,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,*ymi/ry ,translat$ f ! ,,fr5* ( ,m4 ,,macqu]1 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 & ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,,p>is4 ,! ,,fif? ,,edition4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,pr9t$ = ,,alex&] ,,donaldson2 & sold at 8 ,%op1 ,no4 #dh1 ,ea/ ,corn] ( ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*-,y>d1 ,london2 & at ,ed9burgh4 ,m4 ,,dcc4 ,,lxxvii4 ,,! ,,au?or's ,,preface4 ,an hundr$ & fifty ye>s are sc>ce elaps$ s9ce ! cl\ds ( prejudice1 :i* _h long ov]spread ! _w1 began to cle> up1 & m5 7 conv9c$1 by cultivat+ ! ,sci5ces1 & att5d+ to ,nature1 t no fanciful hypo!ses w\ld ev] lead !m to ! true causes ( ^? v>i\s ph5om5a t incessantly & e :]e meet ! obs]v]'s eye2 b t ! n>r[ limits ( ! human und]/&+ conf9e ! c\rse ( our rese>*es to "o s+le pa?2 namely1 t ( ,exp]im5t1 or ! ,use ( our ,s5ses4 ,yet1 9 ?is %ort p]iod1 ,natural ,philosophy ha? ris5 to a high pit* ( improvem5t1 & may ) tru? be said to h made mu* great] advances t[>ds p]fection1 s9ce ! exp]im5tal me?od 0 introduc$1 ?an 9 ! _m ages be=e4 ,?is is true ) reg>d to e bran* ( ,natural ,philosophy2 b m p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ,*ymi/ry4 ,?\gh ?is ,sci5ce _c be said to h ev] exi/$ )\t exp]im5ts1 yet x lab\r$ "u ! same disadvantages ) ! re/2 because ^? :o /udi$ x made all _! exp]im5ts ) a view to confirm _! own ,hypo!ses1 & 9 consequ5ce ( pr9ciples :i* _h no f\ndation :atev]1 b 9 _! wild imag9ations4 ,h5ce arose t enorm\s heap1 t incongru\s jumble ( facts1 :i* "s "t ago con/itut$ all ! k ( ,*ymi/s4 ,mo/ ( !m1 & especially ^? :o assum$ ! pomp\s title ( ,al*ymi/s1 7 p]suad$ t all ! ,metals 7 no o!r ?an ,nature's rude unf9i%$ essays t[>ds mak+ ,gold2 :i*1 by means ( due coction 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 advanc$ gradually t[>ds maturity1 till at la/ !y 7 p]fectly conv]t$ into t beautiful & preci\s ,metal4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 :i*1 if n demon/rably false1 is at lea/ utt]ly de/itute ( pro(1 & unsupport$ by a s+le obs]vation1 !y attempt$ to f9i% :at ,nature _h begun1 by procur+ to ! imp]fect ,metals ?is mu* desir$ coction4 ,to atta9 x !y made an inf9ite numb] ( exp]im5ts & trials2 :i* all conspir$ to detect ! falsity ( _! sy/em1 & to satisfy m5 ( s5se1 t ! me?ods !y employ$ 7 v f> f answ]+ ! purpose4 ,h[ev]1 z facts always promote ! k ( ,nature1 x happ5$ t ^? exp]im5ts1 ?\gh q useless ) reg>d to ! end = :i* !y 7 orig9ally made1 prov$ ! occasion ( sev]al curi\s discov]ies4 ,^! lucky consequ5ces ( _! mi/ak5 lab\rs rais$ ! c\rage ( ! ,*ymi/s1 or r ,al*ymi/s1 :o look$ ^u e su* in/ance ( success z a new /ep t[>ds ! ,gr& ,"w1 & greatly increas$ ! fond op9ion !y ent]ta9$ ( !mselves1 & ( _! ,art1 :i*1 on t acc\nt1 !y set up v high above all o!r ,sci5ces4 ,nay1 !y c>ri$ ?is notion ( sup]iority s f>1 z to hold ! re/ ( mank9d unwor?y1 or incapable1 ( ris+ to su* sublime k4 ,9 consequ5ce !re( ,*ymi/ry became an occult & my/]i\s ,sci5ce2 its expressions 7 all tropes & figures1 its phrases metaphorical1 & its axioms s _m enigmas3 9 %ort1 an obscure un9telligible j>gon is ! ju/e/ "* ( ! ,al*ymi/ic ,language4 ,?us1 by endeav\r+ to conceal _! secrets1 ^? g5tlem5 r5d]$ _! ,art useless to mank9d1 & br\ght x into des]v$ contempt4 ,b at l5g? ! g5ius ( true philosophy prevail$ 9 ,*ymi/ry1 z well z 9 ! o!r ,sci5ces4 ,"s great m5 arose1 :o _h g5]osity en\gh to ?9k _! k no o!rways valuable ?an z x prov$ ( s]vice to ,society4 ,!y did _! utmo/ to introduce bo? ! k & ! practice ( _m important secrets1 till !n ( no use2 !y drew aside ! veil :i* hid ! *>ms ( ,*ymi/ry2 & t ,sci5ce em]g+ f ! pr(\nd obscurity1 9 :i* x _h = _m ages la9 conceal$1 ga9$ ! admiration ( ! _w z soon z x appe>$ 9 op5 day4 ,sev]al societies ( +5i\s m5 7 =m$ 9 ! mo/ le>n$ c\ntries ( ,europe1 :o vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 _! lab\rs to execute ! noble s*eme1 & assi/$ ea* o!r by mutually communicat+ _! discov]ies4 ,*ymi/ry made ! mo/ rapid progress1 enri*+ & p]fect+ ! ,arts d]iv$ f1 or dep5d+ on x4 ,9 a ^w1 x put on a new face1 & became truly wor?y ( ! title ( ,sci5ce2 f\nd+ its pr9ciples & its processes on solid exp]im5ts1 & on j consequ5ces d$uc$ f !m4 ,s9ce t "t ! ,art is become s ext5sive1 by ! num]\s discov]ies :i* ,*ymi/s h already made1 & are daily mak+1 t l>ge volumes are requir$ to conta9 a complete ,treatise on ! subject4 ,9 %ort1 ,*ymi/ry may n[1 9 "s degree1 be comp>$ to ,geometry3 ea* ( ^! ,sci5ces takes 9 a mo/ ample field ( inquiry1 :i* e day enl>ges v consid]ably2 f ea* are d]iv$ sev]al ,arts1 n only useful b ev5 necess>y to ,society2 ea* ha? its ,axioms & its und5iable pr9ciples1 ei!r demon/rat$ f int]nal evid5ce1 or f\nd$ on con/ant exp]i5ce2 s t ! "o1 z well z ! o!r1 may be r$uc$ to c]ta9 fundam5tal tru?s1 on :i* all ! re/ are built4 ,^! fundam5tal tru?s connect$ toge!r1 & laid d[n ) ord] & precision1 =m :at we call ! ,elem5ts ( a ,sci5ce4 ,x is well kn[n t !re are _m su* works relat+ to ,geometry1 b x is n s ) reg>d to ,*ymi/ry2 !re be+ v few books :i* treat ( ?is ,sci5ce 9 an ,elem5t>y mann]4 ,yet x mu/ be own$1 t p]=mances ( ?is k9d are exce$+ly useful4 ,_m :o h a reli% = ! ,sci5ces1 b h n leisure to read elaborate ,works :i* treat ( !m m9utely1 are glad to meet ) a book f :i*1 )\t sacrific+ too mu* ( _! "t1 or neglect+ _! ord9>y bus9ess1 !y may obta9 a ta/e or j notion ( a ,sci5ce t is n _! pr9cipal /udy4 ,^? :o incl9e to g f>!r1 & le>n m1 may1 by read+ an elem5t>y tract1 be enabl$ to und]/& ,au?ors1 :o1 z !y commonly write only = pr(ici5ts 9 ! ,art1 are obscure & h>dly intelligible to m]e beg9n]s4 ,nay1 ,i presume to say1 t an ,elem5t>y ,treatise ( ,*ymi/ry may prove a v useful book1 ev5 to ^? :o h made "s progress 9 ! ,sci5ce3 = z x conta9s only ! fundam5tal propositions1 & inde$ is an ab/ract ( ! :ole ,art1 x may help !m to recollect ! mo/ important p>ts ( :at !y h read 9 _m diff]5t works1 & fix 9 _! memoirs ! mo/ ess5tial tru?s1 :i* might else be ei!r conf\nd$ ) o!rs1 or entirely =got4 ,& ^! are ! motives :i* det]m9$ me to compose ! ,"w :i* ,i n[ (f] to ! ,public4 ,! g5]al ,plan on :i* ,i proce$ is to suppose my ,read] an absolute ,novice 9 ,*ymi/ry2 to lead him f ! mo/ simple tru?s1 & su* z imply ! l[e/ degree ( k1 to su* z are m complex1 & require a great] acqua9tance ) ,nature4 ,?is ord]1 :i* ,i h laid d[n = my rule1 ha? oblig$ me to beg9 ) exam9+ ! mo/ simple sub/ances t we "k1 & :i* we consid] z ! elem5ts :]e( o!rs are compos$2 z1 by kn[+ ! prop]ties ( ^! elem5t>y p>ts1 we are naturally l$ to ^? ( _! sev]al comb9ations2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ord] to "k ! prop]ties ( comp\nd bodies1 x is necess>y we %\ld be fir/ acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ties ( _! pr9ciples4 ,! same reason induc$ me1 :5 enquir+ into ! prop]ties ( "o sub/ance1 to take no notice ( ^? :i* relate to any o!r sub/ance n treat$ ( be=e4 ,= example3 z ,i treat ( ,acids be=e ,metals1 ,i say no?+ "u ! head ( ^? ,acids conc]n+ _! p[] ( dissolv+ metals2 t ,i def] till ,i come to ! subject ( ,metals3 & ?us ,i avoid speak+ prematurely ( a sub/ance ) :i* ,i suppose my ,read] :olly unacqua9t$4 ,& ?is me?od ,i 0 s mu* ! m easily induc$ to foll[1 t ,i "k ( no ,*ymical book writt5 on ! same ,plan4 ,aft] disc\rs+ ( ,elem5ts 9 g5]al1 ,i treat next ( su* sub/ances z are imm$iately compos$ ( !m1 & are1 next to !m1 ! mo/ simple3 su* are all sal9e sub/ances4 ,?is head compreh5ds m9]al ,acids1 fix$ ,alkalis1 & _! sev]al comb9ations2 ! volatile sulphure\s _s1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 & ! ,neutral salts :i* h an e>? or fix$ ,alkali = _! basis3 ^? :i* h = _! basis ei!r a volatile ,alkali1 or "s metallic sub/ance1 are ref]r$1 accord+ to my g5]al ,plan1 to ! heads "u :i* ,i treat ( ^? sub/ances4 ,metallic sub/ances are sc>cely m comp\nd$ ?an ! sal9e2 :i* induces me to consid] !m next4 ,i beg9 ) ^? :i* are ! mo/ simple1 or at lea/ seem to be s2 because _! pr9ciples1 be+ v /rongly connect$ toge!r1 are sep>at$ ) ! greate/ difficulty3 su* are ! ,metals prop]ly s call$2 namely1 ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,copp]1 ,iron1 ,t91 & ,lead4 ,aft] ^! come ! ,semi-metals 9 ord]2 to wit1 ,regulus ( ,antimony1 ,z9c1 ,bismu?1 & ,regulus ( ,ars5ic4 ,m]cury be+ a d\btful sub/ance1 :i* "s ,*ymi/s rank ) ! ,metals1 & o!rs ) ! ,semi-metals1 because x actually possesses c]ta9 prop]ties 9 common ) ea*1 ,i h treat$ ( x 9 a sep>ate ,*apt]1 :i* /&s betwe5 ! ,metals & ,semi-metals4 ,i next proce$ to exam9e ! sev]al sorts ( ,oils1 :e!r ,vegetable1 :i* are divid$ into fat1 ess5tial1 & empyreumatic2 or ,animal1 & ,m9]al ,oils4 ,by exam9+ ^! sub/ances we obta9 ideas ( all ! pr9ciples :i* ent] into ! composition ( ,vegetable & ,animal bodies2 t is1 ( ^? sub/ances t are capable ( f]m5tation3 ?is enables me to treat ( f]m5tation 9 g5]al2 ( its ?ree diff]5t degrees or k9ds1 ! spiritu\s1 acet\s1 & putrid2 & ( ! products ( ^? f]m5tations1 ard5t spirits1 acids analog\s to ^? ( vegetables & animals1 & volatile alkalis4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ,i treat ( all ^? sub/ances be+ diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y are obta9$ f comp\nd bodies1 ,i give1 9 a di/9ct ,*apt]1 a g5]al idea ( ,*ymical ,decomposition1 ) a view to %ew ! ord] 9 :i* !y are sep>at$1 f ! sev]al bodies 9 ! composition :]e( !y are f\nd4 ,?is br+s !m a second "t "u review1 & gives me an opportunity ( di/+ui%+ ^? :i* exi/ naturally 9 comp\nd bodies1 f ^? :i* are only ! result ( a new comb9ation ( "s ( _! pr9ciples produc$ by ! fire4 ,! succe$+ ,*apt] expla9s ! late ,mr ,ge(froy's ,table ( ,aff9ities2 :i* ,i take to be ( great use at ! end ( an ,elem5t>y tract l ?is1 z x collects into "o po9t ( view ! mo/ ess5tial & fundam5tal doctr9es :i* are disp]s$ ?r\gh ! "w4 ,i conclude ) an acc\nt ( ! ,con/ruction ( su* ,vessels & ,furnaces z are usually employ$ 9 ,*ymi/ry4 ,9 ?is ,"p ,i say no?+ ( any manual op]ations1 or ! sev]al ways ( p]=m+ ,*ymical processes2 res]v+ ^! p>ticul>s = my ,treatise ( ,practical ,*ymi/ry1 to :i* ?is mu/ be consid]$ z an ,introduction4 ,,cont5ts4 ,elem5ts ( ! ,,!ory ( ,,*ymi/ry4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,bodies ,page #a ,sect4 #a4 ,( ,air #b ,sect4 #b4 ,( ,wat] #c ,sect4 #c4 ,( ,e>? #d ,sect4 #d4 ,( ,fire #e ,sect4 #e4 ,( ! ,phlogi/on #g ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,a g5]al ,view ( ! ,relations or ,aff9ities betwe5 ,bodies #i ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,sal9e ,sub/ances 9 g5]al #aa ,sect4 #a4 ,( ,acids #ab ,sect4 #b4 ,( ,alkalis #ad ,sect4 #c4 ,( ,neutral ,salts #ae ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ! ,sev]al ,sorts ( ,sal9e ,sub/ances4 ,sect4 #a4 ,( ! ,univ]sal ,acid #ah ,sect4 #b4 ,( ! ,nitr\s ,acid #bb ,sect4 #c4 ,( ! ,m>9e ,acid #be ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ,lime #bi ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,( ,metallic ,sub/ances 9 g5]al #cd ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,( ,metals #cg ,sect4 #a4 ,( ,gold ib4 ,sect4 #b4 ,( ,silv] #ci ,sect4 #c4 ,( ,copp] #dd ,sect4 #d4 ,( ,iron #dg ,sect4 #e4 ,( ,t9 #eb ,sect4 #f4 ,( ,lead #ec ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,( ,quick-,silv] #eh ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,( ! ,semi-,metals4 ,sect4 #a4 ,( ,regulus ( ,antimony #fb ,sect4 #b4 ,( ,bismu? #fi ,sect4 #c4 ,( ,z9c #gj ,sect4 #d4 ,( ,regulus ( ,ars5ic #gb ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,( ,oil 9 g5]al #gf ,sect4 #a4 ,( ,*>coal #gg ,sect4 #b4 ,( ,soap #gh ,,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,( ! ,sev]al ,sorts ( ,oils4 ,sect4 #a4 ,( ,m9]al ,oils #gi ,sect4 #b4 ,( ,vegetable ,oils #hj ,sect4 #c4 ,( ,animal ,oils #hb ,,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,( ,f]m5tation 9 g5]al #hc ,,*ap4 ,,xiii4 ,( ! ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation #hd ,,*ap4 ,,xiv4 ,( ! ,acet\s ,f]m5tation #ij ,sect4 #a4 ,( ,v9eg> #ia ,sect4 #b4 ,( ,t>t> #ic ,,*ap4 ,,xv4 ,( ! ,putrid ,f]m5tation1 or ,putrefaction #if ,,*ap4 ,,xvi4 ,a g5]al ,view ( ,*ymical ,decomposition #aja ,sect4 #a4 ,! ,analysis ( ,vegetable ,sub/ances #ajb ,emulsions #ajd ,sect4 #b4 ,! ,analysis ( ,animal ,sub/ances #ajf ,sect4 #c4 ,! ,analysis ( ,m9]al ,sub/ances #ajh ,( ! ,pyrites #aaj ,( ,ores #aab ,,*ap4 ,,xvii4 ,explanation ( ! ,table ( ,aff9ities #aai ,,*ap4 ,,xviii4 ,! ,!ory ( ,con/ruct+ ! ,vessels mo/ commonly us$ 9 ,*ymi/ry #abf ,,*ap4 ,,xix4 ,! ,!ory ( ,con/ruct+ ! ,furnaces mo/ commonly us$ 9 ,*ymi/ry #acc ,( ,lutes #adg ,elem5ts ( ! ,,practice ( ,,*ymi/ry4 ,introduction #aec ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,m9]als4 ,,section ,i4 ,op]ations p]=m$ on ,sal9e ,m9]al ,sub/ances4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to extract ,vitriol f ! ,pyrites #aei #b4 ,to extract ,sulphur f ! ,pyrites1 & o!r ,sulphure\s ,m9]als #afb #c4 ,to extract ,alum f alum9\s ,m9]als #afe #d4 ,to extract ! ,vitriolic ,acid f ,copp]as or ,gre5 ,vitriol #agj #e4 ,to decompose ,sulphur1 & extract its ,acid1 by burn+ x #agd #f4 ,to conc5trate ! ,vitriolic ,acid #agf #g4 ,to decomp\nd ,vitriolat$ ,t>t> by means ( ! ,phlogi/on2 or to compose ,sulphur by comb9+ ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) ! ,phlogi/on #agi ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,nitr\s ,acid4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to ,extract ,nitre out ( ,nitr\s ,e>?s & ,/ones4 ,! ,purification ( ,salt-,petre4 ,"m ( ,nitre4 ,magnesia #aha #b4 ,to decompose ,nitre by means ( ! ,phlogi/on4 ,nitre fix$ by ,*>coal4 ,clyssus ( ,nitre4 ,sal ,poly*re/um #ahf #c4 ,to decompose ,nitre by means ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,! ,smok+ ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,sal de duobus4 ,! ,purification ( ,_s ( ,nitre #aia ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,m>9e ,acid4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to extract ,sea-salt f ,sea-wat]1 & f ,br9e-spr+s4 ,epsom ,salt #aie #b4 ,exp]im5ts conc]n+ ! ,decomposition ( ,sea-salt by means ( ! ,phlogi/on4 ,kunckel's ,phosphorus #aig #c4 ,to decompose ,sea-salt by means ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,glaub]'s ,salt4 ,! ,purification & ,conc5tration ( ,_s ( ,salt #baa #d4 ,to decompose ,sea-salt by means ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid4 ,aqua regis4 ,quadrangul> ,nitre #bag ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ,borax4 #bah ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,op]ations on ,m9]als4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ,gold4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to sep>ate ,gold1 by ,amalgamation ) ,m]cury1 f ! ,e>?s & ,/ones ) :i* x is f\nd mix$ #bbc #b4 ,to dissolve ,gold 9 ,aqua ,regis1 & by t means sep>ate x f ,silv]4 ,aurum ,fulm9ans4 ,aurum ,fulm9ans r$uc$ #bbg #c4 ,to dissolve ,gold by ,liv] ( ,sulphur #bcb #d4 ,to sep>ate ,gold f all o!r ,metall9e sub/ances by means ( ,antimony #bcc ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ,silv]4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to sep>ate ,silv] f its ,ore1 by means ( ,scorification ) ,lead #bch #b4 ,! ref9+ ( ,silv] by ! ,cupel #bdc #c4 ,to purify ,silv] by ,nitre #bdh #d4 ,to dissolve ,silv] 9 ,aqua ,=tis1 & !reby sep>ate x f e o!r ,metall9e sub/ance4 ,! ,purification ( ,aqua ,=tis4 ,silv] precipitat$ by ,copp] #bej #e4 ,to sep>ate ,silv] f ! ,nitr\s ,acid by ,di/illation4 ,cry/als ( ,silv]4 ,! ,inf]nal ,/one #bed #f4 ,to sep>ate ,silv] f ! ,nitr\s ,acid by ,precipitation4 ,luna ,cornea4 ,luna ,cornea r$uc$ #bef #g4 ,to dissolve ,silv]1 & sep>ate x f ,gold1 by ,cem5tation #beh ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,copp]4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to sep>ate ,copp] f its ,ore #bfb #b4 ,to purify ,black ,copp]1 & r5d] x malleable #bfd #c4 ,to deprive ,copp] ( its ,phlogi/on by ,calc9ation #bff #d4 ,to resuscitate ! ,calx ( ,copp]1 & r$uce x to ,metal1 by re/or+ its ,phlogi/on #bfg #e4 ,to dissolve ,copp] 9 ! ,m9]al ,acids #bfh ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ,iron4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to sep>ate ,iron f its ,ore #bgj #b4 ,to r5d] ,pig-iron & brittle ,iron malleable #bgc #c4 ,to conv]t ,iron into ,/eel #bgd #d4 ,! ,calc9ation ( ,iron4 ,sundry ,saffrons ( ,m>s #bgf #e4 ,iron dissolv$ by ! m9]al ,acids #bgg ,,*ap ,v4 ,( ,t94 #a4 ,,process4 ,to extract ,t9 f its ,ore #bgi #b4 ,! ,calc9ation ( ,t9 #bhj #c4 ,! ,dissolution ( ,t9 by ,acids #bhd ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,( ,lead4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to extract ,lead f its ,ore #bhf #b4 ,to sep>ate ,lead f ,copp] #bhi #c4 ,! ,calc9ation ( ,lead #bib #d4 ,to prep>e ,glass ( ,lead #bic #e4 ,lead dissolv$ by ! ,nitr\s ,acid #bie ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,( ,m]cury4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to extract ,m]cury f its ,ore1 or to revivify x f ,c9ab> #bih #b4 ,to give ,m]cury1 by ! action ( ,fire1 ! appe>ance ( a ,metall9e ,calx #cja #c4 ,to dissolve ,m]cury 9 ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,turbi? ,m9]al #cjb #d4 ,to comb9e ,m]cury ) ,sulphur4 ?iop's ,m9]al #cjd #e4 ,to sublime ! ,comb9ation ( ,m]cury & ,sulphur into ,c9ab> #cjf #f4 ,to dissolve ,m]cury 9 ! ,nitr\s ,acid4 ,sundry ,m]curial ,precipitates #cjg #g4 ,to comb9e ,m]cury ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt4 ,corrosive ,sublimate #cjh #h4 ,sweet ,sublimate #cab #i4 ,! ,panacea ( ,m]cury #cad ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ,op]ations on ! ,semi-,metals4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ,antimony4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to sep>ate ,antimony f its ,ore #cae #b4 ,! common ,regulus ( ,antimony #caf #c4 ,regulus ( ,antimony precipitat$ by ,metals #cah #d4 ,! ,calc9ation ( ,antimony #cba #e4 ,calx ( ,antimony r$uc$ to a ,regulus #cbc #f4 ,antimony calc9$ ) ,nitre4 ,liv] ( ,antimony4 ,crocus ,metallorum #cbe #g4 ,ano!r ,calc9ation ( ,antimony ) ,nitre4 ,diaphoretic ,antimony4 ,mat]ia ,p]lata4 ,clyssus ( ,antimony #cbf #h4 ,calx ( ,antimony vitrifi$ #ccj #i4 ,k]mes ,m9]al #cca #aj4 ,regulus ( ,antimony dissolv$ 9 ! ,m9]al ,acids #cce #aa4 ,regulus ( ,antimony comb9$ ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt ,butt] ( ,antimony4 ,c9ab> ( ,antimony #cch #ab4 ,butt] ( ,antimony decomp\nd$ by means ( ,wat] only4 ,pulvis ,alg>o?1 or ,m]curius ,vit4 ,! ,philosophic ,_s ( ,vitriol #cdb #ac4 ,bezo> ,m9]al4 ,! ,bezo>tic ,_s ( ,nitre #cdc #ad4 ,fl[]s ( ,antimony #cdg #ae4 ,regulus ( ,antimony conv]t$ into ,fl[]s #cdh ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ,bismu?4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to extract ,bismu? f its ,ore #cej #b4 ,bismu? dissolv$ by ,acids4 ,magi/]y ( ,bismu?4 ,sympa!tic ,ink #ceb ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,z9c4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to extract ,z9c f its ,ore1 or ,calam9e #ceg #b4 ,to sublime ,z9c into ,fl[]s #cei #c4 ,to comb9e ,z9c ) ,copp]4 ,brass4 ,pr9ce's ,metal1 c4 #cfa #d4 ,z9c dissolv$ 9 ! ,m9]al ,acids #cfe ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ,ars5ic4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to extract ,ars5ic f its matrix4 ,zafre or ,smalt #cfg #b4 ,to sep>ate ,ars5ic f ,sulphur #cga #c4 ,to give ,ars5ic ! ,metall9e ,=m4 ,regulus ( ,ars5ic #cgd #d4 ,to di/il ! ,nitr\s ,acid by ! int]position ( ,ars5ic4 ,blue ,aqua ,=tis4 ,a new ,neutral ,salt ( ,ars5ic #cgg #e4 ,to alkalizate ,nitre by ,ars5ic #cgi ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,vegetables4 ,,section ,i4 ,op]ations on unf]m5t$ ,vegetables4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! ,sub/ances obta9$ f ,vegetables by ,expression only4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to express & depurate ! juice ( a ,plant1 conta9+ its ,ess5tial ,salt4 ,! cry/allization ( t ,salt #chc #b4 ,to draw ! ,oils out ( ,k]nels1 ,se$s1 & ,fruits1 by ,expression #chf #c4 ,to draw ! ,ess5tial ,oils ( c]ta9 ,fruits by ,expression #chg ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,sub/ances obta9$ f ,vegetables by ,triture4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to make ! ,extract ( a ,plant by ,trituration #chi #b4 ,to extract f ,se$s & ,k]nels1 by ,trituration1 ! matt] ( ,emulsions #cib ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,op]ations on ,fat ,oils4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to att5uate ,fat ,oils1 & *ange _! nature1 by expos+ !m to ! action ( fire1 & di/ill+ !m #cie #b4 ,to comb9e ,fat ,oils ) ,acids4 ,! decomposition ( ?is comb9ation #cih #c4 ,to comb9e ,fat ,oils ) ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,h>d & ,s(t ,soap4 ,! decomposition ( ,soap #djj #d4 ,to comb9e ,fat ,oils ) ,sulphur #dje #e4 ,to comb9e ,fat ,oils ) ,lead1 & ! ,calces ( ,lead4 ,! ,basis ( ,pla/]s4 ,! decomposition ( ?is comb9ation #djf ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ! sub/ances obta9$ f ,vegetables ) a degree ( heat n exce$+ t ( boil+ wat]4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to obta9 f ,plants1 by di/ill+ !m ) ! mean degree ( heat betwe5 freez+ & boil+ wat]1 a liquor impregnat$ ) _! ,pr9ciple ( ,od\r #djh #b4 ,to extract ! ,fat ,oils ( ,plants by ,decoction 9 boil+ wat]4 ,cacao-,butt] #daj #c4 ,to extract ! ,ess5tial ,oils ( ,plants by ,di/illation ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]4 ,di/ill$ ,wat] #dab #d4 ,to extract ! ,ess5tial ,oils ( ,plants by di/illation p] desc5sum #dah #e4 ,infusions1 ,decoctions1 & ,extracts ( ,plants #dai ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ,op]ations on ,ess5tial ,oils4 #a4 ,,process4 ,! ,rectification ( ,ess5tial ,oils #dbb #b4 ,to fire ,oils by comb9+ !m ) highly conc5trat$ ,acids3 in/anc$ 9 ,oil ( ,turp5t9e #dbf #c4 ,to comb9e ,ess5tial ,oils ) m9]al ,sulphur4 ,balsam ( ,sulphur4 ,?is composition decomp\nd$ #dcd #d4 ,to comb9e ,ess5tial ,oils ) ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,/>key's ,soap #dch ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,( ! ,sub/ances obta9$ f ,vegetables by means ( a graduat$ heat1 f t ( boil+ wat]1 to ! /ronge/ t c be appli$ to !m 9 close vessels4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to analyze vegetable sub/ances t yield nei!r a ,fat nor an ,ess5tial ,oil3 in/anc$ 9 ,guaiacum-,wood #ddj #b4 ,to analyze a vegetable sub/ance :i* yields ! same pr9ciples z are obta9$ f ,animal matt]s3 in/anc$ 9 ,mu/>d-se$ #dde ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,( ! ,sub/ances obta9$ f ,vegetables by ,combu/ion4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to procure a ,fix$1 ,cau/ic1 ,alkal9e ,salt f a vegetable sub/ance1 by burn+ x 9 ! op5 air #ddh #b4 ,to procure ! ,fix$ ,salt ( a ,plant1 by burn+ x aft] ! mann] ( ,ta*5ius #dec #c4 ,to r5d] ,fix$ ,alkalis v ,cau/ic by means ( ,lime4 ,! ,cau/ic ,/one #dee #d4 ,! ,analysis ( ,soot #deg ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,! ,analyses ( "s p>ticul> sub/ances belong+ to ! ,vegetable ,k+dom4 #a4 ,,process4 ,analysis ( ! ,native ,balsams3 in/anc$ 9 ,turp5t9e #dfj #b4 ,! ,analysis ( ,res9s3 in/anc$ 9 ,b5jam94 ,! ,fl[]s & ,oil ( ,b5jam9 #dfc ,reflections on ! ,nature & ,prop]ties ( ,camphor #dfe #c4 ,! ,analysis ( ,bitum5s3 in/anc$ 9 ,amb]4 ,! ,volatile ,salt & ,oil ( ,amb] #dfg #d4 ,! ,analysis ( ,bee's ,wax1 & su* ,oily ,comp\nds z are analog\s to x #dgb #e4 ,! ,sac*>9e juices ( ,plants analyz$3 in/anc$ 9 ,honey #dgd #f4 ,gummy sub/ances analyz$3 in/anc$ 9 ,gum ,arabic #dgf ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,op]ations on ,f]m5t$ ,vegetable ,sub/ances4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! ,product ( ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to make ,w9e ( ,vegetable ,sub/ances t are susceptible ( ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation #dgh #b4 ,to draw an ,ard5t ,_s f sub/ances t h und]gone ! ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation4 ,! ,analysis ( ,w9e #dhb #c4 ,to dephlegmate ,_s ( ,w9e by ! means ( ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,_s ( ,w9e analyz$ #dhf ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,_s ( ,w9e comb9$ ) diff]5t ,sub/ances4 #a4 ,,process4 ,to comb9e ,_s ( ,w9e ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,?is comb9ation decomp\nd$4 ,rabel's ,wat]4 !r4 ,sweet ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,h(fman's ,anodyne ,m9]al ,liquor #dib #b4 ,_s ( ,w9e comb9$ ) ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,sweet ,_s ( ,nitre #ejc #c4 ,_s ( ,w9e comb9$ ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt4 ,dulcifi$ ,_s ( ,salt #ejh #d4 ,oils1 or ,oily matt]s1 t are soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 sep>at$ f ,vegetables1 & dissolv$1 by means ( t ,m5/ruum4 ,t9ctures2 ,elixirs2 ,v>ni%es4 ,aromatic ,/rong ,wat]s #eaj ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,t>t>4 #a4 ,,process4 ,t>t> analyz$ by di/illation4 ,! ,_s1 ,oil1 & ,alkal9e ,salt ( ,t>t> #ead #b4 ,! depuration ( ,t>t>4 ,cream & ,cry/als ( ,t>t> #eag ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,cry/al ( ,t>t> comb9$ ) sev]al sub/ances4 #a4 ,,process4 ,cry/al ( ,t>t> comb9$ ) ,absorb5t ,e>?s4 ,soluble ,t>t>s #eai #b4 ,cry/al ( ,t>t> comb9$ ) ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,! ,vegetable ,salt4 ,saignette's ,salt4 ,! decomposition ( ,soluble ,t>t> #ebd #c4 ,cry/al ( ,t>t> comb9$ ) ,iron4 ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>4 ,t9cture ( ,/eel ) ,t>t>4 ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t> #ebh #d4 ,cry/al ( ,t>t> comb9$ ) ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony4 ,/ibiat$ or ,emetic ,t>t> #ecd ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ! ,product ( ,acet\s ,f]m5tation4 #a4 ,,process4 ,sub/ances susceptible ( ! ,acet\s ,f]m5tation turn$ into ,v9eg> #ecf #b4 ,to conc5trate ,v9eg> by ,fro/ #edj #c4 ,v9eg> analyz$ by di/illation #edb ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,! ,acid ( ,v9eg> comb9$ ) diff]5t ,sub/ances4 #a4 ,,process4 ,! ,acid ( ,v9eg> comb9$ ) ,alkal9e ,sub/ances4 ,foliat$ ,salt ( ,t>t>1 or ,reg5]at$ ,t>t>4 ,decomposition ( t ,salt #edg #b4 ,! ,acid ( ,v9eg> comb9$ ) ,copp]4 ,v]degris4 ,cry/als ( ,copp]4 ,?is comb9ation decomp\nd$4 ,_s ( ,v]degris #eej #c4 ,! ,acid ( ,v9eg> comb9$ ) ,lead4 ,c]use4 ,salt or ,sug> ( ,lead4 ,?is comb9ation decomp\nd$ #eeb ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,( ! ,putrid ,f]m5tation ( ,vegetable ,sub/ances4 #a4 ,,process4 ,! ,putrefaction ( ,vegetables #eeg #b4 ,putrefi$ ,vegetable sub/ances analyz$ #eei ,,"p ,,iii4 ,( ,op]ations on ,animal ,sub/ances4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ,milk4 #a4 ,,process4 ,milk sep>at$ into ,butt]1 ,curd1 & ,:ey3 in/anc$ 9 ,c['s ,milk #efb #b4 ,butt] analyz$ by di/illation #eff #c4 ,! ,curd ( ,milk analyz$ by di/illation #efi #d4 ,:ey analyz$ #ega ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,sub/ances :i* compose an ,animal ,body4 #a4 ,,process4 ,blood analyz$3 in/anc$ 9 ,bullock's ,blood #egd #b4 ,fle% analyz$3 in/anc$ 9 ,beef #ehj #c4 ,bones analyz$3 in/anc$ 9 ,ox-bones #ehc #d4 ,animal ,fat analyz$3 in/anc$ 9 ,mutton-,suet #ehd #e4 ,eggs analyz$3 in/anc$ 9 ,pullet's ,eggs #ehf ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,animal ,excrem5ts4 #a4 ,,process4 ,dung analyz$3 in/anc$ 9 ,human ,excrem5t4 ,mr4 ,homb]g's ,phosphorus #ehh #b4 ,human ,ur9e analyz$ #eif ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ,volatile ,alkalis4 #a4 ,,process4 ,volatile ,alkalis rectifi$ & depurat$ #eii #b4 ,volatile ,alkalis comb9$ ) ,acids4 ,sundry ,ammoniacal ,salts4 ,sal ,ammoniac #fjb #c4 ,sal ,ammoniac decomp\nd$ by ,acids #fjg #d4 ,sal ,ammoniac decomp\nd$ by ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,volatile ,salt4 ,! ,febrifuge ( ,sylvius #fjh #e4 ,sal ,ammoniac decomp\nd$ by ,absorb5t ,e>?s & ,lime4 ,volatile ,_s ( ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,fix$ ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,oil ( ,lime #faa #f4 ,volatile ,alkalis comb9$ ) oily matt]s4 ,a ,volatile ,oily ,aromatic ,salt #faf ,illu/ration3 ,decorative ,scroll ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,*ymi/ry4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! ,,pr9ciples ( ,,bodies4 ,! object & pr9cipal end ( ,*ymi/ry1 is to sep>ate ! diff]5t sub/ances t ent] into ! composition ( bodies2 to exam9e ea* ( !m ap>t2 to discov] _! prop]ties & relations2 to decompose1 if possible1 ^? v sub/ances2 to comp>e !m toge!r1 & comb9e !m ) o!rs2 to re-unite !m aga9 into "o body1 s z to reproduce ! orig9al comp\nd ) all its prop]ties2 or ev5 to produce new comp\nds t nev] exi/$ among ! works ( nature1 f mixtures ( o!r matt]s diff]5tly comb9$4 ,b ?is ,analysis1 or ,decomposition1 ( bodies is f9ite2 we be+ unable to c>ry x beyond a c]ta9 limit4 ,9 :atev] way we attempt to g fur!r1 we are always /opp$ by sub/ances 9 :i* we c produce no *ange1 :i* w n admit ( be+ resolv$ into o!rs1 & :i* /& z s _m firm b>ri]s ob/ruct+ our progress4 ,to ^! sub/ances we may1 9 my op9ion1 give ! title ( ,pr9ciples or ,elem5ts3 at lea/1 ) reg>d to u1 !y are really su*4 ,( ?is sort ! pr9cipal are ,e>?1 ,wat]1 ,air1 & ,fire4 ,= ?\gh !re is gr\nd to believe t ^! are n ! prim>y compon5t p>ts1 or ! mo/ simple elem5ts1 ( matt]2 yet1 z we "k by exp]i5ce1 t our s5ses _c possibly discov] ! pr9ciples ( :i* !y are compos$1 x seems m reasonable to fix ^u !m1 & consid] !m z simple homog5e\s bodies1 & ! pr9ciples ( ! re/1 ?an to fatigue our m9ds ) va9 conjectures ab\t ! p>ts or elem5ts ( :i* !y may consi/2 see+ !re is no crit]ion by :i* we c "k :e!r we h hit ^u ! tru?1 or :e!r ! notions we h =m$ are m]e fancies4 ,we %all !re=e consid] ^! f\r sub/ances z ! pr9ciples or elem5ts ( all ! v>i\s comp\nds :i* nature pres5ts to our inquiries3 because1 ( all ^? we h z yet discov]$1 !y are 9 fact ! mo/ simple2 & because all our decompositions1 all our exp]im5ts on o!r bodies1 pla9ly prove t !y are at la/ resolvable into ^! prim>y p>ts4 ,^! pr9ciples d n ent] 9 ! same proportion into all bodies3 !re are ev5 "s mixts 9 ! composition ( :i* ?is or t p>ticul> pr9ciple is n to be f\nd4 ,?us ,air & ,wat] seem to be :olly exclud$ f ! texture ( ,metals2 at lea/ all ! exp]im5ts t h hi!rto be5 made on !m seem to confirm ?is op9ion4 ,! sub/ances compos$ imm$iately ( ^! fir/ ,elem5ts we %all call second>y ,pr9ciples2 because 9 reality _! sev]al comb9ations ) ea* o!r1 ! int]*angeable coalitions t take place betwe5 !m1 con/itute ! diff]5t natures ( all o!r bodies2 :i*1 z !y result f ! union bo? ( prim>y & second>y pr9ciples1 are prop]ly entitl$ to ! "n ( ,comp\nds or ,mixts4 ,be=e we ent] ^u ! exam9ation ( ,comp\nd ,sub/ances1 x is necess>y to consid] ) "s att5tion ! mo/ ,simple ones1 or our f\r fir/ pr9ciples1 9 ord] to discov] _! *ief prop]ties4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ,,air4 ,air is t ,fluid :i* we con/antly brea!1 & :i* surr\nds ! :ole surface ( ! t]re/rial globe4 ,be+ heavy1 l all o!r bodies1 x p5etrates into all places t are n ei!r absolutely inaccessible1 or fill$ ) "s o!r body heavi] ?an itself4 ,its pr9cipal prop]ty is to be susceptible ( cond5sation & r>efaction2 s t ! v same quantity ( ,air may occupy a mu* great]1 or a mu* small] space1 accord+ to ! diff]5t /ate x is 94 ,heat & cold1 or1 if y w1 ! pres5ce & ! abs5ce ( ! p>ticles ( ,fire1 are ! mo/ usual causes1 & inde$ ! measures1 ( its cond5sation & r>efaction3 = if a c]ta9 quantity ( ,air be heat$1 its bulk enl>ges 9 proportion to ! degree ( heat appli$ to x2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is1 t ! same space n[ conta9s few] p>ticles ( ,air ?an x did be=e4 ,cold aga9 produces j ! opposite effect4 ,on ?is prop]ty :i* ,air has1 ( be+ cond5s$ & r>efi$ by heat1 its ela/icity or spr+9ess *iefly dep5ds4 ,= if ,air 7 =c$ by cond5sation into a less compass ?an x took up be=e1 & !n expos$ to a v consid]able degree ( cold1 x w\ld rema9 q inactive1 )\t ex]t+ su* an ef=t z x usually makes aga9/ ! compress+ body4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ela/icity ( heat$ ,air arises only f h5ce1 t be+ r>efi$ by ! action ( ,fire1 x requires mu* m space ?an x occupi$ be=e4 ,air ent]s into ! composition ( _m sub/ances1 especially vegetable & animal bodies3 = by analys+ mo/ ( !m su* a consid]able quantity !re( is extricat$1 t "s naturali/s h suspect$ x to be altoge!r de/itute ( ela/icity :5 ?us comb9$ ) ! o!r pr9ciples 9 ! composition ( bodies4 ,accord+ to !m1 ! efficacy ( ! ela/ic p[] ( ! ,air is s prodigi\s1 & its =ce :5 compress$ s excessive1 t x is n possible ! o!r compon5t p>ts ( bodies %\ld be able to conf9e s mu* ( x1 9 t /ate ( compression :i* x mu/ ne$s und]go1 if reta9+ its ela/icity x 7 p5t up among !m4 ,h[ev] t be1 ?is ela/ic prop]ty ( ! ,air produces ! mo/ s+ul> & important ph5om5a1 obs]vable 9 ! resolution & composition ( bodies4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,,wat]4 ,wat] is a ?+ s well kn[n1 t x is almo/ ne$less to attempt giv+ a g5]al idea ( x "h4 ,e "o kn[s t x is a transp>5t1 insipid sub/ance1 & usually fluid4 ,i say x is usually s2 = be+ expos$ to a c]ta9 degree ( cold x becomes solid3 solidity !re=e seems to be its mo/ natural /ate4 ,wat] expos$ to ! ,fire gr[s hot2 b only to a limit$ degree1 beyond :i* its heat nev] rises1 be ! =ce ( ,fire appli$ to x ev] s viol5t3 x is kn[n to h acquir$ ?is degree ( heat by its boil+ up ) great tumult4 ,wat] _c be made hott]1 because x is volatile1 & incapable ( endur+ ! heat1 )\t be+ evaporat$ & entirely dissipat$4 ,if su* a viol5t & sudd5 heat be appli$ to ,wat]1 z w n all[ x "t to exhale g5tly 9 vap\rs1 z :51 = in/ance1 a small quantity !re( is ?r[n ^u a metal 9 fusion1 x is dissipat$ at once ) va/ impetuosity1 produc+ a mo/ t]rible & dang]\s explosion4 ,?is surpris+ effect may be d$uc$ f ! in/antane\s dilatation ( ! p>ts ( ! ,wat] itself1 or r ( ! ,air x conta9s4 ,moreov]1 ,wat] ent]s into ! texture ( _m bodies1 bo? comp\nds & second>y pr9ciples2 b1 l ,air1 x seems to be exclud$ f ! composition ( all metals & mo/ m9]als4 ,= al?\gh an imm5se quantity ( ,wat] exi/s 9 ! b[els ( ! ,e>?1 moi/5+ all its cont5ts1 x _c be !nce inf]r$1 t x is "o ( ! pr9ciples ( m9]als4 ,x is only int]pos$ betwe5 _! p>ts2 = !y may be entirely dive/$ ( x1 )\t any sort ( decomposition3 inde$ x is n capable ( an intimate connection ) !m4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ,,e>?4 ,we obs]v$ t ! two pr9ciples above treat$ ( are volatile2 t is1 ! action ( ,fire sep>ates !m f ! bodies !y help to compose1 c>ry+ !m q (f1 & dissipat+ !m4 ,t ( :i* we are n[ to speak1 namely ,e>?1 is fix$1 &1 :5 x is absolutely pure1 resi/s ! utmo/ =ce ( ,fire4 ,s t1 :atev] rema9s ( a body1 aft] x ha? be5 expos$ to ! p[] ( ! fi]ce/ ,fire1 mu/ be consid]$ z conta9+ ne>ly all its e>?y pr9ciple1 & consi/+ *iefly !re(4 ,i qualify my expression ?us = two reasons3 ! fir/ is1 because x (t5 happ5s1 t ?is rema9d] does n actually conta9 all ! ,e>? :i* exi/$ orig9ally 9 ! mixt body decompos$ by ,fire2 s9ce x w aft]w>ds appe> t ,e>?1 ?\gh 9 its own nature fix$1 may be r5d]$ volatile by be+ intimately unit$ ) o!r sub/ances :i* are s2 & t1 9 fact1 x is common en\gh = "p ( ! ,e>? ( a body to be ?us volatiliz$ by its o!r pr9ciples3 ! second is1 t :at rema9s aft] ! calc9ation ( a body is n g5]ally its e>? 9 p]fect purity1 b comb9$ ) "s ( its o!r pr9ciples1 :i*1 ?\gh volatile 9 _! own natures1 h be5 fix$ by ! union contract$ betwe5 x & !m4 ,we %all1 9 ! sequel1 produce "s examples to illu/rate ?is !ory4 ,e>?1 !re=e1 prop]ly s call$1 is a fix$ pr9ciple1 :i* is p]man5t 9 ! ,fire4 ,!re is reason to ?9k x v difficult1 if n impossible1 to obta9 ! e>?y pr9ciple entirely free f e o!r sub/ance3 = aft] our utmo/ endeav\rs to purify !m1 ! ,e>?s we obta9 f diff]5t comp\nds are f\nd to h diff]5t prop]ties1 accord+ to ! diff]5t bodies f :i* !y are procur$2 or else1 if ^? ,e>?s be pure1 we mu/ all[ !m to be ess5tially diff]5t1 see+ !y h diff]5t prop]ties4 ,e>?1 9 g5]al1 ) reg>d to its prop]ties1 may be di/ribut$ into fusible1 & unfusible2 t is1 into ,e>? t is capable ( melt+ or becom+ fluid 9 ! ,fire1 & ,e>? t con/antly rema9s 9 a solid =m1 nev] melt+ 9 ! /ronge/ degree ( heat to :i* we c expose x4 ,! =m] is also call$ vitrifiable1 & ! second unvitrifiable ,e>?2 because1 :5 ,e>? is melt$ by ! =ce ( ,fire1 x becomes :at we call ,glass1 :i* is no?+ b ! p>ts ( ,e>? br\ght into ne>] contact1 & m closely unit$ by ! means ( fusion4 ,p]haps ! ,e>?1 :i* we look ^u z incapable ( vitrification1 might be fus$ if we c\ld apply to x a suffici5t degree ( heat4 ,x is at lea/ c]ta91 t "s ,e>?s1 or /ones1 :i* sep>ately resi/ ! =ce ( ,fire1 s t !y _c be melt$1 become fusible :5 mix$ toge!r4 ,exp]i5ce conv9c$ ,mr4 du ,hamel t lime-/one & slate are ( ?is k9d4 ,x is h[ev] und\bt$ly true1 t "o ,e>? diff]s f ano!r 9 its degree ( fusibility3 & ?is gives gr\nd to believe1 t !re may be a species ( ,e>? absolutely unvitrifiable 9 its nature1 :i*1 be+ mix$ 9 diff]5t proportions ) fusible ,e>?s1 r5d]s !m difficult to melt4 ,:atev] may be 9 ?is1 z !re are ,e>?s :i* we are absolutely unable to vitrify1 t is a suffici5t reason = our division ( !m4 ,unvitrifiable ,e>?s seem to be por\s1 = !y imbibe ,wat]2 :5ce !y h also got ! "n ( ,absorb5t ,e>?s4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,( ,,fire4 ,! ,matt] ( ! ,sun1 or ( ,light1 ! ,phlogi/on1 ,fire1 ! ,sulphure\s ,pr9ciple1 ! ,inflammable ,matt]1 are all ( !m names by :i* ! ,elem5t ( ,fire is usually d5ot$4 ,b x %\ld seem1 t an accurate di/9ction ha? n yet be5 made betwe5 ! diff]5t /ates 9 :i* x exi/s2 t is1 betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( ,fire actually exi/+ z a pr9ciple 9 ! composition ( bodies1 & ^? :i* x exhibits :5 exi/+ sep>ately & 9 its natural /ate3 nor h prop] di/9ct appellations be5 assign$ to x 9 ^? diff]5t circum/ances4 ,9 ! latt] /ate we may prop]ly give x ! names ( ,fire1 ,matt] ( ! ,sun1 ( ,light1 & ( ,heat2 & may consid] x z a sub/ance compos$ ( inf9itely small p>ticles1 cont9ually agitat$ by a mo/ rapid motion1 &1 ( consequ5ce1 ess5tially fluid4 ,?is sub/ance1 ( :i* ! sun may be call$ ! g5]al res]voir1 seems to fl[ incessantly f t s\rce1 diffus+ itself ov] ! _w1 & ?r\gh all ! bodies we "k2 b n z a pr9ciple1 or ess5tial "p ( !m1 s9ce !y may be depriv$ !re(1 at lea/ 9 a great measure1 )\t suff]+ any decomposition4 ,! greate/ *ange produc$ on !m1 by its pres5ce or its abs5ce1 is ! r5d]+ !m fluid or solid3 s t all o!r bodies may be deem$ naturally solid2 ,fire alone ess5tially fluid1 & ! pr9ciple ( fluidity 9 o!rs4 ,?is be+ presuppos$1 ,air itself might become solid1 if x c\ld be entirely depriv$ ( ! ,fire x conta9s2 z bodies ( mo/ difficult fusion become fluid1 :5 p5etrat$ by a suffici5t quantity ( ! p>ticles ( ,fire4 ,"o ( ! *ief prop]ties ( ?is pure ,fire is to p5etrate easily into all bodies1 & to diffuse itself among !m ) a sort ( uni=mity & equality3 = if a heat$ body be contigu\s to a cold "o1 ! =m] communicates to ! latt] all its excess ( heat1 cool+ 9 exact proportion z ! o!r w>ms1 till bo? come to h ! v same degree ( heat4 ,heat1 h[ev]1 is naturally communicable soone/ to ! upp] p>ts ( a body2 & consequ5tly1 :5 a body cools1 ! "u p>ts become soone/ cold4 ,x ha? be5 obs]v$1 = in/ance1 t ! l[] extremity ( a heat$ body1 freely susp5d$ 9 ! air1 gr[s cold soon] ?an ! upp]2 & t1 :5 a b> ( iron is r$-hot at "o end1 & cold at ! o!r1 ! cold end is mu* soon] heat$ by plac+ ! b> s t ! hot end may be und]mo/1 ?an1 :5 t end is turn$ upp]mo/4 ,! levity ( ! matt] ( ,fire1 & ! vic9ity ( ! ,e>?1 may possibly be ! causes ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,ano!r prop]ty ( ,fire is to dilate all bodies into :i* x p5etrates4 ,?is ha? already be5 %ewn ) reg>d to ,air & ,wat]2 & x produces ! same effect on ,e>?4 ,fire is ! mo/ p[]ful ag5t we c employ to decompose bodies2 & ! greate/ degree ( heat producible by man1 is t excit$ by ! rays ( ! sun collect$ 9 ! focus ( a l>ge burn+-glass4 ,,section ,v4 ,( ! ,,phlogi/on4 ,f :at ha? be5 said conc]n+ ! nature ( ,fire1 x is evid5tly impossible = u to fix & conf9e x 9 any body4 ,yet ! ph5om5a att5d+ ! combu/ion ( inflammable bodies %ew1 t !y really conta9 ! matt] ( ,fire z a con/itu5t pr9ciple4 ,by :at me*anism !n is ?is fluid1 :i* is s subtle1 s active1 s difficult to conf9e1 s capable ( p5etrat+ into e o!r sub/ance 9 nature2 h[ comes x1 ,i say1 to be s fix$ z to make a compon5t "p ( ! mo/ solid bodies8 ,x is no easy matt] to give a satisfactory answ] to ?is "q4 ,b1 )\t pret5d+ to guess ! cause ( ! ph5om5on1 let u re/ cont5t$ ) ! c]ta9ty ( ! fact1 ! k ( :i* w und\bt$ly procure u consid]able advantages4 ,let u !re=e exam9e ! prop]ties ( ,fire ?us fix$1 & become a pr9ciple ( bodies4 ,to ?is sub/ance1 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f pure & unfix$ ,fire1 ! ,*ymi/s h assign$ ! peculi> title ( ! ,phlogi/on1 :i* inde$ is no o!r ?an a ,greek ^w = ! ,inflammable ,matt]2 by :i* latt] "n1 z well z by t ( ! ,sulphure\s ,pr9ciple1 x is also sometimes call$4 ,x diff]s f elem5t>y ,fire 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s4 #a4 ,:5 unit$ to a body1 x communicates to x nei!r heat nor light4 #b4 ,x produces no *ange 9 its /ate1 :e!r ( solidity or fluidity2 s t a solid body does n become fluid by ! accession ( ! ,phlogi/on1 & vice v]sa2 ! solid bodies to :i* x is jo9$ be+ only r5d]$ !reby m apt to be fus$ by ! =ce ( ! cul9>y fire4 #c4 ,we c convey x f ! body ) :i* x is jo9$ into ano!r body1 s t x %all ent] into ! composition !re(1 & rema9 fix$ 9 x4 ,on ?is occasion bo? ^! bodies1 t :i* is depriv$ ( ! ,phlogi/on & t :i* receives x1 und]go v consid]able alt]ations2 & x is ?is la/ circum/ance1 9 p>ticul>1 t obliges u to di/+ui% ! ,phlogi/on f pure ,fire1 & to consid] x z ! elem5t ( ,fire comb9$ ) "s o!r sub/ance1 :i* s]ves x z a basis = con/itut+ a k9d ( second>y pr9ciple4 ,= if !re 7 no diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 we %\ld be able to introduce & fix pure ,fire itself1 :]ev] we c introduce & fix ! ,phlogi/on3 yet ?is is :at we c by no means d1 z w appe> f exp]im5ts to be aft]w>ds produc$4 ,hi!rto1 ,*ymi/s h nev] be5 able to obta9 ! ,phlogi/on q pure1 & free f e o!r sub/ance3 = !re are b two ways ( sep>at+ x f a body ( :i* x makes a "p2 to wit1 ei!r by apply+ "s o!r body ) :i* x may unite ! mom5t x quits ! =m]2 or else by calc9+ & burn+ ! comp\nd f :i* y desire to sev] x4 ,9 ! =m] case x is evid5t t we d n get ! ,phlogi/on by itself1 because x only passes f "o comb9ation into ano!r2 & 9 ! latt]1 x is entirely dissipat$ 9 ! decomposition1 s t no "p ( x c possibly be secur$4 ,! inflammability ( a body is an infallible sign t x conta9s a ,phlogi/on2 b f a body's n be+ inflammable1 x _c be inf]r$ t x conta9s none2 = exp]im5ts h demon/rat$ t c]ta9 metals ab\nd ) x1 :i* yet are by no means inflammable4 ,we h n[ deliv]$ :at is mo/ necess>y to be kn[n conc]n+ ! pr9ciples ( bodies 9 g5]al4 ,!y h _m o!r qualities besides ^? above-m5tion$2 b we _c prop]ly take notice ( !m "h1 because !y presuppose an acqua9tance ) "s o!r ?+s relat+ to bodies1 ( :i* we h hi!rto said no?+2 int5d+ to treat ( !m 9 ! sequel z occasion %all (f]4 ,we %all only obs]ve 9 ?is place1 t :5 animal & vegetable matt]s are burnt1 9 su* a mann] z to h9d] !m f flam+1 "s "p ( ! ,phlogi/on conta9$ 9 !m unites intimately ) _! mo/ fix$ e>?y p>ts1 & ) !m =ms a comp\nd1 t c be consum$ only by mak+ x r$-hot 9 ! op5 air1 :]e x sp>kles & wa/es away1 )\t emitt+ any flame4 ,?is comp\nd is call$ a ,coal4 ,we %all inquire into ! prop]ties ( ?is ,coal "u ! head ( ,oils3 at pres5t x suffices t we "k 9 g5]al :at x is1 & t x readily communicates to o!r bodies ! ,phlogi/on x conta9s4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,a g5]al ,view ( ! ,relations or ,aff9ities betwe5 ,bodies4 ,be=e we c r$uce comp\nd ,bodies to ! fir/ pr9ciples above po9t$ out1 we obta91 by analys+ !m1 c]ta9 sub/ances :i* are inde$ m simple ?an ! bodies !y help$ to compose1 yet are !mselves compos$ ( our prim>y pr9ciples4 ,!y are !re=e at "o & ! same "t bo? pr9ciples & comp\nds2 = :i* reason we %all1 z 0 be=e said1 call !m by ! "n ( ,second>y ,pr9ciples4 ,sal9e & oily matt]s *iefly con/itute ?is class4 ,b be=e we ent] ^u an exam9ation ( _! prop]ties1 x is fit we lay be=e ! read] a g5]al view ( :at ,*ymi/s und]/& by ! ,relations or ,aff9ities ( ,bodies2 because x is necess>y to "k ^!1 9 ord] to a di/9ct conception ( ! diff]5t comb9ations we are to treat (4 ,all ! exp]im5ts hi!rto made concur ) daily obs]vation to prove1 t diff]5t bodies1 :e!r pr9ciples or comp\nds1 h su* a mutual ,con=mity1 ,relation1 ,aff9ity1 or ,attraction1 if y w call x s1 z disposes "s ( !m to jo9 & unite toge!r1 :ile !y are incapable ( contract+ any union ) o!rs4 ,?is effect1 :atev] be its cause1 w enable u to acc\nt =1 & connect toge!r1 all ! ph5om5a t ,*ymi/ry produces4 ,! nature ( ?is univ]sal affection ( matt] is di/9ctly laid d[n 9 ! foll[+ propositions4 ,fir/1 ,if any sub/ance ha? any ,aff9ity or con=mity ) ano!r1 ! two w unite toge!r1 & =m "o comp\nd4 ,secondly1 ,x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule1 t all simil> sub/ances h an ,aff9ity ) ea* o!r1 & are consequ5tly dispos$ to unite2 z wat] ) wat]1 e>? ) e>?1 c4 ,?irdly1 ,sub/ances t unite toge!r lose "s ( _! sep>ate prop]ties2 & ! comp\nds result+ f _! union p>take ( ! prop]ties ( ^? sub/ances :i* s]ve z _! pr9ciples4 ,f\r?ly1 ,! simpl] any sub/ances are1 ! m p]ceptible & consid]able are _! ,aff9ities3 :5ce x foll[s1 t ! less bodies are comp\nd$1 ! m difficult x is to analyse !m2 t is1 to sep>ate f ea* o!r ! pr9ciples ( :i* !y consi/4 ,fif?ly1 ,if a body consi/ ( two sub/ances1 & to ?is comp\nd be pres5t$ a ?ird sub/ance1 t has no ,aff9ity at all ) "o ( ! two prim>y sub/ances a=esaid1 b has a great] ,aff9ity ) ! o!r ?an ^? two sub/ances h ) ea* o!r1 !re w ensue a decomposition1 & a new union2 t is1 ! ?ird sub/ance w sep>ate ! two comp\nd+ sub/ances f ea* o!r1 coalesce ) t :i* has an ,aff9ity ) x1 =m !re) a new comb9ation1 & dis5gage ! o!r1 :i* w !n be left at lib]ty1 & su* z x 0 be=e x _h contract$ any union4 ,six?ly1 ,x happ5s sometimes t :5 a ?ird sub/ance is pres5t$ to a body consi/+ ( two sub/ances1 no decomposition foll[s2 b ! two comp\nd+ sub/ances1 )\t quitt+ ea* o!r1 unite ) ! sub/ance pres5t$ to !m1 & =m a comb9ation ( ?ree pr9ciples3 & ?is comes to pass :5 t ?ird sub/ance has an equal1 or ne>ly equal1 ,aff9ity ) ea* ( ! comp\nd+ sub/ances4 ,! same ?+ may also happ5 ev5 :5 ! ?ird sub/ance ha? no ,aff9ity b ) "o ( ! comp\nd+ sub/ances only4 ,to produce su* an effect1 x is suffici5t t "o ( ! two comp\nd+ sub/ances h to ! ?ird body a ,relation equal1 or ne>ly equal1 to t :i* x has to ! o!r comp\nd+ sub/ance ) :i* x is already comb9$4 ,!nce x foll[s1 t two sub/ances1 :i*1 :5 ap>t f all o!rs1 are incapable ( contract+ any union1 may be r5d]$ capable ( incorporat+ toge!r 9 "s measure1 & becom+ p>ts ( ! same comp\nd1 by comb9+ ) a ?ird sub/ance ) :i* ea* ( !m has an equal ,aff9ity4 ,sev5?ly1 ,a body1 :i* ( itself _c decompose a comp\nd consi/+ ( two sub/ances1 because1 z we j n[ said1 !y h a great] aff9ity ) ea* o!r ?an x has ) ei!r ( !m1 becomes nev]!less capable ( sep>at+ ! two by unit+ ) "o ( !m1 :5 x is itself comb9$ ) ano!r body1 hav+ a degree ( ,aff9ity ) t "o1 suffici5t to comp5sate its own want !re(4 ,9 t case !re are two ,aff9ities1 & !nce ensues a d\ble decomposition & a d\ble comb9ation4 ,^! fundam5tal tru?s1 f :i* we %all d$uce an explanation ( all ! ph5om5a 9 ,*ymi/ry1 w be confirm$ & illu/rat$ by apply+ !m1 z we %all d1 to ! sev]al cases1 ( :i* our design 9 ?is treatise obliges u to give a circum/antial acc\nt4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,sal9e ,sub/ances 9 g5]al4 ,if a p>ticle ( wat] be intimately unit$ ) a p>ticle ( e>?1 ! result w be a new comp\nd1 :i*1 accord+ to our ?ird proposition ( ,aff9ities1 w p>take ( ! prop]ties ( e>? & ( wat]2 & ?is comb9ation pr9cipally =ms :at is call$ a ,sal9e ,sub/ance4 ,consequ5tly e ,sal9e ,sub/ance mu/ h an aff9ity ) e>? & ) wat]1 & be capable ( unit+ ) bo? or ei!r ( !m1 :e!r !y be sep>ate or mix$ toge!r3 & accord+ly ?is prop]ty *>act]izes all ,salts1 or ,sal9e ,sub/ances1 9 g5]al4 ,wat] be+ volatile & ,e>? fix$1 ,salts 9 g5]al are less volatile ?an ! =m]1 & less fix$ ?an ! latt]2 t is1 fire1 :i* _c volatilize & c>ry (f pure e>?1 is capable ( r>efy+ & volatiliz+ a ,sal9e ,sub/ance2 b !n ?is requires a great] degree ( heat ?an is necess>y = produc+ ! same effects on pure wat]4 ,!re are sev]al sorts ( ,salts1 diff]+ f "o ano!r1 9 respect ei!r ( ! quantity1 or ! quality ( ! e>? 9 _! composition2 or1 la/ly1 !y diff] on acc\nt ( "s additional pr9ciples1 :i* n be+ comb9$ ) !m 9 suffici5t quantity to h9d] _! ,sal9e prop]ties f appe>+1 p]mit !m to reta9 ! "n ( ,salts1 ?\gh !y r5d] !m v diff]5t f ! simple/ ,sal9e ,sub/ances4 ,x is easy to inf]1 f :at has be5 said ( ,salts 9 g5]al1 t "s ( !m mu/ be m1 "s less1 fix$ or volatile ?an o!rs1 & "s m1 "s less1 dispos$ to unite ) wat]1 ) e>?1 or ) p>ticul> sorts ( e>?1 accord+ to ! nature or ! proportion ( _! pr9ciples4 ,be=e we proce$ fur!r1 x is prop] j to m5tion ! pr9ciple reasons1 :i* induce u to ?9k t e ,sal9e ,sub/ance is actually a comb9ation ( e>? & wat]1 z we suppos$ at our ent]+ on ?is subject4 ,! fir/ is1 ! con=mity ,salts h ) e>? & wat]1 or ! prop]ties !y possess 9 common ) bo?4 ,( ^! prop]ties we %all treat fully1 z occasion (f]s to consid] !m1 9 exam9+ ! sev]al sorts ( ,salts4 ,! second is1 t all ,salts may be actually resolv$ into e>? & wat] by sundry processes2 p>ticul>ly by repeat$ dissolution 9 wat]1 evaporation1 desiccation1 & calc9ation4 ,inde$ ! ,*ymi/s h n yet be5 able to procure a ,sal9e ,sub/ance1 by comb9+ e>? & wat] toge!r4 ,?is fav\rs a suspicion1 t1 besides ^! two1 !re is "s o!r pr9ciple 9 ! composition ( salts1 :i* escapes our rese>*es1 because we _c pres]ve x :5 we decompose !m2 b x is suffici5t to our purpose1 t wat] & e>? are demon/rably among/ ! real pr9ciples ( ,sal9e ,sub/ances1 & t no exp]im5t ha? ev] %ewn u any o!r4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ,,acids4 ,( all ,sal9e ,sub/ances1 ! simple/ is t call$ an ,acid1 on acc\nt ( its ta/e2 :i* is l t ( v]juice1 sorrel1 v9eg>1 & o!r s\r ?+s1 :i*1 = ! same reason1 are also call$ ,acids4 ,by ?is peculi> ta/e are ,acids *iefly kn[n4 ,!y h moreov] ! prop]ty ( turn+ all ! blue & violet col\rs ( vegetables r$1 :i* di/+ui%es !m f all o!r salts4 ,! =m1 "u :i* ,acids mo/ commonly appe>1 is t ( a transp>5t liquor2 ?\gh solidity is r _! natural /ate4 ,?is is ow+ to _! aff9ity ) wat]2 :i* is s great1 t1 :5 !y conta9 b j z mu* ( x z is necess>y to con/itute !m ,salts1 & consequ5tly h a solid =m1 !y rapidly unite !re) ! mom5t !y come into contact ) x3 & z ! air is always load$ ) moi/ure & aque\s vap\rs1 its contact alone is suffici5t to liquify !m2 because !y unite ) its humidity1 imbibe x gre$ily1 & by t means become fluid4 ,we !re=e say1 !y attract ! moi/ure ( ! air4 ,?is *ange ( a salt f a solid to a fluid /ate1 by ! sole contact ( ! air1 is also call$ ,deliquium2 s t :5 a salt *anges 9 ?is mann] f a solid into a fluid =m1 x is said to run p] deliquium4 ,acids be+ ! simple/ species ( ,sal9e bodies1 _! aff9ities ) diff]5t sub/ances are /rong] ?an ^? ( any o!r sort ( salt ) ! same sub/ances2 :i* is agreeable to our f\r? proposition conc]n+ ,aff9ities4 ,acids 9 g5]al h a great aff9ity ) e>?s3 t ) :i* !y mo/ readily unite is ! unvitrifiable e>? to :i* we gave ! "n ( absorb5t e>?4 ,!y seem1 n to act at all ^u vitrifiable e>?s1 su* z s&2 nor yet ^u "s o!r k9ds ( e>?s1 at lea/ :ile !y are 9 _! natural /ate4 ,yet ! nature ( ^! e>?s may be 9 "s measure *ang$1 by mak+ !m r$-hot 9 ! fire1 & !n qu5*+ !m sudd5ly 9 cold wat]3 =1 by repeat+ ?is (t51 !y are br\ght ne>] to ! nature ( absorb5t e>?s1 & r5d]$ capable ( unit+ ) ,acids4 ,:5 an acid liquor is mix$ ) an absorb5t e>?1 = in/ance ) *alk1 ^! two sub/ances in/antly ru% into union1 ) s mu* impetuosity1 especially if ! acid liquor be z mu* dephlegmat$1 or conta9 z little wat]1 z may be1 t a great ebullition is imm$iately produc$1 att5d$ ) consid]able hiss+1 heat1 & vap\rs1 :i* rise ! v in/ant ( _! conjunction4 ,f ! comb9ation ( an acid ) an absorb5t e>? !re arises a new comp\nd1 :i* "s ,*ymi/s h call$ ,sal ,salsum2 because ! ,acid by unit+ ) ! e>? loses its s\r ta/e1 & acquires ano!r n unlike t ( ! common sea-salt us$ 9 our kit*5s2 yet v>y+ accord+ to ! diff]5t sorts ( ,acids & e>?s comb9$ toge!r4 ,! ,acid at ! same "t loses its prop]ty ( turn+ vegetable blues & violet col\rs r$4 ,if we inquire :at is become ( its prop5sity to unite ) wat]1 we %all f9d t ! e>?1 :i* ( itself is n soluble 9 wat]1 ha?1 by its union ) ! ,acid1 acquir$ a facility ( dissolv+ !re92 s t our ,sal ,salsum is soluble 9 wat]4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,acid ha?1 by its union ) ! e>?1 lo/ "p ( ! aff9ity x _h ) wat]2 s t if a ,sal ,salsum be dri$1 & fre$ ( all sup]flu\s humidity1 x w rema91 9 t dry solid =m1 in/ead ( attract+ ! moi/ure ( ! air1 & runn+ p] deliquium1 z ! ,acid w\ld d if x 7 pure & unmix$ ) e>?4 ,h[ev]1 ?is g5]al rule admits ( "s exceptions2 & we %all h occasion 9 ano!r place to take notice ( c]ta9 comb9ations ( ,acids ) e>?s1 :i* /ill cont9ue to attract ! moi/ure ( ! air1 ?\gh n s /rongly z a pure ,acid4 ,,acids h likewise a great aff9ity ) ! ,phlogi/on4 ,:5 we come to treat ( ea* ,acid 9 p>ticul>1 we %all exam9e ! comb9ations ( ea* ) ! ,phlogi/on3 !y diff] s widely f "o ano!r1 & _m ( !m are s little kn[n1 t we _c at pres5t give any g5]al idea ( !m4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,,alkalis4 ,alkalis are ,sal9e comb9ations1 9 :i* !re is a great] proportion ( e>? ?an 9 ,acids4 ,! pr9cipal argum5ts t may be adduc$ to prove ?is fact are ^!3 ,fir/2 if !y be treat$ 9 ! mann] propos$ above = analyz+ ,sal9e ,sub/ances1 we obta9 f !m a mu* great] quantity ( e>? ?an we d f ,acids4 ,secondly2 by comb9+ c]ta9 ,acids ) c]ta9 e>?s we c produce ,alkalis2 or at lea/ su* sal9e comp\nds z greatly resemble !m4 ,our ?ird & la/ argum5t is drawn f ! prop]ties ( ^? ,alkalis :i*1 :5 pure & unadult]at$ ) any o!r pr9ciple1 h less aff9ity ) wat] ?an ,acids h1 & are also m fix$1 resi/+ ! utmo/ =ce ( fire4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is t !y h obta9$ ! title ( ,fix$1 z well z to di/+ui% !m f ano!r species ( ,alkali1 to be consid]$ h]eaft]1 :i* is impure & volatile4 ,?\gh fix$ ,alkalis1 :5 dry1 su/a9 ! utmo/ viol5ce ( fire )\t fly+ (f 9 vap\rs1 x is rem>kable t1 be+ boil$ ) wat] 9 an op5 vessel1 consid]able quantities ( !m rise ) ! /eam3 an effect :i* mu/ be attribut$ to ! great aff9ity betwe5 ^! two sub/ances1 by means :]e( wat] communicates "s "p ( its volatility to ! fix$ salt4 ,alkalis fre$ ( _! sup]flu\s humidity by calc9ation attract ! moi/ure ( ! air1 b n s /rongly z ,acids3 s t x is easi] to procure & pres]ve !m 9 a solid =m4 ,!y fl[ 9 ! fire1 & are !n capable ( unit+ ) vitrifiable e>?s1 & ( =m+ !re) true glass1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w p>take ( _! prop]ties1 if !y be us$ 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,z !y melt m readily ?an vitrifiable e>?1 !y facilitate its fusion2 s t a weak] fire w r$uce x to glass1 :5 a fix$ ,alkali is jo9$ ) x1 ?an w melt x )\t t addition4 ,alkalis are kn[n by _! ta/e1 :i* is acrid & fi]y2 & by ! prop]ties !y possess ( turn+ vegetable blues & violet col\rs gre52 p>ticul>ly syrop ( violets4 ,_! aff9ity ) acids is great] ?an t ( absorb5t e>?s2 & h5ce x comes to pass1 t if an ,alkali be pres5t$ to a comb9ation ( an ,acid ) an absorb5t e>?1 ! e>? w be sep>at$ f ! ,acid by ! ,alkali1 & a new union betwe5 ! ,acid & ! ,alkali w take place4 ,?is is bo? an in/ance & a pro( ( our fif? proposition conc]n+ ,aff9ities4 ,if a pure ,alkali be pres5t$ to a pure ,acid1 !y ru% toge!r ) viol5ce1 & produce ! same ph5om5a z 7 obs]v$ 9 ! union ( an absorb5t e>? ) an ,acid2 b 9 a great] & m rem>kable degree4 ,fix$ ,alkalis may 9 g5]al be divid$ into two sorts3 "o ( ^! ha? all ! above-recit$ prop]ties2 b ! o!r possesses "s t are peculi> to itself4 ,we %all consid] ?is latt] sort m p>ticul>ly "u ! head ( ,sea-,salt4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ,,neutral ,,salts4 ,! ,acid & ! ,alkali ?us unit+ mutually rob ea* o!r ( _! *>act]i/ic prop]ties2 s t ! comp\nd result+ f _! union produces no *ange 9 ! blue col\rs ( vegetables1 & has a ta/e :i* is nei!r s\r nor acrid1 b salti%4 ,a sal9e comb9ation ( ?is k9d is = t reason nam$ ,sal ,salsum1 ,sal ,m$ium1 ( a ,neutral ,salt4 ,su* comb9ations are also call$ by ! pla9 g5]al "n ( ,salts4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t1 9 ord] to make ^! ,salts p]fectly ,neutral1 x is necess>y t nei!r ( ! two sal9e pr9ciples ( :i* !y are comp\nd$ be pr$om9ant ov] ! o!r2 = 9 t case !y w h ! prop]ties ( ! prevail+ pr9ciple4 ,! reason is ?is3 nei!r ( ^! sal9e sub/ances c unite ) ! o!r b 9 a limit$ proportion1 beyond :i* !re c be no fur!r coalition betwe5 !m4 ,! action by :i* ?is p]fect union is accompli%$ is t]m$ ,saturation2 & ! in/ant :5 su* proportions ( ! two sal9e sub/ances are mix$ toge!r1 t ! "o is incorporat$ ) z mu* ( ! o!r z x c possibly take up1 is call$ ! ,po9t ( ,saturation4 ,all ?is is equally applicable to ! comb9ation ( an ,acid ) an absorb5t e>?4 ,! comb9ation is kn[n to be p]fect1 t is1 ! ,po9t ( ,saturation is kn[n to be obta9$1 :51 aft] repeat$ affusions ( an ,acid 9 small quantities to an ,alkali1 or an absorb5t e>?1 we f9d ^? ph5om5a cease1 :i* 9 su* cases con/antly att5d ! conflict ( union1 z we said above1 namely1 ebullition1 hiss+1 c4 & we may be assur$ ! ,saturation is complete :5 ! new comp\nd ha? nei!r an acid nor an acrid ta/e1 nor 9 ! lea/ *anges ! blue col\rs ( vegetables4 ,neutral salts h n s great an aff9ity ) wat] z ei!r ,acids or ,alkalis h2 because !y are m comp\nd$3 = we obs]v$ be=e1 t ! aff9ities ( ! mo/ comp\nd$ bodies are g5]ally weak] ?an ^? ( ! mo/ simple4 ,9 consequ5ce h]e( few ,neutral ,salts1 :5 dri$1 attract ! moi/ure ( ! air2 & ^? t d1 attract x m sl[ly1 & 9 less quantity1 ?an ei!r ,acids or ,alkalis d4 ,all ,neutral ,salts are soluble 9 wat]2 b m or less readily1 & 9 a great] or small] quantity1 accord+ to ! nature ( _! compon5t pr9ciples4 ,wat] made boil+ hot dissolves a great] quantity ( ^? salts :i* d n attract ! moi/ure ( ! air1 ?an :5 x is cold2 & inde$ x mu/ be boil+ hot to take up z mu* ( !m z x is capable ( dissolv+3 b z = ^? :i* run 9 ! air1 ! diff]5ce1 if !re be any1 is imp]ceptible4 ,"s ,neutral ,salts h ! prop]ty ( %oot+ into cry/als1 & o!rs h x n4 ,! nature ( ,cry/allization is ?is3 ,wat] _c dissolve1 nor keep 9 solution1 m ?an a det]m9ate quantity ( any p>ticul> ,salt3 :5 !re=e su* a quantity ( wat] is evaporat$ f ! solution ( a ,salt capable ( cry/allization1 t ! rema9d] conta9s j z mu* ,salt z x c dissolve1 !n by cont9u+ ! evaporation ! ,salt gradually recov]s its solid =m1 & concretes into sev]al little transp>5t masses call$ ,cry/als4 ,^! cry/als h regul> figures1 all diff]+ f "o ano!r accord+ to ! species ( salt ( :i* !y are =m$4 ,diff]5t me?ods ( evaporat+ sal9e solutions h diff]5t effects on ! figure & regul>ity ( ! cry/als2 & ea* p>ticul> sort ( salt requires a peculi> me?od ( evaporation to make its cry/als p]fectly regul>4 ,a solution ( salt design$ = cry/allization is usually evaporat$ by means ( fire to a pellicle2 t is1 till ! ,salt beg9 to concrete2 :i* is p]ceiv$ by a k9d ( ?9 d>k sk9 t ga!rs on ! surface ( ! liquor1 & is =m$ ( ! cry/alliz$ p>ticles ( ,salt4 ,:5 ?is pellicle appe>s ! solution is suff]$ to cool1 & ! cry/als =m !re9 fa/] or sl[]1 accord+ to ! sort ( salt 9 h&4 ,if ! evaporation be c>ri$ on briskly to p]fect dryness1 no cry/als w be =m$1 & only an irregul> mass ( salt w be obta9$4 ,! reasons :y no cry/als appe> :5 ! evaporation is ha/ily p]=m$1 & c>ri$ on to dryness1 are1 fir/1 t ! p>ticles ( salt1 be+ always 9 motion :ile ! solution is hot1 h n "t to ex]t _! mutual aff9ities1 & to unite toge!r z cry/allization requires3 ,secondly1 t a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] ent]s into ! v composition ( cry/als2 :i* is !re=e absolutely necess>y to _! =mation1 & 9 a great] or small] proportion accord+ to ! nature ( ! ,salt#a4 #a ,^? :o h ! curiosity to see a m p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! ,cry/allization ( ,neutral ,salts1 may read ,mr4 ,r\elle's excell5t ,memoir on t subject1 among ^? ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces = #agdd4 ,if ^! cry/alliz$ salts be expos$ to ! fire1 !y fir/ "p ) t moi/ure :i* is n necess>y to a sal9e concretion1 & :i* !y reta9$ only by means ( _! cry/allization3 aft]w>ds !y beg9 to fl[1 b ) diff]5t degrees ( fusibility4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t c]ta9 salts melt z soon z !y are expos$ to ! fire2 namely1 ^? :i* reta9 a great deal ( wat] 9 cry/alliz+4 ,b ?is fluor :i* !y s readily acquire mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f actual fusion3 = x is ow+ only to _! sup]flu\s humidity1 :i* heat r5d]s capable ( dissolv+ & liquify+ !m2 s t :5 x is evaporat$ ! ,salt ceases to be fluid1 & requires a mu* great] degree ( fire to br+ x into real fusion4 ,! ,neutral ,salts t d n cry/allize may1 inde$1 be dri$ by evaporat+ ! wat] :i* keeps !m fluid2 b by becom+ solid !y acquire no regul> =m2 !y aga9 attract ! moi/ure ( ! air1 & are !reby melt$ into a liquor4 ,^! may be call$ ,liquesc5t ,salts4 ,mo/ ( ! ,neutral ,salts1 t consi/ ( an ,acid jo9$ ) a fix$ ,alkali1 or ) an absorb5t e>?1 are !mselves fix$ & resi/ ! =ce ( fire2 yet sev]al ( !m1 if !y be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution boil$ & evaporat$1 fly (f along ) ! /eams4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ! sev]al ,sorts ( ,sal9e ,sub/ances4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ! ,,univ]sal ,,acid4 ,! ,univ]sal ,acid is s call$1 because x is 9 fact ! ,acid :i* is mo/ univ]sally diffus$ ?r\gh all nature1 9 wat]s1 9 ! atmosph]e1 & 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,b x is seldom pure2 be+ almo/ always comb9$ ) "s o!r sub/ance4 ,t f :i* we obta9 x ) mo/ ease1 & 9 ! greate/ quantity1 is ,vitriol1 a m9]al :i* we %all consid] aft]w>ds3 & ?is is ! reason :y x is call$ ! ,vitriolic ,acid2 ! "n by :i* x is be/ kn[n4 ,:5 ! ,vitriolic ,acid conta9s b little phlegm1 yet en\gh to give x a fluid =m1 x is call$ ,oil ( ,vitriol1 on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 unctuosity belong+ to x4 ,9 tru? ?is "n is v improp]ly be/[$ on x2 = we %all aft]w>ds see t1 bat+ ?is unctu\sness1 x has none ( ! prop]ties ( oils4 ,b ?is is n ! only impropriety 9 names t we %all h occasion to c5sure4 ,if ! ,vitriolic ,acid conta9 mu* wat]1 x is !n call$ ,_s ( ,vitriol4 ,:5 x does n conta9 en\gh to r5d] x fluid1 & s is 9 a solid =m1 x is nam$ ! ,icy ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,:5 ,oil ( ,vitriol highly conc5trat$ is mix$ ) wat]1 !y ru% into union ) su* impetuosity1 t1 ! mom5t !y t\* ea* o!r1 !re arises a hiss+ noise1 l t ( r$-hot iron plung$ 9 cold wat]1 toge!r ) a v consid]able degree ( heat1 proportion$ to ! degree to :i* ! ,acid 0 conc5trat$4 ,if1 in/ead ( mix+ ?is conc5trat$ ,acid ) wat]1 y only leave x expos$ to ! air = "s "t1 x attracts ! moi/ure !re(1 & imbibes x mo/ gre$ily4 ,bo? its bulk & its weight are increas$ by ?is accession2 & if x be "u an icy =m1 t is1 if x be concret$1 ! phlegm ?us acquir$ w soon resolve x into a fluid4 ,! addition ( wat] r5d]s ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 & inde$ all o!r ,acids1 weak] 9 "o s5se2 :i* is1 t :5 !y are v aque\s !y leave on ! tongue a mu* fa9t] ta/e ( acidity1 & are less active 9 ! solution ( "s p>ticul> bodies3 b t occasions no *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( _! aff9ities1 b 9 "s cases r enables !m to dissolve sev]al sub/ances1 :i*1 :5 well dephlegmat$1 !y are n capable ( attack+4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid comb9$ to ! po9t ( saturation ) a p>ticul> absorb5t e>?1 ! nature ( :i* is n yet well kn[n1 =ms a ,neutral ,salt t cry/allizes4 ,?is ,salt is call$ ,alum1 & ! figure ( its cry/als is t ( an octah$ron1 or solid ( eight sides4 ,^! octah$ra are triangul> pyramids1 ! angles ( :i* are s cut (f t f\r ( ! surfaces are hexagons1 & ! o!r f\r triangles4 ,!re are sev]al sorts ( ,alum1 :i* diff] accord+ to ! e>?s comb9$ ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,alum dissolves easily 9 wat]1 & 9 cry/allization reta9s a consid]able quantity ( x2 :i* is ! reason t be+ expos$ to ! fire x readily melts1 swell+ & puff+ up z its sup]flu\s moi/ure exhales4 ,:5 t is q evaporat$1 ! rema9d] is call$ ,burnt ,alum1 & is v difficult to fuse4 ,! ,acid ( ! ,alum is p>tly dissipat$ by ?is calc9ation4 ,its ta/e is salti%1 ) a degree ( r\ghness & a/r+5cy4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid comb9$ ) c]ta9 e>?s =ms a k9d ( ,neutral ,salt call$ ,sel5ites1 :i* cry/allizes 9 diff]5t =ms accord+ to ! nature ( its e>?4 ,!re are numb]less spr+s ( wat] infect$ ) dissolv$ ,sel5ites2 b :5 ?is ,salt is once cry/alliz$1 x is exce$+ difficult to dissolve x 9 wat] a second "t4 ,= t purpose a v great quantity ( wat] is necess>y1 & moreov] x mu/ boil2 = z x cools mo/ ( ! dissolv$ ,sel5ites takes a solid =m1 & falls 9 a p[d] to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,if an ,alkali be pres5t$ to ! ,sel5ites1 or to ,alum1 ^! ,salts1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples we h laid d[n1 w be !reby decompos$2 t is1 ! ,acid w quit ! e>?s1 & jo9 ! ,alkali1 ) :i* x ha? a great] aff9ity4 ,& f ?is conjunction ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) a fix$ ,alkali !re results ano!r sort ( ,neutral ,salt1 :i* is call$ ,arcanum duplicatum1 ,sal de duobus1 & ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>1 because "o ( ! fix$ ,alkalis mo/ 9 use is call$ ,salt ( ,t>t>4 ,vitriolat$ ,t>t> is almo/ z h>d to dissolve 9 wat] z ! ,sel5ites4 ,x %oots into eight-sid$ cry/als1 hav+ ! apices ( ! pyramids pretty obtuse4 ,its ta/e is salti%1 incl9+ to bitt]2 & x decrepitates on burn+ coals4 ,x requires a v great degree ( fire to make x fl[4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid is capable ( unit+ ) ! ,phlogi/on1 or r x has a great] aff9ity ) x ?an ) any o!r body3 :5ce x foll[s1 t all comp\nds1 ( :i* x makes a "p1 may be decompos$ by means ( ! ,phlogi/on4 ,f ! conjunction ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) ! ,phlogi/on arises a comp\nd call$ ,m9]al ,sulphur1 because x is f\nd p]fectly =m$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,x is also call$ ,sulphur vivum1 or simply ,sulphur4 ,sulphur is absolutely insoluble 9 wat]1 & incapable ( contract+ any sort ( union ) x4 ,x melts ) a v mod]ate degree ( heat1 & sublimes 9 f9e light d[ny tufts call$ ,fl[]s ( ,sulphur4 ,by be+ ?us sublim$1 x suff]s no decomposition1 let ! op]ation be repeat$ ev] s (t52 s t ,sublim$ ,sulphur1 or ,fl[] ( ,sulphur1 ha? exactly ! same prop]ties z ,sulphur t has nev] be5 sublim$4 ,if ,sulphur be expos$ to a brisk heat 9 ! op5 air1 x takes fire1 burns1 & is :olly consum$4 ,?is deflagration ( ,sulphur is ! only means we h ( decompos+ x1 9 ord] to obta9 its ,acid 9 purity4 ,! ,phlogi/on is de/roy$ by ! flame1 & ! ,acid exhales 9 vap\rs3 ^! vap\rs collect$ h all ! prop]ties ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 & diff] f x only z !y /ill reta9 "s portion ( ! ,phlogi/on2 :i*1 h[ev]1 soon quits !m ( its own accord1 if ! free access ( ! common air be n preclud$4 ,! portion ( ,phlogi/on reta9$ by ! ,acid ( ,sulphur is mu* m consid]able :5 t m9]al is burnt gradually & sl[ly3 9 t case ! vap\rs :i* rise f x h su* a p5etrat+ od\r1 t !y in/antane\sly suffocate any p]son :o draws 9 a c]ta9 quantity ( !m ) 8 brea?4 ,^! vap\rs con/itute :at is call$ ! ,volatile ,_s ( ,sulphur4 ,!re is reason to ?9k ?is portion ( ,phlogi/on :i* ! ,acid reta9s is comb9$ !re) 9 a mann] diff]5t f t 9 :i* ^! two are unit$ 9 ! ,sulphur itself2 =1 z has j be5 obs]v$1 no?+ b actual burn+ is capable ( sep>at+ ! ,vitriolic ,acid & ! ,phlogi/on1 :i* by _! union =m ,sulphur2 :]eas 9 ! ,volatile ,_s ( ,sulphur !y sep>ate spontane\sly :5 expos$ to ! op5 air2 t is1 ! ,phlogi/on flies (f & leaves ! ,acid1 :i* !n becomes 9 e respect simil> to ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,t ! ,volatile ,_s ( ,sulphur is a comp\nd1 z we h ass]t$ x to be1 appe>s evid5tly f h5ce1 t :5ev] ! ,vitriolic ,acid t\*es any sub/ance conta9+ ! ,phlogi/on1 provid$ t ,phlogi/on be dis5gag$ or op5$ to a c]ta9 degree1 a ,volatile ,_s ( ,sulphur is infallibly & imm$iately g5]at$4 ,?is ,_s ha? all ! prop]ties ( ,acids1 b consid]ably weak5$1 & ( c\rse less p]ceptible4 ,x unites ) absorb5t e>?s or fix$ ,alkalis2 & ) !m =ms ,neutral ,salts2 b :5 comb9$ !re) x may be sep>at$ f !m by ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 & inde$ by any ( ! m9]al ,acids1 because its aff9ities are weak]4 ,sulphur ha? ! prop]ty ( unit+ ) absorb5t e>?s1 b n ne> s intimately z ) fix$ ,alkalis4 ,if equal p>ts ( ,sulphur & an ,alkali be melt$ toge!r1 !y incorporate ) ea* o!r2 & f _! conjunction proce$s a comp\nd ( a mo/ unpleasant smell1 mu* l t ( rott5 eggs1 & ( a r$ col\r ne>ly resembl+ t ( an animal liv]1 :i* has occasion$ x to be> ! "n ( ,hep> ,sulphuris1 or ,liv] ( ,sulphur4 ,9 ?is composition ! fix$ ,alkali communicates to ! ,sulphur ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ 9 wat]3 & h5ce x comes t ,liv] ( ,sulphur may be made z well :5 ! ,alkali is dissolv$ by wat] into a fluid1 z :5 x is fus$ by ! action ( fire4 ,sulphur has less aff9ity ?an any ,acid ) ! fix$ ,alkalis3 & !re=e ,liv] ( ,sulphur may be decomp\nd$ by any ,acid :atev]2 :i* w unite ) ! fix$ ,alkali1 =m !re) a ,neutral ,salt1 & sep>ate ! ,sulphur4 ,if ,liv] ( ,sulphur be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & an ,acid p\r$ !reon1 ! liquor1 :i* 0 transp>5t be=e1 in/antly turns to an opaque :ite2 because ! ,sulphur1 be+ =c$ to quit its union ) ! ,alkali1 loses at ! same "t ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ 9 wat]1 & appe>s aga9 9 its own opaque =m4 ,! liquor ?us made :ite by ! ,sulphur is call$ ,milk ( ,sulphur4 ,if ?is liquor be suff]$ to /& /ill = "s "t1 ! p>ticles ( ,sulphur1 n[ mo/ m9utely divid$1 gradually approa* ea* o!r1 unite1 & fall ins5sibly to ! bottom ( ! vessel2 & !n ! liquor recov]s its transp>5cy4 ,! ,sulphur ?us deposit$ on ! bottom ( ! vessel is call$ ! ,magi/]y or ,precipitate ( ,sulphur4 ,! names ( ,magi/]y & ,precipitate are also giv5 to all sub/ances :atev]1 t are sep>at$ f ano!r by ?is me?od2 :i* is ! reason t we use ! expression ( precipitat+ "o sub/ance by ano!r1 to signify ! sep>at+ "o ( !m by means ( ! o!r4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ! ,,nitr\s ,,acid4 ,x is n c]ta9ly kn[n :at con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,nitr\s ,acid & ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 ) reg>d to ! con/itu5t pr9ciples ( ea*4 ,! mo/ probable op9ion is1 t ! ,nitr\s ,acid is no o!r ?an ! ,vitriolic ,acid comb9$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( ,phlogi/on by ! means ( putrefaction4 ,if x be s1 ! ,phlogi/on mu/ be unit$ ) ! ,univ]sal ,acid 9 ano!r mann] ?an x is 9 sulphur1 & 9 its volatile _s3 = ! ,nitr\s ,acid diff]s f !m bo? 9 its prop]ties4 ,:at gives gr\nd = ?is op9ion is1 t ! ,nitr\s ,acid is nev] f\nd b 9 e>?s & /ones :i* h be5 impregnat$ ) matt]s subject to putrefaction1 & :i* !re=e mu/ conta9 ! ,phlogi/on4 ,= x is necess>y j to obs]ve "h1 ?\gh x be n yet prop] to ent] p>ticul>ly into ! subject1 t all sub/ances susceptible ( putrefaction really conta9 ! ,phlogi/on4 ,! ,nitr\s ,acid comb9$ ) c]ta9 absorb5t e>?s1 su* z *alk1 m>le1 boles1 =ms ,neutral ,salts :i* d n cry/allize2 & :i*1 aft] be+ dri$1 run 9 ! air p] deliquium4 ,all ^? ,neutral ,salts :i* consi/ ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid jo9$ to an e>?1 may be decompos$ by a fix$ ,alkali1 ) :i* ! ,acid unites1 & des]ts ! e>?2 & f ?is union ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid ) a fix$ ,alkali results a new ,neutral ,salt :i* is call$ ,nitre1 or ,salt-pet]4 ,?is latt] "n signifies ! ,salt ( ,/one2 &1 9 fact1 ,nitre is extract$ f ! /ones & pla/]1 9 :i* x =ms1 by boil+ !m 9 wat] saturat$ ) a fix$ ,alkali4 ,nitre %oots 9 long cry/als adh]+ sideways to ea* o!r2 x has a salti% ta/e1 :i* produces a s5sation ( cold on ! tongue4 ,?is ,salt easily dissolves 9 wat]2 :i*1 :5 boil+ hot1 takes up /ill a great] quantity !re(4 ,x fl[s ) a pretty mod]ate degree ( heat1 & cont9ues fix$ !re92 b be+ urg$ by a brisk fire1 & 9 ! op5 air1 x lets g "s "p ( its ,acid1 & inde$ flies (f itself 9 "p4 ,! mo/ rem>kable prop]ty ( ,nitre1 & t :i* *>act]izes x1 is its fulm9ation or explosion2 ! nature ( :i* is z foll[s3 ,:5 ,nitre t\*es any sub/ance conta9+ a ,phlogi/on1 & actually ignit$1 t is1 actually on fire1 x bur/s out into a flame1 burns1 & is decomp\nd$ ) mu* noise4 ,9 ?is deflagration ! ,acid is dissipat$1 & totally sep>at$ f ! ,alkali1 :i* n[ rema9s by itself4 ,inde$ ! ,acid1 at lea/ ! greate/ "p ( x1 is by ?is means q de/roy$4 ,! ,alkali :i* is left :5 ,nitre is decomp\nd$ by deflagration1 is call$ 9 g5]al ,fix$ ,nitre1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 ,nitre fix$ by su* & su* a sub/ance z 0 us$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,b if ,nitre be deflagrat$ ) an inflammable sub/ance conta9+ ! vitriolic ,acid1 z sulphur1 = in/ance1 ! fix$ ,salt produc$ by ! deflagration is n a pure ,alkali1 b reta9s a good deal ( ! vitriolic ,acid1 &1 by comb9+ !re)1 ha? n[ =m$ a neutral ,salt4 ,hi!rto ,*ymi/s h be5 at a loss = ! reason :y ,nitre flames1 & is decomp\nd$ 9 ! mann] above-m5tion$1 :5 x comes 9 contact ) a ,phlogi/on prop]ly circum/anc$4 ,= my "p1 ,i conjecture x to be = ! same reason t vitriolat$ t>t> is also decomp\nd$ by ! addition ( a ,phlogi/on2 viz4 ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 hav+ a great] aff9ity ) ! ,phlogi/on ?an ) ! fix$ ,alkali1 naturally quits ! latt] to jo9 ) ! =m]1 & s produces a k9d ( sulphur1 diff]+ probably f ! common sulphur1 =m$ by ! vitriolic ,acid1 9 t x is combu/ible to su* a degree1 z to take fire & be consum$ 9 ! v mom5t ( its production2 s t x is impossible to prev5t its be+ ?us de/roy$1 & consequ5tly impossible to save x4 ,9 support ( ?is op9ion let x be consid]$1 t ! concurr5ce ( ! ,phlogi/on is absolutely necess>y to produce ?is deflagration1 & t ! matt] ( pure fire is altoge!r incapable ( effect+ x3 = ?\gh ,nitre be expos$ to ! mo/ viol5t degree ( fire1 ev5 t 9 ! focus ( ! mo/ p[]ful burn+-glass1 x w n flame2 nor w t effect ev] happ5 till ! ,nitre be br\ght into contact ) a ,phlogi/on prop]ly s call$1 t is1 ! matt] ( fire exi/+ z a pr9ciple ( "s body2 & x is moreov] necess>y t ?is ,phlogi/on be actually on fire1 & agitat$ ) ! igne\s motion1 or else t ! ,nitre itself be r$ hot1 & s p5etrat$ ) fire z to k9dle any inflammable matt] t t\*es x4 ,?is exp]im5t1 among o!rs1 helps to %ew ! di/9ction t ought to be made betwe5 pure elem5t>y fire1 & fire become a pr9ciple ( bodies1 to :i* we h giv5 ! "n ( ,phlogi/on4 ,be=e we leave ?is subject1 we %all obs]ve1 t ,nitre deflagrates only ) su* sub/ances z conta9 ! ,phlogi/on 9 its simple/ & pure/ =m2 su* z *>coal1 sulphur1 & ! metall9e sub/ances2 & t1 ?\gh x w n deflagrate )\t ! addition ( "s combu/ible matt]1 x is nev]!less ! only kn[n body t w burn1 & make o!r combu/ibles burn ) x1 9 close vessels1 )\t ! admission ( fre% air4 ,! ,nitr\s ,acid ha? n s great an aff9ity ) e>?s & ,alkalis z ! vitriolic ,acid ha? ) ! same sub/ances2 :5ce x foll[s t ! vitriolic ,acid decomposes all neutral salts aris+ f a comb9ation ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid ) an e>? or an ,alkali4 ,! vitriolic ,acids expells ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 unites ) ! sub/ance :i* s]v$ x = a basis1 & !re) =ms a neutral salt1 :i* is an ,alum1 a ,sel5ites1 or a vitriolat$ ,t>t>1 accord+ to ! nature ( t basis4 ,! ,nitr\s ,acid1 :5 ?us sep>at$ f its basis by ! vitriolic ,acid1 is nam$ ,_s ( ,nitre1 or ,aqua ,=tis4 ,if x be dephlegmat$1 or conta9 b little sup]flu\s wat]1 x exhales 9 r$di% vap\rs2 ^! vap\rs1 be+ cond5s$ & collect$1 =m a liquor ( a br[ni% yell[1 t incessantly emits vap\rs ( ! same col\r1 & ( a pung5t disagreeable smell4 ,^! *>act]s h procur$ x ! names ( ,smoak+ ,_s ( ,nitre1 & ,yell[ ,aqua ,=tis4 ,?is prop]ty 9 ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 ( exhal+ 9 vap\rs1 %ews x to be less fix$ ?an ! vitriolic ,acid2 = ! latt]1 ?\gh ev] s ?or\ghly dephlegmat$1 nev] yields any vap\rs1 nor has x any smell4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ! ,,acid ,,( ,,sea-,,salt4 ,! ,acid ( ,sea-salt is s call$ because x is 9 fact obta9$ f su* ,sea-salt z is us$ 9 our kit*5s4 ,x is n c]ta9ly kn[n 9 :at ?is ,acid diff]s f ! vitriolic & ! nitr\s1 ) reg>d to its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,sev]al ( ! able/ ,*ymi/s1 su* z ,be*] & ,/ahl1 are ( op9ion t ! ,m>9e ,acid is no o!r ?an ! ,univ]sal ,acid unit$ to a p>ticul> pr9ciple :i* !y call a ,m]curial ,e>?4 ,conc]n+ ?is e>? we %all h occasion to say m1 :5 we come to treat ( metallic sub/ances3 b 9 ! mean "t x mu/ be own$1 t ! tru? ( ?is op9ion is s f> f be+ prov$ by a suffici5t numb] ( exp]im5ts1 t ! v exi/5ce ( su* a m]curial e>? is n yet well e/abli%$2 & !re=e1 t we may n exce$ ! b\nds ( our k1 we %all cont5t ourselves ) deliv]+ "h ! prop]ties :i* *>act]ize ! ,acid 9 "q1 & by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f ! two o!rs consid]$ above4 ,:5 x is comb9$ ) absorb5t e>?s1 su* z lime & *alk1 x =ms a neutral salt t does n cry/allize1 &1 :5 dri$1 attracts ! moi/ure ( ! air4 ,if ! absorb5t e>? be n fully saturat$ ) ! ,m>9e ,acid1 ! salt !reby =m$ has ! prop]ties ( a fix$ ,alkali3 & ?is is :at made u say1 :5 we 7 on ! subject ( ^? salts1 t !y might be imitat$ by comb9+ an e>? ) an ,acid4 ,! ,m>9e ,acid1 l ! re/1 ha? n s great an aff9ity ) e>?s z ) fix$ ,alkalis4 ,:5 x is comb9$ ) ! latt]1 x =ms a neutral salt :i* %oots into cubical cry/als4 ,?is salt is incl9$ to gr[ moi/ 9 ! air1 & is consequ5tly "o ( ^? :i* wat] dissolves 9 equal quantities1 at lea/ z to s5se1 :e!r x be boil+ hot or q cold4 ,! aff9ity ( ?is ,acid ) ,alkalis & absorb5t ,e>?s is n s great z t ( ! vitriolic & nitr\s ,acids ) ! same sub/ances3 :5ce x foll[s1 t1 :5 comb9$ !re)1 x may be sep>at$ f !m by ei!r ( ^? ,acids4 ,! ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 ?us dis5gag$ f ! sub/ance :i* s]v$ x = a basis1 is call$ ,_s ( ,salt4 ,:5 x conta9s b little phlegm x is ( a lemon col\r1 & cont9ually emits _m :ite1 v d5se1 & v ela/ic vap\rs2 on :i* acc\nt x is nam$ ! ,smoak+ ,_s ( ,salt4 ,its smell is n disagreeable1 nor mu* unlike t ( saffron2 b extremely quick & suffocat+ :5 x smokes4 ,! ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 l ! o!r two1 seems to h a great] aff9ity ) ! ,phlogi/on1 ?an ) fix$ ,alkalis4 ,we are l$ to ?is op9ion by a v curi\s op]ation1 :i* gives gr\nd to ?9k t ,sea-salt may be decompos$ by ! prop] application ( a sub/ance conta9+ ! ,phlogi/on4 ,f ! ,m>9e ,acid comb9$ ) a ,phlogi/on results a k9d ( ,sulphur1 diff]+ f ! common sort 9 _m respects2 b p>ticul>ly 9 ?is prop]ty1 t x takes fire ( itself ^u be+ expos$ to ! op5 air4 ,?is comb9ation is call$ ,engli% ,phosphorus1 ,phosphorus ( ,ur9e1 because x is g5]ally prep>$ f ur9e2 or1 only ,phosphorus4 ,?is comb9ation ( ! ,m>9e ,acid ) a ,phlogi/on is n easily effect$2 because x requires a difficult op]ation 9 appropriat$ vessels4 ,= ^! reasons x does n always succe$2 & ,phosphorus is s sc>ce & de>1 t hi!rto ,*ymi/s h n be5 able to make on x ! exp]im5ts necess>y to discov] all its prop]ties4 ,if ,phosphorus be suff]$ to burn away 9 ! air1 a small quantity ( an acid liquor may be obta9$ f x1 :i* seems to be _s ( salt1 b ei!r alt]$1 or comb9$ ) "s adv5titi\s matt]2 = x has sev]al prop]ties t are n to be f\nd 9 ! pure ,m>9e ,acid2 su* z1 leav+ a fix$ fusible sub/ance beh9d x :5 expos$ to a /rong fire1 & be+ easily comb9$ ) ! ,phlogi/on s z to reproduce a ,phosphorus4 ,phosphorus resembles sulphur 9 sev]al ( its prop]ties3 x is soluble 9 oils2 x melts ) a g5tle heat2 x is v combu/ible2 x burns )\t produc+ soot2 & its flame is vivid & blui%4 ,f :at has be5 said ( ! union ( ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt ) a fix$ ,alkali1 & ( ! neutral salt result+ !refrom1 x may be conclud$ t ?is neutral salt is no o!r ?an ! common kit*5-salt4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ! fix$ ,alkali1 :i* is ! natural basis ( ! common salt obta9$ f sea-wat]1 is ( a sort some:at diff]+ f fix$ ,alkalis 9 g5]al1 & ha? c]ta9 prop]ties peculi> to itself4 ,=1 #a4 ,! basis ( ,sea-salt diff]s f o!r fix$ ,alkalis 9 ?is1 t x cry/allizes l a neutral salt4 #b4 ,x does n gr[ moi/ 9 ! air2 on ! contr>y1 :5 expos$ to ! air1 x loses "p ( ! wat] t unit$ ) x 9 cry/allization1 by :i* means its cry/als lose _! transp>5cy1 become1 z x 71 mealy1 & fall into a f9e fl\r4 #c4 ,:5 comb9$ ) ! vitriolic ,acid to ! po9t ( saturation1 x =ms a neutral salt diff]+ f vitriolat$ t>t>1 fir/1 9 ! figure ( its cry/als1 :i* are oblong six-sid$ solids2 secondly1 9 its quantity ( wat]1 :i* 9 cry/allization unites !re) 9 a mu* great] proportion ?an ) vitriolat$ t>t>2 :5ce x foll[s1 t ?is salt dissolves 9 wat] m readily ?an vitriolat$ t>t>2 ?irdly1 9 t x fl[s ) a v mod]ate degree ( heat1 :]eas vitriolat$ t>t> requires a v fi]ce "o4 ,if ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt be sep>at$ f its basis by means ( ! vitriolic ,acid1 x is easy to see t1 :5 ! op]ation is f9i%$1 ! salt we h be5 speak+ ( mu/ be ! result4 ,a fam\s ,*ymi/1 nam$ ,glaub]1 0 ! fir/ :o extract$ ! ,_s ( ,salt 9 ?is mann]1 exam9$ ! neutral salt result+ f 8 process1 &1 f9d+ x to h "s s+ul> prop]ties1 call$ x 8 ,sal mirabile1 or wond]ful ,salt3 on ?is acc\nt x is /ill call$ ,glaub]'s ,sal mirabile1 or pla9ly ,glaub]'s ,salt4 #d4 ,:5 ! basis ( ,sea-salt is comb9$ ) ! nitr\s ,acid to ! po9t ( saturation1 !re results a neutral salt1 or a sort ( nitre1 diff]+ f ! common nitre1 fir/1 9 t x attracts ! moi/ure ( ! air pretty /rongly2 & ?is makes x difficult to cry/allize2 secondly1 9 ! figure ( its cry/als1 :i* are p>allelopip$s2 & ?is has procur$ x ! "n ( ,quadrangul> ,nitre4 ,common salt1 or ! neutral salt =m$ by comb9+ ! ,m>9e ,acid ) ?is p>ticul> sort ( fix$ ,alkali1 has a ta/e well kn[n to e body4 ,! figure ( its cry/als is exactly cubical4 ,x gr[s moi/ 9 ! air1 &1 :5 expos$ to ! fire1 x bur/s1 be=e x melts1 into _m little fragm5ts1 ) a crackl+ noise2 :i* is call$ ! ,decrepitation ( ,sea-salt4 ,t neutral salt m5tion$ above1 :i* is =m$ by comb9+ ! ,m>9e ,acid ) a common fix$ ,alkali1 & call$ ,sal febrifugum ,sylvii1 ha? also ?is prop]ty4 ,india furni%es u ) a sal9e sub/ance1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,borax1 :i* fl[s v easily1 & !n takes ! =m ( glass4 ,x is ( great use 9 facilitat+ ! fusion ( metallic sub/ances4 ,x possesses "s ( ! prop]ties ( fix$ ,alkalis1 :i* has induc$ c]ta9 ,*ymi/s to repres5t x1 ?r\gh mi/ake1 z a pure fix$ ,alkali4 ,by mix+ borax ) ! vitriolic ,acid1 ,mr4 ,homb]g obta9$ f x a salt1 :i* sublimes 9 a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 :5ev] su* a mixture is made4 ,?is salt has v s+ul> prop]ties2 b its nature is n yet ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,x dissolves 9 wat] ) great difficulty2 x is n volatile1 ?\gh x rises by sublimation f ! borax4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,r\elle's obs]vation1 x rises !n only by means ( ! wat] :i* c>ries x up3 =1 :5 once made1 x abides ! fi]ce/ fire1 fl[s & vitrifies j z borax does3 provid$ c>e be tak5 to free x previ\sly f moi/ure by dry+ x prop]ly4 ,mr4 ,homb]g call$ x ,s$ative ,salt1 on acc\nt ( its m$ical effects4 ,! s$ative salt ha? ! appe>ance1 & "s ( ! prop]ties1 ( a neutral salt2 = x %oots into cry/als1 & does n *ange ! col\r ( violets2 b x acts ! "p ( an ,acid ) reg>d to ,alkalis1 unit+ ) !m to ! po9t ( saturation1 & !reby =m+ a true neutral salt4 ,x also acts1 l ! ,acid ( vitriol on all neutral salts2 t is1 x dis*>ges ! ,acid ( su* z h n ! vitriolic ,acid 9 _! composition4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,homb]g's "t x ha? be5 discov]$1 t a s$ative salt may be made ei!r ) ! nitr\s or ) ! m>9e ,acid2 & t sublimation is n necess>y to extract x f ! borax1 b t x may be obta9$ by cry/allization only4 ,= ?is latt] discov]y we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,ge(fry1 z we are to ,mr4 ,lem]y = ! =m]4 ,s9ce t "t ,m4 ,b>on d',h5\ville1 an able ,*ymi/1 ha? %ewn t a s$ative salt may be obta9$ by ! means ( vegetable ,acids2 & ha? lately demon/rat$1 9 "s excell5t pap]s publi%$ 9 ! collection ( ,memoirs writt5 by ! correspond5ts ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 t ! s$ative salt exi/s actually & p]fectly 9 ! borax1 & t x is n produc$ by mix+ ,acids ) t sal9e sub/ance1 z x seems all ! ,*ymi/s be=e him imag9$4 ,?is he proves conv9c+ly f 8 analysis ( borax1 7:i* !reby appe>s to be no?+ else b ! s$ative salt unit$ ) t fix$ ,alkali :i* is ! basis ( ,sea-salt7 & f 8 reg5]at+ ! same borax by unit+ toge!r t ,alkali & ! s$ative salt3 a pro( ! mo/ complete t c possibly be produc$ 9 natural philosophy1 & equival5t to demon/ration itself4 ,9 ord] to f9i% :at rema9s to be said ^u ! sev]al sorts ( sal9e sub/ances1 we %\ld n[ speak ( ! ,acids obta9$ f vegetables & animals1 & also ( ! volatile ,alkalis3 b1 see+ ^! sal9e sub/ances diff] f ^? ( :i* we h already treat$1 only z !y are v>i\sly alt]$ by ! unions !y h contract$ ) c]ta9 pr9ciples ( vegetables & animals1 ( :i* no?+ has be5 yet said1 x is prop] to def] be+ p>ticul> conc]n+ !m1 till we h expla9$ ^? pr9ciples4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ,,lime4 ,any sub/ance :atev]1 t has be5 roa/$ a consid]able "t 9 a /rong fire )\t melt+1 is commonly call$ a ,calx4 ,/ones & metals are ! pr9cipal subjects t h ! prop]ty ( be+ conv]t$ into ,calces4 ,we %all treat ( ,metall9e ,calces 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 & 9 ?is conf9e ourselves to ! ,calx ( ,/one1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,lime4 ,9 treat+ ( e>?s 9 g5]al we obs]v$ t !y may be divid$ into two pr9cipal k9ds2 "o ( :i* actually & prop]ly fl[s :5 expos$ to ! action ( fire1 & turns to glass2 :5ce x is call$ a fusible or vitrifiable e>?2 ! o!r resi/s ! utmo/ =ce ( fire1 & is !re=e said to be an unfusible or unvitrifiable e>?4 ,! latt] is also n uncommonly call$ calc9able e>?2 ?\gh sundry sorts ( unfusible e>?s are incapable ( acquir+ by ! action ( fire all ! qualities ( calc9$ e>?1 or ,lime prop]ly s call$3 su* e>?s are p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ by ! d5om9ation ( refractory e>?s4 ,z ! diff]5t sorts ( /ones are no?+ m ?an comp\nds ( diff]5t e>?s1 !y h ! same prop]ties ) ! e>?s ( :i* !y are compos$1 & may1 l !m1 be divid$ into fusible or vitrifiable1 & unfusible or calc9able4 ,! fusible /ones are g5]ally d5ot$ by ! "n ( ,fl9ts2 ! calc9able /ones1 aga91 are ! sev]al sorts ( m>bles1 cretace\s /ones1 ^? commonly call$ free-/ones1 c4 "s ( :i*1 z !y make ! be/ ,lime1 are1 by way ( em95ce1 call$ ,lime-/ones4 ,sea-%ells1 also1 & /ones t ab\nd ) fossile %ells1 are capable ( be+ burnt to ,lime4 ,all ^! sub/ances1 be+ expos$1 = a long] or %ort] "t1 z ! nature ( ea* requires1 to ! viol5t action ( fire1 are said to be calc9$4 ,by calc9ation !y lose a consid]able "p ( _! weight1 acquire a :ite col\r1 & become friable ?\gh ev] s solid be=e2 z1 = in/ance1 ! v h>de/ m>bles4 ,^! sub/ances1 :5 ?us calc9$1 take ! "n ( ,quick ,lime4 ,wat] p5etrates ,quick ,lime1 & ru%es into x ) va/ activity4 ,if a lump ( newly calc9$ ,lime be ?r[n into wat]1 x in/antly excites almo/ z great a noise1 ebullition1 & smoke1 z w\ld be produc$ by a piece ( r$-hot iron2 ) su* a degree ( heat too1 t1 if ! ,lime be 9 due proportion to ! wat]1 x w set fire to combu/ible bodies2 z ha? un=tunately happ5$ to vessels lad5 ) ,quick ,lime1 on _! spr++ a small leak4 ,z soon z ,quick ,lime is put into wat]1 x swells1 & falls asund] into an inf9ite numb] ( m9ute p>ticles3 9 a ^w1 x is 9 a mann] dissolv$ by ! wat]1 :i* =ms !re) a sort ( :ite pa/e call$ ,slack$ ,lime4 ,if ! quantity ( wat] be consid]able en\gh = ! ,lime to =m ) x a :ite liquor1 ?is liquor is call$ ,lac ,calcis2 :i*1 be+ left "s "t to settle1 gr[s cle> & transp>5t1 ! ,lime :i* 0 susp5d$ !re91 & occasion$ its opacity1 subsid+ to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,!n !re =ms on ! surface ( ! liquor a cry/all9e pellicle1 some:at opaque & d>k-col\r$1 :i* be+ skimm$ (f is reproduc$ f "t to "t4 ,?is matt] is call$ ,cremor ,calcis4 ,slack$ ,lime gradually gr[s dry1 & takes ! =m ( a solid body1 b full ( cracks & de/itute ( firmness4 ,! ev5t is diff]5t :5 y mix x up1 :ile yet a pa/e1 ) a c]ta9 quantity ( uncalc9$ /ony matt]1 su* z s&1 = example3 !n x takes ! "n ( ,mort>1 & gradually acquires1 z x gr[s dri] & old]1 a h>dness equal to t ( ! be/ /ones4 ,?is is a v s+ul> prop]ty ( ,lime1 nor is x easy to acc\nt = x3 b x is a b5eficial "o2 = e body kn[s ! use ( ,mort> 9 build+4 ,quick ,lime attracts ! moi/ure ( ! air1 9 ! same mann] z conc5trat$ acids1 & dry fix$ alkalis2 b n 9 su* quantities z to r5d] x fluid3 x only falls into extremely small p>ticles1 takes ! =m ( a f9e p[d]1 & ! title ( ,lime slack$ 9 ! air4 ,lime once slack$1 h[ev] dry x may aft]w>ds appe>1 always reta9s a l>ge portion ( ! wat] x _h imbib$2 :i* _c be sep>at$ f x aga9 b by means ( a viol5t calc9ation4 ,be+ s recalc9$ x returns to be ,quick ,lime1 recov]+ all its prop]ties4 ,besides ?is great aff9ity ( ,quick ,lime ) wat]1 :i* discov]s a sal9e "*1 x has sev]al o!r sal9e prop]ties1 to be aft]w>ds exam9$1 mu* resembl+ ^? ( fix$ alkalis4 ,9 ,*ymi/ry x acts v ne>ly z ^? salts d1 & may be consid]$ z hold+ ! middle rank betwe5 a pure absorb5t e>? & a fix$ alkali3 & ?is ha? induc$ _m ,*ymi/s to ?9k t ,lime conta9s a true salt1 to :i* all ! prop]ties x possesses 9 common ) salts may be attribut$4 ,b z ! *ymical exam9ation ( ?is subject ha? long be5 neglect$1 ! exi/5ce ( a sal9e sub/ance 9 ,lime ha? be5 long d\btful4 ,mr4 du ,fay1 au?or ( "s excell5t *ymical exp]im5ts1 0 "o ( ! fir/ :o obta9$ a salt f ,lime1 by lixiviat+ x ) a great deal ( wat]1 :i* he aft]w>ds evaporat$4 ,b ! quantity ( salt he obta9$ by t means 0 v small2 nor 0 x ( an alkal9e nature1 z "o w\ld ?9k x %\ld h be51 consid]+ ! prop]ties ( ,lime4 ,mr4 du ,fay did n c>ry 8 exp]im5ts on ?is subject any fur!r1 probably = want ( "t2 nor did he det]m9e ( :at nature ! salt 04 ,mr4 ,mal\9 _h ! curiosity to exam9e ?is salt ( ,lime1 & soon f\nd t x 0 no?+ else b :at 0 above call$ ,cremor ,calcis4 ,he f\nd1 moreov]1 t1 by mix+ a fix$ alkali ) lime-wat]1 a vitriolat$ t>t> 0 =m$2 t1 by mix+ !re) an alkali l ! basis ( sea-salt1 a ,glaub]'s salt 0 produc$2 &1 la/ly1 by comb9+ lime ) a sub/ance ab\nd+ 9 phlogi/on1 he obta9$ a true sulphur4 ,^! v +5i\s exp]im5ts prove to a demon/ration1 t ! vitriolic acid con/itutes ! salt ( ,lime3 =1 z ha? be5 %ewn1 no o!r acid is capable ( =m+ su* comb9ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,mal\91 hav+ =c$ ! vitriolic acid ( ?is salt to comb9e ) a phlogi/on1 f\nd its basis to be e>?y1 & analog\s to t ( ! sel5ites3 :5ce he conclud$1 t ! salt ( ,lime is a true neutral salt1 ( ! same k9d z ! sel5ites4 ,mr4 ,mal\9 tells u he f\nd sev]al o!r salts 9 ,lime4 ,b z none ( !m 0 a fix$ alkali1 & z all ! sal9e prop]ties ( ,lime h an aff9ity ) ^? ( t k9d ( salt1 !re is great reason to ?9k t all ^? salts are =eign to ,lime1 & t _! union ) x is m]ely accid5tal4 ,i myself h made sev]al exp]im5ts 9 ord] to get "s insight into ! sal9e nature ( ,lime1 & %all "h produce ! result ) all possible concis5ess4 ,i took sev]al /ones ( diff]5t k9ds1 "s ( :i* produc$ by calc9ation a v /rong ,lime1 & o!rs b a v weak "o4 ,^! ,i impregnat$ ) diff]5t sal9e sub/ances1 acids1 alkalis1 & neutrals1 & !n expos$ !m all to ! same degree ( fire1 :i* 0 a pretty /rong "o1 & long en\gh cont9u$ to h made v good ,lime ( /ones ! mo/ difficult to calc9e4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ^? /ones :i* naturally made b a weak ,lime 7 n1 by ?is process1 conv]t$ into a /rong] ,lime2 &1 moreov]1 t none ( ^! /ones1 ev5 su* z w\ld naturally h produc$ ! mo/ active ,lime1 _h acquir$ ! prop]ties ( ,lime4 ,^! exp]im5ts ,i v>i$ _m ways1 employ+ diff]5t proportions ( sal9e matt]s1 & almo/ e possible degree ( fire1 & con/antly obs]v$1 aft] calc9ation1 t all ^? /ones 7 s mu* ! f>!r f ! nature ( ,lime1 z !y _h be5 comb9$ ) l>g] doses ( salts4 ,among ^? :i* 7 impregnat$ ) ! greate/ proportion ( salts1 & _h suff]$ ! greate/ viol5ce ( fire1 ,i obs]v$ "s t _h begun to fl[1 & 7 9 a mann] vitrifi$4 ,n[1 z ! same subject _c be1 at "o & ! same "t1 9 ! /ate ( glass & ( ,lime too2 z a body _c approa* to "o ( ^! /ates b 9 proportion z x rec$es f ! o!r2 & z salts 9 g5]al dispose ^? bodies to fusion & vitrification :i* are 9 !mselves ! mo/ av]se to ei!r1 ,i conclud$ f my exp]im5ts1 t ! sal9e sub/ances ,i us$1 _h1 by act+ z fluxes ^u ! /ones1 prev5t$ _! calc9ation2 t consequ5tly we may suspect !re is no sal9e matt] 9 ! composition ( ,lime1 z ,lime2 & t ,lime does n owe its sal9e & alkal9e prop]ties to any salt2 or at lea/ t1 if x does owe ^? prop]ties to a salt1 su* salt mu/ be naturally & orig9ally comb9$ ) ! matt] ( ! /one 9 s j a proportion1 t x is impossible to increase ! quantity !re( )\t prejudic+ ! ,lime1 & depriv+ x 9 "s measure ( its virtue4 ,?is !ory agrees p]fectly ) ! illu/ri\s ,/ahl's op9ion2 = he ?9ks1 z we obs]v$ 9 disc\rs+ ( salts 9 g5]al1 t e sal9e sub/ance is b an e>? comb9$ 9 a c]ta9 mann] ) wat]4 ,?is notion he applies to ,lime1 & says1 t fire only subtilizes & att5uates ! e>?y matt]1 & !reby r5d]s x capable ( unit+ ) wat] 9 su* a mann]1 t ! result ( _! comb9ation %all be a sub/ance hav+ sal9e prop]ties2 & t ,lime accord+ly nev] acquires ^! prop]ties till x be comb9$ ) wat]4 ,i h dwelt long] on ! ,salt ( ,lime ?an ,i %all on any o!r p>ticul>2 because ! subject1 ?\gh 9 itself ( great importance1 has hi!rto be5 b little att5d$ to1 & because ! exp]im5ts "h recit$ are entirely new4 ,lime unites ) all acids1 & 9 conjunction ) !m exhibits v>i\s ph5om5a4 ,! vitriolic acid p\r$ ^u ,lime dissolves x ) eff]vesc5ce & heat4 ,f ?is mixture !re exhales a great quantity ( vap\rs1 9 smell & col\r p]fectly l ^? ( sea-salt2 f :i*1 h[ev]1 !y are f\nd to be v diff]5t :5 collect$ into a liquor4 ,f ?is comb9ation ( ! vitriolic acid ) ,lime arises a neutral salt1 :i* %oots into cry/als1 & is ( ! same k9d ) ! sel5etic salt obta9$ f ,lime by ,mr4 ,mal\94 ,! nitr\s acid p\r$ ^u ,lime dissolves x 9 l mann] ) eff]vesc5ce & heat3 b ! solution is transp>5t1 & !re9 diff]s f ! =m]1 :i* is opaque4 ,f ?is mixture !re arises a neutral salt1 :i* does n cry/allize1 & has )al ! v s+ul> prop]ty ( be+ volatile1 & ris+ :olly by di/illation 9 a liquid =m4 ,?is ph5om5on is s mu* ! m rem>kable1 z ,lime1 ! basis ( ?is salt1 is "o ( ! mo/ fix$ bodies kn[n 9 ,*ymi/ry4 ,) ! acid ( sea-salt ,lime =ms also a s+ul> sort ( salt1 :i* gre$ily imbibes ! moi/ure ( ! air4 ,we %all h occasion to take fur!r notice ( x 9 ano!r place4 ,^! exp]im5ts made on ,lime ) acids are likewise q new4 ,we are indebt$ = !m to ,mr4 ,du ,hamel ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ^: admirable ,memoirs on sev]al subjects %ew 8 ext5sive k 9 all p>ts ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,lime appli$ to fix$ alkalis adds consid]ably to _! cau/ic quality1 & makes !m m p5etrat+ & active4 ,an alkal9e lixivium 9 :i* ,lime ha? be5 boil$1 be+ evaporat$ to dryness1 =ms a v cau/ic sub/ance1 :i* fl[s 9 ! fire mu* m easily1 attracts & reta9s moi/ure mu* m /rongly1 ?an fix$ alkalis t h n be5 s treat$4 ,an alkali ?us acuat$ by ,lime is call$ ! ,cau/ic ,/one1 or ,pot5tial ,caut]y2 because x is employ$ by surgeons to produce es*>s on ! sk9 & caut]ize x4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,( ,metallic ,sub/ances 9 g5]al4 ,metallic ,sub/ances are heavy1 glitt]+1 opaque1 fusible bodies4 ,!y consi/ *iefly ( a vitrifiable e>? unit$ ) ! phlogi/on4 ,sev]al ,*ymi/s insi/ on a ?ird pr9ciple 9 ^! bodies1 & h giv5 x ! "n ( ,m]curial ,e>?2 :i*1 accord+ to ,be*] & ,/ahl1 is ! v same t be+ comb9$ ) ! vitriolic acid =ms & *>act]izes ! acid ( sea-salt4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is pr9ciple ha? n yet be5 demon/rat$ by any decisive exp]im5t2 b we %all %ew t !re are pretty /rong reasons = admitt+ x4 ,we %all beg9 ) m5tion+ ! exp]im5ts :i* prove ,metallic ,sub/ances to consi/ ( a vitrifiable e>? unit$ ) ! phlogi/on4 ,! fir/ is ?is3 if !y be calc9$ 9 su* a mann] z to h no communication ) any inflammable matt]1 !y w be spoil$ ( all _! prop]ties1 & r$uc$ to an e>? or calx1 t has nei!r ! spl5d\r nor ! ductility ( a metal1 & 9 a /rong fire turns to an actual glass1 in/ead ( fl[+ l a metal4 ,! second is1 t ! calx or ! glass result+ f a metal ?us decompos$1 recov]s all its metall9e prop]ties by be+ fus$ 9 imm$iate contact ) an inflammable sub/ance1 capable ( re/or+ ! phlogi/on ( :i* calc9ation _h depriv$ x4 ,on ?is occasion we mu/ obs]ve1 t ,*ymi/s h n yet be5 able1 by add+ ! phlogi/on1 to give ! prop]ties ( metals to all sorts ( vitrifiable e>?s indiscrim9ately2 b to su* only z orig9ally made a "p ( "s metallic body4 ,= example1 a comp\nd _c be made ) ! phlogi/on & s& t %all h ! lea/ resemblance ( a metal3 & ?is is :at seems to po9t out ! reality ( a ?ird pr9ciple1 z necess>y to =m ! metall9e comb9ation4 ,?is pr9ciple may probably rema9 unit$ ) ! vitrifiable e>? ( a metallic sub/ance1 :5 r$uc$ to a glass2 :5ce x foll[s1 t su* vitrifi$ metals require only ! addition ( a phlogi/on to enable !m to appe> aga9 9 _! pri/9e =m4 ,x may be inf]r$ f ano!r exp]im5t1 t ! calx & ! glass ( a metal are n its pure vitrifiable e>?1 prop]ly s call$3 = by repeat$ or long-cont9u$ calc9ations1 su* a calx or glass may be r5d]$ incapable ( ev] resum+ ! metall9e =m1 9 :atev] mann] ! phlogi/on be aft]w>ds appli$ to x2 s t by ?is means x is br\ght into ! condition ( a pure vitrifiable e>?1 absolutely free f any mixture4 ,^? ,*ymi/s :o patronize ! ,m]curial e>?1 produce _m o!r pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( t pr9ciple 9 ,metallic ,sub/ances2 b !y w\ld be misplac$ 9 an elem5t>y treatise l ?is4 ,:5 by add+ ! phlogi/on to a metallic glass we re/ore x to ! =m ( a metal1 we are said to r$uce1 resuscitate1 or revivify t metal4 ,metallic ,sub/ances are ( diff]5t k9ds1 & are divid$ into ,metals & ,semi-metals4 ,^? are call$ ,metals :i*1 besides _! metall9e spl5d\r & appe>ance1 are also malleable2 t is1 h ! prop]ty ( /ret*+ "u ! hamm]1 & by t means ( be+ wr\ght into diff]5t =ms )\t break+4 ,^? :i* h only ! metall9e spl5d\r & appe>ance1 )\t malleability1 are call$ ,semi-metals4 ,metals are also fur!r subdivid$ into two sorts2 viz4 ,p]fect & ,imp]fect ,metals4 ,! ,p]fect ,metals are ^? :i* suff] no damage or *ange :atev] by ! mo/ viol5t & mo/ la/+ action ( fire4 ,! ,imp]fect ,metals are ^? :i* by ! =ce ( fire1 may be depriv$ ( _! phlogi/on1 & consequ5tly ( _! metall9e =m4 ,:5 b a mod]ate degree ( fire is employ$ to deprive a ,metal ( its phlogi/on1 ! metal is said to be calc9$2 & !n x appe>s 9 ! =m ( a p[d]$ e>?1 :i* is call$ a ,calx3 & ?is metall9e calx be+ expos$ to a m viol5t degree ( fire melts & turns to glass4 ,metallic ,sub/ances h an aff9ity ) acids3 b n equally ) all2 t is1 e ,metallic ,sub/ance is n capable ( unit+ & jo9+ ) e acid4 ,:5 an acid unites ) a ,metallic ,sub/ance !re commonly arises an ebullition1 att5d$ ) a k9d ( hiss+ noise & fum+ exhalations4 ,by degrees1 z ! union becomes m p]fect1 ! p>ticles ( ! metal comb9+ ) ! acid become invisible3 ?is is t]m$ ,dissolution2 & :5 a metall9e mass ?us appe>s 9 an acid1 ! metal is said to be dissolv$ by t acid4 ,x is prop] to obs]ve1 t acids act ^u ,metall9e ,sub/ances1 9 "o respect1 j z !y d ^u alkalis & absorb5t e>?s3 = an acid _c take up above su* a c]ta9 proportion !re( z is suffici5t to saturate x1 to de/roy sev]al ( its prop]ties1 & weak5 o!rs4 ,= example1 :5 an acid is comb9$ ) a metal to ! po9t ( saturation1 x loses its ta/e1 does n turn ! blue col\r ( a vegetable r$1 & its aff9ity ) wat] is consid]ably impair$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,metall9e ,sub/ances1 :i* :5 pure are incapable ( unit+ ) wat]1 by be+ jo9$ ) an acid acquire ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ 9 wat]4 ,^! comb9ations ( ,metall9e ,sub/ances ) acids =m diff]5t sorts ( neutral salts2 "s ( :i* h ! prop]ty ( %oot+ into cry/als1 :ile o!rs h x n3 mo/ ( !m1 :5 ?or\ghly dri$1 attract ! moi/ure ( ! air4 ,! aff9ity :i* ,metall9e ,sub/ances h ) acids is less ?an t :i* absorb5t e>?s & fix$ alkalis h ) ! same acids2 s t all metall9e salts may be decomp\nd$ by "o ( ^! sub/ances1 :i* w unite ) ! acid1 & precipitate ! metal4 ,metall9e ,sub/ances ?us sep>at$ f an acid solv5t are call$ ,magi/]ies & ,precipitates ( metals4 ,none ( ^! precipitates1 except ^? ( ! p]fect metals1 reta9 ! metall9e =m3 mo/ ( _! phlogi/on ha? be5 de/roy$ by ! solution & precipitation1 & mu/ be re/or$ be=e !y c recov] _! prop]ties4 ,9 %ort1 !y are ne>ly 9 ! same /ate ) ,metall9e ,sub/ances depriv$ ( _! phlogi/on by calc9ation2 & accord+ly su* a precipitate is call$ a ,calx4 ,a metall9e calx prep>$ 9 ?is mann] loses a great] or a less portion ( its phlogi/on1 ! m or less effectually & ?or\ghly ! ,metall9e ,sub/ance1 ( :i* x made a "p1 0 dissolv$ by ! acid4 ,metallic ,sub/ances h aff9ities ) ea* o!r :i* diff] accord+ to _! diff]5t k9ds3 b ?is is n univ]sal2 = "s ( !m are incapable ( any sort ( union ) "s o!rs4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ,metallic ,sub/ances w n unite1 except !y be bo? 9 a simil> /ate2 t is1 bo? 9 a ,metall9e =m1 or bo? 9 ! =m ( a ,glass2 = a ,metall9e ,sub/ance reta9+ its phlogi/on _c contract an union ) any metallic glass1 ev5 its own4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,( ,,metals4 ,!re are six ,metals1 ( :i* two are ,p]fect & f\r ,imp]fect4 ,! p]fect ,metals are ,gold & ,silv]2 ! o!rs are ,copp]1 ,t91 ,lead1 & ,iron4 ,"s ,*ymi/s admit a sev5? ,metal1 to wit1 ,quick-silv]3 b z x is n malleable1 x has be5 g5]ally consid]$ z a metallic body ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,we %all soon h occasion to exam9e x m m9utely4 ,! anci5t ,*ymi/s1 or r ! ,al*ymi/s1 :o fanci$ a c]ta9 relation or analogy betwe5 ,metals & ! ,heav5ly ,bodies1 be/[$ on ! sev5 ,metals1 reckon+ ,quick-silv] "o ( !m1 ! names ( ! sev5 ,planets ( ! ,anci5ts1 accord+ to ! aff9ity :i* !y imag9$ !y obs]v$ betwe5 ^? sev]al bodies4 ,?us ,gold 0 call$ ,sol1 ,silv] ,luna1 ,copp] ,v5us1 ,t9 ,jupit]1 ,lead ,saturn1 ,iron ,m>s1 & ,quick-silv] ,m]cury4 ,?\gh ^! names 7 assign$ = reasons m]ely *im]ical1 yet !y /ill keep _! gr\nd2 s t x is n uncommon to f9d ! ,metals call$ by ! names1 & d5ot$ by ! *>act]s1 ( ! ,planets1 9 ! writ+s ev5 ( ! be/ ,*ymi/s4 ,metals are ! heavie/ bodies kn[n 9 nature4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ,,gold4 ,gold is ! heavie/ ( all ,metals4 ,! arts ( wire-draw+ & gold-beat+ %ew its wond]ful ductility4 ,! greate/ viol5ce ( fire is n able to produce any alt]ation 9 x4 ,inde$ ,mr4 ,homb]g1 a fam\s ,*ymi/1 pret5d$ t he _h made ?is metal fume1 & ev5 vitrifi$ x1 by expos+ x to ! focus ( "o ( ! be/ burn+-glasses1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,l5s ( ! ,palais ,royal3 b1 !re are v good reasons = call+ 9 "q ! exp]im5ts he made on ?is occasion1 or r = ?9k+ t he 0 q mi/ak54 ,=1 #a4 ,no man ha? s9ce be5 able to vitrify ,gold1 ?\gh sev]al good ,exp]im5t]s h assidu\sly tri$ to effect x1 by expos+ x to ! focus ( ! same l5s1 & ( o!r burn+-glasses /ill /rong]4 #b4 ,x ha? be5 obs]v$1 t ?\gh ,gold1 :5 expos$ to ! focus ( ^? glasses1 did inde$ emit "s vap\rs & decrease 9 weight2 yet1 ^? vap\rs be+ c>efully collect$ on a piece ( pap]1 prov$ to be true ,gold1 9 no degree vitrifi$1 & :i* consequ5tly _h suff]$ no *ange b t ( be+ c>ri$ away by ! viol5ce ( ! heat1 its nature n be+ 9 ! lea/ alt]$4 #c4 ,! small portion ( vitrifi$ matt]1 :i* 0 =m$ on ! arm t support$ ! ,gold 9 ,mr4 ,homb]g's exp]im5t1 may h come ei!r f ! arm itself1 or r f "s het]og5e\s p>ticles conta9$ 9 ! ,gold2 = x is almo/ impossible to h x p]fectly pure4 #d4 ,nei!r ,mr4 ,homb]g1 nor any t h repeat$ 8 exp]im5t1 ev] r$uc$ ?is pret5d$ glass ( ,gold by re/or+ its ,phlogi/on1 z is done ) o!r metallic glasses4 #e4 ,to r5d] ! exp]im5t decisive1 ! :ole mass ( ,gold employ$ ought to h be5 vitrifi$2 :i* 0 n ! case4 ,nev]!less1 ,i d n pret5d t ?is metal is 9 its own nature absolutely inde/ructible1 & unvitrifiable3 b !re is reason to ?9k t no body ha? hi!rto f\nd ! means ( produc+ ^? effects on x1 probably = want ( a suffici5t degree ( fire2 at lea/ ! po9t is v d\btful4 ,gold _c be dissolv$ by any pure acid3 b if ! acid ( nitre be mix$ ) ! acid ( sea-salt1 !re results a comp\nd acid liquor1 ) :i* x has s great an aff9ity t x is capable ( be+ p]fectly dissolv$ !reby4 ,! ,*ymi/s h call$ ?is solv5t ,aqua ,regis1 on acc\nt ( its be+ ! only acid t c dissolve ,gold1 :i* !y consid] z ! ,k+ ( ,metals4 ,! solution ( gold is ( a beautiful orange col\r4 ,if ,gold dissolv$ 9 aqua regis be precipitat$ by an alkali or an absorb5t e>?1 ! precipitate g5tly dri$1 & !n expos$ to a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 is in/antly disp]s$ into ! air1 ) a mo/ viol5t explosion & noise3 ,gold ?us precipitat$ is !re=e call$ ,aurum ,fulm9ans4 ,b if ! precipitat$ ,gold be c>efully wa%$ 9 pl5ty ( wat]1 s z to cle> x ( all ! adh]+ sal9e p>ticles1 x w n fulm9ate1 b may be melt$ 9 a crucible )\t any additam5t1 & w !n appe> 9 its usual =m4 ,! acid ( vitriol be+ p\r$ on aurum fulm9ans likewise deprives x ( its fulm9at+ quality4 ,gold does n beg9 to fl[ till x be r$-hot l a live coal4 ,?\gh x be ! mo/ malleable & mo/ ductile ( all metals1 x has ! s+ul> prop]ty ( los+ its ductility m easily ?an any ( !m3 ev5 ! fumes ( *>coal are suffici5t to deprive x !re(1 if !y come 9 contact ) x :ile x is 9 fusion4 ,! malleability ( ?is metal1 & inde$ ( all ! re/1 is also consid]ably dim9i%$ by expos+ x sudd5ly to cold :5 x is r$-hot2 = example1 by qu5*+ x 9 wat]1 or ev5 b>ely expos+ x to ! cold air4 ,! way to re/ore ductility to gold1 :5 lo/ by its com+ 9 contact ) ! vap\r ( coals1 & 9 g5]al to any metal r5d]$ less malleable by be+ sudd5ly cool$1 is to heat x aga91 to keep x r$ hot a consid]able "t1 & !n to let x cool v sl[ly & gradually2 ?is op]ation frequ5tly repeat$ w by degrees mu* increase ! malleability ( a metal4 ,pure sulphur ha? no effect on ,gold2 b be+ comb9$ ) an alkali into a hep> sulphuris1 x unites !re) v readily4 ,nay1 s intimate is _! union1 t ! ,gold1 by means !re(1 becomes soluble 9 wat]2 & ?is new comp\nd ( ,gold & liv] ( sulphur1 be+ dissolv$ 9 wat]1 w pass ?r\gh ! pores ( br[n pap] )\t suff]+ any decomposition2 :i* does n happ51 at lea/ 9 su* a manife/ degree1 to o!r metallic sub/ances dissolv$ by liv] ( sulphur4 ,aurum fulm9ans1 mix$ & melt$ ) fl[] ( sulphur1 loses its fulm9at+ quality3 :i* arises f h5ce1 t on ?is occasion ! sulphur burns1 & its acid1 :i* is ! same ) ! vitriolic1 be+ !reby set at lib]ty becomes capable ( act+ ^u ! ,gold z a vitriolic acid w\ld2 :i*1 z 0 said above1 deprives ! ,gold ( its fulm9at+ quality4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,,silv]4 ,next to ,gold1 ,silv] is ! mo/ p]fect metal4 ,l ,gold x resi/s ! utmo/ viol5ce ( fire1 ev5 t 9 ! focus ( a burn+-glass4 ,h[ev]1 x holds only ! second place among metals2 because x is light] ?an ,gold by almo/ "o half2 is also some:at less ductile2 &1 la/ly1 because x is act$ ^u by a great] numb] ( solv5ts4 ,yet ,silv] ha? "o advantage ov] gold1 namely t ( be+ a little h>d]2 :i* makes x also m sonor\s4 ,?is metal1 l ,gold1 beg9s to fl[ :5 x is s ?or\ghly p5etrat$ by ! fire z to appe> ignit$ l a live coal4 ,:ile ?is metal is 9 fusion1 ! imm$iate contact ( ! vap\r ( burn+ coals deprives x almo/ entirely ( its malleability1 9 ! same mann] z we obs]v$ happ5s to ,gold3 b bo? ^! metals easily recov] t prop]ty by be+ melt$ ) nitre4 ,! nitr\s acid is ! true solv5t ( ,silv]1 & be+ some:at dephlegmat$ w v readily & easily take up a quantity ( ,silv] equal 9 weight to itself4 ,silv] ?us comb9$ ) ! nitr\s acid =ms a metallic salt :i* %oots into cry/als1 call$ by ! "n ( ,lun> ,cry/als1 or ,cry/als ( ,silv]4 ,^! cry/als are mo/ viol5tly cau/ic3 appli$ to ! sk9 !y quickly affect x mu* z a live coal w\ld2 !y produce a blacki% es*>1 corrod+ & entirely de/roy+ ! p>ts !y t\*4 ,surgeons use !m to eat away ! pr\d fung\s fle% ( ulc]s4 ,z ,silv] unit$ ) ! nitr\s acid ha? ! prop]ty ( black5+ all animal sub/ances1 a solution ( ?is metallic salt is employ$ to dye hair1 or o!r animal matt]s1 ( a beautiful & durable black4 ,^! cry/als fl[ ) a v mod]ate heat1 & ev5 be=e !y gr[ r$4 ,be+ ?us melt$ !y =m a blacki% mass2 & 9 ?is =m !y are us$ by ,surgeons1 "u ! title ( ,lapis ,inf]nalis1 ,inf]nal ,/one1 or ,lun> ,cau/ic4 ,silv] is also dissolv$ by ! vitriolic acid3 b !n ! acid mu/ be conc5trat$1 & 9 quantity d\ble ! weight ( ! ,silv]2 nor w ! solution succe$ )\t a consid]able degree ( heat4 ,_s ( salt & aqua regis1 z well z ! o!r acids1 are incapable ( dissolv+ ?is metal2 at lea/ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,?\gh ,silv] be n soluble 9 ! acid ( sea-salt1 nor easily 9 ! acid ( vitriol1 z ha? j be5 obs]v$1 x do? n foll[ t x ha? b a weak aff9ity ) ! latt]1 & none at all ) ! =m]3 on ! contr>y1 x appe>s f exp]im5t t x ha? ) ^! two acids a mu* great] aff9ity ?an ) ! acid ( nitre3 :i* is s+ul> en\gh1 consid]+ ! facility ) :i* ?is la/ acid dissolves x4 ,! exp]im5t :i* proves ! fact1 is ?is4 ,to a solution ( ,silv] 9 ! nitr\s acid1 add ! acid ei!r ( vitriol or ( sea-salt1 & ! ,silv] w in/antly quit its nitr\s solv5t to jo9 ) ! sup]add$ acid4 ,silv] ?us unit$ ) ! vitriolic or ! m>9e acid is less soluble 9 wat] ?an :5 comb9$ ) ! nitr\s acid2 & = ?is reason x is1 t :5 ei!r ( ^! two acids is add$ to a solution ( ,silv]1 ! liquor imm$iately becomes :ite1 & a precipitate is =m$1 :i* is no o!r ?an ! ,silv] unit$ ) ! precipitat+ acid4 ,if ! precipitation be effect$ by ! vitriolic acid1 ! precipitate w disappe> ^u add+ a suffici5t quantity ( wat]1 because !re w !n be wat] en\gh to dissolve x4 ,b ! case is n ! same :5 ! precipitation is made by ! m>9e acid2 = ,silv] comb9$ !re) is sc>ce soluble 9 wat]4 ,?is ,precipitate ( ,silv]1 procur$ by means ( ! m>9e acid1 is v easily fus$1 & :5 fus$ *anges to a sub/ance 9 "s measure transp>5t & flexible1 :i* ha? occasion$ x to be call$ by ! "n ( ,luna ,cornea4 ,if x be propos$ to decomp\nd ?is luna cornea1 t is1 to sep>ate ! m>9e acid f ! ,silv] ) :i* x is unit$1 ! luna cornea mu/ be melt$ along ) fatty & absorb5t matt]s1 ) :i* ! acid w unite1 & leave ! metal exce$+ pure4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t if1 in/ead ( ! m>9e acid1 sea-salt 9 sub/ance be add$ to a solution ( ,silv] 9 ! nitr\s acid1 a ,precipitate is also produc$1 :i* by fusion appe>s to be a true luna cornea4 ,! reason is1 t ! sea-salt is decompos$ by ! nitr\s acid1 :i* seizes its basis1 z hav+ a great] aff9ity !re) ?an its own acid ha?2 & ?is acid be+ consequ5tly dis5gag$ & set at lib]ty unites ) ! ,silv]1 :i*1 z has be5 %ewn1 has a great] aff9ity ) x ?an ) ! nitr\s acid4 ,?is is an in/ance ( decomposition effect$ by means ( "o ( ^? d\ble aff9ities m5tion$ by u 9 our sev5? proposition conc]n+ ,aff9ities4 ,f :at ha? be5 already said x is cle>1 t all ^! comb9ations ( ,silv] ) acids may be decomp\nd$ by absorb5t e>?s & by fix$ alkalis2 x be+ a g5]al law ) reg>d to all metallic sub/ances4 ,we %all n !re=e repeat ?is obs]vation :5 we come to treat ( ! o!r metals2 unless "s p>ticul> occasion require x4 ,) reg>d to ,silv] ,i mu/ take notice t1 :5 sep>at$ by ^! means f ! acids 9 :i* x 0 dissolv$1 x requires no?+ b simple fusion to re/ore x to its usual =m2 because x does n1 any m ?an ,gold1 lose its ,phlogi/on by ^? solutions & precipitations4 ,silv] unites ) sulphur 9 fusion4 ,if ?is metal be only made r$-hot 9 a crucible1 & sulphur be !n add$1 x imm$iately fl[s2 ! sulphur act+ z a flux to x4 ,silv] ?us unit$ ) sulphur =ms a mass t may be cut1 is half malleable1 & ha? ne>ly ! col\r & consi/5ce ( ,lead4 ,if ?is sulphurat$ ,silv] be kept a long "t 9 fusion1 & 9 a great degree ( heat1 ! sulphur flies (f & leaves ! ,silv] pure4 ,b if ! sulphur be evaporat$ by a viol5t heat1 x c>ries (f ) x "p ( ! ,silv]4 ,silv] unites & mixes p]fectly ) ,gold 9 fusion4 ,! two metals ?us mix$ =m a comp\nd ) prop]ties p>tak+ ( bo?4 ,metallurgi/s h hi!rto s\ght 9 va9 = a p]fectly good & easy me?od ( sep>at+ ^! two metals by ! dry way only3 7?is t]m is us$ to signify all op]ations p]=m$ by fusion73 b !y are conv5i5tly en\gh p>t$ by ! moi/ way1 t is1 by acid solv5ts4 ,?is me?od is f\nd$ on ! above-m5tion$ prop]ties ( ,gold & ,silv] ) respect to acids4 ,x ha? be5 %ewn t aqua regis only w dissolve ,gold2 t ,silv]1 on ! contr>y1 is n soluble by aqua regis1 & t its prop] solv5t is ! acid ( nitre2 consequ5tly1 :5 ,gold & ,silv] are mix$ toge!r1 if ! comp\nd mass be put into aqua =tis1 ?is acid w take up all ! ,silv]1 )\t dissolv+ a p>ticle ( ! ,gold1 :i* w !re=e rema9 pure2 & by ?is means ! desir$ sep>ation is effect$4 ,?is me?od1 :i* is commonly made use ( by ,goldsmi?s1 & 9 ,m9ts1 is call$ ! ,p>t+ ,assay4 ,x is pla91 t if aqua regis 7 employ$ in/ead ( aqua =tis1 ! sep>ation w\ld be equally effect$2 & t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is process & ! =m] w\ld consi/ 9 ?is1 t n[ ! ,gold w\ld be dissolv$1 & ! ,silv] rema9 pure4 ,b ! op]ation by aqua =tis is pref]able2 because aqua regis does take up a little ,silv]1 :]eas aqua =tis ha? n ! lea/ effect on ,gold4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t1 :5 ,gold & ,silv] are mix$ toge!r 9 equal p>ts1 !y _c be p>t$ by ! means ( aqua =tis4 ,to enable ! aqua =tis to act duly on ! ,silv]1 ?is metal mu/ be1 at lea/1 9 a triple proportion to ! ,gold4 ,if x be 9 a less proportion1 y mu/ ei!r employ aqua regis to make ! sep>ation1 or1 if y pref] ! use ( aqua =tis1 melt ! metall9e mass1 & add z mu* ,silv] z is necess>y to make up ! proportion above-m5tion$3 & h5ce ?is ,process is call$ ,qu>tation4 ,?is effect1 :i* is pretty s+ul>1 probably arises f h5ce1 t :5 ! ,gold exce$s or ev5 equals ! ,silv] 9 quantity1 ! p>ts ( bo? be+ intimately unit$1 ! =m] are capable ( coat+ ov] ! latt]1 & cov]+ !m s z to def5d !m f ! action ( ! aqua =tis2 :i* is n ! case :5 !re is ?rice z mu* ,silv] z ,gold4 ,!re is "o ?+ m to be tak5 notice ( ) reg>d to ?is process2 :i* is1 t p]fectly pure aqua =tis is r>ely to be met )1 = two reasons2 fir/1 x is difficult 9 mak+ x :olly to prev5t ! ris+ ( ! m$ium employ$ to dis5gage ! nitr\s acid2 t is1 a little ( ! vitriolic acid w mix ) ! vap\rs ( ! aqua =tis3 secondly1 unless ! salt-petre be v well purifi$ x w always hold "s small portion ( sea-salt1 ! acid ( :i*1 we "k1 is v readily set loose by ! vitriolic acid1 & consequ5tly rises toge!r ) ! vap\rs ( ! aqua =tis4 ,x is easy to see t aqua =tis mix$ ei!r ) ! "o or ! o!r is n prop] = ! ,p>t+ ,process2 because1 z has j be5 said1 ! vitriolic & ! m>9e acid equally precipitate ,silv] dissolv$ 9 ! nitr\s acid2 by :i* means1 :5 !y are unit$ ) t acid1 !y weak5 its action ^u ! ,silv]1 & h9d] ! dissolution4 ,add1 t aqua =tis adult]at$ ) a mixture ( _s ( salt becomes an aqua regis1 & consequ5tly is r5d]$ capable ( dissolv+ ,gold1 9 proportion z its action ^u ,silv] is dim9i%$4 ,9 ord] to rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce1 & free aqua =tis f ! vitriolic or m>9e acid ) :i* x is ta9t$1 ,silv] mu/ be dissolv$ !re93 by degrees z ! metal dissolves1 ^? het]og5e\s acids lay hold ( x1 & precipitate ) x 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]1 z we obs]v$ be=e4 ,?is precipitate be+ :olly fall51 ! liquor gr[s cle>2 aft] :i*1 if x be f\nd capable ( dissolv+ m silv]1 )\t turn+ milky1 x may be dep5d$ on z a p]fectly pure aqua =tis4 ,!n filtre x1 dissolve m ,silv] 9 x1 z long z x w take up any1 & y w h a solution ( ,silv] 9 a v pure aqua =tis4 ,by means ( ?is solution may o!r aqua =tis be purifi$3 = p\r a few drops !re( into a v impure aqua =tis1 & imm$iately ! vitriolic or m>9e acid1 ) :i* t aqua =tis is contam9at$1 w jo9 ! ,silv] & fall !re) to ! bottom4 ,:5 ! solution ( ,silv]1 prep>$ z above1 does n 9 ! lea/ affect ! transp>5cy ( ! aqua =tis1 x is !n v pure1 & fit = ! purposes ( ,qu>tation4 ,?is op]ation ( purify+ aqua =tis by a solution ( ,silv] is call$ ! ,precipitation ( ,aqua ,=tis1 & aqua =tis ?us purifi$ is call$ ,precipitat$ ,aqua ,=tis4 ,:5 ,silv] is dissolv$ 9 aqua =tis x may be sep>at$ !refrom1 z ha? be5 %ewn1 by absorb5t e>?s & fix$ alkalis4 ,we %all see by & by t !re are o!r means ( effect+ ?is3 b :atev] way x be sep>at$ f its solv5t x recov]s its metall9e =m1 z ,gold does1 by be+ simply fus$ )\t any additam5t4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ,,copp]4 ,( all ! imp]fect metals ,copp] comes ! ne>e/ to ,gold & ,silv]4 ,its natural col\r is a deep-r$ yell[4 ,x resi/s a v viol5t degree ( fire = a consid]able "t2 b los+ its phlogi/on at la/1 x *anges its metall9e =m = t ( a calx1 or a pure r$di% e>?4 ,?is calx is h>dly1 if at all1 r$ucible to glass1 )\t ! addition ( some?+ to promote its fusion2 all t ! fi]ce/ heat c d be+ only to r5d] x s(t4 ,copp]1 ev5 :ile x reta9s its metall9e =m1 & is v pure1 requires a consid]able degree ( fire to melt x1 & does n beg9 to fl[ till long aft] x is r$-hot4 ,:5 9 fusion1 x communicates a gre5i% col\r to ! flame ( ! coals4 ,?is metal is inf]ior to ,silv] 9 po9t ( gravity2 nor is its ductility s great1 ?\gh x be pretty consid]able3 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x exce$s t metal 9 h>dness4 ,x unites readily ) ,gold & ,silv]2 nor does x greatly less5 _! beauty :5 add$ to !m 9 a small quantity3 nay1 x ev5 procures !m "s advantages2 su* z mak+ !m h>d]1 & less subject to lose _! ductility1 ( :i* ^? metals are (t5 liable to be depriv$1 by ! mixture ( ! smalle/ het]og5e\s p>ticle4 ,?is may probably arise f h5ce1 t ! ductility ( ,copp] has ! peculi>ity ( resi/+ mo/ ( ^? causes :i* rob ! p]fect metals ( !irs4 ,! prop]ty1 :i* o!r metall9e sub/ances h 9 common ) ,copp]1 ( los+ ! phlogi/on by calc9+ & !n vitrify+1 furni%es u ) a me?od ( sep>at+ !m f ,gold & ,silv]1 :5 !y are comb9$ !re)4 ,no?+ m is requir$ ?an to expose ! mass comp\nd$ ( ! p]fect metals & o!r metall9e sub/ances to a degree ( heat suffici5t to calc9e :atev] is n ei!r ,gold or ,silv]4 ,x is evid5t1 t1 by ?is means1 ^! two metals w be obta9$ z pure z is possible2 =1 z ha? already be5 said1 no metall9e calx or glass is capable ( unit+ ) metals possess$ ( _! phlogi/on4 ,on ?is pr9ciple is =m$ ! :ole bus9ess ( ref9+ ,gold & ,silv]4 ,:5 ! p]fect metals h no o!r alloy b ,copp]1 z ?is metal is n to be calc9$ or vitrifi$ )\t great difficulty1 :i* is increas$ by its union ) ! unvitrifiable metals1 x is easy to see t x is almo/ impossible to sep>ate !m )\t add+ some?+ to facilitate ! vitrification ( ! ,copp]4 ,su* metals z h ! prop]ty ( turn+ easily to glass are v fit = ?is purpose2 & x is necess>y to add a c]ta9 quantity !re(1 :5 ,gold or ,silv] is to be purifi$ f ! alloy ( ,copp]4 ,we %all h occasion to be m p>ticul> on ?is subject :5 we come to treat ( ,lead4 ,copp] is soluble 9 all ! acids1 to :i* x communicates a gre5 col\r1 & sometimes a blue4 ,ev5 ! neutral salts1 & wat] itself1 act ^u ?is metal4 ,) reg>d to wat] inde$1 z ! procur+ x absolutely pure & free f any sal9e mixture is next to an impossibility1 x rema9s a "q :e!r ! effect x produces on ,copp] be n ow+ to c]ta9 sal9e p>ticles conta9$ 9 x4 ,x is ?is great facility ( be+ dissolv$ t r5d]s ,copp] s subject to ru/2 :i* is no?+ else b "s p>ts ( its surface corrod$ by sal9e p>ticles conta9$ 9 ! surr\nd+ air & wat]4 ,! ru/ ( ,copp] is always gre5 or blue1 or ( a col\r betwe5 ^! two4 ,int]nally us$ x is v noxi\s1 be+ a real poison1 z are all ! solutions ( ?is metal made by any acid :atev]4 ,! blue col\r :i* ,copp] con/antly assumes1 :5 corrod$ by any sal9e sub/ance1 is a sure sign by :i* x may be discov]$ :]ev] x exi/s1 ev5 9 a v small quantity4 ,copp] dissolv$ 9 ! vitriolic acid =ms a k9d ( metall9e salt1 :i* %oots into rhomboidal cry/als ( a mo/ beautiful blue col\r4 ,^! cry/als are call$ ,blue ,vitriol1 or ,vitriol ( ,copp]4 ,!y are sometimes f\nd ready =m$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?2 & may be artificially made by dissolv+ ,copp] 9 ! vitriolic acid2 b ! solution w n succe$ unless ! acid be well dephlegmat$4 ,! ta/e ( ?is vitriol is salti% & a/r+5t4 ,x reta9s a consid]able quantity ( wat] 9 cry/alliz+1 on :i* acc\nt x is easily r5d]$ fluid by fire4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t1 :5 x is expos$ to a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 9 ord] to free x ( its humidity1 a great "p ( its acid flies (f at ! same "t3 & h5ce x is t1 aft] calc9ation1 !re rema9s only a k9d ( e>?1 or metall9e calx1 ( a r$ col\r1 :i* conta9s b v little acid4 ,?is e>? _c be br\ght to fl[ b ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,a solution ( ,copp] 9 ! nitr\s acid =ms a salt :i* does n cry/allize1 b1 :5 dri$1 p[]fully attracts ! moi/ure ( ! air4 ,! same ?+ happ5s :5 x is dissolv$ 9 ! _s ( salt1 or 9 aqua regis4 ,if ! ,copp] ?us dissolv$ by any ( ^! acids be precipitat$ by an e>? or an alkali1 x reta9s ne>ly ! col\r x _h 9 ! solution3 b ^! precipitates are sc>ce any ?+ m ?an ! e>? ( ,copp]1 or ,copp] depriv$ ( mo/ ( its phlogi/on2 s t if !y 7 expos$ to a viol5t fire1 )\t any additam5t1 a great "p ( !m w\ld be conv]t$ into an e>? t c\ld nev] be r$uc$ to a metall9e =m4 ,!re=e1 :5 we int5d to r$uce ^! precipitates to ,copp]1 x is necess>y to add a c]ta9 quantity ( a sub/ance capable ( re/or+ to !m ! phlogi/on !y h lo/4 ,! sub/ance :i* ha? be5 f\nd fitte/ = su* r$uctions is *>coal-du/2 because *>coal is no?+ b a phlogi/on closely comb9$ ) an e>?1 :i* r5d]s x exce$+ly fix$1 & capable ( resi/+ a viol5t =ce ( fire4 ,b z *>coal w n melt1 & consequ5tly is capable ( prev5t+ r ?an =w>d+ ! flux ( a metall9e calx or glass1 :i* nev]!less is ess5tially necess>y to complete ! r$uction1 x ha? be5 contriv$ to mix x1 or any o!r sub/ance conta9+ ! phlogi/on1 ) su* fix$ alkalis z easily fl[1 & are fit to promote ! flux ( o!r bodies4 ,^! mixtures are call$ ,r$uc+ ,fluxes2 because ! g5]al "n ( ,fluxes is giv5 to all salts or mixtures ( salts1 :i* facilitate fusion4 ,if ,sulphur be appli$ to ,copp] made p]fectly r$-hot1 ! metal imm$iately runs2 & ^! two sub/ances unit+ =m a new comp\nd mu* m fusible ?an pure ,copp]4 ,?is comp\nd is de/roy$ by ! sole =ce ( fire1 = two reasons3 ! fir/ is1 t1 sulphur be+ volatile1 ! fire is capable ( sublim+ a great "p ( x1 especially :5 x is 9 a great proportion to ! ,copp] ) :i* x is jo9$2 ! second is1 t ! portion ( sulphur :i* rema9s1 be+ m intimately unit$ ) ! ,copp]1 ?\gh x be r5d]$ less combu/ible by t union1 is nev]!less burnt & consum$ 9 "t4 ,copp] be+ comb9$ ) sulphur1 & toge!r ) x expos$ to ! =ce ( fire1 is f\nd to be p>tly *ang$ into a blue vitriol2 because ! vitriolic acid1 be+ dis5gag$ by burn+ ! sulphur1 is by t means qualifi$ to dissolve ! ,copp]4 ,! aff9ity ( ,copp] ) sulphur is great] ?an t ( ,silv]4 ,?is metal1 z well z ! o!r imp]fect metals & ! semi-metals1 be+ m+l$ ) nitre & expos$ to ! fire1 is decompos$ & calc9$ mu* soon] ?an by itself2 because ! phlogi/on :i* x conta9s occasions ! deflagration ( ! nitre1 & consequ5tly ! two sub/ances mutually decompose ea* o!r4 ,!re are c]ta9 metall9e sub/ances ^: phlogi/on is s abundant1 & s weakly connect$ ) _! e>?1 t :5 !y are ?us treat$ ) nitre1 !re arises imm$iately a detonation1 accompani$ ) flame1 & z viol5t z if sulphur or *>coal-du/ _h be5 employ$2 s t 9 a mom5t ! metall9e sub/ance loses its phlogi/on1 & is calc9$4 ,! nitre1 aft] ^! detonations1 always assumes an alkal9e "*4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,( ,,iron4 ,iron is light] & less ductile ?an ,copp]2 b x is mu* h>d]1 & ( m difficult fusion4 ,x is ! only body t has ! prop]ty ( be+ attract$ by ! magnet1 :i* !re=e s]ves to discov] x :]ev] x is4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$1 t x ha? ?is prop]ty only :5 9 its metall9e /ate1 & loses x :5 conv]t$ to an e>? or calx4 ,h5ce v few ,iron-ores are attract$ by ! load-/one3 because1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y are only sorts ( e>?s1 :i* require a phlogi/on to be add$ be=e !y c be br\ght to ! =m ( true ,iron4 ,:5 ,iron ha? und]gone no o!r prep>ation b ! fusion :i* is necess>y to smelt x f its ore1 x is usually q brittle1 & flies to pieces "u ! hamm]3 :i* arises 9 "s measure f its conta9+ a c]ta9 portion ( unmetallic e>? int]pos$ betwe5 its p>ts4 ,?is we call ,pig ,iron4 ,by melt+ ?is a second "t x is r5d]$ pur]1 & m free f het]og5e\s matt]s3 b /ill1 z its prop] p>ts are probably n br\ght suffici5tly ne>1 or closely en\gh unit$1 till ! ,iron ha? und]gone "s fur!r prep>ation besides t ( fusion1 x seldom ha? any degree ( malleability4 ,! way to give x ?is prop]ty is to make x j r$-hot1 & !n hamm] x = "s "t 9 all directions2 to ! end t its p>ts may be prop]ly unit$1 incorporat$1 & weld$ toge!r1 & t ! het]og5e\s matt]s :i* keep !m asund] may be sep>at$4 ,iron made by ?is means z malleable z possible we call ,b> ,iron1 or ,=g$ ,iron4 ,b> ,iron is /ill h>d] to fuse ?an ,pig ,iron3 to make x fl[ requires ! utmo/ =ce ( fire4 ,iron has ! prop]ty ( imbib+ a great] quantity ( phlogi/on ?an is necess>y to give x ! metall9e =m4 ,x may be made to take 9 ?is sup]-abundant phlogi/on two ways3 ! fir/ is by fus+ x aga9 ) matt]s t conta9 ! phlogi/on2 ! second is1 by encompass+ x ) a quantity ( su* matt]s1 *>coal-du/1 = in/ance1 & !n expos+ x s encompass$1 = a c]ta9 "t1 to a degree ( fire b>ely suffici5t to keep x r$-hot4 ,?is second me?od1 :]eby "o sub/ance is incorporat$ ) ano!r by means ( fire1 b )\t fus+ ei!r ( !m1 is 9 g5]al call$ ,cem5tation4 ,iron ?us impregnat$ ) an additional quantity ( phlogi/on is call$ ,/eel4 ,! h>dness ( ,/eel may be consid]ably augm5t$ by temp]+ x2 t is1 by mak+ x r$-hot1 & sudd5ly qu5*+ x 9 "s cold liquor4 ,! hott] ! metal1 & ! cold] ! liquor 9 :i* x is qu5*$1 ! h>d] w ! ,/eel be4 ,by ?is means tools are made1 su* z files & %e]s1 capable ( cutt+ & divid+ ! h>de/ bodies1 z glass1 pebbles1 & ,iron itself4 ,! col\r ( ,/eel is d>k] ?an t ( ,iron1 & ! facets :i* appe> on break+ x are small]4 ,x is also less ductile & m brittle1 especially :5 temp]$4 ,z ,iron may be impregnat$ ) an additional quantity ( phlogi/on1 & !reby conv]t$ into ,/eel1 s may ,/eel be aga9 depriv$ ( t sup]-abundant phlogi/on1 & br\ght back to ! condition ( ,iron4 ,?is is effect$ by cem5t+ x ) poor e>?s1 su* z calc9$ bones & *alk4 ,by ! same op]ation ,/eel may be untemp]$2 nay1 x w lose ! h>dness x _h acquir$ by temp]+1 if x be b made r$-hot1 & left to cool gradually4 ,z ,iron & ,/eel diff] only 9 ! respects we h "h tak5 notice (1 _! prop]ties be+ 9 all o!r respects ! same1 :at foll[s is equally applicable to bo?4 ,iron be+ expos$ to ! action ( fire = "s "t1 especially :5 divid$ into small p>ticles1 su* z fil+s1 is calc9$ & loses its phlogi/on4 ,by ?is means x turns to a k9d ( r$di% yell[ e>?1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its col\r1 is call$ ,crocus ,m>tis1 or ,saffron ( ,m>s4 ,?is calx ( ,iron has ! s+ul> prop]ty ( fl[+ 9 ! fire ) some:at less difficulty ?an ,iron itself2 :]eas e o!r metall9e calx fl[s ) less ease ?an ! metal t produc$ x4 ,x has moreov] ! rem>kable prop]ty ( unit+ ) ! phlogi/on1 & ( be+ r$uc$ to ,iron )\t fusion2 requir+ = t purpose only to be made r$-hot4 ,iron may be incorporat$ ) ,silv]1 & ev5 ) ,gold1 by means ( c]ta9 op]ations4 ,"u ! article ( ,lead we %all see h[ x may be sep>at$ f ^! metals4 ,! acids produce on x mu* ! same effects z on ,copp]2 e "o ( !m acts ^u x4 ,c]ta9 neutral salts1 alkalis1 & ev5 wat] itself1 are capable ( dissolv+ x2 & h5ce x is also v subject to ru/4 ,! vitriolic acid dissolves x ) ! great] ease3 b ! circum/ances :i* att5d ! solution !re( are diff]5t f ^? ) :i* ! same ,acid dissolves ,copp]3 =1 #a4 :]eas ! vitriolic acid mu/ be conc5trat$ to dissolve ,copp]1 x mu/ on ! contr>y be dilut$ ) wat] to dissolve ,iron1 :i* x w n t\* :5 well dephlegmat$4 #b4 ,! vap\rs :i* rise 9 ?is dissolution are inflammable2 s t if x be made 9 a small-neck$ bottle1 & ! flame ( a c&le be appli$ to ! m\? !re(1 ! vap\rs 9 ! bottle take fire ) su* rapidity z to produce a consid]able explosion4 ,?is solution is ( a beautiful gre5 col\r2 & f ?is union ( ! vitriolic acid ) ,iron !re results a neutral metall9e salt1 :i* has ! prop]ty ( %oot+ into cry/als ( a rhomboidal figure1 & a gre5 col\r4 ,^! cry/als are call$ ,gre5 ,vitriol1 ,vitriol ( ,m>s1 & ,copp]as4 ,gre5 ,vitriol ha? a salti% & a/r+5t ta/e4 ,z x reta9s a great deal ( wat] 9 cry/alliz+1 x quickly fl[s by ! action ( fire3 b ?is fluidity is ow+ to its wat] only1 & is n a real fusion2 =1 z soon z its moi/ure is evaporat$1 x resumes a solid =m4 ,its gre5 transp>5t col\r is n[ *ang$ into an opaque :ite3 &1 if ! calc9ation be cont9u$1 its acid also exhales & is dissipat$ 9 vap\rs2 & z x loses t1 x turns gradually to a yell[ col\r1 :i* comes s mu* ! ne>] to a r$ ! long] ! calc9ation is cont9u$1 or ! high] ! =ce ( ! fire is rais$2 :i* be+ driv5 to ! utmo/1 :at rema9s is ( a v deep r$4 ,?is rema9d] is no?+ b ! body ( ! ,iron1 :i* hav+ lo/ its phlogi/on is n[ no m ?an an e>?1 ne>ly ( ! same nature ) t :i* is left aft] calc9+ ! metal itself4 ,gre5 ,vitriol dissolv$ 9 wat] spontane\sly lets fall a yell[i% e>?y s$im5t4 ,if ?is solution be defecat$ by filtration1 x /ill cont9ues to deposite "s ( ! same sub/ance1 till ! vitriol be :olly decompos$4 ,?is s$im5t is no?+ b ! e>? ( ,iron1 :i* is !n call$ ,o*re4 ,! nitr\s acid dissolves ,iron ) great ease4 ,?is solution is ( a yell[ col\r1 incl9+ m or less to a russet1 or d>k-br[n1 z x is m or less saturat$ ) ,iron4 ,iron dissolv$ by ?is acid1 also1 falls spontane\sly 9 a k9d ( calx1 :i* is incapable ( be+ dissolv$ a second "t2 = ! nitr\s acid w n act ^u ,iron t has lo/ its phlogi/on4 ,?is solution does n cry/allize1 & if evaporat$ to dryness attracts ! moi/ure ( ! air4 ,_s ( salt likewise dissolves ,iron1 & ?is solution is gre54 ,! vap\rs :i* rise dur+ ! dissolution are inflammable1 l ^? :i* asc5d :5 ?is metal is attack$ by ! vitriolic acid4 ,aqua regis makes a solution ( ,iron1 :i* is ( a yell[ col\r4 ,iron ha? a great] aff9ity ?an ei!r ,silv] or ,copp] ) ! nitr\s & vitriolic acids3 s t if iron be pres5t$ to a solution ( ei!r 9 "o ( ^! two acids1 ! dissolv$ metal w be precipitat$2 because ! acid quits x = ! ,iron1 ) :i* x has a great] aff9ity4 ,on ?is occasion x mu/ be obs]v$1 t if a solution ( ,copp] 9 ! vitriolic acid be precipitat$ by means ( ,iron1 ! precipitate has ! =m & spl5d\r ( a metal1 & does n require ! addition ( a phlogi/on to r$uce x to true ,copp]2 :i* is n ! case1 z has be5 %ewn1 :5 ! precipitation is effect$ by e>?s or alkal9e salts4 ,! col\r ( ?is metall9e precipitate ha? deceiv$ sev]al p]sons1 :o be+ unacqua9t$ ) su* ph5om5a1 & ) ! nature ( blue vitriol1 imag9$ t ,iron 0 transmut$ into ,copp]1 :5 !y saw a bit ( ,iron laid 9 a solution ( t vitriol become1 9 =m & ext]nal appe>ance1 exactly l ,copp]3 :]eas ! surface only ( ! ,iron 0 cru/$ ov] ) ! p>ticles ( ,copp] conta9$ 9 ! vitriol1 :i* _h gradually fall5 ^u & adh]$ to ! ,iron1 z !y 7 precipitat$ out ( ! solution4 ,among ! solv5ts ( ,iron we m5tion$ fix$ alkalis2 & t !y h su* a p[] is prov$ by ! foll[+ ph5om5on4 ,if a l>ge proportion ( alkal9e salts be sudd5ly mix$ ) a solution ( ,iron 9 an acid1 no precipitation ensues1 & ! liquor rema9s cle> & pellucid2 or if at fir/ x look a little turbid1 t appe>ance la/s b a mom5t1 & ! liquor pres5tly recov]s its transp>5cy4 ,! reason is1 t ! quantity ( alkali is m ?an suffici5t to saturate all ! acid ( ! solution1 & ! sup]-abundant portion !re(1 meet+ ) ! ,iron already f9ely divid$ by ! acid1 dissolves x ) ease z fa/ z x falls1 & s prev5ts its muddy+ ! liquor4 ,to ev9ce t ?is is s 9 fact1 let ! alkali be appli$ 9 a quantity t is n suffici5t1 or b b>ely suffici5t1 to saturate ! acid1 & ! ,iron w !n precipitate l any o!r metal4 ,wat] also acts ^u ,iron2 & !re=e ,iron expos$ to moi/ure gr[s ru/y4 ,if iron-fil+s be expos$ to ! dew1 !y turn :olly to a ru/1 :i* is call$ ,crocus ,m>tis ,ap]i5s4 ,iron expos$ to ! fire toge!r ) nitre makes x detonate pretty briskly1 sets x 9 a flame1 & decomposes x ) rapidity4 ,?is metal ha? a great] aff9ity ?an any o!r metall9e sub/ance ) sulphur2 on :i* acc\nt x is successfully us$ to precipitate & sep>ate all metall9e sub/ances comb9$ ) sulphur4 ,sulphur unit+ ) ,iron communicates to x su* a degree ( fusibility1 t if a mass ( ?is metal heat$ r$-hot be rubb$ ) a bit ( sulphur1 x incessantly runs into z p]fect a fusion z a metal expos$ to ! focus ( a l>ge burn+-glass4 ,,section ,v4 ,( ,,t94 ,t9 is ! lighte/ ( all metals4 ,?\gh x yields easily to ! impression ( h>d bodies1 x has b little ductility4 ,be+ b5t backw>ds & =w>ds x makes a small crackl+ noise4 ,x fl[s ) a v mod]ate degree ( fire1 & long be=e x comes to be r$-hot4 ,:5 x is 9 fusion1 its surface soon gr[s du/y1 & !re =ms ^u x a ?9 d>k-col\r$ du/y pellicle1 :i* is no o!r ?an a "p ( ! ,t9 t has lo/ its phlogi/on1 or a calx ( ,t94 ,! metal ?us calc9$ easily recov]s its metall9e =m on ! addition ( a phlogi/on4 ,if ! calx ( ,t9 be urg$ by a /rong fire x gr[s :ite1 b ! greate/ viol5ce ( heat w n fuse x2 :i* makes "s ,*ymi/s consid] x z a calc9able or absorb5t e>?1 r ?an a vitrifiable "o4 ,yet x turns to glass1 9 "s sort1 :5 mix$ ) any o!r sub/ance t vitrifies easily4 ,h[ev]1 x always produces an imp]fect glass only1 :i* is n at all transp>5t1 b ( an opaque :ite4 ,! calx ( ,t9 ?us vitrifi$ is call$ ,enamel4 ,enamels are made ( sev]al col\rs by ! addition ( ?is or t metall9e calx4 ,t9 unites easily ) all ! metals2 b x de/roys ! ductility & malleability ( e "o ( !m1 ,lead except$4 ,nay1 x possesses ?is prop]ty ( mak+ metals brittle 9 su* an em95t degree1 t ! v vap\r ( x1 :5 9 fusion1 is capable ( produc+ ?is effect4 ,moreov]1 :i* is v s+ul>1 ! mo/ ductile metals1 ev5 ,gold & ,silv]1 are ^? on :i* x works ?is *ange ) ! mo/ ease1 & 9 ! greate/ degree4 ,x has also ! prop]ty ( mak+ ,silv] mix$ ) x fl[ ov] a v small fire4 ,x adh]es to1 & 9 "s measure incorporates )1 ! surface ( ,copp] & ( ,iron2 :5ce arose ! practice ( coat+ ov] ^? metals ) ,t94 ,t9 plates are no o!r ?an ?9 plates ( ,iron t9n$ ov]4 ,if to tw5ty p>ts ( ,t9 "o "p ( ,copp] be add$1 ?is alloy r5d]s x mu* m solid1 & ! mix$ mass cont9ues tol]ably ductile4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 to "o "p ( ,t9 t5 p>ts ( ,copp] be add$1 toge!r ) a little ,z9k1 a semi-metal to be consid]$ h]eaft]1 f ?is comb9ation !re results a metall9e comp\nd :i* is h>d1 brittle1 & v sonor\s2 s t x is us$ = ca/+ bells3 ?is composition is call$ ,bronze & ,bell-metal4 ,t9 ha? an aff9ity ) ! vitriolic1 nitr\s1 & m>9e acids4 ,all ( !m attack & corrode x2 yet none ( !m is able to dissolve x )\t great difficulty3 s t if a cle> solution !re( be desir$1 p>ticul> me?ods mu/ be employ$ = t purpose2 = ! acids d b 9 a mann] calc9e x1 & conv]t x to a k9d ( :ite calx or precipitate4 ,! solv5t :i* has ! greate/ p[] ov] x is aqua regis1 :i* has ev5 a great] aff9ity !re) ?an ) ,gold itself2 :5ce x foll[s1 t ,gold dissolv$ 9 aqua regis may be precipitat$ by means ( ,t92 b !n ! aqua regis mu/ be weak5$4 ,gold ?us precipitat$ by ,t9 is ( a mo/ beautiful col\r1 & is us$ = a r$ 9 enamel+ & pa9t+ on porcela91 z also to give a r$ col\r to artificial gems4 ,if ! aqua regis be n l[]$1 ! precipitate w n h ! purple col\r4 ,t9 ha? ! prop]ty ( giv+ a great lu/re to all r$ col\rs 9 g5]al2 on :i* acc\nt x is us$ by ! dy]s = /rik+ a beautiful sc>let1 & t9 vessels are employ$ 9 mak+ f9e syrup ( violets4 ,wat] does n act ^u ?is metal1 z x does ^u ,iron & ,copp]2 = :i* reason x is n subject to ru/3 nev]!less1 :5 x is expos$ to ! air1 its surface soon loses its poli% & spl5d\r4 ,t9 mix$ ) nitre & expos$ to ! fire deflagrates ) x1 makes x detonate1 & is imm$iately conv]t$ to a refractory calx3 = s all sub/ances are call$ :i* are incapable ( fusion4 ,t9 readily unites ) sulphur1 & ) x becomes a brittle & friable mass4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,( ,,lead4 ,next to ,gold & ,m]cury ,lead is ! heavie/ ( all metall9e sub/ances1 b 9 h>dness is exce$$ by e "o ( !m4 ,( all metals also x melts ! easie/ except ,t94 ,:ile x is 9 fusion !re ga!rs incessantly on its surface1 z on t ( ,t91 a blacki% du/y pellicle1 :i* is no?+ b a calx ( ,lead4 ,?is calx fur!r calc9$ by a mod]ate fire1 ! flame be+ rev]b]at$ on x1 soon gr[s :ite4 ,if ! calc9ation be cont9u$ x becomes yell[1 & at la/ ( a beautiful r$4 ,9 ?is /ate x is call$ ,m9ium1 & is us$ z a pigm5t4 ,m9ium is n easily made1 & ! op]ation succe$s well 9 l>ge manufactures only4 ,to conv]t ,lead into ,li?>ge1 :i* is ! metal 9 a mann] half vitrifi$1 y ne$ only keep x melt$ by a pretty /rong fire2 = !n z its surface gradually calc9es1 x t5ds m & m to fusion & vitrification4 ,all ^! prep>ations ( ,lead are greatly dispos$ to p]fect fusion & vitrification1 & = t purpose require b a mod]ate degree ( fire2 ! calx or e>? ( ,lead be+ ( all metall9e e>?s t :i* vitrifies ! mo/ easily4 ,lead ha? n only ! prop]ty ( turn+ into glass ) ! greate/ facility1 b x ha? also t ( promot+ greatly ! vitrification ( all ! o!r imp]fect metals2 &1 :5 x is actually vitrifi$1 procures ! ready fusion ( all e>?s & /ones 9 g5]al1 ev5 ^? :i* are refractory1 t is1 :i* c\ld n be fus$ )\t its help4 ,glass ( ,lead1 besides its great fusibility1 ha? also ! s+ul> prop]ty ( be+ s subtile & active z to corrode & p5etrate ! crucibles 9 :i* x is melt$1 unless !y be ( an e>? t is exce$+ h>d1 compact1 & )al v refractory3 = ,glass ( ,lead be+ "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful fluxes t we "k1 if ! e>? ( ! crucible 9 :i* x is melt$ be 9 ! smalle/ degree fusible1 x w be imm$iately vitrifi$2 especially if !re be any metallic matt] 9 its composition4 ,! great activity ( ,glass ( ,lead may be weak5$ by jo9+ x ) o!r vitrifiable matt]s3 b unless ^! be add$ 9 a v great proportion1 x w /ill rema9 p[]ful en\gh to p5etrate common e>?s1 & c>ry (f ! matt]s comb9$ ) x4 ,on ^! prop]ties ( ,lead1 & ( ! ,glass ( ,lead1 dep5ds ! :ole bus9ess ( ref9+ ,gold & ,silv]4 ,x ha? be5 %ewn1 t z ^! two metals are inde/ructible by fire1 & ! only ones :i* h t advantage1 !y may be sep>at$ f ! imp]fect metals1 :5 mix$ !re)1 by expos+ ! comp\nd to a degree ( fire suffici5tly /rong to vitrify ! latt]2 :i*1 :5 once conv]t$ into glass1 c no long] rema9 unit$ ) any metal t has its metall9e =m4 ,b x is v difficult to procure ?is vitrification ( ! imp]fect metals1 :5 unit$ ) ,gold & ,silv]2 nay1 x is 9 a mann] impossible to vitrify !m entirely1 = two reasons3 fir/1 because mo/ ( !m are naturally v difficult to vitrify2 secondly1 because ! union !y h contract$ ) ! p]fect metals def5ds !m1 9 a mann]1 f ! action ( ! fire1 & t s mu* ! m effectually z ! proportion ( ! p]fect metals is great]2 :i* be+ inde/ructible1 & 9 "s sort coat+ ov] ^? ) :i* !y are alloy$1 s]ve !m z a pres]vative & imp5etrable %ield aga9/ ! utmo/ viol5ce ( fire4 ,x is !re=e cle>1 t a great deal ( lab\r may be sav$1 & t ,gold & ,silv] may be ref9$ to a mu* great] degree ( purity ?an c o!rwise be obta9$1 if to a mixture ( ^! metals ) ,copp]1 = in/ance1 or any o!r imp]fect metal be add$ a c]ta9 quantity ( ,lead4 ,= ! ,lead1 by its kn[n prop]ty1 w infallibly produce ! desir$ vitrification2 & z x likewise increases ! proportion ( ! imp]fect metals1 & s less5s t ( ! p]fect metals1 9 ! mass1 x evid5tly deprives ! =m] ( a "p ( _! gu>d1 & s effects a m complete vitrification4 ,9 conclusion1 z ! ,glass ( ,lead ha? ! prop]ty ( runn+ ?r\gh ! crucible1 & c>ry+ ) x ! matt]s :i* x has vitrifi$1 x foll[s1 t1 :5 ! vitrification ( ! imp]fect metals is effect$ by its means1 all ^? vitrifi$ matt]s toge!r p5etrate ! vessel conta9+ ! fus$ metall9e mass1 disappe>1 & leave only ! ,gold & ,silv] p]fectly pure1 & fre$1 z f> z is possible1 f all admixture ( het]og5e\s p>ts4 ,! bett] to promote ! sep>ation ( su* p>ts x is usual to employ1 9 ?is process1 a p>ticul> sort ( small crucibles1 made ( ! a%es ( calc9$ bones1 :i* are exce$+ly por\s & easily p]vad$4 ,!y are call$ cupels1 on acc\nt ( _! figure1 :i* is t ( a wide-m\!d cup3 & f h5ce ! op]ation takes its "n2 = :5 we ref9e ,gold & ,silv] 9 ?is mann] we are said to cupel ^? metals4 ,x is easy to p]ceive t ! m ,lead is add$ ! m accurately w ! ,gold & ,silv] be ref9$2 & t s mu* ! m ,lead ought to be add$ z ! p]fect metals are alloy$ ) a great] proportion ( ! imp]fect4 ,?is is ! mo/ sev]e trial to :i* a p]fect metal c be put2 & consequ5tly any metal t /&s x may be fairly consid]$ z su*4 ,9 ord] to d5ote ! f95ess ( ,gold1 x is suppos$ to be divid$ into tw5ty-f\r p>ts call$ c>ats2 & ,gold :i* is q pure & free f all alloy is said to be tw5ty-f\r c>ats f9e2 t :i* conta9s #a_/bd "p ( alloy is call$ ,gold ( tw5ty-?ree c>ats2 t :i* conta9s #b_/bd ( alloy is b tw5ty-two c>ats2 & s on4 ,silv] aga9 is suppos$ to be divid$ into twelve p>ts only1 :i* are call$ p5ny-weights3 s t :5 absolutely pure x is said to be twelve p5ny-weights f9e2 :5 x conta9s #a_/ab ( alloy1 x is !n call$ elev5 p5ny-weights f9e2 :5 x conta9s #b_/ab ( alloy1 x is call$ t5 p5ny-weights f9e1 & s on4 ,9 treat+ ( ,copp] we promis$ to %ew1 "u ! article ( ,lead1 h[ to sep>ate x f ,iron4 ,! process is f\nd$ on t prop]ty ( ,lead :i* r5d]s x incapable ( mix+ & unit+ ) ,iron1 ?\gh x readily dissolves all o!r metall9e sub/ances4 ,!re=e1 if y h a mass comp\nd$ ( ,copp] & ,iron1 x mu/ be fus$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( ,lead1 & !n ! ,copp]1 hav+ a great] aff9ity ) ,lead ?an ) ,iron1 w des]t ! latt] & jo9 ! =m]1 :i* be+ incapable ( any union ) ,iron1 z 0 said1 w :olly exclude x f ! new comp\nd4 ,! next po9t is to sep>ate ! ,lead f ! ,copp]2 :i* is done by expos+ ! mass comp\nd$ ( ^! two metals to a degree ( fire /rong en\gh to deprive ! ,lead ( its metall9e =m1 b too weak to h ! same effect on ! ,copp]3 & ?is may be done2 s9ce1 ( all ! imp]fect metals1 ,lead is1 next to ,t91 ! easie/ to be calc9$1 & ,copp] on ! contr>y resi/s ! greate/ =ce ( fire longe/1 )\t los+ its metall9e =m4 ,n[ :at we ga9 by ?is ex*ange1 viz4 by sep>at+ ,copp] f ,iron & unit+ x ) ,lead1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t z ,lead is calc9$ ) less fire ?an ,iron1 ! ,copp] is less expos$ to be de/roy$3 = x mu/ be obs]v$ t1 h[ev] mod]ate ! fire be1 x is h>dly possible to prev5t a c]ta9 quantity !re( f be+ calc9$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,lead melt$ ) a ?ird "p ( ,t9 =ms a comp\nd1 :i* be+ expos$ to a fire capable ( mak+ x ?or\ghly r$-hot1 swells1 puffs up1 seems 9 "s sort to take fire1 & is pres5tly calc9$4 ,^! two metals mix$ toge!r are mu* soon] calc9$ ?an ei!r ( !m sep>ately4 ,bo? ,lead & ,t9 are 9 "s measure affect$ by wat]1 & by a moi/ air2 b !y are bo? mu* less subject ?an ,iron or ,copp] to be corrod$ by ^! solv5ts1 & ( c\rse are mu* less liable to ru/4 ,! vitriolic acid acts ^u & dissolves ,lead1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z x do? ,silv]4 ,! nitr\s acid dissolves ?is metal ) mu* ease1 & 9 great quantities2 & f ?is solution a small portion ( ,m]cury may be obta9$4 ,on ?is subject see our ,elem5ts ( ! ,practice ( ,*ymi/ry4 ,:5 ?is solution ( ,lead is dilut$ ) a good deal ( wat]1 ! ,lead precipitates 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]2 :i* happ5s because ! acid is r5d]$ too weak to keep ! ,lead dissolv$4 ,if ?is solution ( ,lead be evaporat$ to a c]ta9 degree1 x %oots into cry/als =m$ l regul> pyramids ) squ>e bases4 ,^! cry/als are ( a yell[i% col\r1 & a sac*>9e ta/e3 !y d n easily dissolve 9 wat]4 ,?is nitr\s metall9e salt has ! s+ul> prop]ty ( detonat+ 9 a crucible1 )\t any additam5t1 or ! contact ( any o!r inflammable sub/ance4 ,?is prop]ty x d]ives f ! great quantity ( phlogi/on conta9$ 91 & b loosely connect$ )1 ! ,lead :i* is "o ( its pr9ciples4 ,if _s ( salt1 or ev5 sea-salt 9 sub/ance1 be add$ to a solution ( ,lead 9 ! nitr\s acid1 a :ite precipitate imm$iately falls2 :i* is no o!r ?an ! ,lead unit$ ) ! m>9e acid4 ,?is precipitate is extremely l ! precipitate ( ,silv] made 9 ! same mann]1 & t be+ call$ ,luna cornea ha? occasion$ ?is to be nam$ ,plumbum corneum4 ,l ! luna cornea x is v fusible1 & be+ melt$ h>d5s l x into a k9d ( horny sub/ance3 x is volatile1 & may be r$uc$ by means ( inflammable matt]s comb9$ ) alkalis4 ,b x diff]s f ! luna cornea 9 ?is *iefly1 t x dissolves easily 9 wat]2 :]eas ! luna cornea1 on ! contr>y1 dissolves !re9 ) great difficulty1 & 9 a v small quantity4 ,z ?is precipitation ( ,lead f its solution 9 _s ( nitre is procur$ by ! m>9e acid1 ,lead is !reby prov$ to h a great] aff9ity ) ! latt] acid ?an ) ! =m]4 ,yet1 if y attempt to dissolve ,lead directly by ! acid ( sea-salt1 ! solution is n s easily effect$ z by ! _s ( nitre1 & x is always imp]fect2 = x wants "o ( ! conditions ess5tial to e solution 9 a liquor1 namely transp>5cy4 ,if ,lead be boil$ = a long "t 9 a lixivium ( fix$ alkali1 "p ( x w be dissolv$4 ,sulphur r5d]s ?is metal refractory & sc>ce fusible2 & ! mass !y =m :5 unit$ toge!r is friable4 ,h5ce x appe>s t sulphur acts ^u ,lead mu* 9 ! same mann] z ^u ,t92 t is1 x r5d]s bo? ^! metals less fusible1 :i* are naturally ! mo/ fusible ( any1 :ile x exce$+ly facilitates ! fusion ( ,silv]1 ,copp]1 & ,iron1 metals :i* ( !mselves fl[ ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,( ,,quick-,,silv]4 ,we treat ( ,quick-silv] 9 a *apt] ap>t1 because ?is metallic sub/ance _c be class$ ) ! metals prop]ly s call$1 & yet has "s prop]ties :i* w n all[ u to conf\nd x ) ! semi-metals4 ,! reason :y ,quick-silv]1 by ! ,*ymi/s commonly call$ ,m]cury1 is n reput$ a metal1 is1 t x wants "o ( ! ess5tial prop]ties !re(1 to wit1 malleability4 ,:5 x is pure & unadult]at$ ) any mixture1 x is always fluid1 & ( c\rse unmalleable4 ,b z1 on ! o!r h&1 x em95tly possesses ! opacity1 ! spl5d\r1 &1 above all1 ! gravity ( a metal1 be+ next to ,gold ! heavie/ ( all bodies1 x may be consid]$ z a true metal1 diff]+ f ! re/ no o!rwise ?an by be+ con/antly 9 fusion2 :i* we may suppose arises f its aptness to fl[ ) su* a small degree ( heat1 t be !re ev] s little w>m? on e>?1 !re is /ill m ?an en\gh to keep ,m]cury 9 fusion2 :i* w\ld become solid & malleable if x 7 possible to apply to x a degree ( cold consid]able en\gh = t purpose4 ,^! prop]ties w n all[ u to conf\nd x ) ! semi-metals4 ,add1 t we are n yet assur$ by any und\bt$ exp]im5t t x c be :olly depriv$ ( its phlogi/on1 z ! imp]fect metals may4 ,inde$ we _c apply ! =ce ( fire to x z c\ld be wi%$3 = x is s volatile t x flies (f & exhales 9 vap\rs1 ) a mu* less degree ( fire ?an is necess>y to make x r$-hot4 ,! vap\rs ( ,m]cury ?us rais$ by ! action ( fire1 be+ collect$ & unit$ 9 a c]ta9 quantity1 appe> to be no o!r ?an true ,m]cury1 reta9+ e "o ( its prop]ties2 & no exp]im5t ha? ev] be5 able to %ew ! lea/ *ange ?us produc$ 9 its nature4 ,if ,m]cury be expos$ to ! greate/ heat t x c be> )\t sublimation1 & cont9u$ 9 x = sev]al mon?s1 or ev5 a :ole ye> toge!r1 x turns to a r$ p[d]1 :i* ! ,*ymi/s call ,m]curius ,prcipitatus p] se4 ,b1 to succe$ 9 ?is op]ation1 x is absolutely necess>y t ! heat be su* z is above-specifi$2 = ?is metallic sub/ance may rema9 expos$ to a weak] heat = a consid]able numb] ( ye>s1 )\t und]go+ any s5sible alt]ation4 ,"s ,*ymi/s fanci$1 t by ?is op]ation !y _h fix$ ,m]cury & *ang$ its nature2 b )\t any reason3 = if ! ,m]cury ?us seem+ly transmut$ be expos$ to a some:at /rong] degree ( fire1 x sublimes & exhales 9 vap\rs z usual2 & ^? vap\rs collect$ are no?+ else b runn+ ,m]cury1 :i* has recov]$ all its prop]ties )\t ! help ( any additam5t4 ,m]cury has ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ all ! metals1 ,iron only except$4 ,b x is a condition absolutely necess>y to ! success ( su* dissolution1 t ! metall9e sub/ances be possess$ ( _! phlogi/on2 = if !y be calc9$1 ,m]cury _c t\* !m3 & h5ce x foll[s1 t ,m]cury do? n unite ) sub/ances t are purely e>?y4 ,su* a comb9ation ( a metal ) ,m]cury is call$ an ,amalgam4 ,trituration alone is suffici5t to effect x2 h[ev]1 a prop] degree ( heat also is ( use4 ,m]cury amalgamat$ ) a metal gives x a consi/5ce m or less s(t1 & ev5 fluid1 accord+ to ! great] or small] proportion ( ,m]cury employ$4 ,all amalgams are s(t5$ by heat1 & h>d5$ by cold4 ,m]cury is v volatile2 va/ly m s ?an ! mo/ unfix$ metals2 moreov]1 ! union x contracts ) any metal is n suffici5tly intimate to entitle ! new comp\nd result+ f t union to all ! prop]ties ( ! two sub/ances unit$3 at lea/ ) reg>d to _! degree ( fixity & volatility4 ,f all :i* x foll[s1 t ! be/ & sure/ me?od ( sep>at+ x f metals dissolv$ by x1 is to expose ! amalgam to a degree ( heat suffici5t to make all ! ,quick-silv] rise & evaporate2 aft] :i* ! metal rema9s 9 ! =m ( a p[d]1 & be+ fus$ recov]s its malleability4 ,if x be ?\ght prop] to save ! ,quick-silv]1 ! op]ation mu/ be p]=m$ 9 close vessels1 :i* w conf9e & collect ! m]curial vap\rs4 ,?is op]ation is mo/ frequ5tly employ$ to sep>ate ,gold & ,silv] f ! sev]al sorts ( e>?s & s&s ) :i* !y are mix$ 9 ! ore2 because ^! two metals1 ,gold especially1 are ( suffici5t value to comp5sate ! loss ( ,m]cury1 :i* is inevitable 9 ?is process3 besides1 z !y v readily amalgamate ) x1 ?is way ( sep>at+ !m f e ?+ unmetallic is v facile & commodi\s4 ,m]cury is dissolv$ by acids2 b ) circum/ances peculi> to ea* p>ticul> sort ( acid4 ,! vitriolic acid1 conc5trat$ & made boil+ hot1 seizes on x1 & pres5tly r$uces x to a k9d ( :ite p[d]1 :i* turns yell[ by ! affusion ( wat]1 b does n dissolve 9 x2 x is call$ ,turbi? ,m9]al4 ,h[ev]1 ! vitriolic acid on ?is occasion unites ) a great "p ( ! ,m]cury1 9 su* a mann] t ! comp\nd is soluble 9 wat]4 ,= if to ! wat] :i* 0 us$ to wa% ! ,turbi? a fix$ alkali be add$1 !re falls in/antly a russet-col\r$ precipitate1 :i* is no o!r ?an ,m]cury sep>at$ f ! vitriolic acid by ! int]v5tion ( ! alkali4 ,?is dissolution ( ,m]cury by ! vitriolic acid is accompani$ ) a v rem>kable ph5om5on2 :i* is1 t ! acid contracts a /rong smell ( volatile _s ( sulphur3 a notable pro( t "p ( ! phlogi/on ( ! ,m]cury ha? unit$ !re)4 ,& yet1 if ! ,m]cury be sep>at$ by means ( a fix$ alkali1 x does n appe> to h suff]$ any alt]ation4 ,turbi? m9]al is n s volatile z pure ,m]cury4 ,! nitr\s acid dissolves ,m]cury ) ease4 ,! solution is limpid & transp>5t1 & z x gr[s cold %oots into cry/als1 :i* are a nitr\s m]curial salt4 ,if ?is solution be evaporat$ to dryness1 ! ,m]cury rema9s impregnat$ ) a little ( ! acid1 "u ! =m ( a r$ p[d]1 :i* ha? obta9$ ! names ( ,r$ ,precipitate1 & ,arcanum ,corall9um4 ,?is ,precipitate1 z well z ,turbi?1 is less volatile ?an pure ,m]cury4 ,if ?is solution ( ,m]cury be mix$ ) a solution ( ,copp]1 made likewise 9 ! nitr\s acid1 & ! mixture evaporat$ to dryness1 !re w rema9 a gre5 p[d] call$ ,gre5 ,precipitate4 ,^! precipitates are cau/ic & corrosive2 & are us$ z su* 9 surg]y4 ,?\gh ,m]cury be dissolv$ m easily & completely by ! nitr\s acid ?an by ! vitriolic1 yet x has a great] aff9ity ) ! latt] ?an ) ! =m]3 = if a vitriolic acid be p\r$ into a solution ( ,m]cury 9 _s ( nitre1 ! ,m]cury w quit ! latt] acid 9 :i* x 0 dissolv$1 & jo9 ! o!r :i* 0 add$4 ,! same ?+ happ5s :5 ! m>9e acid is employ$ in/ead ( ! vitriolic4 ,m]cury comb9$ ) _s ( salt =ms a s+ul> body2 a metall9e salt :i* %oots into long cry/als1 po9t$ l dagg]s4 ,?is salt is volatile1 & sublimes easily )\t decomposition4 ,x is moreov] ! mo/ viol5t ( all ! corrosives hi!rto discov]$ by ,*ymi/ry4 ,x is call$ ,corrosive ,sublimate1 because x mu/ absolutely be sublim$ to make ! comb9ation p]fect4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( do+ ?is3 b ! op]ation w nev] fail1 if ! ,m]cury be r>efi$ into vap\rs1 & meet ) ! m>9e acid 9 a simil> /ate4 ,corrosive ,sublimate is dissolv$ by wat]1 b 9 v small quantities only4 ,x is decomp\nd$ by fix$ alkalis1 :i* precipitate ! ,m]cury 9 a r$di% yell[ p[d]1 call$1 on acc\nt ( its col\r1 ,yell[ ,precipitate4 ,if ,corrosive ,sublimate be mix$ ) t91 & ! comp\nd di/ill$1 a liquor comes ov] :i* cont9ually emits abundance ( d5se fumes1 &1 f ! "n ( its inv5tor1 is call$ ! ,smok+ ,liquor ( ,libavius4 ,?is liquor is no o!r ?an ! t9 comb9$ ) ! m>9e acid ( ! ,corrosive ,sublimate1 :i* !re=e x ha? actually decomp\nd$3 :5ce x foll[s1 t ?is acid ha? a great] aff9ity ) t9 ?an ) ,m]cury4 ,! m>9e acid 9 ,corrosive ,sublimate is n q saturat$ ) ,m]cury2 b is capable ( tak+ up a mu* great] quantity !re(4 ,= if ,corrosive ,sublimate be mix$ ) fre% ,m]cury1 & sublim$ a second "t1 ano!r comp\nd w be produc$ conta9+ mu* m ,m]cury1 & less acrimoni\s2 = :i* reason x is nam$ ,sweet ,sublimate ( ,m]cury1 ,m]curius dulcis1 ,aquila alba4 ,?is comp\nd may be tak5 int]nally1 & is purgative or emetic accord+ to ! dose adm9i/]$4 ,x may be r5d]$ /ill m g5tle by repeat$ sublimations1 & !n x takes ! title ( ,panacea ,m]curialis4 ,no way ha? hi!rto be5 f\nd to dissolve ,m]cury 9 aqua regis )\t great difficulty1 & ev5 !n x is b imp]fectly dissolv$4 ,m]cury unites easily & intimately ) sulphur4 ,if ^! two sub/ances be only rubb$ toge!r 9 a g5tle heat1 or ev5 )\t any heat1 !y w contract an union1 ?\gh b an incomplete "o4 ,?is comb9ation takes ! =m ( a black p[d]1 :i* has procur$ x ! "n ( ?iops ,m9]al4 ,if a m intimate & p]fect union be desir$1 ?is comp\nd mu/ be expos$ to a /rong] heat2 & !n a r$ pond]\s sub/ance w be sublim$1 appe>+ l a mass ( %9+ ne$les3 ?is is ! comb9ation desir$1 & is call$ ,c9ab>4 ,9 ?is =m *iefly is ,m]cury f\nd 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,c9ab> f9ely levigat$ acquires a mu* bright] r$ col\r1 & is kn[n to pa9t]s by ! "n ( ,v]milion4 ,c9ab> rises :olly by sublimation1 )\t suff]+ any decomposition2 because ! two sub/ances ( :i* x consi/s1 viz4 ,m]cury & ,sulphur1 are bo? volatile4 ,?\gh ,m]cury unites & comb9es v well ) sulphur1 z ha? be5 said1 yet x ha? less aff9ity ) t m9]al ?an any o!r metal1 ,gold only except$3 :5ce x foll[s1 t any ( ! o!r metals w decomp\nd ,c9ab>1 by unit+ ) its sulphur1 & s sett+ ! ,m]cury at lib]ty to appe> 9 its usual =m4 ,m]cury ?us sep>at$ f sulphur is e/eem$ ! pure/1 & be>s ! "n ( ,m]cury revivifi$ f ,c9ab>4 ,iron is g5]ally us$ 9 ?is op]ation1 pref]ably to ! o!r metals1 because among !m all x has ! greate/ aff9ity ) sulphur1 & is ! only "o t has none ) ,m]cury4 ,c9ab> may also be decomp\nd$ by means ( fix$ alkalis2 ! aff9ity ( ^! salts ) sulphur be+ g5]ally great] ?an t ( any metall9e sub/ance :atev]4 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,( ! ,,semi-,,metals4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ,,regulus ,,( ,,antimony4 ,regulus ( ,antimony is a metallic sub/ance ( a pretty bright :ite col\r4 ,x has ! spl5d\r1 opacity1 & gravity ( a metal3 b x is q unmalleable1 & crumbles to du/1 in/ead ( yield+ or /ret*+1 "u ! hamm]2 on :i* acc\nt x is class$ ) ! ,semi-metals4 ,x beg9s to fl[ z soon z x is mod]ately r$2 b1 l ! o!r ,semi-metals1 x _c /& a viol5t degree ( fire2 be+ !reby dissipat$ into smoke & :ite vap\rs1 :i* adh]e to su* cold bodies z !y meet )1 & s are collect$ into a k9d ( f>9a call$ ,fl[]s ( ,antimony4 ,if ,regulus ( ,antimony1 in/ead ( be+ expos$ to a /rong fire1 be only heat$ s mod]ately t x %all n ev5 melt1 x w calc9e1 lose its phlogi/on1 & take ! =m ( a greyi% p[d] de/itute ( all spl5d\r3 ?is p[d] is call$ ,calx ( ,antimony4 ,?is calx is n volatile l ! ,regulus1 b w endure a v viol5t fire2 & be+ expos$ !reto w fl[1 & turn to a glass ( ! yell[i% col\r ( a hyac9?4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ! m ! ,regulus is depriv$ ( its phlogi/on by cont9u$ calc9ation1 ! m refractory is ! calx obta9$ f x4 ,! glass !re( has also s mu* ! less col\r1 & comes ! ne>] to common glass4 ,! calx & ! ,glass ( ,antimony w recov] _! metall9e =m1 l e o!r ,calx & ,glass ( a metal1 if r$uc$ by re/or+ to !m _! lo/ phlogi/on4 ,yet if ! calc9ation be c>ri$ too f>1 _! r$uction w become mu* m difficult1 & a mu* small] quantity ( ,regulus w be resuscitat$4 ,regulus ( ,antimony is capable ( dissolv+ ! metals3 b its aff9ities ) !m are v>i\s1 & diff] accord+ to ! foll[+ ord]4 ,x affects ,iron ! mo/ p[]fully1 next ,copp]1 !n ,t91 ,lead1 & ,silv]4 ,x promotes ! fusion ( metals1 b makes !m all brittle & unmalleable4 ,x w n amalgamate ) ,m]cury2 & ?\gh by c]ta9 processes1 p>ticul>ly ! addition ( wat] & cont9u$ trituration1 a sort ( union betwe5 ^! two sub/ances may be produc$1 yet x is b app>5t & mom5t>y2 =1 be+ left to !mselves & undi/urb$1 !y quickly disunite & sep>ate#b4 #b ,m4 ,mal\91 h[ev]1 ha? f\nd a way to unite ^! two metallic sub/ances3 b !n he does x by ! int]position ( sulphur2 t is1 he comb9es crude ,antimony ) ,m]cury4 ,?is comb9ation is br\ght ab\t 9 ! same way t ?iops ,m9]al is made2 viz4 ei!r by fusion1 or by trituration only )\t fire4 ,x resembles ! common ?iops1 & ,m4 ,mal\9 calls x ?iops ( ,antimony4 ,he obs]v$ t ,m]cury unites ) ,antimony mu* m intimately1 by melt+1 ?an by rubb+ !m toge!r4 ,! vitriolic acid1 assi/$ by heat1 & ev5 by di/illation1 dissolves ,regulus ( ,antimony4 ,! nitr\s acid likewise attacks x3 b ! solution c by no art be made cle> & limpid3 s t ! ,regulus is only calc9$1 9 a mann]1 by ?is acid4 ,! m>9e acid dissolves x well en\gh2 b !n x mu/ be exce$+ly conc5trat$1 & appli$ 9 a peculi> mann]1 & especially by di/illation4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods ( procur+ a p]fect union betwe5 ! acid ( sea-salt & ,regulus ( ,antimony1 is to pulv]ize ! latt]1 mix x ) corrosive sublimate1 & di/il ! :ole4 ,!re rises 9 ! op]ation a :ite matt]1 ?ick1 & sc>ce fluid1 :i* is no o!r ?an ! ,regulus ( ,antimony unit$ & comb9$ ) ! acid ( sea-salt4 ,?is comp\nd is extremely corrosive1 & is call$ ,butt] ( ,antimony4 ,x is pla9 t ! corrosive sublimate is "h decomp\nd$2 t ! ,m]cury is revivifi$1 & t ! acid :i* 0 comb9$ !re) ha? quitt$ x to jo9 ! ,regulus ( ,antimony1 ) :i* its aff9ity is great]4 ,?is ,butt] ( ,antimony by repeat$ di/illations acquires a consid]able degree ( fluidity & limpidness4 ,if ! acid ( nitre be mix$ ) ,butt] ( ,antimony1 & ! :ole di/ill$1 !re rises an acid liquor1 or a sort ( aqua regis1 :i* /ill reta9s "s ( ! dissolv$ ,regulus1 & is call$ ,bezo>dic ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,aft] ! di/illation !re rema9s a :ite matt]1 f :i* fre% _s ( nitre is aga9 ab/ract$1 & :i* be+ !n wa%$ ) wat] is call$ ,bezo> ,m9]al4 ,?is ,bezo> ,m9]al is nei!r s volatile nor s cau/ic z ,butt] ( ,antimony2 because ! nitr\s acid ha? n ! prop]ty ( volatiliz+ metallic sub/ances1 z ! m>9e acid does1 & because x rema9s mu* m intimately comb9$ ) ! regul9e "p4 ,if ,butt] ( ,antimony be mix$ ) wat]1 ! liquor imm$iately becomes turbid & milky1 & a precipitate falls1 :i* is no?+ b ! metallic matt] p>tly sep>at$ f its acid1 :i* is too mu* weak5$ by ! addition ( wat] to keep x dissolv$4 ,yet ?is precipitate /ill reta9s a good deal ( acid2 = :i* reason x cont9ues to be a viol5t emetic1 & 9 "s degree corrosive4 ,x ha? !re=e be5 v improp]ly call$ ,m]curius ,vit4 ,! prop] solv5t ( ,regulus ( ,antimony is aqua regis2 by means :]e( a cle> & limpid solution ( ?is ,semi-metal may be obta9$4 ,regulus ( ,antimony mix$ ) nitre1 & project$ into a r$-hot crucible1 sets ! nitre 9 a flame1 & makes x detonate4 ,z x produces ?is effect by means ( its phlogi/on1 x mu/ ne$s at ! same "t be calc9$1 & lose its metallic prop]ties1 :i* accord+ly happ5s1 & :5 ! nitre is 9 a triple proportion to ! ,regulus1 ! latt] is s p]fectly calc9$ z to leave only a :ite p[d]1 :i* is fus$ ) great difficulty1 & !n turns to a fa9tly col\r$ glass1 n v diff]5t f common glass1 & :i* is n r$ucible to a ,regulus by ! addition ( inflammable matt]2 at lea/ x yields b a v small quantity !re(4 ,if less nitre be us$1 ! calx is n s :ite2 ! glass x produces is m l a metall9e glass1 & is m easily r$uc$4 ,! calx ( ! ,regulus ?us prep>$ by nitre is call$1 on acc\nt ( ! m$ic9al virtue ascrib$ to x1 ,diaphoretic ,antimony1 or ,diaphoretic ,m9]al4 ,nitre always becomes an alkali by deflagration1 & 9 ! pres5t case reta9s "p ( ! calx1 :i* x ev5 r5d]s soluble 9 wat]4 ,?is calx may be sep>at$ f ! alkali1 if an acid be employ$ to precipitate x2 & !n x is call$ ,mat]ia ,p]lata4 ,?is pe>ly matt] is a calx ( ,antimony1 s completely depriv$ ( its phlogi/on z to be altoge!r incapable ( r$uction to a ,regulus4 ,regulus ( ,antimony readily jo9s & unites ) sulphur1 =m+ !re) a comp\nd :i* has a v fa9t metallic spl5d\r4 ,?is comp\nd appe>s l a mass ( long ne$les adh]+ toge!r lat]ally2 & "u ?is =m x is usually f\nd 9 ! ore1 or at lea/ :5 only sep>at$ by fusion f ! /ones & e>?y matt]s ) :i* ! ore is mix$4 ,x is call$ ,crude ,antimony4 ,antimony fl[s ) a mod]ate heat1 & becomes ev5 m fluid ?an o!r metallic sub/ances4 ,! action ( fire dissipates or consumes ! sulphur x conta9s1 & its phlogi/on also1 s z to conv]t x into a calx & a glass1 z x does ! ,regulus4 ,aqua regis1 :i* we obs]v$ to be ! prop] solv5t ( ! ,regulus1 be+ p\r$ on ,antimony1 attacks & dissolves ! regul9e "p1 b t\*es n ! sulphur2 9 consequ5ce :]e( x decomposes ! ,antimony1 & sep>ates its sulphur f its ,regulus4 ,!re are sev]al o!r ways ( effect+ ?is decomposition1 & obta9+ ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony by itself3 !y consi/ ei!r 9 de/roy+ ! sulphure\s "p ( ! ,antimony by combu/ion1 or 9 melt+ ! ,antimony ) "s sub/ance :i* has a great] aff9ity ?an its regul9e "p ) sulphur4 ,mo/ metals are v fit = ?is latt] purpose3 = ?\gh ! ,regulus has a consid]able aff9ity ) sulphur1 yet all ! metals1 except ,gold & ,m]cury1 h a great]4 ,if !re=e ,iron1 ,copp]1 ,lead1 ,silv]1 or ,t91 be melt$ ) ,antimony1 ! metal employ$ w unite ) ! sulphur1 & sep>ate x f ! ,regulus4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t1 z ^! metals h "s aff9ity ) ! ,regulus ( ,antimony1 ! ,regulus w be jo9$ 9 ! op]ation by "s ( ! metal employ$ z a ,precipitant1 7s ^? sub/ances are call$ :i* s]ve z ! means ( sep>at+ two bodies f ea* o!r72 & !re=e ! ,regulus procur$ 9 ?is mann] w n be absolutely pure3 on ?is acc\nt c>e is tak5 to di/+ui% ea* by add+ ! "n ( ! metal employ$ 9 its precipitation2 & !nce come ^! titles1 ,m>tial ,regulus ( ,antimony1 or only ,m>tial ,regulus1 ,regulus ,v5]is2 & s ( ! re/4 ,antimony is employ$ ) advantage to sep>ate ,gold f all ! o!r metals ) :i* x may be alloy$4 ,x has be5 %ewn1 t all ! metals h a great] aff9ity ?an ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony ) sulphur1 ,gold only except$2 :i* is incapable ( contract+ any union !re)3 & !re=e1 if a mass comp\nd$ ( ,gold & sev]al o!r metals be melt$ ) ,antimony1 e ?+ 9 t mass :i* is n ,gold w unite ) ! sulphur ( ! ,antimony4 ,?is union occasions two sep>ations1 to wit1 t ( ! sulphur ( ! ,antimony f its regul9e "p1 & t ( ! ,gold f ! metals ) :i* x 0 adult]at$2 & f ! :ole two new comp\nds arise2 namely1 a comb9ation ( ! metals ) ! sulphur1 :i* be+ lighte/ rises to ! surface 9 fusion2 & a metall9e mass1 =m$ ( ! ,gold & ! regul9e "p ( ! ,antimony unit$ toge!r1 :i* be+ mu* ! heavie/ s9ks to ! bottom4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 p>t+ ! ,gold f ! ,regulus ( ,antimony ) :i* x is alloy$3 = ! metall9e mass ne$s only be expos$ to a degree ( fire capable ( dissipat+ into vap\rs all ! ,semi-metal x conta9s2 :i* be+ v volatile1 ! op]ation is mu* easi]1 & m exp$iti\sly f9i%$1 ?an if ! metals ) :i* ! ,gold 0 debas$ 7 to be vitrifi$ on ! cupel2 )\t tak+ into ! acc\nt1 t1 if ,silv] 7 "o ( !m1 rec\rse mu/ ne$s be _h to ! process ( qu>tation aft] t ( ! cupel4 ,if equal p>ts ( nitre & ,antimony be mix$ toge!r1 & ! mixture expos$ to ! action ( fire1 a viol5t detonation ensues2 ! nitre deflagrat+ consumes ! sulphur ( ! ,antimony1 & ev5 a "p ( its phlogi/on4 ,aft] ! detonation !re rema9s a greyi% matt] :i* conta9s fix$ nitre1 vitriolat$ t>t>1 & ! regul9e "p ( ! ,antimony 9 "s measure depriv$ ( its phlogi/on1 & half vitrifi$ by ! action ( ! fire1 :i* is consid]ably increas$ by ! deflagration4 ,?is matt] is call$ ,liv] ( ,antimony4 ,if1 in/ead ( equal p>ts ( nitre & ,antimony1 two p>ts ( ! =m] be us$ to "o ( ! latt]1 !n ! regul9e "p loses mu* m ( its phlogi/on1 & rema9s 9 ! =m ( a yell[i% p[d]4 ,aga91 if ?ree p>ts ( nitre be tak5 to "o ( ,antimony1 ! ,regulus is !reby entirely robb$ ( its phlogi/on1 & conv]t$ to a :ite calx1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,diaphoretic ,antimony1 or ,diaphoretic ,m9]al4 ,! pe>ly matt] may be precipitat$ by p\r+ an acid on ! sal9e sub/ances :i* "h rema9 aft] ! detonation1 9 ! same mann] z we %ew$ above 0 to be done ) reg>d to ! ,regulus4 ,9 ! two la/ op]ations1 :]e ! nitre is 9 a d\ble or triple proportion to ! ,antimony1 ! regul9e "p is f\nd aft] ! detonation to be conv]t$ into a calx1 & n into a half-vitrifi$ matt]1 :i* we h se5 is ! effect :5 equal p>ts only ( nitre & ,antimony are us$4 ,! reason ( ?is diff]5ce is1 t 9 ^! two cases ! regul9e "p1 be+ :olly1 or almo/ :olly1 depriv$ ( its phlogi/on1 becomes1 z 0 obs]v$1 m difficult to fuse1 & consequ5tly _c beg9 to vitrify 9 ! same degree ( heat z t :i* ha? n lo/ s mu* ( its phlogi/on4 ,if1 in/ead ( p]=m+ ! op]ation ) equal p>ts ( nitre & ,antimony alone1 a portion ( "s sub/ance :i* ab\nds ) phlogi/on be add$1 9 t case ! sulphur only ( ! ,antimony w be consum$1 & ! ,regulus w rema9 unit$ ) its phlogi/on & sep>at$ f its sulphur4 ,! ,regulus prep>$ 9 ?is mann] is absolutely pure1 because no metall9e sub/ance be+ employ$1 none c mix ) & adult]ate x4 ,x is call$ ,regulus ( ,antimony p] se1 or only ,regulus ( ,antimony4 ,x is true inde$ t 9 ?is op]ation mu* ( ! regul9e "p unavoidably loses its phlogi/on & is calc9$1 & consequ5tly a mu* small] quantity ( ,regulus is obta9$ ?an :5 metall9e precipitants are employ$3 b ?is loss is easily repair$1 if x be ?\ght prop]1 by re/or+ to ! calc9$ "p its lo/ phlogi/on4 ,antimony melt$ ) two p>ts ( fix$ alkali yields no ,regulus1 b is entirely dissolv$ by ! salt1 & =ms ) x a mass ( a r$di% yell[ col\r4 ,! reason :y no precipitate is produc$ on ?is occasion is1 t ! alkali unit+ ) ! sulphur ( ! ,antimony =ms !re) ! comb9ation call$ ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 :i* by its nature is qualifi$ to keep ! regul9e "p dissolv$4 ,?is mass =m$ by ! union ( ! ,antimony ) ! alkali is soluble 9 wat]4 ,if any acid :atev] be dropt into ?is solution1 !re falls a precipitate ( a r$di% yell[ col\r2 because ! acid unites ) ! alkali1 & =ces x to quit ! matt]s ) :i* x 0 comb9$4 ,?is precipitate is call$ ,gold5 ,sulphur ( ,antimony4 ,z 9 ! op]ation = prep>+ ,regulus ( ,antimony p] se1 "s ( ! nitre is1 by ! inflammable matt]s add$ !reto1 turn$ to an alkali1 ?is alkali seizes on "p ( ! ,antimony1 & !re) =ms a comp\nd l t j describ$4 ,h5ce x comes1 t if ! scoria =m$ 9 ?is process be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & an acid dropp$ into ! solution1 a true gold5 sulphur ( ,antimony is !reby sep>at$4 ,?is union ( ,antimony ) an alkali may also be br\ght ab\t by ! humid way2 t is1 by mak+ use ( an alkali resolv$ into a liquor1 & boil+ ! m9]al 9 x4 ,! alkal9e liquor1 9 proportion z x acts ^u ! ,antimony1 gradually becomes r$di% & turbid4 ,if left to settle & cool :5 well saturat$ !re)1 x gradually deposites ! ,antimony x _h tak5 up1 :i* precipitates 9 ! =m ( a r$ p[d]2 & ?is precipitate is ! celebrat$ rem$y kn[n by ! "n ( ,k]mes ,m9]al4 ,x is pla9 t ! k]mes is ne>ly ! same ?+ ) ! gold5 sulphur3 yet x diff]s f x 9 "s respects2 & especially 9 ?is1 t be+ tak5 inw>dly x op]ates mu* m g5tly ?an ! gold5 sulphur1 :i* is a viol5t emetic4 ,nitre fix$ by *>coal1 & resolv$ into a liquor1 is ! only alkali employ$ 9 prep>+ ! k]mes4 ,x 0 %ewn above1 t ,regulus ( ,antimony mix$ & di/ill$ ) corrosive sublimate decomp\nds x1 dis5gages ! ,m]cury1 & jo9+ itself to ! m>9e acid =ms !re) a new comb9ation1 call$ ,butt] ( ,antimony4 ,if ! same op]ation be p]=m$ ) crude ,antimony in/ead ( its ,regulus1 ! same effects are produc$3 b !n ! ,antimony itself is also decompos$2 t is1 ! regul9e "p is sep>at$ f ! sulphur1 :i* be+ set free unites ) ! ,m]cury1 n[ also at lib]ty1 & ^! two toge!r =m a true c9ab>1 call$ ,c9ab> ( ,antimony4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,,bismu?4 ,bismu?1 kn[n also by ! "n ( ,t9-glass1 is a semi-metal1 hav+ almo/ ! same appe>ance z ,regulus ( ,antimony2 yet x has a m dusky ca/1 incl9+ some:at to r$1 & ev5 pres5ts "s *angeable /reaks1 especially aft] ly+ long 9 ! air4 ,:5 expos$ to ! fire x melts long be=e x is r$1 & consequ5tly ) less heat ?an ,regulus ( ,antimony1 :i* does n fl[1 z 0 %ewn above1 till x beg9 to be r$-hot4 ,x becomes volatile1 l all ! o!r semi-metals1 :5 act$ on by a viol5t fire3 be+ kept 9 fusion by a prop] degree ( heat x loses its phlogi/on ) its metallic =m1 & turns to a p[d] or a calx2 & t aga9 is conv]t$ into glass by ! cont9u$ action ( fire4 ,! calx & glass ( ,bismu? may be r$uc$1 l any o!r metallic calx1 by re/or+ _! phlogi/on4 ,bismu? mixes ) all ! metals 9 fusion1 & ev5 facilitates ! fusion ( su* z d n o!rwise fl[ readily4 ,x :it5s !m by its union1 & de/roys _! malleability4 ,x amalgamates ) ,m]cury1 if !y be rubb$ toge!r ) ! addition ( wat]3 yet aft] "s "t ^! two metall9e sub/ances des]t ea* o!r1 & ! ,bismu? appe>s aga9 9 ! =m ( a p[d]4 ,h5ce x is pla91 t ! union x contracts ) ,m]cury is n p]fect2 & yet x has ! s+ul> prop]ty ( att5uat+ ,lead1 & alt]+ x 9 su* a mann] t x aft]w>ds amalgamates ) ,m]cury mu* m p]fectly1 s z ev5 to pass ) x ?r\gh %amoy lea!r )\t any sep>ation4 ,! ,bismu? employ$ 9 mak+ ?is amalgama aft]w>ds sep>ates f x spontane\sly1 z usual2 b ! ,lead /ill cont9ues unit$ ) ! ,m]cury1 & always reta9s ! prop]ty ?us acquir$4 ,! vitriolic acid does n dissolve ,bismu?3 its prop] solv5t is ! nitr\s acid1 :i* dissolves x ) viol5ce1 & abundance ( fumes4 ,bismu? dissolv$ 9 ! nitr\s acid is precipitat$ n only by alkalis1 b ev5 by ! b>e addition ( wat]4 ,?is precipitate is extremely :ite1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ,magi/]y ( ,bismu?4 ,! acid ( sea-salt & aqua regis likewise act ^u ,bismu?1 b ) less viol5ce4 ,?is semi-metal does n s5sibly deflagrate ) nitre2 yet x is quickly depriv$ ( its phlogi/on1 & turn$ into a vitrifiable calx1 :5 expos$ ) x to ! action ( fire4 ,x readily unites ) sulphur 9 fusion1 & =ms !re) a comp\nd :i* appe>s to consi/ ( ne$les adh]+ lat]ally to ea* o!r4 ,x may be sep>at$ f ! sulphur ) :i* is comb9$1 by only expos+ x to ! fire1 )\t any additam5t2 = ! sulphur is ei!r consum$ or sublim$1 & leaves ! ,bismu? beh9d4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ,,z9c4 ,z9c to appe>ance diff]s b little f ,bismu?1 & has ev5 be5 conf\nd$ ) x by sev]al au?ors4 ,nev]!less1 besides t x has some?+ ( a bluei% ca/1 & is h>d] ?an ,bismu?1 x diff]s f x ess5tially 9 its prop]ties1 z w pres5tly be %ewn4 ,^! two metallic sub/ances sc>ce resemble ea* o!r 9 any ?+1 b ! qualities common to all semi-metals4 ,z9c melts ! mom5t x gr[s r$ 9 ! fire1 & !n also beg9s to turn to a calx1 :i*1 l any o!r metallic calx1 may be r$uc$ by means ( ! phlogi/on3 b if ! fire be consid]ably increas$1 x sublimes1 flames1 & burns l an oily matt]2 :i* is a pro( ( ! great quantity ( phlogi/on 9 its composition4 ,at ! same "t abundance ( fl[]s rise f x 9 ! =m ( :ite flakes1 fly+ ab\t 9 ! air l v light bodies2 & into ?is =m may ! :ole sub/ance ( ! ,z9c be conv]t$4 ,sev]al names h be5 giv5 to ^! fl[]s1 su* z ,pompholyx1 ,philosophic ,wool4 ,!y are suppos$ to be no o!r ?an ! ,z9c itself depriv$ ( its phlogi/on2 yet no body has hi!rto be5 able to resuscitate !m 9 ! =m ( ,z9c1 by re/or+ _! phlogi/on accord+ to ! me?ods us$ 9 ! r$uction ( metals4 ,?\gh !y rise 9 ! air ) v great ease :ile ! ,z9c is calc9+1 yet :5 once =m$ !y are v fix$2 = !y )/& ! utmo/ viol5ce ( fire1 & are capable ( be+ vitrifi$1 especially if jo9$ ) a fix$ alkali4 ,!y are soluble 9 acids4 ,z9c unites ) all metall9e sub/ances1 except ,bismu?4 ,x has ?is s+ul> prop]ty1 t be+ mix$ ) ,copp]1 ev5 9 a consid]able quantity1 su* z a f\r? "p1 x does n greatly less5 ! ductility !re(1 & at ! same "t communicates to x a v beautiful col\r n unlike t ( ,gold3 on :i* acc\nt ! composition is frequ5tly made1 & produces :at is call$ ,brass4 ,?is metal melts mu* m easily ?an ,copp] alone1 because ( ! ,z9c ) :i* x is alloy$4 ,if x be expos$ to a great degree ( heat1 ! ,z9c :i* x conta9s takes fire1 & sublimes 9 :ite fl[]s1 j z :5 x is pure4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t ,brass is ductile only :ile x is cold1 & n !n1 unless ! ,z9c us$ 9 mak+ x 0 v pure2 o!rwise ! composition w prove b a ,tombac or ,pr9ce's ,metal1 hav+ v little malleability4 ,z9c is v volatile1 & c>ries (f ) x any metallic sub/ance ) :i* x is fus$1 mak+ a k9d ( sublimate !re(4 ,9 ! furnaces :]e !y smelt ores conta9+ ,z9c1 ! matt] ?us sublim$ is call$ ,cadmia ,=nacum1 to di/+ui% x f ! native ,cadmia call$ also ,calam9e1 or ,lapis ,calam9>is2 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 is an ore ( ,z9c1 conta9+ a great deal ( t semi-metal1 toge!r ) "s ,iron1 & a /ony sub/ance4 ,! "n ( ,cadmia ,=nacum is n appropriat$ solely to ! metallic sublimates procur$ by means ( ,z9c1 b is giv5 9 g5]al to all ! metallic sublimates f\nd 9 smelt+ h\ses4 ,if a viol5t & sudd5 heat be appli$ to ,z9c1 x sublimes 9 its metall9e =m2 !re n be+ "t = x to burn & be resolv$ into fl[]s4 ,?is semi-metal is soluble 9 all ! acids1 b especially 9 _s ( nitre1 :i* attacks & dissolves x ) v great viol5ce4 ,z9c has a great] aff9ity ?an iron or copp] ) ! vitriolic acid2 & !re=e x decomp\nds ! gre5 & blue vitriols1 precipitat+ ^? two metals by unit+ ) ! vitriolic acid1 ) :i* x =ms a metallic salt1 or vitriol1 call$ ,:ite ,vitriol1 or ,vitriol ( ,z9c4 ,nitre mix$ ) ,z9c1 & project$ into a r$-hot crucible1 detonates ) viol5ce1 & dur+ ! detonation !re rises a great quantity ( :ite fl[]s1 l ^? :i* appe> :5 x is calc9$ by itself4 ,sulphur has no p[] ov] ,z9c4 ,ev5 liv] ( sulphur1 :i* dissolves all o!r metallic sub/ances1 contracts no union ) ?is semi-metal4 ,messrs4 ,hellot & ,mal\9 h be/[$ a great deal ( pa9s on ?is semi-metal4 ,an acc\nt ( _! exp]im5ts is to be f\nd 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,( ,,regulus ,,( ,,ars5ic4 ,regulus ( ,ars5ic is ! mo/ volatile ( all ! semi-metals4 ,a v mod]ate heat makes x :olly evaporate1 & fly (f 9 fumes2 on :i* acc\nt x _c be br\ght to fusion1 nor c any consid]able masses !re( be obta9$4 ,x has a metallic col\r1 some:at resembl+ ,lead2 b x soon loses its spl5d\r :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,x unites readily en\gh ) metallic sub/ances1 hav+ ! same aff9ities ) !m z ,regulus ( ,antimony ha?4 ,x makes !m brittle1 & unmalleable4 ,x ha? also ! prop]ty ( r5d]+ !m volatile1 & greatly facilitates _! scorification4 ,x v easily p>ts ) its phlogi/on & its metallic =m4 ,:5 expos$ to ! fire x rises 9 a k9d ( %9+ cry/all9e calx1 :i*1 on t acc\nt1 looks m l a sal9e matt] ?an a metallic calx4 ,to ?is calx or ^! fl[]s are giv5 ! names ( ,:ite ,ars5ic1 ,cry/all9e ,ars5ic1 & mo/ commonly pla9 ,ars5ic4 ,! prop]ties ( ?is sub/ance are v s+ul>1 & extremely diff]5t f ^? ( any o!r metallic calx4 ,hi!rto x ha? be5 b little exam9$2 & ?is l$ me to make "s attempts t[>ds discov]+ its nature1 :i* may be se5 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,ars5ic diff]s f e o!r metall9e calx1 fir/1 9 be+ volatile2 :]eas ! calces ( all o!r metallic sub/ances1 n except+ ^? ( ! mo/ volatile semi-metals1 su* z ,regulus ( ,antimony & ,z9c1 are exce$+ fix$2 &1 secondly1 9 hav+ a sal9e "*1 :i* is n f\nd 9 any o!r metall9e calx4 ,! sal9e "* ( ,ars5ic appe>s1 fir/1 f its be+ soluble 9 wat]2 secondly1 f its corrosive quality1 :i* makes x "o ( ! mo/ viol5t poisons3 a quality f :i* ! o!r metallic sub/ances are free1 :5 !y are n comb9$ ) "s sal9e matt]4 ,regulus ( ,antimony mu/ h[ev] be except$4 ,b !n ! be/ ,*ymi/s agree t ?is semi-metal is ei!r ne>ly ( ! same nature ) ,ars5ic1 or conta9s a portion !re( 9 its composition3 besides1 its noxi\s qualities nev] discov] !mselves s pla9ly z :5 x is comb9$ ) "s acid4 ,la/ly1 ,ars5ic acts j l ! vitriolic acid ^u nitre2 t is1 x decomp\nds t neutral salt1 by expell+ its acid f its alkal9e basis1 ( :i* x takes possession1 & !re) =ms a new sal9e comp\nd4 ,?is comb9ation is a species ( salt t is p]fectly neutral4 ,:5 ! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 a close vessel1 ! salt %oots into cry/als 9 ! =m ( "r-angl$ quadrangul> prisms1 t]m9at$ at ea* extremity by pyramids t are also quadrangul> & "r angl$2 "s ( :i* h[ev]1 in/ead ( end+ 9 a po9t1 are obtuse z if truncat$4 ,! consequ5ce is diff]5t :5 ! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 an op5 vessel2 = !n no?+ is obta9$ b an alkal9e salt impregnat$ ) ,ars5ic1 :i* _c be cry/alliz$4 ,! cause ( ?is diff]5t effect is1 t1 :5 ! ,ars5ic is once engag$ 9 ! alkal9e basis ( ! nitre1 x c nev] be sep>at$ f x by ! utmo/ =ce ( fire1 s long z x is kept 9 a close vessel2 :]eas1 if y expose x to ! fire )\t t precaution1 x readily sep>ates f x4 ,?is prop]ty ( ars5ic 0 nev] be=e obs]v$ by any ,*ymi/1 & !re=e ?is our new species ( ,neutral ars5ical salt 0 absolutely unkn[n till lately4 ,?is new salt possesses _m s+ul> prop]ties1 ! *ief ( :i* are ^!4 ,fir/1 x _c be decomp\nd$ by ! int]v5tion ( any acid1 ev5 ! /ronge/ acid ( vitriol2 & ?is1 jo9$ to its prop]ty ( expell+ ! nitr\s acid f its basis1 %ews t x has a v great aff9ity ) fix$ alkalis4 ,secondly1 ?is v salt1 on :i* pure acids h no effect1 is decomp\nd$ ) ! greate/ ease by acids unit$ ) metallic sub/ances4 ,! reason ( ?is ph5om5on is curi\s1 & furni%es u ) an in/ance ( :at we advanc$ conc]n+ d\ble aff9ities4 ,if to a resolution ( any metallic sub/ance :atev]1 made by any acid :atev]1 7except t ( ,m]cury by ! m>9e acid1 & t ( ,gold by aqua regis71 a c]ta9 quantity ( our ,new ,salt dissolv$ 9 wat] be add$1 ! metallic sub/ance is in/antane\sly sep>at$ f ! acid 9 :i* x 0 dissolv$1 & falls to ! bottom ( ! liquor4 ,all metallic precipitates obta9$ 9 ?is mann] are f\nd to be a comb9ation ( ! metal ) ,ars5ic2 :5ce x necess>ily foll[s t ! new ,neutral ,salt is by ?is means decomp\nd$1 its ars5ical "p unit+ ) ! metallic sub/ance1 & its alkal9e basis ) ! acid 9 :i* t sub/ance 0 dissolv$4 ,! aff9ities ( ^! sev]al bodies mu/ be consid]$ z op]at+ on ?is occasion 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! acids :i* t5d to decomp\nd ! ,neutral ,salt ( ,ars5ic1 by virtue ( _! aff9ity ) its alkal9e basis1 are n able to accompli% x1 because ?is aff9ity is p[]fully c\nt]act$ by t :i* ! ,ars5ic has ) ! same alkal9e basis1 & :i* is equal or ev5 sup]ior to !irs4 ,b if ^! acids happ5 to be unit$ ) a sub/ance :i* naturally has a v great aff9ity ) ! ars5ical "p ( ! ,neutral ,salt1 !n1 ! two p>ts ( :i* ?is ,salt consi/s be+ drawn diff]5t ways by two sev]al aff9ities t5d+ to sep>ate !m f ea* o!r1 ! ,salt w und]go a decomposition1 :i* c\ld n h be5 effect$ )\t ! help ( ?is second aff9ity4 ,n[1 z metallic sub/ances h a great aff9ity ) ,ars5ic1 x is n surpris+ t ! ,neutral ,salt ( ,ars5ic1 :i* _c be decomp\nd$ by a pure acid1 %\ld nev]!less yield to an acid comb9$ ) a metal4 ,! decomposition ( ?is ,salt1 !re=e1 & ! precipitation :i* ( c\rse x produces 9 metallic solutions1 are br\ght ab\t by ! means ( a d\ble aff9ity2 namely1 t ( ! acid ) ! alkal9e basis ( ! ,neutral ,salt1 & t ( ! metal ) ! ars5ical "p ( t salt4 ,ars5ic has n ! same effect on sea-salt z on nitre1 & _c expel its acid3 a v s+ul> ph5om5on1 = :i* x is h>d to assign a reason2 = ! nitr\s acid is kn[n to h a great] aff9ity ?an ! m>9e acid ) alkalis1 & ev5 ) ! basis ( sea-salt itself4 ,yet ,ars5ic may be comb9$ ) ! basis ( sea-salt1 & a ,neutral ,salt !reby obta9$1 l t :i* results f ! decomposition ( nitre by ,ars5ic3 b = t purpose a quadrangul> nitre mu/ be fir/ prep>$1 & ,ars5ic appli$ !reto z to common nitre4 ,! ,salt produc$ by unit+ ,ars5ic ) ! basis ( sea-salt v mu* resembles ! ,neutral ,salt ( ,ars5ic above treat$ ( z well 9 ! figure ( its cry/als z 9 its sev]al prop]ties4 ,ars5ic pres5ts ano!r s+ul> ph5om5on1 bo? ) ! alkali ( nitre & ) t ( sea-salt2 :i* is1 t if x be comb9$ ) ^! salts 9 a fluid /ate1 x =ms ) !m a sal9e comp\nd1 q diff]5t f ! ,neutral ,salts ( ,ars5ic :i* result f ! decomposition ( nitr\s salts4 ,?is sal9e comp\nd1 :i* ,i call ,liv] ( ,ars5ic1 takes up a mu* great] quantity ( ,ars5ic ?an is necess>y = ! p]fect saturation ( ! alkali4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( a glue1 :i* is s mu* ! ?ick] ! m ,ars5ic x conta9s4 ,its smell is disagreeable2 x attracts ! moi/ure ( ! air1 & does n cry/allize2 x is easily decomp\nd$ by any acid :atev]1 :i* precipitates ! ,ars5ic & unites ) ! alkali4 ,la/ly1 ! effects x produces on metallic solutions are diff]5t f ^? ( our neutral ars5ical salts4 ,b ! b\nds :i* ,i h set myself 9 ?is treatise w n all[ me to be m p>ticul>4 ,su* z h ! curiosity to inquire fur!r into ! subject may consult my ,diss]tations on ,ars5ic1 publi%$ among ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,ars5ic is easily r$uc$ to a ,regulus4 ,x ne$ only be mix$ ) any matt] conta9+ ! phlogi/on1 & by ! help ( a mod]ate heat a true ,regulus w sublime4 ,?is ,regulus1 z 0 said1 is v volatile1 & calc9es ) ! greate/ ease2 :i* is ! reason :y x _c be obta9$ b 9 small quantities1 & also :y1 9 ord] to obta9 masses ( x1 "s h ?\ght ( add+ !reto "s metal ) :i* x has a great aff9ity1 su* z ,copp] or ,iron2 because1 by jo9+ ) ! metal1 x is p>tly fix$ & re/ra9$ f fly+ (f4 ,b x is pla9 ! ,regulus obta9$ by ?is means is n pure1 z x mu/ p>take consid]ably ( ! metal employ$4 ,ars5ic readily unites ) sulphur1 & rises ) x 9 a yell[ comp\nd1 call$ ,orpim5t4 ,sulphur _c be sep>at$ f ,ars5ic b by ! int]v5tion ( two bodies only2 to wit1 a fix$ alkali & ,m]cury4 ,! prop]ty :i* ,m]cury possesses ( sep>at+ sulphur f ,ars5ic is f\nd$ on ?is1 t ^! two metallic sub/ances are incapable ( contract+ any union2 :]eas1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! o!r metals & semi-metals h a great] aff9ity ) sulphur ?an ,m]cury ha?1 z 0 %ewn 9 treat+ ( ! decomposition ( ,c9ab>1 nev]!less !y are all unable to decomp\nd ,orpim5t2 because "s ( !m h z great an aff9ity ) ,ars5ic z ) sulphur2 o!rs h no aff9ity ) ei!r2 & la/ly1 sulphur ha? z great an aff9ity ) ,ars5ic z ) any ( !m4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t1 if fix$ alkalis be employ$ to purify ,ars5ic 9 ?is mann]1 no m mu/ be us$ ?an is necess>y to absorb ! sulphur or ! phlogi/on1 ( :i* also x is _! nature to deprive ,ars5ic2 = o!rwise1 z x has be5 %ewn t ,ars5ic readily unites ) alkalis1 !y w\ld absorb a consid]able quantity !re(4 ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,( ,,oil 9 g5]al4 ,oil is an unctu\s body1 :i* burns & consumes ) flame & smoke1 & is n soluble 9 wat]4 ,x consi/s ( ! phlogi/on unit$ ) wat] by means ( an acid4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 9 its composition a c]ta9 proportion ( e>?1 m or less1 accord+ to ea* sev]al sort ( ,oil4 ,! inflammability ( ,oil evid5tly proves t x conta9s ! phlogi/on4 ,t an acid is "o ( its con/itu5t pr9ciples _m exp]im5ts demon/rate1 ( :i* ^! are ! *ief3 ,if c]ta9 ,oils be long triturat$ ) an alkal9e salt1 & ! alkali aft]w>ds dissolv$ 9 wat]1 cry/als ( a true neutral salt w be produc$3 "s metals1 & p>ticul>ly ,copp]1 are corrod$ & ru/$ by ,oils1 j z !y are by acids3 aga91 acid cry/als are f\nd 9 "s ,oils t h be5 long kept4 ,?is acid 9 ,oil s]ves und\bt$ly to unite its phlogi/on ) its wat]2 because ^! two sub/ances hav+ no aff9ity ) ea* o!r _c be unit$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( su* a m$ium z an acid1 :i* has an aff9ity ) bo?4 ,z to ! exi/5ce ( wat] 9 ,oils1 x appe>s pla9ly :5 !y are decompos$ by repeat$ di/illations1 especially aft] mix+ !m ) absorb5t e>?s4 ,la/ly1 :5 an ,oil is de/roy$ by burn+1 a c]ta9 quantity ( e>? is con/antly left beh9d4 ,we are v sure t ! above-m5tion$ pr9ciples ent] into ! composition ( ,oils2 = !y may be obta9$ f e "o ( !m3 b x is n absolutely c]ta9 t !y consi/ ( ^! only1 & t !y d n conta9 "s o!r pr9ciple :i* may escape our notice 9 decompos+ !m2 = hi!rto x do? n appe>1 by any exp]im5t we c dep5d on1 t ,oil 0 ev] produc$ by comb9+ toge!r ! pr9ciples "h specifi$3 yet su* r$9tegrations are ! only means we h ( satisfy+ ourselves t we "k all ! pr9ciples :i* con/itute a body4 ,oils expos$ to ! fire 9 close vessels pass ov] almo/ :olly f ! conta9+ vessel into any o!r appli$ to receive !m4 ,!re rema9s1 h[ev]1 a small quantity ( black matt]1 :i* is extremely fix$1 & cont9ues unalt]able z long z x ha? no communication ) ! ext]nal air1 be ! =ce ( ! fire ev] s viol5t4 ,?is matt] is no o!r ?an "p ( ! phlogi/on ( ! ,oil unit$ ) its mo/ fix$ & grosse/ e>?2 & ?is is :at we call$ ,*>coal1 or pla9ly a ,coal4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ,,*>coal4 ,:5 ,oil happ5s to be unit$ to mu* e>?1 z x is 9 vegetable & animal bodies1 x leaves a consid]able quantity ( ,coal or *>r$ matt]4 ,?is ,coal1 expos$ to ! fire 9 ! op5 air1 burns & wa/es1 b )\t blaz+ l o!r combu/ible matt]s3 !re appe>s only a small bluei% flame1 b n ! lea/ smoke4 ,mo/ commonly x only gl[s & sp>kles1 & s gradually falls into a%es1 :i* are no?+ b ! e>? ( ! body1 comb9$ ) an alkal9e salt 9 burn+4 ,?is alkal9e salt may be sep>at$ f ! e>?1 by lixiviat+ ! a%es ) wat]1 :i* dissolves all ! salt1 & leaves ! e>? q pure4 ,*>coal is unalt]able & inde/ructible by any o!r body b fire2 :5ce x foll[s1 t :5 x is n actually k9dl$ & ignit$1 ! mo/ p[]ful ag5ts1 su* z ! acids1 ?\gh ev] s /rong & conc5trat$1 h n ! lea/ effect on x4 ,! case is o!rwise :5 x is light$1 t is1 :5 its phlogi/on beg9s to sep>ate f its e>?2 = !n ! pure acid ( vitriol be+ jo9$ !re)1 contracts an in/antane\s union ) its phlogi/on1 & evaporates 9 a volatile sulphure\s _s4 ,if ! vitriolic acid1 in/ead ( be+ appli$ q pure1 be fir/ clogg$ ) "s basis1 especially an alkal9e "o1 x quits t basis1 ent]s into a m intimate union ) ! phlogi/on ( ! burn+ ,coal1 & s =ms an actual sulphur1 ) :i* ! alkali n[ unites & =ms a hep>4 ,! pure acid ( sea-salt ha? n be5 obs]v$ to act 9 ! lea/ ^u ,*>coal1 especially :5 x is n on fire4 ,b :5 ?is acid is incorporat$ ) an alkal9e or metallic basis1 & comb9$ accord+ to a peculi> process ) burn+ ,*>coal1 x 9 l mann] quits its basis1 unites ) ! phlogi/on1 & !re) =ms a phosphorus1 ( :i* we h already tak5 notice4 ,nor has ! pure nitr\s acid any effect on a *>r$ ,coal1 ev5 :5 ignit$3 & s f> is x f be+ able to k9dle a cold "o1 t :5 p\r$ on a live "o1 x ext+ui%es x l wat]4 ,b :5 ?is acid is unit$ ) a basis1 x quits x rapidly z soon z x t\*es a burn+ coal1 & ru%es viol5tly into an union ) ! phlogi/on !re(4 ,f ?is union !re probably arises1 z we said be=e1 a k9d ( sulphur or phosphorus1 :i* is s inflammable z to be de/roy$ by ! fire ! v mom5t x is g5]at$4 ,! acids ( nitre & vitriol act ^u ,oils2 b v diff]5tly1 accord+ to ! quantity ( phlegm !y conta94 ,if !y be weak5$ ) mu* wat]1 !y h no effect at all ^u ,oils2 if !y conta9 little wat]1 or be dephlegmat$ to a c]ta9 degree1 !y dissolve !m ) heat1 & ) !m =m comp\nds ( a ?ick consi/5ce4 ,acids1 ?us comb9$ 9 a consid]able proportion ) ,oils1 r5d] !m soluble 9 wat]4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,,soap4 ,alkalis also h ! same prop]ty4 ,:5 an ,oil is comb9$ ) an acid or an alkali 9 su* a mann]1 t ! comp\nd result+ f _! union is soluble 9 wat]2 su* a comp\nd may 9 g5]al be call$ a ,soap4 ,soap itself ha? ! prop]ty ( r5d]+ fat bodies 9 "s measure soluble 9 wat]2 on :i* acc\nt x is v useful = sc\r+ or cleans+ any ?+ greasy4 ,oily & sal9e sub/ances1 comb9$ toge!r1 obs]ve ! same g5]al rules z all o!r comb9ations2 t is1 !y mutually communicate ! prop]ties belong+ to ea*3 ?us ,oils1 :i* naturally are n soluble 9 wat]1 acquire1 by _! union ) sal9e matt]s1 ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ !re92 & salts lose1 by _! conjunction ) ,oils1 "p ( _! natural t5d5cy to incorporate ) wat]2 s t1 :ile !y s]ve to con/itute soap1 !y d n1 z be=e1 attract ! moi/ure ( ! air1 c4 &1 9 l mann]1 z !y are n inflammable1 !y consid]ably less5 ! inflammability ( ! ,oils comb9$ ) !m4 ,acid ,soaps are decomp\nd$ by alkalis1 z alkal9e ,soaps are by acids1 accord+ to ! g5]al rules ( aff9ities4 ,! acids ( nitre & vitriol1 :5 highly conc5trat$1 dissolve ,oils ) su* viol5ce z to heat !m1 make !m black1 burn !m1 & ev5 set !m on fire4 ,h[ sea-salt affects ,oils is n yet suffici5tly asc]ta9$4 ,all ,oils h ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ sulphur2 :i* is n at all surpris+1 see+ ea* ( its compon5t pr9ciples ha? an aff9ity ) ,oil4 ,x is also a prop]ty common to all ,oils to become m fluid1 subtile1 light1 & limpid1 ! (t5] !y are di/ill$4 ,on ! contr>y1 by be+ incorporat$ ) sal9e sub/ances !y acquire a great] consi/5ce1 & sometimes =m comp\nds t are mo/ solid4 ,,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,( ! sev]al ,sorts ( ,,oils4 ,oils are di/+ui%$ by ! sub/ances f :i* !y are drawn3 & z ,oils are extract$ f m9]als1 f vegetables1 & f animals1 !re are ( c\rse ,m9]al1 ,vegetable1 & ,animal ,oils4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ,,m9]al ,,oils4 ,9 ! b[els ( ! e>? we f9d b "o sort ( ,oil1 call$ ,petroleum3 its smell is /rong & n disagreeable1 & its col\r sometimes m sometimes less yell[4 ,!re are c]ta9 m9]al sub/ances :i* yield by di/illation a great deal ( ,oil v l ,petroleum4 ,?is sort ( sub/ance is call$ a ,bitum51 & is1 inde$1 no?+ b an ,oil r5d]$ consi/5t & solid by be+ comb9$ ) an acid2 z appe>s f h5ce1 t by unit+ ,petroleum ) ! acid ( vitriol we c produce an artificial ,bitum5 v l ! native4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,,vegetable ,,oils4 ,vegetable sub/ances yield a v great quantity & v>iety ( oils3 = !re is n a plant1 or "p ( a plant1 t does n conta9 "o or m sorts !re(1 g5]ally peculi> to itself1 & diff]5t f all o!rs4 ,by expression only1 t is1 by bruis+ & squeez+ vegetable sub/ances1 p>ticul>ly c]ta9 fruits & se$s1 a sort ( oil is obta9$ :i* has sc>ce any smell or ta/e4 ,oils ( ?is sort are v mild & unctu\s2 &1 because 9 ?is respect !y resemble animal fat m ?an ! re/ d1 !y are call$ ,fat ,oils4 ,^! ,oils1 be+ expos$ to ! air = "s "t1 soon] or latt] gr[ ?ick1 acquire an acrid ta/e1 & a /rong disagreeable smell4 ,"s ( !m congeal ) ! smalle/ degree ( cold4 ,?is sort ( ,oil is well adapt$ to dissolve ^? prep>ations ( ,lead call$ ,li?>ge & ,m9ium1 ) :i* !y =m a ?ick t5aci\s sub/ance1 t is us$ = ! basis ( almo/ all pla/]s4 ,!y also dissolve ,lead 9 its metall9e =m2 b n s easily z ! sorts ( calx above-m5tion$2 probably because its body is n s mu* op5$1 nor its p>ts s divid$4 ,by expression alone we also procure f c]ta9 vegetable sub/ances ano!r sort ( ,oil1 :i* is ?91 limpid1 volatile1 ( a pung5t ta/e1 & reta9s ! smell ( ! vegetable t yield$ x2 on :i* acc\nt x is call$ an ,ess5tial ,oil4 ,( ?is !re are sev]al sorts1 diff]+ f "o ano!r1 l ! ,fat ,oils1 accord+ to ! subjects f :i* !y are obta9$4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 t x is v difficult1 or r 9 mo/ cases impossible1 to =ce f ! greate/ "p ( vegetables1 by expression only1 all ! ess5tial ,oil !y conta94 ,= ?is purpose !re=e rec\rse mu/ be _h to fire3 a g5tle heat1 n exce$+ t ( boil+ wat]1 w extract all ! ess5tial ,oils ( vegetables2 & ?is is ! mo/ usual & mo/ conv5i5t way ( procur+ !m4 ,! fat ,oils _c be obta9$ by ! same me?od3 ^! be+ mu* less volatile ?an ! ess5tial ,oils1 require a mu* great] degree ( heat to raise !m2 :i* nev]!less !y _c be> )\t be+ mu* spoil$ & entirely *ang$ 9 _! nature1 z %all pres5tly be %ewn4 ,all ,oils1 !re=e1 :i* rise ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 & su* alone1 %\ld be call$ ,ess5tial ,oils4 ,ess5tial ,oils1 9 a long] or %ort] "t1 accord+ to ! nature ( ea*1 lose ! fragrant smell !y _h :5 newly di/ill$1 & acquire ano!r1 :i* is /rong1 rancid1 & mu* less agreeable3 !y also lose _! t5uity1 becom+ ?ick & viscid2 & 9 ?is /ate !y greatly resemble ^? sub/ances ab\nd+ 9 ,oil :i* fl[ f c]ta9 trees1 & :i* are call$ ,balsams or ,res9s1 accord+ z !y are less or m consi/5t4 ,balsams & ,res9s are n soluble 9 wat]4 ,b !re are o!r ,oily comp\nds :i* likewise run f trees2 &1 ?\gh n unlike ,res9s1 are h[ev] soluble 9 wat]4 ,^! are call$ ,gums2 & _! prop]ty ( dissolv+ 9 wat] arises f _! conta9+ m wat] & m salt ?an ,res9s h2 or at lea/ _! sal9e p>ts are less clogg$ & m dis5gag$4 ,balsams & ,res9s di/ill$ ) ! heat ( boil+ wat] yield great quantities ( a limpid1 subtile1 odorif]\s1 &1 9 "o ^w1 ess5tial ,oil4 ,9 ! /ill !re rema9s a sub/ance ?ick] & m consi/5t ?an ! ,balsam or ,res9 0 be=e di/illation4 ,! same ?+ happ5s to ess5tial ,oils :i* by l5g? ( "t h acquir$ a consi/5ce & are gr[n res9\s4 ,if !y be re-di/ill$1 !y recov] _! =m] t5uity1 leav+ beh9d !m a rema9d] ?ick] & m res9\s ?an !y !mselves 74 ,?is second di/illation is call$ ! ,rectification ( an ,oil4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t an ess5tial ,oil1 comb9$ ) an acid /rong en\gh to dissolve x1 imm$iately becomes z ?ick & res9\s1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is union1 z if x _h be5 long expos$ to ! air3 :i* proves ! consi/5ce an ,oil acquires by long keep+ to be ow+ to ?is1 t its lighte/ & less acid p>ts be+ evaporat$1 ! proportion ( its acid to ! rema9d] is s increas$1 t x produces !re9 ! same *ange1 z an additional acid mix$ ) ! ,oil w\ld h wr\ght be=e ! evaporation4 ,?is also %ews u1 t ,balsams & ,res9s are only ess5tial ,oils comb9$ ) a great proportion ( acid1 & !reby ?ick5$4 ,if vegetable sub/ances1 f :i* no m ess5tial ,oil c be drawn by ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 be expos$ to a /rong] heat1 !y yield an additional quantity ( ,oil2 b x is ?ick] & heavi] ?an ! ess5tial ,oil4 ,^! ,oils are black1 & h a v disagreeable burnt smell1 :i* ha? made !m be call$ ,fetid or ,empyreumatic ,oils4 ,!y are moreov] v acrid4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t1 if a vegetable sub/ance be expos$ to a degree ( heat great] ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 be=e ! fat or ! ess5tial ,oil is extract$ f x1 an empyreumatic ,oil only w !n be obta9$2 because bo? ! fat & ess5tial ,oils1 :5 expos$ to ! =ce ( fire1 are !reby burnt1 r5d]$ acrid1 acquire a smell ( ! fire1 &1 9 a ^w1 become truly empyreumatic4 ,!re is gr\nd to ?9k1 t an empyreumatic ,oil is no?+ else b an ess5tial or fat ,oil burnt & spoil$ by ! fire1 & t no o!r ,oil besides ^! two exi/s naturally 9 vegetables4 ,empyreumatic ,oils1 di/ill$ & rectifi$ sev]al times by a g5tle heat1 acquire by e di/illation a great] degree ( t5uity1 lightness1 & limpidity4 ,by ?is means also !y lose some?+ ( _! disagreeable od\r2 s t !y gradually come ne>] & ne>] to ! nature ( ess5tial ,oils3 & if ! rectifications be (t5 en\gh repeat$1 t5 or twelve times = in/ance1 !y become p]fectly l ^? ,oils2 except t _! smell w nev] be s agreeable1 nor l t ( ! sub/ances f :i* !y 7 obta9$4 ,fat ,oils may also be br\ght by ! same means to resemble ess5tial ,oils3 b nei!r ess5tial nor empyreumatic ,oils are capable ( acquir+ ! prop]ties ( fat ,oils4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ,,animal ,,oils4 ,di/illation procures u consid]able quantities ( ,oil f all ! p>ts ( animal bodies1 & especially f _! fat4 ,?is ,oil at fir/ is n v fluid1 & is extremely fetid3 b by _m rectifications x gradually acquires a great degree ( cle>ness & t5uity1 & at ! same "t loses mu* ( its disagreeable od\r4 ,animal ,oils1 ?us r5d]$ ?9 & fluid by a great numb] ( rectifications1 h ! reputation ( be+ an excell5t m$ic9e1 & a specific 9 ! epilepsy4 ,,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,( ,,f]m5tation 9 g5]al4 ,by ,f]m5tation is meant an inte/9e motion1 :i*1 aris+ spontane\sly among ! ins5sible p>ts ( a body1 produces a new disposition & a diff]5t comb9ation ( ^? p>ts4 ,to excite a ,f]m5tation 9 a mixt body1 x is necess>y1 fir/1 t !re be 9 ! composition ( t mixt a c]ta9 proportion ( wat]y1 sal9e1 oily1 & e>?y p>ts3 b ?is proportion is n yet suffici5tly asc]ta9$4 ,secondly1 x is requisite t ! body to be f]m5t$ be plac$ 9 a c]ta9 degree ( temp]ate heat3 = mu* cold ob/ructs f]m5tation2 & too mu* heat decomposes bodies4 ,la/ly1 ! concurr5ce ( ! air is also necess>y to f]m5tation4 ,all vegetable & animal sub/ances are susceptible ( ,f]m5tation1 because all ( !m conta9 9 a due proportion ! pr9ciples above specifi$4 ,h[ev]1 _m ( !m want ! prop] quantity ( wat]1 & _c f]m5t :ile !y rema9 9 su* a /ate ( dryness4 ,b x is easy to supply t defect1 & s r5d] !m v apt to f]m5t4 ,) respect to m9]als prop]ly s call$1 7t is1 exclud+ su* vegetable & animal sub/ances z may h la9 long buri$ 9 ! e>?71 !y are n subject to any ,f]m5tation2 at lea/1 t our s5ses c p]ceive4 ,!re are ?ree sorts ( ,f]m5tation1 di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by _! sev]al productions4 ,! fir/ produces w9es & spiritu\s liquors2 = :i* reason x is call$ ! ,v9\s or ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation3 ! result ( ! second is an acid liquor2 & !re=e x is call$ ! ,acet\s ,f]m5tation3 & ! ?ird g5]ates an alkal9e salt2 :i*1 h[ev]1 diff]s f ! alkal9e salts hi!rto treat$ (1 9 ?is respect *iefly1 t1 in/ead ( be+ fix$1 x is extremely volatile3 ?is la/ sort takes ! "n ( ! ,putrid or ,putrefactive ,f]m5tation4 ,we %all n[ consid] ^! ?ree sorts ( ,f]m5tation & _! effects a little m p>ticul>ly4 ,^! ?ree sorts ( ,f]m5tation may take place successively 9 ! same subject2 :i* proves !m to be only ?ree diff]5t degrees ( f]m5tation1 all proce$+ f "o & ! same cause1 r ?an ?ree di/9ct f]m5tations4 ,^! degrees ( f]m5tation always foll[ ! ord] 9 :i* we h "h plac$ !m4 ,,*ap4 ,,xiii4 ,( ! ,,spiritu\s ,,f]m5tation4 ,! juices ( almo/ all fruits1 all sac*>9e vegetable matt]s1 all f>9ace\s se$s & gra9s ( e k9d1 be+ dilut$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( wat]1 are prop] subjects ( ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation4 ,if su* liquors be expos$1 9 vessels slightly /opp$1 to a mod]ate degree ( heat1 !y beg9 9 "s "t to gr[ turbid2 !re arises ins5sibly a small commotion among _! p>ts1 att5d$ ) a hiss+ noise2 ?is by little & little increases1 till ! gross] p>ts appe>1 l little se$s or gra9s1 mov+ to & fro1 agitat$ among !mselves1 & ?r[n up to ! surface4 ,at ! same "t "s air bubbles rise1 & ! liquor acquires a pung5t1 p5etrat+ smell1 occasion$ by ! v subtile vap\rs :i* exhale f x4 ,^! vap\rs h nev] yet be5 collect$1 9 ord] to exam9e _! nature2 & !y are kn[n only by _! noxi\s effects4 ,!y are s actively p]nici\s1 t if a man comes ra%ly into a close place1 :]e l>ge quantities ( liquors are f]m5t+1 he sudd5ly drops d[n & expires1 z if he 7 knock$ on ! head4 ,:5 ^! sev]al ph5om5a1 beg9 to g (f1 x is prop] to /op ! f]m5tation1 if a v spiritu\s liquor be requir$3 = if x be suff]$ to cont9ue long]1 ! liquor w become acid1 & f !nce proce$ to its la/ /age1 t is1 to putrefaction4 ,?is is done by /opp+ ! conta9+ vessels v close1 & remov+ !m into a cool] place4 ,!n ! impurities precipitate1 & settl+ at ! bottom leave ! liquor cle> & transp>5t3 & n[ ! palate discov]s t ! sweet sac*>9e ta/e x _h be=e f]m5tation is *ang$ to an agreeable pung5cy1 :i* is n acid4 ,liquors ?us f]m5t$ are 9 g5]al call$ ,w9es3 = ?\gh 9 common life t ^w prop]ly signifies ! f]m5t$ juice ( grapes only1 & p>ticul> names are giv5 to ! f]m5t$ juices ( o!r vegetable sub/ances2 z t obta9$ f ,apples is call$ ,cyd]2 t made f malt is call$ ,be]3 yet 9 ,*ymi/ry x is ( use to h "o g5]al t]m d5ot+ e liquor t has und]gone ?is fir/ degree ( f]m5tation4 ,by di/illation we draw f ,w9e an inflammable liquor1 ( a yell[i% :ite col\r1 light1 & ( a p5etrat+1 pleasant smell4 ,?is liquor is ! truly spiritu\s "p ( ! w9e1 & ! product ( f]m5tation4 ,t :i* comes (f 9 ! fir/ di/illation is commonly load$ ) mu* phlegm & "s oily p>ts1 f :i* x may be aft]w>ds fre$4 ,9 ?is /ate x goes by ! "n ( ,br&y2 b :5 fre$ f ^! het]og5e\s matt]s by repeat$ di/illations1 x becomes /ill cle>]1 light]1 m fragrant1 & mu* m inflammable1 & !n is call$ ,_s ( ,w9e1 & ,rectifi$ ,_s ( ,w9e1 or an ,ard5t ,_s1 if consid]ably purifi$4 ,! prop]ties :i* di/+ui% an ,ard5t ,_s f all o!r sub/ances are its be+ inflammable2 its burn+ & consum+ entirely1 )\t ! lea/ appe>ance ( smoke or fulig9osity2 its conta9+ no p>ticles r$ucible to a coal2 & its be+ p]fectly miscible ) wat]4 ,ard5t ,spirits are light] & m volatile ?an any ( ! pr9ciples ( ! mixts f :i* !y 7 produc$1 & consequ5tly m s ?an ! phlegm1 ! acid1 & ! oil ( :i* !y !mselves consi/4 ,?is arises f a p>ticul> disposition ( ^! pr9ciples1 :i* are 9 a s+ul> mann] att5uat$ by f]m5tation1 & !reby r5d]$ m susceptible ( expansion & r>efaction4 ,ard5t spirits are suppos$ to be ! natural solv5ts ( oils & oily matt]s4 ,b x is v rem>kable t !y dissolve ess5tial oils only1 )\t t\*+ ! fat ( animals1 or ! fat oils obta9$ f vegetables by expression2 yet :5 ^! oils h once und]gone ! action ( fire1 !y become soluble 9 _s ( w9e1 & ev5 acquire a new degree ( solubility e "t !y are di/ill$4 ,x is n s ) ess5tial oils1 :i* c nev] be r5d]$ m soluble 9 ard5t spirits ?an !y are at fir/2 & are s f> f acquir+ a new degree ( solubility e "t !y are di/ill$1 t on ! contr>y !y ev5 9 "s measure lose t prop]ty by repeat$ rectifications4 ,i h tak5 "s pa9s to f9d out ! causes ( ^! s+ul> effects1 & ! result ( my inquiries is publi%$ among ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces = ! ye> #agde4 ,i !re9 consid] ard5t spirits z consi/+ ( an oil1 or at lea/ a phlogi/on1 mix$ ) a portion ( wat]1 9 :i* x is r5d]$ soluble by means ( an acid4 ,?is be+ laid d[n1 ,i %ew t ! inability ( _s ( w9e to dissolve "s oils mu/ be imput$ to its aque\s "p1 9 :i* oils are n naturally soluble )\t ! int]v5tion ( a salt3 & t ! p[] :i* ?is _s ex]ts 9 dissolv+ o!r oils ) ease1 su* z ess5tial oils1 mu/ 9 all probability be ow+ to ?is1 t 9 ^! oils x meets ) ! necess>y sal9e m$ium1 t is1 ) an acid1 :i* numb]less exp]im5ts %ew !y actually conta94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i !re prove1 t ! acid 9 ess5tial oils is sup]-abundant1 & 9 "s sort =eign to _! nature1 or t x is b slightly connect$ ) !m1 & 9 "p des]ts !m e "t !y are di/ill$2 :i* r5d]s !m less soluble aft] e new rectification3 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 ! fat express$ oils 9 _! natural /ate give n ! lea/ sign ( acidity1 b ! action ( fire ^u !m discov]s an acid :i* 0 n p]ceivable be=e4 ,h5ce ,i conjecture1 t ^! oils conta9 no m acid ?an is j necess>y to con/itute !m oils2 t ?is acid is intimately bl5d$ ) _! o!r compon5t p>ts2 t x is s %ea!d & entangl$ by ^! p>ts z to be incapable ( ex]t+ any ( its prop]ties2 & t on ?is acc\nt ^! oils 9 _! natural /ate are n soluble 9 _s ( w9e3 b t ! disposition ( _! p>ts be+ gradually *ang$ by ! fire1 & _! acid1 be+ by t means set m & m at lib]ty1 at l5g? recov]s its prop]ties1 & p>ticul>ly t ( r5d]+ ! oily p>ts soluble 9 an aque\s m5/ruum3 & h5ce x foll[s1 t ! fat oils become s mu* ! m soluble 9 _s ( w9e ! (t5] !y are expos$ to ! action ( fire4 ,_s ( w9e do? n dissolve fix$ alkalis2 or at lea/ x takes up b a v small quantity !re(2 & h5ce ard5t spirits may be fre$ f mu* ( _! phlegm by means ( ^! salts ?or\ghly dri$3 = z !y /rongly imbibe moi/ure1 & h ev5 a great] aff9ity ?an ard5t spirits ) wat]1 if a fix$ alkali1 well exsiccat$1 be mix$ ) _s ( w9e t is n p]fectly dephlegmat$1 ! alkali imm$iately attracts its sup]flu\s moi/ure1 & is !reby resolv$ into a liquor1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its gravity1 desc5ds to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,! _s ( w9e1 :i* swims at top1 is by ?is means z mu* dephlegmat$1 & z dry1 z if x _h be5 rectifi$ by sev]al di/illations4 ,z x takes up "s alkal9e p>ticles 9 ?is op]ation1 x is !reby qualifi$ to dissolve oily matt]s ) ! great] facility4 ,:5 rectifi$ 9 ?is mann]1 x is call$ ,alcoholiz$ ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,yet _s ( w9e1 ev5 :5 rectifi$ to an alcohol1 is n capable ( dissolv+ all oily matt]s4 ,^? nam$ ,gums w by no means ent] into any sort ( union !re)2 b x readily dissolves mo/ ( ^? :i* are kn[n by ! appellation ( ,res9s4 ,:5 x has dissolv$ a c]ta9 proportion ( res9\s p>ticles x acquires a great] consi/5ce1 & =ms :at is call$ a ,_s ,v>ni%1 or a ,dry+ ,v>ni%1 because x soon dries4 ,?is ,v>ni% is subject to be damag$ by wat]4 ,_m sorts !re( are prep>$1 diff]+ f ea* o!r accord+ to ! diff]5t res9s employ$1 or ! proportions 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,mo/ ( ^! ,v>ni%es are transp>5t & col\rless4 ,su* bitum5s or res9s1 z _s ( w9e w n t\*1 are dissolv$ 9 oils by means ( fire1 & !n =m ano!r k9d ( ,v>ni%1 :i* wat] does n hurt4 ,^! ,v>ni%es are usually col\r$1 & require mu* long] "t to dry ?an ! ,_s ,v>ni%es3 !y are call$ ,oil ,v>ni%es4 ,_s ( w9e ha? a mu* great] aff9ity ) wat] ?an ) oily matt]s3 & !re=e if a solution ( any oil or res9 9 _s ( w9e be mix$ ) wat]1 ! liquor imm$iately gr[s turbid1 & acquires a :iti% milky col\r1 ow+ entirely to ! oily p>ts be+ sep>at$ f ! spiritu\s m5/ruum by ! accession ( wat]1 & too f9ely divid$ to appe> 9 _! natural =m4 ,b if ! liquor /& "s "t quiet1 sev]al ( ^! p>ticles unite toge!r1 & gradually acquire a bulk suffici5t to r5d] !m v p]ceptible to ! eye4 ,acids h an aff9ity ) _s ( w9e1 & may be comb9$ ) x4 ,by ?is union !y lose mo/ ( _! acidity1 & on t acc\nt are said to be ,dulcifi$4 ,b z ^! comb9ations ( acids1 especially ( ! vitriolic acid1 ) _s ( w9e furni% "s new productions ( v s+ul> prop]ties1 & z an exam9ation !re( may ?r[ mu* light on ! nature ( ard5t spirits1 x w n be amiss to take notice ( !m 9 ?is place1 & consid] ea* ( !m p>ticul>ly4 ,"o "p ( highly conc5trat$ oil ( vitriol be+ mix$ ) f\r p>ts ( well dephlegmat$ _s ( w9e1 !re arises imm$iately a consid]able ebullition & eff]vesc5ce1 att5d$ ) great heat1 & abundance ( vap\rs1 :i* smell pleasantly1 b are hurtful to ! lungs4 ,at ! same "t is he>d a hiss+ l t produc$ by a piece ( r$-hot iron plung$ into wat]4 ,inde$ x is prop] to mix ! liquors v gradually2 = o!rwise ! vessels 9 :i* ! op]ation is p]=m$ w be 9 great dang] ( break+4 ,if ! two liquors ?us mix$ be di/ill$ ) a v g5tle heat1 !re rises fir/ a _s ( w9e ( a mo/ p5etrat+ & grateful od\r3 :5 ab\t half !re( is come ov]1 :at foll[s has a quick] & m sulphure\s smell1 & is also m load$ ) phlegm4 ,:5 ! liquor beg9s to boil a little1 !re comes (f a phlegm :i* smells v /rong ( sulphur1 & gr[s gradually m acid4 ,on ?is phlegm floats a small quantity ( a v light & v limpid oil4 ,9 ! /ill !re rema9s a ?ick blacki% sub/ance1 some:at l a res9 or bitum54 ,f ?is sub/ance may be sep>at$ a good deal ( a vitriolic b sulphure\s acid4 ,:5 t is extract$1 !re rema9s a black mass l a *>r$ coal1 :i* be+ put into a crucible1 & expos$ to a viol5t heat1 leaves a small portion ( e>?1 v fix$1 & ev5 vitrifiable4 ,by rectify+ ! ard5t _s1 :i* came ov] 9 di/ill+ ! above-m5tion$ mixture1 a v s+ul> liquor is obta9$1 :i* diff]s ess5tially bo? f oils & f ard5t spirits1 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 respects x resembles !m bo?4 ,?is liquor is kn[n 9 ,*ymi/ry by ! "n ( !r1 & its *ief prop]ties are z foll[4 !r is light]1 m volatile1 & m inflammable1 ?an ! mo/ highly rectifi$ _s ( w9e4 ,x quickly flies (f :5 expos$ to ! air1 & sudd5ly cat*es fire :5 any flame approa*es x4 ,x burns l _s ( w9e )\t ! lea/ smoke1 & consumes entirely )\t leav+ ! smalle/ appe>ance ( a coal or ( a%es4 ,x dissolves oils & oily matt]s ) great ease & rapidity4 ,^! prop]ties x has 9 common ) an ard5t _s4 ,b x resembles an oil 9 t x is n miscible ) wat]2 & ?is makes x ess5tially diff]5t f _s ( w9e1 ! nature ( :i* is to be miscible ) all aque\s liquors4 ,ano!r v s+ul> prop]ty ( !r is its great aff9ity ) gold1 exce$+ ev5 t ( aqua regis4 ,x does n inde$ dissolve gold :5 9 a mass1 & 9 its metall9e =m2 b if a small quantity ( !r be add$ to a solution ( gold 9 aqua regis1 & ! :ole %ak5 toge!r1 ! gold sep>ates f ! aqua regis1 jo9s ! !r1 & rema9s dissolv$ !re94 ,! reason ( all ! ph5om5a above-m5tion$1 result+ f ! mixture ( _s ( w9e ) oil ( vitriol1 is f\nd$ on ! great aff9ity betwe5 ?is acid & wat]4 ,= if ! vitriolic acid be weak1 & z x 7 ov]-dos$ ) wat]y p>ts1 nei!r oil nor !r c be obta9$ by means !re(3 b :5 highly conc5trat$1 x attracts ! aque\s p>ts v p[]fully2 & !re=e1 be+ mix$ ) _s ( w9e1 lays hold ( mo/ ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 x1 & ev5 robs x ( "s portion ( t :i* is ess5tial to its nature1 & necess>y to con/itute x _s ( w9e3 :5ce x comes to pass1 t a c]ta9 quantity ( ! oily p>ticles 9 its composition be+ sep>at$ f ! wat]y p>ticles1 & s br\ght ne>] to ea* o!r1 !y unite & assume _! natural =m2 & ?us ! oil t swims at top ( ! sulphure\s phlegm is produc$4 ,! vitriolic acid moreov] ?ick5s & ev5 burns "s ( ?is oil2 & h5ce comes ! bitum9\s residuum left at ! bottom ( ! /ill1 :i* looks l ! result ( a vitriolic acid comb9$ ) common oil4 ,la/ly1 ! vitriolic acid becomes sulphure\s1 z x always do? :5 unit$ ) oily matt]s1 & also v aque\s1 on acc\nt ( ! quantity ( phlegm :i* x attracts f ! _s ( w9e4 !r may be consid]$ z a _s ( w9e exce$+ly dephlegmat$1 ev5 to su* a degree t its nature is !reby *ang$2 s t ! few aque\s p>ticles left 9 x are n suffici5t to dissolve ! oily p>ticles & keep !m asund]2 :i* !re=e be+ n[ mu* ne>] to "o ano!r ?an 9 common _s ( w9e1 ! liquor ha? lo/ its prop]ty ( be+ miscible ) wat]4 ,_s ( nitre well dephlegmat$1 & comb9$ ) _s ( w9e1 pres5ts likewise "s v s+ul> appe>ances4 ,fir/1 9 ! v in/ant ( its mixture ) _s ( w9e1 x produces a great] & m viol5t eff]vesc5ce ?an ! vitriolic acid occasions4 ,secondly1 ?is mixture1 )\t ! help ( di/illation1 & only by /opp+ ! bottle 9 :i* ! liquors are conta9$1 af=ds a sort ( !r1 produc$ probably by ! vap\rs :i* asc5d f1 & swim at top ( ! mixture4 ,?is is a v s+ul> liquor4 ,dr4 ,navi] 0 ! fir/ t took notice ( x1 & gave a description !re(1 :i* may be se5 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,?irdly1 "s au?ors pret5d t1 by di/ill+ ! mixture "u consid]ation1 an oil is obta9$ greatly resembl+ t :i*1 z we obs]v$ above1 rises f _s ( w9e comb9$ ) ! vitriolic acid3 o!rs aga9 d5y ?is4 ,= my "p1 ,i believe ! ?+ dep5ds on ! diff]5t conc5tration ( ! _s ( nitre1 z well z on ! quality ( ! _s ( w9e1 :i* is sometimes m sometimes less oily4 ,f\r?ly1 ! two liquors we are speak+ (1 be+ intimately mix$ by di/illation1 =m a liquor slightly acid1 us$ 9 m$ic9e1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ,sweet or ,dulcifi$ ,_s ( ,nitre3 a v prop] "n1 see+ ! nitr\s acid1 by unit+ ) ! _s ( w9e1 actually loses almo/ all its acidity & corrosive quality4 ,fif?ly & la/ly1 :5 ! di/illation is f9i%$1 !re rema9s 9 ! bottom ( ! vessel a ?ick blacki% sub/ance1 ne>ly resembl+ t :i* is f\nd aft] di/ill+ oil ( vitriol & _s ( w9e4 ,_s ( salt ha? likewise be5 comb9$ ) _s ( w9e2 b x does n unite !re) s easily or s intimately z ! two acids above-m5tion$4 ,to mix !m ?or\ghly1 ! _s ( salt mu/ be highly conc5trat$1 & smok+1 & moreov] ! assi/ance ( ! /ill mu/ be call$ 94 ,"s au?ors pret5d t f ?is mixture also a small quantity ( oil may be obta9$2 :i* probably happ5s :5 ! liquors h ! qualities above-specifi$4 ,! m>9e acid likewise1 by unit+ ) _s ( w9e1 loses mo/ ( its acidity2 on :i* acc\nt x is 9 l mann] call$ ,sweet or ,dulcifi$ ,_s ( ,salt4 ,a ?ick residuum is also f\nd "h aft] di/illation4 ,,*ap4 ,,xiv4 ,( ! ,,acet\s ,,f]m5tation4 ,besides an ard5t _s1 w9e af=ds a great deal ( wat]1 oil1 e>?1 & a sort ( acid :i* %all be consid]$ pres5tly4 ,:5 ! spiritu\s "p is sep>at$ f ^! o!r matt]s1 !y und]go no fur!r *ange4 ,b if all ! con/itu5t p>ts ( w9e rema9 comb9$ toge!r1 !n1 aft] "s "t1 %ort] or long] z ! degree ( heat 9 :i* ! w9e /&s is great] or less1 ! f]m5tation beg9s afre%1 or r arrives at its second /age4 ,! liquor once m gr[s turbid1 a new inte/9e motion arises1 &1 aft] "s days1 x is f\nd *ang$ into an acid2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is v diff]5t f ^? hi!rto treat$ (4 ,! liquor !n takes ! "n ( ,v9eg>4 ,! acet\s f]m5tation diff]s f ! spiritu\s1 n only 9 its effect1 b also 9 sev]al ( its concomitant circum/ances4 ,mod]ate motion is ( s]vice to ?is1 :]eas x ob/ructs ! spiritu\s2 & x is att5d$ ) mu* m w>m? ?an ! spiritu\s4 ,! vap\rs x produces are n noxi\s1 l ^? ( f]m5t+ w9e4 ,la/ly1 ,v9eg> deposites no t>t>1 ev5 :5 ! w9e employ$ 9 ?is op]ation is q new1 & ha? n _h "t to dis*>ge its t>t>3 in/ead ( t>t>1 ,v9eg> deposites a viscid matt] :i* is v apt to putrify4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t w9e is n ! only sub/ance t is susceptible ( ! acet\s f]m5tation3 = sev]al vegetable & ev5 animal matt]s1 :i* are n subject to ! spiritu\s f]m5tation1 turn s\r be=e !y putrify4 ,b z v9\s liquors possess 9 a v em95t degree ! prop]ty ( be+ susceptible ( ! acet\s f]m5tation1 & likewise ( produc+ ! /ronge/ acids t c result f su* f]m5tation1 _! acid %all be m p>ticul>ly consid]$ 9 ?is place4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ,,v9eg>4 ,if w9e1 :i* has gone ?r\gh ?is second /age ( f]m5tation1 be di/ill$1 in/ead ( an ard5t _s1 only an acid liquor is obta9$1 :i* is call$ ,di/ill$ ,v9eg>4 ,?is acid has ! same prop]ties z ! m9]al acids ( :i* we h already treat$2 t is1 x unites ) alkal9e salts1 absorb5t e>?s1 & metallic sub/ances1 & !re) =ms neutral sal9e comb9ations4 ,its aff9ity ) ^! sub/ances obs]ves ! same ord] z t obs]v$ by ! m9]al acids ) reg>d to ! same sub/ances2 b 9 g5]al x is weak]2 t is1 any m9]al acid is capable ( expell+ ! acid ( ,v9eg> out ( all matt]s ) :i* x is unit$4 ,v9eg> ha? likewise a great] aff9ity ?an sulphur ) alkalis3 :5ce x foll[s1 t x is capable ( decomp\nd+ t comb9ation ( sulphur ) an alkali call$ ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 & ( precipitat+ ! sulphur x conta9s4 ,! acid ( ,v9eg> is always clogg$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( oily p>ts1 :i* greatly weak5 x1 & deprive x ( mu* ( its activity2 & = ?is reason x is n ne> s /rong z ! m9]al acids1 :i* are n entangl$ ) any oil4 ,by di/illation1 inde$1 x may be fre$ f ?is oil1 & at ! same "t f ! great quantity ( wat] :i* 9 a mann] suffocates x1 & by t means may be br\ght mu* ne>] to ! nature ( ! m9]al acids3 b ?is attempt ha? n yet be5 prosecut$ ) ! assiduity x des]ves4 ,besides di/illation1 !re is ano!r way ( free+ ,v9eg> f a good deal ( its phlegm2 & t is1 by expos+ x to a h>d fro/1 :i* readily congeals ! wat]y "p into ice1 :ile ! acid reta9s its fluidity4 ,v9eg>1 saturat$ ) a fix$ alkali1 =ms a neutral oily salt1 ( a d>k col\r1 :i* is semi-volatile1 melts ) a v g5tle heat1 flames :5 ?r[n ^u burn+ coals1 & dissolves 9 _s ( w9e1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 x requires six p>ts to complete ! solution4 ,?is solution be+ evaporat$ to dryness leaves a matt] 9 ! =m ( leaves ly+ on ea* o!r2 on :i* acc\nt x ha? obta9$ ! "n ( ,t]ra ,foliata4 ,! same foliat$ matt] w be obta9$1 ?\gh ! salt be n previ\sly dissolv$ 9 _s ( w9e2 b n s readily4 ,?is salt is also call$ ,reg5]at$ ,t>t>4 ,"u ! head ( ,t>t> we %all see ! reason ( ^! diff]5t appellations4 ,reg5]at$ ,t>t> is also 9 "s degree capable ( cry/alliz+3 = ?is purpose a solution !re( 9 wat] mu/ be sl[ly evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 & !n suff]$ to /& quiet 9 a cool place2 by :i* means x w %oot into clu/]s ( cry/als1 ly+ "o ^u ano!r1 n unlike ! fea!rs on a quill4 ,) ,v9eg> & sev]al absorb5t e>?s1 su* z calc9$ pe>ls1 coral1 %ells ( fi%1 c4 are also =m$ neutral sal9e comp\nds1 ea* ( :i* takes ! "n ( ! p>ticul> e>? employ$ 9 its composition4 ,v9eg> p]fectly dissolves ,lead1 & conv]ts x to a neutral metallic salt1 :i* %oots into cry/als1 & has a sweet sac*>9e ta/e4 ,?is comp\nd is call$ ,sug> ( ,lead1 or ,sal ,saturni4 ,if ,lead be expos$ to ! b>e vap\r ( ,v9eg>1 x w be !reby corrod$1 calc9$1 & conv]t$ into a :ite matt] mu* us$ 9 pa9t+1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ,c]use2 or1 :5 x is f9] ?an ord9>y1 ,:ite ,lead4 ,v9eg> corrodes ,copp] likewise1 & conv]ts x into a beautiful gre5 ru/1 :i* also is us$ 9 pa9t+2 & di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,v]degris4 ,h[ev]1 ,v9eg> is n commonly employ$ to make ,v]degris3 = ?is purpose !y use w9e1 or ! rape ( w9e1 f :i* fire extricates an acid analog\s to t ( ,v9eg>4 ,9 treat+ ( ! sev]al sub/ances :i* con/itute w9e1 we m5tion$ an acid matt]1 b did n !n ent] into a p>ticul> exam9ation !re(2 because z t matt] greatly resembles ! acid ( ,v9eg>1 we ?\ght x m prop] to def] ! consid]ation ( its prop]ties till we _h treat$ ( ! acet\s f]m5tation1 & its effects4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,,t>t>4 ,?is sub/ance is a sal9e comp\nd1 consi/+ ( e>?y1 oily1 & especially acid p>ts4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! =m ( cru/s1 adh]+ to ! inn] sides ( vessels 9 :i* w9es h /ood = "s "t1 p>ticul>ly acid w9es1 su* z ^? ( ,g]many4 ,t>t> d]ives its orig9 f ! sup]-abundant quantity ( acid conta9$ 9 ! juice ( ! grape4 ,?is sup]flu\s acid1 be+ m ?an is requisite to con/itute ! ard5t _s1 unites ) "s ( ! oil & e>? conta9$ 9 ! f]m5t$ liquor1 & =ms a k9d ( salt2 :i* = "s "t cont9ues susp5d$ 9 t liquor1 b1 :5 ! w9e /&s undi/urb$ 9 a cool place1 is deposit$1 z ha? be5 said1 on ! sides ( ! cask4 ,t>t> 9 ?is /ate conta9s _m e>?y p>ts1 :i* are sup]flu\s1 & =eign to its nature4 ,f ^! x may be fre$ by boil+ x repeat$ly ) a sort ( e>? f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,montpeli]1 z may be se5 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,:5 x is purifi$1 !re appe>s on ! surface ( ! liquor a sort ( :ite1 cry/all9e pellicle1 :i* is skimm$ (f z x =ms4 ,?is matt] is call$ ,cream ( ,t>t>4 ,! same liquor :i* produces ?is ,cream1 & 9 :i* ! purifi$ ,t>t> is dissolv$1 be+ set to cool1 yields a great numb] ( :ite semi-transp>5t cry/als1 :i* are call$ ,cry/als ( ,t>t>4 ,! ,cream & ! ,cry/als ( ,t>t> are !re=e no o!r ?an purifi$ ,t>t>1 & diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! =m only4 ,?\gh ! ,cry/als ( ,t>t> h e appe>ance ( a neutral salt1 yet !y are f> f be+ su*2 = !y h all ! prop]ties ( a true acid1 :i* sc>ce diff]s f t ( v9eg>1 except t x conta9s less wat]1 & m e>? & oil2 to :i* x owes its solid =m1 z well z its prop]ty ( n be+ soluble 9 wat] )\t mu* difficulty3 = a v great quantity ( wat] is requisite to keep ! ,cry/als ( ,t>t> 9 solution2 & x mu/ moreov] be boil+ hot2 o!rwise z soon z x cools mo/ ( ! ,t>t> dissolv$ 9 x sep>ates f ! liquor1 & falls to ! bottom 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]4 ,t>t> is decompos$ by calc9ation 9 ! op5 fire4 ,all its oily p>ts are consum$ or dissipat$ 9 smoke1 toge!r ) mo/ ( its acid4 ,! o!r "p ( its acid1 unit+ intimately ) its e>?1 =ms a v /rong & v pure fix$ alkali1 call$ ,salt ( ,t>t>4 ,x w be %ewn 9 its prop] place1 t almo/ e vegetable matt]1 z well z ,t>t>1 leaves a fix$ alkali 9 its a%es3 yet ,t>t> has ^! peculi> prop]ties2 fir/1 x assumes an alkal9e "* ev5 :5 burnt or calc9$ 9 close vessels1 :]eas o!r sub/ances acquire x only by be+ burnt 9 ! op5 air2 secondly1 ! alkali ( ,t>t> is /rong] & m sal9e ?an almo/ any t is obta9$ f o!r matt]s4 ,?is alkali1 :5 ?or\ghly calc9$1 p[]fully attracts ! moi/ure ( ! air1 & melts into an unctu\s alkal9e liquor1 improp]ly call$ ,oil ( ,t>t> p] deliquium4 ,?is is ! alkali g5]ally us$ 9 mak+ ! ,t]ra ,foliata1 m5tion$ "u ! head ( ,v9eg>2 = :i* reason ?is comb9ation is call$ ,t]ra ,foliata ,t>t>i2 a "n suitable en\gh4 ,b ! same _c be said ( ! o!r "n1 ,reg5]at$ ,t>t>1 :i* is also giv5 x4 ,x is true1 t on ?is occasion an oily acid is re/or$ to ! e>? ( ! ,t>t>1 analag\s to t ( :i* ! fire _h depriv$ x3 b ! comp\nd !nce result+ is a neutral salt :i* v readily dissolves 9 wat]2 :]eas ,t>t> is manife/ly acid1 & n soluble1 or at lea/ h>dly soluble1 9 wat]4 ,cry/als ( ,t>t> comb9$ ) alkali ( ,t>t> produce a great eff]vesc5ce :ile !y are mix+1 z all acids usually d2 & if ! comb9ation be br\ght exactly up to ! po9t ( saturation1 a p]fectly neutral salt is =m$1 :i* %oots into cry/als1 & easily dissolves 9 wat]2 & ?is ha? procur$ x ! "n ( ,soluble ,t>t>4 ,x is also call$ ! ,vegetable ,salt1 z be+ obta9$ f vegetables only2 & aga91 ,t>t>is$ ,t>t>1 because x consi/s ( ! acid & ! alkali ( ,t>t> comb9$ toge!r4 ,cry/als ( ,t>t> comb9$ ) alkalis procur$ f ! a%es ( m>itime plants1 su* z ,soda1 :i* alkalis resemble ! basis ( sea-salt1 =m likewise a neutral salt1 :i* cry/allizes well1 & dissolves easily 9 wat]4 ,?is salt is ano!r sort ( soluble ,t>t>4 ,x is call$ ,saignette's ,salt1 f ! inv5tor's "n4 ,bo? ! ,vegetable ,salt & ,saignette's ,salt are g5tly purgative soaps1 & mu* us$ 9 ,m$ic9e4 ,t>t> likewise dissolves ! absorb5t e>?s1 z lime1 *alk1 c4 & ) !m =ms neutral salts :i* are soluble 9 wat]#c4 ,x ev5 attacks metallic bodies1 & :5 comb9$ ) !m becomes soluble4 ,a soluble ,t>t> = m$ical use is prep>$ ) ,cry/als ( ,t>t> & ,iron3 ! metallic salt !reby produc$ ha? ! "n ( ,*alybeat$ ,soluble ,t>t>4 ,?is salt attracts ! moi/ure ( ! air1 & is "o ( ^? :i* d n cry/allize4 #c ,see ,mr4 ,duhamel's ,essays on ?is subject 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,cry/alliz$ ,t>t> acts also ^u sev]al o!r metallic sub/ances3 = in/ance1 x dissolves ! ,regulus1 ,liv]1 & ,glass ( ,antimony1 & !nce acquires an emetic quality3 x is !n call$ ,/ibiat$ or ,emetic ,t>t>4 ,x likewise dissolves ,lead1 & !re) =ms a salt :i*1 9 ! figure ( its cry/als1 resembles ,t>t>is$ ,t>t>4 ,x is v extraord9>y t ,t>t>1 :i* ( itself is n soluble 9 wat]1 %\ld be soluble !re9 :5 become a neutral salt by unit+ ei!r ) alkalis or ) absorb5t e>?s1 or ev5 ) metals4 ,) respect to alkalis1 inde$1 x may be urg$1 t1 hav+ !mselves a great aff9ity ) wat]1 !y communicate to ,t>t> "s ( t facility ) :i* !y naturally unite !re)3 b ! same _c be all$g$ conc]n+ absorb5t e>?s1 & metallic sub/ances1 :i* wat] dissolves n at all1 or at lea/ ) great difficulty1 & 9 small quantity4 ,?is effect1 !re=e1 mu/ be attribut$ :olly to "s *ange 9 ! disposition ( its p>ts :i* is to u unkn[n4 ,all ! ,soluble ,t>t>s are easily decomp\nd$ by expos+ !m to a c]ta9 degree ( heat4 ,9 di/illation !y yield ! same pr9ciples :i* are obta9$ f ,t>t>2 & :at rema9s fix$ 9 ! fire1 aft] !y are ?or\ghly burnt1 is a comp\nd ( ! alkali :i* ,t>t> naturally produces1 & ( ! alkal9e or metallic sub/ance ) :i* x 0 conv]t$ into a neutral salt4 ,z ,cry/al ( ,t>t> is ! weake/ ( all acids1 on acc\nt ( ! oily & e>?y matt]s ) :i* x is comb9$1 ,soluble ,t>t>s are decomp\nd$ by all ! acids2 by any ( :i* cry/al ( ,t>t> may be sep>at$ f ! sub/ance t s]ves x = a basis & r5d]s x a neutral salt4 ,! o!r acids :i* are procur$ f vegetables1 & ev5 ^? :i* are obta9able f "s animal sub/ances1 may all be ref]r$ to & comp>$ ) ei!r ,v9eg> or ,t>t>1 accord+ to ! quantities ( oil or e>? ) :i* !y are comb9$4 ,aft] all1 ^! acids h n yet be5 ?or\ghly exam9$4 ,!re is great reason to ?9k t !y are no o!r ?an ! m9]al acids1 :i*1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! bodies ( vegetables1 & ev5 ( animals1 und]go a consid]able *ange1 especially by contract+ an union ) oily matt]s4 ,=1 z we said be=e 9 treat+ ( ,v9eg>1 by free+ !m f _! oil !y are br\ght v ne> to ! nature ( m9]al acids2 & s likewise ! m9]al acids acquire _m ( ! prop]ties ( vegetable acids by be+ comb9$ ) oils4 ,,*ap4 ,,xv4 ,( ! ,,putrid ,,f]m5tation1 or ,,putrefaction4 ,e body :i* ha? gone ?r\gh ! two /ages ( f]m5tation above describ$1 t is1 ! spiritu\s & ! acet\s f]m5tation1 be+ left to itself 9 a due degree ( w>m?1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! subject1 advances to ! la/ /age ( f]m5tation2 t is1 to putrefaction4 ,x is prop] to obs]ve1 be=e we g any fur!r1 t ! conv]se ( ?is proposition is n true2 t is1 x is n necess>y t a body %\ld successively pass ?r\gh ! spiritu\s & ! acet\s f]m5tation1 be=e x c arrive at ! putrid2 b t1 z c]ta9 sub/ances fall into ! acet\s )\t hav+ gone ?r\gh ! spiritu\s f]m5tation1 s o!rs beg9 to putrify )\t hav+ und]gone ei!r ! spiritu\s or ! acet\s f]m5tation2 ( :i* la/ k9d are1 = in/ance1 mo/ animal sub/ances4 ,:5 !re=e we repres5t$ ^! ?ree sorts ( f]m5tation z ?ree diff]5t degrees or /ages ( "o & ! same f]m5tation1 we suppos$ x to be excit$ 9 a body susceptible ( f]m5tation 9 its full ext5t4 ,h[ev]1 !re is /ill room to ?9k t e sub/ance :i* is capable ( f]m5t+ always passes necess>ily ?r\gh ^! ?ree diff]5t /ages2 b t ! sub/ances mo/ dispos$ !reto pass ) su* rapidity ?r\gh ! fir/1 & ev5 ! second1 t !y arrive at ! ?ird be=e our s5ses c p]ceive ! lea/ signs ( ei!r ( ! two =m]4 ,?is op9ion is n de/itute ( probability3 yet x is n support$ by pro(s suffici5tly /rong & num]\s to compel our ass5t4 ,:5 a body is 9 a putrefy+ /ate x is easy to discov] 7z 9 ! two sorts ( f]m5tation already treat$ (7 by ! vap\rs :i* rise f x1 by ! opacity :i* invades x1 if a pellucid liquor1 & frequ5tly ev5 by a great] degree ( heat ?an is f\nd 9 ! two o!r sorts ( f]m5tation1 t an inte/9e motion is begun among its con/itu5t p>ts1 :i* la/s till ! :ole be entirely putrefi$4 ,! effect ( ?is inte/9e motion is 9 ?is1 z 9 ! two o!r sorts ( f]m5tation1 to break ! union1 & *ange ! disposition1 ( ! p>ticles con/itut+ ! body 9 :i* x is excit$1 & to produce a new comb9ation4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by a me*anism to :i* we are /rang]s1 & conc]n+ :i* no?+ beyond conjectures c be advanc$3 b ^! we neglect1 resolv+ to keep :olly to facts1 z ! only ?+s 9 ,natural ,philosophy t are positively c]ta94 ,if1 !n1 we exam9e a sub/ance t has und]gone putrefaction1 we %all soon p]ceive t x conta9s a pr9ciple :i* did n exi/ 9 x be=e4 ,if ?is sub/ance be di/ill$1 !re rises1 fir/1 by means ( a v g5tle heat1 a sal9e matt] :i* is exce$+ly volatile1 & affects ! organ ( smell+ briskly & disagreeably4 ,nor is ! aid ( di/illation necess>y to discov] ! pres5ce ( ?is product ( putrefaction3 x readily manife/s itself 9 mo/ sub/ances :]e x exi/s1 z any "o may soon be conv9c$ by obs]v+ ! diff]5t smell ( fre% & ( putrefi$ ur9e2 = ! latt] n only affects ! nose1 b ev5 makes ! eyes sm>t1 & irritates !m s z to draw te>s f !m 9 abundance4 ,?is sal9e pr9ciple :i* is ! product ( putrefaction1 :5 sep>at$ f ! o!r pr9ciples ( ! body :i* af=ds x1 & collect$ by itself1 appe>s ei!r 9 ! =m ( a liquor1 or 9 t ( a concrete salt1 accord+ to ! diff]5t me?ods us$ to obta9 x4 ,9 ! =m] /ate x is call$ a ,volatile ,ur9\s ,_s2 & 9 ! latt] a ,volatile ,ur9\s ,salt4 ,! qualification ( ur9\s is giv5 x1 because1 z 0 said1 a great deal !re( is g5]at$ 9 putrefi$ ur9e1 to :i* x communicates its smell4 ,x goes also by ! g5]al "n ( a ,volatile ,alkali1 :e!r 9 a concrete or 9 a liquid =m4 ,! enum]ation ( its prop]ties w %ew :y x is call$ an alkali4 ,volatile ,alkalis1 f :atev] sub/ance obta9$1 are all alike1 & h all ! same prop]ties2 diff]+ only accord+ to _! degrees ( purity4 ,! ,volatile ,alkali1 z well z ! ,fix$1 consi/s ( a c]ta9 quantity ( acid comb9$ ) & entangl$ by a portion ( ! e>? ( ! mixt body f :i* x 0 obta9$2 & on t acc\nt x has _m prop]ties l ^? ( a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,b !re is moreov] 9 its composition a consid]able quantity ( a fat or oily matt]1 ( :i* !re is none 9 a ,fix$ ,alkali2 & on ?is acc\nt aga9 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,?us ! ,volatility ( ! ,alkali produc$ by putrefaction1 :i* is ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! o!r k9d ( ,alkali ^: nature x is to be ,fix$1 mu/ be attribut$ to ! portion ( oil :i* x conta9s3 = !re is a c]ta9 me?od ( volatiliz+ ,fix$ ,alkalis by means ( a fatty sub/ance4 ,volatile ,alkalis h a great aff9ity ) acids1 unite !re) rapidly & ) ebullition1 & =m ) !m neutral salts1 :i* %oot into cry/als1 b diff] f "o ano!r accord+ to ! k9d ( acid employ$ 9 ! comb9ation4 ,! neutral salts :i* h a ,volatile ,alkali = _! basis are 9 g5]al call$ ,ammoniacal ,salts4 ,t ^: acid is ! acid ( sea-salt is call$ ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,z ?is 0 ! fir/ kn[n1 x gave "n to all ! re/4 ,great quantities ( ?is salt are made 9 ,egypt1 & !nce br\ght to u4 ,!y sublime x f ! soot ( c['s dung1 :i* is ! fuel ( t c\ntry1 & conta9s sea-salt1 toge!r ) a ,volatile ,alkali1 or at lea/ ! mat]ials prop] = =m+ x2 & consequ5tly all ! +r$i5ts t ent] into ! composition ( ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,see ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,! neutral salts =m$ by comb9+ ! acids ( nitre & ( vitriol ) a ,volatile ,alkali are call$1 aft] _! acids1 ,nitr\s ,sal ,ammoniac1 & ,vitriolic ,sal ,ammoniac3 ! latt]1 f ! "n ( its inv5tor1 is also call$ ,glaub]'s ,secret ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,a ,volatile ,alkali1 !n1 has ! same prop]ty z a ,fix$ ,alkali ) reg>d to acids3 yet !y diff] 9 ?is1 t ! aff9ity ( ! =m] ) acids is weak] ?an t ( ! latt]3 & h5ce x foll[s1 t any ,sal ,ammoniac may be decomp\nd$ by a ,fix$ ,alkali1 :i* w lay hold ( ! acid1 & dis*>ge ! ,volatile ,alkali4 ,a ,volatile ,alkali w decomp\nd any neutral salt :i* has n a ,fix$ ,alkali = its basis2 t is1 all su* z consi/ ( an acid comb9$ ) an absorb5t e>? or a metallic sub/ance4 ,by jo9+ ) ! acids 9 :i* !y are dissolv$1 x dis5gages ! e>?s or metallic sub/ances1 takes _! place1 &1 9 conjunction ) _! acids1 =ms ,ammoniac ,salts4 ,h5ce x might be conclud$1 t1 ( all sub/ances1 next to ! ,phlogi/on & ! ,fix$ ,alkalis1 ,volatile ,alkalis h ! greate/ aff9ity ) acids 9 g5]al4 ,yet !re is "s difficulty 9 ?is matt]3 = absorb5t e>?s1 & sev]al metallic sub/ances1 are also capable ( decomp\nd+ ,ammoniacal ,salts1 dis*>g+ _! volatile ,alkali1 & =m+ new comp\nds by unit+ ) _! acids4 ,?is might induce u to ?9k1 t ^! sub/ances h ne>ly ! same aff9ity ) acids4 ,b x is prop] to obs]ve1 t a ,volatile ,alkali decomp\nds su* neutral salts z h = _! basis ei!r an absorb5t e>? or a metallic sub/ance1 )\t ! aid ( fire2 :]eas absorb5t e>?s or metallic sub/ances w n decomp\nd an ,ammoniacal ,salt1 unless !y be assi/$ by a c]ta9 degree ( heat4 ,n[1 z all ^! matt]s are extremely fix$1 at lea/ 9 comp>ison ) a ,volatile ,alkali1 !y h ! advantage ( be+ able to resi/ ! =ce ( fire1 & s ( act+ 9 conjunction !re)2 & fire greatly promotes ! natural action ( sub/ances ^u "o ano!r3 :]eas ! ,volatile ,alkali 9 ! ,ammoniacal ,salt1 be+ unable to abide ! =ce ( fire1 is compell$ to des]t its acid2 & t s mu* ! m quickly1 z its aff9ity !re) is consid]ably weak5$ by ! pres5ce ( an e>?y or metallic sub/ance1 bo? ( :i* h a great aff9ity ) acids4 ,^! consid]ations oblige u to conclude1 t ,volatile ,alkalis h a some:at great] aff9ity1 ?an absorb5t e>?s & metallic sub/ances1 ) acids4 ,ammoniacal ,salts project$ ^u nitre 9 fusion make x detonate2 & ! ,nitr\s ,sal ,ammoniac detonates by itself1 )\t ! addition ( any inflammable matt]4 ,?is s+ul> effect evid5tly demon/rates ! exi/5ce ( an oily matt] 9 ,volatile ,alkalis2 = x is c]ta9 t nitre w nev] deflagrate )\t ! concurr5ce1 & ev5 ! imm$iate contact1 ( "s combu/ible matt]4 ,?is oily sub/ance is (t5 f\nd comb9$ ) ,volatile ,alkalis 9 su* a l>ge proportion z to disguise x1 9 "s measure1 & r5d] x exce$+ly f\l4 ,! salt may be fre$ f its sup]flu\s oil by repeat$ sublimations2 & p>ticul>ly by sublim+ x f absorb5t e>?s1 :i* readily dr9k up oils4 ,?is is call$ ! ,rectification ( a ,volatile ,alkali4 ,! salt1 :i* be=e 0 ( a yell[i% or dirty col\r1 by be+ ?us rectifi$ becomes v :ite1 & acquires an od\r m pung5t & less fetid ?an x _h at fir/1 t is1 :5 obta9$ by "o s+le di/illation f a putrid sub/ance4 ,x is prop] to obs]ve1 t ! rectification ( a ,volatile ,alkali mu/ n be c>ri$ too f>1 or repeat$ too (t52 = by t means x may be entirely decompos$ at l5g?2 & p>ticul>ly if an absorb5t e>?1 & especially *alk1 be employ$ = t purpose1 ! salt may be conv]t$ into an oil1 an e>?1 & wat]4 ,volatile ,alkalis act ^u sev]al metallic sub/ances1 & p>ticul>ly on copp]2 ( :i* !y make a mo/ beautiful blue solution4 ,on ?is prop]ty dep5ds a pretty s+ul> effect1 :i* happ5s sometimes :5 we attempt1 by means ( a ,volatile ,alkali1 to sep>ate copp] f any acid ) :i* x is comb9$4 ,in/ead ( see+ ! liquor gr[ turbid1 & ! metal fall1 bo? :i* g5]ally happ5 :5 any ,alkali :atev] is mix$ ) a metallic solution1 we are surpris$ to obs]ve ! solution ( copp]1 ^u add+ a ,volatile ,alkali1 reta9 its limpidity1 & let fall no precipitate2 or at lea/1 if ! liquor does gr[ turbid1 x rema9s s b = a mom5t1 & in/antly recov]s its transp>5cy4 ,?is is occasion$ by add+ su* a quantity ( ,volatile ,alkali z is m ?an suffici5t fully to saturate ! acid ( ! solution1 & consid]able en\gh to dissolve all ! copp] z fa/ z x is sep>at$ f ! acid4 ,on ?is occasion ! liquor acquires a deep] blue ?an x _h be=e2 :i* arises f ! prop]ty :i* ,volatile ,alkalis h ( giv+ ?is metal1 :5 comb9$ ) !m1 a full] blue ?an any o!r solv5t c3 h5ce we h a t\*/one to discov] copp] :]ev] x is2 = let ! quantity ( ?is metal comb9$ ) o!r metals be ev] s small1 a ,volatile ,alkali nev] fails to discov] x1 by mak+ x appe> ( a blue col\r4 ,?\gh a ,volatile ,alkali be con/antly ! result ( putrefaction1 yet x mu/ n !re=e be imag9$ t none c be produc$ by any o!r means2 on ! contr>y1 mo/ ( ^? sub/ances :i* conta9 ! +r$i5ts necess>y to =m x1 yield no inconsid]able quantity !re( 9 di/illation4 ,t>t>1 = example1 :i* by be+ burnt 9 an op5 fire is conv]t$1 z 0 %ewn1 into a ,fix$ ,alkali1 yields a ,volatile ,alkali :5 x is decompos$ 9 close vessels2 t is1 :5 x is di/ill$2 because1 9 ?is latt] case1 ! oily "p is n dissipat$ or burnt1 z x is by calc9ation 9 a nak$ fire1 b has "t to unite ) "s ( ! e>? & acid ( ! mixt1 9 su* a mann] z to =m a true ,volatile ,alkali4 ,to prove t on ?is occasion1 z well z on all o!rs1 :]e unputrefi$ bodies yield a ,volatile ,alkali1 ?is salt is ! product ( ! fire1 we ne$ only obs]ve1 t 9 ^! di/illations x nev] rises till aft] "s "p ( ! phlegm1 ( ! acid1 & ev5 ( ! ?ick oil ( ! mixt1 is come ov]2 :i* nev] is ! case :5 x is =m$ be=eh& 9 ! body :i* is ! subject ( ! op]ation1 z x is 9 ^? :i* h und]gone putrefaction3 = ?is salt1 be+ mu* light] & m volatile ?an ^? o!r sub/ances1 rises ( c\rse be=e !m 9 di/illation4 ,,*ap4 ,,xvi4 ,a ,g5]al ,view ( ,,*ymical ,,decomposition4 ,?\gh we h consid]$ all ! sub/ances :i* ent] into ! composition ( ,vegetables1 ,animals1 & ,m9]als1 :e!r z prim>y or z second>y pr9ciples1 x w n be improp] to %ew 9 :at ord] we obta9 ^! pr9ciples f ! sev]al mixts2 & especially f ,vegetables & ,animals1 because !y are mu* m complicat$ ?an ,m9]als4 ,?is is call$ ,analys+ a comp\nd4 ,! me?od mo/ commonly tak5 to decompose bodies is by apply+ to !m successive degrees ( heat1 f ! g5tle/ to ! mo/ viol5t1 9 appropriat$ vessels1 s contriv$ z to collect :at exhales f !m4 ,by ?is means ! pr9ciples are gradually sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 ! mo/ volatile rise fir/1 & ! re/ foll[ 9 ord]1 z !y come to be act$ on by ! prop] degree ( heat3 & ?is is call$ ,di/illation4 ,b x be+ obs]v$ t fire1 appli$ to ! decomposition ( bodies1 mo/ commonly alt]s _! second>y pr9ciples v s5sibly1 by comb9+ !m 9 a diff]5t mann] ) ea* o!r1 or ev5 p>tly decompos+ !m1 & r$uc+ !m to _! primitive pr9ciples2 o!r means h be5 us$ to sep>ate ^? pr9ciples )\t ! help ( fire4 ,) ?is view ! mixts to be decompos$ are =cibly compress$1 9 ord] to squeeze out ( !m all su* p>ts ( _! sub/ance z !y w by ?is means "p )3 or else ^? mixts are = a long "t triturat$1 ei!r along ) wat]1 :i* c>ries (f all _! sal9e & saponace\s cont5ts1 or ) solv5ts1 su* z ard5t spirits1 capable ( tak+ up e ?+ 9 !m t is ( an oily or res9\s nature4 ,we %all "h give a succ9ct acc\nt ( ! effects ( ^! diff]5t me?ods1 z appli$ to ! pr9cipal sub/ances among ,vegetables & ,animals1 & likewise to "s ,m9]als4 ,,section ,i4 ,! ,,analysis ( ,,vegetable ,,sub/ances4 ,a va/ _m vegetable sub/ances1 su* z k]nels & se$s1 yield1 by /rong compression1 great quantities ( mild1 fat1 unctu\s ,oils1 :i* are n soluble 9 ard5t spirits3 ^! are :at we call$ ,express$ ,oils4 ,!y are also sometimes call$ ,fat ,oils1 on acc\nt ( _! unctu\sness1 9 :i* !y exce$ all o!r sorts ( ,oil4 ,z ^! oils are obta9$ )\t ! aid ( fire1 x is c]ta9 t !y exi/$ 9 ! mixt j z we see !m1 & t !y are n 9 ! lea/ alt]$3 :i* c\ld n h be5 ! case _h !y be5 obta9$ by di/illation2 = t nev] produces any ,oils b su* z are acrid & soluble 9 _s ( w9e4 ,"s vegetable matt]s1 su* z ! r9d ( citrons1 lemons1 oranges1 c4 also yield1 only by be+ squeez$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 a great deal ( ,oil4 ,?is spirts out 9 f9e small jets1 :i* be+ receiv$ ^u any poli%$ surface1 su* z a look+ glass1 run toge!r & =m a liquor t is a real ,oil4 ,b x mu/ be c>efully not$1 t ?is sort ( ,oil1 ?\gh obta9$ by expression only1 is nev]!less v diff]5t f ! ,oils m5tion$ be=e1 to :i* ! title ( ,express$ ,oils peculi>ly belongs3 = ?is is f> light] & ?9n]2 moreov]1 x reta9s ! p]fect od\r ( ! fruit :i* yields x1 & is soluble 9 _s ( w9e2 9 a ^w1 x is a true ess5tial ,oil1 b ab\nds s 9 ! fruits :i* produce x1 & is lodg$ !re9 9 su* a mann]1 occupy+ a va/ numb] ( little cells provid$ 9 ! peel = its reception1 t a v slight pressure dis*>ges x2 :i* is n ! case ) _m o!r vegetables t conta9 an ess5tial ,oil4 ,succul5t & gre5 plants yield by compression a great deal ( liquor or juice1 :i* consi/s ( mo/ ( ! phlegm1 ( ! salts1 & a small portion ( ! oil & e>? ( ! plant4 ,^! juices1 be+ set 9 a cool place = "s "t1 deposite sal9e cry/als1 :i* are a comb9ation ( ! acid ( ! plant ) "p ( its oil & e>?1 :]e9 ! acid is always pr$om9ant4 ,^! salts1 z is evid5t f ! description "h giv51 be> a great resemblance to ! t>t> ( w9e treat$ ( above4 ,!y are call$ ,ess5tial ,salts2 s t ,t>t> might likewise be call$ ! ,ess5tial ,salt ( ,w9e4 ,dri$ plants1 & su* z are ( a ligne\s1 or acid nature1 require to be long triturat$ ) wat]1 be=e !y w yield _! ess5tial salts4 ,trituration ) wat] is an excell5t way to get out ( !m all _! sal9e & saponace\s cont5ts4 ,a vegetable matt] t is v oily yields its ess5tial salt ) mu* difficulty1 if at all2 because ! excessive quantity ( oil entangles ! salt s t x _c extricate itself or %oot into cry/als4 ,mr4 ,g]ike1 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,*ymi/ry1 says1 t if "p ( ! oil ( a plant be extract$ by _s ( w9e1 its ess5tial salt may be aft]w>ds obta9$ ) m ease & 9 great] quantity4 ,?is mu/ be a v good me?od = su* plants z h an excessive proportion ( ess5tial oil2 b w n succe$ if ! ess5tial salt be h9d]$ f cry/alliz+ by a r$undancy ( fat oil1 because fat oils are n soluble 9 _s ( w9e4 ,ess5tial ,salts are among ^? sub/ances :i* _c be extract$ f mixts by di/illation3 = ! fir/ impression ( fire decomposes !m4 ,?\gh ! acid :i* pr$om9ates 9 ! ,ess5tial ,salts ( plants1 be mo/ commonly analog\s to ! vegetable acid1 prop]ly s call$1 t is1 to ! acid ( v9eg> & t>t>1 :i* is probably no o!r ?an ! vitriolic acid disguis$2 yet x sometimes diff]s !refrom1 & some:at resembles ! nitr\s or ! m>9e acid4 ,?is dep5ds on ! places :]e ! plants gr[ :i* produce ^! salts3 if !y be m>itime plants1 _! acid is ak9 to ! acid ( sea-salt2 if on ! contr>y !y gr[ ^u walls1 or 9 nitr\s gr\nds1 _! acid is l t ( nitre4 ,sometimes "o & ! same plant conta9s salts analog\s to all ! ?ree m9]al acids2 :i* %ews t ! vegetable acids are no o!r ?an ! m9]al acids v>i\sly *ang$ by circulat+ ?r\gh plants4 ,liquors conta9+ ! ,ess5tial ,salts ( plants be+ evaporat$ by a g5tle heat to ! consi/5ce ( honey1 or ev5 fur!r1 are call$ ,extracts4 ,h5ce x is pla91 t an ,extract is no?+ b ! ess5tial salt ( a plant1 comb9$ ) "s p>ticles ( its oil & e>?1 t rema9$ susp5d$ 9 ! liquor1 & are n[ incorporat$ by evaporation4 ,extracts ( plants are also prep>$ by boil+ !m long 9 wat]1 & !n evaporat+ "s "p ( x4 ,b ^! ,extracts are ( inf]ior virtue2 because ! fire dissipates _m ( ! oily & sal9e p>ts4 ,,emulsions4 ,sub/ances :i* ab\nd mu* 9 ,oil1 be+ bruis$ & triturat$ ) wat] = "s "t1 af=d a liquor ( an opaque dead-:ite col\r1 l milk4 ,?is liquor consi/s ( su* juices z ! wat] is capable ( dissolv+1 toge!r ) a portion ( ! oil1 :i* be+ naturally indissoluble 9 wat]1 is only divid$ & disp]s$ 9 ! liquor1 ! limpidity :]e( is by t means de/roy$4 ,?is sort ( oily liquor1 9 :i* ! oil is only divid$1 n dissolv$1 is call$ an ,emulsion4 ,! oily p>ticles 9 ,emulsions spontane\sly sep>ate f ! wat]1 :5 left at re/1 & unit+ into great] masses rise1 on acc\nt ( _! lightness1 to ! surface ( ! liquor1 :i* by t means recov]s a degree ( transp>5cy4 ,if vegetables ab\nd+ 9 ess5tial oils & res9s be dige/$ 9 _s ( w9e1 ! m5/ruum takes up ^! oily matt]s1 z be+ capable ( dissolv+ !m2 & !y may aft]w>ds be easily sep>at$ f x by ! affusion ( wat]4 ,! wat]1 ) :i* _s ( w9e has a great] aff9ity ?an ) oily matt]s1 sep>ates !m by ?is means f _! solv5t1 agreeably to ! common laws ( aff9ities4 ,)\t ! help ( fire1 sc>ce any ?+1 besides ! sub/ances already m5tion$1 c be obta9$ f a plant3 b1 by ! means ( di/illation1 we are enabl$ to analyse !m m completely4 ,9 prosecut+ ?is me?od ( extract+ f a plant ! sev]al pr9ciples ( :i* x consi/s1 ! foll[+ ord] is to be obs]v$4 ,a plant be+ expos$ to a v g5tle heat1 9 a di/ill+ vessel set 9 ! balneum m>i1 yields a wat] :i* reta9s ! p]fect smell !re(4 ,"s ,*ymi/s1 & p>ticul>ly ! illu/ri\s ,bo]haave1 h call$ ?is liquor ! ,spiritus ,rector4 ,! nature ( ?is odorif]\s "p ( plants is n yet ?or\ghly kn[n2 because x is s v volatile t x is difficult to subject x to ! exp]im5ts necess>y = discov]+ all its prop]ties4 ,if1 in/ead ( di/ill+ ! plant 9 ! balneum m>i1 x be di/ill$ ov] a nak$ fire1 ) ! precaution ( putt+ a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] into ! di/ill+ vessel along ) x1 to prev5t its suff]+ a great] heat ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 all ! ess5tial oil conta9$ 9 t plant w rise toge!r ) t wat]1 & ) ! same degree ( heat4 ,on ?is occasion x mu/ be obs]v$1 t no ess5tial oil c be obta9$ f a plant aft] ! ,spiritus ,rector ha? be5 drawn (f2 :i* gives gr\nd to ?9k t ! volatility ( ^! oils is ow+ to t _s4 ,! heat ( boil+ wat] is also suffici5t to sep>ate f vegetable matt]s ! fat oils :i* !y conta94 ,t1 h[ev]1 is to be done by ! way ( decoction only1 & n by di/illation3 because1 ?\gh ^! oils w swim on wat]1 yet !y w n rise 9 vap\rs )\t a great] degree ( heat4 ,:5 ! ess5tial oil is come ov]1 if ! plant be expos$ to a nak$ fire1 )\t ! addition ( wat]1 & ! heat be increas$ a little1 a phlegm w rise t gradually gr[s acid2 aft] :i*1 if ! heat be increas$ z occasion requires1 !re w come ov] a ?ick] & heavi] oil2 f "s a volatile alkali2 & la/ ( all1 a v ?ick1 black1 empyreumatic oil4 ,:5 no?+ m rises ) ! /ronge/ degree ( heat1 !re rema9s ( ! plant a m]e coal only1 call$ ! ,caput ,mortuum1 or ,t]ra ,damnata4 ,?is coal :5 burnt falls into a%es1 :i*1 be+ lixiviat$ ) wat]1 give a fix$ alkali4 ,x is obs]vable1 t 9 ! di/illation ( plants :i* yield an acid & a volatile alkali1 ^! two salts are (t5 f\nd q di/9ct & sep>ate 9 ! same receiv]2 :i* seems v extraord9>y1 consid]+ t !y are naturally dispos$ to unite1 & h a great aff9ity ) "o ano!r4 ,! reason ( ?is ph5om5on is1 t !y are bo? comb9$ ) mu* oil1 :i* emb>rasses !m s t !y _c unite to =m a neutral salt1 z !y w\ld n fail to d 7 x n = t imp$im5t4 ,all vegetables1 except su* z yield a great deal ( volatile alkali1 be+ burnt 9 an op5 fire1 & s z to flame1 leave 9 _! a%es a l>ge quantity ( an acrid1 cau/ic1 fix$ alkali4 ,b if c>e be tak5 to smo!r !m1 s z to prev5t _! flam+ :ile !y burn1 by cov]+ !m ) some?+ t may cont9ually beat d[n aga9 :at exhales1 ! salt obta9$ f _! a%es w be mu* less acrid & cau/ic2 ! cause :]e( is1 t "s "p ( ! acid & oil ( ! plant be+ deta9$ 9 ! burn+1 & /opp$ f be+ dissipat$ by ! fire1 comb9es ) its alkali4 ,^! salts cry/allize1 &1 be+ mu* mild] ?an ! common fix$ alkalis1 may be us$ 9 m$ic9e1 & tak5 int]nally4 ,!y are call$ ,ta*5ius's ,salts1 because inv5t$ by t ,*ymi/4 ,m>9e plants yield a fix$ alkali analog\s to t ( sea-salt4 ,z = all o!r plants or vegetable sub/ances1 ! fix$ alkalis obta9$ f !m1 if rightly prep>$ & ?or\ghly calc9$1 are all p]fectly alike1 & ( ! v same nature4 ,! la/ obs]vation ,i h to make on ! production ( fix$ alkalis is1 t if ! plant y int5d to "w ^u be /eep$ or boil$ 9 wat] be=e y burn x1 a mu* small] quantity ( salt w be obta9$ f x2 nay1 x w yield none at all1 if repeat$ boil+s h robb$ x entirely ( ^? sal9e p>ticles :i* mu/ necess>ily concur ) its e>? to =m a fix$ ,alkali4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,! ,,analysis ( ,,animal ,,sub/ances4 ,succul5t animal sub/ances1 su* z new-kill$ fle%1 yield by expression a juice or liquid1 :i* is no o!r ?an ! phlegm1 replete ) all ! pr9ciples ( ! animal body1 except ! e>?1 ( :i* x conta9s b little4 ,! h>d or dry p>ts1 su* z ! horns1 bones1 c4 yield a simil> juice1 by boil+ !m 9 wat]4 ,^! juices become ?ick1 l a glue or jelly1 :5 _! wat]y p>ts are evaporat$2 &1 9 ?is /ate1 !y are truly extracts ( animal matt]s4 ,^! juices af=d no cry/als ( ess5tial salt1 l ^? obta9$ f vegetables1 & %ew no sign ei!r ( an acid or an alkali4 ,great "p ( ! oil :i* is 9 ! fle% ( animals may be easily sep>at$ )\t ! help ( fire2 = x lies 9 a mann] by itself3 x is commonly 9 a concrete =m1 & is call$ ,fat4 ,?is oil some:at resembles ! fat oils ( vegetables2 = l !m x is mild1 unctu\s1 indissoluble 9 _s ( w9e1 & is subtiliz$ & att5uat$ by ! action ( fire4 ,b !re is n 9 animals1 z 9 vegetables1 any light ess5tial oil1 :i* rises ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]2 s t1 prop]ly speak+1 animals conta9 b "o sort ( oil4 ,few animal sub/ances yield a p]ceptible acid4 ,ants & bees are almo/ ! only ones f :i* any c be obta9$3 & inde$ ! quantity !y yield is v small1 z ! acid itself is extremely weak4 ,! reason !re( is1 t z animals d n draw _! n\ri%m5t imm$iately f ! e>?1 b fe$ :olly ei!r on vegetables or on ! fle% ( o!r animals1 ! m9]al acids1 :i* h already und]gone a great *ange by ! union contract$ betwe5 !m & ! oily matt]s ( ! vegetable k+dom1 ent] into a clos] union & comb9ation ) ^! oily p>ts :ile !y are pass+ ?r\gh ! organs & /ra9]s ( animals2 :]eby _! prop]ties are de/roy$1 or at lea/ s impair$1 t !y are no long] s5sible4 ,animal matt]s yield 9 di/illation1 fir/1 a phlegm1 & !n1 on increas+ ! fire1 a pretty cle> oil1 :i* gradually becomes ?ick]1 black]1 m fetid1 & empyreumatic4 ,x is accompani$ ) a great deal ( volatile alkali2 & if ! fire be rais$ & kept up till no?+ m comes ov]1 !re w rema9 9 ! di/ill+ vessel a coal l t ( vegetables2 except t :5 x is r$uc$ to a%es1 no fix$ alkali1 or at lea/ v little1 c be obta9$ f !m1 z f ! a%es ( vegetables4 ,?is arises f h5ce1 t1 z we said be=e1 ! sal9e pr9ciple 9 animals be+ m intimately unit$ ) ! oil ?an x is 9 plants1 & be+ consequ5tly m att5uat$ & subtiliz$1 is too volatile to ent] into ! comb9ation ( a fix$ alkali2 on ! contr>y1 x is m dispos$ to jo9 9 =m+ a volatile alkali1 :i* on ?is occasion does n rise till aft] ! oil1 & !re=e mu/ c]ta9ly be ! production ( ! fire4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t all we h hi!rto said conc]n+ ! analysis ( bodies mu/ be und]/ood ( su* matt]s only z h n und]gone any sort ( ,f]m5tation4 ,! *yle & milk ( animals :i* fe$ on plants /ill reta9 "s lik5ess to vegetables2 because ! pr9ciples ( :i* ^! liquors are compos$ h n gone ?r\gh all ! *anges :i* !y mu/ suff] be=e !y ent] into ! animal comb9ation4 ,ur9e & sweat are excrem5titi\s aque\s liquors1 load$ *iefly ) ! sal9e p>ticles :i* are ( no s]vice t[>ds ! n\ri%m5t ( ! animal1 b pass ?r\gh its /ra9]s )\t receiv+ any alt]ation2 su* z ! neutral salts :i* h a fix$ alkali = _! basis1 & p>ticul>ly ! sea-salt1 :i* happ5s to be 9 ! food ( animals1 :e!r x exi/ !re9 naturally1 z x does 9 "s plants1 or :e!r ! animals eat x to please _! palates4 ,! saliva1 ! pancreatic juice1 & especially ! bile1 are saponace\s liquors1 t is1 !y consi/ ( sal9e & oily p>ticles comb9$ toge!r3 s t be+ !mselves dissolv$ 9 an aque\s liquor1 !y are capable ( dissolv+ likewise ! oily p>ts1 & ( r5d]+ !m miscible ) wat]4 ,la/ly1 ! blood be+ ! receptacle ( all ^! liquors p>takes ( ! nature ( ea*1 m or less 9 proportion to ! quantity !re( :i* x conta9s4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,! ,,analysis ( ,,m9]al ,,sub/ances4 ,m9]als diff] greatly f vegetables1 & f animals2 !y are n ne> s complex z ^? organiz$ bodies1 & _! pr9ciples are mu* m simple2 :5ce x foll[s1 t ^! pr9ciples are mu* m closely connect$1 & t !y _c be sep>at$ )\t ! help ( fire2 :i* n hav+ on _! p>ts ! same action & ! same p[] z on organiz$ bodies1 ha? n ! same ill effect on !m2 ,i mean ! effect ( *ang+ _! pr9ciples1 or ev5 de/roy+ !m entirely4 ,i d n "h speak ( pure1 vitrifiable1 or refractory e>?s2 ( m]e metals & semi-metals2 ( pure acids2 or ev5 ( _! simple/ comb9ations1 su* z sulphur1 vitriol1 alum1 sea-salt3 ( all ^! we h said en\gh4 ,we are n[ to treat ( bodies t are m complex1 & !re=e m susceptible ( decomposition4 ,^! bodies are comp\nd masses1 or comb9ations ( ^? above-m5tion$2 t is1 metallic sub/ances z !y are f\nd 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 unit$ ) sev]al sorts ( s&1 /ones1 e>?s1 semi-metals1 sulphur1 c4 ,:5 ! metallic matt] is comb9$ ) o!r matt]s1 9 su* a proportion to ! re/ t x may be sep>at$ f !m ) advantage & pr(it1 ^! comp\nds are call$ ,ores2 :5 ! case is o!rwise1 !y are call$ ,pyrites1 & ,m>casites2 especially if sulphur or ars5ic be pr$om9ant !re91 :i* (t5 happ5s4 ,9 ord] to analyse an ore1 & get out ( x ! metal x conta9s1 ! fir/ /ep is to free x f a great deal ( e>? & /ones1 :i* commonly adh]e to x v slightly & sup]ficially4 ,?is is effect$ by p\nd+ ! ore1 & !n wa%+ x 9 wat]2 to ! bottom ( :i* ! metall9e p>ts pres5tly s9k1 z be+ ! heavie/1 :ile ! small p>ticles ( e>? & /one rema9 susp5d$ "s "t long]4 ,?us ! metallic "p is left comb9$ ) su* matt]s only z are mo/ intimately complicat$ ) x4 ,^! sub/ances are mo/ commonly sulphur & ars5ic4 ,n[1 z !y are mu* m volatile ?an o!r m9]al matt]s1 !y may be dissipat$ 9 vap\rs1 or ! sulphur may be consum$1 by expos+ ! ore :i* conta9s !m to a prop] degree ( heat4 ,if ! sulphur & ars5ic be desir$ by !mselves1 ! fumes !re( may be cat*$ & collect$ 9 prop] vessels & places4 ,?is op]ation is call$ ,roa/+ an ,ore4 ,! metal ?us depurat$ is n[ fit to be expos$ to a great] =ce ( fire1 capable ( melt+ x4 ,on ?is occasion ! semi-metals & ! imp]fect metals require ! addition ( "s matt] ab\nd+ 9 phlogi/on1 p>ticul>ly *>coal-du/2 because ^! metallic sub/ances lose _! phlogi/on by ! action ( ! fire1 or ( ! fluxes jo9$ ) !m1 & !re=e )\t ?is precaution w\ld nev] acquire ei!r ! spl5d\r or ! ductility ( a metal4 ,by ?is means ! metallic sub/ance is m accurately sep>at$ f ! e>?y & /ony p>ts1 ( :i* "s portion always rema9s comb9$ !re) till x is br\ght to fusion4 ,=1 z we obs]v$ be=e1 a metallic glass or calx only w contract an union ) su* matt]s2 a metal possess$ ( its phlogi/on & metall9e =m be+ utt]ly incapable !re(4 ,we took notice ( ! cause ( ?is sep>ation above1 :]e we %ew$ t a metal possess$ ( its phlogi/on & metall9e =m w n rema9 intimately unit$ ) any calc9$ or vitrifi$ matt]1 n ev5 ) its own calx or glass4 ,! metal !re=e on ?is occasion ga!rs into a mass1 & lies at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 z be+ mo/ pond]\s2 :ile ! het]og5e\s matt]s float ^u x 9 ! =m ( a glass1 or a semi-vitrification4 ,^! float+ matt]s take ! "n ( ,scori1 & ! metall9e sub/ance at bottom is call$ ! ,regulus4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 t ! metall9e regulus ?us precipitat$ is itself a comp\nd ( sev]al metals mix$ toge!r1 :i* are aft]w>ds to be sep>at$4 ,we _c at pres5t ent] into a detail ( ! op]ations necess>y = t purpose3 !y w appe> 9 our ,treatise ( ,practical ,*ymi/ry3 b ! pr9ciples on :i* !y are f\nd$ may be d$uc$ f :at we h said above1 conc]n+ ! prop]ties ( ! sev]al metals & ( acids4 ,x is prop] to obs]ve1 be=e we quit ?is subject1 t ! rules "h laid d[n = analys+ ores are n absolutely g5]al3 = example1 x is (t5 adviseable to roa/ ! ore be=e y wa% x2 = by t means "s ores are op5$1 att5uat$1 & made v friable1 :i* w\ld co/ mu* tr\ble & exp5ce1 on acc\nt ( _! excessive h>dness1 if y %\ld attempt to p\nd !m )\t a previ\s torrefaction4 ,x is also frequ5tly necess>y to sep>ate ! ore f "p only ( its /one2 sometimes to leave ! :ole2 & sometimes to add m to x1 be=e y smelt x4 ,?is dep5ds on ! quality ( ! /one1 :i* always helps to promote fusion :5 x is 9 its own nature fusible & vitrifiable4 ,x is !n call$ ! ,fluor ( ! ore3 b ( ?is we mu/ say1 z we did ( ! prec$+ article1 x is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose to lay d[n ! fundam5tal pr9ciples on :i* ! reason ( e process is built2 ! description ( ! op]ations !mselves be+ res]v$ = our second ,"p4 ,we %all n[ give a succ9ct acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal ores & m9]al bodies1 cont5t+ ourselves ) j po9t+ out ! p>ticul>s ( :i* !y sev]ally consi/4 ,( ! ,,pyrites4 ,! yell[ ,pyrites4 ,! yell[ ,pyrites is a m9]al consi/+ ( sulphur1 iron1 an unmetallic e>?1 & frequ5tly a little copp]3 ! sulphur1 :i* is ! only "o ( ^! pr9ciples t is volatile1 may be sep>at$ f ! re/ by sublimation3 x usually makes a f\r?1 & sometimes a ?ird1 ( ! :ole weight ( ^! ,pyrites4 ,! o!r pr9ciples are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by fusion & r$uction ) ! phlogi/on1 :i*1 by metalliz+ ! f]rug9\s & cupre\s e>?s1 p>ts !m f ! unmetallic e>?3 = ?is e>? vitrifies1 & _c aft]w>ds cont9ue unit$ ) metallic matt]s possess$ ( _! metall9e =m1 z ha? be5 said be=e4 ,!re is yet ano!r way ( decompos+ ! yell[ ,pyrites1 :i* is to let x ly till x effloresces1 or beg9s to %oot into fl[]s2 :i* is no?+ b a sort ( sl[ acc5sion ( ! sulphur x conta9s4 ,! sulphur be+ by ?is means decompos$1 its acid unites ) ! f]rug9\s & cupre\s p>ts ( ! ,pyrites1 & !re) =ms gre5 & blue vitriols2 :i* may be extract$ by /eep+ 9 wat] ! ,pyrites :i* has effloresc$ or be5 burnt1 & !n evaporat+ ! lixivium to a pellicle2 = by ?is means ! vitriol w %oot into cry/als4 ,sometimes ! ,pyrites conta9s also an e>? ( ! same nature ) t ( alum2 a ,pyrites ( ?is sort1 aft] fl[]+1 yields alum z well z vitriol4 ,! :ite ,pyrites4 ,! :ite ,pyrites conta9s mu* ars5ic1 a f]rug9\s e>?1 & an unmetallic e>?4 ,! ars5ic1 be+ a volatile pr9ciple1 may be sep>at$ by sublimation or di/illation f ! re/1 :i* are fix$3 & ^! aga9 may be disjo9$ f ea* o!r by fusion & r$uction1 z 0 said 9 relation to ! yell[ ,pyrites4 ,! ,copp] ,pyrites4 ,! ,copp] ,pyrites conta9s sulphur1 copp]1 & an unmetallic e>?4 ,a great deal !re( likewise holds ars5ic1 & its col\r approa*es m or less to orange1 yell[1 or :ite1 accord+ to ! quantity ( ars5ic 9 x4 ,x may be decompos$ by ! same means z ! yell[ & :ite ,pyrites4 ,( ,,ores4 ,( ,gold ,ores4 ,gold be+ con/antly f\nd 9 its metall9e =m1 & nev] comb9$ ) sulphur & ars5ic1 its matrices are n1 prop]ly speak+1 ores2 because ! metal conta9$ 9 !m is n m9]aliz$4 ,! gold is only lodg$ betwe5 p>ticles ( /one1 e>?1 or s&1 f :i* x is easily sep>at$ by lotion1 & by amalgamation ) quick-silv]4 ,! gold ?us f\nd is seldom pure1 b is frequ5tly alloy$ ) m or less silv]1 f :i* x is to be sep>at$ by qu>tation4 ,x is also v common to f9d gold 9 mo/ ores ( o!r metals or semi-metals1 & ev5 9 ! ,pyrites2 b ! quantity conta9$ !re9 is g5]ally s small1 t x w\ld n pay ! co/ ( extract+ x4 ,h[ev]1 if any %\ld incl9e to attempt x1 m]ely out ( curiosity1 x w\ld be necess>y to beg9 ) treat+ ^! ores 9 ! mann] prop] = sep>at+ _! metall9e "p2 !n to cupel ! metall9e regulus s obta9$2 &1 la/ly1 to ref9e x by qu>tation4 ,( ,silv] ,ores4 ,x is no r>e ?+ to f9d silv]1 z well z gold1 9 its metall9e =m1 only lodg$ 9 sundry e>?s & /ony matt]s1 f :i* x may be sep>at$ 9 ! same mann] z gold4 ,b ! greate/ quantities ( ?is metal are usually dug out ( ! b[els ( ! e>? 9 a truly m9]al /ate3 t is1 comb9$ ) diff]5t sub/ances1 & p>ticul>ly ) sulphur & ars5ic4 ,sev]al silv] ores are di/+ui%$ by peculi> *>act]i/ics1 & are accord+ly d5ot$ by p>ticul> names4 ,t :i* is call$ ! ,vitre\s ,silv] ,ore1 is sc>ce any ?+ else b a comb9ation ( silv] & sulphur4 ,ano!r is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,horny ,silv] ,ore1 because :5 9 ?9 plates x is semi-transp>5t3 9 ?is ore ! silv] is m9]aliz$ by sulphur & a little ars5ic4 ,! ,r$ ,silv] ,ore is ( ! col\r :i* its "n imports1 sometimes m1 sometimes less vivid2 & is *iefly compos$ ( silv]1 ars5ic1 & sulphur3 x also conta9s a little iron4 ,^! ?ree ores are v ri* 9 silv]3 ! fir/ conta9s ne>ly ?ree f\r?s ( its weight1 & ! o!rs ab\t two ?irds ( !irs4 ,!re is a f\r?1 call$ ! ,:ite ,silv] ,ore1 :i*1 ?\gh x be heavi]1 is n s ri* 9 silv]1 because x conta9s mu* copp]4 ,_m o!r m9]als conta9 silv]1 yet are n1 prop]ly speak+1 silv] ores2 because a mu* great] quantity ( o!r metals ?an ( silv] is f\nd 9 !m4 ,:5 a silv] ore is to be decompos$1 9 ord] to h ! silv] pure1 or :5 silv] is to be extract$ out ( any ore t conta9s x1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to roa/ ! ore1 9 ord] to cle> x ( ! volatile m9]als3 & z silv] _c be _h pure )\t ! op]ation ( ! cupel1 :i* requires m or less lead to be jo9$ ) x1 x is usual to mix ) ! torrifi$ silv] ore a quantity ( lead1 proportion$ to t ( ! het]og5e\s matt]s comb9$ ) ! silv]1 & to melt ! :ole toge!r4 ,"p ( ! add$ lead vitrifies dur+ ! fusion1 & at ! same "t conv]ts "s ( ! het]og5e\s matt]s also into glass1 ) :i* x =ms a scoria t rises to ! surface ( ! matt]4 ,! o!r "p ( ! lead1 ) :i* ! silv] is mix$1 falls to ! bottom 9 ! =m ( a regulus1 :i* mu/ be cupell$ 9 ord] to h ! silv] pure4 ,( ,copp] ,ores4 ,copp] is mu* seldom] f\nd 9 a metall9e =m ?an gold or silv]3 x is commonly 9 a m9]al /ate3 x is m9]aliz$ by sulphur & ars5ic3 almo/ all its ores conta9 also m or less ( iron2 sometimes a little silv]1 or ev5 gold1 toge!r ) unmetallic e>?s & /ones1 z all ores d4 ,mo/ copp] ores are ( a beautiful gre5 or blue1 or else 9 %ades bl5d$ ( ^! two col\rs4 ,! m9]als call$ m\nta9 gre51 & m\nta9 blue1 are true copp] ores2 n 9 ! =m ( h>d /ones1 l o!r ores1 b crumbly & friable l e>?4 ,nev]!less1 !re are sev]al copp] ores ( diff]5t col\rs1 z a%-col\r$1 :iti%1 & %ad$ ) yell[ or orange2 :i* col\rs arise f ! diff]5t proportions ( ars5ic1 sulphur1 & iron1 :i* ^! ores conta94 ,9 ord] to decompose a copp] ore1 & to extract ! copp] x conta9s1 x is fir/ ( all to be fre$ f z _m ( its e>?y1 /ony1 sulphure\s1 & ars5ical p>ts1 z is possible1 by roa/+ & wa%+2 !n :at rema9s is to be mix$ ) a flux1 comp\nd$ ( a fix$ alkali & "s inflammable matt]2 a little sea-salt is to be put ov] all1 & ! :ole melt$ by a /rong fire4 ,! salts facilitate ! fusion & scorification ( ! unmetallic matt]s1 & !re) =m a slag1 :i* be+ ! lighte/ rises to ! surface4 ,! metall9e matt]s are collect$ bel[ 9 ! =m ( a %9+ regulus ( copp]2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n usually f9e copp]1 b requires to be purifi$ 9 ! mann] to be %ewn 9 our second "p4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate ! copp] f ! unmetallic matt]s1 x is absolutely necess>y to melt its ore along ) inflammable sub/ances ab\nd+ 9 phlogi/on4 ,=1 z ?is metal is n possess$ ( its metall9e =m :ile x is 9 a m9]al /ate1 z x is de/itute ( ! true quantity ( phlogi/on1 &1 ?\gh x 7 n1 w\ld lose x by ! action ( ! fire1 x w\ld come to pass1 t if its ore 7 melt$ )\t ! addition ( any inflammable matt]1 ! cupre\s e>? or calx w\ld be scorifi$ & conf\nd$ ) ! unmetallic matt]s2 & z all metallic matt]s1 except gold & silv]1 are subject to ?is inconv5i5ce z well z copp]1 ! addition ( an inflammable sub/ance1 9 flux+ all ores t conta9 !m1 is a g5]al rule t ought con/antly to be obs]v$4 ,( ,iron ,ores4 ,iron is seldom f\nd pure & malleable 9 ! e>?2 yet x is mu* seldom] f\nd 9 ! m9]al /ate1 prop]ly s call$1 ?an any ( ! o!r metals3 = mo/ iron ores are sc>ce any ?+ m ?an a f]rug9\s e>? mix$ 9 diff]5t proportions ) unmetallic e>?s & /ones4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 conta9 also volatile m9]als1 su* z sulphur & ars5ic2 & !re=e x is necess>y to roa/ ! iron ores1 l all o!rs1 be=e y attempt to extract ! metal out ( !m4 ,t be+ done1 !y are to be smelt$ ) a flux consi/+ ( fusible & inflammable matt]s1 z ! g5]al rule directs4 ,iron is ! commone/ ( all metals3 nay1 x is s univ]sally diffus$ ?r\gh ! e>?1 t x is difficult to f9d any /one1 e>?1 or s&1 t does n conta9 "s ( x2 & !re=e none ( ^! are usually consid]$ & treat$ z iron ores1 except su* z conta9 a great deal ( t metal1 & melt easily4 ,! hematites1 em]y1 yell[ pyrites1 calam9e1 all conta9 a pretty consid]able quantity ( iron2 b no body attempts to extract x f !m1 because !y are v h>d to melt4 ,f]rug9\s e>? be+ naturally ( an orange col\r1 a /one or e>? may be judg$ to conta9 iron1 if ei!r naturally1 or aft] roa/+1 x appe>s to h "o %ade ( yell[ or r$4 ,! s+ul> prop]ty :i* iron has ( be+ attract$ by ! magnet1 & ( be+ ! only body1 exclusive ( all o!rs1 t is s1 likewise af=ds u an easy me?od ( discov]+ ! pres5ce ( ?is metal among o!r matt]s1 :]e x (t5 exi/s 9 su* a small quantity t x c\ld n o!rwise be f\nd out4 ,= ?is purpose ! body 9 :i* iron is suspect$ to lurk1 mu/ be pulv]is$ & torrefi$ ) "s inflammable matt]2 & !n ! p[d] ?us roa/$ be+ t\*$ ) a magnet1 or an animat$ b>1 if x conta9s any p>ticles ( iron !y w infallibly adh]e to ! magnet or b>4 ,( ,t9 ,ores4 ,t9 is nev] f\nd 9 ! e>? pure & malleable1 b always 9 a m9]al /ate1 & always m9]aliz$ by ars5ic4 ,t9 ores are n sulphure\s2 :5ce x comes1 t ?\gh t9 be ! lighte/ ( all metals1 its ores are nev]!less heavi] ?an ^? ( o!r metals1 z ars5ic greatly exce$s sulphur 9 gravity4 ,"s t9 ores conta9 also a little iron4 ,! ores ( t9 are to be wa%$1 roa/$1 & smelt$ ) a r$uc+ flux1 accord+ to ! g5]al rules4 ,( ,lead ,ores4 ,lead1 l t91 is nev] f\nd b 9 a m9]al /ate4 ,x is mo/ commonly m9]aliz$ by sulphur2 yet !re are "s lead ores :i* also conta9 ars5ic4 ,lead ores1 z well z o!rs1 mu/ be roa/$ & smelt$ ) a r$uc+ flux3 h[ev]1 z x is difficult to free !m f all _! sulphur by torrefaction only1 ! r$uc+ flux employ$ 9 _! fusion may be made up ) a quantity ( iron fil+s1 :i* be+ incapable ( any union ) lead1 & hav+ a mu* great] aff9ity ?an t metal ) sulphur1 w1 on ?is occasion1 be ( great s]vice by int]pos+ betwe5 !m4 ,( ,quick-silv] ,ores4 ,runn+ ,m]cury is sometimes f\nd 9 c]ta9 e>?s1 or grey1 friable /ones2 b mo/ commonly 9 a m9]al /ate4 ,x is always m9]aliz$ by sulphur1 & by sulphur alone3 s t c9ab> is ! only ore ( quick-silv] t we "k (2 & a v ri* "o x is1 see+ x conta9s six or sev5 times z mu* m]cury z sulphur4 ,roa/+ c be ( no use t[>ds decompos+ ! ore ( m]cury1 & sep>at+ its sulphur2 because m]cury be+ itself v volatile w\ld be c>ri$ (f by ! fire toge!r ) ! sulphur4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to "p ! two sub/ances ( :i* c9ab> consi/s1 rec\rse mu/ necess>ily be _h to "s ?ird body1 :i* w unite ) "o ( !m1 & by t means sep>ate x f ! o!r4 ,n[ all ! metals1 except gold1 hav+ a great] aff9ity ?an m]cury ) sulphur1 su* a body is easily f\nd3 any metal b gold may be employ$ ) success 9 ?is decomposition2 b z iron ha? a great] aff9ity ) sulphur ?an any ( ! re/1 & is moreov] ! only "o t _c unite ) m]cury1 x mu/1 on acc\nt ( ^! two qualities1 be pref]r$ to all ! re/4 ,fix$ alkalis are also well qualifi$ to absorb ! sulphur ( c9ab>4 ,c9ab> mu/ be decompos$ 9 close vessels1 & by ! way ( di/illation2 o!rwise ! m]cury1 z soon z x sep>ates f ! sulphur1 w be dissipat$ 9 vap\rs & entirely lo/4 ,9 ?is op]ation x is ne$less to add ei!r flux or phlogi/on2 because ! c9ab> is decompos$ )\t melt+1 & ! m]cury1 ?\gh 9 a m9]al /ate1 conta9s1 l gold & silv]1 all ! phlogi/on requisite to secure its metall9e prop]ties4 ,( ! ,ores ( ,regulus ( ,antimony4 ,regulus ( ,antimony is always f\nd 9 a m9]al /ate3 x is m9]aliz$ by sulphur2 b sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 x is also comb9$ ) a little ars5ic4 ,:5 ! ore ( regulus ( antimony is to be decompos$1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to expose x to a degree ( heat too weak to melt its e>?y & /ony p>ts1 b /rong en\gh to fuse its regul9e1 toge!r ) its sulphure\s p>ts1 :i* by ?is means are sep>at$ f ! e>?1 & unit$ into "o mass1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,antimony4 ,x is pla9 t ?is fir/ op]ation1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! great fusibility ( antimony1 produces1 ) reg>d to ! ore ( regulus ( antimony1 ! same effect t wa%+ ha? on o!r ores3 s t aft] ?is fir/ fusion no?+ m is requisite to ! obta9+ ( a pure regulus ( antimony1 b to sep>ate x f its sulphur by roa/+1 & to melt x ) "s matt] ab\nd+ 9 phlogi/on1 9 ! same mann] z o!r metallic matt]s are treat$4 ,! t]m ,calc9ation is g5]ally us$ to express ?is torrefaction ( antimony1 by means :]e( ! metallic e>? ( ! regulus ( antimony is sep>at$ f its sulphur4 ,z regulus ( ,antimony ha?1 l ,m]cury1 mu* less aff9ity ) sulphur ?an ! o!r metals h1 x foll[s t antimony may be decompos$ by ! same means z c9ab>2 b ! regulus1 s obta9$1 is adult]at$ ) a portion ( ! additam5t made use (1 :i* comb9es !re)4 ,!re is /ill ano!r process employ$ = obta9+ ! regulus ( antimony3 x consi/s1 z 0 m5tion$ 9 its place1 9 detonat+ ! m9]al ) a mixture ( nitre & t>t>1 appli$ 9 su* a proportion t1 aft] ! detonation has consum$ ! sulphur1 !re may rema9 s mu* inflammable matt] z w be suffici5t to furni% ! metall9e e>? ( ! antimony ) ! phlogi/on necess>y to pres]ve its metallic prop]ties4 ,b by ?is me?od less regulus is produc$1 ?an by calc9+1 or torrefy+1 & r$uc+ z usual4 ,( ! ,ores ( ,bismu?4 ,! ore ( ,bismu? consi/s ( ! semi-metal m9]aliz$ by ars5ic1 & ( an unmetallic e>?4 ,x is v easy to decompose ?is ore1 & to extract ! bismu? x conta9s3 = ?is purpose x ne$ only be expos$ to a mod]ate heat1 :]eby ! ars5ic w be dissipat$ 9 vap\rs1 & ! bismu? melt$1 :i* w !n sep>ate f ! unmetallic e>?4 ,?is e>?1 at lea/1 9 sev]al ores ( bismu?1 possesses ! prop]ty ( t++ all vitrifiable matt]s1 ) :i* x is melt$1 ( a beautiful blue col\r4 ,to decompose ! ore ( bismu? no flux or inflammable matt] is us$2 because ?is semi-metal is possess$1 ev5 9 its m9]al /ate1 ( all ! phlogi/on requisite to ma9ta9 its metall9e prop]ties2 & its great fusibility makes x unnecess>y to melt ! unmetallic e>? conta9$ 9 its ore4 ,( ! ,ores ( ,z9c4 ,z9c is n g5]ally obta9$ f a p>ticul> ore ( its own2 b sublimes dur+ ! fusion ( a m9]al1 or r a confus$ mass ( m9]als1 t conta9s ?is semi-metal toge!r ) iron1 copp]1 lead1 sulphur1 ars5ic1 &1 l all o!r ores1 an unmetallic e>?4 ,nev]!less1 !re is a sub/ance :i* may be consid]$ z ! prop] ore ( z9c1 because x conta9s a pretty l>ge quantity ( t semi-metal1 a little iron1 & an unmetallic e>?4 ,x is call$ ,calam9e1 or ,lapis ,calam9>is2 b hi!rto ! art ( procur+ z9c directly f ?is m9]al ha? no :]e be5 practis$4 ,calam9e is commonly employ$ only to conv]t copp] into brass1 or a yell[ metal1 by cem5t+ x !re)4 ,inde$1 till lately1 no easy or practicable me?od ( obta9+ pure z9c f calam9e 0 publicly kn[n2 = t semi-metal be+ volatile & v inflammable1 its ore _c be fus$ l o!rs4 ,mr4 ,m>graaf 0 ! fir/ :o1 by mix+ p[d]$ *>coal ) calam9e 9 close vessels1 obta9$ a p]fect z9c f x1 by ! means ( di/illation or sublimation1 z %all be %ewn 9 our ,practical ,*ymi/ry4 ,( ,ars5ical ,m9]als4 ,ars5ic1 z well z sulphur1 is naturally comb9$ ) almo/ all ores1 or m9]als conta9+ metallic sub/ances4 ,z x is v volatile1 :ile ! matt]s ) :i* x is unit$ are fix$1 at lea/ 9 comp>ison !re)1 x is easily sep>at$ by sublimation4 ,! m9]als t conta9 mo/ ars5ic are ! :ite pyrites1 orpim5t1 & cobalt4 ,we h already consid]$ ! :ite pyrites3 z to orpim5t1 x consi/s ( sulphur & ars5ic4 ,bo? ^! sub/ances be+ v volatile1 x is difficult to sep>ate !m by sublimation3 yet1 ) prop] managem5t1 & a due regulation ( ! fire1 ?is sep>ation may be effect$2 because sulphur sublimes a little m easily ?an ars5ic4 ,b x is m conv5i5t1 z well z m exp$iti\s1 to make use ( "s additam5t t ha? a great] aff9ity ) "o ( ^? sub/ances ?an ) ! o!r4 ,fix$ alkalis & m]cury1 bo? ( :i* h m aff9ity ) sulphur ?an ) ars5ic1 may be v prop]ly employ$ on ?is occasion4 ,cobalt is a m9]al compos$ ( ars5ic1 an unmetallic e>?1 & frequ5tly bismu?3 & z none ( ^! are v volatile1 except ! ars5ic1 ?is may be easily sep>at$ f ! re/ by sublimation4 ,! unmetallic e>? :i* rema9s has1 l t ( ! ore ( bismu?1 ! prop]ty ( giv+ a blue col\r to any vitrifiable matt]s melt$ ) x2 :5ce x is conjectur$1 t cobalt & ! ore ( bismu? h a great resemblance1 or are (t5 bl5d$ ) ea* o!r4 ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,brant1 an +5i\s ,sw$i% ,*ymi/1 insi/s t !y are v diff]5t3 he pret5ds t ! metallic sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! true cobalt is a semi-metal ( a peculi> nature1 :i* ha? be5 errone\sly conf\nd$ ) bismu?3 & inde$ he proves by a great numb] ( curi\s exp]im5ts1 relat$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,upsal1 t ^! two metallic sub/ances h prop]ties t are ess5tially diff]5t3 to t :i* is obta9$ f cobalt1 he gives ! "n ( ,regulus ( ,cobalt4 ,besides ! m9]als already recit$1 !re is f\nd 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? ano!r species ( comp\nd body1 ( :i* we h already tak5 notice2 b :i* is suppos$1 ) "s degree ( probability1 to belong z mu* to ! vegetable z to ! m9]al k+dom3 ,i mean ! ,bitum5s2 :i* ! be/ obs]vations oblige u to consid] z vegetable oils1 t by ly+ long 9 ! e>? h contract$ an union ) ! m9]al acids1 & by t means acquir$ ! ?ickness1 consi/5ce1 & o!r prop]ties obs]vable 9 !m4 ,by di/illation !y yield an oil1 & an acid n unlike a m9]al acid4 ,mr4 ,b\rdel9 has ev5 demon/rat$1 by a v artful & +5i\s process1 t amb] conta9s a manife/ acid ( sea-salt4 ,see ! ,memoirs ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,,*ap4 ,,xvii4 ,explanation ( ! ,table ( ,aff9ities4 ,x ha? be5 %ewn 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 t ! causes ( almo/ all ! ph5om5a1 :i* ,*ymi/ry exhibits1 are d$ucible f ! mutual aff9ities ( diff]5t sub/ances1 especially ! simple/4 ,we h already expla9$ 7,*ap4 ,,ii47 :at is meant by aff9ities1 & h laid d[n ! pr9cipal laws to :i* ! relations ( diff]5t bodies are subject4 ,! late ,mr4 ,ge(froy1 "o ( ! be/ ,*ymi/s we h _h1 be+ conv9c$ ( ! advantages :i* all :o cultivate ,*ymi/ry w\ld receive f hav+ con/antly be=e _! eyes a /ate ( ! be/ asc]ta9$ relations betwe5 ! *ief ag5ts 9 ,*ymi/ry1 0 ! fir/ :o und]took to r$uce !m into ord]1 & unite !m all 9 "o po9t ( view1 by means ( a table4 ,we are ( op9ion1 ) t great man1 t ?is ,table w be ( consid]able use to su* z are beg9n+ to /udy ,*ymi/ry1 9 help+ !m to =m a j idea ( ! relations :i* diff]5t sub/ances h ) "o ano!r2 & t ! practical ,*ymi/ w !reby be enabl$ to acc\nt = :at passes 9 sev]al ( 8 op]ations1 o!rwise difficult to be und]/ood1 z well z to judge :at may be expect$ to result f mixtures ( diff]5t comp\nds4 ,^! reasons h induc$ u to ins]t x at ! end ( ?is ,elem5t>y ,treatise1 & to give a %ort explanation ( x "h2 especially z x w s]ve1 at ! same "t1 = a recapitulation ( ! :ole "w1 9 :i* ! sev]al axioms ( ?is ,table are disp]s$4 ,y h x "h j z x 0 drawn up by ,mr4 ,ge(froy1 )\t any addition or alt]ation4 ,i own1 h[ev]1 t x might be improv$ bo? ways3 = s9ce ! dea? ( t great ,*ymi/ _m exp]im5ts h be5 made1 "s ( :i* h discov]$ new aff9ities1 & o!rs h rais$ exceptions to "s ( ^? laid d[n by him4 ,b sev]al reasons dissuade me f publi%+ a new ,table ( ,aff9ities1 conta9+ all ! em5dations & innovations t might be made 9 ! old "o4 ,! fir/ is1 t _m ( ! aff9ities lately discov]$ are n yet suffici5tly v]ifi$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 subject to be conte/$3 9 %ort1 !y are p]haps liable to m consid]able objections1 & exceptions1 ?an ! o!r4 ,! second is1 t z ,mr4 ,ge(froy's ,table conta9s all ! fundam5tal aff9ities1 x is m suitable to an ,elem5t>y ,treatise ?an a mu* full] "o w\ld be2 see+ ?is w\ld necess>ily suppose ! k ( _m ?+s n treat$ ( by u1 & ( :i* x 0 n prop] to say any ?+ 9 su* a book z ?is4 ,h[ev]1 z x is ess5tial to our purpose t we lead none into error1 we %all take c>e 9 expla9+ ! aff9ities deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,ge(froy1 to m5tion ! pr9cipal objections & exceptions to :i* !y are liable3 we %all1 moreov]1 add a v few new ones1 conf9+ ourselves to su* only z are elem5t>y & well asc]ta9$4 ,! upp] l9e ( ,mr4 ,ge(froy's ,table1 compreh5ds sev]al sub/ances us$ 9 ,*ymi/ry4 ,"u ea* ( ^? sub/ances are rang$ 9 di/9ct columns sev]al matt]s comp>$ ) !m1 9 ! ord] ( _! relation to t fir/ sub/ance2 s z t :i* is ! ne>e/ to x is t :i* ha? ! greate/ aff9ity ) x1 or t :i* none ( ! sub/ances /&+ bel[ x c sep>ate !refrom2 b :i*1 on ! contr>y1 sep>ates !m all :5 !y are comb9$ ) x1 & expels !m 9 ord] to jo9 itself !re)4 ,! same is to be und]/ood ( t :i* occupies ! second place ( aff9ity2 t is1 x has ! same prop]ty ) reg>d to all bel[ x1 yield+ only to t :i* is above x3 & s ( all ! re/4 ,at ! top ( ! fir/ column /&s ! "* :i* d5otes an ,acid 9 g5]al4 ,imm$iately "u ?is /&s ! m>k ( a ,fix$ ,alkali1 be+ plac$ !re z ! sub/ance :i* has ! greate/ aff9ity ) an ,acid4 ,aft] ! ,fix$ ,alkali appe>s ! ,volatile ,alkali1 ^: aff9ity ) ,acids yields only to ! ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,next come ! ,absorb5t ,e>?s2 & la/ ( all ,metallic ,sub/ances4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t :5 a ,fix$ ,alkali is unit$ ) an acid x _c be sep>at$ !refrom by any o!r sub/ance2 t a ,volatile ,alkali unit$ ) an ,acid _c be sep>at$ f x by any ?+ b a ,fix$ ,alkali2 t an ,absorb5t ,e>? comb9$ ) an acid may be sep>at$ f x ei!r by a ,fix$ or by a ,volatile ,alkali2 & la/ly1 t any ,metallic ,sub/ance comb9$ ) an ,acid may be sep>at$ f x by a ,fix$ ,alkali1 a ,volatile ,alkali1 or an ,absorb5t ,e>?4 ,!re are _m important rem>ks to be made on ?is fir/ column4 ,fir/1 x is mak+ ! rule too g5]al to say t any ,acid :atev] has a great] aff9ity ) a ,fix$ ,alkali1 ?an ) any o!r sub/ance4 ,& inde$ ,mr4 ,ge(froy himself ha? made an exception ) respect to ! ,vitriolic ,acid2 = 9 ! f\r? column1 at ! head ( :i* /&s t ,acid1 we f9d ! sign ( ! ,phlogi/on plac$ above t ( ! ,fix$ ,alkali1 z hav+ a great] aff9ity ?an ! ,fix$ ,alkali ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,?is is f\nd$ on ! fam\s exp]im5t1 :]e9 ,vitriolat$ ,t>t> & ,glaub]'s ,salt are decomp\nd$ by means ( ! ,phlogi/on1 :i* sep>ates ! ,fix$ ,alkalis ( ^! ,neutral ,salts1 & unit+ ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid conta9$ 9 !m =ms !re) a ,sulphur4 ,secondly1 ,nitre deflagrates1 & is decompos$1 by ! contact ( any inflammable matt] :atev] t is actually ignit$2 & ! op]ation :i* produces ,phosphorus is no o!r ?an a decomposition ( sea-salt1 ^: ,acid quits its ,alkal9e basis to jo9 ) ! ,phlogi/on3 n[ ^! facts furni% v /rong reasons = believ+ t bo? ^! ,acids1 z well z ! ,vitriolic1 h a /rong] aff9ity ) ! ,phlogi/on ?an ) a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,la/ly1 z sev]al exp]im5ts %ew ! ,vegetable ,acids to be only ! ,m9]al ,acids disguis$ & mortifi$1 !re are suffici5t gr\nds = suspect+ t ,acids 9 g5]al h a great] aff9ity ) ! ,phlogi/on ?an ) ,fix$ ,alkalis3 s t in/ead ( mak+ an exception ) reg>d to ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 x w\ld p]haps be bett] to lay d[n ?is great] aff9ity z common to all ,acids :atev]1 & to place ! ,phlogi/on 9 ! fir/ column1 imm$iately "u ! "* :i* d5otes an ,acid 9 g5]al4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 /&s 9 ne$ ( confirmation f o!r exp]im5ts#d4 #d ,mr4 ,m>graaf1 an able ,g]man ,*ymi/1 has made sev]al exp]im5ts1 :i* induce him to ?9k t ! ,acid ( ,phosphorus is ( a p>ticul> k9d1 & diff]5t f t ( sea-salt4 ,may x n be ! ,m>9e ,acid1 b alt]$ by ! union x has contract$ ) ! ,phlogi/on8 ,or may x n be1 ) respect to ,phosphorus1 :at ! volatile sulphure\s _s is1 ) respect to ,sulphur8 ,see ! ,memoirs ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,b]l94 ,?irdly1 9 ?is same column ! "* ( a ,volatile ,alkali is set above t ( an ,absorb5t ,e>?1 z hav+ a great] aff9ity ) ,acids2 & yet ^! ,absorb5t ,e>?s decompose ! ,ammoniacal salts1 drive away ! ,volatile ,alkali f ! ,acids1 & assume its place4 ,?is is "o ( ! fir/ objections made aga9/ ,mr4 ,ge(froy's ,table4 ,8 answ] !reto is pr9t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces = #agah1 :]e 8 ,table also is to be f\nd4 ,we h already decl>$ our op9ion ab\t ?is matt] 9 treat+ ( a ,volatile ,alkali4 ,f\r?ly1 9 #agdd1 ,mr4 ,ge(froy1 bro!r to ! au?or ( ! ,table1 :o ha? done no less hon\r to ,*ymi/ry ?an t em95t physician1 gave 9 a ,memoir conta9+ an exception to ! la/ aff9ity 9 ! fir/ column2 namely1 t :i* places ,absorb5t ,e>?s above ,metallic sub/ances4 ,he !re9 %ews1 t ,alum may be conv]t$ into ,copp]as by boil+ x 9 iron vessels2 t1 on ?is occasion1 ! iron precipitates ! ,e>? ( ! ,alum1 sep>ates x f its ,acid1 & assumes its place2 s t ( c\rse x mu/ h a great] aff9ity1 ?an ! ,absorb5t ,e>? ( ,alum1 ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,at ! head ( ! second column /&s ! "* ( ! ,m>9e ,acid1 :i* signifies t ! aff9ities ( ?is ,acid are ! subject ( ! column4 ,imm$iately bel[ x is plac$ ! m>k ( ,t94 ,z ?is is a metall9e sub/ance1 & z ! fir/ column places metall9e sub/ances 9 ! l[e/ degree ( aff9ity ) all ,acids1 x is pla9 we mu/ suppose ,fix$ ,alkalis1 ,volatile ,alkalis1 & ,absorb5t ,e>?s1 to be plac$ "h 9 ord] aft] ! ,m>9e ,acid1 & be=e ,t94 ,t91 !n1 is ( all ,metall9e sub/ances t :i* has ! greate/ aff9ity ) ! ,m>9e ,acid2 & !n foll[ ,regulus ( ,antimony1 ,copp]1 ,silv]1 ,m]cury4 ,gold comes la/ ( all2 & !re are no less ?an two vacant places above x4 ,by ?is means x is 9 "s sort exclud$ f ! rank ( sub/ances t h an aff9ity ) ! ,m>9e ,acid4 ,! reason !re( is1 t ?is ,acid alone is n capable ( dissolv+ ,gold & comb9+ !re)1 necess>ily requir+ = t purpose ! aid ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 or at lea/ ( ! ,phlogi/on4 ,! ?ird column exhibits ! aff9ities ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 ! "* :]e( /&s at its head4 ,imm$iately bel[ x is ! sign ( ,iron1 z ! metal :i* has ! greate/ aff9ity ) ?is ,acid2 & !n foll[ o!r metals1 ea* accord+ to ! degree ( its relation2 to wit1 ,copp]1 ,lead1 ,m]cury1 & ,silv]4 ,9 ?is column1 z 9 ! prec$+ "o1 we mu/ suppose ! sub/ances1 :i* 9 ! fir/ column /& above ,metallic sub/ances1 to be plac$ 9 _! prop] ord] be=e ,iron4 ,! f\r? column is int5d$ to repres5t ! ,aff9ities ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,"h ,mr4 ,ge(froy has plac$ ! ,phlogi/on z ! sub/ance :i* has ! greate/ aff9ity ) ?is ,acid1 = ! reason giv5 9 our explanation ( ! fir/ column4 ,bel[ x he has rank$ ,fix$ ,alkalis1 ,volatile ,alkalis1 & ,absorb5t ,e>?s1 to %ew t ?is is an exception to ! fir/ column4 ,z to ,metall9e sub/ances1 he has set d[n b ?ree1 be+ ^? ) :i* ! ,vitriolic ,acid has ! mo/ p]ceptible aff9ity3 ^! metals1 plac$ 9 ! ord] ( _! aff9ities1 are ,iron1 ,copp]1 & ,silv]4 ,! fif? column %ews ! aff9ities ( ,absorb5t ,e>?s4 ,z ^! ,e>?s h no s5sible aff9ity b ) ,acids1 ?is column conta9s only ! *>act]s ( ! ,acids rank$ accord+ to ! degree ( _! /r5g?1 or aff9ity ) ! ,e>?s2 to wit1 ! ,vitriolic1 ! ,nitr\s1 & ! ,m>9e ,acids4 ,und]nea? ?is la/ might be plac$ ! ,acid ( ,v9eg>1 or ! ,vegetable ,acid4 ,! six? column expresses ! ,aff9ities ( ,fix$ ,alkalis ) ,acids1 :i* are ! same ) ^? ( ,absorb5t ,e>?s4 ,moreov]1 we f9d ,sulphur plac$ "h bel[ all ! ,acids2 because ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 :i* is a comb9ation ( ,sulphur ) a ,fix$ ,alkali1 is actually decomp\nd$ by any ,acid3 = any ,acid precipitates ! ,sulphur & unites ) ! ,alkali4 ,imm$iately ov] ! ,sulphur1 or 9 ! same squ>e ) x1 might be set a m>k d5ot+ ! ,volatile ,sulphure\s ,_s2 because1 l ,sulphur1 x has less aff9ity ?an any o!r ,acid ) ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,oils might also be rank$ ) ,sulphur1 because !y unite ) ,fix$ ,alkalis1 & !re) =m ,soaps1 :i* are decomp\nd$ by any acid :atev]4 ,! sev5? column po9ts out ! aff9ities ( ,volatile ,alkalis1 :i* are likewise ! same z ^? ( ,absorb5t ,e>?s2 & ! ,vegetable ,acid might be plac$ "h also "u ! ,m>9e ,acid4 ,! eigh? column specifies ! aff9ities ( ,metallic sub/ances ) ,acids4 ,! aff9ities ( ! ,acids1 :i*1 ) respect to ,fix$ ,alkalis1 ,volatile ,alkalis1 & ,absorb5t ,e>?s1 succe$$ ea* o!r uni=mly1 d n appe> 9 ! same ord] "h4 ,! ,m>9e ,acid1 in/ead ( be+ plac$ bel[ ! ,vitriolic & ,nitr\s ,acids1 /&s1 on ! contr>y1 at _! head2 because1 9 fact1 ?is ,acid sep>ates ,metall9e sub/ances f all ! o!r ,acids ) :i* !y happ5 to be unit$1 &1 =c+ ^! ,acids to quit possession1 intrudes into _! place4 ,nev]!less1 ?is is n a g5]al rule2 = sev]al ,metall9e sub/ances mu/ be except$1 p>ticul>ly ,iron & ,copp]4 ,! n9? column decl>es ! aff9ities ( ,sulphur4 ,fix$ ,alkalis1 ,iron1 ,copp]1 ,lead1 ,silv]1 ,regulus ( ,antimony1 ,m]cury1 & ,gold1 /& bel[ x 9 ! ord] ( _! aff9ities4 ,) reg>d to ,gold x mu/ be obs]v$1 t x w n unite ) pure ,sulphur3 x suff]s itself to be dissolv$ only by ! ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 :i* is kn[n to be a composition ( ,sulphur & ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,at ! head ( ! t5? column appe>s ,m]cury1 & b5ea? x sev]al ,metall9e sub/ances1 9 ! ord] ( _! aff9ities ) x4 ,^? ,metall9e sub/ances are ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,lead1 ,copp]1 ,z9c1 & ,regulus ( ,antimony4 ,x is prop] to rem>k on ?is column1 t ,regulus ( ,antimony1 :i* /&s ! l[e/1 unites b v imp]fectly ) ,m]cury2 & t aft] a seem+ union ( ^! two ,metallic sub/ances ha? be5 obta9$1 by a t$i\s triture ) ! addition ( wat]1 !y d n cont9ue long unit$1 b spontane\sly sep>ate f ea* o!r 9 a %ort "t4 ,iron & ,t9 are "h exclud$2 ! =m] ) great reason1 because hi!rto x ha? n be5 cle>ly prov$1 by any kn[n exp]im5t1 t ev] ,m]cury 0 unit$ ) ,iron3 b ! same objection _c be made to ,t91 :i* amalgamates v well ) ,m]cury1 & might !re=e be plac$ 9 ?is column ne>ly betwe5 ,lead & ,copp]4 ,i use ! ^w ne>ly1 because ! diff]5t degrees ( aff9ity betwe5 ,metall9e sub/ances & ,m]cury are n s exactly det]m9$1 z ! o!r relations be=e consid]$2 see+ !y g5]ally unite ) x1 )\t exclud+ "o ano!r4 ,we c !re=e sc>ce judge ( ! degree ( aff9ity t belongs to ea*1 b by ! great] or less read9ess ( ea* to amalgamate !re)4 ,! elev5? column %ews1 t ,lead has a great] aff9ity ) ,silv] ?an ) ,copp]4 ,! twelf?1 t ,copp] has a great] aff9ity ) ,m]cury ?an ) ,calam9e4 ,! ?irte5?1 t ,silv] has a great] aff9ity ) ,lead ?an ) ,copp]4 ,! f\rte5? conta9s ! aff9ities ( ,iron4 ,regulus ( ,antimony /&s imm$iately und]nea? x1 z be+ ! ,metallic sub/ance :i* has ! greate/ aff9ity ) x4 ,silv]1 ,copp]1 & ,lead1 are plac$ toge!r 9 ! next squ>e bel[1 because ! degrees ( aff9ity :i* ^? metals h ) ,iron are n exactly det]m9$4 ,! same is to be said ( ! fifte5? column3 ,regulus ( ,antimony /&s at its head2 ,iron is imm$iately bel[ x2 & bel[ ! ,iron ! same ?ree metals occupy "o squ>e z be=e4 ,la/ly1 ! sixte5? column indicates t ,wat] has a great] aff9ity ) ,_s ( ,w9e ?an ) ,salts4 ,by ?is g5]al expression mu/ n be und]/ood any ,sal9e sub/ance :atev]2 b only ! ,neutral ,salts1 :i* ,_s ( ,w9e frees f ! wat] t kept !m 9 solution4 ,fix$ ,alkalis1 on ! contr>y1 z well z ! ,m9]al ,acids1 h a great] aff9ity ?an ,_s ( ,w9e ) wat]3 s t ^! ,sal9e sub/ances1 be+ well dephlegmat$1 & mix$ ) ,_s ( ,w9e2 imbibe ! wat] x conta9s & rectify x4 ,to ^! might be add$ ano!r %ort column1 hav+ ,_s ( ,w9e at its head3 imm$iately bel[ x %\ld be ! "* ( ,wat]1 & bel[ t ! m>k ( ,oil4 ,?is column w\ld %ew t ! ,_s ( ,w9e has a great] aff9ity ) ,wat] ?an ) ,oils2 because any ,oily matt] :atev]1 t is dissolv$ 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 may be actually sep>at$ f x by ! affusion ( ,wat]4 ,?is rule admits ( no exception b 9 "o case2 :i* is :5 ! oily sub/ance p>takes ( ! nature ( soap1 by hav+ contract$ an union ) "s sal9e matt]4 ,b z ?is mu/ be imput$ :olly to t adv5titi\s sal9e matt] be+ sup]add$ to ! oily sub/ance1 x is no j f\ndation = an exception1 & ! aff9ity 9 "q is nev]!less g5]al4 ,we h n[ deliv]$ e ?+ mat]ial t we _h to say conc]n+ ,mr4 ,ge(froy's ,table ( ,aff9ities4 ,x is1 z we obs]v$ be=e1 ( exce$+ great s]vice1 z x collects into "o view ! pr9cipal tru?s laid d[n 9 ?is ,treatise4 ,inde$ ! mo/ advantage\s way ( us+ x is1 n to delay consult+ x till y h read ! book ?r\gh1 b to turn to x :ile y are read+1 z (t z any aff9ity betwe5 bodies is treat$ (2 :i* x w impr9t m /rongly on y\r m9d1 by repres5t+ x 9 a mann] be=e y\r eyes4 ,,*ap4 ,,xviii4 ,! ,,!ory ( ,,con/ruct+ ! ,,vessels mo/ commonly us$ 9 ,,*ymi/ry4 ,*ymi/s _c p]=m ! op]ations ( _! art )\t ! help ( a consid]able numb] ( vessels1 in/rum5ts1 & furnaces1 adapt$ to conta9 ! bodies on :i* !y int5d to "w1 & to apply to !m ! sev]al degrees ( heat requir$ by diff]5t processes4 ,x is !re=e prop]1 be=e we advance to ! op]ations !mselves1 to consid] p>ticul>ly & m9utely :at relates to ! in/rum5ts ) :i* !y are to be p]=m$4 ,vessels int5d$ = ,*ymical ,op]ations %\ld1 to be p]fect1 be able to be>1 )\t break+1 ! sudd5 application ( great heat & great cold2 be imp5etrable to e ?+1 & unalt]able by any solv5t2 unvitrifiable1 & capable ( endur+ ! mo/ viol5t fire )\t melt+3 b hi!rto no vessels h be5 f\nd ) all ^! qualities unit$4 ,!y are made ( sundry mat]ials2 namely1 ( metal1 ( glass1 & ( e>?4 ,metall9e vessels1 especially ^? made ( ,iron or ,copp]1 are apt to be corrod$ by almo/ e sal9e1 oily1 or ev5 aque\s sub/ance4 ,= ?is reason1 9 ord] to r5d] ! use ( !m a little m ext5sive1 !y are t9n$ on ! inside4 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is precaution1 !y are on _m occasions n to be tru/$2 & %\ld nev] be employ$ 9 any nice op]ations :i* require great accuracy3 !y are1 moreov]1 incapable ( resi/+ ! =ce ( fire4 ,e>!n vessels are ( sev]al sorts4 ,"s1 t are made ( a refractory e>?1 are capable ( be+ sudd5ly expos$ to a /rong fire )\t break+1 & ev5 ( su/a9+ a great degree ( heat = a consid]able "t3 b !y g5]ally suff] ! vap\rs ( ! matt]s :i* !y conta91 z well z vitrifi$ metals1 to pass ?r\gh !m1 especially ! glass ( lead1 :i* easily p5etrates !m & runs ?r\gh _! pores z ?r\gh a sieve4 ,!re are o!rs made ( an e>? t1 :5 well bak$1 looks z if x 7 half vitrifi$3 ^! be+ mu* less por\s1 are capable ( reta9+ ! vap\rs ( ! matt]s :i* !y conta91 & ev5 glass ( lead 9 fusion2 :i* is "o ( ! sev]e/ trials a vessel c be put to3 b !n !y are m brittle ?an ! o!r sort4 ,good glass vessels %\ld con/antly be employ$ 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs1 :5ev] !y c possibly be us$3 & t n only because !y are no way injur$ by ! mo/ active solv5ts1 nor suff] any "p ( :at !y conta9 to pass ?r\gh1 b also because _! transp>5cy all[s ! ,*ymi/ to obs]ve :at passes )9 !m3 :i* is always bo? curi\s & useful4 ,b x is pity t vessels ( ?is sort %\ld n be able to endure a fi]ce fire )\t melt+4 ,we %all take c>e1 :5 we come to describe ! sev]al sorts ( *ymical in/rum5ts1 & ! mann] ( us+ !m1 to note :at vessels are to be pref]r$ to o!rs on diff]5t occasions4 ,di/illation1 z ha? be5 already said1 is an op]ation by :i* we sep>ate f a body1 by ! help ( a gradual heat1 ! sev]al pr9ciples ( :i* x consi/s4 ,!re are ?ree me?ods ( di/ill+4 ,! fir/ is p]=m$ by apply+ ! heat ov] ! body ^: pr9ciples are to be extract$4 ,9 ?is case1 z ! liquors1 :5 heat$ & conv]t$ into vap\rs1 con/antly endeav\r to fly f ! c5t] ( heat1 !y are =c$ to re-unite 9 ! l[] "p ( ! vessel1 t conta9s ! matt] 9 di/illation1 & s pass+ ?r\gh ! pores or holes ( t vessel1 !y fall into ano!r cold vessel appli$ und]nea? to receive !m4 ,?is way ( di/ill+ is on ?is acc\nt call$ di/ill+ p] ,desc5sum4 ,x requires no o!r app>atus ?an two vessels figur$ l segm5ts ( holl[ sph]es1 :]e( t :i* is pi]c$ ) little holes1 & int5d$ to conta9 ! matt] to be di/ill$1 %\ld be mu* less ?an ! o!r1 :i* is to conta9 ! fire1 & to fill its ap]ture exactly2 ! :ole toge!r to be support$ v]tically ^u a ?ird vessel1 :i* is to s]ve ! purpose ( a recipi5t1 admitt+ into its m\? ! convex bottom ( ! vessel conta9+ ! matt] to be di/ill$1 :i* mu/ accurately fill x4 ,?is me?od ( di/ill+ is b little us$4 ,! second me?od ( di/ill+ is p]=m$ by apply+ ! heat und]nea? ! matt] to be decompos$4 ,on ?is occasion ! liquors be+ heat$1 r>efi$1 & conv]t$ into vap\rs1 rise1 & are cond5s$ 9 a vessel contriv$ = t purpose1 :i* we %all pres5tly describe4 ,?is way ( di/ill+ is call$ di/ill+ p] ,asc5sum1 & is mu* us$4 ,! vessel 9 :i* ?is di/illation p] ,asc5sum is p]=m$ we call an ,alembic4 ,!re are sev]al sorts !re(1 diff]+ f "o ano!r bo? 9 ! matt] ( :i*1 & ! mann] 9 :i*1 !y are made4 ,^? employ$ to draw ! odorif]\s wat]s & ess5tial oils ( plants are g5]ally made ( copp]1 & consi/ ( sev]al pieces4 ,! fir/1 :i* is design$ to conta9 ! plant1 is =m$ ne>ly l a holl[ cone1 ! v]tex :]e( is drawn out 9 ! %ape ( a holl[ cyl9d] or tube3 ?is "p is nam$ ! ,cucurbit1 & its tube ! ,neck ( ! ,alembic4 ,to ! upp] end ( ?is tube ano!r vessel is sold]$3 ?is is call$ ! ,head1 & commonly has likewise ! =m ( a cone1 jo9$ to ! neck ( ! alembic by its base1 r\nd :i*1 on ! inside1 is holl[$ a small groove1 communicat+ ) an orifice t op5s at its mo/ dep5d+ "p4 ,to ?is orifice is sold]$ a small pipe 9 a direction slop+ d[nw>ds1 :i* is call$ ! ,nose1 ,sp\t1 or ,beak ( ! alembic4 ,z soon z ! matt]s conta9$ 9 ! alembic gr[ hot1 vap\rs beg9 to arise f !m1 & asc5d+ ?r\gh ! neck ( ! alembic into ! head1 are by ! sides !re( /opp$ & cond5s$3 f !nce !y trickle d[n 9 little /reams to ! groove1 :i* conveys !m to ! sp\t2 & by t !y pass out ( ! alembic into a glass vessel ) a long neck1 ! end ( ! sp\t be+ introduc$ into t neck1 & lut$ !reto4 ,to facilitate ! refrig]ation & cond5sation ( ! vap\rs circulat+ 9 ! head1 all alembics ( metal are moreov] provid$ ) ano!r piece1 :i* is a k9d ( l>ge pan ( ! same metal1 fitt$ & sold]$ r\nd ! head4 ,?is piece s]ves to keep cold wat] 91 :i* incessantly cools ! head1 & !re=e x is call$ ! ,refrig]atory4 ,! wat] 9 ! refrig]atory itself gr[s hot aft] "s "t1 & mu/ !re=e be *ang$ occasionally2 ! heat$ wat] be+ fir/ drawn (f by means ( a cock fix$ ne> ! bottom ( ! refrig]atory4 ,all copp] alembics %\ld be t9n$ on ! inside = ! reasons already giv54 ,:5 sal9e spirits are to be di/ill$1 alembics ( metal mu/ n be us$2 because ! sal9e vap\rs w\ld corrode !m4 ,9 ?is case rec\rse mu/ be _h to alembics ( glass4 ,^! consi/ ( two pieces only2 namely1 a ,cucurbit1 ^: sup]ior orifice is admitt$ into & exactly lut$ ) its ,head1 :i* is ! second piece4 ,9 g5]al1 z alembics require t ! vap\rs ( ! matt] to be di/ill$ %\ld rise to a consid]able heigh?1 !y ought to be us$ only :5 ! mo/ volatile pr9ciples are to be drawn f bodies3 & ! light] & m volatile ! sub/ances to be sep>at$ by di/illation are1 ! tall] mu/ ! alembic be2 because ! mo/ pond]\s p>ts1 be+ unable to rise above a c]ta9 heigh?1 fall back aga9 into ! cucurbit z soon z !y arrive !re1 leav+ ! light] to m\nt alone1 ^: volatility qualifies !m to asc5d into ! head4 ,:5 a matt] is to be di/ill$1 t requires a v tall alembic1 & yet does n admit ( a metall9e vessel1 ! end w be be/ answ]$ by a glass vessel ( a r\nd or oval %ape1 hav+ a v long neck1 ) a small head fitt$ to its extremity4 ,su* a vessel s]ves _m purposes3 x is sometimes employ$ z a receiv]1 & at o!r times z a dige/+ vessel2 on :i* la/ occasion x goes "u ! "n ( a ,matrass4 ,:5 "o ( ^!1 provid$ ) a head1 is appli$ to ! purpose ( di/ill+1 x =ms a sort ( alembic4 ,!re are "s alembics ( glass1 bl[n 9 su* a mann] by ! workm51 t ! body & head =m b "o cont9u$ piece4 ,z ^! alembics d n /& 9 ne$ ( hav+ _! sev]al pieces lut$ toge!r1 !y are v useful on "s occasions1 :5 su* exce$+ subtile vap\rs rise z are capable ( transpir+ ?r\gh lutes4 ,! head mu/ h an ap]ture at ! top1 provid$ ) a %ort tube1 ?r\gh :i*1 by means ( a funnel ) a long pipe1 ! matt] to be di/ill$ may be introduc$ into ! cucurbit4 ,?is is to be exactly clos$ ) a glass /opple1 ! surface :]e( mu/ be made to fit ! inside ( ! tube 9 e po9t1 by rubb+ ^? two pieces well toge!r ) em]y4 ,ano!r sort ( alembic ha? also be5 inv5t$1 :i* may be us$ ) advantage :5 ,cohobation is requir$2 t is1 :5 ! liquor obta9$ by di/illation is to be return$ ^u ! matt] 9 ! cucurbit2 & especially :5 x is int5d$ t ?is cohobation %all be repeat$ a great numb] ( times4 ,! vessel we are speak+ ( is con/ruct$ exactly 9 ! same mann] z t la/ describ$2 except t its beak1 in/ead ( be+ 9 a /raight l9e1 z 9 ! o!r alembics1 =ms a circul> ar*1 & re-ent]s ! cavity ( ! cucurbit1 9 ord] to convey back aga9 ! liquor collect$ 9 ! head4 ,?is in/rum5t ha? commonly two beaks opposite to ea* o!r1 bo? turn$ 9 ?is mann]1 & is call$ a ,pelican3 x saves ! arti/ ! tr\ble ( frequ5tly unlut+ & relut+ 8 vessels1 z well z ! loss ( a great _m vap\rs4 ,!re are c]ta9 sub/ances :i* 9 di/illation af=d matt]s 9 a concrete =m1 or rise :olly 9 ! =m ( a v light p[d]1 call$ ,fl[]s4 ,:5 su* sub/ances are to be di/ill$1 ! cucurbit :i* conta9s !m is cov]$ ) a head )\t a nose1 :i* is nam$ a ,bl9d-head4 ,:5 ! fl[]s rise 9 great quantities & v high1 a numb] ( heads is employ$ to collect !m2 or r a numb] ( a k9d ( pots1 consi/+ ( a body only )\t any bottom1 :i* fitt+ "o into ! o!r =m a canal1 t may be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ at pleasure1 accord+ z ! fl[]s to be sublim$ are m or less volatile4 ,! la/ ( ! heads1 :i* t]m9ates ! canal1 is q close at "o end1 & makes a true bl9d-head4 ,^! vessels are call$ ,aludels2 !y are usually ( e>!n or /one w>e4 ,all ! vessels above-m5tion$ are fit only = di/ill+ su* light volatile matt]s z c be easily rais$ & br\ght ov]2 su* z phlegm1 ess5tial oils1 fragrant wat]s1 acid oily spirits1 volatile alkalis1 c4 ,b :5 ! po9t is to procure by di/illation pr9ciples t are mu* less volatile1 & incapable ( ris+ high1 su* z ! ?ick fetid oils1 ! vitriolic1 ! nitr\s1 & ! m>9e acids1 c4 we are "u a necessity ( hav+ rec\rse to o!r vessels1 & ano!r mann] ( di/ill+4 ,x is easy to imag9e1 t su* a vessel mu/ be mu* l[] ?an ! alembic4 ,x is inde$ no m ?an a holl[ globe1 ^: upp] "p deg5]ates into a neck or tube1 t is b5t into a horizontal position2 = :i* reason ?is in/rum5t is call$ a ,retort3 x is always ( "o s+le piece4 ,! matt] to be di/ill$ is introduc$ into ! body ( ! retort by means ( a ladle ) a long tubul> %ank4 ,!n x is set 9 a furnace built purposely = ?is use1 & s t ! neck ( ! retort com+ out ( ! furnace may1 l ! nose ( ! alembic1 /& 9 a slop+ position1 to facilitate ! egress ( ! liquors1 :i* by its means are convey$ to a receiv]1 into :i* x is introduc$1 & ) :i* x is lut$4 ,?is way ( di/ill+1 9 :i* ! vap\rs seem r to be driv5 out ( ! vessel horizontally & lat]ally1 ?an rais$ up & sublim$1 is = t reason call$ ,di/illation p] ,latus4 ,retorts are1 ( all ! in/rum5ts ( di/illation1 ^? t mu/ su/a9 ! greate/ heat1 & resi/ ! /ronge/ solv5ts2 & !re=e !y mu/ n be made ( metal4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 :i* are made ( iron may d well en\gh on c]ta9 occasions3 ! re/ are ei!r ( glass or e>?4 ,^? ( glass1 = ! reasons above giv51 are pref]able to ! o!r sort1 9 all cases :]e !y are n to be expos$ to su* a =ce ( fire z may melt !m4 ,! be/ glass1 t :i* /&s bo? heat & solv5ts be/1 is t 9 :i* !re are fewe/ alkal9e salts4 ,( ?is sort is ! gre5 ,g]man glass3 ! beautiful :ite cry/al glass is f> f be+ equally s]viceable4 ,retorts1 z well z alembics1 may be ( diff]5t =ms4 ,= example1 "s matt]s are apt to swell1 & rise ov] ! neck ( ! retort 9 sub/ance1 )\t suff]+ any decomposition2 :5 su* matt]s are to be di/ill$ 9 a retort1 x is prop] t ! body ( ! vessel1 in/ead ( be+ globul>1 be drawn out into ! =m ( a pe>1 s z ne>ly to resemble t ( a cucurbit4 ,9 a retort ( ?is k9d1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! bottom & ! neck be+ mu* great] ?an 9 ^? ^: bodies are sph]ical1 ! matt]s conta9$ h mu* m room = expansion2 s t ! inconv5i5ce "h m5tion$ is !reby prev5t$4 ,retorts ( ?is =m are call$ ,engli% retorts4 ,z !y hold ! middle place betwe5 alembics & common retorts1 !y may be us$ to di/il su* matt]s z h a mean degree ( volatility betwe5 ! greate/ & ! lea/4 ,x is moreov] prop] to h1 9 a laboratory1 sundry retorts ) necks ( diff]5t diamet]s4 ,wide necks w be f\nd ! fitte/ = convey+ ?ick matt]s1 & su* z readily become fix$2 = in/ance1 "s v ?ick fetid oils1 butt] ( antimony1 c42 = z ^! matt]s acquire a consi/5ce z soon z !y are out ( ! rea* ( a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 !y w\ld soon *oak a n>r[ neck1 & by /opp+ ! vap\rs :i* rise at ! same "t f ! retort1 might occasion ! bur/+ ( ! vessels4 ,"s retorts are also made ) an op5+ on _! upp] side1 l t ( tubulat$ glass alembics1 :i* is to be clos$ 9 ! same mann] ) a glass /opple4 ,^! retorts are also call$ ,tubulat$ retorts1 & ought always to be us$ :5ev] x is necess>y to introduce fre% matt] into ! retort dur+ ! op]ation2 see+ x may be done by means ( ?is inv5tion1 )\t unlut+ & relut+ ! vessels2 :i* ought always to be avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,"o ( ! ?+s t mo/ p]plexes ! ,*ymi/s1 is ! prodigi\s ela/icity ( _m diff]5t vap\rs1 :i* are frequ5tly dis*>g$ ) impetuosity dur+ ! di/illation1 & are ev5 capable ( bur/+ ! vessels ) explosion1 & ) dang] to ! arti/4 ,on su* occasions x is absolutely necess>y to give ^! vap\rs v5t1 z we %all direct 9 its prop] place3 b z t c nev] be done )\t los+ a great _m ( !m2 z "s ( !m 9 p>ticul> are s ela/ic t sc>ce any at all w\ld rema9 9 ! vessel2 = in/ance1 ^? ( ! _s ( nitre1 & especially ^? ( ! smok+ _s ( salt2 ! practice is to make use ( v l>ge receiv]s1 ( ab\t eighte5 or tw5ty in*es diamet]1 t ! vap\rs may h suffici5t room to circulate 91 & by apply+ to ! wide surface pres5t$ !m by ! ext5sive inside ( su* a l>ge vessel1 may be cond5s$ into drops4 ,^! huge receiv]s are commonly 9 ! =m ( holl[ globes1 & are call$ ,ballons4 ,to give ^! vap\rs /ill m room1 ballons h be5 contriv$ ) two op5 gullets 9 ea*1 diametrically opposite to "o ano!r2 :]e( "o admits ! neck ( ! retort1 & ! o!r is receiv$ by "o ( ! gullets ( a second ballon ( ! same =m1 :i* is jo9$ 9 l mann] to a ?ird1 & s on4 ,by ?is artifice ! space may be enl>g$ at pleasure4 ,^! ballons ) two necks are call$ ,adopt]s4 ,op]ations on bodies t are absolutely fix$1 z metals1 /ones1 s&1 c4 require only su* vessels z are capable ( conta9+ ^? bodies1 & resi/+ ! =ce ( fire4 ,^! vessels are little holl[ pots1 ( diff]5t dim5sions1 :i* are call$ ,crucibles4 ,crucibles c h>dly be made ( any ?+ b e>?2 !y ought to h a cov] ( ! same mat]ial fitt$ to %ut !m close4 ,! be/ e>? we "k is t :]e( ^? pots are made 9 :i* butt] is br\ght f ,bretagne3 ^! pots !mselves are exce$+ good crucibles2 & !y are almo/ ! only ones t are capable ( hold+ glass ( lead 9 fusion1 )\t be+ p5etrat$ by x4 ,= ! roa/+ ( ores1 t is1 free+ !m1 by ! help ( fire1 f _! sulphure\s & ars5ical p>ts1 little cups ( ! same mat]ial ) crucibles are us$2 b !y are made flat1 %all[1 & wid]1 above ?an bel[1 t ^! volatile matt]s may ! m freely exhale4 ,^! vessels are call$ ,te/s1 or ,scorifi]s3 !y are sc>ce ev] us$ b 9 ! ,docima/ic art1 t is1 9 mak+ small ,assays ( ores4 ,,*ap4 ,,xix4 ,! ,,!ory ( ,,con/ruct+ ! ,,furnaces mo/ commonly us$ 9 ,,*ymi/ry4 ,skill 9 conduct+ & apply+ fire prop]ly1 & det]m9+ its diff]5t degrees1 is ( v great consequ5ce to ! success ( ,*ymical op]ations4 ,z x is exce$+ difficult to gov]n & mod]ate ! action ( fire1 :5 ! vessels 9 :i* any op]ation is p]=m$ are imm$iately expos$ to x1 ,*ymi/s h contriv$ to convey heat to _! vessels1 9 nice op]ations1 ?r\gh diff]5t m$iums1 :i* !y place occasionally betwe5 ^? vessels & ! fire4 ,^? int]m$iate sub/ances 9 :i* !y plunge _! vessels are call$ ,ba?s4 ,!y are ei!r fluid or solid3 ! fluid ba?s are wat] or its vap\rs4 ,:5 ! di/ill+ vessel is set 9 wat]1 ! ba? is call$ ,balneum ,m>i1 or ! ,wat] ,ba?2 & ! greate/ degree ( heat ( :i* x is susceptible is t ( boil+ wat]4 ,:5 ! vessel is expos$ only to ! vap\rs :i* exhale f wat]1 ?is =ms ! ,vap\r ,ba?2 ! heat ( :i* is ne>ly ! same ) t ( ! ,balneum ,m>i4 ,^! ba?s are useful = di/ill+ ess5tial oils1 ard5t spirits1 sweet-sc5t$ wat]s2 9 a ^w1 all su* sub/ances z _c be> a great] heat1 )\t prejudice ei!r to _! od\r1 or to "s ( _! o!r qualities4 ,ba?s may also be made ( any o!r fluids1 su* z oils1 m]cury1 c4 :i* are capable ( receiv+ & communicat+ mu* m heat3 b !y are v seldom us$4 ,:5 a m consid]able degree ( heat is requir$1 a ba? is prep>$ ( any solid matt] r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 su* z s&1 a%es1 fil+s ( iron1 c4 ,! heat ( ^! ba?s may be pu%$ s f> z to make ! bottom ( ! vessel become fa9tly r$4 ,by plung+ a !rmomet] into ! ba?1 by ! side ( ! vessel1 x is easy to obs]ve ! precise degree ( heat appli$ to ! sub/ance on :i* y are work+4 ,x is necess>y t ! !rmomet]s employ$ on ?is occasion be con/ruct$ on good pr9ciples1 & s contriv$ z to be easily comp>$ ) ^? ( ! mo/ celebrat$ natural philosoph]s4 ,^? ( ! illu/ri\s ,raumur are mo/ us$ & be/ kn[n1 s t x w\ld n be amiss to give !m ! pref]5ce4 ,:5 a great] heat is requir$ ?an any ( ^? ba?s c give1 ! vessels mu/ be set imm$iately on live coals1 or 9 a flam+ fire3 ?is is call$ work+ ) a nak$ fire2 &1 9 ?is case x is mu* m difficult ?an 9 ! o!r to det]m9e ! degrees ( heat4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( apply+ a nak$ fire4 ,:5 ! heat or flame is reflect$ ^u ! upp] "p ( a vessel :i* is expos$ to ! fire1 ?is is call$ a ,rev]b]at$ heat4 ,a ,melt+ heat is t :i* is /rong en\gh to fuse mo/ bodies4 ,a ,=g+ heat is t ( a fire :i* is =cibly excit$ by ! con/ant bla/ ( a pair ( bell[s1 or m4 ,!re is also ano!r sort ( fire :i* s]ves v commodi\sly = _m op]ations1 because x does n require to be f$ or frequ5tly m5d$3 ?is is af=d$ by a lamp ) "o or m wicks1 & may be call$ a ,lamp-heat4 ,x is sc>ce ev] employ$ b to heat ba?s1 9 op]ations :i* require a g5tle & long cont9u$ w>m?3 if x ha? any fault1 x is t ( gr[+ gradually hott]4 ,all ! diff]5t ways ( apply+ fire require ,furnaces ( diff]5t con/ructions3 we %all !re=e describe su* z are ( pr9cipal & mo/ necess>y use4 ,furnaces mu/ be divid$ into diff]5t p>ts or /ories1 ea* ( :i* has its p>ticul> use & "n4 ,! l[] "p ( ! furnace1 design$ = receiv+ ! a%es & giv+ passage to ! air1 is call$ ! ,a%-hole4 ,! a%-hole is t]m9at$ above by a grate1 ! use ( :i* is to support ! coals & wood1 :i* are to be burnt !reon3 ?is "p is call$ ! ,fire-place4 ,! fire-place is 9 l mann] t]m9at$ above by sev]al iron b>s1 :i* lie q across x f "r to left1 9 l9es p>allel to ea* o!r3 ! use ( ^! b>s is to su/a9 ! vessels 9 :i* ! op]ations are to be p]=m$4 ,! space above ^! b>s to ! top ( ! furnace is ! upp] /ory1 & may be call$ ! ,laboratory ( ! furnace4 ,la/ly1 "s furnaces are q cov]$ above by means ( a k9d ( vault$ ro( call$ ! ,dome4 ,furnaces h moreov] sev]al ap]tures3 "o ( ^! is at ! a%-hole1 :i* gives passage to ! air1 & ?r\gh :i* ! a%es t fall ?r\gh ! grate are rak$ out2 ?is ap]ture is call$ ! a%-hole ,door3 ano!r is at ! fire-place1 ?r\gh :i* ! fire is suppli$ ) fuel1 z occasion requires2 ?is is call$ ! m\? or door ( ! ,fire-place1 or ! ,/oke-hole3 !re is a ?ird 9 ! upp] /ory1 ?r\gh :i* ! neck ( ! vessel passes2 & a f\r? 9 ! dome = c>ry+ (f ! fulig9osities ( combu/ible matt]s1 :i* is call$ ! ,*imney4 ,to conclude1 !re are sev]al o!r op5+s 9 ! sev]al p>ts ( ! furnace1 ! use :]e( is to admit ! air into ^? places1 & also1 z !y c be easily %ut1 to incite or slack5 ! activity ( ! fire1 & s to regulate x2 :i* has procur$ !m ! title ( ,regi/]s4 ,all ! o!r op5+s ( ! furnace %\ld be made to %ut v close1 ! bett] to assi/ 9 gov]n+ ! fire2 by :i* means !y likewise d ! (fice ( regi/]s4 ,9 ord] to our =m+ a j & g5]al idea ( ! con/ruction ( furnaces1 & ( ! disposition ( ! sev]al ap]tures 9 !m1 ) a view to increase or dim9i% ! activity ( ! fire1 x w be prop] to lay d[n1 z our gr\nd-"w1 c]ta9 pr9ciples ( natural philosophy1 ! tru? ( :i* is demon/rat$ by exp]i5ce4 ,& fir/1 e body kn[s t combu/ible matt]s w n burn or consume unless !y h a free communication ) ! air2 insomu* t if !y be depriv$ !re(1 ev5 :5 burn+ mo/ rapidly1 !y w be ext+ui%$ at once3 t consequ5tly combu/ion is greatly promot$ by ! frequ5t accession ( fre% air1 & t a /ream ( air1 direct$ s z to pass ) impetuosity ?r\gh burn+ fuel1 excites ! fire to ! greate/ possible activity4 ,secondly1 x is c]ta9 t ! air :i* t\*es1 or comes ne> ignit$ bodies is heat$1 r>efi$1 & r5d]$ light] ?an ! air ab\t x1 t is1 f>!r di/ant f ! c5t] ( heat2 & consequ5tly t ?is air1 s heat$ & become light]1 is necess>ily det]m9$ !reby to asc5d & m\nt al(t1 9 ord] to make room = t :i* is less heat$ & n s light1 :i* by its weight & ela/icity t5ds to occupy ! place quitt$ by ! o!r4 ,ano!r consequ5ce h]e( is1 t if fire be k9dl$ 9 a place enclos$ e :]e b above & bel[1 a curr5t ( air w be =m$ 9 t place1 runn+ 9 a direction f ! bottom to ! top2 s t if any light bodies be appli$ to ! op5+ bel[1 !y w be c>ri$ up t[>ds ! fire2 b1 on ! contr>y1 if !y be held at ! op5+ above1 !y w be impell$ by a =ce :i* w drive !m up1 & c>ry !m away f ! fire4 ,?irdly & la/ly1 x is a tru? demon/rat$ 9 hydraulics1 t ! velocity ( a giv5 quantity ( any fluid1 det]m9$ to fl[ 9 any direction :atev]1 is s mu* ! great] ! n>r[] ! *annel is to :i* t fluid is conf9$2 & consequ5tly t ! velocity ( a fluid w be increas$ by mak+ x run f a wid] ?r\gh a n>r[] passage4 ,^! pr9ciples be+ e/abli%$1 x is easy to apply !m to ! con/ruction ( furnaces4 ,fir/1 if a fire be k9dl$ 9 ! fire-place ( a furnace1 :i* is op5 on all sides1 x burns ne>ly z if x 7 9 ! op5 air4 ,x has ) ! surr\nd+ air a free communication2 s t fre% air is cont9ually admitt$ to facilitate ! entire combu/ion ( ! inflammable matt]s employ$ z fuel4 ,b !re be+ no?+ to det]m9e t air to pass ) rapidity ?r\gh ! fire 9 ?is case1 x does n at all augm5t ! activity !re(1 b suff]s x to wa/e away quietly4 ,secondly1 if ! a%-hole or dome ( a furnace1 9 :i* a fire is burn+1 be %ut q close1 !n !re is no long] any free communication betwe5 ! air & ! fire3 if ! a%-hole be %ut1 ! air is deb>r$ f hav+ free access to ! fire2 if ! dome be /opt1 ! egress ( ! air r>efi$ by ! fire is prev5t$2 & consequ5tly ! fire mu/ 9 ei!r case burn v fa9tly & sl[ly1 gradually die away1 & at la/ g q out4 ,?irdly1 if all ! op5+s ( ! furnace be :olly clos$1 x is evid5t t ! fire w be v quickly ext+ui%$4 ,f\r?ly1 if only ! lat]al op5+s ( ! fire-place be %ut1 leav+ ! a%-hole & upp] "p ( ! furnace op52 x is pla9 t ! air ent]+ by ! a%-hole w necess>ily be det]m9$ to g out at top1 & t consequ5tly a curr5t ( air w be =m$1 :i* w pass ?r\gh ! fire1 & make x burn briskly & vigor\sly4 ,fif?ly1 if bo? ! a%-hole & ! upp] /ory ( ! furnace be ( "s l5g?1 & =m canals ei!r cyl9dric or prismatic1 !n ! air be+ kept 9 ! same direction ?r\gh a long] space1 ! c\rse ( its /ream w be bo? /rong] & bett] det]m9$1 & consequ5tly ! fire w be m animat$ by x4 ,six?ly & la/ly1 if ! a%-hole & ! upp] "p ( ! furnace1 in/ead ( be+ cyl9dric or prismatic canals1 h ! =m ( truncat$ cones or pyramids1 /&+ on _! bases1 & s ord]$ t ! upp] op5+ ( ! a%-hole1 adjo9+ to ! fire-place1 may be wid] ?an ! base ( ! sup]i\r cone or pyramid1 !n ! /ream ( air1 be+ =c$ to pass incessantly f a l>g] *annel ?r\gh a small]1 mu/ be consid]ably accel]at$1 & procure to ! fire ! greate/ activity :i* x c receive f ! make ( a furnace4 ,! mat]ials fitte/ = build+ furnaces are1 #a4 ,bricks1 jo9$ toge!r ) pott]s clay mix$ ) s& & moi/5$ ) wat]4 #b4 ,pott]s clay m+l$ ) pot%]ds1 moi/5$ ) wat]1 & bak$ 9 a viol5t fire4 #c4 ,iron2 ( :i* all furnaces may be made1 ) ?is precaution1 t ! inside be provid$ ) a great _m prom95t po9ts1 z fa/5+s = a coat ( e>?1 ) :i* ! int]nal p>ts ( ! furnace mu/ necess>ily be cov]$ to def5d x f ! action ( ! fire4 ,! rev]b]at+ furnace is "o ( ^? t are mo/ employ$ 9 ,*ymi/ry3 x is prop] = di/illations by ! retort1 & %\ld be con/ruct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,fir/1 ! use ( ! a%-hole be+1 z 0 said1 to give passage to ! air & to receive ! a%es1 no bad consequ5ce c att5d its be+ made pretty high3 x may h f twelve to tw5ty or tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 heigh?4 ,its ap]ture %\ld be wide en\gh to admit billets ( wood1 :5 a great fire is to be made4 ,secondly1 ! a%-hole mu/ be t]m9at$ at its upp] "p by an iron grate1 ! b>s ( :i* %\ld be v sub/antial1 t !y may resi/ ! action ( ! fire3 ?is grate is ! bottom ( ! fire-place1 & de/9$ to support ! coals4 ,9 ! lat]al "p ( ! fire-place1 & ne>ly ab\t ! same heigh? ) ! grate1 !re %\ld be a hole ( su* a size t x may easily admit *>coal1 z well z little tongs & %ovels = manag+ ! fire4 ,?is ap]ture or m\? ( ! fire-place %\ld be p]p5dicul>ly ov] ! m\? ( ! a%-hole4 ,?irdly1 f six to eight or t5 in*es high above ! grate ov] ! a%-hole1 little ap]tures mu/ be made 9 ! walls ( ! furnace1 ( eight or t5 l9es 9 diamet]1 an in* f "o ano!r1 & ^? 9 "o side mu/ be diametrically opposite to ^? 9 ! o!r4 ,! use ( ^! holes is to receive b>s ( iron = ! retort to re/ on2 :i* %\ld be1 z ,i said1 at diff]5t heights1 9 ord] to accommodate retorts ( diff]5t sizes4 ,at ! upp] extremity ( ?is "p ( ! furnace1 :i* rea*es f ! iron b>s to ! top1 ! heigh? :]e( %\ld be some:at less ?an ! wid? ( ! furnace1 mu/ be cut a semi-circul> ap]ture = ! neck ( ! retort to come ?r\gh4 ,?is hole mu/ by no means be ov] ! doors ( ! fire-place & a%-hole2 = !n1 z x gives passage to ! neck ( ! retort1 x mu/ ( c\rse be opposite to ! receiv]1 & 9 t case ! receiv] itself w\ld /& ov] aga9/ ^? two ap]tures2 :i* w\ld be att5d$ ) ?is d\ble inconv5i5ce1 t ! receiv] w\ld n only gr[ v hot1 b greatly emb>rass ! op]ator1 ^: free access to ! fire-place & a%-hole w\ld be !reby ob/ruct$4 ,x is prop] !re=e t ! semi-circul> cut we are speak+ ( be s plac$ t :5 ! greate/ ballons are lut$ to ! retort !y may leave an op5 passage to ! fire-place & a%-hole4 ,f\r?ly1 9 ord] to cov] 9 ! laboratory ( ! rev]b]at+ furnace1 !re mu/ be a ro( made = x 9 ! =m ( a cupola1 or concave hemisph]e1 hav+ ! same diamet] z ! furnace4 ,?is dome %\ld h a semi-circul> cut 9 its rim1 answ]+ to t above-direct$ to be made 9 ! upp] extremity ( ! furnace1 s t1 :5 adju/$ to ea* o!r1 ! two toge!r may =m a circul> hole = ! neck ( ! retort to pass ?r\gh4 ,at ! top ( ?is dome !re mu/ also be a circul> hole ( ?ree or f\r in*es diamet]1 c>ry+ a %ort tap]+ funnel ( ! same diamet]1 & ?ree in*es high1 :i* w s]ve = a *imney to c>ry (f all fulig9osities1 & accel]ate ! curr5t ( ! air4 ,?is passage may be %ut at pleasure ) a flat cov]4 ,moreov]1 z x is necess>y t ! dome %\ld be tak5 (f & put on ) ease1 x %\ld h two e>s or h&les = t purpose3 a portative or moveable furnace %\ld also h a pair ( h&les1 fix$ opposite to ea* o!r1 betwe5 ! a%-hole & ! fire-place4 ,six?ly & la/ly1 a conical canal mu/ be provid$ ( ab\t ?ree feet long1 & suffici5tly wide at its l[] end to admit ! funnel ( ! ap]ture at ! top ( ! dome4 ,?is conical tube is to be appli$ to ! dome :5 ! fire is requir$ to be extremely active3 x tap]s gradually f its base upw>ds1 & breaks (f z if truncat$ at top1 :]e x %\ld be ab\t two in*es wide4 ,besides ! ap]tures already m5tion$ z necess>y to a rev]b]at+ furnace1 !re mu/ also be _m o!r small] holes made 9 its a%-hole1 fire-place1 laboratory1 & dome1 :i* mu/ all be s contriv$ z to be easily op5$ & %ut ) /opples ( e>?3 ^! holes are ! regi/]s ( ! furnace1 & s]ve to regulate ! activity ( ! fire1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples be=e laid d[n4 ,:5 ! action ( ! fire is requir$ to be exactly uni=m & v brisk1 x is necess>y to /op c>efully ) moi/ e>? all ! little *9ks 9 ! juncture ( ! dome ) ! furnace1 betwe5 ! neck ( ! retort & ! circul> hole ?r\gh :i* x passes1 & :i* x nev] fills exactly1 &1 la/ly1 ! holes :i* receive ! iron b>s t su/a9 ! retort4 ,x is prop] to h1 9 a laboratory1 sev]al rev]b]at+ furnaces ( diff]5t magnitudes2 because1 !y mu/ be proportion$ to ! size ( ! retorts employ$4 ,! retort ought to fill ! furnace1 s z to leave only ! di/ance ( an in* betwe5 x & ! inside ( ! furnace4 ,yet :5 ! retort is to be expos$ to a mo/ viol5t fire1 & especially :5 x is requir$ t ! heat %all act ) equal =ce on all p>ts ( ! furnace1 & z /rongly on its vault z on its bottom1 a great] di/ance mu/ be left betwe5 ! retort & ! inside ( ! furnace2 = !n ! furnace may be fill$ ) coals1 ev5 to ! upp] "p ( ! dome4 ,if moreov] "s pieces ( wood be put into ! a%-hole1 ! conical canal fitt$ on to ! funnel ( ! dome1 & all ! ap]tures ( ! furnace exactly clos$1 except ! a%-hole & ! *imney1 ! greate/ heat w !n be excit$ t ?is furnace c produce4 ,! furnace n[ describ$ may also be employ$ 9 _m o!r *ymical op]ations4 ,if ! dome be laid aside1 an alembic may v well be plac$ !re93 b !n ! space1 :i* w be left betwe5 ! body ( ! alembic & ! top ( ! upp] "p ( ! furnace1 mu/ be c>efully fill$ up ) ,w9dsor-loam moi/5$2 = )\t t precaution ! heat w soon rea* ! v head1 :i* ought to be kept z cool z possible1 9 ord] to promote ! cond5sation ( ! vap\rs4 ,on ?is occasion !re=e x w be prop] to leave no holes op5 9 ! fire-place1 b ! lat]al ones2 ( :i* also ^? ov]-aga9/ ! receiv] mu/ be /opp$4 ,a pot1 or broad-brimm$ e>!n pan1 may be plac$ ov] ?is furnace1 & be+ s fitt$ to x z to close ! upp] "p !re( accurately1 & fill$ ) s&1 may s]ve = a s&-heat to di/il )4 ,! b>s design$ to support di/ill+ vessels be+ tak5 out1 a crucible may /& !re91 & _m op]ations be p]=m$ t d n require ! utmo/ viol5ce ( fire4 ,9 a ^w1 ?is furnace is "o ( ! mo/ commodi\s t c be1 & m ext5sively useful ?an any o!r4 ,! ,melt+ furnace is design$ = apply+ ! greate/ =ce ( heat to ! mo/ fix$ bodies1 su* z metals & e>?s4 ,x is nev] employ$ 9 di/ill+3 x is ( no use b = calc9ation & fusion2 & consequ5tly ne$ n admit any vessels b crucibles4 ,! a%-hole ( ?is furnace diff]s f t ( ! rev]b]at+ furnace only 9 ?is1 t x mu/ be high]1 9 ord] to raise ! fire-place to a level ) ! arti/'s h&2 because 9 t all ! op]ations ( ?is furnace are p]=m$4 ,! a%-hole !re=e mu/ be ab\t ?ree feet high3 & ?is heigh? procures x moreov] ! advantage ( a good draught ( air4 ,= ! same reason1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciples we laid d[n1 x %\ld be s built t its wid? less5+ ins5sibly f ! bottom to ! top1 x may be n>r[] :]e x op5s into ! fire-place ?an any :]e bel[4 ,! a%-hole is t]m9at$ at its upp] end1 l t ( ! rev]b]at+ furnace1 by a grate1 :i* s]ves = ! bottom ( ! fire-place1 & ought to be v sub/antial1 t x may resi/ ! viol5ce ( ! fire4 ,! inside ( ?is furnace is commonly an elliptic curve2 because x is demon/rat$ by ma!maticians t surfaces hav+ t curvature reflect ! rays ( ! sun1 or ( fire1 9 su* a mann]1 t meet+ 9 a po9t1 or a l9e1 !y produce !re a viol5t heat4 ,b1 to answ] ?is purpose1 ^? surfaces mu/ be f9ely poli%$2 an advantage h>dly procurable to ! int]nal surface ( ?is furnace1 :i* c be made ( no?+ b e>?3 besides1 if x 7 possible to give x a poli%1 ! viol5t action ( ! fire t mu/ be employ$ 9 ?is furnace w\ld pres5tly de/roy x4 ,yet ! elliptical figure mu/ n be entirely disreg>d$3 =1 if c>e be tak5 to keep ! int]nal surface ( ! furnace z smoo? z possible1 x w c]ta9ly reflect ! heat pretty /rongly1 & collect x ab\t ! c5t]4 ,! fire-place ( ?is furnace ought to h b f\r ap]tures4 ,fir/1 t ( ! l[] grate1 :i* communicates ) ! a%-hole4 ,secondly1 a door 9 its =e-side1 ?r\gh :i* may be introduc$ coals1 crucibles1 & tongs = manag+ !m3 ?is ap]ture %\ld be made to %ut exactly ) a plate ( iron1 hav+ its inside coat$ ) e>?1 & turn+ on two h+es fix$ to ! furnace4 ,?irdly1 ov] ?is door a hole slant+ d[nw>ds1 t[>ds ! place :]e ! crucible is to /&4 ,! use ( ?is hole is to give ! op]ator an opportunity ( exam9+ ! condition ( ! matt]s conta9$ 9 8 crucible )\t op5+ ! door ( ! fire-place3 ?is hole %\ld be made to op5 & %ut easily1 by means ( a /opple ( e>?4 ,f\r?ly1 a circul> ap]ture ( ab\t ?ree in*es wide 9 ! upp] "p or vault ( ! furnace1 :i* %\ld gradually less5 & t]m9ate1 l t ( ! dome ( ! rev]b]at+ furnace1 9 a %ort conical funnel ( ab\t ?ree in*es long1 & fitt$ to ent] ! conical pipe be=e describ$1 :i* is appli$ :5 ! activity ( ! fire is to be increas$4 ,:5 ?is furnace is to be us$1 & a crucible to be plac$ 9 x1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to set on ! grate a cake ( bak$ e>?1 some:at broad] ?an ! foot ( ! crucible4 ,! use ( ?is /& is to support ! crucible1 & raise x above ! grate1 = :i* purpose x %\ld be two in*es ?ick4 ,7 x n = ?is precaution ! bottom ( ! crucible1 :i* w\ld /& imm$iately on ! grate1 c\ld nev] be ?or\ghly heat$1 because x w\ld be always expos$ to ! /ream ( cold air :i* ent]s by ! a%-hole4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 to heat ?is e>!n bottom r$-hot be=e x be plac$ 9 ! furnace1 9 ord] to free x f any humidity1 :i* might o!rwise happ5 to be driv5 aga9/ ! crucible dur+ ! op]ation1 & occasion its break+4 ,we omitt$ to take notice1 9 speak+ ( ! a%-hole1 t1 besides its door1 x %\ld h ab\t ! middle ( its heigh? a small hole1 capable ( receiv+ ! nosel ( a good p]petual bell[s1 :i* is to be introduc$ into x & work$1 aft] ! door is exactly %ut1 :5 x is ?\ght prop] to excite ! activity ( ! fire to ! utmo/ viol5ce4 ,! ,=ge is only a mass ( bricks ( ab\t ?ree feet high1 along ^: upp] surface is direct$ ! nose or pipe ( a pair ( l>ge p]petual bell[s1 s plac$ t ! op]ator may easily bl[ ! fire ) "o h&4 ,! coals are laid on ! he>? ( ! =ge ne> ! nose ( ! bell[s2 !y are conf9$1 if necess>y1 to prev5t _! be+ c>ri$ away by ! w9d ( ! bell[s1 )9 a space inclos$ by bricks2 & !n by pull+ ! bell[s ! fire is cont9ually kept up 9 its greate/ activity4 ,! =ge is ( use :5 !re is occasion to apply a great degree ( heat sudd5ly to any sub/ance1 or :5 x is necess>y t ! op]ator be at lib]ty to h&le frequ5tly ! matt]s :i* he proposes to fuse or calc9e4 ,! ,cupell+ furnace is t 9 :i* gold & silv] are purifi$1 by ! means ( lead1 f all alloy ( o!r metallic sub/ances4 ,?is furnace mu/ give a heat /rong en\gh to vitrify lead1 & !re) all ! alloy :i* ! p]fect metals may conta94 ,?is furnace is to be built 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,fir/1 ( ?ick iron plates1 or ( "s su* composition ( e>? z we recomm5d$ = ! con/ruction ( furnaces1 mu/ be =m$ a holl[ quadrangul> prism1 ^: sides may be ab\t a foot broad1 & f t5 to elev5 in*es high2 & ext5d+ f !nce upw>ds may conv]ge t[>ds ! top1 s z to =m a pyramid truncat$ at ! heigh? ( sev5 or eight in*es1 & t]m9at$ by an ap]ture ( ! wid? ( sev5 or eight in*es e way4 ,! l[] "p ( ! prism is t]m9at$1 & clos$1 by a plate ( ! same mat]ials ( :i* ! furnace is con/ruct$4 ,secondly1 9 ! =e-side or front ( ?is prism !re is an op5+ ( ?ree or f\r in*es 9 heigh?1 by five or six in*es 9 bread?3 ?is op5+1 :i* %\ld be v ne> ! bottom1 is ! door ( ! a%-hole4 ,imm$iately ov] ?is op5+ is plac$ an iron grate1 ! b>s ( :i* are quadrangul> prisms ( half an in* squ>e1 laid p>allel to ea* o!r1 & ab\t eight or n9e in*es asund]1 & s dispos$ t two ( _! angles are lat]ally opposite1 ! two o!rs look+ "o directly upw>ds & ! o!r d[nw>ds4 ,z 9 ?is situation ! b>s ( ! grate pres5t to ! fire-place v oblique surfaces1 ! a%es & v small coals d n accumulate betwe5 !m1 or h9d] ! free entrance ( ! air f ! a%-hole4 ,?is grate t]m9ates ! a%-hole at its upp] "p1 & s]ves = ! bottom ( ! fire-place4 ,?irdly1 ?ree in*es1 or ?ree & a half1 above ! grate1 !re is 9 ! =e-side ( ! furnace ano!r op5+1 t]m9at$ by an ar* = its upp] "p1 :i* consequ5tly has ! figure ( a semi-circle3 x ought to be f\r in*es wide at bottom1 & ?ree in*es & an half high at its middle4 ,?is op5+ is ! door ( ! fire-place2 yet x is n int5d$ = ! same uses z ! door ( ! fire-place 9 o!r furnaces3 ! purpose = :i* x is actually de/9$ %all be expla9$ :5 we come to %ew h[ ! furnace is to be us$4 ,an in* above ! door ( ! fire-place1 /ill 9 ! =e-side ( ! furnace1 are two holes ( ab\t an in* diamet]1 & at ! di/ance ( ?ree in*es & a half f ea* o!r1 to :i* answ] two o!r holes ( ! same size1 made 9 ! h9d] "p1 directly opposite to ^!4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a fif? hole ( ! same wid? ab\t an in* above ! door ( ! fire-place4 ,! design ( all ^! holes %all be expla9$ :5 we describe ! mann] 9 :i* ^! furnaces are to be us$4 ,f\r?ly1 ! =e-"p ( ! furnace is b\nd by ?ree iron braces1 "o ( :i* is fix$ j bel[ ! door ( ! a%-hole2 ! second occupies ! :ole space betwe5 ! a%-hole door & ! door ( ! fire-place1 & has two holes 9 x1 answ]+ to ^? :i* we direct$ to be made 9 ! furnace itself ab\t ?is place2 & ! ?ird is plac$ imm$iately ov] ! door ( ! fire-place4 ,^! braces mu/ ext5d f "o corn] ( ! front ( ! furnace to ! o!r1 & be fa/5$ !reto ) iron p9s1 9 su* a mann] t _! sides next to ! doors may n lie q close to ! body ( ! furnace1 b =m a k9d ( grooves = ! iron plates to slide 91 t are design$ to %ut ! two doors ( ! furnace :5 x is necess>y4 ,ea* ( ^! iron plates %\ld h a h&le1 by :i* x may be conv5i5tly mov$2 & to ea* door !re %\ld be two plates1 :i* meet+ ea* o!r1 & jo9+ exactly 9 ! middle ( ! door-place1 may %ut x v close4 ,ea* ( ! two plates belong+ to ! door ( ! fire-place ought to h a hole 9 its upp] "p2 "o ( ^! holes %\ld be a slit ( ab\t two l9es wide1 & half an in* long2 ! o!r may be a semi-circul> op5+ ( "o in* 9 heigh? & two 9 bread?4 ,^! holes %\ld be plac$ s t nei!r ( !m may op5 into ! fire-place :5 ! two plates are jo9$ toge!r 9 ! middle ( ! door to %ut x close4 ,fif?ly1 to t]m9ate ! furnace above1 !re mu/ be a pyramid =m$ ( ! same mat]ials ) ! furnace1 holl[1 quadrangul>1 ?ree in*es high on a base ( sev5 in*es1 :i* base mu/ exactly fit ! upp] op5+ ( ! furnace3 ! top ( ?is pyramidal cov] mu/ end 9 a tube ( ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & two 9 heigh?1 :i* mu/ be almo/ cyl9drical1 & yet a little incl9+ to ! conical =m4 ,?is tube s]ves1 z 9 ! furnaces already describ$1 to c>ry ! conical funnel1 :i* is fitt$ to ! upp] "p :5 a fire ( extraord9>y activity is want$4 ,! furnace ?us con/ruct$ is fit to s]ve all ! purposes = :i* x is design$3 yet be=e x c be us$ ano!r piece mu/ be provid$1 :i*1 ?\gh x does n prop]ly belong to ! furnace1 is nev]!less necess>y 9 all ! op]ations p]=m$ by x2 & t is a piece contriv$ to conta9 ! cupels1 or o!r vessels :i* are to be expos$ to ! fire 9 ?is furnace4 ,x is call$ a ,muffle1 & is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,on an oblong squ>e1 ( f\r in*es 9 bread?1 & six or sev5 9 l5g?1 a concave semi-cyl9d] is erect$1 9 ! =m ( a vault1 :i* makes a semi-circul> canal1 op5 at bo? ends4 ,"o ( ^! is almo/ entirely clos$1 except t ne> ! bottom two small semi-circul> holes are left4 ,9 ea* ( its sides likewise two su* holes are made1 & ! o!r end is left q op54 ,! ,muffle is int5d$ to be> & communicate ! fi]ce/ heat2 & !re=e x mu/ be made ?91 & ( an e>? t w resi/ ! viol5ce ( fire1 su* z t ( :i* crucibles are made4 ,! ,muffle be+ ?us con/ruct$1 & !n well bak$1 is fit = use4 ,:5 x is to be us$ x mu/ be put into ! furnace by ! upp] op5+1 & set ^u two iron b>s1 introduc$ ?r\gh ! holes made = t purpose bel[ ! door ( ! fire-place4 ,! ,muffle mu/ be plac$ on ^! b>s 9 ! fire-place 9 su* a mann] t its op5 end %all /& next to1 & directly aga9/ ! door ( ! fire-place1 & may be jo9$ to x ) lute4 ,!n ! cupels are rang$ 9 x1 & ! furnace is fill$ up1 to ! heigh? ( two or ?ree in*es above ! ,muffle1 ) small coals n bigg] ?an a walnut1 to ! end t !y may lie close r\nd ! ,muffle1 & procure x an equal heat on e side4 ,! *ief use ( ! ,muffle is to prev5t ! coals & a%es f fall+ into ! cupels1 :i* w\ld be v prejudicial to ! op]ations c>ry+ on 9 !m3 = ! lead w\ld n vitrify z x ought1 because ! imm$iate contact ( ! coals w\ld cont9ually re/ore its phlogi/on2 or else ! glass ( lead1 :i* ought to p5etrate & pass ?r\gh ! cupels1 w\ld be r5d]$ incapable ( s do+2 because ! a%es mix+ !re) w\ld give x su* a consi/5ce & t5acity z w\ld de/roy t prop]ty1 or at lea/ consid]ably less5 x4 ,! op5+s1 !re=e1 :i* are left 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,muffle1 %\ld n be s high z to admit coals or a%es to get into ! cupels2 ! use ( !m is to procure an easi] passage = ! heat & ! air to ^? vessels4 ,! ,muffle is left q op5 9 its =e-"p1 t ! op]ator may be at lib]ty to exam9e :at passes 9 ! cupels1 to /ir _! cont5ts1 to remove !m f "o place to ano!r1 to convey new matt]s into !m1 c4 & also to promote ! free access ( ! air1 :i* mu/ concur ) ! fire t[>ds ! evaporation necess>y to ! vitrification ( lead2 :i* air1 if fre% 7 n (t5 en\gh admitt$1 w\ld be incapable ( produc+ t effect2 because x w\ld soon be load$ ) su* a quantity ( vap\rs t x c\ld n take up any m4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! fire 9 ?is furnace is f\nd$ on ! g5]al pr9ciples above laid d[n = all furnaces4 ,yet z !re are "s little diff]5ces1 & z x is v ess5tial to ! success ( ! op]ations = :i* ?is furnace is int5d$1 t ! arti/ %\ld be absolutely ma/] ( 8 degree ( heat1 we %all 9 few words %ew h[ t may be rais$ or l[]$4 ,:5 ! furnace is fill$ ) coals & k9dl$1 if ! door ( ! a%-hole be set wide op51 & t ( ! fire-place %ut v close1 ! =ce ( ! fire is increas$2 & if1 moreov]1 ! pyramidal cov] be put on ! top1 & ! conical funnel add$ to x1 ! fire w become /ill m fi]ce4 ,see+ ! matt]s conta9$ 9 ?is furnace are encompass$ ) fire on all sides1 except 9 ! =e-"p opposite to ! door ( ! fire-place1 & z !re are occasions :i* require t ! =ce ( ! fire %\ld be appli$ to ?is "p also1 an iron box1 ( ! %ape & size ( ! door1 ha? be5 contriv$ to answ] t purpose4 ,?is box is fill$ ) light$ coals1 & appli$ imm$iately to ! door-place1 by :i* means ! heat !re is consid]ably augm5t$4 ,?is help may be made use ( at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation1 9 ord] to accel]ate x1 & br+ ! heat soon] to ! desir$ degree2 or 9 case a v fi]ce heat be requir$2 or at a "t :5 ! air be+ hot & moi/ w n make ! fire burn ) ! necess>y vig\r4 ,! heat may be less5$ by remov+ ! iron box1 & %utt+ ! door ( ! fire-place q close4 ,x may be /ill fur!r & gradually dim9i%$1 by tak+ (f ! conical funnel f ! top2 by %utt+ ! door ( ! fire-place ) "o ( its plates only1 t :i* has ! lea/1 or t :i* has ! greate/ ap]ture 9 x2 by tak+ (f ! pyramidal cov]2 by %utt+ ! a%-hole door :olly or 9 "p2 &1 la/ly1 by sett+ ! door ( ! fire-place wide op53 b1 9 ?is la/ case1 ! cold air p5etrates into ! cavity ( ! ,muffle1 & refrig]ates ! cupels m ?an is almo/ ev] necess>y4 ,if x be obs]v$1 dur+ ! op]ation1 t ! ,muffle gr[s cold 9 any p>ticul> "p1 x is a sign !re is a vacuity left by ! coals 9 t place3 9 ?is case an iron wire mu/ be ?ru/ into ! furnace1 ?r\gh ! hole :i* is ov] ! door ( ! fire-place1 & ! coals /irr$ !re)1 s z to make !m fall into _! places & fill up ! vacant int]/ices4 ,x is prop] to obs]ve1 t1 besides :at has be5 said conc]n+ ! ways ( increas+ ! activity ( ! fire 9 ! cupell+ furnace1 sev]al o!r causes also may concur to procure to ! matt]s conta9$ 9 ! ,muffle a great] degree ( heat3 = example1 ! small] ! ,muffle is1 ! wid] & m num]\s ! holes 9 x are2 ! ne>] to its bottom1 or fur!r end1 ! cupels are plac$1 ! m w ! matt]s !re9 conta9$ be affect$ ) heat4 ,besides ! op]ations to be p]=m$ by ! cupel1 ?is furnace is v useful1 & ev5 necess>y1 = _m *ymical exp]im5ts2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ^? relat+ to sundry vitrifications & enamell+4 ,z x is pretty l[1 ! be/ way is to place x1 :5 x is to be us$1 on a base ( brick-"w t may raise x to a level ) ! op]ator's h&4 ,a ,lamp-furnace is exce$+ useful = all op]ations t require only a mod]ate1 b long-cont9u$1 degree ( heat4 ,! furnace = work+ ) a lamp-heat is v simple3 x consi/s only ( a holl[ cyl9d]1 f fifte5 to eighte5 in*es high1 & five or six 9 diamet]1 hav+ at its bottom an ap]ture l>ge en\gh = a lamp to be introduc$ & )drawn ) ease4 ,! lamp mu/ h ?ree or f\r wicks1 to ! end t by light+ m or few] ( !m a great] or less degree ( heat may be produc$4 ,! body ( ! furnace mu/ moreov] h sev]al small holes 9 x1 9 ord] to supply ! flame ( ! lamp ) air en\gh to keep x alive4 ,on ! top ( ?is furnace /&s a bason five or six in*es deep1 :i* ought to fill ! cavity ( ! cyl9d] exactly1 & to be support$ at its circumf]5ce by a rim :i* may entirely cov] & close ! furnace3 ! use ( ?is bason is to conta9 ! s& ?r\gh :i* ! lamp-heat is usually convey$4 ,besides ?is1 !re mu/ be a k9d ( cov] or dome made ( ! same mat]ial ) ! furnace1 & ( ! same diamet] ) ! s&-ba?1 )\t any o!r op5+ ?an a hole1 ne>ly circul>1 cut 9 its l[] extremity4 ,?is dome is a sort ( rev]b]atory1 :i* s]ves to conf9e ! heat & direct x t[>ds ! body ( ! retort2 = x is us$ only :5 some?+ is to be di/ill$ 9 a vessel ( ?is fa%ion2 & !n ! hole at its bottom s]ves = a passage to ! neck ( ! retort4 ,?is dome %\ld h an e> or h&le1 = ! conv5i5cy ( putt+ x on & tak+ x (f ) ease4 ,( ,lutes4 ,*ymical vessels1 especially su* z are made ( glass1 & ! e>!n vessels commonly call$ /one-w>e1 are v subject to break :5 expos$ to sudd5 heat or cold3 :5ce x comes1 t !y (t5 crack :5 !y beg9 to heat1 & also :5 be+ v hot !y happ5 to be cool$1 ei!r by fre% coals ?r[n into ! furnace1 or by ! access ( cold air4 ,!re is no way to prev5t ! =m] ( ^! accid5ts1 b by tak+ ! pa9s to w>m y\r vessel v sl[ly1 & by almo/ ins5sible degrees4 ,! second may be avoid$ by coat+ ! body ( ! vessel ) a pa/e or lute1 :i* be+ dri$ w def5d x aga9/ ! attacks ( cold4 ,! fitte/ /uff = coat+ vessels is a composition ( fat e>?1 ,w9dsor-loam1 f9e s&1 fil+s ( iron1 or p[d]$ glass1 & *opp$ c['s hair1 mix$ & made into a pa/e ) wat]4 ,?is lute s]ves also to def5d glass vessels aga9/ ! viol5ce ( ! fire1 & to prev5t _! melt+ easily4 ,9 almo/ all di/illations x is ( great consequ5ce1 z ha? be5 said1 t ! neck ( ! di/ill+ vessel be exactly jo9$ ) t ( ! receiv] into :i* x is introduc$1 9 ord] to prev5t ! vap\rs f escap+ into ! air & s be+ lo/3 & ?is junction is effect$ by means ( a lute4 ,a few slips ( pap] appli$ r\nd ! neck ( ! vessels ) common size w be suffici5t to keep 9 su* vap\rs z are aque\s or n v spiritu\s4 ,if ! vap\rs are m acrid1 or m spiritu\s1 rec\rse may be _h to slips ( bladd] long /eep$ 9 wat]1 :i* conta9+ a sort ( natural glue1 close ! junctures ( ! vessels v well4 ,if x be requir$ to conf9e vap\rs ( a /ill m p5etrat+ nature1 x w be prop] to employ a lute t quickly gr[s v h>d2 p>ticul>ly a pa/e made ) quick-lime & any sort ( jelly1 :e!r vegetable or animal2 su* z ! :ite ( an egg1 /iff size1 c4 ,?is is an excell5t lute1 & n easily p5etrat$4 ,x is also us$ to /op any cracks or fractures t happ5 to glass vessels4 ,b x is n capable ( resi/+ ! vap\rs ( m9]al acid spirits1 especially :5 !y are /rong & smok+3 = t purpose x is necess>y to incorporate ! o!r +r$i5ts ?or\ghly ) fat e>? s(t5$ ) wat]2 & ev5 !n x frequ5tly happ5s t ?is lute is p5etrat$ by acid vap\rs1 especially ^? ( ! _s ( salt1 :i* ( all o!rs are conf9$ ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,9 su* cases its place may be suppli$ ) ano!r1 :i* is call$ ,fat ,lute1 because x is actually work$ up ) fat liquors4 ,?is lute is compos$ ( a v f9e cretace\s e>?1 call$ tobacco-pipe clay1 moi/5$ ) equal p>ts ( ! dry+ oil ( l9t-se$1 & a v>ni% made ( amb] & gum copal4 ,x mu/ h ! consi/5ce ( a /iff pa/e4 ,:5 ! jo9ts ( ! vessels are clos$ up ) ?is lute1 !y may1 = great] security1 be cov]$ ov] ) slips ( l95 sme>$ ) ! lute made ( quick-lime & ! :ite ( an egg4 ,*ymical vessels are liable to be brok5 9 an op]ation by o!r causes besides ! sudd5 application ( heat or cold4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 t ! vap\rs ( ! matt]s expos$ to ! action ( fire ru% out ) su* impetuosity1 & are s ela/ic1 t1 f9d+ no passage ?r\gh ! lute ) :i* ! jo9ts ( ! vessels are clos$1 !y bur/ ! vessels !mselves1 sometimes ) explosion & dang] to ! op]ator4 ,to prev5t ?is inconv5i5ce1 x is necess>y t 9 e receiv] !re be a small hole1 :i* be+ /opp$ only ) a little lute may easily be op5$ & %ut aga9 z occasion requires4 ,x s]ves = a v5t-hole to let out ! vap\rs1 :5 ! receiv] beg9s to be too mu* cr[d$ ) !m4 ,no?+ b practice c tea* ! arti/ :5 x is requisite to op5 ?is v5t4 ,if he hits ! prop] "t1 ! vap\rs commonly ru% out ) rapidity1 & a consid]able hiss+ noise2 & ! v5t %\ld be /opp$ aga9 z soon z ! hiss+ beg9s to gr[ fa9t4 ,! lute employ$ to /op ?is small hole ought always to be kept s ductile1 t1 by tak+ ! figure ( ! hole exactly1 x may entirely /op x4 ,besides1 if x %\ld h>d5 ^u ! glass1 x w\ld /ick s fa/ t x w\ld be v difficult to remove x )\t break+ ! vessel4 ,?is dang] is easily avoid$ by mak+ use ( ! fat lute1 :i* cont9ues pliant = a long "t1 :5 x is n expos$ to an excessive heat4 ,?is way ( /opp+ ! v5t-hole ( ! receiv] has yet ano!r advantage3 = if ! hole be ( a prop] wid?1 z a l9e & half1 or two l9es1 9 diamet]1 !n1 :5 ! vap\rs are accumulat$ 9 too great a quantity1 & beg9 to make a great ef=t aga9/ ! sides ( ! receiv]1 !y pu% up ! /opple1 =ce x out1 & make _! way ?r\gh ! v5t-hole3 s t1 by ?is means1 ! break+ ( ! vessels may always be c]ta9ly prev5t$4 ,b great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! vap\rs be n suff]$ to escape 9 ?is mann]1 except :5 absolute necessity requires x2 = x is g5]ally ! v /ronge/ & mo/ subtile "p ( a liquor :i* is ?us dissipat$ & lo/4 ,heat be+ ! *ief cause t puts ! ela/icity ( ! vap\rs 9 action1 & prev5ts _! cond5s+ into a liquor1 x is ( great consequ5ce 9 di/illation t ! receiv] be kept z cool z possible4 ,) ?is view a ?ick plank %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ! receiv] & ! body ( ! furnace1 to int]cept ! heat ( ! latt]1 & prev5t its rea*+ ! =m]4 ,z ! vap\rs !mselves rise v hot f ! di/ill+ vessel1 !y soon communicate _! heat to ! receiv]1 & especially to its upp] "p1 aga9/ :i* !y /rike fir/4 ,= ?is reason x is prop] t l95 clo?s1 dipt 9 v cold wat]1 be laid ov] ! receiv]1 & frequ5tly %ift$4 ,by ?is means ! vap\rs w be consid]ably cool$1 _! ela/icity weak5$1 & _! cond5sation promot$4 ,by :at ha? be5 said 9 ?is fir/ "p1 conc]n+ ! prop]ties ( ! pr9cipal ag5ts 9 ,*ymi/ry1 ! con/ruction ( ! mo/ necess>y vessels & furnaces1 & ! mann] ( us+ !m1 we are suffici5tly prep>$ = proce$+ directly to ! op]ations1 )\t be+ oblig$ to make frequ5t & long /ops1 9 ord] to give ! necess>y explanations on ^? heads4 ,nev]!less1 we %all take e prop] occasion to ext5d ! !ory "h laid d[n1 & to improve x by ! addition ( sev]al p>ticul>s1 :i* w f9d _! places 9 our ,treatise ( ,*ymical ,op]ations4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,*ymi/ry2 ,,:]e9 ,! ,fundam5tal ,op]ations are describ$1 & illu/rat$ by ,obs]vations on ea* ,process4 ,illu/ration3 ,decorative ,scroll ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,*ymi/ry4 ,,introduction4 ,,z ! ,elem5ts ( ! ,!ory ( ,*ymi/ry1 deliv]$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is "w1 7 int5d$ = ! use ( p]sons suppos$ to be altoge!r unacqua9t$ ) ! art1 !y c\ld n prop]ly admit ( any ?+ m ?an fundam5tal pr9ciples1 s dispos$ z con/antly to lead f ! simple to ! comp\nd1 f ?+s kn[n to ?+s unkn[n3 = :i* reason ,i c\ld n !re9 obs]ve ! usual ord] ( ,*ymical ,decomposition1 :i* is n susceptible ( su* a me?od4 ,i !re=e suppos$ all ! analyses made1 & bodies r$uc$ to _! simple/ pr9ciples2 to ! end t1 by obs]v+ ! *ief prop]ties ( ^? prim>y elem5ts1 we might be enabl$ to trace !m ?r\gh _! sev]al comb9ations1 & to =m "s sort ( judgm5t a priori ( ! qualities ( su* comp\nds z may result f _! junctions4 ,b ?is latt] "p is ( a diff]5t nature4 ,x is a practical ,treatise1 int5d$ to conta9 ! mann] ( p]=m+ ! pr9cipal ,op]ations ( ,*ymi/ry2 ! op]ations :i* s]ve z /&>ds = regulat+ all ! re/1 & :i* confirm ! fundam5tal tru?s laid d[n 9 ! ,!ory4 ,z ^! op]ations consi/ almo/ :olly ( analyses & decompositions1 !re c be no d\bt conc]n+ ! ord] prop] to be obs]v$ 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( !m3 x evid5tly co9cides ) t ( ! analysis itself4 ,b z all bodies1 :i* are ! subjects ( ,*ymical op]ations1 are divid$ by nature into ?ree classes or k+doms1 ! m9]al1 ! vegetable1 & ! animal1 ! analysis !re( may naturally be divid$ into ?ree bran*es3 "s diff]5ce may also arise f ! diff]5t ord] 9 :i* ^! ?ree may be treat$ (4 ,z ! reasons assign$ = beg9n+ ) "o k+dom r ?an ) ano!r h nev] be5 ?or\ghly canvass$1 & may p]haps seem equally good :5 view$ 9 a p>ticul> light1 ,*ymical writ]s diff] 9 _! op9ions on ?is po9t4 ,= my "p1 )\t ent]+ into a discussion ( ! motives :i* h det]m9$ o!rs to foll[ a diff]5t ord]1 ,i %all only produce ! reasons t l$ me to beg9 ) ! m9]al k+dom1 to exam9e ! vegetable 9 ! second place1 & to conclude ) ! animal4 ,fir/1 !n1 see+ vegetables draw _! n\ri%m5t f m9]als1 & animals d]ive !irs f vegetables1 ! bodies :i* con/itute ^! ?ree k+doms seem to be g5]at$ ! "o by ! o!r1 9 a mann] t det]m9es _! natural rank4 ,secondly1 ?is disposition procures u ! advantage ( trac+ ! pr9ciples1 f _! s\rce 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 d[n to ! la/ comb9ations into :i* !y are capable ( ent]+1 t is1 into animal matt]s2 & ( obs]v+ ! successive alt]ations !y und]go 9 pass+ out ( "o k+dom into ano!r4 ,?irdly & la/ly1 ,i look ^u ! analysis ( m9]als to be ! easie/ ( all2 n only because !y consi/ ( few] pr9ciples ?an vegetables & animals1 b also because almo/ all ( !m are capable ( endur+ ! mo/ viol5t action ( fire1 :5 t is necess>y to _! decomposition1 )\t any consid]able *ange or dim9ution ( _! pr9ciples1 to :i* ^? ( o!r sub/ances are frequ5tly liable4 ,besides1 ,i am n s+ul> 9 ?is di/ribution ( ! ?ree classes ( bodies1 :i* are ! subjects ( ! *ymical analysis3 z x is ! mo/ natural1 x has be5 adopt$ by sev]al au?ors1 or r by mo/ :o h publi%$ ,treatises ( ,*ymi/ry4 ,b !re is some?+ peculi>ly my own 9 ! mann] :]e9 ,i h treat$ ! analysis ( ea* k+dom4 ,9 ! m9]al k+dom1 = in/ance1 w be f\nd a consid]able numb] ( op]ations n to be met ) 9 o!r ,treatises ( ,*ymi/ry2 ! au?ors hav+ probably consid]$ !m z useless1 or 9 "s measure =eign1 to ! purpose ( ,elem5t>y ,books1 & z con/itut+ toge!r a di/9ct art4 ,i mean ! processes = extract+ sal9e & metallic sub/ances f ! m9]als conta9+ !m4 ,yet1 if x be consid]$ t salts1 metals1 & semi-metals are f> f be+ produc$ by nature 9 a /ate ( p]fection1 or 9 t degree ( purity :i* !y are commonly suppos$ to h :5 !y are fir/ treat$ ( 9 ,books ( ,*ymi/ry2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 ^! sub/ances are orig9ally bl5d$ ) ea* o!r1 & adult]at$ ) mixtures ( het]og5e\s matt]s1 :]e) !y =m comp\nd m9]als2 ,i imag9e x w be all[$1 t ! op]ations by :i* ^! m9]als are decompos$1 9 ord] to extract ! metals1 semi-metals1 & o!r simpl] sub/ances1 especially z !y are f\nd$ on ! mo/ curi\s prop]ties ( ^! sub/ances1 are s f> f be+ useless or =eign to ! purposes ( an ,elem5t>y ,treatise1 t !y are1 on ! contr>y1 absolutely necess>y !reto4 ,aft] ,i _h made ^! reflections1 ,i c\ld n help ?9k+ t an analysis ( m9]als1 :i* %\ld treat ( sal9e & metallic sub/ances1 )\t tak+ any notice ( ! mann] 9 :i* _! matrices mu/ be analys$1 9 ord] to extract !m1 w\ld be no less defective ?an a treatise ( ! analysis ( vegetables1 9 :i* ,oils1 ess5tial ,salts1 fix$ & volatile ,alkalis1 %\ld be amply treat$ (1 )\t say+ "o ^w ( ! mann] ( analys+ ! plants f :i* ^! sev]al sub/ances are obta9$4 ,i !re=e ?\ght myself indisp5sably oblig$ to describe ! mann] ( decompos+ e ore or m9]al1 be=e ,i attempt$ to treat ( ! sal9e or metallic sub/ance :i* x yields4 ,= example3 z ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 ) ! consid]ation ( :i* ,i beg9 my ,m9]al ,analysis1 is orig9ally conta9$ 9 ,vitriol1 ,sulphur1 & ,alum2 & z ^! sub/ances aga9 d]ive _! orig9 f ! sulphure\s & f]rug9\s ,pyrites1 ! fir/ op]ations ,i describe "u ?is head are ! processes = decompos+ ! ,pyrites 9 ord] to extract its ,vitriol1 ,sulphur1 & ,alum4 ,i !n proce$ to ! p>ticul> analysis ( ea* ( ^! sub/ances1 ) a view to extract _! ,vitriolic ,acid2 & aft]w>ds deliv]1 9 _! ord]1 ! o!r op]ations usually p]=m$ on ?is ,acid4 ,?us x appe>s1 t ?is sal9e sub/ance occasions my describ+ ! analyses ( ! ,pyrites1 ,vitriol1 ,sulphur1 & ,alum4 ,! :ole ( ! ,treatise on ,m9]als proce$s on ! same plan4 ,! op]ations by :i* we decompose ores & m9]als are ( two sorts3 ^? employ$ 9 work+ by ! great1 & ^? = try+ 9 small ! yield ( any ore4 ,^! two mann]s ( op]at+ are sometimes a little diff]5t2 yet 9 ! ma9 !y are ! same1 because !y are f\nd$ on ! same pr9ciples1 & produce ! same effects4 ,z my *ief design 0 to describe ! op]ations t may be conv5i5tly p]=m$ 9 a laboratory1 ,i h pref]r$ ! processes = small assays3 especially z !y are usually p]=m$ ) m c>e & accuracy ?an ! op]ations 9 great works3 & "h ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge1 t ,i am oblig$ to ,m4 ,cram]'s ,docimasia1 or ,art ( ,assay+1 = all ! op]ations ( ?is k9d 9 my analysis ( m9]als4 ,z ,m4 ,hellot's "w on t subject did n appe> till aft] ,i _h f9i%$ ?is1 ,m4 ,cram]'s ,docimasia1 9 :i* s\nd ,!ory is jo9$ ) accurate practice1 0 ! be/ book ( ! k9d ,i c\ld at t "t consult4 ,i !re=e pref]r$ x to all o!rs2 & z ,i h n quot$ x 9 my analysis ( m9]als1 because ! quotations w\ld h be5 too frequ5t1 let :at ,i say "h s]ve = a g5]al quotation4 ,i h be5 c>eful to "n1 z (t5 z occasion requir$1 ! o!r au?ors ^: processes ,i h borr[$3 x is a tribute ju/ly due to ^? :o h communicat$ _! discov]ies to ! public4 ,?\gh ,i h told ! read] t 9 my analysis ( m9]als he w f9d ! processes = extract+ out ( ea* ! sal9e or metallic sub/ances conta9$ 9 x1 yet he mu/ n expect t ?is book w in/ruct him 9 all t is necess>y he %\ld "k to be able to det]m9e1 by an accurate assay1 ! cont5ts ( e m9]al4 ,my int5tion 0 n to compose a ,treatise ( ,assay+2 & ,i h tak5 9 no m ?an 0 absolutely necess>y to make ! analysis ( m9]als p]fectly und]/ood1 & to r5d] x z complete z x ought to be 9 an ,elem5t>y ,treatise4 ,i h !re=e describ$ only ! pr9cipal op]ations relat+ !reto2 ! op]ations :i* are fundam5tal1 & :i*1 z ,i said be=e1 are to s]ve z /&>ds = ! re/1 ab/ract$ f su* additional circum/ances z are ( consequ5ce only to ! ,art ( ,assay+1 prop]ly s call$4 ,su* !re=e z are desir\s ( be+ fully in/ruct$ 9 t ,art1 mu/ h rec\rse to ^? works :i* treat pr(ess$ly ( ! subject2 & p>ticul>ly to t publi%$ by ,m4 ,hellot3 a p]=mance mo/ e/eem$ by su* z are be/ skill$ 9 ,*ymi/ry1 & r5d]$ s complete by ! num]\s & valuable obs]vations & discov]ies ( ! ,au?or1 t no?+ bett] ( ! k9d c be wi%$ =4 ,i ?\ght x prop] to give ^! notices 9 relation to my analysis ( m9]als2 & %all n[ proce$ to %ew ! plan ( my analyses ( vegetables & ( animals4 ,see+ all vegetable matt]s are susceptible ( f]m5tation1 & :5 analys$ aft] f]m5tation1 yield pr9ciples diff]5t f ^? we obta9 f !m be=e !y are f]m5t$1 ,i h divid$ !m into two classes2 ! =m] includ+ vegetables 9 _! natural /ate1 be=e !y h und]gone f]m5tation2 & ! latt] ^? only :i* h be5 f]m5t$4 ,?is analysis op5s ) ! processes by :i* we extract f vegetables all ! pr9ciples !y w yield )\t ! help ( fire3 & !n foll[ ! op]ations = decompos+ plants by degrees ( heat1 f ! g5tle/ to ! mo/ viol5t1 bo? 9 close vessels1 & 9 ! op5 air4 ,i h n made ! same division 9 ! animal k+dom1 because ! sub/ances t compose x are susceptible only ( ! la/ degree ( f]m5tation1 or putrefaction2 & moreov] ! pr9ciples !y yield1 :e!r putrefi$ or unputrefi$1 are ! v same1 & diff] only ) reg>d to _! proportions1 & ! ord] 9 :i* !y are extricat$ dur+ ! analysis4 ,i beg9 ?is analysis ) an exam9ation ( ! milk ( animals t fe$ :olly on vegetables2 because1 ?\gh ?is sub/ance be elaborat$ 9 ! body ( ! animal1 & by t means br\ght ne>] to ! nature ( animal matt]s1 yet x /ill reta9s a great similitude to ! vegetables f :i* x d]ives its orig91 & is a sort ( int]m$iate sub/ance betwe5 ! vegetable & animal4 ,!n ,i proce$ to ! analysis ( animal matt]s prop]ly s call$1 ^? :i* actually make a "p ( ! animal body4 ,i next exam9e ! excrem5titi\s sub/ances1 t are ?r[n out ( ! animal body z sup]flu\s & useless4 ,& !n ,i conclude ?is latt] "p ) op]ations on ! ,volatile ,alkali2 a sal9e sub/ance ( pr9cipal consid]ation 9 ! decomposition ( animal matt]s4 ,?\gh1 9 ! g5]al view "h giv5 ( ! ord] obs]v$ 9 ?is ,treatise ( ,practical ,*ymi/ry1 ,i h m5tion$ only su* processes z s]ve = analys+ bodies1 yet ,i h also ins]t$ "s o!r op]ations ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,! book w\ld be v defective if x conta9$ no m3 = ! design ( ,*ymi/ry is n only to analyse ! mixts produc$ by nature1 9 ord] to obta9 ! simple/ sub/ances ( :i* !y are compos$1 b moreov] to discov] by sundry exp]im5ts ! prop]ties ( ^? elem5t>y pr9ciples1 & to recomb9e !m 9 v>i\s mann]s1 ei!r ) ea* o!r1 or ) diff]5t bodies1 s z to reproduce ! orig9al mixts ) all _! prop]ties1 or ev5 =m new comp\nds :i* nev] exi/$ 9 nature4 ,9 ?is book !re=e ! read] w f9d processes = comb9+ & recomp\nd+1 z well z = resolv+ & decompos+ bodies4 ,i h plac$ !m next to ! processes = decomposition1 tak+ all possible c>e n to int]rupt _! ord]1 or break ! connection betwe5 !m4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,( ,,m9]als4 ,,section ,i4 ,op]ations p]=m$ on ,sal9e ,m9]al ,sub/ances4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! ,,vitriolic ,,acid4 ,,process ,i4 ,to extract ,vitriol f ! ,pyrites4 ,take any quantity y please ( ,iron ,pyrites2 leave !m = "s "t expos$ to ! air3 !y w crack1 split1 lose _! brightness1 & fall into p[d]4 ,put ?is p[d] into a glass cucurbit1 & p\r ^u x twice its weight ( hot wat]2 /ir ! :ole ) a /ick1 & ! liquor w gr[ turbid4 ,p\r x1 :ile x is yet w>m1 into a glass funnel l9$ ) br[n filt]+ pap]2 & hav+ plac$ y\r funnel ov] ano!r glass cucurbit1 let ! liquor dra9 into x4 ,p\r m hot wat] on ! p[d]$ ,pyrites1 filt] z be=e1 & s g on1 e "t less5+ ! quantity ( wat]1 till t :i* comes (f ! ,pyrites appe>s to h no a/r+5t vitriolic ta/e4 ,put all ^! wat]s toge!r into a glass vessel t wid5s upw>ds2 set x on a s&-ba?1 & heat ! liquor till a consid]able smoke arises2 b take c>e n to make x boil4 ,cont9ue ! same degree ( fire till ! surface ( ! liquor beg9s to look dim1 z if "s du/ _h fall5 into x2 !n cease evaporat+1 & remove ! vessel into a cool place3 9 ! space ( f\r & tw5ty h\rs w be =m$ !re9 a quantity ( cry/als1 ( a gre5 col\r & a rhomboidal figure3 ^! are ,vitriol ( ,m>s1 or ,copp]as4 ,decant ! rema9+ liquor2 add !reto twice its weight ( wat]2 filt]1 evaporate1 & cry/allize z be=e2 repeat ^! op]ations till ! liquor w yield no m cry/als1 & keep by !mselves ! cry/als obta9$ at ea* cry/allization4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,pyrites are m9]als :i*1 by _! weight & %9+ col\rs1 frequ5tly impose on su* z are n well acqua9t$ ) ores4 ,at fir/ sight !y may be tak5 = v ri* ones2 & yet !y consi/ only ( a small quantity ( metal comb9$ ) mu* sulphur or ars5ic1 & sometimes ) bo?4 ,!y /rike fire ) a /eel z fl9ts d1 & emit a sulphure\s smell3 s t !y may be kn[n by ?is extemporane\s pro(4 ,! metal mo/ commonly & mo/ abundantly f\nd 9 ! ,pyrites is iron2 ! quantity :]e( sometimes equals1 or ev5 exce$s1 t ( ! sulphur4 ,besides metallic & sulphure\s matt]s1 ! ,pyrites conta9 also "s unmetallic e>?4 ,!re are sev]al sorts ( ,pyrites3 "s ( !m conta9 only iron & ars5ic4 ,!y h n all ! prop]ty ( effloresc+ spontane\sly 9 ! air1 & turn+ into vitriol3 none d s b su* z consi/ only ( iron & sulphur1 or at lea/ conta9 b a v small portion ( copp]1 or ( ars5ic3 & ev5 among/ ^? t are compos$ ( iron & sulphur alone1 !re are "s t w cont9ue = ye>s toge!r expos$ to ! air )\t %oot+1 & inde$ )\t suff]+ ! lea/ s5sible alt]ation4 ,! effloresc5ce ( ! ,iron ,pyrites1 & ! *anges !y und]go1 are ph5om5a well wor? our notice4 ,!y dep5d on ! s+ul> prop]ty :i* iron possesses ( decompos+ sulphur by ! help ( moi/ure4 ,if v f9e iron-fil+s be accurately m+l$ ) fl[]s ( sulphur1 ?is mixture1 be+ moi/5$ ) wat]1 gr[s v hot1 swells up1 emits sulphure\s vap\rs1 & ev5 takes fire2 :at rema9s is f\nd conv]t$ into ,vitriol ( ,m>s4 ,on ?is occasion1 !re=e1 ! sulphur is decompos$2 its inflammable "p is dissipat$ or consum$2 its acid comb9es ) ! iron1 & a ,vitriol arises f t conjunction4 ,?is is ! v case ) ! ,pyrites t consi/ only ( iron & sulphur2 yet "s ( !m1 z we said be=e1 d n effloresce spontane\sly & turn to ,vitriol4 ,! reason probably is1 t1 9 su* m9]als1 ! p>ticles ( iron & sulphur are n intimately mix$ toge!r1 b sep>at$ by "s e>?y p>ticles4 ,9 ord] to procure ,vitriol f ,pyrites ( ?is k9d1 !y mu/ be = "s "t expos$ to ! action ( fire1 :i*1 by consum+ "p ( _! sulphur1 & r5d]+ _! texture less compact1 makes way = ! air & moi/ure1 to :i* !y mu/ be aft]w>ds expos$1 to p5etrate _! sub/ance1 & produce 9 !m ! *anges ) :i* ^? o!rs are affect$ t g]m9ate spontane\sly4 ,! ,pyrites :i* conta9 copp] & ars5ic1 & = t reason d n effloresce1 mu/ likewise und]go ! action ( fire2 :i*1 besides ! effects x produces on ,pyrites t consi/ ( iron & sulphur only1 dissipates also ! greate/ "p ( ! ars5ic4 ,^! ,pyrites be+ fir/ roa/$1 & !n expos$ to ! air = a ye> or two1 d also yield ,vitriol2 b !n x is n a pure ,vitriol ( ,iron1 b is comb9$ ) a portion ( blue ,vitriol1 ! basis ( :i* is ,copp]4 ,sometimes also !re is ,alum 9 ! vitriolic wat]s drawn (f ! ,pyrites4 ,x 0 on acc\nt ( ?is mixture ( diff]5t salts t we recomm5d$ ! keep+ ap>t ! cry/als obta9$ f ea* diff]5t cry/allization3 = by ?is means !y may be exam9$ sep>ately1 & ! species to :i* !y belong discov]$4 ,:5 ,vitriol ( ,iron is adult]at$ ) a mixture ( ! ,vitriol ( ,copp] only1 x is easy to purify x & br+ x to be entirely m>tial1 by dissolv+ x 9 wat]1 & sett+ plates ( iron 9 ! solution3 = iron hav+ a great] aff9ity ?an copp] ) ! vitriolic acid1 sep>ates ! latt] f x1 & assum+ its place produces a pure ,vitriol ( ,m>s4 ,9 l>ge works = extract+ ,vitriol f ! ,pyrites !y proce$ ?us4 ,!y collect a great quantity ( ,pyrites on a piece ( gr\nd expos$ to ! air1 & pile !m up 9 heaps ( ab\t ?ree feet high4 ,!re !y leave !m expos$ to ! action ( ! air1 sun1 & ra91 = ?ree ye>s toge!r2 tak+ c>e to turn !m e six mon?s1 9 ord] to facilitate ! effloresc5ce ( ^? :i* at fir/ lay und]mo/4 ,! ra9-wat] :i* has wa%$ ^? ,pyrites is convey$ by prop] *annels into a ci/]n2 & :5 a suffici5t quantity !re( is ga!r$1 !y evaporate x to a pellicle 9 l>ge lead5 boil]s1 hav+ fir/ put into x a quantity ( iron1 "s "p ( :i* is dissolv$ by ! liquor1 because x conta9s a vitriolic acid t is n fully saturat$ !re)4 ,:5 x is suffici5tly evaporat$1 !y draw x (f into l>ge lead5 or wood5 cool]s1 & !re leave x to %oot into cry/als4 ,9 ^! la/ vessels sev]al /icks are plac$1 cross+ ea* o!r 9 all mann] ( directions1 9 ord] to multiply ! surfaces on :i* ! cry/als may fa/54 ,! ,pyrites are n ! only m9]als f :i* ,vitriol may be procur$4 ,all ! ores ( iron & copp] t conta9 sulphur may also be made to yield gre5 or blue ,vitriol1 accord+ to ! nature ( ea*1 by torrefy+ !m1 & leav+ !m long expos$ to ! air3 b ?is use is seldom made ( !m1 z !re is m pr(it to be got by extract+ ! metals !y conta94 ,besides1 x is easi] to obta9 ,vitriol f ! ,pyrites ?an f ^? o!r m9]al sub/ances4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to extract ,sulphur f ! ,pyrites1 & o!r sulphure\s ,m9]als4 ,r$uce to a co>se p[d] any quantity ( yell[ ,pyrites1 or o!r ,m9]al conta9+ ,sulphur4 ,put ?is p[d] into an e>!n or glass retort1 hav+ a long wide neck1 & s l>ge a body t ! matt] may fill b two ?irds ( x4 ,set ! retort 9 a s&-ba? fix$ ov] a rev]b]at+ furnace3 fit to x a receiv] half full ( wat]1 & s plac$ t ! nose ( ! retort may be ab\t an in* "u ! wat]3 give a gradual fire1 tak+ c>e y d n make x s /rong z to melt ! matt]4 ,keep ! retort mod]ately r$ = "o h\r1 or an h\r & half1 & !n let ! vessels cool4 ,almo/ all ! ,sulphur sep>at$ by ?is op]ation f its matrix w be f\nd at ! extremity ( ! neck ( ! retort1 be+ fix$ !re by ! wat]4 ,y may get x out ei!r by melt+ x ) su* a g5tle heat z w n set x on fire1 or by break+ ! neck ( ! retort4 ,,obs]vations4 ,( all m9]als ! ,pyrites conta9 ! mo/ ,sulphur2 ^? especially :i* h ! col\r ( f9e brass1 a regul> =m1 su* z r\nd1 cubical1 hexagonal1 & be+ brok5 pres5t a numb] ( %9+ ne$les1 all radiat+1 z x 71 f a c5t]4 ,a v mod]ate heat is suffici5t to sep>ate ! ,sulphur !y conta94 ,we direct$ t ! retort employ$ %\ld h a long & wide neck1 ) a view to procure a free passage = ! ,sulphur3 ! wat] set 9 ! receiv] deta9s ! ,sulphur1 fixes x1 & prev5ts x f fly+ (f2 s t x is unnecess>y to close ! jo9ts ( ! vessels4 ,b x is prop] to take notice1 t :5ev] y use an app>atus = di/ill+1 :i* requires ! beak ( ! retort to be "u wat]1 x is ( v great consequ5ce t ! fire be con/antly s regulat$1 t ! retort may n cool 9 ! lea/2 =1 9 t case1 z ! r>efi$ air conta9$ !re9 w\ld be cond5s$1 ! wat] 9 ! receiv] w\ld rise into ! retort & break x4 ,if 9 di/ill+ ,sulphur1 accord+ to ! pres5t process1 ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! retort %\ld happ5 to melt1 ! op]ation w\ld be !reby consid]ably protract$1 & x w\ld require a great deal m "t to extract all ! ,sulphur2 because all evaporation is f ! surface only1 & ! matt]1 :ile x rema9s 9 a co>se p[d]1 pres5ts a mu* m ext5sive surface ?an :5 x is melt$4 ,?is rem>k holds ) reg>d to all o!r di/illations4 ,any quantity ( liquor1 set to di/il 9 its fluid /ate1 w take mu* m "t to rise 9 vap\rs1 & pass f ! retort into ! receiv]1 ?an if x be incorporat$ ) "s solid body r$uc$ to m9ute p>ts1 s t ! :ole %all make a moi/ p[d]2 & ?is ?\gh ! v same degree ( fire be appli$ 9 bo? cases4 ,if ! matt] f :i* x is propos$ to extract ,sulphur be su* z w melt ) ! degree ( fire necess>y to ?is op]ation2 t is1 ) a heat :i* w make ! retort b fa9tly r$1 x mu/ be mix$ ) "s sub/ance t is n s fusible4 ,v pure co>se s&1 or clean gravel1 may be us$ ) success3 b absorb5t e>?s are altoge!r improp] = ?is purpose1 because !y w unite ) ! ,sulphur4 ,! sulphure\s m9]als :i* are mo/ apt to fuse are ! cupre\s ,pyrites1 or yell[ copp] ores3 common lead ores are also v fusible4 ,! ,pyrites are by ?is op]ation depriv$ ( almo/ all ! ,sulphur !y conta92 & consequ5tly little is left beh9d1 b ! p>ticles ( iron & copp]1 toge!r ) a portion ( unmetallic e>?1 :i* we %all %ew h[ to sep>ate f ^! metals1 :5 we come to treat ( !m4 ,i say t by ?is op]ation ! ,pyrites are depriv$ ( almo/ all1 & n entirely ( all _! ,sulphur2 because1 ?is sep>ation be+ made 9 close vessels only1 !re always rema9s a c]ta9 quantity ( ,sulphur1 :i* adh]es s ob/9ately to ! metals1 t x w\ld be almo/ impossible to get x all out1 ev5 ?\gh a mu* /rong] fire ?an t direct$ 9 ! process 7 appli$ = ?is purpose1 & ?\gh *oice _h be51 z x ought to be1 made ( su* ,pyrites1 or o!r sulphure\s ,m9]als z "p mo/ easily ) _! sulphur4 ,no?+ b a v /rong fire 9 ! op5 air is capable ( c>ry+ x :olly (f1 or consum+ x entirely4 ,9 sev]al places are f\nd great quantities ( native ,sulphur4 ,! ,volcanoes ab\nd ) x1 & p ga!r x at ! foot ( ^? burn+ m\nta9s4 ,sev]al spr+s ( m9]al wat]s also yield ,sulphur1 & x is sometimes f\nd sublim$ to ! vault$ ro(s ( c]ta9 wells1 & among o!rs 9 "o at ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,! ,g]mans & ,italians h l>ge works = extract+ ,sulphur 9 quantities out ( ,pyrites1 & o!r m9]als :i* ab\nd !re)4 ,! process !y "w by is ! same ) t "h deliv]$2 b ) ?is diff]5ce only1 t ,sulphur be+ b ( small value !y d n use s _m precautions4 ,!y cont5t !mselves ) putt+ ! sulphure\s m9]als into l>ge crucibles1 or r e>!n cucurbits1 :i* !y place 9 ! furnace 9 su* a mann] t1 :5 ! sulphure\s "p melts1 x runs into vessels fill$ ) wat]1 & is !reby fix$4 ,! ,sulphur obta9$1 ei!r by di/illation or by simple fusion1 is n always pure4 ,:5 x is obta9$ by di/illation1 if ! matt]s f :i* y extract x conta9 moreov] "s o!r m9]als ( ne>ly ! same volatility1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ,ars5ic1 or ,m]cury1 ^! m9]als w come ov] ) x4 ,?is is easily p]ceiv$3 = pure sublim$ ,sulphur is always ( a beautiful yell[1 incl9+ to a lemon col\r4 ,if x look r$1 or h a r$di% ca/1 x is a sign t "s ,ars5ic ha? ris5 along ) x4 ,m]cury sublim$ ) ,sulphur likewise gives x a r$ col\r2 b ,sulphur is v seldom adult]at$ ) ?is metallic sub/ance3 = ,ars5ic is frequ5tly f\nd comb9$ ) ! ,pyrites1 & o!r sulphure\s m9]als2 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 we v r>ely meet ) any ,m]cury 9 !m4 ,b if ,m]cury %\ld happ5 to rise ) ! ,sulphur 9 di/illation1 x may be discov]$ by exam9+ ! sublimate2 :i*1 9 t case1 w h ! prop]ties ( ,c9ab>3 on be+ brok5 its inside w appe> to consi/ ( ne$les adh]+ lat]ally to ea* o!r2 its weight w be v consid]able2 &1 la/ly1 ! great heat ( ! place :]e x is collect$ w furni% ano!r m>k to "k x by2 =1 z ,c9ab> is less volatile ?an ,ars5ic or ,sulphur1 x fa/5s on places too hot = ei!r ,sulphur or ,ars5ic to be>4 ,sulphur may also be adult]at$ ) su* fix$ matt]s1 ei!r metallic or e>?y1 z x may h c>ri$ up along ) x 9 ! di/illation1 or z may h be5 sublim$ by ! ,ars5ic1 :i* has a /ill great] p[] ?an ,sulphur to volatilize fix$ bodies4 ,if y desire to free ! ,sulphur f mo/ ( ^! het]og5e\s matt]s1 x mu/ be put into an e>!n cucurbit1 & set 9 a s&-ba?4 ,to ! cucurbit mu/ be fitt$ "o or m aludels1 & su* a degree ( heat appli$ z %all b j melt ! ,sulphur2 :i* is mu* less ?an t necess>y to sep>ate ! ,sulphur f its matrix4 ,z soon z ! ,sulphur is melt$ x w sublime 9 lemon-col\r$ fl[]s1 t w /ick to ! insides ( ! aludels4 ,:5 no?+ m appe>s to rise ) ?is degree ( heat1 ! vessels mu/ be suff]$ to cool4 ,at ! bottom ( ! cucurbit w be f\nd a sulphure\s mass1 conta9+ ! greate/ "p ( ! adv5titi\s matt]s t 7 mix$ ) ! ,sulphur1 & m or less r$ or d>k-col\r$1 accord+ to ! nature ( ^? matt]s4 ,:5 we come to treat ( ,ars5ic & ,m]cury1 we %all give ! me?ods ( sep>at+ ,sulphur entirely f ^? metallic sub/ances4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to extract ,alum f alum9\s ,m9]als4 ,take su* m9]als z are kn[n or suspect$ to conta9 ,alum4 ,expose !m to ! air1 t !y may effloresce4 ,if !y rema9 !re a ye> )\t any s5sible *ange1 calc9e !m1 & !n leave !m expos$ to ! air1 till a bit !re( be+ put on ! tongue imp>ts an a/r+5t alum9\s ta/e4 ,:5 y\r matt]s are ?us prep>$1 put !m into a lead5 or glass vessel2 p\r ^u !m ?rice _! weight ( hot wat]2 boil ! liquor2 filt] x2 & repeat ^! op]ations till ! e>? be s edulcorat$ t ! wat] :i* comes (f x ha? no ta/e4 ,mix all ^! solutions toge!r1 & let !m /& f\r & tw5ty h\rs1 t ! gross & e>?y p>ts may settle to ! bottom2 or else filt] ! liquor3 !n evaporate till x w be> a new-laid egg4 ,n[ let x cool1 & /& quiet f\r & tw5ty h\rs3 9 t "t "s cry/als w %oot1 :i* are mo/ commonly vitriolic2 = ,alum is r>ely obta9$ by ! fir/ cry/allization4 ,remove ^! vitriolic cry/als3 if any cry/als ( ,alum be f\nd among/ !m1 ^! mu/ be dissolv$ anew1 & set to cry/allize a second "t 9 ord] to _! purification2 because !y p>take ( ! nature z well z ( ! col\r ( vitriol4 ,by ?is me?od extract all ! ,alum t ! liquor w yield4 ,if y get no cry/als ( ,alum by ?is means1 boil y\r liquor aga91 & add to x a tw5tie? "p ( its weight ( a /rong alkal9e lixivium1 or a ?ird "p ( its weight ( putrefi$ ur9e1 or a small quantity ( quick-lime4 ,exp]i5ce & repeat$ trials mu/ tea* y :i* ( ^! ?ree sub/ances is to be pref]r$1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> nature ( ! m9]al on :i* y are to op]ate4 ,keep y\r liquor boil+1 & if !re be any alum 9 x1 !re w appe> a :ite precipitate3 9 t case let x cool & settle4 ,:5 ! :ite precipitate is entirely fall51 decant ! cle>1 & leave ! cry/als ( ,alum to %oot at leisure1 till ! liquor w yield no m3 x w !n be exce$+ ?ick4 ,,obs]vations4 ,alum is obta9$ f sev]al sorts ( ,m9]als4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,italy1 & 9 sundry o!r places1 x effloresces naturally on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,!re x is swept toge!r ) brooms1 & ?r[n into pits full ( wat]4 ,?is wat] is impregnat$ !re) till x c dissolve no m4 ,!n x is filt]$1 & set to evaporate 9 l>ge lead5 vessels2 & :5 x is suffici5tly evaporat$1 & ready to %oot into cry/als1 x is drawn (f into wood5 cool]s1 & !re left = ! salt to cry/allize4 ,9 alum9\s soils !re are (t5 f\nd spr+s /rongly impregnat$ ) ,alum3 s t to obta9 x1 ! wat] ne$ only be evaporat$4 ,9 ! c\ntry ab\t ,rome !re is a v h>d /one1 :i* is hewn out ( ! qu>ry j l o!r /ones = build+2 ?is /one yields a great deal ( ,alum4 ,9 ord] to extract x1 ! /ones are calc9$ = twelve or f\rte5 h\rs2 aft] :i* !y are expos$ to ! air 9 heaps1 & c>efully wat]$ ?ree or f\r times a-day = =ty days toge!r4 ,9 t "t !y beg9 to effloresce1 & to ?r[ out a r$di% matt] on _! surface4 ,!n !y are boil$ 9 wat]1 :i* dissolves all ! ,alum !y conta91 &1 be+ duly evaporat$1 gives x back 9 cry/als4 ,?is is ! ,alum call$ ,roman ,alum4 ,sev]al sorts ( ,pyrites also yield a great deal ( ,alum4 ,! ,engli% h a /one ( ?is k9d1 :i*1 9 col\r1 is v l a slate4 ,?is /one conta9s mu* ,sulphur1 :i* !y get rid ( by roa/+ x4 ,aft] ?is !y /eep ! calc9$ /one 9 wat]1 :i* dissolves ! ,alum x conta9s1 & to ?is solution !y add a c]ta9 quantity ( a lye made ( ! a%es ( sea-we$s4 ,! ,sw$es h a ,pyrites ( a bright gold5 col\r1 v>iegat$ ) silv] spots1 f :i* !y procure ,sulphur1 ,vitriol1 & ,alum4 ,!y sep>ate f x ! ,sulphur & ! ,vitriol by ! me?ods above prescrib$4 ,:5 ! liquor :i* ha? yield$ ,vitriol is become ?ick1 & no m vitriolic cry/als %oot 9 x1 !y add an eigh? "p ( its weight ( putrefi$ ur9e1 mix$ ) a lye made ( ! a%es ( gre5 wood4 ,^u ?is !re appe>s & falls to ! bottom a copi\s r$ s$im5t4 ,!y decant ! liquor f ?is precipitate1 &1 :5 x is duly evaporat$1 f9d x %oot into beautiful cry/als ( ,alum4 ,:at ha? be5 said1 conc]n+ ! sev]al matrices f :i* ,alum is obta9$1 suffici5tly %ews1 t x is seldom solit>y 9 ! wat]s ) :i* alum9\s subjects h be5 lixiviat$4 ,x is almo/ always accompani$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( ,vitriol1 or o!r sal9e m9]al matt]s1 :i* ob/ruct its cry/allization1 & prev5t its be+ pure4 ,x is ) a view to free x f ^! matt]s1 t ! wat]s impregnat$ ) ,alum are mix$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( ! lye ( "s fix$ ,alkali1 or ) putrefi$ ur9e1 :i* conta9s mu* volatile ,alkali4 ,^! ,alkalis h ! prop]ty ( decomp\nd+ all ! ,neutral salts :i* h = _! basis ei!r an absorb5t e>? or a metallic sub/ance2 & su* z h a metallic sub/ance = _! basis m readily ?an ^? ^: basis is an e>?4 ,consequ5tly1 if !y are mix$ ) a liquor 9 :i* bo? ^! sorts ( salts are dissolv$1 !y mu/ decomp\nd t sort ^: basis is metallic soon] ?an ! o!r ^: basis is an e>?4 ,?is is :at comes to pass 9 a solution ( ,alum & ,vitriol4 ,! metallic "p ( ! latt] is sep>at$ f its acid by ! ,alkalis :5 mix$ ) t solution2 & x is ?is metallic "p1 :i* is g5]ally iron1 t appe>s 9 ! =m ( a r$di% precipitate1 z above-m5tion$4 ,b because ,alkalis decomp\nd also ^? ,neutral salts :i* h an e>? = _! basis1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t too mu* !re( be n add$2 else :at y put 91 m ?an is necess>y to decomp\nd ! vitriolic salts 9 y\r liquor1 w attack ! ,alum1 & decomp\nd x likewise4 ,! ,alkali made use ( to promote ! cry/allization ( ! ,alum jo9s ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 :i* _h dissolv$ ! sub/ances n[ precipitat$1 & !re) =ms diff]5t ,neutral salts accord+ to its p>ticul> nature4 ,if ! ,alkali be a lixivium ( common wood-a%es1 ! ,neutral salt w be a vitriolat$ ,t>t>2 if a lixivium ( ! a%es ( a m>itime plant l ,soda1 ! ,neutral salt w be a ,glaub]'s salt2 if putrefi$ ur9e1 ! ,neutral salt w be a vitriolic ,ammoniacal salt4 ,"s ( ^! salts incorporate ) ! ,alum1 :i* 9 l>ge works cry/allizes 9 va/ lumps3 & h5ce x comes t "s sorts ( ,alum :5 mix$ ) a fix$ ,alkali smell l a volatile ,alkali4 ,! cry/als ( ,alum are octa$ral1 t is1 !y are solids ) eight sides4 ,^! octa$ral solids are triangul> pyramids1 hav+ _! angles cut away1 s t f\r ( _! surfaces are hexagons1 & ! o!r f\r triangles4 ,sulphur1 ,vitriol1 & ,alum are ! ?ree pr9cipal subjects 9 :i* we c]ta9ly "k t ! univ]sal or ,vitriolic ,acid p>ticul>ly resides1 & f :i* we extract x :5 we want to h x pure4 ,= ?is reason we ?\ght x prop]1 be=e we treat$ ( ! extraction ( ?is ,acid1 to %ew ! me?od ( sep>at+ ^? matt]s !mselves f ! o!r m9]als out ( :i* we obta9 !m4 ,moreov]1 all ! o!r matrices1 9 :i* ! ,vitriolic ,acid is mo/ commonly lodg$1 may be ref]r$ to "o or o!r ( ! matt]s :i* s]ve z bases to ^! ?ree m9]als4 ,to ,sulphur we may ref] all comb9ations ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) an inflammable matt]3 b we mu/ take c>e n to conf\nd ,sulphur ) ^? ,bitum5s 9 :i* ! ,vitriolic ,acid may be f\nd3 = ! basis ( ^? bitum5s is a real ,oil2 :]eas ! basis ( ,sulphur is ! pure ,phlogi/on4 ,yet z ,oils !mselves conta9 ! ,phlogi/on1 :i*1 9 union ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid =ms a true ,sulphur1 x foll[s t su* bitum5s may 9 a c]ta9 respect be class$ ) ,sulphur4 ,! same is to be said ( ,vitriol4 ,! "n is usually giv5 to su* comb9ations only z are =m$ ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) ,iron or ,copp]1 :i* make ! gre5 & blue ,vitriol2 & to a ?ird species ( ,vitriol1 :i* is :ite1 & has ,z9c = its basis3 b z ! ,vitriolic ,acid may1 by p>ticul> comb9ations1 be unit$ ) _m o!r metallic sub/ances1 all su* ,metallic ,salts mu/ be ref]r$ to ! class ( ,vitriols4 ,! same may also be said ( ,alum1 :i* is no o!r ?an a comb9ation ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) a p>ticul> k9d ( absorb5t e>?2 s t all comb9ations ( ?is ,acid ) any e>? :atev] may be plac$ 9 ! same class4 ,?is la/ class ( mixts is ! mo/ ext5sive ( all t conta9 ! ,vitriolic ,acid2 because !re are a va/ _m e>?s1 all diff]+ f "o ano!r1 ) :i* t ,acid may be unit$4 ,alum prop]ly s call$1 ! ,gypsums1 ,talcs1 ,sel5ites1 ,boles1 & all ! o!r comp\nds ( ?is k9d1 diff] f ea* o!r only 9 _! p>ticul> e>?s4 ,! diff]5t prop]ties ( ^! e>?y salts dep5d on ! nature ( _! bases4 ,^? :i* are ( ! alum9\s k9d reta9 mu* wat] 9 cry/alliz+1 :i* makes !m v soluble 9 wat]1 & gives !m ! prop]ty ( acquir+ readily ! aque\s fluor :5 expos$ to ! fire4 ,^? :i* are ( ! nature ( ! ,sel5ites admit b v little wat] 9 _! cry/als1 & consequ5tly are almo/ insoluble 9 wat]2 nor does ! fire give !m an aque\s fluor4 ,la/ly1 ! ,gypsums & ,talcs are /ill m de/itute ( ^! prop]ties4 ,! natures ( ! e>?s 9 ^! sev]al comp\nds are hi!rto b v imp]fectly kn[n1 & may give ! ,*ymi/s occasion = inquiries equally curi\s & useful4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid is sometimes f\nd complicat$ ) a fix$ alkal9e basis4 ,?is is almo/ always ! ,alkali ( ,sea-salt2 s t ! comp\nd is a ,glaub]'s ,salt4 ,"s m9]al wat]s are impregnat$ !re)2 :i* happ5s :5 ^! wat]s conta9 ,vitriol or ,alum1 toge!r ) ,sea-salt4 ,f ! pr9ciples laid d[n1 9 our ,elem5ts ( ! ,!ory1 x appe>s t ! ,vitriolic ,acid ha? n s great an aff9ity ) e>?y & metallic sub/ances z ) fix$ ,alkalis2 & also t x is /rong] ?an ! ,m>9e ,acid1 & ha? a great] aff9ity ) fix$ ,alkalis4 ,?is be+ all[$1 ! g5]ation ( native ,glaub]'s ,salts is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,! ,acid ( alum9\s or vitriolic ,salts quits ! e>? or ! metal ) :i* x 0 comb9$1 & expell+ ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt unites ) its basis4 ,w>m? greatly promotes ^! decompositions4 ,if ! common fossil salt1 usually call$ ,sal ,gem1 or any o!r k9d ( ,sea-salt1 %\ld happ5 to be ne> a ,volcano1 :5 x dis*>ges flam+ ,sulphur1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 & if ?is ,sulphur %\ld run among ! ,sea-salt1 a ,glaub]'s ,salt w\ld in/antly be =m$ 9 t place2 because :5 ,sulphur burns1 its ,acid is sep>at$ & set at lib]ty4 ,la/ly1 if alum9\s or vitriolic matt]s1 or burn+ ,sulphur1 %\ld meet ) ! a%es ( plants or trees consum$ by fire1 a vitriolat$ ,t>t> w\ld be =m$1 because ^! a%es conta9 a fix$ ,alkali ( ! same nature ) t ( ,t>t>4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid :5 comb9$ ) an e>?y basis adh]es /rongly !reto2 s t ! =ce ( fire is able to expel v little or none ( x4 ,!re is no way ( sep>at+ x f su* a basis1 b by pres5t+ to x an ,alkal9e ,salt1 ) :i* x w unite3 nor is x ev] extract$ f su* matt]s :5 x is requir$ pure4 ,x does n adh]e s firmly to metallic sub/ances2 b is sep>at$ f !m by ! =ce ( fire3 s t x may be obta9$ f ! sev]al sorts ( ,vitriol4 ,x is usually drawn f ,gre5 ,vitriol2 t be+ ! commone/ sort4 ,z to ,sulphur1 ! ,phlogi/on :i* is its basis be+ ! sub/ance :]e) ! ,vitriolic ,acid ha? ! greate/ aff9ity1 x w\ld be altoge!r impossible to decompose x1 & to sep>ate its ,acid1 if x 7 n inflammable2 b by burn+ x ! ,phlogi/on is de/roy$1 & leaves ! ,acid at lib]ty4 ,by ?is means !re=e x may be sep>at$4 ,we %all n[ give ! processes = extract+ ! ,acid f ,vitriol & ,sulphur4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,to extract ! ,vitriolic ,acid f ,gre5 ,vitriol4 ,take any quantity ( ,gre5 ,vitriol3 put x 9 an unglaz$ e>!n vessel1 & heat x gradually4 ,vap\rs w soon beg9 to rise4 ,increase ! fire a little1 & x w liquefy by means ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 x1 & acquire :at we call$ an aque\s fluor4 ,cont9ue ! calc9ation1 & x w become less & less fluid1 gr[ ?ick1 & turn ( a greyi% col\r4 ,n[ raise y\r fire1 & keep x up till ! salt recov] its solidity1 acquire an orange col\r1 & beg9 to gr[ r$ :]e x imm$iately t\*es ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,!n take x out1 & r$uce x to p[d]4 ,put ! ,vitriol ?us calc9$ & pulv]iz$ into a good e>!n retort1 ( :i* "o half at lea/ mu/ rema9 empty4 ,set ! retort 9 a rev]b]atory furnace3 fit !reto a l>ge glass receiv]1 &1 hav+ lut$ ! jo9t well1 give fire by degrees4 ,y w soon see :ite cl\ds rise into ! receiv]1 :i* w r5d] x opaque1 & heat x4 ,cont9ue ! same degree ( fire till ^! cl\ds disappe>3 !y w be succe$$ by a liquor :i* w trickle d[n ! sides ( ! receiv] 9 ve9s4 ,/ill keep up ! fire to ! same degree z long z ^! ve9s appe>4 ,:5 !y beg9 to abate1 increase ! fire1 & pu% x to ! utmo/ extremity3 ^u ?is1 !re w come ov] a black1 ?ick liquor3 x w ev5 be f\nd congeal$1 & prove ! icy ,oil ( ,vitriol1 if c>e ha? be5 tak5 to *ange ! receiv]1 keep ! vessels p]fectly close1 & give a suffici5t degree ( heat4 ,proce$ ?us till no?+ m comes ov]1 or at lea/ v little4 ,let ! vessels cool1 unlute !m1 p\r ! cont5ts ( ! receiv] into a bottle1 & seal x h]metically4 ,,obs]vations4 ,gre5 ,vitriol reta9s mu* wat] 9 cry/alliz+2 &1 9 ord] to free x f t sup]flu\s phlegm1 x mu/ be calc9$ be=e y di/il x4 ,)\t ?is precaution ! op]ation w be exce$+ly protract$1 & a great deal ( "t wa/$ 9 di/ill+ su* a quantity ( wat]2 :i* w moreov] greatly weak5 ! ,acid by commix+ ) x1 unless c>e be tak5 to *ange ! recipi5t z soon z ! wat] is all come ov]4 ,b !re is also ano!r advantage 9 calc9+ ! ,vitriol be=e y put x into ! retort3 = o!rwise ?is salt w\ld melt on ! fir/ application ( heat1 & run into a mass2 :i* w\ld prove a great h9drance to its di/illation4 ,?is inconv5i5ce is avoid$ by a previ\s calc9ation1 9 consequ5ce :]e( ! ,vitriol is easily r$uc$ to a p[d] :i* nev] becomes fluid4 ,vitriol calc9$ z direct$ 9 ! process gr[s s h>d1 & adh]es s firmly to ! vessel 9 :i* ! calc9ation is p]=m$1 t x requires no small pa9s to sep>ate & pulv]ize x4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to put x into ! retort z soon z x is pulv]iz$1 & to /op t vessel v close if y d n beg9 ! di/illation imm$iately3 = o!rwise x w naturally attract f ! air almo/ all ! moi/ure x ha? lo/4 ,! ,acid :i* ,vitriol yields by di/illation is sulphure\s2 probably because x /ill reta9s "s ( ! ,phlogi/on1 ) :i* x 0 unit$ :5 "u ! =m ( sulphur 9 ! ,pyrites2 or else ha? laid hold on a portion ( t belong+ to ! iron :i* s]v$ = its basis 9 ,vitriol4 ,b ?is sulphure\s "p is volatile1 & flies (f 9 "t4 ,?is decomposition ( ,vitriol 9 close vessels is a difficult & labori\s process4 ,to c>ry ! op]ation to its utmo/ p]fection requires a fire ( extreme viol5ce1 kept up )\t int]mission dur+ f\r or five days2 su* 9 %ort z few vessels are able to be>4 ,( c\rse ?is op]ation is seldom p]=m$ 9 laboratories4 ,! ,fr5* ,*ymi/s fet* _! ,oil ( ,vitriol f ,holl&1 :]e x is extract$ f ,vitriol 9 l>ge quantities1 by means ( furnaces erect$ = ! purpose1 9 :i* _m retorts are employ$ at once4 ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ,m4 ,hellot ha? giv5 u ! mo/ mat]ial circum/ances ( a v f9e exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* he pu%$ ! di/illation ( ,gre5 ,vitriol to ! utmo/4 ,into a ,g]man retort#e he put six p\nds ( ,gre5 ,engli% ,vitriol calc9$ to r$ness1 :i* he expos$ to a fire ( ! extreme/ viol5ce1 con/antly kept up dur+ f\r days & f\r nights4 ,at ! expiration ( t "t he f\nd 9 ! vessels employ$ z receiv]s an ,icy ,oil ( ,vitriol1 :i* 0 altoge!r 9 a cry/all9e =m & black4 ,! precautions necess>y to make ?is exp]im5t succe$1 he repres5ts1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 #e ,!y are mu* ! be/1 & be> a v fi]ce heat4 ,! success ( ?is op]ation1 :i* produces an ,oil ( ,vitriol p]fectly ,icy & )\t any liquor1 dep5ds on ! c>e tak5 to prev5t ! acid vap\rs1 driv5 by ! fire out ( ,vitriol calc9$ to r$ness1 f hav+ any communication ) ! ext]nal air :ile !y are di/ill+3 = o!rwise !y w attract f x a moi/ure :i* w keep !m fluid 9 ! receiv]4 ,! receiv] mu/ be at su* a di/ance f ! furnace t x may rema9 cool en\gh = ! vap\rs to cond5se 9 x4 ,!re mu/ also be suffici5t room = ^? vap\rs to circulate 91 & to prev5t ! sulphure\s explosions1 :i* are e n[ & !n dis*>g$ out ( ! retort1 f bur/+ ! vessels3 = ?\gh ! previ\s calc9ation ( ! ,vitriol ha? c>ri$ (f ! mo/ volatile1 yet !re /ill rema9s en\gh ( ! inflammable pr9ciple1 ev5 9 ! iron itself1 to =m a ,sulphur ) ! ,acid z x is extricat$1 or at lea/ a mixt t w\ld be z apt to take fire z common ,sulphur1 if x 7 n ov]-dos$ ) ! ,acid4 ,z ! be/ means ( ga9+ ^! ends1 ,m4 ,hellot contriv$ to adapt to ! neck ( 8 retort a receiv] ) two necks1 ! l[]mo/ ( :i* 0 ins]t$ into a l>ge ballon4 ,receiv]s appli$ to ea* o!r 9 ?is mann] are call$ ,adopt]s4 ,x is no easy matt] to get ?is ,icy ,oil out ( ! ballon3 = z soon z ! air t\*es x su* a ?ick cl\d ( sulphure\s fumes arises1 t x is absolutely necess>y to place ! vessel on "s %elf ov] head1 because a man _c /& expos$ !reto = a s+le m9ute )\t be+ suffocat$4 ,?is ,icy ,acid mu/ be %ut up ) all possible exp$ition 9 a cry/al bottle accurately clos$ ) a glass /opple1 :i* %\ld be gr\nd ) em]y 9 its neck s z to fit x exactly3 = x attracts moi/ure s p[]fully1 t1 unless exce$+ great c>e be tak5 to prev5t all communication ) ! ext]nal air1 x w soon dissolve into a fluid4 ,! ,icy ,oil is black2 because ! acid vap\rs c>ry ov] ) !m some?+ ( a greasy matt]1 f :i* ,vitriol is seldom free1 & :i* always appe>s1 aft] repeat$ solutions & cry/allizations ( ?is ,salt1 9 ! "m-wat] :i* w %oot no m4 ,n[ ! smalle/ portion ( inflammable matt] pres5tly black5s ! mo/ highly rectifi$ ,oil ( ,vitriol1 :i* is p]fectly cle>4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid1 :5 =c$ ov] by a viol5t heat1 c>ries along ) x "s f]rug9\s p>ticles also1 t want no?+ b to be unit$ ) a phlogi/on to become true iron4 ,!y are easily discov]$1 ei!r 9 ! common black ,oil ( ,vitriol1 or 9 ! blacki% cry/als ( ! ,icy ,oil1 by only dissolv+ !m 9 a l>ge quantity ( di/ill$ wat]3 = aft] sev5 or eight days dige/ion a light p[d] or d[ny s$im5t precipitates1 :i* be+ calc9$ 9 a viol5t fire is p>tly attract$ by ! magnet2 & be+ aga9 calc9$ ) bees-wax becomes almo/ entirely iron4 ,! ,caput mortuum ( ?is di/illation ( ,vitriol is ! f]rug9\s e>? ( ?is ,salt1 & is call$ ,colco?>4 ,:5 ?is ,colco?> ha? und]gone a viol5t fire1 z 9 ! exp]im5t n[ relat$1 sc>ce any ,acid rema9s !re94 ,out ( six p\nds ( ,vitriol t ,m4 ,hellot us$1 he c\ld recov] no m1 by lixiviat+ :at 0 left 9 ! retort1 ?an two ounces ( a ,vitriolic ,salt2 & ev5 t 0 v e>?y4 ,if ,vitriol be expos$ to a fire nei!r s viol5t nor s long cont9u$1 its ,colco?> w yield a great] quantity ( ,vitriol t ha? n be5 decompos$4 ,a :ite cry/all9e salt is also obta9$ f x1 & call$ ,salt ( ,colco?>2 :i* is no o!r ?an ! small portion ( ,alum usually conta9$ 9 ,vitriol1 & n s easily decompos$ by ! ! action ( fire4 ,,process ,v4 ,to decompose ,sulphur1 & extract its ,acid1 by burn+ x4 ,take any quantity ( ! pure/ ,sulphur3 fill !re) a crucible or o!r e>!n di%3 heat x till x melts2 !n set x on fire1 &1 :5 its :ole surface is light$1 place x "u a l>ge glass head1 tak+ c>e t ! flame ( ! ,sulphur d n t\* ei!r its sides or bottom2 t ! air h free access1 9 ord] to make ! ,sulphur burn cle>2 & t ! head incl9e a little t[>d ! side on :i* its beak is1 t1 z ! vap\rs cond5se !re91 ! liquor may run (f ) ease4 ,to ! beak ( ?is vessel fit a receiv]3 ! fumes ( ! light$ sulphur w be cond5s$1 & ga!r into drops 9 ! head1 out ( :i* !y w run into ! receiv]4 ,!re1 :5 ! ,sulphur has done burn+1 y w f9d an ,acid liquor1 :i* is ! ,_s ( ,sulphur4 ,,obs]vations4 ,9 ! burn+ ( ,sulphur1 ! ,phlogi/on :i* s]ves = its basis is dissipat$1 & sep>at$ f ! acid :i* is left at lib]ty4 ,! acid fumes :i* rise f ! light$ sulphur /rike aga9/ ! inside ( ! head plac$ ov] x1 are !re cond5s$1 & appe> 9 ! =m ( a liquor4 ,b z ,sulphur1 l all o!r inflammable bodies1 ,nitre except$1 w n burn 9 close vessels1 x is necess>y t ! air be freely admitt$ "h2 :i* occasions ! loss ( a great deal ( ! ,acid ( ! ,sulphur1 z is evid5t f ! pung5t suffocat+ smell p]ceiv$ 9 ! laboratory dur+ ! op]ation4 ,?is ,acid1 :ile comb9$ ) ! ,phlogi/on1 is incapable ( contract+ any union ) wat]2 b :5 alone is v apt to mix !re)3 x is ev5 prop] to put "s 9 its way1 t x may incorporate !re) z soon z x is dis*>g$ f ! ,sulphur2 = x is !n v free f phlegm1 v volatile1 & consequ5tly v little dispos$ to cond5se into a liquor1 b1 on ! contr>y1 v apt to fly (f 9 vap\rs4 ,! wat]1 :i* x imbibes ) a k9d ( avidity1 fixes & deta9s x2 s t by ?is means a mu* great] quantity !re( is obta9$ f ,sulphur1 ?an if x 7 di/ill$ )\t ?is precaution4 ,x is prop]1 !re=e1 n[ & !n1 to introduce a di% full ( hot wat] "u ! head :i* receives ! fumes ( ! ,sulphur4 ,! vap\rs t exhale f ! wat] be-dew ! inside ( ! head1 & procure ! advantage we are speak+ (4 ,! same ?+ may be effect$ sev]al o!r ways3 ?us1 ! crucible conta9+ ! ,sulphur may be set on a foot plac$ 9 an e>!n di% ) "s wat] 9 x2 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ n rise above ! foot2 = if x %\ld rea* ! crucible1 x might cool & fix ! sulphur4 ,! di% ?us prep>$ mu/ be plac$ on a s&-ba? hot en\gh to make ! wat] smoke cont9ually2 & ov] all is to be plac$ ! head z direct$ 9 ! process4 ,! size & =m ( ! vessel :i* imm$iately receives ! sulphure\s fumes may also contribute to increase ! quantity ( ! ,acid ,_s4 ,a v l>ge vessel1 ) a hole at bottom no wid] ?an is j suffici5t to admit ! vap\rs1 is ! prop]e/ = ?is op]ation4 ,aft] ! ,sulphur has burnt = "s "t1 x (t5 happ5s t a sort ( sk9 or cru/ =ms on its surface1 :i* is n inflammable1 b gradually less5s ! quantity & vig\r ( ! flame z x increases 9 ?ickness1 & at la/ puts x q out4 ,?is cru/ proce$s f ! impurities1 & het]og5e\s un9flammable p>ticles conta9$ 9 ! sulphur4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to remove x ) an iron wire z fa/ z x =ms4 ,two quantities ( sulphur may also be kept 9 two crucibles1 & heat$ alt]nately4 ,t 9 :i* ! ,sulphur is hot & melt$ may be sub/itut$ = ! o!r 9 :i* ! ,sulphur is gr[n cold & fix$2 because cold ,sulphur does n burn well4 ,! ,_s ( ,sulphur is at fir/ pung5t & volatile1 because x /ill reta9s a small portion ( ! ,phlogi/on3 b t sulphure\s "p flies (f1 especially if ! bottle 9 :i* ! ,_s is kept be left = "s "t un/opp$4 ,! ,acid obta9$ f ,sulphur appe>s by all *ymical pro(s p]fectly l t obta9$ f ,vitriol3 !y diff] 9 ?is only1 t ! =m] is ! pure/2 = ! ,acid obta9$ f ,vitriol c>ries ov] ) x "s metallic p>ts1 z we obs]v$ be=e1 :i* c nev] happ5 to t obta9$ f ,sulphur4 ,if l95 rags dipp$ 9 a solution ( ,fix$ ,alkali be expos$ to ! fumes ( burn+ brim/one1 ! ,_s ( ,sulphur jo9s ) ! ,alkali1 & !re) =ms a ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>4 ,?is ,salt is kn[n to be =m$ :5 ! rags gr[ /iff1 & appe> spangl$ ) a va/ _m glitt]+ po9ts1 :i* are no?+ b little cry/als ( ! ,salt we are speak+ (4 ,:5 ! ,sulphur burns v g5tly & sl[ly ! ,_s t exhales f x is s mu* ! m sulphure\s & volatile3 & h5ce ! ,salt =m$ by ! comb9ation ( ?is ,_s ) ! ,alkali expos$ to x 9 l95 rags1 z 9 ! above-m5tion$ exp]im5t1 is n at fir/ a ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>2 b a ,neutral ,salt ( a p>ticul> k9d1 :i* is capable ( be+ decompos$ by any o!r ,m9]al ,acid1 ! sulphure\s ,acid hav+ less aff9ity ?an any ( ! re/ ) ,alkalis4 ,nev]!less1 ?is ,salt becomes 9 "t a true ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>1 because ! sulphure\s "p :i* weak5$ its ,acid easily quits x & flies (f4 ,,process ,,vi4 ,to conc5trate ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,take ! ,vitriolic ,acid y int5d to conc5trate1 t is1 to dephlegmate & make /rong]3 p\r x into a good glass retort1 ( su* a size t y\r quantity ( ,acid may b half fill x3 set ?is retort 9 ! s&-ba? ( a rev]b]at+ furnace3 fit to x a receiv]2 lute x on1 & give a gradual fire4 ,!re w come ov] into ! receiv] a cle> liquor1 ! fir/ drops ( :i* w be b fa9tly acid3 ?is is ! mo/ aque\s "p4 ,:5 ! drops beg9 to foll[ "o ano!r mu* m sl[ly1 raise y\r fire1 till ! liquor beg9 to bubble a little 9 ! middle4 ,keep x ?us g5tly boil+1 till "o half or two ?irds !re( be come ov] into ! receiv]4 ,!n let y\r vessels cool2 unlute !m2 :at rema9s 9 ! retort p\r into a cry/al bottle1 & /op x exactly ) a glass /opple rubb$ ) em]y4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,acid obta9$ f ,sulphur is g5]ally v aque\s2 ei!r because 9 prep>+ x wat] mu/ necess>ily be adm9i/]$1 t x may unite !re) z x sep>ates f ! ,sulphur2 or because x is s gre$y ( moi/ure z to attract a great deal f ! air1 :i* mu/ ne$s be admitt$ to make ! ,sulphur burn4 ,! ,acid obta9$ f ,vitriol1 except+ t :i* rises la/1 is also mix$ ) a pretty consid]able quantity ( phlegm2 because ! ,vitriol1 ?\gh calc9$1 /ill reta9s a great deal !re(1 :i* rises ) ! ,acid 9 di/illation4 ,n[1 z !re are _m *ymical exp]im5ts t w n succe$ )\t ,acids exce$+ly dephlegmat$1 x is prop] to h 9 a laboratory all ! ,acids ?us condition$2 because if !y happ5 to be too /rong = p>ticul> op]ations1 z is sometimes ! case1 x is v easy to l[] !m to ! desir$ degree1 by add+ a suffici5t quantity ( wat]4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid is mu* heavi] & mu* less volatile ?an wat]4 ,if !re=e a mixture ( ^! two liquors be expos$ to ! fire1 ! aque\s "p w rise ) a degree ( heat :i* is n able to c>ry up ! ,acid3 by ?is means !y may be sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 & ?us is ! ,vitriolic ,acid conc5trat$4 ,nev]!less1 z ?is ,acid comb9es mo/ closely ) wat]1 & is 9 a mann] /rongly connect$ ) x1 ! wat] c>ries up "s portion !re( along ) x2 & h5ce x comes1 t ! liquor :i* rises into ! receiv] is acid3 x is call$ ,_s ( ,vitriol4 ,z ! fire c>ries (f ! mo/ aque\s "p1 ! o!r :i* rema9s 9 ! retort increases 9 specific gravity4 ,! ,acid p>ticles are br\ght ne>] toge!r1 reta9 ! aque\s p>ticles m ob/9ately1 & !re=e to sep>ate !m ! degree ( heat mu/ be increas$4 ,x is usual to draw (f "o half or two ?irds ( ! liquor t 0 put into ! retort3 b ?is dep5ds on ! degree ( /r5g? ! ,acid 0 ( be=e conc5tration1 & ! degree ( conc5tration int5d$ to be giv5 x4 ,if ! ,acid to be conc5trat$ be ,oil ( ,vitriol1 f be+ br[n or black x gr[s cle>] z ! op]ation advances1 & at la/ becomes p]fectly col\rless & transp>5t2 because ! fat matt] :i* t+$ x black is dissipat$ dur+ ! process4 ,"s ( x deposites a :ite cry/all9e e>?4 ,a sulphure\s smell is g5]ally p]ceiv$ ab\t ! vessels 9 ?is op]ation4 ,?is arises f a small portion ( ! ,phlogi/on f :i* ! ,acid is n free2 & x is ?is inflammable matt] :i* gives ! ,oil ( ,vitriol its black col\r3 = ! cle>e/ & be/ rectifi$ ,oil ( ,vitriol w become br[n1 & ev5 black1 9 a %ort "t1 if any inflammable matt]1 ?\gh 9 a v small quantity1 be dissolv$ !re94 ,! vessels are lut$ 9 ?is op]ation1 to prev5t any loss ( ! ,_s ( ,vitriol1 :i* be+ v acid is ( use 9 _m *ymical exp]im5ts1 & may itself also be aga9 conc5trat$4 ,we obs]v$1 t 9 ?is op]ation x is necess>y ! retort %\ld be ( v good glass4 ,inde$ ! ,acid is s active1 & s /rong1 t if ! glass be t5d] & h a little too mu* salt 9 its composition1 x w be s corrod$ !reby t x w fall to pieces4 ,?\gh we direct$ ! retort to be set 9 a s&-ba? = ?is op]ation1 x does n foll[ t x may n also be plac$ 9 a nak$ fire3 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! heat is n convey$ ?r\gh a ba? ! op]ation advances fa/]1 & is mu* less t$i\s4 ,b !n great caution mu/ be us$1 & ! close/ att5tion giv5 to ! managem5t ( ! fire1 :i* mu/ be rais$ by almo/ imp]ceptible degrees1 especially at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation2 o!rwise x is next to a c]ta9ty t ! vessels w break4 ,9 g5]al1 a nak$ fire may be employ$ 9 almo/ all di/illations :i* require a great] degree ( heat ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 or ! balneum m>i3 ! op]ation w be soon] f9i%$2 b x requires an exp]i5c$ h&1 t has by practice acquir$ a habit ( gov]n+ ! fire ) judgm5t4 ,!re is moreov] ano!r advantage 9 n us+ ! s&-ba?2 :i* is1 t if 9 ! "t ( ! op]ation y p]ceive ! fire too fi]ce1 y c quickly *eck x1 ei!r by /opp+ close all ! ap]tures ( ! furnace1 or by draw+ out all or "p ( ! light$ coals4 ,?is inconv5i5ce is n ne> s easily rem$i$ :5 y use ! s&-ba?2 because :5 once heat$ x reta9s its heat v long aft] ! fire is q ext+ui%$4 ,,process ,,vii4 ,to decompose ,vitriolat$ ,t>t> by means ( ! ,phlogi/on2 or to compose ,sulphur by comb9+ ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) ! ,phlogi/on4 ,take equal p>ts ( ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>1 & v dry ,salt ( ,t>t>1 sep>ately r$uc$ to p[d]2 add an eigh? "p ( _! weight ( *>coal-du/2 & mix ! :ole toge!r v accurately4 ,?r[ ?is mixture into a r$-hot crucible1 plac$ 9 a furnace fill$ ) burn+ coals4 ,cov] x v close1 & keep x v hot2 till ! mixture melt1 :i* may be kn[n by uncov]+ ! crucible f "t to "t4 ,!re w !n appe> a bluei% flame1 accompani$ ) a pung5t smell ( ,sulphur4 ,take ! crucible out ( ! fire3 dissolve its cont5ts 9 hot wat]3 filt] ! solution ?r\gh br[n pap] support$ by a glass funnel3 drop into ! filt]$ liquor by little & little any ,acid :atev]4 ,z y add ! acid ! liquor w gr[ m & m turbid1 & let fall a grey precipitate4 ,cont9ue dropp+ 9 m ,acid till ! liquor w yield no m precipitate4 ,filt] x a second "t1 to sep>ate x f ! precipitate3 :at rema9s on ! filt] is a true inflammable ,sulphur1 :i* y may ei!r melt or sublime into fl[]s4 ,,obs]vations4 ,all bodies t conta9 ! ,vitriolic ,acid may contribute1 z well z ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>1 to ! g5]ation ( ,sulphur3 s t all ! neutral salts 9 :i* ?is ,acid is a pr9ciple1 ! ,alums1 ,sel5ites1 ,gypsums1 ,vitriols1 may be sub/itut$ = x 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,all ^! matt]s1 ) ! addition ( *>coal-du/ only1 be+ fus$ 9 a crucible1 con/antly produce ,sulphur2 because ! ,vitriolic ,acid hav+ a great] aff9ity ) ! ,phlogi/on ?an ) any ?+ else1 w quit its basis1 :atev] x be1 to jo9 ) ! ,phlogi/on ( ! *>coal1 & !re) =m a ,sulphur4 ,! fix$ ,alkali add$ !reto helps to promote ! fusion ( ! +r$i5ts1 :i* is necess>y = effect+ ! desir$ comb9ation4 ,x also s]ves to unite ) ! ,sulphur1 :5 =m$2 & ?us makes ! comb9ation call$ ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 :i* prev5ts ! ,sulphur f be+ consum$ z soon z =m$3 = ! fix$ ,alkalis1 :i* are incombu/ible1 h9d] ,sulphur f burn+ s easily z x w\ld d if !y 7 n jo9$ ) x4 ,!y may aft]w>ds be sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 by ! means ( any ,acid :atev]4 ,?is process1 9 :i* ,sulphur is reg5]at$ by recomb9+ toge!r ! pr9ciples ( :i* x 0 orig9ally compos$1 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful exp]im5ts t mod]n ,*ymi/ry ha? produc$4 ,we are indebt$ = x to ,m4 ,/ahl2 & ,dr4 ,ge(froy ha? giv5 a p>ticul> acc\nt ( x 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,be=e ^! g5tlem5 ,glaub] & ,boyle _h inde$ publi%$ me?ods ( produc+ ,sulphur1 ,glaub] made use ( 8 ,sal mirabile & p[d]$ *>coal3 ,boyle employ$ ! ,vitriolic ,acid & ,oil ( ,turp5t9e4 ,b nei!r ( ^? ,*ymi/s und]/ood ! true !ory ( _! op]ations3 !y did n ?or\ghly "k ! pr9ciples ( ,sulphur3 !y did n imag9e !y _h compos$ ,sulphur3 !y ?\ght !y only extract$ :at !y suppos$ to exi/ previ\sly 9 ! matt]s !y employ$ 9 _! exp]im5ts4 ,m4 ,/ahl 0 ! fir/ :o discov]$ & expla9$ ! nature ( ,sulphur1 & prov$ t 9 ,glaub]'s & ,boyle's exp]im5ts ,sulphur 0 actually produc$1 by unit+ toge!r ! pr9ciples ( :i* x is con/itut$4 ,?is beautiful exp]im5t gives ! /ronge/ lu/re ( evid5ce to ! !ory ( ! composition ( t mixt1 :i* acts su* a capital "p 9 ,*ymi/ry2 & x c no long] be d\bt$1 t ,sulphur is actually a comb9ation ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) ! ,phlogi/on4 ,besides ?is important tru?1 our process = compos+ ,sulphur by art proves sev]al o!rs t are equally ess5tial & fundam5tal4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! ,vitriolic ,acid ha? a great] aff9ity ) ! ,phlogi/on ?an ) any o!r ?+1 see+ x quits metallic & e>?y sub/ances1 z well z ,alkal9e salts1 9 ord] to comb9e !re)4 ,! second is1 t ,sulphur comb9es ) fix$ ,alkalis )\t suff]+ any decomposition2 see+ x may be sep>at$ f !m entire & unalt]$2 & see+ t v ,sulphur1 :i* is naturally indissoluble 9 wat]1 is r5d]$ soluble !re9 by ! union x ha? contract$ ) ! fix$ alkali4 ,! ?ird is1 t ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 :i*1 :5 x is pure1 ha? ! greate/ aff9ity ) ,alkalis ( any ,acid :atev]1 loses a great deal ( t aff9ity by contract+ an union ) ! ,phlogi/on2 see+ ! weake/ acids are capable ( decompos+ ! ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 & sep>at+ ! ,sulphur f ! ,alkali4 ,& ?is also confirms "o ( ! g5]al propositions conc]n+ aff9ities advanc$ 9 our !ory2 to wit1 t ! aff9ities ( comp\nd or mix$ sub/ances are weak] ?an ^? ( ! same sub/ances 9 a pur] or m simple /ate4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,,nitr\s ,,acid4 ,,process ,i4 ,to extract ,nitre out ( nitr\s ,e>?s & ,/ones4 ,! ,purification ( ,salt-petre4 ,"m ( ,nitre4 ,magnesia4 ,take any quantity ( nitr\s e>?s or /ones2 r$uce !m to p[d]2 & !re) mix a ?ird "p ( ! a%es ( gre5-wood & quick-lime4 ,put ?is mixture into a b>rel or vat1 & p\r on x hot wat] to ab\t twice ! weight ( ! :ole mass4 ,let x /& ?us = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 /irr+ x f "t to "t ) a /ick4 ,!n filt] ! liquor ?r\gh br[n pap]1 or pass x ?r\gh a flannel bag1 till x come cle>3 x w !n h a yell[i% col\r4 ,boil ?is liquor1 & evaporate till y p]ceive t a drop ( x let fall on any cold body coagulates4 ,!n /op ! evaporation1 & set y\r liquor 9 a cool place4 ,9 ! space ( f\r & tw5ty h\rs cry/als w be =m$ 9 x1 ! figure ( :i* is t ( an hexagonal prism1 hav+ its opposite planes g5]ally equal1 & t]m9at$ at ea* extremity by a pyramid ( ! same numb] ( sides4 ,^! cry/als w be ( a br[ni% col\r1 & deflagrate on a live coal4 ,decant ! liquor f ^! cry/als2 mix x ) twice its weight ( hot wat]2 evaporate & cry/allize z be=e4 ,repeat ! same op]ation till ! liquor w yield no m cry/als3 x w !n be v ?ick1 & goes by ! "n ( ,"m ( ,nitre4 ,,obs]vations4 ,e>?s & /ones t h be5 impregnat$ ) animal or vegetable juices susceptible ( putrefaction1 & h be5 long expos$ to ! air1 b %elt]$ f ! sun & ra91 are ^? :i* yield ! greate/ quantity ( ,nitre4 ,b all sorts ( e>?s & /ones are n equally fit to produce x4 ,none is ev] f\nd 9 fl9ts or s&s ( a cry/all9e nature4 ,"s e>?s & /ones ab\nd s ) ,nitre1 t x effloresces spontane\sly on _! surface1 9 ! =m ( a cry/all9e d[n4 ,?is ,nitre may be collect$ ) brooms1 & accord+ly has ! "n ( ,salt-petre ,sweep+s4 ,"s ( ?is sort is br\ght f ,india4 ,hi!rto we are mu* 9 ! d>k z to ! orig9 & g5]ation ( ,nitre4 ,"s ,*ymi/s pret5d t ! ,nitr\s ,acid is diffus$ ?r\gh ! air1 & gradually deposit$ 9 su* e>?s & /ones z are qualifi$ to receive x4 ,o!rs1 consid]+ t none ( x is ev] obta9$ b f e>?s t h be5 impregnat$ ) vegetable or animal juices1 h f !nce conclud$ ^? two k+doms to be ! g5]al repositories ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid2 t if we d n p]ceive x to exi/ 9 su* matt]s at all1 or at lea/ 9 any great quantity1 till !y h und]gone putrefaction1 & are 9 "s measure incorporat$ ) suitable e>?s & /ones1 x is because ! ,acid is s entangl$ ) het]og5e\s p>ticles t x requires ! assi/ance ( putrefaction1 & mu* m ( filtration ?r\gh an e>?1 to dis5gage x1 & enable x to appe> 9 its prop] nature4 ,la/ly1 o!rs are ( op9ion t ?is ,acid is no o!r ?an ! univ]sal or ,vitriolic ,acid2 disguis$ inde$ by a portion ( ! ,phlogi/on1 :i* is comb9$ ) x 9 a peculi> mann] by ! means ( putrefaction4 ,!y gr\nd ?is op9ion *iefly on ! analogy or resemblance :i* !y f9d betwe5 ! ,nitr\s ,acid & ! ,volatile ,sulphure\s ,_s4 ,its volatility1 its pung5t smell1 its prop]ties ( tak+ fire1 & ( de/roy+ ! blue & violet col\rs ( vegetables1 s]ve !m z s _m pro(s4 ,_! op9ion is ! m probable on ?is acc\nt1 t ev5 ?\gh ! ,nitr\s ,acid %\ld actually be produc$ by vegetable & animal sub/ances1 yet z ^! sub/ances !mselves draw all _! compon5t pr9ciples f ! e>?1 & z ! ,vitriolic ,acid is diffus$ ?r\gh all ! soils :i* af=d !m n\ri%m5t1 !re is great reason to ?9k t ! ,nitr\s ,acid is no o!r ?an ! ,vitriolic ,acid alt]$ by ! *anges & comb9ations x ha? und]gone 9 its passage into & ?r\gh ^? sub/ances4 ,9 #agej ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,b]l9 propos$ an acc\nt ( ! g5]ation ( ,nitre z ! subject = _! prize1 :i* 0 conf]r$ on a ,memoir :]e9 ?is la/ op9ion 0 support$ by "s new & v judici\s exp]im5ts4 ,! process by :i* our ,salt-petre mak]s extract ,nitre 9 quantities1 out ( rubbi% & nitr\s e>?s1 is v ne>ly ! same ) t "h set d[n2 s t ,i %all n ent] into a p>ticul> acc\nt ( x4 ,i %all only take notice ( "o ?+1 :i* x is ( "s consequ5ce to "k2 namely1 t !re is no nitr\s e>? :i* does n conta9 sea-salt also4 ,! greate/ quantities ( ?is salt are to be f\nd 9 ^? e>?s :i* h be5 dr5*$ ) ur9e1 or o!r animal excrem5ts4 ,n[ z ! rubbi% ( old h\ses 9 great cities is 9 ?is class1 x comes to pass t :5 ! ,salt-petre work]s evaporate a nitr\s lixivium drawn f t rubbi%1 z soon z ! evaporation is br\ght to a c]ta9 pit*1 a great _m little cry/als ( sea-salt =m 9 ! liquor1 & fall to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,! ,salt-petre work]s 9 ,france call ^! sal9e p>ticles ! ,gra91 & take c>e to sep>ate !m f ! liquor 7:i*1 z long z x cont9ues hot1 keeps ! salt-petre dissolv$7 be=e !y set x to cry/allize4 ,?is fact seems a little s+ul>1 consid]+ t sea-salt dissolves 9 wat] m easily ?an salt-petre1 & cry/allizes ) m difficulty4 ,9 ord] to discov] ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on1 we mu/ recollect "s tru?s deliv]$ 9 our !oretical ,elem5ts4 ,! fir/ is1 t wat] c keep b a det]m9ate quantity ( any salt 9 solution1 & t if wat] fully saturat$ ) a salt be evaporat$1 a quantity ( salt w cry/allize 9 proportion to ! quantity ( wat] evaporat$4 ,! second is1 t ^? salts :i* are ! mo/ soluble 9 wat]1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* run 9 ! air1 w dissolve 9 cold & 9 boil+ wat] equally2 :]eas mu* great] quantities ( ! o!r salts w dissolve 9 hot & boil+ wat] ?an 9 cold wat]4 ,^! ?+s be+ admitt$1 :5 we "k t sea-salt is "o ( ! fir/ sort1 & salt-petre ( ! second1 ! reason :y sea-salt precipitates 9 ! prep>ation ( salt-petre appe>s at once4 ,=1 ,:5 ! solution ( ,salt-petre & ,sea-salt comes to be evaporat$ to su* a degree t x conta9s z mu* ,sea-salt z x possibly c1 ?is salt mu/ beg9 to cry/allize1 & cont9ue to d s gradually z ! evaporation advances4 ,b because at ! same "t x does n conta9 z mu* salt-petre z x c hold1 see+ x is capable ( dissolv+ a mu* great] quantity !re( :5 x is boil+ hot ?an :5 x is cold1 ?is la/-nam$ salt w n cry/allize s soon4 ,if ! evaporation 7 cont9u$ till ! case ( ! ,salt-petre came to be ! same ) t ( ! ,sea-salt1 !n ! salt-petre also w\ld beg9 to cry/allize gradually 9 proportion to ! wat] evaporat$1 & ! two salts w cont9ue cry/alliz+ promiscu\sly toge!r3 b x is nev] c>ri$ s f>2 nor is x ev] necess>y3 =1 z ! wat] cools1 x becomes m & m incapable ( hold+ 9 solution ! same quantity ( salt-petre z :5 x 0 boil+ hot4 ,& !n comes ! v rev]se1 ) reg>d to ! cry/alliz+ ( ! two salts2 = !n ! ,salt-petre %oots1 & n ! ,sea-salt4 ,! reason ( ?is fact also is f\nd$ on :at has j be5 said4 ,! ,sea-salt1 ( :i* cold wat] w dissolve z mu* z boil+ wat]1 & :i* ow$ its cry/alliz+ be=e only to ! evaporation1 n[ ceases to cry/allize z soon z ! evaporation ceases2 :ile ! ,salt-petre1 :i* ! wat] kept dissolv$ only because x 0 boil+ hot1 is =c$ to cry/allize m]ely by ! cool+ ( ! wat]4 ,:5 ! solution ( ,salt-petre has yield$ z _m cry/als ( t ,salt z x c yield by cool+1 x is aga9 evaporat$1 & be+ !n suff]$ to cool yields m cry/als4 ,& ?us !y cont9ue evaporat+ & cry/alliz+1 till ! liquor w af=d no m cry/als4 ,x is pla9 t z ! ,salt-petre cry/allizes1 ! proportion ( ,sea-salt to ! dissolv+ liquor increases2 & z a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] evaporates also dur+ ! "t employ$ 9 cry/alliz+ ! ,salt-petre1 a quantity ( ,sea-salt1 proportion$ to ! wat] s evaporat+1 mu/ cry/allize 9 t "t3 & ?is is ! reason :y ,salt-petre is adult]at$ ) a mixture ( ,sea-salt4 ,x likewise foll[s t ! la/ cry/als ( ,nitre1 obta9$ f a solution ( ,salt-petre & ,sea-salt1 conta9 mu* m ,sea-salt ?an ! fir/4 ,f all t has be5 said conc]n+ ! cry/allization ( ,salt-petre & ,sea-salt1 x is easy to d$uce ! prop] way ( purify+ ! =m] ( ^! two ,salts f a mixture ( ! latt]4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,salt-petre to be ref9$ ne$ only be dissolv$ 9 fair wat]4 ,! proportion betwe5 ! two salts 9 ?is second solution is v diff]5t f :at x 0 9 ! =m]2 = x conta9s no m ,sea-salt ?an :at _h cry/alliz$ along ) ! ,salt-petre "u fav\r ( ! evaporation1 ! re/ hav+ be5 left dissolv$ 9 ! liquor t refus$ to yield any m nitr\s cry/als4 ,z !re is !re=e a mu* great] quantity ( ,salt-petre ?an ( ,sea-salt 9 ?is second solution1 x is easy to evaporate x to su* a degree t a great deal ( ,salt-petre %all cry/allize1 :ile mu* m ( ! wat] mu/ necess>ily be evaporat$ be=e any ( ! ,sea-salt w cry/allize4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,salt-petre is n yet entirely fre$ f all mixture ( ,sea-salt by ?is fir/ purification2 = ! cry/als obta9$ f ?is liquor1 9 :i* ,sea-salt is dissolv$1 are /ill encru/$1 &1 z x 71 infect$ !re)3 h5ce x comes1 t1 to ref9e ! ,salt-petre ?or\ghly1 ^! cry/allizations mu/ be repeat$ f\r or five times4 ,! ,salt-petre m5 commonly cont5t !mselves ) cry/alliz+ x ?rice1 & call ! produce ,salt-petre ( ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird %oot1 accord+ to ! numb] ( cry/allizations x has und]gone4 ,b _! be/ ref9$ ,salt-petre1 ev5 t ( ! ?ird %oot+1 is n yet suffici5tly pure = ,*ymical exp]im5ts t require mu* accuracy3 s t x mu/ be fur!r purifi$2 b /ill by ! same me?od4 ,! ,nitr\s ,acid is n pure 9 ! e>?s & /ones f :i* x is extract$4 ,x is comb9$ p>tly ) ! v e>? 9 :i* x is =m$1 & p>tly ) ! ,volatile ,alkali produc$ by ! putrefaction ( ! vegetable or animal matt]s t concurr$ to its g5]ation4 ,a ,fix$ ,alkali & ,quick-lime are add$ to ! lixivium ( a nitr\s e>?1 9 ord] to decompose ! nitr\s ,salt =m$ 9 t e>?1 & to sep>ate ! ,acid f ! ,volatile ,alkali & ! absorb5t e>? ) :i* x is unit$3 !nce comes t copi\s s$im5t :i* appe>s 9 ! lye at ! beg9n+ ( ! evaporation4 ,^! matt]s =m ) t ,acid a true ,nitre1 mu* m capable ?an ! orig9al ,nitr\s ,salts ( cry/allization1 detonation1 & ! o!r prop]ties :i* are ess5tial !reto4 ,! basis ( ,nitre is !re=e a ,fix$ ,alkali mix$ ) a little lime4 ,! ,"m ( ,nitre1 :i* w yield no m cry/als1 is br[n & ?ick3 by evaporation ov] a fire x is fur!r inspissat$1 & becomes a dry1 solid body2 :i*1 h[ev]1 be+ left to itself soon gives1 & runs into a liquor4 ,?is wat] /ill conta9s a good deal ( ,nitre1 ,sea-salt1 & ! ,acids ( ^! ,salts unit$ ) an absorb5t e>?4 ,x conta9s moreov] a great deal ( a fat1 viscid matt]1 :i* prev5ts its cry/alliz+4 ,all sal9e solutions 9 g5]al1 aft] hav+ yield$ a c]ta9 quantity ( cry/als1 gr[ ?ick1 & refuse to "p ) any m1 ?\gh !y /ill conta9 mu* ,salt4 ,!y are all call$ ,"m-wat]s1 z well z t :i* ha? yield$ ,nitre4 ,! ,"m-wat]s ( diff]5t ,salts may prove ! subjects ( curi\s & useful inquiries4 ,if a ,fix$ ,alkali be mix$ ) ! ,"m ( ,nitre1 a copi\s :ite precipitate imm$iately falls1 :i* be+ collect$ & dri$ is call$ ,magnesia4 ,?is precipitate is no?+ b ! absorb5t e>? t 0 unit$ ) ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 toge!r ) a good deal ( ! lime t 0 add$1 & 0 also unit$ ) t ,acid1 f :i* !y are n[ sep>at$ by ! ,fix$ ,alkali1 accord+ to ! usual laws ( aff9ities4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid p\r$ ^u ,"m ( ,nitre causes _m ,acid vap\rs to rise1 :i* are a comp\nd ( ! ,nitr\s & ,m>9e ,acids1 t is1 an ,aqua ,regia4 ,on ?is occasion also !re falls a l>ge quantity ( a :ite p[d]1 :i* is /ill call$ ,magnesia2 yet x diff]s f ! =m] 9 t x is n1 l x1 a pure absorb5t e>?1 b comb9$ ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,an ,aqua regis may also be drawn f nitr\s e>?s by ! =ce ( fire only1 )\t ! help ( any additam5t4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to decompose ,nitre by means ( ! ,phlogi/on4 ,nitre fix$ by ,*>coal4 ,clyssus ( ,nitre4 ,sal ,poly*re/um4 ,take ! pure/ ,salt-petre 9 p[d]2 put x into a l>ge crucible1 :i* x may b half fill2 set ! crucible 9 a common furnace1 & surr\nd x ) coals4 ,:5 x is r$-hot ! ,nitre w melt1 & become z fluid z wat]4 ,!n ?r[ into ! crucible a small quantity ( *>coal-du/3 ! ,nitre & ! ,*>coal w imm$iately deflagrate ) viol5ce2 & a great commotion w be rais$1 accompani$ ) a consid]able hiss+1 & abundance ( black smoke4 ,z ! *>coal wa/es1 ! detonation w abate1 & cease entirely z soon z ! coal is q consum$4 ,!n ?r[ into ! crucible ! same quantity ( *>coal-du/ z be=e1 & ! same ph5om5a w be repeat$4 ,let ?is coal also be consum$3 !n add m1 & g on 9 ! same mann] till y c excite no fur!r deflagration2 always obs]v+ to let ! burn+ coal be entirely consum$ be=e y add any fre%4 ,:5 no deflagration ensues1 ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! crucible w h lo/ mu* ( its fluidity4 ,,obs]vations4 ,nitre w n take fire1 unless ! inflammable matt] add$ to x be actually burn+1 or ! ,nitre itself r$-hot1 & s ?or\ghly ignit$1 z imm$iately to k9dle x4 ,!re=e1 if y w\ld procure ! detonation ( ,nitre ) *>coal1 & make use ( cold *>coal1 z 9 ! process1 ! ,nitre 9 ! crucible mu/ be r$-hot1 & 9 p]fect fusion3 b y may also use live coals1 & !n ! ,nitre ne$ n be r$-hot4 ,x is prop] t ! crucible us$ 9 ?is exp]im5t %\ld be only half full2 = dur+ ! detonation its cont5ts swell1 & might run ov] )\t ?is precaution4 ,= ! same reason ! *>coal-du/ is to be ?r[n 9 by little & little2 & t fir/ put 9 mu/ be entirely consum$ be=e any fre% be add$4 ,! matt] rema9+ 9 ! crucible aft] ! op]ation is a v /rong ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,be+ expos$ to ! air x quickly attracts ! moi/ure !re(1 & runs into a liquor4 ,x is call$ ,alkalizat$ ,nitre1 or1 to di/+ui% x f ,nitre alkalizat$ by o!r inflammable matt]s1 ,nitre fix$ by *>coal4 ,h[ev]1 ?is ,alkali is n absolutely pure4 ,x /ill conta9s a portion ( ! ,nitre t ha? n be5 decompos$4 ,= :5 !re rema9s b a little ( ?is salt mix$ ) a great quantity ( ,alkali1 :i* is n inflammable1 ! ,alkali 9 "s measure %elt]s x1 coats x ov]1 & ob/ructs t imm$iate contact ) ! inflammable matt]s appli$1 :i* is necess>y to make x deflagrate4 ,if ! ,fix$ ,alkali be desir$ p]fectly free f any mixture ( undecompos$ ,nitre1 ! fire ab\t ! crucible mu/ be consid]ably increas$ z soon z ! detonation is entirely ov]2 ! matt] mu/ be made to fl[1 :i* requires a mu* /rong] heat ?an w\ld melt ,nitre1 & kept ?us 9 fusion = ab\t an h\r4 ,aft] ?is no p]fect ,nitre w be f\nd !re93 = ! little t 0 left1 be+ unable to abide ! =ce ( ! fire1 z n be+ extremely fix$1 ei!r is entirely dissipat$1 or loses its ,acid1 :i* is c>ri$ (f by ! viol5ce ( ! heat4 ,fix$ ,nitre conta9s also a portion ( ! e>? t con/itut$ ! basis ( ! ,nitre1 :i* is no o!r ?an ! lime employ$ 9 its cry/allization1 or else "s ( ! e>? ) :i* its ,acid 0 orig9ally comb9$1 & :i* x reta9$ 9 cry/alliz+4 ,:5 ,nitre is deflagrat$ ) su* matt]s z produce a%es1 ^! a%es likewise furni% a c]ta9 quantity ( e>?1 :i* mixes ) ! ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,to sep>ate ^! sev]al e>?s f ! ,alkali1 no?+ m is requisite ?an to let x run p] deliquium1 or to dissolve x 9 wat]1 & filt] ! solution ?r\gh br[n pap]4 ,:atev] is sal9e w pass ?r\gh ! filtre ) ! wat]1 & ! e>?y "p w be left ^u x4 ,! ,nitr\s ,acid is n only dissipat$ dur+ ! deflagration ( ! ,nitre1 b is ev5 de/roy$1 & p]fectly decompos$4 ,! smoke t rises dur+ ! op]ation has n ! lea/ od\r ( an ,acid4 ,its nature may be accurately exam9$ by cat*+ x 9 prop] vessels1 & cond5s+ x into a liquor4 ,nitre diff]s f ,sulphur1 & f all o!r inflammable bodies :atev]1 9 ?is1 t ! free access ( ! air is indisp5sably necess>y to make any ( ! o!rs burn2 :]eas ,nitre1 & ,nitre only1 is capable ( burn+ 9 close vessels3 & ?is prop]ty furni%es u ) ! means ( collect+ ! vap\rs :i* x dis*>ges 9 deflagration4 ,= ?is purpose1 to a tubulat$ e>!n retort y mu/ fit two or ?ree l>ge adopt]s3 set ! retort 9 a furnace2 & "u x make a fire suffici5t to keep its bottom mod]ately r$4 ,!n take a small quantity1 two or ?ree p9*es = example1 ( a mixture ( ?ree p>ts ( ,nitre ) "o ( *>coal-du/1 & drop x into ! retort ?r\gh its tube1 :i* mu/ be upp]mo/1 & imm$iately /opp$ close4 ,a detonation in/antly ensues1 & ! vap\rs t rise f ! inflam$ mixture ( ,nitre & *>coal1 pass+ out ?r\gh ! neck ( ! retort into ! adopt]s1 circulate !re9 = a :ile1 & at la/ cond5se into a liquor4 ,:5 ! detonation is ov]1 & ! vap\rs cond5s$1 or ne>ly s1 drop into ! retort ano!r equal quantity ( ! mixture2 & repeat ?is till y f9d !re is liquor en\gh 9 ! recipi5ts to be exam9$ ) ease & accuracy4 ,?is liquor is almo/ insipid1 & %ews no tok5s ( acidity2 or at mo/ b v slight ones4 ,x is call$ ,clyssus ( ,nitre4 ,x is easy to p]ceive :y sev]al adopt]s are requir$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 & :y a v small quantity ( ! mixture mu/ be introduc$ into ! retort at once4 ,! explosion1 & ! quantity ( air & vap\rs dis*>g$ on ?is occasion1 w\ld quickly bur/ ! vessels1 if all ^! precautions 7 n att5d$ to4 ,?is pla9ly appe>s f ! t]rible effects ( gun-p[d]1 :i* is no?+ b a composition ( ,nitre1 ,sulphur1 & ,*>coal4 ,nitre is also decompos$ & takes fire by ! means ( ,sulphur2 b ! circum/ances & ! result diff] widely f ^? produc$ !re) by *>coal1 or any o!r inflammable body4 ,nitre deflagrates ) ,sulphur on acc\nt ( ! ,phlogi/on :i* ! latt] conta9s4 ,if "o "p ( ,sulphur be mix$ ) two or ?ree p>ts ( ,nitre1 & ! mixture ?r[n by little & little into a r$-hot crucible1 ^u e projection !re arises a detonation accompani$ ) a vivid flame4 ,! vap\rs dis*>g$ on ?is occasion h ! m+l$ smell ( a ,sulphure\s ,_s & ,_s ( ,nitre2 & if !y be collect$ by means ( a tubulat$ retort1 & su* an app>atus ( vessels z 0 us$ 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 ! liquor conta9$ 9 ! recipi5ts is f\nd to be an actual mixture ( ! ,acid ( ,sulphur1 ! ,sulphure\s ,_s1 & ! ,acid ( ,nitre2 ! fir/ be+ 9 great] quantity ?an ! o!r two1 & ! second great] ?an ! la/4 ,nor is ! rema9d] aft] detonation a ,fix$ ,alkali1 z 9 ! =m] exp]im5ts2 b a ,neutral ,salt1 consi/+ ( ! ,acid ( ,sulphur comb9$ ) ! ,alkali ( ,nitre2 a sort ( ,vitriolat$ ,t>t> kn[n 9 m$ic9e by ! "n ( ,sal ,poly*re/um4 ,!re are evid5tly two ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ?is la/ exp]im5t & ! prec$+ "o4 ,:at rema9s aft] ! deflagration ( ,nitre ) ,sulphur is n a ,fix$ ,alkali3 &1 moreov]1 ! vap\rs emitt$ 9 ! op]ation are impregnat$ ) a quantity ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid2 :i* is n ! case :5 ,nitre is decompos$ by any o!r inflammable matt] :i* conta9s no ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,! reason ( ^! diff]5ces is naturally d$ucible f :at ha? be5 already said conc]n+ ! prop]ties ( ! ,vitriolic & ,nitr\s ,acids4 ,we h se5 t by burn+ ,sulphur its ,acid is n decompos$1 b only sep>at$ f its ,phlogi/on4 ,we also "k1 t its ,acid has a great aff9ity ) ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,^! ?+s be+ grant$1 x foll[s t1 z soon z ! ,nitr\s ,acid quits its ,alkal9e basis1 by deflagrat+ ) ! ,phlogi/on ( ! ,sulphur1 ! ,acid ( ?is v ,sulphur1 be+ set at lib]ty by t deflagration1 mu/ unite ) ! ,alkal9e basis des]t$ by ! ,acid ( ,nitre1 & !re) =m a ,neutral ,salt4 ,h5ce1 in/ead ( a ,fix$ ,alkali1 we f9d at ! end ( ! op]ation a sort ( ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>2 ! ,acids ( ,sulphur & ( ,vitriol be+ ! same1 z is evid5t f :at ha? be5 above said conc]n+ !m4 ,9 ord] to discov] ! cause ( ! o!r ph5om5on1 we mu/ recollect two ?+s advanc$ 9 our ,elem5ts ( ! ,!ory2 to wit1 t ! aff9ity ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) ,fix$ ,alkalis is great] ?an t ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid2 & aga91 t ! ,nitr\s ,acid is n capable ( comb9+ & tak+ fire ) ! ,phlogi/on1 b :5 x is 9 ! =m ( a ,neutral ,salt1 t is1 :5 x is unit$ ) "s alkal9e1 e>?y1 or metallic basis4 ,if ^! two pr9ciples be appli$ to ! effect 9 "q1 ! solution is easy & natural4 ,=1 9 ! deflagration ( ,nitre ) ,sulphur1 ! ,phlogi/on is n ! only sub/ance capable ( sep>at+ ! ,nitr\s ,acid f its basis3 ! ,acid ( ! ,sulphur1 m & m ( :i* is set at lib]ty z ! ,phlogi/on is consum$1 is also capable ( produc+ ! same effect2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! portion ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid :i* is deta*$ f its ,alkali by ! ,phlogi/on is at ! same in/ant set on fire & decompos$ by t union2 :]eas ! portion !re( :i* is sep>at$ by ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 be+ :5 s sep>at$ incapable ( unit+ ) ! ,phlogi/on1 & ( consum+ !re)1 is pres]v$ entire1 & rises 9 vap\rs1 toge!r ) t portion ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid :i* c\ld n unite ) ! basis ( ! ,nitre4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to decompose ,nitre by means ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,! ,smok+ ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,sal de duobus4 ,! ,purification ( ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,take equal p>ts ( well purifi$ ,nitre & ,gre5 ,vitriol3 dry ! ,nitre ?or\ghly1 & bruise x to a f9e p[d]4 ,calc9e ! ,vitriol to r$ness3 r$uce x likewise to a v f9e p[d]2 & m+le ^! two sub/ances well toge!r4 ,put ! mixture into an e>!n long-neck1 or a good glass retort coat$1 ( su* a size t x may be b half full4 ,set ?is vessel 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace cov]$ ) its dome2 apply a l>ge glass receiv]1 hav+ a small hole 9 its body1 /opp$ ) a little lute4 ,let ?is receiv] be accurately lut$ to ! retort ) ! fat lute1 & ! jo9t cov]$ ) a slip ( canvas sme>$ ) lute made ( quick-lime & ! :ite ( an egg4 ,heat ! vessels v gradually4 ,! receiv] w soon be fill$ ) v d5se r$ vap\rs1 & drops w beg9 to di/il f ! nose ( ! retort4 ,cont9ue ! di/illation1 increas+ ! fire a little :5 y obs]ve ! drops to foll[ ea* o!r b sl[ly1 s t above two ?irds ( a m9ute passes betwe5 !m2 &1 9 ord] to let out ! r$undant vap\rs1 op5 ! small hole 9 ! receiv] f "t to "t4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation raise ! fire s z to make ! retort r$4 ,:5 y f9d t1 ev5 :5 ! retort is r$-hot1 no?+ m comes ov]1 unlute ! receiv]1 & )\t delay p\r ! liquor x conta9s into a cry/al bottle1 & close x ) a cry/al /opple gr\nd 9 its neck ) em]y4 ,?is liquor w be ( a r$di% yell[ col\r1 smok+ exce$+ly1 & ! bottle conta9+ x w be con/antly fill$ ) r$ fumes l ^? obs]v$ 9 ! receiv]4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid hav+ a great] aff9ity ) ,fix$ ,alkalis ?an ) any o!r sub/ance1 ! ,phlogi/on except$1 & be+ 9 ! ,vitriol unit$ ) a f]rug9\s basis1 w naturally quit t basis to jo9 ) ! ,fix$ ,alkali ( ! ,nitre2 ! ,acid :]e( be+ weak] ?an ! ,vitriolic1 z we h already obs]v$ on sev]al occasions1 mu/ ne$s be !reby expell$ f its basis4 ,! ,nitre !re=e is decompos$ by ! ,vitriol1 & its ,acid be+ set at lib]ty1 is c>ri$ up by ! =ce ( ! fire4 ,inde$ ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 be+ ?us sep>at$ f its alkal9e basis1 might be expect$ to comb9e ) ! f]rug9\s basis ( ! ,vitriol3 b z x has1 l all o!r ,acids1 mu* less aff9ity ) ,metallic sub/ances ?an ) ,alkalis1 ev5 a mod]ate degree ( fire is suffici5t to sep>ate x f !m4 ,moreov]1 ?is ,acid ha? ei!r no effect1 or v little1 ^u iron t has lo/ mu* ( its ,phlogi/on by contract+ an union ) any ,acid2 :i* is ! case ( ! f]rug9\s basis ( ,vitriol4 ,by ! process "h deliv]$ a v /rong1 p]fectly dephlegmat$1 & va/ly smok+ ,_s ( ,nitre is obta9$4 ,if ! precautions ( dry+ ! ,nitre & calc9+ ! ,vitriol be neglect$1 ! ,acid t comes ov]1 gre$ily attract+ ! wat] conta9$ 9 ^! salts1 w be v aque\s1 w n smoke1 & w be almo/ col\rless1 ) a v slight t+e ( lemon4 ,! fumes ( highly conc5trat$ ,_s ( ,nitre1 su* z t obta9$ by ! above process1 are light1 corrosive1 & v dang]\s to ! lungs2 be+ no o!r ?an ! mo/ dephlegmat$ "p ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid4 ,! p]son !re=e :o unlutes ! vessels1 or p\rs ! liquor out ( ! receiv] into ! bottle1 ought ) ! greate/ caution to avoid draw+ !m 9 ) 8 brea?2 & = t reason ought to place himself s t a curr5t ( air1 ei!r natural or artificial1 may c>ry !m (f ano!r way4 ,x is also necess>y t c>e be tak51 dur+ ! op]ation1 to give ! vap\rs a little v5t e n[ & !n1 by op5+ ! small hole 9 ! recipi5t2 = !y are s ela/ic1 t1 if too closely conf9$1 !y w bur/ ! vessels4 ,:5 ! op]ation is ov]1 y w f9d a r$ mass at ! bottom ( ! retort1 ca/1 z x 71 9 a m\ld4 ,?is is a ,neutral ,salt ( ! nature ( ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>1 result+ f ! union ( ! ,acid ( ! ,vitriol ) ! ,alkal9e basis ( ! ,nitre4 ,! f]rug9\s basis ( ! ,vitriol1 :i* is mix$ ) ?is salt1 gives x ! r$ col\r4 ,to sep>ate x !refrom1 y mu/ pulv]ise x1 dissolve x 9 boil+ wat]1 & filt] ! solution sev]al times ?r\gh br[n pap]2 because ! f]rug9\s e>? ( ! ,vitriol is s f9e1 t "s ( x w pass ?r\gh ! fir/ "t4 ,:5 ! solution is v cle>1 & deposites no s$im5t1 let x be set to %oot1 & x w yield cry/als ( ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>2 to :i* ,*ymi/s h giv5 ! peculi> title ( ,sal de duobus4 ,9 ?is ,caput mortuum we frequ5tly f9d1 besides ! f]rug9\s e>? ( ,vitriol1 a portion ( ,nitre & ,vitriol n decompos$2 ei!r because ! two salts 7 n ?or\ghly m+l$1 or because ! fire 0 n rais$ high en\gh t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,nitre may also be decompos$1 & its acid obta9$1 by ! int]position ( any ( ! o!r ,vitriols1 ,alums1 ,gypsums1 ,boles1 ,clays2 9 %ort1 by means ( any comp\nd 9 :i* ! ,vitriolic ,acid is f\nd1 provid$ x h n a ,fix$ ,alkali = its basis4 ,! di/ill]s ( ,aqua =tis1 :o make l>ge quantities at a "t1 & :o use ! lea/ *>geable me?ods1 d _! bus9ess by ! means ( e>?s impregnat$ ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid2 su* z ,clays & ,boles4 ,) ^! e>?s !y accurately mix ! ,nitre f :i* !y int5d to draw _! ,_s3 ?is mixture !y put into l>ge oblong e>!n pots1 hav+ a v %ort curv$ neck1 :i* ent]s a recipi5t ( ! same matt] & =m4 ,^! vessels !y place 9 two r[s opposite to ea* o!r 9 long furnaces1 & cov] !m ov] ) bricks cem5t$ ) ,w9dsor-loam1 :i* s]ves = a rev]b]atory3 !n !y light ! fire 9 ! furnace1 mak+ x at fir/ v small1 only to w>m ! vessels2 aft] :i* !y ?r[ 9 wood1 & raise ! fire till ! pots gr[ q r$-hot1 9 :i* degree !y keep x up till ! di/illation is entirely f9i%$4 ,! ,acid ( ,nitre may also be sep>at$ f its basis by means ( ! pure ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,nitre f :i* y mean to extract ! ,acid mu/ be f9ely pulv]iz$1 put into a glass retort1 & a ?ird ( its weight ( conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol p\r$ on x3 ! retort mu/ be plac$ 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace1 & a receiv]1 l t us$ 9 ! prec$+ op]ation1 exp$iti\sly appli$4 ,z soon z ! ,oil ( ,vitriol t\*es ! ,nitre ! mixture gr[s hot1 & copi\s r$ fumes beg9 to appe>3 "s drops ( ! ,acid come ov] ev5 be=e ! fire is k9dl$ 9 ! furnace4 ,on ?is occasion ! fire mu/ be mod]ate2 because ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 be+ clogg$ by no basis1 acts ^u ! ,nitre mu* m briskly1 & ) mu* great] effect1 ?an :5 x is n pure4 ,?is op]ation may be p]=m$ by a s&-heat2 :i* is a spe$y & commodi\s way ( obta9+ ! ,nitr\s ,acid4 ,9 o!r respects ! precautions recomm5d$ 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t mu/ be c>efully obs]v$ "h1 bo? 9 di/ill+ ! ,acid & 9 tak+ x out ( ! receiv]4 ,! ,_s ( ,nitre extract$ by ?is me?od is z /rong1 & smokes z mu*1 z t obta9$ by calc9$ ,vitriol1 provid$ ! ,oil ( ,vitriol made use ( be well conc5trat$2 b x is g5]ally ta9t$ by ! admixture ( a small portion ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 :i*1 hav+ no basis ( its own to re/ra9 x1 is c>ri$ up by ! heat be=e x c lay hold ( ! basis ( ! ,nitre4 ,!re are sev]al exp]im5ts 9 ,*ymi/ry t succe$ equally well :e!r ! ,nitr\s ,acid be or be n ?us adult]at$ ) a mixture ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid2 b !re are "s1 z we %all see1 t w n succe$ )\t a ,_s ( ,nitre s mix$4 ,if ! ,acid be di/ill$ ) a view to su* exp]im5ts1 x mu/ be kept z x is4 ,b mo/ exp]im5ts require ! ,_s ( ,nitre to be absolutely pure2 & if x be int5d$ = su*1 x mu/ be p]fectly cleans$ f ! ,vitriolic ta9t4 ,?is is easily effect$ by mix+ y\r ,_s ) v pure ,nitre1 & di/ill+ x a second "t4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid1 ) :i* ?is ,_s ( ,nitre is adult]at$1 com+ 9 contact ) a great quantity ( undecompos$ ,nitre1 unites ) its ,alkal9e basis1 & expels a proportionable quantity ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid4 ,9 ! retort made use ( to di/il ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 by means ( ! pure ,vitriolic ,acid1 is f\nd a ,caput mortuum1 diff]+ f t left aft] ! di/illation ( ! same ,acid by ! int]position ( ,vitriol1 9 z mu* z x conta9s no r$ f]rug9\s e>?4 ,?is is a v :ite sal9e mass1 m\ld$ 9 ! bottom ( ! retort3 if y p\nd x1 dissolve x 9 boil+ wat]1 & evaporate ! solution1 x w %oot into cry/als ( ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>3 sometimes also x conta9s a portion ( undecompos$ ,nitre1 :i* %oots aft] ! ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>1 because x is mu* m soluble 9 wat]4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,,m>9e ,,acid4 ,,process ,i4 ,to extract ,sea-salt f ,sea-wat]1 & f ,br9e-spr+s4 ,epsom ,salt4 ,filt] ! salt-wat] f :i* y int5d to extract ! salt3 evaporate x by boil+ till y see on its surface a d>k pellicle3 ?is consi/s :olly ( little cry/als ( salt j beg9n+ to %oot3 n[ slack5 ! fire1 t ! br9e may evaporate m sl[ly1 & )\t any agitation4 ,! cry/als1 :i* at fir/ 7 v small1 w become l>g]1 & =m holl[ truncat$ pyramids1 ! apices :]e( w po9t d[nw>ds1 & _! bases be ev5 ) ! surface ( ! liquor4 ,^! pyramidal cry/als are only collections ( small cubical cry/als concret$ into ?is =m4 ,:5 !y h acquir$ a c]ta9 magnitude !y fall to ! bottom ( ! liquor4 ,:5 !y come to be 9 su* heaps z almo/ to rea* ! surface ( ! liquor1 decant x f !m1 & cont9ue ! evaporation till no m cry/als ( ,sea-salt w %oot4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,acid ( ,sea-salt is sc>ce ev] f\nd1 ei!r 9 sea-wat] or 9 ! e>?1 o!rwise ?an unit$ ) a fix$ alkali ( a p>ticul> k9d1 :i* is its natural basis2 & consequ5tly x is 9 ! =m ( a ,neutral ,salt4 ,?is salt is pl5tifully dissolv$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 & :5 obta9$ !refrom be>s ! "n ( ,sea-salt4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ! e>? 9 va/ cry/all9e masses1 & is !n call$ ,sal-gem3 s t ,sea-salt & ,sal-gem are b "o & ! same sort ( salt1 diff]+ v little f ea* o!r1 except z to ! places :]e !y are f\nd4 ,9 ! e>? are also f\nd spr+s & f\nta9s1 ^: wat]s are /rong br9es1 a great deal ( ,sea-salt be+ dissolv$ 9 !m4 ,^! spr+s ei!r rise directly f ! sea1 or run ?r\gh "s m9es ( ,sal-gem1 ( :i* !y take up a quantity 9 _! passage4 ,z ! same1 or at lea/ ne>ly ! same1 quantity ( ,sea-salt w cont9ue dissolv$ 9 cold wat] z boil+ wat] w take up1 x _c %oot1 z ,nitre does1 by ! m]e cool+ ( ! wat] 9 :i* x is dissolv$3 x cry/allizes only by ! means ( evaporation1 :i* cont9ually less5s ! proportion ( ! wat] to ! salt2 s t x is always capable ( conta9+ j s mu* ! less ,sea-salt ! m !re is cry/alliz$4 ,! br9e %\ld n boil aft] y p]ceive ! pellicle ( little cry/als beg9n+ to =m on its surface2 = ! calmness ( ! liquor all[s !m to =m m regul>ly1 & become l>g]4 ,nor aft] ?is %\ld ! evaporation be hurri$ on too fa/2 = a sal9e cru/ w\ld =m on ! liquor1 :i*1 by prev5t+ ! vap\rs f be+ c>ri$ (f1 w\ld ob/ruct ! cry/allization4 ,if ! evaporation be cont9u$ aft] ! liquor ceases to yield any cry/als ( ,sea-salt1 o!r cry/als w be obta9$ ( an oblong f\r-sid$ =m1 :i* h a bitt] ta/e1 & are almo/ always moi/4 ,?is sort ( salt is kn[n by ! "n ( ,epsom ,salt1 :i* x owes to a salt spr+ 9 ,engl&1 f ! wat] ( :i* x 0 fir/ extract$4 ,?is salt1 or r sal9e comp\nd1 is a cong]ies ( ,glaub]'s salt & ,sea-salt1 9 a mann] conf\nd$ toge!r1 & mix$ ) "s ( ! ,"m ( ,sea-salt1 9 :i* is conta9$ a k9d ( bitum9\s matt]4 ,^! two ,neutral ,salts1 :i* con/itute ! ,epsom ,salt1 may be easily sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 by means ( cry/allization only4 ,epsom ,salt is purgative & bitt]2 & !re=e nam$ ,sal ,ca?>ticum ,am>um1 or bitt] purg+ ,salts4 ,!re are diff]5t me?ods us$ 9 great works = obta9+ ,sea-salt out ( wat] 9 :i* x is dissolv$4 ,! simple/ & easie/ is t practis$ 9 ,france1 & 9 all ^? c\ntries :i* are n cold]4 ,on ! sea-%ore !y lay out a sort ( broad %all[ pits1 pans1 or r ponds1 :i* ! sea fills ) ! tide ( flood4 ,:5 ! ponds are ?us fill$1 !y /op _! communication ) ! sea1 & leave ! wat] to evaporate by ! heat ( ! sun2 by :i* means all ! salt conta9$ 9 x necess>ily cry/allizes4 ,^! pits are call$ ,salt ,ponds4 ,salt c be made 9 ?is way 9 ! summ]-"t only2 at lea/ 9 ,france1 & o!r c\ntries ( ! same temp]ature3 = dur+ ! w9t]1 :5 ! sun has less p[] & ra9s are frequ5t1 ?is me?od is n practicable4 ,= ?is reason1 z x (t5 ra9s 9 ! prov9ce ( ,norm&y1 ! inhabitants take ano!r way to extract ,salt f sea-wat]4 ,! lab\r]s employ$ = ?is purpose raise heaps ( s& on ! %ore1 s t ! tide wat]s & dr5*es !m :5 x fl[s1 & leaves ! s& dry :5 x ebbs4 ,dur+ ! int]val betwe5 two tides ( flood ! sun & ! air easily c>ry (f ! moi/ure t 0 left1 & s ! s& rema9s impregnat$ ) all ! salt t 0 conta9$ 9 ! evaporat$ wat]4 ,?us !y let x acquire z mu* salt z x c by sev]al returns ( flood1 & !n wa% x out ) fre% wat]1 :i* !y evaporate ov] a fire 9 lead5 boil]s4 ,to obta9 ! ,salt f br9e-spr+s1 ! wat] ne$ only be evaporat$3 b z sev]al ( ^! spr+s conta9 too little salt to pay ! *>ges t w\ld be incurr$1 if ! evaporation 7 effect$ by ! =ce ( fire only1 ! manufactur]s h fall5 ^u a less exp5sive me?od ( gett+ rid ( ! greate/ "p ( ! wat]1 & prep>+ ! br9e = cry/allization1 9 mu* less "t1 & ) mu* less fire1 ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 necess>y4 ,! me?od consi/s 9 mak+ ! wat] fall f a c]ta9 heigh? on a great _m small sp>s ( wood1 :i* divide x into p>ticles l ra94 ,?is is p]=m$ "u %$s op5 to all ! w9ds1 :i* pass freely ?r\gh ?is artificial %[]4 ,by ?is means ! wat] pres5ts to ! air a great ext5t ( surface1 be+ inde$ r$uc$ almo/ entirely to surface1 & ! evaporation is c>ri$ on ) great ease & exp$ition4 ,! wat] is rais$ by pumps to ! heigh? f :i* x is int5d$ to fall#f4 #f ,! ,m>quis de ,montalemb]t1 9 a ,memoir read be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 proposes a new me?od ( effect+ ^! evaporations1 toge!r ) "s consid]able improvem5ts 9 ! /ructure & disposition ( ! build+s necess>y = t purpose4 ,!y are call$ by ! ,fr5* ,batim5ts de ,graduation2 :i* may prop]ly en\gh be r5d]$ ,br9e-h\ses4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,exp]im5ts conc]n+ ! decomposition ( ,sea-salt1 by means ( ! ,phlogi/on4 ,kunckel's ,phosphorus4 ,( pure ur9e t has f]m5t$ five or six days take a quantity 9 proportion to ! quantity ( phosphorus y int5d to make3 x requires ab\t "o ?ird "p ( a hog%ead to make a dram ( ,phosphorus4 ,evaporate x 9 iron pans1 till x become clott$1 h>d1 black1 & ne>ly l *imney-soot2 at :i* "t x w be r$uc$ to ab\t a sixtie? "p ( its orig9al weight be=e evaporation4 ,:5 ! ur9e is br\ght to ?is condition put x 9 sev]al portions into s _m iron pots1 "u :i* y mu/ keep a pretty brisk fire s z to make _! bottoms r$1 & /ir x incessantly till ! volatile salt & ! fetid oil be almo/ :olly dissipat$1 till ! matt] cease to emit any smoke1 & till x smell l pea*-blossoms4 ,!n put out ! fire1 & p\r on ! matt]1 :i* w n[ be r$uc$ to a p[d]1 some:at m ?an twice its weight ( w>m wat]4 ,/ir x ab\t 9 ?is wat]1 & leave x to soak !re9 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,p\r (f ! wat] by incl9ation2 dry ! dr5*$ matt]1 & pulv]ize x4 ,! previ\s calc9ation c>ries (f f ! matt] ab\t a ?ird ( its weight1 & ! lixiviation wa%es out half ! rema9d]4 ,) :at rema9s ?us calc9$1 wa%$1 & dri$1 mix half its weight ( gravel1 or yell[ free/one rasp$1 hav+ sift$ out & ?r[n away all ! f9e/ p>ticles4 ,riv] s& is n prop] on ?is occasion1 because x flies 9 a hot fire4 ,!n add to ?is mixture a sixte5? "p ( its weight ( *>coal1 made ( bee*1 or ( any o!r wood except oak1 because t also flies4 ,moi/5 ! :ole ) z mu* wat] z w br+ x to a /iff pa/e1 by work+ & knead+ x ) y\r h&s3 n[ introduce x into y\r retort1 tak+ c>e n to daub its neck4 ,! retort mu/ be ( ! be/ e>?1 & ( su* a size1 t :5 y\r matt] is 9 x1 a full ?ird !re( %all /ill be empty4 ,place y\r retort1 ?us *>g$1 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace1 s proportion$1 t !re may be an int]val ( two in*es all r\nd betwe5 ! sides ( ! furnace & ! b[l ( ! retort1 ev5 :]e x contracts to =m ! neck1 :i* %\ld /& incl9$ at an angle ( sixty degrees4 ,/op all ! ap]tures ( ! furnace1 except ! doors ( ! fire-place & a%-hole4 ,fit on to ! retort a l>ge glass ballon two ?irds full ( wat]1 & lute !m toge!r1 z 9 di/ill+ ! ,smok+ ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,9 ! h9d] "p ( ?is ballon1 a little above ! surface ( ! wat]1 a small hole mu/ be bor$4 ,?is hole is to be /opp$ ) a small peg ( bir*-wood1 :i* mu/ slip 9 & out v easily1 & h a small knob to prev5t its fall+ into ! ballon4 ,?is peg is to be pull$ out f "t to "t1 t by apply+ ! h& to ! hole x may be kn[n :e!r ! air1 r>efi$ by ! head ( ! retort1 issues out ) too mu* or too little =ce4 ,if ! air ru%es out ) too mu* rapidity1 & ) a hiss+ noise1 ! door ( ! a%-hole mu/ be entirely %ut1 9 ord] to slack5 ! fire4 ,if x d n /rike pretty sm>tly aga9/ ! h&1 t door mu/ be op5$ wid]1 & l>ge coals ?r[n into ! fire-place to quick5 ! fire imm$iately4 ,! op]ation usually la/s f\r & tw5ty h\rs2 & ! foll[+ signs %ew t x w succe$1 provid$ ! retort resi/ ! fire4 ,y mu/ beg9 ! op]ation ) putt+ "s unlight$ *>coal 9 ! a%-hole1 & a little light$ *>coal at ! door !re(1 9 ord] to w>m ! retort v sl[ly4 ,:5 ! :ole is k9dl$1 pu% x into ! a%-hole1 & close ! door !re( ) a tile4 ,?is mod]ate heat br+s ov] ! phlegm ( ! mixture4 ,! same degree ( fire mu/ be kept up f\r h\rs1 aft] :i* "s coals may be laid on ! grate ( ! fire-place1 :i* ! fire und]nea? w k9dle by degrees4 ,) ?is second heat br\ght ne>] ! retort1 ! ballon gr[s w>m1 & is fill$ ) :ite vap\rs1 :i* h ! smell ( fetid oil4 ,9 f\r h\rs aft]1 ?is vessel w gr[ cool & cle>2 & !n y mu/ op5 ! door ( ! a%-hole "o in*1 ?r[ fre% coals into ! fire-place e ?ree m9utes1 & e "t %ut ! door ( x1 le/ ! cold air f )\t %\ld /rike aga9/ ! bottom ( ! retort & crack x4 ,:5 ! fire has be5 kept up to ?is degree = ab\t two h\rs1 ! inside ( ! ballon beg9s to be nett$ ov] ) a volatile salt ( a s+ul> nature1 :i* _c be driv5 up b by a v viol5t fire1 & :i* smells pretty /rong ( pea*-k]nels4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ?is concrete salt d n /op ! little hole 9 ! ballon3 = 9 t case x w\ld bur/1 ! retort be+ !n r$-hot1 & ! air exce$+ly r>efi$4 ,! wat] 9 ! ballon1 be+ heat$ by ! vic9ity ( ! furnace1 exhales vap\rs :i* dissolve ?is sprigg$ salt1 & ! ballon cle>s up 9 half an h\r aft] x has ceas$ ris+4 ,9 ab\t ?ree h\rs f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ?is salt1 ! ballon is aga9 fill$ ) new vap\rs1 :i* smell l ,sal ,ammoniac ?r[n ^u burn+ coals4 ,!y cond5se on ! sides ( ! receiv] into a salt :i* is n bran*$ l ! =m]1 b appe>s 9 long p]p5dicul> /reaks1 :i* ! vap\rs ( ! wat] d n dissolve4 ,^! :ite vap\rs are ! =e-runn]s ( ! ,phosphorus1 & a little be=e !y cease to rise !y lose _! fir/ smell ( ,sal ,ammoniac1 & acquire ! od\r ( g>lic4 ,z !y asc5d ) great rapidity1 ! little hole mu/ be frequ5tly op5$1 to obs]ve :e!r ! hiss+ be n too /rong3 =1 9 t case1 x w\ld be necess>y to %ut ! door ( ! a%-hole q close4 ,^! :ite vap\rs cont9ue two h\rs4 ,:5 y f9d !y cease ris+1 make a small passage ?r\gh ! dome1 by op5+ "s ( its regi/]s1 t ! flame may j beg9 to draw4 ,keep up ! fire 9 ?is mean /ate till ! fir/ volatile ,phosphorus beg9 to appe>4 ,?is appe>s 9 ab\t ?ree h\rs aft] ! :ite vap\rs fir/ beg9 to rise4 ,9 ord] to discov] x1 pull out ! little bir*5 peg once e m9ute1 & rub x aga9/ "s hot "p ( ! furnace1 :]e x w leave a trail ( light1 if !re be any ,phosphorus ^u x4 ,soon aft] y obs]ve ?is sign1 !re w issue out ?r\gh ! little hole ( ! ballon a /ream ( bluei% light1 :i* cont9ues ( a great] or %ort] ext5t to ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,?is /ream or sp\t ( light does n burn4 ,if y hold y\r f+] aga9/ x = tw5ty or ?irty seconds1 ! light w adh]e to x2 & if y rub t f+] ov] y\r h&1 ! light w besme> x1 & r5d] x lum9\s4 ,b f "t to "t ?is /ream] d>ts out to ! l5g? ( sev5 or eight in*es1 snapp+ & emitt+ sp>ks ( fire2 & !n x burns all combu/ible bodies t come 9 its way4 ,:5 y obs]ve ?is1 y mu/ manage ! fire v w>ily1 & %ut ! door ( ! a%-hole q close1 yet )\t ceas+ to ?r[ coals into ! fire-place e two m9utes4 ,! ,volatile ,phosphorus cont9ues two h\rs2 aft] :i* ! little sp\t ( light contracts to ! l5g? ( a l9e or two3 & n[ is ! "t = pu%+ y\r fire to ! utmo/3 imm$iately set ! door ( ! a%-hole wide op51 ?r[ billets ( wood into x1 un/op all ! regi/]s ( ! rev]b]atory1 supply ! fire-place ) l>ge coals e m9ute3 9 %ort1 = six or sev5 h\rs all ! inside ( ! furnace mu/ be kept ( a :ite heat1 s t ! retort %all n be di/+ui%able4 ,9 ?is fi]ce extremity ( heat ! true ,phosphorus di/ils l an oil1 or l melt$ wax3 "o "p !re( floats on ! wat] 9 ! recipi5t1 ! o!r falls to ! bottom4 ,at la/1 ! op]ation is kn[n to be q ov] :5 ! upp] "p ( ! ballon1 9 :i* ! volatile ,phosphorus appe>s cond5s$ 9 a blacki% film1 beg9s to gr[ r$3 = ?is %ews t ! ,phosphorus is burnt :]e ! r$ spot appe>s4 ,y mu/ n[ /op all ! regi/]s1 & %ut all ! doors ( ! furnace1 9 ord] to smo!r ! fire2 & !n close up ! little hole 9 ! ballon ) fat lute or bees-wax4 ,9 ?is condition ! :ole mu/ be left = two days2 because1 ! vessels mu/ n be sep>at$ till !y are p]fectly cold1 le/ ! ,phosphorus %\ld take fire4 ,z soon z ! fire is out1 ! ballon1 :i* is !n 9 ! d>k1 pres5ts a mo/ agreeable object3 all ! empty "p !re( above ! wat] seems fill$ ) a beautiful blue light3 :i* cont9ues = sev5 or eight h\rs1 or z long z ! ballon keeps w>m1 nev] disappe>+ till x is cool$4 ,:5 ! furnace is q cold take out ! vessels1 & sep>ate !m f ea* o!r z neatly z possible4 ,) a l95 clo? wipe away all ! black /uff y f9d 9 ! m\? ( ! ballon2 = if t fil? %\ld mix ) ! ,phosphorus1 x w\ld h9d] x f be+ transp>5t :5 m\ld$4 ,?is mu/ be done ) great exp$ition3 aft] :i* p\r into ! ballon two or ?ree qu>ts ( cold wat]1 to accel]ate ! precipitation ( ! ,phosphorus t swims at top4 ,!n agitate ! wat] 9 ! ballon1 to r9se out all ! ,phosphorus t may /ick to ! sides3 p\r out all ! wat] ?us %ak5 & turbid1 into a v clean e>!n pan1 & let x /& till x gr[s cle>4 ,!n decant ?is fir/ useless wat]1 & on ! blacki% s$im5t1 left at ! bottom ( ! pan1 p\r "s boil+ wat] to melt ! ,phosphorus2 :i* !reupon unites ) ! fulig9\s matt]1 or volatile ,phosphorus1 t precipitat$ ) x1 bo? toge!r =m+ a mass ( ! col\r ( slate4 ,:5 ?is wat]1 9 :i* y h melt$ ! ,phosphorus1 is cool en\gh1 take out ! ,phosphorus1 ?r[ x into cold wat]1 & !re9 break x into little bits 9 ord] to m\ld x4 ,!n take a matras1 hav+ a long neck some:at wid] next ! body ?an at its m\?3 cut (f half ! body1 s z to make a funnel ( ! neck-"p1 ! small] end ( :i* mu/ be /opp$ ) a cork4 ,! fir/ m\ld be+ ?us prep>$1 plunge x endwise1 ) its m\? upp]mo/1 9 a vessel full ( boil+ wat]1 & fill x ) t wat]4 ,into ?is funnel ?r[ ! little bits ( y\r slate-l mass1 :i* w melt aga9 9 ?is hot wat]1 & fall s melt$ to ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,/ir ?is melt$ matt] ) an iron wire1 to promote ! sep>ation ( ! ,phosphorus f ! fulig9\s matt] ) :i* x is f\l$1 & :i*1 be+ less pond]\s ?an ! ,phosphorus1 w gradually rise above x t[>ds ! upp] "p ( ! cyl9d]4 ,keep ! wat] 9 ! vessel z hot z at fir/1 till1 on tak+ out ! tube1 y see ! ,phosphorus clean & transp>5t4 ,let ! cle> tube cool a little1 & !n set x 9 cold wat]1 :]e ! ,phosphorus w congeal z x cools4 ,:5 x is p]fectly congeal$1 pull out ! cork1 & ) a small rod1 ne> z big z ! tube1 pu% ! cyl9d] ( ,phosphorus t[>ds ! m\? ( ! funnel1 :]e ! fecul5cy lies4 ,cut (f ! black "p ( ! cyl9d]1 & keep x ap>t3 = :5 y h got a quantity !re(1 y may melt x ov] aga9 9 ! same mann]1 & sep>ate ! clean ,phosphorus :i* x /ill conta9s4 ,z to ! re/ ( ! cyl9d] :i* is clean & transp>5t1 if y int5d to m\ld x into small] cyl9d]s1 y may cut x 9 slices1 & melt x aga9 by ! help ( boil+ wat] 9 glass tubes ( small] dim5sions4 ,,obs]vations4 ,?is process = mak+ ,phosphorus is copi$ f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces = ! ,ye> #agcg2 :]e x is describ$ by ,m4 ,hellot1 ) s mu* accuracy1 cle>ness1 & precision1 t ,i ?\ght ,i c\ld n d bett] ?an transcribe x1 )\t dep>t+ f ! au?or's own expressions1 = ! sake ( su* z may n h ^? ,memoirs4 ,we %all take occasion1 9 ^! obs]vations1 to po9t out "s ess5tial circum/ances :i* ,i h omitt$ 9 ! description ( ! ,process1 t ,i might n break ! connection betwe5 ! ph5om5a t happ5 9 ! c\rse ( ?is exp]im5t4 ,x is prop] to obs]ve1 9 ! fir/ place1 t "o ( ! mo/ usual causes ( misc>riage 9 ?is op]ation is a defect ( ! requisite qualities 9 ! retort employ$4 ,x is absolutely necess>y to h t vessel made ( ! be/ e>?1 & s well made t x %all be capable ( resi/+ ! utmo/ viol5ce ( fire1 cont9u$ = a v long "t2 z appe>s by ! description ( ! process4 ,! retorts commonly sold by pott]s1 & o!r e>!n-w>e m51 are n fit = ?is op]ation2 & ,m4 ,hellot 0 oblig$ to s5d to ,hesse-,cassel = su* z he want$4 ,we %all1 9 ! second place1 obs]ve ) ,m4 ,hellot1 t1 be=e y set y\r retort 9 ! furnace1 x is prop] to make an essay ( y\r matt]1 to see if !re be reason to hope = success4 ,= ?is purpose put ab\t an ounce !re( into a small crucible1 & heat x till ! vessel be r$4 ,! mixture1 aft] hav+ smok$1 ought to *op or crack )\t puff+ up1 or ev5 ris+ 9 ! lea/4 ,f ^! cracks w issue undulat+ flames1 :ite & bluei%1 d>t+ upw>ds ) rapidity4 ,?is is ! fir/ volatile ,phosphorus1 :i* occasions all ! dang] ( ! op]ation4 ,:5 ^! fir/ fla%es are ov]1 increase ! heat ( y\r matt] by lay+ a l>ge live coal ^u ! crucible4 ,y w !n see ! second ,phosphorus1 l a lum9\s1 /eady vap\r1 ( a col\r incl9+ to violet1 cov]+ ! :ole surface ( ! matt]3 x cont9ues = a v long "t1 & diffuses a smell ( g>lic1 :i* is ! di/+ui%+ od\r ( ! ,phosphorus y are seek+4 ,:5 ?is lum9\s vap\r is entirely gone1 p\r ! r$ hot matt] out ( ! crucible ^u an iron plate4 ,if y d n f9d "o drop ( salt 9 fusion1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 ! :ole falls readily into p[d]1 x is a pro( t y\r matt] 0 suffici5tly lixiviat$1 & t x conta9s no m fix$ ,salt1 or ,sea-salt1 if y w1 ?an is requisite4 ,if y f9d on ! plate a drop ( salt coagulat$1 x %ews t !re is too mu* left 91 & t !re is dang] ( y\r misc>ry+ 9 ! op]ation2 because ! r$undant salt w\ld corrode1 & eat ?r\gh ! retort4 ,9 ?is case y\r matt] mu/ be wa%$ aga91 & !n suffici5tly dri$4 ,our ?ird obs]vation %all be conc]n+ ! furnace prop] to be employ$ 9 ?is op]ation4 ,?is furnace mu/ be s con/ruct$1 t1 )9 a n>r[ compass x may give a heat at lea/ equal to t ( a glass-h\se furnace1 or r great]1 especially dur+ ! la/ sev5 or eight h\rs ( ! op]ation4 ,m4 ,hellot 9 8 ,memoir gives an exact description ( su* a furnace4 ,z c]ta9 accid5ts may happ5 9 ! c\rse ( ! op]ation1 "s precautions are to be tak5 aga9/ !m4 ,= in/ance1 if ! ballon %\ld break :ile ! ,phosphorus is di/ill+1 & any ( x %\ld fall on combu/ible bodies1 x w\ld set !m on fire1 & probably burn ! laboratory1 because x is n to be ext+ui%$ )\t ! greate/ difficulty4 ,! furnace mu/ !re=e be erect$ "u "s vault1 or ^u a b$ ( brick-"w rais$ "u "s *imney t draws well3 nor mu/ any furniture or ut5sil ( wood be left ne> x4 ,if a little flam+ ,phosphorus %\ld fall on a man's legs or h&s1 9 less ?an ?ree m9utes x w\ld burn its way to ! v bone4 ,9 su* a case no?+ b ur9e w /op its progress4 ,if ! retort crack :ile ! ,phosphorus is di/ill+1 !re is an unsuccessful end ( y\r op]ation4 ,x is easy to p]ceive ?is by ! /9k ( g>lic :i* y w smell ab\t ! furnace2 & moreov]1 ! flame t issues ?r\gh ! ap]tures ( ! rev]b]atory w be ( a beautiful violet col\r4 ,! ,acid ( ,sea-salt always gives ?is col\r to ! flame ( su* matt]s z are burnt along ) x4 ,b if ! retort break be=e ! ,phosphorus ha? made its appe>ance1 its cont5ts may be sav$ by ?r[+ a numb] ( cold bricks into ! fire-place1 & ^u !m a little wat] to qu5* ! fire at once4 ,all ^! useful obs]vations we owe also to ,m4 ,hellot4 ,! ,phosphorus "h describ$ 0 fir/ discov]$ by a citiz5 ( ,hamburgh1 nam$ ,br&t1 :o work$ ^u ur9e 9 se>* ( ! ,philosoph]'s /one4 ,aft]w>ds two o!r skilful ,*ymi/s1 :o knew no?+ m ( ! process1 ?an t ,phosphorus 0 obta9$ f ur9e1 or1 9 g5]al1 f ! human body1 likewise endeav\r$ to discov] x2 & ea* ( !m sep>ately did actually make ! discov]y4 ,^! two ,*ymi/s 7 ,kunckel & ,boyle4 ,! =m] p]fect$ ! discov]y1 & f\nd out a me?od ( mak+ x 9 consid]able quantities at a "t2 :i* occasion$ x to be call$ ,kunckel's ,phosphorus4 ,! o!r1 :o 0 an ,engli% g5tleman1 _h n "t to br+ 8 discov]y to p]fection1 & cont5t$ himself ) lodg+ a v\*] ( 8 hav+ discov]$ x 9 ! h&s ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 :o gave him a c]tificate !re(4 ,?\gh ,br&t1 says ,m4 ,hellot1 :o _h be=e ?is sold 8 secret to a ,*ymi/ nam$ ,krafft1 sold x aft]w>ds to sev]al o!r p]sons1 & ev5 at a v l[ rate2 & ?\gh ,mr4 ,boyle publi%$ ! process = mak+ x2 yet x is extremely probable t bo? ( !m kept 9 _! own h&s ! ma/]-key2 ,i mean1 ! p>ticul> managem5t necess>y to make ! op]ation succe$3 =1 till ,kunckel f\nd x out1 no o!r ,*ymi/ ev] made any consid]able quantity !re(1 except ,mr4 ,godfrey ,hankwitz1 an ,engli% ,*ymi/1 to :om ,mr4 ,boyle reveal$ ! :ole my/]y4 ,nev]!less1 cont9ues he1 we are v f> f all$g+ t all ^? :o h describ$ ?is op]ation mean$ to impose ^u ! _w3 b we conceive t mo/ ( !m hav+ obs]v$ lum9\s vap\rs 9 ! ballon1 & "s sp>ks ab\t ! juncture ( ! vessels1 7 cont5t$ ) ^? appe>ances4 ,& ?us x came to pass1 t1 aft] ,kunckel & ,boyle di$1 ,mr4 ,godfrey ,hankwitz 0 ! only ,*ymi/ t c\ld supply ,europe !re)2 on :i* acc\nt x is likewise v well kn[n by ! "n ( ,engli% ,phosphorus4 ,almo/ all ! ,*ymi/s consid] ,phosphorus z a sub/ance consi/+ ( ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt comb9$ ) ! ,phlogi/on1 9 ! same mann] z ,sulphur consi/s ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid comb9$ ) ! ,phlogi/on4 ,?is op9ion is f\nd$ on ! foll[+ pr9ciples4 ,fir/1 ,ur9e ab\nds ) ,sea-salt1 & conta9s also a great deal ( ,phlogi/on2 n[ ^! are ! +r$i5ts ( :i* !y conjecture ,phosphorus to be compos$4 ,secondly1 ,phosphorus has _m ( ! prop]ties ( ,sulphur2 su* z be+ soluble 9 oils2 melt+ ) a g5tle heat2 be+ v combu/ible2 burn+ )\t any soot2 giv+ a vivid & bluei% flame2 & la/ly1 leav+ an acid liquor :5 burnt3 s5sible pro(s t x diff]s f ,sulphur 9 no?+ b ! nature ( its ,acid4 ,?irdly1 ?is ,acid ( ,phosphorus1 be+ mix$ ) a solution ( silv] 9 ,_s ( ,nitre1 precipitates ! silv]1 & ?is precipitate is a true ,luna cornea1 :i* appe>s to be m volatile ev5 ?an ! common sort2 z ,m4 ,hellot tells u1 :o made ! exp]im5t4 ,?is fact proves inconte/ably t ! ,acid ( ,phosphorus is ( ! same nature ) t ( ,sea-salt3 = all ,*ymi/s "k t ! prop]ty ( precipitat+ silv] 9 a ,luna cornea belongs to ! ,m>9e ,acid only4 ,f\r?ly1 ,m4 ,/ahl obs]ves1 t1 if ,sea-salt be ca/ on live coals1 !y in/antly burn ) great activity2 !n !y emit a v vivid flame1 & are mu* soon] consum$ ?an if none ( ?is salt _h t\*$ !m2 t ,sea-salt 9 sub/ance1 :i* w be> ! viol5ce ( fire a consid]able "t :5 fus$ 9 a crucible1 )\t su/a9+ any s5sible dim9ution1 yet evaporates v quickly1 & is r$uc$ to :ite fl[]s1 by ! imm$iate contact ( burn+ coals2 &1 la/ly1 t ! flame :i* rises on ?is occasion is ( a blue col\r incl9+ to violet1 especially if x be n ?r[n directly on ! coals !mselves1 b kept 9 fusion amid/ burn+ coals1 9 a crucible s plac$ t ! vap\r ( ! ,salt may jo9 ) ! enflam$ ,phlogi/on z x rises f ! coals4 ,^! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,/ahl's prove1 t ! ,phlogi/on acts ^u ! acid ( ,sea-salt1 ev5 :ile x is comb9$ ) its alkal9e basis4 ,! flame t appe>s on ?is occasion may be consid]$ z an imp]fect ,phosphorus3 & inde$ its col\r is exactly l t ( ,phosphorus4 ,all ! facts above relat$ ev9ce1 t ! ,acid ( ,phosphorus is ak9 to t ( ,sea-salt2 or r t x is ! v same4 ,b !re are o!r facts :i* prove t ?is ,acid und]goes "s *ange at lea/1 "s peculi> prep>ation1 be=e x ent]s into ! composition ( a true ,phosphorus1 & t1 :5 extricat$ !refrom by burn+1 x is n a pure ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 b is /ill adult]at$ ) a mixture ( "s o!r sub/ance1 :i* makes x consid]ably diff]5t f t ,acid4 ,= ^! obs]vations we are oblig$ to ,m4 ,m>ggraff1 ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,b]l91 a celebrat$ ,*ymi/4 ,i %all pres5tly give an acc\nt ( 8 pr9cipal exp]im5ts z succ9ctly z possible4 ,m4 ,m>ggraff ha? also publi%$ a process = mak+ ,phosphorus1 & assures u1 t by means !re( we may obta9 9 less "t1 ) less heat1 less tr\ble1 & less exp5ce1 a great] quantity ( ,phosphorus ?an by any o!r me?od4 ,8 op]ation is ?is3 ,he takes two p\nds ( ,sal ,ammoniac 9 p[d]1 :i* he mixes accurately ) f\r p\nds ( ,m9ium4 ,?is mixture he puts into a glass retort1 & ) a graduat$ fire draws (f a v %>p1 volatile1 ur9\s _s4 ,we obs]v$ 9 our !oretical ,elem5ts1 t "s metallic sub/ances h ! prop]ty ( decompos+ ,sal ,ammoniac1 & sep>at+ its volatile ,alkali2 conc]n+ :i* ph5om5on we !re gave our op9ion4 ,m9ium1 :i* is a calx ( lead1 is "o ( ^? metallic sub/ances4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t x decomposes ! ,sal ,ammoniac1 & sep>ates its volatile ,alkali2 :at rema9s 9 ! retort is a comb9ation ( ! ,m9ium ) ! ,acid ( ! ,sal ,ammoniac1 :i* is well kn[n to be ! same ) ! ,m>9e ,acid2 & consequ5tly ! residue ( ?is op]ation is a sort ( ,plumbum corneum4 ,! quantity !re( is f\r p\nds eight ounces4 ,( ?is he mixes ?ree p\nds ) n9e or t5 p\nds ( ur9e1 t has /ood putrefy+ = two mon?s1 evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( honey4 ,^! he mixes by little & little 9 an iron pan ov] ! fire1 /irr+ ! mixture f "t to "t4 ,!n he adds half a p\nd ( *>coal-du/1 & evaporates ! matt]1 kept cont9ually /irr+1 till ! :ole be br\ght to a black p[d]4 ,he next di/ils ! mixture 9 a glass retort ) degrees ( fire1 :i* he raises t[>ds ! end s z to make ! retort r$-hot1 9 ord] to expel all ! ur9\s _s1 sup]flu\s oil1 & ammoniacal salt4 ,! di/illation be+ f9i%$1 !re rema9s no?+ 9 ! retort b a v friable caput mortuum4 ,?is rema9d] he pulv]ises aga91 & ?r[s a p9* !re( on live coals1 !reby to discov] :e!r or no ! matt] be rightly prep>$1 & 9 ord] = yield+ ,phosphorus4 ,if x be s1 x pres5tly emits an ars5ical od\r1 & a blue undulat+ flame1 :i* passes ov] ! surface ( ! coals l a wave4 ,be+ ?us assur$ ( ! success ( 8 op]ation1 he puts "o half ( 8 matt] 9 ?ree equal p>ts1 into ?ree small e>!n ,g]man retorts1 capable ( hold+ ab\t eighte5 ounces ( wat] a-piece4 ,^! ?ree retorts1 none ( :i* is above ?ree qu>t]s full1 he places toge!r 9 "o rev]b]atory furnace1 built mu* l ^? we h describ$1 except t x is s con/ruct$ z to hold ! ?ree retorts dispos$ 9 "o l9e4 ,to ea* retort he lutes a recipi5t some?+ m ?an half full ( wat]1 ord]+ ! :ole 9 su* a mann]1 t ! noses ( 8 retorts almo/ t\* ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,he beg9s ! di/illation ) w>m+ ! retorts sl[ly1 = ab\t an h\r1 by a g5tle heat4 ,:5 t "t is elaps$ he raises ! fire gradually1 s t 9 half an h\r m ! coals beg9 to t\* ! bottoms ( ! retorts4 ,he cont9ues ?r[+ coals into ! furnace by little & little1 till !y rise half way ! heigh? ( ! retorts2 & 9 ?is he employs ano!r half h\r4 ,la/ly1 9 ! next half h\r he raises ! coals above ! b[ls ( ! retorts4 ,!n ! ,phosphorus beg9s to asc5d 9 cl\ds3 on ?is he in/antly increases ! heat ( ! fire z mu* z possible1 fill+ ! furnace q up ) coals1 & mak+ ! retorts v r$4 ,?is degree ( fire causes ! ,phosphorus to di/il 9 drops1 :i* fall to ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,he keeps up ?is int5se heat = an h\r & half1 at ! end ( :i* ! op]ation is f9i%$2 s t x la/s b f\r h\rs & an half 9 all3 nay1 he fur!r assures u1 t an arti/ well v]s$ 9 manag+ ! fire1 may p]=m x 9 f\r h\rs only4 ,9 ! same mann] he di/ils ! second moiety ( 8 mixture 9 ?ree o!r su* retorts4 ,! advantage he f9ds 9 mak+ use ( sev]al small retorts1 in/ead ( a s+le l>ge "o1 is1 t ! heat p5etrates !m ) m ease1 & ! op]ation is p]=m$ ) less fire1 & 9 less "t4 ,he purifies & m\lds 8 ,phosphorus mu* 9 ! same mann] z ,m4 ,hellot does4 ,f ! quantity ( +r$i5ts above-m5tion$1 he obta9s two ounces & a half ( f9e cry/all9e m\ld$ ,phosphorus4 ,m4 ,m>ggraff consid]+1 z a consequ5ce ( ! exp]im5ts above relat$1 t a highly conc5trat$ ,acid ( ,sea-salt contributes greatly t[>ds ! =mation ( ,phosphorus1 proce$$ to try sev]al o!r exp]im5ts1 9 :i* he employ$ t ,acid 9 a /ate ( comb9ation ) o!r bases4 ,he mix$1 = in/ance1 an ounce ( ,luna cornea ) an ounce & half ( putrefi$ & inspissat$ ur9e1 & f ! mixture obta9$ a v beautiful ,phosphorus4 ,9 %ort1 ! sev]al exp]im5ts m5tion$ hav+ ?or\ghly p]suad$ him t ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 provid$ x 7 highly conc5trat$1 w\ld comb9e ) ! ,phlogi/on z readily z ! ,vitriolic ,acid does1 he resolv$ to try :e!r he c\ld n make ,phosphorus ) matt]s conta9+ t ,acid & ! ,phlogi/on1 )\t mak+ use ( any ur9e4 ,) ?is view he made a great numb] ( diff]5t trials1 :]e9 he employ$ ,sea-salt 9 sub/ance1 ,sal ,ammoniac1 ,plumbum corneum1 ,luna cornea1 fix$ ,sal ,ammoniac1 o!rwise call$ ,oil ( ,lime4 ,^! sev]al sub/ances1 all ( :i* conta9 ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 he mix$ ) sundry matt]s ab\nd+ 9 ,phlogi/on1 diff]5t vegetable coals1 & ev5 animal matt]s1 su* z ! oil ( h>t%orn1 human blood1 c4 v>y+ ! proportions ( ^! sub/ances _m diff]5t ways1 )\t ev] be+ able to produce a s+le atom ( ,phosphorus3 :i* gave ?is able ,*ymi/ j cause to suspect1 t ! ,m>9e ,acid1 :ile pure & crude1 is n capable ( comb9+ ) ! ,phlogi/on 9 ! mann] requisite to =m a ,phosphorus2 t = ?is purpose x is necess>y ! ,acid w\ld h contract$ a previ\s union ) "s o!r matt]2 & t ! ,acid f\nd 9 ur9e ha? probably und]gone ! necess>y *ange4 ,m4 ,m>ggraff is ( op9ion t ! matt]1 :i* by its union r5d]s ! ,m>9e ,acid capable ( ent]+ into ! composition ( ,phosphorus1 is a sort ( exce$+ly subtle vitrifiable e>?4 ,! exp]im5ts he made ^u ! ,acid ( ,phosphorus1 w %ew t 8 notion is n altoge!r gr\ndless4 ,m4 ,m>ggraff hav+ let "s ur9e1 evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( honey1 /& quiet 9 a cool place1 obta9$ f x1 by cry/allization1 a ,salt ( a s+ul> nature4 ,by di/ill+ ?is ur9e aft]w>ds1 he satisfi$ himself t x yield$ him mu* less ,phosphorus ?an ur9e f :i* no ,salt _h be5 extract$2 & z x _c be entirely depriv$ ( ?is ,salt1 he ?9ks t ! small quantity ( ,phosphorus1 :i* ?is ur9e yield$ him1 came f ! ,salt t 0 /ill left 9 x4 ,fur!r1 he di/ill$ ?is salt sep>ately ) lamp-black1 & obta9$ f x a consid]able quantity ( v f9e ,phosphorus4 ,he ev5 mix$ ,luna cornea ) ?is ,salt1 9 ord] to see :e!r x w\ld n increase ! quantity ( 8 ,phosphorus2 b )\t success3 :5ce he conclud$1 t 9 ?is ,sal9e matt] resides ! true ,acid t is fit to ent] into ! composition ( ,phosphorus4 ,?is op9ion is confirm$ by sev]al exp]im5ts on ! ,acid ( ,phosphorus1 :i* he f\nd to h "s prop]ties resembl+ ^? ( ?is ,salt4 ,! ,acid ( ,phosphorus seems to be m fix$ ?an any o!r3 & !re=e if y w\ld sep>ate x1 by burn+1 f ! ,phlogi/on ) :i* x is unit$1 !re is no occasion = su* an app>atus ( vessels z is employ$ = obta9+ ! ,_s ( ,sulphur4 ,= ?is ,acid w rema9 at ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 :i* y burn y\r ,phosphorus3 inde$1 if x be urg$ by ! =ce ( fire1 its mo/ subtile "p evaporates1 & ! rema9d] appe>s 9 ! =m ( a vitrifi$ matt]4 ,?is ,acid eff]vesces ) fix$ & volatile ,alkalis1 & !re) =ms ,neutral ,salts2 b v diff]5t f ,sea-salt1 & f ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,t :i* has a fix$ ,alkali = its basis does n crackle :5 ?r[n on burn+ coals2 b swells & vitrifies l ,borax4 ,t :i* has a volatile ,alkali = its basis %oots into long po9t$ cry/als2 &1 be+ urg$ by fire 9 a retort1 lets g its volatile alkali1 a vitrifi$ matt] rema9+ beh9d4 ,?is ,salt is l t above-m5tion$1 z obta9$ f ur9e & yield+ ,phosphorus4 ,x appe>s f ! exp]im5ts adduc$1 t ! ,acid ( ,phosphorus t5ds always to vitrification2 :i* proves t x is n pure1 & gave ,m4 ,m>ggraff cause to ?9k t x is alt]$ by ! admixture ( a v subtile vitrifiable e>?4 ,m4 ,m>ggraff also obta9$ ,phosphorus f sev]al vegetable sub/ances :i* we use e day = food4 ,?is gives him occasion to conjecture1 t ! ,salt requisite to ! =mation ( ,phosphorus exi/s 9 vegetables1 & passes f !nce into ! animals t fe$ ^u !m4 ,la/ly1 he concludes 8 diss]tation by in=m+ u ( a v important tru?1 viz4 ,t ! ,acid obta9$ f ,phosphorus1 by burn+ x1 w s]ve to =m ,phosphorus anew2 = :i* purpose x ne$ only be comb9$ ) "s *>r$ coal1 su* z lamp-black1 & di/ill$4 ,f :at ha? be5 said on ?is subject x is pla91 t ! ,*ymi/s h a great _m curi\s & int]e/+ inquiries to make conc]n+ ,phosphorus1 & p>ticul>ly conc]n+ its ,acid4 ,i %all conclude ?is article ) an acc\nt ( c]ta9 prop]ties ( ,phosphorus :i* ,i h n yet m5tion$4 ,phosphorus dissolves by ly+ expos$ to ! air4 ,:at wat] _c effect1 says ,m4 ,hellot1 or at lea/ requires eight or t5 ye>s to br+ ab\t1 ! moi/ure ( ! air accompli%es 9 t5 or twelve days2 :e!r x be t ! ,phosphorus takes fire 9 ! air1 & ! inflammable "p evaporat+1 almo/ entirely1 leaves ! ,acid ( ! ,phosphorus nak$1 :i*1 l all o!r ,acids1 :5 exce$+ly conc5trat$1 is v gre$y ( moi/ure2 or else t ! moi/ure ( ! air1 be+ wat] divid$ into inf9itely f9e p>ticles1 is s subtile z to f9d its way ?r\gh ! pores ( ! ,phosphorus1 into :i* ! gross] p>ticles ( common wat] c by no means ins9uate !mselves4 ,phosphorus heat$ by ! vic9ity ( fire1 or by be+ any way rubb$1 soon takes fire & burns fi]cely4 ,x is soluble 9 all ,oils & 9 ,e!r1 giv+ to ^? liquors ! prop]ty ( appe>+ lum9\s :5 ! bottle conta9+ ! solution is op5$4 ,be+ boil$ 9 wat]1 x likewise communicates !reto ?is lum9\s quality4 ,m4 ,mor91 ,pr(essor at ,*>tres1 is ! au?or ( ?is obs]vation4 ,! late ,mr4 ,grosse1 a celebrat$ ,*ymi/ ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 obs]v$1 t ,phosphorus be+ dissolv$ 9 ess5tial oils cry/allizes !re94 ,^! cry/als take fire 9 ! air1 ei!r :5 ?r[n into a dry vessel1 or wrapt up 9 a piece ( pap]4 ,if !y be dipp$ 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 & tak5 out imm$iately1 !y d n aft]w>ds take fire 9 ! air3 !y smoke a little1 & = a v %ort "t1 b h>dly wa/e at all4 ,?\gh "s ( !m 7 left 9 a spoon = a =tnight1 !y did n seem to h lo/ any ?+ ( _! bulk3 b :5 ! spoon 0 w>m$ a little !y took fire1 j l common ,phosphorus t _h nev] be5 dissolv$ & cry/alliz$ 9 an ess5tial ,oil4 ,m4 ,m>ggraff1 hav+ put a dram ( ,phosphorus1 ) an ounce ( highly conc5trat$ ,_s ( ,nitre1 into a glass retort1 obs]v$1 t1 )\t ! help ( fire1 ! ,acid dissolv$ ! ,phosphorus2 t "p ( ! ,acid came ov] into ! recipi5t :i* 0 lut$ to ! retort2 t1 at ! same "t1 ! ,phosphorus took fire1 burnt furi\sly1 & bur/ ! vessels ) explosion4 ,no?+ ( ?is k9d happ5s :5 any ( ! o!r ,acids1 ?\gh conc5trat$1 are appli$ to ,phosphorus4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to decompose ,sea-salt by means ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,glaub]'s ,salt4 ,! ,purification & ,conc5tration ( ,_s ( ,salt4 ,put ! ,sea-salt f :i* y mean to extract ! ,acid into an unglaz$ e>!n pipk91 & set x amid/ live coals4 ,! ,salt w decrepitate1 gr[ dry1 & fall into a p[d]4 ,put ?is decrepitat$ ,salt into a tubulat$ glass retort1 leav+ two ?irds !re( empty4 ,set ! retort 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace2 apply a receiv] l t us$ 9 di/ill+ ! ,smok+ ,_s ( ,nitre1 & lute x on 9 ! same mann]1 or r m exactly if possible4 ,!n ?r\gh ! hole1 9 ! upp] convexity ( ! retort1 p\r a quantity ( highly conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol1 equal 9 weight to ab\t a ?ird "p ( y\r ,salt1 & imm$iately %ut ! hole v close ) a glass /opple1 fir/ gr\nd !re9 ) em]y s z to fit x exactly4 ,z soon z ! ,oil ( ,vitriol t\*es ! ,salt1 ! retort & receiv] w be fill$ ) abundance ( :ite vap\rs2 & soon aft]1 )\t light+ any fire 9 ! furnace1 drops ( a yell[ liquor w di/il f ! nose ( ! retort4 ,let ! di/illation proce$ 9 ?is mann] )\t fire1 z long z y p]ceive any drops come3 aft]w>ds k9dle a v small fire "u ! retort1 & cont9ue di/ill+ & rais+ ! fire by v sl[ degrees1 & ) great caution1 to ! end ( ! di/illation2 :i* w be f9i%$ be=e y h occasion to make ! retort r$-hot4 ,unlute ! vessels1 & )\t delay p\r ! liquor1 :i* is a v smok+ ,_s ( ,salt1 out ( ! receiv] into a cry/al bottle1 l t direct$ = ! smok+ ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,,obs]vations4 ,sea-,salt1 z ha? be5 already said1 is a ,neutral ,salt compos$ ( an ,acid1 :i* diff]s f ^? ( ,vitriol & ,nitre1 comb9$ ) a fix$ ,alkali t has "s peculi> prop]ties2 b does n v>y f ! o!rs 9 its aff9ities4 ,?is ,salt !re=e1 z well z ,nitre1 mu/ be decompos$ by ! ,vitriolic ,acid2 :i* accord+ly is ! case 9 ! process "h describ$4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid unites ) ! ,alkal9e basis ( ! ,sea-salt1 & sep>ates its ,acid2 & t ) mu* great] facility ?an x expels ! ,nitr\s ,acid f its ,alkal9e basis1 because ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt has n s great an aff9ity z ! ,nitr\s ,acid ) ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,z a highly conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol is us$ on ?is occasion1 & z ! ,sea-salt is previ\sly dri$ & decrepitat$1 ! ,acid obta9$ f x by di/illation is v free f phlegm1 & always smokes1 ev5 m viol5tly ?an ! /ronge/ ,acid ( ,nitre4 ,! vap\rs ( ?is ,acid are also mu* m ela/ic & m p5etrat+ ?an ^? ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid3 on :i* acc\nt ?is di/illation ( ! smok+ ,_s ( ,salt is "o ( ! mo/ difficult1 mo/ labori\s1 & mo/ dang]\s op]ations 9 ,*ymi/ry4 ,?is process requires a tubulat$ retort1 t ! ,oil ( ,vitriol may be mix$ ) ! ,sea-salt aft] ! receiv] is well lut$ to ! retort1 & n be=e3 =1 z soon z ^! two matt]s come toge!r1 ! ,_s ( ,salt ru%es out ) s mu* impetuosity1 t1 if ! vessels 7 n lut$ at ! "t1 ! copi\s vap\rs t w\ld issue ?r\gh ! neck ( ! ballon w\ld s moi/5 x1 z well z ! neck ( ! retort1 t x w\ld be impracticable to apply ! lute & secure ! jo9t z ! op]ation requires4 ,moreov]1 ! op]ator w\ld be expos$ to ^? dang]\s fumes1 :i*1 on ?is occasion1 ru% out1 & ent] ! lungs1 ) su* incr$ible activity z to ?reat5 in/ant suffocation4 ,hav+ said s mu* ( ! ela/icity & activity ( ! fumes ( ,_s ( ,salt1 x is ne$less to insi/ ^u ! necessity ( giv+ v5t to ! vessels f "t to "t1 by op5+ ! little hole ( ! ballon3 inde$ ! be/ way to prev5t ! loss ( a great _m vap\rs1 on ?is occasion1 is to employ adopt]s1 & cov] !m ) wet canvas1 :i* w cool & cond5se ! vap\rs !y conta94 ,:5 ! op]ation is f9i%$1 we f9d a :ite1 sal9e mass at ! bottom ( ! retort z 9 a m\ld4 ,if ?is mass be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution cry/alliz$1 x yields a consid]able quantity ( ,sea-salt t ha? n be5 decompos$1 & a ,neutral ,salt consi/+ ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid unit$ ) ! ,alkal9e basis ( t "p :i* ha? be5 decompos$4 ,?is ,neutral ,salt1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,glaub] its inv5tor1 diff]s f ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>1 or ! ,sal de duobus1 :i* rema9s aft] di/ill+ ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 especially 9 t x is m fusible1 m soluble 9 wat]1 & ha? its cry/als diff]5tly figur$4 ,b z 9 ^! two ,salts ! ,acid is ! same1 ! diff]5ces t appe> betwe5 !m mu/ be attribut$ to ! peculi> nature ( ! basis ( ,sea-salt4 ,_s ( ,salt drawn by ! process above describ$ is ta9t$ ) a small mixture ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 c>ri$ up by ! =ce ( fire be=e x _h "t to comb9e ) ! ,alkali ( ! ,sea-salt2 :i* happ5s likewise to ! ,nitr\s ,acid procur$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,if y desire to h x pure1 & absolutely free f ! ,acid ( ,vitriol1 x mu/ be di/ill$ a second "t f ,sea-salt1 z ! ,acid ( ,nitre 0 be=e direct$ to be di/ill$ aga9 f fre% ,nitre1 9 ord] to purify x f any ,vitriolic ta9t4 ,sea-salt1 z well z ,nitre1 may be decompos$ by any comb9ation ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) a metallic or e>?y sub/ance3 b x is prop] to obs]ve1 t if y di/il ,_s ( ,salt by means ( ,gre5 ,vitriol1 ! op]ation w n succe$ s well z :5 ,_s ( ,nitre is di/ill$ 9 ! same mann]3 less ,_s is obta9$1 & a mu* fi]c] fire is requir$4 ,! cause ( ?is lies 9 ! prop]ty :i* ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt possesses ( dissolv+ ,iron1 ev5 :5 depriv$ ( a "p ( its ,phlogi/on by hav+ contract$ an union ) ano!r ,acid2 s t x is no soon] dislodg$ f its own basis by ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 ?an x unites ) ! f]rug9\s basis ( ! ,vitriol1 f :i* x _c be sep>at$ b by a mo/ viol5t fire4 ,?is is ! consequ5ce m especially :5 calc9$ ,vitriol is made use (3 = moi/ure1 z we %all pres5tly see1 greatly facilitates ! sep>ation ( ! ,m>9e ,acid f ^? sub/ances ) :i* x is unit$4 ,:5 y d n desire a highly dephlegmat$ & smok+ ,_s ( ,salt1 y may di/il ) ! additam5t ( any e>? conta9+ ! ,vitriolic ,acid2 z ,clay1 = in/ance1 or ,bole4 ,to ?is end "o "p ( ,sea-salt1 slightly dri$ & r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 mu/ be accurately m+l$ ) two p>ts ( ! e>? y int5d to employ likewise pulv]iz$2 ( ?is mixture make a /iff pa/e ) a prop] quantity ( ra9 wat]1 & hav+ =m$ little balls !re( ab\t ! size ( a hazel nut1 let !m dry 9 ! sun2 :5 dry1 put !m into a /one or coat$ glass retort1 leav+ a ?ird "p !re( empty2 set ?is vessel 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace1 cov]$ ) its dome2 apply a receiv]1 :i* ne$ n be lut$ on = "s "t2 & heat ! vessels v sl[ly4 ,at fir/ an insipid wat] w rise1 :i* mu/ be ?r[n away3 aft]w>ds ! ,_s ( ,salt w appe> 9 :ite cl\ds4 ,n[ lute y\r vessels1 & raise ! fire by degrees2 :i*1 t[>ds ! end mu/ be pu%$ to ! utmo/ extremity4 ,! op]ation is kn[n to be f9i%$ :5 no drops fall f ! nose ( ! retort1 ! receiv] cools1 & ! :ite vap\rs t fill$ x are se5 no m4 ,! ,_s ( ,salt obta9$ by ! process "h deliv]$ does n smoke1 & conta9s mu* m phlegm ?an t :i* is di/ill$ by means ( ! conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol2 because ! e>?1 ?\gh dri$ 9 ! sun1 /ill reta9s a great deal ( moi/ure1 :i* commixes ) ! ,acid ( ! ,sea-salt4 ,consequ5tly x is mu* easi] to collect its vap\rs2 s t ?is op]ation is att5d$ ) mu* less tr\ble ?an ! o!r4 ,nev]!less x is adviseable to proce$ g5tly2 to apply b little heat at fir/1 & to un/op e n[ & !n ! small hole ( ! receiv]3 = a quantity ( ! vap\rs ( ,_s ( ,salt1 ev5 :5 weak5$ by ! admixture ( wat]1 is v apt to bur/ ! vessels4 ,a mu* great] degree ( fire is necess>y to raise ! ,_s ( ,salt by ?is latt] process1 ?an by t 9 :i* ! pure ,vitriolic ,acid is employ$3 =1 z fa/ z ! ,_s ( ,salt is dislodg$ f its own basis1 by ! ,vitriolic ,acid conta9$ 9 ! e>? made use (1 "p ( x jo9s t e>?1 & _c be sep>at$ f x )\t ! mo/ viol5t heat4 ,a ,_s ( ,salt t %all n smoke may also be obta9$ by means ( ! pure ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,_s ( ,vitriol1 or ,oil ( ,vitriol1 l[]$ ) a good deal ( wat]1 w d ! bus9ess4 ,"s ,*ymi/s direct a little wat] to be plac$ 9 ! receiv]1 :5 ,_s ( ,salt is to be di/ill$ by ! int]m$ium ( conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol1 9 ord] to make ! acid vap\rs cond5se m readily4 ,by ?is means inde$ "s ( ! inconv5i5cies att5d+ ! di/illation ( smok+ ,_s ( ,salt may be avoid$3 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! acid vap\rs be+ absolutely suffocat$ by ! wat] z fa/ z !y come ov]1 ! ,_s ( ,salt obta9$ by ?is me?od w be no less aque\s ?an t procur$ by ! int]position ( e>?s3 s t "h is an exp5ce to no mann] ( purpose4 ,!re=e1 :5 a ,_s ( ,salt is desir$ t %all n smoke1 x is be/ to employ an additam5t ( e>?2 & t s mu* ! r z ! ,m>9e ,acid obta9$ by ?is means is pur] & fre] f any ,vitriolic ta9t1 = ! reasons already assign$4 ,"p ( ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt may be sep>at$ f its ,alkal9e basis by ! =ce ( fire alone1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any o!r body4 ,) ?is view ! ,salt mu/ be put into ! retort )\t be+ dri$4 ,at fir/ an insipid wat] rises2 b x gradually becomes acid1 & ha? all ! prop]ties ( ,_s ( ,salt4 ,:5 ! ,salt 9 ! retort is gr[n p]fectly dry1 no?+ m c be =c$ ov] by any degree ( heat :atev]4 ,if y w\ld obta9 m ,acid f ! same ,salt1 y mu/ take x out ( ! retort1 :]e y w f9d x 9 a lump1 r$uce x to p[d]1 & expose x to ! air = "s "t1 t x may attract ! moi/ure !re(2 or else wet x at once ) "s ra9 wat]1 & di/il z be=e4 ,y w aga9 h an insipid wat]1 & a little ,_s ( ,salt2 :i* w 9 l mann] cease to rise :5 ! ,salt 9 ! retort becomes dry4 ,?is op]ation may be repeat$ z (t5 z %all be ?\ght prop]3 & p]haps x may be possible to decompose ,sea-salt entirely by means !re(1 )\t ! int]position ( any o!r body4 ,! ,_s ( ,salt ?us obta9$ is exce$+ weak1 9 small quantity1 & load$ ) mu* wat]4 ,?is exp]im5t proves1 t moi/ure greatly facilitates ! sep>ation ( ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt f ! matt]s ) :i* x is unit$3 & ?is is ! reason t1 9 di/ill+ ,_s ( ,salt ) ! additam5t ( an e>?1 ! op]ation requires mu* less fire at ! beg9n+1 :ile ! e>? & salt reta9 a great deal ( humidity1 ?an t[>ds ! end1 :5 !y beg9 to gr[ dry4 ,aft] ! op]ation !re rema9s 9 ! retort a sal9e & e>?y mass1 :i* conta9s1 #a4 ,"s entire ,sea-salt t has suff]$ no decomposition2 #b4 ,a ,glaub]'s ,salt :i* is1 z we said be=e1 a ,neutral ,salt consi/+ ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid unit$ ) ! ,alkal9e basis ( ! ,sea-salt1 f :i* x ha? expell$ its prop] ,acid2 #c4 ,"p ( ! e>? us$ z an int]m$ium1 /ill reta9+ a portion ( its orig9al ,vitriolic ,acid1 :i* happ5+ n to lie ne> en\gh to any p>ticles ( ,sea-salt1 c\ld n ex]t its p[] 9 decompos+ !m1 & s rema9s unit$ ) its e>?y basis2 #d4 ,ano!r "p ( ! same e>?1 impregnat$ ) "s ( ! ,m>9e ,acid1 :i* comb9$ !re) ^u be+ expell$ f its ,alkal9e basis by ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 & :i* ! =ce ( fire 0 unable to sep>ate f x :5 ! matt]s 7 gr[n p]fectly dry4 ,9 consequ5ce ( :at rema9s 9 ?is caput mortuum1 if ! :ole mass be triturat$1 moi/5$ ) a little wat]1 & di/ill$ a second "t1 consid]ably m ,_s ( ,salt w be obta9$ f x3 & ! same is to be said ( all di/illations ( ?is sort4 ,_s ( ,salt obta9$ by ! means ( any o!r additam5t ?an conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol is g5]ally v weak3 b x may be dephlegmat$ & conc5trat$1 if requir$1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,= ?is purpose y mu/ put x into a glass cucurbit1 set x 9 a balneum m>i1 fit !reto a head & a receiv]1 & ) a mod]ate degree ( heat draw (f "o ?ird or "o half ( ! liquor4 ,:at comes ov] into ! receiv] w be ! mo/ aque\s "p1 :i* be+ ! lighte/ w rise fir/1 impregnat$ h[ev] ) a little acid3 9 ! cucurbit w be left a conc5trat$ ,_s ( ,salt1 or ! mo/ acid "p1 :i* be+ ! heavie/ w n rise ) ! degree ( heat t is capable ( c>ry+ up ! phlegm4 ,_s ( ,salt ?us conc5trat$1 call$ also ,oil ( ,salt1 does n smoke3 x is ( a yell[ col\r incl9+ to gre51 & an agreeable smell1 n unlike t ( saffron4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,to decompose ,sea-salt by means ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid4 ,aqua regis4 ,quadrangul> ,nitre4 ,take dri$ ,sea-salt2 bruise x to p[d]2 put x into a glass retort1 leav+ "o half ( ! vessel empty4 ,p\r ^u x a ?ird ( its weight ( good ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,place y\r retort 9 ! s&-ba? ( a rev]b]at+ furnace2 put on ! dome2 lute to ! retort a receiv] hav+ a small hole 9 x1 & heat ! vessels v sl[ly4 ,!re w come ov] into ! receiv] "s vap\rs1 & an acid liquor4 ,increase ! fire gradually till no?+ m rises4 ,!n unlute ! vessels1 & p\r ! liquor out ( ! receiv] into a cry/al bottle1 /opp$ l o!rs conta9+ ,acid ,spirits4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,nitr\s ,acid ha? a great] aff9ity ?an ! ,m>9e ,acid ) fix$ ,alkalis4 ,:5 !re=e ,_s ( ,nitre & ,sea-salt are mix$ toge!r1 ! same consequ5ces1 9 "s measure1 w foll[1 z :5 ! ,vitriolic ,acid is mix$ ) t salt2 t is1 ! ,nitr\s ,acid w1 l ! ,vitriolic1 decompose x1 by dislodg+ its ,acid f its ,alkal9e basis1 & assum+ its place4 ,b z ! ,nitr\s ,acid is consid]ably weak]1 & mu* light]1 ?an ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 a good deal ( x rises along ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! liquor f\nd 9 ! receiv] is !re=e a true ,aqua regis4 ,if decrepitat$ ,salt1 & a "r smok+ ,_s ( ,nitre1 be employ$ 9 ?is process1 ! ,aqua regis obta9$ w be v /rong2 &1 dur+ ! op]ation1 v ela/ic vap\rs w ru% out & bur/ ! vessels1 if ^? precautions be n tak5 :i* we po9t$ out z necess>y 9 di/ill+ ! ,_s ( ,nitre1 & ! smok+ ,_s ( ,salt4 ,! op]ation be+ f9i%$1 !re is left 9 ! retort a sal9e mass1 conta9+ ,sea-salt n decompos$1 & a new species ( ,nitre1 :i* hav+ = its basis ! ,alkali ( ,sea-salt1 t is1 z we h sev]al times obs]v$1 an ,alkali ( a peculi> nature1 diff]s f ! common ,nitre1 #a4 ,9 ! figure ( its cry/als2 :i* are solids ( f\r sides1 =m$ l loz5ges3 #b4 ,9 t x cry/allizes ) m difficulty1 reta9s m wat] 9 its cry/als1 attracts ! moi/ure ( ! air1 & dissolves 9 wat] ) ! same circum/ances z ,sea-salt4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ,,borax4 ,,process4 ,to decompose ,borax by ! means ( ,acids1 & to sep>ate f x ! ,s$ative ,salt by sublimation & by cry/allization4 ,r$uce to a f9e p[d] ! ,borax f :i* y int5d to extract ! ,s$ative ,salt4 ,put ?is p[d] into a wide-neck$ glass retort4 ,p\r ^u x an eigh? "p ( its weight ( common wat]1 to moi/5 ! p[d]2 & !n add conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol to ! weight ( some:at m ?an a f\r? "p ( ! weight ( ,borax4 ,set ! retort 9 a rev]b]atory1 make a mod]ate fire at fir/1 & augm5t x gradually till ! retort become r$-hot4 ,a little phlegm w fir/ come ov]1 & !n ) ! la/ moi/ure t ! heat expels ! ,s$ative ,salt w rise2 by :i* means "s ( x w be dissolv$ 9 ?is la/ phlegm1 & pass !re) into ! receiv]2 b mo/ ( x w adh]e 9 ! =m ( sal9e fl[]s to ! =e-"p ( ! neck ( ! retort1 j :]e x is cle> ( ! groove ( ! furnace4 ,!re !y collect into a heap1 :i* ! succe$+ fl[]s pu% ins5sibly =w>d till !y slightly /op ! passage4 ,^? :i* rise aft] ! neck is ?us /opp$ /ick to ! aft]-"p ( x :i* is hot1 vitrify 9 "s measure1 & =m a circle ( fus$ ,salt4 ,9 ?is /ate ! fl[]s ( ! ,s$ative ,salt seem to issue out ( ! circle1 z f _! basis3 !y appe> l v ?91 light1 %9+ scales1 & mu/ be bru%$ (f ) a fea!r4 ,at ! bottom ( ! retort w be left a sal9e mass3 dissolve ?is 9 a suffici5t quantity ( hot wat]2 filt] ! solution 9 ord] to free x f a br[n e>? :i* x deposites2 set ! liquor to evaporate1 & cry/als ( ,s$ative ,salt w =m 9 x4 ,,obs]vations4 ,?\gh ,borax is ( great use 9 _m *ymical op]ations1 especially 9 ! fusion ( metals1 z we %all h occasion to see1 yet1 till ( late ye>s1 ,*ymi/s 7 q ignorant ( its nature1 z !y /ill are ( its orig92 conc]n+ :i* we "k no?+ ) c]ta9ty1 b t x comes r\gh f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & is purifi$ by ! ,dut*4 ,m4 ,homb]g 0 "o ( ! fir/ t attempt$ to analyse ?is ,salt4 ,he %ew$1 t on mix+ x ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 & di/ill+ ! mixture1 a salt sublimes 9 little f9e ne$les4 ,?is product ( ,borax he call$ by ! "n ( ,s$ative ,salt1 because he f\nd x _h ! prop]ty ( mod]at+ ! great tumult & heat ( ! blood 9 fev]s4 ,aft] ,m4 ,homb]g1 o!r ,*ymi/s also ex]cis$ !mselves on ,borax4 ,m4 ,lem]y discov]$ t ! ,vitriolic is n ! only ,acid by means ( :i* ! ,s$ative ,salt may be obta9$ f ,borax2 b t ei!r ( ! o!r two ,m9]al ,acids1 ! ,nitr\s or ! ,m>9e1 may be us$ 9 its /ead4 ,m4 ,ge(froy ha? greatly facilitat$ ! means ( obta9+ ! ,s$ative ,salt f ,borax2 hav+ %ewn t x may be extract$ by cry/allization z well z by sublimation2 & t ! ,s$ative ,salt s obta9$ is 9 no respect inf]ior to t :i* 0 procur$ be=e by sublimation only4 ,to him also we are indebt$ = ! discov]y1 t 9 ! composition ( ,borax !re is an ,alkal9e ,salt ( ! same nature z ! basis ( ,sea-salt4 ,?is he f\nd by obs]v+ t he got a ,glaub]'s ,salt f a solution ( ,borax into :i* he _h p\r$ "s ,vitriolic ,acid ) a view to obta9 its ,s$ative ,salt4 ,la/ly1 ,m4 ,b>on1 :om we m5tion$ be=e on occasion ( ?is ,salt1 ha? prov$1 by a great numb] ( exp]im5ts1 t a ,s$ative ,salt may be procur$ f ,borax by ! help ( ,vegetable ,acids1 :i* 0 nev] done by any body be=e him2 t ! ,s$ative ,salt is n a comb9ation ( an ,alkal9e matt] ) ! ,acid made use ( 9 extract+ x1 z "s ( its prop]ties seem$ to indicate2 b t x exi/s previ\sly & completely =m$ 9 ! ,borax2 t ! ,acid employ$ to extract x only helps to dis5gage x f ! ,alkali ) :i* x is unit$2 t ?is ,alkali is actually ( ! same nature z ! basis ( ,sea-salt1 because t aft] extract+ ! ,s$ative ,salt1 :i* by its union !re) =ms ! ,borax1 a ,neutral ,salt is f\nd1 ( ! same sort ) t :i* w\ld be produc$ by comb9+ ! basis ( ,sea-salt ) ! p>ticul> ,acid made use (2 t is1 if ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 a ,glaub]'s ,salt2 if ) ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 a quadrangul> ,nitre2 & if ) ! ,m>9e ,acid1 a true ,sea-salt2 &1 la/ly1 t ! ,s$ative ,salt may be re-unit$ to its ,alkali1 & reproduce a ,borax4 ,no?+ !re=e n[ rema9s1 to give u all ! insight we c desire into ! nature ( ,borax1 b to "k :at ! ,s$ative ,salt is4 ,m4 ,b>on ha? already giv5 u c]ta9 negative notices conc]n+ x1 by %ew+ :at x is n2 t is1 t ! ,acid employ$ 9 its extraction do? n ent] into its composition4 ,we h great reason to hope1 t he w c>ry 8 inquiries /ill fur!r1 & cle> up all our d\bts on ?is subject4 ,! ,s$ative ,salt may be extract$ f ,borax1 n only by ! means ( pure & simple ,acids1 b also by ! same ,acids comb9$ ) a metallic basis4 ,?us ,vitriols1 = in/ance1 may be employ$ = ?is purpose ) good success4 ,x is easy to see1 t ! ,vitriol mu/ be decompos$ on ?is occasion1 & t its ,acid _c unite ) ! ,alkali 9 :i* ! ,s$ative ,salt is lodg$1 )\t quitt+ its metallic basis1 :i* mu/ ( c\rse precipitate4 ,! ,s$ative ,salt actually sublimes1 :5 a liquid conta9+ x is di/ill$2 b x does n !re=e foll[1 t x is naturally volatile4 ,x rises only by ! aid ( ! wat] ) :i* x is mix$4 ,! pro( ( ?is ass]tion is1 t1 :5 all ! humidity ( ! mixture conta9+ ?is ,salt is dissipat$1 no m ,salt w rise1 be ! fire ev] s viol5t2 & t by add+ m wat] to moi/5 ! dri$ mass conta9+ x1 m ,salt w e "t be obta9$1 ?r\gh _m repeat$ di/illations4 ,9 ! same mann]1 if "s ,s$ative ,salt be moi/5$1 & expos$ to a prop] degree ( heat1 a small quantity !re( w rise at fir/ by ! help ( ! wat]2 b z soon z x gr[s dry x rema9s exce$+ly fix$4 ,?is obs]vation we owe to ,m4 ,r\elle4 ,! ,s$ative ,salt ha? ! appe>ance & ! ta/e ( a ,neutral ,salt3 x does n *ange ! col\r ( ! juice ( violets2 nor does x easily dissolve 9 wat]2 = x requires a qu>t ( boil+ wat] to dissolve two ounces ( x3 yet1 ) reg>d to ,alkalis1 x has ! prop]ties ( an ,acid2 x unites ) ^? salts1 =ms !re) a sal9e comp\nd :i* cry/allizes1 & ev5 expels ! ,acids t happ5 to be comb9$ ) !m2 s t x decomposes ! same ,neutral ,salts t are decompos$ by ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,! ,s$ative ,salt1 :5 sudd5ly expos$ to ! viol5t heat ( a nak$ fire1 loses ne> half its weight1 melts1 puts on & reta9s ! appe>ance ( glass2 b its nature /ill rema9s un*ang$4 ,?is glass dissolves 9 wat]1 & %oots anew into cry/als ( ,s$ative ,salt4 ,?is ,salt communicates to ! ,alkal9e salt ) :i* x is unit$1 :5 9 ! =m ( ,borax1 ! prop]ty ( melt+ ) a mod]ate heat1 & =m+ a k9d ( glass2 & x is ?is great fusibility t recomm5ds ! frequ5t use ( ,borax z a flux = assay+ ores4 ,x is also employ$ sometimes z an +r$i5t 9 ! composition ( glass2 b1 9 "t1 x always communicates !reto ! fault :i* its own glass ha?1 namely t ( t>ni%+ ) ! air4 ,! ,s$ative ,salt ha?1 moreov]1 ! s+ul> prop]ty ( dissolv+ 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 & ( giv+ to its flame1 :5 set on fire1 a beautiful gre5 col\r4 ,all ^! obs]vations we owe to ,mess4 ,ge(froy & ,b>on4 ,m4 ,ge(froy prep>es ! ,s$ative ,salt by cry/allization only1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,he dissolves f\r ounces ( ref9$ ,borax 9 a suffici5t quantity ( w>m wat]1 & !n p\rs into ! solution "o ounce & two drams ( highly conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol1 :i* makes a crackl+ noise z x falls 94 ,:5 ?is mixture has /ood evaporat+ = "s "t1 ! ,s$ative ,salt beg9s to make its appe>ance 9 little1 f9e1 %9+ plates float+ on ! surface ( ! liquor4 ,! evaporation is !n to be /opp$1 & ! plates w by little & little increase 9 ?ickness & bread?4 ,!y unite toge!r into little tufts1 =m+ ) ea* o!r sundry diff]5t gr\ps4 ,if ! vessel be ev] s little /irr$1 ! regul>ity ( ! cry/als w be di/urb$2 s t x mu/ n be t\*$ till ! cry/allization appe>s to be f9i%$4 ,! cry/all9e clu/]s1 be+ gr[n too bulky & too heavy1 w !n fall ( !mselves to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,?is be+ obs]v$1 ! sal9e liquor mu/ be g5tly decant$ f ^? little cry/als1 :i*1 z !y are n easily dissolv$1 mu/ be wa%$ clean1 by p\r+ cold wat] sl[ly on ! sides ( ! pan1 ?ree or f\r times successively1 9 ord] to r9se out all rema9s ( ! sal9e liquor1 & !n set fir/ to dra91 & aft]w>ds to dry 9 ! sun4 ,?is ,salt1 9 ! =m ( light flakes ( sn[1 is n[ s(t to ! t\*1 cool 9 ! m\?1 slightly bitt]1 crackl+ a little betwe5 ! tee?1 & leav+ a small impression ( acidity on ! tongue4 ,x w keep long )\t giv+ or calc9+1 if manag$ accord+ to ! prec$+ directions2 t is1 if x be exactly fre$ f its sal9e liquor4 ,x diff]s f ! ,s$ative ,salt obta9$ by sublimation 9 ?is respect only1 t not)/&+ its seem+ lightness x is a little heavi] ?an ! o!r4 ,m4 ,ge(froy supposes ! cause ( ?is weight to be1 t1 z sev]al ( ! ?9 plates adh]e toge!r 9 cry/alliz+1 !y reta9 betwe5 !m "s small matt] ( humidity2 or1 if y w1 t1 z !y =m l>g] cry/als1 !y pres5t less surface to ! air :i* elevates light bodies3 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 ! o!r ,s$ative ,salt1 be+ driv5 up by ! =ce ( fire1 rises into ! head ( ! cucurbit 9 a m subtile =m1 hav+ its p>ticles mu* m exp&$ & divid$4 ,m4 ,ge(froy1 hav+ put 8 ,s$ative ,salt made by cry/allization to all ! same trials ) t made by sublimation1 satisfi$ himself t !re is no o!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,if ! ,s$ative ,salt made by cry/allizations happ5s to calc9e 9 ! sun2 t is1 if its lu/re t>ni%es1 & its surface gr[s mealy1 x is a sign t x /ill conta9s ei!r a little ,borax or "s ,glaub]'s ,salt3 = ^! two ,salts are apt to calc9e 9 ?is mann]1 & pure ,s$ative ,salt %\ld n be subject to ?is inconv5i5ce4 ,9 ord] to purify x1 & free x entirely f ^? ,salts1 x mu/ be dissolv$ once m 9 boil+ wat]4 ,z soon z ! wat] cools1 ! ,s$ative ,salt reappe>s 9 light1 %9+1 cry/all9e plates1 swimm+ 9 ! liquor4 ,aft] /&+ f\r & tw5ty h\rs1 ! liquor mu/ be decant$1 & ! salt wa%$ ) fre% wat]2 by :i* means x w be v pure & beautiful4 ,glaub]'s ,salt & ,borax dissolve 9 wat] ) va/ly m ease ?an ! ,s$ative ,salt1 & consequ5tly d n cry/allize s readily by mu*3 s t ! small portion ( ^? salts :i* may h be5 left on ! surface ( ! ,s$ative ,salt1 be+ diffus$ ?r\gh a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 cont9ues 9 a /ate ( solution1 :ile ! ,s$ative ,salt cry/allizes2 :i* be+ also wa%$ aft]w>ds ) fair wat]1 x is impossible t ! smalle/ p>ticle ( ^? o!r ,salts %\ld rema9 adh]+ to x2 & consequ5tly ?is mu/ be deem$ an excell5t way ( purify+ x4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,op]ations on ,,metals4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ,,gold4 ,,process ,i4 ,to sep>ate ,gold1 by ,amalgamation ) ,m]cury1 f ! ,e>? & ,/ones ) :i* x is f\nd mix$4 ,pulv]ize ! e>?s & /ones conta9+ ,gold4 ,put ! p[d] into a little wood5 tray2 dip ?is tray 9 wat]1 g5tly %ak+ x & its cont5ts4 ,! wat] w gr[ muddy1 by tak+ up ! e>?y p>ts ( ! ore4 ,cont9ue wa%+ x 9 ?is mann] till ! wat] cease to appe> turbid4 ,^u ! ore ?us wa%$ p\r /rong v9eg>1 hav+ fir/ dissolv$ !re91 by ! help ( heat1 ab\t a t5? "p ( its weight ( alum4 ,! p[d] mu/ be q dr5*$ & cov]$ ) ?is liquor1 & s left to /& = twice tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,decant ! v9eg>1 & wa% y\r p[d] ) w>m wat]1 till ! la/ t comes (f ha? no ta/e3 !n dry x1 & put x into an iron mort>1 ) f\r times its weight ( ,quick-silv]3 triturate ! :ole ) a heavy wood5 pe/le1 till all ! p[d] be ( a blacki% col\r3 !n p\r 9 a little wat]1 & cont9ue rubb+ = "s "t long]4 ,m e>?y & het]og5e\s p>ticles w be sep>at$ f ! metall9e p>ts by means ( ?is wat]1 :i* w look dirty3 x mu/ !n be decant$1 & m fair wat] add$4 ,repeat ?is sev]al times2 !n dry :at rema9s 9 ! mort> ) a sponge1 & by ! help ( a g5tle heat3 y w f9d x an ,amalgam ( ! ,m]cury ) ! ,gold4 ,put ?is ,amalgam into a *amoy bag3 tie a knot on its neck1 & squeeze x h>d betwe5 y\r f+]s1 ov] "s wide-m\!d vessel2 !re w issue ?r\gh ! pores ( ! lea!r numb]less little jets ( ,m]cury1 =m+ a sort ( %[]1 t w collect into l>ge globules 9 ! vessel plac$ und]nea?4 ,:5 y c =ce out no m ,m]cury by ?is means1 op5 ! bag1 & 9 x y w f9d ! ,amalgam fre$ f ! sup]flu\s ,m]cury2 ! ,gold reta9+ only ab\t z mu* !re( z ne>ly equals itself 9 weight4 ,put ?is ,amalgam into a glass retort2 set ?is retort 9 ! s&-ba? ( a rev]b]at+ furnace2 cov] x q ov] ) s&2 apply a glass receiv] half full ( wat]1 s t ! nose ( ! retort may be "u ! wat]4 ,! receiv] ne$ n be lut$ to ! retort4 ,give a gradual heat1 & raise ! fire till drops ( ! sublim$ ,m]cury appe> 9 ! neck ( ! retort1 & fall into ! wat] ) a hiss+ noise4 ,if y he> any noise 9 ! retort slack5 y\r fire a little4 ,la/ly1 :5 y obs]ve1 t1 ?\gh y raise ! fire /ill high] ?an be=e1 no?+ m w come ov]1 take out y\r retort1 break x1 & !re y w f9d ! ,gold1 :i* mu/ be melt$ 9 a crucible ) ,borax4 ,,obs]vations4 ,gold is a p]fect metal1 :i* c by no means be depriv$ ( its ,phlogi/on1 & on :i* few1 ev5 ( ! mo/ p[]ful *ymical solv5ts1 h any effect3 & !re=e x almo/ always ha? its metall9e =m :5 f\nd 9 ! e>?2 f :i* x may sometimes be sep>at$ by simple lotion4 ,! ,gold du/ f\nd 9 ! s&s ( c]ta9 riv]s is ( ?is k9d4 ,:5 x resides 9 /ones1 or t5aci\s e>?s1 x may be extract$ by ! process "h deliv]$2 to wit1 by ,amalgamation1 or comb9ation ( ,m]cury ) ,gold4 ,m]cury is incapable ( unit+ ) any e>?y sub/ances1 n ev5 ) ! metallic e>?s1 :5 !y are depriv$ ( _! ,phlogi/on1 & consequ5tly h n ! metall9e =m4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t :5 ,m]cury is triturat$ ) p>ticles ( ,gold1 ( e>?1 & ( /one1 m+l$ toge!r1 x unites ) ! ,gold1 & sep>ates x f ^? het]og5e\s matt]s4 ,yet1 if !re be along ) ! ,gold any o!r metal1 9 its metall9e =m1 except ,iron1 ! ,m]cury w amalgamate ) t also4 ,?is (t5 happ5s to ,silv]1 :i* be+ a p]fect metal z well z ,gold1 is = t reason sometimes dug up 9 its metall9e =m1 & ev5 incorporat$ ) ,gold4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 ! mass t rema9s 9 ! retort1 aft] ab/ract+ ! ,m]cury ( ! ,amalgama1 is a comp\nd ( ,gold & ,silv]1 :i* are to be sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! me?ods we %all give = t purpose4 ,! pres5t process is !re=e applicable to ,silv] z well z ,gold4 ,sometimes ,gold is intimately comb9$ ) su* m9]al matt]s z h9d] ! ,m]cury f act+ ^u x4 ,9 t case ! mix$ mass mu/ be roa/$ be=e y proce$ to ,amalgamation3 = if ! matt]s be volatile1 su*1 = in/ance1 z antimony or ars5ic1 ! fire w c>ry !m (f2 s t1 aft] roa/+1 ! ,amalgamation w succe$4 ,b sometimes ^! matt]s are fix$1 & require fusion2 if s1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to "s p>ticul> me?ods1 :i* we %all describe :5 we come to treat ( ,silv]1 z ^! two p]fect metals are to be treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,ores conta9+ ,gold mu/ be wa%$ be=e an ,amalgam is attempt$2 t ! metall9e p>ts1 be+ fre$ f ! num]\s p>ticles ( e>? ) :i* !y are encompass$1 may ! m readily incorporate ) ! ,m]cury4 ,besides1 x is ! prop]ty ( ,m]cury to take ! =m ( a d>k unmetallic p[d]1 aft] be+ long rubb$ ) o!r matt]s1 s t x _c be easily di/+ui%$ f ! p>ticles ( e>?4 ,& h5ce1 if y /ill cont9ue to gr9d ! matt]s toge!r1 aft] ! ,amalgamation is complet$1 & wa% !m aga9 & aga91 ! wat] t comes (f w always look turbid1 be+ impregnat$ ) "s p>ticles ( ! ,amalgam4 ,?is is easily prov$3 = if y let ! turbid wat] settle1 & di/il ! s$im5t1 y w obta9 ,quick-silv] f x4 ,! ore is to be /eep$ 9 v9eg> *>g$ ) alum1 9 ord] to cleanse ! surface ( ! ,gold1 :i* is (t5 cov]$ ) a ?9 coat ( e>? t ob/ructs ! ,amalgamation4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! ,m]cury employ$ 9 ?is op]ation be v pure4 ,if x be adult]at$ ) any metallic sub/ance1 x mu/ be fre$ !refrom by ! me?ods :i* we %all propose 9 _! prop] place4 ,! way ( sep>at+ ,m]cury f ,gold is f\nd$ on ! diff]5t prop]ties ( ^! two metallic sub/ances2 ! "o be+ exce$+ly fix$1 & ! o!r v volatile4 ,! union :i* ,m]cury contracts ) ! metals is n intimate en\gh1 to give ! new comp\nd :i* results !refrom all ! prop]ties ( ei!r ( ! two unit$ sub/ances2 at lea/ s f> z conc]ns _! degrees ( fixity & volatility4 ,h5ce x comes1 t1 9 our ,amalgam1 ! ,gold communicates b v little ( its fixity to ! ,m]cury1 & ! ,m]cury communicates to ! ,gold b v little ( its volatility4 ,yet if ! ,m]cury be di/ill$ (f ) a mu* great] degree ( heat ?an is necess>y to elevate x1 a pretty consid]able quantity ( ,gold w mo/ c]ta9ly be c>ri$ up along ) x4 ,x is also ( consequ5ce1 on ano!r acc\nt1 t ! fire be duly gov]n$ on ?is occasion4 ,= if too great a degree ( heat be appli$1 & ! fire aft]w>ds l[]$1 ! wat] 9 ! receiv]1 :i* cov]s ! nose ( ! retort1 w rise into its body1 break x to pieces1 & spoil ! op]ation4 ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on dep5ds on ! prop]ty :i* air possesses ( r>efy+ ) heat & cond5s+ ) cold1 jo9$ to its weight4 ,z soon z ! retort is act$ on by a less degree ( heat ?an act$ on x ! in/ant be=e1 ! air conta9$ !re9 is cond5s$1 & leaves a vacuum1 :i* ! ext]nal air1 by virtue ( its weight1 t5ds to occupy2 b1 ! orifice ( ! retort be+ "u wat]1 ! ext]nal air c no way ga9 admittance1 b by pu%+ 9 be=e x ! wat] :i* int]cepts its passage4 ,?is caution1 z we obs]v$ above1 mu/ be appli$ to all di/illations1 :]e ! vessels are dispos$ z !y are 9 ?is4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 t ! nose ( ! retort be n plac$ too deep "u wat]3 = z ! neck gr[s v w>m dur+ ! op]ation1 because ! degree ( heat requir$ to raise ,m]cury is ab\t ?ree times great] ?an t :i* raises wat]1 x may easily be brok5 by ! contact ( ! cold wat] 9 ! receiv]4 ,?is me?od ( extract+ ,gold & ,silv] f _! ores1 by ,amalgamation ) ,m]cury1 is n to be absolutely dep5d$ on z a sure pro( ( ! quantity ( ^? metals t may be conta9$ 9 ! e>? assay$ by ?is means3 = "s small "p ( ! ,amalgam is always lo/ 9 wa%+ x2 &1 moreov]1 ! ,m]cury1 :5 squeez$ ?r\gh *amoy1 always c>ries ) x a small portion ( ,gold4 ,s t if y desire to "k m exactly1 by ?is me?od1 ! quantity ( ,gold or ,silv] conta9$ 9 any e>?1 ! ,amalgam mu/ n be squeez$ ?r\gh *amoy1 b di/ill$ altoge!r4 ,mu* ! sure/ me?od ( mak+ an accurate assay is t by fusion & scorification1 :i* we %all describe "u ! head ( ,silv]4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 & especially 9 ,am]ica1 ! me?od ( ,amalgamation is us$ = extract+ ,gold & ,silv] 9 l>ge quantities1 f ! matrices :i* conta9 !m 9 _! metall9e =m4 ,agricola & o!r metallurgi/s h describ$ ! ma*9es by means :]e( su* ,amalgamations are manag$4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to dissolve ,gold 9 ,aqua regis1 & by t means to sep>ate x f ,silv]4 ,aurum ,fulm9ans4 ,aurum ,fulm9ans r$uc$4 ,take ,gold t is p]fectly pure1 or alloy$ ) ,silv] only4 ,r$uce x to little ?9 plates1 by hamm]+ x on an anvil4 ,if x be n suffici5tly t\gh1 neal x till x be r$ 9 a mod]ate1 cle> fire1 q free f smok+ coals1 & !n let x cool gradually1 :i* w re/ore its ductility4 ,:5 ! plates are ?9 en\gh1 make !m r$ hot once m1 & cut !m into small bits ) a pair ( %e]s4 ,put ^! bits into a tall1 n>r[-m\!d cucurbit1 & p\r on !m twice _! weight ( good ,aqua regis1 made ( "o "p ,sal ,ammoniac1 or ,_s ( ,salt1 & f\r p>ts ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,set ! cucurbit 9 a s&-ba? mod]ately heat$1 /opp+ its orifice slightly ) a pap] c(f91 to prev5t any dirt f fall+ 94 ,! ,aqua regis w pres5tly beg9 to smoke4 ,r\nd ! little bits ( ,gold w be =m$ an inf9ite numb] ( small bubbles1 :i* w rise to ! surface ( ! liquor4 ,! ,gold w totally dissolve1 if x be pure1 & ! solution w be ( a beautiful yell[ col\r3 if ! ,gold be alloy$ ) a small quantity ( ,silv]1 ! latt] w rema9 at ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]4 ,if ! ,gold be alloy$ ) mu* ,silv]1 :5 ! ,gold is dissolv$ ! ,silv] w reta9 ! =m ( ! little metall9e plates put into ! vessel4 ,:5 ! dissolution is complet$1 g5tly p\r (f ! liquor into ano!r l[1 wide-m\!d1 glass cucurbit1 tak+ c>e t none ( ! ,silv]1 :i* lies at ! bottom 9 ! =m ( a p[d]1 escape ) ! liquor4 ,on ?is p[d] ( ,silv] p\r z mu* fre% ,aqua regis z w cov] x entirely2 & repeat ?is till y are sure t no?+ m c be tak5 up by x4 ,la/ly1 hav+ decant$ ! ,aqua regis f ! ,silv]1 wa% ! ,silv] ) a little ,_s ( ,salt weak5$ ) wat]1 & add ?is ,_s ( ,salt to ! ,aqua regis 9 :i* y\r ,gold is dissolv$4 ,!n to ! body conta9+ ^! liquors fit a head & a receiv]1 & di/il ) a g5tle heat1 till ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! cucurbit become dry4 ,,obs]vations4 ,x is c]ta9 t aqua regis is ! true solv5t ( ,gold1 & t x does n t\* ,silv]3 s t if ! ,gold dissolv$ 9 x 7 alloy$ ) ,silv]1 :i* is (t5 ! case1 ! two metals w\ld by ?is means be pretty accurately sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,b if y desire to obta9 f ?is solution a ,gold absolutely pure1 y mu/ free x1 be=e y dissolve x1 f e o!r metallic sub/ance b ,silv]2 because aqua regis acts ^u mo/ ( ! o!r metals & ! semi-metals4 ,we %all %ew "u ! head ( ,silv]1 z we promis$ be=e1 h[ to purify a mass ( ,gold & ,silv] f e o!r metallic alloy4 ,?i!r also we ref] ! common p>t+ assay p]=m$ by means ( aqua =tis3 because 9 t op]ation ! ,silv] is dissolv$1 & n ! ,gold4 ,if ! ,gold put to dissolve 9 aqua regis be pure1 ! dissolution is easily & readily effect$4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 x be alloy$ ) ,silv]1 ! aqua regis f9ds m difficulty 9 dissolv+ x4 ,nay1 if ! ,silv] exce$ ! ,gold 9 quantity1 ! dissolution w n take place at all1 = ! reasons adduc$ 9 our ,!oretical ,elem5ts2 ( :i* we %all speak m fully :5 we come to treat ( ! ,p>t+ ,assay4 ,9 ! process we direct$ ! ,gold to be dissolv$ 9 a tall body4 ,?is precaution is necess>y to prev5t ! loss ( "s "p !re(3 = x is ! prop]ty ( aqua regis to c>ry (f along ) x "s ( ! ,gold1 especially :5 !re is any ,sal ,ammoniac 9 its composition1 if ! vessel be heat$ :ile ! dissolution is go+ on1 or if ! aqua regis be v /rong4 ,yet x is prop] to make use ( aqua regis t is too /rong r ?an too weak3 = if x prove too /rong1 & be obs]v$ n to act ^u ! metal = t reason1 x is easy to weak5 x1 by gradually add+ small quantities ( pure wat]1 till y p]ceive x beg9 to act ) vig\r4 ,?is is a g5]al rule reg>d+ all metallic dissolutions 9 ,acids4 ,:5 ! solution ( ,gold is evaporat$ to dryness1 if y desire to r$uce into a mass ! ,gold du/ left at ! bottom ( ! cucurbit1 y mu/ put x into a crucible1 & cov] x ) pulv]iz$ borax1 mix$ ) a little nitre & calc9$ w9e-lees2 !n cov] ! crucible close1 heat x ) a mod]ate fire1 :i* mu/ be aft]w>ds increas$ s z to melt ! cont5ts4 ,at ! bottom ( ! crucible y w f9d a lump ( ,gold1 ov] :i* ! salts y add$ w be z x 7 vitrifi$4 ,^! salts are add$ *iefly to promote ! fusion ( ! metal4 ,! ,gold may1 if y w1 be sep>at$ f its solv5t )\t evaporat+ ! solution z above direct$4 ,y ne$ only mix ) ! solution a fix$ or volatile ,alkali by little & little1 till y see no m precipitate fall1 & !n let ! liquor /& to settle1 at ! bottom ( :i* y w f9d a s$im5t3 filt] ! :ole1 & dry :at is left on ! filt]4 ,bo? fix$ & volatile ,alkalis possess+1 z ha? be5 frequ5tly repeat$1 a great] aff9ity ) ,acids ?an metallic sub/ances h1 !y precipitate ! ,gold1 & sep>ate x f ! ,acids 9 :i* x is dissolv$3 b x is ( great consequ5ce to take notice1 t1 if y attempt to melt ?is precipitat$ ,gold 9 a crucible1 x w fulm9ate z soon z x feels ! heat1 ) su* a t]rible explosion1 t1 if ! quantity be at all consid]able1 x may prove fatal to ! op]ator3 ev5 rubb+ x a little h>d w make x bl[ up4 ,?is prep>ation is !re=e call$ ,aurum ,fulm9ans4 ,hi!rto no satisfactory explanation ha? be5 giv5 ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,"s ,*ymi/s consid]+1 t1 9 ! precipitation ( ! ,gold1 a ,nitre is reg5]at$ by ! union ( ! ,alkali ) ! ,nitr\s ,acid :i* ent]s into ! composition ( ! aqua regis1 imag9e t "s ( ?is reg5]at$ ,nitre1 comb9+ ) ! precipitat$ ,gold1 takes fire & detonates1 ei!r by means ( "s small portion ( ,phlogi/on t may be conta9$ 9 ! ,alkali1 or by means ( t :i* con/itutes ! ,gold itself4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is well kn[n t ,fix$ ,alkalis d n conta9 ,phlogi/on en\gh to make ,nitre detonate4 ,inde$1 if a ,volatile ,alkali be employ$ 9 ! precipitation1 a ,nitr\s ,ammoniacal ,salt w be =m$1 conta9+ ,phlogi/on en\gh to be capable ( detonat+ )\t ! conc\rse ( any additional ,phlogi/on3 b ?is detonation ( ! ,nitr\s ,ammoniacal ,salt is n to be comp>$1 z to ! viol5ce ( its effects1 ) ! fulm9ation ( ,gold4 ,besides1 we d n f9d t ,gold precipitat$ by a ,volatile ,alkali explodes ) great] =ce ?an t precipitat$ by a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,z = ! ,gold1 x is c]ta9 t x suff]s no decomposition at all by fulm9at+4 ,:5 fulm9at$ "u a glass bell1 9 su* small quantities z n to endang] ! op]ator1 ! ,gold is f\nd scatt]$ ab\t "u ! bell 9 v f9e p>ticles1 )\t hav+ und]gone any alt]ation4 ,o!rs h fanci$ ?is fulm9ation ( ! ,gold to be no?+ b ! decrepitation ( ! ,sea-salt t is reg5]at$1 9 ! precipitation ( ! metal1 by ! ,fix$ ,alkali unit+ ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt :i* makes "p ( ! aqua regis4 ,b to ?is x may be said1 t ,gold precipitat$ by a ,volatile ,alkali fulm9ates z viol5tly z t precipitat$ by a ,fix$ ,alkali2 & yet no sea-salt c be =m$ 9 ! liquor by ! addition ( a ,volatile ,alkali1 b only a ,sal ,ammoniac :i* has n ! prop]ty ( decrepitat+4 ,moreov]1 !re is no comp>ison1 z to ! effects1 betwe5 ! decrepitation ( ,sea-salt & ! fulm9ation ( ,gold4 ,nor1 la/ly1 c ?is fulm9ation be attribut$1 z x is by "s1 to ! ef=t made by ! ,salts to escape f amid/ ! p>ticles ( ,gold1 9 :i* !y are suppos$ by !m to be imprison$3 = !n we might deprive ?is ,gold entirely ( its fulm9at+ quality by only boil+ x 9 wat]1 & s wa%+ (f all ! sal9e p>ticles1 :i* probably adh]e to its surface only4 ,x is pla9 !re is great room = v beautiful discov]ies on ?is subject4 ,9 ,wal]ius's ,m9]alogy we f9d "s obs]vations t may ?r[ a little light on ! po9t be=e u4 ,! quantity1 says he1 ( fulm9at+ ,gold precipitat$ exce$s t ( ! ,gold dissolv$3 if ! aqua regis be made ) ,sal ,ammoniac ! explosion w be /rong]2 x w also be m viol5t if ! solution be precipitat$ ) a ,volatile ,alkali1 ?an if a ,fix$ ,alkali be us$ = t purpose4 ,"o ( ! spe$ie/ & easie/ me?ods to deprive ?is ,gold ( its fulm9at+ quality1 is to gr9d 9 a mort> twice z mu* fl[]s ( ,sulphur z y h ,gold to r$uce1 mix+ y\r fulm9at+ ,gold !re) by little & little1 z y gr9d !m toge!r2 !n to put ! mixture into a crucible1 & heat x j en\gh to melt ! ,sulphur4 ,"p ( ! ,sulphur w be dissipat$ 9 vap\rs1 & ! re/ w burn away4 ,:5 x is q consum$1 increase ! fire s z to make ! crucible r$-hot4 ,:5 y p]ceive no m smell ( ,sulphur1 p\r on ! ,gold a little ,borax1 previ\sly melt$ 9 ano!r crucible ) a ,fix$ ,alkali1 z calc9$ ,w9e-lees1 or ,nitre fix$ ) ,t>t>2 & !n raise ! fire suffici5tly to make ! :ole fl[4 ,aft] ! fusion is complet$1 y w f9d a button ( ,gold at ! bottom ( ! crucible "u ! ,salts4 ,fulm9at+ ,gold may also be r$uc$ by p\r+ on x a suffici5t quantity ( ,fix$ ,alkali r$uc$ to a liquor1 or ( oil ( ,vitriol1 evaporat+ all ! moi/ure1 & gradually ?r[+ :at rema9s1 mix$ up ) "s p+u9\s matt]1 into a crucible kept r$-hot 9 a furnace4 ,! reason :y ^! sub/ances deprive ! ,gold ( its fulm9at+ quality1 dep5ds on ! causes t produce ! fulm9ation4 ,gold may also be sep>at$ f aqua regis1 & precipitat$ by ! means ( sev]al metallic sub/ances t h a great] aff9ity1 ei!r ) aqua regis1 or ) "o ( ! two ,acids t compose x4 ,m]cury is "o ( ! fitte/ = ?is purpose4 ,on dropp+ a solution ( ,m]cury 9 ! ,nitr\s ,acid by little & little into a solution ( ,gold1 ! mixture becomes turbid1 & a precipitate is =m$4 ,cont9ue dropp+ 9 m ( ! solution ( ,m]cury till no m precipitate falls2 !n let ! liquor /& to settle1 & at ! bottom ( x y w f9d a s$im5t1 :i* is ! precipitat$ ,gold3 p\r (f ! liquor by incl9ation1 & wa% ! precipitate ) fair wat]4 ,m]cury ha? a great] aff9ity ) ! ,m>9e ?an ) ! ,nitr\s ,acid4 ,! aff9ity :i* ,m]cury ha? ) ! ,m>9e ,acid is also great] ?an t ( ,gold ) ! ,m>9e ,acid2 = unless ?is ,acid be associat$ ei!r ) ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 or at lea/ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( ,phlogi/on1 x w n dissolve ,gold4 ,h5ce x comes1 t :5 a solution ( ,m]cury 9 ! ,nitr\s ,acid is dropp$ into a solution ( ,gold 9 aqua regis1 ! ,m]cury unites ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 :i* is an +r$i5t 9 ! aqua regis3 b ! ,m>9e ,acid _c on ?is occasion jo9 ! ,m]cury1 )\t des]t+ ! ,gold & ! ,nitr\s ,acid ) :i* x 0 unit$2 & !n ! ,gold1 :i* _c be kept 9 solution by ! ,nitr\s ,acid alone1 is =c$ to quit its solv5t & precipitate4 ,! liquor1 !re=e1 t n[ floats ov] ! ,gold ?us precipitat$1 mu/ conta9 ,m]cury unit$ ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt3 & 9 fact x yields a true ,corrosive ,sublimate1 :i* is kn[n to be a comb9ation ( ,m]cury ) ! ,m>9e ,acid4 ,m]cury dissolv$ 9 ,_s ( ,nitre is employ$ to procure ! precipitation we are speak+ (2 because metallic sub/ances1 :5 s comm9ut$ by an ,acid1 are mu* fitt] = su* exp]im5ts ?an :5 !y are 9 a concrete =m4 ,gold precipitat$ 9 ?is mann] by a metallic sub/ance do? n fulm9ate4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to dissolve ,gold by ,liv] ( ,sulphur4 ,mix toge!r equal p>ts ( common ,brim/one1 & a v /rong ,fix$ ,alkali2 = in/ance1 ,nitre fix$ by ,*>coal4 ,put !m 9 a crucible1 & melt ! mixture1 /irr+ x f "t to "t ) a small rod4 ,!re is no occasion to make ! fire v brisk2 because ! ,sulphur facilitates ! fusion ( ! ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,"s sulphure\s vap\rs w rise f ! crucible2 ! two sub/ances w mix intimately toge!r1 & =m a r$di% comp\nd4 ,!n ?r[ into ! crucible "s little pieces ( ,gold beat into ?9 plates1 s t ! :ole d n exce$ 9 weight "o ?ird "p ( ! ,liv] ( ,sulphur3 raise ! fire a little4 ,z soon z ! ,liv] ( ,sulphur is p]fectly melt$1 x w beg9 to dissolve ! ,gold ) ebullition2 & w ev5 emit "s fla%es ( fire4 ,9 ! space ( a few m9utes ! ,gold w be entirely dissolv$1 especially if x 0 cut & flatt$ into small ?9 leaves4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! process "h deliv]$ is tak5 f ,m4 ,/ahl4 ,! design ( t +5i\s ,*ymi/'s inquiry 0 to discov] h[ ,moses c\ld burn ! gold5 calf1 :i* ! ,israelites _h set up & wor%ipp$ :ile he 0 on ! m\nt2 h[ he c\ld aft]w>ds r$uce t calf to p[d]1 ?r[ x into ! wat] :i* ! p us$1 & make all :o _h apo/atiz$ dr9k !re(1 z relat$ 9 ! ,book ( ,exodus4 ,m4 ,/ahl1 hav+ fir/ obs]v$ t ,gold is absolutely unalt]able & inde/ructible by ! =ce ( fire alone1 be x ev] s viol5t1 concludes1 t )\t a miracle ,moses c\ld n possibly p]=m ! above-m5tion$ op]ations on ! gold5 calf any way b by mix+ ) ! ,gold "s matt] qualifi$ to alt] & dissolve x4 ,he !n takes notice1 t pure ,sulphur does n act ^u ,gold at all1 & t _m o!r sub/ances1 :i* are ?\ght capable ( divid+ & dissolv+ x1 _c h[ev] d x s completely z is necess>y to r5d] t metal susceptible ( ! effects relat$4 ,he !n gives ! me?od ( dissolv+ x by ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 describ$ 9 ! process4 ,liv] ( ,sulphur dissolves likewise all ! o!r metals3 b ,m4 ,/ahl obs]ves1 t x att5uates ,gold m ?an any o!r metallic sub/ance1 & unites ) x mu* m intimately ?an ) ! re/4 ,?is appe>s f :at happ5s1 on attempt+ to dissolve 9 wat] any ( ! mixts result+ f ! union ( ano!r metal ) ! ,liv] ( ,sulphur3 = !n ! metal sep>ates1 & appe>s 9 ! =m ( a p[d] or f9e calx2 :]eas1 :5 ,gold is unit$ ) ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 ! :ole comp\nd dissolves 9 wat] s p]fectly1 t ! ,gold ev5 passes ) ! ,liv] ( ,sulphur ?r\gh ! pores ( filt]+ pap]4 ,if an ,acid be p\r$ into a solution ( ?is comb9ation ( ,gold ) ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 ! ,acid unites ) ! ,alkali ( ! ,hep>1 & ! ,gold falls to ! bottom ( ! liquor along ) ! ,sulphur1 :i* do? n quit x4 ,! ,sulphur ?us precipitat$ ) ! ,gold is easily c>ri$ (f by a slight torrefaction1 aft] :i* ! ,gold rema9s exce$+ly comm9ut$4 ,! ,sulphur ( ?is comp\nd may also be de/roy$ by torrefaction1 )\t ! tr\ble ( a previ\s solution & precipitation1 & !n also ! ,gold rema9s s att5uat$ z to be miscible ) liquors1 & floats on !m1 or swims 9 !m1 9 su* a mann] t x may easily be swall[$ ) !m 9 dr9k+4 ,f all ?is ,m4 ,/ahl concludes !re is great reason to believe x 0 by means ( ! ,liv] ( ,sulphur t ,moses divid$1 & 9 a mann] calc9$1 ! gold5 calf1 s t he c\ld m+le x ) wat]1 & make ! ,israelites dr9k x4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,to sep>ate ,gold f all o!r metallic ,sub/ances by means ( ,antimony4 ,hav+ put ! ,gold y int5d to purify into a crucible1 set x 9 a melt+ furnace1 cov] x1 & make ! ,gold fl[4 ,:5 ! metal is 9 fusion ca/ ^u x1 by a little at a "t1 twice its weight ( pure crude ,antimony 9 p[d]1 & aft] ea* projection cov] ! crucible aga9 imm$iately3 ?is done keep ! matt] 9 fusion = a few m9utes4 ,:5 y p]ceive t ! metallic mixture is p]fectly melt$1 & t its surface beg9s to sp>kle1 p\r x out into a holl[ iron cone1 previ\sly heat$1 & sme>$ on ! inside ) tall[4 ,imm$iately /rike ) a hamm] ! floor on :i* ! cone /&s2 & :5 all is cold1 or at lea/ suffici5tly fix$1 inv]t ! cone & /rike x3 ! :ole metallic mass w fall out1 & ! "u "p !re(1 :i* 0 at ! po9t ( ! cone1 w be a ,regulus m or less yell[ z ! ,gold 0 m or less pure4 ,on /rik+ ! metallic mass ! ,regulus w freely "p f ! sulphure\s cru/ at top4 ,return ?is ,regulus into ! crucible1 & melt x4 ,less fire w d n[ ?an 0 requir$ be=e4 ,add ! same quantity ( ,antimony1 & proce$ z at fir/4 ,repeat ! same op]ation a ?ird "t1 if y\r ,gold be v impure4 ,!n put y\r ,regulus into a good crucible1 mu* l>g] ?an is necess>y to hold x4 ,set y\r crucible 9 a melt+ furnace1 & heat ! matt] b j en\gh to make x fl[1 ) a smoo?1 brilliant surface4 ,:5 y f9d x ?us condition$1 po9t t[>ds x ! nose ( a long-sn\t$ pair ( bell[s1 & !re) keep g5tly & con/antly bl[+4 ,!re w arise f ! crucible a consid]able smoke1 :i* w abate greatly :5 y cease to bl[1 & increase z soon z y beg9 aga94 ,y mu/ raise ! fire gradually z y approa* t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,if ! surface ( ! metal lose its brilliant poli%1 & seem cov]$ ) a h>d cru/1 x is a sign ! fire is too weak2 9 :i* case x mu/ be increas$1 till ! surface recov] its %9+ appe>ance4 ,at la/1 :5 no m smoke rises1 & ! surface ( ! ,gold looks neat & gre5i%1 ca/ on x1 by little & little1 "s pulv]iz$ ,nitre1 or a mixture ( ,nitre & ,borax4 ,! matt] w swell up4 ,cont9ue ?us add+ m ,nitre gradually1 till no commotion is !reby produc$ 9 ! crucible2 & !n let ! :ole cool4 ,if y f9d1 :5 ! ,gold is cold1 t x is n t\gh en\gh1 melt x ov] aga92 :5 x beg9s to melt1 ca/ 9 ! same ,salts z be=e2 & repeat ?is till x be p]fectly ductile4 ,,obs]vations4 ,antimony is a comp\nd1 consi/+ ( a semi-metallic "p unit$ ) ab\t a f\r? "p ( its weight ( common ,sulphur4 ,x appe>s1 9 ! n9? column ( ! ,table ( ,aff9ities1 t all ! metals1 ,m]cury & ,gold except$1 h a great] aff9ity ?an ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony ) ,sulphur4 ,if !re=e ,gold1 adult]at$ ) a mixture ( ,copp]1 ,silv]1 or any o!r metal1 be melt$ ) ,antimony1 ^? metals w unite ) ! ,sulphur ( ! ,antimony1 & sep>ate x f ! regul9e "p1 :i* be+ ?us set free w comb9e & be bl5d$ ) ! ,gold4 ,^! two metallic sub/ances1 =m+ a mass f> heavi] ?an ! o!r metals mix$ ) ! sulphur1 fall toge!r to ! bottom ( ! crucible 9 ! =m ( a ,regulus1 :ile ! o!rs float ov] !m l a sort ( scoria or flag3 & ?us ! ,gold is fre$ f all alloy b ! regul9e "p ( ! ,antimony4 ,z all ! o!r metals h a great aff9ity ) ,sulphur1 & ,gold is ! only "o t is capable ( resi/+ its action1 "o w\ld ?9k ,sulphur alone might be suffici5t to free x f ! metals comb9$ ) x1 & t x w\ld !re=e be bett] to employ pure ,sulphur1 9 ?is op]ation1 ?an to make use ( ,antimony2 ! regul9e "p ( :i* rema9+ unit$ ) ! ,gold requires ano!r long & labori\s op]ation to get rid ( x4 ,inde$1 /rictly speak+1 ,sulphur alone w\ld be suffici5t to produce ! desir$ sep>ation3 b x is prop] to obs]ve1 t1 z ,sulphur alone is v combu/ible1 mo/ ( x w\ld be consum$ 9 ! op]ation be=e x c\ld h an opportunity to unite ) ! metallic sub/ances2 :]eas1 :5 x is comb9$ ) ! ,regulus ( ,antimony1 x is !reby enabl$ to be> ! action ( ! fire mu* long] )\t burn+1 & consequ5tly is mu* fitt] = ! purpose 9 "q4 ,besides1 if we 7 to make use ( pure ,sulphur1 a great "p ( ! ,gold1 :i* is kept 9 p]fect fusion1 & its precipitation facilitat$1 by ! ,regulus ( ,antimony1 w\ld rema9 conf\nd$ ) ! ,sulphure\s scoria4 ,nev]!less1 see+ ! metals ) :i* ,gold is alloy$ _c be sep>at$ f x by ,antimony1 b t a quantity ( ,regulus proportion$ to ! quantity ( ! metals s sep>at$ w unite ) ! ,gold1 & t ! m ,regulus comb9es ) ! ,gold1 ! m t$i\s1 *>geable1 & labori\s w ! op]ation prove1 ?is consid]ation ought to h "s influ5ce 9 direct+ our process4 ,!re=e1 if ! ,gold be v impure1 & worse ?an sixte5 c>ats1 we mu/ n mix x ) crude ,antimony alone1 b add two drams ( pure ,sulphur = e c>at ! ,gold wants ( sixte51 & less5 ! quantity ( ,antimony 9 proportion to t ( ! real ,gold4 ,x is necess>y to keep ! crucible close cov]$1 aft] mix+ ! ,antimony ) ! ,gold1 to prev5t any coals f fall+ into x3 =1 if t %\ld happ51 ! melt$ mass w\ld puff up consid]ably1 & might p]haps run ov]4 ,! inside ( ! cone1 into :i* y p\r ! melt$ metallic mass1 mu/ be greas$ ) tall[1 to prev5t its /ick+ !reto1 & t x may come easily out4 ,/rik+ ! floor1 on :i* ! cone ) ! melt$ metal /&s1 helps ! precipitation & desc5t ( ! ,regulus ( ,gold & ,antimony to ! bottom ( ! cone4 ,less fire is requisite to melt ?is comp\nd ,regulus1 9 ord] to add fre% ,antimony1 ?an 0 necess>y be=e ! ,gold 0 mix$ ) ! regul9e "p ( ! ,antimony2 because ?is metallic sub/ance1 be+ mu* m fusible ?an ,gold1 promotes its melt+4 ,! ,antimony is mix$ ) ! ,gold by repeat$ projections1 t ! sep>ation ( ! metals may be accompli%$ ) ! great] ease & accuracy4 ,yet ! op]ation might be successfully p]=m$1 by putt+ 9 all ! ,antimony at once1 & ) "o melt+ only4 ,! metall9e mass f\nd at ! bottom ( ! cone aft] all ^! op]ations1 is a mixture ( ,gold ) ! regul9e "p ( ! ,antimony4 ,all ! re/ ( ! process consi/s only 9 sep>at+ ?is regul9e "p f ! ,gold4 ,z ,gold is ! mo/ fix$ ( all metals1 & z ! ,regulus ( ,antimony _c be> ! viol5ce ( fire )\t fly+ (f 9 vap\rs1 no?+ m is necess>y = ?is purpose b to expose ! comp\nd1 z direct$ 9 ! process1 to a heat /rong en\gh & long en\gh cont9u$1 to dissipate all ! ,regulus ( ,antimony4 ,?is semi-metal exhales 9 ! =m ( a v ?ick :ite smoke4 ,x is prop] to bl[ g5tly into ! crucible dur+ ! :ole op]ation2 because ! imm$iate contact ( ! fre% air incessantly ?r[n 9 promotes & consid]ably increases ! evaporation3 & ?is is a g5]al rule applicable to all evaporations4 ,! fire mu/ be gradually rais$ z ! ,regulus ( ,antimony is dissipat$1 & ! op]ation draws t[>ds an end2 because ! mix$ mass ( ,regulus ( ,antimony & ,gold becomes s mu* ! less fusible z ! proportion ( ! ,regulus is less5$4 ,?\gh ! ,regulus ( ,antimony be sep>at$ f ! ,gold 9 ?is op]ation1 because ! latt] is ( su* a fix$ nature t x _c be volatiliz$ by ! degree ( fire :i* dissipates ! ,regulus2 yet1 z ! ,regulus is v volatile1 x w und\bt$ly c>ry up "s ( ! ,gold along ) x1 especially if y hurry on ! evaporation too fa/1 by apply+ too great a degree ( fire1 by bl[+ too briskly into ! crucible1 & /ill m if y evaporate y\r mixture 9 a broad flat vessel in/ead ( a crucible4 ,all ^! ?+s mu/ !re=e be avoid$1 if y w\ld lose no m ,gold ?an y ne$s mu/4 ,h[ev]1 unless ! evaporation be c>ri$ to ! utmo/1 by ! means above po9t$ out1 a small portion ( ! ,regulus ( ,antimony w always rema9 comb9$ ) ! ,gold1 :i* def5ds x f ! action ( ! fire4 ,?is small portion ( ,regulus h9d]s ! ,gold f be+ p]fectly pure & ductile4 ,9 ord] !re=e to consume & scorify x1 we ca/ ,nitre into ! crucible :5 we p]ceive x to emit no m :ite vap\rs4 ,we "k t ,nitre has ! prop]ty ( r$uc+ all metallic sub/ances to a calx1 ,gold & ,silv] except$2 because x deflagrates ) ! phlogi/on to :i* _! metall9e =m is ow+3 b z ?is acc5sion ( ! ,nitre occasions a tumid eff]vesc5ce1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to ?r[ x 9 b by little & little at a "t2 = if too mu* be project$ at once ! melt$ matt] w run ov]4 ,?is op]ation might be consid]ably abridg$ by tak+ advantage ( ! prop]ty :i* ,nitre possesses ( ?us consum+ ! phlogi/on ( metallic sub/ances2 z by means !re( we might de/roy all ! ,regulus ( ,antimony incorporat$ ) ! ,gold1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to a long & t$i\s evaporation4 ,b !n we %\ld at ! same "t lose a mu* great] quantity ( ,gold1 by reason ( ! tumult & ebullition :i* are insep>able f ! detonation ( ,nitre4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 if ,nitre be made use ( to purify ,gold1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to apply b v little ( x at a "t4 ,all ! ,silv] t 0 mix$ ) ! ,gold1 & inde$ a little ( ! ,gold itself1 rema9s conf\nd$ ) ! sulphure\s scoria1 :i* floats ^u ! ,gold5 ,regulus aft] ! addition ( ! ,antimony3 we %all %ew 9 ! ,*apt] on ,silv] h[ ^! two metals are to be sep>at$ f ! ,sulphur4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ,,silv]4 ,,process ,i4 ,to sep>ate ,silv] f its ,ore1 by means ( ,scorification ) ,lead4 ,beat to p[d] 9 an iron mort> ! ore f :i* y mean to sep>ate ! ,silv]1 hav+ fir/ roa/$ x well 9 ord] to free x f all ! ,sulphur & ,ars5ic t x may conta94 ,weigh x exactly3 !n weigh out by itself eight times z mu* granulat$ ,lead4 ,put "o half ( ?is ,lead into a te/1 & spread x equally !reon3 ^u ?is ,lead lay y\r ore1 & cov] x q ov] ) ! rema9+ half ( ! ,lead4 ,place ! te/ ?us load$ "u ! fur!r end ( ! muffle 9 a cupell+ furnace4 ,light y\r fire1 & increase x by degrees4 ,if y look ?r\gh "o ( ! ap]tures 9 ! door ( ! furnace y w p]ceive ! ore1 cov]$ ) calc9$ ,lead1 swim ^u ! melt$ ,lead4 ,pres5tly aft]w>ds x w gr[ s(t1 melt1 & be ?r[n t[>ds ! sides ( ! vessel1 ! surface ( ! ,lead appe>+ 9 ! mid/ !re( bright & %9+ l a lum9\s disc3 ! ,lead w !n beg9 to boil1 & emit fumes4 ,z soon z ?is happ5s1 ! fire mu/ be a little *eck$1 s t ! ebullition ( ! ,lead may almo/ entirely cease1 = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,aft] ?is x mu/ be excit$ to ! degree x 0 at be=e1 s t ! ,lead may beg9 aga9 to boil & smoke4 ,its %9+ surface w gradually less51 & be cov]$ ) scori4 ,/ir ! :ole ) an iron hook1 & draw 9 t[>ds ! middle :at y obs]ve t[>ds ! sides ( ! vessel2 to ! end t1 if any "p ( ! ore %\ld /ill rema9 undissolv$ by ! ,lead1 x may be mix$ !re)4 ,:5 y p]ceive t ! matt] is 9 p]fect fusion1 t ! greate/ "p ( :at /icks to ! iron hook1 :5 y dip x 9 ! melt$ matt]1 sep>ates f x aga91 & drops back into ! vessel2 & t ! extremity ( ?is in/rum5t1 :5 gr[n cold1 appe>s v>ni%$ ov] ) a ?91 smoo?1 %9+ cru/2 y may look on ^! z m>ks t ! bus9ess is done1 & ! m uni=m & ev5ly ! col\r ( ! cru/ is1 ! m p]fect may y judge ! scorification to be4 ,matt]s be+ br\ght to ?is pass1 take ! te/ ) a pair ( tongs f "u ! muffle1 & p\r its :ole cont5ts into an iron cone1 fir/ heat$ & greas$ ) tall[4 ,?is :ole op]ation la/s ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,:5 all is cold1 ! bl[ ( a hamm] w "p ! ,regulus f ! scoria2 & z x is n possible1 h[ p]fect soev] ! scorification be1 to avoid leav+ a little ,lead conta9+ ,silv] 9 ! scoria1 x is prop] to pulv]ize ?is scoria1 & sep>ate !refrom :atev] ext5ds "u ! hamm]1 9 ord] to add x to ! ,regulus4 ,,obs]vations4 ,silv]1 z well z ,gold1 is (t5 f\nd q pure1 & "u its metall9e =m1 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?2 & 9 t case x may be sep>at$ f ! /ones or s& 9 :i* x is lodg$ by simple wa%+1 or by ,amalgamation ) ,m]cury1 9 ! same mann] z be=e direct$ = ,gold4 ,b x also happ5s frequ5tly1 t ,silv] is comb9$ 9 ! ore ) o!r metallic sub/ances & m9]als1 :i* w n admit ( ?is process1 b =ce u to employ o!r me?ods ( sep>at+ x f !m4 ,sulphur & ,ars5ic are ! sub/ances to :i* ,silv] & ! o!r metals usually owe _! m9]al /ate4 ,^! two matt]s are nev] v closely unit$ ) ,silv]2 b may be pretty easily sep>at$ f x by ! action ( fire1 & ! addition ( ,lead4 ,if ,ars5ic be pr$om9ant 9 a ,silv] ore1 x w unite ) ! ,lead by ! help ( a pretty mod]ate heat1 & quickly conv]t a consid]able quantity !re( into a p5etrat+ fusible glass1 :i* has ! prop]ty ( scorify+ ) ease all sub/ances t are capable ( scorification4 ,:5 ,sulphur pr$om9ates1 ! scorification proce$s m sl[ly1 & do? n always succe$2 because t m9]al comb9$ ) ,lead less5s its fusibility1 & ret>ds its vitrification4 ,9 ?is case1 "p ( ! ,sulphur mu/ be dissipat$ by roa/+3 ! o!r "p unites ) ! ,lead2 & t1 be+ r5d]$ light] by ?is union1 floats on ! re/ ( ! mixture1 :i* *iefly conta9s ! ,silv]4 ,at la/1 ! jo9t action ( ! air & ( ! fire dissipates ! portion ( ,sulphur t _h unit$ ) ! ,lead3 ! ,lead vitrifies & r$uces to a scoria :atev] is n ei!r ,silv] or ,gold3 & ?us ! ,silv] be+ dis5tangl$ f ! het]og5e\s matt]s ) :i* x 0 unit$1 "o "p !re( be+ dissipat$ & ! o!r vitrifi$1 comb9es ) ! portion ( ,lead :i* is n vitrifi$1 & falls ?r\gh ! scoria1 :i*1 to fav\r its desc5t1 mu/ be 9 p]fect fusion4 ,! :ole process1 !re=e1 consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct op]ations4 ,! fir/ is ,roa/+1 :i* dissipates "s ( ! volatile sub/ances f\nd unit$ ) ! ,silv]3 ! second is ,scorification1 or ! ,vitrification ( ! fix$ matt]s also unit$ ) ! ,silv]1 su* z s&1 /ones1 metals1 c4 & ! ?ird is precipitation1 or ! sep>ation ( ! ,silv] f ! scoria4 ,! two fir/ are1 z ha? be5 %ewn1 prep>atives = ! la/1 & inde$ produce x4 ,z e ?+ we said conc]n+ ,gold1 :5 we treat$ ( ! process ( ,amalgamation1 is to be appli$ to ,silv]1 :i* may be extract$ by ! same me?od :5 x is 9 its metall9e =m2 9 ! same mann]1 all we n[ advance t\*+ ! me?od ( extract+ ,silv] by ,scorification1 :5 x is deprav$ ) a mixture ( het]og5\s matt]s1 is equally applicable to ,gold 9 ! same circum/ances3 & inde$ ,silv] almo/ always conta9s m or less ,gold naturally4 ,9 ! process we direct$1 t ! ore %\ld be pulv]iz$ be=e x be expos$ to ! fire1 ) a view to enl>ge its surface1 & by t means facilitate ! action ( ! ,lead ^u x1 z well z ! evaporation ( its volatile p>ts4 ,we recomm5d$ ! precaution ( slack5+ ! fire a little at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation1 only to prev5t ! ,lead f be+ too ha/ily conv]t$ into li?>ge1 le/ x %\ld p5etrate & corrode ! te/ be=e x _h :olly dissolv$ ! ore3 b if we 7 p]fectly c]ta9 ( ! vessel's be+ s good z to be 9 no dang] ( p5etration by ! ,lead1 ?is precaution w\ld be ne$less4 ,x is prop] to add eight p>ts ( ,lead = "o ( ore2 ?\gh s mu* is n always absolutely necess>y1 especially :5 ! ore is v fusible4 ,! success ( ?is op]ation dep5ds *iefly on ! complet5ess ( ! ,scorification2 & !re=e ! addition ( m ,lead ?an en\gh is att5d$ ) no inconv5i5ce3 =1 z x always promotes ! ,scorification1 x c nev] d any h>m4 ,if ! ore be mix$ ) su* e>?y & /ony p>ts z _c be sep>at$ f x by wa%+1 x is ! m difficult ( fusion1 ev5 ?\gh ! /ones %\ld be su* z are mo/ dispos$ to vitrify2 because ! mo/ fusible e>?s & /ones are always less s ?an mo/ metallic sub/ances4 ,9 t case x w be necess>y1 = effect+ ! ,scorification1 to mix ?or\ghly ) ! pulv]iz$ ore an equal quantity ( ,glass ( ,lead1 to add twelve times z mu* granulat$ ,lead1 & !n to proce$ z direct$ = a fusible ore2 expos+ ! mixture to a degree ( fire /rong en\gh1 & long en\gh kept up1 to give ! scoria all ! prop]ties above requir$ z signs ( a p]fect scorification4 ,silv] ore is sometimes mix$ ) ,pyrites1 & ! ore ( ,ars5ic1 or ,cobalt1 :i* also make x refractory4 ,z ! ,pyrites conta9 a l>ge quantity ( ,sulphur1 :i* is v volatile z well z ,ars5ic2 9 ?is case x is prop] to beg9 ) free+ ! ore f ^! two extrane\s sub/ances4 ,?is is easily done by roa/+3 only be sure1 :5 y fir/ expose ! ore to ! heat1 to cov] ! vessel 9 :i* y roa/ x1 = "s m9utes1 ) an inv]t$ vessel ( ! same wid?2 because su* sorts ( ore are v apt to fly :5 !y fir/ feel ! heat4 ,aft] ?is uncov] x1 & leave x expos$ to ! fire till no m sulphure\s or ars5ical matt]s rise4 ,!n mix x ) ! same quantity ( ,glass ( ,lead z we ord]$ = ores r5d]$ refractory by ! admixture ( e>?s or /ones1 & proce$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,x is ! m necess>y to roa/ ,silv] ore infect$ ) ,sulphur & ,ars5ic1 because1 z ,sulphur ob/ructs ! fusion ( ,lead1 x _c b d hurt1 & protract ! op]ation2 & ,ars5ic does mis*ief1 on ! o!r h&1 by scorify+ a v great quantity ( ,lead too ha/ily4 ,:5 ! ,sulphur & ,ars5ic are dissipat$ by roa/+1 ! ore mu/ be treat$ l t :i* is r5d]$ refractory by /ony & e>?y matt]s2 = z ! pyrites conta9 mu* iron1 !re rema9s1 aft] ! ,sulphur is evaporat$1 a consid]able quantity ( m>tial e>?1 :i* is difficult to scorify4 ,! pyrites1 z well z ! cobalts1 conta9 moreov] an unmetallic e>?1 :i* is h>d to fuse4 ,! g5]al rule !re=e is1 :5 ! ore is r5d]$ refractory by any cause :atev]1 to mix x ) ,glass ( ,lead1 & to add a l>g] quantity ( granulat$ ,lead4 ,yet "s ores are s refractory t ,lead alone w n d ! bus9ess1 & rec\rse mu/ be _h to "s o!r flux4 ,t :i* is fitte/ = ! pres5t purpose is ! ,black ,flux1 compos$ ( "o "p ( ,nitre & two p>ts ( ,t>t> deflagrat$ toge!r4 ,! ,phlogi/on conta9$ 9 ?is quantity ( ,t>t> is m ?an suffici5t to alkalizate ! ,nitre4 ,?is ,flux1 !re=e1 is no?+ m ?an ,nitre alkalizat$ by ,t>t>1 mix$ ) "s ( ! same ,t>t> t ha? n lo/ its ,phlogi/on1 & is only r$uc$ to a sort ( coal4 ,! ,:ite ,flux is also v fit to promote fusion2 b on ?is occasion ! ,black ,flux is pref]able1 because ! ,phlogi/on ( ! ,black ,flux prev5ts ! ,lead f be+ too soon conv]t$ to li?>ge1 & s gives x "t to dissolve ! metallic matt]s4 ,! ,:ite ,flux1 :i* is ! result ( equal p>ts ( ,t>t> & ,nitre alkalizat$ toge!r1 be+ no m ?an an ,alkali de/itute ( ,phlogi/on1 or conta9+ b v little1 do? n possess ?is advantage4 ,if ,silv] %\ld be comb9$ 9 ! ore ) ,iron 9 its metall9e /ate1 :i* h[ev] does n commonly happ51 !n1 9 ord] to sep>ate !m1 ! ,iron mu/ be depriv$ ( its ,phlogi/on1 & conv]t$ to a crocus be=e ! mix$ mass be melt$ ) ,lead2 :i* may be done by dissolv+ x 9 ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 & !n evaporat+ ! ,acid4 ,we are necessitat$ to make use ( ?is contrivance1 because ,iron 9 its metall9e =m _c be dissolv$ ei!r by ,lead or by ! ,glass ( ,lead2 b :5 x is r$uc$ to a calx1 li?>ge unites ) x & scorifies x4 ,if y h n at h& ! ut5sils necess>y = p]=m+ ! op]ation we h be5 describ+ 9 a te/1 & "u ! muffle2 or if y h a m9d to "w on a great] quantity ( ore at a "t1 y may make use ( a crucible = ! purpose1 & p]=m ! op]ation 9 a melt+ furnace4 ,9 ?is case ! ore mu/ be prep>$1 z above direct$1 accord+ to its nature1 & mix$ ) a prop] quantity ( ,lead & ,glass ( ,lead2 ! :ole put into a good crucible1 leav+ two ?irds !re( empty1 & cov]$ ) a mixture ( ,sea-salt & a little ,borax1 bo? v dry1 to ! ?ickness ( a full half in*4 ,?is be+ done1 set ! crucible 9 ! mid/ ( a melt+ furnace1 raise ! coals q to ! lip ( ! crucible2 light ! fire2 cov] ! furnace ) its dome2 b d n urge ! fire m ?an is necess>y to br+ ! mixture to p]fect fusion3 leave x ?us 9 fusion = a good qu>t] ( an h\r2 /ir ! :ole ) a bit ( /rong iron wire2 !n let x cool2 break ! crucible1 & sep>ate ! ,regulus f ! scoria4 ,! ,salts add$ on ?is occasion are fluxes1 & _! use is to procure a p]fect fusion ( ! scoria4 ,if ! melt$ matt]s be left expos$ to ! fire1 ei!r 9 a te/ or 9 a crucible1 long] ?an is above prescrib$1 ! portion ( ,lead1 t ha? unit$ & precipitat$ ) ! ,silv]1 w at la/ vitrify1 & at ! same "t scorify all ! alloy ) :i* t metal may be mix$4 ,b z !re are no vessels t c long endure ! action ( li?>ge1 )\t be+ pi]c$ l a sieve1 "s ( ! ,silv] may escape ?r\gh ! holes or fissures ( ! vessel1 & s be lo/4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to complete ! purification ( y\r ,silv] by ! op]ation ( ! ,cupel1 ! description ( :i* foll[s4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,! ref9+ ( ,silv] by ! ,cupel4 ,take a cupel capable ( conta9+ "o ?ird m matt] ?an y h to put into x3 set x "u ! muffle ( a furnace1 l t describ$ 9 our ,!oretical ,elem5ts1 z peculi>ly appropriat$ to ?is sort ( op]ation4 ,fill ! furnace ) *>coal2 light x2 make ! cupel r$-hot1 & keep x s till all its moi/ure be evaporat$2 t is1 = ab\t a good qu>t] ( an h\r1 if ! cupel be made :olly ( ! a%es ( burnt bones2 & = a :ole h\r1 if !re be any wa%$ wood-a% 9 its composition4 ,r$uce ! ,regulus :i* rema9$ aft] ! prec$+ op]ation to little ?9 plates1 flatt+ !m ) a small hamm]1 & sep>at+ !m c>efully f all ! adh]5t scoria4 ,wrap ^! 9 a bit ( pap]1 & ) a small pair ( tongs put !m g5tly into ! cupel4 ,:5 ! pap] is consum$ ! ,regulus w soon melt1 & ! scoria1 :i* w be gradually produc$ by ! ,lead z x turns to li?>ge1 w be driv5 to ! sides ( ! cupel1 & imm$iately absorb$ !reby4 ,at ! same "t ! cupel w assume a yell[1 br[n1 or blacki% col\r1 accord+ to ! quantity & nature ( ! scoria imbib$ by x4 ,:5 y see ! matt] 9 ! cupel 9 a viol5t ebullition1 & emitt+ mu* smoke1 l[] ! fire by ! me?ods =m]ly prescrib$4 ,keep up su* a degree ( heat only t ! smoke :i* asc5ds f ! matt] may n rise v high1 & t y may be able to di/+ui% ! col\r :i* ! cupel acquires f ! scoria4 ,increase ! fire by degrees1 z m & m li?>ge is =m$ & absorb$4 ,if ! ,regulus exam9$ by ?is assay conta9 no ,silv]1 y w see x turn :olly into scoria1 & at la/ disappe>4 ,:5 x conta9s ,silv]1 & ! quantity ( ,lead is mu* dim9i%$1 y w p]ceive little vivid irises1 or beautiful ra9-b[ col\rs1 %oot+ swiftly along its surface1 & cross+ ea* o!r 9 _m diff]5t directions4 ,at la/1 :5 all ! ,lead is de/roy$1 ! ?9 d>k sk91 t is cont9ually protrud$ by ! ,lead :ile x is turn+ into li?>ge1 & :i* hi!rto cov]$ ! ,silv]1 sudd5ly disappe>s2 &1 if at ?is mom5t ! fire happ5 n to be /rong en\gh to keep ! ,silv] 9 fusion1 ! surface ( t metal w at once d>t out a dazzl+ spl5d\r3 b1 if ! fire be /rong en\gh to keep ! ,silv] 9 fusion1 ?\gh fre$ f all mixture ( ,lead1 ?is *ange ( col\r1 :i* is call$ its fulguration1 w n be s p]ceptible1 & ! ,silv] w appe> l a bead ( fire4 ,^! ph5om5a %ew t ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,b ! cupel mu/ /ill be left a m9ute or two "u ! muffle1 & !n drawn sl[ly out ) ! iron hook t[>ds ! door ( ! furnace4 ,:5 ! ,silv] is s cool$ z to be b mod]ately r$1 y may take ! cupel f "u ! muffle ) y\r little tongs1 & 9 ! middle ( its cavity y w f9d an exce$+ :ite bead ( ,silv]1 ! l[] "p :]e( w be unequal1 & full ( little pits4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,regulus obta9$ by ! =m] process consi/s altoge!r ( ! ,silv] conta9$ 9 ! ore1 alloy$ ) ! o!r metals t happ5$ to be mix$ !re) 9 its m9]al /ate1 & a good deal ( ! ,lead t 0 add$ to precipitate ! ,silv]4 ,! op]ation ( ! cupel may be consid]$ z ! sequel ( t process1 be+ int5d$ only to r$uce into a scoria :atev] is n ,gold or ,silv]4 ,lead be+ ( all metals t :i* vitrifies ! mo/ easily1 :i* mo/ promotes ! vitrification ( ! re/1 & ! only "o :i*1 :5 vitrifi$1 p5etrates ! cupel1 & c>ries along ) x ! o!r metals :i* x ha? vitrifi$1 is consequ5tly ! fitte/ = t purpose4 ,we %all see 9 its place1 t ,bismu? ha? ! same prop]ties ) ,lead1 & may be sub/itut$ = x 9 ?is op]ation4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to *use a cupel ( a prop] capacity4 ,inde$ x %\ld r be too big ?an too little3 because ! op]ation is no way prejudic$ by an excess 9 its size2 :]eas1 if x be too small1 x w be ov]-dos$ ) ,lead1 & at la/ ! li?>ge1 :i* de/roys e ?+1 w corrode its cavity1 & eat holes ?r\gh ! v body ( ! vessel4 ,add1 t ! a%es1 ( :i* ! cupel is made1 be+ once glutt$ ) li?>ge1 absorb x aft]w>ds b sl[ly1 & t ! quantity ( ?is vitrifi$ li?>ge1 becom+ too great to be conta9$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! vessel1 exsudes ?r\gh x1 & drops on ! floor ( ! muffle1 :i* x corrodes & r5d]s unequal2 & moreov] sold]s to x ! vessels set !reon4 ,x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule = det]m9+ ! size ( a cupel1 t x weigh1 at lea/1 half z mu* z ! metallic mass to be ref9$ 9 x4 ,x is also ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce t ! cupel be well dri$ be=e ! metal be put into x4 ,9 ord] to make sure ( ?is po9t1 x mu/ be kept r$-hot = a c]ta9 "t1 z is above direct$3 = ?\gh to ! sight & to ! t\* x may appe> v dry1 x nev]!less ob/9ately reta9s a small matt] ( moi/ure1 suffici5t to occasion ! loss ( "s ( ! metal2 :i*1 :5 x comes to melt1 w be !reby spirit$ up1 9 ! =m ( little globules1 to ! v ro( ( ! muffle4 ,! cupels t /& mo/ 9 ne$ ( an int5se heat to dry !m1 are ^? *iefly 9 ^: composition wood-a%es are employ$3 = :atev] c>e be tak5 to lixiviate ^? a%es be=e !y are us$1 !y w /ill reta9 a little alkal9e salt2 & t1 we "k1 is v gre$y ( moi/ure1 w n "p entirely ) x1 b by ! means ( a viol5t calc9ation1 & pres5tly re-imbibes x :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,a little ,phlogi/on also may /ill be left 9 ! a%es ( :i* ! cupels are made2 & t is ano!r reason = calc9+ !m be=e !y are us$4 ,by ?is means ! rema9+ ,phlogi/on is dissipat$1 :i* might o!rwise comb9e ) ! li?>ge dur+ ! op]ation1 r$uce x1 & occasion su* a f]m5t 9 ! matt] z to make "s ( x run ov]2 to ^! inconv5i5cies1 :i* any rema9d] ( moi/ure or ,phlogi/on may produce1 we mu/ add ! cracks & flaws1 :i* are v incid5t to cupels n p]fectly fre$ f bo? ^? matt]s4 ,x is ( no less importance to ! success ( ?is op]ation1 t a due degree ( heat be kept up4 ,9 ! process we h describ$ ! m>ks :i* %ew ! heat to be nei!r too /rong nor too weak2 :5 x exce$s 9 ei!r ( ^! respects x may be kn[n by ! foll[+ signs4 ,if ! fume emitt$ by ! ,lead rise l a sp\t to ! ro( ( ! muffle2 if ! surface ( ! melt$ metal be extremely convex1 consid]+ ! quantity ( ! mass3 if ! cupel appe> ( su* a :ite heat1 t ! col\r communicat$ !reto by ! imbib$ scoria _c be di/+ui%$3 all ^! %ew t ! heat is too great1 & t x ought to be dim9i%$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! vap\rs only hov]1 z x 71 ov] ! surface ( ! metal2 if ! melt$ mass be v flat1 consid]+ its quantity2 if its ebullition appe> b fa9t2 if ! scori1 t appe> l little fi]y drops ( ra91 h b a languid motion2 if ! scoria ga!r 9 heaps1 & d n p5etrate ! cupel2 if ! metal be cov]$ ) x z ) a glassy coat2 &1 la/ly1 if ! cupel look dull2 ^! are pro(s t ! heat is too weak1 & ought to be increas$4 ,! design ( ?is op]ation be+ to conv]t ! ,lead into li?>ge1 & to give x suffici5t "t & opportunity to scorify & c>ry (f ) x :atev] is n ,gold or ,silv]2 ! fire mu/ be kept up to su* a degree t ! ,lead may easily be turn$ into li?>ge1 & yet t li?>ge n be absorb$ too ha/ily by ! cupel1 b t a small quantity !re( may all along rema91 l a r+1 r\nd ! melt$ metal4 ,! fire is to be gradually increas$ z ! op]ation draws ne>] to its end3 =1 z ! proportion ( ! ,lead to ! ,silv] is cont9ually less5+1 ! metallic mass gradually becomes less fusible2 :ile ! ,silv] def5ds ! ,lead mix$ ) x f ! action ( ! fire1 & prev5ts its be+ easily conv]t$ into li?>ge4 ,:5 ! op]ation is f9i%$1 ! cupel mu/ /ill be left "u ! muffle1 till x has imbib$ all ! li?>ge1 to ! end t ! bead ( ,silv] may be easily tak5 out3 =1 )\t ?is precaution1 x w\ld /ick s fa/ z n to be remov$1 b by break+ (f "p ( ! cupel along ) x4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 to let ?is bead ( ,silv] cool gradually1 & be p]fectly fix$1 be=e y draw x f "u ! muffle2 = if y expose x at once to ! cold air1 be=e x be fix$1 x w swell1 %oot into sprigs1 & ev5 d>t out sev]al little gra9s to a consid]able di/ance1 :i* w be lo/4 ,if ! bead appe> to h a yell[i% t+e1 x is a sign t x conta9s a great deal ( ,gold1 :i* mu/ be sep>at$ f x by ! me?ods to be h]eaft] %ewn4 ,x is prop] to obs]ve1 t !re is sc>ce any ,lead t does n conta9 "s ,silv]2 too little p]haps to defray ! *>ges necess>y to sep>ate x1 yet consid]able en\gh to lead u into an error1 by mix+ ) ! ,silv] obta9$ f an ore1 & increas+ its weight4 ,& !re=e1 :5 ! op]ations above describ$ are appli$ to ! assay+ ( an ore1 9 ord] to "k h[ mu* ,silv] x yields1 x is previ\sly necess>y to exam9e ! ,lead to be us$1 & to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( ,silv] x conta9s1 :i* mu/ be d$uct$ f ! total weight ( ! bead ( ,silv] obta9$ by purify+ x 9 ?is mann]4 ,silv] may be sep>at$ f its ore1 & at ! same "t ref9$1 by ! s+le op]ation ( ! cupel1 )\t any previ\s scorification ) ,lead4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 y mu/ p\nd ! ore2 roa/ x1 to dissipate all its volatile p>ts2 mix x ) an equal quantity ( li?>ge1 if x be refractory2 divide x into five or six p>cels1 wrapp+ ea* 9 a bit ( pap]2 weigh out eight p>ts ( granulat$ ,lead = "o ( ore1 if x be fusible1 & f twelve to sixte51 if x be refractory2 put "o half ( ! ,lead into a v l>ge cupel "u ! muffle2 add !reto "o ( ! little p>cels ( ore1 :5 ! ,lead beg9s to smoke & boil2 imm$iately slack5 ! fire a little2 cont9ue ! same degree ( heat till y p]ceive t ! li?>ge =m$ r\nd ! metal1 & on its surface1 beg9s to look bright2 !n raise ! fire2 add a fre% p>cel ( ore2 cont9ue proce$+ 9 ! same mann] till y h put 9 all ! ore2 !n add ! rema9+ half ( ! granulat$ ,lead1 & conduct ! succe$+ "p ( ! op]ation 9 ! same mann] z t ( cupell+4 ,9 ?is op]ation x is necess>y t ! fire be n too /rongly urg$1 & t x be dim9i%$ e "t y add a fre% p>cel ( ore2 t s ! ,lead & ! li?>ge may h "t to dissolve1 scorify1 & c>ry (f into ! pores ( ! cupel1 all ! adv5titi\s matt]s ) :i* y\r ,silv] may be mix$4 ,not)/&+ ?is precaution1 :5 ! ore is refractory1 !re (t5 ga!rs 9 ! cupel a great quantity ( scoria1 toge!r also ) "s ( ! ore t c\ld n be dissolv$ & scorifi$4 ,x is ) a view to rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce t ! second moiety ( ! ,lead is add$ t[>ds ! end1 :i* completes ! dissolution & scorification ( ! :ole2 s t by means !re( no scoria1 or v little1 is left 9 ! cupel at ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,! op]ation ( ! cupel is *iefly us$ to purify ,silv] f ! alloy ( ,copp]2 because ?is metal1 be+ m fix$ & h>d] to calc9e ?an o!r metallic sub/ances1 is ! only "o t rema9s unit$ ) ,silv] & ,lead1 aft] roa/+ & scorification ) ,lead4 ,x requires no less ?an sixte5 p>ts ( ! ,lead to de/roy x 9 ! cupel1 & sep>ate x f ,silv]4 ,x melts into "o mass ) ! ,lead2 & ! glass produc$ by ^! two metals1 depriv$ ( _! phlogi/on1 incl9es to a br[n or a black col\r2 by :i* appe>ance *iefly we "k t our ,silv] 0 alloy$ ) ,copp]4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to purify ,silv] by ,nitre4 ,granulate ! ,silv] y int5d to purify1 or r$uce x to ?9 plates2 put x into a good crucible2 add !reto a f\r? "p 9 weight ( v dry pulv]iz$ ,nitre1 mix$ ) half ! weight ( ! ,nitre ( calc9$ ,w9e-lees1 & ab\t a six? "p ( ! same weight ( common glass 9 p[d]4 ,cov] ?is crucible ) ano!r crucible inv]t$2 :i* mu/ be ( su* a size t its m\? may ent] a little way into t ( ! l[] "o1 & h its bottom pi]c$ ) a hole ( ab\t two l9es 9 diamet]4 ,lute ! two crucibles toge!r ) clay & ,w9dsor-loam4 ,:5 ! lute is dry1 place ! crucibles 9 a melt+ furnace4 ,fill ! furnace ) *>coal1 tak+ c>e h[ev] t ! fuel d n rise above ! upp] crucible4 ,k9dle ! fire1 & make y\r vessels ( a middl+-r$ heat4 ,:5 !y are s1 take up ) ! tongs a live-coal1 & hold x ov] ! hole ( ! upp] crucible4 ,if y imm$iately p]ceive a vivid spl5d\r r\nd ! coal1 & at ! same "t he> a g5tle hiss+ noise1 x is a sign t ! fire is ( a prop] /r5g?2 & x mu/ be kept up at ! same degree till ?is ph5om5on cease4 ,!n increase ! fire to ! degree requisite to keep pure ,silv] 9 fusion2 & imm$iately aft] take y\r vessels out ( ! furnace4 ,y w f9d ! ,silv] at ! bottom ( ! l[] crucible1 cov]$ ) a mass ( ,alkal9e scoria ( a gre5i% col\r4 ,if ! metal be n r5d]$ p]fectly pure & ductile by ?is op]ation1 x mu/ be repeat$ a second "t4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! purification ( ,silv] by ,nitre1 z well z ! process = ref9+ x on ! cupel1 is f\nd$ on ! prop]ty :i* ?is metal possesses ( resi/+ ! =ce ( ! /ronge/ fire1 & ! p[] ( ! mo/ active solv5ts1 )\t los+ its phlogi/on4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two op]ations consi/s :olly 9 ! sub/ances made use ( to procure ! scorification ( ! imp]fect metals1 or semi-metals1 t may be comb9$ ) ! ,silv]4 ,9 ! =m] ?is 0 obta9$ by ,lead1 & "h x is effect$ by ,nitre4 ,?is ,salt1 z we h %ewn1 ha? ! prop]ty ( calc9+ & quickly de/roy+ all metallic sub/ances1 by consum+ _! phlogi/on1 except ! p]fect metals1 ,gold & ,silv]1 :i* alone are able to resi/ its =ce4 ,?is me?od may !re=e be employ$ to purify ,gold z well z ,silv]1 or inde$ bo? ! two mix$ toge!r4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! ,nitre is gradually alkalizat$1 z its ,acid is consum$ ) ! phlogi/on ( ! metallic sub/ances4 ,! ,alkal9e ,salt & p\nd$ glass are add$1 ) a view to promote ! fusion ( ! metall9e calces1 z fa/ z !y are =m$1 & to fix & reta9 ! ,nitre1 :i*1 z we %all pres5tly see1 is apt to fly (f 9 a c]ta9 degree ( heat4 ,! precaution ( cov]+ ! crucible ) ano!r crucible inv]t$1 :i* ha? only a small hole 9 its bottom1 is design$ to prev5t any ( ! ,silv] f be+ lo/ 9 ! op]ation3 = :5 ! ,nitre comes to be act$ on by a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 & especially :5 x deflagrates ) any inflammable matt]1 "p ( x flies (f1 & s rapidly too z to be capable ( c>ry+ (f ) x a good deal ( ! ,silv]4 ,! little hole left 9 ! cov]+ crucible is necess>y = giv+ v5t to ! vap\rs1 :i* rise dur+ ! deflagration ( ! ,nitre1 z !y w\ld o!rwise op5 !mselves a passage by bur/+ ! vessels4 ,aft] ! op]ation ?is v5t-hole is f\nd beset ) _m little p>ticles ( ,silv]1 :i* w\ld h be5 lo/ if ! crucible _h n be5 cov]$4 ,if y %\ld obs]ve1 dur+ ! detonation ( ! ,nitre1 t a great _m vap\rs issue ?r\gh ! v5t-hole ) a consid]able hiss+ noise1 ev5 )\t apply+ ! coal1 y mu/ take x = a sign t ! fire is too brisk1 & accord+ly *eck x2 else a great deal ( ! ,nitre w be dissipat$1 & ) x mu* ,silv]4 ,y mu/ obs]ve to take ! ,silv] out ( ! fire z soon z x is 9 fusion3 = if y neglect ?is1 ! ,nitre be+ entirely dissipat$ or alkalizat$1 ! calces ( ! metals de/roy$ by x may possibly recov] a little phlogi/on1 communicat$ ei!r by ! vap\rs ( ! *>coal1 or by little bits ( coal accid5tally fall+ into ! crucible2 by :i* means "s portion ( ^? metals be+ r$uc$ w mix aga9 ) ! ,silv]1 prev5t its hav+ ! desir$ degree ( purity & ductility1 & oblige y to beg9 ! op]ation afre%4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,to dissolve ,silv] 9 ,aqua ,=tis1 & !reby sep>ate x f e o!r metall9e sub/ance4 ,! ,purification ( ,aqua ,=tis4 ,silv] precipitat$ by ,copp]4 ,! ,silv] y int5d to dissolve be+ beat5 into ?9 plates1 put x into a glass cucurbit2 p\r on x twice its weight ( good precipitat$ aqua =tis2 cov] ! cucurbit ) a piece ( pap]1 & set x on a s&-ba? mod]ately heat$4 ,! aqua =tis w beg9 to dissolve ! ,silv] z soon z x comes to be a little w>m4 ,r$ vap\rs w rise2 & f ! upp] surfaces ( ! ,silv] !re w seem to issue /reams ( little bubbles1 asc5d+ to ! top ( ! liquor1 betwe5 :i* & ! ,silv] !y w =m1 z x 71 a numb] ( f9e *a9s3 ?is is a sign t ! dissolution proce$s duly1 & t ! degree ( heat is su* z x ought to be4 ,if ! liquor appe> to boil & be agitat$1 a great _m r$ vap\rs ris+ at ! same "t1 x is a sign t ! heat is too great1 & %\ld be less5$ till x be r$uc$ to ! prop] degree indicat$ above3 hav+ obta9$ t1 keep x equally up till no m bubbles or r$ vap\rs appe>4 ,if y\r ,silv] be alloy$ ) ,gold1 ! ,gold w be f\nd1 :5 ! dissolution is f9i%$1 at ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 ! =m ( a p[d]4 ,?is solution mu/ n[ be decant$ :ile x is yet w>m2 on ! p[d] p\r half z mu* fre% aqua =tis z be=e1 & make x boil2 aga9 decant ?is second aqua =tis1 & repeat ! same a ?ird "t2 !n ) fair wat] wa% ! rema9+ p[d] well3 x w be ( a br[n col\r incl9+ to r$4 ,9 ! obs]vations we %all %[ h[ ! ,silv] is to be sep>at$ f ! aqua =tis4 ,,obs]vations4 ,all ! processes on ,silv] already deliv]$1 :e!r = extract+ x f its ores1 or = ref9+ x1 ei!r by ! ,cupel or by ,nitre1 are applicable to ,gold also4 ,& if ,silv] be alloy$ ) ,gold be=e x und]go ^? sev]al op]ations1 x w /ill rema9 alloy$ !re) aft] !m1 9 ! same mann]1 & 9 ! same quantity2 because bo? metals be> !m equally4 ,all !re=e t c be expect$ f ^? sev]al assays1 is ! sep>ation ( e ?+ t is nei!r ,silv] nor ,gold f ^! two metals4 ,b 9 ord] to sep>ate ^! two f ea* o!r1 rec\rse mu/ be _h ei!r to ! process laid d[n "u ! head ( ,gold1 or to t "h describ$1 :i* is ! mo/ commodi\s1 ! mo/ usual1 & kn[n by ! names ( ,qu>tation & ! ,p>t+ ,assay4 ,aqua =tis is ! true solv5t ( ,silv]1 & is utt]ly incapable ( dissolv+ ! lea/ atom ( ,gold4 ,if !re=e a mass consi/+ ( ,gold & ,silv] be expos$ to ! action ( aqua =tis1 t ,acid w dissolve ! ,silv] conta9$ 9 ! comp\nd1 )\t t\*+ ! ,gold1 & ! two metals w be sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,?is me?od ( p>t+ !m is j ! rev]se ( t describ$ be=e "u ! head ( ,gold1 :i* is effect$ by ! means ( aqua regis4 ,to ! success ( ?is sep>ation1 by means ( aqua =tis1 sev]al conditions are ess5tially necess>y4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! ,gold & ,silv] be 9 due proportion to ea* o!r2 t is1 !re mu/ be at lea/ twice z mu* ,silv] z ,gold 9 ! metall9e mass1 o!rwise ! aqua =tis w n be able to dissolve x1 = ! reason =m]ly giv54 ,if !re=e ! mass conta9 too little ,silv]1 x mu/ ei!r be melt$ d[n aga91 & a prop] quantity ( ,silv] add$2 or else1 if ! ,gold be 9 a suffici5t proportion to ! ,silv]1 !y may be p>t$ by means ( aqua regis4 ,secondly1 x is necess>y t ! aqua =tis employ$ 9 ?is op]ation be absolutely pure1 & free f any ta9t ( ! ,vitriolic or ,m>9e ,acid3 =1 if x be adult]at$ ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 ! ,silv] w precipitate z fa/ z x dissolves1 & s ! precipitat$ ,silv] w aga9 mix ) ! ,gold4 ,if ! aqua =tis conta9 any ( ! ,m>9e ,acid1 ! ,silv] w be precipitat$ 9 t case also2 & ?is inconv5i5ce w be att5d$ ) ano!r1 namely1 t ! m5/ruum1 be+ p>tly an aqua regis1 w dissolve "s ( ! ,gold4 ,y mu/ !re=e be v sure t y\r aqua =tis is pure1 be=e y set ab\t ! op]ation4 ,9 ord] to discov] its quality1 y mu/ try x by dissolv+1 9 a small portion !re(1 z mu* ,silv] z x w take up3 if ! aqua =tis gr[ opaque & milky z x dissolves ! ,silv]1 x is a sign x conta9s "s =eign ,acid1 f :i* x mu/ be purifi$4 ,9 ord] to effect ?is1 let ! portion ( aqua =tis us$ = ! above trial /& to settle3 ! :ite milky "p w gradually fall to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,:5 x is all fall51 g5tly decant ! cle> liquor1 & p\r a few drops ( ?is decant$ solution ( ,silv] into ! aqua =tis :i* y want to purify4 ,x w in/antly become milky4 ,let ! :ite p>ticles precipitate z be=e1 & !n add a few m drops ( y\r solution ( ,silv]4 ,if ! aqua =tis /ill become milky1 let x precipitate aga91 & repeat ?is till y f9d t a drop ( y\r solution ( ,silv]1 let fall into ?is aqua =tis1 does n make x 9 ! lea/ turbid4 ,!n filt] x ?r\gh br[n pap]1 & y w h an aqua =tis p]fectly fit = ! ,p>t+ ,assay4 ,! :ite p>ticles t appe> & settle to ! bottom1 on dissolv+ silv] 9 an aqua =tis adult]at$ ) a mixture ( "s =eign ,acid1 are no o!r ?an t v ,silv]1 :i* is no soon] dissolv$ by ! ,nitr\s ,acid ?an x des]ts t solv5t to unite ) ! ,vitriolic or ,m>9e ,acid1 :]e) x has a great] aff9ity1 & falls to ! bottom ) !m4 ,& ?is happ5s z long z !re rema9s 9 ! aqua =tis a s+le atom ( ei!r ( ^? two ,acids4 ,:5 !re=e y\r aqua =tis ha? dissolv$ z mu* ,silv] z x is capable ( tak+ up1 & :5 all ! :ite p>ticles =m$ dur+ ! dissolution are settl$ to ! bottom1 y may be assur$ t ! portion :i* rema9s cle> & limpid is a solution ( ,silv] 9 an exce$+ pure aqua =tis4 ,b if ! solution ( ,silv] ?us depurat$ be mix$ ) an aqua =tis adult]at$ ) ! ,vitriolic or ,m>9e ,acid1 a l precipitation w imm$iately ensue1 = ! reasons above giv51 till ! v la/ p>ticle ( ! het]og5e\s ,acid conta9$ 9 ! aqua =tis be precipitat$4 ,aqua =tis purifi$ by ?is me?od conta9s no extrane\s sub/ance :atev]1 except a small portion ( ,silv]2 s t x is v fit = ! p>t+ process4 ,b if x be int5d$ = o!r *ymical purposes1 x mu/ be rectifi$ 9 a glass retort ) a mod]ate heat1 9 ord] to sep>ate x f ! small portion ( ,silv] x conta9s1 :i* w rema9 at ! bottom ( ! retort4 ,! ?ird condition necess>y to ! success ( ?is op]ation is1 t y\r aqua =tis be nei!r too aque\s1 nor too highly conc5trat$4 ,if too weak1 x w n act ^u ! ,silv]3 & ! consequ5ce w be ! same if x be too /rong4 ,bo? ^! inconv5i5cies are easily rem$i$3 = 9 ! =m] case "p ( ! sup]flu\s phlegm may be drawn (f by di/illation2 or a suffici5t quantity ( mu* /rong] aqua =tis may be mix$ ) t :i* is too weak3 &1 9 ! latt] case1 v pure ra9 wat]1 or a weak] aqua =tis1 may be mix$ ) t :i* is too /rong4 ,y may satisfy y\rself :e!r or no y\r aqua =tis ha? ! requisite degree ( /r5g?1 by dissolv+ !re9 a ?9 plate consi/+ ( "o "p ,gold & two or ?ree p>ts ,silv]2 :i* plate mu/ be roll$ up 9 =m ( a pap] c(f94 ,if1 :5 all ! ,silv] conta9$ 9 ! plate is dissolv$1 ! ,gold rema9s 9 ! =m ( ! c(f91 x is a sign t y\r solv5t has a due degree ( /r5g?4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,gold be r$uc$ to a p[d]1 x is a pro( t y\r aqua =tis is too /rong1 & ought to be weak5$4 ,! ,gold rema9+ aft] ! dissolution ( ! ,silv] mu/ be melt$ 9 a crucible ) ,nitre & ,borax1 z ha? already be5 said "u ! process = p>t+ ,gold & ,silv] by means ( aqua regis4 ,z to ! ,silv] :i* rema9s dissolv$ 9 ! aqua =tis1 !re are sev]al ways to recov] x4 ,! mo/ usual is to precipitate x by ! int]position ( ,copp]1 :i* ha? a great] aff9ity ?an ,silv] ) ! ,nitr\s ,acid#g4 ,= ?is purpose ! solution is weak5$ by add+ twice or ?rice z mu* v pure ra9 wat]4 ,! cucurbit conta9+ ! solution is set on a s&-ba? g5tly heat$1 & v clean plates ( copp] put into x4 ,! surfaces ( ^! plates are soon cov]$ ) little :ite scales1 :i* gradually fall to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 z !y come to be collect$ 9 quantities4 ,x is ev5 prop] to /rike ! cucurbit g5tly n[ & !n1 9 ord] to %ake ! scales ( ,silv] f ! copp] plates1 & s make room = a new crop4 #g ,see ! ,table ( ,aff9ities1 ,column ,,iv4 ,! aqua =tis p>ts ) ! ,silv] by degrees only1 z x dissolves ! ,copp]2 & !re=e ! liquor gradually acquires a bluei% gre5 col\r z ! precipitation advances4 ,?is precipitation ( ! ,silv] is to be cont9u$ z long z any rema9s dissolv$ 9 ! aqua =tis3 y may be sure t y\r liquor conta9s no m ,silv]1 if ! surface ( a fre% plate ( ,copp] laid !re9 rema9 clean & free f a%-col\r$ or greyi% p>ticles3 or if "o drop ( a solution ( ,sea-salt let fall into x produce no :ite or milky cl\d4 ,! precipitation be+ f9i%$1 ! liquor is to be g5tly p\r$ (f f ! precipitat$ ,silv]1 :i* mu/ be r9s$ 9 sev]al wat]s1 & ev5 made to boil !re)1 9 ord] to free x :olly f ! dissolv$ ,copp]4 ,! ,silv] ?us well wa%$ mu/ be ?or\ghly dri$1 mix$ ) a f\r? "p ( its weight ( a flux comp\nd$ ( equal p>ts ( ,nitre & calc9$ ,borax1 & !n melt$ 9 a crucible4 ,on ?is occasion c>e mu/ be tak5 to raise ! fire g5tly & gradually1 till ! ,silv] be br\ght to fusion4 ,) :at accuracy soev] ! precipitat$ ,silv] be wa%$1 9 ord] to free x f ! solution ( ,copp]1 yet ! ,silv] w always be f\nd alloy$ ) a small portion ( ! ,copp]3 b !n ?is ,copp] is easily de/roy$ by ! ,nitre1 ) :i* ! ,silv] is aft]w>ds melt$2 s t ! latt] metal rema9s p]fectly pure aft] ! op]ation4 ,?\gh ! ,silv] be n previ\sly cupell$1 b be alloy$ ) o!r metallic sub/ances at ! "t x is ?us dissolv$1 yet ! dissolv+1 precipitat+1 & fus+ x ) ,nitre1 w\ld be suffici5t to sep>ate x accurately f !m all1 & ref9e x to a degree ( purity equal to t obta9$ by ! cupel4 ,! ,copp] t rema9s dissolv$ 9 ! aqua =tis1 aft] ! precipitation ( ! ,silv]1 may 9 l mann] be precipitat$ by ,iron1 &1 z x reta9s a small portion ( ,silv]1 ought n to be neglect$ :5 ^! op]ations are p]=m$ on consid]able quantities4 ,9 ! two next processes we %all %ew two o!r me?ods ( sep>at+ ,silv] f aqua =tis4 ,,process ,v4 ,to sep>ate ,silv] f ! ,nitr\s ,acid by ,di/illation4 ,cry/als ( ,silv]4 ,! ,inf]nal ,/one4 ,into a l>ge1 l[1 glass body put ! solution ( ,silv]1 f :i* y int5d to sep>ate ! ,silv] by di/illation4 ,to ?is body fit a tubulat$ head provid$ ) its /opple4 ,set ?is alembic 9 a s&-ba?1 s t ! body may be almo/ cov]$ ) s&3 apply a receiv]1 & di/il ) a mod]ate heat1 s t ! drops may succe$ ea* o!r at ! di/ance ( "s seconds4 ,if ! receiv] gr[ v hot1 *eck ! fire4 ,:5 r$ vap\rs beg9 to appe>1 p\r into ! alembic1 ?r\gh ! hole 9 its head1 a fre% quantity ( y\r solution ( ,silv]1 fir/ made v hot4 ,cont9ue di/ill+ 9 ?is mann]1 & repeat+ ! addition ( fre% liquor1 till all y\r solution be put into ! alembic4 ,:5 y h no m fre% solution to put 91 & :51 ! phlegm be+ all come ov]1 r$ vap\rs beg9 aga9 to appe>1 convey into ! alembic half a dram or a dram ( tall[1 & di/il to dryness2 :i* be+ done1 increase y\r fire s z to make ! vessel conta9+ ! s&-ba? r$-hot4 ,9 ! alembic y w f9d a calx ( ,silv]1 :i* mu/ be melt$ 9 a crucible ) "s soap & calc9$ w9e-lees4 ,,obs]vations4 ,a l[ cucurbit is recomm5d$ = ?is op]ation1 to ! int5t t ! p>ticles ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 :i* are pond]\s1 may ! m easily be c>ri$ up & pass ov] into ! receiv]4 ,= ! same reason ! cucurbit is direct$ to be almo/ :olly cov]$ ) s&1 le/ o!rwise ! acid vap\rs %\ld be cond5s$ ab\t t "p ( ! cucurbit1 :i*1 be+ out ( ! s&1 w\ld be mu* cool] ?an t :i* is encompass$ !re)1 & f !nce %\ld fall back aga9 to ! bottom2 by :i* means ! di/illation w\ld c]ta9ly be ret>d$1 & ! vessel probably be brok54 ,not)/&+ ^! precautions ! vessels are liable to break 9 su* di/illations2 especially :5 !y conta9 a great deal ( liquor4 ,) a view1 !re=e1 to prev5t ?is accid5t1 we ord]$ t ! :ole quantity ( ! solution ( ,silv] to be di/ill$ %\ld n be put at once into ! alembic4 ,! little bit ( tall[1 add$ t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation1 is int5d$ to h9d] ! metal f adh]+ closely to ! vessel1 z x w\ld o!rwise d1 :5 all ! moi/ure is dissipat$4 ,! ,soap & ,fix$ ,alkali mix$ ) ! ,silv] to flux x1 aft] its sep>ation f ! aqua =tis 9 ?is way1 s]ve to absorb su* ( ! mo/ fix$ p>ticles ( ! ,acid z may /ill rema9 unit$ ) ! metal4 ,if ! di/illation be /opp$ :5 "p ( ! phlegm is drawn (f1 & ! liquor be !n suff]$ to cool1 _m cry/als w %oot !re91 :i* are a ,neutral ,salt con/itut$ ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid & ,silv]4 ,if ! di/illation be c>ri$ fur!r1 & /opp$ :5 ne> its conclusion1 ! liquor be+ !n suff]$ to cool w :olly coagulate into a blacki% mass call$ ! ,inf]nal ,/one4 ,?is way ( sep>at+ ,silv] f its solv5t is att5d$ ) ! advantage ( sav+ all ! aqua =tis1 :i* is excell5t1 & fit to be employ$ 9 o!r op]ations4 ,,process ,,vi4 ,to sep>ate ,silv] f ! ,nitr\s ,acid by ,precipitation4 ,luna ,cornea4 ,luna ,cornea r$uc$4 ,into y\r solution ( ,silv] p\r ab\t a f\r? "p 9 weight ( ,_s ( ,salt1 solution ( ,sea-salt1 or solution ( ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,! liquor w in/antly become turbid & milky4 ,add twice or ?rice its weight ( fair wat]1 & let x /& "s h\rs to settle4 ,x w deposite a :ite p[d]4 ,decant ! cle> liquor1 & on ! precipitate p\r fre% aqua =tis1 or ,_s ( ,salt1 & w>m ! :ole on a s&-ba? ) a g5tle heat = "s "t4 ,p\r (f ?is second liquor1 & boil y\r precipitate 9 pure wat]1 %ift+ x sev]al times1 till ! precipitate & ! wat] be bo? q insipid4 ,filt] ! :ole1 & dry ! precipitate1 :i* w be a ,luna ,cornea1 & mu/ be r$uc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,sme> ! inside ( a good crucible well ) soap4 ,put y\r ,luna ,cornea into x2 cov] x ) half its weight ( ,salt ( ,t>t>1 ?or\ghly dri$ & pulv]iz$2 press ! :ole h>d d[n2 p\r !reon z mu* oil1 or melt$ tall[1 z ! p[d] is capable ( imbib+2 set ! crucible ?us *>g$1 & close cov]$1 9 a melt+ furnace1 &1 = ! fir/ qu>t] ( an h\r1 make no m fire ?an is necess>y to make ! crucible mod]ately r$3 aft] t raise x s z to melt ! ,silv] & ! ,salt1 ?r[+ into ! crucible f "t to "t little bits ( tall[4 ,:5 x ceases to smoke1 let ! :ole cool2 or p\r x into a holl[ iron cone1 w>m$ & tall[$4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! process "h deliv]$ furni%es u ) ! means ( procur+ ,silv] 9 a degree ( purity :i* is n to be obta9$ by any o!r me?od ( treat+ x :atev]4 ,t :i* is ref9$ on ! cupel always reta9s a small portion ( ,copp]1 f :i* x _c possibly be sep>at$ 9 t way3 b if x be dissolv$ 9 aqua =tis1 & precipitat$ !nce 9 a ,luna ,cornea by ! ,m>9e ,acid1 ! precipitate w be an absolutely pure ,silv]1 unalloy$ ) t small portion ( ,copp] :i* is reta9$ on ! cupel4 ,! reason ( ?is effect is1 t ! ,copp] rema9s z p]fectly dissolv$ 9 ,_s ( ,salt & 9 aqua regia z 9 aqua =tis3 s t :5 ! ,silv]1 & ! ,copp] ) :i* x is alloy$1 are dissolv$ toge!r 9 ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 if ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt be mix$ ) ! solution1 "p ( ?is latt] ,acid unites ) ! ,silv]1 & !re) =ms a new comp\nd1 :i* n be+ soluble 9 ! liquor1 falls to ! bottom4 ,! o!r "p ( ! ,acid mix+ ) ! ,nitr\s1 =ms an aqua regis1 9 :i* ! ,copp] rema9s dissolv$1 )\t sep>at+ f x4 ,fre% ,acid is p\r$ on ! precipitat$ calx ( ,silv]1 9 ord] to complete ! solution ( ! small portion ( ,copp] t may h escap$ ! action ( ! fir/ solv5t4 ,x is indiff]5t :e!r ! ,_s ( ,salt or ! ,_s ( ,nitre be employ$ = ?is purpose1 because !y bo? dissolve ,copp] alike1 & because ,silv] precipitat$ by ,_s ( ,salt is n soluble 9 ei!r4 ,aft] ?is x is necess>y to wa% ! precipitate well ) pure wat]1 9 ord] to free x entirely f ! p>ticles ( aqua =tis adh]+ to ! ,silv]2 because !y may possibly conta9 some?+ ( ,copp]1 :i* w\ld mix ) ! ,silv] 9 melt+1 & ta9t its purity4 ,if ?is precipitate ( ,silv] be expos$ to ! fire1 unmix$ ) any o!r sub/ance1 x melts z soon z x beg9s to be r$2 &1 if ! fire be increas$1 "p !re( w be dissipat$ 9 vap\rs1 & ! re/ w make its way ?r\gh ! crucible4 ,b be+ p\r$ out z soon z melt$1 x coagulates into a cake ( a purpli% r$ col\r1 semi-transp>5t1 pond]\s1 & 9 "s degree pliable1 especially if x be v ?94 ,x be>s "s resemblance to horn1 :i* ha? occasion$ x to be call$ ,luna ,cornea4 ,z ,luna ,cornea is n soluble 9 wat]1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to fusion1 9 ord] to r$uce x1 by sep>at+ f ! ,silv] ^? acids :i* give x ! above-m5tion$ prop]ties4 ,fix$ ,alkalis & fatty matt]s are v fit to produce t sep>ation4 ,we direct$ t ! inside ( ! crucible1 9 :i* ! r$uction is to be made1 %\ld be c>efully sme>$ ) soap1 & t ! ,luna ,cornea %\ld be q cov]$ ) a ,fix$ ,alkali & fat1 to ! end t :5 ! heat is /rong en\gh to dissipate x 9 vap\rs1 or to att5uate x s z to r5d] x capable ( p5etrat+ ! crucible1 x may be =c$ to pass ?r\gh matt]s qualifi$ to absorb its ,acid1 & r$uce x4 ,luna ,cornea may also be r$uc$ by be+ melt$ ) su* metall9e sub/ances z h a great] aff9ity ?an ,silv] ) ! ,acids :]e) x is impregnat$4 ,( ?is k9d are ,t91 ,lead1 ,regulus ( ,antimony3 b ! ,luna ,cornea ru%es s impetu\sly into conjunction ) ^? metall9e sub/ances1 t a va/ _m vap\rs arise1 & c>ry (f ) !m "p ( ! ,silv]3 if !re=e y *use to effect ! r$uction by ! int]position ( su* metall9e sub/ances1 y mu/ employ a retort in/ead ( a crucible4 ,b ?is me?od is att5d$ ) ano!r inconv5i5ce2 :i* is1 t "s "p ( ^? metall9e sub/ances may unite ) ! ,silv]1 & adult]ate x3 = :i* reason x is be/ to keep to ! me?od fir/ propos$4 ,,process ,,vii4 ,to dissolve ,silv]1 & sep>ate x f ,gold1 by ,cem5tation4 ,mix ?or\ghly toge!r f9e brick-du/ f\r p>ts1 ,vitriol calc9$ to r$ness "o "p1 & ,sea-salt or ,nitre "o "p4 ,moi/5 ?is p[d] ) a little wat]4 ,) ?is cem5t cov] ! bottom ( a crucible half an in* ?ick2 on ?is fir/ b$ lay a ?9 plate ( ! mass ( ,gold & ,silv] y int5d to cem5t1 & :i* y mu/ previ\sly take c>e to beat into su* ?9 plates4 ,cov] ?is plate ) a second lay] ( cem5t1 ( ! same ?ickness z ! =m]2 on ?is second b$ lay ano!r plate ( y\r metal2 cov] x 9 l mann] ) cem5t2 & s proce$ till ! crucible be fill$ to )9 half an in* ( its brim4 ,fill up ! rema9+ space ) cem5t1 & close ! crucible ) a cov]1 lut$ ) a pa/e made ( ,w9dsor-loam & wat]3 set y\r crucible ?us *>g$ 9 a furnace1 ^: fire-place is deep en\gh to let x be entirely surr\nd$ ) coals1 q up to its m\?4 ,light "s coals 9 ! furnace1 tak+ c>e n to make ! fire v brisk at fir/2 increase x by degrees1 b only s f> z to make ! crucible mod]ately r$2 keep up ! fire 9 ?is degree = eighte5 or tw5ty h\rs3 !n let ! fire g out2 op5 ! crucible :5 x is cold1 & sep>ate ! cem5t f y\r plates ( ,gold4 ,boil ! ,gold repeat$ly 9 fair wat]1 till ! wat] come (f q insipid4 ,,obs]vations4 ,x _c b seem /range1 t1 aft] hav+ s (t5 decl>$ ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt to be incapable ( dissolv+ ,silv]1 we %\ld direct ei!r ,nitre or ,sea-salt indiff]5tly to be employ$ 9 compos+ a cem5t1 :i* is to produce an ,acid capable ( eat+ out all ! ,silv] mix$ ) ,gold4 ,x is easy to conceive h[ ! ,nitr\s ,acid extricat$ f its basis by means ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid may produce ?is effect3 b if ,sea-salt in/ead ( ,nitre be made an +r$i5t 9 ! cem5t1 its ,acid1 ?\gh set at lib]ty 9 ! same mann] by ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 mu/ at fir/ sight appe> unable to answ] ! end4 ,9 ord] to remove ?is difficulty1 we mu/ "h obs]ve1 t !re are two v ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,m>9e ,acid collect$ 9 a liquor1 z x is :5 di/ill$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & ! same ,acid sep>at$ f its basis 9 a crucible1 z x is 9 cem5tation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two diff]5ces is1 t ! ,acid be+ r$uc$ into vap\rs :5 x acts on ! ,silv] 9 cem5tation1 its activity is !reby greatly increas$3 ! second is1 t 9 ! crucible x su/a9s a va/ly great] degree ( heat ?an x c ev] be> :5 x is 9 ! =m ( a liquor4 ,=1 aft] x is once di/ill$ & sep>at$ f its basis1 x _c su/a9 any extraord9>y degree ( heat )\t be+ volatiliz$ & entirely dissipat$3 :]eas1 :ile x cont9ues unit$ ) its basis1 x is mu* m fix$1 & _c be sep>at$ b by a v int5se heat4 ,consequ5tly1 if x meet ) any body to dissolve1 at ! v in/ant ( its sep>ation f its basis1 :ile x is actuat$ by a mu* fi]c] heat ?an c ev] be appli$ to x on any o!r occasion1 x mu/ op]ate ^u t body ) s mu* ! m efficacy3 & ?us x comes to pass1 t 9 cem5tation x has ! p[] ( dissolv+ ,silv]1 :i* x w\ld be incapable ( t\*+ if x 7 n s circum/anc$4 ,b h]e9 ,gold diff]s f ,silv]3 =1 :atev] =ce ! ,nitr\s or ! ,m>9e ,acid may ex]t1 :5 extricat$ f _! bases 9 ! cem5t+ crucible1 ?is metal ob/9ately refuses to yield to ei!r ( ^? ,acids sep>ately1 & c nev] be dissolv$ by !m1 unless bo? be unit$ toge!r4 ,our cem5tation1 !re=e1 is actually a p>t+ process 9 ! dry way4 ,! ,silv] is dissolv$1 & ! ,gold rema9s unalt]$4 ,nay1 z ! action ( ! ,acids is mu* /rong] :5 !y are appli$ ?is way1 ?an :5 !y are us$ = dissolution 9 ! moi/ way1 ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 :i* 9 ! common p>t+ process w n dissolve ,silv] unless its weight be d\ble t ( ! ,gold1 is able 9 cem5tation to dissolve a v small quantity ( ,silv] diffus$ ?r\gh a l>ge quantity ( ,gold4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 t aft] ! op]ation ! cem5t proves extremely h>d1 s t x is v tr\blesome to sep>ate x entirely f ! ,gold4 ,9 ?is case x mu/ be s(t5$ by moi/5+ x ) hot wat]4 ,?is h>dness :i* ! cem5t acquires is occasion$ by ! fusion ( ! ,salts1 :i* is ! effect ( too /rong a heat4 ,x 0 9 ord] to prev5t ?is1 & t a due degree ( heat might be appli$1 )\t ! dang] ( melt+ ! salts1 t we direct$ ! cem5t to be mix$ ) a consid]able quantity ( e>?y matt] incapable ( fusion1 su* z brick-du/4 ,a great] inconv5i5ce w ensue1 if ! fire be made s /rong z to melt ! ,gold3 = !n x w p>tly commix aga9 ) ! o!r metall9e sub/ances dissolv$ by ! cem5t1 & consequ5tly w n be purifi$4 ,! crucible is cov]$1 & its cov] lut$ on1 to prev5t ! acid vap\rs f be+ too soon dissipat$1 & to =ce !m to circulate ! long] 9 ! crucible4 ,h[ev]1 x is necess>y t ^? vap\rs %\ld f9d a v5t at la/1 o!rwise !y w\ld bur/ ! vessel3 & = ?is reason we direct$ ! crucible to be lut$ only ) ,w9dsor-loam1 :i* does n gr[ v h>d by ! action ( fire1 & s is capable ( yield+ & giv+ passage to ! vap\rs1 :5 a c]ta9 quantity ( !m is collect$ 9 ! crucible1 & !y beg9 to /ruggle = an escape on e side4 ,:5 ! op]ation is f9i%$1 ! ,silv] dissolv$ by ! ,acid ( ! cem5t is p>tly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! cem5t1 & p>tly 9 ! ,gold itself1 :i* is impregnat$ !re)4 ,= ?is reason ! ,gold mu/ be wa%$ sev]al times 9 boil+ wat]1 till ! wat] become absolutely insipid3 =1 if ! ,gold be melt$ )\t ?is precaution1 x w mix aga9 ) ! ,silv]3 ! cem5t also may be wa%$ 9 ! same mann] to recov] ! ,silv] x conta9s4 ,?\gh ?is cem5tation be1 prop]ly speak+1 a purification ( ,gold1 yet we h plac$ x among ! processes on ,silv]1 because x is ! ,silv] t is dissolv$ on ?is occasion1 & because ?is is a p>ticul> way ( dissolv+ t metal4 ,moreov]1 mo/ ( ! processes hi!rto deliv]$1 ei!r on ,gold or ,silv]1 are equally applicable to bo? ^! metals4 ,if ! ,gold d n appe> q pure aft] ! cem5tation1 ! process mu/ be repeat$4 ,!re are sev]al ways to "k ! f95ess ( ,gold1 ! quantity ( ,silv] ) :i* x is alloy$1 & ! proportion 9 :i* ^! two metals are mix$ 9 a mass purifi$ by ! cupel4 ,"o ( ! simple/ is ! trial by ! ,t\*-/one2 :i* inde$ is h>dly any m ?an judg+ by ! eye only1 f ! col\r ( ! comp\nd metal1 :at proportion ( ,gold & ,silv] x conta9s4 ,! ,t\*-/one is a sort ( black m>ble1 ^: surface ought to be half poli%$4 ,if ! metall9e mass :i* y want to try be rubb$ on ?is /one1 x leaves !reon a ?9 coat ( metal1 ! col\r ( :i* may be easily obs]v$4 ,su* z are accu/om$ to see & h&le ,gold & ,silv] c at once judge v ne>ly f ?is sample 9 :at proportion ! two metals are comb9$3 b1 = great] accuracy1 ^? :o are 9 ! way ( hav+ frequ5t occasion = ?is trial are provid$ ) a suffici5t numb] ( small b>s or ne$les1 ( :i* "o is pure ,gold1 ano!r pure ,silv]1 & all ! re/ consi/ ( ^! two metals mix$ toge!r 9 diff]5t proportions1 v>i$ by c>ats1 or ev5 by fractions ( c>ats1 if great] exactness be requir$4 ,! f95ess ( ea* ne$le be+ m>k$ on x1 t ne$le ^: col\r seems to come ne>e/ ! col\r ( ! metall9e /reak on ! ,t\*-/one1 is rubb$ on ! /one by ! side ( t /reak4 ,?is ne$le likewise leaves a m>k2 & if !re appe> to be no diff]5ce betwe5 ! two metall9e /reaks1 ! metall9e mass is judg$ to be ( ! same f95ess z ! ne$le ?us comp>$ ) x4 ,if ! eye discov]s a s5sible diff]5ce1 ano!r ne$le is s\ght = ^: col\r may come ne>] to t ( ! metal to be tri$4 ,b ?\gh a man be ev] s well v]s$ 9 judg+ ?us ( ! f95ess ( ,gold by ! eye only1 he c nev] be p]fectly & accurately sure ( x by ?is means alone4 ,if su* c]ta9ty be requir$1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! p>t+ assay2 & yet :5 y h gone ?r\gh x1 !re always rema9s a small quantity ( ! metal1 :i* %\ld h be5 dissolv$1 & yet escap$ ! action ( ! solv5t4 ,= example1 if y make use ( aqua regis1 ! ,silv] t rema9s aft] ! op]ation /ill conta9s a little ,gold2 &1 if y make use ( aqua =tis1 ! ,gold t rema9s aft] ! op]ation /ill conta9s a little ,silv]4 ,& !re=e if y resolve to c>ry ! sep>ation ( ^! two metals /ill fur!r by solv5ts1 x w be necess>y1 aft] y h gone ?r\gh "o p>t+ process1 to p]=m a second ! contr>y way4 ,= example1 if y beg9 ) aqua =tis1 !n1 aft] x has dissolv$ all ! ,silv] 9 ! metall9e mass t x is capable ( tak+ up1 dissolve ! rema9+ ,gold 9 aqua regis3 by :i* means y w sep>ate ! small portion ( ,silv] left 9 x by ! aqua =tis4 ,! contr>y is to be done if y made use ( aqua regis fir/4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,,copp]4 ,,process ,i4 ,to sep>ate ,copp] f its ,ore4 ,beat y\r ,copp] ore to a f9e p[d]1 hav+ fir/ fre$ x z accurately z possible1 by wa%+ & roa/+1 f all /ony1 e>?y1 sulphure\s1 & ars5ical p>ts4 ,mix y\r ore ?us pulv]iz$ ) ?rice its weight ( ! black flux2 put ! mixture into a crucible2 cov] x ) common salt to ! ?ickness ( half an in*1 & press ! :ole d[n ) y\r f+]4 ,) all ?is ! crucible mu/ be b half full4 ,set x 9 a melt+ furnace2 k9dle ! fire by degrees1 & raise x ins5sibly till y he> ! ,sea-salt crackle4 ,:5 ! decrepitation is ov]1 make ! crucible mod]ately r$-hot = half a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,!n give a consid]able degree ( heat1 excit+ ! fire ) a pair ( good p]petual bell[s1 s t ! crucible may become v r$-hot1 & be p]fectly ignit$4 ,keep ! fire up to ?is degree = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r2 !n take out ! crucible1 & ) a hamm] /rike a few bl[s on ! floor :]eon y set x4 ,break x :5 cold4 ,if ! op]ation ha? be5 rightly & successfully p]=m$1 y w f9d at ! bottom ( ! vessel a h>d ,regulus1 ( a bright yell[ col\r1 & semi-malleable2 & ov] x a scoria ( a yell[i% br[n col\r1 h>d & %9+1 f :i* y may sep>ate ! ,regulus ) a hamm]4 ,,obs]vations4 ,copp] 9 ! ore is (t5 bl5d$ ) sev]al o!r metallic sub/ances1 & ) volatile m9]als1 su* z ,sulphur & ,ars5ic4 ,copp] ores also frequ5tly p>ticipate ( ! nature ( ! pyrites1 conta9+ a m>tial & an unmetallic e>?1 bo? ( :i* are entirely refractory1 & h9d] ! ore f melt+4 ,9 ?is case y mu/ add equal p>ts ( a v fusile glass1 a little borax1 & f\r p>ts ( ! black flux1 to facilitate ! fusion4 ,! black flux is moreov] necess>y to furni% ! ,copp] ) ! ,phlogi/on x wants1 or re/ore s mu* !re( z x may lose 9 melt+4 ,= ! same reason1 :5 any ore1 b t ( ,gold or ,silv]1 is to be smelt$1 x is a g5]al rule to add "s black flux1 or o!r matt] ab\nd+ ) ,phlogi/on4 ,! ,regulus produc$ by ?is op]ation is n malleable1 because x is n pure ,copp]1 b a mixture ( ,copp] ) all ! o!r metallic sub/ances t 7 9 ! ore2 except su* z 7 sep>at$ f x by roa/+1 ( :i* x conta9s b little4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! metallic matt]s t rema9 comb9$ ) ! ,copp] aft] ?is fusion1 ! col\r ( ! ,regulus is ei!r l t ( pure ,copp]1 or a little m :iti%3 x is also frequ5tly blacki%1 :i* has procur$ x ! "n ( ,black ,copp]4 ,9 ?is /ate1 & ev5 9 g5]al1 x is usual en\gh to call ?is ,regulus by ! "n ( ,black ,copp]1 :5 alloy$ ) o!r metallic sub/ances t r5d] x unmalleable1 :atev] its col\r be4 ,h5ce x appe>s t !re may be sev]al diff]5t sorts ( ,black ,copp]4 ,iron1 ,lead1 ,t91 ,bismu?1 & ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony1 are almo/ always comb9$ ) ! ores ( ,copp]1 9 a multitude ( diff]5t proportions2 & all ^! sub/ances1 be+ r$uc$ by ! black flux 9 ! op]ation1 mix & precipitate ) ! ,copp]4 ,if ! ore conta9 any ,gold or ,silv]1 z is pretty (t5 ! case1 ^! two metals also are conf\nd$ ) ! re/ 9 ! precipitation1 & become "p ( ! ,black ,copp]4 ,pyritose1 sulphure\s1 & ars5ical ,copp] ores may be fus$1 9 ord] to get rid ( ! gross] het]og5e\s p>ts1 )\t previ\sly roa/+ !m3 b 9 ?is case no alkal9e flux mu/ be mix$ ) ! ore2 because ! ,alkali 9 comb9ation ) ! ,sulphur w\ld produce a ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 & s dissolve ! metall9e "p2 by :i* means all w\ld be conf\nd$ toge!r1 & no ,regulus1 or v little1 be precipitat$4 ,on ?is occasion !re=e no?+ mu/ be add$ to promote ! fusion1 b "s t5d] fusile glass1 toge!r ) a small quantity ( borax4 ,?is fir/ fusion may also be p]=m$ amid/ ! coals1 by ca/+ ! ore ^u !m 9 ! furnace1 )\t us+ a crucible2 & !n an e>!n vessel1 ?or\ghly heat$1 or ev5 made r$-hot1 mu/ be plac$ "u ! grate ( ! fire-place1 to receive ! metal z x runs f ! ore4 ,! ,regulus obta9$ by ?is means is mu* m impure & brittle ?an ,black ,copp]1 because x conta9s moreov] a l>ge quantity ( ,sulphur & ,ars5ic2 z ^! volatile sub/ances h n "t to evaporate dur+ ! %ort space requisite to melt ! ore1 & z !y _c be c>ri$ (f by ! action ( ! fire aft] ! ore is once melt$1 :atev] "t be all[$ = t purpose4 ,h[ev]1 "s "p !re( is dissipat$2 & ! ,iron :i* is 9 pyritose ores1 hav+ a mu* great] aff9ity ?an ,copp]1 & inde$ ?an any o!r metallic sub/ance1 ) ,sulphur & ,ars5ic1 absorbs ano!r "p !re(1 & sep>ates x f ! ,regulus4 ,?is ,regulus1 x is pla91 /ill conta9s all ! same p>ts t 7 9 ! ore1 b 9 diff]5t proportions2 !re be+ m ,copp]1 comb9$ ) less ,sulphur1 ,ars5ic1 & unmetallic e>?1 :i* h be5 ei!r dissipat$ or turn$ to slag4 ,!re=e1 if y w\ld make x l ,black ,copp]1 y mu/ p\nd x1 roa/ x ov] & ov]1 to free x f its ,sulphur & ,ars5ic1 & !n melt x ) ! black flux4 ,if ?is ,regulus conta9 mu* ,iron1 x w be adviseable to melt x once or twice m1 be=e all ! ,sulphur & ,ars5ic are sep>at$ f x by roa/+2 = z ! ,iron1 by unit+ ) ^! volatile sub/ances1 sep>ates !m f ! ,copp]1 ) :i* !y h n s great an aff9ity2 s also ! ,sulphur & ,ars5ic1 by unit+ ) ! ,iron1 help 9 _! turn to sep>ate x f ! ,copp]4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to purify ,black ,copp]1 & r5d] x malleable4 ,break into small bits ! ,black ,copp] y int5d to purify2 mix !re) a ?ird "p 9 weight ( granulat$ ,lead1 & put ! :ole into a cupel set "u ! muffle 9 a cupell+ furnace1 & previ\sly heat$ q r$4 ,z soon z ! metals are 9 ! cupel raise ! fire consid]ably1 mak+ use1 if x be ne$ful1 ( a pair ( p]petual bell[s1 to melt ! ,copp] spe$ily4 ,:5 x is ?or\ghly melt$1 l[] ! fire a little1 & cont9ue x j high en\gh to keep ! metall9e mass 9 p]fect fusion4 ,! melt$ matt] w !n boil1 & ?r[ up "s scori1 :i* w be absorb$ by ! cupel4 ,:5 mo/ ( ! ,lead is consum$1 raise ! fire aga91 till ! face ( ! ,copp] become bright & %9+1 !reby %ew+ t all its alloy is sep>at$4 ,z soon z y\r ,copp] comes to ?is /ate1 cov] x ) *>coal-du/ convey$ into ! cupel ) an iron ladle3 !n take ! cupel out ( ! furnace & let x cool4 ,,obs]vations4 ,( all ! metals1 next to ,gold & ,silv]1 ,copp] be>s fusion ! longe/ )\t los+ its phlogi/on2 & on ?is prop]ty is f\nd$ ! process "h deliv]$ = purify+ x4 ,x is necess>y ! ,copp] %\ld melt z soon z x is 9 ! cupel1 because its nature is to calc9e mu* m easily & mu* soon]1 :5 x is only r$-hot1 ?an :5 x is 9 fusion4 ,= ?is reason ! fire is to be consid]ably rais$1 imm$iately on putt+ ! ,copp] "u ! muffle1 t x may melt z soon z possible4 ,yet too viol5t a degree ( fire mu/ n be appli$ to x3 = :5 x is expos$ to su* a degree ( heat only z is b j necess>y to keep x 9 fusion1 x is !n 9 ! mo/ fav\rable condition = los+ z little z may be ( its phlogi/on2 & if ! heat be /rong]1 a great] quantity !re( w be calc9$4 ,z soon !re=e z x fl[s x is prop] to weak5 ! fire1 & r$uce x to ! degree j requisite to keep up ! fusion4 ,! ,lead add$ on ?is occasion is int5d$ to facilitate & exp$ite ! scorification ( ! metallic sub/ances comb9$ ) ! ,copp]4 ,s t ! ev5t is "h ne>ly ! same z :5 ,gold or ,silv] is ref9$ on ! cupel4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is ref9+ ( ,copp]1 & t ( ! p]fect metals1 is t ! latt] z ha? be5 %ewn1 absolutely resi/ ! =ce ( fire & ! action ( ,lead1 )\t suff]+ ! lea/ alt]ation2 :]eas a good deal ( ,copp] is calc9$ & de/roy$1 :5 x is purifi$ 9 ?is mann] on ! cupel4 ,inde$ x w\ld be :olly de/roy$1 if a great] quantity ( ,lead 7 add$1 or if x 7 left too long 9 ! furnace4 ,x is ) a view to save z mu* ( x z possible t we ord] x to be cov]$ ) *>coal-du/ z soon z ! scorification is f9i%$4 ,! ,lead s]ves moreov] to free ! ,copp] exp$iti\sly f ! ,iron ) :i* x may be alloy$4 ,iron & ,lead are incapable ( contract+ any union toge!r3 s t z fa/ z ! ,lead unites ) ! ,copp]1 x sep>ates ! ,iron1 & excludes x out ( ! mixture4 ,= ! same reason if ,iron 7 comb9$ 9 a l>ge proportion ) ,copp]1 x w\ld prev5t ! ,lead f ent]+ into ! composition4 ,n[1 z x is necess>y to give ! m heat1 & to keep ! ,copp] to be incorporat$ ) ,lead ! long] 9 fusion1 z t ,copp] is alloy$ ) a great] proportion ( ,iron1 "s black flux mu/ be add$ on ?is occasion1 to prev5t ! ,copp] & ! ,lead f be+ calc9$ be=e _! association c be effect$4 ,copp] purifi$ 9 ! mann] "h direct$ is beautiful & malleable4 ,x is n[ alloy$ ) no o!r metall9e sub/ance b ,gold or ,silv]1 if !re 7 any 9 ! mix$ mass4 ,if y desire to extract ?is ,gold or ,silv]1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! op]ation ( ! cupel4 ,! process "h giv5 = purify+ ,copp] is n us$ 9 l>ge works1 because x w\ld be mu* too *>geable4 ,9 ord] to purify _! ,black ,copp]1 & r5d] x malleable1 ! smelt]s cont5t !mselves ) roa/+ x1 & melt+ x repeat$ly1 t ! metallic sub/ances1 :i* are n s fix$ z ,copp]1 may be dissipat$ by sublimation1 & ! re/ scorifi$ by fusion4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to deprive ,copp] ( its ,phlogi/on by calc9ation4 ,put y\r ,copp] 9 fil+s into a te/1 & set x "u ! muffle ( a cupell+ furnace2 light ! fire1 & keep up su* a degree ( heat z may make ! :ole q r$1 b n en\gh to melt ! ,copp]4 ,! surface ( ! ,copp] w gradually lose its metall9e spl5d\r1 & put on ! appe>ance ( a r$di% e>?4 ,f "t to "t /ir ! fil+s ) a little rod ( copp] or iron1 & leave y\r metal expos$ to ! same degree ( fire till x be entirely calc9$4 ,,obs]vations4 ,9 our obs]vations on ! prec$+ process we took notice t ,copp]1 9 fusion1 calc9es m sl[ly1 & less easily1 ?an :5 x is expos$ to a degree ( fire b>ely suffici5t to keep x r$-hot1 )\t melt+ x2 & !re=e1 ! design "h be+ to calc9e x1 we h direct$ t degree ( heat only to be appli$4 ,! cupell+ furnace is ! fitte/ = ?is op]ation1 because ! muffle is capable ( receiv+ su* a flat vessel z ought to be us$ on ?is occasion1 & communicat+ to x a great deal ( heat2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x prev5ts ! fall+ 9 ( any coals1 :i*1 by furni%+ ! ,copp] ) fre% phlogi/on1 w\ld greatly prejudice & protract ! op]ation4 ,z ,copp] calc9es ) great difficulty1 ?is op]ation is extremely t$i\s3 nay1 ?\gh ,copp] ha? /ood ?us expos$ to ! fire = sev]al days & nights1 & seems p]fectly calc9$1 yet x frequ5tly happ5s t1 :5 y try aft]w>ds to melt x1 "s ( x resumes ! =m ( ,copp]3 a pro( t all ! ,copp] _h n lo/ its phlogi/on4 ,copp] is mu* m exp$iti\sly depriv$ ( its phlogi/on by calc9+ x 9 a crucible ) ,nitre4 ,! calx ( ,copp] p]fectly calc9$ is ) great difficulty br\ght to fusion3 yet1 9 ! focus ( a l>ge burn+-glass1 x melts & turns to a r$di% & almo/ opaque glass4 ,by ! process "h deliv]$1 y may likewise calc9e all o!r metall9e sub/ances1 :i* d n melt till !y are ?or\ghly r$-hot4 ,z to ^? :i* melt be=e !y gr[ r$1 !y are easily en\gh calc9$1 ev5 :ile !y are 9 fusion4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,to resuscitate ! ,calx ( ,copp]1 & r$uce x to ,copp]1 by re/or+ its ,phlogi/on4 ,mix ! ,calx ( ,copp] ) ?rice z mu* ( ! black flux2 put ! mixture into a good crucible1 s z to fill two ?irds !re(1 & ov] x put a lay] ( ,sea-salt a f+] ?ick4 ,cov] ! crucible1 & set x 9 a melt+ furnace2 heat x gradually1 & keep x mod]ately r$ till ! decrepitation ( ! ,sea-salt be ov]4 ,!n raise ! fire consid]ably by means ( a good pair ( p]petual bell[s2 satisfy y\rself t ! matt] is 9 p]fect fusion1 by dipp+ into ! crucible an iron wire2 cont9ue ! fire 9 ?is degree = half a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,:5 ! crucible is cold1 y w f9d at its bottom a button ( v f9e ,copp]1 :i* w easily sep>ate f ! sal9e scoria at top4 ,,obs]vations4 ,:at ha? be5 said be=e on ! smelt+ ( ,copp] ores may be appli$ to ?is process1 z be+ ! v same4 ,! obs]vations !re add$ %\ld !re=e be consult$ on ?is occasion4 ,,process ,v4 ,to dissolve ,copp] 9 ! ,m9]al ,acids4 ,on a s&-ba?1 9 a v g5tle heat1 set a matrass conta9+ "s ,copp] fil+s2 p\r on !m twice _! weight ( ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,t ,acid w pres5tly attack ! ,copp]4 ,vap\rs w rise1 & issue out ( ! neck ( ! matrass4 ,a va/ numb] ( bubbles w asc5d f ! surface ( ! metal to ! top ( ! liquor1 & ! liquor w acquire a beautiful blue col\r4 ,:5 ! ,copp] is dissolv$1 put 9 a little & a little m1 till y p]ceive ! ,acid no long] acts ^u x4 ,!n decant ! liquor1 & let x /& quiet 9 a cool place4 ,9 a %ort "t great numb]s ( beautiful blue cry/als w %oot 9 x4 ,^! cry/als are call$ ,vitriol ( ,copp]1 or ,blue ,vitriol4 ,!y dissolve easily 9 wat]4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid p]fectly dissolves ,copp]1 :i* is also soluble 9 all ! ,acids1 & ev5 9 _m o!r m5/ruums4 ,?is ,acid may be sep>at$ f ! ,copp] :i* x ha? dissolv$ by di/illation only3 b ! op]ation requires a fire ( ! utmo/ viol5ce4 ,! ,copp] rema9+ aft] x mu/ be fus$ ) ! black flux1 to make x appe> 9 its natural =m2 n only because x /ill reta9s a portion ( ! ,acid1 b also because x ha? lo/ "p ( its phlogi/on by be+ dissolv$ !re94 ,! black flux is v well adapt$ bo? to absorb ! ,acid t rema9s unit$ ) ! ,copp]1 & to re/ore ! phlogi/on :i* ! metal ha? lo/4 ,! mo/ usual me?od ( sep>at+ ,copp] f ! ,vitriolic ,acid is by pres5t+ to t ,acid a metal ) :i* x ha? a great] aff9ity ?an ) ,copp]4 ,iron be+ s qualifi$ is consequ5tly v fit to br+ ab\t ?is sep>ation4 ,:5 !re=e plates ( ,iron well clean$ are laid 9 a solution ( ,blue ,vitriol1 ! ,acid soon beg9s to act ^u !m1 & by degrees1 z x dissolves !m1 deposites on _! surfaces a quantity ( ,copp] 9 proportion to ! quantity ( ,iron x takes up4 ,! ,copp] ?us precipitat$ ha? ! appe>ance ( small leaves or scales1 exce$+ ?91 & ( a beautiful copp]-col\r4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to %ake ! ,iron-plates n[ & !n1 to make ! scales ( ,copp] fall (f1 :i* w o!rwise cov] !m entirely1 h9d] ! ,vitriolic ,acid f attack+ ! ,iron1 & s put a /op to ! precipitation ( ! rema9+ ,copp]4 ,:5 ^! scales ( ,copp] cease to settle on ! clean ,iron plates1 y may be sure all ! ,copp] t 0 9 ! liquor is precipitat$1 & t ?is liquor1 :i* 0 a solution ( ,copp] be=e ! precipitation1 is a solution ( ,iron aft] x4 ,s t "h two op]ations are p]=m$ at "o & ! same "t2 to wit1 ! precipitation ( ! ,copp]1 & ! dissolution ( ! ,iron4 ,! ,copp] ?us precipitat$ requires only to be sep>at$ f ! liquor by filtration1 & melt$ ) a little black flux1 to become v f9e malleable ,copp]4 ,! ,copp] may also be precipitat$ out ( a solution ( ,blue ,vitriol by ! int]position ( a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,?is precipitate is ( a gre5i% blue col\r1 & requires a mu* great] quantity ( ! black flux to r$uce x4 ,copp] dissolves 9 ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 9 ! ,m>9e ,acid1 & 9 ,aqua regis2 f all ( :i* x may be sep>at$ by ! same me?ods z are "h ord]$ ) reg>d to ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ,,iron4 ,,process ,i4 ,to sep>ate ,iron f its ,ore4 ,p\nd into a co>se p[d] ! m>tial /ones or e>?s out ( :i* y design to extract ! ,iron3 roa/ ?is p[d] 9 a te/ "u ! muffle = "s m9utes1 & let y\r fire be brisk4 ,!n let x cool1 beat x v f9e1 & roa/ x a second "t1 keep+ x "u ! muffle till x emit no m smell4 ,!n mix ) ?is p[d] a flux compos$ ( ?ree p>ts ( ,nitre fix$ ) ,t>t>1 "o "p ( fusile glass1 & half a "p ( ,borax & *>coal-du/4 ,! dose ( ?is r$uc+ flux mu/ be ?rice ! weight ( ! ore4 ,put ?is mixture into a good crucible2 cov] x ) ab\t half a f+] ?ick ( ,sea-salt2 ov] ! crucible put its cov]1 & lute x on ) ,w9dsor-loam made into a pa/e ) wat]4 ,hav+ ?us prep>$ y\r crucible1 set x 9 a melt+ furnace1 :i* y mu/ fill up ) *>coal4 ,light ! fire1 & let x k9dle by g5tle degrees1 till ! crucible become r$-hot4 ,:5 ! decrepitation ( ! ,sea-salt is ov]1 raise y\r fire to ! highe/ by ! bla/ ( a pair ( p]petual bell[s1 or r sev]al4 ,keep up ?is int5se degree ( heat = ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r1 or an :ole h\r1 tak+ c>e t dur+ all ?is "t ! furnace be kept con/antly fill+ up ) fre% coals z ! =m] consume4 ,!n take y\r crucible out ( ! furnace2 /rike ! pavem5t on :i* y set x sev]al times ) a hamm]1 & let x /& to cool3 break x1 & y w f9d !re9 a ,regulus ( ,iron cov]$ ) slag4 ,,obs]vations4 ,iron ore1 l all o!rs1 requires roa/+1 to sep>ate f x1 z mu* z possible1 ! volatile m9]als1 ,sulphur & ,ars5ic1 :i* be+ mix$ ) ! ,iron w\ld r5d] x unmalleable4 ,inde$ x is s mu* ! m necess>y to roa/ ^! ores1 z ,iron is1 ( all metallic sub/ances1 t :i* has ! greate/ aff9ity ) ^? volatile m9]als2 on :i* acc\nt no metallic sub/ance :atev] is capable ( sep>at+ x f !m by fusion & precipitation4 ,fix$ ,alkalis1 x is true1 h a great] aff9ity ?an ,iron ) ,sulphur2 b !n ! composition :i* a ,fix$ ,alkali =ms ) ,sulphur is capable ( dissolv+ all metals4 ,consequ5tly1 if y d n dissipate ! ,sulphur by roa/+1 b attempt to sep>ate x f ! ,iron by melt+ ! ore ) a ,fix$ ,alkali1 ! ,liv] ( ,sulphur =m$ 9 ! op]ation w dissolve ! m>tial "p2 s t aft] ! fusion y w f9d little or no ,regulus4 ,all ,iron ores 9 g5]al are refractory1 & less fusible ?an any o!r2 = :i* reason a mu* great] proportion ( flux1 & a mu* m viol5t degree ( fire1 is requir$ to smelt !m4 ,"o pr9cipal cause :y ^! ores are s refractory is ! prop]ty :i* ,iron itself has ( be+ extremely difficult to fuse1 & ( resi/+ ! action ( ! fire s mu* ! m z x is pur]1 & fur!r remov$ f its m9]al /ate4 ,among all ! metallic sub/ances x is ! only "o t is less fusible :5 comb9$ ) t portion ( phlogi/on :i* gives x ! metall9e =m1 ?an :5 x is depriv$ !re(1 & 9 ! =m ( a calx4 ,9 smelt+-h\ses ,iron ore is fus$ amid/ *>coal1 ! phlogi/on ( :i* comb9es ) ! m>tial e>?1 & gives x ! metall9e =m4 ,! ,iron ?us melt$ runs d[n to ! bottom ( ! furnace1 f :5ce x is let out into l>ge m\lds1 9 :i* x takes ! %ape ( oblong blocks1 call$ ,pigs ( ,iron4 ,?is ,iron is /ill v impure1 & q unmalleable4 ,its want ( ductility aft] ! fir/ melt+ arises p>tly f h5ce1 t1 not)/&+ ! previ\s roa/+ :i* ! ore und]w5t1 !re /ill rema9s1 aft] ?is fir/ fusion1 a consid]able quantity ( ,sulphur or ,ars5ic comb9$ ) ! metal4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( quick-lime1 or ( /ones t w burn to lime1 is frequ5tly mix$ ) ,iron ore on putt+ x into ! smelt+ furnace4 ,! lime be+ an absorb5t e>?1 v apt to unite ) ,sulphur & ,ars5ic1 is ( use to sep>ate ^? m9]als f ! ,iron4 ,x is also ( use to mix "s su* matt]s ) ! ore1 :5 ! /ones or e>?s :i* naturally accompany x are v fusible2 =1 z ! ,iron is ( difficult fusion1 x may happ5 t ! e>?y matt]s mix$ ) ! ,iron %all melt z easily z ! metal1 or p]haps m easily4 ,9 su* a case !re is no sep>ation ( ! e>?y f ! metall9e "p1 bo? ( :i* melt & precipitate toge!r promiscu\sly2 n[ quick-lime1 be+ extremely refractory1 s]ves on ?is occasion to *eck ! melt+ ( ^? matt]s :i* are too fusible4 ,yet quick-lime1 not)/&+ its refractory quality1 may sometimes be ( use z a flux = ,iron4 ,?is is ! case :5 ! ore happ5s to be comb9$ ) sub/ances :i*1 be+ unit$ ) lime1 r5d] x fusible3 su* are all ars5ical matt]s1 & ev5 "s e>?y matt]s1 :i* be+ comb9$ ) quick-lime make a fusible comp\nd4 ,:5 ! ore ( an ,iron m9e is f\nd difficult to r$uce1 x is usually neglect$ ev5 ?\gh x be ri*3 because ,iron be+ v common1 p *use to "w ^? m9es only ^: ores are smelt$ ) ! mo/ ease1 & require ! lea/ consumption ( wood4 ,yet refractory ores are n to be altoge!r reject$1 :5 ano!r ,iron ore ( a diff]5t quality is f\nd ne> !m4 ,= x (t5 happ5s1 t two sev]al ,iron ores1 :i* be+ work$ sep>ately are v difficult to manage1 & yield at la/ b bad metal1 become v tractable1 & yield excell5t ,iron1 :5 smelt$ toge!r3 & accord+ly su* mixtures are (t5 made at ,iron-works4 ,! ,iron obta9$ f ores by ! fir/ fusion may be divid$ into two sorts4 ,! "o1 :5 cold1 resi/s ! hamm]1 do? n easily break1 & is 9 "s measure ext5sible on ! anvil2 b1 if /ruck ) a hamm] :5 r$-hot1 flies into _m pieces3 ?is sort ( ,iron ha? always a mixture ( ,sulphur 9 x4 ,! o!r sort1 on ! contr>y1 is brittle :5 cold1 b some:at ductile :5 r$-hot4 ,?is ,iron is n sulphurat$1 is naturally ( a good quality1 & its brittl5ess arises f its metall9e p>ts n be+ suffici5tly compact$ toge!r4 ,iron ab\nds s mu*1 & is s univ]sally diffus$ ?r\gh ! e>?1 t x is difficult to f9d a body 9 :i* !re is none at all3 & ?is ha? l$ sev]al ,*ymi/s1 ev5 m5 ( great fame1 into ! error ( ?9k+ t !y _h transmut$ into ,iron sev]al sorts ( e>?s 9 :i* !y suspect$ no ,iron1 by comb9+ !m ) an inflammable matt]2 :]eas1 9 fact1 all !y did 0 to give ! metall9e =m to a true m>tial e>? :i* happ5$ to be mix$ ) o!r e>?s4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to r5d] ,pig-iron & brittle ,iron malleable4 ,into an e>!n vessel wid5+ upw>ds put "s *>coal-du/1 & !reon lay ! ,pig-iron :i* y propose to r5d] ductile2 cov] x all ov] ) a quantity ( *>coal2 excite ! fire viol5tly ) a pair1 or m1 ( p]petual bell[s till ! ,iron melt4 ,if x d n readily fl[ & =m a great deal ( slag on its surface1 add "s flux1 su* z a v fusible s&4 ,:5 ! matt] is 9 fusion keep /irr+ x f "t to "t1 t all ! p>ts !re( may be equally act$ on by ! air & ! fire4 ,on ! surface ( ! melt$ ,iron scori w be =m$1 :i* mu/ be tak5 (f z !y appe>4 ,at ! same "t y w see a great _m sp>kles d>t$ up f ! surface ( ! metal1 :i* w =m a sort ( fi]y %[]4 ,by degrees1 z ! ,iron gr[s pur]1 ! numb] ( ^! sp>kles dim9i%es1 ?\gh !y nev] vani% entirely4 ,:5 b few sp>kles appe>1 remove ! coals :i* cov] ! ,iron1 & let ! slag run out ( ! vessel2 :]eupon ! metal w gr[ solid 9 a mom5t4 ,take x out :ile x is /ill r$-hot1 & give x a few /rokes ) a hamm]1 to try if x be ductile4 ,if x be n yet malleable1 repeat ! op]ation a second "t1 9 ! same mann] z be=e4 ,la/ly1 :5 x is ?us suffici5tly purifi$ by ! fire1 "w x = a long "t on ! anvil1 ext5d+ x diff]5t ways1 & mak+ x r$-hot z (t5 z !re is occasion4 ,iron ?us br\ght to ! necess>y degree ( ductility1 s z to yield to ! hamm]1 & suff] itself to be ext5d$ e way1 ei!r hot or cold1 )\t break+ to bits1 or ev5 crack+ 9 ! lea/1 is v good & v pure4 ,if x _c be br\ght to ?is degree by ! me?od "h prescrib$1 x is a pro( t ! ore f :i* ?is ,iron 0 extract$ ought to be mix$ ) o!r ores2 b x frequ5tly requires a great numb] ( trials to obta9 an exact k ( ! quality & proportion ( ^? o!r ores ) :i* x is to be mix$4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! brittl5ess & %ortness ( ,pig-iron arises f ! het]og5e\s p>ts :i* x conta9s1 & :i* c\ld n be sep>at$ f x by ! fir/ fusion4 ,^! extrane\s matt]s are usually ,sulphur1 ,ars5ic1 & unmetallic e>?1 & also a f]rug9\s e>?2 b su* z c\ld n be comb9$ ) ! phlogi/on z x ought to be1 9 ord] to h ! prop]ties ( a metal1 & mu/ !re=e be consid]$ z het]og5e\s1 ) respect to ! o!r well-condition$ m>tial p>ticles4 ,! ,pig-iron1 by und]go+ repeat$ fusions1 is fre$ f ^? het]og5e\s matt]s2 ^? :i* are volatile1 su* z ,sulphur & ,ars5ic1 be+ dissipat$1 & ! unmetallic matt]s be+ scorifi$4 ,z to ! f]rug9\s e>?1 :i* did n at fir/ acquire ! metall9e =m1 x becomes true ,iron at la/2 because1 among ! coals ) :i* x is encompass$1 x meets ) a suffici5t quantity ( phlogi/on to r$uce x to metal4 ,*>coal is also necess>y on ?is occasion1 t x may cont9ually furni% phlogi/on to ! ,iron1 :i* w\ld o!rways be conv]t$ into a calx4 ,hamm]+ ! r$-hot ,iron1 aft] ea* fusion1 s]ves to =ce out f among/ ! m>tial p>ts su* e>?y matt]s z may happ5 to rema9 !re1 & s br+ into clos] contact ! metall9e p>ts :i* 7 sep>at$ be=e by ! int]position ( ^? het]og5e\s matt]s4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to conv]t ,iron into ,/eel4 ,take small b>s ( ! be/ ,iron2 t is1 ( su* z is malleable bo? hot & cold2 set !m on _! ends 9 a cyl9drical e>!n vessel1 ^: dep? is equal to ! l5g? ( ! b>s1 & 9 su* a mann] t !y may be an in* di/ant f ea* o!r1 & f ! sides ( ! crucible4 ,fill ! vessel ) a cem5t comp\nd$ ( two p>ts ( *>coal1 "o "p ( bones burnt 9 a close vessel till !y become v black1 & "o half "p ( ! a%es ( gre5 wood2 hav+ fir/ pulv]iz$ & ?or\ghly mix$ ! :ole toge!r4 ,take c>e to lift up ! ,iron b>s a little1 to ! end t ! cem5t may cov] ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & s t !re be ab\t ! dep? ( half an in* !re( "u e b>3 cov] ! crucible & lute on ! cov]4 ,set ! crucible ?us prep>$ 9 a furnace1 s contriv$ t ! crucible may be surr\nd$ ) coals f top to bottom3 = eight or t5 h\rs keep up su* a degree ( fire t ! vessel may be mod]ately r$2 aft] ?is take x out ( ! furnace2 plunge y\r little ,iron b>s into cold wat]1 & y w f9d !m conv]t$ into ,/eel4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ,iron & ,/eel consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! latt] is comb9$ ) a great] quantity ( phlogi/on ?an ! =m]4 ,x appe>s by ?is exp]im5t1 t1 to make ,iron unite ) an inflammable matt]1 x is n necess>y x %\ld be 9 fusion2 x is suffici5t t x be s r$-hot z to be op5$ & s(t5$ by ! fire4 ,e k9d ( *>coal is fit to be an +r$i5t 9 ! composition ( ! cem5t employ$ to make ,/eel1 provid$ x conta9 no ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,h[ev]1 x ha? be5 obs]v$1 t animal coals produce a spe$i] effect ?an o!rs3 = :i* reason x is prop] to mix some?+ ( t k9d ) *>coal-du/1 z above direct$4 ,! foll[+ signs %ew t ! op]ation ha? succe$$1 & t ! ,iron is *ang$ into good ,/eel4 ,?is metal be+ qu5*$ 9 cold wat]1 z propos$ above1 acquires su* an extraord9>y degree ( h>dness1 t x w by no means yield to any impression ( ! file or hamm]1 & w soon] break 9 pieces ?an /ret* ^u ! anvil4 ,& "h x is prop] to obs]ve1 t ! h>dness ( ,/eel v>ies ) ! mann] 9 :i* x is qu5*$4 ,! g5]al rule is1 t ! hott] ! ,/eel is :5 qu5*$1 & ! cold] ! wat] is 9 :i* y qu5* x1 ! h>d] x becomes4 ,x may be depriv$ ( ! temp] ?us acquir$1 by mak+ x r$-hot1 & lett+ x cool sl[ly2 = x is !reby s(t5$1 r5d]$ malleable1 & ! file w bite ^u x4 ,= ?is reason ! artisans :o "w 9 ,/eel beg9 ) untemp]+ x1 t !y may ) m ease %ape x into ! tool !y int5d to make4 ,!y aft]w>ds new-temp] ! tool :5 f9i%$1 & by ?is second temp] ! ,/eel recov]s ! same degree ( h>dness x _h acquir$ by ! fir/ temp]4 ,! col\r ( ,/eel is n s :ite z t ( ,iron1 b d>k]1 & ! gra9s1 facets1 or fibres1 :i* appe> on break+ x1 are f9] ?an ^? obs]v$ 9 ,iron4 ,if ! b>s ( ,iron ?us cem5t$ 9 ord] to conv]t !m into ,/eel be too ?ick1 or n kept long en\gh 9 cem5tation1 !y w n be turn$ into ,/eel ?r\gh\t _! :ole ?ickness3 _! surfaces only w be ,/eel to a c]ta9 dep?1 & ! c5t] w be m]e ,iron2 because ! phlogi/on w n h ?or\ghly p5etrat$ !m4 ,on break+ a b> ( ?is sort1 ! diff]5ce 9 col\r & gra9 betwe5 ! ,/eel & ! ,iron is v visible4 ,x is easy to deprive ,/eel ( ! sup]-abundant quantity ( phlogi/on :i* con/itutes x ,/eel1 & !reby r$uce x to ,iron4 ,= ?is purpose x ne$ only be kept r$-hot "s "t1 obs]v+ t no matt] approa* x all ! :ile t is capable ( refund+ to x ! phlogi/on :i* ! fire c>ries (f4 ,! same end is /ill soon] obta9$ by cem5t+ x ) meagre hungry matt]s1 capable ( absorb+ ! phlogi/on2 su* z bones calc9$ to :it5ess1 & cretace\s e>?s4 ,/eel may also be made by fusion2 or ,pig-iron may be conv]t$ into ,/eel4 ,= ?is purpose ! same me?od mu/ be employ$ z 0 above direct$ = r$uc+ ,pig-iron into malleable ,iron2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t1 z ,/eel requires m phlogi/on ?an is necess>y to ,iron1 all ! means mu/ be made use ( t are capable ( introduc+ into ! ,iron a great deal ( phlogi/on2 su* z melt+ b a small quantity ( ,iron at a "t1 & keep+ x con/antly encompass$ ) abundance ( *>coal2 reit]at+ ! fusions2 tak+ c>e t ! bla/ ( ! bell[s direct$ along ! surface ( ! metal d n remove ! coals t cov] x1 c4 ,& "h x mu/ be obs]v$1 t !re are "s sorts ( ,pig-iron :i* x is v difficult to conv]t into ,/eel by ?is me?od1 & t !re are o!rs :i* succe$ v readily1 & ) sc>ce any tr\ble at all4 ,! ores :i* yield ! la/-m5tion$ sort ( ,pig-iron are call$ ,/eel ,ores4 ,/eel made by ?is means mu/ be temp]$ 9 ! same mann] z t made by cem5tation#h4 #h ,m4 ,raumur ha? oblig$ ! public ) a treatise on ! means ( conv]t+ ,iron into ,/eel1 9 :i* he ha? exhau/$ ! subject4 ,su* z desire ! ample/ & mo/ useful in/ructions on t "p ( metallurgy1 w\ld d well to consult 8 ,"w4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,! ,calc9ation ( ,iron4 ,sundry ,saffrons ( ,m>s4 ,take fil+s ( ,iron1 9 :at quantity y please2 put !m into a broad unglaz$ e>!n vessel2 set x "u ! muffle ( a cupell+ furnace2 make x r$-hot2 /ir ! fil+s frequ5tly2 & keep up ! same degree ( fire till ! ,iron be :olly turn$ into a r$ p[d]4 ,,obs]vations4 ,iron easily loses its phlogi/on by ! action ( fire4 ,! calx t rema9s aft] its calc9ation is exce$+ r$2 :i* makes ?is be ?\ght ! natural col\r ( ! e>? ( t metal4 ,x ha? accord+ly be5 obs]v$1 t all ! e>?s & /ones :i* ei!r are naturally r$1 or acquire t col\r by calc9ation1 are f]rug9\s4 ,! yell[i% r$ col\r :i* e calx ( ,iron ha?1 9 :atev] mann] x be prep>$1 ha? procur$ ! "n ( ,crocus or ,saffron to e prep>ation ( ?is k9d4 ,t made 9 ! mann] above direct$ is call$ 9 ,m$ic9e ,crocus ,m>tis a/r+5s4 ,! ru/ produc$ on ! surface ( ,iron is a sort ( calx ( ,iron made by way ( dissolution4 ,! moi/ure ( ! air acts ^u ! metal1 dissolves x1 & robs x ( "s ( its phlogi/on4 ,?is ru/ is call$ 9 ,m$ic9e ,crocus ,m>tis ,ap]i5s2 because x is ?\ght t ! sal9e p>ts1 by means :]e( ! humidity dissolves ! ,iron1 rema9 unit$ ) ! metal aft] its dissolution1 & give x an ap]itive virtue4 ,! ,apo!c>ies prep>e ?is sort ( ,saffron ( ,m>s by expos+ ,iron fil+s to ! dew1 till !y be turn$ entirely to ru/3 :i* is !n call$ ,saffron ( ,m>s by dew4 ,ano!r ,saffron ( ,m>s is also prep>$ 9 a mu* %ort] mann]1 by mix+ fil+s ( ,iron ) pulv]iz$ ,sulphur1 & moi/5+ ! mixture1 :i* aft] "s "t f]m5ts & gr[s hot4 ,x is !n set on ! fire2 ! ,sulphur burns away1 & ! mass is kept /irr+ till x become a r$ matt]4 ,?is ,saffron is no?+ b ,iron dissolv$ by ! ,acid ( ,sulphur1 :i* is kn[n to be ( ! same nature ) t ( ,vitriol2 & consequ5tly ?is ,saffron ( ,m>s is no way diff]+ f ,vitriol calc9$ to r$ness4 ,,process ,v4 ,iron dissolv$ by ! m9]al ,acids4 ,put any m9]al ,acid :atev] into a matrass ) "s wat]2 set ! matrass on a s&-ba? g5tly heat$2 drop into ! vessel "s fil+s ( ,iron3 ! ph5om5a :i* usually accompany metall9e dissolutions w imm$iately appe>4 ,add m fil+s1 till y obs]ve ! ,acid ha? lo/ all s5sible action ^u !m3 !n remove y\r matrass f ! s&-ba?2 y w f9d 9 x a solution ( ,iron4 ,,obs]vations4 ,iron is v easily dissolv$ by all ! ,acids4 ,if y make use ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to weak5 x ) wat]1 9 case x be conc5trat$2 because ! dissolution w succe$ ! bett]4 ,! vap\rs t rise on ?is occasion are inflammable2 & if a light$ pap] be held to ! m\? ( ! matrass1 especially aft] keep+ x /opt = "s "t & %ak+ ! :ole g5tly1 ! sulphure\s vap\rs take fire ) su* rapidity z to produce a consid]able explosion2 :i* is sometimes /rong en\gh to bur/ ! vessel into a ?\s& pieces4 ,?is solution ha? a gre5 col\r1 & is 9 fact a fluid ,gre5 ,vitriol1 :i* wants no?+ b re/ to make x %oot into cry/als4 ,if y make use ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 y mu/ cease add+ m fil+s :5 ! liquor1 aft] /&+ /ill "s mom5ts1 becomes turbid2 =1 :5 ?is ,acid is impregnat$ ) ,iron to a c]ta9 degree1 x lets fall "s ( t :i* x _h dissolv$1 & becomes capable ( tak+ up fre% fil+s4 ,?us1 by con/antly add+ new supplies ( ,iron1 ?is ,acid may be made to dissolve a mu* great] quantity !re( ?an is necess>y to saturate x entirely4 ,?is solution is ( a russet col\r1 & do? n cry/allize4 ,if ! wea!r be n extremely cold1 & ! ,acids h a prop] degree ( /r5g?1 ! s&-ba? is unnecess>y1 z ! dissolution w succe$ v well )\t x4 ,iron dissolv$ by ,acids may be sep>at$ !refrom1 l all o!r metallic sub/ances 9 ! same circum/ances1 ei!r by ! action ( fire1 :i* c>ries (f ! ,acid & leaves ! ,m>tial ,e>?1 or by ! int]position ( sub/ances :i* h a great] aff9ity ?an metallic sub/ances h ) ,acids2 t is1 by ,absorb5t ,e>?s & ,alkal9e ,salts4 ,by :atev] means y sep>ate ,iron f an ,acid solv5t1 x con/antly appe>s1 aft] ! sep>ation1 9 ! =m ( a yell[i% r$ p[d]2 because x is !n depriv$ ( mo/ ( ! phlogi/on to :i* x ow$ its metall9e =m2 :5ce x is reasonable to ?9k1 t ?is is ! prop] col\r ( ,m>tial e>?4 ,all ^! precipitates ( ,iron are true ,saffrons ( ,m>s1 :i*1 z well z ^? prep>$ by calc9ation1 are s mu* ! fur!r remov$ f ! nature ( a metal1 ! m !y are depriv$ ( _! phlogi/on4 ,!nce x comes t !y are m or less soluble by ,acids1 & m or less attract$ by ! magnet3 z no f]rug9\s e>?1 p]fectly depriv$ ( all inflammable matt]1 is at all attract$ by ! magnet1 or soluble by ,acids4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ,,t94 ,,process ,i4 ,to extract ,t9 f its ,ore4 ,break y\r ,t9 ore into a co>se p[d]1 & by wa%+ c>efully sep>ate f x all ! het]og5e\s matt]s1 & ores ( a diff]5t k9d1 t may be mix$ !re)4 ,!n dry x1 & roa/ x 9 a /rong degree ( fire1 till no m ,ars5ical vap\r rise f x4 ,:5 ! ore is roa/$1 r$uce x to a f9e p[d]1 & mix x ?or\ghly ) twice its weight ( ! black flux well dri$1 a f\r? "p ( its weight ( clean iron fil+s1 toge!r ) z mu* borax & pit*2 put ! mixture into a crucible2 ov] all put ,sea-salt to ! ?ickness ( f\r f+]s1 & cov] ! crucible close4 ,set ! crucible ?us prep>$ 9 a melt+ furnace3 apply at fir/ a mod]ate & sl[ degree ( fire1 till ! flame ( ! pit*1 :i* w escape ?r\gh ! jo9t ( ! cov]1 disappe> entirely4 ,!n sudd5ly raise y\r fire1 & urge x ) rapidity to ! degree necess>y = melt+ ! :ole mixture4 ,z soon z ! :ole is 9 fusion take ! crucible out ( ! furnace1 & sep>ate ! ,regulus f ! scoria4 ,,obs]vations4 ,all ,t9 ores conta9 a consid]able quantity ( ,ars5ic1 & no ,sulphur at all1 or at mo/ v little4 ,h5ce x comes t1 ?\gh ,t9 be ! lighte/ ( all metals1 its ore is nev]!less mu* heavi] ?an any o!r2 ,ars5ic be+ mu* heavi] ?an ,sulphur1 ( :i* ! ores ( e o!r k9d always conta9 a pretty l>ge proportion4 ,?is ore is moreov] v h>d1 & is n br\ght to a f9e p[d] ) s mu* ease z ! re/4 ,^! prop]ties ( ,t9 ore furni% u ) ! means ( sep>at+ x easily by lotion1 n only f e>?y & /ony p>ts1 b ev5 f ! o!r ores :i* may be mix$ ) x4 ,& ?is is ( ! great] advantage on two acc\nts1 viz4 because ,t9 _c endure1 )\t ! de/ruction ( a great "p !re(1 ! degree ( fire necess>y to scorify ! refractory matt]s :i* accompany its ore2 & aga9 because ?is metal unites s easily ) ,iron & ,copp]1 ! ores ( :i* are pretty commonly bl5d$ ) ,t9 ore1 t1 aft] ! r$uction1 x w\ld be f\nd adult]at$ ) a mixture ( ^! two metals1 if !y 7 n sep>at$ f x be=e ! fusion4 ,b sometimes ! ,iron ore conf\nd$ ) t ( ,t9 is v heavy1 & is n easily pulv]iz$2 :5ce x comes to pass t x _c be sep>at$ !refrom by wa%+ only4 ,9 t case ! magnet mu/ be employ$ to sep>ate x1 aft] ! ore ha? be5 roa/$4 ,roa/+ is moreov] necess>y = ,t9 ore1 9 ord] to dissipate ! ,ars5ic :i* volatilizes1 calc9es1 or de/roys "o "p ( ! ,t91 & r$uces ! re/ to a %ort1 brittle sub/ance1 l a ,semi-metal4 ,! ore is kn[n to be suffici5tly roa/$ :5 no m fumes rise f x2 :5 x has lo/ ! smell ( g>lic2 & :5 x does n :it5 a clean plate ( ,iron held ov] x4 ,t9 be+ "o ( ^? metals :i* are mo/ easily calc9$1 x is necess>y 9 r$uc+ its ore to employ su* matt]s z may furni% x ) phlogi/on4 ,9 ord] to def5d x f ! contact ( ! air1 :i* always accel]ates ! calc9ation ( metallic sub/ances1 ! mixture is to be cov]$ ) ,sea salt2 & ! addition ( pit* helps to increase ! quantity ( phlogi/on4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,! ,calc9ation ( ,t94 ,into an unglaz$ e>!n di% put ! quantity ( ,t9 y int5d to calc9e2 melt x1 & keep /irr+ x f "t to "t4 ,its surface w be cov]$ ) a greyi% :ite p[d]3 cont9ue ! calc9ation till all y\r ,t9 be conv]t$ into su* a p[d]1 :i* is ! ,calx ( ,t94 ,,obs]vations4 ,?\gh ! calc9ation ( metall9e sub/ances is promot$ by expos+ !m1 9 p[d]1 or 9 fil+s1 to ! action ( fire1 & by ord]+ x s t !y may n melt1 because !y pres5t a mu* small] surface :5 melt$ ?an :5 unmelt$2 yet we h n direct$ ?is precaution to be us$ 9 calc9+ ,t94 ,! reason is1 ?is metal is s fusible t x _c endure ! degree ( fire requisite to de/roy its phlogi/on )\t melt+1 & ( c\rse1 ?\gh ,t9 calc9es easily1 ! op]ation is nev]!less t$i\s1 because ! melt$ metal pres5ts b a small surface to be act$ on by ! fire & ! air4 ,?is inconv5i5ce may be p>tly rem$i$1 & ! op]ation greatly exp$it$1 by divid+ ! quantity ( ,t9 to be calc9$ into sev]al small p>cels1 & expos+ !m to ! fire 9 sep>ate vessels1 s t !y may n re-unite :5 melt$1 & =m "o s+le mass4 ,leaf ,t9 ca/ on ,nitre 9 actual fusion causes x to deflagrate & fulm9ate2 & f ?is mixture !re rises a :ite vap\r1 :i* is conv]t$ into fl[]s :5 x meets ) any ob/acle to imp$e its fly+ (f entirely4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy1 :o w5t ?r\gh a c\rse ( exp]im5ts on ,t91 an acc\nt :]e( may be se5 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 f\nd t f ! col\r ( ! calx ( t metal a judgm5t may be =m$ ( its degree ( purity1 & ne>ly ( ! quantity & quality ( ! metallic sub/ances ) :i* x is alloy$4 ,! exp]im5ts tri$ on ?is subject by t em95t ,*ymi/ are v curi\s4 ,he p]=m$ ! calc9ation 9 a crucible1 :i* he heat$ to a *]ry-r$1 & kept up ! same degree ( fire f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,! calx :i* =m$ ^u 8 metal1 9 t degree ( heat1 appe>$ l small :ite scales1 a little r$di% on ! "u side4 ,he pu%$ x to "o side z x =m$1 to ! end t x might n cov] ! surface ( ! metal1 :i*1 l all o!rs1 requires ! contact ( ! air to turn x into a calx4 ,:ile he 0 mak+ ^! calc9ations1 he _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ a curi\s fact1 ( :i* no body be=e him _h ev] tak5 notice2 probably because no body _h ev] calc9$ ,t9 by ! same me?od4 ,! fact is1 t dur+ ! calc9ation ( ! ,t91 :e!r y break ! pellicle :i* =ms on ! surface ( ! metal :ile 9 r$-hot fusion1 or :e!r y let x rema9 )\t t\*+ x1 y p]ceive 9 sev]al places a small swell ( a c]ta9 matt]1 :i* bur/s & makes its way ?r\gh ! pellicle4 ,?is matt] puffs up1 gr[s r$1 at ! same in/ant takes fire1 & d>ts out a small :iti% flame1 z vivid & z brilliant z t ( ,z9c1 :5 urg$ by a fire /rong en\gh to sublime x into fl[]s4 ,! vividness ( ?is flame may be fur!r comp>$ to t ( sev]al small gra9s ( phosphorus ( ur9e fir$ & g5tly dropp$ on boil+ wat]4 ,f ?is bright flame a :ite vap\r exhales2 aft] :i* ! swell$ mass p>tly crumbles d[n1 & turns to a light :ite p[d]1 sometimes spott$ ) r$1 accord+ to ! =ce ( ! fire4 ,aft] ?is mom5t>y ignition1 !re arise /rong]1 m num]\s1 or m frequ5t heav+s ( matt]1 out ( :i* issues a good deal ( :ite fume1 t may be int]cept$ by a cov] ( t9-plate or copp] fitt$ to ! crucible1 & appe>s to be ! fl[]s ( ,t91 :i* 9 "s measure corrode ^! metals4 ,h5ce ,mr4 ,ge(froy conjectures1 ) a great deal ( probability1 t _! sublimation is promot$ by a portion ( ,ars5ic4 ,:5 ! cru/ =m$ by ?is calx comes to be too ?ick1 or 9 too great a quantity1 to be pu%$ on "o side1 s z to leave "p ( ! metal uncov]$1 ,mr4 ,ge(froy puts out ! fire1 because no m calx w\ld be =m$3 ! communication ( ! ext]nal air ) ! ,t9 9 fusion be+ absolutely necess>y !reto1 z ha? be5 already said4 ,9 ?is op]ation x is to be obs]v$ t1 if ! fire be too sl[1 nei!r ! inflammation ( ! sulphure\s p>ticles1 nor ! :ite fumes t rise1 w be s di/9ctly p]ceiv$1 z :5 ! fire is ( ! degree requisite to keep ! crucible j ( a *]ry-r$ heat4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy hav+ tak5 (f ?is fir/ calx began ! calc9ation anew4 ,9 ?is second heat ! budd+s or heav+s 7 m consid]able1 & %ot up 9 ! =m ( cauli-fl[]s2 b 7 /ill compos$ ( little scales4 ,! ?or\ghly calc9$ portion ( ?is vegetation 0 likewise :ite & r$2 & ! inf]ior surfaces ( "s little bits !re( 7 :olly r$4 ,:5 ^! calc9ations are cont9u$1 sulphure\s vap\rs rise seem+ly ( ano!r k9d ?an ^? :i* appe>$ 9 ! beg9n+2 = all ! calx made by ! fir/ heat 0 p]fectly :ite3 :]eas 9 ! second x beg9s to be spott$ "h & !re ) a t+e ( black4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy 0 oblig$ to g ?r\gh a c\rse ( twelve sev]al calc9ations be=e he c\ld conv]t two ounces ( ,t9 into a calx4 ,he _h ! opportunity1 dur+ ^! sev]al calc9ations1 to obs]ve t aft] ! f\r?1 & sometimes aft] ! ?ird1 ! r$ spots ( ! calx decrease1 & ! black increase2 t ! g]m9ations cease2 t ! cru/ ( ! calx rema9s flat2 t 9 ! twelf? fire ! ,t9 yields no m ( ?is scaly cru/2 t t[>ds ! end ! undulations ( ! fus$ metal appe> no long]2 & t ! small rema9d] ( calx is mix$ ) sev]al v m9ute gra9s ( metal1 :i* seem mu* h>d] ?an ,t94 ,mr4 ,ge(froy c\ld n collect a suffici5t quantity !re( to cupel !m1 & satisfy himself :e!r or no !y 7 ,silv]4 ,?\gh ,t91 & all ! imp]fect metals 9 g5]al1 seem conv]t$ to a calx1 & lose ! metall9e =m1 by "o s+le calc9ation1 & t a slight "o2 yet !y are n :olly depriv$ ( _! phlogi/on3 = if ! calx ( ,t91 = in/ance1 prep>$ accord+ to ! process above deliv]$1 be ca/ ^u ,nitre 9 fusion1 x w make t salt deflagrate v p]ceptibly2 a conv9c+ pro( t x /ill conta9s mu* inflammable matt]4 ,if !re=e a calx be requir$ absolutely free f phlogi/on1 ?is fir/ calx mu/ be recalc9$ by a m viol5t fire1 & ! calc9ation cont9u$ till all ! phlogi/on be dissipat$4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy1 be+ desir\s ( hav+ 8 calx ( ,t9 v pure & p]fectly calc9$1 expos$ once m to ! action ( fire ! twelve portions ( calx obta9$ by 8 =m] calc9ations4 ,b1 z x w\ld h be5 too t$i\s to re-calc9e !m all sep>ately1 he made f\r p>cels ( ! :ole1 ea* consi/+ ( ?ree tak5 accord+ to ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ calc9$2 & gave to ea* a fire suffici5tly /rong1 & long en\gh cont9u$1 to calc9e !m z ?or\ghly z 0 possible4 ,aft] ?is second calc9ation he f\nd !m all ( a mo/ beautiful :ite1 except ! fir/ p>cel3 z t consi/$ ( ! portions obta9$ by ! ?ree fir/ heats1 9 all ( :i* !re 7 scales t+$ ) r$1 x /ill reta9$ a /a9 ( c>nation1 ?\gh h>dly p]ceptible4 ,agreeably to ! g5]al rule1 ! two ounces ( ,t9 ga9$ 9 weight by be+ ?us calc9$2 & ! increase 0 two drams & fifty sev5 gra9s4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy obs]ves1 t no ,t91 b :at is absolutely pure1 w yield a p]fectly :ite calx4 ,he calc9$ 9 ?is mann] sev]al o!r p>cels ( ,t9 t 7 impure & v>i\sly alloy$2 ea* ( :i* produc$ a calx diff]5tly col\r$1 accord+ to ! nature & quantity ( its alloy3 :5ce he ju/ly concludes1 t calc9ation is a v good me?od ( try+ ! f95ess ( ,t91 or its degree ( purity4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ,mr4 ,ge(froy's exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 :i* are v curi\s1 may be se5 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy = #agch4 ,x is prop] to take notice t a man %\ld be v cauti\s h[ he exposes himself to ! vap\rs ( ,t91 because !y are dang]\s2 ?is metal be+ v ju/ly suspect$ by ,*ymi/s ( conta9+ some?+ ,ars5ical4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,! dissolution ( ,t9 by ,acids1 ,! ,smok+ ,liquor ( ,libavius4 ,put into a glass vessel :at quantity y please ( f9e ,t9 cut into little bits4 ,p\r on x ?rice z mu* aqua regis1 comp\nd$ ( two p>ts aqua =tis weak5$ ) an equal quantity ( v pure wat]1 & "o "p ,_s ( ,salt4 ,an ebullition w arise1 & ! ,t9 w be v rapidly dissolv$2 especially if ! quantities ( metal & ( aqua regis be consid]able4 ,,obs]vations4 ,t9 is soluble by all ! ,acids2 b aqua regis dissolves x be/ ( any4 ,yet 9 ?is dissolution x comes to pass t "p ( ! dissolv$ ,t9 precipitates ( its own accord to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]4 ,?is solution ( ,t9 is v fit = prep>+ ! purple-col\r$ precipitate ( ,gold4 ,= ?is purpose ! solution ( ,t9 mu/ be let fall1 drop by drop1 into a solution ( ,gold4 ,_s ( ,nitre dissolves ,t9 ne>ly z aqua regis does2 b x occasions a great] quantity ( calx4 ,if two or ?ree p>ts ( ,oil ( ,vitriol be p\r$ on "o "p ( ,t91 & if ! vessel 9 :i* ! mixture is made be expos$ to su* a degree ( heat z to evaporate all ! moi/ure1 !re w rema9 a t5aci\s matt] /ick+ to ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,if wat] be p\r$ on ?is matt]1 & x be !n expos$ a second "t to ! fire1 x w dissolve entirely1 except+ a small portion ( a glut9\s sub/ance1 :i* also may be dissolv$ 9 fre% ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,! ,acid ( ,sea-salt may be comb9$ ) ,t9 by ! foll[+ process4 ,mix p]fectly1 by trituration 9 a m>ble mort>1 an amalgam ( two ounces ( f9e ,t91 & two ounces & a half ( ,quick-silv]1 ) z mu* ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,z soon z ! mixture is complet$1 put x into a glass retort1 & di/il ) ! same precautions z we direct$ to be us$ 9 prep>+ conc5trat$ & smok+ ,acids4 ,!re w fir/ come ov] into ! receiv] "s drops ( a limpid liquor1 :i* w be soon foll[$ by an ela/ic _s t w issue out ) impetuosity4 ,at la/ "s fl[]s1 & a sal9e t5aci\s matt]1 w rise into ! neck ( ! retort4 ,!n /op y\r di/illation1 & p\r into a glass bottle ! liquor y w f9d 9 ! receiv]4 ,?is liquor cont9ually exhales a consid]able quantity ( d5se1 :ite fumes1 z long z x is all[$ to h a free communication ) ! air4 ,! product ( ?is di/illation is a comb9ation ( ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt ) ,t94 ,z ! aff9ity ( ,t9 ) ?is ,acid is great] ?an t ( ,m]cury1 ! ,acid conta9$ 9 ! ,corrosive ,sublimate quits ! ,m]cury1 :]e) x 0 unit$1 to jo9 ! ,t92 :i* x volatilizes s z to make x rise ) itself 9 a limpid =m4 ,we make use ( ! amalgam ( ,t9 ) ,quick-silv]1 because we are !reby enabl$ to mix ! ,corrosive ,sublimate p]fectly !re)1 z ! success ( ! op]ation requires x %\ld be4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! ,t9 is volatiliz$1 & ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 :i* is exce$+ly conc5trat$1 flies (f incessantly 9 ! =m ( :ite vap\rs4 ,?is comp\nd is kn[n 9 ,*ymi/ry by ! "n ( ,smok+ ,liquor ( ,libavius2 a "n d]iv$ f its quality1 & f its ,inv5tor4 ,t9 dissolv$ by ,acids is easily sep>at$ f !m by ,alkalis4 ,x always precipitates 9 ! =m ( a :ite calx4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,( ,,lead4 ,,process ,i4 ,to extract ,lead f its ,ore4 ,hav+ roa/$ y\r ,lead ore r$uce x to a f9e p[d]2 mix x ) twice its weight ( ! black flux1 & "o f\r? ( its weight ( clean iron fil+s & borax2 put ! :ole into a crucible capable ( conta9+ at lea/ ?rice z mu*2 ov] all put ,sea-salt f\r f+]s ?ick2 cov] ! crucible2 lute ! juncture2 dry ! :ole ) a g5tle heat1 & set x 9 a melt+ furnace4 ,make ! crucible mod]ately r$3 y w he> ! ,sea-salt decrepitate1 & aft] ! decrepitation a small hiss+ 9 ! crucible4 ,keep up ! same degree ( fire till t be ov]4 ,!n ?r[ 9 z _m coals z are necess>y to complete ! op]ation entirely1 & raise ! fire sudd5ly1 s z to br+ ! :ole mixture into p]fect fusion4 ,keep up ?is degree ( fire = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 :i* is "t suffici5t = ! precipitation ( ! ,regulus4 ,:5 ! op]ation is f9i%$1 :i* may be kn[n by ! quietness ( ! matt] 9 ! crucible1 & by a bright vivid flame t w rise f x1 take ! crucible out ( ! furnace1 & sep>ate ! ,regulus f ! scoria4 ,,obs]vations4 ,all ,lead ore conta9s a good deal ( ,sulphur1 :i* mu/ be fir/ sep>at$ f x by roa/+3 & z ?is k9d ( ore is apt to fly :5 fir/ expos$ to ! fire1 x is prop] to keep x cov]$ till x be ?or\ghly heat$4 ,ano!r precaution to be us$1 9 roa/+ ?is ore1 is n to give x too great a heat1 b to keep ! vessel :i* conta9s x j mod]ately r$2 because x easily turns clammy1 :i* occasions x to /ick to ! vessel4 ,! ,iron t is add$1 & mix$ ) ! flux1 absorbs ! ,sulphur :i* may happ5 to rema91 ev5 aft] roa/+3 x helps also to sep>ate f ! ,lead "s portions ( semi-metal1 especially ( ,antimony1 :i* are frequ5tly mix$ ) ?is ore4 ,!re is no fe> lea/ ! ,iron mix ) ! ,lead 9 fusion1 & adult]ate x3 = ^! two metals are incapable ( contract+ any union toge!r1 :5 ea* has its metall9e =m4 ,nor is !re any reason to appreh5d le/ ! ,iron %\ld1 by its refractory quality1 ob/ruct ! fusion ( ! mixture2 = ?\gh ?is metal be n fusible :5 alone1 yet1 by ! union x contracts ) ! matt]s x is design$ to absorb1 x becomes s to su* a degree z 9 "s measure to p]=m1 on ?is occasion1 ! (fice ( a flux4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! fire is a po9t ( great consequ5ce 9 ?is op]ation4 ,x is necess>y to apply b a mod]ate degree ( heat at fir/3 =1 :5 ! metallic e>? ( ! ,lead1 comb9+ ) ! phlogi/on1 acquires ! metall9e =m1 x swells up 9 su* an extraord9>y mann]1 t !re is great dang] lea/ ! matt] %\ld ov]fl[1 & run all out ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,) a view !re=e to avoid ?is inconv5i5ce1 we direct a v l>ge crucible to be us$4 ,?is heav+ ( ! ,lead1 at ! in/ant ( its r$uction1 is att5d$ ) a noise l ! :i/l+ ( w9d4 ,not)/&+ all ! precautions t c be us$ to prev5t ! r$uction f tak+ place too ha/ily1 & s occasion+ ! effusion ( ! matt]1 x (t5 happ5s t1 on rais+ ! fire 9 ord] to br+ ! mixture into fusion1 ! hiss+ sudd5ly beg9s aga91 & is v l\d4 ,9 t case all ! ap]tures ( ! furnace mu/ imm$iately be %ut close1 9 ord] to *oak & suffocate ! fire3 =1 if ?is be neglect$1 ! matt] 9 ! crucible w swell up1 make its way ?r\gh ! lut+ ( ! juncture1 nay1 pu% up ! cov]1 & run ov]4 ,?is accid5t is to be appreh5d$ dur+ ! fir/ five or six m9utes aft] y raise ! fire 9 ord] to melt ! mixture4 ,?is effusion ( ! matt] is accompani$ ) a dull flame1 a ?ick1 grey & yell[ smoke1 & a noise l t ( "s boil+ liquor4 ,:5 y obs]ve ^! sev]al ph5om5a y may be sure ! matt] is run out ( ! crucible1 ei!r 9 ! mann] above describ$1 or by mak+ its way ?r\gh "s cracks 9 ! vessel1 & consequ5tly t ! op]ation is spoil$4 ,moreov]1 ?is ev5t infallibly foll[s :5ev] a bit ( coal happ5s to fall into ! crucible2 & ?is is "o reason :y x is necess>y to cov] x4 ,y may be c]ta9 t ! op]ation ha? succe$$ if ! scoria be smoo? :5 cold1 & h n 9 "p escap$ ?r\gh ! lute2 if ! ,lead be n disp]s$ 9 globules ?r\gh ! :ole mass ( ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! crucible1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 collect$ at ! bottom1 9 ! =m ( a solid ,regulus1 n v %9+1 b ( a bluei% ca/1 & ductile4 ,moreov]1 ! scoria ought1 9 ! pres5t case1 to be h>d & black1 & %\ld n appe> full ( holes l a sieve1 except only 9 t "p :i* 0 contigu\s to ! ,salt4 ,"h x is prop] to obs]ve1 t ! ,sea-salt do? n mix ) ! scoria1 b floats ^u x4 ,aft] ! op]ation x is black2 :i* col\r x gets1 no d\bt1 f ! *>r$ p>ts ( ! flux4 ,! abs5ce ( ^! signs %ews ! op]ation to h misc>ri$4 ,:5 ! ore to be smelt$ is pyritose & refractory1 x may be roa/$ at fir/ ) a mu* /rong] degree ( fire ?an is us$ = ores t are fusible2 because ! m>tial e>?1 & ! unmetallic e>?1 :i* are always mix$ 9 pyritose matt]s1 h9d] x f gr[+ readily s(t 9 ! fire4 ,besides1 su* an ore requires a great] quantity ( ! black flux & ( borax to be mix$ ) x1 & a high] degree ( fire to fuse x4 ,x is g5]ally ne$less to mix iron fil+s ) ?is sort ( ore2 because ! m>tial e>?1 ) :i* pyritose matt]s are always accompani$1 is r$uc$ dur+ ! op]ation by ! help ( ! black flux1 :i* = t purpose is mix$ ) x 9 a l>ge proportion1 & furni%es a quantity ( iron suffici5t to absorb ! het]og5e\s m9]als mix$ ) ! ,lead4 ,yet1 if x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! pyrites :i* accompany ! ,lead ore are ars5ical1 !n1 z su* pyrites conta9 b a small quantity ( f]rug9\s e>?1 iron fil+s mu/ be add$2 :i* are1 on ?is occasion1 s mu* ! m necess>y = absorb+ ! ,ars5ic1 z ?is m9]al rema9s 9 "p conf\nd$ ) ! ore1 is r$uc$ to a ,regulus dur+ ! op]ation1 unites ) ! ,lead1 & de/roys a great deal ( x by procur+ its vitrification4 ,! ,lead obta9$ f su* pyritose ores is commonly n v pure2 x is blacki% & sc>ce ductile2 qualities communicat$ to x by a small mixture ( ,copp] 9 ! pyrites1 :i* always conta9 m or less !re(4 ,we %all pres5tly %ew ! me?od ( sep>at+ ,lead f ,copp]4 ,lead ore may also be r$uc$ by melt+ x amid/ coals4 ,= t purpose fir/ k9dle a fire 9 ! furnace 9 :i* y int5d to melt y\r ore2 !n put a lay] ( y\r ore imm$iately ^u ! light$ coals1 & cov] x ) ano!r lay] ( coals4 ,?\gh ! melt+ furnace us$ = ?is op]ation be capable ( giv+ a consid]able heat1 yet x is necess>y fur!r to increase ! =ce ( ! fire by ! means ( a good pair ( p]petual bell[s1 :i* w produce an effect l t ( a =ge4 ,! ore melts1 ! e>? ( ! ,lead unites ) ! phlogi/on ( ! coals1 & s is r$uc$ to metal1 :i* runs ?r\gh ! coals1 & falls into an e>!n vessel plac$ at ! bottom ( ! furnace to receive x4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ?is vessel well fill$ ) *>coal-du/1 to ! end t ! ,lead may be 9 no dang] ( calc9ation :ile x cont9ues !re2 ! *>coal-du/ con/antly furni%+ x ) phlogi/on to pres]ve its metall9e =m4 ,! e>?y & /ony matt]s t accompany ! ore are scorifi$ by ?is fusion1 j z !y are by ! o!r :i* is p]=m$ 9 a close vessel4 ,) reg>d to ! ,sulphur & ,ars5ic1 !y are suppos$ to h be5 fir/ accurately sep>at$ f ! ore by roa/+4 ,?is is ! me?od commonly employ$ = smelt+ ,lead ore at ! works4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to sep>ate ,lead f ,copp]4 ,) lut+ e>? & *>coal-du/ make a flat vessel1 wid5+ upw>ds1 & l>ge en\gh to conta9 y\r metall9e mass4 ,set x %elv+ d[nw>ds f ! back t[>ds ! =e-"p2 & 9 ! =e-"p1 at ! bottom1 make a little gutt] communicat+ ) ano!r vessel ( ! same nature1 plac$ ne> ! =m] & a little l[]4 ,let ! m\? ( ! gutt] )9 side ! upp] vessel be n>r[$1 by means ( a small iron plate fix$ across x1 :ile ! loam is yet s(t2 s z to leave a v small ap]ture1 9 ! l[] "p ( ?is canal1 suffici5t to dis*>ge ! ,lead z x melts4 ,dry ! :ole by plac+ light$ coals ar\nd x4 ,:5 ?is app>atus is dry1 put y\r mix$ mass ( ,copp] & ,lead into ! upp] vessel3 bo? 9 t1 & 9 ! o!r vessel1 light a v g5tle fire ( wood or *>coal1 s z n to exce$ ! degree ( heat necess>y to melt ,lead4 ,9 su* a degree ( heat ! ,lead conta9$ 9 ! mix$ mass w melt1 & y w see x run out ( ! upp] vessel into ! l[]2 at ! bottom ( :i* x w unite into a ,regulus4 ,:5 9 ?is degree ( heat no m ,lead fl[s1 increase ! fire a little1 s z to make ! vessel mod]ately r$4 ,:5 no m w run1 collect ! ,lead conta9$ 9 ! l[] vessel4 ,melt x ov] aga9 9 an iron ladle1 ) a degree ( fire suffici5t to make ! ladle r$2 ?r[ into x a little tall[ or pit*1 & :ile x burns keep /irr+ ! metal1 9 ord] to r$uce any "p ( x t may be calc9$4 ,remove ! pellicle or ?9 cru/ :i* w =m on ! surface2 squeeze out all ! ,lead x conta9s1 & !n put x to ! mass ( ,copp] left 9 ! upp] vessel4 ,*eck ! fire1 & 9 ! same mann] take (f a second sk9 t w =m on ! surface ( ! ,lead4 ,la/ly1 :5 ! metal is ready to fix1 take (f ! sk9 t w !n appe> on x4 ,! ,lead rema9+ aft] ?is w be v pure1 & free f all alloy ( ,copp]4 ,) reg>d to ! ,copp] itself1 y w f9d x 9 ! upp] vessel cov]$ ) a ?9 coat ( ,lead3 & if ! ,lead mix$ ) x 0 9 ! proportion ( a f\r? or a fif? "p only1 & ! fire appli$ 0 g5tle & sl[1 x w reta9 ne>ly ! same =m aft] ! op]ation t ! mix$ mass _h be=e4 ,,obs]vations4 ,lead frequ5tly rema9s mix$ ) ,copp] aft] ! r$uction ( its ore1 especially if ! ore 0 pyritose4 ,?\gh ,copp] be a mu* m beautiful & m ductile metal ?an ,lead1 yet ! latt] by be+ alloy$ ) ! =m] is r5d]$ eag] & brittle4 ,?is bad quality is easily discov]$ by ! eye on break+ x3 = ! surface ( ! brok5 "p appe>s all granulat$2 :]eas :5 x is pure x is m ev5ly1 & resembles a cong]ies ( solid angles4 ,if ! ,lead be alloy$ ) a consid]able quantity ( ,copp]1 its col\r ha? a yell[i% ca/4 ,consid]+ ! bad qualities :i* ,copp] communicates to ,lead1 x is necess>y to sep>ate ^! two metals f ea* o!r4 ,! me?od above laid d[n is ! simple/ & ! be/4 ,x is f\nd$ on two prop]ties belong+ to ,lead3 ! fir/ is t ( be+ mu* m fusible ?an ,copp]2 s t x w melt & run 9 a degree ( heat t is n capable ( mak+ ! ,copp] ev5 r$-hot1 :i* yet is v f> f be+ able to melt x3 ! second is1 t ,lead1 ?\gh x ha? an aff9ity ) ,copp]1 & unites v p]fectly !re)1 yet is n able to dissolve x )\t a great] heat ?an ! degree b>ely necess>y to fuse ,lead4 ,h5ce x comes t ,lead may be melt$ 9 a ,copp] vessel1 provid$ no great] degree ( heat be appli$ ?an t purpose requires4 ,b :5 ! ,lead becomes s hot z to be r$1 fume1 & boil1 x in/antly beg9s to dissolve ! ,copp]4 ,= ?is reason1 x is ess5tial to ! success ( our op]ation t a mod]ate degree ( heat only be appli$1 & no great] ?an is requisite to keep ! ,lead 9 fusion4 ,*>coal-du/ is made an +r$i5t 9 ! composition ( ! vessels us$ on ?is occasion1 9 ord] to prev5t ! calc9ation ( ! ,lead4 ,! iron plate1 ) :i* ! entrance ( ! gutt] )9 ! upp] vessel is n>r[$1 s]ves to prev5t ! l>g] pieces ( ,copp]1 :i* ! ,lead may c>ry along ) x1 f pass+ ?r\gh3 x /ops !m1 & all[s ! ,lead to run (f alone4 ,b z ^! p>cels ( ,copp] may entirely *oak ! passage1 c>e mu/ be tak51 :5 any happ5 to be /opt1 to remove !m f ! entrance ( ! gutt]1 & pu% !m back into ! middle ( ! vessel4 ,x is also necess>y to obs]ve :e!r or no ! ,lead fixes any :]e 9 ! passage2 &1 if x does1 ! heat ( t "p mu/ be increas$1 9 ord] to melt x & make x run (f4 ,not)/&+ all ! precautions t c be tak51 to h9d] ! melt$ ,lead f c>ry+ (f any ,copp] ) x1 x is impossible to prev5t ?is inconv5i5ce entirely2 & !re=e ! ,lead is melt$ ov] aga91 9 ord] to sep>ate ! small portion ( ,copp] ) :i* x is /ill adult]at$4 ,z ,copp] is mu* light] ?an ,lead1 if ^! two metals happ5 to be s bl5d$ toge!r t ! ,copp]1 )\t be+ 9 fusion & dissolv$ by ! ,lead1 is only int]pos$ betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! melt$ ,lead1 s z to swim !re91 x is !n precisely 9 ! case ( a solid body plung$ into a fluid heavi] ?an itself1 & mu/ rise to ! surface1 l wood ?r[n into wat]4 ,x is prop] to burn "s inflammable matt] on ?is melt$ ,lead1 9 ord] to r$uce su* p>ts !re( z are con/antly calc9+ on its surface :ile x is 9 fusion2 = )\t ?is precaution !y w\ld be tak5 (f toge!r ) ! ,copp]4 ,! ,copp] rema9+ aft] ?is sep>ation is1 z we took notice be=e1 /ill mix$ ) a little ,lead4 ,if y desire to sep>ate x entirely !refrom1 y mu/ put x into a cupel1 & expose x "u ! muffle to su* a degree ( fire z may conv]t all ! ,lead into li?>ge4 ,?is _c be s done b t "s ( ! ,copp] also w be scorifi$ by ! heat ( ! fire1 & by ! action ( ! ,lead3 b z !re is a v great diff]5ce betwe5 ! facility & read9ess ) :i* ^! two metals calc9e1 ! portion ( ,copp] t is calc9$1 :ile ! :ole ,lead is turn+ into li?>ge1 is sc>ce wor? consid]+4 ,! ,lead1 ?\gh c>efully sep>at$ f ! ,copp] by ! process "h deliv]$1 is n yet absolutely pure3 sometimes x is alloy$ ) ,gold1 & almo/ always conta9s "s ,silv]4 ,if y w\ld free ! ,lead z mu* z possible f any mixture ( ^! two metals1 y mu/ conv]t x into glass1 sep>ate ! rema9+ bead1 & aft]w>ds r$uce ?is glass ( ,lead4 ,b1 z ^! two p]fect metals are ( no prejudice to ! ,lead1 x is n usual to sep>ate !m f x1 unless !y be 9 a suffici5t proportion to defray ! *>ge1 & produce "s pr(it besides4 ,:5 we exam9e by ! cupel ! j proportion ( ,gold & ,silv] t an ore or a mix$ metall9e mass w yield1 we make a previ\s assay ( ! ,lead to be employ$ 9 ! op]ation1 & aft]w>ds1 9 our e/imate1 d$uct a prop] all[ance = ! quantity ( f9e metal due to ! ,lead made use (4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,! ,calc9ation ( ,lead4 ,take :at quantity ( ,lead y please2 melt x 9 "o or m unglaz$ e>!n pans3 a d>k grey p[d] w be f\nd on its surface4 ,keep /irr+ ! metal incessantly till x be :olly conv]t$ into su* a p[d]1 :i* is ! ,calx ( ,lead4 ,,obs]vations4 ,z ,lead is a v fusible metal1 & 9 t respect greatly resembles ,t91 mo/ ( ! obs]vations we made on ! calc9ation ( ,t9 may be appli$ "h4 ,9 ! calc9ation ( all metals1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ?is ( ,lead1 !re appe>s a s+ul> ph5om5on :i* is n easily acc\nt$ =4 ,x is ?is3 ?\gh ^! matt]s lose a great deal ( _! sub/ance1 ei!r by ! dissipation ( _! phlogi/on1 or because "s ( ! metal1 p]haps1 exhales 9 vap\rs1 yet :5 ! calc9ation is ov] _! calces are f\nd to be increas$ 9 weight1 & ?is increase is v consid]able4 ,an hundr$ p\nds ( ,lead1 = example1 conv]t$ into ,m9ium1 :i* is no?+ b a calx ( ,lead br\ght to a r$ col\r by cont9u+ ! calc9ation1 are f\nd to ga9 t5 p\nds weight2 s t = an hundr$ p\nds ( ,lead we h "o hundr$ & t5 p\nds ( ,m9ium3 a prodigi\s & almo/ incr$ible augm5tation1 if x be consid]$ t1 f> f add+ any ?+ to ! ,lead1 we h on ! contr>y dissipat$ "p ( x4 ,to acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on ,natural ,philosoph]s & ,*ymi/s h inv5t$ sev]al +5i\s hypo!ses1 b none ( !m entirely satisfactory4 ,z we h no e/abli%$ !ory to proce$ ^u1 we %all n und]take to expla9 ?is extraord9>y fact4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,to prep>e ,glass ( ,lead4 ,take two p>ts ( ,li?>ge1 & "o "p ( pure cry/all9e ,s&2 m+le !m toge!r z exactly z possible1 add+ a little ,nitre & ,sea-salt3 put ?is mixture into a crucible ( ! mo/ solid & mo/ compact e>?4 ,%ut ! crucible ) a cov] t may p]fectly close x4 ,set ! crucible ?us prep>$ 9 a melt+ furnace2 fill ! furnace ) coals2 light ! fire gradually1 s t ! :ole may be sl[ly heat$3 !n raise ! fire s z to make ! crucible v r$1 & br+ ! matt] x conta9s into fusion2 keep x ?us melt$ = a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,!n take ! crucible out ( ! furnace1 & break x3 9 ! bottom !re( y w mo/ commonly f9d a small button ( ,lead1 & ov] x a transp>5t ,glass1 ( a yell[ col\r ne>ly resembl+ t ( amb]4 ,sep>ate ?is ,glass f ! little button ( metal1 & f ! sal9e matt]s :i* y w f9d above x4 ,,obs]vations4 ,pure ,lead1 be+ expos$ to a /rong fire )\t any additam5t1 turns to ,li?>ge2 :i* is a scaly sort ( sub/ance1 m or less yell[i%1 %9+1 & s(t to ! t\*4 ,?is is ! fir/ advance to ! ,vitrification ( ,lead4 ,! l>ge ref9]ies ( ,gold & ,silv] by ! means ( ,lead furni% a great quantity ( ?is mat]ial4 ,x is sometimes :iti%1 & is !n call$ ,li?>ge ( ,silv]2 sometimes yell[1 & !n be>s ! "n ( ,li?>ge ( ,gold4 ,! diff]5ce ( its col\r dep5ds on ! degree ( fire x ha? und]gone1 & on ! metall9e sub/ances vitrifi$ ) x4 ,li?>ge alone is v fusible1 & be+ expos$ to ! fire is easily conv]t$ into glass3 b ?is ,glass ( ,lead1 made )\t additam5t1 is s active1 s p5etrat+1 & s apt to swell1 t x c sc>cely be made use ( :5 pure4 ,we are oblig$ 9 "s sort to clog x1 by unit+ x ) "s vitrifiable matt] t is n s subtile1 su* z s&2 & x is = ?is reason1 n to r5d] ! mixture m fusible1 t we h direct$ ! addition ( "o ?ird "p ( ,s& to two ?irds ( ,li?>ge4 ,! ,nitre & ,sea-salt1 prescrib$ z +r$i5ts 9 ! mixture1 are design$ to procure an equal fusion ( ! :ole4 ,=1 z ! s& is light] & less fusible ?an ! ,li?>ge1 x w p>tly rise t[>ds ! upp] "p ( ! crucible :5 t matt] fir/ beg9s to fl[2 9 consequ5ce :]e( ! cont5ts ( ! upp] "p w be mu* m difficult to melt1 & =m a ,glass mu* m compact ?an t bel[3 b ! ,nitre & ,sea-salt possess+ ! upp] "p ( ! crucible1 because !y are /ill light] ?an ! ,s&1 & be+ 9 _! own nature v efficaci\s fluxes1 on acc\nt ( _! great fusibility1 !y quickly br+ ab\t ! fusion ( ^? p>ticles ( s&1 :i*1 hav+ escap$ ! action ( ! ,li?>ge1 may h ris5 unvitrifi$ to its surface4 ,! mo/ difficult ?+ to procure1 & yet ! mo/ necess>y to ! success ( ?is op]ation1 is a crucible ( e>? s firm & compact z n to be p5etrat$ by ! ,glass ( ,lead1 :i* corrodes & makes its way ?r\gh e ?+4 ,! precaution ( *us+ a crucible1 t %all conta9 a good deal m ?an ! matt] to be vitrifi$1 is a necess>y "o1 because ,li?>ge & ,glass ( ,lead are v apt to swell4 ,! rule to keep ! crucible close %ut is also indisp5sably necess>y1 to prev5t any bit ( *>coal1 or o!r inflammable matt]1 f fall+ into x3 = :5 ?is happ5s x occasions a r$uction ( ! ,lead1 :i* is always att5d$ ) a sort ( eff]vesc5ce1 & su* a consid]able heav+1 t commonly mo/ ( ! mixture runs ov] ! crucible4 ,= ! same reason x is v prop]1 be=e y expose ! mixture to ! fire1 to exam9e :e!r or no x conta9s any matt] capable ( furni%+ a phlogi/on dur+ ! op]ation2 & if x does1 to remove t matt] ) great c>e4 ,! little button ( ,lead1 f\nd at ! bottom ( ! crucible aft] ! op]ation1 comes f a small portion ( ,lead t is commonly left 9 ,li?>ge1 unless y prep>e x c>efully y\rself1 & d n take x f ! fire till y are sure ( hav+ de/roy$ all ! ,lead4 ,besides1 ?is small portion ( ,lead c be ( no prejudice to ! op]ation1 because x _c communicate its phlogi/on to ! re/ ( ! matt]4 ,! revivify+ ( ,li?>ge1 ( ! ,calx1 & ( ! ,glass ( ,lead1 may be obta9$ by ! same processes z ! r$uction ( its ore4 ,,process ,v4 ,lead dissolv$ by ! ,nitr\s ,acid4 ,put into a matrass "s aqua =tis precipitat$ l t us$ to dissolve ,silv]2 weak5 x by mix+ !re) an equal quantity ( common wat]2 set ! matrass 9 a hot s&-ba?2 ?r[ into x1 little by little1 small bits ( ,lead1 till y see t no m w dissolve4 ,aqua =tis ?us l[]$ w dissolve ab\t a f\r? ( its weight ( ,lead4 ,!re is gradually =m$ ^u ! ,lead1 z x dissolves1 fir/ a grey p[d]1 & aft]w>ds a :ite cru/1 :i* at la/ h9d] ! solv5t f act+ on ! rema9+ "p ( ! metal2 & !re=e ! liquor %\ld be made to boil1 & ! vessel %\ld be %ak5 to remove ^? imp$im5ts1 by :i* means all ! ,lead w be dissolv$4 ,,obs]vations4 ,lead v mu* resembles ,silv]1 ) respect to ! ph5om5a :i* att5d its dissolution 9 ,acids4 ,= example1 ! ,nitr\s ,acid mu/ be v pure & uncontam9at$ ) ! ,vitriolic or ,m>9e ,acid1 to qualify x = keep+ ! ,lead 9 solution3 =1 if x be mix$ ) ei!r ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! ,acids1 ! ,lead w precipitate 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d] z fa/ z x dissolves2 :i* is j ! case ) ,silv]4 ,if ! ,vitriolic ,acid be mix$ ) ! ,nitr\s1 ! precipitate w be a comb9ation ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) ,lead2 t is1 a ,neutral ,metallic ,salt1 or ,vitriol ( ,lead4 ,if ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt be mix$ !re)1 ! precipitate w be a ,plumbum corneum2 t is1 a ,metallic ,salt resembl+ ! ,luna cornea4 ,:5 all ! ,lead is dissolv$ z above describ$1 ! liquor appe>s milky4 ,if x be kept w>m ov] ! fire till little cry/als beg9 to appe> on its surface1 & aft]w>ds left to /& quiet1 9 a c]ta9 "t !re w be f\nd at ! bottom a greyi% p[d]1 :i* be+ tri$ on ,gold is ,m]curial en\gh to :it5 x4 ,little globules ( ,quick-silv] are ev5 disc]nible 9 x4 ,we owe ?is obs]vation1 toge!r ) ?is mann] ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,m]cury 9 ,lead1 & ( procur+ x f !nce1 to ,m4 ,grosse1 :o ha? giv5 an acc\nt ( 8 process 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 f :5ce we h copi$ ! description ( ! op]ation 9 h&4 ,! solution be+ quickly p\r$ (f by incl9ation f ! grey m]curial precipitate is /ill milky1 & deposites ano!r :ite s$im5t4 ,:5 ?is second precipitate falls ! liquor becomes cle> & limpid1 & is !n ( a f9e yell[ col\r1 l a solution ( ,gold4 ,on ?is gold-col\r$ solution1 & on ! two precipitates above-m5tion$1 ,m4 ,grosse made sev]al obs]vations1 ! *ief ( :i* we %all "h ins]t4 ,! yell[ liquor affects ! tongue at fir/ ) a ta/e ( sweetness2 b aft]w>ds vellicates x v sm>tly1 & leaves on x a /rong s5sation ( acrimony1 :i* cont9ues = a long "t4 ,alkalis precipitate ! ,lead susp5d$ 9 ?is liquor1 j z !y d all o!r metals dissolv$ by ,acids2 & ?is precipitate ( ,lead is :ite4 ,sea-salt1 or ,_s ( ,salt1 sep>ates ! ,lead f its solv5t1 & precipitates x1 z we obs]v$ be=e1 into a ,plumbum corneum3 b ?is precipitate diff]s f ! ,luna cornea1 z be+ v soluble 9 wat]2 :]eas ! ,luna cornea w n dissolve 9 x at all2 or at lea/ dissolves !re9 ) great difficulty1 & 9 a v small quantity4 ,?is ,plumbum corneum dissolv$ 9 wat] is aga9 precipitat$ by ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,m4 ,grosse obs]ves1 t ?is =ms an exception to ! eigh? column ( ,mr4 ,ge(froy's ,table ( ,aff9ities2 9 :i* ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt is m>k$ z hav+ a great] aff9ity ?an any o!r ,acid ) ,metallic sub/ances4 ,our solution ( ,lead is also precipitat$ 9 a :ite p[d] by sev]al ,neutral ,salts2 su* z ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>1 ,alum1 & common ,vitriol4 ,x is by ! means ( d\ble aff9ities t ^! ,neutral ,salts effect ?is precipitation4 ,ev5 pure wat] alone is capable ( precipitat+ ! ,lead ( our solution1 by weak5+ ! ,acid1 & !reby disabl+ x f keep+ ! metal susp5d$4 ,la/ly1 z all ! solutions ( metals 9 ,acids are no?+ b ,neutral ,metallic ,salts 9 a fluid =m1 s if ! solution ( ,lead be evaporat$ ov] ! fire1 x w %oot into v beautiful cry/als1 ab\t ! bigness ( hemp-se$1 %ap$ l regul> pyramids hav+ squ>e bases4 ,^! cry/als are yell[i%1 & h a sweet sac*>9e ta/e3 b :at is mo/ s+ul> 9 !m is1 t1 z !y consi/ ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid comb9$ ) ,lead1 :i* manife/ly conta9s a great deal ( phlogi/on1 !y con/itute a ,nitr\s ,metallic ,salt1 :i* has ! prop]ty ( deflagrat+ 9 a crucible1 )\t ! addition ( any o!r inflammable matt]4 ,x is extremely h>d to dissolve ?is ,salt 9 wat]4 ,! grey m]curial precipitate :i* :it5s ,gold1 & 9 :i* little globules ( runn+ ,m]cury are p]ceivable1 is f> f be+ pure ,m]cury4 ,?is metallic sub/ance makes b a small "p !re(3 = x is an assemblage1 #a4 ( little cry/als ( ! same nature ) ^? af=d$ by ! evaporat$ solution2 #b4 ( a portion ( ! :ite matt]1 or p[d]1 :i* r5d]s ! solution milky2 #c4 ( a grey p[d]1 :i* ,m4 ,grosse consid]s z ! only m]curial "p2 #d4 & la/ly1 ( little p>ticles ( ,lead t h escap$ ! action ( ! solv5t2 especially if a little m ,lead ?an ! ,acid is capable ( dissolv+ 7 add$ ) a view to saturate x entirely1 z 9 ! pres5t process4 ,by means ( motion & heat ! small p>cels ( ,m]cury may be amalgamat$ ) ! ,lead4 ,t ,m]cury %\ld be f\nd entire & 9 globules 9 ! ,_s ( ,nitre1 :i* v easily dissolves t metallic sub/ance1 w n be surpriz+ to ^? :o reflect t1 9 ! pres5t case1 ! ,acid is saturat$ ) ,lead1 ) :i* x has a great] aff9ity ?an ) ,m]cury2 z appe>s by ,m4 ,ge(froy's ,table ( ,aff9ities1 :]e1 9 ! column t ha? ! ,nitr\s ,acid at top1 ,lead is plac$ above ,m]cury4 ,agreeably to ?is1 if ,lead be pres5t$ to a solution ( ,m]cury 9 ,_s ( ,nitre1 ! ,lead w be dissolv$1 & z ! dissolution !re( advances ! ,m]cury w precipitate4 ,h5ce x appe>s t1 9 ord] to f9d any ,m]cury 9 ! spontane\s precipitate ( ,lead dissolv$ by ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 x is necess>y t ! ,acid be entirely saturat$ ) ,lead2 or else t portion ( ! ,acid :i* rema9s unsaturat$ w dissolve ! ,m]cury4 ,) reg>d to ! :ite p[d] t r5d]s ! solution milky1 & aft]w>ds precipitates1 x is no?+ b a portion ( ! ,lead1 :i*1 n be+ intimately unit$ ) ! ,acid1 falls 9 "p ( its own accord4 ,x is a sort ( calx ( ,lead1 :i* be+ expos$ to ! fire becomes p>tly glass1 & p>tly ,lead1 because x /ill reta9s "s ( its phlogi/on4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,( ,,m]cury4 ,,process ,i4 ,to extract ,m]cury f its ,ore1 or to revivify x f ,c9ab>4 ,pulv]ize ! ,c9ab> f :i* y w\ld extract ! ,m]cury2 ) ?is p[d] mix an equal "p ( clean iron fil+s2 put ! mixture into a retort ( glass or iron1 leav+ at lea/ "o ?ird "p !re( empty4 ,set ! retort ?us prep>$ 9 a s&-ba?1 s t its body may be q buri$ 9 ! s&1 & its neck decl9e consid]ably d[nw>ds3 fit on a receiv] half fill$ ) wat]1 & let ! nose ( ! retort ent] ab\t half an in* into ! wat]4 ,heat ! vessels s z to make ! retort mod]ately r$4 ,! ,m]cury w rise 9 vap\rs1 :i* w cond5se into little drops1 & fall into ! wat] 9 ! receiv]4 ,:5 y see t no?+ m comes ov] ) ?is degree ( heat1 increase x1 9 ord] to raise :at ,m]cury may /ill be left4 ,:5 all ! ,m]cury is ?us br\ght ov]1 take (f ! receiv]1 p\r out ! wat] conta9$ 9 x1 & collect ! ,m]cury4 ,,obs]vations4 ,m]cury is nev] m9]aliz$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? by any ?+ b ,sulphur2 ) :i* x =ms a comp\nd ( a br[ni% r$ col\r1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,c9ab>4 ,sometimes x is only mix$ ) e>?y & /ony matt]s t conta9 no ,sulphur2 b1 z ?is metallic sub/ance is nev] de/itute ( its phlogi/on1 x !n has its metall9e =m & prop]ties4 ,:5 x is f\nd 9 ?is condition1 no?+ is m easy ?an to sep>ate x f ^? het]og5e\s matt]s4 ,= t purpose no m is requisite ?an to di/il ! :ole ) a fire /rong en\gh to raise ! ,m]cury 9 vap\rs4 ,?is m9]al is volatile2 ! e>?y & /ony matt]s are fix$2 & a c]ta9 degree ( heat w effect a complete sep>ation ( :at is volatile f :at is fix$4 ,?is is n ! case :5 ,m]cury is comb9$ ) ,sulphur3 = ?is latt] m9]al is volatile z well z ,m]cury2 & ! comp\nd result+ f ! union ( !m bo? is also volatile3 s t if ,c9ab> 7 expos$ to ! fire 9 close vessels1 z x mu/ be to save ! ,m]cury1 x w\ld be sublim$ 9 sub/ance1 )\t be+ decompos$ at all4 ,9 ord] !re=e to sep>ate ^! two sub/ances f ea* o!r1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ! int]position ( "s ?ird1 :i* ha? a great] aff9ity ) "o ( !m ?an ! o!r ha?1 & no aff9ity ) t o!r4 ,iron ha? all ! conditions requisite = ?is purpose2 see+ x ha?1 z may be se5 9 ! ,table1 a mu* great] aff9ity ) ,sulphur ?an ,m]cury ha?1 & is incapable ( contract+ any union ) ,m]cury4 ,iron1 h[ev]1 is n ! only sub/ance t may be employ$ on ?is occasion3 ,fix$ ,alkalis1 ,absorb5t e>?s1 ,copp]1 ,lead1 ,silv]1 ,regulus ( ,antimony1 h all1 z well z ,iron1 a great] aff9ity ?an ,m]cury ) ,sulphur4 ,nay1 sev]al ( ^! sub/ances1 namely1 ! sal9e & e>?y ,alkalis1 z well z ,regulus ( ,antimony1 _c contract any union ) ,m]cury3 ! re/1 to wit1 ,copp]1 ,lead1 & ,silv]1 are inde$ capable ( amalgamat+ ) ,m]cury2 b !n ! union :i* ^! metals contract ) ! ,sulphur prev5ts x2 & ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld unite ) ?is metallic sub/ance1 ! degree ( heat to :i* ! :ole mixture is expos$ w\ld soon c>ry up ! ,m]cury1 & sep>ate x ) ease f ^? fix$ sub/ances4 ,9 ?is di/illation ! same cautions mu/ be obs]v$ z 9 all o!rs3 t is1 ! vessels mu/ be sl[ly heat$1 especially if a glass retort be us$2 ! fire mu/ be rais$ by degrees1 & a mu* /rong] "o appli$ at la/ ?an at fir/4 ,?is op]ation p>ticul>ly requires a v /rong degree ( fire1 :5 !re is b a small quantity ( ,m]cury left4 ,aft] ! op]ation !re rema9s 9 ! retort a comp\nd ( ,iron & ,sulphur1 :i* may easily be conv]t$ into a crocus1 by calc9+ x & burn+ away ! ,sulphur4 ,if a ,fix$ ,alkali be employ$1 a ,liv] ( ,sulphur w be f\nd 9 ! retort aft] ! di/illation4 ,if ! ,c9ab> f :i* y extract ! ,m]cury be good1 y w g5]ally obta9 sev5 eigh?s ( its weight 9 ,quick-silv]4 ,9 ! pres5t op]ation x is n necess>y to lute on ! receiv]1 because ! wat]1 9 :i* ! nose ( ! retort is plung$1 is suffici5t to fix ! ,m]curial vap\rs4 ,9 case ! ,c9ab>1 f :i* y int5d to sep>ate ! ,m]cury1 be mix$ ) a great quantity ( het]og5e\s1 b fix$1 matt]s1 su* z e>?s1 /ones1 c4 x may be sep>at$ f !m by sublim+ x ) a prop] degree ( heat1 because x is volatile4 ,! vap\rs ( ,m]cury are prejudicial1 & may excite a salivation1 tremors1 & palsies2 !y %\ld !re=e be always avoid$ by su* z "w on ?is m9]al4 ,! olde/ & ri*e/ m9e ( ,m]cury is t ( ,almad5 9 ,spa94 ,x is a s+ul> prop]ty ( t m9e t1 ?\gh ! ,m]cury f\nd 9 x is comb9$ ) ,sulphur1 & 9 ! =m ( ,c9ab>1 yet no additam5t is requir$ to procure ! sep>ation ( ^! two2 ! e>?y & /ony matt]1 ) :i* ! p>ticles ( ! ore are incorporat$1 be+ itself an excell5t absorb5t ( ,sulphur4 ,9 ! ,quick-silv] works c>ri$ on at ?is m9e !y make no use ( retorts4 ,!y place lumps ( ! ore on an iron grate1 :i* /&s imm$iately ov] ! furnace4 ,! furnaces :i* s]ve = ?is op]ation are clos$ at ! top by a sort ( dome1 beh9d :i* /&s ! %aft ( a *imney t communicates ) ! fire-place1 & gives v5t to ! smoke4 ,^! furnaces h 9 _! =e-side sixte5 ap]tures1 to ea* ( :i* is lut$ an aludel 9 a horizontal position1 communicat+ ) a long r[ ( o!r aludels plac$ likewise 9 an horizontal direction2 :i* aludels s connect$ toge!r =m "o long pipe or canal1 ! fur!r end :]e( op5s into a *amb] de/9$ to receive & cond5se all ! m]curial vap\rs4 ,^! r[s ( aludels are support$ f end to end by a t]rass1 :i* runs f ! body ( ! build+1 :]e9 ! furnaces are erect$1 to t :]e ! *amb]s are built t p]=m ! (fice ( receiv]s4 ,?is is a v +5i\s contrivance & saves mu* lab\r1 exp5ce1 & tr\ble1 t w\ld be unavoidable if retorts 7 employ$4 ,t "p ( ! furnace :i* conta9s ! lumps ( ore1 s]ves = ! body ( ! retort2 ! r[ ( aludels = its neck2 & ! little *amb]s 9 :i* ^! canals t]m9ate are actual receiv]s4 ,! t]rass ( communication1 :i* rea*es f ! "o build+ to ! o!r1 is =m$ ( two incl9$ planes1 ! l[] edges ( :i*1 meet+ 9 ! middle ( ! t]rass1 rise f !nce ins5sibly2 ! "o q to ! build+ :]e ! furnaces are1 & ! o!r to t :i* =ms ! recipi5t *amb]s4 ,by ?is means1 :5 any ,m]cury escapes ?r\gh ! jo9ts ( ! aludels1 x naturally runs d[n along ^! incl9$ planes1 & s is collect$ 9 ! middle ( ! t]rass1 :]e ! inf]ior sides ( ! planes meet+ toge!r =m a sort ( canal1 out ( :i* x is easily tak5 up4 ,! celebrat$ ,m4 de ,jussieu hav+ view$ ! :ole himself1 9 a j\rney he made to ?is m9e1 furni%$ u ) ?is description ( ! "w4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to give ,m]cury1 by ! action ( ,fire1 ! appe>ance ( a ,metall9e ,calx4 ,put ,m]cury into sev]al little glass matrasses ) long & n>r[ necks4 ,/op ! matrasses ) a little pap]1 to prev5t any dirt f fall+ into !m4 ,set !m all 9 "o s&-ba?1 s t !y may be surr\nd$ ) s& z high z two ?irds ( _! l5g?4 ,apply ! /ronge/ degree ( heat t ,m]cury c be> )\t sublim+3 cont9ue ?is heat )\t int]ruption1 till all ! ,m]cury be turn$ to a r$ p[d]4 ,! op]ation la/s ab\t ?ree mon?s4 ,,obs]vations4 ,m]cury treat$ accord+ to ! process "h deliv]$ ha? all ! appe>ance ( a metall9e calx1 b x ha? no m3 =1 if x be expos$ to a pretty /rong degree ( fire1 x sublimes1 & is :olly r$uc$ to runn+ ,m]cury1 )\t ! addition ( any o!r inflammable matt]2 :i* proves t dur+ ?is long calc9ation x lo/ none ( its phlogi/on4 ,! volatile nature ( ,m]cury1 :i* p]mits x n to be> a heat ( any /r5g? )\t sublim+1 prev5ts our exam9+ all ! effects t fire is capable ( produc+ on x4 ,yet !re is reason to believe t1 z ?is metallic sub/ance resembles ! p]fect metals 9 its weight1 its spl5d\r1 & a brilliancy :i* resi/s all ! impressions ( ! air )\t alt]ation1 x w\ld l !m be un*angeable by ! greate/ =ce ( fire1 if x 7 fix$ en\gh to be> x4 ,9 ord] to give ,m]cury ! =m ( a metall9e calx1 x mu/ necess>ily be expos$ = ab\t ?ree mon?s toge!r1 to ! utmo/ heat x c be> )\t sublim+1 z is above direct$4 ,bo]haave kept x dige/+ 9 a less heat = fifte5 ye>s successively1 bo? 9 op5 & 9 close vessels1 )\t obs]v+ x to suff] ! lea/ *ange2 except t !re 0 =m$ ^u its surface a small quantity ( a black p[d]1 :i* 0 r$uc$ to runn+ ,m]cury by trituration alone4 ,m]cury ?us conv]t$ to a r$ p[d] is kn[n 9 *ymi/ry & m$ic9e by ! "n ( ,m]cury precipitat$ p] se3 a title prop] en\gh1 z x is actually r$uc$ to ! =m ( a precipitate1 & t )\t any additam5t2 b v improp] on ! o!r h&1 consid]+1 t 9 reality ?is ,m]cury is n a precipitate1 z n hav+ be5 sep>at$ f any m5/ruum 9 :i* x 0 dissolv$4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to dissolve ,m]cury 9 ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,turbi? ,m9]al4 ,put ,m]cury into a glass retort1 & p\r on x ?rice its weight ( good ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,set ! retort 9 a s&-ba?2 fit on a recipi5t2 w>m ! ba? by degrees till ! liquor j simm]4 ,) ?is heat ! ,m]cury w beg9 to dissolve4 ,cont9ue ! fire 9 ?is degree till all ! ,m]cury be dissolv$4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid dissolves ,m]cury pretty well3 b = ?is purpose ! ,acid mu/ be v hot1 or ev5 boil2 & !n too x is a v long "t be=e ! dissolution is complet$4 ,we h direct$ ! op]ation to be p]=m$ 9 a retort2 because ?is solution is usually employ$ to make ano!r prep>ation call$ ,turbi? ,m9]al1 :i* requires t z mu* z possible ( ! ,acid solv5t be ab/ract$ by di/illation4 ,hav+ !re=e dissolv$ y\r ,m]cury 9 ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 if y w n[ prep>e ! ,turbi?1 y mu/1 by cont9u+ to heat ! retort1 drive ov] all ! liquor into ! receiv]1 & di/il till no?+ rema9s b a :ite p[d]y matt]3 !n break ! retort2 pulv]ize its cont5ts 9 a glass mort>1 & !reon p\r common wat]1 :i* w imm$iately turn ! :ite matt] ( a lemon-col\r2 wa% ?is yell[ matt] 9 five or six w>m wat]s1 & x w be :at is call$ 9 m$ic9e ,turbi? ,m9]al2 t is1 a comb9ation ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) ,m]cury1 five or six gra9s :]e( is a viol5t purgative1 & also an emetic2 qualities :i* x possesses 9 common ) ! ,vegetable ,turbi?1 ^: "n x ha? !re=e tak54 ,!re rises out ( ! retort1 bo? :ile ! ,m]cury is dissolv+1 & :ile ! solv5t is ab/ract+1 a weak ,_s ( ,vitriol2 because a great "p ( ! ,acid rema9s unit$ ) ! ,quick-silv]1 :i* at la/ appe>s 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]3 s t1 if y d n incl9e to save ! ,acid :i* rises on ?is occasion1 y may1 in/ead ( draw+ (f ! liquor 9 a retort1 evaporate x 9 a glass bason set on a s&-ba?1 :i* w be mu* soon] done4 ,x is v rem>kable t1 on ?is occasion1 ! ,m]cury may be expos$1 )\t any dang] ( sublim+1 to a mu* great] heat ?an x is capable ( be>+ :5 n comb9$ ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid2 :i* %ews t ?is ,acid ha? ! prop]ty ( fix+ ,m]cury to a c]ta9 degree4 ,! :ite matt]1 t rema9s aft] ! evaporation ( ! fluid1 is "o ( ! mo/ viol5t corrosives1 & w\ld prove an actual poison if tak5 int]nally4 ,by wa%+ x sev]al times 9 w>m wat] x is fre$ f a great deal ( its ,acid1 & s consid]ably sweet5$4 ,! pro( is ?is2 if ! wat] us$ 9 wa%+ ! ,turbi? be evaporat$1 !re rema9s aft] ! evaporation a matt] 9 =m ( a ,salt1 t be+ set 9 a cell> runs into a liquor call$ ,oil ( ,m]cury1 :i* is a p[]ful corrosive4 ,sev]al au?ors fur!r direct ,_s ( ,w9e to be burnt on ! ,turbi?1 to sweet5 x /ill m4 ,if1 in/ead ( wa%+ ! :ite matt] t rema9s aft] ! moi/ure is drawn (f1 fre% ,oil ( ,vitriol be p\r$ on x1 & !n ab/ract$ z be=e2 ?is treatm5t be+ repeat$ two or ?ree times1 !re w at la/ rema9 9 ! retort a matt] hav+ ! appe>ance ( an oil1 :i* resi/s ! action ( ! fire1 & _c be desiccat$3 qualities :i* are ow+ to ! great quantity ( ,acid p>ticles ?us unit$ ) ! ,m]cury4 ,?is ,oil ( ,m]cury is "o ( ! mo/ viol5t corrosives4 ,! ,m]cury may be sep>at$ !refrom1 by precipitat+ x ) an ,alkali1 or a metallic sub/ance t ha? m aff9ity ?an ,m]cury ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid3 ,iron1 = in/ance1 may be employ$ 9 ?is precipitation4 ,m]cury ?us sep>at$ f ! ,vitriolic ,acid ne$ only be di/ill$ to recov] ! =m ( ,quick-silv]4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,to comb9e ,m]cury ) ,sulphur4 ?iops ,m9]al4 ,mix a dram ( ,sulphur ) ?ree drams ( ,quick-silv]1 by triturat+ ! :ole 9 a glass mort> ) a glass pe/le4 ,by degrees1 z y triturate1 ! ,m]cury w disappe>1 & ! matt] w acquire a black col\r4 ,cont9ue ! triture till y _c p]ceive ! lea/ p>ticle ( runn+ ,m]cury4 ,! black matt] y w !n h 9 ! mort> is kn[n 9 m$ic9e by ! "n ( ?iops ,m9]al4 ,an ?iops may also be made by fire 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,9 a %all[ unglaz$ e>!n pan melt "o "p ( fl[]s ( ,sulphur3 add ?ree p>ts ( runn+ ,m]cury1 mak+ x fall into ! pan 9 ! =m ( small ra91 by squeez+ x ?r\gh *amoy lea!r4 ,keep /irr+ ! mixture ) ! %ank ( a tobacco-pipe all ! :ile ! ,m]cury is fall+3 y w see ! matt] gr[ ?ick & acquire a black col\r4 ,:5 ! :ole is ?or\ghly mix$1 set fire to x ) a mat*1 & let z mu* ( ! ,sulphur burn away z w flame4 ,,obs]vations4 ,m]cury & ,sulphur unite toge!r ) great ease2 cold triture alone is suffici5t to jo9 !m4 ,by ?is means ! ,m]cury is r$uc$ into exce$+ small atoms1 & comb9es s p]fectly ) ! ,sulphur t ! lea/ ve/ige !re( is n to be se54 ,sulphur is n ! only matt] :i* be+ rubb$ ) ,m]cury w de/roy its =m & fluidity3 all fat sub/ances t h any degree ( consi/5ce1 su* z ! fat ( animals1 balsams1 & res9s1 are capable ( produc+ ! same effect4 ,?is metallic sub/ance1 be+ triturat$ = "s "t 9 a mort> ) ^! matt]s1 becomes at la/ invisible1 & communicates to !m a black col\r4 ,:5 ?us divid$ by ! int]position ( het]og5e\s p>ticles1 x is said to be ,kill$4 ,b ,m]cury do? n contract su* an intimate union ) ^! o!r matt]s z x do? ) ,sulphur4 ,! ?iops prep>$ by fusion is a m p]fect & accurate comb9ation ( ,m]cury & ,sulphur ?an ! o!r3 =1 ! quantity ( ,sulphur direct$ to be us$ 9 mak+ x be+ mu* great] ?an is absolutely necess>y to fix ! ,m]cury1 ! r$undant ,sulphur is de/roy$ by burn+1 & none left b :at is mo/ intimately unit$ ) ! ,m]cury2 & h9d]$ by ! union x ha? contract$ ) t metallic sub/ance f be+ s easily consum$4 ,! ?iops !re=e1 :i* is prep>$ by fusion & burn+ ! ,sulphur1 conta9s a mu* great] proportion ( ,m]cury ?an t :i* is made by simple triture2 s t 9 ,m$ic9e x ought to be prescrib$ 9 diff]5t cases1 & 9 small] doses4 ,if no m ,sulphur ?an is j necess>y to kill ! ,m]cury be add$ to x at fir/1 x w be difficult to obta9 a p]fect mixture2 because t quantity is v small3 x is bett]1 !re=e1 to employ at once ! quantity above direct$4 ,,process ,v4 ,to sublime ! ,comb9ation ( ,m]cury & ,sulphur into ,c9ab>4 ,gr9d to p[d] ?iops m9]al prep>$ by fire4 ,put x into a cucurbit2 fit !reto a head2 place x 9 a s&-ba?1 & beg9 ) apply+ su* a degree ( heat z is requisite to sublime ,sulphur4 ,a black matt] w rise1 & adh]e to ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,:5 no?+ m w rise ) ?is degree ( heat1 raise ! fire s z to make ! s& & ! bottom ( ! cucurbit r$2 & !n ! rema9+ matt] w sublime 9 ! =m ( a br[ni% r$ mass1 :i* is true ,c9ab>4 ,,obs]vations4 ?iops ,m9]al requires no?+ b sublimation to become true ,c9ab>1 l t f\nd 9 ,quick-silv] m9es3 b our ?iops conta9s /ill m ,sulphur ?an ought to be 9 ! composition ( ,c9ab>2 = :i* reason we h direct$ ! degree ( fire appli$ at fir/ to be no great] ?an t :i* is capable ( sublim+ ,sulphur4 ,z ,c9ab>1 ?\gh consi/+ ( ,m]cury & ,sulphur1 is yet mu* less volatile ?an ei!r ( ^! sub/ances alone2 :i* probably arises f ! ,vitriolic ,acid conta9$ 9 ! ,sulphur2 !re=e1 if !re be any r$undant ,sulphur 9 ! ?iops1 :i* ha? n contract$ an intimate union ) ! ,m]cury1 x w sublime by itself 9 ?is fir/ degree ( heat4 ,"s m]curial p>ticles also w rise ) x1 & give x a black col\r4 ,c9ab> conta9s no m ,sulphur ?an ab\t a six? or sev5? "p ( its weight3 s t1 in/ead ( employ+ ! common ?iops to make x1 x w\ld be bett] to prep>e "o on purpose t %\ld conta9 mu* less ,sulphur2 because too mu* ,sulphur prev5ts ! success ( ! op]ation by black5+ ! ,sublimate4 ,inde$ 9 :atev] mann] y g ab\t x1 ! ,c9ab> always appe>s black at fir/3 b :5 x is well prep>$1 & conta9s no m ?an its due proportion ( ,sulphur1 ! blackness is only ext]nal4 ,?is black coat !re=e may be tak5 (f2 & !n ! int]nal "p w appe> ( a f9e r$1 &1 if sublim$ a second "t1 w be v beautiful4 ,z artificial ,c9ab> ha? ! same prop]ties ) ! native1 x may be decompos$ by ! same means3 s t1 if y want to extract ! ,m]cury out ( x1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! process above deliv]$ = work+ on ,c9ab> ores4 ,,process ,,vi4 ,to dissolve ,m]cury 9 ! ,nitr\s ,acid4 ,sundry ,m]curial ,precipitates4 ,put into a matrass ! quantity ( ,m]cury y int5d to dissolve3 p\r on x an equal quantity ( good ,_s ( ,nitre1 & set ! matrass 9 a s&-ba? mod]ately heat$4 ,! ,m]cury w dissolve ) ! ph5om5a t usually att5d ! dissolutions ( metals 9 ?is ,acid4 ,:5 ! dissolution is complet$ let ! liquor cool4 ,y w "k t ! ,acid is p]fectly saturat$1 if !re rema9 at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 not)/&+ ! heat1 a little globule ( ,m]cury t w n dissolve4 ,,obs]vations4 ,m]cury dissolves 9 ! ,nitr\s ,acid ) mu* m facility1 & 9 mu* great] quantity1 ?an 9 ! ,vitriolic2 s t x is n necess>y1 on ?is occasion1 to make ! liquor boil4 ,?is solution :5 cold yields cry/als1 :i* are a ,nitr\s ,m]curial ,salt4 ,if y desire to h a cle> limpid solution ( ,m]cury1 y mu/ employ an aqua =tis t is n ta9t$ ) ! ,vitriolic or ,m>9e ,acid3 =1 ! aff9ity ( ^! two ,acids ) ,m]cury be+ great] ?an t ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 !y precipitate x 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]1 :5 !y are mix$ ) ! solv5t4 ,m]cury ?us precipitat$ 9 a :ite p[d]1 out ( a solution !re( 9 ! ,_s ( ,nitre1 is us$ 9 ,m$ic9e4 ,to obta9 ?is precipitate1 :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,:ite ,precipitate1 ,sea-salt dissolv$ 9 wat] toge!r ) a little ,sal ,ammoniac is us$2 & ! precipitate is wa%$ sev]al times 9 pure wat]1 )\t :i* precaution x w\ld be corrosive1 on acc\nt ( ! great quantity ( ! ,m>9e ,acid :i* x w\ld conta94 ,! prep>ation kn[n by ! "n ( ,r$ ,precipitate is also obta9$ f our solution ( ,m]cury 9 ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,x is made by ab/ract+ all ! moi/ure ( ! solution1 ei!r by di/illation 9 a retort1 or by evaporation 9 a glass bason set on a s&-ba?4 ,:5 x beg9s to gr[ dry x appe>s l a :ite pond]\s mass4 ,!n ! fire is made /rong en\gh to drive (f almo/ all ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 :i*1 be+ n[ conc5trat$1 rises 9 ! =m ( r$ vap\rs4 ,if ^! vap\rs be cat*$ 9 a receiv]1 !y cond5se into a liquor1 :i* is a v /rong & va/ly smok+ ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,by degrees1 z ! ,nitr\s ,acid is =c$ up by ! fire1 ! m]curial mass loses its :ite col\r1 & becomes fir/ yell[1 & at la/ v r$4 ,:5 x is become entirely ( ?is la/ col\r ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,! r$ mass rema9+ is a ,m]cury t conta9s b v little ,acid1 9 comp>ison ( :at x did :ile x 0 :ite3 & inde$ ! fir/ :ite mass is su* a viol5t corrosive1 t x _c be us$ 9 ,m$ic9e2 :]eas1 :5 x is become r$1 x makes an excell5t es*>otic1 :i* ^? :o "k h[ to use x prop]ly apply ) v great success1 p>ticul>ly to v5]eal ulc]s4 ,?is prep>ation is v improp]ly call$ a ,precipitate3 = ! ,m]cury is n sep>at$ f ! ,_s ( ,nitre by ! int]position ( any o!r sub/ance1 b only by evaporat+ ! ,acid4 ,x is also call$ ,arcanum ,corall9um4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ,m]cury1 by its union ) ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 acquires a c]ta9 degree ( fixity3 = ! r$ precipitate is capable ( su/a9+1 )\t be+ volatiliz$1 a /rong] degree ( heat ?an pure ,m]cury c2 :i*1 z we obs]v$ be=e1 is ! prop]ty ( ,turbi? ,m9]al also4 ,,process ,,vii4 ,to comb9e ,m]cury ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt4 ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,evaporate a solution ( ,m]cury 9 ! ,nitr\s ,acid till !re rema9 only a :ite p[d]1 z m5tion$ 9 our obs]vations on ! prec$+ process4 ,) ?is p[d] mix z mu* ,gre5 ,vitriol calc9$ to :it5ess1 & z mu* decrepitat$ ,sea-salt1 z !re 0 ,m]cury 9 ! solution4 ,triturate ! :ole c>efully 9 a glass mort>4 ,put ?is mixture into a matrass1 s t two ?irds !re( may rema9 empty1 hav+ fir/ cut (f ! neck to half its l5g?3 or in/ead !re( y may use an apo!c>y's phial4 ,set y\r vessel 9 a s&-ba?1 & put s& r\nd x z high z ! cont5ts c rea*4 ,apply a mod]ate fire at fir/1 & raise x by sl[ degrees4 ,vap\rs w beg9 to asc5d4 ,cont9ue ! fire 9 ! same degree till !y cease4 ,!n /op ! m\? ( ! vessel ) pap]1 & increase ! fire till ! bottom ( ! s&-ba? be r$-hot4 ,) ?is degree ( heat a ,sublimate w rise1 & adh]e to ! inside & upp] "p ( ! vessel1 9 ! =m ( :ite1 semi-transp>5t cry/als4 ,keep up ! fire to ! same degree till no?+ m w sublime4 ,!n let ! vessel cool2 break x1 & take out :at is sublim$1 :i* is ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,,obs]vations4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! m9]al ,acids act1 & are act$ ^u1 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,e "o ( ! ?ree is at fir/ neutraliz$1 or unit$ ) a diff]5t basis2 ! ,vitriolic be+ comb9$ ) ,iron2 ! ,nitr\s ) ,m]cury1 =m+ !re) a ,nitr\s ,m]curial ,salt2 & ! ,m>9e ) its natural ,alkal9e basis4 ,! ,vitriolic & ,nitr\s ,acids1 :i* are unit$ ) metall9e sub/ances1 be+ bo? /rong] ?an ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 /rive to expel x f its basis1 9 ord] to comb9e ) x !mselves2 b ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 be+ ! /ronge/ ( ! two1 w\ld take sole possession ( ?is basis exclusive ( ! ,nitr\s1 :i* w\ld cont9ue unit$ ) ! ,m]cury1 if ! ,m>9e ,acid _h n a great] aff9ity ?an ! ,nitr\s ) ?is metallic sub/ance4 ,?is ,acid !re=e be+ expell$ f its basis by ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 & s set at lib]ty1 mu/ unite ) ! ,m]cury1 & sep>ate ! ,nitr\s ,acid f x2 :i* n[ ha? no res\rce b to unite ) ! ,iron des]t$ by ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,b z all ^! *anges are br\ght ab\t by ! means ( a consid]able heat1 & z ! ,nitr\s ,acid ha? n a v firm connection ) ! ,iron1 x is driv5 (f by ! =ce ( ! fire2 & ?is x is :i* we see rise 9 vap\rs dur+ ! op]ation4 ,x also c>ries (f ) x "s p>ts ( ! o!r two ,acids1 b 9 a v small quantity4 ,aft] ! op]ation !re=e !re rema9s1 #a4 ,a comb9ation ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) ! basis ( ,sea-salt2 t is1 a ,glaub]'s ,salt3 #b4 ,a r$ m>tial e>?1 be+ t :i* 0 ! basis ( ! ,vitriol3 ^! two sub/ances are bl5d$ toge!r1 & rema9 at ! bottom ( ! vessel because ( _! fixity3 #c4 ,a comb9ation ( ! ,m>9e ,acid ) ,m]cury2 bo? ( :i* be+ volatile1 !y asc5d toge!r into ! upp] "p ( ! vessel1 & !re =m a ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,if we reflect on ?is process ) att5tion1 & recollect di/9ctly ! aff9ities ( ! diff]5t sub/ances employ$ 9 x1 we %all p]ceive t x is n necess>y to make use ( all ^? matt]s1 & t ! op]ation w\ld succe$ ?\gh sev]al ( !m 7 left out4 ,fir/1 ! ,nitr\s ,acid may be omitt$2 s9ce1 z ha? be5 %ewn1 x is n an +r$i5t 9 ! ,sublimate1 b is dissipat$ 9 vap\rs dur+ ! op]ation4 ,f an accurate mixture !re=e ( ,vitriol1 ,sea-salt1 & ,m]cury1 a ,corrosive ,sublimate mu/ be obta9$3 = z ! ,acid ( ! ,vitriol w dis5gage ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 ! latt] w be at lib]ty to comb9e ) ! ,m]cury1 & s =m ! comp\nd we are 9 que/ (4 ,secondly1 if we make use ( ,m]cury dissolv$ by ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 we may omit ! ,vitriol2 because ! ,nitr\s ,acid hav+ a great] aff9ity ?an ! ,m>9e ,acid itself ) ! basis ( ,sea-salt1 & ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt hav+ a great] aff9ity ?an ! ,nitr\s ,acid ) ,m]cury1 ^! two ,acids w naturally make an ex*ange ( ! bases ) :i* !y are unit$3 ! ,nitr\s w lay hold on ! basis ( ,sea-salt1 & =m a quadrangul> ,nitre1 :ile ! ,m>9e ,acid w jo9 ! ,m]cury1 & ) x =m a ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,?irdly1 in/ead ( ,sea-salt its ,acid only may be employ$2 :i* be+ mix$ ) ! solution ( ,m]cury 9 ! ,_s ( ,nitre1 w1 by virtue ( its great] aff9ity ) t metallic sub/ance1 sep>ate x f ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 unite ) x1 & =m a :ite m]curial precipitate1 :i* ne$ only be sublim$ to become ! comb9ation requir$4 ,f\r?ly1 in/ead ( ,m]cury dissolv$ 9 ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 ,m]cury dissolv$ by ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 or ,turbi?1 may be us$2 only mix+ ,sea-salt !re)3 = ^! two sal9e sub/ances w mutually decomp\nd ea* o!r1 by virtue ( ! aff9ities ( _! ,acids1 & = ! same reasons t ,sea-salt & ! ,m]curial ,nitr\s ,salt decomp\nd ea* o!r4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid quits ! ,m]cury ) :i* x is comb9$1 to unite ) ! basis ( ! ,sea-salt2 & ! ,acid ( ?is ,salt be+ expell$ by ! ,vitriolic1 comb9es ) ! ,m]cury1 & consequ5tly =ms our ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,9 ?is case a ,glaub]'s ,salt rema9s aft] ! sublimation4 ,^! sev]al me?ods ( prep>+ ,corrosive ,sublimate are nev] us$1 because ea* ( !m is att5d$ ) "s inconv5i5ce2 su* z requir+ too long triture1 yield+ a ,sublimate less corrosive ?an x %\ld be1 or a small] quantity ( x4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 except ! la/2 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ! late ,mr4 ,b\lduc1 ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 :o f\nd none ( ^! inconv5i5cies att5d+ x#i4 #i ,see ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy = #agcj4 ,corrosive ,sublimate may also be made only by mix+ ,m]cury ) ,sea-salt1 )\t any additam5t4 ,?is may appe> surpriz+ :5 we consid] t1 z ,acids h a great] aff9ity ) ,alkalis ?an ) metallic sub/ances1 ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt ought n to quit its basis1 :i* is ,alkal9e1 to unite ) ,m]cury4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is ph5om5on x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,sea-salt1 :5 expos$ to ! fire )\t additam5t1 suff]s a little ( its ,acid to escape4 ,n[ ?is portion ( ! ,m>9e ,acid unites ) ! ,m]cury1 & =ms a ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,moreov]1 z !re is a pretty /rong aff9ity betwe5 ! ,m>9e ,acid & ,m]cury1 ?is may help to deta* f ! ,sea-salt a great] quantity ( ,acid ?an x w\ld o!rwise "p )4 ,nev]!less1 ! quantity ( ,sublimate obta9$ by ?is means is n consid]able1 nor is x v corrosive4 ,on ?is occasion we mu/ also m5tion ano!r comb9ation ( ! ,m>9e ,acid ) ,m]cury2 :i* is made by mix+ t metallic sub/ance p]fectly ) ,sal ,ammoniac1 by ! means ( triture4 ,m]cury1 l all o!r metals except ,gold1 possesses ! prop]ty ( decomp\nd+ ,sal ,ammoniac1 sep>at+ ! volatile ,alkali :i* s]ves x = a basis1 & comb9+1 by ! help ( a v g5tle heat1 ) its ,acid1 :i* is well kn[n to be ! same ) t ( ,sea-salt4 ,?is decomposition ( ,sal ,ammoniac1 by ! metall9e sub/ances1 is a full exception to ! fir/ column ( ,mr4 ,ge(froy's ,table ( ,aff9ities1 & is ! basis ( sev]al new ,m$ic9es inv5t$ by ! late ,comte de la ,g>aye#aj4 #aj ,see ! ,memoir giv5 9 by me on ?is subject to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ! ,memoires l',acadamie #aged4 ,corrosive ,sublimate is ! mo/ viol5t & ! mo/ active ( all corrosive poisons4 ,x is nev] us$ 9 ,m$ic9e1 b 9 ext]nal applications4 ,x is a p[]ful es*>otic2 x de/roys pr\d fle%1 & cleans old ulc]s3 b x mu/ be us$ by ^? only :o "k h[ to apply x prop]ly1 & requires an able h& to manage x4 ,x is n commonly appli$ by itself1 b mix$ 9 ! proportion ( half a dram to a p\nd ( lime-wat]4 ,?is mixture is yell[i%1 & be>s ! "n ( ,aqua ,phagad5ica4 ,wat] dissolves ,corrosive ,sublimate1 b 9 a small quantity4 ,if a ,fix$ ,alkali be mix$ ) ?is solution1 ! ,m]cury precipitates 9 ! =m ( a r$ p[d]4 ,if ! precipitate be procur$ by a ,volatile ,alkali1 x is :ite2 if by ,lime-wat]1 x is yell[4 ,?is ,m]curial ,salt dissolves pretty easily 9 boil+ ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,,process ,,viii4 ,sweet ,sublimate4 ,take f\r p>ts ( ,corrosive ,sublimate2 pulv]ize x 9 a glass or m>ble mort>2 add by little & little ?ree p>ts ( ,m]cury revivifi$ f ,c9ab>2 triturate ! :ole c>efully1 till ! ,m]cury be p]fectly kill$1 s t no globule !re( c be p]ceiv$4 ,! matt] w !n be grey4 ,put ?is p[d] into an apo!c>y's phial1 or into a matrass1 ^: neck is n above f\r or five in*es long1 leav+ two ?irds !re( empty4 ,set ! vessel 9 a s&-ba?1 & put s& r\nd x to "o ?ird ( its heigh?4 ,apply a mod]ate fire at fir/2 & aft]w>ds raise x gradually till y p]ceive t ! mixture sublimes4 ,keep x up to ?is degree till no?+ m w rise1 & !n break ! vessel4 ,reject1 z useless1 a small quantity ( e>? :i* y w f9d at ! bottom2 sep>ate also :at adh]es to ! neck ( ! vessel1 & c>efully collect ! matt] 9 ! middle1 :i* w be :ite4 ,pulv]ize x2 sublime x a second "t1 9 ! same mann] z be=e2 & 9 ! same mann] sep>ate ! e>?y matt] left at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & :at y f9d sublim$ into ! neck4 ,pulv]ize1 & sublime a ?ird "t1 ! :ite matt] y la/ f\nd 9 ! middle4 ,! :ite matt] ( ?is ?ird sublimation is ! ,sweet ,sublimate1 call$ also ,aquila ,alba4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,acid ( ,sea-salt 9 ! ,corrosive ,sublimate is v f> f be+ p]fectly saturat$ ) ,m]cury2 & !nce comes ! corrosive quality ( ?is sal9e comp\nd4 ,b ?\gh ,m]cury1 z appe>s by ?is comb9ation1 is capable ( imbib+ a mu* great] quantity ( ,acid ?an is necess>y to dissolve x2 nay1 ?\gh x naturally takes up ?is sup]-abundant quantity ( ,acid1 yet x do? n foll[ f !nce t ?is r$undant ,acid may n comb9e ) ,m]cury to ! po9t ( p]fect saturation1 s z to lose its corrosive acidity4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! op]ation "h describ$4 ,a fre% quantity ( runn+ ,m]cury is mix$ ) ,corrosive ,sublimate2 & ! fre% ,m]cury1 comb9+ ) ! sup]-ab\nd+ ,acid1 deprives ! ,sublimate ( its acrimony1 & =ms a comp\nd :i* comes mu* ne>] ! nature ( a ,neutral ,metallic ,salt4 ,trituration alone is n suffici5t to produce an union betwe5 ! newly add$ ,m]cury & ! ,acid ( ! ,corrosive ,sublimate3 because1 g5]ally speak+1 ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt _c dissolve ,m]cury )\t ! help ( a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 & unless x be r$uc$ into vap\rs4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! newly add$ ,m]cury becomes invisible by trituration1 & seems actually comb9$ ) ! ,corrosive ,sublimate1 yet ! union is n intimate4 ,!re is only an int]position ( p>ts1 b no true dissolution ( ! newly add$ ,m]cury by ! sup]-abundant ,acid ( ! ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,= ?is reason ! mixture mu/ be sublim$2 & by ?is sublimation only is ! true union effect$4 ,nor is "o s+le sublimation suffici5t3 no less ?an ?ree are necess>y to deprive ! ,sublimate ( ! corrosive quality :i* r5d]s x poison\s4 ,aft] ! ?ird sublimation1 ! ,sublimate be+ put ^u ! tongue gives no consid]able s5sation ( acrimony2 nor do? x reta9 any m ( its =m] activity ?an is requisite to make x a g5tle purgative1 :5 adm9i/]$ f six to ?irty gra9s = a dose4 ,if a less quantity ( ,m]cury ?an t above direct$ be mix$ ) ! ,corrosive ,sublimate1 ! sup]-abundant ,acid w n be suffici5tly saturat$2 & ! less ,m]cury is add$1 ! m ( its corrosive virtue w ! ,sublimate reta94 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 a great] quantity ( ,m]cury be add$1 !re w be m ?an ! ,acid c possibly dissolve1 & ! sup]flu\s quantity w rema9 9 its natural =m ( ,quick-silv]4 ,x is bett] !re=e to err 9 ! excess ?an 9 ! defect ( ! proportion ( ,m]cury to be add$2 because ! ,corrosive ,sublimate w take up no m ?an is necess>y to dulcify x4 ,"p ( ! ,acid ( ! ,corrosive ,sublimate is also dissipat$ 9 vap\rs dur+ ! op]ation2 & x is necess>y to all[ room = ^! vap\rs to circulate1 & a v5t to give !m passage1 or else !y w bur/ ! vessels4 ,^! are our reasons = leav+ an empty space 9 ! sublim+ vessels1 & = hav+ _! necks no m ?an five or six in*es long4 ,! matt] :i* sublimes into ! neck ( ! vessel is always v acrid2 = :i* reason x mu/ be sep>at$ f ! ,sweet ,sublimate4 ,!re rema9s also at ! bottom ( ! matrass an e>?y1 r$di% matt]2 :i* probably comes f ! ,vitriol employ$ 9 mak+ ! ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,?is matt] mu/ likewise be reject$ z useless aft] e sublimation4 ,,process ,,ix4 ,! ,panacea ( ,m]cury4 ,pulv]ize "s ,sweet ,sublimate1 & sublime x 9 ! same mann] z y did ?rice be=e4 ,repeat ?is n9e times4 ,aft] ^! sublimations x w make no impression on ! tongue4 ,!n p\r on x aromatic ,_s ( ,w9e1 & set ! :ole 9 dige/ion = eight days4 ,aft] t decant ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 & dry :at rema9s1 :i* is ! ,panacea ( ,m]cury4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! great numb] ( sublimations1 :i* ! ,sweet ,sublimate is made to und]go1 sweet5 x /ill m1 & to su* a degree t x leaves no s5sation on ! tongue1 nor ha? any purgative virtue4 ,! ,_s ( ,w9e 9 :i* x is dige/$ aft] all ! sublimations1 is design$ to blunt /ill m ! %>pness ( any acid p>ticles t may n h be5 suffici5tly dulcifi$ by ! prec$+ sublimations4 ,z ,m]cury is ! specific rem$y = v5]eal disord]s1 sundry prep>ations !re( h be5 attempt$ ) a view to produce diff]5t effects4 ,sweet ,sublimate is purgative2 & = t reason is n q prop] = procur+ a salivation1 because x c>ries (f ! hum\rs by /ool4 ,! ,panacea ( ,m]cury1 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 is n purgative1 may raise a salivation :5 tak5 inw>dly4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ,op]ations on ! ,,semi-,,metals4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ,,antimony4 ,,process ,i4 ,to ,sep>ate ,antimony f its ,ore by ,fusion4 ,hav+ drill$ "s small holes1 ( ab\t two l9es 9 diamet]1 9 ! bottom ( a crucible1 put into x y\r ,antimonial ,ore brok5 into little bits1 ab\t ! size ( a hazel nut2 lute on its cov]2 set ! crucible ?us prep>$ 9 ! m\? ( ano!r crucible1 & close ! jo9ts ) lute4 ,at ! di/ance ( half a foot f ?is comp\nd vessel place bricks all r\nd1 s z to =m a furnace2 ! sides ( :i* mu/ rise z high z ! brim ( ! upp]mo/ crucible4 ,let ! bottom ( ?is furnace be fill$ ) a%es1 up to ! top ( ! l[] crucible1 & ! re/ ( ! furnace ) light$ coals4 ,bl[ ! fire1 if x be necess>y1 ) bell[s1 till ! upp] crucible become r$4 ,keep x up 9 ?is degree = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,!n take y\r vessels out ( ! furnace1 & y w f9d ! ,antimony collect$ 9 ! bottom ( ! l[] crucible1 hav+ run ?r\gh ! holes ( ! upp] "o4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ore ( ,antimony is "o ( ! mo/ fusible3 x always conta9s a great deal ( ,sulphur1 & _c su/a9 a fire ( any =ce )\t be+ dissipat$ into vap\rs4 ,x requires no additam5t to flux x3 = x is n necess>y1 on ?is occasion1 t ! e>?y & /ony matt]s mix$ !re) be br\ght to fusion4 ,x is suffici5t t ! ,antimonial "p be melt$2 :i*1 z soon z x becomes fluid1 is c>ri$ by its weight to ! l[] "p ( ! crucible4 ,?us x is sep>at$ f all het]og5e\s matt]s2 :i* are left 9 ! upp] crucible1 :ile x passes ?r\gh ! holes 9 its bottom1 & =ms a mass 9 ! l[]4 ,! precaution ( clos+ all ! ap]tures ( bo? crucibles is necess>y1 on acc\nt ( ! volatility ( ?is m9]al3 & t ! ,antimony1 :5 once melt$1 may n cont9ue expos$ to a great heat1 x is made to run d[n into a vessel surr\nd$ ) a%es only1 & by t means v little affect$ ) heat2 a%es be+ "o ( ^? solid m$iums t transmit lea/ ( x4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,! common ,regulus ( ,antimony4 ,r$uce crude ,antimony to p[d]4 ,mix x ) ?ree f\r?s ( its weight ( :ite ,t>t>1 & half its weight ( ref9$ ,salt-petre1 bo? pulv]iz$4 ,into a l>ge crucible made r$-hot 9 ! fire1 ?r[ a spoonful ( y\r mixture1 & cov] x4 ,!re w be a v consid]able detonation4 ,:5 x is ov]1 ?r[ 9 a second spoonful ( y\r mixture1 & cov] ! crucible z be=e3 ?is w produce a second detonation4 ,g on ?us1 till y h ?r[n 9 all y\r mixture4 ,:5 ! :ole has ?us fulm9at$1 increase ! fire s z to br+ ! matt] into fusion2 t be+ done1 take ! crucible out ( ! furnace1 & imm$iately p\r its cont5ts into an iron cone heat$ & greas$ ) tall[4 ,/rike ! floor & ! cone "s g5tle bl[s ) a hamm]1 to make ! ,regulus precipitate3 & :5 ! matt] is fix$ & cold1 inv]t ! cone & turn x out4 ,y w see x consi/ ( two di/9ct sub/ances2 ! upp]mo/ ( :i* is a sal9e scoria1 & ! und]mo/ ! regul9e "p4 ,/rike ?is mass a bl[ ) a hamm]1 9 ! place :]e ^! sub/ances jo91 & y w by ?is means sep>ate ! scoria f ! ,regulus2 ! latt] ( :i* w h ! =m ( a metallic cone1 on ^: base y w obs]ve ! signature ( a bright />4 ,,obs]vations4 ,antimony1 ?\gh sep>at$ by a =m] fusion f ! e>?y & /ony p>ts ( its ore1 mu/ nev]!less be /ill consid]$ z an ore1 on acc\nt ( ! great quantity ( ,sulphur x conta9s1 :i* m9]alizes ! metall9e "p or ,regulus4 ,!re=e1 if y desire to h ?is ,regulus pure1 y mu/ sep>ate x f ! ,sulphur t is comb9$ ) x4 ,?is may be done sev]al ways4 ,! me?od above propos$ is "o ( ! readie/ & easie/1 ?\gh n altoge!r free f inconv5i5cies1 z we %all %ew4 ,! ,salt-petre 9 ! mixture detonates by means ( ! ,sulphur ( ! ,antimony1 :i* x consumes1 & f :i* x sep>ates ! regul9e "p3 b le/ x %\ld also consume "s ( ! phlogi/on :i* gives ! ,regulus its metall9e =m1 ,t>t> is add$2 because x conta9s a great deal ( inflammable matt]1 & s is capable ( furni%+ en\gh = ! detonation ( ! ,nitre1 or r = re/or+ to ! metallic e>? ( ! ,antimony1 ! phlogi/on t may be consum$ by ! ,nitre4 ,if we consid] :at passes 9 ?is op]ation we %all soon be conv9c$ t a great deal mu/ be lo/ 9 x1 & t we d n !reby obta9 ne> ! :ole ( ! ,regulus t ! ,antimony is capable ( yield+3 =1 #a4 ! ,regulus ( ,antimony be+ a volatile sub/ance1 mu* ( x mu/ be dissipat$ dur+ ! detonation2 & s mu* ! m z ! detonation is frequ5tly repeat$1 & cont9u$ = a consid]able "t4 ,! fl[]s t may be collect$ by pres5t+ cold bodies to ! smoke t rises 9 ! op]ation1 & :i* may be r$uc$ to a ,regulus by ! addition ( a phlogi/on1 suffici5tly prove :at is "h advanc$4 #b4 ,all ! ,sulphur ( ! ,antimony is n consum$ by ! ,nitre on ?is occasion2 & moreov]1 ! ,acid ( t "p !re( :i* is burnt1 unit+ ) "s ( ! ,alkali produc$ by ! deflagration ( ! ,nitre & ,t>t>1 =ms a ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>1 :i* meet+ ) a suffici5t quantity ( phlogi/on 9 ! mixture produces new ,sulphur4 ,n[ ?is ,sulphur1 :e!r n consum$1 or reproduc$1 9 ! op]ation1 comb9+ ) ! ,alkali =ms a ,liv] ( ,sulphur2 & t dissolves "p ( ! ,regulus1 :i* by ?is means rema9s conf\nd$ ) ! scoria4 ,! pro( ( ?is is1 t1 if ! scoria be mix$ ) fil+s ( iron1 & fus$ a second "t1 y w f9d at ! bottom ( ! crucible a button ( ,regulus1 :i* x conta9$1 & :i* is sep>at$ !refrom by ! int]position ( ! ,iron4 ,we %all say m on ?is subject 9 ! process = mak+ ! ,m>tial ,regulus1 :i* imm$iately foll[s ?is4 ,if1 in/ead ( melt+ ! scoria ) iron fil+s1 we pulv]ize x1 boil x 9 wat]1 & !n p\r an acid into t wat]2 ! liquor w in/antly gr[ turbid1 & a ,sulphure\s ,precipitate w fall1 commonly call$ ! ,gold5 ,sulphur ( ,antimony2 :i* is no?+ else b common ,sulphur /ill comb9$ ) "s p>ticles ( ! ,regulus2 a new pro( ( :at we advanc$ conc]n+ ! production ( ,liv] ( ,sulphur 9 ?is op]ation4 ,z ,regulus ( ,antimony is ( no great value1 ! loss su/a9$ 9 ?is process is seldom reg>d$4 ,h[ev]1 we %all h occasion1 9 ! sequel1 to po9t out a me?od ( obta9+ ?is ,regulus ) less disadvantage4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,regulus ( ,antimony precipitat$ by ,metals4 ,put "o "p ( small iron nails into a crucible1 & set x amid/ burn+ coals1 9 a melt+ furnace4 ,:5 ! iron is ?or\ghly r$-hot1 & beg9s to gr[ :ite1 add !reto little by little1 & at sev]al times1 two p>ts ( crude ,antimony 9 p[d]4 ,! ,antimony w imm$iately fl[ & unite ) ! ,iron4 ,:5 ! ,antimony is entirely melt$1 add !reto1 at sev]al times1 ! f\r? ( its weight ( pulv]iz$ ,nitre3 a detonation w ensue1 & ! :ole mixture w be 9 fusion4 ,aft] y h kept ! matt] 9 ?is condition = "s m9utes1 p\r x into an iron cone1 fir/ heat$ & tall[$4 ,/rike ! sides ( ! cone ) a hamm]1 t ! ,regulus may fall to ! bottom2 &1 :5 all is cold1 sep>ate x f ! scoria by a bl[ ) a hamm]4 ,melt ?is fir/ ,regulus aga9 9 ano!r crucible1 add+ a f\r? "p ( its weight ( crude ,antimony4 ,keep ! crucible close %ut1 & give no m heat ?an is necess>y to melt ! matt]4 ,:5 x is 9 p]fect fusion1 add to x at sev]al times1 z y did be=e1 ! six? "p ( its weight ( pulv]iz$ ,nitre2 &1 9 half a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] ?is1 p\r ! :ole into a cone z y did ! fir/ "t4 ,la/ly1 melt y\r ,regulus ov] aga9 a ?ird1 or ev5 a f\r? "t1 always add+ a little ,nitre1 :i* w detonate z be=e4 ,if aft] all ^! fusions y p\r ! ,regulus into an iron cone1 y w f9d x v beautiful1 & ! /> well =m$3 x w be cov]$ ) a semi-transp>5t1 lemon-col\r$ scoria4 ,?is scoria is extremely acrid & cau/ic4 ,,obs]vations4 ,?\gh ,regulus ( ,antimony unites v readily ) ,sulphur1 & is always f\nd comb9$ !re) 9 ! e>?1 we mu/ n !nce conclude t x ha? a great] aff9ity ?an o!r sub/ances ) t m9]al3 on ! contr>y1 all ! metals1 except ,gold1 h a great] aff9ity ?an ?is ,semi-metal ) ,sulphur4 ,h5ce x foll[s t all ! metals1 except ,gold1 are capable ( decompos+ ,antimony1 & sep>at+ ! sulphure\s "p f ! metall9e2 s t1 in/ead ( employ+ ,iron1 z 9 our process1 ,copp]1 ,lead1 ,t91 or ,silv]1 may be us$1 & a ,regulus obta9$ by means !re(4 ,b z ,iron is1 ( all ! metallic sub/ances1 t :i* ha? ! greate/ aff9ity ) ,sulphur1 x is on ?is occasion pref]r$ to ! re/4 ,& f h5ce two advantages arise3 ! fir/ is1 t ! op]ation is p]=m$ soon] & ) great] ease3 ! second1 t ! ,regulus is pur]1 & conta9s less ( ! precipitat+ metal4 ,= x is a g5]al rule1 t1 :5 "o metallic sub/ance is employ$ to precipitate ano!r1 ! precipitat$ sub/ance is always a little adult]at$ by ! admixture ( "s p>ticles ( ! precipitant4 ,n[1 ! great] aff9ity ! precipitant ha? ) ! matt] unit$ to t :i* is to be precipitat$1 ! less do? ! precipitate reta9 ( ! precipitant4 ,9 ?is process ! ,iron melts v easily by means ( ! union x contracts ) ! ,sulphur2 :i*1 z we obs]v$ be=e1 ha? ! prop]ty ( r5d]+ ?is metal v fusible1 ?\gh ( itself ! mo/ refractory ( all4 ,! scoria f\nd on ! ,regulus ( ! fir/ fusion is a comb9ation ( ,iron ) ! sulphure\s "p ( ! ,antimony4 ,?is scoria is extremely h>d1 & n to be sep>at$ f ! ,regulus )\t "s tr\ble4 ,! ,nitre add$1 be+ alkalizat$ & unit$ !re)1 r5d]s x a little s(t]1 & gives x ! prop]ty ( rel5t+ 9 ! air4 ,any ,alkal9e ,salt may be sub/itut$ = ! ,nitre4 ,! ,nitre t is alkalizat$ 9 ! op]ation1 or ! ,alkali t is add$1 procures moreov] ano!r advantage2 namely1 t1 by unit+ ) "p ( ! ,sulphur ( ! ,antimony1 x produces a ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 :i* dissolves ! ,iron1 reta9s x1 & h9d]s t :i* is n yet comb9$ ) pure ,sulphur f unit+ s readily ) ! ,regulus z x o!rwise w\ld d4 ,la/ly1 ! addition ( ,nitre1 or an ,alkali1 contributes greatly to promote ! fusion1 to r5d] x m p]fect1 & to procure a m complete precipitation ( ! ,regulus4 ,! second fusion :i* ! ,regulus is made to und]go is int5d$ to purify x f any mixture ( ,iron4 ,:5 ! fre% ,antimony add$ on t occasion comes to melt ) ! ,regulus1 ! ,sulphur conta9$ 9 ! ,antimony jo9s ) ! f]rug9\s p>ts 9 ! ,regulus2 & ! ,iron becom+ light] by ?is union is ?r[n up to ! surface ( ! matt]4 ,!re x =ms a sort ( scoria1 ) :i* a good deal ( ,antimony is mix$2 ! ,regulus n be+ :olly precipitat$1 because !re is n ,iron en\gh 9 ! mixture = t purpose4 ,! ,salt-petre add$ "h produces ! same effect z 9 ! fir/ fusion4 ,b if1 on "o h&1 ! ,regulus precipitat$ 9 ! fir/ fusion be purifi$1 by ?is addition ( fre% ,antimony1 f mo/ ( ! ,iron ) :i* x 0 alloy$2 on ! o!r h&1 ?is same ,regulus _c be kept f re-unit+ ) "s sulphure\s p>ts4 ,9 ord] !re=e to sep>ate x entirely f ^!1 x mu/ be melt$ ov] aga9 once or twice m1 & a little ,nitre add$ ea* "t1 to consume !m by deflagration4 ,b ?is _c be done )\t consum+ also "s ( ! v phlogi/on :i* gives ! ,regulus its metall9e =m3 :5ce x comes to pass t "p ( ! ,regulus is conv]t$ to a calx1 :i*1 by means ( ! alkalizat$ ,nitre1 is turn$ into glass2 & x is ?is glass :i* mix+ ) ! scoria gives x ! yell[ col\r obs]v$ !re94 ,?is yell[ col\r may also be 9 "p produc$ by "s f]rug9\s p>ticles1 ( :i* a small quantity always rema9s comb9$ ) ! ,regulus1 not)/&+ its =m] depuration by ,antimony4 ,x is ( no use to repeat ! fusions ( ! ,regulus (t5] ?an is above propos$1 or to add fre% ,nitre ) a view to consume ! ,sulphur x may /ill conta93 = aft] ! second fusion x conta9s none at all1 & reta9s only ! phlogi/on necess>y to give x ! metall9e =m4 ,s t1 by prosecut+ ! matt] fur!r1 y w\ld only calc9e & de/roy ! ,regulus to no mann] ( purpose4 ,f :at ha? be5 said x is pla9 t1 ev5 by ?is process1 we d n obta9 all ! ,regulus :i* our ,antimony is capable ( yield+2 see+ "p ( x is de/roy$ by ! fusions x mu/ necess>ily und]go ) ,nitre1 9 ord] to its purification4 ,we %all give a process = obta9+ f ,antimony ! greate/ quantity ( ,regulus x c possibly be made to yield1 aft] we h treat$ ( its ,calc9ation1 :i* is 9 "s sort ! fir/ /ep ( t process4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,! ,calc9ation ( ,antimony4 ,take an unglaz$ e>!n vessel1 wid] at top ?an at bottom2 put into x two or ?ree ounces ( crude ,antimony f9ely pulv]iz$4 ,set ?is vessel ov] a weak *>coal fire1 & increase ! heat till y see ! ,antimony beg9 to smoke a little4 ,cont9ue ! fire 9 ?is degree1 & keep incessantly /irr+ ! ,antimony ) ! %ank ( a tobacco-pipe all ! :ile x is ^u ! fire4 ,! p[d] ( ,antimony1 :i*1 be=e calc9ation1 0 ( a brilliant col\r incl9+ to black1 w become dull1 & look l an e>?4 ,:5 x comes to h ?is appe>ance raise y\r fire till ! vessel be r$-hot1 & keep x up 9 ?is degree till ! matt] cease entirely to smoke4 ,,obs]vations4 ,antimony1 z ha? be5 already said1 is a sort ( ore consi/+ ( a metall9e or regul9e "p m9]aliz$ by ,sulphur4 ,! design ( ?is calc9ation is1 by ! action ( fire1 to dissipate ! sulphure\s "p1 :i* is ! mo/ volatile1 9 ord] to sep>ate x f ! metall9e "p4 ,x is evid5tly a real torrefaction2 b ! op]ation is v difficult1 & requires a good deal ( att5tion2 = ,antimony v easily melts1 :ile at ! same "t x is necess>y to our success t x d n melt2 because :5 ! matt] is 9 fusion ! ,sulphur requires a mu* great] degree ( heat to c>ry x (f4 ,n[1 z ,regulus ( ,antimony itself is v volatile1 a good deal ( x w\ld be dissipat$ along ) ! ,sulphur1 if x 7 expos$ to ! degree ( heat necess>y to c>ry (f ! ,sulphur :5 ! mass is melt$4 ,!re=e if x happ5 t ! ,antimony beg9 to melt dur+ ! calc9ation1 :i* is easily p]ceiv$ by its runn+ into clots1 x mu/ be tak5 (f ! fire1 & ! clott$ p>ts be aga9 pulv]iz$2 aft] :i* ! calc9ation is to be prosecut$ ) a less degree ( heat4 ,:5 ! ,antimony has lo/ all its brightness1 & is become l an e>?1 x is "t to augm5t ! degree ( heat1 9 ord] to complete ! calc9ation2 because ! la/ portions ( ! ,sulphur are ! mo/ difficult to raise4 ,moreov]1 ! inconv5i5ces j m5tion$ are n n[ to be appreh5d$3 =1 z ! great fusibility ( ! regul9e "p is ow+ to ! ,sulphur1 :at rema9s1 aft] y h dissipat$ ! greate/ "p ( ! ,sulphur1 is mu* less fusible2 &1 z ! r$undant ,sulphur ( ! ,antimony _c be driv5 (f1 )\t dissipat+ at ! same "t a good deal ( ! phlogi/on necess>y to metallize its ,regulus1 ! matt] t rema9s comes mu* ne>] to ! nature ( a calx1 ?an to t ( a metall9e sub/ance2 & consequ5tly p>takes ( ! nature ( all metallic calces1 :i* is to be v fix$4 ,antimony may also be calc9$ by mix+ ) t m9]al an equal quantity ( *>coal-du/4 ,z *>coal is incapable ( fusion1 x prev5ts ! ,antimony f clott+1 z well z f los+ s mu* ( its metalliz+ phlogi/on z x o!rwise w\ld3 & h5ce x comes to pass t ! calx ( ,antimony1 prep>$ 9 ?is mann]1 comes ne>] to ! nature ( a ,regulus1 ?an t :i* is prep>$ )\t addition4 ,if y happ5 to raise ! fire too mu*1 9 ?is calc9ation ) *>coal-du/1 ! calx w be p>tly r$uc$ to a ,regulus1 by means ( ! phlogi/on :i* ! *>coal furni%es2 & !n ! ,regulus w be dissipat$ 9 vap\rs1 especially z ?is calx1 :i* comes v ne> ! nature ( a ,regulus1 is n s fix$ z t prep>$ )\t addition4 ,= ?is reason x always cont9ues to smoke1 ev5 :5 x conta9s no sup]flu\s ,sulphur3 & !re=e y mu/ n wait till x cease to smoke be=e y put an end to y\r calc9ation2 = y w lose a great deal ( x 9 vap\rs4 ,x is "t to /op :5 ! vap\rs t rise f x1 :ile x is mod]ately r$1 d n smell ( burn+ ,sulphur4 ,,process ,v4 ,calx ( ,antimony r$uc$ to a ,regulus4 ,mix ! calx ( ,antimony1 :i* y int5d to r$uce1 ) an equal quantity ( black soap4 ,?is mixture w make a ?9 pa/e4 ,put x little by little into a crucible1 previ\sly made r$-hot amid/ live coals4 ,?us let ! soap burn till x cease to emit any oily smoke4 ,!n cov] ! crucible2 make ! fire /rong en\gh to melt ! matt]1 & y w he> x eff]vesce & boil4 ,:5 ?is noise is ov] let ! crucible cool1 & !n break x3 y w f9d 9 x a beautiful scoria1 m>k$ ) circles ( sev]al col\rs2 & "u t a button ( ,regulus1 :i* is n yet q pure1 & mu/ be purifi$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,p\nd ?is ,regulus1 & mix x ) half its weight ( an antimonial calx z p]fectly desulphurat$ z possible4 ,put x into a crucible1 & cov] x3 melt ! :ole1 s t ! surface ( ! melt$ matt] may be smoo? & uni=m4 ,let ! crucible cool1 & !n break x3 y w f9d 9 x a beautiful button ( v pure ,regulus1 cov]$ ) a scoria hav+ ! appe>ance ( an opaque glass1 or a k9d ( greyi% enamel1 m\ld$ on ! f9ely radiat$ surface ( ! ,regulus4 ,,obs]vations4 ,( all ! metall9e calces t ( ,antimony is mo/ easily r$uc$4 ,any matt] t conta9s ! phlogi/on1 ev5 *>coal-du/ alone1 is suffici5t to procure x ! =m ( a ,regulus1 )\t ! addition ( any ?+ to facilitate its fusion2 because ?is calx1 :i* is n ( itself altoge!r refractory1 becomes /ill m fusible z x comb9es ) ! phlogi/on1 & approa*es to ! regul9e /ate4 ,?\gh all inflammable matt]s are capable ( procur+ ! r$uction ( ! calx ( ,antimony1 yet !re are "s ) :i* ! op]ation succe$s bett]1 & produces a great] quantity ( ,regulus1 ?an x does ) o!rs4 ,fatty matt]s1 jo9$ ) ,alkalis1 are ^? :i* answ] be/ 9 ?is r$uction1 z !y d 9 mo/ o!rs4 ,! black flux1 = in/ance1 is v prop] = ?is purpose3 b ,mr4 ,ge(froy1 :o made _m exp]im5ts on ,antimony1 f\nd by repeat$ trials t black soap is /ill fitt] = x1 & t a great] quantity ( ,regulus 0 obta9$ by its means1 ?an by any o!r r$uc+ flux :atev]4 ,! process "h giv5 is tak5 f "o ( ! ,memoirs on ?is subject1 :i* he laid be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,black soap is made ( ! lye ( a ,fix$ ,alkali1 su* z pota% = in/ance1 ) quick-lime1 incorporat$ by boil+ ) oil ( l9t-se$1 rape-se$1 or hemp-se$1 & sometimes also ) animal fat4 ,! oily matt]s1 conta9$ 9 ?is r$uc+ flux1 are fir/ burnt & *>r$ to a coal 9 ! crucible4 ,z soon z !y are br\ght to ?is /ate1 ! crucible is cov]$1 & ! fire is increas$1 till ! matt]s melt4 ,at t in/ant ! r$uction beg9s to take place2 & ! bubbl+ noise obs]v$ is an effect !re(4 ,! ,regulus obta9$ by ?is fir/ fusion is n yet v pure1 be+ adult]at$ ) ! mixture ( "s unmetallic e>? t 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,antimony1 & ) a portion ( ! calc>i\s e>? ( ! soap4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy f\nd t 8 ,regulus 0 contam9at$ ) ?is sub/ance1 by putt+ x into wat]3 = on t occasion he obs]v$ a v brisk ebullition ab\t ! regul9e buttons1 :i* sometimes la/$ above f\r & tw5ty h\rs2 & on exam9+ !m ) a glass1 he discov]$ "s little holes1 imp]ceptible to ! nak$ eye1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] ent]$1 to unite ) ! lime reta9$ 9 ! int]nal p>ts ( ! ,regulus1 :i* hav+ be5 recalc9$ 9 ! op]ation requir$ to be slak$4 ,?is ,regulus may be purifi$ by simple fusion1 )\t any additam5t1 because ! p>ticles ( lime1 be+ light] ?an ^? ( ! ,regulus1 w be ?r[n up to ! surface1 on :i* !y w =m a sort ( scoria4 ,b ,mr4 ,ge(froy took notice t1 9 ?is case1 ! surface ( ! ,regulus is nev] v neat2 t x is always sulli$ ) a v adhesive scoria1 & t no /> is =m$ ^u x4 ,besides1 ! ,regulus mu/ be kept a long :ile 9 v ?9 fusion1 t ! het]og5e\s matt]s1 :i* h9d] ! p]fect re-union ( its p>ts1 may h "t to rise to ! surface by _! lightness4 ,b ! long] ! ,regulus is kept 9 fusion1 ! m ( x evaporates1 because ( its volatility4 ,he 0 !re=e oblig$ to h rec\rse to o!r means4 ,we h 9 ! process describ$ ! me?od :i* succe$$ be/ ) ,mr4 ,ge(froy4 ,x consi/s 9 melt+ ! ,regulus ov] aga91 ) ! addition ( a little fre% calx ( ,antimony ?or\ghly fre$ f its ,sulphur4 ,?is calx be+ 9 its nature easily vitrifiable1 & comb9+ ) ! e>?y p>ts t deprave ! ,regulus1 & :i* _c be vitrifi$ )\t addition1 scorifies ^! matt]s1 & ) !m =ms ! opaque glass1 or k9d ( enamel :i* is f\nd ov] ! ,regulus purifi$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! /> on t "p ( ! ,regulus ( ,antimony1 :i* 0 contigu\s to ! scoria1 is a m>k ( its purity1 & a pro( t ! op]ation 0 well p]=m$4 ,?is /> is no?+ b a p>ticul> disposition ( ! p>ts ( ! ,antimony1 :i* h ! prop]ty ( runn+ naturally into facets & ne$les4 ,! p]fect fusion1 bo? ( ! ,regulus & ! scoria t cov]s x1 leaves ! p>ts ( ! ,regulus at lib]ty to range !mselves 9 ?is ord]4 ,?is disposition appe>s n only on ! upp] surface ( ! ,regulus1 b1 if y break ! button1 y f9d ! same 9 its int]nal p>ts4 ,!re are "s r\nd pyrites ^: insides h ne>ly ! same appe>ance1 & seem to consi/ ( rays issu+ f a common c5t]4 ,! quantity ( ,regulus obta9$ by ,mr4 ,ge(froy's process is m ?an d\ble ( :at is procur$ 9 ! common way1 :i* yields b ab\t f\r ounces 9 ! p\nd2 :]eas ?is gives f eight to t5 ounces4 ,:5 ,antimony is calc9$ ) *>coal-du/1 :at rema9s aft] ! dissipation ( all ! ,sulphur is n1 prop]ly speak+1 a calx ( ,antimony2 b a sort ( ,regulus q =m$1 & diff]+ f ! common ,regulus only 9 t its p>ts are disunit$1 & n collect$ into a mass4 ,= if ?is pret5d$ calx ( ,antimony be melt$1 x directly coalesces into a ,regulus1 )\t ! addition ( any inflammable matt] fit to procure its r$uction4 ,inde$ less ,regulus is obta9$ by ?is means ?an :5 a r$uctive is add$3 b nev]!less ?is exp]im5t /ill proves :at ,i advanc$2 see+ ,regulus ( ,antimony _c be melt$ )\t los+ m or less !re(1 ei!r because "s ( x is dissipat$ 9 vap\rs1 or because "p ( x loses its phlogi/on 9 ! fusion1 & s is conv]t$ into a calx4 ,,process ,,vi4 ,antimony calc9$ ) ,nitre4 ,liv] ( ,antimony4 ,crocus ,metallorum4 ,pulv]ize & mix p]fectly toge!r equal p>ts ( ,nitre & ,antimony3 put ! mixture into an iron mort>1 & cov] x ) a tile1 :i* h[ev] mu/ n %ut x q close4 ,) a live coal set fire to ! matt] 9 ! mort>1 & imm$iately )draw x4 ,! mixture w flame1 ) great detonation2 :i* be+ ov]1 & ! mort> cool$1 inv]t x1 & /rike its bottom to make all ! matt] fall out4 ,!n1 by a bl[ ) a hamm]1 sep>ate ! scoria f ! %9+ "p1 :i* is ! ,liv] ( ,antimony4 ,,obs]vations4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! ,nitre takes fire & detonates ) ! ,sulphur ( ! ,antimony2 & no?+ rema9s b ! metallic e>? ( ! m9]al1 :i*1 meet+ ) no sub/ance to re/ore its phlogi/on1 _c take ! =m ( a ,regulus2 b1 be+ comb9$ ) a l>ge quantity ( fus$ sal9e matt]s1 beg9s itself to fl[1 & =ms a sort ( vitrification2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n a complete "o1 because ! matt]s d n cont9ue long en\gh 9 fusion1 b cool too soon4 ,?is prep>ation ( ,antimony is a viol5t ,emetic4 ,x is us$ to make ,emetic ,w9e & ,t>t> ,emetic3 x is also giv5 9 sub/ance to horses4 ,! sal9e matt]s f\nd aft] ! op]ation 9 ! =m ( a scoria1 or p]haps conf\nd$ ) ! ,liv] ( ,antimony1 are comb9ations ( ,fix$ ,nitre1 p>tly ) ! ,acid ( ! burnt ,sulphur1 =m+ a ,neutral ,salt ( ! same k9d z ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>1 & p>tly ) "s unburnt ,sulphur1 =m+ a sort ( ,liv] ( ,sulphur t conta9s a little ,regulus4 ,x is usual to pulv]ize ?is ,liv] ( ,antimony & wa% x ) wat]1 9 ord] to dissolve & c>ry (f all ! ,salts4 ,:5 ?us pulv]iz$ & wa%$ x is call$ ,crocus ,metallorum4 ,if ,liv] ( ,antimony be melt$ ) any inflammable matt]1 x w be r$uc$ to a ,regulus2 because x is no?+ b a metall9e calx half vitrifi$4 ,,process ,,vii4 ,ano!r ,calc9ation ( ,antimony ) ,nitre4 ,diaphoretic ,antimony4 ,mat]ia ,p]lata4 ,clyssus ( ,antimony4 ,mix "o "p ( ,antimony ) ?ree p>ts ( ,nitre2 project ?is mixture by spoonfuls into a crucible kept r$-hot 9 a furnace4 ,ea* projection w be att5d$ ) a detonation4 ,cont9ue do+ ?is till y h us$ all y\r mixture3 !n raise ! fire1 & keep x up = two h\rs2 aft] :i* ?r[ y\r matt] into a pan full ( hot wat]4 ,let x lie /eep+ 9 wat] kept hot = a :ole day4 ,!n p\r (f ! liquor3 wa% ! :ite p[d] y f9d at bottom 9 w>m wat]2 & repeat ! ablutions till ! p[d] become insipid4 ,dry x1 & y h ,diaphoretic ,antimony4 ,,obs]vations4 ,?is op]ation diff]s f ! prec$+ "o1 9 respect ( ! quantity ( ,nitre deflagrat$ ) ! ,antimony4 ,9 ! =m] we add$ "o "p only ( ,nitre to "o "p ( ,antimony2 b 9 ?is ?ree p>ts ( ,nitre are put to "o ( ! m9]al2 & ! calx result+ f ?is mixture is ( c\rse v diff]5t f ! o!r4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,liv] ( ,antimony ha? a r$di% col\r2 :]eas ,diaphoretic ,antimony is v :ite4 ,secondly1 ,liv] ( ,antimony is 9 a mann] half vitrifi$2 ,diaphoretic ,antimony is1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! =m ( a p[d]1 ! p>ts ( :i* h no connection toge!r4 ,! reason ( ^! diff]5ces w easily appe>1 if we consid]1 t1 ,liv] ( ,antimony be+ ! result ( calc9ation ) "o "p ( ! ,nitre only1 :i* is n suffici5t to consume all ! ,sulphur ( ! m9]al1 :at rema9s aft] ! detonation is n entirely depriv$ ( its phlogi/on2 f :5ce arise ! col\r x reta9s & ! ease ) :i* x fl[s 9 ! fire3 b t1 :5 ?ree p>ts ( ,nitre are add$ in/ead ( "o1 ?is quantity is n only suffici5t to consume all ! ,sulphur & ! phlogi/on ( ! ,antimony1 b ev5 m ?an en\gh2 see+ t1 aft] ! op]ation1 "s ,nitre is /ill f\nd undecompos$4 ,! calx ( ,antimony1 prep>$ by calc9+ x ) ?ree p>ts ( ,nitre1 is !re=e depriv$ ( all its phlogi/on4 ,?is is ! cause ( its :it5ess1 & ! reason :y x is n half vitrifi$ by ! op]ation1 z ,liv] ( ,antimony is3 = we "k t ! m a metallic calx is depriv$ ( its phlogi/on1 ! less fusible & ! less vitrifiable x is4 ,?is calx ( ,antimony be>s ! "n ( ,diaphoretic ,antimony1 or ,diaphoretic ,m9]al3 because1 be+ nei!r emetic nor purgative1 x is ?\ght to h ! virtue ( promot+ p]spiration4 ,antimony may be calc9$ ) v>i\s proportions ( ,nitre1 betwe5 t us$ to make ,liv] ( ,antimony1 & ?is ) :i* ,diaphoretic ,antimony is prep>$2 & f ^! calc9ations w result calces possess$ ( prop]ties bo? *ymical & m$ical1 ( an int]m$iate nature betwe5 ! extremes ( ^? two prep>ations4 ,! ne>] ! proportion ( ,nitre comes to t employ$ 9 prep>+ ,liv] ( ,antimony1 ! m w ! result+ calx resemble t prep>ation2 & 9 ! same mann]1 a calx prep>$ ) a great] proportion ( ,nitre w s mu* ! m resemble ,diaphoretic ,antimony1 z ! proportion ( ,nitre us$ comes ne>] ?ree p>ts ( ,nitre = "o ( ,antimony4 ,x is n necess>y t ,antimony 9 sub/ance be employ$ to make ! ,diaphoretic ,m9]al3 y may1 if y please1 make use ( its ,regulus4 ,b z ! ,regulus conta9s no ,sulphur1 nor any m phlogi/on ?an is requisite to secure its metall9e =m1 x is ne$less to put ?ree p>ts ( ,nitre to "o ( ,regulus2 an equal quantity !re( be+ suffici5t4 ,! matt] is project$ by spoonfuls1 to ! end t1 by gradual & repeat$ detonations1 ! ,antimony may be m p]fectly calc9$3 x is also ) a view to de/roy entirely ! small rema9d] ( phlogi/on1 :i* may h escap$ ! action ( ! ,nitre1 t ! matt] is kept r$-hot 9 ! crucible = two h\rs4 ,! :ole is aft]w>ds ?r[n into hot wat]1 & left /eep+ !re9 = sev]al h\rs1 ) design to give ! wat] "t to dissolve all ! sal9e matt]s t are mix$ ) ! ,diaphoretic ,calx4 ,:5 crude ,antimony is us$ 9 mak+ ?is prep>ation1 ^! sal9e matt]s are1 #a4 an ,alkalizat$ ,nitre2 #b4 a ,neutral ,salt =m$ by ! union ( ! ,acid ( ,sulphur ) "p ( t ,alkali1 z 9 ! prep>ation ( ,liv] ( ,antimony2 #c4 a portion ( undecompos$ ,nitre4 ,! wat] 9 :i* ! ,diaphoretic is wa%$ takes up moreov] a portion ( ! calx ( ,antimony1 :i* is exce$+ f9ely att5uat$1 & cont9ues unit$ ) ! fix$ ,nitre1 & susp5d$ !re) 9 ! liquor4 ,?is matt] is to be sep>at$ f ! ,fix$ ,nitre1 by mix+ ! wat] :]e9 x is dissolv$ ) an ,acid1 :i* unites ) ! ,alkali1 & precipitates ?is matt] 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]1 to :i* ! "n ( ,mat]ia ,p]lata ha? be5 giv54 ,because x is precipitat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! ,gold5 ,sulphur ( ,antimony1 &1 l t1 is f\nd 9 ! wat] ) :i* ! sal9e matt]s are wa%$ out1 aft] ! detonation ( ,nitre ) ,antimony1 "s ,*ymi/s h giv5 x1 ?\gh v improp]ly1 ! "n ( ! ,fix$ ,sulphur ( ,antimony4 ,?is matt] is a true ,calx ( ,antimony1 & diff]s f ,diaphoretic ,antimony 9 no?+ b its be+ /ill m p]fectly calc9$4 ,x is s inde$ to su* a degree t x is impossible to re/ore its metall9e =m1 or r$uce x to a ,regulus1 by ! addition ( an inflammable matt]4 ,diaphoretic ,antimony1 on ! contr>y1 may be re-metalliz$1 by supply+ x ) phlogi/on3 b x mu/ be obs]v$ t1 9 :atev] mann] y g ab\t ?is1 y w obta9 a mu* small] quantity ( ,regulus1 ?an :5 y use a ,calx ( ,antimony prep>$ ) a small] quantity ( ,nitre4 ,if y attempt to r$uce ei!r ,liv] ( ,antimony or ,diaphoretic ,antimony1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to wa% !m ?or\ghly1 9 ord] to free !m f e ?+ sal9e3 =1 )\t ?is precaution1 ! ,acid ( ! ,sulphur1 hav+1 z 0 obs]v$1 =m$ a ,neutral ,salt ) ! ,alkali ( ! ,nitre1 w comb9e ) ! inflammable matt] add$ to revivify ! calx ( ,antimony & reproduce a ,sulphur2 :i*1 unit+ aft]w>ds ) ! same ,alkali1 w produce a ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 t w dissolve "p ( ! ,regulus1 h9d] its precipitation1 & greatly less5 ! quantity :i* might o!rwise be expect$4 ,a p>ticul> sort ( ,diaphoretic ,antimony is sometimes prep>$ = ,m$ical uses1 :i* ha? a purgative quality3 x is n wa%$ at all1 & is !re=e call$ ,unwa%$ ,diaphoretic ,m9]al4 ,diaphoretic ,antimony may also be prep>$ 9 close vessels1 by means ( :i* ! vap\rs t rise dur+ ! op]ation are reta9$4 ,= ?is purpose a tubulat$ retort is employ$1 hav+ a s]ies ( adopt]s fitt$ to x4 ,! retort is plac$ 9 a furnace1 & heat$ till its bottom become r$3 !n a v small quantity ( ! mixture1 = mak+ ,diaphoretic ,antimony1 is introduc$ ?r\gh ! tube 9 ! upp] "p ( ! retort1 & ! tube imm$iately /opp$4 ,a detonation ensues1 & ! vap\rs exp& !mselves into ! adopt]s1 :]e !y cond5se4 ,?is is repeat$ till ! int5d$ quantity ( matt] be us$4 ,aft] ! op]ation "s :ite fl[]s are f\nd sublim$ 9 ! neck ( ! retort1 & a small quantity ( liquor 9 ! recipi5ts4 ,?is liquor is acid4 ,x consi/s ( "s ( ! ,acid ( ! ,nitre1 :i* ! ,acid ( ! ,sulphur ha? expell$ f its basis1 & also a little ( ! ,acid ( ! ,sulphur c>ri$ up by ! heat be=e x c\ld comb9e ) ! basis ( ! ,nitre4 ,?is liquor is call$ ,clyssus ( ,antimony4 ,! "n ( ,clyssus is giv5 to all liquors 9 g5]al t are prep>$ by ?is me?od4 ,! :ite fl[]s f\nd 9 ! neck ( ! retort are fl[]s ( ,antimony2 t is1 a calx ( ,antimony =c$ up by ! heat1 & by ! impetus ( ! detonation4 ,^! fl[]s may be r$uc$ to a ,regulus4 ,:at rema9s 9 ! retort is ! same ) ! matt] t rema9s 9 ! crucible1 :]e9 ! mixture ( ,nitre & ,antimony = mak+ ,diaphoretic ,antimony ha? be5 deflagrat$4 ,nei!r ,diaphoretic ,antimony nor ! ,pe>ly matt] are soluble 9 any ,acid4 ,,process ,,viii4 ,calx ( ,antimony ,vitrifi$4 ,take any quantity y please ( calx ( ,antimony1 made )\t addition2 put x into a good crucible1 :i* set 9 a melt+ furnace3 k9dle ! fire gradually1 & leave ! crucible uncov]$ at ! beg9n+4 ,a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] ! matt] is r$-hot1 cov] ! crucible1 & excite ! fire vigor\sly till ! calx melt4 ,y may "k :5 x is ?or\ghly melt$1 by dipp+ into ! crucible an iron wire1 to ! end ( :i* a little knob ( glass w adh]e1 if ! matt] be 9 p]fect fusion4 ,keep x 9 fusion = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 or r long] if y\r crucible c be> x4 ,!n take x out ( ! furnace1 & imm$iately p\r out ! melt$ matt] on a smoo? /one1 made v hot = ! purpose3 x w pres5tly fix into a yell[ ,glass4 ,,obs]vations4 ,all ! calces ( ,antimony1 :5 expos$ to a viol5t fire1 are conv]t$ into ,glass2 b n all ) ! same facility4 ,9 g5]al1 ! m ( _! phlogi/on !y h lo/ 9 ! calc9ation1 ! m difficult is _! vitrification4 ,?is causes also a diff]5ce 9 ! col\r ( ! ,glass2 :i* w be ( s mu* a deep] yell[1 & ! ne>] to a r$1 ! less ! ,antimony 0 calc9$4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 :5 we employ a calx ( ,antimony :i* is n suffici5tly depriv$ ( its phlogi/on1 t we f9d 9 ! crucible a button ( ,regulus1 :i*1 be+ heavi] ?an ! ,glass1 always lies at ! bottom4 ,) a view to avoid ?is inconv5i5ce1 & to dissipate completely ! excess ( phlogi/on t may /ill be left 9 ! calx ( ,antimony1 we direct ! crucible to be left uncov]$ = "s "t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation4 ,if1 not)/&+ ?is precaution1 any ,regulus be /ill f\nd at ! bottom ( ! crucible1 & y resolve to vitrify x1 ! crucible mu/ be return$ to ! furnace1 & ! fusion cont9u$2 by :i* means ! ,regulus w at la/ be conv]t$ into ,glass4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 y meet ) any difficulty 9 effect+ ! vitrification1 on acc\nt ( y\r hav+ employ$ a calx t ha? lo/ too mu* ( its phlogi/on1 su* z ,diaphoretic ,antimony1 or ! ,pe>ly matt]1 ! fusion may be greatly facilitat$ by ?r[+ into ! crucible a little crude ,antimony4 ,glass ( ,antimony is a mo/ viol5t emetic4 ,?is ,glass1 z well z ,liv] ( ,antimony1 is employ$ 9 prep>+ ,emetic ,w9e & ,emetic ,t>t>4 ,x may be resuscitat$1 l ! calces ( ,antimony1 into a ,regulus1 by re-unit+ x ) a phlogi/on4 ,= ?is purpose x mu/ be f9ely pulv]iz$1 ?or\ghly mix$ ) "s black flux1 & melt$ 9 a cov]$ crucible4 ,?is ,glass1 z well z t ( ,lead1 ha? ! prop]ty ( greatly promot+ ! vitrification ( matt]s t are to be scorifi$4 ,,process ,,ix4 ,k]mes ,m9]al4 ,break any quantity y w ( ,hung>ian ,antimony into little bits3 put x into a good e>!n c(fee-pot3 p\r on x twice its weight ( ra9-wat]1 & a f\r? "p ( its weight ( well filt]$ liquor ( ,nitre fix$ by *>coal4 ,boil ! :ole briskly = two h\rs1 & !n filt] ! liquor4 ,z x cools x w acquire a r$ col\r1 gr[ turbid1 & leave a r$ p[d] on ! filt]4 ,return y\r ,antimony into ! c(fee-pot4 ,p\r on x z mu* ra9-wat] z be=e1 & ?ree f\r?s ( ! =m] quantity ( ! liquor ( ,fix$ ,nitre4 ,boil x aga9 = two h\rs1 & !n filt] ! liquor4 ,x w aga9 deposite a r$ s$im5t4 ,return y\r ,antimony into ! c(fee-pot3 p\r on x ! same quantity ( ra9-wat]1 & half ! fir/ quantity ( ! liquor ( ,fix$ ,nitre4 ,boil x aga9 = two h\rs1 & !n filt] ! liquor z =m]ly4 ,wa% all ^! s$im5ts ) w>m wat]1 till !y become insipid2 !n dry !m1 & y h ! ,k]mes ,m9]al4 ,,obs]vations4 ,if y recollect :at we said conc]n+ ! prop]ty :i* ,fix$ ,alkalis possess ( unit+ ) ,sulphur1 bo? by fusion1 &1 :5 ^? ,salts are resolv$ into a liquor1 by boil+1 & ( =m+ !re) a ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 :i* dissolves all metall9e sub/ances1 y w readily compreh5d ! nature ( ?is ,k]mes4 ,antimony consi/s ( a sulphure\s & a regul9e "p4 ,!re=e1 if ?is m9]al be boil$ 9 a solution ( a ,fix$ ,alkali1 su* z ,nitre fix$ by *>coal1 ! ,alkali w dissolve ! ,sulphur ( ! ,antimony1 & =m !re) a ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 :i*1 9 its turn1 w dissolve ! regul9e "p4 ,n[1 ,k]mes ,m9]al1 prep>$ z above direct$1 is no o!r ?an a ,liv] ( ,sulphur comb9$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( ,regulus ( ,antimony4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy ha? set ?is tru? 9 ! cle>e/ light1 by 8 accurate analysis ( ! ,k]mes ,m9]al4 ,! exp]im5ts he made on t subject are circum/antially relat$ 9 sev]al ,memoirs pr9t$ 9 ! volumes ( ! ,academy = #agcd & #agce4 ,by comb9+ ,acids ) ! ,k]mes he demon/rat$1 #a4 ! exi/5ce ( ,sulphur 9 ?is comp\nd2 hav+ sep>at$ f x a burn+ ,sulphur1 :i* _c be mi/ak5 = any o!r ?an ! ,sulphur ( ,antimony4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ?is ,sulphur pure1 an ,acid mu/ be employ$ t w n only absorb ! ,alkali1 b also p]fectly dissolve ! regul9e "p t might o!rwise rema9 unit$ ) ! ,sulphur4 ,aqua regia 0 ! ,acid :i* succe$$ be/ ) ,mr4 ,ge(froy4 #b4 ,he also prov$ t !re is a ,fix$ ,alkali 9 ! composition ( ! ,k]mes2 see+ ! ,acids ) :i* he precipitat$ ! ,sulphur became ,neutral ,salts1 & j su* z ^? v ,acids comb9$ ) a ,fix$ ,alkali w\ld h con/itut$3 t is1 ! ,vitriolic ,acid produc$ a ,sal de duobus2 ! ,nitr\s ,acid a reg5]at$ ,nitre2 & ! ,m>9e ,acid a reg5]at$ ,sea-salt4 #c4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy demon/rat$ ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony to be an +r$i5t 9 ! ,k]mes2 hav+ procur$ !refrom an actual ,regulus ( ,antimony1 by fus+ x ) ! black flux4 ,9 prep>+ ! ,k]mes x is necess>y to r5ew ! liquor f "t to "t1 z above direct$2 because1 :5 x is once impregnat$ ) ,k]mes to a c]ta9 degree1 x c take up no m2 & consequ5tly ! same liquor _c op]ate aga9 on ! ,antimony4 ,exp]i5ce ha? %ewn1 t1 if ! doses above prescrib$ be appli$1 ! liquor w aft] two h\rs boil+ be suffici5tly saturat$ ) ,k]mes4 ,if ! liquor 9 :i* ! ,k]mes is dissolv$ be filt]$ :ile x is v hot1 & almo/ boil+1 x leaves no?+ on ! filt]2 ! ,k]mes pass+ ?r\gh ) x3 b z x cools x gr[s turbid1 & gradually deposites ! ,k]mes4 ,!re=e x ought n to be filt]$ till x be cold2 or1 if x be filt]$ :ile x is boil+ hot1 9 ord] to sep>ate f x "s co>se p>ticles ( ,antimony n yet conv]t$ into ,k]mes1 x mu/ be filt]$ a second "t :5 x is cold1 9 ord] to get ! ,k]mes4 ,?\gh 9 ! me?od usually practis$ = mak+ ,k]mes1 ! ,antimony is boil$ only ?rice1 yet x does n foll[ t m ,k]mes may n be obta9$ f x1 or t b little m w\ld be obta9$ by a f\r? & fif? boil+2 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld yield consid]ably m4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy obs]v$1 t he got m ,k]mes by ! second boil+ ?an by ! fir/1 & /ill m by ! ?ird ?an by ! second2 & t ! yield goes on increas+ 9 ?is mann] to a v great numb] ( times1 :i* he ha? n det]m9$4 ,?is increas$ effect arises f h5ce1 t by multiply+ ! frictions ( ! little bits ( ,antimony aga9/ ea* o!r1 new surfaces are expos$ to ! action ( ! ,alkal9e liquor1 & furni% x ) m ,sulphur2 :ile ! addition ( ?is sulphur r5d]s ! hep> m active & m p5etrat+2 or1 if y please1 produces a new hep> e "t ! matt]s are boil$4 ,:5 ! ,alkal9e liquor is once saturat$ ) ,k]mes1 x ceases to act1 & =ms no new hep>2 b x does n foll[ t its virtue is q exhau/$4 ,to re/ore its ability ( act+ z well z at fir/1 or ne>ly s1 y ne$ only let x cool1 & deposite ! ,k]mes dissolv$ 9 x4 ,we owe ?is s+ul> obs]vation also to ,mr4 ,ge(froy3 he _h ! pati5ce to g ?r\gh no less ?an ?reescore & t5 boil+s ) ! same liquor1 )\t add+ any ?+ b ra9 wat]1 to supply ! place ( :at 0 dissipat$ by evaporation3 & he always obta9$ a pretty consid]able quantity ( ,k]mes by ea* boil+1 = ! reason giv5 above4 ,boil+ is n ! only means ( mak+ ,k]mes4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy f\nd ! way ( mak+ x by fusion4 ,= ?is purpose y mu/ mix accurately "o "p ( v pure ,fix$ ,alkali1 dri$ & pulv]iz$1 ) two p>ts ( ,hung>ian ,antimony also pulv]iz$1 & melt ! mixture4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy made use ( a retort4 ,:5 ! mass is melt$1 x mu/ aga9 be pulv]iz$1 :ile x is /ill hot1 & !n put into1 & kept 91 boil+ hot wat] = an h\r or two2 aft] :i* ! liquor1 n[ become sal9e & antimonial1 mu/ be filt]$ into ano!r vessel fill$ ) boil+ wat]4 ,e ounce ( ,antimony treat$ 9 ?is mann] yields1 by ?rice boil+ ! melt$ mass1 f six drams to six drams & a half ( ,k]mes2 :i* diff]s f ! ,k]mes made by boil+1 only 9 t x is n q s s(t to ! t\*1 hav+ 9 e o!r respect ! same qualities4 ,z ,liv] ( ,sulphur is made two diff]5t ways1 to wit1 by boil+ & by fusion1 & z ! ,k]mes is no?+ b a ,liv] ( ,sulphur 9 :i* ! regul9e "p is dissolv$2 x foll[s t ,k]mes may be made by fusion z well z by boil+4 ,x is necess>y to pulv]ize ! melt$ mass1 & to /eep x 9 boil+ hot wat] = an h\r or two1 t ! wat] may dissolve & divide x suffici5tly to make ! ,k]mes f9e & beautiful4 ,) ! same view1 t is1 to make x f9] & m p]fect1 ,mr4 ,ge(froy ord]s ! wat] saturat$ ) ! ,k]mes made by fusion1 to be receiv$1 :5 filt]$1 9 a vessel full ( o!r boil+ hot wat]4 ,he obs]v$1 t :5 ! liquor impregnat$ ) ,k]mes cools too fa/1 ! ,k]mes t precipitates is mu* co>s]4 ,! w>m solution ( ,k]mes is diffus$ ?r\gh ! boil+-hot wat] into :i* x is filt]$1 & is !reby enabl$ to reta9 its heat s mu* ! long]4 ,f :at ha? be5 said on ! nature ( ,k]mes1 x pla9ly appe>s t !re mu/ be a great resemblance betwe5 x & ! ,gold5 ,sulphur ( ,antimony1 obta9$ f ! scoria1 ei!r ( pla9 ,regulus ( ,antimony1 or ( ! ,liv] ( ,antimony2 ?is ,gold5 ,sulphur be+ no o!r ?an a portion ( ! ,antimony comb9$ ) ! ,nitre alkalizat$ dur+ ! op]ation4 ,yet !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! mann] ( precipitat+ ^! two comp\nds3 = ! ,k]mes precipitates spontane\sly1 on ! b>e cool+ ( ! wat] 9 :i* x is dissolv$2 :]eas an ,acid is employ$ to precipitate ! ,gold5 ,sulphur susp5d$ 9 ! wat]1 ) :i* ! scoria ( ! pla9 ,regulus ( ,antimony1 or t ( ,liv] ( ,antimony1 ha? be5 wa%$4 ,?is gives "s gr\nd to suspect t ! regul9e "p is n s intimately unit$ ) ! ,liv] ( ,sulphur 9 ! ,k]mes1 z 9 ! scori f :i* ! ,gold5 ,sulphur is obta9$4 ,,process ,x4 ,regulus ( ,antimony dissolv$ 9 ! ,m9]al ,acids4 ,comp\nd an aqua regis by mix+ toge!r f\r measures ( ,_s ( ,nitre1 & "o measure ( ,_s ( ,salt3 on a s&-ba? mod]ately heat$ place a matrass1 into :i* p\r sixte5 times z mu* ( ?is aqua regis z y h ,regulus to dissolve4 ,break y\r ,regulus into little bits2 & ?r[ !m successively "o aft] ano!r into ! matrass1 obs]v+ n to add a new "o till t put 9 be=e is entirely dissolv$3 cont9ue ?is till y\r ,regulus be all us$4 ,by degrees1 z ! dissolution advances1 ! liquor w acquire a beautiful gold5 col\r2 :i*1 h[ev]1 w ins5sibly disappe>1 z ! :ite fumes t cont9ually asc5d f x evaporate4 ,,obs]vations4 ,regulus ( ,antimony is "o ( ^? metall9e sub/ances t dissolve ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,n b t mo/ ( ! ,acids attack & corrode x2 b !y d n make a cle>1 limpid solution !re(3 !y 9 "s sort only calc9e x1 & ?is semi-metal1 z fa/ z x dissolves1 precipitates ( its own accord 9 ! =m ( a :ite magi/]y4 ,9 ord] to effect a complete dissolution !re(1 x is necess>y to employ an aqua regis comp\nd$ z direct$1 & 9 ! dose prescrib$ 9 ! process1 :i* is :olly tak5 f ,mr4 ,ge(froy's ,memoirs on ,antimony m5tion$ above4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! ,regulus1 small bits ( crude ,antimony be ?r[n into ! aqua regis1 ! ,acid w attack & dissolve ! regul9e "p1 & s sep>ate x f ! sulphure\s "p :i* x w n t\*4 ,:5 ! dissolution is f9i%$1 ! p>ticles ( ,sulphur be+ n[ become light]1 because no long] unit$ ) ! metall9e "p1 w float ^u ! liquor4 ,be+ collect$ !y =m a true ,sulphur1 :i* seems no way diff]5t f common brim/one4 ,?is op]ation1 y see1 is a sort ( ,p>t+ ,process4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid1 :e!r conc5trat$ or mu* weak5$ ) wat]1 does n act :5 cold ei!r on ,antimony or on its ,regulus4 ,?is ,acid only dims ! spl5d\r ( ! facets ( ! ,regulus2 b if "o "p ( exce$+ pure ,regulus ( ,antimony be put into a retort1 & f\r p>ts ( cle> conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol p\r$ on x1 z soon z ! ,acid is heat$ x turns br[n1 & emits a mo/ suffocat+ smell ( ,sulphur1 :i* increases z ! ,regulus is p5etrat$ & corrod$ by ! ,acid4 ,on rais+ ! fire1 !re sep>ates f x a matt] t seems mucilag9\s2 & :5 ! ,acid ha? boil$ "s "t1 ! ,regulus is conv]t$ into a :ite sal9e mass1 z ,m]cury is 9 ! prep>ation ( ,turbi? m9]al4 ,at ! same "t a little ,sulphur sublimes into ! neck ( ! retort4 ,at la/ all ! ,oil ( ,vitriol passes ov] into ! receiv]1 & leaves ! ,regulus 9 a :ite1 spungy1 sal9e mass 9 ! retort4 ,:5 ! fire is out1 ! vessels unlut$1 & ! receiv] sep>at$ f ! retort1 !re rises a :ite vap\r l t ( ! smok+ liquor ( ,libavius4 ,! sal9e mass left 9 ! retort1 aft] ! op]ation1 is f\nd increas$ to ne> d\ble its weight3 ?is increas$ weight is ow+ to ! ,acid t ha? unit$ ) ! ,regulus4 ,?is comb9ation ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) ! ,regulus ( ,antimony is excessively cau/ic1 & _c1 = t reason1 be adm9i/]$ int]nally4 ,! pure/ ,_s ( ,salt ha? no s5sible effect ei!r on ,antimony or its ,regulus3 b if ,antimony be co>sely p\nd$1 x sep>ates !refrom1 ?\gh sl[ly1 "s light1 sulphure\s flakes4 ,! action ( ,_s ( ,nitre on ?is metallic sub/ance is m p]ceptible3 by little & little x attacks ! plates ( ! ,antimony1 :i* dis*>ge a great numb] ( air-bubbles4 ,z ! dissolution advances1 ! ,acid acquires a gre5i% col\r incl9+ to blue2 & if !re be n too mu* ( x1 x w be almo/ entirely imbib$ by ! ,antimony1 p5etrate betwe5 its lam91 & exfoliate !m 9 ! direction ( ! ne$les t compose !m4 ,if !re be too mu* ( ! ,acid1 t is1 if x rise above ! ,antimony1 x w de/roy ^! plates1 & r$uce !m to a :ite p[d]4 ,b :5 ! ,acid is imbib$ sl[ly1 we discov] betwe5 ! swell$ lam9 little sal9e transp>5t cry/als1 t vegetate mu* 9 ! same mann] z ^? ( ! pyrites1 9 :i* small cry/als ( ,vitriol are frequ5tly obs]v$1 ^: figures are n v well det]m9$4 ,^! little cry/als betwe5 ! ,antimonial plates are int]mix$ ) yell[ p>ticles1 :i* be+ c>efully sep>at$ burn l common ,sulphur4 ,all ^! useful obs]vations1 conc]n+ ! action ( ! ,acids on ,antimony & its ,regulus1 we owe likewise to ,mr4 ,ge(froy2 :o advises ! collect+ a quantity ( ^! little cry/als 9 "t2 because !y disappe> soon aft] !y are =m$1 be+ probably cov]$ by ! :ite p[d]1 or magi/]y1 :i* is cont9ually produc$ z fa/ z ! ,nitr\s ,acid disunites & sep>ates ! ne$le-l fibres ( ! ,antimony4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy obs]v$ ! same sort ( cry/als on ! ,regulus ( ,antimony1 :5 sub/itut$ = crude ,antimony 9 ?is exp]im5t2 b x requires a great deal ( c>e to sep>ate ^! cry/als2 = z soon z ! air comes into contact ) !m !y lose _! transp>5cy2 & if y wait till ! ,regulus be 9 "s measure conv]t$ into a magi/]y1 !y are n !n to be di/+ui%$4 ,9 ord] !re=e to h a good view ( ^! cry/als1 ! ,regulus mu/ be brok5 to pieces2 ^! pieces put 9 a glass bason1 & ,_s ( ,nitre p\r$ on !m to half _! heigh?1 b n to cov] !m4 ,?is ,acid p5etrates !m1 exfoliates !m 9 :ite scales2 & on ! surface ( ^! scales ! cry/als %oot ( a dead :ite col\r4 ,9 two or ?ree days "t ^! cry/als vegetate & gr[ 9 ! =m ( cauli-fl[]s3 !y mu/ !n be ga!r$1 to prev5t _! be+ conf\nd$ 9 ! :ite magi/]y :i* cont9ues to be produc$1 & w\ld n suff] !m to be di/+ui%$4 ,if y attempt to dissolve ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony by an aqua regis comp\nd$ 9 diff]5t proportions1 & appli$ 9 a diff]5t dose f :at is prescrib$ 9 ! process1 ! ,regulus ( ,antimony w only be calc9$1 z x is by ! o!r ,acids1 & w precipitate 9 ! =m ( a :ite magi/]y z fa/ z x dissolves1 s t no "p !re( w rema9 unit$ ) ! solv5t4 ,! pro( ( ?is is1 t if an alkal9e liquor be p\r$1 ev5 to ! po9t ( saturation1 ^u ! aqua regis t ha? ?us dropt ! ,antimony1 no new precipitate w be deposit$4 ,,process ,,xi4 ,regulus ( ,antimony comb9$ ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt4 ,butt] ( ,antimony4 ,c9ab> ( ,antimony4 ,pulv]ize & mix ?or\ghly six p>ts ( ,regulus ( ,antimony1 & sixte5 p>ts ( ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,put ?is mixture into a glass retort t ha? a wide %ort neck1 & let "o half ( its body at lea/ be left empty4 ,set x 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 & hav+ fitt$ a recipi5t !reto1 & lut$ ! jo9t1 make a v small fire at fir/1 to heat x sl[ly4 ,increase x aft]w>ds by degrees1 till y see a liquor asc5d f ! retort t gr[s ?ick z x cools4 ,keep up ! fire to ?is degree z long z y see any ( ?is matt] come ov]4 ,:5 no m rises ) ?is degree ( fire1 unlute y\r vessels1 take (f ! receiv]1 & 9 its place sub/itute ano!r fill$ ) wat]4 ,!n increase y\r fire by degrees till ! retort be r$-hot4 ,"s runn+ ,m]cury w fall into ! wat]1 :i* y may dry & keep = use2 x be+ v pure4 ,,obs]vations4 ,9 our obs]vations on ! prec$+ process1 we took notice t ! pure/ ,m>9e ,acid1 9 ! =m ( a liquor1 w n dissolve ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony4 ,"h ?is v ,acid comb9$ ) ,m]cury1 & appli$ 9 a dry =m to ! ,regulus ( ,antimony1 quits ! ,m]cury ) :i* x 0 unit$1 9 ord] to jo9 ?is v ,regulus1 z hav+ a great] aff9ity !re)4 ,?is op]ation is a fur!r pro( ( :at we advanc$ on ! subject ( ,m]cury2 to wit1 t sev]al metallic sub/ances1 :i* are n soluble by c]ta9 ,acids :5 9 a fluid /ate1 may be dissolv$ by ^? ,acids :5 mo/ highly conc5trat$2 z !y are :5 comb9$ ) any o!r sub/ance 9 a dry =m1 & are sep>at$ f x by ! =ce ( fire4 ,_! efficacy is also fur!r promot$ by _! be+ r$uc$1 on ?is occasion1 into subtile vap\rs4 ,! ,m>9e ,acid comb9$ ) ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony do? n =m a h>d1 solid comp\nd2 b a k9d ( s(t sub/ance1 t melts 9 a v g5tle heat1 & also becomes fix$ by ! lea/ cold1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z butt]2 & f ?is prop]ty x ha? its "n4 ,soon aft] mix+ ! ,regulus ) ! ,corrosive ,sublimate1 ! matt] sometimes gr[s consid]ably hot3 ?is is occasion$ by ! ,m>9e ,acid's beg9n+ to act on ! regul9e "p1 & to des]t its ,m]cury4 ,! ,butt] ( ,antimony rises ) a v mod]ate heat2 because ! ,acid ( ,sea salt ha? ! prop]ty ( volatiliz+1 & c>ry+ up along ) x1 ! metallic sub/ances ) :i* x is comb9$3 & = ?is reason a v g5tle heat only is requir$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t ! neck ( ! retort be wide & %ort3 = o!rwise if ! ,butt] ( ,antimony %\ld fix & be accumulat$ !re91 x might /op up ! passage entirely1 & occasion ! bur/+ ( ! vessels4 ,by ?is op]ation we obta9 eight p>ts & ?ree qu>t]s ( f9e ,butt] ( ,antimony1 & t5 p>ts ( runn+ ,m]cury2 !re be+ left 9 ! retort "o "p & a half ( a r>efi$ matt]1 black1 :ite1 & r$4 ,?is is probably ! mo/ e>?y & mo/ impure "p ( ! ,regulus ( ,antimony4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce to ! op]ator t he avoid ) ! greate/ c>e ! vap\rs t issue f ! vessels1 because !y are extremely noxi\s1 & may occasion mortal disord]s4 ,! ,butt] ( ,antimony is a mo/ viol5t ,corrosive & ,cau/ic4 ,:5 all ! ,butt] is ris51 ! receiv] is %ift$ 9 ord] to receive ! ,m]cury2 :i*1 be+ dis5gag$ f ! ,acid t gave x a sal9e =m1 appe>s 9 its natural =m ( ,quick-silv]3 b x requires a mu* great] degree ( heat ?an ! ,butt] ( ,antimony to raise x by di/illation4 ,if crude ,antimony1 in/ead ( ,regulus ( ,antimony1 be mix$ ) ,corrosive ,sublimate1 a ,butt] ( ,antimony w be obta9$ 9 ! same mann]2 b1 in/ead ( hav+ a runn+ ,m]cury aft] ! ,butt]1 y w f9d a ,c9ab> sublim$ into ! neck & upp] concavity ( ! retort4 ,! reason ( ?is diff]5ce is easily conceiv$3 = :5 ! ,regulus is us$1 ! ,m]cury be+ des]t$ by its ,acid f9ds no o!r sub/ance to unite )1 & s rises 9 ! =m ( ,quick-silv]2 b :5 crude ,antimony is employ$ in/ead ( its ,regulus1 z ! regul9e "p !re( _c comb9e ) ! ,acid )\t quitt+ its ,sulphur1 s ?is ,sulphur1 be+ at lib]ty1 unites ) ! ,m]cury1 :i* is s likewise1 & !re) =ms a ,c9ab>2 :i* f its orig9 is nam$ ,c9ab> ( ,antimony4 ,:5 y int5d to make bo? ,butt] & ,c9ab> ( ,antimony at ! same "t1 six p>ts ( ,antimony mu/ be mix$ ) eight ( ,corrosive ,sublimate2 & c>e mu/ be tak51 :ile ! ,butt] is com+ ov]1 to w>m ! neck ( ! retort by hold+ "s live coals ne> x1 ) ! precautions necess>y to avoid break+ x4 ,?is w>m? makes ! ,butt] melt & run into ! receiv]2 :]eas1 be+ ?ick] & ( a mu* d5s] consi/5ce ?an t made ) ! ,regulus1 x w\ld o!rwise ga!r 9 ! neck ( ! retort1 *oak x entirely1 & bur/ ! vessel4 ,:5 ! ,butt] is drawn f crude ,antimony1 m circumspection is necess>y to make x ( a beautiful :ite col\r1 ?an :5 x is obta9$ f ! ,regulus3 =1 if ! fire be too /rong dur+ ! di/illation1 or if ! receiv] be n soon en\gh sep>at$ f ! neck ( ! retort1 c]ta9 r$ sulphure\s vap\rs1 ! =e-runn]s ( ! ,c9ab>1 w at la/ asc5d1 & mix+ ) ! ,butt] give x a br[n col\r4 ,9 ord] to re/ore its beauty x mu/ be put into a clean retort1 & rectifi$ by di/ill+ x ov] aga9 ) a g5tle s&-heat4 ,by ?is rectification ! ,butt] ( ,antimony becomes m fluid2 & by re-di/ill+ x a second "t y may give x ! ?9ness & fluidity ( an oil4 ,aft] ! op]ation !re w be f\nd 9 ! receiv] ?ree p>ts & ?ree qu>t]s ( ,butt] ( ,antimony1 & "s small cry/als adh]+ to its inside1 9 ! =m ( sprigs4 ,:5 y break ! retort !re exhales f x a sulphure\s od\r2 & y w f9d 9 x sev5 p>ts ( ,c9ab> ( ,antimony1 ! greate/ "p ( :i* is usually 9 compact glebes1 t are heavy1 smoo?1 %9+1 blacki% ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! mass1 b 9 "s places r$3 ano!r "p !re( appe>s 9 %9+ ne$les1 & ! re/ 9 p[d]4 ,:5 all ! ,butt] ( ,antimony is come ov]1 & y beg9 to see ! r$ vap\rs t pr$ict ! approa*+ asc5t ( ! ,c9ab>1 ! receiv] conta9+ ! ,butt] mu/ be remov$1 le/ ! col\r ( ! ,butt] %\ld be spoil$ by ^? sulphure\s vap\rs4 ,ano!r receiv] is usually fitt$ on1 )\t lut+2 9 :i* a small quantity ( runn+ ,m]cury is sometimes f\nd1 :5 ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,!re rema9s1 at ! bottom ( ! retort1 a fix$1 %9+1 cry/all9e1 black mass1 :i* may be r$uc$ to a ,regulus by ! common me?od4 ,butt] ( ,antimony may also be obta9$ f a mixture ( ,antimony ) any ( ! o!r prep>ations ( ,m]cury 9 :i* ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt is an +r$i5t2 su* z sweet ,sublimate1 ! ,m]curial ,panacea1 & ,:ite ,precipitate3 b z none ( ^! comb9ations conta9 s great a proportion ( t ,acid z is 9 ! ,corrosive ,sublimate1 ! ,butt] obta9$ by _! means is f> f be+ s cau/ic & s fi]y z t :i* rises f a mixture ( ,antimony1 or its ,regulus1 ) ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,silv] precipitat$ by ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 & ready to be melt$ into a ,luna cornea1 be+ mix$ ) p[d]$ ,regulus ( ,antimony yields likewise a ,butt] ( ,antimony4 ,if y propose to make x by ?is means1 y mu/ m+le "o "p ( ! ,regulus ( ,antimony 9 p[d] ) two p>ts ( ! ,precipitate2 put ?is mixture into a glass retort ( su* a size t x may fill b "o half !re(2 set x 9 a furnace2 apply a receiv]2 beg9 ) a g5tle heat1 :i* w make a cle> liquor come ov]2 & !n increase y\r fire by degrees4 ,:ite vap\rs w rise & cond5se into a liquid ,butt]2 & 9 ! mean "t !re w be a slight ebullition 9 ! receiv]1 att5d$ ) a little heat4 ,cont9ue ! fire till no?+ m w come ov]2 !n let y\r vessels cool & unlute !m4 ,y w f9d 9 ! receiv] an ,oil or ,butt] ( ,antimony1 p>tly fluid & p>tly congeal$1 some:at incl9$ to yell[1 weigh+ an eigh? "p m ?an ! ,regulus ( ,antimony made use (4 ,! inside ( ! retort w be c>pet$ ov] ) small :ite fl[]s1 ( a brilliant silv] col\r1 & an acid ta/e2 & 9 ! bottom ( ! retort w be f\nd a h>d1 compact1 pond]\s mass1 difficult to break1 yet fall+ ( itself to a p[d]2 its col\r ext]nally grey1 :ite1 & bluei%2 int]nally black1 & %9+ mu* l ,regulus ( ,antimony2 hav+ a salti% ta/e on its surface1 & weigh+ ab\t a sixte5? less ?an ! ,precipitate ( ,silv] employ$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,?is exp]im5t demon/rates t ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt ha? a great] aff9ity ) ,regulus ( ,antimony ?an ) ,silv]4 ,! ,butt] ( ,antimony prep>$ by ?is me?od is some:at less cau/ic ?an t made ) ,corrosive ,sublimate4 ,x is call$ ! ,lun> ,butt] ( ,antimony4 ,! eff]vesc5ce t arises 9 ! receiv] is rem>kable4 ,probably ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 ?\gh r$uc$ into vap\rs :5 x asc5ds out ( ! retort1 is n yet p]fectly comb9$ ) ! regul9e "p ( ! ,antimony1 :i* x nev]!less c>ries ov] ) x1 & ! union is complet$ 9 ! receiv]2 :i* occasions ! eff]vesc5ce obs]v$4 ,! little :ite silv]y fl[]s1 adh]+ to ! inside ( ! retort1 are fl[]s ( ,regulus ( ,antimony1 :i* sublime t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation4 ,! compact mass1 f\nd at ! bottom ( ! retort1 is no o!r ?an ! ,silv] sep>at$ f its ,acid1 & comb9$ ) a portion ( ! ,regulus ( ,antimony4 ,! col\rs & ! salti% ta/e ( its surface are occasion$ by a rema9d] ( ! ,m>9e ,acid4 ,?is ,silv] is r5d]$ brittle & eag] by ! union x ha? contract$ ) "s ( ! ,regulus ( ,antimony4 ,x is easy to purify x1 & re/ore its ductility1 by sep>at+ x f ! ,regulus ( ,antimony4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( do+ ?is3 "o ( ! mo/ exp$iti\s is to flux x ) ,nitre1 :i* burns & conv]ts to a calx ! semi-metal ) :i* ! ,silv] is adult]at$4 ,,process ,,xii4 ,butt] ( ,antimony decomp\nd$ by means ( ,wat] only4 ,! ,pulvis ,alg>o?1 or ,m]curius ,vit4 ,! ,philosophic ,_s ( ,vitriol4 ,melt ) a g5tle heat z mu* ,butt] ( ,antimony z y please4 ,:5 x is melt$1 p\r x into a l>ge quantity ( w>m wat]4 ,! wat] w imm$iately gr[ turbid1 b :iti%1 & let fall a great quantity ( :ite p[d]4 ,:5 all ! precipitate is settl$1 decant ! wat]3 p\r on fre% w>m wat]2 & hav+ ?us edulcorat$ x by sev]al ablutions1 dry x1 & y h ! ,pulvis ,alg>o?1 or ,m]curius ,vit4 ,,obs]vations4 ,9 ! prec$+ processes we obs]v$ t ! ,m>9e ,acid w n dissolve ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony1 unless x be v highly conc5trat$1 & m s ?an x c possibly be :ile 9 ! =m ( a liquor4 ,( ?is ! exp]im5t be=e u is a fur!r pro(4 ,:il/ ! ,m>9e ,acid is s p]fectly dephlegmat$1 z x is 9 ,corrosive ,sublimate & ,butt] ( ,antimony1 x rema9s comb9$ ) ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony2 b if ?is comb9ation be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! mom5t ! ,acid is weak5$ by ! int]position ( ! p>ticles ( wat]1 x becomes incapable ( cont9u+ unit$ ) ! semi-metal :i* x _h be=e dissolv$2 des]ts x1 & lets x fall 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]4 ,! ,pulvis ,alg>o? is !re=e no o!r ?an ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony1 att5uat$ & divid$ by ! union x _h contract$ ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 & aft]w>ds sep>at$ f t ,acid by ! int]v5tion ( wat] alone4 ,! pro( is1 t ?is p[d] reta9s none ( ! prop]ties ( ! ,butt] ( ,antimony3 x is nei!r s fusible nor s volatile2 on ! contr>y1 x is capable ( su/a9+ a v /rong degree ( fire1 )\t sublim+ & )\t melt+3 x may be r$uc$ to a ,regulus3 x ha? n n[ ! same cau/ic nature3 x is only an emetic2 :i* h[ev] is extremely viol5t1 & on t acc\nt is nev] prescrib$ by any prud5t physician4 ,ano!r pro(1 t ! ,m>9e ,acid is sep>at$ f ! ,regulus ( ,antimony 9 ! precipitation ( ! ,pulvis ,alg>o?1 is1 t ! wat] 9 :i* ?is precipitation is made becomes acid1 or a sort ( weak ,_s ( ,salt4 ,if x be evaporat$1 & conc5trat$ by di/illation1 a v /rong acid liquor may be obta9$ f x4 ,?is ,acid goes1 v improp]ly1 by ! "n ( ! ,philosophic ,_s ( ,vitriol2 = x is r a ,_s ( ,salt4 ,! ,pulvis ,alg>o?1 made ) ,butt] ( ,antimony procur$ f ! ,regulus1 is :it] ?an t made ) ,butt] ( ,antimony procur$ f crude ,antimony2 probably because ! latt] always reta9s "s sulphure\s p>ticles4 ,butt] ( ,antimony expos$ to ! air attracts ! moi/ure !re(1 & p>tly runs into a liquor2 b1 z fa/ z ?is liquor is produc$1 x deposites a :ite s$im5t1 :i* is an actual ,pulvis ,alg>o?4 ,?is also is v agreeable to :at we advanc$ t\*+ ! decomposition ( ,butt] ( ,antimony by ! addition ( wat]4 ,! ,butt] attracts ! moi/ure ( ! air1 because ! ,acid x conta9s is exce$+ly conc5trat$2 & ?is moi/ure produces ! same effect z wat] purposely add$4 ,,process ,,xiii4 ,bezo> ,m9]al4 ,! ,bezo>tic ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,melt ,butt] ( ,antimony ov] w>m a%es1 & put x into a phial or matrass4 ,gradually p\r on x good ,_s ( ,nitre1 till ! matt] be entirely dissolv$4 ,?is usually requires z mu* ,_s ( ,nitre z !re is ,butt] ( ,antimony4 ,dur+ ! dissolution fumes w rise1 :i* mu/ be c>efully avoid$4 ,p\r y\r solution1 :i* w be cle> & ( a r$di% col\r1 into a glass cucurbit1 or a pan ( /one-w>e3 set x 9 a s&-ba?1 & evaporate to dryness ) a mod]ate heat4 ,!re w be left a :ite mass1 weigh+ a f\r? "p less ?an ! :ole quantity us$1 bo? ( ! ,butt] & ! ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,let x cool1 & aga9 p\r on x z mu* ,_s ( ,nitre z y us$ ! fir/ "t4 ,place ! vessel aga9 9 ! s&-ba?1 & evaporate ! moi/ure z be=e4 ,y w h a :ite mass t ha? nei!r ga9$ nor lo/ 9 weight4 ,on ?is p\r1 = ! ?ird "t1 ! same quantity ( ,_s ( ,nitre z y did ! fir/ "t4 ,aga9 evaporate ! moi/ure to p]fect dryness3 !n increase y\r fire1 & calc9e ! matt] = half an h\r4 ,y w h a dry1 friable1 light1 :ite matt]1 ( an agreeable acid ta/e2 :i* w fall into a co>se p[d]1 & mu/ be kept 9 a phial c>efully /opt4 ,?is is ,bezo> ,m9]al3 x is nei!r cau/ic nor emetic1 & has only a sudorific virtue4 ,x obta9$ ! "n x be>s1 because1 l ! animal ,bezo>1 x 0 imag9$ to h ! prop]ty ( resi/+ poison4 ,,obs]vations4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! ,nitr\s ,acid p\r$ on ,butt] ( ,antimony %\ld dissolve x1 & unite ) x3 = ) ! ,m>9e ,acid1 :i* makes a "p ( ?is comb9ation1 x =ms an aqua regis1 :i* we "k is ! true solv5t ( ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony4 ,b 9 ?is dissolution1 & ! *anges x produces1 !re are "s ?+s v rem>kable & wor?y ( att5tion4 #a4 ,! ,nitr\s ,acid1 by unit+ ) ! ,butt] ( ,antimony1 deprives x ( its prop]ty ( ris+ ) a v g5tle heat1 & makes x mu* m fix$3 x c n[ be dri$1 & suff] all its moi/ure to be evaporat$2 :i* is n to be done ) pure ,butt] ( ,antimony3 = t1 be+ expos$ to a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 in/ead ( lett+ g its moi/ure & rema9+ dry1 rises :olly1 )\t ! lea/ appe>ance ( any sep>ation ( p>ts4 #b4 ,! ,butt] ( ,antimony1 :i*1 be=e its comb9ation ) ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 is a mo/ viol5t ,cau/ic & ,corrosive1 becomes s mild aft] x1 t x may n only be tak5 int]nally )\t dang]1 b ha? sc>ce any s5sible op]ation4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations w lead u to a reasonable explanation ( ^! ph5om5a4 #a4 ,! ,nitr\s ,acid1 :5 comb9$ ) metallic sub/ances1 do? n communicate to !m ! same volatility z !y acquire f ! ,m>9e ,acid4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t1 if ! ,nitr\s ,acid be add$ to any comb9ation ( a metallic sub/ance ) ! ,m>9e ,acid1 ?is new comp\nd w be r5d]$ less volatile1 & consequ5tly m able1 )\t ris+ 9 vap\rs1 to be> a degree ( heat suffici5t to c>ry (f "p ( its ,acid4 ,?is is ! case ) ,butt] ( ,antimony1 aft] ,_s ( ,nitre is mix$ ) x2 especially consid]+1 #b4 ,t ! ,nitr\s ,acid _c unite ) ! regul9e "p ( ! ,butt] ( ,antimony )\t weak5+ ! connection betwe5 x & ! ,m>9e ,acid2 :5ce x foll[s1 t ! comb9ation ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid fur!r facilitates ! sep>ation ( ! ,m>9e ,acid f ! ,regulus4 ,n[ z soon z ! ,m>9e ,acid quits ! regul9e "p1 t "p becomes m fix$1 & consequ5tly m capable ( endur+ ! degree ( heat requisite to dis*>ge all ! adh]+ ,acid2 & n only ! ,m>9e1 b ev5 ! ,nitr\s also4 ,x is n !re=e surpriz+ t1 aft] ! ,antimony :i* rema9s comb9$ ) ! ,nitr\s ,acid is dri$1 x %\ld n possess t corrosive p[] :i* x d]ives only f ! ,acids :]e) x is arm$4 ,9 ord] to free x m p]fectly f all ,acid1 we ord] ! fire to be increas$ aft] ! ?ird desiccation2 & ! rema9d] ( ! ,butt] ( ,antimony to be calc9$ = a full half-h\r long]4 ,t ! ,m>9e ,acid is sep>at$ f ! regul9e "p ( ! ,butt] ( ,antimony1 by ! desiccations x und]goes 9 conv]t+ x into ,bezo>1 is prov$ by ?is1 t1 :5 ^! desiccations are p]=m$ 9 close vessels1 ! liquor drawn (f is a true aqua regis1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,bezo>tic ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,x rema9s to be consid]$ :y ! ,bezo> m9]al1 ?\gh fre$ f all acid1 is n emetic2 :ile ! ,pulvis ,alg>o?1 :i* is likewise ! regul9e "p ( ! ,butt] ( ,antimony depriv$ ( its ,acid1 is su* a viol5t emetic1 & ev5 to be dread$ = its rema9+ cau/icity4 ,9 ord] to discov] ! reason ( ?is diff]5ce1 x is prop] to obs]ve t1 :5 we say ,bezo> m9]al & ! ,pulvis ,alg>o? conta9 no ,acid1 we mu/ n be und]/ood 9 too /rict a s5se3 on ! contr>y1 !re is reason to ?9k t a c]ta9 quantity ( ,acid /ill rema9s 9 ea* ( !m2 :i* h[ev] is sc>ce wor? notice1 9 comp>ison ( ! quantity ea* conta9$ at fir/4 ,?is be+ all[$1 x w n be h>d to f9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two prep>ations ( ,antimony4 ,! ,pulvis ,alg>o? is depriv$ ( its ,acid by ! addition ( wat] alone1 :i* only c>ries (f all ! loose ,acid x c take up1 )\t mak+ any *ange 9 ! nature ( t :i* cont9ues 9 comb9ation ) ! regul9e "p4 ,n[1 z ! ,m>9e ,acid is n intimately unit$ ) ! regul9e "p 9 ,butt] ( ,antimony2 z x /ill reta9s "s ( its prop]ties1 su* z attract+ ! moi/ure ( ! air1 giv+ manife/ tok5s ( its ,acid nature1 c42 & z ! corrosive quality ( ?is comp\nd dep5ds on ?is la/ 9 p>ticul>2 ! small portion ( ,acid left 9 ! ,pulvis ,alg>o? w 9 "s degree pres]ve its =m] "*3 & h5ce comes ! effect ( ?is p[d]1 :i* /ill reta9s a little ( ! corrosive quality t belong$ to ! ,butt] ( ,antimony4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) ! small rema9d] ( ,acid1 :i* possibly /ill cont9ues unit$ ) ! ,bezo> m9]al prep>$ z "h direct$4 ,?is comp\nd ha? be5 expos$ to a fire suffici5t1 n only to dry x1 b ev5 to calc9e x4 ,n[ fire is capable ( produc+ great *anges 9 ! texture ( bodies4 ,x mu/ h =c$ (f f ! ,bezo> all ! ,acid t 0 n intimately comb9$ ) x2 & t "p :i* x c\ld n drive (f1 because ( its ob/9ate adhesion1 x mu/ h fur!r unit$ & comb9$ m closely ) ! metallic e>?3 = we see t fire greatly promotes ! action ( solv5ts on ! matt]s ) :i* !y are unit$4 ,) reg>d to ! prop]ly emetic quality ( ! ,pulvis ,alg>o?1 x _c be imput$ to ! comb9ation ( any ,acid ) t p[d]2 s9ce we see t ! mo/ p[]fully emetic prep>ations ( ,antimony1 viz4 its ,regulus & ,glass1 conta9 no ,acid3 x mu/ !re=e be attribut$ to "s cause diff]5t f t on :i* its corrosive quality dep5ds4 ,?is cause we %all easily f9d by att5d+ to ! diff]5t mann]s 9 :i* ! ,m>9e ,acid1 :5 alone & 9 aqua regia1 op]ates on ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony4 ,! ,m>9e ,acid alone dissolves ! ,regulus ( ,antimony1 b ) great difficulty2 nor do? x effect a complete dissolution !re(1 z is evid5t f :at ha? be5 already said3 :]eas ! ,m>9e ,acid1 comb9$ ) ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 & !re) =m+ an aqua regis1 z 9 ! prep>ation ( ,bezo>1 dissolves ! regul9e "p ( ,antimony completely & radically4 ,n[1 x is c]ta9 t1 ! m efficaci\sly ,acids op]ate on metallic sub/ances1 ! m ( _! phlogi/on d !y de/roy2 & we _c b recollect t ! prep>ations ( ,antimony are s mu* ! less emetic ! less phlogi/on !y conta91 or ! fur!r !y rec$e f ! nature ( a ,regulus1 & ! ne>] !y approa* to t ( ,diaphoretic ,antimony3 consequ5tly x is pla9 h[ ,bezo> m9]al1 :i* is a sort ( calx ( ,antimony entirely depriv$ ( its phlogi/on by ! intimate dissolution !re( made by ! ,acids ( ! aqua regis1 may be 9 no degree emetic2 :ile ! ,pulvis ,alg>o?1 be+ a true ,regulus ( ,antimony1 on :i* ! ,m>9e ,acid ha? op]at$ b v sup]ficially1 & :i* /ill conta9s a great deal ( phlogi/on1 is a mo/ viol5t emetic4 ,,process ,,xiv4 ,fl[]s ( ,antimony4 ,take an unglaz$ e>!n pot1 hav+ an ap]ture 9 its side1 ) a /opple to %ut x close4 ,set ?is pot 9 a furnace1 ! cavity :]e( x may fit z exactly z possible2 & fill up ) lute ! space1 if any1 left betwe5 ! vessel & ! furnace4 ,ov] ?is vessel fix ?ree aludels1 ) a bl9d-head at ! top2 & light a fire 9 ! furnace "u ! pot4 ,:5 ! bottom ( ! pot is ?or\ghly r$1 ?r[ into ! lat]al ap]ture a small spoonful ( p[d]$ ,antimony4 ,/ir ! matt] imm$iately ) an iron spatula made a little b5d+1 9 ord] to spread x ov] ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & !n /op ! hole4 ,! fl[]s w rise & adh]e to ! insides ( ! aludels4 ,keep up ! fire s t ! bottom ( ! pot may always cont9ue r$2 &1 :5 no?+ m sublimes1 put 9 a l quantity ( ,antimony1 & op]ate z be=e4 ,9 ?is mann] g on sublim+ y\r ,antimony1 till y h z _m fl[]s z y want4 ,!n let ! fire g out2 & :5 ! vessels are cold unlute !m4 ,y w f9d fl[]s adh]+ all r\nd ! insides ( ! aludels & ! head1 :i* y may collect ) a fea!r4 ,,obs]vations4 ,antimony is a volatile m9]al1 capable ( be+ sublim$ into fl[]s2 b ?is _c be effect$ )\t occasion+ a notable *ange 9 its p>ts4 ,! regul9e & ! sulphure\s p>ts are n unit$ s intimately1 or 9 ! same proportion1 9 ! fl[]s z 9 ! ,antimony itself2 & accord+ly we f9d ^! fl[]s h a /rong emetic quality1 :i* ,antimony ha? n4 ,!y are ( div]s col\rs2 :i* probably arises f _! conta9+ m or less ,sulphur4 ,?ree or f\r aludels are plac$ "o ov] ano!r1 n only ) a view to provide a great] surface1 to :i* ! fl[]s may adh]e1 b also to give !m room en\gh to circulate1 )\t :i* !y might bur/ ! vessels4 ,if y introduce ! nosle ( a pair ( bell[s into ! pot t conta9s ! ,antimony1 & bl[ ^u x1 ! sublimation ( ! fl[]s w be mu* soon] effect$4 ,?is is a g5]al rule ) reg>d to all matt]s t are to be sublim$ or evaporat$2 ! reason ( :i* we h already giv54 ,x is prop] t no int]val be left betwe5 ! furnace & ! pot conta9+ ! ,antimony1 le/ ! heat %\ld be !reby communicat$ to ! aludels1 on :i* ! fl[]s fa/5 be/ :5 !y are cold4 ,aft] ! op]ation1 !re rema9s at ! bottom ( ! pot a portion ( ,antimony half calc9$2 :i* be+ pulv]iz$1 & ?or\ghly calc9$ till x emit no fume1 may be employ$ to make ! ,glass ( ,antimony4 ,,process ,,xv4 ,regulus ( ,antimony conv]t$ into ,fl[]s4 ,pulv]ize y\r ,regulus ( ,antimony3 put ! p[d] into an unglaz$ e>!n pot3 ?ree or f\r f+]s bread? above ! p[d]1 fit into ! pot a little cov]1 made ( ! same e>?1 & hav+ a small hole 9 its middle1 s t x may ) ease be plac$ 9 ! pot1 & tak5 out :5 !re is occasion3 cov] ! m\? ( ! pot ) a common lid2 set x 9 a furnace1 & k9dle a fire "u x suffici5t to make ! bottom ( ! pot r$1 & to melt ! ,regulus4 ,:5 x ha? be5 ?us kept 9 fusion = ab\t an h\r1 let ! fire g out1 & ! :ole cool4 ,!n remove ! two cov]s4 ,y w f9d adh]+ to ! surface ( ! ,regulus1 :i* w be 9 a mass at ! bottom ( ! pot1 :ite fl[]s resembl+ sn[1 int]mix$ ) beautiful1 brilliant1 silv]-col\r$ ne$les4 ,take !m out1 & y w f9d !m make ab\t "o "p 9 sixty-two ( ! :ole ,regulus employ$4 ,put ! cov]s aga9 9 _! places1 & proce$ 9 ! same mann] z be=e2 :5 ! vessels are cold y w f9d half z _m m fl[]s z y got ! fir/ "t4 ,proce$ ?us till y h conv]t$ all y\r ,regulus into fl[]s4 ,?is w require a consid]able numb] ( sublimations1 :i*1 z y advance1 w always yield y a great] portion ( fl[]s2 respect1 h[ev]1 be+ _h to ! quantity ( ,regulus rema9+ 9 ! pot4 ,,obs]vations4 ,we mu/ "h repeat :at we said j be=e1 9 our obs]vations on ! prec$+ process2 viz4 t ,regulus ( ,antimony is capable ( be+ :olly elevat$ & sublim$ by ! action ( fire2 b t x mu/ at ! same "t und]go a consid]able *ange & alt]ation4 ,^! fl[]s ( ,regulus ( ,antimony are v diff]5t f e o!r ,antimonial prep>ation4 ,!y resemble ! ,pe>ly ,matt] 9 ?is1 t !y _c be r$uc$ to a ,regulus by any means :atev]3 b !y diff] f x1 #a4 9 t !y are n fix$2 =1 :5 melt$ by fire1 !y fly :olly away 9 vap\rs3 #b4 9 t !y are capable ( be+ dissolv$ by aqua regis1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! ,regulus2 :]eas ! ,pe>ly ,matt] is kn[n to be indissoluble by any ,acid4 ,z soon z ,regulus ( ,antimony is 9 fusion1 x beg9s to sublime into fl[]s2 s t x is ne$less to apply a great] degree ( heat ?an is j suffici5t to melt x4 ,a pan ( "s wid? is pref]able to a crucible = ?is op]ation2 because ! upp] surface ( ! ,regulus melt$ !re9 is l>g]1 &1 ! l>g] t surface is1 ! m consid]able is ! quantity sublim$ f x4 ,! two cov]s :i* are appli$ )9 & ov] ! pot are design$ to *eck1 z mu* z possible1 ! dissipation ( ! melt$ ,regulus2 yet )\t absolutely exclud+ ! free access ( ! air1 ! conc\rse ( :i* is useful 9 all metallic sublimations4 ,not)/&+ ^! precautions1 x is impossible to prev5t ! escape ( "s ( ! ,regulus1 9 vap\rs t _c be conf9$4 ,some:at less ?an ?ree f\r?s ( ! ,regulus made use ( is ne>ly ! yield 9 fl[]s3 ! re/ evaporates ?r\gh ! int]/ices left by ! cov]s1 :i* mu/ n be lut$ = ! reason j assign$4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ,,bismu?4 ,,process ,i4 ,to extract ,bismu? f its ,ore4 ,break ! ore ( ,bismu? into small pieces1 & !re) fill a crucible ei!r ( e>? or iron4 ,set ! crucible 9 a furnace1 & light su* a fire t ! bits ( ore may become mod]ately r$4 ,/ir ! ore f "t to "t1 &1 if y p]ceive x crackle & fly1 keep ! crucible cov]$4 ,at ! bottom y w f9d a button ( ,bismu?4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! extraction ( ,bismu? f its ore requires no?+ b simple fusion1 )\t ! addition ( any inflammable matt]1 because x is naturally possess$ ( its metall9e =m4 ,nor does x require any flux2 because x is v fusible3 :i* all[s u to melt x1 & collect x 9 a mass1 )\t ! necessity ( fus+ likewise ! e>?y & /ony matt]s 9 :i* x is lodg$4 ,^! matt]s rema9 9 _! fir/ /ate2 & ! melt$ ,bismu? desc5ds by its gravity to ! bottom ( ! crucible4 ,no great] degree ( heat mu/ be appli$1 on ?is occasion1 ?an is necess>y to melt ! semi-metal3 =1 z x is volatile1 "p ( x w\ld be dissipat$2 s t mu* less !re( w\ld be obta9$1 if ! fire 7 made too /rong1 & s mu* ! less z ano!r portion !re( w\ld be conv]t$ into a calx4 ,= ! same reason1 ! crucible mu/ be tak5 out ( ! furnace z soon z y p]ceive t all ! ,bismu? conta9$ 9 ! ore is melt$1 & t ! button do? n increase4 ,! ore ( ,bismu? may also be treat$ l ! ores ( ,lead & ,t92 t is1 x may be r$uc$ into a f9e p[d]1 mix$ ) ! black flux1 a little ,borax1 & ,sea-salt2 put into a close crucible1 & fus$ 9 a melt+ furnace4 ,9 t case y w f9d a button ( ,regulus cov]$ ) scoria4 ,by ?is me?od r m ,bismu? is obta9$2 & x is be/ to make use ( x :5 ! ore is poor1 because1 9 su* a case1 none at all w\ld be obta9$ by ! o!r process4 ,b "h c>e mu/ be tak5 to apply at once ! degree ( fire necess>y to melt ! mixture3 =1 if x rema9 long 9 ! fire1 mu* ,bismu? w be lo/1 on acc\nt ( ! great volatility ( ?is semi-metal1 & ! facility ) :i* x turns to a calx4 ,bismu? is pretty frequ5tly f\nd pure 9 its e>?y & /ony matrices2 & :5 m9]aliz$ x is usually s by ,ars5ic1 :i*1 be+ /ill m volatile1 flies (f 9 vap\rs :ile ! ore is melt+1 provid$ x be b 9 a small quantity3 if !re be mu* ( x1 & ! ore be smelt$ by fus+ x ) ! black flux1 ! ,ars5ic also is r$uc$ to a ,regulus1 unites m intimately ) ! ,bismu?1 becomes a little m fix$ by t union1 & increases ! quantity ( ! semi-metallic mass f\nd aft] ! fusion4 ,?\gh ,bismu? be n usually m9]aliz$ by ,sulphur1 t is n because x is incapable ( unit+ !re)2 =1 if equal p>ts ( ,bismu? & ,sulphur be melt$ toge!r1 aft] ! fusion ! ,bismu? w be f\nd increas$ ne> an eigh? "p1 & =m$ into a mass dispos$ 9 ne$les mu* l ,antimony4 ,:5 we come to treat ( ! ore ( ,ars5ic1 we %all h occasion to say a good deal m conc]n+ ,bismu? & its ore2 because ^! m9]als resemble ea* o!r v mu*4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy1 son ( ! ,academician1 ha? %ewn 9 a ,memoir read be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 t !re is a great resemblance betwe5 ,bismu? & ,lead4 ,t ,memoir1 :i* conta9s only ! beg9n+ ( ,mr4 ,ge(froy's c\rse ( exp]im5ts1 proves t ! au?or supports ) dignity ! glory ( 8 "n4 ,x is !re demon/rat$1 by a v great numb] ( exp]im5ts1 t fire produces ! same effects on ,bismu? z on ,lead4 ,?is semi-metal is conv]t$ into a calx1 into li?>ge1 & into glass1 z ,lead is2 & ^! productions h ! same prop]ties z ! prep>ations ( ,lead made ) ! same degree ( fire4 ,bismu? is capable ( vitrify+ all ! imp]fect metals1 & ( c>ry+ !m (f ?r\gh ! pores ( ! crucible4 ,s t ,gold & ,silv] may be purifi$ & cupell$ by its means1 z well z ) ,lead4 ,y may on ?is occasion turn to :at we h said conc]n+ ,lead4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,bismu? dissolv$ by ,acids4 ,magi/]y ( ,bismu?4 ,sympa!tic ,ink4 ,into a matrass put ,bismu? brok5 into little bits3 p\r on x1 by little & little1 twice z mu* aqua =tis4 ,?is ,acid w attack ! semi-metal briskly1 & dissolve x entirely1 ) heat1 eff]vesc5ce1 vap\rs1 & puff+ up4 ,! solution w be cle> & limpid4 ,,obs]vations4 ,( all ,acids ! ,nitr\s is t :i* be/ dissolves ,bismu?4 ,x is n necess>y1 on ?is occasion1 to place ! phial1 9 :i* ! dissolution is p]=m$1 on a s&-heat1 z 9 mo/ o!r metallic dissolutions3 on ! contr>y1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to p\r on all ! aqua =tis at once2 because x op]ates ) s mu* activity t ! mixture w heave up & run ov] ! vessel4 ,! b>e addition ( wat] is suffici5t to precipitate ! solution ( ,bismu?4 ,if ?is solution be mix$ ) a v l>ge proportion ( wat]1 ! liquor gr[s turbid1 appe>s milky1 & deposites a precipitate ( a v beautiful :ite4 ,?is is t :ite :i* ! ladies use at _! toilets4 ,wat] produces ?is precipitation by weak5+ ! ,acid2 :i* probably is incapable ( keep+ ! ,bismu? dissolv$1 unless x h a c]ta9 degree ( /r5g?4 ,if y w\ld h a ,magi/]y ( ,bismu? beautifully :ite1 y mu/ p]=m ! dissolution ) an aqua =tis t is n ta9t$ ) any mixture ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid2 = ?is gives ! precipitate a dirty :ite col\r1 incl9+ to grey4 ,sev]al au?ors advise ! use ( a solution ( ,sea-salt1 in/ead ( pure wat]1 = precipitat+ ! ,bismu?1 imag9+ t ?is ,salt w effect a precipitation "h z x does 9 ! cases ( ,silv] & ,lead4 ,b ,mr4 ,pott1 a ,g]man ,*ymi/1 :o ha? publi%$ a long diss]tation on ,bismu?1 pret5ds1 on ! contr>y1 t nei!r ,sea-salt1 nor its ,acid1 is capable ( precipitat+ ?is semi-metal2 & t :5 a precipitation takes place on mix+ !m ) our solution1 x is br\ght ab\t only by means ( ! wat] 9 :i* ^? sub/ances are diffus$4 ,bismu? may also be precipitat$ by ! means ( ,fix$ or ,volatile ,alkalis2 b ! precipitate is n ( s f9e a :ite z :5 procur$ by ! means ( pure wat] only4 ,if a great] quantity ( aqua =tis1 ?an t prescrib$ 9 ! process1 be made use ( to dissolve ! ,bismu?1 a great deal m wat] w also be requir$ to precipitate ! ,magi/]y2 because !re w be mu* m ,acid to weak54 ,?is :ite ought to be well wa%$1 9 ord] to free x f any rema9d] ( acidity2 & x %\ld be kept 9 a bottle well /opp$2 because ! access ( ! air makes x turn br[n1 & if any ( ! ,acid be left x w turn x yell[4 ,a solution ( ,bismu? prep>$ ) ! prop] quantity ( aqua =tis1 t is1 ) two p>ts ( ! ,acid to "o ( ! semi-metal1 concretes into little cry/als almo/ z soon z made4 ,aqua =tis n only acts on ,bismu? :5 sep>at$ f its ore1 & r$uc$ to a ,regulus1 b attacks x ev5 9 its ore1 & likewise dissolves at ! same "t "s portion ( ! ore itself4 ,) ?is solution ( ! ore ( ,bismu? ,mr4 ,hellot makes a v curi\s ,sympa!tic ,ink1 diff]+ f all t 7 kn[n be=e4 ,mr4 ,hellot prep>es ! liquor 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,he bruises ! ore ( ,bismu? to a co>se p[d]4 ,on two ounces ( ?is p[d] he p\rs a mixture ( five ounces ( common wat] ) five ounces ( aqua =tis4 ,he does n heat ! vessel till ! fir/ ebullitions are ov]4 ,he !n sets x 9 a g5tle s&-heat1 & lets x dige/ !re till he sees no m air bubbles rise4 ,:5 none appe> 9 ?is heat1 he increases x s z to make ! solv5t boil slightly = a full qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,x takes up a t9cture ne>ly ( ! col\r ( br[n be]4 ,! ore t gives ! aqua =tis ?is col\r is ! be/4 ,he !n lets ! solution cool1 lay+ ! matrass on its side1 t he may decant ! liquor m conv5i5tly :5 all is precipitat$ t is n tak5 up by ! solv5t4 ,! second vessel1 into :i* ! liquor is fir/ decant$1 he also lays decl9+1 t a new precipitation ( ! undissolv$ matt]s may be obta9$2 aft] :i* he p\rs ! liquor into a ?ird vessel4 ,?is liquor mu/ n be filt]$1 if y w\ld h ! re/ ( ! process succe$ p]fectly2 because ! aqua =tis w\ld dissolve "s ( ! pap]1 & t w\ld spoil ! col\r ( y\r pap]4 ,:5 ?is solution1 :i* ,mr4 ,hellot calls ! ,impregnation1 is ?or\ghly cl>ifi$ by be+ decant$ ?ree or f\r times1 he puts x into a glass bason ) two ounces ( v pure ,sea-salt4 ,! f9e :ite salt made by ! sun succe$$ be/ ) ,mr4 ,hellot4 ,if t _c be _h1 common bay-salt1 purifi$ by solution1 filtration1 & cry/allization1 may be us$ in/ead ( x4 ,b z x is r>e to meet ) any ( ! sort t is n a little ta9t$ ) iron1 ! :ite bay-salt is to be pref]r$4 ,! glass bason he sets 9 a g5tle s&-heat1 & keeps x !re till ! mixture be r$uc$ by evaporation to an almo/ dry sal9e mass4 ,if y desire to save ! aqua regis1 ! impregnation mu/ be put into a retort1 & di/ill$ ) ! g5tle heat ( a s&-ba?4 ,b !re is an inconv5i5cy1 z ,mr4 ,hellot obs]ves1 9 employ+ a retort2 :i* is1 t1 z ! sal9e mass _c be /irr$ :ile x coagulates 9 ! retort1 x is r$uc$ to a compact cake ( col\r$ ,salt1 :i* pres5ts b "o s+le surface to ! wat] 9 :i* x mu/ be dissolv$2 s t ! dissolution !re( takes up sometimes no less ?an five or six days4 ,9 ! bason1 on ! contr>y1 ! sal9e mass is easily br\ght to a granulat$ ,salt1 by /irr+ x ) a glass rod2 &1 :5 ?us granulat$1 x has a great deal m surface2 x dissolves m easily1 & yields its t9cture to wat] 9 f\r h\rs "t4 ,inde$ "o is m expos$ to ! vap\rs ( ! solv5t1 :i* w\ld be dang]\s1 if ! op]ation 7 to be (t5 p]=m$1 )\t prop] precautions4 ,:5 ! bason1 or little vessel1 conta9+ ! mixture ( ! ,impregnation & ,sea-salt is heat$1 ! liquor1 :i* 0 ( an orange-col\r$ r$1 becomes a crimson r$2 &1 :5 all ! phlegm ( ! solv5t is evaporat$1 x acquires a beautiful em]ald col\r4 ,by degrees x ?ick5s1 & acquires ! col\r ( a mass ( ,v]degris4 ,x mu/ !n be c>efully /irr$ ) ! glass rod1 9 ord] to granulate ! ,salt1 :i* mu/ n be kept ov] ! fire till x be p]fectly dry2 because y run a risk ( los+ irrecov]ably ! col\r y are seek+4 ,y may be sure y h lo/ x1 if by too mu* heat ! ,salt t 0 ( a gre5 col\r become ( a dirty yell[4 ,if x be once br\ght to ?is /ate1 x w cont9ue )\t *ang+ :5 cold3 b if c>e be tak5 to remove x f ! fire :ile x is /ill gre51 y w see x gradually gr[ pale1 & become ( a beautiful rose col\r z x cools4 ,mr4 ,hellot removes x f ?is vessel1 & ?r[s x into ano!r conta9+ di/ill$ ra9 wat]3 & ?is second vessel he keeps 9 g5tle dige/ion till he obs]ves t ! p[d] :i* falls to ! bottom is p]fectly :ite4 ,if1 aft] ?ree or f\r h\rs dige/+1 ?is p[d] /ill cont9ues t+$ ) a rose col\r1 x is a pro( t wat] en\gh 0 n add$ to dissolve all ! ,salt impregnat$ ) ! t9cture ( ! solution4 ,9 ?is case1 ! fir/ t+$ liquor mu/ be p\r$ (f1 & fre% wat] add$1 9 proportion to ! quantity ( t+$ ,salt1 t is suppos$ to rema9 mix$ ) ! precipitate4 ,:5 ! ore is pure1 & do? n conta9 a great deal ( fusible /one1 commonly call$ ,fluor or ,qu>tz1 an ounce ( x g5]ally yields t9cture en\gh = eight or n9e ounces ( wat]1 & ! liquor is ( a beautiful col\r l t ( ! lila* or pipe-tree blossom4 ,9 ord] to prove ! effect ( ?is t9cture1 y mu/ write ) ?is lila*-col\r$ liquor on good well-gumm$ pap]1 t does n s9k3 or y may use x to %ade ! leaves ( "s tree or plant1 hav+ fir/ drawn ! outl9es !re( lightly1 ) ,*9a-ink or ) a black-lead p5cil4 ,let ?is col\r$ draw+1 or writ+1 dry 9 a w>m air4 ,y w p]ceive no col\r :ile x is cold2 b if x be g5tly w>m$ be=e ! fire1 y w see ! writ+1 or ! draw+1 gradually acquire a blue or gre5i%-blue col\r1 :i* is visible z long z ! pap] cont9ues a little w>m1 & disappe>s entirely :5 x cools4 ,! s+ul>ity ( ?is sympa!tic ink consi/s 9 its prop]ty ( disappe>+ entirely & becom+ invisible1 ?\gh x be n t\*$ ) any ?+ :atev]3 & ?is di/+ui%es x f all o!rs2 :i*1 :5 once r5d]$ visible by ! application ( prop] means1 d n aga9 disappe>1 or at lea/ n )\t t\*+ ! /rokes on ! pap] ) "s o!r liquor4 ,mr4 ,hellot made a va/ v>iety ( exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 & gave 8 sympa!tic ink successively ! prop]ties ( all o!rs t are kn[n4 ,x foll[s f ,mr4 ,hellot's exp]im5ts1 t x is ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt :i* makes ?is sal9e magma ( a gre5 col\r :ile x is hot3 t )\t ?is ,acid ! sal9e matt] cont9ues r$2 & t ! solution ( ,bismu?-ore 9 aqua =tis may !re=e s]ve z a t\*/one1 to discov] :e!r or no any unkn[n ,salt "u exam9ation conta9s ,sea-salt1 or a portion ( ! ,m>9e ,acid4 ,he also proves1 9 ! ,memoirs he ha? giv5 9 on ?is subject1 t ! ,nitr\s ,acid is ! true solv5t ( ^? ores ( ,bismu? :i* conta9 moreov] ,smalt & ,ars5ic4 ,t ,acid dissolves all ! metallic & col\r+ matt]s conta9$ 9 ^? ores1 sp>+ no?+ b ! sulphure\s & ars5ical portion1 ! greate/ "p ( :i* rema9s precipitat$2 & f ?is col\r+ matt] ! sympa!tic ink d]ives its virtue4 ,"u ! head ( ,ars5ic we %all speak m amply ( ?is matt] 9 ,cobalt1 or ! ore ( ,ars5ic1 t gives a blue col\r to ! s& ) :i* x is vitrifi$4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid does n1 prop]ly speak+1 dissolve ,bismu?4 ,if to "o "p & an half ( ?is semi-metal y add "o "p ( ,oil ( ,vitriol2 di/il ! :ole to dryness2 & !n lixiviate ) wat] :at rema9s 9 ! retort2 ! liquor y obta9$ by ?is means w be ( a r$di% yell[ col\r1 b w let no?+ fall :5 mix$ ) an ,alkali3 & ?is %ews t ! ,vitriolic ,acid acts only ^u ! inflammable "p ( ,bismu?1 & do? n dissolve its metallic e>?4 ,x dissolves ! ore ( ,bismu? m p]ceptibly ?an ,bismu? itself2 because ! ore conta9s1 besides ! regul9e "p1 an ars5ical matt]1 & a col\r$ matt]1 ov] :i* p]haps x ha? m p[]4 ,! ,acid ( ,sea-salt attacks & dissolves ,bismu? 9 "s small measure1 b sl[ly & ) difficulty4 ,t ?is ,acid dissolves a portion ( our semi-metal may be prov$1 by mix+ a ,fix$ or ,volatile ,alkali ) ,_s ( ,salt 9 :i* ,bismu? ha? la9 "s "t dige/+2 = !n a precipitate falls4 ,b1 ?\gh ! ,m>9e ,acid be capable ( dissolv+ ,bismu?1 x do? n foll[ t x ha? a great] aff9ity ?an ! ,nitr\s ,acid ) ?is metallic sub/ance1 z "s ,*ymi/s h ?\ght2 :o imag9$ t1 9 ! precipitation ( ! ,magi/]y ( ,bismu? by a solution ( ,sea-salt1 ! ,acid ( t ,salt quits its basis to unite ) ! ,bismu? :i* x precipitates1 z is ! case 9 ! precipitations ( ,lead & ( ,silv] by ! same ,salt1 & t x =ms1 on ?is occasion1 a ,bismu?um corneum4 ,on ?is subject1 ,mr4 ,pott obs]v$1 #a4 t1 :5 only a small quantity ( ! solution ( ,sea-salt is mix$ ) ! solution ( ,bismu? 9 ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 no precipitate is =m$3 n[ x is c]ta9 t :5 ! smalle/ quantity :atev] ( ,sea-salt is mix$ ) ! solution ei!r ( ,lead or ( ,silv]1 a precipitate is imm$iately deposit$1 9 a quantity proportion$ to t ( ! ,salt us$4 #b4 ,mr4 ,pott1 hav+ exam9$ ! precipitate ( ,bismu? ?r[n d[n by a solution ( ,sea-salt1 f\nd x n to h ! prop]ties ( a metallic sub/ance r5d]$ horny3 on ! contr>y1 t precipitate be+ expos$ to a v viol5t fire appe>$ refractory1 & c\ld n be melt$4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,,z9c4 ,,process ,i4 ,to extract ,z9c f its ,ore1 or ,calam9e4 ,take eight p>ts ( ,calam9e r$uc$ to a p[d]2 mix ?is p[d] accurately ) "o "p ( f9e *>coal-du/1 previ\sly calc9$ 9 a crucible to free x f all moi/ure3 put ?is mixture into a /one retort coat$ ) lute1 leav+ a ?ird "p ( x empty3 set y\r retort 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 capable ( giv+ a v fi]ce heat4 ,to ! retort apply a receiv]1 ) a little wat] 9 x4 ,k9dle ! fire1 & raise x by degrees till ! heat be /rong en\gh to melt ,copp]4 ,) ?is degree ( fire ! ,z9c be+ metalliz$ w sep>ate f ! mixture1 & sublime into ! neck ( ! retort1 9 ! =m ( metallic drops4 ,break ! retort :5 x is cold1 & collect ! ,z9c4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! process "h giv5 = smelt+ ,z9c out ( ,calam9e is tak5 f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,b]l94 ,! au?or ( x is ,mr4 ,m>ggraff1 a skilful ,*ymi/1 :om we h already _h occasion to m5tion "u ! article ( ,phosphorus4 ,till ?is process 0 publi%$1 we knew no me?od ( obta9+ pure ,z9c directly f ! ,lapis ,calam9>is4 ,mo/ ( ! ,z9c we h comes f an ore ( difficult fusion t is work$ at ,gosl>1 & yields1 at "o & ! same "t1 ,lead1 ,z9c1 & ano!r metallic matt] call$ ,cadmia ,=nacum1 :i* also conta9s mu* ,z9c1 z we %all aft]w>ds see4 ,! furnace us$ = smelt+ ?is ore is clos$ on its =e-side ) ?9 plates or tables ( /one1 n above an in* ?ick4 ,?is /one is greyi%1 & be>s a viol5t fire4 ,9 ?is furnace ! ore is melt$ amid/ *>coal1 by ! help ( bell[s4 ,ea* melt+ takes twelve h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t ! ,z9c fl[+ ) ! ,lead is resolv$ into fl[]s & vap\rs1 great "p ( :i* adh]es to ! sides ( ! furnace 9 ! =m ( a v h>d cru/ ( e>?4 ,! workm5 take c>e to remove ?is cru/ f "t to "t2 = x w\ld o!rwise gr[ s ?ick at la/ z to less5 ! cavity ( ! furnace v consid]ably4 ,!re adh]es moreov] to ! =e-"p ( ! furnace1 :i* is =m$1 z we said be=e1 ( ?9 plates ( /one1 a metallic matt]1 :i* is ! ,z9c1 & is c>efully collect$ at ! end ( ea* melt+1 by remov+ f ?is "p all ! live coals4 ,a quantity ( small coal is laid unlight$ at ! bottom2 & on ?is small coal1 by /rik+ ! /one plates g5tly ) a hamm]1 ! ,z9c is made to fall out ( ! o!r matt]1 kn[n by ! ,lat9 "n ( ,cadmia ,=nacum1 among :i* x appe>s fix$ 9 a radiat$ =m4 ,to ?is o!r matt] we may prop]ly en\gh give ! "n ( ,furnace-,calam9e4 ,! ,z9c falls 9 ! =m ( a melt$ metal1 all on fire1 & 9 a bright flame4 ,x w\ld soon be entirely burnt & r$uc$ to fl[]s1 z we %all see1 if x 7 n ext+ui%$1 & easily cool$ & fix$1 by be+ hid "u ! unlight$ small-coal plac$ bel[ on purpose to receive x4 ,! ,z9c adh]es to ! =e-"p ( ! furnace pref]ably to any o!r1 because t be+ ! ?9ne/ is !re=e ! coole/3 &1 9 ord] fur!r to promote its fix+ on ?is "p1 !y take c>e to keep ! ?9 /one plates cool dur+ ! op]ation1 by ?r[+ wat] on !m4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t ,z9c is n extract$ f its ore by fusion & ! precipitation ( a ,regulus1 l o!r metallic sub/ances4 ,?is is ow+ to ! great volatility ( our semi-metal1 :i* _c1 )\t sublim+1 be> ! degree ( fire necess>y to melt its ore4 ,x is at ! same "t s combu/ible1 t a great "p ( x rises 9 fl[]s :i* h n ! metall9e =m4 ,mr4 ,m>ggraff provides aga9/ ^! inconv5i5ces by work+ ! ore ( ,z9c 9 close vessels4 ,by ?is means he prev5ts ! ,z9c f tak+ fire1 & be+ conv]t$ into fl[]s2 s t x sublimes 9 its metall9e =m4 ,! wat] 9 ! recipi5t s]ves to receive & cool ! drops ( ,z9c t may be =c$ q ov] ! helm4 ,z ! op]ation requires a mo/ viol5t fire1 ^! drops mu/ ne$s issue exce$+ hot1 &1 )\t ?is precaution1 break ! recipi5t4 ,mr4 ,m>ggraff by ! same process extract$ ,z9c out ( ! ,furnace-,calam9e procur$ f ores conta9+ ,z9c2 f ,tutty1 :i* is a sort ( furnace-calam9e2 f ! fl[]s & f ! calx ( ,z9c2 & f ! precipitate ( ,:ite ,vitriol2 all ( !m matt]s kn[n to be ,z9c1 t want$ no?+ b ! phlogi/on to give x a semi-metall9e =m1 & f :i* nev]!less no body c\ld ev] be=e him procure any ,z9c4 ,mr4 ,m>ggraff obs]ves1 t ! ,z9c obta9$ by 8 process be>s be+ flatt$ "u ! hamm] into pretty ?9 plates2 :i* ! common ,z9c w n d4 ,! cause ( ?is probably is1 t ! ,z9c obta9$ by 8 me?od is m intimately comb9$ ) ! phlogi/on1 & conta9s a great] quantity !re(1 ?an t :i* is procur$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to sublime ,z9c into ,fl[]s4 ,take a v deep1 l>ge crucible3 place x 9 a furnace1 s t x may /& incl9+ 9 an angle ( =ty-five degrees ne>ly4 ,?r[ "s ,z9c into x1 & k9dle a fire 9 ! furnace some:at /rong] ?an w\ld be necess>y to keep ,lead 9 fusion4 ,! ,z9c w melt4 ,/ir x ) an iron wire1 & !re w appe> on its surface a v bright :ite flame3 two in*es above ?is flame a ?ick smoke w be =m$1 & ) ?is smoke exce$+ :ite ,fl[]s w rise1 & rema9 "s "t adh]+ to ! sides ( ! crucible1 9 ! =m ( a v f9e light d[n4 ,:5 ! flame slack5s1 /ir y\r melt$ matt] aga9 ) ! iron wire3 y w see ! flame r5ew$1 & ! fl[]s beg9 aga9 to appe> 9 great] abundance4 ,g on ?us till y obs]ve t ! matt] w n flame1 nor any m ,fl[]s rise4 ,,obs]vations4 ,z9c takes fire v easily z soon z x is affect$ by a c]ta9 degree ( heat2 :i* proves1 t 9 ! composition ( ?is semi-metal !re is v mu* phlogi/on1 unit$ b slightly ) its metallic e>?4 ,! ,fl[]s into :i* ,z9c resolves1 dur+ its combu/ion1 are ( a p]fectly s+ul> nature1 & diff] greatly f all ! o!r productions obta9able out ( metallic sub/ances4 ,!y may be consid]$ z ! v calx ( ,z9c1 or its metallic e>? robb$ ( its phlogi/on1 & sublim$ dur+ ! combu/ion ( ?is semi-metal1 be+ probably c>ri$ up by ! phlogi/on 9 fly+ (f4 ,= ^! ,fl[]s1 :5 once sublim$1 are aft]w>ds exce$+ly fix$3 !y su/a9 ! greate/ viol5ce ( fire )\t ris+1 & are conv]t$ by x into a sort ( glass4 ,none ( ! me?ods hi!rto employ$1 = re/or+ to ! ,fl[]s ( ,z9c _! metall9e =m1 h ev] succe$$4 ,:5 treat$ l o!r metall9e calces 9 a crucible1 ) e k9d ( inflammable matt]1 & diff]5t sorts ( r$uc+ fluxes1 !y nev] c be re-metalliz$3 !y only melt ) ! flux1 & produce a k9d ( ,glass4 ,mr4 ,m>ggraff inde$1 z m5tion$ be=e1 obta9$ ,z9c f ^! ,fl[]s1 by treat+ !m z he did ,calam9e 9 a retort ) *>coal-du/3 b z ! ,fl[]s (t5 c>ry up ) !m little p>ticles ( undecompos$ ,z9c1 !re /ill rema9s "s d\bt conc]n+ ! r$uction ( ^! ,fl[]s1 ev5 by ?is me?od4 ,if ! crucible1 into :i* y put ! ,z9c to be conv]t$ into ,fl[]s1 in/ead ( be+ left op51 z direct$1 be cov]$ ) ano!r crucible inv]t$1 ! two vessels lut$ toge!r1 plac$ 9 a melt+ furnace1 & a /rong fire imm$iately k9dl$ & kept up = ab\t half an h\r2 y w f9d1 :5 ! vessels are cold1 t all ! ,z9c ha? left ! l[] crucible1 & is sublim$ into ! upp] "o1 9 its metall9e =m1 )\t suff]+ any decomposition4 ,?is exp]im5t proves1 t ,z9c1 to be conv]t$ into ,fl[]s1 mu/ necess>ily be set on fire & burnt4 ,z x _c burn 9 close vessels1 any m ?an o!r combu/ible bodies1 & z x is volatile1 x sublimes )\t suff]+ any decomposition4 ,regulus ( ,antimony & ,bismu? may be sublim$ 9 ! same mann]2 b n s easily z ,z9c1 :i* is /ill m volatile ?an ^? o!r semi-metals4 ,x is necess>y to /ir ! ,z9c 9 fusion f "t to "t ) an iron wire1 :5 y int5d to conv]t x into ,fl[]s3 = !re =ms on its surface a grey cru/ t ob/ructs its deflagration1 & b5ea? :i* x is gradually conv]t$ into a clott$ calx4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to promote ! ris+ ( ! fl[]s1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to break ?is cru/1 z (t z x beg9s to =m4 ,on ?is !re imm$iately appe>s a v bright :ite flame3 two in*es above ! flame is se5 a ?ick smoke1 & ) ?is smoke v :ite ,fl[]s rise1 t cont9ue "s "t adh]+ to ! inside ( ! crucible1 9 ! =m ( a f9e d[n4 ,m4 ,mal\91 :o1 9 sundry ,memoirs on ,z9c1 ha? endeav\r$ to discov] :at resemblance !re is betwe5 ?is semi-metal & ,t91 tri$ to calc9e ,z9c 9 ! same mann] z ,t92 b f\nd x some:at m difficult4 ,z9c1 :ile x is n 9 fusion1 do? n calc9e2 b x beg9s to turn to a calx ! mom5t x beg9s to melt4 ,m4 ,mal\91 hav+ repeat$ ! fusion ( ,z9c a great numb] ( times1 by t means collect$ at la/ a quantity ( ! calx ( ?is semi-metal1 resembl+ o!r metall9e calces4 ,?is calx ( ,z9c he melt$ 9 a crucible ) animal fat2 :]eby ! calx 0 re-metalliz$1 & r$uc$ to ,z9c4 ,!re is great reason to believe t ! calx ( ,z9c made by ?is me?od is n s mu* burnt z ! ,fl[]s1 & t x /ill conta9s a portion ( phlogi/on4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to comb9e ,z9c ) ,copp]4 ,brass4 ,pr9ce's ,metal1 c4 ,p\nd "o "p & an half ( ,calam9e1 & an equal quantity ( *>coal3 m+le ^! two p[d]s toge!r1 & moi/5 !m ) a little wat]4 ,put ?is mixture into a l>ge crucible1 or "s o!r e>!n vessel t w be> a melt+ heat4 ,among/ & ov] ?is mixture put "o "p ( v pure ,copp] 9 ?9 plates1 & !n put fre% *>coal-du/ ov] all3 cov] ! crucible2 set x 9 a melt+ furnace2 put coals all r\nd x1 & let !m k9dle gradually4 ,raise ! fire s z to make ! crucible v r$-hot4 ,:5 y obs]ve t ! flame ha? acquir$ a purple or blui%-gre5 col\r1 uncov] ! crucible1 & dip into x an iron wire1 to exam9e :e!r or no ! copp] be 9 fusion "u ! *>coal-du/4 ,if y f9d x is1 mod]ate ! =ce ( ! fire a little1 & let y\r crucible rema9 9 ! furnace = a few m9utes4 ,!n take x out & let x cool3 y w f9d y\r ,copp] ( a gold col\r1 increas$ 9 weight a f\r?1 or p]haps a ?ird "p1 & yet v malleable4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,lapis ,calam9>is is n ! only sub/ance ) :i* ,copp] may be conv]t$ into brass3 all o!r ores conta9+ ,z9c1 ! ,furnace-,calam9e t sublimes :]e su* ores are work$1 ,tutty1 ,z9c 9 sub/ance1 may be sub/itut$ = x1 &1 l x1 w make v f9e ,brass2 b1 9 ord] to succe$1 sundry precautions are necess>y :i* we %all n[ lay be=e y4 ,?is process is a sort ( cem5tation3 = ! ,calam9e do? n melt2 only ! ,z9c is conv]t$ into vap\rs1 & !n comb9es ) ! ,copp]4 ,on ?is ! success ( ! op]ation p>tly dep5ds1 z x is ! means ( ! ,copp]'s pres]v+ its purity & malleability2 because ! o!r metallic sub/ances t may be unit$ ) ! ore ( ,z9c1 or ) ! ,z9c itself1 n hav+ ! same volatility1 _c be r$uc$ to vap\rs4 ,if y are appris$ t ! ,calam9e1 or o!r ore ( ,z9c us$ on ?is occasion1 is contam9at$ ) a mixture ( any o!r metallic matt]1 y mu/ m+le lut+ e>? ) ! *>coal-du/ & ! matt] conta9+ ! ,z9c2 make x into /iff pa/e ) wat]2 ( ?is make a b$ at ! bottom ( y\r crucible1 & ram x h>d d[n2 lay ! ,copp] plates !reon1 cov] !m ) *>coal-du/1 & !n proce$ z be=e4 ,by ?is means :5 ! ,copp] melts x _c fall to ! bottom ( ! crucible1 nor mix ) ! ore2 b is borne up by ! mixture1 & _c comb9e ) any ?+ b ! ,z9c1 t rises 9 vap\rs1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ! lute1 fixes 9 ! ,copp]4 ,lapis ,calam9>is1 or o!r ore ( ,z9c1 may also be purifi$ be=e x be us$ = mak+ ,brass2 especially if adult]at$ ) ,lead ore1 :i* is (t5 ! case4 ,= ?is purpose ! ore mu/ be roa/$ 9 a fire /rong en\gh to give a small degree ( fusion to ! lead5 matt]2 :i* w !reby be r$uc$ into l>g]1 heavi]1 & t\gh] masses4 ,! mo/ subtile p>ticles are dissipat$ 9 ! torrefaction1 toge!r ) "s ( ! ,calam9e4 ,! ,calam9e1 on ! contr>y1 is by roa/+ made m t5d]1 light]1 & mu* m friable4 ,:5 x is 9 ?is condition1 put x into a wa%+ tray or van2 dip ! tray 9 a vessel full ( wat]1 & bruise ! matt] x conta9s4 ,! wat] w c>ry (f ! lighte/ p[d]1 :i* is ! ,calam9e1 & leave no?+ at ! bottom ( ! tray b ! heavie/ sub/ance2 t is ! lead5 matt]1 :i* is to be reject$ z useless4 ,! p[d] ( ! ,calam9e w settle at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 :]e1 aft] p\r+ (f ! wat]1 x may be f\nd1 & us$ z above direct$4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! *>coal-du/ s]ves to prev5t bo? ! ,copp] & ! ,z9c f be+ calc9$3 & = ?is reason1 :5 y "w on a great quantity ( mat]ials at once1 x is n necess>y to use s mu* *>coal-du/1 9 proportion1 z :5 y "w b on a small quantity2 because1 ! great] ! mass ( metal1 ! less easily w x calc9e4 ,?\gh ! ,copp] melts 9 ?is op]ation1 yet x is f> f be+ necess>y to apply su* a /rong fire z ,copp] usually requires to melt x3 = ! accession ( ! ,z9c1 on ?is occasion1 communicates to x a great deal ( fusibility4 ,! increase ( its weight is also ow+ to ! quantity ( ,z9c comb9$ ) x4 ,copp] acquires /ill ano!r advantage by its association ) ?is semi-metal2 = x rema9s long] 9 ! fire )\t calc9+4 ,brass well prep>$ ought to be malleable :5 cold4 ,b 9 :atev] mann] x be made1 & :atev] proportion ( ,z9c !re be 9 x1 x is con/antly f\nd q unmalleable :5 r$-hot4 ,brass melt$ 9 a crucible1 ) a fi]ce heat1 takes fire almo/ l ,z9c1 & f its surface _m :ite fl[]s asc5d1 danc+ ab\t 9 flakes l ! fl[]s ( ,z9c4 ,!y are inde$ ! fl[]s ( ,z9c1 & ! flame ( ,brass urg$ by a /rong fire is no o!r ?an ! flame ( ! ,z9c t is unit$ ) ! ,copp]1 & at t "t burns4 ,if ,brass be ?us kept long 9 fusion x w lose almo/ all ! ,z9c x conta9s4 ,x w also lose mu* ( its weight1 & its col\r w be ne>ly t ( ,copp]4 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 t[>ds p]=m+ ?is op]ation aright1 to seize ! mom5t :5 ! ,copp] is suffici5tly impregnat$ ) ,z9c1 :5 x ha? acquir$ ! mo/ weight & ! f9e/ col\r1 ) ! lea/ detrim5t to its ductility1 t is possible1 & t in/ant to put out ! fire2 because1 if ! ,copp] be left long] 9 fusion1 x w only lose ! ,z9c already unit$ ) x4 ,skill acquir$ by mu* practice1 & an acqua9tance ) ! p>ticul> ,calam9e employ$1 are necess>y to guide ! arti/ surely ?r\gh ?is op]ation2 = !re are v consid]able diff]5ces betwe5 ! sundry ores ( ,z9c4 ,"s ( !m conta9 ,lead1 z 0 said above1 & 9 o!rs !re is ,iron4 ,:5 ^! het]og5e\s metals come to be mix$ ) ! ,copp]1 !y d inde$ augm5t its weight1 b !y r5d] x at ! same "t pale1 & make x v h>%4 ,"s ,calam9es require to be roa/$ be=e !y c be us$ = ?is purpose1 & 9 ! torrefaction emit vap\rs ( a ,volatile ,alkali1 succe$$ by vap\rs ( a ,sulphure\s ,_s3 o!rs exhale no vap\rs :ile roa/+1 & may be employ$ )\t any antec$5t prep>ation4 ,^! diff]5t qualities mu/ evid5tly produce great diff]5ces 9 ! op]ation4 ,brass may also be made z ,pr9ce's metal & o!r imitations ( ,gold are actually made1 by us+ ,z9c 9 sub/ance1 in/ead ( ! ores t conta9 x4 ,b ^! compositions h n1 :5 cold1 ! ductility ( ,brass prep>$ ) ,lapis ,calam9>is1 because ,z9c is seldom pure1 or free f a mixture ( ,lead4 ,p]haps also ! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* ! ,z9c unites ) ! ,copp] may contribute to ?is v>iation4 ,to obviate ?is inconv5i5ce1 ! ,z9c mu/ be ref9$ f all alloy ( ,lead4 ,! prop]ty ( be+ indissoluble by ,sulphur1 :i* ?is semi-metal possesses1 po9ts out a v practicable me?od ( do+ x4 ,! ,z9c mu/ be melt$ 9 a crucible1 & /irr$ briskly ) a /rong iron wire1 :ile tall[ & m9]al ,sulphur are alt]nately project$ ^u x2 b s t ! quantity ( ,sulphur may greatly exce$ t ( ! tall[4 ,if ! ,sulphur d n burn entirely away1 b =m a k9d ( scoria on ! surface ( ! ,z9c1 x is a sign t y\r semi-metal conta9s ,lead4 ,9 ?is case y mu/ cont9ue ?r[+ 9 m ,sulphur1 & keep /irr+ ! ,z9c incessantly1 till y p]ceive t ! ,sulphur ceases to unite any m ) a metallic sub/ance1 b burns freely on ! surface ( ! ,z9c4 ,! semi-metal is !n ref9$1 because ! ,sulphur1 :i* _c dissolve x1 unites v readily ) ! ,lead1 or o!r metallic sub/ance1 conta9$ 9 x4 ,if ,z9c ?us ref9$ be mix$ ) pure ,copp]1 9 ! proportion ( a f\r? or a ?ird "p1 & ! mixture be kept 9 fusion & con/antly /irr+ = "s "t1 ! ,brass produc$ w be z ductile1 :5 cold1 z t made by cem5tation ) ! ,lapis ,calam9>is4 ,) reg>d to ,pr9ce's metal1 & o!r imitations ( ,gold1 !y are made ei!r ) ,copp] or ,brass re-comb9$ ) m ,z9c4 ,z x is necess>y1 = giv+ !m a f9e gold5 col\r1 to mix ) !m o!r proportions ( ,z9c ?an t acquir$ to make ,brass only1 !y are g5]ally mu* less ductile4 ,9 #agbe1 ,m4 ,ge(froy gave a ,memoir on ?is subject 9 :i* he exam9$ ! effects ( incorporat+ bo? ,copp] & ,brass ) ,z9c1 f a small to a v l>ge quantity4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,z9c dissolv$ 9 ! ,m9]al ,acids4 ,weak5 conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol by mix+ ) x an equal quantity ( wat]4 ,into a matrass put ! ,z9c y int5d to dissolve1 fir/ brok5 to small pieces4 ,p\r on x six times its weight ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 l[]$ z above direct$1 & set ! matrass 9 a s&-ba? g5tly heat$4 ,! ,z9c w dissolve entirely1 )\t any s$im5t4 ,! ,neutral ,metallic ,salt result+ f ?is dissolution %oots into cry/als1 :i* g by ! "n ( ,:ite ,vitriol1 or ,vitriol ( ,z9c4 ,,obs]vations4 ,?\gh ,z9c be soluble 9 all ! ,acids1 & :5 comb9$ ) ^? ,acids exhibits "s uncommon ph5om5a1 yet ,m4 ,hellot is ! fir/ t ev] gave a p>ticul> acc\nt ( :at happ5s 9 ^? dissolutions3 s t all we h to say on ?is head is extract$ f t ,g5tleman's ,memoirs4 ,if a solution ( ,z9c 9 ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 prep>$ accord+ to ! directions 9 ! process1 be di/ill$ f a retort plac$ 9 a s&-ba? ) a graduat$ heat1 almo/ half ! liquor pres5tly comes ov] 9 pure phlegm4 ,a small quantity ( a ,sulphure\s ,acid ,_s rises next4 ,a great] =ce ( fire is n[ requisite3 ! retort mu/ !re=e be remov$ into a rev]b]atory1 & ! di/illation cont9u$ ) a nak$ fire4 ,on ! fir/ impression ( ?is heat an od\r ( ,liv] ( ,sulphur discov]s itself1 :i* becomes %>p & suffocat+ t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation4 ,9 two h\rs "t :ite vap\rs beg9 to appe>1 z 9 ! rectification ( common ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,if ! receiv] be !n %ift$1 y w obta9 an ,oil ( ,vitriol1 9 quantity ab\t ! eighte5? "p ( ! :ole us$ 9 ! di/illation1 :i*1 ?\gh sulphure\s1 is yet s conc5trat$1 t1 if a few drops !re( be p\r$ into a weak ,oil ( ,vitriol1 !y fall to ! bottom ) z mu* noise z if !y 7 s _m bits ( r$-hot iron1 & heat ?is ,oil ( ,vitriol z mu* z common ,oil ( ,vitriol heats wat]4 ,at ! bottom ( ! retort !re rema9s a dry1 :ite1 cry/all9e1 sal9e mass1 exce$+ 9 weight ! ,z9c t 0 dissolv$1 ab\t a twelf? "p ( ! :ole weight ( ! liquor4 ,! increase ( its weight is ow+ to a portion ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid t rema9s conc5trat$ 9 ! ,z9c1 & c\ld n be expell$ by ! fire4 ,?is portion ( ,acid adh]es to x mo/ t5aci\sly3 =1 ?\gh ,m4 ,hellot kept ! retort conta9+ x dur+ two :ole h\rs 9 s viol5t a fire t ! vessel began to melt1 ! smalle/ vap\r did n rise f x4 ,?is sal9e caput mortuum is 9 ! =m ( ne$les1 mu* l ! ,s$ative ,salt4 ,x is cau/ic1 gr[s consid]ably hot :5 wat] is p\r$ on x1 & gives 9 ! air1 b sl[ly4 ,_s ( w9e1 dige/$ ) ?is ,salt = eight or t5 days1 acquires ! same smell z t :i* is mix$ ) conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol 9 prep>+ !r4 ,z9c is dissolv$ by ! ,nitr\s & ,m>9e ,acids1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z by ! ,vitriolic2 except t ! ,m>9e ,acid does n t\* a black1 spungy1 r>efi$ matt]1 :i* x sep>ates f ! ,z9c4 ,m4 ,hellot f\nd ^u trial t ?is matt] is n ,m]cury1 & t x _c be r$uc$ to a metallic sub/ance4 ,t +5i\s ,*ymi/ di/ill$ likewise ,solutions ( ,z9c 9 ! ,nitr\s & ,m>9e ,acids4 ,!re came ov] at fir/1 z !re did f ! solution made by ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 an aque\s1 & !n an acidulat$ liquor4 ,at la/1 by excit+ ! fire ) great viol5ce1 t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation1 he obta9$ a small quantity ( ! ,acid t ha? be5 employ$ 9 ! dissolution3 b ! small portion ( ,acid ?us obta9$ 0 exce$+ /rong2 & ! quantity ( ! ,nitr\s mu* m consid]able ?an t ( ! ,m>9e ,acid4 ,a solution ( ,z9c 9 ! ,m>9e ,acid1 be+ di/ill$ to dryness1 yields a ,sublimate on apply+ a viol5t heat to x4 ,all ! ,acids dissolve ) ease1 n only ,z9c1 b its ,fl[]s also2 & t ne>ly 9 ! same quantity1 & ) almo/ all ! same ph5om5a4 ,m4 ,hellot1 obs]v+ t ! residues ( mo/ ( ! solutions ( ,z9c h a great resemblance ) its fl[]s1 is ( op9ion t ?is semi-metal may be r$uc$1 by ! means ( solv5ts1 to ! same /ate into :i* x is br\ght by ! fire :5 sublim$ 9 ,fl[]s4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ,,ars5ic4 ,,process ,i4 ,to extract ,ars5ic f its ,matrices4 ,zaffre or ,smalt4 ,p[d] "s ,cobalt1 :ite ,pyrites1 or o!r ,ars5ical matt]s4 ,put ?is p[d] into a retort ) a %ort wide neck1 leav+ a full ?ird !re( empty4 ,set y\r retort 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace2 lute on a receiv]2 heat y\r vessel by degrees1 & increase ! fire till y see a p[d] sublime into ! neck ( ! retort4 ,keep up ! fire 9 ?is degree z long z ! sublimation cont9ues3 :5 ?is beg9s to slack51 raise y\r fire1 & make x z /rong z ! vessels w be>4 ,:5 no?+ m asc5ds1 let x g out4 ,on unlut+ ! vessels1 y w f9d 9 ! receiv] a little ,ars5ic 9 ! =m ( a f9e light f>9a4 ,! neck ( ! retort w be full ( :ite fl[]s1 n q s f9e1 "s ( :i* w appe> l little cry/als2 & if a good deal ( ,ars5ic be sublim$1 a pond]\s matt]1 l a :ite1 semi-transp>5t glass1 w be f\nd adh]+ to t "p ( ! neck ( ! retort :i* is next its body4 ,,obs]vations4 ,ars5ic is a metallic sub/ance /ill m volatile ?an ,z9c2 s t x _c be sep>at$ f ! matt]s ) :i* x is mix$ o!rwise ?an by sublimation4 ,x is prop]1 h[ev]1 to take notice1 t x is n naturally 9 a metallic =m1 & t1 prop]ly speak+1 ! :ole ,sublimate obta9$ f ,cobalt1 z above direct$1 is no?+ b a metallic calx1 t _c be br\ght to ! =m & gloss ( a metal1 till x be work$ up ) fatty matt]s1 z we %all %ew 9 its place4 ,?is calx is ( a v s+ul> nature1 & diff]s f e o!r metallic calx1 9 t ?is is volatile1 & all ! re/ extremely fix$2 ev5 ^? procur$ f ! semi-metals3 = ! ,fl[]s ( ,z9c1 :i* are ju/ly consid]$ z a calc9$ ,z9c1 ?\gh obta9$ by a sort ( sublimation1 are n = all t ( a volatile nature1 b r exce$+ly fix$2 see+ !y are capable ( su/a9+ ! mo/ viol5t fire1 & melt in/ead ( sublim+4 ,ars5ic1 on ! contr>y1 is n only extract$ f its ore by sublimation1 b :5 once sublim$ cont9ues to be volatile1 & flies (f 9 vap\rs z soon z x is expos$ ev5 to a mod]ate degree ( heat4 ,?is metallic matt]1 be=e x is comb9$ ) ! phlogi/on1 is call$ ,:ite ,ars5ic1 or pla9 ,ars5ic3 x acquires ! title ( ,regulus ( ,ars5ic :5 x is unit$ ) ! phlogi/on1 & glitt]s l a metal4 ,?\gh ,ars5ic be volatile1 yet x requires a pretty /rong fire to sep>ate x f ! m9]als conta9+ x1 especially 9 close vessels2 because x adh]es v close to e>?y & vitrifiable matt]s4 ,?is adhesion is s firm1 t1 :5 ?us comb9$1 x is capable ( be>+ a melt+ heat1 & vitrifies ) metallic calces1 & o!r fusible matt]s4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is impossible to extract f ,cobalt1 or o!r ,ars5ical matt]s1 all ! ,ars5ic !y conta9 by work+ !m only 9 close vessels4 ,if su* matt]s are to be fre$ f all _! ,ars5ic1 y mu/1 aft] y h extract$ all !y w yield by di/illation1 put !m into a crucible1 & set x uncov]$ 9 ! mid/ ( a /rong fire4 ,_m ,ars5ical vap\rs w /ill rise2 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to /ir ! cont5ts ( ! crucible frequ5tly ) an iron rod1 to facilitate ! dis*>ge ( ! rema9+ ,ars5ic4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! ,ars5ic1 obta9$ f m9]als by sublimation1 is n v :ite1 b ( a light] or d>k] grey col\r4 ,?is is ow+ to "s p>ticles ( inflammable matt]1 f :i* ,ars5ical m9]als are seldom q free4 ,a v small quantity ( phlogi/on is suffici5t to deprive mu* ,ars5ic ( its :it5ess1 & to give x a grey col\r4 ,b :5 f\l$ 9 ?is mann]1 x may easily be br\ght to its due degree ( :it5ess3 x ne$ only be sublim$ once m1 aft] mix+ x ) "s sub/ance on :i* x do? n act2 ,sea-salt1 = in/ance4 ,if ! matt]s f :i* ,ars5ic is extract$ conta9 ,sulphur also1 z "s pyrites d1 ! ,ars5ic sublimes ) mu* less heat1 ?an :5 x is unit$ ) e>?y matt]s only2 because x comb9es ) ! ,sulphur1 :]e) x ha? a great aff9ity1 & ! ,sulphur s]ves to sep>ate ! ,ars5ic1 by ?is int]position1 f ! e>?4 ,9 consequ5ce h]e(1 ,sulphur may be employ$ to extract ,ars5ic out ( ! e>?s 9 :i* x is fix$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ,sulphur *anges ! col\r ( ! ,ars5ic1 :i* x makes ( a light] or deep] yell[1 or ev5 r$1 9 proportion to ! quantity !re is ( x1 & to ! degree ( fire t ha? act$ on bo? toge!r4 ,! consi/5ce ( ,ars5ic is diff]5t1 accord+ to ! degree ( heat appli$ 9 sublim+ x4 ,if ! ,ars5ical vap\r meet ) a cold place1 x ga!rs !re 9 ! =m ( a p[d]1 z ! ,fl[]s ( ,sulphur d3 ?is is ! case ) t :i* falls into ! receiv] 9 di/ill+ x4 ,b if x be /opp$ 9 a hot place1 & _c escape f t heat1 x cond5ses into a heavy1 compact1 semi-transp>5t body1 hav+ und]gone ! fir/ degree ( fusion4 ,yet x _c be p]fectly melt$1 s z to fl[ l o!r fus$ matt]s3 n t x is refractory2 =1 on ! contr>y1 ! degree ( heat 9 :i* x beg9s to melt is v mod]ate1 & x is 9 its own nature v fit to promote ! fusion ( refractory matt]s3 b ! reason is ?is2 x is necess>ily conv]t$ into vap\rs by ! degree ( heat necess>y to fuse x1 & ^! vap\rs bur/ ! vessels1 if !y f9d no v5t4 ,ars5ic made yell[ by a mixture ( ,sulphur1 :i* is also call$ ,orpim5t1 is r$ucible to ! =m ( a solid ,sublimate ) m ease2 because x is alloy$ ) a tw5tie?1 or p]haps a t5? "p1 ( its weight ( ,sulphur1 :i* r5d]s x m fusible4 ,r$ ,ars5ic1 :i* conta9s /ill m ,sulphur1 melts also m easily4 ,x !n becomes ( a transp>5t r$1 l a ruby3 & h5ce1 :5 x is 9 ?is =m1 x is call$ ,ruby ( ,ars5ic4 ,:5 a comb9ation ( ,sulphur & ,ars5ic is want$1 x is bett] to m+le & di/il toge!r su* m9]als z conta9 ,sulphur & ,ars5ic1 ! :ite & ! yell[ pyrites1 = in/ance1 ?an to m+le pure ,ars5ic ) pure ,sulphur3 = ! great volatility ( ^! two sub/ances is a h9drance to _! unit+2 :]eas1 :5 comb9$ ) o!r matt]s1 !y are capable ( su/a9+ a mu* great] degree ( heat1 :i* fav\rs & promotes _! union4 ,^? :o "w by ! grate d n extract ,ars5ic out ( ,cobalt by di/illation3 !y ?r[ ! ore mix$ promiscu\sly ) wood & *>coal into a great furnace1 f :5ce a flue c>ries ! vap\rs into a long w9d+ passage1 across :i* beams ( wood are fix$ at prop] di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,! ,ars5ical vap\rs be+ conduct$ into ?is passage1 adh]e bo? to ! sides !re( & to ! joi/s t lye across x4 ,! fulig9\s p>ts ( ! combu/ible matt]s be+ light] asc5d high]1 & g out ?r\gh a *imney at ! f>!r end ( ?is passage4 ,! ,ars5ic sublim$ by ?is me?od is n :ite1 b ( a grey col\r2 ow+ to ! inflammable matt] ( ! wood & *>coal ) :i* ! ore is torrefi$4 ,:5 all ! ,ars5ic ! ,cobalt w yield is ?us sep>at$1 ! e>?y fix$ matt] left beh9d is mix$ ) div]s fusible matt]s & vitrifi$1 & produces a glass ( a beautiful blue col\r4 ,x is call$ ,smalt4 ,?is glass is to be prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,take f\r p>ts ( f9e fusible s&1 an equal quantity ( any ,fix$ ,alkali p]fectly depurat$1 & "o "p ( ,cobalt f :i* ! ,ars5ic ha? be5 sublim$ by torrefaction4 ,pulv]ize ^! diff]5t sub/ances v f9ely1 & mix !m ?or\ghly toge!r2 put ! mixture into a good crucible1 cov] x1 & set x 9 a melt+ furnace4 ,make a /rong fire1 & keep x up con/antly 9 ! same degree = "s h\rs4 ,!n dip an iron wire into ! crucible2 to ! end ( :i* a glassy matt] w /ick1 9 ! =m ( ?reads1 if ! fusion & vitrification be p]fect4 ,9 ?is case take ! crucible out ( ! fire2 cool x by ?r[+ wat] on x1 & !n break x4 ,y w f9d 9 x a glass1 :i* w be ( an exce$+ deep blue1 & almo/ black1 if ! op]ation ha? succe$$4 ,?is glass1 :5 r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 acquires a mu* bright] & m lively blue col\r4 ,if y f9d aft] ! op]ation t ! glass ha? too little col\r1 ! fusion mu/ be repeat$ a second "t1 ) twice or ?rice ! quantity ( ,cobalt4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! glass be too d>k1 less ,cobalt mu/ be us$4 ,in/ead ( ! mixture "h prescrib$ y may employ a ready-made glass1 provid+ x be :ite & fusible4 ,b z glass is always h>d to melt1 & z ! mix+ ,cobalt ) x r5d]s x /ill m refractory1 !re=e ?\gh an ,alkal9e ,salt be "o ( ! +r$i5ts 9 its composition1 x is prop] to promote ! fusion1 by mix+ !re) calc9$ w9e-lees1 9 ! quantity ( "o ?ird "p ( ! weight ( ! ,cobalt4 ,9 ord] to make ! assay ( a p>ticul> ,cobalt1 ) a view to "k :at quantity ( blue glass x w yield1 x is necess>y to p]=m ! op]ation 9 ! mann] "h set d[n2 a great deal ( "t & tr\ble may be sav$ by melt+ "o "p ( ,cobalt ) two or ?ree p>ts ( ,borax4 ,?is ,salt is v fusible1 & turns1 :5 melt$1 into a sub/ance :i*1 = a "t1 possesses all ! prop]ties ( glass4 ,9 ?is trial ! glass ( ,borax w be ne>ly ( ! same col\r z ! true glass1 or ,smalt1 made ) ! same ,cobalt4 ,! ores ( ,bismu?1 z well z ,cobalt1 yield a matt] t col\rs glass blue2 nay1 ! ,smalt made ) ^! ores is m beautiful ?an t procur$ f ! ore ( pure ,ars5ic4 ,"s ,cobalts yield bo? ,ars5ic & ,bismu?4 ,:5 su* ,cobalts are us$1 x is common to f9d at ! bottom ( ! crucible a little button ( metallic matt]1 :i* is call$ ,regulus ( ,cobalt4 ,?is ,regulus is a sort ( ,bismu?1 g5]ally adult]at$ ) a mixture ( f]rug9\s & ars5ical p>ts4 ,! heavie/ & mo/ fix$ ,fl[]s ( ,ars5ic1 procur$ f ,cobalt1 h likewise ! prop]ty ( giv+ a blue col\r to glass4 ,b ?is col\r is fa9t3 x is ow+ to a portion ( ! col\r+ matt] c>ri$ up along ) ! ,ars5ic4 ,^! ,fl[]s may be made an +r$i5t 9 ! composition ( blue glass1 n only because ( ! col\r+ pr9ciple !y conta91 b also because !y greatly promote fusion2 ,ars5ic be+ "o ( ! mo/ efficaci\s fluxes kn[n4 ,9 %ort1 all ^? blue glasses1 or ,smalts1 conta9 a c]ta9 quantity ( ,ars5ic2 = a portion ( ?is semi-metal always rema9s unit$ ) ! fix$ matt] ( ! ,cobalt1 ?\gh roa/$ = a long "t1 & 9 a v hot fire4 ,! portion ( ,ars5ic t is ?us fix$ vitrifies ) ! col\r+ matt]1 & ent]s into ! composition ( ! ,smalt4 ,! blue glass made ) ! fix$ "p ( ,cobalt ha? sev]al names1 accord+ to ! condition 9 :i* x is4 ,:5 x ha? und]gone ! fir/ imp]fect degree ( fusion only x is call$ ,zaffre4 ,x takes ! "n ( ,smalt :5 p]fectly vitrifi$3 & ?is aga9 be+ pulv]iz$ is call$ ,p[d]-blue1 or1 if f9ely levigat$1 ,blue ,enamel2 because x is us$ 9 enamell+1 z well z 9 pa9t+ e>!n w>e & porcela94 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to sep>ate ,ars5ic f ,sulphur4 ,p[d] ! yell[ or r$ ,ars5ic :i* y int5d to sep>ate f its ,sulphur4 ,moi/5 ?is p[d] ) a ,fix$ ,alkali resolv$ into a liquor4 ,dry ! mixture g5tly2 put x into a v tall glass cucurbit1 & fit on a bl9d-head4 ,set ?is cucurbit 9 a s&-ba?2 w>m ! vessels g5tly1 & increase ! fire by degrees1 till y p]ceive t no m ,ars5ic sublimes4 ,! ,ars5ic1 :i* be=e 0 yell[ or r$1 rises into ! head p>tly 9 :ite fl[]s1 & p>tly 9 a compact1 :ite1 semi-transp>5t matt]1 :i* looks z if x 7 vitrifi$4 ,! ,sulphur comb9$ ) ! ,fix$ ,alkali rema9s at ! bottom ( ! cucurbit4 ,,obs]vations4 ,a ,fix$ ,alkali ha? m aff9ity ?an any metallic sub/ance ) ,sulphur3 s t x is n surpris+ ,sulphur %\ld be sep>at$ f ,ars5ic by its int]position4 ,yet !re is an inconv5i5ce att5ds ! use ( x3 = x ha? a great aff9ity ) ! ,ars5ic also1 & s always reta9s "s "p !re(1 :i* cont9ues fix$ ) x4 ,= ?is reason c>e %\ld be tak5 n to mix1 ) sulphurat$ ,ars5ic1 a great] quantity ( ,alkali ?an is necess>y to absorb ! ,sulphur x conta9s4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 b exp]i5ce & repeat$ trials c tea* u ! exact quantity ( ,alkali t ought to be employ$2 because ! quantity ( ,sulphur t may be conta9$ 9 yell[ or r$ ,ars5ic is indef9ite4 ,! vessel ought to be tall1 t ! upp] "p ( ! head1 :]e ! ,ars5ical p>ticles cond5se1 may be ! less expos$ to heat4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation ! fire mu/ be /rongly excit$1 s z to make ! s& r$-hot2 because ! la/ portions ( ,ars5ic t rise are /rongly reta9$ by ! ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,ars5ic t is grey or blacki% may be depurat$ & :it5$ by ! same means2 because a ,fix$ ,alkali absorbs ! phlogi/on likewise ) great avidity4 ,m]cury1 z well z a ,fix$ ,alkali1 is an excell5t additam5t = sep>at+ ,ars5ic f ,sulphur4 ,if y w use x = t purpose1 r$uce ! sulphurat$ ,ars5ic to a v f9e p[d]1 by rubb+ x a long "t 9 a glass mort>2 :5 x is well pulv]iz$1 let a few drops ( ,m]cury fall ^u x1 by squeez+ x ?r\gh *amoy1 & cont9ue ! trituration4 ,! yell[ or r$ col\r ( ! ,ars5ic w ins5sibly *ange1 & gradually gr[ d>k] z ! ,m]cury incorporates ) x4 ,:5 ! ,m]cury is p]fectly kill$1 add a little m ( x ?an y did ! fir/ "t1 & 9 ! same mann]3 cont9ue to triturate till x disappe>2 & ?us g on add+ m & m till ! ,m]cury y add rema9 quick1 & y c kill no m ( x4 ,nei!r ! r$ nor ! yell[ col\r w !n appe> 9 ! mixture2 :i* w be grey1 if x conta9 b a little ,sulphur1 & black1 if a great deal4 ,put ?is mixture into a v tall glass cucurbit2 fit on a bl9d-head2 set x 9 a s&-ba?1 & bury x 9 ! s& z f> z ! conta9$ mixture rea*es4 ,heat ! vessels1 &1 dur+ ! :ole op]ation1 keep up a degree ( fire a little weak] ?an t requir$ = sublim+ ,c9ab>4 ,:ite ,ars5ical ,fl[]s w adh]e to ! upp] "p ( ! head1 among/ :i* w be "s beautiful cry/als ( ,ars5ic2 & und]nea? !m y w f9d "s ,c9ab> sublim$1 b n entirely free f ,ars5ic4 ,if y desire to h y\r ,c9ab> & y\r ,ars5ic pur]1 & m unmix$ ) ea* o!r1 sep>ate ! upp] sublimate1 :i* is ,ars5ical1 f ! l[]1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( ,c9ab>4 ,p[d] ea* ( !m co>sely1 & sublime !m sep>ately ea* 9 a diff]5t cucurbit4 ,on ?is occasion ! ,m]cury sep>ates ! ,sulphur f ! ,ars5ic1 because x ha? a great] aff9ity ?an ,ars5ic ) t m9]al4 ,x is n ! only metallic sub/ance ( ?is "*3 =1 z ha? be5 %ewn1 !re are sev]al o!rs t h a great] aff9ity ?an ,m]cury ) ,sulphur1 be+ able to decompose ,c9ab> by _! int]position4 ,yet ^? metallic sub/ances mu/ n be sub/itut$ = ,m]cury 9 ! pres5t op]ation3 because !re is none ( !m b ha? at ! same "t a v great aff9ity ) ,ars5ic1 or ev5 z /rong an "o z !y h ) ,sulphur2 :]eas ,m]cury w by no means unite ) ,ars5ic4 ,?is me?od ( sep>at+ ,ars5ic f ,sulphur ha? two advantages ov] t 9 :i* a ,fix$ ,alkali is ! m$ium4 ,! fir/ is1 t by ?is means all ! ,ars5ic conta9$ 9 ! mixture is extract$ out ( x2 & ! second1 t1 z ,m]cury do? n absorb ,ars5ic1 we are n put to ! tr\ble ( grop+ out1 z x 71 by trials ! quantity necess>y to be add$2 & t1 ?\gh m be add$ ?an is necess>y to absorb all ! ,sulphur1 x w be ( no prejudice to ! op]ation4 ,b !n x is att5d$ ) ! inconv5i5ce ( be+ mu* m t$i\s & m labori\s ?an ! o!r4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 x requires previ\sly a v tiresome trituration1 9 ord] to procure an union betwe5 ! ,sulphur & ! ,m]cury1 & s to =m an ?iops2 )\t :i* ! ,m]cury & ! sulphurat$ ,ars5ic w sublime sep>ately1 s t no decomposition w be effect$4 ,secondly1 ?\gh ! ,m]cury be suffici5tly unit$ ) ! ,sulphur ( ! ,ars5ic by ! long trituration t prec$es ! sublimation1 ?is do? n prev5t1 z we took notice above1 ! sublim$ ,ars5ic & ,c9ab> f be+ 9 "s measure bl5d$ toge!r2 s t ea* requires a second sep>ate sublimation to r5d] x v pure4 ,^! inconv5i5cies cause a ,fix$ ,alkali to be us$ pref]ably to ,m]cury2 ! loss ( a small quantity ( ! ,ars5ic1 :i* rema9s unit$ ) ! ,alkali1 be+ little reg>d$2 z t metallic sub/ance is nei!r sc>ce nor preci\s4 ,:5 ,ars5ic is unit$ ) a great quantity ( ,sulphur1 x may be fre$ f a "p !re( )\t ! int]v5tion ( any ?ird body3 x is suffici5t = ! purpose to sublime x ) a v g5tle fire1 increas$ by ins5sible degrees4 ,! mo/ sulphure\s "p asc5ds fir/2 :at rises aft]w>ds is m ,ars5ical1 & less sulphure\s2 & ! la/ fl[]s ( all are pure ,ars5ic1 or at lea/ ne>ly s4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to give ,ars5ic ! ,metall9e ,=m4 ,regulus ( ,ars5ic4 ,take two p>ts ( :ite ,ars5ic 9 f9e p[d]1 "o "p ( ! black flux1 half a "p ( ,borax1 & z mu* clean iron fil+s4 ,rub ! :ole toge!r1 9 ord] to mix !m ?or\ghly4 ,put ?is mixture into a good crucible1 & ov] x put ,sea-salt ?ree f+]s ?ick4 ,cov] ! crucible2 set x 9 a melt+ furnace2 & beg9 ) a g5tle fire to heat ! crucible equally4 ,:5 ars5ical vap\rs beg9 to asc5d f ! crucible1 raise ! fire imm$iately s z to melt ! mixture4 ,exam9e :e!r or no ! matt] be ?or\ghly melt$1 by introduc+ an iron wire into ! crucible2 & if ! fusion be p]fect1 take ! crucible out ( ! furnace4 ,let x cool2 break x2 & y w f9d 9 x a ,regulus ( a :ite & livid metallic col\r1 v brittle1 sc>cely h>d1 b r friable4 ,,obs]vations4 ,:ite ,ars5ic is1 z ha? be5 said1 a metallic calx2 & consequ5tly wants no m1 9 ord] to its acquir+ ! metall9e prop]ties1 ?an to be comb9$ ) ! phlogi/on3 ?is is effect$ by ! op]ation be=e u4 ,! ,iron add$ do? n s]ve "h1 z 9 mak+ ! ,regulus ( ,antimony1 to precipitate ! ,regulus ( ,ars5ic1 by sep>at+ x f "s o!r sub/ance ) :i* x 0 unit$3 on ?is occasion x does no?+ b jo9 ! ,regulus ( ,ars5ic1 to :i* x gives solidity & consi/5ce4 ,?is is ! only reason ( its be+ made an +r$i5t 9 ! mixture2 z ! ,regulus ( ,ars5ic1 )\t x1 w\ld h su* a t5d] consi/5ce1 t x c\ld sc>ce be h&l$ )\t fall+ asund] into little bits4 ,! ,iron procures a fur!r advantage 9 ?is process2 :i* is1 t x prev5ts a great quantity ( ,ars5ic f be+ lo/ 9 vap\rs3 = ! ,ars5ic1 ) :i* x comb9es1 is re/ra9$1 &1 9 "s measure1 fix$ by x4 ,copp] may be sub/itut$ = ,iron1 & procures ! same advantages4 ,x is v necess>y to remove ! crucible f ! fire z soon z ! matt] is melt$1 & inde$ to cool x z exp$iti\sly z possible1 to prev5t ! ,ars5ic f fly+ (f 9 vap\rs3 =1 :5 once ! ,regulus is =m$1 ! proportion ( ,ars5ic1 ) respect to t ( ! metal mix$ ) x1 is cont9ually less5+ :ile x /ays 9 ! fire2 s t1 aft] "s "t1 !re w be left 9 ! crucible1 n a ,regulus ( ,ars5ic1 b only ,iron or ,copp]1 alloy$ ) a little ,ars5ic4 ,on ?is occasion ! ,copp] turns :ite1 & assumes ! col\r ( ,silv]2 b x soon t>ni%es 9 ! air4 ,x is easy to p]ceive1 by :at ha? be5 said1 t ! ,regulus ( ,ars5ic made accord+ to ?is process is nev] pure1 b conta9s always a consid]able quantity ( ,iron or ,copp]1 :atev] precautions be us$3 b x is difficult to avoid ?is inconv5i5ce1 = ! reasons above assign$2 & if we attempt to fuse ,ars5ic alone1 ) r$uc+ fluxes1 ! greate/ "p !re( is dissipat$ 9 vap\rs1 long be=e ! v flux beg9s to melt3 & t "p ( x1 :i* is f\nd metalliz$1 is n collect$ 9 "o mass at ! bottom ( ! crucible1 z 9 o!r metallic r$uctions2 b 9 small p>ticles1 disp]s$ & mix$ among ! scori4 ,!re are nev]!less sev]al exp$i5ts = obta9+ a ,regulus ( ,ars5ic absolutely pure1 & unalloy$ ) any metallic sub/ance4 ,fir/3 into a little l[ cucurbit1 cov]$ ) a bl9d-head1 put ,regulus ( ,ars5ic made ) ,iron or ,copp]2 set ?is cucurbit 9 a s&-ba?2 heat x till ! s& beg9s to gr[ r$1 & y w see "p ( ! ,regulus sublime into ! head1 /ill reta9+ its metall9e spl5d\r4 ,! portion ( ,regulus ?us sublim$ is pure ,ars5ic1 or at lea/ conta9s b a v small portion ( ! adv5titi\s metal1 :i* may h be5 c>ri$ up ) x4 ,:at is left 9 ! bottom ( ! cucurbit is ! metal t 0 add$1 /ill conta9+ a little ,ars5ic1 :i* cont9ues ob/9ately fix$ ) x1 & :i* ! viol5ce ( fire is unable to =ce away f x 9 close vessels4 ,secondly3 mix y\r ,ars5ic 9 equal p>ts ) ! black flux2 put ! mixture into su* a cucurbit z t la/ m5tion$2 & apply to x ! /ronge/ degree ( heat t c be procur$ by a s&-ba?2 ars5ical fl[]s1 ( a blacki% grey col\r1 w fir/ sublime into ! head1 & aft] !m a ,regulus ( ,ars5ic ( a :ite metall9e col\r1 :i* is pretty glossy1 b t>ni%es v soon 9 ! air4 ,?is ,regulus ha? no solidity3 x is exce$+ly friable2 b x is pure4 ,?irdly3 ,i h also made a ,regulus ( pure ,ars5ic by ano!r me?od1 :i* produces a mu* great] quantity !re(1 ) a mu* small] degree ( heat4 ,= ?is purpose ,i p[d] ! ,ars5ic1 & mix ) x any ,fat ,oil2 s t ! mixture may be l a liquid pa/e3 ?is pa/e ,i put into a little phial ( ?9 glass1 l "o ( ^? us$ by apo!c>ies2 ,i set ?is phial 9 a s&-ba?1 & gradually heat x1 till ! bottom ( ! pot conta9+ ! s& beg9 to be r$4 ,"p ( ! ,oil fir/ rises out ( ! phial 9 vap\rs1 :i* mu/ be suff]$ to pass (f4 ,aft] ?is ! upp] "p ( ! phial is gradually l9$1 on ! inside1 ) a glitt]+ metallic cru/1 :i* makes x look l a quick-silv]$ glass4 ,?is cru/ is ! ,regulus ( ,ars5ic4 ,:5 x beg9s to sublime1 ! m\? ( ! phial mu/ be slightly /opp$ ) a bit ( pap]1 & ! heat increas$ a little1 till y see t no?+ m rises4 ,if y break ! bottle aft] ! op]ation1 y w f9d its upp] "p cru/$ ov] ) a coat ( ,regulus1 ?ick] or ?9n] 9 proportion to ! quantity ( ,ars5ic employ$4 ,! ,regulus is 9 a mass1 ( a beautiful brilliant col\r1 :i* to me seems to /& ! air bett] ?an t ( any ,regulus made by o!r me?ods2 probably because ( ! great quantity ( fat matt] ) :i* x is unit$1 & by :i* x is def5d$4 ,?is ,regulus ( ,ars5ic is absolutely pure1 & a mu* great] quantity !re( is obta9$1 by ?is me?od1 ?an by treat+ x ) ! black flux2 because ! ,ars5ic is mu* soon] & m easily comb9$ ) ! inflammable matt]3 & h5ce x comes to pass t "p ( ! ,ars5ic do? n rise at fir/ 9 grey fl[]s1 z 9 op]at+ ) ! black flux4 ,moreov]1 by our process1 all ! ,ars5ic is sublim$ 9 ,regulus3 :]eas1 :5 ! black flux is employ$1 a pretty consid]able "p ( ! ,ars5ic unites ) ! alkal9e "p ( ! flux1 & rema9s fix$ !re)4 ,9 our op]ation !re is no?+ left at ! bottom ( ! phial1 except an oily1 light1 b v fix$ coal4 ,regulus ( ,ars5ic1 9 :atev] mann] made1 may be easily r$uc$ into :ite1 cry/all9e ,ars5ic1 by ! means ( a ,fix$ ,alkali1 or ( ,m]cury1 appli$ 9 ! same mann] z = sep>at+ ,ars5ic f ,sulphur4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,to di/il ! ,nitr\s ,acid by ! int]position ( ,ars5ic4 ,blue ,aqua ,=tis4 ,a new ,neutral ,salt ( ,ars5ic4 ,pulv]ize f9ely any quantity y please ( ref9$ ,salt-petre4 ,mix x accurately ) an equal weight ( :ite cry/all9e ,ars5ic1 well pulv]iz$1 or else ) v :ite & v f9e fl[]s ( ,ars5ic4 ,put ?is mixture into a glass retort1 leav+ "o half ( x empty4 ,set y\r retort 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace2 apply a receiv] hav+ a small hole drill$ 9 x1 & conta9+ a little filt]$ ra9-wat]2 lute ! receiv] to ! retort ) /iff lute4 ,beg9 ) putt+ two or ?ree small live coals 9 ! a%-hole ( ! furnace1 & replace !m ) o!rs :5 !y are ready to g out4 ,g on ?us w>m+ y\r vessels by ins5sible degrees1 & put no coals 9 ! fire-place1 till ! retort beg9 to be v w>m4 ,y w soon see ! receiv] fill$ ) vap\rs ( a d>k-r$1 incl9+ to a russet col\r4 ,) a bit ( lute /op ! little hole ( ! receiv]4 ,! vap\rs w be cond5s$ 9 ! wat] ( ?is vessel1 & give x a v f9e blue col\r1 t w gr[ deep] & deep] z ! di/illation advances4 ,if y\r ,salt-petre 0 n v dry1 "s drops ( ,acid w also come ov]1 & fall+ f ! nose ( ! retort mix ) ! wat] 9 ! receiv]4 ,cont9ue y\r di/illation1 increas+ ! fire little by little z x advances1 b exce$+ sl[ly1 till y see t :5 ! retort is r$-hot no?+ m comes (f2 & !n let y\r vessels cool4 ,:5 ! vessels are cold1 unlute ! receiv]1 &1 z exp$iti\sly z y c1 p\r ! blue aqua =tis x conta9s into a cry/al bottle2 :i* y mu/ seal h]metically1 because ?is col\r disappe>s 9 a %ort "t :5 ! liquor takes air4 ,y w f9d 9 ! retort a :ite sal9e mass m\ld$ 9 its bottom1 & "s fl[]s ( ,ars5ic sublim$ to its upp] cavity1 & into its neck4 ,pulv]ize ! sal9e mass1 & dissolve x 9 w>m wat]4 ,filt] ! solution1 9 ord] to sep>ate "s ars5ical p>ts t w be left on ! filt]4 ,let ! filt]$ liquor evaporate ( itself 9 ! op5 air2 :5 x is suffici5tly evaporat$1 cry/als w %oot 9 x repres5t+ quadrangul> prisms1 t]m9at$ at ea* extremity by pyramids1 t are also quadrangul>4 ,^! cry/als w be 9 confus$ heaps at ! bottom ( ! vessel3 ov] !m w be o!r cry/als 9 ! =m ( ne$les2 a sal9e vegetation creep+ along ! sides ( ! vessel2 & ! surface ( ! liquor w be obscur$ by a ?9 du/y pellicle4 ,,obs]vations4 ,ars5ic1 z we took notice 9 our ,elem5ts ( ! ,!ory1 besides ! prop]ties x ha? 9 common ) metallic sub/ances1 possesses o!rs also 9 common ) sal9e sub/ances4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable among ! latt] is t ( decompos+ ,nitre2 ( expell+ ! ,acid ( t ,salt f its ,alkal9e basis1 assum+ its place1 & =m+ ) t ,alkali a ,neutral ,salt1 :i* is v soluble 9 wat]1 & %oots into regul> cry/als4 ,to inquire into :at passes 9 ! decomposition ( ,nitre by ,ars5ic1 & into ! new ,salt result+ f !nce1 0 ! design ( ! fir/ ,memoir giv5 9 by me to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces on ?is subject1 & f t ! pres5t process is copi$4 ,?\gh ! :ole quantity ( ,ars5ic prescrib$ 9 ! process do? n ent] into ! composition ( ! new ,neutral ,salt1 see+ "s ( x sublimes 9 fl[]s1 t quantity mu/ n !re=e be ?\ght too great3 = we see1 on ! o!r h&1 t "p ( ! ,nitre is n decompos$4 ,! ne$le-l ,salt is no o!r ?an ,nitre t ha? n suff]$ any decomposition1 & actually deflagrates on live coals l common ,nitre4 ,! precaution ( putt+ "s wat] 9 ! receiv] is absolutely necess>y1 to cond5se ! nitr\s vap\rs t rise 9 ! di/illation3 = !y are s ela/ic1 s volatile1 s dephlegmat$1 t a v small "p ( !m w o!rwise be cond5s$ into a liquor1 :ile ! re/ w rema9 9 ! =m ( vap\rs1 to :i* v5t mu/ be giv5 ?r\gh ! small hole 9 ! receiv]1 z )\t t !y w bur/ ! vessels ) impetuosity3 & consequ5tly sc>ce any ,acid w be obta9$2 especially if ! ,nitre employ$ be v dry1 z x mu/ be to be r$ucible into a f9e p[d]4 ,! blue col\r communicat$ by ! ,nitr\s ,acid to ! wat] is v rem>kable4 ,! cause t produces ?is col\r is n yet kn[n4 ,?\gh ! ,acid is1 on ?is occasion1 mortifi$ by a great quantity ( wat]1 yet1 :5 x rises out ( ! retort1 x is s conc5trat$ z to =m1 ev5 ) t wat]1 if too mu* be n put 91 a mo/ active & ev5 smok+ aqua =tis4 ,x is necess>y 9 ?is op]ation1 & m s ?an 9 any o!r1 to w>m ! vessels gradually1 & to proce$ exce$+ sl[ly2 o!rwise ! arti/ runs ! risque ( see+ 8 vessels bur/ to pieces ) viol5ce1 & ) great dang] to 8 p]son3 = ,ars5ic acts on ,nitre ) incr$ible vivacity2 insomu* t1 if a mixture ( ,nitre & ,ars5ic be heat$ to a c]ta9 degree1 ! ,nitre is decompos$ almo/ z rapidly1 & ) z great an explosion1 z :5 x is made to fulm9ate ) an inflammable matt]4 ,9 %ort1 ! appe>ances are su*1 t "o w\ld be almo/ induc$ to ?9k ! ,nitre really takes fire on ?is occasion3 ?\gh x be only decompos$ j z x is by ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,! solution ( ! caput mortuum ( ?is di/illation conta9s1 at ! same "t1 sev]al sorts ( ,salts3 to wit1 #a4 ! ,neutral ,salt ( ,ars5ic1 =m$ by ! union ( ! ,ars5ic ) ! basis ( ! ,nitre2 ?is %oots into ! prismatic cry/als above-m5tion$3 #b4 "s ,nitre t ha? n be5 decompos$2 ?is =ms ! ne$les & "p ( ! vegetations3 #c4 a small portion ( ,ars5ic1 t is kn[n to be soluble 9 wat]2 ?is =ms ! ?9 d>k pellicle t cov]s ! surface ( ! liquor :5 x beg9s to evaporate4 ,= ! prop]ties ( ?is new ,neutral ,salt ( ,ars5ic y may consult :at we h said !reupon 9 our ,elem5ts ( ! ,!ory1 & 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,,process ,v4 ,to alkalizate ,nitre by ,ars5ic4 ,melt 9 a crucible ! ,nitre y int5d to alkalizate4 ,:5 x is melt$1 & mod]ately r$1 project ^u x two or ?ree p9*es ( pulv]iz$ ,ars5ic4 ,a consid]able eff]vesc5ce & ebullition w imm$iately be produc$ 9 ! crucible1 att5d$ ) a noise l t :i* ,nitre makes1 :5 x detonates ) an inflammable matt]4 ,at ! same "t a ?ick smoke w rise1 :i* at fir/ w smell l g>lic1 ! od\r peculi> to ,ars5ic2 x w also smell aft]w>ds l ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,:5 ! eff]vesc5ce 9 ! crucible is ov]1 ?r[ aga9 ^u ! ,nitre z mu* pulv]iz$ ,ars5ic z y did ! fir/ "t2 & all ! same ph5om5a w be repeat$4 ,cont9ue ?us ?r[+ 9 ,ars5ic 9 small p>cels1 till x produce no m eff]vesc5ce2 tak+ c>e to /ir ! matt] at e projection ) an iron wire1 ! bett] to mix ! :ole toge!r4 ,!n increase y\r fire1 & melt :at rema9s4 ,keep x ?us 9 fusion = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & !n take ! crucible out ( ! fire4 ,x w conta9 a ,nitre alkalizat$ by ,ars5ic4 ,,obs]vations4 ,?is op]ation1 z well z ! prec$+ "o1 is a decomposition ( ,nitre by ,ars5ic2 yet ! result is v diff]5t3 =1 in/ead ( a ,salt capable ( cry/alliz+1 & discov]+ no tok5s ei!r ( ,acid or ,alkali1 we obta91 on ?is occasion1 only a ,salt t runs into a liquor by ! moi/ure ( ! air1 do? n cry/allize1 & ha? all ! prop]ties ( an ,alkali4 ,^! diff]5ces arise only f ! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* ! decomposition ( ! ,nitre1 & ! union ( ! ,ars5ic ) ! basis ( t ,salt1 is br\ght ab\t4 ,:5 ! ,nitr\s ,acid is di/ill$ by ! int]position ( ,ars5ic1 ) a view to obta9 ! ,ars5ical ,salt1 ! op]ation mu/ be p]=m$ 9 close vessels2 no great] degree ( heat mu/ be appli$ to ! mixture ?an is necess>y = enabl+ ! ,ars5ic to act2 & t heat mu/ be adm9i/]$ v sl[ly & by ins5sible degrees4 ,b1 :5 ! bus9ess is to alkalizate ,nitre by ! means ( ,ars5ic1 ! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 a crucible1 9 a nak$ fire1 ) a /rong degree ( heat1 & t sudd5ly appli$4 ,! viol5ce ( ! heat1 ! sudd5ness ) :i* x is appli$1 ! vivacity :]e) ! ,ars5ic unites ) ! basis ( ! ,nitre2 &1 /ill m ?an all ^!1 ! free access ( ! air1 occasion ! greate/ "p ( ! ,ars5ic1 :i* at fir/ comb9es ) ! basis ( ! ,nitre aft] hav+ expell$ its ,acid1 to be pres5tly c>ri$ (f & dissipat$ 9 vap\rs2 & consequ5tly ! basis ( ! ,nitre1 n be+ suffici5tly saturat$1 discov]s its ,alkal9e prop]ties4 ,i say1 ! concurr5ce ( ! air contributes1 /ill m ?an all ! re/1 to sep>ate ! ,ars5ic f ! ,alkal9e basis ( ! ,nitre2 exp]i5ce hav+ taught me t ! ,neutral ,salt ( ,ars5ic is n to be alkalizat$ by ! mo/ viol5t =ce ( heat1 z long z x cont9ues 9 close vessels1 & ! ext]nal air ha? no communication ) x2 b t "s ( ! ,ars5ic conta9$ 9 t ,salt is dissipat$1 by expos+ x to a /rong heat 9 op5 vessels4 ,! tumult & eff]vesc5ce t arise1 :5 ,ars5ic is project$ on ,nitre fus$ 9 a crucible1 are s consid]able1 & s ne>ly resemble ! detonation ( ,nitre ) an inflammable matt]1 t we %\ld be tempt$ to ?9k1 if we tru/$ appe>ances only1 t ,ars5ic furni%es a combu/ible matt]1 & t ! ,alkalization ( ! ,nitre is effect$1 on ?is occasion1 9 ! same mann] z :5 x is fix$ by *>coal3 b1 by exam9+ att5tively :at passes1 we easily discov] t !re is no inflammation at all1 & t ! ,nitre is alkalizat$ 9 ! mann] & by ! means above po9t$ out4 ,! fir/ vap\rs t rise1 :5 ,ars5ic is project$ on ,nitre1 are purely ars5ical2 &1 if any cold body be put 9 _! way1 !y adh]e to x 9 ! =m ( fl[]s4 ,^! vap\rs are actual p>ticles ( ,ars5ic1 c>ri$ up by ! heat be=e !y c\ld come to act on ! ,nitre2 b !y are soon aft] mix$ ) ,nitr\s vap\rs1 consi/+ ( ! ,acid ( ! ,nitre1 :i* ! ,ars5ic expels f its basis z fa/ z x comes to act on t ,salt4 ,! ne>] y come to ! end ( ! op]ation1 ! m does ! matt] 9 ! crucible lose ( its fluidity1 ?\gh an equal fire be con/antly kept up 9 ! furnace4 ,at la/ x becomes q l a pa/e1 & ! fire mu/ be made mu* /rong] to put x aga9 9 fusion4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ,nitre :5 alkalizat$ is mu* less fusible ?an :5 x is n s4 ,! case is ! same :5 ?is ,salt is alkalizat$ by deflagration4 ,?\gh ! ,nitre1 :5 alkalizat$1 makes no m eff]vesc5ce ) ,ars5ic1 & ?\gh1 :5 kept 9 fusion1 x emits no m ars5ical vap\rs1 x do? n !nce foll[ t x is a pure ,alkali1 & t x conta9s no ,ars5ic3 x /ill conta9s a l>ge quantity !re(1 b s /rongly unit$ t ! =ce ( fire is n able to sep>ate !m2 :i* ha? l$ "s au?ors to give ?is ,salt ! title ( ,fix$ ,ars5ic4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,ars5ic 9 ?is sal9e comp\nd is easily discov]$1 by fus+ x ) metallic sub/ances1 on :i* x produces ! same effects z ,ars5ic4 ,) solutions ( metals 9 ! ,acids1 x also pres5ts almo/ ! same ph5om5a z ! ,neutral ,salt ( ,ars5ic4 ,p>ticul>ly x precipitates ,silv] dissolv$ by ! ,nitr\s ,acid 9 a r$ p[d]1 z t ,salt does2 & ! diff]5ces obs]v$ betwe5 ! precipitations made by our new ,neutral ,salt ( ,ars5ic1 & ^? made by ,nitre alkalizat$ ) ,ars5ic1 c be attribut$ only to ! alkal9e quality ( ! latt]4 ,see ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy = #agdf4 ,illu/ration3 ,decorative ,scroll4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,( ,,vegetables4 ,,section ,i4 ,op]ations on unf]m5t$ ,vegetables4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! ,,sub/ances obta9$ f ,,vegetables by ,,expression only4 ,,process ,i4 ,to express & depurate ! ,juice ( a ,plant1 conta9+ its ,ess5tial ,salt4 ,! ,cry/allization ( t ,salt4 ,be=e sun-rise ga!r a good quantity ( ! plant f :i* y design to express ! juice1 9 ord] to obta9 its ,salt4 ,wa% x well 9 runn+ wat]1 to cle> x ( e>?1 insects1 & o!r adv5titi\s matt]s4 ,bruise x 9 a m>ble mort>2 put x into a bag ( new1 /rong1 ?ick l95 clo?2 tye ! bag tight1 & commit x to a press4 ,by press+ x /rongly y w squeeze out a great quantity ( gre51 ?ick juice1 :i* w h ! same ta/e z ! plant4 ,dilute ?is juice ) six times z mu* pure ra9-wat]1 & filt] x repeat$ly ?r\gh a wooll5 bag1 till x pass cle> & limpid4 ,evaporate ! filt]$ juice ) a g5tle heat1 till x be almo/ z ?ick z be=e x 0 mix$ ) wat]4 ,put ?is inspissat$ juice into a j>1 or o!r vessel ( e>? or glass2 on its surface p\r olive oil to ! dep? ( a l9e1 & set x 9 a cell>4 ,sev5 or eight mon?s aft] ?is1 p\r (f g5tly ! liquor conta9$ 9 ! vessel1 ! inside ( :i* y w f9d cov]$ ) a cry/alliz$ ,salt4 ,sep>ate ! cry/als g5tly2 wa% !m quickly ) a little fair cold wat]1 & dry !m3 ?is is ! ,ess5tial ,salt ( ! plant4 ,,obs]vations4 ,e plant is n equally dispos$ to yield its ,ess5tial ,salt1 by ! me?od "h propos$4 ,succul5t vegetables only1 ^: juices are aque\s & n too visc\s1 are fit = ?is purpose4 ,su*1 = example1 z sorrel1 brook-lime1 succory1 fumitory1 wat]-cresses1 planta91 c4 ,an ,ess5tial ,salt _c be procur$ f ^? t yield ?ick1 viscid1 mucilag9\s juices1 su* z ! se$s ( flea-wort2 unless _! juices be previ\sly att5uat$ by f]m5tation1 & t viscosity de/roy$ :i* ob/ructs ! ,cry/allization ( ?is ,salt4 ,nor c ! ,ess5tial ,salt be obta9$ 9 any quantity f vegetable matt]s ab\nd+ 9 ,oil4 ,mo/ k]nels & se$s are ( ?is sort3 !y all conta9 a great quantity ( fat oil1 :i* s entangles & clogs ?is ,salt1 t ! p>ticles !re( _c %oot away f ! t5aci\s juices into cry/als4 ,! same is to be said ( dry aromatic plants2 because !y conta9 mu* ess5tial oil1 or res9\s matt]s t produce ! same effect4 ,x is true ! ,ess5tial ,salt itself conta9s a c]ta9 portion ( oil2 = x is no o!r ?an ! ,acid ( ! plant incorporat$ & cry/alliz$ ) "p ( its oil & ( its e>?3 b !n ! oil mu/ n be 9 too great a quantity3 because x %ea?s ! ,acid1 r5d]s x clammy1 z x 71 & h9d]s x f extricat+ itself1 s z to be able to ex]t its qualities1 & appe> 9 ! =m ( ,salt4 ,! plants1 f :i* y int5d to extract ?is ,salt1 %\ld be ga!r$ 9 ! morn+ be=e sun-rise2 because !y are !n mo/ succul5t1 n be+ yet dri$ up or )]$ by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,! juice ( plants obta9$ by expression is v ?ick2 because x conta9s _m p>ticles ( ! bruis$ plant1 t are unavoidably squeez$ out along ) x4 ,9 ord] to cle> x ( ^! sup]flu\s p>ts1 x is prop] to filt] x2 b z t w\ld be difficult1 on acc\nt ( ! ?ickness ( ! juice1 x mu/ be ?9n$1 by dilut+ x ) a quantity ( wat]1 suffici5t to give x ! requisite degree ( fluidity4 ,in/ead ( ?us dilut+ ! express$ juice1 ! plant may be gr\nd ) wat]1 be=e x is put into ! press3 x w by ?is means furni% a m fluid juice1 t w easily pass ?r\gh ! filt]4 ,?is me?od may be employ$ ) success on dry plants1 or su* z are n v succul5t4 ,= ?is op]ation ra9-wat] is to be pref]r$ to any o!r2 because x is ! pure/3 = all wat]s t h run "s "t ?r\gh ! e>?1 or on its surface1 are to be suspect$ ( conta9+ "s sal9e or sel5etic matt]1 :i* w\ld mix ) & deprave ! ,ess5tial ,salt4 ,! juice ( ! plant1 :5 dilut$ ) ! quantity ( wat] suffici5t to facilitate its filtration1 is too aque\s to let ! ,salt x conta9s unite into cry/als3 x mu/ !re=e be evaporat$1 till x ha? recov]$ a some:at ?ick] consi/5ce4 ,! heat appli$ = t purpose mu/ be g5tle2 le/ ! acid & oily p>ts1 t are to =m ! ,salt1 be spoil$ or dissipat$1 z !y are n v fix$4 ,9 summ]1 ! heat ( ! sun is suffici5t to effect ?is evaporation3 b if y make use ( ?is me?od1 ! juice to be evaporat$ mu/ be put into sev]al broad flat pans2 t1 a l>g] surface be+ expos$ to ! action ( ! air & sun1 ! evaporation may be ! soon] complet$3 = if ! juice %\ld cont9ue too long 9 ! degree ( heat requisite = its evaporation1 x might beg9 to f]m5t2 :i* w\ld be v detrim5tal4 ,! oil p\r$ on ! liquor prev5ts its f]m5t+1 putrefy+1 or gr[+ m\ldy1 dur+ ! long space ( "t requir$ = ! cry/allization ( ! ,ess5tial ,salt4 ,^! ,salts are excell5t m$ic9es1 be+ endu$ ) ! same virtues z ! plants f :i* !y 7 obta9$4 ,!y _c be procur$ f plants by di/illation1 ?\gh !y consi/ 9 a great measure ( volatile pr9ciples3 nor are !y obta9able by any o!r process t requires mu* heat2 because !y are easily decompos$1 & ! fire *anges _! natures entirely4 ,! oily ,acids extract$ f plants by di/illation d n cry/allize1 & always h an empyreumatic acrimony1 t makes !m v diff]5t f ! ,ess5tial ,salts1 :i* are v mild & saponace\s4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to draw ! ,oils out ( ,k]nels1 ,se$s1 & ,fruits1 by ,expression4 ,p\nd 9 a m>ble mort>1 or gr9d 9 a mill1 ! k]nels1 se$s1 or fruits1 out ( :i* y int5d to express ! ,oil4 ,if y\r matt]s be meagre1 & gr9d to meal1 susp5d t meal 9 ! /eam ( boil+ wat]1 9 ord] to moi/5 x a little1 & !n dry x4 ,tye up y\r matt] ?us prep>$ 9 a new1 /rong1 ?ick1 canvass bag1 & put x into a press1 betwe5 two iron plates previ\sly heat$ 9 boil+ wat]3 squeeze x /rongly1 & y w see ! ,oil run 9 /reams into ! receiv+ vessel4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,fat ,oil ( ,plants is p>ticul>ly f\nd 9 k]nels1 se$s1 & "s fruits2 "s k]nels conta9 su* a va/ quantity !re(1 t1 on be+ v slightly bruis$ 9 a mort>1 !y dis*>ge x 9 great abundance4 ,sweet & bitt] ,almonds1 ,walnuts1 & ,l9t-se$1 are all ( ?is k9d2 & require no o!r managem5t b to be p\nd$ & press$1 to make !m yield a great deal ( ,oil4 ,b !re are o!rs m meagre1 t be+ gr\nd produce an almo/ dry fl[]4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! expression ( ! ,oil out ( su*1 !y mu/ be express$1 :5 gr\nd1 to ! /eam ( boil+ wat]4 ,= ?is purpose ! meal may be put into a f9e sieve1 & t susp5d$ ov] a pan half-full ( wat] kept boil+ on ! fire4 ,! asc5d+ vap\rs w moi/5 ! fl[]1 r5d] x m unctu\s1 & facilitate ! expression ( ! ,oil4 ,x is prop] to dry x a little be=e x be put into ! press1 t x may yield z little wat] z possible along ) ! ,oil4 ,nev]!less1 s mu* wat] happ5s n[ & !n to be left 9 x1 t "s is express$ toge!r ) ! ,oil3 b z oil & wat] d n incorporate1 !y are easily sep>at$ aft] ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,! extraction ( ! ,oil is also greatly facilitat$ by heat+ ! plates1 betwe5 :i* ! oleag9\s matt]s are squeez$3 b !y mu/ n be made too hot1 if y mean to h a v mild ,oil1 design$ ei!r = alim5t or = m$ic9e2 su* z ! ,oil ( ,olives1 & t ( sweet almonds4 ,= ?is reason ! plates mu/ be w>m$ 9 boil+ wat] only3 if y heat !m to a great] degree1 y run ! risk ( giv+ an acrimony to ! ,oils y express4 ,b1 :5 ^! ,oils are int5d$ = o!r uses1 ! plates may be made hott]1 because _! heat increases ! yield ( ,oil4 ,x is rem>kable1 t all ! ,oils obta9$ by expression1 ) ! precautions above recomm5d$1 are con/antly v mild2 ev5 ?\gh ! matt]s f :i* !y are extract$ be 9 !mselves v acrid4 ,mu/>d-se$1 :i* is s acrid t x is ev5 cau/ic1 yields1 by expression1 an ,oil z mild z t ( sweet almonds4 ,b !n ! k]nels1 se$s1 & fruits1 f :i* ! ,oils are extract$1 mu/ n be old2 because ^! ,oils1 :i* are p]fectly mild :5 fre% & new1 become intol]ably acrid :5 !y gr[ old1 & acquire ?is acrimony ev5 9 ! fruit itself2 = x is obs]v$ t ^! fruits turn rancid z !y gr[ old4 ,! ,fat ,oils obta9$ by expression are us$ 9 m$ic9e1 bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 z ,l5itives & ,emolli5ts4 ,e body kn[s ! great use ( ,oil ( sweet ,almonds1 9 inflammatory di/emp]s ( ! brea/ & inte/9es4 ,b x mu/ be c>efully not$1 t ^! ,oils c produce no good effects1 unless !y be fre% express$1 & f fruits1 k]nels1 or se$s1 t h n be5 long kept3 = !y n only lose _! l5i5t virtue by gr[+ old1 b !y ev5 acquire an opposite quality1 & contract su* a %>p acrimony1 t f> f procur+ any salut>y relief or mitigation to ! inflam$ p>ts1 !y are capable ( irritat+ & inflam+ ! s\nd4 ,x is !re=e ( ! la/ importance to adm9i/] !m only :5 !y are q fre%3 !y ought nev] to be above two or ?ree days old4 ,^? t are old are g5]ally m limpid & transp>5t ?an ! fre%1 :i* look a little m cl\dy4 ,! be/ way to di/+ui% !m is to ta/e !m1 & to try :e!r or no !y leave any s5sation ( rancidity on ! palate & 9 ! ?roat4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to draw ! ,ess5tial ,oils ( c]ta9 ,fruits by ,expression4 ,take ! r9d ( a ,citron1 ,lemon1 ,orange1 ,b]gamot-pe>1 or o!r fruit ( t k9d2 cut x 9 slices1 &1 d\bl+ ! slices1 squeeze !m betwe5 y\r f+]s1 ov] aga9/ a poli%$ glass set upright1 ) its l[] end 9 a vessel ( e>? or porcela94 ,e "t y squeeze ! peel 9 a new ply1 !re w squirt out ( x sev]al f9e jets ( liquor1 :i*1 meet+ ) ! surface ( ! glass1 w be cond5s$ into drops1 & trickle d[n 9 small /reams into ! recipi5t4 ,?is liquor is ! ,ess5tial ,oil ( ! fruit4 ,,obs]vations4 ,no fruits b ^? ( ! k9d above-m5tion$ w yield an ess5tial ,oil by expression4 ,! r9d ( ! fruit is ! res]voir ( ?is ,oil3 x is conta9$ 9 little vesicles1 :i* may be se5 by ! nak$ eye1 spread all ov] ! surface ( ! peel1 & :i*1 bur/+ :5 ! peel is squeez$1 dis*>ge ! ,oil 9 ! =m ( v f9e sl5d] sp\ts4 ,e body kn[s1 t ^! little oily /reams in/antly take fire1 :5 spirt$ ?r\gh ! flame ( a c&le3 ! ,oil 9 ?is case is entirely consum$4 ,! ,ess5tial ,oil1 ?us obta9$ by expression1 ha? a v sweet & mo/ agreeable sc5t4 ,x is 9 e respect ! same z :5 x made a "p ( ! fruit t yield$ x1 see+ x ha? n und]gone ! action ( fire4 ,yet ?is me?od1 h[ev] good x may be1 c h>dly be practis$ b 9 ! c\ntries :]e ^? fruits are 9 great pl5ty2 because we _c by ?is means obta9 any ?+ ne> ! quantity ( ,oil !y conta94 ,?is inconv5i5ce may be rem$i$ by rubb+ ! r9d1 :i* conta9s ! ,ess5tial ,oil1 on ! surface ( a sug>-loaf4 ,! inequalities ( t surface produce ! effects ( a rasp1 by te>+ all ! oily vesicles4 ,! ,oil1 :i* issues 9 abundance1 is imbib$ by ! sug> & moi/5s x4 ,:5 ! sug> is suffici5tly impregnat$ !re)1 x may be scrap$ (f ) a knife1 & put into a well-/opp$ bottle4 ,! sug> does n alt] ! nature ( ! ,oil2 :i* may be kept 9 ?is mann] = ye>s1 & us$1 ?\gh comb9$ ) ! sug>1 = almo/ all ! same purposes z :5 9 a fluid /ate2 t is1 to aromatize ! sev]al matt]s ) :i* y incl9e to mix x4 ,we owe ^! obs]vations to ,mr4 ,ge(froy4 ,?is exp]im5t1 9 :i* ! ,ess5tial ,oil ( a vegetable is obta9$ by expression alone1 & )\t ! aid ( fire1 proves t ! ,oils ( ?is k9d exi/ naturally 9 vegetables2 & t ! ,oils ( ! same k9d obta9$ by di/illation1 z %all be %ewn 9 its place1 are n ! product ( ! fire4 ,ess5tial ,oils drawn by expression d n v s5sibly diff] f ^? procur$ by di/illation4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,,sub/ances obta9$ f ,,vegetables by ,,trituration4 ,,process ,i4 ,to make ! ,extract ( a ,plant by ,trituration4 ,bruise ! vegetable sub/ance ( :i* y int5d to make ! ,extract2 or1 if x be h>d & dry1 gr9d x to a p[d]3 put ! matt] ?us prep>$1 toge!r ) sev5 or eight times z mu* ra9-wat]1 into an e>!n vessel2 & into ?is vessel fit a *urn+ /aff1 s t x may be cont9ually :irl$ r\nd ) a rotatory motion1 by means ( a cord1 a :eel1 & a w9*4 ,ply ?is ma*9e = t5 or twelve h\rs2 & !n filt] ! liquor ?r\gh two l95 clo?s spread on a hair-sieve4 ,let y\r filt]$ liquor /& quiet = twelve h\rs m3 !n p\r x (f by incl9ation f ! s$im5t y w f9d at bottom2 & filt] x a second "t ?r\gh a flannel bag4 ,p\r fre% wat]1 b 9 a small] quantity1 on ! mass left aft] trituration ) ! ma*9e4 ,triturate x aga9 = f\r or five h\rs4 ,treat ! liquor ( ?is second triture j z y did t ( ! fir/1 & mix !m bo? toge!r4 ,di/ribute all ! liquor y n[ h among a suffici5t numb] ( %all[ e>!n plates1 & evaporate x by a g5tle w>m?1 su* z t ( ! sun1 or ( a vap\r-ba?1 to ! consi/5ce ( an ,extract1 or ev5 to dryness1 z y ?9k prop]4 ,,obs]vations4 ,9 trituration ! wat] takes up1 n only ! ,salts ( plants1 b also a pretty consid]able quantity ( _! oily & e>?y p>ts1 :i* ^? ,salts h r5d]$ soluble !re91 by communicat+ to !m a saponace\s & mucilag9\s quality4 ,aft] trituration1 !re=e1 no?+ rema9s b ! grosse/ p>ticles ( oil & e>?4 ,h5ce x is evid5t1 t ! wat]1 9 :i* plants h be5 triturat$1 conta9s ne>ly ! same pr9ciples z ! juices ( ^? plants drawn by expression2 & t x is also impregnat$ ) _! ,ess5tial ,salts3 s t1 by evaporat+ x to a due consi/5ce1 we h a well made ,extract ( ! triturat$ plant4 ,! ,c\nt de la ,g>aye1 :o ha? long cultivat$ ) great assiduity ^? p>ts ( ,*ymi/ry by :i* ,m$ic9e may be improv$1 ha? made a great numb] ( exp]im5ts = obta9+ f plants1 by triture ) wat]1 ! matt]s 9 :i* _! virtues *iefly reside1 & ha? also publi%$ a "w1 entitl$ ,hydraulic ,*ymi/ry1 9 :i* he gives a p>ticul> acc\nt ( all ! processes = mak+ su* ,extracts ( ! *ief m9]al1 vegetable1 & animal sub/ances1 z are mo/ frequ5tly us$ 9 ! ,practice ( ,physic4 ,8 way ( evaporat+1 by a g5tle heat1 ! liquor conta9+ ! ,extract ( a triturat$ sub/ance is a v good "o3 = we "k t heat1 if b a v little too /rong1 is capable ( *ang+ ! natures ( comp\nd bodies1 by disunit+ _! pr9ciples1 & exhal+ "s ( !m4 ,if all vegetable matt]s 7 fat & succul5t1 z mo/ pot-h]bs are1 triture w\ld n be necess>y = ! mak+ an ,extract ( !m1 ev5 )\t ! help ( fire4 ,we %\ld h no?+ to d1 = t purpose1 b to express _! juices1 z be=e1 cl>ify !m1 & evaporate ) a g5tle heat to ! consi/5ce ( an ,extract4 ,b _m vegetable sub/ances1 su* z woods1 b>ks1 roots1 c4 are dry1 h>d1 & compact4 ,^! matt]s w n give out _! ,extract1 )\t su* an application ( wat] z %all dissolve _! sal9e1 saponace\s1 & mucilag9\s p>ts4 ,n[ ?is mu/ be effect$ ei!r by triture or by fire4 ,trituration has ! advantage ( procur+ ,extracts1 9 :i* ! pr9ciples are p]fectly unalt]$1 & reta9 ! same proportions1 ) respect to ea* o!r1 z 9 ! plant3 b !n x is att5d$ ) ! inconv5i5cies ( be+ v t$i\s1 tr\blesome1 & *>geable4 ,:5 we come to deliv] ! me?ods ( mak+ extracts by decoction & by infusion1 we %all see :at are ! advantages & disadvantages ( prep>+ ,extracts by heat4 ,! matt]s1 f :i* an extract is to be made by triture1 mu/ be previ\sly bruis$ & r$uc$ into small p>ts1 9 ord] to facilitate ! action ( wat] ^u !m4 ,! sev]al filtrations & decantations "h direct$ are int5d$ to sep>ate ! gross] p>ts ( ! plant1 t 7 only susp5d$ 9 ! liquor1 b n truly dissolv$1 by means ( ! agitation & motion3 = ?is reason also1 ! long] ! liquor is left to settle1 ! pur] w ! ,extract be4 ,?\gh ! plant be triturat$ ! fir/ "t ) a great deal ( wat]1 & = a good :ile too1 yet x is n by t means :olly exhau/$3 ,m4 de la ,g>aye !re=e directs ! rema9d] to be triturat$ aga9 ) fre% wat]3 b ?is second op]ation requires only half ! wat] us$ 9 ! =m]1 & ne$ be cont9u$ only half ! "t2 ! plant hav+ be5 already op5$ by ! =m] triture1 & hav+ few] p>ts to give out4 ,x is bett] to add fre% wat]1 & triturate a second "t1 ?an to triturate b once1 & = a great] l5g? ( "t3 = :5 ! wat] is impregnat$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ! plant to a c]ta9 degree1 x is less capable ( act+1 & ( dissolv+ m1 ?an :5 x is pure4 ,z ! wat] impregnat$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ! plant by triture mu/ be almo/ :olly evaporat$1 9 ord] to br+ ^? pr9ciples ne>] toge!r1 & t ! :ole may lie 9 ! smalle/ compass possible2 &1 moreov]1 z ?is evaporation mu/ be effect$ by ! g5tle/ heat1 x is necess>y to spread ! liquor s1 by di/ribut+ x among a great numb] ( plates1 t x %all be r$uc$ 9 a mann] entirely to surface4 ,by ?is means ! ,extract may be evaporat$ ev5 to dryness2 & ?is is ,m4 de la ,g>aye's practice4 ,z ! ,extracts1 ?us evaporat$ to dryness1 _c be tak5 up o!rwise ?an 9 little scales1 ! l[] surfaces :]e(1 by adh]+ to ! glaz+ ( ! plate1 are smoo? & %9+1 !y 9 "s measure resemble a cry/alliz$ ,salt2 :i* l$ ,m4 de la ,g>aye into an error1 & induc$ him to give ! title ( ,ess5tial ,salts to ! ,extracts prep>$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! ,ess5tial ,salt is inde$ conta9$ 9 !m2 b /ill !y are only ,extracts1 z ,mr4 ,ge(froy ha? %ewn1 9 a memoir on ?is subject giv5 9 by him to ! ,academy2 s9ce1 besides ! ,ess5tial ,salt1 !y conta9 moreov]1 z 0 said be=e1 a great deal ( ! oil & e>? ( ! matt]s f :i* !y 7 extract$4 ,?is1 9 ! ma91 is no objection1 b r an advantage to !m2 consid]+ t su* sal9e ,extracts are1 on t acc\nt1 s mu* ! m l ! sub/ances f :i* !y 7 obta9$2 especially ) reg>d to _! m$ic9al prop]ties4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to extract f ,se$s & ,k]nels1 by ,trituration1 ! ,matt] ( ,emulsions4 ,blan* ! k]nels ( :i* y desire to make an ,emulsion2 put !m into a m>ble mort>2 add a v little wat]2 & p\nd !m ) a wood5 pe/le4 ,cont9ue p\nd+ & triturat+ till ! matt] become l a :ite pa/e4 ,f "t to "t p\r on x1 by little & little1 m fair wat] w>m$1 /ill cont9u+ ! trituration2 by :i* means ! pa/e w gr[ ?9n]4 ,g on ?us till e p>ticle ( y\r k]nels be cru%$ to pap4 ,!n add1 /ill rubb+ ! mixture1 en\gh ( wat] to make ! :ole an actual fluid2 & y w h a liquor ( a dead-:ite col\r1 resembl+ milk4 ,/ra9 x ?r\gh a clean l95 clo?2 x w leave on ! filt] "s co>se p>ts1 :i* mu/ be return$ to ^? left 9 ! mort>4 ,aga9 triturate & rub ! rema9d] ( ! k]nels1 ) ! addition ( wat] z be=e4 ,?is second liquor w n be s :ite nor s ri* z ! =m]3 filt] x 9 ! same mann]1 & aga9 gr9d ) wat] ! solid p>ts rema9+4 ,9 ?is mann] proce$1 repeat$ly rubb+ & add+ fre% wat]1 till x appe> no long] milky1 b come (f cle>4 ,! :ite milky wat]s ?us obta9$ g by ! "n ( an ,emulsion4 ,,obs]vations4 ,all ! matt]s1 f :i* a ,fat ,oil is obta9able by expression1 produce ,emulsions :5 triturat$ ) wat]4 ,an ,emulsion consi/s *iefly ( two sub/ances4 ,"o ( ^! is mucilag9\s1 & soluble 9 wat]4 ,?is sub/ance by itself w\ld n give a milky appe>ance to ! ,emulsion1 :i*1 ) x alone1 w\ld be limpid4 ,! o!r is a ,fat ,oil1 :i* ( itself is n soluble 9 wat]2 b be+ divid$ by ! means ( trituration into v small globules1 x is disp]s$ ?r\gh ! :ole liquor1 & susp5d$ !re9 by ! aid ( ! mucilag9\s "p4 ,x is ?is oily "p t gives ! ,emulsion its dead-:ite1 milky col\r2 because x is n actually dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 b only diffus$ ?r\gh x4 ,if ,oil be mix$ ) wat] 9 a phial1 & ! mixture /rongly %ak5 = "s "t1 ) a rapid & cont9u$ motion1 ! ,oil w be divid$ into a va/ numb] ( little globules1 :i* int]v5+ betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! wat] w de/roy its transp>5cy1 & give x a dead-:ite col\r1 l t ( our ,emulsion4 ,b1 z ! ,oil is n s m9utely divid$ by ?is means1 z by triturat+ ! matt]s conta9+ x2 & aga91 !re be+ no mucilage 9 ?is liquor1 z !re is 9 ,emulsions1 ! ,oil soon sep>ates f ! wat] :5 x is left at re/1 re-unites into r\nd globules1 & ^! jo9+ toge!r rise to ! surface ( ! liquor1 :i* !n recov]s its transp>5cy4 ,! case is n exactly ! same ) ,emulsions2 b some?+ l x happ5s to !m also4 ,if !y be left to /& quiet 9 a long bottle1 ! liquor1 :i* at fir/ appe>$ homog5e\s1 sep>ates into two manife/ly diff]5t p>ts4 ,! upp] "p reta9s its dead-:ite col\r1 b is ?ick] & m opaque2 :ile ! l[] "p becomes p]fectly transp>5t4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( an entire sep>ation ( ! oily f ! aque\s p>ts4 ,! =m]1 be+ ! light]1 asc5d & ga9 ! upp] "p ( ! liquor2 :ile ! l[]1 be+ fre$ f t :i* ob/ruct$ its transluc5ce1 recov]s its prop] limpidity3 b ! oily p>ts d n re-unite into masses l>ge en\gh to =m "o homog5e\s :ole1 ) ! appe>ance & limpidness ( ,oil2 _! be+ m9utely divid$ & entangl$ 9 ! mucilage imp$+ _! natural t5d5cy4 ,emulsions fir/ beg9 to spoil1 z !y gr[ old1 n by turn+ rancid & acrimoni\s l ! ,fat ,oils drawn by expression1 b by turn+ s\r2 :i* is ow+ to ! great quantity ( mucilage !y conta94 ,z !re is a ,fat ,oil 9 _! composition1 !y h ! same virtues ) t sort ( ,oil2 b !y are1 moreov]1 incrassat+1 cool+1 & emolli5t2 qualities :i* r5d] !m extremely useful 9 acute & inflammatory disord]s4 ,!y gr[ s\r 9 a v %ort "t1 especially 9 ! heat ( summ]2 nay1 !y sometimes d s 9 two h\rs3 & !re=e !y ought to be prep>$ f "t to "t z !y are to be us$4 ,! matt] t is left :5 all ! sub/ance ( ! ,emulsion is extract$1 & f :i* ! wat] comes (f cle> & limpid1 is sc>ce any ?+ b ! e>?y "p ( ! se$ or k]nel t 0 triturat$2 :i*1 h[ev]1 /ill reta9s a portion ( t5aci\s & gross ,oil1 adh]+ to x s firmly z n to be sep>able by wat]4 ,! *yle & milk ( animals resemble an ,emulsion 9 sev]al respects1 & p>ticul>ly 9 _! dead-:ite col\r2 :i* arises1 9 ! same mann]1 f ! v m9ute p>ticles ( ,oil conta9$ 9 !m1 & di/ribut$ ?r\gh an aque\s gelat9\s fluid1 b n dissolv$ !re94 ,9 g5]al1 :5ev] any ,oil ( any k9d happ5s to be lodg$ 9 ?is mann] betwe5 ! p>ts ( an aque\s liquor1 x always makes ! :ole ( an opaque :ite3 = ,oil w n mix ) wat]1 s z to produce a liquor t %all appe> homog5e\s & transp>5t1 unless x be intimately dissolv$ 9 ! wat]2 :i* _c be effect$ b by means ( an union previ\sly contract$ betwe5 x & "s sal9e matt]3 z is ! case ( mucilages1 c]ta9 saponace\s matt]s1 & "s o!r comb9ations ( :i* we %all h occasion to treat 9 ! sequel4 ,! me?ods we h hi!rto propos$1 = extract+ f vegetable sub/ances all t !y w yield )\t ! assi/ance ( fire1 are n capable ( analyz+ ^? sub/ances accurately1 z y may h obs]v$2 s9ce by expression & trituration we obta9 only ! liquid p>ts1 impregnat$ inde$ ) almo/ all ! pr9ciples ( plants1 :i*1 h[ev] are /ill comb9$ ) ea* o!r1 & b>ely sep>at$ f ! grosse/ e>?y & oily p>ts4 ,we mu/ !re=e necess>ily h rec\rse to a m effectual exp$i5t = c>ry+ our analysis fur!r4 ,?is exp$i5t consi/s 9 mak+ !m und]go ! action ( fire1 successively graduat$1 f ! g5tle/ to ! mo/ viol5t heat4 ,b1 be=e we ent] on ?is ,analysis ( ,vegetables1 x is prop] to describe ! diff]5t op]ations t may be p]=m$ on ,oils1 ! only pure pr9ciple we h be5 able to obta9 )\t ! help ( fire4 ,z we %all h occasion1 :5 we come to treat ( ! analysis ( plants by fire1 to say a great deal m conc]n+ ,ess5tial ,oils1 we res]ve till !n :at relates to ! op]ations t may be p]=m$ on !m2 & conf9e ourselves "h to ! op]ations on ,fat ,oils4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,,op]ations on ,,fat ,,oils4 ,,process ,i4 ,to att5uate ,fat ,oils1 & *ange _! ,nature1 by expos+ !m to ! ,action ( ,fire1 & di/ill+ !m4 ,mix ?or\ghly ?ree or f\r p\nds ( any ,fat ,oil :atev]1 ) twice its weight ( lime flak$ 9 ! air4 ,put ?is mixture into a l>ge e>!n retort1 leav+ a ?ird "p ( x empty4 ,set x 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace1 & lute on a receiv]4 ,heat ! vessel ) a v g5tle fire4 ,a little phlegm w rise fir/1 & w soon be foll[$ by an ,oil t w fall 9 drops f ! nose ( ! retort4 ,cont9ue ! di/illation v sl[ly1 till y p]ceive ! ,oil t comes ov] beg9 to be n q s fluid z be=e1 b r a little ?ick]4 ,!n unlute y\r receiv]1 & put ano!r 9 its place4 ,cont9ue ! di/illation1 increas+ y\r fire by degrees4 ,! ,oil t comes ov] w gr[ ?ick] & ?ick]1 its fluidity w decrease1 & x w acquire a d>k-br[n col\r1 :i* at la/ w become blacki%4 ,! ,oil w !n be v ?ick4 ,pu% ! op]ation till no?+ m w come (f1 ?\gh ! retort be r$-hot4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t ?is di/illation la/s1 !re rises a good deal ( wat]1 9 company ) ! ,oil4 ,keep ! second ?ick ,oil by itself4 ,mix ! ,oil t came ov] fir/1 9 ?is op]ation1 ) an equal "p ( fre% lime flak$ 9 ! air4 ,put ! mixture into an e>!n or glass retort1 ( a size s proportion$ to ! quantity1 t a ?ird "p !re( may rema9 empty4 ,di/il z be=e4 ,! same ph5om5a w appe>3 a cle> ,oil w fir/ come ov]1 & be succe$$ by "o a little ?ick]4 ,!n %ift y\r receiv]1 & di/il (f all ! re/ ( ! ,oil ) an increas$ fire4 ,! fir/ ,oil obta9$ by ?is second di/illation w be cle>] & ?9n] ?an t ( ! fir/ di/illation2 & ! second ,oil w n be s ?ick1 nor ( s deep a col\r z be=e4 ,di/il ov] aga91 9 ! same mann]1 ! ?9 ,oil ( ?is second di/illation1 & g on ?us repeat$ly di/ill+1 till ! fir/ cle> oil come ov] ) a degree ( heat n exce$+ t ( boil+ wat]4 ,!n1 in/ead ( mix+ y\r ,oil ) lime1 put x ) "s wat] into a glass retort1 or into a body ) its head fitt$ on1 & di/il x1 keep+ ! wat] j 9 a simm]4 ,y\r ,oil w be m & m att5uat$1 &1 aft] be+ ?us di/ill$ twice or ?rice ) wat]1 w be s limpid1 s ?91 & s cle>1 t y w sc>ce be able to di/+ui% x f wat] itself4 ,,obs]vations4 ,fat ,oils1 :i* are naturally mild1 unctu\s1 inodor\s1 or h at mo/ a sc>ce p]ceptible smell1 resembl+ t ( ! fruit or k]nel f :i* !y 7 extract$1 *ange _! natures totally :5 expos$ to ! action ( fire4 ,if !y be b heat$ s z to boil1 !y become acrid1 lose mu* ( _! unctuosity1 & acquire a v pung5t od\r4 ,f sev]al analogies1 & by sev]al exp]im5ts1 recit$ 9 a ,memoir on ,oils :i* ,i read to ! ,academy1 ,i %ew$ t ^! alt]ations ( ,fat ,oils are produc$ by ! fire's extricat+ an ,acid 9 !m1 :i* be=e lay conceal$ & inactive4 ,:at ,i advanc$ on ?is subject may be se5 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy = #agde1 & 9 my ,elem5ts ( ! ,!ory ( ,*ymi/ry4 ,i %all take occasion to add some?+ m1 9 my ,obs]vations on ! foll[+ process1 by :i* ^! ,oils are comb9$ ) ,acids4 ,9 ?is place ,i %all only exam9e :at passes 9 ! repeat$ di/illations !y are "h made to und]go4 ,fat ,oils d n rise 9 di/illation )\t a degree ( heat great] ?an t ( boil+ wat]2 & !re=e !y mu/ be di/ill$ 9 a s&-ba?1 or ) a nak$ fire4 ,we pref] ! latt] me?od1 = reasons else:]e assign$1 & *iefly because ! op]ator is m ma/] ( 8 fire2 x be+ absolutely necess>y1 9 ?is op]ation1 t he h x 9 8 p[] to suppress x 9 an in/ant1 :5 he f9ds x too /rong3 =1 9 su* a case1 x w impetu\sly raise ! ?9 ,oil mix$ ) ! ?ick2 nay1 ! :ole w be burnt1 z x 71 to a coal1 if a degree ( fire ev] s little too /rong be kept up b = a few mom5ts4 ,:5 ?is accid5t happ5s1 x is always pr$ict$ by a great quantity ( :ite vap\rs asc5d+ ) impetuosity out ( ! retort1 & by drops ( ,oil foll[+ ea* o!r v fa/1 t are sc>ce limpid at fir/1 & soon become ( a d>k col\r4 ,all ?is may be prev5t$ by di/ill+ v sl[ly1 & ) great pati5ce4 ,fat ,oils may be di/ill$ & att5uat$ )\t any additam5t3 b !n ! op]ation1 :i* is t$i\s & tr\blesome en\gh1 ev5 :5 lime is us$1 z appe>s f our description ( ! process1 w\ld be mu* m s if ! ,oil 7 di/ill$ alone1 )\t ! addition ( any ?+ to divide x1 spread x1 & enl>ge its surface4 ,lime is "o ( ! be/ additam5ts t c be employ$ on ?is occasion2 n only because x procures ! advantages j m5tion$1 b also by reason t1 be+ an absorb5t ( fat matt]s1 x unites ) ! gross] p>ts ( ! ,oil1 reta9s !m1 & s all[s ! ?9ne/ & lighte/ p>ts to be readily sep>at$ f ! re/4 ,by ?is means x greatly exp$ites ! op]ation3 &1 ! m ( x is add$1 ) respect to ! oil1 ! soon] is a consid]able quantity ( ?9 limpid ,oil obta9$3 & ?is is ! reason ( our direct+ a d\ble quantity ( lime to be mix$ ) ! ,oil 9 ! fir/ di/illation4 ,lime slak$ 9 ! air is employ$ pref]ably to quick-lime2 because x is naturally divid$ into a v f9e p[d]1 & capable ( mix+ p]fectly ) all sorts ( matt]s4 ,! wat] t fir/ appe>s 9 ! di/illation comes f ! lime3 x is "p ( ! humidity :i* ! lime _h imbib$ f ! air4 ,?is wat] cont9ues to rise ) ! ,oil dur+ ! :ole di/illation1 accord+ z ! degree ( heat is increas$3 &1 if ! di/illation be f9i%$ by keep+ ! retort r$-hot = "s "t aft] all is come ov]1 ! lime 9 x w h a greyi% ca/1 &1 :5 wat] is p\r$ on x1 gr[ almo/ z hot z quick-lime4 ,if y resolve to c>ry on ^! di/illations ( a ,fat ,oil1 till x becomes z light z an ,ess5tial ,oil1 x is necess>y to beg9 ) a pretty l>ge quantity !re(1 z ?ree or f\r p\nds3 = ! quantity ( ! ,oil is consid]ably less5$ by e di/illation2 n only because ! ?icke/ & grosse/ "p is sep>at$ f x e "t2 b also because a portion ( ! ,oil rema9s s /rongly unit$ ) ! lime1 t ! =ce ( fire is n able to sep>ate !m4 ,moreov]1 !re is reason to believe t "s ( x is decompos$ e "t x is di/ill$4 ,if ,oil be di/ill$ by itself1 ! ?icke/ & heavie/ "p rema9s *>r$1 z x 71 9 ! retort1 ! inside ( :i* is l9$ ) a cru/ ( coal1 t is to ! la/ degree fix$3 ?is !re=e always occasions a dim9ution ( ! ,oil4 ,a ,fat ,oil mu/ be di/ill$ eight or n9e times1 ev5 ) lime1 be=e x become z light z an ,ess5tial ,oil1 & capable ( ris+ :olly ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]3 by t "t !re=e x mu/ be consid]ably dim9i%$2 & if1 at lea/1 ! quantity prescrib$ be n tak5 at fir/1 !re w sc>ce rema9 a few ounces capable ( be+ di/ill$ ) wat]4 ,! portion ( ?ick heavy ,oil1 obta9$ 9 ! sev]al di/illations1 may1 if y w1 be rectifi$ aga94 ,= ?is purpose y mu/ mix x ) fre% lime1 & di/il x z y did ! cle> ,oil4 ,a portion ( ?is also w be att5uat$1 & come ov] fir/4 ,?us all ! ,fat ,oil may be subtiliz$ by ! action ( fire2 an absolutely *>r$ black "p except$1 t rema9s fix$1 & appe>s susceptible ( no *ange1 b by burn+ x 9 ! op5 air1 & !reby r$uc+ x to a%es1 f :i* a little ,fix$ ,alkali may be obta9$4 ,9 ?is fix$ "p ( ! ,oil ! acid & e>?y p>ts are comb9$ !re)1 9 a great] proportion ?an !y ought to be 9 pure ,oil4 ,! portion ( ,oil t ha? become light & ?9 is no?+ b ! pure/ oily "p1 sep>at$ f ! gross acids1 & f a c]ta9 quantity ( e>?1 :i* made x ?ick & heavy4 ,?is ,oil resembles ! ,ess5tial ,oils 9 lightness1 fluidity1 & a p5etrat+ agreeable od\r3 x dissolves 9 ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,we %all h occasion 9 ! sequel to enl>ge fur!r on ! qualities ( ! sev]al sorts ( ,oils1 & _! solubility 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 :5 we come to treat ( ,ard5t ,spirits & ( !r4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to comb9e ,fat ,oils ) ,acids4 ,! ,decomposition ( ?is ,comb9ation4 ,put any ,fat ,oil :atev] into a glass bason1 & set x 9 a s&-ba? v mod]ately heat$4 ,p\r on ?is ,oil an equal quantity ( conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol1 :i* w imm$iately dissolve x ) viol5ce2 a consid]able ebullition & eff]vesc5ce w arise1 att5d$ ) great heat1 & a prodigi\s quantity ( black1 ?ick vap\rs1 9 :i* may be easily p]ceiv$ ! smell ( burnt ,oil1 toge!r ) t ( a ,sulphure\s ,acid4 ,! mixture w become ( a deep-r$1 black1 & ?ick4 ,/ir x ) a small /ick1 till y obs]ve t all is quiet4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,vitriolic & ,nitr\s ,acids unite ) ,fat ,oils1 & dissolve !m ) viol5ce2 b ^! ,acids mu/ be suffici5tly /rong & conc5trat$1 o!rwise !y w n act ^u ! ,oils4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid1 9 p>ticul>1 dissolves !m pretty ?or\ghly4 ,if hot wat] be p\r$ on ! mixture describ$ 9 our process1 ?is wat] w become cl\dy & milky1 by dissolv+ "s ( x3 s t ,oils may be r5d]$ soluble 9 wat] by ! means ( ,acids4 ,_s ( ,w9e1 :i* do? n attack ,fat ,oils 9 _! natural /ate1 unites p]fectly ) !m1 & makes a cle> limpid solution ( !m1 :5 !y are ?us comb9$ ) ,acids4 ,! ,acids also suff] a consid]able alt]ation by contract+ an union ) ,oils4 ,!y become mu* mild]1 & lose almo/ all _! /r5g?4 ,if ! mixture describ$ 9 ! process be di/ill$1 !re w come ov] a great quantity ( an empyreumatic acidulat$ phlegm1 t smells /rong ( ,sulphure\s ,_s2 an ,oil ?9n] ?an ! orig9al saponace\s mixture2 a weak ,oily ,acid1 & a v ?ick1 black ,oil4 ,if ! fire be made v /rong1 :5 ! ,oil ceases to rise1 x sometimes happ5s t a little ,sulphur sublimes into ! neck ( ! retort4 ,by ?is analysis x appe>s1 t ! /rong conc5trat$ ,acid1 :i* 0 an +r$i5t 9 ! comb9ation1 is n n[ to be f\nd4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid ha? *ang$ its nature1 & is consid]ably weak5$ by ! union x ha? contract$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ,oil4 ,! aque\s "p ( ?is latt] sub/ance weak5s ! o!r1 & loads x ) phlegm2 ! inflammable "p !re( r5d]s x sulphure\s1 & ev5 conv]ts x into ,sulphur4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t same "p ( ! ,oil is decompos$1 by ! union x contracts ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid2 = its phlogi/on & its aque\s pr9ciple _c be disunit$1 s z to =m a ,sulphure\s ,_s1 or an actual ,sulphur1 & an aque\s ,acid1 )\t ! decomposition ( a c]ta9 quantity ( ! ,oil1 9 proportion to ! two disjo9$ pr9ciples4 ,ano!r portion ( ! ,oil rema9s unit$ ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 )\t suff]+ any decomposition1 & communicates to t portion ( ! ,acid1 ) :i* x is comb9$1 a some:at saponace\s quality1 :i* makes x resemble ! ,vegetable ,acids4 ,?us we see1 t :5 ! ,vitriolic ,acid & a ,fat ,oil are comb9$ toge!r1 !y bo? suff] consid]able *anges2 ! ,acid by ! new alliances into :i* x ent]s1 & ! ,oil by ! decomposition x und]goes4 ,9 consequ5ce h]e( a mu* small] quantity ( ,oil is obta9$1 by decomp\nd+ ?is comb9ation1 ?an 0 at fir/ put 94 ,if ! ,oil ab/ract$ by di/illation be comb9$ aga9 ) a fre% quantity ( ! conc5trat$ ,acid1 ! same effects w aga9 foll[2 & by ?is means any quantity ( ,oil at pleasure may be entirely decompos$4 ,?is s+le exp]im5t af=ds an evid5t pro( ( _m important tru?s advanc$ 9 our ,elem5ts ( ! ,!ory4 ,_s ( ,nitre likewise dissolves express$ ,oils4 ,) ,oil ( ,olives x =ms a :ite pa/e1 resembl+ a f9e pomatum4 ,?is comp\nd is p]fectly soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,! ,acid mu/ be v /rong & smok+ to unite ) ?is1 or ) any o!r ,fat ,oil3 b x dissolves "s ( !m ) m rapidity ?an o!rs2 9 :i* numb] is ! ,oil ( ,walnuts4 ,x acts on ^! ,oils ) s mu* vehem5ce t x burns !m1 9 "s measure1 mak+ !m black & ?ick4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to comb9e ,fat ,oils ) ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,h>d & s(t ,soap4 ,! ,decomposition ( ,soap4 ,take a lixivium ( ,alicant kelp made m cau/ic by lime1 z we %all %ew :5 we come to speak ( ,alkalis4 ,evaporate ?is lye till x be capable ( be>+ a new-laid egg4 ,divide x into two p>ts2 & to "o ( ^! put j wat] en\gh to weak5 x s1 t a new-laid egg w n swim 9 x1 b fall to ! bottom4 ,) ! lye ?us weak5$ mix an equal quantity ( fre%-drawn ,olive ,oil4 ,/ir & agitate ! mixture well1 till x become v :ite4 ,set x ov] a g5tle fire1 & cont9ue /irr+ x incessantly1 t ! two +r$i5ts ( :i* x is comp\nd$ may gradually comb9e toge!r1 z "p ( ! wat] evaporates4 ,:5 y p]ceive !y beg9 to unite1 p\r into ! mixture ?rice z mu* ( ! fir/ /rong lye z y took ( ,olive ,oil4 ,cont9ue ! coction ) a g5tle fire1 always /irr+ ! matt]1 till x becomes s ?ick t a drop ( x fixes1 z x cools1 into ! consi/5ce t ,soap ought to h4 ,by dissolv+ a little ( ?is ,soap 9 wat]1 y w discov] :e!r or no x conta9s m ,oil ?an ought to be 9 ! composition4 ,if x dissolves !re9 :olly & p]fectly1 )\t ! appe>ance ( ! lea/ little drop ( ,oil float+ on ! wat]1 x is a sign t x do? n conta9 too mu* ,oil4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 y p]ceive any ( ^! little globules1 y mu/ p\r into ! vessel1 conta9+ y\r matt]1 a little m ( ! /rong lye1 to absorb ! r$undant ,oil4 ,if !re be too mu* ( ! ,alkali x may be discov]$ by ! ta/e4 ,if ! ,soap leave on y\r tongue ! s5sation ( an ,alkal9e ,salt1 & produce an ur9\s sav\r1 x is a sign t !re is too mu* ,salt 9 proportion to ! ,oil4 ,9 ?is case a little ,oil mu/ be add$ to ! mixture1 to saturate ! sup]-abundant ,alkali4 ,an excess 9 ! quantity ( ,alkali discov]s itself likewise by ! ,soap's gr[+ moi/ 9 ! air1 on be+ expos$ to x = "s "t4 ,,obs]vations4 ,fix$ ,alkalis1 ev5 :5 resolv$ into a liquor1 t is1 :5 load$ ) mu* wat]1 unite easily ) ,fat ,oils1 z appe>s f ! exp]im5t j recit$1 & require b a mod]ate heat to p]fect t union4 ,?is comb9ation may ev5 be completely effect$ )\t ! aid ( fire1 & by ! heat ( ! sun only1 provid$ suffici5t "t be all[$ = t purpose2 z ,mr4 ,ge(froy f\nd ^u trial4 ,x only requires ! mixture ( ! ,oil & ,alkali to be kept five or six days 9 dige/ion1 & /irr$ f "t to "t4 ,a lixivium ( pure ,alkali1 n acuat$ by lime1 may also be us$ to make ,soap3 b x is obs]v$1 t ! comb9ation succe$s bett]1 & t ! ,alkali unites soon] & m p]fectly ) ! ,oil1 :5 x is %>p5$ by lime4 ,! ,oil is fir/ mix$ ) a weak] & m aque\s lye1 to ! end t ! comb9ation may n take place too ha/ily1 b t all ! p>ticles ( ! two sub/ances to be comp\nd$ toge!r may unite equally4 ,b z soon z ! ,alkali beg9s to dissolve ! ,oil gradually & quietly1 ! dissolution may !n be accel]at$2 & t is done by add+ ! rema9+ lye1 :i* is /rong] & less dilut$ ?an ! o!r4 ,soap made ) ,olive ,oil is :ite1 h>d1 & ha? n a v disagreeable smell3 b z t ,oil is de>1 o!rs1 ev5 ! fat & oils ( animals1 are sometimes sub/itut$ = x4 ,! ,soaps made ) mo/ ( ^! o!r matt]s are nei!r s h>d1 nor s :ite1 z t made ( ,olive ,oil3 !y are call$ ,s(t ,soaps4 ,oils ?us associat$ ) ,fix$ ,alkalis are by t means r5d]$ soluble 9 wat]2 because ! ,alkal9e ,salts1 hav+ a great aff9ity ) wat]1 communicate "p !re( to ! ,oils ) :i* !y are n[ incorporat$4 ,yet ! ,oil is n = all t r5d]$ ?or\ghly miscible ) wat]1 or p]fectly soluble !re92 = ! wat] 9 :i* ,soap is dissolv$ ha? always a milky ca/3 n[ !re is no o!r crit]ion ( a p]fect solution b transp>5cy4 ,alkalis also lose "p ( _! aff9ity ) wat]1 by ! union !y ?us contract ) ,oils3 =1 :5 ! comb9ation is prop]ly made1 !y no long] attract ! moi/ure ( ! air1 nor do? wat] dissolve !m 9 su* quantities z be=e4 ,! composition ( ,soap is pla9ly a saturation ( an ,alkali ) an ,oil2 &1 9 ord] to make p]fect ,soap1 we are =c$1 z 0 said 9 ! process1 to grope1 9 a mann]1 by repeat$ trials1 = ?is po9t ( saturation2 j z :5 we prep>e a ,neutral ,salt by saturat+ an ,alkali ) an ,acid4 ,! union :i* ! ,oil contracts ) ! ,alkali makes x lose1 9 "p1 ! read9ess ) :i* x naturally takes fire2 because ! ,salt is n inflammable3 ! wat] also1 :i* ent]s 9 pretty consid]able quantities into ! composition ( ,soap1 z we %all pres5tly see1 contributes a good deal to h9d] ! acc5sion ( ! ,oil4 ,soap may be decomp\nd$ ei!r by di/ill+ x1 or by mix+ x ) "s sub/ance t ha? a great] aff9ity ?an ,oil ) ,alkalis4 ,if we decomp\nd x by di/illation1 a phlegm1 or transp>5t _s1 ( a some:at yell[i% col\r1 fir/ comes ov]4 ,?is liquor is ! aque\s "p ( ! ,soap1 quick5$ by a little ( its ,alkali1 :i* gives x an acrid ta/e4 ,x is foll[$ by a r$ ,oil1 :i* at fir/ is pretty ?9 & limpid1 b ?ick5s z ! di/illation advances1 gr[s black1 & has a v disagreeable empyreumatic smell4 ,?is ,oil is soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,:5 ! di/illation is f9i%$1 t is1 :5 ! retort be+ kept r$-hot = "s "t w dis*>ge no m1 !re is left 9 x a sal9e mass2 :i* is ! ,alkali ( ! ,soap1 cru/$ ov] ) "s ( ! mo/ fix$ p>ts ( ! ,oil1 t are *>r$ to a coal4 ,?is ,salt may be re/or$ to ! same degree ( purity x _h be=e its comb9ation ) ! ,oil1 by calc9+ x 9 a crucible ) a nak$ fire1 t may consume ?is burnt "p ( ! ,oil1 & r$uce x to a%es4 ,x is pla9 t ! ,oil conta9$ 9 ,soap is affect$ by di/illation1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z t :i* we mix$ ) lime & di/ill$4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy1 by analys+ ,soap ) c>e1 discov]$ t two ounces !re( conta9 n9ety-six gra9s ( ,salt ( kelp1 fre$ f all ,oil & moi/ure2 or two drams & =ty-eight gra9s ( t ,salt1 z x is us$ 9 manufactur+ ,soap2 t is1 conta9+ wat] en\gh to make x cry/allize2 "o ounce ?ree drams tw5ty gra9s ( ,olive ,oil2 & ab\t two drams f\r gra9s ( wat]4 ,z ,acids h a great] aff9ity ?an any o!r sub/ance ) ,alkalis1 !y may be v effectually employ$ to decomp\nd ,soap4 ,if y propose to decomp\nd ,soap by means !re(1 y mu/ fir/ dissolve x 9 a suffici5t quantity ( wat]4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy1 :o made ?is exp]im5t likewise1 dissolv$ two ounces !re( 9 ab\t ?ree gallons ( w>m wat]1 & to ! solution add$ ,oil ( ,vitriol1 :i* he let fall into x drop by drop4 ,e "t a drop ( ,acid falls into x1 a coagulum is =m$ 9 ! liquor4 ,! vessel 9 :i* ! solution is conta9$ mu/ !n be %ak51 t ! ,acid may equally attack all ! ,alkali diffus$ 9 x4 ,:5 no new coagulation is produc$ by a drop ( ! ,acid1 x is a sign y h add$ en\gh4 ,! liquor !n beg9s to gr[ cle>3 & if ano!r qu>t ( wat] be add$1 9 ord] to facilitate ! sep>ation ( ! oily p>ticles1 y w see !m rise & unite toge!r on ! surface ( ! liquor4 ,?is is a pure1 cle>1 true ,olive ,oil1 ha? its ta/e1 its smell1 &1 l x1 is fluid 9 w>m wea!r1 & becomes fix$ by cold4 ,yet x diff]s 9 "s respects f t :i* nev] ha? be5 unit$ ) an ,alkali 9 ord] to =m a ,soap2 = x burns m vividly & m rapidly1 & is soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,we %all acc\nt = ^! diff]5ces :5 we come to treat ( ,ard5t ,spirits4 ,n only ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 b all o!rs1 ev5 ^? obta9$ f vegetables1 are capable ( decomp\nd+ ,soap1 & sep>at+ ! ,oil f ! ,alkali4 ,9 ! liquor :]e9 ,soap is ?us decomp\nd$ is f\nd a ,neutral ,salt1 consi/+ ( ! ,acid made use (1 unit$ ) ! ,alkali ( ! ,soap4 ,if ! ,vitriolic ,acid be us$1 y w h a ,glaub]'s ,salt2 a quadrangul> ,nitre1 if ! ,nitr\s ,acid be us$2 & s ( ! re/4 ,! facility ) :i* ,acids decomp\nd ,soap is ! reason t no wat]1 b :at is v pure1 w dissolve x1 or is fit to be us$ 9 wa%+ ) x4 ,wat] t do? n dissolve ,soap well is usually call$ ,h>d ,wat]4 ,su* wat]s conta9 a c]ta9 quantity ( sal9e matt]s1 wa%$ out ( ! e>?s ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,! h>dness ( wat] is g5]ally occasion$ by sel5itic p>ticles4 ,! h>dness ( all ! well-wat] 9 & ab\t ,p>is is ow+ to a consid]able quantity ( ,sel5etic ,gypsum ) :i* ! ,soil ab\nds4 ,! ,sel5ites1 we "k1 are ,neutral ,salts1 consi/+ ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid unit$ ) an e>?y basis4 ,if !re=e ,soap be put into wat] 9 :i* a ,salt ( ?is k9d is dissolv$1 x is evid5t t ! ,vitriolic ,acid 9 ! ,sel5ites1 hav+ a great] aff9ity ) ! fix$ ,alkali ( ! ,soap ?an ) its own e>?y basis1 w quit ! latt] to unite ) ! =m]2 & ?us ! ,soap w be decomp\nd$ in/ead ( be+ dissolv$4 ,accord+ly we see1 t1 :5 we attempt to dissolve ,soap 9 our well-wat]1 ! surface ( ! liquor is 9 a %ort "t cov]$ ) a fat oily pellicle4 ,h[ev]1 ?is decomposition ( ,soap is n complete2 at lea/1 b a small "p ( x is p]fectly decomp\nd$2 because ! great quantity ( ,sel5ites1 ) :i* ! wat] is impregnat$1 h9d]s ! ,soap f mix+ s ?or\ghly ) x1 z is requisite to produce a total decomposition !re(4 ,all m9]al wat]s are likewise h>d1 ) reg>d to ,soap2 = z mo/ ( !m owe _! virtues to ! effloresc5ces !y h wa%$ (f f pyrites1 t h gr[n hot & begun to be decompos$1 !y are impregnat$ ) ! sal9e matt]s produc$ by pyrites 9 t /ate3 t is1 ) alum9\s1 vitriolic1 & sulphure\s sub/ances1 :i* h ! same effect on ,soap z ! ,sel5ites h4 ,m9]al wat]s conta9+ ,neutral ,salts only1 su* z ,sea-salt1 ,epsom ,salt1 ,glaub]'s ,salt1 are nev]!less h>d ) reg>d to ,soap1 ?\gh ! ,acids ( ^? ,salts1 be+ unit$ ) ,fix$ ,alkalis1 are incapable ( decomp\nd+ x4 ,! reason is1 t ^? ,neutral ,salts are m soluble 9 wat] ?an ,soap is2 s mu* inde$ z ev5 to exclude x3 because ea* ( ! two pr9ciples t compos$ !m ha? a v great aff9ity ) wat]2 :]eas only "o ( ! pr9ciples ( ,soap1 namely1 its ,alkali1 ha? t aff9ity2 ! o!r1 to wit1 ! oily pr9ciple1 hav+ none at all4 ,?us wat] impregnat$ ) an ,acid1 or ) any ,neutral ,salt1 is h>d ) reg>d to ,soap1 & incapable ( dissolv+ x2 & h5ce x foll[s1 t ,soap is a sort ( t\*/one = try+ ! purity ( wat]4 ,w9e dissolves ,soap2 b imp]fectly1 because x conta9s an acid or t>t>\s "p4 ,_s ( ,w9e also dissolves x3 b nei!r is ?is dissolution p]fect2 because x conta9s too little wat]3 = its spiritu\s "p c dissolve no?+ b ! ,oil ( ! ,soap2 & ! ,alkali is n at all1 or at lea/ 9 a v small quantity1 soluble 9 ?is m5/ruum4 ,! true solv5t ( ,soap is !re=e a liquor t is p>tly spiritu\s1 p>tly aque\s1 & n acid4 ,br&y has ^! qualities3 & accord+ly x is ! solv5t t unites be/ ) ,soap1 dissolves ! greate/ quantity1 & makes ! mo/ limpid solution !re(4 ,yet ev5 ?is solution ha? some?+ ( a milky ca/1 occasion$ by its n be+ entirely free f an ,acid1 or ! t>t>\s pr9ciple4 ,?is fault may be easily correct$1 by mix+ ) x a little ,alkali to absorb ! ,acid4 ,a dram ( cry/alliz$ salt ( kelp mix$ ) ?ree ounces & a half ( good br&y1 r5d]s x capable ( dissolv+ an ounce & two drams ( good h>d ,soap1 into a p]fectly limpid liquor4 ,?is exp]im5t also we owe to ,mr4 ,ge(froy4 ,"s ye>s ago x 0 discov]$ t ,soap might be us$ ) great success 9 ,m$ic9e1 & t x possesses ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ ! /ony concretions t =m 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! body1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! kidneys & bladd]4 ,soap is ! basis ( ! composition kn[n by ! "n ( ,mrs4 ,/eph5's ,rem$y1 & 9 ?is "o +r$i5t its :ole virtue resides4 ,f :at ha? be5 said on ! nature ( ?is comp\nd1 z well z on ! cause & ph5om5a ( its dissolution1 x pla9ly appe>s to be ( ! la/ consequ5ce1 9 adm9i/]+ x to a pati5t1 t 8 con/itution be consid]$1 & a prop] regim5 ord]$4 ,all ,acids %\ld be absolutely =bid him2 z we "k !y h9d] ! ,soap f dissolv+1 & decomp\nd x2 & if ! pati5t h any acidities 9 ! fir/ passages1 matt]s capable ( neutraliz+ !m %\ld be prescrib$ him3 z prep>$ crabs eyes1 & o!r absorb5ts kn[n 9 ,m$ic9e3 9 su* cases ^? ) :i* ! ,soap is comp\nd$ 9 ,mrs4 ,/eph5's rem$y may be ( use4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,to comb9e ,fat ,oils ) ,sulphur4 ,put any ,fat ,oil :atev] into an e>!n vessel2 add to x ab\t ! f\r? "p ( its weight ( ,fl[] ( ,sulphur1 & set ! vessel 9 a furnace1 ) light$ coals "u x4 ,:5 ! ,oil ha? acquir$ a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 ! ,sulphur w melt1 & y w see x fall imm$iately to ! bottom ( ! ,oil1 9 ! =m ( a v r$ fluid4 ,! two sub/ances w rema9 ?us sep>at$1 )\t mix+ toge!r1 :ile ! heat is no great] ?an is necess>y to keep ! ,sulphur 9 fusion4 ,increase x !re=e2 b sl[ly & ) circumspection1 le/ ! matt] take fire4 ,:5 ! ,oil beg9s to smoke1 ! two liquors w beg9 to mix & look turbid3 at la/ !y w unite s z to appe> "o homog5e\s :ole4 ,if y keep up ! heat s t ! mixture %all always cont9ue smok+ & ready to boil1 y may add m ,sulphur1 :i* w p]fectly incorporate ) x3 & ?us may a pretty consid]able quantity !re( be introduc$ into ?is composition4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,phlogi/on & ! ,vitriolic ,acid h ea* an aff9ity ) ,oils4 ,x is n !re=e surpris+ t ,sulphur1 :i* is a comp\nd ( ^! two sub/ances1 %\ld be soluble 9 oily matt]s4 ,yet x is rem>kable1 t ,ess5tial ,oils1 :i* are mu* ?9n] ?an ! ,fat ,oils1 dissolve ,sulphur ) mu* m difficulty2 z w be %ewn :5 we come to treat ( ^? ,oils2 & t ,_s ( ,w9e1 :i* conta9s an exce$+ subtile ,oil1 do? n act ^u ,sulphur at all4 ,oil1 by contract+ an union1 ) ,sulphur1 produces a consid]able alt]ation 9 t m9]al3 a ph5om5on s mu* ! m surpris+1 t we "k x to be 9 "s sort unalt]able by any o!r solv5t1 ( :at k9d soev]1 add1 t its nature admits ( no *ange b by burn+4 ,we %all say m on ?is subject "u ! head ( ,ess5tial ,oils4 ,,process ,v4 ,to comb9e ,fat ,oils ) ,lead1 & ! ,calces ( ,lead4 ,! ,basis ( ,pla/]s4 ,! ,decomposition ( ?is ,comb9ation4 ,into an e>!n vessel put granulat$ ,lead1 ,li?>ge1 ,c]use1 or ,m9ium2 & p\r !reon twice its weight ( any ,fat ,oil :atev]4 ,if y set ! vessel ov] a brisk fire1 ! ,lead at bottom w melt be=e ! ,oil beg9 to boil4 ,:5 x boils1 /ir ! matt] ) a /ick3 ! ,lead1 or ! ,calx ( ,lead1 w gradually disappe>1 & at la/ be totally dissolv$ by ! ,oil1 to :i* x w give a v ?ick consi/5ce4 ,,obs]vations4 ,fat ,oils dissolve n only ,lead1 b its calces also3 nay1 !y dissolve ! latt] m readily ?an ,lead 9 sub/ance2 probably because !y are m divid$4 ,! result ( a comb9ation ( ^! matt]s is a ?ick1 t5aci\s mass1 t gr[s 9 "s degree h>d 9 ! cold1 & s(t by heat4 ,?is composition is kn[n 9 ,ph>macy by ! "n ( ,pla/]4 ,x is made up ) sev]al drugs into pla/]s1 :i* p>take ( ! virtues ( ^? drugs2 s t x is ! basis ( almo/ all pla/]s4 ,lead itself is seldom us$ to make pla/]s3 ,c]use1 ,li?>ge1 or ,m9ium1 are pref]r$ to x2 because ^! matt]s unite1 z ha? be5 said1 m readily & m easily ) ,oils4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 t ! ,oil is burnt 9 ! op]ation1 & t ! calx ( ,lead is p>tly resuscitat$3 & ?is gives ! pla/] a black col\r1 :i* h[ev] x ought n to h4 ,?is accid5t is occasion$ by an excess ( heat3 & z x is v difficult to keep ! ,oil & ! ,lead 9 ! prop] degree ( heat1 see+ bo? ^! matt]s are apt to gr[ v hot1 x ha? be5 contriv$ to put into ! vessel1 9 :i* ! coction is to be p]=m$1 a pretty l>ge quantity ( wat]2 :i* be+ susceptible only ( a mu* small] & a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 t is con/antly ! same :5 x boils1 procures ! advantage ( hav+ ! composition v uni=m & v :ite4 ,x is necess>y to /ir ! mixture incessantly1 9 ord] to prev5t ! burn+ ( ! comb9$ ,oil & ,lead2 :i*1 z !y unite1 s9k 9 ! wat] by _! great] weight4 ,if ! wat] happ5 to be wa/$ be=e ! ,oil ha? dissolv$ all ! ,lead1 or be=e ! pla/] ha? acquir$ a prop] degree ( consi/5ce1 y mu/ remove ! vessel f ! fire1 & let ! mixture cool1 be=e y add m3 =1 if ?is precaution be neglect$1 ! heat ( ! matt]1 :i* is n[ mu* great] ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 w occasion a consid]able explosion & extravasation !re(1 ?\gh ! wat] p\r$ into x be z hot z possible4 ,! comb9ation ( ,fat ,oil ) a ,calx ( ,lead may be consid]$ z a sort ( metallic ,soap1 hav+ a metall9e ,calx1 in/ead ( a ,fix$ ,alkali1 = its basis4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy ha? obs]v$1 t if a p\nd ( ,li?>ge1 rubb$ v f9e & well wa%$1 be incorporat$ ) two p\nds ( ,olive ,oil1 9 ! same mann] z pla/] is made1 keep+ wat] en\gh 9 ! vessel to h9d] ! mixture f burn+1 !re rises a smoke1 :ile ! ,oil is unit+ ) ! ,calx ( ,lead1 smell+ mu* l t :i* rises f ,soap4 ,! ,oil may be sep>at$ f ! ,calx ( ,lead1 by ! me?ods us$ to sep>ate x f a ,fix$ ,alkali3 & :5 x is s sep>at$1 x ha? ! same prop]ties z t sep>at$ f common ,soap4 ,?is species ( metallic ,soap1 =m$ by ! union ( a ,fat ,oil ) ! ,calx ( ,lead1 is n soluble 9 wat]1 & communicates no?+ to x b a greasy ta/e4 ,!re=e1 if y w\ld decomp\nd x by ! means ( an ,acid1 y mu/ p\r t ,acid imm$iately on ! comp\nd4 ,! ,acid w attack & dissolve ! ,calx ( ,lead2 & ! ,oil1 be+ ?us set at lib]ty1 w rise cle> & limpid to ! surface ( ! acid liquor4 ,di/ill$ v9eg> effects ?is sep>ation bett] ?an any o!r ,acid1 because x is ! true solv5t ( ,lead4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ! ,,sub/ances obta9$ f ,,vegetables ) a ,degree ( ,heat n exce$+ t ( boil+ ,wat]4 ,,process ,i4 ,to obta9 f ,plants1 by di/ill+ !m ) ! mean ,degree ( ,heat betwe5 freez+ & boil+ ,wat]1 a ,liquor impregnat$ ) _! ,pr9ciple ( ,od\r4 ,9 ! morn+1 be=e sun-rise1 ga!r ! plant f :i* y design to extract its odorif]\s wat]4 ,*use ! plant 9 its full vig\r1 p]fectly s\nd1 & free f all adv5titi\s matt]s1 except dew4 ,put ?is plant1 )\t squeez+ x1 into ! body ( a t9n$ copp] alembic1 & set x 9 a wat]-ba?4 ,fit on its head1 & to ! nose !re( lute a glass receiv] ) wet bladd]4 ,w>m ! ba? to ! mean degree betwe5 freez+ & boil+ wat]4 ,y w see a liquor di/il & fall drop by drop into ! receiv]4 ,cont9ue ! di/illation ) ?is degree ( heat1 till no m drops fall f ! nose ( ! alembic4 ,!n unlute ! vessels2 & if y h n z mu* liquor z y want1 take out ( ! cucurbit ! plant already di/ill$1 & put a fre% "o 9 its place4 ,di/il z be=e1 & g on ?us till y h a suffici5t quantity ( odorif]\s liquor4 ,put x into a bottle2 /op x close2 & set x 9 a cool place4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! liquor obta9$ f plants1 ) ! degree ( heat "h prescrib$1 consi/s ( ! dew t 0 on ! plant1 & "s ( ! phlegm ( ! plant itself1 toge!r ) its odor\s pr9ciple4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave1 :o exam9$ ?is odorif]\s "p ( plants ) great c>e1 calls x ! ,spiritus ,rector4 ,! nature ( ?is ,_s is n yet ?or\ghly asc]ta9$2 because x is s v volatile1 t x _c easily be subject$ to ! exp]im5ts t are necess>y to analyze x1 & to discov] all its prop]ties4 ,if ! bottle conta9+ ! liquor1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! vehicle ( ?is ,_s1 be n exce$+ c>efully /opp$1 x flies q (f3 s t 9 a few days no?+ w be f\nd b an insipid inodor\s wat]4 ,great "p ( ! virtue ( plants resides 9 ?is _! pr9ciple ( od\r2 & to x mu/ be ascrib$ ! mo/ s+ul> & ! mo/ wond]ful effects we e day see produc$ by !m4 ,e body kn[s1 t a great numb] ( odor\s plants affect1 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 by _! sc5t only1 ! bra9 & ! g5us n]vosum1 ( su* especially ^: n]ves are v s5sible1 & susceptible ( ! slighte/ impression2 su* z hypo*ondriacal or melan*oly m51 & hy/]ical wom54 ,! smell ( ! ,tub]ose1 = in/ance1 is capable ( ?r[+ su* p]sons into fits1 s z to make !m drop d[n & swoon away4 ,! smell ( ,rue1 aga91 :i* is equally /rong & p5etrat+1 b ( a diff]5t k9d1 is a specific rem$y aga9/ ! ill effects ( ! ,tub]ose2 & br+s ^? p]sons to life aga91 ) z quick & z surpris+ an efficacy1 z t by :i* !y 7 r$uc$ to a /ate n unlike dea?4 ,?is is ,mr4 ,bo]haave's obs]vation4 ,! odor\s exhalations ( plants mu/ be consid]$ z a cont9ual emanation ( _! ,spiritus ,rector3 b z gr[+ plants are 9 a condition to repair1 e in/ant1 ! losses !y su/a9 by ?is means1 z well z by transpiration1 x is n surpris+ t !y are n soon exhau/$1 :ile !y cont9ue 9 vig\r4 ,^?1 on ! contr>y1 :i* we di/il1 hav+ no su* res\rce1 are v soon entirely depriv$ ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,! sep>ation ( ! ,spiritus ,rector f plants requires b a v g5tle heat1 equally di/ant f ! freez+ po9t & f ! heat ( boil+ wat]4 ,accord+ly ! heat ( ! sun 9 summ] is suffici5t to dissipate x almo/ entirely4 ,?is %ews :y x is dang]\s to /ay long 9 fields1 or woods1 :]e _m noxi\s plants gr[4 ,! virtues ( plants resid+ *iefly 9 _! exhalations1 :i* ! heat ( ! sun increases consid]ably1 a sort ( atmosph]e is =m$ r\nd !m1 & c>ri$ by ! air & ! w9d to v great di/ances4 ,= ! same reason ! air ( a c\ntry may be r5d]$ salut>y & m$ic9al1 by ! exhalations ( :olesome plants gr[+ !re94 ,f ! facility ) :i* ! odor\s pr9ciple ( plants evaporates1 we le>n :at c>e ought to be tak5 9 dry+ ^? int5d$ = m$ical uses1 s z to pres]ve _! virtues4 ,!y mu/ by no means be expos$ to ! sun1 or laid 9 a w>m place3 a cool1 dry place1 into :i* ! rays ( ! sun nev] p5etrate1 is ! prop]e/ = dry+ plants1 ) z little loss ( _! virtue z possible4 ,?\gh !re is reason to believe t e vegetable matt] ha? a ,spiritus ,rector1 see+ ea* ha? its p>ticul> sc5t1 yet ?is pr9ciple is n v p]ceptible 9 any b ^? :i* h a v manife/ od\r3 & accord+ly x is extract$ *iefly f aromatic plants1 or ! mo/ odorif]\s p>ts ( plants4 ,i say ! mo/ odorif]\s p>ts2 because1 9 mo/ plants & trees1 !re are g5]ally c]ta9 p>ts t h a mu* m s5sible1 & mu* /rong] sc5t ?an ! re/4 ,! od\r ( a plant1 or ( a tree1 ha? its pr9cipal resid5ce sometimes 9 ! root1 sometimes 9 ! leaves1 at o!r times 9 ! b>k or wood1 & v frequ5tly 9 ! fl[]s & se$s4 ,!re=e1 :5 y design to extract ! pr9ciple ( od\r f a vegetable t is n equally odorif]\s 9 e "p1 y mu/ *use ^? p>ts t h ! mo/ p]ceptible & /ronge/ sc5t4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to extract ! ,fat ,oils ( ,plants by ,decoction 9 boil+ ,wat]4 ,cacao ,butt]4 ,p\nd or bruise 9 a m>ble mort> y\r vegetable sub/ances1 ab\nd+ ) ! ,fat ,oil :i* y int5d to extract by decoction3 tie !m up 9 a l95 clo?2 put ?is packet into a pan1 ) sev5 or eight times z mu* wat]1 & make ! wat] boil4 ,! ,oil w be sep>at$ by ! ebullition1 & float on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,skim x (f c>efully ) a ladle1 & cont9ue boil+ till no m ,oil appe>4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! heat ( boil+ wat] is capable ( sep>at+ ! ,fat ,oils f vegetable matt]s t conta9 any3 b ?is is to be effect$ by actual decoction only1 & n by di/illation2 because ^! ,oils w n rise 9 an alembic ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]4 ,we are !re=e necessitat$ to collect !m f ! surface ( ! wat]1 z above direct$4 ,by ?is means a mu* great] quantity ( ,fat ,oil may be obta9$ ?an by expression alone2 because ! degree ( heat appli$ greatly facilitates ! sep>ation ( ! ,oil4 ,= a conv9c+ pro( ( ?is tru?1 take ! rema9s ( any vegetable matt]s1 f :i* ! ,oil ha? be5 s ?or\ghly express$ t !y w\ld yield no m2 boil !m 9 ?is mann]1 & y w obta9 a great deal m ,oil4 ,! wat] us$ 9 ?is coction g5]ally becomes milky1 l an emulsion2 because x conta9s _m oily p>ticles1 t are disp]s$ 9 x j z 9 an emulsion4 ,nev]!less1 ?is way ( obta9+ ! ,fat ,oils is n g5]ally practis$2 because ! heat1 to :i* !y are expos$ 9 ! op]ation1 occasions _! be+ less mild ?an !y naturally are3 b x is an excell5t me?od1 & inde$ ! only "o t c be employ$1 = extract+ f p>ticul> vegetables c]ta9 concrete oily matt]s1 9 ! =m ( ,butt] or ,wax2 :i* matt]s are no o!r ?an ,fat ,oils 9 a fix$ /ate4 ,! ,cacao yields1 by ?is means1 a v mild butt]2 & 9 ! same mann] is a ,wax obta9$ f a c]ta9 %rub 9 ,am]ica4 ,! heat ( boil+ wat] melts ^! oily matt]s1 :i* !n asc5d to ! surface ( ! liquor1 & float on x l o!r ,oils4 ,!y aft]w>ds fix z !y cool1 & resume _! natural consi/5ce4 ,we %all see 9 ! sequel1 t !y _c be extract$ 9 a concrete =m by di/illation1 :i* requires a great] degree ( heat ?an t ( boil+ wat]2 because di/illation *anges _! nature1 p>tly decomposes !m1 & prev5ts _! return+ to _! prop] consi/5ce z !y cool4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to extract ,ess5tial ,oils ( ,plants by ,di/illation ) ! ,heat ( boil+ ,wat]4 ,di/ill$ ,wat]s4 ,put into a cucurbit ! plant f :i* y design to extract ! ,ess5tial ,oil4 ,add z mu* wat] z w fill two ?irds ( y\r vessel1 & dissolve !re9 half an ounce ( ,sea-salt = e qu>t ( wat] y use4 ,to ?is body fit on an alembic-head1 & to ! nose !re( lute a receiv]1 ) siz$ pap]1 or wet bladd]4 ,set x 9 a furnace1 & let ! :ole dige/ toge!r1 9 a v g5tle w>m?1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is be+ done1 light a wood-fire "u y\r vessel1 brisk en\gh to make ! wat] 9 x boil imm$iately4 ,!n slack5 y\r fire1 & leave x j /rong en\gh to keep ! wat] simm]+4 ,!re w come ov] into ! receiv] a liquor ( a :iti% col\r1 some:at milky2 on ! surface ( :i*1 or at ! bottom1 w be f\nd an ,oil2 :i* is ! ,ess5tial ,oil ( ! vegetable y put into ! cucurbit4 ,cont9ue y\r di/illation ) ! same degree ( heat1 till y p]ceive ! liquor come (f cle>1 & unaccompani$ ) any ,oil4 ,:5 ! di/illation is f9i%$1 unlute ! receiv]2 &1 if ! ,ess5tial ,oil be ( t sort t x is light] ?an wat]1 fill ! vessel up to ! top ) wat]4 ,on ?is occasion a long-neck$ matrass %\ld be us$ = a receiv]2 t ! ,oil :i* floats on ! wat] may collect toge!r 9 its neck1 & rise up to its m\?4 ,!n 9 ! neck ( ?is vessel put ! end ( a ?read ( cotton-tw9e1 s t ! dep5d+ "p )\t ! vessel may be long] ?an t 9 ! ,oil1 & ! extremity !re( hang )9 ! m\? ( a little phial1 j big en\gh to conta9 y\r quantity ( ,oil4 ,! ,oil w rise along ! y>n z 9 a siphon1 filt] ?r\gh x1 & fall drop by drop into ! little phial4 ,:5 all ! ,oil is ?us come ov]1 /op y\r little bottle v close1 ) a cork coat$ ov] ) a mixture ( wax & a little pit*4 ,if y\r ,oil be pond]\s1 & ( ! sort t s9ks 9 wat]1 p\r ! :ole cont5ts ( ! receiv] into a glass funnel1 ! pipe ( :i* mu/ t]m9ate 9 a v small ap]ture t may be /opp$ ) y\r =e-f+]4 ,all ! ,oil w be collect$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! funnel3 !n remove y\r f+]1 & let ! ,oil run out into a little bottle ?r\gh ano!r small funnel4 ,:5 y see ! wat] ready to come1 /op ! pipe ( ! funnel1 & cork ! bottle conta9+ y\r ,oil4 ,,obs]vations4 ,ess5tial ,oils1 ?\gh !y all resemble ea* o!r 9 _! pr9cipal prop]ties1 are nev]!less v diff]5t 9 "s respects3 = :i* reason almo/ e "o ( !m requires a p>ticul> managem5t1 = obta9+ x ) ! greate/ advantage possible1 bo? z to quality & quantity4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s requisite is1 to *use ! prop] "t = di/ill+ ! plant1 f :i* y desire to extract ! ,ess5tial ,oil2 because ! quantity ( ,oil v>ies consid]ably1 accord+ to ! season ( ! ye>1 z well z ! age ( ! plant4 ,= example1 ! mo/ fav\rable "t = obta9+ ^! ,oils f ! leaves ( ev]-gre5 plants or trees1 su* z ,?yme1 ,sage1 ,rosem>y1 ! ,orange1 ! ,bay1 ! ,fir1 c4 is ! end ( ,autumn2 because ^! vegetables conta9 a great deal m ,oil at t season ?an at any o!r4 ,) reg>d to annual plants1 !y mu/ be *os5 :5 9 _! prime1 & j be=e !y beg9 to decl9e4 ,! "t !re=e ( ga!r+ !m is :5 !y beg9 to fl[]3 & if y want to extract ! ,oil f ! fl[]s !mselves1 y mu/ pull !m j :5 !y are newly bl[n4 ,secondly1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ! ,ess5tial ,oils ( plants are1 z x 71 ! *ief resid5ce & res]voir ( _! odor\s pr9ciple2 t !y are to be f\nd :]ev] t pr9ciple exi/s1 & nev] :]e x is n3 s t :at we said conc]n+ ! ,spiritus ,rector ( plants is applicable "h4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 t all ! p>ts ( "s vegetables are odorif]\s4 ,su* plants may be put into ! alembic all toge!r1 & ! ,ess5tial ,oil di/ill$ f all _! p>ts at once4 ,b o!rs1 & inde$ ! greate/ numb]1 h no od\r1 or at lea/ none t is v p]ceptible1 except 9 "s p>ticul> p>ts2 z 9 _! leaves1 fl[]s1 roots1 or se$s3 !re=e1 :5 y want to h ! ,ess5tial ,oil ( su* a plant1 y mu/ *use t "p 9 :i* ! ,od\r resides4 ,! s5se ( smell+ mu/ be ! arti/'s pr9cipal guide on ?is occasion4 ,?irdly1 all vegetables1 & all ! p>ts ( vegetables1 h n ! same texture3 "s are h>d & compact1 z woods1 b>ks1 & "s roots2 o!rs are t5d] & succul5t1 z mo/ annual plants1 & "s fruits4 ,= ?is reason1 !y mu/ be diff]5tly prep>$ = di/illation4 ,x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule1 t ! clos] & m compact _! texture is1 ! m !y require to be op5$ & divid$1 ei!r by comm9ut+ !m into small p>ticles1 or by dige/+ !m a consid]able "t 9 wat] acuat$ ) ,salt4 ,f\r?ly1 ?\gh all ,ess5tial ,oils be capable ( ris+ 9 di/illation ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 yet !y h n all an equal degree ( levity & weight3 on ! contr>y1 !y v>y exce$+ly 9 ?is respect3 "s1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( all our ,european aromatics1 be+ light] ?an wat]1 s t !y always float on its surface2 :]eas o!rs1 su* z ^? ( ,cloves1 ,sassafras1 c4 :i* are ,indian aromatics1 are heavi] ?an wat]1 & always s9k 9 x by _! specific gravity4 ,^! diff]5ces !re=e require diff]5t me?ods ( di/illation4 ,x is prop]1 = example1 to make use ( a l[ alembic 9 di/ill+ su* ,ess5tial ,oils z are heavi] ?an wat]2 &1 moreov]1 to facilitate _! sep>ation1 by apply+ a degree ( heat some:at /rong] ?an t ( boil+ wat]4 ,?is is easily done by impregnat+ ! wat] ) a prop] quantity ( ,sea-salt1 or ! ,vitriolic ,acid2 =1 ! m sal9e matt]s are conta9$ 9 wat]1 ! m w ! degree ( heat x acquires1 by be+ br\ght to boil1 exce$ t ( pure boil+ wat]4 ,fif?ly1 ,ess5tial ,oils diff] f "o ano!r 9 po9t ( fluidity4 ,"s are z ?9 & z fluid z ,_s ( ,w9e3 ( ?is numb] is ! ,ess5tial ,oil ( ,turp5t9e4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are ?ick1 & ev5 congeal z !y cool3 su*1 = in/ance1 is ! ,oil ( ,roses4 ,9 di/ill+ ,oils ( ?is latt] sort1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! sp\t ( ! alembic head d n gr[ too cold1 b be kept always 9 su* a degree ( w>m? z may prev5t ! ,oil f fix+ 9 x1 & /opp+ x up2 :i* w\ld int]rupt ! di/illation1 & might also occasion "s o!r m consid]able inconv5i5cies1 ( :i* we %all take notice pres5tly4 ,f :at ha? be5 said x appe>s1 t ! di/illation ( ,ess5tial ,oils _c be regulat$ by any "o g5]al rule2 b t ! mann] ( op]at+ mu/ be a little v>i$1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ,oil to be di/ill$1 & to t ( ! vegetable f :i* x is to be drawn4 ,! "t ( day fitte/ to ga!r plants = ?is di/illation is ! morn+ be=e sun-rise2 because ! coolness ( ! night ha? %ut all _! pores1 & conc5trat$ _! od\r3 :]eas 9 ! ev5+1 aft] ! plants h be5 expos$ all day to ! heat ( ! sun1 _! odor\s pr9ciple is 9 a great measure dissipat$1 & !y are left almo/ q exhau/$ ( x4 ,n[1 ! m ( ! odor\s pr9ciple ! plants conta91 ! m ,ess5tial ,oil w !y yield1 & ! m virtue w t ,oil h4 ,plants fre% ga!r$1 & z yet full ( moi/ure1 d n yield s mu* ,oil 9 di/illation z !y d :5 dri$2 because ! oily p>ticles 9 a v moi/ plant are m diffus$1 & ev5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 by ! int]position ( ! aque\s p>ts3 :5ce x comes to pass t1 9 di/illation1 !y asc5d 9 a /ate ( sep>ation f ea* o!r2 s t be+ disp]s$ ?r\gh ! wat] !y give x a milky col\r1 l t ( an emulsion2 & _c unite toge!r b 9 small quantities1 :i* h9d]s _! be+ easily sep>at$ f ! wat]4 ,?is inconv5i5ce do? n happ51 or at lea/ is consid]ably less1 :5 ! greate/ "p ( ! humidity ( ! plant is evaporat$ by desiccation3 = ! oily p>ticles1 be+ ?us deliv]$ f ! int]v5+ aque\s p>ts1 :i* kept !m sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 are br\ght ne>] toge!r1 unite1 & =m little visible globules ( ,oil1 :i* easily em]ge f ! wat] employ$ 9 ! di/illation4 ,b1 9 dry+ plants f :i* ! ,ess5tial ,oil is to be extract$1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y be nei!r expos$ to ! sun1 nor laid 9 a w>m place2 because ! heat w\ld c>ry (f "p ( _! od\r1 & ev51 f "s plants1 a pretty consid]able quantity ( _! ,ess5tial ,oil4 ,plants ( a loose texture1 t easily give out _! ,ess5tial ,oils1 ne$ n be comm9ut$1 or mac]at$ 9 wat] ) ,salt4 ,b ?is me?od mu/ unavoidably be tak5 ) su* z are h>d1 & d n readily "p ) _! ,oil4 ,woods1 b>ks1 roots1 = in/ance1 mu/ be fir/ rasp$1 !n set to mac]ate 9 wat] impregnat$ ) ,salt1 z be=e direct$2 & ?is sometimes = sev]al weeks be=e !y be di/ill$4 ,on ?is occasion ,salt procures ?ree diff]5t advantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x prev5ts ! matt]s1 t mu/ /& 9 mac]ation = "s "t1 f runn+ into f]m5tation3 an inconv5i5ce t w\ld consid]ably dim9i% ! quantity ( ,ess5tial ,oil1 or p]haps rob u ( ! :ole1 by conv]t+ x into an ,ard5t ,_s1 if ! f]m5tation 7 spiritu\s2 or into a ,volatile ,alkali1 if x w5t on to ! la/ /age1 & z f> z putrefaction4 ,9 ! next place1 x acuates ! wat]1 & r5d]s x m capable ( p5etrat+ & prop]ly divid+1 dur+ ! mac]ation1 ! texture ( ! plant :i* requires to be ?us prep>$4 ,la/ly1 x adds a little to ! heat ( ! boil+ wat]1 & s promotes ! asc5t ( ! heavie/ ,oils4 ,nev]!less1 :5 y f9d x necess>y1 = ! reasons assign$ above1 to mix ,salt ) ! wat] to be employ$ 9 di/ill+ y\r ,ess5tial ,oil1 y mu/ be cauti\s ( putt+ 9 too mu*4 ,y w inde$ obta91 by means !re(1 mu* m ,oil ?an if y di/ill$ x )\t ,salt3 b1 z a great quantity ( ,salt w make ! wat] acquire a mu* great] degree ( heat ?an t ( pure boil+ wat]1 a good deal ( ! heavy ,oil ( ! vegetable w be rais$ by su* a heat1 mix ) ! ,ess5tial ,oil1 deprave x1 & make x l ^? t are adult]at$ ) a mixture ( "s het]og5e\s ,oil1 z w be aft]w>ds %ewn4 ,:5 e ?+ is prep>$ = di/illation1 x is prop]1 z direct$ 9 ! process1 to apply at once a flam+ fire1 brisk en\gh to make ! liquor boil imm$iately3 =1 if ! wat] be kept long heat+ be=e x be made to boil1 ! ,ess5tial ,oil1 :i* _c rise )\t ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 w1 by a less degree ( heat1 be only agitat$1 da%$ ab\t e way1 & *urn$ z x 72 by :i* means x w be divid$ into v m9ute p>ticles1 & disp]s$ 9 ! wat]1 :i* w !nce acquire a milky col\r3 & consequ5tly we %all fall into ! inconv5i5ce t 0 po9t$ out above1 z happ5+ :5 we di/il plants )\t hav+ dri$ !m1 & :ile !y are load$ ) all ! moi/ure & sap t 0 9 !m :5 fre% ga!r$4 ,:5 ! wat] 9 ! cucurbit boils1 x w be kn[n by ! noise t boil+ wat] usually makes1 :i* is produc$ by ! num]\s bubbles t rise & bur/ on its surface4 ,! sp\t ( ! alembic is !n s hot1 t a man _c lay 8 f+] on x1 )\t su* a s5sation ( burn+ heat z is n to be endur$4 ,) ?is degree ( heat ! wat] di/ils 9 drops1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r s fa/1 t !y seem to =m a cont9u$ small /ream2 & ?is wat] is replete ) mu* ,ess5tial ,oil4 ,& n[ x is prop] to weak5 ! fire consid]ably1 s z to leave x b j /rong en\gh to keep ! liquor g5tly boil+3 = if ! di/illation be urg$ too precipitately1 ! aque\s & oily vap\rs1 be+ =cibly hurri$ up by too great a heat1 may c>ry along ) !m "s p>ts ( ! plant1 :i* may /ick 9 ! sp\t1 /op x up1 & endang] ! bur/+ ( ! vessel1 or at lea/ ! =c+ (f its head1 by ! exce$+ly r>efi$ p>ticles ( wat]1 oil1 & air1 all /riv+ to escape at ! same "t2 & ^! burn+ hot vap\rs1 be+ dis*>g$ ) impetuosity1 may n only scald ! op]ator1 b injure 8 lungs4 ,9 su* di/illations x is ( consequ5ce to keep con/antly cool+ ! head ( ! alembic1 by frequ5cy r5ew+ ! wat] 9 ! refrig]atory1 9 ord] to facilitate ! cond5sation ( ! oily p>ticles4 ,! wat] 9 ! cool] ought to be r5ew$ :5 x beg9s to smoke v p]ceptibly4 ,:atev] c>e be tak5 to save z mu* ( ! ,oil z possible1 & to prev5t its be+ left disp]s$ 9 ! wat]1 yet "s loss ( ?is k9d _c be totally avoid$3 & ?us ! wat] t rises 9 di/ill+ ! ,oil is always m or less milky1 & /rongly sc5t$1 ev5 aft] x is sep>at$ f ! ,ess5tial ,oil4 ,yet ?is portion ( ! ,oil & ( ! odor\s pr9ciple1 :i* is reta9$ by ! wat] employ$ 9 su* di/illation1 is n !re=e lo/3 ! wat] impregnat$ ) ^! pr9ciples p>takes ( ! prop]ties ( ! plant f :i* ! ,ess5tial ,oil 0 drawn1 & may be us$ m$ic9ally3 x is kn[n 9 ,ph>macy by ! title ( ! ,di/ill$ ,wat] ( ! plant4 ,! same wat] may be us$ aga91 ) advantage1 9 di/ill+ ! ,ess5tial ,oil ( a fre% plant ( ! same sort2 because ! oily & odor\s p>ticles1 ) :i* x is impregnat$1 jo9+ ) ^? af=d$ by ! fre% plant1 =m l>g] molecul1 capable ( unit+ m easily1 & em]g+ bett] f ! wat]2 & consequ5tly !y increase ! quantity ( ,oil4 ,?us ! same wat] may be always employ$ 9 new di/illations2 &1 ! (t5] x is us$1 ) ! great] advantage may x be us$ aga94 ,aft] all ! ,ess5tial ,oil is ris51 if ! di/illation be cont9u$1 & ! receiv] *ang$1 ! liquor t w !n come (f w n be milky1 b limpid4 ,x w h no od\r at all ( ! plant1 b a k9d ( s\ri% smell2 & inde$ x is a "p ( ! ,acid ( ! vegetable 9 ! /ill1 :i* is elevat$ by ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 aft] all ! ,ess5tial ,oil is come ov]4 ,if y int5d to keep ! di/ill$ wat] :i* ha? s]v$ z a vehicle to ! ,ess5tial ,oil1 & design x = m$ic9al use1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to /op ! di/illation be=e ?is acid phlegm beg9 to rise3 =1 if x %\ld mix ) ! di/ill$ wat]1 x w\ld spoil x1 & h9d] x f keep+2 probably because x conta9s "s mucilag9\s p>ts1 :i* are apt to putrify4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,to extract ! ,ess5tial ,oils ( ,plants by ,di/illation p] ,desc5sum4 ,r$uce to a p[d]1 or a pa/e1 ! vegetable sub/ances f :i* y int5d to extract ! ,ess5tial ,oil by ! me?od propos$4 ,lay ?is matt] ab\t half an in* ?ick on a f9e1 close1 l95 clo?4 ,if x be dry & h>d1 expose ! clo? conta9+ x to ! /eam ( boil+ wat]1 till ! matt] become moi/ & s(t4 ,!n lay ! clo?1 ) its cont5ts1 ov] ! m\? ( a v tall cyl9drical glass vessel1 :i* is to d ! (fice ( a receiv] 9 ?is di/illation2 &1 by means ( a piece ( small pack-?read1 fa/5 d[n ! extremities ( ! clo?1 by w9d+ ! ?read sev]al times ov] !m & r\nd ! vessel2 9 su* a mann]1 h[ev]1 t ! clo? be n tight1 b may yield to a small weight1 & s9k ab\t five or six l9es deep into ! vessel ov] :i* x is fa/5$4 ,set ?is recipi5t 9 a l>g] vessel1 conta9+ s mu* cold wat] z w rea* half way up ! cyl9drical vessel2 :i*1 hav+ little 9 x b air1 mu/ be balla/$ ) z mu* lead z w s9k x to ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,on ! clo? conta9+ ! sub/ance to be di/ill$ set a flat pan ( iron or copp]1 ab\t five or six l9es deep1 t may j fit ! m\? ( ! glass vessel ov] :i* ! clo? is fa/5$1 s z to %ut x q close4 ,fill ?is pan ) hot a%es1 & on ^! lay "s live coals4 ,soon aft] ?is1 y w see vap\rs desc5d f ! clo?1 :i* w fill ! recipi5t1 & drops ( liquor w be =m$ on ! "u side ( ! clo?1 f :5ce !y w fall into ! vessel4 ,keep up an equal g5tle heat till y p]ceive no?+ m dis*>g$4 ,!n uncov] ! recipi5t3 y w f9d 9 x two di/9ct liquors2 "o ( :i* is ! phlegm1 & ! o!r ! ,ess5tial ,oil ( ! sub/ance di/ill$4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! app>atus = di/ill+ above describ$ is v conv5i5t1 :5 we h n ! vessels necess>y = di/ill+ ) wat]1 or :5 we want to obta9 ! ,ess5tial ,oil ( any vegetable sub/ance 9 mu* less "t4 ,! aque\s & oily p>ts ( ! sub/ances di/ill$ 9 ?is mann]1 be+ r>efi$ by ! heat ( ! fire plac$ ov] !m1 _c asc5d upw>ds1 because !y are close conf9$ on t side2 &1 moreov]1 ! fire :i* r>efies !m possess+ all ! upp] "p ( ! vessel 9 :i* !y are conta9$1 !y are =c$ to fly f x to ! place :i* mo/ fav\rs _! cond5sation3 & ?is det]m9es !m to desc5d 9 ! recipi5t1 :]e !y meet ) a coolness t cond5ses & fixes !m4 ,x 0 ) a view to promote ?is cond5sation1 t we ord]$ ! l[] "p ( ! recipi5t to be sunk 9 cold wat]4 ,cloves are "o ( ^? sub/ances ^: ,ess5tial ,oil is be/ obta9$ by ?is me?od4 ,9 ! same way also may be drawn ! ,ess5tial ,oil ( ,lemon-peel1 ,citron-peel1 ,orange-peel1 ,nutmegs1 & sev]al o!r vegetable sub/ances3 b y mu/ be cauti\s ( apply+ too /rong a heat2 = 9 t case ! ,oil1 in/ead ( be+ :ite & limpid1 acquires a r$1 d>k-br[n1 blacki% col\r1 is burnt1 & smells ( empyreuma3 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if y d n apply a prop] degree ( heat1 y w sc>ce get any ,oil at all4 ,x is ! sure/1 & !re=e ! be/1 way to di/il ^! ,oils ) wat] 9 an alembic4 ,& inde$ ! di/illation p] desc5sum is seldom us$1 b out ( curiosity to try its effect1 or on su* press+ occasions z all[ no *oice4 ,,process ,v4 ,infusions1 ,decoctions1 & ,extracts ( ,plants4 ,make "s wat] boil+-hot1 & !n take x (f ! fire4 ,:5 x ceases to boil1 p\r x on ! plant ( :i* y desire to h ! ,infusion2 tak+ c>e !re be en\gh ( x to cov] ! plant entirely4 ,cov] ! vessel1 & let y\r plant lie 9 ! hot wat] = ! space ( half an h\r1 or long]1 if x be ( a firm close texture4 ,!n p\r (f ! wat] by incl9ation3 x w h p>tly acquir$ ! col\r1 ! smell1 ! ta/e1 & ! virtues ( ! plant4 ,?is liquor is call$ an ,infusion4 ,to make ! ,decoction ( a vegetable sub/ance1 put x into an e>!n pan1 or into a t9n$ copp] vessel1 ) a quantity ( wat] suffici5t to be> be+ boil$ = sev]al h\rs1 )\t leav+ any "p ( ! plant dry4 ,boil y\r plant m or less accord+ to its nature2 & !n p\r (f ! wat] by incl9ation4 ,?is wat] is impregnat$ ) sev]al ( ! pr9ciples ( ! plant1 ( :i* we %all take notice 9 ! foll[+ obs]vations4 ,,obs]vations4 ,wat]1 especially :5 boil+ hot1 is capable ( dissolv+ n only all t is purely sal9e 9 vegetables1 b also a pretty consid]able quantity ( _! ,oil & ( _! e>?1 :i*1 by contract+ an union ) ! sal9e p>ts1 h =m$ saponace\s1 gummy1 & mucilag9\s comp\nds1 t are soluble 9 wat]4 ,aft] viol5t & long-cont9u$ boil+1 !re=e1 !re rema9s no?+ 9 ! plant b ! pure/ oily "p1 & su* z is ! mo/ fix$1 t is1 ! mo/ closely unit$ ) ! e>? ( ! plant4 ,i say1 ! mo/ fix$3 = "s "p ( ! oily matt]s1 ?\gh n soluble 9 wat]1 may be sep>at$ by ! action ( boil+ wat]1 :5 ^? matt]s ab\nd greatly 9 ! vegetable decoct$2 z we h se5 happ5 to ! ,fat ,oils ( c]ta9 vegetable matt]s2 b 9 t case ^! oily matt]s float ^u ! ,decoction1 & d n con/itute a "p ( x4 ,f :at we h already said1 t\*+ ! analysis ( plants1 x seems evid5t1 t1 if ^? decoct$ be odorif]\s & conta9 an ,ess5tial ,oil1 ! ,decoction w conta9 none1 or at mo/ b v little1 ( _! ,ess5tial ,oil1 or _! odor\s pr9ciple2 see+ we "k t ^! sub/ances _c be> ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 )\t be+ c>ri$ (f & entirely dissipat$ by x4 ,!re=e1 :5 we make a decoction ( an aromatic plant1 conta9+ an ,ess5tial ,oil1 we may be assur$ t x w n possess ! virtues1 ei!r ( ! odor\s "p1 or ( ! ,ess5tial ,oil1 & t x w h none b ^? ( ! o!r m fix$ pr9ciples ( ! plant1 ) :i* x may be impregnat$4 ,! ,decoction ( su* a plant p]fectly resembles ! wat] left 9 ! cucurbit1 aft] di/ill+ its ,ess5tial ,oil4 ,b = ^? plants 9 :i* !re are no su* volatile p>ts1 or ^: virtue do? n reside 9 ^? pr9ciples1 su* z a/r+5t & emolli5t plants1 = example1 t owe _! prop]ties :olly to an e>?y ,salt1 or to a mucilage1 !y are capable ( communicat+ _! :ole virtue to ! wat] 9 :i* !y are infus$ or decoct$4 ,if1 on "o h&1 ! ,salts ( plants r5d] "s portion ( ! pr9ciples ( ^? plants soluble 9 wat]1 su* z "p ( _! ,oil & _! e>?1 :i* if !y 7 pure w\ld n dissolve !re92 on ! o!r h&1 ^! pr9ciples1 be+ ( _! own nature indissoluble 9 wat]1 h9d] ! ,salts1 by ! union !y h contract$ toge!r1 f dissolv+ 9 x s easily1 s soon1 & 9 su* quantities1 z if !y 7 pure4 ,?is is s true1 t wat]1 ?\gh boil$ long & viol5tly1 is f> f extract+ out ( plants all ^? p>ts t x is capable ( dissolv+4 ,if1 aft] boil+ a plant 9 wat]1 z direct$ 9 ! process1 ?is wat] be p\r$ (f1 fre% wat] add$1 & a second decoction made 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/1 ! wat] ( ?is latt] decoction w1 by t means1 be almo/ z /rongly impregnat$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ! plant z ! =m] 04 ,mr4 ,bo]haave 0 oblig$ to make tw5ty successive decoctions ( ! same plant1 to wit1 ,rosem>y1 be=e ! wat] came (f ! plant col\rless & insipid2 9 a ^w1 j z x 0 be=e ! plant 0 boil$ 9 x4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave obs]ves1 t a plant1 aft] hav+ ?us giv5 out all t wat] c dissolve1 /ill reta9s exactly ! same =m t x _h be=e x und]w5t any ( ! _m boil+s necess>y to exhau/ x2 t its col\r1 f be+ gre5 at fir/1 becomes br[n2 & t ! plant1 :i* :5 gre5 is light] ?an wat]1 or at lea/ do? n s9k 9 x1 is heavi] aft] ?is op]ation1 & falls to ! bottom4 ,?is is a pro( t ! wat] ha? extract$ out ( ! plant its lighte/ sub/ances1 assum+ _! places itself1 & t x ha? left no?+ b its heavie/ pr9ciples1 namely1 its fix$ oil & its e>?4 ,we %all aft]w>ds exam9e m p>ticul>ly ^! rema9s ( plants exhau/$ by wat]4 ,if ! ,infusions & ,decoctions ( plants be filt]$1 & evaporat$ 9 a g5tle heat1 !y become ,extracts1 t may be kept = :ole ye>s1 especially if !y be evaporat$ to a ?ick consi/5ce2 & bett] /ill if !y be evaporat$ to dryness4 ,f :at ha? be5 said conc]n+ ! ,infusions1 ,decoctions1 & ,extracts ( plants1 x foll[s1 #a4 ,t ,infusions & ,decoctions ( aromatic plants d n furni% a complete ,extract ( ^? plants2 because !y d n conta9 ! volatile & odor\s p>ts1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal virtue ( su* plants usually resides4 ,if !re=e y desire to make ,extracts ( su* vegetables1 t %all h no defect1 y mu/ employ _! juices drawn by expression1 or wat] impregnat$ ) _! pr9ciples by ! means ( trituration1 & evaporate ! liquor by spread+ x ov] a great numb] ( plates1 9 ord] to enl>ge its surface1 & quick5 ! evaporation1 :i* mu/ be effect$ by ! heat ( ! sun alone1 or ! well-temp]$ w>m? ( a /ove4 #b4 ,x may also be inf]r$1 t wat] alone1 aid$ by ! degree ( heat x is capable ( acquir+ by be+ made to boil1 is n suffici5t to effect ! complete analysis ( a plant2 s9ce n only "s ( its pr9ciples are /ill left comb9$ 9 x1 ?\gh exhau/$ z mu* z x c be by boil+ wat]2 b also sev]al ( ! sub/ances extract$ f x by wat] are comp\nds ( "s ( ! pr9ciples ( ! plant1 & susceptible ( a mu* m accurate analysis2 z we %all be conv9c$ :5 we come to exam9e ! effects :i* a degree ( heat sup]ior to t ( boil+ wat] is able to produce on entire plants1 on _! ,extracts1 & on _! rema9s exhau/$ z mu* z !y c be by boil+ wat]4 ,b be=e we ent] on t "p ( ! analysis1 x is prop] to consid] ! exp]im5ts & comb9ations t may be made ) ! pr9ciples we h already obta9$2 9 ord] to discov] _! nature1 & 9 "s measure analyze ev5 !m4 ,ess5tial ,oils 9 p>ticul> des]ve to be ?us exam9$4 ,we also obta9 f c]ta9 plants1 ) a degree ( heat less ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 a ,volatile ,alkali1 :i* exi/s =mally 9 !m3 b z ^! plants1 :5 analyz$1 yield pr9ciples diff]5t f ^! we obta9 out ( all o!r vegetable sub/ances1 & z !y resemble animal matt]s1 we %all ref] _! analysis to a di/9ct *apt]4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ,,op]ations on ,,ess5tial ,,oils4 ,,process ,i4 ,! ,rectification ( ,ess5tial ,oils4 ,put into a cucurbit ! ,ess5tial ,oil y propose to rectify4 ,set ! cucurbit 9 a balneum m>i2 fit to x a head ( t91 or ( copp] t9n$1 toge!r ) its refrig]atory2 & lute on a receiv]4 ,make ! wat] 9 ! ba? boil1 & keep up ?is degree ( heat till no?+ m w come ov]4 ,:5 ! di/illation is f9i%$1 y w f9d 9 ! receiv] a rectifi$ ,ess5tial ,oil1 :i* w be cle>]1 ?9n]1 & bett] sc5t$1 ?an be=e x 0 ?us re-di/ill$2 & 9 ! bottom ( ! cucurbit w be left a matt] ( a deep] col\r1 m t5aci\s1 m res9\s1 & ( a less grateful smell4 ,,obs]vations4 ,ess5tial ,oils1 ev5 ! pure/1 ! be/ prep>$1 & ! ?9ne/1 suff] great *anges1 & are mu* impair$ by gr[+ old3 !y gradually turn ?ick & res9\s2 _! sweet grateful sc5t is lo/1 & succe$$ by a m disagreeable smell1 some:at l t ( ,turp5t9e4 ,! cause ( ^! *anges is1 t _! f9e/ & mo/ volatile "p1 t :i* conta9s mo/ ( ! odor\s pr9ciple1 is dissipat$ & sep>at$ f t :i* conta9s lea/ ( x2 :i* !re=e gr[s ?ick]1 & comes s mu* ! ne>] to ! nature ( a res91 z ! quantity ( ,acid1 t 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! :ole ,oil be=e ! dissipation ( ! m volatile "p is1 aft] su* dissipation1 unit$ & conc5trat$ 9 ! heavie/ "p2 ! ,acid 9 ,oils be+ mu* less volatile ?an ! odor\s "p1 to :i* alone !y owe _! levity4 ,h5ce x appe>s :at precautions are to be us$ = pres]v+ ,ess5tial ,oils1 z long z possible1 )\t spoil+4 ,!y mu/ be kept 9 a bottle p]fectly well /opp$1 & always 9 a cool place1 because heat quickly dissipates ! volatile p>ts4 ,"s au?ors direct ! bottle to be kept "u wat]4 ,if ^! ,oils %\ld gr[ ?ick & res9\s by age1 yet !y are n to be ?r[n away4 ,we %all %ew1 9 ! analysis ( ,balsams & ,res9s1 t1 f ^! ?ick & ev5 solid sub/ances1 ,ess5tial ,oils may be drawn1 z ?9 & z limpid z f plants4 ,ess5tial ,oils1 ?ick5$ by "t1 may !re=e be treat$ l ,balsams1 & actually analyz$1 by sep>at+ all ! subtile odor\s matt] !y conta9 f _! ?ick acid p>ts4 ,= ?is purpose !y ne$ only be di/ill$ ) a degree ( heat j suffici5t to elevate ! ?9 odor\s p>ts1 )\t rais+ ! ?ick matt]4 ,! residue left at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 because x c\ld n rise 9 di/illation1 is mu* ?ick] & less odor\s ?an ! ,oil 0 be=e rectification4 ,! reason ( ?is is evid5t1 & foll[s f :at ha? j be5 said4 ,?is rema9d] dissolves 9 ,_s ( ,w9e m readily1 & 9 great] quantity1 ?an ! light ,oil drawn f x2 because x conta9s m ,acid1 & because ,oils owe _! solubility 9 ?is m5/ruum to _! ,acid "p1 z is prov$ 9 our ,memoir on ,oils already quot$4 ,:5 we come to treat ( ,res9s1 we %all inquire m p>ticul>ly :at ?is rema9d] is1 & :at pr9ciples x yields :5 analyz$3 9 ?is place x is suffici5t to take notice1 t ?\gh all ! ,oil ( :i* x made a "p came ov] at fir/ ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 yet x _c n[ be rais$ by ! same degree ( heat 9 di/illation2 because x is n n[ comb9$ ) ! pr9ciple ( od\r :i* gives ! ,oil its volatility1 & because x is r5d]$ sluggi% by be+ clogg$ ) too great a proportion ( ,acid4 ,f :at ha? be5 already said1 x mu/ be conclud$1 t ,ess5tial ,oils suff] great dim9ution by be+ rectifi$2 & t 9 proportion to ! quantity ( res9\s matt] left beh9d4 ,all ?is res9\s matt]1 :ile comb9$ ) a prop] quantity ( ! odor\s pr9ciple ( ! plant1 7t is1 at ! "t ( its be+ di/ill$1 & a little :ile aft]71 0 really an ,ess5tial ,oil3 ! *ange ( its nature1 !re=e1 is entirely ow+ to its hav+ left t pr9ciple4 ,an ,ess5tial ,oil1 ?\gh rectifi$1 is /ill z apt to *ange & be spoil$ z be=e1 because x /ill cont9ues to lose its odor\s pr9ciple by degrees4 ,aft] "s "t1 !re=e1 x requires a second rectification1 :i* aga9 less5s its quantity4 ,9 %ort1 x is pla9 t ,oils w1 9 a numb] ( ye>s1 great] or small] accord+ to _! nature1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are kept1 be :olly *ang$1 & metamorphos$ into a res9\s matt]1 f :i* no ?9 ,oil c be drawn ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]3 & ?is is a pro( ( ! fugacity ( t odor\s pr9ciple1 or ,spiritus ,rector1 ( plants1 :i*1 :5 unit$ ) _! lighte/ ,oil1 gives x ! "* ( an ,ess5tial ,oil4 ,?is res9\s matt]1 to :i* ,ess5tial ,oils are f9ally r$uc$1 be+ subject$ to repeat$ di/illations1 ) a degree ( heat sup]ior to t ( boil+ wat]1 is /ill capable ( yield+ a c]ta9 portion ( a ?91 limpid1 sweet-sc5t$ ,oil1 :i* is z light z an ,ess5tial ,oil2 z we obs]v$ be=e is ! case ) ,fat ,oils drawn by expression3 b ! ?9 ,oil obta9$ by ?is means1 ?\gh x possesses almo/ all ! prop]ties ( an ,ess5tial ,oil1 is n = all t a g5u9e "o2 see+ x ha? n ! same od\r ) ! plant f :i* x 0 orig9ally drawn4 ,ess5tial ,oils mu/ be rectifi$ 9 ! balneum m>i1 z ord]$ 9 ! process3 =1 z "s ( ! ,oil t\*es ! sides ( ! vessel 9 ! op]ation1 if t vessel be made hott] ?an boil+ wat]1 ! ?ick matt] w rise ) ! ?9 ,oil1 :i* !re=e w n be rectifi$4 ,rectification is ( use n only = procur+ to ,ess5tial ,oils ! t5uity & levity !y may h lo/ by age1 b also to sep>ate !m f o!r oily matt]s ) :i* !y may be adult]at$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 an ,ess5tial ,oil be n prop]ly di/ill$2 if1 by ! addition ( too mu* ,salt1 ! wat] h acquir$ a degree ( heat great] ?an t ( pure boil+ wat]1 & if1 9 consequ5ce !re(1 "s ( ! heavy ,oil ( ! plant h ris5 ) ! ,ess5tial ,oil1 & mix$ !re)1 ! ,ess5tial ,oil may1 by rectification1 be sep>at$ f ?is het]og5e\s ,oil2 :i*1 be+ heavi] & incapable ( ris+ ) ! heat ( pure boil+ wat]1 w rema9 at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,! effect w be ! same1 if y\r ,ess5tial ,oil be falsifi$ ) a mixture ( any ,fat ,oil1 z is (t5 ! case3 =1 "s ( !m be+ extremely de>1 ! v5d] frequ5tly adds a portion ( ,fat ,oil to increase ! quantity4 ,= ?is purpose ,oil ( ,b5 is g5]ally us$4 ,:5 an ,ess5tial ,oil is ?us falsifi$ ) a mixture ( any ,fat ,oil1 x may be discov]$ by lett+ a few drops ( x fall into rectifi$ ,_s ( ,w9e2 :i* w dissolve ! ,ess5tial ,oil only1 leav+ ! ,fat ,oil q unt\*$4 ,ess5tial ,oils are sometimes falsifi$ by mix+ !m ) a c]ta9 quantity ( ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,?is fraud do? n r5d] _! smell less fragrant3 on ! contr>y1 x becomes r m agreeable & quick]4 ,9 ord] to try an ,oil suspect$ ( be+ falsifi$ 9 ?is mann]1 drop a little ( x into v cle> wat]4 ,if a milky cl\d appe> 9 ! wat]1 be assur$ ! ,oil is mix$ ) ,_s ( ,w9e3 = z ?is liquor unites m readily ) wat] ?an ) ,oil1 x quits ! ,oil ) :i* x 0 mix$ to incorporate ) ! wat]3 mean "t a good deal ( ! ,oil t 0 dissolv$ by ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 & is n[ sep>at$ f x by ! int]v5tion ( wat]1 necess>ily rema9s disp]s$ ?r\gh ?is wat] 9 v small p>ticles2 & ^! =m ! milky cl\d produc$ on ?is occasion4 ,an ,ess5tial ,oil may also be adult]at$ ) ano!r ,ess5tial ,oil t is mu* m common1 & ( mu* less value4 ,^? :o practise ?is fraud g5]ally employ ,oil ( ,turp5t9e = t purpose1 on acc\nt ( its *eapness & t5uity4 ,! *eat is easily discov]$1 by moi/5+ a l95 rag ) ! ,oil suppos$ to be ?us falsifi$1 & !n hold+ ! rag a little be=e ! fire1 :i* pres5tly dissipates ! odor\s "p ( ! falsifi$ ,oil4 ,?is od\r1 :i* prev5t$ our di/+ui%+ t ( ! ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 be+ vani%$1 ! peculi> smell ( ! ,turp5t9e1 :i* is mu* m p]man5t1 rema9s alone2 & is s p]ceptible t x _c easily be mi/ak54 ,^? :o are mu* accu/om$ to see & exam9e ,ess5tial ,oils1 h seldom occasion to make ! exp]im5ts "h propos$ = discov]+ _! qualities4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( ?ickness1 p>tak+ ( unctuosity1 9 an ,ess5tial ,oil1 conv9ces !m t x is falsifi$ ) a ,fat ,oil3 on ! o!r h&1 a great] degree ( t5uity1 toge!r ) a quick] smell1 ?an a pure ,ess5tial ,oil ought to h1 discov]s ! admixture ( ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,la/ly1 any "o1 ^: s5se ( smell+ is n v dull1 w easily discov] ! od\r ( ! ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 ?\gh disguis$ by t ( ! ,ess5tial ,oil ) :i* x is mix$4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to fire ,oils by comb9+ !m ) highly conc5trat$ ,acids3 in/anc$ 9 ,oil ( ,turp5t9e4 ,mix toge!r1 9 a glass1 equal p>ts ( conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol1 & highly smok+ fre%-drawn ,_s ( ,nitre3 p\r ?is mixture at sev]al times1 b sudd5ly1 on ?ree p>ts ( ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 set = t purpose 9 a glass bason4 ,by a "p "h mu/ be und]/ood a dram at lea/4 ,a mo/ viol5t commotion1 accompani$ ) smoke1 w imm$iately be rais$ 9 ! liquors1 & ! :ole w take fire 9 an in/ant1 flame1 & be consum$4 ,,obs]vations4 ,!re is n 9 ,*ymi/ry a ph5om5on m extraord9>y1 & m surpris+1 ?an ! fir+ ( ,oils by mix+ !m ) ,acids4 ,x c\ld nev] h be5 suspect$ t a mixture ( two cold liquors w\ld produce a sudd51 viol5t1 bright1 & la/+ flame1 l t we are at pres5t consid]+4 ,bec*] gave notice1 9 8 ,physica subt]ranea1 t highly rectifi$ ,_s ( ,w9e w\ld be set on fire by mix+ x ) highly conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,aft]w>ds ,borri*ius1 a ,dani% ,*ymi/1 publi%$ a process = k9dl+ ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 by mix+ x ) ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 z we f9d 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ,cop5hag5 = ! ye> #afga4 ,mo/ ,*ymi/s h s9ce tri$ to repeat ^? exp]im5ts1 & p>ticul>ly to fire ! ,oil ( ,turp5t9e by mix+ x ) ,oil ( ,vitriol1 or ,_s ( ,nitre2 b to no purpose1 :5 !y made use ( ! ,oil ( ,vitriol1 till ,mr4 ,homb]g told u1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces = #agja1 t he _h fir$ ,oil ( ,turp5t9e by mix+ x ) ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,to make ! exp]im5t succe$ he requires1 ,t ! ,oil ( ,vitriol be dephlegmat$ z mu* z possible1 & t ! ,oil ( ,turp5t9e be ! la/ t comes ov] 9 di/illation1 :i* is ?ick l a syrop1 & ( a d>k-br[n col\r2 = t :i* is :ite1 & rises at ! beg9n+ ( ! di/illation1 nev] takes fire4 ,^! are 8 own words3 b no body else ha? ev] succe$$ 9 mak+ ! exp]im5t4 ,t\rne=t _h succe$$1 a little be=e ,homb]g1 9 fir+1 n ,oil ( ,turp5t9e inde$1 9 :i* he always fail$1 b ! ,oil ( ,sassafras1 by mix+ x ) an equal quantity ( well dephlegmat$ ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,homb]g came aft]w>ds1 z appe>s by ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy = ! ye> #agjb1 to fire ) ,_s ( ,nitre ! ,ess5tial ,oils ( ! aromatic plants ( ,india2 & 9 #agjf ,mr4 ,r\vi]e fir$1 ) ,_s ( ,nitre1 ! empyreumatic ,oil ( ,guaiacum4 ,:ile ?is ,oil ( ,guaiacum is burn+1 a por\s spongy body rises f ! mid/ ( ! flame1 to ! height ( ab\t two feet above ! vessel4 ,la/ly1 sev]al ye>s aft] all ^! discov]ies1 ,messrs4 ,ge(froy & ,h(fman1 ! "o at ,p>is1 & ! o!r at ,hall 9 ,saxony1 f\nd a way to fire ! !real ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 ea* by a diff]5t process2 yet agree+ 9 ?is1 t !y bo? comb9$ ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) ! ,nitr\s1 & ) ?is comp\nd ,acid fir$ t !real ,ess5tial ,oil1 :i* is "o ( ! ?9ne/1 &1 probably = t v reason1 ! mo/ unfit to produce a flame ) ,acids4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ,*ymi/s1 z appe>s f ?is %ort acc\nt1 h employ$ !mselves 9 fir+ ,ess5tial ,oils2 b no body attempt$ ! exp]im5t on ,fat ,oils4 ,x 0 n s mu* z suspect$ t !y 7 capable ( tak+ fire aft] ?is mann]1 till 9 #agde ,i read be=e ! ,academy a ,memoir on ,oils1 :i* ,i h already m5tion$1 & 9 :i* ,i express myself ?us3 ,i put two ounces & a half ( ,walnut ,oil into ! bottom "p ( a brok5 retort1 hav+ ! figure ( a cap1 or concave hemisph]e2 & p\r$ !reon two ounces ( smok+ ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,x 0 sc>ce put 9 :5 a consid]able ebullition arose1 ) a v ?ick smoke4 ,z ,i f\nd x cont9ually increas+1 & v fa/ too1 ,i retir$ a little1 t ,i might obs]ve ! ev5t )\t dang]4 ,?is caution 0 n unnecess>y3 = imm$iately ! :ole mixture blew up z high z ! ceil+1 ) a noise l ! dis*>ge ( a musket4 ,no?+ 0 left 9 ! vessel b a black matt]1 :i* /ill cont9u$ to boil a little & run ov]1 & at la/ rema9$ v r>e1 spungy1 & z full ( holes z a honeycomb3 its consi/5ce also 0 su* t x did n /ick to my f+]s :5 ,i h&l$ x4 ,z ,mr4 ,ge(froy1 :o fir/ f\nd ! means ( fir+ ! natural ,balsams1 obs]v$ 9 !m a simil> explosion on t occasion1 x appe>s t my ,oil 0 v ne> tak+ fire 9 ?is exp]im5t3 :i* makes me presume t we may at la/ succe$ 9 fir+ ,fat ,oils likewise1 & consequ5tly all o!rs2 see+ ^! h always be5 look$ ^u z ! mo/ unlikely to produce t ph5om5on4 ,i imag9e t1 to accompli% ?is1 no?+ m is necess>y ?an to make use ( suffici5tly great quantities1 & to ord] x s t ! surfaces ( ! liquors1 :]e !y come into contact1 may be ( a l>ge ext5t4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 #agdg1 ,mr4 ,r\elle read be=e ! ,academy a ,memoir on ! acc5sion ( ,oils by ,acids4 ,t ,memoir conta9s a great numb] ( curi\s exp]im5ts1 & peculi> manual op]ations describ$ v di/9ctly1 f :i* !re results a g5]al me?od ( fir+ )\t fail1 n only ,ess5tial ,oils1 b ev5 any ,fat ,oil :atev]3 s t my conjecture1 conc]n+ ! possibility ( fir+ ^! latt] ,oils1 m5tion$ 9 my above-cit$ ,memoir ( #agde1 is n[ *ang$ into a c]ta9ty4 ,i %all proce$ to expla9 h[ ,i conceive ^! acc5sions are br\ght ab\t1 & endeav\r to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on f su* causes z to me seem ! mo/ probable4 ,a due att5tion to ! ph5om5a produc$ by mix+ ,oils ) ,acids w enable u1 ,i imag9e1 to discov] ! natural cause :y ! ,oils take fire4 ,x is c]ta91 & demon/rat$ by ! mo/ decisive exp]im5ts1 t ! friction ( sev]al bodies rubb+ aga9/ ea* o!r produces heat2 & t :5 ^! bodies are combu/ible1 & ! heat produc$ by _! friction rises to a c]ta9 degree1 !y take fire4 ,?is1 9 my op9ion1 is :at happ5s to ,oils :5 mix$ ) conc5trat$ ,acids4 ,:5 ^! two sorts ( sub/ances ru% into union ) rapidity1 z 9 ! exp]im5ts "u consid]ation1 !re mu/ necess>ily be a great friction among _! p>ts4 ,?is friction produces ! heat obs]v$ at ! "t ( _! union4 ,! m conc5trat$ ! ,acids are1 ) ! great] viol5ce & rapidity d !y act ^u ! ,oils1 & ! great] is ! heat rais$4 ,if ! ,acids be conc5trat$ to su* a degree z to produce1 by unit+ ) ! ,oils1 a heat equal to t ( an ignit$ body1 ! combu/ible sub/ances t are expos$ to x1 :i* 9 ?is case are ,oils1 mu/ ne$s take fire & flame4 ,! heat produc$ on ?is occasion is s great1 t1 ev5 :5 ! inflammation do? n take place1 if y t\* ! surface ( ! ,oil ) y\r f+]1 z soon z ! ,acid ha? _h its effect1 y w f9d x burn y l a live coal4 ,two pieces ( wood1 rapidly & viol5tly rubb$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 take fire4 ,:at is x t is k9dl$ 9 ?is case8 ,x c be no?+ b _! ,oil3 = !y conta9 no o!r combu/ible pr9ciple4 ,:y do? ?is ,oil take fire8 ,i d n ?9k x possible to assign any reason = x1 b ! heat produc$ by ! friction ( ! pieces ( wood conta9+ ! ,oil4 ,if1 :5 ,oil is disp]s$ 9 a body1 ( :i* x is only "o compon5t pr9ciple1 & consequ5tly mix$ ) _m sal9e1 aque\s1 & e>?y p>ts1 t are n inflammable1 b1 on ! contr>y1 make ! ,oil less s1 ! ,oil nev]!less takes fire1 & burns :5 agitat$ by a suffici5t degree ( heat2 :y %all n ?is v ,oil1 :5 sep>at$ f ! mixt ( :i* x made a "p1 :5 unit$ into "o di/9ct mass1 & entirely1 or almo/ entirely1 fre$ f ! het]og5e\s1 incombu/ible p>ts ) :i* x 0 comb9$1 & consequ5tly n[ m inflammable ?an be=e2 :y1 ,i say1 %all x n take fire1 :5 expos$ to a degree ( heat equal1 or r sup]ior1 to t :i* is produc$ by rubb+ two pieces ( wood toge!r8 ,let u n[ exam9e ! ph5om5a produc$ :5 ,oils are fir$ by ,acids1 all ! circum/ances t fav\r or h9d] _! acc5sion1 & see if !y agree ) ! explanation "h (f]$4 ,fir/1 no sort ( ,oil w take fire ) any ,acid :atev] t is n highly conc5trat$2 = weak ,acids act b feebly on ,oils1 & dissolve !m sl[ly2 s t ! friction is nei!r quick nor viol5t1 & consequ5tly produces too fa9t a heat1 f> bel[ ! degree ( ignition4 ,secondly1 no inflammation is produc$ :5 ,acids & ,oils are mix$ 9 too small quantities2 b ! m ,acid & ,oil y mix toge!r1 ! great] is ! c]ta9ty ( succe$+3 = ! heat is exactly 9 proportion to ! friction t produces x2 & ! total quantity1 or am\nt1 ( ?is friction is s mu* ! great]1 z !re are m p>ticles rubb+ aga9/ ea* o!r at ! same "t4 ,s t if a v small quantity ( ,acid & ,oil be mix$ toge!r1 !re w be b a v small quantity ( friction1 & consequ5tly a v small quantity ( heat2 & 9 t case no inflammation4 ,x 0 ) a view to avoid ^! inconv5i5cies1 & to procure ! opposite advantages 9 z great a degree z possible1 t1 9 ! passage above quot$ f my ,memoir ( ,oils1 ,i propos$ mix+ toge!r l>ge doses ( ,acid & ( ,oil1 z "o ( ! means by :i* we might succe$ 9 ! acc5sion ( ,fat ,oils4 ,?irdly1 ! figure ( ! vessel1 9 :i* ! two liquors are mix$ toge!r1 is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,a wide-spread+ vessel1 ( a l>ge diamet] ) respect to ! quantity ( liquor x is to conta91 fav\rs ! inflammation mu* m ?an "o ( a small diamet]4 ,nay1 x may n succe$ at all 9 too n>r[ a vessel1 ?\gh all o!r circum/ances be prop]ly att5d$ to4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! activity ( heat produc$ by friction is n 9 proportion to ! successive1 b to ! simultane\s frictions3 = ! heat actually produc$ by ! frictions ( an hundr$ p>ticles1 rubb+ successively aga9/ ea* o!r1 ) int]vals suffici5t to let ! heat g (f1 almo/ z fa/ z x is g5]at$1 w\ld be equal to ! friction ( a s+le p>ticle only2 :]eas ! heat actually produc$ by ! friction ( ! same numb] ( p>ticles1 all rubb+ aga9/ ea* o!r at ! same in/ant1 w\ld be equal to ! frictions ( all ! p>ticles tak5 toge!r1 & consequ5tly an hundr$ times m active ?an ! o!r#aa4 ,?is be+ laid d[n1 x is easy to conceive h[ a l>ge vessel fav\rs ! acc5sion m ?an a small "o4 ,x is c]ta9 t two liquors :i* mutually pres5t l>ge surfaces to ea* o!r1 at ! in/ant ( _! be+ mix$ toge!r1 t\* ea* o!r at "o & ! same "t 9 a mu* great] numb] ( po9ts1 ?an if ea* _h b a small surface2 & consequ5tly t !y mu/ unite mu* soon]1 & ) great] rapidity1 9 ! =m] case ?an 9 ! latt]4 #aa ,i believe ?is proposition is n /rictly true3 = x appe>s to me1 t1 9 ord] to make ! heat1 produc$ by ! simultane\s frictions ( an hundr$ p>ticles1 an hundr$ times m active ?an t produc$ by ! successive frictions ( ! same numb] ( p>ticles1 x is necess>y t ! simultane\s frictions %\ld act all toge!r 9 "o po9t or c5t]2 :i* is impossible4 ,b1 z ! p>ticles t rub aga9/ ea* o!r1 9 ! pres5t case1 are v ne> & contigu\s1 x is /ill true t ! heat1 result+ f _! simultane\s frictions1 is mu* m active ?an t produc$ by successive frictions only3 :i* is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose4 ,) ^! views1 & 9 ord] to give ! liquors ?is advantage\s disposition1 ,i recomm5d$ x z :at w\ld greatly promote ! inflammation ( ,fat ,oils1 to ord] ! liquors s1 t1 at ! mom5t ( _! mixture1 a l>ge surface ( ea* might come into contact ) ! o!r4 ,f\r?ly1 if we reflect on ! exp]im5ts hi!rto made = k9dl+ ,oils by ,acids1 we %all easily be conv9c$ t all ,oils are n equally apt to be fir$2 & t light1 !real1 v ?91 ,ess5tial ,oils d n produce ?is ph5om5on s readily & s surely1 z ^? ( ! same k9d t are heavy & ?ick1 or at lea/ soon gr[ ?ick ^u be+ mix$ ) ,acids4 ,mr4 ,homb]g says positively 9 ! above-cit$ passage ( 8 ,memoir1 t he nev] c\ld succe$ 9 sett+ fire ) ! ,acid ( ,vitriol to ! :ite1 !real ,oil ( ,turp5t9e2 t is1 to ! lighte/ :i* comes ov] fir/ 9 di/illation2 b t ! v same ,acid set fire to t :i* comes ov] la/ 9 di/illation1 :i* is ?ick l a syrop1 & ( a d>k-br[n col\r4 ,all ! exp]im5ts by :i* ,oils h be5 fir$1 f ^? ( ,bec*] & ,borri*ius d[n to ^? ( ,ge(froy & ,h(fman1 7 made on ! ,ess5tial ,oils ( ! aromatic plants ( ,india1 :i* are ! heavie/ we "k1 & on ! empyreumatic ,oil ( ,guaiacum1 :i*1 besides be+ v pond]\s1 is also v ?ick4 ,n[ ^! s+ul> effects likewise agree p]fectly well ) our explanation4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! p>ts ( a heavy fluid d n yield to any impulse or %ock1 s easily z ^? ( a light] fluid2 j z ! p>ts ( a ?ick1 visc\s fluid und\bt$ly resi/ any attempt to sep>ate !m1 s mu* ! m ! ne>] ! consi/5ce ( t fluid is to solidity1 or ! fur!r x is remov$ f ! /ate ( fluidity4 ,n[1 ! m resi/ance ! ,acid meets ) 9 sep>at+ & divid+ ! p>ts ( ! ,oil1 z x mu/ d to dissolve !m1 ! m consid]able w be ! =ce & motion ) :i* x mu/ necess>ily act to surm\nt ^? ob/acles2 besides1 z exp]i5ce tea*es u t ! d5sity & viscidity ( ! ,oils d n1 at lea/ to s5se1 dim9i% ! quickness & activity :i* ! ,acid ex]ts 9 unit+ ) !m2 ! great] !re=e mu/ be ! collisions1 frictions1 & heat produc$3 & ?is pla9ly %ews :y heavy1 ?ick ,oils take fire1 9 ?is case1 m readily ?an ^? :i* are fluid & light4 ,x may "h be object$1 t ,fat ,oils1 :i* are ?ick] & heavi] ?an ! light ,ess5tial ,oils1 take fire nev]!less ) great] difficulty4 ,?is objection is easily answ]$1 by obs]v+1 t :5 we say ,acids fire heavy ?ick ,oils ) m ease ?an ?9 light ,oils1 ?is position mu/ be re/rict$ to ,oils ( ! same k9d1 on :i* ,acids h an equal1 or ne>ly equal1 action2 t is1 to su* ,oils z diff] f ea* o!r 9 no o!r respect b _! ?ickness & weight4 ,= example1 ,mr4 ,homb]g1 :o c\ld by no means set fire1 ) ,oil ( ,vitriol1 to ! ,oil t rises fir/ 9 ! di/illation ( ,turp5t9e1 f\nd t ! same ,acid w\ld fire ! ,oil t comes la/ ov]3 & !re=e x is reasonable to attribute 8 success1 9 fir+ ?is la/ ,oil1 to its be+ ?ick] & heavi] ?an ! =m]2 see+ ^! two ,oils are 9 o!r respects ( ! same nature2 t ,acids h an equal action on bo?2 & t !y diff] f ea* o!r only 9 ! qualities specifi$ above4 ,b x is evid5t1 t1 if ! ,oils comp>$ toge!r be ( diff]5t k9ds1 & diff] f ea* o!r1 n only 9 weight & ?ickness1 b also by conta9+ diff]5t pr9ciples1 or1 at lea/1 ! same pr9ciples comb9$ diff]5tly1 & 9 diff]5t proportions1 ! action ( any ,acid on ^? ,oils mu/ also be diff]5t2 & t reg>d mu/ be _h !reto 9 det]m9+ _! degrees ( inflammability4 ,n[ all ?is is applicable to ,fat ,oils1 :5 comp>$ ) light ,ess5tial ,oils1 9 po9t ( inflammability4 ,if all ^! ,oils 7 ( ! same nature1 & diff]$ f ea* o!r 9 weight & ?ickness only1 ! objection drawn f ,fat ,oils1 :i* ?\gh ?ick] ?an ,ess5tial ,oils d n take fire s easily1 w\ld be a v good "o1 & fact w\ld be aga9/ our reason+4 ,b ?is is f> f be+ ! case3 ! prop]ties1 z well z ! analysis1 ( ,fat ,oils %ew _! nature to be v diff]5t f t ( ,ess5tial ,oils2 t !re is m wat] 9 _! composition2 & t !y are full ( a mucilag9\s or gummy pr9ciple1 :i* mu/ greatly ob/ruct _! inflammability1 & ! action ( ,acids ^u !m4 ,none ( ! effects1 !re=e1 t att5d ! fir+ ( ,oils ) ,acids1 is repugnant to our way ( acc\nt+ = ! ph5om5on1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 all ,natural ,philosophy4 ,to conclude ?is important subject1 no?+ n[ rema9s b to consid] ! effects produc$ by ! ,vitriolic ,acid 9 ^! acc5sions4 ,?is ,acid1 ?\gh ( a /rong] nature1 & capable ( be+ m highly conc5trat$ ?an ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 seems h[ev] less qualifi$ to produce a flame ) ,oils4 ,inde$ ,mr4 ,homb]g fir$ ,oil ( ,turp5t9e by mix+ x ) ,oil ( ,vitriol3 b ,i d n "k t ! exp]im5t ha? succe$$ ) any o!r ,*ymi/2 on ! contr>y1 mo/ ( ^? :o h tri$ x affirm1 t !y nev] c\ld fire any ,oil ) t ,acid alone4 ,oils are probably 9 ! same case z metallic sub/ances1 ) reg>d to ^! two ,acids4 ,we "k t ! ,nitr\s ,acid dissolves ^? sub/ances ) va/ly m activity & viol5ce ?an ! ,vitriolic ,acid ex]ts ^u !m2 :i* may dep5d1 ei!r on ! disposition & configuration ( _! p>ts1 or on ! portion ( phlogi/on :i*1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( mo/ ,*ymi/s1 is unit$ ) ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 is its peculi> *>act]i/ic1 & ! cause ( ! great vivacity ) :i* x dissolves almo/ all matt]s t conta9 ! phlogi/on4 ,i say almo/ all matt]s t conta9 ! phlogi/on2 because !re are "s sub/ances t conta9 a great deal !re(1 & yet are n at all act$ on by ! pure ,nitr\s ,acid4 ,^! sub/ances are matt]s p]fectly *>r$3 t is1 su* z are capable ( endur+ ! greate/ viol5ce ( fire 9 close vessels1 )\t yield+ a s+le atom ( ,oil2 t burn almo/ q away1 yet only gr[ r$ hot )\t flam+2 or at lea/ produce b a v small1 slight flame1 f :i* x is impossible to obta9 ! lea/ p>ticle ( soot or fulig9osity2 9 a ^w1 t conta9 an inflammable matt]1 b su* z is fit to be an +r$i5t 9 ! composition ( metallic sub/ances1 to :i* ! peculi> title ( ! ,phlogi/on is appropriat$4 ,i say1 !n1 t if ! ,nitr\s ,acid be p\r$ on a m]e coal1 p]fectly *>r$1 x is impossible = ! ,acid1 be x ev] s highly conc5trat$1 to set ! coal on fire1 ?\gh heat$ be=e to ! greate/ degree t x c possibly admit ( )\t k9dl+2 &1 :i* is /ill m rem>kable1 if a live coal be plung$ into ! mo/ highly smok+ ,_s ( ,nitre1 x w be ext+ui%$ z if dipt 9 pure wat]4 ,b to return to ! ,vitriolic ,acid3 x is s+ul> en\gh t ?is ,acid1 :i* attacks ,oils ) less activity1 & = t reason seems less fit to set !m on fire1 ?an ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 yet greatly promotes _! acc5sion1 :5 mix$ ) t v ,acid4 ,?is may be ow+ to its r5d]+ ! ,oils ) :i* x mixes heavi] & ?ick]2 or else1 z ,mr4 ,r\elle conjectures ) great probability1 be+ m conc5trat$ ?an ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 & hav+ a great] aff9ity ) wat]1 x dephlegmates ! o!r1 & !reby increases its activity2 or1 la/ly1 ?is may arise f "s o!r cause yet unkn[n to u1 & p]haps f t by :i* ! ,acids ( ,nitre & ( ,sea-salt1 :i*1 :5 sep>ate & p]fectly pure1 c nei!r ( !m dissolve ,gold1 are enabl$1 :5 comb9$ toge!r1 to make a p]fect solution ( t metal4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to comb9e ,ess5tial ,oils ) ,m9]al ,sulphur4 ,balsam ( ,sulphur4 ,?is ,composition decomp\nd$4 ,put into a matrass "o "p ( ,fl[]s ( ,sulphur2 p\r on !m six p>ts ( ! ,ess5tial ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 = in/ance2 set ! matrass 9 a s&-ba?1 & heat x gradually till ! ,oil boil4 ,! ,sulphur1 :i* at fir/ lay at ! bottom ( ! matrass1 w beg9 to melt1 & appe> to dissolve 9 ! ,oil4 ,:5 x ha? boil$ 9 ?is mann] = ab\t an h\r1 take ! matrass f ! fire1 & let ! liquor cool4 ,a great deal ( ! ,sulphur t 0 dissolv$ !re9 w sep>ate f x z x cools1 & fall to ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 ! =m ( ne$les1 mu* l a ,salt %oot+ 9 wat]4 ,:5 ! liquor is p]fectly cold1 decant x f ! ,sulphur t lies at ! bottom ( ! vessel3 to t ,sulphur put fre% ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 & proce$ z be=e3 ! ,sulphur w aga9 disappe>1 & be dissolv$ 9 ! ,oil3 b :5 ! mixture is cold1 y w f9d new cry/als ( ,sulphur deposit$ at ! bottom4 ,decant once m ?is ,oil f ! cry/als1 & p\r on fre% ,oil to dissolve !m3 cont9ue ! same me?od1 & y w f9d t ab\t sixte5 p>ts ( ,ess5tial ,oil are requir$ to keep "o "p ( ,sulphur dissolv$ :5 cold4 ,?is comb9ation is call$ ,balsamum ,sulphuris ,t]eb9?9atum1 if made ) ,oil ( ,turp5t9e2 ,anisatum1 if ) ,oil ( ,anise-se$s2 & s ( o!rs4 ,,obs]vations4 ,ess5tial ,oils d n dissolve ,sulphur1 9 su* quantities1 & ) s mu* ease1 z ,fat ,oils d4 ,x 0 %ewn above1 t a ,fat ,oil is capable ( keep+ a consid]able quantity ( ,sulphur 9 solution2 :]eas no less ?an sixte5 p>ts ( ,ess5tial ,oil are requir$ to dissolve "o "p only ( ,sulphur1 z 9 ?is process4 ,! prop]ty :i* ,sulphur ha? ( sep>at+1 9 "p1 f ! ,ess5tial ,oil 9 :i* x is dissolv$1 & fall+ to ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 ! =m ( cry/als1 z ! ,oil cools1 proves t x is a k9d ( ,neutral ,salt1 :i*1 be+ insoluble 9 wat]1 because ( ! great quantity ( inflammable matt] t s]ves x = a basis1 is n to be dissolv$ b by sub/ances t actually conta9 !mselves a great deal ( inflammable matt]2 su* z ,oils & ,metallic sub/ances4 ,?\gh ! latt] are almo/ always solid1 x nev]!less unites ) sev]al ( !m into regul> =ms1 resembl+ sal9e cry/als 9 e ?+ b pellucidity2 z appe>s1 = example1 9 sev]al ,pyrites1 ,antimony1 & "s o!r sulphure\s m9]als4 ,b :5 x is dissolv$ 9 ,oils1 especially 9 su* z are capable ( keep+ b a small quantity !re( 9 solution1 & consequ5tly drop a good deal ( x z !y cool1 x is precisely 9 ! case ( "o ( ^? ,salts :]e( hot wat] dissolves m ?an cold2 t is1 ! ,oil1 t is saturat$ ) z mu* ,sulphur z x c possibly take up :5 boil+ hot1 lets "s "p !re( precipitate z x cools2 :ile ! ,sulphur ?us sep>at$ f ! ,oil unites into little glebes ( a regul> figure1 & actually cry/allizes2 9 ! same mann] z ,nitre1 :5 boil+ wat] ha? dissolv$ z mu* !re( z x c possibly take up1 p>tly sep>ates f x :5 x cools1 & falls to ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 small cry/all9e molecul1 ( ! =m peculi> to t ,salt4 ,mr4 ,homb]g made "s v curi\s exp]im5ts on ?is comb9ation ( ,sulphur ) an ,ess5tial ,oil4 ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy he gives ! foll[+ analysis !re(4 ,put y\r ,sulphur dissolv$ by ,oil ( ,turp5t9e into a pretty l>ge retort1 because ! matt] puffs up t[>ds ! end1 & di/il ) a v g5tle heat = twelve or fifte5 days & nights4 ,!re w come ov] ab\t two ?irds ( ! quantity ( a col\rless ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 & at ! same "t a pretty consid]able quantity ( a :iti% pond]\s wat]1 z acid z good ,_s ( ,vitriol4 ,aft] ?is1 ! drops ( ,oil t come (f w beg9 to be r$4 ,!n *ange y\r receiv]1 & increase ! fire gradually2 & 9 sev5 or eight h\rs "t1 ) a v great heat1 =ce (f all t w rise1 us+ a glass retort = y\r recipi5t4 ,at la/1 mo/ ( ! ,oil w come ov] into ! receiv] v ?ick & high-col\r$1 /ill accompani$ ) a :iti% & v acid wat]4 ,9 ! retort w be left a black caput mortuum1 spongy1 or foliat$1 %9+1 & insipid4444 ,?is caput mortuum nei!r gr[s :ite1 nor flames1 nor wa/es consid]ably 9 a /rong fire4 ,! matt] t comes ov] into ! receiv] mu/ be di/ill$ aga91 ) a v g5tle heat cont9u$ = sev]al days & nights1 9 ord] to sep>ate once m ! col\rless ,oil & ! rema9+ acid wat]1 till ! ,oil beg9 to come (f r$4 ,!n take ! retort f ! fire1 & on ! black gummy matt] left 9 x p\r good ,_s ( ,w9e2 mix ! :ole well toge!r1 & di/il ) a v g5tle heat4 ,:5 ?is ,_s ( ,w9e is come (f1 p\r "s fre% on ! black gum left 9 ! retort1 & di/il z be=e4 ,repeat ?is till ! ,_s ( ,w9e cease to h a bad smell4 ,!re is great reason to believe1 t1 by ! union :i* ! ,sulphur contracts ) ! ,oil1 ! cohesion ( ! ,acid & ! ,phlogi/on1 :i* con/itute t m9]al1 is consid]ably weak5$2 & t ?is is :at occasions ! decomposition ( ! ,sulphur s manife/ 9 ,mr4 ,homb]g's analysis4 ,! inflammable matt] ( ! ,sulphur is s incorporat$ ) t ( ! ,oil 9 ! solution1 t !y =m toge!r "o homog5e\s :ole2 by :i* means ! ,acid ( ! ,sulphur1 :i* is ( c\rse disp]s$ ?r\gh ! :ole liquor1 is n n[ comb9$ ) ! ,phlogi/on1 z x 0 9 ! ,sulphur be=e x 0 bl5d$ ) ! ,oil2 t is1 ) ! pure ,phlogi/on2 b ) t ,phlogi/on :i* con/itutes ! oily mixture1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ) actual ,oil4 ,& ?is is ! reason t a composition ( ,oil & ,sulphur yields1 9 di/illation1 ne>ly ! same pr9ciples t a comb9ation ( ! same ,oil ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid w\ld yield4 ,we h already se51 "u ! head ( ,fat ,oils1 t :5 ,oils are comb9$ ) ,acids1 if ?is comb9ation be aga9 decomp\nd$ by di/illation1 ^? two sub/ances _c be obta9$ 9 _! orig9al /ate2 b t !y are *ang$ & p>tly decompos$4 ,! case is ! same 9 ! exp]im5t be=e u4 ,we fir/ get1 by di/illation1 a pretty consid]able quantity ( ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 t seems to h suff]$ no *ange at all4 ,?is fir/ ,oil is t :i* ! action ( fire sep>ates f ! ,acid2 & ?is x effects ) s mu* ! m ease1 t1 a great quantity !re( hav+ be5 necess>ily us$ to dissolve a little ,sulphur1 x greatly exce$s ! quantity ( ,acid 9 ! mixture1 & t ! di/illation is ord]$ to be made ) a v weak degree ( heat3 = ,m4 ,homb]g says1 x ought to be cont9u$ twelve or fifte5 days & nights4 ,n[ ?is mann] ( di/ill+1 ) a v g5tle heat1 is ! mo/ effectual means ( sep>at+ ,oils1 especially light ,ess5tial ,oils1 f ,acids2 because ^! ,oils rise 9 di/illation ) v little heat2 :]eas ! ,acids1 be+ mu* m pond]\s1 require a great deal m4 ,! ,oil t rises fir/ 9 di/illation1 appe>s inde$ to be ! same ) t :i* 0 orig9ally us$ 9 ! mixture2 b ! quantity is mu* small]3 fir/1 because "s "p ( x1 be+ comb9$ ) ! ,acid ( ! ,sulphur1 is !reby r5d]$ ?ick & heavy1 :i* h9d]s x f ris+ 9 ?is fir/ di/illation ) a v g5tle heat1 & is ! reason t x _c be elevat$ )\t a mu* /rong] degree ( fire4 ,x is ?is "p t aft]w>d comes ov] 9 ! =m ( a r$ liquor ^u increas+ ! fire4 ,! second cause :y ! quantity ( ,oil is less5$1 is1 t "p ( x is decompos$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,?is decompos$ "p ( ! ,oil furni%es t consid]able quantity ( wat] :i* asc5ds at ! same "t ) ! ,oil1 or a little aft] x1 & s]ves = a vehicle to ! ,acid t rises ) x 9 ?is fir/ di/illation2 :i* ,acid1 ?\gh pretty /rong1 is n[ mu* m load$ ) wat] ?an :5 x 0 an +r$i5t 9 ! comb9ation ( ,sulphur4 ,?is acid wat] is ( a milky :ite col\r1 because _m oily p>ticles are susp5d$ & diffus$ 9 x1 b n p]fectly dissolv$4 ,! caput mortuum t is left 9 ! retort1 aft] all ! r$ ?ick ,oil is driv5 up by a v /rong degree ( fire1 is a sort ( *>r$ matt]1 consi/+ ( "s ( ! e>? ( ! ,sulphur1 & ( ! decompos$ ,oil1 unit$ ) a phlogi/on1 :i* is probably furni%$ by bo? ^! sub/ances4 ,?is matt] conta9s also a little ,acid fix$ ) x4 ,?is ,acid reproduces ,sulphur1 or at lea/ becomes sulphure\s1 & flies (f 9 vap\rs1 :5 ! coal is urg$ by a viol5t =ge-heat3 = ,mr4 ,homb]g obs]v$1 t by ?is means x exhal$ an od\r ( ,sulphur1 & lo/ 9 weight4 ,?is *>r$ matt] is ( a s+ul> nature3 =1 by be+ expos$ to a =ge-heat1 & ev5 to ! heat 9 ! focus ( a burn+ glass1 x seem$ to suff] no o!r *ange ?an "s loss ( weight1 occasion$ by ! evaporation ( ! acid effluvia c>ri$ (f by ! heat2 = x /ill reta9$ its black col\r1 & 0 nei!r consum$ nor vitrifi$4 ,9 ord] to melt x1 ,mr4 ,homb]g 0 =c$ to mix x ) ,borax4 ,?is ,salt conv]t$ x into a glass ( a d>k-grey col\r3 &1 z !re appe>$ a little v]degris on ! surface ( ?is glass aft] keep+ x 9 a moi/ place1 he !reby f\nd t ! ,sulphur he _h us$ conta9$ a little ,copp]4 ,we "k t ! e>? ( ,copp] is refractory1 & t x communicates a d>k col\r to matt]s vitrifi$ along ) x3 & p]haps x 0 ! cause :y ! fix$ matt] 9 "q reta9$ its blacki% col\r s ob/9ately1 not)/&+ ! phlogi/on t mu/ h be5 9 x at fir/ 01 9 all probability1 consum$ by ! viol5t ignitions x und]w5t4 ,z to ! ?ick oily matt]1 call$ gummy by ,mr4 ,homb]g1 f :i* he directs ,_s ( ,w9e to be repeat$ly di/ill$1 till x cease to h a disagreeable smell1 !re is great reason = ?9k+ x to be1 z we said be=e1 a portion ( ! ,oil :i* ! ,acid ha? r5d]$ ?ick & heavy4 ,! ,_s ( ,w9e dissolves & c>ries up ! mo/ acid "p1 :i* always ha? a disagreeable smell4 ,mr4 ,homb]g says1 t ! "p rema9+ aft] ?is1 :i* he calls ! ,gum ( common ,sulphur1 ha? a pleasant balsamic od\r2 t x p>tly dissolves 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 a h>d res9\s matt] be+ left1 :i* w n dissolve1 ei!r 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 or 9 ! /ronge/ lixivium4 ,( consequ5ce1 !re=e1 x is nei!r a res9\s matt] nor a sulphur2 yet x dissolves p]fectly 9 di/ill$ ,oils4 ,:at !n is ?is s+ul> body8 ,x is c]ta9ly a subject = v curi\s inquiries4 ,9 g5]al1 ,mr4 ,homb]g's :ole process is full ( int]e/+ facts1 & well des]ves to be repeat$1 c>ri$ fur!r1 & c>efully att5d$ to4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,to comb9e ,ess5tial ,oils ) ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,/>key's ,soap4 ,take ,salt ( ,t>t>1 or any o!r ,alkali1 ?or\ghly calc9$4 ,heat x 9 a crucible till x be r$1 & 9 t condition ?r[ x into a hot iron mort>3 rub x quickly ) a v hot iron pe/le2 & z soon z x is p[d]$ p\r on x1 little by little1 ne>ly an equal quantity ( ,oil ( ,turp5t9e4 ,! ,oil w ent] into ! ,salt1 & unite intimately ) x1 s z to =m a h>d pa/e4 ,cont9ue rubb+ ?is composition ) ! pe/le1 9 ord] to complete ! union ( ! two sub/ances2 &1 z y\r ,oil ( ,turp5t9e disappe>s1 add m1 :i* w unite 9 ! same mann]1 & give a s(t] consi/5ce to ! soapy mass4 ,y may add /ill m ,oil1 accord+ to ! consi/5ce y int5d to give y\r ,soap4 ,,obs]vations4 ,ess5tial ,oils d n unite ne> s easily z ,fat ,oils ) ,alkalis4 ,= ?is reason1 to make a ,soap ) an ,ess5tial ,oil1 we mu/ take a me?od diff]5t f t us$ 9 common soap]ies4 ,= if an ,ess5tial ,oil be sub/itut$ = ! ,fat ,oil1 9 ! ord9>y way ( mak+ ,soap1 f> f comb9+ ) ! alkal9e lixivium1 ?\gh ev] s /rong1 x w be :olly dissipat$ & vani%3 s t1 aft] boil+ "s "t1 y w f9d no?+ b ! lye1 j z :5 fir/ put 91 only a little m conc5trat$4 ,! wat]1 9 :i* ! ,alkali is dissolv$ :5 9 ! =m ( a lye1 is ! pr9cipal ?+ t h9d]s ! ,salt f unit+ ) ! ,ess5tial ,oil4 ,wat] is su* an enemy to ?is union1 t1 if ! ,alkali be ev] s little moi/1 ! op]ation w n succe$2 ev5 ?\gh all ! o!r precautions m5tion$ 9 ! process %\ld be exactly obs]v$4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to free ! ,alkali f all humidity1 x is necess>y to beg9 ) mak+ x r$-hot2 & !n1 t ?is ,salt1 :i* is v gre$y ( moi/ure1 may n imbibe any f ! air1 be=e x be mix$ ) ! ,ess5tial ,oil1 x mu/ n be suff]$ to cool2 b ! mixture mu/ be made 9 a hot vessel1 z soon z ! ,salt is r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,:5 e p>ticle ( ! ,salt is once cov]$ ) ,oil1 y ne$ n fe> its attract+ any moi/ure1 at lea/ v quickly1 because ! ,oil opposes its admission4 ,/>key1 ! fir/ ,*ymi/ :o f\nd ! means ( mak+ ,soap ) an ,ess5tial ,oil1 & by ^: "n ?is k9d ( ,soap is !re=e call$1 made use ( a mu* m t$i\s me?od ?an t propos$ 9 our process4 ,he began ) mix+ a v small quantity ( ,oil ) ?is ,salt1 & wait$ till all ! ,oil unit$ !re) ( its own accord1 s z to disappe> entirely1 be=e he add$ any m2 & ?us protract$ 8 op]ation exce$+ly1 ?\gh 9 ! ma9 x 0 ! same ) ours4 ,! me?od "h propos$ is m exp$iti\s1 & 0 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,ge(froy4 ,/>key's ,soap dissolves 9 wat] mu* z common ,soap does1 )\t any sep>ation ( ! ,oil3 & by ?is m>k x is kn[n to be well made4 ,x may also be decomp\nd$1 ei!r by di/illation1 or by mix+ x ) an ,acid3 & its decomposition1 9 ei!r ( ^! ways1 is att5d$ ) ne>ly ! same ph5om5a z ! decomposition ( common ,soap4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,( ! ,,sub/ances obta9$ f ,,vegetables by ,means ( a ,,graduat$ ,,heat1 f t ( boil+ ,wat]1 to ! /ronge/ t c be appli$ to !m 9 close ,vessels4 ,,process ,i4 ,to analyze ,vegetable ,sub/ances t yield nei!r a ,fat nor an ,ess5tial ,oil4 ,in/anc$ 9 ,guaiacum-,wood4 ,take ?9 %av+s ( ,guaiacum-wood1 & put !m into a glass or /one retort1 leav+ "o half !re( empty4 ,set y\r retort 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace1 & lute on a l>ge glass receiv] hav+ a small hole drill$ 9 x2 su* z is us$ = di/ill+ ! ,m9]al ,acids4 ,put a live coal or two 9 ! furnace1 to w>m ! vessels g5tly & sl[ly4 ,) a degree ( heat bel[ t ( boil+ wat]1 y w see drops ( a cle> insipid phlegm fall into ! receiv]4 ,if y raise ! fire a little1 ?is wat] w come slightly acid1 & beg9 to h a pung5t smell4 ,) a degree ( fire some:at /rong]1 a wat] w cont9ue to rise :i* w be /ill m acid1 smell /rong]1 & become yell[i%4 ,:5 ! heat comes to exce$ t ( boil+ wat]1 ! phlegm t rises w be v acid1 high col\r$1 h a /rong pung5t smell1 l t ( matt]s long smok$ ) wood 9 a *imney1 & w be accompani$ ) a r$1 light ,oil1 t w float on ! liquor 9 ! receiv]4 ,& n[ x is necess>y t ! op]ation be c>ri$ on v cauti\sly1 & v5t frequ5tly giv5 to ! r>efi$ air by op5+ ! small hole 9 ! receiv]3 su* an incr$ible quantity !re( ru%+ out ( ! ,wood1 ) ?is degree ( heat1 z may bur/ ! vessels to pieces1 if n dis*>g$ f "t to "t4 ,:5 ?is r$1 light ,oil is come ov]1 & ! air ceases to ru% out ) impetuosity1 raise y\r fire gradually1 till ! retort beg9 to r$d54 ,! receiv] w be fill$ ) d5se vap\rs2 &1 toge!r ) ! wat]y liquor1 :i* w !n be extremely acid1 !re w rise a black1 ?ick1 pond]\s ,oil1 :i* w fall to ! bottom ( ! receiv]1 & lye "u ! liquor4 ,!n give ! utmo/ degree ( heat2 t is1 ! greate/ y\r furnace w all[1 & y\r vessels be>4 ,) ?is excessive heat a little m ,oil w rise1 :i* w be v pond]\s1 z ?ick & black z pit*2 & ! vessels w cont9ue full ( vap\rs t w n cond5se4 ,at la/1 :5 y h kept ! retort exce$+ r$ = a long "t 9 ?is extremity ( heat1 s t x beg9s to melt1 if x be ( glass1 & y p]ceive no?+ m come ov]1 let ! fire g out & ! vessel cool4 ,!n take (f y\r receiv]3 f ! black oil at bottom decant ! acid liquor ) ! r$ ,oil float+ on x1 & p\r !m bo? into a glass funnel1 l9$ ) br[n filt]+ pap]1 & plac$ ov] a bottle4 ,! acid liquor w pass ?r\gh ! filt] into ! bottle1 & ! ,oil w be left beh9d1 :i* mu/ be kept by itself 9 a sep>ate bottle4 ,la/ly1 into ano!r funnel1 prep>$ z ! =m]1 p\r ! ?ick ,oil rema9+ ) a little ( ! acid liquor at ! bottom ( ! receiv]4 ,?is liquor w filt] (f 9 ! same mann]1 & ?us be sep>at$ f ! heavy ,oil4 ,9 ! retort y w f9d y\r ,guaiacum-%av+s1 n 9 ! lea/ alt]$ z to _! figure1 b light1 friable1 v black1 sc5tless1 & ta/eless1 easily tak+ fire1 & consum+ )\t flame or smoke2 9 %ort1 y w f9d !m *>r$ to a p]fect coal4 ,,obs]vations4 ,hi!rto we h exam9$ ! sub/ances t may be obta9$ f vegetables1 ei!r )\t ! help ( fire1 or ) a degree ( heat n exce$+ t ( boil+ wat]4 ,! analysis ( plants c be c>ri$ no fur!r )\t a great] degree ( heat3 =1 :5 ! pr9ciple ( od\r1 & ! ess5tial oil ( an aromatic plant1 are :olly extract$ by ! prec$+ processes1 if ! di/illation be aft]w>d cont9u$ )\t increas+ ! heat1 no?+ m w be obta9$ b a little ,acid2 :i* w soon cease1 z a small "p only ( ! quantity conta9$ 9 ! plant w be elevat$2 ! re/ be+ ei!r too pond]\s1 or too mu* entangl$ ) ! o!r pr9ciples ( ! body1 to rise ) s small a degree ( heat4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to c>ry on ! decomposition ( a plant1 f :i* y h1 by ! me?ods be=e propos$1 extract$ all ! pr9ciples x is capable ( yield+ :5 s treat$2 or1 :i* comes to ! same ?+1 9 ord] to analyze a vegetable matt]1 :i* af=ds nei!r an express$ nor an ess5tial oil1 x mu/ be di/ill$ 9 a retort ) a nak$ fire1 z direct$ 9 ! process1 & be made to und]go all ! degrees ( heat successively1 f t ( boil+ wat]1 to ! highe/ t c be rais$ 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace4 ,a heat inf]ior to t ( boil+ wat]1 ) :i* we mu/ beg9 9 ord] to w>m ! vessel gradually1 br+s no?+ ov]1 z ha? be5 said1 b an insipid wat]1 de/itute ( all acidity4 ,by increas+ x ne>ly to ! degree ( boil+ wat]1 ! di/ill$ wat] comes to be slightly acid4 ,:5 ! heat is made a little /rong] ?an t :i* is necess>y = ! elevation ( an ,ess5tial ,oil1 ! acidity ( ! wat] t comes (f is mu* m consid]able4 ,x ha? n[ bo? col\r & smell1 & !re rises ) x a r$1 light ,oil1 t floats on ! liquor 9 ! receiv]4 ,?is is n an ,ess5tial ,oil2 x ha? none ( ! od\r ( ! plant4 ,?\gh s light z to float on wat]1 yet x w n rise ) ! degree ( heat t raises ,ess5tial ,oils2 ev5 ^? t mu* surpass x 9 gravity1 & w n swim on wat] z ?is does4 ,?is proves t ! ease or difficulty1 ) :i* a p>ticul> degree ( heat raises any sub/ance 9 di/illation1 do? n dep5d altoge!r on its gravity3 its dilatability1 or ! volatile nature ( ! matt]s1 ) :i* x is s closely unit$ z n to be sep>at$ f !m by di/illation1 may probably contribute greatly to produce ?is effect4 ,x is v surpris+ t a sub/ance s h>d1 s compact1 s dry1 9 appe>ance1 z ,guaiacum-wood1 %\ld yield su* a l>ge quantity ( wat] by di/illation2 & x is equally s1 t x %\ld dis*>ge s mu* air1 & ) s mu* impetuosity1 z no?+ b exp]i5ce c\ld r5d] cr$ible4 ,we h1 9 ! process1 direct$ ! precautions to be tak5 :5 ?is air1 f be+ prodigi\sly cond5s$ 9 ! body ( :i* x made a "p1 is set at l>ge1 ru%es out ( conf9em5t1 & exp&s ) all its natural ela/icity4 ,f ?is air arises ! greate/ dang] att5d+ ! op]ation4 ,x ha? be5 rem>k$1 t ! heavie/ & mo/ compact woods yield ! mo/ air 9 di/illation3 & accord+ly ,guaiacum-wood1 :i* we h *os5 = an in/ance1 z exce$+ almo/ all o!rs 9 h>dness & weight1 dis*>ges a va/ quantity ( air :5 analyz$4 ,! ?ick1 burnt1 empyreumatic ,oil1 t comes ov] la/ 9 ?is di/illation1 is heavi] ?an wat]2 on acc\nt1 probably1 ( ! great quantity ( ,acid ) :i* x is replete4 ,! two k9ds ( ,oil obta9$ 9 ?is analysis may be rectifi$1 by di/ill+ !m a second "t1 or r sev]al times2 by :i* means !y w become light] & m fluid1 z we h se5 happ5 to ,fat & ,ess5tial ,oils4 ,9 g5]al1 all ?ick1 heavy ,oils con/antly owe ^! qualities to an ,acid unit$ ) !m2 & x is by be+ fre$ f "s ( t ,acid 9 di/illation1 t !y always acquire a great] degree ( lightness & fluidity f t op]ation4 ,to ^! laws all vegetable ,oils are subject1 ( :at nature soev] !y be4 ,! analysis ( a vegetable sub/ance1 exhibit$ above1 %ews :at may be obta9$ f !m1 :5 di/ill$ 9 close vessels1 ) a graduat$ heat1 f t ( boil+ wat]1 to t :i* conv]ts ! mixt to a p]fect coal2 viz4 ,phlegm1 an ,acid1 a light ,oil1 mu* ,air1 & a ?ick ,oil4 ,b ?is analysis is f> f be+ a complete "o3 x may be c>ri$ mu* f>!r1 & made m p]fect4 ,none ( ! pr9ciples obta9$ by ?is analysis are pure1 simple1 & ?or\ghly sep>at$ f ! re/4 ,!y are /ill 9 "s measure bl5d$ all toge!r3 _! sep>ation is b begun2 & ea* requires a second & m accurate analysis1 to r$uce x to ! greate/ degree ( purity ( :i* x is capable4 ,! ,oil & ! ,acid *iefly m]it s mu* pa9s4 ,a great deal ( ! ,acid ( ! plant rema9s1 z 0 said1 comb9$ ) ! two sorts ( ,oil "h obta9$2 :i* we h reason to ?9k diff] no o!rwise f "o ano!r1 ?an z !re is m or less ,acid unit$ ) ea*4 ,! be/ way ( free+ ^! ,oils f _! r$undant ,acid is to di/il !m frequ5tly f ,alkalis & ,absorb5ts4 ,"s ( our be/ ,*ymi/s h tak5 ?is pa9s ) sev]al sorts ( ,oils2 b ! me?od might be /ill ext5d$1 & ! op]ation c>ri$ fur!r ?an ha? yet be5 done4 ,! ,acid is 9 ! same circum/ances ne>ly z ! ,oil4 ,! fir/ t rises is mortifi$ ) mu* wat]1 to :i* x owes a good deal ( its volatility4 ,t :i* comes ov] la/ is mu* m conc5trat$1 & consequ5tly heavi]2 yet x is /ill v aque\s4 ,x might be fre$ 9 a great measure f ?is adv5titi\s wat]1 & s r5d]$ mu* /rong]2 :i* w\ld give u a bett] opportunity to discov] its nature & prop]ties1 ( :i* we "k b v little4 ,wat] is n ! only het]og5e\s sub/ance t disguises ! vegetable ,acid3 a pretty consid]able quantity ( ! ,oil ( ! plant is also comb9$ ) x1 & contam9ates its purity4 ,! pro( ( ?is is1 t1 :5 ^! ,acids are kept1 9 ! same condition 9 :i* !y fir/ come ov]1 = any l5g? ( "t1 9 a glass vessel1 !y gradually deposite1 on ! bottom & sides ( ! vessel1 an oily incru/ation1 :i* gr[s ?ick] & ?ick] ! long] x /&s2 &1 z ?is oily matt] sep>ates f x1 ! ,acid liquor appe>s less unctu\s & saponace\s4 ,a v good way to sep>ate ?is ,oil m effectually f ! ,acid is to comb9e ! :ole ) absorb5ts1 & ab/ract ! ,oil aga9 by di/illation4 ,by ?is means a v s5sible quantity ( ,oil may be sep>at$ t 0 n p]ceiv$ be=e4 ,on ?is occasion x is prop] to rem>k1 t ! ,oil ?us unit$ ) ! vegetable ,acid is p]fectly dissolv$ by x2 see+ x is !reby r5d]$ miscible ) wat]1 s t x do? n1 l ,alkal9e soaps1 9 ! lea/ obscure its limpidity1 or give x a milky ca/3 = ^! aque\s1 oily ,acids are v transp>5t1 especially aft] !y h /ood = "s "t4 ,! air t is dis*>g$ ) impetuosity 9 ! op]ation1 & mu/ be let out1 is load$ ) _m p>ticles ( ,acid & ,oil r$uc$ to vap\rs1 :i* x c>ries (f2 & by ?is means ! quantity ( ! pr9ciples extract$ f ! mixt _c be accurately det]m9$3 nor are ! vap\rs1 ( :i* ! vessels rema9 full aft] ! op]ation1 any o!r ?an p>ticles ( ,acid & ,oil1 :i* ! viol5ce ( ! fire ha? r>efi$ exce$+ly1 & :i* d n easily cond5se4 ,if we di/il 9 ?is mann] a vegetable aromatic sub/ance1 :i* ( c\rse conta9s an ,ess5tial ,oil1 provid$ x ha? n be5 previ\sly extract$ by ! appropriat$ process1 ?is ,ess5tial ,oil w rise fir/1 z soon z ! di/ill+ vessel acquires ! heat ( boil+ wat]3 b its sc5t w n be ne> s sweet or grateful1 z if x 7 di/ill$ 9 ! mann] be=e direct$ z prop]e/ = x4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w h an empyreumatic smell3 because 9 ?is way x is impossible to avoid scor*+ & half-burn+ "s ( ! matt] di/ill$2 especially t "p ( x :i* t\*es ! sides ( ! retort4 ,moreov]1 ! v same equable degree ( heat c h>dly be kept up ) a nak$ fire4 ,! ,ess5tial ,oil1 !re=e1 ?\gh x rises fir/1 w n be pure1 b contam9at$ ) a mixture ( ! empyreumatic ,oil t fir/ comes ov]1 & w be conf\nd$ !re)4 ,if a sub/ance ab\nd+ ) ,fat ,oil1 t ha? n be5 express$ f x1 be di/ill$ accord+ to ! pres5t process1 x w yield no ,fat ,oil by di/illation2 b only mu* m ( ! fir/ cle> ,oil1 & ( ! second ?ick ,oil1 ?an if all ! ,fat ,oil x w\ld h af=d$ _h be5 fir/ drawn (f by expression3 = z ! ,fat ,oil w n rise 9 di/illation1 )\t a degree ( heat great] ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 nei!r c x endure su* a degree ( heat )\t *ang+ its nature1 )\t los+ t mildness1 &1 9 a great measure1 t unctuosity :i* is natural to x4 ,x w !re=e be conf\nd$ ) ! o!r empyreumatic ,oil1 :i*1 9 all probability1 w\ld itself be no o!r ?an a ,fat ,oil1 if x c\ld be :olly extract$1 )\t ! aid ( fire1 f ! vegetable sub/ances conta9+ x4 ,mo/ vegetable sub/ances1 :5 di/ill$ ) a /rong fire1 yield ! same pr9ciples ) t :i* we h *os5 = an in/ance4 ,entire plants ( ?is k9d1 ^? f :i* ! odor\s pr9ciple1 ! ,ess5tial ,oil1 or ! ,fat ,oil1 ha? be5 drawn1 ^? ( :i* extracts h be5 made by infusion or decoction1 or ! extracts !mselves2 all su* matt]s be+ di/ill$ yield a ,phlegm1 an ,acid1 a ?9 ,oil1 ,air1 & a ?ick ,oil1 & ! products ( _! sev]al analyses diff] f ea* o!r1 only on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t quantity or proportion t ea* conta9s ( ! pr9ciples "h enum]at$4 ,b !re are _m o!r plants1 :i*1 besides ^! sub/ances1 yield also a consid]able quantity ( a ,volatile ,alkal9e ,salt4 ,?is prop]ty is possess$ *iefly by t tribe ( plants :i* is di/+ui%$ by hav+ cruci=m fl[]s2 among :i* !re are "s t be+ analyz$ greatly resemble animal matt]s4 ,we %all n[ analyze "o ( ^!2 ,mu/>d-se$1 = in/ance4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to analyze a vegetable ,sub/ance :i* yields ! same ,pr9ciples z are obta9$ f ,animal ,matt]s2 in/anc$ 9 ,mu/>d-se$4 ,) an app>atus l t ( ! prec$+ process1 & ) ! same fire1 di/il ,mu/>d-se$4 ,) a degree ( heat inf]ior to t ( boil+ wat]1 !re w come ov] a phlegm some:at col\r$1 & impregnat$ ) a ,volatile ,alkal9e ,salt4 ,) a degree ( heat great] ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 ! same k9d ( phlegm1 impregnat$ ) ! same ,salt1 w cont9ue to come ov]2 b x w be mu* high] col\r$1 & w be accompani$ ) a light ,oil4 ,at ?is "t a consid]able quantity ( air is dis*>g$2 ) reg>d to :i* ! same precautions mu/ be tak5 z 9 di/ill+ ,guaiacum4 ,if ! fire be gradually rais$1 !re w come ov] a black ?ick ,oil1 light] h[ev] ?an wat]2 & at ! same "t vap\rs w rise1 &1 cond5s+ on ! sides ( ! receiv]1 =m into sprigs or ramifications4 ,?is is a ,volatile ,alkal9e ,salt1 9 a concrete =m1 l t ( animals1 z we %all h]eaft] see4 ,^! vap\rs are mu* :it] ?an ^? ( ,guaiacum4 ,:5 y h ?us drawn (f1 ) a v /rong fire1 all ! ,volatile ,alkali & ?ick ,oil conta9$ 9 ! subject1 !re w be no?+ left 9 ! retort b a sort ( coal1 f :i* a small quantity ( phosphorus may be obta9$1 provid$ ! retort y employ = t purpose be good en\gh to /& a v viol5t heat4 ,,obs]vations4 ,mu/>d-se$ furni%es u ) an in/ance ( a vegetable1 f :i* we obta91 by analyz+ x1 ! v same pr9ciples t animal matt]s yield4 ,in/ead ( gett+ an ,acid f x1 we obta9 only a ,volatile ,alkali2 probably because ! ,acid1 :i* orig9ally ent]s into ! composition ( ?is k9d ( vegetables1 z well z ( all o!rs1 und]goes 9 pass+ ?r\gh _! /ra9]s1 & mix+ ) _! juices1 su* alt]ations z x suff]s :5 x ent]s into ! composition ( animals3 t is1 x comb9es ) "s ( _! ,e>? & ( _! ,oil1 9 su* a mann] z to be *ang$ into a ,volatile ,alkali1 or at lea/ dispos$ to be conv]t$ into "o ) ! aid ( fire4 ,we %all n "h speak ( ! mann] ( sep>at+ & depurat+ ! pr9ciples obta9$ by ?is process2 b res]ve x = ! analysis ( animals1 :i* is absolutely ! same4 ,we %all cont5t ourselves ) obs]v+1 t ! fir/ ,volatile ,alkali :i* rises at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation toge!r ) ! phlegm1 9 a degree ( heat bel[ t ( boil+ wat]1 diff]s f t :i* do? n come ov] till t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation1 :5 ! la/ ?ick ,oil asc5ds4 ,! diff]5t times1 & diff]5t degrees ( heat1 9 :i* ^! two ,alkalis rise1 %ew t ! =m] exi/s actually & p]fectly 9 ! plant2 b t ! latt] is g5]at$ dur+ ! di/illation1 & is ! product ( ! fire1 :i* comb9es toge!r ! mat]ials :]e( x is compos$4 ,vegetables t ?us yield a ,volatile ,alkali ) a heat less ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 irritate ! organ ( smell+1 affect+ x ) a s5sation ( acrimony2 & ! effluvia1 :i* rise f !m :5 bruis$1 make ! eyes sm>t s z to draw te>s f !m 9 abundance4 ,sev]al ( ^! matt]s1 be+ only bruis$1 eff]vesce ) ,acids3 effects producible only by a v ,volatile ,alkal9e pr9ciple4 ,?is is t ,alkali1 ! lighte/ ( all ! pr9ciples t c be extract$ f bodies1 :i* rises fir/ 9 our di/illation along ) ! phlegm1 & ) a degree ( heat mu* inf]ior to t ( boil+ wat]4 ,z ! phlegm ) :i* x rises is v copi\s1 x is dissolv$ !reby2 :i* is ! reason x do? n appe> 9 a concrete =m4 ,to ?is wat] x gives a slight yell[i% t+e1 because x is impure & oily4 ,! sal9e ,alkal9e prop]ties ( ?is liquor h procur$ x ! title ( a ,volatile ,_s4 ,?is ,volatile ,alkali1 :i* exi/s naturally & p]fectly =m$ 9 ,mu/>d-se$1 ,onions1 ,g>lic1 ,cresses1 & o!r su* vegetables1 con/itutes a diff]5ce betwe5 !m & animal sub/ances1 :i* conta9 only ! mat]ials requisite to =m a ,volatile ,alkali1 b none ready =m$1 unless !y h und]gone ! putrid f]m5tation4 ,! second ,volatile ,alkali :i* rises 9 our di/illation1 b n )\t a v /rong degree ( fire1 & at ! same "t ) ! la/ ?ick ,oil1 seems to be a production ( ! fire2 = if x 7 already =m$ 9 ! mixt1 z ! o!r is1 x w\ld rise ) ! same heat1 & at ! same "t1 be+ equally volatile4 ,x is n impossible1 h[ev]1 t x may exi/ p]fectly =m$ 9 ! plant2 b1 hav+ contract$ an union ) "s ,acid1 & !re) compos+ an ,ammoniacal ,salt1 x may by t means be h9d]$ f ris+ s readily z is agreeable to its natural volatility4 ,! ,phosphorus obta9$ by a viol5t fire1 f ! caput mortuum ( ?is di/illation1 seems to ?r[ a light ( probability on ?is conjecture4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a great deal ( ,acid 9 ! composition ( ,phosphorus4 ,p]haps ?is ,acid 0 orig9ally comb9$ ) our second ,volatile ,alkali1 & =m$ !re)1 z 0 said1 a sort ( ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,moreov]1 almo/ all ! plants t yield a ,volatile ,alkali by di/illation1 yield also a consid]able quantity ( ,acid3 :i* may p]haps be ! rema9s ( su* a ,sal ,ammoniac decompos$ by ! op]ation4 ,?is is a subject = curi\s & useful inquiries4 ,?is second ,volatile ,alkali appe>s 9 a concrete =m1 because v little phlegm comes ov] along ) x2 s t ! vap\rs !re( are n suffici5t to dissolve x1 z !y did ! fir/4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,( ! ,,sub/ances obta9$ f ,,vegetables by ,,combu/ion4 ,,process ,i4 ,to procure a ,fix$ ,cau/ic ,alkal9e ,salt f a ,vegetable ,sub/ance1 by burn+ x 9 ! op5 ,air4 ,take any vegetable matt] :atev]2 set x on fire1 & let x burn 9 ! op5 air till x be :olly r$uc$ to a%es4 ,on ^! a%es p\r a quantity ( boil+ wat] suffici5t to dr5* !m ?or\ghly4 ,filt] ! liquor 9 ord] to sep>ate ! e>?y p>ts2 & evaporate y\r lye to dryness1 /irr+ x incessantly2 & y w h a yell[i%-:ite ,salt4 ,put ?is ,salt 9 a crucible2 set x 9 a melt+ furnace1 & make a mod]ate fire1 s z n to fuse ! ,salt4 ,x w turn fir/ ( a blue-grey col\r1 aft]w>ds ( a blue-gre51 & at la/ r$di%4 ,put on ! dome ( ! furnace2 fill x ) coals2 make y\r fire /rong en\gh to melt ! ,salt1 & keep x 9 fusion = an h\r1 or an h\r & half4 ,!n p\r x into a heat$ metal mort>2 p\nd x :ile x is r$-hot2 put x1 z soon z possible1 into a glass bottle1 fir/ made v hot & dry1 & %ut x up close ) a glass /opple rubb$ ) em]y4 ,by ?is means y w h ! pure ,fix$ ,alkali ( ! vegetable sub/ance y burnt4 ,,obs]vations4 ,burn+ a vegetable sub/ance 9 ! op5 air is a k9d ( viol5t & rapid analysis made by fire1 :i* sep>ates1 resolves1 & decomposes1 sev]al ( its pr9ciples4 ,:5 any wood or plant is laid on a quick fire1 !re asc5ds f x imm$iately an aque\s smoke1 :i* consi/s ( little m ?an phlegm2 b ?is smoke soon becomes ?ick] & black]3 x is !n pung5t1 draws te>s f "o's eyes1 & excites a c\gh if drawn into ! lungs ) ! brea?4 ,^! effects arise f its be+ replete ) ! ,acid1 & "s ( ! ,oil1 ( ! vegetable conv]t$ into vap\rs4 ,soon aft] ?is ! smoke gr[s exce$+ black & ?ick3 x is n[ /ill m acrid1 & ! plant turns black4 ,its /ronge/ ,acid & la/ ?ick ,oil are n[ dis*>g$ ) impetuosity4 ,?is r>efi$ ,oil be+ heat$ r$-hot sudd5ly takes fire & flames4 ,! vegetable burns & deflagrates rapidly1 till all its ,oil is consum$4 ,!n ! flame ceases2 & no?+ rema9s b a coal1 l t f\nd 9 a retort aft] all ! pr9ciples ( a plant h be5 extract$ by ! =ce ( fire4 ,b ?is coal hav+ a free communication ) ! air1 :i* is absolutely necess>y to keep a combu/ible burn+1 cont9ues to be r$1 sp>kles1 & wa/es1 till all its phlogi/on is dissipat$ & de/roy$4 ,aft] ?is no?+ rema9s b ! ,e>? & ,fix$ ,salt ( ! vegetable2 :i*1 mix$ toge!r1 =m :at we call ! ,a%es4 ,wat]1 :i* is ! natural solv5t ( ,salts1 takes up e ?+ ( t k9d t is conta9$ 9 ! a%es2 s t1 by lixiviat+ !m1 z direct$1 all ! ,salt is extract$1 & no?+ left b ! pure e>? ( ! mixt :i* is ?us decompos$4 ,! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ! burn+ ( a vegetable sub/ance1 & ! production !reby ( a ,fix$ ,alkali1 seem to prove t ?is salt is ! "w ( ! fire2 t x did n exi/ 9 ! plant be=e x 0 burnt2 t ! plant only conta9$ mat]ials adapt$ to =m ?is ,salt2 & t ?is ,salt is no o!r ?an a comb9ation ( "s ( ! ,acid1 unit$ ) a portion ( ,e>?1 by means ( ! igne\s motion4 ,9 ! fir/ place2 a ,fix$ ,alkali may be obta9$ by lixiviation f ! a%es ( all vegetable matt]s t conta9 an ,acid1 ,e>?1 & ,phlogi/on1 9 due proportion4 ,?us ,ess5tial ,salts2 ! sub/ance ( extracts made by trituration1 infusion1 or decoction2 wood coals burnt to a%es2 all yield a quantity ( ?is ,salt 9 proportion to ! quantity ( ,acid & ,e>? conta9$ 9 !m4 ,secondly2 ,fat1 ,ess5tial1 & ,empyreumatic ,oils af=d1 :5 burnt1 su* a small quantity ( ,fix$ ,alkali z is sc>ce p]ceptible2 because !y conta9 b a little ,acid1 & /ill less ,e>?3 & ^! same ,oils1 :5 rectifi$ by repeat$ di/illations1 & !n burnt1 leave /ill less ( ?is ,salt2 because !y are sep>at$ by rectification f mo/ ( ! ,acid1 toge!r )1 ! small matt] ( ,e>? conta9$ 9 !m4 ,?irdly2 ^? vegetable matt]s :i*1 be+ analyz$1 furni% a great deal ( ,volatile ,alkali1 yield b v little ,fix$ ,alkali2 because a great deal ( _! ,acid is employ$ 9 =m+ ! ,volatile ,alkali1 :i* is dissipat$ by burn+ ! plant3 &1 = ! same reason1 ^? :i* 9 di/illation af=d only a ,volatile ,alkali1 & no ,acid1 leave 9 _! a%es little or no ,fix$ ,alkali1 z is also ! case ) animal matt]s4 ,f\r?ly1 & la/ly2 ! a%es ( su* plants z h be5 long /eep$ 9 wat]1 & f :i* infusions & decoctions h be5 made1 always conta9 ! less ,alkali ! long] !y h be5 infus$ or boil$1 & ! m wat] !y 7 infus$ or boil$ 92 because wat] dissolves & c>ries (f _! ,acid4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! a%es ( float-wood are mu* less sal9e ?an ^? ( gre5 wood4 ,bo]haave assures u1 9 8 ,*ymi/ry1 t hav+ exhau/$ ,rosem>y by repeat$ decoctions1 & hav+ aft]w>ds boil$ ! plant ?us treat$1 ! a%es produc$ by x %ew$ n ! lea/ sign ( a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,he says1 t1 9 ord] to exhau/ ?or\ghly all ! sal9e matt]s conta9$ 9 ,rosem>y1 he 0 oblig$ to decoct x no less ?an tw5ty times successively1 ) fre% wat] e "t1 & nev] ceas$ boil+ x 9 ?is mann]1 till he 0 sure t ! wat]1 by boil+ ! plant 9 x = a long "t1 took up f x no k9d ( matt] :atev] t 9 ! lea/ affect$ its purity3 s t ! wat] ( 8 la/ decoction _h absolutely no smell1 ta/e1 or col\r2 b 0 9 %ort precisely ! same z be=e he us$ x = ! decoction4 ,! same au?or obs]ves1 t 8 plant1 aft] hav+ be5 exhau/$ 9 ?is mann]1 & hav+ suff]$ su* cont9u$ boil+1 reta9$ nev]!less its p]fect ext]nal =m2 t f be+ gre5 at fir/ x became br[n1 & sunk to ! bottom ( ! wat]1 in/ead ( float+ !reon z x did be=e decoction4 ,if1 9 reit]at+ ?is beautiful exp]im5t ( ,mr4 ,bo]haave's1 y %\ld n succe$ z y expect1 y mu/ n !re=e accuse ?is great man ( hav+ be5 mi/ak5 on ?is occasion2 see+ x is v difficult1 n to say impossible1 to asc]ta9 exactly1 f ! acc\nt he ha? giv5 ( 8 exp]im5t1 all t is necess>y to its p]fect success3 = he ha? n specifi$ ei!r ! duration ( ! coctions :i* he made ! ,rosem>y und]go1 or ! quantity ( wat] he employ$ 9 ea*2 :]eas a diff]5ce 9 ei!r ( ^! may occasion a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! result4 ,x is evid5t1 t if five or six p\nds ( wat] be us$ = ea* coction ( a p\nd ( ,rosem>y1 & be kept boil+ = two or ?ree h\rs1 ! plant w n be ne> s mu* exhau/$ by be+ s treat$1 z if ! same quantity !re( 7 kept boil+ = sev]al days1 9 =ty or fifty qu>ts ( wat]4 ,inde$1 ^! po9ts seem1 9 "s measure1 to be det]m9$1 by :at he says ( ! quality :i* ! wat] ( ! la/ decoction ought to h4 ,b ! same objections occur "h also2 nay1 ! two circum/ances ( ! quantity ( wat] & ! duration ( ! boil+1 h ! greate/ influ5ce "h3 = ! m a plant is exhau/$ ( its ,salts1 ! m difficult x becomes = ! wat] to dissolve & sep>ate ! small quantity !re( t rema9s unit$ ) ! t5aci\s ,oil2 & consequ5tly x may happ51 t ?is la/ wat]1 aft] ! plant ha? boil$ 9 x five or six h\rs1 %all appe> insipid1 sc5tless1 col\rless2 & yet t a mu* great] quantity ( wat]1 b r$uc$ by long] boil+ to ! same quantity ) t :i* ha? be5 boil$ b five or six h\rs1 %all h acquir$ bo? ta/e & col\r2 9 a ^w1 %ew t x ha? tak5 up "s ( ! pr9ciples ( ! plant4 ,x may also happ51 t1 a small portion ( sal9e matt] be+ diffus$ ?r\gh a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 aft] long cont9u$ coction1 %all n be p]ceptible ei!r to ! ta/e or to ! eye2 b t ! v same portion ( sal9e matt] %all become v s5sible1 :5 ! quantity ( wat] 9 :i* x is lo/1 z x 71 is suffici5tly less5$ by evaporation4 ,h5ce1 if we w\ld make sure ( fulfill+ ! conditions requir$ by ,mr4 ,bo]haave1 ! la/ decoction ( ! plant mu/ be made 9 a mu* great] quantity ( wat]1 & cont9u$ = a mu* long] "t1 ?an may p]haps be imag9$1 or p]haps easily det]m9$2 & ?is decoction be+ evaporat$ to any degree y please1 mu/ h nei!r ta/e1 smell1 nor col\r3 9 %ort1 x mu/ f fir/ to la/ rema9 p]fectly l pure wat]4 ,9 o!r words1 x is v difficult to atta9 to any c]ta9ty 9 ?is matt]4 ,?\gh :at ha? hi!rto be5 said1 ab\t procur+ ! ,fix$ ,alkali ( plants by combu/ion1 seems to prove t ?is ,salt is :olly ! production ( ! fire1 yet x mu/ n be ass]t$ t no "p !re( pre-exi/$ =mally 9 ! plant be=e x 0 burnt4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is c]ta9 t1 among/ ! sal9e matt]s f\nd 9 ! composition ( plants1 !re are true ,neutral ,salts ^: basis is a ,fix$ ,alkali2 b ?is ,alkali be+ comb9$ ) an ,acid discov]s none ( its prop]ties1 & nev] appe>s 9 its true =m till ! ,neutral ,salt1 ( :i* x makes a "p1 is decompos$ by combu/ion4 ,! case ( ,sea-plants1 all ( :i* conta9 ,sea-salt1 & :5 burnt yield an ,alkal9e ,salt p]fectly resembl+ ! basis ( ,sea-salt1 seems to decide ?is po9t4 ,if1 9 lixiviat+ ! a%es ( a plant1 to dissolve & wa% out its ,alkali1 y int5d t no?+ %\ld be left b an absolutely pure e>?1 fit = mak+ cupels1 y mu/ n be cont5t$ ) "o ablution only1 ev5 ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]2 because ! a%es cont9ue dr5*$ ) ! wat] 9 :i* ! ,salts are dissolv$1 & consequ5tly1 :5 ?is wat] is evaporat$1 "s ( ! ,salts w be left ) ! e>?4 ,!re=e1 if ?is be y\r view1 y mu/ wa% x ?ree or f\r sev]al times1 us+ fre% wat] e "t4 ,! wat] impregnat$ ) ! ,alkali _c be evaporat$ )\t a consid]able loss ( ,salt1 especially if x be viol5tly boil$2 because ! wat]1 ) :i* x is closely unit$1 c>ries (f "p ( x4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is intimate union1 x is v difficult1 :5 ! evaporation is ne> f9i%$1 & b a little wat] left1 to dry ! ,salt p]fectly1 because x p]t9aci\sly reta9s ?is la/ portion ( humidity4 ,! ,alkali obta9$ f ! a%es ( a burnt plant is n p]fectly pure3 x is contam9at$ ) a small mixture ( fatty matt]s1 :i* 7 probably def5d$ !reby aga9/ ! action ( ! fire1 & :i* r5d] x some:at saponace\s4 ,9 ord] to free x f ?is extrane\s matt]1 & to r5d] x v cau/ic1 x mu/ be calc9$ a long "t 9 a crucible1 b )\t melt+ x at fir/3 because x is ) ?is ,salt z ) mo/ metallic matt]s1 :i* are soon] & m easily depriv$ ( _! phlogi/on by be+ calc9$ )\t melt+1 provid$ !y be comm9ut$ into small p>ticles1 ?an :5 !y are 9 fusion2 all melt$ matt]s hav+ b a small surface expos$ to ! air1 by ! contact ( :i* ! evaporation or any?+ :atev] is exce$+ly promot$4 ,x 0 = ?is reason we direct$ ! ,salt to be calc9$ = a long "t 9 a crucible be=e melt+ x4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave 0 v s5sible ( ! utility ( ?is calc9ation ( ! ,alkali previ\s to its be+ melt$1 :5 9 8 ,*ymi/ry he ord]$ ! a%es conta9+ ?is ,salt to be put into a l>ge e>!n vessel1 kept r$-hot = a consid]able "t1 tak+ great c>e t ! ,salt d n melt4 ,he takes notice1 t1 ! long] ! a%es are calc9$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! /rong] is ! ,alkali obta9$ f !m4 ,?is me?od is1 9 ! ma91 ! v same ) t "h prescrib$1 & produces ! same effect2 because ! ,alkali is equally well fre$ ( ! extrane\s fatty matt]1 :e!r x be calc9$ be=e or aft] its sep>ation1 provid$ x be n suff]$ to melt4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave gives ano!r reason = recomm5d+ c>e to be tak5 t ! ,fix$ ,alkali d n melt1 :ile ! a%es are calc9+ to r5d] x /rong] & m cau/ic3 =1 if t %\ld happ51 ! melt$ mixture ( ! ,salt & a%es w\ld produce a vitrifi$ mass1 :i* w\ld h none ( ! prop]ties ( ! ,salt4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to procure ! ,fix$ ,salt ( a ,plant by burn+ x aft] ! mann] ( ,ta*5ius4 ,into an iron pot put ! plant ^: ,salt y desire to obta9 9 ! mann] ( ,ta*5ius1 & set x ov] a fire1 /rong en\gh to make its bottom r$-hot2 at ! same "t cov] y\r plant ) a plate ( iron1 t may lie imm$iately ^u x 9 ! pot4 ,! plant w gr[ black1 & smoke consid]ably2 b w n flame1 because x ha? n a suffici5t communication ) ! air4 ,! black smoke only w escape ?r\gh ! int]/ice left betwe5 ! side ( ! pot & ! rim ( ! plate2 :i*1 = t purpose1 %\ld be made s z n to fit exactly into ! pot4 ,f "t to "t take up ! iron plate1 /ir ! plant1 & cov] x aga9 imm$iately1 to prev5t its tak+ fire1 or to smo!r x if x %\ld happ5 to flame3 g on ?us till ! black smoke cease4 ,!n take (f ! iron plate3 ! upp] "p ( ! half-burnt plant w take fire z soon z ! air is admitt$1 consume gradually1 & be r$uc$ to a :ite a%4 ,/ir y\r matt] ) an iron wire1 t ! und]mo/ p>ts1 :i* are /ill black1 may be successively br\ght upp]mo/1 take fire1 & burn to :ite a%es4 ,g on ?us z long z y p]ceive ! lea/ blackness rema9+4 ,aft] ?is1 leave y\r a%es "s "t long] on ! fire2 b /ir !m frequ5tly1 to ! end t1 if any black p>ticles %\ld /ill be left1 !y may be entirely consum$4 ,y\r a%es be+ ?us prep>$1 lixiviate !m ) sev5 times _! quantity ( wat]1 made to simm] ov] ! fire1 & keep /irr+ x ) an iron ladle4 ,!n filt] ! liquor1 & evaporate x to dryness 9 an iron pot1 /irr+ x incessantly t[>ds ! end1 le/ ! matt]1 :5 x gr[s /iff1 %\ld adh]e too closely to ! vessel4 ,:5 all ! humidity is evaporat$1 y w h a ,salt ( a d>ki% col\r1 & alkal9e nature2 :i* y may melt 9 a crucible1 & m\ld into cakes4 ,?is is ! ,fix$ ,salt ( plants1 prep>$ 9 ! mann] ( ,ta*5ius4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,fix$ ,salt obta9$ f plants 9 ! mann] inv5t$ by ,ta*5ius1 & "h describ$1 is 9 _m respects diff]5t f ! ,cau/ic ,fix$ ,alkali extract$ out ( ! a%es ( plants t h be5 consum$ by flam+ 9 ! op5 air4 ,ta*5ius's ,salt is inde$ ( an ,alkal9e nature2 b mu* weak] ?an a pure ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,x is n by f> s cau/ic2 x attracts ! moi/ure ( ! air mu* m feebly & sl[ly2 x melts ) a mu* small] degree ( heat2 & x do? n make s /rong an eff]vesc5ce ) ,acids4 ,9 %ort1 if y dissolve x 9 wat]1 evaporate ! solution to a pellicle1 & set x 9 a cool place1 x w %oot into small cry/als2 :i* is n ! case ) a pure ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,^! sev]al diff]5t effects1 :i* *>act]ize ,ta*5ius's ,salt1 & di/+ui% x f ! ,cau/ic ,fix$ ,alkali produc$ by burn+ a plant 9 ! op5 air1 prove t x is n a pure ,alkali1 b comb9$ ) c]ta9 sub/ances t br+ x ne>] to ! nature ( a ,neutral ,salt1 & place x1 z x 71 9 ! mid-way betwe5 su* a ,salt & a true ,alkali4 ,if we reflect on ! mann] 9 :i* x is produc$1 x is easy to p]ceive :at ^? sub/ances are t mu/ be comb9$ ) x4 ,x ha? be5 %ewn t plants1 :5 analyz$1 yield a great deal ( ,oil & ( ,acid4 ,:5 !y are burnt 9 ! op5 air1 all _! ,oil is dissipat$ 9 smoke1 or consum$ 9 flame4 ,great "p ( ! ,acid is likewise dissipat$1 & ! rema9d] comb9+ ) ! ,e>? ( ! plant =ms a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,:5 ! same plants are analyz$1 by di/ill+ !m 9 close vessels1 ! same pr9ciples are c>ri$ up by ! action ( ! fire1 =c$ to sep>ate f ! fix$ p>ts1 & pass ov] into ! receiv] 9 ! =m ( vap\rs & ( a liquid3 b1 :5 !y are burnt 9 ! mann] ( ,ta*5ius1 ! ,acid & ,oil ( ! plant1 z fa/ z !y are expell$ by ! action ( ! fire1 are repell$ by ! iron cov]1 :i*1 at ! same "t t x prev5ts ! ,oil f be+ entirely consum$ 9 flame1 obliges ^! two sub/ances to circulate1 rev]b]ates !m on ! re/ ( ! plant1 &1 9 a mann]1 =ces !m to re-unite1 9 "p1 ) t f :i* !y 7 j be=e sep>at$4 ,a consid]able quantity1 !re=e1 ( ! ,oil & ,acid ( ! plant1 mu/ evid5tly comb9e1 9 ?is op]ation1 ) its ,fix$ ,salt1 z fa/ z x is produc$2 & ! prop]ties above specifi$ are ow+ to ^! two sub/ances4 ,ta*5ius's ,salt is1 !re=e1 a ,fix$ ,alkali1 p>tly neutraliz$ by "s ( ! ,acid ( ! plant1 & r5d]$ a little saponace\s by a portion ( its ,oil2 :5ce x is mu* mild] ?an a pure ,fix$ ,alkali1 & prop] to be giv5 int]nally1 z an excell5t rem$y 9 sev]al disord]s4 ,= ! m$ic9al virtues ( ?is ,salt ,mr4 ,bo]haave's ,*ymi/ry ought to be consult$1 z ! au?or 0 a v good judge ( su* matt]s4 ,ta*5ius's ,salt may be conv]t$ into a ,cau/ic ,fix$ ,alkali1 by free+ x f ! ,acid & f ! ,oil to :i* its peculi> prop]ties are ow+4 ,= ?is purpose no?+ m is requisite ?an to calc9e x = a long "t 9 a crucible1 /irr+ x frequ5tly ) an iron wire1 & tak+ c>e n to melt x1 till x h und]gone ! same *anges1 & successively acquir$ ! same col\rs1 z our ,fix$ ,alkali2 &1 :5 x becomes r$di%1 melt+ x & keep+ x 9 fusion = an h\r or two4 ,hi!rto no s5sible diff]5ce ha? be5 obs]v$ betwe5 ! ,cau/ic ,fix$ ,alkalis obta9$ f diff]5t plants1 :5 equally calc9$2 except t ^? produc$ by ,sea-plants h1 z we said be=e1 ! same prop]ties z ! ,alkal9e basis ( ,sea-salt4 ,mu* ! same ?+ may be said ( ! ,fix$ ,salts obta9$ f plants by ,ta*5ius's me?od3 =1 ?\gh !y be comb9$ ) a portion ( ! ,acid & ,oil ( ! plant1 yet1 z ^! pr9ciples h-be5 expos$ to ! action ( a /rong fire1 !y are exce$+ly alt]$1 & almo/ :olly r$uc$ to "o & ! same condition4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to r5d] ,fix$ ,alkalis v cau/ic by means ( ,lime4 ,! ,cau/ic ,/one4 ,take a lump ( newly burnt quick-lime1 t ha? n yet begun to flake 9 ! air3 put x into a /one pan1 & cov] x ) twice its weight ( ! unwa%$ a%es ( "s plant1 t are full ( ! ,salt y design to r5d] cau/ic4 ,p\r on !m a great quantity ( hot wat]2 let !m /eep 9 x five or six h\rs1 & !n boil !m g5tly4 ,filt] ! liquor ?r\gh a ?ick canvas bag1 or ?r\gh br[n filt]+ pap] support$ by a l95 clo?4 ,evaporate ! filt]$ liquor 9 a copp] bason set ov] ! fire2 & !re w rema9 a ,salt1 :i* mu/ be put into a crucible set 9 ! fire4 ,x w melt1 & boil = "s "t2 aft] :i* x w be /ill1 & look l an ,oil1 or melt$ ,fat4 ,:5 x comes to ?is condition1 p\r x out on a v hot copp] plate1 & cut x into oblong tap]+ slips1 be=e x gr[ h>d by cool+4 ,put ^! slips1 :ile !y are /ill hot1 into a v dry glass bottle1 & seal x h]metically4 ,?is is ! ,cau/ic ,/one1 or common ,cau/ic4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! design ( ?is op]ation is to comb9e ) ! ,fix$ ,alkali all ! sal9e acrid p>ts ( ! quick-lime4 ,?is is to be effect$ only by disp]s+ & diffus+ bo? ^? sub/ances 9 wat]1 :i* is ! prop] solv5t ( all sal9e matt]s4 ,see+1 !re=e1 we mu/ h an actual lixivium1 x is ne$less to employ an ,alkali already prep>$ & sep>at$ f a%es2 = :i* reason we direct$ a%es t are /ill replete ) ,alkali to be us$ in/ead ( a pure ,alkali4 ,by ?is means two ends are answ]$ at once3 ! ,salt conta9$ 9 ! a%es is extract$ f !m1 & comb9$ ) ! mo/ acrid1 subtile1 & sal9e p>ts ( ! lime4 ,! lye1 :5 saturat$ ) ^! two sal9e matt]s toge!r1 is va/ly m acrid & cau/ic ?an if x conta9$ b "o ( ! two 9 a quantity equal to bo?4 ,) ?is lye ,soap is usually made2 because ! acuat$ ,alkali conta9$ 9 x ha? a mu* great] effect on ,oils ?an any o!r k9d ( ,alkali4 ,x also acts ) incr$ible viol5ce on all animal matt]s2 :i* x dissolves1 divides1 &1 9 "s measure1 de/roys1 ) surpris+ efficacy & quickness4 ,= ?is reason x is impossible to filt] x ?r\gh a wooll5 or silk5 bag2 = x w eat holes 9 !m1 or ev5 r$uce !m to a pap1 almo/ z soon z x t\*es !m4 ,besides1 z ! lye w\ld dissolve "s "p !re(1 x w\ld !nce acquire a saponace\s quality1 & s lose mu* ( its cau/ic nature4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 necess>ily use a filt] made ( vegetable matt]s1 :i* resi/ ?is de/roy+ ,salt mu* bett] ?an animal matt]s4 ,an ,alkali ?us acuat$ by quick-lime attracts & reta9s humidity m /rongly ?an any o!r k9d ( ,alkali1 ev5 ! p]fecte/ & be/ calc9$4 ,= ?is reason x is almo/ impossible to dry x ?or\ghly 9 ! bason :]e9 y evaporate ! lixivium4 ,to ! moi/ure /ill left 9 x mu/ be attribut$ its boil+ :5 x beg9s to melt 9 ! crucible4 ,:5 all ! humidity is dissipat$1 ! fus$ ,salt rema9s smoo? & unruffl$1 l wax melt$ ) a g5tle heat4 ,?is cau/ic ,salt is va/ly m fusible ?an ! common ,alkalis4 ,x sc>ce gr[s r$ be=e x fl[s l wax4 ,:5 x is once 9 quiet fusion1 all ! humidity t occasion$ ! boil+ obs]v$ at fir/ be+ dissipat$1 x is z cau/ic z x c be made4 ,x is !n "t to p\r x out1 & to cut x into long n>r[ /icks1 fit = ! use ( ,surgeons1 :o apply x to eat away callosities & excresc5ces1 & to op5 tissues4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is call$ ! ,cau/ic ,/one4 ,! op]ation ( ?is ,salt is s quick1 t1 9 a v %ort "t1 x produces on ! sk9 a s5sation l t ( fire4 ,z ?is ,salt gr[s surpris+ly soon moi/ 9 ! air1 & loses its virtue :5 s moi/5$1 x is necess>y to %ut x up1 :ile x is /ill hot1 9 a v dry bottle1 :i* mu/ be imm$iately /opp$ ) a glass /opple rubb$ ) em]y1 or else ) a r\nd cork & !n dipt 9 pit*4 ,9 spite ( all ^! precautions1 x c sc>ce be kept five or six mon?s 9 full vig\r2 especially if ! bottle be sometimes op5$ 9 ! mean :ile4 ,we %all n attempt to expla9 "h :y an ,alkali becomes s viol5tly cau/ic by be+ comb9$ ) quick-lime4 ,?is "q seems to be "o ( ! mo/ subtile1 & ! mo/ difficult to answ]1 9 all ,*ymi/ry4 ,x dep5ds on ! cause ( ! ,alkal9e prop]ties ( lime2 & c h>dly be resolv$1 till we atta9 a fur!r insight into ! nature ( t sub/ance ?an we h yet got4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,! ,analysis ( ,soot4 ,take wood-soot f a *imney "u :i* no animal matt] ha? be5 dress$ or burnt3 put x into a glass retort set 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace2 lute on a receiv]1 & beg9 to di/il ) a degree ( heat some:at less ?an t ( boil+ wat]4 ,a consid]able quantity ( limpid phlegm w come ov]4 ,keep ! fire 9 ! same degree z long z any ( ?is phlegm rises2 b increase x :5 ! drops beg9 to come sl[3 & !n !re w asc5d a good deal ( a milky wat]4 ,:5 ?is wat] ceases to run1 *ange ! receiv]1 & increase y\r fire a little3 a yell[ ,volatile ,salt w rise1 & /ick to ! sides ( ! receiv]4 ,! fire ought n[ to be v fi]ce1 &1 if s1 w =ce up at ! same "t a v ?ick black ,oil4 ,let ! vessels cool3 y w f9d a sal9e matt] ris5 into ! neck ( ! retort1 :i* c\ld n pass ov] into ! receiv]3 9 ! bottom ( ! retort w be a caput mortuum1 or black *>r$ sub/ance1 ! upp] "p ( :i* w be cru/$ ov] ) a sal9e matt]1 l t 9 ! neck ( ! retort4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! prec$+ analysis %ew$ :at pr9ciples are obta9$ f vegetable sub/ances )\t ! aid ( fire2 ^? :i* ! heat ( fire raises & c>ries ov] out ( "o close vessel into ano!r2 &1 la/ly1 ^? t cont9ue fix$ aft] ! vegetable ha? be5 ?or\ghly *>r$1 ei!r 9 a close vessel1 or 9 ! op5 air3 no?+ !re=e rema9$1 to f9i% ! subject ( vegetable pr9ciples1 b to exam9e ^? :i* fire raises1 9 ! =m ( vap\rs1 smoke1 & flame1 f a vegetable matt] burnt & consum$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,e body kn[s t ,soot consi/s only ( ^! pr9ciples1 collect$ 9 ! %afts ( *imneys1 :i* s]ve z alembics = ?is sort ( di/illation 9 ! op5 air4 ,by analys+ ,wood-soot1 !re=e1 we %all discov] ! pr9ciples we are 9 que/ (4 ,! process we h giv5 = t purpose is tak5 f ,bo]haave's ,*ymi/ry1 :]e we f9d x describ$ ) great exactness & precision4 ,z we are at pres5t inquir+ into ! nature ( vegetables only1 x is evid5tly necess>y t we *use a ,soot produc$ by burn+ vegetables alone4 ,soot1 ?\gh dry 9 appe>ance1 conta9s nev]!less mu* humidity1 z appe>s f ?is analysis2 see+ !re comes ov] at fir/ a consid]able quantity ( phlegm1 t do? n seem to be impregnat$ ) any pr9ciple1 except p]haps an extremely subtile1 sal9e1 & oily matt]1 t communicates to x a disagreeable smell1 f :i* x _c by any means be entirely fre$4 ,! :ite milky liquor1 :i* foll[s ?is fir/ phlegm1 is /ill wat]1 b mu*1 m impregnat$ ) sal9e & oily p>ts ?an ! =m]4 ,by its smell1 :i* is exce$+ quick & pung5t1 we may judge x conta9s mu* ,volatile ,alkali2 & accord+ly1 :5 re-di/ill$ by itself1 x yields a ,volatile ,_s1 & a ,volatile ,salt 9 a concrete =m4 ,) reg>d to its :ite col\r1 x is occasion$ by ! oily p>ts :i* are diffus$ & susp5d$1 b n dissolv$1 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 ?is second liquor is come (f1 !re asc5ds a ,volatile ,alkali 9 a dry =m1 & a v ?ick black ,oil2 because !re is n moi/ure en\gh left to dissolve ^! pr9ciples1 or r to divide & disp]se !m4 ,! ,volatile ,alkali obta9$ f ,soot is1 9 a d\ble respect1 ! product ( ! fire4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?\gh x d]ives its orig9 :olly f wood1 or o!r vegetables1 :i*1 :5 di/ill$ 9 close vessels1 yield no ,volatile ,alkali at all1 yet x produces su* a ,salt :5 analyz$ 9 ! pres5t mann]3 :5ce x mu/ be inf]r$1 t ! pr9ciples ( ^? vegetables are metamorphos$ into a ,volatile ,alkali1 by be+ burnt 9 ! op5 air1 & sublim$ 9 ! =m ( ,soot4 ,secondly1 ?\gh ,soot :5 analyz$ yields a great deal ( ?is ,salt1 yet ?is ,salt do? n =mally pre-exi/ !re92 = x do? n rise till aft] ! phlegm1 nor )\t a v consid]able degree ( heat3 !re=e ,soot conta9s only ! mat]ials necess>y to =m ?is ,salt2 !re=e ! p]fect comb9ation ( ?is ,salt requires t ! =ce ( fire be appli$ a second "t2 !re=e x is1 z 0 said1 d\bly ! product ( ! fire4 ,! sal9e matt] :i* we f9d sublim$ into ! neck ( ! retort1 & :i* also =ms ! cru/ t cov]s ! caput mortuum ( ! ,soot1 appe>s by all ,*ymical trials to be an ,ammoniacal ,salt2 t is1 a ,neutral ,salt consi/+ ( an ,acid & a ,volatile ,alkali4 ,?is ,ammoniacal ,salt rises only into ! neck ( ! retort1 & do? n come ov] into ! receiv]3 because x is b semi-volatile4 ,we %all treat m at l>ge ( ! production ( a ,volatile ,alkali1 & ( ?is ,ammoniacal ,salt1 :5 we come to ! analysis ( ,animals1 & ! article ( ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,! *>r$ matt] t rema9s 9 ! retort aft] di/illation1 be+ burnt 9 ! op5 air1 is r$uc$ to an exce$+ fix$ :ite e>?4 ,z ?is fix$ matt] 0 "p ( t v ,soot1 :i* 0 sublim$ to a great height :il/ ! vegetable 0 burn+2 ?is is a pro( ( :at we advanc$ be=e1 t ! mo/ fix$ matt]s are capable ( sublimation1 :5 unit$ ) volatile sub/ances2 especially :5 !y are expos$ at ! same "t to ! comb9$ action ( air & ( fire4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,! ,,analysis ( "s p>ticul> ,,sub/ances belong+ to ! ,,vegetable ,,k+dom4 ,,process ,i4 ,analysis ( ! natural ,balsams3 in/anc$ 9 ,turp5t9e4 ,into a cucurbit put z mu* ra9-wat] z w fill ab\t a f\r? "p ( its cavity1 & p\r into x ! ,turp5t9e y int5d to analyze4 ,cov] ! cucurbit ) its head1 & lute x on ) slips ( siz$ pap] or wet bladd]4 ,set y\r alembic 9 a s&-heat2 lute on a long-neck$ receiv]2 & give a gradual fire till ! wat] 9 ! cucurbit boil4 ,!re w come ov] into ! receiv] a good deal ( phlegm1 :i*1 by little & little1 w become m & m acid2 & at ! same "t !re w rise a great quantity ( an !real ,oil1 extremely light1 fluid1 & z limpid & col\rless z wat]4 ,:5 y obs]ve t no m ,oil comes (f1 unlute y\r vessels2 & 9 ! receiv] y w f9d an acidulat$ wat]1 & ! !real ,oil float+ on x4 ,^! two liquors may be easily sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 by means ( a glass funnel4 ,9 ! cucurbit w be left "s ( ! wat] y put 91 toge!r ) ! rema9d] ( y\r turp5t9e2 :i*1 :5 cold1 in/ead ( be+ fluid z x 0 be=e di/illation1 w be solid1 & ( ! consi/5ce ( a res91 & is !n call$ ,ros94 ,put ?is residuum into a glass retort1 & di/il x 9 a rev]b]atory ) a nak$ fire1 gradually increas$ accord+ to ! g5]al rule = all di/illations4 ,at fir/1 ) a degree ( heat a little great] ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 y w see two liquors come ov] into ! recipi5t2 "o ( :i* w be aque\s & acid1 ! o!r w be a transp>5t1 limpid1 yell[i% ,oil1 float+ on ! acid liquor4 ,cont9ue y\r di/illation1 increas+ y\r fire f "t to "t1 by sl[ degrees4 ,^! two liquors w cont9ue to come (f toge!r3 & ! ne>] ! op]ation draws to its end1 ! m acid w ! aque\s liquor become1 & ! ?ick] & deep] col\r$ w ! ,oil gr[4 ,at la/ ! ,oil w be v ?ick1 & ( a deep r$di%-yell[ col\r4 ,:5 no?+ m asc5ds1 unlute y\r vessels3 9 ! retort y w f9d only a v small quantity ( a *>r$1 light1 friable sub/ance4 ,,obs]vations4 ,all ,natural ,balsams1 z well z ,turp5t9e1 are oily1 aromatic matt]s1 :i* fl[ 9 great quantities f ! trees conta9+ !m1 ei!r spontane\sly1 or ?r\gh incisions made on purpose4 ,z ^! matt]s h a /rong sc5t1 x is n surpris+ t !y %\ld greatly ab\nd ) ,ess5tial ,oils4 ,!y may ev5 be consid]$ z ,ess5tial ,oils1 t naturally1 & ( _! own accord1 sep>ate f ! vegetables 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,inde$ ^! ,natural ,balsams diff] f ! ,ess5tial ,oils obta9$ out ( plants by di/illation1 9 ?is alone1 t ! =m] conta9 a great] proportion ( ,acid2 &1 = t reason1 are ?ick] ?an ,ess5tial ,oils di/ill$ ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]4 ,b x ha? be5 %ewn1 t ^! same di/ill$ ,ess5tial ,oils1 ?\gh ev] s fluid & light at fir/1 gradually lose _! t5uity z !y gr[ old1 & at la/ become consid]ably ?ick4 ,on t occasion we obs]v$ t !y are ?us *ang$1 because ! lighte/1 mo/ fluid1 & lea/ acid p>ts1 are little by little dissipat$ & evaporat$2 s t at la/ !re rema9s only ! ?icke/ & heavie/ "p1 :i* owes ^! qualities to ! ,acid :]e) x is ov]-dos$4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ,natural ,balsams1 & ,ess5tial ,oils gr[n ?ick ) age1 are exactly "o & ! same ?+4 ,accord+ly we see t fire & di/illation produce ! same effects on bo?4 ,! rectification ( an ,ess5tial ,oil1 ?ick5$ by keep+1 is no?+ b a decomposition !re(1 by sep>at+1 ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 all ^? p>ts t are light en\gh to rise ) t degree ( heat1 f :at is s load$ ) ,acid z to rema9 fix$ !re94 ,?is op]ation is !re=e precisely ! same z our fir/ di/illation ( ,balsams ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 by :i* ! ,ess5tial ,oil conta9$ 9 !m is drawn (f4 ,! residues ( ^! two op]ations are also ! same3 ea* ( !m is a ?ick ,oil1 load$ ) ,acid1 t is :olly1 or ne>ly1 depriv$ ( ! pr9ciple ( od\r peculi> to ! orig9al vegetable1 & requires a degree ( heat great] ?an t ( boil+ wat] to decompose x1 by sep>at+ "p ( ! ,acid f ! ,oil2 :i* w be r5d]$ /ill ! m fluid1 ! m ! ?ick5+ ,acid is sep>at$ f x by repeat$ di/illations4 ,! new] ,natural ,balsams are1 ! ?9n] !y are1 & ! m ,ess5tial ,oil d !y yield2 & ?is ,ess5tial ,oil1 l all o!rs1 gr[s ?ick 9 "t1 & at la/ turns aga9 to an actual ,balsam4 ,^! ,balsams1 by be+ long expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun1 acquire su* a consi/5ce z to become solid4 ,!y !n take ano!r "n1 & are call$ ,res9s4 ,res9s yield mu* less ,ess5tial ,oil1 :5 di/ill$1 ?an ,balsams d4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ,res9s are to ,balsams1 :at ,balsams are to ,ess5tial ,oils4 ,all ^! effects are produc$ by ! causes assign$ above1 & confirm ! analogy we h e/abli%$4 ,we h no o!r obs]vations to make on ?is analysis ( ,turp5t9e1 except t :5 ,ros9 is di/ill$ 9 a retort ) a nak$ fire1 ! op]ation mu/ be c>ri$ on v sl[ly1 & ! fire duly gov]n$3 = ! matt] is apt to swell1 & to rise 9 sub/ance into ! receiv]1 )\t be+ at all decompos$4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is inconv5i5ce1 x is adviseable to make use ( a long-bodi$ retort1 su* z is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,engli% ,retort4 ,if y /op ! di/illation ( ,ros9 ab\t mid-way1 or :5 ! ,oil t comes ov] beg9s to gr[ ?ick1 y may1 by *ang+ ! receiv]1 keep ! fir/ ,oil ap>t3 x is pretty fluid1 & ( a middle nature betwe5 ! !real ,oil1 obta9$ ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 & ! la/ ?ick ,oil1 t do? n rise till t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation4 ,?is la/ ?ick ,oil is t :i* ,mr4 ,homb]g fir$ ) conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,if we exam9e ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! retort1 :5 ! di/illation is ?us /opp$ %ort1 x appe>s1 :5 cold1 9 ! =m ( a solid sub/ance1 almo/ p]fectly diaphan\s1 ( a deep r$di%-yell[ col\r1 & friable3 ,x is kn[n by ! "n ( ,colophony4 ,?is analysis ( boil$ ,turp5t9e1 is a specim5 ( ! analysis ( almo/ all o!r res9s2 s t :at ha? be5 said on ?is occasion is 9 a mann] g5]al1 & applicable to o!r decompositions ( ! same k9d4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to exam9e "s o!r oily matt]s1 :i* exhibit peculi> ph5om5a1 & d n come "u ! g5]al rules4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,! ,analysis ( ,res9s3 in/anc$ 9 ,b5jam93 ,! ,fl[]s & ,oil ( ,b5jam94 ,into a pretty deep e>!n pot1 hav+ a bord] or rim r\nd its m\?1 put ! ,b5jam9 y int5d to analyze4 ,cov] ! pot ) a l>ge conical cap ( v ?ick :ite pap]1 & tye x on "u ! rim4 ,set y\r pot 9 a s&-ba?1 & w>m x g5tly till ! ,b5jam9 melt4 ,cont9ue ! heat 9 ?is degree = an h\r & half4 ,!n untie ! pap] cap & take x (f1 %ak+ x z little z possible4 ,y w f9d all ! inside ( ! cap cov]$ ) a great quantity ( beautiful1 :ite1 %9+ ,fl[]s1 9 ! =m ( little ne$les4 ,bru% !m (f g5tly ) a fea!r1 put !m into a bottle1 & /op x close4 ,z soon z y take (f ! fir/ cap1 cov] y\r pot imm$iately ) a second l ! =m]4 ,9 ?is mann] g on till y p]ceive ! ,fl[]s beg9 to gr[ yell[i%2 & !n x is prop] to desi/4 ,! matt] left 9 ! pot w be blacki% & friable :5 cold4 ,pulv]ize x2 mix x ) s&2 & di/il x 9 a glass retort ) a graduat$ heat4 ,!re w come ov] a light ,oil1 ( a fragrant sc5t1 b 9 v small quantity2 a little ( an acid liquor1 & a great quantity ( a r$ ?ick ,oil4 ,!re w be left 9 ! retort a *>r$1 spongy sub/ance4 ,,obs]vations4 ,all oily matt]s1 t are naturally ?ick & 9 a concrete =m1 resemble ea* o!r 9 ?is1 t !y d]ive ^! qualities f an ,acid comb9$ ) !m4 ,b !y nev]!less diff] greatly f "o ano!r 9 _m respects4 ,! quality1 ! quantity1 ( ! ,acid to :i* !y owe _! consi/5ce1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x is unit$ ) !m1 div]sify !m a ?\s& ways4 ,9 ! prec$+ process we advanc$1 t ,natural ,balsams are di/+ui%$ f ,res9s by _! conta9+ s mu* m ,oil1 9 proportion to _! ,acid1 z suffices to r5d] !m almo/ fluid4 ,= ?is reason !y yield an ess5tial ,oil3 :]eas ,res9s1 on ! contr>y1 are solid2 all _! ,oil be+ load$ & weigh$ d[n ) a great quantity ( ,acid1 s t no ,ess5tial ,oil c be drawn f !m4 ,we obs]v$ at ! same "t1 t1 :5 all ! ,ess5tial ,oil conta9$ 9 a ,natural ,balsam is drawn (f1 ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 ! residue takes a solid consi/5ce1 & resembles a ,res94 ,9 fact1 almo/ all ,res9s yield1 by di/illation1 ! same pr9ciples z t residue2 t is1 an ,oil ( a middl+ nature betwe5 ,ess5tial ,oils & ?ick ,oils1 9 po9t ( lightness & fluidity2 ! :ole be+ always accompani$ ) an ,acid diffus$ 9 phlegm4 ,9 consequ5ce h]e(1 ! analysis ( ,b5jam91 describ$ 9 ! process1 appe>s to v>y mu* f t ( o!r ,res9s3 = "h we see a volatile matt] 9 a concrete =m2 namely1 ! :ite ,fl[]s t rise fir/2 :i* do? n usually occur 9 ! analysis ( ,res9s4 ,yet1 if we exam9e ! matt]1 we %all be conv9c$ t x is v analag\s to "o ( ! pr9ciples obta9able f all ,res9s2 t inde$ x diff]s !refrom 9 "s ( its prop]ties1 p>ticul>ly 9 its ext]nal =m2 b t x is 9 reality ! v same4 ,9 fact1 ! ,fl[]s ( ,b5jam9 are no o!r ?an an ,oily ,acid1 ne>ly ( ! same nature ) ^? obta9$ f all o!r vegetable sub/ances2 b :i*1 in/ead ( be+ liquid l !m1 appe>s 9 a dry concrete =m1 & 9 a mann] cry/alliz$4 ,x probably d]ives ?is prop]ty f its ,oil be+ comb9$ ) its ,acid1 ei!r 9 great] quantity1 or 9 a m intimate mann]1 ?an 9 ! re/1 & s /rongly unit$ !re) z n to be sep>at$ f x by a sublim+ heat2 or f h5ce1 t ! comp\nd1 ( :i* x is a "p1 conta9s too little phlegm to dissolve x2 or else1 t x is h9d]$ f dissolv+ !re9 by ! ,oil ) :i* x is comb9$4 ,p]haps all ^! causes may concur toge!r 9 produc+ its concrete =m4 ,! sal9e "* ( ?is sub/ance appe>s *iefly f its be+ soluble 9 wat]3 b ! wat] mu/ be v hot1 & ev5 boil+1 be=e x w effect ?is solution2 & :5 x cools1 ! ,salt %oots into f9e ne$les at ! bottom4 ,?is ph5om5on directs u to a me?od ( sep>at+ x f ,b5jam9 )\t sublimation4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,res9 mu/ be boil$ 9 wat]3 ! wat] w !n dissolve ! ,salt2 &1 z x cools1 ! ,salt w cry/allize1 & may be easily collect$4 ,b z ! ,oil1 ) :i* ! ,acid is comb9$1 h9d]s ! wat] f dissolv+ x s easily z x o!rwise w\ld1 we _c obta9 q s mu* ( x1 f ! same quantity ( ,b5jam91 by decoction z by sublimation2 ! la/ portions !re( be+ unit$ ) a great quantity ( ,oil1 :i* def5ds !m aga9/ ! action ( ! wat]4 ,?is ,salt dissolves readily 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 on acc\nt ( ! ,oil comb9$ ) x4 ,a c\rse ( well connect$ exp]im5ts might give u a f> great] insight into its natural prop]ties ?an we c n[ boa/ (4 ,b5jam9 yields a mu* small] quantity ( fluid ,oil by di/illation ?an o!r ,res9s d2 because ! greate/ "p ( its ,oil is employ$ 9 ! composition ( its oily1 volatile1 acid ,salt4 ,! ?ick ,oil drawn f ?is ,res91 is ?ick] ?an t obta9$ f any o!r ,res91 & ev5 fixes l butt] :5 cold2 nor c we get m ?an a v small quantity ( ,acid 9 a di/9ct liquor4 ,all ^! effects dep5d on :at we m5tion$ above1 9 relation to its sal9e fl[]s3 to wit1 ! peculi> & intimate union betwe5 ! ,acid & ,oily "p ( ?is ,res91 s t ! fire _c s easily or s p]fectly disjo9 !m1 z x do? ^? ( o!r ,res9s4 ,b5jam91 :5 di/ill$1 leaves 9 ! retort mu* m ( a *>r$ coal ?an is left by mo/ o!r res9\s matt]s4 ,?is may be ow+ to ! consid]able quantity ( e>?y matt] :i* x conta9s1 & :i*1 p]haps1 may also be "o ( ! causes t contribute to give its ,salt a concrete =m4 ,,reflections ,on ! ,nature & ,prop]ties ( ,,camphor4 ,we d n propose to give an analysis ( ?is s+ul> body2 because hi!rto !re is no process kn[n 9 ,*ymi/ry by :i* x c be decompos$4 ,we %all !re=e cont5t ourselves ) recit+ its pr9cipal prop]ties1 & mak+ a few reflections on its nature4 ,camphor is an oily concrete sub/ance2 a k9d ( ,res91 br\ght to u f ! isl& ( ,borneo1 b *iefly f ,japan4 ,?is sub/ance resembles ,res9s1 9 be+ inflammable1 & burn+ mu* z !y d2 x is n soluble 9 wat]1 b dissolves entirely & p]fectly 9 ,_s ( ,w9e2 x is easily sep>at$ aga9 f ?is m5/ruum1 z all o!r oily matt]s are1 by ! addition ( wat]2 x dissolves bo? 9 express$ & 9 di/ill$ ,oils2 x ha? a v /rong aromatic smell4 ,^! are ! *ief prop]ties :i* ,camphor possesses 9 common ) ,res9s3 b 9 o!r respects x diff]s totally f !m2 especially 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s4 ,camphor takes fire & flames ) va/ly m ease ?an any o!r ,res94 ,x is s v volatile1 t x vani%es entirely 9 ! air1 )\t any o!r heat ?an t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 di/illation x rises entire1 )\t any decomposition1 or ev5 ! lea/ alt]ation4 ,x dissolves 9 conc5trat$ m9]al ,acids2 b ) circum/ances v diff]5t f ^? t att5d o!r oily or res9\s sub/ances4 ,! dissolution is accompani$ ) no eff]vesc5ce1 no s5sible heat2 & consequ5tly c produce no inflammation4 ,acids d n burn1 black51 or ?ick5 x1 z !y d o!r oily matt]s2 on ! contr>y1 x becomes fluid1 & runs ) !m into a liquor t looks l ,oil4 ,camphor do? n1 l o!r oily matt]s1 acquire a disposition to dissolve 9 wat] by ! union x contracts ) ,acids2 ?\gh its union ) !m seems to be m intimate ?an t ( _m oily matt]s ) ! same ,acids4 ,on ! contr>y1 if a comb9ation ( ,camphor & an ,acid be dilut$ ) wat]1 ^! two sub/ances in/antly sep>ate f ea* o!r3 ! ,acid unites ) ! wat]1 & ! ,camphor1 be+ entirely dis5gag$ f x1 swims on ! surface ( ! liquor4 ,nei!r ,volatile ,alkalis1 nor ! mo/ cau/ic ,fix$ ,alkalis1 c be br\ght into union ) x2 = x always eludes _! p[]4 ,not)/&+ ^! wide diff]5ces betwe5 ,camphor & all o!r oily & res9\s sub/ances1 ! rule1 t ,acids ?ick5 ,oils1 seems to be univ]sal1 & s con/antly obs]v$ by nature1 t we _c help ?9k+ ?is sub/ance1 l all ! re/1 is an ,oil ?ick5$ by an ,acid4 ,b :at ,oil8 ,:at ,acid8 & h[ are !y unit$8 ,?is is a subject = v curi\s inquiries4 ,) a yell[ ,oil drawn f w9e1 & an acid v9\s ,_s1 ( :i* we %all say m "u ! article ( !r1 ,mr4 ,hellot made a k9d ( artificial ,camphor2 a sub/ance hav+ ! od\r1 fav\r1 & inflammability ( ,camphor2 an imp]fect ,camphor4 ,true ,camphor ha? ! levity1 ! volatility1 & ! inflammability ( !r4 ,c x be a sub/ance ( ! same nature ) !r1 a k9d ( solid !r1 an !r 9 a concrete =m8 ,,process ,,iii4 ,! ,analysis ( ,bitum5s3 in/anc$ 9 ,amb]1 ,! ,volatile ,salt & ,oil ( ,amb]4 ,into a glass retort put "s small bits ( ,amb]1 s z to fill b two ?irds ( ! vessel4 ,set y\r retort 9 a furnace cov]$ ) its dome2 fit on a l>ge glass receiv]2 &1 beg9n+ ) a v g5tle heat1 di/il ) degrees ( fire4 ,"s phlegm w fir/ come (f1 :i* w gradually gr[ m acid1 & be succe$$ by a ,volatile ,salt1 figur$ l f9e ne$les1 t w /ick to ! sides ( ! receiv]4 ,keep ! fire up to ?is degree1 9 ord] to drive ov] all ! ,salt4 ,:5 y p]ceive t little or none rises1 *ange ! receiv]1 & increase y\r fire a little4 ,a light1 cle>1 limpid ,oil w asc5d4 ,z ! di/illation advances1 ?is ,oil w gr[ high] col\r$1 less limpid1 & ?ick]1 till at la/ x w be opaque1 black1 & h ! consi/5ce ( ,turp5t9e4 ,:5 y p]ceive t no?+ m comes (f1 ?\gh ! retort be r$-hot1 let ! fire g out4 ,y w h 9 ! retort a black1 light1 spongy coal4 ,if y h tak5 c>e to %ift ! receiv]1 f "t to "t1 dur+ ! di/illation ( y\r ,oil1 y w h sundry sep>ate portions !re(1 ea* ( :i* w h a diff]5t degree ( t5uity or ?ickness1 accord+ z x came ov] at ! beg9n+1 or t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! sub/ance ( :i* we h "h giv5 ! analysis1 toge!r ) all o!rs ( ! same1 t is1 ( ! ,bitum9\s k9d1 is by mo/ ,*ymi/s & ,naturali/s class$ ) ,m9]als3 & s f> !y are "r1 t we actually get ^! mixts1 l o!r m9]als1 out ( ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & nev] procure !m imm$iately f any vegetable or animal comp\nd4 ,yet we h our reasons = proce$+ o!rwise1 & = ?9k+ t we c\ld n1 9 ?is "w1 place !m bett]1 ?an imm$iately aft] ^? vegetable sub/ances :i* we call ,res9s4 ,sev]al motives det]m9e u to act 9 ?is mann]4 ,! analysis ( ,bitum5s demon/rates1 t1 ) reg>d to ! pr9ciples ( :i* !y consi/1 !y are totally diff]5t f e o!r k9d ( m9]al2 & t1 on ! contr>y1 !y greatly resemble vegetable ,res9s 9 almo/ e respect4 ,9 %ort1 ?\gh !y are n imm$iately procur$ f vegetables1 !re is ! greate/ reason = believ+ t !y 7 orig9ally ( ! vegetable k+dom1 & t !y are no o!r ?an res9\s & oily p>ts ( trees or plants1 :i*1 by ly+ long 9 ! e>?1 & !re contract+ an union ) ! m9]al ,acids1 h acquir$ ! qualities t di/+ui% !m f ,res9s4 ,m9]alogi/s "k v well t we f9d1 e :]e 9 ! e>?1 _m vegetable sub/ances1 t h la9 v long buri$ "u x1 & frequ5tly at a consid]able dep?4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d1 "u gr\nd1 va/ b$s ( fossile trees1 :i* seem to be ! rema9s ( imm5se =e/s3 & ,bitum5s1 p>ticul>ly ,amb]1 are (t5 f\nd among ?is subt]rane\s wood4 ,^! consid]ations1 jo9$ to pro(s drawn f _! analysis1 make ?is op9ion m ?an probable3 nor are we s+ul> 9 ma9ta9+ x1 z x is adopt$ by _m able mod]n ,*ymi/s4 ,! analysis ( ,amb]1 above describ$1 may s]ve z a g5]al specim5 ( ! decomposition ( o!r ,bitum5s3 ) ?is s+le diff]5ce1 t ,amb] is ! only "o among !m :i* yields ! ,volatile ,salt a=esaid2 & ?is det]m9$ u to exam9e x pref]ably to any o!r4 ,z = ! re/1 !y all yield a phlegm1 an acid liquor1 & an ,oil2 :i* is ?9 at fir/1 b gr[s ?ick] & ?ick]1 z ! di/illation draws t[>ds an end4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ^! ,acids & ^! ,oils may diff]1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ,bitum5s f :i* !y are drawn2 j z ! ,phlegm1 ! ,acid1 & ! ,oil1 result+ f ! decomposition ( ,res9s1 diff] 9 quantity & quality1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ,res9s f :i* !y are procur$4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ces obs]v$ betwe5 ,res9s & ,bitum5s are ^!3 ! latt] are less soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e2 h a peculi> sc5t1 :i* _c be accurately describ$1 & ( :i* ! s5se ( smell+ only c judge2 & _! ,acid is /rong] & m fix$4 ,?is la/ prop]ty is "o ( ! motives :i* induce u to ?9k1 t1 besides ! vegetable ,acid1 orig9ally comb9$ ) ! res9\s or oily matt] n[ become a ,bitum51 a c]ta9 quantity ( m9]al ,acid ha?1 9 a c\rse ( "t1 be5 sup]add$ to con/itute ?is mixt4 ,we %all pres5tly see t ! fact is c]ta9ly s1 9 ! case ( ,amb] at lea/4 ,almo/ all au?ors1 :o m5tion ! analysis ( ,amb]1 h giv5 diff]5t acc\nts ( ! volatility ( its ,salt1 & ( ! "t ( ! di/illation :5 x beg9s to rise4 ,"s make x asc5d imm$iately aft] ! fir/ acid phlegm4 ,o!rs say1 t x do? n beg9 to appe> till aft] ! fir/ ?9 ,oil2 & o!rs aga9 affirm1 t x comes ov] ) ! la/ ?ick ,oil4 ,mr4 ,b\rdel91 :o ha? exam9$ ?is matt] to ! bottom1 9 a ,memoir on ! analysis ( ,amb] giv5 9 to ! ,academy1 v judici\sly rem>ks1 t ! diff]5t results :i* ^? ,*ymi/s met ) 9 analyz+ our mixt1 arose :olly f ! diff]5t mann] :]e9 ea* conduct$ 8 fire dur+ ! op]ation4 ,x is c]ta9 t su* a cause is capable ( produc+ va/ diff]5ces3 = :5 fire is ha/ily appli$1 or made too viol5t1 x n only conf\nds & tumultu\sly m+les ! pr9ciples ( ! body to be analyz$1 b x ev5 frequ5tly drives up ! entire sub/ance itself out ( ! retort into ! receiv]1 )\t decompos+ x at all4 ,?is is really s 9 ! case ( ,amb]1 & ( almo/ all comp\nd sub/ances t are n extremely fix$4 ,x ought !re=e to be obs]v$1 z a g5]al & important rule 9 e analysis1 to adm9i/] ! fire exce$+ sl[ly & cauti\sly1 z "o c nev] err on t side2 & to increase x only by su* degrees z appe> necess>y = c>ry+ on ! di/illation4 ,by obs]v+ ?is me?od1 an accurate analysis w be atta9$3 by ?is means ! ,salt ( ,amb] w rise be=e ! ,oil2 :]eas1 if a degree ( heat suffici5t to raise ! ?9 ,oil1 or ev5 ! ?ick ,oil1 be appli$ at fir/1 ! ,salt w accord+ly come ov] ) ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! ,oils4 ,*ymi/s rema9$ a long "t unacqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ?is ,salt ( ,amb]1 & au?ors ( ! greate/ "n agre$ z little on ?is po9t z on t j m5tion$4 ,"s ass]t$ x to be a ,volatile ,salt ( ! same k9d ) t :i* is obta9$ f animal sub/ances2 t is1 a ,volatile ,alkali3 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 pret5d$ t x 0 an ,acid ( a s+ul> nature4 ,x is v surpris+ t su* au?ors %\ld disagree on su* a po9t1 consid]+ h[ easily x may be asc]ta9$ :e!r ?is ,salt be really an ,acid or an ,alkali4 ,mr4 ,b\rdel9 ju/ly decides ! "q 9 fav\r ( ^? :o affirm x to be an ,acid4 ,9 fact x ha? all ! prop]ties ( an ,acid3 x ha? ! ta/e ( "o1 =ms ,neutral ,salts ) ,alkalis1 & diff]s f ! mo/ unque/ionable ,acids 9 ?is alone1 t1 be+ comb9$ ) a portion ( ,oil & a small quantity ( e>?1 ^! give x a concrete =m2 :i* is n a solit>y case 9 ,*ymi/ry1 z is evid5t f ,cream ( ,t>t>4 ,) reg>d to its ,volatility1 !re is no?+ 9 t repugnant to ! prop]ties ( its con/itu5t pr9ciples2 see+ ! ,acid & ! ,oil pr$om9ant !re9 may easily be suppos$ to communicate _! volatile nature to ! small portion ( e>? ) :i* !y are comb9$4 ,^? ,*ymi/s :o look$ ^u ! ,salt ( ,amb] z a ,volatile ,alkali1 ei!r did n exam9e x ?or\ghly1 b cont5t$ !mselves ) its fir/ appe>ance1 9 :i* x resembles ! ,volatile ,salt ( animals1 or else 7 l$ into ! error by "s p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,we "k1 = example1 t animal z well z vegetable sub/ances are dug out ( ! e>?4 ,! insects1 sometimes f\nd inclos$ 9 lumps ( ,amb]1 suffici5tly prove ?is4 ,p]haps !y made _! exp]im5ts on su* pieces ( ,amb]2 or else1 t :i* !y us$ might be mix$ ) "s animal sub/ance n v p]ceptible4 ,9 su* a case1 x w\ld be no wond] if ! ,volatile ,salt obta9$ %\ld %ew "s tok5s ( an ,alkali3 = ! ,volatile ,alkali aris+ f ! animal matt] w\ld only be mix$1 n comb9$1 ) ! ,salt ( ! ,amb]2 z ! great quantity ( ! ,oil1 9 :i* bo? ^! ,salts are entangl$1 w\ld h9d] !m f dissolv+ ea* o!r1 & =m+ su* a ,neutral ,salt z w\ld be produc$ 9 o!r circum/ances4 ,! acid or alkal9e nature ( ! ,salt ( ,amb] 0 n ! only po9t t rema9$ to be discuss$ on ?is occasion4 ,its acid quality be+ once cle>ly asc]ta9$1 ! nature ( ?is ,acid 0 next to be det]m9$4 ,?is is ! object *iefly aim$ at 9 ,mr4 ,b\rdel9's ,memoirs1 & 8 discov]y !re( is unque/ionably "o ( ! f9e/1 & at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ difficult1 t c\ld be attempt$ ) reg>d to ?is ,bitum54 ,x appe>s pla9ly f sev]al exp]im5ts1 ( :i* we h giv5 an acc\nt 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 t ! /ronge/ m9]al ,acids1 by be+ comb9$ ) an oily matt]1 are s va/ly alt]$1 & s /rangely disguis$1 t we n only are incapable ( di/+ui%+ :at !y are1 b ev5 c h>dly avoid decompos+1 & p>tly de/roy+ !m1 by ^? v op]ations :i* seem ! be/ adapt$ to sep>ate !m f ! ,oil 9 :i* !y are inviscat$4 ,mr4 ,b\rdel9 _h all ^! difficulties to surm\nt1 & incessantly met ) new ob/acles 9 t tr\blesome fatty matt]1 :i*1 l an imp5etrable veil1 conceal$ f 8 view ! ,acid ^: nature he want$ to discov]4 ,b at la/1 by d9t ( manifold exp]im5ts1 he happily ga9$ 8 end4 ,two p>ts ( pure ,nitre1 unadult]at$ ) ! lead p>ticle ( ,sea-salt1 & "o "p ( ,amb]1 pulv]iz$ & m+l$ toge!r1 procur$ him1 by deflagration1 a ,salt p>tly neutral & p>tly alkal9e2 :i* be+ lixiviat$1 & set to evaporate spontane\sly1 !re =m$ at ! bottom a residue ( a mucilag9\s1 pappy1 :iti% matt]1 among/ :i* he c\ld di/+ui% cry/als1 t 7 v transp>5t1 regul>ly figur$1 ( a cubical =m1 b r oblong2 s t !y repres5t$ little oblong squ>es mo/ exactly =m$1 & ab\t half a l9e ?ick4 ,z ^! cry/als p]fectly resembl$1 9 _! figure1 ! ,neutral ,salt produc$ by a comb9ation ( ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt ) ! alkal9e basis ( ,nitre2 ?is 0 a pro( to ,mr4 ,b\rdel9 t ! ,acid ( ,amb] is ( ! same k9d1 or r exactly ! same1 ) t ( ,sea-salt4 ,! ,nitre be+ alkalizat$ by means ( ! phlogi/on ( ! ,amb]1 ! ,acid ( ! ,bitum51 f9d+ ?is ,alkali a prop] basis to fix 91 unites ) x1 & by t means is enabl$ to resi/ ! action ( ! fire1 s z n to be c>ri$ (f by x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is sep>at$ f ! fat matt] by :i* x 0 mask$ be=e2 = by ! help ( ?is fat matt] ! ,nitre is alkalizat$4 ,! ,acid1 hav+ by ?is means recov]$ all its prop]ties1 beg9s to discov] !m1 z ha? be5 said1 by ! figure x con/antly gives to ! cry/als ( ! ,neutral ,salt :i* x helps to con/itute4 ,moreov]1 ?is ,neutral ,salt ha? all ! ess5tial prop]ties ( ,sea-salt4 ,x ha? its ta/e2 x decrepitates 9 ! same mann] on live coals2 if ,oil ( ,vitriol be p\r$ on x1 :ite vap\rs arise1 :i* h ! smell ( ,_s ( ,salt1 & are an actual ,_s ( ,salt4 ,la/ly1 x makes a :ite precipitate ( ,m]cury dissolv$ 9 ,_s ( ,nitre1 & a luna cornea ( ,silv] dissolv$ 9 ! same ,_s2 :i* la/ pro(s w\ld alone be suffici5t to e/abli% ,mr4 ,b\rdel9's op9ion1 ?\gh we _h no o!r4 ,x 7 to be wi%$ t ! exp]im5ts :i* ,mr4 ,b\rdel9 ha? made on ,amb] 7 also tri$ on o!r ,bitum5s4 ,!re is reason to ?9k !y w\ld be f\nd to conta9 ei!r ! ,m>9e or ! ,vitriolic ,acid3 = ?\gh !y d n yield a ,volatile ,salt1 z ,amb] do?1 9 di/illation1 yet ! ,acids obta9$ f !m are v /rong1 & appe>1 z we said be=e1 to h a m9]al orig94 ,mr4 ,ge(froy obs]v$1 t ,amb]1 be+ pulv]iz$ & infus$ 9 hot wat]1 p>ts ) its ,salt 9 ! same mann] z ,b5jam9 does2 :i* gives room to suspect t ,amb] is to ,bitum5s :at ,b5jam9 is to ,res9s4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,! ,analysis ( ,bees-,wax1 & su* ,oily ,comp\nds z are analog\s to x4 ,melt ! ,wax y int5d to analyze1 & mix ) x z mu* f9e s& z w make x into /iff pa/e4 ,put ?is pa/e 9 little bits into a retort1 & di/il z usual1 ) a graduat$ fire1 beg9n+ ) a v g5tle heat4 ,an acid phlegm w come ov]1 & be foll[$ by a liquor :i* at fir/ w look l an ,oil1 b w soon congeal 9 ! receiv]1 & h ! appe>ance ( a butt] or grease4 ,cont9ue ! di/illation1 increas+ ! fire by ins5sible degrees1 till no?+ m w come (f4 ,!n sep>ate ! butt] f ! acid phlegm 9 ! receiv]1 mix x ) fre% s&1 & di/il x aga9 j z y did ! ,wax be=e4 ,"s acid phlegm w /ill come (f1 & an ,oil w asc5d1 :i* w n fix 9 ! receiv]1 ?\gh x be /ill ?ick4 ,cont9ue ! di/illation1 ) a fire s gov]n$ t ! drops may succe$ ea* o!r at ! di/ance ( six or sev5 seconds ( "t4 ,d n increase x1 till y p]ceive ! drops fall m sl[ly2 & !n increase x no m ?an is necess>y to make ! drops foll[ ea* o!r z above direct$4 ,:5 ! di/illation is f9i%$1 y w f9d 9 ! receiv] ! ,oil come :olly ov]1 & a little acid phlegm4 ,sep>ate ! ,oil f ?is liquor2 &1 if y desire to h x m fluid1 re-di/il x a ?ird "t 9 ! same mann]4 ,,obs]vations4 ,bees-,wax1 l all o!r oily matt]s 9 a concrete =m1 is an ,oil ?ick5$ by an ,acid4 ,its decomposition furni%es u ) a v conv9c+ pro( ( ?is tru?2 :i*1 y see1 is confirm$ m & m1 by e new analysis we make ( su* sub/ances4 ,wax do? n "p ) all its ,acid 9 ! fir/ di/illation3 & ?is is ! reason t x do? n !n become a fluid ,oil1 b a butt]1 :i* ha? only a degree ( s(tness proportion$ to ! quantity ( ,acid sep>at$ f x4 ,! same ?+ holds ) reg>d to its butt]2 :i* los+1 by a second di/illation1 a great "p ( ! rema9+ ,acid :i* caus$ its consi/5ce1 is by t means turn$ to an ,oil4 ,la/ly1 ?is ,oil1 f be+ ?ick1 becomes v fluid by a ?ird di/illation1 & s foll[s ! g5]al rule ( ,oils2 :i* always become ! m fluid ! (t5] !y are di/ill$ or rectifi$4 ,:at is "h said conc]n+ ,wax is applicable to ,res9s1 also2 :i* x fur!r resembles 9 its consi/5ce1 & its refus+ to dissolve 9 wat]3 yet x diff]s f !m ess5tially 9 sev]al respects2 & = ?is reason we ?\ght prop] to treat ( x 9 p>ticul>4 ,! prop]ties 9 :i* x diff]s f ,res9s are ^!3 ,fir/1 ,x ha? no aromatic sc5t1 nor acrid ta/e1 z ,res9s h4 ,secondly1 ,x do? n yield a ?9 limpid ,oil1 9 ! fir/ di/illation1 z !y d4 ,?irdly1 ,its ,oil1 or its butt]1 do? n gr[ s5sibly ?ick] ) age4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave kept "s butt] ( ,bees-,wax = tw5ty ye>s1 9 a vessel t 0 n /opt1 b only cov]$ ) a bit ( pap]2 yet x did n gr[ h>d4 ,an ,ess5tial ,oil1 ?\gh kept mu* clos] %ut up1 w\ld 9 mu* less "t h acquir$ ! consi/5ce ( a ,balsam2 & a ,balsam1 9 t "t1 w\ld h become a ,res94 ,f\r?ly1 ,bees-,wax is n soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e2 :]eas x is ! v nature ( ,res9s to dissolve 9 t m5/ruum4 ,fif?ly1 ,i h obs]v$ t ,_s ( ,w9e acts fa9tly on ! butt] ( ,bees-,wax2 dissolves t butt] :5 di/ill$ to an ,oil2 unites m readily ) t ,oil :5 rectifi$ by a ?ird di/illation2 & dissolves x /ill ! m readily ! (t5] x is di/ill$4 ,res9s1 on ! contr>y1 are m soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e ?an ! ?9 ,oils drawn f !m2 & ^? ,oils acquire ! prop]ty ( resi/+ t m5/ruum m & m ob/9ately ! (t5] !y are rectifi$4 ,by ^! diff]5ces we may judge :e!r x be prop] to conf\nd ,bees-,wax ) ,res9s1 or :e!r x ought n r to be consid]$ z an oily comp\nd ( a s+ul> species1 :i* des]ves to be rank$ 9 a diff]5t class1 or at lea/ 9 "s o!r division4 ,if we take ! mo/ cursory view ( ! prop]ties ( ,ess5tial ,oils1 & comp>e !m ) ^? ( ,fat ,oils1 we _c avoid be+ /ruck ) a resemblance betwe5 ! prop]ties ( ,ess5tial ,oils & ^? ( ,res9s1 z well z ) ! app>5t con=mity betwe5 ! prop]ties ( ,fat ,oils & ^? ( ,bees-,wax3 f all :i* we may conclude ) good reason1 9 my op9ion1 t ! ,oil ( ,bees-,wax is n ( ! same nature ) t ( ,res9s4 ,! ,oil ( ,res9s ha? all ! prop]ties ( an ,ess5tial ,oil1 & is ju/ly all[$ to be an ,ess5tial ,oil r5d]$ ?ick & pond]\s by an ,acid4 ,! ,oil ( ,bees-,wax1 on ! contr>y1 ha? all ! prop]ties ( ,fat ,oils2 & !re is great room to ?9k1 t ?is sub/ance is really no o!r ?an a ,fat ,oil h>d5$ by an ,acid4 ,bees-,wax is n ! only oily comp\nd t appe>s to h a ,fat ,oil = its basis4 ,c]ta9 %rubs 9 ,am]ica yield1 by decoction1 a sub/ance t ha? all ! prop]ties ( ,bees-,wax1 diff]+ !refrom only 9 its col\r1 :i* is gre54 ,! ,butt] ( ,cacao is also a sub/ance analog\s to ,bees-,wax1 & w\ld be really ,wax1 if x 7 b z h>d2 = x conta9s ! same pr9ciples1 b 9 diff]5t proportions3 9 %ort1 x is to ,bees-,wax :at ,balsams are to ,res9s4 ,,process ,v4 ,! ,sac*>9e ,juices ( ,plants analyz$3 in/anc$ 9 ,honey4 ,put into a /one cucurbit ! ,honey y int5d to di/il2 set x 9 a mod]ate s&-heat1 & evaporate ! greate/ "p ( its humidity1 till y p]ceive ! phlegm beg9 to be acid4 ,!n take out ! matt] rema9+ 9 ! cucurbit1 put x into a retort1 leav+ a full ?ird !re( empty1 & di/il 9 a rev]b]atory ) degrees ( fire4 ,an acid1 amb]-col\r$ liquor w come ov]4 ,z ! op]ation advances1 ?is liquor w cont9ually become deep] col\r$ & m acid1 & at ! same "t a little black ,oil w asc5d4 ,:5 ! di/illation is ov]1 y w f9d 9 ! retort a pretty l>ge *>r$ mass1 :i* be+ burnt 9 ! op5 air1 & lixiviat$1 af=ds a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,,obs]vations4 ,if we consid] no?+ b ! nature ( ! pr9ciples obta9$ f ,honey1 we may be induc$ to ?9k t ?is sub/ance is ( ! same k9d ) ,res9s2 = we get f ea* a ,phlegm1 an ,acid1 an ,oil1 & a ,coal4 ,yet !re is a v great diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two sorts ( comp\nds4 ,oily matt]s ( ! res9\s k9d are v inflammable1 & by no means soluble 9 wat]3 ,honey1 on ! contr>y1 is n inflammable 9 its natural /ate2 w n flame till x be half consum$1 or turn$ almo/ to a coal1 by ! fire2 & mixes readily & p]fectly ) wat]4 ,n[ :5ce c ?is diff]5ce arise8 ,s9ce x is n ow+ to ! nature ( ! pr9ciples t con/itute ^! mixts1 x mu/ necess>ily be attribut$ to ! proportions 9 :i* ^? pr9ciples are unit$4 ,& inde$ if we att5d to ! quantities obta9$ f ea* by analyz+ !m sev]ally1 we %all f9d t1 9 ?is respect1 !re is a v great diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,oily comp\nds ( ! nature ( ,res9s1 :i* are n soluble 9 wat]1 yield 9 di/illation a little phlegm1 a quantity ( ,oil va/ly exce$+ t ( _! ,acid1 & a v small matt] ( coal1 :i*1 :5 burnt1 sc>ce leaves any tok5 ( a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,honey1 on ! contr>y1 & all o!r juices ( ! same nature1 give out1 :5 analyz$1 a great deal ( phlegm1 a quantity ( ,acid mu* sup]ior to t ( _! ,oil1 & a consid]able mass ( coal2 f :i*1 :5 burnt 9 ! op5 air & lixiviat$1 a v p]ceptible ,alkali may be obta9$4 ,if ! quantity ( ! pr9ciples procur$ by ^! two analyses be comp>$ toge!r1 x w be easy to d$uce f !nce ! causes ( ! diff]5t prop]ties obs]v$ 9 ! mixts t af=d$ !m4 ,9 ! l>ge quantity ( ,oil1 ( :i* res9\s sub/ances consi/ almo/ entirely1 we see ! cause ( _! be+ s inflammable1 & s indissoluble 9 wat]4 ,:5 su* bodies are decompos$1 !re rema9s b little coal1 & v little ,fix$ ,alkali2 because _! ,oil c>ries (f ) x almo/ all _! ,acid1 leav+ a sc>ce p]ceptible portion !re( fix$ 9 ! coal4 ,n[ we "k t ?is ,acid is an ess5tial requisite to ! =mation ( an ,alkali4 ,honey1 on ! contr>y1 & ! analog\s mixts1 are s unapt to take fire1 & mix s readily ) wat]1 only because !re is v little ,oil 9 _! composition1 9 comp>ison ( ! ,acid1 :i* is _! pr$om9ant pr9ciple4 ,= ! same reason !y leave1 :5 decompos$1 a great] quantity ( coal1 :i* also yields mu* m ,fix$ ,alkali ?an we f9d 9 ! coals ( ,res9s4 ,p]haps ^! mixts may also conta9 a little m e>?4 ,! cause ( ?is great] quantity ( ,fix$ ,alkali w be f\nd 9 :at we deliv]$ above conc]n+ ! comb9ation & production ( t ,salt4 ,sug>1 ,manna1 & ! ,sac*>9e juices ( fruits & plants1 are ( ! same nature z ,honey1 yield ! same pr9ciples1 & 9 ! same proportions4 ,all ^! sub/ances mu/ be consid]$ z native ,soaps2 because !y consi/ ( an ,oil r5d]$ miscible ) wat]1 by means ( a sal9e sub/ance4 ,!y diff] f ! common artificial ,soaps 9 sev]al respects2 b *iefly 9 ?is1 t _! sal9e "p is an ,acid1 :]eas t ( common ,soap is an ,alkali4 ,! natural ,soaps are n = t reason ! less p]fect3 on ! contr>y1 !y dissolve 9 wat] )\t de/roy+ its transp>5cy1 & )\t giv+ x a milky col\r3 :i* proves t ,acids are n less prop] ?an ,alkalis1 or r t !y are m prop] additam5ts1 = br++ ,oils into a saponace\s /ate4 ,b x mu/ be own$1 t we are n yet able to imitate by art ! ,acid ,soaps :i* are prep>$ & s p]fectly comb9$ by nature1 & t ! det]sive quality ( ^! is n ne> s /rong z t ( ! ,soaps :i* h an ,alkali = _! sal9e pr9ciples4 ,?\gh ,honey1 & ! o!r vegetable sub/ances analog\s to x1 conta9 mu* ,acid1 yet !y h no ta/e ( s\rness1 nor any ( ! o!r prop]ties ( ,acids2 b1 on ! contr>y1 _! ta/e is s(t & sac*>9e3 ! cause ( ?is is1 t _! ,acid is intimately mix$ & p]fectly comb9$ ) _! ,oil1 :i* entirely %ea!s & blunts x4 ,,process ,,vi4 ,gummy ,sub/ances analyz$3 in/anc$ 9 ,gum ,arabic4 ,di/il ,gum ,arabic 9 a retort ) degrees ( fire4 ,a limpid1 sc5tless1 & ta/eless phlegm w fir/ come ov]2 & !n a russet-col\r$ acid liquor1 a little ,volatile ,alkali1 & an ,oil1 :i* w fir/ be ?9 & aft]w>ds come ?ick4 ,9 ! retort w be left a good deal ( a *>r$ sub/ance1 :i* be+ burnt & lixiviat$ w give a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,,obs]vations4 ,gums h at fir/ sight "s resemblance ( ,res9s2 :i* ha? occasion$ _m res9\s matt]s to be call$ ,gums1 ?\gh v improp]ly3 = !y are two di/9ct sorts ( sub/ances1 ( natures absolutely diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,x ha? be5 %ewn1 t ,res9s h an aromatic od\r2 t !y are indissoluble 9 wat]1 & soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e2 t !y are only an ,ess5tial ,oil gr[n ?ick4 ,gums1 on ! contr>y1 h no od\r1 are soluble 9 wat]1 indissoluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 &1 by be+ analyz$ z 9 ! process1 are conv]t$ almo/ :olly into a phlegm & an ,acid4 ,! small portion ( ,oil conta9$ 9 !m is s ?or\ghly unit$ ) _! ,acid1 t x dissolves p]fectly 9 wat]1 & ! solution is cle> & limpid4 ,9 ?is respect ,gums resemble ,honey1 & ! o!r vegetable juices analog\s to x4 ,!y are all fluid orig9ally2 t is1 :5 !y beg9 to ooze out ( _! trees4 ,at t "t !y p]fectly resemble mucilages1 or r !y are actual mucilages1 :i* gr[ ?ick & h>d 9 "t by ! evaporation ( a great "p ( _! moi/ure3 j z ,res9s are true ,oils1 :i*1 los+ _! mo/ fluid p>ts by evaporation1 at la/ become solid4 ,infusions or slight decoctions ( mucilag9\s plants1 :5 evaporat$ to dryness1 become actual ,gums4 ,"s trees ab\nd bo? 9 ,oil & 9 mucilage3 ^! two sub/ances (t5 mix & fl[ f ! tree bl5d$ toge!r4 ,?us !y bo? gr[ dry & h>d toge!r 9 "o mass1 :i* ( c\rse is at ! same "t bo? gummy & res9\s3 & accord+ly su* mixts are nam$ ,gum-res9s4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ^! res9\s & gummy p>ts suff] no alt]ation by be+ ?us mix$2 b ea* pres]ves its prop]ties1 z if x 7 alone4 ,! reason is1 t !y are n truly unit$ toge!r3 ,gums be+ indissoluble by ,oils or by ,res9s1 ! p>ts ( ea* are only entangl$ among ^? ( ! o!r1 by means ( _! viscosity4 ,h5ce1 if ! ,gum-res9 be put into wat]1 ! wat] w dissolve only ! gummy "p1 )\t t\*+ ! res9\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! same ,gum-res9 be put into ,_s ( ,w9e1 ?is m5/ruum w dissolve ! ,res91 & leave ! ,gum4 ,we %all treat m p>ticul>ly ( ?is dissolution "u ! head ( ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,if a ,gum-res91 in/ead ( be+ only infus$ 9 wat]1 be triturat$ ) wat]1 x w be !reby :olly diffus$ ?r\gh x3 b ! res9\s "p1 :i* is only divid$ by ! triture1 & n dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 gives ! liquor a milky col\r1 l t ( an emulsion4 ,x is inde$ an actual emulsion2 t :i* is made ) k]nels be+1 l ?is1 no o!r ?an a divid$ oil1 disp]s$ 9 small p>ticles by triture1 & susp5d$ 9 ! wat] by means ( a mucilage4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ,op]ations on ,f]m5t$ ,vegetable ,sub/ances4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! ,,product ( ,,spiritu\s ,,f]m5tation4 ,,process ,i4 ,to make ,w9e ( ,vegetable ,sub/ances t are susceptible ( ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation4 ,let a liquor susceptible (1 & prep>$ =1 ! ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation be put into a cask4 ,set ?is cask 9 a temp]ately w>m cell>1 & cov] ! bung-hole ) a bit ( l95 clo? only4 ,9 m or less "t1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! liquor to be f]m5t$1 & to ! degree ( heat 9 ! air1 ! liquor w beg9 to swell1 & be r>efi$4 ,!re w arise an inte/9e motion1 att5d$ ) a small hiss+ & eff]vesc5ce1 ?r[+ up bubbles to ! surface1 & dis*>g+ vap\rs3 :ile ! gross1 visc\s1 & ?ick p>ts1 be+ driv5 up by ! f]m5t+ motion1 & r5d]$ light] by little bubbles ( air adh]+ to !m1 w rise to ! top1 & !re =m a k9d ( s(t1 spongy cru/1 :i* w cov] ! liquor all ov]4 ,! f]m5t+ motion /ill cont9u+1 ?is cru/ w1 f "t to "t1 be lift$ up & crack$ by vap\rs mak+ _! escape ?r\gh x2 b ^? fissures w pres5tly close aga91 till1 ! f]m5tation gradually go+ (f1 & at la/ entirely ceas+1 ! cru/ w fall 9 pieces to ! bottom ( ! liquor1 :i* w ins5sibly gr[ cle>4 ,!n /op ! cask close ) its bung1 & set x 9 a cool] place4 ,,obs]vations4 ,matt]s t are susceptible ( ! ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation are seldom s p]fectly prep>$ = x by nature z !y require to be4 ,if we except ! juices t fl[ naturally f c]ta9 trees1 b (t5] f incisions made on purpose 9 !m1 all o!r sub/ances require "s previ\s prep>ation4 ,bo]haave1 :o ha? h&l$ ?is subject excell5tly well 9 8 ,*ymi/ry1 divides ! sub/ances t are fit = ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation into five classes4 ,9 ! fir/ he places all ! mealy se$s1 ! legum5s1 & ! k]nels ( almo/ all fruits4 ,! second class includes ! juices ( all fruits t d n t5d to putrefaction4 ,9 ! ?ird class /& ! juices ( all ! p>ts ( plants :i* t5d r to acidity ?an to putrefaction2 & consequ5tly ^? :i* yield mu* ,volatile ,alkali are to be exclud$4 ,! f\r? class compreh5ds ! juices or saps t spontane\sly di/il f sev]al trees & plants1 or fl[ f !m :5 w\nd$4 ,he =ms 8 fif? & la/ class ( ! saponace\s1 sac*>9e1 & concrete or ?ick juices ( vegetables4 ,res9\s or purely gummy matt]s are exclud$1 z n be+ f]m5table4 ,^! five classes may be r$uc$ to two2 "o compreh5d+ all ! ,juices1 & ano!r all ! ,mealy p>ts1 ( vegetables t are susceptible ( f]m5tation4 ,! juices want no?+ to fit !m = f]m5tation1 b to be express$ out ( ! sub/ances conta9+ !m1 & to be dilut$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( wat]4 ,if !y be v ?ick1 ! be/ way is to add s mu* wat] z %all r5d] ! mix$ liquor j capable ( be>+ a new-laid egg4 ,) respect to f>9ace\s sub/ances1 z !y are almo/ all ei!r oily or mucilag9\s1 !y require a little m managem5t4 ,! me?od ( brew+ malt-liquors w furni% u ) examples ( su* managem5t4 ,x is ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,bo]haave4 ,9 w>m wea!r ! gra9 is put into l>ge vats1 & a consid]able quantity ( ra9-wat]1 or v clean riv]-wat]1 is p\r$ !reon1 9 :i* x lies till x be well soak$ & swell$4 ,?is fir/ op]ation is call$ ! ,/eep+4 ,:5 ! gra9 is by ?is means gr[n v plump1 x is tak5 out ( ! /eep1 & laid on great heaps 9 an op5 place1 yet n too mu* expos$ to ! w9d4 ,9 a v little "t ^? heaps gr[ hot1 ! gra9 beg9s to spr\t1 & %oot out little buds ( leaves & roots4 ,! art ( manag+ ?is op]ation prop]ly consi/s 9 seiz+ ! exact po9t ( "t :5 ! g]m9ation %\ld be /opt3 on ?is 9 a great measure dep5ds ! success ( ! bus9ess4 ,=1 if ! gra9 be left too long 9 ?is hot b$1 x may beg9 to rot1 or else ! leaves & roots1 by gr[+ too mu*1 may consume mo/ ( ! mealy sub/ance1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 is ! only subject ( f]m5tation2 &1 if ! g]m9ation be *eck$ too soon1 ! advantage expect$ f x w be lo/2 t is1 ! mucid matt]s w n be suffici5tly att5uat$4 ,z soon !re=e z ! g]m9ation is obs]v$ to h atta9$ its prop] /age1 x mu/ be /opt ) all possible exp$ition4 ,= ?is purpose ! gra9 is c>ri$ into an op5 place expos$ to ! nor? w9d1 :]e x is spread on a bo>d$ floor & dri$2 by :i* means x is h9d]$ f spr\t+ any m4 ,x is next made to run sl[ly d[n ?r\gh a long tunnel made v hot1 :i* at once dries x ?or\ghly to ! v he>t1 & 9 "s measure scor*es x1 ?\gh v slightly4 ,gra9 ?us prep>$ is call$ ,malt4 ,by ?is g]m9ation1 exsiccation1 & slight torrefaction ( ! gra91 ! f>9ace\s sub/ance is consid]ably att5uat$1 & its natural viscosity de/roy$1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h9d] ! meal1 :5 boil$ 9 wat]1 f mix+ ) x & dissolv+ 9 x1 z x mu/ 9 "s measure d to =m a liquor fit = ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave takes notice1 t if gra91 :i* ha? n be5 ?us prep>$1 be *ew$ 9 ! m\?1 its meal makes a pa/e t is n easily att5uat$1 or entirely dissolv$1 by ! spittle2 :]eas ! meal ( ! same gra91 aft] malt+1 mixes imm$iately & p]fectly ) ! spittle3 x ha? moreov] a sweet agreeable ta/e1 :i* common gra9 ha? n4 ,! gra9 be+ ?us malt$1 is gr\nd3 !n hot wat] is p\r$ !reon1 9 :i* x is left to infuse = ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,9 t "t ! wat] takes up all ! att5uat$ fl\r ( ! ,malt2 :]eas x w\ld n dissolve ! f>9a ( gra9 t _h n und]gone ! above describ$ prep>ations4 ,! ,wort is !n drawn (f ! gra9s1 & boil$ to a prop] degree ( inspissation2 ! decoction is suff]$ to cool1 & aft]w>ds put into casks to be f]m5t$ z ! process directs4 ,z ,malt-liquor is apt to gr[ s\r1 & w n keep s long z ,w9e1 "s bitt] plants are usually boil$ 9 ! decoction1 to make x keep ! long]1 & h9d] x f turn+ s\r s soon z x o!rwise w\ld4 ,= ?is purpose su* plants are *os5 z h an agreeable bitt] ta/e2 & ! pref]5ce is g5]ally giv5 to ,hops4 ,besides ^! prep>ations1 relat+ *iefly to ,malt-liquors1 !re are _m o!r ?+s to be obs]v$ relat+ to ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation 9 g5]al1 & to all matt]s susceptible ( t f]m5tation4 ,= example2 all gra9s & fruits design$ = t f]m5tation mu/ be p]fectly ripe2 = o!rways !y w n f]m5t )\t difficulty1 & w produce little or no inflammable ,_s4 ,su* matt]s z are too au/]e1 too acrid1 or a/r+5t1 are = ! same reason unfit = ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation2 z well z ^? :i* ab\nd too mu* 9 ,oil4 ,9 ord] to make ! f]m5tation succe$ p]fectly1 s z to produce ! be/ ,w9e t ! f]m5t$ liquor is capable ( af=d+1 x is necess>y to let x /& quiet )\t /irr+ x1 le/ ! cru/ t =ms on its surface %\ld be brok5 to little fragm5ts1 & mix ) ! liquor4 ,?is cru/ is a k9d ( cov]1 :i* h9d]s ! spiritu\s p>ts f exhal+ z fa/ z !y are =m$4 ,! free access ( ! air is ano!r condition necess>y to f]m5tation3 & = ?is reason ! vessel t conta9s ! f]m5t+ liquor mu/ n be close /opp$2 ! bung-hole is only to be cov]$ ) a l95 clo?1 to h9d] dirt & insects f fall+ into x4 ,nor mu/ ! bung-hole be too l>ge1 le/ too mu* ( ! spiritu\s p>ts %\ld escape & be lo/4 ,la/ly1 a j degree ( w>m? is "o ( ! conditions mo/ necess>y = f]m5tation3 = 9 v cold wea!r !re is no f]m5tation at all2 & too mu* heat precipitates x 9 su* a mann]1 t ! :ole liquor becomes turbid1 & _m f]m5t+ & f]m5t$ p>ticles are dissipat$4 ,if1 not)/&+ ! exacte/ obs]vance ( e p>ticul> requisite to excite a successful f]m5tation1 ! liquor _c1 )\t difficulty1 be br\ght to eff]vesce1 :i* sc>ce ev] happ5s b to ,malt-liquor1 x may be accel]at$ by mix+ !re) "s matt] t is v susceptible ( f]m5tation1 or actually f]m5t+4 ,su* matt]s are call$ ,f]m5ts4 ,! cru/1 or ,ye/1 t =ms on ! surface1 ( f]m5t+ liquors is a mo/ efficaci\s f]m5t1 & on t acc\nt v mu* us$4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 t !re is occasion to *eck ! f]m5tation excit$ 9 ! liquor1 be=e x ceases ( itself4 ,to effect ?is1 su* means mu/ be us$ z are directly opposite to ^? m5tion$ above = promot+ f]m5tation4 ,! end is obta9$ by mix+ ) ! liquor a quantity ( ,alkali1 suffici5t to absorb ! ,acid conta9$ !re93 b ?is me?od is seldom made use (1 because x spoils ! liquor3 :i*1 aft] be+ ?us treat$1 is incapable ( any spiritu\s f]m5tation1 b on ! contr>y w c]ta9ly putrefy4 ,spiritu\s f]m5tation may also be /opp$ by mix+ ) ! liquor a great quantity ( "s m9]al ,acid4 ,b ?is likewise alt]s its nature2 because ^! ,acids1 be+ fix$1 always rema9 conf\nd$ !re)1 & nev] sep>ate f x4 ,! be/ me?od yet f\nd out = *eck+ ?is f]m5tation1 )\t injury to ! f]m5t+ liquor1 is to impregnate x ) ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur4 ,^! fumes are kn[n to be acid1 & x is t quality 9 !m :i* susp5ds ! f]m5tation4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 ?is ,acid is extremely volatile3 s t x sep>ates spontane\sly f ! liquor1 aft] "s "t1 & leaves x 9 a condition to cont9ue its f]m5tation4 ,= ?is reason1 :5 a ,w9e is desir$ t %all be b half f]m5t$1 & %all p>tly reta9 ! sweet ta/e x _h 9 ! /ate ( ,mu/1 7! prop] "n = ! unf]m5t$ juice ( ! grape71 x is put into casks 9 :i* ,sulphur ha? be5 previ\sly burnt1 & ! vap\rs !re( conf9$ by /opp+ ! bung-hole4 ,^! are call$ ,mat*$ ,w9es4 ,if ! same op]ation be p]=m$ on ,mu/1 its f]m5tation w be absolutely prev5t$3 x w reta9 all its sac*>9e ta/e1 & is !n call$ ,/um4 ,z ! sulphure\s ,acid evaporates spontane\sly1 9 no long space1 x is necess>y to fumigate mat*$ w9es1 or /ums1 f "t to "t1 :5 !y are int5d$ to be kept long )\t f]m5t+4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to draw an ,ard5t ,_s f ,sub/ances t h und]gone ! ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation4 ,! ,analysis ( ,w9e4 ,fill a l>ge copp] cucurbit half full ( ,w9e4 ,fit on its head & refrig]atory4 ,lute on a receiv] ) wet bladd]1 & di/il ) a g5tle fire2 yet s t ! drops :i* fall f ! nose ( ! alembic may succe$ "o ano!r pretty quick1 & =m a sort ( small cont9u$ /ream4 ,g on ?us till y p]ceive t ! liquor :i* comes ov] ceases to be inflammable2 & !n desi/4 ,y w f9d 9 ! receiv] a cle> liquor1 some:at incl9+ to an amb]-col\r1 ( a pleasant quick smell1 & :i* be+ ?r[n into ! fire in/antly flames4 ,! quantity !re( w be ne>ly a f\r? "p ( ! ,w9e y put into ! alembic2 & ?is is :at is call$ ,br&y2 t is1 ! ,ard5t ,_s ( ,w9e load$ ) mu* phlegm4 ,9 ord] to rectify x1 & r$uce x to ,_s ( ,w9e1 put x into a long-neck$ matrass1 capable ( hold+ d\ble ! quantity4 ,fit a head to ! matrass1 & lute on a receiv]3 place y\r matrass ov] a pot half full ( wat]2 set ?is pot ov] a mod]ate fire2 & ) ?is vap\r-ba? di/il y\r ,_s1 :i* w rise pure4 ,cont9ue ?is degree ( heat till no?+ m w come ov]4 ,y w f9d 91 ! receiv] a v cle> col\rless ,_s ( ,w9e1 ( a quick b agreeable smell1 :i* w cat* fire at once by ! b>e contact ( any flam+ sub/ance4 ,,obs]vations4 ,x ha? be5 %ewn1 t ,honey1 & ! vegetable juices analog\s to x1 su* z ,mu/1 & ! juices ( all sac*>9e fruits & plants1 yield by di/illation no o!r pr9ciples ?an ,phlegm1 an ,acid1 & a small quantity ( ,oil4 ,! analysis ( ,w9e1 & ( all sub/ances t h und]gone ! spiritu\s f]m5tation1 %ews u t ?is f]m5tation produces1 & 9 "s s5se creates1 9 ^? mixts1 a pr9ciple t did n exi/ 9 !m be=e2 ,i mean ! ,ard5t ,_s1 :i* is an inflammable liquor t is miscible ) wat]4 ,?is liquor results f a clos] comb9ation ( ! ,acid & ! ,oil1 :i* are att5uat$ & unit$ toge!r by f]m5tation4 ,to ?is ,oil1 :i* is "o ( its con/itu5t p>ts1 its inflammability is ow+2 & ! ,acid imp>ts to ?is ,oil ! prop]ty ( mix+ ) wat]1 m p]fectly & m intimately ?an :5 x makes a "p ( any o!r comp\nd4 ,nay1 !re is1 9 ! v composition ( an ,ard5t ,_s1 a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] :i* is necess>y to x1 :i* is "o ( its ess5tial p>ts1 & )\t :i* x w\ld n h ! prop]ties t *>act]ise x4 ,we %all pres5tly h occasion to see1 t1 :5 ,_s ( ,w9e is dephlegmat$ to a c]ta9 pit*1 we _c deprive x ( any m ( its aque\s p>ts1 )\t decompos+ a quantity ( ! ,_s1 proportion$ to ! quantity ( wat] drawn f x4 ,ard5t ,spirits are m volatile ?an any ( ! pr9ciples ( ! mixt f :i* !y are produc$1 & consequ5tly m volatile ?an ! phlegm1 ! ,acid1 or ! ,oil !re(1 ?\gh !y :olly consi/ ( ^!4 ,?is _c be attribut$ to any ?+ b a peculi> disposition ( ^! pr9ciples1 :i* are att5uat$ 9 a s+ul> mann] by ! f]m5t+ motion1 & !reby r5d]$ m susceptible ( expansion & r>efaction4 ,! great volatility ( ! ,ard5t ,_s procures u an easy me?od ( sep>at+ x f ! o!r pr9ciples ( ,w9e1 & ( dephlegmat+ x4 ,= ?is purpose x ne$ only be di/ill$ ) su* a g5tle heat z is j capable ( rais+ ! ,_s1 b too weak to produce ! same effect on ! o!r matt]s f :i* y desire to free x4 ,= ?is reason ! m sl[ly1 & ) ! less heat1 y di/il y\r ,w9e1 ! /rong] & m spiritu\s w y\r ,br&y be4 ,! same is to be said ( ! second di/illation1 by :i* ,br&y is *ang$ into ,_s ( ,w9e1 or1 9 o!r words1 dephlegmat$4 ,! ,_s ( ,w9e ?us drawn f x w be s mu* ! bett]1 ! m exactly y obs]ve ! conditions "h propos$4 ,if ,_s ( ,w9e be treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ,br&y1 t is1 if x be rectifi$ by di/illation ) ! same precautions1 x w be !reby dephlegmat$ z mu* z possible2 & !n x is call$ ,alkohol4 ,by ?is rectification x is n only fre$ f its r$undant phlegm1 b also f "s p>ticles ( ,acid & ( ,oil1 :i*1 ?\gh mu* less volatile ?an itself1 yet asc5d ) x 9 ! fir/ di/illation3 nor is x possible :olly to avoid ?is inconv5i5ce4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave proposes to dephlegmate ,_s ( ,w9e m easily1 & m accurately1 by di/ill+ x f decrepitat$ ,sea-salt mix$1 :ile v hot1 ) ! ,_s4 ,?is mu/ c]ta9ly be a v good me?od2 because decrepitat$ ,sea-salt p[]fully attracts moi/ure1 & consequ5tly is v apt to imbibe & reta9 t :i* is 9 ! ,ard5t ,_s3 & ,_s ( ,w9e do? n dissolve ,sea-salt2 s t !re is no reason to fe> its be+ 9 ! lea/ contam9at$ !re)4 ,all f]m5t$ liquors d n yield ne> an equal quantity ( ,ard5t ,_s2 because !y d n all1 be=e f]m5tation1 equally conta9 ! pr9ciples necess>y to produce an ,ard5t ,_s1 9 ! mo/ advantage\s proportion or disposition4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( prov+ :e!r or no ,_s ( ,w9e be z highly rectifi$ z x possibly c be1 t is1 :e!r or no x conta9 any m phlegm ?an is precisely necess>y to con/itute x ,_s ( ,w9e2 & _m ,*ymi/s h judg$ t wor?y ( ! title :i* burns away entirely1 )\t leav+ beh9d x ! lea/ tok5 ( humidity2 or t :i*1 be+ burnt on gun-p[d]1 fires x at la/4 ,b ,mr4 ,bo]haave ju/ly obs]ves1 t nei!r ( ^! is a suffici5t pro(2 because1 ?\gh !re %\ld be a small quantity ( unnecess>y phlegm 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 yet x may v well be evaporat$ & dissipat$ by ! deflagration 9 ei!r way4 ,he !re=e proposes ano!r pro(1 :i* is mu* m to be dep5d$ on2 t is1 by mix+ & %ak+ ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e a small quantity ( a v dry pulv]iz$ ,alkali4 ,if ?is ,salt1 :5 ?us agitat$1 & ev5 w>m$1 ) ,_s ( ,w9e1 cont9ue z dry z x 0 at fir/1 x is a sign t ! ,_s is p]fectly dephlegmat$4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave tri$ 9 ?is mann] "s ,_s ( ,w9e t _h fir$ gun-p[d]1 & f\nd x to conta9 s mu* phlegm t x moi/5$ 8 ,salt v p]ceptibly3 nay1 "o s+le drop ( wat]1 be+ mix$ ) a consid]able quantity ( ,_s ( ,w9e1 :i* be=e left ! ,alkali p]fectly dry1 discov]$ itself 9 ?is way by ! moi/ure x communicat$ to ! v same ,salt4 ,_s ( ,w9e may also be contam9at$ ) "s het]og5e\s sub/ances2 su* z acid1 alkal9e1 or oily matt]s4 ,^! are to be discov]$ by v easy exp]im5ts prop] to ea*3 = an acid or alkali\s ,_s ( ,w9e be+ mix$ ) syrop ( violets w give x a r$ or a gre5 col\r1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! sal9e matt] conta9$ 9 x2 &1 if x be comb9$ ) an ,oil1 t w %ew itself by ! :ite milky col\r :i* a drop ( x w give to wat]4 ,besides ! ,ard5t ,_s1 ,w9e conta9s an ,acid unit$ ) a portion ( e>? & ( ,oil1 :i* give ! ,acid a concrete =m4 ,?is sub/ance g5]ally sep>ates spontane\sly f ! ,w9e1 & adh]es1 9 ! =m ( a /rong cru/1 to ! sides ( ! cask4 ,x is call$ ,t>t>1 & is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! ,ess5tial ,salt ( ,w9e4 ,we %all exhibit ! analysis ( ,t>t>1 & treat ( x m at l5g?1 9 a *apt] ap>t4 ,w9e-lees consi/ ( ! grosse/ p>ts ( ! f]m5t$ liquor2 :i* be+ uncapable ( rema9+ dissolv$1 s9k to ! bottom1 & =m a s$im5t1 :i* conta9s also "s ,t>t> & a little ,ard5t ,_s4 ,! residue left 9 ! cucurbit1 aft] ! ,_s is drawn (f1 is a sort ( ,extract ( ,w9e4 ,?is liquor ha? an exce$+ r\gh1 or r acid ta/e4 ,:5 di/ill$ x yields an acid phlegm1 :i* comes m & m acid z ! di/illation advances1 & a fetid empyreumatic ,oil4 ,f ! caput mortuum1 :5 burnt1 a consid]able quantity ( a ,fix$ ,alkali may be extract$4 ,f all ?is x foll[s1 t ,w9e consi/s ( an ,ard5t ,_s1 & a ,t>t>\s ,acid1 diffus$ ?r\gh a great quantity ( wat]1 toge!r ) "s oily & e>?y p>ts4 ,malt-liquor conta9s mu* less ,t>t> ?an ,w9e2 b1 in/ead !re(1 x is impregnat$ ) a mucilag9\s matt]1 :i* becomes v p]ceptible :5 any body is sme>$ ) x & dri$2 = !n x makes a k9d ( ,v>ni%4 ,?is mucilag9\s matt]1 :i* is n suffici5tly att5uat$1 especially :5 ! ,malt-liquor is new1 makes x v apt to swell up & rise ov] ! helm ) rapidity1 9 ! di/illation ( an ,ard5t ,_s f x3 = :i* reason x is necess>y to proce$ m cauti\sly1 & m sl[ly1 9 di/ill+ a ,_s f ?is liquor ?an f ,w9e4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,to dephlegmate ,_s ( ,w9e by ! means ( ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,_s ( ,w9e analyz$4 ,into a glass cucurbit p\r ! ,_s ( ,w9e y int5d to dephlegmate1 & add to x ab\t a ?ird "p ( its weight ( ,fix$ ,alkali1 newly calc9$1 p]fectly dry1 heat$1 & pulv]iz$4 ,%ake ! vessel1 t ! two matt]s may be mix$ & bl5d$ toge!r4 ,! ,salt w gradually gr[ moi/1 &1 if ! ,_s ( ,w9e be v aque\s1 melt into a liquor1 t w always lie at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 )\t unit+ ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e :i* w swim at top4 ,:5 y p]ceive t ! ,alkali attracts no new moi/ure1 & t no m ( x melts1 decant y\r ,_s ( ,w9e f ! liquor b5ea? x1 & add to y\r ,_s fre% ,salt ?or\ghly dri$ z be=e4 ,?is ,salt w also imbibe a little moi/ure2 b x w n gr[ liquid1 because ! ,alkali1 ) :i* x 0 mix$ be=e1 ha? left too little phlegm to melt ?is4 ,decant x f ?is ,salt z at fir/1 & cont9ue to mix & make x 9 ! same mann] ) fre% ,salt1 till y obs]ve t ! ,salt rema9s z dry aft] z x 0 be=e mix+ x ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,!n di/il y\r ,_s 9 a small alembic ) a g5tle heat1 & y w h x z mu* dephlegmat$ z x c be4 ,,obs]vations4 ,next to ! ,m9]al ,acids1 ,fix$ ,alkalis p]fectly calc9$ are ! sub/ances :i* h ! greate/ aff9ity ) wat]1 & !re=e x is no wond] !y are s v fit to dephlegmate ,_s ( ,w9e1 & to free x f all its r$undant humidity4 ,inde$ ,_s ( ,w9e _c be p]fectly dephlegmat$ )\t _! assi/ance3 = :5 di/illation alone is made use ( = t purpose1 x is impossible to prev5t "s phlegm f ris+ ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 :atev] precautions we take to avoid x4 ,h5ce x comes to pass1 t ,_s ( ,w9e1 ?\gh ev] s highly rectifi$ by di/illation1 always imp>ts a little moi/ure to an ,alkali1 :5 mix$ ) x 9 ord] to prove its goodness4 ,b1 :ile ! ,alkali attracts ! sup]-abundant phlegm ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 x produces 9 t liquor1 & und]goes itself1 rem>kable *anges4 ,_s ( w9e1 :5 s highly dephlegmat$ by an ,alkali t1 be+ kept 9 dige/ion !re)1 x leaves ! ,salt p]fectly dry1 ha? a r$ col\r1 an od\r some:at diff]5t f t :i* is peculi> to x :5 p]fectly pure1 a ta/e 9 :i* t ( ! ,fix$ ,alkali may be di/+ui%$2 & x makes a slight eff]vesc5ce ) ,acids3 :i* manife/ly proves1 t x is unit$ ) a portion ( ! ,alkali employ$ to rectify x4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave ?9ks1 ) great probability1 t ?is portion ( ! ,alkali unites ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z ) ,oils1 viz4 t x =ms ) ! ,_s a k9d ( liquid ,soap4 ,he obs]ves1 t ?is alkalizat$ ,_s cleans ! f+]s2 & t ?+s wett$ ) x d n dry s spe$ily z ^? wett$ ) pure ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,?is alkalizat$ ,_s is also call$ ,t9cture ( ,salt ( ,t>t>4 ,9 mak+ ?is ,alkal9e ,t9cture1 great c>e is to be tak5 t ! ,_s ( ,w9e y use be z highly rectifi$ z possible3 =1 z long z x communicates any phlegm to ! ,alkali1 x do? n acquire f ! ,salt mix$ ) x ei!r ! r$ col\r1 or ! o!r prop]ties :i* %ew x to h dissolv$ "p !re(4 ,x is also a rule1 to ?r[ ! ,alkali exce$+ hot into ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 :i* be+ heat$ be=eh& boils on ! addition ( ! hot ,salt4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! ,t9cture /ill /rong]1 !y are left to dige/ toge!r = "s "t2 aft] :i*1 if "p ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e be drawn (f by di/illation1 ! rema9d] w h a r$d] col\r & a m acrid ta/e4 ,! ,_s drawn (f by di/illation is cle>1 col\rless1 & do? n give ! same tok5s ( an alkal9e quality z ! ,t9cture2 & = t reason1 z ! design ( ! pres5t process is only to dephlegmate & rectify ,_s ( ,w9e by means ( a ,fix$ ,alkali1 we h direct$ x to be di/ill$ z soon z all its phlegm is absorb$ by ! ,salt4 ,h[ev]1 ,_s ( ,w9e rectifi$ 9 ?is mann] mu/ n be consid]$ z absolutely pure2 = a small degree ( an alkal9e quality is /ill p]ceptible 9 x3 b t do? n h9d] its be+ employ$ ) success 9 sev]al *ymical op]ations1 :]e ! prop]ty *iefly requir$ 9 ,_s ( ,w9e is t x be p]fectly dephlegmat$4 ,9 ord] to free ,_s ( ,w9e f ! small portion ( ,alkali rema9+ 9 x aft] di/illation1 ,mr4 ,bo]haave proposes to mix ) x a few drops ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 be=e ! la/ di/illation4 ,b !re is great reason to appreh5d an opposite inconv5i5ce f ?is practice3 t is1 in/ead ( an alkal9e "*1 we may give ! ,_s an acid ta9t4 ,inde$ ?is _c be avoid$1 b by mix+ ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e exactly z mu* ,acid1 z suffices to saturate ! ,alkali conta9$ 9 x1 & no m2 :i* is a po9t v difficult to hit4 ,van ,helmont tells u1 t hav+ di/ill$ ,_s ( ,w9e f ,salt ( ,t>t> p]fectly calc9$1 half ( x came ov] pure wat]2 & ,mr4 ,bo]haave1 to :om ?is appe>$ v surpris+1 resolv$ to repeat ,van ,helmont's exp]im5t1 9 ord] to satisfy himself ( ! tru?1 & see ) 8 own eyes :at w\ld be ! result4 ,) ?is view he made a t9cture ( ,salt ( ,t>t> 9 ! mann] above describ$1 z /rong & z fully impregnat$ z he possibly c\ld4 ,he set x 9 dige/ion ) ! ,alkali = sev]al mon?s1 & aft]w>ds let x /& f\r ye>s )\t t\*+ x4 ,he !n p\r$ ! :ole into a cucurbit1 & drew (f ! ,_s ( ,w9e f ! ,salt by di/illation4 ,! ,_s ( ,w9e1 :i* 0 be=e v r$1 became cle> on be+ di/ill$1 hav+ left its col\r 9 ! ,salt :i* rema9$ at ! bottom ( ! cucurbit4 ,?is ,_s he return$ ^u ! ,salt1 & di/ill$ z be=e4 ,he obs]v$1 t1 9 ?is second di/illation1 ! ,_s ( ,w9e rose ) a little m difficulty1 & t ! rema9+ ,salt 0 ( a m saturat$ col\r1 & become ( a d>k r$4 ,9 ?is mann] he cohobat$ & di/ill$ 8 ,_s tw5ty times1 ) ! same ,salt4 ,he !n f\nd t ! ,_s ( ,w9e _h acquir$ a cau/ic1 fi]y ta/e1 & t ! sal9e mass 9 ! bottom ( ! cucurbit 0 gr[n black4 ,?is sal9e residue he di/ill$ ) a /rong] fire1 & obta9$ f x a liquor1 :i* 0 wat]1 & n ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,?\gh ,mr4 ,bo]haave seems1 by ?is t$i\s lab\r1 to h made ,van ,helmont's exp]im5t succe$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 yet t fam\s & accurate ,philosoph] did n flatt] himself ) ! notion ( hav+ solv$ ! problem4 ,he fir/ obs]ves1 t he 0 f> f gett+ ! quantity ( wat] :i* ,van ,helmont says he obta9$1 viz4 half ! weight ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,secondly1 he c\ld sc>ce ?9k t ! quantity he did obta9 actually came f ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,! ?+ appe>$ to him s s+ul>1 & s h>d to be acc\nt$ =1 t he incl9$ to believe ! wat] 0 q extrane\s bo? to 8 ,_s ( ,w9e & to 8 ,salt1 & t x came f ! air1 :i* c\ld n b be admitt$ 9 ! frequ5t cohobations ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e ) ! ,alkali4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,bo]haave und]took ?is long labori\s c\rse ( op]ations1 he _h x also 9 8 view to try :e!r he c\ld n1 by ! same means1 solve ano!r problem fam$ among ! ,*ymi/s1 namely1 ! ,volatilization ( ! ,salt ( ,t>t>4 ,he acqua9ts u1 t 9 ?is also he fail$2 :i* may easily be believ$3 b1 9 my op9ion1 he 0 m successful ) reg>d to ! fir/ po9t1 ?an he himself imag9$2 = ,i ?9k ! wat] he obta9$ came imm$iately f ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,we %all easily be conv9c$ ( ?is1 if we c>efully consid] all ! circum/ances att5d+ 8 exp]im5ts4 ,x ha? be5 %ewn1 t ,_s ( ,w9e consi/s ( an ,oil1 ( an ,acid1 & ( wat]1 ) :i* ! ,oil is intimately mix$ by means ( ! ,acid2 t ,_s ( ,w9e1 :i* is n p]fectly dephlegmat$1 may be depriv$ ( a pretty consid]able quantity ( ,wat]1 :i* is sup]flu\s & unnecess>y to its composition2 & t x suff]s no *ange !reby1 except t x becomes light]1 /rong]1 m inflammable1 9 %ort1 m ,_s ( ,w9e3 b t1 :5 x is once fre$ ( ?is sup]-abundant phlegm1 x w\ld be 9 va9 to attempt sep>at+ a great] quantity ( wat] f x4 ,all ! wat] !n left 9 x is ess5tial to its composition1 & necess>y to give x its prop]ties2 =1 )\t t1 x w\ld n be ,_s ( ,w9e1 b only an ,oil load$ ) an ,acid4 ,?is be+ laid d[n1 ! wat] :i* _c be sep>at$ f ,_s ( ,w9e :ile x cont9ues ,_s ( ,w9e1 mu/ become s5sible :5 x is decompos$4 ,& ?is actually comes to pass3 = if y rob ,_s ( ,w9e ( "o ( its pr9ciples1 its ,oil1 = in/ance1 & = t purpose burn x "u a glass bell1 z y d ,sulphur1 y w by ?is means collect a great quantity ( wat]1 ev5 ?\gh y make use ( ! mo/ highly rectifi$ ,_s ( ,w9e2 :i* proves t ?is wat] 0 "o ( ! ess5tial p>ts t con/itut$ ! ,_s4 ,if1 in/ead ( depriv+ ?is mixt ( its oily pr9ciple1 y sep>ate f x "o ( its o!r pr9ciples1 su* z its ,acid1 x is pla9 t x w 9 l mann] be decompos$1 & t !n ! ,oil & ! wat]1 :i* 7 comb9$ toge!r only by means ( t ,acid1 w sep>ate f "o ano!r1 & appe> ea* 9 its natural =m4 ,n[ ?is is exactly ! case 9 ,van ,helmont's exp]im5t1 z repeat$ by ,bo]haave4 ,! ,fix$ ,alkali1 on :i* ! ,_s ( ,w9e is cohobat$1 ha? a great] aff9ity ) ! ,acid ( ?is mixt ?an ) its phlegm or its ,oil4 ,x !re=e unites ) "p ( t ,acid2 by :i* means a proportional quantity ( its ,oil & wat] mu/ ne$s sep>ate f ea* o!r1 & ( c\rse a portion ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e w be decompos$4 ,accord+ly ,bo]haave obs]v$1 t1 9 dephlegmat+ ,_s ( ,w9e by a ,fix$ ,alkali1 a portion ( ,oil is always sep>at$ f x1 & t ! ,alkali employ$ 9 ?is op]ation is impregnat$ ) an ,acid1 s t1 :5 x ha? be5 sev]al times us$ = ?is purpose1 x is almo/ *ang$ into a ,neutral ,salt1 & ha? acquir$ ! prop]ties ( ! ,foliat$ ,salt ( ,t>t>4 ,t on :i* ,_s ( ,w9e ha? be5 cohobat$ a great numb] ( times mu/ consequ5tly be impregnat$ ) a great quantity ( ,acid2 &1 z ! ,acid c>ries ) x a great deal ( wat]1 x is n surpris+ t :5 ! ,alkali1 ?us impregnat$ ) ,acid & phlegm1 is expos$ to a /rong fire1 ! phlegm %\ld be sep>at$ f x3 see+ ! union betwe5 !m is b weak4 ,?us x appe>s t ! wat] obta9$ by ,mr4 ,bo]haave1 9 8 exp]im5t1 came imm$iately f ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 agreeably to ,van ,helmont's notion2 ^: mo/ intellig5t foll[]s h cle>ly expla9$ 8 s5tim5ts on ?is subject1 tell+ u1 z _! au?or's positive ass]tion1 t1 9 8 exp]im5t1 ! pure/ ,_s ( ,w9e deposites "o ( its pr9ciples 9 ! ,salt ( ,t>t>2 t ano!r ( !m is turn$ into wat]1 & s sep>at$ f t ,_s1 & f ! pr9ciple attract$ by ! ,salt ( ,t>t>2 t consequ5tly ,_s ( ,w9e c]ta9ly consi/s ( ^! two pr9ciples1 :i* may be sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 & t ! pr9ciple :i* unites ) ! ,alkali ( ! ,t>t> *anges ?is ,salt into a m$icam5t1 or ,balsam1 ( admirable virtue 9 cur+ w\nds1 kn[n by ! title ( ! ,same* ( ,p>acelsus4 ,x may "h be ask$1 :y ,bo]haave obta9$ b a small quantity ( wat] 9 ?is exp]im5t1 see+ ,van ,helmont pret5ds t x ought to be equal to half ! weight ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,! mo/ natural answ] to ?is "q is1 t1 z ,van ,helmont did n publi% all ! circum/ances ( 8 exp]im5t1 !re is reason to ?9k ,bo]haave did n g ab\t x 9 ! same mann] z ,van ,helmont did4 ,9 my op9ion he w\ld h succe$$ p]fectly1 & h obta9$ f 8 ,_s ( ,w9e ! :ole quantity ( wat] he desir$1 if1 in/ead ( cohobat+ x always on ! same ,alkali1 he _h tak5 fre% ,alkali e "t2 _h drawn a t9cture f x2 _h di/ill$ 8 ,_s ( ,w9e f ?is ,salt2 &1 aft] collect+ all ! p>cels ( ,alkali rema9+ aft] ^? di/illations1 he _h expos$ !m to a /rong fire1 9 ord] to sep>ate all ! moi/ure conta9$ 9 !m4 ,p]haps also su* a great numb] ( cohobations & di/illations w\ld n h be5 necess>y to decompose ! ,_s ( ,w9e totally by ?is me?od2 especially if he _h employ$ a great] quantity ( ,alkali 9 ea* op]ation4 ,= x is evid5t1 t a ,fix$ ,alkali1 by be+ impregnat$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( ! ,acid & wat] ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 loses !reby a great deal ( its /r5g? & activity1 & at la/ becomes incapable ( absorb+ any m2 s t1 :5 x is entirely saturat$1 x is no m able to act ^u ,_s ( ,w9e1 s z to decompose x1 ?an s mu* ,vitriolat$ ,t>t>1 or common ,s&4 ,h5ce y see1 t !re are /ill _m beautiful exp]im5ts to be made on ?is subject1 & t we may hope by a regul> c\rse ( !m to obta9 a p]fect solution ( ,van ,helmont's problem4 ,9 ! foll[+ processes we %all treat ( ano!r me?od ( decompos+ ,_s ( ,w9e1 :i* consi/s 9 depriv+ x ( its ess5tial wat]1 or aque\s pr9ciple1 by ! means ( highly conc5trat$ ,acids4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,,_s ,,( ,,w9e comb9$ ) ,,diff]5t ,,sub/ances4 ,,process ,i4 ,to comb9e ,_s ( ,w9e ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,?is comb9ation decomp\nd$4 ,rabel's ,wat]4 !r4 ,sweet ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,h(fman's ,anodyne ,m9]al ,liquor4 ,into an ,engli% glass retort put two p\nds ( ,_s ( ,w9e p]fectly dephlegmat$1 & p\r on x at once two p\nds ( highly conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol3 %ake ! retort g5tly sev]al times1 9 ord] to mix ! two liquors4 ,?is w produce an ebullition1 & consid]able heat2 vap\rs w asc5d1 ) a pretty l\d hiss+ noise1 :i* w diffuse a v aromatic smell1 & ! mixture w be ( a deep] or light] r$ col\r1 accord+ z ! ,_s ( ,w9e 0 m or less oily4 ,set ! retort on a s&-ba?1 made ne>ly z hot z ! liquor2 lute on a tubulat$ ballon1 & di/il ! mixture ) a fire /rong en\gh to keep ! liquor always boil+3 a v aromatic ,_s ( ,w9e w fir/ come ov] into ! ballon1 aft] :i* ! !r w rise4 ,:5 ab\t five or six ounces ( x are come (f1 y w see 9 ! upp] concavity ( ! retort a va/ numb] ( little po9ts 9 a ve9$ =m1 :i* w appe> fix$1 & :i* are nev]!less s _m little drops ( !r1 roll+ ov] "o ano!r1 & trickl+ d[n into ! receiv]4 ,^! little po9ts cont9ue to appe> & succe$ ea* o!r to ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,keep up ! same degree ( fire1 till ^u op5+ ! little hole 9 ! ballon y p]ceive t ! vap\rs1 :i* in/antly fill ! receiv]1 h ! suffocat+ smell ( volatile ,_s ( ,sulphur#ab4 #ab ,^! :ite vap\rs d n appe> :5 ! vessels are p]fectly close4 ,mr4 ,hellot1 to :om we owe ! rem>k1 hav+ p]=m$ ?is op]ation 9 a cry/al retort procur$ f ,london1 ! neck ( :i* _h be5 rubb$ ) em]y 9 ! m\? ( its receiv]1 s t ^! two vessels fitt$ ea* o!r exactly1 saw ! !rial liquor di/il pretty fa/1 b )\t :ite vap\rs4 ,he !n loos5$ ! receiv]1 by turn+ x a little ^u ! neck ( ! retort1 s t ! ext]nal air might get 92 :]eupon ! :ite vap\rs appe>$ imm$iately4 ,:5 ! receiv] 0 close fitt$ on aga91 ! vap\rs disappe>$4 ,he repeat$ ! same ?+ five times f half h\r to half h\r1 & ^! vap\rs z (t5 appe>$ & disappe>$4 ,!n unlute ! ballon1 p\r ! liquor x conta9s into a cry/al bottle1 & /op x close3 !re w be ab\t eighte5 ounces ( x4 ,lute on y\r receiv] aga91 & cont9ue ! di/illation ) a great] degree ( fire4 ,!re w come ov] an aque\s1 acid liquor1 smell+ /rong ( a sulphure\s _s1 :i* is n inflammable4 ,x w be accompani$ ) undulat+ vap\rs2 :i* be+ cond5s$ w =m an oil1 mo/ commonly yell[1 "o "p ( :i* w float on ! surface ( ! liquor1 & ano!r w s9k to ! bottom4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation ( ?is acid liquor1 & ( ! yell[ ,oil ( :i* x is ! vehicle1 t "p ( ! mixture1 :i* is left 9 ! retort & gr[n black1 w beg9 to rise 9 fro?4 ,!n suppress y\r fire at once3 /op ! di/illation1 & *ange y\r receiv] once m4 ,:5 ! vessels are gr[n pretty cool1 f9i% y\r di/illation ) a lamp-heat1 kept up = twelve or fifte5 days1 :i* 9 all t "t w raise b a v little sulphure\s _s4 ,!n break y\r retort1 9 :i* y w f9d a black1 solid mass1 l a ,bitum54 ,x w h an acid ta/e1 aris+ f a rema9d] ( ! ,acid imp]fectly comb9$ ) ,oil4 ,?is artificial ,bitum5 may be fre$ f its r$undant ,acid1 by wa%+ x 9 sev]al wat]s4 ,!n put x into a glass retort1 & di/il x ) a /rong rev]b]at$ fire4 ,y w obta9 a r$di% ,oil t w swim on wat]1 mu* l ! ,oil obta9$ by di/ill+ ! natural ,bitum5s4 ,?is ,oil also w be accompani$ ) an aque\s acid liquor4 ,9 ! retort w be left a *>r$ matt]1 :i*1 be+ put into an ignit$ crucible 9 ! fire1 burns = "s "t1 &1 :5 well calc9$1 leaves a :ite e>?4 ,! liquors t rise fir/ 9 ?is di/illation1 & :i* we direct$ to be kept by !mselves1 are a mixture consi/+1 #a4 ( a highly dephlegmat$ ,_s ( ,w9e1 ( a mo/ fragrant smell2 #b4 ( !r1 :i* ! ,_s ( ,w9e :]e) x is unit$ r5d]s miscible ) wat]2 #c4 ( a portion ( ,oil1 :i* commonly rises ) ! !r1 t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation2 #d4 & sometimes ( a little sulphure\s acid1 if ! receiv] be n *ang$ soon en\gh4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate ! !r f ^! o!r sub/ances1 put ! :ole into an ,engli% retort1 ) a little ,oil ( ,t>t> p] deliquium to absorb ! ,sulphure\s ,acid1 & di/il v sl[ly 9 a s&-ba? heat$ by a lamp1 till ne> half ! liquor be come ov]4 ,!n cease di/ill+2 put ! liquor 9 ! receiv] into a phial ) "s wat] & %ake x2 y w see x rise ) rapidity to ! upp] "p ( ! phial1 & float on ! surface ( ! wat]3 ?is is ! !r4 ,,obs]vations4 ,?is op]ation is only a decomposition ( ,_s ( ,w9e by means ( ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,9 ! prec$+ process we saw t ?is ,_s1 :i* consi/s ( ?ree ess5tial pr9ciples1 viz4 an ,oil1 an ,acid1 & ,wat]1 _c be depriv$ ( "o ( !m )\t be+ at ! same "t decompos$2 ! two o!rs t rema9 hav+1 by su* sep>ation1 lo/ ! bond ( intimate union & connection t 0 betwe5 !m4 ,we saw also t ,_s ( ,w9e1 :5 mix$ & dige/$ ) a v cau/ic ,fix$ ,alkali1 & sev]al times di/ill$ f x1 deposites its ,acid 9 t ,salt3 & h5ce x comes t ! ,oil & ! ,wat]1 be+ depriv$ ( ! pr9ciple :i* 0 ! bond ( _! union1 sep>ate f ea* o!r1 & appe> 9 _! natural =ms4 ,9 ! pres5t exp]im5t1 ! ,vitriolic ,acid decomposes ! ,_s ( ,w9e 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,we "k t ?is ,acid acts p[]fully on ,oils2 & t1 :5 x is highly conc5trat$1 z ! op]ation requires x %\ld be1 x seizes & attracts ) surpris+ =ce ! moi/ure ( all bodies t t\* x4 ,s t1 :5 x is mix$ ) ,_s ( ,w9e1 x acts at ! same "t bo? on ! aque\s & on ! oily pr9ciple ( t mixt4 ,! rapidity & activity1 :]e) x ru%es into union ) ^! sub/ances1 produce ! heat1 ! ebullition1 & ! hiss+ noise1 :i* we obs]ve dur+ ! fir/ mom5ts aft] _! mixture4 ,! r$ col\r1 :i* ! two liquors conf\nd$ toge!r acquire aft] "s "t1 is ow+ to ! comb9ation ( ! acid ) ! oily "p2 = x is kn[n t ,oils1 z col\rless z ,_s ( ,w9e1 su* z ! ,ess5tial ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 become ( a br[ni% r$ :5 dissolv$ by a conc5trat$ ,acid3 & ,kunckel obs]v$1 t1 ! m ,oil !re is 9 ,_s ( ,w9e mix$ ) ,oil ( ,vitriol1 ! deep] is ! r$ col\r x acquires on be+ s mix$4 ,he ev5 gives ?is exp]im5t z ! c]ta9 means ( discov]+ :e!r ,_s ( ,w9e be m or less oily2 & he adds1 t ,_s ( ,w9e1 :i* ha? lo/ "p ( its ,oil by be+ rectifi$ ) ,lime1 acquires less r$ness ?an any o!r by be+ mix$ ) ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,:5 ! mixture ha? acquir$ ?is col\r1 & be=e x und]goes di/illation1 x appe>s l a homog5e\s liquor4 ,!re is yet no decomposition2 or at lea/ none t is p]ceptible2 & ! ,vitriolic ,acid is unit$ at ! same "t ) ! ,oil1 ! ,acid1 & ! ,wat] ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e2 t is1 ) ! :ole ,_s ( ,w9e 9 sub/ance4 ,?is mixture1 :5 made ) ?ree p>ts ( ,_s ( ,w9e to "o ( ,oil ( ,vitriol1 is an a/r+5t rem$y mu* us$ 9 hemorrhages1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ,rabel's ,wat]4 ,! actual decomposition ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e is effect$ by ! di/illation4 ,! fir/ liquor1 or ! fir/ portion ( ! liquor t rises be=e ! re/1 ha? ! smell & all ! prop]ties ( ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,x is inde$ "p ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e employ$ z an +r$i5t 9 ! mixture2 b1 be+ ab/ract$ f a highly conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol1 :i*1 ( all kn[n sub/ances1 attracts moi/ure ) ! greate/ p[]1 x is p]fectly fre$ ( all its unnecess>y phlegm1 & reta9s no m ?an :at is a con/itu5t "p !re(1 z "o ( its pr9ciples1 )\t :i* x w\ld n be ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,! liquor t succe$s ?is fir/ ,_s ( ,w9e is ( a diff]5t nature4 ,x may be consid]$ z an !r3 =1 ?\gh x be n a pure !r1 x conta9s ! :ole ( x3 f ?is liquor only c x be obta9$2 x is no o!r ?an an !r mix$ ) "s ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e t comes ov] fir/1 & a little ( ! acid liquor :i* comes aft]w>d4 ,n[ ! production ( !r is ! effect ( a beg9n+ decomposition ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e3 x is ,_s ( ,w9e deg5]at$1 half decompos$2 ,_s ( ,w9e too highly dephlegmat$2 t is1 ,_s ( ,w9e :i* ha? lo/ a "p ( its ess5tial phlegm1 ( t phlegm :i* z a necess>y pr9ciple made x ,_s ( ,w9e3 x is a liquor /ill compos$ ( oily p>ts mix$ ) aque\s p>ts1 & on t acc\nt mu/ reta9 a resemblance ( ,_s ( ,w9e2 b su* t its oily p>ts1 n be+ dissolv$ & diffus$ among a suffici5t numb] ( aque\s p>ticles1 are br\ght ne>] to ea* o!r ?an !y %\ld be to con/itute p]fect ,_s ( ,w9e2 on :i* acc\nt x is n n[ miscible ) wat]1 b is z mu* ne>] to ! nature ( ,oil1 z x is remov$ f ! nature ( ,_s ( ,w9e3 x is a liquor1 9 %ort1 :i*1 be+ nei!r ,_s ( ,w9e nor pure ,oil1 yet possesses "s prop]ties 9 common ) bo?1 & is consequ5tly to be rank$ 9 ! middle betwe5 !m4 ,?is explanation ( ! nature ( !r1 :i* ,i imag9e 0 nev] be=e giv5 by any o!r1 is ! same t we propos$ 9 our ,elem5ts ( ! ,!ory ( ,*ymi/ry1 :i* may be consult$ on ?is occasion4 ,an objection aga9/ ?is op9ion may1 p]haps1 be drawn f an exp]im5t well kn[n 9 ,*ymi/ry4 ,x may be said1 t1 if !r 7 no?+ b deprav$ ,_s ( ,w9e1 :i* ceases to be miscible ) wat]1 because ! loss x ha? su/a9$ ( a portion ( ! wat] necess>y to its con/itution ha? disord]$ ! proportion :i* ought to subsi/ betwe5 its aque\s & oily p>ts1 f :i* proportion x d]ives t prop]ty1 x w\ld be v easy to *ange ,_s ( ,w9e into !r by a me?od q contr>y to ! usual "o2 viz4 by mix+ ,_s ( ,w9e ) a suffici5t quantity ( sup]flu\s ,oil3 = x seems to be a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ! proportion1 betwe5 ! aque\s & ! oily p>ts ( ,_s ( ,w9e1 be *ang$ by less5+ ! quantity ( ! =m]1 z 9 ! common op]ation = !r1 or by increas+ ! quantity ( ! latt]1 z is "h propos$2 & we c1 by ! la/ me?od1 put ^! two pr9ciples toge!r 9 :at proportion we please4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 t1 :atev] quantity ( ,oil be dissolv$ 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 x w /ill rema9 miscible ) wat]2 & t1 if ,_s ( ,w9e ?us replete ) ,oil be mix$ ) wat]1 x w unite !re) z usual1 & quit ! ,oil :i* x _h dissolv$4 ,?is objection1 ?\gh seem+ly a v speci\s "o1 w be remov$ ) ! utmo/ ease1 if we reflect b ev] s little on "s ( ! pr9ciples already laid d[n4 ,we said1 & we gave "s in/ances ( x1 t c]ta9 sub/ances may be unit$ toge!r 9 sundry diff]5t mann]s3 s t f ^! comb9ations1 ?\gh made 9 ! same proportions1 !re %all result comp\nds ( v dissimil> prop]ties4 ,! comb9ation we are n[ consid]+ is ano!r evid5ce ( ?is tru?4 ,x is all[$ t ! proportion betwe5 ! oily & ! aque\s p>ts may be exactly ! same 9 !r & 9 ,_s ( ,w9e replete ) ,oil2 b x mu/ also be own$ t ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,oil is comb9$ 9 ^! two cases is v diff]5t4 ,t ,oil1 :i* at fir/ is a con/itut+ "p ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 & aft]w>ds becomes a "p ( ! !r1 is unit$ ) ! o!r pr9ciples ( ^? mixts1 t is1 ) _! ,acid & _! ,wat]1 by ! means ( f]m5tation1 :]eby x is mu* m att5uat$1 & mu* m closely comb9$1 ?an t ) :i* ,_s ( ,w9e is impregnat$ by dissolution only4 ,& accord+ly ?is adv5titi\s ,oil is s slightly connect$ ) ,_s ( ,w9e1 t x is easily sep>able f x by b>ely di/ill+ x1 or ev5 mix+ x ) wat]3 :]eas t :i* makes a "p ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 z "o ( its con/itu5t pr9ciples1 is unit$ !re) 9 su* a mann] z n to be sep>able f x by ei!r ( ^! me?ods1 nor inde$ )\t employ+ ! mo/ vigor\s & p[]ful ag5ts = t purpose4 ,s t ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 !r & ,oily ,_s ( ,w9e mu/ be ascrib$ to ! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* ! ,oil is comb9$ 9 ^! two mixts3 &1 if a suffici5t quantity ( sup]flu\s ,oil c\ld be unit$ ) ,_s ( ,w9e1 9 su* a mann] t1 )\t be+ soapy1 x %\ld n be sep>able !refrom by ! affusion ( wat]1 ,i make no d\bt b su* a ,_s ( ,w9e w\ld be p]fectly l !r1 s f> z n to be miscible ) wat]4 ,b let u return to our di/illation1 & trace ! decomposition ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e by ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,we h %ewn t ! ,acid beg9s ) attract+ "p ( ! ,wat] :i* con/itutes ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 by :i* means x *anges ! nature ( ?is comp\nd1 de/roys its miscibility ) wat]1 & br+s x z mu* ne>] to ! nature ( an ,oil z x !reby removes x f ! nature ( ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,accord+ to ! !ory laid d[n x is evid5t1 t1 if ! ,acid cont9ue to act 9 ! same mann] on ,_s ( ,w9e ?us deprav$ & become !r2 t is1 if x cont9ue to draw f x ! small rema9+ quantity ( ! aque\s pr9ciple1 to :i* x owes ! prop]ties x /ill reta9s 9 common ) ,_s ( ,w9e1 ?is mu/ produce a total decomposition !re(2 s t ! oily p>ts1 be+ no long] dissolv$ & divid$ by ! aque\s p>ts1 w be collect$ toge!r1 unite1 & appe> "u _! natural =m1 ) all _! prop]ties4 ,n[ ?is is exactly ! case4 ,! ,vitriolic ,acid rises 9 ! di/illation aft] ! !r2 b consid]ably *ang$1 because x is load$ ) ! scatt]$ rema9s ( ! decompos$ ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,x is 9 a mann] suffocat$ by ! ,wat] x ha? attract$ f ! ,_s2 :i* is ! reason :y x appe>s 9 ! =m ( a v aque\s acid liquor4 ,x c>ries up along ) x ! ,oil :i* x ha? sep>at$ f t ,wat]3 ?is is ! ,oil we took notice ( 9 ! process1 & x is consequ5tly t v ,oily pr9ciple :i* actually con/itut$ ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,la/ly1 by act+ on ?is ,oil also1 x takes up a portion ( phlogi/on1 :i* r5d]s x sulphure\s4 ,:at rema9s 9 ! retort is also a portion ( ! ,oil1 t 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 n[ comb9$ ) "s ( ! ,acid2 :i* is ! reason :y x is black & ?ick4 ,x is a comp\nd mu* resembl+ a ,bitum51 & :5 analyz$ yields ! same pr9ciples we obta9 f native ,bitum5s1 or f an ,ess5tial ,oil ?ick5$ & half burnt by its comb9ation ) conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,z to ! ,acid ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 "s ( x rema9s comb9$ ) ! !r3 b !re is great reason to ?9k1 t1 :5 ! ,vitriolic ,acid robs ! ,_s ( ,w9e ( its aque\s "p1 x takes up at ! same "t mo/ ( its ,acid1 :i* be+ itself v aque\s1 may be consid]$ z pure wat] ) respect to ! conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol1 by :i* x is attract$1 & ) :i* x is conf\nd$4 ,! prop]ties :i* *>act]ise !r agree p]fectly well ) :at we h said ( its nature1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* x is produc$4 ,x is "o ( ! lighte/ liquors we "k2 x evaporates s sudd5ly1 t1 if a little ( x be dropt on ! palm ( y\r h&1 y w sc>ce p]ceive ! "p x t\*es to be wet by x2 x is m volatile ?an ,_s ( ,w9e2 :i* is n at all surpris+1 see+ x diff]s !refrom only by conta9+ less wat]1 :i* is ! heavie/ pr9ciple 9 ,_s ( ,w9e4 !r is m inflammable ?an ,_s ( ,w9e2 =1 if any flame be br\ght b ne> x1 x imm$iately cat*es fire4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! oily p>ts ( :i* x consi/s are n only z mu* att5uat$1 & z subtile1 z ^? ( ,_s ( ,w9e1 b also 9 a great] proportion ) reg>d to its aque\s p>ts4 ,to ! same cause mu/ be attribut$ ! facility ) :i* x dissolves any oily matt]s :atev]4 !r burns )\t smoke1 z ,_s ( ,w9e does1 & )\t leav+ any coal or e>?y matt] beh9d2 because ! inflammable or oily p>ts conta9$ 9 x are1 9 ?is respect1 dispos$ l ^? ( ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,! prop]ties ( n be+ miscible ) wat]1 & ( tak+ up ,gold dissolv$ 9 aqua regis1 x possesses 9 common ) ,ess5tial ,oils2 b ! latt] prop]ty x possesses 9 a mu* m s5sible degree ?an any ,oil3 = ,ess5tial ,oils su/a9 ! ,gold !y ?us take up b a little :ile2 :]eas ! !r nev] lets x fall4 ,x seems ! anci5t ,*ymi/s 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! !r3 or at lea/1 if !y did "k x1 !y made a my/]y ( x1 accord+ to cu/om1 & spoke ( x only 9 enigmatical t]ms4 ,among/ ! mod]ns ,frob5ius1 a ,g]man ,*ymi/1 seems to h be5 ! fir/ :o br\ght x to p]fection4 ,godfrey ,hankwitz1 also a ,g]man1 b settl$ 9 ,engl&1 made m5tion ( x mu* ab\t ! same "t 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,accord+ to ! latt]1 ,mr4 ,boyle & ,sir ,isaac ,newton bo? knew ! prep>ation ( !r1 = :i* !y _h ea* a diff]5t process4 ,b none ( ^! ,*ymi/s ev] publi%$ an exact & circum/antial acc\nt ( a me?od by :i* ?is liquor might be prep>$3 s t ,messrs4 ,duhamel1 ,grosse1 & ,hellot1 :o h s9ce made sev]al exp]im5ts = t purpose1 & h discov]$1 & communicat$ to ! public1 easy & c]ta9 me?ods ( procur+ !r1 _h no assi/ance 9 _! lab\rs b f _! own skill & sagacity2 :i* gives !m a j title to ! hon\r ( ! inv5tion4 ,mr4 ,beaum also1 a v +5i\s ,arti/ 9 ,p>is1 :o ha? be/[$ a great deal ( pa9s on ?is subject1 lately communicat$ to ! ,academy a ,memoir1 :i*1 among sev]al v important obs]vations1 conta9s ! commodi\s & exp$iti\s process above ins]t$4 ,z !re are _m exp]im5ts 9 ,mr4 ,hellot's ,memoir1 agree+ p]fectly well ) :at ha? be5 said conc]n+ ! decomposition ( ,_s ( ,w9e by ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 we ?9k x w be prop] to take notice ( !m "h1 & to exam9e !m briefly at lea/4 ,! quantity1 ! col\r1 & ! weight ( ! ,oil1 :i* rises 9 ! di/illation at ! same "t ) ! aque\s acid liquor1 are v>i\s1 accord+ to ! diff]5t proportions ( ,_s ( ,w9e & ,oil ( ,vitriol t are mix$ toge!r4 ,mr4 ,hellot obs]v$ t by increas+ ! quantity ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid he obta9$ m ( ?is ,oil1 & less ( ! ,ard5t ,_s conta9+ ! !r4 ,! reason is ?is3 ! m ,oil ( ,vitriol y put 9 ! mixture1 ! m ,_s ( ,w9e mu/ be totally decompos$1 & consequ5tly ! m ( ?is ,oil w be obta9$2 :i*1 z we h %ewn1 is "o ( ! pr9ciples result+ f ! decomposition ( ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,?is ,oil is also light] or heavi]1 9 proportion to ! quantity ( ,oil ( ,vitriol p\r$ on ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,t :i* arises f mix+ six1 five1 f\r1 or ev5 ?ree p>ts ( ,_s ( ,w9e ) "o "p ( conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol1 always floats on ! wat]1 & cont9ues :ite4 ,t :i* asc5ds f two p>ts ( ,_s ( ,w9e is yell[1 & mo/ commonly s9ks2 &1 la/ly1 t :i* is produc$ f equal p>ts ( ^! two liquors is gre5i%1 & con/antly falls to ! bottom4 ,mr4 ,hellot rem>ks1 on ?is occasion1 t "p ( ! ,acid1 by ! int]v5tion ( :i* ?is ,oil is sep>at$1 unites !re)2 &1 to ! great] or small] quantity ( ! ,acid ?us comb9$ ) ! ,oil1 he imputes its be+ m or less pond]\s3 :i* is ! m probable1 z ! heavie/ ,oil is always obta9$ f a mixture 9 :i* ! ,acid be>s ! greate/ proportion1 & vice v]sa4 ,p]haps ! diff]5t specific gravity ( ,ess5tial ,oils is :olly ow+ to ! great] or small] quantity ( ,acid !y conta94 ,mr4 ,h(fman ha? made sev]al obs]vations on ?is ,oil1 :i* evid5tly prove t x conta9s mu* ,acid4 ,he says1 t1 if x be kept = "s "t 9 a bottle1 x gr[s r$1 & loses its transp>5cy2 t its agreeable aromatic ta/e becomes acid & corrosive2 & t if y hold x ov] ! fire 9 a silv] spoon1 x corrodes x1 & leaves a black spot on x2 & t x also corrodes ,m]cury1 :5 heat$ !re) 9 a matrass4 ,to ?is ,mr4 ,pott adds1 t x makes a v p]ceptible eff]vesc5ce ) ,fix$ ,alkalis2 & t be+ rectifi$ by ^? salts x loses all ! acid prop]ties obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,h(fman4 ,mr4 ,hellot obta9$ a /ill m consid]able quantity ( ?is ,oil1 by add+ ?ree or f\r ounces ( a ,fat ,oil to ! mixture ( ,_s ( ,w9e ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,n[1 z ! ,oil we are speak+ ( ha? ! prop]ties ( ,ess5tial ,oils1 & is soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 ,mr4 ,hellot obs]ves1 t ,oil ( ,vitriol by unit+ ) ,fat ,oils conv]ts !m into ,ess5tial ,oils3 :i* agrees v well ) our op9ion conc]n+ ! cause ( ! solubility ( ,oils 9 ,_s ( ,w9e2 :i*1 9 ! ,memoir already ref]r$ to on o!r occasions1 we attribute to an ,acid sup]ficially & slightly unit$ ) ,oils4 ,! ,oil :i* ?us rises1 9 di/ill+ ,_s ( ,w9e mix$ ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,sweet ,_s ( ,vitriol4 ,?is "n is v improp]1 because x may sugge/ a notion t ?is ,oil d]ives its orig9 f ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 z "s ,*ymi/s h errone\sly ?\ght2 :]eas x comes entirely f ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 z we h %ewn4 ,if any reason c be assign$ = keep+ up ! "n1 x mu/ be because ( ! consid]able quantity ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid t rema9s 9 ! comb9ation1 & is dulcifi$ by its union ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,?is ,oil is an +r$i5t 9 ,h(fman's fam\s ,anodyne ,m9]al ,liquor4 ,t liquor is ?\ght to be no?+ b ?is v ,oil dissolv$1 & comb9$ ) ! two liquors t rise fir/ 9 ! di/illation1 & imm$iately be=e ! sulphure\s acid phlegm4 ,x dissolves v easily & quickly 9 ^? spiritu\s m5/rua2 s t1 if y int5d to h x by itself1 & to prev5t its recomb9+ ) ! liquors t come (f be=e1 7:i* %\ld be prev5t$1 because x h9d]s ! sep>ation ( ! !r71 y mu/ take great c>e to *ange ! receiv] z soon z ! acid phlegm ) :i* x rises beg9s to appe>4 ,we h se5 t1 by ! me?ods :i* ,mr4 ,hellot ha? po9t$ out1 ?is ,sweet ,oil ( ,vitriol may be increas$1 bo? 9 weight & quantity4 ,9 t +5i\s ,*ymi/'s ,memoir we also f9d "s me?ods ( prev5t+ x f ris+ 9 ! di/illation4 ,!y consi/ :olly 9 ! addition ( "s ,absorb5t bodies1 :i*1 he tells u1 div]t ! action ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 at lea/ 9 "s measure1 f ! inflammable "p ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,"o ( ^! me?ods is z foll[s4 ,put into ,_s ( ,w9e z mu* s(t ,soap z x c dissolve3 filt] x1 & p\r on x "s ( ! heavie/ & mo/ conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol3 %ake ! mixture4 ,! ,soap w be in/antly decomp\nd$1 & its ,oil w float on ! surface2 because ! ,vitriolic ,acid robs x ( ! ,alkali1 :i* r5d]s x miscible ) ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,di/il x1 & y w obta9 b a v little ( ,rabel's wat]2 :i*1 moreov]1 w h ! disagreeable smell ( a mo/ rancid ,oil4 ,!re w aft]w>ds asc5d a great quantity ( ,_s ( ,w9e hav+ ! same smell2 !n an aque\s1 acid1 & sulphure\s liquor2 b n a drop ( yell[ ,oil4 ,mean "t !re =ms a bitum9\s fungus1 ( "s confid5ce1 ris+ above ! ,oil ( ! ,soap :i* floats on ! re/ ( ! liquid4 ,mo/ ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid hav+ be5 absorb$ by ! ,alkali ( ! ,soap1 9 ?is exp]im5t1 z ,mr4 ,hellot obs]ves1 x is n surpris+ t x %\ld n act ^u ! ,_s ( ,w9e ) s mu* efficacy z to decompose x1 & sep>ate its ,oil4 ,= ! same reason b a little ( ,rabel's ,wat] comes ov]1 & almo/ all ! ,_s ( ,w9e rises )\t und]go+ any s5sible alt]ation4 ,! disagreeable smell ( ^? liquors comes f ! ,oil ( ! ,soap1 :i*1 be+ naturally heavy1 rema9s beh9d 9 ! retort1 :]e x gr[s rancid & is p>tly burnt4 ,! la/ exp]im5t 9 ,mr4 ,hellot's ,memoir1 ( :i* we %all take notice1 is a peculi> process = prep>+ !r2 by means :]e(1 ) ! help ( an e>?y m$ium1 x is easy to di/il ! v9\s acid ,_s conta9+ ! !r1 )\t any s5sible *ange ( smell f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! op]ation2 )\t its be+ succe$$ by an acid sulphure\s liquor1 oil1 black scum1 res91 or bitum52 & )\t ! necessity ( tak+ any great c>e ab\t ! managem5t ( ! fire1 z ! liquor may always be kept boil+ 9 ! retort1 & di/ill$ to dryness )\t any dang]4 ,?is m$ium is common pott]'s e>?4 ,mr4 ,hellot puts six ounces !re(1 well dri$ & pulv]iz$1 into a l>ge retort1 ) "o p\nd ( ,_s ( ,w9e & eight ounces ( ,oil ( ,vitriol4 ,^! he dige/s toge!r ?ree or f\r days4 ,! mixture acquires no s5sible col\r4 ,he sets ! retort 9 a s&-ba?1 & cont9ues ! di/illation to dryness ) a mod]ate *>coal fire4 ,except+ a few drops t rise fir/1 & :i* are pure ,_s ( ,w9e1 all ! re/ ( ! liquor t di/ils ha? con/antly ! smell ( !r3 :i* is ev5 some:at m p5etrat+ ?an t ( ! v9\s acid ,_s obta9$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( ?is e>?y m$ium4 ,we h %ewn1 t ! production ( ! !real liquor is ow+ to a semi-decomposition ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e effect$ by ! ,vitriolic ,acid dur+ ! di/illation2 t ?is ,acid cont9u+ to act1 produces a total decomposition1 or p]fect sep>ation ( ! ,oil & ,phlegm ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e f ea* o!r2 & t ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 unit+ ) ^! two pr9ciples1 =ms ! sulphure\s phlegm1 ! fluid oil1 & ! bitum9\s matt]1 all frequ5tly m5tion$ above4 ,:y !n1 9 ?is exp]im5t ( ,mr4 ,hellot's1 d we obta9 only a ,_s ( ,w9e replete ) !r1 :ile none ( ! o!r productions appe>8 ,! reason is a v natural "o1 & v cle>3 x is ?is2 ! pott]'s clay conta9+ an e>? ( t k9d :i* we call$ ,absorb5t1 because x possesses ! prop]ty ( unit+ ) ,acids1 t e>? jo9s ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid 9 ! mixture1 r$uces x to a ,neutral ,salt1 & !reby prev5ts its cont9u+ to act ^u ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 z is necess>y to ! total decomposition !re(4 ,mr4 ,hellot says on ?is occasion1 t "p ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid turn+ its action on ?is soluble e>? or bole1 :i* x f9ds 9 ! pott]'s clay1 ceases to act on ! inflammable pr9ciple ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e2 t1 consequ5tly1 z !re is n an imm$iate & cont9u\s comb9ation ( ^! two sub/ances1 nei!r a res9 nor a bitum5 c result !refrom4 ,?is is s true1 t a great "p ( ! ,oil ( ,vitriol may be aft]w>ds recov]$ f ! pott]'s clay z col\rless z :5 x 0 fir/ us$4 ,mr4 ,hellot makes use ( ! foll[+ me?od = procur+ ! !r f ! acid v9\s ,_s obta9$ by ?is di/illation4 ,y mu/1 says he1 put all ?is liquor into a glass body1 made ( "o piece ) its head2 p\r ^u x1 ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! upp] "p ( ! head1 twice or ?rice z mu* well-wat]1 ! h>de/ to ! ta/e1 & ! mo/ impregnat$ ) gypsum1 t c be got4 ,v pure wat]1 he obs]ves1 produces mu* less !r4 ,if ! v9\s acid ,_s h su* a sulphure\s smell1 z to occasion a suspicion t x conta9s a little too mu* ( a ,volatile ,vitriolic ,acid1 y mu/ add to ! wat] two or ?ree drams ( ,salt ( pota% to absorb t ,acid2 & !n di/il ) a lamp-heat4 ,:ile any true !r rema9s 9 ! mixture1 y w see x asc5d l a :ite pill> issu+ f ! mid/ ( ! liquor1 & consi/+ ( an inf9ite numb] ( air bubbles inexpressibly small4 ,no?+ seems to cond5se 9 ! cavity ( ! head1 :i* always rema9s cle>1 & )\t any visible humidity4 ,! gutts :i* light on ! sides ( ! receiv]1 in/ead ( =m+ a net-"w !reon1 z ,_s ( ,w9e do? :5 x is a little aque\s1 spread to ! bread? ( two in*es or m1 :5 !y consi/ ( true !r4 ,z soon z y p]ceive ?is track beg9 to gr[ consid]ably n>r[]1 ! fire mu/ be put out2 = :at rises aft]w>ds w be mix$ ) wat]1 & communicate t fault to ! !r already collect$ 9 ! receiv]4 ,!n p\r ?is !rial liquor into a long bottle1 & add to x an equal quantity ( well-wat]4 ,%ake ! bottle2 ! liquor w become milky1 & ! true !r w in/antly sep>ate1 float ^u ! wat]1 & mix no m ) x4 ,sep>ate x !n by a siphon1 & keep x 9 a glass bottle %ut close ) a glass /opple4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,_s ( ,w9e comb9$ ) ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,sweet ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,into an ,engli% retort ( cry/al glass put "s highly rectifi$ ,_s ( ,w9e2 &1 by means ( a glass funnel ) a long pipe1 let fall into y\r ,_s ( ,w9e a few drops ( ! ,smok+ ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,!re w arise 9 ! retort an eff]vesc5ce att5d$ ) heat1 r$ vap\rs1 & a hiss+ noise l t ( a live coal qu5*$ 9 wat]4 ,%ake ! vessel a little1 t ! liquors may mix ?or\ghly1 & t ! heat may be equally communicat$ to ! :ole4 ,!n add m ,_s ( ,nitre1 b 9 a v small quantity1 & ) ! same precautions z be=e4 ,cont9ue ?us add+ ,_s ( ,nitre1 by little & little at a "t1 till y h put into ! retort a quantity equal to a ?ird "p ( y\r ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,let ?is mixture /& quiet1 9 a cool place1 = t5 or twelve h\rs2 !n set x to dige/ 9 a v g5tle w>m? = eight or t5 days1 hav+ fir/ lut$ on a receiv] to ! retort4 ,dur+ ?is "t a small quantity ( liquor w come ov] into ! receiv]1 :i* mu/ be p\r$ into ! retort4 ,!n di/il ) a some:at /rong] degree ( heat1 b /ill v g5tly1 till no?+ be left 9 ! retort b a ?ick matt]4 ,9 ! receiv] y w f9d a spiritu\s liquor1 ( a quick grateful smell1 :i* w excite a v sm>t s5sation on ! tongue1 b )\t any corrosive acrimony4 ,?is is ,! ,sweet ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,,obs]vations4 ,by ?is op]ation ,_s ( ,nitre is comb9$ ) ,_s ( ,w9e2 ^! two liquors be+ unit$ ) ea* o!r1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! ,vitriolic ,acid is ) ,_s ( ,w9e 9 ,rabel's ,wat]4 ,! proportion ( ! liquors :i* =m ?is comb9ation is n absolutely det]m9$1 & ! sev]al au?ors :o h writt5 on ! subject diff] mu* ab\t x4 ,"s require equal p>ts ( ! +r$i5ts2 o!rs aga9 f two z f> z t5 p>ts ( ,_s ( ,w9e to "o ( ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,?is dep5ds on ! degree to :i* ! ,_s ( ,nitre made use ( is conc5trat$1 & on ! great] or less acidity :i* y\r dulcifi$ ,_s ( ,nitre is int5d$ to h4 ,! ,disp5satory ( ! ,college ( ,p>is ord]s "o "p ( ,_s ( ,nitre di/ill$ f dri$ clay1 t is1 ( ,_s :i* do? n smoke1 to be mix$ ) two p>ts ( rectifi$ ,_s ( ,w9e1 & ! :ole to /& 9 dige/ion = a mon?1 )\t di/ill+ ! mixture at all4 ,?is is a v good me?od3 because ! long dige/ion supplies ! place ( di/illation1 & ! ,_s ( ,nitre1 n be+ highly conc5trat$1 do? n greatly alt] ! ,_s ( ,w9e2 besides t _m inconv5i5ces1 to be pres5tly tak5 notice (1 are by ?is means avoid$4 ,b z our design is n to describe su* ,*ymical prep>ations only z are commonly us$ 9 m$ic9e1 our plan requir+ u to treat p>ticul>ly ( ^? :i* may give any light into ! fundam5tal prop]ties ( bodies1 ! process "h set d[n appe>$ ! fitte/ = our purpose2 because ! action :i* ,_s ( ,nitre ex]ts ^u ,_s ( ,w9e is !re9 /rong] & m p]ceptible4 ,"o ( ! fir/ p>ticul>ities att5d+ ! mixture ( ^? two liquors1 is ! great eff]vesc5ce1 accompani$ ) viol5t heat1 abundance ( fumes1 & l\d hiss+1 :i* arises z soon z ! ,_s ( ,nitre & ! ,_s ( ,w9e come into contact ) ea* o!r4 ,!re is great reason to ?9k1 t ^! ph5om5a are produc$ only by ! rapidity & vig\r ) :i* ! ,nitr\s ,acid ru%es into union ) ! inflammable "p ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,we obs]v$1 9 treat+ ( ! !r1 t ph5om5a ( ! same k9d appe> at ! in/ant :5 ! ,vitriolic ,acid unites ) ,_s ( ,w9e3 b on t occasion1 h[ highly soev] ! ,vitriolic ,acid be conc5trat$1 all ^! effects are 9 a less degree ?an ^? produc$ 9 ! pres5t exp]im5t2 because ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 ?\gh weak] ?an ! ,vitriolic1 g5]ally acts mu* m vigor\sly & viol5tly on ! bodies ) :i* x unites1 ?an any o!r sort ( ,acid4 ,conc]n+ ^! mixtures ( ,acids ) ,_s ( ,w9e1 ,mr4 ,pott obs]ves1 t x is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r y p\r ! ,_s ( ,w9e ^u ! ,acid1 or ! ,acid on ! ,_s ( ,w9e2 b t e ?+ passes mu* m quietly1 :5 ! ,acid is p\r$ to ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 ?an :5 ! contr>y is done3 & he gives ! true reason !re(2 to wit1 t :5 ! ,acid is p\r$ on ! ,_s ( ,w9e x f9ds 9 t liquor a great quantity ( wat]1 ) :i* x imm$iately unites2 t ?is weak5s x1 & h9d]s x f act+ on ! inflammable "p ) s mu* impetuosity z x o!rwise w\ld2 & !re=e he advises t su* mixtures be always made 9 ?is mann]4 ,b x is evid5t t ?is advantage is ga9$ only by mix+ ! ,acid ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e v gradually1 & drop by drop1 z direct$ 9 ! process aft] ,mr4 ,pott4 ,=1 if ! two liquors 7 to be mix$ toge!r sudd5ly1 & all at once1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,acid w\ld n meet ) a s+le drop ( phlegm m or less 9 t way ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,!re=e ! *ief1 &1 9 "s measure1 ! only precaution necess>y to be tak51 9 ! mak+ ( su* mixtures1 to prev5t ! viol5t eff]vesc5ce & o!r inconv5i5ces t may att5d x1 su* z explosion1 & ! bur/+ ( ! vessels1 is to p\r b a v small quantity ( "o liquor into ! o!r at a "t1 & to add no m till ! eff]vesc5ce1 & ev5 ! heat1 produc$ by ! fir/ portion1 be entirely ceas$4 ,) ^! precautions y may proce$ ei!r way1 & be always sure t ! vessels w n bur/2 because x is 9 y\r p[] to add su* a small quantity ( liquor at a "t1 z %all sc>ce produce a s5sible eff]vesc5ce4 ,we own1 h[ev]1 t ,mr4 ,pott's obs]vation is a v j "o4 ,!re is ev5 an advantage 9 p\r+ ! ,acid to ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 z he directs2 :i* is1 t ! mixture is a little soon] made1 & )\t any dang]4 ,we h %ewn1 t ! ,vitriolic ,acid becomes aque\s & sulphure\s by mix+ ,_s ( ,w9e ) x3 ! ,nitr\s ,acid is *ang$ by ?is mixture 9 a mann] no less rem>kable4 ,mr4 ,pott obs]ves1 t :5 ,_s ( ,nitre is dulcifi$1 t is1 :5 x is p]fectly comb9$ ) ,_s ( ,w9e1 x loses ! disagreeable od\r peculi> to x1 & acquires ano!r t is quick & fragrant2 x do? n aft]w>ds emit any r$ fumes2 x rises ) a less degree ( heat ?an :5 pure2 x acts ) less vig\r on ,fix$ ,alkalis & ,absorb5t e>?s4 ,la/ly1 we %all "h relate an exp]im5t made by t ,*ymi/1 :i* seems to prove t ! ,nitr\s ,acid loses its mo/ *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 & entirely *anges its nature1 by be+ comb9$ ) ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,mr4 ,pott exam9$ ! ?ick liquor left 9 ! retort1 :5 ! dulcifi$ ,_s ( ,nitre is di/ill$ (f4 ,by analyz+ x he obta9$ an acid liquor1 ( a yell[ col\r1 & ( a some:at empyreumatic smell4 ,?is ,acid 0 foll[$ by "s drops ( a r$ empyreumatic ,oil2 & !re rema9$1 at ! bottom ( ! di/ill+ vessel1 a black1 %9+1 *>r$ matt]1 l t :i* rema9s aft] ! rectification ( a fetid ,oil4 ,! ,oil extract$ f ?is residue is a portion ( t :i* help$ to con/itute ! ,_s ( ,w9e2 be+ sep>at$ !refrom by ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 9 ! same mann] z t treat$ ( 9 ! prec$+ process1 & call$ ,sweet ,oil ( ,vitriol1 is sep>at$ by ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,b z ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 :i* is weak] ?an ! ,vitriolic1 do? n s effectually decompose ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 ! ,oil1 obta9$ 9 ! pres5t exp]im5t1 is 9 small] quantity ?an t procur$ 9 ! di/illation ( a mixture ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid ) ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,z to ! ,acid :i* ,mr4 ,pott drew (f 9 8 exp]im5t1 !re is great reason to ?9k x a "p ( t :i* 0 an +r$i5t 9 ! mixture2 namely1 ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid4 ,& yet ,mr4 ,pott hav+ saturat$ ) a ,fix$ ,alkali "o "p ( ! residuum1 :i* he _h a m9d to exam9e be=e ! ,acid 0 sep>at$ f x by di/illation1 & expect+ ?is matt] to conta9 a reg5]at$ ,nitre1 he ?rew x on a live coal2 b 0 surpris$ to see x burn )\t ! lea/ sign ( detonation2 & !nce conclud$1 t ! ,nitr\s ,acid _h *ang$ its nature4 ,?is exp]im5t1 he ?9ks1 may furni% h9ts = ! transmutation ( ,acids2 & he is ( op9ion1 t ! ,nitr\s ,acid loses its virtue ( detonat+1 9 ! pres5t case1 only because its inflammable "p1 to :i* x owes its di/+ui%+ prop]ties1 ha? des]t$ x1 & jo9$ ) t ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,inde$ if ! ,acid obta9$ by ,mr4 ,pott1 :i* be+ r$uc$ to a ,neutral ,salt do? n detonate1 d]ives its orig9 f ! ,nitr\s ,acid t 0 comb9$ ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 !re is no d\bt ( its be+ deprav$ 9 a peculi> mann]1 & hav+ entirely *ang$ its nature4 ,b may we n suppose x to h ano!r orig98 ,may x n be ! ,acid ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e itself1 result+ f ! decomposition ( t mixt 9 ! di/illation8 ,mr4 ,navi]1 :om we m5tion$ 9 our ,elem5ts ( ! ,!ory1 extract$ a v s+ul> oily liquor f ! mixture ( ,_s ( ,w9e & ,_s ( ,nitre1 )\t di/illation1 & ev5 )\t ! help ( fire4 ,he put equal p>ts ( ! two liquors1 by measure1 n by weight1 into a bottle1 :i* he /opp$ close ) a good cork1 fa/5$ d[n ) pack-?read4 ,n9e days aft]w>ds he f\nd ab\t a six? "p ( ! mixture sep>at$ f1 & float+ on1 ! re/ ( ! liquor4 ,?is 0 a v f9e !real ,oil1 v limpid1 & almo/ z col\rless z wat]4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t ,mr4 ,navi] sub/itut$ a solution ( ,iron 9 ! ,nitr\s ,acid = pure ,_s ( ,nitre2 & ) ?is solution he mix$ an equal weight ( ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,f ! mixture1 aft] a f]m5tation :i* appe>$ 9 x1 he obta9$ by ! same me?od an !real ,oil1 l t ( 8 =m] exp]im5t2 except t ! latt]1 :i* 0 at fir/ z col\rless z ! o!r1 acquir$ a r$ness 9 ! space ( ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,he conjectures1 ) probability1 t ?is col\r proce$$ f "s p>ticles ( ,iron :i* 7 unit$ ) x1 & :i* gradually exhal$4 ,if a few drops ( ,oil ( ,t>t> p] deliquium be p\r$ on ?is ,oil1 z soon z x is sep>at$1 !re appe>s at fir/ no s5sible *ange !re93 b aft] "s "t ne$le-l cry/als %oot 9 x1 :i* are a true reg5]at$ ,nitre2 & if ! bottle be !n un/opp$1 ! liquor emits a mo/ pung5t nitro-sulphure\s od\r2 :i* leaves no d\bt ( ?is ,oil's conta9+ a ,nitr\s ,acid4 ,:5 x is ?us fre$ ( its ,acid1 by means ( ! ,oil ( ,t>t>1 x is mu* m volatile ?an be=e4 ,nei!r ! ,vitriolic nor ! ,m>9e ,acid is capable ( sep>at+ su* an ,oil f ,_s ( ,w9e3 b ! ,nitr\s ,acid always produces x1 ev5 :5 x is n conc5trat$1 & do? n smoke4 ,x is v c]ta9 t ?is ,oil d]ives its orig9 f ! ,_s ( ,w9e3 b !re are n yet exp]im5ts en\gh made ^u x1 to enable u to speak v accurately ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* ?is liquor is =m$1 or ( ! cause ( its sep>ation f ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,_s ( ,w9e comb9$ ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt4 ,dulcifi$ ,_s ( ,salt4 ,mix toge!r1 little by little1 9 a glass retort1 two p>ts ( ,_s ( ,w9e ) "o "p ( ,_s ( ,salt4 ,set ?is mixture to dige/ = a mon? 9 a g5tle heat1 & di/il x1 till no?+ rema9 9 ! retort b a ?ick matt]4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,acid ( ,sea-salt is mu* less dispos$ to unite ) inflammable matt]s ?an ! o!r two m9]al ,acids2 & !re=e1 ?\gh x be ev] s highly conc5trat$1 :5 mix$ ) ,_s ( ,w9e1 x nev] produces an eff]vesc5ce comp>able to t :i* is produc$ by ! ,_s ( ,nitre4 ,nei!r ! proportion nor /r5g? ( ! ,_s ( ,salt1 requisite to prep>e ! ,sweet ,_s ( ,salt1 are unanim\sly agre$ ^u by ,au?ors4 ,"s direct equal p>ts ( ! two liquors2 :ile o!rs prescribe f two to f\r or five p>ts ( ,_s ( ,w9e to "o "p ( ,_s ( ,salt4 ,"s use only common ,_s ( ,salt2 o!rs require ! ,smok+ ,_s1 di/ill$ by means ( ,_s ( ,vitriol4 ,la/ly1 "s ord] ! mixture to be di/ill$1 aft] "s days dige/ion2 & o!rs cont5t !mselves ) b>ely dige/+ x4 ,! :ole dep5ds on ! degree ( /r5g? :i* ! ,sweet ,_s ( ,salt is int5d$ to h4 ,?is composition1 z well z ! ,sweet ,_s ( ,nitre1 is e/eem$ 9 m$ic9e to be v ap]itive & diuretic4 ,:5 ! mixture ( ,_s ( ,salt & ,_s ( ,w9e is di/ill$1 !re comes ov] b "o liquor1 :i* appe>s homog5e\s4 ,?is is ! ,sweet ,_s ( ,salt4 ,! nature ( ! ,m>9e ,acid is n *ang$ 9 ?is comb9ation3 ! ,acid is only weak5$ & r5d]$ m mild2 b 9 o!r respects x reta9s its *>act]i/ic prop]ties4 ,"s au?ors pret5d1 t an ,oil is obta9$ by di/ill+ ! mixture = ! ,sweet ,_s ( ,salt2 b o!rs expressly d5y ! fact4 ,?is v>iety may be occasion$ by ! quality ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e employ$4 ,x w\ld n be surpris+ if a ,_s ( ,w9e1 :i* conta9s mu* ,oil t is unnecess>y to its nature1 &1 z x 71 adv5titi\s to x1 %\ld yield an ,oil :5 di/ill$ ) ,_s ( ,salt4 ,! ?ick residue1 f\nd 9 ! retort aft] di/illation1 conta9s ! mo/ pond]\s "p ( ! ,acid1 unit$ ) "p ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,if ! di/illation be cont9u$ to dryness1 !re rema9s 9 ! retort a black *>r$ matt]1 mu* l t :i* is left by ! comb9ations ( ,_s ( ,w9e ) ! o!r ,acids4 ,a sweet ,_s ( ,salt may also be prep>$ by dige/+ ,_s ( ,w9e )1 or di/ill+ x f1 metallic compositions replete ) ! ,m>9e ,acid adh]+ b slightly to !m2 su* z ,corrosive ,sublimate1 & ,butt] ( ,antimony4 ,"p ( ?is ,acid1 :i* is v highly conc5trat$1 quits ! metallic sub/ance ) :i* x is b sup]ficially comb9$1 9 ord] to unite ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,if ,butt] ( ,antimony be us$ = ?is purpose1 ,mr4 ,pott1 ! au?or ( ^! exp]im5ts1 obs]ves1 t a ,m]curius ,vit precipitates2 :i* is no?+ else1 z we obs]v$ 9 its place1 b ! regul9e "p ( ! ,butt] ( ,antimony des]t$ by its ,acid4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,oils1 or ,oily ,matt]s1 t are soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 sep>at$ f ,vegetables1 & dissolv$ by means ( t ,m5/ruum4 ,t9ctures2 ,elixirs2 ,v>ni%es4 ,aromatic ,/rong ,wat]s4 ,put into a matrass ! sub/ances f :i* y int5d to extract a ,t9cture1 hav+ fir/ p\nd$ !m1 or pulv]iz$ !m if !y are capable ( x4 ,p\r ^u !m ,_s ( ,w9e to ! dep? ( ?ree f+]s bread?4 ,cov] ! matrass ) a piece ( wet bladd]1 & tye x on ) pack-?read4 ,make a little hole 9 ?is bit ( bladd] ) a p91 leav+ x 9 ! hole to keep x /opp$4 ,set ! matrass 9 a s&-ba? v g5tly heat$4 ,if ! ,_s ( ,w9e dissolve any "p ( ! body1 x w accord+ly acquire a deep] or light] col\r4 ,cont9ue ! dige/ion till y p]ceive t ! ,_s ( ,w9e ga9s no m col\r4 ,f "t to "t pull out ! p91 to give v5t to ! vap\rs1 or r>efi$ air1 :i* might o!rwise bur/ ! matrass4 ,decant y\r ,_s ( ,w9e1 & keep x 9 a bottle well cork$4 ,p\r on "s fre% ,_s 9 its /ead2 dige/ z be=e2 & g on 9 ?is mann]1 p\r+ on & (f fre% ,_s ( ,w9e1 till ! la/ come (f col\rless4 ,,obs]vations4 ,x is commonly said1 t ,_s ( ,w9e is ! solv5t ( ,oils & oily matt]s3 b ?is proposition is too g5]al2 = !re are sev]al sorts ( ,oils & oily matt]s :i* ?is m5/ruum w n dissolve4 ,( ?is numb] are ! ,fat ,oils1 ,bees-,wax1 & ! o!r ,oily comp\nds ( t k9d4 ,prop]ly speak+1 x dissolves b two sorts ( oily sub/ances2 namely1 ,ess5tial ,oils1 & ,balsams or ,res9s1 :i* are matt]s ( ! same k9d1 diff]+ f ea* o!r only z !y are m or less ?ick2 & ,oils t are 9 a saponace\s /ate4 ,9 our ,elem5ts ( ! ,!ory we h expla9$ our op9ion on ?is head1 f a ,memoir on ! subject pr9t$ among ^? ( ! ,academy = #agde4 ,to repeat x 9 a few words3 we take ! cause ( ! solubility ( ,oils 9 ,_s ( ,w9e to be an ,acid1 :i* is b sup]ficially unit$ ) !m1 & s z /ill to reta9 its prop]ties4 ,! pr9cipal pro(s on :i* we f\nd ?is op9ion are drawn f t prop]ty ( ,ess5tial ,oils1 ,balsams1 & ,res9s1 :i* are naturally soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 t !y become s mu* ! less soluble 9 ?is m5/ruum1 ! (t5] !y are di/ill$ or rectifi$2 & f t prop]ty :i* ,fat ,oils1 or o!r ,oily matt]s1 naturally indissoluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 possess1 ( becom+ m & m soluble !re9 ! (t5] !y are di/ill$4 ,we %ew$ t di/illation less5s ! solubility ( ,ess5tial ,oils1 ,balsams1 & ,res9s1 only by depriv+ ^! sub/ances ( "p ( ! manife/ ,acid :i* !y conta91 & :i* is ! cause ( _! solubility2 & t ,fat ,oils1 & o!r oily matt]s1 naturally indissolvable 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 are by ! same op]ation r5d]$ capable ( dissolv+ !re91 only because x discov]s1 & p>tly extricates1 an ,acid1 :i* is naturally comb9$ ) !m s intimately t x is entirely depriv$ ( action1 & all its prop]ties p]fectly mask$4 ,if ^! pr9ciples be well att5d$ to1 & if x be recollect$ )al1 t ,_s ( ,w9e unites ) ,wat] pref]ably to ,oils2 insomu* t1 if x be mix$ ) wat] :5 x ha? dissolv$ an ,oil1 x quits ! ,oil to unite ) ! ,wat]2 t = ! same reason x is n capable1 :5 v aque\s1 ( dissolv+ any ,oil1 see+ t1 z ,oil & wat] are n susceptible ( contract+ any union1 x mu/ !n des]t its phlegm to unite ) ! ,oil2 :i* x _c d1 because x ha? a great] aff9ity ) phlegm ?an ) ,oil2 &1 la/ly1 t if ,oil be comb9$ ) any sal9e sub/ance1 :i* makes x soluble 9 wat]2 t is1 if x be 9 a saponace\s /ate1 x w !n rema9 dissolv$ 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 )\t be+ precipitat$ by wat]2 or w be dissolv$ by a v aque\s ,_s ( ,w9e1 & frequ5tly mu* bett] ?an by a highly rectifi$ ,_s3 if ^! ?+s1 ,i say1 be consid]$1 we %all easily p]ceive :at mu/ be ! effect ( dige/+ ,_s ( ,w9e ) any vegetable sub/ance :atev]4 ,_s ( ,w9e dissolves all ! ,ess5tial ,oil1 ,balsam1 & ,res9 conta9$ 9 any vegetable2 & z ^! matt]s are n soluble 9 wat]1 !y may be sep>at$ f ! ,_s 9 :i* !y are dissolv$1 by l[]+ x ) mu* wat]4 ,x in/antly becomes :ite & opaque1 l milk2 ! oily p>ts gradually unite1 & =m consid]able masses1 especially if !y be res9\s4 ,?is is ! me?od commonly made use ( to extract ! ,res9 ( ,scammony1 ,jalap1 ,guaiacum1 & sev]al o!r vegetable sub/ances1 :i* x w\ld be difficult to procure by any o!r means4 ,if ! matt]s dige/$ ) ,_s ( ,w9e conta9 any saponace\s juices1 ! ,_s w take up ^? juices also4 ,b z soaps are soluble 9 wat]1 z well z 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 !y _c be sep>at$1 by ! addition ( wat]1 f ! ,_s 9 :i* !y are dissolv$4 ,:atev] quantity ( wat] !re=e y mix ) a ,_s t is impregnat$ ) su* juices1 no sep>ation !re( w be produc$2 & = ! same reason ! saponace\s matt]s w be dissolv$ by a v aque\s ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,_s ( ,w9e impregnat$ ) su* p>ts ( any vegetable sub/ance1 z x is capable ( dissolv+1 is commonly call$ a ,t9cture4 ,sev]al ,t9ctures mix$ toge!r1 or a ,t9cture drawn f sundry vegetable sub/ances at ! same "t1 & 9 ! same vessel1 take ! "n ( an ,elixir4 ,t9ctures or ,elixirs impregnat$ ) ,res9\s matt]s only are true ,v>ni%es4 ,all ^! prep>ations are made 9 ! same mann]2 to wit1 z direct$ 9 our process4 ,we %all only add "h1 t if ! sub/ances f :i* a ,t9cture or ,elixir is to be made conta9 too mu* moi/ure1 x is prop] to free !m f x by a g5tle desiccation2 especially if y design t ! ,t9cture %\ld be well impregnat$ ) ! oily & res9\s p>ts3 = _! excess ( moi/ure unit+ ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e w\ld weak5 x1 & r5d] x unable to act on ^? matt]s1 :i* x _c dissolve :5 x is aque\s4 ,vegetable sub/ances :i* h be5 repeat$ly dige/$ ) diff]5t p>cels ( ,_s ( ,w9e1 till ! la/ w\ld extract no?+1 are deem$ to be exhau/$ ( all _! ,ess5tial ,oils1 & saponace\s juices3 b if !y conta9 moreov] any ,fat ,oil1 ,wax1 or ,gum1 ^! pr9ciples w /ill rema9 !re9 aft] ! dige/ion1 9 ! same quantity z be=e2 because ,_s ( ,w9e is incapable ( dissolv+ !m4 ,) reg>d to ! ,fat ,oil & ,wax1 ?is is n at all surpris+3 we h expla9$ 9 ano!r place :y ^! matt]s are indissoluble by ,ard5t ,spirits3 b z = ! ,gum1 x w\ld seem1 accord+ to ! g5]al pr9ciples above-m5tion$1 t x %\ld be soluble 9 t m5/ruum1 ev5 ) m ease ?an ,res9s2 z x consi/s almo/ entirely ( wat]1 ) :i* ,_s ( ,w9e is kn[n to unite m easily ?an ) ,oils4 ,inde$ !re is also a little ,oil 9 its composition3 b ?is ,oil seems to be 9 a p]fectly saponace\s /ate2 = ,gum dissolves :olly & easily 9 wat]1 )\t less5+ its transp>5cy 9 ! lea/4 ,i own t x is extremely difficult to give a v satisfactory acc\nt ( ?is matt]4 ,we may h[ev] v5ture to ?r[ out "s conjectures conc]n+ x1 d$uc$ f :at ha? be5 already said1 relat+ to ! cause ( ! solubility ( ,oils 9 ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,we %ew$ t ! ,oils :i* dissolve 9 ?is m5/ruum d]ive t prop]ty f a manife/ ,acid1 :i* is unit$ ) !m b sup]ficially1 & 9 su* a mann] z to reta9 all its virtue2 b t if ?is same ,acid be too intimately unit$ ) ! ,oil1 s z to h no manife/ p[]1 b be 9 a mann] de/roy$1 & conv]t$ z x 7 into a ,neutral ,salt1 x w n !n produce ?is effect4 ,a mod]n au?or#ac relates two exp]im5ts :i* agree v well ) ?is op9ion1 & inde$ confirm x4 ,he mix$ toge!r ,oil ( ,vitriol & ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 ) a view to imitate by art a bitum9\s matt]2 :i*1 we "k1 is n at all1 or at lea/ sc>cely1 soluble 9 wat]4 ,^! two matt]s be+ unit$ toge!r produc$ a r$1 ?ick comp\nd1 :i* by evaporation became l a natural ,bitum54 #ac ,mr4 ,ead[s1 9 a little ,engli% book1 entitl$ ,! ,mod]n ,apo!c>y4 ,! au?or obs]ves1 t :5 ?is mixture is j made x dissolves 9 ,alcohol2 b t 9 "s "t x *anges its nature1 & communicates sc>ce any "p ( its sub/ance to t solv5t4 ,n[ :5ce c su* a diff]5ce arise1 b f ?is1 t :5 ! mixture is new1 ! ,acid is z yet b sup]ficially unit$ ) ! ,oil1 & comb9es ) x m & m intimately1 z ! mixture gr[s old]4 ,! same au?or1 hav+ repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) ,_s ( ,vitriol1 obta9$ a comp\nd :i* cont9u$ always v soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e3 because ,_s ( ,vitriol be+ mu* weak] & m aque\s ?an ,oil ( ,vitriol1 0 incapable ( comb9+ s closely ) ! ,oil ( ,turp5t9e1 z t conc5trat$ ,acid did 9 ! =m] exp]im5t4 ,by ! by1 !re is great reason to believe t ! v intimate union ( a m9]al ,acid ) an oily matt] is ! true cause :y ,bitum5s w n dissolve 9 ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,x seems !re=e pretty probable1 t ! ,acid :i* makes ! ,oil ( ,gummy matt]s soluble 9 wat]1 & r$uces x to a saponace\s /ate1 is s intimately unit$ ) t ,oil1 t x loses its prop]ties1 & is 9 a mann] conv]t$ into a ,neutral ,salt4 ,n[ we "k t su* ,salts are soluble 9 wat]1 b are n s1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,if y\r ,t9ctures or ,elixirs be n s /rong or s saturat$ z y desire1 y may by di/illation ab/ract "p ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e :i* !y conta91 & by t means give !m su* a degree ( ?ickness z y judge prop]4 ,b ! ,_s ( ,w9e ?us drawn (f con/antly c>ries along ) x a good deal ( ! aromatic pr9ciple4 ,x is a truly ,aromatic ,/rong ,wat]4 ,?is ,_s ( ,w9e also c>ries up ) x a portion ( ?9 ,oil1 :i* is s mu* ! m consid]able z ! degree ( heat employ$ is great]3 & ?is is ! reason :y x becomes ( a milky col\r :5 mix$ ) wat]4 ,if y int5d to make an ,aromatic ,/rong ,wat] only1 y ne$ n previ\sly extract a ,t9cture f ! vegetable sub/ance ) :i* y mean to prep>e y\r wat]3 y ne$ only put x 9 a cucurbit1 p\r ,_s ( ,w9e ^u x1 & di/il ) a g5tle heat4 ,by ?is means y w obta9 a ,_s ( ,w9e impregnat$ ) all ! od\r ( ! plant4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ,,t>t>4 ,,process ,i4 ,t>t> analyz$ by di/illation4 ,! ,_s1 ,oil1 & ,alkal9e ,salt ( ,t>t>4 ,into a /one retort1 or a glass "o coat$ ) lute1 put "s :ite ,t>t> brok5 into small bits1 obs]v+ t "o half1 or at lea/ a full ?ird1 ( ! vessel be left empty4 ,set y\r retort 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace4 ,fit on a l>ge ballon1 hav+ a small hole drill$ 9 x2 lute x exactly ) fat lute1 & secure ! jo9t ) a l95 clo? sme>$ ) lute made ( quick-lime & ! :ite ( an egg4 ,apply at fir/ an exce$+ g5tle heat1 :i* w raise a limpid1 s\ri%1 pung5t wat]1 hav+ b little smell1 & a bitt]i% ta/e4 ,:5 ?is fir/ phlegm ceases to come (f1 increase y\r fire a little1 & make ! degree ( heat ne>ly equal to t ( boil+ wat]4 ,a ?9 limpid ,oil w rise1 accompani$ ) :ite vap\rs1 & ) a prodigi\s quantity ( air1 :i* w issue out ) su* impetuosity1 t if y d n op5 ! little hole 9 ! receiv] "t en\gh to give x v5t1 x w bur/ ! vessels ) explosion4 ,an acid liquor w rise at ! same "t4 ,cont9ue ! di/illation1 increas+ ! heat by ins5sible degrees1 & frequ5tly un/opp+ ! little hole ( ! receiv]1 till ! ela/ic vap\rs cease to issue1 & ! oil to di/il4 ,!n raise y\r fire m boldly4 ,! acid ,_s w cont9ue to rise1 & w be accompani$ ) a black1 fetid1 empyreumatic1 pond]\s1 & v ?ick ,oil4 ,urge ! fire to ! utmo/ extremity1 s t ! retort may be ( a p]fect r$ heat4 ,?is viol5t fire w raise a little ,volatile ,alkali1 besides a portion ( ,oil z ?ick z pit*4 ,:5 ! di/illation is f9i%$1 y w f9d 9 ! retort a black1 sal9e1 *>r$ matt]1 :i* gr[s hot :5 wett$1 attracts ! moi/ure ( ! air1 runs p] deliquium1 & ha? all ! prop]ties ( a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,?is mass1 be+ expos$ to a nak$ fire 9 ! op5 air1 burns1 consumes1 & is r$uc$ to a :ite a%1 :i* is a fi]y1 cau/ic1 ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! matt]s qualifi$ to produce a spiritu\s liquor by f]m5tation1 d n all conta9 ! j & accurate proportion ( ,acid necess>y to con/itute an ,ard5t ,_s4 ,_m ( !m1 ! juices ( fruits = in/ance1 & especially t ( ! ,grape1 are replete ) a sup]-abundant quantity ( ,acid1 m ?an concurs to =m t product ( f]m5tation4 ,?is sup]-abundant ,acid1 comb9$ ) "s ( ! ,oil & e>? conta9$ 9 ! f]m5t$ liquor1 produces a sort ( ,salt1 :i* hangs = a :ile susp5d$ 9 t liquor1 b aft] "s "t1 :5 ! ,w9e /&s quiet 9 a cool place1 sep>ates f x1 & =ms a /one-l incru/ation on ! inside ( ! vat 9 :i* ! ,w9e is kept4 ,?is matt] is call$ ,t>t>4 ,! ,lees ( ,w9e resemble ,t>t>1 9 z mu* z !y conta91 & yield :5 analyz$1 ! same pr9ciples2 b !y diff] f x 9 ?is1 t !y conta91 moreov]1 a great] quantity ( e>?1 ( phlegm1 & a little ,ard5t ,_s1 :i* are only mix$1 b n unit$1 ) ! t>t>\s ,acid4 ,! residue1 or sort ( extract1 :i* rema9s 9 ! cucurbit aft] ,w9e ha? be5 depriv$ ( its ,ard5t ,_s by di/illation1 ha? also a great con=mity ) ,t>t>4 ,x ev5 conta9s t portion ( ,t>t> :i* rema9$ susp5d$ 9 ! ,w9e at ! "t ( its di/illation3 & accord+ly ?is residue ( ,w9e1 be+ analyz$1 yields ! same pr9ciples ) ,t>t>4 ,h5ce we see1 t liquors1 :i* h und]gone ! spiritu\s f]m5tation1 consi/ ( an ,ard5t ,_s & a ,t>t>\s ,acid susp5d$ 9 a c]ta9 quantity ( ,wat]4 ,9 ! analysis ( ,t>t> !re are sev]al ?+s wor?y ( notice4 ,! fir/ is1 ! va/ quantity ( ,air t ?is mixt body yields :5 x beg9s to be decompos$4 ,! *ief difficulty att5d+ its analysis arises f ?is air2 :i* issues out & ex]ts its ela/ic =ce ) su* impetuosity1 t all ! precautions above-m5tion$ are no m ?an necess>y to prev5t ! bur/+ ( ! vessels4 ,! s+ul> nature ( ! ?9 limpid ,oil1 :i* rises ) ?is air1 aft] ! fir/ acid phlegm1 des]ves likewise our p>ticul> att5tion4 ,?is ,oil is "o ( ! mo/ p5etrat+ we "k4 ,bo]haave1 :o di/ill$ ,t>t> )\t hav+ a v5t-hole 9 8 receiv]1 0 oblig$1 9 ord] to prev5t its bur/+1 to apply x to 8 retort ) a lute s weak t mo/ ( ! ela/ic vap\rs might p]spire ?r\gh x2 & he obs]v$1 t1 ?\gh ! neck ( 8 retort ent]$ above five in*es into ! m\? ( 8 receiv]1 & 0 lut$ on z closely z possible ) su* a lute1 yet ?is light ,oil ( ,t>t> con/antly return$ back aga91 z x 71 & p]vad$ ! sub/ance ( ! lute1 s t a good deal ( x dropp$ 9 a di% plac$ on ! outside on purpose to receive x4 ,?is ,oil is probably r5d]$ s active & subtile1 only by hav+ be5 exce$+ly att5uat$ by ! f]m5t+ motion4 ,?is exp]im5t is "o ( ^? :i* suffici5tly prove ! necessity ( employ+ receiv]s hav+ a small v5t-hole1 t may be op5$ & %ut z occasion requires4 ,! la/ rem>k we %all make1 on ! productions ( ,t>t> by di/illation1 relates to ! caput mortuum f\nd 9 ! retort :5 ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,?is residue is v diff]5t f t :i* o!r vegetable matt]s af=d3 =1 :5 !y are decompos$ 9 close vessels1 !y leave no?+ b a m]e *>r$ matt]1 9 :i* no sal9e prop]ty appe>s1 & f :i* no ,fix$ ,alkali c be obta9$1 b by c>ry+ _! analysis to ! utmo/2 t is1 by burn+ !m 9 ! op5 air4 ,t>t>1 on ! contr>y1 only by be+ di/ill$ 9 close vessels1 )\t burn+ x aft]w>ds 9 ! op5 air1 is *ang$ into a sub/ance :i* ha? all ! prop]ties ( a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,?is is probably ow+ to ! ,t>t>'s conta9+ ! pr9ciples requisite to =m a ,fix$ ,alkali 9 a mu* great] quantity ?an !y are to be f\nd 9 any o!r sub/ance4 ,z ,t>t> ?us alkalizat$ 9 close vessels /ill conta9s mu* inflammable matt]1 x might be employ$ ) advantage z a r$uc+ flux1 9 sev]al op]ations ( metallurgy4 ,( all ! vegetable matt]s we "k1 calc9$ ,t>t> yields ! greate/ quantity ( ,fix$ ,alkali2 :i* is likewise v pure1 & !re=e mu* us$ 9 ,*ymi/ry4 ,burnt ,lees ( ,w9e also af=d a great quantity ( ,fix$ ,alkali1 :i* is ( ! same nature ) t ( ,t>t>4 ,?is ,salt is us$ 9 diff]5t trades1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,dy+4 ,! ,fr5* ,v9eg>-mak]s collect quantities ( ^! ,lees1 :i* !y make up into cakes & dry3 :ile x is 9 ?is /ate !y call x ,gravelle or ,gravele2 & ,c5dre ,gravele :5 x is burnt4 ,if ! extract ( ,w9e1 :i* rema9s aft] ! ,_s is drawn (f1 be g5tly evaporat$ to dryness1 & t dry matt] burnt l ,t>t> or ,gravelle1 x w make a sort ( ,c5dre ,gravele v ri* 9 alkal9e ,salt4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,! ,depuration ( ,t>t>4 ,cream & ,cry/als ( ,t>t>4 ,r$uce to a f9e p[d] ! ,t>t> y int5d to purify1 & boil x 9 tw5ty-five or ?irty times z mu* wat]4 ,filt] ! boil+ liquor ?r\gh a flannel-bag1 & !n g5tly evaporate "s "p ( x3 !re w soon =m on its surface a sal9e cru/1 :i* is ! ,cream ( ,t>t>4 ,let y\r liquor cool1 & !re w adh]e to ! sides ( ! vessel a great quantity ( a cry/alliz$ sal9e matt]1 :i* is ,cry/al ( ,t>t>4 ,,obs]vations4 ,t>t>1 :5 tak5 out ( ! vats 9 :i* x =ms1 is mix$ ) a consid]able quantity ( e>?y p>ts1 :i* are n intimately unit$ !re)1 b adult]ate x4 ,?is extrane\s e>? makes ab\t two fif?s ( ! :ole weight ( common ,t>t>2 b :ite ,t>t>1 :i* is ! be/1 conta9s b ab\t a ?ird "p ( e>?4 ,! me?od ( ref9+ ,t>t>1 & free+ x f ?is adv5titi\s e>?1 is v simple1 z appe>s f ! process4 ,e>?y matt]s1 :i* are n intimately comb9$ ) an ,acid 9 ! =m ( a ,neutral ,salt1 are n dissoluble 9 wat]3 = :i* reason ! wat]1 9 :i* crude ,t>t> is boil$1 dissolves ! sal9e "p only1 :i* passes ) x ?r\gh ! filt]2 b do? n dissolve ! e>? ( ! ,t>t>1 because t e>? is n comb9$ ) ! sal9e "p1 & s be+ only susp5d$ 9 ! liquor rema9s on ! filt]4 ,! sal9e p>ts ( ! ,t>t>1 ?\gh !y are n[ sep>at$ f ! gross e>? ) :i* !y 7 mix$1 are n yet p]fectly pure4 ,^! fir/ ,cry/als ( ,t>t> h a disagreeable russet col\r1 & are n transp>5t3 ?is is ow+ to _! be+ coat$ ov]1 z x 71 ) a fatty matt]1 :i* also is =eign to _! nature1 & may be sep>at$ f !m )\t decompos+ !m 9 ! lea/4 ,! cry/als ( ,t>t> are b seldom p]fectly depurat$ 9 ,*ymical ,laboratories2 because ! op]ation do? n usually succe$ well on small quantities3 b !re are manufactories :i* d x by ! great1 & supply ! ,*ymi/s1 z well z ! sev]al tradesm51 ) v f9e & v pure ,cry/als ( ,t>t>4 ,^! manufactories are *iefly set up 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,montpeli]4 ,mr4 ,fifes1 a celebrat$ ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e1 ha? 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy = #agbe describ$ ! op]ation z p]=m$ 9 "o ( ^! works4 ,he tells u1 t hav+ sep>at$ ! e>?y "p f ! ,cry/als ( ,t>t>1 by boil+ & filt]+1 !y dissolve !m aga91 & boil !m 9 l>ge caldrons1 mix$ ) a :ite saponace\s e>?1 :i* cleanses & :it5s !m to p]fection4 ,! saponace\s e>? is f\nd ne> ! works2 b x is n ! only "o t may be employ$ = ?is purpose2 s9ce1 z ,mr4 ,fifes obs]v$1 !y h successively made use ( sev]al diff]5t e>?s 9 t v "w1 & t ! e>? !y n[ use ha? n be5 long employ$4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t mo/ saponace\s e>?s might answ] ! purpose ( ref9+ ,cry/al ( ,t>t>3 b "o necess>y condition is1 t !y be altoge!r indissoluble by ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 :i* be+ acid dissolves _m sorts ( e>?2 =1 if !y h n ?is quality1 !y w =m a ,neutral ,salt ) ! sal9e "p ( ! ,t>t>1 ! nature ( :i* !y w entirely *ange1 & conv]t x into soluble ,t>t>1 z w appe> by ! exp]im5ts t foll[4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,,cry/al ( ,,t>t> comb9$ ) sev]al ,,sub/ances4 ,,process ,i4 ,cry/al ( ,t>t> comb9$ ) ,absorb5t ,e>?s4 ,soluble ,t>t>s4 ,boil an ,absorb5t ,e>?1 su* z ,*alk1 9 a pan ) wat]2 &1 :5 y p]ceive ! ,e>? ?or\ghly divid$1 & equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! wat]1 ?r[ into a pan1 f "t to "t1 "s pulv]iz$ ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 :i* w excite a consid]able eff]vesc5ce4 ,cont9ue ^? projections1 till y obs]ve no eff]vesc5ce excit$ !reby4 ,all ! ,absorb5t ,e>?1 :i* obscur$ ! transp>5cy ( ! wat]1 & gave x an opaque :ite col\r1 w gradually disappe> z ! ,cry/al ( ,t>t> comb9es ) x2 & :5 ! comb9ation is p]fect$1 ! liquor w be cle> & limpid4 ,!n filt] x1 & !re w be left on ! filt] b a v small quantity ( e>?4 ,evaporate all ! filt]$ liquor ) a g5tle heat2 & !n set x 9 a cool place to %oot4 ,cry/als w =m !re91 hav+ ! figure ( flat quadrangul> prisms1 ) almo/ always "o1 sometimes two1 ( ! angles ( ! prism %av$ d[n1 z x 72 & !n ! surfaces at ea* end are oblique1 answ]+ to ^? depress$ angles4 ,^! cry/als are a ,neutral ,salt1 :i* readily dissolves 9 wat]2 a true ,soluble ,t>t>4 ,,obs]vations4 ,cry/al ( ,t>t> is a sal9e sub/ance ( a s+ul> nature4 ,?\gh x cry/allizes l a ,neutral ,salt1 yet x is n "o3 x ha? only ! =m ( "o2 its pr9cipal prop]ties be+ ^? ( an ,acid4 ,nev]!less x is n a pure ,acid2 = x is unit$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( ,oil & ( e>?1 :i* give x ! prop]ty ( cry/alliz+1 & x is sc>ce dissolvable 9 wat]4 ,x is a middle sub/ance betwe5 an ,acid & a ,neutral ,salt4 ,x is an ,acid half-neutraliz$2 on :i* acc\nt x is capable ( act+ l an ,acid on all sub/ances soluble by ,acids1 & s ( be+ conv]t$ into a p]fectly ,neutral ,salt by comb9+ ) !m to ! po9t ( saturation4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts made to neutralize ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 ,fix$ ,alkal9e ,salts alone 7 =m]ly us$4 ,messrs4 ,duhamel & ,grosse 7 ! fir/ :o discov]$ t ,absorb5t ,e>?s might be sub/itut$ = ,alkalis1 & w\ld produce ne>ly ! same effects on ,cry/al ( ,t>t>4 ,! exp]im5ts made by ^! two ,academicians 9 conjunction are circum/antially relat$ 9 two curi\s ,memoirs on ?is subject1 giv5 9 by !m jo9tly1 & pr9t$ ) ^? ( ! ,academy = #agcb & #agcc4 ,f ^! ,memoirs we took ! process "h giv51 & %all also borr[ f !nce mo/ ( ! rem>ks we are n[ go+ to make4 ,/one-lime holds1 z x 71 ! middle place betwe5 m]e ,absorb5t ,e>?s & ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,n[1 see+ ,cry/al ( ,t>t> may be conv]t$ into a ,neutral ,salt by ei!r ( ^! two sub/ances1 x foll[s1 t lime ought to produce ! same effect ^u x4 ,accord+ly ,messrs4 ,duhamel & ,grosse f\nd x to be s ^u trial3 hav+ =m$1 ) ,lac calcis & ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 a ,neutral ,salt p]fectly l t :i* results f ! union ( t sal9e matt] ) ,*alk4 ,cremor calcis1 or t sal9o-t]r5e pellicle :i* =ms on lime-wat]1 produc$ ! same effect3 b1 :at is mo/ s+ul> is1 t lime-wat] itself1 ?\gh x be cle> & limpid1 & consequ5tly do? n seem to conta9 any e>?y p>ticles1 produc$ nev]!less a great eff]vesc5ce ) ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 & neutraliz$ x z p]fectly z ,cremor calcis1 or wat] ev] s mu* impregnat$ ) ,*alk4 ,?is arises f h5ce1 t a great quantity ( ! sal9o-t]r5e matt]1 :i* =ms ! ,cremor calcis is dissolv$ 9 ! lime-wat]4 ,?\gh lime-wat] neutralizes ,cry/al ( ,t>t> z p]fectly z ,*alk does1 & ?\gh ! ,cry/als ( soluble ,t>t>1 or neutraliz$ ,t>t>1 !reby produc$1 be l ^? :i* h ,*alk = _! basis1 yet ,messrs4 ,duhamel & ,grosse obs]v$ "s diff]5ces1 wor?y ( notice1 betwe5 ! ph5om5a accompany+ ! production ( ^! two ,neutral ,salts1 :i* resemble ea* o!r s mu* t !y seem b "o & ! same species ( ,salt4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! wat] conta9+ ! ,t>t> neutraliz$ by ,*alk is v limpid1 & leaves b a v small quantity ( e>? on ! filt]2 :]eas ! lime-wat]1 ) :i* ,t>t> ha? be5 neutraliz$1 leaves on ! filt] a consid]able quantity ( e>?4 ,?is mu/ appe> ! m surpris+1 t ! wat] replete ) ,*alk 01 be=e its union ) ! ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 turbid & opaque2 :]eas ! ,lime wat] 0 at fir/ cle> & limpid4 ,messrs4 ,duhamel & ,grosse suspect ?is to arise f h5ce1 t ! eff]vesc5ce excit$1 :ile ! ,cry/al ( ,t>t> dissolves ! matt] conta9$ 9 lime-wat]1 is great] ?an t :i* is produc$ by its union ) ,*alk susp5d$ 9 wat]4 ,if we consid]1 say !y1 t 9 a great eff]vesc5ce a consid]able quantity ( ! acid ,_s is evaporat$1 we %all easily p]ceive1 t1 ! m ( t ,_s escapes1 ! m ( ! e>? ( ! ,t>t> w be precipitat$4 ,n[1 z ! eff]vesc5ce ) lime-wat] is m consid]able1 & z !re is less alkal9e e>? to *eck1 z x 71 & re/ra9 ! ,acid1 ?an 9 ! exp]im5t ) ,*alk1 a great] quantity ( ! acid ,_s may escape2 :i* be+ entirely lo/ w cause m e>? to precipitate 9 ?is case ?an 9 ! o!r1 :]e ! ,acid is all at once attract$ by a great deal ( alkal9e e>?3 & accord+ly ?is 0 ! reason t our ,t>t> dissolv$ by ,*alk deposit$1 9 cry/alliz+1 a grey e>?1 :i* 0 sc>ce p]ceivable 9 ! exp]im5t made ) ,lime-wat]4 ,yet p]haps1 say !y1 an ,acid1 :i* we suspect to be conta9$ 9 lime1 may h p>tly occasion$ ! precipitation ( ?is e>?4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is ,acid1 :i* ^! g5tlem5 at t "t only suspect$1 ha? be5 s9ce demon/rat$ by sev]al exp]im5ts1 & p>ticul>ly by ^? :i* ,mr4 ,mal\9 ha? publi%$4 ,?is ,acid is ! ,vitriolic1 :i*1 9 comb9ation ) "s ( ! e>? ( ! lime1 =ms a sort ( ,sel5itic ,salt2 :i* adds greatly to ! probability ( ,messrs4 ,duhamel & ,grosse's la/ conjecture4 ,i %all n[ expla9 h[ ,i conceive ! ,vitriolic ,acid 9 lime may occasion ! copi\s precipitate :i* falls 9 lime-wat]1 :5 ,cry/al ( ,t>t> is neutraliz$ by x4 ,! quantity ( ,vitriolic ,acid conta9$ 9 lime is v inconsid]able2 s t to conv]t x into a ,neutral ,salt requires its intimate union ) a v small quantity ( ! e>?y & absorb5t p>ts4 ,h5ce x comes to pass1 t1 :5 wat] is p\r$ ^u quick-lime1 9 ord] to make ! ,lime-wat]1 x 9 "s sort divides ! lime into two p>ts4 ,all ! p>ticles ( ,absorb5t ,e>?1 :i* _h n contract$ an union ) ! ,acid1 are at fir/ b>ely susp5d$ 9 ! liquor1 ! transp>5cy ( :i* !y de/roy1 giv+ x an opaque :ite col\r2 & ?is is :at makes ! ,lac calcis3 b !y soon sep>ate f x1 & fall to ! bottom1 9 ! =m ( a precipitate2 because !y are n soluble 9 wat]4 ,by ?is precipitation ! liquor becomes limpid1 & rema9s impregnat$ only ) su* ( ! e>?y p>ts z are unit$ ) ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 9 ! =m ( a k9d ( ,neutral ,salt1 & h by t union acquir$ solubility4 ,b ! ,vitriolic ,acid f9d+ _m m ,absorb5t p>ts 9 ! lime ?an 7 necess>y to neutralize x1 9 a mann] ov]-dos$ itself ) e>?y p>ts1 & !reby exce$$ ! b\nds ( a p]fect ,neutrality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x ha? be5 %ewn1 t ,cry/al ( ,t>t> is an imp]fect ,neutral ,salt4 ,n[ ^! two ,salts1 :i* are nei!r ( !m p]fectly ,neutral1 diff] f a p]fectly ,neutral ,salt by prop]ties directly opposite to ea* o!r2 see+ ! ,sel5itic matt] 9 ,lime exce$s 9 its absorb5t or alkal9e quality1 & ,cry/al ( ,t>t> exce$s1 on ! contr>y1 9 acidity4 ,:at mu/ be ! consequ5ce1 !re=e1 ( mix+ ^! two sal9e matt]s toge!r8 ,! same z :5 an ,acid is mix$ ) a ,fix$ ,alkali2 t is1 ! ,salt :i* exce$s 9 acidity w comb9e ) ! sup]-abundant alkal9e e>? ( ! ,sel5itic ,salt2 s t ^! two sal9e matt]s w bo? become p]fectly ,neutral ,salts4 ,yet ^! two ,neutral ,salts h n ! same degree ( solubility 9 wat]4 ,! neutraliz$ ,cry/al ( ,t>t> dissolves v readily 9 wat]1 & is = t reason call$ ,soluble ,t>t>3 ! ,sel5itic ,salt1 on ! contr>y1 is h>dly dissolvable 9 x at all4 ,n[ x is a rule t1 :5 two ,salts ( ?is nature meet toge!r1 ! mo/ soluble always rema9s unit$ ) ! wat]1 exclusive ( ! o!r1 :i* is =c$ to precipitate4 ,?is ,i imag9e to be :at happ5s 9 ! pres5t case2 & ! precipitate :i* we see fall1 9 ! lime-wat] employ$ to neutralize ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 seems to me to be no o!r ?an ! ,sel5itic ,salt ( ! ,lime2 :i*1 be+ less soluble ?an ! neutraliz$ ,t>t>1 gives place to x1 & sep>ates f ! liquor4 ,inde$ we _c1 9 my op9ion1 acc\nt = ! precipitate "u consid]ation1 any o!r way1 ?an by suppos+ x to be a portion ei!r ( ! e>? ( ! ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 or a portion ( ! ,lime4 ,n[1 ei!r ( ^! e>?s is dissolvable by ,acids2 :]eas ! precipitate 9 "q1 accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,messrs4 ,duhamel & ,grosse1 is n s3 & ?is ought to be ! case1 if ! precipitate be no?+ b ! sel5itic ,salt ( ! ,lime1 :i* be+ a ,neutraliz$ ,salt1 p>tly con/itut$ by ! mo/ p[]ful ( all ! ,acids1 mu/ be unalt]able by any ,acid :atev]4 ,messrs4 ,duhamel & ,grosse made a great _m exp]im5ts on ! comb9ations ( ,cry/al ( ,t>t> ) diff]5t sorts ( e>?s4 ,! result ( ! :ole is1 t !re are "s e>?s :i* ?is ,acid dissolves1 & :i* contract su* an union ) ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 t !y n only *ange its ext]nal "*1 t is1 its t5d5cy to cry/allize1 & its indissolubl5ess 9 cold wat]1 b also entirely alt] its ta/e & o!r qualities4 ,9 a ^w1 ^? e>?s produce on ?is ,salt all ! effects ( alkal9e ,salts4 ,^! e>?s are su* z are call$ ,absorb5t ,e>?s2 /one-lime1 animal-lime1 cretace\s e>?s1 a portion ( calc9$ gypsum1 & ( pota%2 9 %ort1 all su* z di/ill$ v9eg> is capable ( dissolv+3 ?is is ! m>k by :i* ^? e>?s1 :i* are qualifi$ to neutralize ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 & to r5d] x soluble1 may be di/+ui%$4 ,messrs4 ,duhamel & ,grosse f\nd also ^u trial1 t !re are o!r e>?s1 on ! contr>y1 :i* are1 9 a mann]1 inaccessible to ! ,acid ( ,cry/al ( ,t>t>2 t !y take up1 inde$1 ! grosse/ & r$undant ,oil ( ! ,t>t>1 b )\t affect+ its sal9e "p at all3 & if ^! e>?s are ev] obs]v$ to =m any union ) ! ,cry/als ( ,t>t>1 z happ5s 9 ! ref9]ies ne> ,montpeli]1 t union is only sup]ficial1 n intimate2 & !re=e x alt]s none ( ! *>act]s ( ! ,salt4 ,among ^! e>?s are ! clayey1 bol>1 s&y e>?s1 & o!rs ( t k9d4 ,h5ce ,messrs4 ,duhamel & ,grosse conclude1 t ^! are ! e>?s :i* ought to be employ$ 9 ! purification & :it5+ ( ,cry/al ( ,t>t>4 ,v9eg> is "h also ! te/ by :i* x may be kn[n :e!r an e>? int5d$ = ?is purpose be fit = x3 = y may be sure t x w =m no union ) ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 if ! ,acid ( ,v9eg> be incapable ( dissolv+ x4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,cry/al ( ,t>t> comb9$ ) ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,! ,vegetable ,salt4 ,saignette's ,salt4 ,! ,decomposition ( ,soluble ,t>t>s4 ,9 eight p>ts ( wat] dissolve "o "p ( a v pure alkal9e ,salt1 p]fectly fre$ f ! phlogi/on by calc9ation4 ,heat ?is lixivium 9 a /one pan set on a s&-ba?1 & f "t to "t ?r[ into x a little p[d]$ ,cream or ,cry/al ( ,t>t>4 ,ea* projection w excite a great eff]vesc5ce1 att5d$ ) _m bubbles1 :i* w rise to a consid]able height "o ov] ! o!r4 ,/ir ! liquor :5 ! eff]vesc5ce ceases1 & y w see x beg9 aga94 ,:5 no eff]vesc5ce appe>s ^u /irr+ ! liquor1 add a little m ,cream ( ,t>t>1 & ! same ph5om5a w be r5ew$4 ,g on ?us till y h obta9$ ! po9t ( p]fect saturation4 ,!n filt] y\r liquor4 ,if ! ,alkali y made use ( 0 ! ,salt ( ,soda1 evaporate y\r liquor quickly to a pellicle1 & !re w %oot 9 x cry/als ( n9e sides1 resembl+ a c(f92 ! bottom "p !re( be+ concave1 & /reak$ ) a great _m p>allel l9es2 & ?is is ,saignette's ,salt4 ,if y h employ$ any o!r ,alkali b ,soda1 or ! basis ( ,sea-salt1 evaporate y\r liquor sl[ly to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup3 let x /& quiet1 & !re w =m 9 x cry/als hav+ ! figure ( slatt$ p>allellopip$s2 & ?is is ! ,vegetable ,salt1 or ,t>t>iz$ ,t>t>4 ,,obs]vations4 ,see+ pure ,absorb5t ,e>?s are capable ( neutraliz+ ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 & conv]t+ x into ,soluble ,t>t>1 !re is /ill m reason to expect t ,fix$ ,alkalis %\ld possess ! same prop]ty1 z !y h a mu* great] aff9ity ) ,acids3 & accord+ly ,cry/al ( ,t>t> always =ms1 ) e species ( ^! salts1 a ,neutral ,salt :i* is a ,soluble ,t>t>4 ,a ,soluble ,t>t>1 =m$ by ! union ( ,cry/al ( ,t>t> ) ,t>t> conv]t$ into an ,alkali by fire1 ha? be5 long us$ 9 m$ic9e z a g5tle saponace\s purgative1 kn[n by ! names ( ,t>t>iz$ ,t>t>1 or ! ,vegetable ,salt4 ,b ! ,soluble ,t>t>1 prep>$ by comb9+ ,cry/al ( ,t>t> ) ! ,alkali ( ,soda1 :i*1 z we rem>k$ be=e1 is analog\s to ! basis ( ,sea-salt1 & diff]5t f all o!r ,alkalis1 0 n well kn[n to ,*ymi/s till ! ye> #agca1 :5 ,m4 ,b\lduc publi%$ ! prep>ation 9 a ,memoir pr9t$ 9 ! ,academy's collection = t ye>#ad4 #ad ,x c\ld n be any long] conceal$2 = ,m4 ,ge(froy hav+ made "s exp]im5ts on ! same subject1 )\t kn[+ any ?+ ( :at ,m4 ,b\lduc _h done1 likewise discov]$ x4 ,see ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,academy = #agca1 p4 #ce4 ,n b t x 0 v mu* us$ be=e t "t3 = x _h be5 = sev]al ye>s 9 high reputation1 & prescrib$ in/ead ( ,t>t>iz$ ,t>t>1 :i* became almo/ q neglect$4 ,b ,m4 ,saignette1 a physician ( ,ro*elle1 :o 0 ! fir/ inv5tor & v5d] ( ?is ,salt1 did n publi% ! prep>ation ( x1 :i* he kept z a secret3 & ?is probably contribut$ n a little to ! great e/eem :i* ?is m$ic9e _h acquir$2 = m5 are naturally incl9$ to put a mu* great] value on secrets1 ?an on :at is univ]sally kn[n4 ,he gave x ! "n ( ,sal ,poly*re/um2 & ! public call$ x also ,saignette's ,salt1 & ,ro*elle ,salt4 ,s9ce ! discov]ies ( ,m4 ,ge(froy & ,m4 ,b\lduc 7 publi%$1 ! me?od ( prep>+ ?is ,salt ha? be5 no secret2 x 0 describ$ 9 ,disp5satories1 & e apo!c>y ha? made x ev] s9ce4 ,saignette's ,salt1 z well z e o!r ,soluble ,t>t>1 melts :5 laid on live coals1 boils up1 emits smoke1 & leaves a black *>r$ matt] beh9d4 ,?is resemblance ( ,saignette's ,salt to ,t>t>iz$ ,t>t>1 jo9$ to ! smell ( ! vap\r :i* exhal$ 9 burn+ x1 & is ! same ) t ( ,t>t>1 7 ! fir/ notices t l$ ,m4 ,b\lduc to suppose ?is ,salt to be a soluble ,t>t>4 ,on exam9+ ! alkal9e coal produc$ by ! calc9ation1 & comp>+ x ) t left by ,t>t>iz$ ,t>t>1 he p]ceiv$ !re 0 "s diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,at la/ 8 fri5d1 ,m4 ,grosse1 hav+ advis$ him1 z he tells u 9 8 ,memoir1 to comb9e ,cry/al ( ,t>t> ) ! ,salt ( ,soda1 & to exam9e ! new ,salt t w\ld result f _! union1 ,m4 ,b\lduc imm$iately suspect$ t x mu/ produce a species ( ,soluble ,t>t>1 :i* might possibly prove to be ! ,salt 9 "q4 ,nor 0 he mi/ak5 9 8 conjecture3 = ) ^! two sal9e sub/ances he actually compos$ a ,salt p]fectly l ,saignette's4 ,"u ! head ( ,borax we rem>k$ t x conta9s an ,alkali l ! basis ( ,sea-salt4 ,?is ,alkali is n p]fectly neutraliz$ by ! s$ative ,salt1 :i* is also conta9$ 9 ,borax3 = its alkal9e prop]ties are s p]ceptible z to h l$ "s ,*ymi/s to ?9k t ,borax 0 only an ,alkali ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,?is induc$ ,m4 le ,fevre1 a ,physician at ,uzes1 & "o ( ! ,academy's correspond5ts1 to comb9e ,cry/al ( ,t>t> ) ,borax1 & to exam9e ! result4 ,he communicat$ to ! ,academy 8 exp]im5ts on ?is subject2 by :i* he f\nd t ! comb9ation ( ^! two sal9e matt]s =ms a ,soluble ,t>t>1 b greatly diff]5t f ,saignette's ,salt2 especially 9 t x do? n cry/allize1 b rema9s 9 ! =m ( a gummy matt]1 & reta9s all ! acidity natural to pure ,cream or ,cry/al ( ,t>t>3 a circum/ance :i* is v rem>kable4 ,mr4 ,lem]y _h ! curiosity to repeat ,m4 le ,fevre's exp]im5t1 & f\nd t ?is s+ul> ,soluble ,t>t> _h ! prop]ties ascrib$ to x by ! inv5tor4 ,! process he recomm5ds = mak+ ! exp]im5t ) success is z foll[s3 ,take f\r ounces ( ,cry/al ( ,t>t> f9ely pulv]iz$1 & two ounces ( ,borax c>efully p[d]$1 & put ^! two ,salts into a fl9t-glass body4 ,p\r on !m two ounces ( wat]1 & set ! cucurbit into a s&-ba?4 ,w>m x ) a g5tle fire1 & !n increase ! heat s z to make ! liquor boil = a qu>t] ( an h\r2 :i* w produce a p]fect dissolution ( ! ,cream ( ,t>t> & ,borax4 ,aft] ! dissolution ( ^! two ,salts unit$ toge!r1 ! liquor w rema9 cle> & limpid1 ?\gh ! boil+ ha? dissipat$ a good deal ( x4 ,if ! liquor be /ill fur!r evaporat$1 ! rema9d] w h ! consi/5ce ( ,honey1 or ,turp5t9e3 &1 if ! evaporation be c>ri$ /ill f>!r1 ) a g5tle heat1 ! matt] rema9+ w 9 col\r resemble ! gum ( a plumb-tree1 & yield to pressure z t does2 &1 if x be expos$ to ! air 9 a damp place1 x w gr[ moi/ & run1 almo/ l ,salt ( ,t>t>3 a new & s+ul> prop]ty1 :i* belongs nei!r to ,borax nor to ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 :5 !y are n comb9$ toge!r4 ,all ,soluble ,t>t>s are easily decomp\nd$1 by means ( a c]ta9 degree ( heat4 ,!y yield 9 ! di/illation ! same pr9ciples z ,t>t>2 & ! ,alkali t rema9s1 :5 !y are p]fectly calc9$1 consi/s ( t :i* ! ,t>t> naturally af=ds1 & ( ! alkal9e matt] ) :i* x 0 conv]t$ into a ,neutral ,salt4 ,^! ,neutral ,salts1 result+ f ! union ( ,cry/al ( ,t>t> ) any alkal9e matt]1 are also decomp\nd$ by all ! ,acids1 ev5 by v9eg>1 :i* nev]!less is an ,oily ,vegetable ,acid1 & consequ5tly ( ! same k9d ) ,cry/al ( ,t>t>4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! ,acid ( ,v9eg>1 ?\gh blunt$ by mu* phlegm & oil1 mu/ be consid]$ z a free & pure ,acid1 :5 comp>$ ) ,cry/al ( ,t>t>2 :i* is /ill m emb>rass$ ) het]og5e\s matt]s1 s z to be a semi-neutral ,salt4 ,:5 ,soluble ,t>t> is decomp\nd$ by an ,acid1 ! ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 :i* help$ to con/itute ! ,neutral ,salt1 is !n :olly recov]$4 ,?is sal9e matt]1 be+ sep>at$ f t :i* r5d]$ x soluble 9 wat]1 ceases n[ to be s1 & = t reason precipitates to ! bottom ( ! liquor4 ,! ,neutral ,salts1 result+ f ! decomposition ( ,soluble ,t>t> by an ,acid1 diff] accord+ to ! ,acid made use (4 ,f ,saignette's ,salt decomp\nd$ by ! ,vitriolic ,acid ,m4 ,b\lduc obta9$ a true ,glaub]'s ,salt1 & a precipitate ( ,cry/al ( ,t>t>3 & ?is he ju/ly adduces z a demon/rative pro(1 t ,saignette's ,salt is no o!r ?an ,cry/al ( ,t>t> neutraliz$ by a ,fix$ ,alkali analog\s to ! basis ( ,sea-salt4 ,?\gh all ,soluble ,t>t>s may be decomp\nd$ by ,acids1 z ha? j be5 said1 yet !y d n all =sake _! bases ) equal facility4 ,messrs4 ,duhamel & ,grosse f\nd t1 9 ?is respect1 !y obs]ve ! foll[+ ord]1 beg9n+ ) ^? :i* af=d ! readie/ & mo/ copi\s precipitate3 viz4 ,soluble ,t>t> made #a4 ) ,pota%2 #b4 ) ,*alk2 #c4 ) uncalc9$ ,oy/]-%ells2 #d4 ) ,/one-,lime2 #e4 ) calc9$ ,oy/]-%ells2 #f4 ) ,salt ( ,t>t>2 #g4 ) ,salt ( ,soda2 #h4 & la/ly1 ,t>t> made soluble ) ,borax is n precipitat$ by di/ill$ v9eg>4 ,x is n easy to acc\nt = ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ,soluble ,t>t>s4 ,if ! ,salt ( ,soda 7 m alkal9e ?an ,salt ( ,t>t>1 & ,borax m alkal9e ?an ! ,salt ( ,soda1 x might be conjectur$ t ! m alkal9e ! matt]s are ) :i* ,cry/al ( ,t>t> is neutraliz$1 ! clos] is ! union x contracts ) !m2 s9ce x is pla91 f :at ha? be5 said on ?is subject1 t ?\gh ,soluble ,t>t>s1 :i* h = _! basis ,absorb5t ,e>?s only1 n conv]t$ into ,lime1 are m easily decomp\nd$ ?an ^? :i* are r5d]$ soluble by ,limes2 & ^! aga9 m easily ?an ^? :i* h a ,fix$ ,alkali = _! basis4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,salt ( ,soda is less alkal9e ?an ,salt ( ,t>t>1 & ,borax /ill less ?an ! ,salt ( ,soda4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,cry/al ( ,t>t> comb9$ ) ,iron4 ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>4 ,t9cture ( ,/eel ) ,t>t>4 ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>4 ,mix f\r ounces ( ,iron1 9 fil+s1 ) "o p\nd ( :ite ,t>t>1 f9ely pulv]iz$4 ,boil ! mixture 9 ab\t twelve times z mu* wat] z y took ( ,t>t>4 ,:5 ! sal9e "p ( ! ,t>t> is dissolv$1 filt] ! liquor boil+-hot ?r\gh a flannel bag1 & !n set x 9 a cool place4 ,9 a v little "t cry/als ( a russet col\r w %oot !re94 ,decant ! liquor f ^! cry/als2 evaporate x to a pellicle1 & set x aga9 to cry/allize4 ,g on 9 ?is mann] till x w %oot no m4 ,collect all ! ,salt y h ?us obta9$1 & keep x "u ! "n ( ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>4 ,to make ! ,t9cture ( ,/eel ) ,t>t>1 mix toge!r six ounces ( clean ,iron fil+s1 & "o p\nd ( :ite ,t>t> 9 p[d]4 ,put ?is mixture into a l>ge iron kettle1 & p\r !reon z mu* ra9-wat] z w moi/5 x4 ,make a pa/e ( ?is matt]1 & leave x ?us 9 a mass = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!n p\r on x twelve p\nds ( ra9-wat]1 & boil ! :ole = twelve h\rs at lea/1 /irr+ ! mixture frequ5tly1 & add+ f "t to "t "s hot wat]1 to supply ! place ( :at evaporates4 ,:5 y h ?us boil$ ! liquor1 let x /& quiet = "s "t1 & !n p\r x (f f ! s$im5t at bottom4 ,filt]1 & evaporate to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup2 & y h ! ,t9cture ( ,m>s ) ,t>t>4 ,! ,disp5satories g5]ally ord] an ounce ( rectifi$ ,_s ( ,w9e to be p\r$ on ?is ,t9cture1 9 ord] to pres]ve x1 & to keep x f gr[+ m\ldy1 z x is v apt to d4 ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t> is prep>$ by mix+ f\r ounces ( ,t>t>iz$ ,t>t>1 ) "o p\nd ( ! ,t9cture ( ,m>s ) ,t>t>1 & evaporat+ !m toge!r 9 an iron vessel to dryness2 aft] :i* x is kept 9 a well /opp$ phial1 to prev5t its gr[+ moi/ 9 ! air4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ?ree prep>ations ( ?is process are m$ic9es v well kn[n & mu* us$4 ,!re is ev5 reason to ?9k t ^?1 :o fir/ ?\ght ( comb9+ ,t>t> 9 ?is mann] ) ,iron1 _h x 9 _! view to prep>e compositions useful 9 m$ic9e1 r ?an m]ely to produce new comb9ations = ! improvem5t ( ,*ymi/ry4 ,inde$1 7 we to consid] only ! acc\nt "h giv5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! ?ree compositions are made1 we %\ld be incl9$ to ?9k ,cry/al ( ,t>t> incapable ( dissolv+ ,iron s ?or\ghly & radically1 t1 f ! union ( ^! two sub/ances1 a ,neutral ,metallic ,salt %\ld arise1 a ,t>t> neutraliz$ & made soluble by ,iron4 ,= x is v c]ta9 t ! fir/ ( ^! prep>ations1 :i* is call$ ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>1 is no?+ b ! sal9e "p ( ,t>t> dissolv$ by boil+ wat]1 & !n precipitat$ & cry/alliz$ along ) p>ticles ( iron1 t are r$uc$1 at mo/1 into a ru/1 or a crocus only1 b h contract$ no union ) ! cry/al ( ,t>t>1 :i* rema9s z ,acid & z indissoluble aft] ?is prep>ation z be=e4 ,accord+ly x is call$ only ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>1 & n ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>3 &1 z ?is latt] "n ha? be5 giv5 only to ! ,t>t>iz$ ,t9cture ( ,m>s comp\nd$ ) ,t>t>iz$ ,t>t>2 t is1 ) ,t>t> r5d]$ soluble by a ,fix$ ,alkali1 & n by ,iron2 !re is reason to presume1 t ! ,t9cture ( ,m>s alone 0 n ?\ght wor?y ( be+ call$ a ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>2 b t ! "n1 import+ ,t>t> r5d]$ soluble by ,m>s1 belongs to t ,t9cture only :5 comp\nd$ ) a true ,soluble ,t>t>4 ,x is nev]!less v c]ta91 t ! ,t9cture ( ,m>s made ) ,t>t> conta9s a true ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>2 t is1 a ,neutral ,salt consi/+ ( ,cry/al ( ,t>t> unit$ ) ,iron1 & r5d]$ soluble by t union4 ,! long boil+1 necess>y to prep>e ?is ,t9cture1 gives ! ,acid ( ,t>t> "t to dissolve ! ,iron radically1 & to unite v closely !re)3 b ?is is n ! case 9 ! prep>ation ( ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>2 to make :i* ! ,t>t> is boil$ 9 wat] only z long z is necess>y = ! dissolution ( its sal9e p>ts2 t is1 ab\t a qu>t] or half an h\r2 9 :i* space ! ,acid ( ! ,t>t> c sc>ce beg9 to act on ! surface ( ! ,iron3 = ,acids h n s quick an effect on metals1 z on ,alkalis & ,absorb5t ,e>?s4 ,metallic sub/ances1 be+ va/ly m compact1 are n ne> s soon dissolv$ by ,acids1 & especially by vegetable ,acids1 weak5$ ) het]og5e\s matt]s1 z ! ,acid ( ,t>t> is4 ,i ?\ght ! dissolution ( ,iron by ,t>t> a po9t ( suffici5t importance to des]ve a little m att5tion ?an ha? commonly be5 giv5 to x2 & = t reason resolv$ to exam9e1 & trace ) c>e1 ! ph5om5a obs]vable 9 ?is op]ation4 ,z ! crude ,t>t>1 employ$ 9 mak+ ! ,t>t>iz$ ,t9cture ( ,m>s1 is replete ) _m oily & e>?y p>ts1 :i* _c b ob/ruct ! dissolution ( ! ,iron1 & prev5t our see+ cle>ly h[ t dissolution is c>ri$ on1 ,i ?\ght x bett] to make use ( ,cream1 or ,cry/als1 ( ,t>t>1 :i*1 be+ pure & fre$ f all ^? het]og5e\s p>ts1 dissolve 9 boil+ wat] )\t prejudic+ its transp>5cy4 ,i !re=e pulv]iz$ ,cream ( ,t>t>1 & dissolv$ z mu* !re( 9 boil+ wat] z x w\ld take up4 ,?is solution ,i p\r$ boil+ hot into a matrass1 at ! bottom ( :i* ,i laid "s f9e iron wire cut into small pieces4 ,i set ! matrass 9 a s&-ba?2 & hav+ heat$ x s z to make ! liquor boil1 ,i obs]v$ t1 ! in/ant be=e x boil$1 ! liquor began to act v p]ceptibly ^u ! ,iron1 9 ! same mann] z o!r ,acids act ^u metallic sub/ances2 t is1 !re appe>$ on ! surfaces ( ! little bits ( ,iron small bubbles1 :i* imm$iately rose to ! surface ( ! liquor1 & succe$$ ea* o!r s fa/1 t !y =m$ l9es1 or jets1 seem+ly cont9u$ f ! surface ( ! ,iron to ! surface ( ! liquor1 :i*1 little by little1 acquir$ a fa9t t+e ( yell[4 ,:5 ! liquor 0 heat$ s z to boil1 ! dissolution /ill w5t on1 b mu* m briskly1 & ! liquor acquir$ a deep] col\r4 ,aft] boil+ ab\t an h\r1 ! liquor1 :i* at fir/ 0 v cle>1 became turbid1 & ( an opaque :ite2 :i* made me ?9k1 t "s ( ! ,cream ( ,t>t>1 dissolv$ !re91 began to precipitate4 ,i let ! :ole boil "s "t long]1 & ! :ite precipitate becom+ m consid]able1 ,i resolv$ to filt] ! liquor1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh cle>1 & t+$ ) a gre5i% yell[4 ,!re rema9$ on ! filt] a :iti% s$im5t1 :i* ,i f\nd to be true ,cream ( ,t>t>4 ,! filt]$ liquor ta/$ mu* l a solution ( ,copp]as4 ,i evaporat$ x 9 a glass bason1 set 9 a s&-heat1 b no pellicle appe>$2 :i* made me conclude t x w\ld produce no cry/als3 accord+ly1 hav+ tak5 "s ( x out ( ! bason1 :5 x 0 consid]ably r$uc$ by evaporation1 & set x 9 a cool place1 no cry/al %ot 9 x4 ,! re/ ( ! liquor ,i evaporat$ to dryness3 x left a blacki% br[n residuum1 :i* _h ! same ta/e ) ! liquor be=e evaporation1 b mu* /rong]4 ,?is residuum melts v readily 9 ! m\?1 )\t leav+ on ! tongue ! lea/ gritty p>ticle4 ,be+ expos$ v dry to ! air1 x gr[s moi/1 & runs into a liquor 9 a v little "t4 ,x dissolves easily & readily 9 a v small quantity ( cold wat]4 ,?is solution be+ mix$ ) ,fix$ ,alkalis1 9 v>i\s proportions1 do? n gr[ turbid1 nor drops any precipitate2 b ) a decoction ( galls x makes ink4 ,acids give x a mu* cle>] col\r1 & at fir/ produce no precipitation2 b1 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r1 !re appe>s a precipitate mu* ( ! same col\r ) ! solution4 ,?is precipitate is no o!r ?an ,cream ( ,t>t>1 t+$ ( a russet col\r by ! liquor1 :i* gr[s turbid1 & a little :iti%1 :5 ! precipitate beg9s to =m4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 & ! circum/ances att5d+ !m1 w n all[ u to d\bt ! tru? ( :at ,i advanc$ conc]n+ ! ,t9cture ( ,m>s made ) ,t>t>1 viz4 t x is no?+ b ,cry/al ( ,t>t> by :i* ,iron is dissolv$1 & :i* is r5d]$ soluble by t metal4 ,we see at ! v fir/ t ,cry/al ( ,t>t> acts ^u ,iron1 j z o!r ,acids d4 ,inde$ ?is metallic solution is n precipitat$ by ,alkalis3 b we "k t ,alkalis possess ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ ,iron1 especially :5 ! metal is previ\sly divid$ by an ,acid2 s t !re is reason to ?9k ?is may be ! case1 :5 an ,alkali is mix$ ) our ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>4 ,z ?is ,soluble ,t>t> is a saponace\s & oily ,salt1 x is also possible t x may be dissolv$ entirely by ! ,alkali1 )\t suff]+ any decomposition2 especially z ,alkalis decomp\nd ,neutral ,metallic ,salts1 by means only ( ! /rong] aff9ity :i* !y h ) ! ,acids1 ?an ) ! ,metals1 ( :i* ^? ,salts are comp\nd$4 ,n[1 z our ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t> is comp\nd$ ( t ,metal :i* ! ,alkali dissolves ) ! greate/ ease1 & ( t ,acid ) :i* x ha? ! lea/ aff9ity ( any1 x is v possible t x may n h a great] aff9ity ) ! ,acid ?an ) ! metallic basis ( ?is ,salt1 & s be uncapable ( decomp\nd+ x4 ,h[ev]1 z ?is ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t> makes a black liquor ) a decoction ( ,galls1 & z no?+ b ,iron dissolv$ by an ,acid ha? t prop]ty1 x may be safely conclud$1 t ?is ,salt really consi/s ( ,iron dissolv$ by ! ,acid ( ,t>t>4 ,! precipitate :i* a solution ( ?is ,salt lets fall1 on ! addition ( an ,acid1 is ano!r pro( t x consi/s ( ^! two pr9ciples3 = ?is precipitate c be no o!r ?an ! ,t>t>\s ,acid1 :i*1 be+ ! weake/ ( all ,acids1 is sep>at$ f ! ,iron by ! ,acid add$ to ! solution2 :i* ,acid unites ) ! ,m>tial basis1 & =ms ano!r ,neutral ,metallic ,salt1 accord+ to ! ,acid employ$4 ,la/ly1 ! great solubility ( ! desiccat$ residuum ( ! ,t9cture ( ,m>s1 made ) ,t>t>1 is a v /rong & decisive pro(1 t ?is residuum is no o!r ?an ,iron dissolv$ by ! ,acid ( ,t>t>3 = :at else c x be8 ,no?+ b ,iron & ,cry/al ( ,t>t> is made use ( 9 ! op]ation2 & nei!r ( ^! two sub/ances s+ly is s soluble z ?is new body4 ,we "k1 moreov]1 t ,cry/al ( ,t>t>1 :i* itself is indissoluble1 =ms a ,soluble ,t>t> :5 comb9$ ) pure ,absorb5t ,e>?s1 ?\gh ^! matt]s be /ill m indissoluble ?an x1 or r1 are n soluble at all4 ,h5ce x is v natural to conclude1 t our residuum is a ,t>t> r5d]$ soluble by ,iron4 ,?is ,*alybeat$ ,t>t> is ev5 m soluble ?an any o!r sort ( ,soluble ,t>t>2 = x v readily gr[s moi/ 9 ! air1 & runs :olly into a liquid2 on :i* acc\nt x is n susceptible ( cry/allization4 ,i return to "o ( ! circum/ances att5d+ my exp]im5t1 :i* x is prop] ,i %\ld acc\nt =2 ?\gh ,i h hi!rto only m5tion$ x1 )\t m p>ticul> notice1 t ,i might n break ! connection betwe5 facts1 & ! consequ5ces result+ f !m4 ,! circum/ance ,i mean is ! precipitation ( ! ,cream ( ,t>t> dissolv$ 9 ! liquor1 :i*1 ,i said1 happ5s :5 ! sal9e solution ha? boil$ ^u ! ,iron ab\t an h\r4 ,?is precipitation ( ! ,cream ( ,t>t> may be p>tly occasion$ by ! evaporation ( ! wat] 9 :i* x is dissolv$3 = ! wat] hav+ tak5 up1 z 0 said1 z mu* ,cream ( ,t>t> z x 0 capable ( dissolv+1 :5 ! quantity ( wat] comes to be less5$1 a proportional quantity ( ,cream ( ,t>t> mu/ precipitate4 ,b "s o!r cause mu/ also contribute to produce ?is precipitation3 =1 z ,i boil$ my liquor 9 a matrass1 ! evaporation ( ! liquor c\ld n be consid]able1 & yet ! precipitate 0 v copi\s4 ,moreov]1 ,i repl5i%$ ! matrass ) mu* m wat] ?an 0 necess>y to replace :at _h evaporat$2 yet ,i c\ld n re-dissolve ! precipitat$ ,cream ( ,t>t>1 nor ev5 s5sibly less5 its quantity4 ,! true cause ( ?is effect ,i take to be z foll[s4 ,:5 ! solution ( ,cream ( ,t>t> ha? boil$ = "s "t ^u ! ,iron1 & dissolv$ a c]ta9 quantity !re(1 a proportional quantity ( ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t> is =m$4 ,n[ z ?is ,salt is mu* m soluble 9 wat] ?an ,cream ( ,t>t>1 & z wat] always takes up ! m soluble ,salts1 pref]ably to ! less soluble1 x is n surpris+ t ,cream ( ,t>t>1 be+ "o ( ^? sal9e sub/ances :i* dissolve ) ! greate/ difficulty1 %\ld on ?is occasion sep>ate f ! liquor1 & precipitate2 yield+ its place to a ,salt :i* ha? a mu* great] aff9ity ) wat]4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t to re-dissolve ! ,cream ( ,t>t>1 & r5d] x capable ( cont9u+ to dissolve ! iron z efficaci\sly z be=e1 x is n suffici5t t fre% wat] be add$2 b ! solution ( ! ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t> already =m$ mu/ be entirely decant$1 & fre% wat] p\r$ on ! residue2 & !n ?is wat]1 n be+ impregnat$ ) any ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>1 w be capable ( re-dissolv+ ! ,cream ( ,t>t>1 & e ?+ w g on z at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation1 till ! ,cream ( ,t>t> come to precipitate aga91 = ! same reason z be=e1 & make a repetition ( ! same managem5t necess>y4 ,! liquor is f> f be+ saturat$ ) ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>1 :5 ! precipitation ( ! ,cream ( ,t>t> r5d]s x necess>y to decant x3 s t ! wat] mu/ be (t5 r5ew$1 if y c>ry ! op]ation to ! utmo/2 & !n all ^! solutions mu/ be add$ toge!r1 & evaporat$1 ei!r to dryness1 if y desire to h ! salt 9 a dry =m1 or to any o!r degree y ?9k prop]4 ,?is me?od ,i foll[$ at fir/3 b z x is exce$+ long & t$i\s1 ?\gh p]haps ! be/2 & z ,i want$ to h a mod]ate quantity ( ,soluble ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>1 ) less tr\ble1 & 9 less "t1 if possible1 ,i resolv$ to try :e!r or no ,cream ( ,t>t>1 ?\gh sep>at$ f ! liquor & undissolv$1 7 /ill capable ( act+ on ! iron ) su* efficacy z to dissolve x4 ,i !re=e cont9u$ to boil ! t>t>\s solution on ! fil+s ( ,iron1 not)/&+ ! precipitation ( ! ,cream ( ,t>t>1 tak+ c>e only to add fre% wat] f "t to "t1 z direct$ 9 ! process = ! ,t>t>iz$ ,t9cture ( ,m>s1 to replace :at evaporat$2 & ,i obs]v$ t1 9 fact1 ! ,cream ( ,t>t>1 ?\gh n p]fectly dissolv$1 b only divid$ & agitat$ by ! motion ( boil+1 /ill cont9u$ to act ^u ! ,iron2 s t ! liquor1 aft] boil+ sev5 or eight h\rs1 0 s impregnat$ z to yield by evaporation a reasonable quantity1 9 bulk1 ( ,salt 9 a dry =m4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,cry/al ( ,t>t> comb9$ ) ! regul9e ,"p ( ,antimony4 ,/ibiat$ or ,emetic ,t>t>4 ,pulv]ize & mix toge!r equal p>ts ( ! ,glass & ( ! ,liv] ( ,antimony4 ,put ?is mixture1 ) ! same quantity ( pulv]iz$ ,cream ( ,t>t>1 into a vessel capable ( conta9+ z mu* wat] z w dissolve ! ,cream ( ,t>t>4 ,boil ! :ole = twelve h\rs1 f "t to "t add+ w>m wat]1 to replace :at is dissipat$ by evaporation4 ,hav+ ?us boil$ y\r liquor1 filt] x :ile boil+ hot2 evaporate to dryness2 & y w h a sal9e matt] :i* is ,emetic ,t>t>4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! ,glass & ,liv] ( ,antimony are no o!r1 z 0 said 9 its place1 ?an ! metallic e>? ( ,antimony sep>at$ f ! r$undant ,sulphur ( t m9]al2 b /ill reta9+ su* a quantity ( phlogi/on z to possess1 except+ its metall9e col\r1 ne>ly ! same prop]ties ) ,regulus ( ,antimony1 & especially its emetic quality1 & its solubility 9 ,acids4 ,inde$ ^! two prep>ations seem to h m ( an emetic quality ?an ! ,regulus itself1 & !re=e are employ$ pref]ably to all o!rs 9 ! prep>ation ( ,emetic ,t>t>4 ,x is n yet asc]ta9$ 9 :i* ( ! pr9ciples ( ,antimony its emetic virtue resides4 ,we are sure1 h[ev]1 t x _c be ascrib$ to its e>?y "p3 = ! calx ( ,antimony1 :5 entirely depriv$ ( all phlogi/on1 is n emetic1 nor ev5 purgative2 z is evid5t f ! effects ( ,diaphoretic ,antimony & ! ,pe>ly ,matt]4 ,"s au?ors ?9k ,antimony conta9s an ars5ical pr9ciple1 to :i* !y impute its emetic quality2 nor is _! op9ion altoge!r void ( probability4 ,= ?is ars5ical "p seems to be indicat$ by sev]al ( ! prop]ties ( ,antimony1 & p>ticul>ly by its aff9ities ) o!r metallic sub/ances1 9 :i* x v ne>ly resembles ,ars5ic4 ,b ?is do? n am\nt to a positive pro(3 = we c draw no?+ b probable conjectures1 at mo/1 f su* analogies4 ,o!r ,*ymi/s ?9k ! emetic virtue ( ,antimony dep5ds on ! union ( its metallic e>? ) its phlogi/on4 ,?is op9ion seems to me mu* m probable ?an ! o!r3 = by only recomb9+ a phlogi/on ) ! e>? ( ,antimony1 depriv$ by calc9ation ( all its emetic virtue1 t virtue is p]fectly re/or$1 & ! ,regulus ?us revivifi$ is no less emetic ?an t :i* nev] und]w5t calc9ation4 ,h[ev] ?is be1 x is c]ta9 t ,cream ( ,t>t> acquires an emetic quality1 n by b>ely unit+ ) "o ( ! pr9ciples ( ,antimony1 b by dissolv+ entirely ! regul9e1 or semi-regul9e1 "p !re(2 & t its emetic quality is s mu* ! /rong]1 ! m ( t sub/ance x ha? dissolv$4 ,?is is ! result ( sev]al exp]im5ts made on ! subject by ,mr4 ,ge(froy4 ,t g5tleman collect$ sev]al p>cels ( ,emetic ,t>t>1 hav+ diff]5t degrees ( /r5g?4 ,i employ$1 says he#ae1 an ounce ( ea* ( ^? ,emetic ,t>t>s3 ,i rubb$ !m sep>ately ) an equal weight1 or some?+ m1 ( a black flux1 made ( two p>ts ( r$ ,t>t>1 & "o "p ( ,nitre calc9$ toge!r4 ,^! mixtures ,i put into diff]5t crucibles1 =m$ l inv]t$ cones3 ,i kept !m 9 a melt+ heat till ! ,salts 9 fusion sunk1 & appe>$ l a smoo? oil at ! bottom ( ea* crucible4 ,i !n let ! fire g out1 broke ! crucibles :5 cold1 & f\nd ! resuscitat$ ,regulus 9 a mass at bottom4 #ae ,memoirs ( ! ,academy = #agcd1 p4 #dba4 ,out ( "o ounce ( ! weake/ ,emetic ,t>t>s ,i obta9$ f ?irty gra9s to "o dram eighte5 gra9s ( ,regulus4 ,f "o ounce ( su* z 7 ( a middl+ /r5g? ,i got "o dram & an half2 & ! mo/ viol5t yield$ me two drams & t5 gra9s4 ,! p[]1 !re=e1 ( ! /ronge/ ,emetic ,t>t>s1 cont9ues he1 dep5ds on ! quantity ( ,regulus ( ,antimony dissolv$ by ! ,cream ( ,t>t>1 & ! ne>] ! prep>ations ( ,antimony1 on :i* ! solution ( ,cream ( ,t>t> is boil$1 are to ! =m ( a ,regulus or a ,glass1 ! m viol5t is ! ,emetic ,t>t>2 because ! ,vegetable ,acid ( ! ,t>t> acts !n m imm$iately ^u ! ,emetic "p ( ! ,antimony1 & dissolves m ( x4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy f\nd ^u trial1 t ,cream ( ,t>t> boil$ = a due "t on ,crude ,antimony1 do? inde$ dissolve a little ( ! regul9e "p !re(2 b t ! quantity ( ,regulus dissolv$ !reby is s v small1 t ! ,emetic ,t>t> produc$ is extremely weak4 ,! gross ,sulphur1 9 ?is case1 h9d]s ! ,cream ( ,t>t> f act+ on ! regul9e "p ) s mu* efficacy1 z :5 ! ,antimony is prop]ly prep>$ by free+ x entirely f its r$undant ,sulphur4 ,no?+ c be add$ to :at ,mr4 ,ge(froy ha? said on ?is subject4 ,8 exp]im5ts are decisive1 & set ! tru? he int5d$ to prove 9 ! cle>e/ light4 ,mr4 ,h(fman affirms1 t ,emetic ,t>t> loses "p ( its virtue by be+ boil$ too long4 ,a v able ,*ymi/ goes s f> z to say1 t ,t>t> ought n to boil above six or sev5 m9utes ) prep>$ ,antimony2 because long] boil+ de/roys "p ( its ,emetic quality4 ,c ?is arise f h5ce1 t ,cream ( ,t>t>1 aft] dissolv+ a c]ta9 quantity ( ! regul9e sub/ance1 sep>ates f x aft]w>ds8 ,or is ! ,cream ( ,t>t> itself decompos$ by too long boil+8 ,?is des]ves to be p>ticul>ly inquir$ into1 z well z ! nature ( ! ,metallic ,salt1 :i* results f ! union ( ! ,acid ( ,t>t> ) ! ,regulus ( ,antimony4 ,cry/al ( ,t>t> acts also on sev]al o!r metallic sub/ances1 & p>ticul>ly on ,lead2 ) :i* x =ms a ,salt1 resembl+ ,t>t>iz$ ,t>t> 9 ! figure ( its cry/als4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ! ,,product ( ,,acet\s ,,f]m5tation4 ,,process ,i4 ,sub/ances susceptible ( ! ,acet\s ,f]m5tation turn$ into ,v9eg>4 ,! ,w9e1 ! ,cyd]1 or ! ,malt-liquor1 :i* y int5d to conv]t into ,v9eg>1 be+ fir/ ?or\ghly mix$ ) its lees1 & ) ! ,t>t> x may h deposit$1 put y\r liquor into a vat us$ be=e1 ei!r = mak+ or = hold+ ,v9eg>4 ,?is vessel mu/ n be q full1 & ! ext]nal air mu/ h access to ! liquor conta9$ 9 x4 ,set x :]e ! air may h a degree ( w>m? answ]+ ne>ly to ! tw5tie? degree above #j 9 ,mr4 de ,raumur's ,!rmomet]4 ,/ir ! liquor f "t to "t4 ,!re w arise 9 x a new f]m5tative motion1 accompani$ ) heat3 its v9\s od\r w gradually *ange1 & turn to a s\r smell1 :i* w become /rong] & /rong]1 till ! f]m5tation be f9i%$1 & cease ( itself4 ,!n /op y\r vessel close2 ! liquor x conta9s w be f\nd conv]t$ into ,v9eg>4 ,,obs]vations4 ,all sub/ances t h und]gone ! spiritu\s f]m5tation are capable ( be+ *ang$ into an ,acid1 by pass+ ?r\gh ?is second f]m5tation1 or ?is second /age ( f]m5tation4 ,spiritu\s liquors1 su* z ,w9e1 ,cyd]1 ,be]1 be+ expos$ to a hot air1 gr[ s\r 9 a v %ort "t4 ,nay1 ^! liquors1 ?\gh kept ) all possible c>e1 9 v close vessels1 & 9 a cool place1 deg5]ate at la/1 *ange _! natures1 & ins5sibly turn s\r4 ,?us ! product ( spiritu\s f]m5tation naturally & spontane\sly deg5]ates to an ,acid4 ,= ?is reason x is ( great importance1 9 mak+ ,w9e1 or any o!r v9\s liquor1 to /op ! f]m5tation entirely1 if y desire ! ,w9e %\ld conta9 z mu* ,_s z possible4 ,x is ev5 m advantage\s to *eck ! f]m5tation a little be=e x comes to ! height1 ?an aft]w>ds3 because ! f]m5tation1 ?\gh slack5$1 & 9 appe>ance totally ceas$1 /ill cont9ues 9 ! vessels2 b 9 a mann] s mu* ! less p]ceptible1 z x proce$s m sl[ly4 ,?us ^? liquors1 9 :i* ! f]m5tation is n q f9i%$1 b *eck$1 cont9ue = "s "t to ga9 m ,_s3 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 !y deg5]ate & gradually turn s\r1 if y let ! spiritu\s f]m5tation g on till x be entirely f9i%$4 ,! production ( ! second f]m5tation1 :i* we are n[ to consid]1 is an ,acid ( s mu* ! great] /r5g?1 ! /rong] & m g5]\s ! spiritu\s liquor1 9 :i* x is excit$1 orig9ally 04 ,! /r5g? ( ?is ,acid1 commonly call$ ,v9eg>1 dep5ds likewise1 9 a great measure1 on ! me?ods us$ 9 f]m5t+ ! v9\s liquor1 9 ord] to conv]t x into ,v9eg>3 = if x be f]m5t$ 9 broad1 flat vessels1 & left to gr[ s\r ( itself1 ! spiritu\s "p w be dissipat$1 & ! liquor1 ?\gh s\r inde$1 w be vapid & effete4 ,! ,v9eg>-mak]s1 to increase ! /r5g? ( _! ,v9eg>1 use c]ta9 me?ods ( :i* !y make a my/]y1 keep+ !m v secret4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,bo]haave gives u1 f "s ,au?ors1 ! foll[+ description ( a process = mak+ ,v9eg>4 ,take two l>ge oak5 ,vats or ,hog%eads1 & 9 ea* ( ^! place a wood5 grate or hurdle1 at ! di/ance ( a foot f ! bottom4 ,set ! vessel upright1 & on ! grates place a mod]ately close lay] ( gre5 twigs1 or fre% cutt+s ( ! v9e4 ,!n fill up ! vessel ) ! foot-/alks ( grapes1 commonly call$ ! ,rape1 to )9 a foot ( ! top ( ! vessel1 :i* mu/ be left q op54 ,hav+ ?us prep>$ ! two vessels1 p\r into !m ! ,w9e to be conv]t$ into ,v9eg>1 s z to fill "o ( !m q up1 & ! o!r b half full4 ,leave !m ?us = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & !n fill up ! half-fill$ vessel1 ) liquor f t :i* is q full1 & :i* w n[ 9 its turn be left only half-full4 ,f\r & tw5ty h\rs aft]w>ds repeat ! same op]ation1 & ?us g on1 keep+ ! vessels alt]nately full & half-full1 dur+ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 till ! ,v9eg> be made4 ,on ! second or ?ird day !re w arise1 9 ! half-fill$ vessel1 a f]m5tative motion1 accompani$ ) a s5sible heat1 :i* w gradually increase f day to day4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! f]m5t+ motion is almo/ imp]ceptible 9 ! full vessel2 & z ! two vessels are alt]nately full & half-full1 ! f]m5tation is by t means1 9 "s measure1 int]rupt$1 & is only r5ew$ e o!r day1 9 ea* vessel4 ,:5 ?is motion appe>s to be entirely ceas$1 ev5 9 ! half-fill$ vessel1 x is a sign t ! f]m5tation is f9i%$2 & !re=e ! v9eg> is !n to be put into common casks1 close /opp$1 & kept 9 a cool place4 ,a great] or less degree ( w>m? accel]ates or *ecks ?is1 z well z ! spiritu\s f]m5tation4 ,9 ,france x is f9i%$ 9 ab\t fifte5 days1 dur+ ! summ]2 b if ! heat ( ! air be v great1 & exce$ ! tw5ty-fif? degree ( ,mr4 de ,raumur's ,!rmomet]1 ! half-fill$ vessel mu/ be fill$ up e twelve h\rs2 because1 if ! f]m5tation be n s *eck$ 9 t "t1 x w become s viol5t1 & ! liquor w be s heat$1 t _m ( ! spiritu\s p>ts1 on :i* ! /r5g? ( ! ,v9eg> dep5ds1 w be dissipat$2 s t no?+ w rema91 aft] ! f]m5tation1 b a vapid wa%1 s\r inde$1 b effete4 ,! bett] to prev5t ! dissipation ( ! spiritu\s p>ts1 x is a prop] & usual precaution to close ! m\? ( ! half-fill$ vessel1 9 :i* ! liquor f]m5ts1 ) a cov] made also ( oak-wood4 ,z to ! full vessel1 x is always left op51 t ! air may act freely on ! liquor x conta9s3 = x is n liable to ! same inconv5i5cies1 because x f]m5ts b v sl[ly4 ,! v9e-cutt+s & grape-/alks1 :i* ! ,v9eg>-mak]s put into _! vessels1 s]ve to increase ! /r5g? ( ! liquor4 ,^! matt]s conta9 a v manife/ & p]ceptible ,acid4 ,!y also s]ve z a f]m5t2 t is1 !y dispose ! ,w9e to become eag] m exp$iti\sly1 & m vigor\sly4 ,!y are ! bett]1 & ! m efficaci\s1 = hav+ be5 once us$1 because !y are !reby ?or\ghly dr5*$ ) ! f]m5t$ ,acid3 & !re=e ! ,v9eg>-mak]s lay !m by1 = prep>+ o!r ,v9eg>1 aft] wa%+ !m nimbly 9 runn+ wat]1 9 ord] to free !m f a viscid oily matt]1 :i* settles on !m dur+ ! f]m5tation4 ,?is matt] mu/ by all means be remov$2 because x is dispos$ to gr[ m\ldy & rot2 s t x _c b be prejudicial to any liquor into :i* y put x4 ,z ! ,acet\s f]m5tation diff]s f ! ,spiritu\s 9 its production1 s x do? 9 _m circum/ances att5d+ x4 #a4 ,motion & agitation are n prejudicial to ! ,acet\s f]m5tation1 z !y are to ! ,spiritu\s2 on ! contr>y1 mod]ate /irr+1 provid$ x be n cont9ual1 is ( s]vice to x4 #b4 ,?is f]m5tation is accompani$ ) rem>kable heat2 :]eas1 ! w>m? ( ! spiritu\s f]m5tation is sc>ce s5sible4 #c4 ,i d n believe !re ev] 0 an in/ance ( ! vap\r t rises f a liquor 9 ,acet\s f]m5tation prov+ noxi\s1 & produc+ ei!r disord]s or sudd5 dea?1 z ! vap\r ( f]m5t+ ,w9e do?4 #d4 ,v9eg> deposites a viscid oily matt]1 z ha? j be5 obs]v$1 v diff]5t f ! ,lees & ,t>t> ( ,w9e4 ,v9eg> nev] deposites any ,t>t>2 ev5 ?\gh new ,w9e1 t ha? n yet deposit$ its ,t>t>1 %\ld be us$ 9 mak+ x4 ,! foll[+ processes w give u occasion to treat ( ! nature ( ,v9eg>1 & ! pr9ciples ( :i* x consi/s4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,to conc5trate ,v9eg> by ,fro/4 ,expose to ! air1 9 fro/y wea!r1 ! ,v9eg> y desire to conc5trate4 ,icicles w =m 9 x2 b ! :ole liquor w n freeze4 ,take out ^? icicles3 & if y desire a fur!r conc5tration ( y\r ,v9eg> by ?is me?od1 ! liquor :i* did n freeze ! fir/ "t mu/ be expos$ to a /rong] fro/4 ,m icicles w =m !re91 :i* mu/ likewise be sep>at$1 & kept by !mselves4 ,! liquor :i* do? n freeze ?is second "t w be a v /rong conc5trat$ ,v9eg>4 ,,obs]vations4 ,liquors1 replete ) an ,acid1 freeze ) mu* m difficulty ?an pure wat]4 ,?us1 if a v aque\s acid liquor be expos$ to fro/1 "s ( ! wat] 9 ! liquor w pres5tly freeze2 :ile ! re/1 be+ r5d]$ m acid by ! sep>ation ( ! froz5 phlegm1 w rema9 fluid1 & resi/ ! degree ( cold :i* freezes wat]4 ,n[ ,v9eg>1 be+ an acid liquor conta9+ mu* wat]1 may !re=e be highly conc5trat$ by freez+ its phlegm 9 ?is mann]2 & ! m icicles y get f x1 ! /rong] & m active w ! rema9+ ,v9eg> be4 ,mr4 ,/ahl 0 ! fir/1 ,i believe1 :o ?us made use ( congelation1 = procur+ a v /rong ,acid ( ,v9eg>4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy ha? s9ce tak5 ! same me?od4 ,a curi\s & circum/antial acc\nt ( 8 exp]im5ts1 on ?is subject1 are pr9t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy = #agci4 ,z x 0 excessive cold 9 ! w9t] ( t ye>1 ,mr4 ,ge(froy took ! opportunity ( expos+ to ! fro/ sev]al ,v9eg>s ( diff]5t /r5g?s2 & he det]m9$ ! degree ( ,acidity 9 ea*1 bo? be=e & aft] _! conc5tration1 9 ord] to comp>e !m1 & discov] h[ mu* /rong] ea* ,v9eg> 0 r5d]$ by ! freez+ ( ! aque\s "p4 ,to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( ! ,v9eg>s1 he made use ( ! me?od po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,homb]g & ,mr4 ,/ahl4 ,?is me?od consi/s 9 comb9+ to ! exact po9t ( saturation1 a c]ta9 quantity ( ,v9eg> ) well-dri$ ,salt ( ,t>t>4 ,! m ,salt ( ,t>t> is requir$1 to absorb & p]fectly neutralize ! ,v9eg>1 ! /rong] x mu/ be reckon$2 because ! quantity ( ,alkali necess>y to con/itute a ,neutral ,salt is always proportion$ to ! quantity ( ,acid 9 t ,salt4 ,"o ( ! ,v9eg>s employ$ 9 ,mr4 ,ge(froy's exp]im5ts1 two drams ( :i* 7 entirely absorb$ by six gra9s ( ,salt ( ,t>t>1 hav+ be5 conc5trat$ by once freez+1 & !reby r$uc$ f eighte5 qu>ts to six1 he f\nd x s increas$ 9 /r5g?1 t two drams !re( requir$ tw5ty-f\r gra9s ( ,salt ( ,t>t> to absorb !m4 ,! fir/ icicles t sep>ate f ,v9eg>1 9 ?is process1 are p]fectly cle>1 & z insipid z wat]4 ,z ! ,v9eg> becomes m conc5trat$1 ! plates ( ice becom+ ?9n]1 m spongy1 & flaky l sn[1 reta9 betwe5 !m "s portion ( ! ,acid2 & x is prop] to beg9 to save !m z soon z !y appe> to be s5sibly acid4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy c>ri$ ! conc5tration ( ,v9eg> z f> z ! cold ( t w9t] 9 #agci w\ld all[ him2 & eight qu>ts ( ,v9eg>1 already conc5trat$ by fro/ 9 ! prec$+ ye>s1 be+ r$uc$ to two qu>ts & a half by ! fro/ ( ! #ai? ( ,janu>y1 ! colde/ day ( t ye>1 0 f\nd to be s /rong1 t two drams !re( requir$ =ty-eight gra9s ( ,salt ( ,t>t> to absorb !m4 ,! icicles ( ?is ,v9eg>1 be+ ?aw$1 reta9 s mu* /r5g? z to require ?irte5 gra9s ( ! ,salt ( ,t>t> to absorb !m4 ,v9eg> suff]s no decomposition by ! congelation ( its phlegm1 & ! consequ5t conc5tration ( its ,acid4 ,:at is left /ill conta9s all ! pr9ciples ( :i* ,v9eg> consi/s4 ,its pr9ciples are only br\ght ne>] toge!r1 & into a small] compass3 & = ?is reason x gr[s ! ?ick] ! m x is conc5trat$4 ,:5 !re=e y desire to conc5trate ! ,acid ( ,v9eg>1 & at ! same "t to purify x1 t is1 to free x f "s ( its oil & e>?1 y mu/ h rec\rse to di/illation4 ,w9e1 z well z ,v9eg>1 may be conc5trat$ by freez+4 ,mr4 ,/ahl expos$ sev]al sorts ( ,w9e to ! fro/1 & by t means sep>at$ f !m ab\t two ?irds1 or ?ree qu>t]s1 ( almo/ pure phlegm4 ,! rema9d]s ( ! ,w9es s conc5trat$ 7 ( a some:at ?icki% consi/5ce4 ,!y 7 v /rong1 & kept = sev]al ye>s )\t alt]+1 9 places :]e ! free access ( ! air1 alt]nately cold & hot accord+ to ! seasons1 w\ld h s\r$1 or spoil$1 any o!r k9d ( ,w9e 9 ! space ( a few weeks4 ,w9e ?us conc5trat$ by freez+ is n !reby decompos$1 any m ?an ,v9eg>3 x is only dephlegmat$4 ,by ! addition ( z mu* wat] z 0 sep>at$ f x1 y may re/ore x to its =m] condition2 9 :i* respect x diff]s greatly f ! residue ( ,w9e ^: spiritu\s "p1 ) a proportion ( its phlegm1 ha? be5 drawn (f by di/illation3 = ?\gh y mix t residue aga9 ) ! pr9ciples y sep>at$ f x1 y c nev] make ,w9e ( x aga92 ! spiritu\s "p be+ no long] 9 a capacity to comb9e ) ! o!r pr9ciples ( ! ,w9e1 9 ! same mann] z be=e t sep>ation4 ,& ?is %ews t heat1 besides sep>at+ ! mo/ volatile p>ts1 produces moreov] a consid]able *ange 9 ! disposition ( ^? :i* did n rise 9 ! fir/ di/illation4 ,s9ce ! above exp]im5ts 7 made by ,messrs4 ,/ahl & ,ge(froy1 conc5tration by freez+ is pretty frequ5tly practis$ 9 laboratories2 b on ,v9eg> only1 seldom on ,w9e3 because1 :5 ,v9eg> is ?us conc5trat$1 a mu* /rong] ,acid is m easily & m exp$iti\sly obta9$ f x1 z w be %ewn 9 ! foll[+ process2 :]eas ! di/illation1 z well z ! quality1 ( ,_s ( ,w9e is mu* ! same1 :e!r ! ,w9e x is obta9$ f be conc5trat$ or no4 ,! reason ( ?is diff]5ce is1 t ,_s ( ,w9e1 be+ v light1 rises 9 di/illation be=e ! phlegm2 :]eas ! ,acid ( ,v9eg>1 be+ mu* m pond]\s1 rises only at ! same "t ) ! aque\s "p1 or ev5 aft] x4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,v9eg> analyz$ by ,di/illation4 ,into a glass or /one cucurbit put ! ,v9eg> to be di/ill$2 fit to x a glass head2 place y\r alembic 9 ! s&-ba? ( a di/ill+ furnace1 & lute on a receiv]4 ,apply a v g5tle heat at fir/4 ,a cle>1 limpid1 light liquor w rise1 & fall 9 di/9ct drops1 l wat]1 f ! nose ( ! alembic4 ,cont9ue di/ill+ ?is fir/ liquor1 till ! v9eg> conta9$ 9 ! cucurbit be dim9i%$ ab\t a f\r? "p4 ,!n %ift y\r receiv]1 & increase ! fire a little4 ,a cle> liquor w /ill come ov]1 b heavi] & m acid ?an ! =m]4 ,di/il 9 ?is mann]1 till y h drawn (f1 into y\r second receiv]1 two-?irds ( ! liquor t 0 left 9 ! cucurbit4 ,a ?ick matt] w n[ rema9 at ! bottom ( ! /ill3 put x into a retort2 lute on a receiv]2 set y\r retort 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace1 & di/il ) degrees ( fire4 ,!re w come ov] a limpid liquor1 v acid & %>p1 yet pond]\s1 & requir+ a great degree ( fire to raise x2 on :i* acc\nt x makes ! receiv] v hot4 ,x ha? a /rong empyreumatic smell4 ,:5 ! di/illation beg9s to slack51 increase y\r fire4 ,!re w rise an ,oil ( a fetid1 quick smell4 ,at la/1 :5 no?+ m w rise ) ! /ronge/ fire1 break ! retort1 & 9 x y w f9d a black *>r$ matt]3 burn x1 & f ! a%es lixiviat$ ) wat] y w obta9 a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,,obs]vations4 ,none ( ! liquors t come ov] 9 ?is op]ation1 be=e ! la/ fetid ,oil1 seem to h any o!r prop]ties ?an ^? ( an oily ,acid2 none ( !m is inflammable1 none ( !m resembles ,_s ( ,w9e2 b all ( !m be+ ?r[n into ! fire ext+ui% x4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave h[ev] takes notice1 t a ,*ymi/1 nam$ ,vigani1 affirms ! fir/ portion ( ! liquor :i* rises 9 ! di/illation ( ,v9eg> to be inflammable1 & no o!r ?an ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave suspect$ t ?is might happ5 f ,vigani's hav+ di/ill$ ,v9eg> too newly made2 & f\nd ^u trial t ,v9eg>1 be+ di/ill$ soon aft] x 0 made1 yield$ at fir/ 9 di/illation a c]ta9 quantity ( an ,ard5t ,_s2 b t ! same ?+ did n happ5 9 ! di/illation ( old ,v9eg>4 ,& ?is proves t f]m5tation ha? ! same effect on ,v9eg> z on ,w9e2 t is1 t ?\gh ! f]m5tation :i* produces ^! liquors seems to be ov] 9 a c]ta9 "t1 :5 ! viol5t inte/9e commotion ceases1 yet x /ill cont9ues 9 ! vessels = a consid]able "t aft]1 ?\gh x be imp]ceptible4 ,?us1 ! portion ( ,ard5t ,_s1 obta9$ f "s ,v9eg>s1 comes f a small quantity ( ,w9e1 :i* /ill rema9s un*ang$ 9 ^! ,v9eg>s1 n hav+ _h "t en\gh to turn s\r4 ,= x is c]ta91 f ! exp]im5ts ( all o!r ,*ymi/s z well z ,mr4 ,bo]haave1 t ,v9eg>1 :5 old en\gh1 yields no ,ard5t ,_s 9 di/illation4 ,b ?\gh old & well-made ,v9eg> yields no ,ard5t ,_s 9 di/illation1 we _c !nce conclude t x conta9s none4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are exp]im5ts :i* demon/rate t "s ( ! ,ard5t ,_s1 :i* 0 9 ! ,w9e be=e x 0 turn$ into ,v9eg>1 /ill rema9s2 b probably s comb9$ & bl5d$ ) ! acid "p1 t x _c be sep>at$ & r5d]$ p]ceptible b by peculi> processes4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy obta9$ an ,ard5t ,_s f ,v9eg>1 by di/ill+ x z soon z x 0 conc5trat$ by freez+4 ,?is _s1 says he#af1 is ! fir/ liquor t rises4 ,at fir/ x ha? only ! same degree ( inflammability z br&y2 b1 :5 re-di/ill$ 9 ! balneum m>i1 x fires gun-p[d]1 l ! be/ rectifi$ ,_s ( ,w9e3 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t our ,_s is impregnat$ ) an oil ( an acrid ta/e & empyreumatic smell1 :i* makes x yell[1 & imp>ts its od\r to x4 ,?is ,_s1 at lea/ t :i* comes ov] fir/1 reta9s none ( ! ,acid ( ! ,v9eg>2 see+ x nei!r *anges ! t9cture ( violets1 nor eff]vesces ) ,salt ( ,t>t>4 #af ,memoirs ( ! ,academy = #agbi4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy obs]ves1 t1 if ,v9eg> conc5trat$ by freez+ be aft]w>ds kept = sev]al ye>s1 no ,ard5t ,_s w !n be obta9$ f x by di/illation4 ,& ?is confirms :at we said ( unconc5trat$ ,v9eg>1 & gives reason to ?9k t ! ,ard5t ,_s obta9$ f ,v9eg>1 ei!r by di/ill+ x aft] conc5tration by freez+1 or by o!r processes ( :i* we %all treat 9 ! sequel1 is =eign to ! ,v9eg>1 & is only f\nd !re91 z 0 said above1 because ,v9eg> conta9s a c]ta9 quantity ( ,w9e :i* ha? n alt]$ its nature4 ,= ! ,_s ( ,w9e we obta9 f ,v9eg> do? n h9d] our obta9+ f x a great deal ( ,acid1 :i* be+ m pond]\s rises aft] x4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! sequel ( 8 analysis ( ,v9eg> by di/illation4 ,cont9u+ to di/il 9 a balneum m>i ! conc5trat$ ,v9eg>1 ( :i* ,i _h employ$ f\r p\nds two ounces1 !re 0 left1 aft] ! di/illation1 a residuum ( f\rte5 ounces2 :i* c\ld n rise1 because x 0 too ?ick4 ,i f\nd x cov]$ ) a sal9e cru/1 :i* is ! true ,ess5tial ,salt ( ,v9eg>1 & n ( ! same nature ) ,t>t>3 = ,t>t> ( ,w9e is sc5tless2 :]eas ! ,salt ( ,v9eg> ha? a pung5t smell1 be+ ! ,acid ( ,t>t> subtiliz$ by its union ) ! ,sulphure\s p>ts4 ,if a s&-ba? be n[ us$1 in/ead ( ! balneum m>i1 to c>ry on ! di/illation )\t burn+ ! matt]1 "p ( ?is ,salt w be resolv$1 & yield ! la/ ,acid ,_s1 :i* is ! /ronge/ t c be obta9$4 ,aft] ,i _h1 by a s&-heat1 extract$ all ! ,acid ,_s t ! sev]al residuums put toge!r w\ld yield1 ,i f\nd at ! bottom ( ! cucurbit a br[n mass1 ( ! consi/5ce ( a pretty solid extract4 ,( ?is ,i put into a retort two p\nds1 toge!r ) six p\nds ( s& well wa%$ & v dry2 &1 apply+ a graduat$ heat1 ,i fir/ obta9$ six ounces ( an ,acid ,_s1 t smelt v /rong ( ! empyreuma1 & 0 a little col\r$ ) "s portion ( oil2 sev5 ounces ( ,_s1 hav+ a volatile ur9\s smell1 came ov] next3 at la/ ! :ite vap\rs appe>$ m & m d5se4 ,a volatile concrete ,salt adh]$ to ! sides ( ! ballon1 & ,i f\nd f\r ounces ( a ?ick fetid ,oil float+ on ! ,_s4 ,! concrete volatile ,salt1 :5 collect$1 weigh$ two drams4 ,! black matt] rema9+ 9 ! bottom ( ! retort1 be+ calc9$ & lixiviat$1 yield$ a fat alkal9e ,salt1 :i* x is almo/ impossible to dry4 ,i h giv5 ?is acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,ge(froy's analysis ( ,v9eg> at l5g?1 only because x diff]s 9 sev]al respects f t describ$ 9 ! process1 :i* is ,mr4 ,bo]haave's1 z well z f ^? deliv]$ by sev]al o!r ,au?ors1 :o make no m5tion ei!r ( ! sal9e matt]1 :i* ,mr4 ,ge(froy f\nd on ! residuum ( ,v9eg>1 aft] its fir/ di/illation 9 ! balneum m>i1 or ( ! volatile ur9\s ,_s & ,salt1 :i* he obta9$ f t residuum4 ,^! diff]5ces may arise ei!r f ! mann] ( di/ill+ ! ,v9eg>1 or f ,mr4 ,ge(froy's ,v9eg> hav+ be5 conc5trat$ by freez+1 or r f ! quantity1 &1 above all1 f ! age ( ! ,v9eg>1 exam9$ by ^? diff]5t ,*ymi/s4 ,! di/illation ( ,v9eg> s]ves n only to sep>ate its ,acid f a consid]able quantity ( e>? & oily p>ts1 ) :i* x is entangl$1 b also to dephlegmate & conc5trate x4 ,yet ,mr4 ,lem]i affirms1 t ,v9eg> is n di/ill$ ) a view to dephlegmate x4 ,he condemns ! common me?od ( ?r[+ away ! fir/ runn+s z useless phlegm1 & sav+ only :at comes (f aft]w>ds2 hav+1 he says1 obs]v$1 t ! phlegm ( ,v9eg> _c be ab/ract$1 l t ( _m o!r acid liquors1 & t :at comes ov] fir/ is almo/ z %>p z :at rises aft]w>ds1 be ! fire appli$ at fir/ ev] s small4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t ,mr4 ,lem]i did n c>efully en\gh exam9e ! /r5g? ( 8 ,_s ( ,v9eg>1 at ! diff]5t /ages ( 8 di/illation3 = ,mr4 ,ge(froy1 9 ! ,memoir above cit$1 gives an acc\nt ( a di/illation ( ,v9eg>1 ! product :]e( he exam9$ ) c>e1 hav+ = t purpose divid$ x into five diff]5t portions3 & 8 exp]im5ts put x beyond all d\bt1 t ! fir/ portions ( ,_s ( ,v9eg> are f> f be+ s acid z ! la/4 ,?is ,v9eg> 0 s /rong be=e di/illation1 t x requir$ six gra9s ( ,salt ( ,t>t> to absorb two drams ( x4 ,two drams ( ! fir/ portion ( 8 ,_s 7 absorb$ by ?ree gra9s only ( ,salt ( ,t>t>3 ! ,acid ( ! second portion took five gra9s to absorb x4 7,ea* exp]im5t 0 made ) two drams ( ,v9eg>74 ,! ?ird portion 0 absorb$ by t5 gra9s2 ! f\r? by ?irte51 & ! fif? took no less ?an n9ete53 :i* proves t ,v9eg>1 l mo/ o!r ,acids1 may be conc5trat$ by di/ill+ (f ! mo/ aque\s "p1 :i* is light] ?an ! ,acid4 ,!re are !re=e two ways ( conc5trat+ ,v9eg>1 & sep>at+ its mo/ acid "p1 namely di/illation & congelation4 ,^! two me?ods may be successively appli$ to ! same ,v9eg>1 & a v p[]ful ,acid obta9$ by _! concurr5ce4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy hav+ expos$ to ! fro/1 on ! #ai? ( ,janu>y #agci1 ! la/ russet-col\r$ liquor1 drawn f ! residuum ( di/ill$ ,v9eg>1 f\nd x s conc5trat$ !reby1 t x requir$ sixty gra9s ( ,salt ( ,t>t> to absorb two drams ( x4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,! ,,acid ( ,,v9eg> comb9$ ) diff]5t ,,sub/ances4 ,,process ,i4 ,! ,acid ( ,v9eg> comb9$ ) alkal9e ,sub/ances4 ,foliat$ ,salt ( ,t>t>1 or ,reg5]at$ ,t>t>4 ,decomposition ( t ,salt4 ,into a glass cucurbit put "s v pure & well-dri$ ,salt ( ,t>t>2 & p\r on x "s good di/ill$ ,v9eg>1 by little & little at a "t4 ,an eff]vesc5ce w arise4 ,p\r on m ,v9eg>1 till y atta9 ! po9t ( saturation4 ,!n fit a head to ! cucurbit2 set x 9 a s&-ba?2 & hav+ lut$ on a receiv]1 di/il ) a g5tle heat1 & v sl[ly1 till no?+ rema9 b a dry matt]4 ,on ?is residuum drop a little ( ! same ,v9eg>2 & if any eff]vesc5ce appe>s1 add m ,v9eg> till y atta9 ! po9t ( saturation1 & di/il aga9 z be=e4 ,if y obs]ve no eff]vesc5ce1 ! op]ation 0 rightly p]=m$4 ,,obs]vations4 ,x is n easy to hit ! exact po9t ( saturation 9 prep>+ ?is ,neutral ,salt2 because ! oily p>ts1 ) :i* ! ,acid ( ,v9eg> is load$1 h9d] x f act+ s briskly & readily z x w\ld d1 if x 7 z pure z ! ,m9]al ,acids3 & = ?is reason x (t5 happ5s1 t1 :5 we h ne>ly atta9$ ! po9t ( saturation1 ! addition ( an ,acid makes no s5sible eff]vesc5ce1 ?\gh ! ,alkali be n yet entirely saturat$2 :i* deceives ! op]ator1 & makes him conclude errone\sly t he ha? atta9$ ! true po9t ( saturation4 ,b he easily p]ceives 8 mi/ake1 :51 aft] hav+ sep>at$ f ?is sal9e comp\nd all its sup]flu\s moi/ure by di/illation1 he drops fre% ,v9eg> ^u x3 = !n ! ,salts be+ m conc5trat$1 & consequ5tly m active1 produce an eff]vesc5ce1 :i* w\ld n h be5 s5sible if ?is la/ portion ( ,acid1 in/ead ( com+ into imm$iate contact ) ! dri$ ,alkali1 c\ld n h mix$ !re) till diffus$ ?r\gh1 & 9 a mann] suffocat$ by1 t phlegm f :i* ! ,acid ( ! ,v9eg>1 be=e neutraliz$1 0 gradually sep>at$ by its comb9+ ) ! ,alkali2 t phlegm keep+ 9 solution bo? ! ,neutral ,salt already =m$1 & ! ,alkali n yet saturat$4 ,& = ?is reason x is necess>y to try1 aft] ! fir/ desiccation ( ?is ,salt1 :i* is call$ ,reg5]at$ ,t>t>1 :e!r or no ! j po9t ( saturation ha? be5 atta9$4 ,x may also happ51 t1 ?\gh ! po9t ( saturation 0 exactly hit at fir/1 ?is comp\nd ,salt %all nev]!less1 aft] desiccation1 eff]vesce ) fre% ,v9eg>1 & !re=e n be 9 a p]fectly neutral /ate at t "t4 ,9 ?is case ! ,salt mu/ h be5 dri$ by too viol5t a fire1 & p>tly decomp\nd$ by an excess ( heat c>ry+ (f "s ( ! ,acid1 :i* does n adh]e v /rongly to ! ,alkali4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y x is necess>y t ,reg5]at$ ,t>t> be desiccat$ ) a v g5tle heat4 ,f :at ha? be5 said1 conc]n+ ! desiccation ( ?is ,neutral ,salt1 x is pla91 t ! use ( x is only to free ! ,salt f ! great quantity ( sup]flu\s moi/ure :]e9 x is dissolv$3 :i* proves t ! ,acid ( ,v9eg>1 l all o!r ,acids dissolv$ 9 mu* wat]1 is sep>at$ f mo/ ( ?is r$undant phlegm by be+ comb9$ ) a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,& h5ce we mu/ conclude1 t ! ,acid ( ,v9eg>1 conta9$ 9 ,reg5]at$ ,t>t> desiccat$1 is va/ly /rong] & m conc5trat$ ?an x 0 be=e3 & accord+ly ,mr4 ,ge(froy1 hav+ decomp\nd$ ?is ,salt1 by ! means ( conc5trat$ ,oil ( ,vitriol1 obta9$ a ,_s ( ,v9eg> 9 :ite vap\rs1 :i* 0 v volatile & v /rong1 b p]haps some:at deprav$ ) a ta9t ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,?\gh ! ,acid ( ,v9eg> be fre$1 by comb9+ ) a ,fix$ ,alkali1 f a great quantity ( sup]flu\s phlegm1 z 0 %ewn above2 yet ! oily p>ts ) :i* x is entangl$ /ill cleave to x3 ^! p>ts are n sep>at$ f x by its conv]sion into a ,neutral ,salt1 b1 )\t quitt+ x1 comb9e also ) ! ,fix$ ,alkali2 & ?is gives ,reg5]at$ ,t>t> a saponace\s quality1 & sev]al o!r peculi> prop]ties4 ,reg5]at$ ,t>t>1 :5 dri$1 is ( a br[n col\r4 ,x is semi-volatile2 melts ) a v g5tle heat1 & !n resembles an unctu\s liquor2 :i* indicates its conta9+ an ,oil3 :5 ca/ ^u live coals x flames2 &1 :5 di/ill$ ) a /rong heat1 yields an actual oil2 all :i* evid5tly prove ! exi/5ce ( t ,oil4 ,?is ,salt is soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e2 a quality :i* x probably owes also to its ,oil4 ,x requires ab\t six p>ts ( ,_s ( ,w9e to dissolve x2 & ! dissolution succe$s v well 9 a matrass1 ) ! help ( a g5tle w>m?4 ,if ! ,_s ( ,w9e be ab/ract$ f ?is solution1 by di/ill+ ) a small fire1 ! ,salt rema9s at ! bottom ( ! cucurbit1 9 ! =m ( a dry sub/ance compos$ ( leaves ly+ "o ^u ano!r2 :i* ha? procur$ x ! "n ( ,t]ra ,foliata ,t>t>i1 or ,foliat$ ,salt ( ,t>t>4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y t ,reg5]at$ ,t>t> be dissolv$ 9 ,_s ( ,w9e to make ! ,foliat$ ,salt3 = x may be procur$ 9 ?is =m1 by only evaporat+ ! wat] 9 :i* x is dissolv$4 ,b ! op]ation succe$s bett] ) ,_s ( ,w9e2 probably because ! success !re( dep5ds on us+ an exce$+ g5tle w>m?3 n[ ,_s ( ,w9e evaporates ) mu* less heat ?an wat]4 ,reg5]at$ ,t>t> may also be cry/alliz$4 ,if y desire to h x 9 ?is =m1 comb9e ! ,acid ) ! ,alkali to ! po9t ( saturation2 evaporate ! liquor sl[ly to ! consi/5ce ( a syrop1 & set x 9 a cool place2 :]e x w %oot into clu/]s ( cry/als ly+ "o ^u ano!r l fea!rs4 ,v9eg> p]fectly dissolves absorb5t matt]s also1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! animal k+dom2 su* z ,coral1 ,crabs-eyes1 ,pe>ls1 c4 ,9 ord] to a dissolution ( su* matt]s1 y mu/ pulv]ize !m1 put !m into a matrass1 & p\r on !m ,_s ( ,v9eg> to ! dep? ( f\r f+]s bread?3 an eff]vesc5ce w arise3 :5 t is ov]1 set ! mixture to dige/ two or ?ree days 9 a s&-ba?2 !n decant ! liquor1 filt] x1 & evaporate x to dryness ) a v g5tle heat4 ,! matt] :i* rema9s is call$ ,salt ( ,coral1 ( ,pe>ls1 ( ,crabs-eyes1 c4 accord+ to ! sub/ances dissolv$4 ,if1 in/ead ( evaporat+ ! liquor1 a ,fix$ ,alkali be mix$ !re)1 ! absorb5t matt]1 t 0 dissolv$ by ! ,acid1 w precipitate 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]1 :i* is call$ ! ,magi/]y ( ,coral1 ( ,pe>ls1 c4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,! ,acid ( ,v9eg> comb9$ ) ,copp]4 ,v]degris4 ,cry/als ( ,copp]4 ,?is comb9ation decomp\nd$4 ,_s ( ,v]degris4 ,into a l>ge matrass put ,v]degris 9 p[d]4 ,p\r on x di/ill$ ,v9eg> to ! dep? ( f\r f+]s bread?4 ,set ! matrass 9 a mod]ate s&-heat1 & leave ! :ole 9 dige/ion1 %ak+ x f "t to "t4 ,! ,v9eg> w acquire a v deep blue-gre5 col\r4 ,:5 ! liquor is suffici5tly col\r$1 p\r x (f by incl9ation4 ,put "s fre% ,v9eg> into ! matrass2 dige/ z be=e2 & decant ! liquor aga9 :5 x is suffici5tly col\r$4 ,proce$ 9 ?is mann] till ! ,v9eg> w extract no m col\r4 ,!re w rema9 9 ! matrass a consid]able quantity ( undissolv$ matt]4 ,! ,v9eg> ?us impregnat$ ) ,v]degris is call$ ,t9cture ( ,copp]4 ,mix ^! sev]al ,t9ctures1 & evaporate !m ) a g5tle heat to a pellicle4 ,!n set ! liquor 9 a cool place3 9 ! space ( a few days a great _m cry/als ( a mo/ beautiful gre5 col\r w %oot !re91 & /ick to ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,p\r (f ! liquor f ! cry/als2 evaporate x aga9 to a pellicle1 & set x by to cry/allize4 ,cont9ue ^! evaporations & cry/allizations1 till no m cry/als w %oot 9 ! liquor4 ,^! are call$ ,cry/als ( ,copp]1 & are us$ 9 pa9t+4 ,to ?is comb9ation ( ! ,acid ( ,v9eg> ) ,copp] ! pa9t]s & deal]s h giv5 ! title ( ,di/ill$ ,v]digris4 ,,obs]vations4 ,v]degris is prep>$ at ,montpeli]4 ,to make x !y take v clean plates ( ,copp]1 :i* !y lay1 "o ov] ano!r1 ) husks ( grapes betwe51 & aft] a c]ta9 "t take !m out4 ,_! surfaces are !n cov]$ all ov] ) a v beautiful gre5 cru/1 :i* is ,v]degris4 ,?is ,v]degris is no?+ b ,copp] corrod$ by ! ,acid ( ,t>t>1 analag\s to ! ,acid ( ,v9eg>1 :i* ab\nds 9 ! ,w9es ( ,langu$oc1 & especially 9 ! rape1 husks1 & /ones ( grapes t h a v au/]e ta/e4 ,v]degris is a sort ( ru/ ( ,copp]2 or ,copp] corrod$ & op5$ by ! ,acid ( ,w9e1 b n yet conv]t$ intirely into a ,neutral ,salt3 = x is n soluble 9 wat]1 nor does x cry/allize4 ,?is arises f its n be+ unit$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( ,acid4 ,! design ( ! op]ation "h describ$ is to furni% ! ,v]degris ) ! quantity ( ,acid requisite to make x a true ,metallic ,salt3 = :i* purpose di/ill$ ,v9eg> is v fit4 ,cry/als ( ,copp] may be obta9$1 )\t employ+ ,v]degris1 by mak+ use ( ,copp] itself dissolv$ by ! ,acid ( ,v9eg>1 accord+ to ! me?od practis$ ) respect to ,lead1 z %all be %ewn h]eaft]4 ,b ,v]degris is g5]ally us$1 because x dissolves soone/2 x be+ a ,copp] already half-dissolv$ by an ,acid correspond5t to t ( ,v9eg>4 ,cry/als ( ,copp] are decomp\nd$ by ! action ( fire alone1 )\t any additam5t2 because ! ,acid ( ,v9eg> adh]es b loosely to ,copp]4 ,9 ord] to decomp\nd ?is ,salt & extract its ,acid1 x mu/ be put into a retort1 & di/ill$ 9 a rev]batory furnace ) degrees ( fire4 ,an insipid phlegm rises fir/1 :i* is ! wat] reta9$ by ! ,salt 9 cry/alliz+4 ,?is phlegm is succe$$ by an acid liquor1 :i* rises 9 ! =m ( :ite vap\rs t fill ! receiv]4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation ! fire mu/ be viol5tly urg$1 9 ord] to raise ! /ronge/ & mo/ fix$ ,acid4 ,at la/ !re rema9s 9 ! retort a black matt]1 :i* is no?+ b ,copp]1 t may be r$uc$ by melt+ x 9 a crucible ) "o "p ( ,salt-petre & two p>ts ( ,t>t>4 ,a simil> ,acid1 b m oily1 & 9 a mu* small] quantity1 may be obta9$ f ,v]degris by di/illation4 ,! ,acid1 :i* 9 ?is di/illation comes ov] aft] ! fir/ phlegm1 is an exce$+ /rong & conc5trat$ ,v9eg>4 ,x is kn[n by ! title ( ,_s ( ,v]degris4 ,zwelf]1 & aft] him ,m4 le ,fevre 9 8 ,*ymi/ry1 be/[s extraord9>y praises on ?is ,_s2 pret5d+ t x w produce ! ,salt ( ,coral1 & o!rs ( ! same k9d1 )\t los+ any ( its virtue1 or ceas+ to be acid2 s z to rema9 /ill capable ( p]=m+ o!r op]ations ( ! same nature4 ,b ,mr4 ,bo]haave & ,mr4 ,lem]i positively d5y ! fact2 & ) good reason1 hav+ =m$ _! judgm5ts on _! own exp]im5ts4 ,yet ,i c h>dly ?9k bo? ,zwelf] & le ,fevre w\ld h affirm$ a ?+ ( ?is nature1 9 su* a positive & confid5t mann]1 if !y _h be5 conv9c$ 9 _! m9ds t x 0 false4 ,we mu/ suppose t ^? ,*ymi/s exam9$ ! matt] ) too little att5tion1 & 7 misl$ by "s fallaci\s appe>ance4 ,probably !y may h comp>$ ?is conc5trat$ ,v9eg> ) common di/ill$ ,v9eg>2 !y may h put to _! ,coral an equal dose !re(2 &1 aft] saturation1 !y may h di/ill$ (f ! sup]flu\s liquor1 :i* may h eff]vesc$ ) fre% ,coral & dissolv$ x4 ,surpris$ at ?is effect1 !y may h imag9$ t _! ,acid _h lo/ none ( its /r5g?1 & t x _h ! virtue ( conv]t+ into ,salt any quantity ( ,coral1 or su* o!r matt]s1 )\t any prejudice to its ,acidity4 ,a ra% conclusion3 :i* c]ta9ly !y nev] w\ld h made1 if !y _h c>ri$ ! exp]im5t f> en\gh2 if !y _h dissolv$ a ?ird or a f\r? quantity ( ,coral 9 _! ,v9eg>3 = !y w\ld h be5 !reby conv9c$ t ! ,_s ( ,v]degris1 l all o!r acid ,spirits1 deposites & leaves its ,acid 9 absorb5t matt]s2 & t if ! liquor1 :i* !y drew (f by di/illation f _! fir/ ,salt ( ,coral1 0 /ill acid1 & capable ( dissolv+ fre% ,coral1 no?+ c\ld be inf]r$ f !nce b t ,_s ( ,v]degris is an exce$+ly conc5trat$ ,v9eg>1 :i*1 9 ! same quantity ( liquor1 conta9s mu* m ,acid ?an ! /ronge/ di/ill$ ,v9eg> prep>$ 9 ! common way2 t !re=e a mu* small] dose !re( is requir$ to conv]t a giv5 quantity ( ,coral into ,salt2 & t ! liquor1 :i* !y di/ill$ f _! fir/ ,salt1 /ill reta9$ "s ( its virtue1 only because x 0 replete ) mu* m ,acid ?an c\ld be neutraliz$ by ! ,coral4 ,b a love ( ! m>vell\s s prepossesses ! m9d ( man1 t x (t5 h9d]s him f p]ceiv+ ! mo/ obvi\s facts4 ,?is is ! fault ( all ! anci5t ,*ymi/s 9 g5]al3 & ,i believe ! only reason :y we f9d _! books /uff$ ) s _m unsucce$+ exp]im5ts 01 t _! heat$ imag9ations frequ5tly repres5t$ ?+s to !m o!rwise ?an !y really 74 ,,process ,,iii4 ,! ,acid ( ,v9eg> comb9$ ) ,lead4 ,c]use4 ,salt or ,sug> ( ,lead4 ,?is comb9ation decomp\nd$4 ,into ! glass head ( a cucurbit1 put ?9 plates ( ,lead1 & secure !m s t !y may n fall out :5 ! head is put ^u ! cucurbit4 ,fit on ?is head to a wide-m\!d cucurbit conta9+ "s ,v9eg>4 ,set x 9 a s&-ba?2 lute on a receiv]1 & di/il ) a g5tle heat = t5 or twelve h\rs4 ,!n take (f ! head3 9 x y w f9d ! lead5 plates cov]$1 &1 9 a mann]1 cru/$ ov] ) a :ite matt]4 ,?is be+ bru%$ (f ) a h>e's foot is :at we call ,c]use4 ,! lead5 plates ?us cleans$ may be employ$ aga9 = ! same purpose1 till !y be :olly conv]t$ into ,c]use by repeat$ di/illations4 ,dur+ ! op]ation !re w come ov] into ! receiv] a liquor some:at turbid & :iti%4 ,?is is a di/ill$ ,v9eg> 9 :i* "s ,lead is dissolv$4 ,r$uce a quantity ( ,c]use into p[d]2 put x into a matrass2 p\r on x twelve or fifte5 times z mu* di/ill$ ,v9eg>2 set ! matrass 9 a s&-ba?2 leave ! matt] 9 dige/ion = a day1 %ak+ x f "t to "t3 !n decant y\r liquor1 & keep x ap>t4 ,p\r fre% ,v9eg> on :at is left 9 ! matrass1 & dige/ z be=e4 ,proce$ ?us till y h dissolv$ "o half1 or two ?irds1 ( ! ,c]use4 ,evaporate to a pellicle ! liquors y p\r$ (f f ! ,c]use1 & set !m 9 a cool place4 ,greyi% cry/als w %oot !re94 ,decant ! liquor f ! cry/als2 evaporate x aga9 to a pellicle1 & set x by to cry/allize4 ,proce$ ?us evaporat+ & cry/alliz+1 z long z any cry/als w %oot4 ,dissolve y\r cry/als 9 di/ill$ ,v9eg>1 & evaporate ! solution1 :i* w !n %oot into :it] & pur] cry/als4 ,?is is ! ,salt or ,sug> ( ,lead4 ,,obs]vations4 ,lead is easily dissolv$ by ! ,acid ( ,v9eg>4 ,if x be b>ely expos$ to ! vap\r ( t ,acid1 its surface is corrod$1 & conv]t$ into a k9d ( calx or :ite ru/1 mu* us$ 9 pa9t+1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ,c]use or ,:ite ,lead4 ,b ?is prep>ation ( ,lead is n comb9$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( ,acid to conv]t x into a ,salt3 x is no m ?an lead divid$ & op5$ by ! ,acid ( ,v9eg>2 a matt] :i* is to ,lead :at ,v]degris is to ,copp]4 ,& !re=e if y desire to comb9e ,c]use ) ! quantity ( ,acid necess>y to conv]t x into a true ,neutral ,salt1 y mu/ treat x 9 ! same mann] z we did ,v]degris1 9 ord] to procure ,cry/als ( ,copp]2 t is1 y mu/ dissolve x 9 di/ill$ ,v9eg>1 z ! process directs4 ,! ,salt ( ,lead is n v :ite :5 x fir/ %oots2 & = ?is reason x is dissolv$ aga9 9 di/ill$ ,v9eg>1 & cry/alliz$ a second "t4 ,if salt ( ,lead be repeat$ly dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ ,v9eg>1 & ! liquor evaporat$1 x w gr[ ?ick2 b _c be desiccat$ )\t great difficulty4 ,if ! same op]ation be (t5] repeat$1 ?is quality w be !reby m & m increas$2 till at la/ x w rema9 on ! fire l an ,oil1 or melt$ ,wax3 x coagulates z x cools1 & !n looks1 at fir/ sight1 l a metallic mass1 some:at resembl+ ,silv]4 ,?is matt] runs ) a v g5tle heat1 almo/ z easily z wax4 ,! ,salt ( ,lead ha? a sac*>9e ta/e1 :i* ha? procur$ x ! "n also ( ,sug> ( ,lead4 ,= ?is reason :5 ,w9e beg9s to turn s\r1 ! ready way to cure x ( t disagreeable ta/e is1 to sub/itute a sweet "o :i* is n disagreeable to ! ta/e1 by mix+ !re) ,c]use1 ,li?>ge1 or "s su* prep>ation ( ,lead3 = ! ,acid ( ! ,w9e dissolves ! ,lead1 & !re) =ms a ,sug> ( ,lead1 :i* rema9s mix$ ) ! ,w9e1 & ha? a ta/e :i*1 jo9$ ) t ( ! ,w9e1 is n unpleasant4 ,b1 z ,lead is "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s poisons we "k1 ?is me?od ought nev] to be practis$2 & :oev] employs su* a p]nici\s drug des]ves to be mo/ sev]ely puni%$4 ,yet some?+ v l ?is happ5s e day1 & mu/ ne$s h v bad consequ5ces2 :ile !re is nobody to blame1 & ^? to :om ! ?+ may prove fatal c h no mi/ru/ ( x4 ,all ! retail]s ( ,w9e h a cu/om ( fill+ _! bottles on a c\nt] cov]$ ) ,lead1 hav+ a hole 9 ! middle1 into :i* a lead5 pipe is sold]$4 ,! ,w9e :i* !y spill on ! c\nt]1 9 fill+ ! bottles1 runs ?r\gh ?is pipe into a lead5 vessel bel[4 ,9 t x usually /&s ! :ole day1 or p]haps sev]al days2 aft] :i* x is tak5 out ( ! lead5 vessel1 & mix$ ) o!r ,w9e1 or put into ! bottle ( "s petty cu/om]4 ,b1 alas = ! man to ^: lot su* ,w9e falls6 ,he mu/ feel ! mo/ fatal effects f x2 & ! dang] to :i* he is expos$ is s mu* ! great]1 ! long] ! ,w9e ha? /ood 9 ! lead5 vessel1 & !reby acquir$ m ( a noxi\s quality4 ,we daily see cruel di/emp]s among ! common p1 occasion$ by su* causes1 :i* are n suffici5tly att5d$ to4 ,w9e t is n kept 9 close vessels is apt to turn s\r v soon1 especially 9 ! summ]2 & ! retail]s ( ,w9e h obs]v$ t _! dripp+s1 ?us collect$ 9 vessels ( ,lead1 are n liable to ?is inconv5i5ce4 ,?is is :at ha? e/abli%$ among !m ! practice ,i am speak+ aga9/4 ,z !y see only ! good effects !re(1 & "k no?+ ( its ill consequ5ces1 we _c be angry ) !m4 ,x is natural to ?9k1 t1 z ,lead ha? ! prop]ty ( keep+ ,w9e cool1 x may by t means prev5t its gr[+ s\r = "s "t2 & p]sons :o are n v]s$ 9 ,*ymi/ry c h>dly suspect t ,w9e is pres]v$ f be+ prick$1 only by be+ conv]t$ into a k9d ( poison4 ,yet ?is is ! v case3 = ,lead do? n h9d] ! ,w9e f gr[+ s\r2 b1 unit+ ) its ,acid1 z soon z x appe>s1 & =m+ !re) a ,sug> ( ,lead1 *anges ! ta/e !re( z ha? be5 said1 & h9d]s ! ,acid f affect+ ! palate4 ,h5ce x appe>s h[ mu* x 7 to be wi%$ t ! use ( ^? c\nt]s cov]$ ) ,lead 7 aboli%$ entirely4 ,i am in=m$1 by a ,*ymi/ zeal\s = ! public good#ag1 t he repres5t$ ?is matt] to ! ,magi/rates sev]al ye>s ago4 ,x is n to be d\bt$1 t1 :5 ! deal]s 9 ,w9e "k ! ill consequ5ces att5d+ ?is practice1 !y w ) pleasure sacrifice ! small b5efit !y receive f x to ! public safety4 #ag ,mr4 ,r\elle1 :om ,i h _h occasion to m5tion sev]al times 9 ?is "w ) ! hon\r :i* he des]ves1 & ) :om ,i w5t ?r\gh a c\rse ( ,*ymi/ry1 :5 ,i 0 a ,/ud5t 9 ,m$ic9e4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 to ! praise ( ?is +5i\s ,arti/1 t he is ! fir/ ,fr5*man t ev] gave ,c\rses ( ,*ymi/ry4 ,9 ^! he expla9s ! op]ations accord+ to ! true & s\nd ,!ory ( ! ,sci5ce1 drawn f ! writ+s ( ,bec*]1 ,/ahl1 ,junck]1 ,boyle1 ,bo]haave1 ,h(fman1 & _m o!r excell5t ,*ymi/s1 :om x w\ld be t$i\s to m5tion "h1 z well z f ! ,memoirs ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ,academies1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is4 ,x is easy to prove :e!r or no a suspect$ ,w9e conta9s ,lead4 ,y ne$ only p\r into x a little ,oil ( ,t>t> p] deliquium2 or1 if y h n t at h&1 a lye ( ! a%es ( gre5 wood4 ,if !re be any ,lead dissolv$ 9 x1 ! liquor w imm$iately gr[ turbid1 & ! ,lead w precipitate 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]2 because ! ,sug> ( ,lead x conta9s1 be+ a ,neutral ,salt1 ^: basis is a metal1 is decomp\nd$ by ! ,fix$ ,alkali1 :i* sep>ates t metal f ! ,acid4 ,lead ?us sep>at$ f ! ,acid ( ,v9eg> by an ,alkali is call$ ,magi/]y ( ,lead4 ,c]use1 or ,:ite ,lead1 is also a v dang]\s poison4 ,x is a pigm5t v mu* us$1 be+ ! only ,:ite t c be appli$ ) ,oil4 ,?is ,:ite is ! mo/ common1 or1 p]haps1 ! only cause ( ^? dreadful colics ) :i* pa9t]s1 & all t "w 9 col\rs1 are frequ5tly afflict$4 ,?is induc$ me to exam9e all ! sub/ances capable ( af=d+ a ,:ite1 9 ord] to f9d "o1 if possible1 :i* might be sub/itut$ = ,:ite ,lead3 b1 aft] a va/ numb] ( exp]im5ts1 ,i _h ! mortification to be conv9c$1 t all ,:ites1 ev5 ! brighte/ & mo/ beautiful1 :i* are n metallic1 produce no?+1 :5 gr\nd ) ,oil1 b greys1 or dirty yell[s4 ,!re is /ill some?+ to be hop$ = 9 ,:ites obta9able f c]ta9 metallic sub/ances3 b1 z e "o ( ^? matt]s may be suspect$ ( "s noxi\s quality1 long exp]i5ce alone w remove our j appreh5sions ( dang] f e ?+ af=d$ by su* sub/ances4 ,to return to ! ,salt ( ,lead3 x may be decomp\nd$ by di/illation )\t addittam5t4 ,9 ord] to p]=m ?is1 y mu/ put ! ,salt ( ,lead into a glass or /one retort1 leav+ a full ?ird !re( empty1 & di/il 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace ) degrees ( fire4 ,a _s rises1 :i* fills ! receiv] ) cl\ds4 ,:5 no?+ m w come ov] ) a fire t makes ! retort r$-hot1 let ! vessels cool1 & !n unlute !m4 ,y w f9d 9 ! receiv]1 an au/]e liquor1 :i* is inflammable1 or1 at lea/1 an inflammable ,_s may be obta9$ f x1 if ab\t "o half !re( be drawn (f by di/illation 9 a glass alembic4 ,! retort 9 :i* ! ,salt ( ,lead 0 decomp\nd$ conta9s at ! end ( ! op]ation1 a blacki% matt]3 ?is is ,lead1 :i* w resume its metallic =m on be+ melt$ 9 a crucible2 because ! ,acid by :i* x 0 dissolv$1 & f :i* x ha? be5 sep>at$1 be+ ( a v oily nature1 ha? left 9 x a suffici5t quantity ( phlogi/on4 ,:at is mo/ rem>kable 9 ?is decomposition ( ,salt ( ,lead is ! inflammable ,_s :i* x yields1 ?\gh ! ,v9eg> :i* ent]$ into ! composition ( ! ,salt seem$ to conta9 none at all4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,( ! ,,putrid ,,f]m5tation ( ,,vegetable ,,sub/ances4 ,,process ,i4 ,! ,putrefaction ( ,vegetables4 ,fill a hog%ead ) gre5 plants1 & tread !m d[n a little2 or1 if ! vegetables be dry & h>d sub/ances1 divide !m into m9ute p>ts1 & /eep !m a little 9 wat] to moi/5 !m3 !n leave !m1 or ! gre5 plants1 9 ! vessel1 uncov]$ & expos$ to ! op5 air4 ,by degrees a heat w arise 9 ! c5t] ( ! vessel1 :i* w cont9ue increas+ daily1 at la/ gr[ v /rong1 & be communicat$ to ! :ole mass4 ,z long z ! heat is mod]ate1 ! plants w reta9 _! natural smell & ta/e4 ,z ! heat increases1 bo? ^! w gradually alt]1 & at la/ become v disagreeable1 mu* l ^? ( putrid animal sub/ances4 ,! plants w !n be t5d] z if !y _h be5 boil$2 or ev5 be r$uc$ to a k9d ( pap1 m or less liquid accord+ to ! quantity ( moi/ure !y conta9$ be=e4 ,,obs]vations4 ,almo/ all vegetable matt]s are susceptible ( putrefaction2 b "s ( !m rot soon]1 & o!rs m sl[ly4 ,z putrefaction is only a species ( f]m5tation1 ! effect :]e( is to *ange entirely ! /ate ( ! ,acid1 by comb9+ x ) a portion ( ! e>? & ,oil ( ! mixt1 :i* are s att5uat$ t f ?is union !re results a new sal9e sub/ance 9 :i* no ,acid is disc]nible2 :i* on ! contr>y ha? ! prop]ties ( an ,alkali1 b r5d]$ ,volatile2 x is pla91 t1 ! ne>] ! ,acid ( a plant set to putrefy is to ?is /ate1 ! soon] w ! putrefaction ( t plant be complet$4 ,accord+ly all plants t conta9 a ,volatile ,alkali ready =m$1 or f :i* x c be obta9$ by di/illation1 are ! mo/ dispos$ to putrefaction4 ,^? plants1 9 :i* ! ,acid is v manife/ & s5sible1 are less apt to putrefy2 because all _! ,acid mu/ und]go ! *ange above specifi$4 ,b vegetable matt]s1 ^: ,acid is entangl$ & clogg$ by sev]al ( _! o!r pr9ciples1 mu/ be /ill long] elaborat$1 be=e !y c be r$uc$ to ! condition into :i* complete putrefaction br+s all vegetables4 ,! e>?y & oily p>ts1 9 :i* ! ,acids ( ^! sub/ances are %ea!d1 mu/ be att5uat$ & divid$ by a previ\s f]m5tation1 :i*1 f ^? p>ts subtiliz$ & unit$ ) ! ,acid1 =ms an ,ard5t ,_s1 :]e9 ! ,acid is m p]ceptible ?an 9 ! almo/ insipid1 or sac*>9e juices1 out ( :i* x is produc$4 ,! ,acid conta9$ 9 ! ,ard5t ,_s mu/ be /ill fur!r dis5gag$1 be=e x c ent] into ! comb9ation ( a ,volatile ,alkali3 consequ5tly ! ,ard5t ,_s mu/ und]go a sort ( decomposition2 its ,acid mu/ be r5d]$ m s5sible1 & be br\ght to ! same condition z ! ,acid ( plants 9 :i* x manife/s all its prop]ties4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t ! spiritu\s & acet\s f]m5tations are only prep>atives1 :i* nature makes use (1 = br++ c]ta9 vegetable matt]s to putrefaction4 ,^! f]m5tations !re=e mu/ be consid]$ z advances t[>ds t putrefaction1 9 :i* !y t]m9ate1 or r z ! fir/ /ages ( putrefaction itself4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,/ahl1 :o ha? treat$ ?is subject ) great sagacity1 & ?r[n mu* light ^u x4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave is n altoge!r ( ! same m9d4 ,he consid]s putrefaction z some?+ =eign to f]m5tation2 z an op]ation indep5d5t ( x1 & v diff]5t f x4 ,he gives ! title ( f]m5tation to t inte/9e & spontane\s motion only :i* produces an ,ard5t ,_s1 & *anges x into an ,acid4 ,he f\nds 8 op9ion on ?is1 t ! circum/ances att5d+ putrefaction are diff]5t f ^? :i* accompany spiritu\s & acet\s f]m5tation2 t ! product ( putrefaction is v diff]5t f ! products ( ^! f]m5tations2 & la/ly1 t all vegetable & animal sub/ances are susceptible ( putrefaction1 :]eas only "s k9ds ( !m are capable ( f]m5tation prop]ly s call$4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave is s f> "r1 t we ought n to conf\nd toge!r op]ations :i* diff] 9 sev]al respects1 & result 9 diff]5t productions2 b ,mr4 ,/ahl's op9ion mu/ nev]!less be look$ on z highly probable1 or r absolutely true4 ,= x do? n necess>ily foll[1 f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! circum/ances & productions ( f]m5tative motions1 t ! op]ations h no relation to1 or connection )1 ea* o!r4 ,!y may nev]!less be consid]$ z diff]5t /eps ( "o & ! same op]ation3 & if all vegetable & animal matt]s are n susceptible ( ! ?ree degrees ( f]m5tation1 we c only inf] f !nce t !re are mixts1 9 :i* ! :ole "w ( f]m5tation is yet to d2 & t !re are o!rs ^: pr9ciples are s dispos$ t !y are 9 ! same condition z if !y _h already und]gone ! fir/1 or ev5 ! second1 degree ( f]m5tation2 & consequ5tly su* mixts are susceptible only ( ! second1 or p]haps ( ! ?ird1 degree ( f]m5tation4 ,mr4 ,/ahl !re=e says v judici\sly1 t1 f> f d5y+ putrefaction to be a f]m5tation1 we ought on ! contr>y to consid] all f]m5tation z no o!r ?an putrefaction4 ,matt]s susceptible ( ! spiritu\s & acet\s f]m5tation d b pass ?r\gh ^! previ\s alt]ations 9 _! way to complete putrefaction4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 ,w9e & ,v9eg> are only liquors t _h begun to putrefy1 b 7 /opt at ! fir/ or second /age ( _! putrefaction4 ,?is is s true1 t1 if a f]m5t+ liquor be left to itself 9 ! op5 air1 & 9 a due degree ( heat1 x w proce$ directly1 )\t any /op1 to p]fect putrefaction4 ,! acet\s f]m5tation is att5d$ ) m heat ?an ! spiritu\s1 & ! putrid ) /ill m ?an ! acet\s4 ,! heat ( putrefy+ plants is sometimes s consid]able1 t1 :5 !y are n too moi/1 & are /ack$ up 9 great heaps1 !y take fire & burn viol5tly4 ,( ?is !re are frequ5t in/ances 9 hay-ricks4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,putrefi$ ,vegetable ,sub/ances analyz$4 ,put ! putrefi$ plants y mean to analyze into a glass cucurbit1 & set x 9 a s&-ba?4 ,fit to x a head2 lute on a receiv]2 di/il ) a g5tle fire1 & a limpid fetid liquor w come ov]4 ,cont9ue ! di/illation till ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! retort be almo/ dry4 ,!n unlute y\r vessels1 & keep ! liquor y f9d 9 ! receiv] by itself4 ,put ! matt] rema9+ 9 ! cucurbit into a retort1 & di/il ) a graduat$ heat4 ,!re w rise :ite vap\rs2 a pretty consid]able quantity ( liquor ne>ly l t ( ! =m] di/illation2 a ,volatile ,salt 9 a concrete =m2 & a black oil1 :i* t[>ds ! end w be v ?ick4 ,9 ! retort !re w rema9 a black *>r$ matt]1 :i* be+ burnt 9 ! op5 air w fall into a%es1 f :i* no ,fix$ ,alkali c be extract$4 ,by means ( a funnel sep>ate y\r oil f ! aque\s liquor4 ,di/il ?is liquor ) a g5tle heat4 ,y w by ?is means obta9 a ,volatile ,salt l t ( animals2 ( :i* y may also get "s1 by ! same means1 f ! liquor :i* came ov] 9 ! fir/ di/illation4 ,,obs]vations4 ,?is analysis %ews ! *anges :i* putrefaction produces 9 vegetable matt]s4 ,sc>ce any ( _! pr9ciples are n[ to be disc]n$4 ,!y n[ yield no aromatic liquor2 no ,ess5tial ,oil2 no ,acid2 & consequ5tly no ,ess5tial ,salt1 ,ard5t ,_s1 or ,fix$ ,alkali3 9 a ^w1 :atev] _! natures 7 be=e putrefaction1 !y are all alike :5 !y h once und]gone ?is f]m5tative motion 9 its full ext5t4 ,no?+ c !n be obta9$ f !m b ,phlegm1 a ,volatile ,alkali1 a fetid ,oil1 & an insipid ,e>?4 ,almo/ all ^! *anges are ow+ to ! transmutation ( ! ,acid1 :i* is deprav$ by putrefaction1 & comb9$ ) a portion ( ! ,oil & subtiliz$ ,e>? ( ! mixt2 s t ! result ( _! union is a ,volatile ,alkali4 ,n[1 z ! ,fix$ ,alkali1 f\nd 9 ! a%es ( unputrefi$ plants1 is only ! mo/ fix$ "p ( _! e>? & ( _! ,acid1 closely unit$ toge!r by ! igne\s motion1 x is n surpris+ t1 :5 all ! ,acid1 ) a "p ( ! e>?1 is subtiliz$ & volatiliz$ by putrefaction1 no ,fix$ ,alkali c be f\nd 9 ! a%es ( putrefi$ ,vegetables4 ,! alt]ation :i* ! ,acid suff]s by ! putrefactive motion is1 9 my op9ion1 ! greate/ x c und]go1 )\t be+ entirely de/roy$ & decompos$1 s z to be no long] a ,salt4 ,we h se5 x1 9 ! ,m9]al k+dom1 9 its greate/ purity & /r5g?4 ,its comb9ation ) ,oil1 & ! o!r alt]ations its und]goes1 9 ! ,vegetable k+dom1 h %ewn x weak5$ & disguis$4 ,! *anges x suff]s by ! spiritu\s & acet\s f]m5tation1 h exhibit$ x 9 o!r =ms4 ,& la/ly1 putrefaction disfigures x completely1 &1 9 "s sort1 *anges its v nature1 s t x _c be di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! animal k+dom we f9d x ne>ly 9 ! same condition3 = ?\gh ! ,vegetable sub/ances1 on :i* animals fe$1 d n und]go direct putrefaction1 9 its full ext5t1 be=e !y are conv]t$ into animal juices1 yet !y suff] mo/ ( ! alt]ations produc$ by putrefaction2 s t :5 !y h acquir$ ! qualities necess>y to _! becom+ an actual nutriti\s animal juice1 !y are )9 "o /ep ( complete putrefaction4 ,= ?is reason all animal sub/ances are v apt to putrefy1 & are unsusceptible ( ! fir/ degrees ( f]m5tation4 ,b ?is discussion belongs to ! animal k+dom1 ( :i* we are n[ go+ to treat 9 ! ?ird "p ( ^! ,elem5ts2 ! !ory ( putrefaction s]v+ to introduce x1 & naturally lead+ u to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,decorative ,scroll4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,( ,,op]ations ,,on ,,animal ,,sub/ances4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ,,milk4 ,,process ,i4 ,milk sep>at$ into ,butt]1 ,curd1 & ,:ey2 in/anc$ 9 ,c['s ,milk4 ,put new ,c['s milk into a flat e>!n pan1 & set x 9 a temp]ate heat4 ,9 t5 or twelve h\rs "t !re w ga!r on its surface a ?ick matt]1 ( a some:at yell[i% :ite3 ?is is call$ ,cream4 ,g5tly skim (f ?is ,cream ) a spoon1 lett+ ! milk y take up ) x run (f4 ,put all ?is ,cream into ano!r vessel1 & keep x4 ,! milk ?us skimm$ w n be q s ?ick z be=e3 nor w x be ( su* a dead :ite1 b h a little bluei% ca/4 ,if all ! ,cream be n sep>at$ f x1 m w ga!r on its surface aft] "s "t1 :i* mu/ be tak5 (f z ! =m]4 ,9 two or ?ree days ! skimm$ milk w coagulate into a s(t mass call$ ,curd1 & !n x ta/es & smells s\r4 ,cut ?is ,curd across 9 sev]al places4 ,x w imm$iately dis*>ge a l>ge quantity ( ,s]um4 ,put ! :ole into a clean l95 clo?2 hang x up1 & und]nea? x set a vessel to receive ! ,s]um z x drops4 ,:5 ! aque\s "p ha? done dripp+1 !re w rema9 9 ! filt] a :ite sub/ance some:at h>d] ?an ! curdl$ milk4 ,?is sub/ance is call$ ,*eese1 & ! ,s]um sep>at$ f x is kn[n by ! "n ( ,:ey4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! milk ( animals1 t fe$ only on vegetables1 is ( all animal matt]s ! lea/ remov$ f ! vegetable nature4 ,! tru? ( ?is w be demon/rat$ by ! exp]im5ts we %all produce by & by1 = ! fur!r analysis ( milk4 ,= ?is reason we judg$1 ) ,mr4 ,bo]haave1 t x 0 prop] to beg9 ! analysis ( animals by exam9+ ?is liquor4 ,mo/ ,*ymi/s ju/ly consid] ,milk z ( ! same nature ) ,*yle4 ,inde$ !re is great reason to ?9k1 t1 except "s small diff]5ces to be aft]w>ds tak5 notice (1 ^! two matt]s are ne>ly ! same4 ,!y are bo? ( a dead :ite col\r1 l t ( an emulsion2 :i* proves t1 l emulsions1 !y consi/ ( an oily matt] divid$1 diffus$1 & susp5d$1 b n p]fectly dissolv$1 9 an aque\s liquor4 ,x is n surpris+ t ^! liquors %\ld resemble emulsions2 = !y are produc$ 9 ! same mann]1 & may v ju/ly be call$ ,animal ,emulsions4 ,= h[ are vegetable sub/ances conv]t$ into ,*yle & ,milk 9 an animal body8 ,!y are bruis$1 divid$1 & triturat$ by ma/ication & dige/ion1 z p]fectly1 at lea/1 z ! matt]s p\nd$ 9 a mort> to make an emulsion2 & mu/ !reby und]go ! same *anges z ^? matt]s2 t is1 _! oily p>ts1 be+ att5uat$ by ^? motions1 mu/ be mix$ ) & lodg$ betwe5 ! aque\s p>ts1 b n dissolv$ !re92 because !y d n1 9 ! bodies ( animals1 meet ) sal9e matt]s1 suffici5tly dis5tangl$ & active1 to unite intimately ) !m1 & by t means r5d] !m soluble 9 wat]4 ,nev]!less ,*yle & ,milk1 ?\gh produc$ 9 ! same mann] z emulsions1 & v mu* resembl+ !m1 diff] greatly f !m 9 "s respects2 ow+ *iefly to ! "t !y rema9 9 ! bodies ( animals1 _! be+ heat$ :ile !re1 ! elaborations !y und]go !re91 & ! animal juices commix$ ) !m4 ,new ,milk ha? a mild agreeable ta/e1 )\t any sal9e pung5cy2 nor ha? any ,*ymical trial discov]$ 9 x ei!r an ,acid or an ,alkali4 ,yet x is c]ta9 t ! juices ( plants1 out ( :i* milk is =m$1 conta9 _m sal9e matt]s1 & especially ,acids3 accord+ly ,milk also conta9s ! same2 b ! ,acids are s %ea!d & comb9$1 t !y are n p]ceptible4 ,! case is ! same ) all ! o!r liquors int5d$ to con/itute "p ( an animal body3 !re is no p]ceptible ,acid 9 any ( !m4 ,h5ce x may be inf]r$ t "o ( ! pr9cipal *anges :i* vegetables und]go1 9 ord] to _! be+ conv]t$ into an animal sub/ance1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t _! ,acids are comb9$1 entangl$1 & %ea!d 9 su* a mann] t !y become imp]ceptible1 & ex]t none ( _! prop]ties4 ,milk left to itself1 )\t ! help ( di/illation1 or any additam5t :atev]1 und]goes a sort ( decomposition4 ,x runs into a k9d ( spontane\s analysis2 :i* do? n inde$ r$uce x to its fir/ pr9ciples1 yet sep>ates x into ?ree di/9ct sub/ances1 z ! process %ews2 namely1 into ,cream1 or ! butt]y fat "p1 into ,curd or ,*eese1 & into ,s]um or ,:ey3 :i* %ews t ^? ?ree sub/ances ( :i* ,milk consi/s1 are only mix$ & bl5d$ toge!r1 b n intimately unit$4 ,! fir/ p>ts1 be+ ! lighte/1 rise gradually to ! surface ( ! liquor z !y sep>ate f ! re/3 & ?is =ms ! ,cream4 ,cream1 z skimm$ f ! surface ( ,milk1 is n h[ev] ! pure butt]y or fat "p2 x is /ill mix$ ) _m p>ticles ( ,*eese & ,:ey1 :i* mu/ be sep>at$ 9 ord] to r$uce x into ,butt]4 ,! mo/ simple1 & at ! same "t ! be/ me?od ( effect+ ?is1 is daily practis$ by ! c\ntry p4 ,x consi/s 9 beat+ or *urn+ ! ,cream1 9 a vessel contriv$ = t purpose1 ) ! flat side ( a circul> piece ( wood1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* a /aff is fix$4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! motion1 impress$ on ! ,cream by ?is in/rum5t1 %\ld r s]ve to bl5d m intimately ! p>ticles ( ,butt]1 ,*eese1 & ,:ey1 ( :i* x consi/s1 ?an to sep>ate !m f ea* o!r2 z ?is motion seems p]fectly adapt$ to divide & att5uate ^? p>ticles4 ,b1 if we consid] :at passes on ?is occasion1 we %all soon p]ceive t ! motion by :i* ,butt] is *urn$ is no?+ l triture3 = *urn+ is no o!r1 prop]ly speak+1 ?an a cont9ually repeat$ compression1 ! effect :]e( is to squeeze out f among/ ! butt]y p>ticles ^? ( ,*eese & ,:ey mix$ !re)2 by :i* means ! p>ticles ( ,butt] are br\ght into contact ) ea* o!r1 unite1 & adh]e toge!r4 ,milk1 :e!r skimm$ or no1 gr[s s\r ( itself1 & curdles 9 a few days4 ,:5 x is newly curdl$1 ! ,*eese & ,:ey seem to be unit$1 & to make b "o mass3 b ^! two matt]s sep>ate spontane\sly f ea* o!r1 ) ! greate/ ease1 & 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! acidity1 :i* ,milk naturally contracts 9 ! space ( a few days1 mu/ be consid]$ z ! effect ( a f]m5t+ motion1 :i* discov]s 9 t liquor an ,acid t 0 n p]ceptible be=e4 ,?is1 prop]ly speak+1 is an acet\s f]m5tation1 :i* ,milk passes ?r\gh 9 its way to putrefaction2 & x soon foll[s1 especially if ! ,milk be expos$ to a hot air4 ,if1 in/ead ( leav+ ,milk to gr[ s\r & curdle ( itself1 an ,acid be mix$ !re)1 :ile x is yet sweet & newly milk$1 x imm$iately coagulates2 :i* gives reason to ?9k1 t its curdl+ naturally is ! effect ( ! ,acid1 :i* discov]s itself !re9 z x gr[s /ale4 ,! coagulation ( ,milk may also be consid]ably accel]at$1 by sett+ x 9 a s&-ba? g5tly heat$2 or by mix+ !re) a little ( :at1 9 ! language ( ! ,dairy1 is call$ ,runnet2 :i* is no?+ b "s curdl$ & half-dige/$ ,milk tak5 f ! /oma* ( a ,calf3 or bo? ^! me?ods may be employ$ at once1 :i* w produce ! effect /ill m exp$iti\sly4 ,x is n difficult to f9d out ! cause ( ^! effects4 ,! ,runnet1 :i* is ,milk already curdl$ & gr[n s\r1 is an actual f]m5t to sweet ,milk1 dispos+ x to turn s\r1 mu* m readily3 = ?\gh ,milk1 :5 ?us ha/ily curdl$ by ! ,runnet1 ha? n a manife/ly acid ta/e1 yet x is c]ta9 t ?is ,acid beg9s to ex]t itself4 ,! pro( !re( is1 t1 be+ expos$ to ! same degree ( heat ) ,milk equally new1 t is n mix$ ) ?is f]m5t1 x turns s\r mu* soon]4 ,z to ! effect ( heat 9 coagulat+ ,milk1 !re is no?+ extraord9>y 9 x3 we "k h[ mu* x promotes & accel]ates all f]m5tative motion4 ,! :ole ( ?is p]fectly agrees ) :at we said be=e conc]n+ f]m5tation4 ,fix$ ,alkalis also coagulate ,milk2 b at ! same "t !y sep>ate ! ,:ey f ! ,*eese1 :i* floats on ! liquor 9 clots4 ,!y give ! ,milk a russet-col\r incl9+ to r$2 :i* may arise f _! attack+ ! fat "p4 ,! sep>ation ( ,milk into ,butt]1 ,*eese1 & ,:ey1 is a k9d ( imp]fect analysis !re(1 or r ! beg9n+ ( "o4 ,9 ord] to r5d] x complete1 we mu/ exam9e ea* ( ^! sub/ances sep>ately1 & f9d ! pr9ciples ( :i* !y consi/4 ,?is we %all endeav\r to d 9 ! foll[+ process4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,butt] analyz$ by ,di/illation4 ,into a glass retort put ! quantity ( fre% ,butt] y int5d to di/il4 ,set ! retort 9 a rev]b]atory2 apply a receiv]1 & let y\r fire be v g5tle at fir/4 ,! ,butt] w melt1 & !re w come ov] "s drops ( cle> wat]1 :i* w h ! peculi> smell ( fre% ,butt]1 & %ew "s tok5s ( ,acidity4 ,if ! fire be increas$ a little1 ! ,butt] w seem to boil3 a fro? w ga!r on its surface1 & ! phlegm1 /ill cont9u+ to run1 w gradually come to smell j l ,butt] cl>efi$ 9 ord] to be pres]v$4 ,its ,acidity w be /rong] & m manife/ ?an t ( ! fir/ drops t came ov]4 ,soon aft] ?is1 by increas+ ! fire a little m1 !re w rise an ,oil1 hav+ ne>ly ! same degree ( fluidity z fat ,oils2 b x w gr[ ?ick] z ! di/illation advances1 & at la/ w fix 9 ! receiv] :5 x cools4 ,x w be accompani$ ) "s drops ( liquor1 ! ,acidity :]e( w always increase1 :ile its quantity decreases1 z ! di/illation advances4 ,:ile ?is ?ick ,oil is di/ill+1 ! ,butt] conta9$ 9 ! retort1 :i* at fir/ seem$ to boil1 w be calm & smoo?1 )\t ! lea/ appe>ance ( ebullition2 ?\gh ! heat be !n mu* great] ?an :5 x boil$4 ,cont9ue ! di/illation1 con/antly increas+ ! fire by degrees z y f9d x necess>y = ! elevation ( ! ?ick ,oil4 ,?is ,oil1 or r ?is k9d ( ,butt]1 w be at la/ ( a russet-col\r4 ,!re w rise along ) x "s :ite vap\rs exce$+ %>p & pung5t4 ,:5 y obs]ve t no?+ m comes ov]1 ?\gh ! retort be q r$-hot1 let ! vessels cool1 & unlute !m4 ,y w f9d 9 ! receiv] an aque\s acid liquor1 a fluid ,oil1 & a k9d ( fix$ br[n ,butt]4 ,break ! retort1 & y w f9d !re9 a *>r$ matt]2 ! surface ( :i*1 :]e x t\*$ ! glass1 w be ( a %9+ black1 & h a f9e poli%4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! analysis ( ,butt] proves t ?is sub/ance1 :i* is an oily matt] 9 a concrete =m1 owes its consi/5ce to ! ,acid only1 ) :i* ! oily "p is comb9$3 t is1 x foll[s ! g5]al rule frequ5tly m5tion$ above 9 treat+ ( o!r oily comp\nds2 ! consi/5ce :]e( we %ew$ to be s mu* ! firm]1 ! m ,acid !y conta94 ,! fir/ portions ( ,oil t come ov] 9 ! di/illation ( ,butt] are fluid1 because a pretty consid]able quantity ( ,acid rose be=e !m1 :i* be+ mix$ ) ! phlegm gives x ! ,acidity we took notice (4 ,?is ,oil1 be+ fre$ f its ,acid1 & by t means r5d]$ fluid1 rises fir/2 because x is by ! same means r5d]$ light]4 ,! k9d ( ,butt] t comes ov] aft]w>ds1 ?\gh x be fix$1 is nev]!less f> f hav+ ! same consi/5ce z x _h be=e di/illation2 because x loses mu* ( its ,acid 9 ! op]ation4 ,?is ,acid is :at rises 9 ! =m ( :ite vap\rs4 ,^! vap\rs are1 at lea/1 z pung5t & irritat+ z ! ,sulphure\s ,acid or ,volatile ,alkalis3 b _! smell is diff]5t3 x ha? a resemblance1 or r is ! same1 ) t :i* rises f ,butt]1 :5 x is burnt & br[n$ 9 an op5 vessel4 ,b1 :5 conc5trat$ & collect$ 9 close vessels1 z 9 ! di/illation ( ,butt]1 !y are va/ly /rong]3 !y irritate ! ?roat s z to inflame x2 !y are exce$+ %>p & pung5t to ! smell1 & are s hurtful to ! eyes t !y quickly inflame !m1 z 9 an oph?almy1 & make !m %$ abundance ( te>s4 ,! great volatility ( ?is ,acid is entirely ow+ to a portion ( ! phlogi/on ( ! ,butt] ) :i* x is /ill comb9$4 ,x may be ask$ :y ,butt]1 or ! oily "p ( ,milk :i* ha? ! consi/5ce ( a fix$ ,oil1 is m replete ) an ,acid ?an ! ,oils ( ! vegetables :]e( ! ,milk 0 =m$2 z ^! ,oils are almo/ all fluid1 :i* indicates _! conta9+ less ,acid be=e ?an aft] !y 7 dige/$ 9 ! body ( an animal4 ,?is mu/ appe> ! m extraord9>y1 because ! ,acid conta9$ 9 ! liquors ( animals is %ea!d & imp]ceptible1 & consequ5tly incapable ( comb9+ ) ! ,oils ( vegetables s z to give !m ?is consi/5ce4 ,i ?9k x w be easy to give a satisfactory answ] to ?is "q1 if x be consid]$1 t ! ,oils1 :i* exi/ 9 ! vegetable juices :]e( ! ,milk is =m$1 are f> f be+ comb9$ ) ! :ole ,acid ( ^? vegetables2 because !re is h>dly a plant t do? n yield a great deal ( ,acid1 ev5 )\t ! help ( fire4 ,n[1 !re is reason to ?9k1 t "o ( ! pr9cipal effects ( dige/ion is1 to comb9e & unite ?is ,acid1 ) ! oily p>ts ( vegetables1 m intimately ?an x 0 be=e4 ,! fur!r we advance 9 ! analysis ( animals1 ! m we %all be conv9c$1 t1 9 ! diff]5t elaborations1 :i* vegetable sub/ances und]go 9 ord] to _! be+ *ang$ into ! nutriti\s juices ( animals1 nature employs all h] p[]s to expel1 de/roy1 or at lea/1 weak5 & blunt ! ,acids1 s z to r5d] !m absolutely imp]ceptible4 ,"o ( ! be/ means by :i* %e c effect ?is1 is ! comb9+ & unit+ !m intimately ) ! oily p>ts3 & ?is op]ation %e probably beg9s 9 dige/ion4 ,%e gets rid ( mo/ "p ( ! ,acids conta9$ 9 ! alim5ts1 by ?us unit+ !m ) ! ,oils conta9$ 9 ^? alim5ts4 ,h5ce arises ! consi/5ce ( ,butt]1 :i* is ! fat "p ( ,milk1 t is1 ( a liquor half-*ang$ into an animal juice4 ,?is explication furni%es u also ) ! reason :y ,acids agree s ill ) p ( weak & delicate con/itutions4 ,! motion & heat 9 _! bodies is n suffici5t to effect a due comb9ation ( ! ,acids ) ! ,oils4 ,h5ce x comes to pass1 t1 dur+ & aft] dige/ion1 !y f9d 9 _! b[els ! bad effects ( ^? ,acids1 9 ! disord] commonly call$ ! ,he>t-burn4 ,h5ce also x is t su* p receive great b5efit f ! use ( ,absorb5ts1 :i* unit+ ) ! ,acids neutralize !m1 & relieve nature :5 %e has n /r5g? en\gh h]self to get ! bett] ( !m4 ,to return to our analysis ( ,butt]3 we took notice 9 ! process t ,butt] seems to boil ) a v mod]ate heat at ! beg9n+ ( ! di/illation1 & t 9 ! c\rse ( ! op]ation ! ebullition ceases entirely1 ?\gh ! heat be !n greatly increas$2 :i* is contr>y to ! g5]al rule4 ,! reason is1 t butt]1 ?\gh a seem+ly homog5e\s mass1 conta9s nev]!less "s p>ticles ( ,*eese & ,:ey4 ,! p>ticles ( ,:ey1 be+ mu* ! lighte/1 endeav\r1 on ! fir/ application ( heat1 to extricate !mselves f among/ ! p>ticles ( ,butt]1 & to rise 9 di/illation4 ,?us !y =m ! drops ( acidulat$ phlegm :i* come ov] at fir/1 &1 9 /ruggl+ to get free1 lift up ! butt]y p>ts1 or actually boil1 :i* occasions ! ebullition obs]vable at ! beg9n+ ( ! process4 ,:5 !y are once sep>at$1 ! melt$ ,butt] rema9s calm & smoo? )\t boil+4 ,if y want to make x boil y mu/ apply a mu* great] degree ( heat2 :i* y _c d 9 close vessels1 )\t spoil+ ! :ole op]ation3 because ! degree ( heat necess>y = t purpose w\ld =ce up ! ,butt] 9 sub/ance1 :i* w\ld ru% ov] into ! receiv]1 )\t any decomposition4 ,inde$ if ! vessels 7 lut$ !y w\ld be 9 dang] ( bur/+4 ,z to ! case\s p>ts1 :i* are mix$ ) fre% ,butt]1 !y also sep>ate at ! beg9n+ ( ! di/illation1 :5 ! ,butt] is melt$1 & ga!r on its surface 9 a scum4 ,^! p>ticles ( ,*eese & ,:ey1 :i* are het]og5e\s to ,butt]1 help to make x spoil ! soon]4 ,& = ?is reason ^? :o want to keep ,butt] a long "t1 )\t ! use ( salt1 melt x1 & !reby evaporate ! aque\s p>ts4 ,! lighte/ portion ( ! p>ticles ( ,*eese rises to ! surface1 & is skimm$ (f2 ! re/ rema9s at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 f :i* ! ,butt] is easily sep>at$1 by decant+ x :ile x is yet fluid4 ,butt] may also be di/ill$1 by incorporat+ x ) "s additam5t :i* w yield no pr9ciple itself1 nor reta9 any ( ^? ( ! ,butt]4 ,i h di/ill$ x 9 ?is mann] ) ! additam5t ( f9e s&3 ! op]ation succe$s v well1 is soon] f9i%$1 & m easily conduct$3 b ,i *ose to describe "h ! mann] ( do+ x )\t additam5t2 because ! sev]al *anges1 :i* ! ,butt] und]goes 9 ! retort dur+ ! op]ation1 may be bett] obs]v$4 ,if y desire to conv]t ! ,butt] :olly into ,oil1 y mu/ take ! fix$ matt] y f9d 9 ! receiv]1 & di/il x once m1 or (t5]1 accord+ to ! degree ( fluidity y want to give x4 ,! case is ! same ) ?is matt] z ) all o!r ?ick ,oils1 :i*1 ! (t5] !y are di/ill$1 gr[ always ! m fluid1 because 9 e di/illation !y are sep>at$ f "p ( ! ,acid1 to :i* alone !y owe _! consi/5ce4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,! ,curd ( ,milk analyz$ by di/illation4 ,into a glass retort put "s new ,curd1 hav+ fir/ dra9$ x ?or\ghly ( all its ,:ey1 & ev5 squeez$ x 9 a l95 clo? to express all its moi/ure4 ,di/il x z y did ,butt]4 ,!re w come ov] at fir/ an acidulat$ phlegm1 smell+ l ,*eese or ,:ey4 ,z ! di/illation advances1 ! ,acidity ( ?is phlegm w increase4 ,:5 x beg9s to run b v sl[ly raise y\r fire4 ,!re w come ov] a yell[ ,oil1 some:at empyreumatic4 ,cont9ue ! di/illation1 /ill increas+ ! fire by degrees z occasion requires4 ,! ,oil & acid ,phlegm w cont9ue to rise2 ! ,phlegm gr[+ gradually m acid1 & ! ,oil deep] col\r$1 & m empyreumatic4 ,at la/1 :5 ! retort is almo/ r$-hot1 !re comes (f a second black ,oil1 ( ! consi/5ce ( ,turp5t9e1 v empyreumatic1 & s heavy z to s9k 9 wat]4 ,9 ! retort w be left a consid]able quantity ( *>r$ matt]4 ,,obs]vations4 ,*eese-curd b>ely dra9$1 till no m ,:ey w drip f x1 is n entirely fre$ !re(2 & = ?is reason we direct$ x to be press$ 9 a l95 clo?1 be=e x be put into ! retort to be di/ill$4 ,)\t ?is precaution1 ! rema9+ ,:ey w\ld rise 9 a consid]able quantity on ! fir/ application ( heat2 &1 in/ead ( analyz+ ! ,curd only1 we %\ld at ! same "t analyze ! ,:ey also4 ,?is is to be und]/ood ( gre5 ,curd & new-made ,*eese2 =1 if x be suff]$ to gr[ old1 x w at l5g? dry ( itself3 b !n we %\ld n obta9 f x ! same pr9ciples by di/illation2 z x corrupts & beg9s to gr[ putrid aft] "s "t1 especially if x be n mix$ ) "s season+ to pres]ve x4 ,! fir/ ,phlegm t rises 9 ?is di/illation1 z 9 t ( ,butt]1 is a portion ( ! ,:ey t 0 left 9 ! ,*eese1 not)/&+ its be+ well press$4 ,?is ,phlegm gr[s gradually m acid1 be+ ! vehicle ( ! ,acids ( ! ,*eese1 :i* are =c$ up along ) x by ! fire4 ,! ,acid obta9$ f ?is matt] is less 9 quantity1 & weak]1 ?an t ( ,butt]3 & accord+ly ! ,oil di/ill$ f ,*eese is n fix$ l t ( ,butt]4 ,yet x is rem>kable t ! la/ empyreumatic ,oil1 :i* is z ?ick z ,turp5t9e1 is heavi] ?an wat]3 a prop]ty :i* x probably d]ives f ! quantity ( ,acid x reta9s4 ,! quantity ( *>r$ matt]1 :i* rema9s 9 ! retort aft] ! di/illation ( ,*eese1 is mu* great] ?an t left by ,butt]2 :i* proves t ! =m] conta9s a mu* great] quantity ( e>?4 ,^! coals are exce$+ difficult to burn & r$uce to a%es4 ,i h kept !m r$-hot1 9 ! op5 air1 & 9 a v /rong fire1 ab\t six h\rs1 cont9ually /irr+ !m1 9 ord] to br+ ! "u p>ts to ! surface1 t !y might be burnt1 yet ,i c\ld n consume !m entirely4 ,!y ev5 deflagrat$ aft]w>ds ) ,nitre1 z if !y _h n be5 burnt at all2 & yet1 dur+ ! :ole "t ( _! calc9ation1 !re appe>$ con/antly a small flame1 l t ( *>coal1 on ! surface ( ! matt]4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,:ey analyz$4 ,evaporate two or ?ree qu>ts ( ,:ey almo/ to dryness 9 a balneum m>i2 & di/il ! extract1 or residuum1 9 a retort set 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace1 ) degrees ( fire1 accord+ to ! g5]al rule4 ,at fir/ "s ,phlegm w come ov]2 !n a lemon-col\r$ acid ,_s2 & aft]w>ds a pretty ?ick ,oil4 ,!re w rema9 9 ! retort a *>r$ matt]1 :i* be+ expos$ to ! air gr[s moi/4 ,lixiviate x ) ra9 wat]1 & evaporate ! lixivium3 x w yield y cry/als ( ,sea-salt4 ,dry ! *>r$ matt]1 & burn x 9 ! op5 air ) a /rong fire1 till x be r$uc$ into a%es4 ,a lixivium ( ^! a%es w %ew "s tok5s ( a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,,obs]vations4 ,milk1 z 0 said be=e1 sep>ates naturally & spontane\sly into ?ree sorts ( sub/ances1 ! analyses :]e( be+ put toge!r make a complete analysis ( ?is animal liquor4 ,i "k no ,au?or t ha? deliv]$ ! analyses ( ,butt] & ,*eese2 s t ! processes "h giv5 = analyz+ ^! two sub/ances are tak5 f ! exp]im5ts ,i ?\ght prop] to make1 9 ord] to obta9 ! necess>y lights 9 ?is matt]4 ,z = ! analysis ( ,:ey1 x is tak5 f "o ( ,mr4 ,ge(froy's ,memoirs1 conta9+ exp]im5ts on sev]al animal sub/ances1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #agcb4 ,x is !re s p>ticul>ly & s well describ$1 t x 0 ne$less = me to attempt x anew4 ,x w appe>1 on exam9+ ! ?ree analyses ( ! sub/ances :]e( ,milk consi/s1 t none ( !m yields a ,volatile ,alkali3 :i* ,i ?9k v wor?y ( notice2 z x is1 ,i believe1 ! only animal matt] f :i* su* a ,salt _c be obta9$4 ,x is true1 ! milk ( animals t fe$ on vegetables may be consid]$ z an int]m$iate liquor betwe5 vegetable & animal sub/ances2 z an imp]fect animal juice1 :i* /ill reta9s mu* ( ! vegetable nature3 & we actually f9d t ,milk almo/ always ha?1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! prop]ties ( ^? plants ) :i* ! animals t yield x are f$4 ,yet1 z x _c be =m$ 9 ! body ( ! animal1 )\t mix+ ) sev]al ( its juices t are entirely p]fect$1 & become purely animal1 x mu/ appe> /range t ! analysis !re( %\ld n af=d ! lea/ ve/ige ( t pr9ciple1 :i* all o!r animal matt]s yield 9 ! greate/ pl5ty4 ,i imag9e ! reason ( ?is may be f\nd 9 ! use to :i* ,milk is de/9$4 ,x is int5d$ = ! n\ri%m5t ( animals ( ! same species ) ^? 9 ^: bodies x is produc$4 ,consequ5tly x ought z mu* z possible to resemble ! juices ( ! food :i* is prop] = ^? animals4 ,n[1 z animals t live only on vegetables c\ld n be prop]ly n\ri%$ by animal matt]s1 = :i* nature itself ha? ev5 giv5 !m an av]sion1 x is n surpris+ t ! ,milk ( su* animals %\ld be free f any mixture ( su* ?+s z are unsuitable to ! "y ones :om x is design$ to n\ri%4 ,!re is reason !re=e to ?9k t nature ha? dispos$ ! organs1 9 :i* ! secretion ( ,milk is p]=m$1 s z to sep>ate x entirely f all ! animal juices fir/ mix$ ) x3 & ?is ,i take to be ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ,milk & ,*yle2 ! latt] be+ necess>ily bl5d$ ) ! saliva1 ! ga/ric & pancreatic juices1 ! bile & lymph1 ( ! animals 9 :i* x is =m$4 ,h5ce x may be conclud$1 t1 if a quantity ( ,*yle c\ld be collect$ suffici5t to enable u to analyze x1 ! analysis !re( w\ld diff] f t ( ,milk1 9 ?is *iefly t x w\ld yield a great deal ( ,volatile ,alkali1 ( :i* ,milk1 z ha? be5 said1 yields none at all4 ,! same ?+ probably takes place 9 c>nivor\s animals4 ,x is c]ta9 t ^? animals *use to eat ! fle% ( su* o!rs only z fe$ ^u vegetables2 & t no?+ b extreme hung]1 & ! absolute want ( m agreeable food1 w =ce !m to eat ! fle% ( o!r c>nivor\s animals4 ,wolves1 :i* gre$ily dev\r %eep1 goats1 c4 seldom eat ,foxes1 ,cats1 ,polecats1 c4 ?\gh ^! animals are n /rong en\gh to resi/ !m4 ,foxes1 ,cats1 & ,birds ( prey1 t make su* t]rible havock among wild f[l1 & o!r sorts ( game1 d n dev\r "o ano!r4 ,?is be+ laid d[n1 !re is reason to ?9k t ! ,milk ( c>nivor\s animals is some?+ ( ! nature ( ! fle% ( ^? animals t fe$ on vegetables1 & :i* !y *use to eat1 & n ( ! nature ( _! own fle%2 z ! ,milk ( animals t fe$ on vegetables is analag\s to ! juice ( vegetables1 & :5 analyz$ yields no ,volatile ,alkali1 ?\gh e o!r "p ( _! body does4 ,b :atev] be ! nature ( ,milk1 & ( :atev] +r$i5ts x be =m$1 x always conta9s ! ?ree sev]al sub/ances above-m5tion$2 namely1 ! fat1 or ,butt]y "p1 prop]ly s call$1 ! ,*eesy1 & ! ,s]\s "p1 ! la/ ( :i* we are n[ exam9+4 ,x is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! ,phlegm ( ! ,milk1 & consi/s almo/ entirely ( wat]4 ,= ?is reason x is prop] to less5 ! quantity !re( consid]ably by evaporation1 s t its o!r pr9ciples1 be+ conc5trat$ & br\ght ne>] toge!r1 may become mu* m s5sible4 ,!re is no dang] ( los+ any ess5tial "p ( ! ,:ey 9 ! evaporation1 if x be p]=m$ 9 ! balneum m>i1 ) su* a g5tle heat z may c>ry (f ! aque\s p>ts only3 ?is greatly %ort5s ! analysis1 :i* w prove exce$+ long & t$i\s1 if all ! wat] be di/ill$ (f 9 close vessels4 ,z ,:ey is *iefly ! aque\s "p ( ,milk1 z said above1 x mu/ conta9 all ! pr9ciples !re( t are soluble 9 wat]2 t is1 its sal9e & saponace\s p>ts4 ,& accord+ly ! analysis !re( %ews t x conta9s an ,oil1 r5d]$ p]fectly saponace\s by an ,acid2 t is1 made p]fectly miscible ) wat]4 ,?is quality ( ! ,oil conta9$ 9 ,:ey appe>s f ! p]fect transp>5cy ( t liquor1 :i* we "k is ! m>k ( a complete dissolution4 ,9 ! di/illation ( ,:ey1 ! saponace\s matt] conta9$ !re9 is decompos$2 ! sal9e "p rises fir/1 z be+ ! lighte/2 ?is is ! ,acid tak5 notice ( 9 ! process2 aft] :i* ! ,oil1 n[ sep>at$ f ! pr9ciple :i* r5d]$ x miscible ) wat]1 comes ov] 9 its natural =m1 & do? n aft]w>ds mix ) ! aque\s "p4 ,besides ! saponace\s matt]1 ,:ey conta9s also ano!r sal9e sub/ance2 namely1 ,sea-,salt3 ?is is obta9$ by lixiviat+ ! caput mortuum left 9 ! retort1 :i*1 because ( its fix$ness1 _c rise ) ! o!r pr9ciples 9 di/illation4 ,to ?is ,salt x is ow+ t :at rema9s 9 ! retort aft] di/illation gr[s moi/ 9 ! air2 = we "k t ,sea-salt ?or\ghly dri$ ha? ?is prop]ty4 ,! fix$ ,alkal9e ,salt1 obta9$ f ! caput mortuum burnt to a%es1 proves t ,milk /ill reta9s some?+ ( ! vegetable nature3 = ! foll[+ analysis w %ew u t matt]s purely animal yield none at all4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,,sub/ances :i* compose an ,,animal ,,body4 ,,process ,i4 ,blood analyz$4 ,in/anc$ 9 ,bullock's ,blood4 ,9 a balneum m>i evaporate all ! moi/ure ( ! ,blood t ! heat ( boil+ wat] w c>ry (f4 ,!re w rema9 an almo/ dry matt]4 ,put ?is dri$ ,blood into a glass retort1 & di/il ) degrees ( heat1 till no?+ m w come ov]1 ev5 :5 ! retort is q r$-hot1 & ready to melt4 ,a br[ni% phlegm w rise at fir/3 ?is w soon be impregnat$ ) a little ,volatile ,alkali1 & !n w come ov] a yell[ ,oil1 a v pung5t ,volatile ,_s1 a volatile ,salt 9 a concrete =m1 :i* w adh]e to ! sides ( ! receiv]2 &1 at la/1 a black ,oil1 z ?ick z pit*4 ,!re w be left 9 ! retort a *>r$ matt]1 :i* be+ burnt yields no ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,,obs]vations4 ,blood1 :i* is c>ri$ by ! circulation into all ! p>ts ( ! animal body1 & furni%es ! matt] ( all ! secretions1 mu/ be consid]$ z a liquor consi/+ ( almo/ all ! fluids necess>y to ! animal ma*9e3 s t ! analysis !re( is a sort ( g5]al1 ?\gh imp]fect1 analysis ( an animal4 ,blood drawn f ! body ( an animal1 & set by 9 a vessel1 coagulates z x gr[s cold2 & sometime aft]w>ds ! coagulum dis*>ges a yell[i% ,s]um or lymph2 & 9 ! mid/ !re( swims ! r$ "p1 :i* cont9ues curdl$4 ,^! two sub/ances1 :5 analyz$1 yield ne>ly ! same pr9ciples2 & 9 t respect seem to diff] b little f ea* o!r4 ,?\gh ! ,s]um ( ,blood be naturally 9 a fluid =m1 yet x ha? also a great t5d5cy to coagulate1 & a c]ta9 degree ( heat appli$ to x1 ei!r by wat]1 or by a nak$ fire1 w curdle x4 ,_s ( ,w9e mix$ ) ?is liquor produces on x ! same effect z heat4 ,blood1 :ile circulat+ 9 ! body ( a heal?y animal1 & :5 newly tak5 f x1 ha? a mild ta/e1 :i* discov]s no?+ l ei!r an ,acid or an ,alkali2 nor do? x %ew any sign ( ei!r ! "o or ! o!r 9 ,*ymical trials4 ,:5 ta/$ ) att5tion x betrays some?+ l a sav\r ( ,sea-salt2 because x actually conta9s a little !re(1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! *>r$ matt] left 9 ! retort aft] di/illation1 :5 c>efully exam9$4 ,we %ew$ t ,milk also conta9s a little ( ?is ,salt4 ,x ent]s ! bodies ( animals ) ! food !y eat1 :i* conta9s m or less !re( accord+ to its nature4 ,x pla9ly suff]s no alt]ation by und]go+ ! dige/ions1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! /ra9]s1 ( ! animal body4 ,! case is ! same ) ! o!r ,neutral ,salts :i* h a ,fix$ ,alkali = _! basis3 we f9d !m un*ang$ 9 ! juices ( animals into ^: bodies !y h be5 introduc$4 ,!y are incapable ( comb9+1 z ,acids d1 ) ! oily p>ts2 & s are dissolv$ by ! aque\s fluids1 ( :i* nature makes use to free h]self f ^? ,salts1 & dis*>ge !m out ( ! body2 z %all be %ewn :5 we come to speak ( ,ur9e & ,sweat4 ,blood1 l all o!r animal matt]s1 is1 prop]ly speak+1 susceptible ( no f]m5tation b t ( putrefaction4 ,yet x turns some:at s\r be=e x putrefies4 ,?is small degree ( acet\s f]m5tation is mo/ s5sible 9 fle%2 & especially 9 ! fle% ( "y animals1 su* z calves1 lambs1 *ick5s1 c4 ,! quantity ( pure wat]1 :i* ,blood1 9 its natural /ate1 conta9s1 is v consid]able1 & makes almo/ sev5 eigh?s !re(4 ,if x be di/ill$1 )\t be+ fir/ dri$1 ! op]ation w be mu* long]2 because x w be necess>y to draw (f all ?is insipid phlegm ) a g5tle fire4 ,!re is no reason to appreh5d t1 by dry+ ,blood 9 op5 vessels z direct$1 any ( its o!r pr9ciples w be c>ri$ (f ) its ,phlegm3 = x conta9s no o!r sub/ance t is volatile en\gh to rise ) ! w>m? ( a balneum m>i4 ,?is may be prov$ by putt+ "s undri$ ,blood into a glass cucurbit1 fitt+ !reto a head & receiv]1 & di/ill+1 9 a balneum m>i1 all t ! heat ( ! ba?1 n exce$+ ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 w raise3 =1 :5 no?+ m w come ov]1 y w f9d 9 ! receiv] an insipid phlegm only1 sc>ce diff]+ f pure wat]1 except 9 hav+ a fa9t smell l t ( ,blood2 :]e9 x resembles all ! phlegms t rise fir/ 9 di/illation1 :i* always reta9 some?+ ( ! smell ( ! matt]s f :i* !y 7 drawn4 ,t "p ( ! ,blood1 :i* rema9s 9 ! cucurbit aft] ?is fir/ di/illation1 be+ put into a retort1 & di/ill$ ) a /rong] fire1 yields exactly ! same pr9ciples1 & 9 ! same proportion1 z ,blood dri$ 9 op5 vessels 9 ! balneum m>i3 s t1 if ?is ,phlegm ( ,blood conta9 any pr9ciples1 ! quantity !re( is s small z to be sc>ce p]ceptible4 ,! ,volatile ,alkali t rises ) ! ,oil1 :5 ,blood is di/ill$ 9 a retort ) a degree ( heat great] ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 is ei!r ! production ( ! fire1 or arises f ! decomposition ( an ,ammoniacal ,salt1 ( :i* x made a "p4 ,= we %all see1 :5 we come to treat ( ?is sal9e sub/ance1 t x is s extremely volatile z to exce$1 9 t respect1 almo/ all o!r bodies t we "k3 & !re=e if ?is ,volatile ,alkali pre-exi/$ =mally 9 ! ,blood1 uncomb9$ ) any o!r matt] capable1 9 "s measure1 ( fix+ x1 x w\ld rise at fir/ almo/ spontane\sly1 or at lea/1 on ! fir/ application ( ! g5tle/ heat4 ,we h an in/ance ( ?is 9 ,blood1 or any o!r animal matt]1 t is p]fectly putrefi$2 :i* conta9+ a ,volatile ,alkali1 ei!r =m$ or extricat$ by putrefaction1 lets g ?is pr9ciple :5 di/ill$1 ev5 be=e ! fir/ phlegm3 &1 = ?is reason1 :5 putrefi$ ,blood is to be analyz$1 x mu/ by no means be dri$1 l fre% ,blood1 be=e di/illation2 = all ! ,volatile ,alkali w\ld by t means be dissipat$ & lo/ at once4 ,! ,volatile ,alkali obta9$ f ,blood t ha? n und]gone putrefaction1 af=ds matt] ( "s speculation4 ,inde$ ! sep>ation ( ?is ,salt f ,blood requires a degree ( heat1 va/ly great] ?an t :i* is necess>y to make x rise1 :5 x is p]fectly =m$ & dis5tangl$3 & ?is gives room to ?9k t x is ! result ( a comb9ation =m$ by ! fire1 dur+ ! di/illation4 ,b !n ?is same degree ( heat nei!r sep>ates nor =ms any ,volatile ,alkali 9 a great numb] ( plants1 or 9 milk1 z ha? be5 %ewn4 ,yet x _c be suppos$ t ! blood ( animals1 :i* fe$ only on ^? plants or on milk1 is any o!r ?an ^! v matt]s dige/$ & r5d]$ p]fectly animal sub/ances3 :5ce x mu/ be conclud$1 t1 :5 vegetable sub/ances are conv]t$ into animal sub/ances1 !y und]go su* alt]ations z r5d] !m capable ( yield+1 :5 analyz$1 a pr9ciple t 0 n discov]able 9 !m be=e4 ,n[ we "k t ?is same pr9ciple1 t is1 ! ,volatile ,alkali1 is ! product ( putrefaction1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ( ! la/ degree ( f]m5tation3 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 makes ! op9ion ( ^? m ?an probable1 :o believe t trituration & me*anical motion are n ! only causes1 t effect ! conv]sion ( food into an animal juice1 b t f]m5tation ha? a great %>e 9 ?is *ange4 ,x is true1 we d n f9d1 9 animal matt]s1 any manife/ tok5 ( an ,ard5t ,_s1 an ,acid1 or a ,volatile ,alkali2 nor1 consequ5tly1 any sub/ance t is an evid5t production ( any ( ! ?ree diff]5t degrees ( f]m5tation3 & yet1 z sub/ances p]fectly animaliz$ are exactly 9 ! same /ate ) vegetables t h und]gone ! fir/1 & ev5 ! second1 degree ( f]m5tation1 s t !y are susceptible ( putrefaction only1 7or1 at lea/1 if !y %ew at fir/ "s fa9t tok5s ( acidity1 !y run imm$iately & rapidly into complete putrefaction72 x is nev]!less probable1 t vegetable matt]s1 9 ord] to _! becom+ animal sub/ances1 und]go c]ta9 *anges & alt]ations1 :i* h "s resemblance ) ^? produc$ by f]m5tation4 ,?is op9ion is fur!r confirm$ by two o!r analogies1 betwe5 animal matt]s1 & vegetables advanc$ to ! la/ /age ( f]m5tation2 :i* is1 t !y yield nei!r an ,ess5tial ,oil nor a ,fix$ ,alkali3 = ! coal1 t rema9s 9 ! retort aft] ! di/illation ( ,blood1 be+ burnt 9 an op5 fire1 discov]s no ,fix$ ,alkali 9 its a%es4 ,! want ( a ,fix$ ,alkali 9 animal matt]s arises f h5ce1 t _! ,acid is ne>ly 9 ! same /ate ) ! ,acid ( vegetable matt]s :i* h und]gone putrefaction2 t is1 x is s subtiliz$ & att5uat$1 z to be fit to ent] into ! comb9ation ( a ,volatile ,alkali1 & is no long] s intimately unit$ ) ! fix$ e>? z to produce !re) a ,fix$ ,alkali 9 ! fire4 ,?\gh ,blood & o!r animal matt]s af=d no ,fix$ ,alkali1 b1 on ! contr>y1 yield mu* ,volatile ,alkali1 x do? n !re=e foll[ t all ! ,acid1 :i* ^? sub/ances conta9$ be=e !y 7 analyz$1 is employ$ 9 ! production ( a ,volatile ,alkali4 ,we %all h]eaft] take notice ( an animal matt] :i* conta9s a great deal ( ,acid3 &1 n to dep>t f our pres5t subject1 x do? n appe> to me to be a settl$ po9t among ,*ymi/s1 :e!r or no ,blood1 :5 analyz$1 yields a portion manife/ly acid1 & possess+ all ! prop]ties ( an ,acid4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave1 ) "s o!r ,*ymi/s1 makes no m5tion ( any ,acid 9 8 analysis ( ,blood4 ,mr4 ,homb]g1 on ! contr>y1 says#ah expressly1 t he con/antly obta9$ an ,acid f ! ,blood & fle% ( diff]5t sorts ( animals1 ( :i* he analyz$ a great numb]4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave's au?ority is v respectable1 & ( great weight3 on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,homb]g's exp]im5ts are v conclusive1 seem to be made ) great c>e1 & are all affirmative4 ,?is app>5t div]sity 9 ! same analysis1 deliv]$ by ^! two great m51 det]m9$ me to analyze ,blood myself1 & to exam9e scrupul\sly all ! pr9ciples ,i c\ld obta9 f x4 #ah ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces = #agab4 ,i !re=e di/ill$ "s ,bullock's ,blood 9 a retort ) degrees ( fire4 ,"s ,phlegm came ov] fir/1 & !n a ,volatile ,_s4 ,i *ang$ my receiv]2 & on increas+ ! fire !re arose1 ) ! ,volatile ,_s1 a yell[ ,oil1 a ,volatile ,salt 9 a concrete =m1 a russet liquor :i* smell$ /rong ( ,volatile ,alkali1 & seem$ at fir/ to be only a ,_s impregnat$ ) mu* ( t ,salt3 at la/ came a v ?ick fetid ,oil4 ,9 ?is br[n liquor1 :i* comes (f t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation1 ,mr4 ,homb]g affirms ! ,acid to be conta9$3 b1 z x c]ta9ly is replete ) a ,volatile ,alkali also1 he all$ges t x conta9s1 at ! same "t1 bo? a ,volatile ,alkali & ! animal ,acid2 t ^! two ,salts are di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & n comb9$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( an ,ammoniacal ,salt2 t ea* ( consequ5ce possesses its peculi> prop]ties2 & t ?is liquor is at ! same "t bo? ,acid & ,alkal9e2 t x eff]vesces ) ,acids1 & also *anges ! blue col\rs ( plants to r$4 ,! ,alkal9e quality ( ?is liquor is v evid5t1 & discov]s itself 9 e ,*ymical trial2 b ! same _c be said ( its ,acid prop]ty4 ,i dropp$ "s ( x on blue pap]1 ! col\r ( :i* did n at fir/ *ange 9 ! lea/1 nor acquire ! fa9te/ %ade ( r$ness4 ,?is exp]im5t almo/ det]m9$ me to conclude t ,mr4 ,homb]g 0 mi/ak53 b "s "t aft]w>ds ,i p]ceiv$ t ! blue pap] began to turn r$ :]e x _h be5 wett$1 & t ! r$ col\r grew deep] & deep] z ! pap] dri$3 & ?is conv9c$ me1 t ?is liquor actually conta9s an ,acid1 z ,mr4 ,homb]g ass]t$2 b1 t ! ,volatile ,alkali 9 ?is liquor1 be+ mu* m copi\s ?an ! ,acid1 _h fir/ ent]$ ! pap]1 & h9d]$ ! ,acid f turn+ x r$ z usual2 & t1 z ! ,alkali evaporat$1 ! ,acid began to act1 & produce ! cu/om>y effect4 ,h5ce we see t ! ,acid ( ,blood1 ?\gh extricat$ by di/illation1 is n easily p]ceiv$ at fir/1 because ( ! great proportion ( ,volatile ,alkali1 ) :i* ! liquor conta9+ x is impregnat$4 ,?is is probably :at prev5t$ its be+ discov]$ by sev]al ,*ymi/s1 :o1 x seems1 did n suspect its exi/5ce1 & !re=e did n look = x4 ,mr4 ,homb]g takes no notice ( ?is little difficulty 9 8 ,memoir3 b he relates an exp]im5t :i* might h giv5 occasion to suspect x4 ,x is 9 8 analysis ( ,human ,blood4 ,z ! ,acid 9 ,human ,blood is 9 less quantity1 & less p]ceptible1 ?an 9 ! ,blood ( animals t live :olly on vegetables1 he directs a second di/illation ( ! br[n liquor1 :i* conta9s at once bo? ! ,volatile ,alkali & ! ,acid1 till v little !re( be left 9 ! retort4 ,?is residuum1 says he1 conta9s a v p]ceptible & di/9ct ,acid4 ,!re is reason to believe1 f ,mr4 ,homb]g's direct+ ! sal9e liquor to be di/ill$ aga91 t he did n f9d ! ,acid suffici5tly p]ceptible 9 x at fir/4 ,n[ a second di/illation is a v good way to r5d] x mu* m s5sible4 ,= ?\gh ?is animal ,acid be volatile1 ! ,volatile ,alkali is /ill va/ly m s2 & !re=e if ! liquor conta9+ bo? ^! sal9e sub/ances be di/ill$1 ! ,volatile ,alkali mu/ ne$s rise fir/1 & leave ! ,acid alone1 or almo/ alone1 at ! bottom ( ! retort4 ,?is is exactly ! case 9 our exp]im5t on blue pap]2 ! op]ation be+ "h p]=m$ ) a small quantity1 & mu* m exp$iti\sly1 z appe>s f our acc\nt ( x4 ,x is n at all surpris+ t ! ,volatile ,alkali & animal ,acid1 ?\gh conf\nd$ 9 ! same liquor1 %\ld n be unit$ toge!r & conv]t$ into a ,neutral ,ammoniacal ,salt4 ,mr4 ,homb]g pret5ds t ^! two sal9e matt]s d n act ^u ea* o!r1 because !y are too mu* dephlegmat$4 ,! oily p>ts1 ) :i* !y are bo? load$1 may also contribute !reto3 nor is ?is unprec$5t$2 ! same ?+ be+ obs]v$ ( ! ,acid & ! ,volatile ,alkali ( sev]al vegetable sub/ances4 ,mr4 ,homb]g1 ju/ly suspect+ t !re might be "s diff]5ce betwe5 ! condition ( ! ,acid 9 ! ,blood ( animals t fe$ altoge!r on vegetables1 & t 9 ! blood ( ^? t fe$ only on fle%1 exam9$ likewise1 by decomposition1 ! ,blood & ! fle% ( "s c>nivor\s animals4 ,9 ^! also he f\nd an ,acid2 & x do? n appe> t he obs]v$ any great diff]5ce1 9 ?is respect1 betwe5 _! ,blood & t ( o!r animals4 ,! diff]5ce he f\nd betwe5 ! ,blood ( "y1 & t ( gr[n1 or old1 animals1 ) respect to ! ,acid1 seems1 by 8 acc\nt1 to be m consid]able2 ! ,blood ( ! =m] conta9+ mu* m ( x ?an t ( ! latt]3 & ?is is s mu* ! m probable1 z we "k t ! fle% ( "y animals gr[s s\r1 be=e x putrefies1 m s5sibly ?an t ( old ones4 ,we %all conclude ?is head ) a rem>k conc]n+ ! managem5t requir$ 9 di/ill+ ,blood4 ,:5 ! op]ation is advanc$ to a c]ta9 po9t1 ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! retort (t5 swells s z to /op ! neck ( t vessel entirely1 & by t means makes x bur/ ) an explosion4 ,to avoid ?is inconv5i5ce1 a v small quantity ( ,blood mu/ be put into ! retort1 & ! fire mu/ be gov]n$ v w>ily4 ,i h also f\nd t ?is accid5t may g5]ally be prev5t$ by mix+ ! ,blood ) "s matt] t c af=d no pr9ciple by di/illation2 su* z p\nd$ glass or f9e s&4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,fle% analyz$4 ,in/anc$ 9 ,beef4 ,into an alembic or retort1 plac$ 9 a s&-ba?1 put "s lean ,beef1 f :i* y h c>efully sep>at$ all ! fat4 ,di/il till no?+ m w rise4 ,9 ?is fir/ di/illation a phlegm w come ov]1 weigh+ at lea/ half ! mass ( ! di/ill$ fle%4 ,9 ! retort y w f9d a matt] almo/ dry1 :i* y mu/ aft]w>ds di/il1 ) a nak$ fire1 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace1 tak+ ! usual precautions4 ,!re w come ov] at fir/ a little phlegm replete ) ,volatile ,alkali2 !n a ,volatile ,alkali 9 a dry =m1 :i* w /ick to ! sides ( ! vessel2 & also a ?ick ,oil4 ,aft] ! di/illation !re w be left 9 ! retort a black1 %9+1 light coal4 ,burn x to a%es 9 ! op5 air1 & lixiviate ^? a%es3 ! wat] ( ! lixivium w h no ,alkal9e prop]ty1 b w %ew "s tok5s ( its conta9+ a little ,sea-salt4 ,,obs]vations4 ,?is analysis ( ,beef is tak5 f a ,memoir giv5 9 by ,mr4 ,ge(froy 9 #agcj1 ! purpose ( :i* 0 a ,*ymical exam9ation ( ! meat commonly us$ to make bro?4 ,! fle% ( an animal1 z appe>s f ! process1 yields mu* ! same pr9ciples ) its ,blood3 & x _c be o!rwise2 because x is =m$ all toge!r ( mat]ials furni%$ by ! ,blood4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy obs]ves1 t ! fir/ phlegm1 drawn (f f x 9 ! balneum m>i1 produces a :ite precipitate 9 a solution ( ,corrosive ,sublimate2 :i* %ews x to conta9 a little ,volatile ,alkali3 b ! quantity !re( mu/ be v small2 see+ ! phlegm t conta9s x smells only l bro?1 & n l a ,volatile ,alkali2 "o p>ticle ( :i*1 we "k1 is capable ( affect+ ! organ ( smell+ v s5sibly4 ,z to ! ,acid ( fle%1 !re is great reason to believe t x is condition$ exactly l t ( ,blood4 ,! a%es ( ! caput mortuum ( fle%1 burnt 9 an op5 fire1 attract ! moi/ure ( ! air1 z ,mr4 ,ge(froy rem>ks1 & increase 9 weight1 ?\gh !y conta9 no ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n at all surpris+2 s9ce !y conta9 "s ,sea-salt1 ! kn[n prop]ty :]e( is to gr[ moi/ 9 ! air4 ,! fle% ( animals conta9s mu* matt] t is soluble 9 wat]4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy exam9$ sep>ately t "p ( fle% :i* wat] is capable ( dissolv+4 ,) ?is view he boil$ f\r ounces ( beef ) ?ree p9ts ( wat]1 9 a v close vessel1 & repeat$ ! op]ation six times ) equal quantities ( fre% wat]2 9 ord] to extract1 z f> z possible1 all ! juices ( ! meat4 ,^! bro?s he put all toge!r1 ! la/ ( !m hav+ b a fa9t smell ( v weak veal bro?3 he evaporat$ !m ov] a sl[ fire1 filt]+ !m t[>ds ! end ( ! evaporation1 to sep>ate an e>?y "p2 & !re rema9$ 9 ! vessel a mod]ately solid extract1 :i* soon grew moi/ 9 ! air4 ,?is extract1 be+ analyz$1 yield$ a dram & two gra9s ( ,volatile ,salt1 :i* adh]$ to ! sides ( ! receiv]2 n 9 ramifications1 z ,volatile ,salts usually d1 b 9 flat cry/als1 mo/ly 9 ! =m ( p>allelopip$s4 ,! ,_s & ! ,oil1 :i* came ov] toge!r aft] ! ,volatile ,salt1 weigh$ ?irty-eight gra9s4 ,salt ( ,t>t> be+ mix$ ) ?is ,volatile ,salt seem$ to increase its /r5g?2 :i* gives room to suspect t ! latt] conta9s an ,ammoniacal ,salt4 ,! *>r$ matt] left 9 ! retort weigh$ b six gra9s4 ,its lixivium gave "s tok5s ( ,sea-salt1 by mak+ a :ite precipitate 9 a solution ( quick-silv]4 ,! mass ( fle%y fibres1 t 0 exhau/$ by boil+1 be+ dri$ & analyz$ 9 ! same mann]1 yield$ a ,volatile ,_s1 a ,volatile ,salt 9 a concrete =m1 :i* /uck to ! sides ( ! receiv] 9 ramifications z usual2 & a ?ick fetid ,oil4 ,!re n[ rema9$ 9 ! retort a *>r$ matt]1 :i* be+ burnt 9 ! op5 air or n burnt1 %ew$ n ! lea/ sign ( its conta9+ any sal9e matt]4 ,?is me?od ( analyz+ fle%1 by boil+ x at fir/ 9 wat]1 9 ord] to extract all t c be dissolv$ by ?is m5/ruum1 %ews u t animal fle% conta9s an ,oil1 :i* is 9 a saponace\s /ate3 = ! extract made !refrom1 by wat]1 yields 9 di/illation a consid]able quantity ( ,oil1 :i* 0 p]fectly dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 :ile t extract 0 9 ! dilut$ /ate ( bro?1 & be=e x 0 analyz$4 ,x is rem>kable t ! ,volatile ,salt1 yield$ by ! extract ( fle%1 is diff]5t f t :i* is obta9$ out ( ! fle% itself1 :5 no?+ ha? be5 extract$ f x4 ,?is ,salt1 z ,mr4 ,ge(froy obs]v$1 diff]s f ! common ,volatile ,alkalis 9 ! =m ( its cry/als2 :i* made t ,*ymi/ ju/ly consid] x z a ,salt ( a some:at ,ammoniacal nature2 a k9d ( ,ess5tial ,salt ( fle%4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t ?is ,salt1 :5 dissolv$ 9 ! wat] 9 :i* we boil fle%1 is sep>at$ !refrom1 by ! action ( fire1 ) m ease ?an :ile x rema9s comb9$ ) ! o!r pr9ciples1 9 ! sub/ance ( ! fle%2 t its sep>ation1 9 ! latt] case1 requir+ a great] degree ( heat1 x is !reby decompos$2 & t ! ,volatile ,alkali1 :i* is obta9$ f fle% di/ill$ 9 ! usual mann]1 is only "o ( ! p>ts t con/itut$ ! ,ammoniacal ,salt !reby decompos$4 ,! *>r$ matt] rema9+1 aft] ! di/illation ( fle% fir/ exhau/$ by boil+1 yields no?+ sal9e2 because ! ,sea-salt1 :i* is ! only ,fix$ ,salt x c\ld conta91 0 dissolv$ by ! wat] toge!r ) ! matt] ( ! extract4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy likewise exam9$ :at p>ts ( fle% ,_s ( ,w9e is capable ( dissolv+4 ,= ?is purpose he took f\r ounces ( ,beef1 dri$ 9 ! balneum m>i1 p\r$ on x an equal weight ( well rectifi$ ,_s ( ,w9e1 & left ! :ole 9 dige/ion = a consid]able "t4 ,! ,_s extract$ f ! ,beef a weak t9cture1 & sep>at$ f x "s drops ( ,oil3 x acquir$ a br[n col\r1 & a fa9t smell4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy f\nd1 by sev]al exp]im5ts1 t ! ,_s ( ,w9e _h tak5 up a portion ( ! ,ammoniacal1 or ,ess5tial1 ,salt ( ! fle%4 ,) respect to ! ,oil1 if any at all 7 dissolv$1 x c\ld be b v little2 = t :i* ! ,_s sep>at$1 & :i* reta9$ its natural =m1 0 c]ta9ly n dissolv$3 see+ 9 t case x w\ld n h be5 p]ceiv$1 b w\ld h made a homog5e\s liquor1 to appe>ance1 ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,bones analyz$4 ,in/anc$ 9 ,ox-bones4 ,cut into pieces ! ,bones ( a leg ( beef1 c>efully sep>at+ all ! m>r[4 ,put !m into a retort1 & di/il !m 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace1 z usual4 ,a phlegm w come ov] fir/2 !n a ,volatile ,_s1 :i* w become /rong] & /rong]2 aft]w>ds a ,volatile ,salt 9 a dry =m1 ) "s ,oil2 &1 la/ly1 a black ,oil1 ) a little m ,volatile ,salt4 ,!re w be left 9 ! retort a *>r$ matt]1 f :i* a little ,sea salt may be extract$4 ,r$uce ?is *>r$ matt] to a%es1 by burn+ x 9 ! op5 air4 ,^! a%es w give "s slight tok5s ( a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! analysis ( ,bones proves t !y consi/ ( ! same pr9ciples ) fle% & blood2 & ! same may be said1 9 g5]al1 ( all matt]s t are truly animal1 or t actually con/itute any "p ( an animal4 ,nev]!less1 we f9d 9 ! a%es ( ,bones some:at ( an ,alkal9e quality2 see+ !y make a r$ precipitate 9 a solution ( ,corrosive ,sublimate3 & yet a true ,fix$ ,alkali _c be obta9$ f !m4 ,^! a%es are probably 9 ! same case ) quick lime2 :i* ha? c]ta9 prop]ties ( ,alkal9e ,salts1 ?\gh no ,salt ( t k9d c be extract$ f x4 ,mr4 ,ge(froy analyz$ ,bones 9 ! same mann] z he did fle%2 t is1 he at fir/ made a /rong decoction ( !m ) wat]1 & !n exam9$ & di/ill$ ap>t ! extract af=d$ him by t decoction1 & ! ,bones depriv$ ( t extract4 ,on ?is analysis he made two rem>kable obs]vations4 ,! fir/ is1 t ,bones yield$ to boil+ wat] _! pr9ciples & _! ,volatile ,salts1 bo? soon] & m copi\sly ?an fle% did3 = 9 ! analysis :i* ,mr4 ,ge(froy made ( sev]al sorts ( fle%1 ?\gh he robb$ !m 9 a mann] ( all _! pr9ciples by boil+1 yet _! dri$ fibres aft]w>ds yield$ a consid]able quantity ( ,volatile ,salt2 :]eas ! ,bones1 ( :i* he _h made an extract by boil+1 af=d$ him b a v small quantity !re( :5 analyz$4 ,! second obs]vation wor?y ( notice :i* ,mr4 ,ge(froy made on 8 analysis ( ,bones is ?is2 ! ,salt1 :i*1 z 0 %ewn 9 ! analysis ( fle%1 0 resolv$ by ! wat] :]e9 he boil$ ! fle%1 & consequ5tly arose :5 he di/ill$ ! extract obta9$ f t decoction1 & cry/alliz$ 9 ! =m ( p>allelopip$s1 took a q diff]5t turn 9 ! analysis ( ,bones4 ,none ( x appe>$ 9 di/ill+ ! extract made by decoction1 b arose 9 di/ill+ ! boil$ ,bones1 t 7 exhau/$ ( almo/ all _! o!r pr9ciples by ! decoction ) wat]4 ,^! diff]5ces probably arise f ! diff]5t contexture ( ! animal matt]s 9 :i* !y are obs]v$4 ,?is analysis ( ,bones may s]ve z a patt]n = analyz+ all ! solid p>ts ( animals1 su* z horns1 ho(s1 ivory1 c4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,animal ,fat analyz$4 ,in/anc$ 9 ,mutton-,suet4 ,put z mu* ,mutton-,suet z y please into a glass retort1 only tak+ c>e t ! vessel be b half-full2 & di/il ) degrees ( fire z usual4 ,a phlegm smell+ ( ! ,suet w rise fir/1 & soon gr[ v acid4 ,aft] ?is "s drops ( ,oil w come ov]1 & be foll[$ by a matt] l ,oil1 9 appe>ance1 :5 x comes ov]2 b x w fix 9 ! receiv]1 & acquire a consi/5ce some:at s(t] ?an ,suet4 ,?is k9d ( ,butt] ( ,suet w cont9ue to rise to ! end ( ! di/illation2 & !re w be left 9 ! retort a small quantity ( *>r$ matt]4 ,,obs]vations4 ,?\gh animal ,fat be a sub/ance t ha? pass$ ?r\gh all ! /ra9]s ( ! body2 ?\gh x ha? und]gone all ! elaborations necess>y to =m an animal matt]1 & become itself "p ( ! animal3 x conta9s1 nev]!less1 z its analysis %ews1 pr9ciples diff]+ greatly f ^? ( all o!r animal matt]s3 s t x mu/ be class$1 9 "s sort1 by itself4 ,x consi/s almo/ entirely ( ,oil3 b ?is ,oil is 9 a concrete =m1 & obs]ves ! g5]al rule ( all concret$ oily matt]s1 :i* owe _! consi/5ce :olly to ! ,acid t is comb9$ ) !m4 ,! rule is evid5tly s g5]al1 t x ext5ds ev5 to ! animal k+dom1 :]e1 9 all o!r in/ances1 ,acids seem to be almo/ annihilat$4 ,all we said above on ! subject ( ,butt] mu/ be appli$ "h3 = animal ,fat1 prop]ly s call$1 & ,butt]1 d n1 9 my op9ion1 diff] s5sibly f ea* o!r1 ) respect to _! analysis4 ,& !re=e !re is great reason to believe1 t :at is ,butt] 9 ,*yle1 or ,milk1 becomes ,fat :5 fix$ 9 ! animal body4 ,x is a k9d ( repository1 9 :i* nature lays up & conf9es ! ,acid t is unnecess>y to ! animal composition1 & :i* %e c\ld n any o!r way elim9ate4 ,i made *oice ( ,mutton-,suet = an in/ance ( ! analysis ( ,fat2 because ?is ,fat1 be+ ! firme/ ( any1 mu/ conta9 a /rong] & m p]ceptible ,acid4 ,:5 x is ?us di/ill$1 ! "p :i* rema9s fix$ ha? mu* less consi/5ce ?an ! ,suet _h be=e2 :i* arises f its hav+ lo/ "p ( its ,acid4 ,repeat$ di/illations w deprive x ( a mu* great] quantity !re(1 & s r$uce x into an ,oil t w always rema9 cle> & fluid4 ,n "o p>ticle ( ,volatile ,alkali is obta9$ by di/ill+ ,suet3 b !n ! exp]im5t w n succe$ z x ought1 unless c>e be tak5 to free ! ,suet p]fectly f all ! membranes1 & all ! p>ticles ( fle% & blood t may be mix$ ) x2 =1 if x %\ld be di/ill$ )\t ?is precaution1 ^? het]og5e\s matt]s m+l$ ) x w\ld yield a great deal ( ,volatile ,alkali 9 di/illation2 :i* might impose on ! ,arti/1 & make him ?9k ! ,salt came actually f ! ,suet4 ,suet t ha? be5 (t5 melt$1 z ! tall[1 = in/ance1 ( :i* c&les are made1 is suffici5tly purifi$3 ( ?is ,i made use 9 my analysis1 & x yield$ me no ,volatile ,alkali2 at lea/ ,i c\ld p]ceive none4 ,9 conclusion1 all t ha? be5 said1 on sev]al occasions1 t\*+ ! prop]ties ( concret$ oily matt]s1 may be appli$ to ,suet4 ,i %all only obs]ve "h1 t x is "o ( ^? t manife/ no ,acidity1 & consequ5tly t 9 its natural /ate x is n soluble 9 ,_s ( ,w9e1 & only becomes soluble 9 t m5/ruum by degrees1 z its ,acid is extricat$ by repeat$ di/illations3 & on ?is acc\nt x ought to be class$ ) ,bees-,wax1 & o!r oily comp\nds ( t k9d4 ,,process ,v4 ,eggs analyz$4 ,in/anc$ 9 ,pullet's ,eggs4 ,put "s ,h5's ,eggs 9 wat]1 & boil !m till !y be h>d4 ,!n sep>ate ! ,yelks f ! ,:ites4 ,cut ! ,:ites into little bits2 put !m into a glass cucurbit2 fit on a head & receiv]2 di/il 9 a balneum m>i ) degrees ( fire1 rais+ x t[>ds ! end to ! /ronge/ heat :i* t ba? c give2 t is1 to ! heat ( boil+ wat]4 ,!re w come ov] an aque\s liquor1 or insipid phlegm2 ! quantity :]e( w be v consid]able1 see+ x w make ab\t n9e-t5?s ( ! :ole mass ( ! ,:ites ( ! ,eggs4 ,cont9ue y\r di/illation1 & keep ! wat] 9 ! ba? con/antly boil+1 till n a drop m ( liquor w asc5d f ! alembic4 ,!n unlute y\r vessels4 ,9 ! cucurbit y w f9d y\r ,:ites ( ,eggs consid]ably %runk 9 _! bulk4 ,!y w look l little bits ( br[n glass1 & be h>d & brittle4 ,put ?is residuum into a glass retort1 & di/il1 z usual1 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace ) degrees ( heat4 ,!re w come ov] a ,volatile ,oily ,_s1 a yell[ ,oil1 a ,volatile ,salt 9 a dry =m1 &1 at la/1 a black ?ick ,oil4 ,!re w be left 9 ! retort a *>r$ matt]4 ,r$uce also into ! smalle/ pieces y c ! h>d ,yelks ( ! ,eggs :i* y sep>at$ f ! ,:ites4 ,set !m 9 a pan ov] a g5tle fire3 /ir !m ) a /ick till !y turn a little br[n1 & dis*>ge a sub/ance l melt$ m>r[4 ,!n put !m into a new /rong canvass bag1 & press !m betwe5 two iron plates well heat$2 :]eby y w obta9 a consid]able quantity ( a yell[ ,oil4 ,let :at rema9s 9 ! bag be di/ill$ 9 a retort set 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace3 x w give y ! same pr9ciples z y got f ! ,:ites4 ,,obs]vations4 ,( ! two p]fectly di/9ct sub/ances t con/itute ! ,egg1 ! ,yelk conta9s ! embryo ( ! *ick1 & is de/9$ to hat* x3 ! ,:ite is to s]ve = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! *ick :5 x is =m$4 ,^! two matt]s1 ?\gh !y conta9 ! v same pr9ciples1 yet diff] consid]ably f ea* o!r2 & *iefly 9 ?is1 t _! pr9ciples are n 9 ! same proportions4 ,! ,:ite ( an ,egg conta9s s mu* phlegm1 t x seems to consi/ almo/ totally !re(4 ,all ! aque\s liquor1 obta9$ by di/ill+ x 9 ! balneum m>i1 is1 prop]ly speak+1 no?+ b pure wat]2 = no ,*ymical trial c discov] 9 x ei!r an ,acid or a ,volatile ,alkali2 or any v p]ceptible ,oily "p4 ,& yet x mu/ conta9 "s ,oil1 because ! liquor t rises la/ is a little bitt]i% to ! ta/e1 & smells some:at ( empyreuma4 ,b ! pr9ciples f :i* x d]ives ^! prop]ties are 9 too small quantities to be di/9ctly p]ceiv$4 ,if1 in/ead ( di/ill+ ! h>d ,:ite ( an ,egg1 ) a view to draw (f ! great quantity ( wat] x conta9s1 y leave x "s "t 9 an air t is n too dry1 ! greate/ "p ( its moi/ure sep>ates spontane\sly1 & becomes v s5sible4 ,9 all probability ?is is ! effect ( a beg9n+ putrefaction1 :i* att5uates ?is sub/ance1 & breaks its contexture4 ,! liquor ?us dis*>g$ by ! ,:ite ( an ,egg ?or\ghly dissolves ,gum-,res9s1 & p>ticul>ly ,myrrh4 ,if y desire to dissolve ,myrrh 9 ?is mann]1 cut a h>d-boil$ ,egg 9 halves2 take out ! ,yelk2 put ! p[d]$ ,gum-,res9 into ! cavity left by ! ,yelk2 jo9 ! two halves ( ! ,:ite2 fa/5 !m toge!r ) a ?read1 & hang !m up 9 a cell>4 ,9 a few days "t ! ,myrrh w be dissolv$ by ! moi/ure t issues f ! ,:ite ( ! ,egg1 & w drop into ! vessel plac$ und]nea? to receive x4 ,?is liquor is improp]ly call$ ,oil ( ,myrrh p] deliquium4 ,all ! prop]ties ( ! ,:ites ( ,eggs1 z well z ! pr9ciples obta9$ by analyz+ !m1 are ! same ) ^? ( ! lymphatic "p ( ! blood2 s t !re is a great resemblance betwe5 ^! two sub/ances4 ,z to ! ,yelk1 x is pla9 f its analysis t ,oil is ! pr$om9ant pr9ciple !re(4 ,if ! ,yelk ( an ,egg be mix$ ) wat]1 ! ,oil ) :i* x is replete1 & :i* is by nature v m9utely divid$1 diffuses itself ?r\gh ! :ole liquor1 & rema9s susp5d$ !re9 by means ( its viscosity4 ,! liquor at ! same "t becomes milk-:ite l an emulsion1 & is 9 fact a true animal emulsion4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! ,oil ( ,eggs by expression ) ! m ease1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to *use ,eggs t are sev5 or eight days old2 because !y are !n a little less visc\s4 ,nev]!less1 _! viscosity is /ill s great t !y w n easily yield _! ,oil by expression3 & !re=e1 9 ord] to att5uate & de/roy entirely ?is viscosity1 !y mu/ be torrefi$ be=e !y are put to be press$4 ,! ,oil ( ,eggs1 l all o!r oily animal matt]1 seems analag\s to ! ,fat ,oils ( vegetables4 ,x ha? all ! prop]ties t *>act]ise ^? ,oils4 ,its col\r is yell[1 & x smells & ta/es a little ( ! empyreuma1 occasion$ by torrefy+ ! ,yelks4 ,x is r5d]$ some:at less disagreeable by be+ expos$ to ! dew = ?irty or =ty nights1 if c>e be tak5 to /ir x (t5 9 ! mean "t4 ,to conclude3 all ! pr9ciples1 bo? 9 ! ,yelk & ! ,:ite ( an ,egg1 are ! same z ^? f\nd 9 ,blood1 ,fle%1 & all o!r matt]s t are p]fectly animal4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! ,,excrem5ts ( ,,animals4 ,,process ,i4 ,dung analyz$4 ,in/anc$ 9 ,human ,excrem5t4 ,mr4 ,homb]g's ,phosphorus4 ,take any quantity y please ( human ,excrem5t1 & di/il x 9 a glass alembic set 9 ! balneum m>i4 ,y w obta9 an aque\s1 cle>1 insipid liquor2 :i* w nev]!less h a disagreeable od\r4 ,hav+ urg$ ! di/illation z f> z is possible1 ) ! heat ( ?is ba?1 unlute y\r vessels1 & y w f9d at ! bottom ( ! cucurbit a dry matt]1 mak+ ab\t an eigh? "p only ( :at y put into x4 ,put ?is residuum into a glass retort1 & di/il 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace1 ) degrees ( heat4 ,y w obta9 a ,volatile ,_s1 & a ,volatile ,salt1 ) a fetid ,oil2 & a *>r$ matt] w be left 9 ! retort4 ,,obs]vations4 ,mr4 ,homb]g made a great _m exp]im5ts on ! dung ( animals2 conc]n+ :i* he compos$ two ,memoirs publi%$ 9 ! ,academy's collection = #agaa4 ,t ,*ymi/ tells u1 t1 9 di/ill+ ,excrem5t1 he aim$ n s mu* at discov]+ ! pr9ciples ( :i* x consi/s1 z he 0 desir\s to satisfy a fri5d ( 81 :o _h e>ne/ly entreat$ him to try :e!r he c\ld n extract !refrom a cle> ,oil1 hav+ no bad smell2 because he _h se51 z he said1 ,m]cury fix$ into pure ,silv] by su* an ,oil4 ,mr4 ,homb]g's lab\r _h ! usual fate ( all ent]prises ( ?is nature4 ,he actually f\nd ! art ( draw+ f ,excrem5t a cle> sc5tless ,oil2 b1 9 :atev] way he appli$ x to ,m]cury1 x produc$ no *ange 9 t metallic sub/ance4 ,h[ev]1 z ,mr4 ,homb]g 0 a man ( sagacity1 & knew h[ to improve e h9t (f]$ by 8 exp]im5ts1 he made sev]al curi\s discov]ies on ?is occasion2 ( :i* we %all give a concise acc\nt1 aft] we h made "s rem>ks on ! pr9ciples obta9$ f ,excrem5t by ! me?od describ$ 9 ! process4 ,?is sub/ance1 consi/+ ( matt]s subject to putrefaction1 ha? con/antly a fetid smell1 l t ( all putrid matt]s2 hav+ be5 = "s "t conf9$ 9 a w>m1 moi/ place1 :i* we "k promotes putrefaction1 & ev5 quickly produces x4 ,yet ! analysis !re( proves t x is n putrefi$1 or at lea/ n entirely s3 = all putrefi$ matt]s conta9 a ,volatile ,alkali p]fectly =m$ & extricat$2 &1 z ?is pr9ciple rises ) less heat ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 x always comes ov] fir/ 9 di/illation4 ,n[ we h se5 t1 ) ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 x p>ts ) no?+ b an insipid phlegm1 conta9+ no ,volatile ,alkali3 a sure pro( t ! fecal matt] is n completely putrefi$4 ,!re is no?+ rem>kable 9 ! ,volatile ,salt & fetid ,oil1 :i* rise ) a degree ( heat great] ?an t ( boil+ wat]4 ,!y are common productions1 ( :i* we h made frequ5t m5tion 9 sev]al ( ! prec$+ analyses2 & !re=e !y ne$ n n[ deta9 u f proce$+ to give a summ>y acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,homb]g's *ief discov]ies4 ,"o ( ! me?ods by :i* ,mr4 ,homb]g endeav\r$ to obta9 f ,excrem5t a cle> ,oil1 )\t any bad smell1 0 to sep>ate its e>?y & gross p>ts1 by filt]+ x be=e he di/ill$ x4 ,= ?is purpose he dilut$ ,excrem5t newly dis*>g$ ) hot wat]1 us+ a qu>t ( wat] to an ounce ( feces4 ,!n he let ! mixture /& to cool1 &1 ! gross p>ts fall+ to ! bottom1 he p\r$ (f ! wat] by incl9ation4 ,?is liquor he filt]$ ?r\gh br[n pap]1 & evaporat$ to a pellicle ov] a g5tle fire4 ,!re %ot 9 x long cry/als ( f\r1 five1 & six sides1 :i* ,mr4 ,homb]g ?9ks may be call$ ! ,ess5tial ,salt ( ,excrem5t4 ,!y resemble ,salt-petre1 9 "s measure1 & deflagrate 9 ! fire mu* l x2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t _! flame is r$1 & !y burn sl[ly2 :]eas ! flame ( ,salt-petre is :ite & v vivid3 probably1 says ,mr4 ,homb]g1 because !re is too mu* ( an oily matt] 9 ! "o1 & less 9 ! o!r4 ,mr4 ,homb]g di/ill$ ?is ,salt 9 a glass retort ) degrees ( fire1 & at la/ ) a v viol5t "o4 ,at fir/ !re came ov] an aque\s liquor1 %>p & acid1 :i* 0 foll[$ by a br[n fetid oil1 smell+ v /rong ( empyreuma4 ,?is di/illation he attempt$ f\r sev]al times2 & ea* "t ! matt] 9 ! retort took fire1 j :5 ! ,oil began to come (f4 ,! ,salt :i* ,mr4 ,homb]g obta9$ f excrem5t is v rem>kable4 ,we %all h occasion to speak ( x 9 ano!r place1 & %all only obs]ve "h1 t its ,nitr\s "* is by no means ambigu\s3 its deflagrat+ on live coals conv9c$ ,mr4 ,homb]g ( its be+ a true ,nitre4 ,b its con/antly tak+ fire 9 ! retort1 z (t z di/ill$1 is a sure pro( t x is a ,nitr\s ,salt3 = ,nitre only ha? ! prop]ty ( ?us tak+ fire 9 close vessels1 & mak+ o!r combu/ible matt]s burn along ) x4 ,! process by :i* ,mr4 ,homb]g at la/ obta9$ f ,excrem5t a cle> oil )\t any bad smell is curi\s1 & wor?y ( a place "h2 on acc\nt ( ! views & occasions ( reflection :i* x may op54 ,mr4 ,homb]g hav+ tri$ 9 va91 by di/ill+ ,excrem5t a great _m diff]5t ways1 to obta9 f x su* an ,oil z he want$1 resolv$ to employ f]m5tation1 ! effect :]e( is to *ange ! disposition ( ! pr9ciples ( mixts4 ,) ?is view he dri$ "s ,excrem5t 9 ! wat]-ba?1 &1 hav+ pulv]iz$ x1 p\r$ !reon six times its weight ( phlegm t _h be5 sep>at$ f x by di/illation1 & put ! :ole into a l>ge glass cucurbit1 cov]$ ) an inv]t$ vessel t fitt$ exactly into x1 & 0 close lut$4 ,?is vessel he set 9 a balneum m>i = six weeks1 keep+ up su* a g5tle heat z w\ld n burn "o's h&2 aft] :i* he uncov]$ ! cucurbit1 & hav+ fitt$ !reto a head & a receiv]1 di/ill$ (f all ! aque\s moi/ure 9 ! balneum m>i ) a v g5tle heat4 ,x _h n[ lo/ almo/ all its bad smell1 :i* 0 *ang$ into a fa9t "o4 ,x came ov] some:at turbid1 :]eas x 0 v cle> :5 put into ! cucurbit4 ,mr4 ,homb]g f\nd ?is wat] to h a cosmetic virtue3 ,he gave "s ( x to p]sons ^: complexion1 neck1 & arms1 7 q spoil$1 be+ turn$ br[n1 dry1 r\gh1 & l a goose sk93 !y wa%$ ) x once a day1 &1 by cont9u+ ! use ( ?is wat]1 _! sk9 became v s(t & :ite4 ,! dry matt]1 t rema9$ 9 ! bottom ( ! cucurbit aft] di/illation1 _h lo/ ab\t a tw5tie? "p ( its weight2 t is1 ( tw5ty ounces1 put at "o "t into ! cucurbit1 some:at less ?an n9ete5 ounces rema9$4 ,mr4 ,homb]g suspects t x 0 n s dry :5 put into ! cucurbit z :5 x 0 tak5 out4 ,p]haps also ! species ( f]m5tation :i* ! matt] und]w5t _h att5uat$ & volatiliz$ "s "p ( x2 s t x came ov] ) ! phlegm 9 di/illation4 ,! turbidness ( t phlegm1 :i* 0 cle> & limpid be=e1 seems to c\nt5ance ?is conjecture4 ,! dry matt] left 9 ! cucurbit aft] ! fir/ di/illation1 _h n ! lea/ smell ( feces3 on ! contr>y1 x _h an agreeable aromatic od\r2 & ! vessel 9 :i* ,mr4 ,homb]g _h dige/$ x1 be+ left op5 9 a corn] ( 8 laboratory1 acquir$ 9 "t a /rong smell ( ,amb]gris4 ,x is surpris+1 z ,mr4 ,homb]g ju/ly obs]ves1 t dige/ion alone %\ld *ange ! abom9able smell ( ,excrem5t into an od\r z agreeable z t ( ,amb]gris4 ,?is dry matt] he p[d]$ co>sely1 & put two ounces !re( at once into a glass retort1 t w\ld hold ab\t a p\nd or a p\nd & half ( wat]4 ,?is he di/ill$ 9 a s&-ba? ) a v g5tle heat4 ,a small quantity ( an aque\s liquor came ov] fir/1 & !n an ,oil z col\rless z spr+-wat]4 ,mr4 ,homb]g cont9u$ ! same g5tle degree ( heat1 till ! drops began to come (f a little r$di%2 & !n he *ang$ ! receiv]1 /opp+ t :i* conta9$ ! cle> ,oil v close ) a cork4 ,hav+ c>ri$ on ! di/illation ) a fire gradually augm5t$1 !re came ov] a consid]able quantity ( r$ ,oil2 & !re rema9$ 9 ! retort a *>r$ matt] :i* burnt v readily4 ,! cle> ,oil1 )\t any ill smell1 :i* ,mr4 ,homb]g obta9$ f ! fecal matt] by ?is process1 0 ! v ?+ he 0 9 se>* (1 & :i* he _h be5 assur$ w\ld conv]t ,m]cury into f9e fix$ ,silv]3 yet he +5u\sly owns1 t1 :atev] way he appli$ x1 he c\ld nev] produce any *ange 9 t metallic sub/ance4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to ! o!r discov]ies made by ,mr4 ,homb]g on ?is occasion4 ,9 8 attempt to obta9 a cle> ,oil f ,excrem5t1 he di/ill$ x ) diff]5t additam5ts1 & among/ ! re/ ) ,vitriol & ,alum4 ,he f\nd t ! matt]s left 9 ! retort1 :5 he made use ( ^! ,salts1 be+ expos$ to ! op5 air1 took fire ( !mselves2 t !y k9dl$ combu/ible matt]s2 9 a ^w1 t !y 7 a true ,phosphorus1 ( a species diff]5t f all !n kn[n4 ,pursu+ ^! fir/ h9ts1 he s\ght & f\nd ! means ( prep>+ ?is ,phosphorus by a way mu* m exp$iti\s1 c]ta91 & easy4 ,8 process is ?is4 ,take f\r ounces ( ,feces newly excret$3 ,mix !re) an equal weight ( ,ro*-,alum co>sely p[d]$3 put ! :ole into a little iron pan t w hold ab\t a qu>t ( wat]1 & set x ov] a g5tle fire "u a *imney4 ,! mixture w melt1 & become z liquid z wat]4 ,let x boil ) a g5tle fire1 con/antly /irr+ x2 break+ x into little crumbs1 & scrap+ (f ) a spatula :atev] /icks to ! bottom or sides ( ! pan1 till x be p]fectly dry4 ,! pan mu/ f "t to "t be remov$ f ! fire1 t x may n gr[ r$-hot1 & ! matt] mu/ be /irr$1 ev5 :ile x is (f ! fire1 to prev5t too mu* ( x f /ick+ to ! pan4 ,:5 ! matt] is p]fectly dri$1 & 9 little clots1 let x cool1 & p[d] x 9 a metal mort>4 ,!n put x aga9 into ! pan1 set x ov] ! fire1 & /ir x cont9ually4 ,x w aga9 gr[ a little moi/1 & adh]e toge!r 9 clots1 :i* mu/ be cont9ually bruis$ & roa/$ till !y be p]fectly dry2 aft] :i* !y mu/ be suff]$ to cool1 & !n be pulv]iz$4 ,?is p[d] mu/ be return$ a ?ird "t to ! pan1 set on ! fire1 roa/$ & p]fectly dri$3 aft] :i* x mu/ be r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 & kept 9 a pap] 9 a dry place4 ,?is is ! fir/ or prep>atory op]ation4 ,take two or ?ree drams ( ?is p[d]4 ,put x into a little matrass1 ! belly ( :i* w hold an ounce or an ounce & half ( wat]1 & hav+ a neck ab\t six or sev5 in*es long4 ,ord] x s t y\r p[d] %all take up no m ?an ab\t a ?ird "p ( ! matrass4 ,/op ! neck ( ! matrass slightly ) pap]3 !n take a crucible f\r or five in*es deep3 9 ! bottom ( ! crucible put ?ree or f\r spoonfuls ( s&3 set ! matrass on ?is s&1 & 9 ! middle ( ! crucible1 s z n to t\* its sides4 ,!n fill up ! crucible ) s&1 s t ! belly ( ! matrass may be q buri$ !re94 ,?is done1 place y\r crucible1 ) ! matrass1 9 ! mid/ ( a little e>!n furnace1 commonly call$ a ,/ove1 ab\t eight or t5 in*es wide above1 & six in*es deep f ! m\? to ! grate4 ,r\nd ! crucible put light$ coals ab\t half way up1 & :5 x ha? /ood ?us half an h\r1 fill up ) coals to ! v top ( ! crucible4 ,keep up ?is fire a full half-h\r long]1 or till y see ! inside ( ! matrass beg9 to be r$4 ,!n increase y\r fire1 by rais+ y\r coals above ! crucible4 ,cont9ue ?is /rong heat = a full h\r1 & !n let ! fire g out4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is op]ation d5se fumes w rise out ( ! matrass1 ?r\gh ! /opple ( pap]4 ,^! fumes issue sometimes 9 su* abundance z to pu% out ! /opple2 :i* y mu/ !n replace1 & slack5 ! fire4 ,! fumes cease :5 ! inside ( ! matrass beg9s to gr[ r$2 & !n y may increase ! fire )\t any fe> ( spoil+ y\r op]ation4 ,:5 ! crucible is s cold t x may be safely tak5 out ( ! furnace ) "o's h&1 y mu/ gradually draw ! matrass out ( ! s&1 t x may cool sl[ly1 & !n /op x close ) a cork4 ,if ! matt] at ! bottom ( ! matrass appe> to be 9 p[d] :5 %ak51 x is a sign ! op]ation ha? succe$$3 b if x be 9 a cake1 & do? n fall into p[d] on %ak+ ! matrass1 x %ews t y\r matt] 0 n suffici5tly roa/$ & dri$ 9 ! iron pan1 dur+ ! prep>atory op]ation4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,homb]g1 ,mr4 ,lem]i ! y\ng] ha? made a great _m exp]im5ts on ?is ,phosphorus1 :i* may be se5 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy = #agad & #agae4 ,9 ^? ,memoirs ,mr4 ,lem]i ha? %ewn1 t ,excrem5t is n ! only matt] capable ( produc+ ?is ,phosphorus ) ,alum2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 almo/ all animal & ev5 vegetable matt]s are fit = ?is comb9ation2 t ?\gh ,mr4 ,homb]g mix$ ,alum 9 equal quantities only ) ! fecal matt]1 x may be us$ 9 a mu* great] proportion1 &1 9 c]ta9 cases1 w succe$ ! bett]2 t1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! sub/ances to be work$ on1 ! quantity ( t ,salt may be m or less increas$2 & t :atev] is add$1 m ?an ! dose requisite = ea* matt]1 s]ves only to less5 ! virtue ( ! ,phosphorus1 or ev5 de/roys x entirely3 t ! degree ( fire appli$ mu/ be diff]5t accord+ to ! nature ( ^? matt]s2 &1 la/ly1 t ,salts conta9+ exactly ! same ,acid ) t ( ,alum1 or ! ,acid ( ^? ,salts sep>at$ f its basis & r$uc$ into ,_s1 d n answ] 9 ! pres5t op]ation3 :i* %ews1 says ,mr4 ,lem]i1 t _m sulphure\s matt]s may be sub/itut$ = ,excrem5t 9 ?is op]ation2 b t !re are no ,salts1 or v few if any1 t w succe$ 9 ! place ( ,alum4 ,nev]!less1 a ,*ymi/1 :o lately communicat$ to ! ,academy a great numb] ( exp]im5ts on ?is ,phosphorus1 f\nd t any ,salt conta9+ ! ,vitriolic ,acid may be sub/itut$ = ,alum4 ,?is ,phosphorus1 made ei!r by ,mr4 ,homb]g's or by ,mr4 ,lem]i's me?od1 %9es bo? by day & by night4 ,besides emitt+ light1 x takes fire soon aft] x is expos$ to ! air1 & k9dles all combu/ible matt]s ) :i* x comes 9 contact2 & ?is )\t be+ rubb$ or heat$4 ,mess4 ,homb]g & ,lem]i h giv5 ! mo/ probable & ! mo/ natural explanation ( ! cause ( ! acc5sion & o!r ph5om5a ( ?is ,phosphorus4 ,:at !y say am\nts 9 %ort to :at foll[s4 ,alum is kn[n to be a ,neutral ,salt1 consi/+ ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid & a calc>e\s e>?4 ,:5 ?is ,salt is calc9$ ) ! fecal matt]1 or o!r sub/ances ab\nd+ 9 ,oil1 ! volatile pr9ciples ( ^! sub/ances1 su* z _! ,phlegm1 _! ,salts1 & _! ,oils1 exhale 9 ! same mann] z if !y 7 di/ill$2 & !re is no?+ left 9 ! matrass1 :5 ^? pr9ciples are dissipat$1 b a *>r$ matt]1 l t :i* is f\nd 9 retorts :]e9 su* mixts h be5 decompos$ by di/illation4 ,?is rema9d] !re=e is no?+ b a mixture ( ,alum & *>coal4 ,n[1 z ! ,acid ( ?is ,salt1 :i* is ! ,vitriolic1 ha? a great] aff9ity ) ! phlogi/on ?an ) any o!r sub/ance1 x w quit its basis to unite ) ! phlogi/on ( ! coal1 & be conv]t$ by t union into a ,sulphur4 ,& ?is is ! v case2 ( :i* we h c]ta9 pro(s 9 ! op]ation = prep>+ ?is ,phosphorus3 = :51 aft] ! volatile pr9ciples ( ! oily matt] are drawn (f1 ! fire is increas$1 9 ord] to comb9e closely toge!r ! fix$ p>ts t rema9 9 ! matrass1 t is1 ! ,alum & ! *>r$ matt]1 we p]ceive at ! m\? ( ! matrass a small blue sulphure\s flame1 & a pung5t smell ( burn+ ,sulphur4 ,nay1 :5 ! op]ation is f9i%$1 we f9d a real ,sulphur /ick+ 9 ! neck ( ! matrass2 &1 :ile ! ,phosphorus is burn+1 x ha? pla9ly a /rong sulphure\s smell4 ,x is !re=e c]ta9 t ?is ,phosphorus conta9s an actual ,sulphur2 t is1 a matt] dispos$ to take fire ) ! greate/ ease4 ,b ?\gh ,sulphur be v inflammable1 x nev] takes fire ( itself1 )\t be+ ei!r 9 contact ) "s matt] t is actually ignit$1 or else be+ expos$ to a consid]able degree ( heat4 ,let u !n see :at may be ! cause ( its acc5sion1 :5 x is a con/itu5t "p ( ?is ,phosphorus4 ,we m5tion$ j n[ t ! ,acid ( ! ,alum quits its basis1 9 ord] to =m a ,sulphur by comb9+ ) ! ,phlogi/on ( ! coal4 ,?is basis we "k to be an e>? capable ( be+ conv]t$ into ,lime2 & t x is actually conv]t$ into ,quick-lime by ! calc9ation necess>y to produce ! ,phosphorus4 ,we "k t new-made ,lime ha? ! prop]ty ( unit+ ) wat] s readily1 t x !reby contracts a v great degree ( heat4 ,n[ :5 ?is ,phosphorus1 :i* is p>tly con/itut$ ( ! basis ( ! ,alum conv]t$ into ,quick-lime1 is expos$ to ! air1 ! ,lime in/antly attracts ! moi/ure ( :i* ! air is always full1 & by ?is means1 probably1 gr[s s hot z to fire ! ,sulphur ) :i* x is mix$4 ,p]haps also ! ,acid ( ! ,alum is n totally *ang$ into ,sulphur2 "s "p !re( may be only half dis5gag$ f its basis1 & 9 t condition be capable ( attract+ /rongly ! humidity ( ! air1 ( gr[+ v hot likewise by imbib+ ! moi/ure1 & s ( contribut+ to ! acc5sion ( ! ,phosphorus4 ,!re is also room to ?9k t all ! ,phlogi/on ( ! *>r$ matt] is n employ$ 9 ! production ( ,sulphur 9 ?is ,phosphorus1 b t "s "p ( x rema9s 9 ! /ate ( a true coal4 ,! black col\r ( ! unk9dl$ ,phosphorus1 & ! r$ sp>kles x emits :ile burn+1 suffici5tly prove ?is4 ,! explanation ( ! acc5sion ( ?is ,phosphorus1 z "h giv5 by ,mess4 ,homb]g & ,lem]i1 is v +5i\s1 & 9 ! ma9 j2 b yet1 9 my op9ion1 ! subject des]ves a m ?or\gh exam9ation4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,human ,ur9e analyz$4 ,put "s ,human ,ur9e into a glass ,alembic2 set x 9 a wat]-ba?1 & di/il till !re rema9 only ab\t a =tie? "p ( :at y put 92 or else evaporate ! ,ur9e1 9 a pan set 9 ! balneum m>i1 till x be r$uc$ to ! same quantity4 ,) ?is heat no?+ w exhale b an insipid ,phlegm1 smell+ h[ev] l ,ur9e4 ,! residuum w1 z ! evaporation advances1 become ( a d>k] & d>k] russet1 & at la/ acquire an almo/ black col\r4 ,m+le ?is residuum ) ?rice its weight ( s&1 & di/il x 9 a retort set 9 a rev]b]at+ furnace1 ) ! usual precautions4 ,at fir/ !re w come ov] a little m insipid ,phlegm l ! =m]4 ,:5 ! matt] is almo/ dry1 a ,volatile ,_s w rise4 ,aft] ?is ,_s1 :ite vap\rs w appe> on increas+ ! fire2 a yell[ oily liquor w come (f1 trickl+ d[n 9 ve9s2 & toge!r ) ?is liquor a concrete ,volatile ,salt1 :i* w /ick to ! sides ( ! receiv]4 ,at la/ !re w come ov] a deep-col\r$ fetid ,oil4 ,9 ! retort !re w rema9 a sal9e e>?y residuum1 :i* be+ lixiviat$ w yield "s ,sea-salt4 ,,obs]vations4 ,ur9e mu/ be consid]$ z an aque\s liquor replete ) all ! sal9e matt]s :i* are ( no use to ! body1 ei!r = n\ri%m5t or heal?3 x is a lixivium ( animal matt]s1 prep>$ by nature = dissolv+ & sep>at+ f !m all ! unnecess>y ,salts4 ,x conta9s a v l>ge quantity ( almo/ pure phlegm1 :i* evaporates ) ! heat ( a wat]-ba?4 ,! residue ( ! ,ur9e1 f :i* ?is phlegm is sep>at$ by ! fir/ di/illation1 ?\gh !reby r5d]$ consid]ably ?ick]1 do? n coagulate1 or curdle 9 ! lea/1 l ,milk or ,blood2 :i* %ews t x conta9s no p>ts analag\s to ^? ( ^! two nutriti\s liquors4 ,yet x conta9s oily & sal9e p>ts1 dispos$ l ^? ( truly animal matt]s2 z appe>s f ! ,_s1 ! ,volatile ,salt1 & ! ,oil1 obta9$ f x by di/illation2 :i* are1 9 e respect1 p]fectly l ! same pr9ciples yield$ by o!r animal sub/ances4 ,b1 if ! animal t made ! ,ur9e took 9 ) its food any ( ! ,neutral ,salts1 :i* _c be decomp\nd$ by dige/ion2 t is1 ( ^? *iefly :i* consi/ ( ,acids & ,alkalis1 ! ,ur9e w conta91 ov] & above ! o!r p>ts ( t animal1 almo/ all ! ,neutral ,salt t ent]$ into its body4 ,accord+ly human ,ur9e is replete ) a consid]able quantity ( ,sea-salt1 because m5 eat a great deal ( x4 ,x is f\nd1 aft] ! di/illation ( ! ,ur9e1 unit$ ) ! caput mortuum left 9 ! retort2 because1 be+ ( a fix$ nature1 x do? n rise ) ! volatile pr9ciples 9 di/illation4 ,besides ?is ,sea-salt1 ,ur9e conta9s ano!r ,salt ( a s+ul> nature1 :i* cry/allizes diff]5tly f ,sea-salt4 ,9 ?is ,salt1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,m>ggraff's exp]im5ts m5tion$ on ! subject ( ,phosphorus1 is conta9$ ! ,acid necess>y to produce ! ,phosphorus ( ,ur9e4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t ?is ,salt is a ,sea-salt1 disguis$ by ! fat matt]s ) :i* x comb9es dur+ its /ay 9 ! animal body4 ,mr4 ,bo]haave calls x ! ,ess5tial ,salt ( ,ur9e4 ,if y desire to h x by itself1 y mu/ evaporate ! ,ur9e1 ) a g5tle heat1 to ! consi/5ce ( fre% cream1 filt] x1 & let x /& quiet 9 a cool place4 ,cry/als w at l5g? %oot !re91 & adh]e to ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,^! cry/als are ! ,salt y want3 !y are br[n & oily4 ,if y desire to h !m pur]1 y mu/ dissolve !m 9 w>m wat]1 filt] ! solution1 & set x by to %oot4 ,?is op]ation repeat$ sev]al times w r5d] !m cle> & transp>5t4 ,mr4 ,s*loss]1 a "y & v promis+ ,*ymi/1 is ! la/ :o ha? made any exp]im5ts on ?is curi\s ,salt ( ,ur9e4 ,^? :o are desir\s ( a p>ticul> acc\nt ( its prop]ties may consult 8 diss]tation1 pr9t$ at ,leyd5 9 #agec1 z well z ,mr4 ,m>ggraff's excell5t ,memoirs1 pr9t$ among ^? ( ! ,academy ( ,b]l94 ,! *ief result ( ,mr4 ,s*loss]'s exp]im5ts is1 fir/1 t ?is ,salt may be obta9$ f rec5t ,ur9e1 & ev5 9 great] quantities ?an f putrid ,ur9e1 & t too 9 v little "t3 see+ x cry/allizes 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 aft] due evaporation4 ,secondly1 t ?is ,salt is a ,neutral ,ammoniacal ,salt1 consi/+ ( a ,volatile ,alkali1 7:i* c nev] be extract$ f x b 9 a liquid =m1 l t :i* is sep>at$ f ,ur9e by ! addition ( ,lime72 & ( an ,acid ( a v s+ul> nature1 ! mo/ rem>kable prop]ty ( :i* is1 its be+ s fix$ z to resi/ ! viol5ce ( fire1 & turn into a sort ( glass r ?an exhale 9 vap\rs4 ,?is is t ,acid :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,m>ggraff's exp]im5ts1 =ms ! comb9ation ( ,phosphorus :5 unit$ ) ! ,phlogi/on4 ,! o!r prop]ties ( ?is s+ul> ,acid are ! pr9cipal objects ( ,mr4 ,m>ggraff's inquiries4 ,x foll[s1 9 ! ?ird place1 f ,mr4 ,s*loss]'s exp]im5ts1 t ?is ,acid1 be+ comb9$ to ! po9t ( saturation ) a common ,volatile ,alkali1 =ms a true1 reg5]at$ ,salt ( ,ur9e2 & t1 by ?is union1 ! nature ( ! ,volatile ,alkali is s *ang$1 t x _c aft]w>ds appe> by itself 9 a concrete =m1 b is always fluid1 l t :i* is extricat$ by ! additam5t ( lime4 ,if ,fix$ ,alkalis be mix$ ) fre% ,ur9e1 !y imm$iately sep>ate f x a ,volatile ,alkali2 &1 if ! mixture be quickly put into an alembic1 & di/ill$1 ! fir/ liquor t rises is a ,volatile ,_s3 or else a ,volatile ,alkali 9 a concrete =m w rise fir/1 provid$ ! ,fix$ ,alkali made use ( be n liquid1 & ! ,ur9e be dephlegmat$4 ,h]e9 ,ur9e resembles o!r animal matt]s3 = ,fix$ ,alkalis produce ! same effect on !m4 ,?is af=ds u good gr\nds = believ+ t all animal matt]s conta9 a ,neutral ,salt ( an ,ammoniacal nature1 :i* ! ,fix$ ,alkali decomposes1 z x do? all o!r ,ammoniacal ,salts4 ,quick-lime also extricates f ,ur9e a ,volatile ,alkali1 /ill m quick & pung5t ?an t :i* is sep>at$ by a ,fix$ ,alkali1 & :i* con/antly rema9s liquid )\t ev] putt+ on a concrete =m3 & ?is is ano!r pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,ammoniacal ,salt above-m5tion$2 = quick-lime ha? j ! same effect on ,sal-,ammoniac1 z we %all see 9 its place4 ,mr4 ,s*loss]'s exp]im5ts1 comp>$ ) ^? n[ m5tion$1 seem to %ew t ! ,ur9e conta9s sev]al di/9ct sorts ( ,ammoniacal ,salts4 ,( all ! liquors :i* animals af=d1 ,ur9e putrefies ! mo/ easily1 & by putrefaction p>ts )1 or =ms1 ! greate/ quantity ( ,volatile ,alkali4 ,if x be di/ill$ :5 putrefi$1 !re comes ov] fir/ a ,_s impregnat$ ) mu* ,volatile ,alkali2 !n an aque\s liquor1 :i* ,van ,helmont assures u is a m$ic9e ( wond]ful efficacy 9 dissolv+ ! /one 9 ! bladd]4 ,:5 all ?is wat] is come ov]1 & ! rema9+ matt] is almo/ dry1 !re asc5ds1 on increas+ ! fire1 a yell[ ,oil1 toge!r ) a ,volatile ,salt4 ,aft] ?is !re rema9s 9 ! retort a black *>r$ e>?y matt]1 conta9+ a great deal ( ,sea-salt4 ,if ?is matt] be calc9$ 9 ! op5 air1 9 ord] to consume its ,phlogi/on1 & be aft]w>ds lixiviat$1 all ! ,sea-salt x conta9s may by ?is means be easily sep>at$2 no?+ b its e>? be+ left beh9d4 ,?is caput mortuum conta9s also ! mat]ials prop] = =m+ ,kunckel's ,phosphorus2 & if1 in/ead ( calc9+ x 9 ! op5 air1 x be urg$ ) a viol5t fire1 9 close vessels1 x w yield a ,phosphorus3 b !n all ! precautions recomm5d$ on ! subject ( ,phosphorus mu/ be us$2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! caput mortuum mu/ be lixiviat$ be=e x be di/ill$1 9 ord] to free x f "p ( ! ,sea-salt conta9$ !re92 because too mu* ( t ,salt might defeat ! op]ator1 by n only melt+ itself1 b melt+ also ! conta9+ vessel dur+ ! op]ation4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ! ,,volatile ,,alkali4 ,,process ,i4 ,volatile ,alkalis rectifi$ & depurat$4 ,mix toge!r ! ,_s1 ! ,volatile ,salt1 ! ,phlegm1 & ! ,oil1 obta9$ f any sub/ance :atev]4 ,put ! :ole into a l>ge wide-m\!d glass body1 & !reto fit a head ) a l>ge beak4 ,set ?is alembic 9 a wat]-ba?1 lute on a receiv]1 & di/il ) a v g5tle heat4 ,!re w asc5d a ,_s1 /rongly impregnat$ ) a ,volatile ,alkali1 & a ,volatile ,salt 9 a concrete =m1 :i* mu/ be kept by itself4 ,!n increase y\r heat to ! degree ( boil+ wat]2 :]eupon !re w rise a second ,volatile ,_s1 some:at m pond]\s ?an ! =m]1 ) a light ,oil t w swim on its surface1 & a little concrete ,volatile ,salt4 ,proce$ till no?+ m w rise ) ?is degree ( heat4 ,keep by itself :at came ov] into ! receiv]4 ,at ! bottom ( ! cucurbit y w f9d a ?ick fetid ,oil4 ,into su* ano!r di/ill+ vessel put ! ,_s & ,salt t rose fir/ 9 ?is di/illation1 & di/il !m 9 ! balneum m>i ) a heat /ill g5tl] ?an be=e4 ,a :it]1 pur]1 ,volatile ,salt w sublime4 ,cont9ue ! di/illation till an aque\s moi/ure rise1 :i* w beg9 to dissolve ! ,salt4 ,at ! bottom ( ! vessel w be left a phlegm1 ) a little ,oil float+ on x4 ,keep y\r ,salt 9 a bottle well /opp$4 ,,obs]vations4 ,9 ! analysis ( any sub/ance t yields a ,volatile ,alkali1 ?is ,salt is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! receiv]1 bl5d$ ) ! o!r pr9ciples ( ! mixt2 :i*1 asc5d+ f ! retort 9 ! =m ( liquors & vap\rs1 dissolve ! ,salt1 or at lea/ moi/5 x1 & r5d] x v impure4 ,s t1 if y desire to h x )\t any mixture1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to a second di/illation1 9 ord] to sep>ate x f ! het]og5e\s matt]s ) :i* x is conf\nd$4 ,x is ( consequ5ce 9 ?is di/illation to apply b a v weak degree ( heat2 because on t dep5ds ! success ( ! op]ation1 insomu* t1 ! less heat y employ to sublime ! ,salt1 ! pur] x w be4 ,=1 be+ f> m volatile ?an any ( ! o!r pr9ciples ) :i* x is mix$1 x mu/ evid5tly rise by itself1 if no m heat be appli$ ?an is j necess>y to elevate x2 su* a heat be+ mu* too weak to raise ! ,oil & phlegm ) :i* x is bl5d$4 ,nev]!less1 :atev] c>e be tak5 to gov]n ! heat1 x is n possible to h9d] ?is ,volatile ,salt f c>ry+ up "s portions ( ! pr9ciples mix$ ) x2 ^?1 to wit1 ) :i* x is mo/ closely unit$1 & to :i* x ha? by t means communicat$ a %>e ( its volatility4 ,= ?is reason x requires a second rectification1 :i* is p]=m$ 9 ! same mann] z ! =m]4 ,b1 see+ x is m volatile & light] aft] ! fir/ rectification ?an be=e1 be+ !reby fre$ f "p ( ! het]og5e\s matt]s ) :i* x 0 load$1 a /ill less degree ( heat mu/ be appli$ 9 ?is second rectification4 ,! ,oil ) :i* ! ,volatile ,salt is load$1 :5 b once di/ill$1 is p]ceivable only by ! yell[ col\r & weight x communicates !reto2 because x is closely unit$ !re)1 & 9 a p]fectly saponace\s /ate4 ,?is appe>s f ! facility ) :i* ,volatile ,salts1 ev5 ! mo/ oily1 dissolve 9 wat]1 )\t discov]+ 9 ! solution any sep>ation ( ! oily p>ts1 & ev5 )\t giv+ x a milky col\r4 ,b1 9 ! second rectification1 ?is ,oil becomes v p]ceptible2 = x !n sep>ates1 9 a great measure1 f ! ,salt1 & rema9s at ! bottom ( ! cucurbit1 float+ on ! phlegm1 :i* is also sep>at$ f ! ,salt4 ,! ,salt is !n :it]1 m volatile1 & pur]2 yet x is /ill f> f be+ br\ght to ! utmo/ degree ( purity1 ev5 by ?is second rectification4 ,x requires a ?ird1 a f\r?1 & ev5 _m m rectifications1 to purify x p]fectly3 e rectification sep>ates f x "s oily p>ticles3 & if y %\ld resolve to g on rectify+ till y c sep>ate no m ,oil1 !re is reason to ?9k ?is ,salt w\ld be entirely decompos$2 because !re is necess>ily a c]ta9 quantity ( ,oil 9 its composition1 )\t :i* x w\ld n be a ,volatile ,alkali4 ,y mu/ !re=e desi/ f rectify+ x any fur!r1 :5 y f9d x v :ite1 & v light2 & %ut x up 9 bottles h]metically seal$4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ,volatile ,salts1 ?\gh ( a beautiful :ite aft] rectification1 gr[ yell[ aft] be+ kept "s "t 9 close bottles4 ,?is is occasion$ by ! ,oil !y conta9 dis5gag+1 & discov]+ itself by degrees4 ,to rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce1 ,mr4 ,bo]haave proposes to m+le ! ,volatile ,salt1 :i* y int5d to purify1 ) f\r times its weight ( pulv]iz$ *alk1 ?or\ghly dri$1 & ev5 heat$2 to put ! mixture into a glass alembic1 & di/il x ) a g5tle heat4 ,by ?is means ! ,salt rises exce$+ pure & v :ite2 because ! *alk absorbs mo/ ( its ,oil1 & frees x !refrom4 ,he adds1 t ,volatile ,salt ?us purifi$ may be kept a long "t1 & w reta9 all its :it5ess4 ,if a ,volatile ,alkali ?us purifi$ be comb9$1 to ! po9t ( saturation1 ) an ,acid1 su* z ! ,m>9e ,acid = in/ance2 ! result ( ?is union1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 w be a ,sal ,ammoniac1 f :i* ! ,volatile ,alkali may be sep>at$ by ! int]v5tion ( a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,a ,volatile ,alkali t ha? pass$ ?r\gh all ^! trials w !n be 9 ! highe/ degree ( purity t ,*ymi/ry c br+ x to1 & appe>s con/antly ! same1 f :atev] sub/ance x 0 orig9ally obta9$3 :i* proves t if ,volatile ,alkalis1 extract$ f diff]5t vegetable & animal sub/ances1 seem to diff] f ea* o!r 9 "s respects1 ?is c arise only f ! het]og5e\s matt]s ) :i* !y are mix$2 b t1 at bottom1 !y are all con/itut$ ( "o s+le pr9ciple1 :i* is con/antly ! same1 & exactly alike 9 !m all4 ,x is ( ! la/ consequ5ce1 on all occasions :]e a ,volatile ,alkali is to be di/ill$ 9 a concrete =m1 to make use ( sublim+ vessels ) v l>ge necks1 t x may h room en\gh to make its way to ! receiv] ) ease2 = o!rwise x may *oak up ! passage1 & bur/ ! vessels4 ,,process ,,ii4 ,volatile ,alkalis comb9$ ) ,acids4 ,sundry ,ammoniacal ,salts4 ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,on a ,volatile ,_s or ,salt p\r gradually any ,acid :atev]4 ,an eff]vesc5ce w arise1 & be m or less viol5t accord+ to ! nature ( ! ,acid4 ,g on add+ m ,acid 9 ! same mann]1 till no eff]vesc5ce be !reby excit$1 or at lea/ till x be v small4 ,! liquor w n[ conta9 a semi-volatile ,neutral ,salt1 call$ an ,ammoniacal ,salt2 :i* may be obta9$ 9 a dry =m by cry/alliz+ z usual1 or by sublim+ x 9 close vessels1 aft] ! sup]flu\s moi/ure ha? be5 drawn (f4 ,,obs]vations4 ,volatile ,alkalis h ! same prop]ties ) ,fix$ ,alkalis1 fixity only except$3 s t a ,volatile ,alkali mu/ produce an eff]vesc5ce :5 mix$ ) ,acids1 & =m !re) ,neutral ,salts1 diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 no?+ b ! nature ( ! ,acid 9 _! composition4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t1 on ?is occasion1 ! po9t ( saturation is v difficult to hit2 ow+ probably to ! ,volatility ( ! ,alkali1 :i*1 be+ mu* light] ?an ! ,acid1 t5ds always to possess ! upp]mo/ "p ( ! mixture1 :ile ! ,acid s9ks to ! bottom3 :5ce x comes to pass1 t ! l[] "p ( ! liquor is sometimes ov]-*>g$ ) ,acid1 :ile ! upp] "p is /ill v ,alkal9e4 ,b x is mo/ eligible t ! ,alkali %\ld pr$om9ate 9 ! mixture2 because ! excess ( ?is pr9ciple easily flies (f1 :ile ! moi/ure is evaporat+1 9 ord] to ! cry/allization or sublimation ( ! ,ammoniacal ,salt2 :i* be+ only semi-volatile resi/s ! heat long]1 & rema9s p]fectly ,neutral4 ,if ! ,vitriolic ,acid be comb9$ ) a ,volatile ,alkali1 & ! mixture di/ill$ 9 a retort to draw (f ! sup]flu\s moi/ure1 a liquor comes ov] into ! receiv]1 :i* smells /rong ( a ,sulphure\s ,acid4 ,n[1 z ! ,acid ( ,vitriol nev] becomes sulphure\s1 b :5 x is comb9$ ) an inflammable matt]1 ?is exp]im5t is "o ( ^? :i* demon/rate t ,volatile ,alkalis conta9 a v s5sible quantity ( inflammable matt]4 ,?is same liquor ta/es ( an ,ammoniacal ,salt2 :i* proves t x c>ries up ) x "s ( ! ,neutral ,salt conta9$ 9 ! mixture4 ,! re/ ( ?is ,salt1 :i* is call$ ,glaub]'s ,secret ,sal ,ammoniac1 or ,vitriolic ,sal ,ammoniac1 sublimes into ! neck ( ! retort4 ,x is v pung5t on ! tongue2 x crackles a little :5 ?r[n on a r$ hot %ovel1 & !n flies (f 9 vap\rs4 ,! ,ammoniacal ,salt =m$ by ! ,acid ( ,nitre exhibits mu* ! same ph5om5a2 b x requires great] c>e 9 dry+ & sublim+ x1 because x ha? ! prop]ty ( detonat+ all alone1 )\t ! addition ( any o!r inflammable matt]3 & x w infallibly d s1 if too /rong a fire be appli$ t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation1 :5 x beg9s to be v dry4 ,?is prop]ty ( detonat+ by itself x d]ives f ! inflammable matt] conta9$ 9 ! ,volatile ,alkali :i* s]ves = its basis3 & ?is is ano!r demon/rative pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( su* an inflammable matt] 9 ! ,volatile ,alkali4 ,?is ,salt is call$ ,nitr\s ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,) ! vegetable ,acids1 t ( ,v9eg> = in/ance1 is =m$ an ,ammoniacal ,salt ( a s+ul> nature1 & :i* c sc>ce be br\ght to a dry =m4 ,a ,volatile ,alkali1 comb9$ to ! po9t ( saturation ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 =ms ano!r ,neutral ,salt1 :i* takes a concrete =m ei!r by sublimation or cry/allization4 ,! cry/als ( ?is ,salt are s v s(t & f9e1 t a p>cel ( x looks l cotton or wool4 ,?is is ! ,salt prop]ly call$ ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,x is ( great use 9 ,*ymi/ry & 9 manufactures3 b t :i* is daily consum$ 9 great quantities is n made 9 ! mann] above m5tion$4 ,x w\ld come extremely de> if we _h no o!r way ( procur+ x1 b by =m+ x ?us ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt & a ,volatile ,alkali4 ,?is ,salt1 or at lea/ ! mat]ials ( :i* x is =m$1 may be f\nd 9 ! fulig9osities & soots ( mo/ animal1 & ( "s vegetable sub/ances4 ,! greate/ "p ( :at we use comes f ,egypt1 :]e va/ quantities !re( are made4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ,sal ,ammoniac 9 ,egypt 0 n kn[n among u1 till ,mess4 ,lemaire & ,grang]1 two ( ! ,academy's correspond5ts1 gave 9 sev]al ,memoirs 9 :i* t bus9ess is describ$ ) great accuracy1 f _! own view on ! spot4 ,_! ,memoirs in=m u1 t *imney-soot alone1 )\t any additam5t1 is ! matt] f :i* !y obta9 _! ,sal ,ammoniac2 t ^? *imneys "u :i* no?+ is burnt b ,c['s-dung furni% ! be/ ,soot4 ,six & tw5ty p\nds ( t ,soot yield usually six p\nds ( ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,! op]ation takes up ab\t fifty1 or two & fifty h\rs4 ,! vessels 9 :i* !y put ! soot are ballons ( v ?9 glass1 t]m9at+ 9 a neck ( fifte5 or sixte5 l9es long1 & an in* 9 diamet]3 b !y are n all ( ! same size4 ,! lea/ conta9 twelve p\nds ( ,soot1 & ! greate/ fifty2 b !y fill !m only ?ree qu>t]s full1 9 ord] to leave room = ! sublimation ( ! ,salt4 ,! furnace1 9 :i* !y place ^! ballons1 consi/s ( f\r walls1 built 9 a quadrangul> =m4 ,! two front walls are t51 & ! sides n9e feet long3 b !y are all five feet high1 & t5 in*es ?ick4 ,)9 ! quadrangle =m$ by ^! walls ?ree ar*es run l5g?wise f end to end !re(1 at ! di/ance ( t5 in*es asund]4 ,! m\? ( ?is furnace is 9 ! middle ( "o ( its fronts1 & ( an oval =m2 two feet f\r in*es high1 & sixte5 in*es wide4 ,! ballons lie 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! ar*es ( ! furnace1 :i* s]ve in/ead ( a grate to support !m4 ,f\r ( !m are usually plac$ 9 ea* int]val2 :i* makes sixte5 = "o furnace4 ,!y are set at ! di/ance ( ab\t half a foot f ea* o!r1 & secur$ 9 _! places ) brick & e>?4 ,b !y leave ab\t f\r in*es on ! upp] "p ( ! ballon uncov]$1 ) a view to promote ! sublimation1 z !y also d six in*es ( ! inf]ior "p1 t ! heat may ! bett] act on ! matt]s to be sublim$4 ,?+s be+ ?us prep>$ !y fir/ make a fire ) /raw1 :i* !y cont9ue = an h\r4 ,aft]w>ds !y ?r[ 9 ,c['s-dung made up 9 squ>e cakes l bricks4 7,! want ( wood 9 ?is c\ntry is ! reason t !y g5]ally make use ( ?is fuel74 ,^! cakes ( dung add to ! viol5ce ( ! fire1 :i* !y cont9ue 9 ?is mann] = n9ete5 h\rs2 aft] :i* !y increase x consid]ably = fifte5 h\rs m2 & !n !y slack5 x by little & little4 ,:5 ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! vessels beg9s to gr[ hot1 t is1 aft] six or sev5 h\rs bak+1 x emits a v ?ick & ill-sc5t$ smoke1 :i* cont9ues = fifte5 h\rs4 ,f\r h\rs aft] t1 ! ,sal ,ammoniac is obs]v$ to rise 9 :ite fl[]s1 :i* adh]e to ! inside ( ! neck ( ! vessel2 & ^? :o h ! direction ( ! op]ation take c>e1 f "t to "t1 to pass an iron rod into ! neck ( ! ballon1 9 ord] to pres]ve a passage ?r\gh ! sal9e vault1 = giv+ v5t to "s bluei% vap\rs1 :i* con/antly issue out ( ! vessel dur+ ! :ole op]ation4 ,f ?is hi/ory ( ! prep>ation ( ,sal ,ammoniac x appe>s t ,soot1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,soot ( animal matt]s1 ei!r conta9s abundance ( ?is ,salt p]fectly =m$1 & wait+ only = sublimation to sep>ate x !refrom1 or1 at lea/1 t x conta9s ! prop] mat]ials = =m+ x2 & t dur+ ! op]ation1 :i* is a k9d ( di/illation ( ,soot1 ^! mat]ials comb9e toge!r & sublime4 ,we %ew$1 9 our analysis ( ,soot1 t ?is sub/ance yields by di/illation a great deal ( ,volatile ,alkali2 & ?is is an +r$i5t :i* makes at lea/ "o-half ( ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,z to ! o!r pr9ciple ( ?is ,salt1 ,i mean ! ,m>9e ,acid1 ?is also mu/ ne$s exi/ 9 ,soot3 b x is n s easy to conceive h[ x %\ld come !re4 ,x is v true t vegetable & animal sub/ances1 ! only ones t produce ,soot 9 burn+1 conta9 "s portion ( ,sea-salt3 b !n ?is ,salt is v fix$1 & seems unfit to rise ) ! ,acid1 ! ,oil1 & ! subtile ,e>?1 ( :i* ! ,volatile ,alkali is =m$4 ,!re=e we mu/ suppose ei!r t its elevation is procur$ by ! =ce ( ! fire1 aid$ by ! volatility ( ! matt]s t exhale 9 burn+2 or t1 be+ decompos$ by ! viol5ce ( ! combu/ion1 its ,acid alone rises ) ! o!r pr9ciples above-m5tion$4 ,! latt] seems probable en\gh3 = ?\gh 9 ! common op]ations ( ,*ymi/ry ! b>e =ce ( fire do? n seem suffici5t to decompose ,sea salt2 yet ! example ( ,sea-plants1 :i*1 be=e burn+1 conta9 ?is ,salt 9 abundance1 & :ole a%es conta9 sc>ce any at all1 b are replete ) its fix$ "p1 t is1 ) its ,alkal9e basis1 seems to prove t1 :5 ?is ,salt is intimately mix$ ) inflammable matt]s1 x may be de/roy$ by burn+2 s t its ,acid %all des]t its basis1 & fly (f ) ! ,soot4 ,be=e ! exact me?od ( procur+ ,sal ,ammoniac 0 kn[n1 x 0 g5]ally imag9$ t ! manufactur]s1 mix$ ,sea-salt1 & ev5 ,ur9e1 ) ! ,soot2 because ^! two sub/ances conta9 ! pr9ciples ( :i* ?is ,salt consi/s4 ,b1 besides t ! contr>y n[ c]ta9ly appe>s f ! above-m5tion$ ,memoirs1 x ha? be5 %ewn by ,mr4 ,duhamel1 :o ha? publi%$ sev]al ,memoirs & exp]im5ts conc]n+ ! composition & decomposition ( ,sal ,ammoniac1 f :i* we h p>tly tak5 :at we h already said on ?is subject1 & :i* w furni% u ) "s m curi\s obs]vations2 x ha? be5 %ewn1 ,i say1 9 ! fir/ ( ,mr4 ,duhamel's ,memoirs1 pr9t$ ) ^? ( ! ,academy = #agce1 t ! addition ( ,sea-salt to ! ,soot1 f :i* ,sal ,ammoniac is to be extract$1 contributes no?+ to its production1 & _c increase its quantity4 ,t alone1 !re=e1 :i* 0 orig9ally conta9$ 9 ! matt]s t produc$ ! ,soot1 ent]s z a pr9ciple into ! composition ( ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,we obs]v$ also1 9 treat+ ( ! analysis ( ,soot1 t ,mr4 ,bo]haave obta9$ f x a consid]able quantity ( an ,ammonical ,salt )\t any additam5t4 ,sal ,ammoniac is sometimes f\nd p]fectly =m$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,volcanoes4 ,?is ,salt is probably produc$ f ! fulig9osities ( vegetable or animal matt]s consum$ by ! fire ( ! ,volcano4 ,sal ,ammoniac is (t5 impure1 because x c>ries up ) x1 9 sublimation1 "s ( ! black *>r$ matt] :i* ought to be left at ! bottom ( ! vessel3 b x is easily purifi$4 ,= ?is purpose y ne$ only dissolve x 9 wat]1 filt] ! solution1 !n evaporate & cry/allize2 by :i* means y w h a v :ite & v pure ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,y may1 if y please1 sublime x aga9 9 a cucurbit & bl9d head1 ) a fire n too brisk4 ,"s ( x w rise 9 ! =m ( a light :ite p[d]1 call$ ,fl[]s ( ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,^! ,fl[]s are no o!r ?an true ,sal ,ammoniac1 :i* ha? suff]$ no decomposition2 because ! b>e action ( fire is n capable ( sep>at+ ! ,acid & ! ,volatile ,alkali1 ( :i* ?is ,neutral ,salt consi/s4 ,:5 y int5d to decompose x1 y mu/ use ! means to be m5tion$ h]eaft]4 ,?\gh ,sal ,ammoniac be only semi-volatile1 & requires a consid]able heat to sublime x1 yet x ha? ! prop]ty ( c>ry+ up ) x matt]s t are v fix$ & pond]\s2 su* z metallic sub/ances1 & "s k9ds ( e>?s4 ,= m$ic9al uses we sublime !re) ,iron1 ,lapis ,hmatites1 ! ,copp] 9 blue ,vitriol1 c4 & !n x takes diff]5t names1 z ,m>tial ,fl[]s ( ,sal ,ammoniac1 ,ens v5]is1 & o!r su* d5om9ations1 :i* x borr[s f ! matt]s sublim$ ) x4 ,,process ,,iii4 ,sal ,ammoniac decomp\nd$ by ,acids4 ,into a l>ge tubulat$ glass retort put a small quantity ( ,sal ,ammoniac 9 p[d]3 set y\r retort 9 a furnace1 & lute on a l>ge ballon1 z 9 ! di/illation ( ! smoak+ ,acids ( ,nitre & ,sea-salt4 ,?r\gh ! hole 9 y\r retort p\r a quantity ( ,oil ( ,vitriol1 or ,_s ( ,nitre1 equal 9 weight to y\r ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,an eff]vesc5ce w in/antly foll[4 ,! mixture w swell1 & dis*>ge :ite vap\rs1 :i* w come ov] into ! receiv]4 ,/op ! hole 9 ! retort imm$iately1 & let ! fir/ vap\rs pass ov]1 toge!r ) "s drops ( liquor1 :i* w di/il )\t fire4 ,!n put a few coals into ! furnace1 & cont9ue ! di/illation ) a v g5tle heat2 :i* h[ev] mu/ be increas$1 little by little1 till no?+ m w come (f4 ,:5 ! op]ation is f9i%$1 y w f9d 9 ! receiv] a ,_s ( ,salt1 if y made use ( ,oil ( ,vitriol2 or an ,aqua regis1 if ,_s ( ,nitre 0 employ$3 & 9 ! retort w be left a sal9e mass1 :i* w be ei!r a ,glaub]'s ,secret ,sal ,ammoniac1 or a ,nitr\s ,sal ,ammoniac1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ,acid us$ to decomp\nd ! ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,,obs]vations4 ,sal ,ammoniac1 :i* consi/s ( ! ,m>9e ,acid unit$ to a ,volatile ,alkali1 is1 ) respect to ! ,vitriolic & ,nitr\s ,acids1 j ! same z ,sea-salt is ) respect to ^? ,acids2 t is1 ! ,vitriolic & ,nitr\s ,acids1 hav+ a great] aff9ity1 ?an ! ,m>9e ,acid1 ) ,volatile z well z ,fix$ ,alkalis1 w decomp\nd ! ,sal ,ammoniac1 by expell+ ! ,acid f its basis1 & assum+ its place1 j z !y d ) reg>d to ,sea-salt4 ,mo/ !re=e ( :at 0 said conc]n+ ! decomposition ( ,sea-salt1 & ! di/illation ( its ,acid1 by ! two o!r ,acids1 mu/ be appli$ "h4 ,we %all only obs]ve1 t1 :5 ! ,acid ( ,sal ,ammoniac is to be di/ill$ f x by ! int]position ( ! ,vitriolic or ,nitr\s ,acid1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to put b a v small quantity ( ?is ,salt into ! retort2 especially if ! ,acids to be add$ are conc5trat$3 =1 z soon z !y mix ) ! ,sal ,ammoniac1 a great eff]vesc5ce arises1 & ! mixture swells to su* a degree1 t1 unless ! quantity 9 ! retort be v small1 x may run ov] altoge!r into ! receiv]4 ,x is also prop] to take notice1 t ?is op]ation admits ( b a small degree ( heat1 = two reasons2 fir/1 because ! ,acid ( ! ,sal ,ammoniac1 be+ v easily dislodg$ by an ,acid /rong] ?an itself1 rises also v easily2 secondly1 because ! ,sal ,ammoniac :i* is to be decomp\nd$1 z well z ! ,ammoniacal ,salts :i* result f its decomposition1 are semi-volatile1 & w sublime 9 sub/ance if !y be expos$ to ! smalle/ excess ( heat4 ,moreov]1 ! ,nitr\s ,sal ,ammoniac w\ld be 9 dang] ( tak+ fire & explod+1 = a reason frequ5tly m5tion$ above4 ,! ,nitr\s ,sal ,ammoniac may be decomp\nd$1 z well z ,sal ,ammoniac1 by ! ,vitriolic ,acid4 ,b1 z ! ,nitr\s ,acid conta9$ 9 ! ,salt is ! /ronge/ ( all ,acids next to ! ,vitriolic1 no o!r ,acid b ?is is able to expel x f its basis2 9 :i* respect ?is ,salt resembles ,nitre4 ,in/ead ( employ+ ! ,acids ( ,vitriol & ,nitre to decomp\nd ,sal ,ammoniac1 we might make use ( ,neutral ,salts consi/+ ( ^! ,acids comb9$ ) metallic or e>?y bases3 b !n1 z ?is decomposition _c be effect$ )\t a great] degree ( heat1 !re is reason to appreh5d t "s ( ! ,sal ,ammoniac w\ld be !reby sublim$1 be=e x c\ld be decomp\nd$4 ,,process ,,iv4 ,sal ,ammoniac decomp\nd$ by ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,volatile ,salt4 ,! ,febrifuge ( ,sylvius4 ,into a glass alembic or retort put ,sal ,ammoniac & ,salt ( ,t>t>1 pulv]iz$ & mix$ toge!r 9 equal quantities4 ,set y\r vessel 9 a prop] furnace1 & imm$iately lute on a l>ge receiv]4 ,a little volatile ,_s w asc5d2 & a volatile ,alkali1 9 a concrete =m1 v :ite & beautiful1 w sublime into ! head1 & come ov] into ! receiv]1 9 quantity ne> two ?irds or ?ree f\r?s ( ! ,sal ,ammoniac us$4 ,cont9ue ! di/illation1 increas+ ! fire by degrees1 till no?+ m w sublime4 ,!n unlute ! vessels4 ,put up y\r ,volatile ,salt imm$iately into a wide-m\!d bottle1 & /op x close ) a cry/al /opple4 ,at ! bottom ( ! retort1 or cucurbit1 y w f9d a sal9e mass1 :i*1 be+ dissolv$ & cry/alliz$1 w =m a ,salt ne>ly cubical1 hav+ ! ta/e & o!r prop]ties ( ,sea-salt4 ,?is is ! ,sal ,febrifugum ,sylvii4 ,,obs]vations4 ,?is decomposition ( ,sal ,ammoniac is ! rev]se ( t 9 ! prec$+ process4 ,9 ! =m] op]ation x 0 %ewn t ! ,acid ( ,sal ,ammoniac may be sep>at$ f its basis1 by apply+ to t basis a /rong] ,acid3 9 ! pres5t op]ation1 on ! contr>y1 ! basis ( ?is ,salt is sep>at$ f its ,acid1 by pres5t+ to t ,acid a ,fix$ ,alkali1 :]e) x ha? a great] aff9ity ?an ) ! ,volatile ,alkali :i* s]ves x = a basis4 ,! action ( ,fix$ ,alkalis ^u ,sal ,ammoniac is s vigor\s & sudd51 t1 z soon z ^! two matt]s are mix$ toge!r1 ! ,volatile ur9\s ,salt ru%es out ) great activity1 ev5 )\t ! help ( heat2 s t mu* ( x w be lo/1 if c>e be n tak5 to conf9e ! mixture imm$iately 9 ^? vessels by means ( :i* x is to be di/ill$4 ,! ,volatile ,salt obta9$ by ?is op]ation is :ite1 pure1 & v active2 hav+ be5 fre$ f ! greate/ "p ( its sup]flu\s fat matt]1 bo? by ! union x _h contract$ ) ! ,m>9e ,acid1 & by ! ,fix$ ,alkali employ$ to sep>ate x !refrom4 ,?is ,salt is s quick & volatile1 t if1 on tak+ out ! receiv]1 x be left a little too long expos$ to ! air1 be=e x be put into ! bottle 9 :i* x is to be kept1 a great deal ( x w exhale & be lo/4 ,= ! same reason c>e %\ld be tak51 :ile ! vessels are unlut+1 t ! vap\r ( ?is ,salt d n /rike ! organ ( smell+1 or be drawn into ! lungs 9 respiration2 = x affects ^? organs s p[]fully1 & makes su* a quick impression on !m1 t ! op]ator w\ld be 9 dang] ( suffocation4 ,yet x is ( great s]vice1 :5 cauti\sly smell$ to1 = excit+ ! vibrations ( ! ,g5us ,n]vosum1 9 ,apoplexies1 ,fa9t+ fits1 & ,hy/]ical disord]s4 ,b x mu/ always be adm9i/]$ ) great caution2 = x ha? a corrosive quality1 & is no less cau/ic ?an a ,fix$ ,alkali4 ,?is is prov$ by apply+ x to ! b>e sk91 & keep+ x on by means ( a pit*-pla/]1 s t x _c fly (f 9 vap\rs3 =1 z soon z x beg9s to gr[ w>m1 x produces on ! sk9 a sm>t+ s5sation1 l t ( burn+1 att5d$ ) mu* pa91 & 9 a v %ort "t makes an es*> l a cau/ic4 ,! ,volatile ,_s1 obta9$ 9 ! decomposition ( ,sal ,ammoniac by a ,fix$ ,alkali1 d]ives its orig9 f ! ,phlegm conta9$ 9 ! sal9e matt]s t are mix$ toge!r on t occasion4 ,! moi/] ^? matt]s are1 ! m ,_s !re w be4 ,?is also is v active & p5etrat+4 ,b z x owes ^! qualities :olly to ! ,volatile ,salt dissolv$ 9 x1 ! m ( ?is ,_s comes (f1 ! less ,salt w !re be4 ,if y desire to h mu* ,volatile ,_s1 a quantity ( wat]1 proportion$ to ! quantity ( ,_s y want1 mu/ be mix$ ) ! ,salts4 ,9 ?is case ! di/illation beg9s ) a humid vap\r1 :i* coagulates on ! sides ( ! receiv] into a concrete ,salt1 almo/ z soon z x comes ov]4 ,!re rises aft]w>ds an aque\s vap\r1 n s sal9e or volatile z ! =m]4 ,?is liquor dissolves ! ,salt t 0 coagulat$ be=e2 &1 if ! wat] add$ 0 9 suffici5t quantity1 x w dissolve ! ,salt entirely2 o!rwise x w dissolve b a "p !re(1 & !n x is c]ta9 t ! liquor is a ,volatile ,_s z /rongly impregnat$ ) ,salt z x c be4 ,! reason :y ! liquor t rises fir/ conta9s a great deal m ,volatile ,salt ?an ! o!r1 9 s mu* t x coagulates & becomes solid1 is because ! ,volatile ,salt rises 9 di/illation mu* m easily ?an wat]4 ,9 :atev] mann] ! ,volatile ,_s or ,salt be di/ill$ f ,sal ,ammoniac1 by means ( a ,fix$ ,alkali1 we always f9d at ! bottom ( ! retort1 or cucurbit1 :5 ! op]ation is f9i%$1 a new ,neutral ,salt comp\nd$ ( ! ,acid ( ! ,sal ,ammoniac1 & ( ! ,alkali us$ 9 ! di/illation4 ,if ! ,salt ( ,t>t> be us$1 ?is new ,neutral ,salt w be p]fectly l t produc$ by comb9+ ?is ,alkali ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt1 to ! po9t ( saturation4 ,! figure ( ! cry/als ( ?is ,salt1 ?\gh mu* l t ( ! cry/als ( ,sea-salt1 is nev]!less a little diff]5t4 ,h[ev]1 ?is ,salt possesses ! *ief prop]ties ( ,sea-salt4 ,x be>s ! "n ( ,sal ,febrifugum ,sylvii1 because t ,physician attribut$ to x ! virtue ( cur+ int]mitt+ fev]s4 ,b its title to ?is virtue is v d\btful1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,if ! ,salt ( ,soda be us$1 in/ead ( ,salt ( ,t>t>1 to decomp\nd ,sal ,ammoniac1 a ,volatile ,_s & ,salt w 9 l mann] be obta9$2 & ! ,neutral ,salt left 9 ! retort1 aft] di/illation1 w be a true reg5]at$ ,sea-salt1 p]fectly l native ,sea-salt2 because1 z we h said be=e1 ! ,salt ( ,soda is ( ! same k9d ) ! natural basis ( ,sea-salt2 & ! inconsid]able diff]5ces1 obs]vable betwe5 ! ,sal ,febrifugum & ,sea-salt1 c be attribut$ only to su* z may be f\nd betwe5 ! ,alkal9e bases ( ^? two ,salts4 ,,process ,v4 ,sal ,ammoniac decomp\nd$ by ,absorb5t ,e>?s & ,lime4 ,! ,volatile ,_s ( ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,fix$ ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,oil ( ,lime4 ,let "o "p ( ,sal ,ammoniac1 & ?ree p>ts ( ,lime1 slak$ 9 ! air1 be pulv]iz$ sep>ately1 & exp$iti\sly mix$ toge!r4 ,put ?is mixture imm$iately into a glass retort1 s l>ge t half ( x may rema9 empty4 ,apply !reto a capaci\s receiv]1 ) a small hole 9 x to give v5t to ! vap\rs1 if ne$ful4 ,let y\r retort /& 9 ! furnace ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r1 )\t any fire "u x4 ,:ile x /&s ?us1 a great quantity ( invisible vap\rs w rise1 cond5se into drops1 & =m a liquor 9 ! receiv]4 ,!n put two or ?ree live coals 9 y\r furnace1 & gradually increase ! fire till no m liquor w rise4 ,n[ unlute y\r vessels1 tak+ all possible c>e to avoid ! vap\rs1 & quickly p\r ! liquor out ( ! receiv] into a bottle1 :i* y mu/ /op ) a cry/al /opple rubb$ ) em]y4 ,!re w rema91 at ! bottom ( ! retort1 a :ite mass1 consi/+ ( ! ,lime employ$ 9 ! di/illation1 toge!r ) ! ,acid ( ! ,sal ,ammoniac3 ?is is call$ ,fix$ ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,,obs]vations4 ,9 our ,elem5ts ( ! ,!ory1 we expla9$ h[ we imag9e t ,lime & o!r sub/ances1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,table1 h less aff9ity ?an ,volatile ,alkalis ) ,acids1 are nev]!less capable ( decomp\nd+ ,sal ,ammoniac1 by unit+ ) its ,acid1 aft] expell+ x f its basis1 :i* is a ,volatile ,alkali4 ,to recapitulate our op9ion 9 two words3 we conceive ?is to dep5d on ! fix$ness ( ^! e>?y & metallic additam5ts1 :i* enables !m to resi/ ! =ce ( fire1 & on ! volatility ( ! basis ( ,sal ,ammoniac1 :i* proves a great disadvantage to x :5 x comes to /ruggle1 z x 71 ) ^? fix$ additam5ts1 aid$ by a consid]able degree ( heat4 ,we %all only obs]ve1 t we are n s+ul> 9 ?is op9ion1 nor inde$ did we deliv] x z a new "o2 t sev]al mod]n ,*ymi/s concur ) u !re91 & p>ticul>ly ,mr4 ,b>on1 :om we h already m5tion$ m ?an once on ! subject ( ,borax2 & :o1 we ?9k1 0 ! fir/ t ev] took p>ticul> notice ( x 9 pr9t1 viz4 9 8 ,memoirs on ,borax1 communicat$ to ! ,academy be=e ! publication ( our ,elem5ts4 ,= ! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on1 !re=e1 we ref] to ^? ,memoirs1 :i* are actually publi%$1 & to :at we h already said on ! subject 9 our treatise above-m5tion$4 ,ano!r ph5om5on1 :i* is equally s+ul> & curi\s1 furni%es u ) matt] = sev]al reflections1 & gives u occasion to relate1 9 few words1 ! result ( ,mr4 ,duhamel's mo/ sagaci\s exp]im5ts & speculations t5d+ to discov] ! cause !re(4 ,! po9t "u consid]ation is ! diff]5t =ms & prop]ties :i* ! ,volatile ,alkali assumes1 :5 sep>at$ f ,sal ,ammoniac by ! means ( a ,fix$ ,alkali1 & by ! means ( ,lime4 ,we "k t ! =m] is always 9 a concrete =m1 unless ! mixture1 f :i* x is di/ill$1 be absolutely dr5*$ ) wat]2 & t ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 is always 9 a fluid =m1 & con/antly liquid1 :atev] me?od be tak5 to di/il x4 ,"s ,*ymi/s imag9e1 t ! ,volatile ,salt ( ,sal ,ammoniac appe>s 9 a concrete =m1 only because x /ill conta9s "s ,acid2 :5ce !y conclude t ! reason :y no concrete ,volatile ,salt c be obta9$ by ! means ( ,lime is1 because x absorbs all ! ,acid ( ! ,sal ,ammoniac2 :i* is n ! case1 !y say1 ) ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,o!rs impute ! con/ant fluidity ( ! ,volatile ,_s ( ,sal ,ammoniac1 obta9$ ) ,lime1 to ! p>ticles ( fire :i* !y suppose communicat$ !reto by t sub/ance4 ,mr4 ,duhamel equally refutes bo? ^! op9ions1 by prov+ f exp]im5ts t ,fix$ ,alkalis are capable ( absorb+ z mu* ,acid z ,lime c1 & ev5 m2 & t1 hav+ be5 calc9$ z long1 & ) z viol5t a fire1 z ,lime1 !y mu/ conta9 & communicate z _m p>ticles ( fire2 if inde$ x be possible t ! p>ticles ( fire %\ld actually be lodg$1 & cont9ue imprison$1 9 calc9$ sub/ances1 z ^! g5tlem5 suppose4 ,yet ?is is contr>y to exp]i5ce2 see+ ! ,volatile ,salt di/ill$ by ! means ( a ,fix$ ,alkali1 ?\gh ev] s long & ev] s viol5tly calc9$1 is always 9 a concrete =m1 & do? n resemble ! ,volatile ,_s ( ,sal ,ammoniac prep>$ ) ,lime4 ,9 ord] to ?r[ ! necess>y lights on ?is po9t1 ,mr4 ,duhamel _h rec\rse to ! only me?od t c be dep5d$ on 9 ,natural ,philosophy2 namely1 ,exp]im5ts4 ,he accord+ly made sev]al1 ( :i* ^! are ! *ief4 ,fir/1 he di/ill$ a ,volatile ,salt1 by ! means ( well desiccat$ ,salt ( ,t>t>1 & ,salt ( ,soda2 &1 urg+ ! fire ) great viol5ce t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation1 he ?us obta9$ a quantity ( ,volatile ,salt equal to1 or ev5 exce$+1 t ( ! ,sal ,ammoniac he us$3 :5ce he ju/ly conclud$ t1 on ?is occasion1 ! ,volatile ,salt c>ri$ up1 & volatiliz$ "s ( ! ,fix$ ,salt4 ,secondly1 he f\nd ^u trial t ! ,volatile ,_s1 obta9$ f ,sal ,ammoniac by ! means ( ,lime1 appe>s 9 ! =m ( a liquor1 only because x is mix$ ) "s wat] :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,lime4 ,( ?is tru? he _h ! foll[+ decisive pro(3 hav+ attempt$ to prep>e a ,volatile ,_s ( ,sal ,ammoniac ) ,lime1 :i* _h n be5 slak$1 ei!r 9 ! air or by wat]1 he c\ld n obta9 any ,volatile ,_s3 or1 at lea/1 ! quantity 0 s small t x might be reckon$ z no?+2 & ev5 t 0 :olly due to ! moi/ure :i* ,sal ,ammoniac necess>ily conta9s1 toge!r ) t :i* ,lime imbibes f ! air1 if ev] s little expos$ !reto4 ,f ^! two exp]im5ts ,mr4 ,duhamel draws ! foll[+ consequ5ces3 viz4 t ! ,volatile ,salt _c be sep>at$ f ! ,sal ,ammoniac & sublim$1 )\t c>ry+ along ) x "s ( ! additam5t :i* s]ves to extricate x2 or1 in/ead !re(1 "s o!r body ) :i* x is capable ( unit+3 t ,fix$ ,alkalis h ! prop]ty ( be+ ?us c>ri$ up by ! ,volatile ,alkali1 & sublim+ ) x3 t ! case is n ! same ) ,lime1 :i* !re=e _c1 :5 alone1 sep>ate & sublime ! ,volatile ,alkali ( ! ,sal ,ammoniac2 b becomes capable !re( :5 x ha? imbib$ any moi/ure1 :i* jo9s ) ! ,volatile ,salt1 & rises !re) 9 di/illation4 ,& h5ce x mu/ be conclud$1 t1 see+ ! ,volatile ,salt c>ries up ) x "s ( ! ,fix$ ,alkali1 by ! means ( :i* x is sep>at$1 x w be 9 a concrete =m2 :at x c>ries up along ) x be+ dry & solid3 :]eas1 :5 x is di/ill$ ) ,lime1 x _c b be liquid2 see+ x mu/ ne$s be dissolv$ by ! moi/ure x gets f ! ,lime1 )\t :i* x w\ld n rise4 ,b to :at mu/ we attribute ^! effects produc$ by ,lime1 s diff]5t f ^? produc$ by ,fix$ ,alkalis8 ,are !y ow+ to its quality ( ,lime8 or w\ld x produce ! same1 if x 7 only a m]e ,absorb5t ,e>?8 ,mr4 ,duhamel ha? answ]$ ?is "q by a ?ird sort ( exp]im5t4 ,he tri$ to decomp\nd ,sal ,ammoniac1 & to sep>ate its ,volatile ,alkali1 by a pure ,absorb5t ( ,e>?1 )\t mix+ any wat] ) x1 or calc9+ x4 ,= ?is purpose he made use ( ,*alk2 & 8 exp]im5t succe$$4 ,by means ( ?is additam5t he decomp\nd$ ,sal ,ammoniac1 & by ! exp]im5t obta9$ ! lights he want$4 ,! ,volatile ,alkali1 be+ extricat$ by ! dry b uncalc9$ ,*alk1 rose 9 a concrete =m1 z ) ,fix$ ,alkalis2 & 9 l mann] c>ri$ up ) x "s ( ! e>?y additam5t4 ,! same ,*alk :5 calc9$1 & conv]t$ into ,lime1 produc$ ! v effect ( ,lime on ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,x is !re=e f calc9ation alone t ,absorb5t ,e>?s d]ive ! prop]ty ( reta9+ ob/9ately ! ,volatile ,alkali1 & prev5t+ its sublimation by refus+ to rise ) x z ,fix$ ,alkalis d4 ,?\gh ^! +5i\s exp]im5ts evid5tly furni% u ) great lights1 = discov]+ ! cause ( ! solidity or fluidity ( ! ,volatile ,alkali1 :5 sep>at$ f ,sal ,ammoniac by diff]5t additam5ts1 z !y fully det]m9e sev]al prelim9>y que/ions imm$iately relat+ !reto2 yet !y /ill leave u1 9 "s measure1 at a loss ) reg>d to ! *ief po9t4 ,= we d n yet "k :y ,fix$ ,alkalis & ,absorb5t ,e>?s1 :i*1 9 all ,*ymical trials1 %ew t !y h c]ta9ly z mu* fixity z ,lime1 are c>ri$ up by ! ,volatile ,alkali1 :ile ,lime resi/s1 in/ead ( ris+ ) x z ^? o!r sub/ances d1 ob/9ately reta9s x1 & ev5 fixes x 9 "s measure1 s t x is impossible = x to sublime4 ,?is "q1 9 my op9ion1 dep5ds on ! !ory ( ,lime2 nor c we hope to resolve x 9 its full ext5t1 till we get a fur!r insight into ! nature ( t s+ul> sub/ance ?an we h at pres5t4 ,on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,duhamel ha? (f]$ "s conjectures1 f\nd$ on ! kn[n prop]ties ( ,lime1 & support$ by exp]im5ts4 ,lime1 says he1 is an e>? fre$ by calc9ation f almo/ all its humidity1 almo/ all its ,acid1 & all ! fat x conta9$2 :e!r t fat came f "s animal p>ts1 z is ! case ( ^? /ones :i* consi/ ( %ells2 or :e!r x 7 a bitum9\s fat1 z may happ5 to be ! case ) "s o!rs3 ?is sub/ance is )al acrid & fi]y2 x is v gre$y ( moi/ure1 & imbibes x :5 expos$ !reto4 ,x absorbs ,acids1 & reta9s !m /rongly2 &1 la/ly1 x unites ) fat matt]s1 & !re) makes a k9d ( soap4 ,all ^! prop]ties are v]ifi$ by exp]im5ts2 & !re=e ,mr4 ,duhamel ?9ks he ha? a "r to say1 t ,lime acts n only on ! ,acid ( ,sal ,ammoniac1 b also on ! fatty matt] :i* always accompanies ,volatile ,alkalis1 & is ess5tial to _! nature2 & !re=e x decomp\nds !m4 ,( ?is ,mr4 ,duhamel gives ! foll[+ conv9c+ pro(1 f\nd$ on exp]im5t4 ,he took "s ,volatile ,_s di/ill$ ) ,lime1 & ab/ract$ x sev]al times f a fre% p>cel ( ,quick-,lime4 ,! quantity ( ! ,_s dim9i%$ s5sibly e "t2 & ! ,lime 0 at la/ s replete ) fat1 t ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 :5 p\r$ !reon1 became v sulphure\s2 & moreov]1 :5 calc9$ 9 a crucible1 x emitt$ a v p]ceptible smell ( burnt grease4 ,inde$ ,fix$ ,alkalis are also capable ( absorb+ & reta9+ fat matt]s2 b n ne> s /rongly z ,lime3 because ^! ,salts are nev] entirely fre$ f t :i* !y conta9 orig9ally2 :]eas ,lime seems mu* poor]1 & absolutely void ( any oily matt]4 ,on ^! pr9ciples ,mr4 ,duhamel resolv$ to try if he c\ld n obta9 a ,volatile ,alkali 9 a concrete =m1 by di/ill+ ! ,volatile ,_s f ,lime1 br\ght ne>ly to ! condition ( a ,fix$ ,alkali1 by imbib+ a portion ( fat matt]4 ,) ?is view he di/ill$ a great quantity ( ,volatile ,_s f a little ,lime1 & actually obta9$ a small portion ( ,volatile ,salt2 because ! great quantity ( ,volatile ,_s _h1 9 "s measure1 saturat$ ! ,lime ) fat matt]4 ,mr4 ,duhamel tri$ also to br+ ,lime back to ! condition ( a pure ,absorb5t ,e>?1 to decalc9e x1 if ,i may use ! t]m2 9 ord] to try :e!r he c\ld n by ?is means make x produce ! same effect z ,*alk4 ,= ?is purpose he lixiviat$ "s ,lime f\r mon?s successively1 p\r+ e day fre% wat] on x1 & remov+ t ( ! prec$+ day1 toge!r ) ! cry/all9e cru/ :i* always =m$ on x2 & aft] leav+ ?is ,lime two ye>s 9 ! %ade1 he appli$ x to ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,x produc$ a mod]ate quantity ( ,volatile ,salt1 :i* 0 v transp>5t1 & seem$ to be cry/alliz$ 9 cubes4 ,?us we see ,lime r5d]$ v l ,*alk4 ,yet x 0 pretty acrid on ! tongue1 & ! ,volatile ,salt1 obta9$ by its means1 0 m dispos$ to run into a liquid ?an t sep>at$ by ,*alk3 :i* %ews t ?is ,lime /ill reta9$ "s "p ( its =m] "*1 & t its trans=mation 0 n complete4 ,to conclude :at relates to ! ,volatile ,alkali ( ,sal ,ammoniac1 x only rema9s t we say a ^w or two ( t portion ( ! e>?y or sal9e additam5t1 :i*1 ?\gh fix$ 9 its nature1 sublimes nev]!less ) ! ,volatile ,alkali1 & gives x a concrete =m4 ,mr4 ,duhamel1 :o1 9 e subject t he h&les1 omits no?+ wor?y ( att5tion1 made sev]al o!r exp]im5ts1 ) a view to discov] :e!r or no ! ,salt ( ,t>t>1 & ! ,*alk1 c>ri$ up by ! ,volatile ,alkali1 be truly volatiliz$2 & :e!r or no !re be su* a /rict union contract$1 betwe5 ! ,ur9\s ,salt & ^! fix$ sub/ances1 t ! :ole results 9 :at is call$ a ,concrete ,volatile ,salt2 or if ^? fix$ sub/ances be unit$ b sup]ficially ) ! ,ur9\s ,salt1 :i* only c>ries !m up along ) itself 9 sublimation1 z ,sal ,ammoniac c>ries up sev]al v fix$ metallic matt]s4 ,! result ( ! exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,duhamel = ?is purpose is1 t ! fix$ sub/ances c>ri$ up by ! ,volatile ,alkali ( ! ,sal ,ammoniac are actually volatiliz$2 t !y make1 z x 71 "o :ole ) x2 & are s closely comb9$ !re)1 t almo/ all ! mo/ efficaci\s means ( sep>at+ fix$ f volatile matt]s are unsuccessful ) reg>d !reto4 ,no?+1 = in/ance1 is fitt] to sep>ate a volatile sub/ance f a fix$ "o1 ?an to mix ! comp\nd ) a great quantity ( wat]1 & to di/il ! :ole1 ) su* a degree ( heat z %all be exactly suffici5t to elevate ! volatile "p4 ,9 ?is mann] ,mr4 ,duhamel treat$ ,volatile ,alkalis replete ) ,fix$ ,salt1 & ) ,*alk3 b ?\gh he appli$ no m ?an ! g5tle/ degree ( heat2 nay1 expos$ 8 mixture to ! air only1 fe>+ le/ he %\ld make ! heat too /rong if he us$ fire2 yet ! fix$ "p1 :i* ! ,volatile ,salt _h c>ri$ up ) x1 cont9u$ /ill unit$ !re)2 s t ! :ole pass$ ov] 9 di/illation1 or 0 dissipat$ by evaporation1 )\t leav+ any ?+ fix$ at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,he also ju/ly look$ on ,acids z an effectual means ( procur+ ! sep>ation1 or decomposition1 he 0 9 que/ (4 ,we "k t1 ) ! ,volatile ,alkali1 !y =m ,ammoniacal ,salts1 :i*1 ?\gh !y are n s light z ! ,volatile ,alkali1 sublime nev]!less ) a mod]ate heat2 & t1 on ! contr>y1 ! same ,acids ) ,fix$ ,alkalis1 or ,absorb5t ,e>?s1 =m ,neutral ,salts1 :i* resi/ ! viol5ce ( fire4 ,on ?is pr9ciple ,mr4 ,duhamel p\r$ ,acids1 to ! po9t ( saturation1 ^u ,volatile ,alkalis conta9+ mu* ,fix$ ,alkali1 or ,*alk4 ,b ?is exp]im5t succe$$ no bett] ?an ! =ego+2 = ! mixture be+ put to di/il1 sublim$ :olly 9 ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,inde$ a little fix$ matt] 0 left at ! bottom ( ! retort2 b ! quantity !re( 0 too small to m]it notice4 ,at la/1 ! only way ,mr4 ,duhamel c\ld ?9k (1 = sep>at+1 f a ,concrete ,volatile ,alkali1 ! fix$ p>ts :i* t ,salt _h r5d]$ ,volatile1 0 to expose x to ! air1 cov]$ ) a piece ( gauze only2 b 9 its dry /ate1 )\t dissolv+ x 9 wat]4 ,! ,volatile ,ur9\s ,salt 0 by ?is means dissipat$2 hav+ des]t$ ! fix$ "p1 :i* rema9$ at ! bottom ( ! bason1 &1 be+ expos$ to ! fire1 reta9$ its fix$ nature4 ,b x took m ?an a ye> to effect ?is sep>ation2 nor are we sure t x 0 complete2 = x is n c]ta9 t all ! fix$ "p 0 left beh9d1 & t "s ( x 0 n dissipat$ ) ! ,volatile ,ur9\s ,salt4 ,?is volatilization1 ?is k9d ( metamorphosis ( a ,fix$ ,alkali & an ,absorb5t ,e>? into a ,volatile ,alkali1 is a v curi\s ph5om5on1 & des]ves to be consid]$ by ! be/ ,*ymi/s4 ,we %all f9i% our obs]vations on ! decomposition ( ,sal ,ammoniac by ,lime1 ) "s reflections on ! nature ( ! caput mortuum t rema9s aft] ?is di/illation4 ,?is residuum is only ,lime impregnat$1 b n saturat$1 ) ! ,acid ( ,sea-salt4 ,if ! di/illation be urg$ at la/ ) a viol5t fire1 ! caput mortuum w be f\nd =m$ into a mass1 seem+ to h be5 half-melt$4 ,?is matt] is a k9d ( ,phosphorus1 & emits light 9 ! d>k1 :5 /ruck ) any h>d body4 ,mr4 ,homb]g 0 ! fir/ :o discov]$ x to h ?is prop]ty4 ,hav+ calc9$1 & melt$ toge!r 9 a crucible1 "o "p ( ,sal ,ammoniac & two p>ts ( ,lime1 ) a design to fix t ,salt1 he obs]v$ ! mass rema9+ aft] ! fusion to h ! prop]ty j m5tion$4 ,lime1 ?us impregnat$ ) ! ,acid ( ,sal ,ammoniac1 is v improp]ly call$ by ! "n ( ,fix$ ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,?is comp\nd attracts ! moi/ure ( ! air1 & ev5 runs :olly into a liquid1 if x be impregnat$ ) mu* ,acid4 ,x ha? almo/ all ! prop]ties ( ,fix$ ,alkalis4 ,?is liquid is call$ ,oil ( ,lime1 = ! same reason t deliquat$ ,salt ( ,t>t> is call$ ,oil ( ,t>t>4 ,,process ,,vi4 ,volatile ,alkalis comb9$ ) ,oily matt]s4 ,a ,volatile ,oily ,aromatic ,salt4 ,pulv]ise & mix toge!r equal p>ts ( ,sal ,ammoniac & ,salt ( ,t>t>3 put ! mixture into a glass or /one cucurbit3 p\r on x good ,_s ( ,w9e1 till x rise half an in* above ! matt]4 ,mix ! :ole ) a wood5 spatula2 apply a head & a receiv]1 & di/il 9 a s&-ba?1 g5tly heat$1 = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,a ,volatile ,salt w rise into ! head2 & !n ! ,_s ( ,w9e w di/il into ! receiv]1 c>ry+ ) x a portion ( ! ,volatile ,salt4 ,:5 no?+ m w come ov]1 let y\r vessels cool2 !n unlute !m1 sep>ate ! ,volatile ,salt1 & weigh x directly4 ,return x into a glass cucurbit1 & = e ounce !re( add a dram & a half ( ,ess5tial ,oil1 drawn f "o or m sorts ( aromatic plants4 ,/ir ! :ole ) a wood5 spatula1 t ! ,ess5ce may incorporate ?or\ghly ) ! ,volatile ,salt4 ,cov] ! cucurbit ) a head1 fit on a receiv]1 &1 hav+ lut$ x exactly1 di/il 9 a s&-ba?1 z be=e1 ) a v g5tle heat4 ,all ! ,volatile ,salt w rise1 & /ick to ! head4 ,let ! fire g out1 & :5 ! vessels are cool$ take y\r ,salt out ( ! head4 ,x w h an od\r comp\nd$ ( its own prop] smell1 & ! smell ( ! ,ess5ce ) :i* x is comb9$4 ,?is is an ,aromatic ,oily ,salt4 ,put x into a bottle /opp$ close ) a cry/al /opple4 ,,obs]vations4 ,! design ( ?is op]ation is to incorporate & unite an ,oil ) a ,volatile ,alkali4 ,_s ( ,w9e is add$ 9 ! di/illation ( ! ,volatile ,salt1 int5d$ = ?is purpose1 9 ord] to prep>e x = receiv+ ! ,oil1 & comb9+ m easily !re)4 ,?is ,salt ha? ! prop]ty1 z 0 %ewn 9 ! prec$+ op]ation1 to c>ry up ) x "p ( ! sub/ances ) :i* x is di/ill$4 ,on ?is occasion !re=e1 x is impregnat$ ) a little ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e2 & ?is ,_s1 :i* conta9s 9 itself an oily matt]1 & is ! solv5t ( ,oils1 _c fail to facilitate ! union ( ! ,oil ) ! ,volatile ,salt1 z x s]ves = a m$ium betwe5 !m4 ,yet x mu/ n be consid]$ z a necess>y "o4 ,a ,volatile ,salt1 sublim$ ) ,salt ( ,t>t> alone1 w\ld also v readily take up any ,oil ) :i* x %\ld be di/ill$4 ,we h se5 t ,volatile ,alkalis are orig9ally impregnat$ ) mu* ,oil1 :i* is radically dissolv$ 9 !m2 & consequ5tly !y h a great aff9ity ) t sub/ance4 ,s t if we di/il !m ) ,_s ( ,w9e1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is op]ation1 we d x n out ( any necessity1 b only ) a view to accel]ate or facilitate ! int5d$ union4 ,9 ?is di/illation ! ,volatile ,alkali always rises fir/1 & be=e ! ,_s ( ,w9e2 :i* proves t x is mu* m volatile1 ?\gh x be m pond]\s ?an ! ,_s4 ,if ! ,_s ( ,w9e us$ 9 ?is di/illation be v aque\s1 x w dissolve ! ,salt z x comes ov]1 & w r$uce x into a ,_s3 b if1 on ! contr>y1 x be well dephlegmat$1 ! ,volatile ,alkali w rema9 9 a concrete =m1 & w n be dissolv$ 9 ?is fir/ di/illation4 ,if y desire to h ! ,volatile ,salt entirely dissolv$ 9 ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 ?\gh highly dephlegmat$1 x mu/ be repeat$ly di/ill$ a great numb] ( times ) ! same ,_s ( ,w9e3 =1 ?\gh ! small quantity ( ,_s ( ,w9e1 ) :i* x unites 9 ! fir/ di/illation1 be n capable ( r$uc+ x into a liquid1 yet1 z x takes up m & m e "t x is di/ill$1 x dissolves at la/1 & !n ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e =ms a fluid t appe>s p]fectly homog5e\s4 ,! ,volatile ,alkali is n[ r5d]$ consid]ably mild] by ! union ?us contract$1 & is accord+ly call$ ! ,dulcifi$ ,volatile ,_s ( ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,:5 well dephlegmat$ ,_s ( ,w9e is mix$ ) a ,volatile ,_s ( ,sal ,ammoniac1 p]fectly saturat$ ) ,volatile ,salt1 ^! two liquors toge!r imm$iately =m a :ite opaque coagulum4 ,b = ?is purpose y mu/ n use a ,volatile ,_s di/ill$ ) ,lime2 = !n ! exp]im5t w n succe$4 ,?is coagulum does n seem to be ! effect ( an intimate union betwe5 ! two sub/ances mix$ toge!r1 l t :i* results f ! union ( a ,fix$ ,alkali ) an ,oil4 ,x ha? j n[ be5 %ewn t ,_s ( ,w9e & a ,volatile ,alkali d n readily unite toge!r4 ,i believe ! effect r dep5ds on ?is1 t ,_s ( ,w9e ha? a great] aff9ity ?an ! ,volatile ,salt ) wat]2 & !re=e ! ,_s1 :i* ought to be p]fectly dephlegmat$1 attracts ! wat] :]e9 ! ,volatile ,salt 0 dissolv$1 :i* !reupon recov]s its concrete =m2 & be+ at t "t mix$ ) ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 x keeps t ,_s lock$ up among its p>ts1 & h9d]s x f appe>+ ) its natural fluidity4 ,:at confirms ?is notion is1 t ! coagulum1 :i* at fir/ seems to make b "o :ole1 soon sep>ates into two p>ts1 :]e( "o1 :i* is solid1 & no?+ b ! ,volatile ,salt concret$1 lies at ! bottom ( ! vessel2 & ! o!r1 :i* is fluid1 _c be mi/ak5 = any ?+ b ! ,_s ( ,w9e1 :i*1 be+ dis5gag$ f ! p>ticles ( ,salt1 recov]s ! =m ( a liquid1 &1 be+ ! lighte/1 floats ov] ! ,salt4 ,yet ^! two sub/ances1 ?\gh n[ v di/9ct f ea* o!r1 are n s pure z be=e !y 7 mix$ toge!r4 ,! ,_s ( ,w9e ha? dissolv$ a little ( ! ,volatile ,salt2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,volatile ,salt reta9s a little ( ! ,_s ( ,w9e4 ,!y may inde$ be p]fectly unit$ & bl5d$ ) ea* o!r1 by ! me?od above deliv]$2 t is1 by be+ frequ5tly di/ill$ & cohobat$ toge!r1 till !y =m "o mixt2 b !n t mixt w be 9 a liquid =m4 ,! fir/ "t ?is mixture is di/ill$1 a great deal ( ,volatile ,salt rises fir/1 :i* is v fit to unite ) an ,ess5tial ,oil1 & s to become a ,volatile ,oily ,aromatic ,salt4 ,,! ,,end4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,v4 & ,,vi4 ,,ge(froy',s ,,table ( ! ,,comp>ative ,,aff9ities obs]v$ betwe5 sundry sub/ances4 ,i4 ,acid ,spirits ,fix$ ,alkali ,volatile ,alkali ,absorb5t ,e>?s ,metallic ,sub/ances ,,ii4 ,m>9e ,acid ,t9 ,regulus ( ,antimony ,copp] ,silv] ,m]cury ,gold ,,iii4 ,nitr\s ,acid ,iron ,copp] ,lead ,m]cury ,silv] ,,iv4 ,vitriolic ,acid ,phlogi/on ,fix$ ,alkali ,volatile ,alkali ,absorb5t ,e>?s ,iron ,copp] ,silv] ,v4 ,absorb5t ,e>?s ,vitriolic ,acid ,nitr\s ,acid ,m>9e ,acid ,,vi4 ,fix$ ,alkali ,vitriolic ,acid ,nitr\s ,acid ,m>9e ,acid ,_s ( ,v9eg> ,sulphur ,,vii4 ,volatile ,alkali ,vitriolic ,acid ,nitr\s ,acid ,m>9e ,acid ,,viii4 ,metallic ,sub/ances ,m>9e ,acid ,vitriolic ,acid ,nitr\s ,acid ,,ix4 ,sulphur ,fix$ ,alkali ,iron ,copp] ,lead ,silv] ,regulus ( ,antimony ,m]cury ,gold ,x4 ,m]cury ,gold ,silv] ,lead ,copp] ,z9c ,regulus ( ,antimony ,,xi4 ,lead ,silv] ,copp] ,,xii4 ,copp] ,m]cury ,calom9e ,,xiii4 ,silv] ,lead ,copp] ,,xiv4 ,iron ,regulus ( ,antimony ,silv]1 ,copp]1 ,lead ,,xv4 ,regulus ( ,antimony ,iron ,silv]1 ,copp]1 ,lead ,,xvi4 ,wat] ,ard5t ,spirits ,neutral ,salts ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,plates4 ,,plate ,,fir/4 ,,fig4 ,i4 ,a ,copp] ,alembic4 ,a4 ,! ,cucurbit or ,body4 ,b4 ,! ,neck4 ,c4 ,! ,head4 ,d4 ,! ,beak1 ,nose1 or ,sp\t4 ,e4 ,! ,refrig]atory1 or ,cool]4 ,f4 ,its ,cock4 ,g4 ,! ,receiv]4 ,,fig4 ,,ii4 ,a ,glass ,alembic4 ,a4 ,! ,cucurbit4 ,b4 ,! ,head4 ,c4 ,! ,gutt] )9 ! ,head4 ,d4 ,! ,beak4 ,,fig4 ,,iii4 ,a long-neck$ ,glass ,alembic4 ,a4 ,! ,body ( ! ,matrass4 ,b4 ,! ,neck4 ,c4 ,! ,head4 ,,plate ,,second4 ,,fig4 ,i4 ,a ,glass ,alembic ( "o piece4 ,a4 ,! ,cucurbit4 ,b4 ,! ,head4 ,c4 ,! ,ap]ture 9 ! ,head4 ,d4 ,its ,/opple4 ,e4 ,! ,m\? ( ! ,cucurbit4 ,,fig4 ,,ii4 ,a ,pelican4 ,a4 ,! ,cucurbit4 ,b4 ,! ,head4 ,c4 ,! ,ap]ture 9 ! ,head1 ) its ,/opple4 ,d4 ,d4 ,! two curv$ ,sp\ts4 ,,fig4 ,,iii4 ,a ,r[ ( ,aludels4 ,,fig4 ,,iv4 ,a ,retort4 ,a4 ,its ,b[l4 ,b4 ,its ,neck4 ,,fig4 ,v4 ,an ,engli% ,retort4 ,,plate ,,?ird4 ,,fig4 ,i4 ,a ,rev]b]at+ ,furnace4 ,a4 ,! ,a%-hole ,door4 ,b4 ,! ,fire-place ,door4 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 ,regi/]s4 ,d4 ,! ,dome1 or ,rev]b]atory4 ,e4 ,! ,conical ,funnel4 ,f4 ,! ,retort 9 ! ,furnace4 ,g4 ,! ,receiv]4 ,h4 ,h4 ,iron ,b>s to su/a9 ! ,retort4 ,,fig4 ,,ii4 ,! ,conical ,funnel by itself4 ,,fig4 ,,iii4 ,back ,view ( a ,muffle4 ,a4 ,! bottom ( ! ,muffle4 ,b4 ,its ,ar*4 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 ,lat]al ap]tures4 ,,fig4 ,,iv4 ,=e-,view ( a ,muffle4 ,,fig4 ,v4 ,a ,melt+ ,furnace4 ,a4 ,a4 ,! ,base ( ! ,furnace4 ,b4 ,! ,a%-hole4 ,c4 ,d4 ,! ,grate = ! ,fire4 ,e4 ,! ,fire-place4 ,f4 ,g4 ,h4 ,curvature ( ! inside ( ! upp] "p ( ! ,fire-place4 ,i4 ,! ,%aft or ,*imney4 ,,plate ,,f\r?4 ,a ,cupell+ ,furnace4 ,a4 ,! ,a%-hole4 ,b4 ,b4 ,its slid+ ,doors4 ,c4 ,! ,fire-place4 ,d4 ,d4 ,its slid+ ,doors4 ,e4 ,f4 ,small ap]tures 9 ! ,slid]s4 ,g4 ,g4 ,holes = ,b>s to be> ! ,muffles4 ,h4 ,h4 ,h4 ,iron braces 9 ! =e-"p ( ! ,furnace1 :i* =m grooves = ! ,doors ( ! ,fire-place & ,a%-hole to slide 94 ,i4 ,! upp] pyramidal "p ( ! ,furnace4 ,k4 ,an ap]ture !re9 = manag+ ! ,coals4 ,l4 ,! op5+ at top4 ,m4 ,! ,pyramidal ,cov]4 ,n4 ,! ,*imney or end ( ! ,%aft1 on :i* ! conical ,funnel may be fitt$4 ,o4 ,o4 ,o4 ,o4 ,h&les = mov+ ! slid+ ,doors4 ,p4 ,p4 ,e>s ( ! ,pyramidal ,cov]4 ,n4 ,b4 ,! ,furnaces1 z repres5t$ 9 ! two la/ ,plates1 are n 9 due proportion to ea* o!r4 ,! ,cupell+ ,furnace is mu* l>g] ?an x %\ld be1 ) respect to ! ,melt+ ,furnace4 ,^! dim5sions are "h giv5 x1 only t all its p>ts might be m di/9ctly express$1 ?an c\ld h be5 done if we _h made x less4 ,,index4 ,a ,absorb5t ,e>?s1 ,pag4 #e1 #eab ,acet\s ,f]m5tation1 #ij1 #ecf1 #eci ,acids 9 g5]al1 #ac ! ,univ]sal1 or ,vitriolic1 #ai1 #agb ! ,nitr\s1 #ab1 #agj ! ,m>9e1 #be1 #bac ! ,vegetable1 #ij1 #ddj ! ,animal1 #ajg1 #egh ,acids dulcifi$1 #hg ,adopt]s1 #acb !r1 #hh1 #dib1 #eja ?iops ,m9]al1 #fa1 #cjd ( ,antimony1 #fc ,aff9ities betwe5 ,bodies 9 g5]al1 #i ( ,acids 9 g5]al1 #aba ( ! ,m>9e ,acid1 #abb ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 #abc ( ! ,vitriolic ,acid1 ib4 ( ,absorb5t ,e>?s1 ib4 ( ,fix$ ,alkalis1 ib4 ( ,volatile ,alkalis1 #abd ( ,metallic ,sub/ances1 ib4 ( ,sulphur1 ib4 ( ,m]cury1 ib4 ( ,lead1 #abe ( ,copp]1 ib4 ( ,silv]1 ib4 ( ,iron1 ib4 ( ,regulus ( ,antimony1 ib4 ( ,wat]1 ib4 ( ,_s ( ,w9e1 ib4 ,air1 #b f ,guaiacum-,wood1 #ddj f ,t>t>1 #eaf ,alembics ( ,metal1 #abh ,alembics ( ,glass1 #abi tubulat$1 ib4 ,alg>o?1 ,pulvis1 #cdb ,alkalis1 #ad ,fix$1 #ad1 #ajf1 #ddh1 #ddi f ,sea-salt1 #bf f m>itime plants1 #ajf f burnt vegetables1 #ddh f ,nitre1 #ahg f ,t>t>1 #eae f ,w9e-lees1 #eag made m ,cau/ic by quick-lime1 #cf1 #dee ,volatile1 #ih1 #ajg1 #ddf1 #eii1 #fji f plants ) cruci=m fl[]s1 #dde ,alkohol1 #hh1 #dhd ,aludels1 #acj ,alum1 #ai1 #afe ,roman1 #afg ,amalgams1 #ei1 #bcc ,amb]1 #aai1 #dfg ,ammoniacal ,salts1 #ih ,analysis1 ,*ymical1 #aja ( ,vegetables1 #ajb ( ,animals1 #ajf ( ,m9]als1 #ajh ( ,guaiacum ,wood1 #ddj ( ,mu/>d-se$1 #dde ( ,wood-soot1 #deg ( ,turp5t9e1 #dfj ( ,b5zo91 #dfc ( ,amb]1 #dfg ( ,bees-,wax1 #dgb ( ,honey1 #dgd ( ,gum-,arabic1 #dgf ( ,w9e1 #dhj ( ,_s ( ,w9e1 #dhf ( ,t>t>1 #ead ( ,v9eg>1 #edb ( ,putrid ,vegetables1 #eei ( ,butt]1 #eff ( ,*eese1 #efi ( ,:ey1 #ega ( ,bullock's ,blood1 #egd ( ,beef1 #ehj ( ,ox-bones1 #ehc ( ,mutton-,suet1 #ehd ( ,pullet's ,eggs1 #ehf ( ,human ,excrem5t1 #ehh ,ur9e1 #eif ,animals1 #ajf1 #egd ,anodyne ,m9]al ,liquor1 #ejj ,antimony1 ,crude1 #fe1 #aaf1 #bcd1 #cae1 #cce1 #cci ,diaphoretic1 #fg1 #cbf unwa%$1 #cbi ,aqua ,=tis1 #bd1 #db purifi$1 #dc blue1 #cgg ,aqua ,phag$5ica1 #cab ,aqua ,regis1 #ch1 #db1 #bag1 #bbg ,aquila ,alba1 #fa1 #cab ,arcanum ,duplicatum1 #ai ,corrall9um1 #fj1 #cjh ,ard5t ,spirits1 #he1 #dha ,aromatic /rong ,wat]s1 #ead ,oily ,volatile ,salt1 #fbj ,ars5ic1 #gb1 #aah ,fix$1 #cha ,assay1 p>t+1 #db1 #bej ,a%-hole1 #acd ,aurum ,fulm9ans1 #ch1 #ci1 #bbi r$uc$1 #ch1 #ci1 #bcj ,b ,ballons1 #acb ,balneum ,m>i1 #acc ,balsams1 #ha1 #dfj ( ,sulphur1 #dcd ,b> iron1 #dh ,basis ( ,sea-,salt1 #bf ( ,nitre1 #ahe ,ba?s1 ,wat]1 ,vap\r1 ,s&1 #acc ,beak ( an ,alembic1 #abh ,bee's-wax1 #dgb ,bell-metal1 #ec ,b5jam91 or ,b5zo91 #dfc ,bezo> ,m9]al1 #fd1 #cdc ,bezo>tic ,_s ( ,nitre1 ib4 ,bile1 #ajh ,bismu?1 #fi1 #aag1 #cej ,bitum5s1 ,native1 #gi1 #aai1 #dfg ,artificial1 #dic1 #eac ,black ,copp]1 #bfc1 #bfd ,flux1 #bda ,bl9d ,head1 #acj ,blood1 #ajh1 #egd ,blue ,aqua ,=tis1 #cgg ,enamel1 #cga ,p[d]1 ib4 ,vitriol1 #df1 #aaa1 #bhf ,boles1 #afi ,bones1 #ehc ,borax1 #bg1 #bah1 #ebd ,br&y1 #he1 #dhc ,brass1 #ga1 #ceb ,brew+ ,malt liquor1 #dgi ,bronze1 #ec ,burnt ,alum1 #ai ,butt] ( ,antimony1 #fd1 #cch ,lun>1 #cda ( ,bee's-wax1 #dgb ( ,cacao1 #daj1 #dgc ( ,milk1 #efd1 #eff1 #efh ,c ,cadmia ,=nacum1 #ga1 #ceh ,calam9e1 or ,lapis ,calam9>is1 #ga1 #aah1 #ceg ,calc9ation1 #bi1 #cj1 #cf1 #aag ,calx ( ,antimony1 #fc1 #cba r$uc$1 #cbc vitrifi$1 #ccj ( ,ars5ic1 #cfg ( ,bismu?1 #fi ( ,copp]1 #bfg ( ,lead1 #bib ,calx ( ,t91 #eb1 #bhj ( ,z9c1 #cfa ,camphor1 ,native1 #dfe ,factiti\s1 #dff ,caput mortuum1 #aje ,c>at1 #ee ,cau/ic ,/one1 common ,cau/ic1 or pot5tial ,caut]y1 #cc1 #dee ,cem5tation1 #dh1 #beh ,c5dre ,gravele1 #eag ,c]use1 #ib1 #eec ,*alybeat$ ,t>t>1 #ie1 #ebh ,soluble1 #id1 #ebh ,*>coal1 #h1 #gg1 #ddi ,*eese1 #efb ,*urn+1 #efd ,*yle1 #ajh1 #cic1 #efc ,*ymical ,decomposition1 #aja ,vessels1 #abf ,furnaces1 #acc ,*ymi/ry1 its ,object1 #a ,c9ab>1 #fb1 #aaf1 #bih1 #cjf ( ,antimony1 #fi1 #cch ,clyssus ( ,antimony1 #ccj ( ,nitre1 #ahi ,coal1 #h1 #gg1 #ddi ,cobalt1 #aai1 #cfg ,cohobation1 #acj ,colco?>1 #agd its ,salt1 ib4 ,colophony1 #dfb ,comb9ation ( ,m]cury ) ,sulphur1 #cjf ) ! ,m>9e ,acid1 #cjh ( ,regulus ( ,antimony ) ! ,m>9e ,acid1 #cch ( ,z9c ) ,copp]1 #cfa ( ,fat ,oils ) ,acids1 #cih ) ,fix$ ,alkalis1 #djj ) ,sulphur1 #dje ) ,lead1 #djf ( ,ess5tial ,oils ) ,sulphur1 #dcd ) ,fix$ ,alkalis1 #dch ( ,_s ( ,w9e ) ! vitriolic ,acid1 #dib ) ,_s ( ,nitre1 #ejc ) ! ,m>9e ,acid1 #ejh ( ,cry/al ( ,t>t> ) ,absorb5t ,e>?s1 #eai ( ,cry/al ( ,t>t> ) ,fix$ ,alkalis1 #ebd ) ,iron1 #ebh ) ,regulus ( ,antimony1 #ecd ( ,v9eg> ) ,alkalis1 #edg ) ,copp]1 #eej ) ,lead1 #eeb ( a ,volatile ,alkali ) ,acids1 #fjb ) oily ,matt]s1 #fah ,combu/ion1 its effect on ,vegetables1 #ddh ,cond5sation ( ,air1 #c ,cool] ( an ,alembic1 #abi ,copp]1 #dd1 #aac1 #bdg1 #bec1 #bfb1 #bhi sep>at$ f ,iron1 #ef f ,lead1 ib4 ,black1 #bfc ,copp]as1 or ,gre5 ,vitriol1 #di1 #afj ,corrosive ,sublimate1 #fa1 #cjh ,cream1 ( ,milk1 #efb ( ,t>t>1 #ic1 #eag ,cremor ,calcis1 #cj1 #ebj ,crocus ,m>tis1 #di1 #bgf ,ap]i5s1 #ea1 #bgg ,a/r+5s1 ib4 ,metallorum1 #ff1 #cbf ,crucibles1 #acb ,cruci=m fl[]$ ,plants1 #dde ,cry/allization1 #af ,cry/als ( ,antimony1 #ccf ( ,ars5ic1 #gb1 #cgg ( ,bismu?1 #bec ( ,silv]1 #dj1 #bed ( ,t>t>1 #ic1 #eag ( ,lead1 #ib1 #big ( ,m]cury1 #cjg ( ,v5us1 or ,copp]1 #eej ,cucurbit1 #abh ,cupel1 #ee1 #bdc ,cupell+1 #bdc ,curd1 #ef1 #efi ,d ,decoction1 #daj1 #dai ,decomposition1 ,*ymical1 #aja ( ,sulphur by burn+ x1 #agf ( vitriolat$ ,t>t> by means ( ! ,phlogi/on1 #agi ( ,nitre by means ( ! ,phlogi/on1 #ahf ( ! vitriolic ,acid1 #aia ( ,ars5ic1 #cgg ( ,sea-salt by means ( ! ,phlogi/on1 #aig ( ! vitriolic ,acid1 #baa ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid1 #bag ( ,borax by means ( ,acids1 #bah ( ,butt] ( ,antimony by means ( ,wat]1 #cdb ( ,fat ,oils comb9$ ) ,acids1 #cih ) ,fix$ ,alkalis1 #djj ) ,lead1 #djf ( ,ess5tial ,oils comb9$ ) ,sulphur1 #dcd ) ,fix$ ,alkalis1 #dch ( ,_s ( ,w9e comb9$ ) ! vitriolic ,acid1 #dib ( ,soluble ,t>t>s1 #ie1 #ebf ( ,reg5]at$ ,t>t>1 #edg ( ,salt ( ,coral1 ,crab's eyes1 ,pe>l1 c41 #edi ( ,v]degris1 #eej ( ,salt or ,sug> ( ,lead1 #eee ( ,sal ,ammoniac by ,acids1 #fjg by ,fix$ ,alkalis1 #fjh by ,absorb5t ,e>?s & ,lime1 #faa ,decrepitation1 #bg ,deliquium1 #ab ,diaphoretic ,antimony1 or ,m9]al1 #fe1 #fg1 #cbf ,unwa%$1 #cbi ,dissolution ( ,metals1 #ce ,di/illation1 #aja p] desc5sum1 #abg1 #dai p] asc5sum1 #abh p] latus1 #aca ,di/ill$ ,v]degris1 #eej ,v9eg>1 #ia ,dome ( a ,furnace1 #ace ,dry way ( p>t+ ,metals1 #db ,dry+ v>ni%1 #hg ,dulcifi$ ,acids1 ib4 ,volatile ,_s ( ,sal ,ammoniac1 #fbj ,e ,e>?1 #d fusible or vitrifiable1 #e1 #bi unfusible or unvitrifiable1 ib4 absorb5t1 #e calc9able & uncalc9able1 #bi ,eggs analyz$1 #ehf ,ela/icity ( air1 #c ,elem5ts ( ,bodies1 #b ,elixirs1 #eab ,emetic ,t>t>1 #ie1 #cbf1 #cca1 #ecd ,w9e1 #cbf1 #cca ,empyreumatic ,oils1 #hb ,emulsion2 vegetable1 #ajd1 #cib ,animal1 #efc1 #ehg ,enamel1 #eb ,blue1 #cga ,ens ,v5]is1 #fjg ,epsom ,salt1 #aif ,ess5tial ,oils1 see ,oils4 ,ess5tial ,salts1 #ajc1 #chg ( ,v9eg>1 #ede ( ,w9e1 #ajc ( ,fle%1 #ehb ,express$ ,juices1 ( ,plants1 #ajc1 #chc ( ,animals1 #ajf ,express$ ,oils1 #ajc1 #chf1 #chg ,extracts1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #dai by ,triture1 #chi ,f ,falsification ( ,ess5tial ,oils1 #dbe ,fat1 ,animal1 #ajg1 #ehd ,fat ,oils by expression1 #ajc1 #chf by decoction1 #daj att5uat$1 #cie ,fat ,lute1 #adh ,febrifuge ( ,sylvius1 #fjh ,f]m5t1 or ,ye/1 #dha ,f]m5tation1 #hc ,v9\s or ,spiritu\s1 #hc1 #dgh1 #dha *eck$1 #dha ,acet\s1 #hc1 #hg1 #ij1 #ecf ,putrefactive1 #hc1 #eeg ,fetid or empyreumatic ,oils1 #hb ,fire1 elem5t (1 #e h[ appli$1 #acd nak$1 ib4 ,fire-place1 ( a ,furnace1 ib4 ,fix$ ,nitre1 #bc ,sulphur ( ,antimony1 #fh1 #cbi ,sal ,ammoniac1 #fah ,ars5ic1 #cha ,fle% analyz$1 #ehj ,fl9ts1 #bi ,fl[]s1 #acj ( ,antimony1 #fc1 #cdg ( ,regulus ( ,antimony1 #cdh ( ,sulphur1 #bj ( ,z9c1 #gj1 #cei ( ,b5zo91 #dfc ( ,sal ,ammoniac1 #fjf ,m>tial1 #fjg ,fluor1 ( an ,ore1 #aaj aque\s ( a ,salt1 #ahj ,fluxes1 #df1 #bda ,foliat$ ,salt ( ,t>t>1 #edi ,=ge1 #adb ,=g$ ,iron1 #dh ,fulguration 9 cupell+1 #bdd ,fulm9ation ( ,nitre1 #bc ,furnaces _! ,con/ruction1 #acd ,rev]b]at+1 #acg ,melt+1 #adj ,cupell+1 #adb ,lamp-heat1 #adf ,=ge-heat1 #adb ,furnace-,calam9e1 #ceh ,g ,glass1 #e ( ,lead1 #ed1 #bic ( ,antimony1 #fc1 #ccj ( ,bismu?1 #fi1 #cea ( ,z9c1 #cfj ,glaub]'s ,salt1 #bg1 #afi1 #bac ,gold1 #cg1 #aab1 #bbc ref9$ by ,cem5tation1 #beh imitat$1 #ga1 #cfd ,gold5 ,sulphur ( ,antimony1 #fh1 #cah1 #ccd ,gra91 9 ,salt ,petre work+1 #ahc ,gravelle1 or ,gravellee1 #eag ,gre5 ,precipitate1 #fj ,vitriol1 #di1 #aaa fluid1 #bgh ,guaiacum ,wood analyz$1 #ddj ,gums1 #ha analyz$1 #dgf ,gum ,res9s1 #dgg ,gypsum1 #afi1 #djd ,h ,head ( an ,alembic1 #abh ,bl9d-head1 #acj ,he>t-burn1 #efh ,heat1 rev]b]at$1 melt+1 =g+1 lamp-heat1 c41 #acd ,hep> ,sulphuris1 #ba ,h(fman's ,anodyne ,m9]al ,liquor1 #ejj ,honey analyz$1 #dgd ,hops1 #dhd ,i ,icy ,oil ( ,vitriol1 #ah1 #agc ,inf]nal ,/one1 #dj1 #bee ,infusion1 #dib ,ink1 sympa!tic1 #cec ,iron1 #dg1 #aad1 #bgj r$-%ire & cold-%ire1 #bgb pig-iron made malleable1 #bgc conv]t$ into ,/eel1 #dh1 #bgd ,juices by expression1 ( ,plants1 #ajb1 #chc ( ,animals1 #ajf ,k ,k]mes ,m9]al1 #fh1 #ccb ,kill$ ,m]cury1 #cje ,l ,laboratory1 ( a ,furnace1 #ace ,lac ,calcis1 #cj1 #ebj ,sulphuris1 #ba ,lapis inf]nalis1 #dj1 #bee ,calam9>is1 #ga1 #aah1 #ceg purifi$1 #cfb ,lead1 #ec1 #aae1 #bhf ,:ite1 #ib1 #eec ,lees ( ,w9e1 #eae1 #eag ,libavius1 8 smok+ ,liquor1 #fa1 #bhe ,lime1 ,lime-/one1 #bi1 #ebj slak$ 9 ! air1 #cj ,lime-wat]1 #cj1 #ebj ,liquesc5t ,salts1 #ag ,li?>ge1 #ed1 #bid ,liv] ( ,sulphur1 #ba1 #gc ( ,antimony1 #fg1 #cbe ( ,ars5ic1 #ge ,luna ,cornea1 #eg1 #bef1 #beg ,lun> ,cry/als1 #dj ,lutes1 #adg1 #adh ,m ,mac]ation ( ,plants1 #dae ,magi/]y1 #bb1 #cf ( ,sulphur1 #bb ( ,bismu?1 #gj1 #ceb ( ,coral1 ,pe>l1 ,crab's-eyes1 c41 #edi ( ,lead1 #eec ,magnesia1 #ahf ,malt1 ,malt+1 ,malt-liquor1 #dgi1 #dhf ,manna1 #dge ,m>casites1 #aji ,mat*$ ,w9es1 #dhb ,mat]ia p]lata1 #fe1 #fg1 #cbh ,matrass1 #abi ,m]cury1 #eh1 #aae1 #bih revivifi$ f ,c9ab>1 #fb obta9$ f ,lead1 #bif1 #bih ,m]curius prcipitatus p] se1 #eh1 #cjb dulcis1 #fa1 #cab vit1 #fd1 #cdb ,m]curial ,e>?1 #be1 #cd ,metals1 #cg p]fect & imp]fect1 #ce1 #cg ,metallic sub/ances1 #ce ,milk1 #ajh1 #cic1 #efb ,m9]als1 #ajh ,m9ium1 #ec ,moi/ way ( p>t+ ,metals1 #db ,mort>1 #cj ,"m-wat]1 #ahf ,muffle1 #add ,mu/1 #dhb ,mu/>d-se$ analyz$1 #ddf ,n ,neck ( ! ,alembic1 #abh ,neutral ,salts1 #ae hav+ ,lime = _! basis1 #cc ,ars5ical1 #gc1 #cgg ( ,v9eg> ) absorb5t ,e>?s1 #ib ,nose ( ! ,alembic1 #abh ,nitre1 #bb1 #aha its basis1 #ahe fix$ or alkalizat$1 #bc1 #ahg1 #cgi quadrangul>1 #bg1 #bbj ,nitr\s ,salts ) an e>?y basis1 #bb ) ,lead1 #big ) ,m]cury1 #cjg ,o ,object ( ,*ymi/ry1 #a ,o*re1 #ej ,oils1 9 g5]al1 #gf ,m9]al1 #gi ,vegetable1 #hj ,animal1 #hb ,fetid1 or ,empyreumatic1 ib4 ,fat1 by expression1 #ajb1 #chf by decoction1 #daj ,ess5tial by expression1 #chh by di/illation1 #dab1 #ddd p] desc5sum1 #dah rectifi$1 #dbb falsifi$1 #dbe ,oils fir$ by ,acids1 #dbf ,oil ( ,vitriol1 #ah ,icy1 #ah1 #agc ,oil-v>ni%1 #hg ,oil ( ,t>t> p] deliquium1 #id ( ,lime1 #bjh1 #faa ( ,salt1 #baf ( ,m]cury1 #cjd ( ,amb]1 ,volatile1 #dfg ( ,eggs1 by expression1 #ehf1 #ehh ( ,myrrh p] deliquium1 #ehg ,ores1 #aji ,orpim5t1 #ge1 #aah1 #cfi ,p ,panacea ( ,m]cury1 #fa1 #cad ,pancreatic ,juice1 #ajh ,p>t+ ,process1 9 ! humid way1 #db1 #bej 9 ! dry way1 #beh ,pe>ly matt]1 #fe1 #fg1 #cbh ,pelican1 #acj ,p5ny-weight1 #ef ,petroleum1 #gi ,philosophic ,wool1 #gj ,_s ( ,vitriol1 #cdc ,phlogi/on1 #g ,phosphorus ( ,ur9e1 #bf1 #gg1 #gh1 #aih1 #ddf1 #ddg ,homb]g's1 #fah ,pig-,iron1 #dh1 #bga ,pla/]1 #djg ,plumbum corneum1 #eg ,po9t ( ,saturation1 #af ,pompholyx1 #gj ,pot5tial caut]y1 #cc ,p[d]-blue1 #cga ,precipitant1 #ff ,precipitation1 #bb1 #cf ,precipitate ( ,sulphur1 #bb ( ,gold1 purple1 #bhd ,precipitate1 ,r$1 #fj1 #cjg ,gre51 #fj ,yell[1 #fa ,:ite1 #cjg ,precipitat$ ,aqua ,=tis1 #dd ,pr9ce's ,metal1 #ga1 #cfd ,pr9ciples ( ,bodies1 #b ,pr9ciple ( ,od\r1 #djh1 #dac ,pro( ( ,_s ( ,w9e1 #dhd ,pulvis ,alg>o?1 #cdb ,purification ( ,nitre1 #ahe ( ,_s ( ,nitre1 #aid ( ,_s ( ,salt1 #bac ( ! ,s$ative ,salt1 #bbb ( ,silv] by ,nitre1 #bdh ,pyrites1 #aaj1 #afj ,yell[1 #aaj ,:ite1 #aaa1 #aah ,copp]-col\r$1 #aaa ,q ,quadrangul> ,nitre1 #bg1 #bag ,qu>tation1 #dc1 #bea ,qu>tz1 #adg ,quick-lime1 #cj ,quick-silv]1 see ,m]cury4 ,r ,rabel's ,wat]1 #die ,rape1 ( ,grapes1 #ech ,r>efaction ( ,air1 #b ,rectification ( ,oils1 #ha1 #dbb ( ,volatile ,alkalis1 #ajj ,rectifi$ ,_s ( ,w9e1 #he ,r$uc+1 a ,metal1 #ce ,r$uc+ ,fluxes1 #df ,ref9+ ,gold & ,silv]1 #de1 #ee1 #ff1 #cea ,ref9$ ,salt-petre1 #ahc ,refractory ,e>?1 #bi ,calx1 #ec ,refrig]atory1 #abi ,reg5]at$ ,t>t>1 #ib1 #id1 #edg ,regi/]s ( a ,furnace1 #ace ,regulus1 #aaj ( ,antimony1 #fb1 #aaf1 #caf pure1 or p] se1 #fg ) ,metals1 #bcd1 #cah ( ,ars5ic1 #gb1 #cgd ( ,cobalt1 #aai1 #cga ,res9s1 #ha1 #dfb ,resuscitation ( ,metals1 #ce ,retort1 #aca ,engli%1 ib4 ,tubulat$1 #acb ,revivify a ,metal1 #ce ,roa/+ ( an ,ore1 #aji ,ro*elle ,salt1 #ebe ,ros91 #dfj ,ruby ( ,ars5ic1 #cfi ,runnet1 #efe ,ru/ ( ,copp]1 #de ,s ,sac*>9e ,juices ( ,plants analyz$1 #dgd ,saffrons ( ,m>s1 #di1 #ea1 #bgf1 #bgg ,saignette's ,salt1 #ie1 #ebd ,sal9e ,sub/ances1 9 g5]al1 #aa ,saliva1 #ajh ,sal ,ammoniac1 #ih1 #fjb ,native1 #fjf ) ,v9eg>1 #fjc ,nitr\s1 #ih1 #fjc1 #fjh ,vitriolic1 or ,glaub]'s ,secret1 #fjg ,ca?>ticum ,am>um1 #aif ,de ,duobus1 #ai1 #aic ,febrifugum ,sylvii1 #bi1 #fji1 #faa ,gem1 #aie ,mirabile1 #bg ,poly*re/um1 #ahi ,salsum1 #ac1 #ae ,saturni1 #ib1 #eec1 #eed ,s$ativum1 #bh1 #bai ,salt ( ,amb]1 ,volatile1 #dfg1 #dfi ( ,b5zo91 ,volatile1 #dfd ( ,colco?>1 #agd ,common1 or ,sea-salt1 #bg1 #aie ,epsom1 #aif ( ,lime1 #ca ,petre1 #bb1 #aha1 #ahb ,quiet+ or ,s$ative1 #bh1 #bai ( ,soda1 or m>itime ,plants1 #id1 #ebd ( ,pe>l1 ,coral1 ,crab's-eyes1 c41 #edi ( ,ro*elle1 #ie1 #ebe ( ,t>t>1 #id ( ,ur9e1 :i* produces ,phosphorus1 #bji ,salts1 ,neutral1 #ae ) ,lime = _! basis1 #cb ) ,ars5ic1 #gc1 #cgg ( ,v9eg> ) absorb5t ,e>?s1 #ia ,nitr\s ) absorb5t ,e>?s1 #bb ) ,lead1 #big ) ,m]cury1 #cjg f ,excrem5t1 #eij ,salts1 ,ur9\s ,volatile1 #ig ,ammoniacal1 #ih1 #fjb ,ess5tial1 #ajc1 #chc ,glaub]'s1 ,artificial1 #bg1 #baa ,native1 #afi ,saignette's1 #ie1 #ebd ,sylvius's ,febrifuge1 #bi1 #fji1 #faa ,ta*5ius's1 #ajf1 #dec ,same* ( ,p>acelsus1 #dij ,s&-ba?1 #acc ,saturation1 #ae ,scoria1 #aaj ,scorifi]s1 #acc ,scorification ) lead1 #bch ,s$ative ,salt1 #bh1 #bai ,sel5ites1 #ai1 #djd ,semi-metals1 #ce1 #fb ,s]um ( ,milk1 #efb ( ,blood1 #egd ,silv]1 #dj1 #dd1 #aab1 #bbd1 #bch1 #bec ,cau/ic1 #dj ,silv] r5d]$ v pure1 #bef ,slak$ ,lime1 #cj ,smalt1 #cgj1 #cga ,smok+ liquor ( ,libavius1 #fa ,soap1 #gh1 #djj liquid1 #djd ,/>key's1 #dch ,metallic1 #djh common us$ 9 ,m$ic9e1 #dje ,soluble ,t>t>1 #ie1 #ebh *alybeat$1 #ebh1 #ebi ,soot ( ,wood1 analyz$1 #deg ( ,c[s dung yields ,sal ,ammoniac1 #fjd ,_s ( ,vitriol #ah1 #agg ,philosophic #cdc ,sweet1 #ejj ,volatile ( ,sulphur1 #bj1 #dhe ( ,nitre #bd ,smok+1 #bd1 #aia1 #cjh ,sweet or dulcifi$1 #ij1 #ejd purifi$1 #aid ,bezo>tic1 #fd1 #cde ( ,salt1 #be ,smok+1 #bf ,sweet or dulcifi$1 #ij1 #ejh conc5trat$1 #baf ( ,w9e1 #he1 #dhc ,alcoholiz$1 #hg dephlegmat$1 #dhd1 #dhf ( ,v]degris1 #eea ,_s ,v>ni%1 #hg ,spiritu\s ,f]m5tation1 #hd1 #dgh ,_s1 ,volatile1 ,ur9\s1 #ig ,spiritus ,rector ( ,plants1 #aje1 #dji ,sp\t ( ! ,alembic1 #abh ,/eel1 #dh1 #bgd ore1 #bgf ,/ibiat$1 or ,emetic ,t>t>1 #ie1 #ecd ,/um1 #dhb ,sublimate1 ,corrosive1 #fa1 #cjh ,sweet1 #fa1 #cab ,sug>1 #dge ( ,lead1 #ib1 #eec ,sulphur ,m9]al1 #bj extract$ f ! ,pyrites1 c41 #afb ,native1 #afd factiti\s1 #agi1 #cii ( ,antimony1 gold51 #fh1 #cah fix$1 #cbi ,sweat1 #ajh ,sweet ,sublimate1 #fa1 #cab ,t ,ta*5ius's ,salt1 #ajf1 #dec ,talc1 #afi ,t>t>1 #ic1 #ajc1 #cae1 #dhe1 #eag ,emetic1 #ie1 #ecd ,reg5]at$1 #ib1 #edf1 #edg ,soluble1 #ie1 #eai ,t>t>iz$1 #ie1 #agg ,/ibiat$1 #ie1 #ecd ,vitriolat$1 #ai1 #agj ,t>t>iz$ ,_s ( ,w9e1 #hg ,temp]+ ( ,/eel1 #dh1 #bge ,t]ra damnata1 #aje ,foliata ,t>t>i1 #ib1 #id1 #edi ,te/s1 #acc ,t91 #eb1 #aae1 #bgi ,t9cture1 ( ,salt ( ,t>t>1 #dhg ( ,m>s ) ,t>t>1 #ebh ( ,copp]1 #eej ,t9ctures1 ,vegetable1 #eaj1 #eab ,t9-glass1 #fi ,t9-plates1 #eb ,tombac1 #ga ,t\*-/one1 #bfa ,trituration1 #chi ,turbi? ,m9]al1 #fj1 #cjc ,turp5t9e analyz$1 #dfj ,tutty1 #cei ,u ,ur9e1 #ajh ,ur9\s _s & salt1 #ig ,v ,vap\r-ba?1 #acc ,v>ni%1 #hg1 #eab ,vegetable-salt1 #id1 #ebd ,v]degris1 #ib1 #eea di/ill$1 #eej ,v]million1 #fb ,v9eg>1 #ia1 #ebc1 #ecg di/ill$1 #ia conc5trat$1 #edj1 #ede analyz$1 #edb ,v9\s f]m5tation1 #hc1 #dgh1 #dha ,vitriol1 blue1 #df1 #aaa1 #bfh ,gre51 #di1 #aaa1 #afi ,:ite1 #ga1 #afi1 #cfe extract$ f ! 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