,,m>riage1 ,,z ,,x ,,01 ,,z ,,x ,,is1   
,,& ,,z ,,x ,,%\ld ,,be    ,a ,,plea ,,=
 ,,re=m    ,by ,annie ,besant    ,second
 ,edition    ,london3 ,free?\ght        
,publi%+ ,company    #ahhb4             
,,m>riage3 ,,z ,,x ,,01 ,,z ,,x ,,is1   
,,& ,,z ,,x ,,%\ld ,,be4    ,ei!r all   
human be+s h equal rights1 or none h    
any4    --,condorcet4          ,i4      
,,m>riage    ,! recognition ( human     
rights may be said to be ( mod]n gr[?1 &
  ev5 yet !y are b v imp]fectly         
und]/ood4 ,lib]ty us$ to  be reg>d$ z a 
privilege be/[$1 in/ead ( z an inh]5t   
"r2  rights ( classes h (t5 be5 claim$3 
"r to rule1 "r to tax1  "r to puni%1 all
 ^! h be5 argu$ = & ma9ta9$ by =ce2  b  
^! are n rights1 !y are only wrongs     
veil$ z legal rights4  ,jean ,jacques   
,r\sseau /ruck a new note :5 he cri$3   
,m5 are  born free2 free by bir?right 0 
a new ?\ght1 :5 decl>$ z a  univ]sal    
inh]itance1 & ?is gospel ( ,jean        
,jacques ,r\sseau  dawn$ on ! _w z !    
sun-ris+ ( a glori\s day--a day ( human 

lib]ty1 unre/ra9$ by class4 ,9 #aghi !  
doctr9e ( ! ,rights (  ,man receiv$ its 
fir/ ,european sanction by law2 9 !     
,augu/ ( t  ye> ! ,national ,assembly ( 
,france proclaim$3 ,m5 are born1 &      
rema91 free & equal 9 rights4444 ,! aim 
( political association is  !           
cons]vation ( ! natural &               
imprescriptible rights ( man2  ^! rights
 are--lib]ty1 prop]ty1 safety1 &        
resi/ance ( tyranny4  ,dur+ savage &    
semi-civilis$ ages ^! imprescriptible   
rights  are nev] dream$ ( z exi/+2 brute
 =ce is k+2 might is ! only  "r1 & !    
/rong arm is ! only argum5t ^: logic    
meets )  g5]al recognition4 ,9 w>like   
tribes fair equality is f\nd1 & !  *ief 
is only primus int] p>es2 b :5 ! nomadic
 tribe settles  d[n into an agricultural
 community1 :5 ! habit ( be>+ arms      
ceases to be univ]sal1 :5 weal? beg9s to
 accumulate1 & !  village or t[n (f]s   
attractions = pillage1 !n /r5g? becomes 
at once a t]ror & a possible def5ce4 ,! 
weak obey "s p[]ful  neighb\r p>tly     

because !y _c resi/1 & p>tly because !y 
desire1 by _! submission1 to ga9 a /rong
 protection aga9/ _!  enemies4 ,!y      
submit to ! exactions ( "o t !y may be  
%ield$  f ! tyranny ( _m1 & yield up _! 
natural lib]ty to "s  ext5t to pres]ve  
!mselves f be+ entirely enslav$4 ,v     
sl[ly  d !y le>n t ! union ( _m         
individually feeble is /rong]  ?an a few
 p[]ful1 isolat$ tyrants1 & gradually   
law takes !  place ( despotic w2        
gradually ! feel+ ( self-respect1 (     
indep5d5ce1 ( love ( lib]ty1 gr[s1 until
 at la/ man claims  fre$om z ( "r1 &    
d5ies ! au?ority ( any to rule him )\t  
8 own cons5t4    ,?us ! ,rights ( ,man h
 become an accept$ doctr9e1 b1          
un=tunately1 !y are only rights ( man1 9
 ! exclusive s5se (  ! ^w4 ,!y are      
sexual1 & n human rights1 & until !y    
become human rights1 society w nev] re/ 
on a sure1 because j1  f\ndation4 ,wom51
 z well z m51 are born & rema9 free &   
equal  9 rights2 wom51 z well z m51 h   
natural & imprescriptible  rights2 =    

wom51 z well z = m51 ^! rights          
are--lib]ty1  prop]ty1 safety1 &        
resi/ance ( tyranny4 ,( ^! rights only  
crime  %\ld deprive !m1 j z by crime m5 
also are depriv$ ( !m2  to d5y ^! rights
 to wom51 is ei!r to d5y !m to humanity 
qua  humanity1 or to d5y t wom5 =m a "p 
( humanity2 if wom5's  rights are d5i$1 
m5's rights h no logical basis1 no claim
 to  respect2 !n tyranny ceases to be a 
crime1 slav]y is no long] a  sc&al2 ei!r
 all human be+s h equal rights1 or none 
h any4    ,naturally1 9 ! savage /ate1  
wom5 %>$ ! fate ( ! physically  weak1 n 
only because1 z a rule1 !y are          
small]-fram$ & less  muscul> ?an _! male
 comrades1 b also because ! be>+ &      
suckl+ ( *ildr5 is a dra9 on _! physical
 res\rces f  :i* m5 are exempt4 ,h5ce %e
 has suff]$ f ! "r ( !  /ronge/1 ev5 m  
?an has man1 & h] exclusion f all       
political  life has prev5t$ ! r$ressal  
:i* man has wr\ght out = himself2  :ile 
claim+ fre$om = himself he has n loos5$ 
h] *a9s1 &  :ile /rik+ d[n 8 own        

tyrants1 he has ma9ta9$ 8 p]sonal       
tyranny 9 ! home4 ,nor has ?is g5]ally  
be5 done by delib]ate  int5tion3 x is r 
! survival ( ! old sy/em1 :i* has only  
be5 aboli%$ s sl[ly z reg>ds m54 ,mrs4  
,mill writes3 ,t ^?  :o 7 physically    
weak] %\ld h be5 made legally inf]ior1  
is  q con=mable to ! mode 9 :i* ! _w has
 be5 gov]n$4  ,until v lately1 ! rule ( 
physical /r5g? 0 ! g5]al law (  human   
affairs4 ,?r\gh\t hi/ory1 ! nations1    
races1 classes1 :i*  f\nd !mselves      
/ronge/1 ei!r 9 muscles1 9 ri*es1 or 9  
milit>y  discipl9e1 h conqu]$ & held 9  
subjection ! re/4 ,if1 ev5  9 ! mo/     
improv$ nations1 ! law ( ! sword is at  
la/  disc\nt5anc$ z unwor?y1 x is only  
s9ce ! calumniat$ eighte5?  c5tury4 ,w>s
 ( conque/ h only ceas$ s9ce democratic 
revolutions  began4 ,! _w is v "y1 & has
 only j begun to ca/ (f  inju/ice4 ,x is
 only n[ gett+ rid ( negro slav]y4 ,x is
 only n[  gett+ rid ( mon>*ical         
despotism4 ,x is only n[ gett+ rid (    
h]$it>y feudal nobility4 ,x is only n[  

gett+ rid ( disabilities  on ! gr\nd (  
religion4 ,x is only beg9n+ to treat any
 m5 z  citiz5s1 except ! ri* & a fav\r$ 
portion ( ! middle  class4 ,c we wond] t
 x has n yet done z mu* = wom58         
7,enfran*isem5t ( ,wom51 ,mrs4 ,mill4 ,9
 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's ,discussions  &        
,diss]tations1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 page #dba47 
,! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 &  wom5 9 all     
civil rights is1 h[ev]1 ) few1 al?\gh   
important1  exceptions1 conf9$ to m>ri$ 
wom52 i4e41 wom5 9 relation ) m54       
,unm>ri$ wom5 ( all ages suff] "u       
comp>atively few disabilities2  x is    
m>riage :i* br+s ) x ! weight ( inju/ice
 & ( legal  degradation4    ,9 savage   
times m>riage 0 a matt] ei!r ( =ce1     
fraud1 or  pur*ase4 ,wom5 7 m]*&ise1 by 
! sale ( :om _! male  relatives pr(it$1 
or !y 7 captives 9 w>1 ! spoil ( !      
conqu]or1 or !y 7 /ol5 away f ! pat]nal 
home4 ,9 all  cases1 h[ev]1 ! possession
 once obta9$1 !y became ! prop]ty  ( !  
m5 :o m>ri$ !m1 & ! husb& 0 _! "l1 _!   
ma/]4 ,9 ! old ,hebrew books--/ill      

acc\nt$ sacr$ by ,jews &  ,*ri/ians--!  
wife is reg>d$ z ! prop]ty ( h] husb&4  
,a man  may sell 8 daught] to be a      
maids]vant i4e41 a concub9e1 z is  %[n  
by ! foll[+ v]se 7,ex4 xxi4 #g71 &      
,jacob s]v$ sev5 ye>s  = ea* ( 8 wives1 
,leah & ,ra*el2 8 o!r two wives 7 8 by  
gift1 & 7 r concub9es ?an recognis$     
wives1 _! *ildr5  c\nt+ to _! mi/resses4
 ,if a ,hebrew conqu]$ 8 enemies1 & saw 
among ! captives a beautiful woman1 &   
ha/ a desire unto h]1 t  ?\ w\ld/ h h]  
to ?y wife1 he might take h] home1 &    
become  h] husb&1 & %e %all be ?y wife  
7,deut4 xxi #aj-ad74 ,aft] !  de/ruction
 ( ,b5jam91 z relat$ 9 ,judges xx41 x 0 
arrang$ t  ! survivors %\ld possess     
!mselves ( wom5 z wives by =ce  & fraud3
 ,life 9 wait 9 ! v9ey>ds1 & see &      
behold if !  daught]s ( ,%iloh come out 
to dance 9 dances1 !n come ye out (  !  
v9ey>ds1 & cat* y e man 8 wife4444 ,& ! 
*ildr5 (  ,b5jam9 did s1 & took _! wives
 accord+ to _! numb]1 ( !m  t danc$1 :om
 !y caught 7,judges xxi4 #bj1 #ba1 #bc74

 ,! same plan  0 adopt$ by ! ,romans 9  
_! e>lie/ days1 :5 !y ne$$  wives4      
,romulus invit$ ! p ( ! ,sab9es & !     
neighb\r+  t[ns to see "s public games1 
& 9 ! mid/ ( ! %[ ! ,romans  ru%$ 9 &   
c>ri$ (f all ! m>riageable maid5s !y    
c\ld lay  h&s on 7,liddell's ,hi/ory (  
,rome1 p4 #bj74 ,^! in/ances may be     
object$ to z leg5d>y1 b !y are fai?ful  
pictures ( ! r\gh  woo+ ( e>ly times4   
,among "s b>b>\s nations ! w9n+ ( a     
bride is /ill h>%]3 ! bridegroom ru%es  
into ! fa!r's h\se  knocks ! maid5 d[n1 
picks up h] s5seless body1 fl+s x ov]  8
 %\ld]1 & runs = 8 life2 he is pursu$ by
 ! y\? ( !  village1 pelt$ ) /ones1     
/icks1 c41 & has to w9 8 wife by  %e]   
/r5g? & swiftness4 ,9 "s tribes ?is is a
 m]e m>riage  c]emony1 a survival f ! "t
 :5 ! fight 0 a real "o1 &  among/      
ourselves ! slipp] ?r[n aft] ! dep>t+   
bridegroom &  bride is a direct         
desc5dant ( ! heavi] missiles ?r[n )    
deadly  int5t ?\s&s ( ye>s ago by our   
remote ance/ors4 ,among/ _m  semi-b>b>\s

 nations ! wives are /ill b\ght2 9 "s   
p>ts (  ,africa ! woo] pays a c]ta9     
numb] ( c[s = 8 bride2 9 o!r  places1   
money or goods are giv5 9 ex*ange4 ,!   
po9t to be not$ is  t ! wife is lit]ally
 tak5 by =ce1 or b\ght2 %e is n free to 
*oose h] husb&2 %e does n give h]self to
 him2 %e is a piece  ( prop]ty1 h&$ ov] 
by h] orig9al own]--h] fa!r--to h]  new 
own]--h] husb&--9 ex*ange = c]ta9 solid 
money or money's  wor?2 h5ce %e becomes 
! prop]ty ( ! man :o has paid = h]4     
,9 an admirable article 9 ! ,we/m9/]    
,review = ,april1 #ahgf1 !  foll[+ /rik+
 passage is to be f\nd3    ,z ,ari/otle 
long s9ce rem>k$1 among savages wom5 &  
slaves hold  ! same rank4 ,wom5 are     
b\ght prim>ily z slaves1 to drudge &    
toil = _! ma/]s1 :il/ _! function z     
wives is second>y &  subord9ate4 ,x is m
 "r to say ( polygam\s p t _!  slaves   
are also _! wives1 ?an to say t _! wives
 are slaves4  ,!y are pur*as$ z slaves1 
!y "w z slaves1 & !y live  z slaves4 ',!
 hi/ory ( uncultivat$ nations1' x has   

be5 said1  'uni=mly repres5ts ! wom5 z  
9-a /ate ( abject slav]y1 f  :i* !y     
sl[ly em]ge z civilisation advances4' ,9
 ,canada a /rap1  a kettle1 & a faggot  
are plac$ 9 ! new bride's cab91 to      
indicate  t x w be h5ce=? h] duty to    
c>ry burd5s1 dress food1 &  procure wood
 = h] husb&4 ,9 ,circassia x is ! wom5  
:o till  & manure ! gr\nd1 & 9 p>ts (   
,*9a !y foll[ ! pl\gh4 ,a  ,moori% wife 
digs & s[s & reaps ! corn1 & an ,arabian
 wife fe$s  & cleans & saddles h] ma/]'s
 horse4 ,inde$1 ! sole bus9ess (  ,b$\9 
wives is to cook & "w1 & p]=m all !     
m5ial (fices  connect$ ) t5t-life4444 ,f
 ! absolute p[] ( a savage ov]  8 slaves
 fl[ all ^? rights ov] a woman f :i* !  
m>ital  rights ( our own "t are !       
g5ealogical desc5dants4444 ,a trace  ( x
 pur*ase is f\nd 9 ! foll[+ cu/oms ( old
 ,engli%  law3--',! woman at ! *ur*-door
 0 giv5 ( h] fa!r1 or "s  o!r man ( !   
next ( h] k91 into ! h&s ( h] husb&1 &  
he  laid d[n gold & silv] = h] ^u !     
book1 z ?\gh he did buy  h]4' ,?is cu/om

 is /ill ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,*ur* ritual2 !    
prie/  asks3 ,:o give? ?is woman to be  
m>ri$ to ?is man8 & :5 !  man gives ! r+
 to ! prie/1 he gives money ) x1 receiv+
 back  ! r+ to give ! woman1 b ! money  
rema9+1 a survival ( !  "t :5 wives 7   
lit]ally b\ght4    ,by ! old ,roman     
laws1 ! m>ri$ woman _h no p]sonal       
rights2 %e  0 b ! head slave 9 h]       
husb&'s h\se1 absolutely subject 9 all  
?+s to h] "l4 ,z ! ,romans became       
civilis$1 ^! disabilities  7 gradually  
remov$4 ,x is important to rememb] ^!   
facts1 z  ^! are ! orig9 ( our own      
m>riage laws1 & our common law really   
gr[s out ( !m4    ,"o o!r po9t mu/ be   
notic$1 be=e deal+ imm$iately ) !       
,engli% m>riage laws1 & t is ! influ5ce 
ex]t$ ov] !m by  ecclesia/ical          
,*ri/ianity4    ,! ,old ,te/am5t        
expressly sanctions polygamy2 b :ile !  
,new  ,te/am5t does n proscribe         
x--except 9 ! case ( bi%ops &           
deacons--ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity has  
g5]ally be5 9 fav\r (  monogamy2 at !   

same "t1 bo? ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! ,*ur* h
  insi/$ on ! inf]iority ( ! female sex2
 ! husb& is !  head ( ! wife 7,eph4 v4  
#bc72 wives1 submit y\rselves unto y\r  
own husb&s 7,col4 iii4 #ah72 y\r wom5444
 are comm&$ to be "u  ob$i5ce 7#a ,cor4 
xiv4 #cd72 ye wives1 be 9 subjection to 
y\r  own husb&s444 ev5 z ,s>a obey$     
,abraham1 call+ him "l1 ^:  daught]s ye 
are z long z ye d well 7#a ,pet4 iii4   
#a1 #f74 ,!  common law ( ,engl& is q 9 
accordance ) ?is anci5t ,ea/]n  tea*+1 &
 reg>ds m5 z sup]ior to wom52 ,among !  
*ildr5 (  ! pur*as]1 males take be=e    
females1 or1 z our male lawgiv]s1  h    
express$ x1 ! wor?ie/ ( blood %all be   
pref]r$ 7,comm1 on  ! ,laws ( ,engl&1   
,j4 ,/eph51 #g? ed4 vol4 i4 p4 #djb74   
,! feudal sy/em did mu*1 ( c\rse1 to    
p]petuate ! subjection (  wom51 x be+ to
 ! int]e/ ( ! "l p>am\nt t ! fiefs  %\ld
 desc5d 9 ! male l9e 9 ^? r\gh ages1 :5 
w>s & civil  feuds 7 almo/ p]petual1 x 0
 inevitable t ! sex ) !  bigge/ body &  
/ronge/ s9ews %\ld h ! upp] h&2 ! pity  

is t ,engli% g5tlem5 to-day are cont5t  
to all[ ! law to rema9  unalt]$1 :5 !   
:ole face ( society has *ang$4    ,let u
 n[ turn to ! disabilities impos$ ^u    
wom5 by m>riage4    ,black/one lays d[n1
 9 8 _w-fam\s ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws (  
,engl&1 t ! fir/ ( ! absolute rights ( e
 ,engli%man is  ! legal & un9t]rupt$    
enjoym5t ( 8 life1 8 limbs1 8 body1  8  
heal?1 & 8 reputation 7#i? ed41 bk4 #a1 
p4 #abi74 ,! second  "r is p]sonal      
lib]ty1 & he says3 ! conf9em5t ( a p]son
 9  anywise is an imprisonm5t4 ,s t !   
keep+2 a man aga9/ 8 w  9 a private     
h\se4444 is an imprisonm5t 7,ibid1      
#acf73 ,! ?ird is  prop]ty1 :i* consi/s 
9 ! free use & enjoym5t ( all 8         
acquisitions1 )\t any control or        
dim9ution1 save only by !  laws ( ! l&  
7,ibid1 #ach74 ,a subord9ate "r1        
necess>y = !  en=cem5t ( ! o!rs1 is t ( 
apply+ to ! c\rts ( ju/ice  = r$ress (  
injuries4 ,i %all proce$ to %[ t a m>ri$
 woman  is depriv$ ( ^! rights by ! m]e 
fact ( h] m>riage4    ,9 ! fir/ place1  

by m>riage a woman loses h] legal       
exi/5ce2 !  law does n recognize h]1    
except+ 9 "s few cases1 :5 x becomes    
consci\s ( h] exi/5ce 9 ord] to puni% h]
 = "s crime or  misdemean\r4 ,black-/one
 says--& no subsequ5t legislation has 9 
any way modifi$ 8 dictum3 ,by m>riage ! 
husb& & wife are "o  p]son 9 law2 t is1 
! v be+ or legal exi/5ce ( !  woman is  
susp5d$ dur+ ! m>riage1 or at lea/ is   
incorporat$ or  consolidat$ into t ( !  
husb&2 "u ^: w+1 protection1  & cov]1 %e
 p]=ms e ?+2 & is !re=e call$ 9 our     
law-,fr5* a feme cov]t 7p4 #ddb74 ,husb&
 & wife are "o p]son  9 law 7,comyn's   
,dige/1 #e? ed41 vol4 ii41 p4 #bjh71 & f
 ?is x  foll[s t by no conveyance at !  
common law c\ld ! husb& give  an e/ate  
to 8 wife2 t a4 husb& _c cov5ant or     
contract  ) 8 wife1 ev5 = h] own        
advantage1 & t any pr5uptial  contract  
made ) h] z to money %e %all enjoy = h] 
sep>ate use  aft] m>riage1 becomes void 
z soon z %e is m>ri$4 ,all cov5ants  = !
 wife's b5efit mu/ be made ) "s "o else1

 & ! husb&  mu/ cov5ant ) "s o!r man or 
unm>ri$ woman :o acts z tru/ee  = !     
wife4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal wrong f :i*  
all ! o!rs  fl[3 ',husb& & wife are "o  
p]son1' & t "o is ! husb&4  ,! wife's   
body1 h] reputation1 are no long] h]    
own4 ,%e c ga9 no  legal r$ress =       
injury1 = ! law does1 n recognize h]    
exi/5ce  except "u cov] ( h] husb&'s    
suit4 ,94 "s cases m mod]n  legislation 
has s f> become consci\s ( h]1 z to     
protect h]  aga9/ h] husb&1 & if ?is    
protection sep>ates h] f him1 x  leaves 
h] ! m utt]ly at ! m]cy ( ! _w4         
,v>i\s curi\s results fl[1 9 crim9al    
law1 f ?is supposition  t husb& & wife  
are only "o p]son4 ,!y are              
incompet5t--except  9 a few special     
in/ances--to give evid5ce = or aga9/ ea*
 o!r  9 crim9al cases2 if a woman's     
husb& be "o ( sev]al def5dants  indict$ 
toge!r1 ! woman _c give evid5ce ei!r =  
or aga9/  any ( !m4 ,:]e ! wife ( an    
accomplice is ! only p]son to  confirm  
h] husb&'s /atem5t1 ! /atem5t falls to !

 gr\nd1 z1  9 practice1 confirmation    
!re( is requir$2 9 ! case ( ,rex v4     
,neal 7#g ,c4 & ,p #afh71 ,ju/ice ,p>k  
said3 ,confirmation by ! wife is1  9 ?is
 case1 really no confirmation at all4 ,!
 wife & ! accomplice  mu/ be tak5 z "o =
 ?is purpose4 ,! prison]s mu/ be        
acquitt$4  ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be sev]ally  
call$ z witnesses by ! prosecution  & ! 
def5ce1 9 ord] t !y may contradict ea*  
o!r4 ,:]e !  wife has suff]$ p]sonal    
viol5ce f h] husb& %e is p]mitt$ to     
swe> ! peace aga9/ him1 & 9 divorce     
suits husb& & wife are  bo? admissible z
 witnesses4 ,a wife :o sets fire to h]  
husb&'s  h\se may escape puni%m5t1 z 9 !
 case ( ,rex4 v4 ,m>*3 ,m>* &  8 wife _h
 liv$ sep>ate = ab\t two ye>s2 &1       
previ\s to !  act1 :5 %e appli$ = ! c&le
 ) :i* x 0 done1 %e said x  0 to set h] 
husb&'s h\se on fire1 because %e want$  
to burn  him to dea?4 ,^u a case res]v$ 
^u ! "q :e!r x 0 an  (f5ce )9 ! #g & #h 
,george ,,iv41 cap4 #cj1 sec4 #b1 = a   
wife to  set fire to h] husb&'s h\se = !

 purpose ( do+ him a p]sonal  injury1 ! 
conviction 0 held wrong1 ! le>n$ judges 
?9k+ t  to con/itute ! (f5ce1 x 0       
ess5tial t !re %\ld be an  int5t to     
injure or defraud "s ?ird p]son1 n "o   
id5tifi$  ) h]self 7,ibid1 p4 #hii74    
,id5tification ) "o's belov$ may be     
delightful 9 !ory1 b :51 9 practice1 x  
comes to be+ burn$  at pleasure1 surely 
! greate/ /ickl] = ! twa9 be+ "o mu/    
feel "s tw+es ( d\bt4 ,! id5tity ( husb&
 & wife is (t5  by no means advantage\s 
to ! husb&1 = he !reby becomes          
responsible1 to a great ext5t1 = 8      
wife's misdo+s4 ,=  sl&]\s words spok5  
by ! wife1 libel publi%$ by h] alone1   
trespass1 assault & batt]y1 c41 he is   
liable to be s su$1 :e!r  ! act 0       
committ$ ) or )\t 8 sanction or k4444 ,&
  :]ev] ! action is gr\nd$ on a tort1   
committ$ by ! wife1 x no  way affects ! 
necessity ( jo9+ ! husb&1 t ! p>ties are
  liv+ ap>t1 nor ev5 t !y are divorc$ a 
m5s et ?oro1 or  t ! wife is liv+ 9     
adult]y 7,lu%'s ,common ,law ,practice1 

#bnd$4 p4 #aef74 ,pleasant position = a 
man ^: wife may h left  him1 to be      
sudd5ly dragg$ be=e a c\rt ( ju/ice = "s
 misde$  ( h]s1 ( :i* he may nev] h he>d
 until he f9ds himself  summon$ to answ]
 = x6 ,a l>ge am\nt ( inju/ice arises f 
?is absurd1 fiction t two are "o2 x     
sometimes injures1 sometimes  protects !
 m>ri$ woman1 & x (t5 %ields ^? :o h    
wrong$  h]2 b :e!r x injure or :e!r x   
protect1 x is equally vici\s2  x is     
unju/1 & inju/ice is a radical injury to
 a community1 & by  de/roy+ !           
reasonabl5ess & ! c]ta9ty ( ! law1 x    
saps t  rev]5ce = x :i* is "o ( !       
safegu>ds ( society4    ,let u n[ take  
,black/one's rights ( e ,engli%man1 &   
see :at  rights ! common law all[$ to a 
m>ri$ ,engli%woman4 ,a m>ri$ woman  is n
 protect$ by ! law 9 ! un9t]rupt$       
enjoym5t ( h]  limbs1 h] body1 or h]    
reputation4 ,on ! contr>y3 ,if a wife   
be injur$ 9 h] p]son1 or h] prop]ty1 %e 
c br+ no action =  r$ress )\t h] husb&'s
 concurr5ce1 & 9 8 "n z well z  h] own  

7,black/one1 p4 #ddc74 ,if 9 a railway  
accid5t a m>ri$ woman  has h] leg brok51
 %e _c sue ! railway company = damages2 
%e is n a damag$ p]son2 9 ! eye ( ! law1
 %e is a piece (  damag$ prop]ty1 & !   
comp5sation is to be made to h] own]4   
,if %e is attack$ & beat5 %e _c at law  
sue h] assailant2 h]  ma/] suff]s loss &
 inconv5i5ce by ! assault on 8          
h\sekeep]1  & 8 action is necess>y to   
obta9 r$ress4 ,if %e is libell$1  %e _c 
protect h] good "n1 = %e is incapable by
 h]self (  ma9ta9+ an action4 ,9 fact1 x
 is n ev5 ne$ful t h] "n  %\ld appe> at 
all 9 ! matt]3 ! husb& may sue alone =  
loss ( 8 wife's society by injury done  
to h]1 or = damage to h]  reputation    
7,comyn's ,dige/1 "u ,b>on & ,feme74 ,! 
foll[+  curi\s /atem5t ( ! law on ?is   
head is giv5 9 ,broom's  ,comm5t>ies3   
,injuries :i* may be (f]$ to a p]son1   
consid]$ z a husb&1 &  :i* are          
cognizable 9 a c\rt ( common law1 are   
pr9cipally ?ree3  #a1 abduction1 or tak+
 away a man's wife2 #b1 beat+ h]2 #c1   

indirectly  caus+ h] "s p]sonal hurt1 by
 neglig5ce or o!rwise4 #a4 ,z to !  fir/
 sort1 abduction1 or tak+ h] away1 ?is  
may ei!r be by fraud  & p]suasion1 or   
op5 viol5ce2 ?\gh ! law 9 bo? cases     
supposes  =ce & con/ra9t1 ! wife hav+ no
 p[] to cons5t1 & !re=e  gives a rem$y  
by action ( trespass2 & ! husb& is also 
entitl$  to recov] damages 9 an action  
on ! case aga9/ su* z p]suade &  entice 
! wife to live sep>ate f him )\t a      
suffici5t cause4444  #b1 #c4 ,! second &
 ?ird injuries above m5tion$ are        
con/itut$ by  beat+ a man's wife1 or    
o!rwise ill-us+ h]2 or caus+ hurt to h] 
by neglig5ce4 ,= a common assault ^u1 or
 batt]y1 or imprisonm5t1  ( ! wife1 !   
law gives ! usual rem$y to recov]       
damages1 by  action ( trespass1 :i* mu/ 
be br\ght 9 ! names ( ! husb&  & wife   
jo9tly3 b if ! beat+ or o!r maltreatm5t 
be s  enorm\s1 t !reby ! husb& is       
depriv$ = any "t ( !  company &         
assi/ance ( 8 wife1 ! law !n gives him a
 sep>ate  rem$y by action = ?is         

ill-usage1 p] quod consortium amisit1 9 
:i* he may recov] a satisfaction 9      
damages4 ,by a provision ( ! ,c4  ,l4   
,proc4 ,act1 #aheb1 s4 #dj1 9 an action 
by husb& & wife jo9tly =  an injury to !
 wife1 ! husb& is n[ all[$ to add a     
claim 9  8 own "r--z = ! loss ( ! wife's
 society--or :]e a jo9t  trespass &     
assault h be5 committ$ on ! husb& & 8   
wife  7vol4 iii41 pp4 #adi1 #aej74 ,s f>
 is recognis$ ! husb&'s complete  claim 
ov] 8 wife's p]son1 t anyone :o receives
 a m>ri$ woman  into 8 h\se & gives h]  
%elt] !re aft] hav+ receiv$ notice  f h]
 husb& t he is n to p]mit h] to rema9 "u
 8 ro(1  actually becomes liable 9      
damages to ! husb&4 ,! husb& _c  sue =  
damages if he has turn$ 8 wife out (    
doors1 or if he has  lo/ 8 "r ( control 
by cruelty or adult]y2 %ort ( ?is1 he   
may  obta9 damages aga9/ any fri5d or   
relative ( ! woman :o gives h]  %elt]4  
,! wife has no su* rem$y aga9/ anyone :o
 may induce !  husb& to live ap>t1 or :o
 may give him h\se-room at 8 own wi%4   

,! reason = ! law be+ z we f9d x1 is    
/at$ by ,broom )\t  ! smalle/           
compunction3 ,we may obs]ve t 9 ^!      
relative  injuries notice is only tak5 (
 ! wrong done to ! sup]ior ( !  p>ties  
relat$1 by ! brea* & dissolution ( ei!r 
! relation  itself1 or at lea/ !        
advantage accru+ !refrom2 :ile ! loss ( 
! inf]ior by su* injuries is1 except :]e
 ! dea? ( a p>5t has  be5 caus$ by      
neglig5ce1 unreg>d$4 ,"o reason = :i*   
may be1 t  ! inf]ior has no k9d (       
prop]ty 9 ! company1 c>e1 or assi/ance  
( ! sup]ior1 z ! sup]ior is held to h 9 
t ( !  inf]ior2 & !re=e ! inf]ior c1 9  
contemplation ( law1  suff] no loss     
consequ5tial on a wrongful act done to 8
 sup]ior4 ,!  wife _c recov] damages = !
 beat+ ( h] husb&4 ,! *ild  has no      
prop]ty 9 8 fa!r or gu>dian4 ,& !       
s]vant1 ^: ma/]  is disabl$1 does n     
!reby lose 8 ma9t5ance or wages 7,ibid1 
p4 #aec74 ,a man may recov] damages     
equally = ! injury done to 8  s]vant or 
to 8 wife2 9 bo? cases he loses _!      

s]vices1 & !  law recomp5ses him4 ,a    
peculi>ly disgu/+ phase ( ?is claim is  
:]e a husb& claims damages aga9/ a      
co-respond5t 9 ! divorce  c\rt2 if a    
wife be unfai?ful1 ! husb& c n only get 
a divorce1  b c also claim a money      
paym5t f ! s$uc] to make up = !  damage 
he has su/a9$ by los+ 8 wife's s]vices4 
,an unm>ri$  girl1 "u age1 is reg>d$ z !
 prop]ty ( h] fa!r1 & !  fa!r may br+ an
 action aga9/ h] s$uc] = ! loss ( 8     
daught]'s s]vices4 ,x is n ! woman :o is
 injur$1 or :o has any  r$ress2 x is h] 
male own] :o c recov] damages = ! injury
  done to 8 prop]ty4    ,if a wife be   
sep>at$ f h] husb&1 ei!r by de$ or by   
judicial  decree1 %e has no rem$y =     
injury or = libel1 unless by !  d\btful 
plan ( us+ h] husb&'s "n )\t 8 cons5t4  
,on ?is  inju/ice ,"l ,lyndhur/1 speak+ 
9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 #ahef1 said3  ,a   
wife is sep>at$ f h] husb& by a decree (
 ! ,ecclesia/ical  ,c\rt1 ! reason = t  
decree be+ ! husb&'s misconduct--8      
cruelty1 x may be1 or 8 adult]y4 ,f t   

mom5t ! wife is almo/  9 a /ate (       
outlawry4 ,%e may n ent] into a         
contract1 or if %e  d1 %e has no means (
 en=c+ x4 ,! law1 s f> f protect+1      
oppresses h]4 ,%e is homeless1 helpless1
 hopeless1 & almo/ :olly  de/itute (    
civil rights4 ,%e is liable to all mann]
 ( inju/ice1  :e!r by plot or by        
viol5ce4 ,%e may be wrong$ 9 all        
possible ways1  & h] "* may be          
m]cilessly defam$2 yet %e has no r$ress4
  ,%e is at ! m]cy ( h] enemies4 ,is t  
fair8 ,is t hone/8 ,c  x be v9dicat$ ^u 
any pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 ( m]cy or (      
common  humanity8    ,a m>ri$ woman     
loses control ov] h] own body2 x belongs
 to h]  own]1 n to h]self2 no =ce1 no   
viol5ce1 on ! husb&'s "p  9 conjugal    
relations is reg>d$ z possible by ! law2
 %e may be  suff]+1 ill1 x matt]s n2 =ce
 or con/ra9t is recognis$ by  ! law z   
rape1 9 all cases save t ( m>riage2 !   
law holds1  x to be felony to =ce ev5 a 
concub9e or h>lot 7,broom's             
,comm5t>ies1 vol4 iv41 p4 #bee71 b no   

rape c be committ$ by a  husb& on a     
wife2 ! cons5t giv5 9 m>riage is held to
 cov]  ! life1 & if--z sometimes        
occurs--a misc>riage or premature       
conf9em5t be br\ght on by ! husb&'s     
selfi% passions1 no (f5ce  is committ$ 9
 ! eye ( ! law1 = ! wife is ! husb&'s   
prop]ty1 & by m>riage %e has lo/ ! "r ( 
control ov] h] own  body4 ,! ,engli%    
m>riage law sweeps away all ! t5d]ness1 
all !  grace1 all ! g5]osity ( love1 &  
trans=ms conjugal affection  into a h>d 
& brutal legal "r4    ,by ! common law !
 husb& has a "r to inflict corporal     
puni%m5t  on 8 wife1 & al?\gh ?is "r is 
n[ mu* re/rict$1 ! effect  ( ! law is   
se5 9 ! brutal treatm5t ( wives among ! 
r\gh] classes1 & ! light--sometimes     
no--puni%m5t inflict$ on  wife-beat]s4  
,! common law is ?us giv5 by ,black/one3
 ,! husb&  also 7by ! old law7 might    
give 8 wife mod]ate correction4 ,= z  he
 is to answ] = h] misbehavi\r1 ! law    
?\ght x reasonable  to entru/ him ) ?is 
p[] ( re/ra9+ h]1 by dome/ic  *a/isem5t1

 9 ! same mod]ation t a man is all[$ to 
correct  8 appr5tices or *ildr54 ,! l[] 
rank ( p1 :o 7  always fond ( ! old     
common law1 /ill claim & ex]t _! anci5t 
privilege4 ,black/one grimly adds1 aft] 
say+ ?is is all = woman's  protection3  
,s great a fav\rite is ! female sex ( ! 
laws (  ,engl& 7#ddd & #dde74 ,?is      
anci5t privilege is v commonly  ex]cis$ 
at ! pres5t "t4 ,a man :o dragg$ 8 wife 
out ( b$  7#ahgg71 &1 pull+ (f h]       
nightdress1 roa/$ h] 9 front ( !  fire1 
0 puni%$ 787 by be+ b\nd ov] to keep !  
peace = a %ort  p]iod4 ,m5 :o knock _!  
wives d[n1 :o dance on !m1 :o drag !m   
ab\t by ! hair1 c41 are condemn$ to     
brief t]ms ( imprisonm5t1  & are !n     
all[$ to resume _! m>ital au?ority1 &   
comm5ce a  new c\rse ( ill-treatm5t4 ,9 
deal+ lat] ) ! *anges ,i %all  recomm5d 
9 ! m>riage laws1 ?is po9t w come "u    
discussion4    ,com+ to ! second "r1 (  
p]sonal lib]ty1 we f9d t a  m>ri$ woman 
has no su* "r4 ,black/one says1 z we h  
se53  ! conf9em5t ( a p]son 9 any wise  

is an imprisonm5t ,s t !  keep+ a man   
aga9/ 8 w 9 a private h\se444 is an     
imprisonm5t  7p4 #acf74 ,b a husb& may  
legally act z 8 wife's gaol]2 !  c\rts (
 law w /ill p]mit a husb& to re/ra9 8   
wife ( h]  lib]ty1 9 case ( any gross   
misbehavi\r 7,black/one1 p4 #dde74 ,if  
! wife squ&]s 8 e/ate1 or goes into lewd
 company1 he may deprive  h] ( lib]ty   
7,comyn's ,dige/1 "u ,b>on & ,feme74    
,broom says  t at ! pres5t "t !re c be  
no "q respect+ !  common-law "r ( a     
husb& to re/ra9 8 wife ( h] p]sonal     
lib]ty1 ) a view to prev5t h] go+ into  
society ( :i* he  disapproves1 or       
o!rwise disobey+ 8 rightful au?ority2   
su* "r  mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ex]cis$        
unnecess>ily1 or ) undue sev]ity3  & !  
mom5t t ! wife by return+ to h] conjugal
 duties1 makes  re/ra9t ( h] p]son      
unnecess>y1 su* re/ra9t becomes unlawful
  7vol4 i1 p4 #edg74 ,9 ! ye> #ahgg a   
publican at ,spilsby *a9$ up 8  wife to 
! wall f "o day to ! aft]noon ( ! foll[+
 "o1 9  ord]1 he said1 to keep h] f     

dr9k2 ! magi/rates dismiss$ him  )\t    
puni%m5t4 ,x may be argu$ t a woman %\ld
 n get drunk1  g into bad company1 c4 ,q
 s2 nei!r %\ld a man4 ,b w\ld m5  admit1
 t "u simil> circum/ances1 a wife %\ld h
 legal p[]  to deprive h] husb& (       
lib]ty8 ,if n1 !re is no reason 9 ju/ice
  :y ! husb& %\ld be p]mitt$ to ex]cise 
x4 ,(f5ces kn[n to  ! law %\ld be puni%$
 by ! law1 & by ! law alone2 (f5ces  :i*
 ! law _c t\* %\ld entail no puni%m5t on
 an adult at  ! h&s ( a private         
individual4 ,public disapproval may br& 
!m1  b no p]sonal *a/isem5t %\ld be     
inflict$ by arbitr>y &  irresponsible   
p[]4    ,! ?ird "r1 ( prop]ty1 has also 
no exi/5ce = m>ri$ wom54  ,unm>ri$ wom5 
h "h no gr\nd = compla9t3 ,a feme sole1 
be=e h] m>riage1 may d all acts =       
disposition1 etc41 ( h]  l&s or goods   
:i* any man 9 ! same circum/ances may d 
7,comyn's  ,dige/1 "u ,b>on & ,feme74 ,!
 disabilities :i* affect wom5  z wom5 d 
n t\* prop]ty2 a feme sole may own real 
or p]sonal  e/ate1 buy1 sell1 give1     

contract1 sue1 & be su$1 j z ?\gh  %e 7 
( ! wor?i] blood2 x is m>riage t1 l     
felony &  insanity1 de/roys h]          
capability z proprietor4 ,accord+ to !  
common  law--) :i* we w deal fir/--!    
foll[+ results accru$ f  m>riage3--     
,:atev] p]sonal prop]ty belong$ to !    
wife be=e m>riage1 is by  m>riage       
absolutely ve/$ 9 ! husb&444 9 *attel   
int]e/s1 !  sole & absolute prop]ty ve/s
 9 ! husb&1 to be dispos$ ( at  8       
pleasure1 if he *ooses to take          
possession ( !m 7,black/one1  book ii4  
#ddc74 ,if he takes possession1 !y d n1 
at 8 dea?1 rev]t  to ! wife1 b g to 8   
heirs or to anyone he *ooses by w4 ,if  
a woman be seiz$ ( an e/ate (           
inh]itance1 & m>ries1 h] husb&  %all be 
seiz$ ( 9 h] "r 7,comyn's ,dige/1 "u    
,b>on &  ,feme74 ,if a woman own l& 9 h]
 own "r1 all r5ts & pr(its are  n h]s1 b
 h] husb&'s2 ev5 arre>s ( r5ts due be=e 
cov]ture  become 82 he may make a lease 
( h] l&1 comm5c+ aft] 8 own  dea?1 & %e 
is b>r$1 al?\gh %e survive him2 he may  

dispose (  8 wife's int]e/2 x may be    
=feit$ by 8 crime1 seiz$ = 8  debt2 %e  
only rega9s x if %e survives him & he   
has n dispos$ (  x4 ,if a woman1 be=e   
m>riage1 lets h] l& on a lease1 ! r5tal1
  aft] m>riage1 becomes h] husb&'s1 & h]
 receipt is n a good  dis*>ge4 ,if a    
wife grants a r5t-*>ge out ( h] own l&s 
7or1  r1 :at %\ld be h] own7 )\t !      
husb&'s cons5t1 x is  void4 ,all p]sonal
 goods t ! wife has 9 possession 9 h]   
own  "r1 are ve/$ 9 h] husb& by !       
m>riage 7,ibid72 gifts to h]  become 82 
if he sues = a debt due to 8 wife1 &    
recov]s x1 x  is 82 if a legacy be left 
h]1 x goes to him2 aft] 8 dea?1 all  t 0
 h] p]sonal prop]ty orig9ally1 goes to 8
 executors &  adm9i/rators1 & does n    
rev]t to h]2 s absolutely is all %e  may
 become possess$ ( 8 by law t if1 aft] a
 divorce a m5s et  ?oro1 ! wife %\ld sue
 ano!r woman = adult]y ) h] husb&1  &   
%\ld be aw>d$ h] co/s1 ! husb& c release
 ! woman f  paym5t4    ,if a woman own  
l& & lease x1 !n if1 dur+ m>riage1 !    

husb&  r$uce x into possession1 z :]e   
r5t accru+ on a lease grant$ by  ! wife 
dum sola is receiv$ by a p]son appo9t$ =
 t purpose  dur+ ! husb&'s life1 "u su* 
circum/ances ! husb&'s  executors1 n 8  
wid[1 mu/ sue ! ag5t 7,lu%'s ,common    
,law  ,practice1 #bnd4 ed41 p4 #bg74 ,9 
a case :]e c]ta9 leasehold prop]ty  0   
convey$ to tru/ees ^u tru/ to p]mit !   
wife to receive !  r5ts !re( to h] sole 
& sep>ate use1 & %e aft] m>riage        
deposit$ ) h] tru/ees "p ( su* r5ts &   
di$2 x 0 held  t h] husb& might recov] !
 same 9 an action 9 8 own "r4  ,su*     
money1 s deposit$1 0 n a *ose 9 action  
belong+ to  ! wife1 b money belong+ to !
 husb&1 ! tru/ hav+ be5  dis*>g$ 9 !    
paym5t ( ! r5ts to ! wife 7,ibid1 p4 #i 
#g 74  ,m>riage1 to a man1 is reg>d$ z a
 k9d ( lucrative bus9ess3 ,!  next me?od
 ( acquir+ prop]ty 9 goods & *attels is 
by m>riage2  :]eby ^? *attels1 :i*      
belong$ =m]ly to ! wife1 are by act  (  
law ve/$ 9 ! husb&1 ) ! same degree (   
prop]ty1 & )  ! same p[]s1 z ! wife1 :5 

sole1 _h ov] !m444 ,a di/9ction  is tak5
 betwe5 *attels real & *attels p]sonal1 
& ( *attels  p]sonal1 :e!r 9 possession 
or rev]sion1 or 9 action4 ,a *attel     
real ve/s 9 ! husb&1 n absolutely1 b sub
 modo4 ,z1 9  case ( a lease = ye>s1 !  
husb& %all receive all ! r5ts &  pr(its 
( x1 & nay1 if he pleases1 sell1        
surr5d]1 or dispose (  x dur+ !         
cov]ture2 if he be outlaw$ or atta9t$1 x
 %all be  =feit$ to ! k+2 x is liable to
 execution = 8 debts2 & if  he survives 
8 wife1 x is to all int5ts & purposes 8 
own4 ,yet1 if  he has made no           
disposition !re( 9 8 lifetime1 & dies   
be=e 8  wife1 he _c dispose ( x by w3 =1
 ! husb& hav+ made no  alt]ation 9 !    
prop]ty dur+ 8 life1 x nev] 0 transf]r$ 
f ! wife2 b aft] 8 dea? %e %all rema9 9 
h] anci5t  possession1 & x %all n g to 8
 executors4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! wife  die 9 ! 
husb&'s lifetime1 ! *attel real survives
 to him4 ,z to  *attels p]sonal 7or     
*oses7 9 action1 z debts ^u bonds1      
contracts1  & ! l1 ^! ! husb& may h if  

he pleases2 t is1 if he  r$uces !m into 
possession by receiv+ or recov]+ !m at  
law4 ,&  ^u su* receipt or recov]y !y   
are absolutely & entirely 8 own2  & %all
 g to 8 executors or adm9i/rators1 or z 
he %all bequea?  !m by w1 & %all n reve/
 9 ! wife4 ,b1 if he dies be=e  he has  
recov]$ or r$uc$ !m into possession1 s  
t1 at 8 dea?1  !y /ill cont9ue *oses 9  
action1 !y %all survive to ! wife2  = ! 
husb& nev] ex]t$ ! p[] he _h ( obta9+ an
  exclusive prop]ty 9 !m4 ,if ! wife die
 be=e ! husb& has  r$uc$ *oses 9 action 
into possession1 he does n become       
entitl$ by  survivor%ip2 nev]!less1 he  
may1 by becom+ h] adm9i/rator1 ga9  a   
title4 ,*attels 9 possession1 su* z     
ready money & ! l1 ve/  absolutely 9 !  
husb&1 & he may deal ) !m1 ei!r :il/    
liv+1 or by 8 w1 z he pleases4 ,:]e !   
int]e/ ( ! wife  is rev]sion>y1 !       
husb&'s p[] is b small2 unless x falls  
into  possession dur+ ! m>riage1 8      
contracts or engagem5ts d n b9d  x      
7,comm1 on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 ,broom &   

,hadley1 vol4 ii41 pp4  #fah1 #fai74 ,s 
highly does ! law value ! claims ( a    
husb& t x  recognizes !m z exi/+ ev5    
be=e m>riage2 = if a woman :o  has      
contract$ an engagem5t to m>ry dispose (
 h] prop]ty privately1  settle x on     
h]self1 or on h] *ildr51 )\t !          
cognizance ( !  man to :om %e is engag$1
 su* settlem5t or disposition may be set
  aside by ! husb& z a fraud4    ,s     
cruel1 z reg>ds1 prop]ty1 0 felt to be !
 action ( ! common  law1 t ! weal?y     
devis$ means to escape f x1 & wom5 (    
prop]ty 7 protect$ on _! m>riage by     
m>riage settlem5ts1  :]eby !y 7         
contract$ out ( ! law4 ,a woman's       
prop]ty 0  by ?is means1 settl$ on      
h]self2 x 0 necess>y to treat h] z      
incapable1 s h] prop]ty 0 n 9 h] own p[]
 b 0 ve/$ 9  tru/ees = h] sep>ate use2  
?us *e pr9cipal1 or ! e/ate1 0          
protect$1 b ! :ole int]e/ or r5tal1 z   
be=e1 c\ld be tak5  by ! husb& ! mom5t x
 0 receiv$ by ! wife2 h] signature      
became necess>y to draw x1 b ! mom5t x  

came into h] possession  x ceas$ to be  
h]s4 ,! next /ep 0 an attempt to protect
 wom5's  money 9 _! own h&s2 t]rible    
cases ( wrong 7 cont9ually  aris+3 m5 :o
 des]t$ _! wives1 & left !m to ma9ta9 ! 
burd5 ( a family1 came back aft] ! wife 
_h accumulat$ a little  prop]ty1 sold ! 
furniture1 pocket$ ! proce$s1 & dep>t$1 
leav+ ! wife to recomm5ce h] lab\rs4    
,ord]s ( protection 7  giv5 by          
magi/rates1 b ^! 7 n f\nd suffici5t4 ,at
 la/1  p>liam5t>y int]f]5ce 0 call$ = ) 
an urg5cy t c\ld  no long] be resi/$1 & 
a ,bill to am5d ! laws relat+ to m>ri$  
wom5's prop]ty 0 introduc$ into ! ,h\se 
( ,commons4 ,h[ sore 0  ! ne$ ( su*     
am5dm5t may be se5 f ! foll[+           
extracts3--    ,mr4 ,russell ,gurney1 9 
mov+ 7,april #ad1 #ahfi7 ! second read+ 
(  ! ,bill1 obs]v$3 ,x is n[ propos$ t1 
= ! fir/ "t 9 our  hi/ory1 ! prop]ty (  
"o half ( ! m>ri$ p ( ?is c\ntry  %\ld  
receive ! protection ( ! law4 ,up to ?is
 "t ! prop]ty  ( a wife has _h no       
protection f ! law1 or r1 he %\ld say1  

9 ! eye ( ! law x has _h no exi/5ce4 ,f 
! mom5t ( h]  m>riage ! wife1 9 fact1   
possesses no prop]ty2 :atev] %e may up  
to t "t h possess$1 by ! v act ( m>riage
 passes f  h]1 & any gift or beque/ made
 to h] becomes at once ! prop]ty  ( !   
husb&4 ,nay1 ,ev5 t :i* "o might suppose
 to be h]  inali5able "r1 ! fruit ( h]  
m5tal or bodily toil1 is d5i$  h]4 ,%e  
may be gift$ ) p[]s :i* enable h] to e>n
 an ample  =tune1 b ! mom5t x is e>n$1 x
 is n h]s1' x is h]  husb&'s4 ,9 fact1 f
 ! "t ( h] ent]+ into :at is describ$  z
 an hon\rable e/ate1 ! law pron\nces h] 
unfit to hold any  prop]ty :atev]4      
,mr4 ,jessel 7n[ ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls7 9    
second+ ! motion1 9 !  c\rse ( an able &
 impassion$ spee*1 said3 ,! exi/+ law is
 a  relic ( slav]y1 & ! ,h\se is n[ ask$
 to aboli% ! la/ rema9s  ( slav]y 9     
,engl&4 ,9 consid]+ :at ought to be !   
nature (  ! law1 we _c d5y t no "o %\ld 
be depriv$ ( ! p[] (  disposition1      
unless on pro( ( unfitness to ex]cise t 
p[]2 &  x is n intelligible on :at      

pr9ciple a woman %\ld be consid]$       
incapable ( contract+ imm$iately aft] %e
 has1 ) ! sanction  ( ! law1 ent]$ into 
! mo/ important contract conceivable4 ,!
  slav]y laws ( antiquity are ! orig9 ( 
! common law on ?is  subject4 ,! ,roman 
law orig9ally reg>d$ ! position ( a wife
 z  simil> to t ( a daught] :o _h no    
prop]ty1 & might be sold  into slav]y at
 ! w ( h] fa!r4 ,:5 ! ,roman law became 
t  ( a civilis$ p1 ! position ( ! wife 0
 altoge!r  *ang$4444 ,! anci5t          
,g]mans--f :om our law is d]iv$--put !  
woman into ! p[] ( h] husb& 9 ! same    
s5se z ! anci5t  ,roman law did4 ,%e    
became 8 slave4 ,! law ( slav]y--:e!r   
,roman  or ,engli%--= we once _h slaves 
& slave-laws 9 ,engl&--gave to  ! ma/] (
 a slave ! two important rights ( flogg+
 &  imprison+ him4 ,a slave c\ld n      
possess prop]ty ( 8 own1 &  c\ld n make 
contracts except = 8 ma/]'s b5efit1 & ! 
ma/]  alone c\ld sue = an injury to !   
slave2 :ile ! only liability (  ! ma/] 0
 t he mu/ n let 8 slave />ve4 ,?is is   

exactly  ! position ( ! wife "u !       
,engli% law2 ! husb& has !  "r ( flogg+ 
& imprison+ h]1 z may be se5 by ^? :o   
read  ,black/one's *apt] on ! relations 
( husb& & wife4 ,%e _c  possess         
prop]ty--%e _c contract1 except x is z 8
 ag5t2 & he  alone c sue if %e is       
libell$ or suff]s a p]sonal injury2 :ile
 all  ! husb& is compellable to d = h]  
is to pay = necess>ies4 ,x  is a/oni%+ t
 a law f\nd$ on su* pr9ciples %\ld h    
surviv$ to ! n9ete5? c5tury4    ,a      
quotation f a lat] debate f9ds its fit  
place "h3 ,mr4 ,h9de  ,palm]1 9 mov+    
7,febru>y #ai1 #ahgc7 ! second read+ ( !
 ,m>ri$  ,woman's ,prop]ty ,act 7#ahgj7 
,am5dm5t ,bill1 po9t$ out t ! common    
law 01 t by m>riage ! :ole ( a woman's  
p]sonal prop]ty 0  imm$iately ve/$ 9 h] 
husb&1 & plac$ entirely at 8 disposal4  
,by contract+ m>riage1 a woman =feit$   
all h] prop]ty4 ,9 #ahfh1  ! ,*ancellor 
( ! ,ex*equ]1 ,mr4 ,l[e1 said3 ',%[ me  
:at crime  !re is 9 matrimony t x %\ld  
be visit$ by ! same puni%m5t  z high    

treason--namely1 confiscation1 = t is   
really ! fact4' ,mr4  ,mill1 too1 speak+
 on t "q1 said t a l>ge portion ( !     
inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry 7 9 ! anomal\s 
position ( hav+  impos$ on !m1 )\t hav+ 
done any?+ to des]ve x1 :at we  inflict$
 on ! wor/ crim9als z a p5alty3 l       
felons1 !y 7  incapable ( hold+ prop]ty4
    ,"s great & b5eficial *anges 7 made 
by ! ,acts ( #ahgj &  #ahgc1 al?\gh mu* 
yet rema9s to be done4 ,by ! ,act (     
#ahgj1 !  wages & e>n+s ( m>ri$ wom5 7  
protect$2 !y 7 made  capable ( deposit+ 
money 9 ! sav+s' banks 9 _! own names2  
!y might hold prop]ty 9 ! ,funds 9 _!   
own names1 & h !  divid5ds paid to !m2  
!y might hold fully-paid up %>es1 or    
/ock1  to :i* no liability 0 atta*$2    
prop]ty 9 societies might be  reta9$ by 
!m2 money com+ to a m>ri$ woman z !     
next-(-k91 or  "o ( ! next-(-k9 to an   
inte/ate1 or by de$ or w1 0 made  h]    
own1 provid$ t su* money did n exce$    
#bjj2 ! r5ts &  pr(its ( freehold1      
copyhold1 or cu/om>y-hold prop]ty       

inh]it$ by  a m>ri$ woman 7 to be h]    
own2 a m>ri$ woman might insure h]  own 
or h] husb&'s life2 might1 "u "s        
circum/ances1 ma9ta9  an action 9 h] own
 "n2 m>ri$ wom5 7 made liable = !       
ma9t5ance ( _! husb&s & *ildr54 ,! ,act 
( #ahgc relates  entirely to ! recov]y (
 debts contract$ by ! woman be=e        
m>riage4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ^! ,acts are 
v inadequate z  reg>ds plac+ m>ri$ wom5 
9 a j position t[>ds _! prop]ty1  b !y  
are c]ta9ly a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,!  
,acts only  apply to ^? wom5 :o h be5   
m>ri$ subsequ5tly to _!  pass+4    ,"o  
great omission 9 !m w h to be promptly  
rem$i$1 bo? =  ! sake ( m>ri$ wom5 & = !
 sake ( _! cr$itors3 :ile a  m>ri$ woman
 n[ may1 "u "s circum/ances1 sue1 no    
ma*9]y is  provid$ :]eby %e may be      
su$--)\t jo9+ h] husb&4    ,9 an        
admirable lett] to ! ,times ( ,m>* #ad1 
#ahgh1 ,mrs4 ,ursule  ,bright1 allud+ to
 ! obscurity & unc]ta9ty ( ! law1 po9ts 
out ,! effect ( t obscurity ^u ! cr$it (
 respectable m>ri$  wom5 e>n+ _! own &  

_! *ildr5's bread1 9 any employm5t or   
bus9ess c>ri$ on sep>ately f _! husb&2 !
 inconv5i5ce &  risk to _! cr$itors is1 
z y h mo/ ably po9t$ out1 great2  b !   
injury to hone/ wives is f> great]4 ,x  
puts !m at a  consid]able disadvantage 9
 ! lab\r m>ket & 9 bus9ess4 ,a  m>ri$   
woman1 = in/ance1 keep+ a little %op1   
may sue = debts  due to h]1 b has no    
correspond+ liability to be su$4 ,if !  
:]eab\ts ( ! husb& is n v cle>ly def9$1 
x is evid5t  %e may h "s difficulty 9   
obta9+ cr$it4    ,aga91 :at employ] (   
lab\r c ) any security engage !  s]vices
 ( a m>ri$ woman8 ,%e may leave h] "w at
 ! mill at an  h\r's notice unf9i%$1 &  
h] employ] has no rem$y aga9/ h]  =     
brea* ( contract1 z a m>ri$ woman c make
 no contract :i* is  legally b9d+4 ,!re 
is no "q t su* a /ate ( ! law mu/       
op]ate z a re/riction ^u h] p[] to      
support h]self & family4    ,! /ate (   
muddle ( ! pres5t law is almo/          
inconceivable4 ,ev5  n[ a woman ne$ n   
pay h] debts contract$ be=e m>riage out 

(  e>n+s made aft] m>riage4 ,suppos an  
arti/ or a lit]>y woman to  m>ry :5     
burd5$ ) debts & hav+ no prop]ty2 %\ld  
%e be  e>n+ #a1jjj or #aj1jjj a ye> by  
h] pr(ession aft] m>riage1  ^! e>n+s    
c\ld n be made liable = h] debts        
contract$ be=e  m>riage4    ,x _c too   
pla9ly be repeat$ t non-liability to be 
su$ means  non-exi/5ce ( cr$it4    ,!   
law1 z x /&s at pres5t1 is ! old ,common
 ,law1 modifi$ by  ! ,acts ( #ahgj &    
#ahgc4 ,ar*bold says--deal+ ) indictm5ts
 =  !ft--,:]e ! p]son nam$ z own] appe>s
 to be a m>ri$ woman1  ! def5dant mu/1  
unless ! indictm5t is am5d$1 be         
acquitt$444  because 9 law ! goods are !
 prop]ty ( ! husb&2 ev5 ?\gh  %e be liv+
 ap>t f h] husb& ^u an income aris+ f   
prop]ty ve/$ 9 tru/ees = h] sep>ate use1
 because ! goods  _c be ! prop]ty ( !   
tru/ees2 &1 9 law1 a m>ri$ woman  has no
 prop]ty 7,ar*bold's ,crim9al ,cases1 p4
 #dc74 ,ar*bold gives z  exceptions to  
?is g5]al rule1 :]e a judicial sep>ation
 has tak5  place1 :]e ! wife has obta9$ 

a protection ord]1 or :]e !  prop]ty is 
su* z is cov]$ by ! ,m>ri$ ,wom5's      
,prop]ty ,act1  #ahgj4 ,:]e a m>ri$     
woman liv$ ap>t f h] husb&1 ^u an       
income aris+ f prop]ty ve/$ 9 tru/ees = 
h] sep>ate use1  ! judges held t a h\se 
:i* %e liv$ 9 0 prop]ly describ$  z h]  
husb&'s dwell+-h\se1 ?\gh %e paid ! r5t 
out ( h]  sep>ate prop]ty1 & ! husb& _h 
nev] be5 9 x4 ,r4 v4 ,fr5*1  ,r4 v4 ,r41
 #dia 7,ibid1 p4 #eba74 ,if a burgl>y be
 committ$ 9 a  h\se belong+ to a m>ri$  
woman1 ! h\se mu/ be said to be !       
dwell+-h\se ( h] husb&1 or ! burgl> w be
 acquitt$2 if %e  be liv+ sep>ate f h]  
husb&1 pay+ h] own r5t out ( money      
secur$ = h] sep>ate use1 x makes no     
diff]5ce2 x 0 decid$1 9  ! case ( ,rex  
v4 ,fr5*1 t a m>ri$ woman c\ld own no   
prop]ty1  & t ! h\se mu/1 !re=e1 belong 
to ! husb&4 ,if a m>ri$  woman picks up 
a purse 9 ! road & is robb$ ( x1 !      
prop]ty  ve/s 9 ! husb&3 ,:]e goods are 
9 ! possession ( ! wife1  !y mu/ be laid
 z ! goods ( h] husb&2 ?us1 if ,a is    

indict$  = /eal+ ! goods ( ,b1 & x      
appe>s t ,b 0 a feme cov]t  at ! "t1 ,a 
mu/ be acquitt$4 ,& ev5 if ! wife h only
  receiv$ money z ! ag5t ( ano!r p]son1 
& %e is robb$ ( t  money be=e h] husb&  
receives x into 8 possession1 /ill x  is
 well laid z 8 money 9 an indictm5t =   
l>c5y4 ,an indictm5t  *>g+ ! /eal+ ( a  
#e ,bank ( ,engl& note1 ! prop]ty ( ,e4 
,wall1 av]r+1 9 ! usual way1 t ! money  
secur$ by ! note  0 due & payable to ,e4
 ,wall2 x appe>$ t ,e4 ,wall's wife _h  
be5 employ$ to sell %eep belong+ to h]  
fa!r1 ( or 9 :i* h]  husb& nev] _h ei!r 
possession or any int]e/1 & %e receiv$  
! note 9 paym5t = ! %eep1 & x 0 /ol5 f  
h] be=e  %e left ! place :]e %e receiv$ 
x4 ,x 0 object$ t ! note  nev] 0 !      
prop]ty ( ,e4 ,wall1 ei!r actually or   
con/ructively2  ! money secur$ by x 0 n 
81 & he _h no qualifi$ prop]ty 9  x1 z x
 nev] 0 9 8 possession2 b x 0 held t !  
prop]ty  0 prop]ly laid 7,russell on    
,crimes1 #e? ed41 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bdc1   
#bdd74 ,yet ev5 a *ild1 9 ! eye ( ! law1

 has prop]ty1 & if  8 clo!s are /ol51 x 
is saf] to allege !m to be ! *ild's     
prop]ty4 ,! ma9 pr9ciple ( ,engli% law  
rema9s unalt]$ by rec5t  legislation1 t 
a m>ri$ woman has no prop]ty4 ,m>ri$    
wom5  %>e incapacity to manage prop]ty )
 m9ors & lunatics2 m9ors1  lunatics1 &  
m>ri$ wom5 are tak5 c>e ( by tru/ees2   
m9ors become  ( age1 lunatics (t5       
recov]1 m>ri$ wom5 rema9 incapable dur+ 
! :ole ( _! m>ri$ life4    ,be+         
incapable ( hold+ prop]ty1 a m>ri$ woman
 is ( c\rse1  incapable ( mak+ a w4 ,"h1
 also1 ! ,common ,law may be  *eckmat$4 
,%e may make a w by virtue ( a p[]      
res]v$ to h]1  or ( a m>riage settlem5t1
 or ) h] husb&'s ass5t1 or x may be     
made by h] to c>ry h] sep>ate e/ate2 & !
 c\rt 9 det]m9+  :e!r or n su* w is     
entitl$ to probate1 w n g m9utely  into 
! "q1 b w only require t ! te/atrix _h a
 p[]  res]v$ to h]1 or 0 entitl$ to     
sep>ate e/ate1 & w1 if s  satisfi$1     
grant probate to h] executor1 leav+ x to
 ! ,c\rt (  ,*anc]y1 z ! c\rt (         

con/ruction1 to say :at portion ( h]    
e/ate1 if any1 w pass "u su* w4 ,9 ?is  
case ! husb&1  ?\gh he may n be entitl$ 
to take probate ( 8 wife's w1 may       
adm9i/] to su* ( h] effects z d n pass  
"u ! w 7,comm1  on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1    
,broom & ,hadley1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #dbg1  
#dbh74  ,?us we see t a husb& may w away
 f 8 wife h] own orig9al  prop]ty1 b a  
wife may n ev5 w away h] own1 unless !  
"r  be specially res]v$ to h] be=e      
m>riage4 ,& yet x is urg$ t  wom5 h no  
ne$ ( votes1 _! int]e/s be+ s well look$
 aft]  by _! fa!rs1 husb&s1 & bro!rs6   
,we h ?us se5 t ! rights ( e ,engli%man 
are de/roy$  9 wom5 by m>riage2 "o w\ld 
imag9e t matrimony 0 a crime =  :i* a   
woman des]v$ puni%m5t1 & t confiscation 
& outlawry  7 ! fit rew>ds ( h] misde$4 
,f ^! ?ree great fundam5tal wrongs fl[ a
 l>ge numb] ( legal  disabilities4 ,take
 ! case ( a prison] accus$ (            
misdemean\r2 he is  (t5 set free on 8   
own recognizances2 b a m>ri$ woman _c be
  s releas$1 = %e is incapable ( becom+ 

bail or ( giv+ h] own  recognizances2 %e
 is "h aga9 plac$ 9 bad company3 no     
p]son  :o has be5 convict$ ( any crime  
by :i* he has become infam\s  is all[$  
to be surety = any p]son *>g$ or        
suspect$ ( an  indictable (f5ce4 ,nor c 
a m>ri$ woman1 or an infant1 or a       
prison]  9 cu/ody1 be bail 7,ar*bold1 p4
 #hh74 ,let u n[ suppose t a woman  be  
accus$ ( "s misdemean\r1 & be committ$ =
 trial3 %e desires  to h h] case tri$ by
 a high] c\rt ?an ! usual "o1 & wi%es   
to remove ! indictm5t by writ (         
c]tior>i3 %e f9ds t  ! advantage is d5i$
 h]1 because1 z a m>ri$ woman1 %e has   
no prop]ty1 & %e _c !re=e ent] into !   
necess>y  recognizances to pay co/s 9 ! 
case ( a conviction4 ,?us a m>ri$  woman
 f9ds h]self plac$ at a cruel           
disadvantage z comp>$ ) an  unm>ri$     
woman or ) m54    ,9 matt]s ( bus9ess1  
difficulties arise on e h&3 a m>ri$     
woman is incapable ( mak+ a contract2 if
 %e takes a h\se )\t  h] husb&'s k & )\t
 /at+ t %e is m>ri$1 !  l&lord may      

repudiate ! contract2 if %e /ates t %e  
is m>ri$1  ! l&lord kn[s t %e is unable 
to make a legal contract1 &  refuses to 
let or lease to h]1 )\t heavy security4 
,if %e buys  ?+s %e _c be su$ =         
non-paym5t )\t mak+ ! husb& a  def5dant1
 & %e consequ5tly f9ds t %e has no      
cr$it4 ,if %e  is *eat$1 %e _c sue1     
except 9 cases cov]$ by ! rec5t  ,acts1 
)\t jo9+ h] husb&1 & s %e has (t5 to    
submit to be  wrong$4 ,a feme cov]t _c  
sue )\t h] husb& be+ jo9$ z             
co-pla9tiff1 s long z ! relation (      
m>riage subsi/s4 ,x matt]s  n t he is an
 ali51 & has left ! c\ntry2 or t1 be+ a 
subject1 he has abscond$ f ! realm z a  
bankrupt or = o!r  purpose2 or t he has 
become p]man5tly resid5t abroad2 or t !y
  are liv+ ap>t "u a de$ ( sep>ation2 or
 h be5 divorc$ a  m5s et ?oro2 = none ( 
^! ev5ts dissolve or "w a susp5sion  ( !
 m>riage contract1 & s long z t endures1
 ! wife  is unable to sue alone1 :atev] 
! cause ( action may be4 ,?is           
disability results f ! rule ( law :i*   

ve/s 9 ! husb& n  only all ! goods &    
*attels :i* belong$ to ! wife at ! "t  (
 ! m>riage1 b also all :i* %e acquires  
aft]w>ds 7,lu%'s  ,common ,law          
,practice1 #bnd ed41 pp4 #cc1 #cd74 ,!  
same pr9ciple gov]ns  all suits aga9/ a 
m>ri$ woman2 ! husb& mu/ be su$ ) h]3   
,9 all actions br\ght aga9/ a feme cov]t
 :ile ! relation (  m>riage subsi/s1 !  
husb& mu/ be jo9$ = con=mity1 x be+  an 
inflexible rule ( law t a wife %all n be
 su$ )\t h]  husb&4444 ,if !re=e a wife 
ent]s into a bond jo9tly ) h]  husb&1 or
 makes a bill ( ex*ange1 promissory     
note1 or any o!r  contract1 %e _c be su$
 !reon1 b ! action %\ld be br\ght       
aga9/1 & ! bond1 bill1 alleg$ to h be5  
made by1 ! husb&  7,ibid1 p4 #ge74    ,!
 ?\ghtful au?or ( ! ,rights ( ,wom5     
rem>ks t !  incapacity to sue is        
traceable to ! "t :5 disputes 7 settl$  
by ! judgm5t ( arms4 ,a man repres5ts 8 
wife at law n[1 because  9 ! days ( !   
judicial combat he 0 h] *ampion-at-arms1
 & %e  is unable to sue n[1 because %e 0

 unable to fight !n 7p4 #bb74 ,!        
explanation is a v reasonable "o1 & is  
only an additional pro(  ( ! ne$ (      
alt]ation 9 ! law2 our m>riage laws are1
 z has  be5 %[n above1 ! survival (     
b>b>ism1 & we only ask t mod]n          
civilisation w alt] & improve !m z x    
does ev]y?+ else3  trial by combat has  
be5 de/roy$2 ought n its rema9s to be   
buri$  out ( sight8 ,! consequ5ce ( ^!  
bus9ess disabilities is t a  m>ri$ woman
 f9ds h]self ?w>t$ at e turn1 & if %e be
  try+ to ga9 a livelihood1 & be sep>at$
 f h] husb&1 %e is  con/antly pa9$ &    
annoy$ by ! m>riage-fett]1 :i* h9d]s  h]
 activity & *ecks h] ef=ts to make h]   
way4 ,! notion t  irresponsibility is an
 advantage is an entirely mi/ak5 "o2 an 
irresponsible p]son _c be dealt ) 9     
bus9ess matt]s1 & is  %ut out ( all !   
usual indep5d5t ways ( obta9+ a         
livelihood4  ,au?or%ip & s]vitude are ! 
only pa?s really op5 to m>ri$  wom52 9 e
 o!r c>e] !y f9d humiliat+ ob/acles :i* 
x  ne$s bo? c\rage & p]sev]ance to      

surm\nt4    ,m>ri$ wom5 rank among !    
p]sons 9 subjection to ! p[] (  o!rs2 !y
 ?us come among ^? :o 9 _m cases are n  
crim9ally  liable2 infants "u ! age (   
discretion1 p]sons :o are non  compotes 
m5tis 7n ( s\nd m9d71 & p]sons act+ "u  
co]cion1  are n crim9ally liable = _!   
misde$s4 ,a m>ri$ woman is  presum$ to  
act "u h] husb&'s co]cion1 unless !     
contr>y  be prov$1 & %e may ?us escape  
puni%m5t = h] wrongdo+s3  ,con/ra9t ( a 
sup]ior is sometimes all[$ z an excuse =
 crim9al  misconduct1 by reason ( !     
matrimonial subjection ( ! wife to h]   
husb&2 b nei!r a son1 nor a s]vant is   
excus$ = ! commission  ( any crime by ! 
comm& or co]cion ( ! p>5t or ma/]4 ,?us1
  if a woman commit !ft1 or burgl>y1 by 
! co]cion ( h] husb&1 or  ev5 9 8       
company1 :i* ! law prim facie con/rues a
 co]cion1  %e is dispuni%able1 be+      
consid]$ to h act$ by compulsion1 &  n (
 h] own w 7,comm1 on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1  
,broom & ,hadley1  vol4 iv41 p4 #bg74 ,a
 feme cov]t is s mu* fav\r$ 9 respect ( 

t p[] & au?ority :i* h] husb& has ov]   
h]1 t %e  %all n suff] any puni%m5t =   
committ+ a b>e !ft1 or ev5 a  burgl>y1  
by ! co]cion ( h] husb&1 or 9 8 company1
 :i* !  law con/rues a co]cion 7,russell
 ,on ,crimes1 vol4 i41 p4 #aci74 ,:]e  !
 wife is to be consid]$ m]ely z ! s]vant
 ( ! husb&1  %e w n be answ]able = !    
consequ5ces ( 8 brea* ( duty1  h[ev]    
fatal1 ?\gh %e may be privy to 8        
conduct4 ,c4 ,squire & 8  wife 7 indict$
 = ! murd] ( a boy2 he _h be5 cruelly   
treat$ by bo?1 & di$ f debility & want (
 prop] food &  n\ri%m5t2 ,lawr5ce1 ,j41 
direct$ ! jury1 t z ! wife 0 !  s]vant (
 ! husb&1 x 0 n h] duty to provide !    
appr5tice  ) suffici5t food & n\ri%m5t1 
& t %e 0 n guilty (  any brea* ( duty 9 
neglect+ to d s2 ?\gh1 if ! husb& _h    
all[$ h] suffici5t food = ! appr5tice1 &
 %e _h wilfully  )hold5 x f him1 !n %e  
w\ld h be5 guilty4 ,b t "h  ! fact 0    
o!rwise2 & !re=e1 ?\gh 9 =o consci5ti ! 
wife 0 equally guilty ) ! husb&1 yet 9  
po9t ( law %e c\ld  n be said to be     

guilty ( n provid+ ! appr5tice )        
suffici5t  food & n\ri%m5t 7,ibid41 pp4 
#add1 #ade74 ,x is h>d to see :at       
advantage society ga9s by ?is curi\s    
fa%ion ( reckon+ m>ri$  wom5 z *ildr5 or
 lunatics4 ,"s advantages1 h[ev]1 fl[ to
 a  crim9al husb&3 a wife is n puni%able
 = conceal+ h] husb&  f ju/ice1 kn[+ t  
he has committ$ felony2 a husb& may n   
conceal 8 wife "u analog\s circum/ances3
 ,s /rict is ! law  :]e a felony is     
actually complete1 9 ord] to d effectual
 ju/ice1  t ! ne>e/ relations are n     
suff]$ to aid or receive "o  ano!r4 ,if 
! p>5t assi/s 8 *ild1 or ! *ild 8 p>5t1 
if  ! bro!r receives ! bro!r1 ! ma/] 8  
s]vant1 or ! s]vant  8 ma/]1 or ev5 if !
 husb& receives 8 wife1 hav+ any ( !m   
committ$ a felony1 ! receiv] becomes an 
accessory ex po/ facto4  ,b a feme cov]t
 _c become an accessory by ! receipt &  
concealm5t ( h] husb&2 = %e is presum$  
to act "u 8  co]cion1 & !re=e %e is n   
b\nd1 nei!r ought %e1 to discov]  h] "l 
7,ibid41 p4 #ch74 ,! wife ( a bl9d husb&

 mu/ n1 h[ev]1  reg>d h] cov]ture z 9   
all cases a protection1 = x has be5 held
  t if /ol5 goods 7 9 h] possession1 h] 
husb&'s bl9dness  prev5t+ him f kn[+ (  
!m1 h] cov]ture did n avail to  %elt]   
h]4    ,any advantage :i* m>ri$ wom5 may
 possess ?r\gh ! supposition  t !y are  
act+ "u ! co]cion ( _! husb&s ought to  
be  summ>ily tak5 away f !m4 ,x is n = !
 safety ( society  t crim9als %\ld      
escape puni%m5t simply because !y happ5 
to  be m>ri$ wom52 a crim9al husb&      
becomes mu* m dang]\s to !  community if
 he is to h an irresponsible            
fell[-conspirator beside  him2 two      
p--al?\gh ! law reg>ds !m z "o--c (t5   
commit  a crime t a s+le p]son c\ld n   
accompli%1 & x is n ev5  impossible t an
 unscrupul\s woman1 desir+ to get rid   
easily =  a:ile ( an unpleasant husb&1  
might actually be ! secret prompt]  ( an
 (f5ce1 9 ! commission ( :i* %e might   
%>e1 b 9 !  puni%m5t ( :i* %e w\ld h no 
"p4 ,= ! sake ( wives1 z  well z (      
husb&s1 ?is irresponsibility %\ld be put

 an end to1  = if a husb& is to be held 
acc\ntable = 8 wife's misde$s  & debts1 
x is impossible = ! law to refuse him   
control ov] h]  actions2 fre$om &       
responsibility mu/ g h& 9 h&1 & wom5 :o 
obta9 ! rights ( fre$om mu/ accept !    
duties ( responsibility4    ,a woman has
 a legal claim on h] husb& = !          
necess>ies ( life1  & a man may be      
compell$ to support 8 wife4 ,b h] claim 
is a v  n>r[ "o1 z may be se5 by !      
foll[+ case3--,a man nam$ ,plumm]  0    
indict$ = ! manslaught] ( 8 wife2 he _h 
be5 sep>at$  f h] = sev]al ye>s1 & paid 
h] an all[ance ( #bs4 #f;d4 a week2  !  
la/ paym5t 0 made on a ,sunday1 & %e 0  
turn$ out ( h]  lodg+s on ! ,tuesday    
foll[+2 %e 0 suff]+ f di>rhoea1 &  on ! 
,w$nesday 0 v ill4 ,plumm] 0 told ( h]  
condition1  b refus$ to give h] %elt]2 !
 ev5+ 0 wet1 & a con/able  meet+ h] w&]+
 ab\t took h] to h] husb&'s lodg+s1 b   
he w\ld n admit h]2 on ,?ursday he paid 
= a b$ = h] at a  public-h\se1 & on     
,friday %e di$4 ,b>on ,gurney told !    

jury t  ! prison] c\ld n be *>g$ ) hav+ 
caus$ h] dea? f  want ( food1 s9ce he   
made h] an all[ance1 & "u ord9>y        
circum/ances he might h refus$ to d     
any?+ m2 ! only  "q 0 :e!r ! refusal z  
to %elt] _h ha/5$ h] dea?4  ,! man 0    
acquitt$4 ,a wife has also "s limit$    
rights ov] h]  husb&'s prop]ty aft] 8   
dea?2 %e may claim d[]1 h] we>+  app>el1
 a b$1 & "s few o!r ?+s1 includ+ h]     
p]sonal  jewell]y4 ,h] husb&'s p[] to   
deprive h] ( h] p]sonal ornam5ts  ceases
 ) 8 life4    ,to r$ress ! :ole ( !     
wrongs z to prop]ty1 & to enable ju/ice 
to be done1 x is only necess>y to pass a
 %ort ,act ( ,p>liam5t1  orda9+ t       
m>riage %all 9 no fa%ion alt] ! civil   
/atus ( a  woman1 t %e %all h ov]       
prop]ty ! same rights z ?\gh %e  7      
unm>ri$1 & %all1 9 all civil & crim9al  
matt]s1 be held z  responsible z ?\gh %e
 7 a feme sole4 ,9 %ort1 m>riage2 ought 
no m to affect a woman's position ?an x 
does a man's1 & %\ld  c>ry ) x no k9d ( 
legal disability2 m>ital control %\ld   

cease to exi/1 & m>riage %\ld be reg>d$ 
z a contract betwe5  equals1 & n z a    
bond betwe5 ma/] & s]vant4    ,^? :o are
 entirely oppos$ to ! idea t a woman    
%\ld n  =feit h] prop]ty on m>riage1    
raise a numb] ( !oretical  difficulties 
z to h\sehold exp5ses1 own]%ip (        
furniture1 c41  c4 ,practically ^! w\ld 
v seldom occur1 if we may judge by !    
exp]i5ce ( c\ntries ^: m>riage laws d n 
entail =feiture  on ! woman :o becomes a
 wife4 ,9 ! ,rights ( ,wom51 quot$ f    
above1 a v useful summ>y is giv5 ( !    
laws z to prop]ty 9  v>i\s c\ntries2 9  
,g]many ^! laws v>y consid]ably 9 !     
diff]5t /ates2 "o sy/em1 kn[n z         
,gut]geme9s*aft 7community  ( goods7 is 
a great advance t[>ds equality1 al?\gh x
 is n by any  means ! be/ resolution ( !
 problem2 "u ?is sy/em !re is  no       
sep>ate prop]ty1 x is all m]g$ 9 !      
common /ock1 & !  husb&1 z su*1 has no m
 "r ov] ! common 'fund ?an !  wife1 nor 
! wife ?an ! husb& 7p4 #bf72 ! husb&    
adm9i/]s z  repres5tative ( ! community1

 & n z husb&4 ,he is m]ely head  p>tn]1 
z x 71 & has no p]sonal rights beyond t2
 he may  be dispossess$ ( ev5 ?is limit$
 au?ority if he is wa/eful2 he  _c      
ali5ate or mortgage any ( ! common l&s  
or rights )\t  h] cons5t--a privilege1 x
 mu/ be rememb]$1 :i* belongs to h]1  n 
only ov] l&s br\ght by h]self1 b also   
ov] ^? br\ght  by h] husb& to ! m>riage4
 ,& ?is control ( ! wife ov] !          
immovables has1 = p>ts ( ,prussia1 be5  
ext5d$ by a law ( ,april  #af?1 #ahej1  
ov] movables z well2 = ! husb& has be5  
=bidd5 to  dispose n only ( immovables1 
b ( ! :ole or "p ( ! movable  prop]ty1  
)\t ! cons5t ( 8 wife4 ,nor c ! husb& by
  himself make donations mortis causa2  
su* arrangem5ts take !  =m ( mutual     
agreem5ts betwe5 ! two respect+ _!      
claims (  inh]itance to "o ano!r 7p4    
#bg74 ,9 ,au/ria1 m>ri$ c\ples are  m   
indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2 ! wives reta9 _!   
rights ov] _!  own prop]ty1 & c dispose 
( x z !y l1 & sue or be su$  9 respect (
 x1 )\t m>ital au?orisation or control2 

& j z  !y h ! free disposition ( _!     
prop]ty1 s !y c contract  ) o!rs z !y   
please4 ,a husb& is unable to ali5ate   
any ( 8  wife's prop]ty 9 h] "n1 or to  
l5d or mortgage x1 or to receive  any   
money1 in/itute any law-suits1 or make  
any arrangem5ts 9 respect  ( x unless he
 has h] special m&ate4444 ,if no        
/ipulation is made  at ! m>riage1 ea*   
sp\se reta9s 8 or h] sep>ate prop]ty1 & 
nei!r has a claim to any?+ ga9$ or 9 any
 way receiv$ by !  o!r dur+ ! m>riage   
7p4 #ej74 ,9 ! ,new ,york code          
7,u4,s4,a471  beyond ! claim ( mutual   
support1 nei!r husb& nor wife has any   
int]e/ :atev] 9 ! prop]ty ( ! o!r4 ,h5ce
 ei!r may into  any ent] engagem5t or   
transaction ) ! o!r or ) a /rang]  )    
respect to prop]ty1 j z !y might d if !y
 cont9u$  unm>ri$ 7p4 #ie74 ,!          
apportionm5t ( h\sehold exp5ses mu/     
necess>ily be left = ! private          
arrangem5t ( ! m>ri$ pair2  :]e ! woman 
has prop]ty1 or :]e %e e>ns h]          
livelihood x w\ld  be h] duty to        

contribute to ! support ( ! common home2
 :]e  ! c\ple are poor1 & ! c>e ( ! h\se
 falls directly on !  %\ld]s ( ! wife1  
h] p]sonal toil w\ld be h] fair         
contribution2  ?is matt] %\ld be arrang$
 9 ! m>riage contract1 j z simil>       
matt]s are n[ dealt ) 9 ! m>riage       
settlem5ts ( ! weal?y4  ,z means (      
livelihood become m accessible to wom5 !
 "q  w be m & m easily arrang$2 x w no  
long] be ! fa%ion  9 homes ( pr(essional
 m5 t ! husb& %all ov]-"w himself  9    
e>n+ ! means ( support1 :ile ! wife ov] 
re/s h]self  9 sp5d+ !m1 b a m          
ev5ly-divid$ duty %all /r5g!n !  husb&'s
 heal? by m leisure1 & ! wife's by m "w4
 ,recov]y  ( debts incurr$ = h\sehold   
exp5ses %\ld be by suit aga9/  husb& &  
wife jo9tly1 j z 9 a p>tn]%ip ! firm may
 n[ be  su$2 recov]y ( p]sonal debts    
%\ld be by suits aga9/ ! p]son  :o _h   
contract$ !m4 ,_m a man's life is n[    
r5d]$ h>d] ?an  x ought to be1 by ! wa/e
 & extravagance ( a wife :o c pl$ge  8  
"n & 8 cr$it1 & ev5 ru9 him be=e he kn[s

 8 dang]3  w\ld n ! lives ( su* m5 be ! 
happi] & ! less toilsome if  _! wives 7 
responsible = _! own debts1 & limit$ by 
_!  own means8 ,_m a woman's home is    
brok5 up1 & h] *ildr5 begg>$1  by !     
reckless sp5d?rift :o wa/es h] =tune or 
h] e>n+s3  w\ld n ! lives ( su* wom5 be 
less hopeless1 if m>riage left  _!      
prop]ty 9 _! own h&s1 & did n give !m a 
ma/] z  well z a husb&8 ,wom51 "u ^!    
circum/ances1 w\ld1 ( c\rse1  become    
liable = ! support ( _! *ildr51 equally 
) _!  husb&s--a liability :i* is1 inde$1
 recogniz$ by ! ,m>ri$  ,wom5's ,prop]ty
 ,act 7#ahgj71 s4 #ad4    ,x is         
sometimes fur!r urg$ by ^? :o l a man to
 be ma/] 9  8 own h\se1 t unless wom5   
=feit$ _! prop]ty 9 m>riage1  !re w\ld  
be con/ant discord 9 ! home4 ,surely !  
contr>y effect  w\ld be produc$4 ,mrs4  
,mill well says1 9 ! ,essay be=e quot$  
f3  ,! highe/ ord] ( durable & happy    
atta*m5ts w\ld be a hundr$  times m     
frequ5t ?an !y are1 if ! affection :i* !
 two sexes  s\ght f "o ano!r 7 t g5u9e  

fri5d%ip :i* only exi/s  betwe5 equals 9
 privileges z 9 faculties4 ,no?+ is s   
likely to  cause unhapp9ess z ! t5d5cy  
to tyrannize1 g5]at$ 9 ! man by         
au?ority1 & ! t5d5cy to rebel1 g5]at$ 9 
! woman by en=c$  submission4 ,no gr[n  
p]son %\ld be "u ! arbitr>y p[]  (      
ano!r2 dep5d5ce is t\*+ 9 ! infant      
because ( its  helplessness2 x is       
revolt+ 9 ! gr[n man or woman because ) 
maturity ( p[] %\ld come dignity (      
self-support4    ,9 a brilliant article 
9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review 7,july1 #ahgd7 !   
writ] well says3 ,w\ld x n1 to beg9 )1  
be well to in/ruct  girls t weakness1   
c[>dice1 & ignorance1 _c con/itute at   
once  ! p]fection ( womank9d & !        
imp]fection ( mank9d8 ,x is "t  to d    
away ) ! oak & ivy ideal1 & to tea* ea* 
plant to gr[  /rong & self-support+4    
,p]fect equality w\ld1 "u ?is sy/em1  be
 f\nd 9 ! home1 & mutual respect &      
def]5ce w\ld replace !  alt]nate coax+ &
 comm&m5t n[ too (t5 se54 ,equal rights 
w\ld  aboli% bo? tyranny & rebellion2   

!re w\ld be m c\rtesy 9 !  husb&1 m     
/raight=w>dness 9 ! wife4 ,!n1 inde$1   
w\ld !re  be "s hope ( g5]ally happy    
m>riages1 b1 z has be5 eloqu5tly  said  
by ! writ] j quot$1 till absolute social
 & legal equality  is ! basis ( ! sacr$ 
p>tn]%ip ( m>riage 7! division (  lab\rs
 & duties 9 ! family1 by free agreem5t1 
imply+ no sort (  inequality71 till no  
sup]iority is recogniz$ on ei!r side b t
  ( individual "* & capacity1 till      
m>riage is no long] legally  surr\nd$ ) 
p5alties on ! woman :o ent]s into x z   
?\gh %e  7 a crim9al--till !n ! true/   
love1 ! true/ sympa?y1 !  true/ happ9ess
 9 x1 w be ! exception r ?an ! rule1 &  
! real value ( ?is relation1 dome/ic &  
social1 w be fatally  miss$4 ,t "s      
m>riages are happy1 9 spite ( ! evil    
law1 no "o  w d5y2 b ^! are ! exception1
 n ! rule4 ,! law1 z x is1  directly    
t5ds to promote unhapp9ess1 & its :ole  
influ5ce on !  relations ( ! sexes is   
injuri\s4 ,to quote ,mrs4 ,mill once m3 
,!  influ5ce ( ! position t5ds em95tly  

to promote selfi%ness4  ,! mo/          
insignificant ( m51 ! man :o c obta9    
influ5ce or  consid]ation n[h]e else1   
f9ds "o place :]e he is *ief & head4    
,!re is "o p]son1 (t5 greatly 8 sup]ior 
9 und]/&+1 :o  is oblig$ to consult him1
 & :om he is n oblig$ to consult4 ,he   
is judge1 magi/rate1 rul]1 ov] _! jo9t  
conc]ns2 arbit] ( all  diff]5ces betwe5 
!m4444 ,8 is n[ ! only tribunal1 9      
civiliz$  life1 9 :i* ! same p]son is   
judge & p>ty4 ,a g5]\s m9d 9  su* a     
situation makes ! balance incl9e aga9/  
its own side1 &  gives ! o!r n less1 b  
m1 ?an a fair equality1 & ?us !  weak]  
side may be enabl$ to turn ! v fact (   
dep5d5ce into an  in/rum5t ( p[]1 & 9   
default ( ju/ice1 take an ung5]\s       
advantage ( g5]osity2 r5d]+ ! unju/ p[]1
 to ^? :o make  an unselfi% use ( x1 a  
torm5t & a bur!n4 ,b h[ is x :5  av]age 
m5 are inve/$ ) ?is p[]1 )\t reciprocity
 &  )\t responsibility8 ,give su* a man 
! idea t he is fir/ 9 law  & 9 op9ion--t
 to w is 8 "p1 & h]s to submit--x is    

absurd to suppose t ?is idea m]ely      
glides ov] 8 m9d1 )\t  s9k+ into x1 or  
hav+ any effect on 8 feel+s & practice4 
,if  !re is any self-w 9 ! man1 he      
becomes ei!r ! consci\s or  unconsci\s  
despot ( 8 h\sehold4 ,! wife1 inde$1 (t5
 succe$s 9  ga9+ h] objects1 b x is by  
"s ( ! _m v>i\s =ms (  indirectness &   
managem5t4 ,:5 m>riage is z x %\ld be1  
!re  w be no sup]ior & inf]ior by "r (  
position2 b m5 &  wom51 :e!r m>ri$ or   
unm>ri$1 w reta9 intact ! natural       
rights belong+ to e ,engli%man4    ,9   
deal+ ) ! wrongs ( ! wife1 accord+ to ! 
pres5t  ,engli% m>riage laws1 ! wrongs (
 ! "m mu/ n be omitt$4 ,!  unm>ri$ "m   
has a "r to h] *ild2 ! m>ri$ "m has     
none3  ,a fa!r is entitl$ to ! cu/ody ( 
8 *ild until x atta9s !  age ( sixte51  
unless !re be "s suffici5t reason to !  
contr>y  7,russell ,on ,crimes1 vol4 i41
 p4 #hih74 ,! suffici5t reason is  h>d  
to f9d 9 mo/ cases1 z ! incl9ation ( !  
,c\rts is to make  excuses = male       
del9qu5cies1 & to uphold e privilege :i*

 male  ,p>liam5ts h conf]r$ on husb&s & 
fa!rs4 ,9 ,%elley's  case ! fa!r 0      
depriv$ ( ! cu/ody ( 8 *ildr51 b "h     
religi\s & political h]esy caus$ a /rong
 bias aga9/ ! poet4  ,! fa!r's "r to !  
cu/ody ( legitimate *ildr5 is complete2 
! "m has no "r ov] !m z aga9/ 82 he may 
take !m away  f h]1 & place !m 9 ! c>e (
 ano!r woman1 & %e has no  r$ress2 %e   
may apply to ,*anc]y = access to !m at  
/at$ times1  b ev5 ?is is matt] ( fav\r1
 n ( "r4 ,! fa!r may appo9t  a gu>dian 9
 8 w1 & ! "m1 al?\gh ! sole surviv+     
p>5t1 has no "r ov] h] *ildr5 z aga9/ ! 
/rang] appo9t$  by ! dead fa!r4 ,if !   
p>5ts diff] 9 religion1 ! *ildr5 are  to
 be br\ght up 9 t ( ! fa!r1 :atev]      
agreem5t may h be5  made respect+ !m    
be=e m>riage2 if ! fa!r dies )\t leav+  
any directions1 ! *ildr5 w be educat$ 9 
8 religion2 he c1  if he *ooses1 all[ 8 
wife to br+ !m up 9 h] cre$1 b %e c     
only d s by virtue ( 8 p]mission4 ,?us !
 m>ri$ "m has no  rights ov] h] own     
*ildr52 %e be>s !m1 nurses !m1 toils =  

!m1 wat*es ov] !m1 & may !n h !m torn f 
h] by no  fault ( h] own1 & giv5 into ! 
c>e ( a /rang]4 ,p talk (  mat]nal love1
 & ( woman's sph]e1 ( h] duty 9 ! home1 
( h]  "w = h] babes1 b ! law has no     
rev]5ce = ! tie betwe5  "m & *ild1 &    
ignores e claim ( ! "m :o is also a4    
wife4 ,! unm>ri$ "m is f> bett] (f2 %e  
has an absolute "r  to ! cu/ody ( h] own
 *ildr52 none c /ep 9 & deprive h] (  h]
 little ones1 = ! law respects ! mat]nal
 tie :5 no m>riage  c]emony has         
legitimat$ x4 ,mo!rhood is only sacr$ 9 
! eye (  ! law :5 no legal contract     
exi/s betwe5 ! p>5ts ( ! *ild4    ,look+
 at a woman's position bo? z wife & "m1 
x is impossible  n to recognise ! fact t
 m>riage is a direct disadvantage to h]4
  ,9 an unlegalis$ union ! woman reta9s 
possession ( all h]  natural rights2 %e 
is mi/ress ( h] own actions1 ( h] body1 
( h]  prop]ty2 %e is able to legally    
def5d h]self aga9/ attack2 all !  ,c\rts
 are op5 to protect h]2 %e =feits none (
 h] rights z an  ,engli%woman2 %e keeps 

intact h] lib]ty & h] indep5d5ce2 %e has
  no ma/]2 %e owes ob$i5ce to ! laws    
alone4 ,if %e h a *ild1  ! law          
ackn[l$ges h] rights ov] x1 & no man c  
use h] love =  x z an eng9e ( torture to
 =ce h] into compliance ) 8 w4  ,two    
disadvantages1 h[ev]1 atta* to          
unlegalis$ unions2 fir/1 !  woman has to
 face social disapprobation1 al?\gh (   
late ye>s1 z  wom5 h be5 com+ m to !    
front1 ?is difficulty has be5 v  mu*    
decreas$1 = wom5 h begun to recognise ! 
extreme inju/ice  ( ! laws1 & bo? m5 &  
wom5 ( advanc$ views h advocat$  great  
*anges 9 ! m>riage contract4 ,! second  
disadvantage is (  a m s]i\s "*3 !      
*ildr5 proce$+ f an unlegalis$  union h 
n ! same rights z ^? born 9 legal       
w$lock1 d n  inh]it z ( "r1 & h no legal
 "n4 ,^! inju/ices c be  prev5t$ by c>e 
9 mak+ te/am5t>y dispositions protect+  
!m1  & by regi/]+ ! surname1 b ! fact ( 
! orig9al unfairness  /ill rema9s1 & any
 c>elessness on ! p>5ts' "p w result 9  
real injury to ! *ild4 ,x mu/ also be   

rememb]$ t ! fa!r1 9  su* a case1 has no
 rights ov] 8 *ildr51 & ?is is z unfair 
to  him z ! rev]se is to ! "m4 ,z ! law 
n[ is1 bo? legal &  illegal unions h    
disadvantages connect$ ) !m1 & !re is   
only  a *oice betwe5 evils2 ^! evils are
 h[ev]1 ov]:elm+ly great]  on ! side (  
legal unions z may be se5 by ! =ego+    
sket* (  ! disabilities impos$ on wom5  
by m>riage4 ,s great are ^! t  a wise & 
self-respect+ woman may well hesitate to
 ent] into a  contract ( m>riage :ile ! 
laws rema9 z !y are1 & a man :o  really 
hon\rs a woman mu/ reluctantly subject  
h] to ! disadvantages  impos$ on !      
,engli% wife1 :5 he asks h] to take him 
z lit]ally  h] ma/] &1 own]4 ,! relative
 position is z di%on\r+ to !  man z x is
 insult+ to ! woman1 & good m5 revolt   
aga9/ x z  hotly z d ! mo/ high-spirit$ 
wom54 ,9 happy m>riages all ^!  laws are
 ignor$1 & x is only at r>e int]vals t !
 m>ri$  pair become consci\s ( _!       
exi/5ce4 ,"s argue t ?is be+ s1  small  
practical h>m results f ! legal         

inju/ice2 x w\ld be z  s5sible to argue 
t z hone/ p d n want to ?ieve1 x w\ld  n
 be injuri\s to public morality to h    
laws on ! /atute book  legalis+ g>ott+4 
,laws are made to prev5t inju/ice be+   
committ$  ) impunity1 & x is a curi\s   
rev]sal ( e pr9ciple (  legislation to  
make laws :i* protect wrongdo+1 & :i* c 
only  be def5d$ on ! gr\nd t !y are n   
g5]ally en=c$4 ,if !  ,engli% m>riage   
laws 7 univ]sally c>ri$ out1 m>riage    
w\ld n  la/ = a mon? 9 ,engl&2 z x is1  
va/ numb]s ( wom5 suff] 9  sil5ce1 ?\s&s
 rebel & break _! *a9s1 & on e side  m5 
& wom5 settle d[n into a mutual tol]ance
 :i* is simply an  easy-go+ indiff]5ce1 
accept$ z ! only possible sub/itute =  !
 w$d$ happ9ess :i* !y once dream$ ( 9   
y\?1 b h  fail$ to realise 9 _!         
maturity4    ,?+s be+ z !y are1 :at is !
 be/ action = ^? to take :o  desire to  
see a heal?i] & pur] sexual morality--a 
morality f\nd$  ^u equal rights & div]se
 duties h>moni\sly dis*>g$8 ,! fir/  /ep
 is to agitate = a re=m ( ! m>riage laws

 by ! pass+ (  su* an ,act ( ,p>liam5t z
 is allud$ to above4 ,x w\ld be well =  
"s ( ^? :o desire to see su* a          
legislative *ange to meet &  conf]      
toge!r on ! /eps to be tak5 to introduce
 su* a ,bill into  ! ,h\se ( ,commons4  
,if ?\ght necess>y1 a ,m>riage ,re=m    
,league  might be e/abli%$1 to organize 
! agitation & petition+ :i*  are de     
rigueur1 9 endeav\r+ to get a bill pass$
 ?r\gh !  popul> ,h\se4 ,side by side ) 
?is ef=t to re=m m>riage abuses1  %\ld g
 ! det]m9ation n to contract a legal    
m>riage :ile !  laws rema9 z immoral z  
!y are4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,quak]s     
p]si/5tly refus$ to g ?r\gh ! legal     
,engli% =m ( m>riage1  & quietly made _!
 decl>ations accord+ to _! own          
consci5ce1  submitt+ to ! disadvantages 
entail$ on !m by ! illegality1  until ! 
legislature =mally recognis$ ! ,quak]   
decl>ation z  a legal =m ( m>riage4 ,:y 
%\ld n we take a leaf out ( !  ,quak]s' 
book1 & sub/itute = ! pres5t legal =ms (
 m>riage a  simple decl>ation publicly  

made8 ,we %\ld diff] f ! ,quak]s  9 ?is1
 t we %\ld n desire t su* decl>ation    
%\ld be  legalis$ :ile ! m>riage laws   
rema9 z !y are2 b z soon z  ! laws are  
moralis$1 & wives are reg>d$ z          
self-possess+  human be+s1 in/ead ( z   
prop]ty1 !n ! decl>ation may1 )         
advantage1 seek ! sanction ( ! law4 ,x  
is n necess>y t  ! decl>ation %\ld be   
c\*$ 9 any special =m ( words2 !        
conditions ( ! contract ought to be left
 to ! contract+ p>ties4  ,:at is        
necess>y is t x %\ld be a def9ite       
contract1 & x is  highly advisable t x  
%\ld be a contract 9 writ+--a de$ (     
p>tn]%ip1 9 fact1 :i* %\ld--:5 ! law    
p]mits--be duly  /amp$ & regi/]$4 ,!    
law1 :ile x does n dictate !  conditions
 ( ! contract1 %\ld en=ce ^? conditions 
s long z  ! contract exi/s2 t is1 x %\ld
 int]f]e j z f> z x does  9 o!r         
contracts1 & no fur!r2 ! law has no "r  
to dictate !  t]ms ( ! m>riage contract2
 x is = ! contract+ p>ties to  arrange  
_! own affairs z !y w4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 !  

prov9ce (  ! law %\ld be ?us limit$ 9   
respect to ! contract+ p>ties1  x has a 
cle> "r to int]f]e 9 def5ce ( ! int]e/s 
( any  *ildr5 :o may be born ( !        
m>riage1 & to compel ! p>5ts to  clo!1  
fe$1 h\se1 & educate !m prop]ly3 ?is    
duty %\ld1 if  ne$ be1 be en=c$ on bo?  
p>5ts alike1 & ! law %\ld recognise  &  
impose ! full dis*>ge ( !               
responsibilities ( p>5ts t[>ds  ^? to   
:om !y h giv5 life4 ,no m>riage contract
 %\ld be  recognis$ by ! law :i* is     
ent]$ into by m9ors2 9 ?is1 z 9  o!r    
legal de$s1 !re %\ld be no capability to
 contract until !  contract+ p>ties are 
( full age4 ,a m>riage is a p>tn]%ip1 & 
%\ld be s reg>d$ by ! law1 & x %\ld be !
 aim ( ^?  :o are endeav\r+ to re=m     
m>riage1 to sub/itute = ! pres5t        
semi-b>b>\s laws a s*eme :i* %all be    
sob]1 dignifi$1 &  practicable1 & :i*   
%all recognise ! vital int]e/ ( !       
community 9 ! union ( ^? :o are to be ! 
p>5ts ( ! next  g5]ation4    ,su* a de$ 
z ,i propose w\ld h no legal =ce at !   

pres5t "t2  & "h arises a difficulty3   
might n a lib]t9e take advantage (  ?is 
fact to des]t 8 wife & possibly leave h]
 ) a *ild1 or  *ildr51 on h] h&s2 to !  
cold m]cy ( society :i* w\ld n  ev5     
recognize h] z a m>ri$ woman8 ,m5 :o1 "u
 ! pres5t  /ate ( ! law1 s$uce wom5 & !n
 des]t !m1 w\ld probably  d ! same if !y
 _h gone ?r\gh a =m ( m>riage :i* _h no 
legally b9d+ =ce2 b su* m5 are1         
=tunately1 ! exception1  n ! rule1 & !re
 is no-reason to appreh5d an increase ( 
_! numb]1 ow+ to ! propos$ action on !  
"p ( a numb] (  ?\ghtful m5 & wom5 :o   
are dissatisfi$ ) ! pres5t /ate  ( !    
law1 b :o h no wi% to plunge into       
debau*]y4 ,i freely  ackn[l$ge t x is to
 be desir$ t m>riage %\ld be legally    
b9d+1 & t a fa!r %\ld be compell$ to d 8
 %>e t[>ds  support+ 8 *ildr52 b :ile   
,engli% law imposes su* a weight (      
disability on a m>ri$ woman1 & leaves h]
 utt]ly 9 ! p[]  ( h] husb&1 h[ev]      
unpr9cipl$1 oppressive1 & wick$ he may  
be--%ort ( legal crime--,i take leave to

 ?9k t wom5 h a  fair] *ance ( happ9ess 
& com=t 9 an unlegalis$ ?an 9 a legal   
m>riage4 ,!re is _m an unhappy woman :o 
w\ld be only too glad if  ! lib]t9e :o  
has legally m>ri$ h] w\ld des]t h]1 &   
leave  h]1 ev5 ) ! burd5 ( a family1 to 
make = h]self & h]  *ildr51 by h] own   
toil1 a home :i* %\ld at lea/ be pure1  
peaceful1 & respectable4    ,let me1 9  
conclud+ ?is bran* ( ! subject1 say a ^w
 to ^?  :o1 agree+ ) ,m>riage ,re=m 9   
pr9ciple1 fe> to op5ly put  _! !ory into
 practice4 ,"s ( ^! e>ne/ly hope =      
*ange1 b  d n d>e to advocate x op5ly4  
,re=ms h nev] be5 accompli%$  by ,re=m]s
 :o _h n ! c\rage ( _! op9ions4 ,if all 
! m5  & wom5 :o disapprove ( ! pres5t   
immoral laws w\ld /urdily &  op5ly      
oppose !m2 if ^? :o desire to unite _!  
lives1 b are  det]m9$ n to submit to !  
,engli% m>riage laws1 w\ld publicly  jo9
 h&s1 mak+ su* a decl>ation z is "h     
sugge/$1 ! social  odium w\ld soon pass 
away1 & ! unlegalis$ m>riage w\ld be    
recognis$ z a dignifi$ & civiliz$       

sub/itute = ! old brutal  & savage      
traditions4 ,mo/ valuable "w might "h be
 done by m5 &  wom5 :o--happy 9 _! own  
m>riages--yet feel ! immorality ( !     
law1 & desire to see x *ang$4 ,su* m>ri$
 p might support &  /r5g!n by _! op5    
c\nt5ance & fri5d%ip ^? :o ent] into  ! 
unlegalis$ public unions "h advocat$2 & 
!y c d :at no  "o else c d s well3 !y c 
prove to ,engli% society--! mo/  bigot$ 
& cons]vative society 9 ! _w--t advocacy
 ( *ange  9 ! m>riage laws does n mean !
 abolition ( ! home4 ,! value  ( su*    
co-op]ation w be simply ine/imable1 & w 
d m  ?an any?+ else to r5d] ! re=m      
practicable4 ,c\rage & quiet  resolution
 are ne$$1 b1 ) ^!1 ?is great social    
*ange may  safely & spe$ily be          
accompli%$4          ,,ii4 ,,divorce4   
,any propos$ re=ms 9 ! m>riage laws (   
,engl& w\ld be extremely  imp]fect1     
unless !y dealt ) ! "q ( divorce4       
,m>riage  diff]s f all ord9>y contracts 
9 ! extreme difficulty (  dissolv+ x--a 
difficulty aris+ f ! ecclesia/ical "*   

:i* has be5 impos$ ^u x1 & f ! fact t x 
has be5  look$ ^u z a religi\s bond     
in/ead ( z a civil contract4 ,until  !  
"t ( ! ,re=mation1 m>riage 0 reg>d$ z a 
sacram5t by all  ,*ri/ian p1 & x is s   
reg>d$ by ! majority ( !m up to  !      
pres5t day4 ,:5 ! ,re=m]s advocat$      
divorce1 x 0 consid]$  z "p ( _! g5]al  
h]esy1 & z pro( ( ! immoral t5d5cy  ( _!
 doctr9es4 ,among ,roman ,ca?olics !    
sacram5tal--& !re=e  ! indissoluble--"* 
( m>riage is /ill ma9ta9$1 b among      
,prote/ants divorce is admitt$1 ! laws  
regulat+ x v>y+ mu* 9  diff]5t c\ntries4
    ,9 ,engl&--ow+ to ! extreme         
cons]vatism ( ! ,engli% 9 all  dome/ic  
matt]s--! ,prote/ant view ( m>riage made
 its way v  sl[ly4 ,divorce rema9$ )9 ! 
jurisdiction ( ecclesia/ical  c\rts1 &  
^! grant$ only divorces a m5s et ?oro 9 
cases  :]e cruelty or adult]y 0 plead$ z
 r5d]+ conjugal life  impossible4 ,^!   
c\rts nev] grant$ divorces a v9culo     
matrimonii1  :i* p]mit ei!r--or bo?--( !
 divorc$ p]sons to contract a  fre%     

m>riage1 except 9 cases :]e ! m>riage 0 
annull$ z  hav+ be5 void f ! beg9n+2 !y 
w\ld only grant a sep>ation  f b$ &     
bo>d1 & impos$ celibacy on ! divorc$    
c\ple until  "o ( !m di$1 & s set ! o!r 
free4 ,!re 0 inde$ a report  drawn up by
 a commission1 "u ! au?ority ( #c & #d  
,edw>d ,,vi41 c4  ii41 :i* 0 int5d$ z a 
basis = ! re-modell+ ( ! m>riage  laws1 
b ! dea? ( ! k+ prev5t$ ! propos$ re=m2 
!  ecclesia/ical c\rts rema9$ z !y 71 & 
absolute divorce  0 unatta9able4        
,natural impati5ce ( a law :i* sep>at$  
unhappy  m>ri$ p only to impose celibacy
 on !m1 caus$ occasional  applications  
to be made to ,p>liam5t = relief1 & a   
few m>riages  7 ?us dissolv$ "u         
exceptional circum/ances4 ,9 #agja1 a   
bill  0 obta9$1 enabl+ a petition] to   
re-m>ry1 & 9 #agih1 ,"l  ,l\ghbor\gh's  
,ord]s 7 pass$4 ,by ^! ord]s1 no        
petition c\ld  be pres5t$ to ! ,h\se1   
unless an (ficial copy ( ! proce$+s1  & 
( a def9itive s5t5ce ( divorce1 a m5s et
 ?oro1 9 !  ecclesia/ical c\rts1 0      

deliv]$ on oa? at ! b> ( ! ,h\se at  !  
same "t 7,broom's ,comm41 vol4 iii4 p4  
#cif74 ,aft] expla9+  ! proc$ure ( !    
ecclesia/ical c\rt1 ,broom goes on3 ,a  
def9itive  s5t5ce ( divorce a m5s et    
?oro be+ ?us obta9$1 !  petition]       
proce$$ to lay 8 case be=e ! ,h\se (    
,lords 9  accordance ) ! ,/&+ ,ord]s    
be=e adv]t$ to1 &1 subject to  8 prov+ !
 case1 he obta9$ a bill divorc+ him f ! 
bonds (  matrimony1 & all[+ him to m>ry 
aga94 ,! provisions ( !  bill1 :i* 0 v  
%ort1 7 g5]ally ^!3--#a4 ,! m>riage 0   
dissolv$4 #b4 ,! husb& 0 emp[]$ to m>ry 
aga94 #c4 ,he 0 giv5  ! rights ( a husb&
 z to any prop]ty ( an aft]-tak5 wife4  
#d4  ,! divorc$ wife 0 depriv$ ( any "r 
%e might h z 8 wid[4  #e4 ,h]           
aft]-acquir$ prop]ty 0 secur$ to h] z   
aga9/ ! husb&  f :om %e 0 divorc$4 ,9 ! 
case ( ! wife obta9+ ! bill1  simil>    
provisions 7 made 9 h] fav\r 7p4 #cih74 
,9 #aheg1 an ,act  0 pass$ e/abli%+ a   
,c\rt = ,divorce & ,matrimonial ,causes1
 &  ?us a great /ep =w>d 0 tak53 ?is    

c\rt 0 emp[]$ to grant  a judicial      
sep>ation--equival5t to ! old divorce a 
m5s et  ?oro--9 cases ( cruelty1        
des]tion = two ye>s & upw>ds1 or        
adult]y on ! "p ( ! husb&2 x 0 fur!r    
emp[]$ to grant  an absolute divorce )  
"r ( re-m>riage--equival5t to ! old     
divorce a v9culo matrimonii--9 cases (  
adult]y on ! "p ( !  wife1 or (1 on ! "p
 ( ! husb&1 ince/u\s adult]y1 or (      
bigamy ) adult]y1 or ( rape1 or an      
unnatural crime1 or ( adult]y  c\pl$ )  
su* cruelty z w\ld =m]ly h entitl$ h] to
 a  divorce a m5s et ?oro1 or ( adult]y 
c\pl$ ) des]tion1  )\t reasonable       
excuse1 = two ye>s or upw>ds 7,broom1   
vol4 i41 p4  #edb74 ,! o!r p[]s held by 
! c\rt ne$ n n[ be specially dwelt  ^u4 
,! fir/ re=m "h ne$$ is t husb& & wife  
%\ld be plac$  on a p]fect equality 9   
ask+ = a divorce3 at pres5t if husb& &  
wife be liv+ ap>t1 no am\nt ( adult]y on
 ! husb&'s "p c  release ! wife2 if !y  
be liv+ toge!r1 a husb& may keep z  _m  
mi/resses z he w1 &1 provid$ t he       

c>efully avoid any  r\ghness :i* c be   
con/ru$ into legal cruelty1 he is       
p]fectly  safe f any suit = dissolution 
( m>riage4 ,adult]y alone1 :5  committ$ 
by ! husb&1 is n gr\nd = a dissolution (
 m>riage2  x mu/ be c\pl$ ) "s          
additional (f5ce be=e ! wife c  obta9 h]
 fre$om4 ,b ! husb& c obta9 a           
dissolution ( m>riage  = adult]y        
committ$ by ! wife1 & he c fur!r obta9  
money  damages f ! co-respond5t1 z a    
solatium to 8 w\nd$ feel+s4  ,divorce   
%\ld be absolutely equal z betwe5 husb& 
& wife3 adult]y  on ei!r side %\ld be   
suffici5t1 & if x be ?\ght necess>y to  
jo9 a male co-respond5t :5 ! husb& is ! 
injur$ p>ty1 !n x  %\ld also be necess>y
 to jo9 a female co-respond5t :]e ! wife
  br+s ! suit4 ,! pr9ciple1 !n1 :i* %\ld
 be laid d[n z  gov]n+ all cases (      
divorce1 is t no diff]5ce %\ld be made 9
  fav\r ( ei!r side2 :atev] is suffici5t
 to break ! m>riage 9  ! "o case %\ld be
 suffici5t to break x 9 ! o!r4    ,next1
 ! sy/em ( judicial sep>ation %\ld be   

entirely swept away4  ,:]ev] divorce is 
grant$ at all1 ! divorce %\ld be        
absolute4 ,no  useful end is ga9$ by    
divorc+ p practically & reg>d+ !m  z    
m>ri$ legally4 ,a te*nical tie is kept  
up1 :i* reta9s on !  wife ! mass (      
disabilities :i* fl[ f m>riage1 :ile    
depriv+  h] ( all ! privileges1 & :i*   
wid[s bo? man & woman1 exil+  !m f      
home-life & deb>r+ !m f love4 ,judicial 
sep>ation is  a direct inc5tive to      
lic5ti\sness & secret sexual int]c\rse2 
!  p>tially divorc$ husb&1 refus$ any   
recognis$ companion1 ei!r  indulges 9   
promiscu\s lu/1 to ! ru9 ( 8 body & m9d1
 or  privately lives ) "s woman :om !   
law =bids him to m>ry &  :om he is a%am$
 to op5ly ackn[l$ge4 ,mean:ile !        
semi-divorc$  wife c obta9 no relief1 & 
is compell$ to live on1 )\t !  fre$om ( 
! sp9/] or ! wid[1 or ! social          
consid]ation ( !  m>ri$ woman4 ,%e c    
only obta9 fre$om by committ+ :at ! law 
& society br& z adult]y2 if %e has any  
scruples on ?is head1 %e  mu/ rema9     

alone1 unlov$ & )\t home1 liv+ a sad1   
solit>y life  until dea?1 m m]ciful ?an 
! law1 sets h] free4    ,x is h>d to see
 :at object !re c be 9 sep>at+ a m>ri$  
c\ple1 9 break+ up ! home1 divid+ !     
*ildr51 & yet  ma9ta9+ ! fact ( m>riage 
j s f> z %all prev5t !  sep>at$ c\ple f 
=m+ new ties2 ! position ( ^? :o reg>d  
divorce z altoge!r s9ful1 is            
intelligible1 h[ev] mi/ak52 b  !        
position ( ^? :o advocate divorce1 b    
object to ! divorc$  c\ple hav+ ! "r (  
contract+ a new m>riage1 is :olly       
incompreh5sible4 ,no "o pr(its by su*   
divorce1 :ile ! sep>at$  c\ple are left 
9 a dubi\s & mo/ unsatisfactory         
condition2 !y are  nei!r m>ri$ nor      
unm>ri$2 !y c nev] %ake !mselves free f 
! l9ks ( ! brok5 *a92 !y c>ry ab\t ) !m 
! p]petual  m>k ( _! mis=tune1 & c nev] 
escape f ! blund]  committ$ 9 _! y\?4   
,!y w\ld be ! happi]1 & society w\ld  be
 ! heal?i]1 if ! divorce ( life & (     
int]e/s 7 also a  divorce :i* %\ld set  
!m free to seek happ9ess1 if !y w1 9    

o!r unions--free te*nically z well z    
really1 free 9 law z well z  9 fact4    
,if x be admitt$ t all divorce %\ld be  
absolute1 ! "q  arises3 ,:at %\ld be !  
gr\nd ( divorce8 ,fir/1 adult]y1 because
  brea* ( fai? on ei!r side %\ld void ! 
contract :i* implies  loyalty to ea*    
o!r2 ! legal co/s ( bo? %\ld fall on !  
break] ( ! contract1 b no damages %\ld  
be recov]able aga9/ a  ?ird p>ty4 ,next1
 cruelty1 because :]e ! weak] p>ty      
suff]s f  ! abuse ( p[] ( ! /rong]1 !re 
! law %\ld1 :5 appeal$  to1 /ep 9 to    
annul ! contract1 :i* is ?us a s\rce (  
injury  to "o ( ! contract+ p>ties2 if a
 man be br\ght up be=e !  magi/rate *>g$
 ) wife-beat+ or viol5ce ( any k9d t[>ds
 8  wife1 & be convict$ & s5t5c$1 !     
,divorce ,c\rt %\ld1 on  ! dem& ( !     
wife1 ! record be+ submitt$ to x1       
pron\nce a  s5t5ce ( divorce2 9 ! r>e   
case ( viol5ce committ$ by a wife on  h]
 husb&1 ! same result %\ld accrue2 !    
cu/ody ( ! *ildr5  %\ld be aw>d$ to !   
innoc5t p>ty1 s9ce nei!r a man nor a    

woman  convict$ ( do+ bodily h>m to     
ano!r is fit to be tru/$ ) !  gu>dian%ip
 ( a *ild4 99 ,! next di/9ct gr\nd (    
divorce %\ld  be habitual drunk5ness2   
drunk5ness causes mis]y to ! sob]       
p>tn]1 & is ru9\s 9 its effect1 bo? on !
 physique & on !  "* ( ! *ildr5 proce$+ 
f ! m>riage4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1  ! cu/ody ( !
 *ildr5 %\ld be committ$ entirely to !  
innoc5t  p>5t4         99 ,s9ce ^! l9es 
7 publi%$ 9 ! ,national ,re=m]1       a 
clause has be5 ins]t$ 9 a bill n[ be=e  
,p>liam5t1       emp[]+ magi/rates to   
grant an ord] ( sep>ation to a          
wife8 if x is prov$ t %e has be5 cruelly
 ill-us$ by       h] husb&1 & fur!r     
compell+ ! husb&1 9 su* a       case1 to
 contribute a weekly sum t[>ds h]       
ma9t5ance4       ,?is w be a great      
improvem5t on ! pres5t /ate (       ?+s1
 b absolute divorce w\ld be bett] ?an   
m]e       sep>ation4    ,at pres5t1 !   
usual unfairness presides ov] !         
arrangem5ts z to  access to ! *ildr5 by 
! p>5ts3 ,9 ! case ( a "m :o is  prov$  

guilty ( adult]y1 %e is usually deb>r$ f
 su* access1  ?\gh x has n be5 !        
practice to treat ! (f5d+ fa!r )  ! same
 rig\r 7,broom's ,comm41 vol4 iii41 p4  
#djd74 ,9 all cases (  divorce ! int]e/s
 ( ! *ildr5 %\ld be c>efully gu>d$2 bo? 
p>5ts %\ld be compell$ to contribute to 
_! support1 :e!r !  gu>dian%ip be       
confid$ to ! fa!r or to ! "m4    ,^!    
gl>+ reasons = grant+ a divorce w be    
admitt$ by  ev]yone :o recognises !     
reasonabl5ess ( divorce at all1 b !re  w
 be m div]sity ( op9ion z to !          
advisability ( mak+  divorce f> m easily
 atta9able4 ,! ,fr5* ,conv5tion ( #agib 
set  an example t has be5 only too      
little foll[$2 = ! fir/ "t  9 ,fr5*     
hi/ory divorce 0 legalis$ 9 ,france4 ,x 
0 obta9able on  ! application ( ei!r    
p>ty to ! m>riage alleg+ simply z a     
cause1 incompatibility ( hum\r or "*4 ,!
 female *ildr5 7  to be entirely confid$
 to ! c>e ( ! "m1 z well z ! males1  to 
! age ( sev5 ye>s1 :5 ! latt] 7 aga9 to 
be re-committ$  to ! sup]9t5d5ce ( !    

fa!r2 provid$ only1 t by mutual         
agreem5t any o!r arrangem5t might take  
place ) respect to !  disposal ( !      
*ildr52 or arbitrators might be *os5 by 
! ne>e/  ( k9 to det]m9e on ! subject4  
,! p>5ts 7 to contribute  equally to !  
ma9t5ance ( ! *ildr51 9 proportion to _!
  prop]ty1 :e!r "u ! c>e ( ! fa!r or "m4
 ,family  arbitrators 7 to be *os5 to   
direct ) respect to ! p>tition  ( !     
prop]ty1 or ! alim5t>y p5sion to be     
all[$ to ! p>ty  divorc$4 ,nei!r ( !    
p>ties c\ld contract a new m>riage = !  
space ( "o ye> 7,imp>tial ,hi/ory ( !   
,late ,revolution1 vol4  ii41 pp4 #agi1 
#ahj74 ,?is b5eficial law 0 swept away1 
) _m o!r  useful *anges1 :5 tyranny came
 back to ,france4 ,at ! pres5t "t  !    
only c\ntries :]e divorce is easily     
obta9able are "s ( !  /ates ( ,g]many & 
( ,am]ica4 ,x has be5 held 9 at lea/ "o 
,am]ican /ate t prov$ incompatibility ( 
temp] 0 suffici5t  gr\nd = sep>ation4 ,&
 reasonably s2 if two p ent] into a     
contract = _! mutual com=t & advantage1 

& ! contract issues  9 mutual mis]y &   
loss1 :y %\ld n ! contract be dissolv$8 
,x is urg$ t m>riage w\ld be di%on\r$ if
 divorce 7 easily  atta9able2 surely    
m>riage is f> m di%on\r$ by mak+ x a *a9
  to tie toge!r two p :o h = ea* o!r    
nei!r affection nor  respect4 ,= ! sake 
( ev]yone conc]n$ an unhappy m>riage    
%\ld  be easily dissoluble2 ! m>ri$     
c\ple w\ld be ! happi] & !  bett] = !   
sep>ation2 _! *ildr5--if !y h any--w\ld 
be  sav$ f ! evil effect ( cont9ual     
family j>s1 & f !  loss ( respect = _!  
p>5ts caus$ by ! spectacle ( con/ant    
bick]+2 ! h\sehold w\ld be sp>$ ! evil  
example ( !  qu>rels ( its heads2       
society w\ld see less vice & few]       
sc&al\s  divorce suits4 ,9 all cases (  
contract1 save t ( m>riage1 ^?  :o make 
c1 by mutual cons5t1 unmake2 :y %\ld ^? 
:o make !  mo/ important contract ( all 
be depriv$ ( ! same "r8    ,mr4 ,john   
,/u>t ,mill1 deal+ v briefly ) ! m>riage
 contract  9 8 essay ,on ,lib]ty1 po9ts 
out t ! fulfilm5t ( obligations  incurr$

 by m>riage mu/ n be =gott5 :5 !        
contract is  dissolv$1 s9ce ^! mu/ be   
greatly affect$ by ! cont9uance  or     
disruption ( ! relation betwe5 ! orig9al
 p>ties to !  contract4 ,b he goes on to
 say3 ,x does n foll[1 nor c ,i  admit1 
t ^! obligations ext5d to requir+ !     
fulfilm5t ( !  contract at all co/s to !
 happ9ess ( ! reluctant p>ty2 b !y  are 
a necess>y elem5t 9 ! "q2 & ev5 if1 z   
,von ,humboldt  ma9ta9s1 !y ought to    
make no diff]5ce 9 ! legal fre$om (  !  
p>ties to release !mselves f ! engagem5t
 7& ,i also hold  t !y ought n to make  
mu* diff]5ce71 !y necess>ily make a     
great diff]5ce 9 ! moral fre$om4 ,a     
p]son is b\nd to take all  ^!           
circum/ances into acc\nt be=e resolv+ on
 a /ep :i* may  affect su* important    
int]e/s ( o!rs2 & if he does n all[     
prop] weight to ^? int]e/s1 he is       
morally responsible = !  wrong4 ,i h    
made ^! obvi\s rem>ks = ! bett]         
illu/ration (  ! g5]al pr9ciple (       
lib]ty1 & n because !y are at all ne$$  

on ! p>ticul> "q1 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 is 
usually discuss$  z if ! int]e/ ( *ildr5
 0 ev]y?+1 & t ( gr[n p]sons  no?+ 7p4  
#fa74 ,! essay ( ,von ,humboldt1 ref]r$ 
to by ,mr4 ,mill1 is  t on ! ,sph]e &   
,duties ( ,gov]nm5t2 ,von ,humboldt     
argues  t ev5 :]e !re is no?+ to be     
object$ to ! validity ( a  contract1 !  
,/ate %\ld h ! p[] ( less5+ !           
re/rictions  :i* m5 impose on "o ano!r1 
ev5 ) _! own cons5t1 & by  facilitat+ ! 
release f su* engagem5ts ( prev5t+ a    
mom5t's  decision f h9d]+ _! fre$om (   
action = too long a p]iod  ( life 7p4   
#acd1 ( ,c\l?>d's translation74 ,aft]   
po9t+ out t  contracts relat+ to !      
transf] ( ?+s %\ld be b9d+1 ,von        
,humboldt proce$s3 ,) contracts :i* r5d]
 p]sonal p]=mance a  duty1 or /ill m )  
^? :i* produce prop] p]sonal relations1 
! case is :olly diff]5t4 ,) ^! co]cion  
op]ates hurtfully on  man's noble/ p[]s2
 & s9ce ! success ( ! pursuit itself :i*
  is to be conduct$ 9 accordance ) !    
contract1 is m or less  dep5d5t on !    

cont9u+ cons5t ( ! p>ties1 a limitation 
( su*  a k9d is 9 !m productive ( less  
s]i\s injury4 ,:51 !re=e1  su* a p]sonal
 relation arises f ! contract z n only  
to require  c]ta9 s+le actions1 b1 9 !  
/ricte/ s5se1 to affect !  p]son1 &     
influ5ce ! :ole mann] ( 8 exi/5ce2 :]e t
  :i* is done1 or left undone1 is 9 !   
close/ dep5d5ce on int]nal  s5sations1 !
 option ( sep>ation %\ld always rema9   
op51 & !  /ep itself %\ld n require any 
ext5uat+ reasons4 ,?us x is )  matrimony
 7pp4 #acd-ace74    ,rob]t ,dale ,ow5--!
 virtu\s & ju/ly rev]$ au?or ( ,moral   
,physiology2 a man s respect$ 9 8 adopt$
 c\ntry1 ! ,unit$  ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 t  
he 0 elect$ z "o ( its s5ators1 & 0     
appo9t$ ,am]ican ambassador at ! ,c\rt (
 ,naples--,rob]t ,dale ,ow51  9 a lett] 
to ,?omas ,:ittemore1 editor ( ! ,bo/on 
,trumpet1 ,may1  #ahca1 deals z foll[s )
 ! contract ( m>riage3--    ,i d n ?9k x
 virtu\s or rational 9 a man & woman    
solemnly to  swe> t !y w love & hon\r   
ea* o!r until dea? "p !m4  ,fir/1       

because if affection or e/eem on ei!r   
side %\ld aft]w>ds  cease 7z1 alas6 we  
(t5 see x cease71 ! p]son :o took !     
m>riage-oa? has p]jur$ himself2         
secondly1 because ,i h obs]v$  t su* an 
oa?1 be+ sub/itut$ = ! noble & elevat+  
pr9ciple ( moral obligation1 has a      
t5d5cy to weak5 t pr9ciple4    ,y w     
probably ask me :e!r ,i %\ld equally    
object to a solemn  promise to live     
toge!r dur+ life :atev] happ5s4 ,i d n  
?9k  ?is equally objectionable1 because 
x is an explicit promise possible  to be
 kept2 :]eas ! oa? to love until dea?1  
may become impossible  ( fulfilm5t4 ,b  
/ill ,i d n approve ev5 ?is possible    
promise2  & ,i w give y ! reasons :y ,i 
d n4    ,t a man & woman %\ld occupy !  
same h\se1 & daily enjoy ea*  o!r's     
society1 s long z su* an association    
gives bir? to  virtu\s feel+s1 to       
k9dness1 to mutual =be>ance1 to c\rtesy1
 to  dis9t]e/$ affection1 ,i consid] "r 
& prop]4 ,t !y %\ld  cont9ue to inhabit 
! same h\se & to meet daily1 9 case su* 

int]c\rse %\ld give bir? to vici\s      
feel+s1 to dislike1 to ill  temp]1 to   
scold+1 to a c>elessness ( ea* o!r's    
com=t & a  want ( respect = ea* o!r's   
feel+s1--?is ,i consid]1 :5 !  two      
individuals alone are conc]n$1 nei!r "r 
nor prop]2  nei!r conducive to good ord]
 nor to virtue4 ,i d n ?9k x well1      
!re=e1 to promise1 at all haz>ds1 to    
live toge!r = life4    ,su* a view may  
be (f5sive to or?odoxy1 b surely1 surely
 x is  approv$ by common s5se4 ,ask     
y\rself1 sir1 :o is--:o c be !  ga9]--! 
man1 ! woman1 or society at l>ge--by two
 p]sons liv+  9 discord r ?an p>t+ 9    
peace1 z ,abram & ,lot did :5 _!  h]dsm5
 c\ld n agree4 ,we h temptations en\gh  
already to ill  hum\r 9 ! _w1 )\t       
expressly creat+ !m = ourselves2 &  (   
all temptations to t wor/ ( petty vices1
 dome/ic bick]+1  c we suppose "o m     
/rong or m cont9ually active ?an a =c$  
association 9 :i* ! he>t has no %>e8 ,d 
n ! int]e/s (  virtue & good ord]1 !n1  
imp]i\sly dem& 7z ! immortal au?or  (   

',p>adise ,lo/' argu$1 9 8 celebrat$ "w 
',on ,divorce1'7 t  ! law %\ld ab/a9 f  
p]petuat+ any association1 aft] x has   
become a daily s\rce ( vice8    ,if     
*ildr5's welf>e is conc]n$1 & t !y w be 
injur$ by  a sep>ation1 ! case is       
diff]5t4 ,^? :o imp>t exi/5ce to  s5ti5t
 be+s are1 9 my view1 responsible to !m 
= z mu*  happ9ess z x is 9 _! p[] to    
be/[4 ,! p>5t volunt>ily  assumes ?is   
greate/ ( responsibilities2 & he :o1    
hav+ s  assum$ x1 trifles ) 8 *ild's be/
 int]e/s = 8 own selfi%  gratification1 
is1 9 my eyes1 utt]ly devoid ( moral    
pr9ciple2 or1 at  ! lea/1 utt]ly bl9d to
 ! mo/ sacr$ duty :i* a human be+  c be 
call$ to p]=m4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! well-be+ & 
future  prosp]ity ( ! *ildr5 are to be  
sacrific$ by a sep>ation (  ! p>5ts1 !n 
,i w\ld positively object to !          
sep>ation1 h[ev]  griev\s ! evil effects
 ( a cont9u$ connection might be to !   
diss5ti5t c\ple4    ,:e!r ! welf>e (    
*ildr5 is ev] promot$ by ! cont9uation  
( an ill-assort$ union1 is ano!r "q2 z  

also 9 :at way !y  ought to be provid$  
=1 :]e a sep>ation actually takes place4
    ,b to reg>d1 = ! mom5t1 ! case ( !  
adults alone4 ,y w  rem>k1 t x is no "q 
= u to det]m9e :e!r x is bett]  or m    
prop] t affection1 once conceiv$1 %\ld  
la/ ?r\gh life4  ,we might z well sit   
d[n to decree :e!r ! sun %\ld %9e or be 
hid "u a cl\d1 or :e!r ! w9d %\ld bl[ a 
/orm or a g5tle  breeze4 ,we may rejoice
 :5 x does s la/1 & grieve :5 x does  n2
 b z to legislat+ ab\t ! matt]1 x is !  
idle/ (  absurdities4    ,b we c det]m9e
 by law ! matt] ( liv+ toge!r4 ,we may  
compel a man & woman1 ?\gh !y hate ea*  
o!r z cordially z any  ( ,byron's h]oes1
 to h "o common "n1 "o common int]e/1 & 
7nom9ally7 "o common b$ & bo>d4 ,we may 
inve/ !m ) ! legal  appe>ance ( ! close/
 fri5ds :ile !y are ! bitt]e/ enemies4  
,x seems to me t mank9d h seldom        
consid]$ :at are ! actual  advantages ( 
su* a proce$+ to ! individuals & to     
society4 ,i  confess t ,i d n see :at is
 ga9$ 9 s un=tunate a situation1  by    

keep+ up ! appe>ance :5 ! reality is    
gone4    ,i d see ! necessity1 9 su* a  
case1 if ! man & woman sep>ate1  (      
divid+ :at prop]ty !y may possess       
equally betwe5 !m2 &  7:ile ! pres5t    
monopoly ( pr(itable occupations by m5  
la/s7  ,i also see ! exp$i5cy1 9 case ! 
prop]ty s divid$ be n  suffici5t = !    
woman's com=table support1 ( caus+ ! man
 to  cont9ue to contribute a fair       
proportion ( 8 e>n+s t[>ds x4 ,i  also  
see ! impropriety1 z ,i said be=e1 t !  
*ildr51 if any  !re be1 %\ld suff]4 ,b  
,i _c see :o is ! ga9] by oblig+  two   
p]sons to cont9ue 9 ea* o!r's society1  
:5 he>t-burn+s1  bick]+s1 & o!r vici\s  
results1 are to be ! consequ5ce4    ,!re
 are cases :5 affection ceases on "o    
side & rema9s on !  o!r4 ,no "o c d5y t 
?is is an evil1 (t5 a griev\s "o2 b ,i  
_c p]ceive h[ ! law c rem$y x1 or s(t5  
its bitt]ness1 any  m ?an x c legislate 
away ! pa9 caus$ by unreturn$ fri5d%ip  
betwe5 p]sons ( ! same sex4    ,y w ask 
me1 p]haps1 :e!r ,i d n believe t1 b = !

  law1 !re w\ld be a cont9ual & selfi%  
*ange indulg$1 )\t  reg>d to ! feel+s or
 welf>e ( o!rs4 ,:at !re might be 9 !   
_w1 vici\sly tra9$ & circum/anc$ z s _m 
human be+s n[  are1 ,i "k n1 ?\gh ,i    
d\bt :e!r ?+s c\ld be mu* worse  ?an !y 
are n[2 besides t no human p[] c        
legislate = !  he>t4 ,b if m5 & wom5 7  
tra9$ 7z !y s easily might67 to  be ev5 
dec5tly reg>dful ( ea* o!r's feel+s1 may
 we n ass]t  positively1 t no su* result
 c\ld1 possibly happ58 ,let me ask ea*  
"o ( y\r read]s1 & let ea* answ] to 8 or
 h] own he>t3 ',are  y inde$ b\nd to ^? 
y pr(ess to love & hon\r by ! law       
alone8 ,alas6 = y\r *ance ( happ9ess1 if
 ! answ] be ',yes6'    ,! fact is1 z    
,mr4 ,ow5 ju/ly says1 t a promise to    
love444 until  dea? u d "p is an immoral
 promise1 because its p]=mance is       
beyond ! p[] ( ^? :o give ! promise4 ,to
 love1 or n to love1  is n a matt] ( !  
w2 ,love 9 *a9s loses 8 life1 & only    
leaves a corpse 9 8 captive's h&4 ,love 
is1 ( its v nature1  volunt>y1 freely   

giv51 draw+ toge!r by an irresi/ible    
sympa?y  ^? ^: natures are adapt$ to ea*
 o!r4 ,%elley well says1 9  "o ( ! notes
 on ,que5 ,mab3 ,love is inevitably     
consequ5t on !  p]ception ( lovel9ess4  
,love )]s "u con/ra9t2 its v  ess5ce is 
lib]ty2 x is compatible nei!r ) ob$i5ce1
 jeal\sy1  nor fe>2 x is !re mo/ pure1  
p]fect & unlimit$1 :]e its  vot>ies live
 9 confid5ce1 equality1 & unres]ve4 ,to 
say ?is1 is  n to say t high] duty may n
 come betwe5 ! lov]s1 may n1  = a "t1   
keep !m ap>t1 may n ev5 r5d] _! union   
impossible2  x is only to recognize a   
fact t no ?\ghtful p]son c d5y1 &  to %[
 h[ utt]ly wrong & fooli% x is to       
promise = life1 t  :i* c nev] be        
controll$ by ! w4    ,b m>riage1 x is   
said1 w\ld be too lightly ent]$ into if 
x 7  s easily dissoluble4 ,:y8 ,p d n   
ru% into endless p>tn]%ips  because !y  
are dissoluble at pleasure2 on !        
contr>y1 su*  p>tn]%ips la/ j s long z  
!y are b5eficial to ! contract+  p>ties4
 ,9 ! same way1 m>riage w\ld la/ exactly

 s long z its  cont9uance 0 b5eficial1 &
 no long]3 :5 x became hurtful1 x  w\ld 
be dissolv$4 ,h[ long !n1 asks ,%elley1 
ought ! sexual  connection to la/8 :at  
law ought to specify ! ext5t ( !        
grievances :i* %\ld limit its duration8 
,a husb& & wife ought to  cont9ue s long
 unit$ z !y love ea* o!r2 any law :i*   
%\ld  b9d !m to cohabitation = "o mom5t 
aft] ! decay ( _!  affection1 w\ld be a 
mo/ intol]able tyranny1 & ! mo/ unwor?y 
( tol]ation4 ,h[ odi\s a usurpation ( ! 
"r ( private judgm5t  %\ld t law be     
consid]$ :i* %\ld make ! ties ( fri5d%ip
  indissoluble1 9 spite ( ! caprices1 ! 
incon/ancy1 ! fallibility  & capacity = 
improvem5t ( ! human m9d4 ,& by s mu*   
w\ld  ! fett]s ( love be heavi] & m     
un5durable ?an ^? (  fri5d%ip1 z love is
 m vehem5t & caprici\s1 m dep5d5t  on ^?
 delicate peculi>ities ( imag9ation1 &  
less capable (  r$uction to ! o/5sible  
m]its ( ! object4444 ,! connection  ( ! 
sexes is s long sacr$ z x contributes to
 ! com=t ( !  p>ties1 & is naturally    

dissolv$ :5 its evils are great] ?an its
  b5efits4 ,!re is no?+ immoral 9 ?is   
sep>ation 7,notes on ,que5  ,mab74 ,9   
spite ( ?is facility ( divorce1 m>riage 
w\ld be ! mo/  endur+ ( all p>tn]%ips2 n
 only is !re betwe5 m>ri$ c\ples  ! tie 
( sexual affection1 b ar\nd !m gr[s up a
 h$ge ( common  ?\ghts1 common int]e/s1 
common memories1 t1 z ye>s g on1 makes  
! idea ( sep>ation m & m repulsive4 ,x  
w\ld only be :]e  ! di/a/e _h gr[n /rong
 en\gh to break ?r\gh all ^!1 t  divorce
 w\ld take place1 & 9 su* cases ! mis]y 
( ! en=c$  common life w\ld be remov$   
)\t h>m to any "o4 ,( c\rse1 ?is        
facility ( divorce w entirely sweep away
 ^? odi\s suits =  re/itution ( conjugal
 rights :i* occasionally disgrace our   
c\rts4  ,if a husb& & wife are liv+     
ap>t1 )\t legal sanction1 x is  n[ op5  
to ei!r ( !m to br+ a suit = re/itution 
( conjugal  rights4 ,! decree (         
re/itution pron\nces = ! m>riage1       
admoni%es ! respond5t to take !         
petition] home & treat him or  h] z     

husb& or wife1 & to r5d] him or h]      
conjugal rights2 &1  fur!r1 to c]tify to
 ! c\rt1 )9 a c]ta9 "t1 t he or %e  _h  
done s2 9 default ( :i*1 an atta*m5t =  
contempt ( c\rt  w be issu$ aga9/ !     
(f5d+ p>ty 7,broom's ,comm41 vol4 iii41 
p4 #djj74 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[  
any man or woman1 endu$ )  ! mo/        
rudim5t>y s5se ( dec5cy1 c br+ su* a    
suit1 &1 aft]  hav+ succe$$1 c en=ce !  
decision4 ,we may hope t1 z sexual      
morality becomes m g5]ally recognis$1 x 
w be se5 t !  ess5ce ( pro/itution lies 
9 ! union ( ! sexes )\t mutual  love2 :5
 a woman m>ries = rank1 = title1 =      
weal?1 %e sells  h]self z v]itably z h] 
poor] & m un=tunate si/]2 love  alone   
makes ! true m>riage1 love :i* is loyal 
to ! belov$1 &  is sway$ by no bas]     
motive ?an passionate devotion to its   
object4  ,:5 no su* love exi/s ! union  
:i* is m>riage by law is no?+  high] ?an
 legalis$ pro/itution3 ! en=cem5t on an 
unwill+  man or woman ( conjugal rights 
is some?+ ev5 /ill l[]1 x is  legalis$  

rape4    ,x may be hop$ t :5 divorce is 
m easily obta9able1 !  majority (       
m>riages w be f> happi] ?an !y are n[4  
,half  ! unhapp9ess ( m>ri$ life arises 
f ! too great feel+ (  security :i* gr[s
 out ( ! indissoluble "* ( ! tie4 ,!    
husb& is v diff]5t f ! lov]2 ! wife f ! 
betro!d2  ! ready att5tion1 ! desire to 
please1 ! eag] c\rtesy1 :i*  *>act]is$ !
 lov] disappe> :5 possession has become 
c]ta92  ! da9t9ess1 ! gaiety1 !         
attractiv5ess :i* m>k$ !  betro!d1 are  
no long] to be se5 9 ! wife ^: position 
is  secure2 9 society a lov] may be kn[n
 by 8 att5tion to 8  betro!d1 a husb& by
 8 indiff]5ce to 8 wife4 ,if divorce 7  
! result ( j>r+ at home1 m>ri$ life w\ld
 v rapidly *ange2  h>d words1 h>%ness1  
petulance1 w\ld be *eck$ :]e ^? :o _h   
won ! love desir$ to keep x1 &          
attractiv5ess w\ld no long] be  dropp$  
on ! ?re%old ( ! home4 ,"h1 too1        
,%elley's words are  well wor? weigh+3  
,! pres5t sy/em ( re/ra9t does no m1 9  
! majority ( in/ances1 ?an make         

hypocrites or op5 enemies4 ,p]sons  (   
delicacy & virtue1 unhappily unit$ to ^?
 :om !y f9d  x impossible to love1 sp5d 
! lovelie/ season ( _! life 9           
unproductive ef=ts to appe> o!rwise ?an 
!y are1 = ! sake (  ! feel+s ( _! p>tn]1
 or ! welf>e ( _! mutual  (fspr+2 ^? (  
less g5]osity & ref9em5t op5ly av[ _!   
disappo9tm5t1 & l+] out ! remnant ( t   
union1 :i* only  dea? c dissolve1 9 a   
/ate ( incurable bick]+ & ho/ility4 ,!  
e>ly education ( ! *ildr5 takes its     
col\r f ! squabbles  ( ! p>5ts2 !y are  
nurs$ 9 a sy/ematic s*ool ( ill-hum\r1  
viol5ce & falsehood4 ,_h !y be5 suff]$  
to "p at ! mom5t  :5 indiff]5ce r5d]$ _!
 union irksome1 !y w\ld h be5  sp>$ _m  
ye>s ( mis]y3 !y w\ld h connect$        
!mselves m  suitably1 & w\ld h f\nd t   
happ9ess 9 ! society ( m  cong5ial      
p>tn]s :i* is = ev] d5i$ !m by !        
despotism (  m>riage4 ,!y w\ld h be5    
sep>ately useful & happy memb]s (       
society1 :o1 :il/ unit$1 7 mis]able1 &  
r5d]$ misan?ropical  by mis]y4 ,!       

conviction t w$lock is indissoluble1    
holds out !  /ronge/ ( all temptations  
to ! p]v]se2 !y indulge )\t  re/ra9t 9  
acrimony1 & all ! little tyrannies (    
dome/ic life1  :5 !y "k t _! victim is  
)\t appeal4 ,if ?is conviction  7 put on
 a rational basis1 ea* w\ld be assur$ t 
habitual  ill-temp] w\ld t]m9ate 9      
sep>ation1 & w\ld *eck ?is vici\s  &    
dang]\s prop5sity 7,notes on ,que5      
,mab74 ,to ^? :o _h  ?\ght ov] ! subject
 c>efully1 x 0 no surprise to he>  ,mr4 
,moncure ,conway say--9 a debate on     
m>riage at ! ,dialectical  ,society--t 9
 ,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a41 :]e !re is great  
facility (  divorce1 ! m>riages 7       
exceptionally happy4 ,! reason 0 n f>   
to seek4    ,deal+ else:]e ) ?is same   
injuri\s effect ( ov]c]ta9ty on  !      
relations ( m>ri$ p to ea* o!r1 ,mr4    
,moncure ,conway writes  z foll[s3--,9  
,engl& we smil+ly walk our halls (      
,eblis1 cov]+  ! fatal w\nd2 b our      
neighb\rs across ! ,*annel are frank4   
,_!  morali/s _c blot out ! prov]b t    

',m>riage is ! suicide (  love4' ,is x  
any tru] "h ?an !re t1 z a g5]al ?+1 !  
c\rtesies ( ! c\rt%ip survive 9 !       
m>riage8 ',:o is t dom9o  walk+ )       
,george8' asks ,grisette ,no4 #a1 z1    
report$ by ,*>iv>i4  ',:y1' returns     
,grisette ,no4 #b1 'd y n walk beh9d !m1
 & li/5  to :at !y say8' ',i h done s1 &
 !y d n say a ^w4' ',ah1  x is 8 wife4' 
,b :at might be ,george's feel+ if he   
knew 8  wife might leave him "s morn+8  
',if cons]ve ( roses be frequ5tly       
eat54' !y say 9 ,p]sia1 'x w produce a  
surfeit4' ,! ?\s&s  ( husb&s & wives    
yawn+ 9 ea* o!r's faces at ?is mom5t ne$
  n g s f> = _! prov]b4 ,if x be well1 z
 x seems to me to be1  t ?is mo/        
intimate relation betwe5 man & woman    
%\ld be made z  durable z ! object = :i*
 x is =m$ w admit1 surely ! bond  %\ld  
be real to ! la/1 a bond ( k9dl9ess1    
?\ghtfulness1 actual  helpfulness4 ,s   
long z ! /r5g? ( ! bond lies simply 9 ! 
disagreeable concomitants ( break+ x1 s 
long z x is protect$  by ! v iron       

h>dness :i* makes x gall & oppress1 :at 
ne$  is !re ( ! re9=cem5t ( x by !      
cultivation ( m9ds1 !  pres]vation (    
good temp]1 & consid]ate behavi\r8 ,love
 is n  q will+ to accept ! judge's mace 
= 8 arr[4 ,:5 ! law no  long] supplies  
husb& or wife ) a cage1 ea* mu/ look to 
f9d &  make available :at res\rces he or
 %e has = hold+ :at has be5  won4 ,we   
may !n look = sob] second ?\ghts bo?    
be=e & aft]  m>riage4 ,love1 f s long   
hav+ b&ag$ eyes1 w be all eye4  ,e real 
attraction w be /imulat$ :5 all dep5ds  
^u real  attraction4 ,:5 ! cons]ve      
becomes fatigu+1 x w be refre%$  by a   
new flav\r1 n by a c]tificate4 ,f ! h\r 
:5 a ?\ght  ( obligation influ5ces ei!r 
p>ty to x1 ! m>riage becomes a          
pro/itution4 7,! ,e>?w>d ,pilgrimage1   
pp4 #bhi1 #bij1 #bia74    ,a rem>kable  
in/ance ( ! p]man5ce ( unions dissoluble
 at pleasure  is to be f\nd relat$ by   
,rob]t ,dale ,ow51 9 an article entitl$ 
,m>riage & ,placem5t1 :i* appe>$ 9 !    
,free ,inquir] ( ,may  #bh1 #ahca4 ,x   

deals ) ! unions betwe5 ! sexes 9 !     
,haytian  ,republic1 & ! facts !re9     
relat$ are well wor?y ( s]i\s  att5tion4
 ,mr4 ,ow5 writes3--    ,legal m>riage  
is common 9 ,/4 ,dom+o z else:]e4       
,pro/itution1  too1 exi/s !re z 9 o!r   
c\ntries4 ,b ?is in/itution (  placem5t 
is f\nd n[h]e1 t ,i "k (1 b among !     
,haytians4    ,^? :o *oose to m>ry1 are 
unit$1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 by a  prie/ or 
magi/rate4 ,^? :o d n *oose to m>ry1 &  
:o  equally %r9k f ! m]c5>y embrace (   
pro/itution1 are 79 !  phraseology ( !  
isl&7 placs3 t is1 lit]ally translat$1  
plac$4    ,! diff]5ce betwe5 placem5t & 
m>riage is1 t ! =m]  is ent]$ into )\t  
any prescrib$ =m1 ! latt] ) ! usual     
c]emonies3 ! =m] is dissoluble at a     
day's w>n+1 ! latt]  is indissoluble    
except by ! vexati\s & degrad+ =malities
  ( divorce2 ! =m] is a tacit social    
compact1 ! latt] a legal  compulsory "o2
 9 ! =m] ! woman gives up h] "n & h]    
prop]ty2 9 ! latt]1 %e reta9s bo?4      
,m>riage & placem5t are1 9 ,hayti1      

equally respectable1 or1 if  !re be a   
diff]5ce1 x is 9 fav\r ( placem5t2 & 9  
effect t5  placem5ts take place 9 ! isl&
 = "o m>riage4 ,ption1 !  ,jeff]son (   
,hayti1 99 sanction$ ! cu/om by 8       
approval & example4  ,boy]1 8 successor1
 ! presid5t1 did ! same2 9999 & by f>  !
 l>ge/ portion ( ! respectable          
inhabitants h imitat$ _!  presid5ts1 &  
are plac$1 n m>ri$4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! plac$ 
h1 9 e p>ticul>1 ! same legal rights & !
 same /&+  z ^? born 9 w$lock4          
99 ,x may suffice1 9 illu/ration (      
,ption's "*1 to       quote ! t\*+      
inscription f\nd on 8 tomb--',"h lies   
,ption1 :o enjoy$ = twelve ye>s absolute
 p[]1 &       dur+ t p]iod nev] caus$ "o
 te> to fl[4'         9999 ,boy]'s      
resolution 9 ?is matt] is ! m           
rem>kable1 z he has be5 urg$ & pe/]$ to 
submit to       ! =ms ( m>riage4        
,grgoire1 ar*bi%op ( ,blois1 &       :o 
is well kn[n = ! p]sev]ance & b5evol5ce 
)       :i* he has1 = a long s]ies (    
ye>s1 advocat$ !       cause ( !        

,african race1 wrote to ! presid5t (    
,hayti       9 ! mo/ urg5t t]ms1 press+ 
^u him ! virtue--!       necessity1 = 8 
salvation--( con=m+ to ! sacram5t       
( m>riage4 ,to su* a degree did ! good  
old ar*bi%op       c>ry 8 int]m$dl+     
(fici\sness1 t :5 ,boy]       mildly b  
firmly decl9$ avail+ himself ( 8 grace's
       advice1 a rupture 0 ! consequ5ce1
 greatly to ! sorr[       ( ! presid5t1 
:o _h ev] ent]ta9$ ! greate/            
respect & affection = 8 ecclesia/ical   
fri5d4    ,i imag9e ,i he> f ! cl]ical  
support]s ( or?odoxy "o g5]al  bur/ (   
indignation at ?is sample ( national    
pr(ligacy2 at ?is  contemn+ ( ! laws (  
,god & man2 at ?is escape f ! ,*ur*'s   
c]emonies & ! ecclesia/ical bless+4 ,i  
imag9e ,i he> !  "q sne]+ly put1 h[ long
 ^! same respectable connections        
commonly la/1 & h[ _m doz5 times !y are 
*ang$ 9 ! c\rse  ( a ye>4    ,g5tly1 my 
rev]5d fri5ds6 x is natural y %\ld f9d x
 wrong  t m5 & wom5 disp5se ) y\r       
s]vices & curtail y\r fees 9  ?is matt]4

 ,b x is nei!r j nor prop]1 t because no
  pray]s are said1 & no fees paid1 y    
%\ld d5\nce ! cu/om z a  pr(ligate "o4  
,le>n 7z ,i did ! o!r day f an          
intellig5t  ,fr5* g5tleman :o _h rema9$ 
"s "t on ! isl&7--le>n1 t  al?\gh !re   
are t5 times z _m plac$ z m>ri$1 yet !re
 are  actually few] sep>ations among !  
=m] ?an divorces among !  latt]4 ,if    
con/ancy1 !n1 is to be ! crit]ion (     
morality1 ^!  same pr(ligate unions--t  
is1 unions unpray$-= by ! prie/ &       
unpaid = to him--are t5 times z moral z 
! religion-sanction$  in/itution (      
m>riage4    ,b ?is is n all4 ,x is a    
fact notori\s 9 ,hayti1 t lib]t9ism  is 
f> m common among ! m>ri$ ?an among !   
plac$4 ,!  explanatory cause is easily  
f\nd4 ,a placem5t secures to ! cons5t+  
c\ple no legal "r ov] "o ano!r4 ,!y     
rema9 toge!r1 z  x 71 on good behavi\r4 
,n only positive tyranny or d[nright    
viragoism1 b petulant peevi%ness or     
selfi% ill hum\r1 are  suffici5t causes 
( sep>ation4 ,z su*1 !y are avoid$ )    

s$ul\s  c>e4 ,! natural consequ5ce is1 t
 ! unions are usually happy1 &  t ea*   
be+ com=table at home1 is n on ! se>* = 
excitem5t  abroad4 ,9 indissoluble      
m>riage1 on ! contr>y1 if ! p>ties %\ld 
happ5 to disagree1 _! fir/ j>r+s are    
un*eck$ by consid]ations  ( consequ5ces4
 ,a husb& may be z tyrannical z to him  
seems good2  he rema9s a "l & ma/] /ill2
 a wife may be z petti% z %e  pleases2  
%e does n !reby =feit ! rights &        
privileges ( a  wife4 ,?us1 ill hum\r is
 enc\rag$ by be+ legaliz$1 & ! natural  
results ensue1 ali5ation ( ! he>t1 &    
sund]+ ( ! affections4  ,! wife seeks   
relief 9 fa%ionable dissipation2 !      
husb&1 p]haps1  9 ! brutalities ( a     
bro!l4    ,b1 aside f all explanatory   
!ories1 ! fact is1 z ,i h /at$  x1 viz43
 t 7tak+ ! proportion ( ea* into acc\nt7
 !re are  t5 legal sep>ations ( ! m>ri$1
 = "o volunt>y sep>ation (  ! plac$4 ,if
 anyone d\bts x1 let him inquire =      
himself1 & he  w d\bt no long]4    ,:at 
say y to t fact1 my rev]5d fri5ds8 ,h[  

consorts x )  y\r fav\rite !ory1 t man  
is a pr(ligate animal1 a desp]ately     
wick$ creature8 t1 b = y\r pray]s &     
bless+s1 ! e>?  w\ld be a sc5e (        
lic5ti\sness & excess8 t human be+s     
rema9  toge!r1 only because y h help$ to
 tie !m8 t !re is no  m$ium betwe5      
prie/ly m>riage & unseemly pro/itution8 
,does ?is fact op5 y\r eyes a little on 
! real /ate ( ?+s to  :i* we het]odox   
spirits v5ture to look =w>d8 ,does x    
assi/ 9  expla9+ to y h[ x is t we are s
 mu* m will+ ?an y to  entru/ ! mo/     
sacr$ duties to moral r ?an legal keep+8
    ,y _c imag9e t a man & a woman1 f9d+
 !mselves suit$  to ea* o!r1 %\ld agree1
 )\t y\r int]f]5ce1 to become           
companions2 t he %\ld remove to h]      
plantation1 or %e to 81 z  !y f\nd x mo/
 conv5i5t2 t ! connection %\ld become   
kn[n  to _! fri5ds )\t ! ag5cy ( banns1 
& be respect$1 ev5  ?\gh n o/5tati\sly  
ann\nc$ 9 a newspap]4 ,yet all ?is      
happ5s  9 ,hayti1 )\t any brea* (       
propriety1 )\t any increase (  vice2 b1 

on ! contr>y1 mu* to ! b5efit (         
morality1 & !  disc\ragem5t (           
pro/itution4 ,x happ5s among ! :ite z   
well z  ! col\r$ population2 & !        
presid5t ( ! c\ntry gives x 8  sanction1
 9 8 own p]son4    ,d y /ill ask        
me--accu/om$ z y are to consid] virtue !
  (fspr+ ( re/rictions--d y /ill ask me1
 :at ! *ecks are t  produce & pres]ve   
su* a /ate ( ?+s8 ,i reply1 good feel+  
& public op9ion4 ,cont9ual *ange is held
 to be disreputable2 :]e  s9c]e &       
well-f\nd$ affection exi/s1 x is n      
desir$2 & z  !re is no pecuni>y         
inducem5t 9 =m+ a placem5t1 ^! volunt>y 
unions are seldom ill-assort$4    ,:]e  
social an>*y is fe>$1 facts l ^! are    
wor? pages (  argum5t4 ,if ! ,haytians  
are civilis$ en\gh = ?is m moral k9d  ( 
m>riage1 :y %\ld ,europeans be on a l[] 
level8 ,= x %\ld n  be =gott5 t !       
exp]im5t 0 tri$ 9 ,/4 ,dom+o "u great   
disadvantages1 & ^! unlegalis$ unions h 
yet prov$ m  p]man5t ?an ^? ti$ ) all   
due =mality & tightness4    ,x may be   

urg$3 if divorce is to be s easily      
atta9able1 :y  %\ld !re be a m>riage    
contract at all8 ,bo? z reg>ds ! pair   
imm$iately conc]n$1 & z reg>ds ! *ildr5 
:o may result f  ! union1 a cle> &      
def9ite contract seems to me to be      
em95tly  desirable4 ,x is n to be wi%$ t
 ! union ( ^? on :om  dep5ds ! next     
g5]ation %\ld be c>elessly & lightly    
ent]$  into2 ! dignity &                
self-recollection :i* a def9ite compact 
implies  are by no means to be despis$1 
:5 x is rememb]$ h[ grave &  weighty are
 ! responsibilities assum$ by ^? :o are 
to give to !  ,/ate new citiz5s1 & to   
,humanity new lives1 :i* mu/ be ei!r a  
bless+ or a curse4 ,b ! dignity ( su* a 
c\rse is n its only1  nor1 inde$1 its   
ma91 recomm5dation4 ,m important is !   
absolute  necessity t ! conditions ( !  
union ( ! two adult lives %\ld  be      
cle>ly & ?or\ghly und]/ood betwe5 !m4   
,no wise p ent]  into engagem5ts ( an   
important & durable "* )\t a writt5     
agreem5t2 a def9ite contract excludes   

all *ance ( disagreem5t z  to !         
arrangem5ts made1 & prev5ts misund]/&+s 
f aris+4 ,a  v]bal contract may be      
misund]/ood by ei!r p>ty2 lapse ( "t may
  br+ ab\t p>tial =getfulness2 slight   
disagreem5ts may result 9  grave        
qu>rels4 ,if ! contract be a writt5 "o1 
x speaks = itself1  & no d\bt c arise   
:i* _c be reasonably settl$4 ,all ?is is
  readily se5 :]e ord9>y bus9ess        
p>tn]%ips are conc]n$1 b                
"s--unconsci\sly reb\nd+ f ! pres5t     
immoral sy/em1 &  plung+ into ! opposite
 extreme--consid] t ! union 9 m>riage  (
 man & woman is too t5d] & sacr$ a ?+ to
 be ?us dealt )  z f a bus9ess po9t (   
view4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t :ile  love 
is ess5tial to true & holy m>riage1     
m>riage implies m ?an  love2 x implies  
also a numb] ( new relations to !       
outside  _w :i*--:ile m5 & wom5 live 9 !
 _w--_c be :olly  disreg>d$4 ,que/ions (
 h\se1 ( money1 ( cr$it1 c41 necess>ily 
arise 9 connection ) ! dual home1 & ^!  
_c be ignor$ by  s5sible m5 & wom54 ,!  

contract does n t\* ) rude h&s  !       
s5sitive plant ( love2 x conc]ns itself 
only ) ! g>d5  9 :i* ! plant gr[s1 & two
 p c no m live on love alone  ?an a     
plant c gr[ )\t e>? ar\nd its roots4 ,a 
contract :i*  removes occasions (       
disagreem5t 9 bus9ess matt]s %elt]s &   
protects ! love f receiv+ _m a rude     
%ock4 ,society w ere  long1 said ,mr4   
,conway1 be glad en\gh to assimilate    
contracts betwe5  man & woman to        
contracts betwe5 p>tn]s 9 bus9ess4 ,!n  
love w  disp5se alike ) ! b&age on its  
eyes & ! con/able's aid4  ,"s           
pre-nuptial arrangem5t seems necess>y   
:i* %all decide z to  ! "r ( inh]itance 
( ! survivor ( ! m>ri$ pair4 ,z common  
prop]ty w gr[ up dur+ ! union1 su*      
prop]ty %\ld pass to  ! survivor & !    
*ildr51 & until "s law be made :i* %all 
prev5t p>5ts f ali5at+ f _! *ildr5 !    
:ole ( _!  prop]ty1 a provision gu>d+ _!
 inh]itance %\ld f9d its place  9 !     
propos$ de$4 ,a def9ite m>riage contract
 is also desirable =  ! sake ( ! *ildr5 

:o may proce$ f ! union4 ,society has a 
"r to dem& f ^? :o br+ new memb]s into  
x1 "s  contract :i* %all enable x to    
compel !m to dis*>ge _!                 
responsibilities1 if !y endeav\r to     
avoid !m4 ,if all m5 & wom5  7 p]fect1  
no contract w\ld be necess>y1 any m ?an 
x w\ld be  necess>y to h laws aga9/     
murd] & !ft2 b :ile m5 & wom5  are z !y 
are1 "s compulsive p[] aga9/ evil-do]s  
mu/ be held  9 res]ve by ! law4 ,society
 is b\nd to gu>d ! int]e/s ( !  helpless
 *ildr51 & ?is c only be done by a cle> 
& def9ite  arrangem5t :i* makes bo? fa!r
 & "m responsible = ! lives  !y h br\ght
 into exi/5ce1 & :i* %[s ! p>5tage 9 a  
fa%ion :i* c\ld g into a law-c\rt %\ld  
any dispute arise4  ,aga91 if !re 7 no  
contract1 9 :om w\ld ! gu>dian%ip ( !   
*ildr5 be ve/$1 9 case ( wrongdo+ ( ei!r
 p>5t1 ( dea?1  or ( sep>ation8 ,suppose
 a brutal fa!r3 8 wife leaves him &     
takes  ! *ildr5 ) h]2 h[ is %e to keep  
!m if he claims & takes  !m8 ,if %e has 
! legal rem$y ( divorce1 ! ,c\rt aw>ds  

h] !  gu>dian%ip & %e is safe f         
mole/ation4 ,if a wife elope1  tak+ !   
*ildr5 ) h]1 is ! fa!r to h no "r to !  
gu>dian%ip ( 8 sons & daught]s1 b to    
rema9 passive :ile !y  pass "u !        
au?ority ( ano!r man8 ,application =    
divorce w\ld  gu>d him f su* a wrong4   
,if ! p>5ts sep>ate1 & bo? desire to  h 
! *ildr51 h[ c su* conte/ be decid$1    
save by appeal to  an imp>tial law8     
,m>riage1 z be=e urg$1 is a p>tn]%ip1 & 
:]e  common duties1 common int]e/s1 &   
common responsibilities gr[ up1  !re x  
is necess>y t ei!r p>ty %all h "s legal 
means (  r$ress 9 case ( ! wrongdo+ ( ! 
o!r4    ,to ^? :o1 on ! o!r h&1 object  
to facility ( divorce be+  grant$ at    
all1 x may fairly be ask$ t !y %\ld n   
=get  t to place divorce )9 ! rea* ( p1 
is n ! same z  compell+ !m to submit to 
x4 ,^? :o pref] to reg>d m>riage z      
indissoluble c\ld z readily ma9ta9 !    
indissolubility ( _! own  w$d$ tie "u a 
law :i* p]mitt$ divorce1 z !y c d at !  
pres5t "t4 ,b ^? :o ?9k o!rwise1 & are  

unhappy 9 _!  m>riages1 w\ld !n be able 
to set !mselves free4 ,no happy m>riage 
w\ld be affect$ by ! *ange1 = !         
atta9ability ( divorce w\ld  only be    
welcom$ by ^? ^: m>riage 0 a s\rce (    
mis]y & (  discord2 ! cont5t$ w\ld be no
 less cont5t1 :ile ! unhappy w\ld  be   
reliev$ ( _! unhapp9ess2 ?us ! *ange    
w\ld injure no "o1  :ile x w\ld b5efit  
_m4    ,x is a pity t !re is no way (   
obta9+ ! g5]al fem99e  view ( ! subject 
( m>riage & divorce2 wom5 :o /udy1 :o =m
  indep5d5t op9ions are--s f> z my      
exp]i5ce goes--unanim\s 9  _! desire to 
see ! ,engli% laws alt]$2 advanc$ ?9k]s 
( bo?  sexes are g5]ally1 "o might say  
univ]sally1 9 fav\r ( *ange4  ,to ^? :o 
?9k t wom51 if poll$ to-morr[1 w\ld vote
 =  a cont9uance ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 
may be recomm5d$ !  foll[+ passage f    
,mrs4 ,mill3 ,wom51 x is said1 d n      
desire1  d n seek :at is call$ _!       
emancipation4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y  g5]ally
 dis[n su* claims :5 made 9 _! behalf1 &
 fall )  a*>nem5t ^u any "o ( !mselves  

:o id5tifies h]self )  _! common cause4 
,suppos+ ! fact to be true 9 ! fulle/   
ext5t  ev] ass]t$1 if x proves t        
,european wom5 ought to rema9 z !y  are1
 x proves exactly ! same ) respect to   
,asiatic wom52 =  !y too1 in/ead (      
murmur+ at _! seclusion1 & at ! re/ra9t 
impos$ ^u !m1 pride !mselves on x1 & are
 a/oni%$ at !  effront]y ( wom5 :o      
receive visits f male acqua9tances1 &   
are  se5 9 ! /reets unveil$4 ,habits (  
submission make m5 z well  z wom5       
s]vile-m9d$4 ,! va/ population ( ,asia d
 n desire or  value1 probably w\ld n    
accept1 political lib]ty1 nor ! savages 
( ! =e/1 civilization2 :i* does n prove 
t ei!r ( ^?  ?+s is undesirable = !m1 or
 t !y w n1 at "s future  "t1 enjoy x4   
,cu/om h>d5s human be+s to any k9d (    
degradation1  by dead5+ ! "p ( _! nature
 :i* w\ld resi/ x4 ,& !  case ( wom5 is1
 9 ?is respect1 ev5 a peculi> "o1 = no  
o!r  inf]ior ca/e t we h he>d ( h be5   
taught to reg>d  _! degradation z _!    
hon\r4 ,mr4 ,conway consid]s t *ang$    

circum/ances w\ld rapidly cause wom5 to 
be fav\rable to ! propos$  alt]ation3   
,am ,i told1 he rem>ks1 t woman dreads !
 easy  divorce8 ,naturally1 = !         
prejudices & arrangem5ts ( society  h n 
be5 adapt$ to ! easy divorce4 ,let h] "k
 t1 "u !  *ang$ s5tim5t :i* %all foll[  
*ang$ law1 %e w meet )  sympa?y :]e n[  
%e w\ld enc\nt] suspicion2 let h] "k t  
%e  w1 if divorc$ f "o %e loves n1 h    
only h] fair %>e (  ! burd5s entail$ by 
! orig9al mi/ake2 & %e :o ( all p]sons  
suff]s mo/ if ! home be false w welcome 
! fre] m>riage 7,!  ,e>?w>d ,pilgrimage1
 p4 #bhi74    ,bo? 9 !ory & 9 practice  
advanc$ ?9k]s h claim$ facility  (      
divorce4 ,john ,milton1 9 8 essay on    
,divorce1 compla9s t !  mis9t]pret+ (   
,scripture444 ha? *ang$ ! bless+ (      
matrimony  n seldom into a famili> &    
co-inhabit+ mis*iefe2 at lea/ into  a   
droop+ & disconsolate h\sehold          
captivitie1 )\t refuge or  r$emption 7p4
 #b71 & 9 8 ,puritan fa%ion he rem>ks t 
because  ( ?is d\btles by ! policy ( !  

devill t graci\s ord9ance  becomes      
insupportable1 s t m5 avoid x & plunge  
into debau*]y4  ,argu+ t m>riage is n to
 be reg>d$ m]ely z a legitimate k9d  (  
sexual int]c\rse1 b r z a union ( m9d & 
feel+1 ,milton  says3 ,t indisposition1 
unfitness1 or contr>iety ( m9d1 aris+  f
 a cause 9 nature un*angable1 h9dr+ &   
ev] likely to h9d]  ! ma9 b5efits (     
conjugall society1 :i* are solace &     
peace1 is a  great] reason ( divorce ?an
 natural frigidity1 especially if !re   
be no *ildr51 & t !re be mutual cons5t  
7p4 #e74 ,lu!r1 be=e  ,milton1 held !   
same lib]al views4 ,m>y ,wol/onecraft   
act$ on !  same !ory 9 h] own life1 & h]
 daught] 0 unit$ to ! poet  ,%elley :ile
 ,%elley's fir/ wife 0 liv+1 no legal   
divorce hav+  sev]$ ! orig9al m>riage4  
,ri*>d ,c>lile's second m>riage 0       
equally illegal4 ,9 our own days ! union
 ( ,george ,h5ry ,lewes &  ,george      
,eliot has /ruck ! key-note ( ! really  
moral m>riage4 ,m>y  ,wol/onecraft 0    
unhappy 9 h] *oice1 b 9 all ! o!r cases 

!  happie/ results accru$4 ,x ne$s      
consid]able assurance to br&  ^! great  
names ) immorality1 z all ^? mu/ d :o   
d5\nce z  immoral unions :i* are at     
pres5t illegal4    ,9 ! :ole ( !        
argum5ts put =w>d 9 ! above pages !re   
is n "o ^w :i* is aim$ at real m>riage1 
at ! fai?ful &  durable union ( two     
individuals ( opposite sexes--a union   
orig9at$  9 & ma9ta9$ by love alone4 ,r1
 to quote ,milton once m1 is  rev]5ce = 
m>riage ! root ( ! re=m ,i urge3 he :o  
?9ks  x bett] to "p ?an to live sadly & 
injuri\sly to t *]full  covnant 7= n to 
be belov'd & yet reta9'd1 is ! greate/  
injury  to a g5tle _s71 he ,i say :o    
!re=e seeks to "p1 is "o :o  highly     
hon\rs ! m>ri$ life1 & w\ld n /a9 x2 & !
 reasons  :i* n[ move him to divorce1   
are equal to ! be/ ( ^? t  c\ld fir/    
w>rant him to m>ry 7p4 #aj74 ,9 !       
advocacy ( su* views  m>riage is        
elevat$1 n degrad$2 no c\nt5ance is giv5
 to ^? :o  w\ld fa9 de/roy ! idea ( !   
durable union betwe5 "o man &  "o woman4

 ,monogamy appe>s to me to be ! result (
 civilization1 (  p]sonal dignity1 (    
cultur$ feel+2 loyalty ( "o man to "o   
woman  is1 to me1 ! highe/ sexual ideal4
 ,! m civiliz$ ! nature !  m durable &  
exclusive does ! m>riage union become2 9
 ! l[]  ranges ( animal life diff]5ce ( 
sex is en\gh to excite passion3  !re is 
no individuality ( ( *oice4 ,among      
savages x is mu* !  same3 x is ! female1
 n ! woman1 :o is lov$1 al?\gh ! savage 
rises high] ?an ! l[] brutes1 & is      
attract$ by individual  beauty4 ,!      
civilis$ man & woman ne$ m ?an          
sex-diff]5ce &  beauty ( =m2 !y seek    
satisfaction = m9d1 he>t1 & ta/es z     
well z = body2 ea* portion ! complex    
nature requires its answ]  9 its mate4  
,h5ce x arises t true m>riage is        
exclusive1 &  t pro/itution is revolt+  
to ! noble ( bo? sexes1 s9ce 9          
pro/itution love is %orn ( 8 faire/     
attributes1 & passion1 :i*  is only 8   
w+s1 is made ! sole repres5tative ( !   
div9ity4  ,! fleet+ connections suppos$ 

by "s ,free ,love !ori/s are  /eps      
backw>d & n =w>d2 !y (f] no possibility 
( home1  no education ( ! "*1 no        
gu>antee = ! tra9+ ( !  *ildr54 ,!      
culture bo? ( fa!r & ( "m1 ( ! two      
natures ( :i* its own is ! resultant1 is
 necess>y to ! heal?y  developm5t ( !   
*ild2 x _c be depriv$ ( ei!r )\t injury 
to its full & p]fect gr[?4    ,b j z    
true m>riage is invaluable1 s is unreal 
m>riage  det]iorat+ 9 its effects on all
 conc]n$3 !re=e1 :]e mi/ake  has be5    
made1 x is important to ! grave/ int]e/s
 ( society  t su* mi/ake %\ld be readily
 rem$iable1 )\t injury to !  "* ( ei!r (
 ^? conc]n$ 9 x4 ,fre$ f ! union :i*    
injures bo?1 ! man & woman may seek = _!
 fit helpmeets1 & 9  happy m>riages may 
become joyful s]vants ( humanity1 wor?y 
p>5ts  ( ! citiz5s ( to-morr[4 ,m5 &    
wom5 mu/ "k conjugal1 be=e  !y c "k true
 p>5tal1 love2 ea* mu/ see 9 ! *ild !   
features ( ! belov$ ere ! p]fect circle 
( love c be complete4  ,husb& & wife    
b\nd 9 close/1 mo/ durable & yet mo/    

eag]  union1 *ildr5 spr++ z fl[]s f !   
dual /em ( love1 home  :]e ! creators   
tra9 ! lives !y h giv5--su* w be !      
m>riage ( ! future4 ,! loa?some details 
( ! ,divorce ,c\rt w  no long] pollute  
our pap]s2 ! public w no long] be call$ 
9 to  gloat ov] ! ru9s ( desecrat$ love2
 society w be purifi$  f sexual vice2 m5
 & wom5 w rise to ! full royalty ( _!   
humanity1 & h& 9 h& tread life's        
pa?ways1 tru/ful in/ead (  suspici\s1   
free in/ead ( enslav$1 b\nd by love     
in/ead ( by law4    ,pr9t$ by ,annie    
,besant & ,*>les ,bradlaugh1    #bh1    
,/one-cutt] ,/reet1 ,london1 ,e4,c4