,ganges & ! ,jamuna 0 prov$ at ! la/ opposition aft] hav+ long be5 suspect$ )\t my be+ able to make sure ( x4 ,^! in/ances1 tak5 9 connection ) ! wide range ( values 9 ! wid?s pres5t$ by diff]5t canals1 s]ve to %[ t ! di/ance betwe5 ! tw9 l9es is an individual *>act]i/ic ( ! p>ticul> canal1 & fur!r to po9t to its cause1 9 "s cases c]ta9ly & possibly 9 all1 z topographical4 ,! duplicate l9e makes a conv5i5ce ( a neighbor1 & suits its di/ance f its fell[ to fri5dly feasibility4 ,to cut a #8canal' to con=m to ! c\ntry seems logical if n obligatory1 & q 9 keep+ ) ! nom5clature ( ! subject2 b "h ! />t+-po9t appe>s to be ! only ?+ consid]$--! canal once safely laun*$ be+ left to %ift1 or r n %ift1 = itself4 ,,iv ,topography ?us introduc$ to our notice = its effect on ! bread? ( ! d\bles proves ^u inspection to be ( ext5d$ application to ! :ole subject4 ,exam9$ = position ^! canals turn out to h some?+ to say = !mselves be>+ on ! "q ( _! orig9 & (fice4 ,) reg>d to position1 probably ! fir/ qu]y to sugge/ itself to an inve/igator to ask is ( ! direction 9 :i* !y run4 ,is !re a prepond]ance manife/ 9 !m = "o direction ov] ano!r8 ,d !y %[ an incl9ation to ! v]tical1 to ! horizontal1 or to "s tilt betwe58 ,to answ] ?is we may box ! compass1 & tak+ ! f\r c>d9al po9ts ) ! twelve next mo/ important po9ts betwe5 = sectional division segregate ! d\bles accord+ to _! individual tr5d4 ,z we h no means ( det]m9+ 9 :i* s5se any direction is to be tak51--if inde$ x is n to be tak5 alt]nately 9 ea*1--we get eight comp>tm5ts into "o or ! o!r ( :i* all ! d\bles mu/ fall4 ,?is !y d 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,s4 ,n41 ,lae/rygon1 ,fretum ,anian1 ,ae?iops1 ,am5!s1 ,titan1 ,dis1 ,is #g ,s4 ,s4 ,e4 ,n4 ,n4 ,w41 ,gihon1 ,ganges1 ,ti?onius1 ,euphrates1 ,adamas #e ,s4 ,e4 ,n4 ,w41 ,euno/os1 ,triton1 ,t>t>us1 ,na>mal*a #d ,e4 ,s4 ,e4 ,w4 ,n4 ,w41 ,a/aboras1 ,typhon1 ,pi]ius #c ,e4 ,w41 ,n>1 ,protonilus1 99,propontis1 ,nect>1 ,cocytus1 ,*aos #f ,e4 ,n4 ,e4 ,w4 ,s4 ,w4 ,deut]onilus1 ,callirrhoe1 ,c]b]us ,n41 ,c]b]us ,s41 ,sitacus1 ,erebus #f ,n4 ,e4 ,s4 ,w41 ,djih\n1 99,nilok]as ,i ,,ii1 ,av]nus1 ,nep5!s1 ,gigas1 ,al&]1 ,polyphemus1 ,gelbes1 ,m>sias1 ,pyramus1 ,nilok]as ,i1 ,asopus #ab ,n4 ,n4 ,e4 ,s4 ,s4 ,w41 ,jamuna1 ,phison1 ,hyblaeus1 ,cyclops1 ,le!s1 ,?o?1 ,vexillum1 ,hiddekel #h -- #ea 99 ,wide canals4 ,nor!rn hemisph]e exclusively4 ,s\!rn hemisph]e exclusively4 ,no conclusively m>k$ prepond]ance = "o direction ov] ano!r manife/s itself by ?is p>titionm5t4 ,nev]!less1 a c]ta9 tr5d to ! ea/ ( nor?1 z aga9/ ! we/ ( nor?1 is disc]nible4 ,m ?an twice z _m d\bles run nor!a/ & s\?we/ or )9 =ty-five degrees ( ?is z d simil>ly nor?we/ & s\!a/1 !re be+ twelve ( ! latt] & tw5ty-six ( ! =m]4 ,t ?is seems to mean some?+ ! ne>ly equal pair+ ( quadrantal po9ts goes to %[4 ,?us3-- ,n4 ,s4 & ,e4 ,w4 incl9$ canals numb] #g #f #ac ,n4 ,n4 ,e4 ,s4 ,s4 ,w4 & ,e4 ,s4 ,e4 ,w4 ,n4 ,w4 incl9$ canals numb] #h #c #aa ,n4 ,e4 ,s4 ,w4 & ,s4 ,e4 ,n4 ,w4 incl9$ canals numb] #ab #d #af ,e4 ,n4 ,e4 ,w4 ,s4 ,w4 & ,n4 ,n4 ,w4 ,s4 ,s4 ,e4 incl9$ canals numb] #f #e #aa -- -- -- #cc #ah #ea a fairly equable division 9 direction4 ,a tr5d to ! we/w>d w\ld be giv5 a p>ticle desc5d+ f ! nor? to ! equator by ! planet's rotation1 ?us turn+ x s\?we/]ly2 & "o to ! we/ to a p>ticle travell+ equatorw>ds f ! s\?1 turn+ x nor?we/]ly4 ,z ! d\bles lie 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ei!r 9 :ole or "p1 to ! ext5t ( #ic1 ?is might acc\nt = ! prepond]at+ tilt to ! ea/ ( nor? & we/ ( s\? exhibit$ by !m4 ,x w\ld correspond ) ! l9es ( fl[4 ,to see :e!r ?is be s we w take only ^? d\ble canals t lie exclusively 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es respectively1 & note ^? 9 ! =m] t tr5d to ! we/ ( s\? z aga9/ ^? t run to ! ea/ ( x1 & vice v]sa 9 ! s\!rn4 ,9 ! nor!rn ! proportion ( ! we/]ly to ! ea/]ly ones is #ag to #d2 9 ! s\!rn1 #a to #j ! o!r way4 ,( ^? ^: c\rse is common to bo? hemisph]es we f9d = ! ratio ( ! s\?we/]ly to ! s\!a/]ly #h to #g4 ,b ! proportion ( ! c\rse ( ^! canals 9 ! two hemisph]es is on ! side ( ?is same ratio4 ,f _! direction we n[ pass to consid]ation ( _! di/ribution 9 longitude4 ,x appe>s t "s m]idians are m favor$ ?an o!rs4 ,! hemisph]e :i* has ! ,syrtis ,major = c5tre is m prolific 9 !m ?an its antipodes4 ,f longitude #hj to #bjj !re are t5 d\bles1 f #bjj to #cbj tw5ty-f\r1 & f #cbj to #hj sev5te52 or1 r\ghly1 9 ! proportion ( #b1 #e1 & #c4 ,t ?is di/ribution means any?+ by itself is d\btful2 x is mu* m likely to be a g5]al topographical consequ5ce ( _! di/ribution 9 ano!r direction1 :i* proves to be highly significant & :i* we %all n[ expose--t ( latitude4 ,if we sep>ate ! surface into zones1 ea* t5 degrees wide1 & c\nt ! d\bles f\nd trav]s+ 9 :ole or "p ! sev]al zones1 we f9d ! foll[+ arrangem5t3-- ,column ,head+s3 ,a ,at ,opposition ( #aijc ,alone ,b ,at ,all ,oppositions s f> obs]v$ at ,flag/aff ,d\ble ,canals ( ,m>s arrang$ accord+ to ,latitude ,a ,b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,betwe5 #cj ,s4 & #bj ,s4 ,ti?onius1 ,nect>1 ,lae/rygon #b #c ,betwe5 #bj ,s4 & #aj ,s4 ,jamuna1 ,ganges1 ,gigas1 ,lae/rygon1 ,cyclops1 ,titan1 ,t>t>us1 ,polyphemus1 ,ti?onius #g #i ,betwe5 #aj ,s4 & #j ,jamuna1 ,ganges1 ,gigas1 ,lae/rygon1 ,cyclops1 ,c]b]us ,s1 ,ae?iops1 ,le!s1 ,am5!s1 ,triton1 ,phison1 ,euphrates1 ,titan1 ,t>t>us1 ,adamas1 ,typhon1 ,vexillum1 ,asopus1 ,na>mal*a1 ,polyphemus #ae #bj ,betwe5 #j & #aj ,n4 ,gihon1 ,djih\n1 ,jamuna1 ,ganges1 ,gigas1 ,lae/rygon1 ,c]b]us ,n1 ,cyclops1 ,c]b]us ,s1 ,euno/os1 ,ae?iops1 ,le!s1 ,am5!s1 ,triton1 ,nep5!s1 ,phison1 ,euphrates1 ,sitacus1 ,hiddekel1 ,t>t>us1 ,adamas1 ,asopus1 ,typhon1 ,vexillum1 ,cocytus1 ,is1 ,av]nus ,n1 ,na>mal*a1 ,polyphemus #ba #bi ,betwe5 #aj ,n4 & #bj ,n4 ,gihon1 ,djih\n1 ,jamuna1 ,nilok]as ,i & ,,ii#d1 ,nilok]as ,i1 ,ganges1 ,gigas1 ,euno/os1 ,ae?iops1 ,le!s1 ,am5!s1 ,?o?1 ,a/aboras1 ,phison1 ,sitacus1 ,euphrates1 ,hiddekel1 ,adamas1 ,asopus1 ,gelbes1 ,av]nus ,n1 ,erebus1 ,na>mal*a1 ,vexillum1 ,is1 ,dis #ah #bf ,betwe5 #bj ,n4 & #cj ,n4 ,gihon1 ,djih\n1 ,jamuna1 ,nilok]as ,i ,,ii1#d ,nilok]as ,i1 ,al&]1 ,hyblaeus1 ,le!s1 ,am5!s1 ,?o?1 ,sitacus1 ,a/aboras1 ,vexillum1 ,phison1 ,euphrates1 ,hiddekel1 ,adamas1 ,euno/os1 ,ae?iops1 ,gelbes1 ,av]nus ,n1 ,na>mal*a1 ,is #ag #bc ,betwe5 #cj ,n4 & #dj ,n4 ,deut]onilus1 ,al&]1 ,n>1 ,m>sias1 ,fretum ,anian1 ,am5!s1 ,?o?1 ,vexillum1 ,phison1 ,euphrates1 ,hiddekel1 ,adamas1 ,euno/os1 ,djih\n1 ,gihon1 ,nilok]as ,i1 ,*aos1 ,gelbes1 ,ae?iops1 ,na>mal*a #ab #bj ,betwe5 #dj ,n4 & #ej ,n4 ,fretum ,anian1 ,pyramus1 ,protonilus1 ,propontis#d #c #d ,betwe5 #ej ,n4 & #fj ,n4 ,callirrhoe1 ,fretum ,anian1 #c #c ,pi]ius ,betwe5 #fj ,n4 & #fc ,n4 ,pi]ius1 ,callirrhoe #b #b ,f ?is tabulat+ ( !m x is app>5t t ! d\bles are practically conf9$ to ! zones )9 =ty degrees ( ! equator4 ,only #g ( !m /raggle f>!r nor? ?an ?is1 :ile above #fc nor? latitude & #ce s\? latitude !re are none4 ,su* a di/ribution is n 9 proportion to ! areas ( ! zones1 :i* ?\gh dim9i%+ t[>d ! poles d s at no su* rate4 ,! surface includ$ betwe5 ! equator & #dj ( latitude is #fe ( ! hemisph]e1 :]eas ! fraction ( ! numb] ( d\bles f\nd !re is #ic4 ,! d\bles are1 !n1 an equatorial feature ( ! planet1 conf9$ to ! tropic & temp]ate belts4 ,to p]ceive ! tropical "* ( ! d\bles 9 ano!r way we h b to consid] ! zonal di/ribution ( ! s+le canals4 ,unlike ! =m] ! latt] d n ?9 out z "o advances t[>d ! poles2 s9ce 9 ! arctic regions s+le canals beme% ! surface z meticul\sly z else:]e4 ,x is only t !y !re replace ! d\bles2 or1 n to put ! c>t be=e ! horse1 x is ! d\bles t 9 "p replace ! s+les 9 ! tropics4 ,& t ?is arrangem5t has some?+ physical beh9d x by way ( cause is curi\sly %[n by two canals1 ! ,arnon & ! ,kison1 :i* are nei!r ( ! "o k9d nor yet ! o!r1 b a cross betwe5 ! two4 ,= ! ,arnon & ! ,kison are conv]g5t d\bles2 ! two l9es ( ! ,kison leav+ a common po9t at ! edge ( ! pol> cap & sep>at+ z !y travel s\?1 :ile ! two ,arnon take up & cont9ue ! div]g5ce1 connect+ at la/ ) ! p>allel pair ( ! ,euphrates4 ,^! canals ?us make transition betwe5 ! true d\bles & ! true s+les1 & may be look$ ^u z end[$ ) ! pot5tialities ( bo?4 ,f _! association ) ! d\ble ,euphrates1 x is cle> t ! transition betwe5 ! two =ms is n only =mal b physical1 & t ! /opp+ ( ! dual condition at ! =tie? p>allel is n ! outcome ( *ance4 ,x may occur to ! ?\ghtful t ! d\bles appe> conf9$ to ! m tropical portions ( ! planet because ( a bett] pres5tation ( ^? zones1 ! read] suppos+ ! planet to be se5 axis$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! plane ( sight1 z geographies repres5t ! e>?'s globe4 ,! supposition1 h[ev]1 is errone\s4 ,we sometimes see ! planet s1 b m (t5 n4 ,su* is ! tilt ( ! ,m>tian axis to ! plane ( ! ,m>tian ecliptic t ! diff]5t zones are r>ely se5 on an ev5 keel1 s to speak1 _! aspects %ift+ totally f "o opposition to ano!r4 ,:at %[s 9 mid-disk on "o occasion may be =ty-eight degrees remov$ f x at ano!r1 a di/ance am\nt+ to ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! way f app>5t equator to app>5t pole4 ,?us ! d\ble canals are = "s intr9sic reason equatorial features ( ! planet z oppos$ to pol> ones4 ,& ?is n simply because ( great] space !re4 ,duality is a result ( conditions intr9sic to ! sev]al localities4 ,:at ! cause may be is relat$ to ! "* ( ! ?+s !mselves1 :i* we %all lat] consid]4 ,= ! mom5t we may note t ! fact disposes quietly ( ! diplopic !ory ( _! manufacture4 ,=1 = diplopic d\bles to %[ su* respect = ! equator w\ld betok5 a c\rtesy 9 !m to be comm5d$ ( ,sydney ,smi?4 ,b ?is is n _! only geographic bias4 ,9 addition to n be+ p>tial to ! poles1 ! d\ble canals %[ a c]ta9 exclusiv5ess t[>d ! d>k areas g5]ally4 ,n only d !y avoid ! arctic & ant>ctic zones entirely1 b !y l>gely %un ! blue-gre5 regions4 ,9 ^! b two suspicions ( d\bles occur1 9 ! ,aonium ,s9us1 al?\gh s+le canals !re are z num]\s z any:]e else on ! planet4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh !y avoid runn+ ?r\gh !m1 !y run f !m 9 a mann] t is m>k$4 ,proce$+ f ! great diaphragm are no less ?an #bh out ( ! #ec d\bles4 ,connect+ directly ) ^! are #ag m2 :ile ! rema9+ #h are also associat$ ?r\gh ! int]m$i>ism ( d>k areas1 ! ,solis ,lacus & ! ,trivium4 ,9 l relation to d>k regions1 !y are limit$ on ! nor? by ! ,m>e ,acidalium1 ! ,propontis1 ! ,w$ge ( ,casius & _! int]connect+ b&s1 ! ,pi]ius1 ,callirrhoe1 ,helicon4 ,9 ?is mann] d !y =m a broad girdle r\nd ! planet's wai/1 leav+ ! pol> extremities b>e4 ----- ,footnote #d3 ,v wide & possibly n ( ! same class4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,canals ,,9 ,,! ,,d>k ,,regions ,sev5te5 ye>s aft] ! recognition ( ! canals 9 ! light regions occurr$ ano!r important ev5t1 ! discov]y ( a simil> set 9 ! d>k ones4 ,! detection ( ^! m>k+s 9 ! d>k areas 0 a m difficult feat ?an ! p]ceiv+ ( ^? 9 ! light1 & 9 consequ5ce 0 lat] accompli%$4 ,also 0 x "o :]e recognition came by degrees4 ,i h previ\sly po9t$ out :at ?is discov]y did = ! seas--no?+ less ?an ! tak+ away ( _! "* 9 a g5]ally conv9c+ mann]4 ,to "o :o _h c>efully consid]$ ! matt]1 ! seas _h inde$ already lo/ x1 z 0 %[n 9 ,*apt] ,x1 b to ^? :o _h n ^! canals pres5t$ a v in/ant pro( ( ! fact4 ,f su* n :olly sup]]ogatory s]vice !y w5t on to furni% unlook$-= help 9 o!r directions4 ,_! discov]y %[$ 9 ! fir/ place t no "p ( ! planet's surface 0 free f canal triangulation4 ,b x did m ?an ?is4 ,= ^! canals 9 ! d>k regions left ! edge ( ! #8cont95ts' at ! v po9ts :]e ! canals ( ! light regions ent]$ !m1 :i* fact prov$ = !m a community ( int]e/ ) ! latt]4 ,su* cont9uation 0 highly significant1 s9ce x l9k$ ! two toge!r into a s+le sy/em1 compass+ ! :ole surface ( ! planet4 ,/>t+ f ! places :]e ! light-region canals come out ^u ! great girdle ( seas t /ret*es all r\nd ! planet1 mo/ ( ! new canals head$ t[>d ! passes betwe5 ! isl&s s\?1 z ne>ly polew>ds z circum/ances ( local topography w\ld p]mit4 ,9 ! broad] expanses ( ! ,syrtis ,major & ! ,m>e ,ery?raeum1 besides ma9 art]ies o!rs w5t to spots 9 _! mid/ aft] ! same fa%ion z ^? ( ! light regions4 ,^! spots diff]$ 9 no way app>5tly f _! fell[ oases else:]e4 ,f a spot 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,syrtis ?ree great l9es ?us travel$ s\?3 ! ,dos>on1 head+ /raight up ! ,syrtis on ! m]idian till x /ruck ! nor!rnmo/ po9t ( ,hellas2 ! ,oros9es1 incl9$ m to ! "r1 pass+ ?r\gh ! d>k *annel to ! we/ ( t l& & s proce$+ s\?2 & la/ly ! ,eryman?us turn+ ea/w>d till x br\ght up f9ally at ! ,hesp]idum ,lucus4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 ! long *a9 ( light] l&1 call$ by ,s*iap>elli isl&s1 & /ret*+ f ! ,solis ,lacus region we/w>d to ,hellas1 (f]$ only "h & !re an exit1 ! canals made = ^! exits4 ,! canals 9 ! ,m>e ,sir5um1 ! ,m>e ,cimm]ium1 & ! ,m>e ,tyrrh5um /ruck m or less diagonally across ^? seas f _! nor!rn t]m9i to ! entrances ( ! /raits betwe5 ! isl&s1 ?us lac+ ! seas 9 ! way a sail is roll$ to its sp>4 ,f ! exact mann] 9 :i* !y connect$ ) ! light-region canals !y prov$ ! two to be "p & p>cel ( "o sy/em1 :i* 9 its ext5sion 0 planet-wide & !re=e proportionately important4 ,:atev] ( /range int]e/ ! curi\s *>act]i/ics ( ! canals !mselves sugge/$ 0 n[ greatly increas$ by ?is addition2 = ! solid>ity ( ! ph5om5on affect$ ! cog5cy ( any argum5t d]iv$ f x4 ,9 #ahid only ! d>k areas ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e 7 f\nd to be ?us lac$ ) l9es4 ,= !n s great 0 ! tilt ( ! planet's s\? pole t[>d ! e>?1 t :ile ^? zones 7 well display$ ! d>k pat*es ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e 7 m or less hull-d[n ov] ! disk's nor!rn horizon4 ,contra/ 0 ! op5 sesame to _! detection4 ,:5 ! m>ia %[ d>k1 ! l9es are lo/ 9 ! sombr5ess ( ! backgr\nd4 ,z ! m>ia light5 ! l9es come out4 ,su* 0 amply witness$ by ! effect 9 #ahid & #ahif4 ,9 #ahid ,i f\nd x impossible to p]ceive !m1 except :]e ! ,pad>gus cross$ ,atlantis1 = ! hue ( ! m>ia !mselves 0 !n v d>k4 ,9 #ahif1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i saw !m )\t difficulty4 ,:at is also ( int]e/3 s soon z se5 !y appe>$ small1 )\t haz9ess or di/5tion4 ,z ! oppositions succe$$ "o ano!r ! nor!rn regions rose into view1 & ) _! appe>ance came ! detection 9 !m ( ! same ph5om5a4 ,no l>ge d>k areas l ! diaphragm exi/ !re1 b ! small] pat*es ( blue-gre5 :i* be/rew !m prov$ to be simil>ly me%$4 ,at fir/ canals 7 evid5t ^u _! p]iph]ies1 cont\r+ !m ab\t2 !n ! bodies !mselves ( ! pat*es %[$ grid-iron$ by l9es4 ,! ,m>e ,acidalium ) its adjuncts1 ! ,lucus ,niliacus on ! s\? & ! ,lacus ,hyp]boreus on ! nor?1 ?us /ood out 9 #aija4 ,on a p>ticul>ly good ev5+ ( def9ition at ! end ( ,may1 ! ,m>e sudd5ly made backgr\nd = a sunbur/ ( d>k rays1 six ( !m 9 all radiat+ f a po9t betwe5 x & ! ,lacus ,hyp]boreus4 ,consid]+ h[ sombre ! ,m>e 0 at ! "t1 ?is 0 z rem>kable a vision z x 0 /rik+ to see4 ,al?\gh at ! mom5t ! sight 0 ( ! nature ( a revelation1 ^! l9es h be5 amply v]ifi$ s9ce1 z ! ,m>tian season has prov$ m propiti\s4 ,simil> deciph]m5t has befall5 all ! o!r pat*es ( blue-gre5 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e2 ^! hav+ %[n !mselves fir/ circumscrib$ & !n trav]s$ by canals4 ,int]e/+ in/ances 7 ! ,w$ge ( ,casius & ! ,propontis4 ,^! m>k+s1 fir/ p]ceiv$ ye>s ago z m]e pat*es ( %ad+1 !n p>tially resolv$ by ,s*iap>elli1 n[ /ood reveal$ z a p]fect network ( l9es & spots4 ,s _m ( bo? k9ds ( _! detail occupi$ ! gr\nd t to id5tify !m all 0 matt] ( exce$+ difficulty4 ,! outcome is %[n 9 ! diagrammatic repres5tations opposite & on page #bef4 ,^! draw+s disclose bett] ?an any description ! mass ( detail ( :i* ! pat*es are 9 reality compos$1 & s]ve to convey an idea ( ! complexity involv$4 ,if ! g5]al canal sy/em seems intricate1 "h is some?+ :i* exce$s t z mu* aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,propontis1 #aije4 ,! ext5sion 9 ?is mann] ( ! curi\s triangulation ( ! light areas into & ?r\gh all ! d>k areas z well1 by ?us spread+ ! field ( its op]ations ov] bo? t]ranes complexion$ s unlike1 greatly increases ! cog5cy ( ! d$uction t ?is detail is ( lat] orig9 ?an ! backgr\nd ^u :i* x re/s4 ,t ! me% ( l9es cov]s n only ! o*re /ret*es ( ! disk1 b ! blue-gre5 p>ts z well1 makes x /ill m c]ta9 t x is n a simple physical outcome ( ! fundam5tal =ces t featur$ ! planet's face4 ,= 9 t case x c\ld n ) su* absolute imp>tiality involve bo? alike4 ,?us "h1 aga91 we f9d corroboration by lat] obs]vations ( :at e>li] ones e/abli%$4 ,a la/ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( canal sequ5ces rema9s to be record$4 ,j z ! l9es 9 ! d>k regions cont9u$ ^? 9 ! light1 s !y !mselves turn$ out to be simil>ly prolong$ & 9 no less sugge/ive a mann]4 ,= :5 ! nor? pol> zone came to be display$1 canals 7 evid5t !re1 cont9u+ ^? 9 ! o!r zones & runn+ at _! nor!rn ends into d>k spots at ! edge ( ! pol> cap4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! end ( ! :ole sy/em1 or m prop]ly its orig91 9 ! pol> sn[s4 ,! significance ( ?is w be se5 f o!r ph5om5a1 to a consid]ation ( :i* we n[ proce$4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,oases ,next to be caught ( ! details ( ?is mo/ curi\s network t me%es ! surface ( ,m>s 0 a set ( ph5om5a /rang] ev5 ?an ! l9es2 to wit1 d>k r\nd dots /&+ at _! int]sections4 ,m difficult to make out ?an ! l9es1 !y 7 9 consequ5ce detect$ ?us lat] by fifte5 ye>s4 ,once discov]$1 h[ev]1 x became possible to trace _! unconsci\s recognition back 9 "t4 ,?us ,s*iap>elli told ! writ] 9 #ahie1 apropos ( ^? f\nd at ,flag/aff1 t he _h himself suspect$ !m b c\ld n make sure4 ,"s ( !m /& figur$ 9 8 ,memoria ,se/a deal+ ) ! opposition ( #ahhh1 b n publi%$ till #ahii4 ,9 su* po/hum\s recognition1 z "o may call x1 ! spots repeat$ ! hi/ory ( ! canals4 ,= ,s*iap>elli _h himself po9t$ out a simil> preconsci\s vision+ ( ! canals 9 ! delicate p5cil+s ( ,dawes & ! /reaks ( ,locky]1 ,kais]1 & ,sec*i1 n[ translatable z repres5t+ ! ,phison1 ! ,euphrates1 & half a doz5 o!r canals imp]fectly se54 ,t bo? ! canals & ! oases 7 ?us sket*$ be=e !y 7 se5 well en\gh to be def9itely discov]$ is to an unprejudic$ m9d among _! /ronge/ cr$5tials to cr$it4 ,nor 0 ,s*iap>elli ! sole p]son ?us to get pro( be=e lett]4 ,"o ( _! v e>lie/ portrayals appe>s 9 a draw+ by ,otto ,bo$dick]1 made on ,decemb] #bf1 #ahha1 :]e ! ,pseboas ,lucus is cle>ly repres5t$4 ,9 a /ill m imp]fect mann] "s ( ! spots _h be5 adumbrat$ & _! %ad[s drawn long be=e t4 ,?us !y may be deciph]$ z ! cause ( pat*es drawn by ,dawes 9 #ahfd1 ?\gh none ( !m 7 9 any def9ite s5se detect$ till #ahgi1 & only !n s ill def9$ t _! true "* 0 n app>5t4 ,z pat*es !y are /ill commonly se5 at obs]vatories :]e ! obs]vational conditions are n ( ! be/ & ! /udy ( ! planet n sy/ematically en\gh pursu$ to h !m disclose _! true %ape & size4 ,! hi/ory ( _! detection is resum$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual obs]v]4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( my own obs]vations ,i h _h occasion to notice ! sev]al /ages 9 recognition ( ! spots :i* h m>k$ _! *ronologic c>e]4 ,z ) ! l9es1 ?ree /ages 9 ! appe>ance ( ! spots may be rem>k$3 fir/1 :]e ! scatt]+ ( ! rays is s wide t dilution prev5ts any?+ f be+ se52 second1 :]e ! commotion be+ less ! object appe>s z a gray pat*2 & ?ird1 :]e 9 comp>ative quiet x cond5ses into a black dot4 ,= ! two =m] our own air waves are to blame4 ,9 c\rs+ waves ( cond5sation & r>efaction !y spread ! image ( ! spot z !y d t ( ! canal4 ,!n z ! curr5ts calm ! spot %r9ks to its normal proportions1 & 9 s do+ d>k5s 9 consequ5ce ( be+ less widely diffus$4 ,?us ! evolution 9 p]ception :i* may take place 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r = a p>ticul> obs]v] repres5ts exactly :at has occurr$ 9 ! p]son ( ! race by ! improvem5t 9 obs]vational me?ods & sites4 ,t ! spots1 al?\gh wid] ?an ! canals1 rema9$ long] hidd5 f human sight1 is due to ! optico-physic fact t a t5u\s l9e may be p]ceiv$ ow+ to its l5g? :5 a dot ( ! same diamet] w\ld be invisible4 ,summation ( impressions is und\bt$ly ! cause ( ?is4 ,! m]e fact t a r[ ( ret9al cones is /ruck1 al?\gh ea* be b feebly affect$1 is suffici5t to raise ! sum total into ! sph]e ( consci\sness4 ,9 ! second /age ( _! visibility1 ! spots are 9 dang] ( mi/ake ) ! small] true pat*es ( sombre hue :i* fleck ! nor!rn hemisph]e ( ! planet & f :i* !y diff] totally 9 k9d1 totally s f> z our pres5t p]ception goes4 ,su* true pat*es consi/ ( a gr\ndwork ( %ad+1 ^u :i*1 inde$1 are sup]pos$ ! usual network ( l9es & spots4 ,prom95t z in/ances ( !m are ! ,trivium ,*>ontis1 ! ,w$ge ( ,casius1 & ! ,m>e ,acidalium4 ,) pat*es ( ! sort ! spots prop] mu/ n be conf\nd$4 ,close tread+ on ! heels ( ! detection ( l9es a?w>t ! seas came ! recognition ( spots !re likewise4 ,at ! opposition ( #ahif-ahig ! numb] 0 add$ to2 & s ! tale has be5 /eadily increas$4 ,_! numb] z f\nd at ,flag/aff up to ! pres5t "t1 t is1 to ! close ( ! opposition ( #aije1 is #ahf2 ( :i* #aba lie 9 ! light regions1 #db 9 ! d>k areas ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & #bc 9 ! small] sombre pat*es ( ! nor!rn zones4 ,f _! relation%ips & behavior x became app>5t t ! spots 7 n lakes b some?+ :i* answ]$ mu* m ne>ly to oases4 ,( ! spots ?ree k9ds may be di/+ui%$3 ! l>ge1 ! little1 & ! less1 if by ! latt] t]m x may be p]mitt$ to d5ote :at has b collat]al claim to be includ$ & yet dem&s a c]ta9 recognition4 ,= ?\gh n spots l ! o!rs1 ! memb]s ( ! ?ird class h c]ta9 traits 9 common ) !m :ile diff]+ radically 9 o!rs4 ,to ! k9d call$ l>ge belong ! great] numb] ( spots s f> f\nd ^u ! disk4 ,!y are l>ge only by comp>ison ) ! little4 ,= !y measure accord+ to my late/ det]m9ations b sev5ty-five or "o hundr$ miles 9 diamet]2 on ! planet "s two degrees across4 ,sizable black p9-heads1 x is _! tone t *iefly cat*es ! eye1 = !y are commonly ! d>ke/ m>k+s on ! disk4 ,aga9/ ! o*re /ret*es !y appe> black1 & ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! d>k areas !y /& out almo/ z mu* contra/$ ) _! surr\nd+s z ^! d ) ! light regions !mselves4 ,ab\t a hundr$ & =ty are n[ kn[n4 ,^? 9 ! light areas 7 discov]$ fir/2 ^? 9 ! d>k regions be+ h>d] to see4 ,( ?is fir/ k9d are su* spots z ! ,pseboas ,lucus1 ! ,aquae ,calidae1 ! ,lacus ,pho5icis1 & ! ,novem ,viae2 or1 9 ,engli%1 ! ,grove ( ,pseboas1 ! ,hot ,spr+s1 ! ,phnix ,lake1 & ! ,n9e ,ways1 to m5tion no m4 ,t !y be> dissimil> names implies no dissimil>ity 9 /ructure4 ,! ph5om5a are all rem>kably alike1 & cle>ly betok5 "o & ! same class ( objects2 diff]+ betwe5 !mselves at mo/ 9 size & importance4 ,9 =m !y all seem to be r\nd4 ,!y c]ta9ly appe> s1 & 7 x n t ret9al images ( small areas t5d to assume ?is %ape might implicitly be cr$it$ ) be+ :at !y seem4 ,! reason = optical circul>ity probably resides 9 ! %ape ( ! ret9al cones & 9 _! patt]n+ into a mosaic floor4 ,s t unless a suffici5t numb] ( cones be /ruck ! image takes on to consci\sness a r\ghly circul> figure--:e!r x be s 9 fact or n4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 !y seem to be too well se5 = self-deception ( ! sort4 ,! little are di/+ui%$ f ! l>ge by be+ p9-po9ts in/ead ( p9-heads4 ,!y are mo/ m9ute2 f fifte5 to tw5ty-five miles 9 diamet] only4 ,t any?+ except size di/+ui%es ! two ap>t is f _! look improbable4 ,9 color or r tone1--= di/9ctive color is ( su* m9ute objects unpr$icable1--!y w\ld seem to be alike4 ,su* is also ! case ) _! di/ribution & detail association4 ,illu/ration3 ,fons ,immortalis1 ,june #ai4 ,to ! second class belong ! ,fons ,juv5tae1--,s*iap>elli's ,f\nta9 ( ,y\?1--! ,fons ,immortalis 9 ,elysium 9 #aije1 & ! ,gygaea ,palus1 besides _m m4 ,^! are all p9-po9ts1 j ^u ! limit ( vision1 & notewor?y *iefly = be+ visible at all4 ,all ^? detect$ s f> lie n v di/ant f ! equator1 :i* may or may n be a matt] ( accid5t4 ,x is n "o ( p]ception1 s9ce ?is "p ( ! planet 0 n ! be/ place = obs]vation at ! "t !y 7 discov]$4 ,to make out "o ( ^! little dots is a peculi>ly pleas+ bit ( obs]vation1 z x requires p>ticul>ly good def9ition4 ,"o might almo/ take !m = fly-specks ^u ! image did !y n move ) ! disk4 ,!y h no p]ceptible size & yet are cle>ly l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! canals :i* run into !m2 :i* proves h[ v sl5d] ! latt] mu/ be4 ,v e>ly 9 ! detection ( ! spots x became evid5t t !y 7 n scatt]$ haphaz>d ov] ! surface1 b t on ! contr>y !y 7 nev] f\nd except at ! meet+-po9ts ( ! l9es4 ,f ?is x mu/ n be suppos$1 z has be5 done1 t ! spots are m]ely optical re9=cem5ts ( ! l9es at _! cross+s due to ! m cr[d$ "* !re ( ! l9es !mselves4 ,t !y are n su* is demon/rat$ by ! exi/5ce ( cross+s :]e1 ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly1 none appe>2 :i* %[s t !y are f> too well se5 = any su* illusion ab\t !m to be possible4 ,at ^! cross+s ! l9es trav]se "o ano!r )\t ?ick5+1 :e!r !y be s+le or d\ble l9es4 ,! spots1 on ! o!r h&1 are mu* wid] ?an ! l9es1 giv+ a bead$ look to ! ?reads4 ,9 %ort1 !y are ! knots to ! canal network4 ,all ! m important junctions are *>act]iz$ by _! pres5ce4 ,su* />r$ junctions are n conf9$ to ! o*re regions2 !y dot ! light & ! d>k areas ) equal imp>tiality1 ?us %[+ !mselves to be indep5d5t ( ! nature ( ! gr\nd :]e l>ge /ret*es ( c\ntry are conc]n$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y appe> to be unusually num]\s 9 ! small]1 isolat$1 d>k areas ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 su* z ! ,trivium1 ! ,m>e ,acidalium1 ! ,propontis1 & ! ,w$ge ( ,casius4 ,"h !y cr[d2 & "o _c avoid ! inf]5ce t _! pl5tifulness 9 ^! regions is n due to *ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,utopia regio--#aijc4 ,to ! l>ge spots1 ^? ( ! fir/ class1 fall ! places ( int]section ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ num]\s canals1 :ile ! little spots make t]m9i to fa9t] l9es1 ones t be> to !m a l ratio ( unimportance4 ,spots & l9es are ?us connect$ n simply 9 position b 9 size4 ,! "o is cle>ly dep5d5t on ! o!r1 ! importance ( ! c5tre be+ gaug$ by ! magnitude ( its communications4 ,f ! fact ( association we n[ pass to ! mann] ( x1 :i* is q z rem>kable4 ,! position ( ! spot relative to its tribut>y canals dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! connect+ l9es4 ,if ! canal be s+le x runs1 s f> z may be judg$1 /raight into ! middle ( ! oasis1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! oasis is symmetrically dispos$ ab\t its end4 ,?is is true ( ! great] numb] ( ! l>ge spots & ( all ! little ones1 s9ce ! latt] h z connections only s+le canals4 ,9 ! case ( a d\ble canal arriv+ at a spot1 a diff]5t & mo/ curi\s dep5d5ce is obs]vable4 ,?is fact ,i fir/ notic$ 9 a g5]al way at ! opposition ( #ahif-ahig1 ! initial appe>ance ( x be+ pres5t$ on ,septemb] #cj1 #ahif1 by ! ,coloe ,palus & ! ,phison4 ,x 0 aga9 visible 9 ! case ( ! spots 9 ! ,trivium at ! "t ! canals lead+ to t place d\bl$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahig4 ,b ! exact nature ( ! ph5om5on 0 n fully appreciat$ till #aijc1 :5 ! ?+ 0 se5 s well z to appe> cut on copp] plate4 ,x 0 ?is3 ! spot is exactly embrac$ betwe5 ! two arms ( ! d\ble canal4 ,x is1 moreov]1 seem+ly p]fectly r\nd & j fits 9 betwe5 ! p>allel l9es4 ,! ,ascraeus ,lucus 0 ! fir/ spot t %[$ ?us 9 association ) ! d\ble ,gigas4 ,o!rs foll[$ suit 9 s %[+1 sev]al specim5s pres5t+ !mselves s well z to leave no d\bt ( ! precise connection4 ,! sight pres5t$ by su* a spot & its incas+ d\ble is a beautiful bit ( detail1 p]haps ! mo/ beautiful s f> to be se5 ^u ! ,m>tian disk4 ,! di/9ctness ) :i* x /&s out on occasion sugge/s a /eel engrav+1 & %[s h[ cle>-cut ! ,m>tian features really are :5 our own air ceases f tr\bl+ & all[s !m to be at re/4 ,incid5tally1 we may note t ?is ph5om5on alone s]ves to disprove ! diplopic !ory ( ! production ( ! d\ble canals4 ,= if a d\ble 7 a s+le l9e se5 out ( focus1 any spot ^u x %\ld be d\bl$ too4 ,illu/ration3 ,ascraeus ,lucus & ,gigas4--,m>*4 #b4 #aijc4 ,x may seem to ! read] z if :at 0 se5 9 #aijc 0 b an unimportant advance ov] ! obs]v$ ph5om5a ( #ahif-ahig4 ,n s1 h[ev]4 ,= ) ! e>li] in/ances x 0 n possible to be sure ( ! precise limits ( ! spot ) reg>d to ! d\ble4 ,! ,coloe ,palus1 on ! "o h&1 did n fill all ! space app>5tly betwe5 ! d\ble ,phison2 :ile ! ,lucus ,ism5ius m ?an did s ) ! d\ble ,euphrates4 ,to h set d[n ! diff]5t appe>ances to insuffici5t def9ition w\ld h be5 a great mi/ake1 z subsequ5t obs]vation has s]v$ to %[4 ,! ,lucus ,ism5ius in/ances ?is4 ,9 #ahif-ahig x 0 se5 t]m9at+ ! ,euphrates1 block+ all ! space betwe5 ! two l9es & ext5d+ a little ^u ei!r side ( !m4 ,n[1 f its appe>ance 9 #aija x 0 evid5t t ! effect _h be5 produc$ by tw9 spots ly+ along ! ,deut]onilus1 ! axis jo9+ !m be+ p]p5dicul> to ! ,euphrates4 ,9 #aijc ! relation 0 /ill bett] expla9$ by :at appe>$ !n1 :5 n only did ! two spots /& out1 b ! ,euphrates %[$ ) a l9e runn+ c5trally into ea*4 ,al?\gh orig9ally se5 by ,s*iap>elli z a s+le spot & s at fir/ se5 by me1 bett] acqua9tance ) ! disk disclos$ to bo? obs]v]s its really dual "*4 ,z ?is pair has p]si/$ ?r\gh all ?ree ( ! mo/ rec5t oppositions1 x seems fairly c]ta9 t x is always ( ?is "*1 & m fitt+1 !re=e1 to give x ! plural appellative4 ,?is is ! s+le in/ance ( a d\ble oasis4 ,!re are _m t lie close toge!r & might be tak5 z su*2 b ?is is ! only "o :]e ! connection is intr9sic4 ,accord+ to measures ( ! draw+s ( #aije ext5d+ ?r\gh six pres5tations1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! tw9 oases is #d4b4 ,_! relation to ! canals :i* run into !m is ( ! mo/ complicat$ description & ( ! mo/ sugge/ive "*4 ,= to ! tw9 spots conv]ge no less ?an sev5 d\ble canals1 "o w$ge-%ap$ pair & ?ree s+le canals1 a mo/ goodly numb] ( communication l9es4 ,f\r ( ! d\ble canals run into ! oases ) "o l9e to ea*2 ^! canals are ! ,a/aboras1 ! ,na>mal*a1 ! ,euphrates1 & ! ,hiddekel4 ,?ree d\bles1 ! ,protonilus1 ! ,djih\n1 & ! ,deut]onilus1 embrace ! oases betwe5 _! two l9es1 :ile1 9 ! s+les1 ! canal connects ) "o or o!r ( ! tw9s1 z ! case may be4 ,n[1 !re is me?od z to :i* ( ! d\bles %all /raddle1 :i* embrace1 ! two ,ism5ii4 ,^? :i* leave ! place p>allel or ne>ly s to ! direction jo9+ ! ,luci1 inclose !m bo?2 ^? ( :i* ! sett+ =? is at an angle to ?is direction dep>t1 ea* l9e ( ! pair1 f ! ea/]n & ! we/]n spot respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,peculi> association ( ! ,luci ,ism5ii ) d\ble canals4 ,consid]1 n[1 ! disposition ( ^! sev5 pairs ( l9es4 ,all ( !m lie 9 "o semicircle ab\t ! ,luci1 beg9n+ ) ! ,protonilus on ! ea/ & end+ ) ! ,deut]onilus on ! we/4 ,fur!rmore1 all foll[ approximately arcs ( great circles1 except ! ,djih\n1 & all s5d "o ( _! tw9 l9es to "o ,lucus1 "o to ! o!r4 ,! data are en\gh to make ?is /atem5t possible4 ,al?\gh ! we/ l9e ( ! ,na>mal*a has n be5 caught ent]+ its oasis1 ! ea/ "o has be5 se5 to ent] ! o!r1 & ! wid? ( ! d\ble %[s t ! we/ "o mu/ ent] ! correspond+ spot4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,a/aboras ! d\ble has only be5 obs]v$ z f> z ! ,vexillum1 b ! s\? l9e has cont9u$ on to ! we/ ,ism5ius1 & "h aga9 ! wid? makes x c]ta9 t 7 ! canal d\ble ?r\gh\t1 ! o!r l9e mu/ ent] ! ea/ ,ism5ius4 ,f ! base l9e ( ! ,proto-,deut]onilus ! incl9ations ( ! sev5 pairs are z foll[s3-- ,protonilus #j ,due ,ea/ ,a/aboras #dj ,nor? ( ,ea/ ,na>mal*a #gj ,nor? ( ,ea/ ,euphrates #hj ,nor? ( ,we/ ,hiddekel #ee ,nor? ( ,we/ ,djih\n #j ,nor? ( ,we/ ,deut]onilus #j ,due ,we/ ,n[1 ! wid? betwe5 ! two l9es ( ! f\r canals to ! ea/ increases regul>ly f ! ,protonilus r\nd2 ! ,protonilus be+ ! n>r[e/ d\ble1 ! ,a/aboras ! next1 ! ,na>mal*a ! next1 & ! ,euphrates ! wide/4 ,& f ! wid? betwe5 ! tw9 oases1 x w\ld seem t !y sev]ally ent] ! c5tres ( !m4 ,:at takes place 9 ! case ( ! ,hiddekel1 :i* is wid] ?an its tilt w\ld imply1 & 9 ! ,djih\n1 :i* is n>r[]1 is n s cle>4 ,b t !y ent] ! oases 9 "s place is c]ta94 ,illu/ration3 ,lucus ,ism5ius4 ,m>* #aijc4 ,! spots make common t]m9i = all ! canals ( a giv5 neighborhood4 ,9 o!r words1 canals conv]ge to ! places occupi$ by ! spots & d n cross haphaz>d accord+ to ! laws ( *ance4 ,only "o in/ance exi/s :]e a spot fails to ga!r to itself ! :ole %eaf ( canals & ev5 !re x collects all b two4 ,?is anomaly is ! ,pseboas ,lucus4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is oasis is t x lies n on1 b j (f1 ! ,protonilus4 ,t x does s is exce$+ curi\s1 consid]+ t x is ! sole example ( su* extra-canal9e position4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is n ! ,protonilus b ! po9t :]e ! ,protonilus turns into ! ,nilosyrtis to :i* x /&s ?us neighbor+ly alo(4 ,& ?is may expla9 ! anomaly4 ,= ! ,nilosyrtis has n ! full geometric regul>ity ( ! normal canal1 & seems to h be5 a m or less fundam5tal feature ( ! region4 ,= ! re/1 ! ,lucus has ! =m & possesses ! canal connections appropriate to its /ate4 ,x is app>5tly r\nd1 & lies betwe5 ! tw9 l9es ( ! ,phison & also betwe5 ^? ( ! ,vexillum4 ,n f> f ! ,pseboas ,lucus are to be f\nd all ! examples ( ! ?ird class ( spots2 = s f> !y h n be5 obs]v$ outside ( ,a]ia1 a region peculi>ly peopl$ by d\ble canals4 ,) d\ble canals !y are necess>ily associat$1 inasmu* z !y consi/ ( %ad+ 9 ! =m ( a squ>e or p>allelogram1 fill+ ! deltas betwe5 two pairs t cross4 ,?us h %[n ! ,coloe ,palus at ! cross+ ( ! d\ble ,phison ) ! d\ble ,a/aboras1 & ! ,juturna ,fons :]e ! d\ble ,sitacus trav]ses ! d\ble ,euphrates4 ,at ^! same places a f\r? k9d is sometimes noticeable3 a f\r-squ>e set ( p9-po9ts or a two-squ>e set ( ! same at ! corn]s ( ! l9e-made p>allelogram4 ,?is k9d may well be syn*ron\s ) ! ?ird1 ?\gh x has only be5 notic$ at consecutive pres5tations4 ,! ?ird1 h[ev]1 has no obs]v$ dep5d5ce ^u ! fir/ or second classes4 ,& ?is s]ves to make m probable ! true objectivity ( ! circul> & ! squ>e figures respectively %[n by ea*4 ,! spots app>5t 9 ! d>k regions d n appreciably diff] 9 ei!r size or %ape f ! bulk ( ^? visible 9 ! light4 ,equally ) !m !y seem to be r\nd1 small1 & ne>ly black4 ,!y w\ld seem1 too1 9 ! great diaphragm--or l>g] contigu\s sombre region--to be equally pl5tifully di/ribut$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,c>ets ,,on ,,! ,,bord]s ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,diaphragm ,functionally relat$ to ! canal sy/em1 & yet 9 look & location contra/$ ) its o!r details1 is a fur!r set ( m>k+s1 detect$ by me 9 #ahid1 & rese5 at subsequ5t oppositions s9ce1 along ! nor? bord] ( ! s\!rn seas4 ,!y lie ^u :at us$ to be ?\ght ! cont95tal coa/l9e1 ! fr++ edge ( t almo/ cont9u\s b& ( %ad+ t belts ! ,m>tian globe ?r\gh\t ! s\!rn subtropic zone & call$ by ,s*iap>elli ! great diaphragm4 ,! t]rane l5ds itself to ! appellative1 =m+1 z x does1 a d>k divid+ /rip ( c\ntry betwe5 ! brilliant r$di%-o*re hemisph]e on ! nor? & ! half-ton$ isl&s to ! s\? ( x4 ,by ,s*iap>elli x 0 ?\ght to be "o long ,m$it]ranean1 & ?\gh its m>9e "* is n[ disprov$1 t x lies l[] ?an ! bright o*re regions is likely4 ,to ?is diff]5ce ( level is probably due ! peculi> ph5om5on :i* !re manife/$ itself to c>eful scrut9y 9 #ahid4 ,= x 0 !re only t x occurr$4 ,! ph5om5on 9 "q consi/$ ( nicks 9 ! coa/l9e1 ( triangul> %ape & fill$ ) %ad+4 ,!y occurr$ at int]vals along x & 7 ( ! g5]al =m ( c>ets1 su* m>ks z "o makes 9 *eck+ items d[n a li/4 ,_! position 0 always :]e a canal deb\*$ f ! diaphragm ^u its c>e] across ! op5 cont95t4 ,! canal itself 0 by no means necess>ily visible4 ,on ! contr>y1 at fir/ x 0 usually abs5t4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ^? m>k+ ! dep>ture-po9ts ( ! ,phison & ,euphrates & ( ! ,am5!s & ,le!s1 :i* appe>$1 )\t be+ well def9$1 f ! mom5t ! planet came to be scann$4 ,"o by "o ^! c>ets /ood out to view1 punctuat+ ! po9ts :]e canals lat] 7 to %[ or t]m9at+ ^? t already exi/$4 ,/rung ?us ) !m at int]vals 0 ! :ole coa/l9e ( ! diaphragm1 beg9n+ ) ! ,m>e ,ic>ium & /ret*+ r\nd ?r\gh ! ,m>e ,tyrrh5um1 ,m>e ,cimm]ium1 ,m>e ,sir5um1 & ,m>e ,ery?raeum to ! ,m>e ,ic>ium aga94 ,z ! planet got ne>] to ! e>? _! peculi> %ape began to def9e itself1 & x 0 aga9 9 ! case ( ^? giv+ orig9 to ! ,phison & ,euphrates t ! recognition came fir/4 ,:at _h appe>$ e>li] simply z a spot n[ /ood out z two triangul> not*es1 ind5t+ ! coa/ & giv+ exit at _! apices1 ! ea/]n "o to ! ,phison1 ! we/]n to ! ,euphrates4 ,^! 7 ! ?+s1 !n1 t _h con/itut$ ! ,portus ,sigaeus ( ,s*iap>elli4 ,commonly ! c>ets lie at ! bottom ( well-m>k$ bays1 z1 = example1 ^? t]m9at+ ! ,syrtis ,m9or & ! ,s9us ,titanum4 ,b frequ5tly !y are plac$ 9 ! v mid/ ( a long & o!rwise unacc5t$ coa/1 z is ! case 9 mid-c\rse ( ! ,m>e ,cimm]ium & ! ,m>e ,sir5um4 ,yet 9 no in/ance is ! ?+ unassociat$ ) a canal4 ,9 e case "o or m canals leave ! c>et = _! long trav]se d[n ! disk4 ,?is is n _! only canal connection4 ,:5 ! canals 9 ! d>k regions came to be discov]$1 ea* ( !m 0 f\nd by me1 z ne>ly z difficult obs]vations w\ld p]mit1 to be associat$ ) ! c>et ^u its o!r side4 ,?us ! lac+ ( ! ,m>e ,cimm]ium & ,sir5um us$ !m z its reev+-po9ts4 ,simil>ly ^? at ! m\?s ( ! ,phison & ,euphrates did duty likewise to ! ,maesolus & ! ,ion4 ,9 su* mann] ! c>ets /ood 9 dual relation to canals2 subs]v+ a purpose to ! light-region canals on ! "o h& & to ! d>k-region ones on ! o!r4 ,9 a way ! c>et1 !n1 holds ! same position t[>d ! canals t d ! spots 9 ! light or d>k regions4 ,l !m x is a canal-di/ribution po9t4 ,unlike !m1 h[ev]1 9 %ape x is triangul> in/ead ( r\nd1 & we are piqu$ to inquire to :at cause x c owe its diff]5t cont\r4 ,! answ] seems to lie 9 ! "* ( ! locality1 n simply 9 its complexion4 ,= ! spots 9 bo? ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn d>k pat*es are z circul> z ^? /&+ 9 ! light1 :e!r !y lie 9 ! c5tre or ^u ! edges ( !m4 ,! edges ( ! nor!rn pat*es1 h[ev]1 & ! o!r sides ( ! s\!rn ones d n pres5t ! cle>-cut "* ( ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! diaphragm4 ,:]e !y seem to be def9itely b\nd$ !y are s by d>k] canals4 ,?is h9ts t _! cont\rs are n def9$ by anti!sis ( level1 :ile t ( ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! great diaphragm is4 ,diff]5ce ( altitude is !n conc]n$ 9 _! con/itution2 ! canal sy/em "h falls to a l[] level1 & ^! triangul> spots in/ead ( r\nd ones are ! result4 ,topographic only1 su* explanation leads ! way to a m teleologic "o1 & s]ves ev5 on fir/ acqua9tance to /ir curiosity to "s satisfy+ cause4 ,sugge/ive 9 sev]al ways = its resemblance to ! c>ets is ano!r detail n f> di/ant f ! ,portus ,sigaei1 ! tw9-=k$ ,sabaeus ,s9us4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ?is feature ( ,m>s1 :i* has be5 well kn[n & recogniz$ ev] s9ce ! eagle-ey$ ,dawes detect$ x m ?an =ty ye>s ago1 proves to be a sort ( connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ma9 m>k+s & ! details ( m mod]n detection4 ,! tw9-=k$ ,sabaeus ,s9us1 z its "n implies1 is ( ! =m ( a d\ble bay2 0 consid]$ to be "o 9 fact s long z ! m>ia 7 held to be seas4 ,x /raddles ! po9t ( l& :i*1 call$ ! ,fa/igium ,aryn1 has be5 tak5 = ! ,gre5wi* ( ,m>tian longitudes4 ,ea* #8bay'--n 9 tru? a bay at all--ind5ts ! o*re 9 an acute triangle1 f ! tip ( :i* _m canals proce$ l ! rays ( a fan f a hold+ h&4 ,bo? tips are d>k] ?an ! ma9 body ( ! d>k m>e f :i* !y proce$4 ,!y ?us recall 9 g5]al "* ! c>ets4 ,!y fur!r reproduce specifically ! ,portus ,sigaei1 = !y give orig9 to two d\bles1 ! ,gihon & ! ,hiddekel1 9 exactly ! same mann] t ! two nicks ( ! ,portus ,sigaei d to ! ,phison & ,euphrates4 ,nor are _! tips mu* f>!r ap>t ?an ^? ( ! ,portus1 five degrees measur+ ! spread ( ! "o & f\r degrees t ( ! o!r respectively2 ! reason = _! e>li] discov]y ly+ 9 _! great] size4 ,!y ?us p]=m ! same (fice z ! ,portus ,sigaeus1 are q comp>able to x 9 wid?1 & diff] 9 %ape only z a l>g] & m acute triangle diff]s f a small] & blunt] "o4 ,undreamt ( by ,dawes & unhe$$ s9ce1 !y 7 ! fir/ h9t to ! _w ( ! duality :i* =ms s /rangely p]vasive a feature ( ! canal sy/em ( ! planet4 ,?us ! c>ets /& connect$ ) ! canals q z intimately z ! oases b 9 a significantly diff]5t mann]4 ,=1 9 addition to _! int]m$i>y /&+ betwe5 ! light regions & ! d>k1 _! relation to ! d\bles is peculi>4 ,an in/ance is (f]$ by ! d\ble ,euphrates & ano!r by ! ,ganges4 ,! ,euphrates1 z we saw 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii1 leaves ! ,portus ,sigaei at ! s\?1 "o l9e leav+ ea* c>et c5trally1 s t ea* c>et is conc]n$ only ) its own l9e & has no connection ) its fell[4 ,at _! nor!rn ends bo? l9es h simil>ly ea* its own ,lucus ,ism5ius4 ,! l seems to be true ( ! ,ganges4 ,simil>ly ! tw9 ,titan1 h ea* its own4 ,su* tw9 duty 9 ! matt] ( d\bles seems to be ! rule ) ! c>ets1 ev5 m s ?an ) ! oases2 & ?is is probably f ! fact t ! coa/l9e is ( m limit$ ext5t ?an ! int]ior4 ,altoge!r ! c>ets (f] to our inspection glosses 9 f9] pr9t ^u ! g5]al text ( ! canals4 ,?\ght ^u :at !y %[ takes u a /ep f>!r t[>d ! solution ( ! /range riddle ( ?is o!r _w1 a riddle :i* he :o runs may n read1 /ill less sc\t1 & :i* only reason+1 )\t prejudice or p>tiality1 c unravel4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,canals ,,photograph$ ,photography holds to-day a place ( publicity 9 ! exposition ( ! />s4 ,direct$ by ,drap] to ! heav5s ?irty-f\r ye>s ago1 ! cam]a record$ !n ! fir/ picture ev] tak5 ( ! moon4 ,f ?is initial pe]+ into cele/ial matt]s1 practice has progress$ until n[ ! dry plate con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ =midable eng9es 9 a/ronomic rese>*4 ,n mo/ effectively1 h[ev]1 9 ! field :i* might h be5 pr$ict$4 ,beautiful z ! lun> pres5tm5t 01 z a pres5tim5t ( :at 0 com+1 x po9t$ a/ray4 ,= x is n 9 lun> portrayal1 sup]bly z its crat] walls 9 cresc5t *i>oscuro or its crags t ca/ _! tap]+ %ad[s a?w>t ! dial ( its pla9s /& out 9 ! late/ photographs ( our satellite1 t ! cam]a's greate/ s]vice has s9ce be5 done4 ,impressive z !y are1 ^! pictorial triumphs are *iefly popul>1 & appeal on _! face to layman & sci5ti/ alike4 ,n 9 ! ne>e/ to u ( ! orbs ( heav51 b 9 ! mo/ remote has cele/ial photography's mo/ prolific field be5 f\nd to lie4 ,its prov9ce has prov$ prem95tly ! />s1 especially ! f>!/ (f1 & t />-du/1 ! nebul1 f out ( :i* ! />s are made4 ,reason = ?is expla9s at once its effici5cy & its limitations4 ,its rival1 ( c\rse1 is ! eye4 ,x is z reg>ds ! eye t its comp>ative m]its or dem]its /& to be judg$4 ,n[1 ?us view$1 its sup]iority 9 "o respect is unque/ionable2 x simply /ates facts4 ,b ?\gh x _c mis9=m1 x c color its facts by giv+ undue prom95ce to ! effect ( "s rays & suppress+ ! evid5ce ( o!rs1 s t its te/imony is n1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 always 9 accord ) t ( human vision4 ,speak+ broadly1 h[ev]1 x is s little complicat$ a ma*9e z to regi/] its results ) m precision ?an ! ret9a4 ,! evid5ce ( ! cam]a has ?us "o important advantage ov] o!r a/ronomic docum5ts3 x is imp]sonally tru/wor?y 9 :at x /ates4 ,bias x has none1 & its mi/akes are few4 ,imp]fections1 inde$1 affect x1 b !y are ( purely physical occasion & may be elim9at$ or acc\nt$ = z well by ano!r z by ! photograph] himself4 ,9 tru/wor?9ess1 !n1 s f> z x goes1 x /&s comm5d$2 n s mu* may be said ( its ability4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! "w to :i* x is put4 ,9 c]ta9 l9es x ass]ts prem95ce2 9 c]ta9 o!rs x is s f> beh9d z to be out ( ! race4 ,! reason = bo? is "o & ! same1 =1 z ! ,fr5* w\ld say3 ,x has ! faults ( its quality4 ,! v trait t fits x = "o function1 b>s x f ! o!r4 ,?is excell5ce is t by :i* ! tortoise out/ripp$ ! h>e1--a plodd+ p]sev]ance4 ,f> less s5sitive ?an ! ret9a ! dry plate has "o advantage ov] its rival1--its action is cumulative4 ,! eye sees all x c 9 ! tw5tie? ( a second2 aft] t its p]ception1 in/ead ( increas+1 is dull$1 & no am\nt ( application w result 9 add+ m4 ,) ! dry plate x is ! rev]se4 ,"t works =1 n aga9/ x4 ,)9 limits1 !mselves long1 light affects x ?r\gh\t ! p]iod x /&s expos$ &1 r\ghly speak+1 9 direct ratio to ! "t elaps$4 ,?us ! cam]a is able to record />s no human eye has ev] caught & to regi/] ! /ructure ( nebul ! eye tries to resolve 9 va94 ,:]e illum9ation alone is conc]n$ ! cam]a reigns supreme2 n s :5 x comes to a "q ( def9ition4 ,!n by its spe$ & agility ! eye /eps into its place1 = ! atmosph]e is n ! void x c\ld be wi%$1 ?r\gh :i* ! light-waves %oot at w4 ,puls+ a?w>t x are air-waves ( cond5sation & r>efaction t n[ ob/ruct1 n[ fur!r1 ! passage ( ! ray4 ,by ! nimbl5ess ( its action ! eye cunn+ly contrives to cat* ! good mom5ts among ! poor & c>ry _! message to ! bra94 ,! dry plate by its sl[ness is impot5t to foll[4 ,to regi/] any?+1 x mu/ take ! bad ) ! bett] to a complete confusion ( detail4 ,= ! air-waves ?r[ ! image fir/ to "o place & !n to ano!r1 to a blott+ ( bo?4 ,all ( :i* r5d]s ! />s1 :]e light+ c\nts = s mu* & =m = s little1 ! peculi> prov9ce ( cele/ial photography4 ,) ! /udy ( ! surfaces ( ! planets ! exact contr>y is ! case4 ,) mo/ ( !m illum9ation is already to be _h 9 abundance2 def9ition x is t is desir$4 ,:at succe$s s excell5tly ) ! />s is "h put to x to d any?+ at all4 ,at its be/1 ! cam]a is hopelessly beh9d ! eye :5 x comes to ! deciph]m5t ( planet>y detail4 ,to say t ! eye is t5 times ! m p]ceptive is n to ov]/ep ! m>k4 ,to try1 !re=e1 "h to supplant ! eye by ! cam]a is "t ?r[n away4 ,( scant importance to ! exp]t 9 su* matt]s z ,m>s1 !re is a side ( ! subject 9 :i* s]vice might be hop$ ( x3 t ( elem5t>y exposition4 ,cong5itally incapable ( compet+ ) ! eye 9 discov]y1 ! mo/ t1 by any possibility1 c\ld be look$ = w\ld be a record+ ( ! co>s] details aft] ! fact4 ,= ?is reason x _h long be5 a purpose at ,flag/aff to photograph "s at lea/ ( ! canals4 ,b ! project seem$ *im]ical4 ,to get an image suitable at all "s seconds ( exposure w\ld be requir$1 & dur+ su* "t ! %ift+ air-waves w\ld blur ! v detail desir$ to be got4 ,x 0 a problem ( ess5tial premises mutually annihilative4 ,! m ! w\ld-be photograph] %\ld avoid ! "o2 ! m he w\ld fall into ! o!r4 ,nev]!less ! ?+ 0 tri$ 9 #aija4 ,9 #aijc ! subject 0 tak5 up by ,mr4 ,lampl&1 !n new at ! obs]vatory4 ,! results 7 bett] ?an ^? ( two ye>s be=e1 ! images m cle>-cut b /ill incommunicable ( canals4 ,/ill !y 7 satisfactory en\gh to spur to increas$ endeavor1 & dur+ ! foll[+ int]opposition prep>ations 7 made to grapple ) ! planet z successfully z c\ld be devis$ at its next return4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ,may1 #aije4 ,x !n %[$ a disk only #ag 9 diamet]1 or #a_/abj t ( ! moon1--& ?is disk ,mr4 ,lampl& attack$ ) ! #bd-;in* & a negative amplificator t increas$ ! focal l5g? ( ! =m] to #adc feet4 ,at su* focus ! planet's image 0 receiv$ ^u ! plate4 ,ev]y?+ t c\ld conduce to success _h be5 put 9 requisition4 ,to ?is end ( bett] def9ition ! color curve ( ! objective 0 fir/ got1 & = x a special color scre5 con/ruct$ by ,wallace4 ,9 spite ( its "n no a*romatic is s 9 fact1 b br+s rays ( diff]5t t9t to diff]5t focus4 ,! color curve %[s :]e ^! sev]ally lie1 & ! color scre51 a *emically t9t$ piece ( glass1 is to absorb all ^? :i* w\ld blur ! image by hav+ a diff]5t focus f ! ones reta9$4 ,next1 all mann] ( plates 7 tri$4 ,= 9 ^! aga9 x 0 necess>y to reconcile two contradictory *>act]s1 a rapid plate & a well-def9+ "o4 ,= ! co>s] ! gra9 ! spe$i] ! plate2 & co>se gra9 disfigures ! detail4 ,bo? qualities on s small an image 7 obligatory & yet bo? c\ld n be got4 ,!n ! clock _h to be z smoo?-runn+ z possible4 ,s by a sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,cog%all's "o 0 obta9$ t fill$ ?is requisite1 a new =m ( conical p5dulum4 ,^u ?is a fur!r ref9em5t 0 practic$4 ,ord9>ily clockwork is tim$ to foll[ ! />s2 ?is 0 alt]$ to foll[ ! planet1 & s keep x m ne>ly motionless :ile its picture 0 be+ tak54 ,!n ! device ( capp+ d[n ! telescope to suit ! air-waves1 :i* _h be5 f\nd s effective to ! br++ out ( f9e detail1 0 put 9 practice4 ,la/ly1 all develop]s 7 tri$1 & ^? f\nd suit$ to ! f9e/ "w 7 us$4 ,_m pictures 7 tak5 on ea* plate "o aft] ! o!r1 bo? to v>y ! exposure & to cat* su* good mom5ts z might *ance4 ,sev5 hundr$ images 7 ?us got 9 all2 ! days ( be/ def9ition alone be+ utiliz$4 ,! eag]ness ) :i* ! fir/ plate 0 scann$ z x em]g$ f its la/ ba? may be imag9$1 & ! joy :5 on x "s ( ! canals c\ld c]ta9ly be se54 ,!re 7 ! old configurations ( pat*es1 ! light areas & ! d>k1 j z !y look$ ?r\gh ! telescope1 & nev] till !n o!rwise se5 ( human eye1 & !re m m>vel\s yet 7 ! gross] ( ^? l9es t _h s piqu$ human curiosity1 ! canals ( ,m>s4 ,he :o ran might n[ read1 s t he _h "s acqua9tance ) photography4 ,by ,mr4 ,lampl&'s ?\ght1 assiduity1 & skill1 ! seem+ly impossible _h be5 done4 ,aft] ! initial success 0 ?us assur$1 plates 7 tak5 at o!r po9ts ar\nd ! planet & o!r well-kn[n features came out2 8cont95ts0 & 8seas10 8canals0 & 8oases10 ! curi\s geography ( ! planet pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t by itself 9 black & :ite4 ,by *ance on "o ( ! plates a temporal ev5t 0 f\nd regi/]$ too1 ! fir/ sn[fall ( ! season1 ! beg9n+ ( ! new pol> cap1 se5 visually j be=e ! plate happ5$ to be put 9 & reproduc$ by x unmi/akably4 ,^u ! _m images ?irty-eight canals 7 c\nt$ 9 all1 & "o ( !m1 ! ,nilok]as1 d\ble4 ,?us did ! canals at la/ speak = _! own reality !mselves4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,canals ,,9 ,,action ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,canals3 ,,k9ematic ,s f> 9 our acc\nt ( ! ph5om5a we h reg>d$ ! l9es1 ! spots1 & ev]y?+ t is !irs solely f ! po9t ( view ( _! appe>ance at any "o "t4 ,9 o!r words1 we h view$ !m only f a /atic /&po9t4 ,9 ?is we h foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! facts1 s9ce 9 ?is way 7 ! canals fir/ obs]v$4 ,we n[ come to a diff]5t phase ( ! matt]1--! important disclosure1 ) cont9u$ look+1 t ^! /range ?+s %[ !mselves to be subject to *ange4 ,t is1 !y take on a k9ematic "*4 ,?is at once op5s a fre% field ( inquiry conc]n+ !m & wid5s ! horizon ( rese>*4 ,x increases ! complexity ( ! problem1 b at ! same "t makes x m det]m9ate4 ,= :ile x greatly augm5ts ! numb] ( facts :i* mu/ be collect$ t[>d an explanation ( :at ! ?+s are1 ^! once acquir$1 x n>r[s ! solution :i* c apply to !m4 ,! fact ( *ange 9 ! ,m>tian m>k+s =ces itself ^u any "o :o w dilig5tly /udy ! planet4 ,he w be incl9$ at fir/ to attribute x to obs]vational mi/akes ( 8 own or 8 pr$ecessor's mak+1 pref]ably ! latt]4 ,b ev5tually 8 own del9eations w prove irreconcilable ) "o ano!r1 & he w !n realize ! inju/ice ( 8 inf]5ce & w put ! cause1 :]e inde$ x rightly belongs1 on ! ?+s !mselves4 ,confront$ by ?is fact he w ! m fully appreciate h[ long & sy/ematic mu/ be ! /udy ( him :o w\ld p5etrate ! planet's peculi>ity4 ,j z ! recognition ( some?+ ak9 to seasonal *ange came to ,s*iap>elli1 because ( 8 att5d+ to ! planet ) an assiduity unkn[n to 8 pr$ecessors2 s x became evid5t t to le>n ! laws ( ^! *anges & f !m ! mean+ ( ! m>k+s1 !re 0 necess>y z full & z cont9u\s a record ( !m z x 0 possible to obta94 ,= ?is end x 0 n en\gh to get obs]vations f "t to "t1 h[ev] good ^! might be1 b to secure z ne>ly z might be a complete succession ( su*1 day aft] day1 mon? aft] mon?1 & opposition aft] opposition4 ,! outcome ju/ifi$ ! d$uction4 ,& x is specially gratify+ to realize t to no "o h ! me?od & ! results ?us obta9$ appeal$ ) m =ce ?an to ,s*iap>elli himself4 ,p]sev]ance 9 scann+ ! disk long aft] ! casual obs]v] _h consid]$ x too f> away = obs]vational purposes1 result$ 9 ,s*iap>elli's detection ( ! canals1 & ?is ?r\gh a *>act]i/ic ( !irs de/9$ to play a great "p 9 _! hi/ory1 _! susceptibility to *ange4 ,he tells u 9 8 ,memoria ,i h[ ,a]ia & ! adjo9+ regions %[$ blank ( any m>k+s :ile ! planet 0 ne> 9 #ahgg & ! disk l>ge & well %[n1 & !n h[1 to 8 surprise1 z ! planet got f>!r away & ! disk %rank1 l9es began to come out 9 ! region ) unmi/akable c]ta9ty4 ,?us to ! v v>iability :i* _h hidd5 !m to o!rs 0 due 9 ,s*iap>elli's h&s _! initial recognition4 ,flux affect+ ! canals 0 app>5t f ! outset ( my own obs]vations4 ,no less ! subject ( trans=mation ?an ! l>ge d>k regions 0 ! network ( t5u\s l9es t ov]spread !m4 ,at times !y 7 v h>d to make out1 & !n aga9 !y 7 comp>atively easy4 ,di/ance1 in/ead ( r5d]+ !m m difficult1 frequ5tly did ! rev]se4 ,nor 0 ! matt] "o ( veil+4 ,nei!r our own atmosph]e nor t ( ,m>s %[$ itself 9 any way responsible = _! tempor>y disappe>ance4 ,x 0 n always :5 our atmosph]ic conditions 7 be/ t ! l9es /ood out mo/ cle>ly1 & z to ,m>tian meteorology !re 0 no sign t x _h any?+ :atev] to d ) ! oblit]ation4 ,long be=e ! canals 7 dreamt (1 veil+ by ,m>tian cl\ds or mi/ _h be5 consid]$ ! cause ( ^? *anges 9 ! planet's g5]al features1 :i* are too ext5sive & deep-ton$ :olly to escape obs]vation ev5 ?\gh none too cle>ly se54 ,x 0 e>ly evid5t to me t !y 7 n ! cause ( g5]al topographic *ange1 & equally cle>ly z inop]ative 9 ^? t affect$ ! canals4 ,9 %ort1 no?+ extr9sic to ! canal caus$ its disappe>ance2 :atev] ! *ange 01 its action lay intr9sic to ! canal itself4 ,on occasion canals 9 :ole regions appe>$ to be blott$ out4 ,! mo/ c>eful scrut9y w\ld fail to disclose !m1 :]e "s "t be=e !y _h be5 p]fectly cle>4 ,& ?is ?\gh di/ance 0 at its m9imum & def9ition at its be/4 ,ev5 ! /ronge/ m>k$ ( ! /range p5cil l9es w\ld %[ at times only z gho/s ( _! =m] selves1 :ile = _! m delicate companions x tax$ "o's fai? to believe t !y c\ld ev] really h exi/$4 ,illum9ation 0 invok$ to acc\nt = ?is1 & plays a "p 9 ! effect und\bt$ly4 ,= at plumb opposition ! c5tre ( ! disk = two or ?ree ye>s has %[n less detail ?an be=e & aft] t ev5t4 ,?is is probably due n1 z ) ! moon1 to ! )drawal ( %ad[s1 b to ! great] gl>e to :i* ! disk is !n subject$4 ,b ?is is n ! *ief cause ( ! *ange4 ,/ill m /rik+ & unacc\ntable 0 ! fact t ea* canal _h its own times & seasons = %[+ or rema9+ hid4 ,ea* _h its entrances ^u ! sc5e & its exits f x4 ,:at dat$ ! "o left ano!r unaffect$4 ,! ,nilok]as 0 to be se5 :5 ! ,*rysorrhoas 0 invisible1 & ! ,jamuna p]fectly evid5t :5 ! ,indus c\ld sc>cely be made out4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ seasonal *ange4 ,i4 ,s mu* %[s 9 ! two draw+s "h reproduc$4 ,! increase ( ! ,ganges & ! adv5t ( ! ,*rysorrhoas are noticeable 9 ! second ov] ! fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ seasonal *ange4 ,,ii4 ,seasonal *anges seem$ ! only ?+ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a4 ,& 9 a g5]al s5se ?is 0 und\bt$ly ! explanation4 ,to le>n m ab\t ! matt]1 to v]ify x if x exi/$1 & to p>ticul>ize x if possible1 ,i det]m9$ to und]take an inve/igation p]mitt+ ( quantitative precision 9 ! case4 ,a me?od ( do+ ?is occurr$ to me :i* w\ld yield results des]v+ ( consid]ation f ! am\nt ( data ^u :i* ea* 0 bas$ & capable ( be+ comp>$ ) "o ano!r ^u an equal foot+ f :i* relative in=mation c\ld be d]iv$4 ,x seem$ wise to det]m9e f ! draw+s ! degree ( visibility ( a giv5 canal at diff]5t seasons ( ! ,m>tian ye>1 & !n to d ?is = e important canal dur+ ! same p]iod ( "t4 ,! great numb] ( ! draw+s sugge/$ ?is use to :i* !y might be put4 ,= f a great accumulation ( data a set ( /ati/ics on ! subject c\ld be secur$ 9 :i* accid5t or bias w\ld be l>gely elim9at$ & ! tell+ effect ( av]ages make itself felt4 ,to r5d] ?is possible x 0 necess>y t ! draw+s %\ld be alike num]\s1 consecutive1 & ext5d$ 9 "t4 ,^! conditions 7 fulfill$ by ! draw+s made by me at ! opposition ( #aijc4 ,?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-two draw+s _h !n be5 secur$1 & !y cov]$ betwe5 !m a p]iod ( six mon?s & a half4 ,!y 7 also z consecutive z x 0 possible to secure4 ,dur+ a "p ( ! p]iod ! planet 0 se5 & drawn at e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 f ,april #e1 namely1 to ,may #bf1 or = =ty-six consecutive days4 ,?\gh ! re/ ( ! "t did n equal ?is p]fection1 no great gap occurr$1 & "o hundr$ & =ty-?ree nights 7 utiliz$ 9 all4 ,fur!rmore1 z ^! draw+s 7 all made by "o man1 ! p]sonal equation ( ! obs]v]--a v important s\rce ( deviation :]e draw+s are to be comp>$--0 elim9at$4 ,b ev5 ?is does n give an idea ( ! mass ( ! data4 ,= by ! me?od employ$ ab\t #ajj draw+s 7 us$ 9 ! case ( ea* canal1 & z #aji canals 7 exam9$ ?is gave #aj1ijj sep>ate det]m9ations ^u :i* ! ultimate result dep5d$4 ,t ea* ( ^! det]m9ations 0 indep5d5t ( ! o!rs w appe> f a description ( ! me?od itself on :i* ! inve/igation 0 conduct$4 ,to und]/& t me?od "o mu/ beg9 a little way back4 ,z ! two planets1 ,m>s & ! ,e>?1 turn on _! axes ! p>ts ( _! surfaces !y pres5t to ea* o!r are con/antly *ang+4 ,= a feature on ,m>s to be visible f a giv5 po/ on e>?1 obs]v] & obs]v$ mu/ confront ea* o!r1 &1 fur!rmore1 x mu/ be day !re :5 x is night "h4 ,b1 z ,m>s takes ab\t =ty m9utes long] to turn ?an ! ,e>?1 su* confront+ occurs lat] & lat] ea* night by ab\t =ty m9utes1 until f9ally x does n occur at all :ile ,m>s is suitably above ! horizon2 !n ! feature passes f sight to rema9 hidd5 till ! diff]5ce ( ! rotations br+s x r\nd into view aga94 ,!re are ?us times :5 a giv5 region is visible1 times :5 x is n1 & ^! succe$ ea* o!r 9 f five to six weeks1 & are call$ pres5tations4 ,= ab\t a =tnight at ea* pres5tation a region is c5trally en\gh plac$ to be well se52 = ! re/ ( ! p]iod ei!r ill-plac$ or on ! o!r side ( ! planet4 ,if a m>k+ 7 always sali5t en\gh x w\ld appe> 9 e draw+ made ( ! disk dur+ ! recurr5t =tnights ( its display4 ,if x 7 weak] ?an ?is1 x might appe> on "s draw+s & n on o!rs1 dep5d5t ^u its own /r5g? & ^u ! def9ition at ! mom5t1 & we %\ld h a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( visibility = x at t pres5tation4 ,:ile if x *ang$ 9 /r5g? betwe5 "o pres5tation & ! next1 ! p]c5tage ( its record+ w\ld *ange likewise4 ,def9ition ( c\rse is always v>y+1 b if its value be not$ at ! "t ( ea* draw+ ?is factor may be all[$ = m or less successfully4 ,mak+ su* all[ance1 toge!r ) o!r corrections to produce extr9sic equality1 su* z ! planet's di/ance1 :i* we ne$ n ent] ^u "h1 we are left ) only ! m>k+'s intr9sic visibility to affect ! p]c5tages2 t is1 ! p]c5tages tell ( ! *anges x has successively und]gone & give u a hi/ory ( its wax & wane4 ,f draw+s accurately made x is possible to add to ! accuracy ( ! p]c5tage by not+ 9 ea*1 n only ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! m>k+1 b ! degree ( /r5g? ) :i* x is repres5t$4 ,?is 0 done on ! f9al inve/igation 9 ! pres5t case1 & x 0 int]e/+ to note h[ little diff]5ce x made 9 ! result4 ,! longitude ( ea* canal 0 kn[n1 & ! longitude ( ! c5tral m]idian ( ea* draw+ 0 always calculat$ & tabulat$ ) ! draw+1 s t x 0 possible to tell :i* draw+s might h %[n ! canal4 ,only :5 ! position ( ! canal 0 )9 a c]ta9 numb] ( degrees ( ! c5tre ( ! draw+ 7#fj7 0 ! draw+ us$ 9 ! result1 all[ance be+ duly made = ! loss ^u ! phase side4 ,ea* draw+1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 0 z ne>ly an in/antane\s picture ( ! disk z possible4 ,x cov]$ only a few m9utes ( obs]vation1 & 0 made practically z if ! obs]v] _h nev] se5 ! planet be=e4 ,9 o!r words1 ! man 0 sunk 9 ! mann]4 ,su* m5tal effacem5t is z vital to good obs]vation z m5tal ass]tion is aft]w>d to pregnant reason+4 ,= a man %\ld be a ma*9e 9 collect+ 8 data1 a m9d 9 cord9at+ !m4 ,to rev]se ! process1 z is sometimes done1 is n conducive to sci5ce4 ,:5 ! successive true p]c5tages ( visibility ( a giv5 canal _h ?us be5 f\nd1 !y 7 plott$ v]tically at po9ts along a horizontal l9e correspond+ 9 di/ance f ! orig9 to ! numb] ( days aft] 7or be=e7 ! summ] sol/ice ( ! ,m>tian nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,! horizontal di/ance ?us measur$ ! "t :ile ! v]tical height gave ! relative visibility4 ,! po9ts s plott$ 7 !n jo9$ by a smoo? curve4 ,?is curve reproduc$ ! cont9u\s *ange 9 visibility und]gone by ! canal dur+ ! p]iod "u obs]vation4 ,x gave a graphic picture ( ! canal's *ange ( /ate4 ,x seem$1 !re=e1 prop] to call x ! canal's c>t\*e or sign manual4 ,9 ?is mann] 7 obta9$ ! c>t\*es ( #aji canals4 ,n[1 z ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( any canal 9 any draw+ 0 entirely irrespective ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ano!r1 ea* su* datum spoke only = itself1 & 0 an entirely indep5d5t obs]vation4 ,! :ole inve/igation ?us re/$ on #aj1ijj completely sep>ate det]m9ations1 ea* z uncondition$ by ! o!rs z if x exi/$ alone4 ,z e factor outside ( ! canal itself :i* c\ld affect ! latt]'s visibility 0 tak5 acc\nt (1 & ! correction due to x z ne>ly z possible appli$ be=e ! c>t\*es 7 d$uc$1 ! latt] repres5t ! visibility ( ! canal due to intr9sic *ange alone4 ,9 o!r words1 !y give n ! app>5t only b ! real hi/ory ( ! canal = ! p]iod conc]n$4 ,important disclosures result f inspection ( ! c>t\*es4 ,?is we %all p]ceive by consid]+ :at diff]5t curves mean 9 ! case4 ,if ! canal 7 an un*angeable ph5om5on1 = any reason :atev]1 its c>t\*e w\ld be a /raight l9e p>allel to ! horizon ( ! diagram4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t ! visibility w\ld !n nev] v>y4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x 7 wax+ & wan+1 & ! wax or wane 7 uni=m1 ! c>t\*e w\ld be a /raight l9e incl9$ to ! horizontal2 ris+ if ! canal 7 increas+1 fall+ :5 x decreas$4 ,la/ly1 if ! rate ( *ange itself v>i$1 ! c>t\*e w\ld be a curve concave or convex to ! l9e d5ot+ ! "t1 accord+ z ! rate ( *ange ( ! gr[? or decay grew great] or less4 ,to see ?is ! m cle>ly1 we may set ov] aga9/ ! c>t\*e ! canal "* x signalizes3-- ,c>t\*e4 ,"*4 ,a horizontal /raight l9e4 ,canal inv>iable4 ,a /raight l9e tilt$ up on ! "r4 ,canal increas+ /eadily4 ,a /raight l9e tilt$ up on ! left4 ,canal decreas+ /eadily4 ,a curv$ l9e desc5d+1 concave f ,canal decreas+1 b m above4 & m sl[ly4 ,a curv$ l9e asc5d+1 concave f ,canal increas+1 b m above4 & m rapidly4 ,a curv$ l9e desc5d+1 convex f ,canal decreas+ m & above4 m rapidly4 ,a curv$ l9e asc5d+1 convex f ,canal increas+ m & above4 m sl[ly4 ,a curv$ l9e fir/ desc5d+1 !n ,canal decreas+ m & asc5d+1 concave f above m sl[ly to a m9imum1 ?r\gh\t4 !nce increas+ m & m rapidly4 ,a curv$ l9e fir/ desc5d+1 !n ,canal increas+ m & asc5d+1 convex f above m sl[ly to a maximum1 ?r\gh\t4 !nce decreas+ m & m rapidly4 ,if ! c>t\*e fir/ falls & !n rises1 ?is %[s ! canal to h pass$ ?r\gh a m9imum /ate at ! "t d5ot$ by ! po9t ( inflection2 if x rises fir/ & falls aft]w>d1 ?is betok5s 9 ! same way a maximum4 ,?us ! c>t\*es reveal to u ! complete hi/ory ( ! canals1--:at *anges !y und]w5t & ! times at :i* ^! occurr$4 ,! c>t\*e1 !n1 is ! graphic portrayal ( ! canal's behavior4 ,x n only di/+ui%es at once betwe5 ! dead & ! liv+1 z we may call ! effect ( intr9sic *ange1 b x tells ! exact "* ( ?is *ange1--! way x v>i$ f "t to "t1 ! epo* at :i* ! developm5t 0 at its m9imum or its maximum = any giv5 canal1 & la/ly1 its actual /r5g? at any "t1 ?us giv+ its relative importance 9 ! canal sy/em4 ,= ! height ( ! curve above ! diagrammatic horizon m>ks ! absolute z well z ! relative visibility & enables u to rank ! canals betwe5 !mselves4 ,n[1 ! fir/ po9t x furni%es a crit]ion = is ! real or illusory "* ( ! canals4 ,if a l9e be due to illusion1 :e!r optical or physical1 x c v>y only f extr9sic cause1 s9ce x has no intr9sic exi/5ce4 ,if1 !re=e1 all extr9sic cause be all[$ =1 ! c>t\*e ( ?is gho/ mu/ ne$s be a horizontal /raight l9e4 ,ev5 if ! extr9sic factors to its production be imp]fectly acc\nt$ =1 _! ret5tion c\ld only cause sy/ematic v>iations f ! /raight l9e 9 all ! l9es1 :i* w\ld !mselves v>y sy/ematically1 & ^! factors c\ld !re=e be detect$4 ,?is crit]ion is absolute4 ,unless all ! c>t\*es 7 approximately /raight l9es1 no illusion !ory ( any k9d :atev] c\ld expla9 ! facts4 ,ev5 !n ! l9es might all be real2 = un*angeable reality w\ld produce ! same effect on ! c>t\*es z illusion4 ,9 ! case !re=e ( horizontal /raight l9e c>t\*es1 we %\ld h no gu>antee on t score ( reality or illusion2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 curves or incl9$ /raight l9es 9 !m w\ld be in/antly fatal to all illusion !ories4 ,turn+ n[ to ! #aji c>t\*es obta9$ 9 #aijc1 ! fir/ po9t to /rike "o's notice is t all b ?ree ( !m are curves & t ev5 ^! ?ree mu/ be accept$ ) a caveat4 ,"h1 !n1 ! c>t\*es dispose once & = all ( any & e illusion !ory4 ,!y %[ conclusively t ! canals are real objects :i* wax & wane f "s intr9sic cause4 ,! second result af=d$ by ! c>t\*es is n ( a de/ructive1 negative "*1--h[ev] valuable ! de/ruction ( b>s to k may be1--b ( a con/ructive1 positive "o4 ,x does n1 l ! fir/1 foll[ f m]e inspection1 b is br\ght to light only by comp>ison ( all ! c>t\*es4 ,9 a positive way1 !re=e1 its te/imony is z conclusive z x 0 9 a negative direction4 ,= t #aj1ijj sep>ate & indep5d5t data %\ld result 9 a g5]al law ( developm5t ?r\gh ei!r consci\s or unconsci\s bias1 :5 ^? data w\ld h to be comb9$ 9 s complicat$ a mann] = ! result to em]ge z is "h ! case1 is impossible4 ,*ance c\ld n d x & consci\sness w\ld require a cord9ate memory1 to :i* ,murphy's n9e games ( *ess at once w\ld be *ild's play4 ,( ! #aji canals exam9$ #ajf %[$ by _! c>t\*es t !y _h be5 dur+ ! :ole or a "p ( ! p]iod 9 a /ate ( *ange4 ,b ! *ange 0 n ! same = all4 ,9 "s ! m9imum came e>ly2 9 o!rs1 late4 ,"s decreas$ to no?+ & /ay$ !re2 o!rs increas$ f z]o & 7 increas+ /ill at ! "t obs]vations clos$4 ,latitude prov$ ! means ( br++ comp>ative ord] out ( ! *aos4 ,:5 ! canals 7 rang$ accord+ to _! latitude on ! planet1 a law 9 _! developm5t came to light4 ,to und]/& x1 ! circum/ances "u :i* ! canals 7 pres5t$ mu/ be consid]$ z reg>ds ! !n season ( ! planet's ye>4 ,9 #aijc ! planet pass$ on ,febru>y #bh ?r\gh ! po9t ( its orbit :]e ! summ] sol/ice ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e occurs4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty-six days lat] took place ! fir/ sn[fall 9 ! arctic & sub>ctic regions1 an ev5t t d5ot$ ! beg9n+ ( ! new pol> cap2 f :i* date ! sn[ !re gradually increas$4 ,its autumnal equ9ox ! planet did n rea* till ,augu/ #bi4 ,n[1 ! canals 7 obs]v$ f ?irty-six days be=e ! summ] sol/ice ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e to "o hundr$ & =ty-sev5 days aft] t ev5t4 ,we may tabulate ! dates z foll[s3-- ,,day ,,f ,,v]nal ,,correspond+ ,,summ] ,,sol/ice ,,longitude ,,date ,,on ,,e>? ---------------------------------------- --- -#cj #gg ,june #i #j #ij ,june #bb #cj #ajc ,july #f #fj #aag ,july #bj #ij #aca ,augu/ #d #abj #adf ,augu/ #bj #aej #afb ,septemb] #e ,! v]nal longitude is ! longitude ( ! planet 9 its orbit reckon$ f ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,f ! table x appe>s t ! c>t\*es cov] ! developm5t ( ! canals f ab\t ,june #f to ,septemb] #a ( ! ,m>tian nor!rn hemisph]e = ! curr5t b to u undat$ ye>1 ab ,m>te condita4 ,! #aji canals includ$ all ! m conspicu\s canals on ! planet at t opposition1 all ^? t l5t !mselves by ! suffici5t frequ5cy ) :i* !y 7 se5 to a /ati/ical result4 ,!y lay spread all ! way betwe5 ! edge ( ! pol> cap 9 latitude #hg nor? to ! extreme limit s\?1 at :i* ! !n tilt ( ! nor? pole t[>d ! e>? p]mitt$ ( canal recognition4 ,?is s\!rn limit 0 9 ab\t latitude #ce s\?4 ,f>!r s\? ?an ?is vision became too oblique1 am\nt+ z x did1 ) an adv]se tilt ( tw5ty-five degrees to />t )1 to some?+ ov] sixty degrees1 = detection ( su* f9e m>k+s to be possible4 ,betwe5 ! two limits ?us impos$1 by ! p]petual sn[ on ! "o side & ! obs]vational tilt on ! o!r1 ! #aji canals 7 di/ribut$ by zones z foll[s3-- ,,zone ,,latitude ,,numb] ,,( ,,canals ---------------------------------------- --- ,nor? ,pol> #hg ,n4-#gh ,n4 #a ,arctic #gh ,n4-#ff ,n4 #i ,sub-,arctic #ff ,n4-#ea ,n4 #i ,nor? ,temp]ate #ea ,n4-#cg ,n4 #aa ,nor? ,sub-,tropic #cg ,n4-#bd ,n4 #ah ,nor? ,tropic #bd ,n4-#ab ,n4 #ba ,nor? ,equatorial #ab ,n4- #j ,n4 #ad ,s\? ,equatorial #j ,n4-#ab ,s4 #ag ,s\? ,tropic #ab ,s4-#bd ,s4 #g ,s\? ,sub-,tropic #bd ,s4-#cg ,s4 #b ,z ! latitude ( a canal 9 ! inve/igation 0 tak5 z t ( its mid-po9t1 su* be+ ! mean value ( its successive p>ts1 ! latitudes ab\t :i* in=mation 0 obta9$ lay )9 ! limits giv5 above1 ! mo/ nor!rn canal1 ! ,jax>tes ,n hav+ = its mid-latitude #gh nor?1 & ! mo/ s\!rn1 ! ,nect>1 t ( #bg s\?4 ,! zones compris$ ea* a belt ( t]ritory ab\t ?irte5 degrees wide1 ! fir/ be+ less solely because 9 "p occupi$ by ! p]man5t pol> cap4 ,! curves ( all ! canals 9 a giv5 zone h be5 comb9$ into a mean curve or c>t\*e = t zone2 & !n ! c>t\*es = ! sev]al zones h be5 repres5t$ & rang$ accord+ to latitude on ! accompany+ plate4 ,consid]ation ( ^! mean canal c>t\*es is v in/ructive4 ,9 ! fir/ place n "o ( !m is a /raight l9e1 ei!r horizontal or incl9$4 ,all are curves &1 ) ! exception ( ! top "o1 all %[ a m9imum or l[e/ po9t dur+ ! p]iod "u obs]vation4 ,f ?is po9t !y rise ) ! "t1 or to ! "r on ! plate4 ,a black /> m>ks ?is m9imum1 & is f\nd f>!r & f>!r to ! "r z "o goes d[n ! plate2 t is1 z "o travels f ! neighborhood ( ! arctic regions d[n to ! equator & !n ov] into ! planet's s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,draw+ n[ a l9e approximately ?r\gh ! />s & rememb]+ t ! m9imum means ! date at :i* ! canal />t$ to develop1 we see t ! canal developm5t began at ! bord] ( ! nor? pol> cap & !nce cont9u$ d[n ! disk ov] ! planet's surface1 z f> z obs]vation p]mitt$ ! surface to be se51 :i* 0 "s ?irty-five degrees into ! o!r hemisph]e4 ,?is is ! fir/ broad fact disclos$ by ! c>t\*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mean ,,canal ,,c>t\*es ,p4,l4 ,fur!rmore1 ! developm5t took place at an approximately uni=m rate4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t ! l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! black />s is approximately /raight2 = su* /raightness means t progression d[n ! disk z measur$ by ! latitude bore ?r\gh\t ! same ratio to ! "t elaps$4 ,look+ at !m aga9 we notice t ! ?ree topmo/ c>t\*es1 ^? ( ! nor? pol>1 arctic1 & sub-arctic canals respectively1 dip at ! "r be=e ! end ( ! obs]vations1 :ile ! o!r sev5 7 /ill ris+ :5 ^? obs]vations 7 br\ght to a close4 ,a reason = ?is1 or at lea/ a significant co9cid5ce1 is to be f\nd 9 ! dott$ l9e p5d5t f ! top ( ! table & labell$ 8,fir/ ,fro/s40 ,?is dott$ l9e d5otes ! date at :i* ! fir/ ext5sive fro/ occurr$ 9 ! pol> regions2 = ev5 be=e ?is "t pat*es ( :ite _h appe>$ nor? ( ! ,m>e ,acidalium1 d5ot+ ! on-com+ ( ! cold4 ,! fro/ did n la/ b came & w5t & came aga9 j z x does on e>?1 gr[+ m insi/5t & long-liv$ at ea* fre% fall4 ,its sph]e ( op]ation 0 conf9$ to ! ?ree zones 9 "q4 ,ev5 ^! zones x by no means cov]$1 m]ely blot*+ !m 9 places ) fungi-l pat*es ( fro/4 ,beyond !m s\? x nev] ext5d$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ! obs]vations2 inde$1 x h>dly ent]$ ! sub-arctic zone at all at ?is v beg9n+ ( ! pol> w9t]4 ,= x 0 only ,augu/ #bj !n4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! iso!rm z betray$ by ! deposition ( fro/ ) ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! canal-developm5t curves t dip d[n at ?is season & ^? t /ill cont9ue to rise is sugge/ive4 ,x becomes all ! m s :5 ! ?ree c>t\*es are consid]$ s]iatim4 ,! mo/ polew>ds1 ! nor? pol> "o1 _h sunk to z]o sometime be=e ! fir/ ext5sive fro/ occurr$2 ! second1 ! arctic1 did s lat] ?an its nor!rn neighbor1 probably j be=e ! epo* 9 "q2 :ile ! ?ird1 practically outside ! zone ( deposition1 0 beh9d bo? ! o!rs 9 its desc5t4 ,inspection ( ! draw+s ^u :i* ! c>t\*es are bas$ confirms an inf]5ce d$uc$ f ?is3 t x 0 cold t kill$1 n fro/ t cov]$1 !m1 :i* 0 responsible = _! oblit]ation4 ,! draw+s %[ t ! canals ceas$ to be se5 be=e ! :ite pat*es 7 evid5t4 ,n[ ?is w\ld be ! exact behavior ( vegetation4 ,x w\ld be kill$1 turn$ br[n by freez+1 & s r5d]$ invisible to u aga9/ its o*re des]t backgr\nd1 be=e ! cold _h gr[n int5se en\gh to cov] t gr\nd ) a solid :ite c>pet ( fro/4 ,at ! opposition ( #aije1 h[ev]1 ! extreme nor!rn canals 7 visible aft] ! sn[ _h cov]$ all ! c\ntry ab\t !m1 be+ evid5t z l9es ?read+ ! new cap4 ,^! ?ree c>t\*es fur!rmore %[ ea* a maximum1 & :at is significant ! maximum occurs lat] 9 "t = ea*1 accord+ z ! zone lies remote f ! pole4 ,a r$ /> m>ks ?is maximum & %[s t ! "t ( greate/ developm5t = ! ?ree zones 0 respectively3-- #da days aft] ! summ] sol/ice = ! ,nor? ,pol>4 #fa days aft] ! summ] sol/ice = ! ,arctic4 #ie days aft] ! summ] sol/ice = ! ,sub-,arctic4 ,we n[ pass to ! o!r curves1 ^? t 7 unaffect$ by cold4 ,?\gh 9 ^! ! m9ima !mselves %[ ! law ( latitud9al progression1 ! wavelike "* ( ! advance is ev5 bett] disclos$ by ! curves4 ,z ! eye foll[s !m d[n ! page1 ! advance ( ! wave to ! "r is pla9ly app>5t4 ,! slope ( ! wave is mu* ! same = all1 imply+ t a l =ce 0 at "w successively d[n ! latitudes4 ,x w be notic$ next t 9 all ! mean c>t\*es ! gradi5t is great] aft] ! m9imum ?an be=e x4 ,! curves fall g5tly to _! l[e/ po9ts & rise m /eeply f !m4 ,su* pr(ile indicates t ! effects ( a previ\s =ce 7 sl[ly dy+ out d[n to ! m9imum & t !n an impulse />t$ 9 to act afre%4 ,?is expla9s ! attitude ( ! canals t di$ out4 ,9 !m ! effect ( ! old =ce %[s z 9 ! o!rs1 b no impulse came 9 _! case to resuscitation4 ,x seems possible to trace ?is =ce to an orig9 at ! s\?4 ,= beg9n+ ) ! nor? sub-tropic zone ! gradi5t on ! left %[s less & less /eep s\?w>d to ! s\? sub-tropic zone4 ,su* a dy+-d[n swell is :at %\ld be look$ = 9 an impulse :i* _h travell$ f ! s\? nor?w>d1 s9ce ! wave w\ld affect ! m nor!rn zones la/1 & less ( a calm p]iod w\ld int]v5e betwe5 ! two impulses f opposite poles4 ,! c>t\*es1 !n1 /ate t ! canals began to develop aft] ! greate/ melt+ ( ! pol> cap _h occurr$2 t ?is developm5t proce$$ d[n ! latitudes to ! equator1 & !n n /opp+ !re advanc$ up ! latitudes ( ! o!r hemisph]e4 ,9 ! next place !y %[ t 9 ! arctic region ! developm5t 0 arre/$ & devolution or decay set 9 z x began to get cold !re1 ! mo/ nor!rn canals be+ affect$ fir/4 ,f9ally1 t a simil> wave ( evolution _h occurr$ f ! opposite pole "s "t be=e & _h !n pass$ away4 ,& ?is evid5ce ( ! c>t\*es is direct1 & indep5d5t ( any !ory4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,canal ,,developm5t ,individually ,in/anc$ ,z an int]e/+ in/ance ( ! law ( developm5t we may take ! c>e] ( ! ,brontes dur+ ?is same ,m>tian ye>2 ! ,brontes witness+ individually to ! same evolution>y process t ! canals collectively exhibit4 ,! ,brontes is "o ( ! mo/ impos+ canals ^u ! planet4 ,x is n s mu* its l5g? :i* r5d]s x a /rik+ object1 ?\gh ?is l5g? is en\gh to entitle x to consid]ation1 be+ no less ?an #bddj miles4 ,its direction is :at s+les x out to notice1 = x runs almo/ nor? & s\?4 ,= ?is reason x sw+s into a position to hold ! c5tre ( ! /age = a "t ) ! precision ( a m]idian1 z ! planet's rotation turns its longitude into view4 ,! po9ts :i* x connects help also to add to its di/9ction4 ,= ! ,s9us ,titanum at its s\!rn end & ! ,propontis at its nor!rn are bo? among ! conspicu\s po9ts ( ! disk4 ,! latt] is b twelve degrees f>!r ea/ ?an ! =m]1 :ile x is sixty-six degrees f>!r nor?4 ,?is long di/ance1--f ne>ly ! l9e ( ! tropics 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e to mid-temp]ate regions ( ! nor!rn1--! canal runs 9 an absolutely /raight c\rse4 ,its nor? & s\? "* comm5ds x = any inve/igation ( canal developm5t1 s9ce x runs 9 ! g5]al direction t developm5t takes4 ,its great latitud9al /ret* fur!r fits x = a record] ( *anges sweep+ d[n ! disk2 s t bo? 9 direction & l5g? x /&s well circum/anc$ = a measure ( latitud9al v>iations4 ,! fact t x is usually a fairly conspicu\s canal does n detract f its virtue 9 ?is respect4 ,x 0 fir/ recogniz$ at ,flag/aff 9 #ahid4 ,b once realiz$1 s to speak1 x 0 possible to id5tify x ) a canal se5 by ,s*iap>elli & suppos$ by him to be ! ,titan2 inde$1 x play$ hide & seek ) t canal ?r\gh\t 8 draw+s4 ,9 #ahid bo? x & ! ,titan 7 s well se5 t its sep>ate exi/5ce 0 unmi/akable1 caus+ x to be bo? recogniz$ & nam$4 ,x is1 l ! ,titan1 "o ( ! %eaf ( canals desc5d+ ! disk f ! ,s9us ,titanum1 & lies j to ! ea/ ( ! ,titan 9 ! bun*4 ,9 #ahif x 0 also prom95t2 & at bo? ^! oppositions mo/ s f its s\!rn end1 its nor!rn "o be+ m or less indef9ite1 especially 9 #ahid4 ,9 #aija x 0 n ! same4 ,in/ead ( be+ ! conspicu\s canal x _h be5 9 e>li] ye>s1 x 0 n[ s fa9t z ) difficulty to be made out4 ,x rema9$ s to ! close ( obs]vations4 ,x 0 n[ "u suspicion4 ,its behavior 9 #ahif-ahig _h l$ to ! supposition t n only 7 seasonal *anges tak+ place 9 x1 b t ^? *anges 7 su* z to po9t to a law 9 ! case ) :i* its conduct 9 #aija fay$ 94 ,! suspicion did n1 h[ev]1 become a c]ta9ty till ! opposition ( #aijc4 ,! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! disk 0 !n kept "u scrut9y result$ 9 ! me?od ( its metamorphosis be+ discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,i4 ,febru>y #be4 ,at ! v />t ( obs]vations its longitude *anc$ to be ne>ly c5tral & x 0 made out2 b s f> (f 0 ! planet t only its nor!rn "p c\ld be detect$1 because1 z aft]w>d appe>$1 ?is "p 0 ! /rong]1 ! canal be+ decid$ly inconspicu\s1 :]eas o!r canals1 ! nor!rn & ev5 ! ,pall5e & ! ,dis1 7 /rongly m>k$4 ,at ! next pres5tation ! planet 0 ne>]1 & details previ\sly hidd5 = ! di/ance n[ came out4 ,among !m 0 ! ,brontes1 :i*1 %[+ bett] ?an 9 ,janu>y1 c\ld be trac$ all ! way to ! ,s9us ,titanum4 ,a draw+ 7,i7 made on ,febru>y #be & reproduc$ 9 ! text %[s its appe>ance at ! "t4 ,its em]g5ce "u ne>$ conditions only s]v$ to acc5tuate its relative inconspicu\sness1 = x %[$ n[ notably inf]ior to ! nor!rn canals1 & ?is n only 9 ! matt] ( g5]al visibility1 b 9 ! "* x display$4 ,x 0 a l9e ( hazy def9ition1 contra/+ ?us ) ! %>p d>k =ms ( its nor!rn neighbors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii4 ,m>* #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iii4 ,april #c4 ,z ! planet /eadily approa*$ ! e>?1 & ! canals to ! nor? became bett] & bett] se51 ! ,brontes in/ead ( %>+ 9 ! g5]al improvem5t did exactly ! opposite4 ,x grew less visible :5 x %\ld h gr[n m s1 if di/ance _h be5 ! cause ( its appe>ance4 ,x 0 n[ only to be se5 at ! nor?1 ev5 :5 x 0 se5 at all2 a /ate ( ?+s exemplifi$ 9 ,draw+s ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iv4 ,may #d4 ,z ! planet n[ w5t away & detail %\ld h dimm$1 ! ,brontes proce$$ to d ! opposite4 ,"o _h almo/ said x 0 actuat$ by a _s ( contr>iety4 ,= n[ :5 x _h reason to gr[ fa9t x grew 9 conspicu\sness2 j z1 be=e1 :5 x %\ld h become evid5t1 x _h decl9$4 ,di/9ctly f>!r (f & small] z ! planet 0 at ! next pres5tation1 ! ,brontes _h cle>ly develop$ bo? 9 tone & 9 ! am\nt ( x visible4 ,?is 0 9 ,may 7,draw+s ,,iv & ,v74 ,9 ,june bad see+ prev5t$ good obs]vations1 b 9 ,july1 ,draw+ ,,vi1 :5 ! region aga9 came r\nd1 ! ,brontes1 9 spite ( ! !n greatly increas$ di/ance1 ass]t$ itself s /rongly t ev5 9 n v good see+ its pres5ce c\ld n be pass$ by4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4 ,may #g4 ,?is contr>iety ( behavior _h ab\t x "o v tell+ feature4 ,t ! canal wax$ or wan$ 9 exact opposition to di/ance & ev5 t[>d ! la/ to see+ too1 %[$ conclusively t nei!r di/ance nor def9ition c\ld 9 any way be held responsible = its metamorphoses4 ,a v =tunate circum/ance1 ?is ( ! obs]vations1 = x directly elim9at$ size ( disk1 phase1 & see+1 = :i* correction are none too easy to make1 & :i* 9 ! m9ds ( ! sceptical c\ld always rema9 z unexpla9$ possibilities ( error4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vi4 ,july #ah4 ,! mean-canal c>t\*es %[ syn!tically1 & all ! m conclusively = be+ composite1 ! laws ( ! flux ( ! canals4 ,some?+ m ( vividness1 h[ev]1 is imp>t$ by ! actual look ( "o ( ! con/itu5ts dur+ ! process4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 see+ a composite picture made f a giv5 gr\p ( m5 & ! gaz+ on ! actual features ( any "o ( !m4 ,s mu* is ga9$ by ! draw+s across ! page ( ! ,brontes at diff]5t /ages ( its evolution dur+ ! p]iod "h conc]n$4 ,b 9 ano!r way1 too1 ! "o canal may be made to yield a m lifelike repres5tation ( ! process ?an a numb] tak5 toge!r are capable ( af=d+4 ,9 ! mean-canal c>t\*es ea* canal is treat$ z an entity2 b x is possible to consid] a canal by p>ts1 & by s do+ to see x 9 action1 z x 74 ,x occurr$ to me to treat ! ,brontes 9 ?is way4 ,= ?is purpose ,i divid$ ! canal into sections1 five ( !m 9 all1 betwe5 ! po9t :]e x left ! ,propontis1 at a spot call$ ! ,propropontis1 to :]e x end$ 9 ! ,s9us ,titanum4 ,! fir/1 ! mo/ nor!rn1 ext5d$ z f> z ,semnon ,lucus1 ! s\!rnmo/ outpo/ ( ! ,propontis cong]ies ( spots4 ,! second cont9u$ on f ^! to ,eleon1 ! junction :]e ! ,erebus cross$4 ,! ?ird !nce to ,utopia1 :]e ! canal met ! ,orcus2 ! f\r? to an arbitr>y po9t 9 latitude #h s\?1 & ! fif? & la/ to ! ,s9us ,titanum4 ,! l5g?s ( ^! sections 7 respectively3 #ab1 #af1 #ae1 #ab1 & #ac4 ,ea* ( ! sections 0 !n treat$ z if x 7 a sep>ate canal & its c>t\*e f\nd4 ,to ! c>t\*es' det]m9ation !re 7 available draw+s3 ,janu>y #ba-be #ab draw+s4 ,febru>y #bc-,m>* #b #ae draw+s4 ,m>* #bh-;,april #e #ad draw+s4 ,april #bf-,may #h #bg draw+s4 ,june #c-af #f draw+s4 ,july #aa-ba #af draw+s4 ------------------- #ij draw+s 9 all4 ,! c>t\*es are giv5 9 ! plate opposite1 :i* is con/ruct$ precisely l ! "o = ! mean canal c>t\*es pres5t$ on page #bih4 ,! mid-latitude ( ! section & its mid-longitude are giv5 9 ! m>g9 ) its description4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brontes ,%[+ ,successive ,developm5t ,s\? ,janu>y to ,july1 #aijc ,p4,l4 ,exam9+ !m n[ we note a family resemblance betwe5 ! successive c>t\*es4 ,all s9k sl[ly on ! left to rise %>ply f _! l[e/ po9t to ! "r4 ,su* resemblance betok5s ! action ( "o & ! same cause4 ,next1 al?\gh ! curves are resemblant1 ea* has be51 z x 71 %e]$ to ! "r z "o reads d[n2 t is1 ! action took place lat] & lat] z ! latitude 0 nor?4 ,la/ly1 ! dy+ out ( a previ\s impulse c be trac$ 9 ! c>t\*es1 :i* %[s t ! canals 7 quick5$ six mon?s previ\sly f ! s\? pol> cap1 z !y 7 n[ be+ quick5$ f ! nor? pol> "o4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,hib]nation ,,( ,,! ,,canals ,connect$ ) ! conduct ( ! canals is a ph5om5on1 examples ( :i* 7 e>ly not$ 9 a g5]al way by ,s*iap>elli & lat]1 b ( :i* ! full import & exhibition only came to light dur+ ! opposition ( #aijc by a v /rik+ metamorphosis3 :at may be call$ ! hib]nation ( a canal = a long] or %ort] t]m ( ye>s4 ,:at obs]vation discloses is c]ta9ly curi\s4 ,= sev]al successive oppositions a canal w be se5 9 a def9ite locality1 z regul> 9 seasonal recurr5ce z x is p]man5t 9 place1 a well-recogniz$ feature ( ! disk4 ,!n to "o's surprise1 ) ! next return ( ! planet1 x w fail to appe>1 & w proce$ to rema9 oblit]ate )\t assignable cause = _m ,m>tian ye>s1 until z unexpect$ly x w be f\nd :at & :]e x 0 be=e4 ,nei!r to deposition ( ho>-fro/1 su* z frequ5tly :it5s :ole regions ( ,m>s1 nor to o!r circum/ances c be attribut$ its disappe>ance4 ,)\t app>5t reason x simply ceases to be & !n z simply comes back aga94 ,su* bopeep behavior is q beyond & ap>t f ! seasonal *ange 9 visibility1 to :i* all ! canals are by _! nature subject4 ,= be+ creatures ( ! semi-annual unlock+ ( ! wat] congeal$ ab\t ! pol> caps1 !y quick5 into gr[? & visibility1 ea* 9 its season1 & z regul>ly die out aga94 ,diff]5t1 h[ev]1 is ! ph5om5on to :i* ,i n[ ref]4 ,9 x n a seasonal b a secul> *ange is conc]n$4 ,! season prop] to ! canal's increase w recur 9 due c\rse1 & ! canals r\nd ab\t x w />t to life1 yet ! canal rema9s unquick5$4 ,no?+ responds :]e 9 ye>s ! response 0 imm$iate & inv>iable4 ,! canal lies dormant spite ( seasonal solicitation to /ir4 ,su* curi\s hib]nation 0 e>ly h9t$ to ! ke5ness ( ,s*iap>elli1 & mo/ incompreh5sible z well z difficult ( v]ification at t /age ! ph5om5on 04 ,t ! abs5ce 0 a fact1 h[ev]1 he assur$ himself1 al?\gh he 0 n able to prove an alibi4 ,b at ! la/ opposition an ev5t ( ! sort occurr$ :i*1 f ! l5g? ( "t ! planet 0 kept "u obs]vation1 comb9$ ) cont9u$ suitabl5ess ( ! see+1 unmask$ ! process4 ,9 ! light ( :at !n happ5$1 tak5 9 connection ) ! side-lights ?r[n ^u x by ! canal's pa/ & by ! k we h mean:ile ga9$ ( ! planet's physical condition1 ! riddle ( ! ph5om5on may 9 "p at lea/ be read1 & mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive ! read+ proves to be4 ,among ! initial canals detect$ by ,s*iap>elli1 9 #ahgg1 0 a tricrural set ( l9es recall+ ! h]aldic design ( ?ree flex$ legs jo9$ equiangul>ly above ! knees4 ,x lay to ! ea/ ( ! ,syrtis ,major1 & he call$ its ?ree memb]s ! ,?o?1 ! ,triton1 & ! ,nep5!s4 ,/>t+ f ! head ( 8 gulf ( ,alcyonius1 at a po9t n[ kn[n to be occupi$ by ! oasis call$ ,aquae ,calidae1 ! ,?o? />t$ s\? incl9+ we/w>d z x w5t1 till 9 longitude #bfg & latitude #ae nor?1 x met ! ,triton1 :i* _h come f ! ,syrtis ,m9or ) simil> we/w>d incl9ation4 ,to ! same po9t 9 ! same mann] came ! ,nep5!s4 ,"p way along ! c\rse ( ! latt] 0 to be se5 a small d>k spot1 ! ,lucus ,mo]is1 :i* he e/imat$ at f\r degrees 9 diamet]4 ,"s ( ! m>k+s 7 easi] ?an o!rs1 ! easie/ ( all be+ ! ,lucus ,tritonis1 a l>gi% d>k spot at ! common int]section ( all ?ree canals2 b t none ( ! m>k+s 7 rem>kably difficult is suffici5tly %[n by _! detection at ?is e>ly /age ( ,s*iap>elli's obs]vations4 ,x is wor? not+ also t he discov]$ ! s\!rn ones fir/2 ! ,?o? n be+ se5 till ,m>*1 #ahgh4 ,z 8 !n recognition ( ^! canals witnesses1 !y mu/ h be5 among ! mo/ evid5t on ! disk4 ,& ! po9t is emphasiz$ by ! fact t he fail$ at ?is opposition to detect ! ,phison & ! ,euphrates z sep>ate m>k+s4 ,mu* ! same ! ?ree canals appe>$ to him at ! next opposition ( #ahgi1 ! ,?o? be+ se5 at its sev]al pres5tations f ,octob] #e1 #ahgi1 to ,janu>y #aa1 #ahhj4 ,at ! next opposition a notewor?y alt]ation occurr$1 ! full significance ( :i* escap$ recognition4 ,s*iap>elli saw1 at ! place :]e ! ,?o? _h be51 two l9es :i* he took = a gem9ation ( t canal1 "o ( :i* foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! old ,?o?1 :ile ! o!r w5t /raight f ! ,s9us ,alcyonius to ! ,little ,syrtis1 or1 m precisely1 to ! junction ( ! ,triton & ! ,le!s4 ,x 0 n ! ,?o?1 h[ev]1 b some?+ unsuspect$1 ( m importance4 ,9 #ahhd ! ,?o? %[$ really d\ble1 ! we/]n l9e be+ mu* ! /rong]1 8una delle piu grosse l9ee que si v$ess]o sul disco40 ,t nei!r bran* w5t f>!r ?an ! meet+-place ) ! ,nep5!s argues t x 0 inde$ ! ,?o? t 0 se54 ,s*iap>elli himself _h no d\bt on ! subject1 al?\gh he drew ! d\ble canal he saw due nor? & s\? f ! tip ( ! ,s9us ,alcyonius to ! junction1 b nev]!less along ! #bfc m]idian4 ,9 #ahhf & #ahhh ! sy/em 0 9 all ess5tials1 :at x _h be5 9 #ahgg & #ahgi1 except t ! ,?o? & ,nep5!s 7 d\ble & 7 m m9utely se54 ,"h1 !n1 0 a sy/em ( canals & spots :i* = six ,m>tian ye>s _h be5 a p]si/5t & sub/antially inv>iable feature ( ! ,m>tian surface4 ,any *anges 9 x _h be5 ( a second>y ord] ( importance1 :ile its g5]al visibility 0 ( ! fir/4 ,x is possible1 !n1 to judge ( my p]plexity :5 9 beg9n+ my obs]vations 9 #ahid no sign ( ! sy/em c\ld ,i detect4 ,( nei!r ! ,?o?1 ! ,triton1 ! ,nep5!s1 nor ! ,lucus ,mo]is 0 !re trace4 ,& yet1 f ! o!r canals visible1 x 0 evid5t t ! disk 0 q z well se5 z x _h be5 by ,s*iap>elli4 ,n only 7 practically all 8 canals !re1 b _m mu* small] ones 7 to be made out4 ,& ! same 0 true ( ! spots1 a ho/ ( su* n figur$ by him appe>+ "h & !re ov] ! planet's surface4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,in/ead ( ! ,?o?1 ano!r canal %[$ /raight d[n ! disk f ! ,syrtis ,m9or to ! ,aquae ,calidae4 ,?is canal 0 z unmi/akable z ! ,?o? _h be5 be=e to ,s*iap>elli4 ,x 0 among ! fir/ to be detect$1 & cont9u$ no less conspicu\s to ! end1 ! dates at :i* x 0 se5 be+ ,july #aj1 ,augu/ #ad1 & ,octob] #ba4 ,i call$ x ! ,am5!s1 id5tify+ x ) ! canal s nam$ 9 ,s*iap>elli's *>t publi%$ 9 ,himmel und ,erde1 ( ! ensemble ( 8 obs]vations f #ahgg to #ahhh4 ,b 9 8 ,memoirs he nev] call$ x s1 see+ x1 inde$1 only 9 #ahha-ahhb1 & deem+ x !n ! ,?o?4 ,nev]!less1 9 #ahid1 x 0 ! conspicu\s canal ( ! region1 &1 :at is m1 _h come1 z x prov$1 to /ay4 ,! invisibility ( ! ,?o? cont9u$ = me ! same dur+ ! succe$+ oppositions ( #ahif-ahig & #aija4 ,at ! =m] opposition ,i drew x 9 #ahif on ,july #bh1 ,augu/ #bf1 ,septemb] #b1 ,octob] #e-i1 see+ x s+le2 & 9 #ahig on ,janu>y #ab-ai1 ,febru>y #ba1 & ,m>* #a4 ,x 0 s+le b ) suspicions ( d\bl+ 9 ,janu>y1 & 0 indubitably d\ble 9 ,febru>y4 ,z = ! ,?o?1 ,i _h come to consid] x & ! ,am5!s "o1 attribut+ _! div]sity ( depiction to errors 9 draw+4 ,= :ile ! ,?o? rema9$ ob/9ately invisible1 ! ,am5!s pres5t$ itself z sub/itute s insi/5tly z to make "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s canals ^u ! disk4 ,"o exception only 0 !re to ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,on ,june #af1 #aija1 my notes conta9 ?is adumbration ( a some?+ else3 8,am5!s sometimes appe>$ ) a turn to x two-?irds way up2 two canals concave to ! ,syrtis ,major40 ,illu/ration3 ,am5!s alone 9 ,febru>y4 ,s matt]s op5$ at ! opposition ( #aijc4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! planet & ! pres5tation 9 due c\rse ( ,libya 9 ,febru>y1 ! ,am5!s duly appe>$1 mu* z x _h %[$ at ! opposition be=e1 only less sali5t4 ,x 0 a confus$ & seem+ly n>r[] d\ble4 ,suspect$ on ! #af? ( t mon?1 x 0 def9itely se5 f ! #ah? to ! #bc;d4 ,( ! ,?o? no m5tion is made ei!r 9 ! notes or 9 ! draw+s4 ,:5 ! region came r\nd aga91 9 ,m>*1 ! ,am5!s 0 /ill !re1 %[+ m feebly1 h[ev]1 ?an x _h 9 ,febru>y1 9 spite ( bett] see+ & ! fact t ! planet _h consid]ably ne>$4 ,cle>ly ! canal 0 fad+ out2 a fact fur!r witness$ to by ! foll[+ note made on ,m>* #be3 8,?r\gh\t ?is opposition ?us f> ! d>k triangle tipp$ by ,aquae ,calidae has be5 %>ply divid$ 9 int5sity f ! ,am5!s1 :i* is v n>r[ & exce$+ly fa9t40 ,/ill 0 !re no trace ( ! ,?o?4 ,illu/ration3 ,am5!s feebl] & /ill alone 9 ,m>*4 ,) ! ,april pres5tation ent]$ a new ord] ( ?+s4 ,:5 ! region fir/ became visible1 on ! #af?1 ! ,am5!s c\ld /ill be se5 & alone2 b on ! #ai?1 z ! relative fall+ back ( ! ,m>tian longitudes swung ! region ne>] ! c5tre ( ! disk1 ! ,?o? appe>$ alongside ( x4 ,on ! #bj? ! ,?o? %[$ alone4 ,unmi/akable x 0 & j z ,s*iap>elli _h drawn x1 accompani$ by ! ,triton & ! curv$ ,nep5!s4 ,! ?+ 0 a revelation4 ,:at be=e ,i _h se5 only 9 ! _s ( ano!r's draw+s /ood !re pat5t to me 9 ! body ( my own2 :ile ! ,am5!s1 to :i* ,i _h s long be5 accu/om$1 _h vani%$ into ?9 air4 ,only a trace ( x 0 n[ & !n to be made out4 ,s />tl+ly /range 0 ! metamorphosis t ,i c\ld n at fir/ tru/ my eyes1 & que/ion$ ! brok5 l9e1 :i* _h replac$ ! /raight1 = "s ocul> deception4 ,b no?+ ,i c\ld d w\ld rectify x4 ,! ,am5!s 0 gone & ! ,?o? /ood 9 its /ead4 ,illu/ration3 ,appe>ance ( ,?o? ) ,triton & curv$ ,nep5!s4 ,am5!s vani%$4 ,april #bj4 ,at ! next pres5tation1 ,may #bf to ,june #h1 ! ph5om5a 7 repeat$1 & ) increas+ cl>ity4 ,& !n ( a sudd51 on ,may #bi1 ,i saw ! long-giv5-up ,lucus ,mo]is4 ,!re x 0 indubitably4 ,& its def9it5ess 0 ! mo/ a/oni%+ "p ( ! affair4 ,x 0 no "q ( difficult detection4 ,inde$1 ,i _h n be5 on ! look\t = x1 hav+ se>*$ ! region too (t5 fruitlessly be=e to h left inc5tive to se>* aga94 ,& s1 :5 ,i 0 n se>*+1 ! ?+ ( its own accord /epp$ =? to sight4 ,x 0 a small r\nd dot1 l to any o!r oasis1 & %[$1 z x 71 a black pe>l p5d5t by ! ,nep5!s f ! ,syrtis's e>4 ,= ! ,libyan bay made a d>k projection ( ! sort high up on ! ,syrtis's ea/]n side1 f :i* ! ,nep5!s1 precisely z ,s*iap>elli _h drawn x1 curv$ d[n to ! po9t :]e ! ,?o? & ,triton met4 ,all ?ree canals 7 gem9at$1 ! gem9ation be+ ab\t ?ree degrees wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,adv5t ( ! ,lucus ,mo]is4 ,may #bi4 ,& n[ occurr$ ! la/ act 9 ! drama4 ,9 ,july ! ,am5!s reappe>$1 %[+ alongside ( ! ,?o?-,nep5!s1 & ?us remov+ any possible d\bt z to _! sep>ate id5tity4 ,x _h1 inde$1 become ! /rong] ( ! two1 hav+ ga9$ 9 /r5g? 9 ! int]val betwe5 ,june & ,july & ! ,?o?-,nep5!s hav+ lo/4 ,! l9es 7 9 process ( relaps+ into ! /atus quo ante4 ,_h ^! ?ree pres5tations n be5 wat*$1 ! brief app>ition ( ! ,?o?-,nep5!s _h be5 miss$ & ) x ! reveal+ ( its curi\s "*1 & ( c]ta9 d$uctions !reupon4 ,illu/ration3 ,am5!s ) ,?o?-,nep5!s4 ,july4 ,fir/ among ^! is a tru? ( :i* ,i h long be5 conv9c$2 to wit1 t :5 a seem+ discordance arises betwe5 ! portrayals ( a canal1 x is commonly n a case ( mi/ake nor ( *ange1 b "o ( sep>ate id5tity4 ,! canal has n %ift$ its place1 nor has an error be5 committ$2 ! fact is t "o canal has be5 obs]v$ at "o "t1 ano!r at ano!r4 ,s x 0 "h1 & ?us 7 ! old & ! new obs]vations reconcil$4 ,!re _h be5 no mi/ake 9 ei!r4 ,two sep>ate canals acc\nt$ = ! discrepancy1 & only an unf\nd$ di/ru/ ( ! accuracy possible 9 su* obs]vations 0 to blame = any failure to recognize ! fact4 ,n[1 scrut9y ( ! notes ^u ! appe>ance ( ! two canals1 toge!r ) _! label+ by ! seasonal longitudes ( ! planet at ! dates !y 7 made1 discloses a curi\s relation betwe5 ! two4 ,! seasonal longitudes are important1 z !y date ! ph5om5a accord+ to ! ,m>tian cal5d>4 ,ord]$ ?us1 ! successive aspects reveal fir/ a seasonal *ange 9 ea* canal & !n ov] & above ?is a secul> "o4 ,& ?is secul> *ange 0 su* z to cause ! two canals to alt]nate 9 visibility4 ,:5 ! "o 0 pres5t ! o!r 0 n1 & vice v]sa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>t\*es ,,or ,,curves ,,( ,,visibility ,,( ,,am5!s1 ,,?o? ,,& ,,_! ,,comb9ation4 ,we %all see ?is m cle>ly & at ! same "t br+ out a curi\s relation betwe5 ! two sy/ems1 ! brok5 b[ ( ! ,?o?-,nep5!s-,triton & ! /raight arr[ ( ! ,am5!s1 :ile look+ at ! c>t\*es ( ! ,?o?1 ! ,am5!s1 & a comb9ation ( bo? giv5 9 ! plate on previ\s page4 ,! anti!tical "* ( ! two canals is app>5t4 ,b :at is fur!r int]e/+1 ! comb9ation c>t\*e ( bo? be>s a s+ul> resemblance to t ( ! mean canal ( ! nor? tropic zone1 ! zone to :i* bo? canals belong4 ,"h1 !n1 is a comb9ation :i* is p]fectly regul> :ile ea* ( its con/itu5ts is anomal\s4 ,& n[ we come to some?+ z important3 at ! opposition ( #aije ! curi\s alt]nation metamorphosis 0 enact$ anew4 ,! ,am5!s appe>$1 disappe>$ to be replac$ by ! ,?o?1 & !n reappe>$ aga9 beside ! o!r4 ,?is corroboration ( behavior %[$ ! previ\s obs]vations to h be5 due to no mi/ake1 & only s]v$ to deep5 ! int]e/ 9 ?is la/ & m s+ul> phase ( canal conduct4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,arctic ,,canals ,,& ,,pol> ,,rifts ,la/ 9 "t b n lea/ 9 importance ( ! details ( canal developm5t to be detect$ is "o t connects ^! /range features directly ) ! melt+ ( ! pol> caps4 ,! c>t\*es %[$ t su* connection 0 to be inf]r$2 ! facts n[ to be record$ depict x by an id5tity ( place betwe5 c]ta9 ph5om5a ( ! two subjects foll[+ "o ano!r 9 ord] ( "t4 ,on ,janu>y #h1 #ahig1 :ile scann+ ! planet1 ,i 0 sudd5ly w>e ( a rift 9 ! nor? pol> cap4 ,x ran a little to ! we/ ( s\? f :]e x />t$ 9 at ! cap's edge & w5t clean ?r\gh to ! limb1 ! pole be+ !n slightly tilt$ away f u4 ,at ! "t x seem$ to be ! fir/ rift ev] se5 9 t cap2 b on op5+ a little lat] ,s*iap>elli's ,memoria ,qu>ta1 :i* _h j arriv$1 ! fir/ ?+ my eye fell on 0 a draw+ ( a rift 9 ! nor? pol> cap obs]v$ by him :5 ! planet _h held ! l attitude t[>d ! ,e>? ?irte5 ye>s be=e4 ,ref]5ce to its longitude %[$ x to be ! id5tical rift1 se5 aga9 aft] all ^! ye>s & ! only "o s f> se5 9 ! nor!rn cap4 ,at ! next opposition m rifts 7 detect$1 "o 9 especial on ,decemb] #bg1 runn+ f ,are?usa ,lucus1 !n ^u ! edge ( ! cap1 a?w>t ! sn[ 9 a nor?we/]ly direction4 ,9 ! =ep>t ( ! opposition ( #aija1 :i* 9 its ,m>tian season correspond$ to t 9 #ahig1 :5 ! rift _h be5 obs]v$1 _m rifts 7 detect$ 9 ! cap1 & among !m "o trav]s+ ! cap nor?-nor!a/]ly 9 longitude #acf4 ,s f> ! season :5 ! cap _h be5 obs]v$ 0 t :5 ! rifts 7 9 process ( =m+4 ,! gr\nd !y & ! sn[-cap cov]$ _h n yet at any opposition be5 uncov]$4 ,x 0 only :5 my obs]vations began 9 ! latt] half ( ! opposition ( #aija t1 ! season on ,m>s hav+ s f> advanc$1 all sn[ 9 ^? latitudes _h melt$4 ,!n appe>$1 h[ev]1 ! canal ,hippalus1 an arctic canal ( "s importance1 ly+ on t "p ( ! planet previ\sly occupi$ by ! pol> cap4 ,:5 lat] /udy+ ! obs]vations on ! rifts ,i rememb]$ ?is canal1 & turn+ to ! draw+ made "s mon?s be=e to comp>e ! two critically1 discov]$ t ! canal occupi$ ! precise position held e>li] by ! rift4 ,"o _h said ! rift _h nev] vani%$1 b t ! :ite surr\nd+ x _h simply turn$ to o*re4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a /rik+ co9cid5ce ( place1 too exact to be ! result ( *ance4 ,impress$ by ! id5tity1 ,i exam9$ all ! o!r rifts se5 e>ly 9 #aija1 comp>+ !m ) ! arctic canals se5 lat]1 to ! f9d+ ( no less ?an five cases ( ! same co9cid+ positions4 ,! importance ( ! id5tification "h made ( an arctic canal ) a previ\s rift 9 ! pol> cap has l$ me to make a li/ ( ! canals ?us id5tifi$ at ?is opposition4 ,,visible ,,z ,a ,,rift ,,visible ,,z ,a ,,canal ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,hypanis ,janu>y #a & ,febru>y #d ,april #ah 7871 ,may #bj1 #bb1 #bg1 ,june #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #be ,hippalus ,janu>y #ai & ,febru>y #d ,april #ah1 ,may #bg ,rhombites ,febru>y #d ,may #bg ,py?on ,febru>y #bj ,m>* #ca ,zygatis ,janu>y #ah1 #ai ,may #g1 ,june #c to #h ,if x be ask$ :y ^! canals d n appe> record$ at ! ,m>* pres5tation z ei!r ! "o ph5om5on or ! o!r1 ! answ] is tw(old4 ,fir/1 because !y %[$ z %ad+s lo/ amid/ a %ad$ mass2 &1 secondly1 ! obs]vations at sev]al oppositions indicate a great am\nt ( haze ov] ! region at t season ( ! ,m>tian ye>4 ,we may n[ g back to ! v fir/ rift1 t ( #ahig4 ,! ,m>tian season grew lat] ) ea* succe$+ opposition1 & x s *anc$1 abett$ by ?is fact1 t ! delay+ sn[ 0 nev] se5 cov]+ t "p ( ! planet aga9 & s1 ( c\rse1 n ! rift4 ,! ,m>tian summ] 9 ^? high latitudes came on1 & ) x br\ght ! great arctic canal1 ! ,jax>tes1 into conspicu\sness4 ,! canal 9 consequ5ce _h be5 obs]v$ = "s "t be=e x proclaim$ itself ! apo!osis ( a rift & t ( ! fir/ & mo/ important rift ( all4 ,comp>ison ( position1 h[ev]1 entirely confirm$ ! conjecture & add$ ano!r & ! mo/ /rik+ ( all to ! li/4 ,^! six canals1 on ! :ole ! l>ge/ :i* run into ! nor!rn cap1 h ?us a dual "*4 ,/>t+ orig9ally z rifts1 !y lat] come out unmi/akably z canals4 ,s t we may say 9 g5]al t ! two ph5om5a are diff]5t seasonal /ates ( ! same ?+4 ,?is in/antly expla9s ! rifts1 ! orig9 ( :i* we f\nd ( s difficult1 n to say impossible1 int]pretation be=e 9 ^! pages1 & incid5tally x confirms :at we d$uc$ on o!r gr\nds z ! "* ( ! canals2 to wit1 /rips ( vegetation4 ,= if ! cap cov]$ des]t & f]tility alike1 x is precisely ov] ! latt] t x w\ld fir/ melt4 ,vegetation has ! prop]ty ( melt+ sn[4 ,! metabolism ( ! plant1 l t ( ! animal1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 g5]ates caloric4 ,a liv+ animal is w>m1 ev5 ! s-call$ cold-blood$ ones1 9 "s sort1 & a gr[+ plant is too4 ,! *emic processes conc]n$ give (f heat1 ?\gh 9 su* small quantities t we are (t5 n aw>e ( x4 ,:ile ! plant lies dormant x /ays cold1 b ! mom5t its sap beg9s to run "u ! rays ( ! spr+ sun x rises 9 temp]ature above its w9t] surr\nd+s4 ,all x ne$s to ?is awak5+ is sun & wat]1 & bo? x gets 9 its place 9 ! pol> cap aft] ! pass+ ( ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,! "t1 !re=e1 is suitable1 = x is n till aft] t equ9ox is pass$ t any ( ! above ph5om5a occur4 ,9 consequ5ce ! sn[ ab\t x melts & ! plants !mselves %[ z d>k rifts splitt+ ! cap4 ,?is q unexpect$ id5tity ( two seem+ly div]se ph5om5a1 & ! unsolicit$ support its only explanation l5ds to ! g5]al !ory1 is an in/ance ( :at is con/antly occurr+ z obs]vation ( ! planet is pu%$ f>!r & f>!r4 ,facts e little :ile arise :i* prove to fit into place 9 ! s*eme :5 nei!r ! facts nor _! fitness c\ld h be5 =ese54 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,oases3 ,,k9ematic ,subject to *ange also are ! oases2 & 9 ! same mann] app>5tly z ! canals4 ,!y gr[ less evid5t at a l season ( ! ,m>tian ye>4 ,!y d ?is seem+ly by decreas+ 9 size4 ,:]eas 9 ! full expanse ( _! maturity !y %[ z r\nd spots ( appreciable diamet]1 z ! season wanes !y contract to ! smalle/ disc]nible ( dots4 ,all b ! k]nel1 z x 71 fades out1 & ev5 ?is may disappe> f sight4 ,! ,phnix ,lake 9 its summ] "t is a v d>k circul> spot1 small inde$ yet ( def9ite ext5sion2 9 its w9t] x %r9ks to a p9 po9t1 & is (t5 n visible at all4 ,sometimes ! husk app>5tly p]si/s1 a gho/like rem9isc5ce ( :at x 01 ) ! k]nel %[+ d>k-po9t$ 9 its c5tre4 ,?us ! ,lucus ,lunae appe>$ at ! opposition ( #aije4 ,a fa9t wa% betok5$ ! pres5ce ( ! ,lucus1 ?r\gh :i* n[ & aga9 a black p9-po9t pi]c$4 ,9 ?is visible decrease ( size we get a revelation z to :at takes place impossible 9 ! case ( ! canals1 ! t5u\s "* ( :i* precludes m ?an inf]5ce z to ! process4 ,l ! canals1 latitude1 toge!r ) ! suitable season ( ! planet's ye>1 are ! det]m9+ factors 9 _! developm5t4 ,9 :at correspond$ to our ,july ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! oases 9 ! sub-arctic & nor? temp]ate zones 7 conspicu\s2 black spots t %[$ 9 pr(usion along ! p>allels ( #dj1 #ej1 & #fj nor?4 ,at ! same "t ! equatorial ones1 ^? along ! ,eum5ides-,orcus1 :i* _h be5 mo/ evid5t 9 #ahid1 h>dly came out4 ,x _h be5 _! "t !n z x 0 t ( ! o!rs n[4 ,! law ( developm5t is n s simple z on ! e>?1 dep5d+1 l t ( ! canals1 n only ^u ! return ( ! sun1 b ^u ! adv5t ( ! wat] let loose f ab\t ! pol> caps4 ,?us ! equatorial oases are subject to two seasonal quick5+s1 "o f ! nor?1 ! o!r f ! s\?4 ,9 reg>d to _! me?od ( evolution or devolution a mo/ curi\s obs]vation happ5$ to me 9 #aijc4 ,usually ! oases are ( solid tone ?r\gh\t2 equally sombre f c5tre to circumf]5ce4 ,b 9 ?is case su* uni=m complexion f\nd exception4 ,on ,m>* #a1 #aijc1 ! ,ascraeus ,lucus came out /rangely diff]5tiat$1 a d>k rim inclos+ a less d>k k]nel4 ,! sight 0 odd en\gh to comm& comm5t 9 ! %ape ( a sket* :i* accompani$ ! note1 & ! fur!r rem>k t o!r spots _h simil>ly t ye> affect$ ! l look4 ,t ! effect 0 optical did n seem to me ! case4 ,o!r spots at o!r times %[$ no?+ ( ! sort4 ,if x 0 due to objective cause x ga!rs circum/ance f :at 0 !n ! ,m>tian "t ( ye>4 ,= ! season 0 su* t ! spot %\ld !n h be5 9 process ( wan+2 & ! effect w\ld indicate t 9 s do+ ! tone ( ! c5tre w5t fir/1 t ( ! circumf]5ce fad+ la/4 ,?is w\ld be 9 accordance ) a gr[? proce$+ outw>d & a decay t foll[$ 9 its /eps4 ,:5 to ?is we add ! look ( ! oases at ! anti!tic season1--(t5 a fa9t %ad+ only1 ) or )\t a d>k] p9-po9t at its core1--we are l$ to ! belief t ! area ( ! oasis is un*angeable & t its gr[? means a deep5+ ( t9t4 ,s f>1 !n1 z x is possible to p>ticul>ize !m1 ! oases develop f a small nucleus1 p]haps tw5ty miles 9 diamet]1 p]haps less1 & f ?is spread radially till !y atta9 a wid? ( sev5ty-five or "o hundr$ miles4 ,if ! oasis be associat$ ) a d\ble canal1 ?is maximum wid? exactly fits ! space betwe5 ! tw9 l9es4 ,ev5 :5 no d\ble ent]s ! oasis1 ! size is ab\t ! same4 ,?is size atta9$1 !y hold x = "s mon?s4 ,!n !y proce$ to fade out to _! initial nucleus1 & aft] a suffici5t re/ ! process />ts ov] aga94 ,) ! c>ets some?+ ( ! same sort seems to take place--if we may consid] z betok5+ a g5]al law ! fact t 9 #ahid ! c>ets at ! m\?s ( ! ,phison & ,euphrates develop$ be=e _! affiliat$ canals4 ,b ab\t !m mu* less is yet kn[n1 & we mu/ be cont5t to say t ! obs]vations ( #aije made at ! opposite season ( ! canal's ye> seem to be> ?is out4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,explanation ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,canals ,,& ,,oases ,z rational sci5ce does n re/ cont5t ) raw results1 x n[ becomes obligatory1 by m>%al+ ! facts to suitable discussion1 to seek to f9d out :at !y mean4 ,n[1 s soon z we scan ^! ph5om5a = "s self-int]pretation1 we p]ceive "o *>act]i/ic ( ! l9es :i* at once appe>s to direct u to _! nature & ju/ifies itself z a signpo/ ) increas+ c]ta9ty z we read on4 ,?is trait is ! v simple yet mo/ significant "o ( %[+ intr9sic *ange3 ! l9es alt] 9 visibility ) "t4 ,?is prim>y proclivity we d n ev5 ne$ ! c>t\*es to e/abli%4 ,t ! l9es *ange is palpable to any "o :o w wat* !m long en\gh4 ,s*iap>elli 0 /ruck by ! fact e>ly 9 8 /udy ( ! planet1 & x =ces itself on ! notice ( any c>eful obs]v] :o comp>es 8 own obs]vations ) "o ano!r at int]vals4 ,b ?\gh ! c>t\*es are n ne$$ to a fir/ revelation ( mutability1 !y s]ve to c]tify & precise x to mu* fur!r in=mation on ! subject4 ,=1 t ^! *anges are n extr9sic1 t is1 are n caus$ by v>y+ def9ition1 di/ance1 or illum9ation1 !y make pat5t ev5 to ^? :o h nev] se5 ! ?+s !mselves by disclos+ respective diff]5ces ( behavior 9 l9es simil>ly circum/anc$ optically4 ,! *ange is !re=e intr9sic1 & ! "q arises to :at c su* intr9sic *ange be due4 ,9 se>*+ = cause1 att5tion is at once attract$ by ano!r s]ies ( transmutations t manife/s itself ^u ! disk1 9 ! ord]ly melt+ ( ! pol> caps4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( ! two sets ( metamorphoses sugge/s ! possibility ( a connection betwe5 !m4 ,! inf]5ce is /r5g!n$ :5 we note t n only are bo? p]iodic1 b t fur!rmore ! p]iod ( ! two is ! same4 ,ea* pol> cap runs ?r\gh its gamut ( *ange 9 a ,m>tian ye>2 ! canals also complete _! cycle ( gr[? & decay 9 a ,m>tian twelvemon?4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is t ea* pol> cap has b "o maximum & "o m9imum 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "t1 :ile mo/ ( ! canals h two ( ea*1 ?\gh ! maxima are n alike nor ! m9ima ei!r4 ,n only is ! p]iod ( ! two s]ies ( *anges ! same1 b ! "o foll[s ! o!r4 ,= ! developm5t ( ! canals does n beg9 till ! melt+ ( ! pol> cap is well "u way4 ,n[1 z ! pol> cap dis9tegrates x gives rise1 z we h se51 to a d>k belt ( blue-gre5 :i* fr+es its out] edge & retreats ) x z x %r9ks4 ,?is tells1 directly or indirectly1 ( a product let loose4 ,aft] ?is belt has be5 =m$ ! canals ne>e/ to x proce$ to d>k51 !n ^? a little f>!r (f foll[ suit1 & s ! wave ( visibility rolls 9 regul> r\t9e d[n ! disk4 ,"h1 !n1 at ! outset we h a *ronic connection betwe5 ! two ph5om5a1 ! dis9tegration ( ! cap & ! integration ( ! canals4 ,( wat] we saw t ! caps 7 und\bt$ly compos$1 & to wat]1 !n1 let loose by ! melt+ ( ! cap1 we may inf]ably ascribe ! ?aumaturgy 9 ! developm5t ( ! canals4 ,b x is n necess>y to suppose t ?is is done directly4 ,t ! increas$ visibility ( ! canals c be due to a bodily transf]5ce ( wat] seems d\btful1 if = no o!r reason ?an ! delay 9 ! action4 ,consid]able "t int]v5es betwe5 ! disappe>ance ( ! cap & ! appe>ance ( ! canals1 except 9 ! case ( su* z h be5 cov]$ by x4 ,trans=mation consequ5t ^u transf]5ce1 h[ev]1 w\ld acc\nt = hesitancy4 ,a quick5+ to vegetal gr[? w\ld produce ! c\nt]p>t ( :at we see4 ,if1 set free f ! w9t] lock+ up1 ! wat] accumulat$ 9 ! cap !n p]colat$ equatorw>d1 />t+ vegetation 9 its c\rse1 ?is w\ld cause ! increas$ visibility ( ! canals & at ! same "t expla9 ! seem+ delay1 by all[+ = ! "t necess>y = ?is vegetation to spr\t4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! mo/ satisfactory explanation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,?us />t$1 ! vegetal quick5+ w\ld pass d[n ! planet's surface & give rise to :at we m>k z seasonal *ange4 ,b1 ?\gh 9 "o s5se ( seasonal "*1 a little consid]ation w %[ t x w\ld be q unlike ! seasonal *ange :i* we "k on e>?4 ,c\ld we see our e>? f "s /&po9t 9 space1 we %\ld m>k1 ) ! adv5t ( spr+1 a wave ( v]dure sweep ov] its face4 ,if fre$om f cl\d p]mitt$ ( an unimp$$ view1 ?is flu% ( wak+ f w9t]'s sleep w\ld be q evid5t & c\ld be se5 to spread4 ,/>t+ f ! equator s soon z ! sun turn$ nor?1 x1 too1 w\ld travel nor?w>d1 &1 di/anc+ ! sun1 arrive by midsumm] well into ! arctic zone4 ,"h1 !n1 we %\ld note1 mu* z we note x on ,m>s1 a t9t ( blue-gre5 sup]pose itself successively ^u ! o*re gr\nd2 b ! mundane & ! ,m>tian vegetal awak5+ w\ld diff] 9 "o fundam5tal respect2 ! e>?ly wave w\ld be se5 to travel f equator to pole1 :ile ! ,arian travels f pole to equator4 ,?\gh cle>ly seasonal 9 "*1 bo? ( !m1 ! trans=mations w\ld be opposite 9 action4 ,"s o!r cause1 !n1 mu/ be at "w f :at we are famili> ) on e>?4 ,?is o!r cause is ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( moi/ure4 ,two factors are necess>y to ! begett+ ( vegetal life1 ! raw mat]ial & ! react+ ag5t4 ,oxyg51 nitrog51 wat]1 & a few salts make up ! fir/ desid]atum1 ! sun supplies ! second4 ,unless bo? be pres5t1 ! quick5+ to life nev] comes4 ,n[1 ! "o may be !re & ! o!r n1 or ! o!r !re & ! "o n4 ,on e>? ! mat]ial includ+ wat] is1 except 9 c]ta9 de/itute localities1 always pres5t2 ! sun x is t p]iodically )draws4 ,obs]vant ^u ! return ( ! sun is !re=e ! annual recurr5ce ( vegetal gr[?4 ,on ,m>s1 on ! contr>y1 wat] is lack+4 ,?is we n[ "k conclusively f o!r ph5om5a ! disk pres5ts :i* h no connection ) ! pres5t inve/igation & are1 !re=e1 unprejudic$ witnesses to ! fact4 ,no p]man5t bodies ( wat] /ud its surface4 ,t ! s-call$ seas are trav]s$ by d>k l9es p]man5t 9 place is "o ( sev]al pro(s ( ?is4 ,! only surface wat] ! planet kn[s comes f ! melt+ ( its pol> caps4 ,vegetation _c />t until ?is wat] rea*es x4 ,consequ5tly1 ?\gh ! sun be ready1 vegetation mu/ wait ^u ! com+ ( ! wat]1 & />t+ f ne> ! pole foll[ ! frugal flood equatorw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ph5ology ,,curves--,,e>?4 99 ,dead ,po9t ( ,vegetation4 7,f pap] 9 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc41 by ,p]cival ,l[ell47 ,illu/ration3 ,,ph5ology ,,curves--,,m>s4 99 ,dead ,po9t ( ,vegetation4 7,f pap] 9 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc41 by ,p]cival ,l[ell47 ,n[1 su* contr>iety ( progression to :at we %\ld obs]ve 9 ! case ( ! e>? c\ld we view x f af> is exactly :at ! curves ( visibility ( ! canals exhibit4 ,tim$ prim>ily1 n to ! return ( ! sun b to ! adv5t ( ! wat]1 vegetal quick5+ !re foll[s1 n ! =m] up ! latitudes b ! latt] d[n ! disk4 ,= bett] und]/&+1 ! two curves ( ph5ological quick5+1 ! mundane & ! ,m>tian1 are %[n 9 ! diagrams4 ,! plates repres5t ! surfaces ( ! two planets1 t ( ! e>? be+ %[n upside d[n ) s\? at ! top s z to agree ) ! telescopic depiction ( ! topography ( ,m>s4 ,! />s m>k ! epo* ( ! dead-po9t ( vegetation at successive latitudes2 ! "t increas+ t[>d ! "r4 ,! curves1 x w be notic$1 are b[$ 9 opposite ways4 ,! b[$ effect is due 9 "p to ,m]cator's projection2 9 "p x may repres5t a real decrease 9 spe$ ) "t4 ,b :at is /rik+ly noticeable is ! opposite "* ( ! advance to ! "r1 ! "o curve runn+ up ! disk1 ! o!r d[n x4 ,?is %[s t ! developm5t ( vegetation proce$$ 9 opposite directions ov] ! surface4 ,?us is ! oppos$ action ^u ! two planets acc\nt$ =1 & we are l$ to ! conclusion t ! canals are /rips ( vegetation f$ by wat] f ! pol> caps1 & t ! floral seasons !re z affect+ ! canals are condition$1 n z !y w\ld be ) u1 directly ^u ! return ( ! sun1 b indirectly s ?r\gh its direct effect ^u ! pol> sn[s4 ,once adv5tur$ on ! idea ( vegetation1 we f9d t x expla9s mu* m ?an ! "t tak5 by ! wave ( canal-developm5t d[n ! disk4 ,x acc\nts at once = ! behavior ( ! canals 9 ! ?ree nor!rn zones3 ! pol>1 arctic1 & sub-arctic4 ,! mean c>t\*es ( ^! ?ree zones dip d[n at _! latt] end in/ead ( ris+ !re1 z is ! case ) ! c>t\*es ( ! mean canals f>!r s\?4 ,?is dip d5otes t ! mo/ nor!rn canals 7 wan+ already by ! middle ( _! ,augu/1 ?\gh ! o!rs %[$ no su* t5d5cy2 :ile ! date ( ! deposition ( ! fro/ 9 ^! nor!rn latitudes %[s t !y 7 />t$ ^u _! c\rse t[>d ext9ction be=e ! sn[ itself _h cov]$ !m4 ,9 o!r words1 !y 7 n oblit]at$ b snuff$ out4 ,t _! decl9e 0 ?us prep>atory to ! com+ ( ! fir/ sn[fall or fro/-fall1 suffici5tly sev]e to :it5 ! gr\nd s t x did n melt ! next day1 is sugge/ive ( _! con/itution4 ,x is cle> t !y 7 n abruptly cut (f by ! fro/1 b 7 tim$ by nature to su* ext9ction4 ,vegetation w\ld behave 9 j ?is way1 s9ce evolution w\ld accommodate ! c>e] ( a plant to its environm5t4 ,! fir/ "q to pres5t itself *ronologically 9 ! canals' annual hi/ory is connect$ ) ! size ( ! cap4 ,un=tunately = ! simplicity ( ! ph5om5a1 ! cap is n an ext5sionless s\rce ( fl[1 b an ext5d$ surface melt+ f ! out] edge 94 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t wat] lib]at$ f ! out] p>ts %\ld h an effect be=e ! ma9 body ( x 7 ready to beg9 its g5]al m>* d[n ! disk4 ,!re %\ld be1 "o w\ld ?9k1 at lea/ a p>tial action1 locally1 be=e ! ma9 action got "u way4 ,n[1 !re are c]ta9 canals t %[ c>t\*es increas+ app>5tly f ! "t obs]vations began1 & ! mo/ pron\nc$ is ! ,jax>tes1 :i* lies ( all ! canals obs]v$ ! f>!/ nor?4 ,n[1 ! c>t\*es 7 f\nd$ on canals quick5$ f ! nor? pol> cap4 ,! f>!r nor? ! canal1 !re=e1 ! great] ! likelihood ( its %[+ ! ph5om5a4 ,t we note su* canals is !re=e n only n subv]sive1 b actually corroboratory1 ( ! law x seems at fir/ to %ake4 ,t all ! canals ( ^! zones d n %[ a l c>t\*e-pr(ile is n necess>y1 a "p ( !m be+ dep5d5t1 n ^u ! e>li]1 b ^u ! lat] lib]at$ fl[1 & ?us p>tak+ 9 ! g5]al law1 :i* gr[s uni=m l[] d[n ! latitudes4 ,z ! action f "o pol> cap proce$s1 n only d[n to ! equator1 b across x into ! planet's o!r hemisph]e1 x appe>s t mu*1 at lea/1 ( ! surface ( ,m>s has two seasons ( vegetal gr[?1 ! "o quick5$ ( ! nor? pol> cap1 ! o!r ( ! s\!rn4 ,h[ f> ! pol> sph]es ( action ov]lap x is n possible at pres5t to affirm1 z ! canals at ?is opposition 7 only visible to #ce s\? latitude4 ,t ! nor? pol> quick5+ goes d[n s f> is v\*$ =1 & x is probable f o!r obs]v$ ph5om5a t x goes f>!r4 ,! alt]nate semi-annual quick5+ also discloses itself directly 9 ! c>t\*es2 ! previ\s seme/ral gr[? f ! s\? pol> cap actually %[+ 9 !m be=e ! impulse f ! nor? began4 ,! sl[ fall+ ( _! curves to ! m9imum prec$+ _! lat] rise is no?+ less ?an ! dy+ out ( ! effect />t$ six mon?s be=e f ! s\?4 ,! g5tl] gradi5t ( _! fall proclaims a gradual lapse1 j z ! subsequ5t %>p] rise po9ts to ! adv5t ( a fre% impulse4 ,& ?is d$uction seems to be borne out by ano!r circum/ance4 ,!re is "s evid5ce ( decrease 9 ! pre-m9imal gradi5t s\?w>d4 ,?is is tell+ te/imony to ! s\rce :5ce ! impulse came4 ,= if x orig9at$ at ! s\? & travel$ nor?w>d1 ! s\!rn canals w\ld be ! fir/ to be affect$ & ! fir/ to die out1 & ?us %[ a long] dead season1 exhibit$ 9 ! c>t\*es z a m level /ret*4 ,la/ly1 ! explanation ( ! canals z ?reads ( vegetation fays 9 ) ! "o :i* has be5 f\nd to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! blue-gre5 areas2 :ile ! fact t !y prove to develop z !y d1 rev]sely to :at w\ld take place on e>?1 is exactly :at all we h latt]ly le>nt ab\t ! surface conditions ( ! planet w\ld lead u to expect4 ,f :at has j be5 said we see t ! late/ obs]vations at ,flag/aff confirm ! e>li] ones1 &1 :at is especially corroborative1 !y d s along ano!r l9e4 ,! =m] 7 *iefly /atic1 ! latt] k9ematic4 ,9 o!r words1 ! behavior ( ! canals 9 action be>s out ! te/imony ( _! appe>ance at re/4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,life ,/udy ( ! fundam5tal features ( ,m>tian topography has disclos$1 z we h se51 ! exi/5ce ( vegetation on ! planet z ! only rational explanation ( ! d>k m>k+s !re1 consid]$ n simply on ! score ( _! appe>ance mom5t>ily1 b judg$ by ! *anges t appe>ance und]goes at successive seasons ( ! ,m>tian ye>4 ,?us we are assur$ t plant life exi/s on ! planet4 ,we are made aw>e ( ! fact 9 m ways ?an "o1 b mo/ unansw]ably = t trait to :i* vegetation owes its v "n1--its p]iodic quick5+ to life4 ,?us ! *>act]i/ic :i* has seem$ "h mo/ di/9ctive ( ?is phase ( ! organic1 s t man ev5 *ri/5$ x 9 accordance1 has prov$ equally telltale !re4 ,important z a conclusion ?is is no less pregnant z a premise4 ,= ! assurance t plant life exi/s on ,m>s leads to a fur!r /ep 9 extramundane acqua9tance ( f>-rea*+ import4 ,x introduces u at once to ! probability ( life !re ( a high] & m imm$iately appeal+ k9d1 n ) ! vagu5ess ( g5]al analogy1 b ) ! def9it5ess ( specific d$uction4 ,= ! pres5ce ( a flora is itself gr\nd = suspect+ a fauna4 ,( a bond connect+ ! two we get our fir/ h9t ! mom5t we look inquir+ly into ! _w ab\t u1 t ( our own e>?4 ,common exp]i5ce witnesses to a coexi/5ce :i* gr[s curi\s & compell+ z we consid] x4 ,= x is n conf9$ to life ( any special ord]1 b ext5ds ?r\gh ! :ole range ( organisms ( bo? k9ds f ! l[e/ to ! highe/4 ,alg & mon]a1 or*id & mammal1 occur side by side & ) a c]ta9 consid]ate pov]ty or ri*ness1 z ! case may be4 ,luxuriance 9 ! "o is mat*$ by abundance 9 ! o!r2 :ile a scanty flora means a poor fauna4 ,?is ( :i* we h be5 aw>e 9 regions r\nd ab\t u f *ildhood gr[s 9 univ]sality z we explore4 ,:]ev] man p5etrates out ( 8 prop] sph]e he f9ds ! same dual possession ( ! l& or ! sea1 & a simil> curtail+ or exp&+ ( bo? t5antries toge!r4 ,no m\nta9 top s cold b t if x gr[ plants1 x supports insects & animals1 too1 aft] its k9d2 no des]t s arid b t creep+ ?+s f9d x z possible a habitat z life t does n /ir4 ,ev5 9 almo/ boil+ geys]s animalcula & conf]v %>e & %>e alike4 ,only :]e extreme conditions preclude ! "o d !y equally deb> ! o!r4 ,proce$+ n[ f ! fact to its factors we p]ceive reasons = ?is t5ure 9 common ( ! l& by ! vegetal & animal k+doms4 ,exam9ation proves ! two great divisions ( ! organic to be inextricably connect$4 ,x /rikes our notice fir/ 9 ! relation ( plants to animals4 ,x is ( ev]yday notoriety t animals eat plants1 ?\gh x is less univ]sally und]/ood t 9 ! ultimate !y exi/ on no?+ else4 ,plants furni% ! food ( animals2 n z a matt] ( p>tial pref]5ce b ( fundam5tal necessity4 ,= ! plant is ! indisp5sable int]m$i>y 9 ! process ( metabolism4 ,)\t plants animals w\ld soon cease to exi/1 s9ce !y are unable to manufacture _! own plasm out ( ! raw mat]ial (f]$ by inorganic nature4 ,!y mu/ make x out ( ! already prep>$ plasm ( plants or out ( o!r animals :o h made x f plants4 ,s t 9 ! end x all comes back to plant production4 ,! plant is able to build its plasm out ( *emical sub/ances2 ! animal _c1 except 9 ! case ( ! nitro-bact]ia1 beg9 ?us at ! l[e/ rung ( ! alim5t>y ladd]4 ,b ! conv]se ( ?is dep5d5ce is also l>gely true4 ,plants are behold5 to animals = processes t 9 return make _! own life possible4 ,! latt] m9i/] to ! =m] ) unconsci\s s]vice all ! "t1 & ) no m arrogant indep5d5ce ?an d our dome/ics g5]ally n[adays4 ,! inconspicu\s e>?worm is ! fieldh& ( nature's crops1 :o gets 8 own liv+ by mak+ !irs4 ,)\t ?is day & night labor] ! soil = want ( /irr+ _h rema9$ less capable ( grass4 ,above gr\nd x is ! same /ory4 ,depriv$ ( ! m9i/rations ( insects _m k9ds ( plants w\ld incont95tly p]i%4 ,by ! solicit$ visits ( bees & o!r hym5opt]a--:at g5]ically may be class$ by ! layman z flutt]-bys--is ! plant's propagation made possible4 ,peculi>ly well nam$1 inde$1 are ! hym5opt]a1 see+ t !y are ! great matrimonial g-betwe5s1 c>ry+ poll5 f "o individual to ano!r & ?us unit+ :at o!rwise c\ld n meet4 ,spectacul> z ?is widespread comm]ce is1 x =ms b portion ( ! daily drama 9 :i* animals & plants alike take "p4 ,f =?right b>ga9+s ( honey = help1 we pass to less direct b no less effective alliance :]e plants are behold5 to animals = life by ! kill+ ( _! enemies or ! we$+-out ( _! competitors1 & f ?is to g5]ic fur!rance :]e ! int]dep5d5ce becomes broadca/4 ,9 ! matt] ( metabolism ! advantage is n all ^u "o side4 ,9 ! katabolic process ( t :i* ea* disc>ds are ! two classes ( life mutually complim5t>y1--! wa/e ( ! "o be+ ! want ( ! o!r1--c>bonic acid gas be+ giv5 (f by ! animal1 oxyg5 by ! plant4 ,9 biologic economy x is daily m demon/rable t bo? are necess>y con/itu5ts to an advanc+ :ole1 & t ea* pays = :at x gets by :at x gives 9 return4 ,t !y are ?us ancill>y z well z coexi/5t today leads u to confront = !m a community ( orig9 9 ! pa/2 & fur!r /udy confirms ! inf]5ce4 ,bo? paleontology & entomology1 or ! sci5ce ( ! ag$ & ! sci5ce ( ! "y1 prove su* ance/ry to be a fact4 ,by go+ back f ! pres5t into ! pa/1 or1 :at am\nts to sub/antially ! same ?+1 by desc5d+ 9 ! scale ( life to ! l[e/ kn[n =ms ( organism1 we f9d pro( ( concomitance1 cog5t because cong5ital4 ,at ! "t :5 inorganic *emical comp\nds fir/ pass$ by evolution into organic ones1 ! *ange 0 ( s g5]al a "* t ev5 su* t>dy repres5tatives ( x z survive today tax erudition to tell to :i* ( ! two great k+doms !y belong1 ! vegetal or ! animal4 ,simple/ & mo/ primitive ( kn[n organisms are ! *romacea1 unnucleat$ s+le cells z ,haeckel has %[n1 & next to !m 9 ord] come _m ( ! bact]ia1 also ( simple unnucleat$ plasm4 ,s little d ! majority ( ! bact]ia diff] morphologically f ! *romacea1 t on ! score ( /ructure ! two are n to be catalogu$ ap>t4 ,bo? are z elem5tal z any?+ well c be1 :i* only _! diet s]ves to divide4 ,ea* is an organism )\t organs1 ?us bely+ ! diction>y def9ition ( bo? animals & plants4 ,etymologically !y are n organic yet manife/ly are alive1 & only 9 _! action are unlike4 ,! *romacea are plasm-=m+ be+s1 & !re=e !y are plants2 ! bact]ia are plasm-eat+ be+s1 & s are animals4 ,ev5 ?is di/9ction is n always pres]v$4 ,z ,haeckel tells u3 8! nitro-bact]ia :i* dwell 9 ! e>? hav+ ! vegetal prop]ty ( conv]t+ ammonia by oxidation into nitr\s acid & ?is into nitric acid1 us+ z _! s\rce ( c>bon ! c>bonic acid gas ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!y fe$1 l ! *romacea1 on simple inorganic comp\nds40 ,"h1 !n1 we h1 close to ! ?re%old ( organic life1 unorganiz$ organisms1 r\ghly speak+ coeval & diff]+ 9 a s5se b little1 ei!r ( !m1 f inorganic cry/als2 & yet ! "o is an animal1 ! o!r a plant4 ,prog5itors ( ! two great divisions ( life1 !y 7 !mselves concomitantly evolv$1 ei!r side by side or z (f%oots bo? ( a common /ock4 ,n[1 if ! ance/ors ( ! two great organic k+doms 7 ?us simultane\sly produc$ "h1 we are w>rant$ 9 believ+ t !y w\ld simil>ly be produc$ else:]e1 giv5 conditions suitably alike4 ,9 consequ5ce1 if we detect ! pres5ce ( ! "o1 we already h an argum5t = inf]r+ ! o!r4 ,n to complete our syllogism w\ld be to flaunt a lack ( logic 9 nature's face4 ,rationally view$1 !n1 ! g5]al problem ( life 9 o!r worlds r$uces itself to a "q ( conditions4 ,s9ce c]ta9 physical results foll[ inevitably ^u c]ta9 physical premises1 if we c assure ourselves ( ! prop] premises we may look to nature = _! conclusion4 ,a priori1 !n1 ! possibility ( life becomes "o ( habitat4 ,if ! environm5t be suitable life w ensue4 ,:at makes = su* a m$i>y milieu is1 l mo/ cosmic processes1 9 its fundam5tals ( int]e/+ simplicity2 = ! production ( a prop] nidus dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! m]e size ( ! body p>5tally conc]n$4 ,if a planet be big en\gh x w inevitably br+ =? life1 because ( conditions suitable to its g5]at+2 if too small x w rema9 /]ile to ! end ( "t4 ,t size %\ld be ! det]m9+ factor :e!r a planet %all be fecund or b>r5 may seem at fir/ ?\ght /range4 ,yet t x is s admits ( no rational d\bt4 ,all t we see ( bodies ab\t u %[s its tru?1 & :at we h le>nt ( cosmic process enables u 9 "s sort to disc]n :y4 ,9 ord] = evolution1 su* z we m>k x ^u ! e>?1 to be possible1 ! p>5t body mu/ h be5 at "o "t at a high temp]ature1 s9ce only "u great heat c ! primal processes occur4 ,b = ?is g5]ation ( caloric ! aggregate mass ( ! p>ticles1 ! fall+ toge!r ( :i* makes ! planet1 & _! /oppage its int]nal heat1 mu/ be l>ge4 ,! sun's rays alone are insuffici5t to cause ! necess>y temp]ature2 ! heat mu/ come f )91 ?\gh x be help$ f )\t4 ,ev5 "h ! action is abett$ by a l>ge body4 ,= a planet to entrap ! sun's rays or ev5 to pres]ve its own int]nal w>m?1 an atmosph]e is ne$$1 & x takes a l>ge body to reta9 an atmosph]ic cov]+ suffici5tly long4 ,yet )\t x n only w\ld !re be no suitable /ate1 b no m$ium 9 :i* organic or ev5 inorganic reactions c\ld g on4 ,la/ly1 wat]1 ! ess5tial nidus = ! organism's e>ly /ages1 has its pres5ce simil>ly condition$4 ,= ?is1 l ! atmosph]e1 w\ld f a small body spe$ily vani% away4 ,?us ! planet itself is ! life-produc+ body1 al?\gh ! sun fur!rs ! process :5 once begun4 ,t ! ne$$ sub/ances are planet>ily pres5t1 :at we "k ( ! di/ribution ( matt] a/ronomically suffici5tly atte/s4 ,:at we f9d 9 meteorites %[s t ! cata/rophe :i* prec$$ our pres5t sol> sy/em's bir? scatt]$ its elem5tal con/itu5ts ?r\gh\t its doma91 & ?us :5 !y came to be ga!r$ up aga9 into planets t ^! mu/ h be5 mat]ially ! same4 ,! mann]1 n ! matt]1 !n1 is alone t ab\t :i* we are conc]n$4 ,n[1 if ! mass ( matt] gravitat+ toge!r to =m a planet be suffici5t to produce ! prop] inorganic conditions1 ! organic mu/ foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,t ! organic spr+s f ! inorganic is n only %[n by :at has tak5 place on e>?1 b is ! necess>y logical d$uction f its decay back into ! inorganic aga94 ,z ,ngeli admirably obs]ves3 8,! orig9 ( ! organic f ! inorganic is1 9 ! fir/ place1 n a "q ( exp]i5ce & exp]im5t1 b a fact d$uc$ f ! law ( ! con/ancy ( matt] & =ce4 ,if all ?+s 9 ! mat]ial _w are causally relat$1 if all ph5om5a proce$ on natural pr9ciples1 organisms :i* are =m$ ( & decay into ! same matt] mu/ h be5 d]iv$ orig9ally f inorganic comp\nds40 ,! orig9al on5ess ( ! two1 ! fact t ! organic sprang f ! inorganic1 is %[n by ! c\s9ly clos5ess ( ! l[e/ organic ) ! highe/ inorganic sub/ances4 ,! mon]a are sugge/ive ( cry/als 9 _! uni=mity ( /ructure4 ,bo? are homog5e\s or approximately s4 ,aga91 bo? gr[ by tak+ f :at !y come 9 contact ) t :i* !y f9d suitable & s add to _! body by homog5e\s accretion4 ,f9ally1 :5 gr[n too l>ge = s+le life1 !y "p into simil> cry/als or split into id5tical cells4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! division ( ! cry/al & ! fission ( ! cell is small 9 k9d2 mu* less ?an t lat] diff]5tiation 9 g5esis into p>!nog5esis & sexual reproduction4 ,yet "h we unhesitat+ly trace an assur$ relation%ip4 ,x 7 /ra9+ at a gnat to swall[ a camel to d\bt x 9 ! o!r4 ,j z ! two behave analogically alike 9 _! own action1 s d !y obs]ve a l attitude t[>d nature4 ,!y ?us po9t to _! common orig94 ,! mon]a are resemblant ( *emical comp\nds 9 _! sup]iority to ext]nal influ5ces4 ,to outw>d conditions ( temp]ature & humidity ! *romacea are mu* z /icks & /ones4 ,"s species may rema9 = long froz5 9 ice1 ,haeckel obs]ves1 & yet wake to activity s soon z x ?aws4 ,o!rs may be completely desiccat$1 & !n resume _! life :5 put 9 wat] aft] a lapse ( sev]al ye>s4 ,?us bo? 9 _! dea?like lives & 9 _! liv+ immortality ! *romacea are close to inorganic ?+s4 ,f pref]5ce1 h[ev]1 ^! l[e/ =ms ( life affect :at to u w\ld be unbe>able temp]atures4 ,_m ( ! *romacea live 9 hot spr+s at temp]atures ( #abc to #agf ,fahr5heit1 9 :i* no o!r1 t is1 no high]1 organism c dwell4 ,?is *oice ( habitat is 9 l9e ) ! o!r details ( _! evolution>y c>e]4 ,= x1 too1 is 9 keep+ ) ! conditions ( cry/all9e gr[?1 halfway z x 7 on ! road to !m2 ! =m+ ( cry/als beg9n+ at a temp]ature high] /ill4 ,& we p]ceive f x t ! pass+ ( ! inorganic into ! organic is br\ght ab\t by a l[]+ ( ! temp]ature ( ! p>5t planet4 ,?is aga91 is 9 l9e ) ! evolution ( *emical complexity4 ,let ! heat become less1 & high] & high] *emical comp\nds1 f9ally ! organic ones1 become possible4 ,t evolution is no?+ else ?an su* a gradually increas+ *emical syn!sis is =c$ on "o by /udy ( ! facts4 ,once />t$1 life1 z paleontology %[s1 develops along bo? ! floral & ! faunal l9es side by side1 tak+ on complexity ) "t4 ,x beg9s s soon z secul> cool+ has cond5s$ wat] vapor to its liquid /ate2 *romacea & conf]v com+ into be+ high up t[>d ! boil+-po9t4 ,!n1 ) l[]+ temp]ature come ! seawe$s & ! rhizopods1 !n ! l& plants & ! lung$ v]tebrates4 ,h& 9 h& ! fauna & flora climb to m intricate p]fect+1 life ris+ z temp]ature l[]s4 ,we p]ceive !n t1 consid]$ a priori1 ! possibility ( life on a planet is m]ely a "q ( ! planet's size2 & !n pursuantly t ! "* ( t life is a matt] ( ! planet's age4 ,b age aga9 is a "q ( size4 ,= ! small] its mass ! quick] ! body cools1 & ) a planet1 gr[+ cold means gr[+ old4 ,)9 ! b\nds t make life possible1 ! small] ! body ! quick] x ages & ! m advanc$ its d5iz5s mu/ be4 ,j h[ f> ! advance goes we may n ass]t dogmatically 9 a giv5 case1 s9ce n relative age alone b absolute "t z well is conc]n$ 9 x4 ,x may be t nature's processes _c be hurri$1 & t = want ( "t developm5t may 9 "p be miss$4 ,b f g5]al consid]ations ! limit ( ! "t ne$$ seems well )9 mo/ planet>y c>e]s4 ,n[1 ! aspect ( ! surface ( ,m>s %[s t bo? ^! conditions h be5 fulfill$4 ,m>s is l>ge en\gh to h begott5 vegetation & small en\gh to be already old4 ,all t we "k ( ! physical /ate ( ! planet po9ts to ! possibility ( bo? vegetal & animal life exi/+ !re1 & fur!rmore1 t ?is life %\ld be ( a relatively high ord] is possible4 ,no?+ contradicts ?is1 & ! obs]vations ( ! la/ t5 ye>s h r5d]$ ! conclusion !n advanc$ only ! m conclusive4 ,ev5 ! evid5ce ( ! pa/ /ate ( ! planet confirms t giv5 by its pres5t "o4 ,t ) u life came out ( ! seas f9ds its possible p>allel 9 ! fact t seas seem once to h exi/$ !re1 leav+ _! m>k disc]nible to-day4 ,life1 !n1 _h !re z "h ! :]e) to beg94 ,t we f9d air & wat] 9 bo? %[s t x _h ! means to cont9ue once begun4 ,t x !n ran a l c\rse is fur!r witness$ by :at we n[ detect4 ,! necess>y premises1 !n1 are !re4 ,m ?an ?is4 ,"o half ( ! conclusion1 vegetal life1 gives evid5ce ( itself4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,evid5ce ,( ! exi/5ce ( animal life ^u a f> planet any evid5ce mu/1 ( necessity1 assume a diff]5t guise f :at its flora w\ld pres5t4 ,plant life %\ld be1 z on ,m>s we p]ceive x is1 recognizable z "p & p>cel ( ! ma9 features ( ! planet's face4 ,9 no su* =?right mann] c\ld we expect an animal revelation4 ,! sort ( te/imony :i* w\ld r5d] ! "o pat5t w\ld leave ! o!r ob/9ately hid4 ,s long z animate life 0 9 ! l[e/ s5se animal1 x w\ld n be se5 at all1 ?\gh x 7 z widespread z ! vegetal life all ab\t x4 ,reason = ?is lies 9 _! receptive "*4 ,plants are fixtures2 :]e !y />t !y /ay2 :ile f ! nature ( _! food1 d]iv$ directly f ! soil & f ! air1 & condition$ *iefly by w>m? & moi/ure1 l =ms inhabit l>ge areas & by _! mass$ effect make f> impression4 ,) animals x is o!rwise4 ,!y fe$ by =age1 f beetle to buffalo1 roam+ ! l& = su/5ance4 ,?us1 bo? = paucity ( numb] & f n abid+ 9 "o /ay !y mu/ escape notice at a di/ance su* t z individuals !y fail to %[2 to say no?+ ( ! fact t ! flora usually ov]top ! fauna1 & s help to hide ! latt] :ile appe>+ itself di/9ct4 ,any f> view ( our e>? gives in/ance ( ?is4 ,se5 f "s panoramic height1 =e/ & moorl& lie pat5tly outspread to view1 yet imag9ation is tax$ to believe !m t5ant$ at all4 ,unless man h m>r$ ! l&scape n a sign appe>s ( any liv+ ?+4 ,"o mu/ be ne> inde$ to note ev5 su* unusual sights z a h]d ( buffalo 9 ! pla9s or ^? imm5se flights ( pigeons1 t 9 =m] ye>s occurr$ l cl\ds d>k5+ ! air4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ano!r planet1 ?r\gh any su* direct %[+ animal exi/5ce w\ld /ill rema9 unkn[n4 ,n until ! creatures _h rea*$ a c]ta9 phase 9 evolution w\ld _! pres5ce become p]ceptible2 & n !n directly1 b by ! results su* pres5ce br\ght to pass4 ,occupancy w\ld be fir/ evid5c$ by its impr9t on ! l&2 disc]nible ?us initially n s mu* by ! bodily z by ! m9d's eye4 ,= n till ! animal _h le>nt to dom9ate nature & fa%ion x to 8 ne$s & ends w\ld 8 exi/5ce betray itself4 ,by ! trans=mation he wr\ght 9 ! l&scape w\ld he be kn[n4 ,x is ?us we %\ld make our own f> acqua9tance2 & by ! dis>rangem5t ( nature fir/ h inkl+ ( man4 ,t x is ?us we %\ld betray ourselves1 a consid]ation ( man's hi/ory w %[4 ,:ile he /ill rema9$ ( savage simplicity1 a m]e *ild ( nature1 he might come & g unm>k$ by an outsid]1 b s soon z he />t$ 9 to possess ! e>? 8 h&icraft w\ld reveal him4 ,f ! mom5t he be?\ght him to till ! gr\nd1 he ent]$ ^u a c\rse ( _w-subjugation ( :i* we _c =esee ! end2 b he has already advanc$ f> en\gh to give u an idea ( ! process4 ,x began ) agriculture4 ,de=e/ation ) its subsequ5t qu>t]+ ( crops signaliz$ 8 acquisition ( real e/ate4 ,8 impress at fir/ 0 sporadic & irregul>1 & 9 s f> foll[$ t ( nature itself2 b z x advanc$ x took on a me?odism ( plan4 ,husb&ry begot ?rift1 & augm5t$ wants dem&$ an increas+ return = toil2 & to ?is desirable end sy/ematization became a necessity4 ,at ! same "t greg>i\sness grew & /ill fur!r emphasiz$ ! ne$ = economy ( space & "t4 ,9 "p unconsci\sly1 man le>nt ! laws t gov]n ! exp5diture ( =ce & m & m consci\sly appli$ !m4 ,geometry1 unloos$ ( ,euclid1 became a "p ( ev]yday life z insidi\sly z ,m4 ,j\rda9 f\nd t he _h be5 talk+ prose4 ,regul>ity rules to-day1 to ! lam5t ( art4 ,! railroad is /raight] ?an ! turnpike1 z t is /raight] ?an ! trail4 ,communication is n[ too urg5t 9 its dem&s to "k any?+ b law & take o!r ?an ! %orte/ pa? to its de/9ation4 ,tillage has und]gone a l rectification4 ,to "o us$ to ! pat*work quilt+ ( ! crops 9 old] l&s ! me?odical rectangles ( ! f>ms ( ! ,great ,we/ are pa9fully exact4 ,yet x is m ?an probable t ^! mat]ial manife/ations w\ld be ! fir/ signs ( intellig5ce to "o consid]+ ! e>? f f>4 ,our t[ns w\ld 9 all likelihood con/itute ! next2 &1 la/ly1 ! great art]ies ( travel t m9i/] to _! wants4 ,_! scale1 too1 w\ld r5d] !m ! fir/ objects to be obs]v$4 ,f>m+ z n[ practic$ 9 ,kansas or ,dakota gives x a c]ta9 cosmical conc]n2 fields = miles turn+ 9 hue ) ! rhy?m ( ! drill$ %\ld impress an eye1 if arm$ ) our appliances1 _m millions ( miles away4 ,ev5 n[ we %\ld "k ourselves cosmically by our geometrical designs4 ,to int]planet>y und]/&+ x is ?is quality t w\ld speak4 ,/ill m s w x tell z "t goes on4 ,z yet we are b at ! beg9n+ ( our subjugation ( ! globe4 ,we h h>dly explor$ x all1 /ill less occupi$ x4 ,:5 we d s1 & space %all h become enhanc$ly preci\s1 directness ( purpose ) economy ( result w h p>tition$ s regul>ly ! surface ( ! e>? z to imp>t to x an artificiality ( appe>ance1 & x becomes "o va/ cord9at$ expanse subs]vi5t entirely to ! wants ( its possessors4 ,c5tres ( population & l9es ( communication1 ) tillage c>ri$ on 9 ! mo/ economic way2 to ?is x mu/ come 9 ! end4 ,nor is ?is outcome 9 any s5se a circum/ance accid5tal to ! e>?2 x is an inevitable phase 9 ! evolution ( organisms4 ,z ! organism develops bra9 x is able to circumv5t ! adv]sities ( condition2 & by ov]com+ m pron\nc$ inhospitality ( environm5t n only to survive b spread4 ,evid5ce ( ?is ?\ght w be /amp$ m & m visibly ^u ! face ( its habitat4 ,on e>?1 = all our pride ( intellect1 we h n yet progress$ v f> f ! l[ly animal /ate t leaves no records ( itself4 ,x is only 9 ! la/ two c5turies t our self-regi/ration ^u our surr\nd+s has be5 m>k$4 ,) ano!r planet ! l c\rse mu/ 9 all probability be pursu$1 & ! old] ! life relatively to its habitat ! m its signs ( occupation %\ld %[4 ,intellig5ce on o!r worlds c\ld !n only make its pres5ce kn[n by su* mat]ial revelation1 & ! sign-manuals ( itself w\ld appe> m artificial 9 look z t life 0 high 9 rank4 ,giv5 ! c]ta9ty ( plant-life1 su* m>k+s are :at "o w\ld look to f9d4 ,criticism :i* refuses to cr$it detail ( ! sort because too biz>re to be true writes itself d[n z unacqua9t$ ) ! "* ( ! problem4 ,= x is precisely su* detail :i* %\ld %[ if any evid5ce at all 7 =?com+4 ,if1 n[1 we turn our inquiry to ,m>s1 we %all be fairly />tl$ at :at its disk discloses4 ,= we f9d ourselves confront$ 9 ! canals & oases by precisely ! appe>ances a priori reason+ proves %\ld %[ 7 ! planet inhabit$4 ,our ab/ract progno/ications h tak5 concrete =m4 ,"h 9 ^! rectil9eal l9es & r\ndi% spots we h spread out our c5tres ( ef=t & our l9es ( communication4 ,= ! oases are cle>ly ganglia to :i* ! canals play ! "p ( n]ves4 ,! /range geometricism :i* proves inexplicable on any o!r hypo!sis n[ %[s itself ( ! ess5ce ( ! solution4 ,! appe>ance ( artificiality ca/ up at ! ph5om5a 9 dispro( v9dicates itself z ! vital po9t 9 ! :ole matt]4 ,l ! ca*et ( an ar*itect1 x is ! ?+ ab\t ! build+ t e/abli%$ ! au?or%ip4 ,?\gh ! ,e>? & ,m>s agree 9 be+ planets1 !y diff] con/itutionally 9 sev]al important respects4 ,ev5 to u ! curi\s network t en%r\ds ! ,m>tian disk sugge/s h&icraft2 x implies x mu* m :5 consid]$ f a ,m>tian /&po9t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,! ,,husb&+ ,,( ,,wat] ,t ! canals & oases are ( artificial orig9 is ?us sugge/$ by _! v look2 :5 we come to g fur!r & inquire into :at may be _! (fice 9 ! planet's economy1 we f9d t ! idea 9 addition to its g5]al probability n[ acquires p>ticul> support4 ,= ?is we are indebt$ 9 "p to /udy ( _! /atic aspect1 b *iefly to :at has be5 le>nt ( _! k9ematic action4 ,de>? ( wat] is ! key to _! "*4 ,wat] is v sc>ce on ! planet4 ,we "k ?is by ! abs5ce ( any bodies ( x ( any size ^u ! surface4 ,s f> z we c see ! only available wat] is :at comes f ! semi-annual melt+ at "o or ! o!r cap ( ! sn[ accumulat$ !re dur+ ! previ\s w9t]4 ,beyond ?is !re is none except = :at may be pres5t 9 ! air4 ,n[1 wat] is absolutely ess5tial to all =ms ( life2 no organisms c exi/ )\t x4 ,b z a planet ages1 x loses its oceans z has be=e be5 expla9$1 & gradually its :ole wat] supply4 ,life ^u its surface is confront$ by a gr[+ sc>city ( ?is ess5tial to exi/5ce4 ,= its fauna to survive x mu/ utilize all x c get4 ,to ?is end x w\ld be oblig$ to put =? its *ief endeavors1 & ! outcome ( su* "w w\ld result 9 a de=mation ( ! disk indicative ( its pres5ce4 ,l9es ( communication = wat] purposes1 betwe5 ! pol> caps1 on ! "o h&1 & ! c5tres ( population1 on ! o!r1 w\ld be ! artificial m>k+s we %\ld expect to p]ceive4 ,n[1 x is n a little />tl+ t ! semblance ( j su* signs ( intellig5t int]f]5ce ) nature is :at we disc]n on ! face ( ,m>s1--9 ! canals & oases4 ,s dom9ant 9 its mi5 is ! p5cil-l directness ( ! canals z to be ! trait t prim>ily /rikes an unprejudic$ obs]v] :o beholds ?is a/\nd+ sy/em ( l9es "u favorable def9ition = ! fir/ "t1 & its impressiv5ess only gr[s on him ) /udy ( ! ph5om5a4 ,t !y sugge/$ rule & compass1 ,s*iap>elli said ( !m long ago1 )\t committ+ himself z to :at !y 74 ,9 p]ception ! great obs]v] 01 z usual1 q "r2 & ! bett] !y are se5 ! m !y ju/ify ! /atem5t4 ,punctili\s 9 _! precision1 !y outdo 9 me?od all attempts ( freeh& draw+ to copy !m4 ,(t5 has ! writ] tri$ to repres5t ! regul>ity he saw1 only to draw & r$raw 8 l9es 9 va94 ,no?+ %ort ( rul+ !m c\ld h reproduc$ :at ! telescope reveal$4 ,/range z _! depiction may look 9 ! draw+s1 ! orig9als look /rang] /ill4 ,inde$1 t !y %\ld look unnatural :5 prop]ly depict$ is n unnatural if !y are s 9 fact4 ,= x is ! geodetic precision :i* ! l9es exhibit t in/antly /amps !m to consci\sness z artificial4 ,! inf]5ce is s =?right z to be %>$ by ^? :o h n se5 !m to ! ext5t ( in/ant d5ial ( _! objectivity4 ,draw+s ( !m look too /range to be true4 ,s scepticism imputes to ! draughtsman _! artificial fa%ion+1 n realiz+ t by s do+ x be>s unconsci\s witness to _! "*4 ,= 9 ord] to disprove ! d$uction x is driv5 to d5y ! fact4 ,n[ ! fact c look aft] itself & w be recogniz$ 9 "t4 ,= t ! l9es are z ,i h /at$ is beyond d\bt4 ,ea* return ( ! planet %[s !m m & m geometric z sites are bett]$ & tra9+ improves4 ,sugge/ive ( design z _! initial appe>ance is1 ! idea ( artificiality receives fur!r sanction f m c>eful consid]ation1 ev5 f a /atic po9t ( view1 on at lea/ eight c\nts3-- #a4 ,_! /raightness2 #b4 ,_! individually uni=m size2 #c4 ,_! extreme t5uity2 #d4 ,! dual "* ( "s ( !m2 #e4 ,_! position ) reg>d to ! planet's fundam5tal features2 #f4 ,_! relation to ! oases2 #g4 ,! "* ( ^! spots2 &1 f9ally1 #h4 ,! sy/ematic network+ by bo? canals & spots ( ! :ole surface ( ! planet4 ,n[1 no natural ph5om5a )9 our k %[ su* regul>ity on su* a scale ^u any "o ( ^! eight c\nts1 a =tiori ^u all4 ,:5 "o consid]s t ^! l9es run = ?\s&s ( miles 9 an unsw]v+ direction1 z f> relatively z f ,london to ,bombay1 & z f> actually z f ,bo/on to ,san ,francisco1 ! inadequacy ( natural explanation becomes gl>+4 ,^! sev]al c\nts become m expressive ( design ! f>!r "o looks into !m4 ,/raightness ^u a sph]e means ! foll[+ ( an arc ( a great circle4 ,! l9es1 !n1 are arcs ( great circles4 ,n[1 ! great circle c\rse is ! %orte/ di/ance connect+ two giv5 po9ts4 ,! canals ( ,m>s1 !n1 practice ?is economy2 !y connect _! t]m9als by ! %orte/1 t is1 o!r ?+s equal1 by ! quicke/ & lea/ wa/eful pa?4 ,_! pres]v+ a uni=m wid? ?r\gh\t ?is di/ance is an equally unnatural feature = any natural action to exhibit1 b a p]fectly natural "o = an unnatural ag5t4 ,= means ( communication = :atev] cause w\ld probably be fa%ion$ ( l c\nt5ance ?r\gh\t4 ,_! extreme t5uity is a ?ird trait po9t+ to artificiality2 inasmu* z ! n>r[] !y are1 ! m probable is _! con/ruction by local intellig5ce4 ,ev5 m inexplicable1 except f int5t1 is _! dual "*4 ,= !m to p>allel "o ano!r l ! tw9 rails ( a railway track1 seems q beyond ! p[]s ( natural causation4 ,enigmatic1 inde$1 f a natural /&po9t1 !y cease to be s enigmatic view$ f an artificial "o2 & ?is ! m by reason ( :at has lately be5 le>nt ( ! "* ( _! di/ribution4 ,t !y are f\nd mo/ pl5tifully ne> ! equator1 :]e ! latitud9al gir? is greate/1 & !nce dim9i% 9 numb]s to ab\t latitude #fj1 :]e !y disappe>1--& ?is n relatively to ! am\nt ( surface b actually1--is v significant4 ,x is q incapable ( natural explanation1 & c only be acc\nt$ = on "s !ory ( design su* z l9es ( communication1 or canals conduct+ wat] d[n ! latitudes = di/ribution4 ,s t ?is di/ribution ( ! d\bles is 9 keep+ ) ! law ( developm5t disclos$ by ! canals en masse4 ,*annels & return-*annels ! two l9es ( ! pair may be1 b ab\t ?is we c at pres5t posit no?+4 ,! relation may be ( /ill great] complexity1 & we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 surmise & d$uction4 ,! position ( ! canals1 ) reg>d to ! ma9 features ( ! disk1 has a cog5cy ( its own1 an argum5t f "t4 ,! places f :i* ! l9es />t & to :i* !y g are su* z to imply a dep5d5ce ( ! latt] ^u ! =m] *ronologically4 ,! l9es are logically sup]pos$ ^u ! natural features2 n z if !y _h gr[n !re1 b z if !y _h be5 plac$ !re = topographic cause4 ,^? t]m9i are us$ :i* we %\ld ourselves select = /ations ( int]communication4 ,= ! l9es n only leave important geodetic po9ts1 b !y travel directly to equally sali5t ones4 ,! connection ( ! canals ) ! oases is no less telltale ( int5t4 ,! spots are f\nd only at junctions1 cle>ly ! seal & sanction ( su* r5dezv\s4 ,_! relation to ! canals t ent] !m bespeaks me?od & design4 ,c5tr+ s+le l9es1 !y are inclos$ by d\bles1 a disposition su* z w\ld be true did !y hold a pivotal position 9 ! planet's economy4 ,! %ape ( ! oases also sugge/s significance4 ,_! =m is r\nd1 a solid circle ( %ad+ ( s deep a tone z to seem black1 al?\gh und\bt$ly 9 tru? blue-gre54 ,n[1 a circul> area has ?is peculi> prop]ty1 t x incloses = a giv5 l5g? ( p]imet] ! maximum ( space4 ,any o!r area has a long] inclos+ b\nd>y = ! surface inclos$4 ,consid]+ ea* area to be made up ( onion-l envelops to an orig9al core1 ea* simil> 9 %ape to ! k]nel1 we see t ! prop]ty 9 "q means t ! av]age di/ance = po9ts ( ! circul> area f ! c5tre is less ?an ! same di/ance = ^? ( any o!r figure4 ,?is has imm$iate be>+ on ! possible fa%ion+ ( su* areas4 ,= suffici5t intellig5ce 9 ! fa%ion]s w\ld c]ta9ly lead to a con/ruction1 :]e ! greate/ area c\ld be att5d$ to at ! lea/ exp5diture ( =ce4 ,?is w\ld be :]e ! di/ance to be travel$ f ! c5tre to all ! desir$ po9ts 0 on ! av]age lea/2 t is1 ! area w\ld be r\nd4 ,b la/ & all-embrac+ 9 its import is ! sy/em :i* ! canals =m4 ,in/ead ( runn+ at haphaz>d1 ! canals are int]connect$ 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]4 ,!y seek c5tres in/ead ( avoid+ !m4 ,! c5tres are l9k$ ?us p]fectly "o ) ano!r1 an arrangem5t :i* c\ld n result f c5tres1 :e!r ( explosion or o!rwise1 :i* 7 !mselves discrete4 ,fur!rmore1 ! sy/em cov]s ! :ole surface ( ! planet1 d>k areas & light ones alike1 a _w-wide di/ribution :i* exce$s ! b\nds ( natural possibility4 ,any =ce :i* c\ld act longitud9ally on su* a scale mu/ be limit$ latitud9ally 9 its action1 z witness ! belts ( ,jupit] or ! spots ^u ! sun4 ,rotational1 climatic1 or o!r physical cause c\ld n fail ( zonal expression4 ,yet ^! l9es are gr&ly indiff]5t to su* compell+ influ5ces4 ,f9ally1 ! sy/em aft] me%+ ! surface 9 its entirety runs /raight into ! pol> caps4 ,x is1 !n1 a sy/em ^: end & aim is ! tapp+ ( ! sn[-cap = ! wat] !re semiannually let loose2 !n to di/ribute x ov] ! planet's face4 ,function ( ?is v sort is evid5c$ by ! look ( ! canals4 ,fur!r /udy dur+ ! la/ elev5 ye>s z to _! behavior leads to a l conclusion1 :ile at ! same "t x goes mu* f>!r by reveal+ ! action 9 ! case4 ,?is action proves to be n only 9 accord ) ! !ory1 b int]e/+ly explanatory ( ! process4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! canals h %[n !mselves1 z !y %[$ to ,s*iap>elli1 to be seasonal ph5om5a4 ,?is negatives afre% ! possibility ( _! be+ cracks4 ,b fur!rmore1 _! seasonal behavior turns out to foll[ a law q diff]5t f :at we "k on e>? & betok5s t !y are indebt$ to ! melt+ ( ! pol> cap = _! annual gr[?1 ev5 m directly ?an to ! sun1 & t vegetation is ! only ?+ t satisfactorily acc\nts = _! conduct4 ,b aga9 ?is is n all4 ,_! "t ( quick5+ proce$s ) s+ul> uni=mity d[n ! disk1 n only to1 b across ! equator4 ,n[1 ?is la/ fact has peculi> significance4 ,s l>ge are ! planet>y masses t no sub/ance c resi/ ! /ra9s due to ! cosmic =ces act+ on !m to *ange _! %ape till x becomes "o ( /able equilibrium4 ,?us a body ( planet>y size1 if unrotat+1 becomes a sph]e except = sol> tidal de=mation2 if rotat+1 x takes on a sph]oidal =m exactly expressive1 z f> z obs]vation goes1 ( ! s-call$ c5trifugal =ce at "w4 ,m>s pres5ts su* a figure1 be+ flatt5$ out to correspond to its axial rotation4 ,its surface1 !re=e1 is 9 fluid equilibrium1 or1 9 o!r words1 a p>ticle ( liquid at any po9t ( its surface at ! pres5t "t w\ld /ay :]e x 01 devoid ( incl9ation to move else:]e4 ,n[1 ! wat] :i* quick5s ! v]dure ( ! canals moves f ! neighborhood ( ! pole d[n to ! equator z ! season advances4 ,?is x does1 !n1 irrespective ( gravity4 ,no natural =ce propels x1 & ! inf]5ce is =?right & inevitable t x is artificially help$ to its end4 ,!re seems to be no escape f ?is d$uction4 ,wat] fl[s only d[nhill1 & !re is no su* ?+ z d[nhill on a surface already 9 fluid equilibrium4 ,a few canals might presumably be s situat$ t _! fl[ c\ld1 by inequality ( t]rane1 lie equatorw>d1 b n all4 ,z we see on ! e>?1 riv]s fl[ imp>tially to all po9ts ( ! compass1 dep5d5t only ^u unev5ness ( ! local surface conditions4 ,n[1 x is n 9 p>ticul> b by g5]al cons5t t ! canal sy/em ( ,m>s develops f pole to equator4 ,f ! respective times at :i* ! m9ima take place1 x appe>s t ! canal-quick5+ occupies fifty-two days1 z evid5c$ by ! successive vegetal d>k5+s to desc5d f latitude #gb nor? to latitude #j1 a j\rney ( #bfej miles4 ,?is gives = ! wat] a spe$ ( fifty-"o miles a day1 or #b4a miles an h\r4 ,! rate ( progression is rem>kably uni=m2 & ?is abets ! d$uction z to assi/$ transf]5ce4 ,! simple fact t x is c>ri$ f ne> ! pole to ! equator is suffici5tly telltale ( extr9sic aid1 b ! uni=mity ( ! action increases its significance4 ,b ! fact is m unnatural yet4 ,! gr[? pays no reg>d to ! equator1 b proce$s across x z if x did n exi/ into ! planet's o!r hemisph]e4 ,"h is some?+ /ill m tell+ ?an its travel to ?is po9t4 ,= ev5 if we suppose1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t natural =ces took ! wat] d[n to ! equator1 _! action mu/ !re be c]ta9ly rev]s$ & ! equator prove a dead-l9e to pass :i* 7 impossible4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,conclusion ,t ,m>s is inhabit$ by be+s ( "s sort or o!r we may consid] z c]ta9 z x is unc]ta9 :at ^? be+s may be4 ,! !ory ( ! exi/5ce ( intellig5t life on ,m>s may be lik5$ to ! atomic !ory 9 *emi/ry 9 t 9 bo? we are l$ to ! belief 9 units :i* we are alike unable to def9e4 ,bo? !ories expla9 ! facts 9 _! respective fields & are ! only !ories t d1 :ile z to :at an atom may resemble we "k z little z :at a ,m>tian may be l4 ,b ! behavior ( *emic comp\nds po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( atoms too small = u to see1 & 9 ! same way ! aspect & behavior ( ! ,m>tian m>k+s implies ! action ( ag5ts too f> away to be made out4 ,b ?\gh 9 nei!r case c we tell any?+ ( ! ,bodily =m ( its unit1 we c 9 bo? pr$icate a good deal ab\t _! work+s4 ,ap>t f ! g5]al fact ( intellig5ce impli$ by ! geometric "* ( _! con/ructions1 is ! evid5ce z to its degree af=d$ by ! cosmopolitan ext5t ( ! action4 ,girdl+ _! globe & /ret*+ f pole1 to pole1 ! ,m>tian canal sy/em n only embraces _! :ole _w1 b is an organiz$ entity4 ,ea* canal jo9s ano!r1 :i* 9 turn connects ) a ?ird1 & s on ov] ! entire surface ( ! planet4 ,?is cont9uity ( con/ruction posits a community ( int]e/4 ,n[1 :5 we consid] t ?\gh n s l>ge z ! ,e>? ! _w ( ,m>s is "o ( #dbjj miles diamet] & !re=e conta9+ some?+ l #bab1jjj1jjj ( squ>e miles1 ! unity ( ! process acquires consid]able significance4 ,! suppos$ va/ ent]prises ( ! e>? look small beside x4 ,none ( !m b become local 9 comp>ison1 gigantic z !y seem to u to be4 ,! fir/ ?+ t is =c$ on u 9 conclusion is ! necess>ily intellig5t & non-bellicose "* ( ! community :i* c\ld ?us act z a unit ?r\gh\t its globe4 ,w> is a survival among u f savage times & affects n[ *iefly ! boyi% & un?9k+ elem5t ( ! nation4 ,! wise/ realize t !re are bett] ways = practic+ h]oism & o!r & m c]ta9 ends ( insur+ ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,x is some?+ a p outgr[4 ,b :e!r !y consci\sly practice peace or n1 nature 9 its evolution ev5tually practices x = !m1 & aft] en\gh ( ! inhabitants ( a globe h kill$ ea* o!r (f1 ! rema9d] mu/ f9d x m advantage\s to "w toge!r = ! common good4 ,:e!r increas+ common s5se or increas+ necessity 0 ! spur t drove ! ,m>tians to ?is em95tly sagaci\s /ate we _c say1 b x is c]ta9 t rea*$ x !y h1 & equally c]ta9 t if !y _h n !y mu/ all die4 ,:5 a planet has atta9$ to ! age ( advanc+ decrepitude1 & ! remnant ( its wat] supply resides simply 9 its pol> caps1 ^! c only be effectively tapp$ = ! b5efit ( ! inhabitants :5 arctic & equatorial peoples are at "o4 ,diff]5ce ( policy on ! "q ( ! all-important wat] supply means no?+ %ort ( dea?4 ,isolat$ communities _c !re be suffici5t unto !mselves2 !y mu/ comb9e to solid>ity or p]i%4 ,f ! fact1 !re=e1 t ! reticulat$ canal sy/em is an elaborate entity embrac+ ! :ole planet f "o pole to ! o!r1 we h n only pro( ( ! _w-wide sagacity ( its build]s1 b a v sugge/ive side-light1 to ! fact t only a univ]sal necessity su* z wat] c\ld well be its und]ly+ cause4 ,possess$ ( important be>+ ^u ! possibility ( life on ,m>s is ! r rec5t appreciation t ! habitat ( bo? plants & animals is condition$ n by ! m9imum1 nor by ! mean temp]ature ( ! locality1 b by ! maximum heat atta9$ 9 ! region4 ,n only is ! m9imum !rmometric po9t no det]m9ator ( a dead-l9e1 b ev5 a mean temp]ature does n measure organic capability4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! cont9uance ( ! species seems to dep5d solely ^u ! possibility ( reproduction1 & ?is 9 turn ^u a suitable temp]ature at ! critical p]iod ( ! plant's or animal's c>e]4 ,contr>y to previ\s ideas on ! subject1 ,m]riam f\nd ?is to be ! case ) ! fauna ( ! ,san ,francisco ,peak region 9 nor!rn ,arizona4 ,! region 0 peculi>ly fitt$ = a te/1 because ( ris+ a boreal isl& ( life out ( a sub-tropic sea ( des]t4 ,x ?us reproduc$ along its flanks ! conditions ( climates f>!r nor?1 altitude tak+ ! "p ( latitude1 "o succe$+ ano!r until at ! top /ood ! arctic zone4 ,m]riam %[$ t ! exi/5ce ( life !re 0 dep5d5t solely ^u a suffici5cy ( w>m? at ! bre$+ season4 ,if t 7 en\gh ! animal or plant propagat$ its k9d1 & held its foo?old aga9/ adv]se conditions dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,?is x did by liv+ dur+ its brief summ] & !n go+ into hib]nation ! balance ( ! "t4 ,nature 9 %ort susp5d$ its functions to a l>ge ext5t = mon?s toge!r1 enabl+ x to resurrect :5 ! conditions turn$4 ,hib]nation proves ?us to be a trait acquir$ by ! organism 9 consequ5ce ( climatic conditions4 ,l all su* x c only be develop$ 9 "t1 s9ce nature is incapable ( abrupt transition4 ,an animal sudd5ly transport$ f ! tropic to a sub-arctic zone w p]i%1 because x has n yet le>nt ! trick ( w9t] sleep+4 ,:ile /ill *>act]iz$ by seasonal insomnia x is incapable ( /or+ its en]gies & bid+ its "t4 ,b giv5 "t en\gh to acquire ! art1 its exi/5ce is det]m9$ solely by ! enjoym5t ( heat en\gh at "s season to p]mit ( ! vital possibility ( reproduc+ its k9d4 ,diurnal %utt+ (f ( ! heat affects ! process b little1 provid$ ! fall be n bel[ freez+ at ! hotte/ season4 ,s mu* is %[n by ! fauna ( our arctic & sub-arctic zones1 b /ill m p]t95tly to ,m>s by ! zones ( ! ,san ,francisco ,peak region1 s9ce ! ?9n] air ( altitude1 ?r\gh :i* a great] am\nt ( heat c radiate (f1 is !re sub/itut$ = ! ?ick] "o ( latitud9ally equal iso!rms4 ,"h aga9 ) ! diurnal z be=e ) ! seasonal x is ! maximum1 n ! mean1 or1 till l[1 ev5 ! m9imum temp]ature1 t tells4 ,n[1 ) ,m>s ! /ate ( ?+s is completely 9 accord ) :at is ?us dem&$ = ! exi/5ce ( life4 ,! ,m>tian climate is "o ( extremes1 :]e consid]able heat treads on ! heels ( great cold4 ,& ! "o ( ^! two conditions is z c]ta9 z ! o!r1 z ! condition ( ! planet's surface %[s conclusively4 ,9 summ] & dur+ ! day x mu/ be decid$ly hot1 c]ta9ly well above any possible freez+1 a ?9n] air blanket actually increas+ ! am\nt ( heat t rea*es ! surface1 ?\gh affect+ ! l5g? ( "t ( its ret5tion unfavorably4 ,! maximum temp]ature1 !re=e1 _c be l[4 ,! m9imum ( c\rse is2 b z we h j se51 x is ! maximum t regulates ! possibility ( life4 ,9 spite1 !re=e1 ( a w9t] probably long] & cold] ?an our own1 organic life is n 9 ! lea/ deb>r$ f f9d+ itself !re4 ,inde$1 ! conditions appe> to be su* z to put a premium ^u life ( a high ord]4 ,! ,m>tian ye> be+ twice z long z our own1 ! summ] is !re proportionately ext5d$4 ,ev5 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ! "o :]e ! summ] is ! %orte/1 x la/s = #aeh days1 :ile at ! same latitudes our own is b #ij days4 ,?is l5g!n+ ( ! p]iod ( reproduction _c b h an elevat+ effect ^u ! organism ak9 to ! prolongation ( *ildhood po9t$ out by ,john ,fiske z play+ s important a "p 9 ! evolution ( ! highe/ animals4 ,day & night1 on ! o!r h&1 alt]nate !re ) approximately ! same spe$ z "h1 & except = :at is due to a ?9n] air cov]+ reproduce our own t]re/rial diurnal conditions1 :i* z we saw are n inimical to life4 ,9 ?is respect1 !n1 ,m>s proves to be by no means s bad a habitat4 ,x (f]s ano!r example ( h[ increas+ k wid5s ! doma9 t life may occupy4 ,j z we h n[ f\nd organic exi/5ce 9 abyssal dep?s ( sea & 9 excessive degrees ( bo? heat & cold1 s d we f9d f exploration ( our isl& m\nta9s1 :i* m ?an any o!r locality on e>? facsimile ! ,m>tian surface1 its possession !re z well4 ,ano!r po9t1 too1 is wor? consid]ation4 ,9 an ag+ _w :]e ! conditions ( life h gr[n m difficult1 m5tality mu/ *>act]ize m & m its be+s 9 ord] = !m to survive1 & w\ld 9 consequ5ce t5d to be evolv$4 ,to f9d1 !re=e1 ^u ,m>s highly intellig5t life is :at ! planet's /ate w\ld lead "o to expect4 ,to "s p x may seem t ! v /rang5ess ( ,m>tian life precludes = x an appeal to human int]e/4 ,to me ?is is b a ne>-sight$ view4 ,! less ! life !re proves a c\nt]p>t ( our e>?ly /ate ( ?+s1 ! m x fires fancy & piques inquiry z to :at x be4 ,we all h felt ?is impulse 9 our *ildhood z our ance/ors did be=e u1 :5 !y conjur$ gobl9s & spirits f ! va/y void1 & if our en]gy cont9ue we nev] cease to feel its =ce ?r\gh life4 ,we b ex*ange1 z our ye>s increase1 ! romance ( fiction = ! m ?rill+ romance ( fact4 ,z we gr[ old] we dem& reality1 b s ?is requisite be fulfill$ ! /rang] ! realization ! bett] we are pleas$4 ,p]haps x is ! m vivid imag9ation ( y\? t enables u all !n to disp5se ) ! hall-m>k ( actuality ^u our *]i%$ visions2 p]haps a deep] s5se ( our own on5ess ) nature z we get on makes u insi/ ^u gett+ ! real ?+4 ,:atev] ! reason be1 c]ta9 x is t ) ! ye>s a n>ration1 no matt] h[ en?rall+1 takes add$ hold ( u = be+ true4 ,b ?\gh we crave ?is solid foo?old = our conceptions1 we yield on t acc\nt no jot or tittle ( our int]e/ = ! unexpect$4 ,good reason we h = ! allurem5t we feel t[>d :at is lea/ l u4 ,= ! wid] ! sep>ation f ! famili>1 ! great] ! p>allax ! new af=ds = cosmic compreh5sion4 ,t :i* diff]s little yields little to ! k already possess$4 ,j z a long] base l9e gives u a bett] measure ( ! di/ance ( ! sun1 s "h ! m div]se ! aspects1 ! f>!r back !y pu% ! common />t+-po9t & furni% proportionately compreh5sive insight into ! c\rse by :i* ea* came to be :at x is4 ,by /udy+ o!rs we le>n ab\t ourselves1 & ?\gh f ! remote we le>n less easily1 we ev5tually le>n ! m4 ,ev5 on ! side1 !n1 t t\*es mo/ m51 ! p]sonal1 ! /rang5ess ( ! subject %\ld to ! f>-see+ prove all ! great] magnet4 ,"o ( ! ?+s t makes ,m>s ( su* transc5d5t int]e/ to man is ! =esight x af=ds ( ! c\rse e>?ly evolution is to pursue4 ,on our own _w we are able only to /udy our pres5t & our pa/2 9 ,m>s we are able to glimpse1 9 "s sort1 our future4 ,diff]5t z ! c\rse ( life on ! two planets und\bt$ly has be51 ! "o helps1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 to bett] und]/&+ ( ! o!r4 ,ano!r1 m ab/ract b no less allur+1 appeals to t desire innate 9 man to "k ab\t ! cosmos ( :i* he =ms a "p & :i* we call by ! "n ( sci5ce4 ,/udy ( ,m>s responds to ?is crav+ bo? directly by revelation ( ! secrets ( ano!r _w & indirectly by ! be>+ ( :at we ?us le>n ^u our und]/&+ ( ! laws ( ! univ]se4 ,= ! facts ?us acquir$ broad5 our conceptions 9 e bran* ( sci5ce4 ,"s day our own geology1 meteorology1 & ! re/ w /& indebt$ to /udy ( ! planet ,m>s = advance along _! respective l9es4 ,already ! mo/ al]t ( ^? pr(ess+ !m are l5d+ e> to in=mation f ?is s\rce1 & su* cosmopolitanism c b increase z ! ye>s roll on4 ,today :at we already "k is help+ to compreh5sion ( ano!r _w2 9 a n di/ant future we %all be repaid ) int]e/1 & :at t o!r _w %all h taught u w r$\nd to a bett] k ( our own1 & ( t cosmos ( :i* ! two =m "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,l[ell ,obs]vatory4 ,,m>s #aije4 ,,index ,adamas1 unmi/akable d\ble 9 #aijc1 #bad4 ,a]ia1 :ite 91 #gf2 ruddy color (1 #adh4 ,air 7see ,atmosph]e71 #hf2 necessity (1 to life1 #aff1 #afg2 z important to a/ronomical calculations1 #g4 ,air-waves1 #bej1 #bea1 #bgc4 ,alb$o1 l[1 #afb1 #afg4 ,alg1 #cdi4 ,am5!s1 hib]nation (1 #cag-cbd4 ,animalcula1 9 almo/ boil+ geys]s1 #cdi4 ,aonium ,s9us1 two d\bles suspect$ 91 #bdb4 ,aquae ,calidae1 #bjh1 #bec1 #cae4 ,ar*an age ( ! e>?1 #acb1 #acc1 #ach4 ,areography1 #bj-ca2 beg9n+ & progress (1 #aji2 ?ree p]iods 91 #bd4 ,arizona1 #af2 9 des]t belt1 #ac2 plateau (1 #ah4 ,arnon1 conv]g5t d\ble1 #bdj4 ,artificiality1 ( canal sy/em1 #cff1 #cfh1 #cfi1 #cgj1 #cgd2 ( oases1 #cff1 #cga4 ,ascraeus ,lucus1 #cca2 embrac$ by ! d\ble ,gigas1 #beg4 ,a/aboras1 connection ) ,lucus ,ism5ius1 #bfj-bfc4 ,atmosph]e1 ( ,m>s1 #fb1 #fc1 #ga1 #gh1 #gi1 #hg2 %[n to exi/1 #hj1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #afc1 #afg2 r>e1 #he1 #hf1 #afb1 #afg2 effect on temp]ature1 #hj2 con/itu5ts (1 #afb1 #afd1 #aff1 #afh4 ,autumn1 l5g? ( ,m>tian1 9 nor!rn hemisph]e1 #ce1 #dh2 9 s\!rn1 #ce1 #dh4 ,axial tilt1 #cd1 #cf1 #ee1 #aee1 #afa2 det]m9ations (1 #cd1 #cf1 #aee2 det]m9es "* ( seasons1 #cd1 #cf2 effect (1 on pres5tation ( arctic & ant>ctic regions1 #gj2 effect (1 on temp]ature ( arctic & temp]ate regions1 #hh4 ,bact]ia1 plasm-eat+ be+s1 #cec4 ,b>ometric pressure1 #fc1 #he4 ,be]1 #bc1 #bf1 #aji4 ,bilat]alism1 #bjh2 inh]5t attribute ( canals1 #bji4 ,blue b&1 surr\nd+ pol> caps1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #dc1 #ef1 #fa1 #fc1 #ga1 #afa1 #afb1 #afh1 #cch1 #cci4 ,blue-gre5 areas 7see ,d>k ,regions71 #cb1 #fg1 #afc2 tak5 = seas1 #aaj4 ,briti% ,nautical ,almanac1 #ce4 ,brontes1 developm5t (1 #cjd-cab4 ,cambrian era ( ,e>?1 #aci4 ,cam]a1 !1 #bgb2 advantage (1 #bgc2 sl[] ?an ! eye1 #bgc2 />s ! peculi> prov9ce (1 #bgc1 #bgd4 ,canals1 #aa1 #cb1 #afc2 discov]y (1 #bd1 #bf2 consid]$ /raits1 #bg2 regul>ity (1 #bh1 #bi2 unnatural 9 look1 #agc2 mann] ( introduction (1 #agd2 conditions necess>y to see+ (1 #agd-agg1 #bhb1 #bhc2 p5cil-l l9es1 #agg1 #agi1 #cfg2 def9ite 9 direction1 #agh2 "n1 #ahj2 wid? (1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahb2 l5g? (1 #ahc2 visible by virtue ( l5g?1 #aha2 oddities (1 #ahc2 numb] (1 #ahd2 sy/ematic arrangem5t (1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahg-aia1 #bdh2 connect ) pol> caps1 #cbe1 #cci1 #cgc2 import ( sy/em (1 #cch1 #cgb1 #cgc2 intr9sic *ange 91 #bhc1 #bhd1 #ccg1 #cch2 :at !y are n1 #ahe-ahg1 #cgc2 zonal di/ribution (1 #ahh1 #ahi2 dep>ture-po9ts1 #aij2 dep5d5t on g5]al topography1 #aia2 ( lat] orig9 ?an ma9 features1 #aia1 #bdg2 k9ematic "* (1 #bha-cjc2 effect on1 ( illum9ation1 #bhd2 draw+s (1 num]\s & consecutive1 #bhf2 cord9ation ( data1 #bhh1 #bhi2 curves ( visibility ( 7see ,c>t\*es71 #bhi1 #bij2 geometricism (1 #age1 #bjf1 #cfe1 #cfg1 #cfh2 pol>1 #cbg4 ,canals 9 ! d>k regions1 #cj1 #ca1 #bdc-bdh2 ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 #bde2 ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 #bdf1 #bdg2 detection (1 #bdc1 #bde2 depriv$ seas ( m>9e "*1 #bdc2 "p ( canal sy/em1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdg4 ,caps 7see ,pol> ,caps74 ,c>bon dioxide1 #ci1 #afa1 #afd-afh4 ,c>bonic era ( ,e>?1 #acd1 #ada1 #adb4 ,c>ets1 #bfe-bgj2 natural =mations1 #bca1 #bcb2 =m & position (1 #bff1 #bfg2 reason = %ape (1 #bfh2 associat$ ) canals1 #bfg1 #bfi2 help 9 solution ( riddle1 #bgj2 act l oases1 #ccc4 ,c>t\*es ( ! canals1 #bhi-cjc2 int]pretation (1 #bia-bic1 #bii-cjc1 #cdd-cdg2 arrang$ by latitudes1 #bid2 %[+ fir/ fro/s1 #bii2 m9imum po9ts (1 #big1 #cdd2 maximum po9t (1 #cja2 mean canal1 #big1 #bih4 ,c5ozoic times1 #add4 ,c]b]us1 oblit]at$ by :ite spot1 #ge4 ,*ange1 #d1 #bha2 %[n 9 pol> caps1 #cg1 #cch2 9 blue-gre5 areas1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #abj1 #abb-abg1 #afc1 #afd2 9 canals1 #afh1 #afi1 #bje1 #bhc-bhe1 #cad1 #ccg1 #cch2 9 oases1 #bej-beb1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccg1 #cch4 ,*romacea1 #ceb2 plasm-=m+ be+s1 #cec2 close to inorganic ?+s1 #ceg2 9 hot spr+s1 #ceg1 #ceh4 ,*ryse1 #ij1 #ajb4 ,climate1 #hb-hi2 "o ( extremes1 #hg2 temp]ature1 !oretic & obs]v$1 #hg2 non-glaciation ! rule1 #hh4 ,cl\ds1 #ee1 #ga1 #gc1 #hi1 #afc1 #afe1 #bhc1 #bhd2 b few exi/1 #hc1 #afe2 none ov] blue-gre5 areas1 #ib2 ( tawny du/ color1 #ajf2 probably du/ /orms1 #afe2 prove exi/5ce ( atmosph]e1 #afg4 ,cold1 #hg1 #afg1 #bii4 ,coloe ,palus1 9 connection ) d\ble canals1 #beg1 #beh1 #bfc4 ,color1 #gd1 #adh2 ( ,m>e ,ery?raeum1 #abb4 ,conf]v1 9 almo/ boil+ geys]s1 #cdi1 #ceh4 ,cretace\s era ( ! e>?1 #acf1 #adc1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,cry/als1 conditions ( =mation1 #ceg4 ,dana1 #aca1 #aci1 #adj4 ,d>k ,regions1 #abb-abe2 ?\ght to be seas1 #aaj1 #aaa2 nam$ 9 accordance1 #aaj1 #aac2 *ange 9 aspect ca/ d\bt on m>9e "* (1 #aac1 #aad2 *ange 91 consid]$ seasonal1 #aae1 #abj1 #abg1 #afc1 #afd2 m>9e "* lo/1 #cj1 #aae-aah1 #afc1 #afd2 vegetation tracts1 #aai-abg1 #afc1 #afd1 #afh1 #afi1 #agj2 bel[ level ( surr\nd+ surface1 #acj1 #afd2 =m] ocean bas9s1 #abj1 #abi1 #aca2 latitud9al developm5t 91 #abc1 #abd1 #abf1 #abg4 ,dawes1 #ba1 #bc1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bfh4 ,day1 ,m>tian1 l5g? (1 #cd1 #afj1 #aff4 ,des]t regions ( ! e>?1 #ac1 #adi-aee2 z obs]vatory sites1 #ab1 #ac2 help expla9 ,m>s1 #af1 #ag1 #aef2 color (1 #adi1 #aea2 comp>$ ) color ( ,m>s1 #aej1 #afc2 vegetation 91 #aej2 position (1 #aec1 #aed2 due to w9ds1 #aed4 ,des]tism1 #af1 #hi1 #aec-aeh4 ,des]ts 7see ,r$di%-o*re regions74 ,deut]onilus1 #bei-bfa4 ,developm5t ( canals1 latitud9al law (1 #bii1 #cjb1 #cge2 foll[s melt+ ( pol> caps1 #cjb1 #cch-cdj2 across equator1 #cgc1 #cge4 ,devonian era ( ! e>?1 #ada4 ,diaphragm1 ! great1 #bfe4 ,diplopia1 #aif4 ,djih\n1 n>r[e/ d\ble1 #bbh-bcj2 emb\*ure (1 #bai-bbj2 connection ) ,luci ,ism5ii1 #bfj1 #bfb4 ,d\ble ,canals1 fir/ se5 by ,s*iap>elli1 #bh1 #aib2 impression (1 #aic1 #bjd2 two classes (1 #bbd2 require /eady def9ition1 #aid2 ph5om5a (1 #aid1 #bje1 #bjh1 #bab1 #bac2 physical bond betwe5 ! con/itu5ts (1 #bbf2 connection ) bays1 #bcb2 optical !ories (1 #aif-bjc2 n illusions1 #aie-bjc1 #bji2 wid?s (1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bba-bbd1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bcc2 l5g? (1 #bje2 seasonal *ange 91 #bje2 con/itu5ts (1 #bjd2 orig9al l9e (1 #baf1 #bag2 numb] (1 #bje1 #bji2 li/ (1 #baj1 #baa2 gem9ation p]iod (1 #bab1 #bac2 direction (1 #bcd-bcf2 zonal di/ribution (1 #bcf-bci1 #cgj2 di/ribution 9 longitude1 #bcf2 tropical ph5om5a1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdb2 comp>$ ) s+le canals1 #bdj2 conv]g5t1 #bdj2 avoid blue-gre5 areas1 #bda2 connect ) blue-gre5 areas1 #bdb4 ,du/ /orms1 #ij1 #afe4 ,e>?1 tilt ( axis (1 #cd2 seasons on1 #ce2 pol> caps (1 #ch1 #da1 #dd1 #de1 #ea1 #ed1 #fi2 ra9fall on1 #gi2 view$ f space1 #cdj2 vegetal quick5+ opposite to t on ,m>s1 #cdd4 ,ecc5tricity ( orbit1 effect on seasons1 #df1 #dh1 #eb4 ,elevations on limb1 #if1 #ig2 measurem5t (1 #ih4 ,elysium1 :ite 91 #ge1 #gf4 ,eoc5e era ( ! e>?1 #add4 ,eopaleozoic era1 #adj4 ,euphrates1 #bba1 #bca1 #bdi1 #beh-bfa1 #bff1 #bfg1 #caf2 cont9u\sly d\ble1 #bac2 curi\s relation to ! ,portus ,sigaeus & ,phison1 #bah1 #bai4 ,evolution1 #cfb1 #cff1 #cfg2 planet>y1 #cfc1 #cfd2 advance 91 dep5d5t on environm5t1 #ade1 #adf4 ,exploration1 pol>1 #ed4 ,eye1 relation to cam]a1 #bgb-bgd4 ,f>ms 9 ,kansas & ,dakota1 #cfc4 ,fa/igium ,aryn1 #bfi2 orig9 ( longitudes1 #bc1 #gd4 ,fauna1 #cfa2 ( nor!rn ,arizona1 #ah2 l9k$ ) flora1 #cdi1 #cej1 #ceh4 ,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 #af4 ,flamm>ion1 #ba1 #bc1 #bjb4 ,flora1 #cfa2 l9k$ ) fauna1 #cdi1 #cej1 #ceh2 fixtures1 #cfj4 ,focal l5g?1 ( objective 9 photograph+ canals1 #bge4 ,franz ,joseph ,l&1 #de4 ,fro/s1 fir/ arctic1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cde2 sugge/ive (1 #hg4 ,galileo1 #bj1 #ci4 ,ganges1 #bgj2 peculi> developm5t (1 #bbf-bbh2 wide/ d\ble1 #bbh1 #bbi4 ,gem9ation1 #bad-bba2 seasonal ph5om5on1 #bab1 #bac2 condition$ by conv5i5ce1 #bah-bba4 ,geology1 %[s ! gr[+ ( ! l&1 #aca-ach4 ,gigas1 embrac+ ! ,ascraeus ,lucus1 #beg4 ,gihon1 emb\*ure (1 #bcb4 ,gravitation1 law (1 #afj4 ,gravity1 effect on atmosph]e1 #fb2 =ce (1 on ,m>s1 #fc4 ,gre51 #ba1 #bc1 #bd4 ,habitability1 #aei4 ,haeckel1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ceg4 ,haze1 at melt+ ( caps1 #ef1 #fd-ff1 #ij1 #ic1 #afe2 recurr5t1 #id4 ,heat1 #df1 #dg1 #ej1 #adf1 #aee4 ,hellas1 #ha1 #ij1 #ia2 9 w9t]1 #eh1 #ei2 ruddy color (1 #adh4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,w41 #cd1 #cg4 ,hib]nation ( canals1 #cac-cbd1 #cgi4 ,hiddekel1 emb\*ure (1 #bcb2 connection ) ,luci ,ism5ii1 #bfj-bfb4 ,hippalus1 id5tical ) rift1 #cbf1 #cbg4 ,ho>fro/1 #gh1 #gi1 #ha2 at equator1 #gi2 9 s\!rn hemisph]e1 #hj1 #ib4 ,huygh5s1 #bc1 #bf1 #ajh4 ,ice %eet1 effect (1 #eb4 ,illum9ation1 oblique1 #ig2 = measur+ elevations1 #ih4 ,illusion !ories ( canals1 disprov$1 #bic4 ,image ( sun1 n reflect$ f d>k areas1 #aab4 ,insolation1 #dg1 #gi1 #ia4 ,intellig5ce on o!r worlds1 me?od ( mak+ itself kn[n1 #cfd4 ,isl&s s\?1 #ia1 #bdd2 effect (1 on iso!rmal l9es1 #ib4 ,jamuna1 orig9al l9e (1 #baf1 #bag4 ,jax>tes1 pol> canal1 #cbh4 ,jupit]1 #cc1 #cgb4 ,jurassic era ( ! e>?1 #acf1 #adc1 #add4 ,juturna ,fons1 a squ>e oasis1 #bfc4 ,kais]1 #ba1 #bc1 #bdi4 ,k9etic !ory ( gases1 #hc1 #adf1 #adg1 #afd4 ,kison1 conv]g5t d\ble1 #bdj4 ,lacus ,hyp]boreus1 #bdf4 ,lampl&1 #aig1 #bbe1 #bge4 ,lick ,obs]vatory1 #ajj4 ,life1 necessity ( air & wat] to1 #ag1 #aff1 #afg1 #cda2 ?9 cold air no b> to1 #ah2 maximum temp]ature det]m9ative (1 #ai1 #cgh1 #chj4 ,life on ,e>?1 #cdi-cec2 dep5d5t on conditions1 #cdi-cee1 #ceg1 #cgi1 #chj4 ,life on ,m>s1 #afi1 #cgf2 vegetal1 #cdh1 #cei2 probably ( high ord]1 #cdh1 #cei1 #cgg1 #cgh1 #cha1 #chb2 evid5ce (1 #cfj-cfe4 ,limb-light1 evid5ce ( atmosph]e1 #hd1 #afb1 #afg4 ,longitudes1 orig9 (1 #bc1 #gd4 ,l[ell ,obs]vatory1 ,annals1 #ca1 #ha2 ,bullet91 #bja4 ,lucus ,ism5ius1 #ai1 #beh2 only d\ble oasis1 #bei2 association ) canals1 #bfj1 #bfa4 ,lucus ,lunae1 #ccj4 ,lucus ,mo]is1 #bjh4 ,ma$l]1 #ba1 #bc1 #bf1 #aji4 ,mammal1 #cdi4 ,maps1 ( ,m>s1 #bj-bd1 #bf-bi4 ,m>e ,acidalium1 #aae1 #bdb1 #bdf-beb2 :ite 91 #hj2 d>k] ?an ! ,m>e ,ery?raeum1 #abg4 ,m>e ,cimm]ium1 #bfg4 ,m>e ,ery?raeum1 #aac2 irregul> l9es 91 #cj2 9 #aijc1 #abb-abd2 9 #aije1 #abd-abf4 ,m>e ,ic>ium1 #bjg4 ,m>e ,sir5um1 #ib1 #aaj1 #aad1 #bfg4 ,m>ia1 on ! moon1 #aji1 #aaa2 n seas1 #aab1 #aac2 on ,m>s1 #aaj2 n seas1 #aag2 s\!rn hemisph]e1 #ca4 ,matt]1 di/ribution (1 #cee4 ,m]cator's projection1 #bb1 #cdd4 ,m]riam1 #ah1 #ai1 #cgi4 ,mesozoic times ( ! e>?1 #ace1 #adb1 #add1 #aea4 ,meteorology ( ,m>s1 #fc1 #ic4 ,moi/ure1 #hf1 #aed4 ,mon]a1 #cdi1 #ceg2 sugge/ive ( cry/als1 #cef4 ,mon?s1 ,m>tian1 diff]5t f our own1 #cf4 ,m\nta9s1 n visible on ,m>s1 #ajj2 measurem5t (1 #ig-ajj2 limit ( height visible1 #ajj2 on ,moon1 #ih1 #ii4 ,na>mal*a1 association ) ,luci ,ism5ii1 #bfj1 #bfa4 ,ngeli1 #cef4 ,nans51 #ed4 ,naval ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton1 #af4 ,nect>1 %[s :ite1 #ei4 ,neopaleozoic times ( ! ,e>?1 #adj4 ,neptune1 #cc4 ,nicks 9 ! coa/l9e 7see ,c>ets74 ,nilok]as1 d\ble1 #bji2 photograph$1 #bbe4 ,nilosyrtis1 unlike o!r canals1 #bfb4 ,nitro-bact]ia1 #cej1 #cec4 ,nitrog51 #hc1 #afd1 #aff1 #cda4 ,nix ,olympica1 #gd1 #gh4 ,nor? ,am]ica1 geologic hi/ory (1 #acc-acg4 ,oases1 detect$ lat] ?an canals1 #cj1 #bdi2 ?ree /ages 9 appe>ance (1 #bej-beb2 numb] (1 #beb2 k9ds (1 #beb-bed1 #bfc2 %ape (1 #bec1 #cga2 position (1 #bed-beg1 #bfc2 connect$ ) canals1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfb1 #cga2 disprove diplopic !ory1 #beh2 objectivity (1 #bfc2 9 d>k regions1 #afc1 #bdd1 #bfc1 #bfd2 k9ematic "* (1 #ccj-ccc2 latitud9al progress ( *ange 9 oases1 #cca2 evolution (1 #cca1 #ccb2 intr9sic *ange 91 #ccg1 #cch2 at junction ( canals only1 #bee1 #cga4 ,obs]vations1 mutual corroboration (1 #afe1 #aff2 among m\nta9s1 #g4 ,organic ,evolution1 orig9 (1 #cef4 ,orology1 ( ,m>s1 #fb4 ,ovid1 #be4 ,oxyg51 #hc1 #afd1 #aff1 #afg1 #cda4 ,paleozoic times on ! ,e>?1 #ace4 ,p]mian p]iod1 #adb4 ,p]sonal equation1 elim9at$1 #bhg4 ,ph5ological quick5+1 on ,e>?1 #cdb2 on ,m>s1 #cdc4 ,phison1 #bba1 #bca1 #bdi1 #beh1 #bff1 #bfg1 #caf2 cont9u\sly d\ble1 #bac2 connection ) ,euphrates & ,portus ,sigaeus1 #bah1 #bai4 ,phnix ,lake1 #ccj4 ,photographs ( ! canals1 #bbe1 #bge-bgg4 ,photography1 cele/ial1 #bga-bgg4 ,physiographic conditions1 on ,m>s1 #fh1 #abh4 ,pick]+1 ,w4 ,h41 #ccj4 ,pi]ius1 #ga4 ,pol> caps1 ph5om5a (1 #cg1 #da1 #fa2 key to compreh5sion ( planet1 #cg2 comp>$ ) ^? ( e>?1 #da1 #df2 composition (1 #ci1 #afa1 #afh1 #cci2 mak+ ( new1 #id2 position (1 #fh2 aspect (1 #ef1 #eg2 maxima & m9ima (1 #ch1 #da-dd1 #dg-ec1 #ee-eg1 #ff-fh1 #afb2 fission (1 #fa4 ,pol> seas 7see ,blue b&72 fre% wat]1 #afb4 ,poles1 ,m>tian1 det]m9ation (1 #cf4 ,pons ,hectoris1 #gh4 ,portus ,sigaeus1 nicks 9 ! coa/l9e1 #bjg1 #bff1 #bfg2 emb\*ure to ,phison & ,euphrates1 #bah4 ,precipitation1 #ea1 #gi1 #aed1 #aee2 effect on glaciation1 #eb4 ,pres5tation1 a1 def9$1 #bhg1 #bhh4 ,probability1 law (1 #afj4 ,projections on ! t]m9ator1 #gg1 #ha1 #if1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #afe2 color (1 #ajb2 cause (1 #ajd-ajg2 great "o ( #aijc1 #aja-ajd2 ( #aijj1 #ajd4 ,propontis1 !1 #bdb2 canals 91 #bdg2 oases 91 #bef4 ,protonilus1 association ) ,luci ,ism5ii1 #bfj4 ,pseboas ,lucus1 #bjg1 #bej1 #bec1 #bfc2 anomal\s position (1 #bfb4 ,quat]n>y epo* ( ! ,e>?1 #acg4 ,r$di%-o*re regions1 #aec1 #aee2 des]ts1 #adi1 #aef1 #afc2 v>iations ( t9t 91 #cb1 #adh1 #adi1 #aea4 ,rifts 9 pol> cap1 #fa-fc1 #fg1 #afb1 #cbe-cbi2 p]man5t 9 place1 #fa1 #fb2 n depressions1 #fb1 #fc1 #afb2 co9cide ) canals1 #cbf-cbh2 explanation (1 #cbh1 #cbi4 ,rotation1 e>ly not$1 #ajh1 #aji2 h[ det]m9$1 #cd2 "t (1 #cd1 #afj2 disclos$ by m>k+s1 #cb-cd1 #ajh4 ,sabaeus ,s9us1 #bc1 #bjg1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,san ,francisco ,peaks1 #ah1 #ai1 #adi1 #cgi1 #chj4 ,saturn1 #cc4 ,scepticism1 #bg1 #bh1 #bjd4 ,s*aeb]le1 #cj4 ,s*iap>elli1 #aa1 #ae1 #ba1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd1 #fh1 #gd1 #ge1 #ha1 #aad1 #aae1 #abj1 #aba1 #agc1 #agg1 #ahf1 #aib1 #bab1 #bag1 #bba1 #bdg1 #bdi1 #bfe1 #bhb1 #cac1 #cad1 #cbe1 #ccg1 #cfg1 #cgc4 ,seas 7see ,d>k ,regions74 s\!rn1 #ib2 =m]ly on ,m>s & ! ,moon1 #abi2 int]nal absorption (1 #adg4 ,seasonal *ange1 metabolic1 #afi2 9 canals1 #afh1 #afi1 #bhe1 #cgc4 ,seasons1 l our own1 #cd1 #ce1 #aff2 l5g? (1 #dh1 #gi1 #afa2 ( vegetal gr[?1 #cdf1 #cdg4 ,secul> *ange1 9 canals1 #cad4 ,silurian era ( ! ,e>?1 #acd1 #ach1 #adj4 ,sky1 blott+ out (1 #ad2 measure ( ext9ction (1 #af4 ,sky1 ,m>tian1 #hi2 cle>1 #afe4 ,sliph]1 #aja1 #ajc4 ,sn[1 #cde2 limits (1 on ,e>? & ,m>s1 #ajh4 ,solis ,lacus1 #bc1 #bdb4 ,spr+1 ,m>tian1 #ce1 #dh2 haze 91 #id4 ,s4,s4 ,*all5g]1 conc]n+ s\? pol> cap ( e>?1 #de4 ,s4,s4 ,pagoda1 #de4 ,subsidi>y sn[ pat*es1 #fg1 #gc4 ,summ]1 ,m>tian1 l5g? (1 #ce1 #dh1 #cha4 ,surface1 relatively flat1 #fb1 #gf1 #ig1 #afd2 cov]$ by canal network1 #bdc2 cle>-cut 9 good air1 #beh2 9 fluid equilibrium1 #cgd2 indicative ( ?9 air1 #afb1 #afg4 ,surface features1 reality (1 prov$1 #bf1 #cc4 ,syrtis ,major1 #bb2 fir/ m>k+ made out1 #bc4 ,tempe1 :ite 91 #gg1 #hj4 ,temp]ature1 #gh1 #adg1 #afe1 #aff2 effect on life1 #ceh4 ,t]m9ator1 projections on1 #gg1 #ha1 #if1 #ajj-ajg1 #aad1 #afe2 depressions on1 #afd4 ,t]rane1 #ajh1 #bfe4 ,t]raque\sness1 %[n by e>?1 #abh1 #aca4 ,t]re/riality1 foll[s t]raque\sness1 #abi1 #aca1 #acg1 #add-adf2 e>?'s oceans contract+ 9 size1 #aca2 inevitably1 #aca1 #adf2 z %[n by ,m>s & ! ,moon1 #abh1 #acj1 #aca2 z %[n by ! geologic hi/ory ( e>?1 #aca-acg2 z %[n by paleontology1 #ach-add2 mak+ a bett] habitat1 #ade1 #adf4 ,t]ti>y times ( ! ,e>?1 #acg1 #aea4 ,?o?-,nep5!s1 peculi> c\rse (1 #bjh2 hib]nation (1 #cae-cbd4 ,titan1 #cje4 ,triassic era1 #acf1 #adb1 #aeb4 ,trivium ,*>ontis1 canals & oases 91 #bea1 #beb1 #bef4 ,twilight arc1 %[s ?9 air1 #he1 #afb4 ,uranus1 #cc4 ,vegetation1 #gi1 #aai-abg1 #afc1 #aff1 #afi1 #cja2 color ( ,m>e ,ery?raeum1 #abb-abf2 pro( (1 #agj2 !ory support$ by rifts 9 pol> cap1 #cbi2 mo/ satisfactory explanation ( ph5om5a ( canals1 #cci1 #cda1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cgc2 two seasons ( gr[? (1 #cdf2 melts sn[1 #cbh4 ,wat]1 de>? 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