,,the ,,rural ,,magazine1 ,,and ,,literary ,,evening ,,fire-,,side4 ,illustration3 ,venerate ,the ,plough4 ,,philadelphia3 ,,published ,,by ,,richards ,,caleb ,,johnson1 ,no4 #ca1 ,market ,street4 #ahbj ,,index4 ,,address1 preliminary #a ---- ,tilghman's to the ,philadelphia ,agricultural ,society #ajd ,adams1 ,john1 original letter from #ej ,agriculture1 treatise on #ac1 #ed1 #ij1 #abi1 #afe1 #baa ,arabian horse1 account of #ca ,ants of ,valencia #aae ,agricultural education #ajj ,antediluvian oak #adh ,antique nugea ib4 ,anecdote #adi ---- ib4 ,air jacket ib4 ,africa #aed ,agriculture1 essay on #afi ---- letters on #ccb1 #cgj ,agricultural memoranda #agb1 #bbg1 #cag1 #chj ,appraisement act #ahb ,agricultural discourse #bfg ,almanacks1 origin of #bgf ,american ginseng #chj ---- saltpetre #cig ,anecdote of ,lycurgus ib4 ,agriculture1 honour paid to1 in ,china #djg ,agricultural school at ,hofwyl #bje ---- hints #bib ,abstracts from ,philadelphia ,agricultural ,society's memoirs #bic ,absence of mind #dbi ,american plants and minerals #agb ,anecdote #dcb1 #cae ,african people1 the #cbe ,ants1 natural history of #ddh ---- wars of #deh ,advice and ,caution #dge ,antidotes to poison1 vegetable #dgd ,anecdote #dgb ,boerhaave1 notice of #gh ,barrett1 ,starr1 decease of #aaf ,backster1 ,george1 decease of ib4 ,botany bay1 a view of #ada ,bear1 sagacity of #adg ,boring1 legalized #aeb ,breweries1 ,london #aed ,brewing1 family machine #bdh ,benezet1 ,anthony1 anecdote of #bgc ,bulls1 ,irish #bgh ,boots without seams ib4 ,bones1 c4 as manure #baf ,bank note exchange #bhj1 #bdj1 #cbj1 #cfj1 #djj1 #ddj ,benevolence #cid ,books1 on #bcd ,bees1 attack by #dbb ,banks1 ,sir ,joseph #dbg ,boon1 colonel1 death of #dgb ,botany1 curious fact in #dge ,cotton1 rice1 tobacco1 sugar1 wine1 statistical account of #bc ,coffee plant #bg ,cow tree #bi ,cattle1 ,herefordshire1 breed of #ce ,cowley1 ,robert1 decease of #aag ,congress1 list of members of #ci ,cottage ,society1 account of #cf ,chestnut wood1 for dyeing #aae ,cobb1 ,christopher1 decease of #aag ,cattle1 mill feed for #abg ,cow1 singular account of one #adg ,coaches #adh ,charity1 ladies ib4 ,chimnies ib4 ,catwg1 wisdom of ib4 ,combustion1 spontaneous #aea ,cold1 severe #aec ,cotton1 exportation of1 from ,new ,orleans ib4 ,cameronians1 account of the #ahe ,comfortable discovery #aif ,cambricks1 flax for #chj ,characters1 weight of great #cid ,cave1 ,weir's in ,virginia #cif ,camels #cih ,corn pounder1 ,lincoln #bbj ,caterpillars #agb1 #bbc ,curious phenomenon #bca ,cattle1 valuable breed of #bie ,chester ,agricultural ,society #cjf ,cider1 on making #cci ,cabbages for cattle #cdj ,culinary poisons1 letter on1 c4 #cdh ,correspondents1 notice to #abj1 #afj ,carpets1 cheap and elegant #dec ,cement1 ,turkey #dgc ,chemistry applied to industrious economy #dge ,corrosive sublimate1 gluten an antidote for #dga ,council ,bluffs #dgc ,christians1 new sect of #dgd ,desultory ,remarker1 #de1 #ha1 #aba1 #afa1 #bja1 #bdd1 #bhc1 #cba1 #cfa1 #dja1 #dda ,domestic economist noticed #gh ,deaths1 list of1 in the principal cities of the ,united ,states #aag ,deaf and dumb marriage #aig ,delametaire1 ,etienne1 death of #bcf ,death1 instance of premonition of #bij ,diving bell #abj ,domestic manufactures1 premiums for #agd ,drink1 parallel of enjoyment and suffering1 #cad ,diamond1 the #dfa ,drought #dgd ,druids #dgg ,dreaming ib4 ,disputants #dgf ,education1 agricultural #ajj ,ellery1 ,william1 decease of #aaf ,economy of ,nature #aej ,ephraim1 my neighbour #bfb ,education #chb ,ellery1 ,mr4 account of #ge1 #bcb ,earth1 the productions of the #cbh ,europe1 statistics of #ceb ,edgeworth1 ,richard ,l4 esq4 memoirs of #dab ,excursion from ,edinburgh to ,dublin #ddd ,economical bread1 receipt for making #dfe ,fig tree1 ,american #bh ,fire places1 improvement in #cg ,franklin1 ,dr4 original letter of #dd ,fry1 ,mrs4 account of #abf ,flax1 on dressing #agj ,franklin1 ,dr4 anecdotes of #agi ,fulton1 ,robert1 steam-ship #aib ,family brewing machine #bdh ,foreign tongue1 the ,english a #bgd ,franklin's1 ,judge1 address #cff ,farmers1 hint to #chj ,flemish husbandry #bai1 #cjc ,fruit trees1 on the oiling of #bbb ,fruit garden #bbf ,fruit trees1 method of forcing #bbh ,firmity and ,hominy #bia ,farmers1 encouragement for1 on poor land #ccb ,fuel1 economy in #cci ,french women1 #ceb ,forest trees1 on the culture of #bbc ,fiction1 works of #bca ,flax for cambricks #bhj ,fata ,morgana #dea ,flowers in ,holland #dec ,food1 cheap #deg ,fox1 ,charles ,j4 character of #dfg ,gas lights #aea ,green crops1 manures of #afh ,glass1 method of rendering it less brittle1 #aie ,grape vine1 native #bdg ,gossip1 view of a #bfb ,glass making1 introduction of into ,france #bgc ,gimcrackery1 on #cbf ,garrick1 anecdote of #cee ,ginger #deg ,governors1 mode of electing #dgg ,gil ,blas and ,don ,quixote #dgf ,gourd1 ,jonah's #dfe ,grape vine1 on the #fi1 #aja ,horses1 disease among #cj ---- wild1 of the west #ca ---- cheap food for1 c4 #bdf ---- cure for foundered #bbg ,history1 on the study of #di ,holkham sheep shearing #cgi ,honey1 on taking1 without destroying the bees #bbd ,historical sketches #bbi ,horse1 the ,arabian #ca ,hams1 to cure1 ,westphalia fashion #agb ,hartford fair #dca ,horse1 running #dgj ,jewish emigrants #gf ,is it peace1 ,jehu8 #hh ,indian jurisprudence #aaf ,jones1 ,david1 decease of #aaf ,intemperance1 expose of the causes of #acc ,iron boat #bgg ,indian corn1 its good and bad culture #cfd ,internal wealth #cig ,indian corn1 new method of preserving #bbh ,ice1 power of #bce ,ivory paper #dgd ,indian1 double-jointed #dgc ,king1 the1 death of1 c4 #ade ,letters of a citizen1 to his friends in the country #e1 #dg1 #hi ,letter to the editors #c ---- from an ,englishman in this country1 to his friends at home #aa1 #ea ---- original1 from ,john ,adams #ej ---- ---- from ,dr4 ,franklin #dd ---- ,on ,mrs4 ,fry's proceedings in ,glasgow #abf ,light1 without heat1 or combustion #cf ,libraries1 public1 of ,germany #hj ,law case #aac1 #bca ,longitude 7new theory of7 #aae ,lane1 ,thomas1 decease of #aaf ,library1 apprentices' #adf ,london #aea ,lapland #aeb ,leeches #aec ,lybia #aed ,longevity1 extraordinary #aee ,law suit #ahd ,lord ,thurlow #bgg ,locust tree1 the #dab ,lincoln corn pounder #bbj ,lycurgus1 anecdote of #cjh ,law work1 new #dgf ,ladies1 learned ib4 ,lands1 public #dfh ,moral plough boy #ae1 #ei ,mummies #gi ,miscellany #ge1 #aae1 #ade1 #aic1 #bbc1 #bgd1 #cad1 #ced1 #cid1 #dcc1 #dga ,modes of salutation #aae ,mill feed for cattle #abg ,mine1 silver #aej ,missouri1 boundaries of #aeb ,maple ,sugar1 on the culture of the #afd1 #bah ,manufactures1 domestic1 premiums for #agd ,manner1 on the importance of #agg ,mortgage act #ahd ,maine #bge ,modern inventions #bgh ,madeira1 island of #chg ,missouri1 staples of #dah ,marivaux #bcj ,microscope1 beauties of the #cde ,martial glory #bcc ,marriages1 list of #aee1 #aig ,mammoth cave in ,kentucky1 account of #dfd ,nicholson's prize essay #ag1 #fb1 #ic ,natural curiosity #chf ,niagara falls1 route to #bhi ,needle1 variation of the #cea ,natural history1 curious facts in #dbh ,nunneries in ,rome1 visit to two #ded ,narrow resources1 advantages of #dfb ,otto1 ,joseph1 decease of #aag ,oil spring #ade ,oil stones #bgf ,oxen1 on the use of1 c4 #cji ,oranges #bbg ,o',groat's1 ,john house #dcj ,oil1 cotton seed #dgj ,political ,economics #bf ,peruvian bark1 singular effect of #bi ,pumpkin seed1 oil of #cj ,pleasure1 on the pursuit of #dc ,phenomenon6 #adg ,paint1 a newly discovered #adi ,potatoes1 seed #aea ,portugal #aec ,poultry houses1 method of preserving from vermin #aee ,peaches1 to dry #agc ,plum trees1 canker on #agd ,poultry #aif ,pickle1 ,frederick1 decease of #aig ,pennsylvania hospital #bgf ,prices current #bci1 #bhj1 #cbj1 #cfj1 #djj1 #ddj ,parmesan cheese dairy #cgf ,punctuality #chd ,prompter1 the #cia1 #dag1 #dff ,plaster1 remarks on #bbc ,pear tree1 on the #bbf ,potatoes1 young1 in the winter #bbg ,peaches1 to preserve from frost #bbg ,people1 the ,african #cbe ,pompeia1 present state of #cda ,potatoes #cch ,pyroligneous acid1 antisceptic power of #def ,population in ,america1 increase of #dgd ,ruth1 story of #abe ,ralp1 ,elizabeth1 decease of #aaf ,russia1 #aec ,republican manners #age ,rain gauge1 state of1 at ,philadelphia #aig1 #bci1 #bhj1 #cbj1 #cfj1 #djj1 #ddj1 #dgi ,rhode ,island #bge ,rivers1 machine for crossing #bgg ,rain1 cattle scenting #bgh ,rice1 wild #cgg ,rags1 conversion of1 into sugar #bbd ,ruta ,baga1 experiments #bbe ,rural ,magazine1 a friend of1 to its readers #bha ,riddle1 ,baron ,smyth's #dgf ,raindeer #dge ,slavery1 extension of #f ,sugarcane #bg ,savannah1 fire in #gf ,straw bonnets #hj ,seeds 7from the plough boy's cottage7 #he ,starch1 to make #aae ,staughton1 ,don ,juan1 decease of #aaf ,sweden1 latitude of1 trees in #aej ,spider1 anecdote of ib4 ,snow1 red #aeb ,smokers1 hint to #aee ,shoes1 wooden scaled #age ,sentiments of an old soldier #agi ,shepherd's dog #aij ,snow ,storm1 the #bec ,seeds1 on #cgh ,salt1 remarks on1 as a manure #daa ,speech1 natural to man #dai ,strawberry1 improved method of cultivating #bbb ,spanish inquisition #bcb ,sullivan1 ,o4 ,theodore1 death of #bcf ,sugar1 domestic1 on the increase of1 in the ,united ,states #ccj ,steam coach1 #dai ,subscribers1 address to #bdj1 #bha ----1 notice to #dhj ,scottish adventurers #cee ,salt mines of ,meurthe in ,france #ceg ,stone ,floors1 c4 #dba ,sounds1 increase of1 during night #dgf ,silk1 domestic sewing #dgf ,seduction #dgb ,thermometer1 state of1 at ,philadelphia1 #dj1 #bdj1 #bhj1 #cai1 #cfj1 #djj1 #ddj1 #dgi ,trees1 new method of inoculating #agc ,turkeys1 cheap food for #bgb ,tortoise1 land #bgf ,turkmans1 the #chc ,turks1 account of the #cib ,trees1 to prevent decay in #bbc ,turnips1 on the culture of #cjh ,thrift1 lessons on #cdd ,transplanting wheat1 on #dcd ,travels1 ,burckhardt's #dfi ,tooth1 drawing the wrong #dge ,united ,states1 congress of the #dga ---- ---- square miles of the #dgd ,vine dressing1 near ,vevay #be ,village teacher1 #da1 #hc1 #abc1 #afc1 #bjc1 #bda1 #bhf1 #cbb1 #djc1 #ddc ,vine grape #agc ,variety #cfc ,vineyards at ,vevay #bie ,watt1 ,james1 ,life of #cb ,whale fisheries #cf ,wool1 imports of1 into ,england1 #gd ,wolf bounty #gh ,water1 preservation of1 at sea #aaf ,writing1 legible #aej ,webb1 ,margaret1 decease of #aef ,wayne1 ,william1 decease of ib4 ,winchell1 ,j4 ,m4 decease of ib4 ,whimsical conflict1 #ahd ,west1 ,benjamin1 death of #bcb ,whale1 surprising vigour of a #caj ,wild horses and asses1 #cac ,workmanship1 premiums for #cac ,waste of life #cdc ,wooden soaled shoes #age ,whale1 ,spitzbergen1 zoology of the #dbc ,wonders of nature #deb ,wirt1 extracts from #dfa ,whale fishery1 ,nantucket #dgj ,wheat1 cutting1 before it is ripe #dgb ,yeast1 receipt to make #bgh ,,poetry4 ,the aspen tree #aah ,song of gratitude ib4 ,the hamlet ib4 ,verses written after seeing ,windsor castle #aai ,finland song ib4 ,quiet mind ib4 ,moonlight and calm at sea #abj ,go1 idle lays6 ib4 ,the graves of my fathers #aeg ,auld age ib4 ,dreadful hard times #aeh ,winter #aei ,to ---- ib4 ,versification from the book of ,ruth ib4 ,the peasant and his wife #afj ,agriculture ib4 ,time #aih ,winter evening's amusement for ,jane and me ib4 ,youth and old age ib4 ,cure for trouble ib4 ,lines inscribed to ,m4 ,wiltshire ib4 ,on intemperance ib4 ,hope ib4 ,to my wife #bjj ,the ,icelander's song ib4 ,to the snow drop ib4 ,the soldier's adieu #bgi ,evening ib4 ,on the return of the new year ib4 ,the fox and the cat #cii ,stanzas1 from ,barton's poems ib4 ,memory ib4 ,the deaf and dumb boy #bcg ,on man's dependance on his creator ib4 ,ode to imagination #bch ,an invocation to poverty #bci ,glory to ,god ib4 ,prayer and praise to ,god ib4 ,hymn to resignation #cah ,the beau and the bedlamite ib4 ,silent worship #cai ,paddy ,m',shane ib4 ,the braes of ,yarrow #ceh ,the ivy ib4 ,to a country girl #cei ,on prayer ib4 ,on the duke of ,bridgewater #dch ,on the kitten ib4 ,an autumnal tale #dci ,the ,cherokee's grave #dgh ,hope ib4 ,angler ib4 ,the mother's lament #dgi ,church ,fellowship1 ib4 ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine1 ,,and ,,literary ,,evening ,,fire-,,side4 ,illustration3 ,,venerate ,,the ,,plough4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,philadelphia1 ,first ,month1 #ahbj4 ,no4 #a4 ,it is not without feelings of anxiety that the editors of the ,,rural ,,magazine issue forth their first number to the public2 for they are aware of the lasting effect of a first impression1 and that they have now fairly embarked in an adventure1 the success and the termination of which are alike uncertain4 ,diffident however as they are of their own abilities1 they have full confidence in the excellence of their plan1 and the kindness and assistance of their friends4 ,of the value of this assistance1 the work itself will testify2 of the plan which they have marked out1 it is but fair that the reader should be informed4 ,a leading object of the ,rural ,magazine will be to furnish correct views of the science of ,agriculture1 and the various improvements which are daily made or suggested in it4 ,for this purpose the best and most recent ,european works on the subject will be consulted1 and selections made from the ,american newspapers that are devoted or friendly to the cause4 ,the best information on the subject will thus be condensed in a form less unwieldy than a newspaper1 and more popular than in scientific books4 ,we also expect original papers from our agricultural friends1 being confident that there is much in the farming of our neighbouring counties1 well worthy of being widely known and imitated4 ,yet1 as we wish our ,magazine to have an extensive circulation1 and to be interesting not merely to the farmer1 but to the citizen and the general reader1 a considerable part of every number will be occupied with topics of general literature1 selections from approved new publications1 particularly ,biography and ,travels1 ,essays1 and information on scientific subjects2 and original miscellaneous communications4 ,to original and well written essays1 our pages will always be accessible2 and we particularly solicit such as will throw light on the history1 antiquities1 geography1 curiosities1 and productions of our own country4 ,with the genuine productions of the ,muse we shall always be glad to adorn our pages2 but we have no desire to patronize the unfledged attempts at versifying1 the lamentable ditties with which the public is weekly besieged1 for we hold that in poetry there is no tolerable medium4 ,but to an ,american and a philanthropist1 there are still higher objects to be gained by the circulation of such a paper1 than the mere diffusion of agricultural intelligence or general literature4 ,he lives under a system of government which is ideally perfect2 and he sees it distorted by the vices and the passions of its subjects4 ,he is the disciple of a religion which breathes good-will to mankind2 and on whichsoever side he turns1 are to be seen oppression1 the darkness of ignorance1 self-inflicted wretchedness1 and amalgamating corruption4 ,he sees a large portion of the human family held in chains by the very nation that has pronounced all men to be free and equal4 ,the condition of that unhappy race1 even when emancipated1 excites his deepest commiseration and most anxious fears4 ,he sees the aborigines of our country1 a noble race of men1 perishing like the beasts of the forest before our approach2 and that under every circumstance of wretchedness and degeneracy4--,above all1 the great and fatal delusion of war1 more bloody than the superstitions of ,moloch1 still overspreads the world1 and renders man the destroyer of man4 ,to all these subjects will the ,rural ,magazine be watchful and alive2 for the editors believe them to be subjects of the deepest interest1 and having relation to our highest duties4 ,he who tills his field1 or pursues his occupation with diligence and skill1 is a deserving and honourable citizen4 ,he who1 in addition to this1 cultivates his mind1 and stores it with useful and ornamental knowledge1 raises himself in the scale of being1 and adds to his capacities both for happiness and usefulness4 ,but when he adds to this industry1 and to these talents and accomplishments1 the benevolence of a ,christian philanthropist1 and renders them subservient to the welfare of his species1 he attains to the highest dignity of his nature1 and fulfils all the obligations which devolve on him as a citizen and a man4 ,such are the general outlines of our plan2 and as we feel no local or political prejudices1 they shall never have place in the discussion of any subject which may appear in our columns4 ,combining in this manner an agricultural1 a literary1 and philanthropic journal1 we look with confidence to the support of our enlightened fellow citizens2 and assure them1 that no exertions on our part shall be wanting to fill up the measure which we have meted out1 and render the ,rural ,magazine deserving of their patronage4 ,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4 ,to the ,editors4 ,you are about embarking in a literary voyage1 calculated1 if ably and prudently conducted1 to subserve the best interests of society4 ,previously1 however1 to your taking a final leave of terra firma1 and before its shores shall recede from your view1 it may be the part of wisdom to contemplate the nature and object of your journey1 by the steady lights of experience4 ,the legitimate end of every enterprise of the kind1 is to enlighten the understanding1 and improve the heart4 ,to produce a result so important1 no exertion should be omitted1 and no means neglected1 to impart a useful interest to your miscellany4 ,of the truth of these preliminary observations1 you are no doubt sufficiently impressed4 ,to please every taste1 however fastidious1 or to gratify in all respects1 the wishes of the million1 would be a task altogether hopeless2 and which a temperament the most sanguine1 would scarcely indulge4 ,however transcendent may be the merit of any periodical journal1 and however brilliant its success1 should the editor listen at all the avenues of public opinion1 his ear will notwithstanding be saluted by many an ungrateful sound4 ,some readers will complain of what they are pleased to call its dull monotony2 while others will lament the sacrifice of what they conceive to be matters of importance1 in the pursuit of endless variety4--,those who seek for novelty alone1 will sometimes be disappointed2 while others will start objections1 because sufficient respect is not accorded to the venerated opinions of the olden time4 ,the gay may sometimes meet with nothing to excite the smile of merriment1 and the grave and reflecting may regret to find so little solid food for the mind4 ,he1 however versatile his talents1 who would be a favourite with them all1 must first be successful in his chase of the ignis fatuus2 or obtain from that fairy region in which the rainbow reposes its brilliant arch upon the earth1 its treasures of gold4 ,but if your labours should happily tend to give energy to virtue1 and confidence to truth1 you will not fail to gratify the wishes of those whose approbation alone is worth desiring--the well principled of all parties4 ,it has been said1 and repeated times without number1 that to call a rose by any other name1 its odour would be equally delightful4 ,although the fact may be so1 the inference that a name is altogether unimportant1 cannot be supported on just principles of deduction4 ,authors1 who have reflected the brightest honours on the cause of literature and virtue by their writings1 have encountered a difficulty at the very threshold1 in selecting for them an appropriate name4 ,it was after some time anxiously devoted to the subject1 by which it would appear they considered it a matter of no trifling consequence1 that the pious and elegant ,addison adopted that of a ,spectator1 and the ,sage of ,litchfield that of a ,rambler2 under which1 with such signal effect1 to inculcate the lessons of moral truth4 ,it has been observed by one who knew something of the world1 that few circumstances contribute more essentially to general success in life1 than an engaging first appearance4 ,so1 likewise1 the garb in which it appears1 as well as the name by which it is distinguished1 is more intimately connected with the extensive popularity of a work1 intended for the general reader1 than at first may be supposed4 ,it is gratifying therefore to find1 that both these considerations have had with you their due weight4 ,the ,rural ,magazine will not only be a repository for articles of miscellaneous interest1 but peculiarly so for every thing connected with agriculture1 and a country residence4 ,it is to rural scenes1 and rural innocence1 and rural employments1 that man is principally indebted for many of those blessings and enjoyments1 which impart a charm to human existence1 and lighten its load of cares and sorrows4 ,the man1 whoever he is1 that has long been confined to a populous city1 will at length with ,shenstone sicken with the unceasing recurrence of artificial life1 and long to breathe the pure atmosphere of the country4 ,he will hail with delight the blue bird1 earliest harbinger of spring1 and welcome the primrose1 eldest daughter of ,flora1 and contemplate with rapture the vernal season1 in which youth1 and beauty1 and melody1 walk hand in hand1 over verdant lawns1 variegated with flowers1 inhaling the zephyrs of health4 ,then he will witness summer1 with brown1 vigorous1 and manly aspects2 and autumn1 groaning with her ripe and mellow fruits2 succeeded by winter1 clothed in storms and glittering with pendent icicles2 who notwithstanding a sternness of mood1 and a manner somewhat uncourteous1 is in the hands of a beneficent ,creator the minister of great good to man4 ,the fury of the tempest may rage1 and the clattering hail beat against the windows2 the driving snows may deform the face of day1 and nature assume the appearance of old age and decay3 notwithstanding all this1 that portion of the circling year1 of which we are speaking1 will continue to have its positive pleasures4 ,these will be closely and intimately united in the domestic circle1 where in charmful confederacy they will be found clustering round the ,evening ,fire-side4 ,who does not associate with this delightful scene his earliest images of innocent gayety and exquisite enjoyment2 in which garrulous old age and lisping infancy mingle their voices1 and where carking care never intrudes8 ,but as the hours are hastening on with feathery footsteps1 they should likewise minister to the cause of mental and moral improvement4 ,the farmer should cultivate a taste for reading1 and store his mind with useful knowledge2 and thus become qualified to assume the dignified station to which1 in this happy country1 he is fairly entitled4 ,he should remember1 that the plough has been guided and venerated by the awful fathers of mankind2 and that a profession1 to which ,cincinnatus and ,washington were zealously and practically devoted1 and for which the emperor ,charles ,v4 exchanged his sceptre and his crown1 must be intrinsically elevated and respectable4 ,it is among the yeomanry of our country that the love of literature1 by whom it is already cherished to a creditable degree1 should be more widely and universally disseminated4 ,in order to promote an object so desirable1 may you succeed in assembling at your ,evening ,fire-side a cheerful happy group1 who1 bidding defiance to the rude clamours of the storm without1 shall entertain topics of public utility1 while cultivating and improving the domestic virtues2 and with warm and expansive gratitude ascribe their blessings to a benignant ,providence1 from whom alone they are all derived4 ,e4 ,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4 ,letters of a ,citizen to his ,friends in the ,country4 ,,no #a4 ,the establishment of a periodical work1 designed in part for circulation among my agricultural fellow citizens1 furnishes an opportunity which ,i have often desired1 to address you4 ,in contemplating the dignity and utility which are combined in the occupations of an ,american husbandman1 in estimating the extent of influence which belongs to his character1 and regarding his elevated independence1 ,i have long since been led to the conclusion1 that the ,farmers of the soil form the basis of the nation's strength1 and ought largely to contribute to its ornament4 ,in the occasional communications which ,i propose to make to you through this medium1 ,i shall adopt a plain1 familiar1 and candid manner2 and endeavour to point not only at those errors which certainly exist1 but also attempt to suggest how they can be most effectually removed4 ,what6 methinks ,i hear some hardy son of the field exclaim--who is this that promises to improve our mode of farming8 ,a ,citizen1 forsooth4 ,now let us at the threshold understand each other4 ,i do not intend to meddle much1 if at all1 with your system of agriculture1 though ,i conceive it quite possible for a man who has been born and educated in a city1 to furnish important hints for the improvement of rural affairs4 ,my purpose is to interest your attention with subjects which may tend to enlarge and elevate your minds4 ,it is a lamentable fact1 that too little regard is paid to intellectual cultivation1 among those who till the earth4 ,a well managed farm1 supplied with substantial buildings1 and under good fence1 is creditable to its possessor1 and forms a part of the public wealth4 ,every individual who thus improves his land1 not only enriches himself1 but should be considered as a benefactor of the commonwealth4 ,here1 unhappily1 the energies of the farmer are limited4 ,this is a radical error4 ,with the pecuniary means which his industry has accumulated1 he should increase his own intelligence1 and confer upon his children the benefits of substantial education4 ,i do not admit as truth1 what is frequently asserted1 that the best examples of morality and virtue are to be met with in the country2 for whereever the improvement of the mind is neglected1 those ennobling qualities will be rarely found4 ,it is idle to suppose that our intellectual capacities will yield fruits which dignify and adorn our nature1 if they be solely devoted to increase our worldly possessions4 ,the plough turns up from the soil no nourishment for the mind1 neither do the scythe and sickle prostrate the vices of the heart4 ,abstractedly1 therefore1 a man may be as destitute of good principles who lives amidst rural scenes1 as he whose pursuits confine him to the busy haunts and contagious influences of the multitude4 ,but ,i am beginning to lecture before ,i have an audience4 ,i took up the pen merely to introduce my proposals to your notice4 ,you have a specimen of my way of thinking4 ,if you like it1 so much the better2 if not1 ,i cannot promise to serve a more palatable dish--but am always your friend1 ,,civis4 ,the subject of the ,missouri state bill1 involves1 in our opinion1 an agricultural question1 important to the last degree to the farmers of ,america3--,whether that great country west of the ,mississippi1 compared with which all the ,united ,states are small1 shall1 in future ages1 be dotted over with pleasant villages and comfortable farm houses1 and cultivated by the industrious owners of the soil1 each vieing with his neighbour in beautifying the face of nature3 or be blotted and defaced by innumerable wretched habitations of miserable slaves1 with here and there1 on distant eminences1 the lone mansions of their masters4 ,whether that great country1 now left rich by nature1 shall be converted into barren wastes by continued exhausting crops of tobacco and ,indian corn1 without one shovel-ful of manure to invigorate the expiring soil1 as has been the case in some of the fine districts of ,virginia and ,maryland2 or whether it shall be covered with luxuriant fields of wheat1 rich meadows and innumerable herds4--,viewing this great national question1 so intimately connected with our favourite subject1 we feel the more interest by giving an insertion to the following communication of our correspondent ,,sandiford4--,ed4 ,,for ,,the ,,rural ,,magazine4 ,extension of ,slavery4 ,it is the great and distinguishing feature of our free government1 that it is built upon the eternal principles of justice and rectitude4 ,the passions and the interests of its subjects or administrators may pervert its original design1 and wield the power it confers to the purposes of oppression or licentiousness4 ,so long1 however1 as we have access to the charter of our constitution1 the great original fountain of our laws1 we may renew or purify those streams which have become choked up or polluted4 ,it forms a perpetual and unerring standard by which to judge of principles and policy2 and whatever measures are found wanting in its scale1 may safely be pronounced to be unwise and unsound4 ,the flux and change of opinions and interests1 the perpetual encroachments of wealth and power1 the decay of old prejudices and jealousies1 and the rise of new ones1 wear away continually the old landmarks1 and imperceptibly give to our institutions a new aspect and new bearings4 ,while we admit this flexibility to be in a certain measure necessary for the conservation of peace and union1 we must steadily insist upon its being limited by the great leading features of the constitution1 and that reference should constantly be had to first principles1 as to a fountain of life and strength4 ,never1 surely1 has there been a question agitated1 in which those principles were so deeply at issue1 as in the one which is now before the ,american people4 ,i need scarcely say1 that ,i allude to the ,missouri state bill1 and to the introduction of slaves beyond the ,mississippi4 ,this subject has been ably and repeatedly discussed4 ,a universal expression of sentiment has gone forth from the people of the northern and middle states1 and it has awakened powers of eloquence and argument that have seldom been surpassed4 ,that first burst of emotion has subsided2 and now that the question is upon the point of being settled1 it may not be altogether useless to recall the attention of the public to the subject4 ,that slavery is a crime against ,god and nature1 and that its existence in our free country is a most dangerous and lamentable evil1 cannot be doubted4 ,our only apology as a nation for its existence1 is1 that we found it among us1 and that an overruling necessity obliged us to leave its extirpation to the hand of time and experience4 ,the august founders of our republic have not once named it in the constitution1 as if they were unwilling that so foul a name should stain the purity of our escutcheon1 as if it were a crime against humanity too execrable to be uttered4 ,they looked forward to a period when it should cease and be forgotten1 and made ample provision for its future annihilation4 ,their solemn declaration to the world1 ,we hold these truths to be self-evident1 that all men are created equal2 that they are endowed by their ,creator with certain unalienable rights1 and that among these are life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness1 had otherwise been the worst of mockeries4 ,the words of the constitution1 ,the migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit1 shall not be prohibited by the ,congress1 prior to the year #ahjh2 but a tax may be imposed on such person not exceeding ten dollars for each person1--clearly show1 beyond the possibility of a cavil1 that the right to legislate concerning slaves is vested in the general government1 and that the convention was fearful that the attempt to exercise it might be made1 before the southern states were prepared for any laws upon the subject4 ,the ,congress has1 in fact1 uniformly exercised this right in all its laws for the government of the new states and territories4 ,it prohibited the importation of slaves and their migration into the northwestern territory4 ,the states which ceded the territory south of the ,ohio1 and east of the ,mississippi1 were fully aware of this power of ,congress2 and they ceded it with certain stipulations in favour of the slave holder4 ,yet even over the states which were formed in this region1 has ,congress exercised its power1 and secured to the slave the right of trial by jury and of the habeas corpus4 ,all these laws were passed without exciting any suspicion that ,congress was transcending its powers in thus clogging the constitutions of the new states4 ,they were regarded as decent and becoming in a government founded in justice and freedom1 as extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty4 ,that northwestern territory offered no inducement to the slave holder1 or to a slave agriculture4 ,now1 however1 the case is altered4 ,a province adapted to the cultivation of cotton and tobacco1 and in obtaining which the government made no stipulations in favour of slavery1 claims to be elevated to the rank of a state4 ,it is a desirable situation for the planters1 and holds out from its situation and fertility a golden prospect4 ,they claim accordingly to be admitted there1 with their slaves2 and a clamour is raised because the people of the ,united ,states are unwilling further to extend slavery--to sacrifice the principles of our republic upon the altar of avarice4 ,the pretence--it scarcely deserves the name of argument--is1 that such restriction would be unconstitutional1 oppressive1 and inexpedient4 ,it is ,,unconstitutional6--,the refutation is a part of our history1 and is written in the pages of our statute book4 ,it is ,,oppressive6 ,it would exclude the southern states from sharing in the benefits of these new settlements4 ,are not the lands open to all1 and disposed of at public sale8 ,they can only be made valuable1 it is true1 by incessant labour1 under severe privations4 ,but this the hardy yeomanry of the eastern and middle states are willing to endure for the sake of independence and an establishment for their families4 ,we see them accordingly in the van of our empire1 subduing the forest and filling the wilderness with the busy sounds of industry and contentment4 ,are the slave holders of the south a privileged order1 that these labours would demean them8 ,are they oppressed by being placed on an equality with their brethren of the north1 who leave behind them all the artificial distinctions and luxurious indulgences of society8 ,are not their arms and limbs as capable of labour1 and their bodies of fatigue8 ,where then is the inequality and the oppression8 ,a citizen of a slave holding state1 at home1 and under his state laws1 may be a petty monarch2 and he is apt to fancy that he derives the power from an inherent birth-right4 ,but out of his state1 and from under its laws1 he is an individual unit1 a mere citizen of the ,united ,states2 and can claim no privilege which is not granted to every ,american1 or which is opposed to the spirit and intent of the constitution4 ,that constitution pays no respect to persons4 ,it does not recognise the existence of slavery2 and the petition to admit it in the new states1 is a glaring mockery of its character4 ,it has been contended1 that after the state was organized1 the inhabitants might assemble in convention1 and alter the constitution in this respect4 ,such an assertion betrays the grossest ignorance of the true principles of the ,union4 ,our government is emphatically a compact1 originally between the people2 and since then1 between ,congress as their representative1 and the new members4 ,it is binding on both sides1 and the terms of admission are1 that ,congress approves of the constitution which the state has formed4 ,its power of rejection1 it is true1 is limited to certain points4 ,but upon those points that power is absolute2 and amongst them1 without a shadow of doubt1 is slavery4 ,the state which1 having accepted of a limitation to its power in this respect1 should presume to alter it1 would set that power at defiance4 ,but the restriction is ,,inexpedient6 ,and what is the amount of inexpediency8 ,some thousands of dollars less to the public revenue--some hundreds of thousands less in the sale of public lands6 ,forbid it1 ,justice6 forbid it1 the ,genius of the ,constitution6 that we should barter our free inheritance for a mess of pottage2 that the countrymen of ,washington should coolly calculate the profits of a desertion of principle4 ,but not only is the restriction not inexpedient1 it is called for by the clearest dictates of sound policy4 ,we are now entering upon a region of almost boundless extent and fertility1 destined at some future day to be the abode of millions of human beings4 ,upon the decision of the present question1 in all probability1 will it depend1 whether that population will be a free and industrious race1 or whether the great majority will be bound in the chains of slavery1 stinting the growth and paralyzing the energies of the community4 ,if it be fairly decided that slavery shall not exist to the west of the ,mississippi1 we shall soon see the rich vallies of that territory occupied by industrious farmers1 proving what is no doubt the fact1 that freemen can cultivate the staple commodities of that country more advantageously than slaves4 ,let us for a moment contrast the opposite pictures which are here presented4 ,the privileged order of the southern states have1 it is true1 every temporal blessing they can desire1 save that of security4 ,but their hordes of slaves--a million of labourers1 chained down to cheerless and incessant toil1 shrouded in utter intellectual darkness1 cut off from all that ennobles and adorns existence1 stationary amidst the general march of improvement1 and sold and driven about like herds of cattle2--is there not in this picture1 retouch it and soften it as you may1 subject for bitter regret8 and is there nothing to cheer the heart of the patriot in the reverse8 ,a country studded with villages and farms2 a smiling and contented population2 intelligent1 virtuous1 and industrious1 and the strength and the pride of the nation1 and becoming in its turn the hive for fresh swarms of emigrants4 ,this is no exaggerated or romantic representation4 ,these opposite conditions exist in our country2 and ,congress have now to decide which of them shall give its features to the western valley of the ,mississippi4 ,but it is from motives of humanity and security1 say some1 that we plead the extension of slavery4 ,the evil will thus be diluted and lessened4 ,admirable politicians6 profound economists6 ,a poisonous plant has overgrown one of your fields1 and you seek to extirpate it by spreading the seeds throughout your possessions6 ,a concealed fire is smouldering in your house1 and you would prevent its conflagration by scattering the embers upon your neighbours' dwellings6 ,it is not thus that slavery is to be mitigated or done away4 ,confine slavery within its present limits1 and we may then hope to see it extinguished4 ,we are young1 and may outgrow it4 ,there is a great body of active and enlightened philanthropy in the southern states2 and it may yet devise means for its extinction4 ,build around it a circumvallation of freemen1 and you render impotent its fearful threatenings4 ,but give to it that principle of indefinite increase which our white population derives from the inexhaustible extent of our country1 and you spread it over the face of the ,union2 you clothe it a hundred fold with terrors2 you render it coeval with our empire4 ,but not only this4 ,the slave trade from ,africa to the ,united ,states will never be abolished1 if we allow of slavery to the west of the ,mississippi4 ,so great will be the value of slaves along the rich bottoms of that territory1 that no laws1 however severe1 can put a stop to their importation4 ,that accursed traffic is even now carried on with impunity1 and to an incredible extent4 ,fifteen thousand victims have been worse than immolated at its shrine within a single year4 ,with greater temptations to engage in it1 in more remote situations1 and along an unguarded frontier1 no human power can altogether check it4 ,nor will it be merely a foreign slave trade that this extension will encourage4 ,an internal traffic will take place4 ,the poorer and more healthy states will become the breeders for the new and unhealthy districts2 and it will happen as it has ever done1 that the pursuit of a trade1 wicked and cruel in itself1 will entail the commission of crimes1 the violation of every moral law1 the begetting of offspring for the purposes of an unholy traffic4 ,a deadly taint will spread over the morals and character of our country1 which not all our professions of liberty can purify2 and if there be any prophecy in history1 the rights of these long degraded beings will one day be vindicated with awful retribution4 ,i have treated this subject with warmth2 with more warmth1 perhaps1 than has served my cause4 ,but ,i cannot think without indignation of the attempt which is now making to extend the empire of slavery--a despotism in the bosom of a republic2 and which ,i believe to be pregnant with the most disastrous consequences4 ,it is necessary that the public mind should be kept awake on the subject2 and ,i cannot refrain from lifting up my feeble voice on the occasion4 ,one word more1 and ,i have done4 ,the division in ,congress upon this subject1 has been truly called a geographical division4 ,the members from the south1 with scarcely an exception1 voted for the introduction of slaves4 ,yet from the same quarter do we hear of splendid schemes for colonization and emancipation1 for eradicating slavery1 and pouring the light of civilization and religion upon ravaged and benighted ,africa4 ,many of the most conspicuous actors in this great scheme of benevolence1 are the men who have exerted all their talents upon the floor of ,congress to increase the evils over which in another place they mourn2 to sink us still deeper in the dangers into which they have confessed we are plunged4 ,what are we to think1 ,gentlemen1 of the purity of your motives1 or the sincerity of your professions8 ,is it that your fears1 and not your benevolence1 impel you2 that you wish to rid yourselves of the free blacks1 and rivet and extend your dominion over the slaves8 ,if these imputations are false1 show yourselves at least to be consistent4 ,do not by your own act extend the evils you so eloquently regret4 ,give us that proof of the sincerity of your benevolence 7the only one we can believe7 that it is stronger than your sense of private interest4 ,prove to us that you are honestly bent upon exterminating slavery1 and there are thousands who now stand aloof1 that will join you with all their strength in any scheme that can effect it2 thousands1 whose daily prayer is1 that the mercy of an all-just ,providence may avert from our country the calamities of a servile war and a divided empire4 ,we ask of you no extravagant or impracticable scheme of emancipation2 ,we do not wish to see your ,helots invested suddenly with privileges which they would only abuse2 nor do we look for your relief and theirs1 to any other means than those which time and cautious experience may suggest4 ,but we beseech you1 as you are sincere in your plans of colonization1 as you value the fair fame of our common country1 as you regard the security and prosperity of all future generations--to stay the plague of slavery from spreading1 and to give to the inhabitants of the ,missouri a charter which shall not disgrace the great principles of our revolution1 nor allow man to be the tyrant of his fellow man4 ,,sandiford4 ,,familiar ,,letters ,from an ,englishman in this country to his ,friend at home4 7,communicated for the ,rural ,magazine47 ,no4 ,i4 ,,philadelphia1 ,sept4 #h1 #ahai4 ,my dear ,g4--,you will perhaps be surprised at my dating this letter from this place1 but ,i shall shortly explain to you the reason4 ,we arrived in perfect safety at ,baltimore on the #fth inst41 after a very pleasant passage2 not unusually short1 but rendered exceedingly comfortable 7that dear ,english word1 although they have here naturalised it1 as they do almost everything that comes from us17 by the kind1 social1 and attentive manners of ,capt4 ----4 ,to give you a detail of all the circumstances of our voyage would be unnecessary4 ,i do not wish to nauseate you with the revolting particulars of a landsman's initiation to the ocean4 ,we had not that humiliation to undergo which would have been our lot if the equinoctial had unfortunately crossed our path2 but we had enough to inspire us with a perfect sense of our own inferiority to1 and dependence on that ,power that can rule the winds and the waves4 ,however1 our dear ,mrs4 and ,miss ---- were so much affected by the motion of the ship1 and other associations1 that we enjoyed very little of their company4 ,the first appearance of land1 even that land1 which since my recollection has been supposed to be inhabited by spirits1 hostile in late1 although similar in early habits to ourselves1 was greeted with most sincere satisfaction4 ,that land was inhabited by ,christians1 by men like ourselves1 derived from the same origin1 boasting of equal laws adopted from our code in general principles1 and operating like our own upon freemen4 ,we were landed in consequence of an unfavourable wind1 at ,norfolk2 where1 although we staid but a few minutes1 ,i was sorrowfully convinced that all the inhabitants of the land ,i was visiting were not freemen4 ,a public sale of blacks was about to take place1 and my first introduction to the country ,i had so joyfully pictured1 was associated with feelings to which ,i had till then been a stranger4 ,poor wretches1 thought ,i1 as they passed badly clothed and manacled through the streets1 you give an alien a strange idea of the consistency of your rulers1 and a lamentable evidence of the truth of the political axiom1 that those who feel power1 forget right4 ,as ,i shall probably visit ,norfolk in common with the other maritime towns of ,virginia1 before ,i return1 sufficient interest has been excited in my mind to enable me to assure you1 that ,i shall give you further details of the situation of that unfortunate class of human beings4 ,from ,norfolk our voyage to ,baltimore surpassed all my former ideas of rapidity4 ,we passed up to ,baltimore in so short a space of time1 and in such a steam-boat1 that ,i dread your incredulity were ,i to give you particulars4 ,let it suffice that but a few hours brought us to ,baltimore1 reputed to be in commercial importance the fourth city in the ,union4 ,you know it was my first object to visit the respectable gentlemen in this place to to whom ,i have letters1 and most of whom have at one time or another done business with our house4 ,but on the instant of my arrival ,i was utterly confounded by the intelligence that the yellow fever1 that scourge of ,america1 and so justly dreaded by all ,europeans1 but more particularly by the inhabitants of northern climates1 had made its appearance at a place called ,fell's ,point1 either in the vicinity of the city1 or forming one of the suburbs2 ,i was in too much consternation to learn which4 ,indeed ,i was so much annoyed by the continual reports of the yellow fever at the ,point1 and what they called the bank fever in the city1 that ,i could hardly tell where ,i was1 or what ,i was to do4--,luckily1 a very good looking gentleman1 seeing my perplexity1 and imagining--for ,i cannot tell how else he happened to fix upon me--that ,i was an ,englishman1 told me that ,i could not get out of the city of ,baltimore too soon1 because it had had the curse of ,cain upon it ever since the celebrated mob business 7that we heard our ,maryland friend ,r4 speak about7 some years ago1 that it had the plague at the ,point1 and the yellow or white fever1 he did not care which1 at the other end of the town4 ,this would have been news almost enough to frighten our lamented friend ,general ,r4 7if he ever could have known fear27 and instead of visiting the spot where he terminated his brief career in this world1 which ,i intended to have done on the moment of my landing1 as performing the last pious act of duty to his memory that affection demanded1 ,i determined to fly from this new enemy with almost as much precipitation as the ,yankees 7by our official accounts7 fled from our departed hero in his various incursions in the states1 adjoining the waters of the ,chesapeake4 ,i ordered a post chaise instanter4 ,the servant replied1 it went before day1 sir4 ,is it possible1 said ,i1 that at a house frequented as this is1 7,mr4 ,g's47 there is but one post chaise4 ,get me one at any rate1 ,i returned in a pretty quick tone1 and have my baggage put to it immediately4 ,why1 master1 rejoined ,george1 7,i thought the better of him for his name1 and perhaps1 novice as ,i am1 because he was black7 there is no other post chaise till to-morrow2 but the steam-boat will go at five o'clock1 master1 if that will suit you4 ,it wanted but a few minutes of that hour4 ,i leaped into a hackney coach1 7which by the way ,i was surprised to see in such a new country1 unless it had been moved by steam7 and ere the hour had struck1 was safe on board a very commodious vessel1 furnished with every thing to make a night passage pleasant4 ,it is upwards of one hundred miles from ,baltimore to ,philadelphia1 by land1 even by their lately improved roads2 yet1 with no interruption except being transported some sixteen or twenty miles over good roads1 in very bad stage coaches1 we enjoyed ourselves in our births till ,i was awakened before nine the next morning1 by the steward1 who informed me we were at the wharf1 in the place of our destination4 ,i forthwith repaired1 as my previous instructions directed1 to the large and commodious hotel of ,mr4 ,r42 where ,i met with several of my old friends1 and some quondam fellow-voyagers1 who1 influenced by business1 or perhaps the same instinctive dread of yellow fever with myself1 had found their way to this city4--,here1 my dear ,w41 ,i still remain4 ,in the twenty-four hours that have scarcely elapsed since my arrival1 ,i have seen nothing distinctly2 for after the monotony of a sea voyage1 and the dizziness consequent on an exchange from the ocean to terra firma1 some few days must be allotted to repose4 ,treatise on ,agriculture4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,on the ,rise and ,progress of ,agriculture4 ,the origin of this art is lost among the fables of antiquity1 and we have to regret1 that in the present state of knowledge1 we are even ignorant of the time1 when the plough was invented1 and of the name and condition of the inventor4 ,when therefore we speak of the beginning of the art1 we but allude to certain appearances which indicate its existence1 and the employment given by it to the minds1 as well as to the hands1 of mankind4 ,such were the artificial canals and lakes of ,egypt4 ,menaced at one time by a redundancy of water1 and at another by its scarcity or want1 the genius of that extraordinary people could not but employ itself1 promptly and strenuously1 in remedying these evils1 and eventually1 in converting them into benefits2 and hence it was1 that when other parts of the world exhibited little more of agricultural knowledge than appertains to the state of nature1 imagined by philosophers1 the ,egyptians thoroughly understood and skilfully practised irrigation1 that most scientific and profitable branch of the art4#a ,like their own ,nile1 their population had its overflow1 which colonized ,carthage and ,greece1 and carried with it the talent and intelligence of the mother country4 ,the former of these states1 though essentially commercial1 had its plantations1 and so highly prized were the agricultural works of ,mago1 that when ,carthage was captured1 they alone1 of the many books found in it1 were retained and translated by the ,romans4 ,a similar inference may be drawn from the history of ,greece2 for assuredly that art could not have been either unknown or neglected1 which so long employed the pen and the tongue of the great ,xenophon4#b ,it must however be admitted1 that of the ancient nations1 it is only among the ,romans1 that we find real and multiplied evidences of the progress of the art2 facts1 substituted for conjectures and inferences4 ,cato1 ,varro1 ,columella1 ,virgil and ,pliny1 wrote on the subject1 and it is from their works we derive the following brief exposition of ,roman husbandry4 #a ,the best practical illustration of this opinion is found in the valley of the ,po--where every rood of earth maintains its man4 #b ,xenophon wrote several treatises on husbandry1 and gave public lectures on it at ,scillonte1 whither a weak and wicked government had banished him4 ,the plough1 the great instrument of agricultural labour1 was well known and generally used among them2 it was drawn exclusively by horned cattle4 ,of fossile manures1 we know that they used lime1 and probably marle1#c and that those of animal and vegetable basis1 were carefully collected4 ,attention to this subject1 even made part of the national religion2 the dunghill had its god1 and ,stercutus1 his temple and worshippers4 ,their corn crops were abundant2 besides barley and far1#d they had three species of wheat2 the robus or red--the siligo or white--and the triticum trimestre1 or summer wheat2 they had besides millet1 panis1 zea 7,indian corn7 and rye1 all of which producing a flour convertible into bread1 were known by the common name of frumentum4 ,leguminous crops were frequent2 the lupin in particular was raised in abundance1 and besides being employed as a manure1#e entered extensively into the subsistence of men1 cattle and poultry4 ,the cultivation of garden vegetables was well understood and employed many hands2 and meadows1 natural and artificial1 were brought to great perfection4 ,lucern and fenugrec were the basis of the latter1 and peas1 rye and a mixture of barley1 beans and peas1 called farrago1 were occasionally used in the stables as green food4 ,their flocks were abundant1 and formed their first representatives of wealth1 as is sufficiently indicated by their word pecunia4 ,vines and olives1 and their products 7wine and oil7 had a full share of attention and use4 ,the rearing of poultry made an important part of domestic economy1 nor were apiaries and fish ponds forgotten or neglected4 #c ,for the first part of this assertion we have the authority of ,pliny2 for the latter1 the practice of their colonies both in ,gaul and ,britain4 #d ,of this last1 there were three kinds1 neither of which is now cultivated4 #e ,the lupinus albus of ,linneus3 many other vegetables are used for this purpose1 particularly the bean1 but do not answer as well as the lupin2 when this is heated in an oven and then buried1 it forms the most powerful of all manures4 ,t4 ,c4 ,l4 ,simonde4 ,tableau de ,l'agriculture ,toscane4 ,if we pause for a moment1 to glance at the civil institutions of this wonderful people1 we discover how soon and how deeply it entered into their policy1 not merely to promote1 but to dignify agriculture and its professors4#f ,when ,cicero said1 that nothing in this world was better1 more useful1 more agreeable1 more worthy of a free man1 than agriculture2#g he pronounced1 not merely his own opinion1 but the public judgment of his age and nation4 ,were troops to be raised for the defence of the republic8 ,the tribus rusticus was the privileged nursery of the legions6#h ,did exigencies of state require a general or dictator8 he was taken from the plough6 ,were his services rewarded8 this was done not with ribbands or gold1 but by a donation of land4#i #f ,tanus and ,numa were deified for services rendered to agriculture4 #g ,cicero de officiis4 ,l4 #b4 #h ,this continued till the time of ,marius4 #i ,as much as he could plough in a day4 ,with such support from public opinion1 it was not to be supposed that the laws would be either adverse or indifferent to this branch of industry4 ,we accordingly find the utmost security given to the labours of the husbandman2#aj no legislative interposition between the seller and buyer1 neither forced sales--nor limitation of prices--and a sacredness of boundaries never disturbed2#aa fairs and markets multiplied and protected against invasion or interruption1#ab and highways leading to these every where established1 and of a character to call forth benedictions and admiration4#ac #aj ,to cut or destroy in the night the crop of his neighbour1 subjected the ,roman to death4 #aa ,terminus was among their gods4 #ab ,assemblies of the people on days designated for fairs1 and on subjects other than those of trade1 were not lawful4 #ac ,the ,appian way1 yet remains the wonder and reproach of modern times4 ,nor were these regulations confined to the proper territory of ,rome4 ,what of her own policy was good1 she communicated to her neighbours2 what of theirs was better1 she adopted and practised herself4 ,her arts and arms were therefore constant companions4 ,wherever her legions marched1 her knowledge1 practices1 and implements followed2 and it is to these we are to look for the foundation of modern agriculture in ,italy1 ,france1 ,spain1 c4 ,albany ,argus4 7,to be continued47 ,the ,moral ,plough ,boy4 ,in the morning sow thy seed1 and in the evening withhold not thine hand4 ,the words of our motto were probably addressed by an ,eastern monarch to those of his subjects1 who followed husbandry1 and to whom the importance of early rising was the greater1 as the climate was excessively warm1 and the stoutest labourer found the noon-tide heat too powerful for the energies of his frame to encounter4--,this is the case in most of the oriental climes1 where the morning and the evening are improved by the cultivator of the soil1 as well as the man of business of every class1 cast or profession4--,the middle or hottest part of the day is1 in those countries1 given to ease and relaxation2 and the charms of conversation1 and the sweets of refreshment1 are then the substitutes for toil and care4 ,but the time thus spent is not lost1 because they attend strictly to the advice of the sacred moralist1 and make it up by the fidelity of their morning and evening labours in the field1 the workship or the counting-room4 ,besides the earth is there more prolific than in colder climes1 like ours1 and to less labour yields a greater supply1 a more abundant harvest4 ,but abundantly as the earth yields her products1 beneath an oriental sky1 still it was there that man was first taught by his ,maker1 that she would not yield them without the sweat of the human brow4 ,implicit obedience was the first law given to our progenitors in ,eden1 as the condition of enjoying life without labour1 of being surrounded by the perpetual verdure of spring1 and regaled by the never-dying fragrance of its odours3 ,but this fair condition violated1 and they were doomed to know1 that fruitful as the earth had come from the hands of its ,creator1 they should cultivate it with toil1 and care1 and anxiety1 before it should yield them the means of enjoyment and subsistence4 ,but for one fatal mistake1 they would never have been called upon to sow their seed in the morning1 and at evening to watch over it with a careful hand4 ,we have seen then1 that the first ,plough ,boys were obliged to work early and late2 and their successors in the same climes1 are still subjected to the same diurnal labour4 ,but the ,american ,plough ,boy enjoys a milder clime1 and may perhaps think himself less obliged to rise with the dawn of day1 or pursue his labours with the declining sun4 ,he may perhaps flatter himself that the morning may be spent at a neighbouring bar-room1 and the evening at a shooting-match or a horse-race1 and the day still afford time enough for all the labour that he may have to perform4 ,but this is1 indeed1 an error the most fatal to his present1 as well as future happiness4 ,the mid-day beams of the sun are not so fierce on the hills or vales of ,america1 as on the plains of ,asia1 where our first parents were doomed to earn their bread by the sweat of their brow4 ,but they are still fierce enough to make the ,,plough ,,boy feel their enervating effects1 and to impress upon his physical as well as mental frame the necessity and importance of sowing his seed in the morning1 and of extending to it the vigilance of his hand in the evening4 ,if our ,american ,plough ,boys would1 one and all1 adopt with energy and perseverance this injunction of oriental wisdom1 how different would be the face of our country1 in many places1 from what it now is6 ,how many orchards would be planted2 how many fruit trees1 of every kind1 would be seen growing in beauty and luxuriance1 where now the eye of the traveller1 or sojourner1 is obliged to rest upon nought but wilds and weeds8 ,how many fields would be ploughed and sown1 and cultivated with success1 which now lie waste1 and barren as the deserts of ,arabia4 ,how many cattle1 and domestic animals of every description1 fit for the use of man1 would be seen thriving and healthy1 awaiting a profitable market1 where now there are none1 or those whose sickly and squalid appearance1 bespeaks the indolence and neglect of their owners6 ,how many substantial rail fences would be erected1 where there is now scarcely a brush bulwark against the encroachments of man or beast8 ,how many neat stone walls would take the place of rail fences1 and remain as lasting monuments of the virtue of their owners--for industry and virtue are synonimous in agricultural life6 ,how many ditches would be seen running through our swamps1 and yielding or restoring to wholesome vegetation1 those nurseries of wild1 unprofitable1 and poisonous plants2 whose dark1 damp shades are not only lost to agriculture2 but send forth daily their pestilential vapours1 spreading disease and death among the ,plough ,boys6 ,it is not the industrious ,plough ,boy who will feel the application of these remarks4 ,he will take care that his fields and his fences1 his flourishing fruit-trees1 his overflowing cribs and barns1 and his fat cattle1 plump and smooth as a turtle-fed alderman1 shall prove to the world that he never fails to attend to the admonition of our motto4 ,but it is to the slothful that this short essay is addressed4 ,pluck up the weeds1 and the useful plants will take care of themselves4 ,reform the indolent1 and the industrious will find a new spur to exertion4 ,ye careless and slothful ,plough ,boys1 then1 be advised by a friend4 ,cast off the sin of idleness1 which so easily besets you1 and imitate your industrious neighbours4 ,resolve for the future1 in the morning to sow your seed1 and in the evening to withhold not your hand2 and you will soon find1 that the blessings of ,heaven await those who deserve them2 and that health1 prosperity1 and a quiet conscience1 are the never-failing rewards of virtuous industry4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jr4 ,plough ,boy4 ,mr4 ,nicholson's ,prize ,essay4 ,on a ,rotation of ,crops1 and the most profitable mode of collecting1 preserving1 and applying ,manures4 7,communicated to the ,albany ,county ,agricultural ,society47 ,some soils are peculiarly adapted for the growth of particular plants1 and in such case many successive yearly growths of them may be raised1 without manure1 and without material diminution of product4 ,we have known an instance of #ad good crops of wheat raised successively on the same ground2 another of #ah crops of oats2 others of at least #aj of barley1 and nearly of #bj rye3 ,but these were peculiar soils2 and although this sameness of culture was found successful1 no inference is therefore to be drawn that it was the most profitable1 or that such soils would not eventually tire of their favourite crops1 and then be found exhausted and unfit for others4 ,generally speaking1 we conceive that one of the most important points in husbandry is a judicious rotation of such crops as are most profitable for culture1 and at the same time best adapted for the particular soils which are to be cultivated4 ,lands seem naturally to require a change of growths4 ,where the oak has disappeared1 after it had lifted its head to the springs of ages1 another oak will not naturally rise1 but some other tree4 ,instances have been known of lands covered solely with trees of deciduous growth1 where the knots of the pitch pine were still to be found2 a proof that pine was once a tenant of the soil4 ,in the southern states1 where lands have been exhausted with injudicious cropping1 and then thrown out to common1 they soon become covered with growths of trees different from those they originally bore4 ,some plants are so unfit for long continuance in any particular place that they are endowed with migratory powers1 either by their winged seeds1 which are wafted abroad by the winds2 by their roots1 by which they change their places of growth beneath the surface2 or by their vines1 by which they travel above ground1 and thus locate themselves in different situations4 ,of the first description are the varieties of the thistle1 the milk-weed1 and the fire-weed2 of the second1 the potato and some other bulbous rooted plants2 of the third1 the straw-berry1 the black-berry1 the different species of the gourd tribe4 ,the stalks of erect plants fall when they ripen1 and thus the seed reaches the ground at a distance from the roots which produced them4 ,there seems1 indeed1 to be generally a disposition in the earth to require changes in the plants it nourishes1 in order that it may impart the food that is best adapted for each2 and ,providence1 in his infinite wisdom1 has endowed these while growing in a state of nature1 with such properties as are best calculated to effect the changes4 ,let the cultivator1 therefore1 study nature1 and follow her dictates1 if he wishes either success or applause in his employment4 ,in regard to changes of crops1 a general rule has been recommended of alternate growths of leguminous and culmiferous kinds1 and of green crops and grain crops2 but perhaps it would be quite as philosophical to insist upon alternate growths of fibrous1 and tap-rooted plants2 the former deriving their food from the surface of the earth1 the latter from greater depths4 ,but the value of crops1 and the expense of raising each1 should be duly estimated in making selections for rotations4 ,let us say1 for instance1 that the average crops of wheat1 barley1 and ,indian corn1 at their greatest extent1 may average #ej dollars in value to the acre1 after the grain is ready for market2 crops of rye1 oats and peas1 not more than two thirds of this amount2 buck-wheat1 considerably less4 ,from lands suitable for ruta baga1 or mangel wurzel1 it would seem that from five to six hundred bushels to the acre may be expected with good culture2 which at #ah cents per bushel1 a price certainly not beyond the proportionate value we have just given to the grain crops1 will average about a hundred dollars to the value of an acre4 ,the entire expense of either of these crops of roots1 when ready for use1 is not essentially greater than the expense incurred in producing grain crops2 of course1 it must be evident that these afford from #cj to #ej dollars an acre less of clear profit than a crop of either of the roots first mentioned4 ,with a proper application of the requisite quantity of manure to ruta baga1 it may be successfully grown on almost any dry soil1 when well and deeply mellowed1 from the sandy to the deep rich loams4 ,soils of the latter description are best adapted for mangle wurzel4 ,either of these roots1 when steam boiled1 and especially with the addition of some meal1 will answer all the purposes for which grain is used for feeding cattle of all sorts1 from the horse down to the hog4 ,even stage horses1 which1 from the severity of their labour1 require the most nourishing food1 have been kept in ,england on hay and steam-boiled ruta baga4 ,mr4 ,cobbett says1 a hog of a good sort may be sufficiently fatted with this root when steam-boiled4 ,allowing1 what we believe can hardly be admitted1 that a bushel of oats contains as much nutriment as three of this root1 still it is evident that the usual product of one acre of it will go as far in keeping horses as four of oats4 ,neither of these root crops require any considerable expenditure in seed1 and on this account1 if on no other1 they are preferable to crops of the potato and of the ,jerusalem artichoke1 which in the article of seed are perhaps the most expensive of any whatever4 ,we however consider crops even of these roots more profitable than those of grain1 and particularly the potato1 when judiciously cultivated in climates most suitable for its growth4 ,for the various uses of this root for culinary purposes it stands indeed without a rival4 ,in point of profit we would also give to the carrot1 the parsnip1 and the onion1 a preference to crops of grain2 but the soils well adapted for them is more limited1 and their culture is more expensive2 and although they should form a part of the products of the farm we cannot recommend them as being in all instances proper for a judicious rotation of crops4 ,the common turnip1 and the cabbage1 are also entitled to attention4 ,the pumpkin is as nutritious as the same weight of any root or vegetable whatever1 and its culture is cheap2 but whether its product1 in weight1 can be made to compete with that of roots1 is a matter of which we are not informed4 ,if #ae tons to the acre could be usually obtained of this species of gourd1 we should be induced to pronounce the crop1 in point of profit and use1 unrivalled as a preparative for a crop of winter grain4 ,the crop would be found among those which are least expensive in seed1 in culture and in gathering2 none would occasion less exhaustion of soil1 nor require less for manure1 as a little gypsum to the hills1 or drills1 will be found to have a powerful effect on its growth1 but of its more complete cultivation we shall presently speak4 ,in ,pennsylvania1 and farther to the south1 a successful mode of culture has been put in practice of growing ,indian corn and potatoes in alternate rows or drills1 and in this way about a sixth more of product in the aggregate1 is obtained from the ground1 than if these two sorts of crops were cultivated separately4 ,such is found to be the fact1 and the reason for it seems to be that each crop has1 in this way1 more space given for the extension of its roots in search of its favourite food1 and each has the like room above ground for deriving from the air the nutriment that is most suitable4 ,corn1 in particular1 it is well known1 is liable to much injury1 if planted too closely4 ,there is1 indeed1 a variety of cases where this mingling of growths is found very advantageous1 and whenever we shall venture to recommend the practice1 it will be founded on a conviction of its utility4 ,there are also some instances1 even in this northern latitude1 in which two crops may be had in a season from the same ground1 and any case where it may be advisable shall be duly noted4 ,it should farther be observed that in suggesting what may be deemed the most suitable changes of crops1 no reference will be had to the actual state of farming among us1 but merely what the state of farming ought to be2 and in pursuance of this course1 we shall1 in a great measure1 discard the idea1 too long prevalent in this country1 that we should make the most of our labour1 not the most of our land2 we shall1 on the contrary1 insist that1 generally speaking1 making the most of our lands1 under a proper course of husbandry1 is the right way to realize the most from our labour4 ,we shall therefore begin with the most usual soil of this country1 the dry1 arable lands1 which are usually suited for a variety of crops4 ,of the stiff clays1 the hard gravels1 and light sands1 soils which abound but little here1 we shall speak in particular4 ,in ploughing we shall advise that the usual depth be about six inches1 or about a third deeper than our farmers commonly plough3 but that the depth should sometimes be greater than this1 and sometimes less4 ,we shall also insist on the ploughing being done in the most perfect manner1 and not in the slight way too often practised2 and we shall farther premise that the plan of culture we recommend is necessarily connected with the business of the dairy1 to greater or less extent1 and with that of the grazier1 in feeding and fatting cattle of every description4 ,such we conceive to be the only true and profitable course to conduct farming in this country1 but deviations from this may in some cases be found equally profitable4 ,in general1 however1 we advise to this course of farming1 for in this way the greatest quantity of manure is afforded1 and for most lands manure is essential for obtaining the greatest crops1 and of course for realizing the greatest profits4 ,we shall begin with the ground in wheat or rye stubble1 as at the end of our course we propose to leave it4 ,let the stubble ground be well turned over in the fall1 to the depth of1 say1 six inches4 ,it should not be turned over until a sward of white clover has covered the ground1 which is to be produced by giving it a top-dressing of gypsum1 in the spring4 ,under the subject of manures the reasons for this will be explained1 when treating of gypsum4 ,in the spring give the ground one or two ploughings more1 as the nature of the soil may require1 and of the same depth1 and let the last ploughing be just before the proper time for planting ,indian corn2 for this crop1 with an intermixture of other plants1 is what we propose to begin with4 ,say1 for instance1 that the intermixture shall consist of the potato1 of the pumpkin1 and of the common pumpkin1 a third part of each4 ,we propose planting these crops in drills1 in preference to hills1 from a well founded conviction that in the former method considerably more may be obtained from the ground4 ,let furrows be run1 at a good depth1 for the drills1 at the distance of about every three and a half feet4 ,in these furrows lay off the shortest and best of the fresh barn dung1 at the rate of about #bj wagon loads to the acre4 ,for the drills intended for potatoes the longer sort of barn dung is as good as any other4 ,if the different sorts of barn dung can be applied to the soils most suitable for each1 as is mentioned in speaking of manures2 this should always be attended to2 that is1 sheep and horse dung for the moister parts of the land1 and cow dung for the drier4 ,as fast as the dung is laid1 it should be well covered1 by a furrow1 moderately deep1 thrown over it from each side2 but where potatoes are to form the alternate drills1 let the seed for these be laid on the dung1 previous to covering2 and for this purpose1 let the potatoes be cut in halves1 lengthways1 so as to give each about an equal number of eyes1 and then wet them and roll them in gypsum before laying them down1 which should be at the distances of about #ae inches4 ,the potato drills being thus covered1 by the furrows thrown from each side1 the same process serves to cover the dung in the other furrows1 and thus the beds are formed for planting the other crops in the drill method4 ,indian corn may be drilled in at one operation by a drill machine for the purpose2 the same may be observed of the turnip crop1 and probably of the pumpkin2 but though attended with more labour1 it may usually be expected that they will be drilled in by manual operation4 ,we should advise that the seed in the turnip drills be liberally strewn1 in order that if part of the plants be destroyed by the flies1 enough may still be left4 ,the corn and pumpkin seed may be dropped at the distances of six inches1 and thinned at the first hoeing1 so as to have the growing plants of the former about a foot apart1 and the latter about #af inches4 ,if any vacant places should happen in any of these drills1 such vacancies may readily be supplied by transplanting sets1 taken from parts where more plants are standing than are necessary4 ,any young plants may be transplanted after they have attained a suitable size1 which is usually in from two to four weeks growth4 ,the vacancies may be quickly filled by transplanting1 and it is a matter well worthy of attention4 ,the practice1 lately introduced1 of laying barn dung at a good depth1 and then covering it with mould to the depth of about three or four inches1 and planting the seeds over the manure thus covered1 seems to answer the best purpose for every drilled crop except potatoes1 and we would therefore recommend this method of using barn dung in preference to every other1 as far as it may be wanted for drilled crops4 ,in this way this manure may be profitably applied while fresh2 but in many instances we consider it more efficacious when applied after the process of rotting or fermentation has commenced4 ,such is the theory of ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 and we have full confidence in its correctness4 ,when thus buried in the earth1 the growing plants1 placed above the manure1 have the utmost means of absorbing all its garious and soluble parts1 while the process of its decomposition is going on4 ,in preparing seeds we would1 as a general rule1 advise to their being soaked about #ab hours in a strong solution of saltpetre1 or of common salt1 and then rolled in gypsum before being committed to the earth4 ,the effect of this mode of preparing the seed seems to be1 that the young plants start with more vigour1 and grow larger than they do where this treatment of the seed is neglected2 and the solution of saltpetre has the further effect of bringing plants to maturity from one to two weeks sooner than they otherwise would ripen4 ,in selecting seed for the corn crop1 take such stalks as bear two ears1 and select the best ear from each of such stalks1 the grains on each end to be rejected4 ,in all cases where it is practicable1 the seeds should be taken from the largest and most perfect plants1 or roots1 as the case may be4 ,by attending to this mode of selecting seed the product of the corn crop in particular will soon be found greatly augmented2 a discovery1 the honour of which is due to ,mr4 ,cooper1 of ,new ,jersey4 ,it is said that sprinkling a little gypsum on the silk of the ears of corn1 will make them fill to the ends4 ,nipping off the blossoms of the potato crop1 as fast as they appear1 is found1 by accurate experiment1 to increase the growth of the roots about one sixth part4 ,salt and gypsum have each a powerful effect on their growth1 though by applying too much of the latter it may cause them to run too much to vines4 ,to the corn and pumpkin crop apply some of this latter manure after the plants are up4 ,what effect it has on turnips we have never understood4 ,in ploughing between the drills let it be to a good depth1 first turning the furrows from the plants1 running about four inches from them1 and then turning the furrows back1 when the hoeing and hand weeding are to follow4 ,the second ploughing should be similar to the first1 but farther from the plants2 and in general1 we believe1 it will be found advantageous to plough and hoe the crops the third time4 ,we have seen it highly recommended to plough among ,indian corn as late as in ,august4 ,frequent deep ploughing is certainly the best means of keeping the ground moist1 and should never be omitted in case of drought4 ,ground that has become quite dry will be found moist after a thorough deep ploughing4 ,at all events1 the ground should be so cultivated as to prevent any weeds from going to seed in the fall1 for if this be suffered1 the ground will remain constantly stocked with the seeds of weeds4 ,we advise to the cultivation of the common turnip1 the potato1 and the pumpkin1 in the manner we have mentioned1 for the purpose of affording the early supply of food for feeding and fatting cattle in the fall and the forepart of the winter1 before the ruta baga crop should be used1 of which we shall presently speak4 ,we also advise to this variety of crops1 in order that the cattle may have a greater variety of food1 a matter of considerable importance in feeding and fatting cattle4 ,for this purpose also the culture of the cabbage is worthy of attention4 ,horses1 and all sorts of cattle1 fatten well on pumpkins1 but for swine they should be steam boiled1 and the seeds taken out1 as these prove injurious to those animals1 by causing too great a secretion of urine4 ,the seeds afford an oil equal to that of the olive1 and are well worth preserving for this purpose4 ,as soon as the ears of the corn crop have somewhat hardened1 the crop may be cut up and set in shocks1 with the tops tied closely together to keep out the rains1 in which way the grain will harden as well as in any other1 and a great addition of fodder may thus be acquired4 ,during the next season we propose to take two crops from the ground1 to wit1 a crop of ruta baga1 preceded by such spring crop as ripens sufficiently early to be harvested in time for preparing the ground for a full growth of this root4 ,in the meridian of ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,cobbett says that from the #bfth of ,july until some of the first days in ,august1 is the proper time to transplant this crop1 the plants for the purpose being previously grown4 ,the method of cultivating the crop by transplanting1 he insists1 is the preferable way1 and from our own experience we are fully disposed to agree with him4 ,advancing to the northward1 from ,new ,york1 the seasons are shorter1 and of course the crop should be transplanted earlier1 while at the same time the spring crops are later in ripening4 ,at ,new ,york1 barley could be taken from the ground in time sufficient for preparing for ruta baga2 farther to the north this could not be the case4 ,in the more northerly parts of this state1 it would1 perhaps1 be difficult to find any crop1 now raised in this country1 with the exception of flax1 that would be sufficiently early4 ,the fact is1 we want a particular crop for this purpose2 and that would seem to be the new sort of spring wheat lately introduced into ,france1 which is there called le ble de ,mai1 in ,english1 the wheat of ,may4 ,it is said to be a very productive species of wheat1 affording a grain from which flour is made of about a medium whiteness between that of rye and wheat1 and in that country it is fit to harvest in the latter end of ,may4 ,in this state it would probably ripen no where later than the first of ,july1 which would be in time sufficient for the crop of ruta baga4 ,until we can procure this wheat1 we can only recommend that the preceding crop be such only as will ripen sufficiently early1 and where none can be had for the purpose1 to be content with raising the crop of ruta baga only in the course of the season4 ,where previous spring crops can however be obtained1 let them be taken from the ground as quick as possible1 and the ground deeply turned over1 and mellowed by three deep ploughings1 then furrowed at the distances of about #cj inches1 the manure laid in1 and covered by furrows thrown over it from each side1 and the plants of ruta baga immediately set on the ridges1 by transplanting1 at the distance of about a foot from each other4 ,from our own experience we are fully convinced that the plan of transplanting is1 in the end1 much the cheapest1 and most advisable4 ,we would1 however1 recommend not to transplant before the appearance of a heavy shower1 but at any time afterwards2 that the plants be of good size1 say of five or six weeks growth1 and that in setting1 special care be taken to have the lower parts of the roots well enclosed with earth4 ,for further particulars in regard to the culture of this crop1 the time and manner of using it1 and of saving it1 we refer the reader to ,mr4 ,cobbett's book on the subject1 from a conviction that it is the best essay that has ever been published on the culture and use of this valuable plant4 ,it will be seen1 however1 that we differ from ,mr4 ,c4 in the distances in which the plants are to be set1 and in the manner of forming the ridges4 ,he forms his ridges by four gathering furrows1 by which the ridges are each about #d feet in breadth4 ,we propose to form the ridges by two gathering furrows1 and at the distances of #cj inches4 ,in ,england1 the plan we recommend is generally pursued1 and the ridges are usually but #bg inches wide4 7,to be continued47 ,,from ,,niles' ,,weekly ,,register4 ,cotton1 ,rice1 ,tobacco1 ,sugar1 ,wine4 ,the ,national ,intelligencer informs us that in ,new ,york #acc bushels of ,indian corn have been gathered this year from one acre2 and #gad bushels of potatoes from one acre4 ,this has led to the following statistical facts4 ,,cotton4--,in #ahag the export of cotton from the ,united ,states was 7#he1fdi1cbhlbs47 more than eighty-five million4 ,one acre yields1 at a moderate estimate1 #bejlbs4 of clean cotton4 ,the whole export1 therefore1 is the product of only #ece square miles3 this is less than the #ajhth part of ,georgia1 and less than the #ebjth part of the cotton regions of the ,u4 ,states4 ,,rice4--,the maximum export of rice was #gc1cbi tierces1 7in #agij17 or 7#dc1iig1djjlbs47 nearly forty-four million pounds4 ,this1 on an average crop1 is the produce of only sixty-five square miles1 which is less than the #ddjth part of ,south ,carolina1 and less than two-thirds of the ,district of ,columbia4 ,,tobacco4--,the maximum export of tobacco was #ab1dbh hogsheads1 in #agia4 ,a hogshead is about one thousand weight2 and1 on average1 one acre will yield one hogshead4 ,the export1 therefore1 was the product of about #agf square miles1 which is less than the #cfc;d part of ,virginia4 ,each of the #ig counties of that state contains1 on an average1 more than #fei square miles1 viz3 more than three times the quantity of land which furnished the above export4 ,,sugar4--,such is1 generally1 the fertility of the equinoctial regions of ,america1 that all the sugar consumed in ,france1 estimated at twenty million kilogrammes1 7about #ed1jjj1jjj pounds17 may be produced on an extent of #g square leagues1 which is not equal to one-thirtieth part of the smallest department of ,france4 ,,wine4--,about #a1fjj1jjj arpents1 or #a1cej1djj acres1 are in ,france employed in the culture of the vine4 ,the value of the annual product is about #ajj1hjj1jjj dollars1 at about twenty cents a gallon4 ,in #agij ,bordeaux alone exported more than fifteen million gallons of wine4 ,the #a1fjj1jjj arpents are less than one #hjth part of ,france1 and less than one #bjth part of ,pennsylvania4 ,the value of the annual produce of these five interesting articles1 may be thus estimated3 ,cotton1 at #ae cents1 #ab1hdg1cii ,rice1 #bj a tierce1 #a1dff1ehj ,tobacco1 #fj a hogshead1 #f1gde1fhj ,wine1 #bj cents a gallon1 #ajj1hjj1jjj ,sugar consumed in ,france1 at #aj cents a pound1 #e1djj1jjj ------------- #abg1bei1fei ,for the product of these articles the following quantities of land are cultivated1 viz4 ,square miles4 ,for cotton #eee rice #fe tobacco #agf sugar #fc wine #baaj ---- #bifi ,this is little less than three-fourths of the state of ,connecticut4 ,the authority for cotton1 rice1 and tobacco1 is ,seybert's ,statistical ,annals1 and the personal information of gentlemen of experience in the culture of those articles4 ,for sugar ,i have the authority of ,humboldt's ,essai ,politique4 ,for wine ,i depend on ,chaptal3 his ,treatise1 theoretical and practical1 on the culture of the vine1 and the art of making wine1 brandy1 spirits of wine1 and vinegars1 simple and compound1 is a truly classic work1 in which he had the aid of ,rozier1 ,parmentier1 and ,dussieux4 ,it contains all that the chemist1 or botanist1 or vine cultivator1 or enlightened statesman can reasonably ask or wish to know4 ,it is in two octavo volumes1 of about #ejj pages each1 with #ba plates4 ,this admirable treatise should be translated for the use of our fellow citizens who occupy our wine-yielding regions4 ,for1 in a few years1 the ,united ,states will produce wine for their domestic consumption and exportation4 ,a revolution of our planet on its axis would present to the eye of an observer1 at the distance of a few thousand miles1 a few spots or specks 7,china or ,holland7 fully cultivated4 ,the rest would be as a desert4 ,pauperism in ,england1 now so extensive and so dangerous1 is fulfilling the prophecies of ,goldsmith's ,deserted ,village4 ,political economy 7says ,jean ,baptiste ,say17 is founded on statistical knowledge1 or 7what is the same thing7 history2 and that the ,american confederacy will have the glory of proving that the loftiest policy is in accordance with moderation and humanity4 ,the most active mind has not yet conceived an adequate idea of the vast resources of the ,united ,states4 ,washington ,city4 ,,notes ,,and ,,remarks--,,by ,,the ,,editor ,,of ,,the ,,register4 ,the general average value of the products of the ,united ,states exported1 may be estimated as amounting to #de1jjj1jjj dollars1 at fair prices2 the cotton1 tobacco1 and rice1 included in which1 may be valued at #ba1jjj1jjj--the balance is made up of bread stuffs and meats1 the product of the forest and of the sea1 and #b1jjj1jjj in manufactures4 ,the chief things that we have for export bear about the following proportions to their respective quantities consumed in the ,united ,states--assuming #de millions as the amount of value exported1 and taking our products at their average quantities4 ,val4 or am't ,val4 or am't exported4 consumed4 ,bread stuffs1 meats drinks1 ,d4 #ac1ejj1jjj #bgj1jjj1jjj ,provender for horses1 c4 7say7 #ej1jjj #fj1jjj1jjj ,manufactures1 7in general7 #b1jjj1jjj #bbj1jjj1jjj ,product of the fisheries #a1ejj1jjj #i1jjj1jjj -------------- forest #f1jjj1jjj #fj1jjj1jjj ,cotton1 lbs4 #he1jjj1jjj #dj1jjj1jjj ,tobacco1 hhds4 #ge1jjj #be1jjj ,rice1 tierces #hj1jjj #hj1jjj ,the value of the cotton1 tobacco1 and rice consumed in the ,united ,states1 being considered as included in the aggregate values of the manufactures used1 or other stuffs consumed1 will give a value to the consumption equal to #fai1 say #fbj millions of dollars per annum2 and assuming our population at #i1ejj1jjj1 the average for each individual is #fe dollars a-year4 ,this amount includes ,,all sorts of disbursements needful to the subsistence1 convenience and comfort of the people1 except the product of the value of labour directly applied to the erection of buildings or other permanent works4 ,the amount1 though it appears enormous1 ,i am satisfied is less than the actual value consumed4 ,it brings out the general result1 that our exports stand to our consumption as #de is to #fbj--or as one is to fourteen1 at the present time4 ,when the price of commodities was higher1 the rate was as one to seventeen4 ,the ratio of each of the preceding items are about as follows3 ,exported4 ,consumed4 ,bread stuffs1 meats drinks1 as #a is to #ba ,provender1 #a -- #bjj ,manufactured articles1 #a -- #aaj ,product of the fisheries1 #a -- #f ---- forest1 #a -- #aj ,cotton1 #b -- #a 7nearly47 ,tobacco1 #c -- #a ,rice1 #a -- #a ,it would be excessively tedious to attempt to detail the multitude of items that affect these general conclusions4 ,accuracy is not pretended in either of them4 ,probabilities only are aimed at4 ,from these facts assumed as being pretty near the truth1 we may estimate the importance of the home trade1 or internal commerce and consumption of the people1 and arrive at a multitude of highly interesting considerations4 ,take the following for an example3 ,the sudden introduction of less than #ejj1jjj persons1 would leave us no surplus of present products of food for men4 ,but it is a demand for this surplus1 no matter how created1 that assesses the value of the whole product4 ,such products1 let the fact be recollected1 were at as high prices during the late war1 when there was very little export of them1 as they are now1 the difference in the value of our circulating medium being also considered4 ,this was caused by a partial want of agricultural labourers2 but more by the waste of provisions that belong to a belligerent state4 ,foreign commerce1 nevertheless1 has a powerful bearing on the consideration of value in a state of peace1 to the growers of grain1 meats1 c4 ,the amount beyond their own immediate consumption and that of their families1 may be about two fifths of the whole1 besides the foreign export1 or nearly #aaj millions1--the price of which is fixed by the small amount of #ac1ejj1jjj dollars' worth sent abroad6 ,and1 this little surplus remaining unconsumed1 or without being wasted1 at home1 would depreciate the general value of the whole surplus at least #ej per cent4 ,hence1 it would seem of greater interest to the farmers even to destroy a portion of their products1 than to cast them into a glutted market1 according to the principles acted upon by the ,dutch in regard to spices4 ,a policy not to be recommended on the score of morality1 but as according with the spirit of trade4 ,it cannot1 therefore1 be advantageous to the agriculturist to depend upon a foreign market to assess the value of his articles1 for it is1 and ever must be uncertain and unsteady4 ,it is his interest to have a market at home1 for this may be depended upon1 and the product will be regulated by the demand1 so as to leave a fair profit4 ,a gentleman of observation1 on a certain occasion1 when ,i ,was speaking on this subject1 related the following case in point4 ,at an interval of about #aj years1 he had stopped for a short time at a certain village in ,connecticut--when first there1 it contained two first rate taverns1 and one other respectable establishment of the same kind4 ,two lines of stages made it their halting place every night1 and all seemed flourishing and lively4 ,when there again1 the three taverns were shut up1 or at least not occupied as such1 and he had to apply at a private house to be accommodated during his stay1 and every thing appeared dull and desolate4 ,he asked the reason4--,it was the establishment of steam-boats which had destroyed the lines of stages1 and driven off the persons and horses that they had given employment to1 and of course the market they created1 which hitherto took off all the surplus products of the neighbourhood1 had ceased to be4 ,a thousand instances of this sort might be noted to prove that a ready market is the prosperity of a neighbourhood1 country1 state1 or nation4 ,on the different items1 especially those of cotton and sugar1 as mentioned by the writer in the ,national ,intelligencer1 we intend to speak particularly hereafter1 in the essays we have promised to write under the head of ,political ,economics1 the introduction to which appeared in the ,register of the #acth ult4 page #afb4 ,vine ,dressing near ,vevay4 ,,vevay1 7,indiana7 ,oct4 #bh4 ,the season for making wine is just over2 and notwithstanding the uncommon dry season1 the vine dressers near ,vevay have made four thousand eight hundred and ninety-two gallons4 ,we copy the following from ,niles' ,weekly ,register1 with an intention1 as his proposed essays appear1 of giving them a place in the ,rural ,magazine1--having no doubt1 from our knowledge of the editor1 but they will be instructive as well as ,interesting to our readers4--,ed4 ,political ,economics4 ,,introductory4 ,though so much has been said on political economy as applicable to the national prosperity1 by profits derived from national industry1 that we despair of offering any new thing on the subject1 we have so far yielded to the wishes of many friends as to resolve upon the publication of a new series of essays1 to elucidate some of the facts that belong to this deeply interesting concern--a concern that presses itself into every man's business1 which invades our fire-sides and accompanies us to our bed-chambers3 yet1 so beset with it1 and feeling it in all that we have to sell or want to buy1 and in whatsoever business we do that requires the aid of money or use of credit--still we shrink from the trouble of ascertaining its operation and extent4 ,the mind1 by repeated mortifications and disappointments1 loses its tone2 and we seem rather disposed to trust to the chapter of accidents for redress1 than rouse ourselves to an exertion to put an end to our wrongs1 through the means afforded2 forgetting that effects flow from causes4 ,it has pleased ,providence to bless us with a goodly land1 and we are favoured with the best system of government ever devised--but the seat of ancient ,paradise is a howling waste1 and ,greece and ,rome are tenanted by slaves4 ,a nation's prosperity is the happiness of the individuals composing it4 ,the freeman cannot be a happy man unless private industry secures private independence2 and freedom itself must pass into despotism4 ,the power of a government rests in the moral and physical force of the governed1 and its wealth is constituted by personal acquisitions of property4 ,governments were made for the good of the people1 not the people for governments2 and their object fails when private happiness ceases to be respected4 ,emancipation from political tyranny1 without the means of preserving personal liberty1 is a nullity4 ,the gift of life without the means of living1 is destitute of value4 ,production is the only source of national wealth that can be depended upon4 ,the home market1 even to the most commercial nations1 is of many times the amount of the foreign one4 ,the former is not easily effected1 except by a self-mistaken policy2 but the latter is as capricious as the winds1 and beyond our control4 ,speculation does not create value--the purchase and sale of a million's worth of goods does not improve their quality or add to their quantity1 to the amount of a cent4 ,a change of commodities between different countries1 may increase their value to the extent of the labour expended in transporting them2 and it is generally convenient1 if not advantageous1 when exchanges are made on equal terms4 ,but poverty must be the lot of every society which barters the labour of two or more of its members for that of one person in another society4 ,employment is the best preservative of health and morals4 ,things should be so that every person willing to labour for his living1 should find labour to do1 and live plentifully4 ,if it is otherwise1 an error has been committed that ought to be corrected immediately1 for it is pregnant with the greatest evils4 ,it is the chief check to population1 and more powerful than the sword to destroy the liberties of nations4 ,nations and individuals are spendthrifts of the worst description when they purchase that which they can make from the spare labour at home4 ,who will give away a hundred dollars and their interest for ever1 for the sake of receiving twenty dollars of his own money as a premium8 ,yet thus a nation acts when1 for the sake of the duties on imports1 it accepts of another nation any commodity which it might supply itself with1 without detriment to its other branches of industry4 ,agriculture is the noblest and best occupation of man2 and in a country like the ,united ,states1 where land is plenty and labour scarce1 it will always be pushed to the extent which a profitable market demands4 ,yet if none worked but those who laboured in the field1 society could not exist long4 ,we should perish with cold and hunger4 ,it is by an association of the arts that we live--and our comfort materially depends on their respective perfections4 ,only about one fifth of a population are fitted for agricultural labours1 in general4 ,the other four fifths1 if idle would consume the whole amount of value produced1 and send the labourers supperless to bed4 ,it is the capacity of production in the most numerous body that must be brought into action1 if families and nations would prosper and be happy4 ,if they purchase any thing which their lost time might be applied to the fabrication of--they might as well throw its cost into the sea4 ,in the course of our essays1 which we expect to commence in two or three weeks1 we shall endeavour to point out some of the chief things that require the protection of government1 just as those of a well regulated family are managed2 and shew that the well being of a nation depends upon a fair exchange of labour for labour1 substantials for substantials1 and even luxuries for luxuries4 ,the man who exchanges wheat for ear-rings1 unless those rings are manufactured in his country1 wastes to the country the whole amount of the intrinsic value of the wheat over that of the ear-rings1 which latter is only that of the metal composing them4 ,a nation cannot be independent1 if it looks to another for necessaries--it cannot be rich1 if it exchanges necessaries for luxuries4 ,and luxuries1 especially1 should not be received at all1 unless things of the same class are remitted in payment for them4 ,the effect of these on population and manners1 will also be considered1 and illustrated by many statistical facts--as leisure is allowed to arrange them4 ,,from ,,humboldt',s ,,personal ,,narrative4 ,the ,coffee ,plant4 ,the coffee tree flowers only the second year1 and the flowering lasts only twenty-four hours4 ,at this time the shrub has a charming aspect2 seen from afar1 it seems covered with snow4 ,the produce of the third year becomes very abundant4 ,in plantations well weeded and watered1 and recently cultivated1 we find trees bearing sixteen1 eighteen1 and even twenty pounds of coffee4 ,in general1 however1 a produce of more than a pound and a half or two pounds cannot be expected from each plant2 and even this is superior to the mean produce of the ,west ,india ,islands4 ,rains at the time of the flowering1 the want of water for artificial irrigations1 and a patastic plant1 a new species of coranthus1 which clings to the branches1 are extremely injurious to the coffee trees4 ,sugar ,cane4 ,three species of sugar cane can be distinguished even at a distance1 by the colour of their leaves2 the ancient ,creole sugar cane1 the ,otaheite cane1 and the ,batavia cane4 ,the first has a leaf of a deeper green1 the stem less thick1 and the knots nearer together4--,this sugar cane was the first introduced from ,india into ,sicily1 the ,canary ,islands and the ,west ,indies4 ,the second is of a lighter green2 and its stem is higher1 thicker1 and more succulent4 ,the whole plant displays a more luxuriant vegetation4 ,we owe this plant to the voyages of ,bougainville1 ,cook1 and ,bligh4 ,bougainville carried it to the ,isle of ,france1 whence it passed to ,cayenne1 ,martinique1 and since #agib1 to the rest of the ,west ,india ,islands4 ,the sugar cane of ,otaheite1 the ,to of those islanders1 is one of the most important acquisitions1 for which colonial agriculture is indebted to the travels of naturalists4 ,it yields not only one third more of juice than the ,creolian cane on the same space of land2 but from the thickness of its stem1 and the tenacity of its ligneous fibres1 it furnishes much more fuel4 ,the last advantage is important to the ,west ,indies1 where the destruction of the forests has for a long time obliged the planters to use the canes deprived of their juice1 to keep up the fire under their boilers4 ,but from the knowledge of this new plant1 the progress of agriculture on the continent of ,spanish ,america1 and the introduction of the ,east ,india and ,java sugars1 the revolutions of ,st4 ,domingo1 and the destruction of the great sugar plantations of that island1 would have had a more sensible effect on the prices of colonial produce in ,europe4 ,the ,otaheite sugar cane was carried from the ,isle of ,trinidad to ,caraccas4 ,from ,caraccas it passed to ,cicuta and ,san ,gil in the kingdom of ,new ,grenada4 ,in our days its cultivation during twenty-five years almost entirely removed the apprehension1 which was at first entirely entertained1 that1 transplanted to ,america1 the plant would by degrees degenerate1 and become as slender as the ,creole cane4 ,if it be a variety1 it is a very constant one4 ,the third species1 the violet sugar cane1 called ,cana de ,batavia1 or de ,guinea1 is entirely indigenous in the island of ,java1 where it is cultivated in preference in the districts of ,jupara and ,pasuruan4 ,its foliage is purple1 and very broad2 and it is preferred in the province of ,caraccas for rum4 ,the tablones1 or grounds planted with sugar canes1 are divided by hedges of a collossal gramen2 the latta1 or gynesium with distich leaves4 ,american ,fig ,tree4 ,the trunks of these trees are covered with very odoriferous plants of vanilla1 which1 in general1 flower only in the month of ,april4--,we were here again struck with those ligneous excrescenses1 which in the form of ridges1 or ribs1 augment1 in so extraordinary a manner1 and as far as twenty feet above the ground1 the thickness of the trunk of the fig trees of ,america4 ,i found trees twenty-two feet and a half in diameter near the roots4--,these ligneous ridges sometimes separate from the trunk at a height of eight feet1 and are transformed into cylindrical roots two feet thick4 ,the tree looks as if it were supported by buttresses4 ,this scaffolding1 however1 does not penetrate very deep into the earth4 ,the lateral roots wind at the surface of the ground1 and when at twenty feet distance from the trunk1 they are cut with the hatchet1 we see the milky juice of the fig tree gush out1 which1 when deprived of the vital influence of the organs of the tree1 is altered and coagulates4 ,what a wonderful combination of cells and vessels exist in these vegetable masses2 in these gigantic trees of the torrid zone1 which1 without interruption1 perhaps during a thousand years1 prepare nutritious fluids1 raise them to the height of #ahj feet1 convey them down again to the ground1 and conceal beneath a rough and hard bark1 under the inanimate layers of ligneous matter1 all the movements of organic life6 ,the ,cow ,tree4 ,amid the great number of curious phenomena which have presented themselves to me in the course of my travels1 ,i confess there are few that have so powerfully affected my imagination1 as the aspect of the cow tree4 ,whatever relates to milk1 whatever regards corn1 inspires an interest1 which is not merely that of the physical knowledge of things1 but is connected with another order of ideas and sentiments4 ,we can scarcely conceive how the human race could exist without farinaceous substances1 and without that nourishing juice which the breast of the mother contains1 and which is appropriated to the long feebleness of the infant4 ,the amylaceous matter of corn1 the object of religious veneration among so many nations1 ancient and modern1 is diffused in the seeds and deposited in the roots of vegetables2 milk1 which serves us as an aliment1 appears to us exclusively the produce of animal organization4--,such are the impressions we have received in our earliest infancy2 such is also the source of that astonishment which seizes us at the aspect of the tree just described4 ,it has not here the solemn shades of forests1 the majestic course of rivers1 the mountains wrapped in eternal frosts1 that excite our emotion4--,a few drops of vegetable juice recal to our minds all the powerfulness and fecundity of nature4 ,on the barren flank of rock grows a tree with coriaceous and dry leaves4 ,its large woody roots can scarcely penetrate into the stone4 ,for several months of the year not a single shower moistens its foliage4 ,its branches appear dead and dried2 but when its trunk is pierced1 there flows from it a sweet and nourishing milk4 ,it is at the rising of the sun that this vegetable fountain is most abundant4 ,the blacks and natives are then seen hastening from all quarters1 furnished with large bowls to receive the milk1 which grows yellow1 and thickens at its surface4 ,some employ their bowls under the tree itself1 others carry the juice home to their children4 ,we seem to see the family of a shepherd1 who distributes the milk to his flock4 ,i have described the sensation which the cow tree awakens in the mind of the traveller1 at the first view4 ,in examining the physical properties of animal and vegetable products1 science displays them as closely linked together2 but it strips them of what is marvellous1 and perhaps also a part of their charms1 of what excited our astonishment4--,nothing appears insolated2 the chemical principles that were believed to be peculiar to animals are found in plants2 a common chain links together all organic nature4 ,singular effect of ,peruvian ,bark4 ,a ,french merchant1 at ,guayra1 named ,delpech1 in #ahjf1 had occasion to receive several travellers1 inhabitants of those countries4 ,the apartments destined for visitors being filled1 and the number of his guests increasing1 he was under the necessity of putting several of them in rooms occupied by cinchona4 ,each of them contained from #h to #aj thousand pounds of that bark4 ,one of his guests was ill of a very malignant fever4 ,after the first day he found himself much better1 though he had taken no medicine2 but he was surrounded with an atmosphere of cinchona which appeared very agreeable to him4 ,in a few days he felt himself quite recovered without any medical treatment whatever4 ,this unexpected success led ,m4 ,delpech to make some other trials4 ,several persons1 ill of fever1 were placed successively in his magazine of cinchona1 and they were all speedily cured1 simply by the effluvia of the bark4 ,in the same place with the cinchona1 he kept a bale of coffee1 and some bottles of common ,french brandy4 ,in some time ,m4 ,delpech1 when visiting his magazine1 observed one of the large bottles uncorked4 ,he suspected at first the fidelity of a servant1 and determined to examine the quality of the brandy4 ,what was his astonishment to find it infinitely superior to what it had been6--,a slightly aromatic taste added to its strength1 and rendered it more tonic and more agreeable4 ,curious to know if the coffee had likewise changed its properties1 he opened the bale1 and roasted a portion of it4 ,it was more bitter and left in the mouth a taste similar to that of the effluvia of bark4--,the bark which produced these singular effects was fresh4 ,would the cinchona of commerce have the same efficacy8 ,oil of ,pumpkin ,seed4 ,c4 ,s4 ,,kapinesque1 ,esq4 to ,doct4 ,,samuel ,,mitchell4 ,new ,york1 #bjth ,feb4 #ahai4 ,while ,i was at ,harmony1 on the banks of the ,wabash1 in the state of ,indiana1 last summer1 ,i was told by the industrious ,german ,society of the ,harmonites1 that instead of throwing away or giving to the pigs the seeds of their pumpkins1 as is usually done all over the country1 they collected them and made an oil from them which they use for all the purposes of lamp oil and olive oil4 ,it is well known1 that all the different species and varieties of pumpkins 7genus cuburbita ,linnus7 afford an oil which has valuable medical properties1 possessing in the highest degree the refrigerative quality2 but ,i had never heard before of its being made on a large scale1 and for economical uses4 ,it will be sufficient to mention this fact to some of our enlightened farmers1 to induce them to imitate the worthy ,harmonites1 and ,i recommend highly the practice1 as likely to become eminently beneficial4 ,the pumpkin seeds afford their oil with the greatest facility and abundance4 ,one gallon of seeds will give about half a gallon of oil4 ,they may be pressed like rape and flax seed4--,their oil is clear1 limpid pale1 scentless1 and when used for salad instead of sweet oil1 has merely a faint insipid taste2 it burns well1 and without smoke4 ,those advantages entitle it to our attention1 as an indigenous production of first necessity4 ,pumpkins grow all over the ,united ,states1 from ,maine to ,louisiana1 and with such luxuriance1 as to produce sometimes as much as #ej1jjjlbs4 weight of fruits1 and about #bjjj lbs4 weight of seeds1 in one acre of ,indian corn without injuring the crop of corn4 ,those #bjjj lbs4 of seeds might produce about #bjj gallons of oil1 worth about #bjj dollars4 ,i calculate that about two millions of gallons of such oil could be made annually in the ,united ,states1 from the seeds that are wasted or given to cattle and pigs4 ,this is worth saving--and in addition to the bread1 pies1 soups1 dishes1 feed1 c4 afforded by pumpkins1 we shall have a good and wholesome home-made vegetable oil for lamps and food4 ,disease among ,horses4 ,,mifflintown1 7,penn47 ,nov4 #bj4 ,a disease prevails among the horses in this part of the country1 by some called the ,burnt ,tongue4 ,we understand that it originated in the western section of this state1 and has extended along this route from ,pittsburg to ,philadelphia4 ,it has in a few instances proved fatal3 but we understand that the stages west of the ,alleghany have been stopped1 and numbers of wagonners are obliged to lie by in consequence of it4 ,it affects the tongue and prevents the creature from eating1 and is very catching1 so much so1 that it is said a beast will take it in consequence of its having been hitched at the same place that the one has stood which was affected4 ,,lancaster1 7,penn47 ,nov4 #bc4 ,the following method of practice and recipe for the care of the prevailing disease among horses1 called sore mouth1 was obtained from ,mr4 ,tomlinson1 7one of the proprietors of the ,western ,mail ,stages7 on his return from visiting the sick horses in the line1 and ,i am authorized to say1 will1 if strictly attended to1 succeed in curing in #ii cases in #ajj--;by inserting it you will oblige ,,many4 ,,recipe4 ,on the commencement of the disease1 bleed moderately4 ,if the blood1 after cooling1 appears to have much buff on it1 repeat the bleeding2 give a pint of castor oil2 if it does not operate in #af hours1 give two thirds of a pint4 ,nitre may be given at the rate of #b oz4 a day1 or salts two or three times a week2 #a_/d lb4 at a time4 ,these may be given in a thin mash1 or rather slop of bran1 it being the best food for the animal while diseased4 ,take half a pint of honey1 one table spoonful of borax1 and one quart of strong sage tea4 ,mix them well together2 then take a stick and tie a soft rag to the end of it1 dip it in the mixture1 and wash the tongue1 gums and mouth well2 the more frequent the better1 at least every two hours4 ,sweet milk in the tea will do no harm1 or a little nitre may occasionally be put in it with good effect4 ,be particular in keeping the mouth clean and nursing the horse with care4 ,the pulse and appearance of the blood must govern as to the necessity of bleeding more than once4 ,the ,arabian ,horse4 ,this noble animal1 which lately arrived in the ship ,horatio1 has been sold for four thousand dollars1 to ,messrs4 ,allison and ,van ,ranst1 and has been conveyed to ,long ,island4 ,wild ,horse of the ,west4 ,the horse of the ,columbia ,river will rank with the finest of his species in the known world4 ,his size is fifteen or sixteen hands1 even in a state of nature1 unprovided with food or shelter by the hands of man4 ,his form exhibits much bone and muscle1 but not the mass of flesh which is found on the fat ,european horse4--,his limbs are clean and slender2 the neck arched and rising2 the hoofs round and hard2 and the nostrils wide and thin4 ,he is equally distinguished for speed and bottom4 ,he runs rapidly1 and for a long time2 rivalling1 in this respect1 all that we have heard of the ,english hunting horses4 ,in other respects--in the docility of his nature1 in his capacity to sustain hunger and hardship1 in his powers to provide food for himself and his master1 he is wholly unrivalled4 ,he is readily trained to the business of his master's life1 that of hunting1 and pursues the game with all the keenness of the dog1 and with equal sagacity and more success4 ,he will run down the deer in the prairies1 with or without his master on his back1 and1 when overtaken1 will hold it with his teeth4 ,when rode after game he needs no guiding of the bridle to direct him4 ,he will pursue a drove of buffaloes1 and1 coming up with them1 will stop one by biting him with his teeth4 ,the animal bitten1 immediately wheels to defend himself with his horns2 the horse wheels at the same instant to avoid it2 and at this moment1 when the side of the buffalo is presented1 the ,indian lets fly an arrow1 which often passes entirely through his body4 ,the wounded animal always turns out of the drove to lay down and die4 ,the horse and his rider pursue the gang to make fresh slaughter4 ,another horse trained to a second part of the game1 with other ,indians1 take the trail of the wounded buffalo1 which is butchered and carried into camp4 ,these things seem incredibel2 but we have them upon the authority of ,lewis and ,clarke1 and a great number of traders who have been upon the ,columbia river since the time of their discovery2 some of whom are now in this town4 ,the capacity of this horse to sustain fatigue1 and to provide food for himself1 is equally astonishing4 ,he is galloped all day1 sometimes #hj or #ij miles in the space of #aj or #ab hours1 and is then left to shift for himself during the night4 ,in the spring1 summer and autumn1 he finds no difficulty2 the short and sweet grass of that country gives him an abundant and nutricious repast4 ,in the winter1 and towards the mountains1 where the snow is several feet deep1 his unerring instinct tells him where to search2 he scrapes away the snow with his hoof till he comes to the ground1 and rooting there with his nose1 finds wherewith of moss and grass to sustain his life4 ,on the borders of creeks and rivers he feeds on the boughs of willows1 and other soft wood1 which his master has sometimes the kindness to fell for him with a hatchet4 ,this fine animal is found on the banks of the ,columbia1 in latitude #df1 in the great plain which lies on the borders of this river1 between the upper and lower range of mountains4 ,his origin is traced to ,mexico1 thence to ,spain1 thence to the ,north of ,africa1 where the ,arabian barb is found in all the perfection of his species4 ,his fine form1 his generous spirit1 and his noble qualities1 are preserved upon the ,columbia river2 and certainly it is worthy the experiment to endeavour to transplant him into other parts of the ,united ,states4 ,many citizens have attempted to do so2 but have always been robbed by the ,indians of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,lewis and ,clarke procured #gc1 said by ,gov4 ,clark to be the most beautiful collection of horses that he has ever seen together before or since2 but the whole number was stolen from them by ,indians1 who followed their trail1 and never ceased their operations until they had carried off the last4 ,st4 ,louis ,inquirer4 ,,james ,,watt4 7,ascribed to an eminent writer47 ,death is still busy in our high places2 and it is with great pain that we find ourselves called upon1 so soon after the loss of ,mr4 ,playfair1 to record the decease of another of our illustrious countrymen1 and one to whom mankind has been still more largely indebted4 ,mr4 ,james ,watt1 the great improver of the steam-engine1 died on the #beth ult4 at his seat of ,heathfield1 near ,birmingham1 in the #hdth year of his age4 ,this name1 fortunately1 needs no commemoration of ours2 for he that bore it survived to see it crowned with undisputable and unenvied honours2 and many generations will probably pass away before it shall have gathered all its fame4 ,we have said that ,mr4 ,watt was the great improver of the steam-engine2 but1 in truth1 as to all that is admirable in its structure1 or vast in its utility1 he should rather be described as its inventor4 ,it was by his inventions that its action was so regulated as to make it capable of being applied to the finest and most delicate manufactures1 and its power so increased as to set weight and solidity at defiance4 ,by his admirable contrivances1 it has become a thing stupendous alike for its force and its flexibility2 for the prodigious power which it can exert1 and the ease and precision1 and ductility1 with which they can be varied1 distributed1 and applied4 ,the trunk of an elephant that can pick up a pin or rend an oak is nothing to it4 ,it can engrave a seal1 and crush masses of obdurate metal like wax before it1 draw out1 without breaking1 a thread as fine as a gossamer1 and lift up a ship of war like a bauble in the air4 ,it can embroider muslin and forge anchors1 cut steel into ribbands1 and impel loaded vessels against the fury of the winds and waves4 ,it would be difficult to estimate the value of the benefits which these inventions have conferred upon the country4 ,there is no branch of industry that has not been indebted to them2 and in all the most material1 they have not only widened most magnificently the field of its exertions1 but multiplied a thousand fold the amount of its productions4 ,it is our improved steam-engine which now enables us to pay the interest of our debt1 and to maintain the arduous struggle in which we are still engaged1 with the skill and capital of countries less oppressed with taxation4 ,but these are poor and narrow views of its importance4 ,it has increased indefinitely the mass of human comforts and enjoyments1 and rendered cheap and accessible all over the world the materials of wealth and prosperity4 ,it has armed the feeble hand of man1 in short1 with a power to which no limits can be assigned1 completed the dominion of mind over the most refractory qualities of matter1 and laid a sure foundation for all those future miracles of mechanic power1 which are to aid and reward the labours of after generations4 ,it is to the genius of one man too that all this is mainly owing2 and certainly no man ever before bestowed such a gift on his kind4 ,the blessing is not only universal1 but unbounded2 and the fabled inventors of the plough and the loom1 who were deified by the erring gratitude of their rude contemporaries1 conferred less important benefits on mankind than the inventor of our present steam-engine4 ,this will be the fame of ,watt with future generations2 and it is sufficient for his race and his country4 ,but to those to whom he more immediately belonged1 who lived in his society and enjoyed his conversation1 it is not1 perhaps1 the character in which he will be most frequently recalled--most deeply lamented--or even most highly admired4 ,independently of his great attainments in mechanics1 ,mr4 ,watt was an extraordinary1 and in many respects1 a wonderful man4 ,perhaps no individual in his age possessed so much and such varied and exact information--had read so much1 or remembered what he had read so accurately and so well4 ,he had infinite quickness of apprehension1 a prodigious memory1 and a certain rectifying and methodising power of understanding1 which extracted something precious out of all that was presented to it4 ,his stores of miscellaneous knowledge were immense--and yet less astonishing than the command he had at all times over them4 ,it seemed as if every subject that was casually started in conversation with him1 had been that which he had been last occupied in studying and exhausting2 such was the copiousness1 the precision1 and the admirable clearness of the information which he poured out upon it without effort or hesitation4 ,nor was this promptitude and compass of knowledge confined in any degree to the studies connected with his ordinary pursuits4 ,that he should have been minutely and extensively skilled in chemistry and the arts1 and in most of the branches of physical science1 might perhaps have been conjectured2 but it could not have been inferred from his usual occupations1 and probably is not generally known1 that he was curiously learned in many branches of antiquity1 metaphysics1 medicine1 and etymology1 and perfectly at home in all the details of architecture1 music1 and law4 ,he was well acquainted too with most of the modern languages1 and familiar with their most recent literature4 ,nor was it at all extraordinary to hear the great mechanician and engineer detailing and expounding1 for hours together1 the metaphysical theories of the ,german logicians1 or criticising the measures or the matter of the ,german poetry4 ,his astonishing memory was aided1 no doubt1 in a great measure1 by a still higher and rarer faculty--by his power of digesting and arranging in its proper place all the information he received1 and of casting aside and rejecting1 as it were instinctively1 whatever was worthless or immaterial4 ,every conception that was suggested to his mind seemed instantly to take its place among its other rich furniture1 and to be condensed into the smallest and most convenient form4 ,he never appeared1 therefore1 to be at all incumbered or perplexed with the verbiage of the dull books he perused1 or the idle talk to which he listened2 but to have at once extracted1 by a kind of intellectual alchemy1 all that was worthy of attention1 and to have reduced it to his own use1 to its true value and to its simplest form4 ,and thus it often happened1 that a great deal more was learned from his brief and vigorous account of the theories and arguments of tedious writers1 than an ordinary student could ever have derived from the most faithful study of the originals2 and that errors and absurdities became manifest from the mere clearness and plainness of his statement of them1 which might have deluded and perplexed most of his hearers without that invaluable assistance4 ,it is needless to say1 that with those vast resources1 his conversation was at all times rich and instructive in no ordinary degree2 but it was1 if possible1 still more pleasing than wise1 and had all the charms of familiarity1 with all the substantial treasures of knowledge4 ,no man could be more social in his spirit1 less assuming or fastidious in his manners1 or more kind and indulgent towards all who approached him4 ,he rather liked to talk1 at least in his latter years2 but though he took a considerable share of the conversation1 he rarely suggested the topics on which it was to turn1 but readily and quickly took whatever was presented by those around him1 and astonished the idle and barren propounders of an ordinary theme1 by the treasures which he drew from the mine which they had unconsciously opened4 ,he generally seemed1 indeed1 to have no choice or predilection for one subject of discourse rather than another1 but allowed his mind1 like a great cyclopdia1 to be opened at any letter his associates might choose to turn up1 and only endeavoured to select from his inexhaustible stores what might be best adapted to the taste of his present hearers4 ,as to their capacity1 he gave himself no trouble2 and1 indeed1 such was his singular talent for making all things plain1 clear1 and intelligible1 that scarcely any one could be aware of such a deficiency in his presence4 ,his talk1 too1 though overflowing with information1 had no resemblance to lecturing or solemn discoursing1 but1 on the contrary1 was full of colloquial spirit and pleasure4 ,he had a certain quiet and grave humour1 which ran through most of his conversation1 and a vein of temperate jocularity1 which gave infinite zest and effect to the condensed and inexhaustible information which formed its main staple and characteristic4 ,there was a little air of affected testiness1 and a tone of pretended rebuke and contradiction1 with which he used to address his younger friends1 that was always felt by them as an endearing mark of his kindness and familiarity1 and prized accordingly far beyond all the solemn compliments that ever proceeded from the lips of authority4 ,his voice was deep and powerful1 though he commonly spoke in a low and somewhat monotonous tone1 which harmonized admirably with the weight and brevity of his observations1 and set off to the greatest advantage the pleasant anecdotes which he delivered with the same grave brow and the same calm smile playing soberly on his lips4 ,there was nothing of effort indeed1 or impatience1 any more than of pride or levity1 in his demeanour2 and there was a finer expression of reposing strength1 and mild self-possession in his manner1 than we ever recollect to have met with in any other person4 ,he had in his character the utmost abhorrence for all sorts of forwardness1 parade and pretensions2 and1 indeed1 never failed to put all such impostors out of countenance1 by the manly plainness and honest intrepidity of his language and deportment4 ,in his temper and dispositions he was not only kind and affectionate1 but generous and considerate of the feelings of all around him1 and gave the most liberal assistance and encouragement to all young persons who showed any indications of talent1 or applied to him for patronage or advice4 ,his health1 which was delicate from his youth upwards1 seemed to become firmer as he advanced in years2 and he preserved1 up almost to the last moment of his existence1 not only the full command of his extraordinary intellect1 but all the alacrity of spirit1 and the social gaiety which had illuminated his happiest days4 ,his friends in this part of the country never saw him more full of intellectual vigour and colloquial animation1 never more delightful or instructive1 than in his last visit to ,scotland1 in autumn1 #ahag4 ,indeed1 it was after that time that he applied himself1 with all the ardour of early life1 to the invention of a machine for mechanically copying all sorts of sculpture and statuary1 and distributed among his friends some of its earliest performances1 as the productions of a young artist just entering on his #hc;d year4 ,this happy and useful life came at last to a gentle close4 ,he had suffered some inconveniences through the summer2 but was not seriously indisposed till within a few weeks from his death4 ,he then became perfectly aware of the event which was approaching2 and with his usual tranquillity and benevolence of nature1 seemed only anxious to point out to the friends around him the many sources of consolation1 which were afforded by the circumstances under which it was about to take place4 ,he expressed his sincere gratitude to ,providence for the length of days with which he had been blessed1 and his exemption from most of the infirmities of age1 as well as for the calm and cheerful evening of life that he had been permitted to enjoy1 after the honourable labours of the day had been concluded4 ,and thus1 full of years and honours1 in all calmness and tranquillity he yielded up his soul1 without pang or struggle1 and passed from the bosom of his family to that of his ,god6 ,he was twice married1 but has left no issue but one son1 long associated with him in his business and studies1 and two grand-children by a daughter who predeceased him4 ,he was a fellow of the ,royal ,societies both of ,london and ,edinburgh1 and of the few ,englishmen who were elected members of the ,national ,institute of ,france4 ,all men of learning and science were his cordial friends2 and such was the influence of his mild character and perfect fairness and liberality1 even upon the pretenders to these accomplishments1 that he lived to disarm even envy itself1 and died1 we verily believe1 without a single enemy4 ,london ,times4 ,at the recent sale of the late ,mr4 ,b4 ,tompkins' prime ,herefordshire cattle1 one cow and her calf 7a two years old bull7 sold for the sum of nine hundred and fifty pounds3 four bulls for one thousand and seventy-one pounds2 and two bull calves1 for three hundred and sixty-two pounds five shillings6 ,the king of ,england is now in the #fjth year of his reign--a reign longer in its duration1 by nearly four years1 than that of any sovereign of ,england1 that of ,henry the #c;d being only #ef years4 ,a ,mr4 ,wright1 of ,london1 proposes1 in an ,english paper1 to institute a cottage society1 in shares of ten pounds sterling each1 for the purpose of procuring lands1 either waste or by purchase1 to be divided into lots1 from four to twelve acres each1 whereon to erect cottages1 for the accommodation of the poor4 ,mr4 ,wright considers the monopoly of small farms by the great landholders1 as the principal cause of the prevailing pauperism in ,england1 by having thrown too great a mass of the population into the towns4 ,he computes that1 from the enclosure of commons and waste lands1 within the last fifty years1 there have been #abj1jjj small farms and cottages annihilated1 which1 at five souls each1 gives #fjj1jjj persons who have been driven from the pursuits of agriculture4 ,light without ,heat or ,combustion4 ,,extract ,,of ,a ,,letter4 ,i have lately seen an account of a discovery of a singular and highly important character1 announced in the latter part of ,august1 at ,paris1 by a ,professor ,meinike1 7a ,german probably7 viz4 an artificial gas1 confined in glass1 assuming1 by the electric shock1 a permanent1 steady light1 without heat or combustion6 ,here is a grand desideratum1 indeed--a candle which can be thrust into carded cotton innoxious1 or into a cistern of water unextinguished2 which can be placed under one's pillow while we sleep1 and taken out at pleasure4 ,our houses may be built with it in such a manner as to avoid the necessity of those cold holes of winter--windows4 ,the whale may keep his blubber1 and the shark his liver2 the coasts of the ocean may be lined with those newly discovered 7,pharoi7 light bearers2 they may be sunk on reefs1 and shine up information through the deep2 and1 by anchoring them in lines through oceans1 we may mark the ship road1 and have guide posts which tell the best path1 for each month in the year1 across the parallels of this ball4 ,extravagant as this may seem1 ,i assure you that ,i have often entertained the idea that an insulated mass of electron1 7according to ,augustus ,b4 ,woodward17 or some phosphorus1 might be produced in a permanently useful form4 ,we now bottle up lightning--we cork up the enemy of the small pox1 and let him out at pleasure2 we see our way by peeping at the skies1 or into a box1 7mariner's compass17 where we keep a little modicum of polar essence1 to steer by1 c4 ,you recollect that1 in #agii1 a hearty laugh was raised against the democrats1 by comparing them to the philosopher of ,lugghagg1 extracting sunbeams from cucumbers4 ,dean ,swift would have put into his philosophical whim-whams the bottling of lightning1 together with the extracting of sun-beams from cucumbers1 had he thought of it1 or known that it was ever dreamed of4 ,may ,congress soon be supplied1 every man of them1 with a pocket light upon this new plan6 ,the ingenious writer of this letter1 adds the correspondent who communicated it1 might have added1 that this invention will be of excellent service to ,captain ,symmes and his fellow travellers1 among the concentric spheres in the interior of our planet4 ,nat4 ,int4 ,whale ,fisheries4 ,our whale fisheries are1 perhaps1 more flourishing now than at any former period4 ,i have formed an estimate of the probable amount thus employed from ,nantucket1 ,martha's ,vineyard1 and this port1 which would be at risk in case of a war with ,spain1 which may awaken the attention of those whom it may concern4 ,from ,new ,bedford1 there are round ,cape ,horn or on their passage1 #ah ships and #a brig1 whose tonnage is #ecdg tons2 and they with their outfits cost #efe1jjj ,their return cargoes would probably amount in value to #hjj1jjj ,from the ,vineyard there are two ships which cost #ej1jjj ,their return cargoes would probably amount to #ic1jjj ,from ,nantucket fifty ships1 which probably cost #a1cej1jjj ,their return cargoes would probably amount to #b1cdb1jjj ,from ,new ,bedford1 on this side ,cape ,horn1 there are eleven ships and eight brigs1 which probably cost #bgg1jjj ,their return cargoes probably will amount to #cfc1jjj ,from ,nantucket ten ships1 which probably cost #adj1jjj ,and their return cargoes will probably amount to #bbg1jjj ---------- ,amounting in all to #f1jjj1jjj ---------- ,new ,bedford ,paper4 ,fire-,places4 ,,from ,,the ,,downingston ,,republican4 ,fire-places1 for warming rooms1 have been for a long time in use2 and the best plan for constructing them continues to be an interesting subject of investigation4 ,whether or not fire-places and chimneys are of very ancient date1 and mentioned by ,virgil ,appian1 and ,aristophanes1 or whether they are of more modern invention1 is not of much practical importance2 and may be left to philosophers to determine4 ,but as the proper construction of a chimney and fire-place is one of the greatest comforts of domestic life1 ,i cannot doubt but that government will grant me a handsome premium for making public an unerring rule by which they can be so built as never to fail of drawing well1 without emitting any smoke into the apartment4 ,when the principle was first discovered by me1 ,i wondered how it could so happen1 that we had any defective chimnies amongst us2 for ,i remembered to have heard that ,dr4 ,franklin and count ,rumford had devoted much attention to this subject1 and must1 of course1 as ,i thought1 have discovered a principle so plain and self-evident2 and consequently1 every mechanic must have learnt it1 as not they only were interested in it1 but every one of the civilized world4--,after thinking of it in this way1 ,i took an opportunity of inquiring into their opinions1 and ,i find that the principle was never new to either of them2 and as far as ,i know1 ,i am the first and only discoverer of it4 ,the principle consists simply in making the size of the flue bear a certain proportion to the size of the fire-place in front4 ,to ascertain what would be the smallest proportion which the flue would bear to the front of the fire-place1 would require some experiments4 ,but it is probable that a fire-place #b-a_/b feet square in front1 would draw well enough to carry up all the smoke1 by a flue #ab by #ad inches1 and probably by a one foot square3 or even less may probably do4 ,if one foot square1 would carry all the smoke of such a fire-place1 the proportion would be #add to #ijj1 or a little more than #a_/g1 and a little less than #a_/f4 ,but for greater certainty1 we will say #a_/e is the proper proportion1 and that a flue to a fire-place #b-a_/b feet square1 shall be #ab by #ae inches4 ,if the front be twice that size1 7#c feet #f and near a half square7 then the flue or chimney must be #ab by #cj inches1 or near #ai inches square4 ,if it be three times the first size1 or near #d feet #d inches square1 then the flue must be #ab by #de--ae by #cf1 or nearly #bc-a_/d inches square4 ,or if it be four times the size of the first1 or #e feet square1 the flue must be equal to nearly #bg inches square1 and so accordingly1 whatever may be the dimensions of the fire-place in front4 ,i do not know that a lesser proportion would not do3 and whatever experience may establish1 as that best adapted to answer the end proposed1 it will not invalidate the principle laid down1 but confirm it4 ,one thing1 however1 is true1 that the smaller the fire-place is in proportion to the flue1 the harder it will draw1 and by being thus proportioned1 it may have any degree of draught given to it at pleasure1 from that of an air furnace to that which will scarcely draw up the smoke4 ,any one may convince himself of the truth of this doctrine1 by taking a board and closing up the fire-place1 downwards from the mantle1 and in proportion as it diminishes by the board moving downwards1 the power of its draught will be increased4 ,franklin was aware of this fact1 but was ignorant of the principle on which it depended1 as he supposed the height of the chimney1 and not its dimensions governed the fact itself1--and hence mentions that the higher the chimney1 the larger the opening may be3 and that #b-a_/b feet square may be risked on a lower floor and #a-a_/b on the upper1 c4 ,the common ten plate stove furnishes an example of the truth of this principle3 when the large fire door is open1 the stove will smoke1 because the large door is an over proportion in size to the size of the pipe--but shut the large door and leave the small one open1 the stove immediately draws like a furnace1 because its area is smaller than the area of a section of the pipe4 ,if it were true that #b-a_/b feet square was the largest size which could be made to draw well1 it would indeed be an unfortunate fact1 as we could never have a comfortable kitchen fire-place--but if the principle here laid down be true1 we can1 with equal certainty1 build a fire-place ten feet wide and five high1 or of greater dimensions if we choose4 ,the height of the chimney ,i believe to be a matter of no importance to the draught1 and that a low one will draw as well as a high one4 ,the worst smoking chimney that ,i ever saw was about #dg feet high1 in my own house3 it smoked because it was too small1 and was cured by adding to it the flue of a fire-place directly above it2 on account of which ,i had to lose a fire-place on the #b;d floor4 ,in this case the size of both chimneys was barely sufficient to vent the smoke of the lower one4 ,the height is a subject which ,i have not investigated1 but it strikes me that a low chimney is most favourable to drawing well3 if any one want an explanation on it1 ,i will give it again2 but it cannot be of much practical importance4 ,the fashion of a fire-place is of no importance to the draught3 it may be made to please the fancy of the builder4 ,i1 however1 should prefer one something near count ,rumford's plan4 ,the throat of the chimney may be contracted or not at pleasure2 but for beauty and advantage of heat1 ,i should prefer having the back drawn forward and the throat narrowed1 more especially in a low fire-place4 ,there may be local contingent circumstances connected with chimneys1 which cause them to smoke1 and must have appropriate remedies3 but such do not effect the general principles here laid down4 ,smoke1 from fires1 is naturally carried upward by the heated air1 which is specifically lighter than the surrounding atmosphere1 and consequently ascends1 carrying the smoke with it1 and if it meet with no resistance1 will pass up the chimney2 but if that be too small to vent it1 it regurgitates1 as it were1 into the apartment2 which can only be remedied on the principle heretofore laid down4 ,it might be asked1 why will not a small chimney vent all the smoke of a small fire1 in a large fire-place8 ,two reasons may be assigned3 ,first1 the heat of such fire cannot produce a brisk enough current of rarified air to carry the smoke1 and that which is heated1 not having free vent1 it whirls in eddies into the apartment4 ,secondly1 smoke1 in itself1 is specifically heavier than atmospheric air2 consisting of aqueous vapour1 carbonic acid1 and oxid of carbon1 and coming in contact with air not much heated1 and parting with a portion of its own heat1 it has then no disposition1 in itself1 to ascend4 ,but this would lead to a discussion foreign to my present subject4 ,yours1 c4 ,n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,samuel ,sprigg1 ,esq4 has been elected by the legislature1 governor of ,maryland2 and ,thomas ,mane ,randolph governor of ,virginia1 in the room of ,mr4 ,preston1 whose constitutional term of office has expired4 ,list of the ,members ,,of ,,the ,s ,i ,x ,t ,e ,e ,n ,t ,h ,c ,o ,n ,g ,r ,e ,s ,s4 ,,senate4 ,new ,hampshire4 ,david ,l4 ,morrill1 terms end in #ahbc ,john ,f4 ,parrott1#ad #ahbe ,massachusetts4 ,prentiss ,mellen1 #ahba ,harrison ,g4 ,otis1 #ahbc ,rhode ,island4 ,william ,hunter1 #ahba ,james ,burrill1 ,jr4 #ahbc ,connecticut4 ,samuel ,w4 ,dana1 #ahba ,james ,lanman1#ad #ahbe ,vermont4 ,isaac ,tichenor1 #ahba ,william ,a4 ,palmer1 #ahbe ,new ,york4 ,nathan ,sandford1 #ahba ---- ---- #ahbe ,new ,jersey4 ,james ,j4 ,wilson1 #ahba ,mahlon ,dickerson1 #ahbc ,pennsylvania4 ,johnathan ,roberts1 #ahba ,walter ,lowrie1#ad #ahbe ,delaware4 ,outterbridge ,horsey1 #ahba ,nicholas ,vandyke1 #ahbc ,maryland4 ,william ,pinkney1 ,edward ,lloyd1 ,virginia4 ,james ,barbour1 #ahba ,john ,w4 ,eppes1 #ahbc ,north ,carolina4 ,montfort ,stokes1 #ahbc ,nathaniel ,macon1 #ahbe ,south ,carolina4 ,william ,smith1 #ahbc ,john ,gaillard1 #ahbe ,georgia4 ,freeman ,walker1#ad #ahbc ,john ,elliot1#ad #ahbe ,kentucky4 ,john ,j4 ,crittenden1 #ahbc ,william ,logan1#ad #ahbe ,tennessee4 ,john ,h4 ,eaton1 #ahba ,john ,williams1 #ahbc ,ohio4 ,benjamin ,ruggles1 #ahba ,william ,a4 ,trimble1#ad #ahbe ,louisiana4 ,henry ,johnson1 #ahbc ,james ,brown1#ad #ahbe ,indiana4 ,james ,noble1 #ahba ,waller ,taylor1 #ahbe ,mississippi4 ,walter ,leake1 #ahba ,thomas ,h4 ,williams1 #ahbc ,illinois4 ,jesse ,b4 ,thomas1 #ahbc ,ninian ,edwards1 #ahbe ,alabama4 ,john ,w4 ,walker1#ad ,william ,r4 ,king4#ad ,,house ,,of ,,representatives4 ,new ,hampshire--#f4 ,joseph ,buffum1 ,jr4#ad ,josiah ,bartlett1 ,clifton ,clagget1 ,arthur ,livermore1 ,william ,plumer1 ,jr4#ad ,nathianiel ,upham4 ,massachusetts--#bj4 ,benjamin ,adams ,samuel ,c4 ,allen ,joshua ,cushman ,edward ,dowse ,walter ,folger ,jr4 ,timothy ,fuller ,john ,holmes ,mark ,l4 ,hill#ad ,martin ,kingsley#ad ,jonas ,kendall#ad ,enoch ,lincoln ,samuel ,lathrop#ad ,jonathan ,mason ,marcus ,morton ,jeremiah ,nelson ,james ,parker#ad ,henry ,shaw ,zabdiel ,sampson ,nathaniel ,silsbee ,ezekiel ,whitman4 ,vermont--#f4 ,samuel ,c4 ,crafts1 ,ezra ,meech1#ad ,orsamus ,c4 ,merrill1 ,charles ,rich1 ,mark ,richards1 ,william ,strong4#ad ,rhode ,island--#b4 ,samuel ,eddy1#ad ,nathaniel ,hazard4#ad ,connecticut--#g4 ,henry ,w4 ,edwards1#ad ,samuel ,a4 ,foote1#ad ,jonathan ,o4 ,mosely1 ,elisha ,phelps1#ad ,john ,russ1#ad ,james ,stevens1#ad ,gideon ,tomlinson4#ad ,new ,york--#bg4 ,nathaniel ,allen1#ad ,caleb ,baker1#ad ,walter ,case1#ad ,robert ,clark1 ,jacob ,h4 ,de ,witt1#ad ,john ,d4 ,dickenson1 ,john ,fay1#ad ,william ,d4 ,ford1#ad ,ezra ,c4 ,gross1#ad ,aaron ,hackley1 ,jr4#ad ,george ,hall1#ad ,joseph ,s4 ,lyman1#ad ,henry ,meigs1#ad ,robert ,monell1#ad ,harmanus ,peek1#ad ,nathaniel ,pitcher1#ad ,jona ,richmond4#ad ,ebenezer ,sage1#ad ,henry ,r4 ,stoors1 ,randall ,s4 ,street1#ad ,james ,strong1#ad ,john ,w4 ,taylor1 ,caleb ,tompkins1 ,albert ,h4 ,tracy1#ad ,sol4 ,van ,renselaer1#ad ,peter ,h4 ,wendover1 ,silas ,wood4#ad ,new ,jersey--#f4 ,ephraim ,bateman1 ,joseph ,bloomfield1 ,john ,condit1#ad ,john ,linn1 ,bernard ,smith1#ad ,henry ,southard4 ,pennsylvania--#bc4 ,henry ,baldwin1 ,andrew ,boden1 ,wm4 ,darlington1#ad ,george ,dennison1#ad ,samuel ,edwards1#ad ,thomas ,forest1#ad ,david ,fullerton1#ad ,samuel ,gross1#ad ,joseph ,heister1 ,joseph ,hemphill1#ad ,jacob ,hibsliman1#ad ,jacob ,hostetter1 ,jacob ,humphreys1#ad ,wm ,p4 ,maclay1 ,david ,marchand1 ,robert ,moore1 ,samuel ,moore1 ,john ,murray1 ,thomas ,patterson1 ,robert ,philson1#ad ,thomas ,j4 ,rogers1 ,john ,seargeant1 ,james ,wallace4 ,delaware--#b4 ,willard ,hall1 ,louis ,mc ,lane4 ,maryland--#i4 ,stephenson ,archer1#ad ,thomas ,bayly1 ,thomas ,culbreth1 ,joseph ,kent1#ad ,peter ,little1 ,ralph ,neale1#ad ,samuel ,ringgold1 ,samuel ,smith1 ,henry ,r4 ,warfield4#ad ,virginia--#bc4 ,mark ,alexander1#ad ,wm4 ,lee ,ball1 ,philip ,p4 ,barbour1 ,wm4 ,a4 ,burwell1 ,john ,floyd1 ,robert ,s4 ,garnett1 ,james ,johnson1 ,james ,jones1#ad ,william ,m',coy1 ,charles ,f4 ,mercer1 ,hugh ,nelson1 ,thomas ,newton1 ,severn ,e4 ,parker1#ad ,james ,pindall1 ,james ,pleasants1 ,john ,randolph1#ad ,ballard ,smith1 ,alexander ,smyth1 ,george ,f4 ,strother1 ,t4 ,van ,swearengen1 ,george ,tucker1#ad ,john ,tyler1 ,jared ,williams4#ad ,north ,carolina--#ac4 ,h4 ,g4 ,burton1#ad ,john ,culpepper1#ad ,william ,davidson1 ,welden ,n4 ,edwards1 ,charles ,fisher1 ,thomas ,h4 ,hall1 ,charles ,hook1#ad ,lemuel ,sawyer1 ,thomas ,settle1 ,jesse ,slocumb1 ,james ,s4 ,smith1 ,felix ,walker1 ,lewis ,williams4 ,south ,carolina--#i4 ,joseph ,brevard1#ad ,elias ,earle1 ,james ,ervin1 ,william ,lowndes1 ,john ,m',creary1 ,james ,overstreet1#ad ,charles ,pinckney1#ad ,eldred ,simkins1 ,sterling ,tucker4 ,georgia--#f4 ,joel ,abbott1 ,thomas ,w4 ,cobb1 ,joel ,crawford1 ,john ,a4 ,cuthbert1#ad ,robert ,r4 ,reid1 ,william ,terrell4 ,kentucky--#aj4 ,r4 ,c4 ,anderson1 ,jr4 ,william ,brown1 ,henry ,clay1 ,benjamin ,hardin1#ad ,alney ,m',lean1#ad ,thomas ,metcalfe1#ad ,tunstall ,quarles1 ,george ,robertson1 ,david ,trimble1 ,david ,walker4 ,tennessee--#f4 ,robert ,allen1#ad ,henry ,h4 ,bryan1#ad ,newton ,cannon1#ad ,john ,cocke1#ad ,francis ,jones1 ,john ,rhea4 ,ohio--#f4 ,philemon ,beecher1 ,henry ,brush1#ad ,john ,w4 ,campbell1 ,samuel ,herrick1 ,thomas ,r4 ,ross1#ad ,john ,sloane4#ad ,louisiana--,thomas ,butler4 ,indiana--,william ,hendricks4 ,mississippi--,christopher ,rankin4#ad ,illinois--,daniel ,p4 ,cook4#ad ,alabama--,john ,crowell4 ,,delegates ,,from ,,territories4 ,michigan--,william ,woodbridge4 ,missouri--,john ,scott4 #ad ,not ,members of the last ,congress4 ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,thermometer ,,at ,,philadelphia1 ,during the ,year #ahai4 7,communicated for the ,rural ,magazine47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,average4 ,sun #c ,sun ,months4 ,sun ris4 #c o'clo4 ,sun set4 ris4 o'cl4 s't4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ast4 #bi4b #dj4 #ce4e #ae #ae #be #bb #af #dj #ec #ej ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #b;d4 #cj4e #da4f #ch4 #ae #ad #bh #be #af #eb #fj #ee ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #c;d4 #cj4h #da4i #cg4g #ae #af #bh #bf #af #ee #fg #fc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #dth4 #dc4f #ei4b #ec4 #ae #bh #dc #ci #af #ei #hj #gb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #eth4 #eb4c #fg4b #fj4g #ae #dj #ea #df #af #fc #hb #gc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #fth4 #fe4 #hj4f #gc4f #ae #ee #ga #fg #af #gc #hi #hb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #gth4 #fg4e #hb4b #ge4f #ae #fj #gf #fg #af #gd #ij #he ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #hth4 #fg4 #hb4d #ge4 #ae #eb #fe #ei #af #gg #ij #he ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ith4 #fa4 #ge4e #ga4 #ae #dh #eg #ee #af #ge #ij #hj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ajth4 #df4h #fj4g #ec4f #ae #ca #ej #dc #af #fe #gf #gj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #aath4 #dj4c #ec4f #dh4e #ae #bc #ch #ce #af #eg #fh #fj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #abth4 #bh4g #ci4f #bf4 #ae #be #cc #cb #af #df #ec #ej ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ae ,coldest4 #af ,warmest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philadelphia1 ,,published ,,by ,,richards ,,caleb ,,johnson1 ,no4 #ca1 ,market ,street1 ,at #c4jj per annum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,griggs ,,dickinson--,printers1 ,whitehall4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,small capital text has been replaced with all capitals4 ,minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected without noe4 ,irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed4 ,the cover for the e,book version of this book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain4