,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,italic text has be5 m>k$ ) und]scores4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h n be5 correct$1 punctuation has be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,a li/ ( o!r corrections to ! text c be f\nd at ! end ( ! docum5t4 ,9 ! book ! ,lat9 text is pr9t$ on ! left page1 & ! ,engli% translation on ! "r4 ,"h1 ! text is split by sections />t+ ) a roman num]al1 & ! ,lat9 text is foll[$ by its ,engli% translation4 ,! section numb]s t appe>$ 9 ! m>g9 are plac$ betwe5 99a/]isks994 ,sid5otes are plac$ betwe5 ha%tags & are plac$ ei!r above ! p>agraph !y ref] to or inl9e4 ,numb]s pr9t$ 9 sup]script are prec$$ by a 4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,,tullius ,,cic]o4 ,,f ,,! ,,james ,,loeb ,,collection4 ,,cic]o ,,de ,,(ficiis ,,) ,,an ,,engli% ,,translation ,,by ,,walt] ,,mill] ,,london3 ,,william ,,he9emann ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,mcmxiii ,,cont5ts ,introduction ,page ix ,bibliography xiii ,book ,i #a ,book ,,ii #afg ,book ,,iii #bfi ,index #dje ,,introduction ,9 ! de ,(ficiis we h1 save = ! latt] ,philippics1 ! great orator's la/ contribution to lit]ature4 ,! la/1 sad1 tr\bl$ ye>s ( 8 busy life c\ld n be giv5 to 8 pr(ession2 & he turn$ 8 nev]-re/+ ?\ghts to ! second love ( 8 /ud5t days & made ,greek philosophy a possibility = ,roman read]s4 ,! s5ate _h be5 aboli%$2 ! c\rts _h be5 clos$4 ,8 occupation 0 gone2 b ,cic]o c\ld n surr5d] himself to idl5ess4 ,9 ^? days ( di/raction 7#df-dc ,b4,c47 he produc$ = publication almo/ z mu* z 9 all 8 ye>s ( active life4 ,! lib]ators _h be5 able to remove ! tyrant1 b !y c\ld n re/ore ! republic4 ,cic]o's own life 0 9 dang] f ! fury ( mad ,antony & he left ,rome ab\t ! end ( ,m>*1 #dd ,b4,c4 ,he d>$ n ev5 /op p]man5tly 9 any "o ( 8 v>i\s c\ntry e/ates1 b1 wret*$1 w&]$ f "o ( 8 villas to ano!r ne>ly all ! summ] & autumn ?r\gh4 ,he w\ld n suff] himself to become a prey to 8 ov]:elm+ sorr[ at ! dea? ( ! republic & ! f9al cru%+ ( ! hopes t _h ris5 ) ,caes>'s d[nfall1 b work$ at ! highe/ t5sion on 8 philosophical /udies4 ,! ,romans 7 n philosophical4 ,9 #afa ,b4,c4 ! s5ate pass$ a decree exclud+ all philosoph]s & tea*]s ( rhetoric f ! city4 ,!y _h no ta/e = philosophical speculation1 9 :i* ! ,greeks 7 ! _w's ma/]s4 ,!y 7 int5sely1 n>r[ly practical4 ,& ,cic]o 0 ?or\ghly ,roman4 ,z a /ud5t 9 a ,greek univ]sity he _h _h to /udy philosophy4 ,8 m9d 0 broad en\gh & 8 s\l great en\gh to give him a joy 9 foll[+ aft] ! mighty ma/]s1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,z5o1 ,clean!s1 ,ari/otle1 ,!ophra/us1 & ! re/4 ,b he pursu$ 8 /udy ( x1 l a ,roman1 f a practical motive--to promote !reby 8 p[] z an orator & to augm5t 8 success & happ9ess 9 life4 ,to him ! goal ( philosophy 0 n prim>ily to "k b to d4 ,its end 0 to po9t out ! c\rse ( conduct t w\ld lead to success & happ9ess4 ,! only side ( philosophy1 !re=e1 t c\ld make mu* appeal to ! ,roman m9d 0 e?ics2 pure sci5ce c\ld h little mean+ = ! practical ,roman2 metaphysics might supplem5t e?ics & religion1 )\t :i* true happ9ess 0 felt to be impossible4 ,philosophical /udy _h its place1 !re=e1 & ! mo/ important dep>tm5t ( philosophy 0 e?ics4 ,! treatise on ,moral ,duties has ! v practical purpose ( giv+ a practical discussion ( ! basic pr9ciples ( ,moral ,duty & practical rules = p]sonal conduct4 ,z a philosoph]1 if we may s /ret* ! t]m z to include him1 ,cic]o av[s himself an adh]5t ( ! ,new ,academy & a disciple ( ,c>neades4 ,he _h tri$ ,epicureanism "u ,pha$rus & ,z5o1 ,/oicism "u ,diodotus & ,posidonius2 b ,philo ( ,l>issa conv]t$ him to ! ,new ,academy4 ,scepticism decl>$ ! atta9m5t ( absolute k impossible4 ,b !re is ! easily obta9able gold5 mean ( ! probable2 & t appeal$ to ! practical ,roman4 ,x appeal$ especially to ,cic]o2 & ! same indecision t _h be5 8 bane 9 political life naturally l$ him fir/ to scepticism1 !n to eclecticism1 :]e 8 *oice is dictat$ by 8 bias = ! practical & 8 scepticism itself disappe>s f view4 ,& :ile ,antio*us1 ! eclectic ,academician ( ,a!ns1 & ,posidonius1 ! eclectic ,/oic ( ,rhodes1 seem to h _h ! /ronge/ influ5ce ^u him1 he draws at 8 own discretion f ! f\nts ( ,/oics1 ,p]ipatetics1 & ,academicians alike2 he has only contempt = ! ,epicureans1 ,cynics1 & ,cyr5aics4 ,b ! m he /udi$ & liv$1 ! m ( a ,/oic 9 e?ics he became4 ,! cap-%eaf ( ,cic]o's e?ical /udies is ! treatise on ! ,moral ,duties4 ,x takes ! =m ( a lett] address$ to 8 son ,m>cus 7see ,index71 at ?is "t a y\? ( tw5ty-"o1 pursu+ 8 univ]sity /udies 9 ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool ( ,cratippus 9 ,a!ns1 & s[+ = :at promis$ to be an abundant crop ( wild oats4 ,?is situation gives =ce & def9it5ess to ! practical t5d5cies ( ! fa!r's e?ical tea*+s4 ,& yet1 be x obs]v$1 t same fa!r is n )\t c5sure = contribut+ to 8 son's extravagant & riot\s liv+ by giv+ him an all[ance ( ne>ly #hgj a ye>4 ,our ,roman makes no pret5sions to orig9ality 9 philosophic ?9k+4 ,he is a foll[]--an expositor--( ! ,greeks4 ,z ! basis ( 8 discussion ( ! ,moral ,duties he takes ! ,/oic ,panaetius ( ,rhodes 7see ,index71 1 draw+ also f _m o!r s\rces1 b foll[+ him m or less closely 9 ,books ,i & ,,ii2 ,book ,,iii is m indep5d5t & mu* inf]ior4 ,he is usually sup]ficial & n always cle>4 ,he translates & p>aphrases ,greek philosophy1 weav+ 9 illu/rations f ,roman hi/ory & sugge/ions ( ,roman m\ld 9 a =m int5d$ to make x1 if n popul>1 at lea/ compreh5sible1 to ! ,roman m9d4 ,h[ well he succe$$ is evid5c$ by ! comp>ative receptivity ( ,roman soil prep>$ by ,/oic doctr9e = ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,inde$1 ,an?ony ,trollope labels our au?or ! ,pagan ,*ri/ian4 ,y w\ld fancy sometimes1 says ,petr>*1 x is n a ,pagan philosoph] b a ,*ri/ian apo/le :o is speak+4 ,no less an au?ority ?an ,fr$]ick ! ,great has call$ our book ! be/ "w on morals t has be5 or c be writt54 ,cic]o himself look$ ^u x z 8 ma/]piece4 ,x has its /r5g? & its weakness--its sane common s5se & noble patriotism1 its self-conceit & p>tisan politics2 x has ! ma/]'s brilliant /yle1 b x is full ( repetitions & rhetorical fl\ri%es1 & x fails (t5 9 logical ord] & p[]2 x r+s true 9 its moral tone1 b x %[s 9 :at ha/e & di/raction x 0 compos$2 = x 0 n writt5 z a contribution to close sci5tific ?9k+2 x 0 writt5 z a means ( occupation & div]sion4 ,,bibliography ,! foll[+ works are quot$ 9 ! critical notes3-- ,,mss4 ,a codex ,ambrosianus4 ,milan4 #aj? c5tury4 ,b codex ,bamb]g5sis4 ,hamburg4 #aj? c5tury4 ,h codex ,h]bipolitanus4 ,wrzburg4 #aj? c5tury4 ,l codex ,h>leianus4 ,london4 #i? c5tury4 a b codices ,b]n5ses4 ,b]n4 #aj? c5tury4 c codex ,b]n5sis4 ,b]n4 #ac? c5tury4 p codex ,palat9us4 ,rome4 #ab? c5tury4 ,editio ,pr9ceps3 ,! fir/ edition ( ! de ,(ficiis 0 f ! press ( ,sweynheim & ,pann>tz at ! ,mona/]y ( ,subiaco2 possibly ! edition publi%$ by ,fu/ & ,s*ff] at ,ma9z is a little old]4 ,bo? appe>$ 9 #adfe4 ,! latt] 0 ! fir/ to pr9t ! ,greek words 9 ,greek type4 ,! de ,(ficiis is1 !re=e1 ! fir/ classical book to be issu$ f a pr9t+ press1 ) ! possible exception ( ,lactantius & ,cic]o's de ,oratore :i* be> ! m exact date ( ,octob] #cj1 #adfe1 & 7 likewise issu$ f ! ,mona/]y press at ,subiaco4 ,bait] ,kays]3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis op]a quae sup]sunt omnia4 ,lipsiae1 #ahfj-fi4 ,bei]3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis de ,(ficiis libri tres 444 cum comm5t>iis editi a ,c>olo ,bei]o4 ,lipsiae1 #ahbj4 ,erasmus3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis ,(ficia1 dilig5t] re/ituta4 ,melan*?on3 ,ejusdem de ,amicitia et ,s5ectute dialogi4443 cum annotationibus ,erasmi et ,p4 ,melan*?onis4 ,p>isiis1 #aecc4 ,ed43 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis ,scripta quae mans]unt omnia recognovit ,c4 ,f4 ,w4 ,mll]4 ,teubn]3 ,lipsiae1 #ahgi4 ,?is edition is ! basis ( ! text ( ! pres5t volume4 ,erne/i3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis op]a ex rec5sione novissima4 ,j4 ,a4 ,erne/i2 cum eiusdem notis1 et clave ,cic]oniana4 ,editio prima ,am]icana4 ,bo/oniae1 #ahae-af4 ,facciolati3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis de ,(ficiis libri tres1 de ,s5ectute1 de ,amicitia1 de ,somnio ,scipionis1 et ,p>adoxa4 ,acc$it ,q4 fratris comm5t>iolum petitionis4 ,ex rec5sione ,j4 ,facciolati4 ,v5etiis1 #agdg4 ,fleckeis51 ,alf43 ,kritis*e ,miscell54 ,dresd51 #ahfd4 ,g]nh>d3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis de ,(ficiis libri tres4 ,rec4 et s*oliis ,iac4 ,facciolati suisque animadv]sionibus in/ruxit ,aug4 ,g4 ,g]nh>d4 ,lipsiae1 #ahaa4 ,graevius3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis de ,(ficiis libri tres2 444 de ,s5ectute2 444 de ,amicitia2 ,p>adoxa2 ,somnium ,scipionis2 ex rec5sione ,j4 ,g4 ,graevii4 ,am/elodami1 #afhi4 ,gulielmus3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis op]a omnia quae extant 444 ,grut]3 em5data /udio 444 ,j4 ,gulielmi et ,j4 ,grut]i4 ,hamburgi1 #afah-ai4 ,he9e1 ,otto3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis de ,(ficiis ad ,m>cum ,filium ,libri tres4 #fte ,aufl4 ,b]l91 #ahhe4 ,heus+]3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis de ,(ficiis libri tres 444 rec5suit adjectisque ,j4 ,m4 ,heus+]i e suis annotationibus 444 editurus erat ,j4 ,f4 ,heus+]4 7,edit$ by ,c4 ,heus+]47 ,brunsvigae1 #aghc4 ,hold53 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis de ,(ficiis libri tres1 ) ,introduction1 ,analysis & ,comm5t>y by ,h]b]t ,a%ton ,hold54 #g? ,edition4 ,cambridge1 #ahia4 ,to 8 full notes ! translator is indebt$ = _m a ^w & phrase4 ,klotz3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis ,scripta quae mans]unt omnia4 ,recognovit ,re9holdus ,klotz4 ,lipsiae1 #ahej-eg1 #ahfi-gd4 ,lamb9us3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis op]a omnia quae extant1 a ,d4 ,lamb9o 444 ex codicibus manuscriptis em5data et aucta 444 ,lutetiae1 #aeff-hd4 ,lange3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis de ,(ficiis lib4 ,,iii4 ,cato ,major vel de ,s5ectute 444 ,laelius vel de ,amicitia 444 ,p>adoxa ,/oicorum sex1 ,somnium ,scipionis 444 op]a ,c4 ,langii recogniti 444 ejusdem 9 hosce 444 libros annotationes4 ,cum annotationibus ,p4 ,manutii1 etc4 ,antv]piae1 #aefh4 ,lund3 ,de em5d&is ,cic]onis libris de ,(ficiis obs]vationes criticae4 ,scripsit ,g4 ,f4 ,g4 ,lund4 ,kop5hag51 #ahdh4 ,manutius3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis ,(ficiorum libri tres3 ,cato ,maior1 vel de ,s5ectute3 ,laelius1 vel de ,amicitia3 ,p>adoxa ,/oicorum sex 444 additae sunt 444 v>iae lectiones4 7,edit$ by ,p4 ,manuzio47 ,p4 ,manutius3 ,v5etiis1 #aeda4 ,mll]1 ,c4 ,f4 ,w43 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis de ,(ficiis libri ,,iii4 ,fr d5 ,s*ulgebrau* erklrt4 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,muretus3 ,m4 ,antoni ,mureti ,s*olia 9 ,cic4 (ficia4 ,mureti op]a ed4 ,ruhnk54 ,lugd4 ,bat41 #ahgi4 ,orelli3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis op]a quae sup]sunt omnia1 ac ,bait]3 dep]ditorum fragm5ta 444 ,edidit ,j4 ,c4 ,orellius 7,m4 ,halm3 ,tullii ,cic]onis ,s*olia/ae4 ,c4 ,m4 ,victor9us1 ,ruf9us1 ,c4 ,julius ,victor1 ,boe?ius1 ,favonius ,eulogius1 ,asconius ,p$ianus1 ,s*olia ,bobi5sia1 ,s*olia/a ,gronovianus1 ,edid]unt ,j4 ,c4 ,orellius et ,j4 ,g4 ,bait]4 ,turici1 #ahbf-ch74 ,ed4 #b4 ,opus morte ,orellii int]ruptum cont94 ,j4 ,g4 ,bait]us et ,c4 ,halmius1 #ahde-fb4 ,pe>ce3 ,m4 ,cic]onis de ,(ficiis ad ,m>cum filium libri tres4 ,notis illu/ravit et 444 em5davit ,z4 ,pe>ce4 ,lond9i1 #agde4 ,/u]5burg3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis de ,(ficiis libri ,,iii4 ,rec5suit ,r4 ,/u]5burg4 ,acc$it ,comm5t>ius4 ,lipsiae1 #ahdc4 ,ung]3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis de ,(ficiis libri ,,iii4 ,erklrt v4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ung]4 ,leipzig1 #aheb4 ,victorius1 ,p43 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis op]a1 omnium quae hact5us excusa sunt ca/igatissima1 nunc primum 9 lucem edita4 #d tom4 ,v5etiis1 #aecb-cd-cf4 ,zumpt3 ,m4 ,tullii ,cic]onis de ,(ficiis libri tres cum selectis ,j4 ,m4 et ,j4 ,f4 ,heus+]orum suisque notis4 ,s*ol>um 9 usum it]um edidit ,c>4 ,tim4 ,zumptius4 ,brunsvigae1 #ahdi4 ,,cic]o ,,de ,,(ficiis ,,book ,i ,,moral ,,goodness ,,lib] ,,primus _/ ,,book ,i 99#a99 ,i4 ,quamquam te1 ,m>ce fili1 annum iam audi5tem ,cratippum1 idque ,a!nis1 abund>e oportet praeceptis in/itutisque philosophiae propt] summam et doctoris auctoritatem et urbis1 quorum alt] te sci5tia aug]e pote/1 alt]a exemplis1 tam51 ut ipse ad meam utilitatem semp] cum ,graecis ,lat9a coniunxi neque id 9 philosophia solum1 s$ etiam 9 dic5di ex]citatione feci1 idem tibi c5seo faci5dum1 ut p> sis 9 utriusque orationis facultate4 ,quam quidem ad rem nos1 ut videmur1 magnum attulimus adium5tum hom9ibus no/ris1 ut non modo ,graec>um litt]>um rudes1 s$ etiam docti aliquantum se arbitr5tur adeptos et ad dic5dum#a et ad iudic&um4 99#b99 ,quam ob rem disces tu quidem a pr9cipe huius aetatis philosophorum1 et disces1 quam diu voles2 tam diu autem velle debebis1 quoad te1 quantum pr(icias1 non pa5itebit2 s$ tam5 no/ra leg5s non multum a ,p]ipateticis dissid5tia1 quoniam utrique ,socratici et ,platonici volumus esse1 de rebus ipsis ut]e tuo iudicio 7nihil enim imp$io71 orationem autem ,lat9am efficies pr(ecto leg5dis no/ris pl5iorem4 ,nec v]o hoc arrogant] dictum exi/im>i velim4 ,nam philosoph&i sci5tiam conc$5s multis1 quod e/ oratoris proprium1 apte1 di/9cte1 ornate dic]e1 quoniam 9 eo /udio aetatem consumpsi1 si id mihi assumo1 videor id meo iure quodam modo v9dic>e4 99#c99 ,quam ob rem magnop]e te hortor1 mi ,cic]o1 ut non solum orationes meas1 s$ hos etiam de philosophia libros1 qui iam illis f]e se#b aequ>unt1 /udiose legas2 vis enim maior 9 illis dic5di1 s$ hoc quoque col5dum e/ aequabile et temp]atum orationis g5us4 ,et id quidem nem9i video ,graecorum adhuc contigisse1 ut idem utroque 9 g5]e elabor>et#c sequ]eturque et illud =5se dic5di et hoc quietum disput&i g5us1 nisi =te ,demetrius ,phal]eus 9 hoc num]o hab]i pote/1 disputator subtilis1 orator p>um vehem5s1 dulcis tam51 ut ,!ophra/i discipulum possis agnosc]e4 ,nos autem quantum 9 utroque pr(ec]imus1 aliorum sit iudicium1 utrumque c]te secuti sumus4 99#d99 ,equidem et ,platonem exi/imo1 si g5us =5se dic5di tract>e voluisset1 gravissime et copiosissime potuisse dic]e1 et ,demo/h5em1 si illa1 quae a ,platone didic]at1 t5uisset et pronunti>e voluisset1 ornate spl5dideque fac]e potuisse2 eodemque modo de ,ari/otele et ,isocrate iudico1 quorum ut]que suo /udio delectatus contempsit alt]um4 #a dic5dum ,edd42 disc5dum ,,mss4 7i4e4 acquisition ( le>n+74 #b se ,a c1 ,edd42 n 9 ,b ,h a b p4 #c elabor>et ,lamb941 ,edd42 labor>et ,,mss4 ,introduction3 ! importance ( comb9+ ,greek & ,lat9 /udies4 99#a99 ,i4 ,my de> son ,m>cus1 y h n[ be5 /udy+ a full ye> "u ,cratippus1 & t too 9 ,a!ns1 & y %\ld be fully equipp$ ) ! practical precepts & ! pr9ciples ( philosophy2 s mu* at lea/ "o might expect f ! pre-em95ce n only ( y\r tea*] b also ( ! city2 ! =m] is able to enri* y ) le>n+1 ! latt] to supply y ) models4 ,nev]!less1 j z ,i = my own improvem5t h always comb9$ ,greek & ,lat9 /udies--& ,i h done ?is n only 9 ! /udy ( philosophy b also 9 ! practice ( oratory--s ,i recomm5d t y %\ld d ! same1 s t y may h equal comm& ( bo? languages4 ,& x is 9 ?is v direction t ,i h1 if ,i mi/ake n1 r5d]$ a great s]vice to our c\ntrym51 s t n only ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ,greek lit]ature b ev5 ! cultur$ consid] t !y h ga9$ mu* bo? 9 oratorical p[] & 9 m5tal tra9+4 ,greek ,philosophy & ,cic]o's own4 99#b99 ,y w1 !re=e1 le>n f ! =emo/ ( pres5t-day philosoph]s1 & y w g on le>n+ z long z y wi%2 & y\r wi% ought to cont9ue z long z y are n dissatisfi$ ) ! progress y are mak+4 ,= all t1 if y w read my philosophical books1 y w be help$2 my philosophy is n v diff]5t f t ( ! ,p]ipatetics 7= bo? !y & ,i claim to be foll[]s ( ,socrates & ,plato74 ,z to ! conclusions y may rea*1 ,i leave t to y\r own judgm5t 7= ,i w\ld put no h9drance 9 y\r way71 b by read+ my philosophical writ+s y w be sure to r5d] y\r ma/]y ( ! ,lat9 language m complete4 ,b ,i w\ld by no means h y ?9k t ?is is said boa/fully4 ,= !re are _m to :om ,i yield prec$5ce 9 k ( philosophy2 b if ,i lay claim to ! orator's peculi> ability to speak ) propriety1 cle>ness1 elegance1 ,i ?9k my claim is 9 a measure ju/ifi$1 = ,i h sp5t my life 9 t pr(ession4 ,philosophy & oratory4 99#c99 ,& !re=e1 my de> ,cic]o1 ,i cordially recomm5d y to read c>efully n only my orations b also ^!,a books ( m9e on philosophy1 :i* are n[ ab\t z ext5sive4 ,= :ile ! orations exhibit a m vigor\s /yle1 yet ! unimpassion$1 re/ra9$ /yle ( my philosophical productions is also wor? cultivat+4 ,moreov]1 = ! same man to succe$ 9 bo? dep>tm5ts1 bo? 9 ! =5sic /yle & 9 t ( calm philosophic discussion has n1 ,i obs]ve1 be5 ! good =tune ( any "o ( ! ,greeks s f>1 unless1 p]haps1 ,demetrius ( ,phal]um c be reckon$ 9 t numb]--a clev] reason]1 inde$1 &1 ?\gh r a spiritless orator1 he is yet *>m+1 s t y c recognize 9 him ! disciple ( ,!ophra/us4 ,b let o!rs judge h[ mu* ,i h accompli%$ 9 ea* pursuit2 ,i h at lea/ attempt$ bo?4 99#d99 ,i believe1 ( c\rse1 t if ,plato _h be5 will+ to devote himself to =5sic oratory1 he c\ld h spok5 ) ! greate/ eloqu5ce & p[]2 & t if ,demo/h5es _h cont9u$ ! /udies he pursu$ ) ,plato & _h wi%$ to exp\nd 8 views1 he c\ld h done s ) elegance & brilliancy4 ,i feel ! same way ab\t ,ari/otle & ,isocrates1 ea* ( :om1 engross$ 9 8 own pr(ession1 und]valu$ t ( ! o!r4 ,a ,cic]o is allud+ to 8 ,republic1 ,tusculan ,disputations1 ,!ories ( ! ,supreme ,good & ,evil1 ,! ,nature ( ! ,gods1 ,academics1 ,hort5sius1 8 essays on ,fri5d%ip 7,laelius71 ,old ,age 7,cato71 ,fate1 ,div9ation1 etc4 7#ae 9 all74 ,,ii4 ,s$ cum /atuissem scrib]e ad te aliquid hoc tempore1 multa po/hac1 ab eo ordiri maxime volui1 quod et aetati tuae esset aptissimum et auctoritati meae4 ,nam cum multa s9t 9 philosophia et gravia et utilia accurate copioseque a philosophis disputata1 latissime pat]e vid5tur ea1 quae de (ficiis tradita ab illis et praecepta sunt4 ,nulla enim vitae p>s neque publicis neque privatis neque =5sibus neque dome/icis 9 rebus1 neque si tecum agas quid1 neque si cum alt]o contrahas1 vac>e (ficio pote/1 9 eoque et col5do sita vitae e/ hone/as omnis et negleg5do#d turpitudo4 99#e99 ,atque haec quidem quae/io communis e/ omnium philosophorum2 quis e/ enim1 qui nullis (ficii praeceptis trad5dis philosophum se audeat dic]e8 ,s$ sunt non nullae discipl9ae1 quae propositis bonorum et malorum f9ibus (ficium omne p]v]tant4 ,nam qui summum bonum sic in/ituit1 ut nihil habeat cum virtute coniunctum1 idque suis commodis1 non hone/ate metitur1 hic1 si sibi ipse cons5tiat et non int]dum naturae bonitate v9catur neque amicitiam col]e possit nec iu/itiam nec lib]alitatem2 =tis v]o dolorem summum malum iudicans aut temp]ans voluptatem summum bonum /atu5s esse c]te nullo modo pote/4 de ,f94 ,,ii1 #ab ff42 ,tusc4 ,disp4 ,,iv-,v2 de ,(f4 ,,iii1 #aag 99#f99 ,quae quamquam ita sunt 9 promptu1 ut res disputatione non egeat1 tam5 sunt a nobis alio loco disputata4 ,hae discipl9ae igitur si sibi cons5taneae vel9t esse1 de (ficio nihil queant dic]e1 neque ulla (ficii praecepta firma1 /abilia1 coniuncta naturae tradi possunt nisi aut ab iis1 qui solam1 aut ab iis1 qui maxime hone/atem propt] se dicant expet5dam4 ,ita propria e/ ea praeceptio ,/oicorum1 ,academicorum1 ,p]ipateticorum1 quoniam ,ari/onis1 ,pyrrhonis1 ,erilli iam pridem explosa s5t5tia e/2 qui tam5 hab]5t ius suum disput&i de (ficio1 si r]um aliquem dilectum#e reliquiss5t1 ut ad (ficii inv5tionem aditus esset4 ,sequemur#f igitur hoc quidem tempore et hac 9 quae/ione potissimum ,/oicos non ut int]pretes1 s$1 ut solemus1 e fontibus eorum iudicio arbitrioque no/ro1 quantum quoque modo videbitur1 hauriemus4 99#g99 ,placet igitur1 quoniam omnis disputatio de (ficio futura e/1 ante def9ire1 quid sit (ficium2 quod a ,panaetio praet]missum esse miror4 ,omnis enim1 quae a ratione#g suscipitur de aliqua re in/itutio1 debet a def9itione pr(icisci1 ut intellegatur1 quid sit id1 de quo disputetur4444#h #d et negleg5do ,a ,h a b1 ,edd42 et 9 negleg5do ,b c4 #e dilectum ,b ,h a b1 ,edd42 delectum ,a c4 #f sequemur ,graevius1 ,edd42 sequimur ,,mss4 #g a ratione ,ed42 a ratione ,,mss42 ratione ,mll]4 #h ,cic]o's def9ition mu/ h foll[$ "h1 some?+ l ,omne igitur1 quod ratione actum e/ (ficium appellamus ,ung]4 ,/atem5t ( subject4 ,,ii4 ,b s9ce ,i h decid$ to write y a little n[ 7& a great deal by & by71 ,i wi%1 if possible1 to beg9 ) a matt] mo/ suit$ at once to y\r ye>s & to my position4 ,al?\gh philosophy (f]s _m problems1 bo? important & useful1 t h be5 fully & c>efully discuss$ by philosoph]s1 ^? tea*+s :i* h be5 h&$ d[n on ! subject ( moral duties seem to h ! wide/ practical application4 ,= no phase ( life1 :e!r public or private1 :e!r 9 bus9ess or 9 ! home1 :e!r "o is work+ on :at conc]ns oneself alone or deal+ ) ano!r1 c be )\t its moral duty2 on ! dis*>ge ( su* duties dep5ds all t is morally "r1 & on _! neglect all t is morally wrong 9 life4 ,! philosophic s*ools & e?ical tea*+4 99#e99 ,moreov]1 ! subject ( ?is inquiry is ! common prop]ty ( all philosoph]s2 = :o w\ld presume to call himself a philosoph]1 if he did n inculcate any lessons ( duty8 ,b !re are "s s*ools t di/ort all notions ( duty by ! !ories !y propose t\*+ ! supreme good & ! supreme evil4 ,= he :o posits ! supreme good z hav+ no connection ) virtue & measures x n by a moral /&>d b by 8 own int]e/s--if he %\ld be consi/5t & n r at times ov]-rul$ by 8 bett] nature1 he c\ld value nei!r fri5d%ip nor ju/ice nor g5]osity2 & brave he surely _c possibly be t c\nts pa9 ! supreme evil1 nor temp]ate he t holds pleasure to be ! supreme good4 ,reasons = *oice ( subject & au?orities4 99#f99 ,al?\gh ^! tru?s are s self-evid5t t ! subject does n call = discussion1 /ill ,i h discuss$ x 9 ano!r connection4 ,if1 !re=e1 ^! s*ools %\ld claim to be consi/5t1 !y c\ld n say any?+ ab\t duty2 & no fix$1 inv>iable1 natural rules ( duty c be posit$ except by ^? :o say t moral goodness is wor? seek+ solely or *iefly = its own sake4 ,accord+ly1 ! tea*+ ( e?ics is ! peculi> "r ( ! ,/oics1 ! ,academicians1 & ! ,p]ipatetics2 = ! !ories ( ,ari/o1 ,pyrrho1 & ,erillus h be5 long s9ce reject$2 & yet !y w\ld h ! "r to discuss duty if !y _h left u any p[] ( *oos+ betwe5 ?+s1 s t !re might be a way ( f9d+ out :at duty is4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 at ?is "t & 9 ?is inve/igation foll[ *iefly ! ,/oics1 n z a translator1 b1 z is my cu/om1 ,i %all at my own option & discretion draw f ^? s\rces 9 su* measure & 9 su* mann] z %all suit my purpose4 99#g99 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! :ole discussion is to be on ! subject ( duty1 ,i %\ld l at ! outset to def9e :at duty is1 z1 to my surprise1 ,panaetius has fail$ to d4 ,= e sy/ematic developm5t ( any subject ought to beg9 ) a def9ition1 s t e "o may und]/& :at ! discussion is ab\t4 ,,iii4 ,omnis de (ficio duplex e/ quae/io3 unum g5us e/1 quod p]t9et ad f9em bonorum1 alt]um1 quod positum e/ 9 praeceptis1 quibus 9 omnis p>tis usus vitae con=m>i#i possit4 ,sup]ioris g5]is huius modi sunt exempla3 omniane (ficia p]fecta s9t1 num quod (ficium aliud alio maius sit1 et quae sunt g5]is eiusdem4 ,quorum autem (ficiorum praecepta traduntur1 ea quamquam p]t95t ad f9em bonorum1 tam5 m9us id app>et1 quia magis ad in/itutionem vitae communis spect>e vid5tur2 de quibus e/ nobis 8 libris explic&um4 ,atque etiam alia divisio e/ (ficii4 99#h99 ,nam et m$ium quoddam (ficium dicitur et p]fectum4 ,p]fectum (ficium rectum1 op9or1 vocemus1 quoniam ,graeci 1 hoc autem commune (ficium vocant4#aj ,atque ea sic def9iunt1 ut1 rectum quod sit1 id (ficium p]fectum esse def9iant2 m$ium autem (ficium id esse dicunt1 quod cur factum sit1 ratio probabilis r$di possit4 99#i99 ,triplex igitur e/1 ut ,panaetio videtur1 consilii capi5di delib]atio4 ,nam aut hone/umne factu sit an turpe dubitant id1 quod 9 delib]ationem cadit2 9 quo consid]&o saepe animi 9 contr>ias s5t5tias di/rahuntur4 ,tum autem aut anquirunt#aa aut consultant1 ad vitae commoditatem iucunditatemque1 ad facultates r]um atque copias1 ad opes1 ad pot5tiam1 quibus et se poss9t iuv>e et suos1 conducat id necne1 de quo delib]ant2 quae delib]atio omnis 9 rationem utilitatis cadit4 ,t]tium dubit&i g5us e/1 cum pugn>e videtur cum hone/o id1 quod videtur esse utile2 cum enim utilitas ad se rap]e1 hone/as contra revoc>e ad se videtur1 fit ut di/rahatur 9 delib]&o animus aff]atque ancipitem curam cogit&i4 99#aj99 ,hac divisione1 cum praet]ire aliquid maximum vitium 9 divid5do sit1 duo praet]missa sunt2 nec enim solum utrum hone/um an turpe sit1 delib]>i solet1 s$ etiam duobus propositis hone/is utrum hone/ius1 itemque duobus propositis utilibus utrum utilius4 ,ita1 quam ille triplicem putavit esse rationem1 9 qu9que p>tes di/ribui deb]e rep]itur4 ,primum igitur e/ de hone/o1 s$ duplicit]1 tum p>i ratione de utili1 po/ de comp>atione eorum diss]5dum4 #i con=m>i ,edd42 confirm>i ,,mss4 7i4e4 =tifi$74 #aj (ficium vocant ,pe>ce1 ,ed41 ,he9e2 (ficium vocant ,,mss41 ,bt4 #aa anquirunt ,a ,b ,h b2 inquirunt a c4 ,classification ( duties4 ,,iii4 ,e treatise on duty has two p>ts3 "o1 deal+ ) ! doctr9e ( ! supreme good2 ! o!r1 ) ! practical rules by :i* daily life 9 all its be>+s may be regulat$4 ,! foll[+ que/ions are illu/rative ( ! fir/ "p3 :e!r all duties are absolute2 :e!r "o duty is m important ?an ano!r2 & s on4 ,b z reg>ds special duties = :i* positive rules are laid d[n1 ?\gh !y are affect$ by ! doctr9e ( ! supreme good1 /ill ! fact is n s obvi\s1 because !y seem r to look to ! regulation ( e-day life2 & x is ^! special duties t ,i propose to treat at l5g? 9 ! foll[+ books4 99#h99 ,& yet !re is /ill ano!r classification ( duties3 we di/+ui% betwe5 mean,b duty1 s-call$1 & absolute duty4 ,absolute duty we may1 ,i presume1 call "r1 = ! ,greeks call x 1 :ile ! ord9>y duty !y call 4 ,& ! mean+ ( ^? t]ms !y fix ?us3 :atev] is "r !y def9e z absolute duty1 b mean duty1 !y say1 is duty = ! p]=mance ( :i* an adequate reason may be r5d]$4 ,! ?reefold classification ( ,panaetius4 99#i99 ,! consid]ation necess>y to det]m9e conduct is1 !re=e1 z ,panaetius ?9ks1 a ?reefold "o3 fir/1 p "q :e!r ! contemplat$ act is morally "r or morally wrong2 & 9 su* delib]ation _! m9ds are (t5 l$ to widely div]g5t conclusions4 ,& !n !y exam9e & consid] ! "q :e!r ! action contemplat$ is or is n conducive to com=t & happ9ess 9 life1 to ! comm& ( means & weal?1 to influ5ce1 & to p[]1 by :i* !y may be able to help !mselves & _! fri5ds2 ?is :ole matt] turns ^u a "q ( exp$i5cy4 ,! ?ird type ( "q arises :5 t :i* seems to be exp$i5t seems to conflict ) t :i* is morally "r2 = :5 exp$i5cy seems to be pull+ "o way1 :ile moral "r seems to be call+ back 9 ! opposite direction1 ! result is t ! m9d is di/ract$ 9 its inquiry & br+s to x ! irresolution t is born ( delib]ation4 ,! "q is fivefold4 99#aj99 ,al?\gh omission is a mo/ s]i\s defect 9 classification1 two po9ts h be5 ov]look$ 9 ! =ego+3,c = we usually consid] n only :e!r an action is morally "r or morally wrong1 b also1 :5 a *oice ( two morally "r c\rses is (f]$1 :i* "o is morally bett]2 & likewise1 :5 a *oice ( two exp$i5ts is (f]$1 :i* "o is m exp$i5t4 ,?us ! "q :i* ,panaetius ?\ght ?reefold ought1 we f9d1 to be divid$ into five p>ts4 ,fir/1 !re=e1 we mu/ discuss ! moral--& t1 "u two sub-heads2 secondly1 9 ! same mann]1 ! exp$i5t2 & f9ally1 ! cases :]e !y mu/ be weigh$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,b ,cic]o's te*nical t]ms are difficult because he has to inv5t !m to translate ,greek t is p]fectly simple3 rectum is '"r1' i4e4 p]fect1 absolute4 ,its opposite is m$ium1 'mean1' i4e4 int]m$iate1 fall+ %ort ( ! 'absolute' & occupy+ a middle gr\nd2 common2 ord9>y4 hone/um is 'morally "r'2 z a n\n1 'moral goodness' 7 hone/as72 its opposite is turpe1 'morally wrong4' hone/as is 'moral rectitude1'--'moral goodness'2 'morality'2 its opposite turpitudo1 'moral wrong1' 'immorality4' hone/us1 on ! o!r h&1 is always 'hon\rable'2 & honores are always '(fices ( hon\r4' ,c ,= ,panaetius 0 a ,/oic1 & ! ,/oics did n admit t !re 7 any degrees ( "r or wrong4 99#aa99 ,,iv4 ,pr9cipio g5]i animantium omni e/ a natura tributum1 ut se1 vitam corpusque tueatur1 decl9et ea1 quae nocitura videantur1 omniaque1 quae s9t ad viv5dum necess>ia1 anquirat et p>et1 ut pa/um1 ut latibula1 ut alia g5]is eiusdem4 ,commune item#ab animantium omnium e/ coniunctionis adpetitus procre&i causa et cura qua$am eorum1 quae procreata s9t#ac2 s$ int] hom9em et beluam hoc maxime int]e/1 quod haec tantum1 quantum s5su movetur1 ad id solum1 quod ade/ quodque praes5s e/1 se accommodat paulum admodum s5ti5s praet]itum aut futurum2 homo autem1 quod rationis e/ p>ticeps1 p] quam consequ5tia c]nit1 causas r]um videt e>umque praegressus#ad et quasi antecessiones non ignorat1 similitud9es comp>at rebusque praes5tibus adiungit atque annectit futuras1 facile totius vitae cursum videt ad eamque deg5dam praep>at res necess>ias4 99#ab99 ,eademque natura vi rationis hom9em conciliat hom9i et ad orationis et ad vitae societatem +5]atque 9 primis praecipuum qu5dam amorem 9 eos1 qui procreati sunt1 impellitque1 ut hom9um coetus et celebrationes et esse et a se obiri velit ob easque causas /udeat p>>e ea1 quae supp$it5t ad cultum et ad victum1 nec sibi soli1 s$ coniugi1 lib]is cet]isque1 quos c>os habeat tu]ique debeat2 quae cura exsuscitat etiam animos et maiores ad rem g]5dam facit4 99#ac99 ,9 primisque hom9is e/ propria v]i inquisitio atque inve/igatio4 ,itaque cum sumus necess>iis negotiis curisque vacui1 tum avemus aliquid vid]e1 audire1 addisc]e cognitionemque r]um aut occult>um aut admirabilium ad beate viv5dum necess>iam ducimus4 ,ex quo intellegitur1 quod v]um1 simplex s9c]umque sit1 id esse naturae hom9is aptissimum4 ,huic v]i vid5di cupiditati adiuncta e/ appetitio qua$am pr9cipatus1 ut nem9i p>]e animus b5e in=matus a natura velit nisi praecipi5ti aut doc5ti aut utilitatis causa iu/e et legitime imp]anti2 ex quo magnitudo animi exi/it human>umque r]um contemptio4 99#ad99 ,nec v]o illa p>va vis naturae e/ rationisque1 quod unum hoc animal s5tit1 quid sit ordo1 quid sit1 quod deceat1 9 factis dictisque qui modus4 ,itaque eorum ipsorum1 quae aspectu s5tiuntur1 nullum aliud animal pul*ritud9em1 v5u/atem1 conv5i5tiam p>tium s5tit2 quam similitud9em natura ratioque ab oculis ad animum transf]5s multo etiam magis pul*ritud9em1 con/antiam1 ord9em 9 consiliis factisque cons]v&am#ae putat cavetque1 ne quid indecore effem9ateve faciat1 tum 9 omnibus et op9ionibus et factis ne quid libid9ose aut faciat aut cogitet4 ,quibus ex rebus conflatur et efficitur id1 quod qua]imus1 hone/um1 quod etiamsi nobilitatum non sit1 tam5 hone/um sit1 quodque v]e dicimus1 etiamsi a nullo laudetur1 natura esse laudabile4 #ab item ,manutius1 ,edd42 autem ,,mss4 #ac procreata s9t ,b ,h a b2 procreata sunt ,a 7871 ,bt42 procreantur c4 #ad praegressus ,a ,h a b1 ,edd42 progressus ,b c4 #ae cons]v&am ,,mss42 cons]v&a codd4 aliquot rec5tiores1 ,bt4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 man & ! l[] animals4 99#aa99 ,,iv4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,nature has end[$ e species ( liv+ creature ) ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 ( avoid+ :at seems likely to cause injury to life or limb1 & ( procur+ & provid+ ev]y?+ ne$ful = life--food1 %elt]1 & ! l4 ,a common prop]ty ( all creatures is also ! reproductive in/9ct 7! purpose ( :i* is ! propagation ( ! species7 & also a c]ta9 am\nt ( conc]n = _! (fspr+4 ,in/9ct & ,reason4 ,b ! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 man & bea/ is ?is3 ! bea/1 j z f> z x is mov$ by ! s5ses & ) v little p]ception ( pa/ or future1 adapts itself to t alone :i* is pres5t at ! mom5t2 :ile man--because he is end[$ ) reason1 by :i* he compreh5ds ! *a9 ( consequ5ces1 p]ceives ! causes ( ?+s1 und]/&s ! relation ( cause to effect & ( effect to cause1 draws analogies1 & connects & associates ! pres5t & ! future--easily surveys ! c\rse ( 8 :ole life & makes ! necess>y prep>ations = its conduct4 ,family ties4 99#ab99 ,nature likewise by ! p[] ( reason associates man ) man 9 ! common bonds ( spee* & life2 %e implants 9 him above all1 ,i may say1 a /rangely t5d] love = 8 (fspr+4 ,%e also prompts m5 to meet 9 companies1 to =m public assemblies & to take "p 9 !m !mselves2 & %e fur!r dictates1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! ef=t on man's "p to provide a /ore ( ?+s t m9i/] to 8 com=ts & wants--& n = himself alone1 b = 8 wife & *ildr5 & ! o!rs :om he holds de> & = :om he ought to provide2 & ?is responsibility also /imulates 8 c\rage & makes x /rong] = ! active duties ( life4 ,se>* aft] tru?4 99#ac99 ,above all1 ! se>* aft] tru? & its eag] pursuit are peculi> to man4 ,& s1 :5 we h leisure f ! dem&s ( bus9ess c>es1 we are eag] to see1 to he>1 to le>n some?+ new1 & we e/eem a desire to "k ! secrets or wond]s ( creation z indisp5sable to a happy life4 ,?us we come to und]/& t :at is true1 simple1 & g5u9e appeals mo/ /rongly to a man's nature4 ,to ?is passion = discov]+ tru? !re is add$ a hung]+1 z x 71 = indep5d5ce1 s t a m9d well-m\ld$ by ,nature is unwill+ to be subject to anybody save "o :o gives rules ( conduct or is a tea*] ( tru? or :o1 = ! g5]al good1 rules accord+ to ju/ice & law4 ,f ?is attitude come greatness ( s\l & a s5se ( sup]iority to worldly conditions4 ,moral s5sibility4 99#ad99 ,& x is no mean manife/ation ( ,nature & ,reason t man is ! only animal t has a feel+ = ord]1 = propriety1 = mod]ation 9 ^w & de$4 ,& s no o!r animal has a s5se ( beauty1 lovel9ess1 h>mony 9 ! visible _w2 & ,nature & ,reason1 ext5d+ ! analogy ( ?is f ! _w ( s5se to ! _w ( _s1 f9d t beauty1 consi/5cy1 ord] are f> m to be ma9ta9$ 9 ?\ght & de$1 & ! same ,nature & ,reason are c>eful to d no?+ 9 an improp] or unmanly fa%ion1 & 9 e ?\ght & de$ to d or ?9k no?+ caprici\sly4 ,x is f ^! elem5ts t is =g$ & fa%ion$ t moral goodness :i* is ! subject ( ?is inquiry--some?+ t1 ev5 ?\gh x be n g5]ally ennobl$1 is /ill wor?y ( all hon\r,d2 & by its own nature1 we correctly ma9ta91 x m]its praise1 ev5 ?\gh x be prais$ by none4 ,d ,cic]o plays on ! d\ble mean+ ( hone/um3 7#a7 'moral goodness1' & 7#b7 'hon\rable1' 'di/+ui%$1' etc4 ,pha$r41 #bej ,d 99#ae99 ,v4 ,=mam quidem ipsam1 ,m>ce fili1 et tamquam faciem hone/i vides1 quae si oculis c]n]etur1 mirabiles amores1 ut ait ,plato1 excit>et sapi5tiae4 ,s$ omne1 quod e/ hone/um1 id quattuor p>tium oritur ex aliqua3 aut enim 9 p]spici5tia v]i soll]tiaque v]satur aut 9 hom9um societate tu5da tribu5doque suum cuique et r]um contract>um fide aut 9 animi excelsi atque invicti magnitud9e ac robore aut 9 omnium1 quae fiunt quaeque dicuntur1 ord9e et modo1 9 quo ine/ mode/ia et temp]antia4 997#ae799 ,quae quattuor quamquam int] se colligata atque implicata sunt1 tam5 ex s+ulis c]ta (ficiorum g5]a nascuntur1 velut ex ea p>te1 quae prima discripta#af e/1 9 qua sapi5tiam et prud5tiam ponimus1 ine/ indagatio atque inv5tio v]i1 eiusque virtutis hoc munus e/ proprium4 99#af99 ,ut enim quisque maxime p]spicit1 quid 9 re quaque v]issimum sit1 quique acutissime et cel]rime pote/ et vid]e et explic>e rationem1 is prud5tissimus et sapi5tissimus rite hab]i solet4 ,quocirca huic quasi mat]ia1 quam tractet et 9 qua v]setur1 subiecta e/ v]itas4 99#ag99 ,reliquis autem tribus virtutibus necessitates propositae sunt ad eas res p>&as tu5dasque1 quibus actio vitae cont9etur1 ut et societas hom9um coniunctioque s]vetur et animi excell5tia magnitudoque cum 9 aug5dis opibus utilitatibusque et sibi et suis comp>&is1 tum multo magis 9 8 ipsis despici5dis eluceat4 ,ordo autem#ag et con/antia et mod]atio et ea1 quae sunt 8 similia1 v]santur 9 eo g5]e1 ad quod e/ adhib5da actio qua$am1 non solum m5tis agitatio4 ,iis enim rebus1 quae tractantur 9 vita1 modum qu5dam et ord9em adhib5tes hone/atem et decus cons]vabimus4 #af discripta ,he9e2 descripta ,,mss41 ,bt4 #ag autem ,,mss41 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 item ,pe>ce1 ,ed41 ,bt4 99#ae99 ,v4 ,y see "h1 ,m>cus1 my son1 ! v =m & z x 7 ! face ( ,moral ,goodness2 & if1 z ,plato says1 x c\ld be se5 ) ! physical eye1 x w\ld awak5 a m>vell\s love ( wisdom4 ,! f\r ,c>d9al ,virtues4 ,b all t is morally "r rises f "s "o ( f\r s\rces3 x is conc]n$ ei!r 7#a7 ) ! full p]ception & intellig5t developm5t ( ! true2 or 7#b7 ) ! cons]vation ( organiz$ society1 ) r5d]+ to e man 8 due1 & ) ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( obligations assum$2 or 7#c7 ) ! greatness & /r5g? ( a noble & inv9cible _s2 or 7#d7 ) ! ord]l9ess & mod]ation ( ev]y?+ t is said & done1 :]e9 consi/ temp]ance & self-control4 ,_! sev]al prov9ces4 997#ae799 ,al?\gh ^! f\r are connect$ & int]wov51 /ill x is 9 ea* "o consid]$ s+ly t c]ta9 def9ite k9ds ( moral duties h _! orig93 9 t category1 = in/ance1 :i* 0 designat$ fir/ 9 our division & 9 :i* we place wisdom & prud5ce1 belong ! se>* aft] tru? & its discov]y2 & ?is is ! peculi> prov9ce ( t virtue4 99#af99 ,= ! m cle>ly anyone obs]ves ! mo/ ess5tial tru? 9 any giv5 case & ! m quickly & accurately he c see & expla9 ! reasons = x1 ! m und]/&+ & wise he is g5]ally e/eem$1 & ju/ly s4 ,s1 !n1 x is tru? t is1 z x 71 ! /uff ) :i* ?is virtue has to deal & on :i* x employs itself4 99#ag99 ,be=e ! ?ree rema9+ virtues1 on ! o!r h&1 is set ! task ( provid+ & ma9ta9+ ^? ?+s on :i* ! practical bus9ess ( life dep5ds1 s t ! relations ( man to man 9 human society may be cons]v$1 & t l>g5ess & nobility ( s\l may be reveal$ n only 9 increas+ "o's res\rces & acquir+ advantages = "o's self & "o's family b f> m 9 ris+ sup]ior to ^! v ?+s4 ,b ord]ly behavi\r & consi/5cy ( demean\r & self-control & ! l h _! sph]e 9 t dep>tm5t ( ?+s 9 :i* a c]ta9 am\nt ( physical ex]tion1 & n m5tal activity m]ely1 is requir$4 ,= if we br+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( propriety & ord] into ! transactions ( daily life1 we %all be cons]v+ moral rectitude & moral dignity4 99#ah99 ,,vi4 ,ex quattuor autem locis1 9 quos hone/i naturam vimque divisimus1 primus ille1 qui 9 v]i cognitione consi/it1 maxime naturam att+it humanam4 ,omnes enim trahimur et ducimur ad cognitionis et sci5tiae cupiditatem1 9 qua excell]e pul*rum putamus1 labi autem1 err>e1 nescire1 decipi et malum et turpe ducimus4#ah ,9 hoc g5]e et naturali et hone/o duo vitia vit&a sunt1 unum1 ne incognita pro cognitis habeamus iisque tem]e ass5tiamur2 quod vitium effug]e qui volet 7omnes autem velle deb5t71 adhibebit ad consid]&as res et tempus et dilig5tiam4 99#ai99 ,alt]um e/ vitium1 quod quidam nimis magnum /udium multamque op]am 9 res obscuras atque difficiles conf]unt easdemque non necess>ias4 ,quibus vitiis decl9atis quod 9 rebus hone/is et cognitione dignis op]ae curaeque ponetur1 id iure laudabitur1 ut 9 a/rologia ,c4 ,sulpicium audivimus1 9 geometria ,sex4 ,pompeium ipsi cognovimus1 multos 9 dialecticis1 plures 9 iure civili1 quae omnes artes 9 v]i inve/igatione v]santur2 cuius /udio a rebus g]5dis abduci contra (ficium e/4 ,virtutis enim laus omnis 9 actione consi/it2 a qua tam5 fit int]missio saepe multique dantur ad /udia r$itus2 tum agitatio m5tis1 quae numquam acquiescit1 pote/ nos 9 /udiis cognitionis#ai etiam s9e op]a no/ra cont9]e4 ,omnis autem cogitatio motusque animi aut 9 consiliis capi5dis de rebus hone/is et p]t95tibus ad b5e beateque viv5dum aut 9 /udiis sci5tiae cognitionisque v]sabitur4 ,ac de primo quidem (ficii fonte diximus4 #ah ducimus c1 ,edd42 dicimus ,a ,b ,h a b4 #ai cognitionis ,a1 ,bt41 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 cogitationis ,,bh a b c 7error caus$ by cogitatio 9 next l9e74 ,a4 ,wisdom4 99#ah99 ,,vi4 ,n[1 ( ! f\r divisions :i* we h made ( ! ess5tial idea ( moral goodness1 ! fir/1 consi/+ 9 ! k ( tru?1 t\*es human nature mo/ closely4 ,= we are all attract$ & drawn to a zeal = le>n+ & kn[+2 & we ?9k x glori\s to excel !re91 :ile we c\nt x base & immoral to fall into error1 to w&] f ! tru?1 to be ignorant1 to be l$ a/ray4 ,9 ?is pursuit1 :i* is bo? natural & morally "r1 two errors are to be avoid$3 fir/1 we mu/ n treat ! unkn[n z kn[n & too readily accept x2 & he :o wi%es to avoid ?is error 7z all %\ld d7 w devote bo? "t & att5tion to ! weigh+ ( evid5ce4 99#ai99 ,! o!r error is t "s p devote too mu* indu/ry & too deep /udy to matt]s t are obscure & difficult & useless z well4 ,if ^! errors are successfully avoid$1 all ! lab\r & pa9s exp5d$ ^u problems t are morally "r & wor? ! solv+ w be fully rew>d$4 ,su* a work] 9 ! field ( a/ronomy1 = example1 0 ,gaius ,sulpicius1 ( :om we h he>d2 9 ma!matics1 ,sextus ,pompey1 :om ,i h kn[n p]sonally2 9 dialectics1 _m2 9 civil law1 /ill m4 ,all ^! pr(essions are occupi$ ) ! se>* aft] tru?2 b to be drawn by /udy away f active life is contr>y to moral duty4 ,= ! :ole glory ( virtue is 9 activity2 activity1 h[ev]1 may (t5 be int]rupt$1 & _m opportunities = return+ to /udy are op5$4 ,besides1 ! work+ ( ! m9d1 :i* is nev] at re/1 c keep u busy 9 ! pursuit ( k ev5 )\t consci\s ef=t on our "p4 ,moreov]1 all our ?\ght & m5tal activity w be devot$ ei!r to plann+ = ?+s t are morally "r & t conduce to a good & happy life1 or to ! pursuits ( sci5ce & le>n+4 ,) ?is we close ! discussion ( ! fir/ s\rce ( duty4 99#bj99 ,,vii4 ,de tribus autem reliquis latissime patet ea ratio1 qua societas hom9um int] ipsos et vitae quasi communitas cont9etur2 cuius p>tes duae1#bj iu/itia1 9 qua virtutis e/ spl5dor maximus1 ex qua viri boni nom9antur1 et huic coniuncta b5efic5tia1 quam e&em vel b5ignitatem vel lib]alitatem appell>i licet4 ,s$ iu/itiae primum munus e/1 ut ne cui quis noceat nisi lacessitus iniuria1 de9de ut communibus pro communibus utatur1 privatis ut suis4 99#ba99 ,sunt autem privata nulla natura1 s$ aut vet]e occupatione1 ut qui quondam 9 vacua v5]unt1 aut victoria1 ut qui bello potiti sunt1 aut lege1 pactione1 condicione1 sorte2 ex quo fit1 ut ag] ,arp9as ,arp9atium dicatur1 ,tusculanus ,tusculanorum2 similisque e/ privat>um possessionum discriptio4#ba ,ex quo1 quia suum cuiusque fit eorum1 quae natura fu]ant communia1 quod cuique obtigit1 id quisque t5eat2 e quo#bb si quis sibi appetet1 violabit ius humanae societatis4 ,ep4 ,,ix1 ad ,ar*ytam1 #ceh ,a 99#bb99 ,s$ quoniam1 ut praecl>e scriptum e/ a ,platone1 non nobis solum nati sumus ortusque no/ri p>tem patria v9dicat1 p>tem amici1 atque1 ut placet ,/oicis1 quae 9 t]ris gignantur1 ad usum hom9um omnia cre>i1 hom9es autem hom9um causa esse g5]atos1 ut ipsi int] se aliis alii prodesse poss5t1 9 hoc naturam debemus ducem sequi1 communes utilitates 9 m$ium aff]re mutatione (ficiorum1 d&o accipi5do1 tum artibus1 tum op]a1 tum facultatibus dev9cire hom9um int] hom9es societatem4 99#bc99 ,fundam5tum autem e/ iu/itiae fides1 id e/ dictorum conv5torumque con/antia et v]itas4 ,ex quo1 quamquam hoc videbitur =tasse cuipiam durius1 tam5 audeamus imit>i ,/oicos1 qui /udiose exquirunt1 unde v]ba s9t ducta1 cr$amusque1 quia fiat1 quod dictum e/1 appellatam fidem4 ,s$ iniu/itiae g5]a duo sunt1 unum eorum1 qui inf]unt1 alt]um eorum1 qui ab iis1 quibus inf]tur1 si possunt1 non propulsant iniuriam4 ,nam qui iniu/e impetum 9 quempiam facit aut ira aut aliqua p]turbatione incitatus1 is quasi manus aff]re videtur socio2 qui autem non def5dit nec obsi/it1 si pote/1 iniuriae1 tam e/ 9 vitio1 quam si p>5tes aut amicos aut patriam des]at4 99#bd99 ,atque illae quidem iniuriae1 quae noc5di causa de indu/ria inf]untur1 saepe a metu pr(iciscuntur1 cum is1 qui noc]e alt]i cogitat1 timet ne1 nisi id fec]it1 ipse aliquo afficiatur incommodo4 ,maximam autem p>tem ad iniuriam faci5dam aggr$iuntur1 ut adipiscantur ea1 quae concupiv]unt2 9 quo vitio latissime patet av>itia4 #bj p>tes duae ,,bh b2 p>tes duae sunt c1 ,bt41 ,he9e4 #ba discriptio ,b1 ,edd42 descriptio ,a ,h a b c4 #bb e quo ,a#a ,h a b c1 ,mll]2 eo ,b1 de quo ,bt4 7suppl471 ,he9e4 ,b4 ,ju/ice4 99#bj99 ,,vii4 ,( ! ?ree rema9+ divisions1 ! mo/ ext5sive 9 its application is ! pr9ciple by :i* society & :at we may call its common bonds are ma9ta9$4 ,( ?is aga9 !re are two divisions--ju/ice1 9 :i* is ! cr[n+ glory ( ! virtues & on ! basis ( :i* m5 are call$ good m52 &1 close ak9 to ju/ice1 *>ity1 :i* may also be call$ k9dness or g5]osity4 ,! fir/ (fice ( ju/ice is to keep "o man f do+ h>m to ano!r1 unless provok$ by wrong2 & ! next is to lead m5 to use common possessions = ! common int]e/s1 private prop]ty = _! own4 ,public vs4 private int]e/s4 99#ba99 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no su* ?+ z private own]%ip e/abli%$ by nature1 b prop]ty becomes private ei!r ?r\gh long occupancy 7z 9 ! case ( ^? :o long ago settl$ 9 unoccupi$ t]ritory7 or ?r\gh conque/ 7z 9 ! case ( ^? :o took x 9 w>7 or by due process ( law1 b>ga91 or pur*ase1 or by allotm5t4 ,on ?is pr9ciple ! l&s ( ,arp9um are said to belong to ! ,arp9ates1 ! ,tusculan l&s to ! ,tusculans2 & simil> is ! assignm5t ( private prop]ty4 ,!re=e1 inasmu* z 9 ea* case "s ( ^? ?+s :i* by nature _h be5 common prop]ty became ! prop]ty ( individuals1 ea* "o %\ld reta9 possession ( t :i* has fall5 to 8 lot2 & if anyone appropriates to himself any?+ beyond t1 he w be violat+ ! laws ( human society4 99#bb99 ,b s9ce1 z ,plato has admirably express$ x1 we are n born = ourselves alone1 b our c\ntry claims a %>e ( our be+1 & our fri5ds a %>e2 & s9ce1 z ! ,/oics hold1 ev]y?+ t ! e>? produces is creat$ = man's use2 & z m51 too1 are born = ! sake ( m51 t !y may be able mutually to help "o ano!r2 9 ?is direction we ought to foll[ ,nature z our guide1 to contribute to ! g5]al good by an int]*ange ( acts ( k9dness1 by giv+ & receiv+1 & ?us by our skill1 our indu/ry1 & our tal5ts to cem5t human society m closely toge!r1 man to man4 ,good fai?4 99#bc99 ,! f\ndation ( ju/ice1 moreov]1 is good fai?--t is1 tru? & fidelity to promises & agreem5ts4 ,& !re=e we may foll[ ! ,/oics1 :o dilig5tly inve/igate ! etymology ( words2 & we may accept _! /atem5t t good fai? is s call$ because :at is promis$ is made good1 al?\gh "s may f9d ?is d]ivation,e r f>-fet*$4 ,inju/ice3 active & passive4 ,!re are1 on ! o!r h&1 two k9ds ( inju/ice--! "o1 on ! "p ( ^? :o inflict wrong1 ! o!r on ! "p ( ^? :o1 :5 !y c1 d n %ield f wrong ^? ^u :om x is be+ inflict$4 ,= he :o1 "u ! influ5ce ( ang] or "s o!r passion1 wrongfully assaults ano!r seems1 z x 71 to be lay+ viol5t h&s ^u a comrade2 b he :o does n prev5t or oppose wrong1 if he c1 is j z guilty ( wrong z if he des]t$ 8 p>5ts or 8 fri5ds or 8 c\ntry4 99#bd99 ,!n1 too1 ^? v wrongs :i* p try to inflict on purpose to injure are (t5 ! result ( fe>3 t is1 he :o prem$itates injur+ ano!r is afraid t1 if he does n d s1 he may himself be made to suff] "s hurt4 ,b = ! mo/ "p1 p are l$ to wrong-do+ 9 ord] to secure "s p]sonal end2 9 ?is vice1 av>ice is g5]ally ! controll+ motive4 ,e ,( c\rse1 'good fai?' & 'made good' h j z little etymological connection z fiat & fidem4 99#be99 ,,viii4 ,expetuntur autem divitiae cum ad usus vitae necess>ios1 tum ad p]fru5das voluptates4 ,9 quibus autem maior e/ animus1 9 iis pecuniae cupiditas spectat ad opes et ad gratific&i facultatem1 ut nup] ,m4 ,crassus negabat ullam satis magnam pecuniam esse ei1 qui 9 re publica pr9ceps vellet esse1 cuius fructibus ex]citum al]e non posset4 ,delectant etiam magnifici app>atus vitaeque cultus cum elegantia et copia2 quibus rebus effectum e/1 ut inf9ita pecuniae cupiditas esset4 ,nec v]o rei famili>is amplificatio nem9i noc5s vitup]&a e/1 s$ fugi5da semp] iniuria e/4 99#bf99 ,maxime autem adducuntur pl]ique1 ut eos iu/itiae capiat oblivio1 cum 9 imp]iorum1 honorum1 gloriae cupiditatem incid]unt4#bc ,quod enim e/ apud ,ennium3 ,fab4 inc4 7,?ye/es87 ,vahl5#b1 #djd ,nlla sancta scietas ,nc fides regni /1 id latius patet4 ,nam quicquid eius modi e/1 9 quo non poss9t plures excell]e1 9 eo fit pl]umque tanta cont5tio1 ut difficillimum sit s]v>e sanctam societatem4 ,decl>avit id modo tem]itas ,c4 ,caes>is1 qui omnia iura div9a et humana p]v]tit propt] eum1 quem sibi ipse op9ionis errore f9x]at1 pr9cipatum4 ,e/ autem 9 hoc g5]e mole/um1 quod 9 maximis animis spl5didissimisque +5iis pl]umque exsi/unt honoris1 imp]ii1 pot5tiae1 gloriae cupiditates4 ,quo magis cav5dum e/1 ne quid 9 eo g5]e peccetur4 99#bg99 ,s$ 9 omni iniu/itia p]multum int]e/1 utrum p]turbatione aliqua animi1 quae pl]umque brevis e/ et ad tempus1 an consulto et cogitata#bd fiat iniuria4 ,leviora enim sunt ea1 quae rep5t9o aliquo motu accidunt1 quam ea1 quae m$itata et praep>ata inf]untur4 ,ac de inf]5da quidem iniuria satis dictum e/4 #bc incid]unt ,a ,b ,h ,l a b2 incid]9t c4 #bd cogitata ,a ,b ,h a b p1 ,edd42 cogitatu c1 cogitato alii1 ,madvig 7ad ,de ,f94 p4 #fif74 99#be99 ,,viii4 ,aga91 m5 seek ri*es p>tly to supply ! ne$s ( life1 p>tly to secure ! enjoym5t ( pleasure4 ,! dang]s ( ambition4 ,) ^? :o *]i% high] ambitions1 ! desire = weal? is ent]ta9$ ) a view to p[] & influ5ce & ! means ( be/[+ fav\rs2 ,m>cus ,crassus1 = example1 n long s9ce decl>$ t no am\nt ( weal? 0 en\gh = ! man :o aspir$ to be ! =emo/ citiz5 ( ! /ate1 unless ) ! income f x he c\ld ma9ta9 an army4 ,f9e e/abli%m5ts & ! com=ts ( life 9 elegance & abundance also af=d pleasure1 & ! desire to secure x gives rise to ! insatiable ?ir/ = weal?4 ,/ill1 ,i d n mean to f9d fault ) ! accumulation ( prop]ty1 provid$ x hurts nobody1 b unju/ acquisition ( x is always to be avoid$4 99#bf99 ,! great majority ( p1 h[ev]1 :5 !y fall a prey to ambition = ei!r milit>y or civil au?ority1 are c>ri$ away by x s completely t !y q lose sight ( ! claims ( ju/ice4 ,= ,ennius says3 ,!re is no fell[%ip inviolate1 ,no fai? is kept1 :5 k+%ip is conc]n$2 & ! tru? ( 8 words has an uncommonly wide application4 ,= :5ev] a situation is ( su* a nature t n m ?an "o c hold pre-em95ce 9 x1 competition = x usually becomes s ke5 t x is an extremely difficult matt] to ma9ta9 a fell[%ip inviolate4 ,caes>4 ,we saw ?is prov$ b n[ 9 ! effront]y ( ,gaius ,caes>1 :o1 to ga9 t sov]eign p[] :i* by a deprav$ imag9ation he _h conceiv$ 9 8 fancy1 trod und]foot all laws ( gods & m54 ,b ! tr\ble ab\t ?is matt] is t x is 9 ! greate/ s\ls & 9 ! mo/ brilliant g5iuses t we usually f9d ambitions = civil & milit>y au?ority1 = p[]1 & = glory1 spr++ up2 & !re=e we mu/ be ! m he$ful n to g wrong 9 t direction4 ,! motives to wrong4 99#bg99 ,b 9 any case ( inju/ice x makes a va/ deal ( diff]5ce :e!r ! wrong is done z a result ( "s impulse ( passion1 :i* is usually brief & transi5t1 or :e!r x is committ$ wilfully & ) prem$itation2 = (f5ces t come ?r\gh "s sudd5 impulse are less culpable ?an ^? committ$ design$ly & ) malice a=e?\ght4 ,b en\gh has be5 said on ! subject ( inflict+ injury4 99#bh99 ,,ix4 ,praet]mitt5dae autem def5sionis des]5dique (ficii plures sol5t esse causae2 nam aut inimicitias aut laborem aut sumptus suscip]e nolunt aut etiam negleg5tia1 pigritia1 in]tia aut suis /udiis quibusdam occupationibusve sic imp$iuntur1 ut eos1 quos tut>i debeant1 des]tos esse patiantur4 ,rep4 ,,vi1 #dhe ff4 ,,vii1 #ebj ,d ,itaque vid5dum e/1 ne non satis sit id1 quod apud ,platonem e/ 9 philosophos dictum1 quod 9 v]i inve/igatione v]s5tur quodque ea1 quae pl]ique vehem5t] expetant1#be de quibus int] se digladi>i soleant1 contemnant et pro nihilo put5t1 propt]ea iu/os esse4 ,nam alt]um iu/itiae g5us assequuntur1#bf ut#bg inf]5da ne cui noceant iniuria1 9 alt]um incidunt#bh2 disc5di enim /udio imp$iti1 quos tu]i deb5t1 des]unt4 ,rep4 ,i1 #cdg ,c ,itaque eos ne ad rem publicam quidem accessuros putat nisi coactos4 ,aequius autem erat id voluntate fi]i2 nam hoc ipsum ita iu/um e/1 quod recte fit1 si e/ volunt>ium4 99#bi99 ,sunt etiam1 qui aut /udio rei famili>is tu5dae aut odio quodam hom9um suum se negotium ag]e dicant nec fac]e cuiquam videantur iniuriam4 ,qui alt]o g5]e iniu/itiae vacant1 9 alt]um incurrunt2 des]unt enim vitae societatem1 quia nihil conf]unt 9 eam /udii1 nihil op]ae1 nihil facultatum4 ,qu&o igitur duobus g5]ibus iniu/itiae propositis adiunximus causas utriusque g5]is easque res ante con/ituimus1 quibus iu/itia cont9]etur1 facile1 quod cuiusque temporis (ficium sit1 pot]imus1 nisi nosmet ipsos valde amabimus1 iudic>e2 99#cj99 e/ enim difficilis cura r]um ali5>um4 ,heaut4 ,tim4 #gg ,quamquam ,t]5tianus ille ,*remes humani nihil a se ali5um putat2 s$ tam51 quia magis ea p]cipimus atque s5timus1 quae nobis ipsis aut prosp]a aut adv]sa ev5iunt1 quam illa1 quae cet]is1 quae quasi longo int]vallo int]iecto videmus1 alit] de illis ac de nobis iudicamus4 ,quocirca b5e praecipiunt1 qui vetant quicquam ag]e1 quod dubites aequum sit an iniquum4 ,aequitas enim lucet ipsa p] se1 dubitatio cogitationem significat iniuriae4 #be expetant ,a ,b a b2 expectant ,h2 exspectant c4 #bf alt]um iu/itiae g5us assequuntur ,,mss42 alt]um assequuntur ,pe>ce1 ,j4 ,m4 ,heus+]1 et al42 alt]um g5us assequuntur ,bei]4 #bg ut ,halm2 9 ,,mss42 om4 ,bt4 #bh 9 alt]um incidunt ,a ,b ,h a b2 9 alt]o del9qunt c1 ,bt4 7del9quunt1 i4e4 !y (f5d 9 ! o!r direction74 ,motives to passive inju/ice2 99#bh99 ,,ix4 ,! motives = failure to prev5t injury & s = slight+ duty are likely to be v>i\s3 p ei!r are reluctant to incur enmity or tr\ble or exp5se2 a4 ,preoccupation4 or ?r\gh indiff]5ce1 indol5ce1 or incompet5ce1 or ?r\gh "s preoccupation or self-int]e/ !y are s absorb$ t !y suff] ^? to be neglect$ :om x is _! duty to protect4 ,& s !re is reason to fe> t :at ,plato decl>es ( ! philosoph]s may be inadequate1 :5 he says t !y are j because !y are busi$ ) ! pursuit ( tru? & because !y despise & c\nt z naught t :i* mo/ m5 eag]ly seek & = :i* !y are prone to d battle aga9/ ea* o!r to ! dea?4 ,= !y secure "o sort ( ju/ice1 to be sure1 9 t !y d no positive wrong to anyone1 b !y fall into ! opposite inju/ice2 = hamp]$ by _! pursuit ( le>n+ !y leave to _! fate ^? :om !y ought to def5d4 ,& s1 ,plato ?9ks1 !y w n ev5 assume _! civic duties except "u compulsion4 ,b 9 fact x 7 bett] t !y %\ld assume !m ( _! own accord2 = an action intr9sically "r is j only on condition t x is volunt>y4 b4 ,self-int]e/4 99#bi99 ,!re are "s also :o1 ei!r f zeal 9 att5d+ to _! own bus9ess or ?r\gh "s sort ( av]sion to _! fell[-m51 claim t !y are occupi$ solely ) _! own affairs1 )\t seem+ to !mselves to be do+ anyone any injury4 ,b :ile !y /e] cle> ( ! "o k9d ( inju/ice1 !y fall into ! o!r3 !y are traitors to social life1 = !y contribute to x none ( _! int]e/1 none ( _! ef=t1 none ( _! means4 ,rules ( duty requir$ by ,ju/ice4 ,n[ s9ce we h set =? ! two k9ds ( inju/ice & assign$ ! motives t lead to ea*1 & s9ce we h previ\sly e/abli%$ ! pr9ciples by :i* ju/ice is con/itut$1 we %all be 9 a position easily to decide :at our duty on ea* occasion is1 unless we are extremely self-c5tr$2 99#cj99 = inde$ x is n an easy matt] to be really conc]n$ ) o!r p's affairs2 & yet 9 ,t]5ce's play1 we "k1 ,*remes ?9ks t no?+ t conc]ns man is =eign to him4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ?+s turn out = our own good or ill1 we realize x m fully & feel x m deeply ?an :5 ! same ?+s happ5 to o!rs & we see !m only1 z x 71 9 ! f> di/ance2 & = ?is reason we judge _! case diff]5tly f our own4 ,x is1 !re=e1 an excell5t rule t !y give :o bid u n to d a ?+1 :5 !re is a d\bt :e!r x be "r or wrong2 = righte\sness %9es ) a brilliance ( its own1 b d\bt is a sign t we are ?9k+ ( a possible wrong4 99#ca99 ,x4 ,s$ incidunt saepe tempora1 cum ea1 quae maxime vid5tur digna esse iu/o hom9e eoque1 quem virum bonum dicimus1 commutantur fiuntque contr>ia1 ut r$d]e depositum1 fac]e promissum2 quaeque p]t95t ad v]itatem et ad fidem1 ea migr>e int]dum et non s]v>e fit iu/um4 ,*4 ,,vii ,ref]ri enim decet ad ea1 quae posui pr9cipio1 fundam5ta iu/itiae1 primum ut ne cui noceatur1 de9de ut communi utilitati s]viatur4 ,ea cum tempore commutantur1 commutatur (ficium et non semp] e/ idem4 99#cb99 ,pote/ enim accid]e promissum aliquod et conv5tum1 ut id effici sit inutile vel ei1 cui promissum sit1 vel ei1 qui promis]it4 e4g4 ,eur4 ,hipp4 #acae-acai ,nam si1 ut 9 fabulis e/1 ,neptunus1 quod ,!seo promis]at1 non fecisset1 ,!seus ,hippolyto filio non esset orbatus2 ex tribus enim optatis1 ut scribitur1 hoc erat t]tium1 quod de ,hippolyti int]itu iratus optavit2 quo impetrato 9 maximos luctus incidit4 ,nec promissa igitur s]v&a sunt ea1 quae s9t iis1 quibus promis]is1 inutilia1 nec1 si plus tibi ea noceant quam illi pros9t1 cui#bi promis]is1 contra (ficium e/ maius anteponi m9ori2 ut1 si con/itu]is cuipiam te advocatum 9 rem praes5tem esse v5turum atque int]im gravit] aegrot>e filius coep]it1 non sit contra (ficium non fac]e1 quod dix]is1 magisque ille1 cui promissum sit1 ab (ficio disc$at1 si se de/itutum qu]atur4 ,iam illis promissis /&um non esse quis non videt1 quae coactus quis metu1 quae deceptus dolo promis]it8 quae quidem pl]aque iure praetorio lib]antur1 non nulla legibus4 99#cc99 ,exsi/unt etiam saepe iniuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida1 s$ malitiosa iuris int]pretatione4 ,ex quo illud ,summum ius summa iniuria factum e/ iam tritum s]mone prov]bium4 ,quo 9 g5]e etiam 9 re publica multa peccantur1 ut ille1 qui1 cum trig9ta di]um ess5t cum ho/e indutiae factae1 noctu populabatur agros1 quod di]um ess5t pactae1 non noctium indutiae4 ,ne no/] quidem prob&us1 si v]um e/ ,q4 ,fabium ,labeonem seu quem alium 7nihil enim habeo praet] auditum7 arbitrum ,nolanis et ,neapolitanis de f9ibus a s5atu datum1 cum ad locum v5isset1 cum utrisque sep>atim locutum1 ne cupide quid ag]5t1 ne appet5t]1 atque ut regr$i quam progr$i mall5t4 ,id cum utrique feciss5t1 aliquantum agri 9 m$io relictum e/4 ,itaque illorum f9is sic1 ut ipsi dix]ant1 t]m9avit2 9 m$io relictum quod erat1 populo ,romano adiudicavit4 ,decip]e hoc quidem e/1 non iudic>e4 ,quocirca 9 omni e/ re fugi5da talis soll]tia4 #bi cui ,b a1 ,edd42 cui quod ,h b2 cui quid ,a c4 ,*ange ( duty 9 *ange ( circum/ances4 99#ca99 ,x4 ,b occasions (t5 arise1 :5 ^? duties :i* seem mo/ becom+ to ! j man & to ! good man1 z we call him1 und]go a *ange & take on a contr>y aspect4 ,x may1 = example1 n be a duty to re/ore a tru/ or to fulfil a promise1 & x may become "r & prop] sometimes to evade & n to obs]ve :at tru? & hon\r w\ld usually dem&4 ,= we may well be guid$ by ^? fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ju/ice :i* ,i laid d[n at ! outset3 fir/1 t no h>m be done to anyone2 second1 t ! common int]e/s be cons]v$4 ,:5 ^! are modifi$ "u *ang$ circum/ances1 moral duty also und]goes a *ange1 & x does n always rema9 ! same4 99#cb99 ,non-fulfilm5t ( promises4 ,= a giv5 promise or agreem5t may turn out 9 su* a way t its p]=mance w prove detrim5tal ei!r to ! "o to :om ! promise has be5 made or to ! "o :o has made x4 ,if1 = example1 ,neptune1 9 ! drama1 _h n c>ri$ out 8 promise to ,!seus1 ,!seus w\ld n h lo/ 8 son ,hippolytus2 =1 z ! /ory runs1 ( ! ?ree wi%es,f t ,neptune _h promis$ to grant him ! ?ird 0 ?is3 9 a fit ( ang] he pray$ = ! dea? ( ,hippolytus1 & ! grant+ ( ?is pray] plung$ him into unspeakable grief4 ,promises are1 !re=e1 n to be kept1 if ! keep+ ( !m is to prove h>mful to ^? to :om y h made !m2 &1 if ! fulfilm5t ( a promise %\ld d m h>m to y ?an good to him to :om y h made x1 x is no violation ( moral duty to give ! great] good prec$5ce ov] ! less] good4 ,= example1 if y h made an appo9tm5t ) anyone to appe> z 8 advocate 9 c\rt1 & if 9 ! meantime y\r son %\ld fall dang]\sly ill1 x w\ld be no brea* ( y\r moral duty to fail 9 :at y agre$ to d2 nay1 r1 he to :om y\r promise 0 giv5 w\ld h a false conception ( duty1 if he %\ld compla9 t he _h be5 des]t$ 9 8 "t ( ne$4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 :o fails to see t ^? promises are n b9d+ :i* are extort$ by intimidation or :i* we make :5 misl$ by false pret5ces8 ,su* obligations are annull$ 9 mo/ cases by ! praetor's edict 9 equity1,g 9 "s cases by ! laws4 ,*ican]y4 99#cc99 ,inju/ice (t5 arises also ?r\gh *ican]y1 t is1 ?r\gh an ov]-subtle & ev5 fraudul5t con/ruction ( ! law4 ,?is x is t gave rise to ! n[ famili> saw1 ,m law1 less ju/ice4 ,?r\gh su* int]pretation also a great deal ( wrong is committ$ 9 transactions betwe5 /ate & /ate2 ?us1 :5 a truce _h be5 made ) ! enemy = ?irty days1 a fam\s g5]al,h w5t to ravag+ _! fields by night1 because1 he said1 ! truce /ipulat$ days1 n nights4 ,n ev5 our own c\ntryman's action is to be comm5d$1 if :at is told ( ,qu9tus ,fabius ,labeo is true--or :oev] x 0 7= ,i h no au?ority b he>say73 appo9t$ by ! ,s5ate to arbitrate a b\nd>y dispute betwe5 ,nola & ,naples1 he took up ! case & int]view$ bo? p>ties sep>ately1 ask+ !m n to proce$ 9 a covet\s or grasp+ _s1 b to make "s concession r ?an claim "s accession4 ,:5 ea* p>ty _h agre$ to ?is1 !re 0 a consid]able /rip ( t]ritory left betwe5 !m4 ,& s he set ! b\nd>y ( ea* city z ea* _h sev]ally agre$2 & ! tract 9 betwe5 he aw>d$ to ! ,roman ,p4 ,n[ t is sw9dl+1 n arbitration4 ,& !re=e su* %>p practice is "u all circum/ances to be avoid$4 ,f ,! ?ree wi%es 73 7#a7 safe return f ,hades2 7#b7 escape f ! ,labyr9?2 7#c7 ! dea? ( ,hippolytus4 ,g ,ea* praetor1 at 8 inauguration1 ann\nc$ publicly ! pr9ciples & policies t %\ld guide him 9 ! adm9i/ration ( 8 (fice4 ,^! 7 ! s\rce ( ! ,ius ,praetorium1 :i* expla9$ & supplem5t$ ! common law 7,ius ,civile7 & ev5 modifi$ its anci5t rig\r s z to con=m ) a m advanc$ public s5tim5t1 & =m a mo/ valuable "p ( ! body ( ,roman ,law4 ,h ,?is /ory is told ( ,cleom5es1 ,k+ ( ,sp>ta 7#ebj-dia ,b4,c471 9 ! w> ) ,argos4 7,plut>*1 ,apoph?4 ,lacon4 #bbc ,a47 ,,xi4 ,sunt autem qua$am (ficia etiam adv]sus eos s]v&a1 a quibus iniuriam accep]is4 ,e/ enim ulcisc5di et puni5di modus2 atque haud scio an satis sit eum1 qui lacessi]it1 iniuriae suae pa5it]e1 ut et ipse ne quid tale po/hac et cet]i s9t ad iniuriam t>diores4 99#cd99 ,atque 9 re publica maxime cons]v&a sunt iura belli4 ,nam cum s9t duo g5]a dec]t&i1 unum p] disceptationem1 alt]um p] vim1 cumque illud proprium sit hom9is1 hoc belu>um1 confugi5dum e/ ad po/]ius1 si uti non licet sup]iore4 99#ce99 ,qu>e suscipi5da quidem bella sunt ob eam causam1 ut s9e iniuria 9 pace vivatur1 p>ta autem victoria cons]v&i ii1 qui non crudeles 9 bello1 non immanes fu]unt1 ut maiores no/ri ,tusculanos1 ,aequos1 ,volscos1 ,sab9os1 ,h]nicos 9 civitatem etiam accep]unt1 at ,c>?ag9em et ,numantiam funditus su/ul]unt2 nollem ,cor9?um1 s$ cr$o aliquid secutos1 opportunitatem loci maxime1 ne posset aliqu&o ad bellum faci5dum locus ipse adhort>i4 ,mea quidem s5t5tia paci1 quae nihil habitura sit insidi>um1 semp] e/ consul5dum4 ,9 quo si mihi esset optemp]atum1 si non optimam1 at aliquam rem publicam1 quae nunc nulla e/1 hab]emus4 ,et cum iis1 quos vi devic]is1 consul5dum e/1 tum ii1 qui armis positis ad imp]atorum fidem confugi5t1 quamvis murum aries p]cuss]it1 recipi5di4 ,9 quo tantop]e apud no/ros iu/itia culta e/1 ut ii1 qui civitates aut nationes devictas bello 9 fidem recepiss5t1 e>um patroni ess5t m maiorum4 99#cf99 ,ac belli quidem aequitas sanctissime fetiali populi ,romani iure p]scripta e/4 ,ex quo intellegi pote/ nullum bellum esse iu/um1 nisi quod aut rebus repetitis g]atur aut d5untiatum ante sit et indictum4 ,popilius imp]ator t5ebat prov9ciam1 9 cuius ex]citu ,catonis filius tiro militabat4 ,cum autem ,popilio vid]etur unam dimitt]e legionem1 ,catonis quoque filium1 qui 9 eadem legione militabat1 dimisit4 ,s$ cum amore pugn&i 9 ex]citu remansisset1 ,cato ad ,popilium scripsit1 ut1 si eum patitur#cj 9 ex]citu reman]e1 secundo eum obliget militiae sacram5to1 quia priore amisso iure cum ho/ibus pugn>e non pot]at4 99#cg99 ,adeo summa erat obs]vatio 9 bello mov5do4#ca ,m4 quidem ,catonis s5is e/ epi/ula ad ,m4 filium1 9 qua scribit se audisse eum missum factum esse a consule1 cum 9 ,mac$onia bello ,p]sico miles esset4 ,monet igitur1 ut caveat1 ne proelium ineat2 negat enim ius esse1 qui miles non sit1 cum ho/e pugn>e4 #cj patitur ,a ,b ,h a b2 patiatur c4 #ca ,popilius 444 mov5do bracket$ by ,madvig1 ,edd42 ,popilius 444 pot]at bracket$ by ,ung]4 ,our duty to ^? :o h wrong$ u4 ,,xi4 ,aga91 !re are c]ta9 duties t we owe ev5 to ^? :o h wrong$ u4 ,= !re is a limit to retribution & to puni%m5t2 or r1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 x is suffici5t t ! aggressor %\ld be br\ght to rep5t ( 8 wrong-do+1 9 ord] t he may n repeat ! (f5ce & t o!rs may be det]r$ f do+ wrong4 99#cd99 ,!n1 too1 9 ! case ( a /ate 9 its ext]nal relations1 ! rights ( w> mu/ be /rictly obs]v$4 ,= s9ce !re are two ways ( settl+ a dispute3 fir/1 by discussion2 second1 by physical =ce2 & s9ce ! =m] is *>act]i/ic ( man1 ! latt] ( ! brute1 we mu/ resort to =ce only 9 case we may n avail ourselves ( discussion4 99#ce99 ,excuse = w>4 ,! only excuse1 !re=e1 = go+ to w> is t we may live 9 peace unh>m$2 & :5 ! victory is won1 we %\ld sp>e ^? :o h n be5 blood-?ir/y & b>b>\s 9 _! w>f>e4 ,ju/ice t[>d ! vanqui%$4 ,= in/ance1 our =efa!rs actually admitt$ to full rights ( citiz5%ip ! ,tusculans1 ,aequians1 ,volscians1 ,sab9es1 & ,h]nicians1 b !y raz$ ,c>?age & ,numantia to ! gr\nd4 ,i wi% !y _h n de/roy$ ,cor9?2 b ,i believe !y _h "s special reason = :at !y did--its conv5i5t situation1 probably--& fe>$ t its v location might "s day furni% a temptation to r5ew ! w>4 ,9 my op9ion1 at lea/1 we %\ld always /rive to secure a peace t %all n admit ( guile4 ,& if my advice _h be5 he$$ on ?is po9t1 we %\ld /ill h at lea/ "s sort ( con/itutional gov]nm5t1 if n ! be/ 9 ! _w1 :]eas1 z x is1 we h none at all4 ,n only mu/ we %[ consid]ation = ^? :om we h conqu]$ by =ce ( arms b we mu/ also ensure protection to ^? :o lay d[n _! arms & ?r[ !mselves ^u ! m]cy ( our g5]als1 ev5 ?\gh ! batt]+-ram has hamm]$ at _! walls4 ,& among our c\ntrym5 ju/ice has be5 obs]v$ s consci5ti\sly 9 ?is direction1 t ^? :o h giv5 promise ( protection to /ates or nations subdu$ 9 w> become1 aft] ! cu/om ( our =efa!rs1 ! patrons ( ^? /ates4 ,! humanity ( ,rome's laws ( w>4 99#cf99 ,z = w>1 humane laws t\*+ x are drawn up 9 ! fetial code ( ! ,roman ,p "u all ! gu>antees ( religion2 & f ?is x may be ga!r$ t no w> is j1 unless x is ent]$ ^u aft] an (ficial dem& = satisfaction has be5 submitt$ or w>n+ has be5 giv5 & a =mal decl>ation made4 ,popilius 0 g5]al 9 comm& ( a prov9ce4 ,9 8 army ,cato's son 0 s]v+ on 8 fir/ campaign4 ,:5 ,popilius decid$ to disb& "o ( 8 legions1 he dis*>g$ also "y ,cato :o 0 s]v+ 9 t same legion4 ,b :5 ! "y man out ( love = ! s]vice /ay$ on 9 ! field1 8 fa!r wrote to ,popilius to say t if he let him /ay 9 ! army1 he %\ld swe> him into s]vice ) a new oa? ( allegiance1 = 9 view ( ! voidance ( 8 =m] oa? he c\ld n legally fight ! foe4 ,s extremely scrupul\s 0 ! obs]vance ( ! laws 9 reg>d to ! conduct ( w>4 99#cg99 ,!re is extant1 too1 a lett] ( ! eld] ,m>cus ,cato to 8 son ,m>cus1 9 :i* he writes t he has he>d t ! y\? has be5 dis*>g$ by ! consul1,i :5 he 0 s]v+ 9 ,mac$onia 9 ! w> ) ,p]seus4 ,he w>ns him1 !re=e1 to be c>eful n to g into battle2 =1 he says1 ! man :o is n legally a soldi] has no "r to be fight+ ! foe4 ,i ,lucius ,aemilius ,paulus 7,b4,c4 #afh74 ,,xii4 ,equidem etiam illud animadv]to1 quod1 qui proprio nom9e p]duellis esset1 is ho/is voc>etur1 l5itate v]bi rei tri/itiam mitigatam4 ,ho/is enim apud maiores no/ros is dicebatur1 quem nunc p]egr9um dicimus4 ,indicant duodecim tabulae3 ,,aut ,,/atus ,,dies ,,cum ,,ho/e1 itemque3 ,,adv]sus ,,ho/em ,,aet]na ,,auctoritas4 ,quid ad hanc mansuetud9em addi pote/1 eum1 quicum bellum g]as1 tam molli nom9e appell>e8 ,quamquam id nom5 durius effecit#cb iam vetu/as2 a p]egr9o enim recessit et proprie 9 eo1 qui arma contra f]ret1 remansit4 99#ch99 ,cum v]o de imp]io dec]tatur belloque qua]itur gloria1 causas omn9o subesse tam5 oportet easdem1 quas dixi paulo ante iu/as causas esse bellorum4 ,s$ ea bella1 quibus imp]ii proposita gloria e/1 m9us ac]be g]5da sunt4 ,ut enim cum civi alit] cont5dimus1 si#cc e/ inimicus1 alit]1 si competitor 7cum alt]o c]tam5 honoris et dignitatis e/1 cum alt]o capitis et famae71 sic cum ,celtib]is1 cum ,cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis g]ebatur1 ut] esset1 non ut] imp]>et1 cum ,lat9is1 ,sab9is1 ,samnitibus1 ,po5is1 ,pyrrho de imp]io dimicabatur4 ,po5i fo$ifragi1 crudelis ,hannibal1 reliqui iu/iores4 ,pyrrhi quidem de captivis r$d5dis illa praecl>a3 ,ennius1 ,ann4 ,,vi1 ,vahl5#b1 xii1 #aid-bja ,nec mi aurum posco nec mi pretium d$]itis1 ,nec#cd cauponantes bellum1 s$ bellig]antes ,f]ro1 non auro vitam c]namus utrique4 ,vosne velit an me regn>e era1 quidve f]at ,=s1 ,virtute exp]iamur4 ,et hoc simul accipe dictum3 ,quorum virtuti#ce belli =tuna pep]cit1 ,eorundem lib]tati me p>c]e c]tum e/4 ,dono1 ducite1 doque vol5tibus cum magnis dis4 ,regalis sane et digna ,aeacid>um g5]e s5t5tia4 #cb effecit ,edd42 efficit ,,mss4 #cc cum cive ,edd43 civi alit] cont5dimus si ,l1 ,anemoecius1 ,edd42 cum civilit] cont5dimus alit] si ,a ,b ,h a b c4 #cd ,nec ,a ,b ,h b c2 ,non ,l p1 ,bt41 ,he9e4 #ce virtuti ,a ,b#b ,l c1 ,edd42 virtute ,b#a ,h b2 virtutei ,vahl54 ,,xii4 ,?is also ,i obs]ve--t he :o w\ld prop]ly h be5 call$ a fight+ enemy 7p]duellis7 0 call$ a gue/ 7ho/is71 ?us reliev+ ! ugl9ess ( ! fact by a s(t5$ expression2 = enemy 7ho/is7 meant to our ance/ors :at we n[ call /rang] 7p]egr9us74 ,?is is prov$ by ! usage 9 ! ,twelve ,tables3 ,or a day fix$ = trial ) a /rang] 7ho/is74 ,& aga93 ,"r ( own]%ip is inali5able = ev] 9 deal+s ) a /rang] 7ho/is74 ,:at c exce$ su* *>ity1 :5 he ) :om "o is at w> is call$ by s g5tle a "n8 ,& yet long lapse ( "t has giv5 t ^w a h>%] mean+3 = x has lo/ its signification ( /rang] & has tak5 on ! te*nical connotation ( an enemy "u arms4 ,ju/ice 9 w>4 99#ch99 ,b :5 a w> is f\ght out = supremacy & :5 glory is ! object ( w>1 x mu/ /ill n fail to />t f ! same motives :i* ,i said a mom5t ago 7 ! only righte\s gr\nds = go+ to w>4 ,b ^? w>s :i* h glory = _! end mu/ be c>ri$ on ) less bitt]ness4 ,= we cont5d1 = example1 ) a fell[-citiz5 9 "o way1 if he is a p]sonal enemy1 9 ano!r1 if he is a rival3 ) ! rival x is a /ruggle = (fice & position1 ) ! enemy = life & hon\r4 ,s ) ! ,celtib]ians & ! ,cimbrians we f\ght z ) deadly enemies1 n to det]m9e :i* %\ld be supreme1 b :i* %\ld survive2 b ) ! ,lat9s1 ,sab9es1 ,samnites1 ,c>?ag9ians1 & ,pyrrhus we f\ght = supremacy4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians violat$ treaties2 ,hannibal 0 cruel2 ! o!rs 7 m m]ciful4 ,f ,pyrrhus we h ?is fam\s spee* on ! ex*ange ( prison]s3 ,gold w ,i none1 nor price %all ye give2 = ,i ask none2 ,come1 let u n be *aff'r]s ( w>1 b w>riors embattl$4 ,nay2 let u v5ture our lives1 & ! sword1 n gold1 weigh ! outcome4 ,make we ! trial by val\r 9 arms & see if ,dame ,=tune ,wills x t ye %all prevail or ,i1 or :at be h] judgm5t4 ,he> ?\1 too1 ?is ^w1 good ,fabricius3 ^: val\r soev] ,sp>$ ha? be5 by ! =tune ( w>--_! fre$om ,i grant !m4 ,su* my resolve4 ,i give & pres5t !m to y1 my brave ,romans2 ,take !m back to _! homes2 ! great gods' bless+s att5d y4 ,a "r k+ly s5tim5t ?is & wor?y a scion ( ! ,aeacidae4 99#ci99 ,,xiii4 ,atque etiam si quid s+uli temporibus adducti ho/i promis]unt1 e/ 9 eo ipso fides cons]v&a1 ut primo ,punico bello ,regulus captus a ,po5is cum de captivis commut&is ,romam missus esset iurassetque se r$iturum1 primum1 ut v5it1 captivos r$d5dos 9 s5atu non c5suit1 de9de1 cum ret9]etur a prop9quis et ab amicis1 ad supplicium r$ire maluit quam fidem ho/i datam fall]e4 99#dj99 ,secundo autem ,punico bello po/ ,cann5sem pugnam quos decem ,hannibal ,romam a/rictos misit iure iur&o se r$ituros esse1 nisi de r$im5dis iis1 qui capti erant1 impetrass5t1 eos omnes c5sores1 quoad quisque eorum vixit1 qui pei]ass5t1 9 a]>iis reliqu]unt nec m9us illum1 qui iuris iur&i fraude culpam inv5]at4 ,cum enim ,hannibalis p]missu exisset de ca/ris1 r$iit paulo po/1 quod se oblitum nescio quid dic]et2 de9de egressus e ca/ris iure iur&o se solutum putabat1 et erat v]bis1 re non erat4 ,semp] autem 9 fide quid s5s]is1 non quid dix]is1 cogit&um4 ,maximum autem exemplum e/ iu/itiae 9 ho/em a maioribus no/ris con/itutum1 cum a ,pyrrho p]fuga s5atui e/ pollicitus se v55um regi daturum et eum necaturum1 s5atus et ,c4 ,fabricius p]fugam ,pyrrho d$idit4 ,ita ne ho/is quidem et pot5tis et bellum ultro inf]5tis int]itum cum scel]e approbavit4#cf 99#da99 ,ac de bellicis quidem (ficiis satis dictum e/4 ,mem9]imus autem etiam adv]sus infimos iu/itiam esse s]v&am4 ,e/ autem infima condicio et =tuna s]vorum1 quibus non male praecipiunt qui ita iub5t uti1 ut m]c5n>iis3 op]am exig5dam1 iu/a praeb5da4 ,cum autem duobus modis1 id e/ aut vi aut fraude1 fiat iniuria1 fraus quasi vulpeculae1 vis leonis videtur2 utrumque hom9e ali5issimum1 s$ fraus odio digna maiore4 ,totius autem iniu/itiae nulla capitalior quam eorum1 qui tum1 cum maxime fallunt1 id agunt1 ut viri boni esse videantur4 ,de iu/itia satis dictum4 #cf ,secundo 444 re non erat om4 ,l c2 ,secundo 444 approbavit om4 ,a ,b ,h a b p1 ,edd4 ,fidelity to a promise3 99#ci99 ,,xiii4 ,aga91 if "u /ress ( circum/ances individuals h made any promise to ! enemy1 !y are b\nd to keep _! ^w ev5 !n4 7#a7 ,regulus4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w>1 :5 ,regulus 0 tak5 prison] by ! ,c>?ag9ians1 he 0 s5t to ,rome on p>ole to negotiate an ex*ange ( prison]s2 he came &1 9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 he t made ! motion 9 ! s5ate t ! prison]s %\ld n be re/or$2 & 9 ! second place1 :5 8 relatives & fri5ds w\ld h kept him back1 he *ose to return to a dea? by torture r ?an prove false to 8 promise1 ?\gh giv5 to an enemy4 7#b7 ,hannibal's envoys4 99#dj99 ,& aga9 9 ! ,second ,punic ,w>1 aft] ! ,battle ( ,cannae1 ,hannibal s5t to ,rome t5 ,roman captives b\nd by an oa? to return to him1 if !y did n succe$ 9 ransom+ 8 prison]s2 & z long z any "o ( !m liv$1 ! c5sors kept !m all degrad$ & disfran*is$1 because !y 7 guilty ( p]jury 9 n return+4 ,& !y puni%$ 9 l mann] ! "o :o _h incurr$ guilt by an evasion ( 8 oa?3 ) ,hannibal's p]mission ?is man left ! camp & return$ a little lat] on ! pretext t he _h =gott5 some?+ or o!r2 & !n1 :5 he left ! camp ! second "t1 he claim$ t he 0 releas$ f ! obligation ( 8 oa?2 & s he 01 accord+ to ! lett] ( x1 b n accord+ to ! _s4 ,9 ! matt] ( a promise "o mu/ always consid] ! mean+ & n ! m]e words4 ,our =efa!rs h giv5 u ano!r /rik+ example ( ju/ice t[>d an enemy3 :5 a des]t] f ,pyrrhus promis$ ! s5ate to adm9i/] poison to ! k+ & ?us "w 8 dea?1 ! s5ate & ,gaius ,fabricius deliv]$ ! des]t] up to ,pyrrhus4 ,?us !y /amp$ ) _! disapproval ! trea*]\s murd] ev5 ( an enemy :o 0 at once p[]ful1 unprovok$1 aggressive1 & successful4 99#da99 ,) ?is ,i w close my discussion ( ! duties connect$ ) w>4 ,ju/ice t[>d slaves4 ,b let u rememb] t we mu/ h reg>d = ju/ice ev5 t[>ds ! humble/4 ,n[ ! humble/ /ation & ! poore/ =tune are ^? ( slaves2 & !y give u no bad rule :o bid u treat our slaves z we %\ld our employees3 !y mu/ be requir$ to "w2 !y mu/ be giv5 _! dues4 ,inju/ice ( hypocrisy4 ,:ile wrong may be done1 !n1 9 ei!r ( two ways1 t is1 by =ce or by fraud1 bo? are be/ial3 fraud seems to belong to ! cunn+ fox1 =ce to ! lion2 bo? are :olly unwor?y ( man1 b fraud is ! m contemptible4 ,b ( all =ms ( inju/ice1 none is m flagrant ?an t ( ! hypocrite :o1 at ! v mom5t :5 he is mo/ false1 makes x 8 bus9ess to appe> virtu\s4 ,?is mu/ conclude our discussion ( ju/ice4 ,*4 ,,vii 99#db99 ,,xiv4 ,de9ceps1 ut erat propositum1 de b5efic5tia ac de lib]alitate dicatur1 qua quidem nihil e/ naturae hom9is accommodatius1 s$ habet multas cautiones4 ,vid5dum e/ enim1 primum ne obsit b5ignitas et iis ipsis1 quibus b5igne videbitur fi]i1 et cet]is1 de9de ne maior b5ignitas sit quam facultates1 tum ut pro dignitate cuique tribuatur2 id enim e/ iu/itiae fundam5tum1 ad quam haec ref]5da sunt omnia4 ,nam et qui gratificantur cuipiam1 quod obsit illi1 cui prodesse velle videantur1 non b5efici neque lib]ales1 s$ p]niciosi ass5tatores iudic&i sunt1 et qui aliis noc5t1 ut 9 alios lib]ales s9t1 9 eadem sunt iniu/itia1 ut si 9 suam rem ali5a conv]tant4 99#dc99 ,sunt autem multi1 et quidem cupidi spl5doris et gloriae1 qui eripiunt aliis1 quod aliis l>giantur1 iique arbitrantur se b5eficos 9 suos amicos visum iri1 si locuplet5t eos quacumque ratione4 ,id autem tantum abe/ ab#cg (ficio1 ut nihil magis (ficio possit esse contr>ium4 ,vid5dum e/ igitur1 ut ea lib]alitate utamur1 quae prosit amicis1 noceat nem9i4 ,qu>e ,l4 ,sullae1 ,c4 ,caes>is pecuni>um translatio a iu/is dom9is ad ali5os non debet lib]alis vid]i2 nihil e/ enim lib]ale1 quod non idem iu/um4 99#dd99 ,alt] locus erat cautionis1 ne b5ignitas maior esset quam facultates1 quod1 qui b5igniores volunt esse1 quam res patitur1 primum 9 eo peccant1 quod iniuriosi sunt 9 proximos2 quas enim copias 8#ch et supp$it>i aequius e/ et rel9qui1 eas transf]unt ad ali5os4 ,ine/ autem 9 tali lib]alitate cupiditas pl]umque rapi5di et auf]5di p] iniuriam1 ut ad l>gi5dum suppetant copiae4 ,vid]e etiam licet pl]osque non tam natura lib]ales quam quadam gloria ductos1 ut b5efici videantur1 fac]e multa1 quae pr(icisci ab o/5tatione magis quam a voluntate videantur4 ,talis autem simulatio vanitati e/ coniunctior quam aut lib]alitati aut hone/ati4 99#de99 ,t]tium e/ propositum1 ut 9 b5efic5tia dilectus esset dignitatis2 9 quo et mores eius erunt spect&i 9 quem b5eficium conf]etur1 et animus erga nos et communitas ac societas vitae et ad no/ras utilitates (ficia ante collata2 quae ut concurrant omnia1 optabile e/2 si m9us1 plures causae maioresque pond]is plus habebunt4 #cg ab c1 ,edd42 n 9 ,a ,b ,h ,l b4 #ch 8 ,h a1 ,edd42 iis ,a ,b b2 eis ,l c4 ,ju/ice & g5]osity4 99#db99 ,,xiv4 ,next 9 ord]1 z outl9$ above1 let u speak ( k9dness & g5]osity4 ,no?+ appeals m to ! be/ 9 human nature ?an ?is1 b x calls = ! ex]cise ( caution 9 _m p>ticul>s3 we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 see to x t our act ( k9dness %all n prove an injury ei!r to ! object ( our b5efic5ce or to o!rs2 9 ! second place1 t x %all n be beyond our means2 & f9ally1 t x %all be proportion$ to ! wor?9ess ( ! recipi5t2 = ?is is ! corn]-/one ( ju/ice2 & by ! /&>d ( ju/ice all acts ( k9dness mu/ be measur$4 ,= ^? :o conf] a h>mful fav\r ^u "s "o :om !y seem+ly wi% to help are to be acc\nt$ n g5]\s b5efactors b dang]\s sycophants2 & likewise ^? :o injure "o man1 9 ord] to be g5]\s to ano!r1 are guilty ( ! same inju/ice z if !y div]t$ to _! own acc\nts ! prop]ty ( _! neighb\rs4 ,g5]osity mu/ be 7#a7 hurtful to no "o1 99#dc99 ,n[1 !re are _m--& especially ^? :o are ambiti\s = em95ce & glory--:o rob "o to enri* ano!r2 & !y expect to be ?\ght g5]\s t[>ds _! fri5ds1 if !y put !m 9 ! way ( gett+ ri*1 no matt] by :at means4 ,su* conduct1 h[ev]1 is s remote f moral duty t no?+ c be m completely oppos$ to duty4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 take c>e to indulge only 9 su* lib]ality z w help our fri5ds & hurt no "o4 ,! conveyance ( prop]ty by ,lucius ,sulla & ,gaius ,caes> f its rightful own]s to ! h&s ( /rang]s %\ld1 = t reason1 n be reg>d$ z g5]osity2 = no?+ is g5]\s1 if x is n at ! same "t j4 7#b7 )9 our means1 99#dd99 ,! second po9t = ! ex]cise ( caution 0 t our b5efic5ce %\ld n exce$ our means2 = ^? :o wi% to be m op5-h&$ ?an _! circum/ances p]mit are guilty ( two faults3 fir/1 !y d wrong to _! next ( k92 = !y transf] to /rang]s prop]ty :i* w\ld m ju/ly be plac$ at _! s]vice or bequea!d to !m4 ,& second1 su* g5]osity too (t5 eng5d]s a passion = plund]+ & misappropriat+ prop]ty1 9 ord] to supply ! means = mak+ l>ge gifts4 ,we may also obs]ve t a great _m p d _m ?+s t seem to be inspir$ m by a _s ( o/5tation ?an by he>t-felt k9dness2 = su* p are n really g5]\s b are r influ5c$ by a sort ( ambition to make a %[ ( be+ op5-h&$4 ,su* a pose is ne>] ak9 to hypocrisy ?an to g5]osity or moral goodness4 7#c7 accord+ to m]it4 99#de99 ,! ?ird rule laid d[n 0 t 9 acts ( k9dness we %\ld weigh ) discrim9ation ! wor?9ess ( ! object ( our b5evol5ce2 we %\ld take into consid]ation 8 moral "*1 8 attitude t[>d u1 ! intimacy ( 8 relations to u1 & our common social ties1 z well z ! s]vices he has hi!rto r5d]$ 9 our int]e/4 ,x is to be desir$ t all ^! consid]ations %\ld be comb9$ 9 ! same p]son2 if !y are n1 !n ! m num]\s & ! m important consid]ations mu/ h ! great] weight4 99#df99 ,,xv4 ,quoniam autem vivitur non cum p]fectis hom9ibus planeque sapi5tibus1 s$ cum iis1 9 quibus praecl>e agitur si sunt simulacra virtutis1 etiam hoc intelleg5dum puto1 nem9em omn9o esse negleg5dum1 9 quo aliqua significatio virtutis app>eat1 col5dum autem esse ita quemque maxime1 ut quisque maxime virtutibus 8 l5ioribus erit ornatus1 mode/ia1 temp]antia1 hac ipsa1 de qua multa iam dicta sunt1 iu/itia4 ,nam =tis animus et magnus 9 hom9e non p]fecto nec sapi5te#ci f]v5tior pl]umque e/1 illae virtutes bonum virum vid5tur potius att+]e4 ,atque haec 9 moribus4 99#dg99 ,de b5ivol5tia autem1 quam quisque habeat erga nos1 primum illud e/ 9 (ficio1 ut ei plurimum tribuamus1 a quo plurimum diligamur1#dj s$ b5ivol5tiam non adulesc5tulorum m ardore quodam amoris1 s$ /abilitate potius et con/antia iudicemus4 ,s9 erunt m]ita1 ut non ineunda1 s$ ref]5da sit gratia1 maior qua$am cura adhib5da e/2 nullum enim (ficium ref]5da gratia magis necess>ium e/4 ,op4 #cdi-cea 99#dh99 ,quodsi ea1 quae ut5da accep]is1 maiore m5sura1 si modo possis1 iubet r$d]e ,hesiodus1 quidnam b5eficio provocati fac]e debemus8 an imit>i agros f]tiles1 qui multo plus eff]unt quam accep]unt8 ,et5im si 9 eos1 quos sp]amus nobis pr(uturos1 non dubitamus (ficia conf]re1 quales 9 eos esse debemus1 qui iam pr(u]unt8 ,nam cum duo g5]a lib]alitatis s9t1 unum d&i b5eficii1 alt]um r$d5di1 demus necne1 9 no/ra pote/ate e/1 non r$d]e viro bono non licet1 modo#da id fac]e possit s9e iniuria4 99#di99 ,acceptorum autem b5eficiorum sunt dilectus hab5di1 nec dubium1 qu9 maximo cuique plurimum debeatur4 ,9 quo tam5 9 primis1 quo quisque animo1 /udio1 b5ivol5tia fac]it1 pond]&um e/4 ,multi enim faciunt multa tem]itate quadam s9e iudicio vel morbo 9 omnes vel rep5t9o quodam quasi v5to impetu animi incitati2 quae b5eficia aeque magna non sunt hab5da atque ea1 quae iudicio1 consid]ate con/ant]que delata sunt4 ,s$ 9 colloc&o b5eficio et 9 ref]5da gratia1 si cet]a p>ia sunt1 hoc maxime (ficii e/1 ut quisque maxime opis indigeat1 ita ei potissimum opitul>i2 quod contra fit a pl]isque2 a quo enim plurimum sp]ant1#db etiamsi ille iis non eget1 tam5 ei potissimum ins]viunt4 #ci sapi5te ,,mss42 sapi5ti ,wes5b]g1 ,bt4 #dj diligamur ,a ,b#b ,h ,l b c2 diligimur ,b#a1 ,bt#a4 #da modo ,a ,h ,l b c2 si modo ,b4 #db sp]ant ,m>g4 ,a1 ,edd42 spectant ,a b 7sp]nant ,m>g4 b74 99#df99 ,,xv4 ,n[1 ! m5 we live ) are n p]fect & ideally wise1 b m5 :o d v well1 if !re be f\nd 9 !m b ! semblance ( virtue4 ,i !re=e ?9k t ?is is to be tak5 = grant$1 t no "o %\ld be entirely neglect$ :o %[s any trace ( virtue2 b ! m a man is end[$ ) ^! f9] virtues--temp]ance1 self-control1 & t v ju/ice ab\t :i* s mu* has already be5 said--! m he des]ves to be fav\r$4 ,i d n m5tion =titude1 = a c\rage\s _s 9 a man :o has n atta9$ p]fection & ideal wisdom is g5]ally too impetu\s2 x is ^? o!r virtues t seem m p>ticul>ly to m>k ! good man4 ,s mu* 9 reg>d to ! "* ( ! object ( our b5efic5ce4 ,motives to g5]osity3 7#a7 love1 99#dg99 ,b z to ! affection :i* anyone may h = u1 x is ! fir/ dem& ( duty t we d mo/ = him :o loves u mo/2 b we %\ld measure affection1 n l y\ng/]s1 by ! ard\r ( its passion1 b r by its /r5g? & con/ancy4 7#b7 requital1 ,b if !re %all be obligations already incurr$1 s t k9dness is n to beg9 ) u1 b to be requit$1 /ill great] dilig5ce1 x seems1 is call$ =2 = no duty is m imp]ative ?an t ( prov+ "o's gratitude4 99#dh99 ,b if1 z ,hesiod bids1 "o is to repay ) int]e/1 if possible1 :at "o has borr[$ 9 "t ( ne$1 :at1 pray1 ought we to d :5 *all5g$ by an uns\ght k9dness8 ,%all we n imitate ! fruitful fields1 :i* return m ?an !y receive8 ,= if we d n hesitate to conf] fav\rs ^u ^? :o we hope w be ( help to u1 h[ ought we to deal ) ^? :o h already help$ u8 ,= g5]osity is ( two k9ds3 do+ a k9dness & requit+ "o4 ,:e!r we d ! k9dness or n is optional2 b to fail to requite "o is n all[able to a good man1 provid$ he c make ! requital )\t violat+ ! rights ( o!rs4 99#di99 ,fur!rmore1 we mu/ make "s discrim9ation betwe5 fav\rs receiv$2 =1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! great] ! fav\r1 ! great] is ! obligation4 ,b 9 decid+ ?is we mu/ above all give due weight to ! _s1 ! devotion1 ! affection1 t prompt$ ! fav\r4 ,= _m p (t5 d fav\rs impulsively = ev]ybody )\t discrim9ation1 prompt$ by a morbid sort ( b5evol5ce or by a sudd5 impulse ( ! he>t1 %ift+ z ! w9d4 ,su* acts ( g5]osity are n to be s highly e/eem$ z ^? :i* are p]=m$ ) judgm5t1 delib]ation1 & mature consid]ation4 ,b 9 be/[+ a k9dness1 z well z 9 mak+ a requital1 ! fir/ rule ( duty requires u--o!r ?+s be+ equal--to l5d assi/ance pref]ably to p 9 proportion to _! individual ne$4 7#c7 self-int]e/1 ,mo/ p adopt ! contr>y c\rse3 !y put !mselves mo/ eag]ly at ! s]vice ( ! "o f :om !y hope to receive ! greate/ fav\rs1 ev5 ?\gh he has no ne$ ( _! help4 99#ej99 ,,xvi4 ,optime autem societas hom9um coniunctioque s]vabitur1 si1 ut quisque erit coniunctissimus1 ita 9 eum b5ignitatis plurimum conf]etur4 ,s$1 quae naturae pr9cipia s9t communitatis et societatis humanae1 repet5dum videtur altius2 e/ enim primum1 quod c]nitur 9 univ]si g5]is humani societate4 ,eius autem v9culum e/ ratio et oratio1 quae doc5do1 disc5do1 communic&o1 discept&o1 iudic&o conciliat int] se hom9es coniungitque naturali quadam societate2 neque ulla re longius absumus a natura f]>um1 9 quibus inesse =titud9em saepe dicimus1 ut 9 equis1 9 leonibus1 iu/itiam1 aequitatem1 bonitatem non dicimus2 sunt enim rationis et orationis exp]tes4 99#ea99 ,ac latissime quidem pat5s hom9ibus int] ipsos1 omnibus int] omnes societas haec e/2 9 qua omnium r]um1 quas ad communem hom9um usum natura g5uit1 e/ s]v&a communitas1 ut1 quae discripta#dc sunt legibus et iure civili1 haec ita t5eantur1 ut sit con/itutum legibus ipsis1#dd cet]a sic obs]v5tur1 ut 9 ,graecorum prov]bio e/1 amicorum esse communia omnia4 ,omnium#de autem communia hom9um vid5tur ea1 quae sunt g5]is eius1 quod ab ,ennio positum 9 una re transf]ri 9 p]multas pote/3 7,telephus87 ,vahl5#b1 ,fab4 ,inc4 #cih ,hom1 qui erranti cmit] mon/rt viam1 ,quasi lm5 de suo lm9e acc5dt1 facit4 ,nihil m9us ipsi lcet1#df cum illi accnd]it4 ,una ex re satis praecipit1 ut1 quicquid s9e detrim5to commod>i possit1 id tribuatur vel ignoto2 99#eb99 ex quo sunt illa communia3 non prohib]e aqua pr(lu5te1 pati ab igne ignem cap]e1 si qui velit1 consilium fidele delib]anti d>e1 quae sunt iis utilia1 qui accipiunt1 danti non mole/a4 ,qu>e et 8 ut5dum e/ et semp] aliquid ad communem utilitatem aff]5dum4 ,s$ quoniam copiae p>vae s+ulorum sunt1 eorum autem1 qui 8 egeant1 inf9ita e/ multitudo1 vulg>is lib]alitas ref]5da e/ ad illum ,ennii f9em3 ,nihilo m9us ipsi lucet1 ut facultas sit1 qua 9 no/ros simus lib]ales4 #dc discripta ,h b1 ,edd42 descripta ,a ,b ,l a c4 #dd legibus ipsis ,gulielmus1 ,edd42 e 7ex c7 quibus ipsis ,,mss4 #de ,omnium ,zumpt1 ,edd42 omnia ,,mss4 #df ipsi lucet ,edd42 ipsi luceat ,a ,b ,h b c2 ipsi ut luceat a4 7#d7 relation%ip4 99#ej99 ,,xvi4 ,! int]e/s ( society1 h[ev]1 & its common bonds w be be/ cons]v$1 if k9dness be %[n to ea* individual 9 proportion to ! clos5ess ( 8 relation%ip4 ,! pr9ciples ( human society4 ,b x seems we mu/ trace back to _! ultimate s\rces ! pr9ciples ( fell[%ip & society t nature has e/abli%$ among m54 ,! fir/ pr9ciple is t :i* is f\nd 9 ! connection subsi/+ betwe5 all ! memb]s ( ! human race2 & t bond ( connection is reason & spee*1 :i* by ! processes ( tea*+ & le>n+1 ( communicat+1 discuss+1 & reason+ associate m5 toge!r & unite !m 9 a sort ( natural frat]nity4 ,9 no o!r p>ticul> are we f>!r remov$ f ! nature ( bea/s2 = we admit t !y may h c\rage 7horses & lions1 = example72 b we d n admit t !y h ju/ice1 equity1 & goodness2 = !y are n end[$ ) reason or spee*4 99#ea99 ,?is1 !n1 is ! mo/ compreh5sive bond t unites toge!r m5 z m5 & all to all2 & "u x ! common "r to all ?+s t nature has produc$ = ! common use ( man is to be ma9ta9$1 ) ! und]/&+ t1 :ile ev]y?+ assign$ z private prop]ty by ! /atutes & by civil law %all be s held z prescrib$ by ^? same laws1 ev]y?+ else %all be reg>d$ 9 ! light indicat$ by ! ,greek prov]b3 ,among/ fri5ds all ?+s 9 common4,j ,fur!rmore1 we f9d ! common prop]ty ( all m5 9 ?+s ( ! sort def9$ by ,ennius2 & ?\gh re/rict$ by him to "o in/ance1 ! pr9ciple may be appli$ v g5]ally3 ,:o k9dly sets a w&'r] on 8 way ,does e'en z if he lit ano!r's lamp by 83 ,no less %9es 81 :5 he 8 fri5d's ha? lit4 ,9 ?is example he effectively tea*es u all to be/[ ev5 ^u a /rang] :at x co/s u no?+ to give4 99#eb99 ,on ?is pr9ciple we h ! foll[+ maxims3 ,d5y no "o ! wat] t fl[s by2 ,let anyone :o w take fire f our fire2 ,hone/ c\nsel give to "o :o is 9 d\bt2 = su* acts are useful to ! recipi5t & cause ! giv] no loss4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 adopt ^! pr9ciples & always be contribut+ some?+ to ! common weal4 ,b s9ce ! res\rces ( individuals are limit$ & ! numb] ( ! ne$y is inf9ite1 ?is _s ( univ]sal lib]ality mu/ be regulat$ accord+ to t te/ ( ,ennius--,no less %9es 8--9 ord] t we may cont9ue to h ! means = be+ g5]\s to our fri5ds4 ,j 77 7,plato1 ,pha$r4 #bgi ,c2 ,ari/otle1 ,e?4 ,,viii1 #aa74 99#ec99 ,,xvii4 ,gradus autem plures sunt societatis hom9um4 ,ut enim ab illa inf9ita disc$atur1 propior#dg e/ eiusdem g5tis1 nationis1 l+uae1 qua maxime hom9es coniunguntur2 int]ius etiam e/ eiusdem esse civitatis2 multa enim sunt civibus int] se communia1 =um1 fana1 porticus1 viae1 leges1 iura1 iudicia1 suffragia1 consuetud9es praet]ea et famili>itates multisque cum multis res rationesque contractae4 ,artior v]o colligatio e/ societatis prop9quorum2 ab illa enim imm5sa societate humani g5]is 9 exiguum angu/umque concluditur4 99#ed99 ,nam cum sit hoc natura commune animantium1 ut habeant lubid9em procre&i1 prima societas 9 ipso coniugio e/1 proxima 9 lib]is1 de9de una domus1 communia omnia2 id autem e/ pr9cipium urbis et quasi sem9>ium rei publicae4 ,sequuntur fratrum coniunctiones1 po/ consobr9orum sobr9orumque1 qui cum una domo iam capi non poss9t1 9 alias domos tamquam 9 colonias exeunt4 ,sequuntur conubia et aff9itates1 ex quibus etiam plures prop9qui2 quae propagatio et suboles origo e/ r]um public>um4 ,sangu9is autem coniunctio et b5ivol5tia dev9cit hom9es et#dh c>itate2 99#ee99 magnum e/ enim eadem hab]e monum5ta maiorum1 eisdem uti sacris1 sepulcra hab]e communia4 ,s$ omnium societatum nulla prae/antior e/1 nulla firmior1 quam cum viri boni moribus similes sunt famili>itate coniuncti2 illud enim hone/um1 quod saepe dicimus1 etiam si 9 alio c]nimus1 tam5#di nos movet atque illi1 9 quo id inesse videtur1 amicos facit4 99#ef99 ,et quamquam omnis virtus nos ad se allicit facitque1 ut eos diligamus1 9 quibus ipsa inesse videatur1 tam5 iu/itia et lib]alitas id maxime efficit4 ,nihil autem e/ amabilius nec copulatius quam morum similitudo bonorum2 9 quibus enim eadem /udia sunt1 ea$em voluntates1 9 iis fit ut aeque quisque alt]o delectetur ac se ipso1 efficiturque id1 quod ,py?agoras vult 9 amicitia1 ut#ej unus fiat ex pluribus4 ,magna etiam illa communitas e/1 quae conficitur ex b5eficiis ultro et citro datis acceptis1 quae et mutua et grata dum sunt1 int] quos ea sunt1 firma dev9ciuntur societate4 99#eg99 ,s$ cum omnia ratione animoque lu/r>is1 omnium societatum nulla e/ gravior1 nulla c>ior quam ea1 quae cum re publica e/ uni cuique no/rum4 ,c>i sunt p>5tes1 c>i lib]i1 prop9qui1 famili>es1 s$ omnes omnium c>itates patria una complexa e/1 pro qua quis bonus dubitet mortem oppet]e1 si ei sit pr(uturus8 ,quo e/ dete/abilior i/orum immanitas1 qui lac]>unt omni scel]e patriam et 9 ea funditus del5da occupati et sunt et fu]unt4 99#eh99 ,s$ si cont5tio qua$am et comp>atio fiat1 quibus plurimum tribu5dum sit (ficii1 pr9cipes s9t patria et p>5tes1 quorum b5eficiis maximis obligati sumus1 proximi lib]i totaque domus1 quae spectat 9 nos solos neque aliud ullum pote/ hab]e p]fugium1 de9ceps b5e conv5i5tes prop9qui1 quibuscum communis etiam =tuna pl]umque e/4 ,quam ob rem necess>ia praesidia vitae deb5tur iis maxime1 quos ante dixi1 vita autem victusque communis1 consilia1 s]mones1 cohortationes1 consolationes1 int]dum etiam obiurgationes 9 amicitiis vig5t maxime1 e/que ea iucundissima amicitia1 quam similitudo morum coniugavit4 #dg propior ,a a c 7ex corr471 ,edd42 proprior ,b ,h b4 #dh et ,p]izonius1 ,edd42 n 9 ,,mss4 #di tam5 ,,mss41 ,mll]2 del4 ,ung]1 ,bt41 ,he9e4 #ej efficiturque id quod ,p4 ultimum 9 amicitia putavit ut ,nonius 7s4v4 ultimum7 7i4e4 ,py?agoras's ideal ( fri5d%ip is realiz$74 ,degrees ( social relation%ip3 7#a7 citiz5%ip1 99#ec99 ,,xvii4 ,!n1 too1 !re are a great _m degrees ( clos5ess or remot5ess 9 human society4 ,to proce$ beyond ! univ]sal bond ( our common humanity1 !re is ! clos] "o ( belong+ to ! same p1 tribe1 & tongue1 by :i* m5 are v closely b\nd toge!r2 x is a /ill clos] relation to be citiz5s ( ! same city-/ate2 = fell[-citiz5s h mu* 9 common--=um1 temples1 colonnades1 /reets1 /atutes1 laws1 c\rts1 rights ( suffrage1 to say no?+ ( social & fri5dly circles & div]se bus9ess relations ) _m4 7#b7 k9%ip1 ,b a /ill clos] social union exi/s betwe5 k9dr$4 ,/>t+ ) t inf9ite bond ( union ( ! human race 9 g5]al1 ! conception is n[ conf9$ to a small & n>r[ circle4 99#ed99 ,= s9ce ! reproductive in/9ct is by nature's gift ! common possession ( all liv+ creatures1 ! fir/ bond ( union is t betwe5 husb& & wife2 ! next1 t betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr52 !n we f9d "o home1 ) ev]y?+ 9 common4 ,& ?is is ! f\ndation ( civil gov]nm5t1 ! nurs]y1 z x 71 ( ! /ate4 ,!n foll[ ! bonds betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s1 & next ^? ( fir/ & !n ( second c\s9s2 & :5 !y c no long] be %elt]$ "u "o ro(1 !y g out into o!r homes1 z into colonies4 ,!n foll[ betwe5 ^!1 9 turn1 m>riages & connections by m>riage1 & f ^! aga9 a new /ock ( relations2 & f ?is propagation & aft]-gr[? /ates h _! beg9n+s4 ,! bonds ( common blood hold m5 fa/ ?r\gh good-w & affection2 99#ee99 = x means mu* to %>e 9 common ! same family traditions1 ! same =ms ( dome/ic wor%ip1 & ! same ance/ral tombs4 7#c7 fri5d%ip1 ,b ( all ! bonds ( fell[%ip1 !re is none m noble1 none m p[]ful ?an :5 good m5 ( cong5ial "* are jo9$ 9 intimate fri5d%ip2 = really1 if we discov] 9 ano!r t moral goodness on :i* ,i dwell s mu*1 x attracts u & makes u fri5ds to ! "o 9 ^: "* x seems to dwell4 99#ef99 ,& :ile e virtue attracts u & makes u love ^? :o seem to possess x1 /ill ju/ice & g5]osity d s mo/ ( all4 ,no?+1 moreov]1 is m conducive to love & intimacy ?an compatibility ( "* 9 good m52 = :5 two p h ! same ideals & ! same ta/es1 x is a natural consequ5ce t ea* loves ! o!r z himself2 & ! result is1 z ,py?agoras requires ( ideal fri5d%ip1 t sev]al are unit$ 9 "o4 ,ano!r /rong bond ( fell[%ip is effect$ by mutual int]*ange ( k9d s]vices2 & z long z ^! k9dnesses are mutual & acceptable1 ^? betwe5 :om !y are int]*ang$ are unit$ by ! ties ( an endur+ intimacy4 7#d7 love ( c\ntry4 99#eg99 ,b :5 ) a rational _s y h survey$ ! :ole field1 !re is no social relation among !m all m close1 none m de> ?an t :i* l9ks ea* "o ( u ) our c\ntry4 ,p>5ts are de>2 de> are *ildr51 relatives1 fri5ds2 b "o native l& embraces all our loves2 & :o t is true w\ld hesitate to give 8 life = h]1 if by 8 dea? he c\ld r5d] h] a s]vice8 ,s mu* ! m execrable are ^? mon/]s :o h torn _! fa!rl& to pieces ) e =m ( outrage & :o are,k & h be5,l engag$ 9 compass+ h] utt] de/ruction4 99#eh99 ,n[1 if a contra/ & comp>ison 7 to be made to f9d out :]e mo/ ( our moral obligation is due1 c\ntry w\ld come fir/1 & p>5ts2 = _! s]vices h laid u "u ! heavie/ obligation2 next come *ildr5 & ! :ole family1 :o look to u alone = support & c h no o!r protection2 f9ally1 our k9sm51 ) :om we live on good t]ms & ) :om1 = ! mo/ "p1 our lot is "o4 ,all ne$ful mat]ial assi/ance is1 !re=e1 due fir/ ( all to ^? :om ,i h nam$2 b intimate relation%ip ( life & liv+1 c\nsel1 conv]sation1 enc\ragem5t1 com=t1 & sometimes ev5 repro( fl\ri% be/ 9 fri5d%ips4 ,& t fri5d%ip is sweete/ :i* is cem5t$ by cong5iality ( "*4 ,k ,antony & 8 associates4 ,l ,caes>1 ,clodius1 ,catil9e4 99#ei99 ,,xviii4 ,s$ 9 8 omnibus (ficiis tribu5dis vid5dum erit1 quid cuique maxime necesse sit1 et quid quisque vel s9e nobis aut possit consequi aut non possit4 ,ita non iidem erunt necessitud9um gradus1 qui temporum2 suntque (ficia1 quae aliis magis quam aliis debeantur2 ut vic9um citius adiuv]is 9 fructibus p]cipi5dis quam aut fratrem aut famili>em1 at1 si lis 9 iudicio sit1 prop9quum potius et amicum quam vic9um def5d]is4 ,haec igitur et talia circumspici5da sunt 9 omni (ficio et consuetudo ex]citatioque capi5da1#ea ut boni ratioc9atores (ficiorum esse possimus et add5do d$uc5doque#eb vid]e1 quae reliqui summa fiat1 ex quo1 quantum cuique debeatur1 intellegas4 99#fj99 ,s$ ut nec m$ici nec imp]atores nec oratores1 quamvis artis praecepta p]cep]9t1 quicquam magna laude dignum s9e usu et ex]citatione consequi possunt1 sic (ficii cons]v&i praecepta traduntur illa quidem1 ut facimus ipsi1 s$ rei magnitudo usum quoque ex]citationemque desid]at4 ,atque ab iis#ec rebus1 quae sunt 9 iure societatis humanae1 quem ad modum ducatur hone/um1 ex quo aptum e/ (ficium1 satis f]e diximus4 99#fa99 ,intellig5dum autem e/1 cum proposita s9t g5]a quattuor1 e quibus hone/as (ficiumque man>et1 spl5didissimum vid]i1 quod animo magno elatoque humanasque res despici5te factum sit4 ,itaque 9 probris maxime 9 promptu e/ si quid tale dici pote/3 ,inc4 inc4 fab41 ,ribbeck#b1 #baj ,vs enim1#ed iuv5es1 nimum g]itis mliebrem1 lla virgo viri#ee et si quid eius modi3 ,enn4 ,aj41 ,vahl5#b1 #ah ,salmcida1 spolia sne sudore et sngu9e4 ,contraque 9 laudibus1 quae magno animo et =tit] excell5t]que ge/a sunt1 ea nescio quo modo quasi pl5iore ore laudamus4 ,h9c rhetorum campus de ,m>a?one1 ,salam9e1 ,plataeis1 ,!rmopylis1 ,leuctris1 h9c no/] ,cocles1#ef h9c ,decii1 h9c ,cn4 et ,p4 ,scipiones1 h9c ,m4 ,m>cellus1 innum]abiles alii1 maximeque ipse populus ,romanus animi magnitud9e excellit4 ,decl>atur autem /udium bellicae gloriae1 quod /atuas quoque videmus ornatu f]e milit>i4 #ea et 444 capi5da om4 ,facciolati1 ,edd4 #eb d$uc5doque p2 duc5doque ,a ,b ,h ,l a b 7sup]scr4 sec4 m4 dem5do72 dem5doque c4 #ec iis ,edd42 8 ,,mss4 #ed enim ,a ,b ,h b c2 et5im a4 #ee illa virgo viri ,ed42 illa virgo viri ,,mss42 virago ,orelli4 #ef ,leuctris1 h9c no/] ,cocles ,baldw91 ,edd42 leutris /]cocles ,a ,b ,h a b2 leutri/] *odes c2 leutris /]codes ,l4 ,duties may v>y "u v>y+ circum/ances4 99#ei99 ,,xviii4 ,b 9 ! p]=mance ( all ^! duties we %all h to consid] :at is mo/ ne$ful 9 ea* individual case & :at ea* individual p]son c or _c procure )\t our help4 ,9 ?is way we %all f9d t ! claims ( social relation%ip1 9 its v>i\s degrees1 are n id5tical ) ! dictates ( circum/ances2 = !re are obligations t are due to "o individual r ?an to ano!r3 = example1 "o w\ld soon] assi/ a neighb\r 9 ga!r+ 8 h>ve/ ?an ei!r a bro!r or a fri5d2 b %\ld x be a case 9 c\rt1 "o w\ld def5d a k9sman & a fri5d r ?an a neighb\r4 ,su* que/ions z ^! mu/1 !re=e1 be tak5 into consid]ation 9 e act ( moral duty & we mu/ acquire ! habit & keep x up1 9 ord] to become good calculators ( duty1 able by add+ & subtract+ to /rike a balance correctly & f9d out j h[ mu* is due to ea* individual4 99#fj99 ,b z nei!r physicians nor g5]als nor orators c a*ieve any signal success )\t exp]i5ce & practice1 no matt] h[ well !y may und]/& ! !ory ( _! pr(ession1 s ! rules = ! dis*>ge ( duty are =mulat$1 x is true1 z ,i am do+ n[1 b a matt] ( su* importance requires exp]i5ce also & practice4 ,?is mu/ close our discussion ( ! ways 9 :i* moral goodness1 on :i* duty dep5ds1 is develop$ f ^? pr9ciples :i* hold good 9 human society4 ,c4 ,=titude4 99#fa99 ,we mu/ realize1 h[ev]1 t :ile we h set d[n f\r c>d9al virtues f :i* z s\rces moral rectitude & moral duty emanate1 t a*ievem5t is mo/ glori\s 9 ! eyes ( ! _w :i* is won ) a _s great1 exalt$1 & sup]ior to ! vicissitudes ( e>?ly life4 ,& s1 :5 we wi% to hurl a taunt1 ! v fir/ to rise to our lips is1 if possible1 some?+ l ?is3 ,= ye1 "y m51 %[ a womani% s\l1 yon maid5,m a man's2 & ?is3 ,?\ son ( ,salmacis1 w9 spoils t co/ nor sweat nor blood4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 we wi% to pay a complim5t1 we someh[ or o!r praise 9 m eloqu5t /ra9 ! brave & noble "w ( "s great s\l4 ,h5ce !re is an op5 field = orators on ! subjects ( ,m>a?on1 ,salamis1 ,plataea1 ,!rmopylae1 & ,leuctra1 & h5ce our own ,cocles1 ! ,decii1 ,gnaeus & ,publius ,scipio1 ,m>cus ,m>cellus1 & c\ntless o!rs1 &1 above all1 ! ,roman ,p z a nation are celebrat$ = greatness ( _s4 ,_! passion = milit>y glory1 moreov]1 is %[n 9 ! fact t we see _! /atues usually 9 soldi]'s g>b4 ,m ,cloelia 7see ,index74 99#fb99 ,,xix4 ,s$ ea animi elatio1 quae c]nitur 9 p]iculis et laboribus1 si iu/itia vacat pugnatque non pro salute communi1 s$ pro suis commodis1 9 vitio e/2 non modo enim id virtutis non e/1 s$ e/ potius immanitatis omnem humanitatem repell5tis4 ,itaque probe def9itur a ,/oicis =titudo1 cum eam virtutem esse dicunt propugnantem pro aequitate4 ,quocirca nemo1 qui =titud9is gloriam consecutus e/ insidiis et malitia1 laudem e/ adeptus2 nihil enim#eg hone/um esse pote/1 quod iu/itia vacat4 ,m5ex4 #bdf ,e2 ,la*es #aig ,b 99#fc99 ,praecl>um igitur illud ,platonis3 ,non1 inquit1 solum sci5tia1 quae e/ remota ab iu/itia1 calliditas potius quam sapi5tia e/ appell&a1 v]um etiam animus p>atus ad p]iculum1 si sua cupiditate1 non utilitate communi impellitur1 audaciae potius nom5 habeat quam =titud9is4 ,itaque viros =tes et#eh magnanimos eosdem bonos et simplices1 v]itatis amicos m9imeque fallaces esse volumus2 quae sunt ex m$ia laude iu/itiae4 99#fd99 ,s$ illud odiosum e/1 quod 9 hac elatione et magnitud9e animi facillime p]t9acia et nimia cupiditas pr9cipatus innascitur4 ,la*es #ahb ,e ,ut enim apud ,platonem e/1 omnem morem ,lac$aemoniorum inflammatum esse cupiditate v9c5di1 sic1 ut quisque animi magnitud9e maxime excellet1#ei ita maxime vult pr9ceps omnium vel potius solus esse4 ,difficile autem e/1 cum prae/>e omnibus concupi]is1 s]v>e aequitatem1 quae e/ iu/itiae maxime propria4 ,ex quo fit1 ut neque disceptatione v9ci se nec ullo publico ac legitimo iure patiantur1 exi/untque 9 re publica pl]umque l>gitores et factiosi1 ut opes quam maximas consequantur et s9t vi#fj potius sup]iores quam iu/itia p>es4 ,s$ quo difficilius1 hoc praecl>ius2 nullum enim e/ tempus1 quod iu/itia vac>e debeat4 99#fe99 ,=tes igitur et magnanimi sunt hab5di1 non qui faciunt1 s$ qui propulsant iniuriam4 ,v]a autem et sapi5s animi magnitudo hone/um illud1 quod maxime natura sequitur1 9 factis positum1 non 9 gloria iudicat pr9cipemque se esse mavult quam vid]i2 et5im qui ex errore imp]itae multitud9is p5det1 hic 9 magnis viris non e/ hab5dus4 ,facillime autem ad res iniu/as impellitur1 ut quisque altissimo animo e/1 gloriae cupiditate#fa2 qui locus e/ sane lubricus1 quod vix inv5itur1 qui laboribus susceptis p]iculisque aditis non quasi m]c$em r]um ge/>um desid]et gloriam4 #eg enim ,a ,c1 ,edd42 n 9 ,a ,b ,h ,l b1 ,bt#b4 #eh et a1 ,edd42 n 9 ,a ,b ,h ,l b c p4 #ei excellet ,a ,b ,h ,l b c2 excellit a1 ,bt4 #fj vi a1 ,edd42 ut ,a ,b ,h b2 utcumque ,l c4 #fa altissimo animo e/1 gloriae cupiditate ,pe>ce 7confirm$ by sev]al ,,mss471 ,edd42 alt4 an4 et gloriae cupiditate ,a ,b ,h b p2 e/ alt4 an4 et gloria et cupiditate ,l c4 ,=titude 9 ! light ( ju/ice4 99#fb99 ,,xix4 ,b if ! exaltation ( _s se5 9 times ( dang] & toil is devoid ( ju/ice & fights = selfi% ends in/ead ( = ! common good1 x is a vice2 = n only has x no elem5t ( virtue1 b its nature is b>b>\s & revolt+ to all our f9] feel+s4 ,! ,/oics1 !re=e1 correctly def9e c\rage z t virtue :i* *ampions ! cause ( "r4 ,accord+ly1 no "o has atta9$ to true glory :o has ga9$ a reputation = c\rage by trea*]y & cunn+2 = no?+ t lacks ju/ice c be morally "r4 99#fc99 ,?is1 !n1 is a f9e say+ ( ,plato's3 ,n only mu/ all k t is divorc$ f ju/ice be call$ cunn+ r ?an wisdom1 he says1 b ev5 ! c\rage t is prompt to face dang]1 if x is inspir$ n by public _s1 b by its own selfi% purposes1 %\ld h ! "n ( effront]y r ?an ( c\rage4 ,& s we dem& t m5 :o are c\rage\s & high-s\l$ %all at ! same "t be good & /raight=w>d1 lov]s ( tru?1 & foes to deception2 = ^! qualities are ! c5tre & s\l ( ju/ice4 99#fd99 ,b ! mis*ief is t f ?is exaltation & greatness ( _s spr+ all too readily self-w & excessive lu/ = p[]4 ,= j z ,plato tells u t ! :ole national "* ( ! ,sp>tans 0 on fire ) passion = victory1 s1 9 ! same way1 ! m notable a man is = 8 greatness ( _s1 ! m ambiti\s he is to be ! =emo/ citiz51 or1 ,i %\ld say r1 to be sole rul]4 ,b :5 "o beg9s to aspire to pre-em95ce1 x is difficult to pres]ve t _s ( fairness :i* is absolutely ess5tial to ju/ice4 ,! result is t su* m5 d n all[ !mselves to be con/ra9$ ei!r by argum5t or by any public & lawful au?ority2 b !y only too (t5 prove to be brib]s & agitators 9 public life1 seek+ to obta9 supreme p[] & to be sup]iors ?r\gh =ce r ?an equals ?r\gh ju/ice4 ,b ! great] ! difficulty1 ! great] ! glory2 = no occasion arises t c excuse a man = be+ guilty ( inju/ice4 ,true greatness ( _s4 99#fe99 ,s !n1 n ^? :o d injury b ^? :o prev5t x are to be consid]$ brave & c\rage\s4 ,moreov]1 true & philosophic greatness ( _s reg>ds ! moral goodness to :i* nature mo/ aspires z consi/+ 9 de$s1 n 9 fame1 & pref]s to be fir/ 9 reality r ?an 9 "n4 ,& we mu/ approve ?is view2 = he :o dep5ds ^u ! caprice ( ! ignorant rabble _c be numb]$ among ! great4 ,!n1 too1 ! high] a man's ambition1 ! m easily he is tempt$ to acts ( inju/ice by 8 desire = fame4 ,we are n[1 to be sure1 on v slipp]y gr\nd2 = sc>cely c ! man be f\nd :o has pass$ ?r\gh trials & enc\nt]$ dang]s & does n !n wi% = glory z a rew>d = 8 a*ievem5ts4 99#ff99 ,,xx4 ,omn9o =tis animus et magnus duabus rebus maxime c]nitur1 qu>um una 9 r]um ext]n>um despici5tia ponitur1 cum p]suasum e/#fb nihil hom9em1 nisi quod hone/um decorumque sit1 aut admir>i aut opt>e aut expet]e oport]e nullique neque hom9i neque p]turbationi animi nec =tunae succumb]e4 ,alt]a e/ res1 ut1 cum ita sis affectus animo1 ut supra dixi1 res g]as magnas illas quidem et maxime utiles1 s$ ut vehem5t] arduas pl5asque laborum et p]iculorum cum vitae1 tum mult>um r]um1 quae ad vitam p]t95t4 99#fg99 ,h>um r]um du>um spl5dor omnis1 amplitudo1 addo etiam utilitatem1 9 po/]iore e/1 causa autem et ratio effici5s magnos viros 9 priore2 9 eo e/ enim illud1 quod excell5tes animos et humana contemn5tes facit4 ,id autem ipsum c]nitur 9 duobus1 si et solum id1 quod hone/um sit1 bonum iudices et ab omni animi p]turbatione lib] sis4 ,nam et ea1 quae eximia pl]isque et praecl>a vid5tur1 p>va duc]e eaque ratione /abili firmaque contemn]e =tis animi magnique duc5dum e/1 et ea1 quae vid5tur ac]ba1 quae multa et v>ia 9 hom9um vita =tunaque v]santur1 ita f]re1 ut nihil a /atu naturae disc$as1 nihil a dignitate sapi5tis1 robu/i animi e/ magnaeque con/antiae4 99#fh99 ,non e/ autem cons5taneum1 qui metu non frangatur1 eum frangi cupiditate nec1 qui invictum se a labore prae/it]it1 v9ci a voluptate4 ,quam ob rem et haec vit&a#fc et pecuniae fugi5da cupiditas2 nihil enim e/ tam angu/i animi tamque p>vi quam am>e divitias1 nihil hone/ius magnific5tiusque quam pecuniam contemn]e1 si non habeas1 si habeas1 ad b5efic5tiam lib]alitatemque conf]re4 ,cav5da etiam e/ gloriae cupiditas1 ut supra dixi2 eripit enim lib]tatem1 pro qua magnanimis viris omnis debet esse cont5tio4 ,nec v]o imp]ia expet5da ac potius aut non accipi5da int]dum aut depon5da non numquam4 99#fi99 ,vac&um autem omni e/ animi p]turbatione1 cum cupiditate et metu1 tum etiam aegritud9e et voluptate nimia#fd et iracundia1 ut tranquillitas animi et securitas adsit1 quae aff]t cum con/antiam1 tum etiam dignitatem4 ,multi autem et sunt et fu]unt1 qui eam1 quam dico1 tranquillitatem expet5tes a negotiis publicis se remov]9t ad otiumque p]fug]9t2 9 8 et nobilissimi philosophi longeque pr9cipes et quidam hom9es sev]i et graves nec populi nec pr9cipum mores f]re potu]unt1 vix]untque non nulli 9 agris delectati re sua famili>i4 99#gj99 ,8 idem propositum fuit1 quod regibus1 ut ne qua re eg]5t1 ne cui p>]5t1 lib]tate ut]5tur1 cuius proprium e/ sic viv]e1 ut velis4 #fb p]suasum e/ ,madvig 7ad de ,f94 p4 #ddh ff471 ,edd42 p4 sit ,,mss4 #fc vit&a ,edd4 7cum duobus codd4 ,guelph]bytanis72 vid5da ,,mss4 #fd voluptate nimia ,orelli1 ,mll]2 voluptate animi ,a ,h ,l a b c2 vol4 animi et securitas 7et iracundia ut tr4 animi by a lat] h& on ! m>g97 ,b2 voluptate animi1 ,bt41 ,he9e4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,=titude3 99#ff99 ,,xx4 ,! s\l t is altoge!r c\rage\s & great is m>k$ above all by two *>act]i/ics3 "o ( ^! is indiff]5ce to outw>d circum/ances2 = su* a p]son *]i%es ! conviction t no?+ b moral goodness & propriety des]ves to be ei!r admir$ or wi%$ = or /riv5 aft]1 & t he ought n to be subject to any man or any passion or any accid5t ( =tune4 ,! second *>act]i/ic is t1 :5 ! s\l is discipl9$ 9 ! way above m5tion$1 "o %\ld d de$s n only great & 9 ! highe/ degree useful1 b extremely ardu\s & labori\s & fraught ) dang] bo? to life & to _m ?+s t make life wor? liv+4 7#a7 ,moral c\rage4 99#fg99 ,all ! glory & greatness &1 ,i may add1 all ! usefulness ( ^! two *>act]i/ics ( c\rage are c5tr$ 9 ! latt]2 ! rational cause t makes m5 great1 9 ! =m]4 ,indiff]5ce to outw>d =tunes4 ,= x is ! =m] t conta9s ! elem5t t makes s\ls pre-em95t & indiff]5t to worldly =tune4 ,& ?is quality is di/+ui%$ by two crit]ia3 7#a7 if "o acc\nt moral rectitude z ! only good2 & 7#b7 if "o be free f all passion4 ,= we mu/ agree t x takes a brave & h]oic s\l to hold z slight :at mo/ p ?9k gr& & glori\s1 & to disreg>d x f fix$ & settl$ pr9ciples4 ,& x requires /r5g? ( "* & great s+l5ess ( purpose to be> :at seems pa9ful1 z x comes to pass 9 _m & v>i\s =ms 9 human life1 & to be> x s unfl9*+ly z n to be %ak5 9 ! lea/ f "o's natural /ate ( ! dignity ( a philosoph]4 99#fh99 ,moreov]1 x w\ld be inconsi/5t = ! man :o is n ov]come by fe> to be ov]come by desire1 or = ! man :o has %[n himself inv9cible to toil to be conqu]$ by pleasure4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 n only avoid ! latt]1 b also bew>e ( ambition = weal?2 = !re is no?+ s *>act]i/ic ( n>r[ness & littl5ess ( s\l z ! love ( ri*es2 & !re is no?+ m hon\rable & noble ?an to be indiff]5t to money1 if "o does n possess x1 & to devote x to b5efic5ce & lib]ality1 if "o does possess x4 ,z ,i said be=e1 we mu/ also bew>e ( ambition = glory2 = x robs u ( lib]ty1 & 9 def5ce ( lib]ty a high-s\l$ man %\ld /ake ev]y?+4 ,& "o ought n to seek milit>y au?ority2 nay1 r x ought sometimes to be decl9$1,n sometimes to be resign$4,o 7#c7 ,fre$om f passion4 99#fi99 ,aga91 we mu/ keep ourselves free f e di/urb+ emotion1 n only f desire & fe>1 b also f excessive pa9 & pleasure1 & f ang]1 s t we may enjoy t calm ( s\l & fre$om f c>e :i* br+ bo? moral /ability & dignity ( "*4 ,! retir$ life4 ,b !re h be5 _m & /ill are _m :o1 :ile pursu+ t calm ( s\l ( :i* ,i speak1 h )drawn f civic duty & tak5 refuge 9 retirem5t4 ,among su* h be5 f\nd ! mo/ fam\s & by f> ! =emo/ philosoph]s,p & c]ta9 o!r,q e>ne/1 ?\ghtful m5 :o c\ld n endure ! conduct ( ei!r ! p or _! lead]s2 "s ( !m1 too1 liv$ 9 ! c\ntry & f\nd _! pleasure 9 ! managem5t ( _! private e/ates4 99#gj99 ,su* m5 h _h ! same aims z k+s--to suff] no want1 to be subject to no au?ority1 to enjoy _! lib]ty1 t is1 9 its ess5ce1 to live j z !y please4 ,n ,z ,cic]o did at ! expiration ( 8 consul%ip4 ,o ,z ,sulla did 9 8 dictator%ip4 ,! contra/ to ,caes> is ! m /rik+ = ,cic]o's n m5tion+ x4 ,p e4g4 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,z5o1 ,py?agoras1 ,anaxagoras4 ,q ,su* z ,cic]o's fri5d1 ,atticus1 & ,m>cus ,piso4 ,,xxi4 ,qu>e cum hoc commune sit pot5tiae cupidorum cum iis1 quos dixi1 otiosis1 alt]i se adipisci id posse arbitrantur1 si opes magnas habeant1 alt]i1 si cont5ti s9t et suo et p>vo4 ,9 quo neutrorum omn9o contemn5da s5t5tia e/1 s$ et facilior et tutior et m9us aliis gravis aut mole/a vita e/ otiosorum1 fructuosior autem hom9um g5]i et ad cl>itatem amplitud9emque aptior eorum1 qui se ad rem publicam et ad magnas res g]5das accommodav]unt4 99#ga99 ,quapropt] et iis =sitan conc$5dum sit rem publicam non capess5tibus1 qui excell5ti +5io doctr9ae sese d$id]unt1 et iis1 qui aut valetud9is imbecillitate aut aliqua graviore causa imp$iti a re publica recess]unt1 cum eius adm9i/r&ae pote/atem aliis laudemque conc$]5t4 ,quibus autem talis nulla sit causa1 si despic]e se dicant ea1 quae pl]ique mir5tur1 imp]ia et magi/ratus1 iis non modo non laudi1 v]um etiam vitio d&um puto2 quorum iudicium 9 eo1 quod gloriam contemnant et pro nihilo put5t1 difficile factu e/ non prob>e2 s$ vid5tur labores et mole/ias1 tum (f5sionum et repuls>um quasi qu&am ignom9iam tim]e et infamiam4 ,sunt enim1 qui 9 rebus contr>iis p>um sibi con/5t1 voluptatem sev]issime contemnant1 9 dolore s9t molliores1 gloriam neglegant1 frangantur infamia1 atque ea quidem non satis con/ant]4 99#gb99 ,s$ iis1 qui hab5t a natura adium5ta r]um g]5d>um1 abiecta omni cunctatione adipisc5di magi/rates et g]5da res publica e/2 nec enim alit] aut regi civitas aut decl>>i animi magnitudo pote/4 ,capess5tibus autem rem publicam nihilo#fe m9us quam philosophis1 haud scio an magis etiam et magnific5tia et despici5tia adhib5da e/#ff r]um human>um1 quam saepe dico1 et tranquillitas animi atque securitas1 siquidem nec anxii futuri sunt et cum gravitate con/antiaque victuri4 99#gc99 ,quae faciliora sunt philosophis1 quo m9us multa pat5t 9 eorum vita1 quae =tuna f]iat1 et quo m9us multis rebus eg5t1 et quia1 si quid adv]si ev5iat1 tam gravit] cad]e non possunt4 ,quocirca non s9e causa maiores motus animorum concitantur maioraque /udia effici5di#fg rem publicam g]5tibus quam quietis1 quo magis iis et magnitudo e/ animi adhib5da et vacuitas ab angoribus4 ,ad rem g]5dam autem qui acc$it1 caveat1 ne id modo consid]et1 quam illa res hone/a sit1 s$ etiam ut habeat effici5di facultatem2 9 quo ipso consid]&um e/1 ne aut tem]e desp]et propt] ignaviam aut nimis confidat propt] cupiditatem4 ,9 omnibus autem negotiis1 prius quam aggr$i>e1 adhib5da e/ praep>atio dilig5s4 #fe nihilo ,wes5b]g1 ,edd42 nihil ,,mss4 #ff e/ ,manutius1 ,edd42 sit ,,mss4 #fg maioraque /udia effici5di ,ung]1 ,mll]2 maioraque effici5di ,a#a ,b ,h ,l b c2 maiorque cura effici5di a1 ,bt41 ,he9e2 maioraque effici5da ,a#b p4 ,! life ( public s]vice vs4 ! life ( retirem5t4 ,,xxi4 ,s1 :ile ?is desire is common to m5 ( political ambitions & m5 ( retirem5t1 ( :om ,i h j spok51 ! "o class ?9k !y c atta9 _! end if !y secure l>ge means2 ! o!r1 if !y are cont5t ) ! little !y h4 ,& 9 ?is matt]1 nei!r way ( ?9k+ is altoge!r to be condemn$2 b ! life ( retirem5t is easi] & saf] & at ! same "t less burd5some or tr\blesome to o!rs1 :ile ! c>e] ( ^? :o apply !mselves to /atecraft & to conduct+ great ent]prises is m pr(itable to mank9d & contributes m to _! own greatness & r5[n4 99#ga99 ,s p]haps ^? m5 ( extraord9>y g5ius :o h devot$ !mselves to le>n+ mu/ be excus$ = n tak+ "p 9 public affairs2 likewise1 ^? :o f ill-heal? or = "s /ill m valid reason h retir$ f ! s]vice ( ! /ate & left to o!rs ! opportunity & ! glory ( its adm9i/ration4 ,b if ^? :o h no su* excuse pr(ess a scorn = civil & milit>y (fices1 :i* mo/ p admire1 ,i ?9k t ?is %\ld be set d[n n to _! cr$it b to _! discr$it2 = 9 s f> z !y c>e little1 z !y say1 = glory & c\nt x z naught1 x is difficult n to sympa?ize ) _! attitude2 9 reality1 h[ev]1 !y seem to dread ! toil & tr\ble & also1 p]haps1 ! discr$it & humiliation ( political failure & defeat4 ,= !re are p :o 9 opposite circum/ances d n act consi/5tly3 !y h ! utmo/ contempt = pleasure1 b 9 pa9 !y are too s5sitive2 !y are indiff]5t to glory1 b !y are cru%$ by disgrace2 & ev5 9 _! inconsi/5cy !y %[ no great consi/5cy4 ,public s]vice a duty4 99#gb99 ,b ^? :om ,nature has end[$ ) ! capacity = adm9i/]+ public affairs %\ld put aside all hesitation1 ent] ! race = public (fice1 & take a h& 9 direct+ ! gov]nm5t2 = 9 no o!r way c a gov]nm5t be adm9i/]$ or greatness ( _s be made manife/4 ,/atesm51 too1 no less ?an philosoph]s--p]haps ev5 m s--%\ld c>ry ) !m t greatness ( _s & indiff]5ce to outw>d circum/ances to :i* ,i s (t5 ref]1 toge!r ) calm ( s\l & fre$om f c>e1 if !y are to be free f worries & lead a dignifi$ & self-consi/5t life4 99#gc99 ,?is is easi] = ! philosoph]s2 z _! life is less expos$ to ! assaults ( =tune1 _! wants are few]2 & if any mis=tune ov]takes !m1 _! fall is n s disa/r\s4 ,n )\t reason1 !re=e1 are /rong] emotions ar\s$ 9 ^? :o engage 9 public life ?an 9 ^? :o live 9 retirem5t1 & great] is _! ambition = success2 ! m1 !re=e1 d !y ne$ to enjoy greatness ( _s & fre$om f annoy+ c>es4 ,if anyone is ent]+ public life1 let him bew>e ( ?9k+ only ( ! hon\r t x br+s2 b let him be sure also t he has ! ability to succe$4 ,at ! same "t1 let him take c>e n to lose he>t too readily ?r\gh disc\ragem5t nor yet to be ov]-confid5t ?r\gh ambition4 ,9 a ^w1 be=e und]tak+ any ent]prise1 c>eful prep>ation mu/ be made4 99#gd99 ,,xxii4 ,s$ cum pl]ique arbitr5tur res bellicas maiores esse quam urbanas1 m9u5da e/ haec op9io4 ,multi enim bella saepe quaesiv]unt propt] gloriae cupiditatem1 atque id 9 magnis animis +5iisque pl]umque cont+it1 eoque magis1 si sunt ad rem milit>em apti et cupidi bellorum g]5dorum2 v]e autem si volumus iudic>e1 multae res ex/it]unt urbanae maiores cl>ioresque quam bellicae4 99#ge99 ,quamvis enim ,!mi/ocles iure laudetur et sit eius nom5 quam ,solonis illu/rius citeturque ,salamis cl>issimae te/is victoriae1 quae anteponatur consilio ,solonis ei1 quo primum con/ituit ,areopagitas1 non m9us praecl>um hoc quam illud iudic&um e/2 illud enim semel pr(uit1 hoc semp] prod]it civitati2 hoc consilio leges ,a!ni5sium1 hoc maiorum in/ituta s]vantur2 et ,!mi/ocles quidem nihil dix]it1 9 quo ipse ,areopagum adiuv]it1 at ille v]e a#fh se adiutum ,!mi/oclem2 e/ enim bellum ge/um consilio s5atus eius1 qui a ,solone erat con/itutus4 99#gf99 ,licet eadem de ,pausania ,lys&roque dic]e1 quorum rebus ge/is quamquam imp]ium ,lac$aemoniis p>tum#fi putatur1 tam5 ne m9ima quidem ex p>te ,lycurgi legibus et discipl9ae conf]5di sunt2 qu9 etiam ob has ipsas causas et p>5tiores habu]unt ex]citus et =tiores4 ,mihi quidem neque pu]is nobis ,m4 ,scaurus ,c4 ,m>io neque1 cum v]s>emur 9 re publica1 ,q4 ,catulus ,cn4 ,pompeio c$]e videbatur2 p>vi enim sunt =is arma1 nisi e/ consilium domi2 nec plus ,africanus1 s+ul>is et vir et imp]ator1 9 exsc9d5da ,numantia rei publicae pr(uit quam eodem tempore ,p4 ,nasica privatus1 cum ,ti4 ,grac*um int]emit2 quamquam haec quidem res non solum ex dome/ica e/ ratione 7att+it etiam bellicam1 quoniam vi manuque confecta e/71 s$ tam5 id ipsum e/ ge/um consilio urbano s9e ex]citu4 ,cic41 de temp4 suis1 iii 99#gg99 ,illud autem optimum e/1 9 quod invadi sol]e ab improbis et invidis audio3 ,c$ant arma togae1 conc$at laurea laudi4 ,ut enim alios omittam1 nobis rem publicam gub]nantibus nonne togae arma cess]unt8 neque enim p]iculum 9 re publica fuit gravius umquam nec maius otium4 ,ita consiliis dilig5tiaque no/ra cel]it] de manibus audacissimorum civium delapsa arma ipsa cecid]unt4 ,quae res igitur ge/a umquam 9 bello tanta8 99#gh99 qui triumphus conf]5dus8 licet enim mihi1 ,m4 fili1 apud te glori>i1 ad quem et h]$itas huius gloriae et factorum imitatio p]t9et4 ,mihi quidem c]te vir abundans bellicis laudibus1 ,cn4 ,pompeius1 multis audi5tibus hoc tribuit1 ut dic]et fru/ra se triumphum t]tium deportaturum fuisse1 nisi meo 9 rem publicam b5eficio1 ubi triumph>et1 esset habiturus4 ,sunt igitur dome/icae =titud9es non inf]iores milit>ibus2 9 quibus plus etiam quam 9 8 op]ae /udiique pon5dum e/4 #fh a ,edd42 n 9 ,,mss42 se adiutum ,a ,b ,h b1 ,edd42 adiuvit ,l#a c p2 se adiutum ab illo dix]it 787 ,!mi/ocles ,l#b4 #fi ,l4 p>tum ,lamb9us1 ,mll]2 p>tum ,l41 ,bt42 om4 p>tum ,a#a ,b ,h ,l#a a b2 ,l4 dilatatum ,a#b2 dilatatum ,l4 ,l#b c4 ,victories ( w> vs4 victories ( peace4 99#gd99 ,,xxii4 ,mo/ p ?9k t ! a*ievem5ts ( w> are m important ?an ^? ( peace2 b ?is op9ion ne$s to be correct$4 ,= _m m5 h s\ght occasions = w> f ! m]e ambition = fame4 ,?is is notably ! case ) m5 ( great _s & natural ability1 & x is ! m likely to happ51 if !y are adapt$ to a soldi]'s life & fond ( w>f>e4 ,b if we w face ! facts1 we %all f9d t !re h be5 _m in/ances ( a*ievem5t 9 peace m important & no less r5[n$ ?an 9 w>4 ,!mi/ocles vs4 ,solon4 99#ge99 ,h[ev] highly ,!mi/ocles1 = example1 may be extoll$--& des]v$ly--& h[ev] mu* m illu/ri\s 8 "n may be ?an ,solon's1 & h[ev] mu* ,salamis may be cit$ z witness ( 8 mo/ glori\s victory--a victory glorifi$ above ,solon's /atesman%ip 9 in/itut+ ! ,areopagus--yet ,solon's a*ievem5t is n to be acc\nt$ less illu/ri\s ?an 84 ,= ,!mi/ocles's victory s]v$ ! /ate once & only once2 :ile ,solon's "w w be ( s]vice = ev]4 ,= ?r\gh 8 legislation ! laws ( ! ,a!nians & ! in/itutions ( _! fa!rs are ma9ta9$4 ,& :ile ,!mi/ocles c\ld n readily po9t to any in/ance 9 :i* he himself _h r5d]$ assi/ance to ! ,areopagus1 ! ,areopagus might ) ju/ice ass]t t ,!mi/ocles _h receiv$ assi/ance f x2 = ! w> 0 direct$ by ! c\nsels ( t s5ate :i* ,solon _h creat$4 ,pausanias & ,lys&] vs4 ,lycurgus4 99#gf99 ,! same may be said ( ,pausanias & ,lys&]4 ,al?\gh x is ?\ght t x 0 by _! a*ievem5ts t ,sp>ta ga9$ h] supremacy1 yet ^! are n ev5 remotely to be comp>$ ) ! legislation & discipl9e ( ,lycurgus4 ,nay1 r1 x 0 due to ^! t ,pausanias & ,lys&] _h armies s brave & s well discipl9$4 ,= my own "p1 ,i d n consid] t ,m>cus ,scaurus 0 inf]ior to ,gaius ,m>ius1 :5 ,i 0 a lad1 or ,qu9tus ,catulus to ,gnaeus ,pompey1 :5 ,i 0 engag$ 9 public life4 ,= arms are ( little value 9 ! field unless !re is wise c\nsel at home4 ,s1 too1 ,africanus1 ?\gh a great man & a soldi] ( extraord9>y ability1 did no great] s]vice to ! /ate by de/roy+ ,numantia ?an 0 done at ! same "t by ,publius ,nasica1 ?\gh n !n clo!d ) (ficial au?ority1 by remov+ ,tib]ius ,grac*us4 ,?is de$ does n1 to be sure1 belong :olly to ! doma9 ( civil affairs2 x p>takes ( ! nature ( w> also s9ce x 0 effect$ by viol5ce2 b x 01 = all t1 execut$ z a political measure )\t ! help ( an army4 ,cic]o's great victory4 99#gg99 ,! :ole tru?1 h[ev]1 is 9 ?is v]se1 aga9/ :i*1 ,i am told1 ! malici\s & envi\s are wont to rail3 ,yield1 ye arms1 to ! toga2 to civic praises1,r ye laurels4,s ,n to m5tion o!r in/ances1 did n arms yield to ! toga1 :5 ,i 0 at ! helm ( /ate8 ,= nev] 0 ! republic 9 m s]i\s p]il1 nev] 0 peace m pr(\nd4 ,?us1 z ! result ( my c\nsels & my vigilance1 _! weapons slipp$ sudd5ly f ! h&s ( ! mo/ desp]ate traitors--dropp$ to ! gr\nd ( _! own accord6 ,:at a*ievem5t 9 w>1 !n1 0 ev] s great8 99#gh99 ,:at triumph c be comp>$ ) t8 ,= ,i may boa/ to y1 my son ,m>cus2 = to y belong ! inh]itance ( t glory ( m9e & ! duty ( imitat+ my de$s4 ,& x 0 to me1 too1 t ,gnaeus ,pompey1 a h]o cr[n$ ) ! hon\rs ( w>1 paid ?is tribute 9 ! he>+ ( _m1 :5 he said t 8 ?ird triumph w\ld h be5 ga9$ 9 va91 if he 7 n to h ?r\gh my s]vices to ! /ate a place 9 :i* to celebrate x4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 in/ances ( civic c\rage t are n inf]ior to ! c\rage ( ! soldi]4 ,nay1 ! =m] calls = ev5 great] en]gy & great] devotion ?an ! latt]4 ,r ,! praises ( ,cic]o = 8 ov]?r[ ( ! conspiracy ( ,catil9e4 ,s ,! laurels ( ! triumphant g5]al4 99#gi99 ,,xxiii4 ,omn9o illud hone/um1 quod ex animo excelso magnificoque qua]imus1 animi efficitur1 non corporis viribus4 ,ex]c5dum tam5 corpus et ita affici5dum e/1 ut obo$ire consilio rationique possit 9 exsequ5dis negotiis et 9 labore tol]&o4 ,hone/um autem id1 quod exquirimus1 totum e/ positum 9 animi cura et cogitatione2 9 quo non m9orem utilitatem aff]unt1 qui togati rei publicae praesunt1 quam qui bellum g]unt4 ,itaque eorum consilio saepe aut non suscepta aut confecta bella sunt1 non numquam etiam illata1 ut ,m4 ,catonis bellum t]tium ,punicum1 9 quo etiam mortui valuit auctoritas4 99#hj99 ,qu>e expet5da quidem magis e/ dec]n5di ratio quam dec]t&i =titudo1 s$ cav5dum1 ne id bell&i magis fuga quam utilitatis ratione faciamus4 ,bellum autem ita suscipiatur1 ut nihil aliud nisi pax quaesita videatur4 ,=tis v]o animi et con/antis e/ non p]turb>i 9 rebus asp]is nec tumultuantem de gradu deici1 ut dicitur1 s$ praes5ti animo uti et consilio nec a ratione disc$]e4 99#ha99 ,quamquam hoc animi1 illud etiam +5ii magni e/1 praecip]e cogitatione futura et aliquanto#gj ante con/itu]e1 quid accid]e possit 9 utramque p>tem1 et quid ag5dum sit1 cum quid ev5]it1 nec committ]e1 ut aliqu&o dic5dum sit3 ,non put>am4 ,haec sunt op]a magni animi et excelsi et prud5tia consilioque fid5tis2 tem]e autem 9 acie v]s>i et manu cum ho/e conflig]e immane quiddam et belu>um simile e/2 s$ cum tempus necessitasque po/ulat1 dec]t&um manu e/ et mors s]vituti turpitud9ique antepon5da4 #gj aliquanto ,edd42 aliqu&o ,,mss4 7#b7 ,physical c\rage4 99#gi99 ,,xxiii4 ,t moral goodness :i* we look = 9 a l(ty1 high-m9d$ _s is secur$1 ( c\rse1 by moral1 n by physical1 /r5g?4 ,& yet ! body mu/ be tra9$ & s discipl9$ t x c obey ! dictates ( judgm5t & reason 9 att5d+ to bus9ess & 9 endur+ toil4 ,b t moral goodness :i* is our !me dep5ds :olly ^u ! ?\ght & att5tion giv5 to x by ! m9d4 ,& 9 ?is way1 ! m5 :o 9 a civil capacity direct ! affairs ( ! nation r5d] no less important s]vice ?an !y :o conduct its w>s3 by _! /atesman%ip (t5times w>s are ei!r av]t$ or t]m9at$2 sometimes also !y are decl>$4 ,^u ,m>cus ,cato's c\nsel1 = example1 ! ,?ird ,punic ,w> 0 und]tak51 & 9 its conduct 8 influ5ce 0 dom9ant1 ev5 aft] he 0 dead4 99#hj99 ,& s diplomacy 9 ! fri5dly settlem5t ( controv]sies is m desirable ?an c\rage 9 settl+ !m on ! battlefield2 b we mu/ be c>eful n to take t c\rse m]ely = ! sake ( avoid+ w> r ?an = ! sake ( public exp$i5cy4 ,w>1 h[ev]1 %\ld be und]tak5 9 su* a way z to make x evid5t t x has no o!r object ?an to secure peace4 ,b x takes a brave & resolute _s n to be disconc]t$ 9 times ( difficulty or ruffl$ & ?r[n (f "o's feet1 z ! say+ is1 b to keep "o's pres5ce ( m9d & "o's self-possession & n to sw]ve f ! pa? ( reason4 ,c\rage & discretion4 99#ha99 ,n[ all ?is requires great p]sonal c\rage2 b x calls also = great intellectual ability by reflection to anticipate ! future1 to discov] "s "t 9 advance :at may happ5 :e!r = good or = ill1 & :at mu/ be done 9 any possible ev5t1 & nev] to be r$uc$ to hav+ to say ,i _h n ?\ght ( t4 ,^! are ! activities t m>k a _s1 /rong1 high1 & self-reliant 9 its prud5ce & wisdom4 ,b to mix ra%ly 9 ! fray & to fight h& to h& ) ! enemy is b a b>b>\s & bruti% k9d ( bus9ess4 ,yet :5 ! /ress ( circum/ances dem&s x1 we mu/ gird on ! sword & pref] dea? to slav]y & disgrace4 ,*4 ,,xxii 99#hb99 ,,xxiv4 ,de ev]t5dis autem diripi5disque urbibus valde consid]&um e/ ne quid tem]e1 ne quid crudelit]4 ,idque e/ magni viri1 rebus agitatis punire sontes1 multitud9em cons]v>e1 9 omni =tuna recta atque hone/a ret9]e4 ,ut enim sunt1 quem ad modum supra dixi1 qui urbanis rebus bellicas anteponant1 sic rep]ias multos1 quibus p]iculosa et calida#ga consilia quietis et cogitatis#gb spl5didiora et maiora videantur4 99#hc99 ,nunquam omn9o p]iculi fuga committ5dum e/1 ut imbelles timidique videamur1 s$ fugi5dum illud etiam1 ne (f]amus nos p]iculis s9e causa1 quo esse nihil pote/ /ultius4 ,quapropt] 9 adeundis p]iculis consuetudo imit&a m$icorum e/1 qui levit] aegrotantes l5it] curant1 gravioribus autem morbis p]iculosas curationes et ancipites adhib]e coguntur4 ,qu>e 9 tranquillo tempe/atem adv]sam opt>e dem5tis e/1 subv5ire autem tempe/ati quavis ratione sapi5tis1 eoque magis1 si plus adipisc>e re explicata boni quam addubitata mali4 ,p]iculosae autem r]um actiones p>tim iis#gc sunt1 qui eas suscipiunt1 p>tim rei publicae4 ,itemque alii de vita1 alii de gloria et b5ivol5tia civium 9 discrim5 vocantur4 ,promptiores igitur debemus esse ad no/ra p]icula quam ad communia dimic>eque p>atius de honore et gloria quam de cet]is commodis4 99#hd99 ,inv5ti autem multi sunt1 qui non modo pecuniam1 s$ etiam vitam pr(und]e pro patria p>ati ess5t1 iidem gloriae iacturam ne m9imam quidem fac]e vell5t1 ne re publica quidem po/ulante2 ut ,callicratidas1 qui1 cum ,lac$aemoniorum dux fuisset ,peloponnesiaco bello multaque fecisset egregie1 v]tit ad extremum omnia1 cum consilio non p>uit eorum1 qui classem ab ,arg9usis remov5dam nec cum ,a!ni5sibus dimic&um putabant2 quibus ille respondit ,lac$aemonios classe illa amissa aliam p>>e posse1 se fug]e s9e suo d$ecore non posse4 ,atque haec quidem ,lac$aemoniis#gd plaga m$iocris1 illa pe/if]a1 qua1 cum ,cleombrotus invidiam tim5s tem]e cum ,epam9onda conflixisset ,lac$aemoniorum opes corru]unt4 ,ann4 xii1 ,vahl5#b1 #cgj-cgb ,quanto ,q4 ,maximus melius6 de quo ,ennius3 ,unus homo nobis cunct&o re/ituit rem4 ,no5um rumores ponebat#ge ante salutem4 ,ergo po/que magisque viri nunc gloria cl>et4 ,quod g5us pecc&i vit&um e/ etiam 9 rebus urbanis4 ,sunt enim1 qui1 quod s5tiunt1 etsi optimum sit1 tam5 invidiae metu non audeant#gf dic]e4 #ga calida ,nonius1 ,edd42 callida ,,mss4 #gb consilia quietis et cogitatis ,edd42 consilia et quietis et cogitationis ,a ,b ,h a b2 consilia et quietis cogitationibus c p4 #gc iis ,edd42 8 ,,mss4 #gd quidem ,lac$aemoniis ,edd41 quidem de ,lac$aemoniis ,,mss4 #ge ,no5um rumores ponebat ,la*mann 7ad ,lucr4 ,,iii1 #aih72 ,non enim rumores ponebat ,,mss42 ,non ponebat enim alii4 #gf audeant ,erne/i2 aud5t ,,mss41 ,bt4#a1 ,he9e4 99#hb99 ,,xxiv4 ,z to de/roy+ & plund]+ cities1 let me say t great c>e %\ld be tak5 t no?+ be done 9 reckless cruelty or wantonness4 ,& x is a great man's duty 9 tr\bl\s times to s+le out ! guilty = puni%m5t1 to sp>e ! _m1 & 9 e turn ( =tune to hold to a true & hon\rable c\rse4 ,= :]eas !re are _m1 z ,i h said be=e1 :o place ! a*ievem5ts ( w> above ^? ( peace1 s "o may f9d _m to :om adv5tur\s1 hot-head$ c\nsels seem m brilliant & m impressive ?an calm & well-consid]$ measures4 ,c\rage 9 times ( d\bt & dang]4 99#hc99 ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 nev] be guilty ( seem+ c[>dly & crav5 9 our avoidance ( dang]2 b we mu/ also bew>e ( expos+ ourselves to dang] ne$lessly4 ,no?+ c be m foolh>dy ?an t4 ,accord+ly1 9 enc\nt]+ dang] we %\ld d z doctors d 9 _! practice3 9 light cases ( illness !y give mild treatm5t2 9 cases ( dang]\s sickness !y are compell$ to apply haz>d\s & ev5 desp]ate rem$ies4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only a madman :o1 9 a calm1 w\ld pray = a /orm2 a wise man's way is1 :5 ! /orm does come1 to )/& x ) all ! means at 8 comm&1 & especially1 :5 ! advantages to be expect$ 9 case ( a successful issue are great] ?an ! haz>ds ( ! /ruggle4 ,patriotism & self-sacrifice4 ,! dang]s att5d+ great affairs ( /ate fall sometimes ^u ^? :o und]take !m1 sometimes ^u ! /ate4 ,9 c>ry+ out su* ent]prises1 "s run ! risk ( los+ _! lives1 o!rs _! reputation & ! good-w ( _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,x is our duty1 !n1 to be m ready to endang] our own ?an ! public welf>e & to haz>d hon\r & glory m readily ?an o!r advantages4,t 99#hd99 ,_m1 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 f\nd :o 7 ready to p\r out n only _! money b _! lives = _! c\ntry & yet w\ld n cons5t to make ev5 ! slighte/ sacrifice ( p]sonal glory--ev5 ?\gh ! int]e/s ( _! c\ntry dem&$ x4 ,= example1 :5 ,callicratidas1 z ,sp>tan admiral 9 ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 _h won _m signal successes1 he spoil$ ev]y?+ at ! end by refus+ to li/5 to ! proposal ( ^? :o ?\ght he ought to )draw 8 fleet f ! ,arg9usae & n to risk an engagem5t ) ! ,a!nians4 ,8 answ] to !m 0 t ! ,sp>tans c\ld build ano!r fleet1 if !y lo/ t "o1 b he c\ld n retreat )\t di%on\r to himself4 ,& yet :at he did dealt only a slight bl[ to ,sp>ta2 !re 0 ano!r :i* prov$ disa/r\s1 :5 ,cleombrotus 9 fe> ( criticism recklessly w5t into battle aga9/ ,epam9ondas4 ,9 consequ5ce ( t1 ! ,sp>tan p[] fell4 ,h[ mu* bett] 0 ! conduct ( ,qu9tus ,maximus6 ,( him ,ennius says3 ,"o man--& he alone--re/or$ our /ate by delay+4 ,n 9 ! lea/ did fame ) him take prec$5ce ( safety2 ,!re=e n[ does 8 glory %9e bright1 & x gr[s ev] bright]4 ,?is sort ( (f5ce,u mu/ be avoid$ no less 9 political life4 ,= !re are m5 :o = fe> ( giv+ (f5ce d n d>e to express _! hone/ op9ion1 no matt] h[ excell5t4 ,t ,su* z ! e/eem & good-w ( fell[-citiz5s2 life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess2 ! exi/5ce ( ! /ate & all ! advantages x br+s4 ,u ,sacrific+ public int]e/s to p]sonal glory4 99#he99 ,,xxv4 ,omn9o qui rei publicae praefuturi sunt1 duo ,platonis praecepta t5eant1 ,rep4 i4 #cdb ,e unum1 ut utilitatem civium sic tueantur1 ut1 quaecumque agunt1 ad eam ref]ant obliti commodorum suorum1 ,rep4 iv1 #dbj ,b alt]um1 ut totum corpus rei publicae cur5t1 ne1 dum p>tem aliquam tu5tur1 reliquas des]ant4 ,ut enim tutela1 sic procuratio rei publicae ad eorum utilitatem1 qui commissi sunt1 non ad eorum1 quibus commissa e/1 g]5da e/4 ,qui autem p>ti civium consulunt1 p>tem neglegunt1 rem p]niciosissimam 9 civitatem inducunt1 s$itionem atque discordiam2 ex quo ev5it1 ut alii popul>es1 alii /udiosi optimi cuiusque videantur1 pauci univ]sorum4 99#hf99 ,h9c apud ,a!ni5sis magnae discordiae1 9 no/ra re publica non solum s$itiones1 s$ etiam pe/if]a bella civilia2 quae gravis et =tis civis et 9 re publica dignus pr9cipatu fugiet atque od]it tradetque se totum rei publicae neque opes aut pot5tiam consectabitur totamque eam sic tuebitur1 ut omnibus consulat2 nec v]o crim9ibus falsis 9 odium aut invidiam quemquam vocabit omn9oque ita iu/itiae hone/atique adha]escet1 ut1 dum ea cons]vet1 quamvis gravit] (f5dat mortemque oppetat potius quam des]at illa1 quae dixi4 ,rep4 vi1 #dhh ,b2 #dhi ,c 99#hg99 ,mis]rima omn9o e/ ambitio honorumque cont5tio1 de qua praecl>e apud eundem e/ ,platonem1 similit] fac]e eos1 qui int] se cont5d]5t1 ut] potius rem publicam adm9i/r>et1 ut si nautae c]t>5t1 quis eorum potissimum gub]n>et4 ,rep4 viii1 #efg ,c2 ,leg4 ix1 #hef ,b ,idemque praecipit1 ut eos adv]s>ios exi/imemus1 qui arma contra f]ant1 non eos1 qui suo iudicio tu]i rem publicam vel9t1 qualis fuit int] ,p4 ,africanum et ,q4 ,metellum s9e ac]bitate diss5sio4 99#hh99 ,nec v]o audi5di1 qui gravit] inimicis irasc5dum putabunt idque magnanimi et =tis viri esse c5sebunt2 nihil enim laudabilius1 nihil magno et praecl>o viro dignius placabilitate atque clem5tia4 ,9 lib]is v]o populis et 9 iuris aequabilitate ex]c5da etiam e/ facilitas et altitudo animi1 quae dicitur1 ne1 si irascamur aut intempe/ive acc$5tibus aut impud5t] rogantibus1 9 morositatem inutilem et odiosam incidamus4 ,et tam5 ita prob&a e/ mansuetudo atque clem5tia1 ut adhibeatur rei publicae causa sev]itas1 s9e qua adm9i/r>i civitas non pote/4 ,omnis autem et animadv]sio et ca/igatio contumelia vac>e debet neque ad eius1 qui punitur#gg aliquem aut v]bis ca/igat1#gh s$ ad rei publicae utilitatem ref]ri4 99#hi99 ,cav5dum e/ etiam1 ne maior po5a quam culpa sit1 et ne isdem de causis alii plectantur1 alii ne appell5tur quidem4 ,prohib5da autem maxime e/ ira 9 puni5do2 numquam enim1 iratus qui acc$et ad po5am1 m$iocritatem illam t5ebit1 quae e/ int] nimium et p>um1 quae placet ,p]ipateticis1 et recte placet1 modo ne laud>5t iracundiam et dic]5t utilit] a natura datam4 ,illa v]o omnibus 9 rebus repudi&a e/ opt&umque1 ut ii1 qui praesunt rei publicae1 legum similes s9t1 quae ad puni5dum non iracundia1 s$ aequitate dicuntur4 #gg punitur ,nonius1 ,edd42 punit a2 puniet ,a ,b ,h b c4 #gh ca/igat ,,mss42 fatigat ,nonius1 ,orelli4 ,public adm9i/ration mu/ be free f 99#he99 ,,xxv4 ,^? :o propose to take *>ge ( ! affairs ( gov]nm5t %\ld n fail to rememb] two ( ,plato's rules3 fir/1 to keep ! good ( ! p s cle>ly 9 view t reg>dless ( _! own int]e/s !y w make _! e action con=m to t2 second1 to c>e = ! welf>e ( ! :ole body politic & n 9 s]v+ ! int]e/s ( "s "o p>ty to betray ! re/4 7#a7 p>tisan%ip1 ,= ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t1 l ! (fice ( a tru/ee1 mu/ be conduct$ = ! b5efit ( ^? entru/$ to "o's c>e1 n ( ^? to :om x is entru/$4 ,n[1 ^? :o c>e = ! int]e/s ( a "p ( ! citiz5s & neglect ano!r "p1 introduce into ! civil s]vice a dang]\s elem5t--diss5sion & p>ty /rife4 ,! result is t "s are f\nd to be loyal support]s ( ! democratic1 o!rs ( ! ari/ocratic p>ty1 & few ( ! nation z a :ole4 99#hf99 ,z a result ( ?is p>ty _s bitt] /rife arose at ,a!ns1,v & 9 our own c\ntry n only diss5sions,w b also disa/r\s civil w>s,x broke out4 ,all ?is ! citiz5 :o is patriotic1 brave1 & wor?y ( a lead+ place 9 ! /ate w %un ) abhorr5ce2 he w d$icate himself unres]v$ly to 8 c\ntry1 )\t aim+ at influ5ce or p[] = himself2 & he w devote himself to ! /ate 9 its entirety 9 su* a way z to fur!r ! int]e/s ( all4 ,besides1 he w n expose anyone to hatr$ or disrepute by gr\ndless *>ges1 b he w surely cleave to ju/ice & hon\r s closely t he w submit to any loss1 h[ev] heavy1 r ?an be untrue to !m1 & w face dea? itself r ?an r5\nce !m4 7#b7 self-seek+1 99#hg99 ,a mo/ wret*$ cu/om1 assur$ly1 is our electione]+ & scrambl+ = (fice4 ,conc]n+ ?is also we f9d a f9e ?\ght 9 ,plato3 ,^? :o compete aga9/ "o ano!r1 he says1 to see :i* ( two c&idates %all adm9i/] ! gov]nm5t1 are l sailors qu>rell+ z to :i* "o ( !m %all d ! /e]+4 ,& he likewise lays d[n ! rule t we %\ld reg>d only ^? z adv]s>ies :o take up arms aga9/ ! /ate1 n ^? :o /rive to h ! gov]nm5t adm9i/]$ accord+ to _! convictions4 ,?is 0 ! _s ( ! disagreem5t betwe5 ,publius ,africanus & ,qu9tus ,metellus3 !re 0 9 x no trace ( ranc\r4 7#c7 v9dictiv5ess1 99#hh99 ,nei!r mu/ we li/5 to ^? :o ?9k t "o %\ld indulge 9 viol5t ang] aga9/ "o's political enemies & imag9e t su* is ! attitude ( a great-spirit$1 brave man4 ,= no?+ is m comm5dable1 no?+ m becom+ 9 a pre-em95tly great man ?an c\rtesy & =be>ance4 ,inde$1 9 a free p1 :]e all enjoy equal rights be=e ! law1 we mu/ s*ool ourselves to affability & :at is call$ m5tal poise,y2 = if we are irritat$ :5 p intrude ^u u at unseasonable h\rs or make unreasonable reque/s1 we %all develop a s\r1 *urli% temp]1 prejudicial to ourselves & (f5sive to o!rs4 ,& yet g5tl5ess ( _s & =be>ance are to be comm5d$ only ) ! und]/&+ t /rictness may be ex]cis$ = ! good ( ! /ate2 = )\t t1 ! gov]nm5t _c be well adm9i/]$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if puni%m5t or correction mu/ be adm9i/]$1 x ne$ n be insult+2 x ought to h reg>d to ! welf>e ( ! /ate1 n to ! p]sonal satisfaction ( ! man :o adm9i/]s ! puni%m5t or repro(4 7#d7 ang]4 99#hi99 ,we %\ld take c>e also t ! puni%m5t %all n be out ( proportion to ! (f5ce1 & t "s %all n be *a/is$ = ! same fault = :i* o!rs are n ev5 call$ to acc\nt4 ,9 adm9i/]+ puni%m5t x is above all necess>y to all[ no trace ( ang]4 ,= if anyone proce$s 9 a passion to inflict puni%m5t1 he w nev] obs]ve t happy mean :i* lies betwe5 excess & defect4 ,?is doctr9e ( ! mean is approv$ by ! ,p]ipatetics--& wisely approv$1 if only !y did n speak 9 praise ( ang] & tell u t x is a gift be/[$ on u by ,nature = a good purpose4 ,b 9 reality1 ang] is 9 e circum/ance to be eradicat$2 & x is to be desir$ t !y :o adm9i/] ! gov]nm5t %\ld be l ! laws1 :i* are l$ to inflict puni%m5t n by wra? b by ju/ice4 ,v ,f ! dea? ( ,p]icles on4 ,w ,su* z ! conspiracy ( ,catil9e4 ,x ,! civil w>s ( ,m>ius & ,sulla1 ,caes> & ,pompey4 ,y ,! quality else:]e express$ by ,cic]o ) --'dep?1' 'res]ve1' ! art ( conceal+ & controll+ "o's feel+s "u an outw>d s]5ity ( mann]4 99#ij99 ,,xxvi4 ,atque etiam 9 rebus prosp]is et ad voluntatem no/ram flu5tibus sup]biam magnop]e1 fa/idium arrogantiamque fugiamus4 ,nam ut adv]sas res1 sic secundas immod]ate f]re levitatis e/1 praecl>aque e/ aequabilitas 9 omni vita et idem semp] vultus eademque frons1 ut de ,socrate itemque#gi de ,c4 ,laelio accepimus4#hj ,philippum quidem1 ,mac$onum regem1 rebus ge/is et gloria sup]atum a filio1 facilitate et humanitate video sup]iorem fuisse2 itaque alt] semp] magnus1 alt] saepe turpissimus2 ut recte praecip]e videantur1 qui mon5t1 ut1 quanto sup]iores simus1 tanto nos g]amus summissius4 ,panaetius quidem ,africanum1 auditorem et famili>em suum1 solitum ait dic]e1 ut equos propt] crebras cont5tiones proeliorum f]ocitate exsultantes domitoribus trad]e soleant1 ut iis#ha facilioribus poss9t uti1 sic hom9es secundis rebus effr5atos sibique praefid5tes tamquam 9 gyrum rationis et doctr9ae duci oport]e1 ut p]spic]5t r]um human>um imbecillitatem v>ietatemque =tunae4 99#ia99 ,atque etiam 9 secundissimis rebus maxime e/ ut5dum consilio amicorum iisque maior etiam quam ante tribu5da auctoritas4 ,isdemque temporibus cav5dum e/1 ne ass5tatoribus patefaciamus auris neve#hb adul>i nos s9amus1 9 quo falli facile e/2 tales enim nos esse putamus1 ut iure laudemur2 ex quo nascuntur innum]abilia peccata1 cum hom9es inflati op9ionibus turpit] irrid5tur et 9 maximis v]santur erroribus4 ,s$ haec quidem hact5us4 99#ib99 ,illud autem sic e/ iudic&um1 maximas g]i res et maximi animi ab iis1#hc qui res publicas regant1 quod e>um adm9i/ratio latissime pateat ad plurimosque p]t9eat2 esse autem magni animi et fuisse multos etiam 9 vita otiosa1 qui aut inve/ig>5t aut con>5tur magna qua$am seseque su>um r]um f9ibus cont9]5t aut int]iecti int] philosophos et eos1 qui rem publicam adm9i/r>5t1 delect>5tur re sua famili>i non eam quidem omni ratione exagg]antes neque exclud5tes ab eius usu suos potiusque et amicis imp]ti5tes et rei publicae1 si qu&o usus esset4 ,quae primum b5e p>ta#hd sit nullo neque turpi quae/u neque odioso1 de9de augeatur ratione1 dilig5tia1 p>simonia1#he tum quam plurimis1 modo dignis1 se utilem praebeat nec libid9i potius luxuriaeque quam lib]alitati et b5efic5tiae p>eat4 ,haec praescripta s]vantem licet magnifice1 gravit] animoseque viv]e atque etiam simplicit]1 fidelit]1 v]e hom9um amice4 #gi itemque ,h#b a1 ,edd42 idemque ,a ,b ,h#a ,l b c4 #hj accepimus ,b#b a c1 ,edd42 accipimus ,a ,b#a ,h b4 #ha iis ,edd42 8 ,,mss4 #hb neve ,nonius1 ,edd42 nec ,,mss4 #hc iis ,edd42 8 ,,mss4 #hd p>ta ,b#a1 ,edd42 p>ata ,a ,b#b ,h ,l a b c4 #he de9de 444 p>simonia ,edd41 aft] ,ung]1 transpose2 9 ,,mss4 x foll[s tum 444 p>eat4 ,=titude 9 prosp]ity4 99#ij99 ,,xxvi4 ,aga91 :5 =tune smiles & ! /ream ( life fl[s accord+ to our wi%es1 let u dilig5tly avoid all arrogance1 haught9ess1 & pride4 ,= x is z mu* a sign ( weakness to give way to "o's feel+s 9 success z x is 9 adv]sity4 ,b x is a f9e ?+ to keep an unruffl$ temp]1 an un*ang+ mi51 & ! same ca/ ( c\nt5ance 9 e condition ( life2 ?is1 hi/ory tells u1 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,socrates & no less ( ,gaius ,laelius4 ,philip1 k+ ( ,mac$on1 ,i obs]ve1 h[ev] surpass$ by 8 son 9 a*ievem5ts & fame1 0 sup]ior to him 9 affability & ref9em5t4 ,philip1 accord+ly1 0 always great2 ,alex&]1 (t5 infam\sly bad4 ,humility4 ,!re seems to be s\nd advice1 !re=e1 9 ?is ^w ( w>n+3 ,! high] we are plac$1 ! m humbly %\ld we walk4 ,panaetius tells u t ,africanus1 8 pupil & fri5d1 us$ to say3 ,z1 :5 horses h become mettlesome & unmanageable on acc\nt ( _! frequ5t p>ticipation 9 battles1 _! own]s put !m 9 ! h&s ( tra9]s to make !m m tractable2 s m51 :o ?r\gh prosp]ity h become re/ive & ov] self-confid5t1 ought to be put into ! tra9+-r+1 s to speak1 ( reason & le>n+1 t !y may be br\ght to compreh5d ! frailty ( human affairs & ! fickl5ess ( =tune4 99#ia99 ,! great] our prosp]ity1 moreov]1 ! m %\ld we seek ! c\nsel ( fri5ds1 & ! great] ! he$ t %\ld be giv5 to _! advice4 ,"u su* circum/ances also we mu/ bew>e ( l5d+ an e> to sycophants or all[+ !m to impose ^u u ) _! flatt]y4 ,= x is easy 9 ?is way to deceive ourselves1 s9ce we ?us come to ?9k ourselves duly entitl$ to praise2 & to ?is frame ( m9d a ?\s& delusions may be trac$1 :5 m5 are puff$ up ) conceit & expose !mselves to ignom9y & ridicule by committ+ ! mo/ egregi\s blund]s4 ,s mu* = ?is subject4 ,greatness ( m9d 9 public & 9 private life4 99#ib99 ,to rev]t to ! orig9al "q,z--we mu/ decide t ! mo/ important activities1 ^? mo/ indicative ( a great _s1 are p]=m$ by ! m5 :o direct ! affairs ( nations2 = su* public activities h ! wide/ scope & t\* ! lives ( ! mo/ p4 ,b ev5 9 ! life ( retirem5t !re are & !re h be5 _m high-s\l$ m5 :o h be5 engag$ 9 important inquiries or emb>k$ on mo/ important ent]prises & yet kept !mselves )9 ! limits ( _! own affairs2 or1 tak+ a middle c\rse betwe5 philosoph]s on ! "o h& & /atesm5 on ! o!r1 !y 7 cont5t ) manag+ _! own prop]ty--n increas+ x by any & e means nor deb>r+ _! k9dr$ f ! enjoym5t ( x1 b r1 if ev] !re 7 ne$1 %>+ x ) _! fri5ds & ) ! /ate4 ,only let x1 9 ! fir/ place1 be hone/ly acquir$1 by ! use ( no di%one/ or fraudul5t means2 let x1 9 ! second place1 increase by wisdom1 indu/ry1 & ?rift2 &1 f9ally1 let x be made available = ! use ( z _m z possible 7if only !y are wor?y7 & be at ! s]vice ( g5]osity & b5efic5ce r ?an ( s5suality & excess4 ,by obs]v+ ^! rules1 "o may live 9 magnific5ce1 dignity1 & indep5d5ce1 & yet 9 hon\r1 tru? & *>ity t[>d all4 ,z #gj4 99#ic99 ,,xxvii4 ,sequitur1 ut de una reliqua p>te hone/atis dic5dum sit1 9 qua v]ecundia et quasi quidam ornatus vitae1 temp]antia et mode/ia omnisque s$atio p]turbationum animi et r]um modus c]nitur4 ,hoc loco cont9etur id1 quod dici ,lat9e decorum pote/2 ,graece enim dicitur4 ,huius#hf vis ea e/1 ut ab hone/o non queat sep>>i2 99#id99 nam et1 quod decet1 hone/um e/ et1 quod hone/um e/1 decet2 qualis autem diff]5tia sit hone/i et decori1 facilius intellegi quam explan>i pote/4 ,quicquid e/ enim1 quod deceat1 id tum app>et1 cum antegressa e/ hone/as4 ,itaque non solum 9 hac p>te hone/atis1 de qua hoc loco diss]5dum e/1 s$ etiam 9 tribus sup]ioribus quid deceat app>et4 ,nam et ratione uti atque oratione prud5t] et ag]e1 quod agas1 consid]ate omnique 9 re quid sit v]i vid]e et tu]i decet1 contraque falli1 err>e1 labi1 decipi tam d$ecet quam delir>e et m5te esse captum2 et iu/a omnia decora sunt1 iniu/a contra1 ut turpia1 sic indecora4 ,similis e/ ratio =titud9is4 ,quod enim virilit] animoque magno fit1 id dignum viro et decorum videtur1 quod contra1 id ut turpe1 sic indecorum4 99#ie99 ,qu>e p]t9et quidem ad omnem hone/atem hoc1 quod dico1 decorum1 et ita p]t9et1 ut non recondita quadam ratione c]natur1 s$ sit 9 promptu4 ,e/ enim quiddam1 idque intellegitur 9 omni virtute1 quod deceat2 quod cogitatione magis a virtute pote/ quam re sep>>i4 ,ut v5u/as et pul*ritudo corporis sec]ni non pote/ a valetud9e1 sic hoc1 de quo loquimur1 decorum totum illud quidem e/ cum virtute confusum1 s$ m5te et cogitatione di/+uitur4 99#if99 ,e/ autem eius discriptio#hg duplex2 nam et g5]ale quoddam decorum intellegimus1 quod 9 omni hone/ate v]satur1 et aliud huic subiectum1 quod p]t9et ad s+ulas p>tes hone/atis4 ,atque illud sup]ius sic f]e def9iri solet3 decorum id esse1 quod cons5taneum sit hom9is excell5tiae 9 eo1 9 quo natura eius a reliquis animantibus diff]at4 ,quae autem p>s subiecta g5]i e/1 eam sic def9iunt1 ut id decorum vel9t esse1 quod ita naturae cons5taneum sit1 ut 9 eo mod]atio et temp]antia app>eat cum specie quadam lib]ali4 #hf dicitur4 ,huius ,edd42 dicitur decorum4 huius ,,mss4 #hg discriptio b1 ,edd42 descriptio ,a ,b ,h a2 di/9ctio ,l c4 ,d4 ,temp]ance4 99#ic99 ,,xxvii4 ,we h next to discuss ! "o rema9+ division ( moral rectitude4 ,t is ! "o 9 :i* we f9d consid]at5ess & self-control1 :i* give1 z x 71 a sort ( poli% to life2 x embraces also temp]ance1 complete subjection ( all ! passions1 & mod]ation 9 all ?+s4 ,propriety4 ,"u ?is head is fur!r includ$ :at1 9 ,lat91 may be call$ decorum,,aa 7propriety72 = 9 ,greek x is call$ 4,,aa ,su* is its ess5tial nature1 t x is insep>able f moral goodness2 99#id99 = :at is prop] is morally "r1 & :at is morally "r is prop]4 ,! nature ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 morality & propriety c be m easily felt ?an express$4 ,= :atev] propriety may be1 x is manife/$ only :5 !re is pre-exi/+ moral rectitude4 ,& s1 n only 9 ?is division ( moral rectitude :i* we h n[ to discuss b also 9 ! ?ree prec$+ divisions1 x is cle>ly br\ght out :at propriety is4 ,propriety & ! ,c>d9al ,virtues4 ,= to employ reason & spee* rationally1 to d ) c>eful consid]ation :atev] "o does1 & 9 ev]y?+ to disc]n ! tru? & to uphold x--t is prop]4 ,to be mi/ak51 on ! o!r h&1 to miss ! tru?1 to fall into error1 to be l$ a/ray--t is z improp] z to be d]ang$ & lose "o's m9d4 ,& all ?+s j are prop]2 all ?+s unju/1 l all ?+s immoral1 are improp]4 ,! relation ( propriety to =titude is simil>4 ,:at is done 9 a manly & c\rage\s _s seems becom+ to a man & prop]2 :at is done 9 a contr>y fa%ion is at once immoral & improp]4 99#ie99 ,?is propriety1 !re=e1 ( :i* ,i am speak+ belongs to ea* division ( moral rectitude2 & its relation to ! c>d9al virtues is s close1 t x is p]fectly self-evid5t & does n require any ab/ruse process ( reason+ to see x4 ,= !re is a c]ta9 elem5t ( propriety p]ceptible 9 e act ( moral rectitude2 & ?is c be sep>at$ f virtue !oretically bett] ?an x c be practically4 ,z comel9ess & beauty ( p]son are insep>able f ! notion ( heal?1 s ?is propriety ( :i* we are speak+1 :ile 9 fact completely bl5d$ ) virtue1 is m5tally & !oretically di/+ui%able f x4 ,propriety def9$4 99#if99 ,! classification ( propriety1 moreov]1 is tw(old3 7#a7 we assume a g5]al sort ( propriety1 :i* is f\nd 9 moral goodness z a :ole2 !n 7#b7 !re is ano!r propriety1 subord9ate to ?is1 :i* belongs to ! sev]al divisions ( moral goodness4 ,! =m] is usually def9$ some:at z foll[s3 ,propriety is t :i* h>monizes ) man's sup]iority 9 ^? respects 9 :i* 8 nature diff]s f t ( ! re/ ( ! animal creation4 ,& !y s def9e ! special type ( propriety :i* is subord9ate to ! g5]al notion1 t !y repres5t x to be t propriety :i* h>monizes ) nature1 9 ! s5se t x manife/ly embraces temp]ance & self-control1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 deportm5t su* z becomes a g5tleman4 ,,aa ,decorum ,cic]o's attempt to translate 1 means an appreciation ( ! fitness ( ?+s1 propriety 9 inw>d feel+ or outw>d appe>ance1 9 spee*1 behavi\r1 dress1 etc4 ,decorum is z difficult to translate into ,engli% z is to reproduce 9 ,lat92 z an adjective1 x is "h r5d]$ by 'prop]1' z a n\n1 by 'propriety4' ,cic41 ,or4 xxii1 #ga 99#ig99 ,,xxviii4 ,haec ita intellegi possumus exi/im>e ex eo decoro1 quod potae sequuntur2 de quo alio loco plura dici sol5t4 ,s$ tum#hh s]v>e illud potas1 quod deceat1 dicimus1 cum id1 quod quaque p]sona dignum e/1 et fit et dicitur2 ut1 si ,aeacus aut ,m9os dic]et3 ,attius1 ,atreus1 ,ribbeck#b1 #bjc d]9t1 dum mtuant1 aut3 ,ibid41 #bbf nats sepul*ro ipse / p>5s1 indecorum vid]etur1 quod eos fuisse iu/os accepimus2 at ,atreo dic5te plausus excitantur2 e/ enim digna p]sona oratio4 ,s$ potae1 quid quemque deceat1 ex p]sona iudicabunt2 nobis autem p]sonam imposuit ipsa natura magna cum excell5tia prae/antiaque animantium reliqu>um4#hi 99#ih99 ,quocirca potae 9 magna v>ietate p]son>um1 etiam vitiosis quid conv5iat et quid deceat1 videbunt1 nobis autem cum a natura con/antiae1 mod]ationis1 temp]antiae1 v]ecundiae p>tes datae s9t1 cumque eadem natura doceat non negleg]e1 quem ad modum nos adv]sus hom9es g]amus1 efficitur1 ut et illud1 quod ad omnem hone/atem p]t9et1 decorum quam late fusum sit1 app>eat et hoc1 quod spectatur 9 uno quoque g5]e virtutis4 ,ut enim pul*ritudo corporis apta compositione membrorum movet oculos et delectat hoc ipso1 quod int] se omnes p>tes cum quodam lepore cons5tiunt1 sic hoc decorum1 quod elucet 9 vita1 movet approbationem eorum1 quibuscum vivitur1 ord9e et con/antia et mod]atione dictorum omnium atque factorum4 99#ii99 ,adhib5da e/ igitur qua$am rev]5tia adv]sus hom9es et optimi cuiusque et reliquorum4 ,nam negleg]e1 quid de se quisque s5tiat1 non solum arrogantis e/1 s$ etiam omn9o dissoluti4 ,e/ autem1 quod diff]at 9 hom9um ratione hab5da int] iu/itiam et v]ecundiam4 ,iu/itiae p>tes sunt non viol>e hom9es1 v]ecundiae non (f5d]e2 9 quo maxime vis p]spicitur decori4 ,8 igitur expositis1 quale sit id1 quod dec]e dicimus1 intellectum puto4 99#ajj99 ,(ficium autem1 quod ab eo ducitur1 hanc primum habet viam1 quae d$ucit ad conv5i5tiam cons]vationemque naturae2 quam si sequemur ducem1 numquam ab]rabimus sequemurque et id1 quod acutum et p]spicax natura e/1 et id1 quod ad hom9um consociationem accommodatum1 et id1 quod vehem5s atque =te4 ,s$ maxima vis decori 9 hac ine/ p>te1 de qua disputamus2 neque enim solum corporis1 qui ad naturam apti sunt1 s$ multo etiam magis animi motus prob&i1 qui item ad naturam accommodati sunt4 99#aja99 ,duplex e/ enim vis animorum atque natura2#ij una p>s 9 appetitu posita e/1 quae e/ ,graece1 quae hom9em huc et illuc rapit1 alt]a 9 ratione1 quae docet et#ia explanat1 quid faci5dum fugi5dumque#ib sit4 ,ita fit1 ut ratio praesit1 appetitus obtemp]et4 #hh ,s$ tum ,l c1 ,edd42 s$ ut tum ,a ,b ,h b4 #hi reliqu>um ,a#a ,b#a ,h a b2 reliquorum ,a#b ,b#b c4 #ij natura ,edd42 naturae ,,mss4 #ia et ,l c1 ,edd42 n 9 ,a ,b ,h b4 #ib fugi5dumque ,a ,b ,h a b2 fugi5dumve ,l c p4 ,poetic propriety4 99#ig99 ,,xxviii4 ,t ?is is ! common acceptation ( propriety we may inf] f t propriety :i* poets aim to secure4 ,conc]n+ t1 ,i h occasion to say m 9 ano!r connection4 ,n[1 we say t ! poets obs]ve propriety1 :5 e ^w or action is 9 accord ) ea* individual "*4 ,= example1 if ,aeacus or ,m9os said3 ,let !m hate1 if only !y fe>1 or3 ,! fa!r is himself 8 *ildr5's tomb1 t w\ld seem improp]1 because we are told t !y 7 j m54 ,b :5 ,atreus speaks ^? l9es1 !y call =? applause2 = ! s5tim5t is 9 keep+ ) ! "*4 ,b x w re/ ) ! poets to decide1 accord+ to ! individual *>act]s1 :at is prop] = ea*2 b to u ,nature h]self has assign$ a "* ( surpass+ excell5ce1 f> sup]ior to t ( all o!r liv+ creatures1 & 9 accordance ) t we %all h to decide :at propriety requires4 99#ih99 ,! poets w obs]ve1 !re=e1 amid a great v>iety ( *>act]s1 :at is suitable & prop] = all--ev5 = ! bad4 ,moral propriety4 ,b to u ,nature has assign$ ! rles ( /eadfa/ness1 temp]ance1 self-control1 & consid]at5ess ( o!rs2 ,nature also tea*es u n to be c>eless 9 our behavi\r t[>ds our fell[-m54 ,h5ce we may cle>ly see h[ wide is ! application n only ( t propriety :i* is ess5tial to moral rectitude 9 g5]al1 b also ( ! special propriety :i* is display$ 9 ea* p>ticul> subdivision ( virtue4 ,=1 z physical beauty ) h>moni\s symmetry ( ! limbs engages ! att5tion & delights ! eye1 = ! v reason t all ! p>ts comb9e 9 h>mony & grace1 s ?is propriety1 :i* %9es out 9 our conduct1 engages ! approbation ( our fell[-m5 by ! ord]1 consi/5cy1 & self-control x imposes ^u e ^w & de$4 ,consid]at5ess4 99#ii99 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 9 our deal+s ) p %[ :at ,i may almo/ call rev]5ce t[>d all m5--n only t[>d ! m5 :o are ! be/1 b t[>d o!rs z well4 ,= indiff]5ce to public op9ion implies n m]ely self-suffici5cy1 b ev5 total lack ( pr9ciple4 ,!re is1 too1 a diff]5ce betwe5 ju/ice & consid]at5ess 9 "o's relations to "o's fell[-m54 ,x is ! function ( ju/ice n to d wrong to "o's fell[-m52 ( consid]at5ess1 n to w\nd _! feel+s2 & 9 ?is ! ess5ce ( propriety is be/ se54 ,) ! =ego+ exposition1 ,i ?9k x is cle> :at ! nature is ( :at we t]m propriety4 ,duties prescrib$ by propriety3 99#ajj99 ,fur!r1 z to ! duty :i* has its s\rce 9 propriety1 ! fir/ road on :i* x conducts u leads to h>mony ) ,nature & ! fai?ful obs]vance ( h] laws4 7#a7 ,foll[ ,nature1 ,if we foll[ ,nature z our guide1 we %all nev] g a/ray1 b we %all be pursu+ t :i* is 9 its nature cle>-sight$ & p5etrat+ 7,wisdom71 t :i* is adapt$ to promote & /r5g!n society 7,ju/ice71 & t :i* is /rong & c\rage\s 7,=titude74 ,b ! v ess5ce ( propriety is f\nd 9 ! division ( virtue :i* is n[ "u discussion 7,temp]ance74 ,= x is only :5 !y agree ) ,nature's laws t we %\ld give our approval to ! movem5ts n only ( ! body1 b /ill m ( ! _s4 7#b7 subject appetite to reason4 99#aja99 ,n[ we f9d t ! ess5tial activity ( ! _s is tw(old3 "o =ce is appetite 7t is1 1 9 ,greek71 :i* impels a man ?is way & t2 ! o!r is reason1 :i* tea*es & expla9s :at %\ld be done & :at %\ld be left undone4 ,! result is t reason comm&s1 appetite obeys4 ,,xxix4 ,omnis autem actio vac>e debet tem]itate et negleg5tia nec v]o ag]e quicquam1 cuius non possit causam probabilem r$d]e2 haec e/ enim f]e discriptio#ic (ficii4 99#ajb99 ,effici5dum autem e/1 ut appetitus rationi obo$iant eamque neque praecurrant nec propt] pigritiam aut ignaviam des]ant s9tque tranquilli atque omni animi p]turbatione c>eant2 ex quo elucebit omnis con/antia omnisque mod]atio4 ,nam qui appetitus longius evagantur et tamquam exsultantes sive cupi5do sive fugi5do non satis a ratione ret95tur1 ii#id s9e dubio f9em et modum transeunt2 rel9quunt enim et abiciunt obo$i5tiam nec rationi p>5t1 cui sunt subiecti lege naturae2 a quibus non modo animi p]turbantur1 s$ etiam corpora4 ,licet ora ipsa c]n]e iratorum aut eorum1 qui aut libid9e aliqua aut metu commoti sunt aut voluptate nimia ge/iunt2 quorum omnium voltus1 voces1 motus /atusque mutantur4 99#ajc99 ,ex quibus illud intellegitur1 ut ad (ficii =mam rev]tamur1 appetitus omnes contrah5dos s$&osque esse excit&amque animadv]sionem et dilig5tiam1 ut ne quid tem]e ac =tuito1 inconsid]ate negleg5t]que agamus4 ,neque enim ita g5]ati a natura sumus1 ut ad ludum et iocum facti esse videamur1 ad sev]itatem potius et ad qua$am /udia graviora atque maiora4 ,ludo autem et ioco uti illo quidem licet1 s$ sicut somno et quietibus cet]is tum1 cum gravibus s]iisque rebus satis fec]imus4 ,ipsumque g5us ioc&i non pr(usum nec immode/um1 s$ +5uum et facetum esse debet4 ,ut enim pu]is non omnem lud5di lic5tiam damus1 s$ eam1 quae ab hone/atis actionibus non sit ali5a1 sic 9 ipso ioco aliquod probi +5ii lum5 eluceat4 99#ajd99 ,duplex omn9o e/ ioc&i g5us1 unum illib]ale1 petulans1 flagitiosum1 obsc5um1 alt]um elegans1 urbanum1 +5iosum1 facetum4 ,quo g5]e non modo ,plautus no/] et ,atticorum antiqua como$ia1 s$ etiam philosophorum ,socraticorum libri ref]ti sunt1 multaque multorum facete dicta1 ut ea1 quae a s5e ,catone collecta sunt1 quae vocant 4 ,facilis igitur e/ di/9ctio +5ui et illib]alis ioci4 ,alt] e/1 si tempore fit1 ut si remisso animo1 gravissimo hom9e dignus1#ie alt] ne lib]o quidem1 si r]um turpitud9i adhibetur v]borum#if obsc5itas4 ,lud5di etiam e/ quidam modus ret95dus1 ut ne nimis omnia pr(undamus elatique voluptate 9 aliquam turpitud9em delabamur4 ,supp$itant autem et campus no/] et /udia v5&i hone/a exempla lud5di4 #ic discriptio ,b ,h1 ,bt4#a2 descriptio ,a ,l a b c1 ,bt4#b1 ,mll]1 ,he9e4 #id ii ,edd42 hi a2 hii ,h2 hij c4 #ie fit1 ut si remisso animo1 gravissimo hom9e dignus ,ed42 fit1 ut 7et c7 remisso animo hom9e dignus ,,mss42 fit aut si rem4 an4 magno hom9e ,madvig2 fit1 ut sit remissio animo1 hom9e dignus ,ung]4 #if turpitud9i adhibetur v]borum ,a ,b ,h a b1 ,edd42 turpitudo adhibetur et v]borum ,l c4 ,,xxix4 ,aga91 e action ought to be free f undue ha/e or c>elessness2 nei!r ought we to d any?+ = :i* we _c assign a reasonable motive2 = 9 ^! words we h practically a def9ition ( duty4 99#ajb99 ,! appetites1 moreov]1 mu/ be made to obey ! re9s ( reason & nei!r all[$ to run ahead ( x nor f li/lessness or indol5ce to lag beh9d2 b p %\ld enjoy calm ( s\l & be free f e sort ( passion4 ,self-control 9 7#a7 passions1 ,z a result /r5g? ( "* & self-control w %9e =? 9 all _! lu/re4 ,= :5 appetites ov]/ep _! b\nds & gallop+ away1 s to speak1 :e!r 9 desire or av]sion1 are n well held 9 h& by reason1 !y cle>ly ov]leap all b\nd & measure2 = !y ?r[ ob$i5ce (f & leave x beh9d & refuse to obey ! re9s ( reason1 to :i* !y are subject by ,nature's laws4 ,& n only m9ds b bodies z well are disord]$ by su* appetites4 ,we ne$ only to look at ! faces ( m5 9 a rage or "u ! influ5ce ( "s passion or fe> or beside !mselves ) extravagant joy3 9 e in/ance _! features1 voices1 motions1 attitudes und]go a *ange4 99#ajc99 ,f all ?is--to return to our sket* ( duty--we see t all ! appetites mu/ be controll$ & calm$ & t we mu/ take inf9ite pa9s n to d any?+ f m]e impulse or at r&om1 )\t due consid]ation & c>e4 7#b7 amusem5ts1 ,= ,nature has n br\ght u into ! _w to act z if we 7 creat$ = play or je/1 b r = e>ne/ness & = "s m s]i\s & important pursuits4 ,we may1 ( c\rse1 indulge 9 sport & je/1 b 9 ! same way z we enjoy sleep or o!r relaxations1 & only :5 we h satisfi$ ! claims ( our e>ne/1 s]i\s tasks4 7#c7 raill]y1 ,fur!r ?an t1 ! mann] ( je/+ itself ought n to be extravagant or immod]ate1 b ref9$ & witty4 ,= z we d n grant our *ildr5 unlimit$ lic5ce to play1 b only su* fre$om z is n incompatible ) good conduct1 s ev5 9 our je/+ let ! light ( a pure "* %9e =?4 99#ajd99 ,!re are1 g5]ally speak+1 two sorts ( je/3 ! "o1 co>se1 rude1 vici\s1 indec5t2 ! o!r1 ref9$1 polite1 clev]1 witty4 ,) ?is latt] sort n only our own ,plautus & ! ,old ,com$y ( ,a!ns1 b also ! books ( ,socratic philosophy ab\nd2 & we h _m witty say+s ( _m m5--l ^? collect$ by old ,cato "u ! title ( ,bons ,mots 7or ,apoph!gms74 ,s ! di/9ction betwe5 ! elegant & ! vulg> je/ is an easy matt]3 ! "o k9d1 if well tim$ 7= in/ance1 9 h\rs ( m5tal relaxation71 is becom+ to ! mo/ dignifi$ p]son2 ! o!r is unfit = any g5tleman1 if ! subject is indec5t & ! words obsc5e4 ,!n1 too1 c]ta9 b\nds mu/ be obs]v$ 9 our amusem5ts & we mu/ be c>eful n to c>ry ?+s too f> &1 swept away by our passions1 lapse into "s %ameful excess4 ,our ,campus1 h[ev]1 & ! amusem5ts ( ! *ase are examples ( :olesome recreation4 99#aje99 ,,xxx4 ,s$ p]t9et ad omnem (ficii quae/ionem semp] 9 promptu hab]e1 quantum natura hom9is pecudibus reliquisque beluis antec$at2 illae nihil s5tiunt nisi voluptatem ad eamque f]untur omni impetu1 hom9is autem m5s disc5do alitur et cogit&o1 semp] aliquid aut anquirit aut agit vid5dique et audi5di delectatione ducitur4 ,qu9 etiam1 si quis e/ paulo ad voluptates prop5sior1 modo ne sit ex pecudum g5]e 7sunt enim quidam hom9es non re1 s$ nom9e71 s$ si quis e/ paulo erectior1 quamvis voluptate capiatur1 occultat et dissimulat appetitum voluptatis propt] v]ecundiam4 99#ajf99 ,ex quo intellegitur corporis voluptatem non satis esse dignam hom9is prae/antia1 eamque contemni et reici oport]e2 s9 sit quispiam1 qui aliquid tribuat voluptati1 dilig5t] ei t55dum esse eius fru5dae modum4 ,itaque victus cultusque corporis ad valetud9em ref]atur et ad vires1 non ad voluptatem4 ,atque etiam si consid]>e volumus1#ig quae sit 9 natura excell5tia et dignitas1 intellegemus1 quam sit turpe difflu]e luxuria et delicate ac mollit] viv]e quamque hone/um p>ce1 cont95t]1 sev]e1 sobrie4 99#ajg99 ,intelleg5dum etiam e/ duabus quasi nos a natura indutos esse p]sonis2 qu>um una communis e/ ex eo1 quod omnes p>ticipes sumus rationis prae/antiaeque eius1 qua antecellimus be/iis1 a qua omne hone/um decorumque trahitur1 et ex qua ratio inv5i5di (ficii exquiritur1 alt]a autem1 quae proprie s+ulis e/ tributa4 ,ut enim 9 corporibus magnae dissimilitud9es sunt 7alios videmus velocitate ad cursum1 alios viribus ad luct&um val]e1 itemque 9 =mis aliis dignitatem inesse1 aliis v5u/atem71 sic 9 animis exsi/unt maiores etiam v>ietates4 99#ajh99 ,erat 9 ,l4 ,crasso1 9 ,l4 ,philippo multus lepos1 maior etiam magisque de indu/ria 9 ,c4 ,caes>e ,l4 filio2 at isdem temporibus 9 ,m4 ,scauro et 9 ,m4 ,druso adulesc5te s+ul>is sev]itas1 9 ,c4 ,laelio multa hil>itas1 9 eius famili>i ,scipione ambitio maior1 vita tri/ior4 ,de ,graecis autem dulcem et facetum fe/ivique s]monis atque 9 omni oratione simulatorem1 quem ,graeci#ih nom9>unt1 ,socratem accepimus1 contra ,py?agoram et ,p]iclem summam auctoritatem consecutos s9e ulla hil>itate4 ,callidum ,hannibalem ex ,po5orum1 ex no/ris ducibus ,q4 ,maximum accepimus1 facile cel>e1 tac]e1 dissimul>e1 insidi>i1 pra]ip]e ho/ium consilia4 ,9 quo g5]e ,graeci ,!mi/oclem et ,ph]aeum ,iasonem cet]is anteponunt2 9 primisque v]sutum et callidum factum ,solonis1 qui1 quo et tutior eius vita esset et plus aliquanto rei publicae prodesset1 fur]e se simulavit4 99#aji99 ,sunt 8 alii multum disp>es1 simplices et ap]ti1 qui nihil ex occulto1 nihil de insidiis ag5dum putant1 v]itatis cultores1 fraudis inimici1 itemque alii1 qui#ii quidvis p]petiantur1 cuivis des]viant1 dum1 quod vel9t1 consequantur1 ut ,sullam et ,m4 ,crassum videbamus4 ,quo 9 g5]e v]sutissimum et pati5tissimum ,lac$aemonium ,lys&rum accepimus1 contraque ,callicratidam1 qui praefectus classis proximus po/ ,lys&rum fuit2 itemque 9 s]monibus alium quemque1 quamvis#ajj praepot5s sit1 effic]e1 ut unus de multis esse videatur2 quod 9 ,catulo1 et 9 patre et 9 filio1 itemque 9 ,q4 ,mucio ,mancia#aja vidimus4 ,audivi ex maioribus natu hoc idem fuisse 9 ,p4 ,scipione ,nasica1 contraque patrem eius1 illum qui ,ti4 ,grac*i conatus p]ditos v9dicavit1 nullam comitatem habuisse s]monis ne ,x5ocratem quidem1 sev]issimum philosophorum1#ajb ob eamque rem ipsam magnum et cl>um fuisse4 ,innum]abiles aliae dissimilitud9es sunt naturae morumque1 m9ime tam5 vitup]&orum4 #ig volumus ,a ,b#a ,h#a b2 volemus ,b#b ,h#b1 ,bt41 ,he9e2 velimus ,l2 vellemus c4 #ih ,graeci ,edd42 ironia graeci ,a ,b ,h b2 ironian graeci a2 greci mironian c4 #ii qui ,a ,l c2 si ,b ,h a b4 #ajj alium quemque quamvis ,ed42 alium quemque quamvis ,,mss42 quemque alium quamvis p2 aliquem1 quamvis ,pe>ce1 ,bt42 alium quamvis1 ,facciolati1 ,he9e4 #aja et 9 patre et 9 filio ,a ,b b1 ,edd42 et 9 patre et filio ,h a2 et patre et filio ,l c4 itemque ,b ,h#b1 ,bt4#a1 ,mll]2 idemque ,a ,h#a ,l a b c1 ,bt4#b1 ,he9e4 9 ,q ,mucio ,mancia ,he9e1 ,bt4#b2 9 q4 mucio mantia ,b2 9 q4 mutio mancia ,h ,l c2 9 q4 mutio mantia a2 inque mucio mantia b2 inque mutio mantia ,a2 9 q4 muntio mantia p2 9 ,q4 ,mucio1 ,mancia ,mll]4 #ajb ne 7nec c7 ,x5ocratem 7-n ,l c7 444 philosophorum ,,mss42 bracket$ by ,heumann1 ,edd4 99#aje99 ,,xxx4 ,b x is ess5tial to e inquiry ab\t duty t we keep be=e our eyes h[ f> sup]ior man is by nature to cattle & o!r bea/s3 !y h no ?\ght except = s5sual pleasure & ?is !y are impell$ by e in/9ct to seek2 b man's m9d is nurtur$ by /udy & m$itation2 he is always ei!r inve/igat+ or do+1 & he is captivat$ by ! pleasure ( see+ & he>+4 7#d7 pleasure4 ,nay1 ev5 if a man is m ?an ord9>ily incl9$ to s5sual pleasures1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t he be n q on a level ) ! bea/s ( ! field 7= "s p are m5 only 9 "n1 n 9 fact7--if1 ,i say1 he is a little too susceptible to ! attractions ( pleasure1 he hides ! fact1 h[ev] mu* he may be caught 9 its toils1 & = v %ame conceals 8 appetite4 99#ajf99 ,f ?is we see t s5sual pleasure is q unwor?y ( ! dignity ( man & t we ought to despise x & ca/ x f u2 b if "s "o %\ld be f\nd :o sets "s value ^u s5sual gratification1 he mu/ keep /rictly )9 ! limits ( mod]ate indulg5ce4 ,"o's physical com=ts & wants1 !re=e1 %\ld be ord]$ accord+ to ! dem&s ( heal? & /r5g?1 n accord+ to ! calls ( pleasure4 ,& if we w only be> 9 m9d ! sup]iority & dignity ( our nature1 we %all realize h[ wrong x is to ab&on ourselves to excess & to live 9 luxury & voluptu\sness1 & h[ "r x is to live 9 ?rift1 self-d5ial1 simplicity1 & sobriety4 ,! univ]sal & ! individual nature ( man4 99#ajg99 ,we mu/ realize also t we are inve/$ by ,nature ) two *>act]s1 z x 73 "o ( ^! is univ]sal1 aris+ f ! fact ( our be+ all alike end[$ ) reason & ) t sup]iority :i* lifts u above ! brute4 ,f ?is all morality & propriety are d]iv$1 & ^u x dep5ds ! rational me?od ( asc]ta9+ our duty4 ,individual end[m5ts4 ,! o!r "* is ! "o t is assign$ to individuals 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 ! matt] ( physical end[m5t !re are great diff]5ces3 "s1 we see1 excel 9 spe$ = ! race1 o!rs 9 /r5g? = wre/l+2 s 9 po9t ( p]sonal appe>ance1 "s h /atel9ess1 o!rs comel9ess4 99#ajh99 ,div]sities ( "* are great] /ill4 ,lucius ,crassus & ,lucius ,philippus _h a l>ge fund ( wit2 ,gaius ,caes>1 ,lucius's son1 _h a /ill ri*] fund & employ$ x ) m /udi$ purpose4 ,contempor>y ) !m1 ,m>cus ,scaurus & ,m>cus ,drusus1 ! y\ng]1 7 examples ( unusual s]i\sness2 ,gaius ,laelius1 ( unb\nd$ jollity2 :ile 8 intimate fri5d1 ,scipio1 *]i%$ m s]i\s ideals & liv$ a m au/]e life4 ,among ! ,greeks1 hi/ory tells u1 ,socrates 0 fasc9at+ & witty1 a g5ial conv]sationali/2 he 0 :at ! ,greeks call --9 e conv]sation1 pret5d+ to ne$ in=mation & pr(ess+ admiration = ! wisdom ( 8 companion4 ,py?agoras & ,p]icles1 on ! o!r h&1 rea*$ ! heights ( influ5ce & p[] )\t any season+ ( mir?fulness4 ,we read t ,hannibal1 among ! ,c>?ag9ian g5]als1 & ,qu9tus ,maximus1 among our own1 7 %rewd & ready at conceal+ _! plans1 cov]+ up _! tracks1 disguis+ _! movem5ts1 lay+ /ratagems1 =e/all+ ! enemy's designs4 ,9 ^! qualities ! ,greeks rank ,!mi/ocles & ,jason ( ,ph]ae above all o!rs4 ,especially crafty & %rewd 0 ! device ( ,solon1 :o1 to make 8 own life saf] & at ! same "t to d a consid]ably l>g] s]vice = 8 c\ntry1 feign$ insanity4 99#aji99 ,!n !re are o!rs1 q diff]5t f ^!1 /raight=w>d & op51 :o ?9k t no?+ %\ld be done by und]h& means or trea*]y4 ,!y are lov]s ( tru?1 hat]s ( fraud4 ,!re are o!rs /ill :o w /oop to any?+1 truckle to anybody1 if only !y may ga9 _! ends4 ,su*1 we saw1 7 ,sulla & ,m>cus ,crassus4 ,! mo/ crafty & mo/ p]sev]+ man ( ?is type 0 ,lys&] ( ,sp>ta1 we are told2 ( ! opposite type 0 ,callicratidas1 :o succe$$ ,lys&] z admiral ( ! fleet4 ,s we f9d t ano!r1 no matt] h[ em95t he may be1 w condesc5d 9 social int]c\rse to make himself appe> b a v ord9>y p]son4 ,su* graci\sness ( mann] we h se5 9 ! case ( ,catulus--bo? fa!r & son--& also ( ,qu9tus ,mucius ,mancia4 ,i h he>d f my eld]s t ,publius ,scipio ,nasica 0 ano!r ma/] ( ?is art2 b 8 fa!r1 on ! o!r h&--! man :o puni%$ ,tib]ius ,grac*us = 8 nef>i\s und]tak+s--_h no su* graci\s mann] 9 social int]c\rse 4441 & because ( t v fact he rose to greatness & fame4 ,c\ntless o!r dissimil>ities exi/ 9 natures & *>act]s1 & !y are n 9 ! lea/ to be criticiz$4 99#aaj99 ,,xxxi4 ,admodum autem t55da sunt sua cuique non vitiosa1 s$ tam5 propria1 quo facilius decorum illud1 quod qua]imus1 ret9eatur4 ,sic enim e/ faci5dum1 ut contra univ]sam naturam nihil cont5damus1 ea tam5 cons]vata propriam no/ram sequamur1 ut1 etiamsi s9t alia graviora atque meliora1 tam5 nos /udia no/ra no/rae naturae regula#ajc metiamur2 neque enim att9et naturae repugn>e nec quicquam sequi1 quod assequi non queas4 ,ex quo magis em]git1 quale sit decorum illud1 ideo quia nihil decet invita ,m9]va1 ut aiunt1 id e/ adv]sante et repugnante natura4 99#aaa99 ,omn9o si quicquam e/ decorum1 nihil e/ pr(ecto magis quam aequabilitas cum#ajd univ]sae vitae1 tum s+ul>um actionum1 quam cons]v>e non possis1 si aliorum naturam imitans omittas tuam4 ,ut enim s]mone eo debemus uti1 qui innatus#aje e/ nobis1 ne1 ut quidam1 ,graeca v]ba inculcantes iure optimo rideamur1 sic 9 actiones omnemque vitam nullam discrepantiam conf]re debemus4 99#aab99 ,atque haec diff]5tia natur>um tantam habet vim1 ut non numquam mortem sibi ipse conscisc]e alius debeat1 alius 9 eadem causa non debeat4#ajf ,num enim alia 9 causa ,m4 ,cato fuit1 alia cet]i1 qui se 9 ,africa ,caes>i tradid]unt8 ,atqui cet]is =sitan vitio datum esset1 si se int]emiss5t1 propt]ea quod l5ior eorum vita et mores fu]ant faciliores1 ,catoni cum incr$ibilem tribuisset natura gravitatem eamque ipse p]petua con/antia roboravisset semp]que 9 proposito susceptoque consilio p]mansisset1 mori5dum potius quam tyranni vultus aspici5dus fuit4 99#aac99 ,quam multa passus e/ ,ulixes 9 illo errore diuturno1 cum et muli]ibus1 si ,circe et ,calypso muli]es appell&ae sunt1 ins]viret et 9 omni s]mone omnibus affabilem et iucundum#ajg esse se vellet6 domi v]o etiam contumelias s]vorum ancill>umque p]tulit1 ut ad id aliqu&o1 quod cupiebat1 v5iret4 ,at ,aiax1 quo animo traditur1 milies oppet]e mortem quam illa p]peti maluisset4 ,quae contemplantes exp5d]e oportebit1 quid quisque habeat sui1 eaque mod]>i nec velle exp]iri1 quam se ali5a deceant2 id enim maxime quemque decet1 quod e/ cuiusque maxime suum4 99#aad99 ,suum#ajh quisque igitur noscat +5ium acremque se et bonorum et vitiorum suorum iudicem praebeat1 ne sca5ici plus quam nos videantur hab]e prud5tiae4 ,illi enim non optimas1 s$ sibi accommodatissimas fabulas eligunt2 qui voce freti sunt1 ,epigonos ,m$umque1 qui ge/u1 ,melanippam1 ,clytemne/ram1 semp] ,rupilius1 quem ego mem9i1 ,antiopam1 non saepe ,aesopus ,aiacem4 ,ergo hi/rio hoc videbit 9 sca5a1 non videbit sapi5s vir 9 vita8 ,ad quas igitur res aptissimi erimus1 9 iis potissimum elaborabimus2 s9 aliqu&o necessitas nos ad ea detrus]it1 quae no/ri +5ii non erunt1 omnis adhib5da erit cura1 m$itatio1 dilig5tia1 ut ea si non decore1 at quam m9ime indecore fac]e possimus2 nec tam#aji e/ enit5dum1 ut bona1 quae nobis data non s9t1 sequamur1 quam ut vitia fugiamus4 #ajc /udia no/ra no/rae naturae regula ,erne/i1 ,bt41 ,he9e2 /udia no/ra no/ra 7corr4 ex no/ri7 regula ,a2 /udia no/rae regulae ,b2 /udia no/rae regul ,h2 /udia no/ra regula a2 /udia 7corr4 9 /udii7 no/ri regula b2 /udia no/ra naturae regula ,l c1 ,nonius2 /udia no/rae naturae regula ,mll]4 #ajd cum ,lamb9us1 ,edd42 n 9 ,,mss4 #aje innatus ,bt41 ,edd42 notus ,,mss4 #ajf alius 9 eadem causa non debeat ,l c p1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 n 9 ,a ,b ,h b2 alius non debeat a2 alius 9 eadem causa non debeat ,bt41 ,ed4 #ajg et iocundum ,l c p2 n 9 ,a ,b ,h a b2 et iucundum ,bt41 ,ed4 #ajh ,suum ,orelli2 n 9 ,,mss42 b p has +5ium suum4 #aji tam ,l c1 ,edd42 tam 7i4e4 tam57 ,a ,b ,h b4 ,conduct mu/ accord ) individual end[m5ts4 99#aaj99 ,,xxxi4 ,ev]ybody1 h[ev]1 mu/ resolutely hold fa/ to 8 own peculi> gifts1 9 s f> z !y are peculi> only & n vici\s1 9 ord] t propriety1 :i* is ! object ( our inquiry1 may ! m easily be secur$4 ,= we mu/ s act z n to oppose ! univ]sal laws ( human nature1 b1 :ile safegu>d+ ^?1 to foll[ ! b5t ( our own p>ticul> nature2 & ev5 if o!r c>e]s %\ld be bett] & nobl]1 we may /ill regulate our own pursuits by ! /&>d ( our own nature4 ,= x is ( no avail to fight aga9/ "o's nature or to aim at :at is impossible ( atta9m5t4 ,f ?is fact ! nature ( t propriety def9$ above comes into /ill cle>] light1 inasmu* z no?+ is prop] t goes aga9/ ! gra91 z ! say+ is--t is1 if x is 9 direct opposition to "o's natural g5ius4 99#aaa99 ,if !re is any su* ?+ z propriety at all1 x c be no?+ m ?an uni=m consi/5cy 9 ! c\rse ( our life z a :ole & all its individual actions4 ,& ?is uni=m consi/5cy "o c\ld n ma9ta9 by copy+ ! p]sonal traits ( o!rs & elim9at+ "o's own4 ,= z we ought to employ our "m-tongue1 le/1 l c]ta9 p :o are cont9ually dragg+ 9 ,greek words1 we draw well des]v$ ridicule ^u ourselves1 s we ought n to introduce any?+ =eign into our actions or our life 9 g5]al4 99#aab99 ,! same c\rse may be "r = "o1 wrong = ano!r4 ,inde$1 su* div]sity ( "* c>ries ) x s great significance t suicide may be = "o man a duty1 = ano!r "u ! same circum/ances a crime4 ,did ,m>cus ,cato f9d himself 9 "o pr$icam5t1 & 7 ! o!rs1 :o surr5d]$ to ,caes> 9 ,africa1 9 ano!r8 ,& yet1 p]haps1 !y w\ld h be5 condemn$1 if !y _h tak5 _! lives2 = _! mode ( life _h be5 less au/]e & _! *>act]s m pliable4 ,b ,cato _h be5 end[$ by nature ) an au/]ity beyond belief1 & he himself _h /r5g!n$ x by unsw]v+ consi/5cy & _h rema9$ ev] true to 8 purpose & fix$ resolve2 & x 0 = him to die r ?an to look ^u ! face ( a tyrant4 99#aac99 ,h[ mu* ,ulysses endur$ on ^? long w&]+s1 :5 he submitt$ to ! s]vice ev5 ( wom5 7if ,circe & ,calypso may be call$ wom57 & /rove 9 e ^w to be c\rte\s & complaisant to all6 ,& arriv$ at home1 he brook$ ev5 ! insults ( 8 m5-s]vants & maid-s]vants1 9 ord] to atta9 9 ! end ! object ( 8 desire4 ,b ,ajax1 ) ! temp] he is repres5t$ z hav+1 w\ld h *os5 to meet dea? a ?\s& times r ?an suff] su* indignities6 ,let e "o su/a9 8 own "*4 ,if we take ?is into consid]ation1 we %all see t x is ea* man's duty to weigh well :at are 8 own peculi> traits ( "*1 to regulate ^! prop]ly1 & n to wi% to try h[ ano!r man's w\ld suit him4 ,= ! m peculi>ly 8 own a man's "* is1 ! bett] x fits him4 99#aad99 ,e "o1 !re=e1 %\ld make a prop] e/imate ( 8 own natural ability & %[ himself a critical judge ( 8 own m]its & defects2 9 ?is respect1 we %\ld n let actors display m practical wisdom ?an we h4 ,!y select1 n ! be/ plays1 b ! ones be/ suit$ to _! tal5ts4 ,^? :o rely mo/ ^u ! quality ( _! voice take ! ,epigoni & ! ,m$us2 ^? :o place m /ress ^u ! action1 *oose ! ,melanippa & ! ,clytaemne/ra2 ,rupilius1 :om ,i rememb]1 always play$ 9 ! ,antiope1 ,aesopus r>ely 9 ! ,ajax4 ,%all a play] h reg>d to ?is 9 *oos+ 8 rle ^u ! /age1 & a wise man fail to d s 9 select+ 8 "p 9 life8 ,we %all1 !re=e1 "w to ! be/ advantage 9 t rle to :i* we are be/ adapt$4 ,b if at "s "t /ress ( circum/ances %all ?ru/ u aside into "s uncong5ial "p1 we mu/ devote to x all possible ?\ght1 practice1 & pa9s1 t we may be able to p]=m x1 if n ) propriety1 at lea/ ) z little impropriety z possible2 & we ne$ n /rive s h>d to atta9 to po9ts ( excell5ce t h n be5 v\*saf$ to u z to correct ! faults we h4 99#aae99 ,,xxxii4 ,ac duabus iis p]sonis1 quas supra dixi1 t]tia adiungitur1 quam casus aliqui aut tempus imponit2 qu>ta etiam1 quam nobismet ipsi iudicio no/ro accommodamus4 ,nam regna1 imp]ia1 nobilitas1 honores1 divitiae1#aaj opes eaque1 quae sunt 8 contr>ia1 9 casu sita temporibus gub]nantur2 ipsi autem g]]e quam p]sonam velimus1 a no/ra voluntate pr(iciscitur4 ,itaque se alii ad philosophiam1 alii ad ius civile1 alii ad eloqu5tiam applicant1 ips>umque virtutum 9 alia alius mavult excell]e4 99#aaf99 ,quorum v]o patres aut maiores aliqua gloria prae/it]unt1 ii /ud5t pl]umque eodem 9 g5]e laudis excell]e1 ut ,q4 ,mucius ,p4 f4 9 iure civili1 ,pauli filius ,africanus 9 re milit>i4 ,quidam autem ad eas laudes1 quas a patribus accep]unt1 addunt aliquam suam1 ut hic idem ,africanus eloqu5tia cumulavit bellicam gloriam2 quod idem fecit ,timo!us ,cononis filius1 qui cum belli laude non inf]ior fuisset quam pat]1 ad eam laudem doctr9ae et +5ii gloriam adiecit4 ,fit autem int]dum1 ut non nulli omissa imitatione maiorum suum quoddam in/itutum consequantur1 maximeque 9 eo pl]umque elaborant ii1#aaa qui magna sibi proponunt obscuris orti maioribus4 99#aag99 ,haec igitur omnia1 cum qua]imus1 quid deceat1 complecti animo et cogitatione debemus2 9 primis autem con/itu5dum e/1 quos nos et quales esse velimus et 9 quo g5]e vitae1 quae delib]atio e/ omnium difficillima4 ,ineunte enim adulesc5tia1 cum e/ maxima imbecillitas consilii1 tum id sibi quisque g5us aetatis deg5dae con/ituit1 quod maxime adamavit2 itaque ante implicatur aliquo c]to g5]e cursuque viv5di1 quam potuit1 quod optimum esset1 iudic>e4 ,mem4 ,,ii1 i1 #ba-cd 99#aah99 ,nam quod#aab ,h]culem ,prodicus#aac dicit1 ut e/ apud ,x5ophontem1 cum primum pubesc]et1 quod tempus a natura ad delig5dum1 quam quisque viam viv5di sit +ressurus1 datum e/1 exisse 9 solitud9em atque ibi s$5tem diu secum multumque dubitasse1 cum duas c]n]et vias1 unam ,voluptatis1 alt]am ,virtutis1 utram +r$i melius esset1 hoc ,h]culi ,iovis satu edito potuit =tasse cont+]e1 nobis non item1#aad qui imitamur1 quos cuique visum e/1 atque ad eorum /udia in/itutaque impellimur2 pl]umque autem p>5tium praeceptis imbuti ad eorum consuetud9em moremque d$ucimur2 alii multitud9is iudicio f]untur1 quaeque maiori p>ti pul*]rima vid5tur1 ea maxime exoptant2 non nulli tam5 sive felicitate quadam sive bonitate naturae s9e#aae p>5tium discipl9a rectam vitae secuti sunt viam4 #aaj nobilitas1 h41 divitiae ,ung]2 nobilitatem1 h41 divitias ,,mss4 #aaa ii ,edd42 hii ,a ,h b2 hij c2 hi ,b a4 #aab ,nam quod ,l c1 ,edd42 namque ,a ,b ,h a b4 #aac ,prodicus ,manutius1 ,edd42 prodigus ,l c2 prodigum ,b ,h b4 #aad item ,edd42 idem ,,mss4 #aae s9e ,/u]5burg1 ,edd4 pl]ique2 sive ,,mss41 ,bt4#a 99#aae99 ,,xxxii4 ,to ! two above-m5tion$ *>act]s,,ab is add$ a ?ird1 :i* "s *ance or "s circum/ance imposes1 & a f\r? also1 :i* we assume by our own delib]ate *oice4 ,regal p[]s & milit>y comm&s1 nobility ( bir? & political (fice1 weal? & influ5ce1 & _! opposites dep5d ^u *ance & are1 !re=e1 controll$ by circum/ances4 ,selection ( a c>e]3 ,b :at rle we ourselves may *oose to su/a9 is decid$ by our own free *oice4 ,& s "s turn to philosophy1 o!rs to ! civil law1 & /ill o!rs to oratory1 :ile 9 case ( ! virtues !mselves "o man pref]s to excel 9 "o1 ano!r 9 ano!r4 7#a7 inh]itance1 99#aaf99 ,!y1 ^: fa!rs or =efa!rs h a*iev$ di/9ction 9 "s p>ticul> field1 (t5 /rive to atta9 em95ce 9 ! same dep>tm5t ( s]vice3 = example1 ,qu9tus1 ! son ( ,publius ,mucius1 9 ! law2 ,africanus1 ! son ( ,paulus1 9 ! army4 ,& to t di/9ction :i* !y h sev]ally inh]it$ f _! fa!rs "s h add$ lu/re ( _! own2 = example1 t same ,africanus1 :o cr[n$ 8 inh]it$ milit>y glory ) 8 own eloqu5ce4 ,timo!us1 ,conon's son1 did ! same3 he prov$ himself n inf]ior to 8 fa!r 9 milit>y r5[n & add$ to t di/9ction ! glory ( culture & intellectual p[]4 7#b7 *oice1 ,x happ5s sometimes1 too1 t a man decl9es to foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 fa!rs & pursues a vocation ( 8 own4 ,& 9 su* call+s ^? v frequ5tly a*ieve signal success :o1 ?\gh sprung f humble p>5tage1 h set _! aims high4 99#aag99 ,all ^! que/ions1 !re=e1 we ought to be> ?\ghtfully 9 m9d1 :5 we inquire into ! nature ( propriety2 b above all we mu/ decide :o & :at mann] ( m5 we wi% to be & :at call+ 9 life we w\ld foll[2 & ?is is ! mo/ difficult problem 9 ! _w4 ,= x is 9 ! ye>s ( e>ly y\?1 :5 our judgm5t is mo/ immature1 t ea* ( u decides t 8 call+ 9 life %all be t to :i* he has tak5 a special lik+4 ,& ?us he becomes engag$ 9 "s p>ticul> call+ & c>e] 9 life1 be=e he is fit to decide intellig5tly :at is be/ = him4 ,h]cules at ! p>t+ ( ! ways4 99#aah99 ,= we _c all h ! exp]i5ce ( ,h]cules1 z we f9d x 9 ! words ( ,prodicus 9 ,x5ophon3 ,:5 ,h]cules 0 j com+ into y\?'s e/ate 7! "t :i* ,nature has appo9t$ unto e man = *oos+ ! pa? ( life on :i* he w\ld ent]71 he w5t out into a des]t place4 ,& z he saw two pa?s1 ! pa? ( ,pleasure & ! pa? ( ,virtue1 he sat d[n & debat$ long & e>ne/ly :i* "o x 7 bett] = him to take4 ,?is might1 p]haps1 happ5 to a ,h]cules1 scion ( ! se$ ( ,jove2 b x _c well happ5 to u2 = we copy1 ea* ! model he fancies1 & we are con/ra9$ to adopt _! pursuits & vocations4 ,b usually1 we are s imbu$ ) ! tea*+s ( our p>5ts1 t we fall irresi/ibly into _! mann]s & cu/oms4 7#c7 accid5t1 ,o!rs drift ) ! curr5t ( popul> op9ion & make especial *oice ( ^? call+s :i* ! majority f9d mo/ attractive4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 z ! result ei!r ( "s happy =tune or ( natural ability1 ent] ^u ! "r pa? ( life1 )\t p>5tal guidance4 ,,ab ,! univ]sal & ! individual2 #ajg4 99#aai99 ,,xxxiii4 ,illud autem maxime r>um g5us e/ eorum1 qui aut excell5ti#aaf +5ii magnitud9e aut praecl>a eruditione atque doctr9a aut utraque re ornati spatium etiam delib]&i habu]unt1 quem potissimum vitae cursum sequi vell5t2 9 qua delib]atione ad suam cuiusque naturam consilium e/ omne revoc&um4 ,nam cum 9 omnibus1 quae aguntur1 ex eo1 quo modo quisque natus e/1 ut supra dictum e/1 quid deceat1 exquirimus1 tum 9 tota vita con/itu5da multo e/ ei rei#aag cura maior adhib5da1 ut con/>e 9 p]petuitate vitae possimus nobismet ipsis nec 9 ullo (ficio claudic>e4 99#abj99 ,ad hanc autem rationem quoniam maximam vim natura habet1 =tuna proximam1 utriusque omn9o hab5da ratio e/ 9 delig5do g5]e vitae1 s$ naturae magis2 multo enim et firmior e/ et con/antior1 ut =tuna non numquam tamquam ipsa mortalis cum immortali natura pugn>e videatur4 ,qui igitur ad naturae suae non vitiosae g5us consilium viv5di omne contul]it1 is con/antiam t5eat 7id enim maxime decet71 nisi =te se intellex]it errasse 9 delig5do g5]e vitae4 ,quod si accid]it 7pote/ autem accid]e71 faci5da morum in/itutorumque mutatio e/4 ,eam mutationem si tempora adiuvabunt1 facilius commodiusque faciemus2 s9 m9us1 s5sim erit p$etemptimque faci5da1 ut amicitias1 quae m9us delect5t et m9us prob5tur1 magis dec]e c5s5t sapi5tes s5sim dilu]e quam rep5te praecid]e4 99#aba99 ,commutato autem g5]e vitae omni ratione cur&um e/1 ut id bono consilio fecisse videamur4 ,s$ quoniam paulo ante dictum e/ imit&os esse maiores1 primum illud exceptum sit1 ne vitia s9t imit&a1 de9de si natura non f]et1 ut qua$am imit>i possit#aah 7ut sup]ioris filius ,africani1 qui hunc ,paulo natum adoptavit1 propt] infirmitatem valetud9is non tam potuit patris similis esse1 quam ille fu]at sui72 si igitur non pot]it sive causas def5sit>e sive populum contionibus t5]e sive bella g]]e1 illa tam5 prae/>e debebit1 quae erunt 9 ipsius pote/ate1 iu/itiam1 fidem1 lib]alitatem1 mode/iam1 temp]antiam1 quo m9us ab eo id1 quod desit1 requiratur4 ,optima autem h]$itas a patribus traditur lib]is omnique patrimonio prae/antior gloria virtutis r]umque ge/>um1 cui d$ecori esse nefas et vitium#aai iudic&um e/4 #aaf excell5ti ,l c2 excell5te ,a ,b ,h a b2 excell5tis p4 #aag e/ ei rei ,grut]1 ,edd42 e/ eius rei ,l c p2 e/ rei ,a ,b ,h b2 e/ ei a4 #aah possit ,j4 ,m4 ,heus+]1 ,edd42 poss9t ,,mss4 #aai et 7s$ b7 vitium ,a ,b ,h a b2 et vitium ,bt4#b1 ,ed42 et vicium c2 et impium ,l p1 ,bt4#a1 ,he9e4 99#aai99 ,,xxxiii4 ,!re is "o class ( p t is v r>ely met )3 x is compos$ ( ^? :o are end[$ ) m>k$ natural ability1 or exceptional advantages ( education & culture1 or bo?1 & :o also h "t to consid] c>efully :at c>e] 9 life !y pref] to foll[2 & 9 ?is delib]ation ! decision mu/ turn :olly ^u ea* individual's natural b5t4 7#d7 natural bias4 ,= we try to f9d out f ea* "o's native disposition1 z 0 said above1 j :at is prop] = him2 & ?is we require n only 9 case ( ea* individual act b also 9 ord]+ ! :ole c\rse ( "o's life2 & ?is la/ is a matt] to :i* /ill great] c>e mu/ be giv51 9 ord] t we may be true to ourselves ?r\gh\t all our lives & n falt] 9 ! dis*>ge ( any duty4 99#abj99 ,b s9ce ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ce 9 ! *oice ( a c>e] is ex]t$ by ,nature1 & ! next mo/ p[]ful by ,=tune1 we mu/1 ( c\rse1 take acc\nt ( !m bo? 9 decid+ ^u our call+ 9 life2 b ( ! two1 ,nature claims ! m att5tion4 ,= ,nature is s mu* m /able & /eadfa/1 t = ,=tune to come into conflict ) ,nature seems l a combat betwe5 a mortal & a goddess4 ,if1 !re=e1 anyone has con=m$ 8 :ole plan ( life to ! k9d ( nature t is 8 7t is1 8 bett] nature71 let him g on ) x consi/5tly--= t is ! ess5ce ( ,propriety--unless1 p]*ance1 he %\ld discov] t he has made a mi/ake 9 *oos+ 8 life "w4 ,*ange ( vocation4 ,if ?is %\ld happ5 7& x c easily happ571 he mu/ *ange 8 vocation & mode ( life4 ,if circum/ances fav\r su* *ange1 x w be effect$ ) great] ease & conv5i5ce4 ,if n1 x mu/ be made gradually1 /ep by /ep1 j z1 :5 fri5d%ips become no long] pleas+ or desirable1 x is m prop] 7s wise m5 ?9k7 to undo ! bond little by little ?an to sev] x at a /roke4 99#aba99 ,& :5 we h once *ang$ our call+ 9 life1 we mu/ take all possible c>e to make x cle> t we h done s ) good reason4 ,b :]eas ,i said a mom5t ago t we h to foll[ 9 ! /eps ( our fa!rs1 let me make ! foll[+ exceptions3 fir/1 we ne$ n imitate _! faults2 second1 we ne$ n imitate c]ta9 o!r ?+s1 if our nature does n p]mit su* imitation2 = example1 ! son ( ! eld] ,africanus 7t ,scipio :o adopt$ ! y\ng] ,africanus1 ! son ( ,paulus7 c\ld n on acc\nt ( ill-heal? be s mu* l 8 fa!r z ,africanus _h be5 l 84 ,if1 !n1 a man is unable to conduct cases at ! b> or to hold ! p spell-b\nd ) 8 eloqu5ce or to conduct w>s1 /ill x w be 8 duty to practise ^! o!r virtues1 :i* are )9 8 rea*--ju/ice1 good fai?1 g5]osity1 temp]ance1 self-control--t 8 defici5cies 9 o!r respects may be less conspicu\s4 ,! noble/ h]itage1 h[ev]1 t is h&$ d[n f fa!rs to *ildr51 & "o m preci\s ?an any inh]it$ weal?1 is a reputation = virtue & wor?y de$s2 & to di%on\r ?is mu/ be br&$ z a s9 & a %ame4 99#abb99 ,,xxxiv4 ,et quoniam (ficia non eadem disp>ibus aetatibus tribuuntur aliaque sunt iuv5um1 alia s5iorum1 aliquid etiam de hac di/9ctione dic5dum e/4 ,e/ igitur adulesc5tis maiores natu v]]i exque iis delig]e optimos et probatissimos1 quorum consilio atque auctoritate nitatur2 ineuntis enim aetatis inscitia s5um con/itu5da et reg5da prud5tia e/4 ,maxime autem haec aetas a libid9ibus arc5da e/ ex]c5daque 9 labore pati5tiaque et animi et corporis1 ut eorum et 9 bellicis et 9 civilibus (ficiis vigeat indu/ria4 ,atque etiam cum relax>e animos et d>e se iucunditati vol5t1 caveant intemp]antiam1 mem9]9t v]ecundiae1 quod erit facilius1 si ne 9 eius modi quidem rebus maiores natu nol5t#abj int]esse4 99#abc99 ,s5ibus autem labores corporis m9u5di1 ex]citationes animi etiam aug5dae vid5tur2 d&a v]o op]a1 ut et amicos et iuv5tutem et maxime rem publicam consilio et prud5tia quam plurimum adiuv5t4 ,nihil autem magis cav5dum e/ s5ectuti1 quam ne languori se desidiaeque d$at2 luxuria v]o cum omni aetati turpis1 tum s5ectuti fo$issima e/2 s9 autem etiam libid9um intemp]antia accessit1 duplex malum e/1 quod et ipsa s5ectus d$ecus concipit et facit adulesc5tium impud5tiorem intemp]antiam4 99#abd99 ,ac ne illud quidem ali5um e/1 de magi/ratuum1 de privatorum1 de civium1#aba de p]egr9orum (ficiis dic]e4 ,e/ igitur proprium munus magi/ratus intelleg]e se g]]e p]sonam civitatis deb]eque eius dignitatem et decus su/9]e1 s]v>e leges1 iura discrib]e1#abb ea fidei suae commissa mem9isse4 ,privatum autem oportet aequo et p>i cum civibus iure viv]e neque summissum et abiectum neque se eff]5tem1#abc tum 9 re publica ea velle1 quae tranquilla et hone/a s9t2 talem enim solemus et s5tire bonum civem et dic]e4 99#abe99 ,p]egr9i autem atque incolae (ficium e/ nihil praet] suum negotium ag]e1 nihil de alio anquir]e m9imeque esse 9 ali5a re publica curiosum4 ,ita f]e (ficia rep]i5tur1 cum qua]etur1 quid deceat1 et quid aptum sit p]sonis1 temporibus1 aetatibus4 ,nihil e/ autem1 quod tam deceat1 quam 9 omni re g]5da consilioque capi5do s]v>e con/antiam4 #abj si ne 9 444 nol5t ,/u]5burg1 ,edd42 si 9 444 nol9t ,a ,b ,h a b2 si 9 444 vol5t ,l c2 si 9 444 non nol9t ,lamb9us4 #aba de civium ,,mss42 de civium ,hi]on41 ,wolff1 ,edd4 #abb discrib]e ,bt41 ,ed41 ,he9e2 describ]e ,,mss4 #abc eff]5tem ,a ,h#a ,l a b c2 ecf]5tem ,b ,h#b1 ,ed4 99#abb99 ,,xxxiv4 ,s9ce1 too1 ! duties t prop]ly belong to diff]5t times ( life are n ! same1 b "s belong to ! "y1 o!rs to ^? m advanc$ 9 ye>s1 a ^w mu/ be said on ?is di/9ction also4 ,duties ( 7#a7 y\?1 ,x is1 !n1 ! duty ( a "y man to %[ def]5ce to 8 eld]s & to atta* himself to ! be/ & mo/ approv$ ( !m1 s z to receive ! b5efit ( _! c\nsel & influ5ce4 ,= ! inexp]i5ce ( y\? requires ! practical wisdom ( age to /r5g!n & direct x4 ,& ?is "t ( life is above all to be protect$ aga9/ s5suality & tra9$ to toil & endurance ( bo? m9d & body1 s z to be /rong = active duty 9 milit>y & civil s]vice4 ,& ev5 :5 !y wi% to relax _! m9ds & give !mselves up to enjoym5t !y %\ld bew>e ( excesses & be> 9 m9d ! rules ( mode/y4 ,& ?is w be easi]1 if ! "y are n unwill+ to h _! eld]s jo9 !m ev5 9 _! pleasures4 7#b7 age1 99#abc99 ,! old1 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld1 x seems1 h _! physical lab\rs r$uc$2 _! m5tal activities %\ld be actually increas$4 ,!y %\ld endeav\r1 too1 by means ( _! c\nsel & practical wisdom to be ( z mu* s]vice z possible to _! fri5ds & to ! "y1 & above all to ! /ate4 ,b !re is no?+ aga9/ :i* old age has to be m on its gu>d ?an aga9/ surr5d]+ to feebl5ess & idl5ess1 :ile luxury1 a vice 9 any "t ( life1 is 9 old age especially sc&al\s4 ,b if excess 9 s5sual indulg5ce is add$ to luxuri\s liv+1 x is a tw(old evil2 = old age n only disgraces itself2 x also s]ves to make ! excesses ( ! "y m %ameless4 99#abd99 ,at ?is po9t x is n at all irrelevant to discuss ! duties ( magi/rates1 ( private individuals1 ( native citiz5s1 & ( =eign]s4 7#c7 magi/rates1 ,x is1 !n1 peculi>ly ! place ( a magi/rate to be> 9 m9d t he repres5ts ! /ate & t x is 8 duty to uphold its hon\r & its dignity1 to en=ce ! law1 to disp5se to all _! con/itutional rights1 & to rememb] t all ?is has be5 committ$ to him z a sacr$ tru/4 7#d7 private citiz5s1 ,! private individual ought fir/1 9 private relations1 to live on fair & equal t]ms ) 8 fell[-citiz5s1 ) a _s nei!r s]vile & grovell+ nor yet dom9e]+2 & second1 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! /ate1 to lab\r = h] peace & hon\r2 = su* a man we are accu/om$ to e/eem & call a good citiz54 7#e7 ali5s4 99#abe99 ,z = ! =eign] or ! resid5t ali51 x is 8 duty to att5d /rictly to 8 own conc]ns1 n to pry into o!r p's bus9ess1 & "u no condition to m$dle 9 ! politics ( a c\ntry n 8 own4 ,duty & ,propriety4 ,9 ?is way ,i ?9k we %all h a fairly cle> view ( our duties :5 ! "q arises :at is prop] & :at is appropriate to ea* "*1 circum/ance1 & age4 ,b !re is no?+ s ess5tially prop] z to ma9ta9 consi/5cy 9 ! p]=mance ( e act & 9 ! conception ( e plan4 99#abf99 ,,xxxv4 ,s$ quoniam decorum illud 9 omnibus factis1 dictis1 9 corporis d5ique motu et /atu c]nitur idque positum e/ 9 tribus rebus1 =mositate1 ord9e1 ornatu ad actionem apto1 difficilibus ad eloqu5dum1 s$ satis erit intellegi1 9 8 autem tribus cont9etur cura etiam illa1 ut probemur iis1 quibuscum apud quosque vivamus1 8 quoque de rebus pauca dicantur4 ,pr9cipio corporis no/ri magnam natura ipsa videtur habuisse rationem1 quae =mam no/ram reliquamque figuram1 9 qua esset species hone/a1 eam posuit 9 promptu1 quae p>tes autem corporis ad naturae necessitatem datae aspectum ess5t de=mem habiturae atque fo$um1#abd eas contexit atque abdidit4 99#abg99 ,hanc naturae tam dilig5tem fabricam imitata e/ hom9um v]ecundia4 ,quae enim natura occultavit1 eadem omnes1 qui sana m5te sunt1 remov5t ab oculis ipsique necessitati dant op]am ut quam occultissime p>eant2 qu>umque p>tium corporis usus sunt necess>ii1 eas neque p>tes neque e>um usus suis nom9ibus appellant2 quodque fac]e turpe non e/1#abe modo occulte1 id dic]e obsc5um e/4 ,itaque nec actio r]um ill>um ap]ta petulantia vacat nec orationis obsc5itas4 99#abh99 ,nec v]o audi5di sunt ,cynici1 aut si qui fu]unt ,/oici pa5e ,cynici1 qui repreh5dunt et irrid5t1 quod ea1 quae turpia#abf non s9t1 v]bis flagitiosa ducamus1 illa autem1 quae turpia#abg s9t1 nom9ibus appellemus suis4 ,latroc9>i1 fraud>e1 adult]>e re#abh turpe e/1 s$ dicitur non obsc5e2 lib]is d>e op]am re hone/um e/1 nom9e obsc5um2 pluraque 9 eam s5t5tiam ab eisdem contra v]ecundiam disputantur4 ,nos autem naturam sequamur et ab omni1 quod abhorret ab oculorum auriumque approbatione1 fugiamus2 /atus incessus1 sessio accubitio1 vultus oculi manuum motus t5eat illud decorum4 99#abi99 ,quibus 9 rebus duo maxime sunt fugi5da1 ne quid effem9atum aut molle et ne quid durum aut ru/icum sit4 ,nec v]o hi/rionibus oratoribusque conc$5dum e/1 ut iis haec apta s9t1 nobis dissoluta4 ,sca5icorum quidem mos tantam habet vet]e discipl9a v]ecundiam1 ut 9 sca5am s9e subligaculo prodeat nemo2 v]5tur enim1 ne1 si quo casu ev5]it1 ut corporis p>tes qua$am ap]iantur1 aspiciantur non decore4 ,no/ro quidem m cum p>5tibus pub]es filii1 cum soc]is g5]i non lavantur4 ,ret95da igitur e/ huius g5]is v]ecundia1 praes]tim natura ipsa magi/ra et duce4 #abd fo$um ,klotz1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 =mam ,a ,b ,h a b2 turpem ,l c1 ,bt4 #abe turpe non e/ a1 ,edd42 non turpe e/ ,l2 non turpe 7om4 e/7 c2 turpe non turpe e/ ,a ,b ,h b 7! fir/ turpe cross$ out 9 ,a ,b74 #abf quae turpia ,b b1 ,edd42 quae re turpia1 ,l c2 quae 444 autem om4 ,h4 #abg quae turpia ,b ,h b1 ,edd42 quae re turpia ,l c4 #abh re ,b ,h1 ,edd42 n 9 ,a ,l b c p4 ,propriety 9 bodily actions4 99#abf99 ,,xxxv4 ,b ! propriety to :i* ,i ref] %[s itself also 9 e de$1 9 e ^w1 ev5 9 e movem5t & attitude ( ! body4 ,& 9 outw>d1 visible propriety !re are ?ree elem5ts--beauty1 tact1 & ta/e2 ^! conceptions are difficult to express 9 words1 b x w be en\gh = my purpose if !y are und]/ood4 ,9 ^! ?ree elem5ts is includ$ also our conc]n = ! good op9ion ( ^? ) :om & among/ :om we live4 ,= ^! reasons ,i %\ld l to say a few words ab\t ?is k9d ( propriety also4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,nature seems to h _h a wond]ful plan 9 ! con/ruction ( our bodies4 ,our face & our figure g5]ally1 9 s f> z x has a comely appe>ance1 %e has plac$ 9 sight2 b ! p>ts ( ! body t are giv5 u only to s]ve ! ne$s ( nature & t w\ld pres5t an unsightly & unpleasant appe>ance %e has cov]$ up & conceal$ f view4 99#abg99 ,mode/y4 ,man's mode/y has foll[$ ?is c>eful contrivance ( ,nature's2 all "r-m9d$ p keep out ( sight :at ,nature has hidd5 & take pa9s to respond to nature's dem&s z privately z possible2 & 9 ! case ( ^? p>ts ( ! body :i* only s]ve nature's ne$s1 nei!r ! p>ts nor ! functions are call$ by _! real names4 ,to p]=m ^! functions--if only x be done 9 private--is no?+ immoral2 b to speak ( !m is indec5t4 ,& s nei!r public p]=mance ( ^? acts nor vulg> m5tion ( !m is free f indec5cy4 99#abh99 ,b we %\ld give no he$ to ! ,cynics 7or to "s ,/oics :o are practically ,cynics7 :o c5sure & ridicule u = hold+ t ! m]e m5tion ( "s actions t are n immoral is %ameful1 :ile o!r ?+s t are immoral we call by _! real names4 ,robb]y1 fraud1 & adult]y1 = example1 are immoral 9 de$1 b x is n indec5t to "n !m4 ,to beget *ildr5 9 w$lock is 9 de$ morally "r2 to speak ( x is indec5t4 ,& !y assail mode/y ) a great _m o!r argum5ts to ! same purport4 ,b z = u1 let u foll[ nature & %un ev]y?+ t is (f5sive to our eyes or our e>s4 ,s1 9 /&+ or walk+1 9 sitt+ or recl9+1 9 our expression1 our eyes1 or ! movem5ts ( our h&s1 let u pres]ve :at we h call$ propriety4 99#abi99 ,9 ^! matt]s we mu/ avoid especially ! two extremes3 our conduct & spee* %\ld n be effem9ate & ov]-nice1 on ! "o h&1 nor co>se & boori%1 on ! o!r4 ,& we surely mu/ n admit t :ile ?is rule applies to actors & orators1 x is n b9d+ ^u u4 ,z = /age-p1 _! cu/om1 because ( its traditional discipl9e1 c>ries mode/y to su* a po9t t an actor w\ld nev] /ep out ^u ! /age )\t a bree*-clo? on1 = fe> he might make an improp] exhibition1 if by "s accid5t c]ta9 p>ts ( 8 p]son %\ld happ5 to become expos$4 ,& 9 our own cu/om1 gr[n sons d n ba! ) _! fa!rs1 nor sons-9-law ) _! fa!rs-9-law4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 keep to ! pa? ( ?is sort ( mode/y1 especially :5 ,nature is our tea*] & guide4 99#acj99 ,,xxxvi4 ,cum autem pul*ritud9is duo g5]a s9t1 quorum 9 alt]o v5u/as sit1 9 alt]o dignitas1 v5u/atem muliebrem duc]e debemus1 dignitatem virilem4 ,ergo et a =ma removeatur omnis viro non dignus ornatus1 et huic simile vitium 9 ge/u motuque caveatur4 ,nam et palae/rici motus sunt saepe odiosiores1 et hi/rionum non nulli ge/us ineptiis non vacant1#abi et 9 utroque g5]e quae sunt recta et simplicia1 laudantur4 ,=mae autem dignitas coloris bonitate tu5da e/1 color ex]citationibus corporis4 ,adhib5da praet]ea munditia e/ non odiosa neque exquisita nimis1 tantum quae fugiat agre/em et inhumanam negleg5tiam4 ,eadem ratio e/ hab5da ve/itus1 9 quo1 sicut 9 pl]isque rebus1 m$iocritas optima e/4 99#aca99 ,cav5dum autem e/1 ne aut t>ditatibus utamur 9#acj +ressu mollioribus1 ut pomp>um f]culis similes esse videamur1 aut 9 fe/9ationibus suscipiamus nimias cel]itates1 quae cum fiunt1 anhelitus mov5tur1 vultus mutantur1 ora torqu5tur2 ex quibus magna significatio fit non adesse con/antiam4 ,s$ multo etiam magis elabor&um e/1 ne animi motus a natura rec$ant2 quod assequemur1 si cavebimus1 ne 9 p]turbationes atque exanimationes incidamus1 et si att5tos animos ad decoris cons]vationem t5ebimus4 99#acb99 ,motus autem animorum duplices sunt1 alt]i cogitationis1 alt]i appetitus2 cogitatio 9 v]o exquir5do maxime v]satur1 appetitus impellit ad ag5dum4 ,cur&um e/ igitur1 ut cogitatione ad res quam optimas utamur1 appetitum rationi obo$i5tem praebeamus4 #abi ineptiis non vacant ,a ,b ,h a b2 inepti non vacant (f5sione ,l c p4 #acj 9 ,edd42 n 9 ,,mss4 ,propriety3 7#a7 9 outw>d appe>ance2 99#acj99 ,,xxxvi4 ,aga91 !re are two ord]s ( beauty3 9 ! "o1 lovel9ess pr$om9ates2 9 ! o!r1 dignity2 ( ^!1 we ought to reg>d lovel9ess z ! attribute ( woman1 & dignity z ! attribute ( man4 ,!re=e1 let all f9]y n suitable to a man's dignity be kept (f 8 p]son1 & let him gu>d aga9/ ! l fault 9 ge/ure & action4 ,! mann]s taught 9 ! palae/ra1,,ac = example1 are (t5 r objectionable1 & ! ge/ures ( actors on ! /age are n always free f affectation2 b simple1 unaffect$ mann]s are comm5dable 9 bo? in/ances4 ,n[ dignity ( mi5 is also to be enhanc$ by a good complexion2 ! complexion is ! result ( physical ex]cise4 ,we mu/ besides pres5t an appe>ance ( neatness--n too punctili\s or exquisite1 b j en\gh to avoid boori% & ill-br$ slov5l9ess4 ,we mu/ foll[ ! same pr9ciple 9 reg>d to dress4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ ?+s1 ! be/ rule is ! gold5 mean4 7#b7 9 inw>d self-control4 99#aca99 ,we mu/ be c>eful1 too1 n to fall into a habit ( li/less saunt]+ 9 our gait1 s z to look l c>ri]s 9 fe/al processions1 or ( hurry+ too fa/1 :5 "t presses4 ,if we d ?is1 x puts u out ( brea?1 our looks are *ang$1 our features di/ort$2 & all ?is is cle> evid5ce ( a lack ( poise4 ,b x is mu* m important t we succe$ 9 keep+ our m5tal op]ations 9 h>mony ) nature's laws4 ,& we %all n fail 9 ?is if we gu>d aga9/ viol5t excitem5t or depression1 & if we keep our m9ds int5t on ! obs]vance ( propriety4 99#acb99 ,our m5tal op]ations1 moreov]1 are ( two k9ds3 "s h to d ) ?\ght1 o!rs ) impulse4 ,?\ght is occupi$ *iefly ) ! discov]y ( tru?2 impulse prompts to action4 ,we mu/ be c>eful1 !re=e1 to employ our ?\ghts on !mes z elevat+ z possible & to keep our impulses "u ! control ( reason4 ,,ac ,! ,greek palae/ra1 a public s*ool ( wre/l+ & a?letics1 adopt$ by ! ,romans became a place ( ex]cise :]e ! y\? 7 tra9$ 9 ge/ures & attitudes1 a nurs]y ( foppi% mann]s4 ,,xxxvii4 ,et quoniam magna vis orationis e/1 eaque duplex1 alt]a cont5tionis1 alt]a s]monis1 cont5tio disceptationibus tribuatur iudiciorum1 contionum1 s5atus1 s]mo 9 circulis1 disputationibus1 congressionibus famili>ium v]setur1 sequatur etiam convivia4 ,cont5tionis praecepta rhetorum sunt1 nulla s]monis1 quamquam haud scio an poss9t haec quoque esse4 ,s$ disc5tium /udiis inv5iuntur magi/ri1 huic autem qui /udeant1 sunt nulli1 rhetorum turba ref]ta omnia2 quamquam1 quae#aca v]borum s5t5ti>umque praecepta sunt1 eadem ad s]monem p]t9ebunt4 99#acc99 ,s$ cum orationis indicem vocem habeamus1 9 voce autem duo sequamur1 ut cl>a sit1 ut suavis1 utrumque omn9o a natura petundum e/1 v]um alt]um ex]citatio augebit1 alt]um imitatio presse loqu5tium et l5it]4 ,nihil fuit 9 ,catulis1 ut eos exquisito iudicio put>es uti litt]>um1 quamquam erant litt]ati2 s$ et alii2 hi autem optime uti l+ua ,lat9a putabantur2 sonus erat dulcis1 litt]ae neque expressae neque oppressae1 ne aut obscurum esset aut putidum1 s9e cont5tione vox nec langu5s nec canora4 ,ub]ior oratio ,l4 ,crassi nec m9us faceta1 s$ b5e loqu5di de ,catulis op9io non m9or4 ,sale v]o et facetiis ,caes>1 ,catuli patris frat]1 vicit omnes1 ut 9 illo ipso =5si g5]e dic5di cont5tiones aliorum s]mone v9c]et4 ,9 omnibus igitur 8 elabor&um e/1 si 9 omni re quid deceat exquirimus4 99#acd99 ,sit ergo hic s]mo1 9 quo ,socratici maxime excellunt1 l5is m9imeque p]t9ax1 insit 9 eo lepos2 nec v]o1 tamquam 9 possessionem suam v5]it1 excludat alios1 s$ cum reliquis 9 rebus1 tum 9 s]mone communi vicissitud9em non iniquam putet2 ac videat 9 primis1 quibus de rebus loquatur2 si s]iis1 sev]itatem adhibeat1 si iocosis1 leporem2 9 primisque provideat1 ne s]mo vitium aliquod indicet inesse 9 moribus2 quod maxime tum solet ev5ire1 cum /udiose de abs5tibus detrah5di causa aut p] ridiculum aut sev]e mal$ice contumelioseque dicitur4 99#ace99 ,hab5tur autem pl]umque s]mones aut de dome/icis negotiis aut de re publica aut de artium /udiis atque doctr9a4 ,d&a igitur op]a e/1 ut1 etiamsi ab]r>e ad alia coep]it1 ad haec revocetur oratio1 s$ utcumque ad]unt2 neque enim isdem#acb de rebus nec omni tempore nec similit] delectamur4 ,animadv]t5dum e/ etiam1 quat5us s]mo delectationem habeat1 et1 ut incipi5di ratio fu]it1 ita sit des95di modus4 #aca quae ,a#b c1 ,edd42 quoniam 7p] comp5d47 ,a#a ,b ,h a b4 #acb enim isdem 7hisdem ,b ,h7 ,a ,b ,h b1 ,mll]2 enim omnes isdem ,l c1 mo/ ,edd4 ,propriety 9 spee*3 oratory & conv]sation4 ,,xxxvii4 ,! p[] ( spee* 9 ! atta9m5t ( propriety is great1 & its function is tw(old3 ! fir/ is oratory2 ! second1 conv]sation4 ,oratory is ! k9d ( disc\rse to be employ$ 9 plead+s 9 c\rt & spee*es 9 popul> assemblies & 9 ! s5ate2 conv]sation %\ld f9d its natural place 9 social ga!r+s1 9 in=mal discussions1 & 9 int]c\rse ) fri5ds2 x %\ld also seek admission at d9n]s4 ,!re are rules = oratory laid d[n by rhetoricians2 !re are none = conv]sation2 & yet ,i d n "k :y !re %\ld n be4 ,b :]e !re are /ud5ts to le>n1 tea*]s are f\nd2 !re are1 h[ev]1 none :o make conv]sation a subject ( /udy1 :]eas pupils ?rong ab\t ! rhetoricians ev]y:]e4 ,& yet ! same rules t we h = words & s5t5ces 9 rhetoric w apply also to conv]sation4 99#acc99 ,n[ s9ce we h ! voice z ! organ ( spee*1 we %\ld aim to secure two prop]ties = x3 t x be cle>1 & t x be musical4 ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 look to nature = bo? gifts4 ,b di/9ctness may be improv$ by practice2 ! musical qualities1 by imitat+ ^? :o speak ) smoo? & articulate enunciation4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! two ,catuli to lead "o to suppose t !y _h a ref9$ lit]>y ta/e2 !y 7 m5 ( culture1 x is true2 & s 7 o!rs2 b ! ,catuli 7 look$ ^u z ! p]fect ma/]s ( ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,_! pronunciation 0 *>m+2 _! words 7 nei!r m\!d nor mumbl$3 !y avoid$ bo? indi/9ctness & affectation2 _! voices 7 free f /ra91 yet nei!r fa9t nor %rill4 ,m copi\s 0 ! spee* ( ,lucius ,crassus & n less brilliant1 b ! reputation ( ! two ,catuli = eloqu5ce 0 fully equal to 84 ,b 9 wit & hum\r ,caes>1 ! eld] ,catulus's half-bro!r1 surpass$ !m all3 ev5 at ! b> he w\ld ) 8 conv]sational /yle defeat o!r advocates ) _! elaborate orations4 ,if1 !re=e1 we are aim+ to secure propriety 9 e circum/ance ( life1 we mu/ ma/] all ^! po9ts4 ,conv]sation z an art4 99#acd99 ,conv]sation1 !n1 9 :i* ! ,socratics are ! be/ models1 %\ld h ^! qualities4 ,x %\ld be easy & n 9 ! lea/ dogmatic2 x %\ld h ! spice ( wit4 ,& ! "o :o engages 9 conv]sation %\ld n deb> o!rs f p>ticipat+ 9 x1 z if he 7 ent]+ ^u a private monopoly2 b1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 s 9 a g5]al conv]sation he %\ld ?9k x n unfair = ea* to h 8 turn4 ,he %\ld obs]ve1 fir/ & =emo/1 :at ! subject ( conv]sation is4 ,if x is grave1 he %\ld treat x ) s]i\sness2 if humor\s1 ) wit4 ,& above all1 he %\ld be on ! wat* t 8 conv]sation %all n betray "s defect 9 8 "*4 ,?is is mo/ likely to occur1 :5 p 9 je/ or 9 e>ne/ take delight 9 mak+ malici\s & sl&]\s /atem5ts ab\t ! abs5t1 on purpose to injure _! reputations4 99#ace99 ,! subjects ( conv]sation are usually affairs ( ! home or politics or ! practice ( ! pr(essions & le>n+4 ,accord+ly1 if ! talk beg9s to drift (f to o!r *annels1 pa9s %\ld be tak5 to br+ x back aga9 to ! matt] 9 h&--b ) due consid]ation to ! company pres5t2 = we are n all int]e/$ 9 ! same ?+s at all times or 9 ! same degree4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 too1 h[ f> ! conv]sation is agreeable &1 z x _h a reason = its beg9n+1 s !re %\ld be a po9t at :i* to close x tactfully4 99#acf99 ,,xxxviii4 ,s$ quo modo 9 omni vita rectissime praecipitur1 ut p]turbationes fugiamus1 id e/ motus animi nimios rationi non optemp]antes1 sic eius modi motibus s]mo debet vac>e1 ne aut ira exsi/at aut cupiditas aliqua aut pigritia aut ignavia aut tale aliquid app>eat1 maximeque cur&um e/1 ut eos1 quibuscum s]monem conf]emus1 et v]]i et dilig]e videamur4 ,obiurgationes etiam non numquam incidunt necess>iae1 9 quibus ut5dum e/ =tasse et vocis cont5tione maiore et v]borum gravitate acriore1 id ag5dum etiam1 ut ea fac]e videamur irati4 ,s$1 ut ad ur5dum et sec&um1 sic ad hoc g5us ca/ig&i r>o invitique v5iemus nec umquam nisi necess>io1 si nulla rep]ietur alia m$ic9a2 s$ tam5 ira procul absit1 cum qua nihil recte fi]i1 nihil consid]ate pote/4 99#acg99 ,magnam autem p>tem#acc clem5ti ca/igatione licet uti1 gravitate tam5 adiuncta1 ut sev]itas adhibeatur et contumelia repellatur1 atque etiam illud ipsum1 quod ac]bitatis habet obiurgatio1 signific&um e/1 ipsius id causa1 qui obiurgetur1 esse susceptum4 ,rectum e/ autem etiam 9 illis cont5tionibus1 quae cum inimicissimis fiunt1 etiamsi nobis indigna audiamus1 tam5 gravitatem ret9]e1 iracundiam pell]e4 ,quae enim cum aliqua p]turbatione fiunt1 ea nec con/ant] fi]i possunt neque iis1 qui adsunt1 prob>i4 ,de=me etiam e/ de se ipsum pra$ic>e falsa praes]tim et cum irrisione audi5tium imit>i militem gloriosum4 #acc magnam autem p>tem ,lamb9us1 ,edd42 magna autem p>te ,,mss4 ,propriety ( spee* 99#acf99 ,,xxxviii4 ,b z we h a mo/ excell5t rule = e phase ( life1 to avoid exhibitions ( passion1 t is1 m5tal excitem5t t is excessive & uncontroll$ by reason2 s our conv]sation ought to be free f su* emotions3 let !re be no exhibition ( ang] or inord9ate desire1 ( indol5ce or indiff]5ce1 or any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,we mu/ also take ! greate/ c>e to %[ c\rtesy & consid]ation t[>d ^? ) :om we conv]se4 7#a7 9 repro(s1 ,x may sometimes happ5 t !re is ne$ ( adm9i/]+ repro(4 ,on su* occasions we %\ld1 p]haps1 use a m emphatic tone ( voice & m =cible & sev]e t]ms & ev5 assume an appe>ance ( be+ angry4 ,b we %all h rec\rse to ?is sort ( repro(1 z we d to caut]y & amputation1 r>ely & reluctantly--nev] at all1 unless x is unavoidable & no o!r rem$y c be discov]$4 ,we may seem angry1 b ang] %\ld be f> f u2 = 9 ang] no?+ "r or judici\s c be done4 99#acg99 ,9 mo/ cases1 we may apply a mild repro(1 s comb9$1 h[ev]1 ) e>ne/ness1 t :ile sev]ity is %[n1 (f5sive language is avoid$4 ,nay m1 we mu/ %[ cle>ly t ev5 t v h>%ness :i* goes ) our repro( is design$ = ! good ( ! p]son reprov$4 7#b7 9 disputes1 ,! "r c\rse1 moreov]1 ev5 9 our diff]5ces ) our bitt]e/ enemies1 is to ma9ta9 our dignity & to repress our ang]1 ev5 ?\gh we are treat$ outrage\sly4 ,= :at is done "u "s degree ( excitem5t _c be done ) p]fect self-respect or ! approval ( ^? :o witness x4 7#c7 9 self-praise4 ,x is bad ta/e also to talk ab\t oneself--especially if :at "o says is n true--&1 amid ! d]ision ( "o's he>]s1 to play ,! ,bragg>t ,capta94,,ad ,,ad ,l ,pyrgopol9ices 9 ! ,miles ,gloriosus ( ,plautus1 or ,?raso 9 ! ,eunu*us ( ,t]5ce4 99#ach99 ,,xxxix4 ,et quoniam omnia p]sequimur1 volumus quidem c]te1 dic5dum e/ etiam1 qualem hom9is honorati et pr9cipis domum placeat esse1 cuius f9is e/ usus1#acd ad quem accommod&a e/ a$ific&i descriptio et tam5 adhib5da commoditatis dignitatisque dilig5tia4 ,cn4 ,octavio1 qui primus ex illa familia consul factus e/1 honori fuisse accepimus1 quod praecl>am a$ificasset 9 ,palatio et pl5am dignitatis domum2 quae cum vulgo vis]etur1 suffragata dom9o1 novo hom9i1 ad consulatum putabatur2 hanc ,scaurus demolitus accessionem adiunxit a$ibus4 ,itaque ille 9 suam domum consulatum primus attulit1 hic1 summi et cl>issimi viri filius1 9 domum multiplicatam non repulsam solum rettulit1 s$ ignom9iam etiam et#ace calamitatem4 99#aci99 ,orn&a enim e/ dignitas domo1 non ex domo tota qua]5da1 nec domo dom9us1 s$ dom9o domus hone/&a e/1 et1 ut 9 cet]is hab5da ratio non sua solum1 s$ etiam aliorum1 sic 9 domo cl>i hom9is1 9 quam et hospites multi recipi5di et admitt5da hom9um cuiusque modi multitudo1 adhib5da cura e/ laxitatis2 alit] ampla domus d$ecori saepe dom9o fit1#acf si e/ 9 ea solitudo1 et maxime1 si aliqu&o alio dom9o solita e/ frequ5t>i4 ,odiosum e/ enim1 cum a praet]euntibus dicitur3 ,inc4 inc4 fab41 ,ribbeck#b1 #ahd-ahe o domus ntiqua1 heu#acg quam dsp>i dom9re dom9o6 quod quidem 8 temporibus 9 multis licet dic]e4 99#adj99 ,cav5dum autem e/1 praes]tim si ipse a$ifices1 ne extra modum sumptu et magnific5tia prodeas2 quo 9 g5]e multum mali etiam 9 exemplo e/4 ,/udiose enim pl]ique praes]tim 9 hanc p>tem facta pr9cipum imitantur1 ut ,l4 ,luculli1 summi viri1 virtutem quis8 at quam multi vill>um magnific5tiam imitati6 qu>um quidem c]te e/ adhib5dus modus ad m$iocritatemque#ach revoc&us4 ,eademque m$iocritas ad omnem usum cultumque vitae transf]5da e/4 ,s$ haec hact5us4 99#ada99 ,9 omni autem actione suscipi5da tria sunt t55da1 primum ut appetitus rationi p>eat1 quo nihil e/ ad (ficia cons]v&a accommodatius1 de9de ut animadv]tatur1 quanta illa res sit1 quam effic]e velimus1 ut neve maior neve m9or cura et op]a suscipiatur1 quam causa po/ulet4 ,t]tium e/1 ut caveamus1 ut ea1 quae p]t95t ad lib]alem speciem et dignitatem1#aci mod]ata#adj s9t4 ,modus autem e/ optimus decus ipsum t5]e1 de quo ante diximus1 nec progr$i longius4 ,horum tam5 trium prae/antissimum e/ appetitum optemp]>e rationi4 #acd e/ usus ,l c1 ,edd42 et usus ,b ,h a b4 #ace et ,l c1 ,edd42 n 9 ,b ,h b4 #acf fit ,bt41 ,ed42 sit ,b ,h a b2 e/ ,l 7corr4 ex sit b71 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 n 9 c4 #acg heu ,edd42 et ,,mss42 ei ,s*5kl4 #ach m$iocritatemque3 que italiciz$ by ,ed4 b atte/$ by ,b ,h ,l b c4 #aci ad lib]alem speciem et dignitatem ,b ,h b1 ,edd42 ad lib]alitatem specie et dignitate ,l c p4 #adj mod]ata ,l c p1 ,edd42 mod]&a ,b ,h a b4 ,! prop] home4 99#ach99 ,,xxxix4 ,b s9ce ,i am inve/igat+ ?is subject 9 all its phases 7at lea/1 t is my purpose71 ,i mu/ discuss also :at sort ( h\se a man ( rank & /ation %\ld1 9 my op9ion1 h4 ,its prime object is s]viceabl5ess4 ,to ?is ! plan ( ! build+ %\ld be adapt$2 & yet c>eful att5tion %\ld be paid to its conv5i5ce & di/9ction4 ,we h he>d t ,gnaeus ,octavius--! fir/ ( t family to be elect$ consul--di/+ui%$ himself by build+ ^u ! ,palat9e an attractive & impos+ h\se4 ,ev]ybody w5t to see x1 & x 0 ?\ght to h ga9$ votes = ! own]1 a new man1 9 8 canvass = ! consul%ip4 ,t h\se ,scaurus demoli%$1 & on its site he built an addition to 8 own h\se4 ,octavius1 !n1 0 ! fir/ ( 8 family to br+ ! hon\r ( a consul%ip to 8 h\se2 ,scaurus1 ?\gh ! son ( a v great & illu/ri\s man1 br\ght to ! same h\se1 :5 enl>g$1 n only defeat1 b disgrace & ru94 99#aci99 ,! tru? is1 a man's dignity may be enhanc$ by ! h\se he lives 91 b n :olly secur$ by x2 ! own] %\ld br+ hon\r to 8 h\se1 n ! h\se to its own]4 ,&1 z 9 ev]y?+ else a man mu/ h reg>d n = himself alone b = o!rs also1 s 9 ! home ( a di/+ui%$ man1 9 :i* num]\s gue/s mu/ be ent]ta9$ & cr[ds ( e sort ( p receiv$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to h x spaci\s4 ,b if x is n frequ5t$ by visitors1 if x has an air ( lonesom5ess1 a spaci\s palace (t5 becomes a discr$it to its own]4 ,?is is sure to be ! case if at "s o!r "t1 :5 x _h a diff]5t own]1 x us$ to be ?rong$4 ,= x is unpleasant1 :5 pass]s-by rem>k3 ,o good old h\se1 alas6 h[ diff]5t ,! own] :o n[ owne? !e6 ,& 9 ^! times t may be said ( _m a h\se6,,ae 99#adj99 ,"o mu/ be c>eful1 too1 n to g beyond prop] b\nds 9 exp5se & display1 especially if "o is build+ = oneself4 ,= mu* mis*ief is done 9 ?is way1 if only 9 ! example set4 ,= _m p imitate zeal\sly ! foibles ( ! great1 p>ticul>ly 9 ?is direction3 = example1 :o copies ! virtues ( ,lucius ,lucullus1 excell5t man t he 08 ,b h[ _m !re are :o h copi$ ! magnific5ce ( 8 villas6 ,"s limit %\ld surely be set to ?is t5d5cy & x %\ld be r$uc$ at lea/ to a /&>d ( mod]ation2 & by t same /&>d ( mod]ation ! com=ts & wants ( life g5]ally %\ld be regulat$4 ,b en\gh on ?is "p ( my !me4 ,?ree rules = ! duty ( propriety4 99#ada99 ,9 ent]+ ^u any c\rse ( action1 !n1 we mu/ hold fa/ to ?ree pr9ciples3 fir/1 t impulse %all obey reason2 = !re is no bett] way ?an ?is to secure ! obs]vance ( duties2 second1 t we e/imate c>efully ! importance ( ! object t we wi% to accompli%1 s t nei!r m nor less c>e & att5tion may be exp5d$ ^u x ?an ! case requires2 ! ?ird pr9ciple is t we be c>eful to obs]ve mod]ation 9 all t is ess5tial to ! outw>d appe>ance & dignity ( a g5tleman4 ,moreov]1 ! be/ rule = secur+ ?is is /rictly to obs]ve t propriety :i* we h discuss$ above1 & n to ov]/ep x4 ,yet ( ^! ?ree pr9ciples1 ! "o ( prime importance is to keep impulse subs]vi5t to reason4 ,,ae ,memb]s ( ,caes>'s p>ty 7 n[ occupy+ ! h\ses t _h be5 ! homes ( ,pompey's fri5ds4 ,antony1 = example1 liv$ 9 ,pompey's h\se4 99#adb99 ,,xl4 ,de9ceps de ord9e r]um et de opportunitate temporum dic5dum e/4 ,haec autem sci5tia cont95tur ea1 quam ,graeci nom9ant1 non hanc1 quam int]pretamur mode/iam1 quo 9 v]bo modus ine/1 s$ illa e/ 1 9 qua intellegitur ord9is cons]vatio4 ,itaque1 ut e&em nos mode/iam appellemus1 sic def9itur a ,/oicis1 ut mode/ia sit sci5tia r]um e>um1 quae ag5tur aut dic5tur1 loco suo colloc&>um4 ,ita videtur eadem vis ord9is et collocationis =e2 nam et ord9em sic def9iunt3 compositionem r]um aptis et accommodatis locis2 locum autem actionis opportunitatem#ada temporis esse dicunt2 tempus autem actionis opportunum#adb ,graece 1 ,lat9e appellatur occasio4 ,sic fit1 ut mode/ia haec1 quam ita int]pretamur1 ut dixi1 sci5tia sit opportunitatis#adc idoneorum ad ag5dum temporum4 ,*4 ,,vi 99#adc99 ,s$ pote/ eadem esse prud5tiae def9itio1 de qua pr9cipio diximus2 hoc autem loco de mod]atione et temp]antia et h>um similibus virtutibus qua]imus4 ,itaque1 quae erant prud5tiae propria1 suo loco dicta sunt2 quae autem h>um virtutum1 de quibus iam diu loquimur1 quae p]t95t ad v]ecundiam et ad eorum approbationem1 quibuscum vivimus1 nunc dic5da sunt4 99#add99 ,talis e/ igitur ordo actionum adhib5dus1 ut1 quem ad modum 9 oratione con/anti1 sic 9 vita omnia s9t apta int] se et conv5i5tia2 turpe enim valdeque vitiosum 9 re sev]a convivio digna#add aut delicatum aliquem inf]re s]monem4 ,b5e ,p]icles1 cum hab]et collegam 9 praetura ,sophoclem potam iique de communi (ficio conv5iss5t et casu =mosus pu] praet]iret dixissetque ,sophocles3 ,o pu]um pul*rum1 ,p]icle6 ,at enim praetorem1 ,sophocle1 decet non solum manus1 s$ etiam oculos ab/95tes hab]e4 ,atqui#ade hoc idem ,sophocles si 9 a?let>um probatione dixisset1 iu/a repreh5sione c>uisset4 ,tanta vis e/ et loci et temporis4 ,ut1 si qui1 cum causam sit acturus1 9 it9]e aut 9 ambulatione secum ipse m$itetur1 aut si quid aliud att5tius cogitet1 non repreh5datur1 at hoc idem si 9 convivio faciat1 inhumanus videatur inscitia temporis4 99#ade99 ,s$ ea1 quae multum ab humanitate discrepant1 ut si qui 9 =o cantet1 aut si qua e/ alia magna p]v]sitas1 facile app>et nec magnop]e admonitionem et praecepta desid]at2 quae autem p>va vid5tur esse delicta neque a multis intellegi possunt1 ab iis#adf e/ dilig5tius decl9&um4 ,ut 9 fidibus aut tibiis1 quamvis paulum discrep5t1 tam5 id a sci5te animadv]ti solet1 sic vid5dum#adg e/ 9 vita ne =te quid discrepet1 vel multo etiam magis1 quo maior et melior actionum quam sonorum conc5tus e/4 #ada oportunitate7m7 ,ed4 #adb oportunum ,ed4 #adc oportunitatis ,ed4 #add convivio digna ,b ,h a b1 ,edd42 convivio dignum c2 convivii dicta ,l p4 #ade ,atqui ,mll]1 ,he9e2 atque ,,mss41 ,bt4 #adf iis ,edd42 8 ,,mss4 #adg vid5dum ,l c1 ,edd42 viv5dum ,b ,h a b4 ,ord]l9ess--! "r ?+ at ! "r "t4 99#adb99 ,,xl4 ,next1 !n1 we mu/ discuss ord]l9ess ( conduct & seasonabl5ess ( occasions4 ,^! two qualities are embrac$ 9 t sci5ce :i* ! ,greeks call --n t :i* we translate ) mod]ation mode/ia1 d]iv$ f mod]ate2 b ?is is ! by :i* we und]/& ord]ly conduct4 ,& s1 if we may call x also mod]ation1 x is def9$ by ! ,/oics z foll[s3 ,mod]ation is ! sci5ce ( dispos+ aright ev]y?+ t is done or said4 ,s ! ess5ce ( ord]l9ess & ( "r-plac+1 x seems1 w be ! same2 = ord]l9ess !y def9e also z ! arrangem5t ( ?+s 9 _! suitable & appropriate places4 ,by place ( action1 moreov]1 !y mean seasonabl5ess ( circum/ance2 & ! seasonable circum/ance = an action is call$ 9 ,greek 1 9 ,lat9 occasio 7occasion74 ,s x comes ab\t t 9 ?is s5se mod]ation1 :i* we expla9 z ,i h indicat$1 is ! sci5ce ( do+ ! "r ?+ at ! "r "t4 99#adc99 ,a simil> def9ition c be giv5 = prud5ce1 ( :i* ,i h spok5 9 an e>ly *apt]4 ,b 9 ?is "p we are consid]+ temp]ance & self-control & relat$ virtues4 ,accord+ly1 ! prop]ties :i*1 z we f\nd1 are peculi> to prud5ce1 7 discuss$ 9 _! prop] place1 :ile ^? are to be discuss$ n[ :i* are peculi> to ^! virtues ( :i* we h = "s "t be5 speak+ & :i* relate to consid]at5ess & to ! approbation ( our fell[-m54 99#add99 ,su* ord]l9ess ( conduct is1 !re=e1 to be obs]v$1 t ev]y?+ 9 ! conduct ( our life %all balance & h>monize1 z 9 a f9i%$ spee*4 ,seasonabl5ess ( spee*4 ,= x is unbecom+ & highly c5surable1 :5 ^u a s]i\s !me1 to introduce su* je/s z are prop] at a d9n]1 or any sort ( loose talk4 ,:5 ,p]icles 0 associat$ ) ! poet ,sophocles z 8 colleague 9 comm& & !y _h met to conf] ab\t (ficial bus9ess t conc]n$ !m bo?1 a h&some boy *anc$ to pass & ,sophocles said3 ,look1 ,p]icles2 :at a pretty boy6 ,h[ p]t95t 0 ,p]icles's reply3 ,hu%1 ,sophocles1 a g5]al %\ld keep n only 8 h&s b 8 eyes "u control4 ,& yet1 if ,sophocles _h made ?is same rem>k at a trial ( a?letes1 he w\ld h incurr$ no j reprim&4 ,s great is ! significance ( bo? place & circum/ance4 ,= example1 if anyone1 :ile on a j\rney or on a walk1 %\ld rehe>se to himself a case :i* he is prep>+ to conduct 9 c\rt1 or if he %\ld "u simil> circum/ances apply 8 close/ ?\ght to "s o!r subject1 he w\ld n be op5 to c5sure2 b if he %\ld d t same ?+ at a d9n]1 he w\ld be ?\ght ill-br$1 because he ignor$ ! proprieties ( ! occasion4 ,! little ?+s t c\nt4 99#ade99 ,b flagrant brea*es ( good bre$+1 l s++ 9 ! /reets or any o!r gross misconduct1 are easily app>5t & d n call especially = admonition & in/ruction4 ,b we mu/ ev5 m c>efully avoid ^? seem+ly trivial faults :i* pass unnotic$ by ! _m4 ,h[ev] slightly out ( tune a h>p or flute may be1 ! fault is /ill detect$ by a connoisseur2 s we mu/ be on ! wat* le/ haply some?+ 9 our life be out ( tune--nay1 r1 f> great] is ! ne$ = pa9/ak+1 inasmu* z h>mony ( actions is f> bett] & f> m important ?an h>mony ( s\nds4 99#adf99 ,,xli4 ,itaque1 ut 9 fidibus musicorum aures vel m9ima s5tiunt1 sic nos1 si acres ac dilig5tes esse volumus animadv]soresque#adh vitiorum1 magna saepe intellegemus ex p>vis4 ,ex oculorum optutu1 sup]ciliorum aut remissione aut contractione1 ex mae/itia1 ex hil>itate1 ex risu1 ex locutione1 ex retic5tia1 ex cont5tione vocis1 ex summissione1 ex cet]is similibus facile iudicabimus1 quid eorum apte fiat1 quid ab (ficio naturaque discrepet4 ,quo 9 g5]e non e/ incommodum1 quale quidque eorum sit1 ex aliis iudic>e1 ut1 si quid d$eceat 9 illis1#adi vitemus ipsi2 fit enim nescio quo modo1 ut magis 9 aliis c]namus quam 9 nobismet ipsis1 si quid del9quitur4 ,itaque facillime corriguntur 9 disc5do1 quorum vitia imitantur em5d&i causa magi/ri4 99#adg99 ,nec v]o ali5um e/ ad ea elig5da1 quae dubitationem aff]5t1 adhib]e doctos hom9es vel etiam usu p]itos et1 quid iis de quoque (ficii g5]e placeat1 exquir]e4 ,maior enim p>s eo f]e def]ri solet1 quo a natura ipsa d$ucitur4 ,9 quibus vid5dum e/1 non modo quid quisque loquatur1 s$ etiam quid quisque s5tiat atque etiam de qua causa quisque s5tiat4 ,ut enim pictores et ii1 qui signa fabricantur1 et v]o etiam potae suum quisque opus a vulgo consid]>i vult1 ut1 si quid repreh5sum sit a pluribus1 id corrigatur1 iique et secum et ab aliis1#aej quid 9 eo peccatum sit1 exquirunt1 sic aliorum iudicio p]multa nobis et faci5da et non faci5da et mut&a et corrig5da sunt4 99#adh99 ,quae v]o m ag5tur in/itutisque civilibus1 de iis nihil e/ praecipi5dum2 illa enim ipsa praecepta sunt1 nec quemquam hoc errore duci oportet1 ut1 si quid ,socrates aut ,ari/ippus contra morem consuetud9emque civilem fec]9t locutive s9t1 idem sibi arbitretur lic]e2 magnis illi et div9is bonis hanc lic5tiam assequebantur4 ,cynicorum v]o ratio tota e/ eici5da2 e/ enim inimica v]ecundiae1 s9e qua nihil rectum esse pote/1 nihil hone/um4 99#adi99 ,eos autem1 quorum vita p]specta 9 rebus hone/is atque magnis e/1 b5e de re publica s5ti5tes ac b5e m]itos aut m]5tes sic ut#aea aliquo honore aut imp]io affectos obs]v>e et col]e debemus1 tribu]e etiam multum s5ectuti1 c$]e iis1 qui magi/ratum habebunt1 hab]e dilectum civis et p]egr9i 9 ipsoque p]egr9o1 privatimne an publice v5]it4 ,ad summam1 ne agam de s+ulis1 communem totius g5]is hom9um conciliationem et consociationem col]e1 tu]i1 s]v>e debemus4 #adh animadv]sores que ,ed42 animadv]soresque ,,mss42 99animadv]soresque ,bt42 animadv]sores ,orelli1 ,mll]1 ,he9e4 #adi d$eceat a c1 ,edd42 deceat ,h ,l b2 non deceat ,b4 9 illis a ,bt4#a1 ,ed42 9 illos ,b ,h b c2 illos ,l1 ,bt4#b #aej et ab aliis a1 ,bt41 ,ed42 aliis ,b ,h b2 et cum aliis c2 et ex aliis ,ung]1 ,mll]4 #aea sic ut ,l p1 ,nonius2 n 9 ,b ,h b c4 ,we correct our faults 7#a7 by obs]v+ o!rs1 99#adf99 ,,xli4 ,z1 !re=e1 a musical e> detects ev5 ! slighte/ falsity ( tone 9 a h>p1 s we1 if we wi% to be ke5 & c>eful obs]v]s ( moral faults1 %all (t5 draw important conclusions f trifles4 ,we obs]ve o!rs & f a glance ( ! eyes1 f a contract+ or relax+ ( ! br[s1 f an air ( sadness1 f an outbur/ ( joy1 f a laugh1 f spee*1 f sil5ce1 f a rais+ or l[]+ ( ! voice1 & ! l1 we %all easily judge :i* ( our actions is prop]1 & :i* is out ( accord ) duty & nature4 ,&1 9 ! same mann]1 x is n a bad plan to judge ( ! nature ( our e action by /udy+ o!rs1 t s we may ourselves avoid any?+ t is unbecom+ 9 !m4 ,= x happ5s someh[ or o!r t we detect ano!r's fail+s m readily ?an we d our own2 & s 9 ! s*ool-room ^? pupils le>n mo/ easily to d bett] ^: faults ! ma/]s mimic = ! sake ( correct+ !m4 7#b7 by ! criticisms ( ! wise4 99#adg99 ,nor is x out ( place 9 mak+ a *oice betwe5 duties involv+ a d\bt1 to consult m5 ( le>n+ or practical wisdom & to asc]ta9 :at _! views are on any p>ticul> "q ( duty4 ,= ! majority usually drift z ! curr5t ( _! own natural incl9ations c>ries !m2 & 9 d]iv+ c\nsel f "o ( ^!1 we h to see n only :at our advis] says1 b also :at he ?9ks1 & :at 8 reasons are = ?9k+ z he does4 ,=1 z pa9t]s & sculptors & ev5 poets1 too1 wi% to h _! works review$ by ! public1 9 ord] t1 if any po9t is g5]ally criticiz$1 x may be improv$2 & z !y try to discov] bo? by !mselves & ) ! help ( o!rs :at is wrong 9 _! "w2 s ?r\gh consult+ ! judgm5t ( o!rs we f9d t !re are _m ?+s to be done & left undone1 to be alt]$ & improv$4 ,! laws ( ! /ate are rules ( duty4 99#adh99 ,b no rules ne$ to be giv5 ab\t :at is done 9 accordance ) ! e/abli%$ cu/oms & conv5tions ( a community2 = ^! are 9 !mselves rules2 & no "o ought to make ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t1 because ,socrates or ,ari/ippus did or said some?+ contr>y to ! mann]s & e/abli%$ cu/oms ( _! city1 he has a "r to d ! same2 x 0 only by reason ( _! great & sup]human virtues t ^? fam\s m5 acquir$ ?is special privilege4 ,b ! ,cynics' :ole sy/em ( philosophy mu/ be reject$1 = x is inimical to moral s5sibility1 & )\t moral s5sibility no?+ c be upright1 no?+ morally good4 ,special rules4 99#adi99 ,x is1 fur!rmore1 our duty to hon\r & rev]5ce ^? ^: lives are conspicu\s = conduct 9 keep+ ) _! high moral /&>ds1 & :o1 z true patriots1 h r5d]$ or are n[ r5d]+ effici5t s]vice to _! c\ntry1 j z mu* z if !y 7 inve/$ ) "s civil or milit>y au?ority2 x is our duty also to %[ prop] respect to old age1 to yield prec$5ce to magi/rates1 to make a di/9ction betwe5 a fell[-citiz5 & a =eign]1 &1 9 ! case ( ! =eign] himself1 to discrim9ate accord+ to :e!r he has come 9 an (ficial or a private capacity4 ,9 a ^w1 n to g into details1 x is our duty to respect1 def5d1 & ma9ta9 ! common bonds ( union & fell[%ip subsi/+ betwe5 all ! memb]s ( ! human race4 99#aej99 ,,xlii4 ,iam de artificiis et quae/ibus1 qui lib]ales hab5di1 qui sordidi s9t1 haec f]e accepimus4 ,primum improbantur ii quae/us1 qui 9 odia hom9um incurrunt1 ut portitorum1 ut fa5]atorum4 ,illib]ales autem et sordidi quae/us m]c5n>iorum omnium1 quorum op]ae1 non quorum artes emuntur2 e/ enim 9 illis ipsa m]ces auctoram5tum s]vitutis4 ,sordidi etiam put&i1 qui m]cantur a m]catoribus1 quod /atim v5dant2 nihil enim pr(iciant1 nisi admodum m5tiantur2 nec v]o e/ quicquam turpius vanitate4 ,opificesque omnes 9 sordida arte v]santur2 nec enim quicquam +5uum hab]e pote/ (fic9a4 ,m9imeque artes eae prob&ae1 quae m9i/rae sunt voluptatum3 ,eunu*us ,,ii1 #b1 #bf ,cetrii1 lani1 coqui1 f>tres1 piscatres1 ut ait ,t]5tius2 adde huc1 si placet1 ungu5t>ios1 saltatores totumque ludum tal>ium4 99#aea99 ,quibus autem artibus aut prud5tia maior ine/ aut non m$iocris utilitas qua]itur1 ut m$ic9a1 ut ar*itectura1 ut doctr9a r]um hone/>um1 eae sunt iis1 quorum ord9i conv5iunt1 hone/ae4 ,m]catura autem1 si t5uis e/1 sordida put&a e/2 s9 magna et copiosa1 multa undique apportans multisque s9e vanitate imp]ti5s1 non e/ admodum vitup]&a1 atque etiam1 si satiata quae/u vel cont5ta potius1 ut saepe ex alto 9 portum1 ex ipso portu se 9 agros possessionesque contulit1 videtur iure optimo posse laud>i4 ,omnium autem r]um1 ex quibus aliquid acquiritur1 nihil e/ agri cultura melius1 nihil ub]ius1 nihil dulcius1 nihil hom9e lib]o#aeb dignius2 ,c4,m4 ,,xv-,,xvii de qua quoniam 9 ,catone ,maiore satis multa diximus1 illim#aec assumes1 quae ad hunc locum p]t9ebunt4 #aeb hom9e lib]o ,edd42 hom9e nihil lib]o ,b ,h ,l a b c4 #aec illim ,b#a1 ,edd42 illum ,h2 illa ,b#b p2 ill9c a b c2 illic ,l4 ,occupations3 7#a7 vulg>1 99#aej99 ,,xlii4 ,n[ 9 reg>d to trades & o!r means ( livelihood1 :i* ones are to be consid]$ becom+ to a g5tleman & :i* ones are vulg>1 we h be5 taught1 9 g5]al1 z foll[s4 ,fir/1 ^? means ( livelihood are reject$ z undesirable :i* incur p's ill-w1 z ^? ( tax-ga!r]s & usur]s4 ,unbecom+ to a g5tleman1 too1 & vulg> are ! means ( livelihood ( all hir$ workm5 :om we pay = m]e manual lab\r1 n = arti/ic skill2 = 9 _! case ! v wages !y receive is a pl$ge ( _! slav]y4 ,vulg> we mu/ consid] ^? also :o buy f :olesale m]*ants to retail imm$iately2 = !y w\ld get no pr(its )\t a great deal ( d[nright ly+2 & v]ily1 !re is no action t is mean] ?an misrepres5tation4 ,& all me*anics are engag$ 9 vulg> trades2 = no work%op c h any?+ lib]al ab\t x4 ,lea/ respectable ( all are ^? trades :i* cat] to s5sual pleasures3 ,fi%mong]s1 but*]s1 cooks1 & p\lt]]s1 ,& fi%]m51 z ,t]5ce says4 ,add to ^!1 if y please1 ! p]fum]s1 danc]s1 & ! :ole corps de ballet4,,af 7#b7 lib]al4 99#aea99 ,b ! pr(essions 9 :i* ei!r a high] degree ( intellig5ce is requir$ or f :i* no small b5efit to society is d]iv$--m$ic9e & ar*itecture1 = example1 & tea*+--^! are prop] = ^? ^: social position !y become4 ,trade1 if x is on a small scale1 is to be consid]$ vulg>2 b if :olesale & on a l>ge scale1 import+ l>ge quantities f all p>ts ( ! _w & di/ribut+ to _m )\t misrepres5tation1 x is n to be greatly disp>ag$4 ,nay1 x ev5 seems to des]ve ! highe/ respect1 if ^? :o are engag$ 9 x1 satiat$1 or r1 ,i %\ld say1 satisfi$ ) ! =tunes !y h made1 make _! way f ! port to a c\ntry e/ate1 z !y h (t5 made x f ! sea into port4 ,b ( all ! occupations by :i* ga9 is secur$1 none is bett] ?an agriculture1 none m pr(itable1 none m delightful1 none m becom+ to a freeman4 ,b s9ce ,i h discuss$ ?is q fully 9 my ,cato ,major1 y w f9d !re ! mat]ial t applies to ?is po9t4 ,,af ,! ludus tal>ius 0 a k9d ( l[ v>iety %[1 ) loose songs & dances & bad music4 99#aeb99 ,,xliii4 ,s$ ab iis p>tibus1 quae sunt hone/atis1 quem ad modum (ficia duc]5tur1 satis expositum videtur4 ,eorum autem ipsorum1 quae hone/a sunt1 pote/ incid]e saepe cont5tio et comp>atio1 de duobus hone/is utrum hone/ius1 qui locus a ,panaetio e/ praet]missus4 ,nam cum omnis hone/as manet a p>tibus quattuor1 qu>um una sit cognitionis1 alt]a communitatis1 t]tia magnanimitatis1 qu>ta mod]ationis1 haec 9 delig5do (ficio saepe int] se comp>5tur necesse e/4 99#aec99 ,placet igitur aptiora esse naturae ea (ficia1 quae ex communitate1 quam ea1 quae ex cognitione ducantur1 idque hoc argum5to confirm>i pote/1 quod1 si contig]it ea vita sapi5ti1 ut omnium r]um afflu5tibus copiis quamvis omnia1#aed quae cognitione digna s9t1 summo otio secum ipse consid]et et contempletur1 tam51 si solitudo tanta sit1 ut hom9em vid]e non possit1 exc$at e vita4 ,pr9cepsque omnium virtutum illa sapi5tia1 quam ,graeci vocant--prud5tiam enim1 quam ,graeci dicunt1 aliam qu&am intellegimus1 quae e/ r]um expet5d>um fugi5d>umque sci5tia2 illa autem sapi5tia1 quam pr9cipem dixi1 r]um e/ div9>um et human>um sci5tia1 9 qua cont9etur deorum et hom9um communitas et societas int] ipsos2 ea si maxima e/1 ut e/ c]te1 necesse e/1 quod a communitate ducatur (ficium1 id esse maximum4 ,et5im cognitio contemplatioque naturae manca quodam modo atque in*oata sit1 si nulla actio r]um consequatur4 ,ea autem actio 9 hom9um commodis tu5dis maxime c]nitur2 p]t9et igitur ad societatem g5]is humani2 ergo haec cognitioni antepon5da e/4 99#aed99 ,atque id optimus quisque re ipsa#aee o/5dit et iudicat4 ,quis enim e/ tam cupidus 9 p]spici5da cognosc5daque r]um natura1 ut1 si ei tractanti contemplantique res cognitione dignissimas subito sit allatum p]iculum discrim5que patriae1 cui subv5ire opitul>ique possit1 non illa omnia rel9quat atque abiciat1 etiamsi d9um]>e se /ellas aut metiri mundi magnitud9em posse arbitretur8 atque hoc idem 9 p>5tis1 9 amici re aut p]iculo fec]it4 99#aee99 ,quibus rebus intellegitur /udiis (ficiisque sci5tiae praepon5da esse (ficia iu/itiae1 quae p]t95t ad hom9um utilitatem1#aef qua nihil hom9i esse debet antiquius4 #aed copiis quamvis omnia1 ,ed42 copiis quamvis omnia ,,mss42 copiis omnia ,lamb9us1 ,bt41 ,mll]1 ,he9e4 #aee re ipsa ,b ,h a b1 ,bt41 ,ed42 re ab se ,l c 7i4e4 reapse ,orelli1 ,mll]1 ,he9e72 ab ipsa re p4 #aef utilitatem ,b ,h a b2 c>itatem ,l c p 7affection74 ,comp>ative e/imate ( duties4 99#aeb99 ,,xliii4 ,n[1 ,i ?9k ,i h expla9$ fully en\gh h[ moral duties are d]iv$ f ! f\r divisions ( moral rectitude4 ,b betwe5 ^? v actions :i* are morally "r1 a conflict & comp>ison may frequ5tly arise1 z to :i* ( two moral actions is morally bett]--a po9t ov]look$ by ,panaetius4 ,=1 s9ce all moral rectitude spr+s f f\r s\rces 7"o ( :i* is prud5ce2 ! second1 social in/9ct2 ! ?ird1 c\rage2 ! f\r?1 temp]ance7 x is (t5 necess>y 9 decid+ a "q ( duty t ^! virtues be weigh$ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,ju/ice vs4 ,wisdom4 99#aec99 ,my view1 !re=e1 is t ^? duties are clos] to nature :i* dep5d ^u ! social in/9ct ?an ^? :i* dep5d ^u k2 & ?is view c be confirm$ by ! foll[+ argum5t3 7#a7 suppose t a wise man %\ld be v\*saf$ su* a life t1 ) an abundance ( ev]y?+ p\r+ 9 ^u him1 he might 9 p]fect peace /udy & pond] ov] ev]y?+ t is wor? kn[+1 /ill1 if ! solitude 7 s complete t he c\ld nev] see a human be+1 he w\ld die4 ,& !n1 ! =emo/ ( all virtues is wisdom--:at ! ,greeks call 2 = by prud5ce1 :i* !y call 1 we und]/& some?+ else1 namely1 ! practical k ( ?+s to be s\ght = & ( ?+s to be avoid$4 7#b7 ,aga91 t wisdom :i* ,i h giv5 ! =emo/ place is ! k ( ?+s human & div9e1 :i* is conc]n$ also ) ! bonds ( union betwe5 gods & m5 & ! relations ( man to man4 ,if wisdom is ! mo/ important ( ! virtues1 z x c]ta9ly is1 x necess>ily foll[s t t duty :i* is connect$ ) ! social obligation is ! mo/ important duty4,,ag ,& 7#c7 s]vice is bett] ?an m]e !oretical k1 = ! /udy & k ( ! univ]se w\ld someh[ be lame & defective1 7 no practical results to foll[4 ,su* results1 moreov]1 are be/ se5 9 ! safe-gu>d+ ( human int]e/s4 ,x is ess5tial1 !n1 to human society2 & x %\ld1 !re=e1 be rank$ above speculative k4 99#aed99 ,^u ?is all ! be/ m5 agree1 z !y prove by _! conduct4 ,= :o is s absorb$ 9 ! inve/igation & /udy ( creation1 b t1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 work+ & pond]+ ov] tasks nev] s mu* wor? ma/]+ & ev5 ?\gh he ?\ght he c\ld numb] ! />s & measure ! l5g? & bread? ( ! univ]se1 he w\ld drop all ^? problems & ca/ !m aside1 if ^w 7 sudd5ly br\ght to him ( "s critical p]il to 8 c\ntry1 :i* he c\ld relieve or repel8 ,& he w\ld d ! same to fur!r ! int]e/s ( p>5t or fri5d or to save him f dang]4 99#aee99 ,f all ?is we conclude t ! duties prescrib$ by ju/ice mu/ be giv5 prec$5ce ov] ! pursuit ( k & ! duties impos$ by x2 = ! =m] conc]n ! welf>e ( our fell[-m52 & no?+ ought to be m sacr$ 9 m5's eyes ?an t4 ,,ag ,cic]o is guilty ( a curi\s fallacy4 ,if x foll[s f 8 premises1 7#a7 "s "o virtue is ! highe/ virtue1 & 7#b7 ! duties d]iv$ f ! highe/ virtue are ! highe/ duties1 & if 7#c7 wisdom is ! highe/ virtue1 !n x c only foll[ t ! duties d]iv$ f wisdom are ! highe/ duties4 ,b ,cic]o ?r[s 9 a f\r? premise t ! bonds ( union betwe5 gods & m5 & ! relations ( man to man are d]iv$ f wisdom1 & !re) sidetracks wisdom & gives ! duties d]iv$ f ! social in/9ct ! place f :i* wisdom has be5 %unt$4 ,cic]o c\ld n refra9 f introduc+ a bit ( !oretical speculation t has no value = 8 practical position--x actually prejudices x & confuses ! read]4 ,,xliv4 ,atque illi1 quorum /udia vitaque omnis 9 r]um cognitione v]sata e/1 tam5 ab aug5dis hom9um utilitatibus et commodis non recess]unt3 nam et erudiv]unt multos1 quo meliores cives utilioresque rebus suis publicis ess5t1 ut ,!banum ,epam9ondam ,lysis ,py?agoreus1 ,syracosium ,dionem ,plato multique multos1 nosque ipsi1 quicquid ad rem publicam attulimus1 si modo aliquid attulimus1 a doctoribus atque doctr9a in/ructi ad eam et ornati accessimus4 99#aef99 ,neque solum vivi atque praes5tes /udiosos disc5di erudiunt atque doc5t1 s$ hoc idem etiam po/ mortem monum5tis litt]>um assequuntur4 ,nec enim locus ullus e/ praet]missus ab iis1 qui ad leges1 qui ad mores1 qui ad discipl9am rei publicae p]t9]et1 ut otium suum ad no/rum negotium contulisse videantur4 ,ita illi ipsi doctr9ae /udiis et sapi5tiae d$iti ad hom9um utilitatem suam prud5tiam intelleg5tiamque potissimum conf]unt2 ob eamque etiam causam eloqui copiose1 modo prud5t]1 melius e/ quam vel acutissime s9e eloqu5tia cogit>e1 quod cogitatio 9 se ipsa v]titur1 eloqu5tia complectitur eos1 quibuscum communitate iuncti sumus4 99#aeg99 ,atque ut apium exam9a non f+5dorum favorum causa congregantur1 s$1 cum congregabilia natura s9t1 f+unt favos1 sic hom9es1 ac multo etiam magis1 natura congregati adhib5t ag5di cogit&ique#aeg soll]tiam4 ,itaque1 nisi ea virtus1 quae con/at ex hom9ibus tu5dis1 id e/ ex societate g5]is humani1 att+at cognitionem r]um1 solivaga cognitio et ieiuna videatur1 itemque magnitudo animi remota communitate#aeh coniunctioneque humana f]itas sit qua$am et immanitas4 ,ita fit1 ut v9cat cognitionis /udium consociatio hom9um atque communitas4 ,plato1 ,rep4 ,,ii1 #cfi ,b2 ,ari/41 ,pol4 ,i1 #abec ,a 99#aeh99 ,nec v]um e/1 quod dicitur a quibusdam1 propt] necessitatem vitae1 quod ea1 quae natura desid]>et1 consequi s9e aliis atque effic]e non possemus1 idcirco initam esse cum hom9ibus communitatem et societatem2 quodsi omnia nobis1 quae ad victum cultumque p]t95t1 quasi virgula div9a1 ut aiunt1 supp$it>5tur1 tum optimo quisque +5io negotiis omnibus omissis totum se 9 cognitione et sci5tia colloc>et4 ,non e/ ita2 nam et solitud9em fug]et et socium /udii qua]]et1 tum doc]e tum disc]e vellet1 tum audire tum dic]e4 ,ergo omne (ficium1 quod ad coniunctionem hom9um et ad societatem tu5dam valet1 antepon5dum e/ illi (ficio1 quod cognitione et sci5tia cont9etur4 #aeg cogit&ique ,l c p1 ,edd42 congreg&ique ,b ,h a b4 #aeh communitate p 7p] comp5dium71 ,bt4#b1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 comitate ,a ,b ,h ,l a b c4 ,wisdom 9 ! s]vice ( ,ju/ice4 ,,xliv4 ,& yet s*ol>s1 ^: :ole life & int]e/s h be5 devot$ to ! pursuit ( k1 h n1 aft] all1 fail$ to contribute to ! advantages & bless+s ( mank9d4 ,= !y h tra9$ _m to be bett] citiz5s & to r5d] l>g] s]vice to _! c\ntry4 ,s1 = example1 ! ,py?agorean ,lysis taught ,epam9ondas ( ,!bes2 ,plato1 ,dion ( ,syracuse2 & _m1 _m o!rs4 ,z = me myself1 :atev] s]vice ,i h r5d]$ to my c\ntry--if1 inde$1 ,i h r5d]$ any--,i came to my task tra9$ & equipp$ = x by my tea*]s & :at !y taught me4 99#aef99 ,& n only :ile pres5t 9 ! fle% d !y tea* & tra9 ^? :o are desir\s ( le>n+1 b by ! writt5 memorials ( _! le>n+ !y cont9ue ! same s]vice aft] !y are dead4 ,= !y h ov]look$ no po9t t has a be>+ ^u laws1 cu/oms1 or political sci5ce2 9 fact1 !y seem to h devot$ _! retirem5t to ! b5efit ( u :o are engag$ 9 public bus9ess4 ,! pr9cipal ?+ done1 !re=e1 by ^? v devotees ( ! pursuits ( le>n+ & sci5ce is to apply _! own practical wisdom & insight to ! s]vice ( humanity4 ,& = t reason also mu* speak+ 7if only x conta9 wisdom7 is bett] ?an speculation nev] s pr(\nd )\t spee*2 = m]e speculation is self-c5tr$1 :ile spee* ext5ds its b5efits to ^? ) :om we are unit$ by ! bonds ( society4 99#aeg99 ,& aga91 z sw>ms ( bees d n ga!r = ! sake ( mak+ honeycomb b make ! honeycomb because !y are greg>i\s by nature1 s human be+s--& to a mu* high] degree--ex]cise _! skill toge!r 9 action & ?\ght because !y are naturally greg>i\s4 ,ju/ice m valuable ?an ,wisdom & ,=titude4 ,& s1 if t virtue ,ju/ice :i* c5tres 9 ! safegu>d+ ( human int]e/s1 t is1 9 ! ma9t5ance ( human society1 7 n to accompany ! pursuit ( k1 t k w\ld seem isolat$ & b>r5 ( results4 ,9 ! same way1 c\rage ,=titude1 if unre/ra9$ by ! unit+ bonds ( society1 w\ld be b a sort ( brutality & savag]y4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! claims ( human society & ! bonds t unite m5 toge!r take prec$5ce ( ! pursuit ( speculative k4 99#aeh99 ,& x is n true1 z c]ta9 p ma9ta91 t ! bonds ( union 9 human society 7 in/itut$ 9 ord] to provide = ! ne$s ( daily life2 =1 !y say1 )\t ! aid ( o!rs we c\ld n secure = ourselves or supply to o!rs ! ?+s t nature requires2 b if all t is ess5tial to our wants & com=t 7 suppli$ by "s magic w&1 z 9 ! /ories1 !n e man ( fir/-rate ability c\ld drop all o!r responsibility & devote himself exclusively to le>n+ & /udy4 ,n at all4 ,= he w\ld seek to escape f 8 lonel9ess & to f9d "s "o to %>e 8 /udies2 he w\ld wi% to tea*1 z well z to le>n2 to he>1 z well z to speak4 ,e duty1 !re=e1 t t5ds effectively to ma9ta9 & safegu>d human society %\ld be giv5 ! pref]5ce ov] t duty :i* arises f speculation & sci5ce alone4 99#aei99 ,,xlv4 ,illud =sitan qua]5dum sit1 num haec communitas1 quae maxime e/ apta naturae1 sit etiam mod]ationi mode/iaeque semp] antepon5da4 ,non placet2 sunt enim qua$am p>tim ita fo$a1 p>tim ita flagitiosa1 ut ea ne cons]v&ae quidem patriae causa sapi5s facturus sit4 ,ea ,posidonius collegit p]multa1 s$ ita taetra qua$am1 ita obsc5a1 ut dictu quoque videantur turpia4 ,haec igitur non suscipiet rei publicae causa1 ne res publica quidem pro se suscipi volet4 ,s$ hoc#aei commodius se res habet1 quod non pote/ accid]e tempus1 ut int]sit rei publicae quicquam illorum fac]e sapi5tem4 99#afj99 ,qu>e hoc quidem effectum sit1 9 (ficiis delig5dis id#afj g5us (ficiorum excell]e1 quod t5eatur hom9um societate4 ,et5im cognitionem prud5tiamque sequetur consid]ata actio2 ita fit1 ut ag]e consid]ate pluris sit quam cogit>e prud5t]4#afa ,atque haec quidem hact5us4 ,patefactus enim locus e/ ipse1 ut non difficile sit 9 exquir5do (ficio1 quid cuique sit praepon5dum1 vid]e4 ,9 ipsa autem communitate sunt gradus (ficiorum1 ex quibus1 quid cuique prae/et1 intellegi possit1 ut prima dis immortalibus1 secunda patriae1 t]tia p>5tibus1 de9ceps gradatim reliquis debeantur4 99#afa99 ,quibus ex rebus brevit] disputatis intellegi pote/ non solum id hom9es sol]e dubit>e1 hone/umne an turpe sit1 s$ etiam duobus propositis hone/is utrum hone/ius sit4 ,hic locus a ,panaetio e/1 ut supra dixi1 praet]missus4 ,s$ iam ad reliqua p]gamus4 #aei hoc ,l c p1 ,edd42 haec ,b ,h a b4 #afj id a1 ,edd42 ut b2 hoc ,b ,h ,l c p4 #afa ,et5im 444 prud5t] bracket$ by ,ung]4 ,ju/ice vs4 ,temp]ance4 99#aei99 ,,xlv4 ,! foll[+ "q %\ld1 p]haps1 be ask$3 :e!r ?is social in/9ct1 :i* is ! deepe/ feel+ 9 our nature1 is always to h prec$5ce ov] temp]ance & mod]ation also4 ,i ?9k n4 ,= !re are "s acts ei!r s repulsive or s wick$1 t a wise man w\ld n commit !m1 ev5 to save 8 c\ntry4 ,posidonius has made a l>ge collection ( !m2 b "s ( !m are s %ock+1 s indec5t1 t x seems immoral ev5 to m5tion !m4 ,! wise man1 !re=e1 w n ?9k ( do+ any su* ?+ = ! sake ( 8 c\ntry2 no m w 8 c\ntry cons5t to h x done = h]4 ,b ! problem is ! m easily dispos$ ( because ! occasion _c arise :5 x c\ld be to ! /ate's int]e/ to h ! wise man d any ( ^? ?+s4 ,ord] ( prec$5ce ( duties4 99#afj99 ,?is1 !n1 may be reg>d$ z settl$3 9 *oos+ betwe5 conflict+ duties1 t class takes prec$5ce :i* is dem&$ by ! int]e/s ( human society4 ,& ?is is ! natural sequ5ce2 = discreet action w presuppose le>n+ & practical wisdom2 x foll[s1 !re=e1 t discreet action is ( m value ?an wise 7b inactive7 speculation4 ,s mu* mu/ suffice = ?is topic4 ,=1 9 its ess5ce1 x has be5 made s cle>1 t 9 det]m9+ a "q ( duty x is n difficult to see :i* duty is to be pref]r$ to any o!r4 ,moreov]1 ev5 9 ! social relations !mselves !re are gradations ( duty s well def9$ t x c easily be se5 :i* duty takes prec$5ce ( any o!r3 our fir/ duty is to ! immortal gods2 our second1 to c\ntry2 our ?ird1 to p>5ts2 & s on1 9 a desc5d+ scale1 to ! re/4 99#afa99 ,f ?is brief discussion1 !n1 x c be und]/ood t p are (t5 9 d\bt n only :e!r an action is morally "r or wrong1 b also1 :5 a *oice is (f]$ betwe5 two moral actions1 :i* "o is morally bett]4 ,?is po9t1 z ,i rem>k$ above1 has be5 ov]look$ by ,panaetius4 ,b let u n[ pass on to :at rema9s4 ,,cic]o ,,de ,,(ficiis ,,book ,,ii ,,exp$i5cy ,,lib] ,,secundus _/ ,,book ,,ii 99#a99 ,i4 ,quem ad modum (ficia duc]5tur ab hone/ate1 ,m>ce fili1 atque ab omni g5]e virtutis1 satis explicatum arbitror libro sup]iore4 ,sequitur1 ut haec (ficiorum g5]a p]sequ>1 quae p]t95t ad vitae cultum et ad e>um r]um1 quibus utuntur hom9es1 facultatem1 ad opes1 ad copias2 9 quo tum qua]i dixi1 quid utile1 quid inutile1 tum ex utilibus quid utilius aut quid maxime utile4#afb ,de quibus dic]e aggr$i>1 si pauca prius de in/ituto ac de iudicio meo dix]o4 99#b99 ,quamquam enim libri no/ri complures non modo ad leg5di1 s$ etiam ad scrib5di /udium excitav]unt1 tam5 int]dum v]eor1 ne quibusdam bonis viris philosophiae nom5 sit invisum mir5turque 9 ea tantum me op]ae et temporis pon]e4 ,ego autem1 quam diu res publica p] eos g]ebatur1 quibus se ipsa commis]at1 omnis meas curas cogitationesque 9 eam conf]ebam2 cum autem dom9atu unius omnia t5]5tur neque esset usquam consilio aut auctoritati locus1 socios d5ique tu5dae rei publicae1 summos viros1 amisissem1 nec me angoribus d$idi1 quibus essem confectus1 nisi iis re/itissem1 nec rursum indignis hom9e docto voluptatibus4 99#c99 ,atque ut9am res publica /etisset1 quo coep]at1 /atu nec 9 hom9es non tam commut&>um quam ev]t5d>um r]um cupidos incidisset6 ,primum enim1 ut /ante re publica fac]e solebamus1 9 ag5do plus quam 9 scrib5do op]ae pon]emus1 de9de ipsis scriptis non ea1 quae nunc1 s$ actiones no/ras m&>emus1 ut saepe fecimus4 ,cum autem res publica1 9 qua omnis mea cura1 cogitatio1 op]a poni solebat1 nulla esset omn9o1 illae scilicet litt]ae conticu]unt =5ses et s5atoriae4 99#d99 ,nihil ag]e autem cum animus non posset1 9 8 /udiis ab initio v]satus aetatis exi/imavi hone/issime mole/ias#afc posse deponi1 si me ad philosophiam rettulissem4 ,cui cum multum adulesc5s disc5di causa temporis tribuissem1 po/eaquam honoribus ins]vire coepi meque totum rei publicae tradidi1 tantum erat philosophiae loci1 quantum sup]fu]at amicorum et rei publicae temporibus2#afd id autem omne consumebatur 9 leg5do1 scrib5di otium non erat4 #afb 9 quo 444 maxime utile bracket$ by ,heumann1 ,facciolati1 ,edd42 tum ex 444 maxime utile n 9 ,b ,h a b4 #afc mole/ias ,l c p1 ,nonius1 ,edd42 n 9 ,b ,h a b4 #afd temporibus ,victorius1 ,edd42 temporis ,b ,h a b2 tempori ,l c p4 ,/atem5t ( subject4 99#a99 ,i4 ,i believe1 ,m>cus1 my son1 t ,i h fully expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ book h[ duties are f moral rectitude1 or r f ea* ( virtue's f\r divisions4 ,my next /ep is to trace out ^? k9ds ( duty :i* h to d ) ! com=ts ( life1 ) ! means ( acquir+ ! ?+s t p enjoy1 ) influ5ce1 & ) weal?4 ,9 ?is connection1 ! "q is1 z ,i said3 7#a7 :at is exp$i5t1 & :at is inexp$i5t2 & 7#b7 ( sev]al exp$i5ts1 :i* is ( m & :i* ( mo/ importance4 ,^! que/ions ,i %all proce$ to discuss1 aft] ,i h said a few words 9 v9dication ( my pres5t purpose & my pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,:y ,cic]o wrote on philosophy4 99#b99 ,al?\gh my books h ar\s$ 9 n a few m5 ! desire n only to read b to write1 yet ,i sometimes fe> t :at we t]m philosophy is di/a/eful to c]ta9 wor?y g5tlem51 & t !y wond] t ,i devote s mu* "t & att5tion to x4 ,n[1 z long z ! /ate 0 adm9i/]$ by ! m5 to ^: c>e %e _h volunt>ily entru/$ h]self1 ,i devot$ all my ef=t & ?\ght to h]4 ,b :5 ev]y?+ pass$ "u ! absolute control ( a despot & !re 0 no long] any room = /atesman%ip or au?ority ( m9e2 & f9ally :5 ,i _h lo/ ! fri5ds,,ah :o _h be5 associat$ ) me 9 ! task ( s]v+ ! int]e/s ( ! /ate1 & :o 7 m5 ( ! highe/ /&+1 ,i did n resign myself to grief1 by :i* ,i %\ld h be5 ov]:elm$1 _h ,i n /ruggl$ aga9/ x2 nei!r1 on ! o!r h&1 did ,i surr5d] myself to a life ( s5sual pleasure unbecom+ to a philosoph]4 99#c99 ,i w\ld t ! gov]nm5t _h /ood fa/ 9 ! position x _h begun to assume & _h n fall5 into ! h&s ( m5 :o desir$ n s mu* to re=m z to aboli% ! con/itution4 ,= !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i %\ld n[ be devot+ my en]gies m to public speak+ ?an to writ+1 z ,i us$ to d :5 ! republic /ood2 & 9 ! second place1 ,i %\ld be committ+ to writt5 =m n ^! pres5t essays b my public spee*es1 z ,i (t5 =m]ly did4 ,b :5 ! republic1 to :i* all my c>e & ?\ght & ef=t us$ to be devot$1 0 no m1 !n1 ( c\rse1 my voice 0 sil5c$ 9 ! =um & 9 ! s5ate4 99#d99 ,& s9ce my m9d c\ld n be :olly idle1 ,i ?\ght1 z ,i _h be5 well-read along ^! l9es ( ?\ght f my e>ly y\?1 t ! mo/ hon\rable way = me to =get my sorr[s w\ld be by turn+ to philosophy4 ,z a "y man1 ,i _h devot$ a great deal ( "t to philosophy z a discipl9e2 b aft] ,i began to fill ! high (fices ( /ate & devot$ myself he>t & s\l to ! public s]vice1 !re 0 only s mu* "t = philosophical /udies z 0 left ov] f ! claims ( my fri5ds & ( ! /ate2 all ( ?is 0 sp5t 9 read+2 ,i _h no leisure = writ+4 ,,ah ,su* z ,pompey1 ,cato1 ,hort5sius1 & ,piso4 99#e99 ,,ii4 ,maximis igitur 9 malis hoc tam5 boni assecuti videmur1 ut ea litt]is m&>emus1 quae nec erant satis nota no/ris et erant cognitione dignissima4 ,quid enim e/1 p] deos1 optabilius sapi5tia1 quid prae/antius1 quid hom9i melius1 quid hom9e dignius8 ,hanc igitur qui expetunt1#afe philosophi nom9antur1 nec quicquam aliud e/ philosophia1 si int]pret>i velis1 praet] /udium sapi5tiae4 ,sapi5tia autem e/1 ut a vet]ibus philosophis def9itum e/1 r]um div9>um et human>um caus>umque1 quibus eae res cont95tur1 sci5tia2 cuius /udium qui vitup]at1 haud sane intellego1 quidnam sit1 quod laud&um putet4 99#f99 ,nam sive oblectatio qua]itur animi requiesque cur>um1 quae conf]ri cum eorum /udiis pote/1 qui semp] aliquid anquirunt1 quod spectet et valeat ad b5e beateque viv5dum8 sive ratio con/antiae virtutisque ducitur1 aut haec ars e/ aut nulla omn9o1 p] quam eas assequamur4 ,nullam dic]e maxim>um r]um artem esse1 cum m9im>um s9e arte nulla sit1 hom9um e/ p>um consid]ate loqu5tium atque 9 maximis rebus errantium4 ,si autem e/ aliqua discipl9a virtutis1 ubi ea qua]etur1 cum ab hoc disc5di g5]e discess]is8 ,hort5sius1 de ,div41 ,,ii1 #a4 ,s$ haec1 cum ad philosophiam cohortamur1 accuratius disput>i sol5t1 quod alio quodam libro fecimus2 hoc autem tempore tantum nobis decl>&um fuit1 cur orbati rei publicae mun]ibus ad hoc nos /udium potissimum contulissemus4 99#g99 ,occurritur autem nobis1 et quidem a doctis et eruditis qua]5tibus1 satisne con/ant] fac]e videamur1 qui1 cum p]cipi nihil posse dicamus1 tam5 et aliis de rebus diss]]e soleamus et hoc ipso tempore praecepta (ficii p]sequamur4 ,quibus vellem satis cognita esset no/ra s5t5tia4 ,non enim sumus ii1 quorum vagetur animus errore nec habeat umquam1 quid sequatur4 ,quae enim esset i/a m5s vel quae vita potius non modo disput&i1 s$ etiam viv5di ratione sublata8 ,nos autem1 ut cet]i alia c]ta1 alia inc]ta esse dicunt1 sic ab 8 diss5ti5tes alia probabilia1 contra alia dicimus4 99#h99 ,quid e/ igitur1 quod me imp$iat ea1 quae probabilia mihi videantur1 sequi1 quae contra1 improb>e atque affirm&i arrogantiam vitantem fug]e tem]itatem1 quae a sapi5tia dissidet plurimum8 ,contra autem omnia disputatur#aff a no/ris1 quod hoc ipsum probabile eluc]e non posset1#afg nisi ex utraque p>te caus>um esset facta cont5tio4 ,,ii1 #bj ff4 ,s$ haec explanata sunt 9 ,academicis no/ris satis1 ut arbitror1 dilig5t]4 ,tibi autem1 mi ,cic]o1 quamquam 9 antiquissima nobilissimaque philosophia ,cratippo auctore v]s>is iis simillimo1 qui i/a praecl>a pep]]unt1 tam5 haec no/ra f9itima ve/ris ignota esse nolui4 ,s$ iam ad in/ituta p]gamus4 #afe expetunt ,l c p1 ,edd42 expetant ,h2 expectant ,b a b4 #aff disputatur ,edd42 disputantur ,,mss4 #afg posset a c2 possit ,b ,h b4 ,:y philosophy is wor? :ile4 99#e99 ,,ii4 ,!re=e1 amid all ! pres5t mo/ awful calamities ,i yet flatt] myself t ,i h won ?is good out ( evil--t ,i may commit to writt5 =m matt]s n at all famili> to our c\ntrym5 b /ill v mu* wor? _! kn[+4 ,= :at1 9 ! "n ( heav51 is m to be desir$ ?an wisdom8 ,:at is m to be priz$8 ,:at is bett] = a man1 :at m wor?y ( 8 nature8 ,^? :o seek aft] x are call$ philosoph]s2 & philosophy is no?+ else1 if "o w translate ! ^w into our idiom1 ?an ! love ( wisdom4 ,wisdom1 moreov]1 z ! ^w has be5 def9$ by ! philosoph]s ( old1 is ! k ( ?+s human & div9e & ( ! causes by :i* ^? ?+s are controll$4 ,& if ! man lives :o w\ld belittle ! /udy ( philosophy1 ,i q fail to see :at 9 ! _w he w\ld see fit to praise4 99#f99 ,= if we are look+ = m5tal enjoym5t & relaxation1 :at pleasure c be comp>$ ) ! pursuits ( ^? :o are always /udy+ out some?+ t w t5d t[>d & effectively promote a good & happy life8 ,or1 if reg>d is _h = /r5g? ( "* & virtue1 !n ?is is ! me?od by :i* we c atta9 to ^? qualities1 or !re is none at all4 ,& to say t !re is no me?od = secur+ ! highe/ bless+s1 :5 none ev5 ( ! lea/ important conc]ns is )\t its me?od1 is ! language ( p :o talk )\t due reflection & :o blund] 9 matt]s ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,fur!rmore1 if !re is really a way to le>n virtue1 :]e %all "o look = x1 :5 "o has turn$ aside f ?is field ( le>n+8 ,n[1 :5 ,i am advocat+ ! /udy ( philosophy1 ,i usually discuss ?is subject at great] l5g?1 z ,i h done 9 ano!r ( my books4 ,= ! pres5t ,i meant only to expla9 :y1 depriv$ ( ! tasks ( public s]vice1 ,i h devot$ myself to ?is p>ticul> pursuit4 ,position ( ! ,new ,academy4 99#g99 ,b p raise o!r objections aga9/ me--& t1 too1 philosoph]s & s*ol>s--ask+ :e!r ,i ?9k ,i am q consi/5t 9 my conduct3 = al?\gh our s*ool ma9ta9s t no?+ c be kn[n = c]ta91 yet1 !y urge1 ,i make a habit ( pres5t+ my op9ions on all sorts ( subjects & at ?is v mom5t am try+ to =mulate rules ( duty4 ,b ,i wi% t !y _h a prop] und]/&+ ( our position4 ,= we ,academicians are n m5 ^: m9ds w&] 9 unc]ta9ty & nev] "k :at pr9ciples to adopt4 ,= :at sort ( m5tal habit1 or r :at sort ( life w\ld t be :i* %\ld disp5se ) all rules = reason+ or ev5 = liv+8 ,n s ) u2 b1 z o!r s*ools ma9ta9 t "s ?+s are c]ta91 o!rs unc]ta91 we1 diff]+ ) !m1 say t "s ?+s are probable1 o!rs improbable4 99#h99 ,:at1 !n1 is to h9d] me f accept+ :at seems to me to be probable1 :ile reject+ :at seems to be improbable1 & f %unn+ ! presumption ( dogmatism1 :ile keep+ cle> ( t recklessness ( ass]tion :i* is z f> z possible remov$ f true wisdom8 ,& z to ! fact t our s*ool argues aga9/ ev]y?+1 t is only because we c\ld n get a cle> view ( :at is probable1 unless a comp>ative e/imate 7 made ( all ! argum5ts on bo? sides4 ,b ?is subject has be51 ,i ?9k1 q fully set =? 9 my ,academics4 ,& al?\gh1 my de> ,cic]o1 y are a /ud5t ( t mo/ anci5t & celebrat$ s*ool ( philosophy1 ) ,cratippus z y\r ma/]--& he des]ves to be class$ ) ! f\nd]s ( t illu/ri\s sect,,ai--/ill ,i wi% our s*ool1 :i* is closely relat$ to y\rs1 n to be unkn[n to y4 ,let u n[ proce$ to ! task 9 h&4 ,,ai ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us4 99#i99 ,,iii4 ,qu9que igitur rationibus propositis (ficii p]sequ5di1 qu>um duae ad decus hone/atemque p]t9]5t1 duae ad commoda vitae1 copias1 opes1 facultates1 qu9ta ad elig5di iudicium1 si qu&o ea1 quae dixi1 pugn>e int] se vid]5tur1 hone/atis p>s confecta e/1 quam quidem tibi cupio esse notissimam4 ,hoc autem1 de quo nunc agimus1 id ipsum e/1 quod utile appellatur4 ,9 quo v]bo lapsa consuetudo deflexit de via s5simque eo d$ucta e/1 ut hone/atem ab utilitate sec]n5s con/itu]et esse hone/um aliquid1 quod utile non esset1 et utile1 quod non hone/um1 qua nulla p]nicies maior hom9um vitae potuit aff]ri4 99#aj99 ,summa quidem auctoritate philosophi sev]e sane atque hone/e haec tria g5]a confusa#afh cogitatione di/+uunt4 ,quicquid enim iu/um sit1 id etiam utile esse c5s5t1 itemque quod hone/um1 idem iu/um2 ex quo efficitur1 ut1 quicquid hone/um sit1 idem sit utile4#afi ,quod qui p>um p]spiciunt1 ii saepe v]sutos hom9es et callidos admirantes malitiam sapi5tiam iudicant4 ,quorum error eripi5dus e/ op9ioque omnis ad eam spem traduc5da1 ut hone/is consiliis iu/isque factis1 non fraude et malitia se intellegant ea1 quae vel9t1 consequi posse4 99#aa99 ,quae ergo ad vitam hom9um tu5dam p]t95t1 p>tim sunt inanima1 ut aurum1 arg5tum1 ut ea1 quae gignuntur e t]ra1 ut alia g5]is eiusdem1 p>tim animalia1 quae hab5t suos impetus et r]um appetitus4 ,eorum autem alia#agj rationis exp]tia sunt1 alia ratione ut5tia2 exp]tes rationis equi1 boves1 reliquae pecudes1 apes1#aga qu>um op]e efficitur aliquid ad usum hom9um atque vitam2 ratione autem ut5tium duo g5]a ponunt1 deorum unum1 alt]um hom9um4 ,deos placatos pietas efficiet et sanctitas1 proxime autem et secundum deos hom9es hom9ibus maxime utiles esse possunt4 99#ab99 ,e>umque item r]um1 quae noceant et obs9t1 eadem divisio e/4 ,s$ quia deos noc]e non putant1 iis exceptis hom9es hom9ibus obesse plurimum arbitrantur4 ,ea enim ipsa1 quae inanima diximus1 pl]aque sunt hom9um op]is effecta2 quae nec hab]emus1 nisi manus et ars accessisset1 nec iis s9e hom9um adm9i/ratione ut]emur4 ,neque enim valetud9is curatio neque navigatio neque agri cultura neque frugum fructuumque reliquorum p]ceptio et cons]vatio s9e hom9um op]a ulla esse potuisset4 99#ac99 ,iam v]o et e>um r]um1 quibus abund>emus1 exportatio et e>um1 quibus eg]emus1 invectio c]te nulla esset1 nisi 8#agb mun]ibus hom9es fung]5tur4 7,attius1 ,prome!us871 ,inc4 inc4 fab4 ,ribbeck#b1 #aed ,eademque ratione nec lapides ex t]ra excid]5tur ad usum no/rum necess>ii1 nec f]rum1 aes1 aurum1 arg5tum effod]etur p5itus abditum s9e hom9um labore et manu4 #afh haec tria g5]a confusa ,b ,h a b1 ,bt4#b1 ,he9e2 haec tria g5]e confusa c1 ,bt4#a1 ,mll]2 haec tria g5]a1 re confusa ,j4 ,f4 ,heus+]4 #afi ,quicquid 444 sit utile bracket$ by ,ung]1 ,bt4#b1 ,mll]1 ,he9e4 #agj alia ,h#b 7ins]t$ above ! l9e7 a1 ,edd42 n 9 ,b ,h#a b2 p>tim c4 #aga apes ,,mss42 bracket$ by ,facciolati1 ,edd4 #agb 8 ,h1 ,edd42 iis ,b ,l b2 hijs c4 ,exp$i5cy & ,moral ,rectitude id5tical4 99#i99 ,,iii4 ,five pr9ciples1 accord+ly1 h be5 laid d[n = ! pursuance ( duty3 two ( !m h to d ) propriety & moral rectitude2 two1 ) ! ext]nal conv5i5ces ( life--means1 weal?1 influ5ce2 ! fif?1 ) ! prop] *oice1 if ev] ! f\r fir/ m5tion$ seem to be 9 conflict4 ,! division treat+ ( moral rectitude1 !n1 has be5 complet$1 & ?is is ! "p ) :i* ,i desire y to be mo/ famili>4 ,! pr9ciple ) :i* we are n[ deal+ is t "o :i* is call$ ,exp$i5cy4 ,! usage ( ?is ^w has be5 corrupt$ & p]v]t$ & has gradually come to ! po9t :]e1 sep>at+ moral rectitude f exp$i5cy1 x is accept$ t a ?+ may be morally "r )\t be+ exp$i5t1 & exp$i5t )\t be+ morally "r4 ,no m p]nici\s doctr9e ?an ?is c\ld be introduc$ into human life4 99#aj99 ,!re are1 to be sure1 philosoph]s ( ! v highe/ reputation :o di/+ui% !oretically betwe5 ^! ?ree conceptions1,,aj al?\gh !y are indissolubly bl5d$ toge!r2 & !y d ?is1 ,i assume1 on moral1 consci5ti\s pr9ciples4 ,= :atev] is j1 !y hold1 is also exp$i5t2 & 9 l mann]1 :atev] is morally "r is also j4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t :atev] is morally "r1 is also exp$i5t4 ,^? :o fail to compreh5d t !ory d (t51 9 _! admiration = %rewd & clev] m51 take craft9ess = wisdom4 ,b !y mu/ be disabus$ ( ?is error & _! way ( ?9k+ mu/ be :olly conv]t$ to ! hope & conviction t x is only by moral "* & righte\sness1 n by di%one/y & craft9ess1 t !y may atta9 to ! objects ( _! desires4 ,classification ( exp$i5ts4 99#aa99 ,( ! ?+s1 !n1 t are ess5tial to ! su/5ance ( human life1 "s are inanimate 7gold & silv]1 = example1 ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & s =?71 & "s are animate & h _! own peculi> in/9cts & appetites4 ,( ^! aga9 "s are rational1 o!rs irrational4 ,horses1 ox51 & ! o!r cattle1 bees1 ^: lab\r contributes m or less to ! s]vice & subsi/5ce ( man1 are n end[$ ) reason2 ( rational be+s two divisions are made--gods & m54 ,wor%ip & purity ( "* w w9 ! fav\r ( ! gods2 & next to ! gods1 & a close second to !m1 m5 c be mo/ helpful to m54 99#ab99 ,! same classification may likewise be made ( ! ?+s t are injuri\s & hurtful4 ,b z p ?9k t ! gods br+ u no h>m1 !y decide 7leav+ ! gods out ( ! "q7 t m5 are mo/ hurtful to m54 ,necessity ( man's helpfulness to man4 ,z = mutual helpfulness1 ^? v ?+s :i* we h call$ inanimate are = ! mo/ "p !mselves produc$ by man's lab\rs2 we %\ld n h !m )\t ! application ( manual lab\r & skill nor c\ld we enjoy !m )\t ! int]v5tion ( man4 ,& s ) _m o!r ?+s3 = )\t man's indu/ry !re c\ld h be5 no provisions = heal?1 no navigation1 no agriculture1 no +a!r+ or /or+ ( ! fruits ( ! field or o!r k9ds ( produce4 99#ac99 ,!n1 too1 !re w\ld surely be no exportation ( our sup]flu\s commodities or importation ( ^? we lack1 did n m5 p]=m ^! s]vices4 ,by ! same process ( reason+1 )\t ! lab\r ( man's h&s1 ! /one ne$ful = our use w\ld n be qu>ri$ f ! e>?1 nor w\ld iron1 copp]1 gold1 & silv]1 hidd5 f> )91 be m9$4 ,,aj ,t is1 !y make a false di/9ction betwe5 7#a7 moral rectitude t is at ! same "t exp$i5t2 7#b7 moral rectitude t is 7app>5tly7 n exp$i5t2 & 7#c7 ! exp$i5t t is 7app>5tly7 n morally "r4 ,,iv4 ,tecta v]o1 quibus et frigorum vis pell]etur et calorum mole/iae s$>5tur1 unde aut initio g5]i humano d>i potuiss5t aut po/ea subv5iri1#agc si aut vi tempe/atis aut t]rae motu aut vetu/ate cecidiss5t1 nisi communis vita ab hom9ibus h>um r]um auxilia pet]e didicisset8 99#ad99 ,adde ductus aqu>um1 d]ivationes flum9um1 agrorum irrigationes1 moles oppositas fluctibus1 portus manu factos1 quae unde s9e hom9um op]e hab]e possemus8 ,ex quibus multisque aliis p]spicuum e/1 qui fructus quaeque utilitates ex rebus iis1 quae s9t inanimae1 p]cipiantur1 eas nos nullo modo s9e hom9um manu atque op]a cap]e potuisse4 ,qui d5ique ex be/iis fructus aut quae commoditas1 nisi hom9es adiuv>5t1 p]cipi posset8 ,nam et qui pr9cipes inv5i5di fu]unt1 quem ex quaque belua usum hab]e possemus1 hom9es c]te fu]unt1 nec hoc tempore s9e hom9um op]a aut pasc]e eas aut dom>e aut tu]i aut tempe/ivos fructus ex iis cap]e possemus2 ab eisdemque et1 quae noc5t1#agd int]ficiuntur et1 quae usui possunt esse1 capiuntur4 99#ae99 ,quid enum]em artium multitud9em1 s9e quibus vita omn9o nulla esse potuisset8 ,qui enim aegris subv5iretur1#age quae esset oblectatio val5tium1 qui victus aut cultus1 nisi tam multae nobis artes m9i/r>5t8 quibus rebus exculta hom9um vita tantum di/at#agf a victu et cultu be/i>um4 ,urbes v]o s9e hom9um coetu non potuiss5t nec a$ific>i nec frequ5t>i2 ex quo leges moresque con/ituti1 tum iuris aequa discriptio#agg c]taque viv5di discipl9a2 quas res et mansuetudo animorum consecuta et v]ecundia e/ effectumque1 ut esset vita munitior1 atque ut d&o et accipi5do mutu&isque facultatibus et commod&is#agh nulla re eg]emus4 #agc subv5iri ,l c1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 subv5ire ,b ,h a b1 ,bt41 ,ed4 #agd et1 quae noc5t ,bt4#b2 et eae1 quae noc5t ,b ,h b1 ,bt4#a2 et ea quae noc5t ,l2 ea quae noc5t c4 #age qui 444 subv5iretur ,g]nh>d1 ,edd42 qui 444 subv5ire ,b ,h2 quis 444 subv5iret ,l c2 quid 444 subv5iret a b4 #agf di/at ,l c p1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 de/itute ,b ,h a b1 ,bt4 #agg discriptio ,h b2 descriptio ,b a c4 #agh mutu&isque facultatibus et commod&is ,nonius1 ,bt4#b1 ,mll]2 mut&isque facultatibus et commodis ,,mss41 ,bt4#a1 ,he9e4 ,mutual helpfulness ! key to civilization4 ,,iv4 ,& h[ c\ld h\ses ev] h be5 provid$ 9 ! fir/ place = ! human race1 to keep out ! rig\rs ( ! cold & alleviate ! discom=ts ( ! heat2 or h[ c\ld ! ravages ( furi\s tempe/ or ( e>?quake or ( "t ^u !m aft]w>d h be5 repair$1 _h n ! bonds ( social life taught m5 9 su* ev5ts to look to _! fell[-m5 = help8 99#ad99 ,?9k ( ! aqu$ucts1 canals1 irrigation works1 breakwat]s1 artificial h>b\rs2 h[ %\ld we h ^! )\t ! "w ( man8 ,f ^! & _m o!r illu/rations x is obvi\s t we c\ld n 9 any way1 )\t ! "w ( man's h&s1 h receiv$ ! pr(its & ! b5efits accru+ f inanimate ?+s4 ,f9ally1 ( :at pr(it or s]vice c\ld animals be1 )\t ! co-op]ation ( man8 ,= x 0 m5 :o 7 ! =emo/ 9 discov]+ :at use c\ld be made ( ea* bea/2 & to-day1 if x 7 n = man's lab\r1 we c\ld nei!r fe$ !m nor break !m 9 nor take c>e ( !m nor yet secure ! pr(its f !m 9 due season4 ,by man1 too1 noxi\s bea/s are de/roy$1 & ^? t c be ( use are captur$4 99#ae99 ,:y %\ld ,i rec\nt ! multitude ( arts )\t :i* life w\ld n be wor? liv+ at all8 ,= h[ w\ld ! sick be heal$8 ,:at pleasure w\ld ! well enjoy8 ,:at com=ts %\ld we h1 if !re 7 n s _m arts to m9i/] to our wants8 ,9 all ^! respects ! civiliz$ life ( man is f> remov$ f ! /&>d ( ! com=ts & wants ( ! l[] animals4 ,& )\t ! association ( m51 cities c\ld n h be5 built or peopl$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( city life1 laws & cu/oms 7 e/abli%$1 & !n came ! equitable di/ribution ( private rights & a def9ite social sy/em4 ,^u ^! in/itutions foll[$ a m humane _s & consid]ation = o!rs1 ) ! result t life 0 bett] suppli$ ) all x requires1 & by giv+ & receiv+1 by mutual ex*ange ( commodities & conv5i5ces1 we succe$$ 9 meet+ all our wants4 99#af99 ,v4 ,longiores hoc loco sumus1 quam necesse e/4 ,quis e/ enim1 cui non p]spicua s9t illa1 quae pluribus v]bis a ,panaetio commemorantur1 nem9em neque ducem bello#agi nec pr9cipem domi magnas res et salut>es s9e hom9um /udiis g]]e potuisse8 ,commemoratur ab eo ,!mi/ocles1 ,p]icles1 ,cyrus1 ,agesilaus1 ,alex&]1 quos negat s9e adium5tis hom9um tantas res effic]e potuisse4 ,utitur 9 re non dubia te/ibus non necess>iis4 ,atque ut magnas utilitates adipiscimur conspiratione hom9um atque cons5su1 sic nulla tam dete/abilis pe/is e/1 quae non hom9i ab hom9e nascatur4 ,e/ ,dicae>*i lib] de int]itu hom9um1 ,p]ipatetici magni et copiosi1 qui collectis cet]is causis eluvionis1 pe/il5tiae1 va/itatis1 belu>um etiam rep5t9ae multitud9is1 qu>um impetu docet qua$am hom9um g5]a esse consumpta1 de9de comp>at1 quanto plures deleti s9t hom9es hom9um impetu1 id e/ bellis aut s$itionibus1 quam omni reliqua calamitate4 99#ag99 ,cum igitur hic locus nihil habeat dubitationis1 qu9 hom9es plurimum hom9ibus et pros9t et obs9t1 proprium hoc /atuo esse virtutis1 concili>e animos hom9um et ad usus suos adiung]e4 ,itaque1 quae 9 rebus inanimis quaeque 9 usu et#ahj tractatione belu>um fiunt utilit] ad hom9um vitam1 artibus ea tribuuntur op]osis1 hom9um autem /udia ad amplificationem no/r>um r]um prompta ac p>ata virorum prae/antium#aha sapi5tia et virtute excitantur4 99#ah99 ,et5im virtus omnis tribus 9 rebus f]e v]titur1 qu>um una e/ 9 p]spici5do1 quid 9 quaque re v]um s9c]umque sit1 quid cons5taneum cuique1 quid consequ5s1 ex quo quaeque gignantur1 quae cuiusque rei causa sit1 alt]um cohib]e motus animi turbatos1 quos ,graeci nom9ant1 appetitionesque1 quas illi 1 obo$i5tes effic]e rationi1 t]tium iis1 quibuscum congregemur1 uti mod]ate et sci5t]1 quorum /udiis ea1 quae natura desid]at1 expleta cumulataque habeamus1 p] eosdemque1 si quid importetur nobis incommodi1 propulsemus ulciscamurque eos1 qui noc]e nobis conati s9t1 tantaque po5a afficiamus1 quantam aequitas humanitasque patitur4 #agi bello ,b ,h a b1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 belli ,l c p1 ,bt4 #ahj usu et ,l c p2 n 9 ,b ,h a b2 bracket$ by ,bt4#a #aha virorum prae/antium bracket$ by ,ed4 99#af99 ,v4 ,i h dwelt long] on ?is po9t ?an 0 necess>y4 ,= :o is !re to :om ^? facts :i* ,panaetius n>rates at great l5g? are n self-evid5t--namely1 t no "o1 ei!r z a g5]al 9 w> or z a /atesman at home c\ld h accompli%$ great ?+s = ! b5efit ( ! /ate1 )\t ! he>ty co-op]ation ( o!r m58 ,he cites ! de$s ( ,!mi/ocles1 ,p]icles1 ,cyrus1 ,agesilaus1 ,alex&]1 :o1 he says1 c\ld n h a*iev$ s great success )\t ! support ( o!r m54 ,he calls 9 witnesses1 :om he does n ne$1 to prove a fact t no "o que/ions4 ,man's hurtfulness to man4 ,& yet1 z1 on ! "o h&1 we secure great advantages ?r\gh ! sympa!tic co-op]ation ( our fell[-m52 s1 on ! o!r1 !re is no curse s t]rible b x is br\ght d[n by man ^u man4 ,!re is a book by ,dicae>*us on ,! ,de/ruction ( ,human ,life4 ,he 0 a fam\s & eloqu5t ,p]ipatetic & he ga!r$ toge!r all ! o!r causes ( de/ruction--floods1 epidemics1 fam9es1 & sudd5 incursions ( wild animals 9 myriads1 by ^: assaults1 he in=ms u1 :ole tribes ( m5 h be5 wip$ out4 ,& !n he proce$s to %[ by way ( comp>ison h[ _m m m5 h be5 de/roy$ by ! assaults ( m5--t is1 by w>s or revolutions--?an by any & all o!r sorts ( calamity4 ,co-op]ation & ! virtues4 99#ag99 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 !re c be no d\bt on ?is po9t1 t man is ! s\rce ( bo? ! greate/ help & ! greate/ h>m to man1 ,i set x d[n z ! peculi> function ( virtue to w9 ! he>ts ( m5 & to atta* !m to "o's own s]vice4 ,& s ^? b5efits t human life d]ives f inanimate objects & f ! employm5t & use ( animals are ascrib$ to ! indu/rial arts2 ! co-op]ation ( m51 on ! o!r h&1 prompt & ready = ! advancem5t ( our int]e/s1 is secur$ ?r\gh wisdom & virtue 9 m5 ( sup]ior ability4 99#ah99 ,&1 inde$1 virtue 9 g5]al may be said to consi/ almo/ :olly 9 ?ree prop]ties3 ! fir/ is ,wisdom1 ! ability to p]ceive :at 9 any giv5 in/ance is true & real1 :at its relations are1 its consequ5ces1 & its causes2 ! second is ,temp]ance1 ! ability to re/ra9 ! passions 7:i* ! ,greeks call 7 & make ! impulses 77 ob$i5t to reason2 & ! ?ird is ,ju/ice1 ! skill to treat ) consid]ation & wisdom ^? ) :om we are associat$1 9 ord] t we may ?r\gh _! co-op]ation h our natural wants suppli$ 9 full & ov]fl[+ measure1 t we may w>d (f any imp5d+ tr\ble1 av5ge ourselves ^u ^? :o h attempt$ to injure u1 & visit !m ) su* retribution z ju/ice & humanity w p]mit4 99#ai99 ,,vi4 ,quibus autem rationibus hanc facultatem assequi possimus1 ut hom9um /udia complectamur eaque t5eamus1 dicemus1 neque ita multo po/1 s$ pauca ante dic5da sunt4 ,magnam vim esse 9 =tuna 9 utramque p>tem1 vel secundas ad res vel adv]sas1 quis ignorat8 ,nam et1 cum prosp]o flatu eius utimur1 ad exitus p]vehimur optatos et1 cum reflavit1 affligimur4 ,haec igitur ipsa =tuna cet]os casus r>iores habet1 primum ab inanimis procellas1 tempe/ates1 naufragia1 ru9as1 inc5dia1 de9de a be/iis ictus1 morsus1 impetus2 haec ergo1 ut dixi1 r>iora4 99#bj99 ,at v]o int]itus ex]cituum1 ut proxime trium1 saepe multorum1 clades imp]atorum1 ut nup] summi et s+ul>is viri1 invidiae praet]ea multitud9is atque ob eas b5e m]itorum saepe civium expulsiones1 calamitates1 fugae1 rursusque secundae res1 honores1 imp]ia1 victoriae1 quamquam =tuita sunt1 tam5 s9e hom9um opibus et /udiis neutram 9 p>tem effici possunt4 ,hoc igitur cognito dic5dum e/1 quonam modo hom9um /udia ad utilitates no/ras allic]e atque excit>e possimus4 ,quae si longior fu]it oratio1 cum magnitud9e utilitatis comp>etur2 ita =tasse etiam brevior videbitur4 99#ba99 ,quaecumque igitur hom9es hom9i tribuunt ad eum aug5dum atque hone/&um1 aut b5ivol5tiae gratia faciunt1 cum aliqua de causa quempiam diligunt1 aut honoris1 si cuius virtutem suspiciunt1 quemque dignum =tuna quam amplissima putant1 aut cui fidem hab5t et b5e rebus suis consul]e arbitrantur1 aut cuius opes metuunt1 aut contra1 a quibus aliquid exspectant1 ut cum reges popul>esve hom9es l>gitiones aliquas proponunt1 aut po/remo pretio ac m]c$e ducuntur1 quae sordidissima e/ illa quidem ratio et inqu9atissima et iis1 qui ea t55tur1 et illis1 qui ad eam#ahb confug]e conantur2 99#bb99 male enim se res habet1 cum1 quod virtute effici debet1 id temptatur pecunia4 ,s$ quoniam non numquam hoc subsidium necess>ium e/1 quem ad modum sit ut5dum eo1 dicemus1 si prius iis#ahc de rebus1 quae virtuti propiores sunt1 dix]imus4 ,atque etiam subiciunt se hom9es imp]io alt]ius et pote/ati de causis pluribus4 ,ducuntur enim aut b5ivol5tia aut b5eficiorum magnitud9e aut dignitatis prae/antia aut spe sibi id utile futurum aut metu1 ne vi p>]e cogantur1 aut spe l>gitionis promissisque#ahd capti aut po/remo1 ut saepe 9 no/ra re publica videmus1 m]c$e conducti4 #ahb eam c1 ,edd42 ea ,b ,h a b4 #ahc iis ,edd42 8 ,b ,h a b2 hijs c4 #ahd promissisque ,l c1 ,edd42 promissionisque ,b ,h a b2 promissionibusque alii4 99#ai99 ,,vi4 ,i %all pres5tly discuss ! means by :i* we c ga9 ! ability to w9 & hold ! affections ( our fell[-m52 b ,i mu/ say a few words by way ( preface4 ,co-op]ation vs4 ,=tune4 ,:o fails to compreh5d ! enorm\s1 two-fold p[] ( ,=tune = weal & = woe8 ,:5 we enjoy h] fav\r+ breeze1 we are waft$ ov] to ! wi%$ = hav52 :5 %e bl[s aga9/ u1 we are da%$ to de/ruction4 ,=tune h]self1 !n1 does s5d ^? o!r less usual calamities1 aris+1 fir/1 f inanimate nature--hurricanes1 /orms1 %ipwrecks1 cata/rophes1 conflagrations2 second1 f wild bea/s--kicks1 bites1 & attacks4 ,b ^!1 z ,i h said1 are comp>atively r>e4 99#bj99 ,b ?9k1 on ! "o side1 ( ! de/ruction ( armies 7?ree lately1 & _m o!rs at _m diff]5t times71 ! loss ( g5]als 7( a v able & em95t comm&] rec5tly71 ! hatr$ ( ! masses1 too1 & ! bani%m5t t z a consequ5ce frequ5tly comes to m5 ( em95t s]vices1 _! degradation & volunt>y exile2 ?9k1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! successes1 ! civil & milit>y hon\rs1 & ! victories2--?\gh all ^! conta9 an elem5t ( *ance1 /ill !y _c be br\ght ab\t1 :e!r = good or = ill1 )\t ! influ5ce & ! co-op]ation ( our fell[-m54 ,) ?is und]/&+ ( ! influ5ce ( ,=tune1 ,i may proce$ to expla9 h[ we c w9 ! affectionate co-op]ation ( our fell[s & enli/ x 9 our s]vice4 ,& if ! discussion ( ?is po9t is unduly prolong$1 let ! l5g? be comp>$ ) ! importance ( ! object 9 view4 ,x w !n1 p]haps1 seem ev5 too %ort4 ,h[ m5 are l$ to promote ano!r's int]e/s4 99#ba99 ,:5ev]1 !n1 p be/[ any?+ ^u a fell[-man to raise 8 e/ate or 8 dignity1 x may be f any "o ( sev]al motives3 7#a7 x may be out ( good-w1 :5 = "s reason !y are fond ( him2 7#b7 x may be f e/eem1 if !y look up to 8 wor? & ?9k him des]v+ ( ! mo/ spl5did =tune a man c h2 7#c7 !y may h confid5ce 9 him & ?9k t !y are ?us act+ = _! own int]e/s2 or 7#d7 !y may fe> 8 p[]2 7#e7 !y may1 on ! contr>y1 hope = "s fav\r--z1 = example1 :5 pr9ces or demagogues be/[ gifts ( money2 or1 f9ally1 7#f7 !y may be mov$ by ! promise ( paym5t or rew>d4 ,?is la/ is1 ,i admit1 ! meane/ & mo/ sordid motive ( all1 bo? = ^? :o are sway$ by x & = ^? :o v5ture to resort to x4 99#bb99 ,= ?+s are 9 a bad way1 :5 t :i* %\ld be obta9$ by m]it is attempt$ by money4 ,b s9ce rec\rse to ?is k9d ( support is sometimes indisp5sable1 ,i %all expla9 h[ x %\ld be employ$2 b fir/ ,i %all discuss ^? qualities :i* are m closely alli$ to m]it4 ,n[1 x is by v>i\s motives t p are l$ to submit to ano!r's au?ority & p[]3 !y may be influ5c$ 7#a7 by good-w2 7#b7 by gratitude = g5]\s fav\rs conf]r$ ^u !m2 7#c7 by ! em95ce ( t o!r's social position or by ! hope t _! submission w turn to _! own acc\nt2 7#d7 by fe> t !y may be compell$ p]=ce to submit2 7#e7 !y may be captivat$ by ! hope ( gifts ( money & by lib]al promises2 or1 f9ally1 7#f7 !y may be brib$ ) money1 z we h frequ5tly se5 9 our own c\ntry4 99#bc99 ,,vii4 ,omnium autem r]um nec aptius e/ quicquam ad opes tu5das ac t55das quam diligi nec ali5ius quam tim]i4 ,praecl>e enim ,ennius3 7,?ye/es87 ,fab4 inc4 ,vahl5#b1 #djb ,qum metuunt1 odrunt2 quem quisque dit1 p]iisse xpetit4 ,multorum autem odiis nullas opes posse obsi/]e1 si antea fuit ignotum1 nup] e/ cognitum4 ,nec v]o huius tyranni solum1 quem armis oppressa p]tulit civitas ac p>et cum maxime mortuo1#ahe int]itus decl>at1 quantum odium hom9um valeat#ahf ad pe/em1 s$ reliquorum similes exitus tyrannorum1 quorum haud f]e quisquam talem int]itum effugit2 malus enim e/ cu/os diuturnitatis metus contraque b5ivol5tia fidelis vel ad p]petuitatem4 99#bd99 ,s$ iis1 qui vi oppressos imp]io corc5t1 sit sane adhib5da saevitia1 ut eris#ahg 9 famulos1 si alit] t5]i non possunt2 qui v]o 9 lib]a civitate ita se in/ruunt1 ut metuantur1 iis#ahh nihil pote/ esse dem5tius4 ,quamvis enim s9t dem]sae leges alicuius opibus1 quamvis timefacta lib]tas1 em]gunt tam5 haec aliqu&o aut iudiciis tacitis aut occultis de honore suffragiis4 ,acriores autem morsus sunt int]missae lib]tatis quam ret5tae4 ,quod igitur latissime patet neque ad incolumitatem solum1 s$ etiam ad opes et pot5tiam valet plurimum1 id amplectamur1 ut metus absit1 c>itas ret9eatur4 ,ita facillime quae volemus1 et privatis 9 rebus et 9 re publica consequemur4 ,et5im qui se metui vol5t1 a quibus metu5tur1 eosdem metuant ipsi necesse e/4 99#be99 ,quid enim c5semus sup]iorem illum ,dionysium quo cruciatu timoris angi solitum1 qui cultros metu5s tonsorios c&5te c>bone sibi adurebat capillum8 quid ,alex&rum ,ph]aeum quo animo vixisse arbitramur8 qui1 ut scriptum legimus1 cum uxorem ,!b5 admodum dilig]et1 tam5 ad eam ex epulis 9 cubiculum v5i5s b>b>um1 et eum quidem1 ut scriptum e/1 compunctum notis ,?raeciis1 de/ricto gladio iubebat anteire praemittebatque de /ipatoribus suis1 qui scrut>5tur arculas muliebres et1 ne quod 9 ve/im5tis telum occult>etur1 exquir]5t4 ,o mis]um1 qui fideliorem et b>b>um et /igmatiam put>et quam coniugem6 ,nec eum fefellit2 ab ea e/ enim ipsa propt] pelicatus suspicionem int]fectus4 ,nec v]o ulla vis imp]ii tanta e/1 quae prem5te metu possit esse diuturna4 99#bf99 ,te/is e/ ,phal>is1 cuius e/ praet] cet]os nobilitata crudelitas1 qui non ex insidiis int]iit1 ut is1 quem modo dixi1 ,alex&]1 non a paucis1 ut hic no/]1 s$ 9 quem univ]sa ,agrig5t9orum multitudo impetum fecit4 ,quid8 ,mac$ones nonne ,demetrium reliqu]unt univ]sique se ad ,pyrrhum contul]unt8 ,quid8 ,lac$aemonios iniu/e imp]antes nonne rep5te omnes f]e socii des]u]unt spectatoresque se otiosos praebu]unt ,leuctricae calamitatis8 #ahe ac p>et cum maxime mortuo1 ,halm1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 p>etque cum maxime mortuo c#a1 ,bt42 p>etque1 c4 m4 m4 ,l2 app>et1 cuius maxime mortui b2 app>et cuius maxime portui ,b ,h a4 #ahf valeat c2 valet ,b ,h a b4 #ahg ut eris ,bait]2 ut eriis ,b2 ut]is ,l2 ut]e hiis ,h2 ut]e iis b2 ut]e 8 a2 utantur eis c4 #ahh iis ,edd42 8 ,b ,h ,l a2 hijs c2 hiis b4 ,! motive ( love vs4 t ( fe>4 99#bc99 ,,vii4 ,b ( all motives1 none is bett] adapt$ to secure influ5ce & hold x fa/ ?an love2 no?+ is m =eign to t end ?an fe>4 ,= ,ennius says admirably3 ,:om !y fe> !y hate4 ,& :om "o hates1 "o hopes to see him dead4 ,& we rec5tly discov]$1 if x 0 n kn[n be=e1 t no am\nt ( p[] c )/& ! hatr$ ( ! _m4 ,hatr$ ( tyranny4 ,! dea? ( ?is tyrant1,,ak ^: yoke ! /ate endur$ "u ! con/ra9t ( arm$ =ce & :om x /ill obeys m humbly ?an ev]1 ?\gh he is dead1 illu/rates ! deadly effects ( popul> hatr$2 & ! same lesson is taught by ! simil> fate ( all o!r despots1 ( :om practically no "o has ev] escap$ su* a dea?4 ,= fe> is b a poor safegu>d ( la/+ p[]2 :ile affection1 on ! o!r h&1 may be tru/$ to keep x safe = ev]4 99#bd99 ,b ^? :o keep subjects 9 *eck by =ce w\ld ( c\rse h to employ sev]ity--ma/]s1 = example1 t[>d _! s]vants1 :5 ^! _c be held 9 control 9 any o!r way4 ,b ^? :o 9 a free /ate delib]ately put !mselves 9 a position to be fe>$ are ! madde/ ( ! mad4 ,= let ! laws be nev] s mu* ov]borne by "s "o individual's p[]1 let ! _s ( fre$om be nev] s intimidat$1 /ill soon] or lat] !y ass]t !mselves ei!r ?r\gh unvoic$ public s5tim5t1 or ?r\gh secret ballots dispos+ ( "s high (fice ( /ate4 ,fre$om suppress$ & aga9 rega9$ bites ) ke5] fangs ?an fre$om nev] endang]$4 ,let u1 !n1 embrace ?is policy1 :i* appeals to e he>t & is ! /ronge/ support n only ( security b also ( influ5ce & p[]--namely1 to bani% fe> & cleave to love4 ,& ?us we %all mo/ easily secure success bo? 9 private & 9 public life4 ,fur!rmore1 ^? :o wi% to be fe>$ mu/ inevitably be afraid ( ^? :om !y intimidate4 99#be99 ,! wret*$ness ( fe>4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 %all we ?9k ( ! eld] ,dionysius8 ,) :at torm5t+ fe>s he us$ to be rack$6 ,= ?r\gh fe> ( ! b>b]'s razor he us$ to h 8 hair s+$ (f ) a gl[+ coal4 ,9 :at /ate ( m9d d we fancy ,alex&] ( ,ph]ae liv$8 ,we read 9 hi/ory t he de>ly lov$ 8 wife ,!be2 & yet1 :5ev] he w5t f ! banquet hall to h] 9 h] *amb]1 he us$ to ord] a b>b>ian--"o1 too1 tattoo$ l a ,?racian1 z ! records /ate--to g be=e him ) a drawn sword2 & he us$ to s5d ahead "s ( 8 bodygu>d to pry into ! lady's caskets & to se>* & see :e!r "s weapon 7 n conceal$ 9 h] w>drobe4 ,unhappy man6 ,to ?9k a b>b>ian1 a br&$ slave1 m fai?ful ?an 8 own wife6 ,nor 0 he mi/ak54 ,= he 0 murd]$ by h] own h&1 because %e suspect$ him ( infidelity4 ,& inde$ no p[] is /rong en\gh to be la/+1 if x lab\rs "u ! weight ( fe>4 99#bf99 ,witness ,phal>is1 ^: cruelty is notori\s beyond t ( all o!rs4 ,he 0 sla91 n trea*]\sly 7l t ,alex&] :om ,i nam$ b n[71 n by a few conspirators 7l t tyrant ( ours71 b ! :ole population ( ,agrig5tum rose aga9/ him ) "o accord4 ,aga91 did n ! ,mac$onians ab&on ,demetrius & m>* ov] z "o man to ,pyrrhus8 ,& aga91 :5 ! ,sp>tans ex]cis$ _! supremacy tyrannically1 did n practically all ! allies des]t !m & view _! disa/] at ,leuctra1 z idle spectators8 ,,ak ,julius ,caes>4 ,,viii4 ,ext]na lib5tius 9 tali re quam dome/ica recordor4 ,v]um tam51 quam diu imp]ium populi ,romani b5eficiis t5ebatur1 non iniuriis1 bella aut pro sociis aut de imp]io g]ebantur1 exitus erant bellorum aut mites aut necess>ii1 regum1 populorum1 nationum portus erat et refugium s5atus1 99#bg99 no/ri autem magi/ratus imp]atoresque ex hac una re maximam laudem cap]e /udebant1 si prov9cias1 si socios aequitate et fide def5diss5t2 997#bg799 itaque illud patroc9ium orbis t]rae v]ius quam imp]ium pot]at nom9>i4 ,s5sim hanc consuetud9em et discipl9am iam antea m9uebamus1 po/ v]o ,sullae victoriam p5itus amisimus2 desitum e/ enim vid]i quicquam 9 socios iniquum1 cum ex/itisset 9 cives tanta crudelitas4 ,ergo 9 illo secuta e/ hone/am causam non hone/a victoria2 e/ enim ausus dic]e1 ha/a posita cum bona 9 =o v5d]et et bonorum virorum et locupletium et c]te civium1 pra$am se suam v5d]e4 ,secutus e/1 qui 9 causa impia1 victoria etiam fo$iore non s+ulorum civium bona public>et1 s$ univ]sas prov9cias regionesque uno calamitatis iure compreh5d]et4 99#bh99 ,itaque vexatis ac p]ditis ext]is nationibus ad exemplum amissi imp]ii port>i 9 triumpho ,massiliam vidimus et ex ea urbe triumph>i1 s9e qua numquam no/ri imp]atores ex ,transalp9is bellis triumph>unt4 ,multa praet]ea commemor>em nef>ia 9 socios1 si hoc uno quicquam sol vidisset indignius4 ,iure igitur plectimur4 ,nisi enim multorum impunita scel]a tulissemus1 numquam ad unum tanta p]v5isset lic5tia2 a quo quidem rei famili>is ad paucos1 cupiditatum ad multos improbos v5it h]$itas4 99#bi99 ,nec v]o umquam bellorum civilium sem5 et causa de]it1 dum hom9es p]diti ha/am illam cru5tam et mem9]9t et sp]abunt2 quam ,p4#ahi ,sulla cum vibrasset dictatore prop9quo suo1 idem sexto tricesimo anno po/ a scel]atiore ha/a non recessit2 alt] autem1 qui 9 illa dictatura scriba fu]at1 9 hac fuit quae/or urbanus4 ,ex quo debet intellegi talibus praemiis propositis numquam defutura bella civilia4 ,itaque p>ietes modo urbis /ant et man5t1 iique ipsi iam extrema scel]a metu5tes1 rem v]o publicam p5itus amisimus4 ,atque 9 has clades incidimus 7r$eundum e/ enim ad propositum71 dum metui quam c>i esse et diligi malumus4 ,quae si populo ,romano iniu/e imp]anti accid]e potu]unt1 quid deb5t put>e s+uli8 ,quod cum p]spicuum sit1 b5ivol5tiae vim esse magnam1 metus imbecillam sequitur1 ut diss]amus1 quibus rebus facillime possimus eam1 quam volumus1 adipisci cum honore et fide c>itatem4 99#cj99 ,s$ ea non p>it] omnes egemus2 nam ad cuiusque vitam in/itutam accommod&um e/1 a multisne opus sit an satis sit a paucis diligi4 ,c]tum igitur hoc sit1 idque et primum et maxime necess>ium1 famili>itates hab]e fidas amantium nos amicorum et no/ra mirantium2 haec enim una#aij res prorsus1 ut non multum diff]at int] summos et m$iocris viros1 aeque#aia utrisque e/ propemodum comp>&a4 99#ca99 ,honore et gloria et b5ivol5tia civium =tasse non aeque omnes eg5t1 s$ tam51 si cui haec suppetunt1 adiuvant aliquantum cum ad cet]a1 tum ad amicitias comp>&as4 #ahi ,p4 c1 ,edd42 ,l4 ,b ,h a b4 #aij enim una ,bait]2 enim e/ una ,,mss4 #aia aeque ,lund2 eaque ,,mss4 ,! old ,republic & ! new despotism4 ,,viii4 ,i pref] 9 ?is connection to draw my illu/rations f =eign hi/ory r ?an f our own4 ,let me add1 h[ev]1 t z long z ! empire ( ! ,roman ,p ma9ta9$ itself by acts ( s]vice1 n ( oppression1 w>s 7 wag$ 9 ! int]e/ ( our allies or to safegu>d our supremacy2 ! end ( our w>s 0 m>k$ by acts ( clem5cy or by only a necess>y degree ( sev]ity2 ! s5ate 0 a hav5 ( refuge = k+s1 tribes1 & nations2 99#bg99 & ! highe/ ambition ( our magi/rates & g5]als 0 to def5d our prov9ces & allies ) ju/ice & hon\r4 997#bg799 ,& s our gov]nm5t c\ld be call$ m accurately a protectorate ( ! _w ?an a dom9ion4 ,?is policy & practice we _h begun gradually to modify ev5 be=e ,sulla's "t2 b s9ce 8 victory we h dep>t$ f x altoge!r4 ,= ! "t _h gone by :5 any oppression ( ! allies c\ld appe> wrong1 see+ t atrocities s outrage\s 7 committ$ aga9/ ,roman citiz5s4 ,9 ,sulla's case1 !re=e1 an unrighte\s victory disgrac$ a righte\s cause4 ,= :5 he _h plant$ 8 spe>,,al & 0 sell+ "u ! hamm] 9 ! =um ! prop]ty ( m5 :o 7 patriots & m5 ( weal? &1 at lea/1 ,roman citiz5s1 he _h ! effront]y to ann\nce t he 0 sell+ 8 spoils4 ,aft] him came "o :o1 9 an unholy cause1 made an ev5 m %ameful use ( victory2 = he did n /op at confiscat+ ! prop]ty ( individual citiz5s1 b actually embrac$ :ole prov9ces & c\ntries 9 "o common ban ( ru94 99#bh99 ,& s1 :5 =eign nations _h be5 oppress$ & ru9$1 we h se5 a model ( ,m>seilles c>ri$ 9 a triumphal procession1 to s]ve z pro( to ! _w t ! supremacy ( ! p _h be5 =feit$2 & t triumph we saw celebrat$ ov] a city )\t ^: help our g5]als h nev] ga9$ a triumph = _! w>s beyond ! ,alps4 ,i might m5tion _m o!r outrages aga9/ our allies1 if ! sun _h ev] beheld any?+ m infam\s ?an ?is p>ticul> "o4 ,! wages ( ! s9 ( ,rome4 ,ju/ly1 !re=e1 are we be+ puni%$4 ,= if we _h n all[$ ! crimes ( _m to g unpuni%$1 s great lic5ce w\ld nev] h c5tr$ 9 "o individual4 ,8 e/ate desc5d$ by inh]itance to b a few individuals1 8 ambitions to _m sc\ndrels4 99#bi99 ,& nev] w ! se$ & occasion ( civil w> be want+1 s long z villa9s rememb] t blood-/a9$ spe> & hope to see ano!r4 ,z ,publius ,sulla wield$ t spe>1 :5 8 k9sman 0 dictator1 s aga9 ?irty-six ye>s lat] he did n %r9k f a /ill m crim9al spe>4 ,& /ill ano!r ,sulla1 :o 0 a m]e cl]k "u ! =m] dictator%ip1 0 "u ! lat] "o a city quae/or4 ,f ?is1 "o w\ld realize t1 if su* rew>ds are (f]$1 civil w>s w nev] cease to be4 ,& s 9 ,rome only ! walls ( h] h\ses rema9 /&+--& ev5 !y wait n[ 9 fe> ( ! mo/ unspeakable crimes--b our republic we h lo/ = ev]4 ,b to return to my subject3 x is :ile we h pref]r$ to be ! object ( fe> r ?an ( love & affection1 t all ^! mis=tunes h fall5 ^u u4 ,& if su* retribution c\ld ov]take ! ,roman ,p = _! inju/ice & tyranny1 :at ought private individuals to expect8 ,& s9ce x is manife/ t ! p[] ( good-w is s great & t ( fe> is s weak1 x rema9s = u to discuss by :at means we c mo/ readily w9 ! affection1 l9k$ ) hon\r & confid5ce1 :i* we desire4 ,! acquisition ( fri5ds4 99#cj99 ,b we d n all feel ?is ne$ to ! same ext5t2 = x mu/ be det]m9$ 9 con=mity ) ea* individual's vocation 9 life :e!r x is ess5tial = him to h ! affection ( _m or :e!r ! love ( a few w suffice4 ,let ?is !n be settl$ z ! fir/ & absolute ess5tial--t we h ! devotion ( fri5ds1 affectionate & lov+1 :o value our wor?4 ,= 9 j ?is "o po9t !re is b little diff]5ce betwe5 ! greate/ & ! ord9>y man2 & fri5d%ip is to be cultivat$ almo/ equally by bo?4 99#ca99 ,all m5 d n1 p]haps1 /& equally 9 ne$ ( political hon\r1 fame1 & ! good-w ( _! fell[-citiz5s2 nev]!less1 if ^! hon\rs come to a man1 !y help 9 _m ways1 & especially 9 ! acquisition ( fri5ds4 ,,al ,! ,romans 7 accu/om$ to set up a spe> z a sign ( an auction-sale--a symbol d]iv$ f ! sale ( booty tak5 9 w>4 ,,ix4 ,s$ de amicitia alio libro dictum e/1 qui inscribitur ,laelius2 nunc dicamus de gloria1 quamquam ea quoque de re duo sunt no/ri libri1 s$ att+amus1 qu&oquidem ea 9 rebus maioribus adm9i/r&is adiuvat plurimum4 ,summa igitur et p]fecta gloria con/at ex tribus 83 si diligit multitudo1 si fidem habet1 si cum admiratione quadam honore dignos putat4 ,haec autem1 si e/ simplicit] brevit]que dic5dum1 quibus rebus p>iuntur a s+ulis1 eisdem f]e a multitud9e4 ,s$ e/ alius quoque quidam aditus ad multitud9em1 ut 9 univ]sorum animos tamquam influ]e possimus4 99#cb99 ,ac primum de illis tribus1 quae ante dixi1 b5ivol5tiae praecepta videamus2 quae quidem capitur b5eficiis maxime1 secundo autem loco voluntate b5efica b5ivol5tia movetur1 etiamsi res =te non suppetit2 vehem5t] autem amor multitud9is commovetur ipsa fama et op9ione lib]alitatis1 b5efic5tiae1 iu/itiae1 fidei omniumque e>um virtutum1 quae p]t95t ad mansuetud9em morum ac facilitatem4 ,et5im illud ipsum1 quod hone/um decorumque dicimus1 quia p] se nobis placet animosque omnium natura et specie sua commovet maximeque quasi p]lucet ex iis1 quas commemoravi1 virtutibus1 idcirco illos1 9 quibus eas virtutes esse remur1 a natura ipsa dilig]e cogimur4 ,atque hae quidem causae dilig5di gravissimae2 possunt enim praet]ea non nullae esse leviores4 99#cc99 ,fides autem ut habeatur1 duabus rebus effici pote/1 si exi/imabimur adepti coniunctam cum iu/itia prud5tiam4 ,nam et iis fidem habemus1 quos plus intelleg]e quam nos arbitramur quosque et futura prospic]e cr$imus et1 cum res agatur 9 discrim5que v5tum sit1 exp$ire rem et consilium ex tempore cap]e posse2 hanc enim utilem hom9es exi/imant v]amque prud5tiam4 ,iu/is autem et fidis#aib hom9ibus1 id e/ bonis viris1 ita fides habetur1 ut nulla sit 9 iis#aic fraudis iniuriaeque suspicio4 ,itaque 8 salutem no/ram1 8 =tunas1 8 lib]os rectissime committi arbitramur4 99#cd99 ,h>um igitur du>um ad fidem faci5dam iu/itia plus pollet1 quippe cum ea s9e prud5tia satis habeat auctoritatis1 prud5tia s9e iu/itia nihil valet ad faci5dam fidem4 ,quo enim quis v]sutior et callidior1 hoc invisior et suspectior e/ detracta op9ione probitatis4 ,quam ob rem intelleg5tiae iu/itia coniuncta1 quantum volet1 habebit ad faci5dam fidem virium2 iu/itia s9e prud5tia multum pot]it1 s9e iu/itia nihil valebit prud5tia4 #aib et fidis ,,mss42 del4 ,facciolati1 ,pe>ce2 et fidis ,bt41 ,ed4 #aic iis ,b2 8 ,h a b2 hijs c4 ,,ix4 ,b fri5d%ip has be5 discuss$ 9 ano!r book ( m9e1 entitl$ ,laelius4 ,! atta9m5t ( glory4 ,let u n[ take up ! discussion ( ,glory1 al?\gh ,i h publi%$ two books,,am on t subject also4 ,/ill1 let u t\* briefly on x "h1 s9ce x is ( v great help 9 ! conduct ( m important bus9ess4 ,! highe/1 true/ glory dep5ds ^u ! foll[+ ?ree ?+s3 ! affection1 ! confid5ce1 & ! m+l$ admiration & e/eem ( ! p4 ,su* s5tim5ts1 if ,i may speak pla9ly & concisely1 are awak5$ 9 ! masses 9 ! same way z 9 individuals4 ,h[ to ga9 popul>ity3 ,b !re is also ano!r av5ue ( approa* to ! masses1 by :i* we c1 z x 71 /eal into ! he>ts ( all at once4 7#a7 ?r\gh good-w1 99#cb99 ,b ( ! ?ree above-nam$ requisites1 let u look fir/ at good-w & ! rules = secur+ x4 ,good-w is won pr9cipally ?r\gh k9d s]vices,,an2 next to t1 x is elicit$ by ! w to d a k9d s]vice1 ev5 ?\gh no?+ happ5 to come ( x4 ,!n1 too1 ! love ( p g5]ally is p[]fully attract$ by a man's m]e "n & reputation = g5]osity1 k9dness1 ju/ice1 hon\r1 & all ^? virtues t belong to g5tl5ess ( "* & affability ( mann]4 ,& because t v quality :i* we t]m moral goodness & propriety is pleas+ to u by & ( itself & t\*es all our he>ts bo? by its inw>d ess5ce & its outw>d aspect & %9es =? ) mo/ lu/re ?r\gh ^? virtues nam$ above1 we are1 !re=e1 compell$ by ,nature h]self to love ^? 9 :om we believe ^? virtues to reside4 ,n[ ^! are only ! mo/ p[]ful motives to love--n all ( !m2 !re may be "s m9or ones besides4 7#b7 ?r\gh confid5ce1 99#cc99 ,secondly1 ! comm& ( confid5ce c be secur$ on two conditions3 7#a7 if p ?9k u possess$ ( practical wisdom comb9$ ) a s5se ( ju/ice4 ,= we h confid5ce 9 ^? :o we ?9k h m und]/&+ ?an ourselves1 :o1 we believe1 h bett] insight into ! future1 & :o1 :5 an em]g5cy arises & a crisis comes1 c cle> away ! difficulties & rea* a safe decision accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! occasion2 = t k9d ( wisdom ! _w acc\nts g5u9e & practical4 ,b 7#b7 confid5ce is repos$ 9 m5 :o are j & true--t is1 good m5--on ! def9ite assumption t _! *>act]s admit ( no suspicion ( di%one/y or wrong-do+4 ,& s we believe t x is p]fectly safe to entru/ our lives1 our =tunes1 & our *ildr5 to _! c>e4 ,ju/ice vs4 ,wisdom2 99#cd99 ,( ^! two qualities1 !n1 ju/ice has ! great] p[] to inspire confid5ce2 = ev5 )\t ! aid ( wisdom1 x has consid]able weight2 b wisdom )\t ju/ice is ( no avail to inspire confid5ce2 = take f a man 8 reputation = probity1 & ! m %rewd & clev] he is1 ! m hat$ & mi/ru/$ he becomes4 ,!re=e1 ju/ice comb9$ ) practical wisdom w comm& all ! confid5ce we c desire2 ju/ice )\t wisdom w be able to d mu*2 wisdom )\t ju/ice w be ( no avail at all4 ,,am ,n[ lo/1 ?\gh !y 7 /ill kn[n to ,petr>*4 ,,an ,cic]o means by k9d s]vices ! s]vices ( ! lawy]2 he 0 =bidd5 by law to accept a fee2 8 s]vices1 if he contribut$ !m1 7 acts ( k9dness4 99#ce99 ,x4 ,s$ ne quis sit admiratus1 cur1 cum int] omnes philosophos con/et a meque ipso saepe disputatum sit1 qui unam hab]et1 omnes hab]e virtutes1 nunc ita seiungam1 quasi possit quisquam1 qui non idem prud5s sit1 iu/us esse1 alia e/ illa1 cum v]itas ipsa limatur 9 disputatione1 subtilitas1 alia1 cum ad op9ionem communem omnis accommodatur oratio4 ,quam ob rem1 ut volgus1 ita nos hoc loco loquimur1 ut alios =tes1 alios viros bonos1 alios prud5tes esse dicamus2 popul>ibus enim v]bis e/ ag5dum et usitatis1 cum loquimur#aid de op9ione popul>i1 idque eodem modo fecit ,panaetius4 ,s$ ad propositum rev]tamur4 99#cf99 ,erat igitur ex iis#aie tribus1 quae ad gloriam p]t9]5t1 hoc t]tium1 ut cum admiratione hom9um honore ab iis#aif digni iudic>emur4 ,admirantur igitur communit] illi quidem omnia1 quae magna et praet] op9ionem suam animadv]t]unt1 sep>atim autem1 9 s+ulis si p]spiciunt necop9ata qua$am bona4 ,itaque eos viros suspiciunt maximisque eff]unt laudibus1 9 quibus exi/imant se excell5tes quasdam et s+ul>es p]spic]e virtutes1 despiciunt autem eos et contemnunt1 9 quibus nihil virtutis1 nihil animi1 nihil n]vorum putant4 ,non enim omnes eos contemnunt1 de quibus male exi/imant4 ,nam quos improbos1 mal$icos1 fraudul5tos putant et ad faci5dam iniuriam in/ructos1 eos haud contemnunt quidem1#aig s$ de iis#aih male exi/imant4 ,quam ob rem1 ut ante dixi1 contemnuntur ii1#aii qui nec sibi nec alt]i1 ut dicitur1 9 quibus nullus labor1 nulla indu/ria1 nulla cura e/4 99#cg99 ,admiratione autem afficiuntur ii1 qui anteire cet]is virtute putantur et cum omni c>]e d$ecore1 tum v]o iis vitiis1 quibus alii non facile possunt obsi/]e4 ,nam et voluptates1 bl&issimae dom9ae1 maioris p>tis animos#bjj a virtute detorqu5t et1 dolorum cum admov5tur faces1 praet] modum pl]ique ext]r5tur2 vita mors1 divitiae paup]tas omnes hom9es vehem5tissime p]mov5t4 ,quae qui 9 utramque p>tem excelso animo magnoque despiciunt1 cumque aliqua iis ampla et hone/a res obiecta e/1 totos ad se conv]tit et rapit1 tum quis non admiretur spl5dorem pul*ritud9emque virtutis8 #aid loquimur ,b2 loquamur ,h a b2 loquemur c4 #aie iis ,bt42 8 ,b ,h2 hijs c2 n 9 a b4 #aif iis ,bt42 8 ,b ,h a b2 hijs c4 #aig haud contemnunt quidem b1 ,bt4#b2 contemnunt quidem nautiquam ,b ,h a p1 ,bt4#a1 ,he9e2 contemnunt quidem nequaquam c2 non contemnunt quidem ,madvig1 ,mll]4 #aih iis ,b1 ,edd42 8 ,h a b2 hijs c4 #aii ii ,b b2 hii ,h2 hi a2 hij1 c4 ,s #cg4 #bjj maioris p>tis animos c1 ,edd42 maiores p>tis animi ,b2 maiores p>tes animi ,h a b4 99#ce99 ,x4 ,b ,i am afraid "s "o may wond] :y ,i am n[ sep>at+ ! virtues--z if x 7 possible = anyone to be j :o is n at ! same "t wise2 = x is agre$ ^u among all philosoph]s1 & ,i myself h (t5 argu$1 t he :o has "o virtue has !m all4 ,! explanation ( my app>5t inconsi/5cy is t ! precision ( spee* we employ1 :5 ab/ract tru? is critically inve/igat$ 9 philosophic discussion1 is "o ?+2 & t employ$1 :5 we are adapt+ our language entirely to popul> ?9k+1 is ano!r4 ,& !re=e ,i am speak+ "h 9 ! popul> s5se1 :5 ,i call "s m5 brave1 o!rs good1 & /ill o!rs wise2 = 9 deal+ ) popul> conceptions we mu/ employ famili> words 9 _! common acceptation2 & ?is 0 ! practice ( ,panaetius likewise4 ,b let u return to ! subject4 7#c7 ?r\gh e/eem & admiration4 99#cf99 ,! ?ird1 !n1 ( ! ?ree conditions ,i nam$ z ess5tial to glory is t we be acc\nt$ wor?y ( ! e/eem & admiration ( our fell[-m54 ,:ile p admire 9 g5]al ev]y?+ t is great or bett] ?an !y expect1 !y admire 9 p>ticul> ! good qualities t !y f9d unexpect$ly 9 individuals4 ,& s !y rev]5ce & extol ) ! highe/ praises ^? m5 9 :om !y see c]ta9 pre-em95t & extraord9>y tal5ts2 & !y look d[n ) contempt ^u ^? :o !y ?9k h no ability1 no _s1 no en]gy4 ,= !y d n despise all ^? ( :om !y ?9k ill4 ,= "s m5 !y consid] unscrupul\s1 sl&]\s1 fraudul5t1 & dang]\s2 !y d n despise !m1 x may be2 b !y d ?9k ill ( !m4 ,& !re=e1 z ,i said be=e1 ^? are despis$ :o are ( no use to !mselves or _! neighb\rs1 z ! say+ is1 :o are idle1 lazy1 & indiff]5t4 99#cg99 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? are reg>d$ ) admiration :o are ?\ght to excel o!rs 9 ability & to be free f all di%on\r & also f ^? vices :i* o!rs d n easily resi/4 ,= s5sual pleasure1 a mo/ s$uctive mi/ress1 turns ! he>ts ( ! great] "p ( humanity away f virtue2 & :5 ! fi]y trial ( affliction draws ne>1 mo/ p are t]rifi$ beyond measure4 ,life & dea?1 weal? & want affect all m5 mo/ p[]fully4 ,b :5 m51 ) a _s great & exalt$1 c look d[n ^u su* outw>d circum/ances1 :e!r prosp]\s or adv]se1 & :5 "s noble & virtu\s purpose1 pres5t$ to _! m9ds1 conv]ts !m :olly to itself & c>ries !m away 9 its pursuit1 :o !n c\ld fail to admire 9 !m ! spl5d\r & beauty ( virtue8 99#ch99 ,,xi4 ,ergo et haec animi despici5tia admirabilitatem magnam facit et maxime iu/itia1 ex qua una virtute viri boni appellantur1 mirifica qua$am multitud9i videtur1 nec iniuria2 nemo enim iu/us esse pote/1 qui mortem1 qui dolorem1 qui exsilium1 qui ege/atem timet1 aut qui ea1 quae sunt 8 contr>ia1 aequitati anteponit4 ,maximeque admirantur eum1 qui pecunia non movetur2 quod 9 quo viro p]spectum sit1 hunc igni spectatum arbitrantur4 ,itaque illa tria1 quae proposita sunt ad gloriam1 omnia iu/itia conficit1 et b5ivol5tiam1 quod prodesse vult plurimis1 et ob e&em causam fidem et admirationem1 quod eas res sp]nit et neglegit1 ad quas pl]ique inflammati aviditate rapiuntur4 99#ci99 ,ac mea quidem s5t5tia omnis ratio atque in/itutio vitae adium5ta hom9um desid]at1 9 primisque ut habeat1 quibuscum possit famili>es conf]re s]mones2 quod e/ difficile1 nisi speciem prae te boni viri f]as4 ,ergo etiam solit>io hom9i atque 9 agro vitam ag5ti op9io iu/itiae necess>ia e/1 eoque etiam magis1 quod1 eam si non habebunt1 iniu/i habebuntur1#bja nullis praesidiis saepti multis affici5tur iniuriis4 99#dj99 ,i1 #if ,atque iis#bjb etiam1 qui v5dunt emunt1 conducunt locant contrah5disque negotiis implicantur1 iu/itia ad rem g]5dam necess>ia e/1 cuius tanta vis e/1 ut ne illi quidem1 qui maleficio et scel]e pascuntur1 poss9t s9e ulla p>ticula iu/itiae viv]e4 ,nam qui eorum cuipiam1 qui una latroc9antur1 furatur aliquid aut eripit1 is sibi ne 9 latroc9io quidem rel9quit locum1 ille autem1 qui ar*ipirata dicitur1 nisi aequabilit] pra$am disp]tiat1 aut int]ficiatur a sociis aut rel9quatur2 qu9 etiam leges latronum esse dicuntur1 quibus p>eant1 quas obs]v5t4 ,itaque propt] aequabilem pra$ae p>titionem et ,b>dulis ,illyrius latro1 de quo e/ apud ,!opompum1 magnas opes habuit et multo maiores ,viria?us ,lusitanus2 cui quidem etiam ex]citus no/ri imp]atoresque cess]unt2 quem ,c4 ,laelius1 is qui ,sapi5s usurpatur1 praetor fregit et comm9uit f]ocitatemque eius ita repressit1 ut facile bellum reliquis trad]et4 ,cum igitur tanta vis iu/itiae sit1 ut ea etiam latronum opes firmet atque augeat1 quantam eius vim int] leges et iudicia et 9 con/ituta re publica =e putamus8 #bja iniu/i habebuntur ,b ,h b2 bracket$ by ,facciolati1 ,edd4 #bjb iis ,edd42 8 ,b ,h a b1 n 9 c4 ,ju/ice is ! be/ way to popul>ity4 99#ch99 ,,xi4 ,z1 !n1 ?is sup]iority ( m9d to su* ext]nals inspires great admiration1 s ju/ice1 above all1 on ! basis ( :i* alone m5 are call$ good m51 seems to p g5]ally a q m>vell\s virtue--& n )\t good reason2 = no "o c be j :o fe>s dea? or pa9 or exile or pov]ty1 or :o values _! opposites above equity4 ,& p admire especially ! man :o is un9flu5c$ by money2 & if a man has prov$ himself 9 ?is direction1 !y ?9k him tri$ z by fire4 ,^? ?ree requisites1 !re=e1 :i* 7 presuppos$ z ! means ( obta9+ glory1 are all secur$ by ju/ice3 7#a7 good-w1 = x seeks to be ( help to ! greate/ numb]2 7#b7 confid5ce1 = ! same reason2 & 7#c7 admiration1 because x scorns & c>es no?+ = ^? ?+s1 ) a consum+ passion = :i* mo/ p are c>ri$ away4 99#ci99 ,n[1 9 my op9ion at lea/1 e walk & vocation 9 life calls = human co-op]ation--fir/ & above all1 9 ord] t "o may h fri5ds ) :om to enjoy social int]c\rse4 ,& ?is is n easy1 unless "o is look$ ^u z a good man4 ,s1 ev5 to a man :o %uns society & to "o :o sp5ds 8 life 9 ! c\ntry a reputation = ju/ice is ess5tial--ev5 m s ?an to o!rs2 = !y :o d n h x b are consid]$ unju/ w h no def5ce to protect !m & s w be ! victims ( _m k9ds ( wrong4 99#dj99 ,s also to buy]s & sell]s1 to employ]s & employ$1 & to ^? :o are engag$ 9 comm]cial deal+s g5]ally1 ju/ice is indisp5sable = ! conduct ( bus9ess4 ,hon\r among ?ieves4 ,its importance is s great1 t n ev5 ^? :o live by wick$ness & crime c get on )\t "s small elem5t ( ju/ice4 ,= if a robb] takes any?+ by =ce or by fraud f ano!r memb] ( ! gang1 he loses 8 /&+ ev5 9 a b& ( robb]s2 & if ! "o call$ ! ,pirate ,capta9 %\ld n divide ! plund] imp>tially1 he w\ld be ei!r des]t$ or murd]$ by 8 comrades4 ,:y1 !y say t robb]s ev5 h a code ( laws to obs]ve & obey4 ,& s1 because ( 8 imp>tial division ( booty1 ,b>dulis1 ! ,illyrian b&it1 ( :om we read 9 ,!opompus1 acquir$ great p[]1 ,viria?us1 ( ,lusitania1 mu* great]4 ,he actually defi$ ev5 our armies & g5]als4 ,b ,gaius ,laelius--! "o surnam$ ! ,wise--9 8 praetor%ip cru%$ 8 p[]1 r$uc$ him to t]ms1 & s *eck$ 8 intrepid d>+1 t he left to 8 successors an easy conque/4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! efficacy ( ju/ice is s great t x /r5g!ns & augm5ts ! p[] ev5 ( robb]s1 h[ great d we ?9k its p[] w be 9 a con/itutional gov]nm5t ) its laws & c\rts8 99#da99 ,,xii4 ,mihi quidem non apud ,m$os solum1 ut ait ,h]odotus1 s$ etiam apud maiores no/ros iu/itiae fru5dae causa vid5tur olim b5e morati reges con/ituti4 ,nam cum prem]etur inops#bjc multitudo ab iis1 qui maiores opes habebant1 ad unum aliquem confugiebant virtute prae/antem2 qui cum prohib]et iniuria t5uiores1 aequitate con/itu5da summos cum infimis#bjd p>i iure ret9ebat4#bje ,eademque con/itu5d>um legum fuit causa1 quae regum4 99#db99 ,ius enim semp] e/ quaesitum aequabile2 neque enim alit] esset ius4 ,id si ab uno iu/o et bono viro consequebantur1 erant eo cont5ti2 cum id m9us cont+]et1 leges sunt inv5tae1 quae cum omnibus semp] una atque eadem voce loqu]5tur4 ,ergo hoc quidem p]spicuum e/1 eos ad imp]&um deligi solitos1 quorum de iu/itia magna esset op9io multitud9is4 ,adiuncto v]o1 ut idem etiam prud5tes hab]5tur1 nihil erat1 quod hom9es iis auctoribus non posse consequi se arbitr>5tur4 ,omni igitur ratione col5da et ret95da iu/itia e/ cum ipsa p] sese 7nam alit] iu/itia non esset71 tum propt] amplificationem honoris et gloriae4 ,s$ ut pecuniae non qua]5dae solum ratio e/1 v]um etiam colloc&ae1 quae p]petuos sumptus supp$itet1 nec solum necess>ios1 s$ etiam lib]ales1 sic gloria et qua]5da et colloc&a ratione e/4 99#dc99 ,x54 ,mem4 ,,ii1 #f1 #ci ,quamquam praecl>e ,socrates hanc viam ad gloriam proximam et quasi comp5di>iam dicebat esse1 si quis id ag]et1 ut1 qualis hab]i vellet1 talis esset4 ,quodsi qui simulatione et inani o/5tatione et ficto non modo s]mone1 s$ etiam voltu /abilem se gloriam consequi posse r5tur1 vehem5t] errant4 ,v]a gloria radices agit atque etiam propagatur1 ficta omnia cel]it] tamquam flosculi decidunt1 nec simulatum pote/ quicquam esse diuturnum4 ,te/es sunt p]multi 9 utramque p>tem1 s$ brevitatis causa familia cont5ti erimus una4 ,ti4 enim ,grac*us ,p4 f4 tam diu laudabitur1 dum memoria r]um ,roman>um manebit2 at eius filii nec vivi probabantur bonis et mortui num]um opt95t iure caesorum4 #bjc inops inf]ior ,,mss41 ,edd42 9 otio 7i4e4 at w7 ,b ,h a b p2 inicio 7 initio7 c4 #bjd infimis c1 ,edd42 infirmis ,b a b2 infirmos ,h4 #bje ret9ebat c1 ,edd42 p]t9ebat ,b ,h a p2 p]t9ebant b4 ,k+s *os5 = ! sake ( ju/ice4 99#da99 ,,xii4 ,n[ x seems to me1 at lea/1 t n only among ! ,m$es1 z ,h]odotus tells u1 b also among our own ance/ors1 m5 ( high moral "* 7 made k+s 9 ord] t ! p might enjoy ju/ice4 ,=1 z ! masses 9 _! helplessness 7 oppress$ by ! /rong1 !y appeal$ = protection to "s "o man :o 0 conspicu\s = 8 virtue2 & z he %ield$ ! weak] classes f wrong1 he manag$ by e/abli%+ equitable conditions to hold ! high] & ! l[] classes 9 an equality ( "r4 ,! reason = mak+ con/itutional laws 0 ! same z t = mak+ k+s4 99#db99 ,= :at p h always s\ght is equality ( rights be=e ! law4 ,= rights t 7 n op5 to all alike w\ld be no rights4 ,if ! p secur$ _! end at ! h&s ( "o j & good man1 !y 7 satisfi$ ) t2 b :5 su* 0 n _! good =tune1 laws 7 inv5t$1 to speak to all m5 at all times 9 "o & ! same voice4 ,?is1 !n1 is obvi\s3 nations us$ to select = _! rul]s ^? m5 ^: reputation = ju/ice 0 high 9 ! eyes ( ! p4 ,if 9 addition !y 7 also ?\ght wise1 !re 0 no?+ t m5 did n ?9k !y c\ld secure "u su* lead]%ip4 ,ju/ice is1 !re=e1 9 e way to be cultivat$ & ma9ta9$1 bo? = its own sake 7= o!rwise x w\ld n be ju/ice7 & = ! enhancem5t ( p]sonal hon\r & glory4 ,b z !re is a me?od n only ( acquir+ money b also ( inve/+ x s z to yield an income to meet our cont9u\sly recurr+ exp5ses--bo? = ! necessities & = ! m ref9$ com=ts ( life--s !re mu/ be a me?od ( ga9+ glory & turn+ x to acc\nt4 99#dc99 ,! way to glory is ,ju/ice4 ,& yet1 z ,socrates us$ to express x s admirably1 ! ne>e/ way to glory--a %ort-cut1 z x 7--is to /rive to be :at y wi% to be ?\ght to be4 ,= if anyone ?9ks t he c w9 la/+ glory by pret5ce1 by empty %[1 by hypocritical talk & looks1 he is v mu* mi/ak54 ,true glory /rikes deep root & spreads its bran*es wide2 b all pret5ces soon fall to ! gr\nd l fragile fl[]s1 & no?+ c\nt]feit c be la/+4 ,!re are v _m witnesses to bo? facts2 b = brevity's sake1 ,i %all conf9e myself to "o family3 ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 ,publius's son1 w be held 9 hon\r z long z ! memory ( ,rome %all endure2 b 8 sons 7 n approv$ by patriots :ile !y liv$1 & s9ce !y are dead !y are numb]$ among ^? ^: murd] 0 ju/ifiable4 ,,xiii4 ,qui igitur adipisci v]am gloriam#bjf volet1 iu/itiae fungatur (ficiis4 ,i1 #bj-da ,ea quae ess5t1 dictum e/ 9 libro sup]iore4 #bjf v]am gloriam ,edd42 v]am iu/itiae gloriam ,,mss4 ,ways ( w9n+ a good "n3 ,,xiii4 ,if1 !re=e1 anyone wi%es to w9 true glory1 let him dis*>ge ! duties requir$ by ju/ice4 ,& :at !y are has be5 set =? 9 ! c\rse ( ! prec$+ book4 99#dd99 7,,xiii47 ,s$ ut facillime1 quales simus1 tales esse videamur1 etsi 9 eo ipso vis maxima e/1 ut simus ii1 qui hab]i velimus1 tam5 qua$am praecepta d&a sunt4 ,nam si quis ab ineunte aetate habet causam celebritatis et nom9is aut a patre acceptam1 quod tibi1 mi ,cic]o1 arbitror contigisse1 aut aliquo casu atque =tuna1 9 hunc oculi omnium coniciuntur atque 9 eum1 quid agat1 quem ad modum vivat1 inquiritur et1 tamquam 9 cl>issima luce v]setur1 ita nullum obscurum pote/ nec dictum eius esse nec factum4 99#de99 ,quorum autem prima aetas propt] humilitatem et obscuritatem 9 hom9um ignoratione v]satur1 ii1#bjg simul ac iuv5es esse coep]unt1 magna spect>e et ad ea rectis /udiis deb5t cont5d]e3 quod eo firmiore animo faci5t1 quia non modo non invidetur illi aetati1 v]um etiam favetur4 ,prima igitur e/ adulesc5ti comm5datio ad gloriam1 si qua ex bellicis rebus comp>>i pote/1 9 qua multi apud maiores no/ros ex/it]unt2 semp] enim f]e bella g]ebantur4 ,tua autem aetas incidit 9 id bellum1 cuius alt]a p>s scel]is nimium habuit1 alt]a felicitatis p>um4 ,quo tam5 9 bello cum te ,pompeius alae alt]i#bjh praefecisset1 magnam laudem et a summo viro et ab ex]citu consequeb>e equit&o1 iacul&o1 omni milit>i labore tol]&o4 ,atque ea quidem tua laus p>it] cum re publica cecidit4 ,mihi autem haec oratio suscepta non de te e/1 s$ de g5]e toto2 quam ob rem p]gamus ad ea1 quae re/ant4 99#df99 ,ut igitur 9 reliquis rebus multo maiora op]a sunt animi quam corporis1 sic eae res1 quas +5io ac ratione p]sequimur1 gratiores sunt quam illae1 quas viribus4 ,prima igitur comm5datio pr(iciscitur a mode/ia cum#bji pietate 9 p>5tes1 9 suos b5ivol5tia4 ,facillime autem et 9 optimam p>tem cognoscuntur adulesc5tes1 qui se ad cl>os et sapi5tes viros b5e consul5tes rei publicae contul]unt2 quibuscum si frequ5tes sunt1 op9ionem aff]unt populo eorum =e se similes1 quos sibi ipsi deleg]9t ad imit&um4 99#dg99 ,p4 ,rutili adulesc5tiam ad op9ionem et innoc5tiae et iuris sci5tiae ,p4 ,muci comm5davit domus4 ,nam ,l4 quidem ,crassus1 cum esset admodum adulesc5s1 non aliunde mutuatus e/1 s$ sibi ipse pep]it maximam laudem ex illa accusatione nobili et gloriosa1 et1 qua#baj aetate qui ex]c5tur1 laude affici sol5t1 ut de ,demo/h5e accepimus1 ea aetate ,l4 ,crassus o/5dit id se 9 =o optime iam fac]e1 quod etiam tum pot]at domi cum laude m$it>i4 #bjg ii ,b1 ,edd42 hi ,h2 iis b2 hij c2 8 a4 #bjh alt]i ,,mss42 om4 ,graevius1 ,edd4 #bji cum ,victorius1 ,edd42 tum ,,mss4 #baj et1 qua ,manutius1 ,edd42 ex qua ,,mss4 99#dd99 7,,xiii47 ,b al?\gh ! v ess5ce ( ! problem is t we actually be :at we wi% to be ?\ght to be1 /ill "s rules may be laid d[n to enable u mo/ easily to secure ! reputation ( be+ :at we are4 ,= if anyone 9 8 e>ly y\? has ! responsibility ( liv+ up to a di/+ui%$ "n acquir$ ei!r by inh]itance f 8 fa!r 7z1 ,i ?9k1 my de> ,cic]o1 is y\r good =tune7 or by "s *ance or happy comb9ation ( circum/ances1 ! eyes ( ! _w are turn$ ^u him2 8 life & "* are scrut9iz$2 &1 z if he mov$ 9 a blaze ( light1 n a ^w & n a de$ ( 8 c be kept a secret4 99#de99 ,^?1 on ! o!r h&1 ^: humble & obscure orig9 has kept !m unkn[n to ! _w 9 _! e>ly ye>s ought1 z soon z !y approa* "y manhood1 to set a high ideal be=e _! eyes & to /rive ) unsw]v+ zeal t[>ds its realization4 ,?is !y w d ) ! bett] he>t1 because t "t ( life is accu/om$ to f9d fav\r r ?an to meet ) opposition4 7#a7 by a milit>y c>e]1 ,well1 !n1 ! fir/ ?+ to recomm5d to a "y man 9 8 que/ = glory is t he try to w9 x1 if he c1 9 a milit>y c>e]4 ,among our =efa!rs _m di/+ui%$ !mselves z soldi]s2 = w>f>e 0 almo/ cont9u\s !n4 ,! p]iod ( y\r own y\?1 h[ev]1 has co9cid$ ) t w> 9 :i* ! "o side 0 too prolific 9 crime1 ! o!r 9 failure4 ,& yet1 :5 ,pompey plac$ y 9 comm& ( a cavalry squadron 9 ?is w>1 y won ! applause ( t great man & ( ! army = y\r skill 9 rid+ & spe>-?r[+ & = endurance ( all ! h>d%ips ( ! soldi]'s life4 ,b t cr$it accord$ to y came to no?+ along ) ! fall ( ! republic4 ,! subject ( ?is discussion1 h[ev]1 is n y\r p]sonal hi/ory1 b ! g5]al !me4 ,let u1 !re=e1 proce$ to ! sequel4 7#b7 by p]sonal "*1 99#df99 ,z1 !n1 9 ev]y?+ else bra9-"w is f> m important ?an m]e h&-"w1 s ^? objects :i* we /rive to atta9 ?r\gh intellect & reason ga9 = u a high] degree ( gratitude ?an ^? :i* we /rive to ga9 by physical /r5g?4 ,! be/ recomm5dation1 !n1 t a "y man c h to popul> e/eem proce$s f self-re/ra9t1 filial affection1 & devotion to k9sfolk4 7#c7 by association ) ! great1 ,next to t1 "y m5 w9 recognition mo/ easily & mo/ fav\rably1 if !y atta* !mselves to m5 :o are at once wise & r5[n$ z well z patriotic c\nsellors 9 public affairs4 ,& if !y associate con/antly ) su* m51 !y inspire 9 ! public ! expectation t !y w be l !m1 see+ t !y h !mselves select$ !m = imitation4 99#dg99 ,8 frequ5t visits to ! home ( ,publius ,mucius assi/$ "y ,publius ,rutilius to ga9 a reputation = integrity ( "* & = ability z a jurisconsult4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ,lucius ,crassus2 = ?\gh he 0 a m]e boy1 he look$ to no "o else = assi/ance1 b by 8 own unaid$ ability he won = himself 9 t brilliant & fam\s prosecution,,ao a spl5did reputation z an orator4 ,& at an age :5 "y m5 are accu/om$ ) _! s*ool ex]cises to w9 applause z /ud5ts ( oratory1 ?is ,roman ,demo/h5es1 ,lucius ,crassus1 0 already prov+ himself 9 ! law-c\rts a ma/] ( ! art :i* he might ev5 !n h be5 /udy+ at home ) cr$it to himself4 ,,ao ,at ! age ( #ba ,crassus conduct$ ! case aga9/ ,gaius ,papirius ,c>bo1 a =m] support] ( ! ,grac*i4 ,! prosecution 0 s ably conduct$ t ,c>bo committ$ suicide to escape c]ta9 condemnation4 99#dh99 ,,xiv4 ,s$ cum duplex ratio sit orationis1 qu>um 9 alt]a s]mo sit1 9 alt]a cont5tio1 non e/ id quidem dubium1 qu9 cont5tio orationis#baa maiorem vim habeat ad gloriam 7ea e/ enim1 quam eloqu5tiam dicimus72 s$ tam5 difficile dictu e/1 quantop]e conciliet animos comitas affabilitasque s]monis4 ,ex/ant epi/ulae et ,philippi ad ,alex&rum et ,antipatri ad ,cass&rum et ,antigoni ad ,philippum filium1 trium prud5tissimorum 7sic enim accepimus72 quibus praecipiunt1 ut oratione b5igna multitud9is animos ad b5ivol5tiam alliciant militesque bl&e appell&o s]mone#bab del9iant4 ,quae autem 9 multitud9e cum cont5tione habetur oratio1 ea saepe univ]sam excitat gloriam#bac2 magna e/ enim admiratio copiose sapi5t]que dic5tis2 quem qui audiunt1 intelleg]e etiam et sap]e plus quam cet]os arbitrantur4 ,si v]o ine/ 9 oratione mixta mode/ia gravitas1 nihil admirabilius fi]i pote/1 eoque magis1 si ea sunt 9 adulesc5te4 99#di99 ,s$ cum s9t plura caus>um g5]a1 quae eloqu5tiam desid]5t1 multique 9 no/ra re publica adulesc5tes et apud iudices et apud populum#bad et apud s5atum dic5do laudem assecuti s9t1 maxima e/ admiratio 9 iudiciis4 ,quorum ratio duplex e/4 ,nam ex accusatione et ex def5sione con/at2 qu>um etsi laudabilior e/ def5sio1 tam5 etiam accusatio probata p]saepe e/4 ,dixi paulo ante de ,crasso2 idem fecit adulesc5s ,m4 ,antonius4 ,etiam ,p4 ,sulpici eloqu5tiam accusatio illu/ravit1 cum s$itiosum et inutilem civem1 ,c4 ,norbanum1 9 iudicium vocavit4 99#ej99 ,s$ hoc quidem non e/ saepe faci5dum nec umquam nisi aut rei publicae causa1 ut ii1 quos ante dixi1 aut ulcisc5di1 ut duo ,luculli1 aut patroc9ii1 ut nos pro ,siculis1 pro ,s>dis 9 ,albucio ,iulius4 ,9 accus&o etiam ,m'4 ,aquilio ,l4 ,fufi cognita indu/ria e/4 ,semel igitur aut non saepe c]te4 ,s9 erit1 cui faci5dum sit saepius1 rei publicae tribuat hoc mun]is1 cuius inimicos ulcisci saepius non e/ repreh5d5dum2 modus tam5 adsit4 ,duri enim hom9is vel potius vix hom9is videtur p]iculum capitis inf]re multis4 ,id cum p]iculosum ipsi e/1 tum etiam sordidum ad famam1 committ]e1 ut accusator nom9]e2 quod contigit ,m4 ,bruto summo g5]e nato1 illius filio1 qui iuris civilis 9 primis p]itus fuit4 99#ea99 ,atque etiam hoc praeceptum (ficii dilig5t] t55dum e/1 ne quem umquam innoc5tem iudicio capitis arcessas2 id enim s9e scel]e fi]i nullo pacto pote/4 ,nam quid e/ tam inhumanum quam eloqu5tiam a natura ad salutem hom9um et ad cons]vationem datam ad bonorum pe/em p]niciemque conv]t]e8 ,nec tam51 ut hoc fugi5dum e/1 item e/ hab5dum religioni noc5tem aliqu&o1 modo ne nef>ium#bae impiumque1 def5d]e2 vult hoc multitudo1 patitur consuetudo1 f]t etiam humanitas4 ,iudicis e/ semp] 9 causis v]um sequi1 patroni non numquam v]i simile1 etiamsi m9us sit v]um1 def5d]e2 quod scrib]e1 praes]tim cum de philosophia scrib]em1 non aud]em1 nisi idem plac]et gravissimo ,/oicorum1 ,panaetio4 ,maxime autem et gloria p>itur et gratia def5sionibus1 eoque maior1 si qu&o accidit1 ut ei subv5iatur1 qui pot5tis alicuius opibus circumv5iri urgu]ique videatur1 ut nos et saepe alias et adulesc5tes contra ,l4 ,sullae dom9antis opes pro ,sex4 ,roscio ,am]9o fecimus quae1 ut scis1 ex/at oratio4 #baa orationis ,,mss41 ,ed42 bracket$ by ,fleckeis51 ,bt4#b1 ,mll]1 ,he9e4 #bab bl&e appell&o s]mone a c1 ,edd42 bl&o appell&o s]mone ,b ,h b2 bl&e appell&o ,gulielmus 7) ?ree inf]ior ,,mss471 ,bt41 ,he9e2 s]mone ,ed4 #bac excitat gloriam ,,mss42 excitat gloriam ,ed42 excitat ,lange4 #bad et apud populum c1 ,edd42 n 9 ,b ,h a b4 #bae modo ne nef>ium ,l c1 ,edd42 modo nef>ium ,nonius2 et nef>ium ,b ,h a b4 7#d7 by eloqu5ce4 99#dh99 ,,xiv4 ,b z ! classification ( disc\rse is a tw(old "o--conv]sation1 on ! "o side2 oratory1 on ! o!r--!re c be no d\bt t ( ! two ?is debat+-p[] 7= t is :at we mean by eloqu5ce7 c\nts = m t[>d ! atta9m5t ( glory2 & yet1 x is n easy to say h[ f> an affable & c\rte\s mann] 9 conv]sation may g t[>d w9n+ ! affections4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 ! lett]s ( ,philip to ,alex&]1 ( ,antipat] to ,cass&]1 & ( ,antigonus to ,philip ! ,y\ng]4 ,! au?ors ( ^! lett]s 71 z we are in=m$1 ?ree ( ! wise/ m5 9 hi/ory2 & 9 !m !y in/ruct _! sons to woo ! he>ts ( ! populace to affection by words ( k9dness & to keep _! soldi]s loyal by a w9n+ address4 ,b ! spee* t is deliv]$ 9 a debate be=e an assembly (t5 /irs ! he>ts ( ?\s&s at once2 = ! eloqu5t & judici\s speak] is receiv$ ) high admiration1 & 8 he>]s ?9k him und]/&+ & wise beyond all o!rs4 ,& if 8 spee* h also dignity comb9$ ) mod]ation1 he w be admir$ beyond all measure1 especially if ^! qualities are f\nd 9 a "y man4 99#di99 ,b :ile !re are occasions ( _m k9ds t call = eloqu5ce1 & :ile _m "y m5 9 our republic h obta9$ di/9ction by _! spee*es 9 ! c\rts1 9 ! popul> assemblies1 & 9 ! s5ate1 yet x is ! spee*es be=e our c\rts t excite ! highe/ admiration4 ,prosecution vs4 def5ce4 ,! classification ( =5sic spee*es also is a tw(old "o3 !y are divid$ into argum5ts = ! prosecution & argum5ts = ! def5ce4 ,& :ile ! side ( ! def5ce is m hon\rable1 /ill t ( ! prosecution also has v (t5 e/abli%$ a reputation4 ,i spoke ( ,crassus a mom5t ago2 ,m>cus ,antonius1 :5 a y\?1 _h ! same success4 ,a prosecution br\ght ! eloqu5ce ( ,publius ,sulpicius into fav\rable notice1 :5 he br\ght an action aga9/ ,gaius ,norbanus1 a s$iti\s & dang]\s citiz54 99#ej99 ,b ?is %\ld n be done (t5--nev]1 9 fact1 except 9 ! int]e/ ( ! /ate 7z 9 ! cases ( ^? above m5tion$7 or to av5ge wrongs 7z ! two ,luculli1 = example1 did7 or = ! protection ( our prov9cials 7z ,i did 9 ! def5ce ( ! ,sicilians1 or ,julius 9 ! prosecution ( ,albucius 9 behalf ( ! ,s>d9ians74 ,! activity ( ,lucius ,fufius 9 ! impea*m5t ( ,manius ,aquilius is likewise fam\s4 ,?is sort ( "w1 !n1 may be done once 9 a lifetime1 or at all ev5ts n (t54 ,b if x %all be requir$ ( anyone to conduct m frequ5t prosecutions1 let him d x z a s]vice to 8 c\ntry2 = x is no disgrace to be (t5 employ$ 9 ! prosecution ( h] enemies4 ,& yet a limit %\ld be set ev5 to t4 ,= x requires a he>tless man1 x seems1 or r "o :o is well-nigh inhuman1 to be arraign+ "o p]son aft] ano!r on capital *>ges4,,ap ,x is n only fraught ) dang] to ! prosecutor himself1 b is damag+ to 8 reputation1 to all[ himself to be call$ a prosecutor4 ,su* 0 ! effect ( ?is epi!t ^u ,m>cus ,brutus1 ! scion ( a v noble family & ! son ( t ,brutus :o 0 an em95t au?ority 9 ! civil law4 ,sp>e ! innoc5t2 def5d ! guilty4 99#ea99 ,aga91 ! foll[+ rule ( duty is to be c>efully obs]v$3 nev] pref] a capital *>ge aga9/ any p]son :o may be innoc5t4 ,= t _c possibly be done )\t mak+ oneself a crim9al4 ,= :at is s unnatural z to turn to ! ru9 & de/ruction ( good m5 ! eloqu5ce be/[$ by nature = ! safety & protection ( our fell[-m58 ,& yet1 :ile we %\ld nev] prosecute ! innoc5t1 we ne$ n h scruples aga9/ und]tak+ on occasion ! def5ce ( a guilty p]son1 provid$ he be n infam\sly deprav$ & wick$4 ,= p expect x2 cu/om sanctions x2 humanity also accepts x4 ,x is always ! bus9ess ( ! judge 9 a trial to f9d out ! tru?2 x is sometimes ! bus9ess ( ! advocate to ma9ta9 :at is plausible1 ev5 if x be n /rictly true1 ?\gh ,i %\ld n v5ture to say ?is1 especially 9 an e?ical treatise1 if x 7 n also ! position ( ,panaetius1 t /ricte/ ( ,/oics4 ,!n1 too1 briefs = ! def5ce are mo/ likely to br+ glory & popul>ity to ! plead]1 & all ! m s1 if ev] x falls to him to l5d 8 aid to "o :o seems to be oppress$ & p]secut$ by ! influ5ce ( "s "o 9 p[]4 ,?is ,i h done on _m o!r occasions2 & once 9 p>ticul>1 9 my y\ng] days1 ,i def5d$ ,sextus ,roscius ( ,am]ia aga9/ ! p[] ( ,lucius ,sulla :5 he 0 act+ ! tyrant4 ,! spee* is publi%$1 z y "k4 ,,ap ,a capital *>ge meant to ! ,roman a *>ge endang]+ a p]son's caput1 or civil /atus4 ,a conviction on su* a *>ge result$ 9 8 civil degradation & ! loss ( 8 privileges z a ,roman citiz54 99#eb99 ,,xv4 ,s$ expositis adulesc5tium (ficiis1 quae valeant ad gloriam adipisc5dam1 de9ceps de b5efic5tia#baf ac de lib]alitate dic5dum e/2 cuius e/ ratio duplex2 nam aut op]a b5igne fit indig5tibus aut pecunia4 ,facilior e/ haec po/]ior1 locupleti praes]tim1 s$ illa lautior ac spl5didior et viro =ti cl>oque dignior4 ,quamquam enim 9 utroque ine/ gratific&i lib]alis voluntas1 tam5 alt]a ex arca1 alt]a ex virtute depromitur1 l>gitioque1 quae fit ex re famili>i1 fontem ipsum b5ignitatis exhaurit4 ,ita b5ignitate b5ignitas tollitur2 qua quo 9 plures usus sis1 eo m9us 9 multos uti possis4 99#ec99 ,at qui op]a1 id e/ virtute et indu/ria1 b5efici et lib]ales erunt1 primum1 quo pluribus pr(u]9t1 eo plures ad b5igne faci5dum adiutores habebunt1 de9 consuetud9e b5efic5tiae p>atiores erunt et tamquam ex]citatiores ad b5e de multis prom]5dum4 ,praecl>e 9#bag epi/ula#bah quadam ,alex&rum filium ,philippus accusat1 quod l>gitione b5ivol5tiam ,mac$onum consectetur3 ,quae te1 malum6 inquit1 ratio 9 i/am spem induxit1 ut eos tibi fideles put>es =e1 quos pecunia corrupisses8 ,an tu id agis1 ut ,mac$ones non te regem suum1 s$ m9i/rum et praebitorem#bai sp]5t =e8 ,b5e m9i/rum et praebitorem1#bbj quia sordidum regi1 melius etiam1 quod l>gitionem corruptelam dixit esse2 fit enim det]ior1 qui accipit1 atque ad idem semp] exspect&um p>atior4 99#ed99 ,hoc ille filio1 s$ praeceptum putemus omnibus4 ,quam ob rem id quidem non dubium e/1 qu9 illa b5ignitas1 quae con/et ex op]a et indu/ria1 et hone/ior sit et latius pateat et possit prodesse pluribus2 non numquam tam5 e/ l>gi5dum1 nec hoc b5ignitatis g5us omn9o repudi&um e/ et saepe idoneis hom9ibus indig5tibus de re famili>i imp]ti5dum1 s$ dilig5t] atque mod]ate2 multi enim patrimonia effud]unt inconsulte l>gi5do4 ,quid autem e/ /ultius quam1 quod lib5t] facias1 cur>e1 ut id diutius fac]e non possis8 ,atque etiam sequuntur l>gitionem rap9ae2 cum enim d&o eg]e coep]unt1 ali5is bonis manus aff]re coguntur4 ,ita1 cum b5ivol5tiae comp>&ae causa b5efici esse vel9t1 non tanta /udia assequuntur eorum1 quibus d$]unt1 quanta odia eorum1 quibus adem]unt4 99#ee99 ,quam ob rem nec ita claud5da res e/ famili>is1 ut eam b5ignitas ap]ire non possit1 nec ita res]&a1 ut pateat omnibus2 modus adhibeatur1 isque ref]atur ad facultates4 ,omn9o mem9isse debemus1 id quod a no/ris hom9ibus saepissime usurpatum iam 9 prov]bii consuetud9em v5it1 l>gitionem fundum non hab]e2 et5im quis pote/ modus esse1 cum et idem1 qui consu]unt1 et idem illud alii desid]5t8 #baf b5efic5tia ,edd42 b5efici5tia ,,mss4 7ubique74 #bag 9 ,b ,h a b2 n 9 ,l c p4 #bah epi/ula ,h1 ,he9e2 epi/ola ,b ,l a b c4 #bai praebitorem ,b ,h ,l b c p2 praebitorem putant a4 #bbj sp]5t 444 praebitorem ,l c p1 ,edd42 n 9 ,b ,h a b4 ,g5]osity ( two k9ds3 99#eb99 ,,xv4 ,n[ t ,i h set =? ! moral duties ( a "y man1 9 s f> z !y may be ex]t$ = ! atta9m5t ( glory1 ,i mu/ next 9 ord] discuss k9dness & g5]osity4 ,! mann] ( %[+ x is tw(old3 k9dness is %[n to ! ne$y ei!r by p]sonal s]vice1 or by gifts ( money4 ,! latt] way is ! easi]1 especially = a ri* man2 b ! =m] is nobl] & m dignifi$ & m becom+ to a /rong & em95t man4 ,= al?\gh bo? ways alike betray a g5]\s wi% to oblige1 /ill 9 ! "o case ! fav\r makes a draft ^u "o's bank acc\nt1 9 ! o!r ^u "o's p]sonal en]gy2 & ! b\nty :i* is drawn f "o's mat]ial sub/ance t5ds to exhau/ ! v f\nta9 ( lib]ality4 ,lib]ality is ?us =e/all$ by lib]ality3 = ! m p "o has help$ ) gifts ( money1 ! few] "o c help4 99#ec99 ,b if p are g5]\s & k9d 9 ! way ( p]sonal s]vice--t is1 ) _! ability & p]sonal ef=t--v>i\s advantages arise3 fir/1 ! m p !y assi/1 ! m help]s !y w h 9 works ( k9dness2 & second1 by acquir+ ! habit ( k9dness !y are bett] prep>$ & 9 bett] tra9+1 z x 71 = be/[+ fav\rs ^u _m4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s ,philip takes 8 son ,alex&] %>ply to task = try+ by gifts ( money to secure ! good-w ( ! ,mac$onians3 ,:at 9 ! mis*ief induc$ y to ent]ta9 su* a hope1 he says1 z t ^? m5 w\ld be loyal subjects to y :om y _h corrupt$ ) money8 ,or are y try+ to d :at y c to lead ! ,mac$onians to expect t y w be n _! k+ b _! /ew>d & purveyor8 ,/ew>d & purveyor 0 well said1 because x 0 degrad+ = a pr9ce2 bett] /ill1 :5 he call$ ! gift ( money corruption4 ,= ! recipi5t goes f bad to worse & is made all ! m ready to be con/antly look+ = "o bribe aft] ano!r4 99#ed99 ,x 0 to 8 son t ,philip gave ?is lesson2 b let u all take x dilig5tly to he>t4 ,t lib]ality1 !re=e1 :i* consi/s 9 p]sonal s]vice & ef=t is m hon\rable1 has wid] application1 & c b5efit m p4 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t t4 7#a7 gifts ( money1 ,nev]!less1 we %\ld sometimes make gifts ( money2 & ?is k9d ( lib]ality is n to be disc\rag$ altoge!r4 ,we mu/ (t5 di/ribute f our purse to ! wor?y poor1 b we mu/ d s ) discretion & mod]ation4 ,= _m,,aq h squ&]$ _! patrimony by indiscrim9ate giv+4 ,b :at is worse folly ?an to d ! ?+ y l 9 su* a way t y c no long] d x at all8 ,!n1 too1 lavi% giv+ leads to robb]y,,ar2 = :5 ?r\gh ov]-giv+ m5 beg9 to be impov]i%$1 !y are con/ra9$ to lay _! h&s on ! prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,& s1 :5 m5 aim to be k9d = ! sake ( w9n+ good-w1 ! affection !y ga9 f ! objects ( _! gifts is n s great z ! hatr$ !y incur f ^? :om !y despoil4 99#ee99 ,"o's purse1 !n1 %\ld n be clos$ s tightly t a g5]\s impulse _c op5 x1 nor yet s loosely held z to be op5 to ev]ybody4 ,a limit %\ld be obs]v$ & t limit %\ld be det]m9$ by our means4 ,we ought1 9 a ^w1 to rememb] ! phrase1 :i*1 ?r\gh be+ repeat$ s v (t5 by our c\ntrym51 has come to be a common prov]b3 ,b\nty has no bottom4 ,= inde$ :at limit c !re be1 :5 ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to receive gifts claim :at !y h be5 9 ! habit ( gett+1 & ^? :o h n wi% = ! same b\nty8 ,,aq ,julius ,caes> 0 a /rik+ example ( ?is4 ,,ar ,cic]o evid5tly _h 9 m9d su* in/ances z ,sulla1 ,caes>1 ,antony1 & ,catil9e--ali5i appet5s1 sui pr(usus 7,sall41 ,cat4 ,v74 ,,xvi4 ,omn9o duo sunt g5]a l>gorum1 quorum alt]i prodigi1 alt]i lib]ales3 prodigi1 qui epulis et visc]ationibus et gladiatorum mun]ibus1 ludorum v5ationumque app>atu pecunias pr(undunt 9 eas res1 qu>um memoriam aut brevem aut nullam omn9o s9t relicturi1 99#ef99 lib]ales autem1 qui suis facultatibus aut captos a pra$onibus r$imunt aut aes ali5um suscipiunt amicorum aut 9 fili>um collocatione adiuvant aut opitulantur 9 re vel qua]5da vel aug5da4 997#ef799 ,itaque miror1 quid 9 m5tem v5]it ,!ophra/o 9 eo libro1 quem de divitiis scripsit2 9 quo multa praecl>e1 illud absurde3 e/ enim multus 9 laud&a magnific5tia et app>atione popul>ium mun]um taliumque sumptuum facultatem fructum diviti>um putat4 ,mihi autem ille fructus lib]alitatis1 cuius pauca exempla posui1 multo et maior videtur et c]tior4 ,n f\nd 9 our ,ari/otle4 ,quanto ,ari/oteles gravius et v]ius nos repreh5dit6 qui has pecuni>um effusiones non admiremur1 quae fiunt ad multitud9em del9i5dam4 ,ait enim1#bba qui ab ho/e obsid5tur1 si em]e aquae sext>ium cog]5tur#bbb m9a1 hoc primo incr$ibile nobis vid]i1 omnesque mir>i1 s$ cum att5d]9t1 v5iam necessitati d>e1 9 8 immanibus iacturis inf9itisque sumptibus nihil nos magnop]e mir>i1 cum praes]tim neque necessitati subv5iatur nec dignitas augeatur ipsaque illa delectatio multitud9is ad breve exiguumque tempus capiatur1#bbc eaque a levissimo quoque1 9 quo tam5 ipso una cum satietate memoria quoque moriatur voluptatis4 99#eg99 ,b5e etiam colligit haec pu]is et muli]culis et s]vis et s]vorum simillimis lib]is esse grata1 gravi v]o hom9i et ea1 quae fiunt1 iudicio c]to pond]anti prob>i posse nullo modo4 ,quamquam intellego 9 no/ra civitate invet]asse iam bonis temporibus1 ut spl5dor a$ilitatum ab optimis viris po/uletur4#bbd ,itaque et ,p4 ,crassus cum cognom9e dives1 tum copiis functus e/ a$ilicio maximo mun]e1 et paulo po/ ,l4 ,crassus cum omnium hom9um mod]atissimo ,q4 ,mucio magnific5tissima a$ilitate functus e/1 de9de ,c4 ,claudius ,app4 f41 multi po/1 ,luculli1 ,hort5sius1 ,silanus2 omnes autem ,p4 ,l5tulus me consule vicit sup]iores2 hunc e/ ,scaurus imitatus2 magnific5tissima v]o no/ri ,pompei mun]a secundo consulatu2 9 quibus omnibus quid mihi placeat1 vides4 #bba ,ait enim ,ed42 at hi a2 at hii ,h2 at ii ,b b2 at hij c4 #bbb cog]5tur ,b ,h a b2 cogantur ,l c p4 #bbc capiatur ,bei]2 n 9 ,,mss4 #bbd po/uletur ,b ,h a b1 ,he9e2 po/ul>etur ,l c p1 ,bt4 ,extravagant wa/e ( ! public games4 ,,xvi4 ,!re are1 9 g5]al1 two classes ( ^? :o give l>gely3 ! "o class is ! lavi%1 ! o!r ! g5]\s4 ,! lavi% are ^? :o squ&] _! money on public banquets1 doles ( meat among ! p1 gladiatorial %[s1 magnific5t games1 & wild-bea/ fights--vanities ( :i* b a brief recollection w rema91 or none at all4 99#ef99 ,! g5]\s1 on ! o!r h&1 are ^? :o employ _! own means to ransom captives f brig&s1 or :o assume _! fri5ds' debts or help 9 provid+ d[ries = _! daught]s1 or assi/ !m 9 acquir+ prop]ty or increas+ :at !y h4 997#ef799 ,& s ,i wond] :at ,!ophra/us c\ld h be5 ?9k+ ab\t :5 he wrote 8 book on ,weal?4 ,x conta9s mu* t is f9e3 b 8 position is absurd1 :5 he praises at great l5g? ! magnific5t appo9tm5ts ( ! popul> games1 & x is 9 ! means = indulg+ 9 su* exp5ditures t he f9ds ! highe/ privilege ( weal?4 ,b to me ! privilege x gives = ! ex]cise ( g5]osity1 ( :i* ,i h giv5 a few illu/rations1 seems f> high] & f> m c]ta94 ,h[ mu* m true & p]t95t are ,ari/otle's words1 z he rebukes u = n be+ amaz$ at ?is extravagant wa/e ( money1 all to w9 ! fav\r ( ! populace4 ,if p 9 "t ( siege1 he says1 are requir$ to pay a m9a = a p9t ( wat]1 ?is seems to u at fir/ beyond belief1 & all are amaz$2 b :5 !y ?9k ab\t x1 !y make all[ances = x on ! plea ( necessity4 ,b 9 ! matt] ( ?is enorm\s wa/e & unlimit$ exp5diture we are n v greatly a/oni%$1 & t1 too1 ?\gh by x no extreme ne$ is reliev$1 no dignity is enhanc$1 & ! v gratification ( ! populace is b = a brief1 pass+ mom5t2 su* pleasure z x is1 too1 is conf9$ to ! mo/ frivol\s1 & ev5 9 ^! ! v memory ( _! enjoym5t dies z soon z ! mom5t ( gratification is pa/4 99#eg99 ,8 conclusion1 too1 is excell5t3 ,?is sort ( amusem5t pleases *ildr51 silly wom51 slaves1 & ! s]vile free2 b a s]i\s-m9d$ man :o weighs su* matt]s ) s\nd judgm5t _c possibly approve ( !m4 ,magnific5t ent]ta9m5ts expect$ ( an a$ile4 ,& yet ,i realize t 9 our c\ntry1 ev5 9 ! good old times1 x _h become a settl$ cu/om to expect magnific5t ent]ta9m5ts f ! v be/ m5 9 _! ye> ( a$ile%ip4 ,s bo? ,publius ,crassus1 :o 0 n m]ely surnam$ ,! ,ri* b 0 ri* 9 fact1 gave spl5did games 9 8 a$ile%ip2 & a little lat] ,lucius ,crassus 7) ,qu9tus ,mucius1 ! mo/ unpret5ti\s man 9 ! _w1 z 8 colleague7 gave mo/ magnific5t ent]ta9m5ts 9 8 a$ile%ip4 ,!n came ,gaius ,claudius1 ! son ( ,appius1 &1 aft] him1 _m o!rs--! ,luculli1 ,hort5sius1 & ,silanus4 ,publius ,l5tulus1 h[ev]1 9 ! ye> ( my consul%ip1 eclips$ all t _h gone be=e him1 & ,scaurus emulat$ him4 ,& my fri5d ,pompey's exhibitions 9 8 second consul%ip 7 ! mo/ magnific5t ( all4 ,& s y see :at ,i ?9k ab\t all ?is sort ( ?+4 99#eh99 ,,xvii4 ,vit&a tam5 suspicio e/ av>itiae4 ,mam]co1 hom9i divitissimo1 praet]missio a$ilitatis consulatus repulsam attulit4 ,qu>e et1 si po/ulatur a populo1 bonis viris si non desid]antibus1 at tam5 approbantibus faciundum e/1 modo pro facultatibus1 nos ipsi ut fecimus1 et1 si qu&o aliqua res maior atque utilior popul>i l>gitione acquiritur1 ut ,ore/i nup] pr&ia 9 semitis decumae nom9e magno honori fu]unt4 ,ne ,m4#bbe quidem ,seio vitio datum e/1 quod 9 c>itate asse modium populo d$it2 magna enim se et invet]ata invidia nec turpi iactura1 qu&o erat a$ilis1 nec maxima lib]avit4 ,s$ honori summo nup] no/ro ,miloni fuit1 qui gladiatoribus emptis rei publicae causa1 quae salute no/ra cont9ebatur1 omnes ,p4 ,clodi conatus furoresque compressit4 ,causa igitur l>gitionis e/1 si aut necesse e/ aut utile4 99#ei99 ,9 8#bbf autem ipsis m$iocritatis regula optima e/4 ,l4 quidem ,philippus ,q4 f41 magno vir +5io 9 primisque cl>us1 glori>i solebat se s9e ullo mun]e adeptum esse omnia1 quae hab]5tur amplissima4 ,dicebat idem ,cotta1 ,curio4 ,nobis quoque licet 9 hoc quodam modo glori>i2 nam pro amplitud9e honorum1 quos cunctis suffragiis adepti sumus no/ro quidem anno1 quod contigit eorum nem9i1 quos modo nom9avi1 sane exiguus sumptus a$ilitatis fuit4 99#fj99 ,atque etiam illae imp5sae meliores1 muri1 navalia1 portus1 aqu>um ductus omniaque1 quae ad usum rei publicae p]t95t4 ,quamquam1 quod praes5s tamquam 9 manum datur1 iucundius e/2 tam5 haec 9 po/]um gratiora4 ,!atra1 porticus1 nova templa v]ecundius repreh5do propt] ,pompeium1 s$ doctissimi non probant1 ut et 8 ipse ,panaetius1 quem multum 9 8 libris secutus sum1 non int]pretatus1 et ,phal]eus ,demetrius1 qui ,p]iclem1 pr9cipem ,graeciae1 vitup]at1 quod tantam pecuniam 9 praecl>a illa propylaea coniec]it4 ,! portion "h ref]r$ to is lo/4 ,s$ de hoc g5]e toto 9 iis libris1 quos de re publica scripsi1 dilig5t] disputatum4 ,tota igitur ratio talium l>gitionum g5]e vitiosa e/1 temporibus necess>ia1 et tum ipsum et ad facultates accommod&a et m$iocritate mod]&a e/4 #bbe ,m4 ,orelli1 ,ed42 ,m>co ,,mss4 #bbf 8 ,h1 ,edd42 hijs c2 iis ,b b2 is ,l4 99#eh99 ,,xvii4 ,/ill we %\ld avoid any suspicion ( p5uri\sness4 ,mam]cus 0 a v weal?y man1 & 8 refusal ( ! a$ile%ip 0 ! cause ( 8 defeat = ! consul%ip4 ,ju/ification ( su* extravagance4 ,if1 !re=e1 su* ent]ta9m5t is dem&$ by ! p1 m5 ( "r judgm5t mu/ at lea/ cons5t to furni% x1 ev5 if !y d n l ! idea4 ,b 9 s do+ !y %\ld keep )9 _! means1 z ,i myself did4 ,!y %\ld likewise af=d su* ent]ta9m5t1 if gifts ( money to ! p are to be ! means ( secur+ on "s occasion "s m important or m useful object4 ,?us ,ore/es rec5tly won great hon\r by 8 public d9n]s giv5 9 ! /reets1 on ! pretext ( _! be+ a ti!-(f]+4 ,nei!r did anybody f9d fault ) ,m>cus ,seius = supply+ gra9 to ! p at an z,,z ! peck at a "t :5 ! m>ket-price 0 prohibitive2 = he ?us succe$$ 9 dis>m+ ! bitt] & deep-seat$ prejudice ( ! p aga9/ him at an outlay nei!r v great nor discr$itable to him 9 view ( ! fact t he 0 a$ile at ! "t4 ,b ! highe/ hon\r rec5tly fell to my fri5d ,milo1 :o b\ght a b& ( gladiators = ! sake ( ! c\ntry1 ^: pres]vation !n dep5d$ ^u my recall f exile1 & ) !m put d[n ! desp]ate s*emes1 ! reign ( t]ror1 ( ,publius ,clodius4 ,! ju/ification = gifts ( money1 !re=e1 is ei!r necessity or exp$i5cy4 99#ei99 ,! gold5 mean is be/4 ,& 9 mak+ !m ev5 9 su* cases1 ! rule ( ! gold5 mean is be/4 ,to be sure1 ,lucius ,philippus1 ! son ( ,qu9tus1 a man ( great ability & unusual r5[n1 us$ to make x 8 boa/ t )\t giv+ any ent]ta9m5ts he _h ris5 to all ! positions look$ ^u z ! highe/ )9 ! gift ( ! /ate4 ,cotta c\ld say ! same1 & ,curio4 ,i1 too1 may make ?is boa/ my own--to a c]ta9 ext5t,,at2 = 9 comp>ison ) ! em95ce ( ! (fices to :i* ,i 0 unanim\sly elect$ at ! e>lie/ legal age--& ?is 0 n ! good =tune ( any "o ( ^? j m5tion$--! outlay 9 my a$ile%ip 0 v inconsid]able4 ,lavi% exp5diture on public works4 99#fj99 ,aga91 ! exp5diture ( money is bett] ju/ifi$ :5 x is made = walls1 docks1 h>b\rs1 aqu$ucts1 & all ^? works :i* are ( s]vice to ! community4 ,!re is1 to be sure1 m ( pres5t satisfaction 9 :at is h&$ out1 l ca% d[n2 nev]!less public improvem5ts w9 u great] gratitude ) po/]ity4 ,out ( respect = ,pompey's memory ,i am r diffid5t ab\t express+ any criticism ( !atres1 colonnades1 & new temples2 & yet ! greate/ philosoph]s d n approve ( !m--our ,panaetius himself1 = example1 :om ,i am foll[+1 n slavi%ly translat+1 9 ^! books2 s1 too1 ,demetrius ( ,phal]um1 :o d5\nces ,p]icles1 ! =emo/ man ( ,greece1 = ?r[+ away s mu* money on ! magnific5t1 f>-fam$ ,propylaea4 ,b ?is :ole !me is discuss$ at l5g? 9 my books on ,! ,republic4 ,to conclude1 ! :ole sy/em ( public b\nties 9 su* extravagant am\nt is intr9sically wrong2 b x may "u c]ta9 circum/ances be necess>y to make !m2 ev5 !n !y mu/ be proportion$ to our ability & regulat$ by ! gold5 mean4 ,,z ,! z 0 a copp] co9 wor? some:at less ?an a p5ny4 ,sell+ gra9 to ! p at su* a price 0 practically giv+ x away to pur*ase _! good-w4 ,,at ,! sav+ clause is add$1 because ,cic]o nev] fill$ ! (fice ( ,c5sor4 99#fa99 ,,xviii4 ,9 illo autem alt]o g5]e l>gi5di1 quod a lib]alitate pr(iciscitur1 non uno modo 9 disp>ibus causis affecti esse debemus4 ,alia causa e/ eius1 qui calamitate premitur1 et eius1 qui res meliores qua]it nullis suis rebus adv]sis4 99#fb99 ,prop5sior b5ignitas esse debebit 9 calamitosos1 nisi =te erunt digni calamitate4 ,9 iis tam51 qui se adiuv>i vol5t1 non ne affligantur1 s$ ut altiorem gradum asc5dant1 re/ricti omn9o esse nullo modo debemus1 s$ 9 delig5dis idoneis iudicium et dilig5tiam adhib]e4 ,nam praecl>e ,ennius3 ,fab4 inc4 ,vahl5#b1 #dji ,b5e fcta male locta male facta rbitror4 99#fc99 ,quod autem tributum e/ bono viro et grato1 9 eo cum ex ipso fructus e/1 tum etiam ex cet]is4 ,tem]itate enim remota gratissima e/ lib]alitas1 eoque eam /udiosius pl]ique laudant1 quod summi cuiusque bonitas commune p]fugium e/ omnium4 ,d&a igitur op]a e/1 ut iis b5eficiis quam plurimos afficiamus1 quorum memoria lib]is po/]isque prodatur1 ut iis +ratis esse non liceat4 ,omnes enim immemorem b5eficii od]unt eamque iniuriam 9 det]r5da lib]alitate sibi etiam fi]i eumque1 qui faciat1 communem ho/em t5uiorum putant4 ,atque haec b5ignitas etiam rei publicae e/ utilis1 r$imi e s]vitute captos1 locuplet>i t5uiores2 quod quidem volgo solitum fi]i ab ord9e no/ro 9 oratione ,crassi scriptum copiose videmus4 ,hanc ergo#bbg consuetud9em b5ignitatis l>gitioni mun]um longe#bbh antepono2 haec e/ gravium hom9um atque magnorum1 illa quasi ass5tatorum populi multitud9is levitatem voluptate quasi titillantium4 99#fd99 ,conv5iet autem cum 9 d&o munificum esse1 tum 9 exig5do non ac]bum 9 omnique re contrah5da1 v5dundo em5do1 conduc5do loc&o1 vic9itatibus et conf9iis1 aequum1 facilem1 multa multis de suo iure c$5tem1 a litibus v]o1 quantum liceat et nescio an paulo plus etiam1 quam liceat1 abhorr5tem4 ,e/ enim non modo lib]ale paulum non numquam de suo iure dec$]e1 s$ int]dum etiam fructuosum4 ,hab5da autem ratio e/ rei famili>is1 quam quidem dilabi#bbi s9]e flagitiosum e/1 s$ ita1 ut illib]alitatis av>itiaeque absit suspicio2 posse enim lib]alitate uti non spoliantem se patrimonio nimirum e/ pecuniae fructus maximus4 ,recte etiam a ,!ophra/o e/ laudata hospitalitas2 e/ enim1 ut mihi quidem videtur1 valde decorum pat]e domus hom9um illu/rium hospitibus illu/ribus1 idque etiam rei publicae e/ ornam5to1 hom9es ext]nos hoc lib]alitatis g5]e 9 urbe no/ra non eg]e4 ,e/ autem etiam vehem5t] utile iis1 qui hone/e posse multum volunt1 p] hospites apud ext]nos populos val]e opibus et gratia4 ,!ophra/us quidem scribit ,cimonem ,a!nis etiam 9 suos curiales ,laciadas hospitalem fuisse2 ita enim in/ituisse et vilicis imp]avisse1 ut omnia praeb]5tur1 quicumque ,laciades 9 villam suam dev]tisset4 #bbg ergo ,b ,h a b1 ,mll]2 ego ,l c p1 ,lactantius1 ,bt41 ,he9e4 #bbh longe ,l c p1 ,lactantius1 ,edd42 n 9 ,b ,h a b4 #bbi dilabi ,l c1 ,ed41 ,he9e2 delabi ,b ,h a b1 ,bt4 ,g5]al rules = b5efic5ce4 99#fa99 ,,xviii4 ,n[1 z t\*+ t second division ( gifts ( money1 ^? :i* are prompt$ by a _s ( g5]osity1 we ought to look at diff]5t cases diff]5tly4 ,! case ( ! man :o is ov]:elm$ by mis=tune is diff]5t f t ( ! "o :o is seek+ to bett] 8 condition1 ?\gh he suff]s f no actual di/ress4 99#fb99 ,x w be ! duty ( *>ity to incl9e m to ! un=tunate1 unless1 p]*ance1 !y des]ve _! mis=tune4 ,b ( c\rse we ought by no means to )hold our assi/ance altoge!r f ^? :o wi% = aid1 n to save !m f utt] ru9 b to enable !m to rea* a high] degree ( =tune4 ,b 9 select+ wor?y cases1 we ought to use judgm5t & discretion4 ,=1 z ,ennius says s admirably1 ,good de$s misplac$1 me?9ks1 are evil de$s4 99#fc99 ,fur!rmore1 ! fav\r conf]r$ ^u a man :o is good & grateful f9ds its rew>d1 9 su* a case1 n only 9 8 own good-w b 9 t ( o!rs4 ,= :5 g5]osity is n indiscrim9ate giv+1 x w9s mo/ gratitude & p praise x ) m en?usiasm1 because goodness ( he>t 9 a man ( high /ation becomes ! common refuge ( ev]ybody4 ,pa9s mu/1 !re=e1 be tak5 to b5efit z _m z possible ) su* k9dnesses t ! memory ( !m %all be h&$ d[n to *ildr5 & to *ildr5's *ildr51 s t !y too may n be ungrateful4 ,= all m5 dete/ +ratitude & look ^u ! s9 ( x z a wrong committ$ aga9/ !mselves also1 because x disc\rages g5]osity2 & !y reg>d ! +rate z ! common foe ( all ! poor4 ,ransom+ prison]s f s]vitude & reliev+ ! poor is a =m ( *>ity t is a s]vice to ! /ate z well z to ! individual4 ,& we f9d 9 "o ( ,crassus's orations ! full pro( giv5 t su* b5efic5ce us$ to be ! common practice ( our ord]4 ,?is =m ( *>ity1 !n1 ,i mu* pref] to ! lavi% exp5diture ( money = public exhibitions4 ,! =m] is suit$ to m5 ( wor? & dignity1 ! latt] to ^? %all[ flatt]]s1 if ,i may call !m s1 :o tickle ) idle pleasure1 s to speak1 ! fickle fancy ( ! rabble4 99#fd99 ,x w1 moreov]1 befit a g5tleman to be at ! same "t lib]al 9 giv+ & n inconsid]ate 9 exact+ 8 dues1 b 9 e bus9ess relation--9 buy+ or sell+1 9 hir+ or lett+1 9 relations aris+ out ( adjo9+ h\ses & l&s--to be fair1 reasonable1 (t5 freely yield+ mu* ( 8 own "r1 & keep+ out ( litigation z f> z 8 int]e/s w p]mit & p]haps ev5 a little f>!r4 ,= x is n only g5]\s occasionally to abate a little ( "o's rightful claims1 b x is sometimes ev5 advantage\s4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 h a c>e = our p]sonal prop]ty1 = x is discr$itable to let x run ?r\gh our f+]s2 b we mu/ gu>d x 9 su* a way t !re %all be no suspicion ( meanness or av>ice4 ,= ! greate/ privilege ( weal? is1 beyond all p]adv5ture1 ! opportunity x af=ds = do+ good1 )\t sacrific+ "o's =tune4 ,ano!r expression ( b5efic5ce is hospitality4 ,hospitality also is a !me ( ,!ophra/us's praise1 & rightly s4 ,=1 z x seems to me at lea/1 x is mo/ prop] t ! homes ( di/+ui%$ m5 %\ld be op5 to di/+ui%$ gue/s4 ,& x is to ! cr$it ( our c\ntry also t m5 f abroad d n fail to f9d hospitable ent]ta9m5t ( ?is k9d 9 our city4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a v great advantage1 too1 = ^? :o wi% to obta9 a p[]ful political influ5ce by hon\rable means to be able ?r\gh _! social relations ) _! gue/s to enjoy popul>ity & to ex]t influ5ce abroad4 ,= an in/ance ( extraord9>y hospitality1 ,!ophra/us writes t at ,a!ns ,cimon 0 hospitable ev5 to ! ,laciads1 ! p ( 8 own deme2 = he in/ruct$ 8 bailiffs to t end & gave !m ord]s t e att5tion %\ld be %[n to any ,laciad :o %\ld ev] call at 8 c\ntry home4 99#fe99 ,,xix4 ,quae autem op]a1 non l>gitione b5eficia dantur1 haec tum 9 univ]sam rem publicam1 tum 9 s+ulos cives conf]untur4 ,nam 9 iure cav]e 1consilio iuv>e1#bcj atque hoc sci5tiae g5]e prodesse quam plurimis vehem5t] et ad opes aug5das p]t9et et ad gratiam4 ,itaque cum multa praecl>a maiorum1 tum quod optime con/ituti iuris civilis summo semp] 9 honore fuit cognitio atque int]pretatio2 quam quidem ante hanc confusionem temporum 9 possessione sua pr9cipes ret9u]unt1 nunc1 ut honores1 ut omnes dignitatis gradus1 sic huius sci5tiae spl5dor deletus e/1 idque eo indignius1 quod eo tempore hoc contigit1 cum is esset1 qui omnes sup]iores1 quibus honore p> esset1 sci5tia facile vicisset4 ,haec igitur op]a grata multis et ad b5eficiis ob/r+5dos hom9es accommodata4 99#ff99 ,atque huic arti f9itima e/ dic5di gravior facultas#bca et gratior et ornatior4 ,quid enim eloqu5tia prae/abilius vel admiratione audi5tium vel spe indig5tium vel eorum1 qui def5si sunt1 gratia8 ,huic quoque ergo#bcb a maioribus no/ris e/ 9 toga dignitatis#bcc pr9cipatus datus4 ,dis]ti igitur hom9is et facile laborantis1 quodque 9 patriis e/ moribus1 multorum causas et non gravate et gratuito def5d5tis b5eficia et patroc9ia late pat5t4 99#fg99 ,admonebat me res1 ut hoc quoque loco int]missionem eloqu5tiae1 ne dicam int]itum1 deplor>em1 ni v]]]1 ne de me ipso aliquid vid]] qu]i4 ,s$ tam5 videmus1 quibus ex/9ctis oratoribus quam 9 paucis spes1 quanto 9 paucioribus facultas1 quam 9 multis sit audacia4 ,cum autem omnes non poss9t1 ne multi quidem1 aut iuris p]iti esse aut dis]ti1 licet tam5 op]a prodesse multis b5eficia pet5tem1 comm5dantem iudicibus1 magi/ratibus1 vigilantem pro re alt]ius1 eos ipsos1 qui aut consuluntur aut def5dunt1 rogantem2 quod qui faciunt1 plurimum gratiae consequuntur1 latissimeque eorum manat indu/ria4 99#fh99 ,iam illud non sunt admon5di 7e/ enim 9 promptu71 ut animadv]tant1 cum iuv>e alios vel9t1 ne quos (f5dant4 ,saepe enim aut eos la$unt1 quos non deb5t1 aut eos1 quos non exp$it2 si imprud5tes1 negleg5tiae e/1 si sci5tes1 tem]itatis4 ,ut5dum etiam e/ excusatione adv]sus eos1 quos invitus (f5das1 quacumque possis1 qu>e id1 quod fec]is1 necesse fu]it nec alit] fac]e potu]is1 cet]isque op]is et (ficiis erit id1 quod violatum videbitur1#bcd comp5s&um4 #bcj consilio iuv>e ,,mss41 ,ed42 bracket$ by ,mu!r1 ,mll]1 ,he9e4 #bca dic5di gravior facultas ,b ,h b2 gravior facultas ,l c p2 dic5di gravior facultas ,ed42 dic5di facultas ,lamb9us4 #bcb huic quoque ergo ,b ,h ,l b c1 ,bt42 huic ergo ,facciolati2 huic quoque ergo ,ed4 #bcc 9 toga dignitatis ,l c p1 ,edd42 9 tota dignitatis ,b ,h b2 9 tota dignitate a4 #bcd videbitur ,l c p1 ,edd42 n 9 ,b ,h b2 e/ a4 7#b7 p]sonal s]vice4 99#fe99 ,,xix4 ,aga91 ! k9dnesses %[n n by gifts ( money b by p]sonal s]vice,,au are be/[$ sometimes ^u ! community at l>ge1 sometimes ^u individual citiz5s4 ,to protect a man 9 8 legal rights 1to assi/ him ) c\nsel1 & to s]ve z _m z possible ) t sort ( k t5ds greatly to increase "o's influ5ce & popul>ity4 ,! pr(ession ( ! law4 ,?us1 among ! _m admirable ideas ( our ance/ors 0 ! high respect !y always accord$ to ! /udy & int]pretation ( ! excell5t body ( our civil law4 ,& d[n to ! pres5t unsettl$ times ! =emo/ m5 ( ! /ate h kept ?is pr(ession exclusively 9 _! own h&s2 b n[ ! pre/ige ( legal le>n+ has dep>t$ along ) (fices ( hon\r & positions ( dignity2 & ?is is ! m deplorable1 because x has come to pass 9 ! lifetime ( a man,,av :o 9 k ( ! law w\ld easily h surpass$ all 8 pr$ecessors1 :ile 9 hon\r he is _! pe]4 ,s]vice su* z ?is1 !n1 f9ds _m to appreciate x & is calculat$ to b9d p closely to u by our good s]vices4 ,eloqu5ce at ! b>4 99#ff99 ,closely connect$ ) ?is pr(ession1 fur!rmore1 is ! gift ( eloqu5ce2 x is at once m popul> & m di/+ui%$4 ,= :at is bett] ?an eloqu5ce to awak5 ! admiration ( "o's he>]s or ! hopes ( ! di/ress$ or ! gratitude ( ^? :om x has protect$8 ,x 0 to eloqu5ce1 !re=e1 t our fa!rs assign$ ! =emo/ rank among ! civil pr(essions4 ,! door ( opportunity = g5]\s patronage to o!rs1 !n1 is wide op5 to ! orator ^: he>t is 9 8 "w & :o foll[s ! cu/om ( our =efa!rs 9 und]tak+ ! def5ce ( _m cli5ts )\t reluctance & )\t comp5sation4 ,! decl9e ( eloqu5ce4 99#fg99 ,my subject sugge/s t at ?is po9t ,i express once m my regret at ! decad5ce1 n to say ! utt] ext9ction1 ( eloqu5ce2 & ,i %\ld d s1 did ,i n fe> t p w\ld ?9k t ,i 7 compla9+ on my own acc\nt4 ,we see1 nev]!less1 :at orators h lo/ _! lives & h[ few ( any promise are left1 h[ f> few] !re are :o h ability1 & h[ _m !re are :o h no?+ b presumption4 ,b ?\gh n all--no1 n ev5 _m--c be le>n$ 9 ! law or eloqu5t z plead]s1 /ill anybody may be ( s]vice to _m by canvass+ 9 _! support = appo9tm5ts1 by witness+ to _! "* be=e juries & magi/rates1 by look+ out = ! int]e/s ( "o & ano!r1 & by solicit+ = !m ! aid ( jurisconsults or ( advocates4 ,^? :o p]=m su* s]vices w9 ! mo/ gratitude & f9d a mo/ ext5sive sph]e = _! activities4 ,a w>n+ to eloqu5ce4 99#fh99 ,( c\rse1 ^? :o pursue su* a c\rse d n ne$ to be w>n$ 7= ! po9t is self-evid5t7 to be c>eful :5 !y seek to oblige "s1 n to (f5d o!rs4 ,= (t5times !y hurt ^? :om !y ought n or ^? :om x is inexp$i5t to (f5d4 ,if !y d x inadv]t5tly1 x is c>elessness2 if design$ly1 inconsid]at5ess4 ,a man mu/ apologize also1 to ! be/ ( 8 ability1 if he has involunt>ily hurt anyone's feel+s1 & expla9 :y :at he has done 0 unavoidable & :y he c\ld n h done o!rwise2 & he mu/ by future s]vices & k9d (fices atone = ! app>5t (f5ce4 ,,au ,acts ( k9dness & p]sonal s]vice mean to ,cic]o ?r\gh\t ?is discussion ! s]vices ( ! lawy]1 :i* 7 volunt>y & gratis4 ,,av ,?is em95t juri/ 0 ,s]vius ,sulpicius ,lemonia ,rufus1 a close fri5d ( ,cic]o1 au?or ( ! well-kn[n lett] ( condol5ce to ,cic]o on ! dea? ( 8 daught] ,tullia4 99#fi99 ,,xx4 ,s$ cum 9 hom9ibus iuv&is aut mores spect>i aut =tuna soleat1 dictu quidem e/ proclive1 itaque volgo loquuntur1 se 9 b5eficiis colloc&is mores hom9um1 non =tunam sequi4 ,hone/a oratio e/2 s$ quis e/ t&em1 qui inopis et optimi viri causae non anteponat 9 op]a d&a gratiam =tunati et pot5tis8 a quo enim exp$itior et cel]ior remun]atio =e videtur1 9 eum f]e e/ voluntas no/ra prop5sior4 ,s$ animadv]t5dum e/ dilig5tius1 quae natura r]um sit4 ,nimirum enim inops ille1 si bonus e/ vir1 etiamsi ref]re gratiam non pote/1 hab]e c]te pote/4 ,commode autem1 quicumque dixit1 pecuniam qui habeat1 non r$didisse1 qui r$did]it1 non hab]e1 gratiam autem et1 qui rettul]it1 hab]e#bce et1 qui habeat1 rettulisse4 ,at qui se locupletes1 honoratos1 beatos putant1 ii ne oblig>i quidem b5eficio volunt2 qu9 etiam b5eficium se d$isse arbitrantur1 cum ipsi quamvis magnum aliquod accep]9t1 atque etiam a se aut po/ul>i aut exspect>i aliquid suspicantur1 patroc9io v]o se#bcf usos aut cli5tes appell>i mortis in/> putant4 99#gj99 ,at v]o ille t5uis1 cum1 quicquid factum sit1 se spectatum1 non =tunam putet1#bcg non modo illi1 qui e/ m]itus1 s$ etiam illis1 a quibus exspectat 7eget enim multis71 gratum se vid]i /udet neque v]o v]bis auget suum munus1 si quo =te fungitur1 s$ etiam ext5uat4 ,vid5dumque illud e/1 quod1 si opul5tum =tunatumque def5d]is1 9 uno illo aut1 si#bch =te1 9 lib]is eius manet gratia2 s9 autem inopem1 probum tam5 et mode/um1 omnes non improbi humiles1 quae magna 9 populo multitudo e/1 praesidium sibi p>atum vid5t4 99#ga99 ,quam ob rem melius apud bonos quam apud =tunatos b5eficium colloc>i puto4 ,d&a omn9o op]a e/1 ut omni g5]i satis fac]e possimus2 s$ si res 9 cont5tionem v5iet1 nimirum ,!mi/ocles e/ auctor adhib5dus2 qui cum consul]etur1 utrum bono viro paup]i an m9us probato diviti filiam colloc>et3 ,ego v]o1 inquit1 malo virum1 qui pecunia egeat1 quam pecuniam1 quae viro4 ,s$ corrupti mores depravatique sunt admiratione diviti>um2 qu>um magnitudo quid ad unum quemque no/rum p]t9et8 ,illum =tasse adiuvat1 qui habet4 ,ne id quidem semp]2 s$ fac iuv>e2 ut5tior#bci sane sit1 hone/ior v]o quo modo8 ,quodsi etiam bonus erit vir1 ne imp$iant divitiae1 quo m9us iuvetur1 modo ne adiuv5t1 sitque omne iudicium1 non quam locuples1 s$ qualis quisque sit6 ,extremum autem praeceptum 9 b5eficiis op]aque d&a1 ne quid contra aequitatem cont5das1 ne quid pro iniuria2 fundam5tum enim e/ p]petuae comm5dationis et famae iu/itia1 s9e qua nihil pote/ esse laudabile4 #bce gratiam 444 hab]e ,l c p1 ,edd42 n 9 ,b ,h a b4 #bcf v]o se ,b ,h a b2 v]o tuo se ,l c p4 #bcg putet ,ed42 putat ,,mss4 #bch si ,l c p1 ,edd42 n 9 ,b ,h a b4 #bci ut5tior ,,mss41 ,bt4#a1 ,he9e2 pot5tior lat] ,,mss42 opul5tior "o ,,ms4 7,c4 ,lange71 ,lamb9us1 ,bt4#b1 ,mll]4 ,! basis = p]sonal s]vice is "* n =tune4 99#fi99 ,,xx4 ,n[ 9 r5d]+ helpful s]vice to p1 we usually consid] ei!r _! "* or _! circum/ances4 ,& s x is an easy rem>k1 & "o commonly made1 to say t 9 inve/+ k9dnesses we look n to p's outw>d circum/ances1 b to _! "*4 ,! phrase is admirable6 ,b :o is !re1 pray1 t does n 9 p]=m+ a s]vice set ! fav\r ( a ri* & influ5tial man above ! cause ( a poor1 ?\gh mo/ wor?y1 p]son8 ,=1 z a rule1 our w is m incl9$ to ! "o f :om we expect a prompt] & spe$i] return4 ,b we %\ld obs]ve m c>efully h[ ! matt] really /&s3 ! poor man ( :om we spoke _c return a fav\r 9 k9d1 ( c\rse1 b if he is a good man he c d x at lea/ 9 ?ankfulness ( he>t4 ,z "s "o has happily said1 ,a man has n repaid money1 if he /ill has x2 if he has repaid x1 he has ceas$ to h x4 ,b a man /ill has ! s5se ( fav\r1 if he has return$ ! fav\r2 & if he has ! s5se ( ! fav\r1 he has repaid x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y :o consid] !mselves weal?y1 hon\r$1 ! fav\rites ( =tune1 d n wi% ev5 to be put "u obligations by our k9d s]vices4 ,:y1 !y actually ?9k t !y h conf]r$ a fav\r by accept+ "o1 h[ev] great2 & !y ev5 suspect t a claim is !reby set up aga9/ !m or t some?+ is expect$ 9 return4 ,nay m1 x is bitt] z dea? to !m to h accept$ a patron or to be call$ cli5ts4 99#gj99 ,y\r man ( sl5d] means1 on ! o!r h&1 feels t :atev] is done = him is done out ( reg>d = himself & n = 8 outw>d circum/ances4 ,! poor man's gratitude4 ,h5ce he /rives to %[ himself grateful n only to ! "o :o has oblig$ him 9 ! pa/ b also to ^? f :om he expects simil> fav\rs 9 ! future--& he ne$s ! help ( _m2 & 8 own s]vice1 if he happ5s to r5d] any 9 return1 he does n exagg]ate1 b he actually depreciates x4 ,?is fact1 fur!rmore1 %\ld n be ov]look$--t if "o def5ds a weal?y fav\rite ( =tune1 ! fav\r does n ext5d fur!r ?an to ! man himself or1 possibly1 to 8 *ildr54 ,b if "o def5ds a man :o is poor b hone/ & upright1 all ! l[ly :o are n di%one/--& !re is a l>ge proportion ( t sort among ! p--look ^u su* an advocate z a t[] ( def5ce rais$ up = !m4 99#ga99 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t k9dness to ! good is a bett] inve/m5t ?an k9dness to ! fav\rites ( =tune4 ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 put =? e ef=t to oblige all sorts & conditions ( m51 if we c4 ,b if x comes to a conflict ( duty on ?is po9t1 we mu/1 ,i %\ld say1 foll[ ! advice ( ,!mi/ocles3 :5 "s "o ask$ 8 advice :e!r he %\ld give 8 daught] 9 m>riage to a man :o 0 poor b hone/ or to "o :o 0 ri* b less e/eem$1 he said3 ,weal? no inducem5t nor a b> to p]sonal s]vice ,= my "p1 ,i pref] a man )\t money to money )\t a man4 ,b ! moral s5se ( to-day is demoraliz$ & deprav$ by our wor%ip ( weal?4 ,( :at conc]n to any "o ( u is ! size ( ano!r man's =tune8 ,x is1 p]haps1 an advantage to its possessor2 b n always ev5 t4 ,b suppose x is2 he may1 to be sure1 h m money to sp5d3 b h[ is he any ! bett] man = t8 ,/ill1 if he is a good man1 z well z a ri* "o1 let n 8 ri*es be a h9drance to 8 be+ aid$1 if only !y are n ! motive to x2 b 9 conf]r+ fav\rs our decision %\ld dep5d entirely ^u a man's "*1 n on 8 weal?4 ,! supreme rule1 !n1 9 ! matt] ( k9dnesses to be r5d]$ by p]sonal s]vice is nev] to take up a case 9 opposition to ! "r nor 9 def5ce ( ! wrong4 ,= ! f\ndation ( endur+ reputation & fame is ju/ice1 & )\t ju/ice !re c be no?+ wor?y ( praise4 99#gb99 ,,xxi4 ,s$1 quoniam de eo g5]e b5eficiorum dictum e/1 quae ad s+ulos spectant1 de9ceps de iis1 quae ad univ]sos quaeque ad rem publicam p]t95t1 disput&um e/4 ,eorum autem ipsorum p>tim#bdj eius modi sunt1 ut ad univ]sos cives p]t9eant1 p>tim1 s+ulos ut att+ant2 quae sunt etiam gratiora4 ,d&a op]a e/ omn9o1 si possit1 utrisque1 nec m9us1 ut etiam s+ulis consulatur1 s$ ita1 ut ea res aut prosit aut c]te ne obsit rei publicae4 ,c4 ,grac*i frum5t>ia magna l>gitio2 exhauriebat igitur a]>ium2 modica ,m4 ,octavi et rei publicae tol]abilis et plebi necess>ia2 ergo et civibus et rei publicae salut>is4 99#gc99 ,9 primis autem vid5dum erit ei1 qui rem publicam adm9i/rabit1 ut suum quisque t5eat neque de bonis privatorum publice dem9utio fiat4 ,p]niciose enim ,philippus1 9 tribunatu cum legem agr>iam f]ret1 quam tam5 antiqu>i facile passus e/ et 9 eo vehem5t] se mod]atum praebuit--s$ cum 9 ag5do multa popul>it]1 tum illud male1 non esse 9 civitate duo milia hom9um1 qui rem hab]5t4 ,capitalis oratio e/1 ad aequationem bonorum p]t95s2 qua pe/e quae pote/ esse maior8 ,hanc enim ob causam maxime1 ut sua t5]5tur1 res publicae civitatesque con/itutae sunt4 ,nam1 etsi duce natura congregabantur hom9es1 tam5 spe cu/odiae r]um su>um urbium praesidia qua]ebant4 99#gd99 ,d&a etiam op]a e/1 ne1 quod apud maiores no/ros saepe fiebat propt] a]>ii t5uitatem assiduitatemque bellorum1 tributum sit conf]5dum1 idque ne ev5iat1 multo ante erit provid5dum4 ,s9 quae necessitas huius mun]is alicui rei publicae obv5]it 7malo enim#bda quam no/rae om9>i2 neque tam5 de no/ra1 s$ de omni re publica disputo71 d&a erit op]a1 ut omnes intellegant1 si salvi esse vel9t1 necessitati esse p>5dum4 ,atque etiam omnes1 qui rem publicam gub]nabunt1 consul]e debebunt1 ut e>um r]um copia sit1 quae sunt#bdb necess>iae4 ,qu>um qualis comp>atio fi]i soleat et debeat1 non e/ necesse disput>e2 e/ enim 9 promptu2 tantum locus att+5dus fuit4 99#ge99 ,caput autem e/ 9 omni procuratione negotii et mun]is publici1 ut av>itiae pellatur etiam m9ima suspicio4 ,ut9am1 inquit ,c4 ,pontius ,samnis1 ad illa tempora me =tuna res]vavisset et tum essem natus1 qu&o ,romani dona accip]e#bdc coepiss5t6 non essem passus diutius eos imp]>e4 ,ne illi multa saecula exspect&a fu]unt2 modo enim hoc malum 9 hanc rem publicam invasit4 ,itaque facile patior tum potius ,pontium fuisse1 siquidem 9 illo tantum fuit roboris4 ,nondum c5tum et decem anni sunt1 cum de pecuniis repetundis a ,l4 ,pisone lata lex e/1 nulla antea cum fuisset4 ,at v]o po/ea tot leges et proximae quaeque duriores1 tot rei1 tot damnati1 tantum ,italicum#bdd bellum propt] iudiciorum metum excitatum1 tanta sublatis legibus et iudiciis expilatio direptioque sociorum1 ut imbecillitate aliorum1 non no/ra virtute valeamus4 #bdj p>tim ,l c p1 ,edd42 quae 7que quae ,h7 p>tim ,b ,h a b4 #bda malo enim ,b ,h ,l b p2 malo enim alii a2 malo enim ali5e 7ali5ae7 c4 #bdb sunt ,b ,h b1 ,bt4#b2 sunt ad victum ,l c p1 ,bt4#a1 ,he9e4 #bdc dona accip]e ,b ,h ,l a p c2 accip]e dona b1 ,ed4 #bdd tantum ,italicum ,bake1 ,edd42 tantum ,italicum ,l c p2 tantum ,iliacum ,b ,h2 tanti milit>i cum b4 ,s]vice to ! /ate ?r\gh p]sonal s]vice to individuals4 99#gb99 ,,xxi4 ,n[1 s9ce we h f9i%$ ! discussion ( t k9d ( helpful s]vices :i* conc]n individuals1 we mu/ next take up ^? :i* t\* ! :ole body politic & ! /ate4 ,( ^! public s]vices1 "s are ( su* a nature t !y conc]n ! :ole body ( citiz5s2 o!rs1 t !y affect individuals only4 ,& ^! latt] are ! m productive ( gratitude4 ,if possible1 we %\ld by all means att5d to bo? k9ds ( s]vice2 b we mu/ take c>e 9 protect+ ! int]e/s ( individuals t :at we d = !m %all be b5eficial1 or at lea/ n prejudicial to ! /ate4 ,gaius ,grac*us inaugurat$ l>gesses ( gra9 on an ext5sive scale2 ?is _h a t5d5cy to exhau/ ! ex*equ]4 ,m>cus ,octavius inaugurat$ a mod]ate dole2 ?is 0 bo? practicable = ! /ate & necess>y = ! commons2 x 01 !re=e1 a bless+ bo? to ! citiz5s & to ! /ate4 ,! /atesman's duty t[>d 7#a7 prop]ty rights1 99#gc99 ,! man 9 an adm9i/rative (fice1 h[ev]1 mu/ make x 8 fir/ c>e t e "o %all h :at belongs to him & t private citiz5s suff] no invasion ( _! prop]ty rights by act ( ! /ate4 ,x 0 a ru9\s policy t ,philippus propos$ :5 9 8 tribune%ip he introduc$ 8 agr>ian bill4 ,h[ev]1 :5 8 law 0 reject$1 he took 8 defeat ) good grace & display$ extraord9>y mod]ation4 ,b 9 8 public spee*es on ! measure he (t5 play$ ! demagogue1 & t "t vici\sly1 :5 he said t !re 7 n 9 ! /ate two ?\s& p :o own$ any prop]ty4 ,t spee* des]ves unqualifi$ condemnation1 = x fav\r$ an equal di/ribution ( prop]ty2 & :at m ru9\s policy ?an t c\ld be conceiv$8 ,= ! *ief purpose 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( con/itutional /ate & municipal gov]nm5ts 0 t individual prop]ty rights might be secur$4 ,= al?\gh x 0 by ,nature's guidance t m5 7 drawn toge!r into communities1 x 0 9 ! hope ( safegu>d+ _! possessions t !y s\ght ! protection ( cities4 7#b7 taxation1 99#gd99 ,! adm9i/ration %\ld also put =? e ef=t to prev5t ! levy+ ( a prop]ty tax1 & to ?is end precautions %\ld be tak5 long 9 advance4 ,su* a tax 0 (t5 levi$ 9 ! times ( our =efa!rs on acc\nt ( ! deplet$ /ate ( _! treasury & _! incessant w>s4 ,b if any /ate 7,i say any1 = ,i w\ld r speak 9 g5]al t]ms ?an =ebode evils to our own2 h[ev]1 ,i am n discuss+ our own /ate b /ates 9 g5]al7--if any /ate ev] has to face a crisis requir+ ! imposition ( su* a burd51 e ef=t mu/ be made to let all ! p realize t !y mu/ b[ to ! inevitable1 if !y wi% to be sav$4 7#c7 necessities ( life1 ,& x w also be ! duty ( ^? :o direct ! affairs ( ! /ate to take measures t !re %all be an abundance ( ! necessities ( life4 ,x is ne$less to discuss ! ord9>y ways & means2 = ! duty is self-evid5t2 x is necess>y only to m5tion ! matt]4 7#d7 (ficial integrity4 99#ge99 ,b ! *ief ?+ 9 all public adm9i/ration & public s]vice is to avoid ev5 ! slighte/ suspicion ( self-seek+4 ,i w\ld1 says ,gaius ,pontius1 ! ,samnite1 t =tune _h )held my appe>ance until a "t :5 ! ,romans began to accept bribes1 & t ,i _h be5 born 9 ^? days6 ,i %\ld !n h suff]$ !m to hold _! supremacy no long]4 ,aye1 b he w\ld h _h _m g5]ations to wait2 = ?is plague has only rec5tly infect$ our nation4 ,& s ,i rejoice t ,pontius liv$ !n in/ead ( n[1 see+ t he 0 s mighty a man6 ,x is n yet a hundr$ & t5 ye>s s9ce ! enactm5t ( ,lucius ,piso's bill to puni% extortion2 !re _h be5 no su* law be=e4 ,b aft]w>d came s _m laws1 ea* m /r+5t ?an ! o!r1 s _m m5 7 accus$ & s _m convict$1 s horrible a w>,,aw 0 /irr$ up on acc\nt ( ! fe> ( :at our c\rts w\ld d to /ill o!rs1 s frightful 0 ! pillag+ & plund]+ ( ! allies :5 ! laws & c\rts 7 suppress$1,,ax t n[ we f9d ourselves /rong n 9 our own /r5g? b 9 ! weakness ( o!rs4 ,,aw ,! ,italian or ,social ,w>1 ,b4,c4 #ajj-hh4 ,,ax ,dur+ ! dictator%ips ( ,sulla & ,caes>4 99#gf99 ,,xxii4 ,laudat ,africanum ,panaetius1 quod fu]it ab/95s4 ,quidni laudet8 ,s$ 9 illo alia maiora2 laus ab/95tiae#bde non hom9is e/ solum1 s$ etiam temporum illorum4 ,omni ,mac$onum gaza1 quae fuit maxima1 potitus e/#bdf ,paulus tantum 9 a]>ium pecuniae invexit1 ut unius imp]atoris pra$a f9em attul]it tributorum4 ,at hic nihil domum suam intulit#bdg praet] memoriam nom9is sempit]nam4 ,imitatus patrem ,africanus nihilo locupletior ,c>?ag9e ev]sa4 ,quid8 qui eius collega fuit 9 c5sura1 ,l4 ,mummius1 numquid copiosior1 cum copiosissimam urbem funditus su/ulisset8 ,italiam orn>e quam domum suam maluit2 quamquam ,italia ornata domus ipsa mihi videtur ornatior4 99#gg99 ,nullum igitur vitium taetrius e/1 ut eo1 unde egressa e/1 ref]at se oratio1 quam av>itia1 praes]tim 9 pr9cipibus et rem publicam gub]nantibus4 ,hab]e enim quae/ui rem publicam non modo turpe e/1 s$ scel]atum etiam et nef>ium4 ,plut4 ,in/4 ,lacon4 #bci ,f ,itaque1 quod ,apollo ,py?ius oraclum edidit1 ,sp>tam nulla re alia nisi av>itia esse p]ituram1 id videtur non solum ,lac$aemoniis1 s$ etiam omnibus opul5tis populis pra$ixisse4 ,nulla autem re concili>e facilius b5ivol5tiam multitud9is possunt ii1 qui rei publicae praesunt1 quam ab/95tia et cont95tia4 99#gh99 ,qui v]o se popul>es volunt ob eamque causam aut agr>iam rem temptant1 ut possessores pellantur suis s$ibus1 aut pecunias cr$itas debitoribus condon&as putant1 labefactant fundam5ta rei publicae1 concordiam primum1 quae esse non pote/1 cum aliis adimuntur1 aliis condonantur pecuniae1 de9de aequitatem1 quae tollitur omnis1 si hab]e suum cuique non licet4 #gc ,id enim e/ proprium1 ut supra dixi1 civitatis atque urbis1 ut sit lib]a et non sollicita suae rei cuiusque cu/odia4 99#gi99 ,atque 9 hac p]nicie rei publicae ne illam quidem consequuntur1 quam putant1 gratiam2 nam cui res erepta e/1 e/ inimicus1 cui data e/1 etiam dissimulat se accip]e voluisse et maxime 9 pecuniis cr$itis occultat suum gaudium1 ne videatur non fuisse solv5do2 at v]o ille1 qui accepit#bdh iniuriam1 et mem9it et prae se f]t dolorem suum1 nec1 si plures sunt ii1 quibus inprobe datum e/1 quam illi1 quibus iniu/e ademptum e/1 idcirco plus etiam val5t2 non enim num]o haec iudicantur1 s$ pond]e4 ,quam autem habet aequitatem1 ut agrum multis annis aut etiam saeculis ante possessum1 qui nullum habuit1 habeat1 qui autem habuit1 amittat8 #bde ab/95tiae ,l c p1 ,edd42 sapi5tiae ,b ,h a b4 #bdf potitus ,j4 ,f4 ,heus+]2 potitus e/ ,edd42 potitus e/ ,,mss4 #bdg intulit ,b ,h b1 ,edd42 detulit ,l c p4 #bdh accepit ,l c1 ,edd42 accipit ,b ,h a b p4 99#gf99 ,,xxii4 ,panaetius praises ,africanus = 8 integrity 9 public life4 ,:y %\ld he n8 ,b ,africanus _h o!r & great] virtues4 ,! boa/ ( (ficial integrity belongs n to t man alone b also to 8 times4 ,:5 ,paulus got possession ( all ! weal? ( ,mac$on--& x 0 enorm\s--he br\ght into our treasury s mu* money,,ay t ! spoils ( a s+le g5]al did away ) ! ne$ = a tax on prop]ty 9 ,rome = all "t to come4 ,b to 8 own h\se he br\ght no?+ save ! glory ( an immortal "n4 ,africanus emulat$ 8 fa!r's example & 0 none ! ri*] = 8 ov]?r[ ( ,c>?age4 ,& :at %all we say ( ,lucius ,mummius1 8 colleague 9 ! c5sor%ip8 ,0 he "o p5ny ! ri*] :5 he _h de/roy$ to its f\ndations ! ri*e/ ( cities8 ,he pref]r$ to adorn ,italy r ?an 8 own h\se4 ,& yet by ! adornm5t ( ,italy 8 own h\se 01 z x seems to me1 /ill m spl5didly adorn$4 ,integrity vs4 av>ice4 99#gg99 ,!re is1 !n1 to br+ ! discussion back to ! po9t f :i* x digress$1 no vice m (f5sive ?an av>ice1 especially 9 m5 :o /& =emo/ & hold ! helm ( /ate4 ,= to exploit ! /ate = selfi% pr(it is n only immoral2 x is crim9al1 infam\s4 ,& s ! oracle1 :i* ! ,py?ian ,apollo utt]$1 t ,sp>ta %\ld n fall f any o!r cause ?an av>ice1 seems to be a prophecy n to ! ,lac$aemonians alone1 b to all weal?y nations z well4 ,!y :o direct ! affairs ( /ate1 !n1 c w9 ! good-w ( ! masses by no o!r means m easily ?an by self-re/ra9t & self-d5ial4 ,! m5ace ( agr>ian laws4 99#gh99 ,b !y :o pose z fri5ds ( ! p1 & :o = t reason ei!r attempt to h agr>ian laws pass$1 9 ord] t ! occupants may be driv5 out ( _! homes1 or propose t money loan$ %\ld be remitt$ to ! borr[]s1 are und]m9+ ! f\ndations ( ! commonweal?3 fir/ ( all1 !y are de/roy+ h>mony1 :i* _c exi/ :5 money is tak5 away f "o p>ty & be/[$ ^u ano!r2 & second1 !y d away ) equity1 :i* is utt]ly subv]t$1 if ! rights ( prop]ty are n respect$4 ,=1 z ,i said above1 x is ! peculi> function ( ! /ate & ! city to gu>antee to e man ! free & undi/urb$ control ( 8 own p>ticul> prop]ty4 99#gi99 ,& yet1 :5 x comes to measures s ru9\s to public welf>e1 !y d n ga9 ev5 t popul>ity :i* !y anticipate4 ,= he :o has be5 robb$ ( 8 prop]ty is _! enemy2 he to :om x has be5 turn$ ov] actually pret5ds t he _h no wi% to take x2 & mo/ ( all1 :5 8 debts are cancell$1 ! debtor conceals 8 joy1 = fe> t he may be ?\ght to h be5 insolv5t2 :]eas ! victim ( ! wrong bo? rememb]s x & %[s 8 res5tm5t op5ly4 ,?us ev5 ?\gh !y to :om prop]ty has be5 wrongfully aw>d$ be m 9 numb] ?an !y f :om x has be5 unju/ly tak51 !y d n = t reason h m influ5ce2 = 9 su* matt]s influ5ce is measur$ n by numb]s b by weight4 ,& h[ is x fair t a man :o nev] _h any prop]ty %\ld take possession ( l&s t _h be5 occupi$ = _m ye>s or ev5 g5]ations1 & t he :o _h !m be=e %\ld lose possession ( !m8 ,,ay ,ne>ly two million p\nds /]l+4 99#hj99 ,,xxiii4 ,ac#bdi propt] hoc iniuriae g5us ,lac$aemonii ,lys&rum ephorum expul]unt1 ,agim regem1 quod numquam antea apud eos accid]at1 necav]unt1 exque eo tempore tantae discordiae secutae sunt1 ut et tyranni exsi/]5t et optimates ext]m9>5tur et praecl>issime con/ituta res publica dilab]etur2 nec v]o solum ipsa cecidit1 s$ etiam reliquam ,graeciam ev]tit contagionibus malorum1#bej quae a ,lac$aemoniis pr(ectae man>unt latius4 ,quid8 no/ros ,grac*os1 ,ti4 ,grac*i summi viri filios1 ,africani nepotes1 nonne agr>iae cont5tiones p]did]unt8 99#ha99 ,at v]o ,aratus ,sicyonius iure laudatur1 qui1 cum eius civitas qu9quag9ta annos a tyrannis t5]etur1 pr(ectus ,argis ,sicyonem cl&e/9o introitu urbe e/ potitus1 cumque tyrannum ,nicoclem improviso oppressisset1#bea sesc5tos exsules1 qui locupletissimi fu]ant eius civitatis1 re/ituit remque publicam adv5tu suo lib]avit4 ,s$ cum magnam animadv]t]et 9 bonis et possessionibus difficultatem1 quod et eos1 quos ipse re/itu]at1 quorum bona alii poss$]ant1 eg]e iniquissimum esse arbitrabatur et qu9quag9ta annorum possessiones mov]i#beb non nimis aequum putabat1 propt]ea quod tam longo spatio multa h]$itatibus1 multa emptionibus1 multa dotibus t5ebantur s9e iniuria1 iudicavit neque illis adimi nec iis non satis fi]i1 quorum illa fu]ant1 oport]e4 99#hb99 ,cum igitur /atuisset opus esse ad eam rem con/itu5dam pecunia1 ,alex&ream se pr(icisci velle dixit remque integram ad r$itum suum iussit esse1 isque cel]it] ad ,ptolomaeum1 suum hospitem1 v5it1 qui tum regnabat alt] po/ ,alex&ream conditam4 ,cui#bec cum exposuisset patriam se lib]>e velle causamque docuisset1 a rege opul5to vir summus facile impetravit1 ut gr&i pecunia adiuv>etur4 ,quam cum ,sicyonem attulisset1 adhibuit sibi 9 consilium qu9decim pr9cipes1 cum quibus causas cognovit et eorum1 qui ali5a t5ebant1 et eorum1 qui sua amis]ant1 p]fecitque ae/im&is possessionibus1 ut p]suad]et aliis1 ut pecuniam accip]e mall5t1 possessionibus c$]5t1 aliis1 ut commodius put>5t num]>i sibi1 quod tanti esset1 quam suum recup]>e4 ,ita p]fectum e/1 ut omnes concordia con/ituta s9e qu]ella disc$]5t4 99#hc99 ,o virum magnum dignumque1 qui 9 re publica no/ra natus esset6 ,sic p> e/ ag]e cum civibus1 non1 ut bis iam vidimus1 ha/am 9 =o pon]e et bona civium voci subic]e#bed praeconis4 ,at ille ,graecus1 id quod fuit sapi5tis et prae/antis viri1 omnibus consul5dum putavit1 eaque e/ summa ratio et sapi5tia boni civis1 commoda civium non divell]e atque omnis aequitate eadem cont9]e4 ,habit5t gratis 9 ali5o4 ,quid ita8 ut1 cum ego em]im1 a$ific>im1 tue>1 imp5dam1 tu me invito fru>e meo8 ,quid e/ aliud aliis sua erip]e1 aliis d>e ali5a8 99#hd99 ,tabulae v]o novae quid hab5t argum5ti1 nisi ut emas mea pecunia fundum1 eum tu habeas1 ego non habeam pecuniam8 #bdi ,ac ,edd42 at ,,mss4 #bej malorum ,l c p1 ,edd42 maiorum ,b ,h a b4 #bea oppressisset ,l c p1 ,edd42 pressisset ,b ,h a b4 #beb mov]i ,l c p1 ,edd42 mov]e ,b ,h a b4 #bec cui ,edd42 qui ,,mss4 #bed subic]e ,l c p1 ,edd42 subiac]e ,b ,h a b4 ,in/ances ( agr>ian legislation4 99#hj99 ,,xxiii4 ,n[1 x 0 on acc\nt ( j ?is sort ( wrong-do+ t ! ,sp>tans bani%$ _! ephor ,lys&]1 & put _! k+ ,agis to dea?--an act )\t prec$5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,sp>ta4 ,f t "t on--& = ! same reason--diss5sions s s]i\s ensu$ t tyrants arose1 ! nobles 7 s5t into exile1 & ! /ate1 ?\gh mo/ admirably con/itut$1 crumbl$ to pieces4 ,nor did x fall alone1 b by ! contagion ( ! ills t1 />t+ 9 ,lac$aemon1 spread widely & m widely1 x dragg$ ! re/ ( ,greece d[n to ru94 ,:at %all we say ( our own ,grac*i1 ! sons ( t fam\s ,tib]ius ,grac*us & gr&sons ( ,africanus8 ,0 x n /rife ov] ! agr>ian issue t caus$ _! d[nfall & dea?8 ,aratus ( ,sicyon4 99#ha99 ,aratus ( ,sicyon1 on ! o!r h&1 is ju/ly prais$4 ,:5 8 city _h be5 kept = fifty ye>s 9 ! p[] ( its tyrants1 he came ov] f ,argos to ,sicyon1 secretly ent]$ ! city & took x by surprise2 he fell sudd5ly ^u ! tyrant ,nicocles1 recall$ f bani%m5t six hundr$ exiles :o _h be5 ! weal?ie/ m5 ( ! city1 & by 8 com+ made 8 c\ntry free4 ,b he f\nd great difficulty 9 ! matt] ( prop]ty & its occupancy2 = he consid]$ x mo/ unju/1 on ! "o h&1 t ^? m5 %\ld be left 9 want :om he _h re/or$ & ( ^: prop]ty o!rs _h tak5 possession2 & he ?\ght x h>dly fair1 on ! o!r h&1 t t5ure ( fifty ye>s' /&+ %\ld be di/urb$4 ,= 9 ! c\rse ( t long p]iod _m ( ^? e/ates _h pass$ into innoc5t h&s by "r ( inh]itance1 _m by pur*ase1 _m by d[]4 ,he !re=e decid$ t x w\ld be wrong ei!r to take ! prop]ty away f ! pres5t incumb5ts or to let !m keep x )\t comp5sation to its =m] possessors4 99#hb99 ,s1 :5 he _h come to ! conclusion t he mu/ h money to meet ! situation1 he ann\nc$ t he meant to make a trip to ,alex&ria & gave ord]s t matt]s %\ld rema9 z !y 7 until 8 return4 ,& s he w5t 9 ha/e to 8 fri5d ,ptolemy1 !n ^u ! ?rone1 ! second k+ aft] ! f\nd+ ( ,alex&ria4 ,to him he expla9$ t he wi%$ to re/ore con/itutional lib]ty to 8 c\ntry & pres5t$ 8 case to him4 ,&1 be+ a man ( ! highe/ /&+1 he easily secur$ f t weal?y k+ assi/ance 9 ! =m ( a l>ge sum ( money4 ,& :5 he _h return$ ) ?is to ,sicyon1 he call$ into c\nsel ) him fifte5 ( ! =emo/ m5 ( ! city4 ,) !m he inve/igat$ ! cases bo? ( ^? :o 7 hold+ possession ( o!r p's prop]ty & ( ^? :o _h lo/ !irs4 ,& he manag$ by a valuation ( ! prop]ties to p]suade "s t x 0 m desirable to accept money & surr5d] _! pres5t hold+s2 o!rs he conv9c$ t x 0 m to _! int]e/ to take a fair price 9 ca% = _! lo/ e/ates ?an to try to recov] possession ( :at _h be5 _! own4 ,z a result1 h>mony 0 pres]v$1 & all p>ties w5t _! way )\t a ^w ( compla9t4 ,ju/ice ! corn]-/one ( /atecraft4 99#hc99 ,a great /atesman1 & wor?y to h be5 born 9 our commonweal?6 ,t is ! "r way to deal ) "o's fell[-citiz5s1 & n1 z we h already witness$ on two occasions1 to plant ! spe> 9 ! =um & knock d[n ! prop]ty ( citiz5s "u ! auctione]'s hamm]4 ,b yon ,greek1 l a wise & excell5t man1 ?\ght t he mu/ look out = ! welf>e ( all4 ,& ?is is ! highe/ /atesman%ip & ! s\nde/ wisdom on ! "p ( a good citiz51 n to divide ! int]e/s ( ! citiz5s b to unite all on ! basis ( imp>tial ju/ice4 ,let !m live 9 _! neighb\r's h\se r5t-free4,,az ,:y s8 ,9 ord] t1 :5 ,i h b\ght1 built1 kept up1 & sp5t my money ^u a place1 y may )\t my cons5t enjoy :at belongs to me8 ,:at else is t b to rob "o man ( :at belongs to him & to give to ano!r :at does n belong to him8 99#hd99 ,& :at is ! mean+ ( an abolition ( debts1 except t y buy a f>m ) my money2 t y h ! f>m1 & ,i h n my money8 ,,az ,an assum$ appeal to "o ( ,caes>'s edicts4 ,,xxiv4 ,quam ob rem ne sit aes ali5um1 quod rei publicae noceat1 provid5dum e/1 quod multis rationibus cav]i pote/1 non1 si fu]it1 ut locupletes suum p]dant1 debitores lucr5tur ali5um2 nec enim ulla res vehem5tius rem publicam cont9et quam fides1 quae esse nulla pote/1 nisi erit necess>ia solutio r]um cr$it>um4 ,numquam vehem5tius actum e/ quam me consule1 ne solv]etur2 armis et ca/ris temptata res e/ ab omni g5]e hom9um et ord9e2 quibus ita re/iti1 ut hoc totum malum de re publica toll]etur4 ,numquam nec maius aes ali5um fuit nec melius nec facilius dissolutum e/2 fraud&i enim spe sublata solv5di necessitas consecuta e/4 ,at v]o hic nunc victor1 tum quidem victus1 quae cogit>at1 ea#bee p]fecit1 cum eius iam nihil int]esset4 ,tanta 9 eo pecc&i libido fuit1 ut hoc ipsum eum delect>et1 pecc>e1 etiamsi causa non esset4 99#he99 ,ab hoc igitur g5]e l>gitionis1 ut aliis detur1 aliis auf]atur1 ab]unt ii1 qui rem publicam tuebuntur1 9 primisque op]am dabunt1 ut iuris et iudiciorum aequitate suum quisque t5eat et neque t5uiores propt] humilitatem circumv5iantur neque locupletibus ad sua vel t55da vel recup]&a obsit invidia1 praet]ea1 quibuscumque rebus vel belli vel domi pot]unt1 rem publicam augeant imp]io1 agris1 vectigalibus4 ,haec magnorum hom9um sunt1 haec apud maiores no/ros factitata1 haec g5]a (ficiorum qui p]sequ5tur1#bef cum summa utilitate rei publicae magnam ipsi adipisc5tur et gratiam et gloriam4 99#hf99 ,9 8 autem utilitatum praeceptis ,antipat] ,tyrius ,/oicus1 qui ,a!nis nup] e/ mortuus1 duo praet]ita c5set esse a ,panaetio1 valetud9is curationem et pecuniae2 quas res a summo philosopho praet]itas arbitror1 quod ess5t faciles2 sunt c]te utiles4 ,s$ valetudo su/5tatur notitia sui corporis et obs]vatione1 quae res aut prodesse soleant aut obesse1 et cont95tia 9 victu omni atque cultu corporis tu5di causa praet]mitt5dis voluptatibus1#beg po/remo arte eorum1 quorum ad sci5tiam haec p]t95t4 99#hg99 ,res autem famili>is qua]i debet iis rebus1 a quibus abe/ turpitudo1 cons]v>i autem dilig5tia et p>simonia1 eisdem etiam rebus aug]i4 ,has res commodissime ,x5ophon ,socraticus p]secutus e/ 9 eo libro1 qui ,oeconomicus inscribitur1 quem nos1 i/a f]e aetate cum essemus1 qua es tu nunc1 e ,graeco 9 ,lat9um conv]timus4 #beh,s$ toto hoc de g5]e1 de qua]5da1 de colloc&a pecunia1 7vellem#bei etiam de ut5da7 commodius a quibusdam optimis viris ad ,ianum#bfj m$ium s$5tibus quam ab ullis philosophis ulla 9 s*ola disputatur4 ,sunt tam5 ea cognosc5da2 p]t95t enim ad utilitatem1 de qua hoc libro disputatum e/4#beh #bee cogit>at1 ea ,b ,h a b1 ,bt4#b1 ,mll]2 cogit>at1 cum ipsius int]]at1 tum ea c p1 ,bt4#a1 ,he9e4 #bef p]sequ5tur c2 p]sequuntur b1 ,bt4#b2 p]secuntur ,b ,h p1 ,bt4#a1 ,he9e4 #beg praet]mitt5dis voluptatibus ,,mss42 del4 ,he9e1 ,edd4 #beh ,s$ 444 disputatum e/ transpos$ f #ij by ,ung]1 ,edd4 #bei vellem c p1 ,bt4#a1 ,ed42 n 9 ,b ,h a b1 ,bt4#b #bfj ,ianum c1 ,edd42 ianuae ,b ,h a b p4 ,economics ( debts4 ,,xxiv4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 take measures t !re %all be no indebt$ness ( a nature to endang] ! public safety4 ,x is a m5ace t c be av]t$ 9 _m ways2 b %\ld a s]i\s debt be incurr$1 we are n to all[ ! ri* to lose _! prop]ty1 :ile ! debtors pr(it by :at is _! neighb\r's4 ,= !re is no?+ t upholds a gov]nm5t m p[]fully ?an its cr$it2 & x c h no cr$it1 unless ! paym5t ( debts is en=c$ by law4 ,nev] 7 measures = ! repudiation ( debts m /r5u\sly agitat$ ?an 9 my consul%ip4 ,m5 ( e sort & rank attempt$ ) arms & armies to =ce ! project ?r\gh4 ,b ,i oppos$ !m ) su* en]gy t ?is plague 0 :olly eradicat$ f ! body politic4 ,indebt$ness 0 nev] great]2 debts 7 nev] liquidat$ m easily or m fully2 = ! hope ( defraud+ ! cr$itor 0 cut (f & paym5t 0 en=c$ by law4 ,b ! pres5t victor1 ?\gh vanqui%$ !n1 /ill c>ri$ out 8 old design1 :5 x 0 no long] ( any p]sonal advantage to him4,,ba ,s great 0 8 passion = wrong-do+ t ! v do+ ( wrong 0 a joy to him = its own sake1 ev5 :5 !re 0 no motive = x4 99#he99 ,^?1 !n1 ^: (fice x is to look aft] ! int]e/s ( ! /ate w refra9 f t =m ( lib]ality :i* robs "o man to enri* ano!r4 ,adm9i/ration ( ! c\rts 9 equity4 ,above all1 !y w use _! be/ endeav\rs t e "o %all be protect$ 9 ! possession ( 8 own prop]ty by ! fair adm9i/ration ( ! law & ! c\rts1 t ! poor] classes %all n be oppress$ because ( _! helplessness1 & t envy %all n /& 9 ! way ( ! ri*1 to prev5t !m f keep+ or recov]+ possession ( :at ju/ly belongs to !m2 !y mu/ /rive1 too1 by :atev] means !y c1 9 peace or 9 w>1 to advance ! /ate 9 p[]1 9 t]ritory1 & 9 rev5ues4 ,su* s]vice calls = great m52 x 0 commonly r5d]$ 9 ! days ( our ance/ors2 if m5 w p]=m duties su* z ^!1 !y w w9 popul>ity & glory = !mselves & at ! same "t r5d] em95t s]vice to ! /ate4 ,sanitation4 99#hf99 ,n[1 9 ?is li/ ( rules t\*+ exp$i5cy1 ,antipat] ( ,tyre1 a ,/oic philosoph] :o rec5tly di$ at ,a!ns1 claims t two po9ts 7 ov]look$ by ,panaetius--! c>e ( heal? & ( prop]ty4 ,i presume t ! em95t philosoph] ov]look$ ^! two items because !y pres5t no difficulty4 ,at all ev5ts !y are exp$i5t4 ,al?\gh !y are a matt] ( c\rse1 ,i w /ill say a few words on ! subject4 ,individual heal? is pres]v$ by /udy+ "o's own con/itution1 by obs]v+ :at is good or bad = "o1 by con/ant self-control 9 supply+ physical wants & com=ts 7b only to ! ext5t necess>y to self-pres]vation71 by =ego+ s5sual pleasures1 & f9ally1 by ! pr(essional skill ( ^? to ^: sci5ce ^! matt]s belong4 ,f9ance4 99#hg99 ,z = prop]ty1 x is a duty to make money1 b only by hon\rable means2 x is a duty also to save x & increase x by c>e & ?rift4 ,^! pr9ciples ,x5ophon1 a pupil ( ,socrates1 has set =? mo/ happily 9 8 book entitl$ ,oeconomicus4 ,:5 ,i 0 ab\t y\r pres5t age1 ,i translat$ x f ! ,greek into ,lat94 ,b ?is :ole subject ( acquir+ money1 inve/+ money 7,i wi% ,i c\ld include also sp5d+ money7 is m pr(itably discuss$ by c]ta9 wor?y g5tlem5 on ,*ange ?an c\ld be done by any philosoph]s ( any s*ool4 ,= all t1 we mu/ take cognizance ( !m2 = !y come fitly "u ! head ( exp$i5cy1 & t is ! subject ( ! pres5t book4 ,,ba ,caes>1 x seems1 _h _h "s "p 9 ! s*emes ( ,catil9e 9 ,b4,c4 #fc & possibly 9 ! plot ( ,b4,c4 #ff-fe4 ,:5 8 conque/s 9 ,gaul _h fre$ him f 8 debts & made him ri*1 8 p>ty1 ) 8 cons5t1 pass$ 7,b4,c4 #di7 ! obnoxi\s legislation "h ref]r$ to--t all int]e/ 9 arre>s %\ld be remitt$1 & t t :i* _h be5 paid %\ld be d$uct$ f ! pr9cipal4 99#hh99 ,,xxv4 ,s$ utilitatum comp>atio1 quoniam hic locus erat qu>tus1 a ,panaetio praet]missus1 saepe e/ necess>ia4 ,nam et corporis commoda cum ext]nis et ext]na cum corporis#bfa et ipsa int] se corporis et ext]na cum ext]nis comp>>i sol5t4 ,cum ext]nis corporis hoc modo comp>antur1 val]e ut malis quam dives esse1 cum corporis ext]na hoc modo1 dives esse potius quam maximis corporis viribus1#bfb ipsa int] se corporis sic1 ut bona valetudo voluptati anteponatur1 vires cel]itati1 ext]norum autem1 ut gloria divitiis1 vectigalia urbana ru/icis4 99#hi99 ,ex quo g5]e comp>ationis illud e/ ,catonis s5is3 a quo cum qua]]etur1 quid maxime 9 re famili>i exp$iret1 respondit3 ,b5e pasc]e2 quid secundum3 ,satis b5e pasc]e2 quid t]tium3#bfc ,male pasc]e2 quid qu>tum3 ,ar>e2 et cum ille1 qui quaesi]at1 dixisset3 ,quid fa5]>i81 tum ,cato3 ,quid hom9em1 inquit1 occid]e8 ,ex quo et multis aliis intellegi debet utilitatum comp>ationes fi]i sol]e1 recteque hoc adiunctum esse qu>tum exquir5dorum (ficiorum g5us4#bfd ,reliqua de9ceps p]sequemur4 #bfa et 444 corporis bracket$ by ,ung]1 ,edd4 #bfb cum corporis 444 corporis viribus bracket$ by ,ung]1 ,edd4 #bfc quid t]tium3 ,male pasc]e c p1 ,edd42 n 9 ,b ,h a b4 #bfd (ficiorum g5us4 ,"h foll[s 9 ,,mss4 ,s$ toto 444 disputatum e/ transpos$ to #hg4 ,comp>ison ( exp$i5cies4 99#hh99 ,,xxv4 ,b x is (t5 necess>y to weigh "o exp$i5cy aga9/ ano!r2--= ?is1 z ,i /at$1 is a f\r? po9t ov]look$ by ,panaetius4 ,= n only are physical advantages regul>ly comp>$ ) outw>d advantages & outw>d1 ) physical1 b physical advantages are comp>$ ) "o ano!r1 & outw>d ) outw>d4 ,physical advantages are comp>$ ) outw>d advantages 9 "s su* way z ?is3 "o may ask :e!r x is m desirable to h heal? ?an weal?2 ext]nal advantages ) physical1 ?us3 :e!r x is bett] to h weal? ?an extraord9>y bodily /r5g?2 :ile ! physical advantages may be weigh$ aga9/ "o ano!r1 s t good heal? is pref]r$ to s5sual pleasure1 /r5g? to agility4 ,outw>d advantages also may be weigh$ aga9/ "o ano!r3 glory1 = example1 may be pref]r$ to ri*es1 an income d]iv$ f city prop]ty to "o d]iv$ f ! f>m4 99#hi99 ,to ?is class ( comp>isons belongs t fam\s say+ ( old ,cato's3 :5 he 0 ask$ :at 0 ! mo/ pr(itable feature ( an e/ate1 he repli$3 ,rais+ cattle successfully4 ,:at next to t8 ,rais+ cattle ) fair success4 ,& next8 ,rais+ cattle ) b slight success4 ,& f\r?8 ,rais+ crops4 ,& :5 8 que/ion] said1 ,h[ ab\t money-l5d+8 ,cato repli$3 ,h[ ab\t murd]8 ,f ?is z well z f _m o!r incid5ts we ought to realize t exp$i5cies h (t5 to be weigh$ aga9/ "o ano!r & t x is prop] = u to add ?is f\r? division 9 ! discussion ( moral duty4 ,let u n[ pass on to ! rema9+ problems4 ,,cic]o ,,de ,,(ficiis ,,book ,,iii ,,! ,,conflict ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,"r ,,& ,,! ,,exp$i5t ,,lib] ,,t]tius _/ ,,book ,,iii 99#a99 ,i4 ,p4 ,scipionem1 ,m4#bfe fili1 eum1 qui primus ,africanus appellatus e/1 dic]e solitum scripsit ,cato1 qui fuit eius f]e aequalis1 numquam se m9us otiosum esse1 quam cum otiosus1 nec m9us solum1 quam cum solus esset4 ,magnifica v]o vox et magno viro ac sapi5te digna2 quae decl>at illum et 9 otio de negotiis cogit>e et 9 solitud9e secum loqui solitum1 ut neque cess>et umquam et int]dum colloquio alt]ius non eg]et4 ,ita duae res1 quae languorem aff]unt cet]is1 illum acuebant1 otium et solitudo4 ,vellem nobis hoc idem v]e dic]e lic]et2 s$ si m9us imitatione tantam +5ii prae/antiam consequi possumus1 voluntate c]te proxime acc$imus2 nam et a re publica =5sibusque negotiis armis impiis vique prohibiti otium p]sequimur et ob eam causam urbe relicta rura p]agrantes saepe soli sumus4 99#b99 ,s$ nec hoc otium cum ,africani otio nec haec solitudo cum illa comp>&a e/4 ,ille enim requiesc5s a rei publicae pul*]rimis mun]ibus otium sibi sumebat aliqu&o et e#bff coetu hom9um frequ5tiaque int]dum tamquam 9 portum se 9 solitud9em recipiebat1 no/rum autem otium negotii inopia1 non requiesc5di /udio con/itutum e/4 ,ex/9cto enim s5atu deletisque iudiciis quid e/ quod dignum nobis aut 9 curia aut 9 =o ag]e possimus8 99#c99 ,ita1 qui 9 maxima celebritate atque 9 oculis civium quondam vix]imus1 nunc fugi5tes conspectum scel]atorum1 quibus omnia r$undant1 abdimus nos1 quantum licet1 et saepe soli sumus4 ,s$ quia sic ab hom9ibus doctis accepimus1 non solum ex malis elig]e m9ima oport]e1 s$ etiam exc]p]e ex 8 ipsis1#bfg si quid inesset boni1 propt]ea et otio fruor1 non illo quidem1 quo debebat is1#bfh qui quondam pep]isset otium civitati1 nec eam solitud9em langu]e patior1 quam mihi aff]t necessitas1 non voluntas4 99#d99 ,quamquam ,africanus maiorem laudem meo iudicio assequebatur4 ,nulla enim eius +5ii monum5ta m&ata litt]is1 nullum opus otii1 nullum solitud9is munus ex/at2 ex quo intellegi debet illum m5tis agitatione inve/igationeque e>um r]um1 quas cogit&o consequebatur1 nec otiosum nec solum umquam fuisse2 nos autem1 qui non tantum roboris habemus1 ut cogitatione tacita a#bfi solitud9e ab/rahamur1 ad hanc scrib5di op]am omne /udium curamque conv]timus4 ,itaque plura brevi tempore ev]sa quam multis annis /ante re publica scripsimus4 #bfe ,m4 ,nonius2 ,m>ce ,,mss4 #bff e c1 ,edd42 a a2 n 9 ,b ,h b4 #bfg ex 8 ipsis c1 ,edd42 ex 8 a2 ex ipsis ,b ,h b4 #bfh debebat is c1 ,edd42 debeat ,b ,h b2 debeat is corr4 9 debeat a4 #bfi a c1 ,edd42 n 9 ,b ,h a b4 ,preface3 ,scipio & ,cic]o4 99#a99 ,i4 ,cato1 :o 0 ( ab\t ! same ye>s1 ,m>cus1 my son1 z t ,publius ,scipio :o fir/ bore ! surname ( ,africanus1 has giv5 u ! /atem5t t ,scipio us$ to say t he 0 nev] less idle ?an :5 he _h no?+ to d & nev] less lonely ?an :5 he 0 alone4 ,an admirable s5tim5t1 9 tru?1 & becom+ to a great & wise man4 ,x %[s t ev5 9 8 leisure h\rs 8 ?\ghts 7 occupi$ ) public bus9ess & t he us$ to commune ) himself :5 alone2 & s n only 0 he nev] unoccupi$1 b he sometimes _h no ne$ = company4 ,! two conditions1 !n1 t prompt o!rs to idl5ess--leisure & solitude--only spurr$ him on4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld say ! same ( myself & say x truly4 ,b if by imitation ,i _c atta9 to su* excell5ce ( "*1 9 aspiration1 at all ev5ts1 ,i approa* x z ne>ly z ,i c2 = z ,i am kept by =ce ( arm$ treason away f practical politics & f my practice at ! b>1 ,i am n[ lead+ a life ( leisure4 ,= t reason ,i h left ! city &1 w&]+ 9 ! c\ntry f place to place1 ,i am (t5 alone4 99#b99 ,b ,i %\ld n comp>e ?is leisure ( m9e ) t ( ,africanus1 nor ?is solitude ) 84 ,= he1 to f9d leisure f 8 spl5did s]vices to 8 c\ntry1 us$ to take a vacation n[ & !n & to retreat f ! assemblies & ! ?rongs ( m5 into solitude1 z into a hav5 ( re/4 ,! orator's retirem5t4 ,b my leisure is =c$ ^u me by want ( public bus9ess1 n prompt$ by any desire = repose4 ,= n[ t ! s5ate has be5 aboli%$ & ! c\rts h be5 clos$1 :at is !re1 9 keep+ ) my self-respect1 t ,i c d ei!r 9 ! s5ate-*amb] or 9 ! =um8 99#c99 ,s1 al?\gh ,i once liv$ amid ?rongs ( p & 9 ! greate/ publicity1 ,i am n[ %unn+ ! sight ( ! miscreants ) :om ! _w ab\nds & )draw+ f ! public eye z f> z ,i may1 & ,i am (t5 alone4 ,b ,i h le>n$ f philosoph]s t among evils "o ought n only to *oose ! lea/1 b also to extract ev5 f ^! any elem5t ( good t !y may conta94 ,= t reason1 ,i am turn+ my leisure to acc\nt--?\gh x is n su* repose z ! man %\ld be entitl$ to :o once br\ght ! /ate repose f civil /rife--& ,i am n lett+ ?is solitude1 :i* necessity & n my w imposes on me1 f9d me idle4 99#d99 ,& yet1 9 my judgm5t1 ,africanus e>n$ ! high] praise4 ,= no lit]>y monum5ts ( 8 g5ius h be5 publi%$1 we h no "w produc$ 9 8 leisure h\rs1 no product ( 8 solitude4 ,f ?is fact we may safely inf] t1 because ( ! activity ( 8 m9d & ! /udy ( ^? problems to :i* he us$ to direct 8 ?\ght1 he 0 nev] unoccupi$1 nev] lonely4 ,b ,i h n /r5g? ( m9d en\gh by means ( sil5t m$itation to =get my solitude2 & s ,i h turn$ all my att5tion & endeav\r to ?is k9d ( lit]>y "w4 ,i h1 accord+ly1 writt5 m 9 ?is %ort "t s9ce ! d[nfall ( ! republic ?an ,i did 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s1 :ile ! republic /ood4 99#e99 ,,ii4 ,s$ cum tota philosophia1 mi ,cic]o1 frugif]a et fructuosa nec ulla p>s eius inculta ac des]ta sit1 tum nullus f]acior 9 ea locus e/ nec ub]ior#bgj quam de (ficiis1 a quibus con/ant] hone/eque viv5di praecepta ducuntur4 ,qu>e1 quamquam a ,cratippo no/ro1 pr9cipe huius memoriae philosophorum1 haec te assidue audire atque accip]e confido1 tam5 conduc]e arbitror talibus aures tuas vocibus undique circumson>e1 nec eas1 si fi]i possit1 quicquam aliud audire4 99#f99 ,quod cum omnibus e/ faci5dum1 qui vitam hone/am +r$i cogitant1 tum haud scio an nem9i potius quam tibi2 su/9es enim non p>vam exspectationem imit&ae indu/riae no/rae1 magnam honorum1 non nullam =tasse nom9is4 ,suscepi/i onus praet]ea grave et ,a!n>um et ,cratippi2 ad quos cum tamquam ad m]caturam bon>um artium sis pr(ectus1 inanem r$ire turpissimum e/ d$ecorantem et urbis auctoritatem et magi/ri4 ,qu>e1 quantum coniti animo potes1 quantum labore cont5d]e1 si disc5di labor e/ potius quam voluptas1 tantum fac ut efficias neve committas1 ut1 cum#bga omnia supp$itata s9t a nobis1 tute tibi defuisse vide>e4 ,s$ haec hact5us2 multa enim saepe ad te cohort&i gratia scripsimus2 nunc ad reliquam p>tem propositae divisionis rev]tamur4 99#g99 ,panaetius igitur1 qui s9e controv]sia de (ficiis accuratissime disputavit1 quemque nos correctione quadam adhibita potissimum secuti sumus1 tribus g5]ibus propositis1 9 quibus delib]>e hom9es et consult>e de (ficio sol]5t1 uno1 cum dubit>5t1 hone/umne id esset1 de quo ag]etur1 an turpe1 alt]o1 util5e esset an inutile1 t]tio1 si id1 quod speciem hab]et hone/i1 pugn>et cum eo1 quod utile vid]etur1 quo modo ea disc]ni oport]et1 de duobus g5]ibus primis tribus libris explicavit1 de t]tio autem g5]e de9ceps se scripsit dicturum nec exsolvit id1 quod promis]at4 99#h99 ,quod eo magis miror1 quia scriptum a discipulo eius ,posidonio e/ trig9ta annis vixisse ,panaetium1 po/eaquam illos libros edidisset4 ,quem locum miror a ,posidonio brevit] esse tactum 9 quibusdam comm5t>iis1 praes]tim cum scribat nullum esse locum 9 tota philosophia tam necess>ium4 99#i99 ,m9ime v]o ass5tior iis1 qui negant eum locum a ,panaetio praet]missum1 s$ consulto relictum1 nec omn9o scrib5dum fuisse1 quia numquam posset utilitas cum hone/ate pugn>e4 ,de quo alt]um pote/ hab]e dubitationem1 adhib5dumne fu]it hoc g5us1 quod 9 divisione ,panaeti t]tium e/1 an plane omitt5dum1 alt]um dubit>i non pote/1 qu9 a ,panaetio susceptum sit1 s$ relictum4 ,nam qui e divisione trip]tita duas p>tes absolv]it1 huic necesse e/ re/>e t]tiam2 praet]ea 9 extremo libro t]tio de hac p>te pollicetur se de9ceps esse dicturum4 99#aj99 ,acc$it eodem te/is locuples ,posidonius1 qui etiam scribit 9 quadam epi/ula ,p4 ,rutilium ,rufum dic]e sol]e1 qui ,panaetium audi]at1 ut nemo pictor esset inv5tus1 qui 9 ,coa ,v5]e eam p>tem1 quam ,apelles in*oatam reliquisset1 absolv]et 7oris enim pul*ritudo reliqui corporis imit&i spem auf]ebat71 sic ea1 quae ,panaetius praet]misisset et non p]fecisset#bgb propt] eorum1 quae p]fecisset1 prae/antiam nem9em p]secutum4 #bgj ub]ior c1 ,edd42 u]ior ,b ,h a b4 #bga ut1 cum c1 ,edd42 ut ne1 cum ,b ,h a b4 #bgb et non p]fecisset ,,mss42 del4 ,muretus2 bracket$ by ,edd4 ,"y ,cic]o admoni%$ to dilig5ce 9 8 /udies4 99#e99 ,,ii4 ,b1 my de> ,cic]o1 :ile ! :ole field ( philosophy is f]tile & productive & no portion ( x b>r5 & wa/e1 /ill no "p is ri*] or m fruitful ?an t :i* deals ) moral duties2 = f ^! are d]iv$ ! rules = lead+ a consi/5t & moral life4 ,& !re=e1 al?\gh y are1 z ,i tru/1 dilig5tly /udy+ & pr(it+ by ^! precepts "u ! direction ( our fri5d ,cratippus1 ! =emo/ philosoph] ( ! pres5t age1 ,i /ill ?9k x well t y\r e>s %\ld be d9n$ ) su* precepts f e side & t1 if x c\ld be1 !y %\ld he> no?+ else4 99#f99 ,^! precepts mu/ be laid to he>t by all :o look =w>d to a c>e] ( hon\r1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t no "o ne$s !m m ?an y4 ,= y w h to fulfil ! eag] anticipation t y w imitate my indu/ry1 ! confid5t expectation t y w emulate my c\rse ( political hon\rs1 & ! hope t y w1 p]haps1 rival my "n & fame4 ,y h1 besides1 incurr$ a heavy responsibility on acc\nt ( ,a!ns & ,cratippus3 = s9ce y h gone to !m = ! pur*ase1 z x 71 ( a /ore ( lib]al culture1 x w\ld be a great discr$it to y to return empty-h&$1 !reby disgrac+ ! high reputation ( ! city & ( y\r ma/]4 ,!re=e1 put =? ! be/ m5tal ef=t ( :i* y are capable2 "w z h>d z y c 7if le>n+ is "w r ?an pleasure72 d y\r v be/ to succe$2 & d n1 :5 ,i h put all ! necess>y means at y\r disposal1 all[ x to be said t y h fail$ to d y\r "p4 ,b en\gh ( ?is4 ,= ,i h writt5 aga9 & aga9 = y\r enc\ragem5t4 ,let u n[ return to ! rema9+ section ( our subject z outl9$4 ,panaetius on ,moral ,duties4 99#g99 ,panaetius1 !n1 has giv5 u :at is unque/ionably ! mo/ ?or\gh discussion ( moral duties t we h1 & ,i h foll[$ him 9 ! ma9--b ) slight modifications4 ,he classifies "u ?ree g5]al heads ! e?ical problems :i* p are accu/om$ to consid] & weigh3 fir/1 ! "q :e!r ! matt] 9 h& is morally "r or morally wrong2 second1 :e!r x is exp$i5t or inexp$i5t2 ?ird1 h[ a decision ought to be rea*$1 9 case t :i* has ! appe>ance ( be+ morally "r cla%es ) t :i* seems to be exp$i5t4 ,he has treat$ ! fir/ two heads at l5g? 9 ?ree books2 b :ile he has /at$ t he meant to discuss ! ?ird head 9 its prop] turn1 he has nev] fulfill$ 8 promise4 99#h99 ,& ,i wond] ! m at ?is1 because ,posidonius1 a pupil ( 81 records t ,panaetius 0 /ill alive ?irty ye>s aft] he publi%$ ^? ?ree books4 ,& ,i am surpris$ t ,posidonius has b briefly t\*$ ^u ?is subject 9 c]ta9 memoirs ( 81 & especially1 z he /ates t !re is no o!r topic 9 ! :ole range ( philosophy s ess5tially important z ?is4 ,:y ,panaetius omitt$ ! ,conflict ( ! moral & ! exp$i5t4 99#i99 ,n[1 ,i _c possibly accept ! view ( ^? :o say t t po9t 0 n ov]look$ b purposely omitt$ by ,panaetius1 & t x 0 n "o t ev] ne$$ discussion1 because !re nev] c be su* a ?+ z a conflict betwe5 exp$i5cy & moral rectitude4 ,b ) reg>d to ?is ass]tion1 ! "o po9t may admit ( d\bt--:e!r t "q :i* is ?ird 9 ,panaetius's classification ought to h be5 includ$ or omitt$ altoge!r2 b ! o!r po9t is n op5 to debate--t x 0 includ$ 9 ,panaetius's plan b left unwritt54 ,= if a writ] has f9i%$ two divisions ( a ?reefold subject1 ! ?ird mu/ necess>ily rema9 = him to d4 ,besides1 he promises at ! close ( ! ?ird book t he w discuss ?is division also 9 its prop] turn4 99#aj99 ,we h also 9 ,posidonius a compet5t witness to ! fact4 ,he writes 9 "o ( 8 lett]s t ,publius ,rutilius ,rufus1 :o also 0 a pupil ( ,panaetius's1 us$ to say t z no pa9t] _h be5 f\nd to complete t "p ( ! ,v5us ( ,cos :i* ,apelles _h left unf9i%$ 7= ! beauty ( h] face made hopeless any attempt adequately to repres5t ! re/ ( ! figure71 s no "o1 because ( ! surpass+ excell5ce ( :at ,panaetius did complete1 w\ld v5ture to supply :at he _h left undone4 99#aa99 ,,iii4 ,quam ob rem de iudicio ,panaeti dubit>i non pote/2 rect5e autem hanc t]tiam p>tem ad exquir5dum (ficium adiunx]it an secus1 de eo =tasse disput>i pote/4 ,nam1 sive hone/um solum bonum e/1 ut ,/oicis placet1 sive1 quod hone/um e/1 id ita summum bonum e/1 quem ad modum ,p]ipateticis ve/ris videtur1 ut omnia ex alt]a p>te collocata vix m9imi mom5ti in/> habeant1 dubit&um non e/1 qu9 numquam possit utilitas cum hone/ate cont5d]e4 ,itaque accepimus ,socratem exsecr>i solitum eos1 qui primum haec natura coha]5tia op9ione di/raxiss5t4 ,cui quidem ita sunt ,/oici ass5si1 ut et1 quicquid hone/um esset1 id utile esse c5s]5t nec utile quicquam1 quod non hone/um4 99#ab99 ,quodsi is esset ,panaetius1 qui virtutem propt]ea col5dam dic]et1 quod ea effici5s utilitatis esset1 ut ii1 qui res expet5das vel voluptate vel indol5tia metiuntur1 lic]et ei dic]e utilitatem aliqu&o cum hone/ate pugn>e2 s$ cum sit is1 qui id solum bonum iudicet1 quod hone/um sit1 quae autem huic repugn5t specie quadam utilitatis1 eorum neque accessione meliorem vitam fi]i nec decessione peiorem1 non videtur debuisse eius modi delib]ationem introduc]e1 9 qua1 quod utile vid]etur1 cum eo1 quod hone/um e/1 comp>>etur4 99#ac99 ,et5im quod summum bonum a ,/oicis dicitur1 conv5i5t] naturae viv]e1 id habet hanc1 ut op9or1 s5t5tiam3 cum virtute congru]e semp]1 cet]a autem1 quae secundum naturam ess5t1 ita leg]e1 si ea virtuti non repugn>5t4 ,quod cum ita sit1 putant quidam hanc comp>ationem non recte introductam1 nec omn9o de eo g5]e quicquam praecipi5dum fuisse4 ,atque#bgc illud quidem hone/um1 quod proprie v]eque dicitur1 id 9 sapi5tibus e/ solis neque a virtute divelli umquam pote/2 9 iis autem1 9 quibus sapi5tia p]fecta non e/1 ipsum illud quidem p]fectum hone/um nullo modo1 similitud9es hone/i esse possunt4 99#ad99 ,haec enim (ficia1 de quibus 8 libris disputamus1 m$ia ,/oici appellant2 ea communia sunt et late pat5t2 quae et +5ii bonitate multi assequuntur et progressione disc5di4 ,illud autem (ficium1 quod rectum idem appellant1 p]fectum atque absolutum e/ et1 ut idem dicunt1 omnes num]os habet nec praet] sapi5tem cad]e 9 quemquam pote/4 99#ae99 ,cum autem aliquid actum e/1 9 quo m$ia (ficia comp>eant1#bgd id cumulate videtur esse p]fectum1 propt]ea quod volgus1 quid absit a p]fecto1 non f]e intellegit2 quat5us autem intellegit1 nihil putat praet]missum2 quod idem#bge 9 poematis1 9 picturis usu v5it 9 aliisque compluribus1 ut delect5tur imp]iti laud5tque ea1 quae laud&a non s9t1 ob eam1 cr$o1 causam1 quod insit 9 iis#bgf aliquid probi1 quod capiat ign>os1 qui quidem1#bgg quid 9 una quaque re vitii sit1 nequeant iudic>e2 itaque1 cum sunt docti a p]itis1 desi/unt facile s5t5tia4 #bgc ,atque ,,mss41 ,bt4#a1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 atqui ,fleckeis51 ,bt4#b1 ,ed4 #bgd comp>eant ,anemoecius1 ,edd42 comp>ant ,b ,h a b2 app>eant c2 comp>5t p4 #bge idem ,nonius1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 autem ,b ,h a b2 item c1 ,bt4 #bgf iis ,bait]1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 8 ,b ,h a b2 hijs c4 #bgg qui quidem _m ,,mss41 ,bt4#a1 ,mll]2 qui idem ,b ,h a b c2 qui idem ,bt4#b1 ,he9e4 ,! conflict betwe5 ,exp$i5cy & ,moral ,rectitude only app>5t4 99#aa99 ,,iii4 ,9 reg>d to ,panaetius's real int5tions1 !re=e1 no d\bt c be ent]ta9$4 ,b :e!r he 0 or 0 n ju/ifi$ 9 add+ ?is ?ird division to ! inquiry ab\t duty may1 p]haps1 be a matt] = debate4 ,= :e!r moral goodness is ! only good1 z ! ,/oics believe1 or :e!r1 z y\r ,p]ipatetics ?9k1 moral goodness is 9 s f> ! highe/ good t ev]y?+ else ga!r$ toge!r into ! oppos+ scale w\ld h sc>cely ! slighte/ weight1 x is beyond "q t exp$i5cy c nev] conflict ) moral rectitude4 ,& s1 we h he>d1 ,socrates us$ to pron\nce a curse ^u ^? :o fir/ drew a conceptual di/9ction betwe5 ?+s naturally insep>able4 ,) ?is doctr9e ! ,/oics are 9 agreem5t 9 s f> z !y ma9ta9 t if any?+ is morally "r1 x is exp$i5t1 & if any?+ is n morally "r1 x is n exp$i5t4 99#ab99 ,b if ,panaetius 7 ! sort ( man to say t virtue is wor? cultivat+ only because x is productive ( advantage1 z d c]ta9 philosoph]s :o measure ! desirabl5ess ( ?+s by ! /&>d ( pleasure or ( abs5ce ( pa91 he might argue t exp$i5cy sometimes cla%es ) moral rectitude4 ,b s9ce he is a man :o judges t ! morally "r is ! only good1 & t ^? ?+s :i* come 9 conflict ) x h only ! appe>ance ( exp$i5cy & _c make life any bett] by _! pres5ce nor any worse by _! abs5ce1 x foll[s t he ought n to h rais$ a "q involv+ ! weigh+ ( :at seems exp$i5t aga9/ :at is morally "r4 99#ac99 ,fur!rmore1 :5 ! ,/oics speak ( ! supreme good z liv+ con=mably to nature1 !y mean1 z ,i take x1 some?+ l ?is3 t we are always to be 9 accord ) virtue1 & f all o!r ?+s t may be 9 h>mony ) nature to *oose only su* z are n incompatible ) virtue4 ,?is be+ s1 "s p are ( ! op9ion t x 0 n "r to introduce ?is c\nt]balanc+ ( "r & exp$i5cy & t no practical in/ruction %\ld h be5 giv5 on ?is "q at all4 ,& yet moral goodness1 9 ! true & prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 is ! exclusive possession ( ! wise & c nev] be sep>at$ f virtue2 b ^? :o h n p]fect wisdom _c possibly h p]fect moral goodness1 b only a semblance ( x4 99#ad99 ,! absolute & ! mean4 ,& inde$ ^! duties "u discussion 9 ^! books ! ,/oics call mean duties,,bb2 !y are a common possession & h wide application2 & _m p atta9 to ! k ( !m ?r\gh natural goodness ( he>t & ?r\gh advancem5t 9 le>n+4 ,b t duty :i* ^? same ,/oics call "r is p]fect & absolute & satisfies all ! numb]s1,,bc z t same s*ool says1 & is atta9able by none except ! wise man4 99#ae99 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 "s act is p]=m$ 9 :i* we see mean duties manife/$1 t is g5]ally reg>d$ z fully p]fect1 = ! reason t ! common cr[d does n1 z a rule1 compreh5d h[ f> x falls %ort ( real p]fection2 b z f> z _! compreh5sion does g1 !y ?9k !re is no defici5cy4 ,?is same ?+ ord9>ily occurs 9 ! e/imation ( poems1 pa9t+s1 & a great _m o!r works ( art3 ord9>y p enjoy & praise ?+s t d n des]ve praise4 ,! reason = ?is1 ,i suppose1 is t ^? productions h "s po9t ( excell5ce :i* cat*es ! fancy ( ! un$ucat$1 because ^! h n ! ability to discov] ! po9ts ( weakness 9 any p>ticul> piece ( "w be=e !m4 ,& s1 :5 !y are in/ruct$ by exp]ts1 !y readily ab&on _! =m] op9ion4 ,,bb ,see note on ,i1 #h4 ,,bc ,i4e41 fills all ! requirem5ts ( absolute p]fection--an allusion to ! ,py?agorean doctr9e t specific numb]s /& = p]fection ( specific k9ds2 absolute duty comb9es !m all4 ,,iv4 ,haec igitur (ficia1 de quibus 8 libris diss]imus1 quasi secunda qua$am hone/a esse dicunt1 non sapi5tium modo propria1 s$ cum omni hom9um g5]e communia4 99#af99 ,itaque iis omnes1 9 quibus e/ virtutis indoles1 commov5tur4 ,nec v]o1 cum duo ,decii aut duo ,scipiones =tes viri commemorantur1 aut cum ,fabricius aut ,ari/ides#bgh iu/us nom9atur1 aut ab illis =titud9is aut ab hoc#bgi iu/itiae tamquam a sapi5te petitur exemplum2 nemo enim horum sic sapi5s1 ut sapi5tem volumus intellegi1 nec ii1 qui sapi5tes habiti et nom9ati1 ,m4 ,cato et ,c4 ,laelius1 sapi5tes fu]unt1 ne illi quidem septem1 s$ ex m$iorum (ficiorum frequ5tia similitud9em qu&am g]ebant speciemque sapi5tium4 99#ag99 ,quocirca nec id1 quod v]e hone/um e/1 fas e/ cum utilitatis repugnantia comp>>i1 nec id1 quod communit] appellamus hone/um1 quod colitur ab iis1 qui bonos se viros hab]i volunt1 cum emolum5tis umquam e/ comp>&um1 tamque id hone/um1 quod 9 no/ram intelleg5tiam cadit1 tu5dum cons]v&umque nobis e/ quam illud1 quod proprie dicitur v]eque e/ hone/um1 sapi5tibus2 alit] enim t5]i non pote/1 si qua ad virtutem e/ facta progressio4 ,s$ haec quidem de iis1 qui cons]vatione (ficiorum exi/imantur boni4 99#ah99 ,qui autem omnia metiuntur emolum5tis et commodis neque ea volunt praepond]>i hone/ate1 ii sol5t 9 delib]&o hone/um cum eo1 quod utile putant1 comp>>e1 boni viri non sol5t4 ,itaque exi/imo ,panaetium1 cum dix]it hom9es sol]e 9 hac comp>atione dubit>e1 hoc ipsum s5sisse1 quod dix]it1 sol]e modo1 non etiam oport]e4 ,et5im non modo pluris put>e1 quod utile videatur1 quam quod hone/um sit1#bhj s$ etiam haec int] se comp>>e et 9 8 addubit>e turpissimum e/4 ,quid ergo e/1 quod non numquam dubitationem aff]re soleat consid]&umque videatur8 ,cr$o1 si qu&o dubitatio accidit1 quale sit id1 de quo consid]etur4 99#ai99 ,saepe enim tempore fit1 ut1 quod turpe pl]umque hab]i soleat1 inv5iatur non esse turpe2 exempli causa ponatur aliquid1 quod pateat latius3 ,quod pote/ maius esse#bha scelus quam non modo hom9em1 s$ etiam famili>em hom9em occid]e8 ,num igitur se a/r9xit scel]e1 si qui tyrannum occidit quamvis famili>em8 ,populo quidem ,romano non videtur1 qui ex omnibus praecl>is factis illud pul*]rimum exi/imat4 ,vicit ergo utilitas hone/atem8 ,immo v]o hone/as utilitatem secuta e/4#bhb ,itaque1 ut s9e ullo errore diiudic>e possimus1 si qu&o cum illo1 quod hone/um intellegimus1 pugn>e id videbitur1 quod appellamus utile1 =mula qua$am con/itu5da e/2 quam si sequemur 9 comp>atione r]um1 ab (ficio numquam rec$emus4 99#bj99 ,erit autem haec =mula ,/oicorum rationi discipl9aeque maxime cons5tanea2 quam quidem 8 libris propt]ea sequimur1 quod1 quamquam et a vet]ibus ,academicis et a ,p]ipateticis ve/ris1 qui quondam idem erant1 qui ,academici1 quae hone/a sunt1 anteponuntur iis1 quae vid5tur utilia1 tam5 spl5didius haec ab eis diss]untur1#bhc quibus1 quicquid hone/um e/1 idem utile videtur nec utile quicquam1 quod non hone/um1 quam ab iis1#bhd quibus et hone/um aliquid non utile et utile#bhe non hone/um4 ,nobis autem no/ra ,academia magnam lic5tiam dat1 ut1 quodcumque maxime probabile occurrat1 id no/ro iure liceat def5d]e4 ,s$ r$eo ad =mulam4 #bgh aut ,ari/ides 7,ari/idesve p7 ,,mss41 ,lactantius2 bracket$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,heus+]1 ,edd4 #bgi hoc ,lactantius1 ,edd41 8 ,,mss4 #bhj sit c1 ,bt4#b1 ,mll]2 n 9 ,b ,h a b1 ,bt4#a2 e/ ,he9e4 #bha esse c1 ,edd42 n 9 ,b ,h a b4 #bhb utilitatem secuta e/ ,,mss41 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 utilitatem2 hone/atem utilitas secuta e/ ,bait]1 ,ed4 #bhc diss]untur c]ta9 ,,mss41 ,c4 ,lange & ,fr4 ,fabricius1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 diss]5tur ,,mss41 ,bt4 #bhd iis ,edd42 8 7hijs c7 ,,mss4 #bhe et hone/um 444 et utile ,lamb9us1 ,bt4#b1 ,mll]1 ,he9e1 et hone/um 444 aut utile ,b ,h a b2 aut hone/um 444 aut utile c1 ,bt4#a ,absolute goodness & imp]fect humanity4 ,,iv4 ,! p]=mance ( ! duties1 !n1 :i* ,i am discuss+ 9 ^! books1 is call$ by ! ,/oics a sort ( second-grade moral goodness1 n ! peculi> prop]ty ( _! wise m51 b %>$ by !m ) all mank9d4 99#af99 ,accord+ly1 su* duties appeal to all m5 :o h a natural disposition to virtue4 ,& :5 ! two ,decii or ! two ,scipios are m5tion$ z brave m5 or ,fabricius or ,ari/ides is call$ ! j1 x is n at all t ! =m] are quot$ z p]fect models ( c\rage or ! latt] z a p]fect model ( ju/ice1 z if we _h 9 "o ( !m ! ideal wise man4 ,= no "o ( !m 0 wise 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we wi% to h wise und]/ood2 nei!r 7 ,m>cus ,cato & ,gaius ,laelius wise1 ?\gh !y 7 s consid]$ & 7 surnam$ ! wise4 ,n ev5 ! fam\s ,sev5 7 wise4 ,b because ( _! con/ant obs]vance ( mean duties !y bore a c]ta9 semblance & lik5ess to wise m54 99#ag99 ,= ^! reasons x is unlawful ei!r to weigh true morality aga9/ conflict+ exp$i5cy1 or common morality1 :i* is cultivat$ by ^? :o wi% to be consid]$ good m51 aga9/ :at is pr(itable2 b we e-day p mu/ obs]ve & live up to t moral "r :i* comes )9 ! range ( our compreh5sion z jeal\sly z ! truly wise m5 h to obs]ve & live up to t :i* is morally "r 9 ! te*nical & true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,= o!rwise we _c ma9ta9 su* progress z we h made 9 ! direction ( virtue4 ,s mu* = ^? :o h won a reputation = be+ good m5 by _! c>eful obs]vance ( duty4 ,moral rectitude & app>5t exp$i5cy4 99#ah99 ,^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o measure ev]y?+ by a /&>d ( pr(its & p]sonal advantage & refuse to h ^! outweigh$ by consid]ations ( moral rectitude are accu/om$1 9 consid]+ any "q1 to weigh ! morally "r aga9/ :at !y ?9k ! exp$i5t2 good m5 are n4 ,& s ,i believe t :5 ,panaetius /at$ t p 7 accu/om$ to hesitate to d su* weigh+1 he meant precisely :at he said--m]ely t su* 0 _! cu/om1 n t su* 0 _! duty4 ,& he gave x no approval2 = x is mo/ immoral to ?9k m highly ( ! app>5tly exp$i5t ?an ( ! morally "r1 or ev5 to set ^! ov] aga9/ ea* o!r & to hesitate to *oose betwe5 !m4 ,occasion = d\bt4 ,:at1 !n1 is x t may sometimes give room = a d\bt & seem to call = consid]ation8 ,x is1 ,i believe1 :5 a "q arises z to ! "* ( an action "u consid]ation4 99#ai99 ,= x (t5 happ5s1 ow+ to exceptional circum/ances1 t :at is accu/om$ "u ord9>y circum/ances to be consid]$ morally wrong is f\nd n to be morally wrong4 ,= ! sake ( illu/ration1 let u assume "s p>ticul> case t admits ( wid] application3 :at m atroci\s crime c !re be ?an to kill a fell[-man1 & especially an intimate fri5d8 ,b if anyone kills a tyrant--be he nev] s intimate a fri5d--he has n lad5 8 s\l ) guilt1 has he8 ,! ,roman ,p1 at all ev5ts1 are n ( t op9ion2 = ( all glori\s de$s !y hold su* an "o to be ! mo/ noble4 ,has exp$i5cy1 !n1 prevail$ ov] moral rectitude8 ,n at all2 moral rectitude has gone h& 9 h& ) exp$i5cy4 ,ne$ ( a rule = guidance4 ,"s g5]al rule1 !re=e1 %\ld be laid d[n to enable u to decide )\t error1 :5ev] :at we call ! exp$i5t seems to cla% ) :at we feel to be morally "r2 & if we foll[ t rule 9 comp>+ c\rses ( conduct1 we %all nev] sw]ve f ! pa? ( duty4 99#bj99 ,t rule1 moreov]1 %all be 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! ,/oics' sy/em & doctr9es4 ,x is _! tea*+s t ,i am foll[+ 9 ^! books1 & = ?is reason3 ! old] ,academicians & y\r ,p]ipatetics 7:o 7 once ! same z ! ,academicians7 give :at is morally "r ! pref]5ce ov] :at seems exp$i5t2 & yet ! discussion ( ^! problems1 if conduct$ by ^? :o consid] :atev] is morally "r also exp$i5t & no?+ exp$i5t t is n at ! same "t morally "r1 w be m illum9at+ ?an if conduct$ by ^? :o ?9k t some?+ n exp$i5t may be morally "r & t some?+ n morally "r may be exp$i5t4 ,b our ,new ,academy all[s u wide lib]ty1 s t x is )9 my "r to def5d any !ory t pres5ts itself to me z mo/ probable4 ,b to return to my rule4 99#ba99 ,v4 ,detrah]e igitur alt]i aliquid et hom9em hom9is incommodo suum commodum aug]e magis e/ contra naturam quam mors1 quam paup]tas1 quam dolor1 quam cet]a1 quae possunt aut corpori accid]e aut rebus ext]nis4 ,nam pr9cipio tollit convictum humanum et societatem4 ,si enim sic erimus affecti1 ut propt] suum quisque emolum5tum spoliet aut violet alt]um1 disrumpi necesse e/1 eam quae maxime e/ secundum naturam1 humani g5]is societatem4 99#bb99 ,ut1 si unum quodque membrum s5sum hunc hab]et1 ut posse put>et se val]e1 si proximi membri valetud9em ad se traduxisset1 debilit>i et int]ire totum corpus necesse esset1 sic1 si unus quisque no/rum ad se rapiat commoda aliorum detrahatque1 quod cuique possit1 emolum5ti sui gratia1 societas hom9um et communitas ev]tatur necesse e/4 ,nam sibi ut quisque malit1 quod ad usum vitae p]t9eat1 quam alt]i acquir]e1 concessum e/ non repugnante natura1 illud natura non patitur1 ut aliorum spoliis no/ras facultates1 copias1 opes augeamus4 99#bc99 ,neque v]o hoc solum natura1 id e/ iure g5tium1 s$ etiam legibus populorum1 quibus 9 s+ulis civitatibus res publica cont9etur1 eodem modo con/itutum e/1 ut non liceat sui commodi causa noc]e alt]i2 hoc enim spectant leges1 hoc volunt1 incolumem esse civium coniunctionem2 quam qui dirimunt1 eos morte1 exsilio1 v9clis1 damno corc5t4 ,atque hoc multo magis efficit ipsa naturae ratio1 quae e/ lex div9a et humana2 cui p>]e qui velit 7omnes autem p>ebunt1 qui secundum naturam vol5t viv]e71 numquam committet1 ut ali5um appetat et id1 quod alt]i detrax]it1 sibi adsumat4 99#bd99 ,et5im multo magis e/ secundum naturam excelsitas animi et magnitudo itemque comitas1 iu/itia1 lib]alitas quam voluptas1 quam vita1 quam divitiae2 quae quidem contemn]e et pro nihilo duc]e comp>antem cum utilitate communi magni animi et excelsi e/4 ,detrah]e autem de alt]o sui commodi causa magis e/ contra naturam quam mors1 quam dolor1 quam cet]a g5]is eiusdem4#bhf 99#be99 ,itemque magis e/ secundum naturam pro omnibus g5tibus1 si fi]i possit1 cons]v&is aut iuv&is maximos labores mole/iasque suscip]e imitantem ,h]culem illum1 quem hom9um fama b5eficiorum memor 9 concilio caele/ium collocavit1 quam viv]e 9 solitud9e non modo s9e ullis mole/iis1 s$ etiam 9 maximis voluptatibus abundantem omnibus copiis1 ut excellas etiam pul*ritud9e et viribus4 ,quocirca optimo quisque et spl5didissimo +5io longe illam vitam huic anteponit4 ,ex quo efficitur hom9em naturae obo$i5tem hom9i noc]e non posse4 99#bf99 ,de9de1 qui alt]um violat1 ut ipse aliquid commodi consequatur1 aut nihil exi/imat se fac]e contra naturam aut magis fugi5dam#bhg c5set mortem1 paup]tatem1 dolorem1 amissionem etiam lib]orum1 prop9quorum1 amicorum quam fac]e cuiquam iniuriam4 ,si nihil exi/imat contra naturam fi]i hom9ibus viol&is1 quid cum eo diss]as1 qui omn9o hom9em ex hom9e tollat8 s9 fugi5dum id quidem c5set1 s$#bhh multo illa peiora1 mortem1 paup]tatem1 dolorem1 errat 9 eo1 quod ullum aut corporis aut =tunae vitium vitiis animi gravius exi/imat4 #bhf ,detrah]e 444 g5]is eiusdem ,,mss42 bracket$ by ,bait]1 ,edd4 #bhg fugi5dam b1 ,ed42 fugi5da ,b ,h a c4 #bhh s$ c1 ,edd42 et ,b ,h a b4 ,wrongful ga9s are aga9/ ! laws3 7#a7 ( nature1 99#ba99 ,v4 ,well !n1 = a man to take some?+ f 8 neighb\r & to pr(it by 8 neighb\r's loss is m contr>y to nature ?an is dea? or pov]ty or pa9 or any?+ else t c affect ei!r our p]son or our prop]ty4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 inju/ice is fatal to social life & fell[%ip betwe5 man & man4 ,= if we are s dispos$ t ea*1 to ga9 "s p]sonal pr(it1 w defraud or injure 8 neighb\r1 !n ^? bonds ( human society1 :i* are mo/ 9 accord ) nature's laws1 mu/ ( necessity be brok54 99#bb99 ,suppose1 by way ( comp>ison1 t ea* "o ( our bodily memb]s %\ld conceive ?is idea & imag9e t x c\ld be /rong & well if x %\ld draw (f to itself ! heal? & /r5g? ( its neighb\r+ memb]1 ! :ole body w\ld necess>ily be enfeebl$ & die2 s1 if ea* "o ( u %\ld seize ^u ! prop]ty ( 8 neighb\rs & take f ea* :atev] he c\ld appropriate to 8 own use1 ! bonds ( human society mu/ inevitably be annihilat$4 ,=1 )\t any conflict ) nature's laws1 x is grant$ t ev]ybody may pref] to secure = himself r ?an = 8 neighb\r :at is ess5tial = ! conduct ( life2 b nature's laws d =bid u to increase our means1 weal?1 & res\rces by despoil+ o!rs4 7#b7 ( nations1 99#bc99 ,b ?is pr9ciple is e/abli%$ n by nature's laws alone 7t is1 by ! common rules ( equity71 b also by ! /atutes ( p>ticul> communities1 9 accordance ) :i* 9 individual /ates ! public int]e/s are ma9ta9$4 ,9 all ^! x is ) "o accord orda9$ t no man %all be all[$ = ! sake ( 8 own advantage to injure 8 neighb\r4 ,= x is to ?is t ! laws h reg>d2 ?is is _! int5t1 t ! bonds ( union betwe5 citiz5s %\ld n be impair$2 & any attempt to de/roy ^! bonds is repress$ by ! p5alty ( dea?1 exile1 imprisonm5t1 or f9e4 7#c7 ( gods & m54 ,aga91 ?is pr9ciple foll[s mu* m effectually directly f ! ,reason :i* is 9 ,nature1 :i* is ! law ( gods & m54 ,if anyone w he>k5 to t voice 7& all w he>k5 to x :o wi% to live 9 accord ) nature's laws71 he w nev] be guilty ( covet+ any?+ t is 8 neighb\r's or ( appropriat+ to himself :at he has tak5 f 8 neighb\r4 99#bd99 ,!n1 too1 l(t9ess & greatness ( _s1 & c\rtesy1 ju/ice1 & g5]osity are mu* m 9 h>mony ) nature ?an are selfi% pleasure1 ri*es1 & life itself2 b x requires a great & l(ty _s to despise ^! latt] & c\nt !m z naught1 :5 "o weighs !m ov] aga9/ ! common weal4 ,self-seek+ vs4 self-sacrifice4 ,b = anyone to rob 8 neighb\r = 8 own pr(it is m contr>y to nature ?an dea?1 pa91 & ! l4 99#be99 ,9 l mann] x is m 9 accord ) nature to emulate ! great ,h]cules & und]go ! greate/ toil & tr\ble = ! sake ( aid+ or sav+ ! _w1 if possible1 ?an to live 9 seclusion1 n only free f all c>e1 b revell+ 9 pleasures & ab\nd+ 9 weal?1 :ile excell+ o!rs also 9 beauty & /r5g?4 ,?us ,h]cules d5i$ himself & und]w5t toil & tribulation = ! _w1 &1 out ( gratitude = 8 s]vices1 popul> belief has giv5 him a place 9 ! c\ncil ( ! gods4 ,! bett] & m noble1 !re=e1 ! "* ) :i* a man is end[$1 ! m does he pref] ! life ( s]vice to ! life ( pleasure4 ,:5ce x foll[s t man1 if he is ob$i5t to nature1 _c d h>m to 8 fell[-man4 99#bf99 ,f9ally1 if a man wrongs 8 neighb\r to ga9 "s advantage = himself1 he mu/ ei!r imag9e t he is n act+ 9 defiance ( nature or he mu/ believe t dea?1 pov]ty1 pa91 or ev5 ! loss ( *ildr51 k9sm51 or fri5ds1 is m to be %unn$ ?an an act ( inju/ice aga9/ ano!r4 ,if he ?9ks he is n violat+ ! laws ( nature1 :5 he wrongs 8 fell[-m51 h[ is "o to argue ) ! individual :o takes away f man all t makes him man8 ,b if he believes t :ile su* a c\rse %\ld be avoid$1 ! o!r alt]natives are mu* worse--namely1 dea?1 pov]ty1 pa9--he is mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ t any ills affect+ ei!r 8 p]son or 8 prop]ty are m s]i\s ?an ^? affect+ 8 s\l4 ,,vi4 ,ergo unum debet esse omnibus propositum1 ut eadem sit utilitas unius cuiusque et univ]sorum2 quam si ad se quisque rapiet1 dissolvetur omnis humana consortio4 99#bg99 ,atque etiam1 si hoc natura praescribit1 ut homo hom9i1 quicumque sit1 ob eam ipsam causam1 quod is homo sit1 consultum velit1 necesse e/ secundum e&em naturam omnium utilitatem esse communem4 ,quod si ita e/1 una cont9emur omnes et eadem lege naturae1 idque ipsum si ita e/1 c]te viol>e alt]um naturae lege prohibemur4 ,v]um autem primum2 v]um igitur extremum4 99#bh99 ,nam illud quidem absurdum e/1 quod quidam dicunt1 p>5ti se aut fratri nihil detracturos sui commodi causa1 aliam rationem esse civium reliquorum4 ,hi sibi nihil iuris1 nullam societatem communis utilitatis causa /atuunt esse cum civibus1 quae s5t5tia omnem societatem di/rahit civitatis4 ,qui autem civium rationem dicunt hab5dam1 ext]norum negant1 ii#bhi dirimunt communem humani g5]is societatem3 qua sublata b5efic5tia1 lib]alitas1 bonitas1 iu/itia funditus tollitur2 quae qui tollunt1 etiam adv]sus deos immortales impii iudic&i sunt4 ,ab iis enim con/itutam int] hom9es societatem ev]tunt1 cuius societatis artissimum v9culum e/ magis arbitr>i esse contra naturam hom9em hom9i detrah]e sui commodi causa quam omnia incommoda subire vel ext]na vel corporis 444 vel etiam ipsius animi1 quae vac5t iu/itia#bij2 haec enim una virtus omnium e/ dom9a et reg9a virtutum4 99#bi99 ,=sitan quispiam dix]it3 ,nonne igitur sapi5s1 si fame ipse conficiatur1 ab/ul]it cibum alt]i hom9i ad nullam rem utili8 ,m9ime v]o2 non enim mihi e/ vita mea utilior quam animi talis affectio1 nem9em ut violem commodi mei gratia4#bia ,quid8 si ,phal>im1 crudelem tyrannum et immanem1 vir bonus1 ne ipse frigore conficiatur1 ve/itu spoli>e possit1 nonne faciat8 99#cj99 ,haec ad iudic&um sunt facillima4 ,nam1 si quid ab hom9e ad nullam p>tem utili utilitatis tuae causa detrax]is1 inhumane fec]is contraque naturae legem2 s9 autem is tu sis1 qui multam utilitatem rei publicae atque hom9um societati1 si 9 vita remaneas1 aff]re possis1 si quid ob eam causam alt]i detrax]is1 non sit repreh5d5dum4 ,s9 autem id non sit eius modi1 suum cuique incommodum f]5dum e/ potius quam de alt]ius commodis detrah5dum4 ,non igitur magis e/ contra naturam morbus aut ege/as aut quid eius modi quam detractio atque appetitio ali5i1 s$ communis utilitatis d]elictio contra naturam e/2 e/ enim iniu/a4 99#ca99 ,itaque lex ipsa naturae1 quae utilitatem hom9um cons]vat et cont9et1 dec]net pr(ecto1 ut ab hom9e in]ti atque inutili ad sapi5tem1 bonum1 =tem virum transf]antur res ad viv5dum necess>iae1 qui si occid]it1 multum de communi utilitate detrax]it1 modo hoc ita faciat1 ut ne ipse de se b5e exi/imans seseque dilig5s hanc causam habeat ad iniuriam4 ,ita semp] (ficio fungetur utilitati consul5s hom9um et ei1 quam saepe commemoro1 humanae societati4 99#cb99 ,nam quod ad ,phal>im att9et1 p]facile iudicium e/4 ,nulla e/ enim societas nobis cum tyrannis1 et potius summa di/ractio e/1 neque e/ contra naturam spoli>e eum1 si possis1 quem e/ hone/um nec>e1 atque hoc omne g5us pe/if]um atque impium ex hom9um communitate ext]m9&um e/4 ,et5im1 ut membra qua$am amputantur1 si et ipsa sangu9e et tamquam spiritu c>]e coep]unt et noc5t reliquis p>tibus corporis1 sic i/a 9 figura hom9is f]itas et immanitas beluae a communi tamquam humanitatis corpore#bib segreg&a e/4 ,huius g5]is quae/iones sunt omnes eae1 9 quibus ex tempore (ficium exquiritur4 #bhi ii ,bt41 ,ed42 hi ,b a b2 hii ,h2 hij c4 #bij quae vac5t iu/itia ,,mss41 ,ed41 ,he9e2 quae vac5t iniu/itia cod4 ,ubald9i1 ,bt4#a2 quae non v4 iu/itia ,o4 #bia ,bracket$ by ,ung]1 ,edd4 #bib humanitatis corpore ,muret1 cod4 ,guelf41 ,ed41 ,bt41 ,he9e2 humanitate corporis ,,mss41 ,mll]2 ,ung] /rikes out corporis4 ,! int]e/ ( society is ! int]e/ ( ! individual4 ,,vi4 ,?is1 !n1 ought to be ! *ief end ( all m51 to make ! int]e/ ( ea* individual & ( ! :ole body politic id5tical4 ,= if ! individual appropriates to selfi% ends :at %\ld be devot$ to ! common good1 all human fell[%ip w be de/roy$4 99#bg99 ,& fur!r1 if nature orda9s t "o man %all desire to promote ! int]e/s ( a fell[-man1 :oev] he may be1 j because he is a fell[-man1 !n x foll[s1 9 accordance ) t same nature1 t !re are int]e/s t all m5 h 9 common4 ,& if ?is is true1 we are all subject to "o & ! same law ( nature2 & if ?is also is true1 we are c]ta9ly =bidd5 by nature's law to wrong our neighb\r4 ,n[ ! fir/ assumption is true2 !re=e ! conclusion is likewise true4 99#bh99 ,= t is an absurd position :i* is tak5 by "s p1 :o say t !y w n rob a p>5t or a bro!r = _! own ga91 b t _! relation to ! re/ ( _! fell[-citiz5s is q ano!r ?+4 ,su* p cont5d 9 ess5ce t !y are b\nd to _! fell[-citiz5s by no mutual obligations1 social ties1 or common int]e/s4 ,?is attitude demoli%es ! :ole /ructure ( civil society4 ,bett] endure any loss ?an wrong a fell[ man = ga94 ,o!rs aga9 :o say t reg>d %\ld be _h = ! rights ( fell[-citiz5s1 b n ( =eign]s1 w\ld de/roy ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( mank9d2 & :5 ?is is annihilat$1 k9dness1 g5]osity1 goodness1 & ju/ice mu/ utt]ly p]i%2 & ^? :o "w all ?is de/ruction mu/ be consid]$ z wick$ly rebell+ aga9/ ! immortal gods4 ,= !y uproot ! fell[%ip :i* ! gods h e/abli%$ betwe5 human be+s1 & ! close/ bond ( ?is fell[%ip is ! conviction t x is m repugnant to nature = man to rob a fell[-man = 8 own ga9 ?an to endure all possible loss1 :e!r to 8 prop]ty or to 8 p]son 444 or ev5 to 8 v s\l--s f> z ^! losses are n conc]n$ ) ju/ice,,bd2 = ?is virtue is ! sov]eign mi/ress & que5 ( all ! virtues4 99#bi99 ,b1 p]haps1 "s "o may say3 ,well1 !n1 suppose a wise man 7 />v+ to dea?1 might he n take ! bread ( "s p]fectly useless memb] ( society8 ,n at all2 = my life is n m preci\s to me ?an t temp] ( s\l :i* w\ld keep me f do+ wrong to anybody = my own advantage4 ,or aga92 suppos+ a righte\s man 7 9 a position to rob ! cruel & inhuman tyrant ,phal>is ( clo?+1 might he n d x to keep himself f freez+ to dea?8 99#cj99 ,^! cases are v easy to decide4 ,= if m]ely = "o's own b5efit "o 7 to take some?+ away f a man1 ?\gh he 7 a p]fectly wor?less fell[1 x w\ld be an act ( meanness & contr>y to nature's law4 ,! int]e/s ( society mu/ decide ab\t exceptions4 ,b suppose "o w\ld be able1 by rema9+ alive1 to r5d] signal s]vice to ! /ate & to human society--if f t motive "o %\ld take some?+ f ano!r1 x w\ld n be a matt] = c5sure4 ,b if su* is n ! case1 ea* "o mu/ be> 8 own burd5 ( di/ress r ?an rob a neighb\r ( 8 rights4 ,we are n to say1 !re=e1 t sickness or want or any evil ( t sort is m repugnant to nature ?an to covet & to appropriate :at is "o's neighb\r's2 b we d ma9ta9 t disreg>d ( ! common int]e/s is repugnant to nature2 = x is unju/4 99#ca99 ,& !re=e nature's law itself1 :i* protects & cons]ves human int]e/s1 w surely det]m9e t a man :o is wise1 good1 & brave1 %\ld 9 em]g5cy h ! necess>ies ( life transf]r$ to him f a p]son :o is idle & wor?less2 = ! good man's dea? w\ld be a heavy loss to ! common weal2 only let him bew>e t self-e/eem & self-love d n f9d 9 su* a transf] ( possessions a pretext = wrong-do+4 ,b ?us guid$ 9 8 decision1 ! good man w always p]=m 8 duty1 promot+ ! g5]al int]e/s ( human society on :i* ,i am s fond ( dwell+4 ,no duty due to a tyrant4 99#cb99 ,z = ! case ( ,phal>is1 a decision is q simple3 we h no ties ( fell[%ip ) a tyrant1 b r ! bitt]e/ feud2 & x is n oppos$ to nature to rob1 if "o c1 a man :om x is morally "r to kill2--nay1 all t pe/il5t & abom9able race %\ld be ext]m9at$ f human society4 ,& ?is may be done by prop] measures2 = z c]ta9 memb]s are amputat$1 if !y %[ signs !mselves ( be+ bloodless & virtually lifeless & ?us jeop>dize ! heal? ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! body1 s ^? fi]ce & savage mon/]s 9 human =m %\ld be cut (f f :at may be call$ ! common body ( humanity4 ,( ?is sort are all ^? problems 9 :i* we h to det]m9e :at moral duty is1 z x v>ies ) v>y+ circum/ances4 ,,bd ,i4e41 !re are no circum/ances ( loss or ga9 t c w>rant a violation ( ju/ice4 99#cc99 ,,vii4 ,eius modi igitur cr$o res ,panaetium p]secuturum fuisse1 nisi aliqui casus aut occupatio eius consilium p]emisset4 ,ad quas ipsas consultationes sup]ioribus libris satis multa praecepta sunt1 ex quibus#bic p]spici possit1 quid sit propt] turpitud9em fugi5dum1 quid sit1 quod idcirco fugi5dum non sit1 quod omn9o turpe non sit4 ,s$ quoniam op]i in*oato1 prope tam5 absoluto tamquam fa/igium imponimus1 ut geometrae sol5t non omnia doc]e1 s$ po/ul>e1 ut qua$am sibi conc$antur1 quo facilius1 quae volunt1 explic5t1 sic ego a te po/ulo1 mi ,cic]o1 ut mihi conc$as1 si potes1 nihil praet] id1 quod hone/um sit1 propt] se esse expet5dum4 ,s9 hoc non licet p] ,cratippum1 at illud c]te dabis1 quod hone/um sit1 id esse maxime propt] se expet5dum4 ,mihi utrumvis satis e/ et tum hoc1 tum illud probabilius videtur nec praet]ea quicquam probabile4 99#cd99 ,ac primum 9 hoc ,panaetius def5d5dus e/1 quod non utilia cum hone/is pugn>e aliqu&o posse dix]it 7neque enim ei fas erat71 s$ ea1 quae vid]5tur utilia4 ,nihil v]o utile1 quod non idem hone/um1 nihil hone/um1 quod non idem utile sit1 saepe te/atur negatque ullam pe/em maiorem 9 vitam hom9um invasisse quam eorum op9ionem1 qui i/a di/rax]9t4 ,itaque1 non ut aliqu&o antepon]emus utilia hone/is1 s$ ut ea s9e errore diiudic>emus1 si qu&o incidiss5t1#bid induxit eam1 quae vid]etur esse1 non quae esset1 repugnantiam4 ,hanc igitur p>tem relictam explebimus nullis adm9iculis1 s$1 ut dicitur1 ,m>te no/ro4 ,neque enim quicquam e/ de hac p>te po/ ,panaetium explicatum1 quod quidem mihi prob>etur1 de iis1 quae 9 manus meas v5]unt4#bie #bic sup]ioribus 444 ex quibus ,walk]1 ,bt4#b1 ,ed42 ex sup]ioribus 444 quibus ,,mss41 ,bt4#a2 sup]ioribus 444 quibus1 ,he9e4 #bid ea 444 incidiss5t ,,mss41 ,bt4#a1 ,he9e1 ,ed42 eam repugnantiam 444 incidisset ,ung]1 ,bt4#b #bie v5]unt ,manutius1 ,edd42 v5]9t ,,mss4 99#cc99 ,,vii4 ,x is subjects ( ?is sort t ,i believe ,panaetius w\ld h foll[$ up1 _h n "s accid5t or bus9ess int]f]$ ) 8 design4 ,= ! elucidation ( ^! v que/ions !re are 9 8 =m] books rules 9 pl5ty1 f :i* "o c le>n :at %\ld be avoid$ because ( its immorality & :at does n h to be avoid$ = ! reason t x is n immoral at all4 ,we are n[ putt+ ! cap/one1 z x 71 ^u our /ructure1 :i* is unf9i%$ to be sure1 b /ill almo/ complet$2 & z ma!maticians make a practice ( n demon/rat+ e proposition b require t c]ta9 axioms be assum$ z true1 9 ord] m easily to expla9 _! mean+1 s1 my de> ,cic]o1 ,i ask y to assume ) me1 if y c1 t no?+ is wor? ! seek+ = its own sake except :at is morally "r4 ,moral ,"r ! only good or ! *ief good4 ,b if ,cratippus,,be does n p]mit ?is assumption1 y w /ill grant ?is at lea/--t :at is morally "r is ! object mo/ wor? ! seek+ = its own sake4 ,ei!r alt]native is suffici5t = my purposes2 fir/ ! "o & !n ! o!r seems to me ! m probable2 & besides ^!1 !re is no o!r alt]native t seems probable at all4,,bf ,v9dication ( ,panaetius3 no?+ c be exp$i5t t is n morally "r4 99#cd99 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i mu/ und]take ! def5ce ( ,panaetius on ?is po9t2 = he has said n t ! truly exp$i5t c\ld "u c]ta9 circum/ances cla% ) ! morally "r 7= he c\ld n h said t consci5ti\sly,,bg71 b only t :at seem$ exp$i5t c\ld d s4 ,= he (t5 be>s witness to ! fact t no?+ is really exp$i5t t is n at ! same "t morally "r1 & no?+ morally "r t is n at ! same "t exp$i5t2 & he says t no great] curse has ev] assail$ human life ?an ! doctr9e ( ^? :o h sep>at$ ^! two conceptions4 ,& s he introduc$ an app>5t1 n a real1 conflict betwe5 !m1 n to ! end t we %\ld "u c]ta9 circum/ances give ! exp$i5t pref]5ce ov] ! moral1 b t1 9 case !y ev] %\ld get 9 ea* o!r's way1 we might decide betwe5 !m )\t unc]ta9ty4 ,?is "p1 !re=e1 :i* 0 pass$ ov] by ,panaetius1 ,i w c>ry to completion )\t any auxili>ies1 b fight+ my own battle1 z ! say+ is4 ,= ( all t has be5 work$ out on ?is l9e s9ce ! "t ( ,panaetius1 no?+ t has come into my h&s is at all satisfactory to me4 ,,be ,z a ,p]ipatetic1 ,cratippus insi/$ t !re 0 natural good z well z moral good2 ?us heal?1 hon\r1 etc41 7 good & wor? seek+ = _! own sake1 ?\gh 9 less degree ?an virtue4 ,b ! ,/oics 7& ,cic]o is n[ speak+ z a ,/oic7 call$ all ^? o!r bless+s n good nor wor? seek+ = _! own sake1 b indiff]5t4 ,,bf ,) ?is he waves aside1 )\t ev5 ! hon\r ( m5tion+ !m1 ! ,epicureans1 ,cyr5aics1 etc4 ,,bg ,because he 0 a ,/oic4 99#ce99 ,,viii4 ,cum igitur aliqua species utilitatis obiecta e/1 commov]i necesse e/2 s$ si1 cum animum att5d]is1 turpitud9em videas adiunctam ei rei1 quae speciem utilitatis attul]it1 tum non utilitas rel9qu5da e/1 s$ intelleg5dum1 ubi turpitudo sit1 ibi utilitatem esse non posse4 ,quodsi nihil e/ tam contra naturam quam turpitudo 7recta enim et conv5i5tia et con/antia natura desid]at asp]naturque contr>ia7 nihilque tam secundum naturam quam utilitas1 c]te 9 eadem re utilitas et turpitudo#bif esse non pote/4 ,itemque1 si ad hone/atem nati sumus eaque aut sola expet5da e/1 ut ,z5oni visum e/1 aut c]te omni pond]e gravior hab5da quam reliqua omnia1 quod ,ari/oteli placet1 necesse e/1 quod hone/um sit1 id esse aut solum aut summum bonum2 quod autem bonum1 id c]te utile3 ita1 quicquid hone/um1 id utile4 99#cf99 ,qu>e error hom9um non proborum1 cum aliquid1 quod utile visum e/1 arripuit1 id cont9uo sec]nit ab hone/o4 ,h9c sicae1 h9c v55a1 h9c falsa te/am5ta nascuntur1 h9c furta1 peculatus1 expilationes direptionesque sociorum et civium1 h9c opum nimi>um1 pot5tiae non f]5dae1 po/remo etiam 9 lib]is civitatibus regn&i exsi/unt cupiditates1 quibus nihil nec taetrius nec fo$ius excogit>i pote/4 ,emolum5ta enim r]um fallacibus iudiciis vid5t1 po5am non dico legum1 quam saepe p]rumpunt1 s$ ipsius turpitud9is1 quae ac]bissima e/1 non vid5t4 99#cg99 ,quam ob rem hoc quidem delib]antium g5us pellatur e m$io 7e/ enim totum scel]atum et impium71 qui delib]ant1 utrum id sequantur1 quod hone/um esse videant1 an se sci5tes scel]e contam95t2 9 ipsa enim dubitatione fac9us ine/1 etiamsi ad id non p]v5]9t4 ,ergo ea delib]&a omn9o non sunt1 9 quibus e/ turpis ipsa delib]atio4 ,atque etiam ex omni delib]atione cel&i et occult&i spes op9ioque remov5da e/4 ,satis enim nobis1 si modo 9 philosophia aliquid pr(ecimus1 p]suasum esse debet1 si omnes deos hom9esque cel>e possimus1 nihil tam5 av>e1 nihil iniu/e1 nihil libid9ose1 nihil incont95t] esse faci5dum4 #bif re utilitas et turp4 c1 ,edd42 re utili turpitudo ,b ,h a b4 ,exp$i5cy & immorality incompatible4 99#ce99 ,,viii4 ,n[ :5 we meet ) exp$i5cy 9 "s speci\s =m or o!r1 we _c help be+ influ5c$ by x4 ,b if ^u clos] inspection "o sees t !re is "s immorality connect$ ) :at pres5ts ! appe>ance ( exp$i5cy1 !n "o is n necess>ily to sacrifice exp$i5cy b to recognize t !re c be no exp$i5cy :]e !re is immorality4 ,b if !re is no?+ s repugnant to nature z immorality 7= nature dem&s "r & h>mony & consi/5cy & abhors _! opposites71 & if no?+ is s ?or\ghly 9 accord ) nature z exp$i5cy1 !n surely exp$i5cy & immorality _c coexi/ 9 "o & ! same object4 ,! morally "r is also exp$i5t4 ,aga93 if we are born = moral rectitude & if t is ei!r ! only ?+ wor? seek+1 z ,z5o ?\ght1 or at lea/ to be e/eem$ z inf9itely outweigh+ ev]y?+ else1 z ,ari/otle holds1 !n x necess>ily foll[s t ! morally "r is ei!r ! sole good or ! supreme good4 ,n[1 t :i* is good is c]ta9ly exp$i5t2 consequ5tly1 t :i* is morally "r is also exp$i5t4 ,! evils result+ f contr>y view4 99#cf99 ,?us x is ! error ( m5 :o are n /rictly upright to seize ^u some?+ t seems to be exp$i5t & /raightway to dissociate t f ! "q ( moral "r4 ,to ?is error ! assass9's dagg]1 ! poison$ cup1 ! =g$ wills owe _! orig92 ?is gives rise to !ft1 embezzlem5t ( public funds1 exploitation & plund]+ ( prov9cials & citiz5s2 ?is eng5d]s also ! lu/ = excessive weal?1 = despotic p[]1 & f9ally = mak+ oneself k+ ev5 9 ! mid/ ( a free p2 & any?+ m atroci\s or repulsive ?an su* a passion _c be conceiv$4 ,= ) a false p]spective !y see ! mat]ial rew>ds b n ! puni%m5t--,i d n mean ! p5alty ( ! law1 :i* !y (t5 escape1 b ! heavie/ p5alty ( all1 _! own demoralization4 99#cg99 ,away1 !n1 ) que/ion]s ( ?is sort 7= _! :ole tribe is wick$ & ungodly71 :o /op to consid] :e!r to pursue ! c\rse :i* !y see is morally "r or to /a9 _! h&s ) :at !y "k is crime4 ,= !re is guilt 9 _! v delib]ation1 ev5 ?\gh !y nev] rea* ! p]=mance ( ! de$ itself4 ,^? actions1 !re=e1 %\ld n be consid]$ at all1 ! m]e consid]ation ( :i* is itself morally wrong4 ,moral rectitude & secret s94 ,fur!rmore1 9 any su* consid]ation we mu/ bani% any va9 hope & ?\ght t our action may be cov]$ up & kept secret4 ,= if we h only made "s real progress 9 ! /udy ( philosophy1 we ought to be q conv9c$ t1 ev5 ?\gh we may escape ! eyes ( gods & m51 we mu/ /ill d no?+ t sav\rs ( gre$ or ( inju/ice1 ( lu/ or ( intemp]ance4 ,rep4 ,,ii1 #cei ,c 99#ch99 ,,ix4 ,h9c ille ,gyges inducitur a ,platone1 qui1 cum t]ra discessisset magnis quibusdam imbribus1 desc5dit 9 illum hiatum aneumque equum1 ut f]unt fabulae1 animadv]tit1 cuius 9 lat]ibus =es ess5t2 quibus ap]tis corpus hom9is mortui vidit magnitud9e invisitata#big anulumque aureum 9 digito2 quem ut detraxit1 ipse induit 7erat autem regius pa/or71 tum 9 concilium se pa/orum recepit4 ,ibi cum palam eius anuli ad palmam conv]t]at1 a nullo videbatur1 ipse autem omnia videbat2 idem rursus videbatur1 cum 9 locum anulum inv]t]at4 ,itaque hac opportunitate anuli usus reg9ae /uprum intulit eaque adiutrice regem dom9um int]emit1 su/ulit1 quos ob/>e arbitrabatur1 nec 9 8 eum fac9oribus quisquam potuit vid]e4 ,sic rep5te anuli b5eficio rex exortus e/ ,lydiae4 ,hunc igitur ipsum anulum si habeat sapi5s1 nihilo#bih plus sibi lic]e putet pecc>e1 quam si non hab]et#bii2 hone/a enim bonis viris1 non occulta qua]untur4 99#ci99 ,atque hoc loco philosophi quidam1 m9ime mali illi quidem1 s$ non satis acuti1 fictam et comm5ticiam fabulam prolatam dicunt a ,platone2 quasi v]o ille aut factum id esse aut fi]i potuisse def5dat6 ,haec e/ vis huius anuli et huius exempli3 si nemo sciturus1 nemo ne suspicaturus quidem sit1 cum aliquid diviti>um1 pot5tiae1 dom9ationis1 libid9is causa fec]is1 si id dis hom9ibusque futurum sit semp] ignotum1 sisne facturus4 ,negant id fi]i posse4 ,nequaquam#cjj pote/ id quidem2 s$ qua]o1 quod negant posse1 id si posset1 quidnam fac]5t4 ,urgu5t ru/ice sane2 negant enim posse et 9 eo p]/ant2 hoc v]bum quid valeat1 non vid5t4 ,cum enim qua]imus1 si cel>e poss9t1 quid facturi s9t1 non qua]imus1 poss9tne cel>e1 s$ tamquam torm5ta qua$am adhibemus1 ut1 si respond]9t se impunitate proposita facturos1 quod exp$iat1 fac9orosos se esse fateantur1 si neg5t1 omnia turpia p] se ipsa fugi5da esse conc$ant4 ,s$ iam ad propositum rev]tamur4 #big invisitata ,b ,h#a1 ,edd42 inusitata ,h#b a b c4 #bih ni7c7hilo c1 ,edd42 nihil ,b ,h a b4 #bii pecc>e 444 hab]et ,,mss42 bracket$ by ,madv41 ,bt4 #cjj nequaquam ,manutius1 ,bt41 ,ed41 ,he9e2 quamquam 7& yet x is possible7 ,,mss41 ,mll]4 ,! /ory ( ,gyges & 8 r+4 99#ch99 ,,ix4 ,by way ( illu/rat+ ?is tru? ,plato introduces ! famili> /ory ( ,gyges3 ,once ^u a "t ! e>? op5$ 9 consequ5ce ( heavy ra9s2 ,gyges w5t d[n into ! *asm & saw1 s ! /ory goes1 a horse ( bronze2 9 its side 0 a door4 ,on op5+ ?is door he saw ! body ( a dead man ( enorm\s size ) a gold r+ ^u 8 f+]4 ,he remov$ ?is & put x on 8 own h& & !n repair$ to an assembly ( ! %eph]ds1 = he 0 a %eph]d ( ! k+4 ,z (t5 z he turn$ ! bezel ( ! r+ inw>ds t[>d ! palm ( 8 h&1 he became invisible to e "o1 :ile he himself saw ev]y?+2 b z (t5 z he turn$ x back to its prop] position1 he became visible aga94 ,& s1 ) ! advantage :i* ! r+ gave him1 he debau*$ ! que51 & ) h] assi/ance he murd]$ 8 royal ma/] & remov$ all ^? :o he ?\ght /ood 9 8 way1 )\t anyone's be+ able to detect him 9 8 crimes4 ,?us1 by virtue ( ! r+1 he %ortly rose to be k+ ( ,lydia4 ,n[1 suppose a wise man _h j su* a r+1 he w\ld n imag9e t he 0 free to d wrong any m ?an if he did n h x2 = good m5 aim to secure n secrecy b ! "r4 99#ci99 ,& yet on ?is po9t c]ta9 philosoph]s1 :o are n at all vici\s b :o are n v disc]n+1 decl>e t ! /ory relat$ by ,plato is fictiti\s & imag9>y4 ,z if he affirm$ t x 0 actually true or ev5 possible6 ,! moral ( ! /ory4 ,b ! =ce ( ! illu/ration ( ! r+ is ?is3 if nobody 7 to "k or ev5 to suspect ! tru?1 :5 y d any?+ to ga9 ri*es or p[] or sov]eignty or s5sual gratification--if y\r act %\ld be hidd5 = ev] f ! k ( gods & m51 w\ld y d x8 ,! condition1 !y say1 is impossible4 ,( c\rse x is4 ,b my "q is1 if t 7 possible :i* !y decl>e to be impossible1 :at1 pray1 w\ld "o d8 ,!y press _! po9t ) "r boori% ob/9acy3 !y ass]t t x is impossible & insi/ ^u x2 !y refuse to see ! mean+ ( my words1 if possible4 ,= :5 we ask :at !y w\ld d1 if !y c\ld escape detection1 we are n ask+ :e!r !y c escape detection2 b we put !m z x 7 ^u ! rack3 %\ld !y answ] t1 if impunity 7 assur$1 !y w\ld d :at 0 mo/ to _! selfi% int]e/1 t w\ld be a confession t !y are crim9ally m9d$2 %\ld !y say t !y w\ld n d s1 !y w\ld be grant+ t all ?+s 9 & ( !mselves immoral %\ld be avoid$4 ,b let u n[ return to our !me4 99#dj99 ,x4 ,incidunt multae saepe causae1 quae conturb5t animos utilitatis specie1 non cum hoc delib]etur1 rel9qu5dane sit hone/as propt] utilitatis magnitud9em 7nam id quidem improbum e/71 s$ illud1 possitne id1 quod utile videatur1 fi]i non turpit]4 ,cum ,collat9o collegae ,brutus imp]ium abrogabat1 pot]at vid]i fac]e id iniu/e2 fu]at enim 9 regibus expell5dis socius ,bruti consiliorum et adiutor4 ,cum autem consilium hoc pr9cipes cepiss5t1 cognationem ,sup]bi nom5que ,t>qu9iorum et memoriam regni esse toll5dam1 quod erat utile1 patriae consul]e1 id erat ita hone/um1 ut etiam ipsi ,collat9o plac]e deb]et4 ,itaque utilitas valuit propt] hone/atem1 s9e qua ne utilitas quidem esse potuisset4 ,at 9 eo rege1 qui urbem condidit1 non item2 99#da99 species enim utilitatis animum pepulit eius2 cui cum visum esset utilius solum quam cum alt]o regn>e1 fratrem int]emit4 ,omisit 8 et pietatem et humanitatem1 ut id1 quod utile videbatur neque erat1 assequi posset1 et tam5 muri causam#cja opposuit1 speciem hone/atis nec probabilem nec sane idoneam4 ,peccavit igitur1 pace vel ,quir9i vel ,romuli dix]im4 99#db99 ,nec tam5 no/rae nobis utilitates omitt5dae sunt aliisque trad5dae1 cum iis#cjb ipsi egeamus1 s$ suae cuique utilitati1 quod s9e alt]ius iniuria fiat1 s]vi5dum e/4 ,scite ,*rysippus1 ut multa3 ,qui /adium1 inquit1 currit1 eniti et cont5d]e debet1 quam maxime possit1 ut v9cat1 supplant>e eum1 quicum#cjc c]tet1 aut manu depell]e nullo modo debet2 sic 9 vita sibi quemque pet]e1 quod p]t9eat ad usum1 non iniquum e/1 alt]i d]ip]e ius non e/4 99#dc99 ,maxime autem p]turbantur (ficia 9 amicitiis1 quibus et non tribu]e1 quod recte possis1 et tribu]e1 quod non sit aequum1 contra (ficium e/4 ,s$ huius g5]is totius breve et non difficile praeceptum e/4 ,quae enim vid5tur utilia1 honores1 divitiae1 voluptates1 cet]a g5]is eiusdem1 haec amicitiae numquam antepon5da sunt4 ,at neque contra rem publicam neque contra ius iur&um ac fidem amici causa vir bonus faciet1 ne si index quidem erit de ipso amico2 ponit enim p]sonam amici1 cum induit iudicis4 ,tantum dabit amicitiae1 ut v]am amici causam esse malit1 ut or&ae litis tempus1 quoad p] leges liceat1 accommodet4 99#dd99 ,cum v]o iurato s5t5tia dic5da erit1#cjd mem9]it deum se adhib]e#cje te/em1 id e/1 ut ego arbitror1 m5tem suam1 qua nihil hom9i d$it deus ipse div9ius4 ,itaque praecl>um a maioribus accepimus morem rog&i iudicis1 si eum t5]emus1 ,,quae ,,salva ,,fide ,,fac]e ,,possit4 ,haec rogatio ad ea p]t9et1 quae paulo ante dixi hone/e amico a iudice posse conc$i2 nam si omnia faci5da s9t1 quae amici vel9t1 non amicitiae tales1 s$ coniurationes put&ae s9t4 99#de99 ,loquor autem de communibus amicitiis2 nam 9 sapi5tibus viris p]fectisque nihil pote/ esse tale4 ,damonem et ,ph9tiam ,py?agoreos f]unt hoc animo int] se fuisse1 ut1 cum eorum alt]i ,dionysius tyrannus diem necis de/9avisset et is1 qui morti addictus esset1 paucos sibi dies comm5d&orum suorum causa po/ulavisset1 vas factus sit#cjf alt] eius si/5di1 ut1 si ille non rev]tisset1 mori5dum esset ipsi4 ,qui cum ad diem se recepisset1 admiratus eorum fidem tyrannus petivit1 ut se ad amicitiam t]tium ascrib]5t4 99#df99 ,cum igitur id1 quod utile videtur 9 amicitia1 cum eo1 quod hone/um e/1 comp>atur1 iaceat utilitatis species1 valeat hone/as2 cum autem 9 amicitia1 quae hone/a non sunt1 po/ulabuntur1 religio et fides anteponatur amicitiae4 ,sic habebitur is1 quem exquirimus1 dilectus (ficii4 #cja causam c1 ,edd42 causa ,b ,h a b4 #cjb iis ,bt41 ,ed41 ,he9e2 8 ,b ,h a b2 hijs c4 #cjc quicum ,,mss41 ,bt41 ,he9e2 quocum ,ed4 #cjd erit ,ed41 ,bt4#b1 ,he9e2 sit ,,mss42 e/ ,bt4#a #cje adhib]e ,b ,h a1 ,bt41 ,ed42 hab]e b c1 ,lact41 ,mll]4 #cjf sit ,manubius1 ,edd42 e/ ,,mss41 ,nonius4 ,conflicts betwe53 7#a7 app>5t ,exp$i5cy & ,ju/ice1 99#dj99 ,x4 ,_m cases (t5times arise to p]plex our m9ds ) a speci\s appe>ance ( exp$i5cy3 ! "q rais$ 9 ^! cases is n :e!r moral rectitude is to be sacrific$ to "s consid]able advantage 7= t w\ld ( c\rse be wrong71 b :e!r ! app>5t advantage c be secur$ )\t moral wrong4 ,:5 ,brutus depos$ 8 colleague ,collat9us f ! consul> (fice1 8 treatm5t ( him might h be5 ?\ght unju/2 = ,collat9us _h be5 8 associate1 & _h help$ him ) ^w & de$ 9 driv+ out ! royal family4 ,b :5 ! lead+ m5 ( ! /ate _h det]m9$ t all ! k9dr$ ( ,sup]bus & ! v "n ( ! ,t>qu9s & e rem9d] ( ! mon>*y %\ld be oblit]at$1 !n ! c\rse t 0 exp$i5t--namely1 to s]ve ! c\ntry's int]e/s--0 s pre-em95tly "r1 t x 0 ev5 ,collat9us's own duty to acquiesce 9 its ju/ice4 ,& s exp$i5cy ga9$ ! day because ( its moral lightness2 = )\t moral rectitude !re c\ld h be5 no possible exp$i5cy4 ,n s 9 ! case ( ! k+,,bh :o f\nd$ ! city3 99#da99 x 0 ! speci\s appe>ance ( exp$i5cy t actuat$ him2 & :5 he decid$ t x 0 m exp$i5t = him to reign alone ?an to %>e ! ?rone ) ano!r1 he slew 8 bro!r4,,bi ,he ?rew to ! w9ds 8 bro!rly affection & 8 human feel+s1 to secure :at seem$ to him--b 0 n--exp$i5t2 & yet 9 def5ce ( 8 de$ he (f]$ ! excuse ab\t 8 wall--a speci\s %[ ( moral rectitude1 nei!r reasonable nor adequate at all4 ,he committ$ a crime1 !re=e1 ) due respect to him let me say s1 be he ,quir9us or ,romulus4,,bj 7#b7 individual & g5]al int]e/s1 99#db99 ,& yet we are n requir$ to sacrifice our own int]e/s & surr5d] to o!rs :at we ne$ = ourselves1 b ea* "o %\ld consid] 8 own int]e/s1 z f> z he may )\t injury to 8 neighb\r's4 ,:5 a man ent]s ! foot-race1 says ,*rysippus ) 8 usual aptness1 x is 8 duty to put =? all 8 /r5g? & /rive ) all 8 might to w92 b he ought nev] ) 8 foot to trip1 or ) 8 h& to f\l a competitor4 ,?us 9 ! /adium ( life1 x is n unfair = anyone to seek to obta9 :at is ne$ful = 8 own advantage1 b he has no "r to wre/ x f 8 neighb\r4 7#c7 obligations to fri5ds & duty1 99#dc99 ,x is 9 ! case ( fri5d%ips1 h[ev]1 t m5's conceptions ( duty are mo/ confus$2 = x is a brea* ( duty ei!r to fail to d = a fri5d :at "o rightly c d1 or to d = him :at is n "r4 ,b = our guidance 9 all su* cases we h a rule t is %ort & easy to ma/]3 app>5t advantages--political pref]m5t1 ri*es1 s5sual pleasures1 & ! l--%\ld nev] be pref]r$ to ! obligations ( fri5d%ip4 ,b an upright man w nev] = a fri5d's sake d any?+ 9 violation ( 8 c\ntry's int]e/s or 8 oa? or 8 sacr$ hon\r1 n ev5 if he sits z judge 9 a fri5d's case2 = he lays aside ! rle ( fri5d :5 he assumes t ( judge4 ,only s f> w he make concessions to fri5d%ip1 t he w pref] 8 fri5d's side to be ! ju/] "o & t he w set ! "t = pres5t+ 8 case1 z f> z ! laws w all[1 to suit 8 fri5d's conv5i5ce4 99#dd99 ,b :5 he comes to pron\nce ! v]dict "u oa?1 he %\ld rememb] t he has ,god z 8 witness--t is1 z ,i und]/& x1 8 own consci5ce1 ?an :i* ,god himself has be/[$ ^u man no?+ m div9e4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is a f9e cu/om t we h inh]it$ f our =efa!rs 7if we 7 only true to x n[7 to appeal to ! juror ) ?is =mula--to d :at he c consi/5tly ) 8 sacr$ hon\r4 ,?is =m ( appeal is 9 keep+ ) :at ,i said a mom5t ago w\ld be morally "r = a judge to conc$e to a fri5d4 ,= suppos+ t we 7 b\nd to d ev]y?+ t our fri5ds desir$1 su* relations w\ld h to be acc\nt$ n fri5d%ips b conspiracies4 99#de99 ,b ,i am speak+ "h ( ord9>y fri5d%ips2 = among m5 :o are ideally wise & p]fect su* situations _c arise4 ,damon & ,ph9tias4 ,!y say t ,damon & ,ph9tias1 ( ! ,py?agorean s*ool1 enjoy$ su* ideally p]fect fri5d%ip1 t :5 ! tyrant ,dionysius _h appo9t$ a day = ! execution ( "o ( !m1 & ! "o :o _h be5 condemn$ to dea? reque/$ a few days' respite = ! purpose ( putt+ 8 lov$ ones 9 ! c>e ( fri5ds1 ! o!r became surety = 8 appe>ance1 ) ! und]/&+ t if 8 fri5d did n return1 he himself %\ld be put to dea?4 ,& :5 ! fri5d return$ on ! day appo9t$1 ! tyrant 9 admiration = _! fai?fulness begg$ t !y w\ld enrol him z a ?ird p>tn] 9 _! fri5d%ip4 ,rules ( prec$5ce4 99#df99 ,well !n1 :5 we are weigh+ :at seems to be exp$i5t 9 fri5d%ip aga9/ :at is morally "r1 let app>5t exp$i5cy be disreg>d$ & moral rectitude prevail2 & :5 9 fri5d%ip reque/s are submitt$ t are n morally "r1 let consci5ce & scrupul\s reg>d = ! "r take prec$5ce ( ! obligations ( fri5d%ip4 ,9 ?is way we %all arrive at a prop] *oice betwe5 conflict+ duties--! subject ( ?is "p ( our inve/igation4 ,,bh ,romulus4 ,,bi ,remus4 ,,bj ,i4e41 :e!r he be god or man4 ,,xi4 ,s$ utilitatis specie 9 re publica saepissime peccatur1 ut 9 ,cor9?i di/urbatione no/ri2 durius etiam ,a!ni5ses1 qui sciv]unt1 ut ,aeg9etis1 qui classe valebant1 pollices praecid]5tur4 ,hoc visum e/ utile2 nimis enim imm9ebat propt] prop9quitatem ,aeg9a ,piraeo4 ,s$ nihil1 quod crudele1 utile2 e/ enim hom9um naturae1 quam sequi debemus1 maxime inimica crudelitas4 99#dg99 ,male etiam1 qui p]egr9os urbibus uti prohib5t eosque ext]m9ant1 ut ,p5nus apud patres no/ros1 ,papius nup]4 ,nam esse pro cive1 qui civis non sit1 rectum e/ non lic]e2 quam legem tul]unt sapi5tissimi consules ,crassus et ,scaevola2 usu v]o urbis prohib]e p]egr9os sane inhumanum e/4 ,illa praecl>a1 9 quibus publicae utilitatis species prae hone/ate contemnitur4 ,pl5a exemplorum e/ no/ra res publica cum saepe1 tum maxime bello ,punico secundo2 quae ,cann5si calamitate accepta maiores animos habuit quam umquam rebus secundis2 nulla timoris significatio1 nulla m5tio pacis4 ,tanta vis e/ hone/i1 ut speciem utilitatis obscuret4 99#dh99 ,a!ni5ses cum ,p]s>um impetum nullo modo poss5t su/9]e /atu]5tque1 ut urbe relicta coniugibus et lib]is ,troez5e depositis naves consc5d]5t lib]tatemque ,graeciae classe def5d]5t1 ,cyrsilum qu5dam suad5tem1 ut 9 urbe man]5t ,x]xemque#cjg recip]5t1 lapidibus obru]unt4 ,atqui#cjh ille utilitatem sequi videbatur2 s$ ea nulla erat repugnante hone/ate4 99#di99 ,!mi/ocles po/ victoriam eius belli1 quod cum ,p]sis fuit1 dixit 9 contione se hab]e consilium rei publicae salut>e1 s$ id sciri non opus esse2 po/ulavit1 ut aliquem populus d>et1 quicum communic>et2 datus e/ ,ari/ides2 huic ille1 classem ,lac$aemoniorum1 quae subducta esset ad ,gy!um1 clam inc5di posse1 quo facto frangi ,lac$aemoniorum opes necesse esset4 ,quod ,ari/ides cum audisset1 9 contionem magna exspectatione v5it dixitque p]utile esse consilium1 quod ,!mi/ocles aff]ret1 s$ m9ime hone/um4 ,itaque ,a!ni5ses1 quod hone/um non esset1 id ne utile quidem putav]unt totamque eam rem1 quam ne audi]ant quidem1 auctore ,ari/ide repudiav]unt4 ,melius hi quam nos1 qui piratas immunes1 socios vectigales habemus4 #cjg ,x]xemque ,b ,h a b1 ,bt41 ,he9e2 ,x]s5que c2 ,x]semque ,nonius1 ,ed4 #cjh ,atqui ,victorius1 ,fl41 ,bt4#b1 ,ed42 ,atque ,,mss41 ,bt4#a 7#d7 app>5t political exp$i5cy & duty to humanity4 ,,xi4 ,?r\gh a speci\s appe>ance ( exp$i5cy wrong is v (t5 committ$ 9 transactions betwe5 /ate & /ate1 z by our own c\ntry 9 ! de/ruction ( ,cor9?4 ,a m cruel wrong 0 p]petrat$ by ! ,a!nians 9 decree+ t ! ,aeg9etans1 ^: /r5g? lay 9 _! navy1 %\ld h _! ?umbs cut (f4 ,?is seem$ to be exp$i5t2 = ,aeg9a 0 too grave a m5ace1 z x 0 close to ! ,piraeus4 ,b no cruelty c be exp$i5t2 = cruelty is mo/ abhorr5t to human nature1 ^: lead+s we ought to foll[4 99#dg99 ,!y1 too1 d wrong :o w\ld deb> =eign]s f enjoy+ ! advantages ( _! city & w\ld exclude !m f its bord]s1 z 0 done by ,p5nus 9 ! "t ( our fa!rs1 & 9 rec5t times by ,papius4 ,x may n be "r1 ( c\rse1 = "o :o is n a citiz5 to ex]cise ! rights & privileges ( citiz5%ip2 & ! law on ?is po9t 0 secur$ by two ( our wise/ consuls1 ,crassus & ,scaevola4 ,/ill1 to deb> =eign]s f enjoy+ ! advantages ( ! city is altoge!r contr>y to ! laws ( humanity4 ,moral "r f> outweighs app>5t exp$i5cy4 ,!re are spl5did examples 9 hi/ory :]e ! app>5t exp$i5cy ( ! /ate has be5 set at naught out ( reg>d = moral rectitude4 ,our own c\ntry has _m in/ances to (f] ?r\gh\t h] hi/ory1 & especially 9 ! ,second ,punic ,w> :5 news came ( ! disa/] at ,cannae1 ,rome display$ a l(ti] c\rage ?an ev] %e did 9 success2 nev] a trace ( fa9t-he>t$ness1 nev] a m5tion ( mak+ t]ms4 ,! influ5ce ( moral "r is s pot5t1 t x eclipses ! speci\s appe>ance ( exp$i5cy4 99#dh99 ,:5 ! ,a!nians c\ld 9 no way /em ! tide ( ! ,p]sian invasion & det]m9$ to ab&on _! city1 be/[ _! wives & *ildr5 9 safety at ,troez51 emb>k ^u _! %ips1 & fight on ! sea = ! fre$om ( ,greece1 a man nam$ ,cyrsilus propos$ t !y %\ld /ay at home & op5 ! gates ( _! city to ,x]xes4 ,!y /on$ him to dea? = x4 ,& yet he 0 work+ = :at he ?\ght 0 exp$i5cy2 b x 0 n--n at all1 = x cla%$ ) moral rectitude4 99#di99 ,aft] ! victori\s close ( t w> ) ,p]sia1 ,!mi/ocles ann\nc$ 9 ! ,assembly t he _h a plan = ! welf>e ( ! /ate1 b t x 0 n politic to let x be g5]ally kn[n4 ,he reque/$ ! p to appo9t "s "o ) :om he might discuss x4 ,!y appo9t$ ,ari/ides4 ,!mi/ocles confid$ to him t ! ,sp>tan fleet1 :i* _h be5 haul$ up on %ore at ,gy!um1 c\ld be secretly set on fire2 ?is done1 ! ,sp>tan p[] w\ld inevitably be cru%$4 ,:5 ,ari/ides he>d ! plan1 he came into ! ,assembly amid ! eag] expectation ( all & report$ t ! plan propos$ by ,!mi/ocles 0 9 ! highe/ degree exp$i5t1 b any?+ b morally "r4 ,! result 0 t ! ,a!nians conclud$ t :at 0 n morally "r 0 likewise n exp$i5t1 & at ! in/ance ( ,ari/ides !y reject$ ! :ole proposition )\t ev5 li/5+ to x4 ,_! attitude 0 bett] ?an ours2 = we let pirates g scot free1 :ile we make our allies pay tribute4,,bk ,,bk ,! ,cilician pirates _h be5 cru%$ by ,pompey & settl$ at ,soli 7,pompeiopolis74 ,!y ga!r$ /r5g? aga9 dur+ ! di/ractions ( ! civil w>s1 & ,antony is ev5 said to h s\ght _! aid 9 ! w> aga9/ ,brutus & ,cassius4 ,m>seilles & ,k+ ,deiot>us ( ,arm5ia _h support$ ,pompey & 9 consequ5ce 7 made tribut>y by ,caes>'s p>ty4 ,,xii4 ,maneat ergo1 quod turpe sit1 id numquam esse utile1 ne tum quidem1 cum id1 quod esse utile putes1 adipisc>e2 hoc enim ipsum1 utile put>e1 quod turpe sit1 calamitosum e/4 99#ej99 #dj ,s$ incidunt1 ut supra dixi1 saepe causae1 cum repugn>e utilitas hone/ati videatur1 ut animadv]t5dum sit1 repugnetne plane an possit cum hone/ate coniungi4 ,eius g5]is hae sunt quae/iones3 si exempli gratia vir bonus ,alex&rea ,rhodum magnum frum5ti num]um advex]it 9 ,rhodiorum inopia et fame summaque annonae c>itate1 si idem sciat complures m]catores ,alex&rea solvisse navesque 9 cursu frum5to onu/as pet5tes ,rhodum vid]it1 dicturusne sit id ,rhodiis an sil5tio suum quam plurimo v5diturus4 ,sapi5tem et bonum virum f+imus2 de eius delib]atione et consultatione qua]imus1 qui celaturus ,rhodios non sit1 si id turpe iudicet1 s$ dubitet1 an turpe non sit4 99#ea99 ,9 huius modi causis aliud ,diog5i ,babylonio vid]i solet1 magno et gravi ,/oico1 aliud ,antipatro1 discipulo eius1 hom9i acutissimo4 ,antipatro omnia patefaci5da1 ut ne quid omn9o1 quod v5ditor norit1 emptor ignoret1 ,diog5i v5ditorem1 quat5us iure civili con/itutum sit1 dic]e vitia oport]e1 cet]a s9e insidiis ag]e et1 quoniam v5dat1 velle quam optime v5d]e4 ,advexi1 exposui1 v5do meum non pluris quam cet]i1 =tasse etiam m9oris1 cum maior e/ copia4 ,cui fit iniuria8 99#eb99 ,exoritur ,antipatri ratio ex alt]a p>te3 ,quid ais8 tu cum hom9ibus consul]e debeas et s]vire humanae societati eaque lege natus sis et ea habeas pr9cipia naturae1 quibus p>]e et quae sequi debeas1 ut utilitas tua communis sit utilitas vicissimque communis utilitas tua sit1 celabis hom9es1 quid iis adsit commoditatis et copiae8 ,respondebit ,diog5es =tasse sic3 ,aliud e/ cel>e1 aliud tac]e2 neque ego nunc te celo1 si tibi non dico1 quae natura deorum sit1 qui sit f9is bonorum1 quae tibi plus prodess5t cognita quam tritici vilitas#cji2 s$ non1 quicquid tibi audire utile e/1 idem#caj mihi dic]e necesse e/4 99#ec99 ,immo v]o1 inquiet ille1 necesse e/1#caa siquidem mem9i/i esse int] hom9es natura coniunctam societatem4 ,mem9i1 inquiet ille2 s$ num i/a societas talis e/1 ut nihil suum cuiusque sit8 ,quod si ita e/1 ne v5d5dum quidem quicquam e/1 s$ don&um4 #cji vilitas a1 ,edd42 utilitas1 ,b ,h b c4 #caj idem ,b ,h a b2 id c1 ,bt4 #caa immo 444 e/ c1 ,ed41 ,he9e2 immo v]o necesse e/ p2 immo v]o inquiet ille necesse e/ ,bt4 ,,xii4 ,let x be set d[n z an e/abli%$ pr9ciple1 !n1 t :at is morally wrong c nev] be exp$i5t--n ev5 :5 "o secures by means ( x t :i* "o ?9ks exp$i5t2 = ! m]e act ( ?9k+ a c\rse exp$i5t1 :5 x is morally wrong1 is demoraliz+4 99#ej99 ,exp$i5cy vs4 moral rectitude 9 bus9ess relations4 ,b1 z ,i said above1 cases (t5 arise 9 :i* exp$i5cy may seem to cla% ) moral rectitude2 & s we %\ld exam9e c>efully & see :e!r _! conflict is inevitable or :e!r !y may be reconcil$4 ,! foll[+ are problems ( ?is sort3 suppose1 = example1 a "t ( de>? & fam9e at ,rhodes1 ) provisions at fabul\s prices2 & suppose t an hone/ man has import$ a l>ge c>go ( gra9 f ,alex&ria & t to 8 c]ta9 k also sev]al o!r import]s h set sail f ,alex&ria1 & t on ! voyage he has sight$ _! vessels lad5 ) gra9 & b\nd = ,rhodes2 is he to report ! fact to ! ,rhodians or is he to keep 8 own c\nsel & sell 8 own /ock at ! highe/ m>ket price8 ,i am assum+ ! case ( a virtu\s1 upright man1 & ,i am rais+ ! "q h[ a man w\ld ?9k & reason :o w\ld n conceal ! facts f ! ,rhodians if he ?\ght t x 0 immoral to d s1 b :o might be 9 d\bt :e!r su* sil5ce w\ld really be immoral4 ,diog5es vs4 ,antipat]4 99#ea99 ,9 decid+ cases ( ?is k9d ,diog5es ( ,babylonia1 a great & highly e/eem$ ,/oic1 consi/5tly holds "o view2 8 pupil ,antipat]1 a mo/ pr(\nd s*ol>1 holds ano!r4 ,accord+ to ,antipat] all ! facts %\ld be disclos$1 t ! buy] may n be un9=m$ ( any detail t ! sell] kn[s2 accord+ to ,diog5es ! sell] %\ld decl>e any defects 9 8 w>es1 9 s f> z su* a c\rse is prescrib$ by ! common law ( ! l&2 b = ! re/1 s9ce he has goods to sell1 he may try to sell !m to ! be/ possible advantage1 provid$ he is guilty ( no misrepres5tation4 ,i h import$ my /ock1 ,diog5es's m]*ant w say2 ,i h (f]$ x = sale2 ,i sell at a price no high] ?an my competitors--p]haps ev5 l[]1 :5 ! m>ket is ov]/ock$4 ,:o is wrong$8 99#eb99 ,:at say y8 comes ,antipat]'s argum5t on ! o!r side2 x is y\r duty to consid] ! int]e/s ( y\r fell[-m5 & to s]ve society2 y 7 br\ght into ! _w "u ^! conditions & h ^! inborn pr9ciples :i* y are 9 duty b\nd to obey & foll[1 t y\r int]e/ %all be ! int]e/ ( ! community & conv]sely t ! int]e/ ( ! community %all be y\r int]e/ z well2 ,is concealm5t ( tru? immoral8 w y1 9 view ( all ^! facts1 conceal f y\r fell[-m5 :at relief 9 pl5te\s supplies is close at h& = !m8 ,x is "o ?+ to conceal1 ,diog5es w p]haps reply2 n to reveal is q a diff]5t ?+4 ,at ?is pres5t mom5t ,i am n conceal+ f y1 ev5 if ,i am n reveal+ to y1 ! nature ( ! gods or ! highe/ good2 & to "k ^! secrets w\ld be ( m advantage to y ?an to "k t ! price ( :eat 0 d[n4 ,b ,i am "u no obligation to tell y ev]y?+ t x may be to y\r int]e/ to be told4 99#ec99 ,yea1 ,antipat] w say1 b y are1 z y mu/ admit1 if y w only be?9k y ( ! bonds ( fell[%ip =g$ by nature & exi/+ betwe5 man & man4 ,i d n =get !m1 ! o!r w reply2 b d y mean to say t ^? bonds ( fell[%ip are su* t !re is no su* ?+ z private prop]ty8 ,if t is ! case1 we %\ld n sell any?+ at all1 b freely give ev]y?+ away4 ,,xiii4 ,vides 9 hac tota disceptatione non illud dici3 ,quamvis hoc turpe sit1 tam51 quoniam exp$it1 faciam1 s$ ita exp$ire1 ut turpe non sit1 ex alt]a autem p>te1 ea re1 quia turpe sit1 non esse faci5dum4 99#ed99 ,v5dat a$es vir bonus propt] aliqua vitia1 quae ipse norit1 cet]i ignor5t1 pe/il5tes s9t et habeantur salubres1 ignoretur 9 omnibus cubiculis app>]e s]p5tes1 male mat]iatae s9t1#cab ru9osae1 s$ hoc praet] dom9um nemo sciat2 qua]o1 si haec emptoribus v5ditor non dix]it a$esque v5did]it pluris multo1 quam se v5diturum put>it1 num id iniu/e aut improbe fec]it4 99#ee99 ,ille v]o1 inquit ,antipat]2 quid e/ enim aliud erranti viam non mon/r>e1 quod ,a!nis exsecrationibus publicis sanctum e/1 si hoc non e/1 emptorem pati ru]e et p] errorem 9 maximam fraudem incurr]e8 ,plus etiam e/ quam viam non mon/r>e2 nam e/ sci5tem 9 errorem alt]um induc]e4 997#ee799 ,diog5es contra3 ,num te em]e cogit1 qui ne hortatus quidem e/8 ,ille1 quod non placebat1 proscripsit1 tu1 quod placebat1 emi/i4 ,quodsi1 qui proscribunt villam bonam b5eque a$ificatam1 non exi/imantur fefellisse1 etiamsi illa nec bona e/ nec a$ificata ratione1 multo m9us1 qui domum non laud>unt4 ,ubi enim iudicium emptoris e/1 ibi fraus v5ditoris quae pote/ esse8 ,s9 autem dictum non omne prae/&um e/1 quod dictum non e/1 id prae/&um putas8 ,quid v]o e/ /ultius quam v5ditorem eius rei1 quam v5dat1 vitia n>r>e8 quid autem tam absurdum1 quam si dom9i iussu ita praeco pra$icet3 ',domum pe/il5tem v5do8' 99#ef99 ,sic ergo 9 quibusdam causis dubiis ex alt]a p>te def5ditur hone/as1 ex alt]a ita de utilitate dicitur1 ut id1 quod utile videatur1 non modo fac]e hone/um sit1 s$ etiam non fac]e turpe4 ,haec e/ illa1 quae videtur utilium fi]i cum hone/is saepe diss5sio4 ,quae diiudic&a sunt2#cac non enim1 ut qua]]emus1 exposuimus1 s$ ut explic>emus4 99#eg99 ,non igitur videtur nec frum5t>ius ille ,rhodios#cad nec hic a$ium v5ditor cel>e emptores debuisse4 ,neque enim id e/ cel>e1 quicquid reticeas1 s$ cum1 quod tu scias1 id ignor>e emolum5ti tui causa velis eos1 quorum int]sit id scire4 ,hoc autem cel&i g5us quale sit et cuius hom9is1 quis non videt8 ,c]te non ap]ti1 non simplicis1 non +5ui1 non iu/i1 non viri boni1 v]suti potius1 obscuri1 a/uti1 fallacis1 malitiosi1 callidi1 vet]atoris1 vafri4 ,haec tot et alia plura nonne inutile e/ vitiorum subire nom9a8 #cab s9t ,bt4#a1 ,ed41 ,he9e2 n 9 ,,mss41 ,bt#b4 #cac sunt ,,mss41 ,bt4#a1 ,he9e1 ,ed42 e/ diss5sio ,ung]1 ,bt4#b #cad ,rhodios c1 ,edd42 ,rhodius ,b ,h a b4 ,,xiii4 ,9 ?is :ole discussion1 y see1 no "o says ,h[ev] wrong morally ?is or t may be1 /ill1 s9ce x is exp$i5t1 ,i w d x2 b ! "o side ass]ts t a giv5 act is exp$i5t1 )\t be+ morally wrong1 :ile ! o!r insi/s t ! act %\ld n be done1 because x is morally wrong4 ,a v5dor's duty4 99#ed99 ,suppose aga9 t an hone/ man is (f]+ a h\se = sale on acc\nt ( c]ta9 undesirable features ( :i* he himself is aw>e b :i* nobody else kn[s2 suppose x is unsanit>y1 b has ! reputation ( be+ heal?ful2 suppose x is n g5]ally kn[n t v]m9 are to be f\nd 9 all ! b$rooms2 suppose1 f9ally1 t x is built ( uns\nd timb] & likely to collapse1 b t no "o kn[s ab\t x except ! own]2 if ! v5dor does n tell ! pur*as] ^! facts b sells him ! h\se = f> m ?an he c\ld reasonably h expect$ to get = x1 ,i ask :e!r 8 transaction is unju/ or di%on\rable4 99#ee99 ,yes1 says ,antipat]1 x is2 = to all[ a pur*as] to be ha/y 9 clos+ a deal & ?r\gh mi/ak5 judgm5t to incur a v s]i\s loss1 if ?is is n refus+ 'to set a man "r :5 he has lo/ 8 way' 7a crime :i* at ,a!ns is prohibit$ on pa9 ( public execration71 :at is8 ,x is ev5 worse ?an refus+ to set a man on 8 way3 x is delib]ately lead+ a man a/ray4 997#ee799 ,c y say1 answ]s ,diog5es1 t he compell$ y to pur*ase1 :5 he did n ev5 advise x8 ,he adv]tis$ = sale :at he did n l2 y b\ght :at y did l4 ,if p are n consid]$ guilty ( sw9dl+ :5 !y place ^u _! plac>ds ,,= ,,sale3 ,a ,,f9e ,,villa1 ,,well ,,built1 ev5 :5 x is nei!r good nor prop]ly built1 /ill less guilty are !y :o say no?+ 9 praise ( _! h\se4 ,= :]e ! pur*as] may ex]cise 8 own judgm5t1 :at fraud c !re be on ! "p ( ! v5dor8 ,b if1 aga91 n all t is expressly /at$ has to be made good1 d y ?9k a man is b\nd to make good :at has n be5 said8 ,:at1 pray1 w\ld be m /upid ?an = a v5dor to rec\nt all ! faults 9 ! article he is (f]+ = sale8 ,& :at w\ld be s absurd z = an auctione] to cry1 at ! own]'s bidd+1 ',"h is an unsanit>y h\se = sale8' 99#ef99 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 9 c]ta9 d\btful cases moral rectitude is def5d$ on ! "o side1 :ile on ! o!r side ! case ( exp$i5cy is s pres5t$ z to make x appe> n only morally "r to d :at seems exp$i5t1 b ev5 morally wrong n to d x4 ,?is is ! contradiction t seems (t5 to arise betwe5 ! exp$i5t & ! morally "r4 ,cic]o's decision 9 ! cases4 ,b ,i mu/ give my decision 9 ^! two cases2 = ,i did n prop\nd !m m]ely to raise ! que/ions1 b to (f] a solution4 99#eg99 ,i ?9k1 !n1 t x 0 ! duty ( t gra9 deal] n to keep back ! facts f ! ,rhodians1 & ( ?is v5dor ( ! h\se to deal 9 ! same way ) 8 pur*as]4 ,! fact is t m]ely hold+ "o's peace ab\t a ?+ does n con/itute concealm5t1 b concealm5t consi/s 9 try+ = y\r own pr(it to keep o!rs f f9d+ out some?+ t y "k1 :5 x is = _! int]e/ to "k x4 ,& :o fails to disc]n :at mann] ( concealm5t t is & :at sort ( p]son w\ld be guilty ( x8 ,at all ev5ts he w\ld be no c&id or s9c]e or /raight=w>d or upright or hone/ man1 b r "o :o is %ifty1 sly1 artful1 %rewd1 und]h&1 cunn+1 "o gr[n old 9 fraud & subtlety4 ,is x n inexp$i5t to subject oneself to all ^! t]ms ( reproa* & _m m besides8 99#eh99 ,,xiv4 ,quodsi vitup]&i1 qui reticu]unt1 quid de iis exi/im&um e/1 qui orationis vanitatem adhibu]unt8 ,c4 ,canius1 eques ,romanus1 nec infacetus et satis litt]atus1 cum se ,syracusas oti&i1 ut ipse dic]e solebat1 non negoti&i causa contulisset1 dictitabat#cae se hortulos aliquos em]e velle1 quo invit>e amicos et ubi se oblect>e s9e int]pellatoribus posset4 ,quod cum p]crebruisset1 ,py?ius ei quidam1 qui arg5t>iam fac]et ,syracusis1 v5ales quidem se hortos non hab]e1 s$ lic]e uti ,canio1 si vellet1 ut suis1 et simul ad c5am hom9em 9 hortos invitavit 9 po/]um diem4 ,cum ille promisisset1 tum ,py?ius1 qui esset ut arg5t>ius apud omnes ord9es gratiosus1 piscatores ad se convocavit et ab iis petivit1 ut ante suos hortulos po/ridie pisc>5tur1 dixitque1 quid eos fac]e vellet4 ,ad c5am tempori#caf v5it ,canius2 opip>e a ,py?io app>atum convivium1 cumb>um ante oculos multitudo2 pro se quisque1 quod cep]at1 aff]ebat1 ante p$es ,py?i pisces abiciebantur4 99#ei99 ,tum ,canius3 ,quaeso1 inquit1 quid e/ hoc1 ,py?i8 tantumne piscium8 tantumne cumb>um8 ,et ille3 ,quid mirum8 inquit1 hoc loco e/ ,syracusis quicquid e/ piscium1 hic aquatio1 hac villa i/i c>]e non possunt4 ,inc5sus ,canius cupiditate cont5dit a ,py?io1 ut v5d]et2 gravate ille primo2 quid multa8 impetrat4 ,emit homo cupidus et locuples tanti1 quanti ,py?ius voluit1 et emit in/ructos2 nom9a facit1 negotium conficit4 ,invitat ,canius po/ridie famili>es suos1 v5it ipse mature2 scalmum nullum videt1 qua]it ex proximo vic9o1 num f]iae qua$am piscatorum ess5t1 quod eos nullos vid]et4 ,nullae1 quod sciam1 inquit2 s$ hic pisc>i nulli sol5t2 itaque h]i mirab>1 quid accidisset4 99#fj99 ,/oma*>i ,canius2 s$ quid fac]et8 nondum enim ,c4 ,aquilius1 collega et famili>is meus1 protul]at de dolo malo =mulas2 9 quibus ipsis1 cum ex eo qua]]etur1#cag quid esset dolus malus1 respondebat3 cum esset aliud simulatum1 aliud actum4 ,hoc quidem sane lucul5te ut ab hom9e p]ito def9i5di4 ,ergo et ,py?ius et omnes aliud ag5tes1 aliud simulantes p]fidi1 improbi1 malitiosi4 ,nullum igitur eorum factum pote/ utile esse1 cum sit tot vitiis inqu9atum4 #cae dictitabat c1 ,edd42 dictabat ,b ,h a b4 #caf tempori ,b ,h b1 ,bt4#a1 ,ed42 tempore a c2 temp]i ,fl41 ,bt4#b1 ,he9e4 #cag qua]]etur ,edd41 ) au?ority2 qua]]em ,,mss4 ,concealm5t ( tru? vs4 misrepres5tation & falsehood4 99#eh99 ,,xiv4 ,if1 !n1 !y are to be blam$ :o suppress ! tru?1 :at are we to ?9k ( ^? :o actually /ate :at is false8 ,gaius ,canius1 a ,roman knight1 a man ( consid]able wit & lit]>y culture1 once w5t to ,syracuse = a vacation1 z he himself us$ to say1 & n = bus9ess4 ,he gave out t he _h a m9d to pur*ase a little c\ntry-seat1 :]e he c\ld invite 8 fri5ds & enjoy himself1 un9t]rupt$ by tr\blesome visitors4 ,:5 ?is fact 0 spread abroad1 "o ,py?ius1 a bank] ( ,syracuse1 in=m$ him t he _h su* an e/ate2 t x 0 n = sale1 h[ev]1 b ,canius might make himself at home !re1 if he pleas$2 & at ! same "t he invit$ him to ! e/ate to d9n] next day4 ,canius accept$4 ,!n ,py?ius1 :o1 z might be expect$ ( a money-l5d]1 c\ld comm& fav\rs ( all classes1 call$ ! fi%]m5 toge!r & ask$ !m to d _! fi%+ ! next day out 9 front ( 8 villa1 & told !m :at he wi%$ !m to d4 ,canius came to d9n] at ! appo9t$ h\r2 ,py?ius _h a sumptu\s banquet prep>$2 !re 0 a :ole fleet ( boats be=e _! eyes2 ea* fi%]man br\ght 9 9 turn ! cat* t he _h made2 & ! fi%es 7 deposit$ at ! feet ( ,py?ius4 99#ei99 ,pray1 ,py?ius1 said ,canius !reupon1 :at does ?is mean8--all ^! fi%8--all ^! boats8 ,no wond]1 answ]$ ,py?ius2 ?is is :]e all ! fi% 9 ,syracuse are2 "h is :]e ! fre% wat] comes f2 ! fi%]m5 _c get along )\t ?is e/ate4 ,inflam$ ) desire = x1 ,canius insi/$ ^u ,py?ius's sell+ x to him4 ,at fir/ he demurr$4 ,to make a long /ory %ort1 ,canius ga9$ 8 po9t4 ,! man 0 ri*1 &1 9 8 desire to own ! c\ntry-seat1 he paid = x all t ,py?ius ask$2 & he b\ght ! entire equipm5t1 too4 ,py?ius ent]$ ! am\nt ^u 8 l$g] & complet$ ! transf]4 ,! next day ,canius invit$ 8 fri5ds2 he came e>ly himself4 ,n s mu* z a ?ole-p9 0 9 sight4 ,he ask$ 8 next-door neighb\r :e!r x 0 a fi%]man's holiday1 = n a sign ( !m did he see4 ,n s f> z ,i "k1 said he2 b none are 9 ! habit ( fi%+ "h4 ,& s ,i c\ld n make out :at 0 ! matt] ye/]day4 ,crim9al fraud4 99#fj99 ,canius 0 furi\s2 b :at c\ld he d8 ,= n yet _h my colleague & fri5d1 ,gaius ,aquilius1 introduc$ ! e/abli%$ =ms to apply to crim9al fraud4 ,:5 ask$ :at he meant by crim9al fraud1 z specifi$ 9 ^! =ms1 he w\ld reply3 ,pret5d+ "o ?+ & practis+ ano!r--a v felicit\s def9ition1 z "o might expect f an exp]t 9 mak+ !m4 ,py?ius1 !re=e1 & all o!rs :o d "o ?+ :ile !y pret5d ano!r are fai?less1 di%one/1 & unpr9cipl$ sc\ndrels4 ,no act ( !irs c be exp$i5t1 :5 :at !y d is ta9t$ ) s _m vices4 99#fa99 ,,xv4 ,quodsi ,aquiliana def9itio v]a e/1 ex omni vita simulatio dissimulatioque toll5da e/4 ,ita1 nec ut emat melius nec ut v5dat1 quicquam simulabit aut dissimulabit vir bonus4 ,atque#cah i/e dolus malus et legibus erat v9dicatus1 ut tutela#cai duodecim tabulis1 circumscriptio adulesc5tium lege ,plaetoria1 et s9e lege iudiciis1 9 quibus additur ,,ex ,,fide ,,bona4 ,reliquorum autem iudiciorum haec v]ba maxime excellunt3 9 arbitrio rei uxoriae ,,melius ,,aequius1 9 fiducia ,,ut ,,int] ,,bonos ,,b5e ,,agi]4 ,quid ergo8 aut 9 eo1 ,,quod ,,melius ,,aequius1 pote/ ulla p>s inesse fraudis8 aut1 cum dicitur ,,int] ,,bonos ,,b5e ,,agi]1 quicquam agi dolose aut malitiose pote/8 ,dolus autem malus 9 simulatione1 ut ait ,aquilius1 cont9etur4 ,toll5dum e/ igitur ex rebus contrah5dis omne m5dacium2 non illicitatorem#cbj v5ditor1 non1 qui contra se liceatur1 emptor apponet2 ut]que1 si ad eloqu5dum v5]it1 non plus quam semel eloquetur4 99#fb99 ,q4 quidem ,scaevola ,p4 f41 cum po/ulasset1 ut sibi fundus1 cuius emptor erat1 semel indic>etur idque v5ditor ita fecisset1 dixit se pluris ae/im>e2 addidit c5tum milia4 ,nemo e/1 qui hoc viri boni fuisse neget1 sapi5tis negant1 ut si m9oris1 quam potuisset1 v5didisset4 ,haec igitur e/ illa p]nicies1 quod alios bonos1 alios sapi5tes exi/imant4 ,m$ea1 ,vahl5#b1 #bgc ,ex quo ,ennius nequiquam sap]e sapi5tem1 qui ipse sibi prodesse non quiret4 ,v]e id quidem1 si1 quid esset prodesse1 mihi cum ,ennio conv5iret4 99#fc99 ,hecatonem quidem ,rhodium1 discipulum ,panaeti1 video 9 iis libris1 quos de (ficio scripsit ,q4 ,tub]oni1 dic]e sapi5tis esse nihil contra mores1 leges1 in/ituta faci5tem hab]e rationem rei famili>is4 ,neque enim solum nobis divites esse volumus1 s$ lib]is1 prop9quis1 amicis maximeque rei publicae4 ,s+ulorum enim facultates et copiae divitiae sunt civitatis4 ,huic#cba ,scaevolae factum1 de quo paulo ante dixi1 plac]e nullo modo pote/2 et5im omn9o tantum se negat facturum comp5dii sui causa1 quod non liceat4 ,huic nec laus magna tribu5da nec gratia e/4 99#fd99 ,s$1 sive et simulatio et dissimulatio dolus malus e/1 p]paucae res sunt1 9 quibus non dolus malus i/e v]setur1 sive vir bonus e/ is1 qui prode/1 quibus pote/1 nocet nem9i1 c]te#cbb i/um#cbc virum bonum non facile rep]imus4 ,numquam igitur e/ utile pecc>e1 quia semp] e/ turpe1 et1 quia semp] e/ hone/um virum bonum esse1 semp] e/ utile4 #cah ,atque ,,mss41 ,bt4#a1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 ,atqui ,manutius1 ,ed41 ,bt4#b #cai ut tutela ,,mss41 ,bt41 ,mll]2 ut 9 tutela ,he9e1 ,ed4 #cbj non illicitatorem c 7inl47 p1 ,edd42 non licitatorem ,b ,h a b4 #cba huic c1 ,edd42 huius ,b ,h a b4 #cbb c]te ,lamb41 ,edd42 recte ,,mss4 #cbc i/um p c1 ,edd42 iu/um ,b ,h a b4 99#fa99 ,,xv4 ,b if ,aquilius's def9ition is correct1 pret5ce & concealm5t %\ld be done away ) 9 all dep>tm5ts ( our daily life4 ,!n an hone/ man w n be guilty ( ei!r pret5ce or concealm5t 9 ord] to buy or to sell to bett] advantage4 ,crim9al fraud & ! law4 ,besides1 y\r crim9al fraud _h previ\sly be5 prohibit$ by ! /atutes3 ! p5alty 9 ! matt] ( tru/ee%ips1 = example1 is fix$ by ! ,twelve ,tables2 = ! defraud+ ( m9ors1 by ! ,plaetorian law4 ,! same prohibition is effective1 )\t /atutory enactm5t1 9 equity cases1 9 :i* x is add$ t ! decision %all be z good fai? requires4,,bl ,9 all o!r cases 9 equity1 moreov]1 ! foll[+ phrases are mo/ notewor?y3 9 a case call+ = arbitration 9 ! matt] ( a wife's d[ry3 :at is ! fair] is ! bett]2 9 a suit = ! re/oration ( a tru/3 hone/ deal+1 z betwe5 hone/ p>ties4 ,pray1 !n1 c !re be any elem5t ( fraud 9 :at is adju/$ = ! bett] & fair]8 ,or c any?+ fraudul5t or unpr9cipl$ be done1 :5 hone/ deal+ betwe5 hone/ p>ties is /ipulat$8 ,b crim9al fraud1 z ,aquilius says1 consi/s 9 false pret5ce4 ,crim9al fraud 9 ! light ( moral rectitude4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 keep misrepres5tation entirely out ( bus9ess transactions3 ! sell] w n engage a bogus bidd] to run prices up nor ! buy] "o to bid l[ aga9/ himself to keep !m d[n2 & ea*1 if !y come to nam+ a price1 w /ate once = all :at he w give or take4 99#fb99 ,:y1 :5 ,qu9tus ,scaevola1 ! son ( ,publius ,scaevola1 ask$ t ! price ( a f>m t he desir$ to pur*ase be def9itely nam$ & ! v5dor nam$ x1 he repli$ t he consid]$ x wor? m1 & paid him #ajj1jjj se/]ces ov] & above :at he ask$4 ,no "o c\ld say t ?is 0 n ! act ( an hone/ man2 b p d say t x 0 n ! act ( a worldly-wise man1 any m ?an if he _h sold = a small] am\nt ?an he c\ld h comm&$4 ,"h1 !n1 is t mis*iev\s idea--! _w acc\nt+ "s m5 upright1 o!rs wise2 & x is ?is fact t gives ,ennius occasion to say3 ,9 va9 is ! wise man wise1 :o _c b5efit himself4 ,& ,ennius is q "r1 if only he & ,i 7 agre$ ^u ! mean+ ( b5efit4 99#fc99 ,n[ ,i obs]ve t ,hecaton ( ,rhodes1 a pupil ( ,panaetius1 says 9 8 books on ,moral ,duty d$icat$ to ,qu9tus ,tub]o t ,! /&>d ( selfi%ness4 x is a wise man's duty to take c>e ( 8 private int]e/s1 at ! same "t do+ no?+ contr>y to ! civil cu/oms1 laws1 & in/itutions4 ,b t dep5ds on our purpose 9 seek+ prosp]ity2 = we d n aim to be ri* = ourselves alone b = our *ildr51 relatives1 fri5ds1 &1 above all1 = our c\ntry4 ,= ! private =tunes ( individuals are ! weal? ( ! /ate4 ,hecaton c\ld n = a mom5t approve ( ,scaevola's act1 :i* ,i cit$ a mom5t ago2 = he op5ly av[s t he w ab/a9 f do+ = 8 own pr(it only :at ! law expressly =bids4 ,su* a man des]ves no great praise nor gratitude4 99#fd99 ,be t z x may1 if bo? pret5ce & concealm5t con/itute crim9al fraud1 !re are v few transactions into :i* crim9al fraud does n ent]2 or1 if he only is a good man :o helps all he c1 & h>ms no "o1 x w c]ta9ly be no easy matt] = u to f9d ! good man z ?us def9$4 ,to conclude1 !n1 x is nev] exp$i5t to d wrong1 because wrong is always immoral2 & x is always exp$i5t to be good1 because goodness is always moral4 ,,bl ,see #gj bel[4 99#fe99 ,,xvi4 ,ac de iure quidem pra$iorum sanctum apud nos e/ iure civili1 ut 9 iis v5d5dis vitia dic]5tur1 quae nota ess5t v5ditori4 ,nam1 cum ex duodecim tabulis satis esset ea prae/>i1 quae ess5t l+ua nuncupata1 quae qui infitiatus esset1 dupli po5am subiret1 a iuris consultis etiam retic5tiae po5a e/ con/ituta2 quicquid enim esset#cbd 9 pra$io vitii1 id /atu]unt1 si v5ditor sciret1 nisi nom9atim dictum esset1 prae/>i oport]e4 99#ff99 ,ut1 cum 9 arce augurium augures acturi ess5t iussiss5tque ,ti4#cbe ,claudium ,c5tumalum1 qui a$es 9 ,caelio monte habebat1 demoliri ea1 quorum altitudo (fic]et auspiciis1 ,claudius proscripsit insulam v5didit1#cbf emit ,p4 ,calpurnius ,lan>ius4 ,huic ab auguribus illud idem d5untiatum e/4 ,itaque ,calpurnius cum demolitus esset cognossetque ,claudium a$es po/ea proscripsisse1 quam esset ab auguribus demoliri iussus1 arbitrum illum adegit1 ,,quicquid ,,sibi ,,d>e ,,fac]e ,,oport]et ,,ex ,,fide ,,bona4 ,m4 ,cato s5t5tiam dixit1 huius no/ri ,catonis pat] 7ut enim cet]i ex patribus1 sic hic1 qui illud lum5 prog5uit ex filio e/ nom9&us7--is igitur iudex ita pronuntiavit3 cum 9 v5d5do rem eam scisset et non pronuntiasset1 emptori damnum prae/>i oport]e4 99#fg99 ,ergo ad fidem bonam /atuit p]t9]e notum esse emptori vitium1 quod nosset v5ditor4 ,quod si recte iudicavit1 non recte frum5t>ius ille1 non recte a$ium pe/il5tium v5ditor tacuit4 ,s$ huius modi retic5tiae iure civili compreh5di#cbg non possunt2 quae autem possunt1 dilig5t] t55tur4 ,m4 ,m>ius ,gratidianus1 prop9quus no/]1 ,c4 ,s]gio ,oratae v5did]at a$es eas1 quas ab eodem ipse paucis ante annis em]at4 ,eae s]viebant1#cbh s$ hoc 9 mancipio ,m>ius non dix]at4 ,adducta res 9 iudicium e/4 ,oratam ,crassus1 ,gratidianum def5debat ,antonius4 ,ius ,crassus urguebat1 quod vitii v5ditor non dixisset sci5s1 id oport]e prae/>i1 aequitatem ,antonius1 quoniam id vitium ignotum ,s]gio non fuisset1 qui illas a$es v5didisset1 nihil fuisse necesse dici1 nec eum esse deceptum1 qui1 id1 quod em]at1 quo iure esset1 t5]et4 99#fh99 ,quorsus haec8 ,ut illud intellegas1 non placuisse maioribus no/ris a/utos4 #cbd esset p c1 ,edd42 e/ ,b ,h a b4 #cbe ,ti4 ,lange1 ,edd42 titum ,,mss4 #cbf v5didit ,b ,h a b2 et v5didit p c42 ,edd4 omit4 #cbg compreh5di ,,mss42 omnes compreh5di ,bt41 ,he9e4 #cbh s]viebant ,heus41 ,edd42 s]gio s]viebant ,b ,h a b2 s]gio alii s]viebant c4 ,concealm5t ( tru? ab\t real e/ate prohibit$ by law4 99#fe99 ,,xvi4 ,9 ! laws p]ta9+ to ! sale ( real prop]ty x is /ipulat$ 9 our civil code t :5 a transf] ( any real e/ate is made1 all its defects %all be decl>$ z f> z !y are kn[n to ! v5dor4 ,accord+ to ! laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables x us$ to be suffici5t t su* faults z _h be5 expressly decl>$ %\ld be made good & t = any flaws :i* ! v5dor expressly d5i$1 :5 que/ion$1 he %\ld be assess$ d\ble damages4 ,a l p5alty = failure to make su* decl>ation also has n[ be5 secur$ by our jurisconsults3 !y h decid$ t any defect 9 a piece ( real e/ate1 if kn[n to ! v5dor b n expressly /at$1 mu/ be made good by him4 99#ff99 ,= example1 ! augurs 7 propos+ to take obs]vations f ! citadel & !y ord]$ ,tib]ius ,claudius ,c5tumalus1 :o own$ a h\se ^u ! ,caelian ,hill1 to pull d[n su* p>ts ( ! build+ z ob/ruct$ ! augurs' view by reason ( _! height4 ,claudius at once adv]tis$ 8 block = sale1 & ,publius ,calpurnius ,lan>ius b\ght x4 ,! same notice 0 s]v$ also ^u him4 ,& s1 :5 ,calpurnius _h pull$ d[n ^? p>ts ( ! build+ & discov]$ t ,claudius _h adv]tis$ x = sale only aft] ! augurs _h ord]$ !m to be pull$ d[n1 he summon$ ! =m] own] be=e a c\rt ( equity to decide :at indemnity ! own] 0 "u obligation '9 good fai?' to pay & deliv] to him4 ,! v]dict 0 pron\nc$ by ,m>cus ,cato1 ! fa!r ( our ,cato 7= z o!r m5 receive a di/+ui%+ "n f _! fa!rs1 s he :o be/[$ ^u ! _w s bright a lum9>y mu/ h 8 di/+ui%+ "n f 8 son72 he1 z ,i 0 say+1 0 presid+ judge & pron\nc$ ! v]dict t s9ce ! augurs' m&ate 0 kn[n to ! v5dor at ! "t ( mak+ ! transf] & s9ce he _h n made x kn[n1 he 0 b\nd to make good ! pur*as]'s loss4 ,scope ( ,cato's decision4 99#fg99 ,) ?is v]dict he e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple t x 0 ess5tial to good fai? t any defect kn[n to ! v5dor mu/ be made kn[n to ! pur*as]4 ,if 8 decision 0 "r1 our gra9 deal] & ! v5dor ( ! unsanit>y h\se did n d "r to suppress ! facts 9 ^? cases4 ,b ! civil code _c be made to include all cases :]e facts are ?us suppress$2 b ^? cases :i* x does include are summ>ily dealt )4 ,m>cus ,m>ius ,gratidianus1 a k9sman ( ours1 sold back to ,gaius ,s]gius ,orata ! h\se :i* he himself _h b\ght a few ye>s be=e f t same ,orata4 ,x 0 subject to an encumbrance1 b ,m>ius _h said no?+ ab\t ?is fact 9 /at+ ! t]ms ( sale4 ,! case 0 c>ri$ to ! c\rts4 ,crassus 0 c\nsel = ,orata2 ,antonius 0 reta9$ by ,gratidianus4 ,crassus plead$ ! lett] ( ! law t ! v5dor 0 b\nd to make good ! defect1 = he _h n decl>$ x1 al?\gh he 0 aw>e ( x2 ,antonius laid /ress ^u ! equity ( ! case1 plead+ t1 inasmu* z ! defect 9 "q _h n be5 unkn[n to ,s]gius 7= x 0 ! same h\se t he _h sold to ,m>ius71 no decl>ation ( x 0 ne$$1 & 9 pur*as+ x back he _h n be5 impos$ ^u1 = he knew to :at legal liability 8 pur*ase 0 subject4 99#fh99 ,:at is ! purpose ( ^! illu/rations8 ,to let y see t our =efa!rs did n c\nt5ance %>p practice4 ,,xvii4 ,s$ alit] leges1 alit] philosophi tollunt a/utias1 leges1 quat5us manu t5]e possunt1 philosophi1 quat5us ratione et intelleg5tia4 ,ratio ergo hoc po/ulat1 ne quid insidiose1 ne quid simulate1 ne quid fallacit]4 ,suntne igitur insidiae t5d]e plagas1 etiamsi excitaturus non sis nec agitaturus8 ipsae enim f]ae nullo insequ5te saepe incidunt4 ,sic tu a$es proscribas1 tabulam tamquam plagam ponas1 domum propt] vitia v5das1#cbi 9 eam aliquis incurrat imprud5s8 99#fi99 ,hoc quamquam video propt] depravationem consuetud9is neque m turpe hab]i neque aut lege sanciri aut iure civili1 tam5 naturae lege sanctum e/4 ,societas e/ enim 7quod etsi saepe dictum e/1 dic5dum e/ tam5 saepius71 latissime quidem quae pateat1 omnium int] omnes1 int]ior eorum1 qui eiusdem g5tis s9t1 propior eorum1 qui eiusdem civitatis4 ,itaque maiores aliud ius g5tium1 aliud ius civile esse volu]unt2 quod civile1 non idem cont9uo g5tium1 quod autem g5tium1 idem civile esse debet4 ,s$ nos v]i iuris g]manaeque iu/itiae solidam et expressam effigiem nullam t5emus1 umbra et imag9ibus utimur4 ,eas ipsas ut9am sequ]emur6 f]untur enim ex optimis naturae et v]itatis exemplis4 #gj99 ,nam quanti v]ba illa3 ,,uti ,,ne ,,propt] ,,te ,,fidemve ,,tuam ,,captus ,,fraudatusve ,,sim6 quam illa aurea3 ,,ut ,,int] ,,bonos ,,b5e ,,agi] ,,oportet ,,et ,,s9e ,,fraudatione6 ,s$1 qui s9t boni1 et quid sit b5e agi1 magna quae/io e/4 ,q4 quidem ,scaevola1 pontifex maximus1 summam vim esse dicebat 9 omnibus iis arbitriis1 9 quibus add]etur ,,ex ,,fide ,,bona1 fideique bonae nom5 exi/imabat man>e latissime1 idque v]s>i 9 tutelis societatibus1 fiduciis m&atis1 rebus emptis v5ditis1 conductis locatis1 quibus vitae societas cont9]etur2 9 iis magni esse iudicis /atu]e1 praes]tim cum 9 pl]isque ess5t iudicia contr>ia1 quid quemque cuique prae/>e oport]et4 99#ga99 ,quocirca a/utiae toll5dae sunt eaque malitia1 quae volt illa quidem vid]i se esse prud5tiam1 s$ abe/ ab ea di/atque plurimum4 ,prud5tia e/ enim locata 9 dilectu bonorum et malorum1 malitia1 si omnia1 quae turpia sunt1 mala sunt1 mala bonis ponit ante4 ,nec v]o 9 pra$iis solum ius civile ductum a natura malitiam fraudemque v9dicat1 s$ etiam 9 mancipiorum v5ditione v5ditoris fraus omnis excluditur4 ,qui enim scire debuit de sanitate1 de fuga1 de furtis1 prae/at edicto a$ilium4 ,h]$um alia causa e/4 99#gb99 ,ex quo intellegitur1 quoniam iuris natura fons sit1 hoc secundum naturam esse1 nem9em id ag]e1 ut ex alt]ius pra$etur inscitia4 ,nec ulla p]nicies vitae maior inv5iri pote/ quam 9 malitia simulatio intelleg5tiae2 ex quo i/a innum]abilia nascuntur1 ut utilia cum hone/is pugn>e videantur4 ,quotus enim quisque rep]ietur1 qui impunitate et ignoratione omnium proposita ab/9]e possit iniuria8 #cbi ,bracket$ by ,ung]1 ,edd4 ,law vs4 philosophy 9 deal+ ) knav]y4 ,,xvii4 ,n[ ! law disposes ( %>p practices 9 "o way1 philosoph]s 9 ano!r3 ! law deals ) !m z f> z x c lay its /rong arm ^u !m2 philosoph]s1 z f> z !y c be appreh5d$ by reason & consci5ce4 ,n[ reason dem&s t no?+ be done ) unfairness1 ) false pret5ce1 or ) misrepres5tation4 ,is x n deception1 !n1 to set sn>es1 ev5 if "o does n mean to />t ! game or to drive x into !m8 ,:y1 wild creatures (t5 fall into sn>es undriv5 & unpursu$4 ,c\ld "o 9 ! same way adv]tise a h\se = sale1 po/ up a notice ,to be sold1 l a sn>e1 & h somebody run into x unsuspect+8 ,civil law vs4 moral law4 99#fi99 ,ow+ to ! l[ ebb ( public s5tim5t1 su* a me?od ( proc$ure1 ,i f9d1 is nei!r by cu/om acc\nt$ morally wrong nor =bidd5 ei!r by /atute or by civil law2 nev]!less x is =bidd5 by ! moral law4 ,= !re is a bond ( fell[%ip--al?\gh ,i h (t5 made ?is /atem5t1 ,i mu/ /ill repeat x aga9 & aga9--:i* has ! v wide/ application1 unit+ all m5 toge!r & ea* to ea*4 ,?is bond ( union is clos] betwe5 ^? :o belong to ! same nation1 & m intimate /ill betwe5 ^? :o are citiz5s ( ! same city-/ate4 ,x is = ?is reason t our =efa!rs *ose to und]/& "o ?+ by ! univ]sal law & ano!r by ! civil law4 ,! civil law is n necess>ily also ! univ]sal law2 b ! univ]sal law ought to be also ! civil law4 ,b we possess no sub/antial1 life-l image ( true ,law & g5u9e ,ju/ice2 a m]e outl9e sket* is all t we enjoy4 ,i only wi% t we 7 true ev5 to ?is2 =1 ev5 z x is1 x is drawn f ! excell5t models :i* ,nature & ,tru? af=d4 99#gj99 ,good fai? 9 p]=mance ( contracts4 ,= h[ weighty are ! words3 ,t ,i be n deceiv$ & defraud$ ?r\gh y & my confid5ce 9 y6 ,h[ preci\s are ^!3 ,z betwe5 hone/ p !re ought to be hone/ deal+1 & no deception6 ,b :o are hone/ p1 & :at is hone/ deal+--^! are s]i\s que/ions4 ,x 0 ,qu9tus ,scaevola1 ! pontifex maximus1 :o us$ to atta* ! greate/ importance to all que/ions ( arbitration to :i* ! =mula 0 app5d$ z good fai? requires2 & he held t ! expression good fai? _h a v ext5sive application1 = x 0 employ$ 9 tru/ee%ips & p>tn]%ips1 9 tru/s & commissions1 9 buy+ & sell+1 9 hir+ & lett+--9 a ^w1 9 all ! transactions on :i* ! social relations ( daily life dep5d2 9 ^!1 he said1 x requir$ a judge ( great ability to decide ! ext5t ( ea* individual's obligation to ! o!r1 especially :5 c\nt]-claims 7 admissible 9 mo/ cases4 99#ga99 ,away1 !n1 ) %>p practice & trick]y1 :i* desires1 ( c\rse1 to pass = wisdom1 b is f> f x & totally unlike x4 ,= ! function ( wisdom is to discrim9ate betwe5 good & evil2 :]eas1 inasmu* z all ?+s morally wrong are evil1 trick]y pref]s ! evil to ! good4 ,x is n only 9 ! case ( real e/ate transf]s t ! civil law1 bas$ ^u a natural feel+ = ! "r1 puni%es trick]y & deception1 b also 9 ! sale ( slaves e =m ( deception on ! v5dors "p is disall[$4 ,= by ! a$iles' rul+ ! v5dor is answ]able = any defici5cy 9 ! slave he sells1 = he is suppos$ to "k if 8 slave is s\nd1 or if he is a runaway1 or a ?ief4 ,! case ( ^? :o h j come into ! possession ( slaves by inh]itance is diff]5t4 ,cunn+ is n wisdom4 99#gb99 ,f ?is we come to realize t s9ce nature is ! s\rce ( "r1 x is n 9 accord ) nature t anyone %\ld take advantage ( 8 neighb\r's ignorance4 ,& no great] curse 9 life c be f\nd ?an knav]y t we>s ! mask ( wisdom4 ,!nce come ^? c\ntless cases 9 :i* ! exp$i5t seems to conflict ) ! "r4 ,= h[ few w be f\nd :o c refra9 f wrong-do+1 if assur$ ( ! p[] to keep x an absolute secret & to run no risk ( puni%m5t6 99#gc99 ,,xviii4 ,p]iclitemur1 si placet1 et 9 iis quidem exemplis1 9 quibus pecc>i volgus hom9um =tasse non putet4 ,neque enim de sic>iis1 v5eficis1 te/am5t>iis1 furibus1 peculatoribus hoc loco diss]5dum e/1 qui non v]bis sunt et disputatione philosophorum1 s$ v9clis et c>c]e fatig&i1 s$ haec#ccj consid]emus1 quae faciunt ii1 qui hab5tur boni4 ,l4 ,m9uci ,basili1 locupletis hom9is1 falsum te/am5tum quidam e ,graecia ,romam attul]unt4 ,quod quo facilius opt9]5t1 scrips]unt h]$es secum ,m4 ,crassum et ,q4 ,hort5sium1 hom9es eiusdem aetatis pot5tissimos2 qui cum illud falsum esse suspic>5tur1 sibi autem nullius ess5t conscii culpae1 ali5i fac9oris munusculum non repudiav]unt4 ,quid ergo8 sat9 e/ hoc1 ut non deliquisse videantur8 ,mihi quidem non videtur1 quamquam alt]um vivum amavi1 alt]um non odi mortuum2 99#gd99 s$1 cum ,basilus ,m4 ,satrium1 sororis filium1 nom5 suum f]re voluisset eumque fecisset h]$em 7hunc dico patronum agri ,pic5i et ,sab9i2 o turpem notam temporum nom5 illorum671#cca non erat aequum pr9cipes civis rem hab]e1 ad ,satrium nihil praet] nom5 p]v5ire4 ,et5im1 si is1 qui non def5dit iniuriam neque propulsat1#ccb cum pote/1 iniu/e facit1 #bc ut 9 primo libro diss]ui1 qualis hab5dus e/ is1 qui non modo non repellit1 s$ etiam adiuvat iniuriam8 ,mihi quidem etiam v]ae h]$itates non hone/ae vid5tur1 si sunt malitiosis bl&itiis1 (ficiorum non v]itate1 s$ simulatione quaesitae4 ,atqui 9 talibus rebus aliud utile int]dum1 aliud hone/um vid]i solet4 99#ge99 ,falso2 nam eadem utilitatis1 quae hone/atis1 e/ regula4 997#ge799 ,qui hoc non p]vid]it1 ab hoc nulla fraus ab]it1 nullum fac9us4 ,sic enim cogitans3 ,e/ i/uc quidem hone/um1 v]um hoc exp$it1 res a natura copulatas audebit errore divell]e1 qui fons e/ fraudium1 maleficiorum1 scel]um omnium4 #ccj haec c4 ,edd42 hoc ,b ,h a b4 #cca turpem notam temporum nom5 illorum ,h a 7turpe7 b1 ,bt42 excl4 nom5 illorum ,victorius1 ,ed42 turpe nom5 illorum temporum c4 #ccb propulsat cod4 ,b]n41 ,o41 ,edd42 propulsat a suis ,edd4 99#gc99 ,,xviii4 ,let u put our pr9ciple to ! te/1 if y please1 & see if x holds good 9 ^? in/ances 9 :i*1 p]haps1 ! _w 9 g5]al f9ds no wrong2 = 9 ?is connection we d n ne$ to discuss cut-?roats1 poison]s1 =g]s ( wills1 ?ieves1 & embezzl]s ( public moneys1 :o %\ld be repress$ n by lectures & discussions ( philosoph]s1 b by *a9s & prison walls2 b let u /udy "h ! conduct ( ^? :o h ! reputation ( be+ hone/ m54 ,c]ta9 individuals br\ght f ,greece to ,rome a =g$ w1 purport+ to be t ( ! weal?y ,lucius ,m9ucius ,basilus4 ,! m easily to procure validity = x1 !y made jo9t-heirs ) !mselves two ( ! mo/ influ5tial m5 ( ! day1 ,m>cus ,crassus & ,qu9tus ,hort5sius4 ,al?\gh ^! m5 suspect$ t ! w 0 a =g]y1 /ill1 z !y 7 consci\s ( no p]sonal guilt 9 ! matt]1 !y did n spurn ! mis]able boon procur$ ?r\gh ! crime ( o!rs4 ,:at %all we say1 !n8 ,is ?is excuse compet5t to acquit !m ( guilt8 ,i _c ?9k s1 al?\gh ,i lov$ ! "o :ile he liv$1 & d n hate ! o!r n[ t he is dead4 99#gd99 ,be t z x may1 ,basilus _h 9 fact desir$ t 8 nephew ,m>cus ,satrius %\ld be> 8 "n & inh]it 8 prop]ty4 7,i ref] to ! ,satrius :o is ! pres5t patron ( ,pic5um & ! ,sab9e c\ntry--& oh1 :at a %ameful /igma x is ^u ! times6,,bm7 ,& !re=e x 0 n "r t two ( ! lead+ citiz5s ( ,rome %\ld take ! e/ate & ,satrius succe$ to no?+ except 8 uncle's "n4 ,= if he does wrong :o does n w>d (f & repel injury :5 he c--z ,i expla9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,fir/ ,book--:at is to be ?\ght ( ! man :o n only does n try to prev5t wrong1 b actually aids & abets x8 ,= my "p1 ,i d n believe t ev5 g5u9e legacies are moral1 if !y are s\ght aft] by design+ flatt]ies & by att5tions hypocritical r ?an s9c]e4 ,! same /&>d = exp$i5cy z = moral rectitude4 ,& yet 9 su* cases !re are times :5 "o c\rse is likely to appe> exp$i5t & ano!r morally "r4 99#ge99 ,! appe>ance is deceptive2 = our /&>d is ! same = exp$i5cy & = moral rectitude4 997#ge799 ,& ! man :o does n accept ! tru? ( ?is w be capable ( any sort ( di%one/y1 any sort ( crime4 ,= if he reasons ,t is1 to be sure1 ! "r c\rse1 b ?is c\rse br+s advantage1 he w n hesitate 9 8 mi/ak5 judgm5t to divorce two conceptions t nature has made "o2 & t _s op5s ! door to all sorts ( di%one/y1 wrong-do+1 & crime4 ,,bm ,! %ame 0 t /ates enjoy+ ! rights ( ,roman citiz5%ip %\ld ne$ a patron to protect _! int]e/s 9 ! ,roman capital4 ,,xix4 ,itaque1 si vir bonus habeat hanc vim1 ut1 si digitis concrepu]it1 possit 9 locupletium te/am5ta nom5 eius inrep]e1 hac vi non utatur1 ne si exploratum quidem habeat id omn9o nem9em umquam suspicaturum4 ,at d>es hanc vim ,m4 ,crasso1 ut digitorum p]cussione h]es posset scriptus esse1 qui re v]a non esset h]es1 9 =o1 mihi cr$e1 salt>et4 ,homo autem iu/us isque1 quem s5timus virum bonum1 nihil cuiquam1 quod 9 se transf]at1 detrahet4 ,hoc qui admiratur1 is se1 quid sit vir bonus1 nescire fateatur4 99#gf99 ,at v]o1 si qui volu]it animi sui complicatam notionem evolv]e1 iam se ipse doceat eum virum bonum esse1 qui prosit1 quibus possit1 noceat nem9i nisi lacessitus iniuria4 ,quid ergo8 hic non noceat1 qui quodam quasi v55o p]ficiat1 ut v]os h]$es moveat1 9 eorum locum ipse succ$at8 ,non igitur faciat1 dix]it quis1 quod utile sit1 quod exp$iat8 ,immo intellegat nihil nec exp$ire nec utile esse1 quod sit iniu/um2 hoc qui non didic]it1 bonus vir esse non pot]it4 99#gg99 ,c4#ccc ,fimbriam consul>em audiebam de patre no/ro pu] iudicem ,m4 ,lutatio ,p9?iae fuisse1 equiti ,romano sane hone/o1 cum is sponsionem fecisset1 ,,ni ,,vir ,,bonus ,,esset4 ,itaque ei dixisse ,fimbriam se illam rem numquam iudicaturum1 ne aut spoli>et fama probatum hom9em1 si contra iudicavisset1 aut /atuisse vid]etur virum bonum esse aliquem1 cum ea res innum]abilibus (ficiis et laudibus cont9]etur4 ,huic igitur viro bono1 quem ,fimbria etiam1 non modo ,socrates nov]at1 nullo modo vid]i pote/ quicquam esse utile1 quod non hone/um sit4 ,itaque talis vir non modo fac]e1 s$ ne cogit>e quidem quicquam audebit1 quod non audeat pra$ic>e4 ,haec non turpe e/ dubit>e philosophos1 quae ne ru/ici quidem dubit5t8 a quibus natum e/ id1 quod iam contritum e/ vetu/ate1 prov]bium4 ,cum enim fidem alicuius bonitatemque laudant1 dignum esse dicunt1 quicum 9 t5ebris mices4 ,hoc quam habet vim nisi illam1 nihil exp$ire1 quod non deceat1 etiamsi id possis nullo refell5te opt9]e8 99#gh99 ,videsne hoc prov]bio neque ,gygi illi posse v5iam d>i neque huic1 quem paulo ante f+ebam digitorum p]cussione h]$itates omnium posse conv]r]e8 ,ut enim1 quod turpe e/1 id1 quamvis occultetur1 tam5 hone/um fi]i nullo modo pote/1 sic1 quod hone/um non e/1 id utile ut sit1 effici non pote/ adv]sante et repugnante natura4 #ccc ,c4 ,bt41 ,ed41 ,he9e2 n 9 ,,mss4 ,! good man n tempt$ to unrighte\s ga94 ,,xix4 ,suppose1 !n1 t a good man _h su* p[] t at a snap ( 8 f+]s 8 "n c\ld /eal into ri* m5's wills1 he w\ld n avail himself ( t p[]--no1 n ev5 ?\gh he c\ld be p]fectly sure t no "o w\ld ev] suspect x4 ,suppose1 on ! o!r h&1 t "o 7 to (f] a ,m>cus ,crassus ! p[]1 by ! m]e snapp+ ( 8 f+]s1 to get himself nam$ z heir1 :5 he 0 n really an heir1 he w\ld1 ,i w>rant y1 dance 9 ! =um4 ,b ! righte\s man1 ! "o :om we feel to be a good man1 w\ld nev] rob anyone ( any?+ to enri* himself4 ,if anybody is a/oni%$ at ?is doctr9e1 let him confess t he does n "k :at a good man is4 99#gf99 ,:o is ! good man8 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 anyone %\ld desire to unfold ! idea ( a good man :i* lies wrapp$ up 9 8 own m9d1,,bn he w\ld !n at once make x cle> to himself t a good man is "o :o helps all :om he c & h>ms nobody1 unless provok$ by wrong4 ,:at %all we say1 !n8 ,w\ld he n be do+ h>m :o by a k9d ( magic spell %\ld succe$ 9 displac+ ! real heirs to an e/ate & pu%+ himself into _! place8 ,well1 "s "o may say1 is he n to d :at is exp$i5t1 :at is advantage\s to himself8 ,nay1 v]ily2 he %\ld r be br\ght to realize t no?+ t is unju/ is ei!r advantage\s or exp$i5t2 if he does n le>n ?is lesson1 x w nev] be possible = him to be a good man4 99#gg99 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy1 ,i us$ to he> my fa!r tell t ,gaius ,fimbria1 an ex-consul1 0 judge 9 a case ( ,m>cus ,lutatius ,p9?ia1 a ,roman knight ( irreproa*able "*4 ,on t occasion ,p9?ia _h laid a wag] to be =feit$ if he did n prove 9 c\rt t he 0 a good man4 ,fimbria decl>$ t he w\ld nev] r5d] a decision 9 su* a case1 = fe> t he might ei!r rob a reputable man ( 8 good "n1 if he decid$ aga9/ him1 or be ?\ght to h pron\nc$ "s "o a good man1 :5 su* a "* is1 z he said1 e/abli%$ by ! p]=mance ( c\ntless duties & ! possession ( praisewor?y qualities )\t numb]4 ,to a good man moral wrong is nev] exp$i5t4 ,to ?is type ( good man1 !n1 kn[n n only to a ,socrates b ev5 to a ,fimbria1 no?+ c possibly seem exp$i5t t is n morally "r4 ,su* a man1 !re=e1 w nev] v5ture to ?9k--to say no?+ ( do+--any?+ t he w\ld n d>e op5ly to proclaim4 ,is x n a %ame t philosoph]s %\ld be 9 d\bt ab\t moral que/ions on :i* ev5 peasants h no d\bts at all8 ,= x is ) peasants t ! prov]b1 already trite ) age1 orig9at$3 :5 !y praise a man's hon\r & hone/y1 !y say ,he is a man ) :om y c safely play at odd & ev5,,bo 9 ! d>k4 ,:at is ! po9t ( ! prov]b b ?is--t :at is n prop] br+s no advantage1 ev5 if y c ga9 y\r end )\t any "o's be+ able to convict y ( wrong8 99#gh99 ,d y n see t 9 ! light ( ?is prov]b no excuse is available ei!r = ! ,gyges ( ! /ory or = ! man :o ,i assum$ a mom5t ago c\ld ) a snap ( 8 f+]s sweep toge!r ev]ybody's inh]itance at once4 ,= z ! morally wrong _c by any possibility be made morally "r1 h[ev] successfully x may be cov]$ up1 s :at is n morally "r _c be made exp$i5t1 = nature refuses & resi/s4 ,,bn ,! ,platonic doctr9e ( ideas kn[n 9 a previ\s exi/5ce & gradually develop+ into r5ew$ consci\sness4 ,le>n+ is b a rememb]+ ( :at ! s\l has kn[n be=e4 ,,bo ,lit4 'fla% ) ! f+]s'2 %oot out "s f+]s ! numb] ( :i* _h to be guess$4 99#gi99 ,,xx4 ,at enim1 cum p]magna praemia sunt1 e/ causa pecc&i4 ,c4 ,m>ius cum a spe consulatus longe abesset et iam#ccd septimum annum po/ praeturam iac]et1 neque petiturus umquam consulatum vid]etur1 ,q4 ,metellum1 cuius legatus erat1 summum virum et civem1 cum ab eo1 imp]atore suo1 ,romam missus esset1 apud populum ,romanum crim9atus e/ bellum illum duc]e2 si se consulem feciss5t2 brevi tempore aut vivum aut mortuum ,iugur?am se 9 pote/atem populi ,romani r$acturum4 ,itaque factus e/ ille quidem consul1 s$ a fide iu/itiaque discessit1 qui optimum et gravissimum civem1 cuius legatus et a quo missus esset1 9 invidiam falso crim9e addux]it4 99#hj99 ,ne no/] quidem ,gratidianus (ficio viri boni functus e/ tum1 cum praetor esset collegiumque praetorium tribuni plebi adhibuiss5t1 ut res numm>ia de communi s5t5tia con/itu]etur2 iactabatur enim temporibus illis nummus sic1 ut nemo posset scire1 quid hab]et4 ,conscrips]unt communit] edictum cum po5a atque iudicio con/itu]untque1 ut omnes simul 9 ro/ra po/ m]idiem esc5d]5t4 ,et cet]i quidem alius alio1 ,m>ius ab subselliis 9 ro/ra recta idque1 quod communit] compositum fu]at1 solus edixit4 ,et ea res1 si qua]is1 ei magno honori fuit2 omnibus vicis /atuae1 ad eas tus1 c]ei2 quid multa8 nemo umquam multitud9i fuit c>ior4 99#ha99 ,haec sunt1 quae conturb5t 9 delib]atione non numquam1 cum id1 9 quo violatur aequitas1 non ita magnum1 illud autem1 quod ex eo p>itur1 p]magnum videtur1 ut ,m>io pra]ip]e collegis et tribunis plebi popul>em gratiam non ita turpe1 consulem ob eam rem fi]i1 quod sibi tum proposu]at1 valde utile videbatur4 ,s$ omnium una regula e/1 quam tibi cupio esse notissimam1 aut illud1 quod utile videtur1 turpe ne sit aut1 si turpe e/1 ne videatur esse utile4 ,quod igitur8 possumusne aut illum ,m>ium virum bonum iudic>e aut hunc#cce8 ,explica atque excute intelleg5tiam tuam1 ut videas1 quae sit 9 ea species =ma#ccf et notio viri boni4 ,cadit ergo 9 virum bonum m5tiri emolum5ti sui causa1 crim9>i1 pra]ip]e1 fall]e8 ,nihil pr(ecto m9us4 99#hb99 ,e/ ergo ulla res tanti aut commodum ullum tam expet5dum1 ut viri boni et spl5dorem et nom5 amittas8 ,quid e/1 quod aff]re tantum utilitas i/a1 quae dicitur1 possit1 quantum auf]re1 si boni viri nom5 eripu]it1 fidem iu/itiamque detrax]it8 ,quid enim int]e/1 utrum ex hom9e se conv]tat quis 9 beluam an hom9is figura immanitatem g]at beluae8 #ccd et iam ,edd42 etiam ,,mss4 #cce aut hunc c1 ,edd42 atque hunc ,b ,h a b4 #ccf ea species =ma ,b ,h a b2 ea specie =ma c p2 ea =ma1 ,klotz1 ,he9e1 ,ed42 ea species1 ,bt4 ,! moral loss t comes f wrong ambitions3 99#gi99 ,,xx4 ,b /ay1 "s "o w object1 :5 ! prize is v great1 !re is excuse = do+ wrong4 7#a7 ,m>ius1 ,gaius ,m>ius _h be5 left 9 obscurity = m ?an six :ole ye>s aft] 8 praetor%ip & _h sc>cely ! remote/ hope ( ga9+ ! consul%ip4 ,x look$ z if he w\ld nev] ev5 be a c&idate = t (fice4 ,he 0 n[ a lieut5ant "u ,qu9tus ,metellus1 :o s5t him on a furl\gh to ,rome4 ,!re be=e ! ,roman ,p he accus$ 8 own g5]al1 an em95t man & "o ( our fir/ citiz5s1 ( purposely protract+ ! w> & decl>$ t if !y w\ld make him consul1 he w\ld )9 a %ort "t deliv] ,jugur?a alive or dead into ! h&s ( ! ,roman ,p4 ,& s he 0 elect$ consul1 x is true1 b he 0 a traitor to 8 own good fai? & to ju/ice2 = by a false *>ge he subject$ to popul> disfav\r an exempl>y & highly respect$ citiz51 & t too1 al?\gh he 0 8 lieut5ant & "u leave ( abs5ce f him4 7#b7 ,gratidianus1 99#hj99 ,ev5 our k9sman ,gratidianus fail$ on "o occasion to p]=m :at w\ld be a good man's duty3 9 8 praetor%ip ! tribunes ( ! p summon$ ! college ( praetors to c\nsel1 9 ord] to adopt by jo9t resolution a /&>d ( value = our curr5cy2 = at t "t ! value ( money 0 s fluctuat+ t no "o c\ld tell h[ mu* he 0 wor?4 ,9 jo9t session !y draft$ an ord9ance1 def9+ ! p5alty & ! me?ods ( proc$ure 9 cases ( violation ( ! ord9ance1 & agre$ t !y %\ld all appe> toge!r ^u ! ro/ra 9 ! aft]noon to publi% x4 ,& :ile all ! re/ )drew1 "s 9 "o direction1 "s 9 ano!r1 ,m>ius 7,gratidianus7 w5t /raight f ! c\ncil *amb] to ! ro/ra & publi%$ individually :at _h be5 drawn up by all toge!r4 ,& t c\p1 if y c>e to "k1 br\ght him va/ hon\r2 9 e /reet /atues ( him 7 erect$2 be=e ^! inc5se & c&les burn$4 ,9 a ^w1 no "o ev] enjoy$ great] popul>ity ) ! masses4 ,no mat]ial ga9 c comp5sate = moral loss4 99#ha99 ,x is su* cases z ^! t sometimes p]plex u 9 our consid]ation1 :5 ! po9t 9 :i* ju/ice is violat$ does n seem s v significant1 b ! consequ5ces ( su* slight transgression seem exce$+ly important4 ,= example1 x 0 n s v wrong morally1 9 ! eyes ( ,m>ius1,,bp to ov]rea* 8 colleagues & ! tribunes 9 turn+ to himself alone all ! cr$it ) ! p2 b to secure by t means 8 election to ! consul%ip1 :i* 0 !n ! goal ( 8 ambition1,,bq seem$ v greatly to 8 int]e/4 ,b = all cases we h "o rule1 ) :i* ,i desire y to be p]fectly famili>3 t :i* seems exp$i5t mu/ n be morally wrong2 or1 if x is morally wrong1 x mu/ n seem exp$i5t4 ,:at foll[s8 ,c we acc\nt ei!r ! great ,m>ius or our ,m>ius ,gratidianus a good man8 ,"w out y\r own ideas & sift y\r ?\ghts s z to see :at conception & idea ( a good man !y conta94 ,pray1 tell me1 does x co9cide ) ! "* ( y\r good man to lie = 8 own pr(it1 to sl&]1 to ov]rea*1 to deceive8 ,nay1 v]ily2 any?+ b t6 99#hb99 ,is !re1 !n1 any object ( su* value or any advantage s wor? ! w9n+ t1 to ga9 x1 "o %\ld sacrifice ! "n ( a good man & ! lu/re ( 8 reputation8 ,:at is !re t y\r s-call$ exp$i5cy c br+ to y t w comp5sate = :at x c take away1 if x /eals f y ! "n ( a good man & causes y to lose y\r s5se ( hon\r & ju/ice8 ,= :at diff]5ce does x make :e!r a man is actually trans=m$ into a bea/ or :e!r1 keep+ ! outw>d appe>ance ( a man1 he has ! savage nature ( a bea/ )98 ,,bp ,gratidianus's4 ,,bq ,nev] atta9$1 h[ev]4 ,= 8 conspicu\s position z a popul> lead] made him an e>ly m>k = ,sulla's proscriptions4 ,,xxi4 ,quid8 qui omnia recta et hone/a neglegunt1 dum modo pot5tiam consequantur1 nonne idem faciunt1 quod is1 qui etiam soc]um hab]e voluit eum1 cuius ipse audacia pot5s esset8 ,utile ei videbatur plurimum posse alt]ius invidia2 id quam iniu/um 9 patriam et quam turpe esset1 non videbat4 ,ipse autem soc] 9 ore semp] ,graecos v]sus de ,pho5issis habebat1 quos dicam1 ut pot]o1 incondite =tasse1 s$ tam51 ut res possit intellegi3 ,eur4 ,pho54 #ebd-ebe ,nam s viol&um e/ is1 regn&i grtia ,violndum e/2 aliis rbus pietatm colas4 ,capitalis ,eteocles vel potius ,euripides1#ccg qui id unum1 quod omnium scel]atissimum fu]it1 excep]it6 99#hc99 ,quid igitur m9uta colligimus1 h]$itates1 m]caturas1 v5ditiones fraudul5tas8 ecce tibi1 qui rex populi ,romani dom9usque omnium g5tium esse concupiv]it idque p]fec]it6 ,hanc cupiditatem si hone/am quis esse dicit1 am5s e/2 probat enim legum et lib]tatis int]itum e>umque oppressionem taetram et dete/abilem gloriosam putat4 ,qui autem fatetur hone/um non esse 9 ea civitate1 quae lib]a fu]it quaeque#cch esse debeat1 regn>e1 s$ ei1 qui id fac]e possit1 esse utile1 qua hunc obiurgatione aut quo potius convicio a tanto errore con] avell]e8 ,pote/ enim1 di immortales6 cuiquam esse utile fo$issimum et taet]rimum p>ricidium patriae1 quamvis is1 qui se eo ob/r9x]it1 ab oppressis civibus p>5s nom9etur8 ,hone/ate igitur dirig5da#cci utilitas e/1 et quidem sic1 ut haec duo v]bo int] se discrep>e1 re unum son>e videantur4 99#hd99 ,non habeo1 ad volgi op9ionem quae maior utilitas quam regn&i esse possit2 nihil contra inutilius ei1 qui id iniu/e consecutus sit1 inv5io1 cum ad v]itatem coepi revoc>e rationem4 ,possunt enim cuiquam esse utiles angores1 sollicitud9es1 diurni et nocturni metus1 vita insidi>um p]iculorumque pl5issima8 ,inc4 ,fab41 ,ribbeck#b1 #fea ,mlti iniqui atque nfideles rgno1 pauci bnivoli1#cdj inquit ,accius4 ,at cui regno8 ,quod a ,tantalo et ,pelope proditum iure opt9ebatur4 ,nam quanto pluris ei regi putas1 qui ex]citu populi ,romani populum ipsum ,romanum oppressisset civitatemque non modo lib]am1 s$ etiam g5tibus imp]antem s]vire sibi cogisset8 99#he99 ,hunc tu quas consci5tiae labes 9 animo c5ses habuisse1 quae vuln]a8 ,cuius autem vita ipsi pote/ utilis esse1 cum eius vitae ea condicio sit1 ut1 qui illam eripu]it1 9 maxima et gratia futurus sit et gloria8 ,quodsi haec utilia non sunt1 quae maxime vid5tur1 quia pl5a sunt d$ecoris ac turpitud9is1 satis p]suasum esse debet nihil esse utile1 quod non hone/um sit4 #ccg ,bracket$ by ,ed41 ,he9e1 et al4 #cch fu]it quaeque c1 ,edd42 fuit ,b ,h a b4 #cci dirig5da ,,mss41 ,edd4 pl]ique2 d]ig5da ,ed4 #cdj b5i7e7voli ,/r5bg42 b5ivoli sunt c2 boni sunt ,b ,h a b4 ,,xxi4 ,aga91 :5 p disreg>d ev]y?+ t is morally "r & true1 if only !y may secure p[] !reby1 7#c7 ,pompey1 are !y n pursu+ ! same c\rse z he,,br :o wi%$ to h z a fa!r-9-law ! man by ^: effront]y he might ga9 p[] = himself8 ,he ?\ght x advantage\s to secure supreme p[] :ile ! odium ( x fell ^u ano!r2 & he fail$ to see h[ unju/ to 8 c\ntry ?is 01 & h[ wrong morally4 7#d7 ,caes>4 ,b ! fa!r-9-law himself us$ to h cont9ually ^u 8 lips ! ,greek v]ses f ! ,pho5issae1 :i* ,i w reproduce z well z ,i c--awkw>dly1 x may be1 b /ill s t ! mean+ c be und]/ood3 ,if wrong may e'er be "r1 = a ?rone's sake ,7 wrong mo/ "r3--be ,god 9 all else fe>$6,,bs ,our tyrant des]v$ 8 dea? = hav+ made an exception ( ! "o ?+ t 0 ! blacke/ crime ( all4 99#hc99 ,:y d we ga!r in/ances ( petty crime--legacies crim9ally obta9$ & fraudul5t buy+ & sell+8 ,behold1 "h y h a man :o 0 ambiti\s to be k+ ( ! ,roman ,p & ma/] ( ! :ole _w2 & he a*iev$ x6 ,ev5 to ga9 a ?rone by moral wrong is n exp$i5t4 ,! man :o ma9ta9s t su* an ambition is morally "r is a madman2 = he ju/ifies ! de/ruction ( law & lib]ty & ?9ks _! hide\s & dete/able suppression glori\s4 ,b if anyone agrees t x is n morally "r to be k+ 9 a /ate t once 0 free & t ought to be free n[1 & yet imag9es t x is advantage\s = him :o c rea* t position1 ) :at remon/rance or r ) :at appeal %\ld ,i try to te> him away f s /range a delusion8 ,=1 oh ye immortal gods6 c ! mo/ horrible & hide\s ( all murd]s--t ( fa!rl&--br+ advantage to anybody1 ev5 ?\gh he :o has committ$ su* a crime receives f 8 enslav$ fell[-citiz5s ! title ( ,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry,,bt8 ,id5tity ( exp$i5cy & moral rectitude4 ,exp$i5cy1 !re=e1 mu/ be measur$ by ! /&>d ( moral rectitude1 & 9 su* a way1 too1 t ^! two words %all seem 9 s\nd only to be diff]5t b 9 real mean+ to be "o & ! same4 99#hd99 ,:at great] advantage "o c\ld h1 accord+ to ! /&>d ( popul> op9ion1 ?an to be a k+1 ,i d n "k2 :51 h[ev]1 ,i beg9 to br+ ! "q back to ! /&>d ( tru?1 !n ,i f9d no?+ m disadvantage\s = "o :o has ris5 to t height by inju/ice4 ,= c occasions = worry1 anxiety1 fe> by day & by night1 & a life all beset ) plots & p]ils be ( advantage to anybody8 ,?rones h _m foes & fri5ds untrue1 b few devot$ fri5ds1 says ,accius4 ,b ( :at sort ( ?rone 0 he speak+8 ,:y1 "o t 0 held by "r1 h&$ d[n f ,tantalus & ,pelops4 ,aye1 b h[ _m m foes1 ?9k y1 _h t k+ :o ) ! ,roman ,p's army br\ght ! ,roman ,p !mselves into subjection & compell$ a /ate t n only _h be5 free b _h be5 mi/ress ( ! _w to be 8 slave8 99#he99 ,:at /a9s d y ?9k he _h ^u 8 consci5ce1 :at sc>s ^u 8 he>t8 ,b ^: life c be advantage\s to himself1 if t life is 8 on ! condition t ! man :o takes x %all be held 9 undy+ gratitude & glory8 ,b if ^! ?+s :i* seem s v advantage\s are n advantage\s because !y are full ( %ame & moral wrong1 we ought to be q conv9c$ t no?+ c be exp$i5t t is n morally "r4 ,,br ,pompey1 :o 9 #ei m>ri$ ,caes>'s daught] ,julia1 tw5ty-f\r ye>s 8 junior1 & already betro!d to ,caepio4 ,,bs ,f ,a4 ,s4 ,way's translation4 ,,bt ,! title be/[$ on ,cic]o = sav+ ! republic 79 #fc7 & on ,caes> = ov]?r[+ x 7aft] ! battle ( ,munda1 9 #de74 99#hf99 ,,xxii4 ,quamquam id quidem cum saepe alias1 tum ,pyrrhi bello a ,c4 ,fabricio consule it]um et a s5atu no/ro iudicatum e/4 ,cum enim rex ,pyrrhus populo ,romano bellum ultro intulisset1 cumque de imp]io c]tam5 esset cum rege g5]oso ac pot5ti1#cda p]fuga ab eo v5it 9 ca/ra ,fabrici eique e/ pollicitus1 si praemium sibi proposuisset1 se1 ut clam v5isset1 sic clam 9 ,pyrrhi ca/ra r$iturum et eum v55o necaturum4 ,hunc ,fabricius r$uc5dum curavit ad ,pyrrhum1 idque eius factum laudatum a s5atu e/4 ,atqui1 si speciem utilitatis op9ionemque qua]imus1 magnum illud bellum p]fuga unus et gravem adv]s>ium imp]ii su/ulisset1 s$ magnum d$ecus et flagitium1 quicum laudis c]tam5 fuisset1 eum non virtute1 s$ scel]e sup]atum4 99#hg99 ,utrum igitur utilius vel ,fabricio1 qui talis 9 hac urbe1 qualis ,ari/ides ,a!nis1 fuit1 vel s5atui no/ro1 qui numquam utilitatem a dignitate seiunxit1 armis cum ho/e c]t>e an v55is8 ,si gloriae causa imp]ium expet5dum e/1 scelus absit1 9 quo non pote/ esse gloria2 s9 ipsae opes expetuntur quoquo modo1 non pot]unt utiles esse cum infamia4 ,non igitur utilis illa ,l4 ,philippi ,q4 f4 s5t5tia1 quas civitates ,l4 ,sulla pecunia accepta ex s5atus consulto lib]avisset1 ut eae rursus vectigales ess5t neque iis pecuniam1 quam pro lib]tate d$]ant1 r$d]emus4 ,ei s5atus e/ ass5sus4 ,turpe imp]io6 pirat>um enim melior fides quam s5atus4 ,at aucta vectigalia1 utile igitur4 ,qu\sque audebunt dic]e quicquam utile1 quod non hone/um8 99#hh99 pote/ autem ulli imp]io1 quod gloria debet fultum esse et b5ivol5tia sociorum1 utile esse odium et infamia8 ,ego etiam cum ,catone meo saepe diss5si2 nimis mihi praefracte videbatur a]>ium vectigaliaque def5d]e1 omnia publicanis neg>e1 multa sociis1 cum 9 hos b5efici esse deb]emus1 cum illis sic ag]e1 ut cum colonis no/ris sol]emus1 eoque magis1 quod#cdb illa ord9um coniunctio ad salutem rei publicae p]t9ebat4 ,male etiam ,curio1 cum causam ,transpadanorum aequam esse dicebat1 semp] autem addebat3 ,v9cat utilitas6 ,potius doc]et non esse aequam1 quia non esset utilis rei publicae1 quam1 cum utilem non esse dic]et1 esse aequam fat]etur4 #cda pot5ti ,nonius1 ,edd42 pot5te ,,mss4 #cdb quod ,l c1 ,edd42 quo ,b ,h a b4 ,app>5t conflicts betwe5 exp$i5cy & moral rectitude3 7#a7 ,fabricius & ! des]t]1 99#hf99 ,,xxii4 ,& yet ?is v "q has be5 decid$ on _m occasions be=e & s9ce2 b 9 ! w> ) ,pyrrhus ! decision r5d]$ by ,gaius ,fabricius1 9 8 second consul%ip1 & by our s5ate 0 p>ticul>ly /rik+4 ,)\t provocation ,k+ ,pyrrhus _h decl>$ w> ^u ! ,roman ,p2 ! /ruggle 0 aga9/ a g5]\s & p[]ful pr9ce1 & ! supremacy ( p[] 0 ! prize2 a des]t] came ov] f him to ! camp ( ,fabricius & promis$1 if ,fabricius w\ld assure him ( a rew>d1 to return to ! camp ( ,pyrrhus z secretly z he _h come1 adm9i/] poison to ! k+1 & br+ ab\t 8 dea?4 ,fabricius saw to x t ?is fell[ 0 tak5 back to ,pyrrhus2 & 8 action 0 comm5d$ by ! s5ate4 ,& yet1 if ! m]e %[ ( exp$i5cy & ! popul> conception ( x are all we want1 ?is "o des]t] w\ld h put an end to t wa/+ w> & to a =midable foe ( our supremacy2 b x w\ld h be5 a la/+ %ame & disgrace to u to h ov]come n by val\r b by crime ! man ) :om we _h a conte/ = glory4 99#hg99 ,:i* c\rse1 !n1 0 m exp$i5t = ,fabricius1 :o 0 to our city :at ,ari/ides 0 to ,a!ns1 or = our s5ate1 :o nev] divorc$ exp$i5cy f hon\r--to cont5d aga9/ ! enemy ) ! sword or ) poison8 ,if supremacy is to be s\ght = ! sake ( glory1 crime %\ld be exclud$1 = !re c be no glory 9 crime2 b if x is p[] = its own sake t is s\ght1 :atev] ! price1 x _c be exp$i5t if x is l9k$ ) %ame4 7#b7 ! s5ate & ! tribut>y allies1 ,t well-kn[n measure1 !re=e1 introduc$ by ,philippus1 ! son ( ,qu9tus1 0 n exp$i5t4 ,) ! au?ority ( ! s5ate1 ,lucius ,sulla _h exempt$ f taxation c]ta9 /ates ^u receipt ( a lump sum ( money f !m4 ,philippus propos$ t !y %\ld aga9 be r$uc$ to ! condition ( tribut>y /ates1 )\t repaym5t on our "p ( ! money t !y _h paid = _! exemption4 ,& ! s5ate accept$ 8 proposal4 ,%ame ^u our gov]nm5t6 ,! pirates' s5se ( hon\r is high] ?an ! s5ate's4 ,b1 "s "o w say1 ! rev5ues 7 increas$1 & !re=e x 0 exp$i5t4 ,h[ long w p v5ture to say t a ?+ t is n morally "r c be exp$i5t8 99#hh99 ,fur!rmore1 c hatr$ & %ame be exp$i5t = any gov]nm5t8 ,= gov]nm5t ought to be f\nd$ ^u fair fame & ! loyalty ( allies8 7#c7 ,cato & ! publicans1 ,on ?is po9t ,i (t5 disagre$ ev5 ) my fri5d ,cato2 x seem$ to me t he 0 too rigor\s 9 8 wat*ful c>e ov] ! claims ( ! treasury & ! rev5ues2 he refus$ ev]y?+ t ! f>m]s ( ! rev5ue ask$ = & mu* t ! allies desir$2 :]eas1 z ,i insi/$1 x 0 our duty to be g5]\s to ! allies & to treat ! publicans z we 7 accu/om$ individually to treat our t5ants--& all ! m1 because h>mony betwe5 ! ord]s 0 ess5tial to ! welf>e ( ! republic4,,bu 7#d7 ,curio & ! colonies4 ,curio1 too1 0 wrong1 :5 he plead$ t ! dem&s ( ! p beyond ! ,po 7 j1 b nev] fail$ to add ,let exp$i5cy prevail4 ,he ought r to h prov$ t ! claims 7 n j1 because !y 7 n exp$i5t = ! republic1 ?an to h admitt$ t !y 7 j1 :51 z he ma9ta9$1 !y 7 n exp$i5t4 ,,bu ,! publicans1 f>m]s ( ! rev5ue1 7 ! money$ m5 ( ! times & belong$ to ! eque/rian ord]4 ,!y pur*as$ f ! s5ate ! f>m+ ( ! rev5ues & !n sublet _! contract to ! collectors4 ,sometimes !y f\nd t !y _h agre$ to pay too high a rate & petition$ ! s5ate to release !m f _! contract or r$uce _! obligations1 z on ?is occasion 7,b4,c4 #fa74 ,! opposition ( ,cato & o!rs /ra9$ ! relations betwe5 ! s5ate1 :o _h control ( ! bus9ess1 & ! eque/rian ord]1 driv+ _m ( ! equites ov] to ,caes>'s side4 ,complete h>mony betwe5 ! s5ate & ! knights1 z ,cic]o says1 0 ! only ?+ t c\ld h sav$ ,rome f ! popul> p>ty & ,caes>4 99#hi99 ,,xxiii4 ,pl5us e/ sextus lib] de (ficiis ,hecatonis talium quae/ionum3 sitne boni viri 9 maxima c>itate annonae familiam non al]e4 ,9 utramque p>tem disputat1 s$ tam5 ad extremum utilitate1 ut putat1 (ficium dirigit#cdc magis quam humanitate4 ,qua]it1 si 9 m>i iactura faci5da sit1 equ9e pretiosi potius iacturam faciat an s]voli vilis4 ,hic alio res famili>is1 alio ducit humanitas4 ,si tabulam de naufragio /ultus arripu]it1 extorquebitne eam sapi5s1 si potu]it8 ,negat1 quia sit iniurium4 ,quid8 dom9us navis eripietne suum8 ,m9ime1 non plus quam navigantem#cdd 9 alto eic]e de navi velit1 quia sua sit4 ,quoad enim p]v5tum e/#cde eo1 quo sumpta navis e/1 non dom9i e/ navis1 s$ navigantium4 99#ij99 ,quid8 si una tabula sit1 duo naufragi1 eique sapi5tes1 sib9e ut]que#cdf rapiat1 an alt] c$at alt]i8 ,c$at v]o1 s$ ei1 cuius magis int]sit vel sua vel rei publicae causa viv]e4 ,quid1 si haec p>ia 9 utroque8 ,nullum erit c]tam51 s$ quasi sorte aut mic&o victus alt]i c$et alt]4 ,quid8 si pat] fana expilet1 cuniculos agat ad a]>ium1 indicetne id magi/ratibus filius8 ,nefas id quidem e/1 qu9 etiam def5dat patrem1 si arguatur4 ,non igitur patria prae/at omnibus (ficiis8 ,immo v]o1 s$ ipsi patriae conducit pios hab]e cives 9 p>5tes4 ,quid8 si tyrannidem occup>e1 si patriam prod]e conabitur pat]1 silebitne filius8 ,immo v]o obsecrabit patrem1 ne id faciat4 ,si nihil pr(iciet1 accusabit1 m9abitur etiam1 ad extremum1 si ad p]niciem patriae res spectabit1 patriae salutem anteponet saluti patris4 99#ia99 ,qua]it etiam1 si sapi5s adult]9os nummos accep]it imprud5s pro bonis1 cum id resci]it1 soluturusne sit eos1 si cui#cdg debeat1 pro bonis4 ,diog5es ait1 ,antipat] negat1 cui potius ass5tior4 ,qui v9um#cdh fugi5s v5dat sci5s1 debeatne dic]e4 ,non necesse putat ,diog5es1 ,antipat] viri boni exi/imat4 ,haec sunt quasi controv]sa iura ,/oicorum4 ,9 mancipio v5d5do dic5dane vitia1 non ea1 quae nisi dix]is1 r$hibeatur mancipium iure civili1 s$ haec1 m5dacem esse1 aleatorem1 furacem1 ebriosum8 ,alt]i dic5da vid5tur1 alt]i non vid5tur4 99#ib99 ,si quis aurum v5d5s ori*alcum se putet v5d]e1 indicetne ei vir bonus aurum illud esse an emat d5>io1 quod sit mille d5>ium8 ,p]spicuum e/ iam1 et quid mihi videatur1 et quae sit int] eos philosophos1 quos nom9avi1 controv]sia4 #cdc dirigit ,,mss41 ,edd4 pl]ique2 d]igit ,ed4 #cdd quam navigantem ,heus41 ,edd42 quam si navigantem ,,mss4 #cde e/ c1 ,nonius2 sit ,b ,h a b4 #cdf sib9e ut]que ,victorius1 ,edd42 sibi neut] ,,mss4 #cdg si cui c1 ,nonius1 ,edd42 sicut ,b ,h a b4 #cdh v9um c1 ,nonius1 ,edd42 v55um ,b ,h a b p4 ,hecaton debates ! "q ( exp$i5cy vs4 moral rectitude4 99#hi99 ,,xxiii4 ,! six? book ( ,hecaton's ,moral ,duties is full ( que/ions l ! foll[+3 ,is x consi/5t ) a good man's duty to let 8 slaves g hungry :5 provisions are at fam9e prices8 ,hecaton gives ! argum5ts on bo? sides ( ! "q2 b /ill 9 ! end x is by ! /&>d ( exp$i5cy1 z he conceives x1 r ?an by "o ( human feel+1 t he decides ! "q ( duty4 ,!n he raises ?is "q3 suppos+ a man _h to ?r[ "p ( 8 c>go ov]bo>d 9 a /orm1 %\ld he pref] to sacrifice a high-pric$ horse or a *eap & wor?less slave8 ,9 ?is case reg>d = 8 prop]ty int]e/ incl9es him "o way1 human feel+ ! o!r4 ,suppose t a fooli% man has seiz$ hold ( a plank f a s9k+ %ip1 %all a wise man wre/ x away f him if he c8 ,no1 says ,hecaton2 = t w\ld be unju/4 ,b h[ ab\t ! own] ( ! %ip8 ,%all he take ! plank away because x belongs to him8 ,n at all2 no m ?an he w\ld be will+ :5 f> out at sea to ?r[ a pass5g] ov]bo>d on ! gr\nd t ! %ip 0 84 ,= until !y rea* ! place = :i* ! %ip is *>t]$1 %e belongs to ! pass5g]s1 n to ! own]4 99#ij99 ,aga92 suppose !re 7 two to be sav$ f ! s9k+ %ip--bo? ( !m wise m5--& only "o small plank1 %\ld bo? seize x to save !mselves8 ,or %\ld "o give place to ! o!r8 ,:y ( c\rse1 "o %\ld give place to ! o!r1 b t o!r mu/ be ! "o ^: life is m valuable ei!r = 8 own sake or = t ( 8 c\ntry4 ,b :at if ^! consid]ations are ( equal weight 9 bo?8 ,!n !re w be no conte/1 b "o w give place to ! o!r1 z if ! po9t 7 decid$ by lot or at a game ( odd & ev54 ,aga91 suppose a fa!r 7 robb+ temples or mak+ und]gr\nd passages to ! treasury1 %\ld a son in=m ! (fic]s ( x8 ,nay2 t 7 a crime2 r %\ld he def5d 8 fa!r1 9 case he 7 indict$4 ,well1 !n1 are n ! claims ( c\ntry p>am\nt to all o!r duties8 ,aye1 v]ily2 b x is to our c\ntry's int]e/ to h citiz5s :o are loyal to _! p>5ts4 ,b once m--if ! fa!r attempts to make himself k+1 or to betray 8 c\ntry1 %all ! son hold 8 peace8 ,nay1 v]ily2 he w plead ) 8 fa!r n to d s4 ,if t accompli%es no?+1 he w take him to task2 he w ev5 ?reat52 & 9 ! end1 if ?+s po9t to ! de/ruction ( ! /ate1 he w sacrifice 8 fa!r to ! safety ( 8 c\ntry4 ,a simil> debate by ,diog5es vs4 ,antipat]4 99#ia99 ,aga91 he raises ! "q3 ,if a wise man %\ld inadv]t5tly accept c\nt]feit money = good1 w he (f] x z g5u9e 9 paym5t ( a debt aft] he discov]s 8 mi/ake8 ,diog5es says ,yes2 ,antipat]1 ,no1 & ,i agree ) him4 ,if a man kn[+ly (f]s = sale w9e t is spoil+1 ought he tell 8 cu/om]s8 ,diog5es ?9ks t x is n requir$2 ,antipat] holds t an hone/ man w\ld d s4 ,^! are l s _m po9ts ( ! law disput$ among ! ,/oics4 ,9 sell+ a slave1 %\ld 8 faults be decl>$--n ^? only :i* ! sell] is b\nd by ! civil law to decl>e or h ! slave return$ to him1 b also ! fact t he is untru?ful1 or dispos$ to gamble1 or /eal1 or get drunk8 ,! "o ?9ks su* facts %\ld be decl>$1 ! o!r does n4 99#ib99 ,if a man ?9ks t he is sell+ brass1 :5 he is actually sell+ gold1 %\ld an upright man in=m him t 8 /uff is gold1 or g on buy+ = "o %ill+,,bv :at is wor? a ?\s&8 ,x is cle> en\gh by ?is "t :at my views are on ^! que/ions1 & :at are ! gr\nds ( dispute betwe5 ! above-nam$ philosoph]s4 ,,bv ,! d5>ius 0 wor? at ?is "t ab\t n9ep5ce4 ,,xxiv4 ,pacta et promissa semp]ne s]v&a s9t1 ,,quae ,,nec ,,vi ,,nec ,,dolo ,,malo1 ut praetores sol5t1 ,,facta ,,s9t4 ,si quis m$icam5tum cuipiam d$]it ad aquam int]cutem pepig]itque1 si eo m$icam5to sanus factus esset1 ne illo m$icam5to umquam po/ea ut]etur1 si eo m$icam5to sanus factus sit et annis aliquot po/ incid]it 9 eundem morbum nec ab eo1 quicum pepig]at1 impetret1 ut it]um eo#cdi liceat uti1 quid faci5dum sit4 ,cum sit is inhumanus1 qui non conc$at1 nec ei quicquam fiat iniuriae1 vitae et saluti consul5dum4 99#ic99 ,quid8 si qui sapi5s rogatus sit ab eo1 qui eum h]$em faciat1 cum ei te/am5to se/]tium milies rel9quatur1 ut1 ante quam h]$itatem adeat1 luce palam 9 =o saltet1 idque se facturum promis]it1 quod alit] h]$em eum scripturus ille non esset1 faciat1 quod promis]it1 necne8 ,promisisse nollem et id arbitror fuisse gravitatis2 quoniam promisit1 si salt>e 9 =o turpe ducet1 hone/ius m5tietur1 si ex h]$itate nihil cep]it1 quam si cep]it1 nisi =te eam pecuniam 9 rei publicae magnum aliquod tempus contul]it1 ut vel salt>e1 cum patriae consulturus sit1 turpe non sit4 #cdi it]um eo ,pe>ce1 ,edd42 item eo ,b ,h a b2 item tum c4 ,promises n b9d+3 7#a7 :5 life or heal? is at /ake1 ,,xxiv4 ,! "q arises also :e!r agreem5ts & promises mu/ always be kept1 :51 9 ! language ( ! praetors' edicts1 !y h n be5 secur$ ?r\gh =ce or crim9al fraud4 ,if "o man gives ano!r a rem$y = ! dropsy1 ) ! /ipulation t1 if he is cur$ by x1 he %all nev] make use ( x aga92 suppose ! pati5t's heal? is re/or$ by ! use ( x b "s ye>s lat] he contracts ! same disease once m2 & suppose he _c secure f ! man ) :om he made ! agreem5t p]mission to use ! rem$y aga91 :at %\ld he d8 ,t is ! "q4 ,s9ce ! man is unfeel+ 9 refus+ ! reque/1 & s9ce no h>m c\ld be done to him by 8 fri5d's us+ ! rem$y1 ! sick man is ju/ifi$ 9 do+ :at he c = 8 own life & heal?4 7#b7 :5 reputation is at /ake1 99#ic99 ,aga93 suppose t a millionaire is mak+ "s wise man 8 heir & leav+ him 9 8 w a hundr$ million se/]ces,,bw2 & suppose t he has ask$ ! wise man1 be=e he ent]s ^u 8 inh]itance1 to dance publicly 9 broad daylight 9 ! =um2 & suppose t ! wise man has giv5 8 promise to d s1 because ! ri* man w\ld n leave him 8 =tune on any o!r condition2 %\ld he keep 8 promise or n8 ,i wi% he _h made no su* promise2 t1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld h be5 9 keep+ ) 8 dignity4 ,b see+ t he has made x1 x w be morally bett] = him1 if he believes x morally wrong to dance 9 ! =um1 to break 8 promise & refuse to accept 8 inh]itance r ?an to keep 8 promise & accept x--unless1 p]haps1 he contributes ! money to ! /ate to meet "s grave crisis4 ,9 t case1 to promote !reby ! int]e/s ( "o's c\ntry1 x w\ld n be morally wrong ev5 to dance1 if y please1 9 ! =um4 ,,bw ,approximately #gej1jjj4 99#id99 ,,xxv4 ,ac ne illa quidem promissa s]v&a sunt1 quae non sunt iis#cej ipsis utilia1 quibus illa promis]is4 ,sol ,pha?onti filio1 ut r$eamus ad fabulas1 facturum se esse dixit1 quicquid optasset2 optavit1 ut 9 currum patris toll]etur2 sublatus e/4 ,atque#cea is1 ante quam con/itit1 ictu fulm9is deflagravit4 ,quanto melius fu]at 9 hoc promissum patris non esse s]vatum6 ,quid1 quod ,!seus exegit promissum a ,neptuno8 cui cum tres optationes ,neptunus d$isset1 optavit int]itum ,hippolyti filii1 cum is patri suspectus esset de nov]ca2 quo optato impetrato ,!seus 9 maximis fuit luctibus4 99#ie99 ,quid1 quod#ceb ,agamemnon cum devovisset ,dianae1 quod 9 suo regno pul*]rimum natum esset illo anno1 immolavit ,iphig5iam1 qua nihil erat eo quidem anno natum pul*rius8 ,promissum potius non faci5dum quam tam taetrum fac9us admitt5dum fuit4 ,ergo et promissa non faci5da non numquam1 neque semp] deposita r$d5da4 ,si gladium quis apud te sana m5te deposu]it1 repetat insani5s1 r$d]e peccatum sit1 (ficium non r$d]e4 ,quid8 si is1 qui apud te pecuniam deposu]it1 bellum inf]at patriae1 r$dasne depositum8 ,non cr$o2 facias#cec enim contra rem publicam1 quae debet esse c>issima4 ,sic multa1 quae hone/a natura vid5tur esse1 temporibus fiunt non hone/a2 fac]e promissa1 />e conv5tis1 r$d]e deposita commutata utilitate fiunt non hone/a4 ,ac de iis quidem1 quae vid5tur esse utilitates contra iu/itiam simulatione prud5tiae1 satis arbitror dictum4 99#if99 ,s$ quoniam a quattuor fontibus hone/atis #ae ff4 primo libro (ficia duximus1 9 eisdem v]semur1 cum docebimus ea1 #dj-gj quae videantur esse utilia neque s9t1 #ga-ie quam s9t virtutis inimica4 ,ac de prud5tia quidem1 quam vult imit>i malitia1 itemque de iu/itia1 quae semp] e/ utilis1 disputatum e/4 ,reliquae sunt duae p>tes hone/atis1 qu>um alt]a 9 animi excell5tis magnitud9e et prae/antia c]nitur1 alt]a 9 con=matione et mod]atione cont95tiae et temp]antiae4 #cej iis ,edd42 8 ,b ,h a b2 hijs c4 #cea ,atque ,,mss41 ,bt4#a1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 ,atqui ,fl41 ,bt4#b1 ,ed4 #ceb quod ,ed42 n 9 ,,mss41 ,bt41 et al4 #cec facias c1 ,bt41 ,ed41 ,he9e2 facies ,a ,b ,h a b1 ,mll]4 7#c7 :5 n exp$i5t = him to :om ! promise is made4 99#id99 ,,xxv4 ,no m b9d+ are ^? promises :i* are inexp$i5t = ! p]sons !mselves to :om !y h be5 giv54 ,to g back to ! realm ( /ory1 ! sungod promis$ 8 son ,pha?on to d = him :atev] he %\ld wi%4 ,8 wi% 0 to be all[$ to ride 9 8 fa!r's *>iot4 ,x 0 grant$4 ,& be=e he came back to ! gr\nd he 0 consum$ by a /roke ( lightn+4 ,h[ mu* bett] _h x be51 if 9 8 case ! fa!r's promise _h n be5 kept4 ,& :at ( t promise1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* ,!seus requir$ f ,neptune8 ,:5 ,neptune (f]$ him ?ree wi%es1 he wi%$ = ! dea? ( 8 son ,hippolytus1 because ! fa!r 0 suspici\s ( ! son's relations ) 8 /ep-"m4 ,& :5 ?is wi% 0 grant$1 ,!seus 0 ov]:elm$ ) grief4 99#ie99 ,& once m2 :5 ,agamemnon _h v[$ to ,diana ! mo/ beautiful creature born t ye> )9 8 realm1 he 0 br\ght to sacrifice ,iphig5ia2 = 9 t ye> no?+ 0 born m beautiful ?an %e4 ,he ought to h brok5 8 v[ r ?an commit s horrible a crime4 ,tru/s n always to be re/or$4 ,promises are1 !re=e1 sometimes n to be kept2 & tru/s are n always to be re/or$4 ,suppose t a p]son leaves 8 sword ) y :5 he is 9 8 "r m9d1 & dem&s x back 9 a fit ( insanity2 x w\ld be crim9al to re/ore x to him2 x w\ld be y\r duty n to d s4 ,aga91 suppose t a man :o has entru/$ money to y proposes to make w> ^u y\r common c\ntry1 %\ld y re/ore ! tru/8 ,i believe y %\ld n2 = y w\ld be act+ aga9/ ! /ate1 :i* ought to be ! de>e/ ?+ 9 ! _w to y4 ,?us !re are _m ?+s :i* 9 & ( !mselves seem morally "r1 b :i* "u c]ta9 circum/ances prove to be n morally "r3 to keep a promise1 to abide by an agreem5t1 to re/ore a tru/ may1 ) a *ange ( exp$i5cy1 cease to be morally "r4 ,) ?is ,i ?9k ,i h said en\gh ab\t ^? actions :i* masqu]ade z exp$i5t "u ! guise ( prud5ce1 :ile !y are really contr>y to ju/ice4 99#if99 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 9 ,book ,"o we d]iv$ moral duties f ! f\r s\rces ( moral rectitude1 let u cont9ue ! same f\rfold division "h 9 po9t+ out h[ ho/ile to virtue are ^? c\rses ( conduct :i* seem to be1 b really are n1 exp$i5t4 ,we h discuss$ wisdom1 :i* cunn+ seeks to c\nt]feit1 & likewise ju/ice1 :i* is always exp$i5t4 ,!re rema9 = our discussion two divisions ( moral rectitude1 ! "o ( :i* is disc]nible 9 ! greatness & pre-em95ce ( a sup]ior s\l1 ! o!r1 9 ! %ap+ & regulation ( x by temp]ance & self-control4 99#ig99 ,,xxvi4 ,utile videbatur ,ulixi1 ut quidem potae tragici prodid]unt 7nam apud ,hom]um1 optimum auctorem1 talis de ,ulixe nulla suspicio e/71 s$ insimulant eum trago$iae simulatione insaniae militiam subt]fug]e voluisse4 ,non hone/um consilium1 at utile1 ut aliquis =tasse dix]it1 regn>e et ,i?acae viv]e otiose cum p>5tibus1 cum uxore1 cum filio4 ,ullum tu decus 9 cotidianis laboribus et p]iculis cum hac tranquillitate conf]5dum putas8 ,ego v]o i/am contemn5dam et abici5dam1 quoniam1 quae hone/a non sit1 ne utilem quidem esse arbitror4 99#ih99 ,quid enim auditurum putas fuisse ,ulixem1 si 9 illa simulatione p]sev]avisset8 qui cum maximas res gess]it 9 bello1 tam5 haec audiat ab ,aiace3 7,accius or ,pacuvius1 ,judicium ,armorum87 ,inc4 inc4 fab41 ,ribbeck#b #ee-fj ,cuius pse pr9ceps iris iur& fuit1 ,quod mnes scitis1 slus neglext fidem2 ,fur]e ssimul>e1 n coiret1 n/itit4 ,quodn ,palam$i prspicax prudntia ,i/u p]cepset#ced mlitiosam audciam1 ,fid sacratae#cee is p]petuo fll]et4 99#ii99 ,illi v]o non modo cum ho/ibus1 v]um etiam cum fluctibus1 id quod fecit1 dimic>e melius fuit quam des]]e cons5ti5tem ,graeciam ad bellum b>b>is inf]5dum4 ,s$ omittamus et fabulas et ext]na2 ad rem factam no/ramque v5iamus4 ,m4 ,atilius ,regulus cum consul it]um 9 ,africa ex insidiis captus esset duce ,xan?ippo ,lac$aemonio1 imp]atore autem patre ,hannibalis ,hamilc>e1 iuratus missus e/ ad s5atum1 ut1 nisi r$diti ess5t ,po5is captivi nobiles quidam1 r$iret ipse ,c>?ag9em4 ,is cum ,romam v5isset1 utilitatis speciem videbat1 s$ eam1 ut res decl>at1 falsam iudicavit2 quae erat talis3 man]e 9 patria1 esse domui suae cum uxore1 cum lib]is1 quam calamitatem accepisset 9 bello1 communem =tunae bellicae iudicantem t5]e consul>is dignitatis gradum4 ,quis haec negat esse utilia8 quem c5ses8 ,magnitudo animi et =titudo negat4 99#ajj99 ,,xxvii4 ,num#cef locupletiores qua]is auctores8 ,h>um enim e/ virtutum proprium nihil extimesc]e1 omnia humana despic]e1 nihil1 quod hom9i accid]e possit1 intol]&um put>e4 ,itaque quid fecit8 ,9 s5atum v5it1 m&ata exposuit1 s5t5tiam ne dic]et recusavit1 quam diu iure iur&o ho/ium t5]etur1 non esse se s5atorem4 ,atque illud etiam 7,o /ultum hom9em1 dix]it quispiam1 et repugnantem utilitati suae671 r$di captivos negavit esse utile2 illos enim adulesc5tes esse et bonos duces1 se iam confectum s5ectute4 ,cuius cum valuisset auctoritas1 captivi ret5ti sunt1 ipse ,c>?ag9em r$iit1 neque eum c>itas patriae ret9uit nec suorum4 ,neque v]o tum ignorabat se ad crudelissimum ho/em et ad exquisita supplicia pr(icisci1 s$ ius iur&um cons]v&um putabat4 ,itaque tum1 cum vigil&o necabatur1 erat 9 meliore causa1 quam si domi s5ex captivus1 p]iurus consul>is remansisset4 99#aja99 ,at /ulte1 qui non modo non c5su]it captivos remitt5dos1 v]um etiam dissuas]it4 ,quo modo /ulte8 etiamne1 si rei publicae conducebat8 pote/ autem1 quod inutile rei publicae sit1 id cuiquam civi utile esse8 #ced p]cepset ,bt41 ,ed41 ,he9e2 p]cepisset ,,mss42 p]spexet ,mll]4 #cee sacratae ,edd42 sacrata ,b ,h a b2 sacratum c4 #cef num ,a ,l c1 ,edd42 nam ,b ,h a b4 ,app>5t ,exp$i5cy vs4 ,=titude3 7#a7 ,ulysses's ruse1 99#ig99 ,,xxvi4 ,ulysses ?\ght 8 ruse exp$i5t1 z ! tragic poets1 at lea/1 h repres5t$ him4 ,9 ,hom]1 our mo/ reliable au?ority1 no su* suspicion is ca/ ^u him2 b ! trag$ies *>ge him ) try+ to escape a soldi]'s s]vice by feign+ madness4 ,! trick 0 n morally "r1 b1 "s "o may p]haps say1 ,x 0 exp$i5t = him to keep 8 ?rone & live at ease 9 ,i?aca ) p>5ts1 wife1 & son4 ,d y ?9k t !re is any glory 9 fac+ daily toil & dang] t c be comp>$ ) a life ( su* tranquillity8 ,nay2 ,i ?9k t tranquillity at su* a price is to be despis$ & reject$2 = if x is n morally "r1 nei!r is x exp$i5t4 99#ih99 ,= :at d y ?9k w\ld h be5 said ( ,ulysses1 if he _h p]si/$ 9 t pret5d$ madness1 see+ t1 not)/&+ 8 de$s ( h]oism 9 ! w>1 he 0 nev]!less upbraid$ by ,ajax ?us3 ',twas he himself :o fir/ propos$ ! oa?2 ye all ,d "k2 yet he alone ( all 8 v[ did break2 ,he feign$ p]si/5tly t he 0 mad1 t ?us ,he might n h to jo9 ! ho/4 ,& _h n !n ,palam$es1 %rewd & wise1 8 tricky impud5ce ,unmask$1 he _h evad$ e'en = aye 8 v[4 99#ii99 ,nay1 = him x _h be5 bett] to battle n only ) ! enemy b also ) ! waves1 z he did1 ?an to des]t ,greece :5 %e 0 unit$ = wag+ ! w> aga9/ ! b>b>ians4 ,b let u leave illu/rations bo? f /ory & f =eign l&s & turn to real ev5ts 9 our own hi/ory4 7#b7 ! example ( ,regulus4 ,m>cus ,atilius ,regulus 9 8 second consul%ip 0 tak5 prison] 9 ,africa by ! /ratagem ( ,xan?ippus1 a ,sp>tan g5]al s]v+ "u ! comm& ( ,hannibal's fa!r ,hamilc>4,,bx ,he 0 s5t to ! s5ate on p>ole1 sworn to return to ,c>?age himself1 if c]ta9 noble prison]s ( w>,,by 7 n re/or$ to ! ,c>?ag9ians4 ,:5 he came to ,rome1 he c\ld n fail to see ! speci\s appe>ance ( exp$i5cy1 b he decid$ t x 0 unreal1 z ! outcome proves4 ,8 app>5t int]e/ 0 to rema9 9 8 own c\ntry1 to /ay at home ) 8 wife & *ildr51 & to reta9 8 rank & dignity z an ex-consul1 reg>d+ ! defeat :i* he _h suff]$ z a mis=tune t might come to anyone 9 ! game ( w>4 ,:o says t ?is 0 n exp$i5t8 ,:o1 ?9k y8 ,greatness ( s\l & c\rage say t x 0 n4 99#ajj99 ,! violation ( 8 oa? c\ld n h be5 exp$i5t = him4 ,,xxvii4 ,c y ask = m compet5t au?orities8 ,! d5ial comes f ^? virtues1 = x is *>act]i/ic ( !m to await no?+ ) fe>1 to rise sup]ior to all ! vicissitudes ( e>?ly life1 & to c\nt no?+ intol]able t c befall a human be+4 ,:at1 !n1 did he d8 ,he came into ! s5ate & /at$ 8 mission2 b he refus$ to give 8 own vote on ! "q2 =1 he held1 he 0 n a memb] ( ! s5ate s long z he 0 b\nd by ! oa? sworn to 8 enemies4 ,& m ?an t1 he said--,:at a fooli% fell[1 "s "o w say1 to oppose 8 own be/ int]e/s--he said t x 0 n exp$i5t t ! prison]s %\ld be return$2 = !y 7 "y m5 & gallant (fic]s1 :ile he 0 already b[$ ) age4 ,& :5 8 c\nsel prevail$1 ! prison]s 7 reta9$ & he himself return$ to ,c>?age2 affection = 8 c\ntry & 8 family fail$ to hold him back4 ,& ev5 !n he 0 n ignorant ( ! fact t he 0 go+ to a mo/ cruel enemy & to exquisite torture2 /ill1 he ?\ght 8 oa? mu/ be sacr$ly kept4 ,& s ev5 !n1 :5 he 0 be+ sl[ly put to dea? by en=c$ wakefulness1 he enjoy$ a happi] lot ?an if he _h rema9$ at home an ag$ prison] ( w>1 a man ( consul> rank =sworn4 99#aja99 ,b1 y w say1 x 0 fooli% ( him n only n to advocate ! ex*ange ( prison]s b ev5 to plead aga9/ su* action4 ,h[ 0 x fooli%8 ,0 x s1 ev5 if 8 policy 0 = ! good ( ! /ate8 ,nay2 c :at is inexp$i5t = ! /ate be exp$i5t = any individual citiz58 ,,bx ,cic]o is c>eless 9 8 dates4 ,regulus 0 consul 9 #bfg & #bef4 ,he 0 defeat$ & tak5 prison] 9 8 second proconsul%ip at ! battle ( ,tunes 9 #bee4 ,& ! ,hamilc> ( #bee 0 n ,hannibal's fa!r1 = 8 c>e] does n beg9 until #bdg1 :5 he 0 a m]e y\?1 & he 0 /ill 9 8 prime :5 he fell 9 battle 9 ,spa91 9 #bbi4 ,,by ,at ! battle ( ,panormus 9 #bej ,lucius ,caecilius ,metellus took among ! prison]s no less ?an ?irte5 ,c>?ag9ian g5]als--all m5 ( noble bir?4 ,,xxviii4 ,p]v]tunt hom9es ea1 quae sunt fundam5ta naturae1 cum utilitatem ab hone/ate seiungunt4 ,omnes enim expetimus utilitatem ad eamque rapimur nec fac]e alit] ullo modo possumus4 ,nam quis e/1 qui utilia fugiat8 aut quis potius1 qui ea non /udiosissime p]sequatur8 ,s$ quia nusquam possumus nisi 9 laude1 decore1 hone/ate utilia rep]ire1 propt]ea illa prima et summa habemus1 utilitatis nom5 non tam spl5didum quam necess>ium ducimus4 99#ajb99 ,quid e/ igitur1 dix]it quis1 9 iure iur&o8 num iratum timemus ,iovem8 ,at hoc quidem commune e/ omnium philosophorum1 non eorum modo1 qui deum nihil hab]e ipsum negotii dicunt1 nihil exhib]e alt]i1 s$ eorum etiam1 qui deum semp] ag]e aliquid et moliri volunt1 numquam nec irasci deum nec noc]e4 ,quid autem iratus ,iuppit] plus noc]e potuisset1 quam nocuit sibi ipse ,regulus8 ,nulla igitur vis fuit religionis1 quae tantam utilitatem p]v]t]et4 ,an ne turpit] fac]et8 ,primum m9ima de malis4 ,num#ceg igitur tantum mali turpitudo i/a habebat1#ceh quantum ille cruciatus8 ,de9de illud etiam apud ,accium3 ,atreus2 ,ribbeck#b1 #bbg-bbh ,fregi/n#cei fidem8 ,nque d$i neque d nfideli cuquam quamquam ab impio rege dicitur1 lucul5te tam5 dicitur4 99#ajc99 ,addunt etiam1 quem ad modum nos dicamus vid]i qua$am utilia1 quae non s9t1 sic se dic]e vid]i qua$am hone/a1 quae non s9t1 ut hoc ipsum videtur hone/um1 cons]v&i iuris iur&i causa ad cruciatum rev]tisse2 s$ fit non hone/um1 quia1 quod p] vim ho/ium esset actum1 ratum esse non debuit4 ,addunt etiam1 quicquid valde utile sit1 id fi]i hone/um1 etiamsi antea non vid]etur4 ,haec f]e contra ,regulum4 ,s$ prima quaeque#cfj videamus4 #ceg ,num ,edd42 non ,,mss4 #ceh habebat ,l c1 ,edd42 habebit ,a ,b ,h a b4 #cei fregi/9 ,edd42 fregi/9e ,a ,b ,h a b2 fregi/i ,l c4 #cfj quaeque ,=*hamm]1 ,mll]1 ,he9e2 n 9 ,,mss41 ,bt41 ,ed4 ,exp$i5cy insep>able f moral rectitude4 ,,xxviii4 ,p ov]turn ! fundam5tal pr9ciples e/abli%$ by nature1 :5 !y divorce exp$i5cy f moral rectitude4 ,= we all seek to obta9 :at is to u exp$i5t2 we are irresi/ibly drawn t[>d x1 & we _c possibly be o!rwise4 ,= :o is !re t w\ld turn 8 back ^u :at is to him exp$i5t8 ,or r1 :o is !re t does n ex]t himself to ! utmo/ to secure x8 ,b because we _c discov] x any:]e except 9 good report1 propriety1 & moral rectitude1 we look ^u ^! ?ree = t reason z ! fir/ & ! highe/ objects ( endeav\r1 :ile :at we t]m exp$i5cy we acc\nt n s mu* an ornam5t to our dignity z a necess>y incid5t to liv+4 ,argum5ts aga9/ ,regulus's fidelity to 8 oa?3 7#a7 he _h no ne$ to fe> ,god's wra?1 99#ajb99 ,:at significance1 !n1 "s "o w say1 d we atta* to an oa?8 ,x is n t we fe> ! wra? ( ,jove1 is x8 ,n at all2 x is ! univ]sally accept$ view ( all philosoph]s t ,god is nev] angry1 nev] hurtful4 ,?is is ! doctr9e n only ( ^?,,bz :o tea* t ,god is ,himself free f tr\bl+ c>es & t ,he imposes no tr\ble ^u o!rs1 b also ( ^?,,ca :o believe t ,god is ev] work+ & ev] direct+ ,8 _w4 ,fur!rmore1 suppose ,jupit] _h be5 wro?1 :at great] injury c\ld ,he h inflict$ ^u ,regulus ?an ,regulus br\ght ^u himself8 ,religi\s scruple1 !re=e1 _h no su* prepond]ance z to outweigh s great exp$i5cy4 7#b7 ,( two evils *oose ! less1 ,or 0 he afraid t 8 act w\ld be morally wrong8 ,z to t1 fir/ ( all1 ! prov]b says ',( evils *oose ! lea/4' ,did t moral wrong1 !n1 really involve z great an evil z did t awful torture8 ,& secondly1 !re are ! l9es ( ,accius3 ,?ye/es4 ',ha/ ?\ broke ?y fai?8' ,atreus4 ',none h ,i giv'n2 none give ,i ev] to ! fai?less4' ,al?\gh ?is s5tim5t is put into ! m\? ( a wick$ k+1 /ill x is illum9at+ 9 its correctness4 7#c7 oa?s extort$ by con/ra9t n b9d+1 99#ajc99 ,_! ?ird argum5t is ?is3 j z we ma9ta9 t "s ?+s seem exp$i5t b are n1 s !y ma9ta91 "s ?+s seem morally "r b are n4 ,= example1 !y cont5d1 9 ?is v case x seems morally "r = ,regulus to h return$ to torture = ! sake ( be+ true to 8 oa?4 ,b x proves n to be morally "r1 because :at an enemy extort$ by =ce ought n to h be5 b9d+4 7#d7 exceptional exp$i5cy makes "r4 ,z _! conclud+ argum5t1 !y add3 :atev] is highly exp$i5t may prove to be morally "r1 ev5 if x did n seem s 9 advance4 ,^! are 9 sub/ance ! argum5ts rais$ aga9/ ! conduct ( ,regulus4 ,let u consid] !m ea* 9 turn4 ,,bz ,! ,epicureans4 ,,ca ,! ,/oics4 99#ajd99 ,,xxix4 ,non fuit ,iuppit] metu5dus ne iratus noc]et1 qui neque irasci solet nec noc]e4 ,haec quidem ratio non magis contra ,reguli quam contra omne ius iur&um valet4 ,s$ 9 iure iur&o non qui metus1 s$ quae vis sit1 debet intellegi2 e/ enim ius iur&um affirmatio religiosa2 quod autem affirmate quasi deo te/e promis]is1 id t55dum e/4 ,iam enim non ad iram deorum1 quae nulla e/1 s$ ad iu/itiam et ad fidem p]t9et4 ,nam praecl>e ,ennius3 7,?ye/es87 ,fab4 inc41 ,vahl5#b1 #djc ,fides alma pta p9nis t ius iur&m ,iovis6 ,qui ius igitur iur&um violat1 is ,fidem violat1 quam 9 ,capitolio vic9am ,iovis optimi maximi1 ,unkn[n ut 9 ,catonis oratione e/1 maiores no/ri esse volu]unt4 99#aje99 ,at enim ne iratus quidem ,iuppit] plus ,regulo nocuisset1 quam sibi nocuit ipse ,regulus4 ,c]te1 si nihil malum esset nisi dol]e4 ,id autem non modo non#cfa summum malum1 s$ ne malum quidem esse maxima auctoritate philosophi affirmant4 ,quorum quidem te/em non m$iocrem1 s$ haud scio an gravissimum ,regulum nolite1 quaeso1 vitup]>e4 ,quem enim locupletiorem qua]imus quam pr9cipem populi ,romani1 qui ret95di (ficii causa cruciatum subi]it volunt>ium8 ,nam quod aiunt3 m9ima de malis1 id e/ ut turpit] potius quam calamitose1 an e/ ullum maius malum turpitud9e8 quae si 9 de=mitate corporis habet#cfb aliquid (f5sionis1 quanta illa depravatio et fo$itas turpificati animi debet vid]i6 99#ajf99 ,itaque n]vosius qui i/a diss]unt1 solum aud5t malum dic]e id1 quod turpe sit1 qui autem remissius1 ii tam5 non dubitant summum malum dic]e4 ,nam illud quidem3 ,accius1 ,atreus2 ,ribbeck#b1 #bbh ,nque d$i neque d nfideli cuquam idcirco recte a pota1 quia1 cum tract>etur ,atreus1 p]sonae s]vi5dum fuit4 ,s$ si hoc sibi sum5t1 nullam esse fidem1 quae infideli data sit1 videant1 ne qua]atur latebra p]iurio4 99#ajg99 ,e/ autem ius etiam bellicum fidesque iuris iur&i saepe cum ho/e s]v&a4#cfc ,quod enim ita iuratum e/1 ut m5s concip]et fi]i oport]e1 id s]v&um e/2 quod alit]1 id si non fec]it1 nullum e/ p]iurium4 ,ut1 si pra$onibus pactum pro capite pretium non attul]is1 nulla fraus sit1#cfd ne si iuratus quidem id non fec]is2 nam pirata non e/ ex p]duellium num]o def9itus1 s$ communis ho/is omnium2 cum hoc nec fides debet nec ius iur&um esse commune4 99#ajh99 ,non enim falsum iur>e p]iur>e e/1 s$1 quod ,,ex ,,animi ,,tui ,,s5t5tia iur>is1 sicut v]bis concipitur m no/ro1 id non fac]e p]iurium e/4 ,scite enim#cfe ,euripides3 ,hippolytus #fab ,iurvi l+ua1 mntem iniuratm g]o4 ,regulus v]o non debuit condiciones pactionesque bellicas et ho/iles p]turb>e p]iurio4 ,cum iu/o enim et legitimo ho/e res g]ebatur1 adv]sus quem et totum ius fetiale et multa sunt iura communia4 ,quod ni ita esset1 numquam cl>os viros s5atus v9ctos#cff ho/ibus d$idisset4 #cfa non modo non ,b ,h a2 non modo nos c2 non modo ,l c p1 ,edd4 #cfb habet ,l c1 ,edd42 habeat ,a ,b ,h a b4 #cfc ,e/ 444 s]v&a bracket$ by ,ung]1 ,bt4#b1 ,ed4 #cfd sit ,edd4 pl]ique2 e/ ,,mss41 ,bt4#a #cfe ,scite enim ,a ,l c1 ,edd42 scit enim ,b ,h a b4 #cff v9ctos ,a ,l c1 ,edd42 victos ,b ,h a b4 ,rebuttal4 99#ajd99 ,,xxix4 ,he ne$ n h be5 afraid t ,jupit] 9 ang] w\ld inflict injury ^u him2 he is n wont to be angry or hurtful4 7#a7 ,an oa? is a cov5ant ) ,ju/ice & ,good ,fai?2 ,?is argum5t1 at all ev5ts1 has no m weight aga9/ ,regulus's conduct ?an x has aga9/ ! keep+ ( any o!r oa?4 ,b 9 tak+ an oa? x is our duty to consid] n :at "o may h to fe> 9 case ( violation b :]e9 its obligation lies3 an oa? is an assurance back$ by religi\s sanctity2 & a solemn promise giv51 z be=e ,god z "o's witness1 is to be sacr$ly kept4 ,= ! "q no long] conc]ns ! wra? ( ! gods 7= !re is no su* ?+7 b ! obligations ( ju/ice & good fai?4 ,=1 z ,ennius says s admirably3 ,graci\s ,good ,fai?1 on w+s upborne2 ?\ oa? 9 ,jupit]'s great "n6 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 violates 8 oa? violates ,good ,fai?2 &1 z we f9d x /at$ 9 ,cato's spee*1 our =efa!rs *ose t %e %\ld dwell ^u ! ,capitol neighb\r to ,jupit] ,supreme & ,be/4 99#aje99 ,b1 objection 0 fur!r made1 ev5 if ,jupit] _h be5 angry1 he c\ld n h inflict$ great] injury ^u ,regulus ?an ,regulus br\ght ^u himself4 ,:at is evil8 ,q true1 if !re is no evil except pa94 ,b philosoph]s,,cb ( ! highe/ au?ority assure u t pa9 is n only n ! supreme evil b no evil at all4 ,& pray d n disp>age ,regulus1 z no unimportant witness--nay1 ,i am r incl9$ to ?9k he 0 ! v be/ witness--to ! tru? ( _! doctr9e4 ,= :at m compet5t witness d we ask = ?an "o ( ! =emo/ citiz5s ( ,rome1 :o volunt>ily fac$ torture = ! sake ( be+ true to 8 moral duty8 7#b7 no evil c be great] ?an moral wrong2 ,aga91 !y say ,( evils *oose ! lea/--t is1 %all "o *oose moral wrong r ?an mis=tune1 or is !re any evil great] ?an moral wrong8 ,= if physical de=mity excites a c]ta9 am\nt ( av]sion1 h[ (f5sive ought ! de=mity & hide\sness ( a demoraliz$ s\l to seem6 99#ajf99 ,!re=e1 ^?,,cc :o discuss ^! problems ) m rig\r make bold to say t moral wrong is ! only evil1 :ile ^?,,cd :o treat !m ) m laxity d n hesitate to call x ! supreme evil4 ,once m1 !y quote ! s5tim5t3 ,none h ,i giv51 none give ,i ev] to ! fai?less4 ,x 0 prop] = ! poet to say t1 because1 :5 he 0 work+ out 8 ,atreus1 he _h to make ! words fit ! "*4 ,b if !y mean to adopt x z a pr9ciple1 t a pl$ge giv5 to ! fai?less is no pl$ge1 let !m look to x t x be n a m]e loophole = p]jury t !y seek4 ,:at is p]jury8 99#ajg99 ,fur!rmore1 we h laws regulat+ w>f>e1 & fidelity to an oa? mu/ (t5 be obs]v$ 9 deal+s ) an enemy3 = an oa? sworn ) ! cle> und]/&+ 9 "o's own m9d t x %\ld be p]=m$ mu/ be kept2 b if !re is no su* und]/&+1 x does n c\nt z p]jury if "o does n p]=m ! v[4 ,= example1 suppose t "o does n deliv] ! am\nt agre$ ^u ) pirates z ! price ( "o's life1 t w\ld be acc\nt$ no deception--n ev5 if "o %\ld fail to deliv] ! ransom aft] hav+ sworn to d s2 = a pirate is n includ$ 9 ! numb] ( lawful enemies1 b is ! common foe ( all ! _w2 & ) him !re ought n to be any pl$g$ ^w nor any oa? mutually b9d+4 99#ajh99 ,= swe>+ to :at is false is n necess>ily p]jury1 b to take an oa? ^u y\r consci5ce1 z x is express$ 9 our legal =mulas1 & !n fail to p]=m x1 t is p]jury4 ,= ,euripides aptly says3 ,my tongue has sworn2 ! m9d ,i h has sworn no oa?4 ,oa?s made to an enemy z b9d+ z treaties4 ,b ,regulus _h no "r to conf\nd by p]jury ! t]ms & cov5ants ( w> made ) an enemy4 ,= ! w> 0 be+ c>ri$ on ) a legitimate1 decl>$ enemy2 & to regulate our deal+s ) su* an enemy1 we h our :ole fetial,,ce code z well z _m o!r laws t are b9d+ 9 common betwe5 nations4 ,7 ?is n ! case1 ! s5ate w\ld nev] h deliv]$ up illu/ri\s m5 ( ours 9 *a9s to ! enemy4 ,,cb ,! ,/oics4 ,,cc ,! ,/oics4 ,,cd ,! ,p]ipatetics4 ,,ce ,see ,index1 s4v4 99#aji99 ,,xxx4 ,at v]o ,t4 ,veturius et ,sp4 ,po/umius cum it]um consules ess5t1 quia1 cum male pugnatum apud ,caudium esset1 legionibus no/ris sub iugum missis pacem cum ,samnitibus fec]ant1 d$iti sunt iis2 iniussu enim populi s5atusque fec]ant4 ,eodemque tempore ,ti4 ,numicius1 ,q4 ,maelius1 qui tum tribuni pl4 erant1 quod eorum auctoritate pax erat facta1 d$iti sunt1 ut pax ,samnitium repudi>etur2 atque huius d$itionis ipse ,po/umius1 qui d$ebatur1 suasor et auctor fuit4 ,quod idem multis annis po/ ,c4 ,manc9us1 qui1 ut ,numant9is1 quibuscum s9e s5atus auctoritate fo$us fec]at1 d$]etur1 rogationem suasit eam1 quam ,l4 ,furius1 ,sex4 ,atilius ex s5atus consulto f]ebant2 qua accepta e/ ho/ibus d$itus4 ,hone/ius 8 quam ,q4 ,pompeius1 quo1 cum 9 eadem causa esset1 deprecante accepta lex non e/4 ,hic ea1 quae videbatur utilitas1 plus valuit quam hone/as1 apud sup]iores utilitatis species falsa ab hone/atis auctoritate sup]ata e/4 #ajc 99#aaj99 ,at non debuit ratum esse1 quod erat actum p] vim4--,quasi v]o =ti viro vis possit adhib]i4 ,cur igitur ad s5atum pr(iciscebatur1 cum praes]tim de captivis dissuasurus esset8 ,quod maximum 9 eo e/1 id repreh5ditis4 ,non enim suo iudicio /etit1 s$ suscepit causam1 ut esset iudicium s5atus2 cui nisi ipse auctor fuisset1 captivi pr(ecto ,po5is r$diti ess5t2 ita incolumis 9 patria ,regulus re/itisset4 ,quod quia patriae non utile putavit1 idcirco sibi hone/um et s5tire illa et pati cr$idit4 #ajc ,nam quod aiunt1 quod valde utile sit1 id fi]i hone/um1 immo v]o esse1 non fi]i4 ,e/ enim nihil utile1 quod idem non hone/um1 nec1 quia utile1 hone/um1 s$1 quia hone/um1 utile4 ,qu>e ex multis mirabilibus exemplis haud facile quis dix]it hoc exemplo aut laudabilius aut prae/antius4 ,roman /rictness4 99#aji99 ,,xxx4 ,& yet t v ?+ happ5$4 ,titus ,veturius & ,spurius ,po/umius 9 _! second consul%ip lo/ ! battle at ! ,caud9e ,=ks1 & our legions 7 s5t "u ! yoke4 ,& because !y made peace ) ! ,samnites1 ^? g5]als 7 deliv]$ up to !m1 = !y _h made ! peace )\t ! approval ( ! p & s5ate4 ,& ,tib]ius ,numicius & ,qu9tus ,maelius1 tribunes ( ! p1 7 deliv]$ up at ! same "t1 because x 0 ) _! sanction t ! peace _h be5 conclud$4 ,?is 0 done 9 ord] t ! peace ) ! ,samnites might be annull$4 ,& ,po/umius1 ! v man ^: deliv]y 0 9 "q1 0 ! propos] & advocate ( ! said deliv]y4 ,_m ye>s lat]1,,cf ,gaius ,manc9us _h a simil> exp]i5ce3 he advocat$ ! bill1 introduc$ 9 accordance ) a decree ( ! s5ate by ,lucius ,furius & ,sextus ,atilius1 t he %\ld be deliv]$ up to ! ,numant9es1 ) :om he _h made a treaty )\t au?orization f ! s5ate2 & :5 ! bill 0 pass$1 he 0 deliv]$ up to ! enemy4 ,8 action 0 m hon\rable ?an ,qu9tus ,pompey's2 ,pompey's situation 0 id5tical ) 81 & yet at 8 own entreaty ! bill 0 reject$4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 app>5t exp$i5cy prevail$ ov] moral rectitude2 9 ! =m] cases1 ! false semblance ( exp$i5cy 0 ov]balanc$ by ! weight ( moral rectitude4 7#c7 ! int]e/s ( ! /ate high] ?an p]sonal advantage2 99#aaj99 ,b1 !y argu$ aga9/ ,regulus1 an oa? extort$ by =ce ought n to h be5 b9d+4 ,z if =ce c\ld be br\ght to be> ^u a brave man6 ,:y1 !n1 did he make ! j\rney to ! s5ate1 especially :5 he int5d$ to plead aga9/ ! surr5d] ( ! prison]s ( w>8 ,!re9 y are criticiz+ :at is ! noble/ feature ( 8 conduct4 ,= he 0 n cont5t to /& ^u 8 own judgm5t b took up ! case1 9 ord] t ! judgm5t might be t ( ! s5ate2 & _h x n be5 = ! weight ( 8 plead+1 ! prison]s w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 re/or$ to ! ,c>?ag9ians2 & 9 t case1 ,regulus w\ld h rema9$ safe at home 9 8 c\ntry4 ,b because he ?\ght ?is n exp$i5t = 8 c\ntry1 he believ$ t x 0 !re=e morally "r = him to decl>e 8 conviction & to suff] = x4 7#d7 no?+ exp$i5t unless morally "r4 ,:5 !y argu$ also t :at is highly exp$i5t may prove to be morally "r1 !y ought r to say n t x may prove to be b t x actually is morally "r4 ,= no?+ c be exp$i5t :i* is n at ! same "t morally "r2 nei!r c a ?+ be morally "r j because x is exp$i5t1 b x is exp$i5t because x is morally "r4 ,f ! _m spl5did examples 9 hi/ory1 !re=e1 we c\ld n easily po9t to "o ei!r m praisewor?y or m h]oic ?an ! conduct ( ,regulus4 ,,cf #ahd ye>s1 i4e41 9 ,b4,c4 #acg4 99#aaa99 ,,xxxi4 ,s$ ex tota hac laude ,reguli unum illud e/ admiratione dignum1 quod captivos ret95dos c5suit4 ,nam quod r$iit1 nobis nunc mirabile videtur1 illis quidem temporibus alit] fac]e non potuit2 itaque i/a laus non e/ hom9is1 s$ temporum4 ,nullum enim v9culum ad a/r+5dam fidem iure iur&o maiores artius esse volu]unt4 ,id indicant leges 9 duodecim tabulis1 indicant sacratae1 indicant fo$]a1 quibus etiam cum ho/e dev9citur fides1 indicant notiones animadv]sionesque c5sorum1 qui nulla de re dilig5tius quam de iure iur&o iudicabant4 99#aab99 ,l4 ,manlio ,a4 f41 cum dictator fuisset1 ,m4 ,pomponius tr4 pl4 diem dixit1 quod is paucos sibi dies ad dictaturam g]5dam addidisset2 crim9abatur etiam1 quod ,titum filium1 qui po/ea e/ ,torquatus appellatus1 ab hom9ibus relegasset et ruri habit>e iussisset4 ,quod cum audivisset adulesc5s filius1 negotium exhib]i patri1 accurrisse ,romam et cum primo luci#cfg ,pomponi domum v5isse dicitur4 ,cui cum esset nuntiatum1 qui illum iratum allaturum ad se aliquid contra patrem arbitr>etur1 surrexit e lectulo remotisque arbitris ad se adulesc5tem iussit v5ire4 ,at ille1 ut +ressus e/1 confe/im gladium de/r9xit iuravitque se illum /atim int]fecturum1 nisi ius iur&um sibi d$isset se patrem missum esse facturum4 ,iuravit hoc t]rore coactus ,pomponius2 rem ad populum detulit1 docuit1 cur sibi causa desi/]e necesse esset1 ,manlium missum fecit4 ,tantum temporibus illis ius iur&um valebat4 ,atque hic ,t4 ,manlius is e/1 qui ad ,ani5em ,galli1 quem ab eo provocatus occid]at1 torque detracto cognom5 inv5it1 cuius t]tio consulatu ,lat9i ad ,ves]im fusi et fugati1 magnus vir 9 primis et1 qui p]9dulg5s 9 patrem1 idem ac]be sev]us 9 filium4 #cfg primo luci ,bei]1 ,he9e1 ,ed42 primo lucis c2 prima luce ,a ,b ,h a b4 ,! mo/ /rik+ lesson 9 ! /ory ( ,regulus4 99#aaa99 ,,xxxi4 ,b ( all t is ?us praisewor?y 9 ! conduct ( ,regulus1 ?is "o feature above all o!rs calls = our admiration3 x 0 he :o (f]$ ! motion t ! prison]s ( w> be reta9$4 ,= ! fact ( 8 return+ may seem admirable to u n[adays1 b 9 ^? times he c\ld n h done o!rwise4 ,t m]it1 !re=e1 belongs to ! age1 n to ! man4 ,= our ance/ors 7 ( ! op9ion t no bond 0 m effective 9 gu>antee+ good fai? ?an an oa?4 ,t is cle>ly prov$ by ! laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 by ! sacr$ laws1,,cg by ! treaties 9 :i* good fai? is pl$g$ ev5 to ! enemy1 by ! inve/igations made by ! c5sors & ! p5alties impos$ by !m2 = !re 7 no cases 9 :i* !y us$ to r5d] m rigor\s decisions ?an 9 cases ( violation ( an oa?4 ,! sanctity ( an oa? 9 ! old days4 99#aab99 ,m>cus ,pomponius1 a tribune ( ! p1 br\ght an indictm5t aga9/ ,lucius ,manlius1 ,aulus's son1 = hav+ ext5d$ ! t]m ( 8 dictator%ip a few days beyond its expiration4 ,he fur!r *>g$ him ) hav+ bani%$ 8 own son ,titus 7aft]w>d surnam$ ,torquatus7 f all companion%ip ) 8 fell[-m51 & ) requir+ him to live 9 ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ! son1 :o 0 !n a "y man1 he>d t 8 fa!r 0 9 tr\ble on 8 acc\nt1 he ha/5$ to ,rome--s ! /ory goes--& at daybreak pres5t$ himself at ! h\se ( ,pomponius4 ,! visitor 0 ann\nc$ to ,pomponius4 ,inasmu* z he ?\ght t ! son 9 8 ang] meant to br+ him "s new evid5ce to use aga9/ ! fa!r1 he arose f 8 b$1 ask$ all :o 7 pres5t to leave ! room1 & s5t ^w to ! "y man to come 94 ,^u ent]+1 he at once drew a sword & swore t he w\ld kill ! tribune on ! spot1 if he did n swe> an oa? to )draw ! suit aga9/ 8 fa!r4 ,con/ra9$ by ! t]ror ( ! situation1 ,pomponius gave 8 oa?4 ,he report$ ! matt] to ! p1 expla9+ :y he 0 oblig$ to drop ! prosecution1 & )drew 8 suit aga9/ ,manlius4 ,su* 0 ! reg>d = ! sanctity ( an oa? 9 ^? days4 ,& t lad 0 ! ,titus ,manlius :o 9 ! battle on ! ,anio kill$ ! ,gaul by :om he _h be5 *all5g$ to s+le combat1 pull$ (f 8 torque & ?us won 8 surname4 ,& 9 8 ?ird consul%ip he r\t$ ! ,lat9s & put !m to flight 9 ! battle on ! ,ves]is4 ,he 0 "o ( ! greate/ ( ! great1 & "o :o1 :ile m ?an g5]\s t[>d 8 fa!r1 c\ld yet be bitt]ly sev]e t[>d 8 son4 ,,cg ,sacr$ laws1 accord+ to ,fe/us 7p4 #cah71 7 laws t plac$ _! transgressor1 toge!r ) 8 h\sehold & 8 prop]ty1 "u ! ban ( "s div9ity2 o!r au?orities limit ! t]m to ! laws enact$ ^u ! ,sacr$ ,m\nt 7,b4,c4 #cid74 99#aac99 ,,xxxii4 ,s$1 ut laud&us ,regulus 9 cons]v&o iure iur&o1 sic decem illi1 quos po/ ,cann5sem pugnam iuratos ad s5atum misit ,hannibal se 9 ca/ra r$ituros ea1 quorum erant potiti ,po5i1 nisi de r$im5dis captivis impetraviss5t1 si non r$i]unt1 vitup]&i4 ,de quibus non omnes uno modo2 nam ,polybius1 bonus auctor 9 primis1 ex decem nobilissimis1 qui tum erant missi1 novem rev]tisse dicit re a s5atu non impetrata2 unum ex decem1 qui paulo po/1 quam erat#cfh egressus e ca/ris1 r$isset1 quasi aliquid esset oblitus1 ,romae remansisse2 r$itu enim 9 ca/ra lib]atum se esse iure iur&o int]pretabatur1 non recte2 fraus enim a/r+it1#cfi non dissolvit p]iurium4 ,fuit igitur /ulta calliditas p]v]se imitata prud5tiam4 ,itaque decrevit s5atus1 ut ille vet]ator et callidus v9ctus ad ,hannibalem duc]etur4 99#aad99cgj ,s$ illud maximum3 octo hom9um milia t5ebat ,hannibal1 non quos 9 acie cepisset1 aut qui p]iculo mortis diffugiss5t1 s$ qui relicti 9 ca/ris fuiss5t a ,paulo et a ,v>rone consulibus4 ,eos s5atus non c5suit r$im5dos1 cum id p>va pecunia fi]i posset1 ut esset insitum militibus no/ris aut v9c]e aut emori4 ,qua quidem re audita fractum animum ,hannibalis scribit idem1 quod s5atus populusque ,romanus rebus afflictis tam excelso animo fuisset4 ,sic hone/atis comp>atione ea1 quae vid5tur utilia1 v9cuntur4 99#aae99 ,c4#cga ,acilius autem1 qui ,graece scripsit hi/oriam1 plures ait fuisse1 qui 9 ca/ra rev]tiss5t eadem fraude1 ut iure iur&o lib]>5tur1 eosque a c5soribus omnibus ignom9iis notatos4 ,sit iam huius loci f9is4 ,p]spicuum e/ enim ea1 quae timido animo1 humili1 demisso fractoque fiant1 quale fuisset ,reguli factum1 si aut de captivis1 quod ipsi opus esse vid]etur1 non quod rei publicae1 c5suisset aut domi reman]e voluisset1 non esse utilia1 quia s9t flagitiosa1 fo$a1 turpia4 #cfh ,novem 444 quam erat c1 ,bt4#a1 ,ed42 om4 ,a ,b ,h a b2 unum qui ,ung]1 ,bt4#b #cfi a/r+it c p1 ,ed41 ,he9e2 di/r+it ,a ,b ,h a b1 ,ung]1 ,bt4 #cgj #aad bracket$ by ,heus41 ,bt41 z un-,cic]onian4 #cga ,c4 ,he9e1 ,ed42 n 9 ,,mss4 ,contra/ betwe5 ,regulus & ! t5 envoys f ,hannibal4 99#aac99 ,,xxxii4 ,n[1 z ,regulus des]ves praise = be+ true to 8 oa?1 s ^? t5 :om ,hannibal s5t to ! s5ate on p>ole aft] ! battle ( ,cannae des]ve c5sure1 if x is true t !y did n return2 = !y 7 sworn to return to ! camp :i* _h fall5 into ! h&s ( ! ,c>?ag9ians1 if !y did n succe$ 9 negotiat+ an ex*ange ( prison]s4 ,hi/orians are n 9 agreem5t 9 reg>d to ! facts4 ,polybius1 "o ( ! v be/ au?orities1 /ates t ( ! t5 em95t nobles :o 7 s5t at t "t1 n9e return$ :5 _! mission fail$ at ! h&s ( ! s5ate4 ,b "o ( ! t51 :o1 a little :ile aft] leav+ ! camp1 _h gone back on ! pretext t he _h =gott5 some?+ or o!r1 rema9$ beh9d at ,rome2 he expla9$ t by 8 return to ! camp he 0 releas$ f ! obligation ( 8 oa?4 ,he 0 wrong2 = deceit does n remove ! guilt ( p]jury--x m]ely aggravates x4 ,! anci5t ,roman discipl9e4 ,8 cunn+ t impud5tly tri$ to masqu]ade z prud5ce 01 !re=e1 only folly4 ,& s ! s5ate ord]$ t ! cunn+ sc\ndrel %\ld be tak5 back to ,hannibal 9 *a9s4 99#aad99 ,b ! mo/ significant "p ( ! /ory is ?is3 ! eight ?\s& prison]s 9 ,hannibal's h&s 7 n m5 t he _h tak5 9 ! battle or t _h escap$ 9 ! p]il ( _! lives1 b m5 t ! consuls ,paulus & ,v>ro _h left beh9d 9 camp4 ,?\gh ^! might h be5 ransom$ by a small sum ( money1 ! s5ate vot$ n to r$eem !m1 9 ord] t our soldi]s might h ! lesson plant$ 9 _! he>ts t !y mu/ ei!r conqu] or die4 ,:5 ,hannibal he>d ?is news1 accord+ to t same writ]1 he lo/ he>t completely1 because ! s5ate & ! p ( ,rome display$ c\rage s l(ty 9 a "t ( disa/]4 ,?us app>5t exp$i5cy is outweigh$ :5 plac$ 9 ! balance aga9/ moral rectitude4 99#aae99 ,gaius ,acilius1 on ! o!r h&1 ! au?or ( a hi/ory ( ,rome 9 ,greek1 says t !re 7 sev]al :o play$ ! same trick ( return+ to ! camp to release !mselves ?us f ! obligation ( _! oa?1 & t !y 7 br&$ by ! c5sors ) e m>k ( disgrace4 ,exp$i5cy & ,c\rage id5tical4 ,let ?is be ! conclusion ( ?is topic4 ,= x mu/ be p]fectly app>5t t acts t are done ) a c[>dly1 crav51 abject1 brok5 _s1 z ! act ( ,regulus w\ld h be5 if he _h support$ 9 reg>d to ! prison]s a measure t seem$ to be advantage\s = him p]sonally1 b disadvantage\s = ! /ate1 or if he _h cons5t$ to rema9 at home--t su* acts are n exp$i5t because !y are %ameful1 di%on\rable1 & immoral4 99#aaf99 ,,xxxiii4 ,re/at qu>ta p>s1 quae decore1 mod]atione1 mode/ia1 cont95tia1 temp]antia cont9etur4 ,pote/ igitur quicquam utile esse1 quod sit huic talium virtutum *oro contr>ium8 ,atqui ab ,ari/ippo ,cyr5aici atque ,annic]ii philosophi nom9ati omne bonum 9 voluptate posu]unt virtutemque c5su]unt ob eam rem esse laud&am1 quod effici5s esset voluptatis4 ,quibus obsoletis floret ,epicurus1 eiusdem f]e adiutor auctorque s5t5tiae4 ,cum 8 viris#cgb equisque1 ut dicitur1 si hone/atem tu]i ac ret9]e s5t5tia e/1 dec]t&um e/4 99#aag99 ,nam si non modo utilitas1 s$ vita omnis beata corporis firma con/itutione eiusque con/itutionis spe explorata1 ut a ,metrodoro scriptum e/1 cont9etur1 c]te haec utilitas1 et quidem summa 7sic enim c5s5t71 cum hone/ate pugnabit4 ,nam ubi primum prud5tiae locus dabitur8 an ut conquirat undique suavitates8 ,quam mis] virtutis famulatus s]vi5tis voluptati6 ,quod autem munus prud5tiae8 an leg]e intelleg5t] voluptates8 ,fac nihil i/o esse iucundius1 quid cogit>i pote/ turpius8 ,iam1 qui dolorem summum malum dicat1 apud eum quem habet locum =titudo1 quae e/ dolorum laborumque contemptio8 ,quamvis enim multis locis dicat ,epicurus1 sicuti#cgc dicit1 satis =tit] de dolore1 tam5 non id spect&um e/1 quid dicat1 s$ quid cons5taneum sit ei dic]e1 qui bona voluptate t]m9av]it1 mala dolore4 ,et1#cgd si illum audiam1 de cont95tia et temp]antia dicit ille quidem multa multis locis1 s$ aqua ha]et1 ut aiunt2 nam qui pote/ temp]antiam laud>e is1 qui ponat summum bonum 9 voluptate8 e/ enim temp]antia libid9um inimica1 libid9es autem consectatrices voluptatis4 99#aah99 ,atque 9 8 tam5 tribus g5]ibus1 quoquo modo possunt1 non incallide t]giv]santur2 prud5tiam introducunt sci5tiam supp$itantem voluptates1 depell5tem dolores2 =titud9em quoque aliquo modo exp$iunt1 cum tradunt rationem negleg5dae mortis1 p]peti5di doloris2 etiam temp]antiam inducunt non facillime illi quidem1 s$ tam5 quoquo modo possunt2 dicunt enim voluptatis magnitud9em doloris detractione f9iri4 ,iu/itia vacillat vel iacet potius omnesque eae virtutes1 quae 9 communitate c]nuntur et 9 societate g5]is humani4 ,neque enim bonitas nec lib]alitas nec comitas esse pote/1 non plus quam amicitia1 si haec non p] se expetantur1#cge s$ ad voluptatem utilitatemve ref]antur4 ,conf]amus igitur 9 pauca4 99#aai99 ,nam ut utilitatem nullam esse docuimus1 quae hone/ati esset contr>ia1 sic omnem voluptatem dicimus hone/ati esse contr>iam4 ,quo magis repreh5d5dos ,calliphontem et ,d9oma*um iudico1 qui se dirempturos controv]siam putav]unt1 si cum hone/ate voluptatem tamquam cum hom9e pecudem copulaviss5t4 ,non recipit i/am coniunctionem hone/as1 asp]natur1 repellit4 ,nec v]o f9is bonorum et malorum1#cgf qui simplex esse debet1 ex dissimillimis rebus misc]i et temp]>i pote/4 ,de ,f9ibus1 ,,ii ,s$ de hoc 7magna enim res e/7 alio loco pluribus2 nunc ad propositum4 99#abj99 ,quem ad modum igitur1 si qu&o ea1 quae videtur#cgg utilitas1 hone/ati repugnat1 diiudic&a res sit1 satis e/ supra disputatum4 ,s9 autem speciem utilitatis etiam voluptas hab]e dicetur1 nulla pote/ esse ei cum hone/ate coniunctio4 ,nam1 ut tribuamus aliquid voluptati1 condim5ti =tasse non nihil1 utilitatis c]te nihil habebit4 99#aba99 ,habes a patre munus1 ,m>ce fili1 mea quidem s5t5tia magnum1 s$ p]9de erit1 ut accep]is4 ,quamquam hi tibi tres libri int] ,cratippi comm5t>ios tamquam hospites erunt recipi5di2 s$1 ut1 si ipse v5issem ,a!nas 7quod quidem esset factum1 nisi me e m$io cursu cl>a voce patria revocasset71 aliqu&o me quoque audires1 sic1 quoniam 8 volum9ibus ad te pr(ecta vox e/ mea1 tribues iis#cgh temporis quantum pot]is1 pot]is autem1 quantum voles4 ,cum v]o intellex]o te hoc sci5tiae g5]e gaud]e1 tum et praes5s tecum prop$iem1 ut sp]o1 et1 dum ab]is1 abs5s loqu>4 ,vale igitur1 mi ,cic]o1 tibique p]suade esse te quidem mihi c>issimum1 s$ multo =e c>iorem1 si talibus monitis#cgi praeceptisque laetab]e4 #cgb viris c p1 ,edd42 v]is ,a ,b ,h b4 #cgc sicuti ,l c1 ,edd42 sicut id ,a ,b ,h a b4 #cgd dolore4 ,et ,mll]1 ,he9e2 dolore3 ut ,,mss41 ,bt42 dolore4 ,ut ,ed4 #cge expetantur ,a1 ,edd42 expectantur ,b a2 exspectantur c4 #cgf ,omitt$ by ,muretus2 bracket$ by ,he9e1 ,ed41 et al4 #cgg videtur c1 ,edd42 vid]etur ,b ,h a b2 vid]5tur ,a4 #cgh iis ,edd42 8 ,a ,b ,h a b2 hijs c4 #cgi monitis ,lamb9us1 ,edd42 monum5tis ,a ,b ,h a b2 monim5tis c4 ,app>5t ,exp$i5cy vs4 ,temp]ance4 99#aaf99 ,,xxxiii4 ,we h /ill left our f\r? division1 compris+ propriety1 mod]ation1 temp]ance1 self-re/ra9t1 self-control4 ,c any?+ be exp$i5t1 !n1 :i* is contr>y to su* a *orus ( virtues8 ,& yet ! ,cyr5aics1 adh]5ts ( ! s*ool ( ,ari/ippus1 & ! philosoph]s :o be> ! "n ( ,annic]is f9d all good to consi/ 9 pleasure & consid] virtue praisewor?y only because x is productive ( pleasure4 ,n[ t ^! s*ools are out ( date1 ,epicurus has come into vogue--an advocate & support] ( practically ! same doctr9e4 ,aga9/ su* a philosophy we mu/ fight x out ) horse & foot1 z ! say+ is1 if our purpose is to def5d & ma9ta9 our /&>d ( moral rectitude4 ,! fallacy ( ,epicureanism4 99#aag99 ,= if1 z we f9d x 9 ! writ+s ( ,metrodorus1 n only exp$i5cy b happ9ess 9 life dep5ds :olly ^u a s\nd physical con/itution & ! reasonable expectation t x w always rema9 s\nd1 !n t exp$i5cy--& :at is m1 ! highe/ exp$i5cy1 z !y e/imate x--w assur$ly cla% ) moral rectitude4 ,=1 fir/ ( all1 :at position w wisdom occupy 9 t sy/em8 ,! position ( collector ( pleasures f e possible s\rce8 ,:at a sorry /ate ( s]vitude = a virtue--to be p&]+ to s5sual pleasure6 ,& :at w be ! function ( wisdom8 ,to make skilful *oice betwe5 s5sual pleasures8 ,grant$ t !re may be no?+ m pleasant1 :at c be conceiv$ m degrad+ = wisdom ?an su* a rle8 ,!n aga91 if anyone hold t pa9 is ! supreme evil1 :at place 9 8 philosophy has =titude1 :i* is b indiff]5ce to toil & pa98 ,= h[ev] _m passages !re are 9 :i* ,epicurus speaks "r manfully ( pa91 we mu/ nev]!less consid] n :at he says1 b :at x is consi/5t = a man to say :o has def9$ ! good 9 t]ms ( pleasure & evil 9 t]ms ( pa94 ,& fur!r1 if ,i %\ld li/5 to him1 ,i %\ld f9d t 9 _m passages he has a great deal to say ab\t temp]ance & self-control2 b ! wat] w n run1 z !y say4 ,= h[ c he comm5d self-control & yet posit pleasure z ! supreme good8 ,= self-control is ! foe ( ! passions1 & ! passions are ! h&maids ( pleasure4 ,epicureanism & ! ,c>d9al ,virtues4 99#aah99 ,& yet :5 x comes to ^! ?ree c>d9al virtues1 ^? philosoph]s %ift & turn z be/ !y c1 & n )\t clev]ness4 ,!y admit wisdom into _! sy/em z ! k t provides pleasures & bani%es pa92 !y cle> ! way = =titude also 9 "s way to fit 9 ) _! doctr9es1 :5 !y tea* t x is a rational means = look+ ) indiff]5ce ^u dea? & = endur+ pa94 ,!y br+ ev5 temp]ance 9--n v easily1 to be sure1 b /ill z be/ !y c2 = !y hold t ! height ( pleasure is f\nd 9 ! abs5ce ( pa94 ,ju/ice tott]s or r1 ,i %\ld say1 lies already pro/rate2 s also ) all ^? virtues :i* are disc]nible 9 social life & ! fell[%ip ( human society4 ,= nei!r goodness nor g5]osity nor c\rtesy c exi/1 any m ?an fri5d%ip c1 if !y are n s\ght ( & = !mselves1 b are cultivat$ only = ! sake ( s5sual pleasure or p]sonal advantage4 ,let u n[ recapitulate briefly4 ,s5sual pleasure & moral rectitude incompatible4 99#aai99 ,z ,i h %[n t su* exp$i5cy z is oppos$ to moral rectitude is no exp$i5cy1 s ,i ma9ta9 t any & all s5sual pleasure is oppos$ to moral rectitude4 ,& !re=e ,calliphon & ,d9oma*us1 9 my judgm5t1 des]ve ! great] condemnation2 !y imag9$ t !y %\ld settle ! controv]sy by c\pl+ pleasure ) moral rectitude2 z well yoke a man ) a bea/6 ,b moral rectitude does n accept su* a union2 %e abhors x1 spurns x4 ,:y1 ! supreme good1 :i* ought to be simple1 _c be a comp\nd & mixture ( absolutely contradictory qualities4 ,b ?is !ory ,i h discuss$ m fully 9 ano!r connection2 = ! subject is a l>ge "o4 ,n[ = ! matt] be=e u4 99#abj99 ,we h1 !n1 fully discuss$ ! problem h[ a "q is to be decid$1 if ev] t :i* seems to be exp$i5cy cla%es ) moral rectitude4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ass]tion is made t pleasure admits ( a %[ ( exp$i5cy also1 !re c /ill be no possible union betwe5 x & moral rectitude4 ,=1 to make ! mo/ g5]\s admission we c 9 fav\r ( pleasure1 we w grant t x may contribute some?+ t possibly gives "s spice to life1 b c]ta9ly no?+ t is really exp$i5t4 ,conclusion4 99#aba99 ,h]e)1 my son ,m>cus1 y h a pres5t f y\r fa!r--a g5]\s "o1 9 my humble op9ion2 b its value w dep5d ^u ! _s 9 :i* y receive x4 ,& yet y mu/ welcome ^! ?ree books z fell[-gue/s1 s to speak1 along ) y\r notes on ,cratippus's lectures4 ,b z y w\ld sometimes give e> to me also1 if ,i _h come to ,a!ns 7& ,i %\ld be !re n[1 if my c\ntry _h n call$ me back ) acc5ts unmi/akable1 :5 ,i 0 half-way !re71 s y w please devote z mu* "t z y c to ^! volumes1 = 9 !m my voice w travel to y2 & y c devote to !m z mu* "t z y w4 ,& :5 ,i see t y take delight 9 ?is bran* ( philosophy1 ,i %all !n talk fur!r ) y--at an e>ly date1,,* ,i hope1 face to face--b z long z y are abroad1 ,i %all conv]se ) y ?us at a di/ance4 ,f>ewell1 my de> ,cic]o1 & be assur$ t1 :ile y are ! object ( my deepe/ affection1 y w be de>] to me /ill1 if y f9d pleasure 9 su* c\nsel & in/ruction4 ,,* ,b ,cic]o nev] saw 8 son ,m>cus aga94 ,,index ,ref]5ces are to ,book & ,section2 all dates1 giv5 9 p>5!ses 744471 are ,b4,c4 ,academicians4 #a4 adh]5ts ( ! ,new ,academy 7q4v472 _! "r to tea* e?ics1 ,i1 #f2 attitude t[>d k1 ,,ii1 #g2 ,cic]o's philosophy1 ,,ii1 #a-h4 #b4 adh]5ts ( ! ,old ,academy1 ,,iii1 #bj4 ,academy1 #a4 ! ,old]1 a s*ool ( philosophy f\nd$ by ,plato & s call$ f its home2 _! doctr9e ( ideas1 ,,iii1 #gf1 #ha2 ! pre-exi/5ce & immortality ( ! s\l2 mono!ism2 ! goodness ( ,god2 /riv+ aft] ,8 p]fection4 #b4 ! ,new1 a modification ( ! ,old1 sceptical1 anti-dogmatic1 eclectic1 ,,iii1 #bj4 ,accius1 ,lucius1 a tragic poet 7born #agj74 ,8 trag$ies 7 mo/ly imitations f ! ,greek4 ,cic]o knew him p]sonally2 quotes f him1 ,,iii1 #hd1 #ajb1 #ajf4 ,acilius2 ,gaius ,acilius ,glabrio 7tribune1 #aig72 int]pret]1 :5 ,c>neades1 ,diog5es1 & ,critolaus came to ,rome2 au?or ( ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,,iii1 #aae4 ,admiration1 h[ won ) dignity1 ,,ii1 #ca fg4 ,aeacidae1 desc5dants ( ,aeacus 7q4v471 ! fa!r ( ,peleus & ,telamon & gr&fa!r ( ,a*illes & ,ajax1 ,i1 #ch4 ,aeacus1 son ( ,zeus 7,jupit]7 & k+ ( ,aeg9a 7q4v472 r5[n$ = 8 ju/ice & piety1 ,i1 #ig2 aft] 8 dea? he became ) ,m9os & ,rhadaman?us judge 9 ,hades4 ,a$ile%ip1 co/ (1 ,,ii1 #eg-fj4 ,aeg9a1 an isl& 9 ! ,s>onic ,gulf1 a dang]\s rival to ,a!ns1 directly 9 front ( ,piraeus & only twelve miles away1 ,,iii1 #df2 unju/ly appropriat$ by ,a!ns 7#dbi71 ,,iii1 #df4 ,aeg9etans1 ! p ( ,aeg9a 7q4v474 ,aelius2 see ,tub]o4 ,aemilius2 see ,paulus & ,scaurus4 ,aequians1 a w>like m\nta9 tribe on ! upp] ,anio1 w>r+ aga9/ ,rome 7till #cjd71 ,i1 #ce4 ,aesopus1 ,claudius1 an intimate fri5d ( ,cic]o1 ,rome's greate/ tragic actor1 ,i1 #aad4 ,africa1 ! prov9ce 9 :i* ,c>?age 01 ,i1 #aab 7,?apsus72 ,,iii1 #ii 7,c>?age74 ,africanus2 see ,scipio4 ,agamemnon1 lead] ( ! w> aga9/ ,troy2 :5 deta9$ at ,aulis he sacrific$ 8 daught] ,iphig5ia to save ! exp$ition1 ,,iii1 #ie4 ,= ?is he 0 sla9 on 8 return f ,troy by 8 wife ,clytaemne/ra4 ,agesilaus1 k+ ( ,sp>ta 7#cih-cfj72 wag$ w> 9 ,asia 7#cif-cid71 victor at ,coronea1 savi\r ( ,sp>ta aft] ,mant9ea 7#cfb72 ,,ii1 #af4 ,agis ,,iv1 k+ ( ,sp>ta 7#bdd-bdj72 attempt$ to re-e/abli% ! in/itutions ( ,lycurgus & re=m prop]ty abuses2 put to dea? ?r\gh organiz$ weal?1 ,,ii1 #hj4 ,agr>ian ,laws1 a m5ace to ! /ability ( ! gov]nm5t1 ,,ii1 #gh-hc4 ,agriculture1 impossible )\t man1 ,,ii1 #ab2 man's noble/ call+1 ,i1 #aea4 ,agrig5tum1 a city on ! s\? coa/ ( ,sicily1 once ! mo/ beautiful city ( mortals1 rul$ by ,phal>is 7#efj71 ,,ii1 #bf4 ,ajax1 son ( ,telamon2 c\ld brook no wrong1 w5t mad1 & committ$ suicide :5 ! arms ( ,a*illes 7 aw>d$ to ,odysseus1 ,i1 #aac2 rebuk$ ,odysseus1 ,,iii1 #ih4 ,subject ( a trag$y by ,ennius1 ,i1 #aad4 ,albucius1 ,titus1 an ,epicurean2 praetor 9 ,s>d9ia 7#aje72 prosecut$ = extortion1 ,,ii1 #ej4 ,alex&]1 ! ,great 7#cef-cbc71 son ( ,philip ( ,mac$on1 ,,ii1 #af1 #dh2 great] ?an 8 fa!r 9 a*ievem5t1 inf]ior 9 c\rtl9ess1 ,i1 #ij2 gov]nor ( ,mac$onia 7#cdj71 ,,ii1 #ec2 conqu]$ ,greece 7#cch-cce71 subdu$ ,asia 7#ccd-cca71 ,egypt 7#cca71 invad$ ,india 7#cbi-cbg71 f\nd$ ,alex&ria & o!r cities1 & di$ ( a drunk5 debau* 7,i1 #ij74 ,alex&]1 tyrant ( ,ph]ae 7#cfi72 bro!r1 son-9-law1 & successor ( ,jason 7q4v471 defeat$ & slew ,pelopidas ( ,!bes at ,cynocephalae 7#cfd72 murd]$ by 8 wife & h] ?ree bro!rs1 ,,ii1 #be1 #bf4 ,alex&ria1 ! metropolis ( ,egypt at ! m\? ( ! ,nile2 f\nd$ by ,alex&] 7#ccb72 c5tre ( weal? 7,,ii1 #hb72 gra9 m>ket1 ,,iii1 #ej4 ,alps1 ! m\nta9s betwe5 ,italy & fur!r ,gaul1 ,,ii1 #bh4 ,ambition1 a cause ( inju/ice1 ,i1 #be-bf1 #df1 #fe2 ( moral wrong1 ,,iii1 #hb2 ( treason1 ,,iii1 #hb-hc2 ! foe ( fre$om1 ,i1 #fh2 ,,ii1 #bh4 ,amusem5ts1 :olesome1 ,i1 #ajc-ajd4 ,ang]1 nev] excusable1 ,i1 #hi4 ,anio1 ! ,sab9e riv]1 tribut>y to ! ,tib]2 ! battle on 7#cdj71 :i* gave ,rome supremacy ov] all ,latium1 ,,iii1 #aab4 ,annic]is1 ( ,cyr5e 7#d? c5tury71 a successor ( ,ari/ippus2 8 s*ool a cross betwe5 ! ,epicurean & ! ,cyr5aic3 he d5i$ t pleasure 0 m]ely abs5ce ( pa92 he held t e act _h its own di/9ct purpose & t ! virtues are good 9 !mselves2 8 tea*+s 7 n p]man5t1 ,,iii1 #aaf4 ,antigonus1 "o ( ,alex&]'s g5]als1 gov]nor ( ,asia 7#cbc-cja71 k+ ( ,asia 7#cjf-cja72 fa!r ( ,demetrius ,poliorcetes & ,philip1 ,,ii1 #dh4 ,antiope1 "m ( ,amphion & ,ze?us1 by :om %e 0 sav$ f ! p]secutions ( h] =m] husb& ,lycus & 8 wife ,dirce2 h] v5geance on ,dirce drove h] mad2 subject ( a trag$y ( ,pacuvius1 ,i1 #aad4 ,antipat]1 vice-reg5t ( ,mac$on 7#ccd72 fa!r ( ,cass&]1 ,,ii1 #dh4 ,antipat]1 ( ,t>sus 7#bnd c5tury71 pupil & successor ( ,diog5es ( ,babylonia2 tea*] ( ,panaetius2 8 e?ical tea*+s1 ,,iii1 #ea-ee1 #ia4 ,antipat]1 ( ,tyre 7#a/ c5tury71 fri5d ( ,cato ! y\ng]2 a ,/oic1 ,,ii1 #hf4 ,antonius1 ,m>cus1 ! fam\s orator 7#adc-hg71 ,,ii1 #di2 advocate1 ,,iii1 #fg2 fa!r ( ,cic]o's colleague & gr&fa!r ( ! triumvir4 ,apelles1 ( ,cos 7#d? c5tury71 ! greate/ pa9t] ( 8 age2 c\rt pa9t] to ,alex&] ! ,great2 8 ma/]piece 0 a ,v5us ris+ f ! sea2 ano!r ,v5us left unf9i%$1 ,,iii1 #aj4 ,apollo1 god ( ! light ( day2 giv] ( oracles at ,py?o1 ,,ii1 #gg4 ,appetite1 subject to ,reason1 ,i1 #aja-ajc1 #acb1 #ada4 ,appius ,claudius ,pul*]1 fa!r ( ,gaius1 ,,ii1 #eg4 ,aquilius2 ,gaius ,aquilius ,gallus1 fam\s juri/2 ,cic]o's colleague 9 ! praetor%ip2 au?or ( =mulae on crim9al fraud1 ,,iii1 #fj-fa4 ,aquilius1 ,manius1 consul 7#aja7 ) ,m>ius2 victori\s 9 ! ,s]vile ,w> 9 ,sicily2 prosecut$ 7#ih7 b acquitt$1 ,,ii1 #ej4 ,aratus1 ( ,sicyon1 soldi] & /atesman 7#bga-bac71 remov$ ! tyrant ,nicocles 7#bea7 & av]t$ f9ancial ru91 ,,ii1 #ha1 #hb2 lead] ( ! ,a*aean ,league2 poison$ by ord] ( ,philip ( ,mac$on4 ,areopagites1 memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,areopagus4 ,areopagus1 ,m>s ,hill1 a spur ( ! ,acropolis1 seat ( ! highe/ c\rt ( ,a!ns2 ! c\rt itself1 ) p[]s ( s5ate & supreme c\rt1 reorganiz$ & enl>g$ 9 function by ,solon1 ,i1 #ge4 ,arg9usae1 a gr\p ( isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 ne> ,lesbos1 sc5e ( ! victory ( ! ,a!nian fleet 7#djf71 ,i1 #hd4 ,argos1 ! *ief city ( ,argolis1 ,,ii1 #ha4 ,ari/ides1 ! ,j1 ,,iii1 #af1 #di1 #hg2 f\ght at ,m>a?on 7#dij71 ,salamis 7#dhj71 & comm&$ ! ,a!nians at ,plataea 7#dgi72 exil$ 7#dhc7 because 8 policies cla%$ ) ^? ( ,!mi/ocles4 ,ari/ippus1 ( ,cyr5e 7fl\ri%$ #cgj71 f\nd] ( ! ,cyr5aic s*ool1 ,,iii1 #aaf2 disciple ( ,socrates1 b taught t ! *ief end ( man 0 to get enjoym5t f ev]y?+ 7h$onism71 to subject all ?+s & circum/ances to himself = pleasure2 b pleasure mu/ be ! slave n ! ma/]2 good & bad id5tical ) pleasure & pa92 ,i1 #adh4 ,ari/o1 ( ,*ios 7#crd c5tury71 a ,/oic philosoph]1 pupil ( ,z5o2 he taught indiff]5ce to ext]nals1 no?+ good b virtue1 no?+ evil b vice2 8 !ories reject$1 ,i1 #f4 ,ari/otle 7#che-cbb71 disciple ( ,plato & tea*] ( ,alex&] ! ,great2 f\nd] ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool2 greate/ ( philosoph]s1 ma/] ( all k--physics1 metaphysics1 natural philosophy1 e?ics1 politics1 poetics1 sociology1 logic1 rhetoric1 etc42 ,,ii1 #ef2 ,,iii1 #ce2 might h be5 a great orator1 ,i1 #d4 ,arp9ates1 ! p ( ,arp9um1 own]s ( public l&s1 ,i1 #ba4 ,arp9um1 a t[n 9 ,latium1 bir?place ( ,cic]o & ,gaius ,m>ius1 ,i1 #ba4 ,a!nians1 ! p ( ,a!ns1 ,i1 #ge1 #hd2 _! cruel subjugation ( ,aeg9a1 ,,iii1 #df2 left _! homes to fight at ,salamis1 ,,iii1 #dh2 political /rife1 ,i1 #hf2 high moral pr9ciples (1 ,,iii1 #di1 #ee4 ,a!ns1 ,,ii1 #fd1 #hf2 ,,iii1 #ee1 #hg2 ! intellectual & arti/ic c5tre ( ! _w2 l$ ,greece 9 ! ,p]sian w>s 7#dij-dgi72 humbl$ by ,sp>ta 7#djd72 ! univ]sity city ( ! ,roman _w1 ,i1 #a2 ,,iii1 #f1 #aba4 ,atilius2 see ,regulus4 ,atilius2 ,sextus ,atilius ,s]ranus1 consul 7#acf71 ,,iii1 #aji4 ,atreus1 son ( ,pelops & fa!r ( ,agamemnon & ,m5elaus1 murd]] ( 8 half-bro!r ,*rysippus & ( 8 bro!r ,?ye/es's *ildr52 murd]$ by 8 nephew ,aegi/hus2 a fruitful !me = trag$y1 ,i1 #ig2 ,,iii1 #ajf4 ,attic1 belong+ to ,attica1 ! prov9ce 9 :i* ,a!ns is situat$2 ,attic com$y1 ! com$y ( ,ari/ophanes1 ,eupolis1 ,m5&]1 etc41 ,i1 #ajd4 ,av>ice1 ! great temptation1 ,,ii1 #ch1 #gg2 ! root ( evil1 ,,iii1 #gc-ge2 due to delusion z to exp$i5cy1 ,,iii1 #cf2 avoid$ by ! /atesman1 ,,ii1 #gf-gg2 contr>y to all law1 ,,iii1 #ba-bc2 see also ,covet\sness4 ,babylonia1 ! di/rict ar\nd ,babylon at ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ,,iii1 #ea4 ,b>dulis1 k+ ( ,illyria1 conqu]$ a l>ge "p ( ,mac$onia f ,p]diccas1 ! bro!r & pr$ecessor ( ,philip2 defeat$ & sla9 by ,philip 7#ceh72 call$ a brig&1 because 8 c>e] did n t5d to promote civilization1 ,,ii1 #dj4 ,basilus1 ,lucius ,m9ucius1 o!rwise unkn[n2 p]haps ,sulla's lieut5ant1 ,,iii1 #gc-gd4 ,beauty1 physical1 ,i1 #ih1 #abf2 types (1 ,i1 #acj4 ,b5efic5ce2 see ,g5]osity4 ,brib]y1 9 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #ba-bb1 #ge4 ,brutus1 ,lucius ,junius1 l$ ! ,romans to expel ! ,t>qu9s2 help$ by ,collat9us1 :o %>$ ) him ! fir/ consul%ip 7#eji71 ,,iii1 #dj4 ,brutus1 ,m>cus ,junius1 an em95t juri/1 "o ( ! ?ree f\nd]s ( ! civil law2 fa!r ( ! ,accus]1 ,,ii1 #ej4 ,brutus2 ,m>cus ,junius ,brutus ,accusator1 orator & vigor\s prosecutor1 son ( ! prec$+1 ,,ii1 #ej4 ,caelian ,hill1 ! s\?-ea/ hill ( ,rome1 ,,iii1 #ff4 ,caes>1 ,gaius ,julius1 son ( ,lucius ,caes> ,/rabo ,vopiscus1 c&idate = ! consul%ip 7#hh71 sla9 by ,m>ius 7#hg72 poet & orator1 ,i1 #ajh1 #acc4 ,caes>1 ,gaius ,julius 7#ajj-dd71 consul 7#ei71 9 ,gaul 7#eh-ej71 conqu]$ ,pompey at ,ph>salus 7#dh71 dictator 7#dh-dd71 assass9at$ 7#dd72 orator1 /atesman1 s*ol>1 soldi]2 despot1 ,,ii1 #b2 tyrant1 ,i1 #aab2 ,,ii1 #bc-bh1 #hc2 confiscator1 ,i1 #dc2 ,,ii1 #hd2 enslav] ( ,rome1 ,,iii1 #he2 treatm5t ( ,m>seilles1 ,,ii1 #bh2 a victim ( deprav$ ambition1 ,i1 #bf2 ,,iii1 #hc2 a conspirator ) ,catil9e1 8 love ( wrong1 ,,ii1 #hd2 des]v$ 8 dea?1 ,,iii1 #ai1 #cb1 #hb4 ,caes>1 ,lucius ,julius1 fa!r ( ! ,dictator1 ,i1 #ajh4 ,callicratidas1 succe$$ ,lys&] z admiral ( ! ,sp>tan fleet1 ,i1 #aji2 defeat$ ,conon1 took ,lesbos1 lo/ ! battle & 8 life at ,arg9usae 7#djf71 ,i1 #hd4 ,calliphon1 a ,greek philosoph]1 probably a disciple ( ,epicurus1 taught t ! supreme good 0 a union betwe5 moral rectitude & pleasure1 ,,iii1 #aai4 ,calpurnius2 ,lucius ,calpurnius ,piso ,frugi2 see ,piso4 ,calpurnius2 ,publius ,calpurnius ,lan>ius2 see ,lan>ius4 ,calypso1 ! nymph ( ,ogygia1 :o kept ,odysseus 7,ulysses7 ) h] sev5 ye>s1 ,i1 #aac4 ,campus 7,m>tius71 ! op5 pla9 next to ! ,tib] outside ! nor? wall ( ,rome2 playgr\nd & drillgr\nd1 ,i1 #ajd4 ,canius1 ,gaius1 a ,roman knight1 ,,iii1 #eh-fj4 ,cannae1 a t[n on ! ,aufidus 9 ,apulia1 sc5e ( ,hannibal's ov]:elm+ defeat ( ! ,romans 7#baf71 ,i1 #dj2 ,,iii1 #dg1 #aac4 ,capitolium1 ! ,capitol9e ,hill1 betwe5 ! =um & ! ,tib]1 ! citadel ( ,rome1 ) ! temple ( ,jupit] & ,good ,fai?1 ,,iii1 #ajd2 place ( augury1 ,,iii1 #ff4 ,c>?age1 once a mighty city1 on ! nor? c5tral coa/ ( ,africa1 ,,iii1 #ii1 #ajj2 ! mo/ =midable comm]cial & milit>y rival ( ,rome2 conqu]$ by ,rome 9 ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w> 7#bfd-bda71 ,i1 #ci2 ,second ,punic ,w> 7#bai-bjb71 ,i1 #dj2 ,,iii1 #dg2 de/roy$ 9 ! ,?ird 7#adi-adf71 ,i1 #ce2 ,,ii1 #gf4 ,c>?ag9ians1 ! p ( ,c>?age1 ,i1 #ci1 #ajh2 ,,iii1 #ii1 #aaj1 #aac2 trea*]\s1 ,,iii1 #ajb2 cruel1 ,,iii1 #ajj1 #ajb2 treaty-break+1 ,i1 #ch4 ,cass&]1 son ( ,antipat]1 dis9h]it$ by 8 fa!r1 ga9$ ! ?rone ( ,mac$onia 7#cjf7 by w>s & murd]s 7#cai-cja71 ,,ii1 #dh4 ,cato1 ,m>cus ,porcius1 ! ,c5sor 7or ,major1 ! ,eld]1 ,i1 #cg7 7#bcd-adi71 au?or1 ,i1 #ajd2 ,,iii1 #a2 orator1 ,,iii1 #ajd2 soldi]1 s]v$ 9 ,second ,punic ,w> 7#bag-bjb72 /atesman1 responsible = ! de/ruction ( ,c>?age 7#adf71 ,i1 #gi2 ! ,wise1 ,,iii1 #af2 consul 7#aie72 c5sor 7#ahd72 /alw>t *ampion ( ! simple life & /]n morals1 ,,ii1 #hi2 bitt]ly oppos$ luxury & ,greek culture2 yield$ 9 old age4 ,cato1 ,m>cus ,porcius1 son ( ! prec$+2 juri/2 s]v$ "u ,paulus 9 ,mac$on 7#afh71 ,i1 #cg2 "u ,m>cus ,popilius ,la5as 9 ,liguria 7#agb71 ,i1 #cf4 ,cato1 ,m>cus ,porcius1 gr&son ( ! ,c5sor & fa!r ( ,cato ,utic5sis1 ,,iii1 #ff4 ,cato2 ,m>cus ,porcius ,cato ,utic5sis 7#ie-df71 son ( ! prec$+ & great-gr&son ( ! ,c5sor2 a ,/oic philosoph]2 orator2 soldi]1 ,i1 #aab2 defeat$ at ,?apsus 7#df72 judge1 ,,iii1 #ff2 /]n & unyield+ z 8 great-gr&fa!r1 ,i1 #aab2 ,,iii1 #hh2 8 suicide1 ,i1 #aab2 close fri5d ( ,cic]o 7,,ii1 #b72 ,,iii1 #hh4 ,catulus1 ,qu9tus ,lutatius1 half-bro!r ( ,julius ,caes> ,/rabo1 ,i1 #acc2 orator2 s*ol>1 ,i1 #acc2 au?or2 soldi]2 consul ) ,m>ius 7#ajb7 9 ! w> aga9/ ! ,cimbri 7#aja72 g5tleman1 ,i1 #aji2 committ$ suicide to escape ! proscriptions ( ,m>ius 7#hg74 ,catulus1 ,qu9tus ,lutatius1 son ( ! prec$+1 defeat$ ,lepidus at ! ,milvian bridge2 /atesman1 ,i1 #gf2 s*ol>1 ,i1 #acc4 ,caudium1 a little t[n 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,samnium2 ne> x are ! ,caud9e ,=ks1 ! sc5e ( ! disa/r\s battle 7#cba72 ,,iii1 #aji2 7,,ii1 #gi74 ,celtib]ians1 a p[]ful p ( c5tral ,spa91 oppos$ ,rome 9 ,second ,punic ,w>1 7 r$uc$ 9 ! ,numantian ,w> 7#acd71 submitt$ on ! dea? ( ,s]torius 7#gb71 ,i1 #ch4 ,c5tumalus1 ,tib]ius ,claudius2 unkn[n1 ,,iii1 #ff4 ,*ican]y1 ,i1 #cc4 ,*remes1 a "* 9 ,t]5ce's ,heauton ,timorum5us1 ,i1 #cj4 ,*rysippus1 ( ,soli 7#bej-bjg71 /udi$ ,/oic philosophy at ,a!ns "u ,clean!s1 :om he succe$$2 volum9\s writ]4 ,_h !re be5 no ,*rysippus1 !re _h be5 no ,/oa1 ,,iii1 #db4 ,cic]o1 ,m>cus ,tullius1 ! orator's fa!r1 ,,iii1 #gg2 di$ 7#fd74 ,cic]o1 ,m>cus ,tullius1 ! orator 7#ajf-dc71 born at ,arp9um1 educat$ at ,rome "u ,ar*ias1 ! ,scaevolas1 & ! tea*]s ( philosophy 7see ,introduction71 at ,a!ns1 9 ,asia1 & at ,rhodes2 8 tra9+ 0 all = s]vice1 ,i1 #aee2 z consul 7#fc7 he cru%$ ! conspiracy ( ,catil9e1 ,i1 #hd2 bani%$ 7#eh71 ,,ii1 #eh2 8 en=c$ retirem5t f 8 pr(ession1 ,,iii1 #b-d2 z a philosoph] & orator1 ,i1 #a-c2 foll[] ( ,socrates & ,plato1 ,i1 #b2 ( ! ,new ,academy1 ,,ii1 #g-h2 :y he wrote on philosophy1 ,,ii1 #b-h2 ,,iii1 #a-e2 attitude on ! d[nfall ( ! ,republic1 ,,ii1 #b4 ,cic]o1 ,m>cus ,tullius1 ! orator's only son1 ,i1 #a1 #ae1 #gh2 ,,ii1 #a-h1 #dd2 ,,iii1 #a1 #e1 #cc2 born 9 #fe2 s]v$ ) cr$it "u ,pompey1 ,,ii1 #de1 & ,sextus ,pompey2 a /ud5t ( ,p]ipatetic philosophy "u ,cratippus 9 ,a!ns 7#dd-dc71 ,i1 #a2 admoni%$ to read also 8 fa!r's works1 ,i1 #c2 ,,iii1 #aba2 s]v$ "u ,brutus 7#dc-db72 consul ) ,octavian 7#cj74 ,cimbrians1 a ,celtic p1 migrat+ 9 a va/ horde t[>d ,italy1 7 cut to pieces by ,m>ius & ,catulus 9 ! ,raudian ,pla9s ne> ,v]ona 7#aja71 ,i1 #ch4 ,cimon1 ( ,a!ns1 son ( ! great ,miltiades2 victori\s admiral2 /atesman2 g5ial & g5]\s1 ,,ii1 #fd2 di$ 7#ddi74 ,circe1 nymph ( ,aeaea1 a sorc]ess2 %e kept ,odysseus 7,ulysses7 9 h] halls a ye>1 ,i1 #aac4 ,civic1 comp>$ ) milit>y s]vice1 ,i1 #gd fg4 ,claudius2 see ,appius & ,c5tumalus & ,pul*]4 ,cleombrotus1 son ( ,pausanias1 k+ ( ,sp>ta1 fell at ,leuctra 7#cga71 ,i1 #hd4 ,cleom5es2 see note to ,i1 #cc4 ,clodius2 ,publius ,clodius ,pul*]1 ,cic]o's invet]ate enemy1 "o ( ! mo/ turbul5t & corrupt *>act]s ( ,rome1 guilty ( mut9y 9 ! army1 brib]y 9 ! c\rts1 pr(ligacy 9 8 public & private life2 secur$ ,cic]o's bani%m5t2 hir$ gladiators to =ce 8 own election to ! praetor%ip1 b 0 kill$ 9 a broil ) ,milo's rival gang ( ruffians1 ,,ii1 #eh4 ,cloelia1 a ,roman girl s5t z a ho/age to ,pors5a2 %e made h] escape by swimm+ ! ,tib]1 0 s5t back1 b re/or$ by ! k+ ) rew>ds = h] c\rage1 7,i1 #fa74 ,clytaemne/ra1 daught] ( ,tynd>eus1 wife ( ,agamemnon1 p>am\r ( ,aegi/hus1 ) :om %e murd]$ h] husb& on 8 return f ,troy2 %e 0 9 turn sla9 by h] son ,ore/es4 ,subject ( a trag$y by ,accius1 ,i1 #aad4 ,cocles1 ,horatius1 ! h]o :o ) two o!rs kept ! bridge aga9/ ,pors5a & ,t>qu91 ,i1 #fa4 ,collat9us1 ,lucius ,t>qu9ius1 husb& ( ,lucretia1 associate ( ,brutus 9 driv+ out ! ,t>qu9s & 8 colleague 9 ! fir/ consul%ip 7#eji71 ,,iii1 #dj4 ,com$y2 see ,old ,com$y4 ,concealm5t1 ( guilt1 ,,iii1 #cg-ci4 ,conon1 fam\s ,a!nian admiral1 defeat$ by ,lys&] at ,aegospotami 7#dje71 victori\s ov] ,pis&] ( ,sp>ta at ,cnidus 7#cid71 re/or$ ! long walls1 ,i1 #aaf4 ,consid]at5ess1 a subdivision ( ! virtue ( ,temp]ance1 ,i1 #ii1 #adc4 ,conv]sation1 a division ( spee*1 ,i1 #acb-acc2 ,,ii1 #dh2 an art1 ,i1 #acd-ace4 ,co-op]ation1 & civilization1 ,,ii1 #ab-af2 & ! virtues1 ,,ii1 #ag-ah2 vs4 ,=tune1 ,,ii1 #ai2 a univ]sal ne$1 ,,ii1 #ci2 h[ secur$1 ,,ii1 #ba fg4 ,cor9?1 a fam\s city at ! ,i/hmus ( ,cor9?2 weal?y2 next to ,a!ns1 ri*e/ 9 treasures ( art2 head ( ! ,a*aean ,league2 sack$ & utt]ly de/roy$ by ! ,romans "u ,mummius 7#adf71 ,i1 #ce2 ,,ii1 #gf2 ,,iii1 #df4 ,cornelius2 see ,scipio & ,sp9!r & ,sulla4 ,cos1 *ief city ( ! isl& ( ,cos1 "o ( ! ,sporades2 fam$ = its silks2 ! bir?place ( ,apelles1 pa9t] ( ! ,coan ,v5us1 ,,iii1 #aj4 ,cotta1 ,gaius ,aurelius1 di/+ui%$ orator2 "o ( ! speak]s 9 ,cic]o's de ,oratore & de ,natura ,deorum2 consul 7#ge72 ,,ii1 #ei4 ,c\rage2 see ,=titude4 ,covet\sness1 ,i1 #fh2 ,,iii1 #cj2 see ,av>ice4 ,crassus1 ,lucius ,lic9ius1 ! fam\s orator1 ,,ii1 #fc2 ,,iii1 #fg2 at #ba 7#aai7 he won r5[n by 8 prosecution ( ,c>bo1 ! "o-"t fri5d ( ! ,grac*i1 ,,ii1 #dg1 #di2 8 a$ile%ip mo/ spl5did1 ,,ii1 #eg2 z consul 7#ie71 he secur$ ! expulsion f ,rome ( all :o 7 n citiz5s1 ,,iii1 #dg2 ?is 0 a cause ( ! ,social ,w>4 ,he 0 ! greate/ orator ( ,rome be=e ,cic]o1 flu5t1 graceful1 witty1 ,i1 #ajh1 #acc2 ,cic]o's m\?piece 9 ! de ,oratore4 ,crassus2 ,m>cus ,lic9ius ,crassus ,dives1 ! triumvir2 8 weal? & ambition1 ,i1 #be2 sid$ ) ,sulla aga9/ ,m>ius & grew enorm\sly ri* by ! proscriptions2 8 av>ice did n %r9k f any meanness or ev5 crime1 ,i1 #aji2 ,,iii1 #gc-ge4 ,he defeat$ ,sp>tacus 7#ga72 sla9 9 ,p>?ia 7#ec74 ,crassus2 ,publius ,lic9ius ,crassus ,dives1 ,,ii1 #eg2 fa!r ( ! triumvir1 consul 7#ig72 end$ 8 own life to escape ! prescriptions ( ,m>ius 7#hg72 ,cic]o b\ght 8 h\se4 ,cratippus1 ( ,mityl5e1 an em95t ,p]ipatetic1 came to ,a!ns 7ab\t #ej7 to lecture2 =emo/ ( contempor>y philosoph]s & tea*] ( "y ,cic]o1 ,i1 #a1 #b2 ,,ii1 #h2 ,,iii1 #e1 #f1 #cc1 #aba4 ,cunn+1 n wisdom1 ,,ii1 #aj2 ,,iii1 #gb1 #if4 ,curio1 ,gaius ,scribonius1 ,,ii1 #ei2 orator & /atesman1 ,,iii1 #hh2 consul1 7#gf74 ,cynics1 a s*ool ( philosophy s call$ f ! ,a!nian gymnasium1 ,cynos>ges1 :]e !y met1 lat] adapt$ to _! sn>l+ mann] & dirty habits2 its lead]s 7 ,anti/h5es ( ,a!ns1 a disciple ( ,socrates1 & ,diog5es ( ,s9ope2 !y taught ! virtue ( pov]ty & want1 indiff]5ce to all conv5tion & dec5cy2 ,cic]o's contempt = !m & _! s-call$ philosophy1 ,i1 #abh1 #adh4 ,cyr5aics1 ! philosophic sect f\nd$ by ,ari/ippus 7q4v471 ,,iii1 #aaf4 ,cyrsilus1 a ,m$iz+ ,a!nian1 ,,iii1 #dh4 ,cyrus1 ! ,great1 f\nd] ( ! ,p]sian ,empire2 wond]fully gift$ 9 w9n+ ! co-op]ation ( m5 & nations1 ,,ii1 #af4 ,damon1 a ,py?agorean & fri5d ( ,ph9tias1 ,,iii1 #de4 ,debts1 cancellation (1 ,,ii1 #gh-gi1 #hc-he2 avoidance (1 ,,ii1 #hd2 paym5t en=c$1 ,,ii1 #hd4 ,decius2 ,publius ,decius ,mus1 fa!r & son1 ,i1 #fa2 ,,iii1 #af2 ! =m]1 consul ) ,manlius ,torquatus 7#cfj71 devot$ himself to dea? 9 ! battle on ! ,ves]is4 ,! son did ! same at ! battle ( ,s5t9um 7#bie7 & br\ght ! ,samnite w>s to an end4 ,demetrius ( ,phal]um 7#cde-bhc71 orator1 /atesman1 ,,ii1 #fj2 philosoph]1 poet2 pupil ( ,!ophra/us1 ,i1 #c2 ! only ,greek :o 0 bo? orator & philosoph]1 ,i1 #c2 he inspir$ ! f\nd+ ( ! ,alex&r9e libr>y4 ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 ,,ii1 #bf2 son ( ,antigonus & k+ ( ,mac$on 7#bid-bhg74 ,8 life 0 occupi$ ) cont9u\s w>f>e aga9/ enemies 9 ,egypt1 ,asia1 ,greece1 ,mac$onia1 ,epirus4 ,demo/h5es1 ! greate/ orator ( ,a!ns 7#che-cbb72 pupil ( ,isaeus & ( ,plato1 ,i1 #d2 might h be5 a great philosoph]1 ,i1 #d2 at #ah he prosecut$ 8 default+ gu>dian ) success1 ,,ii1 #dg2 !n turn$ to public speak+ & /atecraft z a pr(ession4 ,diana1 goddess ( ! light ( ! night1 id5tifi$ ) ,artemis1 ,,iii1 #ie4 ,dicae>*us1 ( ,messana 7#d? c5tury71 a ,p]ipatetic philosoph]1 geograph]1 & hi/orian1 ,,ii1 #af2 pupil ( ,ari/otle & fri5d ( ,!ophra/us4 ,d9oma*us1 a ,greek philosoph]1 always nam$ ) ,calliphon 7q4v471 ,,iii1 #aai4 ,diog5es1 ( ,babylonia1 pupil & successor ( ,*rysippus2 be/ kn[n = 8 "p 9 ! fam\s embassy ) ,c>neades & ,critolaus f ,a!ns to ,rome 7#aef7 :]e1 on motion ( ,cato1 !y 7 n p]mitt$ to rema92 8 e?ics r loose1 ,,iii1 #ea-ee1 #ia4 ,dion1 a k9sman ( ! eld] ,dionysius & tyrant ( ,syracuse 7#cef-cec72 a devot$ disciple ( ,plato at ,syracuse & ,a!ns1 ,i1 #aee4 ,dionysius1 ! eld] 7#dcj-cfg71 tyrant ( ,syracuse 7#dje-cfg71 a typically cruel tyrant1 suspici\s & fe>ful1 ,,ii1 #be2 ,,iii1 #de 7872 devot$ to art & lit]ature1 himself a poet cr[n$ ) a prize at ,a!ns4 ,dionysius1 ! y\ng]1 son ( ! prec$+ & tyrant ( ,syracuse 7#cfg-cef1 #cdf-cdc72 devot$ to lit]ature2 ,plato1 ,ari/ippus1 ,ar*ytas1 & o!rs 7 br\ght to 8 c\rt4 ,:e!r ! ,damon & ,ph9tias /ory is to be connect$ ) him or 8 fa!r is unc]ta91 ,,iii1 #de 7874 ,drusus1 ,m>cus ,livius1 son ( ,gaius ,grac*us's colleague 9 ! tribune%ip2 an eloqu5t orator1 ,i1 #ajh2 z tribune 7#ia7 he attempt$ to r5ew ! social & agr>ian legislation ( ,grac*us & 0 assass9at$4 ,duty1 ! mo/ important subject 9 philosophy1 ,i1 #d2 ! mo/ fruitful field1 ,,iii1 #e2 ! philosophic sects & duty1 ,i1 #d-f2 be/ pres5tation1 ,,iii1 #g2 classification1 ,i1 #g-i2 ord] ( importance1 ,i1 #eh1 #aeb-afj2 ,,iii1 #ij2 to ^? :o h wrong$ u1 ,i1 #cc2 to an enemy1 ,i1 #ce-dj2 ,,iii1 #ih-aae2 to a slave1 ,i1 #da2 ,,iii1 #hi2 t[>d ! laws1 ,i1 #adh2 ( g5]osity1 ,i1 #db-fj2 ( ,temp]ance-,propriety1 ,i1 #ajj-aea2 ,,iii1 #aaf-aba2 ( ,=titude1 ,,iii1 #ig-aae2 to be prosp]\s1 ,,ii1 #hg2 duties ( y\?1 ,i1 #abb2 ,,ii1 #eb2 ( age1 ,i1 #abc2 ( magi/rates1 ,i1 #abd2 ( /atesm51 ,i1 #gc-he2 ( private citiz5s1 ,i1 #abd2 ( ali5s1 ,i1 #abe2 vs4 claims ( fri5d%ip1 ,,iii1 #dc-dd2 *ange ( duty 9 *ange ( circum/ance1 ,i1 #ca1 #ei2 ,,iii1 #cb2 mean & absolute duty1 ,i1 #h2 ,,iii1 #ad2 d\bts z to1 ,i1 #adg4 ,eloqu5ce1 at ! b>1 ,,ii1 #ff2 its decl9e1 ,,ii1 #fg2 see ,oratory4 ,ennius1 ,qu9tus 7#bci-afi71 a ,greek by bir?1 ! fa!r ( ,roman poetry1 wrote an epic 7! ,annals71 ,i1 #hd2 trag$ies1 ,i1 #bf1 #ea1 #eb2 ,,ii1 #bc1 #fb2 ,,iii1 #fb1 #ajd2 com$ies & satires4 ,epam9ondas1 "o ( ! greate/ m5 ( ,greece1 a /ud5t ( ,py?agorean philosophy1 ,i1 #aee2 ! greate/ g5]al ( ,!bes1 victori\s at ,leuctra 7#cga71 ,i1 #hd2 humbl$ ,sp>ta & made ,!bes ! lead+ city ( ,greece2 fell at ,mant9ea 7#cfb74 ,epicurus 7#cdb-bgj71 f\nd$ at ,a!ns ! s*ool t be>s 8 "n2 au?or ( #cjj books1 natural & e?ical philosophy2 held happ9ess to be ! highe/ good2 ,cic]o confuses 8 tea*+ "h ) t ( ,ari/ippus & ! ,cyr5aics2 ) ! latt]1 happ9ess consi/s 9 individual pleasures2 ) ,epicurus1 x is p]man5t calm ( s\l & fre$om f pa91 ) pure & la/+ pleasures--! pleasures t come f a life ( righte\sness1 ,,iii1 #ab1 #aag2 ! gods exi/$ b _h no?+ to d ) human life1 ,,iii1 #ajb2 adopt$ ! atomic !ory4 ,8 own life 0 temp]ate ev5 to ab/95ce2 8 foll[]s w5t to excess4 ,a v popul> s*ool1 ,,iii1 #aaf2 repres5t$ by ,cic]o z illogical1 ,,iii1 #ci2 _! !ory ( society1 ,i1 #aeh4 ,epigoni1 ! sons ( ! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes2 "u ,alcmaeon1 ,diom$es1 etc41 !y conqu]$ & de/roy$ ! city4 ,subject ( a trag$y ( ,accius1 ,i1 #aad4 ,erillus1 ( ,c>?age1 pupil ( ,z5o ! ,/oic1 held t k is ! only good1 :ile ev]y?+ else is nei!r good nor evil2 8 e?ical !ories reject$1 ,i1 #f4 ,eteocles1 son ( ,o$ipus1 drove out 8 bro!r ,polynices1 9 ord] to reign alone1 & br\ght on ! w> ( ! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes2 ! bro!rs fell by ea* o!r's h&s2 ,,iii1 #hb4 ,euripides 7#dhj-djf71 tragic poet ( ,a!ns2 disciple ( ,anaxagoras & fri5d ( ,socrates2 wrote #ge to #ij plays2 #ag are extant2 ,cic]o quotes f ! ,hippolytus1 ,,iii1 #hb2 ! ,pho5issae1 ,,iii1 #ajh4 ,evil1 ! supreme1 ,i1 #e2 ,,iii1 #aai2 n pa91 ,i1 #e2 ,,iii1 #aje1 #aag2 b moral wrong1 ,,iii1 #aje1 #ajf2 ! only1 ,,iii1 #ajf4 ,exp$i5cy1 def9ition1 ,,ii1 #a1 #aa2 indisp5sable1 ,,iii1 #aja2 id5tical ) ,moral ,rectitude1 ,,ii1 #i-aj2 ,,iii1 #bj1 #ce1 #di1 #hc1 #he1 #aaj2 conflict ) ,moral ,rectitude impossible1 ,,iii1 #i1 #aa1 #ah1 #cd1 #dj1 #dh1 #gb2 incompatible ) immorality1 ,,iii1 #ce1 #gg1 #ha1 #hb1 #hg2 ,,ii1 #fd2 "o /&>d = bo?1 ,,iii1 #ge2 relative1 ,,ii1 #hh fg42 possible *ange (1 ,,iii1 #ie2 occasion = d\bt1 ,,iii1 #ai2 app>5t conflict ) ju/ice1 ,,iii1 #dj1 #hf2 app>5t political exp$i5cy vs4 humanity1 ,,iii1 #df-di2 9 bus9ess1 ,,iii1 #ej fg42 app>5t conflict ) ,=titude1 ,,iii1 #ig-aae2 app>5t conflict ) ,temp]ance1 ,,iii1 #aaf4 ,fabius2 see ,maximus4 ,fabricius2 ,gaius ,fabricius ,lusc9us1 h]o ( old ,rome1 fam$ = integrity & moral dignity2 call$ ! ,j1 ,,iii1 #af1 #hg2 consul 7#bhb72 s]v$ aga9/ ,pyrrhus 7#bhj72 ambassador to ,pyrrhus to negotiate ex*ange ( prison]s2 ,pyrrhus tri$ to ga9 8 fav\r by appeals to 8 ambition1 av>ice1 & fe>s--9 va91 ,i1 #ch2 consul aga9 7#bgh71 he s5t back to ,pyrrhus ! traitor1 ,i1 #dj2 ,,iii1 #hf-hg2 a rigor\s c5sor 7#bge72 liv$ & di$ 9 pov]ty4 ,fame2 see ,glory4 ,fe>1 ! wret*$ness (1 ,,ii1 #be-bf2 vs4 love1 ,,ii1 #bc-bf2 dang]\s to ! "o :o employs x1 ,,ii1 #bf4 ,fetial ,law1 ! laws ( ! ,fetiales1 a college ( f\r prie/s :o s]v$ z gu>dians ( ! public fai?2 !y conduct$ ! c]emonies att5dant ^u dem&s = r$ress1 decl>ations ( w>1 ratification ( treaties1 e/abli%m5t ( peace2 ,i1 #cf2 ,,iii1 #ajh4 ,fides2 see ,good ,fai?2 ! goddess1 ,,iii1 #ajd2 etymology (1 ,i1 #bc4 ,fimbria1 ,gaius ,flavius1 colleague ( ,m>ius 9 8 second consul%ip 7#ajd72 orator & juri/1 ,,iii1 #gg4 ,f9ance1 ,,ii1 #hg2 re=m ( curr5cy1 ,,iii1 #hj-ha4 ,=titude1 ! ?ird ,c>d9al ,virtue1 ,i1 #ae1 #fa-ib2 its *>act]i/ics1 ,i1 #ff2 9 ! light ( ju/ice1 ,i1 #fb1 #aeg2 dang]s att5d+1 ,i1 #df1 #fb-fc2 vs4 exp$i5cy1 ,,iii1 #ig-aae2 9 ,epicurus's sy/em1 ,,iii1 #aag4 ,fraud1 crim9al1 ,,iii1 #fj fg4 ,fri5d%ip1 motives to1 ,i1 #ee-ef2 acquisition ( fri5ds1 ,,ii1 #cj2 ideal1 ,i1 #ef2 ,,iii1 #de-df2 vs4 duty1 ,,iii1 #dc-dd4 ,fufius1 ,lucius1 an orator ( no great ability1 ,,ii1 #ej4 ,furius2 ,lucius ,furius ,philus1 consul 7#acf71 proconsul 9 ,spa91 ,,iii1 #aji2 a le>n$ int]locutor 9 ,cic]o's ,republic4 ,galus1 ,gaius ,sulpicius2 see ,sulpicius4 ,gaul1 an inhabitant ( ,gaul1 ! l& nor? ( ! ,ap5n9es1 ,,iii1 #aab4 ,g5]osity1 divisions (1 ,,ii1 #eb2 close to nature1 ,,iii1 #bd2 mu/ n h>m its object1 ,i1 #db-dc2 9 proportion to "o's means1 ,i1 #db-dd2 ,,ii1 #ee2 to ! recipi5t's m]its1 ,i1 #de-fj2 motives to1 ,i1 #dg-di2 ,,iii1 #aah2 means to w9n+ popul>ity1 ,,ii1 #cb2 gifts ( money1 ,,ii1 #eb-fj2 p]sonal s]vice1 ,,ii1 #eb1 #ec2 to individuals1 ,,ii1 #fe-ga2 to ! /ate1 ,,ii1 #gb fg42 :5 mo/ appreciat$1 ,,ii1 #fc4 ,glory1 a means to popul>ity1 ,,ii1 #ca1 #dc2 pref]r$ to weal?1 ,,ii1 #hh4 ,gods1 fav\r (1 won by piety1 ,,ii1 #aa2 d no h>m1 ,,ii1 #ab2 ,,iii1 #ajb2 free f c>e1 ,,iii1 #ajb2 sl[ to ang]1 ,,iii1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aje4 ,gold5 ,mean1 ,i1 #hi2 9 g5]osity1 ,,ii1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj2 9 p]sonal adornm5t1 ,i1 #acj4 ,good1 ! supreme1 ,i1 #e1 #g2 ,,iii1 #eb1 #aai2 n pleasure1 ,i1 #e2 ,,iii1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah2 b moral goodness1 ,,iii1 #aa1 #ce2 liv+ 9 h>mony ) nature1 ,,iii1 #ac2 ! only1 moral goodness1 ,i1 #fg2 ,,iii1 #ab4 ,good fai?1 ,,iii1 #ajd2 ev5 to an enemy1 ,,iii1 #hf fg41 #aaa1 #aac4 ,good man1 :at con/itutes a1 ,,iii1 #fc1 #ge-gg4 ,grac*us1 ,gaius ,sempronius1 bro!r ( ! y\ng] ,tib]ius2 a m radical re=m]2 tribune 7#abc & #abb72 fell 7#aba7 a m>tyr to 8 re=ms = ! re/oration ( ! public l&s & ! r$uction ( ! co/ ( liv+1 ,,ii1 #gb1 #hj2 8 dea? applaud$ by ,cic]o1 ,,ii1 #dc4 ,grac*us1 ,publius ,sempronius1 fa!r ( ! eld] ,tib]ius1 ,,ii1 #dc4 ,grac*us1 ,tib]ius ,sempronius1 fa!r ( ! tribunes1 ,,ii1 #dc2 9 8 own tribune%ip he def5d$ ,scipio 7#ahg72 a great soldi]1 ,,ii1 #hj2 twice consul1 triumph$ twice2 a j rul] 9 ,spa92 son-9-law ( ! eld]1 fa!r-9-law ( ! y\ng] ,africanus1 an ard5t ari/ocrat2 h5ce ,cic]o's praise1 ,,ii1 #dc4 ,grac*us1 ,tib]ius ,sempronius1 son ( ! =ego+2 a p]suasive orator2 fri5d ( ! p & help] ( ! poor & oppress$2 murd]$ = attempt+ z tribune 7#acc7 to re=m agr>ian abuses & build up a class ( small f>m]s1 ,i1 #gf1 #aji2 ,,ii1 #hj2 8 dea? applaud$ by ,cic]o1 ,,ii1 #dc4 ,gratidianus1 ,m>cus ,m>ius2 see ,m>ius4 ,gratitude1 h[ won1 ,,ii1 #fc4 ,greece1 ! l& ( lib]ty1 lett]s1 art1 & civilization1 ,,ii1 #fj2 ,,iii1 #dh1 #gc1 #ii2 cause ( fall1 ,,ii1 #hj4 ,greek1 belong+ to or a native ( ,greece1 ,i1 #ajh1 #aaa2 ,,ii1 #hc2 ,,iii1 #hb2 lead]s 9 lit]ature1 ,i1 #c2 ma/]s ( philosophy1 ,i1 #h1 #ea1 #adb1 #aec2 ,,ii1 #ah2 ,greek & ,lat9 /udies1 ,i1 #a4 ,gyges1 ! %eph]d :o de?ron$ ,c&aules & became k+ ( ,lydia 7#gaf-fgh71 ,,iii1 #ch1 #gh4 ,gy!um1 ! h>b\r-t[n & ars5al ( ,sp>ta1 ,,iii1 #di4 ,hamilc>1 a successful ,c>?ag9ian g5]al 9 ! ,fir/ ,punic ,w>1 defeat$ by ,regulus at ,ecnomus2 oppos$ ,regulus 9 ,africa1 ,,iii1 #ii2 confus$ ) ,hamilc> ,b>ca 7q4v471 ,,iii1 #ii4 ,hamilc> ,b>ca1 fam\s comm&] ( ! ,c>?ag9ian =ces 9 ,sicily 7#bdg-bda72 9 ,spa9 7#bch-bbi72 fa!r ( ,hannibal1 ,,iii1 #ii4 ,hannibal 7#bdg-ahc71 "o ( ! _w's greate/ g5]als1 ,i1 #ajh2 son ( ,hamilc> ,b>ca1 ,,iii1 #ii2 sack$ ,saguntum 7#bai71 cross$ ! ,alps & defeat$ ! ,romans on ! ,trebia & ,tic9us 7#bah71 at ,trasim5us 7#bag71 ,cannae 7#baf71 ,i1 #dj2 ,,iii1 #aac-aad2 defeat$ at ,zama 7#bjb72 malign$ by ! ,romans z trea*]\s & cruel1 ,i1 #ch4 ,h>m1 f gods to m51 ,,ii1 #ab2 ,,iii1 #ajb2 m5 to m51 ,,ii1 #af fg4 ,heal?1 impossible )\t man's co-op]ation1 ,,ii1 #ab1 #ae2 c>e (1 ,,ii1 #hf4 ,hecaton1 ( ,rhodes1 a ,/oic1 pupil ( ,panaetius1 ,,iii1 #fc1 #hi4 ,h]cules1 ! greate/ ( h]oes1 son ( ,zeus 7,jupit]7 & ,alcm5a1 ,i1 #aah2 8 *oice ( 8 pa? 9 life1 ,i1 #aah2 p]=m] ( ! twelve lab\rs2 b5efactor ( humanity1 ,,iii1 #be2 8 atta9m5t ( heav51 ,,iii1 #be4 ,h]nicians1 a tribe 9 ! ,sab9e m\nta9s1 subdu$ by ,rome 7#cjf71 ,i1 #ce4 ,h]odotus1 ( ,halic>nassus 7#e? c5tury71 liv$ also at ,a!ns & ,?urii2 ! fa!r ( hi/ory2 travell$ widely & wrote ! hi/ory ( ,p]sia & ,greece1 ,,ii1 #da4 ,hesiod1 ! ,boeotian didactic poet 7#h? c5tury72 au?or ( ! ,!ogony1 ! ,works & ,days1 etc41 ,i1 #dh4 ,hippolytus1 son ( ,!seus2 8 /epmo!r ,pha$ra fell 9 love ) him2 he reject$ h] advances b promis$ n to tell1 ,,iii1 #ajh2 %e accus$ him falsely2 8 innoc5ce prov$1 ,pha$ra hang$ h]self & ,!seus suff]$ lifelong remorse1 ,i1 #cb2 ,,iii1 #id4 ,home1 ( man ( rank2 see ,h\se4 ,hom]1 ! poet1 au?or ( ,iliad & ,odyssey1 ,,iii1 #ig4 ,hone/y1 ! bond ( human society1 ,,iii1 #ba fg42 ! corn]-/one ( gov]nm5t1 ,,ii1 #gh fg4 ,h\se1 suitable = a man ( rank1 ,i1 #ach-adj4 ,hort5sius1 ,qu9tus 7#aad-ej71 ,cic]o's fam\s rival z orator & advocate2 8 close fri5d 7aft] #fc71 ,,iii1 #gc2 enorm\sly weal?y2 lavi% 9 8 a$ile%ip 7#ge71 ,,ii1 #eg2 n always scrupul\s1 ,,iii1 #gc-gd4 ,hospitality1 ! duty (1 ,,ii1 #fd4 ,humility1 9 prosp]ity1 ,i1 #ij-ia4 ,illyria1 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,mac$onia & ! ,adriatic1 ,,ii1 #dj4 ,+ratitude1 abhorr$1 ,,ii1 #fc4 ,inju/ice1 active & passive1 ,i1 #bc1 #bh2 nev] exp$i5t1 ,,iii1 #hd2 ( hypocrisy1 ,i1 #da4 ,in/9ct & ,reason1 diff]5ce betwe5 man & bea/1 ,i1 #aa4 ,integrity1 (ficial1 ,,ii1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg4 ,iphig5ia1 daught] ( ,agamemnon & ,clytaemne/ra 7q4v472 sacrific$ at ,aulis1 ,,iii1 #ie4 ,isocrates 7#dcf-cch71 "o ( ! t5 ,attic orators1 pupil ( ,gorgias & ,socrates2 a poli%$ speak]2 great] z a tea*] ?an z an orator2 might h be5 a great philosoph]1 ,i1 #d4 ,italian ,w> 7#ij-hh71 caus$ by ,rome's inju/ice to ! allies1 provok$ by ! fe> ( prosecution on ! "p ( ! corrupt ari/ocrats1 ,,ii1 #ge2 result$ 9 ,rome's grant+ ! cont5tions ( ! allies4 ,italy1 9 gov]nm5t id5tifi$ ) ,rome1 ,,ii1 #gf4 ,i?aca1 ! home ( ,odysseus 7,ulysses71 an isl& ( ! ,ionian gr\p we/ ( ,greece1 probably ! hi/orical ,leucas1 ,,iii1 #ig4 ,janus1 an old ,italian sun-god2 a cov]$ passage 7commonly call$ 8 temple7 adjo9+ ! =um accommodat$ ! bank+ h\ses ( ,rome1 ,,ii1 #hg4 ,jason1 tyrant ( ,ph]ae 7#cie-cgj71 g5]alissimo ( ,!ssaly 7#cgd-cgj71 an able soldi] & diplomat1 ,i1 #ajh4 ,je/s2 see ,wit4 ,jove2 see ,jupit]4 ,jugur?a1 k+ ( ,numidia 7#aah-ajf71 campaign$ ) ,scipio aga9/ ,numantia2 w> ) ,rome 7#aab-ajf7 protract$ by 8 bribes z mu* z by 8 arms1 ,,iii1 #gi2 execut$ 9 ,rome 7#ajd74 ,julius2 see ,caes>4 ,junius2 see ,brutus & ,p5nus & ,silanus4 ,jupit]1 ! greate/ ( ! gods ( ,italy1 ,,iii1 #ajb1 #aje2 ,supreme & ,be/1 ,,iii1 #ajd2 fa!r ( ,h]cules1 ,i1 #aah4 ,ju/ice1 ! second ,c>d9al ,virtue1 ,i1 #ae1 #ag1 #bj-da2 9 :at consi/+1 ,i1 #bj2 n fully compreh5d$1 ,,iii1 #fi2 que5 ( all ! virtues1 ,,iii1 #bh2 mo/ important1 ,i1 #aec2 close to nature1 ,i1 #aec2 ,,iii1 #bd2 rule ( duty1 ,i1 #bi-cj2 9 w>1 ,i1 #ch-dj2 & g5]osity1 ,i1 #db2 vs4 ,wisdom1 ,i1 #aeb-aeg2 vs4 ,=titude1 ,i1 #aeg2 vs4 ,temp]ance1 ,i1 #aei-afj2 indisp5sable 9 bus9ess1 ,,ii1 #dj2 inspires mo/ confid5ce1 ,,ii1 #cd2 ! be/ means to popul>ity1 ,,ii1 #ci2 to glory1 ,,ii1 #dc2 always exp$i5t1 ,,iii1 #if2 9 conflict ) app>5t exp$i5cy1 ,,iii1 #dj1 #hf4 ,labeo1 ,qu9tus ,fabius1 gr&son ( ,fabius ,maximus1 consul 7#ahc72 inju/ice (1 ,i1 #cc4 ,lac$aemon2 see ,sp>ta4 ,laciads1 citiz5s ( ! deme ( ,lacia1 we/ ( ,a!ns1 ! home ( ,miltiades1 ,,ii1 #fd4 ,laelius1 ,gaius1 surnam$ ! ,wise1 ,,iii1 #af2 /atesman2 soldi] "u ,scipio at ,c>?age1 successful aga9/ ,viria?us1 ,,ii1 #dj2 a ,/oic1 pupil ( ,diog5es & ,panaetius2 a man ( endless *>m & wit1 ,i1 #ij1 #ajh2 8 fri5d%ip = ,africanus immortaliz$1 ,,ii1 #ca2 a man ( lett]s1 c5tre ( ! lit]>y gr\p compris+ also ,scipio1 ,panaetius1 ,polybius1 ,t]5ce1 ,lucilius4 ,lan>ius1 ,gaius ,calpurnius1 ,,iii1 #ff4 ,lat91 /udy ( comb9$ ) ,greek1 ,i1 #a-b4 ,lat9s1 ! p ( ,latium1 ! prov9ce 9 :i* ,rome is situat$1 ! fir/ t]ritory add$ to ,rome1 ,i1 #ch2 decisive battle on ! ,anio1 ,,iii1 #aab4 ,law1 ! orig9 (1 ,,ii1 #da-db2 ! maje/y (1 ,i1 #adh2 z a pr(ession1 ,,ii1 #fe2 its decl9e ) ! end ( ! ,republic1 ,,ii1 #fg2 ,,iii1 #b4 ,l5tulus2 ,publius ,cornelius ,l5tulus ,sp9!r1 ! spl5d\r ( 8 a$ile%ip 7#fc71 ,,ii1 #eg2 z consul 7#eg7 he 0 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 secur+ ,cic]o's recall f bani%m5t4 ,leuctra1 a t[n ( ,boeotia1 :]e ! ,sp>tans "u ,cleombrotus 7 disa/r\sly defeat$ by ,epam9ondas & ! ,!bans 7#cga71 ,i1 #fa2 ,,ii1 #bf4 ,love1 h[ won1 ,,ii1 #cb2 vs4 fe>1 ,,ii1 #bc-bf4 ,lucullus1 ,lucius ,lic9ius 7#aaj-ef71 surnam$ ,ponticus = 8 victories ov] ,mi?radates 7#hd-ff72 fam$ = 8 weal? & magnific5ce1 ,i1 #adj2 = ! spl5d\r ( 8 a$ile%ip ) 8 bro!r ,m>cus 7#gi71 ,,ii1 #eg2 ) him prosecut$ ,s]vilius to av5ge _! fa!r :om he _h accus$ ( brib]y & corruption1 ,,ii1 #ej2 patron ( lett]s1 especially ( ! poet ,ar*ias4 ,lucullus1 ,m>cus ,lic9ius1 associat$ ) 8 bro!r ,lucius 7q4v471 ,,ii1 #ej1 #eg2 soldi] & orator4 ,lusitania1 we/]n ,spa91 practically mod]n ,portugal1 ,,ii1 #dj4 ,lutatius2 see ,catulus4 ,luxury1 a vice1 ,i1 #ib1 #ajf1 #abc4 ,lycurgus 7#i? c5tury71 ! fam\s lawgiv] ( ,sp>ta1 au?or 787 ( ! ,sp>tan con/itution1 ,i1 #gf4 ,lydia1 ! c5tral c\ntry ( we/]n ,asia ,m9or1 ,,iii1 #ch4 ,lys&]1 ! ,sp>tan admiral :o defeat$ ! ,a!nians at ,aegospotami 7#dje71 receiv$ ! capitulation ( ,a!ns 7#djd71 e/abli%$ ! ,?irty ,tyrants 7#djc71 & gave ,sp>ta h] lead]%ip1 ,i1 #gf1 #aji4 ,lys&]1 ! ephor 7#bda71 a desc5dant ( ! admiral1 a fri5d ( ,k+ ,agis 7q4v471 s\ght to br+ ab\t agr>ian re=ms bas$ ^u ! con/itution ( ,lycurgus2 = ?is he 0 bani%$1 ,,ii1 #hj4 ,lysis1 ( ,t>5tum1 a ,py?agorean2 expell$ f ,italy1 he came to ,!bes & taught ,epam9ondas1 ,i1 #aee4 ,mac$onia1 until ! "t ( ,philip a small c\ntry nor? ( ,!ssaly1 ,i1 #cg4 ,mac$onians1 ! p ( ,mac$on1 ,i1 #ij2 ,,ii1 #ec2 des]t$ to ,pyrrhus1 ,,ii1 #bf2 ,paulus & _! weal?1 ,,ii1 #gf4 ,maelius1 ,qu9tus1 tribune 7#cba71 m probably tribune-elect1 z tribunes c\ld n leave ! city1 ,,iii1 #aji4 ,magnific5ce1 9 ! home1 ,i1 #adj4 ,mam]cus2 ,aemilius ,lepidus ,mam]cus ,livianus1 a k9sman ( ,caes>2 ?\gh defeat$ once1 ,,ii1 #eh1 he 0 lat] 7#gg7 consul4 ,mancia1 ,qu9tus ,mucius1 unkn[n1 ,i1 #aji4 ,manc9us1 ,gaius ,ho/ilius2 9 8 consul%ip 7#acg7 he 0 defeat$ by ! ,numant9es2 8 deliv]y to ! enemy1 ,,iii1 #aji4 ,manlius2 ,aulus ,manlius ,capitol9us1 fa!r ( ,lucius 7q4v471 ,,iii1 #aab4 ,manlius2 ,lucius ,manlius ,capitol9us ,imp]iosus2 nam$ dictator to m>k ! ye> 7#cfc71 he us$ 8 (fice to engage 9 a w>2 t he transgress$ b a few days 0 due to ! int]v5tion ( ! tribunes1 ,,iii1 #aab4 ,manlius2 ,titus ,manlius ,imp]iosus ,torquatus1 8 son1 a fam\s h]o ( ,roman /ory2 z consul at ! "t ( ! battle on ! ,ves]is he execut$ 8 own son = disobey+ ord]s1 ?\gh ! disob$i5ce won ! spolia opima1 ,,iii1 #aab4 ,m>a?on1 a pla9 ab\t tw5ty miles nor? ( ,a!ns :]e 7#dij7 ,miltiades & 8 t5 ?\s& defeat$ ! ho/s ( ,d>ius1 ,i1 #fa4 ,m>cellus1 ,m>cus ,claudius1 campaign$ aga9/ ,hannibal 9 ,italy1 took ,syracuse 7#bab71 five times consul1 a brave b cruel soldi]1 ov]-prais$ by ! ,romans1 ,i1 #fa4 ,m>cus2 see ,cic]o--,m>cus ,tullius1 ! son4 ,m>cius2 see ,philippus4 ,m>ius1 ,gaius 7#aeg-hg71 sev5 times consul2 ga9$ 8 fir/ consul%ip di%on\rably1 ,,iii1 #gi1 #ha2 conqu]$ ,jugur?a 7#ajg72 sav$ ,rome f ! invad+ ,cimbri 7#ajb7 & ,teutons 7#aja72 a milit>y g5ius1 ,i1 #gf2 cruel & selfi%1 he flood$ ! /reets ( ,rome ) h] be/ blood 9 ! civil w> ) ,sulla4 ,m>ius2 ,m>cus ,m>ius ,gratidianus1 ! son 7or gr&son7 ( ,m>cus ,gratidius ^: si/] m>ri$ ,cic]o's gr&fa!r2 adopt$ by a k9sman ( ! great ,m>ius2 h5ce 8 "n2 twice praetor2 murd]$ by ,catil9e dur+ ,sulla's proscriptions1 ,,iii1 #fg2 8 unb\nd$ popul>ity 9 8 fir/ praetor%ip 7#hf71 ,,iii1 #hj-ha4 ,m>s1 ! god ( w>1 ,,iii1 #cd4 ,m>seilles 7,massilia71 a ,greek city on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,gaul1 indep5d5t ( ! prov9ce2 x sid$ ) ,pompey2 ,caes> captur$ ! city aft] a protract$ siege & exact$ cruel v5geance1 ,,ii1 #bh4 ,maximus2 ,qu9tus ,fabius ,maximus ,cunctator1 consul f\r times2 9 8 second dictator%ip 7#bag7 he won 8 surname by h>ass+ ,hannibal1 wat*+ 8 plans & work+ on ! def5sive1 ,i1 #hd1 #ajh4 ,m$es1 ! p ( ,m$ia1 a great k+dom 9 c5tral ,asia ,m9or add$ to ,p]sia by ,cyrus1 ,,ii1 #da4 ,m$us1 a son ( ,m$ea & ,aegeus2 w&]+ 9 se>* ( 8 "m he came to ,col*is1 :]e ,m$ea sav$ 8 life2 ! subject ( a trag$y ( ,pacuvius1 ,i1 #aad4 ,melanippa1 "m ( ,boeotus & ,aeolus by ,posidon 7,neptune72 bl9d$ & imprison$ by h] fa!r1 %e 0 at la/ rescu$ by h] sons & h] sight 0 re/or$ by ,posidon2 subject ( a trag$y ( ,ennius1 ,i1 #aad4 ,metellus2 ,qu9tus ,caecilius ,metellus ,mac$onicus1 won 8 surname by 8 victories ov] ,&riscus 7#adh72 a political rival & yet a good fri5d ( ! y\ng] ,scipio1 ,i1 #hg4 ,metellus2 ,qu9tus ,caecilius ,metellus ,numidicus1 nephew ( ! prec$+1 /atesman & soldi]2 z consul 7#aji71 c>ri$ on ! w> ) ,jugur?a ) di/+ui%$ success1 ,,iii1 #gi4 ,metrodorus1 ( ,lampsacus 7#ccj-bgg71 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! disciples ( ,epicurus2 8 ,epicureanism 0 ( ! grossly s5sual sort2 8 conception ( happ9ess misund]/ood by ,cic]o1 ,,iii1 #aag4 ,milo1 ,titus ,annius1 an unscrupul\s & turbul5t fell[2 z tribune 7#eg7 he did mu* = ,cic]o's recall & made a sworn enemy ( ,clodius 7q4v472 hir$ gladiators to =ce 8 own election1 ,,ii1 #eh2 def5d$ )\t success by ,cic]o = kill+ ,clodius4 ,m9]va1 goddess ( ?\ght1 temp]am5t1 wit1 ,i1 #ig4 ,m9os1 son ( ,zeus 7,jupit]7 & k+ ( ,crete2 because ( 8 upright life he 0 made judge ) ,aeacus 7q4v47 9 ,hades1 ,i1 #ig4 ,mod]ation1 def9$1 ,i1 #adb4 ,mode/y1 ,i1 #abf-abi4 ,mucius2 see ,scaevola4 ,mummius2 ,lucius ,mummius ,a*aicus1 z consul 7#adf7 broke up ! ,a*aean ,league1 raz$ ,cor9? to ! gr\nd1 ,i1 #ce2 ,,ii1 #df2 c>ri$ to ,italy untold treasures ( weal? & art1 ,,ii1 #gf4 ,naples1 ! beautiful ,greek city ( ,campania1 ,i1 #cc4 ,nasica2 see ,scipio4 ,neptune1 god ( ! sea1 ,i1 #cb2 ,,iii1 #id4 ,new ,academy2 see ,academy4 ,nicocles1 tyrant ( ,sicyon1 ,,ii1 #ha4 ,nola1 a city 9 ,campania1 loyal to ,rome1 ,i1 #cc4 ,norbanus1 ,gaius1 tribune 7#ie71 impea*$ 7#id7 = treason1 ,,ii1 #di2 consul 7#hc74 ,numantia1 ! capital ( ,celtib]ia1 raz$ to ! gr\nd aft] a long siege by ! y\ng] ,scipio1 ,i1 #ce1 #gf2 trea*]\sly treat$ by ,rome1 ,,iii1 #aji4 ,numicius1 ,tib]ius1 colleague ( ,qu9tus ,maelius 7q4v471 ,,iii1 #aji4 ,oa?1 significance (1 ,i1 #ci1 #dj2 ,,iii1 #ajb fg42 fidelity to1 ,i1 #ci1 #dj2 ,,iii1 #ii-aab2 violation (1 ,,iii1 #aac fg42 see ,p]jury4 ,octavius1 ,gnaeus1 z praetor comm&$ ! fleet aga9/ ,p]seus 7#afh7 & ga9$ a triumph2 consul 7#afe71 ,i1 #ach4 ,octavius1 ,m>cus1 tribune 7#abj72 _h ! corn law ( ,gaius ,grac*us repeal$ & secur$ ! passage ( a new & m cons]vative "o1 ,,ii1 #gb4 ,old ,age1 duties peculi> to1 ,i1 #abc2 wor/ vices (1 ,i1 #abc4 ,old ,com$y1 t ( ,ari/ophanes1 ,crat9us1 ,eupolis1 etc41 ! com$y ( p]sonal abuse1 ,i1 #ajd4 ,orata1 ,gaius ,s]gius ,silus1 praetor 7#ig71 ,,iii1 #fg4 ,oratory1 a division ( spee*1 ,i1 #acb2 divisions (1 ,,ii1 #di2 a means = w9n+ fav\r1 ,,ii1 #dh2 a means = s]vice1 ,,ii1 #fe-ga2 a p[] to save1 ,,ii1 #ea4 ,ord]l9ess1 def9$1 ,i1 #adb2 ( action1 ,i1 #adb-ade4 ,ore/es2 ,gnaeus ,aufidius ,ore/es ,aurelianus1 consul 7#ga71 ,,ii1 #eh4 ,palam$es1 ! inv5tor2 expos$ ,ulysses's trick1 ,,iii1 #ih2 trea*]\sly done to dea? 9 rev5ge4 ,palat9e1 ! hill above ! =um on ! s\?2 ea/ ( ! capital1 ,i1 #ach4 ,panaetius1 ( ,rhodes 7#ahj-aaa ca471 ,/oic philosoph]1 disciple ( ,diog5es & ,antipat] 7q4v47 at ,a!ns1 close fri5d ( ,laelius 7q4v47 & ,scipio1 ,i1 #ij2 ,,ii1 #gf2 popul>iz$ philosophy1 ,,ii1 #ce2 wrote a book on moral duty1 ,,iii1 #g2 fail$ to def9e duty1 ,i1 #g2 classification ( duty1 ,i1 #i2 omits ?ird division1 ,i1 #aeb1 #afa2 ,,ii1 #hh2 reasons = omission1 ,,iii1 #g-ah1 #cd2 h[ x w\ld h be5 met1 ,,iii1 #cc2 o!r omissions1 ,,ii1 #hf2 on co-op]ation1 ,,ii1 #af2 def5ds lawy]'s ef=ts 9 a bad case1 ,,ii1 #ea2 on exp5sive public build+s1 ,,ii1 #fj2 ,cic]o's model1 ,,ii1 #fj2 ,,iii1 #g2 ,hecaton's tea*]1 ,,iii1 #fc4 ,papius1 ,gaius1 z tribune 7#fe71 reviv$ ! law ( ,p5nus 7q4v471 ,,iii1 #dg4 ,patriotism1 ,i1 #hc2 duty to c\ntry1 ,i1 #afj2 ,,iii1 #ij1 #ie2 to die = c\ntry1 ,i1 #eg2 sacrifice =1 ,i1 #hd2 ,,iii1 #ajj2 "r to d wrong = "o's c\ntry1 ,i1 #aei2 ,,iii1 #ic1 #ie4 ,paulus1 ,lucius ,aemilius1 consul 7#baf71 defeat$ & sla9 at ,cannae1 ,i1 #aad4 ,paulus2 ,lucius ,aemilius ,paulus ,mac$onicus1 son ( ! prec$+2 9 8 second consul%ip he conqu]$ ,p]seus ( ,mac$on at ,pydna 7#afh7 & enri*$ ,rome ) spoils1 ,,ii1 #gf2 ! fa!r ( ! y\ng] ,africanus1 ,i1 #aaf1 #aba4 ,pausanias1 k+ ( ,sp>ta1 comm&]-9-*ief ( ! =ces ( ,greece at ,plataea 7#dgi7 to ! glory ( ,sp>ta1 ,i1 #gf4 ,peloponnesian ,w>1 ! dea?-/ruggle ( ,a!ns ) ,sp>ta 7#dca-djd71 ,i1 #hd4 ,peloponnesus1 ! l[] p59sula ( ,greece1 9 :i* ,sp>ta 0 ! *ief city1 ,i1 #hd4 ,pelops1 son ( ,tantalus & k+ ( ,myc5ae1 fa!r ( ,atreus & ,?ye/es1 ,,iii1 #hd4 ,p5nus1 ,m>cus ,junius2 z tribune 7#abf7 he secur$ a law expell+ all =eign]s f ,rome1 ,,iii1 #dg4 ,p]icles1 ! pe]less /atesman ( ,a!ns1 ,,ii1 #af2 philosoph]1 fri5d ( ,anaxagoras & ,socrates2 orator ( mighty p[]1 s]i\s & deep1 ,i1 #ajh2 g5]al1 ,i1 #add2 8 adm9i/ration made ,a!ns unequall$ 9 ! spl5d\r ( h] public build+s1 ,,ii1 #fj4 ,p]ipatetics1 foll[]s ( ,ari/otle 7q4v471 empirici/s1 ,,ii1 #af2 /ud5ts ( exact sci5ce2 lack ! poetry & eloqu5ce ( ,plato b n v diff]5t f ! ,new ,academy1 ,i1 #b2 ,,iii1 #bj2 foll[]s ( ,socrates & ,plato1 ,i1 #b2 _! "r to tea* e?ics1 ,i1 #f2 seek ! gold5 mean1 ,i1 #hi2 moral rectitude ! supreme good1 ,,iii1 #aa2 moral wrong ! supreme evil1 ,,iii1 #ajf2 "y ,cic]o _! foll[]1 ,i1 #a2 ,,ii1 #h4 ,p]jury1 ,,iii1 #ajf-ajc1 #aac4 ,p]seus1 ! la/ k+ ( ,mac$on1 conqu]$ by ,paulus 7q4v471 ,i1 #cg4 ,p]sians1 ! p ( ,p]sia1 ! great empire ( we/]n ,asia2 "u ,d>ius !y invad$ ,greece & 7 beat5 back at ,m>a?on 7#dij71 ,i1 #fa2 "u ,x]xes 7 ov]:elm+ly defeat$ at ,salamis 7#dhj71 ,i1 #fa2 ,,iii1 #dh1 #di2 & at ,plataea 7#dgi71 ,i1 #fa4 ,pha$ra1 daught] ( ,m9os1 wife ( ,!seus & /epmo!r ( ,hippolytus 7q4v471 ,,iii1 #id4 ,pha?on1 8 /ory1 ,,iii1 #id4 ,phal>is1 tyrant ( ,agrig5tum 7#f? c5tury71 type ( inhuman cruelty1 ,,ii1 #bf2 ,,iii1 #bi1 #cb2 sla9 9 an upris+ ( 8 p1 ,,ii1 #bf2 typical ( ,caes>4 ,phal]um1 a deme ( ,attica on ! bay ( ,phal]um1 ,i1 #c2 ,,ii1 #fj4 ,ph]ae1 a t[n ( s\?-ea/]n ,!ssaly1 ! home ( ,admetus2 ( ,jason1 ,i1 #ajh2 ( ,alex&]1 ,,ii1 #be4 ,philip1 conqu]or1 k+ ( ,mac$on 7#cei-ccf71 educat$ at ,!bes1 cultur$1 ,i1 #ij2 wise1 ,,ii1 #dh2 eloqu5t1 tactful & firm 9 discipl9e1 ,,ii1 #ec4 ,philip1 ! y\ng]1 son ( ,antigonus 7q4v471 ,,ii1 #dh4 ,philippus1 ,lucius ,m>cius1 orator second only to ,crassus & ,antonius1 ,i1 #ajh2 /atesman1 ,,ii1 #ei2 z tribune 7#ajd71 propos$ agr>ian re=ms1 ,,ii1 #gc2 di%one/ policy t[>d ! ,asiatic /ates1 ,,iii1 #hg4 ,philippus1 ,qu9tus ,m>cius1 fa!r ( prec$+1 consul 7#ahf & #afi71 ,,ii1 #ei2 ,,iii1 #hg4 ,philosoph]s1 :y righte\s1 ,i1 #bh2 attitude t[>d civic duty1 ,i1 #bh2 z tea*]s1 ,i1 #aee4 ,philosophy1 ! /udy (1 ,i1 #a-d2 !oretical speculation1 ,i1 #aec2 mean+1 ,,ii1 #e2 _s (1 ,,ii1 #g2 z a discipl9e1 ,,ii1 #d2 wor? :ile1 ,,ii1 #e fg42 :y ,cic]o turn$ to x1 ,,ii1 #b-h2 ,,iii1 #a-f4 ,ph9tias1 ! fri5d ( ,damon 7q4v47 ,,iii1 #de4 ,pho5issae1 ! ,pho5ician ,wom51 a trag$y ( ,euripides deal+ ) ! w> ( ! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes1 ,,iii1 #hb4 ,pic5um1 /ate ( nor?-ea/ ,italy1 on ! ,adriatic1 ,,iii1 #gd4 ,p9?ia1 ,m>cus ,lutatius1 unkn[n1 ,,iii1 #gg4 ,piraeus1 ! great1 l&lock$ h>b\r ( ,a!ns1 ab\t five miles f ! city1 ,,iii1 #df4 ,piso2 ,lucius ,calpurnius ,piso ,frugi1 s surnam$ = 8 integrity2 au?or & /atesman2 tribune 7#adi72 law aga9/ extortion1 ,,ii1 #ge2 consul 7#acc74 ,plaetorian ,law1 enact$ 7#aib71 ,,iii1 #fa4 ,plataea1 ! h]oic little city at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,ci?a]on 9 ,boeotia2 alone ) ,a!ns at ,m>a?on 7#dij72 ! sc5e ( ! f9al defeat ( ! ,p]sians 9 ,hellas 7#dgi71 ,i1 #fa4 ,plato 7#dbi-cdg71 pupil & fri5d ( ,socrates1 pr(\nd philosoph] & brilliant au?or1 ,i1 #bb1 #fc2 ideal /atesman1 ,i1 #he1 #hg2 might h be5 a great orator1 ,i1 #d2 f\nd] ( ! ,academy 7q4v472 a great tea*]1 ,i1 #aee2 (t5 quot$ by ,cic]o1 ,i1 #ae #bb1 #bh1 #fc1 #fd1 #he1 #hg2 ,,iii1 #ch1 #ci4 ,plautus1 ,titus ,maccius 7#bed-ahd71 ! greate/ ( ,rome's comic poets2 ri* 9 wit1 ,i1 #ajd4 ,po1 ! great riv] ( ,cisalp9e ,gaul1 ,,iii1 #hh4 ,po5i2 see ,c>?ag9ians4 ,polybius1 ( ,megalopolis 7#bjd-abb71 presid5t ( ! ,a*aean ,league1 deta9$ at ,rome 9 ! h\se ( ,aemilius ,paulus2 fri5d ( ,scipio ,aemilianus & ,laelius2 au?or ( a hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,,iii1 #aac4 ,pompey2 ,gnaeus ,pompeius ,magnus 7#ajf-dh71 w>rior1 ,i1 #gf2 7,,ii1 #bj27 politician1 ! enemy ( ,caes>1 ! idol ( ,cic]o1 ,,ii1 #b2 conqu]$ ! pirates1 ,s]torians1 ,mi?radates1 ,judaea1 ,i1 #gh2 triumvir2 m>ri$ ,julia1 ,,iii1 #hb2 adorn$ ,rome ) great build+s1 ,,ii1 #fj2 magnific5t %[s1 ,,ii1 #eg2 defeat$ at ,ph>salus 7#dh71 ,,ii1 #de4 ,pompey2 ,qu9tus ,pompeius ,rufus1 consul 7#ada72 z comm&] 9 ! w> ) ,numantia 7#adj7 made ! un=tunate peace1 ,,iii1 #aji4 ,pompey1 ,sextus1 c\s9 ( ,pompey ! ,great1 ,/oic1 s*ol>1 geometrician1 ,i1 #ai4 ,pomponius1 ,m>cus1 tribune 7#cfc72 accus] ( ,lucius ,manlius1 ,,iii1 #aab4 ,pontius1 ,gaius1 ! ,samnite g5]al1 victor at ! ,caud9e ,=ks 7#cba71 ,,ii1 #ge2 fai?lessly treat$1 defeat$ 7#bib71 & execut$ 9 ,rome4 ,poor1 s]vices to !1 ,,ii1 #fa fg42 _! gratitude1 ,,ii1 #fc1 #fi-ga4 ,popilius ,m>cus ,popilius ,la5as1 z consul 7#agb7 campaign+ 9 ,liguria1 ,i1 #cf4 ,popul> e/eem1 a means to glory1 ,,ii1 #ca2 h[ ga9$1 ,,ii1 #dd fg4 ,posidonius1 ( ,apamea 7#ace-ea71 a ,/oic1 disciple ( ,panaetius at ,a!ns1 ,,iii1 #h2 e/abli%$ a s*ool at ,rhodes :]e ,cic]o /udi$ "u him2 lat] he liv$ ) ,cic]o 9 ,rome2 au?or ( _m works1 ,i1 #aei2 ,,iii1 #aj4 ,po/umius2 ,spurius ,po/umius ,alb9us1 defeat$ 9 8 second consul%ip 7#cba7 at ! ,caud9e ,=ks1 ,,iii1 #aji4 ,prodicus1 ( ,ceos 7fif? c5tury71 a respect$ sophi/2 8 ,*oice ( ,h]cules1 ,i1 #aah4 ,pr(ession2 see ,vocation4 ,promises1 non-fulfilm5t sometimes a duty1 ,i1 #cb2 ,,iii1 #ib-ie2 sacr$ ?\gh giv5 to an enemy1 ,i1 #ci-dj4 ,prop]ty1 private1 h[ obta9$1 ,i1 #ib2 rights (1 ,i1 #ba2 ,,ii1 #gc-gi1 #he2 ,,iii1 #ec2 public1 rights (1 ,i1 #ba1 #ea4 ,propriety1 def9$1 ,i1 #if2 its relations to ! ,c>d9al ,virtues1 ,i1 #ic-ajj2 poetic1 ,i1 #ig2 moral1 ,i1 #ih-ii2 conduct 9 accord ) p]sonal end[m5t1 ,i1 #aaj-aag2 9 *oos+ a c>e]1 ,i1 #aae-aba2 9 outw>d appe>ance1 ,i1 #acj2 9 inw>d self-control1 ,i1 #aca-acb2 9 spee*1 ,i1 #acb fg42 9 ! home1 ,i1 #ach-adj4 ,propylaea1 ! magnific5t gateway to ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1 built 7#dcg-dca7 by ,p]icles & ,mnesicles at a co/ ( #ejj1jjj1 ,,ii1 #fj4 ,prosecution1 ,,ii1 #di2 to be r>ely und]tak51 ,,ii1 #ej2 a public s]vice1 ,,ii1 #ej4 ,prud5ce2 see ,wisdom4 ,ptolemy1 ,philadelphus 7#cji-bdg71 k+ ( ,egypt1 patron ( art & lett]s1 _h ! ,bible translat$2 va/ly ri*1 ,,ii1 #hb4 ,public ,l&s1 private occupation to be ma9ta9$1 ,i1 #ba4 ,public ,s]vice1 z a c>e]1 ,i1 #gj fg42 z a duty1 ,i1 #gb2 z an hon\r1 ,i1 #gc2 free f p>tisan%ip1 ,i1 #he-hf2 self-seek+1 ,i1 #hg2 v9dictiv5ess1 ,i1 #hh2 ang]1 ,i1 #hi2 guid$ by wisdom1 ,i1 #aee-aef4 ,public %[s1 extravagant exp5ditures1 ,,ii1 #ee-fj2 expect$ ( an a$ile1 ,,ii1 #eg-fj4 ,pul*]1 ,gaius ,claudius1 son ( ,appius1 a$ile 7#ii71 ,,ii1 #eg2 consul 7#ib74 ,punic ,w>s2 see ,c>?age4 ,pyrrho1 ( ,elis 7f\r? c5tury71 f\nd] ( ! s*ool ( ! ,sceptics2 held t virtue is ! only good1 t tru? & k are unatta9able2 8 e?ical !ories reject$1 ,i1 #f4 ,pyrrhus 7#cah-bgb71 k+ ( ,epirus1 desc5d$ f ,a*illes & ,aeacus1 ,i1 #ch2 a d>+ soldi] & a gallant enemy1 ,i1 #ch2 a c>e] ( adv5ture & conque/1 ,i1 #ch2 ,,iii1 #hf2 invad$ ,italy 7#bhj-bge72 ! /ory ( ! poison]1 ,i1 #dj2 ,,iii1 #hf2 7see also ,fabricius72 invad$ ,mac$onia 7#bgc7 & ! enemy's troops jo9$ him1 ,,ii1 #bf2 kill$ 9 ,argos 7#bgb74 ,py?agorean1 a foll[] ( ,py?agoras or memb] ( 8 secret frat]nity1 ,i1 #aee2 ,,iii1 #de4 ,py?agoras1 ( ,samos 7six? c5tury71 /udi$ 9 ! ,ori5t1 great ma!matician2 moral & religi\s tea*]2 s]i\s1 ascetic1 ,i1 #ajh2 taught transmigration ( s\ls2 f\nd$ a secret bro!rhood ( ideal fri5d%ip1 ,i1 #ef2 asceticism 0 ! rule ( practice1 ) deep m$itation & l(ty aspiration4 ,py?ian1 epi!t ( ,apollo1 f ,py?o1 ano!r "n = ,delphi1 ,,ii1 #gg4 ,py?ius1 ( ,syracuse1 8 di%one/y1 ,,iii1 #eh4 ,quir9us1 ! ,sab9e "n = ! deifi$ ,romulus1 ,,iii1 #da4 ,recklessness1 to be avoid$1 ,i1 #ha1 #hc4 ,regulus1 ,m>cus ,atilius1 a fav\rite h]o ( old ,rome2 consul 7#bfg & #bef71 annihilat$ ! ,c>?ag9ian fleet1 took _m t[ns1 0 f9ally 7#bee7 defeat$ & tak5 prison]1 ,i1 #ci2 ,,iii1 #ii2 8 fam\s embassy & ! e?ics ( 8 conduct1 ,,iii1 #ii-aae4 ,remus1 tw9 bro!r ( ,romulus1 sla9 = leap+ 9 d]ision ov] ! new walls ( ,rome1 ,,iii1 #da4 ,repro(1 h[ adm9i/]$1 ,i1 #acf4 ,republic1 ! ,roman2 its glory1 ,,ii1 #b2 ! protectorate ( ! _w1 ,,ii1 #bg2 its d[nfall1 ,i1 #ce2 ,,ii1 #b-e1 #bi1 #fe2 ,,iii1 #b1 #d1 #hc2 ! tyrant's sway1 ,,ii1 #bc-bi2 ,,iii1 #ha-he2 enslav$1 ,,iii1 #hd-he4 ,retirem5t1 ! life (1 ,i1 #fi-gj4 ,rhodes1 a l>ge isl& (f ! coa/ ( ,c>ia1 ,,iii1 #ej4 ,rhodian1 a native ( ,rhodes1 ,,iii1 #ej1 #eg2 ,,iii1 #fc4 ,ri*es1 ! object ( acquir+1 ,i1 #be2 prop] use (1 ,i1 #fh2 comp>$ ) virtue1 ,,iii1 #bd2 7see ,weal?74 ,roman1 ( or belong+ to ,rome1 ,,iii1 #eh2 p1 ,i1 #cc2 ,,iii1 #gi1 #hc-hf1 #aje1 #aji1 #aad2 ! p ( ,rome1 ,,ii1 #ge2 celebrat$ = c\rage1 ,i1 #fa2 *ampion ( ju/ice1 ,i1 #cf2 ,,ii1 #bf2 hatr$ ( tyranny & inju/ice1 ,,iii1 #ai2 atonem5t = tyranny & inju/ice1 ,,ii1 #bg-bi2 _! enslavem5t1 ,,iii1 #he-hf4 ,rome1 ! capital ( ! ,empire & mi/ress ( ! _w1 ,i1 #ci1 #dj2 ,,iii1 #gc1 #gi1 #ii1 #aab1 #aac4 ,romulus1 ! my?ical k+1 f\nd] ( ,rome1 ,,iii1 #dj2 build] ( its walls2 n ju/ifi$ 9 slay+ 8 bro!r1 ,,iii1 #da4 ,roscius1 ,sextus1 ( ,am]ia1 accus$ by ,*rysogonus1 a fre$man ( ,sulla's1 ( murd]+ 8 fa!r2 bravely & successfully def5d$ by ,cic]o at ! age ( tw5ty-six1 ,,ii1 #ea4 ,rupilius1 an actor o!rwise unkn[n1 ,i1 #aad4 ,rutilius2 ,publius ,rutilius ,rufus1 a disciple ( ,publius ,scaevola1 ,,ii1 #dg2 ( ,panaetius1 ,,iii1 #aj2 ) ,qu9tus ,scaevola 9 ,asia he repress$ ! extortion ( ! publicans1 0 bani%$1 & devot$ 8 life to philosophy & lit]ature1 ,,iii1 #aj4 ,sab9e1 belong+ to ! prov9ce ( c5tral ,italy1 ,,iii1 #gd2 ! ,sab9es1 unfri5dly to ,rome till subdu$ & add$ to ! empire 7#bij71 ,i1 #ce1 #ch4 ,sacr$ ,laws2 ! ,leges ,sacratae1 laws = ! violation ( :i* ! (f5d] 0 nom9ally consecrat$ to "s god--i4e41 lad5 ) a curse1 ,,iii1 #aaa4 ,salamis1 ! isl& & /raits directly 9 front ( ! ,piraeus 7q4v471 :]e 7#dhj7 ,!mi/ocles & ! alli$ ,greeks virtually annihilat$ ! fleets ( ,p]sia1 ,i1 #fa1 #ge4 ,sale1 fraud 9 sale ( real e/ate1 ,,iii1 #ed-fd2 laws conc]n+1 ,,iii1 #fe-ga2 ( slaves1 ,,iii1 #ga-gb4 ,salmacis1 a f\nta9 7& nymph7 at ,halic>nassus1 ^: wat]s made m5 :o drank !m weak & effem9ate1 ,i1 #fa4 ,samnites1 ! brave1 lib]ty-lov+ p ( ,samnium1 a prov9ce ( s\?-c5tral ,italy2 aft] sev5ty-"o ye>s 7#cdc-bgb7 ( w> ) ,rome admitt$ to citiz5%ip1 ,i1 #ch2 fam\s = _! victory at ! ,caud9e ,=ks1 ,,iii1 #aji2 ,gaius ,pontius1 ,,ii1 #ge4 ,sanitation2 see ,heal?4 ,s>d9ia1 ! l>ge isl& nor? ( ,sicily1 made a prov9ce 7#bch71 misgov]n$1 ,,ii1 #ej4 ,satrius2 ,m>cus ,m9ucius ,basilus ,satrianus1 adopt$ by ,lucius ,m9ucius ,basilus1 8 inh]itance1 ,,iii1 #gd4 ,scaevola1 ,publius ,mucius1 fa!r ( ! pontifex maximus1 consul 7#acc7 & fri5d ( ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 an exp]t 9 ! pontifical law1 ,,ii1 #dg4 ,scaevola1 ,qu9tus ,mucius1 ! ,augur1 son ( ! prec$+1 son-9-law ( ,laelius1 fri5d ( ,africanus1 consul 7#aag71 preceptor to ,cic]o2 simple 9 8 greatness1 ,i1 #aji4 ,scaevola1 ,qu9tus ,mucius1 ! ,pontifex ,maximus1 son ( ,publius1 preceptor ( ,cic]o2 orator1 juri/2 au?ority on ! civil law1 8 bus9ess hon\r1 ,,iii1 #fb1 #gj2 foll[$ 8 fa!r's call+1 ,i1 #aaf2 magnific5t a$ile%ip1 ,,ii1 #eg2 consul 7#ie71 ,,iii1 #dg4 ,scaurus1 ,m>cus ,aemilius1 consul 7#aae72 p>tisan r ?an /atesman1 ,i1 #gf2 ambassador to ,jugur?a 7#aab71 notori\s corruptioni/1 b loyal ari/ocrat2 h5ce ,cic]o's praise1 ,i1 #ajh4 ,scaurus1 ,m>cus ,aemilius1 son ( ! prec$+1 /ep-son ( ,sulla1 a$ile 7#eh7 ) extraord9>y magnific5ce1 ,,ii1 #eg2 gov]nor ( ,s>d9ia 7#ef71 :i* he plund]$ outrage\sly2 successfully def5d$ by ,cic]o & ,hort5sius2 lat] 7#eb7 condemn$ & bani%$1 ,i1 #ach2 palace on ! ,palat9e1 ,i1 #ach4 ,scipio1 ,gnaeus ,cornelius1 bro!r ( ,publius 7see foll[+72 consul 7#bbb7 ) ,m>cus ,m>cellus2 ) ,publius 9 ,spa9 7#bag-baa72 a gallant soldi]1 ,i1 #fa2 ,,iii1 #af4 ,scipio1 ,publius ,cornelius1 bro!r ( ,gnaeus & fa!r ( ! eld] ,africanus1 ,i1 #aba2 consul 7#bah71 defeat$ by ,hannibal at ! ,tic9us2 wag$ w> 9 ,spa9 7#bag-baa72 a gallant soldi]1 ,i1 #fa2 ,,iii1 #af4 ,scipio2 ,publius ,cornelius ,scipio ,africanus ,major 7#bcd-ahc71 ! son ( ,publius1 ,i1 #aba2 gr&fa!r ( ! ,grac*i1 ,,ii1 #hj2 defeat$ ,hannibal at ,zama 7#bjb7 & clos$ ! w>2 nev] idle 9 8 zeal = ,rome1 ,,iii1 #a-d4 ,scipio1 ,publius ,cornelius1 son ( ,africanus ,major1 adoptive fa!r ( ,africanus ,m9or2 gift$ m5tally b physically disqualifi$ = an active c>e]1 ,i1 #aba4 ,scipio2 ,publius ,cornelius ,scipio ,aemilianus ,africanus ,m9or1 son ( ,aemilius ,paulus ,mac$onicus1 ,i1 #aaf1 #aba2 adopt$ son ( ,publius ,africanus's son1 ,i1 #aba2 fri5d & pupil ( ,panaetius1 ,i1 #ij2 intimate fri5d ( ,laelius 7q4v47 & devot$ to lit]ature2 s]i\s1 e>ne/1 ,i1 #ajh2 self-control1 ,,ii1 #gf2 a great soldi]1 ,i1 #gf1 #aaf2 at ,pydna 7#afh7 ) 8 fa!r2 captur$ & de/roy$ ,c>?age 7#acf7 & ,numantia 7#acc71 ,i1 #ce2 ,,ii1 #gf2 /atesman ( high ideals1 a bitt] rival & yet a fri5d ( ,qu9tus ,metellus1 ,i1 #hg4 ,scipio2 ,publius ,cornelius ,scipio ,nasica ,s]apio1 kn[n *iefly z ! man :o l$ ! riot & murd]$ ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 ,i1 #gf1 #aji4 ,scipio2 ,publius ,cornelius ,scipio ,nasica1 son ( ! prec$+2 di$ 9 8 consul%ip 7#aaa72 a *>m+ g5tleman & a brilliant speak]1 ,i1 #aji4 ,secret s91 ,,ii1 #cg fg4 ,seius1 ,m>cus1 r$uc$ ! price ( corn & rega9$ 8 lo/ popul>ity1 ,,ii1 #eh4 ,self-control2 see ,temp]ance4 ,self-sacrifice1 ,,iii1 #be2 ( ,regulus1 ,,iii1 #ig-aae4 ,s]gius1 ,gaius2 see ,orata4 ,sicily1 ! great isl& s\?-we/ ( ,italy1 f]tile & ri*1 occupi$ along ! coa/s by prosp]\s ,greek colonies1 a ,roman prov9ce 7#bab on71 an easy prey = rapaci\s gov]nors1 z ,v]res :om ,cic]o prosecut$ 7#gj71 ,,ii1 #ej4 ,sicyon1 a city ne> ,cor9?1 fam\s z a c5tre ( art2 ,aratus & ! tyranny1 ,,ii1 #ha-hb4 ,silanus1 ,decimus ,junius1 /epfa!r ( ,m>cus ,brutus1 consul 7#fb71 a$ile1 ,,ii1 #eg4 ,slaves1 duty t[>d1 ,i1 #da2 ,,iii1 #hi4 ,social ,in/9ct1 man & bea/1 ,i1 #ab1 #ej2 bees1 ,i1 #aeg2 leads to ju/ice1 ,i1 #aeg2 weigh$ aga9/ ju/ice1 ,i1 #aei fg4 ,society1 pr9ciples (1 ,i1 #ej-eg2 ,,iii1 #ec2 rights (1 ,i1 #ba2 s]vice to1 ,i1 #aec1 #aee4 ,socrates 7#dfi-cii71 ! great philosoph] & tea*]1 ,,ii1 #dc2 8 e?ics1 ,,iii1 #aa1 #gg2 8 p]fect poise1 ,i1 #ij2 brilliant dialectician1 ) a pr(\nd mean+ 9 e ^w1 ,i1 #ajh2 p]sonal ecc5tricities1 ,i1 #adh4 ,! noble/1 ay1 & ! wise/ & mo/ righte\s man t we h ev] kn[n4 ,socratic1 foll[+ ,socrates1 ,i1 #ajd1 #acd2 ,,ii1 #hg2 mo/ s*ools ( philosophy are bas$ on ! tea*+ ( ,socrates--! ,academy1 ,i1 #b2 ! ,p]ipatetic1 ,i1 #b2 ,,iii1 #bj2 ! ,cynic1 ,i1 #abh2 ! ,cyr5aic1 ,,iii1 #aaf2 ! ,/oic1 ,i1 #f2 etc4 ,sol1 ! sun-god1 fa!r ( ,pha?on1 ,,iii1 #id4 ,solon1 ! great lawgiv] ( ,a!ns 7#fch-eeh ca471 poet1 soldi]1 /atesman2 8 feign$ madness & ! acquisition ( ,salamis1 ,i1 #ajh2 8 con/itution & ! reorganiz$ ,areopagus1 ,i1 #ge4 ,sophocles1 ! great tragic poet 7#die-djf71 supreme on ! ,a!nian /age 7#dfh-dda72 g5]al 9 ! w> aga9/ ,samos 7#ddj71 ,i1 #add4 ,sp>ta1 capital ( ,lac$aemon 9 ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ! ,peloponnesus1 ,,iii1 #ii2 con/itution ( ,lycurgus1 ,i1 #gf2 national "*1 ,i1 #fd2 position at end ( ,p]sian w>s1 ,i1 #gf2 at end ( ,peloponnesian w>1 ,i1 #gf2 h] ars5al1 ,,iii1 #di2 disa/]s1 ,i1 #hd2 despotic1 ,,ii1 #bf2 cause ( h] fall1 ,,ii1 #gg1 #hj4 ,/oics1 adh]5ts ( ! s*ool f\nd$ by ,z5o1 an (f%oot f ,cynicism1 ,i1 #abh2 ref\nd$ by ,*rysippus2 philosophy ) !m is practical1 mak+ life accord ) ,nature's laws1 ,,iii1 #ac2 virtue & philosophy are id5tical2 virtue ! only good1 ,i1 #f2 ,,iii1 #aa1 #ab2 moral wrong ! only evil1 ,,iii1 #ajf2 pa9 no evil1 ,,iii1 #aje2 no degrees ( "r or wrong1 ,i1 #aj2 etymologi/s1 ,i1 #bc2 def9e =titude1 ,i1 #fb2 temp]ance1 ,i1 #adb2 duties1 ,,iii1 #ad2 controv]sies1 ,,iii1 #ia2 _! "r to tea* e?ics1 ,i1 #f2 ,cic]o adopts _! tea*+1 ,i1 #f2 ,,iii1 #bj2 common int]e/s1 ,i1 #bb2 _! !ology a pan!i/ic mat]ialism1 ,god work+ 9 8 provid5ce1 ,,iii1 #ajb2 repres5tative ,/oics1 ,,ii1 #ea1 #hf2 ,,iii1 #ea4 ,sulla2 ,lucius ,cornelius ,sulla ,felix 7#ach-gh71 noble1 pr(ligate1 brilliant g5ius2 w\ld /oop to any?+1 ,i1 #aji2 soldi] aga9/ ,jugur?a1 ,mi?radates1 ,m>ius1 ,rome2 /atesman2 re=m$ ! con/itution2 absolute mon>* ( ,rome 7#ha-gi72 treatm5t ( tribut>y allies1 ,,iii1 #hg2 confiscator1 ,i1 #dc2 ,,ii1 #bi2 ov]turn$ ! old morals1 ,,ii1 #bg2 ,cic]o oppos$ him1 ,,ii1 #ea4 ,sulla1 ,publius ,cornelius1 nephew ( ! dictator1 ,,ii1 #bi2 def5d$ by ,cic]o on *>ge ( complicity 9 ,catil9e's conspiracy4 ,sulla1 ,cornelius1 a fre$man ( ! dictator1 ,,ii1 #bi4 ,sulpicius2 ,gaius ,sulpicius ,galus1 consul 7#aff72 fam\s a/ronom]1 ,i1 #ai2 pr$ict$ an eclipse ( ! moon4 ,sulpicius2 ,publius ,sulpicius ,rufus 7#abd-hh71 an em95t orator ( little "*1 ,,ii1 #di4 ,sungod2 see ,sol4 ,sup]bus2 see ,t>qu94 ,syracuse1 a great ,greek city 9 s\?-ea/]n ,sicily1 ri* 9 art & 9 goods2 rul$ by ,dion1 ,i1 #aee2 ,dionysius1 ,,ii1 #be2 ,,iii1 #de2 a popul> resort1 ,,iii1 #eh4 ,tantalus1 son ( ,zeus 7,jupit]7 & fa!r ( ,pelops 7q4v471 ,,iii1 #hd4 ,t>qu92 ,lucius ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus1 ! la/ k+ ( ,rome 7#ece-eaj71 a cruel tyrant1 expell$ by ,brutus & ,collat9us1 ,,iii1 #dj4 ,t>qu9s1 ! k9sm5 ( ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus1 all expell$ 7#eaj71 ,,iii1 #dj4 ,taxation1 levy+ (1 ,,ii1 #gd4 ,temp]ance1 ! f\r? ,c>d9al ,virtue1 ,i1 #ic-aea2 def9ition1 ,i1 #ic2 ! passions1 ,i1 #ajb2 spee*1 ,i1 #ajc2 vs4 ,ju/ice1 ,i1 #aei-afj2 ess5tial to success1 ,,ii1 #gg2 vs4 app>5t ,exp$i5cy1 ,,iii1 #aaf fg4 ,t]5ce2 ,publius ,t]5tius ,af] 7#aie-aei71 a comic poet1 fri5d ( ,laelius & ,scipio2 six plays are left2 quotation f ! ,heauton ,timorum5us1 ,i1 #cj2 ! ,eunu*us1 ,i1 #aej4 ,!be1 daught] ( ,jason & wife ( ,alex&] ( ,ph]ae1 ,,ii1 #be4 ,!bes1 ! capital ( ,boeotia1 home ( ,p9d> & ,epam9ondas1 ,i1 #aee4 ,!mi/ocles1 brilliant /atesman ( ,a!ns1 ,,ii1 #af2 gave ,a!ns h] fleet & sav$ ,greece at ,salamis 7#dhj71 ,i1 #ge2 consummate g5]al1 ,i1 #ajh2 n always scrupul\s 9 8 me?ods1 ,,iii1 #di2 8 valuation ( "*1 ,,ii1 #ga4 ,!ophra/us1 ( ,lesbos1 fav\rite pupil & successor ( ,ari/otle1 a m>vell\s tea*]1 ma/] ( ,demetrius ( ,phal]um1 ,i1 #c2 a prolific au?or2 cit$1 ,,ii1 #ef1 #fd4 ,!opompus1 ( ,*ios 7f\r? c5tury71 pupil ( ,isocrates1 orator & hi/orian1 ,,ii1 #dj4 ,!rmopylae1 a n>r[ pass on ! sea%ore betwe5 ,!ssaly & ,locris1 held by ,leonidas & 8 ?ree hundr$ aga9/ ! ho/s ( ,x]xes 7#dhj71 ,i1 #fa4 ,!seus1 ! great leg5d>y h]o ( ,a!ns1 b5efactor ( ! _w2 unit] ( ,a!ns & ,attica2 fa!r ( ,hippolytus 7q4v47 by ,antiope2 husb& ( ,pha$ra2 8 son's dea?1 ,i1 #cb2 ,,iii1 #id4 ,?race1 ! va/ c\ntry nor? ( ! ,aegean2 ?\gh ! home ( ,orpheus1 ,l9us1 etc41 x 0 g5]ally consid]$ b>b>\s1 ,,ii1 #be4 ,?ye/es1 son ( ,pelops & bro!r ( ,atreus 7q4v471 7,,iii1 #ajb74 ,timo!us1 admiral ( ! ,a!nian fleet 7#cgh-cef71 comp>$ ) 8 fa!r ,conon1 ,i1 #aaf4 ,torquatus2 see ,manlius4 ,trades2 see ,vocation4 ,troez51 a city ( ,argolis1 ne> ! %ore opposite ,aeg9a2 ! asylum ( ! ,a!nians at ! approa* ( ,x]xes1 ,,iii1 #dh4 ,tru/s1 :5 n to be re/or$1 ,,iii1 #ie4 ,tru?1 ! se>* aft]1 ,i1 #ac4 ,tub]o1 ,qu9tus ,aelius1 ! ,/oic1 a pupil ( ,panaetius1 praetor 7#abc72 a tal5t$ juri/1 ,,iii1 #fc4 ,tusculum1 a t[n 9 ! ,alban hills1 ! olde/ municipium 9 ,italy1 admitt$ 7#cha71 ,i1 #ce2 public l&s (1 ,i1 #ba2 ,cic]o's fav\rite c\ntry home4 ,twelve ,tables1 ! laws (1 drawn up 7#dej72 quot$1 ,i1 #cg2 ,,iii1 #aaa4 ,tyranny1 ,,ii1 #bc-bi2 inspir$ by false p]spective1 ,,iii1 #cf2 "r & duty t[>d ! tyrant1 ,,iii1 #ai1 #he4 ,tyre1 ! great comm]cial city on ! coa/ ( ,pho5ice1 ,,ii1 #hf4 ,ulysses 7,odysseus71 son ( ,la]tes ( ,i?aca1 ! %rewde/ ( ! ,greek h]oes at ,troy1 ,,iii1 #ig2 ! h]o ( ! ,odyssey1 ,i1 #aac4 ,v>ro1 ,gaius ,t]5tius1 consul 7#baf7 ) ,paulus1 responsible = ! disa/] at ,cannae1 ,,iii1 #aad4 ,v5us 7,aphrodite71 ! goddess ( beauty & love2 ( ,cos1 ,,iii1 #aj4 ,ves]is1 a little /ream ne> ,m\nt ,vesuvius2 sc5e ( ! battle ( ,manlius ,torquatus & ! eld] ,decius1 ,,iii1 #aab4 ,veturius2 ,titus ,veturius ,calv9us1 consul ) ,spurius ,po/umius 7#cba7 at ! ,caud9e ,=ks1 ,,iii1 #aji4 ,vice1 luxuri\s liv+1 ,i1 #abc2 s5sual pleasure1 ,i1 #ajb1 #ajd-ajf1 #abb-abc2 ,,ii1 #cg2 av>ice1 ,,ii1 #gg2 extravagance1 ,i1 #adj2 misrepres5tation1 ,i1 #aej2 untru?1 ,i1 #aej2 correct$ by obs]v+ o!rs1 ,i1 #adf2 by ! criticism ( ! wise1 ,i1 #adg4 ,viria?us1 ,,ii1 #dj4 ,virtue1 def9$1 ,,ii1 #ah2 *ief function (1 ,,ii1 #ag2 ! f\r ,c>d9al ,virtues describ$1 ,i1 #ae-ag2 ! s\rces ( moral rectitude1 ,i1 #aeb2 ,,iii1 #if2 ,nature's lead+s to1 ,i1 #ajj2 endang]$ by s5sual pleasure1 ,,ii1 #cg2 rul]s *os5 =1 ,,ii1 #da4 ,vocation1 *oice (1 ,i1 #aae-abj2 *ange (1 ,i1 #abj-aba2 vulg> & lib]al1 ,i1 #aej-aeb4 ,volscians1 a p ( l[] ,latium1 subdu$ 7#cjc71 giv5 full citiz5%ip 7#ahh71 ,i1 #ce4 ,w>1 rights (1 to be en=c$1 ,i1 #cd2 ,cato's son1 ,i1 #cf-cg2 excuse = w>1 ,i1 #ce1 #hj2 ju/ice 9 w>1 ,i1 #ch2 w> = supremacy1 ,i1 #ch2 = glory1 ,i1 #ch2 ne$less cruelty1 ,i1 #hb4 ,weal?1 ,!ophra/us on1 ,,ii1 #ef2 insatiable ?ir/ =1 ,i1 #be2 :y s\ght1 ,i1 #be-bg2 ! real good ( weal?1 ,,ii1 #ef2 see ,ri*es4 ,wisdom1 ! fir/ ( ! ,c>d9al ,virtues1 ,i1 #ae-ai2 mo/ important1 ,i1 #aec2 ,,ii1 #f2 absolute1 ,,iii1 #af2 & propriety1 ,i1 #id1 #ajj2 vs4 ,ju/ice1 ,i1 #aeb-aeg1 #afj2 conf\nd$ ) cunn+1 ,,ii1 #aj2 ,,iii1 #gb1 #if2 9 ,epicurus's sy/em1 ,,iii1 #aag4 ,wit1 k9ds (1 ,i1 #ajc-ajd2 repres5tatives (1 ,i1 #ajh4 ,xan?ippus1 a ,sp>tan soldi] ( =tune1 ^: g5]al%ip defeat$ ,regulus1 ,,iii1 #ii4 ,x5ocrates1 ( ,*alc$on 7#cif-cad71 a pupil ( ,plato1 presid5t ( ! ,academy1 indu/ri\s & sev]e1 ,i1 #aji4 ,x5ophon1 soldi]1 hi/orian1 disciple ( ,socrates1 ,,ii1 #hg2 ! /ory ( ,h]cules's *oice1 ,i1 #aah4 ,x]xes1 k+ ( ,p]sia 7#dhe-dfe71 son ( ,d>ius1 invad$ ,greece 7#dhj71 came to grief at ,salamis & ,plataea1 ,,iii1 #dh4 ,y\?1 duties peculi> to1 ,i1 #abc2 ,,ii1 #eb2 "t = *oos+ pr(ession1 ,i1 #aag4 ,z5o1 ( ,cytium 7f\r? c5tury71 pupil ( ,crates ! ,cynic & f\nd] ( ! ,/oic s*ool 7see ,/oics71 ,,iii1 #ce4 ,,let*wor?3 ,,at ,,! ,,ard5 ,,press4 ,,corrections3 page orig9al text correction #aij sn ,fab4 inc4 ,valh5#b1 #djb ,fab4 inc4 ,vahl5#b1 #djb #bcj fn ,ma co ,,mss4 ,m>co ,,mss4 #cdd set etiam adiuvat iniuriam8 s$ etiam adiuvat iniuriam8 #dac trea*]\s & crue1 ,i1 #ch4 trea*]\s & cruel1 ,i1 #ch4 #dba fri5d o ,qu9tus ,metellus1 fri5d ( ,qu9tus ,metellus1 #dbb fa!r ( ,phae?on1 ,,iii1 #id4 fa!r ( ,pha?on1 ,,iii1 #id4